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 was generally regarded as a “kisan neta”. Physical proximity from national capital gave him the advantage which other farmers’ leaders, including Joshi, did not have. Tikait was never shy of his village ways. His clothes, language, mannerism might have seemed odd to an urban person but for his constituency of farmers they were an asset. He always carried a huge hukka with him and would be surrounded by four-five gun-wielding bodyguards. He was blunt and sharp with people but somehow even journalists were happy to court him because he had “news value”. He had been to Ambethan a couple of times to meet Joshi and Joshi too had been to his village. Tikait had objected to women workers present at Ambethan as that was not something he was used to. When he met Joshi, who was wearing Jeans and T-Shirt, he had commented, ‘I don’t even meet people who are dressed like this.’ It would suffice to say that as personalities, they were poles apart. Many colleagues of Joshi did not like Tikait with his outlandish attitudes but somehow Joshi persuaded them to cooperate with him. Joshi knew the importance of Jat farmers in making a nationwide impact. Joshi got Tikait to attend five or six meetings of Kisan Coordination Committee. Tikait was very adamant about never including politicians and often criticized Joshi for his friendship with politicians. Somehow the two continued to work together keeping in mind the larger interest. But at times the rift between them would create unpleasant scenes. For instance, at a meeting of KCC in Delhi on 11 and 12 September 1988, in the middle of the proceedings he got up and said to Joshi, ‘You have joined hands with V.P. Singh and therefore I cannot work with you.’ Joshi’s repeated attempts to pacify him yielded no success and along with his colleagues Tikait walked out of the meeting. This rift was widely reported in the Press which further added oil to that fire. It is interesting Farmers on the National Agenda

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54 Or, watchful for the lab'ring swain, From lurking rats secures the grain? For this, if he rewards bestow, Why should your heart with gall o'erflow? Why pine my happiness to see, Since there's enough for you and me?' 'Thy words are just,' the Farmer cried, And spurned the Spaniel from his side."

And, again, the same idea occurs in Gay's fable of the "Man, the Cat, the Dog, and the Fly." The Cat solicits aid from the Man in the social state.

'Well, Puss,' says Man, 'and what can you To benefit the public do?' The Cat replies, 'These teeth, these claws, With vigilance shall serve the cause. The Mouse, destroy'd by my pursuit, No longer shall your feasts pollute; Nor Rats, from nightly ambuscade, With wasteful teeth your stores invade. 'I grant,' says Man, 'to general use Your parts and talents may conduce; For rats and mice purloin our grain, And threshers whirl the flail in vain; Thus shall the Cat, a foe to spoil, Protect the farmers' honest toil.'"

Mr. Ruskin says, "There is in every animal's eye a dim image and gleam of humanity, a flash of strange life through which their life looks at and up to our great mystery of command over them, and

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

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 to note that Tikait himself joined the Congress party in 2003 and later the BJP. But that is a subsequent story. Even after that open rift in Delhi, Joshi made peace with him. Together they decided to have a massive farmers’ rally next year in Delhi to draw attention of the nation to farmers’ demands. Tikait came to Ambethan and stayed for couple of days to prepare. That time Joshi objected to the presence of his armed bodyguards. It created some turmoil but eventually Tikait agreed to keep his bodyguards outside the room and not inside. Apart from that initial altercation, the meeting was peaceful. It was decided that they would include retired jawans as well in the rally. Most jawans did come from farming families and after their retirement returned to their farm. So, the participation of jawans with farmers was a good idea. It also reflected the spirit behind Lal Bahadur Shastri’s slogan, “Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan”. To plan further, a KCC meeting was held in Delhi on 13 and 14 July 1989. According to a well-known journalist Neerja Chowdhury, who was present at this meeting on Delhi’s Manav Mandir Road, it was attended by 175 persons representing 34 farmers’ bodies. Her report published in Indian Express also noted that most of those attending were farmers themselves and had obviously come from very poor background. Many had just about enough money for their second class train travel. Most of the journalists who covered that meeting were quite moved to see those farmers’ leaders. In that meeting, Tikait reiterated his usual point that there should be “one leader, one flag, one name” for the united body of the farmers. Joshi repeated his stance that they were not an organization but just a coordination committee of different independent organizations and that nature of KCC should remain unchanged; it was far better at that stage to work together informally under the collective leadership. Tikait argued against that probably because he clearly saw himself as 272

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 638–44] clubs, and prayer at Mosque five times a day. Ladies no longer appeared in public excepting as they flitted along shrouded beneath "the veil." The light and grace, the charm and delicacy, hitherto imparted by their presence to Arab society were gone; the softness, brightness, and warmth of nature, so beautifully portrayed in ancient Arab song, were chilled and overcast. Games of chance, and suchlike amusements, were forbidden; even speculation was checked by the ban on interest for money lent. And so, Muslim life, cut off, beyond the threshold of the ḥarīm, from the ameliorating influences of the gentler sex, began to assume outside the dreary, morose, and cheerless aspect ever since retained. But nature is not to be for ever thus pent up; the rebound too often comes; and in casting off its shackles, humanity not seldom bursts likewise through the barriers of the Faith. The gay youth of Islām, cloyed with the dull delights of the sequestered ḥarīm, were tempted thus when abroad to evade the restrictions of their creed, and seek in the cup, in music, games, and dissipation, the excitement which the young and lighthearted will demand. In the greater cities, intemperance and libertinism were rife. The canker spread, oftentimes the worse because concealed. The more serious classes were scandalised not only by amusements, luxuries, and voluptuous living, inconsistent with their creed, but even with immoralities which cannot here be named. Development of this evil came later on, but tares were already sown even under the strict regime of ʿOmar.

For the present such excesses prevailed only in foreign parts. At home, the Caliphs, fortified by the hallowed associations of Medīna, preserved the simplicity of ancient Arab life. Severe simplicity, indeed, was not incompatible (as in the case of Moḥammad himself) with the indulgences of the ḥarīm. But even in this respect, the first three Caliphs, judged by the standard of Islām, were temperate and modest. ʿOmar, they say, had no passion for the sex, Before the Hijra, he contracted marriage with four wives,


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 the “kisan neta” for the entire nation. However, when he saw that others present seemed to support Joshi’s view he withdrew his stand at least temporarily. Rest of the meeting was fruitful. The date of 2 October 1989 was fixed for this rally and the Boat Club at Delhi was finalized as the venue. Joshi poured himself into the preparations for that rally. He and his colleagues travelled throughout Maharashtra addressing the gatherings. “Chalo Delhi” was the slogan that reverberated after each meeting. In a way that rally was to be a show of strength for Joshi in Delhi. Thousands of farmers, and jawans as well, from Maharashtra travelled all the way to Delhi. Many reached a day prior. That was not a government-sponsored jamboree. All farmers paid for their own fares and food. On the morning of October 2, atmosphere in Delhi was charged with anticipation of what was going to happen that afternoon. Farmers rally had received a lot of publicity in the morning papers and everybody was talking about it. Farmers from other States had also reached Delhi. Those from Punjab and Haryana had come in their tractors which were parked near the venue along the main road and sideways. Delhi had rarely seen such a massive cheering and slogan-shouting crowd of farmers like this descending on the city. Politicians from all parties were quite shaken by this show of strength. Nearly four to five lakh farmers had filled the open space at Boat Club. Everyone was eagerly waiting for the rally to start. As the anticipated moment was nearing, something strange began to happen on stage. Tikait and his supporters were creating an ugly ruckus. In a way, every effort was made to keep him happy; even his famous hukka was placed on the stage. But it seemed he was determined to disturb the rally. It seemed that someone had told him that Joshi had called on Rajiv Gandhi earlier in the morning for some secret negotiations. Perhaps Devi Lal had poisoned his mind. Perhaps it was his own Farmers on the National Agenda

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 ambition and jealousy; for it was obvious that Joshi was to be the main star of the rally and the Press was going to give Joshi maximum coverage. Whatever the provocation, Tikait’s followers began to manhandle Joshi’s colleagues on stage. They even started uprooting the poles on which the stage was built. The audience was just stunned. Nobody really knew what was happening. Realizing that Joshi’s life was in danger, his close colleagues made him jump from the backside of the stage and some like Badrinath Deokar standing below carefully caught him. They took him a little away from the stage. He seemed safe but complained of chest pain. His friends immediately took him to a hospital where he was under medical observation for the next 48 hours. With the stage, even his grand expectations had crashed. This was perhaps the most tragic moment in Joshi’s journey to the national stage. Had that rally been successful, the stage was set for him to enter the national arena as a new Hero. But destiny had other ideas. During the past five years, especially after the Chandigarh gherao of 1984, many publications had highlighted Joshi’s role in the farmers’ struggle. As early as August 1981, an elitist magazine like debonair had carried a long five-page interview with him. Business World, a fortnightly published by prestigious Anand Bazar group of Kolkata had done a cover story on Joshi (July 16 to 29, 1984) under the heading; Why Bharat has declared a war on India. In the same year, in the Annual issue of Society monthly, Joshi was included in the list of “Fifty most influential” people in India. Editor Shobhaa De had called him “Gandhi in Denim”. Illustrated Weekly of India, which had the highest circulation in the country, had published a list of fifty prominent Indians under the heading “Watch Out! People capable of making it to the big, big league” in their issue of 1 to 7 January 1989. Joshi’s name was in that list. The Boat Club rally would have been a game-changer. In fact in some quarters his name was amongst those mentioned as 274

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Rh claims the fellowship of the creature, if not of the soul!"

Poor Pussy! on the whole she has had but few champions in comparison to the number of her foes. Let us see what anecdotes we can find which will show her in a favourable light; but my chapter is long enough, and I will conclude it with the epitaph placed over a favourite French Puss:—

Ci repose pauvre Mouton, Qui jamais ne fût glouton; J'espère bien que le roi Pluton, Lui donnera bon gîte et crouton."

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 186 but two of these, preferring to remain at Mecca, separated from him, At Medīna, he married five more, one of whom, however, he divorced. The last marriage was in the eighth year of his reign, when near sixty years of age. Three years previously he had married a granddaughter of the Prophet, under circumstances casting a curious light on his domestic ways. He conceived a liking for Um Kulthūm, the maiden daughter of Abu Bekr, and sister of ʿĀisha, through whom a betrothal was arranged. But ʿĀisha found the light-hearted damsel with no desire to wed the aged Caliph. In this dilemma she had recourse to the astute ʿAmr, who readily undertook to break the marriage off. He broached the subject to ʿOmar, who thereupon imagined that ʿAmr wished the maiden for himself. "Nay," said ʿAmr, "that I do not; but she hath been bred softly in the family of her father Abu Bekr, and I fear she may ill brook thine austere manners, and the gravity of thy house." "But," replied ʿOmar, "I have already engaged to marry her; how can I break it off?" "Leave that to me," said ʿAmr; "thou hast indeed a duty to provide for Abu Bekr's family, but the heart of this maiden is not with thee. Let her alone, and I will show thee a better than she, another Um Kulthūm, even the daughter of ʿAlī and of Fāṭima." So ʿOmar married this other maiden, and she bore him a son and a daughter.

Many of those names we have been familiar with were now dropping off the scene;—Fāṭima, the daughter, and Ṣafīya, the aunt of Moḥammad, Zeinab one of his wives, and Mary his Coptic bond-maid; Abu ʿObeida, Khālid, and the Muëzzin Bilāl. Many others who also bore a conspicuous part in the great rôle of the Prophet's life had now passed away, and a new race was springing up in their place.

Abu Sufyān survived till 32, and died 88 years of age. One eye he lost at the siege of Aṭ-Ṭāif, and the other at the battle on the Yarmūk, so that he had long been blind. He divorced Hind, the mother of Muʿāwiya—she who "chewed the liver" of Ḥamza at the battle of Oḥod! The reason for the divorce does not appear.


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 cally arranged a marriage between my daughter. Mattie and Mr. Philip Mortover. Such a match would be to the benefit of all parties concerned. But a marriage with Philip Mortover as things are is one matter, and as they might be, if this girl turns him out of house and land is another! Do you follow me, Mr. Wedgwood?"

"Very well indeed, Mrs. Patello!" answered the detective. "You don't want your daughter to marry a poor man!"

"I don't indeed, Mr. Wedgwood, and I want to know what Philip Mortover's real position is!" assented Mrs. Patello. "As I say, Philip Mortover, as owner of Mortover Grange and appurtenances and vendor of land that has valuable minerals under it is one thing, but Philip Mortover, penniless younger son of a younger son, is quite another! I daresay you've daughters of your own, Mr. Wedgwood, and you'll understand me!"

"I understand you, Mrs. Patello—very well indeed!" said Wedgwood. "The appearance of Miss Avice Mortover, only child of Matthew Mortover, elder son of Gilson, materially alters matters!"

"It does indeed—if she really is that," assented Mrs. Patello. "And there's another thing, Mr. Wedgwood. This Mortover Main Colliery Company, now?"


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 "What about it, Mrs. Patello?" asked the detective, pricking his ears anew. "How does that come in?"

Mrs. Patello inclined her head to one side and smoothed the fur of her coat about her knee, regarding its texture as if it was something of which she was appraising the value. "Well, Mr. Wedgwood," she replied slowly, "and of course between ourselves—me and Mr. Patello are not wealthy people. But we always had a bit of money, and we've saved a bit more, and the fact is, my sister, Mrs. Clagne, has so cracked up this new colliery company to us that we've realized all we had and put the lot into it—shares, you know. And"

"Mrs. Clagne persuaded you to do that, did she?" interrupted Wedgwood. "Such confidence in it, eh?"

"Well, of course, being on the spot and knowing all the gentlemen that's interested in it she has!" assented Mrs. Patello. "And to be sure, the experts are all agreed that it's one of the richest veins of coal ever struck in this country! Anyhow, Mr. Wedgwood, that's what me and Mr. Patello have done!"

"Has Mrs. Clagne put anything into it?" asked the detective. He was keenly alert by that time, realizing that Mrs. Patello was affording him valuable information instead of


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 possible future prime ministers. At the very last minute that opportunity got snatched out of his hands. His name somewhat receded in the background after that, in political circles as well as in the media. SS as an organization also never reached that height again in the national capital. Joshi’s attempts to organize farmers into a national united front took place parallel to his activities on the political front. In a way, both were complementary to each other. His warm relationship with V.P. Singh was primarily a part of his politics and it also was useful in Joshi’s work with the farmers. Singh as Prime Minister attended a meeting of the Kisan Coordination Committee (KCC) in Delhi. That happened on 31 December 1989. Prime Minister came along with his Deputy Devi Lal, who also served as the Minister for Agriculture. That was something Joshi and other members of KCC felt proud of because in the past nobody in power had taken a similar note of KCC; even a State Minister had never attended any KCC meeting. This heightened Joshi’s expectations from Singh and also his own stature as a nationally recognized leader of the farmers. On 14 March 1990 Prime Minister Singh appointed a Standing Advisory Committee (SAC) to formulate National Agriculture Policy having six members and made Joshi its Chairman, with a cabinet rank. He made that announcement at a farmers’ rally in Chandigarh organized by Bharatiya Kisan Union and followed it up next day with a formal announcement to that effect in the Parliament. He wanted Joshi to put forward as a proposal, his thoughts on agriculture. It was a wonderful opportunity for Joshi to influence the working of the government and help induce some radical changes which he was always talking about. Joshi based himself in Delhi for a few months and worked hard to put together that report. It is worth mentioning that while working on this Committee Joshi did not stay in any government accommodation, did not Farmers on the National Agenda

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 use government vehicle and did not draw any salary. He looked upon it as an extension of his life-mission. The report of the Committee was submitted to the Government on 31 July 1990. Unfortunately, Singh got too bogged down in the political struggle. Devi Lal, his powerful deputy, himself wanted to be known as a farmers’ messiah and Singh’s proximity of Joshi was not to his liking. Singh found the SAC work politically inconvenient to him because of such internal dissention. Singh, unable to give much attention himself, formed a committee of Government officials to look into SAC Report. But they were the same people who had executed earlier policy for several years and were not really interested in the kind of radical reforms Joshi had suggested. Joshi never received any acknowledgement of that report. SAC was soon wound up. Joshi left Delhi and returned to Ambethan. Like numerous other reports of the various committees formed by government even this SAC report drowned in the ocean of files. Nobody really knew what eventually happened to that report. However, in hindsight, one good outcome of SAC report could be pointed out. Some changes suggested by Joshi in calculating the cost of production of farm produce were implemented by the Government. Consequently, for the first time that year, the rate of increase in the prices of farm produce was higher than that of the non-farm produce. For instance, earlier the cotton prices used to increase every year by say Rs. 5 or 10 per quintal; but in 1991 it was suddenly raised by Rs. 90. This big jump was a boon to the cotton farmers. However, it was never officially mentioned that this was the outcome of any suggestions made in the SAC report. On 15 August 1990, while speaking from Lal Killa in New Delhi as the Prime Minister, Singh announced that the country would observe coming decade as kisan dashak. It would be interesting to note that this was the suggestion made by Joshi in 276

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was now the eleventh year of ʿOmar's Caliphate, and though some sixty years of age, he was full of vigour, and vigilant in the discharge of the vast responsibilities devolving on him. In the last month of the year he journeyed, as was his wont, to Mecca; and taking the widows of Moḥammad in his suite, performed with them the full rites of the annual Pilgrimage. He had returned but a few days to Medīna, when his reign came to a tragic and untimely end.

A Persian slave, Abu Luʾluʾa, had been brought by Al-Moghīra from Al-ʿIrāḳ. Made prisoner in his youth by the Greeks, he had early embraced Christianity; and now, taken by the Muslims, his fate was to endure a second captivity as Al-Moghīra's: slave. When the crowd of prisoners was marched into Medīna from the battle of Nihāvend, said to have been Abu Luʾluʾa's birthplace, the sight opened springs of tenderness long pent up; and, stroking the heads of the little ones, he exclaimed: "Verily, ʿOmar hath consumed my bowels!" He followed the trade of carpenter; and his master shared the profits. Meeting ʿOmar in the market-place, he cried out, "Commander of the Faithful! right me of my wrong, for verily Al-Moghīra hath assessed me heavily." "At how much?" asked the Caliph. "At two dirhems a day." "And what is thy trade?" "A carpenter and worker in iron," he said. "It is not much," replied ʿOmar, "for a clever artificer like thee. I am told that thou couldest design for me a mill driven by the wind." "It is true." "Come then," continued the Caliph, "and make me such a mill that shall be driven by the wind." "If spared," 187


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Of the Manner and Customs of Cats.

ET us see though, before we try our anecdotes, what is known of the Cat's peculiarities. I rather like this quaint description of the domestic Pussy, which occurs in an old heraldic book, John Bossewell's "Workes of Armorie," published in 1597:—

"The field is of the Saphire, on a chief Pearle, a Masion Cruieves, This beaste is called a 'Masion,' for that he is enimie to Myse and Rattes. He is

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 getting anything out of him. "Has she invested money in it?"

"She has, Mr. Wedgwood—no secret about that," replied Mrs. Patello. "Mrs. Clagne, although she is and has for many years been housekeeper to young Mortover, as she was to Stephen before him, has money of her own. Clagne, he was a jeweller in Derby, and in a very good way of business, and he left her all he had—a nice thing! And she has invested largely in this Mortover Main Colliery Company, and one of her reasons in recently visiting us was to advise us to do the same. And we'd no hesitation, for I know my sister well enough to be sure that she'd risk nothing—she's as keen on money as anybody can be. And don't you see, Mr. Wedgwood, if this young woman really is the true owner of that Mortover property, why then, there'll be all sorts of complications arise, and perhaps our money mayn't be safe, and—and to put it in a nutshell, Mr. Wedgwood, can you really tell us whether this girl really is who she says she is—Matthew Mortover's daughter?"

Wedgwood rose to his feet. He realized what Mrs. Patello had come for. But he still had a lingering doubt about her.

"Can't say, Mrs. Patello," he answered. "She says she is. No doubt she has proofs


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 papers, and so on. But—she's disappeared. I don't know where she is. And that's all I can tell you."

Presently he conducted husband and wife to the outer door. From its steps he looked across the street and saw his fellow-detective in company with Marco. They were smoking cigarettes as they lounged about; there was nothing in their appearance to excite suspicion. But Wedgwood saw the waiter look over Mrs. Patello with a keen, searching glance, and when she and Mr. Patello had gone round the next corner he beckoned him to come across.

"Is that the lady you saw at Cipriani's Restaurant?" he asked sharply. "Be sure, now!"

Marco shrugged his hands and shrugged his shoulders.

"No!" he answered. "At first I think, yes—then I make sure, no! What you call—eh—similar in figure, fur coat, so on. But not the same face—oh, no! Not the same woman at all—no—no!"

Wedgwood went back into the police-station and fell to discussing matters with the inspector to whom he had retailed all his previous news. They talked things over until their heads began to ache: finally, the inspector delivered himself of an opinion. Wedgwood, he said, must some-


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 how persuade, or tempt, or force Thomas Wraypoole to tell him who the man was that he, Thomas, had seen in conversation with his brother John on the evening of the murder, and that man must be found.

"Considering all one now knows," said the inspector, "what you've got to do is to trace John Wraypoole's movements and account for every scrap of his time and in whose company that time was spent, between the moment in which Thomas saw him talking to that man, whoever he is, and his arrival at Miss Tandy's flat! Get on to that, Wedgwood!"

The name of Miss Tandy had scarcely been mentioned by the inspector when a policeman poked his head into the room and announced Miss Tandy herself.


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 curse it, or damn it, or excommunicate it, or rhyme it, or lillabullero it.—

—He got rid of it, however.

Will your worships give me leave to squeeze in a story between these two pages?

When Tully was bereft of his dear daughter Tullia, at first he laid it to his heart,—he listened to the voice of nature, and modulated his own unto it.—O my Tullia! my daughter! my child!—still, still, still,—'twas O my Tullia!—my Tullia! Methinks I see my Tullia, I hear my Tullia, I talk with my Tullia.—But as soon as he began to look into the stores of philosophy, and consider how many excellent things might be said upon the occasion—no body upon earth can conceive, says the great orator, how happy, how joyful it made me.

My father was as proud of his eloquence as


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 his report which he had submitted a month earlier in July. In the wake of sudden stormy political developments in Delhi, Singh himself had to step down as Prime Minister in early November. On the whole, Joshi regarded the entire exercise of SAC as waste of his time and energy. Having waited in vain for some formal government response to his report for over six months, Joshi decided to publish it himself. It was done on 25 January 1991 as a small 50-page booklet. It contained the gist of his thinking about what ails Indian agriculture and suggested some ways out. In his foreword Joshi had written, ‘SAC considers it is time that its comments are made available to the public at large so that the debate of the policy may at least be well-informed.’ It is a valuable document for anyone interested in studying Indian agriculture.

In his attempts to move beyond Maharashtra and onto the national scene Joshi had also done some work in Gujarat. In fact except for Punjab in no other State did he involve himself as much as he did in Gujarat. The link probably started as early as 1980, when Joshi’s work started. After hearing about it, Bipin Desai and Gunwant Desai, two farmers from Gujarat specially came to Ambethan to meet Joshi. Both lived in Surat and were staunch Gandhians. They shared a unique kind of a relationship. Though not related biologically, they were closer to each other than twins. They did their farming together, lived in the same house with their families and in fact had the same bank account. Their exceptional friendship was talk of the town in Surat, Navsari, Bharuch, Bardoli and that entire south Gujarat region. Bipinbhai was the President of Gujarat Khedut (farmers in Gujarati) Samaj for several years. He was also the vice-chancellor of a University. Both are no longer alive but Gunwantbhai’s only Farmers on the National Agenda

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 son, Parimal, continues their tradition. A civil engineer and builder, Parimalbhai shared with this writer his memories of Joshi. He said, “Bipinbhai and Gunwantbhai went all the way to Ambethan to meet Joshi after they heard about the sugarcane agitation. In the first meeting itself their wavelengths matched. Both developed great affection for Joshi. They participated in all the major agitations of Shetkari Sanghatana in subsequent years. They would also take some other farmers from Gujarat with them. They also helped financially and in every other possible way. When Joshi was arrested in Chandigarh in 1984 both of them were also arrested with him.” Parimalbhai also shared about various visits Joshi made to Gujarat in later years in connection with the farmers’ struggle. The first such struggle was when SS organized two yatras starting from 2 October 1984 to prepare for the mass meeting at Tehere which has been written about in earlier chapter. One of the yatras travelled through Gujarat and Joshi travelled with it. It started in Bardoli, the area where Bipinbhai and Gunwantbhai had a strong hold. That yatra ended at Sabarmati Ashram in Ahmedabad on 9 October where a large meeting also took place. In 1989 while canvassing for V.P. Singh, Joshi had also travelled with him through Gujarat. During that travel a large meeting was organized for Singh in Ahmedabad. After that meeting ended a national meet of KCC took place in Ahmedabad and Singh spoke there as well. All these were efforts on the part of Joshi to familiarize the future Prime Minister with the real issues facing Indian farmers. In all these activities Bipinbhai and Gunwantbhai were wholeheartedly involved. Apart from the struggles of the farmers the two were also personal friends with Joshi. Said Parimalbhai, ‘In 1999 Joshi had a heart attack. He found it difficult to get 278

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 adequate rest in Maharashtra. When Gunwantbhai heard about that, he phoned Ambethan and said to Joshi, “Come straight to Surat to our home. Here you will get good rest.” Joshi happily came. After Joshi had stayed with us for eight days, they took him to Vadodara at a naturopathy centre. Both had great faith in the treatment offered there. During his stay Joshi felt even better.’

It was during this visit that Joshi for the first time was drawn into a major controversial issue of independent India; construction of the Sardar Sarovar dam on Narmada river. It happened almost by chance. During his stay in Vadodara, whenever possible, Joshi would travel with his two friends by car visiting nearby areas. Once while going to Surat from Vadodara due to torrential rain they had to discontinue the journey. Roads were flooded with knee-deep water. They spent a night en route waiting for the water to recede. Paradoxically, the newspaper pages were full of scenes from Kachch and Saurashtra which had not received even a drop of rain and the specter of the worst famine in decades loomed large. Floods in South Gujarat and drought in rest of the State; there was continuous discussion amongst the three of them on this anomaly. One conclusion that emerged out of that discussion was about the need for Narmada dam. While incessant rain was one reason for the floods in South, the other was restrictions put on the construction of the dam. Enormous quantity of water flowing through Narmada could not be stored in the dam, whose height was restricted to only 80 meters; half of the proposed plan. The water was flowing over the dam into the surrounding areas; flooding the entire region. Had that water gone into the dam with a greater storage capacity, it could have been stored and the excess water could have been released systematically into the Farmers on the National Agenda

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 main canal. From main canal it could be fed into the entire network of smaller canals which had covered Kuchch and Saurashtra as well. The canal network was ready but restrictions imposed by the Government and the Court meant that Narmada water could not be released in that main canal. Farmers were the worst hit by this tragic situation; in the South due to flooding and in rest of the State due to drought. There was a total loss of crops in both regions. On the one hand, there were those supporting the dam and on the other hand were various NGOs who were opposing the construction, who had even created international pressure against the dam and through legal battles had secured restrictions from the Court. Like most other Gandhian social workers, Bipinbhai and Gunwantbhai were strong opponents of the dam but after that discussion they changed their stand. Joshi himself had not been involved with Narmada issue earlier but when he saw the way farmers were suffering, he decided to get involved. They decided that on 4 December 1999 they would do Narmada Jan Andolan. It would involve all farmers going to the dam site, form a human chain, draw a pot of water from the dam, pass it on along that human chain, and eventually empty the pot in the main canal. They were certain to be arrested but it would be registered that not everybody was opposed to the dam water being released through the main canal. The agitation was to be organized under the auspices of Gujarat Khedut Samaj. They called this agitation as Kar Seva, holy service. Along with Bipinbhai and Gunwantbhai, Joshi spent several weeks traveling through Gujarat and making speeches. The point he used to stress was that in this entire debate in which various NGOs, environmentalists, writers, journalists, lawyers and politicians were involved, somehow the voice of the farmers was never heard though they were to be the biggest beneficiaries 280

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 of the dam and also the biggest sufferers from the restrictions on it. In a way Joshi had never been a great fan of big dams, which he felt basically allowed politicians and bureaucrats to make money. As a college student he had done some research in this area and his opinion was based on those findings. However, he felt that in this case when the entire network of canals was ready it made no sense not to release dam water through it. It amounted to depriving people of water. He knew that he would be arrested in that agitation but he said, ‘If it is a crime to give water to a thirsty man then I am willing to commit that crime and suffer any punishment.’ People of Gujarat were naturally in favour of the dam but they were helpless against the legal restrictions. They were pleasantly surprised to discover that a farmers’ leader from Maharashtra was supporting the dam. That was one of the objectives of Joshi; he wanted the people of Gujarat to know that not everybody was opposed to the dam. That year happened to be the 125th birth anniversary year of Sardar Patel and the celebrations were to start at a special programme in Ahmedabad on 31 October. Joshi was one of the speakers at this programme and Sardar Sarovar Project was the subject on which he spoke. He said, ‘Some people argue that the dam water is not going to reach needy farmers of Kuchch and Saurashtra. I say, that when Mother Teresa picks up a wounded person lying on the street, she does not think whether the person would live or not. Irrespective of his living or dying, it is our duty to take him at least to the hospital. The same is applicable here. If one sees huge shortage of water in one region in front of us, to take water as close to that region as possible, is a humanitarian programme. On one side there is water; on the other side there is thirst. Our programme is to take water to the thirsty man.’ Several leading politicians were present in the audience Farmers on the National Agenda

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 along with the Chief Minister Keshubhai Patel and Governor of Gujarat. Surprisingly, that BJP government did not support this agitation at all. In fact, it used all the force at its command to crush it. It could be because of anti-BJP views of Joshi, or because the government did not want the credit for this popular agitation to go to Gujarat Khedut Samaj. As decided, on the 4 December over five thousand farmers gathered at Kevadia Colony, the small town closest to the dam site. They had a meeting and afterwards began their march to the dam site. As expected they were stopped by the Police almost immediately and were arrested. It was anyway impossible for common people to reach the actual dam site and draw any water out of it; Joshi and all others knew it well; but the intention to do that in itself was a symbolic gesture. Having foreseen this Police action, Joshi, along with his ten-twelve close colleagues, had already made an alternative adventurous plan. Previous night when there was total darkness in the vicinity, they had quietly gone to the dam site from the back side, finding their way through mountains and forests. They travelled about ten kilometers on foot, then rode horses for a while and the final leg of about two-three kilometers they just had to walk again. All along they had to avoid the vigilant guards and maintain absolute silence. It was an incredibly audacious act, especially considering the fact that Joshi was 64 years of age and had just survived a heart attack. In the pre-dawn darkness they reached the dam site, went down, formed a chain, drew out a pot of water, passed it on and eventually poured it from distance into the nearby canal. A symbolic act, though a tiny one, was somehow completed with great courage. Today, the water from Sardar Sarovar has enriched farming in Gujarat even in the earlier draught-prone areas. The abundant lush green fields are a living testimony to the benefits of the dam. Even the farmers from nearby States of Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh share that bounty. At least some persons like 282

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 SOMETHING FROM OUT THERE 57 BROWN DUCKS FOR TOUGH JOB PROTECTION These special extra heavy Carhartt Master Duck overalls are sturdy, rain¬ repellent, tough wearing. Unexcelled for linemen, foundrymen, steel workers, plumbers, out-door workers, etc. Give you better protection — better fit —greater comfort —and guaranteed longer wear than any other work garment. You’ll like ’em! if Your Dealer Can't Supply You—send us your measurements and $4.90 for either Brown Duck bib overalls or coat to match. Shipped prepaid. CARHARTT OVERALL CO. Established 1889 Detroit, Mich. Dallas, Texas Atlanta, Ga. Irvine, Ky.


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 Parimalbhai are aware that in this project farmer brothers from nearby Maharashtra had supported them though perhaps only in a symbolic way. The warm relationship with Gujarat lasted till Joshi’s final days. A small act had earned much gratitude. Despite the work done by KCC, and even other similar organizations, the unity of farmers in India has continued to remain a mirage even today. Unlike farmers of several other countries with strong agriculture such as United States, Canada, France, Germany, Switzerland or Australia farmers of India have never been organized under one banner, which could enable them to put requisite pressure on the government to adopt farmer-friendly policies. But looking back, the efforts made over almost thirty years did seem to have yielded some results. Countless agitations brought issues concerning farmers on the national agenda. Today, no political party can afford to overlook the demands of the farmers while presenting their election manifesto. It is true that the manifestoes don’t necessarily convert into policies but it has been fairly well-established that you cannot make India prosperous so long as her farmers continue to languish in poverty. Q

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 14.

Search for New Ways A major policy change was announced in Parliament on 24 July 1991 by then Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao and Finance Minister Manmohan Singh. The new policy was a significant departure from the earlier socialistic pattern of development. In a way, the process towards that shift had started gradually in the days of Rajiv Gandhi. But due to huge resistance to such a change he had to proceed rather haltingly. But this time a major financial crisis had emerged and the Government had no choice but to make those changes. The foreign exchange reserves of the country had reached rock-bottom. There was barely enough to last for two weeks and after that all imports, including of essential items like petrol, would have stopped. That would have resulted in total chaos. Just a week before, around 17 July, Government had sent two special planes to Europe with most of the gold reserves held by the Reserve Bank. Twenty tons were mortgaged with Union Bank of Switzerland and 47 tons with Bank of England as security for further loan. The loan received against it was quite insufficient but there was no more gold left with the RBI against which additional loan could be secured. Indian Government was desperately seeking some emergency assistance from the World Bank and other international agencies. They were willing but only on the condition that Indian Government implemented some basic economic changes they had stipulated. The Government of India had no choice but to accept those changes. Those changes are 284

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 generally referred to as liberalization but actually they reflected changes in three overlapping areas namely Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization (LPG). As the first step, rupee was devalued by 25%. Many restrictions on import and export were removed. Several industries were exempted from government regulations so as to reduce the stifling hold of license-permit-quota-inspector raj. The subsidies given by the government on various commodities like diesel, fertilizers and power, to keep their prices artificially low, were cut down. The attitude to look at the private sector changed; rather than thinking of it as an enemy, it was acknowledged that they could be partners in development. In short, the changes were geared to free economy from the shackles of government. It was obviously not going to be an easy task. Liberalization as an idea was never even remotely acceptable to any political party in India. Government control of the economy, under the garb of socialism, was suitable for all politicians and bureaucrats. Even the industrialists were happy with it because they had learnt to wriggle their way through the jungle of regulations. Government policy kept competition from developed world at bay and Indian companies could make exorbitant profits by producing shoddy goods and selling them at a much higher price in the seller’s market that prevailed in the country. They did not see any need to upgrade technologically. Even the media and opinion-makers did not want that basic system to change. However, what began in July 1991 was the beginning of the journey, albeit with just a few tentative steps, in the direction that Joshi all along had passionately advocated. Joshi believed that the Prime Minister and Finance Minister had deflected the country’s focus from politics to economics. They might have done it out of compulsion but it was still a very healthy shift. Government’s economic reforms programme had Search for New Ways

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 changed the agenda of the country, pushing the two major emotional issues of that time – construction of Ram Mandir at Ayodhya and the reservation according to the recommendations of Mandal Commission — into the background. This shift from non-essential and dividing identity issues to essential economic issues was something Joshi had strongly desired. The decision to liberalize was taken against the background of international pressure which again was the product of global paradigm shift. Just as socialism was the zeitgeist for thirty years after the Second World War, after around 1975, leaders like Ronald Regan, Margaret Thatcher and Deng Xiao Ping had ushered in the age of liberalization. Mikhail Gorbachev with his policy of Glasnost and Perestroika had revealed the severe strains in the Soviet system. The earlier glamour of Socialism lost its sheen when the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics disintegrated in 1991 following the near-collapse of its economy over the previous couple of decades. Another development in 1991 at the international level necessitated this trend towards liberalization. It was the discussion which started globally on the presentation of proposals generally known as Dunkel Draft. This proposal is regarded as the foundation for the subsequent liberalization. It is worth mentioning the background to this Dunkel Draft. The Second World War destroyed the economies of the warring European nations but economy of the United States of America was largely intact. It was by then widely accepted that whatever may be the momentary provocations for the war, the primary cause was economic. As the War was nearing its end US took the initiative to call a meeting of 44 key nations. The marathon meeting took place in the city of Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, USA, between 1 and 22 July 1944. The resolutions passed at the meeting are known as Bretton Woods Agreements. Accordingly, it was decided to form three international 286

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 organizations; International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank (WB) and International Trade Organization (ITO). The first two came into being soon but the third one was left out because US felt that it would weaken its own dominant position in the global trade. Instead of that, various Western European nations signed different agreements with each other. They culminated into one forum called General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) which was established in Geneva on 30 October 1947. Its original aim was to reduce the restrictions on mutual trade and it worked to some extent with regard to industrial products. However, the trade of farm produce remained out of its purview. A major development took place in 1986 during the GATT Conference in Uruguay in Latin America, in which 123 nations participated. There were heated discussions on different points and negotiations were not going anywhere. When the Conference was about to be concluded without any agreement, Arthur Dunkel, the Director General of GATT since 1980, took initiative and offered to produce a document for future negotiations. Dunkel was a Swiss administrator highly respected for his competence. He remained in his chair for thirteen years, till 1993. After working hard for five years he produced in 1991 a draft of the proposed agreement which was called “Dunkel Draft”. It was a historic turning point in the on-going negotiations between nations. Mr Dunkel’s deep understanding of the technical issues combined with his shrewd diplomacy transformed hundreds of thousands of pages of diverse, often conflicting, proposals into a manageable single document of some 500 pages, distilling the essence of numerous agreements signed earlier under GATT. It was quite a remarkable feat and he was highly acclaimed for that. He circulated the Draft in 1991 amongst all nations for discussion and comments and pursued consistently. After many Search for New Ways

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 188 said the captive in surly voice, "I will make a mill for thee, the fame whereof shall reach from east even to far west"; and he went on his way. ʿOmar remarked, as he passed, the sullen demeanour of Abu Luʾluʾa:—"That slave," he said, 'spoke threateningly to me just now."

Next day, when the people assembled in the Mosque for morning prayer, Abu Luʾluʾa mingled with the front rank of the worshippers. ʿOmar entered, and, as customary, took his stand in front of the congregation, with his back towards them. No sooner had he begun the prayer with the words Allâhu Akbar, than Abu Luʾluʾa rushed upon him, and with a sharp blade inflicted six wounds in different parts of his body. Then he ran wildly about, killing some and wounding others, and at last stabbed himself to death. ʿOmar, who had fallen to the ground, was borne into his house adjoining the court, but was sufficiently composed to desire that ʿAbd ar-Raḥmān should proceed with the service. When it was ended, he summoned him to his bedside, and signified his intention of nominating him to the Caliphate. "Is it obligatory upon me?" inquired ʿAbd ar-Rahmān. "Nay, by the Lord!" said ʿOmar, "thou art free." "That being so," he replied, "I never will accept the burden." "Then stanch my wound," said the dying Caliph (for life was ebbing through a gash below the navel), "and stay me while I commit my trust unto a company that were faithful unto their Prophet, and with whom their Prophet was well pleased." So he named, together with ʿAbd ar-Raḥmān, other four,—ʿAlī, ʿOthmān, Az-Zubeir, and Saʿd—as the chiefest among the Companions, to be Electors of his successor, and called them to his bedside. When they appeared, he proceeded:—"Wait for your brother Ṭalḥa" (absent at the moment from Medīna) "three days; if he arrive take him for the sixth; if not, ye are to decide the matter without him." Then, addressing each in turn, he warned them of the responsibility attaching to the duty now imposed upon them, and the danger to the one elected


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 rounds of talks spread over three years, during which the Draft was modified several times, its final version was approved by all nations in 1994. As a consequence of that finally approved Draft, a new organization came into being on 1 January 1995, which is called World Trade Organization (WTO). Dunkel Draft was fiercely opposed by left wing as well as right wing thinkers and politicians all over the world. But over the years all countries, including China, agreed to sign it and have become the members of World Trade Organization. Dunkel Draft is the base of what is generally referred to as Liberalization. Dunkel Draft had four broad recommendations : One, maximum possible free trade of goods; two, maximum possible free trade of services; three, minimum restrictions on capital investment; and four, Protection of Patents or International Intellectual Property Rights. In the specific context of agriculture, which affected India the most, there were five main points as follows : Firstly, Governments should not take farm produce from farmers in the form of levy by paying less than market price – in case it was necessary to procure such produce to run the public distribution system, government should buy it from the farmers by paying prevailing market price. Secondly, the number of persons depending on agriculture should decrease and more and more farmers should get absorbed in other sectors of the economy. Thirdly, restrictions on the export of farm produce should be removed. Fourthly, government should reduce subsidies given to the farmers. Fifthly, Intellectual Property Rights should be honoured; no 288

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 one should steal someone’s patented invention and if they wanted to use that invention they should buy it by paying the proper royalty. That last point was particularly objected to by the Indian companies, particularly pharmaceutical companies. Because most of their business consisted of using the basic research done by overseas companies and use that, with minor modifications, to produce drugs under their own brand names. This saved them all the expenditure on research. Dunkel Draft wanted them to buy such right to use someone else’s research, treating that research as the Intellectual Property of the company which had originally developed that drug. Obviously Indian pharmaceutical industry was dead opposed to Dunkel Draft. Joshi was absolutely convinced that each of these five points was greatly beneficial to the Indian farmers and in a way Dunkel had incorporated what Joshi had been saying all those years. For instance, Joshi had always held that the levy procuremeat price paid by the government was ridiculously low and was the primary reason for the poverty in India. Increasing that levy procurment price would naturally mean more money in the hands of the farmer which was long overdue. Similarly, since the cultivable land in India was limited and the population kept growing, the size of the farm holding in India had already decreased to a level where it was uneconomic to farm. In such a situation if those who today depended on agriculture could be provided livelihood outside, that would certainly benefit those who continue farming. Removing restrictions on export would enable Indian farmers to export their goods to developed nations. It would also mean that the excess stock would not remain in India, reducing domestic prices. Similarly, on the question of subsidies, Joshi argued that Search for New Ways

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 developed nations gave huge subsidy to their farmers and if they stopped those subsidies, the cost of overseas farm produce would rise. That was beneficial to the Indian farmers because in that case Indian farm produce prices would obviously become more attractive. Moreover, there was no question of reducing subsidy paid to Indian farmers because the Indian farmer was already getting a negative subsidy! In other words, the amount he would have normally got for his produce, was reduced by the government policy, and the amount farmers lost thereby was far more than the so-called subsidy government was giving on input like fertilizer, power etc. The issue of reducing subsidies was actually going to affect farmers of the developed world and not the Indian farmers who were anyway not getting any real subsidy. On the question of International Property Rights, Joshi maintained that if new research had to be encouraged, it was vital that the patents were not violated. That was the meaning of respecting international property rights; if one’s invention which was generally a result of huge investment and effort, was to be copied freely, then there was no incentive left in inventing new products. Thus Joshi was clear that on all five points the Indian farmer stood to benefit from the Dunkel Draft. Additionally, he was also convinced that a platform like WTO, which was proposed by Dunkel Draft, was an ideal forum where Indian farmers could complain against several practices of the developed nations which went against the interest of the Indian farmers. For instance, we could complain against their dumping of produce remaining unsold in their own countries in Indian market which inevitably brought down the prices of what Indian farmers were producing. For Joshi, WTO and Dunkel Draft was basically an extension of classic economic thought espoused by Adam Smith 290

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 in his theory of Division of Labour. It envisaged a world where countries would produce what they were best and most competitive at, leaving the other items to someone who might be more qualified in that area. By allowing for free exchange globally, all would get the best products at best prices; whether produced locally or imported. Joshi strongly supported Dunkel Draft despite almost every single politician, academician or journalist in India being dead against it. Joshi used to wonder whether they had read the Dunkel Draft in the first place. He felt that it was just their ageold phobia against free market which made them cry foul. So convinced was Joshi of the benefits of Dunkel Draft to the Indian farmers that he even said, ‘If I meet Mr. Dunkel, I will put the brooch of SS on his lapel!’ Joshi travelled through the country addressing numerous meetings and press conferences supporting Dunkel Draft and WTO. Communists, Socialists, Congressmen, right-wing parties like BJP; they all were united condemning the Dunkel Draft. All the central trade union federations, all industrialists, all NGOs, all journalists opposed Dunkel. Entire media was against it. Brought up on the tenets of controlled economy, freedom envisaged in liberalization was anathema to them. Even those in the government who were responsible for implementing policies entailed in liberalization did so only because they felt there was no alternative in the given situation. In the heart of their hearts they remained thoroughly against it. In those days, Joshi’s was perhaps the sole voice unequivocally supporting liberalization. For that audacity, he was severely attacked from all corners. Some called him a CIA agent, some called him a traitor. A woman colleague from Delhi told him that, “Supporting Dunkel, when not a single voice is being heard in his favour, is going totally against the current public opinion. No politician could ever take such a stand. You Search for New Ways

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 are committing political suicide.” But Joshi did not change his stance and never minced his words. At every meeting of SS, Dunkel Draft was welcomed. In the farmers’ rally at Shegaon on 10 November 1991, resolutions were passed welcoming the new liberalized economy. On 31 March 1993, Joshi took initiative in leading the “Freedom to Farmers” procession in New Delhi which was to welcome Dunkel Draft. Aurangabad convention of SS on 29 October 1993 also welcomed Dunkel Draft. Some years later, Mike Moore, the third Director General of WTO, travelled to India and Joshi met him in New Delhi on 10 January 2000. On behalf of the Indian farmers Joshi expressed full support to WTO. Moore expressed appreciation of the stand Joshi had taken consistently in support of WTO. A farmers’ leader from a developing country supporting Dunkel Draft, WTO, genetically modified seeds and overall free economy was quite unusual. Becoming a signatory of WTO and joining it was a natural extension of Dunkel Draft. Eventually India also joined WTO as did almost all the countries of the world including China. The initial opposition melted away; though not in public rhetoric, at least at the policy level. WTO had been beneficial to the nation and that is why even the parties which had staunchly opposed it while they were in opposition had continued being a part of WTO when they came to power. However, credit was never given to Joshi for championing the cause of WTO and liberalization so consistently. Freedom had always been the most sacred value for Joshi. In a way he got into this farmers’ struggle because he believed that agriculture was the most shackled segment of society. When liberalization started in India in July 1991, Joshi said that it should be applicable to agriculture as well. Unfortunately, that has not happened even today. But Joshi was satisfied that at least 292

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HE boy that directed us on this road, pa," Kate said, leaning forward to speak to the man in the front seat, "—do you think he was real?"

John Bender Senior turned and regarded her. "What you mean by that, Käter?" he asked sternly. He had to raise his voice to be heard over the rumble of the wagon wheels.

Kate's fingers moved nervously over the bosom of her shirtwaist. "Why that . . . that he might be one of them we left in the orchard, back on the farm. This road ain't like a road that goes anywhere."

Her father’s lean face grew dark with anger. "Stop dot talk, Käter. Stop your mouth."

"Ja, stop it, daughter," Mrs. Bender said. Her blue eyes were hard in her large white  59


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644] of partiality towards his own clan and family. "O ʿAlī, if the choice fall upon thee, see that thou exalt not the house of Hāshim above their fellows. And thou, ʿOthmān, if thou art elected, or Saʿd, beware thou set not thy kinsmen over the necks of men. Arise, go forth, deliberate, and then decide. Meanwhile Ṣoheib shall lead the prayers." When they had departed, he called Abu Ṭalḥa, a warrior of note, to him, saying:—"Go, stand before the door, and suffer no man to enter in upon them." After a pause he spoke solemnly to those around him:—"Tell it to him who shall succeed, as my last bequest, that he be kind to the Men of the City which gave to us and to the Faith a home; that he make much of their virtues, and pass lightly by their faults. Bid him treat well the Arab tribes; verily they are the backbone of Islām; the tithe that he taketh from them, let him give it back unto the same for nourishment of their poor. And the Jews and Christians, let him faithfully fulfil the covenant of the Prophet with them. O Lord, I have finished my course. And now to him that cometh after me I leave the kingdom firmly established and at peace." Then he lay down quietly and rested for a time.

After a while he bade his son ʿAbdallah go forth and see who it was that wounded him. Told that it was Abu Luʾluʾa, he exclaimed:—"Praise be to the Lord that it was not one who had ever bowed down before Him, even once, in prayer! Now ʿAbdallah, my son, go in unto ʿĀisha and ask her leave that I be buried in her chamber by the side of the Prophet, and by the side of Abu Bekr. If she refuse, then bury me by the other Muslims, in the graveyard of Al-Baḳīʿ. And list thee, ʿAbdallah, if the Electors disagree" (for he was to have a casting voice) "be thou with the majority; or, if the votes be equal, choose the side on which is ʿAbd ar-Raḥmān. Now let the people come in." Crowds had assembled at the door; and, permission given, they approached to make obeisance. As they passed in and out, ʿOmar asked whether any leading man had joined with Abu Luʾluʾa in conspiracy against him. "The Lord forbid!" was the loud response, in horror at the very thought.


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202 tender care he had taken of him during his illness, that they should visit those parts of Greece neither had yet seen. They travelled in every direction, and sought every spot to which a recollection could be attached; but though they thus hastened from place to place yet they seemed not to heed what they gazed upon.---They heard much of robbers, but they gradually began to slight these reports, which they imagined were only the invention of individuals, whose interest it was to excite the generosity of those whom they defended from pretended dangers. In consequence of thus neglecting the advice of the inhabitants, on one occasion they travelled with only a few guards, more to serve as guides than as a defence.---Upon entering, however, a narrow defile, at the bottom of which was the bed of a torrent, with large masses of rock brought down from the neighbouring precipices, they had reason to repent their negligence---for,scarcely were the whole of the party engaged in the narrow pass, when they were startled by the whistling of bullets close to their heads, and by the echoed report of several guns. In an instant their guards had left them, and placing themselves behind rocks had began to fire in the direction whence the report came. Lord Ruthven and Aubrey, imitating their example, retired for a moment behind a sheltering turn of the defile; but ashamed of being thus detained by a foe, who with insulting shouts bade them advance, and being exposed to unresisting slaughter, if any of the robbers should climb above and take them in the rear, they determined at once to rush forward in search of the enemy.---Hardly had they lost the shelter of the rock, when Lord Ruthven received a shot in the shoulder that brought him to the ground.---Aubrey hastened to his assistance, and no longer heeding the contest or his own peril, was soon surprised by seeing the robbers’ faces around him; his guards having, upon Lord Ruthven’s being wounded, immediately thrown up their arms and surrendered.

By promises of great reward, Aubrey soon induced them to convey his wounded friend to a neighbouring cabin, and having agreed upon a ransom he was no more disturbed by their presence, they being content to merely guard the entrance till their comrade should return with the promised sum for which he had an order.---Lord Ruthven’s strength rapidly decreased, in two days mortification ensued, and death seemed advancing with hasty steps.---His conduct and appearance had not changed; he seemed as unconscious of pain as he had been of the objects about him; but towards the close of the last evening his mind became apparently uneasy, and his eye often fixed upon Aubrey, who was induced to offer his assistance with more than usual earnestness---“Assist me! you may save me---you may do more than that---I mean not my life, I heed the death of my existence as little as that of the passing day; but you may save my honour, your friend’s honour.”---“How, tell me how; I would do any thing,” replied Aubrey, “I need but little---my life ebbs apace---I cannot explain the whole---but if you would conceal all you know of me, my honour were free from stain in the world’s mouth---and if my death were unknown for some time in England---I---I---but life.”---“It shall not be known,”---“Swear!” cried the dying man, raising himself with exultant violence, “Swear by all your soul reveres, by all your nature fears, swear that for a year and a day you will not impart your knowledge of my crimes or death to any living being in any way, whatever may happen, or whatever you may see.”---His eyes seemed bursting from their sockets: “I swear!” said Aubrey; he sunk laughing upon his pillow and breathed no more.

Aubrey retired to rest, but did not sleep, the many circumstances attending his acquaintance with this man rose upon his mind, and he knew not why; when he remembered his oath a cold shivering came over him, as if from the presentiment of something horrible awaiting him. Rising early in the morning he was about to enter the hovel in which he had left the corpse, when a robber met him, and informed him that it was no longer there, having been conveyed by himself and comrades, upon his retiring, to the pinnacle of a neighbouring mount, according to a promise they had given his lordship, that it should be exposed to the first cold ray of the moon that rose after his death. Aubrey astonished, and taking several of the men, determined to go and bury it upon the spot where it lay. But, when he had mounted to the summit he found no trace of either the corpse or the clothes, though the robbers swore they pointed out the identical rock on which they had laid the body. For a time his mind was bewildered in conjectures, but


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6 has often served and furthered Russian foreign policy goals, as shown by the significant funding, support and (in some cases) direction it received from the Russian state. Although complex to determine which individuals and entities sit within the ‘Wagner Network’, we consider that they all share an ultimate connection to Prigozhin’s financial interests and normally benefit the Russian state indirectly or directly.

4. Our inquiry also examined the Wagner Network through a wider lens, considering the legal and policy challenge of ‘Private Military Companies’ (PMCs) that states use as malign proxies (paragraphs 75–91). PMCs encompass a diverse set of organisations and are not clearly defined by international law (paragraph 77). We use ‘PMC’ in a general sense in this report to mean a private company (or set of companies) that sells military services in exchange for compensation. Although the Wagner Network is often described as a PMC, we acknowledge that it is not one in the conventional sense of the term in the UK, given the network’s i) illegal status in Russia; ii) close relationship with the Russian state, and iii) extensive activities outside the defence sphere, with evidence of economic, electoral and influencing operations (paragraph 14).

5. Russia’s renewed illegal invasion of Ukraine confirmed many long-standing but contested assumptions about the Wagner Network: namely, that it operated with a high level of support from, and co-operation with, the Russian Ministry of Defence (paragraph 8); that it has been primarily state-funded; and that the Russian government facilitated its activities directly, despite its illegal status as an arms-length body that has provided plausible deniability for the Russian Government. Wagner’s activities in Ukraine


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Whereas the House of People’s Representatives has resolved that it is appropriate to promulgate a criminal pocedure code;

Therefore, it is commanded, by and with the advice and consent of the House of People’s Representatives, that the following Act be enacted:

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 This Act shall be called the Criminal Procedure Code Promulgation Act, 2477 Buddhist Era.

This Act shall come into force from the day of its publication in the Royal Gazette onwards.

The Criminal Procedure Code enacted at the end of this Act shall come into force from the 1st day of October 2478 Buddhist Era onwards.

All the courts and officials handling criminal prosecutions throughout the Kingdom, save the courts separately governed by special procedure, shall observe the provisions of this Code.

All the cases pending in court since before the day of coming into force of this Code shall be governed by the laws in force before the day of coming into force of this Code until those cases reach their finality.

Subject to the provisions of section 3, from the day of coming into force of this Criminal Procedure Code onwards, sections 14, 16, and 87 through 86 of the Penal Code, the Act on the Criminal Procedure for

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 the Time Being, 115 RE, and all other laws, rules, and regulations which have been incorporated into this Code or which are contrary or repugnant to this Code, shall be repealed.

The Minister of Justice and the Minister of Interior shall be in charge of the execution of this Act and, for such purpose, shall have the power to issue ministerial regulations regulating the work under their duties in order that criminal prosecutions be smoothly handled.

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was the court tailor, and had a due sense of his importance. No person, who would pretend to be well dressed, could think of wearing a coat that did not proceed from the gallery of Mr. Heftelmeyer; and all the attempts of his rivals to attain the singular elegance of his cut failed most miserably. But he was perhaps more, and certainly more justly, renowned for the beauty of his daughter Amelia, than for his tailoring accomplishments, transcendant as they were. All the flatteries which were addressed to her were disregarded; for she had vowed her affections to the son of a celebrated preacher, Mr. Seeheim; and although that reverend personage had expressed his disapprobation of his son’s marrying Amelia, she was satisfied with the young man’s assurances that nothing could ever change the affection he entertained for her.

Mr. Heftelmeyer could not understand why the preacher should object to this marriage, because he thought himself inferior to no one in importance; and, moreover, he inhabited the first floor of the hotel, while Mr. Seeheim lived in the second. His wife said she was sure it was not the preacher, but Madame Seeheim, whose pride opposed the union. The real truth was, that the whole affair was one of foolish vanity on the part of the parson. He was afraid that his relations, who were distinguished persons, would not countenance his son if he should marry a tailor’s daughter. Maurice could not understand this, and resolved, although he was an obedient son, that as soon as he could establish himself in any way of living independent of his father, he would make Amelia his wife.

In the meantime, there was anything but a neighbourly feeling between the two families. One day Mr. Heftelmeyer wondered that his wife would eat no dinner, and at length extorted from her a confession, that


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 ‘Mr. Seeheim! Madame Seeheim!’ cried the tailor, who at this moment appeared at the door with a most mortified and contrite air, ‘I beg your pardon a thousand times. I beseech you not to mind anything that Mr. Herbst may say. whole matter is a mistake, and I come before you covered with shame at having requited your kind intentions so ungratefully.’

This speech was as inexplicable as any part of the business; and the pastor and the lawyer looked at one another, as much as to say there was no doubt now that the poor fellow was really demented.

Matters were soon explained. It appeared that the police had made a general perquisition, at a moment when it was least expected, among all the suspected persons in the city. The old woman, by whose ingenuity the pie with the gilt S had found its way to Mr. Seeheim’s apartments, had been taken, and the pewter dish, on which Mr. Heftelmeyer’s name was inscribed, being found in her possession, had led to inquiries, the result of which, with her own confession, cleared up the whole of the mystery.

Mr. Seeheim laughed heartily at the adventure, and readily forgave his neighbour’s impetuosity. The lawyer seized the favourable opportunity for bringing about a firm reconciliation between the parties; and three months after the adventure of the pie, Maurice and Amelia (notwithstanding Mr. Seeheim’s great relations) were happily married.


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 190 Among the rest, ʿAlī came to inquire; and as he sat by the Caliph's bedside, the son of Al-ʿAbbās too came up. ʿOmar, who dreaded the factious spirit of the latter, said: "O Ibn al-ʿAbbās, art thou with me in this matter?" He signified assent, whereupon ʿOmar added earnestly: "See that thou deceive me not, thou and thy fellows. Now, ʿAbdallah, my son, raise my head from the pillow, then lay it gently down upon the ground; peradventure the Lord may in mercy take me thus, this night, for I fear the horrors of the rising sun." A physician gave him to drink of date-water; but it oozed through the wound unchanged; and so also with a draught of milk. Which when the physician saw, he said: "I perceive that the wound is mortal: make now thy testament, O Commander of the Faithful." "That," said ʿOmar, "have I done already." As he lay, his head resting on the bosom of his son, he recited this couplet:—

And so, in a low voice, he kept repeating the name of the Lord and the Muslim creed, until his spirit passed away. It was a few days before the close of the 23rd year of the Hijra. He had reigned for the space of ten years and a half.

So died ʿOmar, next to the Prophet the greatest in the kingdom of Islām; for it was all within these ten years that, by his wisdom, patience, and vigour, the dominion was achieved of Syria, Egypt, and Persia. Abu Bekr beat down the Apostate tribes; but at his death the armies of Islām had but just crossed the Syrian frontier. ʿOmar began his reign master only of Arabia. He died the Caliph of an Empire embracing some of the fairest provinces under Byzantine rule, and with Persia to boot. Yet throughout this marvellous fortune he never lost the balance of a wise and sober judgment, nor exalted himself above the frugal habit of an Arab chief. "Where is the Caliph?" the visitor would ask, as he looked around the court of the Medīna mosque; and all the while the monarch might be sitting in homely guise before him.

ʿOmar's life requires but few lines to sketch. Simplicity and duty were his guiding principles, impartiality and


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THE KING OF THE HARTZ. Every body knows that the immense mountains of the Hartz are under the dominion of a powerful Gnome. He resides commonly in the vast regions which form _ the interior of the earth’s surface ; and, when he does _ appear above it, his most favourite sport is to frighten i torment hapless travellers. e chances are

always equal, whether he chooses to be mischievous or _ benevolent to such of the human race as fall in his way. _ or the Turnip Counter ; and the following tale will _ show the means by which he gained this nick-name.
 * The tsa of the Hartz commonly call him Rusrzant,

Several centuries (which to a spirit like Rubezahl were only like so many months) had elapsed since he had visited the exterior surface of the earth; and his astonishment may therefore be imagined when, on emerging one fine morning from his subterraneous abode, he saw before him the proof of what human in- dustry had been able to effect during his absence. ‘orests in which the foot of man had never, as he thought, been set, had disappeared, and a rich harvest . VOL.I. Jan, 1827. B

=a


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THE “KING OF THE HARTZ AND THE TAILOR OF LIEBENAU,. _ Tue bosom of the earth, our common mother, has ever been the refuge for hapless love. Mortals, whose destiny in love has been star-crossed, open themselves a way into this retreat by poison or pistol, or such violent means: The spiritual race, however,

can return to enjoy the light of heaven as soon as their passion has ceased to torment them; but unhappy mortals are unable to leave the tomb when they have once entered its precincts. When the Gnome had quitted the world, it was with the intention of no more beholdin the sun : by degrees, however, time softened his terion; but aspace of no less than nine hundred and ninety-nine years had elapsed before the wound in his heart was completely healed—a circumstance ich is infinitely to the honour of the whole race of es, and which proves that there is more fidelity beneath the earth than upon its surface. It happened ea a day, when Rubezahl was tormented with ennui, that a certain waggish imp, of a droll witty nature, and who filled the office of buffoon at the court of his oe majesty, proposed an airing upon the iesengeburge, and to which the Gnome agreed. vou. 1. Feb, 1827. G

Gy


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In this Code, if any term has already been given a definition, it shall be understood according to the definition given, save where the context is contrary to such definition.

In this Code—

“court” means a court of justice or judge that has the power to act in relation to a criminal case;

“alleged offender” means a person who is alleged to have committed an offence but has not yet been charged before a court;

“accused” means a person who has been charged in court with the commission of an offence;

“injured person” means a person who has suffered injury due to the commission of any offence and includes

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 78 THE INTERNATIONAL JEW

on My Pony" ; "Ara wanna" ; "Trail of the Lonesome Pine."

Then came the African period, being the entrance of the jungle motif, the so-called "Congo" stuff into popular pieces. "High Up in the Cocoanut Tree," "Under the Bamboo Tree," and other compositions which swiftly degenerated into a rather more bestial type than the beasts themselves arrive at.

Running alongside all this was the "ragtime" style of music which was a legitimate development of Negro minstrelsy. Lyrics practically disappeared before the numerous "cake walk" songs that deluged the public ear. "There'll Be a Hot Time in the Old Town Tonight" the marching song of the Spanish-American War, belongs to that period. The "black and tan" resorts of the South began to reign over the nation's music both North and South. Seductive syncopation captured the public ear. The term, "ma baby," brought in on the flood of Negro melody has remained in uncultivated musical speech ever since. Minstrelsy took on new life. "Piano acts" made their appearance. "Jazz bands" were the rage.

By insensible gradations, now easily traceable through the litter of songs with which recent decades are strewn, we have been able to see the gradual decline in the popular song supply. Sentiment has been turned into sensuous suggestion. Romance ha's been turned into eroticism. The popular lilt slid into ragtime, and ragtime has been superseded by jazz. Song topics became lower and lower until at last they were dredges of the slimy bottom of the underworld.

The first self-styled "King of Jazz" was a Jew named "Frisco." The general directors of the whole downward trend have been Jews. It needed just their touch of cleverness to camouflage the moral filth and raise it half a degree above that natural stage where it begets nothing but disgust. They cannot gild the lily, but they can veil the skunkcabbage, and that is exactly what has been done. The modern popular song is a whited sepulcher.


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 644] devotion the leading features of his administration. Responsibility so weighed upon him that he was heard to exclaim, "O that my mother had not borne me; would that I had been this stalk of grass instead!" In early life of a fiery and impatient temper, he was known, even in the later days of the Prophet, as the stern advocate of vengeance. Ever ready to unsheathe the sword, it was he that at Bedr advised that the prisoners should all be put to death. But age, as well as office, had now mellowed this asperity. His sense of justice was strong. And except it be the treatment of Khālid, whom according to some accounts, he pursued with an ungenerous resentment, no act of tyranny or injustice is recorded against him; and even in this matter, his enmity took its rise in Khālid's unscrupulous treatment of a fallen foe. The choice of his captains and governors was free from favouritism, and (Al-Moghīra and ʿAmmār excepted) singularly fortunate. The various tribes and bodies in the empire, representing interests the most diverse, reposed in his integrity implicit confidence, and his strong arm maintained the discipline of law and empire. A certain weakness is discernible in his change of governors at the factious seats of Al-Baṣra and Al-Kūfa. Yet even there, the conflicting jealousies of Bedawīn and Ḳoreish were kept by him in check, and never dared disturb Islām till he had passed away. The more distinguished of the Companions he kept by him at Medīna, partly, no doubt, to strengthen his counsels, and partly (as he would say) from unwillingness to lower their dignity by placing them in office subordinate to himself. Whip in hand, he would perambulate the streets and markets of Medīna, ready to punish offenders on the spot; and so the proverb,—"ʿOmar's whip is more terrible than another's sword." But with all this he was tender-hearted, and numberless acts of kindness are recorded of him, such as relieving the wants of the widow and the fatherless.


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 HOW THE JEWISH SONG TRUST MAKES YOU SING 79

sparkling without, but within full of the dead bones of all the old disgusting indecencies. Plain print returns them to their rightful status of disgust

We are now in the period of "The Vamp" that great modern goddess upon whom tens of thousands of silly girls are modeling themselves "The Vamp." The original "vamp" is to be found in a forbidden French novel upon which Morris Gest founded his grossly immoral spectacle called "Aphrodite." In the Jewish popular song and the Jewish motion picture film a unity has at last been reached in "The Vamp." 1 The vamp heroine and the harem scene a fitting climax!

There is work here for the Anti-Defamation League. That league knows how to put the screws on~anyone who disparages the Jews. From important New York publishers, down to inconsequential country newspapers, the Anti-Defamation League makes its power felt. There is work for it in the movies and the popular song industry. Why does not the league put the screws on those Jews who have degenerated the movies and debauched the popular song movement and thus brought shame upon the racial name? Why not? Is it possible that only the non-Jews are to.be controlled, and Jews let to run loose? Is it possible that "Gentiles" can be curbed as by bridle and bit and that Jews cannot?

It is repeated : there is work for the Anti-Defamation League among the Jews.

More than that : there are Jews who have begged the Anti-Defamation League to purge the name of Jewry of the shame the liquor Jews, the movie Jews, the popular song Jews, the theatrical Jews, and the others are bringing on that name, and the Anti-Defamation League has not done so. It dare not.

American Jewry is desperately afraid of opening a single seam in its armor by means of a single investigation or reform. They are afraid of how far the fire of self-correction may spread.

It was the intention of THE DEARBORN INDEPENDENT to give in this article a sample of the man-


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 192 ʿOmar was the first who assumed the title Amīr al-Muʾminīn, or "Commander of the Faithful." "Khalīfa (Caliph, Successor) of the Khalīfa (Abu Bekr) of the Prophet of the Lord was too long and cumbersome a name," he said, "while the other was easier, and fitter for common use."

According to his desire, ʿOmar was buried side by side with the Prophet and Abu Bekr, in the chamber of ʿĀisha. Ṣoheib, as presiding over the public Prayers, performed the funeral service, and the five Electors, with the Caliph's son lowered the body into its last resting-place.

The Muslim annalist may well sigh as, bidding farewell to the strong and single-minded Caliph, he enters on the weak, selfish, and stormy reign of his successor.


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 THE KING OF THE HARTZ. 9

fully preserved one very fine turnip, which she changed into a rapid courser, ready saddled ; and, as soonas the Gnome’s back was turned, she leaped on her steed, and directed him towards the valley of May, whither he carried her with the velocity of the wind. Rubezahl returned with his account of the turnips, and wondered at not finding Emma ready to meet him. He called her aloud; and, receiving no answer, began to look for her through the apartments of the palace. After along and vain search it occurred to him that he had been duped ; and, instantly divesting himself of his human shape, he flew inta the air, and discovered the fugitive just as she was reaching the limits of his domain. In a transport of rage he dashed twoclovds together, and directed the lightning which issued from them towards Emma. The fluid struck an oak which marked the boundary, but Emma had passed it ihe iat before ; and, beyond this, the thunder of Rubezahl was impotent.

he Gnome king returned home, and, having spent himself in exclamations of rage and despair, he de- stroyed the palace and gardens; and buried himself thousands of fathoms deep in the solid earth, to forget for awhile his disappointed passion.

Emma was in the arms of her Ratibor, who Jed her to her father’s palace, where their nuptials were so- Jemnized with a royal splendour. ‘The memory of Emma's adventure is still preserved in Silesia. Ar- tifices of a similar kind are even now resorted to for getting rid of disagreeable suitors; and the people who don’t know the name of the Gnome king, call him to this day,

“ Tue Turnip Counter.

THE CAUSE OF SPAIN. BY THE RIGHT HONOURABLE GEORGE CANNING. ? Mip the tempest that o’er her horizon is spread, Behold where Britannia raises her head, And stands like a tower, the last hope of the world.
 * Mid the bolts that around her in thunder are hurl’d,


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 AND THE TAILOR OF LIEBENAU. 71

himself to cabbage the cloth of his customers in ever so small a degree. At about the moment that Benedict was rapping at Clara’s door, another gentleman was knocking at the ate of the prison at Hirschberg. He was in the dress a grey monk, who had risen thus early in the morning to finish the pious work of converting a criminal. Ru- bezahl, having taken the part of the delinquent, thought himself obliged to go’ through with it. He put on an air of penitence which perfectly delighted the old monk, who made him a beautiful sermon to his great edification. The time soon arrived for finishing the ceremonies which justice had prescribed for dismissing the criminal from this troublesome world. He mounted the ladder like a man who had a proper sense of what was ex- ected from him; and being tumed off, kicked and struggled.as if he was suffering all the pains of strangu- lation, He rather over-acted this part of his character, and had nearly got the poor executioner into a scrape; for the rabble, who are great connoisseurs on these oc- easions, proposed to pelt the hangman for putting the culprit to unnecessary torture. As soon as the Gnome heard this, he stretched himself out as stiff as a st, and affected to be dead. The crowd dispersed ; ut when, about an hour afterwards, some curious lads came to look at the criminal, by way of amusin them and himself, Soawas a few a er dierre By the evening a report was spread throughout the city, that the tailor had been so badly hanged that he was still alive; and this was considered ‘so scandalous a business, that in the morning, a deputation from the city authorities came to examine into the circumstances, ‘Ben, ‘to their astonishment, they found, instead of a tailor, a figure made of straw, such as they place in the fields to frighten away the birds from thecorn. The de- putation ordered this figure to be taken down, and as ing better occurred to them to say, they reported at,in the course of the night, the wind had carried the tailor’s body beyond the frontier.


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Portal talk:Rübezahl

Other sources
Searching Google Books for "turnip counter" turns up several other stories/summaries/translations. -- Yodin T 13:03, 26 September 2023 (UTC)
 * I've now gone through most of the usable results, and added the relevant stories/articles to the portal. -- Yodin T 11:24, 12 February 2024 (UTC)

Original stories/retellings or translations
-- Yodin T 18:40, 11 February 2024 (UTC)
 * The "Legends of Number-Nip" in the Misses Corbett's The Odd Volume (1826) starts with an abridged summary of Musäus' first story, followed by two stories that seem to be invented by them. See the footnote on p. 137: "Should “The Odd Volume” fall into the hands of an eminent friend, now exalted in station, and not less so in intellect, perhaps he will smile to recognize amid our interpolations his own juvenile frolic in the foregoing story."
 * These two original stories are retold along with Musäus' five stories in Walter Grahame's Stories About Number Nip the Spirit of the Giant Mountains (1881)
 * Mary Catherine Rowsell's The Spirit of the Giant Mountains (1864) is a translation of Rosalie Koch's first volume of Rübezahl (1845)
 * In the translated introduction Koch says: "The legends of Rubezahl, the spirit of the mountains, are still current among the villagers, and they are to be found scattered in different books. But in this book, my young readers, you will find them all collected together, and written out anew. [T]he authors from whom a great part is taken are Musaeus, Lehnert, and many others."
 * More work is needed to find the sources of the individual stories, and determine how close they are to the originals: whether they're retellings and should just have Koch as the author, and a link to the story they're based on, or if they are very close to the original text, and should have Kock either as editor, or not even that.
 * The book was republished in 1884 as Number Nip, or, The Spirit of the Giant Mountains, which seems to be very similar, but omits the Introduction, and one story: "How Rubezahl punishes Trespassers on his Dominions"
 * James Lee and James Thomas Carey's Silesian Folk Tales (The Book of Rübezahl) (1915) also seems to be a translation of some (but not all) of the stories from this version. Lee and Carey also state that they've retold the stories, so they're not literal translations.
 * More work is needed to identify each individual story, and see how close it is to Koch's version: can Koch be considered the author, joint author with Lee and Carey, or just Lee and Carey as authors, with a link to Koch's version in the header note.
 * Their introduction also quotes Johann Peter Lyser (1804–1870), who wrote Das Buch vom Rübezahl (1834). Definitely worth checking if he was one of Koch's sources.
 * Elizabeth Fries Ellet's "Rübezahl" seems to be taken from the first five stories of Johann Peter Lyser's Das Buch vom Rübezahl (1834) via Lyser's reprint of these five stories in Abendländische Tausend und eine Nacht (1838). The evidence that it's via Abendländische Tausend und eine Nacht is by Ellet's introductory paragraph, describing the stories of Rübezahl, which says:
 * "The best known of these is that of Musäus, in his “Volksmährchen;” Wenzel has it also in his Legends of the Riesengebirge; and the “Book of Rübezahl,” and a dramatic tale founded on the same tradition…"
 * which mirrors Lyser's note on his sources in Abendländische Tausend und eine Nacht: "Die Mährchen von Rübezahl—Musäus Volksmährchen der Deutschen, Sagen aus dem Riesengebirge, W. Menzel: Rübezahl, ein dramatisches Mährchen. J. Lyser: „das Buch von Rübezahl“"
 * Either way, Lyser should probably be credited as author, and Musäus and the others noted as the inspiration of these stories in the story headers, with links between the related stories put in "See also" sections of their translations pages.
 * The anonymous Rübezahl stories published in Reynolds's Miscellany (1851) are taken from Henrik Steffens:
 * "Rubezahl the Giant" p.37 – Story 1 (The Spring Root)
 * "Rubezahl, the Giant of the Mountains" p.58 – Introduction, and Stories 4 (The Bewitched Staff) and 5 (The Coach Wheel)
 * "Some More Tricks of Rubezahl" p.219 – Mini story at the end of Story 1 (The Hunter), Story 2, and Story 6 (The Treasure Seeker)

title: Portal talk:Rübezahl


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text: Page:กม ร ๘ - ๒๔๗๘ fixed.pdf/1242

title: Page:กม ร ๘ - ๒๔๗๘ fixed.pdf/1242


text:
Page:Ollanta An Ancient Ynca Drama.pdf/72

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