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 them rose a wood of solemn verdure, which reached half way up the ascent; the rest of the mountain was rocky and bare of vegetation. The beauty and sweetness of the shrubs; the lovely prospect it commanded of the lake and skirting woods, and the solemn shadows cast upon it by the trees above, rendered the grotto a delightful place for retirement.

From this cavity, through an irregular but not inelegant arch, formed by a chasm in the rock, was an entrance into another, in the centre of which a deep and spacious bath had been contrived many years back, which was constantly supplied by the cold limpid streams of the mountain; this bath, like the grotto, received its only light from apertures in the roof, from whence wild shrubs hung in fantastic wreaths; and about it were smaller caves that answered the pur-


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 pose of little dressing-rooms; but those caves, the bath, and grotto, had been long neglected: for since the death of the Count, who had constantly resorted to them for health and pleasure, the Countess had never been able to bear the idea of approaching them. Her desertion confirmed the superstitious stories, which had long been in circulation amongst the servants and peasantry, of their being haunted by some of the former inhabitants of the chateau; nor would one of them venture near the mountain after sun-set, for almost any consideration.

Hither, as I have already said, Madeline now wandered, almost without knowing whither she was going; but when she found herself at the grotto, feeling a little fatigued, she sat down upon a moss covered stone at its entrance: the present scene was perfectly adapted to her feelings, and like the poet she might have said,

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The grotto behind her was now involved in utter darkness, and the lake, which lay before her, tinctured with the gloom of closing day, appeared black and dismal; except where it reflected one of the beautifully chequered clouds of evening, or the scattered stars that alternately glittered and disappeared: as if unwilling to disturb the silence of the hour, it stole with gentle undulations to its green banks; and no sounds, but those of its soft murmurs, the melancholy rippling of the water within the grotto, and now and then a hoarse scream from a wild-fowl on the lake, could be distinguished.

The thoughts of Madeline were therefore not interrupted; and fancy again represented de Sevignie rambling about the gloomy heights, whose outlines she could just discover: She shuddered at the idea of


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 the dangers to which such conduct exposed him.

"Oh, de Sevignie! (she cried aloud, speaking in the agitation of her soul, ) would to Heaven we had never met, since by meeting, we have only become sources of wretchedness to each other; painful as is our separation, that pain to me would be mitigated, did I know you were in any degree happy; but while I imagine you miserable, peace must continue a stranger to my breast."

She paused, for at this instant a deep sigh, from the innermost recesses of the grotto, pierced her ear, and made her start with terror from her seat. Though she had early been taught to contemn the weakness which gives rise to superstition; and, though in the hour of composure she derided it, yet there were moments when her spirits were exhausted, such a moment as the present, in which it found admission to her breast.


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 Every fearful story, which she had heard of the grotto and other caves of the mountain, now recurred to her memory, and she almost feared the spectres they described would start to her view; for of a human creature being in the grotto at an hour of darkness, such as the present, she had not an idea, from the dread she knew entertained of it. She was hastening away as fast as her trembling limbs could carry her, when the sound of an approaching step took from her all power of motion, and she sunk to the earth in an agony of fear; almost instantly, however, she was snatched from it, while a voice to which her heart vibrated, the soft the tremulous voice of de Sevignie, assured her of her safely.

"Madeline! (he exclaimed, while he prest her to his throbbing heart) my Madeline! can you forgive the terror I involuntary caused you."

"Good heaven! (said Madeline, raising her head from his shoulder) do I really behold, (as if doubting the evidence of her


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 ears, and eyes, ) do I really behold de Sevignie,—why (she continued) why, for what purpose did you come hither."

"Ah, Madeline! (he said) cannot your own heart inform you; have you no idea of the sympathy which drew me hither, to wander round the mansion you inhabit; to indulge my feelings by treading, or fancying I trod, in the paths you frequented. Oh, Madeline! what to happiness would be trifles, are to sorrow and despair matters of importance."

While he spoke, the tremors of Madeline had somewhat subsided; but emotions different from those of fear, though not less painful, still agitated her mind; emotions which delicacy, dissatisfied with itself, had given rise to; she did not desire, nor ever had attempted to conceal her friendship for de Sevignie, but situated as they were, she did not wish him by any means to know, it was of so fervent a nature as her expressions in the grotto must have implied; and


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 overwhelmed with confusion at the idea of them, she endeavoured, as soon as she could move, to disengage herself from his arms, in order to return home.

"Against your inclination I will not detain you, (said he) and yet (contradicting his words by still holding her to his breast) to part with you so soon, at such a moment as this, is almost more than I can bear; oh Madeline! to affect ignorance of what you said in the grotto, would be to betray insensibility; I have heard you (he continued, with a voice of rapture) I have heard you in accents which pity might acknowledge her's, pronounce my name. Think then, Madeline, and excuse my doing so, whether at a moment which has given me the sweet assurance of being sometimes thought of, sometimes pitied by you, I can without the utmost reluctance let you depart immediately."

"You have heard me, de Sevignie (cried Madeline, trying to speak in a collected


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 voice,) but on your honour, on your delicacy I rest, to bury in oblivion what you heard."

"In my heart eternally," said de Sevignie.

"You must promise to forget it, (proceeded Madeline) that I may try to be reconciled to myself."

"Forget! (repeated de Sevignie) no Madeline, never will I give a promise which my heart protests against fulfilling; the memory of what I have heard I will cherish; I will treasure, as all that can give pleasure to my existence; in all my wanderings, amidst all my cares, I will recur to it for comfort and support; for never can I feel quite forlorn, never utterly miserable, while I imagine I am regarded, I am thought of by you."

Madeline sighed, and averted her eyes from his, in order to conceal the feelings his language excited. Reason opposed a longer continuance with him, by convincing her a lengthened conversation would only add to


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 her subsequent anguish when they parted: but her heart recoiled from the idea of quitting him so soon, so abruptly, when perhaps they might never meet again; she wished too, to stay a few minutes longer, to caution him against the dangers which his wild and solitary rambles exposed him to.

For this purpose, after a little irresolution, she ceased to make an effort to leave him, and opened her lips but her voice faltered; and she felt that she could not express her apprehensions for his safety, without betraying the tender interest she took in it. Suddenly, therefore, she broke from him and moved on.

For a minute he stood transfixed to the spot where she had left him; then starting, he exclaimed thus, "thus, do I ever find my happiness transient! oh, how exquisite was that, which but a few moments ago pervaded my soul at the idea of your pity;—a pity, which your abrupt departure convinces


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 me you either wish to disavow or suppress."

"Alas! (cried Madeline, involuntarily pausing, and turning to him) of what avail would be my pity."

"Oh, it would sooth my cares; it would assuage my sorrows: Repeat, then, my Madeline, repeat the sweet assurance of it, and spare a few minutes longer to wretchedness and me."

"No, (said Madeline, who ashamed of her past weakness resolved to give no farther proof of it, ) it grows late, and I must quit this place; to continue much longer here, would, I am convinced, occasion a search after me, and consequently might subject me to the reproach of carrying on clandestine proceedings."

"Go, then, Madam! (exclaimed de Sevignie, in passionate accents) go, Madam! obey the rigid rules of propriety, and disregard my sufferings; sufferings, which you yourself have caused. Yes, Madeline, 'tis on your account my youth is


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 "How fare you, Benjamin?" shouted Richard from the shore.

"The dumb devil can't swim a stroke!" exclaimed Kirby, rising, and beginning to throw aside his clothes.

"Paddle up, Mohegan," cried young Edwards, "where the light will show us how he lies, and let me dive for the body."

"Oh! save him! for God's sake, save him!" exclaimed Elizabeth, bowing her head on the side of the canoe in horror.

A powerful and dexterous sweep of Mohegan's paddle sent the canoe directly over the spot where the steward had fallen, and a loud shout from the Leather-stocking announced that he saw the body.

"Then steady the boat while I dive," again cried Edwards.

"Gently, lad, gently," said Natty; "I'll spear the creater up in half the time, and no risk to any body."

The form of Benjamin was lying, about half way to the bottom, grasping with either hand the bottoms of some broken rushes, by whose strength it was maintained in that position. The blood of Elizabeth curdled to her heart, as she saw the figure of a fellow-creature thus extended under an immense sheet of water, apparently in motion, by the undulations of the dying waves, with its face and hands, viewed by that light, and through the medium of the fluid, already coloured with livid hues like death.

At the same instant, she saw the shining tines of Natty's spear approaching the motionless head of the sufferer, and entwining themselves, rapidly and dexterously, in the hairs of his queue and the cape of his coat. The body was now raised slowly, looking ghastly and grim, as its features turned upward to the light, and approached the surface.

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 wasted, my hopes o'erthrown, my comforts blasted: but go—no assurance of pity now would sooth me; for I am now convinced, what you feel for me is not a settled feeling, but a mere involuntary impulse, such as any son of sorrow may equally excite."

He turned abruptly from her, and with quick, yet tottering steps hastened to the grotto, against whose side he suddenly flung himself, as if for support.

At another time to be accused of insensibility might well have inspired Madeline with resentment; but now she could only feel compassion and tenderness for him, whose pale and disordered looks gave such melancholy evidence of his sufferings. Not more affected by his words, than terrified by his manner, to depart without seeing him in some degree composed, was impossible, and she walked slowly towards him, trusting, that at her approach he would rise, and that


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 she might then be able to prevail on him to quit the Forest. He did not move however, and after standing a few minutes by him she ventured softly to pronounce his name. Still he continued silent and motionless, and her alarm increased; she stooped down, but could not hear him breathe,—his hand lay extended from him, she gently raised it, but almost immediately let it drop with horror at finding it cold and lifeless.

He was dying perhaps, and she had not power to assist him. "Oh, de Sevignie! (she exclaimed, in the agony of her soul) de Sevignie! speak to me for heaven's sake, or I shall sink with terror."

He started, as if the vehemence of her words had roused him; turned and surveyed her for a minute with a vacant eye. His recollection then returned, and with it all his gentleness.


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 "I have been ill, (he said) extremely ill; I never was so disordered before, but 'tis the effect of weakness; this is the first day I have been able to come out since we last parted."

"Good heavens! (cried Madeline) what imprudence to come hither; oh, de Sevignie, what can make you act in a manner so injurious to yourself, so distressing to your friends."

The energy of her voice, the paleness, the wildness of her countenance, proved to de Sevignie the alarm he had given her.

"Ah, Madeline, (said he, taking her soft trembling hand in his, ) I seem fated to give you uneasiness; but be composed I beseech you, and also be assured, I never more will intrude into your presence;—to-morrow, I leave V for ever. Too long indeed have I persecuted you; I blush at the recollection of my impetuous conduct; to apologize for it as I wish is impossible; but


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 never, never, shall I cease to regret it. Permit me, (he added) to leave you near the house, the way to it is solitary, I will then depart."

"No, (replied Madeline) there is no danger in my going alone; besides, if I permitted you to accompany me, I should bring you out of your way: for this path near the grotto is the shortest one to the road."

"Farewell, then (cried he, pressing her hand to his cold lips, ) farewell, (he repeated as he resigned it, ) but as this is the last time we shall probably ever meet, let me have the comfort of hearing from you, that you do not utterly detest me for the uneasiness I have caused you."

Madeline attempted to speak, but her voice was lost in the emotions of her soul, and she hung her head to conceal the tears which trickled down her cheeks. They did not, however, escape the penetrating eyes of de Sevignie: he again took her hand, "I cannot leave you, (said he) "in this


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 situation; you weep, you tremble; oh, my Madeline, rest upon me."

"No! (cried she, resisting the effort he made to support her) I am now better; let us therefore part, and part for ever."

De Sevignie repeated the word, then yielding, or rather overcome by the anguish of his heart, he fell at her feet; he implored the choicest blessings of heaven for her; he besought her forgiveness for the rashness, the impetuosity of his conduct. "The remembrance of such forgiveness may at some future period (he continued) a little alleviate the pain of separation."

How unnecessary for Madeline to assure him by words, of that forgiveness which her looks exprest; with streaming eyes she hung over him; yet not their separation alone caused her tears. His broken health and spirits were subjects of yet greater regret, and scarcely,—scarcely could she prevent herself from kneeling on the earth beside him, and supplicating that heaven he had so


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 The arrival of the nostrils of Benjamin into their own atmosphere, was announced by a breathing that would have done credit to a full-grown porpoise. For a moment, Natty held the steward suspended, with his head just above the water, while his eyes slowly opened, and stared about him, as if he thought that he had reached a new and unexplored country.

As all the parties acted and spoke together, much less time was consumed in the occurrence of these events, than in their narration. To bring the batteau to the end of the spear, and to raise the form of Benjamin from its liquid element into the boat, and for the whole party to gain the shore, and land, required but a minute. Kirby, aided by Richard, whose anxiety induced him to run into the water to meet his favourite assistant, carried the motionless steward up the bank, and seated him before the fire, where he was supported, while the Sheriff proceeded to order the most approved measures then in use, for the resuscitation of the drowned.

"Run, Billy," he cried, "to the village, and bring up the rum-hogshead that lies before the door, in which I am making vinegar in cold weather, and be quick, boy, don't stay to empty the vinegar; and stop at Mr. Le Quoi's, and buy a paper of tobacco and half-a-dozen pipes; and ask Remarkable for some salt, and one of her flannel petticoats; and ask Dr. Todd to send his lancet, and to come himself; and ha!—'duke, what are you about? would you strangle a man, who is full of water, by giving him rum! Help me to open this hand, that I may pat it."

All this time Benjamin sat, with his muscles fixed, his mouth shut, and his hands clenching the rushes, which he had seized in the confusion of the moment, and which, as he held fast, like a true

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 perjury, 176; proves that saints may be punished by proxy, 189; refuses to suffer as the Knight's proxy, 192; defies the Knight, 193; prepares to combat him, 193; is alarmed by the approach of the Skimmington, 196; explains the nature of the procession, 200; is assaulted by the rabble, 205; flies. 206; advises the Knight to consult Sidrophel, 214; proves that saints may employ conjurors, 215; his dialogue with Whachum, 232; is despatched to fetch a constable, 255; is abandoned by Hudibras, 261; resolves to retaliate, 273; discovers the Knight's treachery to the widow, 273; jeers the Knight, in the character of a spirit, 314; carries him off, 323; is recognised by Hudibras, 398; reveals the trick played on the Knight, 399; his reasons for flight, 402; defends the practice of running away, 404; advises the Knight to take the law of the widow, 410.

Ranters, a vile sect, 131, n. 1.

Rap and rend, 204 and n. 1.

Rationalia, 129.

Ravens and crows, birds of ill omen, 241, n. 4.

Ray's Handbook of Proverbs, 138, n. 2.

Recant, 173 and n. 3.

Records, felony to raze, 287 and n. 1.

Recruits, 333 and n. 4.

Red-coat seculars, 338 and n. 5.

Red-coat sentinel, 374 and n. 3.

Reformado Saint, 176 and n. 2; 330 and n. 3.

Reformado soldier, 198 and n. 2.

Reformation, 67.

Rem in re, 290.

Remonstrance, carried, 363 and n. 3.

Replevin. 436 and n. 1.

Reprobation, Presbyterian doctrine of, 322, n. 2.

Revie, meaning of the word, 134, n. 3.

Rhetoric, use of, 7 and n. 5.

Rhodoginus, Ludovicus Cælius, 199 and n. 2.

Ribbons, bits of, swallowed, 167 and n. 4.

Richard III., indignities offered to his corpse, 107, n. 3.

Rimmon, 358; a Syrian idol, 358, n. 4.

Rinaldo, 409 and n. 3.

Ring, a tool of matrimony, 339 and n. 2.

Rockets and white sleeves, 349 and n. 3.

Rogues, beat hemp, 227 and n. 2.

Rowland, William, Life, ii.

Rolf, a shoemaker, indicted for a design to kill the king, 368, n. 1.

Rolls, Colonel, a Devonshire gentleman, 2, n. 1.

Romance-writers, satire on, 91, n. 4.

Rome, the Church of, compared to the Whore of Babylon, 127, n. 2.

Romulus, the first Roman king, 335 and n. 4.

Ronsard's "Franciade," 2, n. 2.

Rooks, application of the term, 7, n. 3.

Root and branch men, 340 and n. 6.

Rope-ladders, use of, 343 and n. 3.

Rope of sand, 10.

Rose, under the, 385, n. 1; the, planted, 443 and n. 2.

Rosemary, virtues of, 167 and n. 2.

Rosewell, Sir Henry, 2, n. 1.

Rosicrucians, a sect of hermetical philosophers, 26, n. 2; 236 and n. 3; 238.

Ross, Alexander, 42 and n. 2; 199 and n. 2.

Rota club, 258 and n. 2.

Roundway Down, battle of, 62, n. 2: 405, n. 4; 406, n. 5.

Rovers, love-arrows shot at, 302 and n. 2.

Royalists, encomium on, 333 and n. 1; plots of the, 376 and n. 2.

Royal Society, their transactions ridiculed, 224, n. 3.


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 recently addrest on her account to restore them; but though the supplication did not burst from her lips, it was breathed from the very depth of her heart.

In a moment of agitation like the present, the feelings of that heart could no longer be supprest, and de Sevignie now beheld the strong hold he had of its affections.

But the confirmation of her affection could not lessen his wretchedness, on the contrary, it seemed to increase it: He arose from her feet.

"Oh, Madeline! (he said) how inconsistent is the human heart; but a few minutes ago, and I fancied the assurance of your pity and regard would render me in some degree happy; now when you have permitted me to receive it, I feel myself more miserable than ever, and think, since the obstacles to our union cannot be conquered, I should have been less so had I still imagined you indifferent."


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 Madeline shuddered, "would to heaven! (cried she, emphatically) we had never met." Scarcely was she able to forbear asking what those obstacles were which he alluded to, but propriety checked the question; she regretted bitterly, regretted the divulgement of her sentiments, and the consciousness of its being an unpremeditated divulgement, could scarcely mitigate her regret for it; anxious to avoid the imputation of total weakness, either from de Sevignie or herself, she now summoned all her resolution to her aid, and after the silence of a few minutes, addrest him in a collected voice.

"Let us (said she) endeavour to reconcile ourselves to an inevitable necessity, the efforts of fortitude and virtue can never fail of being successful, and how can they be more nobly exercised, than in trying to repel useless sorrow. Let us from this moment, that no interruption may be given to such efforts, determine sedulously to avoid each other."

"Yet we shall meet again; (exclaimed de Sevignie in a passionate accent, and grasp-


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 ing her hand) our souls were originally paired in heaven; and though now separated by a wayward destiny, they will, my Madeline, be re-united in that heaven."

A tear, in spite of her efforts to restrain it, strayed down her pale cheek, but she wiped it hastily away. Ere we part for ever in this world, (she proceeded with a softness she could not repress) let me entreat you, de Sevignie, to exert that fortitude, which from reason, from education, from principle, you ought, nay you must if you please, be master of. 'Tis an injustice to yourself, to society; above all, to that divine Being who implanted such noble faculties in your mind as I know you to possess, to let them be destroyed by sorrow; besides, what grief must not the conduct which impairs your health and weakens your mind, give to all your connexions."

"My connexions! (repeated de Sevignie, looking steadily at her) my connexions;" and his eye loured on her.


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 seaman, had been the means of preventing his body from rising again to the surface. His eyes, however, were open, and stared wildly on the group about the fire, while his lungs were playing like a blacksmith's bellows, as if to compensate themselves for the minute of inaction to which they had been subjected. As he kept his lips compressed, with a most inveterate determination, the air was compelled to pass through his nostrils, and he rather snorted than breathed, and in such a manner, that nothing, but the excessive agitation of the Sheriff, could at all justify his precipitous orders.

The bottle, applied to the steward's lips by Marmaduke, acted like a charm. His mouth opened instinctively; his hands dropped the rushes, and seized the black glass; his eyes raised from their horizontal stare, to the heavens; and the whole man was lost, for a moment, in a new sensation. Unhappily for the propensity of the steward, breath was as necessary after one of these draughts, as after his submersion, and the time at length arrived when he was compelled to let go of the bottle.

"Why, Benjamin!" roared the Sheriff; "you amaze me! for a man of your experience in drownings to act so foolishly! just now, you were half full of water, and now you are"—

"Full of grog," interrupted the steward, his features settling down, with amazing flexibility, into their natural economy. "But, d'ye see, Squire, I kept my hatches close, and it is but little water that ever gets into my scuttle-butt.—Harkee, Master Kirby! I've followed the salt water for the better part of a man's life, and have seen some navigation on the fresh; but this here matter I will say in your favour, and that is, that you're the awk'ardest green'un that ever straddled

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 "Yes, (replied Madeline) to your connexions, if their feelings are at all like mine. Oh, de Sevignie! if you really regard my tranquillity, promise, ere we part, to try and conquer your dejection, and to give up your solitary rambles; the idea of the dangers to which you expose yourself by them terrifies me."

"Ere we part, (said de Sevignie, who seemed only to have attended to those words) Oh! what a death-like chill comes over my heart at the idea of doing so. Never—never, Madeline, if honour, if gratitude permitted, would we separate."

"If they are combined against us (cried Madeline) it were not only foolish but criminal to think of acting otherwise than we are now doing."

"They are! (exclaimed de Sevignie) for would it be not dishonourable, ungrateful in the extreme, to attempt leading the daughter of Clermont—he to whose compassionate care, under heaven, I perhaps owe the preservation of my life; would it not, I


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 say, be base, to attempt leading her from ease, security, the enjoyment of all that affluence can give, into care, danger, and obscurity. No, Madeline, I am not selfish; I am not a villain: I would not, for the mere gratification of my own passion, involve the woman I adore in trouble; nor should I gratify it by such conduct:—that storm which I could brave alone, I should sink beneath with her."

The obstacles which he had alluded to, seemed now explained: from fortune, want of fortune, Madeline was convinced they sprung. Charmed by the noble, the generous conduct of de Sevignie; ignorant of the difficulties and sorrows of life, when unpossessed of a competence; and believing, firmly believing, that her attachment for him could never be conquered, she was almost tempted to offer him her hand. To assure him ease, security, the enjoyment of all that affluence could give, would gladly be relinquished by her for the sake of sharing his


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 cares, dangers, and obscurity; but delicacy, that celestial guardian of her sex, checked the rash impulse of romantic tenderness. She suddenly recollected herself, and recoiled, from the idea of the action she had been about committing, as if from a precipice.

"Gracious heaven! (she exclaimed within herself) how mean how despicable should I have appeared in his eyes, who can so nobly triumph over his own passion. Had I followed the impulse of mine, and offered my hand unsolicited, unsanctified, by the approbation of a parent or a friend. Ah, Madeline, you may well blush for your weakness."

Lest she should betray that weakness, she determined not to stay another minute with him, and bidding him a hasty adieu, she walked on. De Sevignie in a few minutes followed her, but he continued many by her side, ere he again spoke to her; at last he stopped, and taking her hand to detain her—-


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 "Madeline, (said he, as if hitherto absorbed in profound meditation, ) do you think, if I could render my situation more prosperous than it at present is, that your friends, if you had the generosity to desire it, would permit our union."

"I do (cried Madeline, hesitating, yet not able to repress this acknowledgment of tenderness, ) I think they would not oppose what would contribute to my happiness."

A sudden smile, the smile of rapture, illumined the countenance of de Sevignie; he clasped her hands in his; he raised them to heaven.—"Oh, what transport! (he said) to be able to contribute to your happiness; grant, heavenly powers, such blessedness may yet be mine! May I detain you Madeline, a few minutes longer to acquaint you with the plan, which I have just conceived, for conquering the obstacles that at present impede our wishes." Madeline could not reply in the negative, and de Sevignie began:

"To another"—said he.


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 a boat's thwart. Them that likes you for a shipmate, may sail with you, and no thanks; but dam'me if I even walk on the lake shore in your company. For why? you'd as lief drown a man as one of them there fish; not to throw a christian creature so much as a rope's end, when he was adrift, and no life-buoy in sight! Natty Bumppo, give us your fist. There's them that says you're an Indian, and a scalper, but you've sarved me a good turn, and you may set me down for a friend; thof it would have been more ship-shape to lower the bight of a rope, or a running bow-line, below me, than to seize an old seaman by his head-lanyard; but I suppose you are used to taking men by the hair, and seeing you did me good instead of harm thereby, why, it's the same thing, d'ye see."

Marmaduke prevented any reply, and assuming the direction of matters, with a dignity and discretion that at once silenced all opposition from his cousin, Benjamin was despatched to the village by land, and the net was hauled to shore, in such a manner that the fish, for once, escaped its meshes with impunity.

The division of the spoils was made in the ordinary manner, by placing one of the party with his back to the game, who declared the owner of each pile. Billy Kirby stretched his large frame on the grass, by the side of the fire, as a sentinel until morning, over the net and the fish; and the remainder of the party embarked in the batteau, to return to the village.

The wood-chopper was seen broiling his supper on the coals, as they lost sight of the fire; and when the boat approached the shore, the torch of Mohegan's canoe was shining again under the gloom of the eastern mountain. Its motion ceased suddenly; a scattering of brands was exhibited

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4 their transgender status. 884 F. 3d 560 (2018). During the course of the proceedings in these long-running disputes, both Mr. Zarda and Ms. Stephens have passed away. But their estates continue to press their causes for the benefit of their heirs. And we granted certiorari in these matters to resolve at last the disagreement among the courts of appeals over the scope of Title VII’s protections for homosexual and transgender persons. 587 U. S. ___ (2019).

This Court normally interprets a statute in accord with the ordinary public meaning of its terms at the time of its enactment. After all, only the words on the page constitute the law adopted by Congress and approved by the President. If judges could add to, remodel, update, or detract from old statutory terms inspired only by extratextual sources and our own imaginations, we would risk amending statutes outside the legislative process reserved for the people’s representatives. And we would deny the people the right to continue relying on the original meaning of the law they have counted on to settle their rights and obligations. See New Prime Inc. v. Oliveira, 586 U. S. ___, ___–___ (2019) (slip op., at 6–7).

With this in mind, our task is clear. We must determine the ordinary public meaning of Title VII’s command that it is “unlawful ... for an employer to fail or refuse to hire or to discharge any individual, or otherwise to discriminate against any individual with respect to his compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment, because of such individual’s race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.” §2000e–2(a)(1). To do so, we orient ourselves to the time of the statute’s adoption, here 1964, and begin by examining the key statutory terms in turn before assessing their impact on the cases at hand and then confirming our work against this Court’s precedents.


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 At this instant an approaching step was heard, and in the next, the shrill voice of Floretta, calling upon Madeline.

Provoked by this interruption, de Sevignie attempted to lead Madeline amongst the trees which bordered the path; but though as much disappointed as he could be, she resisted the effort.

"No, (said she) I cannot go, 'tis the Countess, I am convinced, that has sent after me, and she would be terrified if I could not be found; besides if her servant discovered me trying to avoid her, what might she not say. Some other time must do for the explanation which you were about giving, and which I will confess, you could scarcely be more anxious to utter than I to hear."

"What time, (asked de Sevignie) I shall be all impatience, all suspense, till we meet again; to-morrow evening you may surely come hither."


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 "Perhaps," said Madeline.

"No perhaps, (cried de Sevignie) you must give me a positive answer."

"Well then, you may be confident, if in my power I will come."

"Adieu, then," cried he; again pressing her hand to his lips, then suddenly darting into the nearest path, he was out of sight in a moment.

Madeline paused on the spot where he had left her, to reflect on all that he had said, and congratulate herself on the prospect of felicity which was now opening to her view.

Her pleasing meditation was soon, however, interrupted by the appearance of Floretta. "Well, I am sure, (cried she, ) I am glad I have found you. Lord bless my soul, Mam'selle, how can you venture into such lonely places by yourself. I am sure nothing but compulsion could make me do so."

"I hope none has been used to-night,"


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 said Madeline, as she proceeded with her towards the chateau.

"That there has, indeed, nothing but the absolute commands of my Lady could have made me come hither; I wonder, I am sure, what could make her fix on me to look for you. She might have known it was not proper to send any girl by herself into such wild places."

"Your Lady knew there was no danger, (said Madeline, ) as none but her own peasants and servants are about them."

"Why, I don't say Mam'selle, there is any danger of meeting thieves, but there is of meeting much worse. Ah, Mam'selle, you know well enough what I mean; and you must be either very incredulous or very hardy, to venture near the grotto, after the horrid stories you have heard in the chateau about it; besides those stories, I could tell you others of it, which if you heard, would frighten you so much, that I dare say you would not be able to move."


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 "If you think they would have that effect upon me, pray don't tell them at present, (said Madeline, ) for I want to make haste to the chateau."

"Indeed I don't intend to do so, (cried Floretta, ) the very telling them would frighten me, and I am sure I am sufficiently terrified already."

"Why did you not get some one to accompany you," asked Madeline.

"A likely thing indeed, that any one would accompany me in the dark to such places; not but I tried, I can assure you. The butler was the first I asked; but no truly, he was getting his knives and spoons ready for supper. Then I entreated Mr. Jacques, the coachman, but he was just going to visit the horses; and as to the footmen, I know I might as well try to bring the pillars of the hall along with me. I tried the maids also, but one was going to settle the chambers, and another wanted to help the cook to get supper ready; and another—but in short they had all some frivolous excuse or other."


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 "Well, (said Madeline, ) though you did come alone, you met with nothing to frighten you."

"That shall never prevail on me, however, to venture again to such a place by myself, if I can help it."

By this time they had reached the chateau, and Madeline being informed by a servant, whom she met in the hall, that the Countess was in the supper parlour, directly repaired thither.


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CHAP. II.

have taken a long walk to-night, my dear, (said the Countess, as she entered, ) I really was beginning to grow a little uneasy."

"I am concerned I caused you any uneasiness, Madam, (cried Madeline, ) I hope you will forgive my doing so. I shall take care in future not to stay out so late."


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 The Countess answered her with her usual gracious sweetness, and they both sat down to supper, which was served immediately after her return.

The revived hopes of Madeline had re-animated her countenance with all its usual vivacity. The glow upon her cheek, the lustre of her eye, the smile that played about her mouth; the ready cheerfulness with which she entered into conversation, and the unusual length of her walk; altogether contributed to convince the penetrating mind of the Countess, that in this walk, something uncommonly interesting had occurred; and what she believed that something to be, may easily be imagined. Considering Madeline as she did,—a sacred deposit, and exclusive of that consideration, deeply interested about her from her innocence and sweetness, she deemed it absolutely necessary, to enquire into what had past in the interview, which she was convinced had taken place between her and de


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 Sevignie. Well knowing that the eager eye of youth and passion, too often overlooks those dangers, which strike the cooler and more experienced one of age.

"Your walk to-night, my dear Madeline, (said she with a smile, after the things were removed and the servants withdrawn) was as pleasant, I hope, as it was long."

Her smile, and the expressive glance which accompanied it, assured the conscious heart of Madeline, that the Countess suspected it had not been a solitary one; and her face was immediately crimsoned over: yet Madeline never had an idea of carrying on any proceedings against the knowledge of the Countess. She had determined within her own mind, the moment she was acquainted with the plan of de Sevignie, to unfold to her every circumstance, every hope, relative to him. The reason therefore of her present agitation, was a fear, that a premature discovery might make the Countess imagine


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 she had meant to carry on a clandestine correspondence, and, consequently lessen her in her esteem.

"I see, Madam, (said she, after the pause of a minute, bashfully raising her eyes from the ground) I see that you suspect something, and I acknowledge you are right in doing so; but oh! dearest madam, do not think me ungrateful, do not deem me imprudent, do not suppose to chance alone you owe the discovery of my thoughts or situation; I only deferred acquainting you with both; I only delayed opening my heart to your view, till I had something more satisfactory than at present to inform you of."

"Unbosom it now, (said the Countess) "and trust me, my dear Madeline, I would not desire the communication, did I not mean to take as great an interest in your affairs as a parent would. Unbosom your heart to me as to a Mother; and be assured, if my advice, my assistance, my friendship,


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Rh The only statutorily protected characteristic at issue in today’s cases is “sex”—and that is also the primary term in Title VII whose meaning the parties dispute. Appealing to roughly contemporaneous dictionaries, the employers say that, as used here, the term “sex” in 1964 referred to “status as either male or female [as] determined by reproductive biology.” The employees counter by submitting that, even in 1964, the term bore a broader scope, capturing more than anatomy and reaching at least some norms concerning gender identity and sexual orientation. But because nothing in our approach to these cases turns on the outcome of the parties’ debate, and because the employees concede the point for argument’s sake, we proceed on the assumption that “sex” signified what the employers suggest, referring only to biological distinctions between male and female.

Still, that’s just a starting point. The question isn’t just what “sex” meant, but what Title VII says about it. Most notably, the statute prohibits employers from taking certain actions “because of” sex. And, as this Court has previously explained, “the ordinary meaning of ‘because of’ is ‘by reason of’ or ‘on account of. University of Tex. Southwestern Medical Center v. Nassar, 570 U. S. 338, 350 (2013) (citing Gross v. FBL Financial Services, Inc., 557 U. S. 167, 176 (2009); quotation altered). In the language of law, this means that Title VII’s “because of” test incorporates the simple and “traditional” standard of but-for causation. Nassar, 570 U. S., at 346, 360. That form of causation is established whenever a particular outcome would not have happened “but for” the purported cause. See Gross, 557 U. S., at 176. In other words, a but-for test directs us to change one thing at a time and see if the outcome changes. If it does, we have found a but-for cause.

This can be a sweeping standard. Often, events have multiple but-for causes. So, for example, if a car accident


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 can in any degree forward your happiness, I shall derive real satisfaction myself from doing so."

Thus kindly urged, Madeline rather rejoiced than regretted being surprised into the relation; for she had long sighed, though withheld by diffidence from desiring it; for the counsel of a person more conversant, more experienced than herself in the intricacies of the human heart. To elucidate every circumstance which had happened in her interview with de Sevignie, it was requisite to mention those which had past at V.

She began, but it was with the involuntary hesitation of modesty; and from the same impulse she tried to pass over, as lightly as possible, the pain she had experienced on de Sevignie's account; but though her language might be unimpassioned, her looks plainly indicated what her sufferings had been.


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 Her relation ended, the Countess sat many minutes without speaking, as if absorbed in profound meditation. She then broke the silence, by thanking Madeline with the most gracious benignancy for the confidence she had reposed in her.

"Your narrative, my dear Madeline, (she cried) confirms the opinion I entertained, since the evening I saw you together, of the strength of your attachment for de Sevignie;—nay, do not be confused, my dear; love, excited by merit, we have no reason to be ashamed of.

"It will please you, no doubt, to hear, that I think his attachment as tender as your own; but it is one, with which his reason is evidently at variance. Why it is so, the latter part of his conversation this evening seems to me to explain. A distressed situation has hitherto pointed out the necessity of his trying to conquer his passion; but I own it appears to me strange and mysterious that a man of his elegant appear-


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 in the air, and then all remained dark as the conjunction of night, forests, and mountains, could render the scene.

The thoughts of the heiress wandered from the youth, who was holding a canopy of shawls over herself and Louisa, to the hunter and the Indian warrior; and she felt an awakening curiosity to visit a hut, where men of such different habits and temperament were drawn together, as if by one common impulse.

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 known to the collector of this ware who will give hundreds of taels for a thick saucer, with a number engraved beneath as a mark, if it be of rich 'aubergine' colour. Censer and box always stand together on a Chinese table, the one to hold the incense or chips of sandal-wood burnt in the other." Julien renders the same passage thus:—"Parmi les porcelaines de cette manufacture on regarde comme excessivement beaux les plats sous le pied desquels on a peint un glaïeul." Hence arose a legend repeated by all writers on Chinese keramics from Jacquemart to du Sartel, that a bunch of sword-grass was painted on the bottom of choice specimens of Chün-yao. Messrs. Hirth and Bushell have disposed of this phantasy. The only marks on Chün-yao ware are deeply incised numerals.

The least known among the productions of the Sung is the Chien-yao, manufactured at Chien-yang, in the province of Fuhkien. The ware owed its character to the demand of tea-drinkers. Under the Tang dynasty (618-907), tea became an article of common consumption in China, and its popularity thenceforth increased so rapidly that a subsequent exponent of its reputation under the Sung rulers (960-1279) ascribed to it seven incomparable properties; namely, assuaging thirst, promoting digestion, clearing the throat, dispelling drowsiness, stimulating the kidneys, raising the spirits, and relieving fatigue. Chinese society lived a life too colourless and unpoetical to suggest anything like the graceful, idealistic philosophy of the Japanese cha no yu. But Chinese tea-drinkers soon formed a clear conception of the qualities a tea-bowl should possess in order to render the beverage as grateful as possible both to eye and


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 palate. These qualities the Chien-yao exhibited in the highest degree. Thick enough to prevent the tea from cooling rapidly, its pâte was of such a nature as not to convey the heat of the beverage to the drinker's hand or lips, while its glaze not only offered a pleasant contrast to the bright green of the powdered tea, but was also admirable for its own sake. In truth, the glaze of the Chien-yao deserves great praise. On a ground of mirror-black are seen shifting tints of purple and blue; reflections of deep green, like the glassy colour of the raven's wing; lines of soft silver, regular as hair; and sometimes, in specimens of later date, the decoration takes the form of conventional Phoenixes, butterflies, maple-leaves, and so forth, in golden brown of the most satisfying richness and beauty. All these designs and tints possess the same property as that described in the case of spotted céladon—they seem to float in the glaze. In short, the Chien-yao, though its pâte remained always a rather coarse stone-ware, must be ranked, for the sake of its glaze, as a triumph of keramic skill. The most dexterous workmen of later times failed to imitate it. During the past five centuries, cups of this ware have been almost indispensable to the Japanese chajin. Before the nation turned, fourteen years ago, from its life of luxurious refinement, a single specimen of the best varieties commanded a price of from fifteen hundred to two thousand dollars.

In the Tao-lu it is stated that the choicest specimens of Chien-yao were generally in the form of bowls with narrow bases and wide mouths. Those in which the black glaze was spotted with "yellowish pearls," technically compared in colour to the fur of


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 a hare, are especially lauded. Examples certainly exist in Chinese collections, but the ware seems to be virtually unknown to the ordinary experts of the Middle Kingdom, and is perhaps more difficult to find there than any of the products of the Sung kilns. In Japan, on the contrary, it has always been so much prized and so carefully preserved as to be familiar to connoisseurs and generally present in good collections. During the period of art decay and social confusion that immediately followed the fall of feudalism, a few pieces found their way into the market, but the opportunity thus offered to collectors did not long continue.

A point worthy of note with respect to the Chien-yao is that it was one of the very few esteemed wares of ancient times which the potters of Ching-tê-chên do not appear to have imitated either in the Ming or Tsing dynasties. To what circumstance this distinction is attributable, it is difficult to surmise. The Tao-lu shows that the Chien-yang factory was in a flourishing condition at the beginning of the Yuan dynasty (1260), but of its subsequent fate nothing is known except that it had ceased to produce ware of the above type before the end of the fourteenth century.

The Chien-yao presents two varieties of pâte. Both are stone-ware, but while the one is dark and coarse, with a dull timbre, the other is of somewhat lighter colour, tolerably close in texture, and almost as hard as porcelain. The former should properly be distinguished as U-ni-yao, or "raven-clay ware." Manufactured in the same district of Chien-ning-fu, in Fuhkien province, it was nevertheless a product greatly inferior to the finer varieties of Chien-yao.


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 The clays for the two were taken, of course, from different quarries. Many pieces of U-ni-yao were céladons. The Tao-lo says that by some connoisseurs they were placed in the same rank with the wares of Lung-chuan, Chun and Chang, while by others they were relegated to almost the lowest rank among the products of the time. The reader may be warned here against confounding the Chien-yao of the Sung and Yuan dynasties with a ware of the same name but wholly different nature manufactured during the Ming dynasty (vide Ming Chien-yao).


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 Id. § 113 (emphasis added). This is known as the “building exception.”

VARA rights cannot be transferred or assigned, but they can be waived in a writing signed by the artist and “specifically identify[ing] the work, and uses of that work, to which the waiver applies.” Id. § 106A(e)(1). Absent a written waiver, the artist retains VARA rights during his lifetime even if he transfers ownership of the work or assigns his copyright. Id. § 106A(d)(1), (e)(2).

 * 3. Is Wildflower Works a painting or sculpture?

The district court held that Wildflower Works was both a painting and a sculpture but was insufficiently original to qualify for copyright. Alternatively, the court concluded that it was site-specific art and held that all site-specific art is implicitly excluded from VARA. Other arguments—in particular, whether Wildflower Works satisfies additional threshold requirements for copyright and whether VARA’s public-presentation or building exceptions applied—were not reached.

On appeal Kelley contests the district court’s conclusions regarding originality and site-specific art. The Park District defends these holdings and also reiterates the other arguments it made in the district court, except one: The Park District has not challenged the district court’s conclusion that Wildflower Works is a painting and a sculpture.

This is an astonishing omission. VARA’s definition of “work of visual art” operates to narrow and focus the statute’s coverage; only a “painting, drawing, print or sculpture,” or an exhibition photograph will qualify. These terms are not further defined, but the overall structure of the statutory scheme clearly illuminates the limiting effect of this definition. Copyright’s broad general coverage extends to “original works of authorship,” and this includes “pictorial, graphic, and sculptural works.” 17 U.S.C. § 102(a)(5). The use of the adjectives “pictorial” and “sculptural” suggests flexibility and breadth in application. In contrast VARA uses the specific nouns “painting” and “sculpture.” To qualify for moral-rights protection under VARA, Wildflower Works cannot just be “pictorial” or “sculptural” in some aspect or effect, it must actually be a “painting” or a “sculpture.” Not metaphorically or by analogy, but really.

That Kelley considered the garden to be both a painting and a sculpture—only rendered in living material—is not dispositive. He also characterized it as an experiment in environmental theory, telling a reporter he was trying to “figure out the economic and ecological impact of introducing wildflowers into cities.” In promoting Wildflower Works, Kelley variously described the project as a “living wildflower painting,” a “study on wildflower landscape and management,” and “a new vegetative management system that beautifies [the] landscape economically with low-maintenance wildflowers.”

Kelley’s expert, a professor of art history, reinforced his view that Wildflower Works was both a painting and a sculpture, but the district court largely disregarded her testimony as unhelpful.


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 sapphire-coloured glaze; red glaze, of the colour of the Japanese pear-blossom; aubergine glaze; green, or plumcoloured, glaze; and horses' lung glaze.

Farther on, in the same catalogue, it is stated that, while excavating at a place called Shang-hu, about five miles (English) from Ching-tê-chên, the remains of an old pottery of the Sung dynasty were found. Pieces of the ware manufactured there were picked up. Their glazes were of two colours, light green (céladon) and rice-white, or bluish white.


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HUS far, this examination of early Chinese wares may be said to have led to three conclusions. First, up to the end of the thirteenth century, Chinese keramic experts, of deliberate choice, preferred pâte tendre or stone-ware to hard porcelain biscuit. The latter they were probably able to produce: indeed, some specimens of later Ting-yao may be placed in this category. But the former lent itself better to the solid, rich, and lustrous monochromatic glazes so much affected by the Sung potters. Secondly, the variety of wares produced in these early centuries of the art's history was not large. With one exception—the Chün-yao—monochromes alone were esteemed. The principal colours were green, verging more or less on blue; white, of different shades; purple; cinamon red, and black. These monochromes were ornamented with designs incised or in relief, more or less elaborate, and in the great majority of cases copied from ancient bronzes. Thirdly, among the wares of the period, céladons were facile principes. The potter's constant and highest aim was to produce the peculiar greenish cerulean glaze which had its origin in the Chai-yao of the tenth century.


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 The term céladon was derived from the name of the hero of a novel—d'Urfé's L'Astrée—a courtier in rustic dress, who, in the seventeenth century, represented to Frenchmen the type of an amorous shepherd. On the stage this character was always clad in green, relieved by tints of blue or grey, and when specimens of Chinese Ju-yao, Kuan-yao, and Lung-chuan-yao began to come into French collections, the colour of the ware was identified with that of the shepherd's clothes. But long before Europe knew anything of such ware, large quantities of it had found their way to Arabia, Persia, Egypt, Morocco, the East Coast of Africa, Japan, India, Borneo, Ceram, and other places. The majority of such pieces were, of course, the more solid and heavier productions of the Chinese factories, and it is probably to their durable qualities, as much as to the esteem in which they were held, that they owed their preservation through long centuries. Their large numbers and the wide area throughout which they are found has suggested to some writers the idea that China alone must not be credited with their manufacture. Professor Karabacek, of Vienna, is foremost among these theorists. In the writings of Hâdschi Chalfa, a celebrated encyclopedist, who died in 1658, the Vienna savant found a passage to the effect that the precious, magnificent céladon dishes and other vessels seen in the seventeenth century were manufactured and exported at Martabân in Pegu." M. Jacquemart had already suggested a similar belief. Speaking of Persian Keramics, he wrote:—

Céladons are very common in Persia; they have the beautiful sea-green tint of the old Chinese céladons, and are to be recognised only by their style. Some are simply gadrooned


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6 occurred both because the defendant ran a red light and because the plaintiff failed to signal his turn at the intersection, we might call each a but-for cause of the collision. Cf. Burrage v. United States, 571 U. S. 204, 211–212 (2014). When it comes to Title VII, the adoption of the traditional but-for causation standard means a defendant cannot avoid liability just by citing some other factor that contributed to its challenged employment decision. So long as the plaintiff’s sex was one but-for cause of that decision, that is enough to trigger the law. See ibid.; Nassar, 570 U. S., at 350.

No doubt, Congress could have taken a more parsimonious approach. As it has in other statutes, it could have added “solely” to indicate that actions taken “because of” the confluence of multiple factors do not violate the law. Cf. 11 U. S. C. §525; 16 U. S. C. §511. Or it could have written “primarily because of” to indicate that the prohibited factor had to be the main cause of the defendant’s challenged employment decision. Cf. 22 U. S. C. §2688. But none of this is the law we have. If anything, Congress has moved in the opposite direction, supplementing Title VII in 1991 to allow a plaintiff to prevail merely by showing that a protected trait like sex was a “motivating factor” in a defendant’s challenged employment practice. Civil Rights Act of 1991, §107, 105 Stat. 1075, codified at 42 U. S. C. §2000e–2(m). Under this more forgiving standard, liability can sometimes follow even if sex wasn’t a but-for cause of the employer’s challenged decision. Still, because nothing in our analysis depends on the motivating factor test, we focus on the more traditional but-for causation standard that continues to afford a viable, if no longer exclusive, path to relief under Title VII. §2000e–2(a)(1).

As sweeping as even the but-for causation standard can be, Title VII does not concern itself with everything that happens “because of” sex. The statute imposes liability on


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A month glided on in this manner, when the Countess, having recovered from her fatigue determined to emerge a little from her solitude on account of her young friend.


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CHAP. VI.

nearest neighbours the Countess had, were a Madame Chatteneuf and her daughter: they resided in a garrison town at the foot of the Alps, about three leagues from the chateau. They were people of fortune, amiable, elegant, and accomplished; and their house was the constant resort of all the gay and fashionable people in its vicinity. To them the Countess determined to introduce Madeline, not only as a means


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 of improving, but preparing her for the yet more brilliant society of Paris.

She accordingly one morning set out with her for this purpose; and, during the ride, endeavoured to re-assure the timid Madeline, who wished, yet dreaded an introduction, lest she should not acquit herself properly: the lively conversation of her friend, and the novelty of every thing she saw, pretty well however dissipated her fears ere she reached the house; which stood at the farther end of the town, in a large court surrounded with rows of chestnut trees, and wearing an appearance of cheerfulness that justly indicated the temper of its owners. The Countess had the satisfaction of finding them at home, and was immediately ushered into a room, where they sat alone. They both flew to her with open arms; but when they heard how long she had been returned to the country, could not refrain reproaching her amidst their embraces for not letting them know of her arrival. She gave the real reason as an


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 excuse for not doing so; and the first compliments being over, took the hand of Madeline, who, timidly standing behind, had not hitherto been noticed, and presented her to them. The reception she met with was truly flattering, and quite revived her spirits; for she was convinced that nothing satirical could lurk beneath the benevolent smile of Madame Chatteneuf, or the delightful vivacity of her daughter. The charms and simplicity of Madeline, exclusive of her being the avowed favourite of the Countess, immediately interested them in her favour; and they assured her with real sincerity, that they should be happy to cultivate her friendship.

"Though I am angry (said Madame Chatteneuf, addressing the Countess when they were seated), at your having so long concealed your return to the chateau; yet now I can scarcely wonder at it, as I am sure that Mam'selle Clermont rendered solitude so delightful, that in relinquishing it, you rather


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 diminish than promote your own happiness; (the Countess smiled, and Madeline bowed), but now that we have discovered the treasure you possess, be assured, my good friend (continued she), we shall not suffer you to monopolize it entirely to yourself."

"Do not wrong me so much (said the Countess), as to suppose I ever harboured so selfish an idea; no, be assured I would not do society so much injustice."

"I am particularly pleased (said Madame Chatteneuf), that you have come to-day, as my daughter gives a little ball this evening, which, to her and her whole party, I am sure will be doubly agreeable from having your company and Mam'selle Clermont's."

"How unfortunate (exclaimed the Countess), that we had no presentiment of this, for then we should have put on all our airs and graces."

"Nature has already done that," replied Madame Chatteneuf.

"Well, but seriously (said the Countess), we shall not be able to appear in our morning


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 dresses before company so brilliant as I know yours always to be."

"Every one (cried Madame Chatteneuf), will be dressed quite in a simple stile, I can assure you, for it is to be quite a rural affair; we are to dance in the garden, and have a collation in the banqueting-house; and should I now be deprived of the pleasure of your company and Mam'selle Clermont's, after the hope I entertained of enjoying it, I should derive little from the amusement."

"Enough (said the Countess), we will not mortify ourselves by refusing your invitation."

The conversation then turned on general subjects, and Madeline became if possible more pleased with her new friends. After dinner they proceeded to the garden which was large and beautiful: on a spacious and level green, at the remote end of it, surrounded with trees, stood the banqueting-house, a light and elegant structure, elevated on white marble steps, and encompassed


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 by a balustrading of the same: it opened entirely in front in form of a pavilion, supported by fluted pillars, which were entwined with fragrant shrubs that, creeping over the roof, fell through its lattice-work and formed a canopy of "in-woven shade:" orchestres were erected in the most sequestered parts of the garden, and the walks were ornamented with arches and festoons of coloured lamps. Madeline was struck with admiration at all she saw; and her friends anticipated the yet greater pleasure and surprise she would experience when the company assembled and the garden was lighted: nor were they mistaken; she could then have almost fancied herself suddenly conveyed to the regions of fairy-land; the brilliancy of the lights, heightened by the darkness of the grove through which the walks they ornamented were cut;—the softness of the music that seemed to steal from the very bosom of retirement;—the elegance and animation of the company that were scattered about in groupes,—altoge-


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 ther formed such a scene as Madeline had never before seen, or even conceived; a scene, crowned by a prospect of the majestic Alps, whose awful cliffs appeared in many places to overhang the garden, and tinted as they were with the purple rays of evening, united richness and solemnity to gaiety and splendour. The ladies, engaged in receiving their guests, could no longer pay her particular attention; and the Countess, who had a numerous acquaintance, was drawn from her into a chatting party with some of her old friends, but not till she had seen her in a general manner introduced to the company, with, whom she then supposed she would intermix and amuse herself; but poor Madeline was too diffident to join any party unsolicited; and they were all too gay and thoughtless either to solicit her or deem it necessary to do so. Left to herself, she felt awkward at standing alone, and accordingly repaired to a bench placed round the trunk of an old tree near the spot destined for the dancers. Some ladies and gentlemen occu-


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 pied the same seat, though at a little distance from her, and thus prevented any impropriety in her situation. Here she was sufficiently amused by attending to what was going forward; but when she saw the company preparing for the dance, an universal terror seized her least she should be asked to join them: fearful as she was that she should not be able to acquit herself like them from never having mixed in any but the simple dance of the peasant, she took care to place herself as much out of the way as possible: but while enjoying her obscurity, a party of officers suddenly emerged from a winding path near her seat, and in passing it, they could not avoid observing her; they stopped as if involuntarily, and their eyes were immediately fastened on her. Confused by their ardent gaze, she was bending hers to the ground, when a gentleman, who had hitherto stood rather behind them, suddenly starting forward, exclaimed,

"Good heaven! do my eyes really de-


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 ceive me, or do I behold Mademoiselle Clermont?"

The heart of Madeline vibrated to his voice, and looking up, she beheld de Sevignie. The pleasure, the agitation of that moment cannot be expressed;—a pleasure, an agitation which, even in a greater degree he seemed to experience.

"For once (cried he, taking her hand and pressing it between his), for once has chance been my friend!—oh, how often have I wished for such a moment as this!—but hopelessly I wished—despairingly I sighed for it."

Madeline blushed and trembled; she was not more confused by his manner, than by the looks of the officers, whom she perceived smiling significantly at each other: her countenance betrayed her feelings, and made de Sevignie recollect himself; he resigned her hand, endeavoured to repress his agita-


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 tion, and turning to his companions, asked them if they would join the dancers?

"That is to say (cried one of them with a significant glance) that you wish us to do so."

"Yes (replied de Sevignie, colouring, and half smiling as he interpreted the glance); and to follow your example, if Mademoiselle Clermont is inclined, and will honour me with her hand"

Not more unwilling from diffidence, than unable from agitation, Madeline in a faint voice, said she could not dance, but begged she might not prevent him.

"A wish to promote my own felicity will prevent me (said he in a low voice); for oh, how much more delightfully will my minutes be spent if you permit me to devote them to you."

The officers now moved on; but their yet more expressive glances as they did so,


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 , 2008 WL 4449886, at *5. For its part the Park District initially marketed Wildflower Works as “living art,” but this adds little to the analysis. VARA plainly uses the terms “painting” and “sculpture” as words of limitation. Even assuming a generous stance of what qualifies, see 5 § 16:7 (suggesting a “liberal attitude toward what may be considered a painting, drawing, print, or sculpture”), the terms cannot be read coextensively with the broader categories of “pictorial” and “sculptural” works that are generally eligible for copyright under § 102(a)(5). If a living garden like Wildflower Works really counts as both a painting and a sculpture, then these terms do no limiting work at all.

The district judge worried about taking “too literalist an approach to determining whether a given object qualifies as a sculpture or painting.” Kelley, 2008 WL 4449886, at *4. His concern was the “tension between the law and the evolution of ideas in modern or avant garden art; the former requires legislatures to taxonomize artistic creations, whereas the latter is occupied with expanding the definition of what we accept to be art.” Id. We agree with this important insight. But there’s a big difference between avoiding a literalistic approach and embracing one that is infinitely malleable. The judge appears to have come down too close to the latter extreme. The district court basically concluded that the term “sculpture” included any three-dimensional art form—that is, any “non-two dimensional” work that can be called “art.” Kelley, 2008 WL 4449886, at *5. As we have noted, this expansive approach fails to distinguish between “sculptural works,” included in the broad subject matter of copyright, and VARA’s use of the more limited term “sculpture.” As for “painting” the judge consulted this verb definition for “paint”: “ ‘[1] to apply color, pigment, or paint to … [2] to produce in lines and colors on a surface by applying pigments, [3] to depict by such lines and colors, [4] to decorate, adorn, or variegate by applying lines and colors.’ ” Id. (quoting Merrian-Webster’s Online Dictionary, http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/paint[1] (last visited September 25, 2008)). The judge then characterized Wildflower Works as “[a]n exhibit that corrals the variegation of wildflowers into pleasing oval swatches” and concluded from this that the garden “could certainly fit within some of the[se] … definitions of a painting.” Id.

As we have explained, however, VARA’s definition of a “work of visual art” uses nouns, not verbs. The noun “painting” is more precise that the verb “paint.” A “painting” is: "1.a. Painted matter; that which is painted; … a representation on a surface executed in paint or colours; a painted picture or likeness. b. The representing of a subject on a surface by the application of paint or colours; the art of making such representations; … the practice of applying paint to a canvas, etc., for any artistic purpose."

Painting Definition,, http://www.oed.com/viewdictionaryentry/Entry/136092 (last visited Feb. 10, 2011). The noun “sculpture” means: "1.a …. the process or art of carving or engraving a hard material so as to produce designs or figures in relief, in intaglio, or in the round. In modern use, that branch of fine art which is concerned with the production of figures in the round or in relief, either by carving, by fashioning some plastic substance, or by making a mould for casting in metal; the practice of this art …. 2. concr. a. The product of the sculptor’s art; that which is sculptured (or engraved); sculptured figures in general. b. In particularized sense: A work of sculpture; a sculptured (or engraved) figure or design."

Sculpture Definition, id., http://www.oed.com/viewdictionaryentry/Entry/173877 (last visited Feb. 10, 2011). A living garden might be said to have “painterly” or “sculptural” attributes, but it’s hard to classify a garden as a


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 so shocked Madeline, that, unable to bear the idea of being thought anxious for a tete-a-tete with de Sevignie, she rose abruptly and walked towards an avenue crowded with company; de Sevignie followed.—"Do you fly me then? (said he) after so long a separation, so unexpected a meeting, do you refuse me a few minutes conversation? ah, Madeline, you once permitted me to call myself your friend,—a permission which, I fear, you have now forgotten. You once promised to remember me;—a promise which, like too many in the world, was made I fear without thought, and forgotten without remorse!"

Those were reproaches poor Madeline did not merit; and the soft melancholy and confusion of her looks too plainly told him so; he caught her hand, and attempted to lead her back to the seat she had just quitted.

"I cannot go (said Madeline, struggling to disengage her hand); your compa-


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 nions will think it so strange if they see us there."

"They are too much engrossed by their amusement either to observe or think about us: and of this be assured (cried de Sevignie), you cannot be more tenacious about every thing which concerns your delicacy than I am, and ever shall be."

Madeline no longer opposed him; even if inclined to do so, her emotions were almost too violent to have permitted her; and he led her back to the bench, which they found deserted by the company they had left upon it. De Sevignie now enquired particularly for Clermont, for whom he expressed the warmest esteem and gratitude; and then to what fortunate circumstance he owed his present happiness.

Madeline briefly informed him a friend of her father's had taken her under her protection; and in turn enquired whether he resided at V?


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 "No, (he replied), chance merely brought him to it, and hospitality and kindness detained him in it. By accident (said he), I got acquainted with the officers quartered here soon after my arrival, and they introduced me to the inhabitants, whose politeness and attention have from day to day induced me to put off my departure.—And for once (glancing at Madeline), I have reason to be happy at following the bent of inclination. Though I never dared to think (said he) of again intruding on the hospitality of Monsieur Clermont, yet a thousand times on the airy wings of fancy I have been transported to his cottage, to the side of his Madeline, listening in imagination to the soft pathos of that voice, which had power to thrill through every fibre of my heart; oh, happy and delightful days when I was not indebted to illusion for the sound! never has the remembrance of them been absent from my thoughts; compared to them, how insipid appear those I now pass. Tell me, (he continued, gazing on her with the most


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 impassioned tenderness), did your father, or did you ever condescend to bestow one thought upon me after we parted?"

"Yes, sometimes (said Madeline hesitatingly and blushing), my father has talked of the unlucky accident you met with, and expressed his hopes of your having quite recovered it."

"A more unlucky accident indeed (said de Sevignie, laying his hand expressively upon his heart), than he was aware of."

"I am sorry for it," cried Madeline, who, though she understood his meaning, wished to appear ignorant of it.

"His simples, for once, were unsuccessful (resumed de Sevignie); yet, notwithstanding their failure, through his means only I could expect the wound completely cured."

Madeline could no longer disguise her confusion; and averting her eyes to avoid his, to her infinite surprise and embarrassment, beheld the Countess de Merville at a little distance attentively observing her:


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 covered with blushes, she snatched away her hand from de Sevignie, and starting from her seat, hastened to the Countess.

"I have been seeking you every where, Madeline (said her friend in a grave accent), and was disappointed at not finding you amongst the dancers."

"I should be particularly honoured (exclaimed de Sevignie, who had followed Madeline, and conjectured this to be her protectress, bowing as he spoke), if Mademoiselle Clermont would permit me to lead her to them."

Madeline bowed, but refused; she thought to dance with him now would be to acknowledge a wish of receiving his attentions; and delicacy made her shrink from any conduct which could excite such an idea.

"We will go into a more frequented walk then," said the Countess.


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 There was something in her manner which made Madeline believe she was not quite pleased with her; and she bitterly regretted having staid with de Sevignie against her better judgment. He seemed in some degree to share her distress and confusion; and attempted not again to address the Countess, who had merely noticed him by a slight inclination of her head.

"I presume (cried she to Madeline, when they had got some yards from him), you are well acquainted with that young gentleman."

"Yes, madam," replied Madeline.

"And pray by what means?" asked her friend.

Madeline, as well as her confusion would permit, related the accident which had introduced him to the notice of her and her father.

"Is he agreeable?" enquired the Countess.


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 "Yes—very—that is, I mean rather so," answered Madeline, blushing, and bending her eyes to the ground.

They now reached a large party, amongst whom was Mademoiselle Chatteneuf. She rallied Madeline for having so long hidden herself;—"you certainly did so (said she), to tease and mortify those who wished to engage you to dance: were you not a total stranger, I should suspect that you and some sighing swain had been courting the rural shades together."

The Countess smiled significantly at Madeline, who, oppressed by consciousness, turned away her head.

Mademoiselle Chatteneuf now introduced a gentleman who wished to engage her for the ensuing dance. Madeline hesitated how to answer, not merely to avoid dancing, but on de Sevignie's account, to whom she considered herself engaged, though she feared


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 saying so before the Countess. De Sevignie, however, had followed her; he therefore, on perceiving her situation, stepped forward, and asserted his prior right to her hand. "Is this the case, Mam'selle?" asked the other. She replied in the affirmative: and expressing his regret at his late application, he retired.

The dancing soon commenced again; and Madeline, notwithstanding her diffidence, had too much real taste not to acquit herself with elegance; the harmonious symmetry of her form, the charms of her face, heightened by the glow of modesty, and the grace and animation of every movement, excited universal admiration; and all who had not before seen, were anxious to learn who she was. When the cotillion was over, the Countess contrived to have her seated by herself, and thus precluded all further conversation of an interesting nature between her and de Sevignie: he still remained, however, near his lovely partner, and by his


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 eyes expressed his feelings: but even the little pleasure derived from a restrained conversation, and those glances, he was soon deprived of; for as the Countess rose to repair to the banqueting-house, a party of her friends surrounded her and Madeline, and rendered all his efforts to rejoin the latter unsuccessful. The gentleman who had been prevented by him from dancing with Madeline, now led her in triumph to the supper-table, and seated her between the Countess and himself. Had the mind of Madeline been less occupied by its own immediate concerns than it now was, she would have been delighted with the scene exhibited to her view; the beautiful foliage that crept through the roof of the building was intermixed with lights which glittered like so many stars amongst it; and its drooping boughs were carelessly intermingled with festoons of coloured lamps that hung between the pillars, through which a grand perspective of illuminated arches were seen terminated in a dark grove, from whence the softest music stole, and seemed


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 to keep time to the murmurs of a fountain which played directly before the banqueting-house.

Madeline perceived she was attentively watched by the Countess, and endeavoured to appear amused; but the scene had no charms for her. She could not prevent herself from stealing a glance at de Sevignie, who sat opposite to her; she caught his eyes at the moment, and hers were instantly withdrawn, yet not without observing a pensive expression in his face, which seemed to say his gaiety, like hers, was only assumed.

She felt pleased, as if about being relieved from a disagreeable restraint, when the company broke up; as she was quitting the banqueting-house with the Countess, de Sevignie contrived to approach and enquire, in a low voice, whether she returned to the chateau that night. She replied in the negative, having just been informed by the Countess it was her inten-


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 tion to continue in town till the next morning. He then begged to know whether she would permit him to wait upon her the ensuing day at Madame Chatteneuf's. The emotion those words gave Madeline, almost took from her the power of granting him the permission he requested. The moment he had obtained it, he bade her adieu.

The ladies were too much fatigued to continue long together after their return to the house. Madeline was delighted when she found herself alone; in the privacy of her chamber she could uninterrupted indulge the pleasing ideas which had taken possession of her mind; ideas which her second meeting with de Sevignie had given rise to: never before had his language been so expressive of love, consequently her hopes relative to him had never before been so sanguine; every word, every look, now declared her ascendancy over him, and prospects of felicity opened to her view which she had scarcely ever before permitted her thoughts to dwell


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 on;—prospects which, if realized, would elevate her to the summit of her wishes; and that they would, she now began not to doubt: the words, the looks of de Sevignie, above all the interview he had requested, flattered her hopes, and her expectations. "Ah, how little did I think (cried she), when I left the chateau of the happiness that awaited me! how little think that, ere my return to it, I might be." She paused, she blushed,—yet felt that if indeed she was, ere her return to it, the affianced wife of de Sevignie, she would be one of the happiest of her sex.


text: Index:NDL4015127 Aircraft Action Report (Unit Reporting- VMF-(N)543) 1945-05-16 - Doc. No. 2-c(41) VMF(N)-....pdf


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CHAP. VII.

next morning at breakfast, Mademoiselle Chatteneuf rallied Madeline about the sudden conquest she had made of de Sevignie. Madeline said she had known him before; and then mentioned the accident which had introduced him to her acquaintance.


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 "Do you know where he lives in general?" asked Olivia.

"No (replied Madeline); I neither know his residence nor family."

"He has been here some weeks (resumed Olivia), and is universally noticed and liked, though no one (at least that I can learn) knows any thing of his connexions; there can be no doubt, from his manner and stile of living, that they are respectable."

The Countess saw that Madeline was confused, and changed the discourse. After conversing some time on various subjects, Olivia said they might expect an early visit that morning. "The officers are to give a concert and ball this evening, and I know some of them intend coming here to request the honour of your company, Madame (addressing the Countess), and Mademoiselle Clermont's."

"I hope they will not take that trouble (cried the Countess), for I could not accept their invitation."


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 "Not accept it!" repeated Mademoiselle Chatteneuf.

"No (replied the Countess); two nights of dissipation would be more than I could bear."

The sparkling eyes of Madeline, which had been turned towards her, were instantly bent to the ground; and the gloom of disappointment overspread her countenance.

"Suppose then, my good friend (said Madame Chatteneuf, who saw, by the looks of Madeline, the wishes of her heart, and knew her daughter would be mortified at losing her company), that you and I enjoy a tete-a-tete this evening, and entrust our girls to the care of some matron less soberly inclined than ourselves."

"I thank you for your obliging offer (replied the Countess); but I can neither let you relinquish an amusement you have sufficient health and spirits to enjoy, nor give up my determination of returning to the


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 chateau this day: and I am too well convinced of Madeline's regard, to think she will feel any other regret in accompanying me, than that which proceeds from quitting you."

"Certainly, madam (said Madeline, recollecting herself at these words, and endeavouring to dissipate all appearance of chagrin), I should be ungrateful if I did."

"Do not suppose, my love (cried the Countess), from bringing you home to-day, that it is my intention to make you refuse every invitation which I do not choose to accept myself; no, such conduct would be unreasonable in the highest degree; on the contrary, I shall be happy sometimes to let you mix in the diversions of this town, with your amiable friends here, who have already requested to let you now and then pass a few days with them for that purpose."

Madeline bowed, and thanked her friends for their obliging wishes to promote her happiness.


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 upon profit; thirdly, of those which, it is intended, should fall upon wages; and, fourthly, of those which, it is intended, should fall indifferently upon all those three different sources of private revenue. The particular consideration of each of these four different sorts of taxes will divide the second part of the present chapter into four articles, three of which will require several other subdivisions. Many of those taxes, it will appear from the following review, are not finally paid from the fund, or source of revenue, upon which it was intended they should fall.

Before I enter upon the examination of particular taxes, it is necessary to premise the four following maxims with regard to taxes in general.

I. The subjects of every State ought to contribute toward the support of the government, as nearly as possible, in proportion to their respective abilities; that is, in proportion to the revenue which they respectively enjoy under the protection of the State. The expense of government to the individuals of a great nation, is like the expense of management to the joint tenants of a great estate, who are all obliged to contribute in proportion to their respective interests in the estate. In the observation or neglect of this maxim consists what is called the equality or inequality of taxation. Every tax, it must be observed once for all, which falls finally upon one only of the three sorts of revenue above mentioned, is necessarily unequal, in so far as it does not affect the other two. In the following examination of different taxes I shall seldom take much further notice of this sort of inequality, but shall, in most cases, confine my observations to that inequality which is occasioned by a particular tax falling unequally upon that particular sort of private revenue which is affected by it.


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 It was now settled, that in three days Madame Chatteneuf and her daughter should call for Madeline. They had just arranged this matter, when a footman entered with a letter, which he presented to Madeline; saying, "Mam'selle, the Chevalier de Sevignie's servant waits for an answer."

Madeline started up in universal trepidation: she forgot, in the agitation of the moment, the inference that might be drawn from her manner: she forgot, in short, that there was any being to observe her. She believed that she held a letter containing a full explanation of de Sevignie's sentiments; and that belief drove every idea not connected with it from her mind. She turned to a window, and, eagerly breaking the seal, read as follows:—

"M. de Sevignie presents his most respectful compliments to Mademoiselle Clermont; he is extremely concerned he cannot have the honour of waiting on her this morning:


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 but, though prevented by very particular business from making personal enquiries after her health, he still flatters himself he shall hear that she is well, and perfectly recovered from any fatigue that might have attended the amusements of last night."

Such a letter from de Sevignie, so cold, so formal, instead of the one she expected to receive from him, gave a shock to Madeline that almost annihilated every pleasing hope, every pleasing expectation. She sighed,—she leaned pensively against the window;—"I was mistaken then (said she to herself), in imagining de Sevignie had any thing important to say to me when he requested an interview; he only meant to have paid me what it seems is a customary compliment."

"The servant waits, my dear," said the Countess at length, rousing her from her reverie."


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 Madeline started, and felt ready to sink with confusion, as she thought, for the first time, of the remarks she had probably excited.

"If that letter requires an answer (cried the Countess), you had better give one directly."

Madeline again glanced at it; she thought, or rather wished to think, that the last lines expressed something like anxiety about her; and, judging of de Sevignie by herself, supposing, like her, he would be delighted to receive even a line from a beloved hand, she determined to answer the letter, and went to a table, on which was an open writing desk, for that purpose.

"What are you going to do, Madeline?" asked the Countess.

"I am going to write, madam," answered Madeline.


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 II. The tax which each individual is bound to pay ought to be certain, and not arbitrary. The time of payment, the manner of payment, the quantity to be paid, ought all to be clear and plain to the contributor, and to every other person. Where it is otherwise, every person subject to the tax is put more or less in the power of the tax-gatherer, who can either aggravate the tax upon any obnoxious contributor, or extort, by the terror of such aggravation, some present or perquisite to himself. The uncertainty of taxation encourages the insolence and favors the corruption of an order of men who are naturally unpopular, even where they are neither insolent nor corrupt. The certainty of what each individual ought to pay is, in taxation, a matter of so great importance, that a very considerable degree of inequality, it appears, I believe, from the experience of all nations, is not near so great an evil as a very small degree of uncertainty.

III. Every tax ought to be levied at the time, or in the manner, in which it is most likely to be convenient for the contributor to pay it. A tax upon the rent of land or of houses, payable at the same term at which such rents are usually paid, is levied at the time when it is most likely to be convenient for the contributor to pay; or, when he is most likely to have wherewithal to pay. Taxes upon such consumable goods as are articles of luxury, are all finally paid by the consumer, and generally in a manner that is very convenient for him. He pays them by little and little, as he has occasion to buy the goods. As he is at liberty, too, either to buy, or not to buy, as he pleases, it must be his own fault if he ever suffers any considerable inconvenience from such taxes.

IV. Every tax ought to be so contrived as both to take


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 "Does your letter require a written answer? (again asked the Countess, in an accent of surprise) young ladies should be very careful how they write to gentlemen."

Madeline dropped the pen she had taken up. She began to think that to write to de Sevignie, without consulting the Countess, or showing her his letter, was not only a breach of respect to her, but of duty to her father, who had put her under the care of his friend, with a firm conviction, that she would never follow her own judgment without having it first sanctioned by hers. She took up the letter, and, going to the Countess, put it into her hand. "Will you have the goodness, Madame (said she) to tell me what answer I shall send?"

"It does not require a moment's consideration to determine that (cried the Countess); bless me, child, could you ever imagine this letter required more than a verbal answer? tell Monsieur de Sevignie's man (continued she turning to the servant), that Mam'selle


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Minister; and if the Minister considers it desirable in the national interest for entry to be refused to the person in question, and so informs the State authority, the notification shall not be given.

10. (1) As regards entry into and residence in a Borneo State and all matters connected therewith a person entitled in the State to the citizens in benefit of this section shall be treated for the purposes of the Immigration Ordinance, 1959, as if he were a citizen of the Federation.

 * (2) Subject to the provisions of this section, a person shall be entitled in a Borneo State to the benefit of the section if—

 * (a) on Malaysia Day he is ordinarily resident in the State, and in the ten years immediately preceding that day he has resided in the territories comprised in the Borneo States and Brunei for periods which amount in the aggregate to not less than seven years; and

 * (b) immediately before Malaysia Day under the immigration law of the territories comprised in the State, he would as being a Commonwealth citizen (or if not a Commonwealth citizen, then in the case of Sabah as having been before November 1931 born in North Borneo) have been entitled to enter those territories without having obtained a permit or pass.

 * (3) A person shall not be entitled to the benefit of this section after the beginning of September, 1965:

Provided that where before September, 1965, a person entitled in a Borneo State to the benefit of this section makes an application to be registered as a citizen of the Federation and the application is not disposed of before the beginning of that month, he shall continue to be so entitled until the application is disposed of.

 * (4) So long as a person is entitled in a Borneo State to the benefit of this section that person's children under the age of twenty-one years and (if he is a man) his wife shall as regards entry into and residence in the State and all matters connected therewith be treated for the purposes of the Immigration Ordinance, 1959, as if

they were citizens of the Federation.

 * (5) For the purpose of determining whether paragraph (b) of subsection (2) is satisfied in the case of any person, any question which under the immigration law of the territories comprised in a Borneo State would have fallen to be determined by an authority or officer of the government of those territories shall be determined by the

Minister.

 * (6) A person who has left a Borneo State on or after Malaysia Day shall not be entitled in the State to the benefit of this section if the Minister is satisfied that his residence in the State would be prejudicial to public security.


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 Clermont is well, and thanks his master for his polite enquiries after her health."

Madeline sat down in a state of the most painful confusion, from which she was soon, in some degree, relieved by the entrance of the officers: they were immediately introduced to her and the Countess; and then requested the honour of their company for the evening. The Countess politely thanked them for their attention, but declined their invitation; and their mortification at her doing so, was evident. The conversation, however, soon grew lively, and was supported by all but Madeline with the utmost spirit.

"Pray (asked Mademoiselle Chatteneuf, during the pause of a minute, addressing one of the officers), what is become of de Sevignie to-day? I think he is generally your companion in your morning visits and rambles."