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 the Chief at once consented we began afresh, and this time I put the name of the suspected person on first, and once more the vessel turned round and twisted itself out of the hands of the holders, till it fell on the floor and I was surprised it did not break. After trying a few more I said I was satisfied, and the ordeal of the bowl was over.

Then the Chief asked me whose name had been on the vessel when it moved, and I told him. It was a curious coincidence certainly. I wrote the names in English, which no one could read; moreover, I was so placed that no one could see what I wrote, and they none of them attempted to do so. Then the papers were folded up so as to be all exactly alike, they were shuffled together, and I did not know one from the other till I looked inside myself. Each time I went from my corner and placed a name on the vessel already held on the fingers of its supporters. No one except I touched the papers, and no one but the Chief ever spoke till the séance was over. I asked the men who held the bowl why they made it turn round at that particular moment, but they declared they had nothing to do with it, and that the vessel twisted itself off their fingers, against their inclination.

The name disclosed by this experiment was

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 certainly that of the person whom there was most reason to suspect, but beyond that I learnt nothing.

Another plan for surprising the secret of a suspected person is to get into the room where that person is sleeping, and after making certain passes to question the slumberer, when he may truthfully answer all the questions put to him. This is a favourite device of the suspicious husband.

Yet another plan is to place in the hand of a pâawang, magician, or medium, a divining-rod formed of three lengths of rattan tied together at one end, and when he gets close to the person "wanted," or to the place where anything stolen is concealed, the rod vibrates in a remarkable manner.

A great many Malays and one or two Europeans may be found who profess to have seen water drawn from a kris. The modus operandi is simple, "pâwang" (I dare not call him conjurer) works with bare arms to show there is no deception. He takes the kris (yours, if you prefer it) from its wooden handle, and, holding the steel point downwards in his left hand, he recites a short incantation to the effect that he knows all about iron and where it comes from, and that it must obey his orders. He then with the thumb and first two fingers of his right hand proceeds to gently squeeze the steel,

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16 out the tangled hair on one side of his head. Gradually his tremulous yelps became low howls of pain that dolefully simulated a distressed human voice.

The Man labored to his feet, for the force of his wide-swung blow had carried him off his precarious footing, His club had fallen at a wrong angle. The fury of chagrin showed in his face, but a great fear was tugging at his heart—fear lest the tumult of his accursed fiasco had been heard.

Meanwhile, he eyed the wounded dog warily as if expecting to be attacked. But the Tramp, having smothered his howls of pain, stood whining now, trembling forelegs braced apart to help his equipoise. After a little while he held his disfigured head sidewise and gazed up at the Man out of bloodshot eyes, cowed, vastly afraid, yet there seemed to be something of inquiry us to the Man's motive in the vagabond's steady look.

"Come here and shut up your infernal whining," said the Man after a moment; "and don't make this thing any worse." His growing weakness made him the more bitter. He hesitated to risk the clamor in which a second attempt on his companion outcast's life might result.

At his command the Tramp edged nearer, strangely enough, groveling, his rag of a tail drooped between his legs in abject submission.

"We've got to get out of here," muttered the Man, glancing about nervously. That which he had not had the strength to kill he would now take back as a companion and friend. It was policy. "I wish I'd thought before," he wheezed, noting the injury he had inflicted on the Tramp. "Maybe—maybe you could have caught a rabbit! But you'd play hell catching one now," he murmured grimly, regarding fixedly a tiny trickle of red that came from the Tramp's nostrils.

They went away together, the Man and the dog, both animals now, equally outcasts, the one of man, the other of man's institution, society. To all appearances they were as good friends now as before, only now the four-legged one watched the other's movements. But the higher animal felt that he had nothing to fear from the baser one, on whom he could practice any treachery, and he therefore burdened his rapidly waning strength with no useless vigilance.

And thus they went on—hunting, the Man with all the intelligence and artfulness that God had given him, the dog more weakly, inertly, as the journey lengthened, from pain and loss of blood.

About the middle of the forenoon the Man narrowly escaped detection by seven or eight men whom he chanced upon, encamped in a ravine. All were heavily armed, and the Man knew all too well that they were a sheriff's posse. Again, later in the day, the outcaseoutcast [sic] caught sight of two men armed with Winchesters. They were quite near him before he became aware of their presence, but they gave no sign of having seen either him or the Tramp.

He quickly concealed himself behind a hedge and watched one of the men pointing at a wolf, which had showed itself boldly in a nearby cornfield. After a time the men separated, and one of them, a lean giant, turned and came as straight toward the Man's hiding-place as though he had divined the outcast's presence. Fortune had indeed turned traitor.

A thought of his own late perfidy came to him, but he did not wince. Morally, he did not often wince; physically his courage was merely that of many another man

He watched the tall man come nearer, steadily nearer; a large man, he was, with an easy confident stride. His calm eyes swept his surroundings leisurely, and his cool slow manner seemed in discord with the vigilance of the man-hunter. But as the man in hiding continued to watch the other, he was suddenly shaken by a tremor that rippled through every fiber of his being.

"Great God!" he whispered to the deaf and unanswering earth, "it's him!"

HE Man recognized the sheriff of his own county—a man whose record of efficiency as an officer of the law had long since been written in letters of blood.

The outcast flattened himself yet closer to the earth, visions of grim walls and iron bars torturing his confused brain. Must his eleven days' awful struggle end in captivity? The thought of it kindled a new desperation in his heart.

The animal that is in all men was uppermost in the outcast. It served partly to master, to hold his terror in check, for cunning in animals is not unlike art in men. A fugitive from justice, wanted for a crime which, day on casual day for eleven such periods of torment, had by turns repelled, frightened and haunted him, the social outcast was at last at bay.

The tall sheriff came swinging slowly forward along the ridge. In a moment he was opposite the quarry. Through the apparently insufficient screen of outstanding branches he seemed to look squarely into the fugitive's eyes. For perhaps the tenth of a second he hesitated—then went on.

But the Man feared that he had in reality been seen, that the sheriff, believing him armed, had only feigned ignorance of his presence—was going straight to fetch his posse, the identical men he had seen encamped in the ravine. The fugitive was certain he knew. The sheriff's ruse was to avoid bloodshed by surrounding and overawing him. The terrible thought came to the Man like an electric flash, and simultaneously all compunction deserted him.

Every other consideration was instantly subordinated to the love of life. If he had not been essentially so before, in a twinkling the Man now became the animal wholly.

The sheriff had barely passed him when he bounded to his feet like a waiting tiger and swung his thick club. Came the supreme test of human quickness. Only the officer's keen ear warned him, for he had not caught sight of the fugitive in hiding. Like lightning the sheriff wheeled half round, his rifle at hip, but the descending club met him fair; he dropped inertly, his undischarged weapon still gripped in his hands.

The tramp-dog, coming up at the sound of the scuffle, stopped a few feet short of the gruesome object on the ground, sniffing warily, his forelegs forward as if to favor prompt retreat. The coarse hair on his fleshless back stood up like spines. He gave a single deep growl. His bloodshot eyes, oddly enough, were not on the motionless thing on the ground, but glaring at the Man, and in a way that was strangely sinister.

The sheriff's body was left where his slayer had so lately lain in hiding behind the hedge, only the corpse, as a matter of design, was somewhat better screened from observation.

The fugitive crawled a hundred yards through a weed patch, dropped into a little gully and descended toward thicker shelter. He was armed now with the spoil of his late conquest, a Winchester. The vagabond still followed him. The trickle of blood from the unhappy brute’s nose had ceased and he looked somewhat revived. Haply he had found water or a bite of food somewhere.

Soon the sun was down. The shadows deepened among the trees where the two strange fugitives, one by unexplainable choice, picked their way onward.

Once the psychological something that drove him forward in the face of nature's protests nearly forsook the Man. He sank to the ground cursing desperately in a voice that was woefully faint and wheezy and which seemed to belong to nothing that was human. It was not dissimilar to the death wail of some dying animal. The dog waited patiently


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This contribution to Socialist propaganda literature is not intended as a mere production for the passing moment, based, though it largely is, on a passing incident. The writer hopes it will grow in value, as an expose of Capitalism, as the Socialist movement grows. The Los Angeles tragedy is only one of the countless blots that stain a vicious arrangement of human society—a society that is openly perpetuated by strife and warfare. Were it necessary, volumes could be written of the awful tales of horror that Capitalism has been guilty of in all times. The object has been in this little offering to draw a comparative picture that will condemn class rule and its resulting wars. I trust that this humble effort will meet the approval of my comrades, and that it will be largely placed in the hands of non-Socialists and so stimulate them to a wider investigation of the Cause so dear to us.

HENRY M. TICHENOR.

Winfield, Kans.


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The press reported that a "wave of horror swept over the land when James B. McNamara confessed to blowing up the Los Angeles Times building and thereby destroying 21 lives."

This speaks volumes for the reputation of the working class.

The Wave of Horror vividly disclosed the fact that the world is not accustomed to tales of wholesale murder committed by members of the working class—that it was fairly stunned to realize that workingmen—wage slaves—should do so foul a deed.

I am not going into the details or into any resume of the case—that has been amply exploited. Nor am I going into the pros and cons of probabilities or circumstantial aspects of the awful affair.

All the way from the absolute acceptance of the confession of James McNamara, that he is the lone guilty party, to the expressed opinion of those who assert that the whole thing is a monstrous frame-up engineered from start to finish to destroy the trades union movement, the inside facts of which may never be known, I leave to conjecture.

That the trick was turned at the psychological moment when the Los Angeles election seemed like a victory for the working class; that unusual and unheard of leniency towards the self-confessed dynamiters was openly published before the judge pronounced the sentence, I will not here attempt to explain; that such remarkable predictions as the following, clipped from one of the many remarkable press reports from Los Angeles the day of the judge's sentence, and which says: "If


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 16 of our Fellows, Dr. Hamey, whose name deserves to be ever remembered, became however their purchaser, and afterwards gave them to his col- leagues. Harvey himself contributed munificently to the substantial welfare of the College. A few years before his death "the Fellows," we are told "attended at the College when the doors were thrown open, and Harvey, receiving his assembled colleagues in the new muscum, made over to them on the spot the title-deeds and his whole interest in the building," which, says Aubrey, was a noble building of Roman architecture, containing "a great parlour, a kind of convocation room for the Fellows to meet in below, and a library above." This gift preceded that of his patrimonial estatc with which the establishment of this oration is connected. From these particulars, drawn from that excellent work, the "College Roll," from the pen of our esteemed collcague Dr. Munk, it is brought home to us how vastly altered the position of the College now is; and I think I shall stand in accord with the opinion of others when I say that I consider the best kind of benefaction that


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 17 can be in the present age bestowed is such as I have had to commemorate to-day-one that con- fers upon the College the power of contributing towards making us, through the acquisition of increased knowledge, more efficient agents in the exercise of our calling.

The next part of my duty is to exhort the Fellows and Members of this College "to search and study out the secrets of nature by way of experiment." These are the directions I am to follow, and they give me a wide field to select a course of procedure from. The kind of exhorta- tion I shall employ will consist in placing before you a view of the method of work which IIarvey himself adopted, and then, as an incentive to follow his example, I will display some of the fruit yielded by recent research conducted upon the lines of his procedure.

The object to be promoted is the acquirement of additional knowledge. It is an old but true saying that knowledge is power. We accept the doctrine which comes to us in definite shape from no less ancient an authority than Aristotle, that there is


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 the men live and prove exemplary prisoners they will come under the operation of the parole law in seven years," that all these things may appear strange and extraordinary, I will not here discuss.

We can do a lot of guessing and that is all. Only future developments, and they may fail, can unravel this most mysterious of criminal cases, from the kidnapping at Indianapolis to the sensational confessions at Los Angeles.

I rest on the premise that James McNamara blew up the Times building and slaughtered 21 men because he says he did.

I admit the savor of "a nigger in the woodpile," but at present nobody outside the star chamber can smell him out.

What I wish to call attention to is the fact that this Wave of Horror swept the land over the confession of a workingman that he did this killing.

It's quite a rarity, is this wave of horror sentiment over wholesale murder. We understand now why it is a rarity—it is because workingmen are not in the habit of doing wholesale murder on their own account.

Wholesale and retail murder to get an enemy out of the way has always been the pleasant pastime of the ruling class.

No particular wave of horror accompanies their bloody game.

Nay, statues are erected, and lauding histories are written of the ruling class murderers.

War for plunder has been just as respectable as Sunday schools in the eyes of Christian rulers for nineteen centuries.

No Wave of Horror when the trusts wanted the Philippine Islands and the only way to get them was to murder the natives into subjection.


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 29 classic straits of Euripus. Truly, indeed, may it be asserted that our ancestors stand in the twofold position of our parents with respect to age, our children with respect to knowledge.

It was not without opposition that Harvey's views were received; and the high position in his profession he had attained did not suffice to pre- vent his escape from the effect of the prejudice against innovation entertained by the multitude. Aubrey tells us he had "heard him say that after his book on the circulation of the blood came out he fell mightily in his practice; 'twas believed by the vulgar that he was crack-brained, and all the physitians were against him." Harvey lived, how- ever, to see his doctrine generally accepted. But, such are the vicissitudes of time, that in our day an attempt has been made to deprive him of the title of discoverer of the circulation and give it to an Italian physician, pino, because it has been found that a few words of what he wrote can be construed into suggesting that a conception of the circulation existed in his mind. Most ably and successfully have my predecessors in the delivery


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 40 may be chosen and the organic product, whether milk or any other article, remains without under- going change.

The step from the action exerted by bacteria as agents exciting the decomposition of organic products to that which brings them before us as a source of discase is not a great one. In the one case they lead to change which would not otherwise occur, and in the other they disturb the order of changes naturally taking place and thus induce an abnormal state; and although there is nothing in their morphological characters to show the reason, different trains of phenomena-in other words different diseases-are occasioned by different kinds of bacilli.

It is in the group of disorders falling under the denomination of contagious or infectious febrile diseases, a form of disease taken in its entirety constituting one of the greatest scourges besetting the human race, that we are brought most manifestly into contact with bacilli. Very diverse views have been held at different times regarding the nature and mode of production of the affections belonging


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 THE

HARVEIAN ORATION.

1886.

MR. PRESIDENT,

COLLEAGUES, AND GENTLEMEN,

My instructions are explicit. Once every year, said Harvey, in the deed of conveyance of his patrimonial estate as a gift to the College, some one shall make an oration publickly in the College, "wherein shall be a commemoration of all the benefactors of the said College by name, and what in particular they have done for the benefit of the said College, with an exhortation to others to imitate those Benefactors and to contribute their endeavours for the advancement of the Society, according to the example of those Benefactors,


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51 centive, following the words of Harvey, "to search and study out the Secrets of Nature by way of experiment."


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 Num. 135.

May 26. 1677.

The CONTENTS.

SIR,

Do not know, whether in your Transactions you have any where taken notice of that unusual Meteor which happened on Wednesday Sept. 20th. last past, about Seven of the clock at night or soon after; which, though it seemed very low, was


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I came next unto my father after, me thoughte it both conuenient and necessary, to shew him your letter. Conuenient, that he might thereby see your loving labour taken for him. Necessarye, that sith he might perceive therby, that if he stande still in this scruple of hys conscience, (as it is at the least wyse called by many that are his frendes and wyfe) all his frendes that seme most able to dooe him good, either shall finally forsake him, or peradventure not be hable in dede to do him anye good at all. And for these causes, at my next being with him after your letter received, when I had a while talked with him, fyrst of his diseases bothe in his breste of olde, and his reynes nowe, by reason of gravell and stone, and of the crampe also that dyvers nights grypeth hym in hys legges, and that I found by his wordes that they wer not much encreased, but continued after theyr manner that they did before, sometime very sore and sometime little grief, and that at that time I found him out of payn, and as one in his case mighte, metelye well minded, after our vii psalmes and the litany, saide, to sit and talke and be merye, begynning first with other thinges, of the good coumfort of my mother, and the good order of my brother, and all my sisters, disposing themself every day more and more to set little by the world, and drawe more and more to God, and that his housholde, hys neighbors, and other good frendes abrode, diligently remembered him in their prayers, I added unto this; I pray God, good father, that their prayers, and ours, and your owne therewith, may purchase of God the grace


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 378 AUGUST STARCKE

(sects, war, sleep). On the other hand, the regressive solitary type of individual is suppressed at once by society {as far as he does not know how to use society for his own purpose!). If it breaks through regardless of this resistance, then this proves a stronger energy of the regressive or progressive occurrence, a condition which psycho-analysis traces back to early acquired fixations in definite stages (dififerent for each syndrome) of development of the impulses. Psycho-analysis, in considering this quantitative diffe- rence, interests itself in the analogous phenomena exhibited by normal people. The mental life of the normal person is a symphony of single performances of the various stages of development. Some of the stages, like sleep, are extremely deep regressions, surpassing the severest psychoses in depth and, strange to say, often absent in these latter, "-"i? <-m M^t'r-'H'.i^ ••■- ---i-- -(■■•■■ ■•' ;' ■ ■ '

III

METAPHRENIA "^.^'

Since there exists a state of conflict between mental patients and society it behoves science to subject society to an investigation in order to facilitate an impartial study. --:» S/'H'

What is this society that we find as the co-ordinating axis when we attempt to arrive at the concept of 'mental disease'.? Here the matter is obviously different from the neuroses. There we found as object of comparison the picture of the ideal normal human being composed of the various ideal aspects of reality. An ideal society has not yet been created, on tlie contrary all are agreed that much of society is valueless. Many thinkers — I need only mention Carpenter and Ruskin— were not afraid to compare present- day civilisation with a disease. Actually at the present time it is easy to hold this opinion. The civihsation of the white race is a morbid one.

The gains won by civilisation are of course very important: ■^an improved defence against enemies from other realms of nature, and a more intensive utilisation of the natural sources of life, these together leading to a considerable extension of the duration of life. Many people, however, will not look upon material advantages as the most important gain, but upon the feelings of security and superiority which permit the civilised human being


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168 except to contest the control of a student activity with some other fraternity. There were a few “brothers” that Hugh liked, but most of them were not his kind at alL Many of them were athletes taken into the fraternity because they were athletes and for no other reason, and although Hugh liked two of the athletes—they were really splendid fel¬ lows—he was forced to admit that three of them were hardly better than thugs, cheap muckers with fine bodies. Then there were the snobs, usually prep school men with more money than they could handle wisely, utterly contemptuous of any man not belonging to a fraternity or of one belonging to any of the lesser fraternities. These were the “smooth boys,” interested primarily in clothes and “parties,” passing their courses by the aid of tutors or fra¬ ternity brothers who happened to study.

Hugh felt that he ought to like all of his fra¬ ternity brothers, but, try as he would, he disliked the majority of them. Early in his sophomore year be knew that he ought to have “gone” Delta Sigma Delta, that that fraternity contained a group of men whom he liked and respected, most of them at least. They were n’t prominent in student ac¬ tivities, but they were earnest lads as a whole, trying hard to get something out of college.

The Nu Delta meetings every Monday nighi were a revelation to him. The brothers wen openly bored; they paid little or no attention to th<


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Rh vas that when he told Carl about Slade’s talk, Carl seemed to understand perfectly, though he never Dft'ered a satisfactory explanation.

“I know how he feels,” Carl said, “and I’m iwfully glad he butted in and pulled you away. [’d hate to see you messing around with bags like
 * hat myself, and if I had n’t been drunk I would n’t

lave let you. I’m more grateful to him than you ire. Gee! I’d never have forgiven myself,” he included fervently.

Just when the incident was beginning to occupy ess of Hugh’s thoughts, it was suddenly brought lack with a crash. He came home from the gymlasium one afternoon to find Carl seated at his lesk writing. He looked up when Hugh came in, ore the paper into fragments, and tossed them into he waste-basket.

“Guess I’d better tell you,” he said briefly. “I vas just writing a note to you.” “Tome? Why?”

Carl pointed to his suit-case standing by the
 * enter-table.

“That’s why.”

“Going away on a party?”

“My trunk left an hour ago. I’m going away or good.” Carl’s voice was husky, and he spoke pith an obvious effort.

Hugh walked quickly to the desk. “Why, old


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264 have a farewell dance at the house after the c cert.” Hugh pleaded earnestly; but someh down in his heart he wished that she would stay.

“I know, but I Ve got to go. Let’s go sor where-out in the woods where we can talk withi being disturbed.”

Still protesting, he led her out of the hou across the campus, past the lake, and into the woo Finally they sat down on a smooth rock.

“I ’m awfully sorry to bust up your party, Hugl Cynthia began slowly, “but I’ve been doing so thinking, and I’ve just got to beat it.” She pauf a moment and then looked him square in the ey “Do you love me?”

For an instant Hugh’s eyes dropped, and tl he looked up and lied like a gentleman. “Yes,” said simply; “I love you, Cynthia.”

She smiled almost wearily and shook her he; “You are a good egg, Hugh. It was white of y to say that, but I know that you don’t love r You did yesterday, but you don’t now. Do y realize that you have n’t asked to kiss me to-day

Hugh flushed and stammered: “I—I’ve got awful hang-over, Cynthia. I feel rotten.”

“Yes, I know, but that is n’t why you did n’t m to kiss me. I know all about it. Listen, Hugl She faced him bravely. “I’ve been running w: a fast crowd for three years, and I’ve learned


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 battel; of Cortesius that found out new Countryes: of Magellanus that found out new Seas: of Andrea D'Oria who beat the French by Sea: of Gaston de Foix who had beat the Spaniards by land if he had but known how to use his Victory: of the Duke of Alva, who onely lamented denying that he had never fought a pitch'd Battel with the Turks: of Anne de Montmorency, who dying, was glad to die in a pitch'd Battel against the Hugonots: of Eccelino the Paduan Tyrant, of whom no man can Speak any good: of Castrucio of whom no man can speake any ill; with a world of other brave Heroes, with whose true lookes I was very glad to be acquainted. Among the Pictures of the learned Men I took particular notice of these Italians, to wit, Petrarch, Ariosto, Joannes Casa, Poggio, Macchiavel, Guiciardin, Paulo Jovio, Sannazario, Bocaccio, Platina, Brunelleschi, Michael Angelo, Raphael Urbin, Columbus, Americus, and Galileo, with many others too long to relate, and too many to be re-


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 No Wave of Horror when the Christian capitalists of this country—I believe the whole bunch claim to be Christians—if there is a heathen among them, I beg to be corrected—shot down the workingmen at Homestead, at Pullman, at Cripple Creek or the Coeur d'Alene.

Not a wave went forth from pulpit, press or justice-bench. at these horrors.

Murder looks all right, if only the "upper classes" commit it, or hire thugs to do it for them.

The thing has been so damnably common and universal that the conscience and horse-sense of the race has become thoroughly seared and benumbed by centuries of atrocities committed by the master class.

Two hundred and sixty-four miners killed in the coal mines at Cherry, because the capitalist mine owners had wantonly refused to protect the mines according to the mining laws of Illinois;

Nobody went to the pen.

A hundred and forty seven working girls burned to a crisp in a shirt waist fire trap in New York;

No Wave of Horror big enough to sentence anybody for this.

The New York courts acquitted the owners of the fire trap.

Waves of horror do not sweep that way.

What is war but murder?

You don't believe me? Listen to what Senator Chauncey M. Depew once said. He was not a Socialist, as you are doubtless aware. Mr. Depew said at a republican convention a few years ago:

What is the tendency of the future? Why this war in South Africa? Why this hammering at the gates of Pekin? Why these


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 parades of people from other empires and other lands? The American people produce two thousand million dollars' worth more than we consume, and we have met the emergency, and by the providence of God, by the statesmanship of William McKinley and by the valor of Roosevelt and his associates, we have our market in China, we have our market in Porto Rico, we have our market in Hawaii, we have our market in the Philippines".

How do you like that sort of news, you chloroformed victim of the greatest aggregation of saints that ever composed a God-fearing, Christian nation?

We produce "two thousand million dollars' worth more that we can consume" and so we go out to murder and call it war, and preachers pray God to help our side—to help us butcher "the enemy"—so we can sell the things our own workingmen and women are too poor to buy.

Does any Wave of Horror sweep over you when you meditate on this?

It's awful to think that James McNamara could have blown up the Los Angeles Times building and kill 21 men, even though he thought the building was owned by an enemy of his and his craft.

Mind, I admit all this with you—I abhor murder.

But what of your "Christian" government murdering the Filipinos so we could sell them the goods the wage earners of America created, but did not own?

This is all right, isn't it?

Didn't Chauncey Depew, and he a devout Christian, say it was?

He said it was fine—said it was a "providence of God," and didn't need any wave of horror to follow in the wake. As the poet puts it,


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Printed in the People's Republic of China


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 Contents

Preface

The discovery of the atom and the subsequent development and utilization of nuclear energy have given a new impetus to the progress of humanity and greatly enhanced our ability to understand and shape the world. Yet nuclear energy has associated risks and challenges. To better utilize nuclear energy and achieve greater progress, we must properly respond to the challenges it poses and ensure nuclear safety.

In the early days of the People's Republic of China, due to the requirement for national development, the Chinese government made a major decision to develop and utilize nuclear energy, officially launching its nuclear industry. Over the past 70


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 years, China's nuclear industry has grown from scratch, developed steadily, and formed a complete system, which has made an important contribution to ensuring energy security, protecting the environment, improving people's living standards, and promoting high-quality economic development. China has always regarded nuclear safety as an important national responsibility, and integrated it into the entire process of nuclear energy development and utilization. It has always developed the nuclear industry subject to considerations of safety, implemented regulation in accordance with the strictest standards, and adapted to the new requirements of the nuclear industry. China's nuclear industry has always developed in line with the latest safety standards and maintained a good safety record, pursuing an innovation-driven path of nuclear safety with Chinese characteristics.

Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, China's nuclear industry has entered a new period of safe and efficient development. President Xi Jinping proposed a rational, coordinated and balanced nuclear safety strategy, placing equal emphasis on development and safety, and advocating building a community of shared future for global nuclear safety – he has pointed out the direction for China's nuclear safety for a new era, and provided the Chinese approach to international cooperation in the development and utilization of nuclear energy, and to lasting global nuclear safety. Under the guidance of this strategy, China has gradually built a nuclear safety governance system with legal norms, administrative regulation, industry self-discipline, technical support, personnel support, cultural guidance, public participation, and international cooperation as the pillars. The guarantee of nuclear safety is stronger.

China is an important advocate, promoter and participant in building a fair, collaborative and mutually beneficial international nuclear safety system. It has done a good job in ensuring its own nuclear safety, fulfilled its international obligations, and promoted bilateral and multilateral cooperation on nuclear safety. We have actively promoted the peaceful use of nuclear energy for the benefit of all humanity and contributed China's wisdom and strength to global nuclear safety governance.

This white paper is being released to introduce China's approach to nuclear safety, elaborate on its basic principles and policies, share the concepts and practices of regulation, and clarify China's determination to promote global nuclear safety governance and the actions it has taken to achieve this.

I. Following a Rational, Coordinated and Balanced Nuclear Safety Strategy


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 On March 24, 2014, at the third Nuclear Security Summit in The Hague, the Netherlands, President Xi Jinping proposed a rational, coordinated and balanced nuclear safety strategy. China's nuclear safety strategy is the embodiment of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era in the nuclear field, an important element of China's overall national security framework, and a major innovation in the theory of nuclear safety governance. The strategy is an important milestone in promoting international nuclear safety. It lays out the principles and methods for addressing the fundamental issues of global nuclear safety governance and building a community of shared future for nuclear safety.

The kernel of China's nuclear safety strategy is the "Four Emphases". Systematically promoting nuclear safety in an all-round way is the main purpose of China's nuclear safety strategy, which is embodied in equal emphasis on development and safety, rights and obligations, independent efforts and coordination, and symptoms and root causes.

– We should place equal emphasis on development and safety, and develop the nuclear industry in a context of guaranteed safety. Development is the foundation of safety, while safety is a precondition of development. Development and safety are the basic requirements of humanity for the peaceful use of nuclear energy. We should uphold the concept of seeking safety for development and promoting development with safety, so that the two objectives can be integrated and mutually reinforcing. Only by achieving better development can we truly control safety risks; and only by guaranteeing safety can nuclear energy achieve sustainable development.

– We should place equal emphasis on rights and obligations, and promote international nuclear safety on the basis of respect for the rights and interests of all countries. States should effectively fulfill their obligations under the international legal instruments on nuclear safety, fully implement the relevant resolutions of the United Nations Security Council, and consolidate and develop the existing legal framework for nuclear safety. At the same time, we should adhere to the principle of fairness and uphold pragmatism in respecting the right of all countries to adopt their own nuclear safety policies and measures suited to their national conditions, and respecting their right to protect sensitive nuclear safety information.

– We should place equal emphasis on independent efforts and coordination, and seek universal nuclear safety with a mutually beneficial approach. Nuclear safety is first and foremost a national issue, and the primary responsibility should be borne by the government of each country. Governments should understand and undertake their responsibilities, and be responsible not only to themselves but also to the world. They should strengthen coordination, make joint


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 efforts, share achievements, and seek mutual benefit. We should benefit from and contribute to nuclear safety, and endeavor to globalize nuclear safety.

– We should place equal emphasis on symptoms and root causes, and comprehensively promote nuclear safety by eliminating the root causes of risk. We will improve nuclear safety policy measures, develop modern and low-risk nuclear energy, maintain a balance between supply and demand in nuclear materials, strengthen non-proliferation efforts and export control, further international cooperation against nuclear terrorism, and eliminate potential dangers to nuclear safety and risks of nuclear proliferation. All countries should work together to develop harmonious and friendly relations, create a peaceful and stable international environment, and solve the problems of nuclear terrorism and proliferation from the root, thus realizing the lasting safety and development of nuclear energy.

China practices peaceful use of nuclear energy on the basis of ensuring safety, which responds to the needs of the people today and will not leave any risk or cause harm to future generations. This practice will guarantee the sustainable development of human civilization.

The basic principles of China's nuclear safety are: putting safety first and exercising nuclear safety governance in accordance with the law, focusing on risk prevention and implementing defense-in-depth, ensuring clear lines of responsibility and independent regulation, and practicing strict management and providing comprehensive guarantees.

– Putting safety first and exercising nuclear safety governance in accordance with the law. We should establish the concept that safety is of the utmost importance and ensure that nuclear safety is the paramount consideration in decision-making. We will continue to improve the system of laws and regulations on nuclear safety, and ensure that nuclear energy is developed and utilized in accordance with the law.

– Focusing on risk prevention and implementing defense-in-depth. We should concentrate our efforts on eliminating potential risks and preventing nuclear accidents through mature design, high-quality construction, and sound operational management. Following the principle of defense-in-depth, we set up multiple barriers and multiple forms of protection, and strengthen the integrity, independence, and effectiveness of preventative measures.

– Ensuring clear lines of responsibility and independent regulation. Nuclear facility operating organizations shall take overall responsibility for safety. The national nuclear safety regulatory body implements independent regulation; the nuclear industry and energy authorities, and other relevant authorities are responsible for the management of nuclear safety in accordance with the division of duties.


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 – Practicing strict management and providing comprehensive guarantees. We should strictly implement nuclear safety laws, regulations and standards, and carry out regulation through administrative licensing, technical review, surveillance, and law enforcement. We will establish a coordination mechanism for nuclear safety, improve the relevant policies and regulations, formulate and implement relevant plans, foster a nuclear safety culture, and strengthen resource allocation and capacity building, so as to ensure comprehensive nuclear safety.

II. Building a Policy and Legal Framework on Nuclear Safety

China is a leading country in the application of nuclear energy and technologies. Nuclear safety is critical to national security, and the corresponding policies and laws are the cornerstone of nuclear safety. To achieve optimal management of nuclear safety, China employs the highest standards and strictest requirements in shaping the policy and legal framework, implementing a national strategy, making medium- and long-term plans, and improving laws and regulations concerning nuclear safety.

Formulating a national nuclear safety strategy. China treats the development and utilization of nuclear energy as an important strategy to boost economic and social development and build a beautiful China, including it in the country's medium- and long-term plans for national economic and social development. Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, and particularly since reform and opening up, China has committed itself to prioritizing nuclear safety and maintaining a balance between safety and development throughout the stages of initial, early, active, and safe and efficient development.

Making medium- and long-term development plans for nuclear safety. China makes medium- and long-term development plans for nuclear safety every five years under the framework of the Five-year Plan for National Economic and Social Development. It has released the 12th Five-year Plan for Nuclear Safety and Radioactive Pollution Prevention and Control and Vision for 2020, and the 13th Five-year Plan for Nuclear Safety and Radioactive Pollution Prevention and Control and Vision for 2025, analyzing the situation, clarifying guidelines and principles, and defining goal indicators, key tasks and projects, and supportive measures for nuclear safety. These plans have helped to coordinate all efforts to ensure nuclear safety and effectively improved our nuclear safety and regulatory capacity.


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 is but within a few Days that I have seen Examples of this kind, in Families within the reach of a little enquiry. One has four Children left out of twenty-four; another two out of eighteen, another three out of twenty-two; and so of many more; whereas T C, a Man of Virtue and Temperance, within the reach of my own Acquaintance, has had thirteen Children, and never buried one, but at ninety Years of Age sees them all grown Men and Women, healthy, strong, fruitful, and full of Children of their own.

G D, another antient, grave, and religious Gentleman, had but four Children, his Wife dying young, and himself living single afterwards to a great Age, saw those four, being all Daughters, bring forth just eighty Children, and had at one time One hundred and thirteen of his Children, Grand-Children and Great Grand-Children, dining with him at his Table.

are some of the Examples of Temperance and Modesty, which assist to a strong Constitution, whose Vigour extended in the Course of Nature, multiplies much more than the Heats of an outrageous Flame, and leaves a Tincture of Health and vigorous Spirits upon their Posterity; whereas a tainted Soul, corrupting the Mass of Blood with Vice and Lewdness, brings a Generation of diseased and distempered Animals, fit to be sent to an Hospital, Cradle and all, and calling for Physicians, and the help of Art, even before they can be fairly said to live.

is true, I do not place this all to the Account of the two particular Branches of Intemperance and Excess only, which are mentioned


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 {| class="_tbl" ! Development Stage ! Plans for National Development ! Goals for Nuclear Energy Development ! Nuclear Power Projects Launched ! Nuclear Safety Strategic Goals ! scope="row" rowspan="2"|Initial development stage ! scope="row" | Early development stage ! scope="row" rowspan="2"| Early development stage
 * +Table 1 China's Nuclear Energy Development and Safety Strategy
 * The Sixth Five-year Plan for National Economic and Social Development (1981-1985)
 * Building a 300 MW nuclear power station
 * Developing equipment for this nuclear power station
 * Qinshan Nuclear Power Plant, Unit 1
 * rowspan="2"| A nuclear safety regulatory system in line with international standards and regulatory models is put in place to exercise independent regulation.
 * The Seventh stage Five-year Plan for National Economic and Social Development (1986-1990)
 * Building nuclear power stations step by step with a targeted focus
 * Daya Bay Nuclear Power Plant, Units 1, 2
 * The Seventh stage Five-year Plan for National Economic and Social Development (1986-1990)
 * Building nuclear power stations step by step with a targeted focus
 * Daya Bay Nuclear Power Plant, Units 1, 2
 * Daya Bay Nuclear Power Plant, Units 1, 2
 * Daya Bay Nuclear Power Plant, Units 1, 2
 * The Ten-year Program (1991-2000) and the Eighth Early Five-year Plan for development National Economic stage and Social Development (1991-1995)
 * Encouraging the balanced development of hydropower and thermal power and the proper development of nuclear power based on local conditions
 * Focusing on building Qinshan Nuclear Power Plant Phase II in the five years from 1991
 * Developing 600 MW nuclear power units
 * Building, expanding and transforming large and medium-scale hydropower, thermal power, and nuclear power stations step by step
 * Qinshan Nuclear Power Nuclear Power Plant Phase II, Units 1, 2, 3, 4
 * The principle of safety and quality first, and prioritizing safety in the development of nuclear energy is always upheld.
 * Qinshan Nuclear Power Nuclear Power Plant Phase II, Units 1, 2, 3, 4
 * The principle of safety and quality first, and prioritizing safety in the development of nuclear energy is always upheld.
 * The Ninth Five-year Plan for National Economic and Social Development (1996-2000) and Vision for 2010
 * Implementing the principle of supporting the balanced development of hydropower and thermal power and the proper development of nuclear power based on local conditions
 * Promoting the peaceful use of nuclear technologies with a focus on developing nuclear power and the nuclear fuel cycle
 * Carrying out R&D into the application of low-temperature nuclear heat
 * Ling'ao Nuclear Power Plant, Units 1, 2
 * Qinshan Nuclear Power Plant, Phase III, Units 1, 2
 * Tianwan Nuclear Power Plant, Units 1, 2
 * rowspan="2"|The principle of safety and quality first, and prioritizing safety in the development of nuclear energy is always upheld.
 * The 10th Five-year Plan for National Economic and Social Development (2001-2005)
 * Properly developing nuclear power
 * Supporting the development of new and efficient power generation equipment such as large gas turbines, pumped storage units, and nuclear power units
 * Ling'ao Nuclear Power Plant, Units 3, 4
 * }
 * Properly developing nuclear power
 * Supporting the development of new and efficient power generation equipment such as large gas turbines, pumped storage units, and nuclear power units
 * Ling'ao Nuclear Power Plant, Units 3, 4
 * }
 * }


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 in this Chapter, but to the whole practice of immodest and indecent Actions, the product of extravagant Desires, mentioned in the Chapters foregoing; for being now at the close of the Account, (and 'tis time I were, for it is a black Account indeed) the Application refers to the whole, (viz.) the general Immodesty of the Day, as practised among married People, and pleaded for, vindicated and defended, under the cover and protection of the sacred Office, and under the pretence of being lawful, because within the Bounds of Matrimony.

do I pretend that I have yet gone through all the Branches of this dirty Practice; the Wickedness is dispersed among a vast variety of Causes and Circumstances, as it is among abundance of People; not a Back-door, but the corrupt Blood, the Offspring of a corrupt Race sally out at, and which Way soever you look, you may see daily new Indecencies, not only acted but contrived, studied and found out, in order to gratify the Vice, and lay us open to the Scourge of the Satyr.

is time to combat an Evil that is thus growing upon us, and that encroaches under the Protection of so many specious and plausible Outsides: One pleads Nature, another Law, another Necessity, all of them Things that have their additional Pretences as hard to answer as the Offenders pretend they are to resist. It is not easie to persuade them that they offend; and if they seem to be convinced that they do, 'tis yet with such Extenuations, such Excuses, and such apparent Inclinations to continue the Practice, that there is scarce room to hope for any Amendment.


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{| class="_tbl" ! Development Stage ! Plans for National Development ! Goals for Nuclear Energy Development ! Nuclear Power Projects Launched ! Nuclear Safety Strategic Goals ! scope="row"|Active development stage ! scope="row" rowspan="2"|Safe and efficient development stage
 * The 11th Five-year Plan for National Economic and Social Development (2006-2010)
 * Actively developing nuclear power
 * Hongyanhe Nuclear Power Plant, Units 1, 2, 3, 4
 * Ningde Nuclear Power Plant, Units 1, 2, 3, 4
 * Fuqing Nuclear Power Plant, Units 1, 2, 3, 4
 * Yangjiang Nuclear Power Plant, Units 1, 2, 3, 4
 * Fangjiashan Nuclear Power Plant, Units 1, 2
 * Sanmen Nuclear Power stage Plant, Units 1, 2
 * Haiyang Nuclear Power Plant, Units 1, 2
 * Taishan Nuclear Power Plant, Units 1, 2
 * Changjiang Nuclear Power Plant, Units 1, 2
 * Fangchenggang Nuclear Power Plant, Units 1, 2
 * The sustainable development of nuclear energy can only be achieved by ensuring nuclear safety which is an important part of national security.
 * Fangchenggang Nuclear Power Plant, Units 1, 2
 * The sustainable development of nuclear energy can only be achieved by ensuring nuclear safety which is an important part of national security.
 * The 12th Five-year Plan for National Economic and Social Development (2011-2015)
 * Ensuring efficient development of nuclear power on the basis of safety
 * Giving priority to the development of nuclear power in eastern coastal and some middle regions while strengthening regulation to ensure nuclear and radiation safety
 * HTGR pilot project
 * Tianwan Nuclear Power Plant, Units 3, 4
 * Yangjiang Nuclear Power Plant, Units 5, 6
 * Hongyanhe Nuclear Power Plant, Units 5, 6
 * Tianwan Nuclear Power Plant, Units 5, 6
 * Fuqing Nuclear Power Plant, Units 5, 6
 * Fangchenggang Nuclear Power Plant, Units 3, 4
 * rowspan="2"|China upholds a rational, coordinated and balanced nuclear safety strategy with commitment to strengthening the country's nuclear safety capacity and the government's capacity for nuclear safety regulation, invest more in R&D of nuclear safety technologies and human resources, and foster a nuclear safety culture.
 * }
 * rowspan="2"|China upholds a rational, coordinated and balanced nuclear safety strategy with commitment to strengthening the country's nuclear safety capacity and the government's capacity for nuclear safety regulation, invest more in R&D of nuclear safety technologies and human resources, and foster a nuclear safety culture.
 * }


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{| class="_tbl" ! Development Stage ! Plans for National Development ! Goals for Nuclear Energy Development ! Nuclear Power Projects Launched ! Nuclear Safety Strategic Goals
 * rowspan="2" |
 * rowspan="2" |
 * The 13th Five-year Plan for National Economic and Social Development (2016-2020)
 * Building independent nuclear power pilot projects and programs along the coastal nuclear power belt
 * Accelerating the development of new-generation nuclear power equipment, small nuclear power systems, and civil nuclear analysis and imaging technologies
 * Starting a group of nuclear power projects along the coastal regions and accelerating the construction of Tianwan Nuclear Power Plant in phase III while advancing the preparation for inland nuclear power projects and the feasibility study for building large-scale commercial reprocessing plants. The future generating units are expected to have a total installed capacity of 58 GW, and those under construction have a total installed capacity of 30 GW.
 * Improving the safety of nuclear facilities and prevention and control of radioactive contamination, and strengthening the regulatory system and capacity for nuclear and radiation safety
 * }
 * The 13th Five-year Plan for National Economic and Social Development (2016-2020)
 * Building independent nuclear power pilot projects and programs along the coastal nuclear power belt
 * Accelerating the development of new-generation nuclear power equipment, small nuclear power systems, and civil nuclear analysis and imaging technologies
 * Starting a group of nuclear power projects along the coastal regions and accelerating the construction of Tianwan Nuclear Power Plant in phase III while advancing the preparation for inland nuclear power projects and the feasibility study for building large-scale commercial reprocessing plants. The future generating units are expected to have a total installed capacity of 58 GW, and those under construction have a total installed capacity of 30 GW.
 * Improving the safety of nuclear facilities and prevention and control of radioactive contamination, and strengthening the regulatory system and capacity for nuclear and radiation safety
 * }
 * }
 * }


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 we but conquer the avow'd open defending these Practices, it would be a great Point gain'd; Men would cease to insist upon the Justification of it, or to boast in the Facts: Could we but persuade them not to publish their own Shame, but to cease valuing themselves upon what they ought to blush at, this would give some room to hope for a Reformation of the Practice; we might promise our selves, that what they were once ashamed of they might perhaps, in time, think of reforming; at least, it wou'd be a Step towards it. But how shall we suppose L G, of shire, Esq; or his eminent Neighbour the Jce, should quit the Crimes which they meet without fail twice a Week to contemplate of, committing them over again in Imagination, least they should not be guilty enough, and forming an accumulated Guilt in their Souls, a Guilt which few People are wicked enough to understand, (viz.) once in the Fact, and again in the Reflection; instead of Repentance, committing the Crime again in the Mind, by thinking it over with Delight.

are Proficients in the Art of Sinning, that knowing how to offend in the most exquisite manner, are so far from Repentance, that, if they have any regret at all, it is that they know not how to be wickeder than they are, but rejoyce over the Opportunities they have, and wish for more.

than not be wicked, they will run lawful Things up to a criminal Excess, and make themselves Offenders when they need not.


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The President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST) is an advisory group of the nation’s leading scientists and engineers, appointed by the President to augment the science and technology advice available to him from inside the White House and from cabinet departments and other Federal agencies. PCAST is consulted about and often makes policy recommendations concerning the full range of issues where understandings from the domains of science, technology, and innovation bear potentially on the policy choices before the President. PCAST is administered by the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP).

For more information about PCAST, see ''' www.ostp.gov/cs/pcast. '''


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 is such a kind of pleasure in Crime, such a fondness of doing Evil, that I am persuaded the Devil does not come up to; the Devil does not commit Sin as a pleasure, but with other and farther Views, such as affronting  his supreme Governor, and who he hates on innumerable Accounts; ruining Man, the subject of his Envy; lessening the Authority of Heaven, and counteracting divine Providence; and such other hellish Ends and Reasons, for which he exerts himself in Crime to the utmost; and the Pleasure the Devil takes in Crime is no otherwise, but more or less, as it answers some of these hellish Designs, and aims at more.

my accurate Friend the 'Squire pleases himself in the meer Crime, laughs in the Satisfaction he finds in the very Enjoyment of Vice; like a Man that would Blow up a House, and the whole Family in it, for the meer Satisfaction of hearing the Bounce; and please himself with it afterward, upon the meer Pleasure of seeing the innocent Wife and Children fly up in the Air, and be dash'd in Pieces with the Fall.

Fact is not so bloody and cruel indeed, but the Principle is the same; he that can look back upon a hundred Adulteries, and act them all over again in his Imagination, with the same Pleasure as before, wishing for Occasions to commit a hundred more. I appeal to the learned Divines, who know what the meaning of that Text is, has committed Adultery with her already in his Heart, Matth. v. 28. whether such a Man is not really, tho' not actually, guilty of three hundred Adulteries, putting them all together.

is a particular Snare to these Men, in the Case I am upon, that they say the Crime


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 they are thus daily committing is no Crime, much less Adultery, and that it has a Cover for it, which they make their Refuge, and. under the Protection of which, they run out into all these Extravagancies with a kind of quietness and satisfaction upon their Soul, that is not easily to be described; this Covering is the Article of Marriage, the very Thing I am upon, and 'tis upon this very Account that this whole Book is written.

is under the Cover of Marriage, that these Excesses and Immodesties are committed. But under what Protection are they committed over again with the Tongue, boasting and talking lewdly of the Extravagancies they have committed? Of which I have this double Charge to lay against them, (viz.) In the first they sinn'd with their Wives; in the second without their Wives; nay, to carry it farther, in the first they sinn'd against Heaven, in the second against the sacred Ordinance of Marriage, and against the Wife also.

not to leave them room to Cavil at the Expression, I explain and insist upon it, that a decent concealing the conjugal Freedoms between a Man and his Wife, is a Debt due to Modesty as a Virtue, and to the Wife as she is a Woman. He that exposes those Things deserves no more the Name of a rational Creature, much less of a Man of Modesty, nay, hardly of a Man. In a word, he Sins against his Wife, and exposes himself, and the last most abominably.

will his Marriage cover either of these Crimes, but rather aggravate them, for, as I said, he Sins against the very Marriage it self: Marriage is a Contract of Liberty to lawful


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Author:Gilad Erdan

Works

 * Ambassador Gilad Erdan’s remarks to the UNSC (2020)
 * Ambassador Erdan's speech at the 75th UNGA
 * Ambassador Erdan's speech for the UN's 75th Anniversary

title: Author:Gilad Erdan


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Black, and Adriatic Seas. The government depends heavily on foreign-flag ships to carry the country's foreign trade; in 1972 Czechoslovak ships carried less than 10% of the 4.5 million tons of foreign seaborne trade.

Except for the merchant marine, for which there are no expansion plans, improvement and expansion of the transportation and telecom facilities are in various stages of planning or implementation. As to the railroads, main emphasis is being placed on improvement of the existing lines rather than on construction of new ones; major projects underway include the reconstruction and enlargement of rail junctions in several key centers and electrification of several lines between Prague and several main cities. The highway modernization program aims to eliminate serious bottlenecks, improve existing roads, and establish an expressway system of cross-country routes. A main objective is to have 80% of the national roadnet paved by 1975; long-range plans call for expressways from Prague to the borders of all adjacent countries by 1990. Inland-waterway transport improvements underway or planned include reconstruction of locks and dams, port modernization, new container terminals, and fleet improvement and expansion. Additional pipelines are under construction or planned for the near future. There are no known plans for expansion of the merchant fleet. Some improvement of military airfields is underway, particular emphasis being on construction and improvement of defense installations. Telecom projects seek to eliminate any obsolete intercity systems and establish an automated long-distance telephone service.

B. Strategic mobility (S)

Czechoslovakia's transportation systems would play a strategic role in the event that Warsaw Pact Forces were committed against Western Europe and the NATO central front forces. However, the rail, highway, and inland waterway systems do have shortcomings and vulnerable points. Although adequate for current economic needs, the well-developed rail system would be severely taxed to sustain large-scale military movements. Major military operations in and through the country would be seriously hampered by a lack of alternative east-west routes, too few north-south routes, and the difference in gages between Czechoslovak and Soviet railroads.

The most important rail route is the 593-mile double-track electrified line from the U.S.S.R. border at Cierna nad Tisou to the East German border at Dolni Zleb. It provides the only east-west rail route through Czechoslovakia into East Germany for Soviet military movements. Major interdiction points along the route are the larger classification yards at Cierna nad Tisou, Kosice, Ceska Trebova, Prague, and Usti nad Labem. Also vulnerable are the various large steel and concrete bridges crossing the Poprad, Vah, Morava, Elbe, and Vltava rivers. Special clearances on this line permit the use of U.S.S.R. rolling stock after Soviet-gage tracks are exchanged for standard-gage at the border. Should the need arise, Soviets could move more than 68,000 short tons of military supplies over this line in a 24-hour time period without disruption of civilian traffic.

A strategic north-south route runs along the Morava-Oder corridor from Ostrava, at the Polish border, to Bratislava, at the Hungarian border. This 164-mile double-track partly electrified line connects two of the country's major industrial areas and carries the greater share of international traffic from Poland to Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Yugoslavia. Capacity of this route is over 79,000 short tons per 24 hours. Major interdiction points on the route are: the classification yards at Ostrava, Prerov, and Bratislava; the 670-foot concrete-arch bridge over the Vydrica River at Bratislava; and the 380-foot steel-plate-girder bridge over the Becva River at Prerov.

Another strategically important route is the 55-mile broad-gage line from the U.S.S.R. through Vel'ke Kapusany to Haniska. This line, with a daily capacity of 15,000 short tons, provides the Soviets with a second high-capacity rail route into Czechoslovakia and provides an alternate route for bypassing the highly congested Chop (U.S.S.R.)-Cierna nad Tisou transloading complex. However, because of its lack of bypasses, the route is extremely vulnerable to military action.

The highway network would provide a viable transport alternative for strategic movement during the initial phase of any major military operation. Practically all of the major routes are paced, and bypasses have been constructed around many urban areas. However, prolonged movement by tracked vehicles and heavy trucks would seriously damage most road surfaces. The road pattern throughout the western and central parts of the country provides considerable flexibility for motorized forces, but movement in Slovakia, the eastern part of the country, would be curtailed by the lack of north-south routes and the generally mountainous terrain. Offroad dispersal in that area would be difficult or virtually impossible (Figure 1). Effective interdiction would be

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 tioned this; I should do Justice to the Practice of our own Country in those Cases, namely, that in such Compacts of Parents they are generally made thus, upon Condition that the young People like one another when they are grown up, and fit to come together.

has both Reason and Religion in it, and seems to be founded upon the great Principle of Liberty, both Civil and Ecclesiastick, which this Nation are happy in the Enjoyment of.

, it seems a kind of Tyranny over our Children, which we have no Power to exercise, to anticipate their Affections, and oblige them in their Infancy to take up with an Object they have no liking to, and bind them down here or there before-hand. I will not say, but it may indeed be a kind of bespeaking their Dislike from the natural Aversion which Men commonly have to every Thing which is imposed upon them, and to that irksome Thing call'd, Being Imposed upon.


text: A Treatise concerning the Use and Abuse of the Marriage Bed/Chapter 13


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Establishing a sound system of laws and industrial standards. China continues to strengthen the formulation of the laws on nuclear safety, under which administrative regulations and departmental rules dovetail with the law, the provisions of laws and regulations and technical standards complement each other, and central and local regulations combine to the best effect. This makes the full regulation of nuclear energy development and utilization possible, laying the foundations for the rule of law in this sector. In June 2003, the Law of the People's Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Radioactive Pollution was promulgated; in September 2017, the Nuclear Safety Law of the People's Republic of China was issued. By June 2019, China had enacted nine administrative regulations such as the Regulations on the Supervision and Administration of Civil Nuclear Facilities, the Regulations on the Supervision and Administration of Civil Nuclear Safety Equipment, the Regulations on Nuclear Material Control, and the Regulations on Emergency Management of Nuclear Accidents at Nuclear Power Plants. It had issued over 30 sets of departmental rules and 100 sets of safety guidelines, and formulated over 1,000 national and industry standards related to nuclear safety. Over 200 local regulations have been formulated by China's 31 provinces and equivalent administrative units. To update


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 legal standards and keep abreast with the most advanced international developments, we have reviewed and summarized domestic and overseas experience in nuclear safety, and closely tracked the latest safety standards of the International Atomic Energy Agency and countries with advanced nuclear technologies.

III. Ensuring Effective Regulation of Nuclear Safety

China treats nuclear safety as an important obligation of the state, and exercises unified regulation through special organizations and a regulatory system underpinned by independence, openness, the rule of law, rationality, and effectiveness. To ensure independent regulation of nuclear safety and enhance its authority and effectiveness, China has strengthened technical support and developed a professional team while modernizing the system and the regulatory capacity.

A three-pronged regulatory system. In China, unified regulation over the surveillance of nuclear safety, radiation safety, and the radiation environment is exercised independently, and a three-pronged regulatory system consisting of headquarters, regional offices and technical support organizations is in place. Established in 1984, the National Nuclear Safety Administration is responsible for the regulation of civil nuclear facilities, the formulation of nuclear safety policies, laws, regulations, standards, and plans, the implementation of nuclear safety license management, and the coordination of nuclear safety regulation across the country. To perform nuclear and radiation safety surveillance it has six regional offices in the north, east, south, southwest, northwest, and northeast of China. Professional technical support organizations such as the Nuclear and Radiation Safety Center and the Radiation Monitoring Technical Center provide technical support for nuclear safety review, independent verification, surveillance, law enforcement, and assessment of the radiation environment. Local governments at all levels regulate regional radiation safety through regulatory organizations or full-time/part-time regulators according to local conditions.

Comprehensive review and license management. The government has strengthened safety control of nuclear facilities, materials and activities and radioactive materials through comprehensive safety licensing and rigorous technical review. It exercises full life-cycle and phased license management over the siting, construction, operation, and decommissioning of nuclear power plants, research reactors, nuclear fuel cycle facilities, and facilities that handle the treatment, storage, and disposal of


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100 Orphan Hospital were uplifting with clear voices their morning hymn. The city was Flachsenfingen, the village Hukelum, the dog Schil, and the year of Grace 1791.

11 Manikin," said he to the Quintaner, for he liked to speak as Love, children, and the people of Vienna do, in diminutives, " Manikin, give me the bundle to the village : run about, and seek thee a little bird, as thou art thyself, and so have some- thing to pet too in vacation-time." For the manikin was at once his page, lackey, room-comrade, train-bearer and gentle- man-in-waiting ; and the Shock also was his manikin.

He slept slowly along, through the crisped cole-beds, over- laid with coloured beads of dew ; and looked at the bushes, out of which, when the morning wind bent them asunder, there seemed to start a flight of jewel-colibri, so brightly did they glitter. From time to time he drew the bell-rope of his whistle, that the manikin might not skip away too far ; and he shortened his league and half of road, by measuring it not in leagues, but in villages. It is more pleasant for pedestrians for geographers it is not to count by wersts than by miles. In walking, our Quintus farthermore got by heart the few fields, on which the grain was already reaped.

But now roam slower, Fixlein, through his Lordship's garden of Hukelum ; not, indeed, lest thy coat sweep away any tulip-stamina, but that thy good mother may have time to lay her Cupid's-band of black taffeta about her smooth brow. I am grieved to think my fair readers take it ill of her, that she means first to iron this same band : they cannot know that she has no maid ; and that today the whole Preceptorial dinner the money purveyances the guest has made over to her three days before is to be arranged and prepared by herself, without the aid of any Mistress of the Household whatever ; for indeed she belongs to the Tiers Etat, being neither more nor less than a gardener's widow.

You can figure how this true, warm-hearted mother may have lain in wait all morning for her Schoolman, whom she loved as the apple of her eye ; since, on the whole populous Earth, she had not (her first son, as well as her husband, was dead) any other for her soul, which indeed overflowed with love ; not any other but her Zebedaus. Could she ever tell


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 radioactive waste. The government implements license management over licensees that have nuclear materials, and over licensees that produce, sell and use radioisotope and radiation-emitting devices based on categories and levels of radiation. It performs approval and online monitoring over the transport of radioactive materials and implements license management over licensees that design, manufacture, install, and perform nondestructive testing of civil nuclear safety equipment, and licensees that design and manufacture containers for the transport of radioactive materials. A risk-informed and problem-oriented review system has been established, and efforts are being made to enhance the capacity of independent verification and calculations, probabilistic safety assessment, and risk assessment.

Whole-process surveillance and law enforcement. The government performs rigorous surveillance of nuclear facilities and units that are engaged in nuclear activities in accordance with the law, to ensure compliance with nuclear safety laws, regulations, standards, and licensing requirements. It carries out regular surveillance of units that operate nuclear facilities, manufacture nuclear safety equipment, and utilize nuclear technologies, covering all matters and activities in relation to nuclear safety such as design, purchasing, manufacturing, construction, operation, and decommissioning. The government performs on-site safety surveillance of key nuclear facilities and activities, urges enterprises in violation of relevant regulations to rectify, and punishes those that violate the law. It has initiated special programs to handle major cases caused by quality issues, taking resolute action against operations involving falsification and violation of regulations. A national platform has been set up for nuclear power plants and research reactors to share experience and information, to effectively ensure the safe operation of nuclear facilities.

Round-the-clock radiation environment monitoring. China has established a three-tier radiation environment monitoring system at state, provincial and municipal level, and three networks – national radiation environment monitoring, surveillance monitoring of radiation environment in the vicinity of key nuclear facilities, and nuclear and radiation emergency monitoring – to monitor radiation environment round-the-clock in all areas. As of June 2019, the state radiation environment monitoring network had 1,501 monitoring sites: 167 automatic monitoring sites for atmospheric radiation, 328 land sites, 362 soil sites, 477 inland water sites, 48 seawater sites, 85 electromagnetic radiation sites, and 34 marine life sites. There were also 46 radiation environment surveillance monitoring systems set up in the vicinity of key nuclear facilities as well as sites set up to monitor radioactivity in food.


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Improved nuclear and radiation emergency response. China has set up the National Nuclear Accident Emergency Coordination Committee, and formed a three-tier emergency response system at state and provincial level and also at nuclear facility operating organizations, to organize emergency response to nuclear and radiation accidents. The state has established an emergency management system and a response and action mechanism for radiation accidents, and an emergency monitoring and dispatch platform that covers the whole country. All provinces and equivalent administrative units have carried out radiation response drills to enhance their capacity in rapid response and proper action to different types of radiation accidents. China has a 300-member national nuclear emergency rescue team and 25 professional rescue units, 8 types of national nuclear emergency technical support centers, 3 fast support bases for nuclear accidents at nuclear power plants, and 17 medical centers for treating nuclear radiation injuries. Regular joint nuclear emergency drills are carried out to improve preparedness and response.

Stronger professional teams. To meet the requirements of the development of the nuclear sector and nuclear safety regulation, China has given top priority to strengthening the professional teams, to develop an "iron army" with strong political convictions, professional capacity, impeccable conduct and a strong sense of responsibility. They will work under pressure, persevere, and dedicate themselves to the cause of nuclear safety. A nuclear and radiation safety regulation team has been formed, consisting of 100 persons at the headquarters, 1,000 persons at the central level, and


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title: Author:William Boyd


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 nearly 10,000 persons nationwide. To cultivate leading figures in nuclear safety, the state has set up a national nuclear safety expert commission composed of 25 academicians of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Chinese Academy of Engineering, and more than 100 leading experts on nuclear safety. To develop the professional teams, China has enforced qualification management of nuclear safety professionals, strengthened the qualification management of nuclear facility operators, nuclear safety equipment welders, nondestructive testers, and other special posts, and required registered nuclear safety engineers for critical posts. China has established an education and training mechanism involving institutions of higher learning, research institutes, and enterprises, to expand the channels of professional training, strengthen the cultivation of nuclear safety professionals, and enhance their technical competence and safety awareness. As of June 2019, there were 72 universities in China running programs on nuclear engineering, of which 47 had separate schools on nuclear science, enrolling some 3,000 undergraduates in nuclear engineering each year.

Enhancing R&D in nuclear safety technology. China has included R&D in nuclear safety into national planning for scientific and technological programs, with a focus on work of a strategic nature for basic application and public good. China has established a National Research and Development Center for Nuclear and Radiation Safety Regulation, conducted research on key technologies of radiation environment monitoring and technical review, and employed new technology in review and


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 surveillance. The state encourages the nuclear industry to develop and apply advanced and reliable nuclear safety technology. Important results have been achieved in the technological research and demonstration projects on advanced reactors and supporting systems. A proprietary distributed control system (DCS) for nuclear power plants has been applied in the Hualong-1 demonstration project. The pressurized water reactor CAP1400 has made important breakthroughs. Demonstration projects in high temperature gas-cooled and sodium-cooled fast reactors are making headway, and R&D in small reactors for different applications are progressing smoothly. China is using more nuclear power equipment manufactured domestically, and working hard to increase its manufacturing capacity in nuclear power equipment. It has made steady progress to independently produce key equipment of GW-class nuclear power units, achieving key successes in the independent R&D and manufacturing of pressure vessels, steam generators, main pipelines, advanced nuclear fuels, nuclear-grade welding materials, and other key nuclear safety equipment and materials.

Full implementation of nuclear safety improvements. In the wake of the Fukushima nuclear accident in Japan, the Chinese government organized a nine-month safety inspection of the country's operating nuclear power plants, those under construction, research reactors, and other key nuclear facilities. The result showed a minimal possibility of nuclear accidents, as the sites of China's nuclear facilities had been selected with full consideration of extreme natural disasters such as earthquake, flood, and tsunami. Learning from Japan's lesson, the Chinese government has further enhanced its nuclear facility safety by implementing improvement plans for the short, medium, and long terms and by increasing nuclear facilities' capacity to resist external events and prevent and mitigate serious accidents.

IV. Maintaining High-Level Safety

China has maintained a good nuclear safety record for a long time – it ranks among the highest of all countries in terms of nuclear power safety operation indicators. Its safety level in the use of nuclear technology continues to improve, its nuclear material control is strong, and public health and environmental safety are fully guaranteed. In 2000, 2004, 2010 and 2016, the International Atomic Energy Agency conducted four comprehensive reviews of China's nuclear and radiation safety regulation, giving full recognition to China's good practices and experiences.

Safe and efficient nuclear power development. In accordance with the concept of multiple protective barriers and defense-in-depth, and with the aim of ensuring that


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 they are completely safe and reliable, China uses the most advanced technology and the most stringent standards for the development of nuclear power, and strictly manages the entire life cycle of nuclear facilities from siting, design, construction, and operation to decommissioning. Since 1985, when the first nuclear power plant on the Chinese mainland, the Qinshan Nuclear Power Plant, began construction, China has adopted safe and reliable reactor technology, and learned from the experiences and lessons of major nuclear accidents abroad to make safety improvements. The safety performance of the units is better guaranteed. After more than 30 years, China has achieved independent design, construction and operational capability in nuclear power, and entered a new stage of safe and efficient development. China took the lead in the construction and operation of the GW-class pressurized water reactor, AP1000, using advanced passive safety systems, and the European advanced pressurized water reactor, EPR. The Hualong-1 nuclear reactor, a product of independent research and development, ranks among the highest in the world in terms of safety design. Construction of the demonstration project is being carried out in accordance with the highest quality standards, making the Hualong-1 a highlight of China's "going global" strategy. By June 2019, China had 47 nuclear power units in operation, ranking third in the world, and 11 nuclear power units under construction, ranking first in the world. The performance indicators of nuclear power units are generally good. By June 2019, the industry had operated safely and stably for more than 300 reactor-years, and there had been no incidents or accidents at or above Level 2 under the International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale (INES). The incidence of Level 0 deviations and Level 1 anomalies had also decreased. In the comprehensive ranking of similar units of the World Association of Nuclear Operators (WANO) in recent years, operating units in China have performed above the world median for more than 80 percent of the indicators, and have reached the world advanced level for more than 70 percent of the indicators. In 2018, China led the world with 12 operating units achieving full marks in WANO composite index.


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Safe operation of other key nuclear facilities. Based on its own strength and drawing on advanced international experience, China has designed and developed


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 research reactors such as high-temperature gas-cooled reactors, fast reactors, small nuclear power reactors, molten salt reactors, and transmutation devices. Nineteen operating civil research reactors and critical assemblies maintain safe and stable operation. We have implemented the strategy of a closed nuclear fuel cycle and gradually established a complete nuclear fuel cycle system, including uranium mining and metallurgy, uranium conversion, uranium enrichment, processing of nuclear fuel elements, spent fuel reprocessing, and treatment and disposal of radioactive waste. Eighteen civil nuclear fuel cycle facilities and two low- and intermediate-level radioactive solid waste disposal sites have a good safety record.

Classification and safe disposal of radioactive waste. China implements radioactive waste classification: near-surface or medium-depth disposal of low- and intermediate-level radioactive waste in locations that meet the requirements of nuclear safety, and deep geological disposal of high-level radioactive waste in centralized locations. To ensure permanent safety, nuclear facility operating organizations and radioactive waste disposal organizations carry out minimization and decontamination of radioactive waste in accordance with the law. All provinces and equivalent administrative units have built urban radioactive waste repositories for centralized storage and proper disposal of radioactive waste produced by nuclear technology. We will continue to promote the safe storage and treatment of spent fuel, enhance our capacity in the treatment and disposal of radioactive waste, carry out the decommissioning and environmental restoration of uranium mining and metallurgical facilities, and standardize the environmental management of waste rock, waste water, tailings and slag in uranium mining and metallurgy, so as to ensure that radiation is maintained at safe levels.

Markedly improved safety in the use of nuclear technology. China implements dynamic management of radioactive sources from cradle to grave, and brings all source-related units into the scope of government regulation. We have established a national database for the management of nuclear technology utilization, taken measures to enhance the safety of radioactive sources, realized the real-time online monitoring of high-risk mobile sources, and improved the safety level of nuclear technology utilization. As of June 2019, 142,607 radioactive sources and 181,293 radiation-emitting devices were in use in China, and a total of 73,070 units were engaged in the production, sale and use of radioisotopes and radiation-emitting devices. One hundred percent of radioactive sources and radiation-emitting devices are subject to licensing management, and 100 percent of waste radioactive sources are safely stored. The annual incidence of radiation accidents from radioactive sources has continued to decline, from 6.2 per 10,000 sources in the 1990s to less than 1.0 per 10,000 sources at present, the lowest level in history.


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Upgraded nuclear security. China regards nuclear security as an important protective screen for nuclear safety and controls nuclear materials in accordance with the strictest standards. Nuclear power plants, nuclear fuel cycle facilities, and radioactive source security systems are in line with international standards. The rules and regulations are sound and complete, and the mechanisms for non-proliferation and nuclear terrorism prevention are improving. We are building a nuclear security system for new nuclear facilities in accordance with the latest international standards, and have invested billions of yuan in special funds to upgrade the security system of the original nuclear facilities, thus greatly strengthening our prevention capabilities. To date there have been no incidents of theft, loss or illegal use of nuclear materials.

Good radiation environment quality. The radiation environment monitoring data in China show that the radiation environment quality across the country is within the range of natural environmental radiation, and the activity concentration levels of artificial radionuclides are normal. Surveillance monitoring data show that radiation in the environment around national nuclear facilities and nuclear technology utilization projects has not changed significantly compared with the level prior to construction, and the individual public dose is far lower than the national limit. Public health and environmental safety are fully guaranteed.


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 V. Co-building and Sharing Nuclear Safety

Human factors are the most important in effectively ensuring nuclear safety. China is committed to strengthening nuclear safety culture. It has established a public communication mechanism for nuclear safety that combines supervision by the central government, guidance by local governments, implementation by enterprises, and participation of the public. It regulates and guides the professional attitude and conduct, and encourages extensive public participation. It has created a positive atmosphere in which everyone shoulders responsibility, everyone participates, and the whole industry and society work together to safeguard nuclear safety.

Government guidance. Government departments give full play to the role of policy guidance and supervision, and promote an awareness of the paramount importance of nuclear safety, a sense of weighty responsibility, a rigorous and meticulous approach to regulation, and a spirit of collaboration for further progress. We should actively cultivate and develop a culture of nuclear safety, and through education, regulations, and positive influences, instill the core values of awareness of the rule of law, vigilance, self-discipline, and cooperation into the thoughts and actions of professionals, so as to fully mobilize and stimulate the positive role of human factors. We have issued the Policy Statement on Nuclear Safety Culture, carried out special actions to promote this culture, and established an assessment mechanism so that nuclear safety culture can be internalized in the mind, externalized into practice, and further transformed into conscious action by professionals. We have increased transparency in the operations of the government in accordance with the law, established a press spokesperson system and a mechanism of regular communication with the media, providing explanations on major nuclear safety policies, and promptly releasing information on licensing examination and approval, surveillance and law enforcement, the overall safety situation, radiation environment quality, and incidents and accidents, with the aim of enhancing the transparency of government work and protecting the public's right to know, to participate and to supervise.

Positive action by the industry. Nuclear-related enterprises, public institutions, research institutes, and trade associations have attached great importance to and actively cultivated nuclear safety culture, setting up special institutions, allocating full-time personnel, and exploring innovative new ideas. We have strengthened quality management, education and training, feedback on experience, evaluation, and improvement, and effectively integrated nuclear safety culture into production,


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 operation, scientific research, and management. Some excellent safety concepts have been generated, such as "rules must be in place; lines of accountability be clear; verification be performed, and documentation be available to refer to", and "put nuclear issues first, cherish cooperation, and take peace and harmony as the foundation". We publicize important information in accordance with the law, including nuclear safety management rules and regulations, the safety status of nuclear facilities, radiation monitoring data on effluents and the environment around nuclear facilities, and annual nuclear safety reports, and actively respond to public concerns about nuclear energy and nuclear safety.

Extensive public participation. We organize and carry out various activities to popularize nuclear science, such as "National Security Education Day", "Public Open Day (Week)", "Nuclear Safety Culture on Campus and in the Community", and "Popularizing Science in China, Green Nuclear Energy". Through discussions, field experiences, media publicity and other channels, understanding of nuclear safety is enhanced throughout society. Based on the principles of equality, extensiveness and convenience, we have established a mechanism for broad public participation, and fully solicit opinions on major nuclear safety issues concerning the public interest in the form of questionnaires, hearings, seminars, and feasibility study meetings. We have provided extensive publicity and education on nuclear safety for the whole of society, set up science popularization networks and new media platforms, built national education bases to popularize nuclear science, and developed public publicity facilities and industrial tourism projects. We have included nuclear safety education into the training of officials and the education system for young people, and guided the public to understand, contribute to, and maintain nuclear safety.

VI. Building a Community of Shared Future for Nuclear Safety

The peaceful development and utilization of nuclear energy is the common aspiration of all countries, and ensuring nuclear safety is their shared responsibility. China advocates the development of an international nuclear safety system characterized by fairness, cooperation, and mutual benefit. It facilitates the global effort on nuclear safety governance through fair and pragmatic cooperation, works together with the rest of the world to build a community of shared future for global nuclear safety, and promotes the building of a community of shared future for humanity.