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 potatoes, and devoured them as if I had not tasted food for a couple of days.

"You peg away," said he, "as if you would crash your ivories, (teeth;) one would think that you were tucking in at a regular spread."

"Oh, my lad, all that goes down the gullet fills the belly."

"Very true, very true."

Mouthful followed mouthful with prodigious rapidity, and I did nothing but peel and swallow: I cannot tell how it was that I was not literally crammed, but my stomach had never been more complaisant. At last my task was done, my comrade offered me a quid, and thus addressed me.

"On the word of a man, and as true as my name is Masson, and is the same as my father's, I have always considered you a hearty blade; I know you have been unfortunate, I have been told so, but the devil's hoof is not always at the poor man's door, and if you like I can put you on a good scent."

"That would not, perhaps, suit me, for my rigging is not over and above excellent."

"True! I see, I see, (looking at my clothes, which were rather tattered,) it seems that at this moment you are not the luckiest cove in the world."

"Very right: I have most urgent need of a new fit out."

"In that case come with me, I have a locksmith's daughter with which I shall clear out an apartment this evening."

"Tell me all about it, for I must learn the particulars before I can join you in it."

"What a flat you are, there is no occasion for you to be fly.." [sic]

"Oh! that is all true as gospel, and I am your man, only you can explain in two words ."

"Now, hold your gab, I tell you my plan is settled, and the booty sure: the fence's ken (receiver's house) is only a stone's throw off. As soon as prigged, so


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 who were on the left at the siege of Limerick, were all auxiliaries.—And very good ones, said my uncle Toby.—But the auxiliaries, Trim, my brother is talking about,—I conceive to be different things.

Yo do? said my father, rising up.

father took a single turn across the room, then sat down and finished the chapter.

The verbs auxiliary we are concerned in here, continued my father, are, am; was; have; had; do; did; make; made; suf-

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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 fer; shall; should; will; would; can; could; owe; ought; used; or is wont.—And these varied with tenses, present, past, future, and conjugated with the verb see,—or with these questions added to them;—''Is it? Was it? Will it be? Would it be? May it be? Might it be? And these again put negatively, Is it not? Was it not? Ought it not?—Or affirmatively,—It is; It was; It ought to be''. Or chronologically,—''Has it been always? Lately? How long ago?—Or hypothetically,—If it was; If it was not? What would follow?—If the French should beat the English? If the Sun go out of the Zodiac?''

Now, by the right use and application of these, continued my father, in which


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 a child's memory should be exercised, there is no one idea can enter his brain how barren soever, but a magazine of conceptions and conclusions may be drawn forth from it.—Did'st thou ever see a white bear? cried my father, turning his head round to Trim, who stood at the back of his chair:—No, an' please your honour, replied the corporal.—But thou could'st discourse about one, Trim, said my father, in case of need?—How is it possible, brother, quoth my uncle Toby, if the corporal never saw one?—'Tis the fact I want; replied my father,—and the possibility of it, is as follows.

A ! Very well. Have I ever seen one? Might I ever have seen


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 one? Am I ever to see one? Ought I ever to have seen one? Or can I ever see one?

Would I had seen a white bear? (for how can I imagine it?)

If I should see a white bear, what should I say? If I should never see a white bear, what then?

If I never have, can, must or shall see a white bear alive; have I ever seen the skin of one? Did I ever see one painted?—described? Have I never dreamed of one?

Did my father, mother, uncle, aunt, brothers or sisters, ever see a white bear?


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 soon disposed of; it is a good haul, and you shall have your whack."

"Come, then, let us be off."

Masson conducted me to the boulevard Saint Denis, which we traversed until we came to a heap of stones. There he stopped, looked about him to see that no one was watching, and then going up to the pile. He took off several lumps, put his hand into the cavity and fished up a bunch of keys.

"I have now all the herbs of Saint John," said he, "and we will go together to the corn-market."

On reaching the place, he pointed out to me, at a small distance, and almost opposite the guard-house, the house which he intended to enter.

"Now, my boy," said he, "do not go far distant, wait for me, and keep your weather-eye open; I am going to see if the mot has mizzled (if the woman of the house has gone out.)"

Masson opened the side-door, but no sooner had he shut it after him than I ran to the post, where making myself known to the chief, I hastily told him that a robbery was then committing, and that no time was to be lost, if they would secure the robber with the property in his possession. Having done this, I returned to the place where Masson had left me. Hardly had I got there when some person, advancing towards me, said,

"Is it you, Jean Louis?"

"Yes, it is me," was my reply, testifying my astonishment that he had returned empty-handed.

"Oh, say nothing about it; a devil of a neighbour came up the staircase and deranged my plans; but what is deferred is not lost. Minute follows minute and the mutton is boiled at last, as you will see; one must not compromise oneself."

He then left me again, and was not long in reappearing with a very large bundle, under the weight of which he was almost sinking. He passed me without uttering a word: I followed, and walking in close


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 What would they give? How would they behave? How would the white bear have behaved? Is he wild? Tame? Terrible? Rough? Smooth?

—Is the white bear worth seeing?—

—Is there no sin in it?—

Is it better than a ?


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 files, two guards, armed only with the bayonet, followed him also, making the least possible noise.

It was necessary to know where he deposited his booty. He entered a shopkeeper's at the Rue du Tour, (the death's head,) where he only stopped a moment.

"It was heavy," said he, on coming out, "and I have still a good cast to haul in."

I allowed him to go on, and returning again to the room he had before entered he completed the gutting of it; and scarcely had ten minutes elapsed before he descended the second time, carrying on his head a bed, mattresses, quilts, curtains, and sheets. He had not had time to make a good bundle of them, and on crossing the threshold, being stopped by the narrowness of the door, and unwilling to drop his prey, he stumbled and almost fell, but, recovering himself, he began his journey, beckoning me to follow him. At a turn of the street he came up to me, and said, in a low voice,

"I think I shall go back the third time, if you will go up with me, as we can then get down the window-curtains and blinds."

"Agreed," said I; "when one sleeps on straw curtains are a luxury."

"A luxury, indeed," said he, smiling; "but no time must be lost in chatter, do not go far away and I will hail you as I pass."

Masson went on his way, but at a short distance from where we had met we were both stopped. We were first conducted to the guard-house, and afterwards to the commissary, who interrogated us.

"There are two of you," said the public officer to Masson, (pointing at me,) "who is this man? I suppose a thief like yourself."

"Who is this man? Do I know him? Ask himself; when I shall have seen him once more, that will be the second time."

"You must not tell me that there is no collusion between you, for you were met together."


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 RĔMBAU.

As little has been recorded on the subject of this State, except in works not very accessible, and as I have visited it officially on several occasions. I have thought that a short account of the country may not be without some interest for the readers of this Journal.

This State is one of the countries known as the "Negri Sembilan," or Nine States, formerly under a Yam Tûan (in full, Yang-di-pĕrtûan) Bĕsar and a Yam Tûan Mûda, each, however, with its own chief or Dato' Pĕnghûlu.

In Remban, as in Nâning and others of the "Nine States," a considerable portion of the population are Měnangkâbau by descent, and Měnangkâbau people still come over, as they do to Malacca.

Its name is said to derive from an enormous Mĕrbau tree which used to grow in the plain near the foot of Gûnong Dato'; there are said to be some traces left of it still.

Another account states that the great tree fell down from the mountain, and that the name of the country arose from the description of the noise of the fall as the colossal stem thundered down the steeps—"měrbau rĕmbau."

It is further related that so vast was the size of this giant of the jungle that its head reached to the Sungei Ûjong stream, to which it gave its name (i.e., Sungei Ûjong Kâyu Mĕrbau); while its branches extended to the Moar, and it has been pretended that from


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 "There is no collusion, my worthy commissary: he was going on one side of the way, I was coming on the other, just as he was passing close beside me, something slid from me, it was a pillow; I told him of it, and he stooped to pick it up, and just then the guard came up and nabbed us both: this is why I am now before you, and I wish I may die if it is not the actual truth. Ask him if it is not."

The story was not badly imagined, and I took care not to deny what Masson said, but follow in his track: at length the commissary appeared convinced. "Have you any papers?" he inquired. I showed a permission of residence, which was pronounced correct, and my dismissal was instantly ordered. An evident satisfaction pervaded the features of Masson, when he heard the words, allez-vous coucher, (go to bed,) addressed to me: it was the formula of my liberty, and he was so much rejoiced at it, that any person must have been blind not to perceive it.

The robber was still kept, and nothing remained but to lay hands on the female receiver before she had disposed of the property intrusted to her. An immediate search was made, and, surprised in the midst of most material evidence which condemned her, the death's head was carried off from her trade at the moment when she least expected it.

Masson was taken to the prefecture of police, and the next day, according to the custom of thieves, from time immemorial, when a brother labourer is grabbed, I sent him a twopenny brown loaf, a hock of bacon, and a franc. I was told that he felt obliged by the attention, but had not the slightest suspicion that he who sent him the tribute of the fraternity was the cause of his mishap. It was only at La Force that he learnt that Jean Louis and Vidocq were the same person, and then he devised a singular means of defence; he asserted that I was the author of the robbery with which he was charged, and that, wanting his aid to remove the property, I had gone to seek him: but this long story stated to the


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Rh well together, but as they were mixed up with a great many others, I am not quite certain that they belong to*the same birds.

The specimen articulated in the Canterbury Museum is of the same size as this No. 13, and they were found together in situ.

The metatarsus is longer and in every respect larger than Professor Owen’s crassus, according to his list. The tibia has the length of Professor Owen’s crassus (in list), but it is thicker round the shaft and at both extremities. The femur is also a little longer and thicker.

Of this remarkable species (or variety) we obtained only the bones of two specimens: they were lying close together, but mixed with those of No. 13:

The metatarsus is of the same length as Professor Owen’s measurements of crassus, but it is thicker in every respect. The tibia is larger and longer, whilst the femur agrees in length but is a little thicker.

Of this species, or variety, which is somewhat similar to the former, we obtained bones belonging to four specimens (one incomplete). They were also mixed with bones of Nos. 12, 13, 14, and 16, so that we articulated them to the best of our knowledge:

According to this list of measurements, this metatarsus is larger and thicker than Professor Owen’s crassus. It is of the same length as elephantopus, but it is thinner; altogether it has quite a different character from the last-named species. The tibia is of the same length as crassus, but thicker. The femur is shorter than crassus, but a little thicker,


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 this circumstance "Mĕrbau Sarâtus," one of the limits of fishing rights on the Moar, took its name.

Rĕmbau, like the rest of these countries, was, according to Mĕntra traditions, at first inhabited by the aboriginal tribes alone, and its first Pĕnghûlu was, like that of Nâning, appointed by the Dato' Kĕlâna Pĕtrâ of Sungei Ûjong.

Another local version is that Rĕmbau was first settled by Bâtin Bĕndahâra Sakûdei at Hûlu Rěmbau near Gûnong Dato', and he it was who felled the mighty Měrbau tree. According to native authority quoted by, Bĕndahâra Sakûdei was the first chief of Sungei Ûjong upon whom the title Kĕlâna Pĕtrâ was conferred, and was the son of a Bâtin, and the following account of this origin was related to by the Râja di Râja of Sungoi Ûjong:—

"In ancient times one of the princesses of Sungei Ûong having had the presumption to laugh at the naked state of a Bâtin of the Jakuns, incurred his resentment, and was compelled irresistibly to follow him through thicket and brake, until, moved with compassion, her 'sans-culotte maître de danse' broke the spell and married her. The offspring of this sylvan union is said to be Sakûdei, from whom descend the Pĕnghûlus of Sungei Ûjong."

"Běduanda" is the name of one of the chief aboriginal tribes in the South of the Peninsula, and two of the chief Rĕmbau tribes bear the same name—the Běduanda Jâwa, and the Bĕduanda Jakun—from which the Pĕnghûlu is alternately elected.

This alternate election is said to be due to a dispute in days


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 of those in the ranges which divide it from Sungei Ûjong, Sri Měnanti and Johol.

The "sâwah" or padi-fields are extensive, but a good deal is now out of cultivation, owing to the fatal cattle disease which has raged during the last three years, and has carried off almost all the buffaloes. I saw very few indeed.

A large proportion of the "sâwah" have, however, been planted out with padi this season, the fields having been prepared by means of a large wooden "changkul" or hoc, which is much used by the Rĕmbauans.

The "sâwah" divisions ("jalor" or "pêtak") strike me as being a good deal smaller than those in our territory, probably owing to the fact that they are cultivated by hand, and the "batas" or dividing ridges appear much better kept.

The soil of the "sâwah" is of a lighter colour than is common in Malacca and there is more tendency to sand and quartz grit in it.

The yield appears to be high, averaging eighty to ninety, and in some places runs as high as a hundred-fold. At Gâdong I noticed the "sâwah" soil was a very white clay with an admixture of grit, and was told it was particularly good and produced a hundred-fold, In this, as in other Malay countries, a certain amount of "ladang," or high-land cultivation, of padi takes place, more particularly when circumstances are unfavourable for the "sâwah" or wet cultivation.

There is no tin worked in Rĕmbau, though it was acknowledged that it existed, but was not worked for fear of the water flowing from the workings poisoning the "sâwah" and preventing the cultivation of padi. At Ûlu Pĕdas tin has been worked, but I heard it had been given up owing to rival claims.

Granite is the prevailing rock, but quartz occasionally appears cropping up to a limited extent, and loose fragments are found in the streams. The soil on the mountains of Tampin and Dato' is good, of light brown, occasionally clayey. The variety of ferns on Gûnong Dato' was considerable. The Tampin soil is said to be richer than any in Malacca, except that in the Mâchap district


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 court would not bear him out, and Masson in vain pleaded his innocence: he was sentenced to incarceration.

A short time afterwards I was assisting at the preparations for the departure of the chain of galley-slaves, when Masson, whom I had not seen since his apprehension, saw me through the grating.

"Ha!" said he to me, "Monsieur Jean Louis: and so it was you who got me into the stone jug. Oh! if I had known that you were Vidocq I would have made you pay for the oranges!"

"You are a well-wisher of mine, then; you who made me the proposal of accompanying you?"

"Very true, but you never told me that you were a nose."

"If I had told you so I should have betrayed my trust, and that would not have prevented you from doing the job; you would only have chosen another pal."

"But you are not the less a rascal; I, who was so kind to you! Now, I would rather remain here as long as my life continued in my body, than be free, as you are, and equally dishonoured."

"Every man to his taste."

"That is very fine! your taste—a nose, a spy—very fine, truly!"

"Why, it is as respectable a trade as thieving; besides, but for us what would the honest men do?"

At these words he burst into a loud fit of laughter.

"Honest men I honest men!" he repeated, "you really make me laugh when I am in no grinning mood. Honest men! what would become of them? do not trouble yourself, for it cannot concern you; when you are at the meadow (Bagne) again you will sing to a different tune."

"Oh! he will return there," said one of the prisoners who was listening to us.

"He," cried out Masson, "we do not want him; luck to the jolly boys! that's the thing."


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 where tapioca is said to grow best.

The view from Gûnong Dato' is a fine one, extending westerly from the Sungei Ujong mountains, over the sea-board down to Pûlau Bĕsar in the South, where Gûnong Tampin shuts out the view; between the latter, however, and Bûkit Hûlu Âpi-Âpi, over which is the route to Johol from Rĕmbau proper, Mount Ophir rears its great pile.

To the immediate North lies Gûnong Bĕrâgak slightly higher, and forming the end of the amphitheatre opposite Gûnong Dato', with which it is connected by a semi-circular ridge: from this rise two nameless summits, the one adjoining Gûnong Dato' being decidedly higher than the latter, and like the rest of the ridge covered with trees which shew no tendency to be dwarfed.

Gûnong Dato' itself I make 2,060 feet above Gâdong at Haji Mastafa's house, which cannot be much above sea-level. Gûnong Tampin is, to judge by the eye, 200 feet higher.

The summit of Gûnong Dato' is very peculiar, being formed of immense rocks, some 50 or 60 feet high resting on a space which is barely enough to support them; between the two main rocks hang suspended 2 or 3 smaller rocks, under which is sufficient room for a large party. On one of the smaller rocks in this cham- ber below has been placed an earthen jar into which water trickles from above; this water is often preserved by the devotees, who are constantly making the ascent to pay their vows, as having peculiar and sacred properties. On the top of the massive rocks first mentioned are smaller rocks which form the actual summit, and on one of these is to be seen a small hollow, shaped something like the print of a human foot. This footprint is attributed to the Pětri Gûnong Lêdang (Princess of Mount Ophir)—a fairy being, who touched here on her way from Tanjong Tûan, whence she had taken flight in her magic robes from the importunities of the crew of her late lord Nakhôda Râgam, whom she had in a moment of irritation slain with a prick of her needle. To this footprint the mountain owes its name of Dato,' and its reputation as a "krâmat." There is only one tree among these rocks, and that not in the summit, so that there is a clear view all round, except where the mountains,


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 lying close inland, intervene and shut out Sri Mĕnanti, Jělei, Johol, and the Moar River.

I was fortunate in having a fine clear day on Gûnong Dato,' and was able to take a number of bearings with a prismatic compass, including a certain number of places in Rĕmbau territory lying at my feet.

The result is embodied in the accompanying rough chart, which has of course no pretensions to accuracy, but may perhaps serve to give a better idea of the country than has hitherto been attainable. On a further occasion I hope to give some further account of the chiefs of this State and their surbordinates, as well as of their functions, and some of the local customs.

D. F. A. HERVEY.


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 with the three chiefs, Dato' Si Maharâja, Dato' Sinda Maharâja, and Dato' Andîka, and they became five sûkus, and were called "běrampat berlîma sûku" being confined within the boundaries above-mentioned.

Further down stream came Dato' Mĕngiâng of the Mungkar sûku from Mâchap, and a Mĕnangkâbau man, i.e., Dato' Maharâja Inda, making three with Dato' Pûtih Kěpâla, i.e., Dato' Mandělîka, and these were called three elders and one Lĕmbâga.

The origin of the appellation "bĕrsĕmbilan" is that they descended from nine mothers in these three sûkus, four in the Sri Mělĕnggang, three in the Mungkar, in the Tânah Datar two; these worked together, together bore disgrace and shame.

The eight Lĕmbâga of sûkus, four in the low country and four inland, hold the next position in the State to the Pĕnghûlu, and in all affairs of consequence he is obliged to consult them and to follow the opinion of the majority, and no treaties or agreements affecting the country generally are valid without their signature. The four Orang Bĕsar, though not heads of sûkus, still, from their position as "waris" and consequent eligibility for the Pĕnghûluship, are able to exercise considerable influence. But subordinate chiefs of intriguing character are, of course, often found to have au influence greatly disproportioned to their official position. The Dato' Pĕrba, the foremost of the "duablas sûku," also occupies an influential position, from his being the head of the joint sûku of Bĕduanda Jakun and Bĕduanda Jâwa, from which he, like the Pĕnghûlu, is alternately elected. He is also eligible for the Pĕnghûluship. It will also be noticed that his sûku is by far the most numerous, being double any of the others.

The soil of Rĕmbau resembles that of Nâning generally. The same may be said of its physical configuration; the country is of.an undulating character, the depressions being mostly "sâwah," and the rising ground kampongs or secondary jungle. The hills, except near the Malacca frontier, seem to be of less elevation than in Nâning. Bukit Bĕsar is the only mountain in the country,


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 ably the experience that was to come to his son. It is as if heaven were teeming with the instruction the Lord was about to give to men, and angels were seeking the mind fitted to receive it: nay, more, as if Swedberg himself had some of the elements of preparation. And what did he lack? Much, we shall find when we bring into comparison the breadth and depth of intellectual grasp that was given to his son. Much, very much, we shall see when we set beside his self-complacent, impulsive spirit the self-abnegated, divine spirit that shone through his son after his vastation, in the period of his illumination. We need not inquire why this change of spirit might not have been granted to the father. Enough, that the time was not yet fully come. It is easy to recognize in Bishop Swedberg a large measure of the simple Christian goodness,—love for the Lord and for doing good works to the neighbor,—which was taught by John the Baptist, and again was typified by John the Evangelist, and was to remain on earth to receive the Lord at His Second Coming. But we cannot fail to see also in him, and strongly marked, the fault of the first Christian Church from its beginning,—the desire to merit a high place in heaven by good deeds. Witness what his biographer, himself a rejector of Swedenborg's revelations, calls Swedberg's "sublime words." "At least," said he, after speaking of his persecutions by the clergy, "I know that my angel has received a command from God to have in readiness a crown, which he will place on my head when I depart hence and enter into God's kingdom. Meanwhile I shall sit down in my honorable place with greater courage, joy, and renown if possible than before."


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 I have in the previous pages endeavoured to bring it up to date, as far as the Chinese names are concerned. To do this satisfactorily, is impossible. Exact names for many streets do not exist. In this respect Singapore differs from Penang, where new streets are fewer and more easily identified. It is characteristic of the Chinese that in a matter of this kind, accuracy is the last thing that strikes them as essential. If you ask a Chinaman—or better still a Chinese woman—newly arrived and resident in Singapore, where he lives, the invariable answer will be "Singapore." A second query will perhaps elicit information as to the district of the town or island, but it will take many questions before the actual address can be ascertained, though it might have been given directly, if the person questioned had thought that it was of any importance.

The Chinese have a happy-go-lucky way of using one expression to describe any one of perhaps a dozen streets. Any Chinaman living at the town-end of Bukit Timah Road, in Albert Street, Selegie Road, near Kandang Kerbau Police Station, Short Street, or in any of the numerous lanes in that neighbourhood will, if asked where he lives, reply "Tek Kah" (i. e. Foot of the bamboos), and unless cross-examined would not volunteer any further information, though the answer might mean any one of a dozen streets.

The more important thoroughfares have recognised names known to Chinese of all classes. There are. however, a number of new and smaller streets, and it appears to me that it is important that these should be easily identified. Especially is it important that official interpreters should have a through knowledge of the names, English and Chinese, for all the streets in the town, a matter in which, in my experience, many Government interpreters are lamentably ignorant.

As already remarked, in many cases there are no Chinese names for streets. Tanjong Pagar and Kampong Kapor districts are full of new roads and streets, nameless at present to the Chinese, and defying identification. The houses are new and often not occupied by Chinese, but Singapore is a Chinese town and any one who has watched its growth will realise that in all likelihood these new roads will be busy throughfares be-


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 THE

OF

TRISTRAM SHANDY, Gent.


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 fore many years are past, and sooner or later no doubt the Chinese will find names for them. Now it seems a pity that street-names should be multiplied unsystematically in Chinese as well as in English, and I should like to see the Municipality step in and take the mater in hand. Suggestions need not be made here as to what plan should be pursued, but there are several alternative methods, and I think something ought to be done.

I should state that infallibility cannot be claimed for this list. Various informants have given contradictory information. However such as it is, it may, I hope, prove useful to any European with a knowledge of Chinese and to any Chinaman with a knowledge of English.

I have added the names for some of the more important bridges, police stations and public buildings, and where I have been able to ascertain them, the names of the country roads and districts. Here I found it very difficult to obtain exact information, most of what is given having been kindly furnished by Mr. Langham-Carter of the Land Office.

Following will be found a list some of the places with which Singapore has connections, commercial or otherwise. This includes the names of European States and, at the other extreme, local coast ports.

Mr. E. A. Gardiner of the Straits Police kindly sent me a list of the names of streets in Malacca, with some interesting notes by Mr. Go Lai Kui, the Government Interpreter there.

And through the courtesy of various officers of the Federated Malay States Civil Service, I have been furnished with the Chinese equivalents for the names of the most important places in the States.

Mr. A. M. Pountney contributed Selangor.

Mr. W. Cowan sent the Perak names, with notes by Mr. W. D. Barnes.

For Pahang I am indebted to the District Officers at Raub and Kuala Lipis.

The Negri Sembilan names were supplied through Mr. Ridges.


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 I was unable to obtain Chinese names for up-country Kampongs in Malacca—there are none apparently—and the Chinese population is comparatively thin there.

Penang and Province Wellesley have already been dealt with in the admirable notes of Mr. Lo Man Yuk.

Finally I must express my thanks to Messrs. Ho Siak Kuan and Leung Pui Kam of the Chinese Protectorate in Singapore and Penang respectively, for their assistance in filling in the Chinese characters for the names.

Penang, March, 1904.


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not stop two moments, my dear Sir,—only, as we have got thro' these five volumes, (do, Sir, sit down upon a set—they are better than nothing) let us just look back upon the country we have pass'd through.

What a wilderness has it been! and what a mercy that we have not both


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was the parentage of Emanuel Swedenborg; but in its happiest mood, to judge from the name his father gave him, and his reasons for giving it. The words will bear to be read again and well pondered. "The name of my son Emanuel signifies God-with-us; that he may always remember God's presence, and that intimate, holy, and mysterious conjunction with our good and gracious God into which we are brought by faith, by which we are conjoined with Him and are in Him. And, blessed be the Lord's name! God has to this hour been with him. And may He be further with him, until he be eternally united with Him in His kingdom!" God-given wish in the father's heart, that was to be fulfilled of God in the son! It links them together; the father shares the son's labor and grace.

In what ways the father's heart was gladdened, is partly explained in the following reply of Swedenborg to his friend Dr. Beyer, who had asked him for some particulars of his early life: "From my fourth to my tenth year I was constantly engaged in thought upon God, salvation, and the spiritual experiences of men; and several times I revealed things at which my father and mother wondered, saying that angels must be speaking through me. From my sixth to my twelfth year I used to delight in conversing with clergymen about faith, saying that the life of faith is love, and that the love which imparts life is love to the neighbor: also that God gives faith to every one, but that those only receive it who practise that love. I knew of no other faith at that time than


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 Hunting Invocations.

In the October "Blackwood" there is an article by George Maxwell on the subject of a Malay deer-hunt in Perak. I think he has given some excellent translations of the "Elmu Pawang" as applied to the rusa or sambur deer, and written a most inter- esting account of the way in which the Pawang sets to work. It may interest him and others to see an invocation I got from a Pawang in the Negri Sembilan (Kuala Pilah) years ago. My "Elmu Pawang" is not nearly so ornate as George Maxwell's, but no doubt every village and district has its own ritual in these matters. There is a family likeness, however, in all of them. The Pawang who is an educated man from the Malay point of view, will produce a much more elaborate "elmu" than the Pa- wang of a jungle village. It is interesting to compare notes in these matters and therefore I send you this "elmu" for the S. B. R. A. S.—but I feel as if I were betraying a secret in doing so. These matters are highly confidential. My Pawang only admitted me to his "craft" under promise of secrecy and in pay- ment of the customary fees in cloth, knife, coconuts, and "wang bharu", and after following the deer on foot for many days through the Muar jungles.

Hei Che' Lanang, Che' Redup, Che' Bendang, Che' Merah, Mari-lah kita berburu Dalam kandang bhagian engkau Luar kandang bhagian aku Apa main kita jangan di-rosakkan


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 Aku tahu jahat-nya Aku tahu baik-nya Jahat pulang pada engkau Baik pulang pada aku Salah sa'ekor srigala Che' Langsat Che' raia ini ia-lah melengkah bumi Yang lari Che' Runsing Kaki yang mengijar Che' Rimbun Ekor melampat patah kaki Menyenup patah pinggang Menyelodok badan kau lampoh Bukan-nya aku yang berburu Perpatih yang berburu Bukan nya aku yang punya anjing Pa sidi yang punya anjing Bukan-nya aku yang berkuei Nenek Batin Telang yang berkuci Jangan engkau mungkirkan janji Jikalau ongkau mungkirkan janji Drahka engkau pada Allah. Hei Che' Lanang Che' Redup Che' Bendang Che' Merah Ambil bhagian engkau Yang terbawa bhagian aku Yang tinggal bhagian angkau.

Hei Badi aku tahu asal engkau Jadi deri-pada Chaga Beranjak engkau deri sini Pulang engkau ka asal jadi Kropek nama-nya manchong Kiamang namanya kiak Che' Lanang orang gobala Tergak Dato' nibong salah Mari-lah kita membalakan anjing Bunohkan juga anjing aku Sa'ekor sa hari bunokkan juga Anjing aku.


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28

Of this species we obtained fourteen more or less complete specimens, so that I had ample material to assure myself of the correctness of its specific character.

The metatarsus is shorter than Professor Owen's crassus, the circumference larger, but the proximal end is somewhat smaller.

The tibia is shorter, but again thicker, than Professor Owen’s crassus.

The femur is also shorter, whilst the circumference is the same as Professor Owen’s species. An examination of the general character shows that it is a somewhat smaller but stouter bird than Professor Owen’s crassus. The bird articulated in the Canterbury Museum as crassus is this No. 16.

A species smaller than No. 16, but partaking still of the same character.

We obtained three specimens of this interesting small bird, which closes the elephantopus family.

Of this specimen we obtained the perfect pelvis, the right femur, tibia, and fibula, and the first two dorsal vertebræe, lying still in their original position. We dug all round these bones, but our researches were not rewarded by finding any more remains belonging to the same specimen. A fragment of a metatarsus, however, which was lying in a drain not far from the spot, seemed from its size to have belonged to this or to a similar bird. I may here observe that, judging from the size of the two dorsal vertebræ, still larger specimens of Dinornis are entombed in the same swamp, because we obtained a nearly complete neck of one of still larger dimensions than that belonging to No. 18, the other portions of which have not been found.


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 that God is the Creator and Preserver of nature, that He imparts understanding and a good disposition to men, and various other things that follow. I knew nothing then of that learned faith which teaches that God the Father imputes the righteousness of His Son to whomsoever and at what times He chooses, even to those who have not repented and have not reformed their lives. And had I heard of such a faith, it would have been then, as it is now, above my comprehension." No doubt this description of his early faith mirrors, with perhaps an added light of its own, his father's teaching, and shows that the simple apostolic faith manifested in a good life was the faith the good Bishop preached.

Strangely enough, we know nothing of the manner of Emanuel's early education. Born in the city of Stockholm, Jan. 29, 1688, taken to Vingåker at four years of age, and the same year to Upsal on his father's removal thither, he must have received at Upsal all his schooling. He was fifteen years old when his father removed to Brunsbo; and as his sister and playmate Anna, sixteen months older, was married the same year and settled at Upsal, we may conclude that it was at this time Emanuel became a member of her family; for he must now have well entered upon his academical studies. In 1709 he concluded these studies at the university, and with the consent of the Faculty he prints, with an affectionate dedication to his father, his academical thesis just read in the university hall at Upsal. In this thesis we find little attempt at display. It was a solid collection of selected sentences from Latin and Greek authors, mostly from Seneca, with some from Holy Writ, arranged to set forth certain moral and religious sentiments, and accompanied with apposite reflections. So far, we should say, the religious bent of the child still rules the young man.

The same year, the Bishop published a Swedish poetical paraphrase of the twelfth chapter of Ecclesiastes, with comments, and with the same rendered into Latin verse by his son Emanuel. This taste and facility for Latin verse, proba-


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 * Ye (forest spirits that guard the red-deer)
 * Che' Lanang—the Twister
 * Che' Redup—the Dim One.
 * Che' Rendang (the open plain)
 * Che' Merah—the Red One
 * I summon you to hunt with me
 * What comes from the enclosed fields is your share
 * What comes from the outer forest shall be mine
 * Let nothing spoil our hunting
 * I know what to avoid
 * I know what to follow
 * May all the bad luck be your share
 * May all the good luck fall to me.

Whether it be Srigala or Che' Langsat Or the King of the Deer himself Yea, he who crosses the world at one leap Or Che' Runsing who flashes hither and thither May each one that leaps forth fall with broken legs May each glider be broken across the back May each one crushing through the bushes have broken bones It is not I who destroys you It is the Lord Perpatih who hunts your The dogs are not my dogs They are the dogs of Pa' Sidi It is not I who shouts on the dogs It is the shout of Nenek Batin Pelang Fail ye not in your compact If ye fail in your compact ye are rebellious against Allah.
 * O Che' Langsat—the Twister
 * Che' Redup—the Dim One
 * Che' Bendang—the "open plain"
 * Che' Merah—the Red One
 * Take what is yours
 * That which is carried away is mine
 * That which remains is yours.


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O Badi I know whence thou comest Thou comest from Chaga Get thee from hence Get thee to the place whence thou comest Che' Lanang the herdsman Remember the elder of the magic nibong Come hither and make atonement for our dogs Shouldst thou wish to slay my dogs Slay them, yes, one every day.


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 bly acquired at the university, is not left behind with the college halls, but becomes the young man's recreation in the interval of severer studies for some years after graduation.

When his course was finished at the university, he appears to have gone to his father's home at Brunsbo. But in July he wrote, asking the aid of Benzelius to start him on his travels, then an essential part of a young man's education. He asked, in particular, letters to some one in an English college, in order that he might improve himself in mathematics, or in physics and natural history. "As I have always desired," he said, "to turn to some practical use, and also to perfect myself more in, the studies which I selected with your advice and approval, I thought it advisable to choose a subject early which I might elaborate in course of time, and into which I might introduce much of what I should notice and read in foreign countries. This course I have always pursued hitherto in my reading; and now, at my departure, I propose to myself, as far as concerns mathematics, gradually to gather and work up a certain collection, namely, of things discovered and to be discovered in mathematics,—or, what is nearly the same thing, the progress made in mathematics during the last one or two centuries." "Much kind love" he sends to his sister Anna.

Never idle, he adds by the bye that, since leaving Upsal, he has acquired the manual art of bookbinding. In March of the next year, his travels having been delayed, he writes that he has made such progress in music as occasionally to take the organist's place at church.

In 1710, the necessary royal permission having been obtained by the solicitation of his father, Emanuel at last set out on his travels in pursuit of his education, though not without further hindrance on the way. We find in his Itinerary,—

"I travelled to Gottenburg, and thence by ship to London. On the way to London I was four times in danger of my life. First, from a sand-bank on the English coast in a dense fog,


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 when all considered themselves lost, the keel of the vessel being within a quarter of a fathom of the bank. Second, from the crew of a privateer, who came on board declaring themselves to be French, while we thought they were Danes. Third, from an English guardship on the following evening, which on the strength of a report mistook us in the darkness for the privateer, and fired a whole broadside into us, but without doing us any serious damage. Fourth, in London I was soon after exposed to a still greater danger; for some Swedes, who had approached our ship in a yacht, persuaded me to sail with them to town, when all on board had been ordered to remain there for six weeks, the news having already spread that the plague had broken out in Sweden. As I did not observe the quarantine, an inquiry was made; yet I was saved from the halter,—with the declaration, however, that no one who ventured to do this in future would escape his doom."

In October, 1710, he writes to Benzelius,—

"This island has also men of the greatest experience in this [mathematical] science; but these I have not yet consulted, because I am not yet sufficiently acquainted with their language. I study Newton daily, and I am very anxious to see and hear him. I have provided myself with a small stock of books for the study of mathematics, and also with a certain number of instruments. . . . The magnificent St. Paul's Cathedral was finished a few days ago in all its parts. . . . The town is distracted by internal dissensions between the Anglican and Presbyterian churches; they are incensed against each other with almost deadly hatred. . . . Were you, dear brother, to ask me about myself, I should say I know that I am alive, but not happy; for I miss you and my home. . . . I not only love you more than my own brothers, but I even love and revere you as a father. . . . May God preserve you alive, that I may meet you again!"

It was in the middle of the reign of Queen Anne. Handel arrived from Italy the same year, to find an atmosphere


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 of us been lost, or devoured by wild beasts in it.

Did you think the world itself, Sir, had contained such a number of Jack Asses?-How they view'd and review'd us as we passed over the rivulet at the bottom of that little valley!—and when we climbed over that hill, and were just getting out of sight—good God! what a braying did they all set up together!

—Prithee, shepherd! who keeps all those Jack Asses? * * *

—Heaven be their comforter—What! are they never curried?—Are they never taken in in winter?—Bray—bray-bray. Bray on,—the world is deeply your debtor;—louder still—


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 that's nothing;—in good sooth, you are ill-used:—Was I a Jack Asse, I solemnly declare, I would bray in G-sol-re-ut from morning, even unto night.

my father had danced his white bear backwards and forwards through half a dozen pages, he closed the book for good an' all,—and in a kind of triumph redelivered it into Trim's hand, with a nod to lay it upon the 'scrutoire where he found it.—Tristram, said he, shall be made to conjugate every word in the dictionary, backwards and forwards the same way;—every word, Yorick, by this means, you see, is converted into a thesis and hypothesis have an off-


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 spring of propositions;—and each proposition has its own consequences and conclusions; every one of which leads the mind on again, into fresh tracks of enquiries and doubtings.—The force of this engine, added my father, is incredible, in opening a child's head.—'Tis enough, brother Shandy, cried my uncle Toby, to burst it into a thousand splinters.

I presume, said Yorick, smiling,—it must be owing to this,—(for let logicians say what they will, it is not to be accounted for sufficiently from the bare use of the ten predicaments)—That the famous Vincent Quirino, amongst the many other astonishing feats of his childhood, of which the Cardinal Bembo has given the world so exact a story,—should be able to paste up in the publick schools


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 in which his oratorio of the Messiah could be conceived and born into the world. Pope, a few months younger than Swedenborg, was just issuing his Essay on Criticism. Addison and Steele were publishing the Tatler, soon to be followed by the Spectator. Dr. Isaac Watts was preaching kindly sermons in Mark Lane; and Sir Christopher Wren was putting the finishing touches to the Cathedral of St. Paul.

In April, 1711, Swedenborg writes from London, delighted to execute the commission of Benzelius for the purchase of a telescope twenty-four feet in length, a microscope, and sundry books. "I visit daily," he says, "the best mathematicians here in town. I have been with Flamsteed, who is considered the best astronomer in England, and who is constantly taking observations, which, together with the Paris observations, will give us some day a correct theory respecting the motion of the moon and of its appulse to the fixed stars. . . . Newton has laid a good foundation for correcting the irregularities of the moon, in his Principia. . . . You encourage me to go on with my studies; but I think that I ought rather to be discouraged, as I have such an 'immoderate desire' for them, especially for astronomy and mechanics. I also turn my lodgings to some use, and change them often. At first I was at a watchmaker's, afterwards at a cabinetmaker's, and now I am at a mathematical-instrument maker's. From them I steal their trades, which some day will be of use to me. I have recently computed for my own pleasure several useful tables for the latitude of Upsal, and all the solar and lunar eclipses which will take place between 1712 and 1721. . . . In undertaking in astronomy to facilitate the calculation of eclipses, and of the motion of the moon outside that of the syzygies, and also in undertaking to correct the tables so as to agree with the new observations, I shall have enough to do. . . . Grabe's Septuagint was recently published. . . . He was here for some time, but he had to change his lodgings every week; he was so over-run by visitors. . . . I have


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VI.]

Upspake the Lord of Rhineland: “I’ll go down to the sea,

And yisit this Brunhilda, howe’er it fare with me!

For love of her I’m ready to venture limb and life:

I am content to lose them if she be not my wife.”

“From that would I dissuade you!” in answer Siegfried said,

“In sooth this queen hath customs so terrible and dread,—

That whosoever woos her must pay a price too high;

Seek not to take this journey, I counsel earnestly!”

“Now I would fain advise you,” thus Hagen to him spake, ~

“To bid Siegfried go with you, and half the burden take, ~

And share your risk and danger; I counsel this in faith,

Since he such good acquaintance w with Brunhild’s customs hath.”

Quoth Gunther: “Wilt thou help me in very truth, Siegfried,

To woo and win this fair one? ah, if thou dost indeed

Get her for my betrothéd, my own, my noble wife,—

Then, for thy sake, I’ll venture mine honour and my life!”

For answer gave him Siegftied, the royal Siegmund’s son:

“Giv’st thou to me thy sister, behold, it shall be done!

Give me the lovely Kriemhild, the high and noble queen;

No guerdon for my labour, save this I care to win.”

“That swear I to thee, Siegfried,” cried Gunther “on thine hand!

And if the fair Brunhilda doth come here to this land,

I’ll give my sister to thee, to have and hold for wife:

So mayst thou, with thy fair one, aye lead a joyous life.”


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 much to tell about events among the learned, but I have neither time nor paper."

A long letter in January, 1712, answers various questions on scientific matters, received from Benzelius and the Literary Society of Upsal. Among other things he wanted to send home some English globes; but mounted, they were very dear, as well as expensive to transport, and he had tried to procure the paper sheets to be set up at home. These the makers would not sell, lest they should be copied. Characteristically. Swedenborg sets to work learning to engrave on copper, and then draws and engraves the plates for a pair of globes of ordinary size. He sends at this time a specimen of his engraving, and remarks that he has learned so much from his landlord in the art of making brass instruments, that he has already made several for his own use, and that if he were in Sweden he would not need to apply to any one to make the meridians for the globe and its other appurtenances. Of his studies he says,—

"With regard to astronomy I have made such progress in it as to have discovered much which I think will be useful in its study. Although in the beginning it made my brain ache, yet long speculations are now no longer difficult for me. I examined closely all propositions for finding the terrestrial longitude, but could not find a single one; I have therefore originated a method by means of the moon, which is unerring, and I am certain that it is the best which has yet been advanced. In a short time I will inform the Royal Society that I have a proposition to make on this subject, stating my points. If it is favorably received by these gentlemen, I shall publish it here; if not, in France. I have also discovered many new methods for observing the planets, the moon, and the stars; that which concerns the moon and its parallaxes, diameter, and inequality, I will publish whenever an opportunity arises. I am now busy working my way through algebra and the higher geometry, and I intend to make such progress in it as to be able, in time, to continue Polhammar's discov-


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 eries. . . . When the plates for the globes arrive in Sweden, Professor Elfvius will perhaps take care to have them printed and made up. I shall send a specimen very soon; but no impression is to be sold." In this same letter he mentions valuable English books, and names all the principal poets as well worth reading for the sake of their imagination alone. In mild terms he complains of his father's not supplying him better with money; and we find the complaint quite pardonable when we remember that the father was borrowing his children's inheritance from their mother for his own enterprises, and when we learn that Emanuel had received from him but two hundred rixdalers (about two hundred, and twenty-five dollars) in sixteen months. He says it is hard to live without food or drink.

Writing again to Benzelius, August, 1712, he repeats his confidence in his new method of finding the longitude, which Dr. Halley admitted to him orally was the only good method that had been proposed. "But," he adds, "as I have not met with great encouragement here in England, among this civil and proud people, I have laid it aside for some other place. When I tell them that I have some project about longitude, they treat it as an impossibility; and so I do not wish to discuss it here. . . . As my speculations made me for a time not so sociable as is serviceable and useful for me, and as my spirits are somewhat exhausted, I have taken refuge for a short time in the study of poetry, that I might be somewhat recreated by it, I intend to gain a little reputation by this study, on some occasion or other, during this year, and I hope I may have advanced in it as much as may be expected from me,—but time and others will perhaps judge of this. Still, after a time, I intend to take up mathematics again, although at present I am doing nothing in them; and if I am encouraged, I intend to make more discoveries in them than any one else in the present age. But without encouragement this would be sheer trouble, and it would be like non profecturis litora bubus arare,—ploughing the ground with stubborn steers.


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 port the Truth of the Facts, would the Stories but bear telling.

I confess, 'tis something hard that Men shou'd sin on, only because they cannot be modestly reproved; that they shou'd go on in superlative Wickedness, with an Impunity only owing to the horrid exorbitance of their Crime, too dirty to be spoken of, too nauseous to be mentioned. Why has not our fruitful Inventions added some Signals, some Figures, to serve instead of Speech, (as I have observed the Turks do, by turning up the Slipper) by which Signals or Figures the filthy Part might be expressed, without fouling the Mouth, or affronting the Ears of others.

it is not to be done, and therefore, as above, I have chosen to leave out many long Histories of inexpressible Lewdness, particularly under the Matrimonial Cover, and which would have given a keener Edge to the Satyr, and have confirmed the Necessity of the Reproof in this Case, more than all that has been express'd. But, I say, it is not to be done.

I have been necessitated to come to the very Brink of the Fact, and to go as far as Language would suffer me; certainly I hope for so much Charity in the Reader, as to acknowledge the Justice and Necessity of going so far, at the same time giving the true Reason of my going no farther.

a hardship an Author is seldom put to, to be obliged to break off in the middle of his Evidence; to omit and drop all the Illustrations of his Story, and scarce give you enough of the Generals to guess at the Particulars by; but this is my Case, and all in obedience to that


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. . . Within three or four months I hope, with God's help, to be in France; for I greatly desire to understand its fashionable and useful language. I hope by that time to have, or to find there, letters from you to some of your learned correspondents. . . . Your great kindness and your favor, of which I have had so many proofs, make me believe that your advice and your letters will induce my father to be so favorable towards me as to send me the funds which are necessary for a young man, and which will infuse into me new spirit for the prosecution of my studies. Believe me, I desire and strive to be an honor to my father's house and yours, much more strongly than you yourself can wish and endeavor. . . . I would have bought the microscope, if the price had not been so much higher than I could venture to pay before receiving your orders. This microscope was one which Mr. Marshall showed to me especially; it is quite new, of his own invention, and shows the motion in fishes very vividly. There was a glass with a candle placed under it, which made the thing itself, and the object, much brighter; so that any one could see the blood in the fishes flowing swiftly, like small rivulets; for it flowed in that way, and as rapidly. At a watchmaker's I saw a curiosity which I cannot forbear mentioning. It was a clock which was still, without any motion. On the top of it was a candle, and when this was lighted, the clock began to go and to keep its true time; but as soon as the candle was blown out, the motion ceased, and so on. . . . He told me that nobody had as yet found out how it could be set in motion by the candle. Please remember me kindly to sister Anna, my dear sister Hedvig, and also to brother Ericus Benzel, the little one, about whose state of health I always desire to hear."

The next letter that has come down to us was dated Paris, August, 1713. Meanwhile Swedenborg had left London and made a considerable stay in Holland. "I left Holland," he says, "intending to make greater progress in mathematics, and also to finish all I had designed in that science. Since


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58

By solemn oath they swore it, the noble warriors twain.

But they had toilsome labour, and grief enough, and pain,

Before the high-born lady home to the Rhine they brought.

The gallant knights’ achievement must be with sorrow wrought.

Siegfried his hood of darkness, Tarnhelm yclept, must take:

The same that the bold hero, after hard fight, did make

His own, from a dwarf wrested, whose name was Alberich.

The bold and mighty warriors sped on their journey quick.

Whene’er the gallant Sicgfricd the wondrous Tarnhelm wore,

A hidden strength was in him he had not known before

He had the strength of twelve men, joined to his own, ’twas said;

And cunningly he plotted to win the noble maid.

Now this same hood was fashion’d in such a wondrous way

That any man who wore it could carry out straightway

Whatever thing he wanted, whilst no man could him see.

Therewith he won Brunhilda; whence mickle woe had he.

“Now answer me,” thane Siegfried, “ere yet our way begin,

How shall we, with due honour, across the water win?

Should we not take our warriors unto Brunhilda’s land?—

Full thirty thousand have I, who soon may be to hand.”

“How many folk soever we take there,” Siegfried said,

“This queen doth cherish customs so terrible and dread,

That they will all fall victims to her o’erweening mood.

I’ll give thee better counsel, thou fearless knight and good.


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 my arrival here I have been hindered in my work by an illness which lasted six weeks, and which interfered with my studies and other useful employments; but I have at last recovered, and am beginning to make the acquaintance of the most learned men in this place. I have called upon, and made the acquaintance of, De La Hire, who is now a great astronomer, and who was formerly a well-known geometrician. I have also been frequently with Warrignon, who is the greatest geometrician and algebraist in this city, and perhaps the greatest in Europe. About eight days ago I called upon Abbé Bignon, and presented your compliments, on the strength of which I was very favorably received by him. I submitted to him for examination, and for introduction into the Society, three discoveries, two of which were in algebra. [The third was his new method of finding longitude.]. . . Here in town I avoid conversation with Swedes, and shun all those by whom I might be in the least interrupted in my studies. What I hear from the learned, I note down at once in my journal; it would be too long to copy it out and to communicate it to you. . . . During my stay in Holland I was most of the time in Utrecht, where the Diet [Congress ] met, and where I was in great favor with Ambassador Palmquist, who had me every day at his house; every day also I had discussions on algebra with him. He is a good mathematician and a great algebraist. . . . In Leyden I learned glassgrinding [for telescopes], and I have now all the instruments and utensils belonging to it. . . . You may rest assured that I entertain the greatest friendship and veneration for you; I hope, therefore, that you will not be displeased with me on account of my silence, and my delay in writing letters, if you hear that I am always intent on my studies, so that sometimes I omit more important matters."

Swedenborg's stay in Paris seems to have been less than a year, and here seems to end his aspiration for eminence in


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 pure mathematics. Perhaps he did not find in them the encouragement he hoped. For whatever reason, from this time he began to devote his attention to mechanical and practical investigations. Going from Paris by way of Hamburg to Rostock, in the north of Mecklenburg, he writes from there to Benzelius. Sept. 8, 1714,—

"I am very glad that I have come to a place where I have time and leisure to gather up all my works and thoughts, which have hitherto been without any order, and are scattered here and there upon scraps of paper. I have always been in want of a place and time to collect them. I have now commenced this labor, and shall soon get it done. I promised my dear father to publish an academical thesis, for which I shall select some inventions in mechanics which I have at hand. Further, I have the following mechanical inventions either in hand or fully written out, namely,—

"1. The plan of a certain ship, which, with its men, can go under the surface of the sea, wherever it chooses, and do great damage to the fleet of the enemy.

"2. A new plan for a siphon, by which a large quantity of water may be raised from any river to a higher locality in a short time.

"3. For lifting weights by the aid of water and this portable siphon, with greater facility than by mechanical powers.

"4. For constructing sluices in places where there is no fall of water, by means of which entire ships, with their cargoes, may be raised to any required height within an hour or two.

"5. A machine driven by fire, for throwing out water; and a method of constructing it near forges, where the water has no fall, but is tranquil.

"6. A draw-bridge, which may be closed and opened within the gates and walls.

"7. New machines for condensing and exhausting air by means of water. Also a new pump acting by water and mercury, without any siphon; which presents more advantages and works more easily than the common pumps. I have also, besides these, other new plans for pumps.


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 "8. A new construction of air-guns, thousands of which may be discharged in a moment by means of one siphon.

"9. A universal musical instrument, by means of which one who is quite unacquainted with music may execute all kinds of airs that are marked on paper by notes.

"10. Sciagraphia universalis. The universal art of delineating shades, or a mechanical method of delineating engravings of any kind, upon any surface, by means of fire.

"11. A water-clock, in which water serves the purpose of an index, and in which, by the flow of water, all the movable bodies in the heavens are demonstrated, with other curious effects.

"12. A mechanical carriage containing all sorts of works, which are set in motion by the movement of the horses. Also a flying carriage, or the possibility of remaining suspended in the air, and of being conveyed through it.

"13. A method of ascertaining the desires and the affections of the minds of men by analysis.

"14. New methods of constructing cords and springs, with their properties.

"These are my mechanical inventions which were heretofore lying scattered on pieces of paper, but nearly all of which are now brought into order, so that, when opportunity offers, they may be published. To all these there is added an algebraic and a numerical calculation, from which the proportions, motion, times, and all the properties which they ought to possess are deduced. Moreover, all those things which I have in analysis and astronomy require each its own place and its own time. Oh, how I wish, my beloved friend and brother, that I could submit all these to your own eyes, and to those of Professor Elfvius! But as I cannot show you the actual machines, I will at least, in a short time, forward you the drawings, with which I am daily occupied. I have now time also to bring my poetical efforts into order. They are only a kind of fables, like those of Ovid, under cover of which those events are treated which have happened in Europe


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VI.]

“Let us, as plain knights-errant, go sailing down the Rhine.

And I will name unto thee the knights we’ll take of thine.

Besides us two, two others shall go, none else at all:

So shall we win the lady, whatever may befall.

“I one of these four comrades, another shall be thou;

The third had best be Hagen, we should do well enow.

And tet the fourth be Dankwart, he hath a dauntless hand;

A thousand others dare not in fight us four withstand.”

I would I had some knowledge,’ the king said,—“verily,

Ere we from hither journey, ’twould much enhearten me,—

In what apparel should we before Brunhild appear;

What would be right and fitting? that, Siegfried, would I hear.”

“Whatever be most handsome is worn, I understand,

By ev’ry man, at all times, in Queen Brunhilda’s land;

Therefore should we go finely before this haughty dame,—

That when men talk about us we need not blush for shame.”

Then cried the good king, “Surely, I will myself go ask

My own dear, gracious mother, that she do set the task

To her fair maids, to make us such garb, wherein array’d

We may appear with honour before the royal maid.”

Then Hagen, knight of Tronjé, in courtly fashion spake:

“Why trouble you your mother with things to undertake?

Let your fair sister hear now all that you have in mind.

Her aid, in this state journey, you will of service find.”


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 Modesty, the trespassing upon which is the ground of the whole Complaint. If these Men could be talked to in their own Language; if the odious Expressions they use in their ordinary Discourse could be thrown in their Faces, and they could be daub'd with their own Dirt, it would describe them in a more effectual manner, they would be painted in the most suitable Colours, and dress'd up in the Robes that would best become them; and, in one respect, it ought to be so, that every Crime might be shown as it really is.

was a Practice in some of the Nations in the Eastern Countries, that if a Woman was convicted of Adultery, he was stript stark naked, and led about the City, that she might be exposed in the same Nakedness in which the had voluntarily exposed her self, and so be punished in the very kind of her Offence.

this would not do in a Christian Country; it would be it self an Offence against Decency, and a Breach of the very Modesty which it was intended to punish, and therefore it cannot be done; in like manner the Crime I am reproving, cannot be expos'd in the lively manner that other Offences are expos'd in; because, as I may say, we cannot speak the Language: The Dialect these People talk is a great part of the Crime; and as it is not to be made use of for their Reproof, so we are straiten'd exceedingly in Reproving; and they triumph over me in this very Part, that I talk in the dark, and reprove by Allegory and Metaphor, that People may, know, or not know what I mean, just as it may happen.

may, in some Sense, indeed be true, as I have said above, but the Hardship rises


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60

So sent he to his sister; saying, he fain would see

Her face, as would Sir Siegfried. But, long ere this, had she

Put on her goodliest raiment; and stood, so fair a maid,

I trow that at their coming she was not much dismay’d!

Also her court-attendants array’d were as was meet

When princes twain were coming; and as she heard their feet,

Straight from her chair upstanding right modestly she went

To greet the noble comers with fitting compliment.

“Right welcome is my brother, and his companion eke;

But fain would I have knowledge,” thus did the maiden speak,

“What is your lordships’ pleasure that ye at court appear?

With you two noble warriors how stands it? let me hear.”

Then spake King Gunther: “Lady, to you the truth I’ll tell:

Although we have high courage, yet have we cares as well.

For we would go a-courting, far in a foreign land,

And now, unto this journey, fine raiment would command.”

“So sit you down, dear brother,” bade the king’s daughter fair.

“And who may be the ladies, for I would rightly hear,

Whom you would go a-wooing in other ruler’s land?”

These favour’d knights the lady did take now by the hand.

And with them straight returnéd to where she sat afore,

Rich mattresses, I doubt not were spread upon the floor,

With pictures fair embroidered, set off with golden thread.

Then must they with the ladies a pleasant time have had.


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 from the black Circumstances attending the Crimes they commit; and, of all People, they should be the last to boast of that Advantage, seeing they must own at the same time, 'tis because their Behaviour is so much too vile to be reproved, that it cannot be mentioned; the Language of it is so foul, that it will not read; modest Tongues cannot speak it; modest Ears cannot hear it, like some particular Trials in our Courts of Justice, when they are obliged to desire of the Women to withdraw, because they may be obliged to use such Expressions as it is not decent to mention before them, or modest in them to be in the hearing of; and yet, without which Words spoken in the grossest and plainest manner, the Cause cannot be tried, the Evidence be taken, or the Offender convicted.

is exactly the Case; and under this Difficulty the whole Work labours in almost every Part. But I have taken the Part that; I think, Religion and Decency directs; that is, to go as far as I can, and leave Conscience to work the rest its own way. I have painted out the Crime as fairly as justifiable Language will allow; and where it will not, I content my self with leaving the Guilty to judge themselves by the general Hints given them. The silent Needle in the Compass points to the Pole, but says no more; yet the Pilot, which knows its meaning, steers by that Direction, and brings the Ship safe into Port.

Facts are indeed notorious, and the less plain English will serve; the Things I reprove are not so very abstruse; there are few married People but will understand me; and all the guilty, I am sure, will read their Crimes plain


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 knows it. 'The Brothers of Bornhofen,' story connected with the twin castles of Sterrenberg and Liebenstein. Conrad and Heinrich—brothers—both love Hildegarde. She was very beautiful. Heinrich generously refuses to marry the beautiful Hildegarde, and goes away to the Crusades, leaving her to his brother Conrad. Conrad considers over the matter for a year or two, and then he decides that he won't marry her either, but will leave her, for his brother Heinrich, and he goes off to the Crusades, from whence he returns, a few years later on, with a Grecian bride. The beautiful H., muddled up between the pair of them, and the victim of too much generosity, gets sulky (don't blame her), and shuts herself up in a lonely part of the castle, and won't see anybody for years. Chivalrous Heinrich returns, and is wild that his brother C. has not married the beautiful H. It does not occur to him to marry the girl even then. The feverish yearning displayed by each of these two brothers, that the other one should marry the beloved Hildegarde, is very touching. Heinrich draws his sword, and throws himself upon his brother C. to kill him. The beautiful Hildegarde, however, throws herself between them and reconciliates them, and then, convinced that neither of them means business, and naturally disgusted with the whole affair, retires into a nunnery. Conrad's Grecian bride subsequently throws herself away on another man, upon which Conrad throws himself on his brother H.'s breast, and they swear eternal friendship. (Make it pathetic. Pretend you have sat amid the ruins in the moonlight, and give the scene—with ghosts.) 'Rolandseck,' near Bonn. Tell the story of Roland and Hildegunde (see Baedeker, p. 66). Don't make it too long, because it is so much like the other. Describe the funeral? 'The Watch Tower on the Rhine'


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 below Audernach. Query, isn't there a song about this? If so, put it in. Coblentz and Ehrenbreitstein. Great fortresses. Call them 'the Frowning Sentinels of the State.' Make reflections on the German army, also on war generally. Chat about Frederick the Great. (Read Carlyle's history of him, and pick out the interesting bits.) The Drachenfels. Quote Byron. Moralise about ruined castles generally, and describe the middle ages, with your views and opinions on same."

There is much more of it, but that is sufficient to let you see the scheme I had in my head. I have not carried out my scheme, because, when I came to reflect upon the matter, it seemed to me that the idea would develop into something that would be more in the nature of a history of Europe than a chapter in a tourist's diary, and I determined not to waste my time upon it, until there arose a greater public demand for a new History of Europe than there appears to exist at present.

"Besides," I argued to myself, "such a work would be just the very thing with which to beguile the tedium of a long imprisonment. At some future time I may be glad of a labour of this magnitude to occupy a period of involuntary inaction."

"This is the sort of thing," I said to myself, "to save up for Holloway or Pentonville."

It would have been a very enjoyable ride altogether, that evening's spin along the banks of the Rhine, if I had not been haunted at the time by the idea that I should have to write an account of it next day in my diary. As it was, I enjoyed it as a man enjoys a dinner when he has got to make a speech after it, or as a critic enjoys a play.

We passed such odd little villages every here and there. Little places so crowded up between the railway


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 and the river that there was no room in them for any streets. All the houses were jumbled up together just anyhow, and how any man who lived in the middle could get home without climbing over half the other houses in the place I could not make out. They were the sort of villages where a man's mother-in-law, coming to pay him a visit, might wander around all day, hearing him, and even now and then seeing him, yet never being able to get at him in consequence of not knowing the way in.

A drunken man, living in one of these villages, could never hope to get home. He would have to sit down outside, and wait till his head was clear.

We witnessed the opening scenes of a very amusing little comedy at one of the towns where the train drew up. The chief characters were played by an active young goat, a small boy, an elderly man and a woman, parents of the small boy and owners of the goat, and a dog.

First we heard a yell, and then, from out a cottage opposite the station, bounded an innocent and happy goat, and gambolled around. A long rope, one end of which was fastened to his neck, trailed behind him. After the goat (in the double sense of the phrase) came a child. The child tried to catch the goat by means of


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 the rope, caught itself in the rope instead, and went down with a bump and a screech. Whereupon a stout woman, the boy's mother apparently, ran out from the cottage, and also made for the goat. The goat flew down the road, and the woman flew after it. At the first corner, the woman trod on the rope, and then she went down with a bump and a screech. Then the goat turned and ran up the street, and, as it passed the cottage, the father ran out and tried to stop it. He was an old man, but still seemed to have plenty of vigour in him. He evidently guessed how his wife and child had gone down, and he endeavoured to avoid the rope and to skip over it when it came near him.

But the goat's movements were too erratic for him. His turn came, and he trod on the rope, and went down in the middle of the road, opposite his own door, with a thud that shook us all up against each other as we stood looking out of the carriage-window, and sat there and cursed the goat. Then out ran a dog, barking furiously, and he went for the goat, and got the end of the rope in his teeth and held on to it like grim death. Away


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 went the goat, at his end of the rope, and, with him, the dog at the other end. Between them, they kept the rope about six inches above the ground, and with it they remorselessly mowed down every living thing they came across in that once peaceful village. In the course of less than half a minute we counted fourteen persons sitting down in the middle of the road. Eight of them were cursing the goat, four were cursing the dog, and two of them were cursing the old man for keeping the goat, one of these two, and the more violent one, being the man's own wife.

The train left at this juncture. We entreated the railway officials to let us stop and see the show out. The play was becoming quite interesting. It was so full of movement. But they said that we were half-an-hour late as it was, and that they dared not.

We leaned out of the window, and watched for as long as we could; and after the village was lost to view in the distance, we could still, by listening carefully, hear the thuds, as one after another of the inhabitants sat down and began to swear.

At about eleven o'clock we had some beer—you can generally obtain such light refreshment as bottled beer and coffee and rolls from the guard on a through longdistance train in Germany—took off our boots, and saying "Good-night" to each other, made a great show of going to sleep. But we never succeeded in getting there. They wanted to see one's ticket too often for one to get fairly off.

Every few minutes, so it seemed to me, though in reality the intervals may perhaps have been longer, a ghostly face would appear at the carriage-window, and ask to see our tickets.


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 Whenever a German railway-guard feels lonesome, and does not know what else to do with himself, he takes a walk round the train, and gets the passengers to show him their tickets, after which he returns to his box cheered and refreshed. Some people rave about sunsets and mountains and old masters; but to the German railway-guard the world can show nothing more satisfying, more inspiring, than the sight of a railway-ticket.

Nearly all the German railway officials have this same craving for tickets. If only they get somebody to show them a railway-ticket, they are happy. It seemed a harmless weakness of theirs, and B. and I decided that it would be only kind to humour them in it during our stay.

Accordingly, whenever we saw a German railway official standing about, looking sad or weary, we went up to him and showed him our tickets. The sight was like a ray of sunshine to him; all his care was immediately forgotten. If we had not a ticket with us at the time, we went and bought one. A mere single third to the next station would gladden him sufficiently in most cases; but if the poor fellow appeared very woe-begone, and as if he wanted more than ordinary cheering-up, we got him a second-class return.

For the purpose of our journey to Ober-Ammergau and back, we each carried with us a folio containing some ten or twelve first-class tickets between different


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VI.]

And friendly mutual glances, and looks that were not loth,

Caused many a thought to waken within the hearts of both.

He in his heart aye bore her, dear as his very life;

And soon, by steadfast service, he won her for his wife.

The rich king spake unto her: “O dearest sister mine,

This thing that we have purposed fails without help of thine.

In Queen Brunhilda’s country some pleasure we desire;

And need, in ladies’ presence, the goodliest attire.”

Then did the maiden answer: “Belovéd brother mine,

Ready am I, at all times, to serve, in need of thine:—

Of that thou mayst be certain: it is Kriembhilda’s part.

Should any one deny thee ’twould vex her to the heart.

“Nor shouldst thou, noble hero, beg of me anxiously,—

Thou shouldst command my service, in lordly style and free.

For whatsoever please thee, for that I’m ready aye,

And gladly will I do it;” the maiden sweet did say.

“’Tis our desire, dear sister, in goodly garb to stand,

Which you may help provide us, with your own noble hand;

So set your women working, that all may be well done,—

For we about this journey will be gainsaid by none.”

Then spake again the maiden: “Now mark what I shall say!

I have the silk already: see that we get, straightway,

Some gems from off your bucklers: we’ll work them on the cloth.”

Then Gunther and Sir Siegfried obeyed her, nothing loth.


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 rushed out of the door when I heard him coming up stairs, made a respectful bow, and begged him to give me leave to ask a question; but he passed me hastily, without taking notice of me, absorbed in melancholy thoughts, took the candle from the servant, and bolted his room.

All my attempts of speaking with him were fruitless, like the first. When at home, his door was bolted, in the hall he took no notice of me, and in public places he shunned me. Vexed by his rude behaviour, I would not make another attempt at getting acquainted with that queer fellow.

Meanwhile three days more were elapsed, and that strange accident had made me forget my departure; but now I renewed my resolution of setting off as soon as possible, and was determined to leave F— the next day, though no farther disagreeable accident had happened to me. I put every thing in order, had my trunks packed, and was


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 obliged to find out a banker, who would take a Bill for Leipzig, which I had brought with me to F"

"I found it very difficult to meet with one who would not take too great an advantage of my present inconvenience; towards evening I was so fortunate to find out a reasonable man; joyfully did I now put my hand into my pocket to take the pocket book out of it, but I could not find it. "For God's sake," exclaimed the merchant, when he saw me pale and trembling, "what is the matter with you?" "Nothing, nothing at all," stammered I, rushing out of the house.

A faint ray of hope was still glimmering within my soul; I fancied I had left all the remainder of my little fortune at the inn, though I was certain that I had taken the pocket book with me. I arrived, trembling, at my lodging, and was hardly able to unlock my door; I entered slowly, as if I wanted to avoid the terrible blow that threat-


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62

“And who may be the comrades,” inquired the royal maid,

“Who shall to court go with you, thus gorgeously arrayed?”

“I and three more,” he answered, “and two my men will be,

Sir Dankwart and Sir Hagen;— these go to court with me.

”And mark you well, dear lady, and list to what I say!—

We four companions must have enough for four days’ stay.

Three shifts of clothing daily, of good stuff all of it,

That we Brunhilda’s country without disgrace may quit.”

With kind farewells the heroes soon after did depart.

Then, of her maidens, thirty, well skilled in needle-art,

Did the young queen Kriemhilda call from their room, in haste;

These all for such-like labours had wit beyond the rest!

Arabian samite was there, white as new-fallen snow,

And Zazemang silks also,— so green doth clover grow,—

Whereon they wrought the jewels; fine clothes, in sooth, they were;

The peerless maid, Kriemhilda, herself the cloth did shear.

Of foreign fish-skin made they the linings, good and rare,

For stranger-folk to stare at,— as many as there were;

And these with silk were covered, as then the mode did hold.

There might be many a marvel of this bright raiment told.

From far Morocco’s borders, and from the Libyan shore,

The very choicest samite, that e’er enriched the store

Of any king soever,— this had they, and to spare.

Right plainly showed Kriemhilda to whom she kindness bare!


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Page:The lay of the Nibelungs; (IA nibelungslay00hortrich).pdf/141

VI.]

Since they on this state journey determined to set forth,

Plain ermine furs they reckoned of insufficient worth.

So over them fur trimmings of coal-black hue they set;

On high-days such like garments brave knights right well befit.

Amidst Arabian gold-work there glittered many a gem.

So careful were the women, naught was too small for them.

in seven weeks the raiment was all prepared aright,

And eke the weapons thereto for every gallant knight.

When this was all made ready, upon the banks of Rhine

Was diligently fashion’d a little vessel, fine

And strong, which down the river should bear them to the sea.

The noble maids by this time were of their tasks weary.

’Twas told unto the warriors that all things were to hand

That they were to take with them;— all their apparel grand,

Such as they had desiréd; it all was now complete:

So would they on the Rhine-bank no longer stay their feet.

Therefore, to fetch their comrades, a messenger was bade,

That they should come and look on this raiment newly made;—

It might be, for the heroes, too long, or else too small.

But ’twas of the right measure: they thanked the ladies all.

For all who came and saw it were bounden to confess,

In all the world they never had seen more noble dress.

They might be proud such clothing in any court to wear;—

Of finer knights’ apparel, in sooth, knew no one there.


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Page:The Necromancer, or, The Tale of the Black Forest Vol. 1.djvu/31

 ened me: I searched the room with an anxious look, but, alas! all my little wealth. was gone!"

"I could not believe the reality of my misfortune: I emptied my trunk more than ten times, and more than an hundred times did I search every corner of the room, thinking it impossible that the bill and the pocket book should not be there, however I could find neither of them."

"It grew late, and I was still sitting on my trunk, half distracted, leaning on my trembling hand, at length I resolved to go next morning to some of my acquaintance, and endeavour to get some money advanced. That terrible evening was followed by a more terrible night; morning dawned and I still could not sleep—my pride revolted against the thought of borrowing money, but the idea of the unavoidable want staring me in the face, got the better of it, and I went. Every one whom I applied to was sorry for


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 When a woman, however, lacks the internal sexual secretion, whether congenitally, or through disease or deprivation by surgical means, she tends to lose the distinctive attributes of physical womanhood, and those psychic qualities that are characteristic of femininity.

Experiments on animals and birds first proved the nature and functions of the internal sexual secretion in influencing the complete development of the individual. If the ovaries of the female are removed—called "spaying"—when the animal is young, thereby depriving it of the sexual hormone when the time comes for this substance to be produced, the secondary sexual characteristics of the animal do not develop.

When the ovaries of a woman have not properly developed in her youth, or when they have been atrophied by disease, or surgically removed, so that the internal secretion is not supplied as is normally the case, she will be lacking in the characteristic development—the secondary sexual traits—that gives beauty to woman.

The girl from the time of puberty evidences development of the feminine characteristics, due to this internal chemical activity. Her figure, previously little differentiated from that of the boy, undergoes marked changes. Her breasts round out. Her arms and legs become more shapely; the hips enlarge and she otherwise gives evidence of the physical charm and gracefulness of young womanhood.

The mental and psychic traits which develop through the influence of the sexual hormone are no less notable. It is the time of the birth of new emotions—ambitions, hopes, fears, desires, doubts, and the awakening of those subtle qualities that constitute love. During adolescence, the girl begins to take a new, or different kind of interest, in boys. Up to this time they may have been desired as playmates, but now a new emotional element—new feelings—enter into the


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 relationship. Consequently, the girl takes a greater interest in her personal appearance, with a tendency to self-consciousness.

Perhaps the principal phenomenon of adolescence to the young woman is the beginning of menstruation, commonly called the "periods," "the monthlies," etc. This is a discharge composed chiefly of blood and mucus from the generative organs. It is a perfectly normal function, and therefore should be accepted as a natural process, and not be considered a trial or burden imposed upon womankind by a malevolent act of nature. It occurs, normally, every twenty-eight days, and lasts from three to five days, during the woman's child-bearing period of about thirty years.

The greatest amount of blood is usually passed during the first two days. It has been estimated that the quantity of blood expelled during a menstrual period averages from one and one-half to three ounces. In very full-blooded women, it may be considerably more.

There are commonly various depressing symptoms preceding and accompanying the initial appearance of menstruation, due to the organism adjusting itself to a new stage of life. It is a mistake, however, to begin the practice of looking upon the menstrual periods as the regular recurrence of a condition of semi-invalidism lasting for several days each month.

There is a relationship of the menses to the psychic and nervous organization of woman that warrants a word of comment. Menstruation is a physiological function involving quite a complicated chain of events in the organism. It is, therefore, naturally accompanied by certain general, as well as local, reactions.