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Rh here, and that after the flood Japhet's son Magog had here founded the ancient Gothic kingdom. Names and other descriptions in Plato coincide, if one only assumes that the pronunciation has been slightly altered. Thus, according to Rudbeck, Heliogabalus is equivalent to "the holy Balder" (heilage Baldur). From this country, which became known to the Greeks through the Phenicians, all other lands of the world were colonized, and in Sweden all culture had originated.

Rudbeck's great work, one of the most remarkable ever written, made an extraordinary sensation not only in Sweden, but also in all Europe, though in the four volumes, which he completed, he did not carry his history further than to Abraham. Many were deceived by the exposition which in its way is a masterly one, and the Swedes were beaming with delight over the world-old and honorable history, that had so unexpectedly fallen to the share of their fatherland. Men like Leibnitz, Pufendorf and others warned the public against being led astray by these day-dreams, but their voices were drowned in the general patriotic exultation. In Sweden any person who dared to doubt was looked upon as a national traitor, and thus a long time elapsed ere this splendid edifice, which so greatly flattered the national vanity, at length tumbled down.

By the side of these fanciful descriptions of Sweden's ancient greatness this period also produced several historical works, which were written with more sober judgment, and which have served as the basis of later researches. Thus Jonas Werwing (died 1697) wrote a history of Sigismund and Carl IX, and the historiographer of the realm, (1618-78), a history of Gustav Adolph. (1632-99) produced his celebrated "Indledning til Svenska Historien" and the history of Charles XII. The researches of Johan Peringskjöld (1654-1720) are excellent sources for later historians. His translations of Icelandic—among


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46 THE FOUR GOSPELS. 4. And the same John had his garments of camels’ hair, and a leathern girdle about his loins; and his food was locusts and wild honey.

5. Then went out to him Jerusalem and all Judea, and all the country about Jordan:

6. And they were baptized by him in the Jordan, confessing their sins.

7. And seeing many of the Pharisees and Sadducees coming to his baptism, he said to them: Ye brood of vipers, who hath taught you to flee from the wrath to come?

This was not unusual; but the garment of the Baptist was rough and uncombed. ¹ Others used girdles of silk, wool, or linen. salt. They are mentioned among eatables in Lev. xi. 22. 6.3. A species of honey trickled from palm and fig trees. Mark i. 5. All the inhabitants of the city and country, especially of that portion which bordered on the Jordan, are said to have gone to John. It is an hyperbole for a very great number. • Immersed. This is the obvious free of the term. It is not, how- ever, certain that he actually plunged them. If they stood in the deep water, and received an ablution of any kind at his hande, they might be said to be baptized by him. T The Greek terms imply more than a general acknowledgment of their ainfulness, as Grotius well observes. They probably specified their chief sins, although not in minute detail. est exactness in every religious observance. They were the leading sect among the Jews. Sadoc, their founder, lived about two hundred and sixty years before Christ. To receive it. "Luke iii. 7. This vehement language was usual with the prophets. It is not to be imitated by those who have but an ordinary mission. "The Baptist expresses his surprise that persons ao, hardened have been at all moved. " Christ came to dispense blessings: but vengeance awaited those who refused His mercy. Digitized by Google $
 * The Orientals were wont to eat locusta, when dried with smoke and
 * Bees' honey abounded near Jericho. See Josephus de Bello 1. iv.
 * The Pharisees, whose name implies separation, affected the great-

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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342 them of Snorre Sturlason's Heimskringla—are works of great merit. published several antiquarian documents and rhymed chronicles. The first Swedish church history in the native tongue was written by —already mentioned as author of religious poems—and his was followed by several similar works. Characteristic of the mania of this period for combining very learned deductions with the wildest day-dreams is the church history of Bang (1675), which was not brought down to the time of Christ even, and in which the author insists that Adam was bishop in the little Swedish town Kälkstad.

During this period we also find the first works that made the Swedish the object of scientific treatment. wrote the first Swedish grammar (1696), and the works of the poet, a compendious grammar and a dictionary, are all the more important, since they established the orthography by substituting the spelling now in use for the older one.

The literary productions in all other scientific branches consisted chiefly in Latin dissertations, but several important exceptions are to be mentioned. (1641-1724) was one of the most many-sided scholars of his age. After having dabbled in his youth with dramatic compositions, he made medicine his main branch. As a member of a commission that had been appointed to inquire into witchcraft, he was the first to attempt a rational solution of an evil which had cost the life of so many persons. He was also the first to point out the importance of the Swedish mineral waters, and the science of mining, so important to Sweden,


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ST. MATTHEW. 47 8. Bring forth therefore fruit worthy of penance.

9. And do not think of saying within yourselves: We have Abraham for our father. For I tell you that God is able of these stones to raise up children to Abraham.

10. For now the axe is laid to the root of the trees. Every tree, therefore, that doth not yield good fruit, shall be cut down and cast into the fire.

11. I, indeed, baptize you with water unto penance, but he that shall come after me, is mightier than I, whose shoes I am not worthy to bear: He shall baptize you with the Holy Ghost and fire.

G. P. "Fruits." Griesbach and Schott prefer the Vulgate reading, which is conformable to many manuscripts. It was probably changed with a view to conformity with Luke iii. 6. It ex- presses compunction of mind, of which a change of conduct is the fruit. This is a Hebraism. It is equivalent to : "Do not say within yourselves.' 24 by faith, who before were hard as the stones of the torrent. versions, and Greek fathers. Schott. Christ is represented as a woodcutter with axe in band, ready to cut down or rather utterly root up the useless or noxious trees that en- camber his land, that he may use them for firewood. So shall sinners be cut off and cast into the infernal furnace. ¹ Mark i. 8.; Luke iii. 16; John i. 26; Act. i. 5. The Greek pre- position in is redundant: it corresponds to the Hebrew 1. don. John proclaimed its necessity. Stronger, more powerful. "It was the office of slaves to loose the latchet of their masters' shoes. Johp expresses his unworthiness to perform even this low act for Christ. The definite article is not in the text. The grace of the Holy Ghost which is given in baptism may be understood. The omission of the ar- ticle is not, however, conclusive evidence that the Holy Ghost Himself is not meant, since it is omitted likewise ch. 1. 18., where Ho is cer- tainly designated. "Fire is used here to express the purifying power of baptism, to con- sume the dross of earthly attachments. On the day of Pentecost the Holy Ghost descended on the apostles, on whose heads were seen, as it were, tongues of fire. This event may be referred to by the Baptist. Digitized by Google
 * This corresponde exactly with the Latin and Greek term.
 * God could change stones into men-he can make men His children
 * G. P. also." It is wanting in four notable manuscripts, and many
 * With a view to excite Borrow, which would prepare them for par-
 * Christ, our Lord, manifested Himself soon after John began to preach,


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 13. Soon after the 7 October attack, Israel, in exercise of what it describes as “its right to defend itself”, launched a “military operation” into the Gaza Strip whose objective was, first, to defeat Hamas and its network and, secondly, to rescue the Israeli hostages. South Africa claims that as a result of the armed conflict that ensued between Israel and Hamas over the past 11 weeks, 1.9 million Palestinians living in Gaza (85 per cent of the population) have been internally displaced; over 22,000 Palestinians, including over 7,729 children, have been killed; over 7,780 are missing and/or presumed dead under the rubble; over 55,243 are severely injured or have suffered mental harm; and vast areas of Gaza, including entire neighbourhoods have been destroyed including 355,000 homes, places of worship, cemeteries, cultural and archaeological sites, hospitals and other critical infrastructure.

14. On 28 December 2023, South Africa filed an Application with the Registry instituting proceedings against Israel concerning alleged violations of the Genocide Convention. South Africa alleges that the acts taken by Israel against the Palestinian people in the wake of the attacks in Israel of 7 October 2023 are genocidal in character because “they are intended to bring about the destruction of a substantial part of the Palestinian national, racial and ethnical group, that being the part of the Palestinian group in the Gaza Strip” (Application, para. 1). In South Africa’s view, Israel has violated its obligations under the Genocide Convention in several respects, including by failing to prevent genocide; committing genocide; and failing to prevent or punish the direct and public incitement to genocide. The requests of South Africa are accurately rehearsed in paragraph 2 of the Application.

15. In addition to the Application, South Africa has requested that the Court indicate provisional measures. The provisional measures requested by the Applicant at the end of its oral observations are accurately rehearsed in paragraph 11 of the Application. For its part, Israel, whilst acknowledging that the events of 7 October 2023 and the ensuing war between Hamas and Israel have wracked untold suffering on innocent Israeli and Palestinian civilians, including unprecedented loss of life, protests the Applicant’s description of Israel’s conduct during this war as “genocide”. Israel argues that not every conflict is genocidal, nor does the threat or use of force necessarily constitute an act of genocide within the meaning of Article II of the Genocide Convention. Israel maintains that, in view of the ongoing threat, brutality and lawlessness of Hamas that it continues to face, it has an inherent and legitimate duty to protect the Israeli people and territory, in accordance with international humanitarian law, from attack by an armed group or groups that have openly declared their intention to annihilate the Jewish State. In Israel’s view, South Africa’s present request for the indication of provisional measures is tantamount to an attempt to deny Israel its ability to meet its legal obligation to defend its citizens, rescue its hostages still in Hamas custody and to enable the over 110,000 internally displaced Israelis to safely return to their homes. In its oral observations, Israel requests the Court to reject South Africa’s Request for the indication of provisional measures and to remove the case from the General List.

16. The Court has, through its jurisprudence, progressively developed legal standards or criteria to determine whether it should exercise its power under Article 41 of its Statute to indicate provisional measures. In the present case, the Court should determine (1) whether it has prima facie jurisdiction to entertain the alleged dispute between the Parties (Allegations of Genocide under the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Ukraine v. Russian Federation), Provisional Measures, Order of 16 March 2022, I.C.J. Reports 2022 (I), p. 217, para. 24; Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (The Gambia v. Myanmar), Provisional Measures, Order of 23 January 2020, I.C.J. Reports 2020, pp. 9-17, paras. 16-42); (2) whether the rights asserted by South Africa are plausible and have a link with the requested measures (Alleged Violations of the 1955 Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations,


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 and Consular Rights (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America), Provisional Measures, Order of 3 October 2018, I.C.J. Reports 2018 (II), p. 638, para. 53); and (3) whether the situation is urgent and presents a risk of irreparable prejudice to the rights asserted (ibid., pp. 645-646, paras. 77-78).

17. I am not convinced that all the above criteria for the indication of provisional measures have been met in the present case. In particular, South Africa has not demonstrated, even on a prima facie basis, that the acts allegedly committed by Israel, and of which the Applicant complains, were committed with the necessary genocidal intent and that, as a result, they are capable of falling within the scope of the Genocide Convention. Similarly, when it comes to the rights that the Applicant asserts and for which South Africa seeks protection through the indication of provisional measures, there is no indication that the acts allegedly committed by Israel were accompanied by a genocidal intent and that, as a result, the rights asserted by the Applicant are plausible under the Genocide Convention. What distinguishes the crime of genocide from other grave violations of international human rights law (including those enumerated in Article II, paragraphs (a) to (d), of the Genocide Convention) is the existence of the “intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such”. Accordingly, the acts complained of by South Africa, as well as the rights correlated to those acts, can only be capable of “falling within the scope of the said Convention” if a genocidal intent is present, otherwise such acts simply constitute grave violations of international humanitarian law and not genocide as such.

18. Thus, even at this preliminary stage of provisional measures, the Court should have examined the evidence put before it to determine whether there are indicators of a genocidal intent (even if it is not the only inference to be drawn from the available evidence at this stage), in order for the Court to conclude that the acts complained of by the Applicant are, prima facie, capable of falling within the scope of the Genocide Convention. Similarly, for purposes of determining plausibility of rights, it is not sufficient for the Court to only look at allegations of the grave breaches enumerated in paragraphs (a) to (d) of Article II of the Convention. The rights must be shown to plausibly derive from the Genocide Convention.

19. In the present case, South Africa claims that at least some of the acts it has complained of are capable of falling within the scope of the Genocide Convention. These include (1) the killing of Palestinians in Gaza (in violation of Article II (a)); (2) causing serious bodily or mental harm to the Palestinians in Gaza (in violation of Article II (b)); (3) deliberately inflicting upon the Palestinians in Gaza conditions of life calculated to bring about their physical destruction as a group, in whole or in part (in violation of Article II (c)); and (4) imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group (in violation of Article II (d)). South Africa further claims that Israel has employed methods of war that continue to target infrastructure essential for survival and that have resulted in the destruction of the Palestinian people as a group, including by depriving them of food, water, medical care, shelter, clothing, lack of hygiene, systematic expulsion from homes or displacement (in violation of Article II (c)) (see Application, paras. 125-127). South Africa also claims that certain Israeli officials and politicians have, through their statements, publicly incited the Israeli Defense Force (“IDF”) to commit genocide (in violation of Article III (c)) and that Israel has failed to punish those responsible for the above violations. To demonstrate a genocidal intent, South Africa referred to the “systematic manner” in which Israel’s military operation in Gaza is carried out, resulting in the acts enumerated in Article II of the Convention, as well as to statements of various Israeli officials and politicians that, in the Applicant’s view, communicate State policy of Israel and contain genocidal rhetoric against Palestinians in Gaza, including statements by the Israeli Prime Minister, the Deputy Speaker of the Israeli Parliament (Knesset), the Defense Minister, the Minister of Energy and Infrastructure, the Heritage Minister, the President and the Minister for National Security.


text:
User talk:Sacle1

--EncycloPetey (talk) 16:29, 9 February 2024 (UTC)

How restore page status validate option?
I validated pages 3-4 & then thought that they required paragraph indentation and so I unvalidated them and then I realized they did not need paragraph indentation but then I could not revalidate the pages, probably because I was the same person. So, now I cannot finish the project until that gets fixed. So, the pages are fine but I cannot validate them now.

The project is here: https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Index:The_Necessity_and_Progress_of_Civil_Service_Reform.pdf Sacle1 (talk) 20:40, 9 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Hello. You can go to the history of the page and on the right of the recorded edit you can click "undo". The previous version of the page, including the validated status, should be restored. --Jan Kameníček (talk) 21:11, 9 February 2024 (UTC)
 * I could see that the revert did not work, so I validated the two pages. However, before you mark a page as validated, please join all the lines within a paragraph together. For details see Help:Beginner's guide to typography. I did it in the two newly validated pages, but it should be done in the previously validated pages too. Sometimes there are also double spaces after dots, so one of them should be removed too. --Jan Kameníček (talk) 21:59, 9 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Please, do not validate pages which do not have the lines joined. Thanks for understanding. --Jan Kameníček (talk) 01:14, 10 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Please stop edit warring. Our practice is that the line breaks are removed (see also Help:Formatting conventions). There is also a script that can help you with it, see Tools and scripts (I can help you with its implementation if needed). However, if you continue with your reverts without abiding by our standards, you may be blocked from editing. --Jan Kameníček (talk) 10:30, 10 February 2024 (UTC)

Template:--
When you find -- or its variants, just replace them with an em-dash character. The template exists only for people who cannot type an em-dash. --EncycloPetey (talk) 18:56, 31 March 2024 (UTC)

 * I don't understand. is what I use, based on what I was told to use on this site. What is an "em-dash" character?  Okay, I just looked it up.  I can't do that. Sacle1 (talk) 19:25, 31 March 2024 (UTC)
 * You should use—rather than a template to create the character. Inserting the character itself is always preferred.  See Style guide, under Formatting, 7. Punctuation, Dashes.  The templates are OK if you can't enter the actual dash, but we prefer the dash.  And as long as you are making replacements, the preferred replacement is the actual dash instead of a template to insert the dash. --EncycloPetey (talk) 20:27, 31 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Thank you for the link; there may be other things there I might find useful.
 * I just read where you suggested, however, and it says that what I am doing is fine. quote: " Options for entering the em dash [include] the template," which, in fact, is the first item suggested on the list of options provided.
 * This is listed under formatting, #7-punctuation, dashes. Sacle1 (talk) 21:18, 31 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Those are options for entering it, but those template-based options exist for people who cannot enter the character itself. The templates date from a time when online editing was far more challenging than it is now.  See the opening lines, that advise entering the actual character as the overriding preference for editors.  Those "options" should be seen as alternatives for editors operating without the full suite of character entering options.  It's not that the template use is disallowed, but it shouldn't be used unless you have to because you can't enter the actual character.  Sometimes we run bots to replace certain character templates.  So switching to the em-dash template doesn't benefit anyone. --EncycloPetey (talk) 06:08, 1 April 2024 (UTC)

printer notations
Items like B 2 and E 1 that appear at the bottom of pages were included by the printer for the sole purpose of binding the book in the correct sequence. For the vast majority of works, we do not transcribe them, because they are not part of the work. If you wish to include them in the 1st edition of Jane Eyre, that is fine as long as you do it consistently. I say this as the person who proofread the majority: whether those are included or excluded is fine. As a first edition, someone might be interested. But for the majority of works, we deliberately do not include them, as they aren't part of the work itself. --EncycloPetey (talk) 00:41, 3 April 2024 (UTC)

 * Actually, I think I started putting those printer marks in because I noticed someone had put some in already and I was trying to make it consistent; so, I am not quite sure what to do now. Sacle1 (talk) 01:20, 3 April 2024 (UTC)
 * It can go either way for this particular work. For something like a Shakespeare Quarto, we'd probably want them, but not for most books, since usually there little to no benefit.  Since this is a 1st edition of a significant work, it's your call.  I didn't put them in,  but I don't object to them either. --EncycloPetey (talk) 01:28, 3 April 2024 (UTC)

vertical spacing
Please do not remove the vertical spacing in Jane Eyre. --EncycloPetey (talk) 00:43, 3 April 2024 (UTC)

 * If you disagree with the creating editor of a work, please engage in a discussion. If you do not engage in discussion to resolve the issue, you may be blocked per our blocking policy. --EncycloPetey (talk) 00:45, 3 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Sorry, I didn't see your messages, but now I've seen them, and I will stop and put things back the way they were. Sorry. Thanks! Sacle1 (talk) 00:53, 3 April 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sacle1


text:
User talk:Frinkmeister

--EncycloPetey (talk) 16:30, 9 February 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:Frinkmeister


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Page:South Africa v. Israel (Order of 26 January 2024).pdf/38

 20. Israel contests that it is committing acts of genocide in Gaza or that it has a specific intent to destroy, in whole or in part, the Palestinian people, as such. Israel emphasized that its war is not against the Palestinian people as such, but rather is against Hamas, the terrorist organization in control of Gaza that is bent on annihilating the State of Israel. Israel states that the sole objectives of its military operation in Gaza are the rescue of Israeli hostages abducted on 7 October 2023 and the protection of the Israeli people from displacement and from any future attacks by Hamas, including by neutralizing Hamas’ command structures and machinery. The Respondent further argues that any genocidal intent alleged by the Applicant is negated by (1) Israel’s restricted and targeted attacks of legitimate military targets in Gaza; (2) its mitigation of civilian harm by warning them through leaflets, radio messages and telephone calls of impending attacks; and (3) its facilitation of humanitarian assistance. Israel also argues that the statements relied upon by South Africa as containing genocidal rhetoric were all taken out of context and in fact were made in reference to Hamas, not the Palestinian people as such. Moreover, Israel argued that any other persons who might have made statements containing genocidal rhetoric were completely outside the policy and decision-making processes of the State of Israel.

21. As stated above, the tragic events of 7 October 2023 as well as the ensuing war in Gaza are symptoms of a more deeply engrained political controversy between the State of Israel and the people of Palestine. Having examined the evidence put forward by each of the Parties, I am not convinced that a prima facie showing of a genocidal intent, by way of indicators, has been made out against Israel. The war was not started by Israel but rather by Hamas who attacked Israel on 7 October 2023 thereby sparking off the military operation in Israel’s defence and in a bid to rescue its hostages. I also must agree that any “genocidal intent” alleged by the Applicant is negated by (1) Israel’s restricted and targeted attacks of legitimate military targets in Gaza; (2) its mitigation of civilian harm by warning them through leaflets, radio messages and telephone calls of impending attacks; and (3) its facilitation of humanitarian assistance. A careful examination of Israel’s war policy and of the full statements of the responsible government officials further demonstrates the absence of a genocidal intent. Here I must hasten to add that Israel is expected to conduct its military operation in accordance with international humanitarian law but violations of IHL cannot be the subject of these proceedings which are purely pursuant to the Genocide Convention. Unfortunately, the scale of suffering and death experienced in Gaza is exacerbated not by genocidal intent, but rather by several factors, including the tactics of the Hamas organization itself which often entails its forces embedding amongst the civilian population and installations, rendering them vulnerable to legitimate military attack.

22. Regarding the statements of Israeli top officials and politicians that South Africa cited as containing genocidal rhetoric, a careful examination of those statements, read in their proper and full context, shows that South Africa has either placed the quotations out of context or simply misunderstood the statements of those officials. The vast majority of the statements referred to the destruction of Hamas and not the Palestinian people as such. Certain renegade statements by officials who are not charged with prosecuting Israel’s military operations were subsequently highly criticized by the Israeli Government itself. More importantly, the official war policy of the Israeli Government, as presented to the Court, contains no indicators of a genocidal intent. In my assessment, there are also no indicators of incitement to commit genocide.

23. In sum, I am not convinced that the acts complained of by the Applicant are capable of falling within the scope of the Genocide Convention, in particular because it has not been shown, even on a prima facie basis, that Israel’s conduct in Gaza is accompanied by the necessary genocidal intent. Furthermore, the rights asserted by South Africa are not plausible and the Court should not order the provisional measures requested. But in light of the Court’s Order, I will proceed to consider the other criteria required for the indication of provisional measures. This brings me to another


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 criterion which I also find has not been met, namely that there is no link between the rights asserted by South Africa and the provisional measures sought.

24. The next issue is the link between the asserted rights and the measures requested. South Africa has requested the Court to indicate nine types of measures: The requested measures can be divided into several categories.

1. First and second measures

25. The first and second requested measures concern Israel’s ongoing military operations in Gaza. They would not merely require Israel to cease all alleged acts of genocide under Article II and III of the Convention—but would require the suspension of all military operations in Gaza, regardless of whether Hamas, an organization not party to these proceedings, continues to attack Israel or continues to hold Israeli hostages. In this respect, Israel would be required to unilaterally cease hostilities, a prospect I consider unrealistic. These two requested measures appear overly broad and are not clearly linked with the rights asserted by South Africa. Israel is currently engaged in an armed conflict with Hamas in response to the Hamas attack on Israeli military and civilian targets on 7 October 2023. Israeli military operations that target members of Hamas and other armed groups operating in Gaza—as opposed to conduct intended to cause harm to the civilian populace of Gaza—would not appear to fall within the scope of Israel’s obligations under the Genocide Convention. This is particularly the case for Israeli military operations that comply with international humanitarian law. Accordingly, the first and second measures do not appear to have a sufficient link with the asserted rights. A rejection of the first and second requested measures would be consistent with the Court’s approach in Bosnia v. Serbia and The Gambia v. Myanmar, where the Court indicated provisional measures but, in doing so, did not bar either Serbia or Myanmar from continuing their military operations more generally (Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro), Provisional Measures, Order of 8 April 1993, I.C.J. Reports 1993, p. 24, para. 52; Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (The Gambia v. Myanmar), Provisional Measures, Order of 23 January 2020, I.C.J. Reports 2020, p. 30, para. 86). The measures indicated were restricted to the commission of acts of genocide.

2. Third measure

26. Although the Applicant requests this measure to apply to both Parties, it is not clear how South Africa, which is not a party to the conflict in Gaza, would contribute to preserving the rights of Palestinians in Gaza, much less “prevent genocide”. In reality this measure would apply only to Israel. That said, to require Israel to “take all reasonable measures within their powers to prevent genocide” in Gaza would simply be to repeat the obligation already incumbent upon Israel and any other State party under the Genocide Convention. This measure appears to be redundant.

3. Fourth and fifth measures

27. The fourth requested measure requires Israel to refrain from specific actions that South Africa considers to be linked with its obligation to desist from committing any of the acts referred to in Article II, paragraphs (a) to (d) of the Convention. In my view, this measure, like the first and second, in effect requires Israel to unilaterally stop hostilities with Hamas, which is the only way of guaranteeing that none of the acts stipulated take place. However, as previously stated, this measure,


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 when removed from the requirement of a genocidal intent, merely amounts to a requirement for Israel to abide by IHL, rather than by its obligations under the Genocide Convention. Similarly, the Fifth measure, which requires Israel to refrain from deliberately inflicting on Palestinians in Gaza conditions of life calculated to bring about their destruction in whole or in part, outside the context of the requirement of a genocidal intent, is tantamount to requiring Israel to comply with its obligations under IHL, rather than under the Genocide Convention. Thus, while the expulsion and forced displacement of Palestinians in Gaza from their homes could amount to violations of IHL, the Court has previously determined in the Bosnia Genocide case that such conduct does not, as such, constitute genocide. The Court explained that

"“[n]either the intent, as a matter of policy, to render an area ‘ethnically homogeneous’, nor the operations that may be carried out to implement such policy, can as such be designated as genocide: the intent that characterizes genocide is ‘to destroy, in whole or in part’ a particular group, and deportation or displacement of the members of a group, even if effected by force, is not necessarily equivalent to destruction of that group, nor is such destruction an automatic consequence of the displacement” (Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2007, p. 123, para. 190)."

However, such forced displacement, or other forms of “ethnic cleansing” may constitute genocide if intended to bring about the physical destruction of the group.

28. Similarly, the deprivation of necessary humanitarian supplies would only constitute genocide if taken with the requisite special intent. As discussed above, I do not consider that such special intent exists in this case. Therefore, such a measure is not warranted. The third component of the fifth measure refers to “the destruction of Palestinian life in Gaza”. This requested measure is extremely vague and would appear to essentially fall within the requirement for Israel to refrain from deliberately inflicting conditions of life calculated to bring about the physical destruction of the Palestinian population of Gaza. It is therefore unclear what would be accomplished by separately indicating this measure. Accordingly, the Fourth and Fifth measures appear not to be linked to the rights asserted by the Applicant under the Genocide Convention.

4. Sixth measure

29. The sixth measure is written in such a way that it simply repeats the prohibitions mentioned in the Fourth and Fifth measures and is therefore not linked to rights asserted by South Africa.

5. Seventh measure

30. The seventh requested measure relates to the preservation of evidence. Although the Court found the existence of such a link with respect to a similar measure requested and indicated in Gambia v. Myanmar (Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (The Gambia v. Myanmar), Provisional Measures, Order of 23 January 2020, I.C.J. Reports 2020, p. 24, para. 61), in the present case there is no evidentiary basis for concluding that Israel is engaged in the deliberate destruction of evidence relating to genocide. Moreover, to the extent the requested measure concerns the requirement that Israel allow fact-finding missions and other bodies access to Gaza, it would appear to go beyond Israel’s obligations under the Genocide Convention. As part of its duties to the Court and to South Africa, Israel may only be required to preserve evidence under its control. However, a requirement to allow access to Gaza by third parties does not appear linked with South Africa’s asserted rights. Notably, the Court rejected a similar request for access by independent monitoring mechanisms made by Canada and the Netherlands in


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 Application of the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (Canada and the Netherlands v. Syrian Arab Republic), Provisional Measures, Order of 16 November 2023, paras. 13 and 83).

6. Eighth and ninth measures

31. With respect to the eighth and ninth requested measures, as previously noted by the Court:

"“the question of their link with the rights for which [the Applicant] seeks protection does not arise, in so far as such measures would be directed at preventing any action which may aggravate or extend the existing dispute or render it more difficult to resolve, and at providing information on the compliance by the Parties with any specific provisional measure indicated by the Court”."

As previously observed, this case is complicated by the fact that in the context of an ongoing war with Hamas, which is not a party to these proceedings, it would be unrealistic to put limitations upon one of the belligerent parties but not the other. Israel would justifiably assert its right to defend itself from Hamas, which would most probably “aggravate the situation in Gaza”. For all the above reasons, I am of the view that the provisional measures requested by South Africa do not appear to have a link with South Africa’s asserted rights, and that this criterion for the indication of provisional measures is also not met.

32. In conclusion, I am not convinced that the rights asserted by South Africa are plausible under the Genocide Convention, in so far as the acts complained of by the Applicant do not appear to fall within the scope of that Convention. While those acts may amount to grave violations of IHL, they are prima facie, not accompanied by the necessary genocidal intent. I also am of the view that the provisional measures requested by South Africa andare [sic] not linked to the asserted rights. However, I would also like to express my opinion regarding the provisional measures actually indicated by the Court, which in my view are also unwarranted for the reasons stated in this dissenting opinion.

33. In my view, the First measure obligating Israel to “take all measures within its power to prevent the commission of all acts within the scope of Article II of [the Genocide] Convention” effectively mirrors the obligation already incumbent upon Israel under Articles I and II of the Genocide Convention and is therefore redundant. The Second measure obligating Israel to ensure “with immediate effect that its military does not commit any acts described in point 1 above” also seems redundant as it is either already covered under the first measure or is a mirror of the obligation already incumbent upon Israel under Articles I and II of the Genocide Convention. The Third measure obligating Israel to “take all measures within its power to prevent and punish the direct and public incitement to commit genocide” also mirrors the obligation already incumbent upon Israel under Articles I and III of the Genocide Convention and is therefore redundant. The Fourth measure obligating Israel to “take immediate and effective measures to enable the provision of urgently needed basic services and humanitarian assistance to address the adverse conditions of life faced by Palestinians in the Gaza Strip” has no link with any of the rights purportedly claimed under the Genocide Convention. In other words, under that Convention, a State party has no duty to provide or to enable the provision of, humanitarian assistance, as such. There may be an equivalent duty under IHL but not the Genocide Convention. Besides, there is evidence before the Court that the provision of humanitarian assistance is already taking place with the involvement of Israel and other international organizations, notwithstanding the continuing military operation. The evidence also


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wakened the next morning to brilliant sunshine. She went along to breakfast early, but met none of her acquaintances of the day before. When she returned to her compartment it had just been restored to its daytime appearance by the conductor, a dark man with a drooping moustache and melancholy face.

"Madame is fortunate," he said; "the sun shines. It is always a great disappointment to passengers when they arrive on a grey morning."

"I should have been disappointed, certainly," said Katherine.

The man prepared to depart.

"We are rather late, Madame," he said. "I will let you know just before we get to Nice."

Katherine nodded. She sat by the window, entranced by the sunlit panorama. The palm trees, the deep blue of the sea, the bright yellow mimosa came with all the charm of novelty to the woman who for fourteen years had known only the drab winters of England.

When they arrived at Cannes, Katherine got out and walked up and down the platform. She was curious about the lady in the mink coat, and looked up at the windows of her compartment. The blinds were still drawn down-the only ones to be so on the whole train. Katherine wondered a little, and when she re-entered


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 points to an improvement in the provision of basic needs in the affected areas. This measure too seems unnecessary in the circumstances. Regarding the Fifth measure obligating Israel to “take effective measures to prevent the destruction and ensure the preservation of evidence related to allegations of acts within the scope of Articles II and III of the [Genocide] Convention”, there does not seem to be any evidentiary basis for assuming that Israel is engaged in the deliberate destruction of evidence as such. Any destruction of infrastructure is not attributable to the deliberate efforts of Israel to destroy evidence but rather to the exigencies of an ongoing conflict with Hamas, which is not a party to these proceedings. It is difficult to envisage how one of the belligerent parties can be expected to unilaterally “prevent the destruction of evidence” while leaving the other one free to carry on unabated. Finally, in respect of the Sixth measure, given that the other measures are not warranted, there is no reason for Israel to be required to “submit a report to the Court on all measures taken to give effect to th[e] Order”.

34. Lastly, a word about the Israeli hostages that remain in the custody of their captors and their families. I join the majority in expressing the Court’s grave concern about the fate of the hostages (including children, babies, women, the elderly and sometimes entire families) still held in custody by Hamas and other armed groups following the attack on Israel of 7 October 2023, and in calling for their “immediate and unconditional release” (See Order, paragraph 85). I would only add the following observation. In its Request for provisional measures, South Africa emphasised that both Parties to these proceedings have a duty to act in accordance with their obligations under the Genocide Convention in relation to the situation in Gaza, leaving one wondering what positive contribution the Applicant could make towards defusing the ongoing conflict there. During the oral proceedings in the present case, it was brought to the attention of the Court that South Africa, and in particular certain organs of government, have enjoyed and continue to enjoy a cordial relationship with the leadership of Hamas. If that is the case, then one would encourage South Africa as a party to these proceedings and to the Genocide Convention, to use whatever influence they might wield, to try and persuade Hamas to immediately and unconditionally release the remaining hostages, as a good will gesture. I have no doubt that such a gesture of good will would go a very long way in defusing the current conflict in Gaza.

35. For all the above reasons, I do not believe that the provisional measures indicated by the Court in this Order are warranted and have accordingly voted against them. I reiterate that in my respectful opinion the dispute between the State of Israel and the people of Palestine is essentially and historically a political one, calling for a diplomatic or negotiated settlement, and for the implementation in good faith of all relevant Security Council resolutions by all parties concerned, with a view to finding a permanent solution whereby the Israeli and Palestinian peoples can peacefully coexist.

(Signed) Julia.


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 the train she passed along the corridor and noticed that these two compartments were still shuttered and closed. The lady of the mink coat was clearly no early riser.

Presently the conductor came to her and told her that in a few minutes the train would arrive at Nice. Katherine handed him a tip; the man thanked her, but still lingered. There was something odd about him. Katherine, who had at first wondered whether the tip had not been big enough, was now convinced that something far more serious was amiss. His face was of a sickly pallor, he was shaking all over, and looked as if he had been frightened out of his life. He was eyeing her in a curious manner. Presently he said abruptly: "Madame will excuse me, but is she expecting friends to meet her at Nice?"

"Probably," said Katherine. “Why?"

But the man merely shook his head and murmured something that Katherine could not catch and moved away, not reappearing until the train came to rest at the station, when he started handing her belongings down from the window.

Katherine stood for a moment or two on the platform rather at a loss, but a fair young man with an ingenuous face came up to her and said rather hesitatingly:

"Miss Grey, is it not?"

Katherine said that it was, and the young man beamed upon her seraphically and murmured:

“I am Chubby, you kno—Lady Tamplin’s husband. I expect she mentioned me, but perhaps she forgot. Have you got your billet de bagages? I lost mine


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 when I came out this year, and you would not believe the fuss they made about it. Regular French red tape!"

Katherine produced it, and was just about to move off beside him when a very gentle and insidious voice murmured in her ear;

"A little moment, Madame, if you please."

Katherine turned to behold an individual who made up for insignificance of stature by a large quantity of gold lace and uniform. The individual explained. "There were certain formalities. Madame would perhaps be so kind as to accompany him. The regulations of the police" He threw up his arms. "Absurd, doubtless, but there it was."

Mr. Chubby Evans listened with a very imperfect comprehension, his French being of a limited order.

"So like the French," murmured Mr. Evans. He was one of those staunch patriotic Britons who, having made a portion of a foreign country their own, strongly resent the original inhabitants of it. "Always up to some silly dodge or other. They’ve never tackled people on the station before, though. This is something quite new. I suppose you’ll have to go."

Katherine departed with her guide. Somewhat to her surprise, he led her towards a siding where a coach of the departed train had been shunted. He invited her to mount into this, and, preceding her down the corridor, held aside the door of one of the compartments. In it was a pompous-looking official personage, and with him a nondescript being who appeared to be a clerk. The pompous-looking personage rose politely, bowed to Katherine, and said:

"You will excuse me, Madame, but there are certain


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 formalities to be complied with. Madame speaks French, I trust?"

"Sufficiently, I think, Monsieur," replied Katherine in that language.

"That is good. Pray be seated, Madame. I am M. Caux, the Commissary of Police." He blew out his chest importantly, and Katherine tried to look sufficiently impressed.

"You wish to see my passport?" she inquired. "Here it is."

The Commissary eyed her keenly and gave a little grunt.

"Thank you, Madame," he said, taking the passport from her. He cleared his throat. "But what I really desire is a little information."

"Information?"

The Commissary nodded his head slowly.

"About a lady who has been a fellow-passenger of yours. You lunched with her yesterday."

"I am afraid I can't tell you anything about her. We fell into conversation over our meal, but she is a complete stranger to me. I have never seen her before."

"And yet," said the Commissary sharply, "you returned to her compartment with her after lunch and sat talking for some time?"

"Yes," said Katherine; "that is true."

The Commissary seemed to expect her to say something more. He looked at her encouragingly.

"Yes, Madame?"

"Well, Monsieur?" said Katherine.

"You can, perhaps, give me some kind of idea of that conversation?"


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48 THE FOUR GOSPELS. 12. Whose winnowing shovel is in His hand, and he will thoroughly cleanse His floor, and gather His wheat into the barn, but the chaff he will burn with unquenchable fire.

13. Then cometh Jesus from Galilee to the Jordan, unto John, to be baptized by him.

14. But John stayed Him, saying: I ought to be baptized by Thee, and comest thou to me?

15. And answering, said to him: Suffer it at present: for so it becometh us to fulfil all justice. Then he suffered Him.

16. And being baptized, forthwith came out of the water: and lo! the heavens were opened to Him; and He saw the Spirit of God descending as a dove, and coming upon Him.

17. And behold a voice from heaven, saying: This is my beloved Son, in whom I am well pleased.

a a a

den it down on the threshing floor, and it was also used to cast it inte the fire.
 * It served to throw up into the air the straw, after the oxen had trod-

the fire which the justice of Carisr onkindles is unquenchable.
 * The fire in which the straw was burnt up, was soon extinguished :

> Mark i. 9. * Lit. “ Hindered him.” end sanctified ky Cheist. “© 4 Cathulic.”
 * «Have need.” John acknowledged that he neeled to be purifie!

7 “ Every ordinance.” Cath. Thatis, everything that appertains to re- ligious ceremonial and public edification ; every divine ordinance. The baptism of John, altheugh not of divine institution, might be considered as sharing ingthe sanction given te his mission. ‘ Justice,” says St. Chrysostom, in foc., “is the fulfilment of sll the commandments.”

 * The scattering of clouds is like the opening of the heavens.

Christ was thereby confirmed, since this was the token divinely given by which to recognise Him. Join i. 33.
 * Luke iii. 22. Christ saw it, and John likewise, whose knowledge of

“ Tt is generally thought that the Holy Spirit assumed the shape of a dove, although some explain it of His descent on our Lord in some sen- sible way, as if a dove descended, since her manner is peculiar.

" Thunder is called the voice of God. Articulate sounds were heard on this occasion.

% Luke ix. 35; 2 Peter i.17. Every just man is a child of God; bat Christ is the beloved, the only true san.

» There is a Hebraism in this use of the preposition. “ With whom * ie better English, but in whom expresses the delight which the Father takea in Hia Son.


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 "I could," said Katherine, "but at the moment I see no reason to do so."

In somewhat British fashion she felt annoyed. This foreign official seemed to her impertinent.

"No reason?" cried the Commissary. "Oh yes, Madame, I can assure you that there is a reason."

"Then perhaps you will give it to me."

The Commissary rubbed his chin thoughtfully for a minute or two without speaking.

"Madame," he said at last, "the reason is very simple. The lady in question was found dead in her compartment this morning."

"Dead!" gasped Katherine. "What was itheart failure?"

"No," said the Commissary in a reflective, dreamy voice. "Noshe was murdered."

"Murdered!" cried Katherine.

"So you see, Madame, why we are anxious for any information we can possibly get."

"But surely her maid"

"The maid has disappeared."

"Oh!" Katherine paused to assemble her thoughts.

"Since the conductor had seen you talking with her in her compartment, he quite naturally reported the fact to the police, and that is why, Madame, we have detained you, in the hope of gaining some information."

"I am very sorry," said Katherine; "I don't even know her name."

"Her name is Kettering. That we know from her passport and from the labels on her luggage. If we "


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HE foreign influence, which in the preceding period had asserted itself in the poetical literature of Sweden, had come chiefly from Germany. But already in the second half of the seventeenth century French taste began to be introduced, and in Sweden, as in the rest of Europe, the extensive French literature was spread in a manner that effectually obstructed all independent development. This tendency reached its climax when Louise Ulrika, the sister of Frederik the Great, and as great a lover of French as her brother, became Queen of Sweden. Some attention was, indeed, paid to English literature, but this could not counterbalance the French, as it was itself strongly influenced by the latter. Thus it came to pass that the Swedish poetry of this period was nothing but an imitation of French models, with a painfully strict observation of the formality of the pusedopseudo [sic]-classical school. People were unable to raise themselves to the importance of poetry as a free art. To the poets as well as to the public, poetry was partly merely a pleasant pastime and partly a means of promoting the common good, inasmuch as matters of practical utility were treated in verse. In other words, a rhetorical, rhymed prose took the place of poetry, and an exaggerated stress was laid on the form. This also had its advantage, for the poets who succeeded Stjernhjelm had gradually lost appreciation of the purity of the language and of the true art of versification. In this respect the Dalin period marks a


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 There was a knock on the compartment door. M. Caux frowned. He opened it about six inches.

"What is the matter?" he said peremptorily. "I cannot be disturbed."

The egg-shaped head of Katherine's dinner acquaintance showed itself in the aperture. On his face was a beaming smile.

"My name," he said, "is Hercule Poirot."

"Not," the Commissary stammered, "not the Hercule Poirot?"

"The same," said Mr. Poirot. "I remember meeting you once, M. Caux, at the Sûreté in Paris, though doubtless you have forgotten me?"

“Not at all, Monsieur, not at all," declared the Commissary heartily. "But enter, I pray of you. You know of this"

"Yes, I know," said Hercule Poirot. "I came to see if I might be of any assistance?"

"We should be flattered," replied the Commissary promptly. "Let me present you, Mr. Poirot, to"he consulted the passport he still held in his hand"to MadameerMademoiselle Grey."

Poirot smiled across at Katherine.

"It is strange, is it not," he murmured, "that my words should have come true so quickly?"

"Mademoiselle, alas! can tell us very little," said the Commissary.

"I have been explaining," said Katherine, "that this poor lady was a complete stranger to me."

Poirot nodded.

"But she talked to you, did she not?" he said gently.

"You formed an impressionis it not so?"


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346 decided progress, and is a transition to the golden age of Swedish poetry.

(1708-63) was the most prominent figure of this period, which was the "age of enlightenment" in Sweden. He began his comprehensive and influential activity with the publication of the periodical, "Den svenska Argus" (1733-34), which, like the English "Spectator," discussed the questions of the day. The bright and vivid style of the periodical and its marked moral tendency were received with so great public favor that the estates of the realm decreed a national reward to the author, who hitherto had appeared anonymously. After Dalin had made himself known, he was made court poet to the queen, a circumstance which by no means proved favorable to the further development of his talent, for he was henceforth limited to a definite direction, and was compelled more frequently than was desirable to fritter his powers away in the composition of incidental festive poems. Dalin's chief merit consists in skilful treatment of the form, combined with a delicate and striking wit; but his poems never make the impression of having sprung from high aspiration. It has justly been said of him that "his genius possessed more suppleness than strength, and that he was rather an elegant imitator than a creative poetical talent." His serious poems are very dry, and this is particularly true of his festive poems and of his allegorical epic poem, "Svenska Friheten," which was so highly appreciated by his contemporaries. The latter certainly contains a few beautiful passages, but it may, on the whole, be more aptly characterized as a poetical pamphlet in rhetorical verses. His tragedy, "Brynhilda," is of but little value as a drama, while the comedy, "Den Afundsjuke," an imitation of Holberg, is very enjoyable. He is at his best whenever he departs most widely from that very tendency to the absolute supremacy of which he contributed so much, and when he either gives loose reins to his native, sound and somewhat satirical wit, as in his humorous prose allegory, "Sagan om Hasten" (the story of the


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RV 439 (ANSWER.])


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32


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MODERN JAPAN


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34


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42 {|style="font-size:90%" cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0
 * Atheta nympha n. sp.—Rather slender, moderately convex, shining and somewhat feebly micro-reticulate throughout, the punctures very fine, rather close and asperulate; coloration throughout as in the preceding; head moderate, the eyes not quite their own length from the base, the carinæ all but obsolete and not entire; antennæ nearly as in citata but with the outer joints more transverse, the last larger, pointed and decidedly longer than the two preceding, the second and third moderately elongate, subsimilar; prothorax shorter, strongly transverse, not quite as wide as the elytra and very much wider than the head, shining, parallel and rounded at the sides, not impressed; elytra less transverse, very much longer than the prothorax; abdomen nearly similar, the sixth tergite (♂) broadly, feebly arcuato-truncate and evenly, rather coarsely and strongly crenulate throughout; mesosternal process extending two-thirds the length of the coxæ, rather wide, gradually and sinuously narrowed to the rounded apex, which is separated by a considerable distance from the strongly angulate metasternum, the intervening ridge not much sunken and broadly convex; hind tarsi slender, the first four joints nearly equal, the first scarcely visibly shortet. Length 2.3 mm.; width 0.48 mm. New York (Catskill Mts.).
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Rh horse), or when, as in the case of many of his songs, he adopts the simple style of the popular ballad. These by far surpass all his other productions, by which he became famous, and on which his historical importance is based. During the last years of his life, when the political revolutions had for a time banished him from the court, he worked assiduously on his "Svea rikes Historia," which he had begun at an early age, but which he did not carry further than to the reign of Carl IX. The style is attractive, but it shows a want of investigation of original sources, and a lack of criticism.

This was the period of the foundation of societies of scholars and poets, and Sweden established several of them, copying French models. Of these the "Vitterhets-Akademien," or society of the fine arts, founded in 1753 by Queen Louise Ulrika under the auspices of Dalin, has attained the greatest celebrity. On the death of the Queen it ceased to exist, but was reorganized on an enlarged plan by Gustav III in 1786, and called "Kongliga Vitterhets-Historie—och Antiquitets-Akademien," and as such it still exists. Other societies of poets were the "Utile Dulci," with its sub-branches "Apollinis Sacra" in Upsala and "Aurora" in Åbo, and the "Tankebygger-Ordenen" (the order of thought builders). Among the founders of the last is (1718-63), whose name ranked high in the literature of that period. She had received a very thorough education, but her sound common sense and her clear mind kept her aloof from pedantry. Her sentimentality, her romantic longing, her correct idea of the true nature of poetry make her a very marked character in the Swedish literature of her time, which was so completely imbued with pseudo- classicism. This particularly applies to the collection of elegiac poems "Den sörjande Turturdufvan" (the mourning turtle dove), which she composed when in her twenty


text: Index:The three musketeers (IA threemusketeers1800duma).pdf


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348 fourth year she had lost her husband. These poems and the report of the romantic manner in which in poetic solitude she continued to mourn the loss of her husband, soon made her name widely known. She met the most eminent writers of elegant literature in her day, and wrote with great industry. In her later works the original freshness and tenderness of her earlier poems gradually disappeared, and at length to her own satisfaction and that of her admirers she adopted the prevailing artificial style and thus received the surname "the Swedish Urania." From 1744-50 she edited the poetic annual "Quinligt Tankespel af en Herdinna i Norden" (The plays of thought of a shepherdess in the North). Of her other works we may mention "Tankar om Skaldekonstens Nytta" (thoughts on the utility of poetry) and "Det frelste Svea" (the saved Sweden). In literature she forms together with Dalin a characteristic transition from the Stjernhjelm to the succeeding Gustavian period. But while Dalin was intent on seeking a form for Swedish poetry which should combine certain older and homely elements, such as they had appeared in Frese, Lucidor and the other lyric poets, with the new and foreign elements, Fru Nordenflycht belonged in the beginning of her literary activity decidedly to the former, and later to the latter of these tendencies. By her own example, and through the circle of authors by whom she was surrounded and with whom she maintained an intellectual communion, she contributed much toward giving the French element the supremacy in the development of Swedish literature.

To this circle belonged the counts Creutz and Gyllenborg, "the dioskuri of the sky of Swedish poetry." The Finlander


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First, the trees came to the olive tree asking it to reign over them; but the olive tree refused; it has substance suitable in men's food and useful in medicines. It signifies men abounding in divine grace who are filled with the Spirit and who are the medicine for the sorrows and sufferings of men. The fig tree has delicious fruit which contains both little seeds as well as honey; it signifies the loving brotherhood in which a multitude becomes one body of Christ. The vine contains satisfaction and joy; it signifies good conscience pertaining to communion at a divine feast, for only there conscience is a constant feast and the mind in safety. That is why all these tasty fruit trees refused to rule and to be exalted above other wild (fruit-less) trees lest they lose their fat substance and sweetness and consolation.

Let us see what many useful things this parable can show us. (:People who are partakers of the gifts of God will not forfeit these for the sake of temporal advantages, prestige, and authority, seeing that these 'advantages'  Ut omnes unum sint. John 17:21.

164*

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Rh (1731-85) gained his reputation chiefly by the poem "Atis och Camilla," the best poetical production of this period. In this excellent idyl there prevails a pure, gentle sentiment, combined with a wonderfully graphic fancy, and in form the poem is exceedingly fine. His shorter poems also "Sommarquäde" (summer song), etc., are the fruits of genuine poetic talent. (1731-1808) confined himself more closely to the accepted rules of poetry, and hence his compositions are cold and dry; only in unguarded moments his talent now and then unconsciously breaks through the rigid form. On account of the didactic element of which he was especially fond, he exercised a marked influence on the literature of his epoch, but he was himself unable to keep pace with its progress. His great heroic poem "Tåget öfver Bält," an imitation of Voltaire's Henriade, describing the celebrated march of Charles X across the ice from Jutland to Zealand, is so rigid and so full of allegories that even on its first appearance it was received with considerable indifference. His fables and lyric poems are better, though they are all injured by a moralizing tendency, and the same may be said of his didactic poem "Årstiderna" (the seasons). His efforts in the dramatic field were not successful, nor could success be expected from the manner in which his talent had been developed.

(1733-1805) had, through his acquaintance with the poetry then flourishing in Germany, gained a more correct knowledge of the nature of the poetic art, and sought to promote it in Sweden by the foundation of the society "Vitterlek" (belles lettres). His poems give evidence of a correct taste, but the latter is manifested in a manner too weak and indistinct to give it any decided influence on literature. Deserving of mention are the ode "Öfver motgång" (on adversity) and the elegy "Den


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 "Yes," said Katherine thoughtfully. "I suppose I did."

"And that impression was"

"Yes, Mademoiselle"the Commissary jerked himself forward"let us by all means have your impressions."

Katherine sat turning the whole thing over in her mind. She felt in a way as if she were betraying a confidence, but with that ugly word "Murder" ringing in her ears she dared not keep anything back. Too much might hang upon it. So, as nearly as she could, she repeated word for word the conversation she had had with the dead woman.

"That is interesting," said the Commissary, glancing at the other. "Eh, M. Poirot, that is interesting? Whether it has anything to do with the crime"

He left the sentence unfinished.

"I suppose it could not be suicide," said Katherine, rather doubtfully.

"No," said the Commissary, "it could not be suicide. She was strangled with a length of black cord."

"Oh!" Katherine shivered. M. Caux spread out his hands apologetically. "It is not niceno. I think that our train robbers are more brutal than they are in your country."

"It is horrible."

"Yes, yes"he was soothing and apologetic"but you have great courage, Mademoiselle. At once, as soon as I saw you, I said to myself, 'Mademoiselle has great courage.' That is why I am going to ask you to do something moresomething distressing, but I assure you very necessary."


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 Katherine looked at him apprehensively.

He spread out his hands apologetically.

"I am going to ask you, Mademoiselle, to be so good as to accompany me to the next compartment."

"Must I?" asked Katherine in a low voice.

"Some one must identify her," said the Commissary, "and since the maid has disappeared"he coughed significantly"you appear to be the person who has seen most of her since she joined the train."

"Very well," said Katherine quietly; "if it is necessary"

She rose. Poirot gave her a little nod of approval.

"Mademoiselle is sensible," he said. "May I accompany you, M. Caux?"

"Enchanted, my dear M. Poirot."

They went out into the corridor, and M. Caux unlocked the door of the dead woman's compartment. The blinds on the far side had been drawn half-way up to admit light. The dead woman lay on the berth to their left, in so natural a posture that one could have thought her asleep. The bedclothes were drawn up over her, and her head was turned to the wall, so that only the red auburn curls showed. Very gently M. Caux laid a hand on her shoulder and turned the body back so that the face came into view. Katherine flinched a little and dug her nails into her palms. A heavy blow had disfigured the features almost beyond recognition. Poirot gave a sharp exclamation.

"When was that done, I wonder?" he demanded. "Before death or after?"

"The doctor says after," said M. Caux.

"Strange," said Poirot, drawing his brows together.


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350 blinde. (1718-73) has very skilfully imitated the style of the popular ballad in his song about Malcolm Sinclair.

In (1714-63) Sweden obtained in this period her first novelist. The whole literary life of Sweden had developed in such a way that although he was a contemporary of Richardson, Fielding and Smollet, still this author took his models from France. Both his great novels, "Adalrik och Göthilda" and "Thecla," which were exceedingly popular in their day, are discursive, have a tendency to teach moral lessons, and are upon the whole unsuitable for the taste of our time, but they contain many really fine passages and are so perfect in style that they must be remembered among the best prose works of this epoch. The choice of subject in these novels is also a matter of interest, for they have nothing in common with the topics which absorbed the attention of literary men in that time and they may be considered as a sort of precursors of the romantic school. "Adalrik och Göthilda" is a national heroic novel, while "Thecla," which is by far the better one of the two, is based on a mediæval legend, and is completely on romantic ground. (1746-68) is a decided contrast to the half pietistic and didactic Mörk. His novel "Min Son på Galejen" (my son on the galley), the description of a sea voyage which the author had made to the East Indies as a chaplain in the navy, abounds in rollicking humor, and on account of its graphic descriptions and grand outlines it still remains a favorite book in Sweden. On the other hand his great drama "Susanna," which is written wholly in the French style, has been utterly forgotten.

In the field of this period produced many great men who not only by their researches promoted the interests of science, but who also by their activity were of vast import-


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 He turned to Katherine. "Be brave, Mademoiselle; look at her well. Are you sure that this is the woman you talked to in the train yesterday?"

Katherine had good nerves. She steeled herself to look long and earnestly at the recumbent figure. Then she leaned forward and took up the dead woman's hand.

"I am quite sure," she replied at length. "The face is too disfigured to recognize, but the build and carriage and hair are exact, and besides I noticed this" she pointed to a tiny mole on the dead woman's wrist "while I was talking to her."

"Bon," approved Poirot. "You are an excellent witness, Mademoiselle. There is, then, no question as to the identity, but it is strange, all the same." He frowned down on the dead woman in perplexity.

M. Caux shrugged his shoulders.

"The murderer was carried away by rage, doubtless," he suggested.

"If she had been struck down, it would have been comprehensible," mused Poirot, "but the man who strangled her slipped up behind and caught her unawares. A little chokea little gurglethat is all that would be heard, and then afterwardsthat smashing blow on her face. Now why? Did he hope that if the face were unrecognizable she might not be identified? Or did he hate her so much that he could not resist striking that blow even after she was dead?"

Katherine shuddered, and he turned at once to her kindly.

"You must not let me distress you, Mademoiselle," he said. "To you this is all very new and terrible. To


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 me, alas! it is an old story. One moment, I pray of you both."

They stood against the door watching him as he went quickly round the compartment. He noted the dead woman's clothes neatly folded on the end of the berth, the big fur coat that hung from a hook, and the little red lacquer hat tossed up on the rack. Then he passed through into the adjoining compartment, that in which Katherine had seen the maid sitting. Here the berth had not been made up. Three or four rugs were piled loosely on the seat; there was a hat-box and a couple of suit-cases. He turned suddenly to Katherine.

"You were in here yesterday," he said. "Do you see anything changed, anything missing?"

Katherine looked carefully round both compartments.

"Yes," she said, "there is something missinga scarlet morocco case. It had the initials 'R. V. K.' on it. It might have been a small dressing-case or a big jewel-case. When I saw it, the maid was holding it."

"Ah!" said Poirot.

"But, surely," said Katherine. "Iof course, I don't know anything about such things, but surely it is plain enough, if the maid and the jewel-case are missing?"

"You mean that it was the maid who was the thief? No, Mademoiselle; there is a very good reason against that."

"What?"

"The maid was left behind in Paris."

He turned to Poirot.

"I should like you to hear the conductor's story


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RV 50 (Rh) and Falshood, Right and Wrong; according to which he pronounces that God is just, righteous, and true. If the mere Will, Decree, or Law of God be said absolutely to constitute Right and Wrong, then are these latter words of no significancy at all. For thus if each part of a Contradiction were affirm'd for Truth by the supreme Power, they wou'd consequently become true. Thus if one Person were decreed to suffer for another's fault, the Sentence wou'd be just and equitable. And thus, in the same manner, if arbitrarily, and without reason, some Beings were destin'd to endure perpetual Ill, and others as constantly to enjoy Good; this also wou'd pass under the same Denomination. But to say of any thing that it is just or unjust, on such a foundation as this, is to say nothing, or to speak without a meaning.

thus it appears, that where a real Devotion and hearty Worship is paid to a supreme Being, who in his History or Character is represented otherwise than as really and truly just and good; there must ensue a Loss of Rectitude, a Disturbance of Thought, and a Corruption of Temper and Manners in the Believer. His Honesty will, of necessity, be supplanted by his Zeal, whilst he is thus unnaturally influenc'd, and render'd thus immorally devout. Rh


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 yourself," he murmured confidentially. “It is very suggestive."

"Mademoiselle would doubtless like to hear it also," said Poirot. "You do not object. Monsieur le Commissaire?"

"No," said the Commissary, who clearly did object very much. "No, certainly, M. Poirot, if you say so. You have finished here?"

"I think so. One little minute."

He had been turning over the rugs, and now he took one to the window and looked at it, picking something off it with his fingers.

"What is it?" demanded M. Caux sharply.

"Four auburn hairs." He bent over the dead woman. "Yes, they are from the head of Madame."

"And what of it? Do you attach importance to them?"

Poirot let the rug drop back on the seat.

"What is important? What is not? One cannot say at this stage. But we must note each little fact carefully."

They went back again into the first compartment, and in a minute or two the conductor of the carriage arrived to be questioned.

"Your name is Pierre Michel?" said the Commissary.

"Yes, Monsieur le Commissaire." "I should like you to repeat to this gentleman"he indicated Poirot"the story that you told me as to what happened in Paris."

"Very good. Monsieur le Commissaire. It was after we had left the Gare de Lyon I came along to make the beds, thinking that Madame would be at dinner,


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RV 51 (Rh) To this we need only add, that as the ill Character of a does injury to the Affections of Men, and disturbs and impairs the natural Sense of Right and Wrong; so, on the other hand, nothing can more highly contribute to the fixing of right Apprehensions, and a found Judgment or Sense of Right and Wrong, than to believe a God who is ever, and on all accounts, represented such as to be actually a true Model and Example of the most exact Justice, and highest Goodness and Worth. Such a View of divine Providence and Bounty, extended to All, and express'd in a constant good Affection towards the Whole, must of necessity engage us, within our Compass and Sphere, to act by a like Principle and Affection. And having once the Good of our Species or Publick in view, as our End or Aim, 'tis impossible we shou'd be misguided by any means to a false Apprehension or Sense of Right or Wrong.

to this second Case therefore; (according as the kind may prove) is capable of doing great Good, or Harm; and  nothing positive in either way. For however it may be indirectly an occasion of Mens losing a good and sufficient Sense of Right and Wrong; it will not, as Atheism merely, be the occasion of setting up a false Species of Rh