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 stained cunningly in black and white, and with a luxuriant covering of thatch. Moreover, he had taken the daughter of a poor man to wife, and could dictate his own terms, in most matters, to her and to her parents.

The girl went willingly enough, for she was exchanging poverty for wealth, a miserable hovel for a handsome home, and parents who knew how to get out of her the last ounce of work of which she was capable, for a husband who seemed ever kind, generous, and indulgent. She had also the satisfaction of knowing that she had made an exceedingly good marriage, and was an object of envy to all her contemporaries. None the less, three days later, at the hour when the dawn was breaking, she was found beating upon the door of her father's house, screaming to be taken in, trembling in every limb, with her hair disordered, her garments drenched with dew from the underwood through which she had rushed, and in a state of panic bordering on dementia.

Her story—the first act in the drama of the were-tiger of Slim—ran in this wise:

She had gone home with Haji Ali to the house in which he lived with his two sons, Abdulrahman and Abas, and all had treated her kindly and with courtesy. The first day she had cooked the rice insufficiently, and though the young men had grumbled. Haji Ali had said no word of blame, when she had expected a slapping, such as would have fallen to the lot of most wives in similar circumstances.


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 PART I

PAINTING-GROUNDS

Chapter I.—Paper, Vellum, Ivory. Chapter II.—Plaster or Intonaco, Stone, etc. Chapter III.—Panel. Chapter IV.—Canvas.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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 She had, she declared, no complaint to make of her husband's treatment of her; but she had fled his roof forever, and her parents might "hang her on high, sell her in a far land, scorch her with the sun's rays, immerse her in water, burn her with fire," ere aught should induce her to return to one who hunted by night in the likeness of a were-tiger.

Every evening, after the hour of evening prayer, Haji Ali had left the house on one pretext or another, and had not returned until an hour before the dawn. Twice she had not been aware of his return until she had found him lying on the sleeping-mat by her side; but on the third night she had remained awake until a noise without told her that her husband was at hand. Then she had arisen and had hastened to unbar the door, which she had fastened on the inside after Abdulrahman and Abas had fallen asleep. The moon was behind a cloud and the light she east was dim, but Patîmah had seen clearly enough the sight which had driven her mad with terror.

On the topmost rung of the ladder, which in this, as in all Malay houses, led from the ground to the threshold of the door, there rested the head of a full-grown tiger. Patîmah could see the bold, black stripes that marked his hide, the bristling wires of whisker, the long, cruel teeth, the fierce green light in the beast's eyes. A round pad, with long curved claws partially concealed, lay on the ladder-rung, one on each side of the monster's head; and the lower portion of the body, reaching to the ground,


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, Third Edition *Recording documents related to copyright ownership, notices of termination, and other documents that the Office records under Title 17.
 * Accessing and obtaining Office records and other Office services.

First and Second Editions of the Compendium

The first edition of the Compendium (commonly referred to as “Compendium I”) governed the Office’s general practices for registration, recordation, and other matters arising under the Copyright Act of 1909. Largely an internal manual, it was directed to the Office’s examining staff. Compendium I was made available to the public for the first time in 1967 and it was last revised in 1973. See, Introduction to (1st ed. 1973); Inspection and Copying of Records and Other Documents, 32 Fed. Reg. 9314 (June 30, 1967).

The second edition of the Compendium (commonly referred to as “Compendium II”) was also designed for internal use. Compendium II reflects the Copyright Office’s general practices for registration, recordation, and other matters arising under the Copyright Act of 1976, prior to the adoption of the Third Edition. It was first published in 1984 and revised in part in 1988 and 1998. In 1988 the Office revised Chapter 600 (Registration Procedures) and added Chapter 1900 (Records, Indexes and Deposits). In 1998 the Office revised Chapter 1600 (Recordation of Transfers) and Chapter 1900 (Records, Indexes, and Deposits). See generally Change in Procedure for Recording Certain Multiple Title Documents, 63 Fed. Reg. 23,475 (Apr. 29, 1998); Compendium of Copyright Office Practices, 53 Fed. Reg. 20,392 (June 3, 1988); Compendium of Copyright Office Practices, 49 Fed. Reg. 23,125 (June 4, 1984).

Although the Copyright Act of 1909 was repealed effective January 1, 1978, Compendium II did not supersede Compendium I. The preface to Compendium II expressly stated that Compendium I continued “to apply to Copyright Office actions, in situations … where the provisions of the Copyright Act of 1909, as amended, are dispositive.”, Preface to (2d ed. 1984). In other words, Compendium I remained the governing administrative manual for all registrations, renewals, and recordations issued by the Office prior to January 1, 1978. It also set forth the registration requirements for works published before January 1, 1978 where the applicant subsequently sought to register the work for the original copyright term (i.e., the first twenty-eight years of the copyright), including issues involving copyright notice and the manufacturing clause.

Compendiums I and II are available on the Office’s website (copyright.gov/comp3/prior-editions.html). They are also available for inspection and copying in the Records, Research and Certification Section. See 37 C.F.R. § 201.2(b)(7).

Relationship Between the First, Second, and Third Editions of the Compendium

To the extent there is a conflict between the Third Edition and any prior version of the Compendium, including Compendiums I or II or any prior version of the Third Edition, the current official version shall control. Introduction : 4


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 Martin, Christopher, of Dorset, gent. ., matric. 30 Oct., 1584, aged 14.  Martyn, Christopher, of Somerset, arm. , matric. 10 Nov., 1615, aged 17.  Martin, Christopher, s. William, of Blisland, Cornwall, paup. , matric. 1 July, 1684, aged 19.  Martin, Clement, B.A. from ., Cambridge, 1578-9, M.A. 1582, incorporated 11 July, 1585; one of these names canon at. 1575, and rector of Tydd St. Giles, co. Cambridge, 1579. See Foster's Index Eccl.  Martin, Daniel, "ser." ., matric. 22 Feb., 1650-1.  [5]

Marten, Edmund, s. Th., of Rousham, Oxon, gent. ., matric. 13 July, 1675, aged 16, B.A. 1679 ; fellow. 1680, M.A. 1683, B.Med. 1686, D.Med. 1689. warden of his college 1704-9; died in Dorsetshire, buried in the outer chapel of his college 7 July, 1709, probate at Oxford 12th. See O.H.S. iv. 170; & Gutch, i., app. 35, 215.  Marten, Edmund, s. Joh., of Lavington. Wilts, cler. ., matric. 17 Dec., 1706, aged 18; B.C.L. 1713, D.C.L. 1718; born at Lavington Episcopi 31 March, 1688, rector of Somerton, Oxon, 1713-19, of Angmering 1719, and of Woolbeding, Sussex, 1732, morning preacher Grosvenor chapel 1731, canon of Windsor 1733, (married Miss Hawkins Feb. 1734-5), prebendary of St Paul's 1730, vicar of Twickenham, Middlesex. 1741-9, master of St. Oswald's hospital in Worcester 1746, dean of Worcester 1746, until his death 8 Oct., 1751. See Rawl. v. 366, xviii. 87; & Foster's Index Ecclesiasticus.  Martin, Edward, of. 1517 from Surrey; B.A. 13 Dec., 1520, fellow 1522, M.A. 14 July, 1524, B.D. 23 June, 1531; one of these names vicar of Fenny Stanton, Hunts, 1564. See Foster's Index Eccl.

Martin, Edward; sizar of ., Cambridge, 1605, B.A 1608-9, M.A. 1612, fellow 1616, B.D. 1621 (incorporated 10 July, 1621), D.D. per Lit. Reg. 1631, master of his college 1631, domestic chaplain to Archbishop Laud, vicar of Oakington 1626, and rector of Conington, co. Cambridge, 1630, rector of Uppingham, Rutland, 1631, of Houghton Conquest, Beds, 1638, and of Doddington, co. Cambridge, dean of Ely 21 March, 1661-2, deprived of all bis preferments "by the committee of religion;" died 25 April, 1662, buried in his college chapel. See Fasti, i. 400; Foster's Index Eccl.; & ''Add. MS.'' 15,671, p. 165.

Marten, Edward, s. Edward, of Petworth, Sussex, pleb. ., matric. 15 June, 1638, aged 15; B.A. 25 June, 1641.
 [10]

Martin, Edward, gent. ., subscribed 18 March, 1657-8; possibly a student of Inner Temple 1656, as of Petworth, Sussex, gent. See Foster's Inns of Court Reg.

Martyn, Francis, s. Fr., of East Stower, Dorset, pleb. ., matric. 5 March, 1683-4. aged 24; rector of South Cadbury, Somerset, 1686. See Foster's Index Eccl.

Martin, George; B.C.L. sup. April 1543, rector of Bourton-on-the-Water, co. Gloucester, 1553. See Foster's Index Eccl.

Martyn, George, of Devon, gent. , matric. 3 March, 1597-8, aged 17, B.A. 19 Nov., 1601; M.A. from 3 July, 1604, incorporated at Cambridge 1615 (as B.A.), rector of Petrockstow, Devon, 1607. See Foster's Index Ecclesiasticus.

Martin, George, s. Thomas, of Wigan (town), gent. , matric. 6 April, 1666, aged 17; B.A. 1669, M.A. 1672, vicar of Wolverley, co. Worcester, 1682-95, of Shrivenham, Berks, 1694-6, rector of St. Mildred Poultry, London, 1697-1732, canon of Lincoln and of Norwich 1695; died 30 Jan., 1722-3, aged 74. See Foster's Index Eccl.

Martin, Gerrard, gent. ., matric. 6 Nov., 1688, aged 18; student of Lincoln's Inn 1690, as son and heir of William, of East Pennard, Somerset. See Foster's Inns of Court Reg.
 [16]

Martyn, Giles, s. John, of Yercombe, Devon, gent. ., matric. 17 Dec., 1670, aged 18; student of Middle Temple 1672. See Foster's Inns of Court Reg.

Martin, Gregory, an original scholar of. 1557, from Macksfield, Sussex, B.A. 28 Nov., 1560, M.A. 3 July, 1564, tutor to Philip, after Earl of Surrey, retired to Douay, a public professor and divinity reader in the college at Rheims; died 28 Oct., 1582, buried in the church of St. Stephen, Rheims. See Ath., i. 487; Foley's Records S.J.; & Gutch, i. 538.

Martin, Gregory; B.A. from. 26 Oct 1612, M.A. 26 June, 1615.

Martyn, Henry, of in and before 1572.
 [20]

Martin, (Sir) Henry, of London (city), pleb. fil. ., matric. 24 Nov., 1581, aged 19, scholar 1580, fellow 1582, B.C.L. 15 June, 1587, D.C.L. 5 June, 1592 (s. Anthony, of London); a student of Gray's Inn 1Z581, an advocate 1596, official to the archdeacon of Berks, M.P. Wilton 1586-7, Wootton Bassett 1604-11, St. Germans 1625, 1626, Oxford university 1628-9, St. Ives April to May, 1640, chancellor diocese of London 1616-27, knighted 21 Dec., 1616, judge of high court of admiralty 1617-41, of Lincoln's Inn 1623, dean of the Arches 1624-34, judge of the prerogative court of Canterbury 1624, until his death 26 Sept., 1641, buried at Longworth, Berks; father of Henry 1617. See Ath. iii. 17; Foster's Parliamentary Dictionary; Foster's Inns of Court Reg.; Coote's Civilians, 79; & Lansdowne MS. 985, f. 20.

Martin, Henry, of Somerset, gent. ., matric. 2 July, 1585, aged 15; bar.-at-law, Middle Temple, 1598, as 5s. Adam, of Hinton St. George, Somerset, gent. See Foster's Judges and Barristers.

Martyn, Henry, of co. Warwick, pleb. , matric. 3 Nov., 1615, aged 16; B.A. from 15 Dec., 1618, as Merton.

Marten, Henry, of Oxon, militis fil. ., matric. 31 Oct., 1617, aged 15; B.A. 24 Jan., 1619-20, "regicide"; student of Inner Temple 1620 (as son and heir of Sir Henry, of Shrivenham, Berks), "which his ungodly son Harry squandered away," M.P. Berkshire April-May, 1640, and 1640-53 (L.P.) a rumper Z659, colonel in the parliamentary forces, governor of Reading, one of the commissioners on trial of the king and signed warrant, excepted out of act of oblivion; died in Chepstow Castle 9 Sept. 1680, aged 78. See Ath. iii. 1237; Foster's Parliamentary Dictionary; & Foster's Inns of Court Reg.

Martin, Henry; B.A. from ., 17 Dec., 1629; possibly student of Middle Temple 1631, as 2s. of Richard, of Risdon, Somerset, gent. See Foster's Inns of Court Reg.
 [25]

Martyn, Henry, s. Edw., of Awburn, Wilts, gent. ., matric. 13 March, 1683-4, aged 18, B.A. 1687; M.A. from. 1690; bar.-at-law, Middle Temple, 1692. See Foster's Judges and Barristers.

Martin, Henry, s. Tho., of Northmore, Oxon, pleb. , matric. 26 Oct., 1704, aged 17; B.A. 1708, M.A. 1711.
 [ 977 ]


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PAPER, VELLUM, IVORY

paper is used as the painting-ground for the vast majority of works executed in water-colours, and as this method of painting offers but slight protection to the pigments employed against hostile influences, it becomes of the greatest importance to ascertain that no unnecessary elements of danger are introduced in the paper itself. We will now proceed to consider briefly the sources and constituents of drawing-paper.

Linen from the common flax (Linum usitatissimum), and in the form of white rags, should be the basis of the pulp used in the making of sound drawing-paper. In actual practice the cheaper and weaker fibre of cotton (seed-hairs of Gossypium sp.) has almost entirely displaced flax, although during recent years a successful attempt has been made in England to produce a high grade of hand-made drawing-paper almost wholly composed of linen. Other vegetable fibres might, no doubt, be employed for this purpose. Thus, Japanese paper, prepared from the bast-fibres of the paper-mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera), were it made less absorbent by the introduction of a sufficiency of size, would probably become an efficient, strong, and durable substitute for linen-paper; but at present linen-papers, cotton-papers, and papers made from a mixture


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 such a budget of them, there was not a great house for many leagues around us, that she could not tell something wonderful about, and she has frequently sent me to bed shaking with fear."

"Well, Mam'selle (asked Agatha, turning to Madeline), are you of Floretta's mind?"

"Yes," replied Madeline, who saw that Agatha would be dreadfully disappointed, if not permitted to tell one of the wonderful tales in which she abounded.

"In the reign of Lewis the Ninth, commonly known by the title of St. Lewis, from the holy war in which he engaged, there


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 was so foreshortened that, to the girl, it looked like the body of a man. Patîmah stood gazing at the tiger from the distance of only a foot or two, for she was too paralyzed with fear and could neither move nor cry out; and as she looked, a gradual transformation took place in the creature at her feet. Much as one sees a ripple of cool air pass over the surface of molten metal, the tiger's features palpitated and were changed, until the horrified girl saw the face of her husband come up through that of the beast, just as that of a diver comes up from the depths through still waters. In another moment Patîmah understood that it was Haji Ali, her husband, who was ascending the ladder of his house, and the spell which had held her motionless was snapped. The first use which she made of her recovered power to move was to leap past him through the doorway, and to plunge into the jungle which edged the compound.

Malays do not love to travel singly through the forest, even when the sun is high, and in ordinary circumstances no woman could by any means be prevailed upon to do such a thing. But Patîmah was distraught with fear; and though she was alone, though the moonlight was dim and the dawn had not yet come, she preferred the terror-haunted depths of the jungle to the home of her were-tiger husband. Thus she forced her way through the brushwood, tearing her clothes, scarifying her flesh with thorns, catching her feet in creepers and trailing vines, drenching herself to the skin with dew,


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 there stood (said Agatha), about a league from the boundaries of this chateau, a noble castle, the ruins of which are still visible upon a fine eminence, scattered over with wood; and I dare say, Mam'selle, in your way to Madame Chatteneufs, you have taken notice of them."—"I have," replied Madeline.

"This Castle, at the period I have mentioned (resumed Agatha) belonged to a nobleman of an ancient family, and very large fortune; but notwithstanding his rank, which should have made him generous, his fortune, which enabled him to do so, and his having only one child to provide for, he was of a mean and miserly disposition, grudging to himself, and all about him, the necessaries of life; and treated his son, a fine noble youth, brave, generous, and accomplished—in short, his reverse in every respect, in such a severe manner, that he determined to leave him, if an opportunity offered for permitting him to do so, without having his real motives known; for though he could not esteem


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 his father himself, he yet wished, if possible, to keep him from the censures of the world.

"The opportunity he desired occurred upon the King's determining upon a crusade; for it was natural, you know, that a youth of his prowess should wish to embark in so glorious a cause. He accordingly repaired, without delay, to the royal standard, and bade an adieu to his native country.

"His only regret, at doing so, was occasioned by his separation from a young lady, whom he had privately made his wife, and by whom he had a son, then some months old. She was an orphan, and the descendant of a good, but reduced family. He saw her at the house of the relation's, to whose care she had been consigned, and who, not caring to be burdened with her, determined to settle her in a cloister. They did not know each other long, ere a mutual attachment grew between them; and well knowing it would be vain to solicit his father's consent, or her relations, for fear of disobliging him, he stole her away, and, after their


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 nuptials, placed her in a small house near his own residence, which he had taken for that purpose.

"The only person entrusted with the affair was his father's butler, an old man, who had lived long in the family; had often dandled him in his infancy, and was, he knew, faithfully attached to him. To the care of this good creature, who respected the lady, and doted on the child, he left his treasures.

"He had but just reached the Holy Land, when his father died. Poor Peter, who, without authority, could not do any thing, apprised him, as soon as possible, of this event, and requested either his immediate presence, or orders how to act.

"So great was the anxiety of the noble youth, to see his wife and child, and have them publicly acknowledged as such, that without loss of time, he knelt before the King, and entreated his permission to return to his native country, in order to settle his affairs. This the King most graciously


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 and so running and falling, and rising to run and fall again, she made her way to her father's house, there to tell the tale of her appalling experience.

The story of what had occurred was speedily noised abroad through the villages, and was duly reported to the nearest white man, who heard it with the white man's usual scepticism; while the parents of marriageable daughters, who had been mortified by Haji Ali's choice of a wife, hastened to assure Patîmah's papa and mamma that they had always anticipated something of the sort.

A really remarkable fact, however, was that Haji Ali made no attempt to regain possession of his wife; and this acquires a special significance owing to the extraordinary tenacity which characterizes all Sumatra Malays in relation to their rights in property. His neighbours drew a natural inference from his inaction, and shunned him so sedulously that thenceforth he and his sons were compelled to live in almost complete isolation.

But the drama of the were-tiger of Slim was to have a final act.

One night a fine young water-buffalo, the property of the Headman, Pĕnghûlu Mat Saleh, was killed by a tiger, and its owner, saying no word to any man, constructed a cunningly arranged spring-gun over the carcase. The trigger-lines were so set that if the tiger returned to finish his meal—which, after the manner of his kind, he had begun by tearing a


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 granted: but alack! he only returned to find a grave within it.

"Within a league of his castle, he was way-laid and murdered by two ruffians, masked; and the sad intelligence was conveyed to his expecting family by his faithful squire, then his only attendant, who, in attempting to save his life, received such desperate wounds, that he died in two days after.

"Peter was greatly grieved; but, alas! what was his grief to that of the poor lady's; she lost all relish for this life, and in less than a week after her husband's death, was laid beside him in the grave. In her last moments, as well as in those preceding them, she besought Peter to be a steady friend to her child, and see him, if possible, put into possession of his rights. Peter promised to do all he could, but that all, he feared, would be but little. The certificate of her marriage had been destroyed in a box, with many other valuables, by an accidental fire some months prior to her death; and Peter


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 knew too much of the world to think the gentleman, who was heir to the estate, in case his master left no lawful issue, would take his single testimony for the legitimacy of her child, and thus give up a fortune he much wanted; being an extravagant spendthrift, addicted to every vice and folly, and who would for many years have been in the greatest distress, but for the bounty of his poor murdered relation. Well things turned out as Peter thought; the gentleman came from a distant part of France, where he lived, to take possession, and declared he did not give the smallest credit to there being any other heir than himself; he did not doubt, he said, the child being his cousin's, but his legitimate one, he was convinced it was not; and all poor Peter could prevail on him to do, was to allow a small stipend for its support. Peter, with the rest of the servants, was retained, and none of them had reason to complain of their master. For some time, he rendered the castle a scene of constant gaiety; but suddenly his spirits drooped;


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8 of these fibres, are the only kinds with which water- colourists are practically concerned.

During his explorations of Chinese Turkestan, Sir Aurel Stein recovered many examples of early manuscripts written on felted vegetable fibre, that is, paper. In the British Museum are two scraps of such paper, with Chinese writing, which must be dated somewhere between the years 25 and 220. They are the most ancient specimens of paper known to exist in the world. But the manufacture of linen-paper in Europe has not at present been traced back farther than the second half of the twelfth century. Mr. W. H. James Weale, formerly Keeper of the Art Library in the Victoria and Albert Museum, informed me that the two first paper-mills in France were set going near Ambert, in the valley of the Valeyre, by men who, during their captivity in the Holy Land, were forced to work at the manufacture of paper at Damascus. One of these French mills was called 'Damascus,' the other 'Ascalon.' This was previous to the year 1189. To Mr. Weale I am also indebted for an opportunity of examining two early specimens, obtained from the 'Registre des Revenus de l'Evêché du Puy.' As one of the sheets contains contemporary entries of the year 1273—the other entries belonging to 1289—these papers are, at least, as early as the years named. Both papers present the creamy hue, the translucency, and the gloss of vellum. One hundred square inches of the earlier specimen weigh 127 grains ; of the later, 163. Both are heavily sized with paste made from wheaten starch. The use of starch for sizing paper has been revived of recent years, but animal size or jelly is still extensively employed. Some paper is, indeed, made from felted linen pulp alone without size; but it is blotting or filter paper, and is quite unfitted for


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 couple of hurried mouthfuls out of the rump—he must infallibly be wounded or killed by the bolts and slugs with which the gun was charged.

Next night a loud report, breaking in clanging echoes through the stillness an hour or two before the dawn was due, apprised Pĕnghûlu Mat Saleh that some animal had fouled the trigger-lines. The chances were that it was the tiger; and if he were wounded, he would not be a pleasant creature to meet on a dark night. Accordingly, Pĕnghûlu Mat Saleh lay still until morning.

In a Malayan village all are astir very shortly after daybreak. As soon as it is light enough to see to walk, the doors of the houses open one by one, and the people of the village come forth, huddled to the chin in their sĕlîmut, or coverlets. Each man makes his way down to the river to perform his morning ablutions, or stands or squats on the bank of the stream, staring sleepily at nothing in particular, a motionless figure outlined dimly against the broad ruddiness of a Malayan dawn. Presently the women of the village emerge from their houses in little knots of three or four, with the children astride upon their hips or pattering at their heels. They carry clusters of gourds in their hands, for it is their duty to fill them from the running stream with the water which will be needed during the day. It is not until the sun begins to make its power felt through the mists of morning, when ablutions have been carefully performed and the drowsiness of the waking-hour has departed from heavy eyes,


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, Third Edition The Third Edition does not comprehensively cover all U.S. Copyright Office practices under the prior copyright law. To the extent that issues arise that are not addressed by the Third Edition, Compendiums I and II remain in effect and continue to be the governing administrative manuals for practices involving those issues.

In particular, the Third Edition generally does not address practices under the Copyright Act of 1909. Compendium I continues to be the controlling manual for registrations, renewals, and recordations issued by the Office prior to January 1, 1978, and for the registration requirements for works published before January 1, 1978 that were never registered for the original copyright term. For ease of reference, however, of the Third Edition summarizes most of the relevant practices from Compendium I concerning the registration and renewal of such works.

Similarly, the Third Edition does not address all practices involving provisions of the Copyright Act of 1976 that have been amended or repealed since 1978. As a general rule, Compendium II continues to be the relevant administrative manual for registrations, renewals, and recordations issued by the Office between January 1, 1978 and the effective date of the Third Edition. In particular, Chapter 1200 of Compendium II continues to be the governing manual concerning the manufacturing clause, although that Chapter only applies to works published before June 30, 1986, which is the date that the manufacturing clause expired.

Using the Compendium

The U.S. Copyright Office makes the Compendium available in PDF format. The complete manual may be accessed or downloaded in its entirety or on a chapter-by-chapter basis. Each chapter can be accessed through the link set forth in the table of contents for the Compendium as a whole. Additionally, the Compendium includes a glossary of terms that are commonly used in registration and recordation practice. These terms are defined and linked throughout the chapters. Certain frequently used phrases are defined for convenience.

How to Search the Compendium

The “find” feature allows users to search for specific words or phrases within the entire Compendium or within specific chapters. To conduct a search, follow these steps:

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 he shut out company, and appeared to have taken a dislike to all the pleasures he before delighted in; but though he avoided company, solitude seemed equally irksome to him, and he almost continually had one or other of the domestics in the apartment with him. The sudden alteration in his manner, the involuntary horrors he sometimes betrayed, appeared strange circumstances in the eyes of Peter, and from them he drew an inference that shocked him. Determined to know whether it was, or was not a just one, he devised a scheme, which, when you hear it, you will say was a bold one.

"He was the domestic his master generally selected to be near him, and, at the close of day, they frequently walked together up and down a great Gothic hall.—One evening, as they were thus engaged, Peter, whom his master allowed to converse familiarly with him, from his long residence in the family, and well-known attachment to it, said to him, with a solemn voice and coun-


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 tenance, 'Sir, there is something of consequence which I wish to impart to you: last night I had a dream; indeed I do not know whether I can properly call it one, in which methought my poor young master, disfigured by wounds, and stained with blood, came to me, and told me I should, when I least expected it, have the pleasure of discovering his murderer, and bringing him to condign punishment.'—Peter paused, and looked steadily at his master, who betrayed the greatest agitation.

"Was any thing else said to you?' demanded he, in a faltering voice.

'Yes (replied Peter), I asked him by what means I should discover his murderer, and he told me he would betray himself.

'You will (said he) mention my murder before him, and his guilty conscience will make him, if not by words, at least by agitation, declare his crime. Besides, my troubled spirit will be near you at the time, and accelerate the discovery.'


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 that the people of the village turn their indolent thoughts toward the business of the day.

Pĕnghûlu Mat Saleh arose that morning and went through his usual daily routine before he set to work to collect a party of Malays to aid him in his search for the wounded tiger. He had no difficulty in finding men who were willing to share the excitement of the adventure, for most Malays are endowed with sporting instincts; and he presently started on his quest with a ragged following of nearly a dozen at his heels, armed with spears and kris and having among them a couple of muskets. On arrival at the spot where the spring-gun had been set, they found that beyond a doubt the tiger had returned to his kill. The tracks left by the great pads were fresh, and the tearing up of the earth on one side of the dead buffalo, in a spot where the grass was thickly flecked with blood, showed that the shot had taken effect.

Pĕnghûlu Mat Saleh and his people then set down steadily to follow the trail of the wounded tiger. This was an easy matter. for the beast had gone heavily on three legs, the off hind-leg dragging uselessly. In places, too, a clot of blood showed red among the dew-drenched leaves and grasses. None the less, the Pĕnghûlu and his party followed slowly and with caution. They knew that a wounded tiger is an ill beast to tackle at any time, and that even when he has only three legs with which to spring upon his enemies, he can on occasion arrange for a large escort of human beings to accompany him into the land of shadows.


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 "Peter's master now declared he was taken very ill, and must go directly to his chamber. Scarcely had he spoken, when the dreadful creaking of an iron door was heard, and a faint light flashed upon him, from the spiral stair-case of an old tower, that had for centuries been uninhabited, from an idea of its being haunted.

'Lord, defend me! (cried Peter); I have the key of the iron door at the top of the tower in my possession, and no human hand could have opened it; the light, too, from the stair-case is quite a blue flame.'

"Hark (cried Floretta at this moment, with an affrighted countenance), what noise is that?"

"Noise!" (repeated Agatha, with an emotion of fear.)

"Oh! 'tis only the wind (continued she, listening a minute); it often comes in this way against the doors, as if it would burst them open; but bless me, Mam'selle (look-


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 ing at Madeline), how deadly pale you are; I fear sitting up does not agree with you."

The spirits of Madeline, weakened by grief, were indeed affected, in spite of her reason, with a kind of superstitious awe, by the stories of her companions.

"Let us mull some wine (cried Agatha); it will do us all good."

"Ay, do (said Floretta), and I will make some toast."

Madeline now said she would step into the Countess's chamber, and try whether she still slept. She accordingly stole into it, and bending over her pillow, had the satisfaction of finding she continued in a tranquil sleep. This somewhat cheered her; and after taking a glass of the mulled wine, she felt the gloom of her spirits pretty well depressed. Agatha then resumed her story.

"Scarcely (said she) had Peter uttered the last word, when his master dropped senseless at


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 his feet. Peter raised, and with difficulty recovered him. The moment he opened his eyes, he dropped upon his knees, implored the mercy of Heaven, and confessed he was the murderer of his cousin.

"Plunged into difficulties, he said, by his extravagance, which he was ashamed to avow, as soon as ever he heard of his cousin's expected return from the Holy Land, he laid the plan for destroying him, which succeeded but too well, and in which he was assisted by a servant, whom he afterwards murdered, for fear of his betraying him.

"Peter told him, if he would immediately resign the estate to the lawful heir, he would not give him up to the punishment he merited. This he readily consented to do; and every thing necessary being done, he retired to a monastery, where he soon after died of a broken heart. After his death, this story was divulged by the servant, whose assistance Peter had obtained for carrying into execution the scheme he had contrived


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 The trail led through the brushwood, in the midst of which the dead buffalo was lying, and thence into a belt of jungle which covered the bank of the river and extended upstream from a point a few hundreds of yards above Pěnghûlu Mat Saleh's village to Kuâla Chin Lâma, half a dozen miles away. The tiger had turned up-river after entering this patch of forest, and half a mile higher he had come out upon a slender foot-path through the woods.

When Pĕnghûlu Mat Saleh had followed the trail thus far, he halted and looked at his people.

"What say you?" he whispered. "Do you know whither this track leads?"

His companions nodded, but said never a word. They were obviously excited and ill at ease.

"What say you?" continued the Pĕnghûlu. "Do we follow or not follow?"

"It is as you will, O Pĕnghûlu," replied the oldest man of the party, speaking for his fellows. "We follow whithersoever you go."

"It is well," said the Pĕnghûlu. "Come, let us go."

No more was said when this whispered colloquy was ended, and the trackers set down to the trail again silently and with redoubled caution.

The narrow path which the tiger had followed led on in the direction of the river-bank, and ere long the high wattled bamboo fence of a native compound became visible through the trees. Pĕnghûlu Mat Saleh pointed at it, turning to his followers.

"See yonder," he said.


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 for knowing whether or not his master had murdered his cousin."

The tale concluded, on which Floretta made many comments, a general silence ensued; it was now about the middle of the night, or rather the beginning of the morning, and the storm still raged with unabated violence. Madeline went to a window, and opened a shutter, to see whether the scene without was as dreary as fancy within had represented it to be, and found it, if possible, more so. The faint dawn o'er the western hills was overcast by heavy clouds, and the trees of the wood tumultuously agitated by the blast, which seemed threatening to tear them from the earth.

"How dreadful, how appalling is this hurricane (cried Madeline, as she leaned against the window). If it strikes such terror into a heart conscious of no crime, what fears, what horrors must it excite in one burdened with guilt. To such an one the war of the


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 Again the little band moved forward, still tracing the slot of the tiger and the flecks of blood upon the grass. These led them to the gate of the compound, and through it, to the  ' áman, or open space before the house. Here the spoor vanished at a spot where the rank spear-blades of the lâlang grass had been crushed to earth by the weight of some heavy body. To it the trail of the limping tiger led. Away from it there were no footprints, save those of the human beings who come and go through the untidy weeds and grasses which cloak the soil in a Malayan compound.

Pĕnghûlu Mat Saleh and his followers exchanged troubled glances.

"Come, let us ascend into the house," said the former; and forthwith led the way up the stair-ladder of the dwelling where Haji Ali lived with his two sons, and whence a month or two before Patîmah had fled during the night time with a deadly fear in her eyes and an incredible story faltering upon her lips.

The Pĕnghûlu and his people found Abas, one of the Haji's sons, sitting cross-legged in the outer apartment, preparing a quid of betel nut with elaborate care. The visitors squatted on the mats and exchanged with him the customary salutations. Then Pĕnghûlu Mat Saleh said:

"I have come hither that I may see your father. Is he within the house?"

"He is," replied Abas laconically.

"Then, make known to him that I would have speech with him."


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 elements must indeed be dreadful, as seeming to declare the anger of an offended God."—Like the Poet, Madeline thought that such a heart would think

Chilled by the melancholy prospect, she closed the shutter, and returned to the fire, before which her companions were now slumbering. In deep and pensive meditation, she sat a considerable time with her eyes fixed upon the crackling blaze, when the heavy crash of something falling in the lower part of the Castle, startled not only her, but her companions.

"Holy virgin! (exclaimed Agatha, turning pale), defend us—'tis the armour that has fallen."

"You had better try," (said Madeline, in a faint voice).

"Try (repeated Agatha); Lord, not for the world."


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 "Nor I, I am sure (said Floretta) if you could, or would give me a principality for doing so."

"I will then (cried Madeline, ashamed to propose what she would shrink from herself), I will go and endeavour to discover the occasion of the noise."

She went softly into the Countess's chamber, to try if she was disturbed by it, and finding her still asleep, she took up a light, and descended (though with trembling limbs, and a palpitating heart) to the great hall, from whence the noise had sounded. The light she held but partially dispersed its awful gloom, and her tremor and palpitation increased, as she proceeded to the extreme end, at which hung the ominous armour. She found this in its usual situation, and she was hastily moving from it, too much depressed and agitated to think of searching elsewhere for the cause of the noise, when a door opposite to her (which led to a suit of rooms that had been appropriated solely to the use of the Count, and since his death,


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 shut up), slowly opened, and a tall figure, clad in black, came forth.

Madeline started behind a pillar; the conversation of her companions had raised the very spirit of superstition in her breast, and, with eyes almost bursting from their sockets, she now stood immovable, gazing upon the terrifying object that presented itself to her view; but when she saw it approaching her, which it did, with a slow, but steady step, her faculties returned, and dropping the light, she fled to the stair-case; but ere she had ascended many steps, she fell, through her extreme haste; and the surrounding darkness, and the exquisite pain she suffered, in consequence of bending her foot under her at the instant, prevented her from making an immediate effort for rising. She lay for about two minutes in this situation, when a faint light gleaming behind her, made her turn her head with quickness, and she beheld the object of her terror within a step of her. A cold dew instantly burst from her pores, her heart almost died within her, and she covered her face with her hands.


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 "My father is sick," said Abas in a surly tone, and again his visitors exchanged glances.

"What is that patch of blood in the lâlang grass before the house?" asked the Pĕnghûlu conversationally, after a slight pause.

"We killed a goat yesternight," Abas answered.

"Have you the skin, O Abas?" enquired the Headman. “I am renewing the faces of my drums and would fain purchase it."

"The skin was mangy and therefore we cast it into the river," said Abas.

The conversation languished while the Pĕnghûlu's followers pushed the clumsy wooden betel-box along the mat covered floor from one to the other, and silently prepared their quids.

"What ails your father?" asked the Pĕnghûlu presently, returning to the charge.

"He is sick," a rough voice said suddenly, speaking from the curtained doorway which led into the inner apartment.

It was the elder of the two sons, Abdulrahman, who spoke. He held a sword in his hand, a kris was stuck in his girdle, and his face wore an ugly look. His words came harshly and gratingly with the foreign accent of the Korinchi people. He continued to speak, still standing near the doorway.

"My father is sick, O Pĕnghûlu," he said. "Moreover, the noise of your words disturbs him. He desires to slumber and be still. Descend out of the house. He cannot see you. Attend to these my words."


text: The Commonweal/Volume 1/Number 1/Signs of the Times


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 Abdulrahman's manner and the words he spoke were at once so rough and so defiant that the Headman saw that he would have to choose between a scuffle, which would certainly mean bloodshed, and an ignominious retreat. He was a mild old man, and he drew a monthly stipend from the Government of Pêrak. He did not wish to place this in jeopardy, and he knew that the while men entertained prejudices against bloodshed and homicide, even if the person slain was a wizard or the son of a wizard. He therefore decided in favour of retreat.

As they were climbing down the stair-ladder, Mat Tahir, one of the Pĕnghûlu's men, plucked him by the sleeve and pointed to a spot beneath the house. Just below the place in the inner apartment where Haji Ali might be supposed to be lying stretched upon the mat of sickness, the ground was stained a dull red colour for a space of several inches in circumference. The floors of Malayan houses are made of laths of bamboo laid parallel one to another al regular intervals and lashed together with rattan. The interstices thus formed are convenient, as the slovenly Malays are thereby enabled to use the whole of the ground beneath the house as a slop-pail, waste-basket. and rubbish-heap. The red stain, situated where it was, had the appearance of blood—blood, moreover, from some one within the house whose wound had been recently washed and dressed. It might equally, of course, have been the rinsings of a spittoon reddened by the expectorated juice of the betel nut, but its stains are rarely seen in such


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CHAP. VIII.

well-known accents of Father Bertrand recalled the fainting spirits of Madeline; never were sounds before so delightful to her ear. She uncovered her face, started up, and exclaimed, "Gracious Heaven! is it possible! do I really behold Father Bertrand!"


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 "My dear young lady (said the good old man, with his usual mildness), what is the matter;—is our beloved benefactress worse?"

"No, I trust and believe not (replied Madeline); her sleep has been long and tranquil."

"If she is not worse then—if you did not come to call me to her, what could have brought you to the hall?"

Madeline, as briefly as possible, informed him; and in doing so, notwithstanding she wished to conceal it, in order to avoid the imputation of folly, betrayed the fright he had given her.

The good father was too well acquainted with human nature not to know, that the present hour was an improper one for reasoning with her against the weakness which exposed her to it. He determined, however, from a wish of promoting the happiness of a young creature, which he knew nothing


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 large patches. Whatever the origin of the stain the Pĕnghûlu and his people were afforded no opportunity of examining it more closely, for Abdulrahman and Abas, truculent to the last, followed them out.

of the compound and barred the gate against them. Then the Pĕnghûlu, taking a couple of his people with him, set off on foot for Tanjong Mâlim in the neighbouring district of Bĕrnam, where lived the white man under whose administrative charge the Slim valley had been placed. He went with many misgivings, for he had had some experience of the easy scepticism of white folk; and when he returned, more or less dissatisfied some days later, he learned that Haji Ali and his sons had disappeared. They had fled down river on a dark night, without a soul being made aware of their intended departure. They had not stayed to reap their crop, which even then was ripening in the fields; to dispose of their house and compound, upon which they had expended, not only labour, but "dollars of the whitest," as the Malay phrase has it; not even to collect their debts, which chanced to be rather numerous. This was the fact which struck the white district officer as by far the most improbable incident of any connected with the strange story of the were-tiger of Slim, and for the moment it seemed to hint to admit of only one explanation. Haji Ali and his sons had been the victims of foul play. They had been quietly done to death by the simple villagers of Slim, and a cock-and-bull story had been trumped up to account for their disappearance.


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 would so materially injure as superstition, to take another opportunity of admonishing her against it.

He informed her, that his continuing the night in the Castle was owing to the express desire of the Countess; "but instead of going to bed (proceeded he), I procured the key of the library, well knowing, from the violence of the storm, that I could not sleep." He sighed as he spoke, and his eyes were involuntarily raised to Heaven.

Madeline looked at him with pity and reverence.

"Poor Caroline (said she to herself) is now present to his thoughts; Oh! what must have been his excruciating anguish at the time of her death, when even now, though so many years have passed since that event, his regret is so poignant."


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Table of Contents


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 The white man would probably still be holding fast to this theory, were it not that Haji Ali and his sons happened to turn up in quite another part of the Peninsula a few months later. They had nothing out of the way about them to mark them from their fellows, except that Haji Ali limped badly with his right leg.


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 "Never (cried she, addressing him), never again may I hear a storm so tremendous! I fear we shall have melancholy accounts tomorrow of the mischief it has done."

"I hope not (replied the Father); he, whose mighty spirit walks upon the careering winds, will, I humbly trust, prevent their fury from being destructive."

Madeline now enquired whether he heard the noise which had so much alarmed her and her companions. He replied in the affirmative, but said it had come from the gallery instead of the hall, and that he would now go up, and try to discover the cause of it, accompanied by Madeline. He accordingly ascended, and they soon discovered that it had been occasioned by the fall of the Countess's picture.

"Do you now, my child (said the Father), retire, and try to take some repose; for your spirits have been much agitated. I rejoice to hear that the rest of our noble friend has


text: The Commonweal/Volume 1/Number 1/Lessons in Socialism


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 PLATE I

BULAN

Ox-Eye or Big-eyed Herring.

(Megalops cyprimoides)


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 been so good; 'tis a favourable symptom; may the morning light witness the realization of the hopes it has inspired!"

"Heaven grant it may!" fervently rejoined Madeline. She then bade the good man farewell, and begged he would, on descending to the hall, try whether the light she had dropped was extinguished.

The moment she re-entered the dressing-room, Agatha and Floretta eagerly enquired if they were right in their conjectures. She assured them they were not, and then informed them of the cause of their alarm.—This excited little less consternation than if she had told them the armour was fallen;—so prone is superstition to dress up every circumstance in the garb of terror.

The dawn was now peeping through the shutters; the lights were therefore put out, and Agatha and Floretta then again began to slumber before the fire. They were soon, however, disturbed by a sudden gust of wind,


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 PLATE II

BẼLIDA

Feather-back.

(Notopterus notopterus).


text: Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices (3d ed. 2014)


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 PLATE III

PARANG-PARANG

The Dorab.

(Chirocentrus dorab).


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 PLATE IV

SĔLANGAT

Hairback or Gizzard Shad

(Dorosoma nasus).


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 PLATE V

TĔRUBOK KORIN

The Hilsa

(Clupea (Alosa) sp.)


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 PLATE VI

TAMBAN PANJANG

"Sardine"

(Chlupea sp.)


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 which came with such violence against the doors, as almost to burst them open.

"Heaven defend us! (said Agatha), the storm grows worse, instead of better."

"Hark (cried Madeline, with a wild expression in her countenance, and laying her hand upon the arm of Agatha)—Hark!—there surely was a groan mingled in that blast."

"No, Mam'selle (said Agatha), 'tis only the howling of the wind."

"Again! (exclaimed Madeline);—Oh Heavens! (starting from her chair) 'tis the voice of the Countess!"

She rushed into the chamber, followed by her companions. The curtains of the bed were hastily drawn back, and the Countess was discovered in a fit: a scream of mingled terror and anguish burst from Madeline, and sinking on her knees, she clasped the nerveless hands of her friend between her's.


text: Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices (3d ed. 2014)/Introduction


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 PLATE VII

TAPAH

River Cat-fish.

(Wallago sp.)


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 PLATE VIII

BĕGAHAK or LAIS

River Cat-fish

(Belodontichthys dinema)


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 PLATE IX

JAHAN

Sea Cat-fish.

(Arius sp.)


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 PLATE X

KĔLAH

Carp.

(Barbus sp.)


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Rh water-colour work, for when a wash of pigment is passed over it, the colouring matter and the water partially separate, while the outline of the brush-stroke is not preserved. Before entering further into the question of what are the essential and what the accidental and unnecessary constituents of paper, I give the summarized results of six analyses, which show the percentage proportions found in good samples :

Water.— It should be noted that the percentages of water shown in these analyses vary considerably by reason of variations in the humidity, temperature, and pressure of the atmosphere to which the different papers had been exposed just before the analyses were made. There are, however, slight permanent peculiarities in samples made from different fibres or sized in different ways; in consequence the moisture-absorbing and moisture-retaining properties of different papers are not precisely identical under identical atmospheric conditions. This hygroscopic moisture does, indeed, vary inversely with the temperature, and directly with the amount of water-vapour in the air; it is increased also by an increased barometric pressure. There is no doubt that if it could be wholly excluded, the larger number of changes which occur in the pigments of a water-colour drawing would be prevented. It is most injuriously active when a framed drawing is exposed to considerable


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 Agatha and Floretta used every effort to recover their lady, and at length succeeded. On opening her eyes, she turned them round with a wild stare, as if forgetting where she was, or by whom surrounded. Her recollection, however, appeared soon to return; her eyes suddenly lost their wildness, and were raised for some minutes to Heaven.—She then looked at Madeline, and spoke, but what she said was unintelligible: she seemed sensible of this herself, by mournfully shaking her head. Gently disengaging one hand from Madeline, she pointed it towards the door, looking earnestly in her face as she did so, as if to say, she wished her to bring some person to her.

"Father Bertrand!" cried Madeline, starting up.

A faint smile from the Countess was an affirmative; and she was flying from the chamber, when she was suddenly stopped by a deep groan.


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 "Has she relapsed?" cried she with a trembling voice, and a despairing look, again advancing to the bed.

"Never to recover, I fear," said Agatha, bursting into tears.

Tis too true! (cried Floretta), she is gone for ever."

Madeline grew sick; she could not weep; she could not speak; she could scarcely breathe; her sight grew dim; her head grew giddy; and the objects that she could discern seemed swimming before her. The grief and consternation of her companions prevented them from noticing her, till they saw her catching at a bed-post for support.—They then directly hastened to her assistance, and supporting her to a chair, opened a window. The keenness of the morning air, together with the water they sprinkled on her face, somewhat revived her, and a shower of tears came to her relief.


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 Agatha, whom her death-like coldness, and ghastly paleness greatly alarmed, would have led her from the room, but she resisted the effort, and tottering to the bed, threw herself upon it, and bedewed the pale face of her dear, her invaluable benefactress with tears of unutterable, of heart-felt anguish. Agatha now desired Floretta to ring a large bell, which hung in the gallery. This in a few minutes collected all the servants, and they came crowding into the room, preceded by Father Bertrand, and apprised by the sudden alarm of the melancholy event which had happened.

Few scenes could have been more distressing than that now exhibited by the old domestics, as they wept round the bed of their beloved lady, under whose protection they had passed the prime, and trusted to have closed the evening, of their days.

"Oh my friends and fellow-servants! (cried Agatha, whom grief made eloquent), our


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 happiness in this world is gone for ever;—but 'tis a comfort to think, that, from the common course of nature, none of us can expect much longer to continue in it."

"My friends (said Father Bertrand, collecting all his spirits to his aid, and wiping away the tear which had bedewed his pale cheek), my friends (looking round him with the most benign compassion), moderate those transports of grief, by patiently acquiescing in the will of the Almighty; endeavour to deserve a continuance of some of his blessings.

"Peace (continued he, advancing to the foot of the bed, and kneeling before it, while his arms folded upon his breast, and his head gently reclined, seemed to denote that submission to the divine will which he preached to others), peace to the soul of the departed; and may we all, like her, be prepared for our latter end!"

"Let all (cried Agatha, as he rose from his knees) whose services are not required, now retire from the room."


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 Father Bertrand approached Madeline, who still lay, with her face covered, upon the bed; he took her hand, and entreated her to rise, but she had neither power to refuse nor to obey. Perceiving her situation, he ordered her to be taken up, and carried into the next room; he was shocked beyond expression at the alteration which grief had effected in her appearance; her cheek and lips had lost all tinge of colour, and her eyes appeared too dim for her to distinguish any object.

Restoratives were administered to her, and by degrees the tears, which extreme agony had suspended, again began flowing, and somewhat relieved her.

Father Bertrand sat by her in silence; he knew the tribute of affection and sorrow must be paid, nor did he attempt to check it, till the first transports of the latter, by indulgence, were a little abated. He then addressed her in the mildest accents of consolation:—


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 "Oh! my daughter (he said), let the assurance of the felicity to which the spirit of your friend has departed, comfort you for her loss; life at best is but a state of pilgrimage. God, no doubt, to prevent our too great attachment to a state which we must resign, has chequered it with good and evil, so that few, after any long continuance in it, can, if possessed of reason and religion, regret a summons from it. To the Countess it was a happy release; her virtues had prepared her to meet it with fortitude, and her sorrows with pleasure; she knew she was about appearing before a merciful Being, who would reward the patience with which she bore those sorrows—sorrows that corroded the springs of life: so far am I permitted to say, in order to try and reconcile you to her loss, but the source of them I am bound to conceal. Endeavour (he proceeded) to compose yourself; Madame D'Alembert may soon be expected, and it will be some little comfort to the poor mourner to receive your soothing at-


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 tentions. I am now compelled to retire to the convent, but at the close of day I shall return with some of my brother monks to say mass for the soul of the departed. farewell! (rising as he spoke) may the blessing of heaven rest upon you, and peace soon revisit your heart!"

He had scarcely left the room ere Agatha entered it. "Had you not better lay down Mam'selle (said she, in a voice broken by sobs); for my part I can hold up no longer; as soon as I have given orders about what is to be done I shall go to bed, and I little care if I never rise from it." The melancholy accent in which these words were pronounced, redoubled the tears of Madeline.

"We have lost indeed (cried she) the kindest, the best of friends; never can we expect again to meet with one like her."

The door now softly opened, and Floretta made her appearance; she came with a message of condolence from the physician, who had just arrived, to Madeline, and a request to know whether he could in any manner be serviceable to her.


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 "No (replied Madeline, mournfully) he cannot."

"The Notary has accompanied him (resumed Floretta) and he desired me to tell you that had he imagined the Countess so near her end, he would, notwithstanding the weather, have come hither yesterday."

"Alack—(cried Agatha) I grieve he did not; my Lady's kind intentions towards you will never now be fulfilled."

The idea of their being frustrated could not, in the present state of Madeline's mind, excite one sigh. Pale, faint, exhausted, she at last complied with the request of Agatha, and retiring to her chamber, threw herself upon the bed; but not even for an instant did sleep shed oblivion over her sorrows; she found the words of the Poet true, that


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 Rather fatigued than refreshed by laying down, she arose in about an hour, and opening a window, seated herself by it; for there was a faintness over her which she thought the air might remove. The heaviness of the sky was now dispersed; the sun looked out with refulgent glory, and the winds, whose fury had scattered the lawn with shattered boughs of trees and fragments from the chateau, were hushed into a calm; the trees, still surcharged with rain, displayed a brighter green, "and glittering as they trembled, cheered the day;" while the birds that sprung from amidst them, poured forth the softest notes of melody; but not that melody, not the blessed beams of the sun which it seemed to hail, could touch the sad heart of Madeline with pleasure.

"Ah! (she cried) after such a night as the last, how soon on the morning would my dear benefactress, if she had been spared to us, have gone forth to enquire what mischief was done, and give orders for repairing


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 it! Oh! ye children of poverty and distress—ye, like the unhappy Madeline, have lost a mother."

Madeline knew not the strength or tenderness of her attachment to the Countess till she was deprived of her; in losing her, she lost all hope of comfort; for to none, as to her, could she impart the fears, the wishes, the expectations, which had so long, and still at times, agitated her heart; and which, by being concealed, she knew would fatally corrode its peace. Yet not for the tenderness which had poured balm upon its sorrows, not for the counsel which had regulated its impulses, not for the wisdom which had guarded its inexperience, did she lament alone; exclusive of all consideration for herself she bitterly wept the death of her benefactress, and imagined, was she but alive again, her own tranquillity would in some degree be restored, though the next moment she should be transported to an immeasurable distance from her.


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 The circumstances which occasioned her death, heightened the grief of Madeline for it, and the flattering hopes she had conceived of her amendment, from her uninterrupted rest, also aggravated her feelings.

She continued alone a considerable time; at length Agatha entered with some coffee. "I see Mam'selle, (cried she) that like me you could not rest; I might indeed as well have staid up as gone to bed."

"No, (said Madeline, looking mournfully in her face) I could not rest."

"Pray Mam'selle, (cried Agatha, as she laid the coffee on a little table before her) pray Mam'selle, do not take on so badly; though you have lost a good friend, you have still a kind father to love and to protect you; not like me, who in losing my lady, have lost my only friend. Ah, Mam'selle! (dropping into a chair opposite Madeline) 'tis a grievous thing for a poor old soul like me, to be neglected and forlorn."


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 "You will never be deserted or forlorn, I trust, and believe (cried Madeline); the noble daughter of your dear departed lady will never, I am convinced, desert any one that she loved."

"She is a noble lady, indeed (said Agatha) but——"

"But what?" eagerly interrogated Madeline, on her suddenly pausing.

"Nothing, Mam'selle, (replied Agatha, sighing; then as if to change the discourse) do pray, Mam'selle (she continued) try and eat some breakfast; indeed, if you do not take more care of yourself, than you at present seem inclined to do, you will probably bring on a fit of sickness; and what a grievous thing would it be for my poor young lady on arriving, to find, not only her mother dead, but you unable to give her any comfort."

"Alas! (said Madeline) whether well or ill, I fear I shall be equally unable to give her comfort."—Agatha again pressed her to


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] This summer being long, and dry, I have had some difficulty in providing him with his necessary food. One day I placed him in a large hole at the bottom of the garden, where I collected the sweepings and rubbish, and he literally became a "toad-in-a-hole." This was some fifty yards from the house, and I left him to shift for himself amongst the insect life of the rubbish. I afterwards sought him to covey him back to his old neighbourhood around the house, but he was nowhere to be found, and this time I gave him up for lost. Four days after, what was my surprise, whilst seated at supper, to see Toady come tumbling heels over head down the step into the room, on a visit to his old friends? The most remarkable feature in this last freak is, the circuitous route he must have taken before he arrived, and the obstacles he must have encountered in his way. Certainly this little creature has not been endowed by nature with the most fascinating exterior, but he has, in compensation, received a beautifully brilliant eye, thoughtful, calculating, and full of power. I think that, were he better known, he would be less despised, and instead of "familiarity breeds contempt," we should have to write, "know me, and love me;" or, if not, we should be less prejudiced, and give him credit for his merits. E. D.

,—The writer has a pet starling (Sturnus vulgaris), a short account of whose tameness, &c., may interest, perhaps, some of your readers. Our pet—whose adopted name is Brilliant—is a bird of great observation and intelligence, but, like many persons of talent and genius, has a temper peculiarly his own. We have accustomed our feathered favourite to be placed at the breakfast table, &c., at which time, in addition to his regular diet of meat, bread, and seeds, he is given a spoonful or two of milk, and other suitable food; these he is much pleased with, and shows his approval of, by a merry song or cheerful whistle, and utters "Meat, meat, good, good," and often will he call out "More, more," "Piggy," "Yes, yes," and many words of one syllable, &c. Brilliant is quite a practical entomologist; for he delights in examining insects, and pays particular attention to all moths, flies, and spiders brought under his notice, and they soon disappear after being placed within his reach. Brilliant shows a great dislike to beggars and persons poorly dressed, and when they approach the house he utters a harsh repeated note, calling out "Tramp, tramp, tramp," and shows other signs of extreme indignation; neither does he agree with Exeter Hall proclivity, or abolition principles, for he cannot bear the sight of a negro, and when he has seen one (which has been the case several times) he goes to the extremity of the cage, and makes a sound that can only be compared to a hiss. To any member of the family this bird is very tame and affectionate, and delights to see us all assembled together, and to listen to a lively conversation, and also always joins in the talk. The appearance of the baker, grocer, and butcher is an occasion of great pleasure, for then he expresses "Good, good," "Come, come." When let out of the cage (in a suitable room) Brilliant generally examines every article in the room, and takes great interest in the mirror, standing before it for some minutes, viewing his reflection in the glass, and perhaps reflecting on his aërial dignity, calling out at the same time, "Oh," "Old boy," &c. After satisfying his curiosity he will alight on the heads of all present, if not strangers, and then return satisfied to his cage and begin a cheerful tune.

Of course a bird with these acquired qualities soon becomes a "pet" with those fond of the feathered tribe. This is but one of the many instances that give evidence that birds and other animals may, by attention and kind treatment, become very docile and most affectionate. Kindness to the mute creation is an attitude of a noble nature, while brutality towards them shows a selfish and cowardly disposition. If we really worship Almighty God, let us be humane to all His creatures.—Yours truly, W. E. W.

.—In Norway the golden eagle is common, and, with the sea eagle, is so numerous, that from a statistical account of the sums paid each year by the Government for the destruction of beasts and birds of prey, it appears that, in the give years ending December, 1850, there were paid for, altogether, no less than 10,715 eagles! The Sutherlandshire expedition of naturalists mention the number of eagles that had been paid for between March, 1831, and March, 1834, to have been 171, besides 53 nestlings or eggs. * * In the south-west of that country a clever gamekeeper trapped 15 eagles in three months of 1817, and about as many in the winter of 1850-1, almost all of them being mountain eagles.—Ootheca Wolleyana.


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 PLATE LXXII

YU, PARI, MALONG, DURI.

Photo taken at Clyde Terrace Market Singapore


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 take some breakfast, but grief had destroyed all inclination for doing so, and the housekeeper soon left her to her melancholy meditations.—At the usual dinner hour they were again interrupted by the re-entrance of Agatha, who came to entreat her to descend to the dinner parlour. "Do, pray do, dear Mam'selle (she said); if you eat nothing, it will even do you good to stir a little."

Madeline had felt so forlorn whilst by herself, that she did not refuse this entreaty, and accordingly went down stairs; but when she entered the parlour—that parlour where she had first been welcomed to the chateau—where she had been embraced as the adopted child of the Countess—where she had passed with her so many happy hours, the composure she tried to assume vanished; she involuntarily started back, and bursting into tears, would have returned to her chamber, had not Agatha prevented her; the pathetic entreaties of the faithful creature at length


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 prevailed on Madeline to sit down to the table, where she also insisted on Agatha's seating herself; but she could not eat—she could only weep.

The sorrowful looks of the servants—the solemn stillness which reigned throughout the chateau, so different from its former cheerfulness, augmented her tears. Agatha judged of Madeline by herself, and thinking those tears would be a relief to her overcharged heart, she did not attempt to stop them. They sat together till the close of day, when Agatha entreated her to retire to her chamber, and try and take that rest which she had been so long deprived of, and so materially wanted.

Madeline was convinced she could not sleep; but she did not hesitate to return to her chamber, at the door of which Agatha left her. Scarcely had she entered it, ere she resolved on going to her benefactress's, and indulging her sorrow by weeping over


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 PLATE LXXI

KĔRAPU, KURAU, MERAH, TĔNGGIRI, TALANG, PARANG.

Photo taken at Clyde Terrace Market Singapore


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 her remains. She accordingly proceeded thither; but when she reached the door, she paused, and shuddered at the solemn scene before her.

The chamber was hung with black, and a black velvet pall was thrown across the bed, which formed a melancholy contrast to the rich crimson curtains. Before the bed several rows of large wax tapers burned, and cast a gleam upon the face of the Countess that increased its ghastliness. Awe-struck, Madeline wanted resolution to enter; and it might perhaps have been many minutes ere she could have summoned sufficient for that purpose, had she not beheld Agatha and Floretta sitting in a remote corner of the room. She then, with light and trembling steps, approached the bed. The moment she cast her eyes upon the inanimate features of her friend, the composure, which sudden awe had inspired, gave way to her affliction.

"Is she gone? (she cried, looking round her with an eye of wildness, as if forgetting


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 PLATE LXX

PARI BĔTING

Sting-Ray.

(Trygon uarnak).


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 the scene of the morning—as if doubting the reality of what she saw); Oh! too surely—too surely she is (she continued, wringing her hands together); and who, in this wide world, can supply her loss to Madeline? Oh, most excellent of women! (kneeling beside the bed, while tears streamed in torrents down her cheeks); Thou—friend to the friendless—'tis now I feel the full extremity of grief; the sorrow, which I so lately deemed excruciating, seems light, seems trivial, in comparison of that which I now feel. Had you died (she went on, after a momentary pause, and as if the dull cold ear of death could have heard her pathetic lamentations), had you died according to the common course of nature, though my loss would have been equally great, my grief, I think, would not have been so poignant. To die by such horrible means (she added, with a kind of scream in her voice, and starting up as if she saw that very moment the poignard of the assassin pointed at her own breast); to die by such horrible means, is what overpowers


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 me. Oh why—why did I not follow you the fatal night you went to the chapel?"

"Dear Mam'selle (said Agatha, rising and approaching her), try to compose yourself; no grief, no lamentations can recall my blessed lady."

"Oh! Agatha (cried Madeline), 'tis not a common friend; 'tis a mother I lament;—she was the only person from whom I ever experienced the tenderness of one. Do you not wonder (she continued, grasping the arm of Agatha) how any one could be so wicked as to injure such a woman—a woman who never, I am confident, in the whole course of her life, injured a mortal; whose hand was as liberal as her heart, and whose pity relieved, even when her reason condemned the sufferer? Would you not have thought, Agatha (again bending o'er the bed, from which she had a little retreated) that the innocence of that countenance might have disarmed the rage of a savage? What a smile is there still upon it; it seems to declare the happi-


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 PLATE LXIX

YU KĔMĔJAN

Beaked-Ray.

(Rhynchobatus djeddensis).


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 ness which is enjoyed by the spirit that once animated it!"

"My dear young lady (said Agatha, in a low voice), recollect yourself;—remember the promise you gave my lady in the chapel, never to mention or allude, by any means whatsoever, to the transaction that happened there."

"I thank you, Agatha (cried Madeline), for awakening me to recollection; never should I have forgiven myself, had I broken my promise. I will in future endeavour to have more command over my feelings." She still, however, remained by the bed, holding the arm of Agatha.

"And to this cold, this ghastly, this inanimate state, must we all, one day come!" she cried.

"Yes (replied a hollow voice behind her, the voice of Father Bertrand, who, unperceived, had entered some minutes before, accompanied by some of his brother monks, for the purpose of saying mass for the soul of the departed); the crime of disobedience has


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 doomed us to that state, and the paths of fame and fortune lead but to the coffin and the grave."

He now proceeded to inform Madeline of the purpose for which he had entered.

"If (cried he) you think you can, without interrupting, attend to our solemn rites, and join in our orisons, remain; if not, retire to your chamber."

"I do think I can (replied Madeline); I also think, that, by staying, my mind will be composed."

Some of the most ancient of the domestics now entered, and the sacred service was begun, and ere concluded, the turbulence of Madeline's grief was abated: when over, Father Bertrand, who was tenderly interested about her, insisted on her retiring to her chamber, and gave her his benediction as she withdrew.


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10 ranges of temperature. Under these conditions the moisture of the paper is first partly turned into vapour, then condensed on the glass, and, lastly, is re-absorbed by the paper, and, for a time, especially by the pigments lying on its surface. This temporary condensation of an excess of moisture upon the coloured surface does much injury before hygroscopic equilibrium is once more re-established. Much less harm would accrue were the vapourized water allowed to escape.

Size.—The size must be considered next. It may be applied to the pulp or to the sheet, and may consist of gelatine with a little alum, of colophony or rosin dissolved in soda-lye, followed by treatment with alum or alum-cake. Sometimes starch is used along with alum or alum-cake. From good drawing-papers, which are sized in the sheet with animal size, the greater part of the size may be extracted by means of boiling distilled water, the solution being usually neutral or faintly acid, sometimes faintly alkaline, to test-papers. Gelatine and starch, to the extent of about 5 per cent, of the weight of the paper, are the safest sizing materials.

Ash.—The ash or mineral matter in paper may be derived from three sources, namely, traces of the original mineral substances taken up by the flax plant from the soil, and still remaining associated with the felted pulp; the mineral matters, such as soda and alum, introduced with the size; and, lastly, the mineral compounds used to whiten, to weight, or to finish the paper, or in bleaching the fibre and as 'antichlors.' In common and adulterated papers the ash greatly exceeds i per cent., twelve parts per hundred of paper being no unusual proportion. This 'filling' may contain or consist of the following substances: kaolin or china-clay, silicate of lime or 'pearl-hardening,' chalk or


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 Overcome by fatigue, both of body and mind, she repaired to bed; but the sleep into which she sunk was broken and disturbed by frightful visions, and she arose pale and unrefreshed, at the first dawn of day, to seek some of her fellow-partners in affliction. To describe her feelings this day would be but to recapitulate those of the preceding one. They were now, as they were then, alternately perturbed, alternately calm; and Father Bertrand, whose sympathy and counsel alone caused that calm, was convinced time only could restore them to their wonted state. She this day performed the painful task of acquainting her father with the melancholy loss they had sustained, which she did as follows:—

"WHERE shall I find words to soften the melancholy tidings I have to communicate. Oh! my father, vainly would I try for expressions to do so; no language, no prepa-


text: User:Dave314159/Text Sandbox

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 ration I could use would mitigate them to you; but what I find it impossible to do, your own reason and religion will, I trust, perform.

"Heaven has been pleased to recall our estimable friend, my dear and lamented benefactress, to itself. The dawn of yesterday saw the seal of death impressed upon those eyes which scarcely ever opened but to cheer her family, or witness some good deeds of her own performing. So short was her illness, so unexpected her dissolution, that I feel myself at times quite bewildered by the shock, and tempted to think, that what has lately happened is but the dream of my own disordered imagination.

"Is she dead? I repeatedly ask myself;—the Countess de Merville dead? she whom but a few days ago I beheld so apparently well and happy? Alas! the gloom of every surrounding object gives a fatal affirmative to those self-questions.

"I wander to her favourite apartments, as if to seek for her, who never more will


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Rh whitening, lead-white, baryta white or 'white dressing,' artificial gypsum or 'satin-dressing,' and a mixture of aluminium hydrate with magnesium carbonate or with calcium carbonate, known as 'satin-finish' or 'satin-white.' Other substances which increase the amount of ash left when a paper is burnt are blue colouring matters, introduced to counteract the natural yellow tint of the pulp. These include artificial ultramarine, smalt or cobalt blue, and Prussian blue.

Fibre.—What is put down as fibre in the analyses of paper previously cited, is a substance, or group of substances, to which the name of cellulose is given by chemists. Cellulose consists of the three elements—carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; it is, when pure, entirely combustible, leaving no ash.

The source of this cellulose is by no means without influence on the durability, strength, and working quality of drawing-paper. The fibres of linen and of cotton present distinct differences of form and resistance to strain. When working on a paper with a knife so as to develop high lights, the water-colour painter soon discovers the weakness and fluffiness of abraded cotton, while the clear-cut surfaces of linen are equally obvious. Even in washing and in taking out lights from a drawing by sponging and rubbing, the superiority of linen-paper to cotton-paper is very marked; in fact, papers into which a high proportion of the latter fibre enters will not stand much worrying. The other fibrous materials commonly forming the basis of ordinary papers are, on one score or another, less desirable than cotton. Nearly all of them require, in order to fit them for paper-making, a very drastic treatment, which is liable to leave behind it traces of injurious chemicals, or to yield altered material of lessened strength and permanence.


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12 Wood-pulp, esparto, and straw-pulp belong to this category.

Paper-making.—The technology of paper-making cannot be discussed here, but a few references to the chemicals employed in the process of manufacture may be usefully given at this point. Amongst these chemical substances, one or more of which will have been introduced into the fibrous basis of the paper or into the size may be named: caustic soda and caustic lime; chloride of lime, magnesium hypochlorite, moist chlorine gas, and sulphuric acid; alum, aluminium chloride, and aluminium sulphate; sodium sulphite; gelatin. Of course, it is possible to cleanse and bleach the higher class of rags without having recourse to any chemical treatment, but the 'souring' with sulphuric acid and the employment of some soda or sodium carbonate to remove grease are usual; while there is always a salt of aluminium present in the size. Indeed, in the best and purest drawing-papers, the alum, or its equivalent, is the one ingredient upon which the chemist interested in painting will look with suspicion. But the subject of the presence of chemicals, injurious or innocuous, in the finished product of the paper-mill may be relegated to the following paragraphs.

Paper-testing.—The simplest test of the suitability of any sample of drawing-paper for water-colour work consists in applying to its surface uniform and weak washes of a chosen set of sensitive pigments. A sound standard paper is taken for comparison ; this may be ' Whatman,' but it should be first swilled in cold distilled water for five minutes, and then hung up to dry. In applying this test, a strip of the sample to be tested and one of the standard paper should be laid side by side, and then the several colour washes, made with distilled water, carried


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 LIST OF PLATES.


text: Talk:Canzoniere 164

title: Talk:Canzoniere 164