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 It was with genuine pleasure that I perused your book.” Likewise, writing in acknowledgment to their esteemed friend, the Maharajah Saheb of Pithapuram, two good representatives of the healthful Christian Clergy across the waters express themselves with the same sympathy, and soundness of judgment. Says Dr. llosslyn Bruce of Sussex : “ I am very sincerely touched by the very beautiful w’ork which you have so kindly sent to me. The addresses are so human and so living that they cannot but be based on the only solid rock of eternal truth: and the religion in them is identical with ours.’^ And the Rev- A. .T. Skinner, himself the Hoad of a Public School at Marlow, shrewdly observes of the author, " He must have been a very wonderful man, and gifted with a great insight into the inner workings of a boy’s mini. I feel sure.* also, ^lat you t ourself must have stimulated him, or at least encouraged him in his plan of education-’’

Votive wreaths of btiutless admiration like these, richly and variously woven round last year’s volume in like manner


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 with its predecessor of the Jubilee year, may, quite characteristically as ever, make the noble-spirited author (in his own unaffected words) “ tremble — I had said, shudder — when I reflect of what fragile creature such g-enerous things are being said ” and “feel as though ‘ a pious fraud’ is being practised, be it ever so unwittingly. ” Yet> while the extremity of meek modesty only lends added lustre to tlm laurels, they serve, indeed, to prove the brendth and depth of dispassionate recognition- 'Phey help also to point out ‘tho common, lmmistak:^bl(^ ele’T'.onts o^ real worth and worthiness in the magic pen and the wizard tongue, the acute mind and the noble heart, the dcn'out soul and the consecrated life. And here they are set forth at length, even as they go further to obviate, by other and truly eonqx-tent estimates, tlie editorial ^osk of evaluating, while providing, the wares of this siuanieding volume. To this trcasnre-trove also may as well Be appropriated .every particle of the glowing tributes already called forth. The same tact and taste, the same elegance and

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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 eloquence, the same flavour and fragrance, the same aura and aroma, the same insight and inspiration as before may be found to prevail. The same dominant note of intense and yet ever self-dissatisfied spiritual ‘ realisation ’ may be heard to sound the higher sTains of that self-surrender which, as the closing article in the first section here puts it, feels “ an existence separate from God is insufferalfiy oppn'ssive.” What difference in e!n]itiasis and expression is perceptible b<*tveeii this and the two former issues consists not in the spirit or ii! the stand-point but arises cliietlvoiit of tli“ subjects and the surroundings, '[’he four main sections, of course, conliuuc in regard to the selection aud classifieat Km of contents. But, subject to the exig •ueics of th > material available each time, th'* scape of the opening volume has come to be, ii^ the m:*in. religious; the Social Purity and allied tiiernes in the next giv(? it a ])re[»ou i.Taiiae of ethical colour; while, again, in the third, with its College Address(‘s. (i’ouncil Speeches, the Adi-Andhra and Anti-Non-Co-operation Addresses


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 and the Vidyasagar and Viresaliogam Appreciations, it is the educational and social (or socio-political) interests that bulk largest, thus leaving open the range of its yet-to-be successor mostly for literary discourses and dissertations. Hence, as to the compilation in hand, the controversial, if not trite, nature of some ol' the tojiics as well as the mixed character of the audiences must enter into a consideration ot’ tlie tone and the treatment- Even within these limits, one or two rem » rkable features cannot fail to imprejis themselves. Firstly, there is the serene, self-possessed di^'iiity of the utterance ever and exclusively in tlie liglit of the ethical and spiritual be-iriugs of the issues involved. Yes; light, mit heat, albeit on burning topics and in a heated atnios]»here : quite the sublime, not the stale view ; always the suggesliive, ndt the self-asserting vein ; just the appealing, not the accusing accent; only the strong, not the sour word altogether 'an immediuti; object-lesson in entire freedom from that spirit of intolerance which comes in for exposure in the


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 second of the articles in this volume, a piece which may profitably be studied along with its positive pendant on ‘ Toleration ’ among the ‘ Meditations What wonder if such pronouncements of “ humane catholicity ” from “ a level head over square shoulders ” should have uniformly challenged singular attention and respect on the floor of the Council Chamber ? Secondly, the Heavenward hanker of the mystic spirit does not force it away into the purely speculative or sentimental detachment of the ascetic and the ancliorite, but only invigorates it with the dynamic and hallows it with the afflatus of they)atriot and the reformer for the practical problems of home and society. The religion that nurtures'the life of God iu the genial soul within strives, also and thereby, to radiate the glory of God through a regenerate liumanity ythout. • The Presence that informs is likewise the Power that impels.

A word or two, though necessarily brief, may next be given to mtroduce each item or sub-group of items included in the pages to follow. The Madras University Convocation


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 Address of 1923, vsrhich ‘ leads ’ the opening section, has effectually stolen a march upon most of its forerunners and is bound to shine out resplendent in the annals of that august Body as a golden classic at once more than worthy of the occasion and possessed of more than occasional worth. Delivered as from ■“ a Pisgah-height vision of that Promised Land towards which, in humble imitation of shining exemplars, he has striven in his day to direct a succession of pilgrim steps ; and listened to with reverent raj)tur ; amidst phenomenal silence by the vast asseinblage of “ the lateft — the freshest and briglitest — jewels of the motherland, the youngist and. therefore, the dean^st of the daughters and sons of BharatamatU, ” this memorable message of felicitation and counsel was feted at the time with an unbroken peal of harmonious plaudit^ by all ^the Dailies of the Presidency. If precision, however, so demand it, then may bo permitted a passing roftmence, by way of exception, to solitary Swaraj ya's ‘scrannel pipe’ upon embittered lips. As against the self-betrayed mendacity of that


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 Jesse A. Levinson, Los Angeles, Cal., for appellant.

Bautzer & Grant and Herbert Schwab, Beverly Hills, Cal., for appellee.

Before STEPHENS and BARNES, Circuit Judges, and FOLEY, District Judge.

STEPHENS, Circuit Judge.

This appeal is brought from a judgment of the District Court for the Southern District of California which decrees that appellee is the owner of a valid copyright in a motion picture entitled “The Navigator”. The judgment further decrees that appellant has infringed the copyright by exhibiting the motion picture without authority from the appellee, and that appellant is thereby enjoined from further infringement of the copyright in any manner whatsoever.

The facts as stipulated to by the parties are set forth in the Pre-Trial Conference Order and may be briefly summarized as follows: Appellee (Plaintiff in the District Court) is the surviving Trustee in Liquidation of the assets of Buster Keaton Productions, Inc., which prior to October 14, 1924 produced the motion picture film “The Navigator”. This motion picture was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn Pictures Corporation, which corporation on or about October 14, 1924 applied for and received from the Copyright Office of the United States a Certificate of Registration of Copyright on said motion picture.

In late November, 1937 Metro-Goldwyn Pictures Corp. transferred all its motion picture interests (inclusive of “The Navigator”) to Loew’s Incorporated by an agreement in writing using the following language:

"“* * * METRO has sold, assigned and set over unto LOEW’S * * * all right, title and interest of METRO in and to, any and all motion pictures * * * and all copyright thereof * * * recorded in the name of METRO as proprietor and/or owner * * * in the Office of the Register of Copyrights of the United States * * *.”"

In August, 1952 Loew’s Inc., as the assignee of Metro-Goldwyn Pictures Corp., applied for and received a Certificate of Registration for the renewal of the copyright on the film “The Navigator”. In February, 1960 pursuant to stockholder vote the firm name of

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 oracle strangely failing to detect in the Address little more than “ a mass of pompons verbiage ” and “ an accumulation of meaningless platitudes ” ‘‘ singularly devoid of the stuft' that creates moral enthusiasm or the noble call to idealism which inspires young minds the master-piece may safely be trusted to come to its own in the freer judgment of the wider public whom it is now to reach. And thus may be ratified its unclouded approbation by all other responsible organs of the Indian Press — that is, as “ excellent ” and “ attuned to a loftiness of outlook”, according to The Hindu, “above the ordinary run,” in the opinion of The Daily Express ; “ a message of inspiration as adjudged by New India ; and “ an eloquent plea for reason and action” that ‘‘transcends the ordinary level of common thought and breathes of the true sj^iirit of the prophet and seer,” in tile view of Justice- The discourse sets forth a vivid exposition of the solemn significance of the graduation ceremony of the hood and the gown, the pledge and the diploma. It also lays strenuous


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 insistence upon imperative measures of -educational reform like the development of ‘university centres’ on the iing'uistic i)asis in outlying areas, “ a broad and well-laid scheme of wide-spread Vernacular •education,” the stimulation of higher technical training for the dissolution of “ academic untouchability ” between intellectual .aptitudes and industrial skill, and “a liberal-spirited scheme of moral instruction.” But apart from these immediate •concerns, it stands assured of permanent validity as clearly embodying the Two Tables of the Law unto the supreme end ■of self-realisation in ” the glorious work of national renaissance”: namely. Culture {vidya matured intot viveka, riveka sublimated into vigjnana, viyjnana mellowed into vinaya) and Duty (the instrument of Discipline, the pillar of Development, the fountain of Delight). Next.’a trio of religious -essays— the first from the Suthyammrardhani of liaj^huiuudry and the other two from The Fellow'TVovkeT of M!adras — though belonging to the earlier years yet with great force and


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 in lucid language, sets out the diverse varieties, the subtle sources, the baleful results and the effective solvents, on the one hand, of ‘‘ rnau’s injury to brother-man in the name of religion ” and, on the other, of man’s degradation of God the Formless into the grossness of “ a materialised or ‘ symbolised ’ deity ” ; and, furthermore, the limitations of well-meant make-shifts and half-measures towards reformation, as also of conformity to custom on principle, so-called, in disregard of conviction. The two College Addresses will be specially welcome to loving ‘ old boys ’ and respectful ex-colleagues, to the trustful co-administrators and the “ passionate and yet dispassionate ” patron, as the preserved record of a loftj- outlook upon the educational mis'feioa of an accredited institution honoured and enriched with close upon a decade-and-a-half of presiding beneficence under the sweetest the most sanctified, of relations evermore and all-round. Cf these singularly cherished sentiments, the strongest finds grateful expression in words which must here be reinscribed to be


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 graven upon reverent hearts. “ The richest reward of my life-work has always been the affection and regard of my pupils. That* indeed, has been the most valuable asset of my life, as it has been also the most powerful stimulus in my work.” Tlum, the eight speeches of the first triennium of the Reformed, Provincial Legislature reveal, as from an elevated summit, the fulness of many- sided. sympathy and far-sighted statesman- ship on certain vital issues of the country’s progress. They show the true, ‘ liberal ’- indication ^of grave defects, tending to out-of-date effeteness, in the courses and control of Public Instruction even as a ‘ transferred subject and in the warm acceptance of the programme of free and compulsory elementary education of a practical type under an improved class of teachers with the temple-offerings ®f piety, rightly usable for the noblest of chanties ”5 and, again* in the strong opposition to any financial interdict upon wholesome religious teaching under missionary auspices. They show the
 * national ’ educationist in the pointed


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 chivalrous champion of the claims of women for political enfranchisement with due regard to the essential modicum of literacy and the existing difficulties of the purdah. They show the uncompromising temperance (why, total abstinence) reformer — that ‘other self’ of the lifelong purity worker — in the righteous protestation against the high licensing system of excise for the up-keep of the largest source of State income. They show the disinterested “ citizen ’’and “social reformer ” in the judicious advocacy of an adequate proportional- representation in the services to secure an all-round national, in place of a “ sporadic, spasmodic, individual and sectional efficiency”, and to stimulate the equal advancement of th*e masses with the classes- They show, too, the earnest spokesman of the cause of the ‘ depressed classes ’ in the tender api>eal^ for a separate Department and for differential treatment in their behalf even by way of just reparation for centuries of neglect, ,if not of oppression. A fuller treatment of the different phases of this last-named problem of the


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 Adi-Andhra 8 on the part of their chosen representative in the counsels of the nation> is what is furnished in the latter of the next two Presidential Addresses — that delivered to the members of the community itself at their first District Conference with the genuine assurance, “ I always endeavour to think and feel that I am one of you,'’ while gently exhorting them, among other things, to the prime duty of self-help ” in manfully yet meekly struggling to take their legitimate position in the great Indian nation by first lifting away the dead-weight of “ crushing disabilities,” internal as well as external. The other Presidential Speech — that at the Anti-Non-Co-operation Conference in Goda- vari — endeavours “ to speak the right word in due season ” by a searching examination of the ulterior aim and the favourite methods, the practical applications and the significant omissions (“ unobkcured >by any of the mis* leading incidents ") of a movement under, if not by, which “ much avoidable harm — no donb't, intermingled* with some desirable good — has been worked.” A reasoned ‘ con-


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 Loew’s Inc. was changed to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Incorporated. And on or about March 1, 1960 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Inc. assigned to the plaintiff in writing all of its right, title and interest in and to the motion picture “The Navigator” including the copyright and the renewal thereof.

Appellant (Defendant in the District Court) admits that he copied the film by direct photographic duplication, and that during the month of March, 1960 he exhibited “The Navigator” to the public in his theater. Shortly thereafter plaintiff brought the instant action in the District Court seeking to recover damages for the alleged infringement and to enjoin defendant’s future infringement of the copyright. The court granted the injunction and awarded plaintiff the statutory minimum damages of $250.00. Jurisdiction was conferred on the District Court by 28 U.S.C. § 1338. This court has jurisdiction by virtue of 28 U.S.C. § 1291.

Defendant raises many overlapping points in his appeal, which when consolidated present three basic questions concerning plaintiff’s chain of title to the copyright and its renewal. First, defendant contends that the District Court committed reversible error by holding that Metro-Goldwyn Pictures Corp. had obtained a valid copyright in 1924. This contention cannot be sustained. The record contains substantial evidence to support such holding. The case was submitted to the court for decision without trial in open court. The only evidence before the court was contained in a Pre-Trial Conference Order, which consisted of a stipulated statement of facts and all of the documents related to the copyright here in question. These documents were stipulated to be genuine and admissible as evidence in the case without objection.

The introduction into evidence of a copyright Certificate of Registration creates a prima facie case as to the facts stated therein. 17 U.S.C. § 209; Vance v. American Society of Composers, etc., 271 F.2d 204 (8th Cir. 1959); Wihtol v. Wells, 231 F.2d 550 (7th Cir. 1956); National Institute, Inc., etc. v. Nutt, 28 F.2d 132 (D.Conn.1928). The burden then shifts to the other party to go forward with the evidence in order to overcome such prima facie case. There is nothing in the stipulated facts in the Pre-Trial Order which controverts the prima facie case made out by the introduction into evidence of the 1924 Certificate of Registration. It was on the basis of this uncontroverted set of facts that the District Court made the disputed finding. We cannot say, in a case where the defendant has failed to overcome the prima facie case made out by the plaintiff, that a holding by the District Court in favor of the plaintiff constitutes reversible error.

Defendant also contends that the assignment in 1937 from Metro-Goldwyn Pictures Corp. to Loew’s Inc. did not effectively pass title of the renewal rights because the renewal rights were not expressly mentioned in the general words of assignment. The District Court held to the contrary, and in our view the evidence supports that conclusion.

Defendant argues that unless the conveying instrument expressly states that the renewal rights have been conveyed, the courts will find that the parties did not intend to transfer them. This rule, however, reflects a policy of statutory copyright law which is not applicable to the facts of the case before us. By requiring the express mention of renewal rights in such transfers, thus avoiding an inadvertent or unintended transfer of such rights, the courts have found a means of carrying out the

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 fession' of political ‘faith’ in refreshing language, it seeks, in a spirit of more than political faith, “to pluck consolation and even hope from our sorrows and to sight the vision of a renaissance even through the gloom of despondence,” by tracing how the prospects are not so gloomy and circumstances so irremediable.” ”In all frankness and in all friendliness” and out of a firm belief in the ‘providential’ alliance of England and India, it reminds the rulers how the “crisis” came, “the period of guardianship and tutelage having been prolonged beyond the natural limits”; and impresses upon the ruled“ how, the age of autocracy gone, the age of democracy can be saved from confusion and disruption only by a vigorous cultivation of the habit of mutual help and conscious co-operation on the basis of perfect equality.’' Such, we are led to understand, are the moorings of “the true moderate,” happily defined as one “who knows how to labour and to wait, w'ho delights to do his duty and trusts to his, partner's good-will to do his, who is loyal from a sense of the right


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 BS1405.8.T24

The spint of the Hebrew poetry

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Rh

37. Responsibility for responding to the Wagner Network sits across several departments within the UK Government and reaches across multiple directorates within the FCDO. Among departments, the FCDO and Ministry of Defence receive the greatest focus in the Government’s written evidence to this inquiry. However, relevant powers also sit within:

 * the Home Office, which has the power to proscribe organisations as terrorist entities and to ban foreign nationals from entering the UK when “conducive to the public good”; and

 * the Treasury, which has day-to-day decision-making power over sanctions implementation measures, including sanctions waivers.

Ben Fender (Director, Eastern Europe and Central Asia, FCDO) told us:

"Day to day, Government are coming together to look at Wagner as a problem, because we think it is a growing issue."

It has not been possible during this inquiry to ascertain which minister has lead responsibility. The Government’s evidence to this inquiry arrived several months late, due to the challenges of obtaining input from multiple departments.

38. Mechanisms to enable departments to work together include, at the highest level, the National Security Council, a Cabinet committee dedicated to the discussion of national security issues “in the round” and “in a strategic way”. Among civil servants, the Russia Unit within the FCDO brings together officials from the Foreign Office and other departments. It is intended to support “joined-up policy” on the Wagner Network and other Russia-related issues. In February, the Minister said it had surged resources to this unit in the past year. Referring to this unit, the Minister told us:

"I am confident that we have a joined-up cross-Whitehall mechanism for ensuring the best possible execution of our policy…"

He added that:

"…there are more people looking at this as part of a very defined effort over the last year—to surge resource into a very considerable ramping up of our efforts around Ukraine and wider issues…"


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 policy of protecting the copyright interests of original authors and certain of their heirs. See 17 U.S.C. § 24; Edward B. Marks Music Corp. v. Charles K. Harris Music Pub. Co., 255 F.2d 518 (2nd Cir. 1958); and Rossiter v. Vogel, 134 F.2d 908 (2nd Cir. 1943). That policy and rule clearly have no application here, since none of the parties before the court are within the class of persons given special statutory consideration.

Thus the scope of factual examination made to determine the intent of the parties to this assignment is not as limited as defendant contends. The language of the agreement in general, as well as the circumstances surrounding its execution may also serve to indicate the intent of the parties. And where there is evidence which shows an intention to transfer the renewal rights, the fact that they were not expressly mentioned in the assignment of the original copyright will not preclude their passing with the copyright. Edward B. Marks Music Corp. v. Charles K. Harris Music Pub. Co., 255 F.2d 518 (2nd Cir. 1958).

We look first to the language of the assignment, which reads in part, that METRO has assigned to LOEW’S “all right, title and interest * * * in and to, any and all motion pictures * * * and all copyright[s] thereof * * *.” In our view, an intent to transfer both the copyright and the right to renew the copyright is well supported by the all inclusive language here quoted. We can find no evidence in the record which would tend to support a conclusion that Metro-Goldwyn Pictures Corp. intended to retain any right or interest in the copyright of “The Navigator” or any other motion picture covered by the assignment.

In addition we note that shortly after this transfer Metro-Goldwyn Pictures Corp. was dissolved and went out of existence. This course of action is, we think, inconsistent with an intention to retain the right to renew the copyright of “The Navigator”, a right not exercisable until fifteen years after the 1937 assignment. These factors, we hold, are sufficient to sustain the conclusion of the District Court that Loew’s Inc. did receive a valid right to renew the copyright by the 1937 assignment.

Defendant also attacks the validity of the Loew’s Inc. renewal of the copyright in 1952, on the ground that at the time of renewal it falsely claimed to be a proprietor of a work made for hire. Defendant has mistaken the requirements for renewal. The fact that the employer-employee relationship no longer exists at the time of renewal is immaterial. This is true because the author (employee) of a work made for hire obtains no interest in the copyrights or renewals relating to such work. All the rights pertaining to such work reside in the employer. 17 U.S.C. § 24; Shapiro, Bernstein & Co. v. Bryan, 123 F.2d 697 (2nd Cir. 1941); Tobani v. Carl Fischer, Inc., 98 F.2d 57 (2nd Cir. 1938), cert. denied, 305 U.S. 650, 59 S.Ct. 243, 83 L.Ed. 420 (1938); Von Tilzer v. Jerry Vogel Music Co., 53 F.Supp. 191 (S.D.N.Y. 1943), aff’d. Gumn v. Jerry Vogel Music Co., 158 F.2d 516 (2nd Cir. 1946). And since the author has no interest in either the work, its copyright, or the renewal thereof, his state of employment at the time of renewal has no effect on the employer’s rights to renew the copyright. We hold therefore, that the District Court properly held that Loew’s Inc. obtained a valid renewal of the copyright in 1952.

It is apparent from what we have already said that defendant’s contention that the film is in the public domain and therefore cannot be the subject of copyright is without merit. We conclude therefore, that the District Court was correct in upholding plaintiff’s chain of title to the copyright and its renewal. And since the defendant admitted having exhibited the film without plaintiff’s authorization, the District Court also correctly held that defendant had infringed plaintiff’s valid copyright interest in “The Navigator”.

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 The defendant devoted the greater share of his arguments on appeal, however, to one other contention which should be mentioned. For the first time in the course of this litigation defendant questions the genuineness of the March, 1960 assignment from Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Inc. to the plaintiff. Defendant now asserts that the date of the assignment was altered to read March 1, 1960, when in fact the instrument was originally executed and dated March 16, 1960. This alteration, defendant contends, should be investigated to determine whether or not it constitutes a fraud on the District Court.

While it is true in certain cases that an appellate court has the power to deal with judgments shown to have been obtained by fraud, the investigation sought here is not a matter properly raised, in the first instance, before this court.

We reach this conclusion for two reasons. The first is the fact that the defendant failed to assert this objection during the trial court proceedings. Quite to the contrary, he entered into a stipulation in the pre-trial conference which stated that the instrument now challenged was genuine and admissible into evidence without objection. Thus there is no adverse ruling by the District Court, relating to the challenged document, which the defendant can urge this court to review or reverse as erroneous.

The second reason is that Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60(b), 28 U.S.C.A., sets forth the proper method for seeking relief from a judgment alleged to have been obtained by fraud. Under that Rule, relief from a judgment on this ground is to be sought either by a motion in the trial court or by an independent action in equity. In his brief defendant states that he discovered the alleged alteration after the judgment but prior to the time of perfecting this appeal. Thus, although aware of the facts now asserted on appeal, defendant failed to proceed in accordance with Rule 60(b). An appeal to this court cannot be used as a substitute for the timely procedure set forth by Rule 60(b). We conclude therefore, that the request for an investigation is not a matter properly before this court, and we decline to consider the point sought to be raised by it.

The judgment of the District Court is affirmed.

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the early part of the last year a remarkable golden ornament, of a type, as far as I am aware, hitherto unpublished, was found on the Chiltern Hills, on the estates of Robert Fox, Esq., in the parish of Wendover. By the kind permission of that gentleman this relic of antiquity was exhibited at one of the meetings of the Institute: and my thanks are now due to him for enabling me to record the following particulars regarding the discovery.

It is an armilla, which, as shown by the representation here given (No. 1.), is of the class of ornaments hearing resemblance to certain forms of the torc, composed of one or more bars or wires of metal wreathed or twisted together. The name torc has, however, been generally used to designate collars and ornaments for the neck, the varieties of which have been so ably classified by Mr. Birch in previous volumes of this Journal.

This curious torc-armilla, if I may be permitted to use the term, now under consideration, is a wreath of four threads, composed of two rounded bars of considerable thickness, with two twisted wires, of much slighter dimensions, wound spirally between them. The whole is very skilfully wreathed together, and welded into one piece at the extremities, which taper towards a point, and are cut off obtusely without any indication of a hook or fastening. The weight of the bracelet is 4 oz. 12 dwts.

This beautiful ornament, according to the information kindly communicated by Mr. Fox, was found on May 24, 1848, upon a farm in his possession, in that part of the parish of Wendover, called Wendover Dean, and in the occupation of Mr. James Olliff. One of his labourers named Charles Rockell, employed in ploughing, observed the gold glittering on the ridge of his fresh-turned furrow: he picked


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4 it up, and on return from his work it was carried to his master. The piece of ground where the bracelet was thus brought to light by the plough, had been woodland, covered with beech-trees, from which the county of Buckingham is supposed to have derived its name. In title-deeds, bearing date 1696, the name of this wood is written “Rideings” grove or coppice. In later times it has been known as “Riddings” wood. The field at the present time bears the same name,—the Riddings. In the winter of 1845 Mr. Fox had caused this wood to be cut down and grubbed up. The tenant had repeatedly ploughed and harrowed the soil; and, doubtless, the grubbing up of deep roots had brought this precious object to the surface, but it had remained concealed till the last spring. There is nothing about the field, such as a hillock or tumulus, nor any traditions concerning the locality, tending to throw light on this interesting discovery. Wendover is situate in one of the vallies of the Chiltern Hills, and this old woodland is on the brow of a hill on the west side of the valley. The farm, of which it is part, had been known by the name of “Dutchlands” as far back as the year 1696. In the Ordnance Survey and some other maps the name is written Ditchland.

Although no ancient vestiges of occupation now appear near the spot where this discovery occurred, there are various points in the neighbourhood deserving notice, in connexion with the present inquiry. I am not aware that any Roman remains worthy of mention have been found in those parts, with the exception of the tessellated pavement, excavated in 1774, at High Wycombe, about six miles to the southward. The ancient way, known as the Upper and Lower Icknield, called, in some parts of Bucks, “Achnel


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Rh way,” ran towards Wendover, and the principal line crosses the Watling-street, about thirteen miles north-east of that town, at Dunstable. The Akeman-street, also, in its course from the Watling, by Berkhampstead, towards Aylesbury and Alcester, traverses the Icknield, about four miles from the spot where this gold armlet was disinterred. Not far to the westward is an ancient hill-fortress, near Prince’s Risborough, commonly called “the Black Prince’s Palace;” it was doubtless on account of its commanding position, a stronghold in early British times. Here also, at Kimble, or Kunebal, is the supposed scene of stirring events at that period: the name has been traced to Cunobelin, the locality having, possibly, been the field of the memorable conflict in which the sons of that prince were defeated by Plautius, 43. In the adjoining parish of Ellesborough is an ancient fortress, traditionally called the Castle of Belinus, and above it is a height retaining the name of Belinesbury. The Whiteleaf, or White Cliff, Cross, found in the same neighbourhood, is supposed to be the memorial of a victory by the Saxons over the Danes, who repeatedly ravaged this country. In the times just preceding the Conquest, the thick woods covering the Chiltern, of which some vestiges have only of late been assarted at Wendover Dean by Mr. Fox, had become a refuge for robbers and outlaws, to the great annoyance of travellers. These fastnesses were in great part cleared, and the woods cut down, by Leofstan, Abbot of St. Albans, in the reign of Edward the Confessor.

As regards the age to which this curious relic may properly be assigned, I must admit that I have been unable to form a satisfactory conclusion. It appears too elaborately fashioned to have been of British or Gaulish origin, nor has it the characteristics of Roman workmanship, which might lead us to class it with the armillæ, presented with torques, phaleræ, and other marks of distinction for military service. The ancient use of golden armlets of the wreathed type, is shown by the remarkable ornaments found in Britany in 1832, and described by the Rev. John Bathurst Deane, in an interesting Memoir in the Archaeologia. These, however, are solid, not formed of several bars twined together like a cord; but some


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The following witnesses gave evidence. Transcripts can be viewed on the inquiry publications page of the Committee's website.

Dr Sorcha MacLeod, Associate Professor, University of Copenhagen, Chair, UN Working Group on the use of mercenaries; Christo Grozev, Executive Director and ex-Russia investigator, Bellingcat; Dr Sean McFate, Senior Fellow, Atlantic Council, Professor, National Defense University

Jason McCue, Senior Partner, McCue Jury & Partners; Professor Jason Blazakis, Executive Director of the Center on Terrorism, Extremism, and Counterterrorism, Middlebury Institute of International Studies, Senior Research Fellow, The Soufan Center

Mikhail Khodorkovsky, Public figure, former political prisoner and pro-democracy activist

Leo Docherty MP Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State, Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office; Ben Fender OBE, Director, Eastern Europe and Central Asia, Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office; Hazel Cameron, Head of the Human Rights Department, Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office


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6 examples in that singular discovery were engraved with spiral lines in imitation of the twist.

My own opinion would incline to attribute the armilla to a later age, and to regard it as a work of the renowned artificers of Anglo-Saxon times; deposited, possibly, in the wild retreats of the Chiltern woodlands, by some lawless plunderer in the times of Alfred or the Confessor. Bracelets of gold, it will be remembered, were not uncommon in the Anglo-Saxon age: the “earm-beag” was an ornament much in vogue, and of great weight and value. The golden bracelets bequeathed to the King and Queen by Brihtric, one of the thanes of Archbishop Ælfric, may be cited; the bracelet of sixty mancuses, mentioned in the will of Wulfere; and William of Malmsbury states, that Earl Godwin, desirous of propitiating Hardicanute, 1040, presented to him a ship decorated with gold, and containing eighty warriors gorgeously armed, “qui haberent in brachiis singulis armillas duas, unamquamque sedecim unciarum auri.” This historian even asserts that the inhabitants of Britain, at the arrival of the Conqueror, were—“armillis aureis brachiis onerati.”

I hope that antiquaries, more conversant than myself with foreign or other collections, may determine the date and the people to which Mr. Fox’s armilla should be assigned. The only sure guide in such inquiries would be supplied by facilities for comparison in a national collection; and, whilst regretting the deficiency of any sufficient series of British antiquities, available for public information, it is highly gratifying to be enabled to state the generous intention of Mr. Fox, to deposit this armilla in the British Museum, as a contribution towards the formation of a series, the urgent want of which is daily felt by English antiquaries.

It may be interesting to notice certain ornaments existing in Britain of analogous fashion with that found near Wendover. In the small collection of ancient British ornaments, preserved in the British Museum, a pair of armillæ may be seen, stated to have been discovered in this country. The cord is simple, formed of two threads, tapering considerably towards the extremities: the fastening is contrived by means of a hook and eye. A representation of one of these armlets has been


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Rh given in Dr. Smith’s “Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities,” (v. Armilla,) and may be seen in the last volume of the Archaeological Journal.

A slender gold armlet, formed in like manner of two wires wreathed together, was found in 1845 at Downham, Norfolk. It was unfortunately condemned to the crucible; but a representation has been preserved in the “Transactions of the Norfolk Archaeological Society,” Vol. i., p. 231, with a memoir by the Rev. James Bulwer. In Ireland, where ornaments of gold are found in greater profusion than in this country, armlets of this fashion are of less rarity. Two good examples, from Lord Albert Conyngham’s collection, are given in the Archaeologia. They were found near the entrance of the Caves at New Grange. None of these, however, precisely resemble the Wendover armilla, except in general character, as belonging to the class of wreathed, or torc-ornaments.

In the neighbouring county of Herts, an ancient torc-ornament of gold, weight twenty guineas, was found in 1744, in the grounds of Caleb Lomax, Esq., of Park Street, St. Albans. I am not aware whether it is still in existence. For the sake of comparison with the Wendover armilla, a representation is here given, from Gough’s edition of Camden’s Britannia; although unskilfully portrayed, this may suffice to show that it was an ornament of analogous type, but formed of two wires only. (No. 2.) Gough describes it as a fibula, but the notion of its dimensions, by comparison of its weight, (about 5 oz. 15 dwts.) may fairly lead to the conclusion that it had been an armilla. A second ornament of gold, apparently a kind of torc, was found near the same locality, in 1748; it came into the hands of Gale, and is described as “a wreathed or vermicular ornament, being a solid chain of gold, dug up near Old Verulam.” In the same county a gold “torc” was found in 1787, at Ware; the extremities terminated in cups, or hollow bell-shaped ends


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All publications from the Committee are available on the publications page of the Committee's website.


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8 I regret my inability to state of what form were the gold armillæ found in ground, recently cleared of wood, in the parish of Little Amwell, Herts; they were exhibited to the Society of Antiquaries, June 13, 1816, by Charles Stokes, Esq., F.S.A. The weight of one was 2 oz. 8 dwt. 3 grs.; of the other, 2 oz. 2 dwt. 12 grs.

From the ancient territories of the Cattieuchlani, we now turn to the remote eastern shores of North Britain, and the exquisite golden ornaments recently there found. Whilst I was occupied in seeking examples analogous to the armlet communicated to the Institute by Mr. Fox, a pair of very beautiful armillæ of another type were most kindly entrusted to me by Mr. Richard Dundas, of Arniston; my acknowledgment is also due to Mr. Patrick Chalmers, of Auldbar, and Mr. Cosmo Innes, through whose friendly communications and mediation I have been permitted to examine these precious relics. I have the gratification of giving a representation of one of these armlets (No. 3.), drawn by the skilful hand of Mr. Henry Shaw, F.S.A. They were found at Largo, in Fifeshire, and Mr. Dundas, on whose family estates the discovery occurred, has favoured me with the following particulars:—“Largo is on the south coast of Fifeshire, at the head of a bay, well sheltered from the north and east winds, and affording the only safe anchorage for small vessels in that neighbourhood. From its position, near the mouth of the Frith of Forth, with the advantage of a good anchorage, it may probably have been a favourite landing-place of the Northern freebooters. The gold bracelets were found last winter (1848) on the top of a steep bank, which slopes down to the sea, among some loose earth, which was being dug to be carted away. The soil is sandy, and the men had dug about three feet deep, where the bracelets lay. It was at a place close to the sea-shore, called the Temple, which is part of the village of Lower Largo. An old woman, who has lived close to the spot all her days, says that in her youth some coffins were found there, and one man was supposed to have found a treasure, having suddenly become rich enough to build a house.”

These beautiful ornaments are formed of a thin plate or riband of gold, skilfully twisted, the spiral line being


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Rh with singular precision. The fastening is by means of a hook and a little knob or button; the elastic flexibility of the ornament is very remarkable: it perfectly exemplifies the definition given by Scheffer,—“tortus et flexilis.” It would be easy to multiply examples of torc-ornaments more or less similar in type, found in this country, and especially in Ireland; but none that I have seen possess an equal degree off elegance and perfection of workmanship. Well-suited as the bay of Largo may appear to have been the resort of the Northmen, whose predatory incursions ravaged those coasts, we are reluctant to suppose so graceful an ornament to be of Danish origin,—a relic of the armlets so freely dispensed by Rollo, as to entitle him, according to ancient song, to be celebrated as Hreiter Hedda, scatterer of gold.

It would be very interesting to ascertain precisely at what period, and through what influence, the rude tribes whose accustomed weapons were of flint or of bone, whose choicest ornaments were of amber or jet, first became acquainted with the use of bronze and iron, and especially with the precious metals; the estimation of, and skill in working these seems to mark an important advance in civilisation. The assertion of Tacitus, in his observations on the manners of the ancient Germans—often cited as tending to prove that gold and silver were almost unknown to the nations of the North as late as the close of the first century of the Christian era—may appear of little moment in connection with inquiries regarding our own country. It is certain that ornaments of gold were commonly used in Gaul at an early period; and there is the highest probability that, if gold were not discovered in the rocks or sandy beds of mountain streams in Britain, these ornaments would be introduced from the adjacent coasts, with the rude coins—the first of our numismatic series, found most frequently in southern counties, and, probably, of Gaulish origin. Cicero, indeed, has twice asserted, in his Epistles, that no gold or silver was to be found in Britain; but the evidence of Tacitus, in the Life of Agricola, seems conclusive as to the existence of precious metals having been ascertained:—“Fert Britannia aurum et argentum et alia metalla, pretium victoriæ.” That the Romans were not negligent in the development of the mineral resources of Britain, and even detected gold in the


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10 quartz rocks of Wales, seems to have been proved by the interesting Notices of Mr. Johnes and Mr. Warington Smyth, regarding the Ogofau Mine in Carmarthenshire. The local tradition—the discovery of Roman pottery, ornaments, and a bath—the name “Conwill Gaio,” supposed to signify the advanced post of Caius, and other circumstances, appear to justify the conclusion that the ancient workings there found are of Roman times.

The antiquities of the earlier periods, including all remains which bear no evident stamp of Roman origin or influence, claim our most careful investigation. Exceedingly limited in variety of types, these vestiges of the ancient inhabitants of Great Britain are not more interesting to the antiquarian collector, on account of their rarity, than valuable to the historian. They supply the only positive evidence, in those obscure ages, regarding customs, warfare, foreign invasions, or the influence of commerce and the advance of civilisation amongst the earliest races by which these islands were peopled. The true classification of these remains is of much importance: there is still the risk of erroneous conclusions, from inconsiderately designating as “Celtic,” or “Primeval,” ancient objects which perplex the antiquary by singularity of form or undefined character. With this view, I am desirous of submitting to the more careful consideration of archaeologists certain remarkable types of rare annular ornaments of gold discovered in Britain. I am not prepared, at present, to offer any speculations on the probable age to which each variety may be attributed: my object being rather to record facts—materials which may perhaps hereafter serve, in more able hands, as the groundwork of satisfactory conclusions on this interesting subject.

The most simple type of gold ornament discovered in these islands is the ring, formed of a rounded bar of equal thickness throughout, bent into circular form, and the extremities left disunited. These objects, sometimes characterised, on that account, as “penannular,” are already well known to our readers as of frequent occurrence in Ireland, where they are designated by most antiquaries as “ring-money,” of which several notices have been given in this Journal. I do not propose to enter upon the question, nor


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Rh am disposed to controvert the supposition, that these rings may have served as currency. It is highly probable that, in primitive times, when barter afforded to traffic the sole approach towards facilities subsequently obtained by a circulating medium, such rings passed as money. It has been confidently stated that an uniform rule of progressive weight may be established, by the comparison of rings of various sizes; and, if so curious a fact can be shown in regard to these rings, it would certainly go far towards confirming the notion of their pecuniary value.

By the friendly aid of an obliging correspondent, the Rev. Charles Bingham, of Bingham’s Melcumbe, Dorset, I am enabled to state, that gold ornaments, similar to the Irish “ring-money,” have been recently discovered in that county. I owe to his kindness the annexed representation of a small gold ring, in the possession of Mr. Charles Hall, of Ansty, near Blandford, (No. 4.) It was found at Abbey Milton, Dorset, in a potato-field. The weight is 4 dwts. 8 grs. This weight, (104 grs.) is not divisible, according to the rule received in regard to similar Irish rings, by six. A second gold ring of this type, found also near Blandford, is in the collection of Mr. Charles Warne. This, as I am informed, was found by a person cutting turf upon Piddletown Heath, Dorset. Two small beads were discovered near it. It is a very singular fact that plain gold rings, of precisely similar form, the extremities not being united, pass current as money at the present day in some parts of Africa. Sir William Betham and other antiquaries have regarded this as a strong argument in favour of the supposed Irish “ring-money.” I am indebted to the Duke of Northumberland for the opportunity of examining specimens of African gold money, especially interesting as having been made under his own inspection at Sennaar. His Grace favoured me with the following particulars: he chanced to notice a blacksmith occupied in forming these rings, and inquiring as to their use, the man replied, that having no work in hand for his forge, he was making money. The gold wire, being very flexible, was bent into rings, without precise conformity in regard to weight, and was thus converted into money. One of these rings is


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 That which is conveyed into the brain by the ear is called sound; though, in truth, till it come to reach and affect the perceptive part, it be nothing but motion.

The motion, which produces in us the perception of sound, is a vibration of the air, caused by an exceeding short, but quick, tremulous motion of the body from which it is propagated; and therefore we consider and denominate them as bodies sounding.

That sound is the effect of such a short, brisk, vibrating motion of bodies from which it is propagated, may be known from what is observed and felt in the strings of instruments, and the trembling of bells, as long as we perceive any sound come from them; for as soon as that vibration is stopped, or ceases in them, the perception ceases also.

The propagation of sound is very quick, but not approaching that of light. Sounds move about 1140 English feet in a second of time; and in seven or eight minutes of time they move about one hundred English miles.

Smelling is another sense, that seems to be wrought on by bodies at a distance; though that which immediately affects the organ, and produces in us the sensation of any smell, are effluvia, or invisible particles, that, coming from bodies at a distance, immediately affect the olfactory nerves.

Smelling bodies seem perpetually to send forth effluvia, or steams, without sensibly wasting at all. Thus a grain of musk will send forth odoriferous particles for scores of years together, without its being spent; whereby one would conclude that these particles are very small; and yet it is plain that they are much grosser than the rays of light, which have a free passage through glass; and grosser also than the magnetic effluvia, which pass freely through all bodies, when those that produce smell will not pass through


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12 here represented, (No. 5.); a little mark is punched near the extremities, on both sides, but this did not appear to have any distinctive intention: any person was permitted to fabricate ring-money; it passed current by weight; the gold is so flexible, that the rings are readily opened, to be linked into a chain for the convenience of keeping them together, and as readily detached, when a payment was to be made.

Mr. Bingham has also kindly supplied drawings of two open grooved rings of gold, found in Dorsetshire, of a type not hitherto noticed. Their fashion and dimensions are shown by the annexed wood-cuts. The smaller specimen, (No. 6.), in the possession of Mr. Charles Hall, weighs 23 grs. The second (No. 7.) is in the collection of Mr. Charles Warne, and weighs 10 dwts., 18 grs., (258 grs., divisible exactly by six.) The grooves, Mr. Bingham suggests, may possibly indicate graduation in value. The notion had struck him, proposed likewise by Colonel Vallancey, that penannular ornaments might have served as nose-rings, the narrow opening serving to clip the septum of the nose.

An interesting crescent-shaped variety of the gold “penannular” ornaments is preserved in the valuable Museum formed by the Hon. Richard Neville, at Audley End. By his obliging permission it is here represented, (No. 8.) It was recently found by a labouring man named Bass, on the Dairy Farm, Thaxted, in Essex. The weight is 240 grains, verifying the remark that the weight of these rings is generally divisible by six. I have not seen any similar English example of plain rings of gold, gradually tapering towards their extremities. The annular horned ornament of brass, plated with gold, found by Sir B. Colt Hoare in a tumulus near Amesbury, with objects of gold, bears some resemblance to this, but the broad part is perforated, as if for suspension. (Ancient Wilts, Vol. i., Pl. XXV. p. 201.) There is a representation of a ring, precisely resembling Mr. Neville’s, found in Ireland, with others of silver, communicated to the Society of Antiquaries by the Bishop of Meath, and given in the Archaeologia, Vol. ii., Pl. I. It is described as “a small lunular fibula of gold.” Bings of this crescent type, either


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 more turned out of their course, in passing from one medium to another; it follows, that after such refraction they will be separated, and their distinct colour observed. Of these, the most refrangible are violet, and the least red; and the intermediate ones, in order, are indigo, blue, green, yellow, and orange. This separation is very entertaining, and will be observed with pleasure in holding a prism in the beams of the sun.

As all these rays differ in refrangibility, so they do in reflexibility; that is, in the property of being more easily reflected from certain bodies than from others; and hence arise, as hath been said, all the colours of bodies; which are, in a manner, infinite, as an infinite number of compositions and proportions, of the original colours, may be imagined.

The whiteness of the sun's light is compounded of all the original colours, mixed in a due proportion.

Whiteness, in bodies, is but a disposition to reflect all colours of light, nearly in the proportion they are mixed in the original rays; as, on the contrary, blackness is only a disposition to absorb or stifle, without reflection, most of the rays of every sort that fall on the bodies.

Light is successively propagated with an almost inconceivable swiftness; for it comes from the sun, to this our earth, in about seven or eight minutes of time, which distance is about 80,000,000 English miles.

Besides colour, we are supposed to see figure; but, in truth, that which we perceive when we see figure, as perceivable by sight, is nothing but the termination of colour.

Next to seeing, hearing is the most extensive of our senses. The ear is the organ of hearing, whose curious structure is to be learnt from anatomy.


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Rh twisted or beaded, occur also in Ireland, and have been communicated to the Institute by an obliging correspondent in Cork, Mr. Edward Hoare. (See Archaeol. Journ. Vol. ii., p. 198.) A fragment of a curious twisted ring of gold, found in a turf-bog, near Sligo, is in Mr. Hoare’s collection, (see No. 9.), closely resembling a specimen from Africa, presented to the Numismatic Society by Mr. Dickinson, and another from Timbuctoo, preserved in the United Service Museum. Of the former, with another gold ring from the interior of Africa, presented to the Numismatic Society by Mr. Hampden, as also of an Irish ring, found near Belfast, of the beaded type (weight, 4 dwts.), I have been enabled to give representations by the kindness of Mr. John Yonge Akerman. (Nos. 10, 11, 12.)

From these more simple types we proceed to the curious torc-rings, and ornaments formed of several wires curiously intertwined, and united together on one side. We were indebted to Mr. Hoare on a former occasion for an interesting example (No. 13), found near Waterford, analogous in character to the armilla represented in this Journal, Vol. v., p. 154. Another specimen, reported to have been found on Flodden Field, was communicated by the Rev. Dr. Hume. It was in the possession of Mr. Paton, who had a similar ring, found at Dunfermline. In the Museum of Mr. Whincopp, at Woodbridge, a fine gold ring of the same type is preserved, of which a representation is here given. (No. 14.) The weight is 12 dwts. 14 grs. This ring was found in Suffolk, and has been supposed to be an ornament for the ear, but its weight appears too great to have allowed of its being thus worn. Another curious specimen, formed of two square bars or wires, wreathed together and welded at the extremities, is in Dr. Mantell’s Museum, and of this also a figure is submitted to our readers, (No. 15.) It was found in ploughing on the Sussex Downs, at Bormer, near Falmer, and presented to Dr. Mantell by the late Earl of Chichester.

I will now briefly notice a few other ornaments of gold, rarely discovered in Great Britain. The first are the massive rings with dilated ends, either of circular or horse-shoe form, and disunited, obviously for the convenience of the wearer.


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 by the nerves, impart sense and motion to all parts of the body.

The instruments of motion are the muscles; the fibres whereof contracting themselves, move the several parts of the body.

This contraction of the muscles is, in some of them, by the direction of the mind, and in some of them without it; which is the difference between voluntary and involuntary motions, in the body.

organ of seeing is the eye; consisting of variety of parts wonderfully contrived, for the admitting and refracting the rays of light; so that those that come from the same point of the object, and fall upon different parts of the pupil, are brought to meet again at the bottom of the eye, whereby the whole object is painted on the retina that is spread there.

That which immediately affects the sight, and produces in us that sensation which we call seeing, is light.

Light may be considered either, first, as it radiates from luminous bodies directly to our eyes; and thus we see luminous bodies themselves, as the sun, or a flame, &c. or secondly, as it is reflected from other bodies; and thus we see a man, or a picture, by the rays of light reflected from them to our eyes.

Bodies, in respect of light, may be divided into three sorts; first, those that emit rays of light, as the sun and fixed stars; secondly, those that transmit the rays of light, as the air; thirdly, those that reflect the rays


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14 They bear a close analogy to the Gaulish “manaks,” as designated by Mr. Deane in his valuable Memoir on Gold Ornaments found at Vieuxbourg, near Quentin, in Britany. Three interesting relics of this nature, found with earthen vessels and bones on the Downs, near Patcham, Sussex, were kindly communicated to the Institute by Colonel Paine, of Patcham Place, through Mr. Blaauw. One of them is formed of copper, thickly plated with gold. A representation of one specimen is given, (No. 16.): weight 2 oz. 5 dwts. 6 grs.; the inner side is flat, with rather angular edges. On being assayed, the gold was found largely alloyed with silver, (in the proportion of 5 oz. 6 dwts. 18 grs. pure gold, and 6 oz. 5 dwts. of silver, in the pound Troy). The second weighed 5 oz. 5 dwts. 12 grs., with a much slighter admixture of silver, (about 1 oz. 6 dwts. in the pound Troy). The plated ring weighed 4 oz. Four gold armillæ of very similar type, but less massive, had been found, in 1806, on the shore near East Bourne, immediately under Beachy Head, with a bronze spear, five celts, a portion of a bronze sword, and lumps of copper, apparently very pure. They were sent to the Society of Antiquaries by Mr. Holt, a watchmaker of East Bourne, and sold, through the late Sir Joseph Banks. The weights were, 3 oz. 1 dwt.,—1 oz. 10 dwts.,—18 dwts. 2 grs., and 16 dwts. 4 grs. A figure of one is given in the Archaeologia, Vol. xvi., Pl. LXVIII. A similar object was found in May, 1802, at Drayton, between Reepham and Norwich, and sold to Messrs. Denham, silversmiths in that city, for twenty guineas. It was perfectly round and plain, without engraved line or ornament, the ends dilated; the weight was 7 oz. 3 dwts. 21 grs. Another, found near Aspatria in Cumberland, December, 1828, was slightly ornamented with circular lines, and small notches along the edges; it was supposed that certain Runes might be discerned incised near one of its extremities; they were explained by the late Mr. Hamper to signify GEROT—i.e. fabricavit, the name or monogram of the maker having been, as he conjectured, effaced. It seems very doubtful, however, whether the supposed characters were more than accidental scratches. The weight of this armlet was 5 oz. 10 dwts. 6 grs.


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 has protected the Christian missionaries in his kingdom and now should be aided by the Spaniards. Certain stipulations are proposed to be fulfilled by the king of Camboja in return for Spanish aid, and Veloso accepts them in his behalf.

Instructions are given to Figueroa (November 13, 1595) regarding the conquest of Mindanao. On November 26 following, the king issues a decree reëstablishing the Audiencia of Manila, and appointing as its president the new governor of the islands, Francisco Tello—sending him detailed instructions as to the ceremonies to be observed in receiving the royal seal, "which are to be the same as would be observed in the reception of my royal person."

Luis Pérez Dasmariñas writes to Felipe II (December 6, 1595) giving a general report of external conditions in the province. After a reference to the progress of various religious missions, he reports that Figueroa has gone to pacify Mindanao, although a dispute whether he is to be subordinate to the Manila government is unsettled. He gives an account of the projects of Veloso for assisting the king of Camboja; and states that he, with the consent of both religious and military authorities, has decided to make an attempt first against Champa, but to send a representative to Camboja in order to keep the friendship of its king. He urges the sending of a moderate force against Siam, to be provided by the home government. He announces that he is planning to send an embassy to China, with gifts; and he prays the king to reimburse him for expenses connected with the sending of this embassy. Toward the end of the letter he discusses the gifts most acceptable in China.

Felipe II grants (March 20, 1595) the city of Ma-


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Rh (2646 grs., exactly divisible by six). Of the same description, probably, were the “gold instruments, resembling a fetterlock or staple,” formerly discovered at the Roman station at Chesterford, Essex. One, weighing 8 lbs., is stated to have been found under a rude thick piece of bronze, about the year 1786, by a miller, who immediately sold it. (Gough’s Additions to Camden, Vol. ii., p. 141.) This last must have been a collar or torc, but of enormous weight. It is much to be regretted that no representations of these relics had been preserved. I am not aware whether the gold armlet found in 1761, in the same neighbourhood, at Shortgrove, composed of chain-work, and exhibited to the Society of Antiquaries by Walpole, is now in the possession of the Marquis of Thomond. Neither does any memorial appear of the form of the “large gold ring” found with Anglo-Saxon remains at Sutton, near Ely. (Gough, ibid., pp. 141, 234.)

It may be conjectured, with much probability, that these massive ornaments were occasionally, if not usually, worn as anklets, and they were not dissimilar to those worn at the present day in Egypt, and Eastern countries. Gold rings of this description are frequently found in Ireland, some perfectly plain, of equal thickness throughout; others with the ends slightly dilated;—or with the ends slightly concave;—others again with these cavities assuming the form of a cup, and at length the singular cups so expanded as to present the appearance of the mouth of a trumpet, or the calix of a large flower. Sometimes the dilated extremities are flat and thin plates, like cymbals, and the connecting neck diminutive in proportion to their exaggerated size. A few of these remarkable relics of unknown origin and antiquity have been found in Britain: an unique example, terminating in club-shaped extremities, found in Dumfries-shire, deserves especial notice, as bearing the name HELENYS F., and the letters, MB.—Archaeologia, Yol. ii., Pl. III.

Of the intermediate type, with dilated ends slightly hollowed, no example has hitherto been noticed, to my knowledge, in England or North Britain: one, of singular value, admirably exemplifying the progressive variation of type, has been sent from the sister island by our obliging correspondent at Cork, Mr. Edward Hoare, (No. 17.) Of the


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 nila a coat-of-arms more satisfactory to the Spaniards than the one which had been previously used. A royal decree, dated May 15, 1596, regulates the status of the bishoprics suffragan to the archdiocese of Manila. Ten days later, the king issues instructions for the new governor, Francisco Tello. He is earnestly charged to further in every possible way the interests of religion, especially in the instruction of the natives, and the completion and equipment of the cathedral; and to work in harmony with the archbishop. He is to provide liberally for the maintenance of the hospitals, and oversee their management. He must give the king full information regarding the number of missionaries now in the islands, and those needed there, etc.; and shall make arrangements with the superiors of the various orders for the most advantageous distribution of the missionaries who shall be sent each year. Every effort must be made to convert the heathen Indians. Tello is strictly charged not to meddle with ecclesiastical affairs, and to maintain friendly relations with both clerics and friars. No minister of religion shall be permitted to collect from the natives any fees for burials, marriages, etc. Tello is ordered to leave some missionaries at the Ladrones Islands, for the instruction of the natives. Tribute must be collected from all the pacified Indians, whether converts or heathen. The ecclesiastics must not meddle with the collection of tributes, or oppose the governor's authority; for any reforms which they may desire, they must consult with their superiors and prelates, and send applications to the king. Tithes must be paid more fully than hitherto. The duties which the citizens ask to have repealed must still be levied. Certain provisions are made for an income


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 for the municipality of Manila. Tello is directed to see that the Chinese be removed to quarters outside the city. No duties shall be levied on provisions and munitions brought to Manila by foreigners. Various other clauses are practically the duplicates of instructions given to Gomez Dasmariñas. Agriculture must be encouraged in every way. The convent for girls is to be aided and encouraged. Encomiendas may not be sold or transferred to other holders, but should be made large enough to support both the encomendero and the instruction of the natives. The Indians should be settled in "reductions" like those of the American colonies, where they may be sufficiently instructed. Justice is not to be severe, and litigation is not to be encouraged. Religious will be provided as needed, and hence the priests are to publish no objections to the taking of tributes. Soldiers are to be well employed, receiving pay only when they have no other income, and being exempt from arrest for debt. Captains have authority only over soldiers, and the military must treat the Indians kindly. The forts and fortifications must be maintained, and a watch kept constantly against enemies, who are enumerated, "especially the English Lutherans." Reports as to the possibility of new conquests are desired, but no such enterprises must be undertaken without circumspection and justification. As the soldiers are now fairly paid, there is no need of spoliation in conquests. The regions nearest Manila must be conquered, for there is rebellion now in the heart of Luzón. Encouragement is given to extend conquests from the Liu Kiu Islands to Java, Borneo, and the Moluccas. The expense is to be borne by the royal exchequer, so far as shall be necessary, although the plan of reward-


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16 next form, with terminal cups, a fine specimen was brought to light in the parish of Masham, North Riding of Yorkshire, and most kindly communicated from the Swinton Park Museum, by desire of Mrs. Danby Harcourt, through Mr. Charles Tucker, (No. 18.) This curious gold ornament, weighing 5 oz. 7 dwts. 22 grs., was found near the entrance lodge at Swinton Park, about 1815, scarcely two feet below the surface. Two objects, of analogous description, had been found near Ripon, in 1780, as stated by Gough. Another was discovered in 1773 near the Lizard Point, Cornwall, and similar ornaments have occurred in North Britain; one, found in 1731, stated to have been deposited in an urn, is figured in the Archaeologia, Vol. ii., p. 40, and Reliquiæ Galeanæ, Bibl. Top. Brit. No. 11, part 1, Pl. VI. In the following year two gold ornaments of the same type were found in the mud of a lake in Galloway, drained by order of the Earl of Stair, as also a “bracelet of gold consisting of two circles, very artificially folding or twisting into one another.”

It has been conjectured that these ornaments of gold, of which no specimen, I believe, has been discovered in any foreign country, might have served the purpose of a fastening for the mantle or other garment. Some antiquaries have been disposed to assign to them a mystic or sacred import.

Having thus endeavoured to record the discovery of some antiquities, of a very remarkable class, in Britain, generally regarded as almost peculiar to Ireland, I must reserve to a future occasion some notices of certain gold ornaments of other types, equally deserving of careful investigation. 2em


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266 power and exertion are fruitless. Knowing destiny to be all-powerful, the wise, whatever their portion, should neither exult nor grieve. When creatures know that both weal and woe are dependent on destiny and not on their own exertion or power, they should neither grieve nor exult remembering that destiny is all powerful. The wise should ever live contented, neither grieving at woe nor exulting at weal. When destiny is supreme, both grief and exultation are both unbecoming. O Ashtaka, I never suffer myself to be overcome by fear, nor do I ever entertain grief, knowing for certain that I shall be in the world what the great disposer of all hath ordained. Insects and worms, all oviparous creatures, vegetable existences, all crawling animals, vermin, the fish in water, stones, grass, wood, in fact, all created things, when they are freed from the effects of their acts, are united with the supreme Soul. Happiness and misery are both transient. Therfore, O Ashtaka, why should I grieve? We can never know how are we to act in order to avoid misery. Therefore none should grieve at misery.'

"Possessed of every virtue king Yayati who was the maternal grand-father of Ashtaka, while staying in the firmament, at the conclusion of his speech was again questioned by Ashtaka. The latter said, 'O king of kings, tell me in detail of all those regions that thou hast visited and enjoyed, as well as the periods for which thou hast enjoyed each. Thou speakest of the precepts of religion even like the clever masters acquainted with the acts and sayings of great beings!' Yayati then replied, 'I was a great king on earth owning the whole world for my dominion. Leaving it I acquired by force of religious merit many high regions. There I dwelt for a full thousand years, and then I attained to a very high region which is the abode of Indra, of extraordinary beauty, having a thousand gates, and extending a hundred yojanas all around. There too I dwelt for a full thousand years and then attained to a higher region still. That is the region of perfect beatitude where decay is never,—the region, viz, of the creator and the lord of the earth, so difficult of attainment! There also I dwelt for a full thousand years, and then attained to another


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268 with Indra as their chief forsake him who hath lost his righteousness.' Ashtaka then said, 'I am extremely anxious to know how in the other world men can lose virtue. Tell me also, O king, what regions are attainable by what courses of action. Thou art acquainted, I know, with the acts and sayings of great beings!'

"Yayati answered, 'O thou pious one, they that speak of their own merits are doomed to suffer the pains of the hell called Bhauma. Though really emaciated and lean, they appear to grow on earth (in the shape of their sons and grandsons) only to become food for vultures, dogs, and jackals. Therefore, O king, this highly censurable and wicked vice should be repressed. I have now, O king, told thee all. Tell me what more I shall say.'

"Ashtaka said, 'When life is destroyed with age, vultures, peacocks, insects, and worms eat up the human body. Where doth man then reside? How doth he also come again to life? I have never heard of any hell called Bhauma on earth.'

"Yayati answered, 'After the dissolution of the body, man, according to his acts, re-entereth the womb of his mother and stayeth there in an indistinct form, and soon after assuming a distinct and visible shape re-appeareth in the world and walketh on its surface. This is that Earth-hell (Bhauma) where he falleth, for he beholdeth not the termination of his existence and acteth not towards his emancipation. Some dwell for sixty thousand years, some for eighty-thousand years in heaven; and then they fall. And as they fall they are attacked by certain Rakshasas belonging to the world in the form of sons, grandsons, and other relatives that withdraw their hearts from acting for their own emancipation.'

"Ashtaka then asked, 'For what sin are beings when they fall from heaven attacked by these fierce and sharp-toothed Rakshasas? Why are they not reduced to annihilation? How do they again enter the womb, furnished with the senses?'

"Yayati answered, 'After falling from heaven, the being becometh a subtile substance living in water. This water becometh the semen which is the seed of vitality. Thence entering the mother's womb on the womanly season, it de-


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Rh very high region, viz, that of the god of gods (Vishnu) where too I have lived in happiness. Indeed, I have dwelt in various regions, adored by all the celestials, and possessed of prowess and splendour equal unto those of the celestials themselves. Capable of assuming any form at will, I have lived for a hundred Ayutas of years in the gardens of Nandana, sporting with the Apsaras and even beholding, numberless beautiful trees clad in flowery vestments and shedding delicious perfumes all around. And after many many years had elapsed, while still residing there in the enjoyment of perfect beatitude, the celestial messenger of grim visage one day, in a loud and deep voice, thrice shouted to me, Ruined, Ruined, Ruined. O thou lion among kings, this much I remember. I have then fallen from Nandana, my religious merits gone! I heard in the skies, O king, the voices of the celestials exclaiming in grief,—"Alas! What misfortune! Yayati, with his religious merits destroyed, though virtuous and of sacred deeds, is falling!"—And as I was falling, I asked them loudly, "Where, ye clestialscelestials [sic], where are those wise amongst whom I am to fall?" They then pointed out to me this sacred sacrificial region belonging to ye. And beholding the curls of smoke blackening the atmosphere and scenting the perfume of clarified butter poured incessantly into the fire, and guided thereby, I am approaching this region of yours, glad at heart that I come amongst ye.

And so ends the eight-ninth Section of the Sambhava in the Adi Parva.

"Ashtaka then said, 'Capable of assuming any form at will, thou hast lived for an hundred Ayuta years in the gardens of Nandana. For what cause, O thou foremost of those that flourished in the Krita age, hast thou been compelled to leave that region and come hither?' Yayati answered, 'As kinsmen, friends, and relatives forsake, in this world, those whose wealth disappears, so in the other world, the celestials


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population in Czechoslovakia occurred in middle-sized cities with populations of 20,000 to 100,000. The population of towns below 2,000 inhabitants has remained largely static.

Czechoslovakia has six cities with populations over 100,000, which at the beginning of 1973 accounted for 16% of the total population. Prague in 1973 had a population of nearly 1,086,000, or more than three times the size of Brno, the next largest city. Population increases between 1961 and 1973 were especially rapid in Kosice which almost doubled in population and in Bratislava which grew by more than 30% (Figure 5).

Much of the increase in urban population has been the result of the migration of agricultural workers to the cities. This migration, already characteristic of the pre-World War II period, accelerated following 1950, when the disparity between rural and urban incomes became more pronounced and as more people, especially the young, were attracted by city life. Between 1950 and 1961 some 590,000 persons, representing 27% of the agricultural labor force in 1950, left agricultural employment. By 1972 an additional 242,000 had left agricultural employment, with the result that the total agricultural labor force decreased from 2,188,000 in 1950 to 1,356,000 in 1972. It may be presumed that most of these persons, along with their dependents, took up residence in urban areas when they transferred to nonagricultural occupations, which during the 22-year period increased from 3.6 million to 6.0 million.

Since World War II successive governments have tried to encourage young rural people to stay on the farm and young urban people to take up agricultural pursuits. The largest return movement occurred in 1946-47, when the postwar coalition government induced 1.5 million Czechs and Slovaks to settle in the border areas which had been depopulated by the expulsion of the Sudeten Germans. Subsequent attempts by the government have been considerably less successful. In July 1970 the government announced a new long-term borderland resettlement program, offering lucrative bonuses and economic subsidies to induce people of all professions to move in these underpopulated agricultural areas.

2. Age-sex structure

Since 1900, the age structure of Czechoslovakia's population has undergone considerable change: the proportion of the population age 60 and older has been rising while the proportion of those under age 15 has been declining (Figure 6). The age structure is now typical of countries which have experienced the demographic transition from comparatively high to low levels of both fertility and mortality and have low rates of growth. At present, Czechoslovakia's population is characterized by a large proportion of adults and a relatively small proportion of children. The median age, which has risen from 30.4 years in 1950 to 32.1 at the beginning of 1971, is 4 years higher than the median age in the United States. Regional differences show that the population of the Czech Lands had a median age of 33.8 years while that of Slovakia had a median age of only 28.6 years.

The profile of the population in 1972 (Figure 7) clearly shows the sharp reductions in the birth rate during World War I and during the severe depression years of the 1930's, and the declining birth rate of the 1960's. The lag in the demographic development of Slovakia as compared with that of the Czech Lands is also reflected in the age structure of each region. The broader base of the population pyramid for Slovakia reflects the higher fertility and younger population in that region.

8

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22 For beside the common prayer that is used in the Mass for the commemoration of all the faithful deceased, that

this prayer is prescribed for the day wherein the dead did depart out of this life:

Which is a direct prayer, that the soul of him which was then departed might immediately be received into heaven, and escape not the temporary pains of purgatory, but the everlasting pains of hell. For howsoever the new reformers of the Roman Missal have put in here pœnas inferni, under the generality peradventure of the term of the "pains of hell," intending to shroud their purgatory, which they would have men to believe to be one of the lodges of hell; yet in the old Missal which Medina had respect unto, we read expressly pœnas æternas, "everlasting pains;" which by no construction can be referred unto the pains of purgatory. And to the same purpose, in the book of the ceremonies of the Church of Rome, at the exequies of a Cardinal, a prayer is appointed to be read, that by the assistance of God's grace he might

Again,

Such, for example, is that which is found in the Roman Missal:

"Absolve, we beseech thee, O Lord, the soul of thy servant from all the bond


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 * (3) There shall be a Deputy Chairman who shall be a person chosen by the members of the Public Service Commission from among their own number.

 * (4) A person appointed to be a member of the Public Service Commission shall thereafter be ineligible for appointment to any public office.

 * (5) At any meeting of the Public Service Commission three members who shall include either the Chairman or Deputy Chairman, and may include both of them, shall form a quorum. If the quorum is present, the Commission shall not be disqualified for the transaction of business by reason of any vacancy among its members, and any proceeding of the Commission shall be valid notwithstanding that some person not entitled so to do took part therein.

 * (6) Before assuming the duties of his office, the Chairman and every other member of the Public Service Commission shall take and subscribe before the Chief Justice of Singapore or some other Judge of the High Court the appropriate Oath for the due execution of his office in the form set out in the First Schedule to this Constitution.

72. A person shall not be appointed to be a member of the Public Service Commission if he is, and shall cease to be a member if he becomes—

 * (a) a public officer;

 * (b) a member of, or in the employment of, any corporation incorporated directly by the provisions of any law for the time being in force in the State;

 * (c) a Member of either House of Parliament or of the Legislative Assembly or a duly nominated candidate for election as such Member;

 * (d) a member of any trade union or of any body or association affiliated to a trade union; or

 * (e) the holder of any office in any political association.

73. (1) Subject to the provisions of Article 72 of this Constitution every member of the Public Service Commission shall, unless he earlier resigns his office by writing under his hand addressed to the Yang di-Pertuan Negara or is removed therefrom under this Article, hold office for a period of five years from the date of his appointment, but shall be eligible for re-appointment.

 * (2) If the Prime Minister, or the Chairman of the Public Service Commission after consulting with the Prime Minister, represents to the Yang di-Pertuan Negara that a Member of the Public Service Commission ought to be removed from office for inability to discharge the functions of his office (whether arising from infirmity of body or mind or any other cause) or for misbehaviour, the Yang di-Pertuan Negara shall refer that representation to a tribunal consisting of the Chief Justice of Singapore and two other Judges of the High Court


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 A CONSIDERATION OF OBJECTIONS

RETRENCHMENT ASSOCIATION AT OXFORD

DURING THE IRISH FAMINE IN 1847.

first obvious, and, if sound, obviously fatal, objection to this Association, is directed not against the intention, but against the means employed. Why associate? Cannot we be temperate without joining a temperance society? cannot we give alms without printing our names?

To those who think and speak thus, may it not be said, If you think thus, and speak thus, then do thus. It is by no means the object to form a great  monopoly: the more numerous and the more active those are whose names do not appear, the better satisfied, I am sure, will be those whose names do appear. If you do not like charity by association, see that private charity is energetic; and those you complain of, will not complain of you.

But I think they will flatter themselves that at the same time your private efforts will be powerfully seconded by the organisation you dislike. Will it not be easier for you to retrench now that retrenchment is not likely to be mistaken? Breakfast parties, and wine parties, &c., &c., are as it were the currency of hospitality: you cannot alter this 'coin of the realm' of entertainments without coming to some common understanding. Rh


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 and co-operates for the sake of general weal> who realises that raw haste is half-sister to delay, and who scorns to snatch an unfair opportunity.” The crowning article in the first section stands by itself in more senses than one ; and the reflective, reverent- spirited inquirer will suffer from no qualms in applying to itself its own commendation of the universal ‘and all-potent practice of Prayer as a “ pathway to that liealm of Eealities ” which is to be reached by the treble ascent of revelation, regeneration and realisation.

Close upofi this, to pass on to the ten ‘boun- ties and benedictions’ commenteing with those of New Year’s Day and casketed within the two central sections df the volume — that is, verily, to advance far upon the “ Realm of Realities.” The daintiest and most nutritive delicacies of the tpngue an^ ever for delecta- tion and digestion, not for dissection and disquisition. No more is the heavenly manna ofthe^soul for analysis but for assimilation. ‘Thought was not ; in enjoyment it expired.’ So be it here with these new model * Psalms


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 by an Indian Theist* of tbe day unto whom every day with its round of rites, ordinary or occasional, nithya or naimitthika — whether new year’s day or wedding-day, birth-day or ‘ naming ’-day, love-feast day or bereavement-day, conference-day or congregation- day, working-day or holiday — is nothing if not supremely ‘ sacramental ’ as in the Saints ’ Calendar ! In the apt, expressive words, once again, of Dr- Estlin Carpenter, “ so warm and rich a sense of the Heavenly Presence with all its varieties of grace, so glowing a gratitude for the wonders of existence and all the atfections *and hopes which life inspires!” Aye, all the spontaneous outdow, all the variegated wealth, all the beauteous brightness of* human language, though in an alien tongue, remarkably laid under contribution and rendered up for responsive ‘ converse ’ with High Heaven And then, the transporting experience of oneness tcWi (rod confirming and consecrating the endearing emotion of, oneness in God ,* so that, as has been remarked, the minister is seen self-identified, not alone with the


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 members of the worshipping family, but with one and all among the spirits of the adoring^ congregation I

The fourth and closing section of half*a* dozen sketches, long and short, biographical or psychological, brings into full view an illustrious triad of fadeless luminaries in the firmament of India- As may readily be noticed, even the ‘prentice-hand’ of well-nigh two score years ago indited the pledge of its own future perfection, while at work upon the first of these, the earliest of the compositif)n8 in the whole volume- In all the portraits alike, familiar features will be found lit up with the newer light of apposite anecdote and lively l^umour ; and the inmost core of ‘ the seeds of god-like power ’ in rightly located in each case with in-seeing sympathy- Altogether; they will, as before, enlist interest and command value as evidences of ‘ the word made flesh ’—every one of these subjects of study an object-lesson in those principles and ideals of faith and forbearance, culture and duty, love and
 * bards, saints, heroes ’ will also be seen


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Rh LETTERS.

FROM 1836 TO 1849.

OXFORD.

To his Father.

1em

I have just come out from Balliol, of which college I am now a scholar. The examination concluded this morning about twelve o'clock, and it has just been given out I have got the head one, which also includes an exhibition added to it to make it more valuable, as of themselves the scholarships are not worth much. We have had a long and laborious examination, but I am quite well, and not much tired, at least I do not feel so at present. I stay up here till next Wednesday, as the inauguration is on Tuesday evening.

1em

I am sitting in Arnold's of all places in the world, for my nine days at Oxford have so tired me, that after vainly trying yesterday to return to regular work,  I have resolved to stay out and rest myself; and as there are to be, I believe,  fellows in the sick room, Mrs. Arnold kindly took me in here. The examination was, on the whole, I think, neither very favourable nor yet unfavourable to me, and it pleased God that I should be in health and strength and good spirits, and not much excited during the days of the work. I


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 service, which receive such beautiful exposition through the rest of the volume. The great man, of course, is a great man * at all points’* And what is already common knowledge will here be borne in once more npon the reader) namely, how much there is in common, especially as between the last two before us — t 3 rpes, both, of ancient virtue» worth and valour; patterns, both, of plain living* high thinking and noble doing ; models* both, of peerless pre-eminence in the world of * deeds ’ as of 'letters ’ — whom we would fondly denote by the familiar epitomes of theif respective lives as Dayasagar and Hithakari. Nevertheless, the system of broad categories would, not inaptly, distinguish the members of this brilliant ‘ belt of Orion ’ as Tukaram the Saint, Yidyasagar the P hila n thr opist and Yiresalingam the Hyo. Nor should it be wide of the mark to hold that these 'appreciations ‘ will tend to deepen the conclusion—

Three worthies in three not far distant or different ages born*


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 Maharashtra, Vanga and Andhra did adorn ;

The first in loftiness of faith surpassed,

The next in majesty of love> in both the last*

And what more becoming than that a volume so resonant with the echo of Viresalingam’s, clarion-call to Duty should embody the reverent finish of an edifying tribute of appreciative reminiscence under that beloved name and, furthermore, ‘ dedicate ’ itself “ unto the deeply-Iionoured memory” of that “ever-trusted nat/aka'*? Jove nods to Jove ; deep answers unto deep ; and ours be the holy inheritance of this heart-homage from the “centre” of “the Brahmaism of regeneration ” to that of “ the Brahrnaism of reformation ” out of the very profundity of soul-communion !

It will not be out'of placb, at this point, to fix a moment’s pleasurable attention upon one notable event of deep-felt and wide-extended interest within the interval between this and the last volume# As the still-preceiing year


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 had vritnessed the bestowal of the Kaisern* Hind Gold Medal among its New Year’s Honours, so the year happily rung out this day along the Master’s ‘ pilgrimage' brought, on the King-Emperor’s Birth-day, the royal recognition of a Knighthood for the first time, all the country over, unto a non-of&cial educationist pure and simple, himself a very primrose for modesty self -screened from public gaze. The unique distinction, only re-affirmatory as regards Nature’s own ‘ born knight ’ in the higher, fuller signification of the term, was, at the time, doubly commended in The Madras Mail with the fitting reference, “ In the Maharajah of Pithapuram he met with an enthusiastic patron who seconded his efforts especially where work connected with Social Reform was concerned, so that it might in one sense be said that the further recognition now of his work is shared to some extent by the Maharajah of Pithapuram as well.” It naturally evoked a cordial expression of general satisfaction that the right had come to the right, from Maharajahs and Rajahs, Governors