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Rh life eternal. This is the conclusion of the whole matter.

[1.] The people called him a Prophet, that Prophet; (John 6. 14.) but the disciples own him to be the Christ, the anointed One; the great Prophet, Priest, and King of the church; the true Messiah promised to the fathers, and depended on by them as He that shall come. It was a great thing to believe this concerning one whose outward appearance was so contrary to the general idea the Jews had of the Messiah.

[2.] He called himself the Son of man; but they owned him to be the Son of the living God. The people's notion of him was, that he was the ghost of a dead man, Elias or Jeremias; but they know and believe him to be the Son of the living God, who has life in himself, and has given to his Son to have life in himself, and to be the Life of the world. If he be the Son of the living God, he is of the same nature with him; and though his divine nature was now vailed with the cloud of flesh, yet there were those who looked through it, and saw his glory, the glory as of the Only-Begotten of the Father, full of grace and truth. Now can we with an assurance of faith subscribe to this confession? Let us then, with a fervency of affection and adoration, go to Christ, and tell him so; Lord Jesus, thou art the Christ, the Son of the living God.

(2.) Christ's approbation of his answer; (v. 17—19.) in which Peter is replied to, both as a believer and as an apostle.

[1.] As a believer, v. 17. Christ shows himself well pleased with Peter's confession, that it was so clear and express, without ifs or ands, as we say. Note, The proficiency of Christ's disciples in knowledge and grace is very acceptable to him; and Christ shows him whence he received the knowledge of this truth. At the first discovery of this truth in the dawning of the gospel-day, it was a mighty thing to believe it; all men had not this knowledge, had not this faith. But,

First, Peter had the happiness of it; Blessed art thou Simon Bar-jona. He reminds him of his rise and original, the meanness of his parentage, the obscurity of his extraction; he was Bar-jonas—The son of a dove: so some. Let him remember the rock out of which he was hewn, that he may see he was not born to this dignity, but preferred to it by the divine favour; it was free grace that made him to differ. Those that have received the Spirit, must remember who is their Father, 1 Sam. 10. 12. Having reminded him of this, he makes him sensible of his great happiness as a believer; Blessed art thou. Note, True believers are truly blessed, and those are blessed indeed whom Christ pronounces blessed; his saying they are so, makes them so. "Peter, thou art a happy man, who thus knowest the joyful sound," Ps. 89. 15. Blessed are your eyes, ch. 13. 16. All happiness attends the right knowledge of Christ.

Secondly, God must have the glory of it; "For flesh and blood have not revealed it to thee. Thou hadst this neither by the invention of thy own wit and reason, nor by the instruction and information of others; this light sprang neither from nature nor from education, but from my Father, who is in heaven." Note, 1. The christian religion is a revealed religion, has its rise in heaven; it is a religion from above, given by inspiration of God, not the learning of philosophers, nor the politics of statesmen. 2. Saving faith is the gift of God, and, wherever it is, is wrought by him, as the Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, for his sake, and upon the score of his mediation, Phil. 1. 29. Therefore thou art blessed, because my Father has revealed it to thee. Note, The revealing of Christ to us and in us is a distinguishing token of God's good will, and a firm foundation of true happiness; and blessed are they that are thus highly favoured.

Perhaps Christ discerned something of pride and vain-glory in Peter's confession; a subtle sin, and which is apt to mingle itself even with our good duties. It is hard for good men to compare themselves with others, and not to have too great a conceit of themselves; to prevent which, we should consider that our preference to others is no achievement of our own, but the free gift of God's grace to us, and not to others; so that we have nothing to boast of, Ps. 115. 1. 1 Cor. 4. 7.

[2.] Christ replies to him as an apostle or minister, v. 18, 19. Peter, in the name of the church, had confessed Christ, and to him therefore the promise intended for the church is directed. Note, There is nothing lost by being forward to confess Christ; for those who thus honour him, he will honour.

Upon occasion of this great confession made of Christ, which is the church's homage and allegiance, he signed and published this royal, this divine charter, by which that body politic is incorporated. Such is the communion between Christ and the church, the Bridegroom and the spouse. God had a church in the world from the beginning, and it was built upon the rock of the promised Seed, Gen. 3. 15. But now, that promised Seed being come, it was requisite that the church should have a new charter, as christian, and standing in relation to a Christ already come. Now here we have that charter; and a thousand pities it is, that this word, which is the great support of the kingdom of Christ, should be wrested and pressed into the service of antichrist. But the devil has employed his subtlety to pervert it, as he did that promise, Ps. 91. 11. which he perverted to his own purpose, ch. 4. 6. and perhaps both that scripture and this he thus perverted because they stood in his way, and therefore he owed them a spite.

Now the purport of this charter is,

First, To establish the being of the church; I say also unto thee. It is Christ that makes the grant, he who is the church's Head and Ruler, to whom all judgment is committed, and from whom all power is derived; he who makes it pursuant to the authority received from the Father, and his undertaking for the salvation of the elect. The grant is put into Peter's hand; "I say it to thee. The Old-Testament promises relating to the church were given immediately to particular persons, eminent for faith and holiness, as to Abraham and David; which yet gave no supremacy to them, much less to any of their successors; so the New-Testament charter is here delivered to Peter as an agent, but to the use and behoof of the church in all ages, according to the purposes therein specified and contained. Now it is here promised,

1. That Christ would build his church upon a rock. This body politic is incorporated by the style and title of Christ's church. It is a number of the children of men called out of the world, and set apart from it, and dedicated to Christ. It is not thy church, but mine. Peter remembered this, when he cautioned ministers not to lord it over God's heritage. The church is Christ's peculiar, appropriated to him. The world is God's, and they that dwell therein; but the church is a chosen remnant, that stands in relation to God through Christ as Mediator. It bears his image and superscription.

(1.) The Builder and Maker of the church is Christ himself; I will build it. The church is a temple which Christ is the Builder of, Zech. 6. 11, 13. Herein Solomon was a type of Christ, and Cyrus, Isa. 44. 28. The materials and workmanship are his. By the working of his Spirit with the preaching of his word he adds souls to his church,


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Nutting.] While variations from the mean positions of the maxima and minima are not excessive they are so large that a simple average of all the curves would be smoother than any of them. Adjusting the positions of the maxima and minima of each curve to the means, the following data were obtained for the properties of average (of these twelve) eyes.

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 Next to the King they honour their Magistrates, both in formes of words and visitations, to which none aspire but Magistrates; and they which have beene deprived lose not all honour in this kind, but sometimes come forth in their habits, and are respected by their Citie Magistrates. If one bee preferred to another dignity, which hath well executed his Office, they honour him with publike gifts, and reserve his Boots in a publike Chist, with Verses in his praise. To some they erect Temples also, and Altars with Images, and some are deputed to keepe lights there burning, and odours, at publike Rent charge perpetually, with huge Censers of Bell-metall, as they doe to their Idols. Yet doe they distinguish betwixt this and Divine worship, of their Gods asking many things, whereas these Rites are onely memorials, though many of the vulgar * confound them together. Cities are full of such Temples, by friends often erected to unworthie men, to which at certaine times they goe and performe kneeling and bowing Rites, and offer Meats. Their Bookes are full of precepts for observing Parents with due honour, and in outward shew no Nation performes so much. They will not sit over against them but on the side, speake to them with great reverence, they sustaine their poorer Parents with their labour in best manner they are able, and in nothing are more curious then their funerals.

The mourning colour is white, and all their habite from the Shooes to the Cap of a strange and miserable fashion. The cause of three yeeres mourning for Parents, is because so long they carried them in armes with so much labour of education: for others as they please, a yeere, or three moneths, as they are in neerenesse: For the King they mourne three yeeres thorow all the Kingdome, and for the Lawfull Queene. Their funerall Rites are written in a Booke which they consult on that occasion, all the parcels of the habite there pictured. When a man of ranke is dead, the Sonne or next Kinsman sends Libels to the friends within three or foure dayes: all the Roome is white, with an Altar in the midst, on which they place the

Honour of Magistrates.

"^As in the doulia and latria of Saints worship and that of God.

Honour of parents.

See in Pantoia of Funeralls and mournings.

Mourning by booke.


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270

In the swamps her son discovered,

And she brought him home in triumph.

Then the son of our Marjatta

Grew into a youth most beauteous,

But they knew not what to call him,

Did not know what name to give him,

But his mother called him Floweret,

And the strangers called him Sluggard.

And they sought a man to cross him,

And to sprinkle him with water;

And an old man came to cross him,

Virokannas to baptize him.

Then these words the old man uttered,

And in words like these expressed him:

“With the cross I will not sign him,

Nor will I baptize the infant,

Not till he has been examined,

And a judgment passed upon him.”

Who shall dare to come to try him,

Test him, and pass sentence on him?

Väinämöinen, old and steadfast,

He the great primeval sorcerer,

He alone came forth to try him,

And to test him and pass sentence.

Väinämöinen, old and steadfast,

Sentence gave in words that follow:

“As the boy from marsh has risen,

From the ground, and from a berry,

On the ground they now shall lay him,

Where the hills are thick with berries,

Or shall to the swamps conduct him,

On the trees his head to shatter.”

Then the half-month old spoke loudly,

And the fortnight-old cried loudly:

“O thou old and wretched creature,

Wretched old man, void of insight,

O how stupid is your judgment,

How contemptible thy sentence!

Thou hast grievous crimes committed,

Likewise deeds of greatest folly,

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Runo L]

Yet to swamps they did not lead thee,

Shattered not thy head on tree-trunks,

When thyself, in youthful folly,

Gave the child of thine own mother,

That thou thus mightst ’scape destruction,

And release thyself in thiswise.

“And again thou wast not carried,

And abandoned in the marshes,

When thyself in youthful folly,

Caused the young maids to be sunken,

In the depths beneath the billows,

To the black ooze at the bottom.”

Then the old man quickly crossed him,

Quick baptized the child with water,

As the king of all Carelia,

And the lord of all the mighty.

Then was Väinämöinen angry,

Greatly shamed and greatly angry,

And prepared himself to journey

From the lake’s extended margin,

And began his songs of magic,

For the last time sang them loudly,

Sang himself a boat of copper,

With a copper deck provided.

In the stern himself he seated,

Sailing o’er the sparkling billows,

Still he sang on his departure,

And he sang as he was sailing:

“May the time pass quickly o’er us,

One day passes, comes another,

And again shall I be needed.

Men will look for me, and miss me,

To construct another Sampo,

And another harp to make me,

Make another moon for gleaming,

And another sun for shining.

When the sun and moon are absent,

In the air no joy remaineth.”

Then the aged Väinämöinen

Went upon his journey singing,

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Rh The Kirghiz in the Alai Valley

in the building up of the plains, and we have made some progress in correlating these events.

We have also found full confirmation of the statements as to a progressive desiccation of the region of long standing which has from a remote period continually converted cultivable lands into deserts and buried cities in sand.

We have found widely distributed great and small abandoned sites of human occupation with evidences of great antiquity.

We have reason to think that a correlation of these physical and human events may be obtained through continuance of the investigation, and that archeological excavations will throw light on the origin of Western and Eastern civilizations.

PROPORTION OF CHILDREN IN THE UNITED STATES

MANY interesting suggestions as to the probable tendency of the birth rate in the United States are offered in a bulletin by Walter F. Willcox entitled "Proportion of Children in the United States," recently published by the Bureau of the Census.

At the beginning of the nineteenth century the children under 10 years of age constituted one-third and at the end less than one-fourth of the total population. The decrease in this proportion began as early as the decade 1810 to 1820, and continued uninterruptedly,


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Nutting.]

There is a widespread demand for reference standards of color in terms of which other colors may be specified. Such standards may easily be prepared of any desired hue or shade, but the great difficulties are in choosing rational and uniform divisions on the one hand and in obtaining dyes and pigments that are permanent on the other. Both difficulties would be largely obviated by the adoption of a fixed rational chromatic scale for use as a primary standard.

, April 27, 1909.

2192—No. I—09——7


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 Rh

The list either begins or closes with the peculiar designation of God, Allah, making the complete number of one hundred names for the Deity.

The following names occur in other works which we have consulted, and are sometimes used in place of some of those in the list


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Joshua Tree NP VSP Visitor Study

On this visit, 38% of visitor groups first entered the park through the West Entrance Station (see Figure 30). Other groups first entered at the North Entrance Station (28%), Indian Cove (12%), and Cottonwood Spring (12%). “Other” park entrances included Keys View, Wall Street Mine, Twentynine Palms, Oasis Visitor Center, Cottonwood Visitor Center, and Lost Palm.

Figure 30: Park entrance used on this visit


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Joshua Tree NP VSP Visitor Study

Visitors were asked to note the information services and facilities they used during this visit to Joshua Tree NP. The most used services and facilities included the park brochure/map (93%), park newspaper (63%), and visitor center exhibits (49%), as shown in Figure 31. The least used service was the orientation video (1%).

Figure 31: Information services and facilities used


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92

The ordinates of the curve of color as a function of wave length are given in the last column. They were obtained by integration of the sensibility curve, the partial areas (divided by two on the scale of the figure) being given in the fourth column. Bach number in the last column is the sum (divided by lo) of the ordinate areas of the fourth column added from the bottom to and including that wave length. The color-wave length curve is plotted in the figure.

A difference of one unit in the color scale represents a difference in color that is just easily perceptible, hence forms a convenient natural unit, although any other subdivision might be used. In Fig. I, each unit of the color scale is indicated on the wave-length axis and just above are indicated roughly the positions of six spectral hues.

To test the theoretical color curve, a normal spectrum was projected on a black screen in which had been cut slits spaced according to the wave lengths of the color units, the slits being covered with ground glass. No departure from uniformity in the color steps could be detected by the ten or more individuals who carefully examined them.

The wave lengths of each of these color steps is given in Table III.

These computations have been carried through merely to illustrate the method. They may easily be made for any eye for which the sensibility curve is known.

If the sensibility curves of a large number of subjects were known, the properties of an average normal human eye might be deduced and a scale of color constructed and adopted.


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Joshua Tree NP VSP Visitor Study Visitor groups rated the importance and quality of each of the information services and facilities they used. The following five-point scales were used in the questionnaire.

The average importance and quality ratings for each information service and facility were determined based on ratings provided by visitors who used each service and facility. Figures 32 and 33 show the average importance and quality ratings for each of the park services and facilities. All services and facilities were rated above average in importance and quality. Note: travelers information radio station, orientation video, and Junior Ranger Program were not rated by enough visitors to provide reliable data.

Figures 34–48 show the visitor groups' importance ratings for each of the services/facilities. The services/facilities receiving the highest proportion of “extremely important” or “very important” ratings included park brochure/map (86%), self-guided trail brochures (83%), and assistance from visitor center staff (79%). The highest proportion of “not important” ratings were for assistance from entrance station staff (4%).

Figures 49–63 show the visitor groups' quality ratings for each of the services/facilities. The services/facilities receiving the highest proportion of “very good” or “good” ratings included assistance from visitor center staff (92%), ranger-led programs (89%), and assistance from roving rangers (88%). The services/facilities receiving the highest “very poor” rating by visitor groups were assistance from entrance station staff (3%) and ranger-led programs (3%).

Figure 64 combines the “very good” and “good” quality ratings and compares those ratings for all of the information services and facilities.


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Joshua Tree NP VSP Visitor Study

Figure 32: Average importance and quality ratings for information services and facilities

Figure 33: Detail of Figure 32


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272

Sailing in his boat of copper,

In his vessel made of copper,

Sailed away to loftier regions,

To the land beneath the heavens.

There he rested with his vessel,

Rested weary, with his vessel,

But his kantele he left us,

Left his charming harp in Suomi,

For his people’s lasting pleasure,

Mighty songs for Suomi’s children.

Now my mouth must cease from speaking,

And my tongue be bound securely,

Cease the chanting of my verses,

And my lively songs abandon.

Even thus must horses rest them,

When a long course is completed,

Even iron must be wearied

When the grass is mown in summer,

And the water-drops be weary,

As they trace the river’s windings,

And the fire must be extinguished

When throughout the night ’tis burning.

Wherefore should our songs not falter;

As our sweet songs we are singing,

For the lengthy evenings’ pleasure,

Singing later than the sunset?

Thus I heard the people talking,

And again it was repeated:

“E’en the waterfall when flowing

Yields no endless stream of water,

Nor does an accomplished singer,

Sing till all his knowledge fail him.

Better ’tis to sit in silence

Than to break off in the middle.”

Now my song remains completed,

’Tis completed and abandoned.

In a ball I wind my lays up,

As a ball I cast them from me,

On the storehouse floor I lay them,

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Joshua Tree NP VSP Visitor Study

Figure 34: Importance of park brochure/map

Figure 35: Importance of park newspaper


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Joshua Tree NP VSP Visitor Study

Figure 36: Importance of bulletin boards

Figure 37: Importance of roadside exhibits


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Joshua Tree NP VSP Visitor Study

Figure 38: Importance of visitor center exhibits

Figure 39: Importance of assistance from visitor center staff


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 Rh time she said to me, "Aunt, do you love ?" I told her I could not love the naughty things she did, because God did not; but I hoped God would make her a good child, and then I should love her. She immediately answered, "I will tell you what I had better do,—pray to God to make her a good child." Saying this, she ran up stairs, and I heard her pray, but could not distinguish the words.

The following is an extract from her father's letter to the Rev. Peter Jones:— "I cannot, dear brother, describe to you my feelings on the loss of my dear daughter. You know how much I loved her; and how affectionate she was to me, and to all her relations. She never disobeyed my orders, and I never knew her offend any person. She would reprove them if she saw them doing any thing that was wrong, but it was always with great modesty.

"About three years ago I remember to have done something that was not right, which she knew of; and the first time she saw me alone she mentioned it very affectionately, saying, 'Papa, you should not do so.' I was so struck with the reproof, I caught her up in my arms, and with tears said, 'No, my child, I will never do so again.

Having done a naughty thing herself one day, for which she was punished, when putting her to bed, she burst into tears; on being asked why she


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 22 wept, she said, "I am really afraid God will send me to hell." "Why do you think so?" "Because I have been so wicked." I told her, if she were sorry in her heart, and prayed to God to forgive her for Christ's sake, he would. When she knelt down, she said, most pathetically, sobbing all the time, "Please God forgive me, and make me a good child." She could pray no more for sorrow; but at length said, "Aunt, I want to speak to you: do you think God has forgiven me?" I replied, "Yes, if you are sincere." She said, "I did mean what I said; and I really think God has forgiven me, I feel so happy now." The next morning she said, "Aunt, do you know what I am going to do to-day?" I replied, " I hope, dear, you are going to be a good girl?" "Yes, that is what I was thinking about: I am going to think of you and God all day." She often referred to her late naughty deed, and seemed bitterly to repent having done it. She said one day to her father, "How good Jesus Christ was to die for the people!" He asked her if she loved him for dying for her. She replied, "Yes, I do."

When about to leave home, last winter, for a month, our principal anxiety was concerning dear Elizabeth, under whose protection to place her during our absence. However, this difficulty was soon settled; the Mission family offering most


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 Rh kindly to take the charge of her. The school-mistress, who resided in the same house, took the immediate care of her. At this time she was suffering from indisposition, which not only required much patience to bear, but was the occasion of additional trouble and anxiety to those who so kindly undertook the responsibility of attending to her. On our return, we were delighted to hear of her good behaviour and exemplary patience under her affliction. Mrs. S. told me, she never knew a better child; she had so won their hearts, that they not only felt the greatest interest in her, but had considered it a pleasure, rather than a trouble, to have her with them.

During her stay with this kind family, she was one day trying to teach a little boy (her senior) Watts's Catechism. They were in a room alone, but Mr. S., being in an adjoining one, heard all that passed. When she came to that question, "Does God love every thing that he has made?" and the answer, "Yes;" the little boy said that he was sure that must be wrong, for God did not love wicked people. Elizabeth said, it was so in the book, and therefore must be right; and after thinking for a short time how to reconcile this apparent difficulty, she replied, "I will tell you, John, how it is: God loves the people when he makes them; but when they do wicked things, he does


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 24 not love the wicked things they do, only he loves them because he made them." Mr. S. told me she carried on quite a little argument, which far surpassed her years, which I cannot now remember. The testimony of her school-mistress is, that she was far beyond the generality of children, and her capacity for improvement equal to one who had seen twice her number of years.

Thus lived this happy and contented little girl; not only good herself, but endeavouring to make all around her happy and good also. I often thought, while she was with us, I had read of such children, but never knew such an one.

On the Sunday evening previous to giving up the charge of this dear Elizabeth, our hearts felt exceedingly sorrowful at the thought. It was one of those trials which only duty compelled us to acquiesce in; and our feelings were the more excited by her simple expressions of affection, and her telling me she hoped I should soon come back again. O how mysterious, how unexpected at times are the ways of Providence! but often most merciful when most severe. This should reconcile us to the otherwise depressing recollection, that on our return to the little garden, in the midst of the distant wilderness, we shall miss one of its fairest plants, one that we had fondly hoped would, under the genial influence of the Gospel, have


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 Rh struck its roots deep, and expanded its branches wide, bringing forth the fruits of righteousness; or, to drop the metaphor, we had hoped that though we had lost a valuable member of our little society, in the removal of our beloved Christiana Jones, her dear child would be growing up to take her place in the church and in' the neighbourhood. But "God's ways are not our ways, neither are his thoughts our thoughts." We knew not how much we loved her; but God who loved her better than any on earth, has, for some wise end, taken her to his better care and happier home in heaven.


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 26

bringing the history of this dear child to a close, it is now my painful task to record the affecting circumstances that attended her death. Perhaps some young persons may wonder what disease carried her away in the spring-time of life to an early grave. Well do I remember telling her one evening of the sudden death of a neighbour, and, endeavouring to improve the circumstance, remarked how necessary it was for young and old to be prepared for death, as we did not


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 Rh know whether we should live to see another rising sun. She looked most earnestly at me, and said, "Why, aunt, I am not ill!" But, dear children, without the withering blast of sickness, this sweet flower was transplanted in an instant to a more congenial clime, in the bloom of health, and with a buoyancy of spirits that had excited the remarks of those around her; illustrating in her own history that death has not always sickness for its harbinger.

From the account received, it appears that a kind friend residing at the port or mouth of the river Credit, about a mile and a half from the Indian village, had requested Elizabeth's father to let her spend a short time with her during Mr. J. Jones's absence for a few weeks. To this he consented, of which he sends the following account:—"On the 6th of November, dear Elizabeth followed us to the waggon." (Mr. Jones had married again.) "She kissed her mamma and me, saying, 'Good-bye, mamma; good-bye, papa.' Never shall I forget the spot where she stood; little thinking she was bidding us a final farewell."

The month of November, which in England is usually very dreary, is quite otherwise in Canada; and it appears the morning of the 20th was very fine. This dear child arose in good health, and it would seem as though she felt an uncommon de-


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 28 gree of joyousness and elasticity of spirits, which the freshness of a clear atmosphere tends to inspire.

About noon, remarking how beautiful the day was, she asked if she might take her accustomed walk over the adjacent bridge, that being drier and smoother than any other place. Not suspecting any danger, after being properly equipped by her kind friend who had the care of her, she sallied forth with bounding spirits and a happy countenance. It is singular that on that morning she had talked much of her own dear mother, and expressed a wish that she was alive, as she wanted so much to see her. When asked, why? she replied, "Because I have heard she was very beautiful." Sweet child! who would then have supposed thy passage to glory was so short; that thy wish to have thy mother near thee was so soon to be fulfilled; that thou wast so soon literally to pass the river of death, and to be landed on the shores of immortality? But it was even so: the little Elizabeth returned not to her home at the expected time, and was sought for, but sought in vain. Inquiry was made at every house, but, alas! to no purpose. Night came on, and it was very dark and stormy; still the search continued, and long before day other kind friends went different roads towards the village, calling, "Eliza-


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 Rh beth, Elizabeth," but in vain; no voice answered to the anxious summons.

As soon as daylight dawned, all the men, women, and boys joined in the melancholy search; making the woodlands echo with her name as they went sorrowfully on, till they reached the lake; when the Indians said she must be drowned! They then went out in their boats; and at length, about nine o'clock in the morning, the little bark of mortality was found, which had floated down the deep broad stream into an eddy near the pier, but the immortal spirit was landed in the haven of eternal rest.

It was found on examination that there was a hole on the upper part of the bridge near the centre of the stream, occasioned by one of the planks having slipped out of its place; and it is supposed (for no one saw her) that the dear child, in passing over near the side-railings, must have been looking another way, and thus slipped through the hole into a watery grave. Thus, without a moment's warning, was she snatched away from the fond embraces of her mourning friends on earth to the bosom of her Saviour and her God.

As soon as the sad news reached her dear father, he hastened down; but, ah! who can enter into the feelings of a parent on such a journey?


text: Memoir of Elizabeth Jones a little Indian girl who lived at the River-Credit Mission Upper Canada/Chapter 4


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290* Yin and Yang, ,

Za̍horka Theory,, , ,

Zatecensis, Peter,, ; ,

Z̄iz̄ka, John,, , ,

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Runo L]

With a lock of bone secure them,

That from thence escape they never,

Nor in time may be untwisted,

Not unless the lock be opened,

And its jaws should be extended,

Not unless the teeth be opened,

And the tongue again is moving.

What would now avail my singing,

If the songs I sang were bad ones,

If I sang in every valley,

And I sang in every firwood?

For my mother lives no longer,

Wakes no more my own old mother,

Nor my golden one can hear me,

Nought can learn my dear old mother,

None would hear me but the fir-trees,

Learn, save branches of the pine-trees,

Or the tender leaves of birch-trees,

Or the charming mountain ash-tree.

I was small when died my mother,

Weak was I without my mother;

On the stones like lark she left me,

On the rocks like thrush she left me,

Left me like a lark to sing there,

Or to sing as sings the throstle,

In the wardship of a stranger,

At the will of a step-mother,

And she drove me forth, unhappy,

Forth she drove the unloved infant,

To a wind-swept home she drove me,

To the north-wind’s home she drove me

That against the wind defenceless,

Winds might sweep away the orphan.

Like a lark away I wandered,

Like a hapless bird I wandered

Shelterless about the country;

Wearily I wandered onward,

Till with every wind acquainted,

I their roaring comprehended;

In the frost I learned to shudder,

Rh

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274

And I learned to cry with freezing.

Even now do many people,

Many people I encounter,

Speak to me in angry accents,

Rudest speeches hurl against me,

Curses on my tongue they shower,

And about my voice cry loudly,

Likewise they abuse my grumbling

And they call my songs too lengthy,

And they say I sing too badly,

And my song’s accented wrongly.

May you not, O friendly people,

As a wondrous thing regard it

That I sang so much in childhood,

And when small, I sang so badly.

I received no store of learning,

Never travelled to the learned.

Foreign words were never taught me,

Neither songs from distant countries.

Others have had all instruction,

From my home I journeyed never,

Always did I help my mother,

And I dwelt for ever near her,

In the house received instruction,

’Neath the rafters of my storehouse,

By the spindle of my mother,

By my brother’s heap of shavings,

In my very earliest childhood,

In a shirt that hung in tatters.

But let this be as it may be,

I have shown the way to singers,

Showed the way, and broke the tree-tops,

Cut the branches, shown the pathways.

This way therefore leads the pathway,

Here the path lies newly opened,

Widely open for the singers,

And for greater ballad singers,

For the young, who now are growing,

For the rising generation.

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Rh


text: Kalevala (Kirby 1907)/Runo 50

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expense of defending the society, and that of supporting the dignity of the chief magistrate, are both laid out for the general benefit of the whole society. It is reasonable, therefore, that they should be defrayed by the general contribution of the whole society, all the different members contributing, as nearly as possible, in proportion to their respective abilities.

The expense of the administration of justice, too, may, no doubt, be considered as laid out for the benefit of the whole society. There is no impropriety, therefore, in its being defrayed by the general contribution of the whole society. The persons, however, who give occasion to this expense are those who, by their injustice in one way or another, make it necessary to seek redress or protection from the courts of justice. The persons again most immediately benefited by this expense are those whom the courts of justice either restore to their rights, or maintain in their rights. The expense of the administration of justice, therefore, may very properly be defrayed by the particular contribution of one or other or both of those two different sets of persons, according as different occasions may require, that is, by the fees of court. It cannot be necessary to have recourse to the general contribution of the whole society, except for the conviction of those criminals who have not themselves any estate or fund sufficient for paying those fees.

Those local or provincial expenses of which the benefit is local or provincial (what is laid out, for example, upon the police of a particular town or district) ought to be defrayed by a local or provincial revenue, and ought to be


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 30 None can describe them; and only parents who have lost such a child can fully sympathize in them. He returns to the spot where he left her well and happy; but instead of the bounding step, the beaming eye, the cheerful tones of welcome that were wont to greet him, he is conducted by his sympathizing and distressed friends into the mournful chamber of death. There was the form he had so often gazed on with delight, and it still looked like his Elizabeth; but the heart's pulses had ceased, the eyes were closed, the ears were stopped, the spirit had fled. Such is the portion of earth; but by the eye of faith we turn to those blissful regions where her happy spirit has found admittance;

O, dear children, what a lesson is this! Could any thing but the assurance that "sudden death" to her was "sudden glory" have comforted the heart of her sorrowing parent, and enabled him to write, "Her happy spirit is returned to God, whose praises she loved to sing, whom she worshipped, adored, and loved?" Surely not! And if you wish to share with her the happiness of heaven, if you wish to see her there, you must seek an


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 no burden upon the general revenue of the society. It is unjust that the whole society should contribute toward an expense of which the benefit is confined to a part of the society.

The expense of maintaining good roads and communications is, no doubt, beneficial to the whole society, and may, therefore, without any injustice, be defrayed by the general contribution of the whole society. This expense, however, is most immediately and directly beneficial to those who travel or carry goods from one place to another, and to those who consume such goods. The turnpike tolls in England, and the duties called peages in other countries, lay it altogether upon those two different sets of people, and thereby discharge the general revenue of the society from a very considerable burden.

The expense of the institutions for education and religious instruction, is likewise, no doubt, beneficial to the whole society, and may, therefore, without injustice, be defrayed by the general contribution of the whole society. This expense, however, might perhaps with equal propriety, and even with some advantage, be defrayed altogether by those who receive the immediate benefit of such education and instruction, or by the voluntary contribution of those who think they have occasion for either the one or the other.

When the institutions or public works which are beneficial to the whole society, either cannot be maintained altogether, or are not maintained altogether by the contribution of such particular members of the society as are most immediately benefited by them, the deficiency must in most cases be made up by the general contribution of the whole society. The general revenue of the society,


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 over and above defraying the expense of defending the society, and of supporting the dignity of the chief magistrate, must make up for the deficiency of many particular branches of revenue. The sources of this general or public revenue I shall endeavor to explain in the following chapter.

revenue which must defray, not only the expense of defending the society and of supporting the dignity of the chief magistrate, but all the other necessary expenses of government, for which the constitution of the State has not provided any particular revenue, may be drawn, either, first, from some fund which peculiarly belongs to the sovereign or commonwealth, and which is independent of the revenue of the people; or, secondly, from the revenue of the people.

funds or sources of revenue which may peculiarly belong to the sovereign or commonwealth must consist either in stock or in land.

The sovereign, like any other owner of stock, may derive a revenue from it, either by employing it himself, or by lending it. His revenue is in the one case profit, in the other interest.


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 كجكترا منجنكن موک کند هرکورندور جنرال دبتاويه كارن عادة كام دمكين ايت اثبیل راج يغ مات اوفام سفرة دانغ هاري قيامت جدیله هارو بیرو دالم نگری ایتوله قد فیكرصحابة كفبتن لاوة بايكله كام سام دغن نون راج ترنات دودق کدملکاسرامشن تسريبامثون كند صحابة هركورندور جنرال جوک باد اد چندر مات لقد  7سسواة كند هر جنرال ملینكن بودن لاک * دراورغ أكن تند نولس دان اخلاص جوک او نمای سفرة دو بيج ساري جاغن دعيبکن کارن صحابة كثيتن لاوة اورغ يغ بل لاک ضعیف مفاتر فركتأن سورة این مک جکلواد ساله فون ملینكن معاف جوک کند هركورندور جنرال تمت سمبیلن ترنولس دالم بنتع قرنریغ بدكاتی " دغن کوة روتردام دولابن البكر ماري در بولن جماد الأول قد تاهن ج هجرة النبي صلي الله عليه وسلم سريب دولاقن فوله كنش هم

 Bahwa surat ini pada menyatakan tulus dan ekhlas, deri-pada paduka sahabat Kichili Jingalawu, Kapitan Laut Buton, menyampaikan tabi banyak-banyak datang ka-pada paduka sahabat Heer Gurnador General Johan Maetsuijker, yang memegang kuasa Kompanyi dalam kota Batawiah, akan memerêntahkan segala

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 pekerja'an Kompanyi, serta dengan segala sahabat-nya raja-raja deri bawah angin, maka di-anugrahakan Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala bertambah-tambah kebajikan dalam dunia, dau yang di- trangkan hati-nya, maka kharij-lah segala 'akal budi bichara-nya yang baik, dan menolong deri-pada orag yang kena kesukaran, dan yang megtahui deri-pada hati orang, maka termashhur-lah deri atas angin dan deri bawah angin yang memujikan 'arif-nya. lagi budiman serta dengan bijaksana'an-nya, dan is-lah menegoh- kan setia-nya perjanjian pada segala raja-raja, tiada akan ber- obah-obah lagi, demikian itu maka di-panjangkan Allah 'umor, dan selamat, dan berkat, supaya kita bersahabat, Ternati serta Buton dan Kompanyi, agar jangan bercherai-cherai sa-lama- lama-nya. Ada pun kemdian deri itu, bahwa sahabat Kapitan Laut membri m'alum ka-pada Gurnador General, tatkala di-suroh oleh sahabat Raja Buton, kami megirigkan paduka Sei Sultan Ternati sama-sama mengikut pada Amiral Kornelis Speelman ka-tanab Mangkasar, supaya kami mengerjakan kerja kita; hanya m'alum-lah Kapitan Laut, apabila kuasa Kompanyi serta dengan kuasa Allah akan menyudahi deri-pada pekerja'an kita, hendak- lah Kapitan Laut menunjokkan inuka pada Heer Gurnador General juga, supaya puaskan hati. Tetapi pada sekarang ini Admiral pulang ka-Jakatra, hanya tuan kami Raja Ternati lagi dudok di Mangkasar; maka sahabat Kapitan Laut pun dudok sama. sama dengan tuan kami Raja Ternati. Sa-perkara pula, ada Raja Buton pun sudah-lah pulang ka-rahmat Allah, kembali deri-pada asal-nya, meninggalkan dunia, mengadap ka-negri akhirat.. Sebab itu-lah maka sahabat Kapitan Laut tiada jadi pergi ka- Jakatra menunjokkan muka ka-pada Heer Gurnador General di Batawiah; kerna 'adat kami demikian itu, apabila raja yang mati, upama seperti datang bari kiamat, jadi-lah haru-biru dalam negri: itu-lab pada fikir sahabat Kapitan Laut, baik-lah kami sama-sama dengan tuan Raja Ternati dudok lagi di Mangkasar; ampun- ampun, sa-ribu ampun, ka-pada sahabat Heer Guruador General juga. Tiada ada chendor mata sa-suatu ka-pada Heer General, melainkan budak laki dus orang akan tanda tulus dan ekhlas juga, upama-nya seperti dua biji sawi, jangan di-'aibkan. Kerna sa. habat Kapitan Laut orang yang bebal, lagi dla'if mengatur perkata'- an surat ini; maka jikalau ada salah pun melainkan ma'af juga ka-pada Heer Gurnador General. Tamat.

Tertulis dalam Bênteng Parinringa bedekatan dengan kota

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 Rotterdam dulapan (sembilan) likor hari deri bulan jamadi l-awwal, pada tahun Jim, bijratu 'n-nabi salla Allah 'alaihi wa 's-sallama, sa-ribu dulapan puloh genap

De Capn-Laut van Buton.

This letter is to indicate sincerity and friendship from your affectionate friend Kichili Jingalawu, the Captain Laut of Buton, sending many greetings to my affectionate friend Heer Gouverneur General Johan Maetsuijker, who maintains the authority of the Company in the city of Batavia, directing all the work of the Company and all his friends the rajas below the wind; to whom it has been granted by God (to Him be praise and be He exalted) to have increasing prosperity in this world, and whose heart is enlightened, and from him proceeds all good understanding and wise counsel, and who helps those who are in trouble and who knows mens' bearts, and he is renowned among the people above the wind and those below the wind, who praise his intelligence, moreover he is wise and prudent, and it is be who establishes the faithfulness of his promises with all the rajas and will never more change them; thus may God extend to bim life and safety and blessing, in order that we may be friends. Teruati and Buton with the Company, that we may never be separated for ever. After that, your friend the Captain Laut informs the Gouverneur General that when I was sent by my friend the Raja of Buton I accompanied His High- ness the Sultan of Ternati, and we went together with Admiral Cornelis Speelman to Macassar, in order that I might do our business; but the Captain Laut informs you that when the power of the Company together with the power of God should have completed our business, it was the intention of the Captain Laut to show his face to the Heer Gouverneur General, to satis- fy his heart. But just now the admiral has returned to Jakatra, and only my lord the Raja of Ternati remains at Macassar; so your friend the Captain Laut remains with my lord the Raja of Ternati. Another matter: the Raja of Buton has gone back to the mercy of God, returning whence he came, leaving the world to appear in the presence of the land of the hereafter. It is on this account that your friend the Captain Laut did not manage to go to Jakatra to show his face to the Heer Gouverneur General at

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 capsules and perichætial leaves of moss, Cryphæe heteromalla, by Mr. J. E. Bagnall. Sections of stems and leaves of plants, differentially stained to show the structure, by Mr. W. Teasdale, Section of potato, with starch grains in situ, polarised; compound spiral vessels from rhubarb, polarised; group of fern scales, Nethochlæna lævis, polarised, by Dr. Denne; and Chara, showing the spurious circulation, by Mr. T. J. Slatter. Mr. J. E. Bagnall contributed a complete collection of the grasses and sedges of Warwickshire, (dried specimens;) Dr. W. Hinds a collection of the British poisonous plants, (dried specimens;) Mr. J. Morley a collection of nearly all the species of British ferns, (living plants;) and Mr. E. Wheeler a most instructive series of microscopical preparations, illustrating the histology and reproduction of plants.

The Conchological display made by Mr. G. Sherriff Tye was of marked interest, and consisted of part of his collection of British Shells, which numbers many thousand specimens. The series included fine selected examples of nearly all the land and freshwater shells hitherto found in the neighbourhood of Birmingham, viz. about eighty species and fifty varieties; also many very local and some rare shells. Among the former may be mentioned Sphæriam corneurn, var.flavescens; S. lacustre, var. Ryckholtii; Anodonta cygnea. var. pallida; A. anatine, var. complanata; Planorbis linestus; P. dilatatus; Limnæa peregra, var. lacustris; L. peregra, var. maritima, &c, &c. Among the rare shells were albinos of the following species:—Anodouta anatina, Bythinia tentaculata, Limnæa peregra, L. palustris, L. trunculata, Helix sericea, H. virgata, H. Pisana, Pupa secale, Clansilia rugosa, and others. The rare Vertigo Moulinsiana, Helix obvoluta, Succinea oblonga, Limnæa glutinosa, and Limnæa involuta were noticeable species. We might specify many rare or uncommon forms in the marine portion, but want of space forbids it; we will only add that the collection was characterised by neatness and clearness of arrangement, and is the result of years of labour. Dr. Schwarz also exhibited shells from and Ceylon. Mr. W. H. Pearson exhibited Japanese and Chinese Silk-worm Moths with Cocoons; while cases of insects collected in Brazil, comprising moths, butterflies. and beetles, showing the brilliant colouring characteristic of tropical insects, were exhibited by Mr. B. Allport.

The Geological exhibits were very numerous and interesting, There were sections showing junction of Igneous and Sedimentary Rock, and section from Bone Bed of Rhætic age in South Wales, exhibited by Dr. Deane; Pitchstone from Arran showing plumose crystals arranged in lines forming contoured weather markings, by Mr. C. Pumphrey; sections of Volcanic Rocks, illustrating their microscopic structure, by Mr. S. Allport; fossil Animal Life: Eozoon Canadense, the earliest known form of animal life, specimens showing the canal system and tubular wall of the chambers, and decalcified specimens showing serpentine casts of the canals, by Rev. H. W. Crosskey; Trilobites from Wenlock shale and limestone, Dudley, by Mr. E. Hollier; Crag Fossils and Devonian Fossils, by Mr. W. Graham; Pleistocene Animals from Cresswell Crags, by Mr. T. Heath; Chalk and Lias Fossils, by Mr. H. A. Vincent; Agates, Jaspers, Porphyrics, &c., collected from the Drift, near Redditch, by Mr. W. T. Heming; and a very extensive collection of specimens, illustrative of the Glacial epoch, by the Rev. H. W. Crosskey. This collection must be referred to at some length. It illustrated both the physical action of ice and the changes of fauna connected with the epoch, The illustrations of the physical action of ice comprised (1) a specimen of encrinital limestone taken from beneath a mass of boulder clay. The stems of encrinites were shown, cut into sections and polished by ice action. (2) ice-marked boulders, covered with balani, showing that they had been dropped by icebergs into the sea. (3) A


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 Batavia ; for such is our custom, that when a Raja dies it is as if the judgment day had come, for there is confusion in the country. That was how it was that in the opinion of your friend the Captain Laut it was best that I with the Raja of Ternati should still remain in Macassar. Pardon, a thousand pardons of my friend the Heer Gourerneur General. I have nothing as a present to Heer General but two lads, as a mere token of sincerity and friendship, just like a couple of mustard seeds ; do not despise the present. For your friend the Captain Laut is an ignorant man, and has made a poor hand of composing the words of this letter, so if there is any mistake I ask pardon of the Heer Gouverneur General. Finis.

Written at Fort Parinringa, near the city of Rotterdam, on the twenty-eighth ( twenty -ninth ) day of the month jamadi 'l awwal, of the year jim, in the era of the prophet (may God bless him and give him peace) one thousand and eighty exactly.

(In Dutch) The Captain Laut of Buton.

قولي لو دلوان

المومی فغير

ج جلاله

سورة كاسه سرت نولس دان اخلاص يغ تياد برفتوسن درفد فغیران رات دانغ كند پوهن متشكور كرندر جنرال يغ منهاي ? تحت كسارن دالم 1.

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 252


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 نكري بتاوي يغ ممرنتهكن سكل انق ولند دیاتس اغن لال كباوه اغن ترمشهور قد سكل عالم قد حال ملكوكن كعديلې دان كموراهن تیاد

سماں راجراج دباوه اغن فد عارف بجنساں بدمان کارتوان كك ساغة مليهراكن سكل داکغ سرت کاسه سایغ اكن سكل فقيردان مسكين لك

ترفوج فد هدافن مجليس سكل راجر مک ساغة دكتكوت سكل سترو الاون درفدكستاتن هبت بوپ سنجناب لاک دغن كاكه فركشاپ تياد دافت دنننغ مناں دنغه میدان فتراغن شهدان امت نكه فد بارغ ستي وعد 1

تیاد بروبه فد بارغيغ تله دجنجيكي ك ساغة بركاسه كسهن أموافقة

دغن تياد لک کلاس فونس دان برچری مک جاغنله كبرای داوبهكن كل موافقة دان بركاسه كسيهن ايت سلام لاک اد چهاي بولن دان بنتغ سرة

فرایدران مالم دان سیغ کند سلملمای کمدین در این بارغ دکتهوي يوهن

مت شكور كرندر جنرال كيراي بهو فغيران رات مېورهكن وغس بيت برنیاک كبتاوي لال کجاو دشن ممبار داغن بارغ قدري مک فرتاره فغيران رات كفد يوهن مت شكور كرندر جنرال كالوجاد خلاف ببلی

وغس بیت دان سكل مريک يغ سرتای هندقله كبرای 7دغن فلهار دان كاسه پوهن مت شكور كرندر جنرال دان رادنفنديا " أكندي شهدان

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 254 already give:—Azalí, the Eternal; Abadí, the Everlasting; Maula, the Lord; Ahad, the only One; Munʾem, the Giver of Blessing; Sádig, the Righteous One; Sattár, the Concealer of Sins; Rabb, the Lord.

In the recital of these words the prefix and inflexion are used thus, Ar-Rahímo! Al-Máliko! As-Samiʾo! etc. Many of the titles will appear to the English reader to be synonymous, but Muslim theologians discover in them shades of difference. It will be observed that the titles are not arranged in philosophical order.

In addition to the forms of zikr already mentioned there are four others which are even of more common use, and are known as Tasbíh, Tahmíd, Tahlíl, and Takbír. They are used as exclamations of joy and surprise, as well as for the devotional exercise of zikr.

Tasbíh is the expression Subhán-Allah! "Holiness be to God!"

''Tahmíd. Alhamdo-Lilla!'' "Praise be to God!"

''Tahlíl. Lá-il-la-ha-il-lal-lá-ho!'' "There is no deity but God!"

''Takbír. Allaho-Akbar!'' "God is great!"


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 lagi kala-nya putus dan bercherai, maka jangan-lah kira-nya di obahkan lagi muafakat dan berkaseh-kasehan itu sa -lama lagi ada chahaya bulan dan bintang serta peridaran malam dan siang ka-pada sa-lama-lama-nya. Kemdian deri itu barang di-ketahui Johan Maetsuijker Gurnador General kira-nya, bahwa Pangeran Ratu menyurohkan Wangsa Yita berniaga ka-Batawi lalu ka Jawa, dengan membawa dagangan barang kedar-nya ; maka per taroh Pargêran Ratu ka-pada Johan Maetsvijker Gurnador General; kalau-kalau ada khilaf bebal-nya Wangsa Yita dan se

gala merika yang serta-nya, hendak-lah kira-nya dengan plihara dan kaseb Johan Maetsuijker Gurnador General dan Raden van Indië akan dia. Shahadan Pargêran Ratu minta di-jual meriam besi atau tembaga, yang brat sa-babara atau dua pikul, barang brapa puchok; brapa juga akan nilai-nya telah m'alum-lah ka pada Wangsa Yita. Dan di-sigrakan kira-nya kembali-nya ka negri Jambi, supaya sigra Paigêran beroleh khabar yang keba jikan itu. Suatu pun tiada tanda tulus dan ekhlas deri-pada Pangêran Ratu ka-pada Johan Maetsuijker Gurnador General hanya lada dua-puloh pikul. Tamat.

Brief van Pageran Patoe in Jambi, ontfangen den 30 April 1669 met Wangsa Ita.

The word of Truth, though it be Bitter.—

The Ruler of the Faithful, the Pangeran of Jambi, the friend of God, Royal Highness.

A letter of love with sincerity and friendship to which there is no end, from the Pangeran Ratu, sent to Johan Maetsuijker, Governor General, who holds the throne of majesty in the city of Batavia , who governs all the people of Holland both above the wind and below the wind, renowned through all the universe in dispensing justice and mercy, none of the rajas below the wind are like him in his intelligence and prudence, he is wise and wealthy, and greatly protects all strangers, and has love and pity for all beggars and poor people, moreover he is praised in the presence of all the rajas, and is very much feared by all his enemies and adversaries through the greatness of the

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 Rh Muhammad said, "Repeat the Tasbíh a hundred times, and a thousand virtues shall be recorded by God for you, ten virtuous deeds for each repetition."

When the Tasbíh and Tahmíd are recited together it is said thus, Subhán-Allah wa Bihamdihi, i. e., "Holiness be to God with His praise." It is related in the Hadís that Muhammad said, "Whoever recites this sentence a hundred times, morning and evening, will have all his sins forgiven."

In forming our estimation of Muhammad and Muhammadanism we must take into consideration the important place the devotional exercise of zikr occupies in the system, not forgetting that it has had the authoritative sanction of "the Prophet" himself.


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 terror of the sound of his weapons, moreover for his might and valour they cannot meet his eyes on the field of battle; again he is very steadfast to the faithfulness of his engagements, and does not change from anything which he has promised, and he is very affectionate and friendly, and at no time does he cease to be so, nor sever from his friends; may such friendship and affection never change as long as there is still the light of the moon and stars and the alternation of night and day for ever and ever. After that, be it known unto Johan Maetsuijker, Governor General, that the Pangeran Ratu is sending Wangsa Yita to Batavia and then to Java to trade, taking with him a certain quantity of merchandise, entrusted by Pangeran Ratu to the care of Johan Maetsuijker, Governor General. If perchance there should be any mistake or ignorance on the part of Wangsa Yita and the people that are with him, let them be treated with care and affection by Johan Maetsuijker, Governor General, and the Council of India. Again the Pangeran Ratu begs that a few iron or brass cannon may be sold to him, of the weight of a babar or two pikuls; as to the price of them Wangsa Yita has been informed. And may his return to Jambi be hastened, in order that the Pangêran may quickly receive favourable news. There is no token whatever of sincerity and friendship from the Pangeran Ratu to Joban Maetsuijker, Goverror General, except twenty pikuls of pepper. Finis.

(In Dutch.) Letter from the Pangêran Ratu at Jambi, received the 30th April 1669, by Wangsa Yita.

سورة اخلاص يغ تياد برفتوسن مسرا يغ تياد برانتار ترغ چواچ نتیاس

برني

درود بیت راج بندهار فادک سري مهاراج فرمیسوار دنك

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the Qurán our blessed Lord is spoken of as ʾIsa (Jesus), and Masíh (the Messiah). He is also called Kalima, the Word (of God); Qaul-ul-Haqq, the Word of Truth; and Rúh, the Spirit (of God); Rúh-Ullah, the Spirit of God, being the special title, or Kalima, whereby Jesus is distinguished from the other great prophets. He is one "illustrious in this world and in the next," and "who has near access to God." He is "God's Apostle to confirm the law, and to announce an apostle that should come after, whose name shall be


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Rh Geijer left Upsala because he feared lie might get to be regarded as "an authority," while he wished to continue his life—as a "student." Not only in his scientific works, but also by his position toward the political movements of his time he proved that he valued truth above all things. For a long time he was an ardent conservative, but when through his studies he came to be convinced of the justice of liberal ideas, he had the courage "to desert himself," as he expressed it, and became one of the most zealous advocates of popular liberty. On account of the high consideration which Geijer's noble, intelligent and marked individuality enjoyed, this step was of great importance to the people's position in political questions. Geijer also exercised a great influence on the students. Seldom has a university professor been loved and respected as was he. He died on the twenty-fourth of April, 1847.

(1776-1839) represented the extreme tendency of the Gothic school. From his earliest childhood he had to fight against poverty and want, but his iron nature did not succumb. At the age of seventeen he was compelled to leave school in consequence of a thoughtless freak on the part of the pupils, of which he assumed the entire responsibility, and he thereupon spent several years abroad, mostly in military service, and served as he himself asserted, five different kings. He had also spent some time in Denmark, where he had attended Steffen's lectures. In 1806 he obtained an appointment in Lund as a teacher of fencing, and from this time he began his enthusiastic efforts in behalf of the regeneration of the nation, which he proposed to bring about, partly by a perfected system of gymnastics based on his own comprehensive knowledge of anatomy, and partly by the revival of the memory of the antiquity of the North with its healthy and invigorating customs. In the former respect his activity


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 Rh Ahmad." He is said to have been born of Mary, the sister of Aaron, and the daughter of ʾImrán, near the trunk of a palm tree; to have spoken in his cradle, and to have performed many miracles during his infancy; to have cured the blind and the leper; to have chosen apostles, and to have caused a table to descend from heaven, both as "a festival and a sign for them." The Jews are said to have been deceived by God, and to have crucified another person instead of Jesus, who was taken up into heaven, where he remains with his mother in a lofty and quiet place, watered with springs, until he shall come again in the last day to convert the whole world to Islám!

The rambling incoherent account of our blessed Lord's life, as given in the Qurán, would far exceed the limits of these "Notes"; but it will be found upon reference to the following Súras, or chapters:—

An account of the birth of the Virgin Mary.—Súra iii. 33–37, 42–44.

Birth of Jesus announced to the Virgin Mary.—Súra iii. 45–48; xix. 16–21.


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386 was exceedingly beneficial and led to the establishment of the system of "sanitary gymnastics;" but in the latter he made no headway with all his ideas and plans. His greatest service to Swedish literature was probably his influence on Tegnér, with whom he was on very friendly terms in Lund. As a poet Ling was decidedly a lyric, and as such he occasionally achieved excellent things, for instance in his pastoral poem, "Kärleken (Love), and in the lyric epic, "Tirfing." But this did not satisfy him, he also wanted to be both epic poet and dramatist. He desired to present to his countrymen the old world of gods and heroes, in other words, he wanted to be both their Shakespeare and Homer. His first work was the Epopöe "Gylfe," which he did not finish, and his last and chief work was the great poem "Asarne," in thirty songs. But both of these as well as his numerous northern dramas, "Agne," "Eylif den götiska, "Ingjald Illräda," "Engelbrekt," etc, though they contain many lyric passages of great beauty, were on the whole total failures. In him were united an almost endless discursiveness and an inability to produce living characters, with a vivid imagination and a glowing enthusiasm, which at times occasionally was able to produce episodes of startling beauty.

The greatest poet of the Gothic school was, who at last silenced all literary controversies, since he united in his great poetical talent all that which had been aimed at by the different schools, and since in all his works he satisfied not only the national element, but also the requirements of art. In spite of his admiration of foreign masters, all his works bear the stamp of unmistakable originality. Tegnér was born the 13th of November, 1782, in the province of Värmland. He early lost his father, who was a priest, but found patrons who assumed the care of his studies. Already in his twentieth year he became docent in æsthetics, and ten years later he was appointed professor of Greek in Lund. Here he became celebrated as a gifted and efficient


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258 The birth of Jesus.—Súra xix. 22–28.

The miracles of the Infancy.—Súra xix. 29–32; iii. 48; v. 119.

His prophetical mission.—Súra v. 87; xxxiii. 7; xliii. 56–63; lxi. 6.

His choice of apostles.—Súra iii. 51–52; lxi. 14.

The Lord's table.—Súra v. 121–124.

His crucifixion.—Súra iii. 58–54; iv. 156–158; v. 119; xix. 32; iii. 54.

His assumption with the Virgin Mary into Paradise.—Súra xxiii. 52.

His second Advent.—Súra xliii. 59.

He must render an account of himself to God.—Súra xxiii. 7, 8; v. 118–119, 125, 127; iv. 158.

There is a remarkable Hadís related by Anas, which inadvertently proves that, whilst Muhammad admitted his own sinfulness, as well as that of other prophets, he could not charge our Lord with sin. It is as follows:—"The Prophet of God said, 'In the day of resurrection Musalmáns will not be able to move, and they will be greatly distressed, and will say, "Would to God that we had asked Him to create someone to intercede for us, that we might be taken


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 1810, when, if no person appeared, or could be found after sufficient notice, to claim the moiety so devised, then a certain sum, calculating the principal and interest of his debt to Col. Effingham, was to be paid to the heirs at law of the Effingham family, and the bulk of his estate was to be conveyed in fee to his daughter, or her heirs.

The tears fell from the eyes of the young man, as he read this undeniable testimony of the good faith of Marmaduke, and his bewildered gaze was still fastened on the paper, when a sweet voice, that thrilled on every nerve, spoke, near him, saying,

"Do you yet doubt us, Oliver?"

"I have never doubted you!" cried the youth, recovering his recollection and his voice, as he sprung to seize the hand of Elizabeth; "no, not one moment has my faith in you wavered."

"And my father—"

"God bless him!"

"I thank thee, my son," said the Judge, exchanging a warm pressure of the hand with the youth; "but we have both erred; thou hast been too hasty, and I have been too slow. One half of my estates shall be thine as soon as they can be conveyed to thee; and if what my suspicions tell me, be true, I suppose the other must follow speedily." He took the hand which he held, and united it with that of his daughter, and motioned towards the door to the Major.

"I telt you vat, gal!" said the old German, good humouredly; "if I vast, ast I vast, ven I servit mit his grantfader on ter lakes, ter lazy tog shouln't vin ter prize as for nottin."

"Come, come, old Fritz," cried the Judge; "you are seventy, not seventeen; Richard waits for you with a bowl of egg-nog, in the hall."

"Richart! ter duyvel!" exclaimed the other,


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Rh university professor. In 1824 he became bishop in Vexiö, which position he held until his death in 1846.

Already in his early youth Tegnér wrote verses, but they were in the academic style, and did not reveal any particular talent. Then he wrote in 1808 the war song, "För skånska landtvärnet" (for the militia of Scania), and this song gained him the hearts of all. In 1811 he won the prize of the Academy by his grand poem, "Svea." In a vigorous and commanding style he addresses the sluggish age, holding up before his countrymen the customs of their fathers as a mirror, admonishing them in burning words to follow in the footsteps of their ancestors, and promising them with glowing enthusiasm a glorious future, if they heed his warning. He begins the poem in the traditional Alexandrines, which soon, however, have to yield to a freer rhythm in harmony with the tempestuous torrent of his thoughts. This poem had a very marked influence on the development of Swedish literature, not only on account of its enthusiastic, imaginative diction, but also because it abandoned the rigid academic form. His reputation as one of the greatest poets of his country was firmly established, and it grew with every new poem. He now joined the Gothic Union, but kept aloof from its exaggerations, and did not hesitate to recognize the excellent qualities of the men of Gustav III's time, as he did with emphasis in one of his most famous poems, an address in verse on the occasion of the semi-centennial celebration of the Academy. On the other hand, he took a very decided stand against the Phosphorists, and he frequently took them to task in his speeches and poems, and ridiculed with withering sarcasm their exclusiveness and want of a definite purpose. But he contributed most to the eradication of Phosphoristic hyperidealism by his greater poems, which were received with great enthusiasm by the people.

In 1820 appeared the idyl "Nattvärdsbarnen" (the Children of the Lord's Supper), probably the best poem he ever


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 Rh from this place, and be delivered from tribulation and sorrow?" Then these men will go to Adam, and will say, "Thou art the father of all men, God created thee with His hand, and made thee a dweller in Paradise, and ordered His angels to prostrate themselves before thee, and taught thee the names of all things. Ask grace for us we pray thee!" And Adam will say, "I am not of that degree of eminence you suppose, for I committed a sin in eating of the tree which was forbidden. Go to Noah, the Prophet, he was the first who was sent by God to the unbelievers on the face of the earth." Then they will go to Noah and ask for intercession, and he will say, "I am not of that degree which ye suppose." And he will remember the sin which he committed in asking the Lord for the deliverance of his son (Hud), not knowing whether it was a right request or not; and he will say, "Go to Abraham, who is the Friend of God." Then they will go to Abraham, and he will say, "I am not of that degree which ye suppose." And he will remember the three occasions upon which he told lies in the world; and he will say, "Go to Moses, who is the servant to whom God gave


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 far from intending thy family wrong during life, it has been my care to provide that justice should be done at even a later day."

The youth took the paper, which his first glance told him was the will of the Judge. Hurried and agitated as he was, he discovered that the date corresponded with the time of the unusual depression of Marmaduke. As he proceeded, his eyes began to moisten, and the hand which held the instrument shook violently.

The will commenced with the usual forms, spun out by the ingenuity of Mr. Van der School; but after this subject was fairly exhausted, the pen of Marmaduke became plainly visible. In clear, distinct, manly, and even eloquent language, he recounted his obligations to Colonel Effingham, the nature of their connexion, and the circumstances in which they separated. He then proceeded to relate the motives for his long silence, mentioning, however, large sums that he had forwarded to his friend, which had been returned, with the letters unopened. After this, he spoke of his search for the grandfather, who had unaccountably disappeared, and his fears that the direct heir of the trust was buried in the ocean with his father.

After, in short, recounting in a clear narrative, the events which our readers must now be able to connect, he proceeded to make a fair and exact statement of the sums left in his care by Col. Effingham. A devise of his whole estate to certain responsible trustees followed; to hold the same for the benefit, in equal moieties, of his daughter, on one part, and of Oliver Effingham, formerly a major in the army of Great Britain, and of his son Edward Effingham, and of his son Edward Oliver Effingham, or to the survivor of them, and the descendants of such survivor, for ever, on the other part. The trust was to endure until


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 260 His law, and whom He allowed to converse with Him." And they will go to Moses, and Moses will say, "I am not of that degree which ye suppose." And he will remember the sin which he committed in slaying a man, and he will say, "Go to Jesus, He is the servant of God, the Apostle of God, the Spirit of God, and the Word of God." Then they will go to Jesus, and He will say, "Go to Muhammad who is a servant, whose sins God has forgiven both first and last." Then the Musalmáns will come to me, and I will ask permission to go into God’s presence and intercede for them. (Vide Mishkát, bk. xxiii. chap. xii.)


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 them; the zeal of the sheriff has much mistaken his duty. Dr. Todd, I will thank you to attend to the injury which Hiram Doolittle has received in this untoward affair. Richard, you will oblige me by sending up the carriage to the top of the hill. Benjamin, return to your duty in my family."

Unwelcome as these orders were to most of the auditors, the suspicion that they had somewhat exceeded the wholesome restraints of the law, and the habitual respect with which all the commands of the Judge were received, induced a prompt compliance.

When they were gone, and the rock was left to the parties most interested in an explanation, Marmaduke, pointing to the aged Major Effingham, said to his grandson—

"Had we not better remove thy parent from this open place, until my carriage can arrive?"

"Pardon me, sir, the air does him good, and he has taken it whenever there was no dread of a discovery. I know not how to act, Judge Temple: ought I, can I, suffer Major Effingham to become an inmate of your family?"

"Thou shalt be thyself the judge," said Marmaduke. "Thy father was my early friend. He intrusted his fortune to my care. When we separated, he had such confidence in me, that he wished no security, no evidence of the trust, even had there been time or convenience for exacting it.—This thou hast heard?"

"Most truly, sir," said Edwards, or rather Effingham, as we must now call him, with a bitter smile.

"We divided in politics. If the cause of this country was successful, the trust was sacred with me, for none knew of thy father's interest. If the crown still held its sway, it would be easy


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388 wrote, for nowhere else did his peculiar talent find a better opportunity of blossoming in a natural and splendid manner than in the three addresses of the old preacher, which constitute the main part of the poem. It is a masterly production marked by a deep, earnest, religious sentiment, and abounding in graceful descriptions of natural scenery.

The enthusiasm of the public increased when, in 1820, the narrative poem, "Axel," appeared, which is somewhat sentimental, but very rich in beautiful lyric episodes. It is prefaced with an exquisite dedicatory poem to Leopold. The public enthusiasm reached its climax, however, in 1825, on the publication of "Frithjofs Saga," the first cantos of which had previously been printed in the "Iduna." This cycle of romances, which in form is a gem of beauty, and the contents of which are taken from an Old Norse saga of the same name, became Tegnér's most celebrated work, and is probably the most famous Scandinavian production. It has been trans- lated into nearly every European tongue. Besides his greater, but unfinished works, "Gerda " and "Kronbruden," we may mention "Karl XII," "Epilog vid magisterpromotionen 1826," and "Sång till Solen " (Hymn to the sun) as the best among his numerous short poems.

In the last years of his life Tegnér was afflicted with a hereditary mental malady, and was obliged to remain for a long time in a lunatic asylum. When he left it he had sufficiently recovered the use of his mind to be able to resume his official duties, but his bodily health was broken, and he died on the 2d of November, 1846.

The most prominent feature of Tegnér's poetry is his splendid rhetoric, and the exuberant gorgeousness of his imagery. The eloquence he displayed from the pulpit, from the professor's chair, and on many special occasions, we meet with again in his poems, many of which are simply speeches in verse. This marked rhetorical character of his poems was


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OF THE

S. W. STRATTON,

[Seal omitted]

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

1910


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following are the verses in the Qurán which allude to our blessed Lord's crucifixion:

Surat-un-Nisá (iv.), 157:—

"And for their saying (we have cursed them'), 'Verily we have slain the Messiah, Jesus the son of Mary, and Apostle of God.' Yet they slew him not, and they crucified him not; but they had only his likeness. And they who differed about him were in doubt concerning him; no sure knowledge had they about him, but followed only an opinion, and they did not really slay him, but God took him up to Himself."

Surat-ul-Maida (v.), 19:—

"They are infidels who say, 'Verily God is the Messiah, the son of Mary.' Say: And who could obtain anything from God to the contrary if he chose to destroy the Messiah, the


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 to restore the property of so loyal a subject as Col. Effingham.—Is not this plain?"

"The premises are good, sir," continued the youth, with the same incredulous look as before.

"Listen—listen, poy," said the German. " Dere is not a hair as of ter rogue in ter het of ter Tchooge."

"We all know the issue of the struggle," continued Marmaduke, disregarding both; "Thy grandfather was left in Connecticut, regularly supplied by thy father with the means of such a subsistence as suited his wants. This I well knew, though I never had intercourse with him, even in our happiest days. Thy father retired with the troops to prosecute his claims on England. At all events, his losses must be great, for his real estates were sold, and I became the lawful purchaser. It was not unnatural to wish that he might have no bar to his just recovery?"

"There was none, but the difficulty of providing for so many claimants."

"But there would have been one, and an insuperable one, had I announced to the world that I held these estates, multiplied, by the times and my industry, a hundred fold in value, only as his trustee. Thou knowest that I supplied him with considerable sums, immediately after the war."

"You did, until"—

"My letters were returned unopened. Thy father had much of thy own spirit, Oliver; he was sometimes hasty and rash." The Judge continued, in a self-condemning manner—"Perhaps my fault lies the other way; I may possibly look too far ahead, and calculate too deeply. It certainly was a severe trial to allow the man, whom I most loved, to think ill of me for seven years, in order that he might honestly ap-


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 262 son of Mary, and his mother, and the whole world also."

Surat-i-A′l-i-Imrán (iii.), 47, 48:—

"The Jews plotted and God plotted: but of those who plot is God the best. Remember when God said, 'O Jesus! verily I will cause thee to die, and will take thee up to myself and deliver thee from those who believe not; and I will place those who follow thee above those who believe not until the day of resurrection. Then to me is your return, and wherein ye differ will I decide between you.

Whilst all Muslim commentators are agreed as to the literal interpretation of these passages, there is some difference as to the person crucified in Christ's stead.

1. In the Tafsír-i-Bezáwí it is said that Christ asked one of his disciples to take his place.

2. In the Tafsír-i-Mazhárí, that God took Christ in his human body to heaven alive.

3. In the Tafsír-i-Baghwí, that God transformed Christ’s appearance to one of his enemies, a spy, who was thus crucified in his stead by mistake.

4. In the Tafsír-i-Kalbí, that Titánús was


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 ply for his just remunerations. But had he opened my last letters, thou wouldst have learnt the whole truth. Those I sent him to England, by what my agent writes me, he did read. He died, Oliver, knowing all. He died my friend, and I thought thou hadst died with him."

"Our poverty would not permit us to pay for two passages," said the youth, with the extraordinary emotion with which he ever alluded to the degraded state of his family; "I was left in the Province to wait for his return, and when the sad news of his loss reached me, I was nearly pennyless."

"And what didst thou, boy?" asked Marmaduke, in a faltering voice.

"I took my passage here in search of my grandfather; for I well knew that his resources were gone, with the half-pay of my father. On reaching his abode, I learnt that he had left it in secret; though the reluctant hireling, who deserted him in his poverty, owned to my urgent entreaties, that he believed he had been carried away by an old man, who had formerly been his servant. I knew at once it was Natty, for my father often"

"Was Natty a servant to thy grandfather?" exclaimed the Judge.

"Of that too were you ignorant!" said the youth, in evident surprise.

"How should I know it? I never met the Major, nor was the name of Bumppo ever mentioned to me. I knew him only as a man of the woods, and one who lived by hunting. Such men are too common to excite surprise."

"He was reared in the family of my grandfather; served him for many years during their campaigns at the west, where he became attached to the woods; and he was left here as a kind of lo-


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Rh probably inherited from the old school, but it was at the same time deeply rooted in his nature, and the latter fact contributed essentially to the great love with which the Swedes clung to his works, for in them the peculiar traits of the Swedish people have found their fullest and most beautiful expression. But this side of Tegnér's poetry undeniably conceals great dangers, and frequently he has failed to avoid them, so that the splendid imagery and the rhetorical display of words have preponderated, and thus weakened and distorted the poetic effect. This is particularly the case in "Frithjofs Saga," in which, as has been strikingly said, "the lyric element of the poem has been hung as a beautiful drapery over very ordinary materials," and is not really in harmony with it. But the splendor and beauty of the images are so dazzling and enchanting that they irresistibly carry us away, and they also generally contain a wealth of sublime and poetical thoughts. It has been suggested that Tegnér was an eclectic, and so he was, not only in his attitude to the poetical tendencies of Sweden, but also in his sympathies with the master-pieces of foreign literature. His "Nattvärdsbarnen" contains unmistakable traces of Goethe's "Hermann und Dorothea." Byron's narrative poems furnished him the model for "Axel," and "Frithjofs Saga" is written under the influence of Oehlenschläger's "Helge." In this there is, however, nothing to be blamed, for Tegnér maintained his independence of these models. His poems are thoroughly Swedish, and bear the undisguised stamp of his individuality.

(1796-1868) is one of the most remarkable writers of the Gothic school. In his earliest poems the national element was distinctly manifest, and being the master of a graceful form, his name soon became very popular. In 1824 he won the prize of the Academy with his poem, "Sveriges Anor," in which his style displays


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Rh crucified, God having transferred Christ's appearance to that person.

5. In the Tafsír-i-Kamálain that Christ was dead seven hours, then restored to life and taken to heaven.

It will be seen that these commentators have adopted the errors of the Basilidians, and other heretics, with reference to our Lord's crucifixion; for Irenæus says that the Basilidians held that Simon of Cyrene was crucified instead of Christ.

The "Cross of Christ" is the missing link in the Muslim's creed; for we have already alluded to the great anomaly of a religion which rejects the doctrine of a sacrifice for sin, whilst its great central feast is a Feast of Sacrifice.

It is related by the Muslim historian Waqidi, that Muhammad had such repugnance to the sign of the cross, that he destroyed everything brought to his house with that figure upon it.


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 cum tenens on the lands that old Mohegan (whose life my grandfather once saved) induced the Delawares to grant to him, when they admitted him as an honorary member of their tribe."

"This, then, is thy Indian blood?"

"I have no other," said Edwards, smiling;—"Major Effingham was adopted as the son of Mohegan, who at that time was the greatest man in his nation; and my father, who visited those people when a boy, received the name of the Eagle from them, on account of the shape of his face, as I understand. They have extended his title to me. I have no other Indian blood or breeding; though I have seen the hour, Judge Temple, when I could wish that such had been my lineage and education."

"Proceed with thy tale," said Marmaduke.

"I have but little more to say, sir. I followed to the lake where I had so often been told that Natty dwelt, and found him maintaining his old master in secret; for even he could not bear to exhibit to the world, in his poverty and dotage, a man whom a whole people once looked up to with respect."

"And what did you?"

"What did I! I spent my last money in purchasing a rifle, clad myself in a coarse garb, and learned to be a hunter by the side of Leather-stocking. You know the rest, Judge Temple."

"Ant vere vast olt Fritz Hartmann!" said the German, reproachfully; "didst never hear a name as of olt Fritz Hartmann from ter mout of ter fader, lat?"

"I may have been mistaken, gentlemen," returned the youth; "but I had pride, and could not submit to such an exposure as this day even has reluctantly brought to light. I had plans that might hare been visionary; but, should my parent


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following are the allusions to the Holy Trinity and the Sonship of Christ in the Qurán:—

Surat-un-Nisá (iv.), 169:—

"O ye people of the Book! overstep not bounds in your religion, and of God speak only truth. The Messiah Jesus, son of Mary, is only an Apostle of God, and his Word which he conveyed into Mary, and a Spirit proceeding from himself. Believe, therefore, in God and his apostles, and say not there is a Trinity (lit. "three"). Forbear, it will be better for you. God is only one God! Far be it from His glory that He should have a son The Messiah disdaineth not to be a servant of God."

Surat-ul-Maida (v.), 79:—

"The Messiah, the son of Mary, is but an


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 *L. v. Kries and E. Schottelius, Beitrag zur Lehre vom Farbengedächtnis, Zs. f. Sinnesphysiol., 42, 192-200 (1907).
 * H. Westphal, Unmittelbare Bestimmung der Urfarben, Zs. f. Sinne sphysiol., 44, 182-230 (1909).
 * E. Dreher, Methodische Untersuchung der Farbtonänderungen homogener Lichter bei zunehmend indirektem Sehen und veränderter Intensität, Zs. f. Sinne sphysiol., 46, 48, 54 (1911).
 * R. Ridgway, Color Standards and Color Nomenclature, p. 7 (1912).
 * L. Goldytsch, Messende Untersuchungen über die Gelbvalenzen spektraler roter Lichter mit Hilfe einer neuer Methode, Zs. f. Biol., 67, 43, 50 (1916).
 * M. Bradley, Color Primer, p. 12 (1920).
 * H. Goldmann, Über Dauerwirkungen farbiger Lichter auf das Auge, Pflüger's Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol., 210, 70-115 (1925).
 * I. G. Priest, unpublished work at the National Bureau of Standards (1926).
 * A. Brückner, Zur Frage der Eichung von Farbensystemen,Zs. f. Sinne sphysiol., 58, 331 (1927).
 * G. Shubert, Sind urfarbige Lichterpaare komplementär?, Pflüger's Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol., 220, 82 (1928).
 * Le Roy D. Weld, Some Observations on Spectral Color Discrimination, Iowa Acad. Sci., 39, 209 (1932).
 * H. P. Gage, Report of Limits of Hue, Freliminary Draft by the Committee on Color Names (unpublished), Inter-Society Color Council, 1933.
 * H. P. J. Verbeek and M. L. Bazen, Distribution of the Chief Colours in the Spectrum, Physica, II, 4, 380 (1935).


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 survive till autumn, I purposed taking him with me to the city, where we have distant relatives, who must have learnt to forget the Tory by this time. He decays rapidly," he continued, mournfully, "and must soon lie by the side of old Mohegan."

The air being pure, and the day fine, the party continued conversing on the rock, until the wheels of Judge Temple's carriage were heard clattering up the side of the mountain, during which time the conversation was maintained with deep interest, each moment clearing up some doubtful action, and lessening the antipathy of the youth to Marmaduke. He no longer objected to the removal of his grandfather, who displayed a childish pleasure when he found himself seated once more in a carriage. When placed in the ample hall of the Mansion-house, the eyes of the aged veteran turned slowly to the objects in the apartment, and a look like the dawn of intellect would, for moments, flit across his features, when he invariably offered some useless courtesies to those near him, wandering, painfully, in his subjects. The exercise and the change soon produced an exhaustion, that caused them to remove him to his bed, where he lay for hours, evidently sensible of the change in his comforts, and exhibiting that mortifying picture of human nature, which too plainly shows that the propensities of the animal continue, even after the nobler part of the creature appears to have vanished.

Until his parent was placed comfortably in bed, with Natty seated at his side, Effingham did not quit him. He then obeyed a summons to the library of the Judge, where he found the latter, with Major Hartmann, waiting for him.

"Read this paper, Oliver," said Marmaduke to him, as he entered, "and thou wilt find that, so


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 Rh apostle; other apostles have flourished before him, and his mother was a just person ; they both ate food."

Verse 116 of the same Súra:—

"O Jesus, son of Mary, hast thou said unto mankind, 'Take me and my mother as two Gods beside God?

From the above verses it appears that Muhammad thought the Holy Trinity of the Christians consisted of the Father, the Son, and the Virgin; and historians tell us that there existed in Arabia a sect called Collyridians, who considered the Virgin Mary a divine person, and offered in worship to her a cake called Collyris; it is, therefore, not improbable that Muhammad obtained his perverted notion of the Holy Trinity from the existence of this sect. From the expression "they both ate food," we must conclude that Muhammad had but a sensuous idea of the Trinity in Unity, and had never been instructed in the orthodox faith with reference to this dogma.

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 ''3. Retinal Illumination.'' If the spectrum is very weak so that the retina receives only twilight illumination, its appearance will be the same to the normal as to the totally color blind observer. If the spectrum is very strong so as to be dazzling, it likewise exhibits no hue. Just weaker than the dazzle stage, it appears predominantly yellow and blue, and just stronger than the twilight stage, it appears predominantly red, green, and violet. At intermediate retinal illuminations, it takes on the characteristic appearance, but the appearance depends on the particular illumination.

4. Pre-exposure Stimulus. The spectrum looks different to a dark adapted eye than to a light adapted; to a red adapted eye than to a green, and so on.

In the work to be summarized, the observers were either presumed to be normal or found by test not to be seriously anomalous; they looked directly at the spectrum so that a region near the center of the retina was used; the spectrum was neither too weak nor too strong to prohibit the characteristic appearance, and the pre-exposure stimulus was darkness, sunlight, overcast-sky light, or some other stimulus which was presumed not to introduce chromatic fatigue. Within these limits various observing conditions were used. The lack of agreement is to be ascribed to the se variations, to individual differences between the observers, and to the usual experimental error which prevents an observer from duplicating his results exactly even though observing conditions are identical.

The following table gives the wave lengths corresponding to red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and violet, and their intermediates according to various authorities. The entries have been arranged chronologically. The average values given are equally-weighted arithmetical means. No average wave length for red is given because some of the authorities state that pure red is not to be found in the spectrum, spectrum red being reported as slightly orange. For the same reason no maximum value of wave length for red could be given, nor any average or minimum values for violet.

Bibliography.

 * H. v. Helmholtz, Handb. d. Physiol. Optik, p. 236 (1866).
 * W. v. Bezold, Die Farbenlehre, pp. 24-27 (1874).
 * J. C. Donders, Farbengleichungen, Arch. f. (Anat. u.) Physiol., 533-535 (1884).
 * O. N. Rood, Modern Chromatics, p. 26 (1890).
 * H. Voeste, Messende Versuche über die Qualitatsänderungen der Spectralfarben in Folge von Ermüdung der Netzhaut, Z. Psychol. u. Physiol. d. Sinnesorg., 18, 257 (1898).