text:
Page:Nature and Life (1934).pdf/62

 lute self-enjoyment, creative activity, aim. Here “aim” evidently involves the entertainment of the purely ideal so as to be directive of the creative process. Also, the enjoyment belongs to the process and is not a characteristic of any static result. The aim is at the enjoyment belonging to the process.

The question at once arises as to whether this factor of life in Nature, as thus interpreted, corresponds to anything that we observe in Nature. All philosophy is an endeavour to obtain a self-consistent understanding of things observed. Thus, its development is guided in two ways — one is the demand for a coherent self-consistency, and the other is the elucidation of things observed. It is, therefore, our first task to compare the foregoing doctrine of life in Nature with our direct observations.

Without doubt the sort of observations most prominent in our conscious experience

title: Page:Nature and Life (1934).pdf/62


text:
Page:West African Studies.djvu/400

 Secretary, who does not by all means always feel enthusiastic towards that policy; so it languishes. Governor comes back, goes at it again like a giant refreshed, but by no means better acquainted with local affairs for having been away; then he goes home again, or dies, or gets a new appointment; a brand new Governor comes out, he starts a new line of policy, perhaps has a new Colonial Secretary into the bargain; anyhow the thing goes on wavering, not advancing. The only description I have heard of our policy in West African Colonies that seems to me to do it justice is that given by a medical friend of mine, who said it was a coma accompanied by fits.

Of course this would not be the case if the Colonial Office had a definite detailed policy of its own, and merely sent out men to carry it out; but this the Colonial Office has not got and cannot have, because it has not got the scientific and commercial facts of West Africa in its possession. It has therefore to depend on the Governors it sends out; and these, as aforesaid, are men of divers minds. One Governor is truly great on drains; he spends lots of money on them. Another Governor thinks education and a cathedral more important; during his reign drains languish. Yet another Governor comes along and says if there are schools wanted they should be under non-sectarian control, but what is wanted is a railway; and so it goes on, and of course leads to an immense waste of money. And this waste of money is a far more serious thing than it looks; for it is from it that the policy has arisen, of increasing customs dues to a point that seriously hampers trade development, and the far more serious evil of attempting directly as well as indirectly to tax the native population.

I am bound to say I believe any ordinary Englishman

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Page:West African Studies.djvu/400


text:
Page:Meir Ezofovitch a novel, from the Polish of Eliza Orzeszko.djvu/333

Rh those near the door who tried to get a better view of the speaker. They did not see anything unusual. Behind the white table, quiet and grave, stood Meir Ezofovitch. He was much paler than usual and his eyes burned feverishly; his emotion was not the outcome of fear or doubt but of a powerful conviction and radiant hope. In his hands he held a few sheets of old yellow paper which he raised now and then, to show whence he took his words.

“Oh Israel!” he read out, in a clear and thrilling voice, “you are a great people! You were the first amongst nations who recognized one God in heaven and heard on earth amidst the roar of thunder and flashes of lightning those ten great commandments which like ten rocks helped you and other nations to climb towards the sun of perfection.

"Oh Israel! blind from his birth or blinded by malice must be the man who fails to recognize the greatness of your mission.

"Dry from its birth or dried by the searching breath that comes from the nether world must be the eye that does not shed a tear at the sight of your sufferings.

"Ill-fated he, who looking at you calls you contemptible. May the Lord pity him and forgive him, as he possesses not the balance in which are weighed a nation’s virtues and crimes, possesses not the wisdom which shows how pain and degradation produce sin.

"Israel! from you was born Moses, whose love was like the flaming bush. David with the golden harp; the beautiful Esther, weeping over the misery of her people. The Maccabees with their mighty swords came from


text: Poems: Second Series (Dickinson)/I lived on dread; to those who know


text:
Page:Nature and Life (1934).pdf/63

 are the sense-perceptions. Sight, hearing, taste, smell, touch constitute a rough list of our major modes of perception through the senses. But there are an indefinite set of obscure bodily feelings which form a background of feeling with items occasionally flashing into prominence, The peculiarity of sense-perception is its dual character partly irrelevant to the body and partly referent to the body. In the case of sight, the irrelevance to the body is at its maximum. We look at the scenery, at a picture, or at an approaching cat on the road, as an external presentation given for our mental entertainment or mental anxiety. There it is, exposed to view. But, on reflection, we elicit the underlying experience that we were seeing with our eyes. Usually this fact is not in explicit consciousness at the moment of perception. The bodily reference is recessive, the visible presentation is dominant. In the other modes of sensation the body is

title: Page:Nature and Life (1934).pdf/63


text: Page:Poems Cook.djvu/262

title: Page:Poems Cook.djvu/262


text: Poems: Second Series (Dickinson)/If I should die


text:
Page:Romance of the Rose (Ellis), volume 1.pdf/84

50

ARCISSUS hight a youth beset

By Love, and snared within his net;

Who thereby so great sufferance felt

As lastly caused his soul to melt

In tears, and render up the ghost;

For him fair Echo’s soul was lost

In love that reason’s voice defied,

And she, o’ercome with passion, cried:

“O shouldest thou disdain to give

To me thy love, I scorn to live.”

Then he, (self-loving fool, and vain

Of heart,) regarded nought her pain,

But scoffed at every fond caress,

And spurned her proffered tenderness;

Until, despairing, day by day

She wasted, pined and waned away

For love of him: but as in air

Her spirit passed, she made her prayer

To God, that this Narcissus’ hard

Unpitying heart might e’en be scarred,

Like hers, with love unsatisfied,

To recompense his cruel pride,


text:
Page:Nature and Life (1934).pdf/91

 flashes of mentality in the past which have degenerated into physical habits. Finally, in the higher mammals and more particularly in mankind, we have clear evidence of mentality habitually effective. In our own experience, our knowledge consciously entertained and systematized can only mean such mentality, directly observed.

The qualities entertained as objects in conceptual activity are of the nature of catalytic agents, in the sense in which that phrase is used in chemistry. They modify the aesthetic process by which the occasion constitutes itself out of the many streams of feeling received from the past. It is not necessary to assume that conceptions introduce additional sources of measurable energy. They may do so; for the doctrine of the conservation of energy is not based upon exhaustive measurements. But the operation of mentality is primarily to be conceived as a diversion of the flow of energy.

In these lectures I have not entered upon

title: Page:Nature and Life (1934).pdf/91


text: Poems: Second Series (Dickinson)/At Length


text: Poems: Second Series (Dickinson)/Ghosts

title: Poems: Second Series (Dickinson)/Ghosts


text: Poems: Second Series (Dickinson)/Vanished


text: Poems: Second Series (Dickinson)/Precedence


text: Poems: Second Series (Dickinson)/Gone

title: Poems: Second Series (Dickinson)/Gone


text: Poems: Second Series (Dickinson)/Requiem


text:
Page:West African Studies.djvu/401

 would be fairly staggered if he went out to West Africa and saw what there was to show for the expenditure of the last few years in our Crown Colonies there, and knew that all that money had been honestly expended in the main, that none of it had been appropriated by the officials, that they had only had their pay, and that none too great.

But, you will say, after all, if West Africa is as rich as it is said to be, surely it can stand a little wasteful expenditure, and support an even more expensive administration than it now has. All I can say is, that it can stand wasteful expenditure, but only up to a certain point, which is now passed; it would perhaps be more true to say it could stand wasteful expenditure before the factor of the competition of French and German colonies alongside came in; and that a wasteful expenditure that necessitates unjust methods of raising revenue, such as direct taxation on the natives, is a thing West Africa will not stand at all. Of course you can do it; you can impose direct taxation on the native population, but you cannot make it financially pay to do so; for one thing, the collection of that tax will require a considerable multiplication of officials black and white, the black section will by their oppressive methods engender war, and the joint body will consume more than the amount that can be collected. From a fiscal standpoint direct taxation of a non-Mohammedanised or non-Christianised community is rank foolishness, for reasons known to every ethnologist. As for the natural riches of West Africa, I am a profound believer in them, and regard West Africa, taken as a whole, as one of the richest regions in

title: Page:West African Studies.djvu/401


text:
Page:Ginzburg - The Legends of the Jews - Volume 5.djvu/40

66–70] $undefined$ , 247, which is indeed the oldest rabbinic source on the names of the archangels and their relation to the planets; Raziel 38a, 61a, where various sources are made use of) naturally supposes seven classes of angels.Along with the sevenfold and fourfold divisions of angels, found in pseudepigraphic and rabbinic literatures, we meet with the conception of twelve archangels, which is connected with the signs of the Zodiac; comp. Raziel 52a, 61a (which is based on another source than the two other passages referred to above).As to this view in pseudepigraphic literature, comp. Bousset, Religion, 374–376.  $undefined$ Hullin 91a; 2 ARN 27, 55; 44, 124; Midrash Tannaim 71; Sifre D., 306 (end); BHM VI, 37; Mishle 9.75; BR 65.21; Tan. B. III, 74; Tan. Kedoshim 6; Nispahim 56.The last-named passage states that when the angels had complained of the fact that man was preferred to them, God replied: “What, ye wish to precede Is¬ rael in chanting songs of praise to Me? They, though ‘born of woman ' and subject to the evil inclination, conquer their evil inclination and daily proclaim Me as the one God and King, and wait for the coming of My Kingdom and the establishment of My house.”—Although man, who is a terrestrial being, is inferior to the angels, he surpasses them by overcoming the evil inclination, which the angels do not possess at all (BR 48.11).The pious are therefore greater than the angels (Sanhedrin 39a; BR 88.1; Tehillim 91, 398, and 103, 438).In the world to come the angels will try to find out from Israel the things taught to them by God; Yerushalmi Shabbat 3, 8d, and BR 1.12.Comp. Schechter, Aspects, 49; Singer, Das Buch d. Jubilden 98, note 6; vol. I, p. 334; vol. III, p. 32.  $undefined$ The windows of heaven are frequently mentioned in Enoch (comp. Charles’ Index, s.v.) and likewise in rabbinic sources; comp. Yerushalmi Rosh ha-Shanah 2, 58a; ShR 15.22; PRE 6; Ginzberg, Unbekannte Sekte, 78.  $undefined$ On the defilement of the celestials by coming into contact with terrestrial beings, comp. note 105.  $undefined$ This stream of fire is very likely the one which springs out of the perspiration of the Hayyot encircling God’s throne, and out of which the daily angels rise to chant songs of praise to God and disappear after their task has been accomplished; BR 78.1; ShR 15.6; Hagigah 14a.Comp. note 62.  $undefined$ Seder Rabba di-Bereshit 28–30; 3 Hekalot 161–163.In other sources it is not Shamiel who appears as the master of heavenly song (probably the correct reading is Shammiel, since it is derived from


text: Poems: Second Series (Dickinson)/It was not death, for I stood up


text: Poems: Second Series (Dickinson)/Till the End


text: Page:Meir Ezofovitch a novel, from the Polish of Eliza Orzeszko.djvu/324


text: Poems: Second Series (Dickinson)/Void

title: Poems: Second Series (Dickinson)/Void


text: Page:Meir Ezofovitch a novel, from the Polish of Eliza Orzeszko.djvu/323


text: Poems: Second Series (Dickinson)/A throe upon the features


text: Poems: Second Series (Dickinson)/Saved

title: Poems: Second Series (Dickinson)/Saved


text: Poems: Second Series (Dickinson)/I think just how my shape will rise


text:
Page:West African Studies.djvu/402

 the world; but, as Sir William Maxwell said, "I am convinced that, from causes wholly unpreventable, West Africa is and must remain a place with certain peculiar dangers of its own" ; therefore it requires most careful, expert handling. It is no use your trying to get its riches out by a set of hasty amateur experiments; it is no use just dumping down capital on it and calling these goings on "Developing the resources," or "Raising the African in the plane of civilisation;" because these goings on are not these things, they are but sacrifices on the altars of folly and idleness.

Properly managed, those parts of West Africa which our past apathy has left to us are capable of being made into a group of possessions before which the direct value to England, in England, of all the other regions that we hold in the world would sink into insignificance.

Sir William Maxwell, when he referred to "causes wholly unpreventable," was referring mainly to the unhealthiness of West Africa. There seems no escape from this great drawback. Every other difficulty connected with it one can imagine removable by human activity and ingenuity even the labour difficulty—but, I fear, not so the fever. Although this is not a thing to discourage England from holding West Africa, it is a thing which calls for greater forethought in the administration of it than she need give to a healthy region. In a healthy region it does not matter so much whether there is an excess over requirements in the number of men employed to administer it, but in one with a death rate of at least 35 per cent. of white men it does matter.

title: Page:West African Studies.djvu/402


text: Poems: Second Series (Dickinson)/The Forgotten Grave


text:
Page:Meir Ezofovitch a novel, from the Polish of Eliza Orzeszko.djvu/325

Rh secured the precious relic under his ragged garments and then kissed the rabbi’s hand with fervent gratitude.

"Rabbi," he said, "I have nothing to pay you with."

Todros craned his yellow neck towards him.

"You have come from a far country, indeed, if you do not know that Isaac Todros does not take any payment. If I do good to my brethren, I ask only for one reward, that the Almighty may increase by one drop, the wisdom I possess already, but of which I can never have enough."

The old man looked with admiring eyes at the sage, who, so full of wisdom, yet wished for more.

"Rabbi!" he sighed, "allow me to kiss your benevolent hand."

"Kiss it,” said the master gently, and when the old man bent his head covered with white hair the rabbi put his arm round him and kissed him on the forehead.

"Rabbi!" exclaimed the old man with a burst of happiness in his voice, "you are good,—you are our father,—our master and brother."

"Blessings upon you," replied Todros, "for having preserved your faith unto your old age and the love for our fatherland, which makes you prize a handful of its soil more than gold and silver."

Both their eyes were full of tears. It was the first time they had ever met and yet their hearts were full of brotherly love and mutual sympathy.

Reb Mosze, who sat in his usual corner, waiting for the end of the interview, had also tears in his eyes. When Isaac Todros was alone he still waited a little and then said in a low voice,—


text: Poems: Second Series (Dickinson)/Lay this laurel on the one


text:
Page:Romance of the Rose (Ellis), volume 1.pdf/85

Rh

And thus at last he too might prove

The pangs of unrequited love.

The God, in pity, bowed his ear

To list his sweet petitioner,

And caused Narcissus, tired and worn

With hunting, through a summer’s morn,

O’er valley, lawn, and mountain’s crown,

Hither to come and cast him down,

Consumed by thirst, beside the cool

And crystal waters of the pool

To which the spreading pine tree gave

Refreshing shade, then o’er its wave

He bent him, driven by thirst, to drink

The limpid wave that lapped its brink.

HEN stooped he low to slake his drouth

And saw his forehead, nose, and mouth,

He started back in wonderment,

For through his heart the vision sent

A thrill, to see himself so fair,

Matchless in form, of beauty rare.

Then Love knew well his way to take

Narcissus in his toils, and make

Him suffer such-like cruel woe

As he had dealt to fair Echo.

VOL. I.


text: Page:Meir Ezofovitch a novel, from the Polish of Eliza Orzeszko.djvu/351


text: Romance of the Rose (Ellis)/Chapter 11

title: Romance of the Rose (Ellis)/Chapter 11


text: Page:Poems Cook.djvu/263

title: Page:Poems Cook.djvu/263


text:
Page:The Journal of Indian Botany.djvu/500

74 Plate XXII.

202-203. Ehretia aspera.

202. T. S. of the leaf.

Oc. 6 Com.; Ob. 8 mm. Ap.

203. T. S. of the axis.

Oc. 4 Com.; Ob. 8 mm. Ap.

204. Heliotropium supinum. Hair on the leaf.

Oc. 2 Com.; Ob. 3 mm, Ap.

205-211. Heliotropium rariflorum. 205. T. S. of the leaf.

Oc. 4 Com.; Ob. 8 mm. Ap.

206 207 208 209 Hair on the leaf in different stages of development.

Oc. 4 Com.; Ob. 8. mm. Ap.

210. T. S. of the leaf showing epidermis, stomata and cystolith-like structures.

Oc. 4 Com.; Ob. 8 mm. Ap.

211. T. S. of the axis.

Oc. 6 Com.; Ob. 8 mm. Ap.

212-214. Heliotropium undulatum.

212. T. S. of the leaf.

Oc. 6. Com.; Ob. 8 mm. Ap.

213. Hair on the leaf.

Oc. 8 Com.; Ob. 8 mm. Ap.

214. T. S. of the axis.

Oc. 4 Com.; Ob. 8 mm. Ap.

N.B.—To get the original dimensions multiply by 1·7.


text: Page:Poems Cook.djvu/264

title: Page:Poems Cook.djvu/264


text:
Page:West African Studies.djvu/403

 I confess it is this excessive expenditure of men which I dislike most in the Crown Colony system, though I know it cannot help it; it is in the make of the thing. If these men were even employed in some great undertaking it would be less grievous; but they are many of them entirely taken up with clerk work, and all of them have to waste a large percentage of their time on it. Some of the men undoubtedly get to like this, but it is a morbid taste. I know one of our possessions where the officials even carry on their personal quarrels with each other on government paper in a high official style, when it would be better if they put aside an hour a week and went and punched each other's heads, and gave the rest of their time to studying native law and languages and pottering about the country getting up information on it at large, so that the natives would become familiarised with the nature of Englishmen first-hand, instead of being dependent for their knowledge of them on interpreters and the set of subordinate native officials and native police.

I wish that it lay in my power to place before you merely a set of figures that would show you the present state of our West African affairs, but such figures do not exist. Practically speaking, there are no reliable figures for West African affairs. They are not cooked, but you know what figures are—unless they be complete and in their proper stations, they are valueless.

The figures we have are those which appear in "The Colonial Annual Series" of reports. These are not annual; for example, the Gold Coast one was not published for three years; but no matter, when they are published they are misleading enough, unless you know things not

title: Page:West African Studies.djvu/403


text: Page:Poems Cook.djvu/265

title: Page:Poems Cook.djvu/265


text:
Page:West African Studies.djvu/404

 mentioned in them but connected with them. However, we will just run through the figures published for one West African Crown Colony. For many reasons I am sorry to have to take those regarding Sierra Leone, but I must, as at present they are the most correct available.

Now the element of error which must be allowed for in these arises from the proximity of the French colony of French Guinea, which is next door to Sierra Leone. That colony has been really developing its exports. Goods have, up to last year, come out through our colony of Sierra Leone, and have been included with the exports of Sierra Leone itself, though Sierra Leone has not dwelt on this interesting fact. And, equally, since 1890 goods going into French Guinea have gone in through Sierra Leone, and though traceable with care, have been put in with the total of the imports. So you see it is a little difficult to find out whether it has been French Guinea or Sierra Leone that has really been doing the trade mentioned in the figures.

Nevertheless, it has been customary to take these joint, mixed up figures and get happy over "the increase of trade in Sierra Leone during the past ten years"; but a little calm consideration will prevent you from falling into this idle error.

Personally I think that if you are cautious you will try and estimate the trade by the exports; for among the imports there are Government stores, railway material, &c., things that will have some day to be paid for, because it is the rule not to assist a colony under the system until it has been reduced to a West Indian condition; whereas the exports give you the buying power of the colony, and show the limits of the trade which may be expected to

title: Page:West African Studies.djvu/404


text: Page:Poems Cook.djvu/266

title: Page:Poems Cook.djvu/266


text: Page:Meir Ezofovitch a novel, from the Polish of Eliza Orzeszko.djvu/352


text: Page:Poems Cook.djvu/267

title: Page:Poems Cook.djvu/267


text:
Page:The Journal of Indian Botany.djvu/502

76 Plate XXIII.

215-216. Heliotropium paniculatum.

215. T. S. of the leaf.

Oc. 8 Com.; Ob. 8 mm. Ap.

216. T. S. of the axis.

Oc. 2 Com.; Ob. 3 mm. Ap. 217-218. Trichodesma indicum.

217. T. S. of the axis showing epidermis.

Oc. 6 Com.; Ob. 8 mm Ap.

218. Hair on the axis.

Oc. 2 Com.; Ob. 8 mm. Ap.

219-220. Sericostoma pauciflorum.

219. T. S. of the leaf.

Oc. 6 Com.; Ob. 8 mm. Ap.

220. T. S. of the axis showing epidermis, assimilatory tissue and cortical parenchyma. Oc. 4 Com.; Ob. 8 mm. Ap.

221-223. Arnebia hispidissima.

221. 222. Hair on the leaf.

Oc. 8 Com.; Ob 8 mm. Ap.

223. Hair on the axis.

Oc. 2 Com.; Ob. 8 mm. Ap.

224-225. Cressa cretica.

224. T. S. of the leaf showing epidermis and hairs.

Oc 4 Com.; Ob. 8 mm. Ap.

225. T. S. of the axis.

Oc. 6 Com.; Ob. 8 mm. Ap.

226-227. Breweria latifolia.

226. Hair on the leaf.

Oc. 4 Com.; Ob. 3 mm. Ap.

227. T. S. of the axis showing a lenticel.

Oc. 6 Com.; Ob. 8 mm. Ap.

228-229. Convolvulus microphyllus.

228. T. S. of the leaf.

Oc. 4 Com.; Ob. 8 mm. Ap.

229. T. S. of the axis.

Oc. 6 Com.; Ob. 8 mm Ap.

230. Convolvulus glomeratus. Hair on the axis.

Oc. 4 Com.; Ob. 8 mm. Ap.

N.B.—To get the original dimensions multiply by 1·7.


text:
Page:Meir Ezofovitch a novel, from the Polish of Eliza Orzeszko.djvu/353

Rh

But for the expression of pride and undaunted courage in his face, he might have been taken for a begging outcast, or a hunted criminal.

Saul covered his face with both hands. Some of the women sobbed aloud. Rafael, Abram, and other grave members of the family rose from their seats, stern and angry, and called out in one voice: "Ill-fated lad!” They were about to surround him, and to speak to him, when suddenly the shutters flew open with a crash, the windows shattered into bits, and heavy stones thundered against the furniture. From beyond the shattered windows, yells and shouts arose, over which dominated the hoarse voice of the melamed. They called for Meir to give up the writing, heaped abuse and insults upon the family, and threatened them with heaven’s and the people’s wrath.

The members of the family stood motionless, as if turned to stone from terror and shame.

Saul took his hands from his face, drew himself up proudly, and went quickly towards the door.

"Father! where are you going?" cried in terror the men and the women.

He pointed his shaking hand at the window, and said,—

"I will stand in the porch of my house and tell the foolish rabble to be quiet and take themselves off.”

They barred his way. The women clung round his shoulders and knees.

"They will kill you, father!" they moaned.

Suddenly the raging tumult ceased. Instead of yells, a low murmur passed from mouth to mouth,—

"The shamos, the shamos, the shamos!”


text:
Module:Proofreadpage index template/sandbox 2

require('strict')

--[=[ This is a module to implement logic for MediaWiki:Proofreadpage index template ]=]

local p = {} -- p stands for package

local getArgs = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs local messageBox = require('Module:Message box') local ISO_639 = require('Module:ISO 639') local tableTools = require('Module:TableTools') local construct_defaultsort = require('Module:Header/sort')._construct_defaultsort

local cfg = mw.loadData('Module:Proofreadpage index template/config/sandbox')

local current_title = mw.title.getCurrentTitle local current_frame = mw.getCurrentFrame

local function construct_cat(cat) return "" end

local function makeCatLink(cat, label) if label then return "" .. label .. "" else return "Category:" .. cat .. "" end end

local function indicator(content, args) return current_frame:extensionTag { name = 'indicator', content = content, args = args } end

-- construct a basic "field" row

local function construct_field(id, content) if not id or not content then return nil end -- mapping of field ID to field properties local row = mw.html.create('tr') :attr('id', 'ws-index-' .. id .. '-row') :addClass('ws-index-row') :tag('th') :attr('id', 'ws-index-' .. id .. '-label') :addClass('ws-index-label') :attr('scope', 'row') :wikitext(cfg['headings'][id]['txt'] or error('Can\'t find heading for ID: ' .. id)) :done :tag('td') :attr('id', 'ws-index-' .. id .. '-value') :addClass('ws-index-value') :wikitext(content) :allDone return row end

-- construct the title field (include volume after title if present)

local function construct_title_field(args) local content if args['Title'] and args['Volume'] then content = args['Title'] .. ', ' .. args['Volume'] else content = args['Title'] or args['Volume'] end return construct_field('title', content) end

-- construct the source field

local function construct_source_field(args) args['Source'] = args['Source'] or error('No source') local value local file = mw.title.new(current_title.text, 'File') if file.file.exists then -- if a file exists, link it value =  .. args['Source'] ..  else -- otherwise just show the text value = args['Source'] end return construct_field('source', value) end

-- construct the status (proofread/validated/etc.) field

local function construct_status_field(args) -- mapping from status code to category and status text local sd = cfg['status'][args['Progress']] -- construct a span which might be classed "error" local progress_text = mw.html.create('span'):wikitext(sd['txt']) if sd['error'] then progress_text:addClass('error') end return construct_cat(sd['cat']) .. construct_field('progress', makeCatLink(sd['cat'], tostring(progress_text))) end

-- construct the transclusion status field

local function construct_transclusion_status(args) local td = cfg['transclusion'][args['Transclusion']] or error('Unknown index status: ' .. args['Transclusion']) return construct_field('transclusion', makeCatLink(td['cat'], td['txt'])) .. construct_cat(td['cat']) end

-- construct the validation field

local function construct_validated_date(args) if not args['Validation_date'] then return nil end local cat = 'Indexes validated in ' .. args['Validation_date'] return construct_cat(cat) .. construct_field('validation_date', makeCatLink(cat, args['Validation_date'])) .. indicator('', {name = 'validated-index-date'}) end

-- construct external link fields

local function construct_url_gen(args, linktype) if not args[linktype] then return nil end return construct_field(linktype, '[' .. cfg["url_prefixes"][linktype] .. mw.uri.encode(args[linktype]) .. ' ' .. args[linktype] .. ']') end

-- construct language categories

local function construct_language_cat(args) if not args['Language'] then return nil end local langs = mw.text.split(args['Language'], ',%s?', false) local cats = {} for _, lang in pairs(langs) do table.insert(cats, construct_cat('Index pages of works originally in ' .. (ISO_639.language_name(lang) or 'an unknown language'))) end if #langs > 1 then table.insert(cats, construct_cat('Index pages of works originally in multiple languages')) end return table.concat(cats) end

-- get the metadata fields.

local function _fields(args) local field_list = { construct_title_field(args), construct_field('author', args['Author']), construct_field('translator', args['Translator']), construct_field('editor', args['Editor']), construct_field('illustrator', args['Illustrator']), construct_field('year', args['Year']), construct_field('publisher', args['Publisher']), construct_field('place', args['Address']), construct_source_field(args), construct_status_field(args), construct_transclusion_status(args), construct_validated_date(args), construct_url_gen(args, 'OCLC'), construct_url_gen(args, 'DOI'), construct_field('volumes', args['Volumes']), construct_language_cat(args) }	field_list = tableTools.compressSparseArray(field_list) return field_list end

function p.fields(frame) return table.concat(_fields(getArgs(frame))) end

-- construct wrapper for fields

local function _metadata(args) local metadatatable = mw.html.create('table') :attr('id', 'ws-index-metadata') :addClass('ws-index-metadata') local fields = _fields(args) for i = 1, #fields do		if type(fields[i]) == 'string' then metadatatable:wikitext(fields[i]) else metadatatable:node(fields[i]) end end return metadatatable end

function p.metadata(frame) return _metadata(getArgs(frame)) end

-- talk page message box

local function _talkremarks local talkTitle = current_title.talkPageTitle local talkText = talkTitle.prefixedText -- if talk page exists, show message box -- if "Quick notes" section exists, transclude it	if talkTitle.exists then return messageBox.main(			'ombox',			{				type = 'content',		   	text = 'Formatting guidelines specific to this work may have already been established. Please check the talk page for details.'		    		.. current_frame:callParserFunction('#lsth', talkText, 'Quick notes')			}		) end return '' end

function p.talkremarks return _talkremarks end

-- indicators

local function _indicators local indicator_list = {} for k, v in pairs(cfg['indicators']) do		table.insert(			indicator_list,			indicator(mw.ustring.format('20px|link=%s|%s', v.image, v.link, v.caption), {name = v.name})		) end return table.concat(indicator_list) end

function p.indicators return _indicators end

-- cover image

local function _cover(args) -- workaround for pagelist preview that tries to parse this template -- without any context and with missing parameters via the API if not args['Image'] then return '' end local function cover_file_link(file, attrs) return '250px|class=ws-cover ws-index-cover' .. (attrs or ) ..  end -- if Image param is not a (page) number then this is an image-based Index -- so use the provided image as the cover image if not tonumber(args['Image']) then local imglink if mw.ustring.find(args['Image'], '^%[%[') then -- assume it's a full image specification imglink = args['Image'] else -- assume it's a filename with or without File: prefix local file = mw.ustring.gsub(args['Image'], '^[Ff]ile:', '') imglink = cover_file_link('File:' .. file) end return imglink .. construct_cat('Image based indexes') end -- otherwise it's a DjVu/PDF-backed index -- so we fetch the cover image from a page in the (multipage) file local fileTitle = mw.title.makeTitle('File', current_title.text) if not fileTitle.file.exists then -- our associated file doesn't exist so we use a placeholder return cover_file_link('File:Placeholder book.svg', '|link=' .. fileTitle.prefixedText) .. construct_cat('Indexes with missing files') end -- file exists and we have a page number for the cover return cover_file_link(fileTitle.prefixedText, '|page=' .. tonumber(args['Image'])) end

function p.cover(frame) return _cover(getArgs(frame)) end

-- remarks

local function _remarks(args) if args['Remarks'] then -- TODO -- return mw.html.create('div'):addClass('ws-index-remarks ws-index-remarks-container'):wikitext(args['Remarks']) return mw.html.create('td'):attr('id', 'ws-index-remarks'):wikitext(args['Remarks']) else -- TODO -- return mw.html.create('div'):addClass('ws-index-remarks ws-index-remarks-container ws-index-remarks-empty') return mw.html.create('td'):attr('id', 'ws-index-remarks-empty') end end

function p.remarks(frame) return _remarks(getArgs(frame)) end

-- sortkey

local function _sortkey(args) args.sortkey = args['Key'] or args.sortkey return construct_defaultsort(args) end

function p.sortkey(frame) return _sortkey(getArgs(frame)) end

-- get the pagelist provided by PRP -- PRP furnishes a finished rendered pagelist -- so we just need to wrap it in a suitable container, add a legend, etc.

local function _pagelist(args) -- main container local plcontainer = mw.html.create("div") :attr("id", "ws-index-pagelist-container") -- make it collapsible -- :addClass("ws-index-pagelist-container") TODO :addClass("mw-collapsible") -- the heading/legend :tag("div") :tag("i"):wikitext("Pages"):done --[=[ TODO :addClass("ws-index-pagelist-heading") :wikitext("Pages") ]=]			:wikitext(" ") -- Force a space between heading and legend. :tag("span") :attr("id", "ws-index-pagelist-legend") -- :addClass("ws-index-pagelist-heading-legend") TODO :wikitext("(key to Page Status)") :done :done :tag("div") -- the pagelist itself :attr("id", "ws-index-pagelist") -- :addClass("ws-index-pagelist") TODO :addClass("index-pagelist") -- legacy support :addClass("mw-collapsible-content") -- make it collapsible :wikitext('\n' .. mw.text.trim(args['Pages']) .. '\n') :allDone return plcontainer end

-- assemble the overall structure function p.main(frame) local args = getArgs(frame) -- set defaults for k, v in pairs(cfg['defaults']) do		if args[k] == nil then args[k] = v		end end -- the overall html structure into which each component is inserted local indexcontainer = mw.html.create('table') :attr('id', 'ws-index-container') :tag('tr') :tag('td') :attr('id', 'ws-index-main-cell') :tag('table') :attr('id', 'ws-index-main-table') :tag('tr') -- first row :tag('td') -- get the image to use as the cover image for this index :tag('div') :attr('id', 'ws-index-cover-container') :wikitext(_cover(args)) :done -- get metadata table :node(_metadata(args)) :done :done :tag('tr') -- second row :tag('td') -- get pagelist :node(_pagelist(args)) :done :done :done :done -- get remarks :node(_remarks(args)) :allDone --[=[ TODO local indexcontainer = mw.html.create('div') :addClass('ws-index-container') :tag('div') :addClass('ws-index-cover-container') :wikitext(_cover(args)) :done :tag('div') :addClass('ws-index-metadata-container') :node(_metadata(args)) :done :node(_pagelist(args)) :node(_remarks(args)) :allDone ]=]	-- return the HTML structure and the accumulated categories return _indicators .. _talkremarks .. tostring(indexcontainer) .. _sortkey(args) end

return p


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Page:The Journal of Indian Botany.djvu/77

CONTRIBUTIONS : A FLORA OF BALUCHISTAN. 55

Cocculus cebatha DC. Syst. I (1818) 527. Loc. : Kanoti, 47 miles N. of Las Bela, about 3,200 ft. (217A) ; W. side of Burida Pass, 140 miles SSW of Kalat, below 4,250 ft. (no. 217). " Every time I have seen this plant it has been growing out of a rock and hanging down the face of a cliff." (Hotson). 5-X-17 and 30-VIII-17. Uses : Is reputed to make water cold and to thicken it (Hotson). Vem. Name : Zamor (Bal., Br.).

Cocculus villosus DC. Prodr. I. 98. Loc. : Baran Lak, 28 miles S. of Wad, about 3,900 ft. (no. 380). Fl. in Oct. 1917.

Berberis lycium Boyle III 64. Locality not T given.

Berberis vulgaris L. Sp. PL 472. Loc. : Harboi, 18 miles ESE of Kalat, 9,000 ft. (21A,B,C). Fruit ripening about the time of the wheat harvest in the valleys, say June in these parts or early July. Uses : The small red berries are eaten by men and animals. The roots are boiled and give a decoction good! for fever, especially high fever ; it is said to make the chest " narm ". (Hotson). Vem. Name : Zarch Brah.

Hypecoum pendulum L. Sp. PI- 181. Loc. : Khudabadan, £ mile N. of Panjgur, about 3,100 ft. (no. 19l); Garmkan, 1 mile NE of Panjgur, about 3,125 ft. (no. 167). Fl. and fr. in March 1918.

Fumaria parviflora Lam. Encycl. II (1786) 567. Loc. : Panjgur, about 3,100 ft. (no. M 173) ; Khudabadan, 1 mile N of Panjgur, about 3,100 ft. (no. M 180) ; Fl. in March 1918— Fr. in March 1918. Vem. Name : Kankechk (Bal.), Kahurkah ? (Bal.).

Arabissp. prope A. tibeticam H. f. & T. Loc. : Rakhshan river bed at Panjgur, about 3,100 ft. Fl. and fr. in March 1918 (no. 16).

Arabis sp. prope A. purpuream Sibth. & Sm. — Fructus immaturus. Loc. : Khudabodan, } mile N. of Panchgur, about 3,100 ft. (no. 157 B). Fl. and fr. in March 1918. Vern. Name : Grabust (Br. and Bal.).

Barbarea plantaginea DC. Syst. II, 208. Loc. : Rakhshan river bed at Panjgur, about 3,100 ft. (no. 160). Fr. in March 1918.


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Relative Intensity Values over the Visible Spectrum for Average Noon Sunlight (Computed from Abbot’s data)

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78 Plate XXIV.

231-235. Ipomoca sindica.

231. T. S. of the leaf.

Oc. 6 Com.; Ob. 8 mm. Ap.

232. Hair on the leaf.

Oc. 8 Com.; Ob. 8 mm. Ap.

233. Stoma on the lower surface of the leaf.

Oc. 6 Com.; Ob. 3 mm. Ap.

234. T. S. of the axis.

Oc. 6 Com.; Ob. 8 mm. Ap.

235. Hair on the axis.

Oc. 4 Com.; Ob. 8 mm. Ap.

236-238. Solanum albicaulc.

236. Hair on the leaf.

Oc. 2 Com.; Ob. 3 mm. Ap.

237. Glandular hair on the leaf.

Oc. 4 Com.; Ob. 3 mm. Ap.

238. T. S. of the axis showing epidermis, hair and cork.

Oc. 4 Com.; Ob. 3 mm. Ap. 239-240. Lycium barbarum. 239. T. S. of the leaf showing epidermis. Oc. 4 Com.; Ob. 3 mm. Ap.

240. T. S. of the axis showing epidermis, cortical parenchyma and cork. Oc. 4 Com.; Ob. 3 mm. Ap.

241-243. Solanum incanum.

241. T. S. of the leaf.

Oc. 4 Com.; Ob. 3mm. Ap.

242. Hair on the leaf.

Oc. 4 Com.; Ob. 8 mm Ap.

243. Hair on the leaf.

Oc. 2 Com.; Ob. 8 mm. Ap.

N.B.—To get the original dimensions multiply by 1·7.


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Rh $undefined$  “he summoned”), but Michael (comp. vol. I, p. 386), or rather Metatron; comp. Sefer ha-Heshek, 26, No. 13, and 8a, No. 61.The mystic literature knows also of a heavenly Hazzan; comp. Hagigah 13b and PR 20, 97a, concerning the function of the angel Sandalfon (on the text of PR see Ketab Tamim, 59).See also the account in the mystic literature of the gaonic period (Pirke Hekalot, Wertheimer’s edition, 31; comp. also Baer, Siddur, 120) concerning the angel Israel; comp. Zunz, Synagogale Poesie, 477.This angel is described as belonging to the order of the Hayyot; comp. note 253 on vol. I, 388.Originally the name Hayyot was used to designate the creatures with animal forms mentioned in Ezekiel 1.5, seq., as surrounding God’s throne.These were considered as a distinguished class of angels (Sifra 1.1 and Sifre N., 103; in these passages the life of the angels, or at least of this class, is assumed to be eternal; comp. note 62); subsequently, however, the Hayyot denoted a class of angels.Similarly Hashmal (Ezek 1.4) is taken to be as the name of a class of angels; comp. Hagigah 13a–13b.In this passage of the Talmud (comp. Seder Rabba di-Bereshit 28) the description of God’s throne in Is. 6.1–3 is said to be identical with that of Ezek. 1.5, seq., and the discrepancies are removed.Thus it is said, for instance, that the six wings of the Seraphim in Is, correspond to the four faces of the Hayyot of Ezek., since two of the wings with which they had formerly praised God were taken away from them after the destruction of the temple.PR 33, 155b–156a, reads somewhat differently.The bull image of the Hayyot (Ezek. 1.10), was changed by Ezekiel’s prayer to that of Cherubim, so that God should not be constantly reminded of Israel’s aberration in connection with the golden calf.The feet of the Seraphim (Is. 6.2) were concealed for the same reason because the calves’ feet (Ezek. 1.7) would have constantly served as a reminder of the golden calf; Hagigah 13b; WR 27.3.On the liturgical formulas which the angels employ in their doxology, comp. Hullin 91b—92a; Hagigah 14a; ER 31, 163; Hasidim 400; Seder R. Amram 18a.See also the quotations from medieval authors given in Baer’s Siddur, 120.Comp. also Hagigah 12b; Mahkim 119; Seder Troyes 26 (Moses caught the formula Baruk Shem, etc., from the whispering angels); DR 2.36.In all these legends the tendency is to trace back the origin of the essential parts of the liturgy, as the Shema’, Bareku, and Kedushah, to the angels; comp. also vol. III, pp. 256–257.Not all angels however are perfect; comp. the sources cited at the beginning of this note, according to which countless


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312 body but you. It is safe here, it is qniet, nobody will suspect.”

Meir rose from the bench.

‘Sleep in peace!” he said. "I must go; my soul is full of cries, I must walk, walk. I shall go and throw myself down amongst the trees, and send my prayers up to Jehovah with the evening breeze; I must unburden my mind of the heavy load."

He was going away, but Golda held him by the sleeve.

"Meir," she whispered, "tell me what has happened. Why did the people beat and hurt you? Why must you go out in the world?"

"People have beaten and stoned me," replied Meir, gloomily, "because I would not go against the truth; and would not agree to what the people agree. I must go, because to-morrow a terrible curse will be pronounced against me, and I shall be excommunicated and expelled from Israel."

"Cherim!" (the curse) shrieked the girl, and threw her folded hands in horror above her head. She stood thus a moment; then a gentle, thoughtful smile came into her face.

"Meir!" she whispered. "zeide is cursed and I am cursed; but the mercy of the Lord is greater than the greatest terror, and His justice vester than the vastest sea. When zeide reads this he leaves off grieving and gays—'The cursed ones are happier than those that curse . . . because a time will come when the justice of the Lord will enter into the human heart, and then they will bless the names of those that have been cursed.'"


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The remarks which follow are based on practical experience as a field worker only, and the writer hopes that readers of the Journal will accept this limitation when considering them. The main questions brought up for discussion are : (l) whether the term variety as used in our Floras is applied to one natural phenomenon only, or at the worst to several phenomena which are perfectly homologous, and if not, then (2) whether there is any way of separating out the various phenomena hitherto confused under the one term, and assigning to each a separate term ; since it is clearly unscientific to use one and the same term for phenomena which are heterologous.

It is usually assumed that in all taxonomic work the personal equation enters largely, and cannot be eliminated. It is open to question whether the latter part of this assumption is correct so far as species and units lower than the species are concerned. So far as concerns genera, families and all units above the species, since these taxonomic divisions are based on assumed descent, and since for the descent of plants our only material is the very fragmentary palasontological record, it is clear that our results must largely depend upon guess work. And it is for that reason that the tendency of even our deepest systematic thinkers to allow their generic divisions to be (sometimes at any rate) influenced by considerations of convenience is a comparatively venial sin. In the case of species however and all intra-specific units—excluding of course extinct species—there is no possibility of pleading lack of evidence. If into our discrimination of species the personal equation enters the fault is ours. We are hampered by weakness of power of perception, by shortage of workers, by lack of time, and by idiosyncrasies that could be eliminated. But the truths are there if we could only unravel them. In the case of most "critical" species the number of available individuals is legion. Mendelian and other experiments could be carried out. Even if the species or group of species is in an active state of evolution at the moment its different forms and developmental tendencies could be enumerated and charted. For instance, to take an imaginary case of an Indian genus believed to be in an active condition of


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Rh evolution, if the State cared to engage 100 trained observers to collect, observe and measure, and 10 trained systematists to examine and collate results for five years, facts would emerge at the end which would establish, at any rate for the time being, the limits of species and lower units and their developmental tendencies. The writer is not for a moment advocating such a course of action as a practical way of spending the State finances! The illustration is merely given by way of showing that so long as the evidence is completely available no problem is absolutely beyond solution. In short, where we find in the floras so-called "critical species" their critical character is duo to human infirmity, and is not absolute.

Generally speaking all Indian workers seem to find that where the Flora of British India gives many varieties a mixture of species may be suspected, which patient collecting and collection of material will (and as a fact often does) clear up. Conversely it must be admitted that some species in the Floras can be broken down by patient collection of transitional series. Those two facts would go a long way towards establishing the truth of the proposition enunciated in the preceding paragraph. But unfortunately, partly owing to post-Linnasan and especially modern Mendelian researches into the origin of species, and partly owing to the extremely minute examination to which certain particular genera have been subjected in the West, and the recognition thereby of numerous intra-specific forms, there has been of late years a strong tendency to cast scorn upon Systematics, and even to take the final step of asserting that the individual is the only ultimate unit. Fortunately, however, both the economist who obtains products from plants and the field-worker who observes and collects them, know that the individual is only the unit in the same sense that no two members of one nation or even of one household are exactly alike, and that just as human beings can be and must be grouped into larger units on various scientific and social basses, so among plants there are units containing millions—often countless millions—of individuals, whose common characters can and must be described, and to which the application of a "barbarous binomial" is both convenient and necessary.

The unit commonly accepted and used for more that a century and a half is the Linnaean species. And it is this particular unit upon which soma students of genetics to-day seem to cast such scorn, regarding it as an erroneous conception and no true phenomenon. Now this view is one which the writer believes to be wrong. The practical field-worker knows that in a region with which he is familiar he can at once assign to their Linnaean species all but au


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122 infinitesimal fraction of the plants that he sees around him. Of that fraction many are simply freaks or sports ; and as there is a tendency for such freaks to he collected and to find their way into herbaria it follows that herbaria may often give an exaggerated impression of the range of variability of species generally. Into the genetic phenomenon of freaks this paper cannot enter.

Over and above freaks we have to recognize a number of other types of variability.

First there is the phenomenon of geographical change, which may be either gradual or sudden. As an example of the first, the colour of the spikelets of many Cyperacece and GraminecB is paler in North India and gradually darkens as one goes south, until on the Nilgiris it is almost black. As an example of the second, Ageratum conysoides Linn, is on the Nilgiris a delicate-stemmed plant with pure mauve flowers, while in the Dharwar District of the Bombay Presidency it is a coarse-stemmed and coarse-leaved plant with dirty white flowers. The causes of geographical change are very obscure. Complex climatic factors have to be reckoned with, as well as geological formations. There is also the phenomenon of isolation of "lines," which are discussed below.

Secondly there is a type of variability of a purely edaphic character within the same geographical region. Thus Flueggea hucopyros Willd. would seem to be merely an edaphic (xerophytic) form of F. microcarpa Bl.; Leucas Montana Sr. would seem to be the xerophytic form of L. mollissima Wall. Ihe various edaphic forms of many species not hitherto split off by the Floras are well known.

Thirdly there are distinct cases of variability in life-period. Thus Fimbristylis diphylla Vahl., a perennial, has an annual form var. annua (sp.) R. and S. : and similarly Cypents Iria L. (see p. 693 of Journ. Bom. Nat. Hist. Soc. Vol. XXV No. 4). Cypcrus fiavidus Retz. would seem to be only an annual form of C. Haspan L.

Fourthly there would seem to be plants which exhibit a sort of seasonal dimorphism, not of course homologous with the same phenomenon in insects. Thus some species of Smithia have small flowers when they mature in the rains and large ones when they mature in the dry weather. S- flava Dalz. (var. in Cooke. F. Bom. Pres.), if not a valid species is apparently a seasonal form of S. sensltiva Ait. ; while last winter the writer found at Yellapur in North Kanara a plant which corresponded exactly with S. bigemina Dalz. except that it was much larger in all its parts especially the flowers, and had matured in the winter instead of the rainy season.

Fifthly there is the much more difficult phenomenon of "lines". That these are due to the interplay of Mendelian characters is now


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Rh apparently established. As said above; geographical changes of an abrupt type are probably caused by isolation of lines. The result of isolating lines is well seen in the cultivated cereals. In natural conditions isolation is much less frequent; in fact it would not be too much to say that Nature abhors a pure line, just as she abhors the inter-specific cross. And it is these two facts alone which secure the stability and continuity of the Linna^an species. Nevertheless varieties due to isolation of lines without geographical isolation almost certainly do occur,—for instance Scirdus supinus var. uniondis Cke, and Cyperus lria var. panicifonais Cke.

Sixthly there are the not infrequent cases of species and genera which are in an active state of evolution, producing a maze of forms among which clear specific lines of demarcation are not discernible. These forms may be the De Vriesian mutants. It would be beyond the scope of this paper to discuss this point; but it is necessary for the argument to say that whereas "lines" seem to be the product of isolation and combination of already existing, stable allelomorphs, the changing evolutionary forms now referred to would seem to be caused by instability of the allelomorphs themselves, which in such cases are disappearing and reappearing with changed properties.

Seventhly (although they stand on quite a different footing) it is necessary to refer to interspecific hybrids, which though normally abhorred by Nature, do occur, and will ultimately be detected in India as they have been in Europe.

Now, omitting hybrids, our floras have for the most part in the past called all these varied forms of whatever origin by the one word variety. It is true that in cases of species with a very great range of variability the forms have sometimes not been given a varietal name, but simply listed under numbers or letters. But it would appear that this has been due more to convenience than to a clear discernment of the different phenomena.

Before considering the use of terms for units below the species it is desirable to consider whether we are justified in using the same term "species", undifferentiated, for the Linnaean group of individuals in which the allelomorphs are stable as well as for those in which they are unstable. The writer would suggest that the two phenomena be distinguished as "species (constaus)", and "species inconstans", omitting in practice the word constans.

For units below the species the following scheme is suggested:—

A. For freaks or sports no special term, each one to be separately described.

B. (1) For geographical forms, where sharply distinguishable, the trinomial system now used by ornithologists.


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text: Moonlight, a Poem: with Several Copies of Verses/The Frog-And-Mouse-Fight


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text: The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman/Volume 8/Chapter 23


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 there is a future already subjected to some determinations. The difficulty is to make sense of either of these ideas. But unless you have done so, you have made nonsense of induction.

You will observe that I do not hold Induction to be in its essence the derivation of general laws. It is the divination of some characteristics of a particular future from the known characteristics of a particular past. The wider assumption of general laws holding for all cognisable occasions appears a very unsafe addendum to attach to this limited knowledge. All we can ask of the present occasion is that it shall determine a particular community of occasions, which are in some respects mutually qualified by reason of their inclusion within that same community. That community of occasions considered in physical science is the set of happenings which fit on to each other — as we say — in a common space-time, so that we can trace the transitions from one to the other. Accordingly, we refer to the common space-time indicated in our immediate occasion of knowledge. Inductive reasoning proceeds from the particular occasion to the particular community of occasions, and from the particular community to relations between particular occasions within that community. Until we have taken into account other scientific concepts, it is impossible to carry the discussion of induction further than this preliminary conclusion.

The third point to notice about this quotation from Bacon is the purely qualitative character of the statements made in it. In this respect Bacon completely missed the tonality which lay behind the success of seventeenth century science. Science was becoming,


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 and has remained, primarily quantitative. Search for measurable elements among your phenomena, and then search for relations between these measures of physical quantities. Bacon ignores this rule of science. For example, in the quotation given he speaks of action at a distance; but he is thinking qualitatively and not quantitatively. We cannot ask that he should anticipate his younger contemporary Galileo, or his distant successor Newton. But he gives no hint that there should be a search for quantities. Perhaps he was misled by the current logical doctrines which had come down from Aristotle. For, in effect, these doctrines said to the physicist ‘classify’ when they should have said ‘measure.’

By the end of the century physics had been founded on a satisfactory basis of measurement. The final and adequate exposition was given by Newton. The common measurable element of mass was discerned as characterising all bodies in different amounts. Bodies which are apparently identical in substance, shape, and size have very approximately the same mass: the closer the identity, the nearer the equality. The force acting on a body, whether by touch or by action at a distance, was [in effect] defined as being equal to the mass of the body multiplied by the rate of change of the body’s velocity, so far as this rate of change is produced by that force. In this way the force is discerned by its effect on the motion of the body. The question now arises whether this conception of the magnitude of a force leads to the discovery of simple quantitative laws involving the alternative determination of forces by circumstances of the configuration of substances and of their physical characters. The New-


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 tonian conception has been brilliantly successful in surviving this test throughout the whole modern period. Its first triumph was the law of gravitation. Its cumulative triumph has been the whole development of dynamical astronomy, of engineering, and of physics.

This subject of the formation of the three laws of motion and of the law of gravitation deserves critical attention. The whole development of thought occupied exactly two generations. It commenced with Galileo and ended with Newton’s Principia; and Newton was born in the year that Galileo died. Also the lives of Descartes and Huyghens fall within the period occupied by these great terminal figures. The issue of the combined labours of these four men has some right to be considered as the greatest single intellectual success which mankind has achieved. In estimating its size, we must consider the completeness of its range. It constructs for us a vision of the material universe, and it enables us to calculate the minutest detail of a particular occurrence. Galileo took the first step in hitting on the right line of thought. He noted that the critical point to attend to was not the motion of bodies but the changes of their motions. Galileo’s discovery is formularised by Newton in his first law of motion: — “Every body continues in its state of rest, or of uniform motion in a straight line, except so far as it may be compelled by force to change that state.”

This formula contains the repudiation of a belief which had blocked the progress of physics for two thousand years. It also deals with a fundamental concept which is essential to scientific theory; I mean,


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 the concept of an ideally isolated system. This conception embodies a fundamental character of things, without which science, or indeed any knowledge on the part of finite intellects, would be impossible. The ‘isolated’ system is not a solipsist system, apart from which there would be nonentity. It is isolated as within the universe. This means that there are truths respecting this system which require reference only to the remainder of things by way of a uniform systematic scheme of relationships. Thus the conception of an isolated system is not the conception of substantial independence from the remainder of things, but of freedom from casual contingent dependence upon detailed items within the rest of the universe. Further, this freedom from casual dependence is required only in respect to certain abstract characteristics which attach to the isolated system, and not in respect to the system in its full concreteness.

The first law of motion asks what is to be said of a dynamically isolated system so far as concerns its motion as a whole, abstracting from its orientation and its internal arrangement of parts. Aristotle said that you must conceive such a system to be at rest. Galileo added that the state of rest is only a particular case, and that the general statement is ‘either in a state of rest, or of uniform motion in a straight line.’ Accordingly, an Aristotelean would conceive the forces arising from the reaction of alien bodies as being quantitatively measurable in terms of the velocity they sustain, and as directively determined by the direction of that velocity; while the Galilean would direct attention to the magnitude of the acceleration and to its


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 direction. This difference is illustrated by contrasting Kepler and Newton. They both speculated as to the forces sustaining the planets in their orbits. Kepler looked for tangential forces pushing the planets along, whereas Newton looked for radial forces diverting the directions of the planets’ motions.

Instead of dwelling upon the mistake which Aristotle made, it is more profitable to emphasise the justification which he had for it, if we consider the obvious facts of our experience. All the motions which enter into our normal everyday experience cease unless they are evidently sustained from the outside. Apparently, therefore, the sound empiricist must devote his attention to this question of the sustenance of motion. We here hit upon one of the dangers of unimaginative empiricism. The seventeenth century exhibits another example of this same danger; and, of all people in the world, Newton fell into it. Huyghens had produced the wave theory of light. But this theory failed to account for the most obvious facts about light as in our ordinary experience, namely, that shadows cast by obstructing objects are defined by rectilinear rays. Accordingly, Newton rejected this theory and adopted the corpuscular theory which completely explained shadows. Since then both theories have had their periods of triumph. At the present moment the scientific world is seeking for a combination of the two. These examples illustrate the danger of refusing to entertain an idea because of its failure to explain one of the most obvious facts in the subject matter in question. If you have had your attention directed to the novelties in thought in your


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 own lifetime, you will have observed that almost all really new ideas have a certain aspect of foolishness when they are first produced.

Returning to the laws of motion, it is noticeable that no reason was produced in the seventeenth century for the Galilean as distinct from the Aristotelian position. It was an ultimate fact. When in the course of these lectures we come to the modern period, we shall see that the theory of relativity throws complete light on this question; but only by rearranging our whole ideas as to space and time.

It remained for Newton to direct attention to mass as a physical quantity inherent in the nature of a material body. Mass remained permanent during all changes of motion. But the proof of the permanence of mass amid chemical transformations had to wait for Lavoisier, a century later. Newton’s next task was to find some estimate of the magnitude of the alien force in terms of the mass of the body and of its acceleration. He here had a stroke of luck. For, from the point of view of a mathematician, the simplest possible law, namely the product of the two, proved to be the successful one. Again the modern relativity theory modifies this extreme simplicity. But luckily for science the delicate experiments of the physicists of to-day were not then known, or even possible. Accordingly, the world was given the two centuries which it required in order to digest Newton’s laws of motion.

Having regard to this triumph, can we wonder that scientists placed their ultimate principles upon a materialistic basis, and thereafter ceased to worry about philosophy? We shall grasp the course of thought, if we understand exactly what this basis is, and what


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 him, without being able to tell, whether it was a black or a blue one.

The difficulty was to get my uncle Toby, to look at one, at all.

'Tis surmounted. And

I see him yonder with his pipe pendulous in his hand, and the ashes falling out of it—looking—and looking—then rubbing his eyes—and looking again, with twice the good nature that ever Gallileo look'd for a spot in the sun.

—In vain! for by all the powers which animate the organ—Widow Wadman's left eye shines this moment as lucid as her right—there is neither mote, or sand, or dust, or chaff, or speck, or particle of opake matter floating in it


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 their own statements. For their current philosophy completely failed to justify the assumption that the immediate knowledge inherent in any present occasion throws any light either on its past, or its future.

I have also sketched an alternative philosophy of science in which organism takes the place of matter. For this purpose, the mind involved in the materialist theory dissolves into a function of organism. The psychological field then exhibits what an event is in itself. Our bodily event is an unusually complex type of organism and consequently includes cognition. Further, space and time, in their most concrete signification, become the locus of events. An organism is the realisation of a definite shape of value. The emergence of some actual value depends on limitation which excludes neutralising cross-lights. Thus an event is a matter of fact which by reason of its limitation is a value for itself; but by reason of its very nature it also requires the whole universe in order to be itself.

Importance depends on endurance. Endurance is the retention through time of an achievement of value. What endures is identity of pattern, self-inherited. Endurance requires the favourable environment. The whole of science revolves round this question of enduring organisms.

The general influence of science at the present moment can be analysed under the headings: General Conceptions Respecting the Universe, Technological Applications, Professionalism in Knowledge, Influence of Biological Doctrines on the Motives of Conduct. I have endeavoured in the preceding lectures to give a glimpse of these points. It lies within the


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 scope of this concluding lecture to consider the reaction of science upon some problems confronting civilised societies.

The general conceptions introduced by science into modern thought cannot be separated from the philosophical situation as expressed by Descartes. I mean the assumption of bodies and minds as independent individual substances, each existing in its own right apart from any necessary reference to each other. Such a conception was very concordant with the individualism which had issued from the moral discipline of the Middle Ages. But, though the easy reception of the idea is thus explained, the derivation in itself rests upon a confusion, very natural but none the less unfortunate. The moral discipline had emphasized the intrinsic value of the individual entity. This emphasis had put the notions of the individual and of its experiences into the foreground of thought. At this point the confusion commences. The emergent individual value of each entity is transformed into the independent substantial existence of each entity, which is a very different notion.

I do not mean to say that Descartes made this logical, or rather illogical, transition, in the form of explicit reasoning. Far from it. What he did, was first to concentrate upon his own conscious experiences, as being facts within the independent world of his own mentality. He was led to speculate in this way by the current emphasis upon the individual value of his total self. He implicitly transformed this emergent individual value, inherent in the very fact of his own reality, into a private world of passions, or modes, of independent substance.


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 Also the independence ascribed to bodily substances carried them away from the realm of values altogether. They degenerated into a mechanism entirely valueless, except as suggestive of an external ingenuity, The heavens had lost the glory of God. This state of mind is illustrated in the recoil of Protestantism from aesthetic effects dependent upon a material medium. It was taken to lead to an ascription of value to what is in itself valueless. This recoil was already in full strength antecedently to Descartes. Accordingly, the Cartesian scientific doctrine of bits of matter, bare of intrinsic value, was merely a formulation, in explicit terms, of a doctrine which was current before its entrance into scientific thought or Cartesian philosophy. Probably this doctrine was latent in the scholastic philosophy, but it did not lead to its consequences till it met with the mentality of northern Europe in the sixteenth century. But science, as equipped by Descartes, gave stability and intellectual status to a point of view which has had very mixed effects upon the moral presuppositions of modern communities. Its good effects arose from its efficiency as a method for scientific researches within those limited regions which were then best suited for exploration. The result was a general clearing of the European mind away from the stains left upon it by the hysteria of remote barbaric ages. This was all to the good, and was most completely exemplified in the eighteenth century.

But in the nineteenth century, when society was undergoing transformation into the manufacturing system, the bad effects of these doctrines have been very fatal. The doctrine of minds, as independent


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 substances, leads directly not merely to private worlds of experience, but also to private worlds of morals. The moral intuitions can be held to apply only to the strictly private world of psychological experience. Accordingly, self-respect, and the making the most of your own individual opportunities, together constituted the efficient morality of the leaders among the industrialists of that period. The western world is now suffering from the limited moral outlook of the three previous generations.

Also the assumption of the bare valuelessness of mere matter led to a lack of reverence in the treatment of natural or artistic beauty. Just when the urbanisation of the western world was entering upon its stake of rapid development, and when the most delicate, anxious consideration of the aesthetic qualities of the new material environment was requisite, the doctrine of the irrelevance of such ideas was at its height. In the most advanced industrial countries, art was treated as a frivolity. A striking example of this state of mind in the middle of the nineteenth century is to be seen in London where the marvellous beauty of the estuary of the Thames, as it curves through the city, is wantonly defaced by the Charing Cross railway bridge, constructed apart from any reference to aesthetic values.

The two evils are: one, the ignoration of the true relation of each organism to its environment; and the other, the habit of ignoring the intrinsic worth of the environment which must be allowed its weight in any consideration of final ends.

Another great fact confronting the modern world is the discovery of the method of training professionals,


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 at an efficiency of approximately 8 lumens per watt. This corresponds fairly closely with the color of an ordinary mazda B tungsten light burning at 1.25 watts per mean horizontal candle power. Other selectively absorbing glasses designed to make possible the production of artificial daylight include the Ives-Brady glass, a very satisfactory but rare product, the Luckiesh “Tru-tint” glass, and the Corning “Daylite”’ glass.

C. .—The conception of “white light” is one which is of fundamental importance to many of the purposes of colorimetrics, for example in colorimetry by the “monochromatic” method, in defining complementaries, etc. There are a vast number of characteristic intensity distributions of radiant energy which can be used with practical success to meet this need. Although the one most frequently employed is that of average noon sunlight, to be of the greatest theoretical as well as practical significance, the definition of “white light” should evidently determine a spectral distribution which will generate a pure gray by its action on the normal human visual apparatus in a normal condition. Since there are an infinity of conceivable distributions which would satisfy this requirement, it seems advisable to limit the general form of the distribution to a species of which only one member can excite a gray. Distributions of the Planckian type meet this requirement (, 198-202), and are further to be recommended because of the approximate conformity of all natural and artificial radiant sources to the Planckian law, and the comparative ease with which distributions of this sort can be reproduced in the laboratory. Preliminary determinations by Priest, (), using a system of nicol prisms and quartz plates as a filter to yield Planckian distributions representative of temperatures lying between 4200 and 6200°K, indicate 5200° as the value for the gray stimulus. This figure is regarded at present as highly tentative, on account of the small number of subjects tested and doubt as to the normality of certain of them. Criteria for the selection of the pure gray, other than that of the simple introspective judgments used by Priest, may also be advisable.

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71–73] $undefined$ numbers of angels perish in the stream Dinur, whenever they do not chant their hymns at the exact moment.Comp. Zohar III, 64b; Ekah 3, 132–133.  $undefined$ PRE 5 (read, with the two last parallel passages, ); Tehillim 93, 415; Aguddat Aggadot 7; MHG I, 29.A different version is given in Tehillim 90, 391, which reads: The mountains flew over the waters as birds, whereupon God distributed them in accordance with the nature of the earth.Other legends concerning the origin of the mountains are found in vol. I, pp. 79–80; see note 29 on vol. I, p. 112. in BR 3.8 is based on an erroneous reading (comp. Theodor, ad loc.) and is the correct reading, for the Midrash attempts to explain why Gen. 1.3 reads ) “one day”, and not ) “the first day”, a difficulty to which also Josephus, Antiqui., 1, 1, calls attention.See also Hippolytus, ad loc.  $undefined$ PRE 5; Aguddat Aggadot 7.On the rebellion of the waters comp. vol. I, pp. 14–15, as well as the following note.  $undefined$ Baba Batra 74b; Tan. IV, 97–98; Tan. Hayye Sarah 3 and Hukkat 1; BaR 18.22; ShR 15.22; Tehillim 1, 17 ; Wa-Yosha’ 46; Hagigah 12a .Comp. also vol. I, pp. 14–16, 27, and 40 (Leviathan, Rahab, and the angel of death are considered identical), as well as vol. III, p. 25, and Yerushalmi Sanhedrin 7, 25d, where the prince of the sea ) is mentioned twice.In the Midrashim cited above two entirely different elements are combined: God’s strife with Rahab (which is a reminiscence of an old Babylonian myth), taken from the Babylonian Talmud, loc. cit., and the weeping of the waters on account of the separation of the upper and lower waters (a mythological explanation of rain as tears), which is found in the Palestine sources (BR 5.4 and the Midrashim cited in note 52).The eagerness of the waters to obey God’s command is emphasized in PR 192b–193a and WR (according to a quotation from it found in Makiri on Ps. 33, 210) as a protest against the mythological account of the rebellion of the waters.A legend which is also composed of various elements is the one given in Tan. Hayye Sarah, ''loc. cit., and ShR, loc. cit.'', where the ocean and the “sea of death” are considered identical (a Babylonian view, comp. KAT 3, 576, note 2), and at the same time it is said that it will be “cured” in the time to come.The last statement is found in the old sources in connection with the Sea of Sodom (comp. note 184 on vol. I, p. 256), which was known to Pausanias and the Church Fathers as the “Dead Sea”. This name is unknown in Jewish sources;


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 —there is nothing, my dear paternal uncle! but one lambent delicious fire, furtively shooting out from every part of it, in all directions, into thine

—If thou lookest, uncle Toby, in search of this mote one moment longerthou art undone.

eye is for all the world exactly like a cannon, in this respect; That it is not so much the eye or the cannon, in themselves, as it is the carriage of the eyeand the carriage of the cannon, by which both the one and the other are enabled to do so much execution. I don't think the comparison a bad one: However, as 'tis made and placed at the


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 head of the chapter, as much for use as ornament, all I desire in return, is, that wheneven I speak of Mrs. Wadman's eyes (except once in the next period) that you keep it in your fancy.

I protest, Madam, said my uncle Toby, I can see nothing whatever in your eye.

It is not in the white; said Mrs. Wadman: my uncle Toby look'd with might and main into the pupil

Now of all the eyes, which ever were createdfrom your own, Madam, up to those of Venus herself, which certainly were as venereal a pair of eyes as ever stood in a headthere never was an eye of them all, so fitted to rob my uncle


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 females, when they know what is the best for them. Then Winnie trod lightly upon the straw, because it had soft muck under it, and her delicate feet came back again.

"Up for it still, boy, be ye?" Tom Faggus stopped, and the mare stopped there; and they looked at me provokingly.

"Is she able to leap, sir? There is good take-off on this side of the brook."

Mr. Faggus laughed very quietly, turning round to Winnie so that she might enter into it. And she, for her part, seemed to know exactly where the fun lay.

"Good tumble-off, you mean, my boy. Well there can be small harm to thee. I am akin to thy family, and know the substance of their skulls."

"Let me get up," said I, waxing wroth, for reasons I cannot tell you, because they are too manifold ; "take off your saddle-bag things. I will try not to squeeze her ribs in, unless she plays nonsense with me."

Then Mr. Faggus was up on his mettle, at this proud speech of mine; and John Fry was running up all the while, and Bill Dadds, and half a dozen. Tom Faggus gave one glance around, and then dropped all regard for me. The high repute of his mare was at stake, and what was my life compared to it? Through my defiance, and stupid ways, here was I in a duello, and my legs not come to their strength yet, and my arms as limp as a herring.

Something of this occurred to him, even in his wrath


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 with me, for he spoke very softly to the filly, who now could scarce subdue herself; but she drew in her nostrils, and breathed to his breath, and did all she could to answer him.

"Not too hard, my dear," he said; "let him gently down on the mixen. That will be quite enough." Then he turned the saddle off, and I was up in a moment. She began at first so easily, and pricked her cars so lovingly, and minced about as if pleased to find so light a weight upon her, that I thought she knew I could ride a little, and feared to show any capers. "Gee wugg, Polly!" cried I, for all the men were now looking on, being then at the leaving-off time; "Gee wugg, Polly, and show what thou be'est made of." With that I plugged my heels into her, and Billy Dadds flung his hat up.

Nevertheless, she outraged not, though her eyes were frightening Annie, and John Fry took a pick to keep him safe; but she curbed to and fro with her strong fore-arms rising like springs ingathered, waiting and quivering grievously, and beginning to sweat about it. Then her master gave a shrill clear whistle, when her ears were bent towards him, and I felt her form beneath me gathering up like whalebone, and her hind-legs coming under her, and I knew that I was in for it.

First she reared upright in the air, and struck me full on the nose with her comb, till I bled worse than Robin Snell made me; and then down with her forefeet deep in the straw, and her hind-feet going to


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Rh $undefined$ hence the above-mentioned Midrash confused the “Dead Sea” of his source—of Christian origin?—with the “Sea of Death” of Babylonian mythology, that is the ocean.In ‘Erubin 22b it is supposed that the ocean surrounds the earth (so also Herodotus II, 21 and 23), whereas according to PRE 5, the earth extends over the waters of the abyss as a ship in the midst of the sea.‘Aseret ha-Dibrot 63 speaks of the “Great Sea that encompasses the earth”.This corresponds to ‘Erubin, ''loc. cit.'', since the designation of “Great Sea” for the ocean is known in rabbinic literature; comp. the explicit statement concerning this identity made in Konen 32, as well as Seder Rabba di-Bereshit 9 and Luria, note 7 on PRE, ''loc. cit.'', and the statement (in Sifre D., 39; Mikwaot 5.4; BR 5.8) that there is only one sea; the Bible speaks of “seas”, because the sea differs in its peculiarities in different places.The reason why the ocean does not overflow, though all the waters enter into it, is because the salt waters “absorb” the sweet; BR 13.9; Bekorot 9a; Koheleth 1.7.A different view is given in Tikkune Zohar (end), which reads: The ocean derives its name from  “he spat out”, because it “spits out” the water or the aquatic animals that come into it.Comp. Kohut’s essay in Jüdische Wochenschrift II, No. 5, on the ocean according to Jewish sources.—With regard to the strife of the waters, comp. also 4 Ezra 4.15–17, where it is said that the waves of the sea took counsel to wage war against the wood of the field that they win more territory; although the wood had been vanquished by fire, the counsel of the waves of the sea did not succeed because the sand kept them within their bounds.This is, however, not a mythological conception, as maintained by many, but a fable; comp. the following note.The reason why the waters of the seas and the abysses did not overflow the earth is due to the fact that God had sealed their boundaries with His name; Prayer of Manasseh 3.For details on this “sealing” comp. vol. III, p. 99, and vol. IV, p. 96.  $undefined$ Konen 25, which essentially follows BR 5.9.Comp. further Sanhedrin 39b; ER 29, 143; Elleh Ezkerah (beginning).It is a legendary application of an old fable, which is already found in Ahikar; comp. Smend, Alter und Herkunft des Achikar-Romans, 77, seq. From Ahikar it was directly or indirectly borrowed by the Greeks; comp. Back, Monatsschrift XXV, 132–135, and XXXIII, 267.On the pride of the trees comp. Tub ha-Arez 93, which reads: The fruits of the ground thrive even when moistened by the feminine waters (on the sex of the waters comp. vol. I, p. 162), but not the trees, which,


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 be done under existing conditions. Now, the annual total exports during the five years ending—

These figures show for the twenty-five years an increase of less than 10 per cent., or about $1⁄2$ per cent. per annum; and this is not so very thrilling when one comes to think that that 10 per cent., and probably more, is showing the increase in the trade not of Sierra Leone, but of French Guinea, and remembers that in 1874 the exports were £481,894, an amount they have not since touched.

Then again even in error you are never quite sure if your Colonial Annual is keeping line; sometimes you will get one by a careful conscientious secretary who takes no end of trouble, and tells you lots of things which you would like to hear about next year, only next year you don't. For example, in Sierra Leone affairs the report for 1887 gave you the imports for consumption in the colony, while that of 1896 represented the total imports, including those afterwards shipped to French Guinea and elsewhere; and again, in estimating the value of the imports Gambia adds the cost of freight and insurance to the invoice value of imports, and the cost of package to the declared value of exports. So far, only Gambia does this, but at any moment an equally laudable spirit might develop in one of the other colonies, and cause further distraction to the student of their figures.

Besides these clerking errors of omission, there is a

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74 Mighty religious-looking picture for a home whose occupants would—

And we did set a good table. We had plenty of apple butter and jelly and yellow tomato preserves and peach butter and all kind so jam and picked peaches and canned pears, and dried apples—schnitts—and everything else edible. Besides, we kept a flock of cows and mother was a mistress of the art of dairying. Many and many a night I sat beside her churn after dusk in the entrance to the hillside cellar, listening to her working the dash up and down to the rhythmic accompaniment of Scott's "Lady of the Lake" or "Marmion"; or do the churning myself while she sat on her bare feet (she was a more than half wild woman) and recited Campbell's "Hohenlinden" or "The Ritter Bann from Hungary came back renowned in arms," etc. She wasn't the sort of woman one would pick as a conspirator in taking human life, however. But how can one tell? One knows so little of the inner workings even of those with whom one is most intimate.

Thompson was a quiet man with brown whiskers and a nose that turned up a little. He had blue eyes. I can see him yet. He has a way of sitting, on the cool spring evenings, and staring into the fire that father would have one of us boys build to keep off the chill. There was, as I now see, nothing else for Thompson to have done. The coal-oil lamp didn't give a very good reading light; there was no lamp for the spare room; and we children—I in particular—sat and stared so hard at the man that he couldn't keep his countenance. He was a stranger, and any stranger was mysterious to me. I would sit and look at him for half an hour at a time, endowing him imaginarily with all sorts of miraculous attributes and surrounding him with an aura of dramatic possibilities. It was no fun for Thompson, as I now realize, to be goggled at by a small, freckled boy with mouth and eyes both hanging open.

Now and then he talked. Father was a great pumper. His cross-examination of strangers, of whom he was always wistfully suspicious, was something to listen to and for mother to scold him about afterwards. One night in a burst of confidence, Thompson told us his first name was Charley, his wife's maiden name was Lewis, he lived at Frost Station, over in Athens county, he had a brother-in-law named Lewis (his wife's brother). He referred to the fact that Thompson and Lewis were two very common names. I thought a great deal about that. It has stuck in my mind through all these years as if there were something really significant or important in the statement.

Thompson would disappear early in the day and go to Jack Garret's, Billy Gordon's, Levi Halderman's, Joe Armstrong's or Eli Tope's or somewhere else in the vicinity, looking for the sort of timber that would make spokes and rims for wagon and buggy wheels. Now and then, when he would return in the evening, he would mention that he had found enough for a "cah". It was in that way he referred to a car-load lot of his sort of timber. It would need, he told us, to be seasoned for a year or so after cutting, before it would be ready to make into wheel timbers. I can hear him yet saying he had "found enough to staht a cah". He had no other dialectic tricks, and his "staht a cah" sounded strangely to me. Had it been today I might have accused him of plain affectation. But then I didn't. It was a part of Thompson, the stranger. It seems to me now he was never out of my thoughts, waking or sleeping, from the time he came till now, forty years later.

One day he announced that he was going to Jackson or Wellston to meet his workmen, whom he had arranged for my mail, to come and start cutting


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a moment Bob and Frank were so startled at not seeing the light flashing out, as it always did after sunset, that they did not stop to think what Sammy's excited words meant. They raced on after him, toward the entrance to the lighthouse, intent only on finding out what was the matter.

"It sure is wreckers," Sammy kept saying over and over again. "Some bad men are trying to get the ship on the rocks, and when she breaks up they'll get all the valuable cargo that comes ashore!"

Then Frank paid some attention to what his chum was saying.

"Hold on there!" he cried. "That's some more of your wild imagination, Sammy."

"Wreckers! Who ever heard of wreckers?" Bob wanted to know.

"I did!" exclaimed Sammy. "I'm sure they've put out the light!"

"How could they?" asked Bob. "Mr. Floyd has been there all the while."

"They—they overpowered him," said Sammy, hesitating a bit over the long word.

"Well, what about his wife and daughter?" Frank wanted to know. "I guess they wouldn't let any wreckers put out the light."

"Mrs. Floyd and Lucy are away this evening," said


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Rh Sammy. "I saw them go past our cottage. They said they were going to the moving picture show over in town, and would stay all night with some relations. It's all a plot—that's what it is! The wreckers knew Mr. Floyd would be alone."

Bob and Frank looked at Sammy a little differently now. It was true that the wife and daughter of the light-keeper had gone away. The two chums remembered this, now that Sammy had recalled it to their mind. The keeper was alone in the tower.

And certainly something must have happened, for the light was out, and as the boys raced toward it they glanced up, every now and then, hoping to see the bright beams flashing. But the tower remained in darkness.

As they ran on they saw a light flashing along the path ahead of them. It swayed from side to side, and flickered so the boys easily guessed that it was a lantern being carried by someone.

"There they are now!" cried Sammy, in much excitement.

"Who?" Bob wanted to know.

"Some of the wreckers! They're making signals! Don't let them see us!"

Frank and Bob hesitated. They did not know what to do, and, though they knew that Sammy was much given to imagination, and to excitement, this time he might be partly right, they thought.

"What shall we do?" asked Frank.

"Let's get away from here," proposed Bob.

"Come on—run!" advised Frank.

"It's too late—they've seen us and they're coming right this way!" exclaimed Bob. The person with the lantern, whoever he might be, was headed directly for the boys, and coming on swiftly.


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50 "Fellows, we can't run," called Sammy. "Whatever happens we've either got to give the alarm about the light being out, or we've got to go to the tower, see what's the matter, and start it ourselves. We've got to stand our ground."

"Maybe someone from the town will notice that the light's out, and come over," suggested Frank, hopefully.

"They can't see the light from the back, over in town," put in Sammy. "You can only see it from in front, or at either side, the way we are now. The back part of the light is always dark."

"That's so," admitted Bob. "But what can we do? Who is this coming with the lantern?"

They did not have long to wait to find out, for the figure, with the swinging light, was running now. The path was narrow and the boys stepped to one side, slacking in their pace a little.

Then, as the stranger with the lantern came opposite them, Sammy and his chums gasped in astonishment.

The person who ran past them, paying no more attention to the boys than if he had not seen them, was an old man, and as he flashed by, Sammy cried:

"It's the same one—the man who was digging for the gold!"

"So it was!" exclaimed Frank.

"Let's take after him," suggested Bob. "Maybe he's seen the trouble at the lighthouse and is going for help. Then we won't have to go. Let's follow him!"

"No, don't!" cried Sammy Brown, catching hold of Bob's coat.

"Why not?"

"Because it's dangerous!"

"Dangerous? How?"


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Rh "That man's one of the wreckers!" whispered Sammy, hoarsely. "He's just been to the lighthouse to put out the lamp, and now he's going to join his gang. We'd better not interfere with him."

"Why, I thought you said he was looking for pirate gold!" exclaimed Bob.

"Well, I guess I was mistaken," admitted Sammy. The boys had come to a stop, and were looking after the man who was running away from them, his lantern bobbing from side to side. "I'm sure he's a wrecker anyhow," went on Sammy. "He looked like a desperate character!"

"Say, I don't believe you know what you're talking about!" burst out Frank. "Maybe that man has seen the trouble at the lighthouse, and has gone for help. But, for all that, I think we'd better go there ourselves, and see if we can do anything."

"Maybe you're right," admitted Sammy, as he looked in the direction of the bobbing lantern. "Anyhow I don't believe it would be a good thing to follow that man. Say, we're getting as badly mixed up in a mystery here, as we were on Pine Island."

"Yes, and maybe it will turn out just as easy," spoke Frank.

"No, I'm sure something is going to happen here," insisted Sammy. "The light being out, for one thing, shows that, and the old man digging for pirate gold is another. But come on, fellows. Some ship may go on the rocks while we're talking here."

"There's no storm, that's one good thing," murmured Bob. "I thought wreckers only worked during a storm."

"Maybe they do things different here," said Sammy. "Come on!"

They started again toward the lighthouse, now and then looking up toward the tall tower in the hope of seeing the