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Page:Journal of the Optical Society of America, volume 30, number 12.pdf/93

 * Color and colorimetry (continued) :Science visits the artist, William L. Longyear—274(A)
 * Some problems and methods of dyestuffs automatic spectrophotometry, I. H. Godlove—89(A):Spectral luminosity factors, K. S. Gibson—51
 * Survey of instruments in use in the pulp and paper industry—273(A)
 * Theory of subtractive color photography, J. A.C. Yule—322
 * There is system in color preferences, J. P. Guilford—455
 * Trichromatic analysis of the Munsell Book of Color, J. J. Glenn and J. T. Killian—609
 * United States color standards for rosin, Brooks A. Brice—152
 * Use of instruments: in beater furnish, R. N. Griesheimer—273(A); in coated paper, William J. Foote—274(A); in pulp, R. S. Hatch—273(A); in uncoated paper, M. N. Davis—273(A)
 * Warmth and coolness of colors, S. M. Newhall—271(A)
 * X—Z planes in the 1931 ICI system of colorimetry, Elliot Q. Adams—657(A)

 * Color temperature
 * Experiment on Wien’s energy distribution law and optical pyrometry, Donald C. Stockbarger—224(O)

 * Diffraction
 * Molecular structure—electronic diffraction method, Louis R. Maxwell—265(T), 374; x-ray diffraction method, B. E. Warren—265(T), 369

 * Dispersion (see also Geometrical optics)
 * Dispersion of magnetic double refraction in the short infra-red spectrum, Francis J. Davis—488

 * Editorial comment
 * A message to the society, K. S. Gibson—1
 * An enlarged journal of extended scope—507
 * Cooperation among color experts—573
 * Dr. Richtmyer—41
 * Opportunities for research—367
 * Optical contributions to national defense—321
 * Optics for skeptics—461
 * Quarter-century celebration—183
 * Research and publication—229
 * The new optics, Thanks where due—141
 * “Time to stump the experts’ —275

 * Electron optics
 * Molecular structure—electronic diffraction method, Louis R. Maxwell—265(T), 374

 * Emissivity
 * Total emissivity of various materials, B. T. Barnes, E. Q. Adams, and W. E. Forsythe—269(A)
 * Total hemispherical emissivities by a parallel plate method, A. G. Worthing—91(A)

 * Eye
 * Comparative anatomical studies of the eye with especial reference to the photoreceptors, S. R. Detweiler—42, 90(T)
 * Note on the measurement of pupillary diameters, Robert C. Herman—316(R)
 * Size of pupil as a variable factor in measurements of the threshold. An experimental study of the Stiles-Crawford phenomenon, Louise L. Sloan—271(A)
 * Spectral sensibility of the long-eared owl, Maurice Henri Pirenne and Selig Hecht—270(A)

 * Films
 * Investigation of thin evaporated silver films on glass, John Strong and Barry Dibble—431
 * Optical properties of semitransparent sputtered films determined by interference of light, J. B. Nathanson and C. L. Bartberger—92(A)

 * Glass
 * Chemical methods for increasing the transparency of glass surfaces, Frank L. Jones and Howard J. Homer—654(A)
 * Density of silicate glasses as a function of composition, Maurice L. Huggins—420
 * Refractive index of silicate glasses as a function of composition, Maurice L. Huggins—495

 * Illumination
 * Approximate spectral energy distribution of skylight, K. S. Gibson—88(A)
 * Illumination from extended sources computed by the theory of the integrating sphere, Frank Benford—33
 * Spectral distribution of energy in daylight, A. H. Taylor and G. P. Kerr—88(A)
 * Submarine illumination in photometric units, C. L. Utterback and R. E. Wilson—136
 * Use of Ulbricht sphere theory in the computation of illumination, Frank Benford—89(A)

 * Interferometers
 * Fabry-Perot interferometers in a parallel arrangement, L. Sturkey—351
 * Hyperfine structure deviations in Sb$121$ and Sb$123$, D. H. Tomboulian and R. F. Bacher—92(A)
 * Interference phenomena with a moving medium, Herbert E. Ives and G. R. Stilwell—653(A)
 * Interferometer method of plane stress analysis, David Sinclair—511
 * Optical properties of the grating interferometer, J. H. Schroeder and B. P. Ramsay—355

 * Lenses and mirrors
 * Automatic telescope control, Arthur C. Hardy—654(A)
 * Changes in lens characteristics with temperature, A. Francis Turner—654(A)
 * Chemical methods for increasing the transparency of glass surfaces, Frank L. Jones and H. J. Homer—654(A)
 * Laminated sun glass lenses—331
 * Method for the measurement of flatness of polished surfaces, Clifton Tuttle and Randle Cartwright—348
 * Modification of the Hindle test for cassegrain secondaries, Wilbur Silvertooth—140(R)
 * New type of wide aperture ratio telescope objective, A. E. Glancy—572(L)
 * Nomogram on the Huygens ocular, C. Harrison Dwight—140(R)
 * Simple method for determining chromatic aberration for photomicrographic purposes, Walter Koch—564
 * Treatment of camera lenses with low reflecting films, C. Hawley Cartwright—110
 * Variable focus lens and its uses, Robert Graham—560


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Page:The story of the flute (IA storyofflute1914fitz).djvu/110

 his Power of Sound symphony—in addition to an ordinary flute—and by Gade in the Siren's song in The Crusaders, probably to avoid the difficulty of the key on the ordinary flute. Bishop originally wrote the obligato to his famous song, "Lo, hear the Gentle Lark," for an F flute.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
User:Arcorann/The Thirteen-Month Calendar

Front matter
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Introduction
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Contents
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Brief
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General Discussion
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reason that the year begins on January 1 is a "pretty reason," as Lear's poor fool would say. Julius Cæsar, when he reformed the calendar in the year 46, evidently had in mind to begin the year with the shortest day. The winter solstice at Rome occurred in that year on the twenty-fourth of December of the Julian calendar; consequently the first day of the year would have fallen on December 25. But he delayed it seven days out of regard for prevailing customs and the superstitions of the people. As they had been accustomed to a lunar calendar, they would be better satisfied if the first year of the new calendar came in with the new moon. Accordingly the mean new moon was carefully computed and the new calendar had its beginning on the first of January, 45, at sixteen minutes past six in the afternoon.

Among all peoples, in all ages, it has been the custom to start the year, whether civil or ecclesiastical, with either the winter or summer solstice or the vernal or autumnal equinox. These times seem to mark the natural beginnings for reckoning the circuit of the seasons. The result of Cæsar's little stroke of diplomacy is that our year now has no relation to astronomic fact or logical reason. It has relation only to superstitions and political considerations which no longer exist. The history of the calendar is a struggle between human nature and arithmetic, the former not wanting to give in to the conclu-

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sions of the latter. This history, philosophically considered, not only serves to give us our bearings with regard to the problem of time measurement, but is a subject of considerable interest in itself.

A year consists of 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes, and 45.51 seconds. From the standpoint of one who is trying to equip the universe with some practical system of time measurement, this sort of year is manifestly ridiculous. In a practical system of measurement each larger unit should be exactly divisible by the smaller unit next below it.

A month has a mean length of 29 days, 12 hours, 44 minutes, and 2.7 seconds. This is equally absurd. We cannot very well deal with months and years which begin and end with such utter disregard of the smaller units that we have these fractions of a day on our hands.

What, then, is a day, let us ask. That it is not an acknowledged part of a month or a year is a fact which the above figures make sufficiently plain. Nature did not intend it to be such. A day is a day. It is sufficient unto itself, and it is wholly unconcerned about any other unit of time.

In a foot there are a certain number of inches of equal size; and in a bushel the pecks are of like content. But what is a month? There are said to be twelve months in a year, but this statement means little when you consider that the months do not fit into the year except by being altered to a variety of sizes!

As man did not make days, months, and years he is not, of course, to be held accountable for them. But he did make hours, minutes, and seconds, and so it would seem that as a matter of convenience and common sense he would have chosen such smaller time units as would fit in with and be a common divisor of the units already established. And no doubt he would have done so if he could. But evidently there were difficulties in the way; for when we state the length of a year or of a month in

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fractions of a second we are simply saying that these larger units are not divisible into any sort of time that man has been able to discover or invent.

Doing as best he could, man divided the day into parts which were equal but which fitted nothing further; and while his work might seem careless, inconsistent, and entirely incompetent, it is not so bad by comparison. For neither do days fit into months, nor months into years, nor years into any astronomical cycle which the heavens exhibit. It is all as bad as our English system of weights and measures; and the whole world knows how illogical and inconsistent and altogether incompetent that is.

Contrary to what any mortal member of any academy would expect, the heavens are not constructed on the metric system! They do not countenance or make possible any such mechanical notions of perfection upon the part of man. Consequently the time is out of joint; and as man is a measuring and record-keeping animal there has been constant challenge to his intellect to set it right.

The whole truth of the matter is that Nature has offered us three different standards of time measurement—the day, the month, and the year. We have got to make a choice and abide by it. We may not accept them all as if they were harmonious facts and parts of a heavenly clockwork. That is just what they are not. Sun and moon revolve and rotate as they please; each is true to its own appointments. But the sun takes no care that years shall be divisible into months; and neither does the sun or moon time its evolutions to fit in with that standard of measurement which we call a day.

And this is a fact which is totally unacceptable to the mind of man. There is something about it which is obnoxious to human nature. If man, instead of God, had made the universe he would surely have made months that were exactly divisible into the year. This is a safe assertion in view of the fact that for ages he stuck to the moon as a standard of measurement while at the same

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time he tried to drive the chariot of the sun. We like to think that the universe is all working together, cogged and clocklike, with wheels that are proper multiples of one another—the whole acting as one big time system. If it is not so, then it ought to be so, and it is for us to bring the stars into harmony.

Of course there is but one way. That is to assume that they rotate and revolve thus and so. Consequently we have made the year a convenient length; and we have invented a system of leap years, leap months, and leap centuries to put us periodically into step with the facts. Finding ourselves compelled to deal in fractions of a day, we borrow from time, or extend credit to it, and then set things approximately right on a clearing-house system. We save up our scraps of time till we have enough to make a day, and we add it to a year; but as this is too liberal we pause once in a hundred years to take a day back; and as this is just a little too parsimonious we remember every four-hundredth year not to take the day that was coming to us. And for this temporizing with time we are hardly to be blamed. For the day and the year are each important to us; and when each insists upon being the sole standard of measurement, what else are we going to do about it?

Up to the time when our present form of calendar was adopted, all peoples, with the exception of the Egyptians, went strictly by the moon. A month was a month, an average duration of 29½ days; and it was of no very vital concern to them that twelve of those months amounted to only 354 days instead of a proper year.

To a people adopting a form of calendar the exact length of the year seems to be of no great importance. The year, with its four seasons, is supposed to bring a progressive change of climate; but when we consider that mere spells of weather make irruptions upon the seasonable climate and set the year backward or forward by days and weeks, an astronomer's information as to the

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exact number of days in a year would seem to be of mere academic interest.

But an exact foreknowledge of the phases of the moon is of immediate and practical importance. Besides lighting the way for travelers and holy pilgrims, and thus making itself of prime importance in the regulations of religion and commerce, the moon was so obvious a timepiece, and so easily determined in its comings and goings, that it naturally became the first standard of measurement. A discrepancy of a week or two between twelve lunar months and the length of a solar year would appear to make no great difference in practical life.

But such a discrepancy is cumulative. The error keeps growing; it adds to itself year after year; and pretty soon it amounts to months. The inevitable result is that the months rotate through the seasons. And no people, whether herdsmen or planters, can afford to go by dates that are completely out of harmony with the solar year.

It was a puzzling prospect that opened up before the eyes of our forefathers when, after much effort to construct a satisfactory calendar, they discovered the true nature of the difficulty. They made use of months that lasted from moon to moon; but no particular number of moons fitted into a year! When they tried twelve there was a considerable remainder of time which that twelvemonth did not fill out; consequently, their first month of the year, starting eleven days before the actual solar year was ended, would cause a falling behind of the season with regard to the supposed date. Each year would fall farther behind, the result being that the months revolved rapidly through the year. The practical effect of this was that a winter holiday, such as our Christmas, would get around to midsummer; and all the while they were carefully observing its month and date! And a summer festival would work its way, perforce, to the middle of winter! This was very embarrassing. It not only made

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an undesirable state of affairs with regard to religious and other holidays, but it was confusing to the planter, a certain day of the month meaning nothing in his line of endeavor.

This harassing state of affairs prevailed among the early Greeks and Romans and troubled the mind of the world generally. It continued to work confusion at Rome up to the time the present form of calendar was adopted. When Julius Cæsar took over the solar year from the Egyptians, computed time at Rome had gained eighty days on actual time. And yet the priests had been accustomed to throwing an extra month into the year whenever it seemed to need it, after the manner of a crew dressing the ballast in a ship.

One might easily suggest that, if a lunar twelvemonth is eleven days short of the actual year, it would only be necessary to add these eleven days to the end of the year or distribute them among the months. This suggestion is really foolish. It would put the month out of step with the moon; and what use would a lunar calendar be in that case? It must be borne in mind that a calendar must go absolutely by the moon or absolutely by the sun, else it will run completely astray and be no calendar at all. The ancients managed very cleverly so far as the moon was concerned. A complete lunation is approximately 29½ days. Their months therefore had twentynine and thirty days alternately. By following this rule strictly they struck an average that kept in close step with the moon and only needed a day thrown in at long intervals to correct the slight error. This was the practice of the Greeks. The problem was to find a way to correct this calendar to correspond with the annual journey of the sun and yet not get out of step with the moon. They could have lunar months which rambled through the seasons in a most confusing way, or they could have a year which was fairly true to the sun, but with months that had no relation to the moon. And it is not in human nature to be satisfied with either.

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Before submitting its conclusions, the Committee feels that it should point out the main, and undisputed, defects of the present Gregorian calendar, i.e.:

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The suggestion of the week and the month as a subject for discussion before the Royal Statistical Society arises from two circumstances. 'The first is that, in the course of last year, the Chief of the United States Weather Bureau announced that the Bureau was in possession of observations of weather in the United States carried on systematically by automatic records, or eye-observations twice daily at least, for a period now nearing fifty years. The Bureau naturally wished to make up its mind as to the best method of grouping the observations for statistical purposes before embarking upon the vast task of presenting the results as a representation of the climates of the United States. The solution suggested by Dr. Marvin, the Chief of the Bureau, is to employ the week of seven days, extended to eight days for one week (or for two weeks in leap year) and to group the weeks into fortnights or "months" of four weeks.

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Five different methods are being used by concerns to overcome the defects which have been indicated. Each one of these methods will be discussed showing the advantages and disadvantages.

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The most desirable change which can be made with the least dislocation of our present calendar, and which is incorporated in most of the proposed methods of reform, would be to have the same day of the year always fall on the same day of the week. As there are 52

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weeks plus one day in a year of 365 days, and plus two days in a leap year, by adding this extra day or days, and not considering or designating them a day of the week or month, every day of the year will always fall on the same day of the week.

New Year's day, which is observed as a commercial holiday in nearly every part of the civilized world, seems to be by general consent the one best adapted to be made the non-week day in every year. There is not the same agreement in the proposals, however, as to the position in the calendar which Leap Year day, the extra non-week-day in leap year, is to occupy. It seems extremely desirable that it should be the last day of the year. Only in this way can the proposed "fixed calendar" deserve the name. To place it following New Year's day, or between the end of June and the first of July, as has been frequently suggested, would alter the position in the calendar of every day following it in that year, and one of the greatest advantages of a fixed calendar in astronomical and nautical calculations, banking and other reckonings, would be lost.

To have a second extra day during the holiday season at New Year's should be acceptable to all nationalities, while a holiday of no religious or commemorative significance in the middle of the year, would be both inconvenient in the commercial world, and interrupt a busy season in the industrial world. Placed in the holiday season as the last of the year, and therefore next to the other non-week-day, New Year's day, it will also make each half of a leap year the same length, 183 days. "Leap Year day" should undoubtedly be the last day of the year, no matter what other reform is adopted.

Having disposed in the above way of the extra day or days in the year over the even 52 weeks, the same day of the year will in future always fall on the same day of the week, and it only remains to consider how best to subdivide these 364 days into months. Of the methods

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The international fixed calendar plan. Proposed by Moses B. Cotsworth, F. G. S., F. S. A., F. C. A., of Vancouver, British Columbia.

Liberty Calendar plan. This plan provides for the setting apart of New Year day in each year and making it an independent legal holiday, which is not included in any week or month. Also, the setting apart of the extra day in leap years as leap day and likewise making it an independent legal holiday. It further provides that each seventh day shall become leap year Sunday.

It further provides for the omission of such other leap year days as shall be necessary to harmonize the calendar year with the true solar year. It divides the remaining 364 days of each year into 13 months of four complete weeks of seven days each, beginning each week with Monday.

Swiss plan. This plan sets aside each New Year's day and each leap year day as independent legal holidays, and provides for the omission of leap year day in all centennial years the number of which is not a multiple of 400. This plan divides the remaining 364 days into four quarters of 91 days each, each quarter containing one month of 31 days and two months of 30 days.

This plan was proposed and advocated in the convention by Dr. A. F. Beal, of the Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C.

John Robertson plan (first Scottish plan). This plan also sets aside New Year's day and leap year day as independent legal holidays. It then provides that the first two months of each quarter shall contain four weeks each, while the third month of each quarter shall

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The present projected reform of the calendar is essentially different from the Gregorian one of 1582. Then there was question of cementing the calendar year closely to the solar year. For this purpose it was necessary merely to correct the Julian period of leap years. This was done in such a happy way that the error, which can never be avoided in any system, amounts to scarcely one whole day in three thousand years. The present desideratum is not a correction of this error, but a greater uniformity within the calendar year itself. The same days of the month are to fall on the same days of the week. As to whether this is an elegant or inelegant procedure, this is not the place to decide. There is question merely of testing the ways and means of effecting it.

In the library of the Vatican Observatory there is a special case devoted to the numberless schemes for the reform of the calendar, that have been sent to this supposed central station since the World War. These schemes are not less divergent than were the answers of four centuries ago of emperors, kings, dukes, learned men, academies and universities, that were sent to the Commission of the Gregorian Calendar.

With one exception to be detailed later, all the new calendars agree upon one point only, and that is upon the insertion of blind or blank or zero days, or days that are not to belong to any week. As the solar year is about one and a quarter days longer than a full number of weeks, the new calendar, if it is to be a year of weeks, will have each year one day over and in leap years two. What is to be done with these supernumerary days? The simplest remedy, one that by-the-way called for the least

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In the collection and discussion of meteorological and many other statistics, "monthly means" play an important part. Although the irregular calendar month is not, for scientific purposes, an ideal subdivision of the year, its faults are not sufficient to outweigh the advantages of a unit so familiar to the general public. These monthly means, would, however, lose all their significance, if the calendar month did not, year after year, remain in nearly the same position relative to the tropical year. With the present calendar the range of this position for any one month is a day only, over a short period of years, except at the end of a century, when it may be nearly two days, and even over a long period of years it is less than two days. A range of this size is unavoidable, and is not large enough to affect very materially the value of monthly statistics.

Under the scheme of intercalated weeks, however, the range over even a small number of years would be a week, while at the middle or end of a century it would be eleven days (or even seventeen, but as regards this point see below), and the range over a large number of years would be eleven days. There would, moreover, be an odd week of statistics every fifth year, which could not be as easily disposed of as is the odd day in leap year at present. The present convenient system of collecting and presenting data by calendar months would have to

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be given up, at any rate in the case of climatological and other scientific statistics, and suitable units chosen, with reference not to the calendar, but to the tropical year. This would not only entail much additional work in the preparation of these figures, but would greatly diminish their value to the general public.

Searle's scheme could not fail to cause much inconvenience, too, in ordinary business life. For example, is the same yearly rent to be paid for a house or for business premises, over a year of 53 weeks as over one of 52? Will a man on a yearly salary receive the same for 52 weeks as for 53? His expenses will be appreciably higher in leap year. I can foresee difficulties, too, with the income-tax collector, regarding the assessment of the yearly profits of a business. An extra day in leap year might be passed over without adjustment, but hardly an extra week.

Where accounts are kept, and salaries paid, monthly, the extra week would also tend to complicate matters, and to create confusion.

It might be objected, that the present calendar months vary in length among themselves, and that, nevertheless, no difficulty is experienced in keeping monthly accounts, or in paying monthly salaries. Why then should there be any difficulty in variable years? But over a very few months, the variation in the length of a month practically averages out, while it would take five years to average out the variation in the year.

I cannot see that these objections to an intercalated week are in any way balanced by the merely sentimental advantage of unbroken weeks, plus perhaps a slight advantage to historians of the future in checking their dates. No reform of the calendar can be considered satisfactory, which varies the length of the calendar year, or its position relative to the tropical year, more than the minimum absolutely necessary.

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The importance of a uniform and simple calendar is not a question which affords any ground for dispute. Whether regarded from the point of view of the chronologist, striving to evolve order out of regnal years and intercalary months, or from that of a business man in Cairo, transacting affairs with clients who adhere severally to the Moslem, the Coptic, the Hebrew, the Julian, and the Gregorian calendars, the diversity of system from time to time, from place to place, and between creed and creed, is an exasperating and unmixed misfortune. The New Year festival is celebrated by the motley races which go to make up the population of Singapore on dates which extend over several months. In Constantinople, until quite recently, even the division of the day was a source of grave inconvenience, since the day ended at local sunset. The persistence of such anomalies shows how hard is the way of the reformer. Tradition and religious scruple, and even the mere inertia of custom, are leagued against him. From the point of view of the whole world, a far greater advance would be made by any large step towards the adoption of one universal calendar than by making small theoretical improvements in a particular system, however important that system may be. Whatever happens, it is certain that the Gregorian calendar in its main features will survive. For this reason alone its reform is not to be lightly undertaken. A universal appeal can only be based on fixity of tenure as a necessary condition. The French Republican calendar should at least be useful as an awful example. Changes in our calendar can only be admitted after their necessity has been absolutely proved, and then only with the utmost deliberation. It is not a matter in which a false step can be easily retraced.

Affirmative Discussion
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In contrast to the individual business viewpoint let us consider for a moment what the proposed change would mean to the biggest and most comprehensive business of all, namely, the governments of the civilized countries of the world. Take the United States government, for instance, undoubtedly the "biggest business" in existence. Consider its Department of Commerce which, under Secretary—now President-elect—Hoover, has been furnishing the business world with weekly and monthly information on conditions and trends both here and abroad—a service which has had a large part in building up the stability and prosperity of the nation and which, in view of the enormous expansion of business in recent years, is already faced with the need of providing even more exact information than it has hitherto been able to provide. And this more exact service cannot be completely rendered until the sources of information of the Department of Commerce are based upon a calendar in which, in the words of Doctor Burgess, Director of the Bureau of Standards, "nominally equivalent periods of time are actually equal and comparable." The lack of such a calendar seriously inflates monthly export and import totals, because of our unevenly recurring twenty-ninth, thirtieth and thirty-first days and the consequent fifth Saturdays and Mondays which inflate totals as much as 10 to 13 per cent.

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Negative Discussion
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The subject of calendar reform is one to which considerable attention is being given at the present time. It has apparently reached the somewhat dangerous stage when articles of the type appearing in the Sunday magazines are being written regarding it, for the purpose of creating public sentiment in favor of some change which, merely by virtue of its departure from established custom, can be heralded as a reform irrespective of its nature or consequences.

The present calendar, however, is so closely interwoven with a multitude of the details of our modern civilization that no change should be contemplated without serious consideration of its every aspect. It is a matter concerning which accountants should have a very definite opinion, and the expression of that opinion should make itself heard in the council chambers where the question of calendar reform is being discussed.

It is significant that the Babson organization regards the adoption of the thirteen-month year as practically the inevitable outcome of the present deliberations. Accountants should, therefore, be prepared to discuss the necessary implications of this plan and to indicate to their clients what results may be expected to accrue to them individually from its adoption. They should also express and give reasons for their preference for any

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It must have come as a surprise, possibly a shock, to many to learn that we may shortly be asked to suffer all the inconvenience and confusion of a catastrophic alteration in the calendar on grounds which seem altogether trivial. In the first place, the calendar months now in use have by long association become enshrined in literature as the very impersonation of definite stages in the seasonal progression and retrogression of natural phenomena, and it would be sheer vandalism to break this association, and renounce our literary heritage, without far graver practical cause than can possibly be shown.

In the second place, every calendar system must be framed with reference to the four natural landmarks of the year, namely, the solstices and equinoxes, and it is eminently desirable that the two solstices, and the two equinoxes, which stand opposite one another in the natural year, should not be assigned dates which are unsymmetrically disposed to one another. In the proposed system of thirteen months, the solstices would stand 6½ months or time-units apart, instead of a whole number as in the present system, and no month would be located diametrically opposite another as at present, viz. December to June, March to September, and so on, along the

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earth's orbit round the sun. This arrangement would offend the artistic sense of any one with a vivid appreciation of the fact that our fundamental division of time, the year, is not an arbitrary unit but one based on a grand cycle of Nature.

Thirdly, it is said that meteorologists and astronomers would welcome months with equal numbers of days, and no doubt they would, one and all, if they could order everything to perfection. But apart from the labour that would be involved in preserving the continuity of the climatological record, involving the translation of one calendar into the other, think of the confusion that would arise in making comparisons between two systems which both have the same names of months! We should be perpetually having to think and specify whether it is the old January or the new January we are considering, and so forth. It would be just as though, when the new barometer unit the millibar was instituted to replace the inch, the name "inch" had been retained for the new division. Far better would it be to have an entirely new set of calendar names so that the old names would retain their habitual meanings. It is always open to astronomers and meteorologists to invent a system for any special technical purpose for which it may be required; but probably not many of them would take the narrow view and wish to disorganise the world on that account.

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The only way of making a really satisfactory reform of the calendar, and one to which I think indeed many people have aspired in the past without much success, is to accelerate the sun and retard the moon. If one could only make the year 360 days and the lunar month 30 days, the consideration of an ideal calendar would be a very simple proceeding. The question of the calendar might be regarded as primarily an astronomical one or an ecclesiastical one, but nobody who has had to do with meteorological statistics can be indifferent to any

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The true bass flute—Early examples—Alto flutes—Modern examples—The flute d'amour—Recent revival.

Bass and alto flutes are mentioned by Agricola in 1528. Mersenne (1637) describes a cylinder bass flute an octave below the concert flute. This is a true bass flute, a term which is generally applied to flutes which are really alto or tenor instruments. The Museum of the Paris Conservatoire contains a true bass boxwood flute (presented by Dorus), which is known as the "Fivefoot Flute," though it really measures a little over four English feet. It has three brass keys, is inscribed with the maker's name, "J. Beuker, Amsterdam," and has open keys for two holes (A and E) which could not be reached easily by the fingers. The only other key is for D♯. It dates from early in the eighteenth century. Malcolm Macgregor, a musical instrument maker in Carey Street. London, patented in 1810 a true bass flute. He doubled back the head-joint in order that the fingers might reach the lower holes (a device which is mentioned by Mersenne and also in Borde's Essay, 1780). The


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 ;Light sources, properties and measurements
 * Apparatus for investigation of the aurora borealis, C. W. Gartlein—88(A)
 * Approximate spectral energy distribution of skylight, K. S. Gibson—88(A)
 * Carbon arc as a radiation standard, H. G.MacPherson—189
 * Fluorescent mercury-vapor lamp as a light source for a single-point check on optical pyrometers, C. F. Lucks and H. W. Russell—163
 * High power tungsten light source, H. Beutler and N. Metropolis—115
 * Hydrogen arc for absorption spectroscopy, A. J. Allen and R. G. Franklin—91(A)
 * Illumination from extended sources computed by the theory of the integrating sphere, Frank Benford—33
 * New Polaroid study lamp—460
 * Operating temperatures of vapor lamps, J. W. Marden, N. C. Beese and George Meister—184
 * Regulation of tungsten and mercury lamps, Harold Stewart—652(A)
 * Thermal conductivities of tungsten and molybdenum at incandescent temperatures, Robert H. Osborn—269(A)
 * Total emissivity of various materials, B. T. Barnes, E, Q. Adams, and W. E. Forsythe—269(A)
 * Total hemispherical emissivities by a parallel plate method, A. G. Worthing—91(A)

 * Luminescence
 * Apparatus for investigation of the aurora borealis, C. W. Gartlein—88(A)
 * Experiments on the thermoluminescence of some common and unusual minerals, M. Allen Northup and O. Ivan Lee—206
 * Optimum efficiency conditions for white luminescent screens in kinescopes, H. W. Leverenz—309
 * Production color analysis of kinescope screens, T. B. Perkins—295
 * Supersonic cell fluorometer, H. B. Briggs—653(A)
 * Triboluminescence of sugar, Frances G. Wick—302
 * Triboluminescence of sugar and of ice, Frances G. Wick—91(A)

 * Molecular structure
 * Electronic diffraction method, Louis R. Maxwell—265(T), 374
 * Raman spectra method, George M. Murphy—265(T), 396
 * Symposium on optical methods for study of molecular structure—369
 * X-ray diffraction method, B. E. Warren—265(T), 369

 * Necrology
 * Campbell, John Stuart—319
 * Dittmer, Arthur F.—319
 * Free, Edward Elway—317
 * Judd, Harold D.—318
 * Lomb, Carl F.—317
 * Mestre, Harold—317
 * Nathanson, Jonas Bernard—318

 * Optical Society of America
 * Abstracts of papers presented before popular session of Inter-Society Color Council—274
 * Abstracts of papers presented before the technical session on spectrophotometry in the pulp and paper industry of the Inter-Society Color Council—272
 * Annual dinner and first award of the Adolph Lomb medal—648
 * Annual report of the secretary for the calendar year 1939—259
 * Annual report of the treasurer for the fiscal year 1939—261
 * Author index to abstracts of New York meeting—274
 * Author index to abstracts of twenty-fourth annual meeting—92
 * Committee on placement service of the American Institute of Physics—87
 * Continuation of additional support to the American Institute of Physics—87
 * Election of officers—86, 315
 * Financial status of the society—87
 * Invited papers on optics of vision presented at twentyfourth annual meeting—90
 * Ives medalist for 1939—Dr. August Herman Pfund, A. G. Worthing—177
 * Joint meeting with the American Physical Society and the Inter-Society Color Council, New York, February 21-24, 1940—265
 * Joint symposium on optical methods for the study of molecular structure—265
 * Membership—86
 * Minutes of the fifteenth meeting of the directors of the Optical Society of America, New York, February 22, 1940—267
 * Minutes of the fourteenth meeting of the directors of the Optical Society of America, Lake Placid Club, New York, October 12, 1939—86
 * Minutes of the sixteenth meeting of the board of directors of the Optical Society of America, Hotel Sagamore, Rochester, New York, October 2, 1940—650
 * Organization of student branch—87
 * Proceedings of the twenty-fifth annual meeting of the Optical Society of America, Rochester, New York, October 3-5, 1940—646
 * Proceedings of the twenty-fourth annual meeting of the Optical Society of America, Lake Placid Club, New York, October 12-14, 1939—82
 * Report of the editor of publications—263
 * Titles and abstracts of contributed papers presented at the New York meeting, February 21, 1940—269
 * Titles and abstracts of contributed papers presented at the twenty-fourth annual meeting—88

 * Optical testing
 * Method for the measurement of flatness of polished surfaces, Clifton Tuttle and Randle Cartwright—348

 * Optics, general
 * Dispersion of silicate glasses as a function of composition, Maurice L. Huggins—514
 * Doppler effect from moving mirrors, Herbert E. Ives—255
 * Geometry of optical indicators, K. J. DeJuhasz—506(R)
 * Optical device for rapid placement of an aircraft on a line between two distant points, Brian O’Brien—269(A)


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 hand and offers it to him if he plays a tune for her, the apple vanishes at once and the music begins. In the end the invisible player becomes rather a nuisance, playing practical jokes, breaking windows, and creating general confusion. He even snatches away the food at meals and then jeeringly plays his flute in a corner. Finally he is driven away by means of rhyming incantations. (Mullenhaff, Sagen Märchen.)


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 * Optics, general (continued) :Prism and the theory of optical resolution, B. P. Ramsay, O. T. Koppius and E. L. Cleveland—439
 * Optics, geometrical
 * Measurement of numerical aperture, R. Bruce Horsfall, Jr.—655(A)
 * Modification of the Hindle test for cassegrain secondaries, Wilbur Silvertooth—140(R)
 * Nomogram on the Huygens ocular, C. Harrison Dwight—140(R)
 * Normal systems with two caustic lines, M. Herzberger—307

 * Optics, physical
 * Prism and the theory of optical resolution, B. P. Ramsay, O. T. Koppius and E. L. Cleveland—439

 * Photoelasticity
 * Complete photoelastic instrument, Frank W. Bubb—297
 * Discussion of “a complete photoelastic instrument,” David Sinclair—567(L)

 * Photoelectric phenomena
 * Applications and accuracy of three-filter photoelectric colorimetry, Richard S. Hunter—272(A)
 * Multipurpose photoelectric reflectometer, Richard S. Hunter—536
 * Photoelectric color temperature meter for incandescent lamps, M. H. Sweet—568
 * Photoelectric measurement of scale marks and spectrum lines, G. R. Harrison and J. P. Molnar—343
 * Thallous sulphide photo-e.m.f. cell, Foster C. Nix and Arnold W. Treptow—91(A)

 * Photography, including cameras
 * Contrast meter for photographic papers, C. A. Morrison—299
 * Effect of distortion in aerial mapping by the multiple projection method, H. G. Ott—90(A)
 * Exact and approximate computation of Schmidt cameras. I. The classical arrangement, Frank Allen Lucy—251
 * Experimental determination of the faithfulness of a three-color reproduction, S. Q. Duntley and A. C. Hardy—271(A)
 * Experiments to test the rebromination theory of photographic solarization, J. H. Webb and C. H. Evans—445
 * Hypersensitization and reciprocity failure of photographic plates, I. S. Bowen and L. T. Clark—508
 * Photographic analysis of some unexplored visual phenomena, William A. Gardner—653(A)
 * Separation negatives for color photography, William G. Houskeeper—365(L)
 * Study of various sensitometric criteria of negative film speeds, Loyd A. Jones and C. N. Nelson—93
 * Theory of subtractive color photography, J. A. C. Yule—322
 * Use of oiled photographic emulsions, F. T. Rogers, Jr.—316(R)

 * Photometry
 * Improved high speed recording spectrophotometer, G. R. Harrison and E. P. Bentley—290
 * Residual photometric errors in the commercial recording spectrophotometer, Orrin W. Pineo—276
 * Uninterrupted measurements with a rotating sector, Louis Harris and Jack A. Kyger—505(R)
 * Use of step weakeners in photographic photometry, G. E. Moore and H. W. Webb—413

 * Polarization
 * Cathode-ray oscillograph as a means of demonstrating elliptically polarized light, Lawrence R. Steinhardt—226(O)
 * Interferometer method of plane stress analysis, David Sinclair—511
 * New polarimeter using sheet polarizing elements, Roger S. Estey—658(A)
 * Subjective phenomenon of vision in polarized light, H. H. Neuberger—258(R)
 * Vectographs: Images in terms of vectorial inequality and their application in three-dimensional representation, E. H. Land—230

 * Pyrometry
 * Carbon arc as a radiation standard, H.G. MacPherson—189
 * Experiment on Wien’s energy distribution law and optical pyrometry, Donald C. Stockbarger—224(O)
 * Fluorescent mercury-vapor lamp as a light source for a single-point check on optical pyrometers, C. F. Lucks and H. W. Russell—163
 * Improved radiation pyrometer, T. R. Harrison and Wm. H. Wannamaker—655(A)
 * New two-color optical pyrometer, H. W. Russell, C. F.Lucks and L. G. Turnbull—248
 * Tables of Planck’s radiation and photon functions, A. N. Lowan and G. Blanch—70, 269(A)
 * Radiation, general, including thermal; radiometry Carbon arc as a radiation standard, H. G. MacPherson—189
 * High power tungsten light source, H. Beutler and N. Metropolis—115
 * Improved radiation pyrometer, T. R. Harrison and Wm. H. Wannamaker—655(A)
 * Operating temperatures of vapor lamps, J. W. Marden, N. C. Beese and George Meister—184
 * Photoelectric color temperature meter for incandescentlamps, M. H. Sweet—568
 * Response of sputtered thermocouples to interrupted radiation, Louis Harris and A. C. Scholp—519
 * Tables of Planck’s radiation and photon functions, A. N. Lowan and G. Blanch—70, 269(A)

 * Reflection
 * Metallic reflection by compressed crystalline powders, J. A. Sanderson—566
 * Multipurpose photoelectric reflectometer, Richard S. Hunter—536
 * On interreflections, Parry Moon—195
 * Reflectors used in highway signs and warning signals, G. A. Van Lear, Jr.—462
 * Sources of error in operation of the multipurpose reflectometer, Richard S. Hunter—89(A)
 * Treatment of camera lenses with low reflecting films, C. Hawley Cartwright—110
 * Viewing angle of reflectometry, Elliot Q. Adams—656(A)


text: The Black Moth

title: The Black Moth


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 ;Reflectivity
 * Some observations on low reflection evaporated fluoride coatings, George S. Monk—571(L)
 * Tables and charts of Fresnel reflections, Fred Perrin—565(L)

 * Refraction
 * Dispersion of magnetic double refraction in the short infra-red spectrum, Francis J. Davis—488
 * Refractive index of matter in cylindrical form, A. H. Pfund—410
 * Refractive index of silicate glasses as a function of composition, Maurice L. Huggins—495
 * Refractive indices of liquid aliphatic organic compounds, Maurice L. Huggins—652(A)
 * Some problems and methods of dyestuffs automatic spectrophotometry, I. H. Godlove—89(A)

 * Scattering of light
 * Transmission of infra-red light by fog, J. A. Sanderson—405

Transmission of infra-red radiation through fog, Philip N. Smith and Hammond V. Hayes—332
 * Sensitometry
 * Intensity-scale monochromatic sensitometer, Charles H.Evans—118
 * Study of various sensitometric criteria of negative film speeds, Loyd A. Jones and C. N. Nelson—93

 * Spectroscopy; spectrometry; spectrophotometry
 * Apparatus for experiment on absorption of light by sodium vapor, Donald C. Stockbarger—362(O)
 * Application to dyes of the ISCC method of specification of filters, I. H. Godlove—271(A)
 * Calibration data on General Electric recording spectrophotometer, J. L. Michaelson and W. R. Fanter—656(A)
 * Eighth summer conference on applied spectroscopy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology—257
 * Estimate of the absorption of air in the extreme ultraviolet, Edwin G. Schneider—128
 * Extreme case of the performance of the eye versus that of the spectrophotometer, I. H. Godlove—656(A)
 * Hydrogen arc for absorption spectroscopy, A. J. Allen and R. G. Franklin—91(A)
 * Hyperfine structure deviations in Sb$121$ and Sb$123$, D. H.
 * Tomboulian and R. F. Bacher—92(A)
 * Improved high speed recording spectrophotometer, George R. Harrison and Edward P. Bentley—290
 * Method for obtaining long optical paths, H. D. Smith and J. K. Marshall—338
 * Molecular structure—Raman spectra method, George M. Murphy—265(T), 396
 * Photoelectric measurement of scale marks and spectrum lines, G. R. Harrison and J. P. Molnar—343
 * Production color analysis of kinescope screens, T. B. Perkins—295
 * Properties of the witch of Agnesi—application to fitting the shapes of spectral lines, R. C. Spencer—415
 * Residual photometric errors in the commercial recording spectrophotometer, Orrin W. Pineo—276
 * Some problems and methods of dyestuffs automaticspectrophotometry, I. H. Godlove—89(A)
 * Spectral luminosity factors, K. S. Gibson—51
 * Survey of instruments-abridged spectrophotometers, J. A. Van den Akker—272(A)
 * Survey of instruments in use in the pulp and paper industry—273(A)
 * Survey of instruments—spectrophotometers, K. S. Gibson—272(A)
 * Use of instruments: in beater furnish, R. N. Griesheimer—1273(A); in coated paper, W. J. Foote—274(A); in pulp, R. S. Hatch—273(A); in uncoated paper, M. N. Davis—273(A)
 * Zeeman effect in the rhodium arc spectrum at high fields, J. P. Molnar and W. J. Hitchcock—523

 * Television
 * Optimum efficiency conditions for white luminescent screens in kinescopes, H. W. Leverenz—309
 * Production color analysis of kinescope screens, T. B. Perkins—295

 * Transmission
 * Chemical methods for increasing the transparency of glass surfaces, Frank L. Jones and Howard J. Homer—654(A)
 * Computation of transmission factors of ultraviglet radiation through water, Frank Benford—133
 * Estimate of the absorption of air in the extreme ultraviolet, E. G. Schneider—128
 * Optical properties of evaporated and of burnished vitreous quartz in the extreme ultraviolet, Richard Tousey—655(A)
 * Transmission of infra-red light by fog, J. A. Sanderson—405
 * Transmission of infra-red radiation through fog, P. N. Smith and H. V. Hayes—332

 * Vision; visibility, visual phenomena
 * Aniseikonia, Gordon H. Gliddon—142
 * Comparative anatomical studies of the eye with especial reference to the photoreceptors, S. R. Detwiler—42
 * Extreme case of the performance of the eye versus that of the spectrophotometer, I. H. Godlove—656(A)
 * Factors contributing to the discrepancy between subjective and skiascopic determinations of the refraction of the eye, Glenn A. Fry—652(A)
 * Induced size effect, Kenneth N. Ogle—145
 * Komplextheorie of visual sensation, A. H. Holway and M. J. Zigler—270(A)
 * Nerve messages in the fibers of the visual pathway, H. K. Hartline—239
 * Note on the measurement of pupillary diameters, R. C. Herman—316(R)
 * Ophthalmic lens testing instrument, A. Ames, Jr., and K. N. Ogle—652(A)
 * Photographic analysis of some unexplored visual phenomena, William A. Gardner—653(A)
 * Size of pupil as a variable factor in measurements of the threshold. An experimental study of the Stiles-Crawford phenomenon. Louise L. Sloan—271(A)
 * Spectral luminosity factors, K. S. Gibson—51
 * Subjective phenomenon of vision in polarized light, H. H. Neuberger—258(R)
 * Supra-threshold visibility, Matthew Luckiesh and Frank K. Moss—62
 * Visibility through haze and smoke, and a visibility meter, G. D. Shallenberger and E. M. Little—168

 * X-rays
 * Clinical blood pharmacology after treatment with x-rays, David I. Macht—270(A)


text: The Black Moth/Prologue

title: The Black Moth/Prologue


text: The Black Moth/Chapter 1

title: The Black Moth/Chapter 1


text: The Black Moth/Epilogue

title: The Black Moth/Epilogue


text: The Black Moth/Chapter 29

title: The Black Moth/Chapter 29


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90 If you are not conversant with medieval architecture, be careful before you remove a single stone, or even before you call in the aid of your architect, to consult some experienced antiquary who knows your church and has studied its minutest features. Such a person will generally have a keener perception of what ought to be retained, than the professional church-builder, who is not unfrequently biassed by his own views of the beautiful and of the structurally convenient, to say nothing of the flights of fancy and the violent anachronisms, in which some of that fraternity occasionally indulge.

These remarks have not been called forth by any proceedings connected with this locality. Of the two churches brought under our notice to-day, one stands much in need of restoration ; the other has been partially rebuilt without the injury of a single ancient feature.

Of the history of Newhaven church little is known. Newhaven is a comparatively modern name, having originated within the last three centuries, and since the river Ouse has been made to debouche here, instead of, as formerly, at Seaford. The ancient name of the parish, and manor, Meeching, though clearly of Saxon origin, is not mentioned in Domesday Book. The place must however have been of some little importance in Norman times, since the church clearly belongs to that period. The first mention of the church I have met with, is in the Taxatio Ecclesiastica of Pope Nicholas, 1291, in which its annual revenues are rated at £5. 6s. 8d. Fifty years later, namely in 1341, we find the following notice of it in the Nonaæ return :—

"This indenture testifieth, that an inquisition was taken before Hen. Husè and his fellow collectors, venditors, and assessors of the ninths of sheaves, fleeces, and lambs, and the fifteenths assigned to our lord the King in the county of Sussex, at Lewes, on the sabbath day next after midlent Sunday, in the fifteenth year of King Edward, the Third of that name after the Conquest of England, and the second of his reign over France, upon the true value of the ninths of sheaves, fleeces, and lambs, according to the tenor of the commission of our lord the King to the said Henry and his fellows directed,


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At a period when a feeling in favour of church-restoration is widely prevalent, it is most desirable to collect memoranda concerning our old churches, previously to their undergoing that process. Posterity may wish to know what any parish church was like antecedently to the great changes in form, arrangement, and decoration, which are now going forward ; but, without some records of this kind, it will in many cases be hard to judge what portions of the edifices have been removed, altered, or retouched. Far be it from me to condemn the prevailing desire to enlarge and adorn these temples of the Most High, or even, upon sufficient authority, to restore them to their ancient architectural condition. But it is the duty of every true antiquary to protest against much of what is called restoration, and which is too often rather a destructive than a conservative process. I am sorry to say that instances are not rare, even in archaeological Sussex, in which ancient features have been so tampered with, that it will henceforth be difficult to decide what is original and what is merely imitated ; and, without exemplifying my remark, I will simply observe, that more injury has been done to Sussex churches, within the last fifteen years, by the application of zeal without knowledge, than has accrued from the neglect of centuries, or the white- washings and other "beautifications" of a thousand church-wardens of the old school. If I might be permitted to make a practical suggestion on this subject, I would say to the gentlemen officially concerned with parish churches everywhere: IX


text: The Black Moth/Chapter 28

title: The Black Moth/Chapter 28


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Rh by the oath of Andrew le Frye, John ate Nelne, Ralph Russell, and Walter Nynman, parishioners of the church of Mechyng, who say upon their oath, that the ninth of sheaves this year is worth four marks, three shillings, and fourpence ; the ninth of fleeces six shillings ; and the ninth of lambs four shillings. Item, they say that the Prior of Lewes receives for tithes of sheaves in this parish ten shillings—of fleeces two shillings—and of lambs sixteen pence. The sum of the said ninths with the portion of the Prior is six marks. And they say that the ninths aforesaid could not answer nor reach to the taxation of the church aforesaid, which is rated at eight marks [the £5. 6s. 8d. of Pope Nicholas]. And that the rector of the said church hath one messuage with nine acres of land and pasturage worth 13s. 4d. Item, he hath oblations worth 10s. per annum. Item, the tithe of hay is 4s. ; the tithe of mills, 3s. 4d. ; the tithe of cows, calves, and dayrie, 2s. 6d. ; the tithes of honey, pigs, geese, and eggs, 2s. ; the tithe of hemp, 12d. The tithe of pasture is worth per annum 3s. 4d. And thus the sum excepted is 40s. 6d. And they say that there are not in the said parish any chattels beyond the value of 10s. except of those who live by their lands and tenements. In witness whereof the said jurors have to this indenture affixed their seals."

In the Valor Ecclesiasticus of Henry VIII., the value of the rectory of Mechyng, then held by Richard Glover, was £13. 3s. 3½d. besides, 16s. 8d. payable to the Prior of Lewes, 6s. 8d. to the archdeacon, 18d. for synodals, and 10½d. for procuration.

In Bishop Bower's visitation, 1724, the following account is given of "Meeching alias Newhaven Rectory:" Patron : the King. Rector, Ezekiel Bristed, A.M., of Aberdeen in Scotland; instituted 1694. Church and chancel in good repair without, but the walls, floor, and some seats of both very nasty and indecent within ; the communion table indifferent, but the cloth bad ; a small silver chalice and cover, and pewter plate pretty good ; the pulpit and desk very dark ; the pulpit cloth and cushion scandalous ! No carpet for the communion table ; the surplice, bible and common-prayer books in good order ; the steeple and one bell the same ; two other bells lost many years ago ; no chest nor poor box. The chancel repaired


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92 by the rector. Parsonage house &c. in good order. Families 49—no dissenters—no papists. Value in the king's books £8. 8s. 4d., discharged from first-fruits. Divine service and sermon by the rector ; the holy sacrament administered at the three solemn sacraments and at Michaelmas. Communicants about 15. Nine acres of glebe.

The church at that period was extremely small, consisting, besides the tower and apse, of a nave only. Subsequently the latter was considerably enlarged in the worst possible taste. Quite recently, it has undergone a thorough renovation.

The only ancient portions of the building are the tower and the very small semicircular apse attached to its eastern side. The Rev. J. L. Petit, in his account of this church, in the Archæological Journal (vol. vi. p. 138), observes, that it is "almost, if not quite, unique, as an English specimen of a tower with an eastern apse immediately annexed to it without the intervention of any other chancel." He adds, "The arrangement is common enough on the Continent." Though I have a great penchant for continental churches, I cannot boast of a large acquaintance with them, and the only one I have seen, in this respect like Newhaven, is at Yainville in Normandy, on the right bank of the Seine, between Duclair and Jumièges. This I encountered, quite unexpectedly, in a summer excursion during the present year. When, at a sudden turn in the road, it burst at once upon my view, I involuntarily exclaimed, "Why, here's Newhaven church!" As a matter of course I sketched it; and having subsequently taken a sketch of Newhaven from the same point of view, one may on inspection easily note the extraordinary points of resemblance—the same corbelled band beneath the eaves ; the same double belfry-window in each face of the tower ; and the same flat-buttressed, semicircular apse, with the same diminutive eastern window. There are however some points in which the Norman and the Sussex churches disagree ; yet so strong is the general likeness of these sister edifices, that there is no great stretch of probability in assigning them both to precisely the same epoch, if not actually to the same architect, in the twelfth century.

I may observe here, that both Mr. Hussey, in his account


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Rh of this church, and Mr. Dawson Turner in his notice of Yainville, describe the towers as "central," which appears to me to be an incorrect use of terms. In general effect the towers of both churches stand, not in the centre, but at the east end of the buildings ; and I need not inform the people of Newhaven of the Irish sailor's joke, that their church sails "stern foremost." Since I have mentioned Yainville church, it may be interesting to remark, that the apsis of that building, with its peculiarly high-pitched roof, so strongly resembles the upper portion of the much-debated Round Towers of Ireland, that Mr. Turner concludes that the latter were "undoubtedly of Norman origin."

The following is Mr. Petit's architectural account of New- haven church, illustrated (by the liberality of the Committee of the Archæological Institute) with the original woodcuts, as they appear in vol. vi. p. 138, &c. of the Archæological Journal :—

"The tower is extremely massive in two stages, of which

East Window of Tower.

the upper appears to be an addition, though both are Norman.


text: The Black Moth/Chapter 27

title: The Black Moth/Chapter 27


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 94

NOTES ON THE CHURCHES OF

The upper stage has a double belfry window in each face, with a banded shaft; the capital seems to have been enriched with foliage, and has a square abacus ; the arches have a torus forming a continuous impost where they are not stopped by the capital of the dividing shaft, there being no corresponding shafts on the jambs. The angles of this stage, and the upper half of the stage beneath it, have a torus. The tower is finished with a course of Norman corbels or brackets, and is roofed with a low, shingled, broach spire. The interior of the tower, above the arches which support it, is quite plain, and appears never to have been open as a lantern. The arch of the belfry window internally does not correspond with that of

^ the window in the lower

, ^ stage, from which it seems

,g^r- ' v reasonable to suspect that

they are of different dates. The western arch of the tower is of one order, square, but having a torus on its western edge, which is also carried down, though not in quite a direct line, below the aba- cus of the impost. The east- ern face of the same arch has a label and two plain orders without the torus, the im- post having Norman shafts at the edges. The western face of the chancel arch is similar to this, with the addition of a torus on the outer edge of each order. The eastern face of the chancel arch has only one order, square and plain, and without a label, but the impost has a torus on the edge. It is evident there have never been transepts, but north and south windows with large splays. The apse is nearly semicircular. It had ori- ginally three small Norman windows, which are now stopped up; two Pointed side windows are now inserted in differ- ent positions from the old ones, and breaking through the

Inside of Belfry.


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Rh old string-course; at present there is no east window open, [Subsequently, however, the small east window was reopened and filled with painted glass by the Rev. C. Williams, the late rector.] This apse, and the lower part of the tower with its arches, may, I should think, be assigned to an early Norman period. The nave is modern, though a part of its south wall, retaining no architectural features, may be original." This description was printed in 1849; since which year the portions of the church westward of the tower have been enlarged and rebuilt, without, as before intimated, the destruction of anything that was worthy of preservation.

The dedication of this church to St. Michael was evidently suggested by its lofty position. The elevated rank of the archangel in the celestial hierarchy was pointed to in the choice of such spots as St. Michael's Mount in Cornwall, and the still more celebrated Mont St. Michel in Normandy.


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 Why, you might just as well question my admiration for you! I envy you for that very reason. The Comte has told me this evening the story of your life, how he met you, how you struggled up, how through sheer force of genius, yes, of genius and determination, you compelled at last the admiration of all Paris. Its authors and artists flung themselves at your feet

. And I suppose you would like me to repeat for your benefit some of the pantomimes that made me famous? Well, I am not ashamed of my past like la Königsberg. You cannot offend me by your impertinence.

. Why, Diana!

. What is this woman talking about?

. If either of us had been presented at the Court of Suavia, and had exhibited the same utter lack of taste which Your Highness does here, we should have found ourselves upon the street again at the double-quick.

. Diana!

. She insults me!

. A scandal! I felt it coming! It will be telegraphed to Suavia!

. You have said enough for the present. You have shown them who you are.

. Oh! So you are jealous, are you? Of your Comte? What did you think? Because I have condescended to listen to him, to tolerate his imbecilities

. Highness!

. Because I have done him the honor to permit him to be my creditor

. Helena!

. Great God!


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. Your Highness has forgotten herself. An attack of nerves. Besides, you are a woman. As no gentleman of your family is present

. M. le Comte!… You understand… Overlook this exhibition. An attack of nerves, as you say.

. Jealous, is she? Of me? Does she flatter herself that a Princess of Suavia can be bought at such a price? All the money of this blithering upstart would not repay me for the annoyance of once visiting his house. I came to enjoy myself, because I chose; it was a caprice; but, frankly, was it worth taking all this trouble only to find myself surrounded by more hypocrisy, more stupid dignity, and a world less of liberty than in my royal palaces? My heart overflowed with happiness, I was sincere, because I supposed that I was among real people at last, who were not afraid to face the facts of life, but here everything is taken in ill part, it gives offense. I was proud to have renounced my rank and station, because I did it for love—it was for love that I stepped down; but these people are not only ashamed of their past, but of the very love which has raised them where they never had any right to be. Miserable creatures, evil-minded, soulless, all of them! Now I see! Now I understand! How can equality ever be possible in this world, when these puny spirits with their vulgarities remind us in spite of ourselves that we are royal?

. You ought never to have forgotten it. Pride of race was bound to reassert itself at last.

. Pride of race? Not at all! Self-respect, common instinct.

. Perhaps you appreciate now why I objected to your visiting this house and mingling with these people.


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14 Delegation by competent authority

5.—(1) The competent authority may delegate the exercise of all or any of the powers or duties of the competent authority under any provision of this Act or the regulations (except the power of delegation conferred by this section) to one or more authorised officers, and any reference in a provision of this Act or the regulations to the competent authority includes a reference to an authorised officer to whom the powers or duties under that provision have been delegated.

(2) Any delegation under subsection (1) may be general or in a particular case and may be subject to such conditions or limitations as set out in this Act or as the competent authority may specify.

(3) The competent authority may give an authorised officer directions of a general character, and not inconsistent with the provisions of this Act, as to the exercise of the powers and duties delegated to the authorised officer under this Act; and the authorised officer must give effect to those directions. PART 2 DIRECTIONS AGAINST OFFENCES Part 2 direction—general

6.—(1) A designated officer may give one or more Part 2 directions in respect of online activity if the designated officer—
 * (a) reasonably suspects that a specified offence has been committed and that any online activity is in furtherance of the commission of the offence; or
 * (b) suspects or has reason to believe that any online activity is preparatory to, or in furtherance of, the commission of a scam or malicious cyber activity offence.

(2) A Part 2 direction may be given to—
 * (a) any individual whether or not a resident or citizen of Singapore, whether physically present in Singapore or


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Rh : outside Singapore, and whether carrying on a business or operating in Singapore or outside Singapore; or
 * (b) any entity whether formed, constituted or registered in Singapore or outside Singapore, and whether carrying on a business or operating in Singapore or outside Singapore.

(3) A Part 2 direction may direct a person to do an act or to not do an act, whether in Singapore or outside Singapore.

Part 2 direction—given to whom

7. The Part 2 directions and the persons to whom they may be given are listed in the table below: Stop communication direction—content

8. A stop communication direction is a direction requiring the recipient to take all reasonable steps to do one or more of the following, and by the time, specified in the direction, such that the relevant material, online material similar to it or the relevant location (as the case may be) cannot be accessed by Singapore persons:
 * (a) to remove the relevant material;


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, ''the founder of Pennsylvania, was the son of Sir William Penn, a distinguished English Admiral. He was born in 1644. His boyhood was marked by a combination of pietism with a strong interest in athletics, and he was expelled from Oxford for nonconformity. After leaving the University he traveled on the Continent, served in the navy, and studied law. In 1667 he became a Quaker, and in the next year he was committed to the Tower for an attack on the orthodoxy of the day. During his imprisonment he wrote his well-known treatise on self-sacrifice, "No Cross, No Crown"; and after his release he suffered from time to time renewed imprisonments, till he finally turned his attention to America as a possible refuge for the persecuted Friends. In 1682 he obtained a charter creating him proprietor and governor of East New Jersey and Pennsylvania, and, after drawing up a constitution for the colony on the basis of religious toleration, he sailed for his new province. After two years, during which the population of the colony grew rapidly through emigration from Germany, Holland, and Scandinavia, as well as Great Britain, he returned to England, where his consultations with James II, whom he believed to be sincere in his professions of toleration, led to much misunderstanding of his motives and character. At the Revolution of 1688 he was treated as a Jacobite, but finally obtained the goodwill of William III, and resumed his preaching and writing. In 1699 he again came to America, this time with the intention of remaining; but two years later he went home to oppose the proposal to convert his province into a crown colony. Queen Anne received him favorably, and he remained in England till his death in 1718.''

''Penn's voluminous writings are largely controversial, and often concerned with issues no longer vital. But his interpretation and defense of Quaker doctrine remain important; and the "Fruits of Solitude," here printed, is a mine of pithy comment upon human life, which combines with the acute common sense of Franklin the spiritual elevation of Woolman.''


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16 :(b) to stop storing, posting, providing or transmitting any online material similar to the relevant material;
 * (c) to disable access to the relevant location.

Disabling direction—content

9. A disabling direction is a direction requiring the recipient to take all reasonable steps to disable access by Singapore persons to one or more of the following, and by the time, specified in the direction:
 * (a) any relevant material stored, posted, provided or transmitted on or through the recipient’s online service;
 * (b) any identical copies of the relevant material stored, posted, provided or transmitted on or through the recipient’s online service;
 * (c) any relevant location on the recipient’s online service.

Access blocking direction—content

10. An access blocking direction is a direction requiring the recipient to take all reasonable steps to disable access by Singapore persons by means of the recipient’s internet access service to any relevant material or relevant location, by the time specified in the direction.

Account restriction direction—content

11.—(1) An account restriction direction is a direction requiring the recipient to take all reasonable steps to disallow or restrict interaction between any relevant account on the recipient’s online service and Singapore persons, by the time specified in the direction.

(2) Reasonable steps may include the termination, suspension or restriction of one or more functionalities of the online service in relation to the relevant account if this is necessary to comply with subsection (1).

App removal direction—content

12. An app removal direction is a direction requiring the recipient to take all reasonable steps to stop distributing a relevant app to


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 This humiliation should surely be sufficient. You have been insulted by the Comte's mistress, and I was unable to protect you or to receive an explanation. Before I could have done so, I should have been obliged to pay him what we owe. The woman was justified in being jealous, for that matter; your behavior to-night has been susceptible of the worst interpretation.

. That will do! Enough! No more recriminations from you, nor from anybody. My next step will be to recover my liberty, and to give you yours in return. Baroness, telegraph to Suavia for that money tonight in my name, at whatever cost. I yield, I submit to the terms of the Emperor.

. Helena! You will never do that. Impossible!

. You complain of the humiliations of this life. These are the thanks I receive for accepting them, voluntarily, for the sake of your love! As for demanding satisfaction of the Comte, if it had come to that, you would not have been the one who would have exacted it—it would have been my cousin Stephen. He has not yet stooped so low, nor have I, as to forget the obligation which we owe to our name. [Discovering , who has entered a moment previously] Am I right, Stephen?

. My dear cousin, it is too late for us now to remember who we are. My situation is as impossible as yours, but your words have decided me. I am myself heavily in debt to the Comte de Tournerelles. Before I could exact satisfaction, like you I should be obliged to throw myself upon the mercy of the Emperor—and the Emperor has no mercy.

. He would impose but one condition.

. That you return to your husband.

. That I divorce my wife.


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Rh Singapore persons and stop enabling Singapore persons to download a relevant app, by means of the recipient’s app distribution service, by the time specified in the direction.

Part 2 direction—supplementary provisions

13.—(1) A Part 2 direction may be given to a person either individually or as a class.

(2) A Part 2 direction is binding on—
 * (a) the recipient; and
 * (b) if applicable, the personal representatives, successors and assignees of the recipient to the same extent as it applies to the recipient.

(3) It is not necessary to give any person who may be affected by a Part 2 direction a chance to be heard before the direction is given.

(4) A Part 2 direction must—
 * (a) so far as is reasonably practicable, identify the relevant account, relevant app, relevant material or relevant location (as the case may be) to which the direction relates in a way that is sufficient to enable the person given the direction to comply with the direction;
 * (b) state whether the recipient must do all or any of the following, whichever being applicable:
 * (i) notify the competent authority by the time specified in the direction of the means by which the person proposes to comply with the direction;
 * (ii) keep information about the matters that are the subject of the direction for a time specified in the direction;
 * (iii) regularly notify the competent authority at the times specified in the direction about the steps being taken towards compliance with the direction;
 * (iv) give written notice to the competent authority when the person has complied with the direction; and


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Rh " 1603. Benton. John Hochekis, B.D. rector. Number of communicants about 29. — The parish of South Heigh- ton whereof I am parson hath about 36. No recusant in either parish. The patronage of the rectory is be- tween Sir Thos. Floyd and one Mrs. Shelley, and de- pends upon a suite in law.

" 16S6. Benton. The steeple and the roof adjoining a little out of repair, and the windows in a similar condition. The pavement wants repairing. — The porch in danger of falling clown if not timely repaired. — Several arti- cles enjoined by the canons are said to be wanting.

" 1724. Bishop Bower s Visitation.

"Benton, a rectory, of which Robert Mitchell, Esq. is patron. The present incumbent, Wm. Edwards, A.B. of St. John's Coll. Cambridge, instituted 1687. The church in good repair — the bible wants binding — the common prayer-book good — one pewter flaggon — one silver cup and cover — one linen cloth for the commu- nion table — a good cloth and cushion for the pulpit — no poor-box nor chest — two bells. The chancel in good repair. A small matter wanting to the mansion house &c. — Nine families — no papists nor dissenters. — Value in the king's books £4. 19s. 9c/. Discharged. — Divine service and sermon every fortnight. The living supplied by a curate, Mr. Alex. Patison. Sacrament administered three times in the year. No. of communicants about 9. — Six acres of glebe, all arable."

The church, which is dedicated to St. Leonard, consists of a single pace or nave, with no interior distinction of chancel. The west end is surmounted by a small bell-turret of wood and tile. A ceiling hides from view a very good timber roof much resembling that of Godshill, in the Isle of Wight. From the occurrence of two Early English windows in the nave, Mr. Hussey thinks the building may have been originally of that period ; but the church underwent considerable improvement IX.


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98 in the Decorated period, as is evident from the fine tracery of the east window, now unfortnnately stopped up. In the south wall, near the east end, are a broad sedile, under an ogee arch, and a canopied piscina, of excellent work and in good preserva- tion. The Font, which strongly resembles that at St. Anne's, Lewes, in its basket-like form and ornamentation, is well known to ecclesiologists, and is engraved in Horsfield, and elsewhere.

Of early monuments Denton possesses but one. It is a slab incised with an inscription round the verge in Lombardic characters, some of which only are legible, namely, the words

HlC JACET WlLLELMUS D£ * IRB* **.... MlLLIO CCCLXVIII.

To this relic of ancient times the words of the poet are strictly applicable —

" And monuments themselves memorials need " —

a thing much to be regretted in this instance, because there is no doubt from the situation of the slab, close to the north wall, in the eastern part of the building, that the person com- memorated was a benefactor or re-founder of the church. The date of his death, 1368, agrees sufficiently with that of the introduction of the great east window, which I have little hesi- tation in assigning to him.

In connection with Newhaven and Denton, to both of which parishes the river Ouse forms a boundary, it may not be amiss to add a few words relative to the early history of the port of Newhaven.

Down to the reign of Henry VIII. the Ouse, after passing southward from Lewes to a point near the village of Meeching, took a sudden and almost rectangular turn to the south- eastward, nearly in the direction of what is now called the Tidemill Creek, and so forward in a line almost parallel with the seashore, and only divided from it by a strip of shingle, to the town of Seaford, where it found its outfall to the English Channel, at a point just westward of the cliff. A slight glance at a map, however, will show that the true and natural de-


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18 :(c) state that it is an offence under this Act to fail to comply with the direction.

(5) The recipient of a Part 2 direction must comply with the Part 2 direction until the earlier of the following occurs:
 * (a) the expiry date and time (if any) stated in the direction is reached;
 * (b) the Part 2 direction is cancelled or substituted under section 14(1) or 17(1), or cancelled under section 41(3).

(6) An access blocking direction may specify that relevant materials or relevant locations, or both (as the case may be) will be identified and the identities thereof transmitted to the recipient, from time to time, by the recipient’s chosen means of identification.

(7) An access blocking direction described in subsection (6) that has been given to the recipient is deemed to be given in relation to any relevant material or relevant location that is subsequently identified and the identity of which is transmitted to the recipient by the recipient’s chosen means of identification, when data identifying the relevant material or the relevant location (as the case may be) becomes accessible by the recipient by that means.

(8) An access blocking direction described in subsection (6) is deemed to be cancelled (in relation to any relevant material or relevant location that was identified and the identity of which was transmitted to the recipient by the recipient’s chosen means of identification) when the data identifying the relevant material or relevant location is no longer accessible by the recipient by that means, and in such a case no written notice of the cancellation needs to be given to the recipient.

Part 2 direction—self-initiated cancellation or substitution

14.—(1) A designated officer may at any time, on his or her own initiative—
 * (a) cancel a Part 2 direction; or
 * (b) substitute a Part 2 direction with another Part 2 direction.


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96

No mention of Denton, at least under that name, occurs in Domesday Book, nor is there any evidence of a church there in Norman times, unless indeed the very curious font may be referred to that era. In Pope Nicholas's Taxation, 1291, the rectory of Denton is estimated at £6. 13s. 4d. The Nonæ return of 1351 is to the following effect :—

"This indenture testifieth that an inquisition was taken before Henry Husee, &c. of the ninths of sheaves, fleeces, and lambs, and of the fifteenths, &c. at Lewes, on Monday next after the feast of St. Gregory the Pope, 15th Edw. III. &c. upon the true value of the ninths of sheaves, fleeces, and lambs . . . . upon the oaths of John ate See, Henry Dourhute, John Ambrays, and William Hamond, parishioners of the church of Denton, who say upon their oaths that the ninth part of the sheaves there is worth this year fifty-six shillings ; the ninth part of fleeces 6s. 8d. ; and the ninth part of lambs four shillings. And thus the sum of the whole ninths of sheaves, fleeces, and lambs is £3. 6s. 8d. And the church aforesaid is taxed at £6. 13s. 4d. [Pope Nicholas.] And they say that the foresaid ninths can not answer or reach to that taxation, because the rector hath a messuage newly endowed with a curtilage and garden worth per annum 10s. Also he hath five acres of land, arable and pasture, worth 23s. The tithe of apples is worth 3*. ; and that of pigeons, pigs, geese, and eggs, 7s. Tithes of hay, 5s. Also he hath tithes of cows, calves, and dayerie, 4s. 4d. per annum; tithe of mills, 18d. ; that of linen flax, 12d. The oblations are worth 12s. And they say that there are none resident there who live otherwise than by the land only. In witness whereof, &c.

In the ecclesiastical valuation of temp. Henry VIII. we find Denton fixed at £14. 19s. 8½d., besides 6s. 8d. payable to the prebend of Bishopston, synodals 18d. and procuration 13d.

The following returns relative to the church and parish of Denton are preserved in the Registrar's office at Lewes.


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100 convenient Harbours, are things to be prised, but I find also that some Persons of Honour, and great parts, have been aim- ing at the same thing, and within some late years have fixed upon a place in Sussex, to make a safe Harbour for Shipping, which I may without arrogancy say, that no one place in this Island doth or can exceed it for the great relief of all Vessels and Ships sailing through the narrow Seas, as also for the benefit and relief of our Men of War, in the times both of War and Peace ; this place is New-Haven, in Sussex, where some progress hath been made towards the advancing so generous and Noble a design, wherein I presume Pour or Five Thousand pound hath been expended, and the work in some measure advanced, but in this, as in most other publick things, I suppose there was not that helping hand given to it by the publick as it merited ; nor I fear countenanced as it deserved by the Gentlemen of the Countrey ; bnt why such a place so fitted and adapted for such good uses, should lie unfinished, and not incouraged by the Publick, I know not ; I having at the desire of a Person of Quality, and the Inhabitants of East- Greensted, in Sussex, surveyed that place ; I here give you my observations thereof.

" First, Of its usefulness, if once perfected.

" Secondly, Of the reasons of its being at present choaked

up. And " Thirdly, The means to be used for perfecting the same,

with the Charge it will cost. " First, New-Haven lyeth over against the Naval of France, and there is no safe or convenient Harbour to secure Shipping all along that Coast, for at least Sixty Miles ; and what strange Rekes and Damage are our Merchants and Strangers put unto continually upon that Coast ; and if some of our greatest Mer- chants are not mistaken, that Harbour, if well opened and secured, would be to them and their Trade very advantageous, and in the time of War, the King's Ships which draw not above Twenty Foot Water, may there lie well secured, and upon all occasions be quick out at Sea, and there small Ships of War may be built and repaired ; many Shipwracks pre- vented, and certainly it will invite all persons sailing that way to set a great value upon that Harbour, as now they do on Ph 'mouth and Falmouth.


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Rh bouchure of the river was at a point southward of Meeching

i n f ac t at the very point where Newhaven harbour at this

moment exists. And that the outlet was there in Roman times seems pretty evident from the great earthworks of that era overhanging the western side of the port, and called " Castle Hill." The prevalence of south-west winds, however, is well known to have, on this coast, the effect of causing a great accumulation of shingle, and of driving river currents to seek a more easterly outlet, as exemplified in the Adur, the Cuckmere, and other Sussex rivers. At what precise epoch the ancient mouth of the Ouse became choked up it is impos- sible to conjecture, though it is evident from the legend of St. Lewinna, detailed in Sussex Arch. Coll. Vol.1, p. 46, et sea. that the port of the Ouse was at Seaford in the middle of the eleventh century; and it was in consequence of this position that Seaford at no great interval of time became one of the Cinque- Ports. In the time of Queen Elizabeth the port of Seaford fell in its turn to decay, and the outfall being retransferred to Meeching, that place gradually lost its ancient designation in that of Newhaven. In a survey of the Sussex coast made in May 1537, in anticipation of the Spanish Invasion, by Sir Thos. Palmer and Walter Covert, Esq., the village is called Michin, and the port Newhaven. The latter had been defended with ordnance, which is described as " vnmounted and of lit- tell worthe." It is recommended by the surveyors to con- struct a " Bullwarke of earth .... for the plan tinge of one dimy culveringe and two sacres." Throughout the seventeenth century the harbour seems to have been greatly neglected, and it was not until the beginning of the eighteenth that it began to receive any considerable share of attention.

The above remarks are merely prefatory to a very curious notice of the port of Newhaven and its capabilities, published in 1677 by a projector of many ingenious schemes, Andrew Yarranton, Gent., in a work entitled, "England's Improvement by Sea and Land." As the work is very scarce, and the matter consequently new to most readers, I make no apology for quoting the passage in extenso, and adding a facsimile of the rude map which accompanies it.

" But I find it is not my own single opinion, that safe and


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Rh "Secondly, I conceive one great reason, why this so beneficial a work was not perfected, was the want of an Act of Parliament to support the doing thereof, as also it is possible the Engineer first imployed, was not so knowing as was requisite in so great an undertaking, for as the thing now stands, there was one Peer made, which is on the North, but had the Western Peer been first Finished, then the quantities of Sands now lodged in the mouth of the Harbour, had been carried away to Sea, and the freshes of water descending out of the River, would have kept open the mouth of the Harbour.

"Thirdly, This Noble work may be brought to perfection, by making of a Western Peer, as in the Map is described ; and thereby all the Sands and Earth which falls from the sides of the Hills and Clifts will be carried to Sea ; as also two Turnpikes to be made in the River, to let down flashes of water upon all necessary occasions, to drive and keep out those Sands already lodged in the mouth of the Harbour, or that may hereafter chance to be brought in ; and I suppose all the work may be compleated for about Six Thousand Pounds. The Map of the place, and how the work may be Accomplished, is hereunto affixed."—Pp. 97-99.

Could the good Mr. Yarranton revisit Newhaven at the present day, he would behold, in the substantial "western pier" and other improvements connected with the harbour, a partial carrying out of his views. Still, very much remains to be done for the full developement of the natural capabilities of a port which is destined to occupy a high rank among the harbours of England. Fortunately the supineness of the country gentlemen of the seventeenth century upon this subject is not manifested by their descendants of the nineteenth, and as these latter possess influence in a quarter more remote than East Grinstead (and due north from that good old town), Mr. Yarranton's brightest visions must ere long become un fait accompli! These anticipations, however, belong not to Archaeology.


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Rh (2) Where a Part 2 direction is cancelled under subsection (1)(a), written notice of the cancellation must be given to every person who has been given that Part 2 direction. PART 3 PART 2 DIRECTION—RECONSIDERATION AND APPEAL Division 1—General Part 2 direction—appellants

15. The persons who may apply for reconsideration of, or appeal against, each type of Part 2 direction are listed in the table below:


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20 Division 2—Reconsideration Part 2 direction—application for reconsideration

16.—(1) An appellant may apply for reconsideration by a designated officer of a Part 2 direction.

(2) An application under subsection (1) must be made—
 * (a) in a prescribed manner; and
 * (b) not later than 30 days after being given the Part 2 direction.

(3) An application for reconsideration does not affect the operation of the Part 2 direction concerned.

Part 2 direction—reconsideration

17.—(1) A designated officer must, within a reasonable time after receipt of any application to reconsider a Part 2 direction under section 16—
 * (a) affirm the Part 2 direction;
 * (b) cancel the Part 2 direction; or
 * (c) substitute the Part 2 direction with another Part 2 direction.

(2) The designated officer must give notice of the decision under subsection (1) to the appellant and the recipient of the Part 2 direction (if that person is not the appellant). Division 3—Appeal to Reviewing Tribunal Appeal by appellant

18.—(1) An appellant who receives notice under section 17(2) of the decision to affirm or substitute the Part 2 direction concerned may, on payment of such fee as may be prescribed, appeal against the Part 2 direction to a Reviewing Tribunal in accordance with Part 8.

(2) An appeal under subsection (1) does not affect the operation of the Part 2 direction appealed against.


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.

undefined

undefined

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title: Page:Poems Osgood.djvu/12


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. Certainly. Those are the only terms.

. The only terms? We must think them over.

. What?

. We must think them over. Must we not, Stephen?… No, I can never return to Suavia; that would be to retreat, and I have sworn already that I shall never retreat. Now leave me! When I walk out of this house, it will be upon the arm of the Prince, as I ought, as Princess of Suavia.

. Command me.

. Baroness, Herr Rosmer will see you home. I wish to talk with the Prince. Upon the result of this interview, perhaps, depends the future of our lives.

. Baroness, I trust that you will be able to prevent any further outbreaks on the part of Her Highness.

. Alas, there was more hope of preventing the first!

. What did Elsa say?

. It is offensive, absurd. She blames me for the exhibition because I do not treat her with proper respect.

. Did she dwell upon her humiliations? Suppose we were to remind them of ours?

. Which they do not appreciate in the least.

. I have been through it; I have had the experience. We have made a mistake. Well? What shall we do now?

. Admit our mistake?

. Yes.

. And resign ourselves to our fate?


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THE AUTHOR.

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. No.

. Then what shall we do?

. Resume living.

. How?

. By accepting what life has to offer as we pass, sorrow when it is sorrow, joy when it is joy. At this moment, it offers us—friendship, the mutual sympathy of our hearts, it offers us… this music, which haunts our ears and draws us toward itself. It is only a popular song, from a midnight garden not far off, with a halo of legendary, mysterious wickedness. A short while ago, I suggested that we should all visit it together, but, naturally, everybody was shocked. I wonder if you would be shocked, really?

. It might amuse me. Let us go. I have had my fill of propriety for the evening.

. Especially when it descends upon us from quarters in which it is so utterly unexpected… Why, I feel already like a different woman. I am happy now; the past is forgotten. This adventure will repay me for the horrible evening I have spent. And I had expected to be so happy! How beautiful it is to run away, to escape, to fly, always to fly—from somebody, from something!

. If only one believes that one is flying toward happiness.

. No, not toward happiness, because happiness does not exist. There are only happy moments.

. There are… happy moments.

. Why not make this one of them?

Curtain


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Runo XLV]

Come thou here where thou art needed,

Listen to our supplications,

Do thou look upon our sufferings,

Do thou end our days of anguish,

Free us from this evil magic,

Free us now from every evil.

“Bring me now a sword of fire,

Bring me now a flashing sword-blade,

That I may oppose these evils

Quite subdue these frightful evils,

On the wind’s path drive our sufferings,

Drive them far amid the deserts.

“Thence I’ll drive these sorcerers’ torments,

Thence these sufferings will I banish,

Far away to rocky caverns,

Rocky caves as hard as iron,

Torments to the stones to carry,

And upon the rocks heap suffering.

Never weeps the stone for anguish,

Nor the rock complains of suffering,

Though it should be greatly beaten,

And though blows be heaped upon it.

“Kiputytto, Tuoni’s maiden,

Sitting on the Stone of Sickness,

In the rush of three great rivers,

Where three waters are divided,

Turning round the torture-millstone,

And the Mount of Sickness turning!

Go and turn away these sufferings,

To the blue stone gorge direct them,

Or amid the waters send them,

To the deep lake, O condemn them,

Which by wind is never troubled,

Where the sun is never shining.

“If this is not yet sufficient,

Kivutar, O noble Mistress,

Vammatar, O noble matron,

Come ye all, and come together,

Once again to work us healing,

And restore our peace unto us!

Rh

title: Page:Kalevala (Kirby 1907) v2.djvu/221