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Page:CTRL0000034607 - Deposition of Ali Alexander, (Dec. 9, 2021).pdf/112

112 able to raise money after you were deplatformed?

Yes.

And, if so, how?

Yes. Like I said, the technical details are above my pay grade. We saw the credit card processor, and they built something custom. And that's on the stopthestealdot—that was on the stopthesteal or is on the stopthesteal.us website.

Okay. Great. So Stop the Steal through the website, you use a credit card processor. And you're able to directly take donations through that credit card processor through your website. That's perfect. I totally understand that. Appreciate it.

 * BY :

Mr. Alexander, when did you start planning the January 6th events? Approximately when?

I probably actually should have nailed down that date. The date I keep using is I think December 16th.

Okay.

But I do know I made a public tweet about it.

Yep. Yep.

And at first people are just going to go to State capitols.

Okay. So around December 16th, December 17th, it's fair to say you started thinking about the 6th as the next event in D.C.?

I know I made the announcement prior to President Trump.

Okay. And President Trump made his announcement on Twitter on December 19th. Does that sound about right?

That sounds right.

That was like the same day you were having—or I don't know if you were


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Page:CTRL0000034607 - Deposition of Ali Alexander, (Dec. 9, 2021).pdf/113

113 having or participating in the Stop the Coup rally in Arizona?

I—

Do you recall a Stop the Coup event in Arizona?

We—well, we had a—there's a local—

Uh-huh.

—Arizona activist who wanted to rebrand the local "Stop the Steal" Stop the Coup. As far as I'm concerned, I was there, Stop the Steal. There were some signs that said Stop the Coup as well.

And it's kind of clever. It's kind of clever branding. But I just didn't think it was as catchy.

. I'm sorry. Before you go on, are you going past the security questions? Because there was one I wanted to cover real quick.

. You can just ask it.

. Are you familiar with the First Amendment Praetorian group?

Are you getting there?

. I'm getting there.

. I'm so sorry.

See, this was my fault. I need to trust, and that is my fault.

 * BY :

While you were planning this Stop the Steal event in Arizona, I believe in your production we saw text messages with Mr. Ed Martin.

Who is Ed Martin?

Ed Martin is the—I think he's a former, like, State house member, State senator. I think he ran for Congress or RNC chair. I forget. But he runs a group called the Eagle Forum.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Page:Bury J B The Cambridge Medieval History Vol 2 1913.djvu/389

685-705] Marwān quickly succeeded in conquering Egypt, and then died, leaving a difficult inheritance to his son 'Abd-al-Malik (685-705). Complications with the Byzantines, who had incited the Mardaites, an unconquered mountain tribe in the Amanus, against him, rendered it impossible for him during his first years of office to take energetic steps in 'Irāḳ. The Zubair faction represented by Zubair's brother Muṣ'ab ruled there nominally. Apart from these however the Shiites had now attained to eminence and had organised a great insurrection under Mukhtār. They defeated an army sent out by 'Abd-al-Malik, but were then themselves defeated by the Zubairite Muṣ'ab. The latter was hindered in his fight against 'Abd-al-Malik by the Khārijites, who offered opposition to any and every form of state government and had developed into an actual scourge. In the decisive battle against 'Abd-al-Malik on the Tigris (690) Muṣ'ab accordingly succumbed to the military and diplomatic superiority of the Syrian Caliph. The opposition Caliph still maintained his resistance in Mecca. 'Abd-al-Malik despatched against him one of his best men, Ḥajjāj, who managed in 692 to put an end both to the Caliphate and to the life of the Zubairite.

This Ḥajjāj became later 'Abd-al-Malik's Ziyād, or almost unrestricted viceroy, of the eastern half of the empire. He exercised the authority of the State in a very energetic manner, and his reward is to be shamefully misrepresented in the historical account given of him by the tradition of 'Irāḳ, created by those who had been affected by his energetic methods. Ḥajjāj was also a Thakifite. He carried out in 'Irāḳ what 'Abd-al-Malik endeavoured to do in Syria, namely, the consolidation of the empire. The constitutional principles of the dominions of Islām were, according to tradition, formulated by Omar, but the extent to which tradition ascribes these to him is impossible, for the ten years of his reign, occupied as they were with enormous military expeditions, did not leave him the necessary time and quiet. For this reason later investigators consider that the chief merit must be attributed to Mu'āwiya. Probably however the honours must be divided between Omar, Mu'āwiya, and 'Abd-al-Malik, possibly including Hishām. Omar made the Arabs supreme over the taxpaying subjected peoples, and avoided particularism by the introduction of the state treasury. Mu'āwiya placed the Arabian Empire on a dynastic basis and disciplined the tribes by introducing the political in place of the religious state authority. 'Abd-al-Malik however was the first to create the actual Arabian administration, and this was followed under Hishām by the abolition of the agrarian political prerogative of the Arabs, to be discussed later. This process in the economic life was followed under the Abbasids by its extension to politics.

The Arabs were not so foolish as many modern conquerors, who first destroy the administrative organisation which they find in newly con-


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Page:CTRL0000034607 - Deposition of Ali Alexander, (Dec. 9, 2021).pdf/114

114 Okay. And was he involved with helping you plan January 6th events?

Yeah, he was involved with, you know, a lot of things.

Can you just—was he involved with helping you book January 6th?

Well, he was kind of like a mentor. I could bounce ideas off him. He's been in politics longer than me and he knows some Members that I don't know and—like Senator Josh Hawley. And I don't have a personal relationship with him.

So, yeah, he was a guy I got to—a sound board and then sometimes, you know, we prayed together every morning. And he runs a, you know, he runs the Eagle Forum, Phyllis Schlafly's old group.

I want to direct you back to exhibit 26 and page 85. The reason why I'm asking about Mr. Ed Martin, on this page—and I'll just start reading it as you're flipping there. It's page 85. It's before the December 19th rally, on about December 16th. Mr. Martin asks for Congressman Brooks' cell phone.

Do you know—how do you know Congressman Brooks?

What time is this? Oh, here it is. I got it.

Mr. Kamenar. Where is it?

The Witness. 1451.

I know a lot of people in Alabama. I was there in 2010. I think Brooks was elected in 2010. And so I just have a huge grassroots network in Alabama and so—yeah.

. So did you ever personally talk to Congressman Brooks yourself?

The Witness. I think I was sending texts to his office number. And I definitely spoke to his staff. And, you know, we were talking about a Dear—what in politics you guys know, but what's called a Dear Colleague Letter. Yeah.

. Okay.


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Page:Mandatory Provident Fund Schemes Ordinance (Cap. 485).pdf/17

A2168 PART IV '''20. Approved trustees'''

(1) Every registered scheme, other than a master trust scheme, shall be administered, managed and maintained by a trustee who is an approved trustee.

(2) Every registered scheme which is a master trust scheme shall be administered, managed and maintained by a trustee, being a corporate trustee, who is an approved trustee.

(3) A trustee, corporate trustee or other person may apply to the Authority to be approved as an approved trustee of a registered scheme but no person, being a public officer or statutory corporation, may so apply.

(4) An application for such approval shall be in such form and contain such particulars as may be prescribed in rules made by the Authority under section 47.

(5) Upon receipt of an application made under this section the Authority may require the applicant to furnish such additional information and other documents as the Authority may reasonably require for the purpose of determining the application.

(6) The Authority shall approve an application for approval if, and only if, the Authority is satisfied that the applicant—
 * (a) is likely to be able to perform, in the proper manner, the duties of an approved trustee of a registered scheme; and
 * (b) meets such requirements as may be specified in regulations made under section 46, including requirements as may be so specified as to capital adequacy, financial resources and the particular qualifications of applicants as approved trustees.

(7) The approval of an applicant as an approved trustee may be made subject to such conditions as may be specified in the notice of approval of the Authority to the applicant concerned.

(8) The approval may be revoked at any time by the Authority if the Authority is satisfied on reasonable grounds that—
 * (a) the approved trustee has contravened a condition to which the approval is subject;
 * (b) the approved trustee is unable to perform, in the proper manner and for whatever reason, the duties of an approved trustee of a registered scheme; or


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Page:Mandatory Provident Fund Schemes Ordinance (Cap. 485).pdf/18

A2170 :(c) where regulations specify the requirements referred to in subsection (6)(b) as to capital adequacy, financial resources or the particular qualifications of an applicant as an approved trustee, the approved trustee is, or has become, unable to meet those requirements.

(9) The regulations referred to in subsection (6)(b) may, in addition to the requirements referred to in that subsection, include requirements relating to the following, namely—
 * (a) in the case of an application for the approval of a corporate trustee (“company”) as an approved trustee—
 * (i) the membership of the company;
 * (ii) the objects of the company as set out in its memorandum and articles of association or other instruments (however described) to the like effect;
 * (iii) the suitability of the company's directors (however described), regard being paid to their reputation, character, knowledge, qualifications and experience;
 * (iv) if the place of incorporation of that company is other than Hong Kong, that place of incorporation, regard being paid to the relevant laws of that place of incorporation, including any laws governing companies and trusts;
 * (b) in the case of an application for approval in respect of a trustee, other than a corporate trustee, the suitability of the applicant to be an approved trustee, regard being paid to his reputation, character, knowledge, qualifications and experience;
 * (c) the capital adequacy and financial soundness of the approved trustee including, in the case of individuals, performance guarantees;
 * (d) the reporting of information to the Authority in respect of the business and other affairs (if any) of the approved trustee.

21. Registered schemes

(1) An application may be made by an approved trustee or by an applicant seeking approval as such to the Authority for the registration of a provident fund scheme as a registered scheme.

(2) An application for such registration shall be in such form and contain such particulars as may be prescribed in rules made by the Authority under section 47.

(3) Upon receipt of an application under this section the Authority may require the applicant to furnish such additional information and other documents as the Authority may reasonably require for the purpose of determining the application.


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Page:CTRL0000034607 - Deposition of Ali Alexander, (Dec. 9, 2021).pdf/115

115. I'm actually not in politics. What is a Dear Colleague Letter?

The Witness. A Dear Colleague Letter is when a Member of Congress is lobbying for legislation or a legislative fix or action by the executive or judicial branch, and they write to their colleagues. And they say, "Dear Colleague, I want you to support this. These are the good reasons why."

And it was widely reported that Representative Brooks started a Dear Colleague Letter around election integrity. And when we caught wind of that, I knew that, like, we need to talk to him team, because we can be helpful in lobbying Members of Congress because a lot of Americans want to participate in the legislative process.

. Thank you.

 * BY :

Did you work with Congressman Brooks' staff or Congressman Brooks himself in planning January 6th?

In planning January 6th?

Uh-huh.

The word "planning" to me as an event planner, you know, means like logistics or fundraising and stuff like that.

I'll rephrase it then. In the leadup to January 6th, did you speak to Congressman Brooks' staff or Congressman Brooks himself?

I believe I spoke to him. I don't think we talked about—well, we had to obviously ask his staff if he was available to speak. And we talked, you know, we talked about election integrity. Yeah.

But when you say "we," as it you?

It was me. They had, I think, two staffers on their end on a call.

Who were the staffers?


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Page:Mandatory Provident Fund Schemes Ordinance (Cap. 485).pdf/19

A2172 (4) The Authority shall register the provident fund scheme if, and only if—
 * (a) the trust governing the provident fund scheme specifies that the governing law in respect of that trust is the law of Hong Kong; and
 * (b) the provident fund scheme complies with regulations made under section 46 for that purpose and which regulations may include requirements relating to the specification of standards.

(5) The standards referred to in subsection (4) may include standards relating to the following, namely—
 * (a) the vesting in scheme members of accrued benefits;
 * (b) the amount of contributions that the approved trustees of a registered scheme may accept;
 * (c) the preservation of accrued benefits;
 * (d) the payment of accrued benefits;
 * (e) the portability or transferability of accrued benefits to, from and between registered schemes;
 * (f) the investment of the assets of a registered scheme;
 * (g) the number of approved trustees, and in the case of an approved trustee, being a corporate trustee, the composition of the board of that corporate trustee and the composition of any committees of that board;
 * (h) the keeping of records in relation to a registered scheme;
 * (i) the financial reports to be prepared in relation to a registered scheme;
 * (j) the disclosure of information to scheme members in relation to a registered scheme;
 * (k) the disclosure of information to the Authority in relation to a registered scheme;
 * (l) the disclosure of information to other persons authorized by the Authority in relation to a registered scheme;
 * (m) the financial viability of a registered scheme;
 * (n) the funding and solvency of a registered scheme; and
 * (o) the winding up of a registered scheme.

22. Trustee to maintain standards

An approved trustee shall ensure that the standards that may be specified in regulations referred to in section 21(4) are complied with at all times in relation to the registered scheme administered, managed and maintained by that approved trustee.


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Page:CTRL0000034607 - Deposition of Ali Alexander, (Dec. 9, 2021).pdf/116

116 I do not recall. If there's a text message that refreshes it, that would be better.

So it was a phone call. It wasn't a text message, you talked to the staffers?

The staffers, I believe—I believe it was a phone call. I know that we had a phone call. If I exchanged text messages with the staff, I don't readily recall that.

But we definitely had a conference call, me, Ed, at least two of their staff members. And they were telling us about their efforts. And we were like, oh, we can probably be helpful in tweeting this, or, oh, we can be helpful in giving out phone numbers, you know, to Members of Congress' offices so that people know that they need to call their Member of Congress.

When was this call approximately?

I don't recall. It would have been around when he announced the Dear Colleague Letter is my guess.

So was this end of December?

It could have been middle of December. It could have been early—actually—actually, you know, I don't know when the Dear Colleague Letter came out. It's kind of a blur. It's 12 months ago.

Okay. But you spoke to, it sounds like, Congressman Brooks after the 2020 election, general election?

Speaking to? I don't know that we "spoke" spoke. I know that I sent him messages that were getting—that I thought were getting delivered that weren't getting delivered. And then I believe I got a message to him. And he sent me some boilerplate stuff or something, or a staff member.

But I do know that the substantive part of my relationship—not relationship—my interaction with the Brooks office was the call where they got to describe their actions to


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Page:Bury J B The Cambridge Medieval History Vol 2 1913.djvu/390

362 quered foreign countries, and then suddenly stand face to face with insuperable difficulties. In accordance with their fundamental political point of view they left all such matters as they found them, contenting themselves with the punctual payment by the local authorities of the stipulated tribute. How this was collected was a matter of small moment to them. Only the supreme heads of the more important administrative departments were Arabs. All the middle and lower administrative positions were filled by natives as late as the eighth century, and even later. This complicated system was not interfered with until the reign of 'Abd-al-Malik and his successor Walīd, and then not in the sense of immediately making it Arabian, though it was placed on a bilingual basis by the introduction of Arabic. Arab-Greek documents of this period, from Egypt, have been preserved to us in profusion. But in other matters also the result of the more settled conditions was seen in the changes made by 'Abd-al-Malik. He is regarded as the founder of the Arabian coinage; true, he accepted here the already existing systems, that is, for the Byzantine districts he renewed the old gold coinage, and for the Persian territories the old silver coinage was adopted. The principal point however seems to be that under this ruler it was first recognised that Omar's fiscal system was untenable, and that both in principle and in form it must cease. Hitherto the Muslims had remained exempt from taxation and the subjected peoples had provided the necessary revenue. At the outset they had forgotten that through the extension of Islām as a religion the number of taxpayers would of necessity become smaller and smaller, so that thereby religion would sap the foundations of the Arabian State. With the foundation of the military camps, which soon grew into large towns, the natives had on the spot a much better source of income than in the country, where the peasants had to pay their quota of tribute. Thus an exodus from the country began, and at the same time the number of converts to Islām increased. As the new believers ceased to be subject to taxes, the result of this process on the state treasury may easily be imagined. At the same time it became thus evident that the form of Omar's regulations was unsuitable, for this exodus from the country simply necessitated an individual treatment of the districts liable to pay duty, and these conditions compelled the Arabs to concern themselves with details. But in doing so the Arabian upper class was of necessity deeply concerned with the construction of the whole system of government. This process commences under 'Abd-al-Malik. His representative Ḥajjāj sought to avoid the evil consequences for the treasury by including the newly converted believers as liable to taxation, thus deviating from Omar's system.

The increasing settlement of Arabs in the fertile country, which had been liable to tribute whilst in the possession of non-Muslims, had the same result as the change of religion in the subjected peoples. Omar II


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Page:The Life of Sir Thomas More (William Roper, ed by Samuel Singer).djvu/196

 in dede vnlawefull. Of which maner kynd, that there maye suche happe to bee, made in anye parte of Crystendome, I suppose no manne doubteth the generall counsayle of the whole bodye of Cristendom euermore in that poynte excepte: which, though it may make some thynges better than other, and some thynges maye growe to that poynte, that by another lawe they maye neede to be refourmed, yet to institute any thing in suchewyse to Goddes displeasure, as at the making might not lawfully be perfourmed, the spirit of God that gouerneth his church, neuer had yet suffered, nor never hereafter shall, hys whole catholike church lawfullye gathered together in a generall counsayle, as Chryste hathe made playne promises in Scripture. Now if it so happe, that in anye particular parte of Crystendome, there be a lawe made, that be suche, as for some parte thereof some menne thinke that the law of God cannot beare it, and some other thynke yes, the thing being in suche maner in question, that thorow diuers querters of Crystendome, some that are good men and cunning, bothe of our owne dayes, and before oure dayes, thinke some one way, and some other of lyke learnynge and goodnesse thynke the contrarye, in thys case he that thynketh agayneste the lawe, neither maye sweare that lawe lawefullye was made, standynge hys owne conscience to the contrarye, nor is bounden vpon payne of Goddes displeasure to chaunge hys owne conscience therein, for anye particular lawe made any where, other than by the generall insayle, or by a general fayth growen by the woorkinge of God vniuersally thorowe all Cristen nacions; nor other authoritie than one of these twayne (except speciall re uelacion and expresse commandement of God) sith the contrarye opinions of good menne and well learned, as I putte you the case, made the vnderstandynge of the Scryptures doubtefull, I can see none that lawefully maye commande and compell anye man to chaunge his owne opinion, and to translate his own conscience from the tone syde to the tother. For an ensaumple of some such maner thinges, I haue I trow before this time tolde you, that whither our blessed lady wer conceved in original sinne or not, was sometime in great question among the great learned men of Cristendom. And whether it be yet decyded and deter-


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Page:Mandatory Provident Fund Schemes Ordinance (Cap. 485).pdf/20

A2174 '''23. Residual Provident Fund Scheme'''

(1) The Authority shall, prior to the commencement of any of the provisions of section 7, take all necessary steps to cause to be established a registered scheme (being a master trust scheme), to be known as the “Residual Provident Fund Scheme”, for the principal purpose referred to in subsection (2) and shall authorize a corporate trustee to be the approved trustee thereof.

(2) The principal purpose of the Residual Provident Fund Scheme established under subsection (1) is to provide, as a last resort only, membership of that Scheme to a relevant employee of an employer, or to a self-employed person where that employer or self-employed person, as the case may be—

 * (a) (i) in the case of the employer, declares in writing to the Authority that he has not, through his own efforts or otherwise, been able to comply with the requirements of section 7(1); or

 * (ii) in the case of the self-employed person, declares in writing to the Authority that he has not, through his own efforts or otherwise, been able to become a member of a registered scheme as required under section 7(4);
 * (b) authorizes the Authority to assist him in obtaining access to a registered scheme for the purpose of compliance with the requirements referred to in paragraph (a), as applicable; provides to the Authority all information and assistance as may reasonably be required by the Authority for that purpose, and
 * (c) in respect of that employer or self-employed person, as the case may be, the Authority has not succeeded in obtaining access to a registered scheme which would otherwise enable compliance with the requirements referred to in paragraph (a).

(3) If, in the opinion of the Authority, it is desirable to do so, the Authority may authorize the Residual Provident Fund Scheme to have the following additional purposes—
 * (a) to facilitate portability or transferability of accrued benefits to, from or between registered schemes;
 * (b) to provide for any unclaimed accrued benefits; and
 * (c) to achieve any other purposes of this Ordinance.

(4) The Authority may make rules under section 47 for the purpose of this section for the efficient and effectual operation of the Residual Provident Fund Scheme.

(5) In this section “employer” (僱主) includes a prospective employer, and “self-employed person” (自僱人士) includes a prospective self-employed person.


text:
Page:Bury J B The Cambridge Medieval History Vol 2 1913.djvu/391

705-744] sought to obviate this by forbidding the sale of such country. It was not however till later, and probably by degrees, that it was decided, principally under the Caliph Hishām, to alter the principle of taxation, though the alteration is much obscured by tradition. The tribute, which was principally drawn from the ground tax, was converted into a ground tax pure and simple, and was levied irrespective of creed on all property owners; the tribute intended to demonstrate the dominion of the Arabs was resolved into an individual poll-tax of the old sort, which was only payable by non-Muslims and ceased in the event of conversion. This state of affairs is regarded by tradition as Omar's work, but it is the result of gradual development extending over a century. This very energetic manner in which the Arabs applied themselves to the administration commenced with 'Abd-al-Malik and found its termination under the Abbasids.

Under 'Abd-al-Malik and his viceroys, his brother 'Abd-al-'Azīz in Egypt and Ḥajjāj in 'Irāḳ, an executive authority was founded, which, although occasionally shaken by serious revolts, was nevertheless strong, so that his successor Walīd (705-715) was again able to consider the question of an extension of the boundaries. Under his rule the Arabian Empire attained its greatest expansion; Spain was conquered, and the Arabs penetrated into the Punjab and far into Central Asia, right to the borders of China. These incursions however do not fall within the range of our present observation. Under 'Abd-al-Malik and Walīd the empire, and above all Syria, stands on the pinnacle of prosperity; the most stately buildings were erected, such as the Omar Mosque in Jerusalem, and the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus. Poetry flourished at the brilliant Syrian court, and, guided by Christian learning, Arabian science begins to make its appearance.

Now however the traces of impending collapse begin to appear. It was only with difficulty that Ḥajjāj suppressed a powerful military revolt. The supremacy of the State could only be maintained in 'Irāḳ with the assistance of Syrian troops. In the eastern provinces the Ḳais and Kalb wage constant warfare with each other, and the reign of the later Umayyads is occupied in a struggle with these permanently mutinous eastern districts. Most of the later Umayyads enjoyed but a brief reign, Sulaimān 715-717, Omar II till 720, Yazīd II till 724. Hishām, 724-743, who grappled seriously with the problem of agrarian policy, and secured once again in Khālid al-Ḳasrī a viceroy for the East after the style of Ziyād and Ḥajjāj, was the only one capable of restoring once more a certain amount of quiet.

Thereupon however followed the irretrievable decline of the Umayyad State. The political opposition of Ḳais and Kalb converted the Caliph into the puppet of inter-tribal feuds; Umayyads fought against Umayyads. The rulers succeeded each other in rapid succession. History records four Umayyad Caliphs in the period of 743 to 744. It would


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Page:On the Influence of Carbonic Acid in the Air upon the Temperature of the Ground.pdf/15

250 (the earth). The values of $$\text{A}$$ reduced in this manner are tabulated below under the heading $\text{N}$.

For angles less than 37° one finds, in the manner above described, numbers that are a little inferior to the tabulated ones, which are found by means of the absorption-coefficients of and the values of $\text{N}$. In this way the sum of the $\text{M}$'s is a little greater (6.8 per cent.) than it would be according to the calculation given above. This non-agreement results probably from the circumstance that the spectrum in the observations was not quite pure.

The value 37.2 may possibly be affected with a relatively great error in consequence of the uncertainty of the $\text{M}$-values. In the following calculations it is not so much the value 37.2 that plays the important part, but rather the diminution of the value caused by increasing the quantities $$\text{K}$$ and $\text{W}$. For comparison, it may be mentioned that Langley has estimated the quantity of heat from the moon that passed through the atmosphere (of mean composition) in his researches to be 38 per cent. As the mean atmosphere in Langley's observations corresponded with higher values of $$\text{K}$$ and $$\text{W}$$ than $$\text{K}=1$$ and $\text{W}=0.3$, it will be seen that he attributed to the atmosphere a greater transparence for opaque rays than I have done. In accordance with Langley's estimation, we should expect for $$\text{K}=1$$ and $$\text{W}=0.3$$ a value of about 44 instead of 37.2. How great an influence this difference may exert will be investigated in what follows.

The absorption-coefficients quoted in are valid for an interval of $$\text{K}$$ between about $$1.1$$ and $2.25$, and for $$\text{W}$$ between $$0.3$$ and $2.22$. In this interval one may, with the help of those coefficients and the values of $$\text{N}$$ given above, calculate the value of $$\text{N}$$ for another value of $$\text{K}$$ and $\text{W}$, and so in this way obtain by means of summation the total heat that passes through an atmosphere of given condition. For further calculations I have also computed values of $$\text{N}$$ for atmospheres that contain greater quantities of carbonic acid and aqueous vapour. These values must be considered as extrapolated. In I have given these values of $\text{N}$, The numbers printed in italics are found directly in the manner


text:
Page:Bury J B The Cambridge Medieval History Vol 2 1913.djvu/392

364 occupy too much space here to trace all these disturbances. When Marwān II, the last of the Umayyads, a man by no means personally incapable, ascended the throne in the year 744, the game was already lost. Particularism had won the day. The general fight between all parties was however essentially a fight against Syria and the Umayyads. In this cause the new combination, which made its first efforts in the far east, in Khorāsān, attained success. In no other place were the Arabs so intermingled with the subject peoples as here, and here too the religious opposition against the Umayyads was taken up more vigorously than anywhere else. It has already been indicated above that the Shī'a was destined to prevail in Persia. In their fight for the family of the prophet, the Abbasids, under their general Abū Muslim, were victorious, and then, supported by the Persian element, they conquered first the eastern Arabs and subsequently the Syrians. In the year 750 the Umayyad rule was at an end.

The victory of the Abbasids was a victory of the Persians over the Arabs. The subjected classes had slowly raised themselves to a level with the Arabs. When Christians and Persians first accepted Islām it was not possible to include them in the theocracy in any other way than by attaching them as clients (Mawāli) to the Arabian tribal system. They were the better educated and the more highly cultivated of the two races. In the numerous revolts they fought on the side of the Arabs. The contrast between the Arabs and the Mawāli had its cause in the constitution of the State as founded by Omar. The more the Mawāli increased in importance and the more they permeated the Arabian tribes, so the universalistic, i.e. the democratic tendency of Islām was bound in corresponding degree to force its way into wider circles. On the other hand the continuous fights of the Arabian tribes against the authority of the State and against each other led to a dissolution of the political and ethnical conditions under which Islām had caused the preponderance of the Arabian element. Thus grew more and more a tendency to level Arabs and non- Arabs. Both became merged in the term Muslim, which even to this day represents for many peoples their nationality. The Persians were much more religious than the Arabs, and they accepted the political ideal of the Shī'a, which was tinged with religion, more than actually religious. This religious movement then swept away the dominion of the Umayyads, and thereby the international empire of the Abbasids took the place of the national Arabian Empire. The Arabian class disappeared and was superseded by a mixed official aristocracy, based no longer on religious merit and noble descent, but on authority delegated by the ruling prince. Thus arose out of the patriarchal kingdom of the Umayyads the absolutist rule of the Abbasids and therewith Persian civilisation made its entrance into Islām. The ancient East had conquered.


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Page:Bury J B The Cambridge Medieval History Vol 2 1913.djvu/393

 CHAPTER XII

THE EXPANSION OF THE SARACENS (continued)

AFRICA AND EUROPE

We are dividing the history of the expansion of the Saracens into an Asiatic-Egyptian and an African-European order of development. This division is founded not on outward, but on internal reasons. Even at the present time Islām in Northern Africa presents an appearance quite different from the Islām of Asia and Egypt. The reason for this must be sought in the totally different composition of the population. The Aramaic element of Nearer Asia and Coptic Egypt offered much less resistance to the Arabian nationality and the Arabian language than did the Persian element in Mid-Asia. The Berbers or Moors of Northern Africa take up a middle position between these two; they certainly accepted Islām and Arabian culture, but they remodelled them, and preserved their own nationality in their customs and to a large extent also in their language. Moreover, an encroachment of Islām into Europe in so significant a form as that experienced in the Middle Ages would have been scarcely conceivable without the great masses of the Berbers, who were always on the move. Later too the Saracens of Southern Europe continually appear in political relations with Africa. The history of Islām in Europe is therefore indissolubly connected with its history in Northern Africa, whilst on the other hand it is in reality merely associated with the history of the Eastern Caliphate by a certain community of culture and religion.

The commixture of Arabs and Berbers, which gave the impress to the whole of the Islām of the West, was a slow process. Centuries passed, but in the end Islām has attained what Phoenicians and Romans strove for in vain. These two great colonising nations always settled principally in the towns on the coast, and doubtless assimilated the Berbers crowding round them; in spite however of all the settlements of colonists by Rome, the flat country and especially the hinterland remained in Berber hands. As Mommsen says, the Phoenicians and Romans have been swept away, but the Berbers have remained, like the palm trees and the desert sand. With the destruction of the


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366 Roman power the influence of the widespread organisation of the Berber tribes grew and the Byzantine restoration under Justinian was limited by the growth of the Berber element. The exarchs had continually to deal with insurrections of the Berbers, and were probably scarcely able to exercise authority outside the limits of the ever decreasing number of towns held by garrisons which commanded respect. It is therefore clear from the beginning that it was not the Byzantines who made the occupation of Northern Africa difficult for the Arabians, but the Berbers, who in their time of need made common cause with their former tyrants against the new intruder. The Arabs had much trouble to make it clear to the Berbers at the point of the sword that their real interest lay with Islām and not against it. As soon as they had once realised this fact they accepted the Arabs for their leaders and flooded Southern Europe, while in Africa the nascent civilisation of Islām effected an entrance, though it received a Berber national colouring.

The continued occupation of Alexandria called for a screening of the flank by occupying also the adjoining territory of Barḳa. Barḳa was the leading community of the ancient Pentapolis. The rich towns of this group at once experienced the consequence of the occupation of Egypt when the Arabians appeared before them. It has been already mentioned that the Arabs through 'Amr made peace with Barḳa immediately after the occupation of Alexandria. That took place as early as the autumn of the year 642 and the winter thereupon following, under the leadership of 'Uḳba ibn Nāfi', of whom more is yet to be said. The Pentapolis belonged thenceforward permanently to the Empire of Islām, although retaining in the first instance administrative independence. Bordering on Barḳa was the ancient Proconsular Africa, the eastern half of which, lying between the Greater and the Lesser Syrtis, was clearly distinguished by the Arabs under the title of Tripolis, from the northern half, with the capital Carthage, this latter territory being termed by them simply Africa (Ifrīḳīya). After the occupation of Barḳa various raids took place even under 'Amr (642-643), these extending throughout the whole territory of Tripolis, while individual detachments went southward into the desert. There can be little doubt that even at that time 'Uḳba pushed forward as far as Fezzan (Zawīla) and another Amīr of the name of Busr penetrated to the Oasis of Jufra (Waddān). This latter incident took place while 'Amr was besieging Tripolis, which he finally occupied at least temporarily. At the Nafūsa mountains 'Amr turned back, as the Caliph was averse to pushing forward any further. In spite of these successes there was for the time being no question of any permanent settlement of the Arabs westward of Barḳa. 'Uḳba may have undertaken some small isolated expeditions with Barḳa


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At different periods subsequent to the Reformation, many lowland Scotch people emigrated to the province of Ulster, north Ireland. There they prospered greatly, and maintained unimpaired the manners and customs and the religious faith of the country from which they came. They and their posterity regarded themselves—and were regarded by the Irish of Celtic blood—as Scotch in all essential particulars. Some of these settlers, before leaving their native land, goaded by persecution under the Stuart Kings, had borne arms against the British government, and were among the prisoners captured at Bothwell Bridge, in 1679. When the Revolution of 1688 occurred, the Scotch-Irish sided with William of Orange. The siege of Londonderry, in 1689, is one of the most remarkable events in history. Upon the march northward of the army of James II, says Macaulay, "All Lisburn fled to Antrim, and, as the foes drew nearer, all Lisburn and Antrim together came pouring into Londonderry. Thirty thousand Protestants, of both sexes and of every age, were crowded behind the bulwarks of the City of Refuge." The ordinary population of the town and

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 suburbs furnished only about six hundred fighting men; but when the siege began there were 7,300 men armed for defence. Dissenters having been excluded from offices in the army, none of that class were fitted by previous military experience for command. Therefore a majority of the higher officers were of the Church of England. A majority of the inferior officers, captains and others, were Presbyterians; and of the soldiers and people generally, the Dissenters outnumbered the others by fifteen to one.

"Now," says Froude, in his History of Ireland, "was again witnessed what Calvinism—though its fires were waning—could do in making common men into heroes. Deserted by the English regiments, betrayed by their own commander, without stores and half armed, the shopkeepers and apprentices of a commercial town prepared to defend an unfortified city against a disciplined army of 25,000 men, led by trained officers, and amply provided with artillery. They were cut off from the sea by a boom across the river. Fever, cholera and famine came to the aid of the besiegers. Rats came to be dainties, and hides and shoe leather were the ordinary fare. They saw their children pine away and die—they were wasted themselves, till they could scarce handle their firelocks on their ramparts." Still they held on through more than three miserable months. Finally a frigate and two provision ships came in, and Derry was saved after a siege of eight months. The garrison had been reduced to about three thousand men. The Rev. Mr. Walker, a minister of the Church of England, was one of the prominent leaders. Enniskillen was successfully defended in like manner.

Yet, notwithstanding their loyalty to the Crown, as settled by the Revolution, and their heroic services, the Scotch Irish received no favors from the British government, except a miserable pittance doled out to their clergy after a time. They were proscribed because of their religion, being excluded from the army, the militia, the civil service, and seats in municipal corporations. Dissenters from the Irish Episcopal church were not allowed to teach school. Presbyterian marriages were declared illegal. The laws against Catholics were even more severe than those against Protestant dissenters—so severe, indeed, that they were not generally executed, public officers

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Rh revolting at their harshness. Presbyterians, however, were pursued unrelentingly to the extent of the law. The Presbyterian magistrates in Ulster, says Froude, were cleared out. Men having nothing to recommend them but their going to church, were appointed in their places. The power being now in their hands, the bishops fell upon the grievance of the Presbyterian marriages. CathoHc marriages did not trouble them; but, in their view, a marriage ceremony by a Protestant dissenting minister was only a license to sin. It was announced that the children of all Protestants not married in a church should be treated as bastards, and in 1704 many persons of undoubted reputation were prosecuted in the bishop's courts as fornicators for cohabiting with their own wives. Ministers, for the offence of preaching the gospel outside of certain bounds, were arrested and held for trial, while their hearers were threatened with the stocks.

Yet the loyalty of the people to the Crown was unshaken, doubtless owing to the fact that the sovereigns generally were opposed to measures of persecution. William III had opposed them, and George I in vain urged the repeal of the obnoxious laws. Therefore when, in 1715, the rebellion in behalf of the Pretender, son of James II, began in Scotland, and an insurrection in Ireland was looked for, the Irish Presbyterians tendered their services to the government. In the emergency military commissions were distributed to them, although contrary to law, and many regiments were speedily raised. After the danger was over they were threatened with prosecution for even that service.

The chief agents of persecution were the bishops of the established church. Some of these prelates, during the earlier part of the eighteenth century, were not only High Churchmen of the most ultra sort, but at heart it was believed partisans of the Stuart dynasty. Dean Swift, no friend to Dissenters, sarcastically described the nominees to the Episcopal bench of Ireland, "as waylaid and murdered by highwaymen on Hounslow Heath, who stole their letters patent, came to Dublin, and were consecrated in their places." All the Irish prelates, however, did not deserve Swift's wholesale denunciation, notably Bishop Berkeley; and many of the parish clergy were worthy of all honor.

Every effort of enlightened statesmen to obtain a relaxation

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 of the stringent laws against Dissenters failed, and in 1719 the Protestant emigration to America recommenced. In addition to the restrictions on religion, Irish industry and commerce had been systematically repressed. Twenty thousand people left Ulster on the destruction of the woollen trade in 1698. Many more were driven away by the first passage of the Test Act. The stream had slackened in the hope of some relief. When this hope expired, men of spirit and energy refused to remain in the country. Thenceforward, for more than fifty years, annual shiploads of families poured themselves out from Belfast and Londonderry. England paid dearly for her Irish policy. The fiercest enemies she had, in 1776, were the descendants of the Scotch-Irish who had held Ulster against James II. The earlier emigrants were nearly all Protestants. The emigration of Catholics from Ireland to America, in large numbers, did not begin till the nineteenth century. Previously, when the Irish people of this class emigrated it was to France, Spain, or other European Catholic country. "There was," says Froude, "first a Protestant exodus to America, and then a Catholic, each emigrant carrying away a sense of intolerable wrong."

The people of Ulster had heard of Pennsylvania, and the religious liberty there enjoyed and promised to all comers, and to that province they came in large numbers. They were mainly farmers, tradesmen and artisans. But jealousies arose in the minds of the original settlers of Pennsylvania, and restrictive measures were adopted by the proprietary government against the Scotch-Irish and German immigrants. Hence many of both these races were the more disposed, in 1732 and afterwards, to seek homes within the limits of Virginia, and run the risk of the church establishment existing there. The Scotch-Irish drifted on in the wake of John Lewis to the present county of Augusta; the German people generally located in the region now known as Shenandoah, Page, and Rockingham. The two races did not keep entirely apart, and there was some commingling of them in the various settlements, and in a short time a few people distinct from either came into the Valley from lower Virginia.

Many of our people are descendants of the defenders of Derry. And to go back a little further, the list of prisoners captured at

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643-664] as a base, but the main fighting forces of Egypt were concentrated round Alexandria, which once more had temporarily fallen into the hands of the Byzantines.

Only after Alexandria had been reconquered and 'Abdallāh ibn Sa'd had become governor of Egypt was a new expedition to the west on a larger scale undertaken under his guidance, probably as early as the end of 647. The Byzantine state authority was now in complete dissolution. The Patricius Gregory of Carthage had revolted the year before, probably because, after the second fall of Alexandria, he considered himself safe from any energetic steps on the part of the Greeks. Nevertheless Carthage itself does not appear to have given him its adhesion, and he based his rule in fact on the Berbers, for which reason he took up his residence in the interior, in the ancient Sufetula, the present Sbeitla. To how small an extent he must have been master of the situation is proved by the fact that he did not even take the field against 'Abdallāh. The latter, with separated detachments, plundered the territory of Tripolis, without being able to take the town itself; one Arab division in fact appears at that time to have penetrated to Ghadames. When 'Abdallāh arrived at the site of the subsequent Ḳairawān he turned and marched on Sbeitla, where he annihilated Gregory's army. The fate of the Patricius himself is uncertain; probably he fell in battle. This battle is also named after 'Aḳūba, a place lying somewhat further to the north. But here again no consolidation of the Arabian rule resulted. A counter attack on the part of the still unconquered towns was to be feared, and 'Abdallāh therefore allowed himself to be persuaded to retire on payment of an enormous sum of money, stated to have been 300 talents. The whole expedition lasted somewhat more than a year (647-648).

Hereupon the confusion following on the assassination of the Caliph Othman brought the expansion for the time being to a standstill. When however Mu'awiya had asserted his authority and his faithful ally 'Amr had again become master in Egypt, the expeditions towards the west were renewed, and in these 'Amr's nephew, the 'Uḳba ibn Nāfi' above mentioned, appears to have been the moving spirit, operating from Barḳa as a base. Along with him a number of other leaders are mentioned, who undertook small excursions against various Berber tribes and against such towns as the ancient Lepta (660-663). All details are dubious; of the subsequent period too our knowledge is but scanty. Probably after the death of 'Amr Africa was entrusted, at all events temporarily, as a separate province to Mu'āwiya ibn Ḥudaij, the head of Mu'āwiya's Egyptian party in his fight against Othman; this man was sent out directly by the Caliph with a considerable army against the united Byzantines and Berbers, and defeated them. The fortress of Jalulā was taken by him. Mu'āwiya's expedition was in conjunction with a diversion of the fleet against Sicily, of which more remains to be said. This event may be dated with tolerable accuracy as having occurred in the year 664.


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 business and fetch the hesitating fair one to the ground. Nor, perhaps, was it only his "curiosity, zeal, and intrepid dexterity" that recommended him for a second in such affairs; it must have been a distinction to have the assistance and advice of Rab the Ranter; and one who was in no way formidable by himself might grow dangerous and attractive through the fame of his associate.

I think we can conceive him, in these early years, in that rough moorland country, poor among the poor with his seven pounds a year, looked upon with doubt by respectable elders, but for all that the best talker, the best letter-writer, the most famous lover and confidant, the laureate poet, and the only man who wore his hair tied in the parish. He says he had then as high a notion of himself as ever after; and I can well believe it. Among the youth he walked facile princeps, an apparent god; and even if, from time to time, the Reverend Mr. Auld should swoop upon him with the thunders of the Church, and, in company with seven others, Rab the Ranter must figure some fine Sunday on the stool of repentance, would there not be a sort of glory, an infernal apotheosis, in so conspicuous a shame? Was not Richelieu in disgrace more idolised than ever by the dames of Paris? and


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 when was the highwayman most acclaimed but on his way to Tyburn? Or, to take a simile from nearer home, and still more exactly to the point, what could even corporal punishment avail, administered by a cold, abstract, unearthly school-master, against the influence and fame of the school's hero?

And now we come to the culminating point of Burns's early period. He began to be received into the unknown upper world. His fame soon spread from among his fellow-rebels on the benches, and began to reach the ushers and monitors of this great Ayrshire academy. This arose in part from his lax views about religion; for at this time that old war of the creeds and confessors, which is always grumbling from end to end of our poor Scotland, brisked up in these parts into a hot and virulent skirmish; and Burns found himself identified with the opposition party,—a clique of roaring lawyers and half-heretical divines, with wit enough to appreciate the value of the poet's help, and not sufficient taste to moderate his grossness and personality. We may judge of their surprise when Holy Willie was put into their hand; like the amorous lads of Tarbolton, they recognised in him the best of seconds. His satires began to go the round in manuscript; Mr. Aiken, one of the lawyers,


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 "read him into fame;" he himself was soon welcome in many houses of a better sort, where his admirable talk, and his manners, which he had direct from his Maker, except for a brush he gave them at a country dancing school, completed what his poems had begun. We have a sight of him at his first visit to Adamhill, in his ploughman's shoes, coasting around the carpet as though that were sacred ground. But he soon grew used to carpets and their owners; and he was still the superior of all whom he encountered, and ruled the roost in conversation. Such was the impression made, that a young clergyman, himself a man of ability, trembled and became confused when he saw Robert enter the church in which he was to preach. It is not surprising that the poet determined to publish: he had now stood the test of some publicity, and under this hopeful impulse he composed in six winter months the bulk of his more important poems. Here was a young man who, from a very humble place, was mounting rapidly; from the cynosure of a parish, he had become the talk of a county; once the bard of rural courtships, he was now about to appear as a bound and printed poet in the world's bookshops.

A few more intimate strokes are necessary to complete the sketch. This strong young plough-


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 man, who feared no competitor with the flail, suffered like a fine lady from sleeplessness and vapours; he would fall into the blackest melancholies, and be filled with remorse for the past and terror for the future. He was still not perhaps devoted to religion, but haunted by it; and at a touch of sickness prostrated himself before God in what I can only call unmanly penitence. As he had aspirations beyond his place in the world, so he had tastes, thoughts, and weaknesses to match. He loved to walk under a wood to the sound of a winter tempest; he had a singular tenderness for animals; he carried a book with him in his pocket when he went abroad, and wore out in this service two copies of the Man of Feeling. With young people in the field at work he was very long-suffering; and when his brother Gilbert spoke sharply to them—"O man, ye are no for young folk," he would say, and give the defaulter a helping hand and a smile. In the hearts of the men whom he met, he read as in a book; and, what is yet more rare, his knowledge of himself equalled his knowledge of others. There are no truer things said of Burns than what is to be found in his own letters. Country Don Juan as he was, he had none of that blind vanity which values itself on what it is not; he knew his own


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 strength and weakness to a hair: he took himself boldly for what he was, and, except in moments of hypochondria, declared himself content.

On the night of Mauchline races, 1785, the young men and women of the place joined in a penny ball, according to their custom. In the same set danced Jean Armour, the master-mason's daughter, and our dark-eyed Don Juan. His dog (not the immortal Luath, but a successor unknown to fame, caret quia vate sacro), apparently sensible of some neglect, followed his master to and fro, to the confusion of the dancers. Some mirthful comments followed; and Jean heard the poet say to his partner—or, as I should imagine, laughingly launch the remark to the company at large—that "he wished he could get any of the lasses to like him as well as his dog." Some time after, as the girl was bleaching clothes on Mauchline green, Robert chanced to go by, still accompanied by his dog; and the dog, "scouring in long excursion," scampered with four black paws across the linen. This brought the two into conversation; when Jean, with a somewhat hoydenish advance, inquired if "he had yet got any of the lasses to like him as well as his dog?"


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 It is one of the misfortunes of the professional Don Juan that his honour forbids him to refuse battle; he is in life like the Roman soldier upon duty, or like the sworn physician who must attend on all diseases. Burns accepted the provocation; hungry hope reawakened in his heart; here was a girl—pretty, simple at least, if not honestly stupid, and plainly not averse to his attentions: it seemed to him once more as if love might here be waiting him. Had he but known the truth! for this facile and empty-headed girl had nothing more in view than a flirtation; and her heart, from the first and on to the end of her story, was engaged by another man. Burns once more commenced the celebrated process of "battering himself into a warm affection;" and the proofs of his success are to be found in many verses of the period. Nor did he succeed with himself only; Jean, with her heart still elsewhere, succumbed to his fascination, and early in the next year the natural consequence became manifest. It was a heavy stroke for this unfortunate couple. They had trifled with life, and were now rudely reminded of life's serious issues. Jean awoke to the ruin of her hopes; the best she had now to expect was marriage with a man who was a stranger to her dearest thoughts; she might now be glad if she could get what she would never have chosen. As for Burns, at the


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 stroke of the calamity he recognised that his voyage of discovery had led him into a wrong hemisphere—that he was not, and never had been, really in love with Jean. Hear him in the pressure of the hour. "Against two things," he writes, "I am as fixed as fate—staying at home, and owning her conjugally. The first, by heaven, I will not do!—the last, by hell, I will never do!" And then he adds, perhaps already in a more relenting temper: "If you see Jean, tell her I will meet her, so God help me in my hour of need." They met accordingly; and Burns, touched with her misery, came down from these heights of independence, and gave her a written acknowledgment of marriage. It is the punishment of Don Juanism to create continually false positions—relations in life which are wrong in themselves, and which it is equally wrong to break or to perpetuate. This was such a case. Worldly Wiseman would have laughed and gone his way; let us be glad that Burns was better counselled by his heart. When we discover that we can be no longer true, the next best is to be kind. I daresay he came away from that interview not very content, but with a glorious conscience; and as he went homeward, he would sing his favourite, "How are Thy servants blest, O Lord!" Jean, on the other hand, armed with her "lines," con-


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 fided her position to the master-mason, her father, and his wife. Burns and his brother were then in a fair way to ruin themselves in their farm; the poet was an execrable match for any well-to-do country lass; and perhaps old Armour had an inkling of a previous attachment on his daughter's part. At least, he was not so much incensed by her slip from virtue as by the marriage which had been designed to cover it. Of this he would not hear a word. Jean, who had besought the acknowledgment only to appease her parents, and not at all from any violent inclination to the poet, readily gave up the paper for destruction; and all parties imagined, although wrongly, that the marriage was thus dissolved. To a proud man like Burns here was a crushing blow. The concession which had been wrung from his pity was now publicly thrown back in his teeth. The Armour family preferred disgrace to his connection. Since the promise, besides, he had doubtless been busy "battering himself" back again into his affection for the girl; and the blow would not only take him in his vanity, but wound him at the heart.

He relieved himself in verse; but for such a smarting affront manuscript poetry was insufficient to console him. He must find a more powerful remedy in good flesh and blood, and


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368 Shortly afterwards 'Uḳba ibn Nāfi' appears to have become the successor of Ibn Ḥudaij. After a brilliant raid through the chain of oases on the northern fringe of the Sahara, where he renewed the Arabian dominion, he undertook in the year 670 an expedition against the so-called Proconsular Africa, where he founded, as an Arabian camp and strategical point of support, on the same lines as Baṣra and Kūfa, Ḳairawān, which became later so famous. Shortly afterwards, at most in a few years, he was recalled.

Under Ibn Ḥudaij and 'Uḳba Africa had grown into a province independent of Egypt; now it was once more attached to Egypt. The new governor-general Maslama ibn Mukhallad sent his freedman Dīnār Abu-l-Muhājir as 'Uḳba's successor. By him 'Uḳba was put in chains; Maslama plainly disapproved 'Uḳba's policy. He had good reason for his disagreement, for 'Uḳba was the type of the arbitrary, reckless leader of the Arabian horsemen; proud as he was, he knew no such thing as compromise, and in his view the Arabs were to conquer by the sword and not by diplomacy; he punished all renegades without mercy. Many Berbers had indeed accepted Islām as long as a contingent of Arabian troops was in their neighbourhood, only to secede as soon as the latter had withdrawn. 'Uḳba treated with impolitic haughtiness the proud leaders of the Berbers who allied themselves with him. His much-renowned raids were displays of bravado without lasting success, but they were in accordance with the taste of Arabian circles and as later on he met his death on one of these expeditions in the far west, his fame was still further enhanced by the martyr's crown. Thus even at the present day Sidi 'Uḳba is a popular saint in Northern Africa. Tested by the judgment of history his less-known successor Dīnār was a much greater man, for it was he who first vigorously opposed the Byzantines and at the same time he was the pioneer in paving the way to an understanding with the Berbers.

After having proved his superior strength, Dīnār appears to have won over the Berbers, especially their leader Kusaila, by conciliatory tactics. With their assistance he proceeded against the Byzantines of Carthage. Though he could not yet take the town he occupied other neighbouring portions of their territory. Thereupon he undertook an advance far to the westward, right away to Tlemcen, which he could do without risk owing to his relations with the Berbers.

In the meantime 'Uḳba had succeeded in obtaining once more from the Caliph Yazīd the supreme command in Northern Africa (681-682). He took revenge on Dīnār by leading him around in chains on all his expeditions. He again formed the main Muslim camp at Ḳairawān, whence Dīnār had removed it, and he approached the Berbers once again with true Arabian haughtiness — in short, in all matters he acted on lines diametrically opposed to those of his predecessor. The result proves the correctness of Dīnār's policy, for the powerful Kusaila incited


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 after this discomfiture, set forth again at once upon his voyage of discovery in quest of love. It is perhaps one of the most touching things in human nature, as it is a commonplace of psychology, that when a man has just lost hope or confidence in one love, he is then most eager to find and lean upon another. The universe could not be yet exhausted; there must be hope and love waiting for him somewhere; and so, with his head down, this poor, insulted poet ran once more upon his fate. There was an innocent and gentle Highland nursery-maid at service in a neighbouring family; and he had soon battered himself and her into a warm affection and a secret engagement. Jean's marriage lines had not been destroyed till March 13, 1786; yet all was settled between Burns and Mary Campbell by Sunday, May 14, when they met for the last time, and said farewell with rustic solemnities upon the banks of Ayr. They each wet their hands in a stream, and, standing one on either bank, held a Bible between them as they vowed eternal faith. Then they exchanged Bibles, on one of which Burns, for greater security, had inscribed texts as to the binding nature of an oath; and surely, if ceremony can do aught to fix the wandering affections, here were two people united for life. Mary came of a superstitious


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 family, so that she perhaps insisted on these rites; but they must have been eminently to the taste of Burns at this period; for nothing would seem superfluous, and no oath great enough, to stay his tottering constancy.

Events of consequence now happened thickly in the poet's life. His book was announced; the Armours sought to summon him at law for the aliment of the child; he lay here and there in hiding to correct the sheets; he was under an engagement for Jamaica, where Mary was to join him as his wife; now, he had "orders within three weeks at latest to repair aboard the Nancy, Captain Smith;" now his chest was already on the road to Greenock; and now, in the wild autumn weather on the moorland, he measures verses of farewell:—

But the great master dramatist had secretly another intention for the piece; by the most violent and complicated solution, in which death and birth and sudden fame all play a part as interposing deities, the act-drop fell upon a scene of transformation. Jean was brought to bed of twins, and, by an amicable arrangement, the Burnses took the boy to bring up by hand, while the girl remained with her mother. The success of the book was


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682-697] the Berbers against 'Uḳba and fled on the earliest opportunity from his camp. 'Uḳba therefore proceeded westwards under much less favourable conditions than Dīnār, and though he advanced beyond Tlemcen to Tangier and appears after crossing the Atlas to have even penetrated right to the Atlantic Ocean, yet on the return journey both he and his prisoner Dīnār were cut down by mutinous Berbers. They could not have been surprised if he had not fancied the whole of the west already conquered, and therefore divided up his army into small detachments. Or it may be that he was no longer able to keep together the troops, who were laden with booty. And thus at Tahūdha, not far from Biskra, he suffered the martyr's death (683). This was the signal for a general rising of the Berbers and the renewal of their co-operation with the Byzantines. The Arabs were compelled to relinquish Africa, and Zubair ibn Ḳais, the commandant of Ḳairawān, led the troops back. Kusaila was enabled to wander unpunished with his bands throughout all Africa. Thus at the time of the death of the Caliph Yazīd the whole of Africa beyond Barḳa was again lost. This fact further confirms our judgment of the vastly too much celebrated 'Uḳba.

'Abd-al-Malik attempted as early as 688-689, if we may believe the unanimous opinion of the Arabs, to restore the Caliph's authority in Africa. He did not wait, as might have been expected, until after the conclusion of the civil war against the opposition Caliph, 'Abdallāh ibn Zubair. This new expedition however, commanded by the same Zubair, did not proceed against the Byzantines, but against Kusaila, for in all these wars the Byzantine towns managed in a masterly way to make use of the Berbers as a bulwark. First of all Ḳairawān which had drifted under Berber rule was freed, and then a further advance was made against the Mons Aurasius, Kusaila's base. Kusaila was defeated in a bloody battle and fell, whilst Zubair's troops penetrated as far as Sicca Veneria, the present Kef, and it may be even further. The energy of the Arabs was however then exhausted. On the return march a fate similar to 'Uḳba overtook Zubair, and from similar causes. The Byzantines had in fact taken advantage of his absence to attack Barḳa. Zubair with a few faithful followers was cut down by them.

Ḳairawān however remained in the hands of the Arabs and now began from this point outwards the work of the real pacificator, Ḥassān ibn an-Nu'mān, though we do not quite know when the arrangement of the conditions was placed in his hands. As the first Syrian Amīr on African soil he thoroughly understood how to combine severe discipline with astute diplomacy. In all material points he adopted Dīnār's policy. Like Dīnār he recognised in the first instance the Byzantines as his main enemy. As soon as the arrival of the auxiliary troops sent by the Caliph permitted him to do so, he advanced against the still unvanquished Carthage, and conquered it in the summer of 697. Following this up he defeated the united Byzantines and Berbers at


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 immediate and emphatic; it put £20 at once into the author's purse; and he was encouraged upon all hands to go to Edinburgh and push his success in a second and larger edition. Third and last in these series of interpositions, a letter came one day to Mossgiel Farm for Robert. He went to the window to read it; a sudden change came over his face, and he left the room without a word. Years afterwards, when the story began to leak out, his family understood that he had then learned the death of Highland Mary. Except in a few poems and a few dry indications purposely misleading as to date, Burns himself made no reference to this passage of his life; it was an adventure of which, for I think sufficient reasons, he desired to bury the details. Of one thing we may be glad: in after years he visited the poor girl's mother, and left her with the impression that he was "a real warm-hearted chield."

Perhaps a month after he received this intelligence, he set out for Edinburgh on a pony he had borrowed from a friend. The town that winter was "agog with the ploughman poet." Robertson, Dugald Stewart, Blair, "Duchess Gordon and all the gay world," were of his acquaintance. Such a revolution is not to be found in literary history. He was now, it must be remembered, twenty-seven years of age; he had fought since his early boy-


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262 conjunctiva and the purulent secretion are sometimes more and sometimes less threatening. Frequently the exudation from the mucous membrane is so copious that, upon everting the lids, one can see it collect upon the surfaces while under observation. Frequently the exudate is at the same time so coagulable that it immediately forms a membrane which covers the mucous surface, and, when the lids are closed, may extend unbroken from the inner surface of one to the other. Frequently the mucous membrane shows also a great inclination to bleed, so that the eversion of the lids or the least touch suffices to provoke a hemorrhage, which, however, when the lids are returned to their normal position, generally ceases again spontaneously. This symptom has no special prognostic or therapeutic importance.

During the first days of a severe blennorrhœa neonatorum the cornea often shows a slight diffuse cloudiness throughout its whole extent; this, however, disappears entirely under suitable treatment. Any corneal affection which occurs is generally in the form of a circumscribed purulent infiltration.

Gonorrhœal blennorrhœa is caused by inoculation of the gonorrhœal secretion upon the conjunctiva, and often proves one of the severest and most dangerous forms. The inflammation may, however, assume a milder type in cases where the inoculating secretion has been diluted.

There are no special symptoms by which a gonorrhœal blennorrhœa can be recognized as such in cases where it is not possible to discover the gonorrhœa as a cause. Moreover, this etiological fact has no influence upon the prognosis or treatment of the blennorrhœa.

Blennorrhœas in which the infection is caused by inoculation with conjunctival secretions are very frequent, since all conjunctival affections accompanied by a muco-purulent secretion may be regarded as infectious. As a general thing, there is a certain agreement in type between the original and the inoculated disease. But one often sees very malignant blennorrhœas resulting by inoculation from slight conjunctival affections.

The course and prognosis of acute conjunctival blennorrhœas depend in the first place upon the degree of the inflammation. Mild cases may be cured by proper treatment in from one to two weeks; severe ones in from six to eight weeks. The most impor-


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 collar, not an extra hairpin, not anything. Aleck Reese either loved or hated everything I owned. I have n't left a single bridge on which one of my thoughts could even crawl back to him again

Half quizzically, half caressingly, Drew stooped down and brushed his lips across the lock of hair. Fragrant as violets, soft as the ghost of a kiss, the little curl wafted its dearness into his senses. But ranker than violets, harsher than kisses, lurked the blunt, unmistakable odor of ashes.

He laughed. And the laugh was bitter as gall. "Burning your bridges," he mused. "It's a good theory. But if I take your life into my bungling hands and sweat my heart out trying to make you love me, and come home every night to find you crying with fear and heartbreak, will you still pro test that the sting in your eyes is nothing in the world except the smudge from those burnt bridges? Will you promise?"

With desperate literalness she clutched at the phrase. Everything else in the room began to whirl round and round like prickly stars. "I promise, I promise," she gasped. Then sight not air, but just sight seemed to be smothered right out of her, and her brain reeled, and she wilted down un conscious on the floor.

Cursing himself for a brute, Drew snatched her up in a little, white, crumpled heap and started for

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Rh struction of the cornea. Where the course of the blennorrhœa is less acute, there is more chance that the process will be arrested and healing occur before the entire cornea is destroyed. Frequently there are in the cornea at the same time several such points of purulent infiltration, in which case the danger to the cornea is, of course, increased.

The suppurative process which occurs in the cornea during the course of an acute conjunctival blennorrhœa has this peculiarity, that the pus never sinks downward in the substance of the cornea, nor is hypopion ever formed. But, as in other suppurations of the cornea, iritis is a frequent complication.

In blennorrhœal conjunctivitis of the milder forms, small, circumscribed corneal infiltrations are most apt to occur, with perhaps extensive loss of epithelium and diffuse clouding of the corneal tissue thus exposed, and shallow ulcers with smooth, reflecting floors.

Blennorrhœa may occur idiopathically, or in consequence of some external hurtful cause, especially in cases where the conjunctiva was previously quite normal. But very severe cases not infrequently occur for which no cause can be with certainty determined. In the great majority of cases, however, the disease is acquired by infection with the purulent blennorrhœal secretion. The most frequent source is the blennorrhœal disease of the conjunctiva itself.

Among; the inoculated forms, the first to be mentioned is the blennorrhœa neonatorum. The circumstance that this affection occurs always within a few days, generally three or four, after birth, points very decidedly to an infection occurring either at that time or very soon after it. It is, however, by no means necessary that the mother should have had a virulent vaginal blennorrhœa. It is probable that any muco-purulent secretion which during delivery accidentally gets into the conjunctival sac, is sufficient to produce this condition. It is possible that some days later, through carelessness, an infection may be caused by the lochial discharges. Frequently only one eye is at first affected; still, it is seldom possible to protect the second from infection by the first. The intensity with which blennorrhœa neonatorum occurs, varies greatly, probably on account of differences in the infecting secretion. Accordingly, the symptoms presented by the swelling of the


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 "Anglo-Saxon and Chemistry and Hindoo His- tory and Sunsets and Mountains and Moose" she repeated glibly.

"Now you re teasing me," said the Journalist.

She nodded her head delightedly. "I m trying to !" she smiled.

The Journalist turned part way round in his chair, and proffered her a perfectly huge olive as though it had been a crown jewel. When he spoke again, his voice was almost as low as the voice of the man who was talking transmigration of souls. But his smile was a great deal kinder. "Don't you find any Romance at all in your woods?" he asked a bit drawlingly.

"said the Girl; "that s the trouble. Of course, when I was small it did n t make any dif- ference; indeed, I think that I rather preferred it lonesome then. But this last year, somehow, and this last autumn especially oh, I know you 11 think I'm silly but two or three times in the woods I've hoped and hoped and hoped at the turn of a trail, or the edge of a brook, or the scent of a camp fire that I might run right into a real, live Hunter or Fisherman. And one night I really prayed about it and the next morn- ing I got up early and put on my very best little hunting suit all coats and leggings and things just like yours, you know and I stayed out all

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 day long tramping tramping tramping, and I never saw any one. But I did get a fox. Yes! and then"

"And then what?" whispered the Journalist very helpfully.

The Girl began to smile, but her lips were quite as red as a blush. "Well and then, "she con- tinued softly, "it occurred to me all of a sudden that the probable reason why the Man-Who-Was- Meant-for-Me did n t come was because he- didn t know I was there!" She began to laugh, toying all the while a little bit nervously with her ice-cream fork. "So I thought that perhaps if I came down to New York this winter and then went home again, that maybe not prob- ably you know, but just possibly some time in the spring or summer I might look up sud- denly through the trees and he would be there! But I've been ten days in New York and I have n t seen one single man whom I d exactly like to meet in the woods in my little hunting suit."

"Wouldn't you be willing to meet me?" pried the Journalist injudiciously.

The Girl looked up and faltered. "Why, of course," she hurried, "I should be very glad to see you but I had always sort of hoped that the man whom I met in the woods wouldn't be bald."

The Journalist choked noisily over his salted

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 almonds. His heightened color made him look very angry.

"Oh, I trust I was n't rude," begged the Wood land Girl. Then as the Journalist s galloping laughter slowed down into the gentlest sort of a single- foot smile, her eyes grew abruptly big and dark with horror. "Why, I never thought of it," she stammered, "but I suppose that what I have just said about the man in the woods and my com- ing to New York is husband hunting.

The Journalist considered the matter very care fully. " N o," he answered at last, " I don't think I should call it husband hunting, nor yet, exactly, the search for the Holy Grail ; but, really now, I think on the whole I should call it more of a sacrament than a sport"

"O h," whispered the Girl with a little sigh of relief.

It must have been fully fifteen minutes before the Journalist spoke to her again. Then, in the midst of his salad course, he put down his fork and asked quite inquisitively: "Are n't there any men at all up in your own special Maine woods?"

"Oh, yes," the Girl acknowledged with a little crinkle of her nose, "there's Peter."

"Who s Peter? "he insisted.

"Why, Peter," she explained, "is the Phila-

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 delphia boy who tutors with my father in the sum- mers."

Her youthfulness was almost as frank as fever, and, though taking advantage of this frankness seemed quite as reprehensible as taking advantage of any other kind of babbling delirium, the Journalist felt somehow obliged to pursue his investigations.

"Nice boy?" he suggested tactfully.

The Girl's nose crinkled just a little bit tighter.

The Journalist frowned. "I'll wager you two dozen squirrels out of Central Park," he said," that Peter is head over heels in love with you!"

The Girl's mouth twisted a trifle, but her eyes were absolutely solemn. " I suppose that he is," she answered gravely, "but he's never taken the trouble to tell me so, and he's been with us three summers. I suppose lots of men are made like that. You read about it in books. They want to sew just as long long long a seam as they possibly can without tying any knot in the thread. Peter, I know, wants to make perfectly Philadel- phia-sure that he won't meet any girl in the winters whom he likes better."

"I think that sort of thing is mighty mean, "in- terposed the Journalist sympathetically.

"Mean?" cried the Girl. "Mean?" Her tousley yellow hair seemed fairly electrified with as- tonishment, and her big blue eyes brimmed suddenly

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Rh Bothwell Bridge and herded like cattle for months in Grayfriars' Churchyard, Edinburgh, is like a muster-roll of Augusta people. An Appendix to the old Scotch book called "A Cloud of Witnesses," says: "Anno, 1679, of the prisoners taken at Bothwell, were banished to America 250, who were taken away byPaterson, merchant at Leith, who transacted for them with Provost Milns, Laird of Barnton, the man that first burnt the covenant, whereof 200 were drowned by shipwreck at a place called the Mulehead of Darness, near Orkney, being shut up by the said Paterson's order beneath the hatches; 50 escaped." The following were a part of the 250, the names of those who escaped being printed in italics: James Clark and John Clark, of the parish of Kilbride; John Thomson and Alexander Walker, of Shots; William, Waddel, William Miller, James Waddel and John Gardner, of Monkland; John Cochran, John Watson and Thomas Brownlee, of Evandale; Thomas Wilson, of Cathkin; John Miller and John Craig, of Glassford; David Currie, Robert Tod, John White and Robert Wallace, of Fenwick; Hugh Cameron, of Dalnulhington; William Reid, of Mauchline; John Campbell and Alexander Paterson, of Muirkirk; James Young and George Campbell, of Galston; Thomas Finlay, William Brown, Robert Anderson and James Anderson, of Kilmarnock; William Caldwell, of Girvan; Mungo Eccles, of Maybole; Alexander Lamb and George Hutcheson, of Straiton; Robert Ramsey and John Douglas, of Kirkmichael; John White, of Kirkeswald; Thomas Miller, of Largo; Thomas Miller, Thomas Brown and James Buchanan, of Gargrennock; Thomas Thomson and Andrew Thomson, of St. Ninians ; Andrew Young, John Morison and Hugh Montgomery, of Airlt; Thomas Ingles, Patrick Hamilton, John Bell, Patrick Wilson and William Henderson, of Dalmannie; James Steel and John Brown, of Calder; William Reid, of Musselburgh; James Tod, of Dunbar; James Houston, of Balmaghie; Robert Brown and Samuel Beck, of Kilmackbrick, John Martin, of Borque; Andrew Clark, of Luckrictan; John Scott, of Ettrick; John Glascow, William Glascow, Richard Young and James Young, of Cavers; Walter Waddel, of Sprouston; William Scott and Alexander Waddel, of Castletown. The fifty men who escaped from the shipwreck made their way to the north of Ireland, and were not further troubled.

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“ unbind your helmets,” spake the good Knight Hagen. “I and my comrade will guard you well, and should Etzel’s men be minded to try again, I'll warn my lords as soon as I ever can.”

Then many a good knight bared his head. They sate them down upon the wounded, who had fallen in the blood, done to death at their hands. Evil looks were cast upon the noble strangers. Before the eventide the king and the queen brought it to pass that the Hunnish champions tried again. Men saw full twenty thousand warriors stand before them, who must perforce march to the fray. Straightway there rose a mighty storming towards the strangers. Dankwart, Hagen’s brother, the doughty knight, sprang from his lordings’ side to meet the foes without the door. All weened that he were dead, yet forth he stood again unscathed. The furious strife did last till nightfall brought it to a close. As befitted good knights, the strangers warded off King Kizel’s liegemen the livelong summer day. Ho, how many a bold knight fell doomed before them! This great slaughter happed upon midsummer’s day, when Lady Kriemhild avenged her sorrow of heart upon her nearest kin and upon many another man, so that King Etzel never again gained joy.

The day had passed away, but still they had good cause for fear. They thought, a short and speedy death


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text: The Sick-a-Bed Lady/The Pink Sash

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282 were better for them, than to be longer racked with monstrous pain. A truce these proud and lusty knights now craved; they begged that men would bring the king to see them. Forth from the hall stepped the heroes, bloody of hue, and the three noble kings, stained from their armor. They wist not to whom they should make plaint of their mighty wounds. Thither both Etzel and Kriemhild went; the land was theirs and so their band waxed large. He spake to the strangers: “Pray tell me, what ye will of me? Ye ween to gain here peace, but that may hardly be. For damage as great as ye have done me, in my son and in my many kinsmen, whom ye have slain, peace and pardon shall be denied you quite; it shall not boot you aught, an’ I remain alive.”

To this King Gunther answered: “Dire need constrained us; all my men-at-arms lay dead before thy heroes in the hostel. How did I deserve such pay? I came to thee in trust, I weened thou wast my friend.”

Young Giselher of Burgundy likewise spake; “Ye men of Etzel, who still do live, what do ye blame me with? What have I done to you, for I rode in friendly wise into this land of yours.”

Quoth they: “From thy friendliness this castle is filled with grief and the land as well. We should not have taken it ill, in sooth, if thou hadst never come from Worms beyond the Rhine. Thou and thy brothers have filled this land with orphans.”

Then spake Knight Giselher in angry mood: “And ye will lay aside this bitter hate and make your peace with us stranger knights, ’t were best for either side. We have not merited at all what Etzel here doth do us.”


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 NO man could have asked the ques tion more simply. The whole gaunt, gigantic Rocky Mountain landscape seemed indeed most pe- culiarly conducive to simple emo' tions.

Yet Donas Guthrie s original remark had been purely whimsical and distinctly apropos of nothing at all. The careless knocking of his pipe against the piazza's primitive railing had certainly not pre pared the way for any particularly vital statement. "Up - - to - - the - - time - - he's - - thirty," drawled the pleasant, deep, distinctly masculine voice, "up to the time he's thirty, no man has done the things that he's really wanted to do but only the things that happened to come his way. He's forced into business to please his father, and cajoled into the Episcopal Church to gratify his mother, and bullied into red neckties to pacify his sister Isabel. But once having reached the grown up, level-headed, utterly independent age of thirty, a man's a fool, I tell you, who does n't sit down de-

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As far as known, the country now embraced in Augusta county was never entered by white men until the year 1716. Six years earlier, however, some portion of the Valley of Virginia had been seen from the top of the Blue Ridge by Europeans. Governor Spotswood, writing to the Council of Trade, London, December 15, 1710, says that a company of adventurers found the mountains "not above a hundred miles from our upper inhabitants, and went up to the top of the highest mountain with their horses, tho' they had hitherto been thought to be unpassable, and they assured me that ye descent on the other side seemed to be as easy as that they had passed on this, and that they could have passed over the whole ledge (which is not large), if the season of the year had not been too far advanced before they set out on that expedition."—[Spotswood Letters, Vol. I, page 40.] It would seem that the adventurers referred to looked into the Valley from the mountain in the neighborhood of Balcony Falls, but no description of the country seen by them is given.

This portion of the Valley was then entirely uninhabited. The Shawnee Indians had a settlement in the lower valley, at or near Winchester, and parties of that tribe frequently traversed this section on hunting excursions, or on warlike expeditions against Southern tribes, but there was no Indian village or wigwam within the present limits of the county. At an early day. Indians, or people of some other race, had doubtless resided here, as would appear from several ancient mounds, or burial places, still existing in the county.

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 liberately, and roll up his sleeves, and square his jaw, and list out, one by one, the things that he wants in the presumable measure of lifetime that's left him and go ahead and get them!"

"Why, surely," said the young woman, without the slightest trace of surprise. Something in her matter-of-fact acquiescence made Donas Guthrie smile a trifle shrewdly.

"Oh ! So you've got your own list all made out? "he quizzed. Around the rather tired-looking corners of Esther Davidson's mouth the tiniest pos- sible flicker of amusement began to show.

"No, not all made out, "she answered frankly.
 * You see, I wasn't thirty until yesterday."

Stooping with cheerful unconcern to blow a little fluff of tobacco ash from his own khaki-colored knees to hers, Guthrie eyed her delightedly from under his heavy brows.

"Oh, this is working out very neatly and pleas- antly," he mused, all agrin."Ever since you joined our camping party at Laramie, jumping off the train as white-faced and out of breath as though }you'd been running to catch up with us all the way from Boston indeed, ever since you first wrote me at Morristown, asking full particulars about the whole expedition and begging us to go to the Sierra Ne- vadas instead and blotted Sierra twice and crossed it out once and then in final petulance spelled it

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Rh hen spake the host to his guests: “Unlike are my wrongs and yours. The mickle grievance from the loss and then the shame, which I have taken here, are such that none of you shall e’er go hence alive.”

At this mighty Gernot spake to the king: “May God then bid you act in merciful wise. Slay, if ye will, us homeless knights, but let us first descend to you into the open court. That will make to you for honor. Let be done quickly whatever shall hap to us. Ye have still many men unscathed, who dare well encounter us and bereave us storm-weary men of life. How long must we warriors undergo these toils?”

King Etzel’s champions had nigh granted this boon and let them leave the hall, but Kriemhild heard it and sorely it misliked her. Therefore the wanderers were speedily denied the truce. “Not so, ye Hunnish men. I counsel you in true fealty, that ye do not what ye have in mind, and let these murderers leave the hall, else must your kinsmen suffer a deadly fall. Did none of them still live, save Uta’s sons, my noble brothers, and they came forth into the breeze and cooled their armor rings, ye would all be lost. Bolder heroes were never born into the world.”

Then spake young Giselher: “Fair sister mine, full evil was my trust, when thou didst invite me from across the Rhine hither to this land, to this dire need. How have I merited death here from the Huns? I was aye true to thee; never did I do thee wrong, and in the hope that thou wast still my friend, dear sister mine, rode I hither to thy court. It cannot be but that thou grant us mercy.”

“I will not grant you mercy, merciless is my mood.


text: The Sick-a-Bed Lady/Woman's Only Business


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 THE men at the club were horridly busy that night discussing the silly English law about marrying your dead wife's sister. The talk was quite rabid enough even be- fore an English High-churchman infused his pious venom into the subject-matter. When the argument was at it's highest and the drinks were at their lowest, Bertus Sagner, the biology man at the university, jumped up from his seat with blazing eyes and said "RATS!" not any thing long and Latin, not anything obscure and evasive, not even "rodents," but just plain "RATS! "The look on his face was inordinately disgusted, or indeed more than disgusted, unless disgust is perhaps an emotion that may at times be served red-hot. As he broke away from the gabbling crowd and began to hunt noisily round the room for his papers, I gathered up my own chemistry notebook and started after him. I was a new man in town and a comparative stranger. But

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284 Hagen of Troneg hath done me such great wrongs that it may never be amended, the while I live. Ye must all suffer for this deed,” so spake King Etzel’s wife. “And ye will give me Hagen alone as hostage, I will not deny that I will let you live, for ye be my brothers and children of one mother, and will counsel peace with these heroes that be here.”

“Now God in heaven forbid,” spake Gernot; “were there here a thousand of us, the clansmen of thy kin, we’d rather all lie dead, than give thee a single man as hostage. Never shall this be done.”

“We all must die,” spake then Giselher, “but none shall hinder that we guard us in knightly wise. We be still here, if any list to fight us; for never have I failed a friend in fealty.”

Then spake bold Dankwart (it had not beseemed him to have held his peace): “Forsooth my brother Hagen standeth not alone. It may yet rue those who here refuse the truce. I’ll tell you of a truth, well make you ware of this.”

Then spake the queen: “Ye full lusty heroes, now go nigher to the stairs and avenge my wrongs. For this I will ever serve you, as I should by right. I’ll pay Hagen well for his overweening pride. Let none at all escape from the house, and I will bid the hall be set on fire at all four ends. Thus all my wrongs shall be well avenged.”

Soon were King Etzel’s champions ready. They drove those that still stood without into the hall with blows and shots. Mickle waxed the din, yet the lordings and their liegemen would not part. For very fealty they could not leave each other. Etzel’s queen