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 century. And, among all the enlightened and advanced nations, the expectation of the individual for long survival is greater; since the appearance of uncheckable and epidemic disorders is less frequent, and the percentage of cures is greater.

Since the general establishment of the system of quarantine, and the requirement of an efficient sewage system in towns and large cities, and the enforcement of sanitary plumbing laws in houses, the death rate has enormously decreased. The Plague, cholera, typhus and yellow fever, diphtheria, typhoid, consumption, and other maladies are not now the awful menace to life they were of old. The Plague, which in the past centuries devastated Europe, handing over the populations of whole cities to death and destruction, has been banished further and further East, until now it makes no serious lodgment where the proper precautions have been taken.

The virulence of this disease may be realized from the following figures: In Toulon, France, in 1721, out of a population of 250,000, 87,659 persons died. In the city of Marseilles, the year previous, forty to sixty thousand were victims. London's great plague of 1665


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 carried off human beings to the number of 68,596, in a population of 460,000, out of whom two-thirds are supposed to have fled to escape the contagion. The absence of Plague has been contemporaneous with better sanitary conditions maintained in various localities, and now it is only found where lack of knowledge of modern methods is prevalent among the people. But, even in the last outbreak in India, thanks to the physicians employed by the British Government, its ravages were much less serious than heretofore.

It is known, that in tetanus or lockjaw, and hydrophobia, the employment of a specific lymph, through inoculation, has made cures possible where formerly nearly all cases proved fatal. By means of the antitoxin treatment, the mortality in that dread disease, diphtheria, has been reduced more than one-half. Antiseptic precautions in surgical cases, first introduced by the famous surgeon, Lord Lister, have almost revolutionized the statistics, making possible and successful operations that formerly could not be dreamed of—thus broadening the whole scope of surgery as a science. In the war with Spain, and in the Transvaal, this fact has been most plainly demonstrated.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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 From recent experiments in preventive inoculation for typhoid fever in the British Army, it has been found, that, while those who had not been inoculated showed an enormous death rate, due to the conditions of campaigning; on the other hand, those who had been inoculated were practically immune, the percentage of deaths being next to nothing.

The scourge of, which a hundred years ago swept whole communities, gave enormous numbers over to death, and disfigured the faces of nearly all who survived, has become almost a thing of past history, where vaccination is thoroughly and systematically enforced. For years, until the recent outbreak, which at no time was beyond control, and which subsided after the health authorities had put into operation their repressive measures, it has been a curiosity in Greater New York.

In cases of child-birth, by the use of anesthetics and antiseptics, the mortality is but one-fifth of what it used to be, or almost nothing. The care in preparation, and the standardizing of drugs, the inspection of milk and its sterilization, the scientific supervision of the making and distribution of foods for infants and children—have all contrib-


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 uted to the checking and prevention of disease, and thus to the longer life of the individuals of the community.

These are facts which can be proved by the most competent testimony of trained minds. Into what an abyss would we be plunged, if we were to give up these hard-earned boons of years of patient investigation and labor, for the doubtful offerings of an uninformed and misguided sect of ultra-emotionalists? Can we afford to lose the priceless benefits we have attained, and are still attaining? Can we ever permit such substitution? Can we sit still and allow the profession of medicine, which contains some of the brightest intellects, the most devoted and unselfish characters, the noblest and most steadfast souls, to be assailed, to have its means of well-doing threatened; when we know it should be protected, for the sake of all it has procured for humanity? And, finally, can we continue to allow the health of the community to be menaced by the ridiculous incompetency which would overthrow these our benefactors?

Thousands and millions of bereavements would ensue, if we were to be engulfed by this insanity of Christian Science; and the headstones of those


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The Lord is wonderfully working here in Memphis, beginning with the first meeting, a week ago Sunday. His Spirit was poured out in a striking way, healing many sick ones. He blesses Sister Etter, giving out the Word. Her mission is to call God’s people together, they are coming from many States, as they do to all her meetings. There are people here who were healed a year ago in the Dallas meeting. Also a sister who was healed in the San Antonio meeting. Here is her testimony:

“Though it has been nearly a year since I was healed, my testimony has never been printed in any paper, but feeling it is my duty to God and man, I now send it. In the fall of 1912, a hard lump appeared in both my breasts. My home physician treated me for several weeks, and the lumps kept getting larger, and the swelling around them kept spreading out on my body and arms. He sent me to a specialist at Winona, Miss., and after examination he pronounced my trouble cancer, and wrote my home physician, and sent the letter by me, and he read the letter to us at home when I gave it to him. It said, “I find Miss Ray to be suffering from malignant cancer in both breasts, etc., and I have advised her that her only hope of cure is an immediate surgical operation. This was in October and I put off the operation until June 18, 1913, and went to Sister Etter at San Antonio, Texas, and she laid her hands on me and prayed. The lumps and swelling went and I was healed. I have been praising God ever since.”

God has been mightily in our midst during the past week, showing Himself mighty to deliver from sin and sickness, and baptizing in the Holy Ghost. Crowds have been coming. The

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 who are dear to us, and whom we now keep, would whiten thick the hillsides of our cemeteries, and stand in mute appeal against the inhumanity of its miserable practice. This insufferable movement, in its manifestation as a healing art or profession, is a menace to the community; it is a menace, reader, to you and to me, and to all who are dear to us; and the same law which maintains quarantine and municipal health precautions and cleanliness, because, without these, human life is sacrificed, should put down with ruthless hand the practice of this pseudo "Science" which, under a religious guise, has already committed so many shocking murders.

We can, perhaps, pass over the fact that a man is acting the part of a delusionist, if his delusion concerns no one but himself. But it becomes a more serious matter, when his aberration of mind affects the lives and happiness of others in the community, and when he is bent on hypnotizing his fellow-men to follow in his footsteps. We can, therefore, afford merely to pity the individual Christian Scientist who fondly believes he can banish all his own ailments by "silent treatment" without the aid of a physician. But when suchanone fanatically attempts


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 to infect others with his delusion; when he recklessly becomes the instrument of spreading contagious diseases; and, especially, when he subjects innocent and defenseless children to the horrors of neglect, and to the miseries of pain and sickness, without attempt at intelligent alleviation—the time for pity is past; we should hold him up to the scorn and execration of all who think aright, and visit him with the penalty his wickedness deserves.

About Christian Science, like all emotional phenomena, there seems to be a mental contagion; and, before it runs its course, it will do an incalculable amount of harm. The best we who understand its real meaning and purport can accomplish is, to instruct and warn those who have not as yet been infected with its delusions, and to arouse public sentiment and the authorities against its malpractice. Then we can, perhaps, hope and believe that wisdom and common sense will prevail on the part of the majority of the community; that proselytes will cease to be obtained; and that the thing will at last die like other spasmodic and abortive frenzies.


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 a track—a track you had to keep your eye on or you lost it in a minute, but still a guide as to direction.

The forest trees here were mainly ebony and great hard wood trees, with no palms save my old enemy the climbing palm, calamus, as usual, going on its long excursions, up one tree and down another, bursting into a plume of fronds, and in the middle of each plume one long spike sticking straight up, which was an unopened frond, whenever it got a gleam of sunshine; running along the ground over anything it meets, rock or fallen timber, all alike, its long, dark-coloured, rope-like stem simply furred with thorns. Immense must be the length of some of these climbing palms. One tree I noticed that day that had hanging: its summit, a good one hundred and fifty feet above us, a long straight rope-like palm stem. Interested, I went to it, and tried to track it to root, and found it was only a loop that came down from another tree. I had no time to trace it further; for they go up a tree and travel along the surrounding tree-tops, take an occasional dip, and then up again.

The character of the whole forest was very interesting. Sometimes for hours we passed among thousands upon thousands of gray-white columns of uniform height (about 100—150 feet); at the top of these the boughs branched out and interlaced among each other, forming a canopy or ceiling, which dimmed the light even of the equatorial sun to such an extent that no undergrowth could thrive in the gloom. The statement of the struggle for existence was published here in plain figures, but it was not, as in our climate, a struggle against climate mainly, but an internecine war from over population. Now and again we passed among vast stems of buttressed trees, sometimes enormous in girth; and from their far-away summits hung great bush-ropes, some as straight as plumb lines, others coiled round, and intertwined among each other, until one could fancy one was looking on some mighty battle between armies of gigantic serpents, that had been arrested at its height by some magic spell. All these bush-ropes were as bare of foliage as a ship's wire rigging, but a good many had thorns. I was very curious as


text: Valid Objections to So-called Christian Science


text: Valid Objections to So-called Christian Science/Preface


text: Valid Objections to So-called Christian Science/Chapter 1


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text: Valid Objections to So-called Christian Science/Chapter 4


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text: Valid Objections to So-called Christian Science/Chapter 6


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Introducing the Wyoming Toad Conservation Area

INTRODUCING THE WYOMING TOAD CONSERVATION AREA

On September 22, 2023, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service) acquired 1,078 acres of land to officially establish the Wyoming Toad Conservation Area (CA). A conservation area is a landscape-scale unit of the National Wildlife Refuge System that helps the Service protect wildlife habitat both via voluntary, private land conservation easements and fee title land acquisition.

The Service purchased this land, known as the Bath Ranch, from The Conservation Fund, a national nonprofit focused on land and water protection. The Service used funds from the Federal Land and Water Conservation Fund for the purchase. The Service has been working with The Conservation Fund, The City of Laramie, the Wyoming Game and Fish Department, and the Laramie Rivers Conservation District for several years to reach this key milestone.

Although the first acquisition to establish the Wyoming Toad CA was in fee title acres, the Service will continue working with partners to seek opportunities for developing conservation easements within the Wyoming Toad CA.

Years in the Making

In 2015, the Service developed a Land Protection Plan for the Wyoming Toad Conservation Area, which authorized the purchase of land from willing sellers of up to 43,200 acres in the Laramie Plains of the Wyoming Basin using the Service’s easement program. Within this area, up to 10,000 acres can be purchased as fee title lands. The Conservation Area is within the historic range of the Wyoming toad.

This acquisition is adjacent to Hutton Lake NWR in the Laramie Plains. It includes existing senior water rights needed to maintain quality habitat for toads, migratory birds, and native fish. This acquisition will allow additional toad introductions and adaptive management of Chytrid fungus, a primary threat to Wyoming toads. The land acquired also has a diversity of habitat types that are not present at other toad sites, including playa ponds, sub-irrigated meadows, and riverine habitat, all of which are beneficial to the toads.

The Wyoming Toad - Small, Elusive, Lumpy and Rare

The Wyoming Toad once thrived in the wetlands of southeastern Wyoming. By the 1970s, it was in decline due to various factors, including habitat alteration and Chytrid fungus. In the mid-1980s, it was listed as endangered under the Endangered Species Act. In 1987, a very small population was discovered at what is now Mortenson Lake National Wildlife Refuge. This was thought to be the last of the Wyoming toads in the wild. In the 1990s, the population at Mortenson Lake National Wildlife Refuge was so low that the last remaining toads were brought into captivity for breeding.

Four decades later, the Wyoming toad population is improving, thanks to efforts of the Wyoming Toad Recovery Team and captive breeding programs. The Recovery Team, founded over 20 years ago, is made up of passionate experts from the Association of Zoos, Wyoming Game and Fish, the University of Wyoming, private landowners, the Service, and others. The team works diligently to restore this rare species by identifying priority research projects, making habitat management recommendations, and working together to reintroduce toads to the wild.

Today, Wyoming toads are raised in captivity at several facilities, including the Saratoga National Fish Hatchery in Wyoming. All the toads are descendants of the last wild toads. When the toads reach adulthood, they are released into the wild. The year 2020 was a highlight for the recovery because Saratoga National Fish Hatchery released over 18,000 Wyoming toads of all life stages. Another positive is that some natural reproduction has also been observed in the wild in recent years.

More About Conservation Easements

A conservation easement is a voluntary legal agreement between a private landowner and a government agency. The land remains in private ownership, and the voluntary legal agreement protects the land’s conservation value by restricting the type and amount of development that may take place. Essentially, conservation easements protect habitat for birds, fish, and other wildlife by limiting development, and may prohibit alteration of the natural topography, conversion of native grassland to cropland, and drainage of wetlands.

A Bright Future

Through the continued passionate and dedicated research and work of the Service and many partners, we hope that the Wyoming toad will once again thrive throughout the Laramie Plains of Wyoming.

For more information, visit: www.fws.gov/species/wyoming-toad-bufo-hemiophrys-baxteri.


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36 difference they make ia society. And for you who have to live in society, and to lead public lives among men, to be seen and (I trust) respected by all, the cultivation of gentle manners is a matter of very great consequence indeed. For the estimation which you will hereafter have among men, and your influence over them, will depend very much on the manners you possess. If you behave like a common man, you will seem to be a common man, you will be treated like a common man. If you behave like a gentleman, you will be treated like a gentleman, you will have the honour and respect which a gentleman has, wherever he goes."

"Good manners perhaps do not make a gentleman; but manners are certainly one of the parts which make a gentleman as a whole. There may possibly be a show of good manners in one who is not a real gentleman at heart; but no one can


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12 Sri Krishna said that there is no sin—

 * 1. In an untruth spoken to save a life,

 * 2. In an untruth spoken to a wife,

 * 3. In an untruth spoken at marriages,

 * 4. In an untruth spoken to save one's entire property from the risk of destruction, or

 * 5. In an untruth spoken for rescuing a Brahmin.

Hindus, especially Brahmins, have taken advantage of these five occasions to speak untruth, but they have done so in such a way as to be sinful to themselves and hurtful to others. Therefore I now explain the great restriction that should be observed on those five occasions.

 * 1. Saving a life means saving the life of an innocent man.

 * 2. The conversation between husband and wife, or between an engaged couple must be pleasant and charming. It


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 to how they got up straight, and investigation showed me that many of them were carried up with a growing tree. The only true climbers were the calamus and the rubber vine (Landolphia), both of which employ hook tackle.

Some stretches of this forest were made up of thin, spindly stemmed trees of great height, and among these stretches I always noticed the ruins of some forest giant, whose death by lightning or by his superior height having given the demoniac tornado wind an extra grip on him, had allowed sunlight to penetrate the lower regions of the forest; and then evidently the seedlings and saplings, who had for years been living a half-starved life for light, shot up. They seemed to know that their one chance lay in getting with the greatest rapidity to the level of the top of the forest. No time to grow fat in the stem. No time to send out side branches, or any of those vanities. Up, up to the light level, and he among them who reached it first won in this game of life or death; for when he gets there he spreads out his crown of upper branches, and shuts off the life-giving sunshine from his competitors, who pale off and die, or remain dragging on an attenuated existence waiting for another chance, and waiting sometimes for centuries. There must be tens of thousands of seeds which perish before they get their chance; but the way the seeds of the hard wood African trees are packed, as it were, in cases specially made durable, is very wonderful. Indeed the ways of Providence here are wonderful in their strange dual intention to preserve and to destroy; but on the whole, as Peer Gynt truly observes, "Ein guter Wirth—nein das er nicht."

We saw this influence of light on a large scale as soon as we reached the open hills and mountains of the Sierra del Cristal, and had to pass over those fearful avalanche-like timber falls on their steep sides. The worst of these lay between Efoua and Egaja, where we struck a part of the range that was exposed to the south-east. These falls had evidently arisen from the tornados, which from time to time have hurled down the gigantic trees whose hold on the superficial soil over the sheets of hard bed rock was insufficient, in spite of all the anchors they had out in the shape of roots and buttresses, and all the rigging in the shape of bush ropes.


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14 his caste, an untruth may be spoken to save the Brahmin. If other than Brahmins lose their caste, they become members of classes just lower than their own. But it was considered, especially in those ancient days, that if a Brahmin lost his caste he became a Panchama or Chandala. Therefore when any accidental and unavoidable occurrences happen, it is not considered a sin to tell an untruth to save such innocent Brahmins from becoming Panchamas.

Sri Krishna further said that there must be some signs to distinguish virtue from sin. Reason may enable one to observe such signs. If any of the prescribed moral rules does not accord with reason, one should not act according to such rule, and therefore it seems that there is no untruth in violating the prescription. One should not, therefore, have the least touch with a man who is presumptuous enough to think that the adoption of


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20 The spreading nose of Socrates was no doubt a source of great regret to him, whether its faults and failings were of Xanthippe's making or, as Zopyrus had the incivility to inform him, inherited from drunken, thieving and lascivious ancestors; yet who would willingly forego the emotions and sentiments inspired by that unusual nose? It seems a precious part of his philosophy.

The connection between the poetic eminence of Ovid and the noses from which his family, the Nasones, derived its name is doubtless more than accidental, and to our knowledge of his hereditary nasal equipment, albeit we know not the precise nature of the endowment, must be ascribed a part of our interest in his work. He to whom the secret of metamorphosis was an open book is not affirmed to have made any attempt to alter the family feature, as he doubtless would have done had he not recognized its essential rela- tion to his genius.

Plutarch declares that Cicero owed his surname to the fact that his nose had the shape of a vetch — cicer. Anyhow, his nose was as remarkable as his eloquence, in its different way. Gibbon and the late Prince Gortschakoff had noses uncommonly minute for men


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 nor a lesse mutation being discerned in the fixed Stars, methinks that by this means the annual motion of the Earth is destroyed and overthrown.

You might very well so conclude, Simplicius, if we had nothing else to say in behalf of Copernicus: but we have many things to alledge that yet have not been mentioned; and as to that your reply, nothing hindereth, but that we may suppose the distance of the fixed Stars to be yet much greater than that which hath been allowed them, and you your self, and whoever else will not derogate from the propositions admitted by Piolomy's sectators, must needs grant it as a thing most requisite to suppose the Starry Sphere to be very much bigger yet than that which even now we said that it ought to be esteemed. For all Astronomers agreeing in this, that the cause of the greater tardity of the Revolutions of the Planets is, the majority of their Spheres, and that therefore Saturn is more slow than Jupiter, and Jupiter than the Sun, for that the first is to describe a greater circle than the second, and that than this later, &c. considering that Saturn v. g. the altitude of whose Orb is nine times higher than that of the Sun, and that for that cause the time of one Revolution of Saturn, is thirty times longer than that of a conversion of the Sun, in regard that according to the Doctrine of Ptolomy, one conversion of the starry Sphere is finished in 36000. years, whereas that of Saturn is consummate in thirty, and that of the Sun in one, arguing with a like proportion, and saying, if the Orb of Saturn, by reason it is nine times bigger than that of the Sun, revolves in a time thirty times longer, by conversion, how great ought that Orb to be, which revolves 36000. times more slowly? it shall be found that the distance of the starry Sphere ought to be 10800 semidiameters of the grand Orb, which should be full five times bigger than that, which even now we computed it to be, in case that a fixed Star of the sixth magnitude were equal to the Sun. Now see how much lesser yet; upon this account, the variation occasioned in the said Stars, by the annual motion of the Earth, ought to appear. And if at the same rate we would argue the distance of the starry Sphere from Jupiter, and from Mars, that would give it us to be 15000. and this 27000 semidiameters of the grand Orb, to wit, the first seven, and the second twelve times bigger than what the magnitude of the fixed Star, supposed equal to the Sun, did make it.

Methinks that to this might be answered, that the motion of the starry Sphere hath, since Ptolomy, been observed not to be so slow as he accounted it; yea, if I mistake not, I have heard that Copernicus himself made the Observation.


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15 principles which are not in harmony with reason either adds to his respectability as a man of moral principles or increases his importance in society.

Therefore when occasions arise under such restrictions as are stated by Sri Krishna, there may be a deviation from the strict truth.

One should therefore also judge well, when such similar occasions happen, whether the sin that is committed by uttering an untruth is greater or smaller than the sin that is committed by speaking a truth, the consequence of which is injury to the innocent. If it is greater, speak the truth; if it is smaller, speak untruth. If you keep this principle in your mind, you may be said to be "True in Word."

Bhishma, on being asked to explain hat is truth by Yudhishthira, classed


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Wyoming November 2016 Prepared by U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Region 6 Arapaho National Wildlife Refuge 953 County Road 32 Walden, Colorado 80480 970 / 723 8202

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Region 6, Mountain-Prarie Region Branch of Refuge Planning 134 Union Boulevard, Suite 300 Lakewood, Colorado 80228 303 / 236 4378


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 You say very well; but you alledge nothing in that which may favour the cause of the Ptolomæans in the least, who did never yet reject the motion of 36000. years in the starry Sphere, for that the said tardity would make it too vast and immense. For if that the said immensity was not to be supposed in Nature, they ought before now to to have denied a conversion so slow as that it could not with good proportion adapt it self, save onely to a Sphere of monstrous magnitude.

Pray you, Salviatus, let us lose no more time in proceeding, by the way of these proportions with people that are apt to admit things most dis-proportionate; so that its impossible to win any thing upon them this way: and what more disproportionate proportion can be imagined than that which these men swallow down, and admit, in that writing, that there cannot be a more convenient way to dispose the Cœlestial Spheres, in order, than to regulate them by the differences of the times of their periods, placing from one degree to another the more slow above the more swift, when they have constituted the Starry Sphere higher than the rest, as being the slowest, they frame another higher still than that, and consequently greater, and make it revolve in twenty four hours, whilst the next below, it moves not round under 36000. years?

I could wish, Simplicius, that suspending for a time the affection rhat you bear to the followers of your opinion, you would sincerely tell me, whether you think that they do in their minds comprehend that magnitude, which they reject afterwards as uncapable for its immensity to be ascribed to the Universe. For I, as to my own part, think that they do not; But believe, that like as in the apprehension of numbers, when once a man begins to passe those millions of millions, the imagination is confounded, and can no longer form a conceipt of the same, so it happens also in comprehending immense magnitudes and distances; so that there intervenes to the comprehension an effect like to that which befalleth the sense; For whilest that in a serene night I look towards the Stars, I judge, according to sense, that their distance is but a few miles, and that the fixed Stars are not a jot more remote than Jupiter or Saturn, nay than the Moon. But without more ado, consider the controversies that have past between the Astronomers and Peripatetick Philosophers, upon occasion of the new Stars of Cassiopeia and of Sagittary, the Astronomers placing them amongst the fixed Stars, and the Philosophers believing them to be below the Moon. So unable is our sense to distinguish great distances from the greatest, though these be in reality many thousand times greater than those. In a word, I ask of thee, O foolish man! Doth thy imagination comprehend


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 In accordance with the National Environmental Policy Act and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service policy, an environmental assessment and land protection plan have been prepared to analyze the effects of establishing the Wyoming Toad Conservation Area in southern Wyoming.

The environmental assessment (appendix A) analyzes the environmental effects of establishing the Wyoming Toad Conservation Area.

The Wyoming Toad Conservation Area land protection plan describes the priorities for acquiring up to 43,200 acres mostly through voluntary conservation easements, including up to a maximum of 10,000 acres in fee title.

Note: Information contained in the maps is approximate and does not represent a legal survey. Ownership information may be incomplete.


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 Down they had come, crushing and dragging down with them those near them or bound to them by the great tough climbers.

Getting over these falls was perilous, not to say scratchy work. One or another member of our party always went through; and precious uncomfortable going it was I found, when I tried it in one above Egaja; ten or twelve feet of crashing creaking timber, and then flump on to a lot of rotten, wet débris, with more snakes and centipedes among it than you had any immediate use for, even though you were a collector; but there you had to stay, while Wiki, who was a most critical connoisseur, selected from the surrounding forest a bush-rope that he regarded as the correct remedy for the case, and then up you were hauled, through the sticks you had turned the wrong way on your down journey.

The Duke had a bad fall, going twenty feet or so before he found the rubbish heap; while Fika, who went through with a heavy load on his back, took us, on one occasion, half an hour to recover; and when we had just got him to the top, and able to cling on to the upper sticks, Wiki, who had been superintending operations, slipped backwards, and went through on his own account. The bush-rope we had been hauling on was too worn with the load to use again, and we just hauled Wiki out with the first one we could drag down and cut; and Wiki, when he came up, said we were reckless, and knew nothing of bush ropes, which shows how ungrateful an African can be. It makes the perspiration run down my nose whenever I think of it. The sun was out that day; we were neatly situated on the Equator, and the air was semi-solid, with the stinking exhalations from the swamps with which the mountain chain is fringed and intersected; and we were hot enough without these things, because of the violent exertion of getting these twelve to thirteen-stone gentlemen up among us again, and the fine varied exercise of getting over the fall on our own account.

When we got into the cool forest beyond it was delightful; particularly if it happened to be one of those lovely stretches of forest, gloomy down below, but giving hints that far away above us was a world of bloom and scent and beauty which we saw as much of as earth-worms in a flower-bed. Here and there the


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 that lost his sleep for love, and fled society to be alone, thinking on Rosaline, who disdained him, and never required his love, with the least show of courtesy or affection; and Benvolio wished to cure his friend of this love by showing him diversity of ladies and company. To this feast of Capulets then young Romeo with Benvolio and their friend Mercutio went masked. Old Capulet bid them welcome, and told them that ladies who had their toes unplagued with corns would dance with them. And the old man was light hearted and merry, and said that he had worn a mask when he was young, and could have told a whispering tale in a fair lady's ear. And they fell to dancing, and Romeo was suddenly struck with the exceeding beauty of a lady who danced there, who seemed to him to teach the torches to burn bright, and her beauty to show by night like a rich jewel worn by a blackamoor; beauty too rich for use, too dear for earth! like a snowy dove trooping with crows (he said), so richly did her beauty and perfections shine above the ladies her companions. While he uttered these praises, he was overheard by Tybalt, a nephew of lord Capulet, who knew him by his voice to be Romeo. And this Tybalt, being of a fiery and passionate temper, could not endure that a Montague should come under cover of a mask, to fleer and scorn (as he said) at their solemnities. And he stormed and raged exceedingly, and would have struck young Romeo dead. But his uncle, the old lord Capulet, would not suffer him to do any injury at that time, both out of respect to his guests, and because Romeo had borne himself like a gentleman, and all tongues in Verona bragged of him to be a virtuous and well-governed youth. Tybalt, forced to be patient against his will, restrained himself, but swore that


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180 of wind); and Dhananjaya (Arjuna) blessed with good fortune and the first of all wielders of weapons, of Indra; and Nakula and Shahadeva, of handsome features and ever engaged in the service of their superiors, were born of the twin Aswinas. And unto the wise Dhrita-rashtra were born an hundred sons, viz, Duryodhana and others, and (in addition to the hundred) another, named Yuyutsu who was born of a Vaisya woman. And amongst those hundred and one, eleven, viz, Dush-shasana, Durmarshana, Vikarna, Chitrasena, Vivingsati, Jaya, Satyavrata, Purumitra, and Yuyutsu by a Vaisya wife, were all Maharathas (first class charioteers.) And Avimanyu was born of Suvadra, the sister of Vāsudeva, by Arjuna, and was therefore the grandson of the illustrious Pandu. And unto the five Pandavas were born five sons by (their common wife) Panchali (Draupadi.) And these princes were all very handsome and conversant with all branches of knowledge. From Yudhish-thira was born Pritivindhya; from Vrikodara, Suta-soma; from Arjuna, Sruta-kirti; from Nakula, Shatanika; and from Sahadeva, Sruta-sena of great prowess. And Bhima, in the forest, begat in Hidimvā a son named Ghatotkacha. And from Drupada was born a daughter Shikhandi who was afterwards transformed into a male by a Yaksha named Shuna for his own purposes.

"In that great battle of the Kurus came hundreds and thousands of monarchs for fighting against each other. The names of that innumerable host I am unable to recount even in ten thousand years. I have named, however, the principal ones who have been mentioned in this history (of the Bharata.)"

And so ends the sixty-third Section in the Adivansavatarana of the Adi Parva.


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 ground was strewn with great cast blossoms, thick, wax-like, glorious cups of orange and crimson and pure white, each one of which was in itself a handful, and which told us that some of the trees around us were showing a glory of colour to heaven alone. Sprinkled among them were bunches of pure stephanotis-like flowers, which said that the gaunt bush-ropes were rubber vines that had burst into flower when they had seen the sun. These flowers we came across in nearly every type of forest all the way, for rubber abounds here.

I will weary you no longer now with the different kinds of forest and only tell you I have let you off several. The natives have separate names for seven different kinds, and these might, I think, be easily run up to nine.

A certain sort of friendship soon arose between the Fans and me. We each recognised that we belonged to that same section of the human race with whom it is better to drink than to fight. We knew we would each have killed the other, if sufficient inducement were offered, and so we took a certain amount of care that the inducement should not arise. Gray Shirt and Pagan also, their trade friends, the Fans treated with an independent sort of courtesy; but Silence, Singlet, the Passenger, and above all Ngouta, they openly did not care a row of pins for, and I have small doubt that had it not been for us other three they would have killed and eaten these very amiable gentlemen with as much compunction as an English sportsman would kill as many rabbits. They on their part hated the Fan, and never lost an opportunity of telling me "these Fan be bad man too much." I must not forget to mention the other member of our party, a Fan gentleman with the manners of a duke and the habits of a dustbin. He came with us, quite uninvited by me, and never asked for any pay; I think he only wanted to see the fun, and drop in for a fight if there was one going on, and to pick up the pieces generally. He was evidently a man of some importance, from the way the others treated him; and moreover he had a splendid gun, with a gorilla skin sheath for its lock, and ornamented all over its stock with brass nails. His costume consisted of a small piece of dirty rag round his loins; and whenever we were going through dense undergrowth, or wading a


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 this vile Montague should at another time dearly pay for his intrusion.

The dancing being done, Romeo watched the place where the lady stood; and under favour of his masking habit, which might seem to excuse in part the liberty, he presumed in the gentlest manner to take her by the hand, calling it a shrine, which if he profaned by touching it, he was a blushing pilgrim, and would kiss it for atonement. "Good pilgrim," answered the lady, "your devotion shows by far too mannerly and too courtly: saints have hands, which pilgrims may touch, but kiss not."—"Have not saints lips, and pilgrims too?" said Romeo. "Ay," said the lady, "lips which they must use in prayer."—"O then, my dear saint," said Romeo, "hear my prayer, and grant it, lest I despair." In such like allusions and loving conceits they were engaged, when the lady was called away to her mother. And Romeo inquiring who her mother was, discovered that the lady whose peerless beauty he was so much struck with, was young Juliet, daughter and heir to the lord Capulet, the great enemy of the Montagues; and that he had unknowingly engaged his heart to his foe. This troubled him, but it could not dissuade him from loving. As little rest had Juliet, when she found that the gentleman that she had been talking with was Romeo and a Montague, for she had been suddenly smit with the same hasty and inconsiderate passion for Romeo, which he had conceived for her; and a prodigious birth of love it seemed to her, that she must love her enemy, and that her affections should settle there, where family considerations should induce her chiefly to hate.

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 ( Adivansavatarana Parva continued. )

Janamejaya said, "O Brahmana, those thou hast named and thou hast not named, I wish to hear of in detail, as also of other kings by thousands. And, O thou of great good fortune, it behoveth thee to tell me in full the object for which those Maharathas, equal unto the celestials themselves, were born on earth."

Vaisampayana said, "It hath been heard by us, O monarch, that what thou askest is a mystery to even the gods. I shall, however, speak it unto thee, after bowing down to Swayamvu (the self-born.) The son of Jamadagni (Parushurama) after thrice seven times making the earth bereft of Kshatrias wended to that best of mountains—Mahendra—and there began his ascetic penances. And then when the earth was made bereft of Kshatrias, the Kshatriā ladies, desirous of offspring, came, O monarch, to the Brahmanas. And Brahmanas of rigid vows had connections with them during the womanly season alone, but never, O king, lustfully and out of season. And Kshatriā ladies by thousands conceived from such connections with Brahmanas. Then, O monarch, were born many Kshatrias of greater energy—boys and girls—so that the Kshatria race might thrive. And thus sprung the Kshatria race from Kshatriā ladies by Brahmanas of ascetic penances. And the new generation, blessed with long life, began to thrive in virtue. And thus the four orders having Brahmanas at their head were reestablished. And every man at that time went unto his wife during season, and never from lust and out of season. And, O thou bull of the Bharata race, in the same way, other creatures also, even those born in the race of birds, went unto their wives during season alone. And, O thou protector of the earth, hundreds of thousands of creatures were born, and all were virtuous and began to multiply in virtue, all being free from sorrow and disease. And, O thou of the elephant's tread, this wide earth having the ocean for her boundaries, with her mountains and woods and towns, was once more


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182 governed by the Kshatrias. And when the earth began to be again governed virtuously by the Kshatrias, the other orders having Brahmanas for their first were filled with great joy. And the kings, forsaking all vices born of lust and anger and justly awarding punishments on those that deserved them, protected the earth. And he of a hundred sacrifices possessed also of a thousand eyes, beholding that the Kshatria monarchs ruled so virtuously, pouring down vivifying showers at proper times and places, blessed all creatures. And, O king, then no one of immature years died, and none knew a woman before attaining to age. And thus, O bull of the Bharata race, this earth to the very shores of the ocean became filled with men that were all long-lived. The Kshatrias performed great sacrifices bestowing much wealth. And the Brahmanas also all studied the Vedas with their branches and the Upanisadas. And, O king, no Brahmana in those days ever sold the Vedas (i. e. taught for money) or ever read aloud the Vedas in the presence of the Sudras. And the Vaisyas with the help of bullocks caused the earth to be tilled. And they never yoked the cattle themselves. And they fed with care all cattle that were lean. And men never [sic]milched kine as long the calves drank only the milk of their dams (without having taken to grass or any other food.) And no merchant in those days ever sold his articles by false scales. And, O tiger amongst men, all persons living in the ways of virtue did everything with eyes set upon virtue. And, O monarch, all the orders were mindful of the respective duties that appertained to them. Thus, O tiger among men, virtue in those days never sustained any diminution. And, O bull of the Bharata race, both kine and women gave birth to their offspring at the proper time. And the trees bore flowers and fruits duly according to the seasons. And thus, O king, the krita age having then duly set in, the whole earth was filled with numerous creatures.

"And, O bull of the Bharata race, when such was the blessed state of the terrestrial world, the Asuras, O lord of men, began to be born in kingly lines. And the sons of Diti (Daityas) being repeatedly defeated in war by the sons of Aditi (celestials) and deprived also of sovereignty and heaven, began


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 to stay away from the house where he had left his heart, he leaped the wall of an orchard which was at the back of Juliet's house. Here he had not been long, ruminating on his new love, when Juliet appeared above at a window, through which her exceeding beauty seemed to break like the light of the sun in the east; and the moon, which shone in the orchard with a faint light, appeared to Romeo as if sick and pale with grief at the superior lustre of this new sun. And she, leaning her cheek upon her hand, he passionately wished himself a glove upon that hand, that he might touch her cheek. She all this while thinking herself alone, fetched a deep sigh, and exclaimed: "Ah me!" Romeo, enraptured to hear her speak, said softly, and unheard by her: "O speak again, bright angel, for such you appear, being over my head, like a winged messenger from heaven whom mortals fall back to gaze upon." She, unconscious of being overheard, and full of the new passion which that night's adventure had given birth to, called upon her lover by name (whom she supposed absent): "O Romeo, Romeo!" said she, "wherefore art thou Romeo? Deny thy father, and refuse thy name, for my sake; or if thou wilt not, be but my sworn love, and I no longer will be a Capulet." Romeo, having this encouragement, would fain have spoken, but he was desirous of hearing more; and the lady continued her passionate discourse with herself (as she thought), still chiding Romeo for being Romeo and a Montague, and wishing him some other name, or that he would put away that hated name, and for that name which was no part of himself, he should take all herself. At this loving word Romeo could no longer refrain, but taking up the dialogue as if her words had been addressed to him personally, and not merely in fancy, he bade her call him


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 Love, or by whatever other name she pleased, for he was no longer Romeo, if that name was displeasing to her. Juliet, alarmed to hear a man's voice in the garden, did not at first know who it was, that by favour of the night and darkness had thus stumbled upon the discovery of her secret; but when he spoke again, though her ears had not yet drunk a hundred words of that tongue's uttering, yet so nice is a lover's hearing, that she immediately knew him to be young Romeo, and she expostulated with him on the danger to which he had exposed himself by climbing the orchard walls, for if any of her kinsmen should find him there, it would be death to him, being a Montague. "Alack," said Romeo, "there is more peril in your eye, than in twenty of their swords. Do you but look kind upon me, lady, and I am proof against their enmity. Better my life should be ended by their hate, than that hated life should be prolonged, to live without your love."—"How came you into this place," said Juliet, "and by whose direction?"—"Love directed me," answered Romeo: "I am no pilot, yet wert thou as far apart from me, as that vast shore which is washed with the farthest sea, I should venture for such merchandise." A crimson blush came over Juliet's face, yet unseen by Romeo by reason of the night, when she reflected upon the discovery which she had made, yet not meaning to make it, of her love to Romeo. She would fain have recalled her words, but that was impossible: fain would she have stood upon form, and have kept her lover at a distance, as the custom of discreet ladies is, to frown and be perverse, and give their suitors harsh denials at first; to stand off, and affect a coyness or indifference, where they most love, that their lovers may not think them too lightly or too easily won; for the difficulty of attainment


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 increases the value of the object. But there was no room in her case for denials, or puttings off, or any of the customary arts of delay and protracted courtship. Romeo had heard from her own tongue, when she did not dream that he was near her, a confession of her love. So with an honest frankness, which the novelty of her situation excused, she confirmed the truth of what he had before heard, and addressing him by the name of fair Montague (love can sweeten a sour name), she begged him not to impute her easy yielding to levity or an unworthy mind, but that he must lay the fault of it (if it were a fault) upon the accident of the night which had so strangely discovered her thoughts. And she added, that though her behaviour to him might not be sufficiently prudent, measured by the custom of her sex, yet that she would prove more true than many whose prudence was dissembling, and their modesty artificial cunning.

Romeo was beginning to call the heavens to witness, that nothing was farther from his thoughts than to impute a shadow of dishonour to such an honoured lady, when she stopped him, begging him not to swear; for although she joyed in him, yet she had no joy of that night's contract: it was too rash, too unadvised, too sudden. But he being urgent with her to exchange a vow of love with him that night, she said that she already had given him hers before he requested it; meaning, when he overheard her confession; but she would retract what she then bestowed, for the pleasure of giving it again, for her bounty was as infinite as the sea, and her love as deep. From this loving conference she was called away by her nurse, who slept with her, and thought it time for her to be in bed, for it was near to daybreak; but hastily returning, she said three or four words more to Romeo, the purport


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 of which was, that if his love was indeed honourable, and his purpose marriage, she would send a messenger to him tomorrow, to appoint a time for their marriage, when she would lay all her fortunes at his feet, and follow him as her lord through the world. While they were settling this point, Juliet was repeatedly called for by her nurse, and went in and returned, and went and returned again, for she seemed as jealous of Romeo going from her, as a young girl of her bird, which she will let hop a little from her hand, and pluck it back with a silken thread; and Romeo was as loath to part as she; for the sweetest music to lovers is the sound of each other's tongues at night. But at last they parted, wishing mutually sweet sleep and rest for that night.

The day was breaking when they parted, and Romeo, who was too full of thoughts of his mistress and that blessed meeting to allow him to sleep, instead of going home, bent his course to a monastery hard by, to find friar Lawrence. The good friar was already up at his devotions, but seeing young Romeo abroad so early, he conjectured rightly that he had not been abed that night, but that some distemper of youthful affection had kept him waking. He was right in imputing the cause of Romeo's wakefulness to love, but he made a wrong guess at the object, for he thought that his love for Rosaline had kept him waking. But when Romeo revealed his new passion for Juliet, and requested the assistance of the friar to marry them that day, the holy man lifted up his eyes and hands in a sort of wonder at the sudden change in Romeo's affections, for he had been privy to all Romeo's love for Rosaline, and his many complaints of her disdain: and he said, that young men's love lay not truly in their hearts, but in their eyes. But Romeo replying, that


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 he himself had often chidden him for doting on Rosaline, who could not love him again, whereas Juliet both loved and was beloved by him, the friar assented in some measure to his reasons; and thinking that a matrimonial alliance between young Juliet and Romeo might happily be the means of making up the long breach between the Capulets and the Montagues; which no one more lamented than this good friar, who was a friend to both the families and had often interposed his mediation to make up the quarrel without effect; partly moved by policy, and partly by his fondness for young Romeo, to whom he could deny nothing, the old man consented to join their hands in marriage.

Now was Romeo blessed indeed, and Juliet, who knew his intent from a messenger which she had despatched according to promise, did not fail to be early at the cell of friar Lawrence, where their hands were joined in holy marriage; the good friar praying the heavens to smile upon that act, and in the union of this young Montague and young Capulet to bury the old strife and long dissensions of their families.

The ceremony being over, Juliet hastened home, where she stayed impatient for the coming of night, at which time Romeo promised to come and meet her in the orchard, where they had met the night before; and the time between seemed as tedious to her, as the night before some great festival seems to an impatient child, that has got new finery which it may not put on till the morning.

That same day, about noon, Romeo's friends, Benvolio and Mercutio, walking through the streets of Verona, were met by a party of the Capulets with the impetuous Tybalt at their head. This was the same angry Tybalt who would have fought with Romeo at old lord Capulet's feast. He,


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 seeing Mercutio, accused him bluntly of associating with Romeo, a Montague. Mercutio, who had as much fire and youthful blood in him as Tybalt, replied to this accusation with some sharpness; and in spite of all Benvolio could say to moderate their wrath, a quarrel was beginning, when Romeo himself passing that way, the fierce Tybalt turned from Mercutio to Romeo, and gave him the disgraceful appellation of villain. Romeo wished to avoid a quarrel with Tybalt above all men, because he was the kinsman of Juliet, and much beloved by her; besides, this young Montague had never thoroughly entered into the family quarrel, being by nature wise and gentle, and the name of a Capulet, which was his dear lady's name, was now rather a charm to allay resentment, than a watchword to excite fury. So he tried to reason with Tybalt, whom he saluted mildly by the name of good Capulet, as if he, though a Montague, had some secret pleasure in uttering that name: but Tybalt, who hated all Montagues as he hated hell, would hear no reason, but drew his weapon; and Mercutio, who knew not of Romeo's secret motive for desiring peace with Tybalt, but looked upon his present forbearance as a sort of calm dishonourable submission, with many disdainful words provoked Tybalt to the prosecution of his first quarrel with him; and Tybalt and Mercutio fought, till Mercutio fell, receiving his death's wound while Romeo and Benvolio were vainly endeavouring to part the combatants. Mercutio being dead, Romeo kept his temper no longer, but returned the scornful appellation of villain which Tybalt had given him; and they fought till Tybalt was slain by Romeo. This deadly broil failing out in the midst of Verona at noonday, the news of it quickly brought a crowd of citizens to the spot, and among them the old


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 lords Capulet and Montague, with their wives; and soon after arrived the prince himself, who being related to Mercutio, whom Tybalt had slain, and having had the peace of his government often disturbed by these brawls of Montagues and Capulets, came determined to put the law in strictest force against those who should be found to be offenders. Benvolio, who had been eyewitness to the fray, was commanded by the prince to relate the origin of it; which he did, keeping as near the truth as he could without injury to Romeo, softening and excusing the part which his friends took in it. Lady Capulet, whose extreme grief for the loss of her kinsman Tybalt made her keep no bounds in her revenge, exhorted the prince to do strict justice upon his murderer, and to pay no attention to Benvolio's representation, who, being Romeo's friend and a Montague, spoke partially. Thus she pleaded against her new son-in-law, but she knew not yet that he was her son-in-law and Juliet's husband. On the other hand was to be seen Lady Montague pleading for her child's life, and arguing with some justice that Romeo had done nothing worthy of punishment in taking the life of Tybalt, which was already forfeited to the law by his having slain Mercutio. The prince, unmoved by the passionate exclamations of these women, on a careful examination of the facts, pronounced his sentence, and by that sentence Romeo was banished from Verona.

Heavy news to young Juliet, who had been but a few hours a bride, and now by this decree seemed everlastingly divorced! When the tidings reached her, she at first gave way to rage against Romeo, who had slain her dear cousin: she called him a beautiful tyrant, a fiend angelical, a ravenous dove, a lamb with a wolf's nature, a serpent-heart hid


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 with a flowering face, and other like contradictory names, which denoted the struggles in her mind between her love and her resentment: but in the end love got the mastery, and the tears which she shed for grief that Romeo had slain her cousin, turned to drops of joy that her husband lived whom Tybalt would have slain. Then came fresh tears, and they were altogether of grief for Romeo's banishment. That word was more terrible to her than the death of many Tybalts.

Romeo, after the fray, had taken refuge in friar Lawrence's cell, where he was first made acquainted with the prince's sentence, which seemed to him far more terrible than death. To him it appeared there was no world out of Verona's walls, no living out of the sight of Juliet. Heaven was there where Juliet lived, and all beyond was purgatory, torture, hell. The good friar would have applied the consolation of philosophy to his griefs: but this frantic young man would hear of none, but like a madman he tore his hair, and threw himself all along upon the ground, as he said, to take the measure of his grave. From this unseemly state he was roused by a message from his dear lady, which a little revived him; and then the friar took the advantage to expostulate with him on the unmanly weakness which he had shown. He had slain Tybalt, but would he also slay himself, slay his dear lady, who lived but in his life? The noble form of man, he said, was but a shape of wax, when it wanted the courage which should keep it firm. The law had been lenient to him, that instead of death, which he had incurred, had pronounced by the prince's mouth only banishment. He had slain Tybalt, but Tybalt would have slain him: there was a sort of happiness in that. Juliet was alive, and (beyond all hope) had become his dear wife; therein he was most happy.


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 All these blessings, as the friar made them out to be, did Romeo put from him like a sullen misbehaved wench. And the friar bade him beware, for such as despaired, (he said) died miserable. Then when Romeo was a little calmed, he counselled him that he should go that night and secretly take his leave of Juliet, and thence proceed straitways to Mantua, at which place he should sojourn, till the friar found fit occasion to publish his marriage, which might be a joyful means of reconciling their families; and then he did not doubt but the prince would be moved to pardon him, and he would return with twenty times more joy than he went forth with grief. Romeo was convinced by these wise counsels of the friar, and took his leave to go and seek his lady, proposing to stay with her that night, and by daybreak pursue his journey alone to Mantua; to which place the good friar promised to send him letters from time to time, acquainting him with the state of affairs at home.

That night Romeo passed with his dear wife, gaining secret admission to her chamber, from the orchard in which he had heard her confession of love the night before. That had been a night of unmixed joy and rapture; but the pleasures of this night, and the delight which these lovers took in each other's society, were sadly allayed with the prospect of parting, and the fatal adventures of the past day. The unwelcome daybreak seemed to come too soon, and when Juliet heard the morning song of the lark, she would have persuaded herself that it was the nightingale, which sings by night; but it was too truly the lark which sang, and a discordant and unpleasing note it seemed to her; and the streaks of day in the east too certainly pointed out that it was time for these lovers to part. Romeo took his leave of his dear wife with a heavy heart, promising to write


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 to her from Mantua every hour in the day; and when he had descended from her chamber window, as he stood below her on the ground, in that sad foreboding state of mind in which she was, he appeared to her eyes as one dead in the bottom of a tomb. Romeo's mind misgave him in like manner: but now he was forced hastily to depart, for it was death for him to be found within the walls of Verona after daybreak.

This was but the beginning of the tragedy of this pair of star-crossed lovers. Romeo had not been gone many days, before the old lord Capulet proposed a match for Juliet. The husband he had chosen for her, not dreaming that she was married already, was count Paris, a gallant, young, and noble gentleman, no unworthy suitor to the young Juliet, if she had never seen Romeo.

The terrified Juliet was in a sad perplexity at her father's offer. She pleaded her youth unsuitable to marriage, the recent death of Tybalt, which had left her spirits too weak to meet a husband with any face of joy, and how indecorous it would show for the family of the Capulets to be celebrating a nuptial feast, when his funeral solemnities were hardly over: she pleaded every reason against the match, but the true one, namely, that she was married already. But lord Capulet was deaf to all her excuses, and in a peremptory manner ordered her to get ready, for by the following Thursday she should be married to Paris: and having found her a husband, rich, young, and noble, such as the proudest maid in Verona might joyfully accept, he could not bear that out of an affected coyness, as he construed her denial, she should oppose obstacles to her own good fortune.

In this extremity Juliet applied to the friendly friar, always her counsellor in distress, and he asking her if she had resolution to undertake a desperate


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 remedy, and she answering that she would go into the grave alive rather than marry Paris, her own dear husband living; he directed her to go home, and appear merry, and give her consent to marry Paris, according to her father's desire, and on the next night, which was the night before the marriage, to drink off the contents of a phial which he then gave her, the effect of which would be that for two-and-forty hours after drinking it she should appear cold and lifeless; and when the bridegroom came to fetch her in the morning, he would find her to appearance dead; that then she would be borne, as the manner in that country was, uncovered on a bier, to be buried in the family vault; that if she could put off womanish fear, and consent to this terrible trial, in forty-two hours after swallowing the liquid (such was its certain operation) she would be sure to awake, as from a dream; and before she should awake, he would let her husband know their drift, and he should come in the night, and bear her thence to Mantua. Love, and the dread of marrying Paris, gave young Juliet strength to undertake this horrible adventure; and she took the phial of the friar, promising to observe his directions.

Going from the monastery, she met the young count Paris, and modestly dissembling, promised to become his bride. This was joyful news to the lord Capulet and his wife. It seemed to put youth into the old man; and Juliet, who had displeased him exceedingly, by her refusal of the count, was his darling again, now she promised to be obedient. All things in the house were in a bustle against the approaching nuptials. No cost was spared to prepare such festival rejoicings as Verona had never before witnessed.

On the Wednesday night Juliet drank off the potion. She had many misgivings lest the friar, to


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 avoid the blame which might be imputed to him for marrying her to Romeo, had given her poison; but then he was always known for a holy man: then lest she should awake before the time that Romeo was to come for her; whether the terror of the place, a vault of dead Capulets' bones, and where Tybalt, all bloody, lay festering in his shroud, would not be enough to drive her distracted: again she thought of all the stories she had heard of spirits haunting the places where their bodies were bestowed. But then her love for Romeo, and her aversion for Paris returned, and she desperately swallowed the draught, and became insensible.

When young Paris came early in the morning with music to awaken his bride, instead of a living Juliet, her chamber presented the dreary spectacle of a lifeless corpse. What death to his hopes! What confusion then reigned through the whole house! Poor Paris lamenting his bride, whom most detestable death had beguiled him of, had divorced from him even before their hands were joined. But still more piteous it was to hear the mournings of the old lord and lady Capulet, who having but this one, one poor living child to rejoice and solace in, cruel death had snatched her from their sight, just as these careful parents were on the point of seeing her advanced (as they thought) by a promising and advantageous match. Now all things that were ordained for the festival were turned from their properties to do the office of a black funeral. The wedding cheer served for a sad burial feast, the bridal hymns were changed for sullen dirges, the sprightly instruments to melancholy bells, and the flowers that should have been strewed in the bride's path, now served but to strew her corse. Now, instead of a priest to marry her, a priest was needed to bury her; and she was borne to church indeed, not to augment the cheerful hopes of


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Rh to be incarnate on earth. And, O king, the Asuras possessed of great power, and desirous of sovereignty among men, began to be born on earth amongst various creatures, such as kine, horses, asses, camels, buffaloes, among creatures such as Rakshasas and others, and in elephants and deer. And, O protector of the earth, owing to those already born and those that were being born, the Earth became incapable of supporting herself. And amongst the sons of Diti (Daityas) and of Danu (Danavas) cast out of heaven, some were born on this earth as kings of great pride and insolence. And possessed of great energy, they covered the earth in various shapes. And capable of oppressing all foes, they filled this earth having the ocean for her boundaries. And by their strength they began to oppress Brahmanas and Kshatrias and Vaisyas and Sudras and all other creatures also. Terrifying and killing all creatures, they traversed the earth, O king, in bands of hundreds and thousands. And bereft of truth and virtue, proud of their strength and intoxicated with the wine of insolence, they even insulted the great Rishis in their asylums.

"And the Earth thus oppressed by the mighty Asuras endued with great strength and energy and possessed of abundant means, began to think of going to Brahma. The united strength of the creatures (such as Shesha, the tortoise, and the huge Elephant), and of many Sheshas too, became incapable of supporting the Earth with her mountains, burdened as she was with the weight of the Danavas. And then, O king, the Earth, oppressed with the weight and afflicted with fear, sought the protection of the Grand-father of all creatures. And she beheld the divine Brahma—the creator of the worlds knowing no deterioration—surrounded by the gods, Brahmanas, and great Rishis, of exceeding good fortune, and adored by delightful Gandharvas and Apsaras always engaged in the business of the celestials. And the Earth then adored the Grand-father, having approached him. And the Earth, desirous of protection, then represented everything unto him, in the presence, O Bharata, of all the Protectors of the world. But, O king, the Earth's object had been known before-hand to the Omniscient Self-create Supreme Lord. And, O Bharata,


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 the living, but to swell the dreary numbers of the dead.

Bad news, which always travels faster than good, now brought the dismal story of his Juliet's death to Romeo, at Mantua, before the messenger could arrive, who was sent from friar Lawrence to apprise him that these were mock funerals only, and but the shadow and representation of death, and that his dear lady lay in the tomb but for a short while, expecting when Romeo would come to release her from that dreary mansion. Just before, Romeo had been unusually joyful and light-hearted. He had dreamed in the night that he was dead (a strange dream, that gave a dead man leave to think), and that his lady came and found him dead, and breathed such life with kisses in his lips, that he revived, and was an emperor! And now that a messenger came from Verona, he thought surely it was to confirm some good news which his dreams had presaged. But when the contrary to this flattering vision appeared, and that it was his lady who was dead in truth, whom he could not revive by any kisses, he ordered horses to be got ready, for he determined that night to visit Verona, and to see his lady in her tomb. And as mischief is swift to enter into the thoughts of desperate men, he called to mind a poor apothecary, whose shop in Mantua he had lately passed, and from the beggarly appearance of the man, who seemed famished, and the wretched show in his show of empty boxes ranged on dirty shelves, and other tokens of extreme wretchedness, he had said at the time (perhaps having some misgivings that his own disastrous life might haply meet with a conclusion so desperate),"If a man were to need poison, which by the law of Mantua it is death to sell, here lives a poor wretch who would sell it him." These words of his now came into his mind, and he sought out the apothecary,


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 who after some pretended scruples, Romeo offering him gold, which his poverty could not resist, sold him a poison, which, if he swallowed, he told him, if he had the strength of twenty men, would quickly despatch him.

With this poison he set out for Verona, to have a sight of his dear lady in her tomb, meaning, when he had satisfied his sight, to swallow the poison, and be buried by her side. He reached Verona at midnight, and found the churchyard, in the midst of which was situated the ancient tomb of the Capulets. He had provided a light, and a spade, and wrenching iron, and was proceeding to break open the monument, when he was interrupted by a voice, which by the name of vile Montague, bade him desist from his unlawful business. It was the young count Paris, who had come to the tomb of Juliet at that unseasonable time of night, to strew flowers and to weep over the grave of her that should have been his bride. He knew not what an interest Romeo had in the dead, but knowing him to be a Montague, and (as he supposed) a sworn foe to all the Capulets, he judged that he was come by night to do some villainous shame to the dead bodies; therefore in an angry tone he bade him desist; and as a criminal, condemned by the laws of Verona to die if he were found within the walls of the city, he would have apprehended him. Romeo urged Paris to leave him, and warned him by the fate of Tybalt, who lay buried there, not to provoke his anger, or draw down another sin upon his head, by forcing him to kill him. But the count in scorn refused his warning, and laid hands on him as a felon, which Romeo resisting, they fought, and Paris fell. When Romeo, by the help of a light, came to see who it was that he had slain, that it was Paris, who (he learned in his way from Mantua) should have married Juliet, he took the dead youth


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 by the hand, as one whom misfortune had made a companion, and said that he would bury him in a triumphal grave, meaning in Juliet's grave, which he now opened: and there lay his lady, as one whom death had no power upon to change a feature or complexion, in her matchless beauty; or as if Death were amorous, and the lean abhorred monster kept her there for his delight; for she lay yet fresh and blooming, as she had fallen to sleep when she swallowed that benumbing potion; and near her lay Tybalt in his bloody shroud, whom Romeo seeing, begged pardon of his lifeless corpse, and for Juliet's sake called him cousin, and said that he was about to do him a favour by putting his enemy to death. Here Romeo took his last leave of his lady's lips, kissing them; and here he shook the burden of his cross stars from his weary body, swallowing that poison which the apothecary had sold him, whose operation was fatal and real, not like that dissembling potion which Juliet had swallowed, the effect of which was now nearly expiring, and she about to awake to Complain that Romeo had not kept his time, or that he had come too soon.

For now the hour was arrived at which the friar had promised that she should awake; and he, having learned that his letters which he had sent to Mantua, by some unlucky detention of the messenger, had never reached Romeo, came himself, provided with the pickaxe and lantern, to deliver the lady from her confinement; but he was surprised to find a light already burning in the Capulets' monument, and to see swords and blood near it, and Romeo and Paris lying breathless by the monument.

Before he could entertain a conjecture, to imagine how these fatal accidents had fallen out, Juliet awoke out of her trance, and seeing the friar near her, she remembered the place where she was, and the occasion


text: Groff v. DeJoy

title: Groff v. DeJoy


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 of her being there, and asked for Romeo, but the friar, hearing a noise, bade her come out of that place of death, and of unnatural sleep, for a greater power than they could contradict had thwarted their intents; and being frightened by the noise of people coming, he fled: but when Juliet saw the cup closed in her true love's hand, she guessed that poison had been the cause of his end, and she would have swallowed the dregs if any had been left, and she kissed his still warm lips to try if any poison yet did hang upon them; then hearing a nearer noise of people coming, she quickly unsheathed a dagger which she wore, and stabbing herself, died by her true Romeo's side.

The watch by this time had come up to the place. A page belonging to count Paris, who had witnessed the fight between his master and Romeo, had given the alarm, which had spread among the citizens, who went up and down the streets of Verona confusedly exclaiming, A Paris! a Romeo! a Juliet! as the rumour had imperfectly reached them, till the uproar brought lord Montague and lord Capulet out of their beds, with the prince, to inquire into the causes of the disturbance. The friar had been apprehended by some of the watch, coming from the churchyard, trembling, sighing, and weeping, in a suspicious manner. A great multitude being assembled at the Capulets' monument, the friar was demanded by the prince to deliver what he knew of these strange and disastrous accidents.

And there, in the presence of the old lords Montague and Capulet, he faithfully related the story of their children's fatal love, the part he took in promoting their marriage, in the hope in that union to end the long quarrels between their families: how Romeo, there dead, was husband to Juliet; and Juliet, there dead, was Romeo's faithful wife; how before he could find a fit opportunity to divulge their


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 marriage, another match was projected for Juliet, who, to avoid the crime of a second marriage, swallowed the sleeping draught (as he advised), and all thought her dead; how meantime he wrote to Romeo, to come and take her thence when the force of the potion should cease, and by what unfortunate miscarriage of the messenger the letters never reached Romeo; further than this the friar could not follow the story, nor knew more than that coming himself, to deliver Juliet from that place of death, he found the count Paris and Romeo slain. The remainder of the transactions was supplied by the narration of the page who had seen Paris and Romeo fight, and by the servant who came with Romeo from Verona, to whom this faithful lover had given letters to be delivered to his father in the event of his death, which made good the friar's words, confessing his marriage with Juliet, imploring the forgiveness of his parents, acknowledging the buying of the poison of the poor apothecary, and his intent in coming to the monument, to die, and lie with Juliet. All these circumstances agreed together to clear the friar from any hand he could be supposed to have in these complicated slaughters, further than as the unintended consequences of his own well meant, yet too artificial and subtle contrivances.

And the prince, turning to these old lords, Montague and Capulet, rebuked them for their brutal and irrational enmities, and showed them what a scourge Heaven had laid upon such offences, that it had found means even through the love of their children to punish their unnatural hate. And these old rivals, no longer enemies, agreed to bury their long strife in their children's graves; and lord Capulet requested lord Montague to give him his hand, calling him by the name of brother, as if in acknowledgement of the union of their families, by


text: Groff v. DeJoy/Opinion of the Court

title: Groff v. DeJoy/Opinion of the Court


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 the marriage of the young Capulet and Montague; and saying that lord Montague's hand (in token of reconcilement) was all he demanded for his daughter's jointure: but lord Montague said he would give him more, for he would raise her a statue of pure gold, that while Verona kept its name, no figure should be so esteemed for its richness and workmanship as that of the true and faithful Juliet. And lord Capulet in return said that he would raise another statue to Romeo. So did these poor old lords, when it was too late, strive to outdo each other in mutual courtesies: while so deadly had been their rage and enmity in past times, that nothing but the fearful overthrow of their children (poor sacrifices to their quarrels and dissensions) could remove the rooted hates and jealousies of the noble families.


text: Groff v. DeJoy/Opinion of Justice Sotomayor


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 to Addison and Steele, which were mere stilted fabrications. How could they be got before the world, and in such a way as to conceal his own complicity?

Pope had told Swift (in 1730) that he had kept some of the letters in a volume for his own secret satisfaction; and Swift had preserved all Pope's letters along with those of other distinguished men. Here was an attractive booty for such parties as the unprincipled Curll! In 1735 Curll had committed his wicked piracy, and Pope pressed Swift to return his letters, in order to "secure him against that rascal printer." The entreaties were often renewed, but Swift for some reason turned his deaf ear to the suggestion. He promised, indeed (Sept. 3, 1735), that the letters should be burnt—a most effectual security against republication, but one not at all to Pope's taste. Pope then admitted that, having been forced to publish some of his other letters, he should like to make use of some of those to Swift, as none would be more honourable to him. Nay, he says, he meant to erect such a minute monument of their friendship as would put to shame all ancient memorials of the same kind. This avowal of his intention to publish did not conciliate Swift. Curll next published in 1736 a couple of letters to Swift, and Pope took advantage of this publication (perhaps he had indirectly supplied Curll with copies) to urge upon Swift the insecurity of the letters in his keeping. Swift ignored the request, and his letters about this time began to show that his memory was failing and his intellect growing weak.

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184 creator as he is of the universe, why should he not know fully what is in the minds of all his creatures including the gods and the Asuras? And, O king, the lord of the Earth, the creator of all creatures, Isa, Sambhu, Prajapati, then spake unto the Earth. And Brahma said, 'O thou holder of wealth, for the accomplishment of the object for which thou hast approached me, I shall appoint all the dwellers of the heavens.

Vaisampayana continued, "Having said so unto the Earth, O king, the divine Brahma bade her farewell. And the creator then commanded all the gods saying, 'To ease the Earth of her burden, go ye and take your births on her according to your respective parts and seek ye strife (with the Asuras already born there.)' And the creator of all, summoning also all the tribes of the Gandharvas and the Apsaras, spake unto them these words of deep import:—'Go ye and be born amongst men according to your respective parts in forms that ye like.'

"And all the gods with Indra, hearing these words of the lord of the celestials,—words that were true, desirable under the circumstances, and fraught with benefit,—accepted them. And they all having resolved to come on Earth in their respective parts, then went to Baikuntha where was Narayana—the slayer of all foes, he who has the discus and the mace in his hands, who is clad in purple, who is of bright splendour, who hath the lotus on his navel, who is the slayer of the foes (in yoga attitude), who is the lord of the Prajapati himself, the sovereign of all the gods, of mighty strength, who hath the badge of the Sreevatsa (the biggest jewel), who is the mover of every one's faculties, and who is adored by all the gods. Him—the most exalted of persons, Indra addressed, saying, 'Be incarnate.' And Hari replied, saying, 'Let it be.'

And thus endeth the sixty-fourth Section in the Adivansavatarana of the Adi Parva.


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 and they remained there for two months, during which they were faced with an extreme dearth of victuals and a great many of their members died of starvation. Once came Wednesday, the sixth waning-moon day of the sixth month, the royal hosts proceeded back to the City of Glorious Ayutthaya.

In the year 963, the Year of the Ox (2144 BE), in the sole seventh month, a solar eclipse occurred. In that year, Phra Isuan and Phra Narai the Lords were brought in four palanquins to benediction at the same time and on the same day.

In the year 964, the Year of the Tiger (2145 BE), [?] went on a trip to Lop Buri.

In the year 965, the Year of the Rabbit (2146 BE), the host of the Lord of the Front Quarters went to take the Khom Empire, which it conquired.

In the year 966, the Year of the Dragon (2147 BE), on Thursday, the third waning-moon day of the second month, [the royal fleet] moved in formation from Pa Mok by way of river and [performed the rite of] fan mai khom nam in Ekkarat District. The host of triumph was mustered in Phra Lo District. That day was a leap day and there took place a stellar passage: Saturn moved one degree to the Archer. On that occasion, as [the King's Highness] arrived in the town of Luang, the district of Don Kaeo Field


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 Pope now applied to their common friend Lord Orrery. Orrery was the dull member of a family eminent for its talents. His father had left a valuable library to Christ Church, ostensibly because the son was not capable of profiting by books, though a less creditable reason has been assigned. The son, eager to wipe off the imputation, specially affected the society of wits, and was elaborately polite both to Swift and Pope. Pope now got Orrery to intercede with Swift, urging that the letters were no longer safe in the custody of a failing old man. Orrery succeeded, and brought the letters in a sealed packet to Pope in the summer of 1737. Swift, it must be added, had an impression that there was a gap of six years in the collection; he became confused as to what had or had not been sent, and had a vague belief in a "great collection" of letters "placed in some very safe hand." Pope, being thus in possession of the whole correspondence, proceeded to perform a manoeuvre resembling those already employed in the case of the Dunciad and of the P. T. letters. He printed the correspondence clandestinely. He then sent the printed volume to Swift, accompanied by an anonymous letter. This letter purported to come from some persons who, from admiration of Swift's private and public virtues, had resolved to preserve letters so creditable to him, and had accordingly put them in type. They suggested that the volume would be suppressed if it fell into the hands of Bolingbroke and Pope (a most audacious suggestion!), and intimated that Swift should himself publish it. No other copy, they said, was in exis-

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 tence. Poor Swift fell at once into the trap. He ought, of course, to have consulted Pope or Bolingbroke, and would probably have done so had his mind been sound. Seeing, however, a volume already printed, he might naturally suppose that, in spite of the anonymous assurance, it was already too late to stop the publication. At any rate, he at once sent it to his publisher, Faulkner, and desired him to bring it out at once. Swift was in that most melancholy state in which a man's friends perceive him to be incompetent to manage his affairs, and are yet not able to use actual restraint. Mrs. Whiteway, the sensible and affectionate cousin who took care of him at this time, did her best to protest against the publication, but in vain. Swift insisted. So far Pope's device was successful. The printed letters had been placed in the hands of his bookseller by Swift himself, and publication was apparently secured. But Pope had still the same problem as in the previous case. Though he had talked of erecting a monument to Swift and himself, he was anxious that the monument should apparently be erected by some one else. His vanity could only be satisfied by the appearance that the publication was forced upon him. He had, therefore, to dissociate himself from the publication by some protest at once emphatic and ineffectual; and, consequently, to explain the means by which the letters had been surreptitiously obtained.

The first aim was unexpectedly difficult. Faulkner turned out to be an honest bookseller. Instead of sharing Curll's rapacity, he consented, at Mrs. Whiteway's request, to wait until Pope had an opportunity of expressing his wishes. Pope, if he consented, could no longer complain; if he dissented, Faulkner would suppress the

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 *Magoemon, Fuji, potter, 117.
 * Magozaemon Sonkiu, potter, 402; descendants, 403.
 * Maiko ware, 373.
 * Makuzu. See Chōzo.
 * Makuzu ware, 405, 416; composition, 405.
 * Manaka Kobutsu Seto ware, 270.
 * Maruyama ware, 295.
 * Masafusa, Imamura, potter, 107.
 * Masakichi, Korean potter in Japan, ware, 32–35; descendants, 32, 36.
 * Masayoshi, Imamura, potter, 107.
 * Mashimizu Jutarō. See Zōrōku.
 * Masukichi, potter, 292.
 * Matakichi, Yama-no-uchi, potter, 108.
 * Matsubara Shinsuke, potter, 254.
 * Matsumoto, Nagato, Hagi ware, 344; modern ware, 347.
 * Matsumoto Kikusaburo, potter, 247.
 * Matsumoto Sahei, potter, 254.
 * Matsumura Jisaburo, potter, 326.
 * Matsuo Kisaburo, potter, 117.
 * Matsura, chief of Hirado, patron of the Mikawachi potters, 102.
 * Meppō porcelain, 378.
 * Michihei, potter, 295.
 * Michitada, Ohi, potter, 257.
 * Mifuji Bunzo, potter, 254.
 * Mifukai ware, 278.
 * Mikawachi, Hizen, beginnings of keramic industry, 100; special clays, 101; first porcelain, 101; official patronage, 102; character of porcelain, 102, 128; decoration, 103–105; modelled ware, 105; egg-shell porcelain, 105, 110–112; porcelain not marked, 106; potters, 107–109; control of the potteries, 109; decline, 109; recovery, 110.
 * Miho. See Hisatani Yojibei.
 * Mikuni family, potters, 373.
 * Mimpe ware, 352.
 * Minato ware, 354.
 * Mino province, wares not distinguished from Owari wares, 300; beginnings of keramic industry, 301; faience, 301; polychrome glaze, 302; character of the industry, 305.
 * Mishima Satsuma ware, 171.
 * Mitani Rinzo, potter, 342.
 * Mito ware, 406.
 * Mitsuhisa, chief of Satsuma, patron of keramic art, 143.
 * Mitsutaro, Kimura, potter, 333.
 * Miura Kenya, potter, 387.
 * Miyagawa Kōzan or Shozan, potter, 232, 404; his Makuzu ware, 405, 416; his porcelain, 406, 416, 418.
 * Miyai Saguro, potter, 377.
 * Mizoguchi, potter, 117.
 * Mizoro, Kyōtō, factory, one of Ninsei's workshops, 182; origin, 187, 207; unglazed ware, 207; character of the ware, 208.
 * Mizuna Genzaemon, potter, 394.
 * Modelling, in Mikawachi porcelain, 105, 106; in Arita porcelain, 106; in Kyōtō ware, 196; in Takatori ware, 317; in Sōhichi ware, 320; in Fukakusa ware, 327; in Bizen ware, 329; in Shidoro ware, 335; in Minato ware, 354; in Yusetsu Banko ware, 363, 365; by Haritsu, 387; in Kōren ware, 393; in Makuzu ware, 405.
 * Moemon, amateur potter of Kyōtō, 178.
 * Moemon, Mori, potter, 333.
 * Moemon, Okushi, potter, 115.
 * Moemon, Soejima, potter, 115, 116.
 * Mogibei, potter, 401.
 * Mohei, Kagiya, potter, 195.
 * Mokubei, potter, 195, 214; imitation of Cochin China and other wares, 215; uses moulds, 215; mark, 216; daughter, 216.
 * Mokume ware, 403.


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 letters. In this dilemma, Pope first wrote to Faulkner to refuse permission, and at the same time took care that his letter should be delayed for a month. He hoped that Faulkner would lose patience, and publish. But Faulkner, with provoking civility, stopped the press as soon as he heard of Pope's objection. Pope hereupon discovered that the letters were certain to be published, as they were already printed, and doubtless by some mysterious "confederacy of people" in London. All he could wish was to revise them before appearance. Meanwhile he begged Lord Orrery to inspect the book, and say what he thought of it. "Guess in what a situation I must be," exclaimed this sincere and modest person, "not to be able to see what all the world is to read as mine!" Orrery was quite as provoking as Faulkner. He got the book from Faulkner, read it, and instead of begging Pope not to deprive the world of so delightful a treat, said with dull integrity, that he thought the collection "unworthy to be published." Orrery, however, was innocent enough to accept Pope's suggestion, that letters which had once got into such hands would certainly come out sooner or later. After some more haggling, Pope ultimately decided to take this ground. He would, he said, have nothing to do with the letters; they would come out in any case; their appearance would please the Dean, and he (Pope) would stand clear of all responsibility. He tried, indeed, to get Faulkner to prefix a statement tending to fix the whole transaction upon Swift; but the bookseller declined, and the letters ultimately came out with a simple statement that they were a reprint.

Pope had thus virtually sanctioned the publication. He was not the less emphatic in complaining of it to his friends. To Orrery, who knew the facts, he represented

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text: Author:Caius Cæsar Caligula

title: Author:Caius Cæsar Caligula


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 the printed copy sent to Swift as a proof that the letters. were beyond his power; and to others, such as his friend Allen, he kept silence as to this copy altogether; and gave them to understand that poor Swift—or some member of Swift's family—was the prime mover in the business. His mystification had, as before, driven him into perplexities upon which he had never calculated. In fact, it was still more difficult here than in the previous case to account for the original misappropriation of the letters. Who could the thief have been? Orrery, as we have seen, had himself taken a packet of letters to Pope, which would be of course the letters from Pope to Swift. The packet being sealed, Orrery did not know the contents, and Pope asserted that he had burnt it almost as soon as received. It was, however, true that Swift had been in the habit of showing the originals to his friends, and some might possibly have been stolen or copied by designing people. But this would not account for the publication of Swift's letters to Pope, which had never been out of Pope's possession. As he had certainly been in possession of the other letters, it was easiest, even for himself, to suppose that some of his own servants were the guilty persons; his own honour being, of course, beyond question.

To meet these difficulties, Pope made great use of some stray phrases dropped by Swift in the decline of his memory, and set up a story of his having himself returned some letters to Swift, of which important fact all traces had disappeared. One characteristic device will be a sufficient specimen. Swift wrote that a great collection of "my letters to you" is somewhere "in a safe hand." He meant, of course, "a collection of your letters to me"—the only letters of which he could know anything. Ob-

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 serving the slip of the pen, he altered the phrase by writing the correct words above the line. It now stood— letters to Pope laid great stress upon this, interpreting it to mean that the "great collection" included letters from each correspondent to the other—the fact being that Swift had only the letters from Pope to himself. The omission of an erasure (whether by Swift or Pope) caused the whole meaning to be altered. As the great difficulty was to explain the publication of Swift's letters to Pope, this change supplied a very important link in the evidence. It implied that Swift had been at some time in possession of the letters in question, and had trusted them to some one supposed to be safe. The whole paragraph, meanwhile, appears, from the unimpeachable evidence of Mrs. Whiteway, to have involved one of the illusions of memory, for which he (Swift) apologizes in the letter from which this is extracted. By insisting upon this passage, and upon certain other letters dexterously confounded with those published, Pope succeeded in raising dust enough to blind Lord Orrery's not very piercing intelligence. The inference which he desired to suggest was that some persons in Swift's family had obtained possession of the letters. Mrs. Whiteway, indeed, met the suggestion so clearly, and gave such good reasons for assigning Twickenham as the probable centre of the plot, that she must have suspected the truth. Pope did not venture to assail her publicly, though he continued to talk of treachery or evil influence.

To accuse innocent people of a crime which you know yourself to have committed is bad enough. It is, perhaps, even baser to lay a trap for a friend, and reproach him for falling into it. Swift had denied the publication of

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