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 '''IV. Attorneys’ Fees'''

Counsel for Slater and Wildlife requests that the court grant him appellate-stage attorneys’ fees and remand to the district court for the determination of the amount of those fees. Counsel for Slater and Wildlife is entitled to attorneys’ fees and costs for this appeal. See Fogerty v. Fantasy, Inc., 510 U.S. 517, 534 n.19, 114 S.Ct. 1023, 127 L.Ed.2d 455 (1994). Thus, the request in the answering brief by Slater and Wildlife for an award of attorneys’ fees on appeal is granted. The determination of an appropriate amount of fees on appeal is transferred to the district court pursuant to Ninth Circuit Rule 39-1.8.

AFFIRMED. N.R. SMITH, Circuit Judge, concurring in part:

I concur that this case must be dismissed. Federal courts do not have jurisdiction to hear this case at all. Because the courts lack jurisdiction, the appeal should be dismissed and the district court’s judgment on the merits should be vacated. Coal. of Clergy, Lawyers, & Professors v. Bush, 310 F.3d 1153, 1162–65 (9th Cir. 2002) (“Because we conclude that the Coalition lacks [next-friend or third-party] standing, we decline to reach the remaining questions addressed by the district court. … We therefore vacate those portions of the district court’s opinion which reached those questions.”). Indeed, where there is no standing, any further ruling “is, by very definition, for a court to act ultra vires.” Id. at 1165 (quoting Steel Co. v. Citizens for a Better Env’t, 523 U.S. 83, 101–02, 118 S.Ct. 1003, 140 L.Ed.2d 210 (1998) ). The Majority misses this point. I write to express my disagreement with the Majority’s conclusion that next-friend standing is nonjurisdictional.

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Rh poons, as we do the Whales. The ret of Fihes that haunt the Greenland Seas, are the Holybut, Torbut, Codfih, Haddock, Scate, mall Salmon or of different Kinds and Sizes (the large Salmon not being o frequent in Greenland) and thee are very fat and good. They are found in all Inlets, and Mouths of Rivers. is the mot common Food of Greenlanders, inomuch, that when all other Things fail, the mut hold out, of which there are abundance, both Winter and Summer. In the Spring, towards the Month of April, they catch a ort of Fih called Rogncals, or and in May another Fih, called Lyds or Stints, both Sorts very avoury; they frequent the Bays and Inlets in great Shoals. There are alo Whitings in abundance, but Herrings are not to be een. Moreover there is a kind of Fih, which neither I myelf nor any of my Company had ever een before; this Fih is not unlike a Bream, only it is prickly with harp Points all over, with a mall Tail. There are of diffe-

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Rh Tell me, my son, how it came about that you fell into his hands.’

‘My lord,’ replied Neangir, ‘I can remember little of the early years of my life, save that I dwelt in a castle by the seashore with an old servant. I must have been about twelve years old when one day as we were out walking we met a man whose face was like that of this

Jew, coming dancing towards us. Suddenly I felt myself growing faint. I tried to raise my hands to my head, but they had become stiff and hard. In a word, I had been changed into a copper pot, and my arms formed the handle. What happened to my companion I know not, but I was conscious that someone had picked me up, and was carrying me quickly away.

‘After some days, or so it seemed to me, I was placed

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 8 DIGBY & LONG'S PUBLICATIONS. ESSAYS ON POPULAR SUBJECTS: Gladstone, Ritual- ism and Ritual-The Fallacies of Darwinian Evolution-The Modern Strafford and his Policies of Consolidation-Socialism in the North: its Aim and its Fallacies, By SAMUEL FOTHERGILL. Crown Svo, cloth extra, price 2s. 6d. Postage, 3d. "These forcible essays telling to the last degree of Darwinism merit unstinted praise servedly . . author's brilliant criticism Can recommend this volume unre- well worth reading."-St. James's Gazette. NEW AND IMPORTANT WORK ON LAW. CHRONOLOGY and ANALYSIS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW. By WILLIAM PERCY PAIN, LL.B. (University of London,) of the Inner Temple, Barrister-at-Law. (First Class Studentship of the Inns of Court for Jurisprudence and International Law, Hilary Term 1880). Crown 8vo, cloth extra, price 3s. 6d, Postage, 3d. "Should be of considerable use to the student of International Law."-Law Times. THE BATTLE OF DEATH. By the Rev. J. EDGAR FOSTER, M.A. (Cantab.) Graduate in Elocution and Oratory of the University of Kansas City (by special diploma). (Second Series.) Crown 8vo, stiff paper cover, price 1s. 6d. Postage, 3d. Contents:-Life-Beauty-Domestic Life in England-Religion, Poverty-The Battle of Death-The Peasant-Money. A NEW LIFE OF JOHN KNOX. THE LIFE AND TIMES OF JOHN KNOX. By the Rev. R. WILKES GOSSE, B.A., Rector of Bratton St. Maur, Somerset. Crown 8vo, cloth extra, price 2s. 6d. Postage, 3d. "The story of the great reformer is told in an interesting narra- tive presented on well-printed pages."-Sunday School Chronicle. ARROWS SHOT AT A VENTURE; or Short Plain Sermons for Country Folk. By the Rev. B. S. BERRINGTON, B.A. Crown 8vo, cloth extra, bevelled boards, price 3s. 6d. Pos- tage, 3d. [Just Published. A FALLEN WOMAN, AND OTHER SERMONS. By the Rev. J. EDGAR FOSTER, M.A. (Cantab) Author of "The Battle of Death," and "The Battle of Life." Crown 8vo, stiff paper cover, price 1s. 6d. Postage, 3d. [Just Published. THE VAMPIRES OF THE ANGLICAN CHURCH. By the Rev. AMOs GEMARIAH. Crown 8vo, stiff paper cover, price 1s. Postage, 2d. LONDON: DIGBY AND LONG, PUBLISHERS, 18, BOUVERIE STREET, FLEET STREET, E.C.


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 DIGBY & LONGS PUBLICATIONS. 7

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 6 DIGBY & LONG'S PUBLICATIONS.

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 DIGBY & LONG'S PUBLICATIONS. 5

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Page:Bury J B The Cambridge Medieval History Vol 2 1913.djvu/253

Rh With regard to the provincial governors the Pragmatica sanctio ordains that they should be chosen from the inhabitants by the bishops and most distinguished men in each province, but must obtain the sanction of the praefect — a very peculiar regulation, which does not agree with the general bureaucratic principles of the Byzantine administration, and which seems to prove that as early as the middle of the sixth century the position of the provincial governors, like that of the town councils in Italy, was brought very low and considered more of an onus than an honor. Not long afterwards this regulation was extended to the whole Empire. The special position of the municipal officials of Rome under the praefectus urbi together with other privileges of the old imperial capital was maintained, though from the outset this administrative department hardly fitted any better here than elsewhere into the frame of the general administration, and had to be relieved of a number of its former duties.

The defence of the frontiers, temporarily established by Belisarius in Africa, was organised in Italy by Narses, who had restored the natural frontiers of Italy in the north to nearly the dimensions which had been recognised by the Lombards in Gothic times after the cession of Noricum and Pannonia to them. It is probable that the location of the frontier troops was also influenced by the distribution of the garrisons during the Gothic rule. In the east, Forum Julii (Friuli) was the centre of a chain of small fortresses on the southern slope of the Alps, which were connected with the fort of Aguntum (Innichen) by the pass over the Kreuzberg. From this point the valley of the Rienz probably became the frontier. The bishopric of Seben (Brixen) also belonged to the Empire, and further south a chain of forts from Verruca (near Trent) as far as Anagni (Nanó) can be traced. Further west, the Alpine passes were secured by forts at their southern end; thus mention is made of one situated on an island in the Lake of Como, and of another at the outlet of the pass over Mont Cenis at Susa. It is not clear in what manner these limites, which had replaced the old ducatus Rhaetiarum and the tractus Italiae circa Alpes of the Notitia Dignitatum, were separated from each other. It appears, however, that some of the troops which had come to Italy under Narses were garrisoned and settled in them, and that certain generals who had served under Narses were placed at the head of these ducatus. This would be the easiest explanation for the fact that at a very early date the command over the garrisoned legions in Italy was not held by ordinary duces, but by men holding the higher rank of magister militum.

Justinian's dispositions had all been made on the assumption that peace would be completely restored throughout the two new sections of the Empire. During the wars of conquest, the Emperor's authorised generals were, in Africa Belisarius, who was magister militum per orientem, and in Italy latterly Narses, who, as patricius and holder of high court offices, belonged to the highest rank. These had acted


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 4 DIGBY & LONG'S PUBLICATIONS.

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 2 DIGBY & LONG'S PUBLICATIONS.

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 18, BOUVERIE STREET, FLEET STREET, LONDON, 1890. T N D C (The Great Newspaper of the North) in speaking of good and wholesome fiction, refers to the “high reputation that Messrs. Digby & Long enjoy for the publication of first class novels.”

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 Crown 8vo., Cloth Gilt, Price 3s. 6d. Postage 43d.

THE

AUTHORS MANUAL:

Being a complete, practical Guide to all departments of Journalism, Literary Work generally, and Book-producing, with special advice in reference to Imaginative Literature.

By PERCY RUSSELL,

Author of * King Alfred,’ * After this Life” *“4 Journey to Lake Tau o,"
 * Australian Tales and Sketches,”” &c.

The Manual has been specially planned to afford real help to all desirous of entering any branch of the Literary Profession, The information given is in all cases derived from actual personal experience extending over twenty years of uninter- Tupted work in all departments of working Literature.

THE CONTENTS. Part. JOURNALISM. INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING SUBJECTS

Literary Technics. How to Work for many Papers, by Paragraph Writing. one who does it.

Reporting. | The Anonymity of the Press.

Leaders and Leader Writing. I Correspondence.

Editorial Matter. Hlustrated and Comic Papers.

Making Up for Press. The Newspaper Press (History of)

Worked-out Examplesof Preparing and the Printing Office (Com- News, &c. posing, Size of Type, &c.)

Reviewing. Libel.

Dramatic, Musical & Art Criticism | Copyright.

The Special Correspondent. Remuneration.

Financial and Trade Journalism.

Part IL.. THE BOOK.

Poetry—includes Metres, Mechan- | Reading, and the practical uses

ism of Verse, and the practical of Books. side of versifying. A Complete Course of English The Drama. Literature. The Novel, its History, Place, and | Punctuation and Proof Reading. Function. Making a Name in Literature.

Fiction as an Art. Remuneration. Literature for the Young. l

General Advice. Titles, Indexing, &c.

 * .* No Author’s Library should be without this Book.

LONDON: DIGBY & LONG, 18, BouvkRIE STREET, FLEET STREET, E.C,


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''PRICE ONE SHILLING, in Picture Covers at all Railway Bookstalls and Booksellers. Cloth Edition'', 1/6.


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Rh thirty-five years old reclined on a couch, still beautiful in spite of the sad expression of her face.

‘Incomparable Zambac,’ said the Bassa, going up to her, ‘give me your thanks, for here is the lost son for whom you have shed so many tears,’ but before his

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531-561] the Bro-Waroch, so called from the name of one of the chiefs; the group of Cornovii, coming from Cornwall, established itself in the east; to the north, from Brest harbour to the river Couesnon extended the Domnonée, the inhabitants of which were natives of Devon. No doubt these various chiefs recognised in theory the suzerainty of the Frankish kings, but they were not appointed by the latter, and were in fact independent. The western extremity of France, the ancient Armorica, was thus separate from the rest of the country; and similarly, between the Gironde and the Pyrenees, the Basques, who belonged to a distinct race and spoke a peculiar dialect, maintained their independence under the rule of their dukes.

Such was the state of the Frankish kingdom proper; but, under the sons of Clovis, Frankish influence extended even over the neighbouring countries. They came in contact with various Germanic peoples and imposed their suzerainty on some of them. Clovis himself had subjugated the Alemans; Theodebald his great-grandson entered into relations with the Bavarians beyond the Lech. Theodoric (Thierry) and Chlotar made war on the Thuringians and destroyed their independence (531). It was from Thuringia that Chlotar took his wife, Radegund, who left him in order to found the famous convent of Ste Croix, at Poitiers. Chlotar even made war upon the Saxons, who inhabited the great plain of northern Germany, and imposed upon them a yearly tribute of 500 cows. Spain and Italy, too, witnessed the warlike exploits of these Frankish princes. From an expedition against Saragossa in 542 Childebert brought back the tunic of St Vincent, and in honour of this relic he founded at the gates of Paris the monastery of St Vincent, later known as St Germain-des-Près. Theudibert made several incursions into Italy. Sometimes posing as a friend of the Ostrogoths, at others as a friend of the Byzantines, he plundered some of the wealthy cities and amassed large spoils. He even made himself master for a time of Liguria, Emilia, and Venetia, and had coins minted at Bologna. Indignant because the Emperor added to his titles that of Francicus, he even thought of penetrating by way of the valley of the Danube into Thrace, and of appearing in arms before Constantinople. He addressed to Justinian a haughty letter, which has come down to us. So far these sons of Clovis still bear themselves like kings. They had achieved the conquest of Gaul up to the frontiers assigned by nature to that country; they had also turned their arms against Germany, the country of their origin, and had opened up in that direction the pathway of civilisation. Like the ancient Gauls whom they supplanted, they had descended upon Italy, where their incursions created wide-spread consternation.

To all this the epoch of the grandsons of Clovis presents a striking contrast. The vigorous expansion of the Franks was checked. They failed to wrest Septimania from the Visigoths and make Gaul a united whole. No doubt they made several expeditions against the Lombards


text:
Author:John Gwynneth

Works

 * That Virgin's Child

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92 different Sizes. The Greenlanders ay they are well tated.

Among the tetaceous Animals in Greenland the chief are the Mucles, of which there are great Quantities; they are large and delicate. In ome Waters I have found of thoe larger Sorts, in which the Norwegians find Pearls. Thee have alo Pearls, but very mall ones, not biger than the Head of a Pin. I hall ay nothing of the other Sea Inects, as Crabs, Shrimps, &c. though they be not rare here; yet Lobters, Crawfih and Oiters I never met with. According to Information had of Greenlanders, on the Southern Coats they ometimes catch Tortoies in their Nets; for they tell you, that they are covered with a thick Shell, have Claws and a hort Tail; and moreover that they find Eggs in them, like Birds Eggs.

Amongt the Sea Fowls the Principal are thoe they call and Ducks; of which


text: The Wreck of a World/Preface

title: The Wreck of a World/Preface


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114 Visigoths from the east. The decisive battle took place at Vouglé, in the neighbourhood of Poitiers (A.D. 507). The Visigoths made a heroic resistance, in which the Arvernians, led by Apollinaris the son of the poet Sidonius, especially distinguished themselves. But the Franks broke down all resistance, and Clovis slew Alaric with his own hand.

After the battle the Salians effected a junction with the Burgundians, and the combined forces advanced on Toulouse and burned that city. Then the conquerors divided their troops into three armies. Clovis subjugated the western part of the country, capturing Eauze, Bazas, Bordeaux, and Angoulême; his son Theodoric (Thierry) operated in the central region, and took the cities of Albi, Rodez, and Auvergne; Gundobad advanced towards the east, into Septimania, where a bastard son of Alaric II named Gisalic had just had himself proclaimed king, ousting the legitimate son, Amalaric. Soon there remained to the Visigoths, to the north of the Pyrenees, nothing but Provence, with its capital Arles, formerly the residence of the Praetorian Praefect and known as the "little Rome of Gaul" (Gallula Roma), The Franks and Burgundians had laid siege to this city when the army of the Ostrogoths came upon the scene. Theodoric had been unable to intervene earlier, for at the beginning of 508 a Byzantine fleet, perhaps at the instigation of Clovis, had landed a force on the shores of Apulia, and the king of the Ostrogoths had had to turn his attention thither. At length, in the summer, he sent an army across the Alps, and its arrival forced the Franks and Burgundians to raise the siege of Arles. His troops occupied the whole of Provence, but instead of restoring this territory to the Visigoths, the Ostrogoths kept it for themselves. Theodoric sent officials to the cities of Provence with orders to treat in a conciliatory fashion this people which had been "restored to the bosom of the Roman Empire." The Ostrogoths did not however content themselves with this success. Their general Ibbas retook Septimania from the Franks and Burgundians, capturing Narbonne, Carcassonne, and Nîmes. He left this territory, however, under the rule of Amalaric and rid him of his rival Gisalic. Communication was thus established along the coast of the Mediterranean between the kingdoms of the Ostrogoths and Visigoths.

Nevertheless Clovis gained considerable advantage from the war. If Septimania had eluded his grasp, he had extended his kingdom from the Loire to the Pyrenees. Gundobad alone obtained no profit from the struggle.

Clovis treated with clemency the Gallo-Roman populations whom he had just brought under his dominion. He ordered all clergy, widows, and serfs of the Church, who had been made prisoners by his troops during the campaign, to be set at liberty. There was no new distribution of lands. The Arians, indeed, were required to embrace the orthodox faith, but even their conversion was effected rather by persuasion


text: The Wreck of a World/Chapter 1

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430 * the servant of Uira-cocha, 103 n.; put Urco in the succession of Incas, 90 n.; on human sacrifices, 109; his version of the Paccari-tampu myth, 140; witness to the automatic working of the Inca system, 166; absence of rain on the coast, 201; Inca roads on the coast, 225, 320; Garcilasso's quotations from, 279; on Vilcashuaman ruins, 320; on Inca roads, 320
 * Letourneau, his views respecting Inca rule, 171
 * Lightning, Liviac, 117
 * Lima, view from the sea, vi; excursions, viii; library, 'Papeles varios,' ix; in the valley of the Rimac, 229; Arriaga's work published at, 235; founded by Pizarro, 255; Incas banished to, 297. Archbishop of, see Loaysa
 * Limatambo, palace at, 286, 319
 * Litter. See Insignia, Lucanas
 * Lizarraga, Reginaldo de: his work, 15; boundary wall between Incas and Collas, 188
 * Llacta-camayoc, village officer, 161, 162
 * Llactapata, 93, 287. Same as Colcampata
 * Llallahua, stronghold of the Collas, 189
 * Llama Mama, household god, 112, 113
 * Llamas, 22; domestication, 30; for sacrifice, 108, 109. See Napa
 * Llampallec, idol at Lambayeque, 222
 * Llapchilulli, descendants made chiefs of Jayanca. See Naymlap, 222
 * Llautu, royal fringe, 121, 274, 292
 * Llaychunca, diviners, 107
 * Llecco-llecco, plover, 79
 * Lloque Yupanqui Inca, 56
 * Loarte, Gabriel de: accomplice in the murder of Tupac Amaru, 298
 * Loaysa, Dr., first archbishop of Lima: had a census taken in the Piura valley, 225; befriended the daughters of Tupac Amaru, 298
 * Loaysa, Don Alonso: nephew of the archbishop: wedding supper interrupted, 272
 * Lomas, 203
 * Lopez, Dr. Don Vicente, on ancient dynasties, 43
 * Lorente: review of his conception of Inca rule, 171
 * Loyola, Martin Garcia: married the Princess Clara Beatriz, daughter of Sayri Tupac, 274; captain in the Vilcapampa invading force, narrow escape. 293; captured Inca Tupac Amaru, 295
 * Loyola, Lorenza, daughter of the above: married Juan Henriquez de Borgia, created Marquesa de Oropesa with remainder to the heirs-general of her uncle Tupac Amaru, 274
 * Lucanas, Huaman Poma chief of, 17; subdued, 92; their country, 174, 176, 177; carried the Inca's litter, 177; peopled the Nasca valley, 177
 * Lucuma, a fruit tree, 82
 * Lunahuana, ruins, 320
 * Lunarejo, Dr.: Quichua drama arranged by, 155
 * Lupacas, on the west shore of Lake Titicaca, 186; many sent away as colonists, 164; at Juli, 313
 * Lupi, the sun as giver of light, 116
 * Lupins, 80
 * Lurin valley, peopled by Huarochiris, 181, 227; drainage 230; irrigation, 237

 * island: cemetery on, 218
 * Machay, caves for interments, 11
 * Macsa, curer by enchantment, 108
 * Macta puric, class of little boys, 162

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Rh ‘My son, are you mad?’ asked the Bassa. ‘As long as the misfortunes of your brothers last, shall you alone

be happy? And whoever heard of a bridegroom with a black hand? Wait yet a little longer, till the black pig is drowned in the sea.’

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text: The Wreck of a World/Chapter 2

title: The Wreck of a World/Chapter 2


text: The Wreck of a World/Chapter 3

title: The Wreck of a World/Chapter 3


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Page:Investigation Request for Senators Ted Cruz and Josh Hawley.pdf/2

 investigate their conduct to fully understand their role. The actions of which we know demand an investigation and a determination whether disciplinary action is warranted. Until then, a cloud of uncertainty will hang over them and over this body.

Senators Cruz and Hawley’s objections on January 6 were part of an ongoing effort by President Trump and his allies to obstruct the counting of electoral votes that would confirm his defeat. The President filed dozens of meritless lawsuits; made direct threats to state and local officials; and issued false public statements alleging election fraud. President Trump’s efforts culminated in an attempt to convince Congressional allies and Vice President Pence to reject groundlessly the electors from six states when Congress met to count the Electoral College votes on January 6. Senators Cruz and Hawley became leaders of that effort.

At the time the senators announced their support for President Trump’s scheme, his rhetoric had already incited threats of violence. By early December, President Trump’s false fraud claims had provoked numerous threats against state and local election officials and employees of voting machine companies. On December 1, 2020, Gabriel Sterling, a Republican election official at the Georgia Secretary of State’s office, stated that the false claims of election fraud by President Trump were “inspiring people to commit potential acts of violence.” He called on the President, as well as Senators Kelly Loeffler and David Perdue, to “step up” and “condemn” these threats. Instead, President Trump continued to repeat the baseless claims. He called on


text: The Wreck of a World/Chapter 4

title: The Wreck of a World/Chapter 4


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text: The Wreck of a World/Chapter 5

title: The Wreck of a World/Chapter 5


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text: The Wreck of a World/Chapter 6

title: The Wreck of a World/Chapter 6


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Rh * Magdalena Tupac Amaru, received in the house of Archbishop Loaysa, 298
 * Mainique, Puncu de. See Vilcamayu
 * Maize, antiquity of cultivation, 30; limit of cultivation, 38; crops in the Vilcamayu valley, 82; height, 246 n.
 * Majes, coast valley, 239
 * Mala, peopled by Yauyos, 180, 227; irrigation, 237
 * Maldonado, Juan Arias: school-fellow of Inca Garcilasso, 265; visit to Garcilasso at Cordova, 281
 * Maldonado, Juan Alvarez: captain in the Vilcapampa invading force, 293
 * Malqui, a mummy. See Interments
 * Mama, name preceding names of Ccoyas, and of some household gods, 236
 * Mama Cuna, matrons of chosen virgins, 106
 * Mama Cusimiray, 241; death, 243
 * Mama Ocllo, wife of Tupac, 94
 * Mama Rahua Ocllo, 241; mother of Huascar returned to Cuzco with the body of Huayna Ccapac, 243; indignant at Huascar's cruelty, 244; retired to Siquillapampa, 244; forced to acknowledge Atahualpa, 249. See Quilacu
 * Mama Runtu, 241
 * Mamoré river, 193
 * Mañaris, friendly Indians, 169, 257 293
 * Manco, the name, 43
 * Manco Ccapac, 54–7. See Ayar Manco
 * Manco Inca, 241 : successor to Huascar, 250, 254; met Pizarro at the Apurimac bridge, 254; acknowledged by Pizarro, 254; escaped; his siege of Cuzco, 255, 262; his defence of Ollantay-tampu, 256; retreat into Vilcapampa, 256; refused to treat with Pizarro, 257; Pizarro's murder of his wife, 257; receives Almagro fugitives, 257; correspondence with the viceroy, 258; murdered by Gomez Perez, 258; his character, 258, 259; his sons, 259
 * Manseriche, Puncu de, Marañon rapid, 193
 * Mansiche river, 209
 * Manta, conquest of, 93, 183, 184
 * Maps (relief) used in administration, 142
 * Marañon, valley of, 33, 34, 182; river, source, 193; rapid, 193
 * Maras, 45; window in Paccari-tampu, 49; tribe, 49; followers of the Ayars, 53; settled at Maras, 55; tribe to Hurin Cuzco, 65. See Ortiz de Orue
 * Marca, division of land, 161
 * Marca Huasi, near Cuzco, vineyards, 275
 * Marcapata, invasion of, 196, 197
 * Marca Yutu, son of Yahuar Huaccac, 76
 * March–April, month called Pacha Pucuy, 119
 * Maria Tupac Usca, daughter of Manco Inca, wife of Pedro Ortiz de Orue, 145, 259
 * Market. See Catu
 * Marriages, Inca, 56
 * Martin Tupac Amaru: banished, but befriended by Ampuero, 297
 * Masca tribe: followers of the Ayars, 50, 65
 * Mascapaycha, royal head-dress, 121, 292
 * Mastodon: found at Ulloma, 37
 * Matahua, fifth station of the Ayars, 53, 130
 * Matecllu, plant, cures sore eyes, 268
 * Matienza, Juan de: his work on Peru, 7, 169; journey with Viceroy Toledo, 289
 * Maudslay, Mr.: on Maya civilisation, 31
 * Maule river: southern limit of the Inca empire, 94, 190
 * Maya, 31

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 his supporters to “Come to D.C. January 6th to ‘StopTheSteal.’” On December 19, he tweeted: “Statistically impossible to have lost the 2020 Election. Big protest in D.C. on January 6th. Be there, will be wild!”

Senators Ted Cruz and Josh Hawley lent legitimacy to President Trump’s false statements about election fraud by announcing that they would object to the certification of electors on January 6. On December 30, Sen. Hawley became the first Senator to state that he would object. In a pair of Tweets later that day, Sen. Hawley explained: “Millions of voters concerned about election integrity deserve to be heard. I will object on January 6 on their behalf,” and “Somebody has to stand up.” On January 2, Sen. Cruz announced that he and ten other Senators would “reject the electors from disputed states. . . unless and until [an] emergency 10-day audit is completed.” Sen. Hawley responded by Tweeting: “Glad to see more Senators joining the fight on #JAN6” and “It’s time to STAND UP.”

At the time Senators Hawley and Cruz announced their intent to object to the electors, Sen. Lindsay Graham, the Chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee, noted that Sen. Cruz’s proposed audit had “zero chance of becoming reality.” Both Senators Hawley and Cruz argued that the public perception of fraud justified their actions. This perception was created by President Trump’s baseless claims, and was magnified by Sens. Cruz and Hawley’s repetition of those claims. It is probable that Sens. Cruz and Hawley knew those claims to be false.

On January 6, as Congress was preparing to certify the election results, President Trump held an event dubbed the “Save America Rally.” The event was orchestrated by a network of groups who obtained permits, provided funding and equipment, and actively recruited participants. The


text: The Wreck of a World/Chapter 8

title: The Wreck of a World/Chapter 8


text: The Wreck of a World/Chapter 9

title: The Wreck of a World/Chapter 9


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ND it was at the hour of sunset that they came to the foot of the mountain. There was in that place no sign of life,—neither token of water, nor trace of plant, nor shadow of flying bird,—nothing but desolation rising to desolation. And the summit was lost in heaven.

Then the Bodhisattva said to his young companion:—“What you have asked to see will be shown to you. But the place of the Vision is far; and the way is rude. Follow after me, and do not fear: strength will be given you.”

Twilight gloomed about them as they climbed. There was no beaten path, nor any mark of former human visitation; and the way was over an endless heaping of tumbled fragments that rolled


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 or turned beneath the foot. Sometimes a mass dislodged would clatter down with hollow echoings;—sometimes the substance trodden would burst like an empty shell. … Stars pointed and thrilled;—and the darkness deepened.

“Do not fear, my son,” said the Bodhisattva, guiding: “danger there is none, though the way be grim.”

Under the stars they climbed,—fast, fast,—mounting by help of power superhuman. High zones of mist they passed; and they saw below them, ever widening as they climbed, a soundless flood of cloud, like the tide of a milky sea.

Hour after hour they climbed;—and forms invisible yielded to their tread with dull soft crashings;—and faint cold fires lighted and died at every breaking.

And once the pilgrim-youth laid hand on a something smooth that was not stone,—and lifted it,—and dimly saw the cheekless gibe of death.

“Linger not thus, my son!” urged the voice of the teacher;—“the summit that we must gain is very far away!”

On through the dark they climbed,—and felt continually beneath them the soft strange


text: The Wreck of a World/Chapter 10

title: The Wreck of a World/Chapter 10


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 ,—and saw the icy fires worm and die,—till the rim of the night turned grey, and the stars began to fail, and the east began to bloom.

Yet still they climbed,—fast, fast,—mounting by help of power superhuman. About them now was frigidness of death,—and silence tremendous. … A gold flame kindled in the east.

Then first to the pilgrim’s gaze the steeps revealed their nakedness;—and a trembling seized him,—and a ghastly fear. For there was not any ground,—neither beneath him nor about him nor above him,—but a heaping only, monstrous and measureless, of skulls and fragments of skulls and dust of bone,—with a shimmer of shed teeth strown through the drift of it, like the shimmer of scrags of shell in the wrack of a tide.

“Do not fear, my son!” cried the voice of the Bodhisattva;—“only the strong of heart can win to the place of the Vision!”

Behind them the world had vanished. Nothing remained but the clouds beneath, and the sky above, and the heaping of skulls between,—up-slanting out of sight.

Then the sun climbed with the climbers; and there was no warmth in the light of him, but


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text: The Wreck of a World/Chapter 11

title: The Wreck of a World/Chapter 11


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 coldness sharp as a sword. And the horror of stupendous height, and the nightmare of stupendous depth, and the terror of silence, ever grew and grew, and weighed upon the pilgrim, and held his feet,—so that suddenly all power departed from him, and he moaned like a sleeper in dreams.

“Hasten, hasten, my son!” cried the Bodhisattva: “the day is brief, and the summit is very far away.”

But the pilgrim shrieked,—

“I fear! I fear unspeakably!—and the power has departed from me!”

“The power will return, my son,” made answer the Bodhisattva. … “Look now below you and above you and about you, and tell me what you see.”

“I cannot,” cried the pilgrim, trembling and clinging;—“I dare not look beneath! Before me and about me there is nothing but skulls of men.”

“And yet, my son,” said the Bodhisattva, laughing softly,—“and yet you do not know of what this mountain is made.”

The other, shuddering, repeated:—

“I fear!—unutterably I fear! … there is nothing but skulls of men!”


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432 * May–June, month called Aymuray, 119, 135
 * Mayoruna Indians, 198
 * Mayta, name, 46
 * Mayta Ccapac, Inca, 56
 * Mayta Yupanqui: reinforced Huascar's army at Jauja, 246–8
 * Medanos on the coast, 202, 203
 * Medicinal herbs, 157, 158, 268
 * Megalithic age, 31, 36, 46
 * Melastomaceæ, 194
 * Melchior Carlos Inca: baptism, 290; agent in Spain for the Incas, 281
 * Melo, Garcia de: sent the first asparagus to Cuzco, 267
 * Mendez, Diego: took refuge with Inca Manco, 257
 * Mendoza, Don Antonio de, viceroy, 5
 * Mendoza, Don Andres Hurtado de, Marquis of Cañete, viceroy: induced Sayri Tupac to leave Vilcapampa, 273
 * Mesa, Don Alonso de: agent in Spain for the Inca family, 281
 * Mestizos or half-castes at Cuzco, with Spanish fathers and Inca mothers, 264; their education, 264; schoolfellows of the Inca Garcilasso, 265; banished by Toledo, 298; authors (see Bias Valera and Garcilasso)
 * Micay, Queen (Ccoya) of Inca Rocca, 68, 71
 * Micucancha or Paullu: chief place of the Huayllacans, 69
 * Middendorf, Dr.: vocabularies of the Mochica language, 220
 * Miller, General: help and advice given to the author, ix
 * Milman, Dr., Dean of St. Paul's: introduction to Mr. Prescott from, vii
 * Mircay-maña: tutor to Prince Cusi, 85
 * 'Miscelanea Austral,' by G. Balboa (whom see)
 * Mitimaes or colonists : system, 164, 239; in the Collas, 10, 191; results of the system, 165, 191. See Collas, Lupacas, Aymaras
 * Mochica language: on the coast, 219, 220, 221, 311. See Carrera, Yunca
 * Molina, Cristoval de: his work on the fables and rites of the Incas, x n., 9; on the origin of the people, 32, 96; temple of the Supreme Being, 97; prayers in Quichua, 98; on human sacrifices, 109; names of months, 117 n., 280; at the murder of Tupac Amaru, 274
 * Molle tree (Schinus Molle), 80, 86, 244
 * Mollepata, 81
 * Monedero, Bartolomé: school-fellow of Inca Garcilasso, 265
 * Montaña: campaign of Tupac Yupanqui, 94, 195, 199; scenery and vegetation, 194; products of, 195; wild Indians, 196, 197; voyage of Orejones in, 198. See Abisca, Caravaya, Indians, Paucartampu, Huallaga
 * Montesinos: translated by the author, xi n.; account of, 11; his work on the origin of the people, 32; his list of kings, 40, 306–9; tradition of Rocca, 64; Paccari-tampu myth, 140; voyage of Orejones in the Montaña, 198; Inca invasion of the coast, 223; his use of Valera's work, 304; his methods, 305
 * Months, 118, 119, 120–35; names given by different authorities, 118 and note
 * Moon: worship of, 104; names of, 117
 * Moquegua, 164, 172, 239
 * Moro Urco: house where the rope for dancers was kept, 133
 * Morua or Murua, Fray Martin de, xi n.; change of dynasty by Rocca, 64; kidnapping of Cusi Hualpa 75 n.; prayer

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text: The Wreck of a World/Chapter 12

title: The Wreck of a World/Chapter 12


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 “A mountain of skulls it is,” responded the Bodhisattva. “But know, my son, that all of them ARE YOUR OWN! Each has at some time been the nest of your dreams and delusions and desires. Not even one of them is the skull of any other being. All,—all without exception,—have been yours, in the billions of your former lives.”


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 had he not a family to keep? Already, he wrote, he looked forward to some such judgment from a hackney scribbler as this: "Burns, notwithstanding the fanfaronnade of independence to be found in his works, and after having been held forth to view and to public estimation as a man of some genius, yet, quite destitute of resources within himself to support his borrowed dignity, he dwindled into a paltry exciseman, and shrunk out the rest of his insignificant existence in the meanest of pursuits, and among the vilest of mankind." And then on he goes, in a style of rhodomontade, but filled with living indignation, to declare his right to a political opinion, and his willingness to shed his blood for the political birthright of his sons. Poor, perturbed spirit! he was indeed exercised in vain; those who share and those who differ from his sentiments about the Revolution, alike understand and sympathise with him in this painful strait; for poetry and human manhood are lasting like the race, and politics, which are but a wrongful striving after right, pass and change from year to year and age to age. The Twa Dogs has already outlasted the constitution of Siéyès and the policy of the Whigs; and Burns is better known among English-speaking races than either Pitt or Fox.

Meanwhile, whether as a man, a husband, or a


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Rh

General List mid Index to Witnesses p. g

THE REPORT ,,.9

General Appendix p. [1] after p. 82

Index p. 381


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 poet, his steps led downward. He knew, knew bitterly, that the best was out of him; he refused to make another volume, for he felt that it would be a disappointment; he grew petulantly alive to criticism, unless he was sure it reached him from a friend. For his songs, he would take nothing; they were all that he could do; the proposed Scotch play, the proposed series of Scotch tales in verse, all had gone to water; and in a fling of pain and disappointment, which is surely noble with the nobility of a viking, he would rather stoop to borrow than to accept money for these last and inadequate efforts of his muse. And this desperate abnegation rises at times near to the height of madness; as when he pretended that he had not written, but only found and published, his immortal Auld Lang Syne. In the same spirit he became more scrupulous as an artist; he was doing so little, he would fain do that little well; and about two months before his death, he asked Thomson to send back all his manuscripts for revisal, saying that he would rather write five songs to his taste than twice that number otherwise. The battle of his life was lost; in forlorn efforts to do well, in desperate submissions to evil, the last years flew by. His temper is dark and explosive, launching epigrams, quarrelling with his friends, jealous of young puppy officers. He tries


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 to be a good father; he boasts himself a libertine. Sick, sad, and jaded, he can refuse no occasion of temporary pleasure, no opportunity to shine; and he who had once refused the invitations of lords and ladies is now whistled to the inn by any curious stranger. His death (July 21, 1796), in his thirty-seventh year, was indeed a kindly dispensation. It is the fashion to say he died of drink; many a man has drunk more and yet lived with reputation, and reached a good age. That drink and debauchery helped to destroy his constitution, and were the means of his unconscious suicide, is doubtless true; but he had failed in life, had lost his power of work, and was already married to the poor, unworthy, patient Jean, before he had shown his inclination to convivial nights, or at least before that inclination had become dangerous either to his health or his self-respect. He had trifled with life, and must pay the penalty. He had chosen to be Don Juan, he had grasped at temporary pleasures, and substantial happiness and solid industry had passed him by. He died of being Robert Burns, and there is no levity in such a statement of the case; for shall we not, one and all, deserve a similar epitaph?


text: Report From the Select Committee on the Affairs of the East India Company/General Appendix


text: Report From the Select Committee on the Affairs of the East India Company/Report


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Page:The Incas of Peru.djvu/475

Rh * of the Inca, 98; names of stars given by, 117; names of months, 118; version of the Paocari-tampu myth, 140; love story, 155, 408; derivation of name Guamanga, 179, 280; used the word Aymara for the language twice, 315
 * Mosoc caparic, class of babies, 162
 * Mosoc Nina, festival, 135
 * Mossi, Dr., Quichua scholar: translated the hymns given by Salcamayhua, 99; his derivation of the word Quichua, 174
 * Motilones on the Huallaga, 178, 198
 * Motupe: coast valley, 208; Pizarro at, 224
 * Muchanaca, ceremony of treading on captives and spoils, 89
 * Muchi, river on the coast, 208; temple of the Moon on, 216, 221
 * Mummies. See Interments, Ondegardo
 * Murua. See Morua
 * Museums. See Centeno and Caparo Muñiz
 * Mustincia, Martin de: married Beatriz Ñusta, 260
 * Muyna, submits to the Inca, 65, 80, 142
 * Myring, Mr.: discovery of Chimu pottery, 218

 * Nacac, cutter up of sacrificial beasts, 108
 * Napa, sacred image of a llama, 51; at the Huarachicu festival, 130
 * Napo river, 198
 * Nasoa, viii: irrigation works, 177, 237; coast valley, 227; ancient pottery, 230. See Lucanas
 * Navamuel, secretary: with the Viceroy Toledo during the journeys of inspection, 289
 * Naymlap, a chief: arrival at Lambayeque by sea, with a fleet of strangers, 222; his temple and idol, death, 222. His servants (see Fongasigde, Llapchilulli, Ninacolla, Ningentue, Ochocalo, Ollopcopoc, Pitazofi, Xam). His wife (see Ceterni); temple (Chot); idol, (Llampallec)
 * Nepeña, coast valley, 208; irrigation, 218
 * Nestler, Professor, of Prague: making researches at Tiahuanacu, 25
 * Nightingale. See Checollo
 * Nina-chumpi. See Galapagos Islands
 * Ninacolla, 222. See Naymlap
 * Ninan Cuyuchi, eldest son of Huayna Ccapac, 241; death, 242
 * Ningentue, 222. See Naymlap
 * November–December, month called Ayamarca, 118, 128
 * Novices, 106
 * Nuñuma, wild duck, 79
 * Ñusta-calli-sapa, maidens who attended the youths at the Huarachicu, 130, 131

3em
 * of the sun for time of solstices and equinoxes, 115, 117
 * Oca (Oxalis tuberosa), 23
 * Ocampo, Baltasar de: eye-witness of the murder of Tupac Amaru, 296 n.
 * Ocolo, 49
 * Ochoa, Dr. Julian: authority on folklore at Cuzco, viii, 144
 * Ochocalo, 222. See Naymlap
 * Ocoña, coast valley, 239
 * October–November, month called Uma Raymi, 118
 * O'Higgins, La Senora, vi
 * Oliva, Anello: work on distinguished Jesuits in Peru, 14 n.; on Tiahuanacu, 24, 29 n.; evidence of Valera's authorship from Oliva, 303

title: Page:The Incas of Peru.djvu/475


text:
Page:Bury J B The Cambridge Medieval History Vol 2 1913.djvu/135

Rh I. The first class contained the imperial senators and their agnatic descendants to the third degree; knights with public horses; soldiers and veterans and their children; decurions. They were not liable to the penalty of death except for parricide or treason or except by an imperial order, nor to the mines or compulsory work or beating. The usual penalty was deportation to an island, in some cases combined with confiscation of part of their property. Deportation involved loss of citizenship.

II. The second class were punished for grave offences by death, more frequently by condemnation to the mines preceded by beating and accompanied with chains. This punishment was usually for life and involved loss of citizenship and property. It formerly involved loss of freedom, but this was abolished by Justinian in 542. Banishment (relegatio) might be for life or for a time, and citizenship was not lost.

The death penalty for free persons was usually beheading, in and after second century by sword, not axe; rarely, and only for the gravest offences, crucifying or burning. Beating or torturing to death, strangling and poisoning, were forbidden.

Justinian in 556 enacted that for crimes involving death or banishment the property of the criminals should not be confiscated either to the judges or officials, or, as according to the old law, to the fisc, but should pass to their descendants, or, if there were none, to the ascendants up to the third degree. He also enacted that where the law ordered both hands or both feet to be cut off, one only should be cut, and that joints should not be dislocated. No limb should be cut off for theft, if without violence.

Constantine (318) re-enacted the punishment assigned by old practice to parricide, viz., the criminal to be beaten with rods, sewn up in a sack with a dog, cock, viper and ape, and thrown into a deep sea, if near, or into a river. Justinian retained the law, but confined it to murderers of father, mother, and grandfather and grandmother, whereas it had previously been applicable to many other relatives.

III. Slaves were punished for grave crime by beheading, sometimes by crucifying or burning or exposure to wild beasts: for lesser crimes by work in the mines. Flogging was usual in many cases, and regularly preceded capital punishment. Imprisonment was not used as a punishment, but only as security for trial.

Heretics were deprived by Constantine (326) of all privileges given on the ground of religion and were forbidden (396) to occupy any place for worship. In 407 Manichaeans and Donatists were ordered to be treated as criminals; they forfeited all their property to their next of kin (if free from heresy) and were incapable of succession, of giving, of buying and selling, of contracting, of making a will; their slaves were to be held guiltless only if they deserted their masters and served the Catholic Church.


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108 In 428 Manichaeans were to be expelled from their towns, and given over to extreme punishment, and a long list of heretics was forbidden to meet and pray anywhere on Roman soil. In 435 Nestorians, in 455 the followers of Eutyches and Apollinarius were to have their books burnt, and were forbidden to meet and pray. In 527 heretics, Greeks, Jews, and Samaritans were rendered incapable of serving in the army, of holding civil office except in the lower ranks and then without a chance of promotion; and were disabled from suing orthodox Christians for private or public debts. Children of heretics, if themselves free from the disease, might take their legal share of their father's property, and their fathers were to support them and to give dowries to their daughters. In 530 Montanists like other heretics were forbidden to assemble, to baptise, to have Communion, and to receive charitable alms from law courts or churches.

In suits against orthodox, whether both parties or only one be orthodox, heretics and Jews were not good witnesses, but only in suits among themselves. Even this was not applicable to Manichaeans, Montanists, pagans, Samaritans, and some others; for they being criminals were incapable of bearing witness in judicial matters; they were however allowed as witnesses to wills and contracts, lest proof should be difficult.

A law of Augustus, confirming analogous republican practice, forbad any Roman citizen who appealed to the Emperor being killed, tortured, beaten, or put into chains even by the governor or other high magistrate. This is retained in Justinian's Digest.

Several constitutions at the end of the fourth century (398) were directed against attempts of clergy or monks to prevent due execution of sentences on criminals or debtors.


text: Index:Collecting and Preserving Insects and Mites - Techniques and Tools.pdf


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Page:Report Select Committee Affairs EIC June 1833.djvu/88

 1-i]

GENERAL APPENDIX TO THE REPORT

LIST OF GENERAL APPENDIX.

1. Mr. Grant’s Observations on the State of Society among the Asiatic Subjects of Great Britain, particularly with respect to Morals; and on the Means of improving it. Written chiefly in the year 1792 - --- p. 3

II.

2.— The Marquis of Hastings’ Summary of the Operations in India; from the 30th April 1814 to 31st January 1823 - - - - - - - -p. 93

III.

CALCUTTA CIVIL FINANCE COMMITTEE.

Their Appointment, with certain of their Reports; and Minutes, &c. of Government thereon :

3. — Minute of Lord William Bcntinck, Governor-general of Bengal, dated 7th October 1828:

Appointment of Committees to revise the Civil and Military Establishments and Charges of India - - - - - - - - - - p. 112

4. — Circular Letter from the Government of Bengal to the Governments of Madras and Bombay,

dated I Otb October 1828, upon the same subjects - - - - - p. 113

5. — Resolution of the Governor-geneial in Council at Bengal, dated the 25th November 1 828,

appointing Civil and Military Finance Committees of Inquiry, and giving Instructions for their Guidance - - - - - - - - - p. 114

6. — Letter from the Calcutta Civil Finance Committee to the Governor-general in Council at

Bengal, dated 1st October 1829, relating to the Observatory at Madras - - p. 1 17

7. — Resolution of the Governor-general in Council at Bengal, dated 22d December 1829, upon

the same subject - - - - - - - - p. 118

8. — Letter from Calcutta Civil Finance Committee to the Governor-general in Council at Bengal,

dated 20th November 1829: Principles upon which the Committee propose to proceed in their Inquiries into the Charges and Establishments of India - - - p. 118

9. — Letter from the Calcutta Civil Finance Committee to ditto, dated 2d December 1829, on the

Contingent Charges of Bengal - - - - - - - p. 121

10. — Resolution of the Governor-general in Council at Bengal, dated 8th December 1829, requiting

a proper Control to be exercised over those Charges - - - - - p. 1 2 1

11. — Letter from Calcutta Civil Finance Committee to the Governor-general in Council at Bengal,

dated 3d February 1830, with a Minute of Mr. Bax on the Revenue and Judicial Systems of Bombay - - - - - - -. - p. 122

(Enclosure.) Minute of John Eax, Esq. dated 16th June 1829, above mentioned p. 122

12. — Minute of David Hill, Esq., dated 8tli March 1830, relative to the Judicial and Revenue Admi-

nistration ot Indiu - - - - - - - - p. 1 28

13. — Letter front the Calcutta Civil Finance Committee to the Governor-general in Council at

Bengal, dated 25tli Octuber 1830, with a Minute of Holt Mackenzie, Esq. upon the same

subject - p. 134

(Enclosure.) Minute of Holt Mackenzie, Esq., dated 1st October 1830, above men- tioned - - - p. 135

14. — Minute of David Hill, Esq., dated IStlt October 1830, upon the same subject - - p. 164

For Letter from the Secretary to the Governor-general to the officiating Deputy Secretary to the Government of Bengal, dated 26th January 1831, upon the same subject, see Judicial Appendix, No. IV.

For Minute of Lord William Beniiuejc, dated January 24tli, 1831, upon the same subject, see Judicial Appendix, No. IV.

For Minute of William Blunt, Esq., dated 24th March 1831, see Judicial Appendix, No. IV. For Minute of Sir C.T. Metcalfe, dated llth April 1831, upon the same subject, sccJudicial Appendix, No. IV.

15. — Letter Irnm the Calcutta Civil Finance Committee to the Governor-general in Council at Bengal,

dated 24llt February 1830 : Establishment of Ciril Servants in India -. p. JG5

16. — Letter from the Calcutta Civil Finance Committee to the Vice President in Council at Bengal,

dated iGih December 1830, upon the same subject - - - -. p. 166

17 — Letter from the Calcutta Civil Finance Committee to the Governor-general in Council at Bengal, dated 26lh April 1839, on ccitain ol the Establishments in the Geueral Department

at Bombay » - - 170

18. Letter Iron: the Calcutta Civil Finance Committee to the Governor-general in Council at Bengal, dated 20th September 1830, on the Judicial and Revenue Establishments at Bombay — — — — — » — ■ pi 75

1®‘ — better from I lie Calcutta Civil Finance Committee to the Governor-general in Council at Bengal Of. I d ' lt r lst M ‘! v : Abolition of the Revenue Assessment and Survey in the Deccan p. 187 20.— Letter from the Calcutta Civil Finance Committee to the Governor-general in Council at Bengal, dated 5ih May 1830, on certain of the Civil Establishments of the Madras

188

21.— Letter

Printed image digitised by the University of Southampton I .ibrary Digitisation Unit


text: The Wreck of a World/Chapter 13

title: The Wreck of a World/Chapter 13


text: Report From the Select Committee on the Affairs of the East India Company/General Appendix/Memoir by Charles Grant


text:
Page:The Incas of Peru.djvu/476

434 * Oliva, Diego de: received the manuscript of Francisco de Chaves, 253 n.
 * Ollantay, an Inca drama : translated by the author, xi n., 143, 144; reduced to writing by Dr. Valdez, 145, 325; the Justiniani text, 148; Dominican text, 148; argument of the drama, 149, 152–4, 330–4; Zegarra's text, 328; name, 335
 * Ollantay-tampu: megalithic part, 32; beauty, 82; conquest of, 91 n.; Inti-huatana at, 116; description, 150–1, 319; defence of, by Manco Inca, 256
 * Ollopcopoc, 222. See Naymlap
 * Ondegardo, Polo de: translation of his report by the author, xi n., 7; on human sacrifices, 108; search for Inca mummies, 110, 111, 275; his names of the months, 118; on Inca administration, 169; with the Viceroy Toledo on his journey of inspection, 289
 * Opatari Indians, 196
 * Oré, Bishop Luis Geronimo: on the Mochica language, 219; his 'Rituale,' 313; a native of Guamanga, 313
 * Orejones or Hatun-rincriyoc, 67; chief of Anta: raised to rank of, 76; flight with Inca Uira-cocha, 84; defeat of Chancas by, 89; return to Cuzco, 90; dress, 123; youths equipped as, 134; in battle with the Collas, 189; many received in Colla-suyu, 191; voyage in the montaña, 198; resumed offices on departure of Atahualpa's army, 250; acknowledge Manco as Inca, 254; besiege Cuzco, led by Manco, 255
 * Orgoñez, Lieutenant of Almagro, 256
 * Ortiz de Orue, Pedro. See Maria Usca
 * Ortiz, Friar Diego, Augustine: sent to convert Cusi Titu Yupanqui, 290; put to death for not curing the Inca, 291, 292
 * Oviedo, Friar Gabriel: his account of the murder of Tupac Amaru, 296 n.
 * Oxalis tuberosa or Oca, 23

 * , tribe on the southern side of Lake Titicaca, 186, 313
 * Pacasas, tribe on the eastern side of Lake Titicaca, 186
 * Pacasmayu, coast valley, 208
 * Paccari-tampu, myth, 48–57; date, 55; authorities on, 140. See Ayars
 * Paccarisca, ancestor worship, 109, 114
 * Paccay, a fruit tree, 82, 380
 * Pacchacuc, diviners, 107
 * Pachaca, division of the people: a hundred families, 161
 * Pachacamac, a fish god on the coast: temple, 181, 233, 234, 320; great oracle, 232; idol destroyed by Hernando Pizarro 234; erroneous idea respecting, 235, 320
 * Pachachaca river, 174, 175; Aymaras at the head-waters of, 191
 * Pachacuti, a royal title: meaning, 41, 42; the eighth Pachacuti, 46; Prince Cusi received the title, 87, 89; march against Urco, 90; achievements, 91; conquests, 92; palace, 120; his heir, 92; death-scene, 93; mummy, 112; in the drama of Ollantay, 148, 330; sent an army to conquer Chinchay-suyu, 178; conquest of Colla-suyu, 188, 189; built the Colcampata, 287. See Cusi
 * Pacha Mama, spirit of the earth, 112
 * Pacha Pucuy, month, March–April, 119, 134

title: Page:The Incas of Peru.djvu/476


text: Index:Common Beneficial Insects and Their Habitat.pdf


text:
Page:The Incas of Peru.djvu/477

Rh * Pacific naval station, v; youngsters taught languages, vi 3em
 * Pacsa Mama, the moon as a deity, 117
 * Pahuac Hualpa Mayta, eldest son of Inca Yahuar Huaccac: murdered by the Huayllacans, 76
 * Pallata, second station of the Ayars, 51
 * Paltas, 82
 * Pampa Maroni: at Cuzco, 319
 * Pampas river, 92, 158, 174; gorge of, 176, 178
 * Pancurcu, torches at the Situa festival, 126
 * Pando, mestizo servant: interpreter to the mission at Vilcapampa, 291; put to death, 291, 292
 * Paramunca, coast valley, 208; southern boundary of Chimu territory, 227; Inca fortress, 238, 320
 * Parihuana-cocha, 176
 * Papoquets, 82
 * Partridge. See Yutu
 * Paruro, 45 n.
 * Pasto, 191
 * Pata-llacta. See Llactapata
 * Pativilca, southern boundary of Chimu territory, 181
 * Paucar, son of Inca Rocca, 68
 * Paucar, son of Uira-cocha Inca. See Tupac
 * Paucartampu, author at, ix; valley of, 194 ; montaña, 194; base of the Inca's operations in the montaña, 195
 * Paullu, son of Huayna Ccapac, 241; went to Chile with Almagro, 255; threw in his lot with the Spaniards, 260; joined Vaca de Castro, baptised, 256; granted the Colcampata palace, 256; his sons, 256; his wife, 261; his death, 261; extinction of the male line of his family, 282. See Carlos, Felipe, Melchior, Sahuaraura
 * Paytiti, 197
 * Peel, Sir William, v
 * Penachis, savage tribe on the skirts of the coast mountains, 224
 * Pepperell, visit to Mr. Prescott at, vii, viii
 * Peru: discovery (see Xeres), hospitality, ix; antiquity of civilisation, 29–31; origin, 31, 32; list of kings, 40, 46, 306
 * Peruvians. See Indians
 * Pictures used for recording events, 141
 * Piedrahita. See Collantes
 * Pietschmann, Dr., librarian of the university of Göttingen, editor of the work of Sarmiento, 6; discovered the work of Huaman Poma, 16
 * Pilco Cassa, head-dress of aspirants at the Huarachicu, 132
 * Pilcopata, 196
 * Pilcosones, hostile Indians, 197
 * Pinahua, submits to the Inca, 65, 80
 * Pincos, 175
 * Piquillacta ruins, 319
 * Pirua, 41, 230
 * Pirua, dynasty, 42, 48
 * Pirua Paccari Manco, first king of Peru, 42
 * Pisco, peopled by Yauyos, 180, 227; irrigation, 237
 * Pissac, 82, 184, 125, 116, 319
 * Pitazofi, 222. See Naymlap
 * Pizarro, Francisco: on the coast, 224; arrival at Caxamarca, 225; founded Truxillo, 225; murder of Atahualpa, 250, 251; acknowledged Manco Inca, 254; founded Lima, 255; murder of Manco's wife, 257; two children by an Inca princess, 260
 * Pizarro, Francisco (the younger), 265, 271
 * Pizarro, Gonzalo, 258; rebellion, 269; victory at Huarina, 270; arrival at Cuzco, kindness to Inca Garcilasso, 271; death, 271, 276

title: Page:The Incas of Peru.djvu/477


text: Index:Peterson's Magazine 1860 a.pdf

title: Index:Peterson's Magazine 1860 a.pdf


text:
Page:Bury J B The Cambridge Medieval History Vol 2 1913.djvu/154

126 even at fourteen years, and their children were miserable weaklings. As kings they had only the semblance of power; they remained shut up in their villae surrounded by great luxury. Only at long intervals did they go forth, in chariots drawn by oxen. The real authority was thenceforth exercised by the Mayor of the Palace, or by the different mayors who were at the head of the three kingdoms, Neustria, Burgundy, and Austrasia, whose separateness became more clearly marked. The mayors made and unmade the kings as interest or caprice prompted; sometimes they exiled them, only to recall them later. Apocryphal Merovingians were often produced who had no connexion with the sacred race. It is useless to make any further reference to these sovereigns, who were nothing but shadows and whose names serve only to date charters. The historian must direct his attention exclusively to the Mayors of the Palace.

Among these mayors the most distinguished were those of Austrasia. They were to make the office hereditary in their family and to found a powerful dynasty which was destined gradually to supplant the Merovingians. The two founders of that dynasty were, as has already been said, Arnulf, bishop of Metz, and Pepin, who had been Mayor of the Palace to the youthful Dagobert when the latter was king of Austrasia only. Both were men of distinguished piety. Arnulf ruled the city of Metz wisely and effected important reforms in the Church. Pepin destined his daughters for the cloister; one of them, Gertrude, founded the abbey of Nivelle in the district now known as Brabant. In this neighbourhood is situated the estate of Landen; whence the designation "of Landen" by which Pepin is distinguished in later documents. Arnulf's son Ansegis, who was Mayor of the Palace to the young Sigebert, married a daughter of Pepin whom the chronicles later call Begga; of this marriage was born the second Pepin, known to historians as Pepin of Heristal.

At first however it seemed probable that the chief representative of the family would be Pepin of Landen's own son Grimoald. For thirteen years, from 643 to 656, he held the office of Mayor of the Palace in Austrasia, while Sigebert continued to bear the title of king. On the death of that prince Grimoald considered himself strong enough to attempt a revolution. He had the locks of Dagobert, the young son of Sigebert, shorn, sent him to an Irish monastery, and had his own son proclaimed king of Austrasia. But the times were not yet ripe for a change of this kind. The Austrasian nobles refused to obey a youth who was not of the blood royal. They rose in revolt and gave up the Mayor of the Palace to the king of Neustria, Clovis II, who had him put to death.

After this tragic event the families of Arnulf and Pepin remained in the background for about twenty-five years. The stage of politics was occupied by two men named Ebroin and Leodegar (Léger) who engaged


text: Page:The Wreck of a World - Grove - 1890.djvu/1


text:
Page:The Incas of Peru.djvu/478

436 * Pizarro, Hernando: at Pachacamac, 234, 238
 * Pizarro, Pedro: his 'relaciones,' 6
 * Planets, names given by Valera, 117
 * Plover. See Lleco-lleco
 * Pocheos, on the coast, Pizarro at, 224
 * Pocras, Andean tribe, 179
 * Polo de Ondegardo. See Ondegardo
 * Polylepis racemosa. See Queñuar
 * Pomares, Felipe de : on Inca treasure, 288 n.
 * Pongos, fishermen on the coast, 239
 * Popayan, Bishop of: with the Viceroy Toledo on his journey, 289; protests against the murder of Tupac Amaru, 295
 * Potatoes, 23; antiquity of cultivation, 30
 * Pottery, at Nasca, 177, 230; Chimu, 213, 214; Yca, 229, 230; Inca, 320
 * Prayers of the Incas, 98, 100, 101, 102, 143
 * Prescott, Mr.: 'Conquest of Peru,' v, vi; visit of author to, vii; conversations with, vii, viii; manuscript of Betanzos copied for, 4; mistake about the second part of Cieza de Leon, 4 n.; his copy of Pedro Pizarro's 'Relaciones,' 6; and of Polo de Ondegardo, 7; quotes Acosta, 9; Cieza de Leon, 4 n.; story of Spanish invasion, 251; story of siege of Cuzco, 255; use of Garcilasso de la Vega, 280. See Belaunde
 * Priego, Marquis of, 276
 * Priests, 106, 108. See Uillac Umu
 * Prosopis horrida. See Algaroba
 * Pucara, battle at, 45, 190, 273; stronghold of the Collas, 189
 * Pucllac huamra, class of boys, 162
 * Pumacagua, insurrection, 144; had seen the Inca treasure, 251 n., 288 n.
 * Puna island, 184
 * Punchau, name of the sun, 116 prayer to, 98
 * Punchau Chinan. See Aclla
 * Puncu or Pongo. See Rapids
 * Puñnuc rucu, class of very old men, 161
 * Puquina, dialect. See Urus
 * Puric, the unit, head of a family, 160; his responsibility, 161
 * Purun-pacha, remote times, 230

 * . See Chuy
 * Quellua, Andean gull, 79
 * Quenuar (Polylepis racemosa), 22, 80
 * Quichua tribe: study of the language, vi; songs collected, ix, 156; dictionaries by the author, xi n.; their country, 92; dramas, 147, 148–56; name given by grammarians to the Runa-simi or general language of Peru, 137, 138, 174, 312; their fortresses, 174, 175; derivation of the word by Mossi, 174. See Holguin, Justiniani, Mossi, Santo Tomas, Torres Rubio
 * Quicuchica, ceremony for girls, 136, 168
 * Quilacu: love episode, 10; sent on an embassy to Huascar: treatment, 244; reception by the Ccoya, 245; in love with Curi Coyllur, 244; betrothed 246; in command of reserve of Atahualpa's army, 247; wounded: rescued by Curi Coyllur, 247; marriage, 282
 * Quilla, the moon, 117; month, 117
 * Quillaguas, a tribe of Colla-suyu, 186
 * Quilliscancha, suburb of Cuzco, 85, 86
 * Quina-quina, 157
 * Quinine. See Chinchona
 * Quinua, 22
 * Quiñones, Antonio, brother-in-law of Garcilasso de la Vega: flight with him, 273
 * Quinti-cancha. See Inti-cancha

title: Page:The Incas of Peru.djvu/478


text: Once a Week (magazine)/Series 1/Volume 6/Out of the world - Part 2


text:
Page:A description of Greenland.djvu/129

Rh which there are uch Numbers, that ometimes ailing along, you find the whole Sea covered with them; and when they take their Flight, you would think there was no End of them, epecially in when in large Flocks, to the Number of many Thouands, they hover about our Colony, Morning and Evening; in the Evening tanding in for the Bay, and in the Morning turning out to Sea again. They fly o near the Shore, that you may from thence hoot them at Pleaure. In the Spring they retire towards the Sea; for upon the Iland that lies adjacent to the Coat, they lay their Eggs, and hatch their young ones, which arrive in June and July.

The Natives watch them in this Seaon to rob them of their Eggs and their young ones. The fine down Feathers, which is the bet Part of this Bird, o much valued by others, the Natives make nothing of, leaving them in the Nets.

There are three Sorts of Ducks. The firt have a broad Bill, like our tame Duck, 3


text: Index:Insect Pollination Of Cultivated Crop Plants.pdf


text: Once a Week (magazine)/Series 1/Volume 6/Shenstone and the Leasowes


text: Index:Peterson's Magazine 1860 b.pdf

title: Index:Peterson's Magazine 1860 b.pdf


text:
Page:Naruto v. Slater.pdf/11

 As the Majority opinion highlights in its treatment of the merits, PETA brought a frivolous lawsuit here. The argument that animals have statutory standing to maintain a Copyright Act claim—or any property right claims—is an easy question. Under the holding in Cetacean Community v. Bush, 386 F.3d 1169 (9th Cir. 2004), the Copyright Act, and basic property law, animals have no such rights.

However, to reach its conclusion on the Copyright Act question, the Majority ignores its own conclusion regarding standing, instead determining that: (1) next-friend standing is nonjurisdictional; and (2) even if the elements of next-friend standing are not met, any third-party may still bring suit on behalf of anyone or anything—without the real party in interest’s permission—as long as (A) the real party in interest has an Article III injury; and (B) the real party in interest is “adequately protected” by the purported next friend’s (or self-appointed lawyer’s) representation. That determination fails to follow United States Supreme Court or Ninth Circuit precedent. Let me explain.

The Supreme Court was explicit: "The burden is on the “next friend” clearly to establish the propriety of his status and thereby justify the jurisdiction of the court.

These limitations on the “next friend” doctrine are driven by the recognition that “[i]t was not intended that the writ of habeas corpus should be availed of, as matter of course, by intruders or uninvited meddlers, styling themselves next friends.” Indeed, if there were no restriction on “next friend” standing in federal courts, the litigant asserting only a generalized interest in constitutional governance could circumvent the jurisdictional limits of Art. III simply by assuming the mantle of “next friend.”"

Whitmore, 495 U.S. at 164, 110 S.Ct. 1717 (emphasis added & internal citations omitted) (quoting United States ex rel. Bryant v. Houston, 273 F. 915, 916 (2d Cir. 1921) ). We have also been explicit: failing to meet the standing requirements for next-friend standing removes jurisdiction of the court. Coalition, 310 F.3d at 1162–65 (dismissing case and vacating lower ruling which reached the merits, after finding there was no next-friend standing); see also ''Massie ex rel. Kroll v. Woodford'', 244 F.3d 1192, 1198–99 (9th Cir. 2001) (per curiam) (dismissing emergency motion for a stay of execution because purported next friend failed to meet the standing requirements).

To buttress these conclusions, I (1) outline the basics of Article III standing and the next friend exception to Article III standing; (2) summarize the Majority’s reasoning and decision; and (3) demonstrate the legal errors in the Majority opinion.

I. The basics of Article III standing and next-friend standing.

Article III of the United States Constitution limits the Federal Judiciary’s power to “cases” and “controversies.” U.S. Const. Art. III, § 2, cl. 1. The “doctrine of standing” is one of the “landmarks” that “set[s] apart the ‘Cases’ and ‘Controversies’ that are of the justiciable sort referred to in Article III—‘serving to identify those disputes which are appropriately resolved through the judicial process.’ ” Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560, 112 S.Ct. 2130, 119 L.Ed.2d 351 (1992) (original alterations omitted) (quoting Whitmore, 495 U.S. at 155, 110 S.Ct. 1717); see also Warth v. Seldin, 422 U.S. 490, 498, 95 S.Ct. 2197, 45 L.Ed.2d 343 (1975) (“In its constitutional dimension, standing

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Page:R L Stevenson 1917 Familiar studies of men and books.djvu/109

The somewhat cruel necessity which has lain upon me throughout this paper only to touch upon those points in the life of Burns where correction or amplification seemed desirable, leaves me little opportunity to speak of the works which have made his name so famous. Yet, even here, a few observations seem necessary.

At the time when the poet made his appearance and great first success, his work was remarkable in two ways. For, first, in an age when poetry had become abstract and conventional, instead of continuing to deal with shepherds, thunderstorms, and personifications, he dealt with the actual circumstances of his life, however matter-of-fact and sordid these might be. And, second, in a time when English versification was particularly stiff, lame, and feeble, and words were used with ultra-academical timidity, he wrote verses that were easy, racy, graphic, and forcible, and used language with absolute tact and courage as it seemed most fit to give a clear impression. If you take even those English authors whom we know Burns to have most admired and studied, you will see at once that he owed them nothing but a warning. Take Shenstone, for instance, and watch that elegant author as he tries to


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 grapple with the facts of life. He has a description, I remember, of a gentleman engaged in sliding or walking on thin ice, which is a little miracle of incompetence. You see my memory fails me, and I positively cannot recollect whether his hero was sliding or walking; as though a writer should describe a skirmish, and the reader, at the end, be still uncertain whether it were a charge of cavalry or a slow and stubborn advance of foot. There could be no such ambiguity in Burns; his work is at the opposite pole from such indefinite and stammering performances; and a whole lifetime passed in the study of Shenstone would only lead a man further and further from writing the Address to a Louse. Yet Burns, like most great artists, proceeded from a school and continued a tradition; only the school and tradition were Scotch, and not English. While the English language was becoming daily more pedantic and inflexible, and English letters more colourless and slack, there was another dialect in the sister country, and a different school of poetry tracing its descent, through King James I., from Chaucer. The dialect alone accounts for much; for it was then written colloquially, which kept it fresh and supple; and, although not shaped for heroic flights, it was a direct and vivid medium for all that had to do with social life. Hence, whenever Scotch


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 poets left their laborious imitations of bad English verses, and fell back on their own dialect, their style would kindle, and they would write of their convivial and somewhat gross existences with pith and point. In Ramsay, and far more in the poor lad Fergusson, there was mettle, humour, literary courage, and a power of saying what they wished to say definitely and brightly, which in the latter case should have justified great anticipations. Had Burns died at the same age as Fergusson, he would have left us literally nothing worth remark. To Ramsay and to Fergusson, then, he was indebted in a very uncommon degree, not only following their tradition and using their measures, but directly and avowedly imitating their pieces. The same tendency to borrow a hint, to work on some one else's foundation, is notable in Burns from first to last, in the period of song-writing as well as in that of the early poems; and strikes one oddly in a man of such deep originality, who left so strong a print on all he touched, and whose work is so greatly distinguished by that character of "inevitability" which Wordsworth denied to Goethe.

When we remember Burns's obligations to his predecessors, we must never forget his immense advances on them. They had already "discovered" nature; but Burns discovered poetry—a higher and more intense way of thinking of the things that go to make up nature, a higher


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Index talk:Encouragements and Warnings - Schurz - 1896.djvu

Another version
There is already a version transcribed at Index:Encouragements and Warnings. -- Beardo (talk) 18:16, 12 December 2023 (UTC)


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 and more ideal key of words in which to speak of them. Ramsay and Fergusson excelled at making a popular—or shall we say vulgar?—sort of society verses, comical and prosaic, written, you would say, in taverns while a supper party waited for its laureate's word; but on the appearance of Burns, this coarse and laughing literature was touched to finer issues, and learned gravity of thought and natural pathos.

What he had gained from his predecessors was a direct, speaking style, and to walk on his own feet instead of on academical stilts. There was never a man of letters with more absolute command of his means; and we may say of him, without excess, that his style was his slave. Hence that energy of epithet, so concise and telling, that a foreigner is tempted to explain it by some special richness or aptitude in the dialect he wrote. Hence that Homeric justice and completeness of description which gives us the very physiognomy of nature, in body and detail, as nature is. Hence, too, the unbroken literary quality of his best pieces, which keeps him from any slip into the weariful trade of word-painting, and presents everything, as everything should be presented by the art of words, in a clear, continuous medium of thought. Principal


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 Shairp, for instance, gives us a paraphrase of one tough verse of the original; and for those who know the Greek poets only by paraphrase, this has the very quality they are accustomed to look for and admire in Greek. The contemporaries of Burns were surprised that he should visit so many celebrated mountains and waterfalls, and not seize the opportunity to make a poem. Indeed, it is not for those who have a true command of the art of words, but for peddling, professional amateurs, that these pointed occasions are most useful and inspiring. As those who speak French imperfectly are glad to dwell on any topic they may have talked upon or heard others talk upon before, because they know appropriate words for it in French, so the dabbler in verse rejoices to behold a waterfall, because he has learned the sentiment and knows appropriate words for it in poetry. But the dialect of Burns was fitted to deal with any subject; and whether it was a stormy night, a shepherd's collie, a sheep struggling in the snow, the conduct of cowardly soldiers in the field, the gait and cogitations of a drunken man, or only a village cockcrow in the morning, he could find language to give it freshness, body, and relief. He was always ready to borrow the hint of a design, as though he had a difficulty in commencing—a difficulty, let us say, in choosing a subject out of a world which


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164 encroached on the boundaries agreed upon, for he seized all the land lying between the Guadalquivir and the Jucar (going from west to east), together with that between the sea and the mountains of Gibalbin, Ronda, Antequera and Loja, the Picacho de Veleta, the mountains of Jaen, Segura and Alcaraz, the pass of Almansa (in the province now called Albacete), the territories of Villena, Monovar, and Villa joyosa (from the south-west and the north-east, following the line of the Penibaetian mountain range, and the continuation on the east which connects it with Ibérica). The situation was all the more serious because to the great military strength of the Eastern Empire was now added the aggregate force of all the Spanish-Roman element in Raetica and Carthaginensis, that is to say, all who had remained independent of the Visigoths, and whom Agila had attempted to subdue. These Spanish-Romans who, by reason of their religion, were opposed to the Visigoths, naturally regarded the rule of Justinian as the prolongation of the Empire whereof they had formed a part until the coming of the Goths. Hence the tradition that the inhabitants of these regions rebelled against the Visigoths and proclaimed Justinian as their sovereign is most probably authentic.

Athanagild did not submit to this treachery, but immediately proceeded to make war on the Byzantines, and established his capital at Toledo, an excellent position from the strategical point of view. He attempted to flatter the Catholics, by means of a benevolent policy, which was intended to estrange them from the Empire. The war lasted for thirteen years, that is, throughout the whole of the reign of Athanagild, who had also to fight against the Franks in order to defend Septimania, which was still in the hands of the Visigoths, and against the Vascons, who were continually struggling for independence. But this perpetual warfare did not prevent Athanagild from strengthening his kingdom from within, or from increasing its prosperity. The fame of his wealth and the splendour of his court; the fame of his two daughters, Brunhild and Galswintha, spread to the neighbouring kingdoms. Two Frankish kings, Sigebert of Austrasia and Chilperic of Neustria, were inspired thereby to seek an alliance with him; the former became the husband of Brunhild and the latter of Galswintha. Of these marriages, and more particularly of the second, which took place in 567 and ended in tragedy, we possess detailed accounts in the chronicle of Gregory of Tours, and in the Carminum Liber of Venantius Fortunatus. A few months after the marriage of Galswintha, Athanagild died at Toledo (Nov. or Dec. 567).

The throne remained vacant for several months, until the spring of 568, but we do not know the reason of this. The interregnum came to an end with the accession of Liuwa or Leuwa, a brother of Athanagild, who (why or for what purpose we are unable to say) shared the government with his brother Leovigild or Liuvigild, to whom he entrusted


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 seemed all equally living and significant to him; but once he had the subject chosen, he could cope with nature single-handed, and make every stroke a triumph. Again, his absolute mastery in his art enabled him to express each and all of his different humours, and to pass smoothly and congruously from one to another. Many men invent a dialect for only one side of their nature—perhaps their pathos or their humour, or the delicacy of their senses—and, for lack of a medium, leave all the others unexpressed. You meet such an one, and find him in conversation full of thought, feeling, and experience, which he has lacked the art to employ in his writings. But Burns was not thus hampered in the practice of the literary art; he could throw the whole weight of his nature into his work, and impregnate it from end to end. If Doctor Johnson, that stilted and accomplished stylist, had lacked the sacred Boswell, what should we have known of him? and how should we have delighted in his acquaintance as we do? Those who spoke with Burns tell us how much we have lost who did not. But I think they exaggerate their privilege: I think we have the whole Burns in our possession set forth in his consummate verses.

It was by his style, and not by his matter, that he affected Wordsworth and the world. There is, indeed, only one merit worth considering in a man


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 of letters—that he should write well; and only one damning fault—that he should write ill. We are little the better for the reflections of the sailor's parrot in the story. And so, if Burns helped to change the course of literary history, it was by his frank, direct, and masterly utterance, and not by his homely choice of subjects. That was imposed upon him, not chosen upon a principle. He wrote from his own experience, because it was his nature so to do, and the tradition of the school from which he proceeded was fortunately not opposed to homely subjects. But to these homely subjects he communicated the rich commentary of his nature; they were all steeped in Burns; and they interest us not in themselves, but because they have been passed through the spirit of so genuine and vigorous a man. Such is the stamp of living literature; and there was never any more alive than that of Burns.

What a gust of sympathy there is in him sometimes flowing out in byways hitherto unused, upon mice, and flowers, and the devil himself; sometimes speaking plainly between human hearts; sometimes ringing out in exultation like a peal of bells! When we compare the Farmer's Salutation to his Auld Mare Maggie, with the clever and inhumane production of half a century earlier, The Auld Man's Mare's dead, we see in a


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