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40–43] $undefined$ the gate of the temple two brazen dogs were placed (on such magic dogs comp. vol. III, pp. 6–7), so that whenever a person who had acquired the knowledge of the Name would pass, they began to bark.Frightened by this sound, the person would forget the knowledge of the Name.Jesus, however, had written the Name on paper, which he hid under his skin.He forgot the Name while passing the dogs, but later learned it again from the paper which he pulled out from under his skin.By means of the Name he was able to perform all the miracles.Comp. Krauss, Leben Jesu, index s.v. “Grundstein.”The view that the Name of the Messiah is engraved upon a stone of the heavenly temple belongs likewise to the Eben Shetiyyah legend cycle.For further details concerning this legend, see vol. I, p. 352; Feuchtwanger in Monatsschrift LV, 43–47; Jeremias, Babylonisches im NT, 79–80, and AT AO 2, 49, 155, 372, 374, 585.  $undefined$ Konen 24–25, based on old sources; comp. BR 3. 4–5; PK 21, 145b; WR 31.7; ShR 15.22 and 50.1; Tehillim 50, 279 (where it is said that also the destruction of this world as well as the creation of the new world will begin with Zion) and 104, 441; ER 5, 21; Tan. B. II, 96.  $undefined$ Originally a mythological conception of creation as a struggle between light and darkness (=chaos).In Jewish sources the prince of darkness is the angel of death (=Satan); comp. ShR 8.6; Yelammedenu in Ozar Midrashim 64b; Tan. Wa-Yakhel 4.He is, of course, considered to have been created by God.  $undefined$ PR 20, 95a–96b, and 203a.The allegorical interpretation of the sign of the Zodiac, although found in both versions of the Pesikta, does not belong to the original legend concerning the struggle between light and darkness, i.e., God and Satan, and is therefore rightly omitted in the manuscript made use of for the text.In this account water and darkness are identical, because water is conceived as the chaotic primeval substance.On the rebellion of the water comp. notes 50–53 and 71–73, as well as Konen 25 (read or  for ; the formation of solid bodies out of the fluid water will thus be explained), where, quite manifestly, the struggle between light and darkness, as the strife of the former against the water, is described, although just a little before (24) this struggle is given in quite a different form.  $undefined$ 43 BR 5.8 and 46.3, where the Midrash refers to Aquila’s translation of by “ikanos”; comp. Theodor on the second passage just referred to and Joel, Blicke, I, 147.As to the aspiration of created things


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 have been 80 per cent. of 250 reis per kilo, or say 333,142 milreis, equal to £49,971; but if this quantity were manufactured in Portugal, and shipped by Portuguese steamers, the duty would be 25 reis per kilo, equal to £6,246. The premium in favour of Portuguese production on this quantity is therefore £56,218, a terrific tax on the Portuguese subjects of Angola, for one year, in one class of manufactures only.

The deductions, however, that Mr. Nightingale draws from his figures in regard to Portugal and her province are quite clear. He says, "There is no doubt that the province of Angola is a very rich one. No advantages are held out for merchants to establish here, and thus bring capital into the place, which means more business, the opening up of roads, and the development of industries and agriculture. Generally the colony exists for the benefit of a few manufacturers in Portugal, who reap all the profit." Again, he says, "The merchants are much too highly taxed, a good fourth part of their capital is paid out in duties, with no certainty when it will be realised again. Angola, with plenty of capital, moderate taxes and low duties, might in a few years become a most flourishing colony."

Now here we come to the general problem of the fiscal arrangements suitable for an African colony; and as this is a subject of great importance to England in the administration of her colonies, and errors committed in it are serious errors, as demonstrated by the late war in Sierra Leone,—the most serious even we have had for many years to deal with in West Africa,—I must beg to be allowed to become diffuse, humbly stating that I do not wish to dogmatise on the matter, but merely to

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happened in Petersburg during the 'forties an event which startled society.

A handsome youth, a prince, an officer in the Cuirassiers, for whom every one had predicted the rank of aide-de-camp and a brilliant career attached to the person of Emperor Nicholas I., quitted the service. He broke with his beautiful fiancée, a lady-in-waiting, and a favourite of the Empress, just a fortnight before the wedding-day, and giving his small estate to his sister, retired to a monastery to become a monk.

To those who were ignorant of the hidden motives this was an extraordinary and unaccountable step; but as regards Prince Stephen Kasatsky himself, it was such a natural move that he could not conceive an alternative.

His father, a retired colonel of the Guards, died when the son was twelve. Although it was hard for his mother to let him go from her, she would


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Rh

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hose who believed in the famous legend of the Lost Herd are gone and few men know the truth.

History records the fact that when the last big herd of bison moved into the north on the spring migration it never returned. The hide hunters watched in vain for the southward movement in the fall for it never came. The big gray buffalo wolves, too, had suddenly vanished from the plains. Strange rumors were heard about this mysterious evaporation of the shaggy horde—rumors which gave birth to the fable of the lost herd that would some day come grazing down out of the north.

Not only in legend were they lost, but lost in truth. Rather than once more run the gauntlet of the guns along the Arkansas and the Platte, the last herd departed from the customs of untold centuries and sought refuge in the hills. They chose the Land of Many Rivers in which to make their final stand.

The snow that falls in one small tangled mass

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 of peaks and valleys feeds the headwaters of a score of rivers. The Wind River and the Greybull; the Gibbon and the Firehole; the Shoshone, Yellowstone, Green River and the Buffalo Fork of the Snake, each finds its course in one wild whirl of interlacing, tributary streams.

Here, in the Bighorns, the Tetons and the Sunlight peaks, the herd scattered in small bands through the high mountain valleys in one last effort to exist. The bleached white skulls that dot the green meadows on the head reaches of Thoroughfare River and the basins of the upper Yellowstone, mark the spots where they died in the deep snow of the high country while the buffalo hunters of Dodge still waited for the fabled return of the lost herd.

Stockmen grazed their cows on the old range of the bison, pushing farther to the west each year until their cows fed on the first roll of the hills; farther north until they came to a spot where Nature, as if exhausted from piling wonder upon wonder with lavish hand, had left the badlands of the Little Bighorn and the desolate foothills of the Greybull nestled under the very shadow of the Rainbow Peaks.

Then great wolves appeared, coming down out

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CHAP. II.

was the relation," continued the young Baron, "which the fellow gave me. Providence, doubtless, conducted him to the house to clear up the strange mystery of the Count's death, otherwise one would have thought the man mad to come there."

This account certainly tended to exculpate Heli from the murder, as it was evident he had been wounded first by persons who broke into his house, and every man, in a situation like his, had an indubitable right to


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 defend himself. I ordered the interpreter to explain the man's confession to him, and told him, that, as he could now clearly understand Ferdinand was entirely unacquainted and unconnected with the persons who had injured him; he must be convinced that he ought to make the humblest concessions to that gentleman and his friends for the insult offered to him, by imprisoning his person, and aspersing his character; that if he was disposed to behave properly, I would very readily exert my interest to serve him.

At first, I believe, from the looks that accompanied his words, he was stubborn and very ungracious; but after some conversation, the interpreter told me, he was very sensible of my kindness, and sorry for the injury and trouble he had brought on Mr. Ferdinand. The man who had so fortunately dropped in upon us, I left in custody, assuring him that his confinement should be short, and that I would perform all my promises in his favour.


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 I left the house at length, and went to the prison; there I had the pleasure to hear our friend had just been liberated; from thence I proceeded to the magistrate's, related to him the odd story I have been repeating to you, and requested the man might be brought before him to-morrow. Also, that some inquiry might be set on foot through the city, to discover, if possible, the wretches who have robbed Heli.

"Ah! my dear Baron," exclaimed Ferdinand, "in that point I cannot wish you success; consider one of them is but too nearly connected with me by blood. Would to Heaven I could recompense Heli for what he has lost."

"That would be a Quixote generosity," said the Count, "which his malice to you can by no means deserve: If, however, he is stripped, I have no objection to join in securing to him a support, that may enable him to spend his days with comfort; this our own feelings may be gratified in doing; at the same time that I am persuaded, had he not con-


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 ceived our company and connexions were necessary for his own convenience, we might have remained in Philippo, and got free how we could."

"I believe you are right in your conclusion," replied Ferdinand; "but through him we did obtain our liberty—and I also owe him obligations for civil treatment and many indulgences; he therefore shall not want in a strange country, while I have the means of preventing it.

"Count Wolfran's character and proceedings is, I think, the strangest medley of follies and inconsistencies I ever heard of; for he was open to detection in every scheme he pursued; and that he carried any plan into execution, appears to me the effect of chance and accident; for there was neither regularity nor decision in any thing he undertook. He is said to have been a very handsome and plausible young man; but surely the most inconsiderate that ever existed, and at an early age, has fallen a sacrifice to his own vices and follies."


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 "Thank Heaven!" said the Count, "that Miss D'Alenberg escaped his villainous designs, and that Louisa was saved from the destruction he threatened to her."

"Again," thought Ferdinand, "I see how it is.—With what earnestness did he inquire of Mr. D'Alenberg for his daughter, and now, with what animation he thanks Heaven in her behalf: The Count is most certainly the object of her attachment; and without much penetration, I can see that she has superseded Eugenia in his heart. Yet surely, if I am not greatly mistaken in my judgment, her delicacy will always impede a union with him in his present circumstances.—How unfortunate for both, that such an obstacle should intervene, where both honour and justice must revolt against a single wish to remove it."

As Ferdinand appeared lost in thought, his friends endeavoured to rouse his attention, by talking of the pleasure Louisa must experience in being restored to her friends; and Reiberg naturally reverted to the ill-treatment his adored Countess had experienced


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 of the hills and taking heavy toll from the cows on the ranges; wolves of a kind the stockmen had never known, larger even than those of Siberia. Ranchers spoke of a new and savage breed. They distorted the word “logo”—the Shoshone Indian name for the baldface grizzly—to “lobo,” meaning grizzly wolf.

The ranchmen organized a war of extermination against this savage lobo tribe, placing an ever-increasing bounty on each one, until an even hundred was posted as the price on every scalp.

This created a new occupation for men, and soon the professional wolfer was scouring the breaks of the badlands with poison, trap and gun for the last few survivors of a vanishing breed.

Old Dad Kinney was a wolfer and he had reason to believe that a single family of loboes were denned somewhere within forty miles of his spring camp. He knew, too, that Clark Moran was in the badlands on the same quest.

Between them was an agreement whereby Kinney felt there was no possible way for him to lose. If either of them found the den, Moran was to have one pup alive and Kinney was to draw the bounty on the rest.

Moran seemed more interested in some lost herd

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 from a man of such loose principles and absurd conduct.

"Do not think me selfish and ungenerous," said he, "if I bless the hand of Providence that has recalled from the world a man whose exterior advantages were made the passport to the vilest profligacy, and whose heart was so depraved, that a union with an angel could not ensure his constancy."

The Count and Ferdinand looked at each other, and read their reciprocal sentiments.

"Little does he think of the base duplicity to which his admired Theodosia was the sacrifice, and the unfortunate Louisa a willing victim."

Fatigued with the various occurrences of the day, they all retired early to their apartments, and Ferdinand was at liberty to indulge that sorrow which pressed heavily upon his spirits.

Claudina returned to his mind's eye with all that innocence, beauty, and tenderness, which adorned her, when struggling under poverty and affliction. How difficult to be-


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 lieve, that she who had borne every evil with fortitude, who had preserved her honour, when poor and subject to temptation, should, when fortune smiled, when every want and wish was supplied, should fail in the trial, when blessed with ease and affluence.

"My absence," said he, "was her ruin; some artful wretch took the advantage of an unguarded moment to destroy her honour and happiness, and to plant thorns in my bosom, which must rankle there for ever."

He more earnestly than ever wished to return into Suabia, and meet with Ernest, Claudina now no more. Surely there could no longer exist reasons for concealing those secrets, known only to that faithful old man, and which had so long tortured him. These uneasy reflections were not the only ones that tormented him: He dreaded the discovery of Fatima, whose association and flight with the late Count's valet, too plainly spoke her guilt, and laid her open to punishment, should they be found; the consequence of which must give him the most painful concern, both as


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 that had died fifty years before than in bounty rewards—in some theory that this was not a new species but an almost forgotten kind which had followed the lost herd into the hills and had now come back to the edge of their old range; that the rare lobo of the present was the buffalo gray of the past.

As Moran and Kinney lay rolled in their blankets ten miles apart, they formed two points of a human triangle of which Ash Brent, far up the slope of the hills, formed the third.

In common with most men who live their lives in the open, Kinney and Moran had come to draw a certain sense of companionship from the night sounds of the hills. But there is one note to which a man may listen for a thousand nights and on the next he will inevitably nestle a trifle closer into his bed roll when it sounds and feel the same chilly prickling of the skin along his spine. The far-off note of a lobo always carries an added ache of loneliness to the man in the open.

A lone lobo raised his voice and, as if connected by a mysterious current, the three widely scattered men each felt the same sudden tensing of the muscles and tingling of the skin. In the reaction only did they differ.

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 relative to herself, and the disgrace that an illiberal world might attach to his father's memory, and his own name.

"A too hasty discovery of our connexion, by my imprudence," thought he, "has involved me in this additional labyrinth of vexation: Would to Heaven I could leave Vienna; but I cannot separate from the Count, and I fear he will not be prevailed upon to quit the city, now that Mr. D'Alenberg and his charming daughter reside in it."

Under this variety of inquietude, Ferdinand past the night; and when morning dawned, quitted his bed, languid and unrefreshed: He went down and amused himself in the garden, until the servants were up, and then strolled away towards the suburbs, which were infinitely more pleasant than the city itself. Heedless of time or distance, unmindful of his friends, who would naturally feel anxiety at his absence, he proceeded on 'till the connexion of the houses were broken, and a few scattered ones of mean appearance, first led him to recollect the extent of ground he


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 While Kinney calculated a probable profit, Brent cursed fretfully at the wolf shiver which shook him at the sound, and Moran smiled over a pet theory of his own.

He knew that any beast, when angry or alarmed, bristles his back hair into a roach along the spine. He felt that this was a heritage handed down to him through a thousand generations from the time when his primitive ancestors, garbed in hair instead of cloth, had bristled with a mixture of rage and fear at each call of their enemy the wolf; that this sprouting of goose flesh between his own shoulder blades at the lobo call was but the age-old instinct to bristle the hair where hair had ceased to grow.

As always, the dread cry was followed by a vast, tense quiet, as if each dweller of the open hesitated to shatter the silence with his own voice and thus draw particular attention to himself. This was no paltry wolf—no straggler from the north, but an old dog lobo on his home range.

There was an answering call, and both Kinney and Moran raised on their elbows to better catch the sound. The starting note was a hoarse imitation of her mate’s but seemed to break into the tremolo of the coyote. Both men arrived at al-

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Rh $undefined$ to be infinite, see the utterance of R. Simeon b. Lakish in Hagigah 12a (combined with the myth of the rebellion of the waters; see note 42), and Dahnhard, Natursagen, I, 2.Comp. also Tan. B. I, 7-8, 80, 197, 202; Tan. Hayye Sarah 3.In the first passage of Tan, it is said that the heavens which were created out of the heap of snow (comp. note 18), in accordance with God’s blessing, “became fruifulfruitful [sic] and multiplied”.  $undefined$ PRE 4; Konen 25, comp. note 98 on vol. I, p. 83, and Jub. 2.4, according to which the firmament only was created on the second day.See also Philo, De M. Opif. 10.  $undefined$ 45 PRE 4; Theophil, 2.13.Comp. vol. III, p. 162.  $undefined$ BR 4.2-7, which contains a number of remarks concerning the relation of the firmament created on the second day to the heavens created on the first day.See further Mekilta RS, 100, and Jerome on Is. 64.1.  $undefined$ Tosefta Hagigah 2.6; Yerushalmi 2, 77a; Babli 15a; BR 2.4 and 4.3-5.Comp. the following note.  $undefined$ Seder Rabba di-Bereshit (the text must be emended to read ).The waters above (comp. Greek Baruch 2) are found, however, according to another view at a “distance of five hundred years” from the firmament, where they are suspended at God’s command.The waters above are assumed in Seder Rabba di-Bereshit to be of an illuminating nature, while the waters below are of the opposite character.Accordingly, in 2 Enoch 27, light and darkness are identified with the waters above and the waters below, respectively.See also Konen 24 and note 42.  $undefined$ BR 4.6.This is to serve as an explanation why the Bible does not use the phrase “and it was good” in connection with the creations of the second day; comp. note 54 where this subject is treated at full length.  $undefined$ Hadar on Gen. 1.9 and thence in BHM V, 150-156; the text needs to be emended.The sentence from to  certainly does not belong here, and instead of  read .Comp. Konen 25 and Sanhedrin 38b.Read also and after  insert .On the formula of incantation used by the “angel of the countenance”  comp. Origen, Contra Celsum, 4.34.Quite a considerable number of versions of the legend of the rebellion of the waters (comp. note 42) are extant.The waters above, which are masculine, aspired to a union with the <section end="Note_050" />


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 most the same conclusion but in different ways.

Kinney linked the strange note with a renegade Scotch sheep dog he had seen traveling with the coyotes two years before.

“That she wolf is half coyote and half dog,” he said.

Moran, too, had noted the coyote shrill and also that he experienced no wolf shiver from the sound.

“A cross,” he reflected. “Part coyote and part dog.”

The lobo does not call often, and not until half an hour before dawn did the sound come again. It awakened the three men, and each prepared his breakfast and was off upon his business of the day.

While Kinney and Moran resumed their tireless, systematic search for the wolf den, Brent headed his horses for a far divide. Beyond it lay the Land of Many Rivers, where, for a hundred miles, there was no human habitation known to men; yet Brent had twelve horses packed out with flour and supplies.

Ten days later Moran sat cross-legged on the ground with a third-grown wolf pup between his knees. The lobo pup was wrapped securely in a sack, tied round and round with heavy cord and with only his head protruding from the roll.

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 “There goes the balance of your family, pup,” said Moran. “You’re an orphan now.”

Kinney, leading two pack horses from which dangled the remains of the rest of the wolf family, was just disappearing in the direction of his camp and the last den of loboes in the badlands had fallen victims to the ranchmen’s bounty war.

The father was a mighty lobo, almost a packload for one horse; the mother was a half-breed, crossed between a coyote and a dog. The rifled den had yielded a freakish lot of pups, as if each clashing strain of ancestry had struggled to perpetuate its own. One was a fluffy, yellow, coyote pup; two a strange mixture of wolf and dog; while the fourth was a blue-gray Scotch sheep dog, with shaggy face and a white splash on the breast. The one which Moran held between his knees was pure lobo from tip to tip. Only in his yellow coyote eyes did a trace of off color strain crop out.

“You’re the prize pup of the lot,” said Moran. “How about it, old fellow? Are you going to make friends with me?”

For answer the lobo pup writhed around in his wrappings and made one swift slash at his captor’s face.

“You’re a game little youngster and as quick as

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 a flash,” said Moran. “That’s what I’ll call you—Flash. Come on, Flash, let’s be pals.”

For more than an hour he tried to win the confidence of the lobo pup, rubbing and scratching his neck and head behind the ears where the white fangs could not reach his hand, and talking to him in an even, friendly tone.

Even a very young pup reads the intonations of the human voice sufficiently to distinguish between those men who care for animals and dogs and those who don’t.

The wolf pup felt the first stirrings of the inner conflict—the battling for supremacy between the wild blood and the tame—that would influence his every move through life. It was as if the different elements of his ancestry had established cross-currents in his veins, exerting a strange cross-pull upon each thought and deed.

The wolf and coyote in him revolted at the man scent, but the dog strain responded to the friendly voice and thrilled to the touch of exploring fingers which scratched his neck and ears. He lay passive and made no protest at the touch.

At last he felt Moran’s hand slip slowly around beneath his chin, rubbing his throat and lower jaw. His throat muscles contracted at this new move,

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 and he withdrew his head, turtle-wise, as far as possible within the sheltering roll. The yellow coyote eyes were bright with suspicion; the sensitive lips writhed up, exposing the ivory fangs of the wolf, but the yearning of a dog to be loved by man held him from sinking them deep in the hand that was now within easy reach—the first compromise between the wild and tame.

The glare gradually died from his eyes, the lips settled slowly back and covered the fangs, and Moran knew then that he had won.

“Come on, Flash; let’s go home,” he said.

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 had gone over: He looked at his watch, and, to his surprise, saw that he had exceeded the breakfast hour already, of course could not return in any time for that refreshment, which, until that moment, he had never thought of.

He drew near to the last house; a woman appeared; he asked could he have any thing to eat; she told him bread and milk he was welcome to; this he accepted, and entered a poor little room to rest. Throwing himself upon a window seat, he accidentally cast his eyes upon the floor, and under a small stool opposite to him, thought there lay something like a seal; he rose, and picked it up: To his infinite astonishment, he beheld a gold seal, with a device upon a white cornelian, which he well remembered Heli had purchased for Fatima a day or two after their arrival at Vienna.—He called to the mistress of the house, and asked if that trinket was her's.

"No, indeed, Sir," said she; "I have no such fine things belongs to me, or Anthony either."


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 "I found it here," returned Ferdinand.

"Dear me, then it surely must have fell out of the pocket of the lady or gentleman that was here yesterday."

"Very possibly," said Ferdinand.—"Pray who were they?"

"I don't know, indeed, Sir,—it was a very tall lady and a short gentleman, that came here, as you have done. Yesterday morning they had some milk, as you be going to have—then they walked away, and in the afternoon came again—stayed here some time eating bread and fruit; then payed me well—and I have seed no more of them."

The "very tall lady" did not answer the figure of Fatima, who, though elegantly formed, was not above the middle size; yet he was confident the seal had been her's.—He asked several questions of the good woman, but could obtain no satisfactory answers.

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 "No, indeed," replied she," eying the seal with a look that implied a wish to retain such a pretty bauble; "but perhaps they may come again; for I heard something about "Pratt's-Grove;" and so likely they be going there to-day, and will call here again, when I shall be sure to give it to them."

"As you please," said Ferdinand, delivering it to her: Tis certainly your property, without you see them, or they send for it.—But pray where is "Pratt's-Grove?"

"Why, in the Little Island, Sir, where all the gentry goes to make merry, and walk about."

"And can I go to it from hence?"

"O yes, a little below, to the river's side. You will see a boat, that will take you over."

"Then I will go," resolved Ferdinand, swallowing his milk in haste.

With many courtesies and blessings from the good woman, who was well satisfied with his liberality and her golden toy, he left the house, and followed her direction, which


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 brought him to the banks of the river, where a boat lay conveniently for his purpose. He was soon carried over to the Island, which was indeed a little paradise; the most enchanting walks among groves of fine tall spreading trees, that in some places were almost impervious; then suddenly breaking through small openings, long narrow vistas terminated with some beautiful romantic views, that astonished and delighted the observer.

He wandered about here a considerable time, before he began to reflect that this was the most unlikely place in the world for persons to come who wished to be unnoticed, because it was the resort of much company in fine weather. He began likewise to feel himself fatigued, and incapable of making a tour through all the walks that were cut in this beautiful grove. What then shall I do, thought he; go into one of the buildings to rest myself, or return back? He felt ashamed of the impulse that had brought him to the Island, without considering that its situa-


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 tion, and the number of persons who made it a place of entertainment, must effectually preclude any concealment.

"Well then," said he, "I will walk to the next building, repose myself for half an hour, and then return.—Some future day, when my mind is more calculated to admire and enjoy the beauties of this delightful spot, I shall be glad to devote more time to it."

He was now close to the building, and about to enter it, when he thought he heard voices as if disputing; he stopped.

"If you can find the means to get off undiscovered, and will go to England, I will accompany you; but I hate the thoughts of going into Turkey—nor will I go. To remain here many days longer, cannot be done. Had you taken my advice, we had been safe."

"What! to murder the man:—"No—I'll have no murder on my conscience.—As to robbing the Turk, I hold it no sin; for they are all a parcel of freebooters and unbelievers; yet I may be hanged for it;—therefore I say, no place so safe as Turkey,


text: The Cross Pull

title: The Cross Pull


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 where we may live in some snug place like a King and a Queen."

"How ridiculous you are! I tell you again, that there you will be plundered by the Turks.—If you are seen to live without employment, they will suppose you rich;—you will be informed against; your head will be off, and your house destroyed in an hour. I have heard enough of their tricks and rogueries—therefore to England I will go: If you don't choose it, let us divide, and do each as we like."

"No, I shan't part with you so; but I am afraid to leave Vienna, because I dare say there's an information against us before now."

"Against us! Pray what have I to do with it—I stole nothing; this casket of jewels is my own property."

"The devil it is: Pray how would you have come at it, after running away with the Count?"

At this moment, two gentlemen were seen coming down a vista; a man and a woman darted out from the building, so close upon


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 Ferdinand, that they almost threw him backwards. They were staggered, and retreated; for he stood in a narrow path way; the gentlemen were advancing in front; he stepped in after them, and instantly saw that Fatima was in a man's dress, and the man wrapped in a loose robe of her's, with a long cloak and woman's head dress.

She as quickly knew him, and gave a violent scream.

"Be silent," said Ferdinand, "or you are undone; you are traced and discovered; if you attend to me, I will preserve you from punishment; but first return to me the casket of jewels which belongs to Heli, who is alive, and out of danger.—The man you seduced to join in the theft, and then deceived, is in my custody; he had discovered all the Count's designs, and your baseness."

The valet, with the weakness that generally attends little minds, when convicted of guilt, fell at Ferdinand's feet.

"Preserve my life, Sir, and I will give up every ."


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 "Poor despicable wretch!" exclaimed Fatima, "thy life is not worth saving! You may do with me, Sir, as you please; you are my brother; it will be honourable for you to deliver your sister into the hands of justice; but be assured, whilst I have life, I will retain my jewels; jewels which Heli plundered me of, when he basely broke into the women's tents, rifled our baggage, and carried me off; these jewels were my property, and I will swear to it."

Ferdinand stood thunder-struck at her unparalleled effrontery; she saw her advantage, and pursued it.

"There are persons coming," said she;—take your choice: Suffer me to leave you instantly, without discovery or pursuit; or if you insult, detain, or give me up, I will immediately declare my affinity to you, claim the late Count Renaud as my father, protest he was married to my mother, commence a process against you for his fortune, and accuse you as an accomplice in urging me to regain my own diamonds."


text: The Cross Pull/Chapter 1

title: The Cross Pull/Chapter 1


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 The gentlemen were now pretty near to them; she turned to Ferdinand—"One word of discovery, and you are ruined."—She walked out; the gentlemen past, and she followed them pretty closely. The valet was silent, though dreadfully agitated. Ferdinand kept his eyes fixed on her as long as she remained in sight, with so much mute surprise, such horror and astonishment, that it took from him all power of speech or motion for some minutes.

Recovering at length, when she was lost to his view—"Good Heavens!" he exclaimed, "is it possible that woman, so soft, so lovely, so interesting in her gentleness, can, by vice and profligacy of manners, attain to such a degree of boldness and impudent bravery, as would shame the most hardened of mankind!

"For you," said he, turning to the trembling valet—"you who have profited nothing by your crimes, I know not that your conviction could afford any satisfaction to Heli, without the recovery of his property; tho' guilty of many base actions, you scrupled at


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 murder, which I heard that wretch who has left us upbraid you for; and I am even tempted to think the robbery was more the impulse of the moment, from the existing circumstances, which you could not foresee, than a premeditated design.

"If you can repent, perhaps you may find friends; follow me, however, I must dodge that woman."

The man obeyed, and gathering up his robes, looked with conscious shame on his dress, now that he was discovered: They walked quick, and soon came in sight of Fatima, who was then walking with her two beaus towards one part of the Island, where lay a small pleasure-boat;—to Ferdinand's infinite astonishment, one of the gentlemen handed her in.

"How," cried he, "has she confessed her sex; or have they penetrated through the disguise?"

The boat put off, and he remained fixed to the spot.


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armon was away, and for two days Moran had the forest ranger’s cabin on Spring Creek to himself.

He spent the time trying to wean Flash from his early training and induce him to eat by tempting him with morsels of fresh meat.

The first day the pup shrank away from it; on the next he sniffed it hungrily but still refused to eat. He craved it with every fiber of his being but there was one thing he knew. He must never touch one bite of meat other than that which he himself had freshly killed—and after once leaving that he must return to it no more.

In his few hunts with his parents they had pulled down a fresh beef each trip. At first he had seen no reason why he was not allowed to go near other food, but gradually he had seen many things which explained it all.

One night the wind had borne the scent of stale meat, and with the odor had come a clanking, grinding sound. A coyote leaped at the end of a

title: Page:The Cross Pull.pdf/18


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 "Well," said he, resuming his recollection, "had this woman's conduct been represented to me by another, I should either have believed it fabulous, or very greatly exaggerated: What a strange adventure have I made of my morning's ramble?"

He then turned, deeply musing, and so entirely forgetful of the valet, that had the man been possessed of a weapon, or any evil designs, he might have had cause to have repented of his carelessness.

But fortunately weapon he had none, and therefore had no temptation to commit an injury, which we know not, desperate as his situation seemed to be, whether he might have had the fortitude or conscience to resist.—For how many are the follies and crimes mankind are drawn into by opportunity, to gratify a prevailing passion, which, free from the temptation of the moment, they do not even dream of.

Ferdinand walked slowly back the same way that he came; went into the boat, still followed by the lady valet, whom he very un-


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 courteously left, to seat himself as he liked, to the no small amusement of the boatmen, who concluded the gentleman and lady had been falling out.

When he was landed, he began to quicken his pace, and in much less time than when he set off in the morning, he arrived at the Baron's house. Great had been the solicitude of his friends; the dejection that marked his countenance, when he retired for the night, his early rising, and unaccountable long absence, were circumstances that gave rise to the most painful conjectures: Mr. D'Alenberg had attended the breakfast table, an invitation that had escaped Ferdinand's recollection, and seemed to be extremely surprised when he found the other did not appear; nor could any reason be assigned by his friends, for an omission that carried with it an air of rudeness and neglect.

The Count saw the dissatisfaction of Mr. D'Alenberg, and in justice to his friend, at length mentioned the account he had recent-


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 ly received of his wife's death, which he said deeply affected him.

"How!" said Mr. D'Alenberg, "is his wife dead? "

"She is," replied the Count; "and although, for certain family reasons, they were separated, yet Ferdinand dearly loved her, and tenderly regrets her for the present.—When reason and judgment resume their empire over the heart, I hope he will be sensible of the duties he owes to his child and his friends, nor by unavailing grief, hurt his own peace and wound theirs."

"He has a child, then?"

"Yes, a son placed at an academy in Baden."

"He is a very young father," observed the Baron.—"He married very young, a love match—but not a happy one."

"I understand," said Mr. d'Allenberg—"Poor young man; 'tis natural enough that he should feel sorrow on such an event; but I earnestly hope he will not injure his health, nor meet with any accident this morning.—-


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 chain and ground his teeth against the steel thing that clamped his foot.

Later they had passed near a steer his father had killed two nights before. Two coyotes lay there, dead and bloated, while a third ran in crazy circles and went into series of horrible convulsions with a rattling cough in his throat before he died. He knew then that it was unsafe even to return to previous kills of their own.

All over the range the wolf family had found tempting bits of meat and fat. Flash had not known that each rider was furnished with strychnine to poison the carcass of every dead steer on the range; that they cut off these bits of meat, filled them with the deadly crystals and scattered them about for the coyotes to pick up.

His parents had known—and a wicked snap warned each pup away from every such tempting morsel that they found. One of his sisters had broken over and swallowed just one tiny scrap, flattening her ears in anticipation of feeling her mother’s teeth at this infraction of the rules.

Instead, agony had clutched her from within. The rest of them had watched her die as the mad coyote had.

From these things Flash had come to know that

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 I shall look in upon you again by and bye, after paying a few visits, and shall be glad to see him returned."

He did call in again, and was greatly surprised to see the anxiety of his friend's increased; the Count had intended to pay his devoirs to the two ladies; but he was so extremely uneasy concerning Ferdinand, that he felt no inclination to dress or visit.

Baron Reiberg had just determined to send his servants in quest of Ferdinand, when he appeared, followed, as they thought, by a lady, who stopped short at the door, looking down exceedingly confused. The Count had flown to embrace Ferdinand, reproaching him at the same time for giving them so much concern; but he had hardly spoken, when the lady, standing so awkwardly, struck him; he left his friend, and hastily offered his hand to lead her into the room; an offer which, to his great astonishment, she declined, by a low bow.

Ferdinand, who was about to apologize to the Baron, that moment turned his head, and


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51–54] $undefined$ waters below, which are feminine, and had not God separated them by means of the firmament (read ), their union might have destroyed the world.Seder Rabba di-Bereshit 6.As to other versions comp. the notes 52, 53, and 72.  $undefined$ Comp. notes 49 and 54.  $undefined$ Seder Rabba di-Bereshit 9 (the source for this paragraph is not identical with that of 6); Raziel 11b, 18a–18b, and 27d; Konen 25.God “tore” the mass of waters into two halves, the waters above and the waters below, and informed them that they would be divided again for Israel’s sake (as to these conditions, comp. also vol. I, pp. 50–51); ‘Aseret ha-Dibrot 63; MHG I, 26; ShR 15.22; Hadar on Gen. 1.4: as compensation to the waters below, God commanded the water libation in the temple and the use of salt with all sacrifices.A similar source was used by Rashi; R. Bahya; R. Shem Tob b. Shem Tob; R. Isaac Caro, and Bertinora on Lev. 2.13; comp. Berliner, Raschi, 426.Comp. also ER 31, 161, concerning the weeping of the primeval elements of creation, which wished to remain all the time in God’s proximity.See further the following note, as well as note 72.  $undefined$ ‘Aseret ha-Dibrot 63; MHG I, 26; Raziel 27d.The song of praise to God by the waters originally belonged to another cycle of legends which state that the waters—the primeval element—praised God before any other thing had been created, and that they willingly submitted to His command to withdraw in order to render creation possible.Comp. BR 5.2–4; ShR 17.1 and 15.22 (the second passage, however, contains a mixture of myths, referring also to the rebellion of the waters at the same time); Tehillim 93, 415–416 (in Ma'asiyyot, Gaster’s edition, 8, it is Alexander the Great, not Hadrian, as in Tehillim, who hears the hymn of the waters); PR 192b; Alphabetot 82 (the hymn of the water induced God to create the world); Midrash quoted in Hadar on Gen. 7.5 and Exod. 15.8 (the waters praised God when Israel crossed the Red Sea); Yerushalmi ‘Abodah Zarah 3, 42a; PRE 5; Ta'anit 25b.Comp. notes 71–72; Tertullian, De Baptismo, 3.  $undefined$ BR 4.16, where two other reasons are given why the Bible does not have the sentence “And He saw that it was good” with reference to the second day of creation: 1) because the things created on the second day were not completed on that day and were finished on the third; hence this sentence is repeated twice on the third day; 2) because God had foreseen that Moses would incur death on


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 seeing the surprise of one, and the confusion of the other, with the attitudes of both, tho' he was far from being cheerful, yet the ridiculous situation of the valet, caused him to burst out in a violent laugh, which still more disconcerted the Count, who, bowing to the lady again, came up to Ferdinand.

"For Heaven's sake, what does this mean; who is that—woman?"

"That woman," answered he, "has a long story to tell, and is accountable for great part of the time I have been absent.—Suspend your curiosity, however, for a few minutes, and we will return to satisfy it."

He then withdrew, followed still by the lady; the Count and Baron looked at each other for a minute, when the latter exclaimed, laughing heartily,

"Upon my soul, I believe 'tis a fellow disguised."

"A man!" cried the Count; 'then indeed, I have made myself ridiculous enough; and now that you have started the idea, I own that I thought she was an odd figure."


text: The New York Times/1918/11/11/Ballin, Germany's Shipping King, Dies


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 the scent of cold meat meant not food but death, and that only warm, quivering flesh was safe to eat.

Once more the blood of his ancestors exerted their cross-currents in his puppy heart. Hunger and the doglike affection he was beginning to feel for Moran spurred the desire to take the food; wolf suspicion of man and the things he had seen of their works against his kind combined with his dread of the cold meat scent to hold him back. He compromised by licking the meat Moran held out to him, but refusing to take it in his mouth.

Evening of the second day found Moran still patiently tempting him to eat.

A horse clattered into the yard and Ash Brent dismounted before the house. His horse flinched nervously away from him as he stooped to loosen the cinch and Brent jerked savagely on the reins until blood trickled from the ends of the heavy spade bit.

He strode to the door and stood looking in—a big man with a too small head set low upon wide shoulders. His light eyebrows showed up white against the baked red of his skin and from beneath them a pair of cold blue eyes peered bleakly forth upon the world and saw no good therein.

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text: The New York Times/1918/11/11/Lines Big Holdings Here


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 "Yet how gallant you was," returned the other: "I wish Reiberg had been here, to have shared your politeness."

"Pray be sparing of your jeers," said the Count; "they may be premature.—You are not certain that your conjectures are right."

The Baron, having once entertained the idea, seemed to be every moment more strongly confirmed in his judgment, and rallied the Count most unmercifully on his politeness to the fair sex.

In a short time, Ferdinand returned, having equipped the man with an old suit of clothes, that fitted him tolerably.

"Now," said he, smiling, "allow me to introduce the metamorphosed lady as the late Count Wolfran's valet."

"Is it possible," they both cried; "for Heaven's sake, how have you been so fortunate as to meet with him?"

"I know not," replied Ferdinand very gravely, "whether I can deem it as any piece of good fortune; for the meeting has been


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 “Hello, Moran. I want to see Harmon,” he said by way of greeting. “Is he anywhere around?”

“I’m looking for him any minute,” said Moran. “Come in, Brent. Come in and wait.” The cordiality of the invitation masked Moran’s vast dislike of this man—this maltreator of horses and cows. Moran was but a visitor at the ranger’s, and Brent’s business was with his host, so he could not reveal his real feeling for the man. But toleration passed for friendship with Brent. Even in this new country peopled by hard men, no one of them accorded him a warmer regard than that—and he paid them back in kind.

Rough men whose own hands were by no means light with horses shook their heads, disgusted by each new tale that was heard on the Greybull of Brent’s frenzied atrocity when aroused by some nervous or refractory horse.

“What have you drug in now?” Brent asked as he entered, jerking his thumb at the wolf pup.

“That’s my new dog,” said Moran. “What do you think of him?’

Brent’s mouth expanded in a mirthless grin.

“He’s a sulky little brute,” he said. “Can’t you make him eat?”

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text: The New York Times/1918/11/11/London Deplores Ballin's Death


text: The New York Times/1918/11/11/Missions at City Hall


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“That’s intelligence,’ Moran explained. “His early training taught him not to gulp down everything he sees. I’ve only had him a day or two. He’ll come out of it as soon as confidence in me overcomes that wolf caution of his.”

As the two men talked, the wolf pup noted their difference of tone. Then, too, they gave off a different scent. Moran’s was friendly and quieting, while Brent radiated an atmosphere of cold-blooded cruelty toward every living thing. His only ascendency over beasts would be the rule of fear.

Flash was already beginning to classify the world of men. Those who do not know speak of “animal instinct” when referring to the unerring ability of animals to recognize love, hatred, fear and other emotions in man. Moran’s naturalist mind was not satisfied with the vague generality of this term. He knew that this so called instinct was in reality a delicately balanced sense of hearing and of smell. No man who has lived much and understandingly with animals but knows that each kind has a vocabulary of its own—not that of the spoken word but of the varying inflection of tone.

It is this that enables a dog to catch the under-

title: Page:The Cross Pull.pdf/22


text: The New York Times/1918/11/11/Give French Here Time to Enlist


text: The New York Times/1918/11/11/Untermyer in Tax Case


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 tone of hidden hate or fear in the voice which does not reveal it to the duller ear of man. He checks this with his nose so there is no chance for a mistake. Man’s system reacts to any emotional strain and his pores betray his state of mind to the keenly sensitive noses of the animal world.

Moran knew that it was certain knowledge that caused Flash to sidle farther from Brent and closer to himself. With his nose flattened between his paws, Flash favored Brent with an unblinking stare from his yellow eyes—eyes as fierce and untamed as those of a hawk. Except in color there was little difference between his eyes and Brent’s, and a wave of dislike was exchanged between them with the stare.

Not until Moran went outside to feed the horses in the corral did Flash shift from his position on the floor or remove his eyes from Brent. As Moran left him he moved away from Brent to the full limit of his chain.

Irritated by this move, Brent caught the chain near where it was fastened to the leg of the table and drew Flash toward him. The pup braced his feet but was dragged forward, his toenails scratching for a hold. When within a few feet of Brent his tactics changed and he leaped for the hand, his

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text: The New York Times/1918/11/11/Praises American Sailors


text: The New York Times/1918/11/11/Ocean Travel


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 white teeth clashing shut in two lightning snaps as Brent jerked back. He retreated again to the length of his chain and stood there, bristling with rage and fear.

Brent’s insane temper flared at the sting where the sharp little teeth had grazed his thumb. He stepped over to the pup, raising his heavy glove and bringing the gauntlet down across his head and ears, Flash tried to fight, but the glove bruised his lips and ears and when he cowered down on the floor, half dazed by the rain of blows, Brent kicked him under the table and went outside.

When the two came in once more, Milt Harmon, the ranger, was with them. As the three men talked, Flash lay in his corner, his head resting, wolf fashion, flat between his paws, and regarded their every move.

Harmon did not fit in either of his previous classifications, so he classed him by himself. Here in the room were men that represented each of the three divisions under which he would place all men as he met them—those he tolerated, those he hated with a savage intensity and those he loved. His present feeling for Harmon typified his later attitude toward the great majority of men. The mass

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text: The New York Times/1918/11/11/Engagements


text: The New York Times/1918/11/11/Charting Air Lanes


text: The New York Times/1918/11/11/To Shield Women in War


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 of them would mean little to him and only a very few individuals would ever interest him sufficiently to be classed with either extreme.

Brent finished his business, and Moran stood looking after him as he rode away.

“There goes a beast,” he said. “He hasn’t one decent, softening thought. When you look at that blizzard of a face it forces you to believe all those tales you hear of him.”

“They’re true,” Harmon said. “I saw it once myself. I heard a horse scream and rode down.” The ranger swore softly. “Brent was standing there mouthing the same words over and over again as if his own mad-dog fit had left his mind a blank. ‘He struck at me,’ he mumbled. ‘He struck at me. A horse can’t strike at me.’ I rode right on past. I knew I’d kill him if I stopped.”

“Flash spotted that streak in him the minute he came in,” said Moran. “It’s harder to fool an animal than a man.”

The next morning Moran shot a rabbit, jerked the pelt from it while it was still warm and offered the meat to Flash.

This time he took it. From this small start Moran led him on until in a few days he would take anything he offered. It was the first con-

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text: The New York Times/1918/11/11/Bishop Gore Ends Tour


text: The New York Times/1918/11/11/Ask for German Colonies


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 cession of the wild blood to the tame—the turning of the dog in in him to Moran. In order to keep the proper balance he presented his wolf side to all other men and would touch not a single bite of food that came from any other than Moran.

His education along all lines progressed. When Moran took long walks he led Flash with a light chain. Later he unsnapped it from the collar and Flash found himself free to wander around inside the cabin. Moran next tried him in the yard with the chain trailing loose. Flash was glad of this new opportunity to trot around, but it did not occur to him to leave. By gradual degrees Moran removed first the chain and then the collar, but Flash followed him as closely as before. His world revolved around Moran. His greatest moments were those that Moran spent in scratching his neck and ears and rolling him around in rough play. But he would let no other man touch him, moving stiffly away at the first sign of this intent.

Brent stopped at the cabin at infrequent intervals and on these occasions the hate flared to a white heat in Flash. From association he had lost his early unreasoning fear of men but had learned also that he must not turn his teeth against

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text: The New York Times/1918/11/11/Malting Output Drops


text: The New York Times/1918/11/11/To Sell Antique for Soldier Fund


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 them. He showed his dislike of Brent by watching him suspiciously and bristling his shoulder hair at every move. Never once did he make a sound, and this silent, deadly hatred inspired a like feeling in the man.

Twice when Moran was gone, Brent kicked Flash the length of his chain when the pup bristled at his approach.

Eventually Moran let Flash follow him on long trips without his chain, trusting that his hold was greater than the call of the free hills to the pup. Flash joyously chased the long-eared jack rabbits of the foothills but always returned to Moran.

Flash had grown, and his was the wolf growth which lacks the awkwardness seen in growing dogs. In mid-August he attained his sixth month and with it the requisite speed to catch his first jack. Thereafter he hunted them tirelessly, killing for pleasure long after his hunger was appeased. The swift chase, growing in excitement and terminating in the wild thrill of joy with the final snap of jaws upon his prey, matched his supreme moments with Moran and thus both extremes in him were satisfied.

Horses no longer feared him and fled from the

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text: The New York Times/1918/11/11/Dinner to Commissioner Enright


text: The New York Times/1918/11/11/Does Not Fear Nugent


text: The New York Times/1918/11/11/Asks Letts to Organize


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 dread wolf scent as at first. From living long in the cabin and around the fire at cooking time he had come to smell much as a dog who leads that life and the horses accepted him as such. Moran then started breaking him to handle stock. He knew that in trying to teach this art to Flash it meant a two to one chance of having to sacrifice a horse.

Flash would take one of three holds upon the first animal that Moran worked him on. He might have inherited the strike of a natural born heeler from his renegade grandmother and go to the heel of a horse or cow. Otherwise he would lunge for a wolf hold, and a wolf strikes either for the flank, ripping a gash through which the heavy paunch drops out, or slashes each hind leg above the hock turn, severing the hamstrings of his prey.

Even a lobo, powerful as he is, never strikes for a throat hold until after his meat is down, knowing that even as he tore the life from a plunging steer the battering hoofs would strike him down or the crazed beast would kneel and crush his life out with its own.

Moran gathered a bunch of a dozen horses and headed them toward Harmon’s cabin. He motioned Flash after them.

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text: The New York Times/1918/11/11/Death Ends Romance


text: The New York Times/1918/11/11/Dr. Fernald Dies at 80


text: The New York Times/1918/11/11/Prof. Earle Victim of Pneumonia


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 “Run ’em in, Flash,” he said, repeating the motion and the words until Flash understood that Moran really meant that he was to chase those horses. Always he had wanted to leap after every animal he saw but he had known that these were the property of man and that he must not molest them.

He trotted half way to the horses, turned and looked back questioningly at Moran. Again came the motion and the words, assuring him that this was right and he swept joyously down upon the bunch.

Moran’s anxiety as to which of the three holds Flash would take had been reflected in his voice, and the doubt of what he was to do with the horses other than to chase them around was communicated to Flash.

He ran in on the hindmost horse and made a savage lunge for the flank but even as he struck, he withheld the slash, feeling that this hold might not be right.

He dropped back and ran behind the bunch. Moran’s horse was running swiftly behind him, and once more Moran urged him on.

Flash singled out another horse and lunged for the hamstring—but the doubt aroused by the

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text: The New York Times/1918/11/11/Obituary Notes


text: Index:Self-immolation letter.pdf

title: Index:Self-immolation letter.pdf


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 TOM COTTON ARKANSAS 326 20510
 * (202) 224-2353

COMMITTEES ARMED SERVICES JOINT ECONOMIC COMMITTEE JUDICIARY SELECT COMMITTEE ON INTELLIGENCE

February 28, 2024

The Honorable Lloyd Austin US. Department of Defense 1000 Defense Pentagon Washington, D.C, 20301-1000

Dear Secretary Austin:

I am writing to you regarding an active-duty U.S. airman’s self-immolation outside the Israeli embassy in Washington, D.C. on February 25, 2024. You have made it a top priority to address “extremism” amongst our total force, and this act of horrific violence — in support of a terrorist group — raises serious questions about how this individual was allowed to serve on active duty.

Please provide the following information no later than March 7, 2024:

Was this airman ever identified as exhibiting extremist leanings?
 * 1) The Department has touted its efforts to address “ideological extremism” within its ranks.
 * 1) Did the Department’s anti-extremism training address support for Islamic terrorist groups like Hamas?
 * 2) Did the airman display any concerning behavior prior to this incident? If so, what was the behavior? What actions were taken to address that behavior?
 * 3) Has the Department determined if the airman had access to classified information? If he had access, did he take any actions that compromised U.S. national security prior to February 25?
 * 4) Did you find evidence of support for Islamic terrorist groups in your search for Department of Defense extremists? If so, how did you address that support?
 * 5) Have any other military members participated in anti-Israeli actions that violate Department of Defense policy on restricted political activities? If so, was this behavior appropriately addressed?

Thank you for your attention to this important matter.

Sincerely,

Tom Cotton United States Senator

JONESBORO 300 338 72401 (870) 938-6223

ROGERS 3333 425 72758. (479) 751-0879

LITTLE ROCK 1401 235 72201 (501) 223-9081

EL DORADO 105 410 71730 (870) 864-8582

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 anxiety in Moran’s voice still persisted and he withheld the snap of fangs that would have hopelessly crippled one hind leg. While he ran on close behind the bunch, a horse lashed out at him with wicked heels and even as he ducked the kick Flash knew that he must punish those offending feet. He darted in and nipped the heel.

He heard Moran’s wild yell of encouragement. It dispelled all doubt—this was the thing to do.

He darted from horse to horse and his was the strike of the born heeler. Not once did he bite as the hind foot struck the ground, when a kick might have brained him, but timed each nip when the hind legs were outstretched to the fullest extent at the end of the stride. Before Moran could recall him he had scattered the flying horses all over the flat.

Moran patiently rounded them up each time Flash scattered them, and at last he understood that Moran wanted them to remain bunched and headed for home. From then on no straggler left the horse herd. If one started Flash was after him at a motion from Moran, and before he moved far he was headed back for the bunch.

After a few more lessons he knew what was

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text: The New York Times/1918/11/11/Married

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 expected of him and he began rapidly to learn all the details of the game.

In this as in all else the strange mixed blood cropped out. He loved this work of handling horses and performed it well. The dog in him thrilled at the trust Moran gave to him. But each time he darted to a heel, something called to him to lunge at the flank. Instead he struck like a stock dog but put behind it the forceful drive of the wolf.

Under his management the most confirmed bunch-quitter on the range would soon be the best of the lot. No horse or steer would chance those punishing teeth a second time.

Men soon began to speak of him as the best stock dog on the range.

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aturalists have made only incidental mention of the rare swift-fox that inhabits a limited area of the badlands and cedar breaks along the east slope of the Rockies.

Moran had searched long for a den of these little fellows, scarcely larger than a squirrel but an exact duplicate in miniature of the coyote.

The fur markets listed them as kit-fox but locally all men called them swifts. Aside from the fact that each year a few were caught in coyote traps or with strychnine bait, little was known of them.

To better study them, Moran shifted his base camp the following spring, moving his outfit into a log cabin used by the BarT ranch for a winter line camp.

On his first day at the cabin Flash had jumped a pair of these tiny swifts in a near-by gulch. Several times since Moran had seen one running like a vivid yellow streak, and he knew the den was somewhere close at hand.

The year-old wolf could not resist the call to

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Rh $undefined$ account of the “water”; comp. vol. 111, 307, seq.Two of the midrashic explanations are also cited by the Church Fathers; comp. Jerome on Gen. 1.8; Ephraim 1, 15 B-C; Albertus Magnus XIX, 1.731; Origen, Ad Africanum, 4.See Grünbaum, Gesammelte Aufsätze, 176, and Ginzberg, Haggada bei den Kirchenv. 15-16.Midrash ha-Ne’elam on Gen. 1.9 reads: Only unity is good.This agrees almost verbatim with Philo, De Allegor., 2.1.That hell was created on the second day is also found in various other passages of rabbinic literature; comp. BR 11.9 and 31.9; Pesahim 54a; PRE 3; ShR 15.22; Tan. B. I, 12; Tan. Hayye Sarah 3; Tosefta Berakot 5 (6).7. Comp. Excursus I.  $undefined$ In rabbinic sources the word ordinarily used for “hell” is Gehinnom, although this is at the same time the name of one of the parts of hell; comp. the passages quoted in note 25.The Rabbis, of course, knew that Gehinnom originally was the name of the valley near Jerusalem (Jer. 7.32), where Moloch had been worshipped in ancient times, and they therefore explained the meaning of this word, as well as its synonym Tofet, from its connection with the worship of Moloch.Comp. the vivid description of the worship of Moloch in Ge ben-Hinnom in Tan. B. V, 15; Ekah 1, 71-72; Yelammedenu in ‘Aruk, s.v. and .See Krauss in ZDMG, LXVI, 273-274.The relation between Gehenna and Jerusalem is, however, of a closer nature, for one of the three gates of hell (the one is found in the inhabited land, the other in the wilderness, and the third at the bottom of the sea) is located in Jerusalem; ‘Erubin 19a (where the exact place of this gate is given); PK 29, 186b (bottom); comp. note 39.Tamid 32b cites two opinions: according to one, hell is found above the firmament (but not in heaven), while the other maintains that it is “beyond the mountains of darkness”.There is a widespread view that hell and paradise are situated side by side, so that it is possible to look from one place into the other; PK 30, 191b; Koheleth 7.14; Midrash Tannaim 224.On the enormous size of hell comp. Pesahim 94a; Ta'anit 10a; Shir 6.9 (the size of the entire world bears the same relation to hell as a lid to its pot); PR 41, 173b (hell expands according to its needs); PRK, Grtinhut’s edition, 71.As to the intensity of the fire of hell, comp. Berakot 57b and Shabbat 39a (bottom), which state that the heat of the hot springs of Tiberias is due to the fact that its waters pass the gates of GehennaComp. also Yerushalmi Berakot 6, 10d (end) where have reference to the statement in ‘Erubin 19a.


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 attract the attention of busy practical men to the question of the proper system to employ in the administration of tropical possessions. This seems to me a most important affair to England, now that she has taken up great territories and the responsibilities appertaining to them in that great tropical continent, Africa. There are other parts of the world where the suitability of the system of government to the conditions of the governed country is not so important.

It seems to me that the deeper down from the surface we can go the greater is our chance of understanding any matter; and I humbly ask you to make a dive and consider what reason European nations have for interfering with Africa at all. There are two distinct classes of reasons that justify one race of human beings interfering with another race. These classes are pretty nearly inextricably mixed; but if, like Mark Twain's horse and myself, you will lean against a wall and think, I fancy you will see that primarily two classes of reasons exist—(a), the religious reason, the rescue of souls—a reason that is a duty to the religious man as keen as the rescue of a drowning man is to a brave one; (b), pressure reasons. These pressure reasons are divisible into two sub-classes—(1) external; (2) internal. Now of external pressure reasons primarily we have none in Africa. The African hive has so far only swarmed on its own continent; it has not sent off swarms to settle down in the middle of Civilisation, and terrify, inconvenience, and sting it in a way that would justify Civilisation not only in destroying the invading swarm, but in hunting up the original hive and smoking it out to prevent a recurrence of the nuisance, as the Roman Empire was bound to try and do with its Barbarians.

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 but consistent and prolonged disciplinary measures are absent, and a display of temper is likely to be speedily followed by conciliatory measures. This, of course, applies only to the relation between a girl and her elders. Often conflicts of personality between young people of the same age in a household are not so tempered, but the removal of one party to the conflict, the individual with the weakest claims upon the household, is here also the most frequent solution. The fact that the age-group gang breaks up before adolescence and is never resumed except in a highly formal manner, coupled with the decided preference for household rather than group solidarity, accounts for the scarcity of conflict here. The child who shuns her age mates, is more available for household work and is never worried by questions as to why she doesn't run and play with the other children. On the other hand, the tolerance of the children in accepting physical defect or slight strangeness of temperament prevents any child's suffering from undeserved ostracism.

The child who is unfavourably located in the village is the only real exile. Should the age group last over eight or ten years of age, the exiles would certainly suffer or very possibly as they grew bolder, venture farther from home. But the breakdown of the gang just as the children are bold enough and free enough to go ten houses from home, prevents either of these two results from occurring.

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 tionship to the community is perhaps the strongest cause for lack of conflict here. The community makes no demands upon the young girls except for the occasional ceremonial service rendered at the meetings of older women. Were they delinquent in such duties it would be primarily the concern of their own households whose prestige would suffer thereby. A boy who refuses to attend the meetings of the Aumaga, or to join in the communal work, comes in for strong group disapproval and hostility, but a girl owes so small a debt to her community that it does not greatly concern itself to collect it.

The opportunity to experiment freely, the complete familiarity with sex and the absence of very violent preferences make her sex experiences less charged with possibilities of conflict than they are in a more rigid and self-conscious civilisation. Cases of passionate jealousy do occur but they are matters for extended comment and amazement. During nine months in the islands only four cases came to my attention, a girl who informed against a faithless lover accusing him of incest, a girl who bit off part of a rival's ear, a woman whose husband had deserted her and who fought and severely injured her successor, and a girl who falsely accused a rival of stealing. But jealousy is less expected and less sympathised with than among us, and consequently there is less of a pattern to which an individual may respond. Possibly conditions may also be simplified by the Samoan recognition and toleration


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 Such being the case, we can leave this first pressure reason—the war justification—for interfering with the African—on one side, and turn to the other reason,—the internal pressure reasons acting from within on the European nations. These are roughly divisible into three sub-classes:—(1) the necessity of supplying restless and ambitious spirits with a field for enterprise during such times as they are not wanted for the defence of their nation in Europe—France's reason for acquiring Africa; (2) population pressure; (3) commercial pressure. The two latter have been the chief reason for the Teutonic nations, England and Germany, overrunning the lands of other men. This Teutonic race is a strong one, with the habit, when in the least encouraged by Peace and Prosperity, of producing more men to the acre than the acre can keep. Being among themselves a kindly, common-sense race, it seems to them more reasonable to go and get more acres elsewhere than to kill themselves off down to a level which their own acres could support. The essential point about the "elsewhere" is that it should have a climate suited to the family. These migrations to other countries made under the pressure of population usually take place along the line of least resistance, namely, into countries where the resident population is least able to resist the invasion, as in America and Australia; but occasionally, as in the case of Canada and the Cape, they follow the conquest of an European rival who was the pioneer in rescuing the country from savagery.

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56–61] $undefined$ Sotah 10b ( “habitations”, a play on the word “fire-place”); for the various descriptions of hell and paradise comp. Index, s.v. “Hell and Paradise”.The place where Moloch was worshipped (comp. the preceding note), according to the description in the older Midrashim, consisted of seven compartments (Ge ben Hinnom is thus modelled after Gehinnom).The allegoric interpretation of the seven compartments as symbolizing the sevenfold punishment is found not only in Ezra 7. 80–81, but also among the later Kabbalists; comp. Zohar II, 150b, and Azulai, Hesed le-Abraham, 51d.Rather strange is Mishle 7, 57, which speaks of fourteen compartments of hell (the text is not to be emended, as it is based on the interpretation of as “two times seven”), whereas the rabbinic sources (in addition to those mentioned above, comp. also Tehillim 11, 100 and 101) and the Babylonian myth concerning the descent of Ishtar into hell know only of seven compartments.  $undefined$ The names vary in the different versions; comp. ‘Erubin 19a; Tehillim 11, 100 and 101; PRK, Grünhut’s edition, 77, and vol. I, p. 10.  $undefined$ Seder Rabba di-Bereshit 15; Konen 35 (bottom; read ); comp. further Alphabet R. Akiba 28; BHM V, 50; vol. I, p. 10.The numbers given in Konen concerning the dimensions of hell presuppose a “distance of 500 years” as a unit.Comp. vol. I, p. 11.  $undefined$ Seder Rabba di-Bereshit 19–20; BHM V, 49–50.Comp. further vol. II, pp. 311–312, as well as vol. III, p. 37.On serpents which have venom instead of blood, see King, Creation Tablets, 16 and 50.  $undefined$ Masseket Gehinnom 147.On the different kinds of fire comp. vol. II, p. 310; vol. III, p. 244; vol. IV, p. 199.See further Alphabet R. Akiba 81; PRK, 16a; Sefer Yezirah (not in our text) in Mahzor Vitry 319.On the Persian origin of this legend, comp. Darmesteter in R.E.J. I, 186, and Kohut, Angelologie, 32–33.  $undefined$ BR 1.3 and 3.8 (according to one opinion the angels were created as late as the fifth day, simultaneously with the other winged creatures), as well as 11.9; Tan. B. I, 1 and 12; ShR 15.22; PRE 4; Tehillim 24, 204; 76, 373–374; 104, 442; Konen 25.Reminiscences of the old view, according to which the angels were created on the first day (Jub. 2.2; 2 Enoch 29.3; Apocalypse of Baruch 21.6), have been preserved even in authoritative Midrashim, but particularly in the mystic literature.In the latter an attempt is made to


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 itive civilisations. And however much we may deplore such an attitude and feel that important personalities and great art are not born in so shallow a society, we must recognise that here is a strong factor in the painless development from childhood to womanhood. For where no one feels very strongly, the adolescent will not be tortured by poignant situations. There are no such disastrous choices as those which confronted young people who felt that the service of God demanded forswearing the world forever, as in the Middle Ages, or cutting off one's finger as a religious offering, as among the Plains Indians. So, high up in our list of explanations we must place the lack of deep feeling which the Samoans have conventionalised until it is the very framework of all their attitudes toward life.

And next there is the most striking way in which all isolated primitive civilisation and many modern ones differ from our own, in the number of choices which are permitted to each individual. Our children grow up to find a world of choices dazzling their unaccustomed eyes. In religion they may be Catholics, Protestants, Christian Scientists, Spiritualists, Agnostics, Atheists, or even pay no attention at all to religion. This is an unthinkable situation in any primitive society not exposed to foreign influence. There is one set of gods, one accepted religious practice, and if a man does not believe, his only recourse is to believe less than his fellows; he may scoff but there is no new faith to which he may turn. Present-day Manu'a approximates this


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 condition; all are Christians of the same sect. There is no conflict in matters of belief although there is a difference in practice between Church-members and non-Church-members. And it was remarked that in the case of several of the growing girls the need for choice between these two practices may some day produce a conflict. But at present the Church makes too slight a bid for young unmarried members to force the adolescent to make any decision.

Similarly, our children are faced with half a dozen standards of morality: a double sex standard for men and women, a single standard for men and women, and groups which advocate that the single standard should be freedom while others argue that the single standard should be absolute monogamy. Trial marriage, companionate marriage, contract marriage—all these possible solutions of a social impasse are paraded before the growing children while the actual conditions in their own communities and the moving pictures and magazines inform them of mass violations of every code, violations which march under no banners of social reform.

The Samoan child faces no such dilemma. Sex is a natural, pleasurable thing; the freedom with which it may be indulged in is limited by just one consideration, social status. Chiefs' daughters and chiefs' wives should indulge in no extra-marital experiments. Responsible adults, heads of households and mothers of families should have too many important matters on


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 I am aware that this hardly bears out my statement that the Teutonic races are kindly, but as I have said "among themselves," we will leave it; and to other people, the original inhabitants of the countries they overflow, they are on the whole as kindly as you can expect family men to be. A distinguished Frenchman has stated that the father of a family is capable of anything; and it certainly looks as if he thought no more of stamping out the native than of stamping out any other kind of vermin that the country possessed to the detriment of his wife and children. I do not feel called upon to judge him and condemn, for no doubt the father of a family has his feelings; and as it must have been irritating to an ancestor of modern America to come home from an afternoon's fishing and find merely the remains of his homestead and bits of his family, it was more natural for him to go for the murderers than strive to start an Aborigines' Protection Society. Though why, caring for wife and child so much as he does, the Teuton should have gone and planted them, for example, in places reeking with Red Indians is a mystery to me. I am inclined to accept my French friend's explanation on this point, namely, that it arose from the Teuton being a little thick in the head and incapable of considering other factors beyond climate. But this may be merely thickness in my own head—a hopelessly Teutonic one.

However, the occupation of territory from population pressure in Europe we need not consider here; for it is not this reason that has led Europe to take an active interest in tropical Africa. It is a reason that comes into African affairs only—if really at all—in the extreme north and extreme south of the continent—Algeria and the

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 Cape. The vast regions of Africa from 30° N. to 20° S., have long been known not to possess a climate suitable for colonising in. "Men's blood rapidly putrifies under the tropic zone." "Tropical conditions favour the growth of pathogenic bacteria"—a rose called by another name. Anyhow, not the sort of country attractive to the father of a family to found a home in. Yet, as in spite of this, European nations are possessing themselves of this country with as much ardour as if it were a health resort and a gold mine in one, it is plain they must have another reason, and this reason is in the case of Germany and England primarily commercial pressure.

These two Teutonic nations have the same habit in their commercial production that they have in their human production, the habit of overdoing it for their own country; and just as Lancashire, for example, turns out more human beings than can comfortably exist there, so does she turn out more manufactured articles than can be consumed there; and just as the surplus population created by a strong race must find other lands to live in, so must the surplus manufactures of a strong race find other markets; both forms of surplus are to a strong race wealth.

The main difference between these things is that the surplus manufactured article is in no need of considering climate in the matter of its expansion. It stands in a relation to the man who goes out into the world with it akin to that of the wife and family to the colonist; the trader will no more meekly stand having his trade damaged than the colonist will stand having his family damaged; but at the same time, the mere fact that the climate destroys trade-stuff is, well, all the better for trade, and trade, moreover, leads the trader to view the native population from

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 which a group of children can move ahead at a high, even rate of speed without hurt to themselves or to their duller fellows, is a striking example of the results of applying reason to the institutions of our society. The old red school-house was almost as haphazard and accidental a phenomenon as the Samoan dance floor. It was an institution which had grown up in response to a vaguely felt, unanalysed need. Its methods were analogous to the methods used by primitive peoples, non-rationalised solutions of pressing problems. But the institutionalisation of different methods of education for children of different capacities and different rates of development is not like anything which we find in Samoa or in any other primitive society. It is the conscious, intelligent directing of human institutions in response to observed human needs.

Still another factor in Samoan education which results in different attitudes is the place of work and play in the children's lives. Samoan children do not learn to work through learning to play, as the children of many primitive peoples do. Nor are they permitted a period of lack of responsibility such as our children are allowed. From the time they are four or five years old they perform definite tasks, graded to their strength and intelligence, but still tasks which have a meaning in the structure of the whole society. This does not mean that they have less time for play than American children who are shut up in schools from


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 nine to three o'clock every day. Before the introduction of schools to complicate the ordered routine of their lives, the time spent by the Samoan child in running errands, sweeping the house, carrying water, and taking actual care of the baby, was possibly less than that which the American school child devotes to her studies.

The difference lies not in the proportion of time in which their activities are directed and the proportion in which they are free, but rather in the difference of attitude. With the professionalisation of education and the specialisation of industrial tasks which has stripped the individual home of its former variety of activities, our children are not made to feel that the time they do devote to supervised activity is functionally related to the world of adult activity. Although this lack of connection is more apparent than real, it is still sufficiently vivid to be a powerful determinant in the child's attitude. The Samoan girl who tends babies, carries water, sweeps the floor; or the little boy who digs for bait, or collects cocoanuts, has no such difficulty. The necessary nature of their tasks is obvious. And the practice of giving a child a task which he can do well and never permitting a childish, inefficient tinkering with adult apparatus, such as we permit to our children, who bang aimlessly and destructively on their fathers' typewriters, results in a different attitude towards work. American children spend hours in schools learning tasks whose visible relation to their mothers'


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 a different standpoint to that of the colonist. To that family man the native is a nuisance, sometimes a dangerous one, at the best an indifferent servant, who does not do his work half so well as in a decent climate he can do it himself. To the trader the native is quite a different thing, a customer. A dense native population is what the trader wants; and on their wealth, prosperity, peace and industry, the success of his endeavours depends.

Now it seems to me that there are in this world two classes of regions attractive to the great European manufacturing nations, England and Germany, wherein they can foster and expand their surplus production of manufactured articles. (1) Such regions as India and China. (2) Such regions as Africa. The necessity of making this division comes from the difference between the native populations. In the first case you are dealing with a people who are manufacturers themselves, and you are selling your goods mainly against gold. In the second the people are not manufacturers themselves except in a very small degree, and you are selling your goods against raw material. In a bustling age like this there seems to be a tendency here and in Germany to value the first form of market above the second. I fail to see that this is a sound valuation. The education our commerce gives will in a comparatively short time transform the people of the first class of markets into rival producers of manufactured articles wherewith to supply the world's markets. We by our pacification of India have already made India a greater exporter than she was before our rule there. If China is opened up, things will be even worse for England and Germany; for the Chinese, with their great power of production, will produce

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 for possibilities of other forms of amusement. Probably she will end by giving her favours to whoever asks for them, and sink lower and lower in the village esteem and especially in the opinion of her own sex from whom she so passionately desires recognition and affection.

Lola and Mala both seemed to be the victims of lack of affection. They both had unusual capacity for devotion and were abnormally liable to become jealous. Both responded with pathetic swiftness to any manifestations of affection. At one end of the scale in their need for affection, they were unfortunately placed at the other end in their chance of receiving it. Lola had a double handicap in her unfortunate temperament and the greater amiability of her three sisters. Her temperamental defects were further aggravated by the absence of any strong authority in her immediate household. Sami, the docile sister, had been saddled with the care of the younger children; Lola, harder to control, was given no such saving responsibility. These conditions were all as unusual as her demand and capacity for affection. And, similarly, seldom were children as desolate as Mala, marooned in a household of unsympathetic adults. So it would appear that their delinquency was produced by the combination of two sets of casual factors, unusual emotional needs and unusual home conditions. Less affectionate children in the same environments, or the same children in more favourable surroundings, probably would never have become as definitely outcast as these.


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 Only one other girl in the three villages calls for consideration under this conception of delinquency and she received far less general condemnation than either of the others. This was Sala, who lived in the third village. She lived in a household of seven, consisting of her widowed mother, her younger brother of ten, her grandmother, her uncle and his wife, and their two-year-old son. This presented a fairly well-balanced family group and there were in addition many other relatives close by. Sala had been sent to live in the pastor's house but had speedily got involved in sex offences and been expelled. Her attitude towards this pastor was still one of unveiled hostility. She was stupid, underhanded, deceitful and she possessed no aptitude for the simplest mechanical tasks. Her ineptness was the laughing stock of the village and her lovers. were many and casual, the fathers of illegitimate children, men whose wives were temporarily absent, witless boys bent on a frolic. It was a saying among the girls of the village that Sala was apt at only one art, sex, and that she, who couldn't even sew thatch or weave blinds, would never get a husband. The social attitude towards her was one of contempt, rather than of antagonism, and she had experienced it keenly enough to have sunk very low in her own eyes. She had a sullen furtive manner, lied extravagantly in her assertions of skill and knowledge, and was ever on the alert for slights and possible innuendoes. She came into no serious conflict with her community. Her father


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 manufactured articles which will fairly swamp the world's markets; for, sad to say, there is little doubt but they can take out of our hands all textile trade, and probably several other lines of trade that England, Germany, and America now hold. India and China being populated, the one by a set of people at sixes and sevens with each other, and the other by a set of people who, to put it mildly, are not born warriors, cannot, except under the dominion and protection of a powerful European nation, commercially prosper. But England and Germany are not everybody. There is France. I could quite imagine France, for example, in possession of China, managing it on similar lines to those on which she is now managing West Africa, but with enormously different results to herself and the rest of the world. Her system of differential tariffs, be it granted, keeps her African possessions poor, and involves her in heavy imperial expenditure; but the Chinaman's industry would support the French system, and thrive under her jealous championship. This being the case, it is of value to England and Germany to hold as close a grip as possible over such regions as India and China, even though by so doing they are nourishing vipers in their commercial bosoms.

The case of the second class of markets—the tropical African—is different. Such markets are of enormous value to us; they are, especially the West African ones, regions of great natural riches in rubber, oil, timber, ivory, and minerals from gold to coal. They are in most places densely populated with customers for England's manufactured goods. The advantages of such a region to a manufacturing nation like ourselves are enormous; for not only do we get rid there of our manufactured goods, but we

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Page:Margaret Mead - Coming of age in Samoa; a psychological study of primitive youth for western civilisation.pdf/178

 handicrafts and her brain was full of new designs and unusual applications of material. She knew several potent medical remedies and had many patients. Married at fifteen, while still a virgin, her marital life, which had begun with the cruel public defloration ceremony, had been her only sex experience. She adored her husband, whose poverty was due to his having come from another island and not to laziness or inability. Lalala made her choices in life with a full recognition of the facts of her existence. There was too much for her to do. She had no younger sisters to bear the brunt of baby-tending for her. There were no youths to help her husband in the plantations. Well and good, she would not wrestle with the inevitable. And so Lalala's house was badly kept. Her children were dirty and bedraggled. But her easy good nature did not fail her as she tried to weave a fine mat on some blazing afternoon, while the baby played with the brittle easily broken pandanus strands, and doubled her work. But all of this reacted upon Fitu, lanky, ill-favoured exceutive little creature that she was. Fitu combined a passionate devotion to her mother with an obsessive solicitude for her younger brothers and sisters. Towards Ula alone her attitude was mixed. Ula, fifteen months younger, was pretty, lithe, flexible and indolent. While Fitu was often teased by her mother and rebuked by her companions for being like a boy, Ula was excessively feminine. She worked as hard as any other