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 look at that bank, which is standing very nearly still, and you will realise that you and your canoe are standing very nearly still too; and that all your exertions are only enabling you to creep on at the pace of a crushed snail, and that it's the water that is going the pace. It's a most quaint and unpleasant disillusionment.

Above the stretch of swift silent water we come to the Sengelade Islands, and the river here changes its course from N.N.W., S.S.E. to north and south. A bad rapid, called by our ally from Kembe Island "Unfanga," being surmounted, we seem to be in a mountain-walled lake, and keeping along the left bank of this, we get on famously for twenty whole restful minutes, which lulls us all into a false sense of security, and my crew sing M'pongwe songs, descriptive of how they go to their homes to see their wives, and families, and friends, giving chaffing descriptions of their friends' characteristics and of their failings, which cause bursts of laughter from those among us who recognise the allusions, and how they go to their boxes, and take out their clothes, and put them on—a long bragging inventory of these things is given by each man as a solo, and then the chorus, taken heartily up by his companions, signifies their admiration and astonishment at his wealth and importance—and then they sing how, being dissatisfied with that last dollar's worth of goods they got from "Holty's," they have decided to take their next trade to Hatton and Cookson, or vice versa; and then comes the chorus, applauding the wisdom of such a decision, and extolling the excellence of Hatton and Cookson's goods or Holty's. These M'pongwe and Igalwa boat songs are all very pretty, and have very elaborate tunes in a minor key. I do not believe there are any old words to them; I have tried hard to find out about them, but I believe the tunes, which are of a limited number and quite distinct from each other, are very old. The words are put in by the singer on the spur of the moment, and only restricted in this sense, that there would always be the domestic catalogue—whatever its component details might be—sung to the one fixed tune, the trade information sung to another, and so on. A good singer, in these parts, means the man who can make up the best song—the most impressive, or the most


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Page:The Necromancer, or, The Tale of the Black Forest Vol. 1.djvu/48

 had been obliged to depart suddenly appeared to prove true."

"I will wait 'till it strikes eleven!" said I to myself, and then I will return home, if he should not be here." The bell of the adjacent steeple tolled eleven and the stranger was not yet come."

"I will stay fifteen minutes longer, and then return to the inn."

"These fifteen minutes expired likewise, without his making his appearance: The stillness of midnight surrounded me, and nobody appeared; I went back."

"I was not gone ten steps when my dear stranger came walking towards me with hasty paces; nobody could be more rejoiced than I was, and forgetting entirely that I had waited so long, I ran towards him. He shook me heartily by the hand, and said, "I am sorry that I have kept you waiting so long."

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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 amusing; I have elsewhere mentioned pretty much the same state of things among the Ga's and Krumen and Bubi, and in all cases the tunes are only voice tunes, not for instrumental performance. The instrumental music consists of that marvellously developed series of drum tunes—the attempt to understand which has taken up much of my time, and led me into queer company—and the many tunes played on the 'mrimba and the orchid-root-stringed harp: they are, I believe, entirely distinct from the song tunes. And these peaceful tunes my men were now singing were, in their florid elaboration very different from the one they fought the rapids to, of—So Sir—So Sur—So Sir—So Sur—Ush! So Sir, &c.

On we go singing elaborately, thinking no evil of nature, when a current, a quiet devil of a thing, comes round from behind a point of the bank and catches the nose of our canoe; wringing it well, it sends us scuttling right across the river in spite of our ferocious swoops at the water, upsetting us among a lot of rocks with the water boiling over them; this lot of


text: The Czechoslovak Review/Volume 3/Independent Bohemia


text: The Czechoslovak Review/Volume 3/Aerial service between Paris and Prague


text: Category:France in The Czechoslovak Review


text: Category:France in periodicals

title: Category:France in periodicals


text: Page:Fashions for Men And The Swan Two Plays (NY 1922).pdf/3


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 rocks being however of the table-top kind, and not those precious, close-set pinnacles rising up sheer out of profound depths, between which you are so likely to get your canoe wedged in and split. We, up to our knees in water that nearly tears our legs off, push and shove the canoe free, and re-embarking return singing "So Sir" across the river, to have it out with that current. We do; and at its head find a rapid, and notice on the mountain-side a village clearing, the first sign of human habitation we have seen to-day.

Above this rapid we get a treat of still water, the main current of the Ogowé flying along by the south bank. On our side there are sandbanks with their graceful sloping backs and sudden ends, and there is a very strange and beautiful effect produced by the flakes and balls of foam thrown off the rushing main current into the quiet water. These whirl among the eddies and rush backwards and forwards as though they were still mad with wild haste, until, finding no current to take them down, they drift away into the landlocked bays, where they come to a standstill as if they were bewildered and lost and were trying to remember where they were going to and whence they had come; the foam of which they are composed is yellowish-white, with a spongy sort of solidity about it. In a little bay we pass we see eight native women, Fans clearly, by their bright brown faces, and their loads of brass bracelets and armlets; likely enough they had anklets too, but we could not see them, as the good ladies were pottering about waist-deep in the foam-flecked water, intent on breaking up a stockaded fish-trap. We pause and chat, and watch them collecting the fish in baskets, and I acquire some specimens; and then, shouting farewells when we are well away, in the proper civil way, resume our course.

The middle of the Ogowé here is simply forested with high rocks, looking, as they stand with their grim forms above the foam, like a regiment of strange strong creatures breasting it, with their straight faces up river, and their more flowing curves down, as though they had on black mantles which were swept backwards. Across on the other bank rose the black-forested spurs of Tomanjawki. Our channel was


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 free until we had to fight round the upper end of our bay into a long rush of strong current with bad whirlpools curving its face; then the river widens out and quiets down and then suddenly contracts—a rocky forested promontory running out from each bank. There is a little village on the north bank's promontory, and, at the end of each, huge monoliths rise from the water, making what looks like a gateway which had once been barred and through which the Ogowé had burst.

For the first time on this trip I felt discouraged; it seemed so impossible that we, with our small canoe and scanty crew, could force our way up through that gateway, when the whole Ogowé was rushing down through it. But we clung to the bank and rocks with hands, poles, and paddle, and did it; really the worst part was not in the gateway but just before it, for here there is a great whirlpool, its centre hollowed some two or three feet below its rim. It is caused, my Kembe islander says, by a great cave opening beneath the water. Above the gate the river broadens out again and we see


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 the arched opening to a large cave in the south bank; the mountain-side is one mass of rock covered with the unbroken forest; and the entrance to this cave is just on the upper wall of the south bank's promontory; so, being sheltered from the current here, we rest and examine it leisurely. The river runs into it, and you can easily pass in at this season, but in the height of the wet season, when the river level would be some twenty feet or more above its present one, I doubt if you could. They told me this place is called Boko Boko, and that the cave is a very long one, extending on a level some way into the hill, and then ascending and coming out near a mass of white rock that showed as a speck high up on the mountain.

If you paddle into it you go "far far," and then "no more water live," and you get out and go up the tunnel, which is sometimes broad, sometimes narrow, sometimes high, sometimes so low that you have to crawl, and so get out at the other end.

One French gentleman has gone through this performance, and I am told found "plenty plenty" bats, and hedgehogs, and snakes. They could not tell me his name, which I much regretted. As we had no store of bush lights we went no further than the portals; indeed, strictly between ourselves, if I had had every bush light in Congo Français I personally should not have relished going further. I am terrified of caves; it sends a creaming down my back to think of them.

We went across the river to see another cave entrance on the other bank, where there is a narrow stretch of low rock-covered land the foot of the mountains, probably under water in the wet season. The mouth of this other cave is low, between tumbled blocks of rock. It looked so suspiciously like a short cut to the lower regions, that I had less exploring enthusiasm about it than even about its opposite neighbour; although they told me no man had gone down "them thing." Probably that much-to-be-honoured Frenchman who explored the other cave, allowed like myself, that if one did want to go from the Equator to Hades, there were pleasanter ways to go than this. My Kembe Island man said that just hereabouts were five cave openings, the two that we had seen and another one we had not, on land, and two under the water, one of the sub-fluvial


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 ones being responsible for the whirlpool we met outside the gateway of Boko Boko.

The scenery above Boko Boko was exceedingly lovely, the river shut in between its rim of mountains. As you pass up it opens out in front of you and closes in behind, the closely-set confused mass of mountains altering in form as you view them from different angles, save one, Kangwe—a blunt cone, evidently the record of some great volcanic outburst; and the sandbanks show again wherever the current deflects and leaves slack water, their bright glistening colour giving a relief to the scene.

For a long period we paddle by the south bank, and pass a vertical cleft-like valley, the upper end of which seems blocked by a finely shaped mountain, almost as conical as Kangwe. The name of this mountain is Njoko, and the name of the clear small river, that apparently monopolises the valley floor, is the Ovata. Our peace was not of long duration, and we were soon again in the midst of a bristling forest of rock; still the current running was not dangerously strong, for the river-bed comes up in a ridge, too high for much water to come over at this season of the year; but in the wet season this must be one of the worst places. This ridge of rock runs two-thirds across the Ogowé, leaving a narrow deep channel by the north bank. When we had got our canoe over the ridge, mostly by standing in the water and lifting her, we found the water deep and fairly quiet.

On the north bank we passed by the entrance of the Okana River. Its mouth is narrow, but, the natives told me, always deep, even in the height of the dry season. It is a very considerable river, running inland to the N.N.E. Little is known about it, save that it is narrowed into a ravine course above which it expands again; the banks of it are thickly populated by Fans, who send down a considerable trade, and have an evil reputation. In the main stream of the Ogowé below the Okana's entrance, is a long rocky island called Shandi. When we were getting over our ridge and paddling about the Okana's entrance my ears recognised a new sound. The rush and roar of the Ogowé we knew well enough, and could locate which particular obstacle to his headlong course


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Page:The Necromancer, or, The Tale of the Black Forest Vol. 1.djvu/49

 "I would have waited with pleasure still longer," replied I, "without the least token of diffidence, if I had been sure of seeing you at last. I willingly would have undergone every difficulty in order to obey your commands, and to get rid of my doubts."

"That you shall," said he; "follow me."

"Now he began to walk so fast that I hardly could keep up with him; he uttered not a word; we arrived at the gate and it was opened at his command; our way led straight through the suburbs, at the bottom of which a solitary house was standing: My conductor knocked at the door; we were let in: The house appeared to be empty, and deserted, and we saw no living soul except an old decripid man, who had opened the door. The stranger ordered a light; a lamp was brought, and now he walked, without stopping, thro' a dark passage 'till we came to a door, leading into a garden, in the back of which was a small pleasure-house; my conductor open-


text:
Author:Herbert Ravenel Sass

Novels

 * War Drums (1928)

Short story collections

 * The Way of the Wild (1925)
 * Gray Eagle (1927)

Individual short stories

 * "Anhinga Town" (1927)
 * "The Bachelors of Devilhead" (1925)
 * "Black Bull of Ahowhe" (1925)
 * "The Cat of God" (1927)
 * "The Elk of the Overhills" (1927)
 * "Eyes" (1927)
 * "The Golden Wanderer" (1927)
 * "Gray Eagle" (1927)
 * "Justice of the Wild" (1927)
 * "The King of the River" (1925)
 * "Lotor the Lucky" (1925)
 * "Lynx Lucifer" (1925)
 * "Northwind" (1925)
 * "Peregrine" (1927)
 * "The Prisoners of Half-Acre" (1925)
 * "The Quest of the Eagle Stone" (1925)
 * "Rusty Roustabout" (1925)
 * "Thanks to Ringtail" (1927)
 * "The War of the Kings" (1925)
 * "The Way of a Serpent" (1927)

title: Author:Herbert Ravenel Sass


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Page:An Icelandic-English Dictionary - Cleasby & Vigfusson - 1874.djvu/22

xiv

=, equal or equivalent to, the same as.

[ ], between these brackets stand etymological remarks and comparisons with cognate languages.

Words in capital letters are root words or important words.

The word Norse is generally used in a peculiar sense, namely, to mark the old Norwegian idiom (or MS.) as opposed to Icelandic proper.

Historical references referring to religion, customs, life, etc. are given in chapters, and under the special name of the Saga or work cited, vide e.g. sub voce draumr and drápa; the conditions of the editions has, however, made it impossible to follow this rule throughout. Philological references are given in pages.

In nouns the genitive termination is placed between the noun and gender, e.g. alda, u, = alda, gen. öldu; bára, u, = bára, gen. báru, etc.; bati, a, = bati, gen. bata; bogi a, = bogi, gen. boga, etc. So also s, ar, jar, e.g. bekkr, s, = bekkr, gen. bekks; bekkr, jar, = bekkr, gen. bekkjar; belgr, jar, = belgr, gen. belgjar; borg, ar, = borg, gen. borgar, etc.

Compounds of nouns formed from the genitive of the noun are regarded as double words, and printed at the end of the head noun in the same paragraph, vide e.g. bekkr, bók, etc.

As to the making of verbs the following is to be noticed:—að, or d, ð, t, tt, following immediately after a verb, are the preterite inflexions which characterise the verb; að indicates a trisyllabic preterite with að as its characteristic, e.g. baka, að, that is to say, infin. baka, pret. bakaði, sup. bakað, pres. baka: whereas d, ð, t, dd, tt, indicate a dissyllabic preterite, having the dental as characteristic, e.g. brenna, d, that is to say, infin. brenna, pret. brenndi, sup. brennt, pres. brenni; fæða, dd, that is to say, infin. fæða, pret. fæddi, etc.; bæta, tt, = bætta, pret. bætti, etc.; bægja, ð, = bægja, pret. bægði, etc. Where the verb is somewhat irregular, the form is given in full, e.g. berja, pret. barði. All verbs in this Dictionary not marked as above stated are strong, and the tenses are given in extenso. The notation as above stated is adopted from Unger’s Glossaries to his editions of Sagas, and has been lately used in Fritzner’s Dictionary.

The simple and accented vowels are separated; thus a and á, i and í, o and ó, u and ú, y and ý stand each by themselves; an exception, however, is made with é, because it is rare and peculiar in pronunciation. Ang, ing, ung, yng, are given with the simple unaccented vowels, though they are frequently in the editions spelt with an acute (′).


text: An Icelandic-English Dictionary/List of Abbreviations


text: An Icelandic-English Dictionary/Signs, Etc.


text: The Czechoslovak Review/Volume 3/Masaryk's Peace Program


text: The Czechoslovak Review/Volume 3/British decoration for Czechoslovak generals


text: A Discourse of the Great Overthrow

title: A Discourse of the Great Overthrow


text:
Author:Charles Joseph Finger

Works

 * The Essence of Confucianism
 * The Travels of Marco Polo
 * An Adventure With Pirates and Other Stories
 * Robin Hood and His Merry Men
 * Life of Theodore Roosevelt
 * A Book of Strange Murders
 * Lost Civilizations (1922)
 * Historic Crimes and Criminals (1922)
 * Hints on Writing Short Stories (1922)
 * The Ice Age (1922)
 * Joseph Addison and His Time (1922)
 * Henry David Thoreau: The Man Who Escaped from the Herd (1922)
 * Surprising Adventures of Baron Munchausen (1922)
 * Pepys' Diary (1922)
 * Hints on Writing One-Act Plays (1923)
 * Sailor Chanties and Cowboy Songs (1923)
 * Life of Napoleon (1923)
 * The Tragic Story of Oscar Wilde's Life (1923)
 * Oscar Wilde in Outline (1923)
 * Boswell's Life of Johnson (1923)
 * Autobiography of Benvenuto Cellini (1923)
 * Mahomet (1923)
 * Bushrangers (1924)
 * Mark Twain: The Philosopher Who Laughed at the World (1924)
 * Free Fantasia on Books and Reading (1924)
 * Life of Barnum (1924)
 * Great Pirates (1924)
 * Magellan and the Pacific (1924)
 * David Livingstone (1927)
 * Frontier Ballads (1927)

title: Author:Charles Joseph Finger


text: User:SnowyCinema/P/The Way of the Wild (Sass)


text:
Portal:Minton, Balch & Company

Published

 * The Way of the Wild (1925) by Herbert Ravenel Sass
 * Gray Eagle (1927) by Herbert Ravenel Sass

title: Portal:Minton, Balch & Company


text:
Page:Ante-Nicene Christian Library Vol 9.djvu/212

190


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58 onomy); the Pesikta (to various Sections of the Bible, whence its name); the Tanchuma (to the Pentateuch); the Midrash Rabbah (“the Great Midrash,” to the Pentateuch and the Five Serolls of Esther, Ruth, Lamentations, Ecclesiastes, and the Song of Songs): and the Midrash Ilaggadol (identical in name, and in contents similar to. but not identical with, the Midrash Rabbah); together with a large number of collected Midrashim, such as the Yalkul, and a host of smaller works, several of which are no longer extant.

Regarding the Midrash in its purely literary aspects, we find its style to be far more lucid than that of the Talmud, though portions of the Halachic Midrash are identical in character with the Talmud. The Midrash has many passages in which the simple graces of form match the beauty of idea. But for the most part the style is simple and prosaic, rather than ornate or poetical. It produces its effects by the


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60 These, like many more of the Rabbinical proverbs, are essentially poetical. Some, indeed, are either expanded metaphors or metaphors touched by genius into poetry. The alliterative proverbs and maxims of the Talmud and Midrash are less easily illustrated. Sometimes they enshrine a pun or a conceit, or depend for their aptness upon an assonance. In some of the Talmudic proverbs there is a spice of cynicism. But most of them show a genial attitude towards life.

The poetical proverb easily passes into the parable. Loved in Bible times, the parable became in after centuries the most popular form of didactic poetry among the Jews. The Bible has its parables, but the Midrash overflows with them. They are occasionally re-workings of older thoughts, but mostly they are original creations, invented for a special purpose, stories devised to drive home a moral, allegories administering in pleasant wrappings mupalat-


text:
Talk:A Discourse of the Great Overthrow

Translator, Publisher
I assume that the translator is unknown.

Would Cuthbert Burbie be the same as Cuthbert Burby ? -- Beardo (talk) 02:17, 4 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:A Discourse of the Great Overthrow


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Page:An Icelandic-English Dictionary - Cleasby & Vigfusson - 1874.djvu/23

THE Icelandic alphabet (stafrof) in popular use as taught to children consists of the following letters (stafir):—

the name of which may be learnt from two stanzas by Gunnar Pálsson in the Barna-gull:—

The vowels are pronounced long. This alphabet was, with some additions, adopted from the Latin, and the þ was added at the end: and so late as the 17th century (in the Glossary of Magnus Ólafsson, who died 1636, and in the Icel. Grammar of Runolf Jónsson, who died 1654), the alphabet ends with þ, æ and ö being attached to a and o; Runolf calls the ö ‘o brevissimum.’ At a later time æ and ö were detached from a o, and put at the end; but not both of them at the same time, as Björn Halldórsson ends his Dictionary with æ. Gunnar Pálsson, who wrote the first popular abc, seems to be the man who, by his memorial stanzas, settled the alphabet as it is now taught. The division into mutes, liquids, etc. is to well known to be repeated. either are we here concerned with the Runic alphabet; there can be little doubt that this too was rudely imitated from the Greek or Latin, perhaps from coins: Roman coins of the 2nd and 3rd centuries of our era have been dug up in Scandinavian cairns and fens: foreign coined money was centuries in advance of books, and in barbarous countries shewed the way to the art of writing.

The vowels (hljóð-stafir or less properly raddar-stafir) are,1. simple (short)—a, e, i, o, u, y, ö.2. diphthongal, either marked with the acute (′), á, é, í, ó, ú, ý, or double letters, au, ei, ey, æ (œ). Thus in written Icel. all the vowels together are, a á, e é, i í, o ó, u ú, y ý, æ, ö, the diphthongs au, ei, ey being included under a and e respectively. In this Dictionary the simple and acute vowels are treated under one head, but separately one after another: e.g. A in pp. 2-36, Á in pp. 36-48; these letters are widely different from one another both as to sound and etymology; a and á, o and ó, i and í, for instance, being no more akin than a and ei, o and au, etc.; and therefore great confusion would arise from mixing them together. The long vowels are chiefly due to contraction or absorption of consonants, which in Icel. has been carried farther than in any any other Teutonic language, e.g. ar, atom, and ár, year; vin, friend, and vín, wine; dyr, door, and dýr, deer; fullr, full, and fúll, foul; goð, god, and góðr, good, etc.

To the consonants (samhljóðendr) were added in olden times the ð (eð), þ (þorn); and in modern times j, about the end of the last century; so that in Icel. writing all the consonants are, b, c, d ð, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, x, z, þ, ( = twenty-one); and this brings the whole alphabet to thirty-six letters:—

from which number we may subtract c, q as little in use, x, z as compound letters, ö as subordinate to d, œ and æ are treated as one letter, and thirty remain; au, ei, ey go along with a and e, each in its due place, as also ja, já, jó, jö, jú.

There is a curious division of the alphabet by an old Icel. grammarian of the latter part of the 12th century (Skálda 169-173). He draws five concentric circles: in the centre he places what he calls the höfuð-stafir (‘head-staves,’ initial letters), viz. h, q, v, þ, which in Icel. can only stand at the beginning of a syllable: in the next ring the mál-stafir (‘speech-staves’ or common consonants), twelve in number, which can stand both as final and initial: in the third ring the hljóð-stafir (‘voice-staves,’ vowels, still so called in Icel.), twelve in number, among which he distinguishes between six simple and six long vowels, the latter marked as at present with ′; with them also he counts the límingar (‘clusters,’ double vowels), æ, ꜵ, ꜷ, and lausa-klofar (split letters), ei, ey, as well as ia, io, iu; the vowel i he calls skiptingr (a changeling) from its being sometimes a vowel, sometimes a consonant: in the fourth ring are the capitals, which in MSS. are made to serve for double consonants (e.g. kroS = kross): lastly, in the fifth ring, the undir-stafir (‘under-staves,’ sub-letters), ð, x, z, which in Icel. can only be used as final.

Thorodd (Þóroddr Gamlason, called Rúnameistari or Rune-master) is the oldest Icel. grammarian, and lived in the beginning of the 12th century; for a curious account of this remarkable man, a builder by profession, see D. i. 235. He makes thirty-six vowels, nine of which seem to be nasal, caused by the frequent dropping and agglutination of n (in the infinitives, the weak nouns, etc.) These letters were lost before writing began, but left a nasal sound so late as the beginning of the 12th century. To the five Latin vowel characteristics he adds ǫ, ę, ø, y. These nine vowels as the nasals he then doubles by marking the long with an acute (′), and so they make thirty-six. In writing and printing, ǫ, ę, ø are out of use, but occur frequently in MSS.

Icel. prose literature extends over nearly eight centuries, and in the course of that time the language lost some of its rich vowel system; besides the nasals we are able to trace seven distinct vowels as lost. Four of them were lost at a very early time, perhaps in the 12th century, viz. ǫ́ the umlaut of á (see p. 1, B. 5); ø or œ, a vowel change of ó; and the double e and ö sound (see introduction to letter E); all these four letters were lost about the same time, and so early that few MSS. use them; they are not noticed in this Dictionary, except now and then for etymological purposes. Some three or four centuries later, three other vowels vanished, viz. the y sound in all the three letters y, ý, ey, which became respectively = i, í, ei; but the former are still preserved in writing and printing. The MSS. down to the Reformation make in most cases a sharp distinction between the i and y sound, as also the poets; yet one very ancient MS. of the 12th century (Arna-Magn. 623, see Frump. pp. 42-48) is remarkable for its confounding both letters. The same confusion is observable in Anglo-Saxon; whereas in Denmark, Sweden, and Norway, the distinction of i and y is still strictly kept up. As for Icel. we suspect that the change began in some remote district at an early time, until many centuries later it was suddenly adopted throughout the whole country.

The Icel. is not, in its pronunciation, a strongly accented language, (the acutes, as stated above, are marks of diphthongs, not of accent,) and is in this respect nearest in sound to the French. In modulation the Icel. is in the main trochaic (– ⏑|– ⏑), and arsis and thesis follow alternately one after another: secondly, all root syllables are accentuated, but inflexive syllables have no accent, e.g. bārnă, hāndă, bōðă, hārðăn, fāgră; in bisyllabic compounds both the root syllables accentuated, but the second with only a half accent, which we mark by ⏓, e.g. sām-bā̆nd, hūg-bō̆ð, as also in strong inflexions like -andi, -astr, e.g. eīgā̆ndi, hārðă̄stăn: if one of the words which form a compound falls in the third syllable it is accentuated, e.g. bārnă-gūll, bārnă-gūllĭ, hāndă-vērk (but hānd-vē̆rk), because in this case the arsis falls on the third syllable which is a root: in trisyllabic words with bisyllabic inflexion the third syllable is sounded ⏓, e.g. laūsnărī̆nn, hūggŭnā̆r, sȳngăðī̆st, sānnleĭkā̆nn, hēntŭgā̆st, trūăr-ī̆nnar (fidei), nāðar-ī̆nnăr, hōfðĭng-jā̆nnă, and that even though the second syllable is a root syllable, e.g. ūppvā̆knā̆ðr, āfsō̆kū̆n: words like blēssŭmăr|ī̆nnăr, mīskŭnăr|ī̆nnăr, drōttnĭngăr|ī̆nnăr, etc. are dactylic. Root and inflexion on the one hand and the trochaic flow on the other are felt all along, mutually resisting or aiding one another as to the measure of a syllable; accordingly, whenever the arsis falls on ⏑ it becomes ⏓, if on ⏓ it becomes –. In the best Icel. poets half-accentuated syllables may form full rhyme, by a poetical license; thus, in the Passíu-Sálmar more than eight score, and in Búnaðar-balkr more than two score of such rhymes are found, e.g.


text: An Icelandic-English Dictionary/Outlines of Grammar


text: An Icelandic-English Dictionary/Outlines of Grammar/The Alphabet


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 no one paid any heed to him, and he thought he was no use to any one, he slipped out into the smaller hall, where, as before, he found consolation in watching the servants. The old servant asked him if he would have something to eat, and Levin consented. After he had eaten a cutlet with beans, and had talked with the servants about their former masters. Levin, not caring to go back to the crowd which was so unpleasant to him, walked about the galleries.

The galleries were full of well-dressed ladies, who were leaning over the balustrades endeavoring not to lose a word that was said in the hall below, and around them was standing and sitting a throng of elegantly dressed lawyers, professors of the gymnasia with spectacles on, and officers. Everywhere they were talking about the elections and the proposed change in the marshal, and saying how interesting the voting was. As Levin stood near one group, he heard a lady saying to a lawyer:—

"How glad I am that I heard Koznuishef. It pays to go hungry for it. It was charming. How distinctly I could hear all he said. There is not one who equals him in the court, only Maidel, and even he is not nearly so eloquent."

Finding a comfortable place near the railing. Levin leaned over and tried to look and to listen. All the nobles were sitting behind screens in the parts of the hall devoted to their various districts. In the center of the hall stood a gentleman in uniform, and in a light but clear voice he was saying:—

"You will now cast your votes for Staff-Captain Yevgeni Ivanovitch Apukhtin as candidate for the position of marshal of the nobility of the government."

A deathlike silence ensued, and again a weak, senile voice was heard:—

"He declined."

Again the same thing began, and again, "He declined." So it went on for about an hour.

Levin, leaning on the balustrade, looked and listened. At first he was filled with amazement, and was anxious

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 to know what it all meant; then, becoming persuaded that it was beyond his power to comprehend it, it began to bore him. Then, as he thought of the excitement and the angry passions expressed in all faces, he felt melancholy; he made up his mind to depart, and he started down-stairs. As he was passing through the entry of the gallery, he encountered a sad-looking gymnasium scholar walking back and forth with streaming eyes. On the staircase he met a couple, a lady swiftly hurrying along on her heels, and the gentle colleague of the prokuror.

"I told you not to be late," the prokuror was saying, just as Levin stood to one side to give the lady room to pass. Levin was on the lowest stair, and was just getting the cloak-check out of his waistcoat pocket, when the secretary found him.

"Excuse me, Konstantin Dmitriyevitch, they are balloting."

And the candidate who was now receiving votes was this very Nevyedovsky whose refusal had seemed to him so explicit!

Levin started to go into the hall. The door was locked; the secretary knocked; the door opened, and as he entered he met two very red-faced proprietors.

"I cannot endure it," said one of the red-faced proprietors.

Immediately behind the proprietor appeared the old government marshal. His face was terrible in its expression of fright and weakness.

"I told you not to let any one go out!" he shouted to the guard.

"I let some one in, your excellency."

"O Lord!" and, sighing painfully, the old marshal, slinking along in his white pantaloons, with bowed head, went through the hall to the great table.

The vote was counted, and Nevyedovsky, as had been planned, was government marshal. Many were happy; many were satisfied, gay; many were enthusiastic; many were dissatisfied and unhappy. The old gov-

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 ernment marshal was in despair, and could not disguise it. When Nevyedovsky went out of the hall, the throng surrounded him and expressed their enthusiasm toward him as they had done toward the governor when he opened the election, and as they had done toward Snetkof when he was elected.

CHAPTER XXXI

this day the newly elected marshal of the government and many of the new party which triumphed with him dined with Vronsky.

The count came to the elections because, it was tiresome in the country and it was necessary for him to assert his independence before Anna, and also because he wished to render a service to Sviazhsky in return for similar favors shown him at the zemstvo elections, and last and principally because he intended strictly to fulfil the duties which he imposed upon himself as a noble and a landowner.

But he had never anticipated the intense interest which he would take in the elections or the success with which he would play his part. He was a perfectly "new man" among the nobles, but he was evidently successful, and he was not mistaken in supposing that he already inspired confidence. This sudden influence was due to his wealth and distinction, to the fine house which he occupied in town,—a house which an old friend of his, Shirkof, a financier and the director of a flourishing bank at Kashin, had given up to him,—and partly to an excellent cook whom he brought with him, and to his friendship with the governor, who was his ally and a protecting ally; but above all to his simple and impartial treatment of every one, so that the majority of the nobles quickly changed their minds in regard to the reputation he had acquired of being proud. He him- self felt that, with the exception of this silly gentleman who had married Kitty Shcherbatsky, and who à propos de bottes had been disposed foolishly to quarrel with him

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xvi

A. STRONG NOUNS, i.e. the more complex kind of Declension in which the gen. sing. ends in a Consonant.

B. WEAK NOUNS, i.e. the simpler kind of Declension in which the gen. sing. ends in a Vowel.

Remarks on the 1st Declension:I. heimr: words of this form are found almost in every column of the Dictionary, and are therefore usually only marked ‘m.’2. about half a score of masculine have a characteristic v, which appears before a vowel, hör-r, hjör-r, bör-r (poët.), söng-r, má-r, sæ-r, snjá-r (sjó-r, snjó-r), sör-var (poët., pl.); in dat. sing. hör-vi,...söng-vi, má-vi, sæ-vi, snjá-vi; in pl. hör-var, söng-var, snjó-var. The dat. in -vi is now obsolete, but the pl. is still used.3. remarks on the inflexion,α. the nominative: -r assimilates with the final radicals l, n, s: in words with long root vowel, ál-l, gál-l, hvál-l, hól-l, kjól-l, stól-l, fíl-l, hæl-l, þræl-l, flein-n, stein-n, svein-m, brún-n, dún-n, hún-n, ás-s, bás-s, lás-s, ás-s ... ós-s is dropped, as is the -r after a radical r, in ár-r, aur-r, hver-r, her-r, geir-r, leir-r, hör-r, mör-r, Þór-r, hamar-r, and thus the nom. becomes like the acc., ás, bás, ... ár, hver, hamar, etc.:—the r is dropped, in words like afl, gafl, skafl, nagl, vagl, fugl, karl, jarl, jaxl, lax, hrafn, stafn, ofn, stofn, þorn, vagn, svefn, þegn, geisl, gísl, háls, fress, sess, foss, koss, kross, þurs, dans, fans, angr, klungr, hungr, akr, hafr, sig, otr, lúðr, hrúðr, naðr, nykr, veðr (wether), vikr, gróðr, aldr, Baldr, galdr, öldr, meldr, arðr, hlátr, bólster, austr, lestr, bakstr, mokstr, apaldr.β. the genitive; graut-r, skóg-r, höfund-r have -ar in gen. as the 2nd declension.γ. the dative; some words of this declension drop the -i, but it is difficult to draw an exact line, as this use is rather a license than a law:—all the words in -leik-r, kær-leik (charitati), frið-leik (venustati), sann-leik (veritati); as also leik-r, fíl-l, kíl-l, skríl-l, (dat. fíl, kíl, skríl), hrepp-r, lepp-r: words with long root vowel and a final p or f, hóf-r, hóp-r, sóp-r: words with ei as root vowel, dat. hleif, Hm. 51 (but hleif-i, 140); sveip, meis, sveig, dverg (but dvergi, Ýt. 2), strák, snáp, skáp, bát, and bát-i (scapbae); Þór, kór, flór, bor, hor, from Þór-r, etc.; daun (odori), dún, Brún, hún, múl, múr, dúr, etc. for dún-i ... dúr-i, which are obsolete; so also búk and búk-i, dúk and dúk-i, múg and múg-i, reit and reit-i: those with a long vowel as final, e.g. jó, skó, ná, Frey, þey, from jó-r ... þey-r:—in masculine with a characteristic v the old dat. form is -vi, whereas the mod. drops both letters, thus dat. mör, hör, má, snjó, for the old mör-vi, hör-vi, má-vi, snjó-vi. Nouns with the inflexive endings -ingr, -ungr seldom drop the i, konung-i, búning-i: words with a radical r never, e.g. galdr-i, aldr-i, not aldr, galdr: the proper names of this declension very seldom drop it, e.g. Þorleif-i, Þorlák-i, Þorleik-i: dag-r, dat. deg-i, but as pr. name Dag. In old writers many of these apocopate forms begin to appear, e.g. Þór-i (the god) is only found in a single instance used by a poet of the 8th century; yet the decay of the dat. inflexion is a little


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Module:Roman/sandbox

--[[ This module converts Arabic numerals into Roman numerals. It currently works for any non-negative integer below 5 billions (up to 4 999 999 999).

Zero is represented as "N" (from Classical Latin adverbs "nec" or "non"), like in standard CLDR data.

For numbers starting at 4 thousands, this version no longer generates any HTML+CSS, but only plain-text: standard Unicode combining diacritics are used for overlines (U+0305 for the first level, then U+0304 for the second level, but both are treated equivalently when parsing Roman numbers).

For numbers starting at 4 billions, it still uses 4 letters M with double overlines because triple overlines are not supported in plain-text (this is acceptable, just like "MMMM" is also acceptable for representing 4000 but this version chooses the shorter "IV" with a single overline).

The Roman number parser will accept all valid notations (except apostrophic/Claudian/lunate notations using reversed C), more than what it generates, and will correctly convert them to Arabic numbers.

Please do not modify this code without applying the changes first at Module:Roman/sandbox and testing at Module:Roman/sandbox/testcases and Module talk:Roman/sandbox/testcases.

Authors and maintainers: ]] local p = {}
 * User:RP88, User:Verdy_p

local getArgs = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs

--[============[  Private data --]============] -- See CLDR data /common/rbnf/root.xml for "roman-upper" rules. However we still don't -- use the rarely supported Roman extension digits after 'M' (in U+2160..2188), but use -- the more common notation with diacritical overlines ('ↁ'='V̅', 'ↂ'='X̅', etc.). -- Please avoid using HTML with "text-decoration:overline" style, but use plain-text -- combining characters (U+0304 or U+0305 for single overline, U+033F for double). -- In this table, combining overlines (U+0304) are preferred to macrons (U+0305), as -- they align with double overlines (U+033F). None of them are precombined, so you -- can easily detect and remove them from generated strings. As well the other -- compatiblity forms (in the next table) are avoided in the generated strings. local decimalRomans = { d0 = { [0] = '', 'I', 'II', 'III', 'IV', 'V', 'VI', 'VII', 'VIII', 'IX' }, d1 = { [0] = '', 'X', 'XX', 'XXX', 'XL', 'L', 'LX', 'LXX', 'LXXX', 'XC' }, d2 = { [0] = '', 'C', 'CC', 'CCC', 'CD', 'D', 'DC', 'DCC', 'DCCC', 'CM' }, d3 = { [0] = '', 'M', 'MM', 'MMM', 'I̅V̅', 'V̅', 'V̅I̅', 'V̅I̅I̅', 'V̅I̅I̅I̅', 'I̅X̅' }, d4 = { [0] = '', 'X̅', 'X̅X̅', 'X̅X̅X̅', 'X̅L̅', 'L̅', 'L̅X̅', 'L̅X̅X̅', 'L̅X̅X̅X̅', 'X̅C̅' }, d5 = { [0] = '', 'C̅', 'C̅C̅', 'C̅C̅C̅', 'C̅D̅', 'D̅', 'D̅C̅', 'D̅C̅C̅', 'D̅C̅C̅C̅', 'C̅M̅' }, d6 = { [0] = '', 'M̅', 'M̅M̅', 'M̅M̅M̅', 'I̿V̿', 'V̿', 'V̿I̿', 'V̿I̿I̿', 'V̿I̿I̿I̿', 'I̿X̿' }, d7 = { [0] = '', 'X̿', 'X̿X̿', 'X̿X̿X̿', 'X̿L̿', 'L̿', 'L̿X̿', 'L̿X̿X̿', 'L̿X̿X̿X̿', 'X̿C̿' }, d8 = { [0] = '', 'C̿', 'C̿C̿', 'C̿C̿C̿', 'C̿D̿', 'D̿', 'D̿C̿', 'D̿C̿C̿', 'D̿C̿C̿C̿', 'C̿M̿' }, d9 = { [0] = '', 'M̿', 'M̿M̿', 'M̿M̿M̿', 'M̿M̿M̿M̿' }, } local romanDecimals = { -- Basic Latin capital letters C = 100, D = 500, -- TODO: add Medieval "apostrophic/Claudian/lunate" notations like "IƆ" I = 1, J = 1, -- = 'I'. Modern distinct form of the formerly unified Roman letter 'I'   L = 50, M = 1000, N = 0, -- Abbreviated "nec" or "non" adverb in Classical Latin O = 0, -- = 'N'. U = 5, -- = 'V'. Modern distinct form of the formerly unified Roman letter 'V'   V = 5, W = 10, -- = 'VV' = 'X'. Modern distinct form of the former Roman archaic digram 'VV' used as a numeral before 'X'   X = 10, Y = 2, -- = 'IJ' = 'II'. Uncommon ligature (borrowed from the lowercased form) -- Basic Latin small letters (not used in Classical Latin, but added in Medieval Latin) c = 100, -- = 'C'. d = 500, -- = 'D'. TODO: add Medieval "apostrophic/Claudian/lunate" notations like "IƆ" i = 1, -- = 'I'. j = 1, -- = 'J' = 'I'. Modern distinct form of the formerly unified Roman letter 'I'   l = 50, -- = 'L'. m = 1000, -- = 'M'. n = 0, -- = 'N'. Abbreviated "nec" or "non" adverb in Classical Latin o = 0, -- = 'O' == 'N'. u = 5, -- = 'U' = 'V'. Modern distinct form of the formerly unified Roman letter 'V'   v = 5, -- = 'V'. w = 10, -- = 'W' = 'VV' = 'X'. Modern distinct form of the former Roman archaic digram 'VV' used as a numeral before 'X'   x = 10, -- = 'X'. y = 2, -- = 'Y' = 'IJ' = 'II'. Uncommon ligature -- U+012A .. U+012B : LATIN LETTER I/i WITH COMBINING MACRON, canonically equivalent to "I" and U+0304 ['Ī'] = 1000, ['ī'] = 1000, -- U+016A .. U+016B : LATIN LETTER U/u WITH COMBINING MACRON, canonically equivalent to "U" and U+0304, modern distinct form of the formerly unified Roman letter ['Ū'] = 5000, ['ū'] = 5000, -- U+026A : LATIN SMALL CAPITAL LETTER I   ['ɪ'] = 1, -- = 'I'    -- U+029F : LATIN SMALL CAPITAL LETTER L    ['ʟ'] = 50, -- = 'L'    -- U+0304 .. U+0305 : COMBINING MACRON/OVERLINE ['\204\132'] = -1000, -- (0xCC,0x84 in UTF-8) multiplier (thousand), MACRON (compatiblity) ['\204\133'] = -1000, -- (0xCC,0x85 in UTF-8) multiplier (thousand), OVERLINE (recommanded) -- U+033F : COMBINING DOUBLE OVERLINE ['\204\191'] = -1000000, -- (0xCC,0xBF in UTF-8) multiplier (million) -- U+1D04 : LATIN SMALL CAPITAL LETTER C   ['ᴄ'] = 100, -- = 'C'    -- U+1D05 : LATIN SMALL CAPITAL LETTER D    ['ᴅ'] = 500, -- = 'D'    -- U+1D0A : LATIN SMALL CAPITAL LETTER J    ['ᴊ'] = 1, -- = 'J' = 'I'    -- U+1D0D : LATIN SMALL CAPITAL LETTER M    ['ᴍ'] = 1000, -- = 'M'    -- U+1D1C : LATIN SMALL CAPITAL LETTER U    ['ᴜ'] = 5, --  = 'U' = 'V'    -- U+1D20 : LATIN SMALL CAPITAL LETTER V    ['ᴠ'] = 5, --  = 'V'    -- U+2160 .. U+216F : Roman capital digit symbols (compatibility, monospaced in CJK fonts) ['Ⅰ'] = 1, ['Ⅱ'] = 2, ['Ⅲ'] = 3, ['Ⅳ'] = 4, ['Ⅴ'] = 5, ['Ⅵ'] = 6,   ['Ⅶ'] = 7, ['Ⅷ'] = 8, ['Ⅸ'] = 9, ['Ⅹ'] = 10, ['Ⅺ'] = 11, ['Ⅻ'] = 12,    ['Ⅼ'] = 50, ['Ⅽ'] = 100, ['Ⅾ'] = 500, ['Ⅿ'] = 1000,    -- U+2170 .. U+217F : Roman lowercase digit symbols (compatibility, monospaced in CJK fonts) ['ⅰ'] = 1, ['ⅱ'] = 2, ['ⅲ'] = 3, ['ⅳ'] = 4, ['ⅴ'] = 5, ['ⅵ'] = 6,   ['ⅶ'] = 7, ['ⅷ'] = 8, ['ⅸ'] = 9, ['ⅹ'] = 10, ['ⅺ'] = 11, ['ⅻ'] = 12,    ['ⅼ'] = 50, ['ⅽ'] = 100, ['ⅾ'] = 500, ['ⅿ'] = 1000,    -- U+2180 .. U+2182 : Old Roman symbols (these have no case pairs) ['ↀ'] = 1000, -- = 'I̅' = 'M'. TODO: add Medieval "apostrophic/Claudian/lunate" notations like "CIƆ"; do not confuse it with "CD" (400=500-100) ['ↁ'] = 5000, -- = 'V̅'. TODO: add Medieval "apostrophic/Claudian/lunate" notations like "DƆ" and "IƆƆ" ['ↂ'] = 10000, -- = 'X̅'. TODO: add Medieval "apostrophic/Claudian/lunate" notations like "CCIƆƆ" -- U+2183..U+2184 : ROMAN DIGIT (CAPITAL|LOWER) REVERSED C. TODO: add for "apostrophic/Claudian/lunate" notations (and support "Ɔ" OPEN O as aliases) -- The reversed "C" is a trailing multiplier by 10 but if it is not paired by a leading "C", the surrounded value will be divided by 2: -- * "I" = 1, but if followed by followed by "Ɔ", it takes the value 100: -- * when followed by a first "Ɔ" it multiplies it by 10 giving 1000 (assuming "CIƆ"), but if not prefixed by a pairing "C", gives 500 for "IƆ" = "D". -- * when followed by a second "Ɔ" it multiplies it by 10 giving 1000 (assuming "CCIƆƆ"), but if not prefixed by a pairing "C", gives 5000 for "IƆƆ" = "DƆ". -- * for higher multiples, using overlines is highly preferred for noting multipliers by 1000. -- U+2185: ROMAN NUMERAL SIX LATE FORM ['ↅ'] = 6, -- = 'L'   -- U+2186: ROMAN NUMERAL FIFTY EARLY FORM (Borrowed in Latin in capital form, from Greek Final sigma, similar to "C" with a leg meaning "half") ['ↆ'] = 50, -- = 'VI' (overstriked letters) -- U+2187 .. U+2188: ROMAN NUMERAL (ONE HUNDRED|FIFTY) THOUSAND (Archaic, rarely supported in fonts) ['ↇ'] = 50000, -- = 'L̅'. TODO: add Medieval "apostrophic/Claudian/lunate" notations like "DƆƆ" and "IƆƆƆ" ['ↈ'] = 100000, -- = 'C̅'. TODO: add Medieval "apostrophic/Claudian/lunate" notations like "CCCDƆƆ" and "CCCIƆƆƆ" -- TODO: map mathematical symbols (Latin letters in designated styles), enclosed Latin letters, CJK wide variants }

--[=================[  Private functions --]=================]

--[==[ This function returns a string containing the input value formatted as a Roman numeral. It works for non-negative integers lower than 5 billions (up to 4 999 999 999: this covers all unsigned 32-bit integers), otherwise it returns the number formatted using Latin digits. The result string will be an UTF-8-encoded plain-text alphabetic string. ]==]-- local function convertArabicToRoman(value) if value and value >= 1 and value <= 4999999999 and value == math.floor(value) then local d0, d1, d2, d3, d4, d5, d6, d7, d8       d0, value = value % 10, math.floor(value / 10) d1, value = value % 10, math.floor(value / 10) d2, value = value % 10, math.floor(value / 10) d3, value = value % 10, math.floor(value / 10) d4, value = value % 10, math.floor(value / 10) d5, value = value % 10, math.floor(value / 10) d6, value = value % 10, math.floor(value / 10) d7, value = value % 10, math.floor(value / 10) d8, value = value % 10, math.floor(value / 10) return table.concat({           decimalRomans.d9[value],            decimalRomans.d8[d8],            decimalRomans.d7[d7],            decimalRomans.d6[d6],            decimalRomans.d5[d5],            decimalRomans.d4[d4],            decimalRomans.d3[d3],            decimalRomans.d2[d2],            decimalRomans.d1[d1],            decimalRomans.d0[d0],        }) elseif value == 0 then return 'N' -- for adverbs "nec" or "non" in Classical Latin (which had no zero) end return tostring(value) end

--[==[ This function converts a plain-text string containing a Roman numeral to an integer. It works for values between 0 (N) and 4 999 999 999 (M̿M̿M̿M̿C̿M̿X̿C̿I̿X̿C̅M̅X̅C̅I̅X̅CMXCIX). ]==]-- local function convertRomanToArabic(roman) if roman == '' then return nil end local result, prevRomanDecimal, multiplier = 0, 0, 1 for i = mw.ustring.len(roman), 1, -1 do       local currentRomanDecimal = romanDecimals[mw.ustring.sub(roman, i, i)] if currentRomanDecimal == nil then return nil elseif currentRomanDecimal < 0 then multiplier = multiplier * -currentRomanDecimal else currentRomanDecimal, multiplier = currentRomanDecimal * multiplier, 1 if currentRomanDecimal < prevRomanDecimal then result = result - currentRomanDecimal else result = result + currentRomanDecimal prevRomanDecimal = currentRomanDecimal end end end return result end

--[==[ This function converts a string containing a Roman numeral to an integer. It works for values between 0 and 4999999999. The input string may contain HTML tags using style="text-decoration:overline" (not recommended). ]==]-- local function convertRomanHTMLToArabic(roman) local result = convertRomanToArabic(roman) if result == nil then result = tonumber(roman) end return result [==[ DISABLED FOR NOW, NOT REALLY NEEDED AND NOT CORRECTLY TESTED local result = 0 local overline_start_len = mw.ustring.len(overline_start) if mw.ustring.sub(roman, 1, overline_start_len) == overline_start then local end_tag_start, end_tag_end = mw.ustring.find(roman, overline_end, overline_start_len, true) if end_tag_start ~= nil then local roman_high = mw.ustring.sub(roman, overline_start_len + 1, end_tag_start - 1) local roman_low = mw.ustring.sub(roman, end_tag_end + 1, mw.ustring.len(roman)) or '' if (mw.ustring.find(roman_high, "^[mdclxvi]+$") ~= nil) and (mw.ustring.find(roman_low, "^[mdclxvi]*$") ~= nil) then result = convertRomanToArabic(roman_high) * 1000 + convertRomanToArabic(roman_low) end end end return result ]==] end

--[==[ Helper function to handle error messages. ]==]-- local function outputError(message) return table.concat({       ' Roman Module Error: ', message,        ' '    }) end

--[================[  Public functions --]================]

--[==[ isRoman

Tests if the trimmed input is a valid Roman numeral. Returns true if so, false if not. For the purposes of this function, the empty string (after trimming whitespaces) is not a Roman numeral.

Parameters s: string to test if it is a valid Roman numeral

Error Handling: If the input is not a valid Roman numeral this function returns false. ]==]-- function p.isRoman(s) return type(s) == 'string' and convertRomanToArabic(mw.text.trim(s)) ~= nil end

--[==[ toArabic

This function converts a Roman numeral into an Arabic numeral. It works for values between 0 and 4999999999. 'N' is converted to 0 and the empty string is converted to nil.

Parameters roman: string containing value to convert into an Arabic numeral

Error Handling: If the input is not a valid Roman numeral, this function returns nil. ]==]-- function p.toArabic(roman) if type(roman) == 'string' then roman = mw.text.trim(roman) local result = convertRomanToArabic(roman) if result == nil then result = tonumber(roman) end return result elseif type(roman) == 'number' then return roman else return nil end end

--[==[ Arabic

This function for MediaWiki converts a Roman numeral into an Arabic numeral. It works for values between 0 and 4999999999. 'N' is converted to 0 and the empty string is converted to nil.

Usage: - uses the caller's parameters

Parameters 1: Value to convert into an Arabic numeral. Must be a valid Roman numeral.

Error Handling: If the input does not look like it contains a number or the number is outside of the supported range, an error message is returned. ]==]-- function p.Arabic(frame) -- if no argument provided than check parent template/module args local args = getArgs(frame) return p.toArabic(args[1]) end

--[==[ _Numeral

This function returns a string containing the input value formatted as a Roman numeral. It works for values between 0 and 4999999999.

Parameters value: integer or string containing value to convert into a Roman numeral

Error Handling: If the input does not look like it contains a number or the number is outside of the supported range, an error message is returned. ]==]-- function p._Numeral(value) if value == nil then return outputError('missing value') end if type(value) == 'string' then value = tonumber(value) elseif type(value) ~= 'number' then return outputError('unsupported value') end return convertArabicToRoman(value) end

--[==[ Numeral

This function for MediaWiki converts an Arabic numeral into a Roman numeral. It works for values between 0 and 4999999999 (includes the whole range of unsigned 32-bit integers). Arabic numeral zero is output as 'N' (for Latin negation adverbs "nec" or "non").

Usage: - uses the caller's parameters

Parameters 1: Value to convert into a Roman numeral. Must be at least 0 and less than 5,000,000.

Error Handling: If the input does not look like it contains a number or the number is outside of the supported range, an error message is returned. ]==]-- function p.Numeral(frame) local args = getArgs(frame) return p._Numeral(args[1]) end

return p

title: Module:Roman/sandbox


text: Template:Roman-to-arabic/sandbox

title: Template:Roman-to-arabic/sandbox


text:
Module:Recto-verso/sandbox

require('strict')

local getArgs = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs local toArabic = require('Module:Roman').toArabic

local p = {}

-- Template:Recto-verso

function p._recto_verso(args) local n = tonumber(args[1]) or tonumber(toArabic(args[1])) or 0 if n % 2 == 1 then return args[2] else return args[3] end end

function p.recto_verso(frame) return p._recto_verso(getArgs(frame)) end

return p

title: Module:Recto-verso/sandbox


text:
Page:Ministers of the Crown Act 1975 (UKPGA 1975-26 qp).pdf/1

CHAPTER 26


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Rh

1975 CHAPTER 26 An Act to consolidate the enactments relating to the redistribution of functions between Ministers of the Crown, the alteration of the style and title of such Ministers and certain other provisions about such Ministers.

by the Queen’s most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:—

1.—(1) Her Majesty may by Order in Council—
 * (a) provide for the transfer to any Minister of the Crown of any functions previously exercisable by another Minister of the Crown;
 * (b) provide for the dissolution of the government department in the charge of any Minister of the Crown and the transfer to or distribution among such other Minister or Ministers of the Crown as may be specified in the Order of any functions previously exercisable by the Minister in charge of that department;
 * (c) direct that functions of any Minister of the Crown shall be exercisable concurrently with another Minister of the Crown, or shall cease to be so exercisable.

(2) An Order in Council under this section may contain such incidental, consequential and supplemental provisions as


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2c. 26 may be necessary or expedient for the purpose of giving full effect to the Order, including provisions—
 * (a) for the transfer of any property, rights and liabilities held, enjoyed or incurred by any Minister of the Crown in connection with any functions transferred or distributed;
 * (b) for the carrying on and completion by or under the authority of the Minister to whom any functions are transferred of anything commenced by or under the authority of a Minister of the Crown before the date when the Order takes effect;
 * (c) for such adaptations of the enactments relating to any functions transferred as may be necessary to enable them to be exercised by the Minister to whom they are transferred and his officers;
 * (d) for making in the enactments regulating the number of offices in respect of which salaries may be paid or in section 2 of, and Schedule 2 to, the House of Commons Disqualification Act 1975 (which regulate the number of office holders who may be elected, and sit and vote, as members of the House of Commons), such modifications as may be expedient by reason of any transfer of functions or dissolution of a Department effected by the Order;
 * (e) for the substitution of the Minister to whom functions are transferred for any other Minister of the Crown in any instrument, contract, or legal proceedings made or commenced before the date when the Order takes effect.

(3) No modifications shall be made by virtue of paragraph (d) of subsection (2) above, in any of the enactments mentioned in that paragraph, so as to increase the amount of any salary which may be paid, or the aggregate number of persons to whom salaries may be paid, under those enactments or the aggregate number of persons capable thereunder of sitting and voting as Members of the House of Commons.

(4) Where by any Order made under this section provision is made for the transfer of functions in respect of which any Minister may sue or be sued by virtue of any enactment, the Order shall make any provision which may be required for enabling the Minister to whom those functions are transferred to sue or be sued in like manner.

(5) A certificate issued by a Minister of the Crown that any property vested in any other Minister immediately before an Order under this section takes effect has been transferred by virtue of the Order to the Minister issuing the certificate shall be conclusive evidence of the transfer.


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Rh 2.—(1) Her Majesty may in connection with any change in the departments of the office of Secretary of State, or any change in the functions of a Secretary of State, by Order in Council make such incidental, consequential and supplemental provisions as may be necessary or expedient in connection with the change, including provisions—
 * (a) for making a Secretary of State a corporation sole,
 * (b) for the transfer of any property, rights or liabilities to or from a Secretary of State,
 * (c) for any adaptations of enactments relating to a Secretary of State, or to the department of a Secretary of State,
 * (d) for the substitution of one Secretary of State, or department of a Secretary of State, for another in any instrument, contract or legal proceedings made or commenced before the date when the Order takes effect.

(2) A certificate issued by a Minister of the Crown that any property vested in any other Minister immediately before an Order under this section takes effect has been transferred by virtue of the Order to the Minister issuing the certificate shall be conclusive evidence of the transfer.

(3) This section applies only to changes after 27th June 1974, and to the creation (in that year) of the Departments of Energy, Industry, Trade, and Prices and Consumer Protection.

3.—(1) This section applies where any enactment (including an order under this Act) provides that a named Secretary of State and his successors shall be a corporation sole, and applies whether or not the office of corporation sole is for the time being vacant.

(2) Anything done by or in relation to any other Secretary of State for the named Secretary of State as a corporation sole shall have effect as if done by or in relation to the named Secretary of State.

(3) Without prejudice to the preceding provisions of this section, any deed, contract or other instrument to be executed by or on behalf of the named Secretary of State as a corporation sole shall be valid if under the corporate seal of that Secretary of State authenticated by the signature of any other Secretary of State, or of a Secretary to any department of a Secretary of State, or of a person authorised by any Secretary of State to act in that behalf.


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 destruction. It is created with capacities to know God and to love Him; these capacities are God's dwelling-places in the human race; and therefore it is plain that the soul to which they belong cannot perish. This explains to us the Divine declaration, "Because I live, ye shall live also."

But although the soul is a spiritual body, endowed with immortality, we must always remember that it does not live of itself; it is simply an imperishable organism created for the reception and manifestation of life from the Lord. It is "in Him we live and move and have our being:" "there is a spirit in man; and the inspiration of the Almighty giveth him understanding:" "the Spirit of God hath made him, and the breath of the Almighty hath given him life." It is easy to see this difference between the soul of man and the life by which he lives; moreover, it is beautifully distinguished in the original Greek by two different words, namely, psyche and zoe, both of which are sometimes rendered "soul:" but by psyche is properly meant the spiritual organism of the soul, and by zoe the life from God by which it lives.


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4c. 26 4. If Her Majesty is pleased by Order in Council to direct that any change shall be made in the style and title of a Minister of the Crown, the Order may contain provisions substituting the new style and title—
 * (a) in the enactments (including those mentioned in section 1(2)(d) above) relating to the Minister;
 * (b) in any instrument, contract, or legal proceedings made or commenced before the date when the Order takes effect.

5.—(1) No Order in Council which provides for the dissolution of a government department shall be made under this Act unless, after copies of the draft thereof have been laid before Parliament, each House presents an Address to Her Majesty praying that the Order be made.

(2) An Order in Council under this Act, not being an Order made in pursuance of such an Address as aforesaid, shall be laid before Parliament and shall be subject to annulment in pursuance of a resolution of either House of Parliament.

(3) Any Order under this Act may be varied or revoked by a subsequent Order thereunder made in the like manner and subject to the like conditions, so however that the variation or revocation of an Order providing for the dissolution of a government department shall not affect the dissolution thereof.

(4) No provision in any Act passed before 6th March 1946 shall be construed as limiting the powers conferred by this Act.

(5) Nothing in this Act shall prejudice any power exercisable by virtue of the prerogative of the Crown in relation to the functions of Ministers of the Crown.

(6) Any reference in the foregoing provisions of this Act to a Minister of the Crown shall include a reference to Ministers acting jointly.

6.—(1) The provisions of Schedule 1 to this Act shall apply to any Minister eligible for a salary under head 2 of Part II of Schedule 1 to the Ministerial and other Salaries Act 1975.

(2) The provisions of Schedule 1 to this Act (which re-enacts Schedule I to the Ministers of the Crown Act 1964) shall apply to the Secretary of State for Social Services, the Minister for the Civil Service and the Minister of Aviation Supply, and (where appropriate) to their departments, as the corresponding provisions of Schedule 1 to the said Act of 1964 applied immediately before the passing of this Act.


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 From these considerations of spiritual philosophy, and the indications of revelation, we learn that the human soul is a spiritual body; thet it is this which constitutes the man, and which is distinguished by immortality: also, that death is simply the removal from him of his earthly covering, when he passes into the spiritual world, a spirit among spirits; and where, until the judgment, he continues to live, not a phantom or a vapour, but as a real man, possessing all the faculties and powers which had ever belonged to him as such, with the mere exception of his material covering; and which, because he has performed in it his probationary uses, he can want no more, and will, therefore, never be resumed.

This conclusion is supported by some historical facts of revelation. Were they not the spiritual bodies of Moses and Elias that were seen by the three disciples at the Lord's transfiguration? Those remarkable men had long departed from the natural world; we do not read anything about their having resumed their material bodies, and yet they were distinguished by all the forms proper to humanity and necessary for their identification. They evidently were


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Rh 7.—(1) In this section “the Minister” means the Minister of Overseas Development.

(2) The functions of the Secretary of State (under the enactments mentioned in Part I of Schedule 2 to this Act) which were transferred to the Minister by section 3(3) of the Ministers of the Crown Act 1974 shall continue to be exercisable by the Minister.

(3) The functions of the Secretary of State (under the enactments mentioned in Part II of Schedule 2 to this Act) which, by virtue of section 3(4) of the said Act of 1974, are exercisable concurrently with the Minister shall continue to be so exercisable; and any reference to the Secretary of State in those enactments, and any such reference in any other enactment or instrument so far as it relates to those functions, shall continue to be construed as a reference to the Secretary of State or the Minister.

(4) This section is without prejudice to the power under this Act to transfer any other functions to the Minister.

8.—(1) In this Act—
 * “functions” includes powers and duties;
 * “Minister of the Crown” means the holder of an office in Her Majesty’s Government in the United Kingdom, and includes the Treasury, the Board of Trade and the Defence Council.

(2) For the purpose of this Act any functions in respect of which a direction is given in an Order in Council made under section 1(1)(c) above shall be treated as functions transferred; and any reference in this Act to the transfer of functions shall be construed accordingly.

(3) In section 6(5) of the Decimal Currency Act 1967 (which defines “Minister of the Crown” by reference to the Ministers of the Crown (Transfer of Functions) Act 1946) for the words “(Transfer of Functions) Act 1946” there shall be substituted the words “Act 1975”.

(4) The enactments specified in Schedule 3 to this Act are hereby repealed to the extent specified in the third column of the Schedule.

9.—(1) This Act may be cited as the Ministers of the Crown Act 1975.

(2) This Act extends to Northern Ireland.


text: Index:Herr Glessner Creel - Tricks of the Press (1911).djvu


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Page:Ministers of the Crown Act 1975 (UKPGA 1975-26 qp).pdf/8

6c. 26 SCHEDULE 1 1. The Minister shall take the oath of allegiance, and the official oath, and the Promissory Oaths Act 1868 shall have effect as if the name of the Minister were included in Part I of the Schedule to that Act.

2. The Minister may appoint such secretaries, officers and servants as he may with the consent of the Minister for the Civil Service determine.

3. There shall be paid to the secretaries (other than any Parliamentary Secretary), officers and servants appointed by the Minister such salaries or remuneration as the Minister for the Civil Service may determine.

4. The expenses of the Minister, including any salaries or remuneration payable under paragraph 3 of this Schedule, shall be defrayed out of money provided by Parliament.

5. The Minister shall for all purposes be a corporation sole, and shall have an official seal, which shall be authenticated by the signature of the Minister or of a secretary to the Ministry or of any person authorised by the Minister to act in that behalf.

6. The seal of the Minister shall be officially and judicially noticed, and every document purporting to be an instrument made or issued by the Minister and to be sealed with the seal of the Minister authenticated in the manner provided by paragraph 5 of this Schedule or to be signed or executed by a secretary to the Ministry or any person authorised as aforesaid, shall be received in evidence and be deemed to be so made or issued without further proof, unless the contrary is shown.

7. A certificate signed by the Minister that any instrument purporting to be made or issued by him was so made or issued shall be conclusive evidence of that fact.

8. The Documentary Evidence Act 1868 shall apply to the Minister as if his name were included in the first column of the Schedule to that Act, and as if he or a secretary to the Ministry or any person authorised by him to act on his behalf were mentioned in the second column of that Schedule, and as if the regulations referred to in that Act included any document issued by the Minister.


text: Page:Herr Glessner Creel - Tricks of the Press (1911).djvu/1


text: Page:Herr Glessner Creel - Tricks of the Press (1911).djvu/2


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Comrade Chairman, Comrades and Friends: Three or four times a year it falls to my lot to lay aside my newspaper work and take to the platform. On such occasions I am forcibly reminded of the experience of a little girl friend of mine. Jennie was an excellent speller. Her written examinations never failed to bring grades of 100. It was with her oral spelling that she had trouble. She persisted in pronouncing a letter twice when it succeeded itself in a word. For instance, she spelled "little" l-i-t-t-l-e and "apple" a-p-p-l-e. Her teacher said, "Jennie, you musn't do that. You must say l-i-double-t-l-e and a-double-p-l-e." She impressed this so firmly on the little girl's mind that later when arising to give a recitation beginning, "The sun is in the sky, Mary. Up! up!" Jennie arose and in all seriousness said, "The sun is in the sky, Mary. Double up!"

Jennie's trouble was that she recited rather than wrote what she had to say. And that's the difficulty with the average newspaper man. As I go along, I'll be obliged to refer to notes to keep from "doubling up" on my words.

If, in your opinion, I make too frequent use of the personal pronoun "I," it is not because I'm overly fond of talking about myself, but, as you'll see as I progress, somebody must stand sponsor for what I have to say. And so I shall tell you of some of the things that I, personally, know about the newspaper business.


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Rh SCHEDULE 2


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8c. 26 SCHEDULE 3 PRINTED IN ENGLAND BY J A DOLE Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office and Queen’s Printer of Acts of Parliament


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Page:Herr Glessner Creel - Tricks of the Press (1911).djvu/7

 So far as possible I will refrain from the use of technical terms. There is one, though, that I'll be obliged to use and let us get clear on that. That is the word "story." In the newspaper world everything that is not an editorial or an advertisement is a "story." If I were to witness the accidental killing of a man on the street today and write it up for my paper, that would be a "story." A "story" is not necessarily a piece of fiction. I shall use the word in the newspaper sense, referring to actual happenings—not to fictitious ones.

In the same way, when I employ the word "newspaper," I shall have to mind the large newspapers, the news agencies and the press associations. For all matter not of local character, the small newspaper is dependent upon this source for its news. This applies in the same that the small or local merchant is dependent upon the wholesale houses or factories for Ids supplies. Everything appearing in the columns of your local papers, that does not concern the immediate vicinity, comes from the news or press associations, by mail or telegraph, is clipped from other papers. We shall consider the source of this news rather than its outlet.

Here's something that's true of all newspapers; When a cub starts to work—a cub is a young man or young woman just breaking into the business—he is taken before his managing editor and told this: "Your business here is to write the truth, the strict truth and all of it. If we catch you in ever so slight a deviation from the strict line of veracity, off comes your journalistic head." And they mean it. Practically every reporter starts to work with that admonition.

But now let's see: Few newspapers are owned by owned by men who have not other business interests. I don't know about your local papers. You do. Run over them mentally and see if this applies. We'll assume that the publisher of a newspaper is interested in traction stock. And thiscub, who has been hired to tell the truth, comes in with a story of over-crowding, or


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c. 25 LONDON: PUBLISHED BY HER MAJESTY’S STATIONERY OFFICE 18p net ISBN 0 10 542675 X


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Page:Herr Glessner Creel - Tricks of the Press (1911).djvu/8

 under heating, or lack of safety appliances on the street cars. Mind you, now, everything a reporter writes is read three times before it goes into the paper. It is read first by a copy reader, next by a proof reader and again by the managing editor. If it passes these three people it goes into the paper.

This cub's story comes to the managing editor. He is in touch with the publisher. He knows the publisher does not wish such a story in the columns. So he promptly lays it aside. And at the close of that day's business he calls this young cub to his desk and tells him, as gently as possible, "In the future put the soft pedal on traction stories. We can't use 'em. The old man's in it." That's a frequent remark in a newspaper office, "The old man's in this thing." After a few experiences of this sort the cub begins to understand. And the "truth" to him comes to mean: "Those things which do not conflict with the business interests back of my newspaper." He becomes a mental reflection of the economic interests with which his paper is identified. And yet he's hired to tell the truth!

On the old "Chicago Chronicle," every copy reader's desk contained a list of twenty-two corporations regarding which nothing derogatory could appear in that paper. The publisher of the "Chronicle," John R. Walsh, was sentenced to Leavenworth prison. He was interested in each of these corporations. Among them were three banks. He wrecked those banks. You remember that the crash swept away the savings of thousands of small depositors, though the clearing house association afterward made good the amount to all who were caught in the crash. The banks accepted money after those on the inside knew they were insolvent. But the "Chronicle" was silent. Yet you know that John R. Walsh, publisher, knew what John R. Walsh, banker, was doing. Practically every man on the Walsh paper knew that the crash was impending. But that was the "truth" to none of them. It was a business interest back of the paper. It applies to a greater or lesser degree on all newspapers. Remember this


text: Ministers of the Crown Act 1975

title: Ministers of the Crown Act 1975


text:
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 in the future. You'll he better able to interpret the stories you read.

No cartoonist is allowed to draw a cartoon which will interfere with the business, or arouse the antagonism, of a large advertiser. In his chalk talks. John T. McCutcheon, cartoonist for the "Chicago Tribune," frankly admits the fact.

You remember, in reading your history, of the great Moon Hoax of the "New York Sun." I want to review that briefly so we can compare it with the present-day newspaper methods. This, you remember, was during the period of 1835. It was known that Sir John Herschel had gone to the Cape of Good Hope for the purpose of erecting an observatory. The "Sun" appeared on the streets one day with what purported to be an extract from the Edinburg "Journal of Science." This stated that by means of a powerful telescope Herschel had found the moon to he inhabited by human beings with wings. Great flocks of them had been seen flying about. The telescope had also revealed a most intelligent race of beavers. Pictures of these and of moon scenery were published. The ran through several issues. Thousands of extra papers were sold. As the stages drove into outlying towns they were surrounded by crowds of excited people who refused to disperse until each had paid for and secured copies of the fake edition. This was before the day of cables. The deception was not discovered until the arrival of authentic advices from Edinburg.

Of course, in our day and age, nothing of this sort could happen. The fast mail train, the telegraph and cable are protection against such gross news frauds. But this did happen during the period mentioned. Now compare it with a more recent trick of the press.

The "Chicago Tribune" occupies school land in the heart of Chicago. By means of an illegal lease, signed at midnight. the "Tribune" is robbing the school fund of about $48,000 a year. When Edward Dunne was mayor of Chicago he attempted to annul that lease. Of course


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 the "Tribune" fought him. Among other things, Dunne said that the "Tribune" was not acting in the best interests of the city. To this the "Tribune" replied with a lengthy editorial in which it said:

Dunne had been a judge on the bench. He thought he knew law. To him this clearly spelled libel. And he actually started suit against the "Chicago Tribune" for $100,000. But before he'd gone very far some of his good newspaper friends took him to one side and said. "Edward, don't make a fool of yourself." And he asked why. Then they quickly pointed out to him that the offending editorial said: "WHEN Mayor Dunne fills the school board with scare-brains, anarchists and fools; and WHEN he packs the police department with ex-convicts, crooks and gamblers." It didn't say he had done it at all. What it did say was that when he DID act in this way—should he ever be guilty of such conduct—he would not be acting in the city's best interests. And Dunne had to agree with the "Tribune." He dropped the case. The "Tribune" did not go into court. That was a modern trick of the press.

When reading your newspaper you sometimes come across headlines after this fashion:

But few of you notice the interrogation point at the end of that sentence. That takes all the sting out of the libel—so far as the newspaper is concerned. In reality the paper states something; it can prove in court that it merely asked a question. Here are some samples:

I hold in my hand the "Kansas City Times" for Monday, July 25, 1910. On the first page are five declaratory headlines—each followed by an interrogation point. I'll read two of them:


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The "Times" has accused an express wagon driver of cruelty to animals. But not having time or inclination to verify the story, the paper uses the handy little interrogation point. That releases it from all responsibility. Here's another:

This is clearly a case of libel—if Wilson can prove that he is not backed or dominated by what we call "the interests"—the trusts. But the sentence is clear. There's no misunderstanding its meaning. It states, without a pause, "The Interests Behind Wilson." Again the interrogation point is brought into use and the gentle art of newspaper trickery goes merrily onward.

Here's another from the "Kansas City Star" for Sunday, July 31, 1910:

As a matter of fact the coal conference between the miners and the operators did not fail. You know positively that on the 31st day of last July negotiations were not even broken off. In the light of later events you know that there was no justification for that story when the "Star" went to press on July 31st. This was printed on the first page. It was sent out to dishearten the miners in the district. It is an old newspaper trick to break the ranks of a union on strike. But to clear itself, to prove in court if necessary, that it intended no misinformation at all, the, "Star" places an interrogation point after a declaratory sentence.

In newspaper stories you read you frequently come across the word "alleged," or the phrase "it is said," "it is believed," "it is reported," etc. I want to read you something else from this same "Kansas City Star" July 31, 1910. I want you to see that these things are not isolated cases, acccidentsaccidents [sic] or typographical errors. They are carefully thought out and published with intent to deceive. This is on the first page, sixth column:


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Ph.D. LL.D., Litt.D., Professor of the History of German Culture, Harvard University:

Bismarck as a National Type.

, Ph.D.:

Bismarck as an Orator.

, Ph.D., Professor of German Literature, Bryn Mawr College:

The Life of Moltke.

Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Government, Harvard University.

The Life and Work of Ferdinand Lassalle.

Ph.D.:

A.B., Assistant Professor of German, Tufts College:

The Workingmen's Programme; Open Letter to the Central Committee.

Ph.D., Lecturer in Economics, University of Missouri:

Science and the Workingmen.

Correspondence of William I. and Bismarck.

The Love Letters of Bismarck.

, Late Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge:

From "Thoughts and Recollections."

and :

Fighting on the Frontier; Battle of Gravelotte-St. Privat.

Consolatory Thoughts on the Earthly Life and a Future Existence.

Description of Moscow.


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 was sad enough for me—or mechanically engaged in any routine work. My preference was to come home at night, so that I could go to sleep immediately. Ach, Gott!—and now? What a different view I take of everything—not merely that which concerns you as well, and because it concerns you, or will concern you also (although I have been bothering myself for two days with the question where your writing-desk will stand), but my whole view of life is a new one, and I am cheerful and interested even in my work on the dike and police matters. This change, this new life, I owe, next to God, to you, ma très chère, mon adorée Jeanneton—to you who do not heat me occasionally, like an alcohol flame, but work in my heart like warming fire. Some one is knocking.

Visit from the co-director, who complains of the people who will not pay their school taxes. The man asks me whether my fiancée is tall.

"Oh yes; rather."

"Well, an acquaintance of mine saw you last summer with several ladies in the Harz Mountains, and you preferred to converse with the tallest, that must have been your fiancée."

The tallest woman in your party was, I fancy, Frau von Mittelstädt. * * * The Harz! The Harz!

After a thorough consultation with Frau Bellin, I have decided to make no special changes here for the present, but to wait until we can hear the wishes of the lady of the house in the matter, so that we may have nothing to be sorry for. In six months I hope we shall know what we have to do.

It is impossible as yet to say anything definite about our next meeting. Just now it is raining ; if that continues the Elbe may be played out in a week or two, and then. * * * Still no news whatever about the Landtag. Most cordial


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 uncle Toby,—do Trim,—and ask if he knows his name.

I have quite forgot it, truly, said the landlord, coming back into the parlour with the corporal,—but I can ask his son again:—He has a son with him then? said my uncle Toby.—A boy, replied the landlord, of about eleven or twelve years of age;—but the poor creature has tasted almost as little as his father; he does nothing but mourn and lament for him night and day:—He has not stirred from the bedside these two days.

My uncle Toby laid down his knife and fork, and thrust his plate from before him, as the landlord gave him the account; and Trim, without being ordered, took away without saying one


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 word, and in a few minutes after brought him his pipe and tobacco.

Stay in the room a little, said my uncle Toby.

Trim!—said my uncle Toby, after he lighted his pipe, and smoak'd about a dozen whiffs.—Trim came in front of his master and made his bow;—my uncle Toby smoak'd on, and said no more.—Corporal! said my uncle Toby—the corporal made his bow.—My uncle Toby proceeded no farther, but finished his pipe.

Trim! said my uncle Toby, I have a project in my head, as it is a bad night, of wrapping myself up warm in my roquelaure, and paying a visit to this poor gentleman.—Your honour's roque-


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 laure, replied the corporal, has not once been had on, since the night before your honour received your wound, when we mounted guard in the trenches before the gate of St. Nicholas;—and besides it is so cold and rainy a night, that what with the roquelaure, and what with the weather, 'twill be enough to give your honour your death, and bring on your honour's torment in your groin. I fear so; replied my uncle Toby, but I am not at rest in my mind, Trim, since the account the landlord has given me.—I wish I had not known so much of this affair,—added my uncle Toby,—or that I had known more of it:—How shall we manage it? Leave it, an't please your honour, to me, quoth the corporal;—I'll take my hat and stick and go to the house and reconnoitre, and act accordingly; and I will bring your


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 honour a full account in an hour.—Thou shalt go, Trim, said my uncle Toby, and here's a shilling for thee to drink with his servant.—I shall get it all out of him, said the corporal, shutting the door.

My uncle Toby filled his second pipe; and had it not been, that he now and then wandered from the point, with considering whether it was not full as well to have the curtain of the tennaile a straight line, as a crooked one,—he might be said to have thought of nothing else but poor Le Fever and his boy the whole time he smoaked it.


text: The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman/Volume 6/Chapter 6


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is vanity, and everybody's vain. Women are terribly vain. So are men—more so, if possible. So are children, particularly children. One of them, at this very moment, is hammering upon my legs. She wants to know what I think of her new shoes. Candidly I don't think much of them. They lack symmetry and curve, and possess an indescribable appearance of lumpiness (I believe, too, they've put them on the wrong feet). But I don't say this. It is not criticism, but flattery that she wants; and I gush over them with what I feel to myself to be degrading effusiveness. Nothing else would satisfy this self-opinionated cherub. I tried the conscientious friend dodge with her on one occasion, but it was not a success. She had requested my judgment upon her general conduct and behaviour, the exact case submitted being, "Wot oo tink of me? Oo peased wi' me?" and I had thought it a good opportunity to make a few salutary remarks upon her late moral career, and said, "No, I am not pleased with you." I recalled to her mind the events of that very morning, and I put it to her how she, as a Christian


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 child, could expect a wise and good uncle to be satisfied with the carryings on of an infant who that very day had roused the whole house at 5 ; had upset a water jug, and tumbled down stairs after it at 7; had endeavoured to put the cat in the bath at 8; and sat on her own father's hat at 9.35.

What did she do? Was she grateful to me for my plain speaking? Did she ponder upon my words, and determine to profit by them, and to lead, from that hour, a better and a nobler life?

No! she howled.

That done, she became abusive. She said—

"Oo naughty—oo naughty, bad unkie—oo bad man—me tell MAR."

And she did, too.

Since then, when my views have been called for, I have kept my real sentiments more to myself like, preferring to express unbounded admiration of this young person's actions, irrespective of their actual merits. And she nods her head approvingly, and trots off to advertise my opinion to the rest of the household. She appears to employ it as a sort of testimonial for mercenary purposes, for I subsequently hear distant sounds of "Unkie says me dood dirl-me dot to have two bikkies."

There she goes, now, gazing rapturously at her own toes, and murmuring "pittie "—two-foot-ten of


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 conceit and vanity; to say nothing of other wickednesses.

They are all alike. I remember sitting in a garden one sunny afternoon in the suburbs of London. Suddenly, I heard a shrill, treble voice calling from a top storey window to some unseen being, presumably in one of the other gardens, "Gamma, me dood boy, me wery good boy, Gamma; me dot on Bob's knickie-bockies."

Why even animals are vain. I saw a great Newfoundland dog, the other day, sitting in front of a mirror at the entrance to a shop in Regent's Circus, and examining himself with an amount of smug satisfaction that I have never seen equalled elsewhere, outside a vestry meeting.

I was at a farmhouse once, when some high holiday was being celebrated. I don't remember what the occasion was, but it was something festive, a May-day or Quarter-day, or something of that sort, and they put a garland of flowers round the head of one of the cows. Well, that absurd quadruped went about all day as perky as a school-girl in a new frock; and, when they took the wreath off, she became quite sulky, and they had to put it on again before she would stand still to be milked. This is not a Percy anecdote. It is plain, sober truth.

As for cats, they nearly equal human beings for vanity. I have known a cat get up and walk out of


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 the room, on a remark derogatory to her species being made by a visitor, while a neatly turned compliment will set them purring for an hour.

I do like cats. They are so unconsciously amusing. There is such a comic dignity about them, such an "How dare you!" "Go away, don't touch me" sort of air. Now there is nothing haughty about a dog. They are "Hail, fellow, well met" with every Tom, Dick, or Harry that they come across. When I meet a dog of my acquaintance, I slap his head, call him opprobrious epithets, and roll him over on his back; and there he lies, gaping at me, and doesn't mind it a bit.

Fancy carrying on like that with a cat! Why, she would never speak to you again as long as you lived. No, when you want to win the approbation of a cat you must mind what you are about, and work your way carefully. If you don't know the cat, you had best begin by saying, "Poor pussy." After which, add, "did 'ums," in a tone of soothing sympathy. You don't know what you mean, any more than the cat does, but the sentiment seems to imply a proper spirit on your part, and generally touches her feelings to such an extent that, if you are of good manners and passable appearance, she will stick her back up and rub her nose against you. Matters having reached this stage, you may venture to chuck her under the chin, and tickle the side of her head, and the intelligent creature will then stick her claws into your legs; and all is


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 friendship and affection, as so sweetly expressed in the beautiful lines—

The last two lines of the stanza give us a pretty true insight into pussy's notions of human goodness. It is evident that in her opinion goodness consists of stroking her, and patting her, and feeding her with food. I fear this narrow-minded view of virtue, though, is not confined to pussies. We are all inclined to adopt a similar standard of merit in our estimate of other people. A good man is a man who is good to us, and a bad man is a man who doesn't do what we want him to. The truth is, we each of us have an inborn conviction that the whole world, with everybody and everything in it, was created as a sort of necessary appendage to ourselves. Our fellow men and women were made to admire us, and to minister to our various requirements. You and I, dear reader, are each the centre of the universe in our respective opinions. You, as I understand it, were brought into being by a considerate Providence in order that you might read and pay me for what I write; while I, in your opinion, am an article sent into the world to write something for you to read. The stars—as we term the myriad other worlds that are rushing down beside us through the


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 eternal silence—were put into the heavens to make the sky look interesting for us at night. And the moon, with its dark mysteries and ever hidden face, is an arrangement for us to flirt under.

I fear we are most of us like Mrs Poyser's bantam cock, who fancied the sun got up every morning to hear him crow. Tis vanity that makes the world go round." I don't believe any man ever existed without vanity, and, if he did, he would be an extremely uncomfortable person to have anything to do with. He would, of course, be a very good man, and we should respect him very much. He would be a very admirable man—a man to be put under a glass case, and shown round as a specimen—a man to be stuck upon a pedestal, and copied, like a school exercise—a man to be reverenced, but not a man to be loved, not a human brother whose hand we should care to grip. Angels may be very excellent sort of folk in their way, but we, poor mortals, in our present state, would probably find them precious slow company. Even mere good people are rather depressing. It is in our faults and failings, not in our virtues, that we touch one another, and find sympathy. We differ widely enough in our nobler qualities. It is in our follies that we are at one. Some of us are pious, some of us are generous. Some few of us are honest, comparatively speaking; and some, fewer still, may possibly be truthful. But in vanity and kindred weaknesses we can all join


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 hands. Vanity is one of those touches of Nature that make the whole world kin. From the Indian hunter, proud of his belt of scalps, to the European general, swelling beneath his row of stars and medals; from the Chinee, gleeful at the length of his pigtail, to the "professional beauty," suffering tortures in order that her waist may resemble a peg-top; from draggle-tailed little Polly Stiggins, strutting through Seven Dials with a tattered parasol over her head, to the princess, sweeping through a drawing-room, with a train of four yards long; from 'Arry, winning by vulgar chaff the loud laughter of his pals, to the statesman, whose ears are tickled by the cheers that greet his high-sounding periods; from the dark-skinned African, bartering his rare oils and ivory for a few glass beads to hang about his neck, to the Christian maiden, selling her white body for a score of tiny stones and an empty title to tack before her name—all march, and fight, and bleed, and die beneath its tawdry flag.

Ay, ay, vanity is truly the motive-power that moves Humanity, and it is flattery that greases the wheels. If you want to win affection and respect in this world, you must flatter people. Flatter high and low, and rich and poor, and silly and wise. You will get on famously. Praise this man's virtues and that man's vices. Compliment everybody upon everything, and especially upon what they haven't got. Admire guys for their beauty, fools for their wit, and boors for their


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 breeding. Your discernment and intelligence will be extolled to the skies.

Every one can be got over by flattery. The belted earl—"belted earl" is the correct phrase, I believe. I don't know what it means, unless it be an earl that wears a belt instead of braces. Some men do. I don't like it myself. You have to keep the thing so tight, for it to be of any use, and that is uncomfortable. Anyhow, whatever particular kind of an earl a belted earl may be, he is, I assert, get-overable by flattery; just as every other human being is, from a duchess to a cat's-meat man, from a ploughboy to a poet—and the poet far easier than the ploughboy, for butter sinks better into wheaten bread than into oaten cakes.

As for love, flattery is its very life blood. Fill a person with love for themselves, and what runs over will be your share, says a certain witty and truthful Frenchman, whose name I can't for the life of me remember. (Confound it, I never can remember names when I want to.) Tell a girl she is an angel, only more angelic than an angel; that she is a goddess, only more graceful, queenly, and heavenly than the average goddess; that she is more fairy-like than Titania, more beautiful than Venus, more enchanting than Parthenopë; more adorable, lovely, and radiant, in short, than any other woman that ever did live, does live, or could live, and you will make a very favourable