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Runo XVIII]

“Therefore if the room they enter,

Bring them then the mead in tankard,

In the two-eared tankard bring it,

And in his hands place the tankard

Whom thou dost desire to follow;

Choose thou Väinöla’s great hero,

He whose boat with wealth is loaded,

And of treasures brings a cargo.”

But the lovely maid of Pohja,

Thus made answer to her mother:

“O my mother who hast borne me,

O my mother who hast reared me,

Nothing do I care for riches,

Nor a man profound in wisdom,

But a man of lofty forehead,

One whose every limb is handsome.

Never once in former ages,

Gave a maid her life in thiswise.

I, a maid undowered, will follow

Ilmarinen, skilful craftsman,

He it was who forged the Sampo,

And the coloured cover welded.”

Then said Pohja’s aged Mistress,

“O indeed, my child, my lambkin,

If you go with Ilmarinen,

From whose brow the sweat falls freely.

You must wash the blacksmith’s aprons,

And the blacksmith’s head wash likewise.”

But the daughter gave her answer,

In the very words which follow:

“Him from Väinöla I choose not,

Nor an aged man will care for,

For an old man is a nuisance,

And an aged man would vex me.”

Then did aged Väinämöinen

Reach his journey’s end the soonest,

And he steered his crimson vessel.

Brought his boat of bluish colour

To the rollers steel-constructed,

To the landing-stage of copper.

Rh

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 On Oct. 5, 1857, occurred the election for members of the legislature, and on the 23d the Doniphan Constitutionalist, a pro-slavery paper, accounted for the free-state victory by saying that the “sneaking abolitionists were guilty of cutting loose the ferry boats at Doniphan and other places on the day of the election, by order of Jim Lane.” To this the Lawrence Republican retorted: “Bad man, that Jim Lane, to order the boats cut loose; great inconvenience to the Missourians and the Democratic party.”

At the beginning of the border troubles the Platte Argus said editorially: “The abolitionists will probably not be interfered with if they settle north of the 40th parallel of north latitude, but south of that line they need not set foot.”

A pro-slavery convention at Lecompton on Dec. 9, 1857, adopted resolutions denunciatory of Govs. Reeder, Geary and Walker for their efforts “to reduce and prostitute the Democracy to the unholy ends of the abolitionists.” These instances might be multiplied indefinitely, but enough has been said to show that the pro-slaverites made no distinction whatever between the radical and conservative wings of the free-state party. If a man was opposed to slavery, though willing to let it alone where it already existed, he was just as much of an “abolitionist” as the extremist who would be satisfied with nothing less than immediate emancipation of all slaves, without regard to constitutional guarantees or the simplest principles of equity.

The radical anti-slavery people claimed that the Civil war was an anti-slavery conflict, and maintained that this view was justified by the emancipation proclamation of President Lincoln, notwithstanding Mr. Lincoln's previous utterance that he was not striving to abolish slavery, but to preserve the Union.

 Academy of Language and Literature.—Wilder's Annals of Kansas says this society was organized on June 16, 1885, with the following officers: J. A. Lippincott, president; O. C. Hill, vice-president; W. H. Carruth, secretary; J. E. Williamson, treasurer; W. I. Graham, Lily M. Storrs and the secretary, executive committee. The objects of the academy, as stated in the by-laws, were “to promote the love and study of literature and to encourage investigation and original production therein.”

On Dec. 31, 1885, another meeting was held, at which time Prof. W. I. Graham of Baker University was elected president; Prof. William McDonald of the University of Kansas, vice-president; Miss Viola Price, secretary; Prof. J. E. Williamson of the Topeka high school, treasurer; and the executive committee was composed of Prof. Graham, Miss Price and Prof. T. W. Phelps. The dues of the society were fixed at $1.00 per year for each member, and in 1892 the academy numbered 75 members. After the magazine called the Agora began publication in 1891 it was made the official organ of the society. The last number of this magazine, published in March, 1896, contains the announcement that the annual meeting of the Academy of Language and Literature would be held at

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 Lawrence in April of that year. No later record of the organization can be found. Its place in the literature of Kansas is now (1911) practically filled by the Kansas Authors' Club.

 Academy of Science.—In 1867 several Kansas naturalists who were interested in scientific investigation, decided to form an organization for scientific research, particularly in its relation to the state and its natural resources. After considerable deliberation with regard to the formation of a society, the projectors published a letter in the Kansas Journal of Education for March, 1868, calling the attention of the people to the benefits which a Natural History Society would be to the state, as it would afford the means of associated effort; give inspiration to naturalists; arouse interest in scientific subjects; put the state in communication with various scientific bodies throughout the country, and collections made by the society would be secured to the state. This letter met with considerable favor and in July a second letter or “call” was sent out, requesting “all persons in the state interested in natural science to meet at Topeka on the first Tuesday in September.”

As a result of this call a meeting of the naturalists was held in Lincoln College, Topeka, Sept. 1, 1868, and an organization was effected under the name of the “Kansas Natural History Society,” with the following officers: B. F. Mudge, president; J. S. Whitman, vice-president; John Parker, secretary; Frank Snow, treasurer, and John A. Banfield, curator. The object of the society, according to the constitution, was “to increase and diffuse a knowledge of science, particularly in its relation to the state of Kansas.”

The second annual meeting was held in the Presbyterian church at Topeka, Sept. 7, 1869, when several scientific papers were read; a lecture on the Mound Builders was delivered, and the officers of the previous year were reëlected. On Sept. 5 and 6, 1870, the third annual meeting was held at the University building at Lawrence. Again papers on scientific subjects were read and the following officers elected: John Fraser, president; B. F. Mudge, vice-president; John D. Parker secretary and librarian; Frank Snow, treasurer; B. F. Mudge and Frank Snow, curators. At this meeting Mr. Fraser suggested that the scope of the society be widened to comprehend the entire scientific field within the state. At the fourth meeting, held in the rooms of the board of education, Leavenworth, Oct. 25, 1871, the by-laws were amended to allow all observers and investigators along scientific lines to become members, and the name was changed to the Kansas Academy of Science. In 1873 the society was incorporated as a state institution. Section 2 of the act of incorporation provided that, “The Academy of Science shall be a coordinate department of the State Department of Agriculture, with their office in the agriculture room, where they shall place and keep for public inspection geological, botanical and other specimens, the same to be under the direction and control of the said Academy of Science.”

In his message to the legislature in 1885, Gov. Martin said, “This is a useful organization, maintained at no expense to the state except the


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 Rh halfway between was a remarkable mental evolution to be covered in the space of less than sixty years. What was the cause of it?

The answer to this question is not a difficult one. Buffon was a pioneer, and not an overly courageous one. He was staggered by the immensity of the problem which he was trying to solve, and at the same time, fettered by the orthodox ideas of his day. And back of those ideas, as Buffon well knew, there was power—power of the church, of society, and of the scientific world. And neither the church, society, nor science was ready to accept the doctrine of descent, of organic evolution. Linnaeus, as we have seen, was easily the greatest and most influential zoologist of his day, and was at the same time a strong anti-evolutionist. His influence was so great that Buffon could hardly have escaped it, and this probably added to the difficulties of the vacillating evolutionist.

And so, when we considered the difficulties under which Buffon worked, we are not surprised that he found it hard to discover what his ideas on evolution should finally be. He was evidently no hero, willing to become a martyr for science, nor yet a dogmatist, willing to lay his own ideas down as law. Instead of ridiculing him for his indecision, therefore, we should sympathize with him because of his difficulties. Probably few of us would say or write very revolutionary things if we were loaded down with half-shed orthodoxy, and threatened by social and scientific


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 courtesy of having its reports published as a part of the biennial report of the State Board of Agriculture.”

Since 1895 the academy has received legislative appropriations for its support. The members of the academy were instrumental in securing the geographical survey of the state and have taken an interest in the development of the coal beds and natural gas wells.

A majority of the members of the academy are from the educational institutions of the state, who take an interest and are leaders in the important scientific research of the day. At the present time the offices of the academy and the specimens that have been collected are located in the north wing of the state capitol on the fourth floor. The officers of the society for 1911 were as follows: President, J. M. McWharf, of Ottawa; vice-presidents, A. J. Smith, of Emporia, and J. E. Welin, of Lindsborg; treasurer, F. W. Bushong, of Lawrence; secretary, J. T. Lovewell, of Topeka.

 Achilles, a village of Rawlins county, is situated in Jefferson township, on Sappa creek and about 15 miles southeast of Atwood, the county seat. It has a money order postoffice and is connected by stage with Colby, whence it receives a daily mail. The population was 70 in 1910. Achilles is the principal trading point in the southwestern part of the county. What is known as the battle of Achilles was a fight between a band of 20 hunters and some Indians at a water hole about five miles south of the village on April 24, 1875. (See Sappa Creek.)

Ackerland, a village of Leavenworth county, is located in the western portion on the Leavenworth & Topeka R. R. about 15 miles southwest of Leavenworth. It has a money order postoffice, express office, etc., and in 1910 had a population of 25.

Ackley, Ernest L., lawyer and regent of the Kansas State University, was born at North Ridgeville, Ohio, Nov. 30, 1863, a son of Chauncey and Jerusa (McNeal) Ackley. About 1875 the family removed to Kansas and settled on a farm in Ottawa county, where Ernest attended the public schools until he was eighteen years of age, when he obtained a position in a bank at Minneapolis. After working in the bank for about two years, he entered the state university, and graduated in the law department with the class of 1890. For a time he was employed on the Salina Republican with Joseph L. Bristow, now United States senator, and was also employed by Charles F. Scott on the Lawrence Journal. In July, 1890, he became associated with A. L. Wilmoth, a classmate, in the practice of law at Concordia. W. W. Caldwell entered the firm in 1897, when Mr. Ackley withdrew, and in Feb., 1901, he formed a partnership with P. B. Pulsifer, which lasted until his death the following August. About the same time he was appointed by Gov. Stanley one of the regents of the university. Mr. Ackley was an active member of the State Historical Society; a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and the Modern Woodmen of America, and belonged to the Phi Gamma Delta college fraternity. In Nov., 1893, he married Miss Ada B. Fry, at one time a teacher in the Concordia schools. Mr. Ackley died at Concordia on Aug. 27, 1901.


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 34 ostracism in case we made a departure from the well beaten path.

The next important figure in evolution is Erasmus Darwin, grandfather of the great Charles Darwin. He was a country physician, a poet, and a very accurate naturalist, but unfortunately buried his ideas in volumes of verse and of combined medicine and philosophy. He believed in the spontaneous origin of the lower animals, but maintained that all of the higher forms were products of natural reproduction. The transition from water-to-land-dwelling animals he illustrated, not by fanciful creations, but by the classic example of the development of the frog, which begins life as a legless tadpole, and ends it as an animal incapable of breathing under water.

To man Dr. Darwin gave much attention, devoting a whole canto to the human hand—"The hand, first gift of Heaven!"—and outlining the development of man's various faculties. Farther on he describes the struggle for existence in lines which remind one of Tennyson's description of nature, except that they lack Tennyson's inevitable syrupiness. Evidently, however, Darwin fails to connect this struggle with its obvious result, the survival of the fittest.

Dr. Darwin's theory of evolution differed from that of Buffon in at least one important respect. Nowhere does he stress the direct influence of environment in the production of variations; on the contrary, he maintained that modifications spring from the reactions of the organism. In this he clearly stated the


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 Acknowledgements.—(See ../Deeds/)

 Acres, a post-village of Clark county, is a station on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. 8 miles west of Ashland, the county seat. It is a shipping and supply point for the neighborhood in which it is situated, and in 1910 reported a population of 30.

Actions.—Actions are defined as ordinary proceedings in a court of justice by which one party prosecutes another for the enforcement or protection of a right, the redress or prevention of a wrong, or the punishment of a public offense. Actions are of two kinds—civil and criminal. A civil action may be commenced in a court of record by filing in the office of the clerk of the proper court a petition, and causing a summons to be issued thereon. The petition must contain the name, surname and place of residence of plaintiff and defendant; a clear statement of the cause of action and a prayer for judgment in conformity with the allegations of the petition, and must be signed either by the plaintiff or his attorney. Summons is then issued, addressed to the defendant. A copy of the petition need not accompany the summons, but the defendant or plaintiff shall be entitled to a copy of the petition, or any other papers filed in the action, upon application to the clerk therefor, and the costs of such copy shall be taxed among the costs in the action.

Actions before justices of the peace are commenced by summons, or by appearance and agreement of the parties without summons. In the former, the action is deemed commenced upon delivery of the writ to the constable to be served, and he shall note thereon the time of receiving the same. In the latter case, the action is deemed commenced at the time of docketing the case. When a guardian to the suit is necessary, he must be appointed by the justice, as follows: First—If the infant be plaintiff, the appointment must be made before the summons is issued, upon the application of the infant, if he be of the age of fourteen years or upwards; if under that age, upon the application of some friend. The written consent of the guardian to be appointed, and to be responsible for the costs if he fail in the action, must be filed with the justice. Second—If the infant be defendant, the guardian must be appointed before the trial. It is the right of the infant, if over fourteen years of age, to nominate his own guardian, who must be present and consent, in writing, to be appointed, otherwise the justice may appoint any suitable person who gives such consent.

The distinction between actions at law and suits in equity, and the forms of all such actions and suits formerly existing, is abolished, and in their place there is but one form of action, called a civil action. In such action the party complaining is known as the plaintiff, and the adverse party as the defendant. Actions shall be triable on the issues of fact within ten days after the issues are made up. Issues of law and motions may be tried by the court or judge in term-time or vacation, at such times as the court or judge may fix, after reasonable notice, which shall not be less than three days. Whenever damages are recoverable,


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 the plaintiff may claim and recover any damages to which he may be entitled for the cause of action established.

Ada, a village of Ottawa county, is located on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R., and on Salt creek in Fountain township, 10 miles west of Minneapolis, the county seat. It has banking facilities, all lines of business activity, telegraph and express offices and a money order postoffice with one rural mail route. It is the shipping point of a prosperous farming community. The population in 1910 was 300.

Adams, a village of Kingman county, is located in Canton township, some 16 miles southeast of the city of Kingman. It is a station on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R., has a money order postoffice, and is a shipping and trading point for that section of the county, though the population was reported as only 20 in 1910.

Adams, Franklin George, one of the most earnest and energetic men of Kansas in the great work of perpetuating Kansas history, was born at Rodman, Jefferson county, N. Y., May 13, 1824, and was reared upon his father's farm. He attended the common schools and at the age of nineteen went to Cincinnati, where he received private instruction from an elder brother. He taught in the public schools of Cincinnati, and in 1852 graduated from the law department of what is now the University of Cincinnati. He became profoundly interested in the debate on the Kansas-Nebraska bill, and determined to settle in Kansas. To this end he joined a party from Kentucky which reached Kansas in March, 1855, and settled in what is now Riley county, where they founded the Ashland colony. Before long Mr. Adams returned to Cincinnati, where he taught school again, but in April, 1856, he returned to Kansas and settled on a farm near Pilot Knob, Leavenworth county. He was forced to flee to Lawrence for protection during the border war, and bore arms in defense of that place against the invasion of the pro-slavery men. He was a member of the Leavenworth constitutional convention; was active in the organization of the free-state party in Atchison county, of which he was elected the first probate judge in the spring of 1858. In 1861 he was appointed register of the land office at Lecompton. In September he moved the office to Topeka and held the position until 1864. He was also identified at different times with various publications of the state among them the Squatter Sovereign, Topeka State Record, Kansas Farmer, Atchison Free Press and Waterville Telegraph. He was active in the formation of the State Agricultural Society and drafted the law under which it was organized. He became secretary of the state fair association which held the first state fair at Atchison in 1863. The next year he gave up his various enterprises in Topeka, returned to Atchison, was appointed United States agent to the Kickapoos, and removed to Kennekuk, in the northwest corner of Atchison county. He resigned this agency in 1869, and in the fall of 1870 located at Waterville, Marshall county, where in 1873, he published “The Homestead Guide,” giving the history and resources of northwest Kansas. In the spring of 1875 he returned to Topeka, and the following February the directors of the


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210

After this the house he entered,

Underneath the roof he hastened,

And upon the floor spoke loudly,

Near the door beneath the rafters,

And he spoke the words which follow,

And expressed himself in thiswise:

“Wilt thou come with me, O maiden,

Evermore as my companion,

Wife-like on my knees to seat thee,

In my arms as dove to nestle?”

Then the lovely maid of Pohja,

Answered in the words which follow:

“Have you then the boat constructed,

Built the large and handsome vessel,

From the splinters of my spindle,

From the fragments of my shuttle?”

Then the aged Väinämöinen

Answered in the words which follow:

“I have built a noble vessel

And a splendid boat constructed,

Strongly built to face the tempests,

And the winds its course opposing,

As it cleaves the tossing billows,

O’er the surface of the water,

Bladder-like amid the surges,

As a leaf, by current drifted,

Over Pohjola’s wide waters,

And across the foaming billows.”

Then the lovely maid of Pohja,

Answered in the words which follow:

“Nothing do I reck of seamen,

Heroes boasting of the billows!

Drives the wind their minds to ocean,

And their thoughts the east wind saddens:

Therefore thee I cannot follow,

Never pledge myself unto thee,

Evermore as thy companion,

In thy arms as dove to nestle,

Spread the couch whereon thou sleepest,

For thy head arrange the pillows.”

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 Rh theory which is generally known as Lamarck's version of the theory of the transmission of acquired characters. In fact, he carried his ideas much farther than did Lamarck, attributing to plants the attribute of sendibility, and supposed their evolution to be due to their own efforts toward the development of certain characters. Adaptations, which Aristotle had believed to be caused by a definite plan, Dr. Darwin interpreted in a purely naturalistic manner. The Creator had, at the beginning, endowed organisms with the power to change and develop, and that power was handed down from one generation to another until it was possessed by every animal and plant. This power was the cause of all variation, adaptation, and evolution, and there was no further divine interference. Dr. Darwin did not see any great, all-encompassing plan of improvement, such as is postulated by the teleologists of today; to him everything was the logical and necessary outcome of the original powers of living things. In this, as we shall see, he believed essentially as do modern evolutionists who do not see in the laws of the universe any necessity for abandoning religion, but who at the same time do not believe in a highly personal god who, as one theologian expressed it recently, "works out His divine will through the processes of evolution."

Dr. Darwin was author of two other distinctly modern ideas, among the most important of his entire work. The first of these is that all living things are descended from a single original living mass, or "filament"—that every liv-


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56 In the spring of 1877 the Gila Crossing Pimas and the Gila Maricopa villagers were pitted against each other in a relay race, the first between the two tribes.

Blackwater. While a party was gathering mescal just before the wheat ripened a mare gave birth to twin colts.

Gila Crossing, Salt River. During the winter a man who had gone a long distance to search for his horses perished from the cold, and his body was found in a sitting position under a tree.

Gila Crossing. A party of Pimas went to the Kwahadkʽ village to drink tizwin, and in the quarrel which ensued the Casa Blancas killed two men of Santan.

Some time afterwards the Gila Crossing people drank tizwin, and one of their number was killed by a man from Salt River.

Blackwater. A man of Blackwater who was with a party that went to gather mescal sickened from some unknown cause, and died. The corpse was brought back to the village.

Gila Crossing, Salt River, Blackwater. The principal event of the year was the building of the Southern Pacific railroad along the southern border of the Gila River reservation.

Salt River (a), Blackwater (b). A feud that had originated in the quarrel at the Kwahadkʽ village during the preceding year reached an acute stage in February, 1879. The majority of the people of Blackwater and the lower villages, which were then known as Santan, conspired to kill the men of a certain faction during a night determined upon several days in advance. A guard was set at Blackwater, who was to watch their movements without giving them any hint of his purpose. One of those who were preparing for the attack at Blackwater had a brother at Casa Blanca, and he feared that this brother might be included in the list of victims at the lower villages, so he went one night to warn him or to get him to return with him to Blackwater. The next day the brother's conscience began to act, and he finally decided that if these men were killed and he did not warn them he would be answerable for their death. He therefore sent a runner to Blackwater, who told one of the intended victims of the conspiracy formed against them.

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 newly formed State Historical Society elected him secretary. It was in this position that Mr. Adams did his greatest and best work for Kansas. He at once started the work of organization and pursued with steady effort every avenue which he thought capable of adding to the growth and resourcefulness of the society. During his residence in Topeka Mr. Adams was instrumental in establishing the kindergarten work among the poor. He was long a member of the Kansas State Grange and took special interest in the education of children on farms. As editor, author and publisher Mr. Adams was enabled to make his ideas known and to turn public opinion in the right direction. The great collection in the rooms of the Historical Society may be said to be the development and flower of a great life work. Mr. Adams was married on Sept. 29, 1855, to Harriet E. Clark, of Cincinnati. The whole state mourned when Mr. Adams passed away on Dec. 2, 1899.

 Adams, Henry J., lawyer, was born at Rodman, Jefferson county, N. Y., Feb. 10, 1816. He was educated in the public schools, spent a short time at Oberlin College, Ohio, then read law and graduated from the Cincinnati Law School. He came to Kansas in March, 1855, and during the summer located at Lawrence. The next winter he was elected a member of the senate of the free-state legislature, and from that time took an active part in public affairs. During the session of 1858 the territorial legislature made him chairman of the committee to investigate the Oxford, Kickapoo and other election frauds. He took a prominent part in the Leavenworth constitutional convention and under that constitution was elected governor, but as Congress failed to admit Kansas as a state, he was never installed in office. Before the convention in 1858, Mr. Adams received an equal vote with Marcus J. Parrott for delegate in Congress, but Parrott was declared the nominee and was elected. Under an act passed by the legislature of 1859, Mr. Adams was appointed a member of a committee with Judge S. A. Kingman and E. S. Hoogland, to audit the claims against the United States government, for losses sustained by citizens of Kansas because of plunder and destruction of private property during the border war. Next to Gov. Robinson he was the most popular candidate before the Republican convention which nominated the first governor of the state. Soon after the outbreak of the Civil war he was appointed paymaster of the army and served in that capacity until the close of hostilities. He died at Waterville, June 2, 1870.

 Admire, a town in Ivy township, Lyon county, is a station on the Missouri Pacific R. R., about 20 miles northeast of Emporia, the county seat. It has a bank, a money order postoffice with two rural routes, a feed mill, telephone connections with the surrounding towns, churches of several denominations, a good school building, a good retail trade, and does considerable shipping. The population was 300 according to the U. S. census of 1910.

Admission to Statehood.—In the formation of the Federal government, the thirteen original states assumed dominion over all the unorganized


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 territory belonging to the United States, and delegated to themselves the power of arbiter of the destinies of new states seeking admission. Every time a bill has been introduced in Congress for the admission of a new state, it has been the signal for debate, but in no instance has the discussion been more acrid or more prolonged than in the case of Kansas. Four constitutional conventions were held in the territory, and four constitutions were submitted to the people before one was found that was satisfactory. (See Constitutions.) The Wyandotte constitution, under which Kansas was finally admitted, was completed by the convention on July 29, 1859; ratified by the people on Oct. 4 and on Feb. 14, 1860, it was presented to the senate of the United States by the president of that body.

On Feb. 15, 1860, Galusha A. Grow, of Pennsylvania, introduced in the house a bill for the admission of Kansas, which was referred to the committee on territories. This bill passed the house on April 11, by a vote of 134 to 73, and was sent to the senate, where it was read and referred on the 13th. During the next two months it came before the senate several times, but was usually thrust aside by the influence of the members of the slave states, who did not desire the admission of a state that would in all probability send to the United States senate two men opposed to slavery, or at least opposed to its extension into new territory. On May 30 it was called up by Senator Collamer of Vermont, who tried to force its passage. A week later (June 5) it was again called up, but this time further action was postponed on motion of Mr. Hunter of Virginia, who thought the military appropriation bill of more importance. On the 7th Mr. Wade of Ohio moved “to postpone all prior orders, and take up the bill for the admission of Kansas,” but the motion was defeated by a vote of 32 to 26. This ended the consideration of the bill at that session.

The second session of the 36th Congress began on Dec. 3, 1860, and on the 11th the bill was called up by Mr. Collamer, with a view to making it the special order at some definite date in the near future. Mr. Green of Missouri objected, but the motion was carried over his objection by a vote of 23 to 18. When the bill came up as a special order on the 24th, Foster of Connecticut, who was presiding, ruled that there was unfinished business before the senate that must be disposed of before the consideration of the Kansas question, and again there was a delay. On the 31st it was postponed to Jan. 14, 1861, by the same filibustering tactics on the part of the senators from the slave states, and when the 14th arrived it was postponed to the 16th. The friends of the bill thought that a vote could certainly be reached this time, but they reckoned without their host, for on the 16th a motion to go into executive session prevailed, and the Kansas bill was made the special order for one o'clock p. m. on the 18th. When that time arrived, Mr. Green had an amendment, of which he had previously given notice, relating to boundaries, and the remainder of the day was spent in debating the amendment, which was defeated by a vote of 31 to 23. Immediately


text: Kalevala (Kirby 1907)/Runo 18

title: Kalevala (Kirby 1907)/Runo 18


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 following the defeat of the amendment there was a disorderly scene in the senate chamber, caused by a multiplicity of motions to go into executive session, to adjourn, etc. The amendment had served the purpose of producing another delay in the final vote on the bill.

The following day the bill was again called up. This time Senator Fitch of Indiana had an amendment to offer, and again there was a long and tedious debate before the amendment was defeated. Some of the friends of the measure began to lose hope. This was the short session of Congress, and if the opponents could keep up their dilatory methods until March 3 the bill would have to go over to the next session. But the cloud that hung over Kansas was penetrated by a ray of light in an unexpected manner.

Five slave states had already seceded from the Union, and on Jan. 21 Senators J. M. Mason and R. M. T. Hunter, of Virginia; A. P. Butler and R. B. Barnwell, of South Carolina; H. L. Turney, of Tennessee; Pierre Soule, of Louisiana; Jefferson Davis, of Mississippi; David R. Atchison, of Missouri; Jackson Morton and D. L. Yulee, of Florida, filed a protest against the action of the members of Congress from the northern states and withdrew from the senate. With their withdrawal the power of the slave oligarchy was broken. Scarcely had they left the hall, when Mr. Seward of New York moved to call up the Kansas admission bill, but was informed by the vice-president that no motion was necessary, as the bill was then the special order before the senate. The remaining senators from the slaveholding states indulged in some perfunctory debate, but they recognized the fact that their influence had vanished with the departure of their colleagues. The bill was soon passed by a vote of 36 to 16, and was signed by President Buchanan on the 29th.

The preamble of the bill recited the facts concerning the formation, adoption and ratification of the Wyandotte constitution, under which the state was asking for admission.

Section 1 provided “That the state of Kansas shall be, and is hereby declared to be, one of the United States of America, and admitted to the Union on an equal footing with the original states in all respects whatever.” The section then defined the boundaries (see Boundaries), and provided “That nothing contained in the said constitution respecting the boundaries of said state shall be construed to impair the rights of person or property now pertaining to the Indians in said territory, so long as such rights shall remain unextinguished by treaty between the United States and such Indians, or to include any territory which, by treaty with such Indian tribes, is not, without the consent of such Indian tribe, to be included within the territorial limits or jurisdiction of any other state or territory; but all such territory shall be excepted out of the boundaries, and constitute no part of the State of Kansas, until said tribe shall signify their assent to the president of the United States to be included within said state,” etc.

Section 2 provided that until the next enumeration and apportionment


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 of Congressmen, Kansas should be entitled to one representative in the lower branch of the national legislature.

Section 3 offered to the people of Kansas the following propositions:

1st, That sections numbered 16 and 36 in every township of the public lands in the state should be granted the state for the use of schools; and in the event said sections or any part thereof should have been sold or otherwise disposed of, other lands, equivalent thereto and as contiguous as might be, were to be given to the state instead of the sections prescribed.

2nd, That 72 sections of land, to be selected by the governor of the state, subject to the approval of the commissioner of the general land office, were to be set apart and reserved for the use and support of a state university.

3d, That 10 sections of land, to be selected by the governor, were to be donated by Congress for the completion of public buildings and the erection of others at the seat of government.

4th, That all salt springs, not exceeding twelve in number, with 6 sections of land adjoining each, were to be granted to the state, to be disposed of as the legislature might direct, subject to certain restrictions imposed by the act.

5th, That five per cent. of the proceeds of all sales of public lands lying within the state, which should be sold after Kansas was admitted into the Union, should be granted to the state for the purpose of constructing public roads and making internal improvements.

6th, That the state should never levy a tax upon the lands or property of the United States, lying within the State of Kansas.

Section 4 provided that from and after the admission of the state, all the laws of the United States, which were not locally inapplicable, should have the same force and effect in Kansas as in other states of the Union. This section also declared the state a judicial district of the United States, established a district court, the same as that in the State of Minnesota, and made it the duty of the United States district judge to hold two terms of court annually, beginning on the second Monday in April and the second Monday in October.

The act of admission was signed by President Buchanan on Jan. 29, 1861, and on Feb. 9 the state government was inaugurated. On Feb. 22, Washington's birthday, the American flag was hoisted over Independence Hall in the city of Philadelphia, bearing for the first time the star representing Kansas. It was raised by Abraham Lincoln, who was then on his way to Washington to be inaugurated as president of the United States. Mr. Lincoln said:

“I am invited and called before you to participate in raising above Independence Hall the flag of our country with an additional star upon it. I wish to call your attention to the fact that, under the blessing of God, each additional star added to that flag has given additional prosperity and happiness to our country.”

 Adobe Walls, Battle of.—In the spring of 1874 a number of Dodge


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 City buffalo hunters went south to the Pan Handle country and the “Staked Plains” of Texas to hunt buffaloes, and, invading the hunting grounds of the Indians of that locality, it is said they killed 100,000 buffaloes during the ensuing five months. Their camp was made at a deserted station known as “Adobe Walls,” near the ruins of which at the time were three large adobe and log houses, occupied by traders and hunters. The Indians, who had been watching this wholesale slaughter of the animals which constituted their chief food supply were in no peaceful frame of mind in consequence, and after holding a council, about 900 Arapahoes, Cheyennes, Comanches and Kiowas on the morning of June 27 rode out to make an attack, hoping to take the hunters by surprise. At the time of the attack some of the occupants of one of the buildings at Adobe Walls were up on the roof of the building making needed repairs, and while thus engaged discovered the Indians. Seeing they were apprehended, the Indians gave the war whoop and charged—riding 25 or more abreast—firing their rifles and revolvers as they came. Two hunters who had come in during the night and were encamped about 100 yards away from the buildings were the only ones failing to reach a place of safety. They were quickly killed and scalped. The occupants of the buildings numbered 28 men and 1 woman, a Mrs. William Olds, of Warsaw, Mo., wife of one of the hunters and the only white woman in all that section at the time. As soon as the hunters reached shelter they grasped their rifles and returned the fire of the Indians with telling effect. The late Quanah Parker, at that time war chief of the Comanches and a noted chief in the tribe since, headed the first charge, but while passing the open door of one of the houses was shot through the breast and put out of the fight almost at the start. The Indians, however, were persistent in their attacks, and again and again returned to the assault, only to fall before the withering fire of the hunters within the buildings. Three casualties among the hunters closed the first days' fight, 2 of these being the men killed in their wagon. Firing was kept up intermittently during the second day, and under cover of darkness one of the hunters was sent for assistance to Dodge City, 175 miles distant, which place he reached some days later without mishap. The Indians had lost many men in their charges and after the second day began to do their fighting at long range. On the third day William Olds was killed by the accidental discharge of his gun. By the morning of the fourth day over 100 hunters from the surrounding country had crowded into Adobe Walls, agumenting the fighting force correspondingly. Two days later, after two days of quiet, one more hunter was killed, he and a companion having gone out for sand plums. On July 14, the Indians having decamped, the hunters marched out for Dodge City, which place they reached on the 27th. Gov. Osborn sent 1,000 stands of arms to Dodge City in response to the request. The Indians in this fight lost 80 men killed and mortally wounded, besides about 200 ponies. What supplies the hunters could not take with them were appropriated by the Indians who burned the premises.


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] The recipient of the news sent one of his family to inform another of his party, and so the news was spread so quietly that the guard scarcely noticed what was going on until the men began slipping one by one into the mesquite thickets. Before he could reach his friends, who were out in the fields, the whole proscribed party had escaped and were on their way toward Santan, where they and their friends attacked their Santan opponents early the next morning.

Juan Thomas, his two brothers, father, and uncle were in the party attacked. The old man, Iĭâs, was the bravest, and fought openly with bow and arrows until they succeeded in driving off their assailants. He was slightly wounded with a bullet in the abdomen and an arrow in the arm, but no one was killed. One of the brothers was irrigating his field when a runner came with the news that his family was being killed and that he was in danger also. He ran toward the Double buttes and soon saw another man running in a course parallel to his own. The other saw him, and both began dodging to escape from the two clumps of mesquite behind which they had halted. Then they discovered that they were brothers, and they debated long as to what they should do. It is also said that they shed tears at the peril of their relatives, to whose aid they could not go without weapons. It was also a cause of grief that their fellows should rise against them. They decided to return to the village, but by that time the fight had ended.

Iĭâs had come out of his house and chased those who were trying to shoot him. They fired several shots and some arrows at him, but when he came near they ran away. He called his enemies by name, inviting them to come and get satisfaction if they were bent on killing him. When the attacking party withdrew, the Thomas family went to the Double buttes, and on finding that they were not pursued they went to Blackwater, where their story so aroused their friends that an expedition was organized to seek revenge. They secured two boxes of cartridges from the trader at Blackwater and came down the river.

They formed a skirmish line as they approached the lower settlement and met their opponents at the Government school building. The Santan party hastily knocked a few loopholes in the adobe walls and gathered in and around the building, to withstand an attack. The Blackwater men killed three among those outside the schoolhouse and could have killed many more with their superior weapons, but their thirst for revenge seemed to be satisfied with that number, and they did not pursue those who fled across the mesa like frightened rabbits.

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 Rh of every man, so that none of us can wrong the universe. It has so infused its strong enchantment into nature, that we prosper when we accept its advice, and when we struggle to wound its creatures our hands are glued to our sides, or they beat our own breasts.

"Place yourself in the middle of the stream of power and wisdom which animates all whom it floats, «nd you are without effort impelled to truth, to right, and a perfect contentment. Then you put all gainsayers in the wrong. Then you are the world, the measure of right, of truth, of beauty. If we will not be marplots with our miserable interferences, the work, the society, letters, arts, science, religion of men would go on far better than now, and the heaven predicted from the beginning of the world, and still predicted from the bottom of the heart, would organize itself, as do now the rose, and the air, and the sun.

"Dreadful limits are set in Nature to the powers of dissimulation. Truth tyrannizes over the unwilling members of the body. Faces never lie, it is said. No man need be deceived who will study the changes of expression. When a man speaks the truth in the spirit of truth, his eye is as clear as the heavens. When he has base ends, and speaks falsely, the eye is muddy and sometimes asquintConfucius exclaimed, 'How can a man be concealed! How can a man be concealed!'

"We are the photometers, we the irritable goldleaf and tinfoil that measure the accumulations of the subtle element. We know the


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 32 authentic effects of the true fire through every one of its million disguises."

Emerson, in his Essay on Love, calls it "the passion" that "rebuilds the world for youth." It is that which "makes all things alive and significant. Nature grows conscious. Every bird on the boughs of the tree sings now to his heart and soulBehold there in the wood the fine madman! He is a palace of sweet sounds and sights; he dilates; he is twice a man; he walks with arms akimbo; he soliloquises; he accosts the grass and trees; he feels the blood of the violet, the clover, and the lily in his veins; and he talks with the brook that wets his footThe lover cannot paint his maiden to his fancy poor and solitary. Like a tree in flower, so much soft, budding, informing loveliness is society for itself, and she teaches his eye why Beauty was pictured with Loves and Graces attending her steps. Her existence makes the world rich. Though she excludes all other persons from his attention as cheap and unworthy, she indemnifies him by carrying out her own being into somewhat impersonal, large, mundane, so that the maiden stands to him for a representative of all select things and virtues. For that reason the lover never sees personal resemblances in his mistress to her kindred or to others. His friends find in her a likeness to her mother, or her sisters, or to persons not of her blood. The lover sees no resemblance except to summer evenings and diamond mornings, to rainbows and the song of birds."


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58

Gila Crossing. During this winter there was a heavy fall of snow.

Blackwater. At an abandoned store above Casa Blanca, the walls of which are yet standing, a white man was killed by two young men, who were caught before they secured the money of the victim, robbery being the motive for the deed. The one who did the shooting was taken to the county jail at Florence.

Gila Crossing. At the beginning of the year a man was bitten and killed by a rattlesnake at Gila Crossing.

Blackwater. The murderer mentioned in the record of the preceding year was hanged at Florence.

Gila Crossing. During a tizwin drunk at Salt River two young men killed each other. The Casa Blanca people went to Gila Crossing to participate in a feast and dance.

Blackwater. The Pima police were sent from Sacaton to arrest some Kwahadkʽs living at their village about 50 miles south of the agency. Two were killed.

Gila Crossing (a), Blackwater (b). An epidemic of measles prevailed among the Pimas and Maricopas, causing the death of many persons.

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 most men treat their wives, but as though she were a fellow-guest in a country house. It was pleasing and yet a trifle comic. She would have felt more at home with him if he had been more casual. Nor did their conjugal relations draw her closer to him. He was passionate then, fierce, oddly hysterical too, and sentimental.

It disconcerted her to realise how emotional he really was. His self-control was due to shyness or to long training, she did not know which; it seemed to her faintly contemptible that when she lay in his arms, his desire appeased, he who was so timid of saying absurd things, who so feared to be ridiculous, should use baby talk. She had offended him bitterly once by laughing and telling him that he was talking the most fearful slush. She had felt his arms grow limp about her, he remained quite silent for a little while, and then without a word released her and went into his own room. She didn’t want to hurt his feelings and a day or two later she said to him:

“You silly old thing, I don’t mind what nonsense you talk to me.”

He had laughed in a shamefaced way. She had discovered very soon that he had an unhappy disability to lose himself. He was self-conscious. When there was a party and every one started singing Walter could never bring himself to join in. He sat there smiling to show that he was pleased and amused, but his smile was forced; it was more like a sarcastic smirk, and you could not help feeling that he thought all those people enjoying them-


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 selves a pack of fools. He could not bring himself to play the round games which Kitty with her high spirits found such a lark. On their journey out to China he had absolutely refused to put on fancy dress when every one else was wearing it. It disturbed her pleasure that he should so obviously think the whole thing a bore.

Kitty was lively; she was willing to chatter all day long and she laughed easily. His silence disconcerted her. He had a way which exasperated her of returning no answer to some casual remark of hers. It was true that it needed no answer, but an answer all the same would have been pleasant. If it was raining and she said: “It’s raining cats and dogs,” she would have liked him to say: “Yes, isn’t it?” He remained silent. Sometimes she would have liked to shake him.

“I said it was raining cats and dogs,” she repeated.

“I heard you,” he answered, with his affectionate smile.

It showed that he had not meant to be offensive. He did not speak because he had nothing to say. But if nobody spoke unless he had something to say, Kitty reflected, with a smile, the human race would very soon lose the use of speech.


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]

Gila Crossing. The Salt River Pimas went to a fiesta at Gila Crossing.

Blackwater. A drunken Pima while riding on a box car on the Southern Pacific was run over and killed.

Gila Crossing. An epidemic during this year among the Kwahadk’s caused the execution of two medicine-men who were suspected of bringing the visitation upon the tribe.

Blackwater. The first wagons issued by the Government to the Blackwater people were received this year.

Gila Crossing. Hwela, named for the agent Wheeler, was baptized this year as the first Christian convert among the Pimas.

Two youths were thrown from their horses during a rabbit hunt and killed.

Blackwater. Two prominent men of Blackwater died.

Gila Crossing. Tizwin was made at Gila Crossing in such quantities that it was passed around in bowl-shaped baskets. One man was killed.

The first adobe houses were built at Gila Crossing, and their owners were thereby entitled to one wagon each.

A man at Salt River was shot by a white man; the particulars were not known to Kâemâ-â.

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 part of a lifeless desert. In the words of Amru, Egypt first appears as a dusty plain, then as a fresh sea, and finally as a bed of flowers. To still better understand why seven great temples were erected for Sirius, the "Nile Star," whose constellation was sometimes called "the watch-dog on the Nile," let us read Osborn's graphic description in "Monumental Egypt" of the transformations resulting from the watering of the sands by the overflow of the great river which the Egyptians guarded and held sacred.

Then comes the inundation:

After the flood comes sowing time and the effects of it all are exhibited:

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 and courteous as ever, he had finally seen her off. It amused her to think of the politeness with which, while they shook hands and he wished her a pleasant journey, she would thank him for his hospitality. But she saw his expression change.

“Dorothy tells me you’re going to have a baby,” he said.

She felt herself colour, but she allowed no gesture to escape her.

“I am.”

“Am I by any chance the father?”

“No, no. It’s Walter’s child.”

She spoke with an emphasis which she could not prevent, but even as she spoke she knew that it was not the tone with which to carry conviction.

“Are you quite sure?” He was now roguishly smiling. “After all, you were married to Walter a couple of years and nothing happened. The dates seem to fit all right. I think it’s much more likely to be mine than Walter’s.”

“I would rather kill myself than have a child of yours.”

“Oh, come now, that’s nonsense. I should be awfully pleased and proud. I’d like it to be a girl, you know. I’ve only had boys with Dorothy. You won’t be able to be in doubt very long, you know: my three kiddies are absolutely the living image of me.”

He had regained his good humour and she knew why. If the child was his, though she might never see him again, she could never entirely escape him.


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60 Gila Crossing, Salt river. The Maricopa and Phoenix railroad was built during this year, and thus connection was established between the fertile districts of the Salt river and the Southern Pacific railroad.

Salt River. The medicine-man Staups gave a great dance at Santan, which was accompanied by races and other ceremonies which attracted many visitors, among whom were a Yuma and his wife.

Blackwater. Juan Thomas was employed as a scout by the troops who pursued Geronimo during his last flight into Mexico. The eight dots on Juan's stick represent the soldiers whom the Pimas accompanied. The minor leaders of the Apaches had entered the Pima camp thinking that they were friends, and had been captured, except seven who broke away. The commanding officer having ordered a fresh party of Pimas who had come up, to pursue the escaping Apaches, thirty-one Pimas and eight soldiers tracked the Apaches for two months, until they doubled back to the White mountains, where they were captured by the white soldiers before the Pimas overtook them.

Gila Crossing, Salt river. Special mention is made by two annalists of the severe earthquake of May 3, 1887. Owl Ear declared that "it was noticed by many of our people, if not by all, who wondered why the earth shook so."

Gila Crossing. The stage station at Gila Crossing, no longer needed after the railroad was built from the Southern Pacific to Phoenix, was moved during this year to Maricopa junction.

The Gila Crossing settlement was prosperous, and the Casa Blanca people went down to dance and share the products of their brothers' industry.

During a tizwin carousal which took place later in the year, two Gila Crossing men killed each other.

It was at this time that "a Mexican (sic) counted the bones of the people."

The Maricopas were all living together at Moʼhatûk mountain when a quarrel arose in which a medicine-man was killed. His friends retaliated by killing a medicine-man of the opposite faction. This resulted in a division of the tribe, some going to the Pima settle-

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] ment on Salt river and the remainder going to their present location on the Gila below the crossing.

Salt River. A white man killed an unknown Pima some time after the earthquake for some unknown reason.

Gila Crossing. During a tizwin drunk at Gila Crossing a man put poison into the liquor of an enemy, who died in great agony after drinking it.

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 that I said yesterday. What’s the good of running away like this? I don’t know why we can’t be good friends. I hate the idea of your thinking I’ve treated you badly.”

“Why couldn’t you leave me alone?”

“Hang it all, I’m not a stick or a stone. It’s so unreasonable, the way you look at it; it’s so morbid. I thought after yesterday you’d feel a little more kindly to me. After all, we’re only human.”

“I don’t feel human. I feel like an animal. A pig or a rabbit or a dog. Oh, I don’t blame you, I was just as bad. I yielded to you because I wanted you. But it wasn’t me, it wasn’t the real me. I’m not that hateful, beastly, lustful woman. I disown her. It wasn’t me that lay on that bed panting for you when my husband was hardly cold in his grave and your wife had been so kind to me, so indescribably kind. It was only the animal in me, dark and fearful like an evil spirit, and I disown, and hate, and despise it. And ever since, when I’ve thought of it, my gorge rises and I feel that I must vomit.”

He frowned a little and gave a short, uneasy snigger.

“Well, I’m fairly broadminded, but sometimes you say things that positively shock me.”

“I should be sorry to do that. You’d better go now. You’re a very unimportant little man and I’m silly to talk to you seriously.”

He did not answer for a while and she saw by the shadow in his blue eyes that he was angry with her. He would heave a sigh of relief when, tactful


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 go on with what they were doing, preceded Charles into the next room. She did not sit down, in order to show him that she expected him not to detain her. She knew that she was very pale and her heart was beating fast, but she faced him coolly, with hostile eyes.

“What is it you want?”

“I’ve just heard from Dorothy that you’re going the day after to-morrow. She told me that you’d come here to do your packing and she asked me to ring up and find out if there was I could do for you.”

“I’m grateful to you, but I can manage quite well by myself.”

“So I imagined. I didn’t come here to ask you that. I came to ask if your sudden departure is due to what happened yesterday.”

“You and Dorothy have been very good to me. I didn’t wish you to think I was taking advantage of your good nature.”

“That’s not a very straight answer.”

“What does it matter to you?”

“It matters a great deal. I shouldn’t like to think that anything I’d done had driven you away.”

She was standing at the table. She looked down. Her eyes fell on the Sketch. It was months old now. It was that paper which Walter had stared at all through the terrible evening when—and Walter now was She raised her eyes.

“I feel absolutely degraded. You can’t possibly despise me as much as I despise myself.”

“But I don’t despise you. I meant every word


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 in its place, ready for her use, but although the day was warm and sunny there was about the silent rooms a chill and desolate air. The furniture was stiffly arranged, exactly where it should be, and the vases which should have held flowers were in their places; the book which Kitty had laid face downwards she did not remember when still lay face downwards. It was as though the house had been left empty but a minute before and yet that minute was fraught with eternity so that you could not imagine that ever again that house would echo with talk and resound with laughter. On the piano the open music of a foxtrot seemed to wait to be played, but you had a feeling that if you struck the keys no sound would come. Walter’s room was as tidy as when he was there. On the chest of drawers were two large photographs of Kitty, one in her presentation dress and one in her wedding-gown.

But the boys fetched up the trunks from the boxroom and she stood over them watching them pack. They packed neatly and quickly. Kitty reflected that in the two days she had it would be easy to get everything done. She must not let herself think; she had no time for that. Suddenly she heard a step behind her and turning round saw Charles Townsend. She felt a sudden chill at her heart.

“What do you want?” she said.

“Will you come into your sitting-room? I have something to say to you.”

“I’m very busy.”

“I shall only keep you five minutes.”

She said no more, but with a word to the boys to


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 She sent a cable to her father to announce her immediate return; she had already cabled to him to say that Walter was dead; and then went back again to the Townsends to tell Dorothy what she had done.

“We shall be dreadfully sorry to lose you,” the kind creature said, “but of course I understand that you want to be with your mother and father.”

Since her return to Hong-Kong Kitty had hesitated from day to day to go to her house. She dreaded entering it again and meeting face to face the recollections with which it was peopled. But now she had no alternative. Townsend had arranged for the sale of the furniture and he had found some one eager to take on the lease, but there were all her clothes and Walter’s, for they had taken next to nothing to Mei-tan-fu, and there were books, photographs, and various odds and ends. Kitty, indifferent to everything and anxious to cut herself off completely from the past, realised that it would outrage the susceptibilities of the Colony if she allowed these things to go with the rest to an auction-room. They must be packed and sent to her. So after tiffin she prepared to go to the house. Dorothy, eager to give her help, offered to accompany her, but Kitty begged to be allowed to go alone. She agreed that two of Dorothy’s boys should come and assist in the packing.

The house had been left in charge of the head boy and he opened the door for Kitty. It was curious to go into her own house as though she were a stranger. It was neat and clean. Everything was


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 UT next morning Kitty rose early and leaving a note for Dorothy to say that she was gone out on business took a tram down the hill. She made her way through the crowded streets with their motor cars, rickshaws and chairs, and the motley throng of Europeans and Chinese, to the offices of the P. & O. Company. A ship was sailing in two days, the first ship out of the port, and she had made up her mind that at all costs she must go on it. When the clerk told her that every berth was booked she asked to see the chief agent. She sent in her name and the agent, whom she had met before, came out to fetch her into his office. He knew her circumstances and when she told him what she wished he sent for the passenger list. He looked at it with perplexity.

“I beseech you to do what you can for me,” she urged him.

“I don’t think there’s any one in the Colony who wouldn’t do anything in the world for you, Mrs. Fane,” he answered.

He sent for a clerk and made enquiries. Then he nodded.

“I’m going to shift one or two people. I know you want to get home and I think we ought to do our best for you. I can give you a little cabin to yourself. I expect you’d prefer that.”

She thanked him. She left him with an elated heart. Flight: that was her only thought. Flight!


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 strong, she thought she had returned to Hong-Kong a woman who possessed herself; new ideas flitted about her heart like little yellow butterflies in the sunshine and she had hoped to be so much better in the future; freedom like a spirit of light had beckoned her on, and the world was like a spacious plain through which she could walk light of foot and with head erect. She had thought herself free from lust and vile passions, free to live the clean and healthy life of the spirit; she had likened herself to the white egrets that fly with leisurely flight across the rice fields at dusk and they are like the soaring thoughts of a mind at rest with itself; and she was a slave. Weak, weak! It was hopeless, it was no good to try, she was a slut.

She would not go in to dinner. She sent the boy to tell Dorothy that she had a headache and preferred to remain in her room. Dorothy came in and, seeing her red, swollen eyes, talked for a little in her gentle, commiserating way of trivial things. Kitty knew that Dorothy thought she had been crying on account of Walter and, sympathising like the good and loving wife she was, respected the natural sorrow.

“I know it’s very hard, dear,” she said as she left Kitty. “But you must try to have courage. I’m sure your dear husband wouldn’t wish you to grieve for him.”


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] Vatop. There are occasional references to fish in the traditions of the Pimas and the notes of Spanish and American travelers sometimes mention them. It is certain that at times they caught large numbers of fish, but in seasons of drought the river, then as now, becoming wholly dry near the villages, could not be relied upon to furnish such a convenient supply of food. Either the long series of dry years and the absence of fish have caused the people to forget former classifications or else they never distinguished one species from another, for they now have but one name for all fresh fish. However, there were several species in the Gila and adjoining streams that were large enough for food. Garcés, who traversed the Pima country in 1775, wrote: "There is found in this river no other fish than that which they call matalo’te, which is so very savory to the taste, but is troublesome on account of the many bones that it has." On the Trail of a Spanish Pioneer,, 142.) Jordan says: "Garcés's remarks settle the matalo’te. There are no large fish in the Gila except the two large, bony chubs called, by Baird and Girard, Gila robusta and Gila elegans. In the very mouth of the river there is also a big, rawboned sucker of the same build, called Xyrauchen cypho, the Razor-back or Hump-back Sucker. The Gila is a hump-back chub, about a foot and a half long, with a low, large mouth and a long, broad tail. It is popularly known as Bony-tail, Gila Trout, and Round-tail, and is about as poor eating as a fish can be." The Land of Sunshine, , 436. In The Fishes of the Colorado Basin, Evermann and Rutter enumerate several species that must have been accessible to the Pimas. Their names and the localities where they were collected are as follows: Pantosteus arizonæ Gilbert. Salt river, Tempe. Pantosteus clarkii (Baird and Girard). Gila river, Fort Thomas. Catostomus latipinnis (Baird and Girard). Rio San Pedro and Fort Thomas. Catostomus gila Kirsch. Fort Thomas. Catostomus insignis Baird and Girard. Rio San Pedro and Fort Thomas. Xyrauchen cypho (Lockington). Mouth of Gila and Fort Thomas. Ptychocheilus lucius Girard. Various stations on the Gila. Called Gila trout by Emory in 1848. Gila elegans Baird and Girard. Taken from several places along the Gila by collectors. Gila robusta Baird and Girard. Also described from several Gila stations under various names. Cyprinodon macularius Baird and Girard. "Rio Gila." In addition to these may be included the species collected in the San Pedro and Santa Cruz rivers, which are both tributaries of the Gila above Pimería and within reach of Pima hunting parties: Leuciscus niger (Cope), Tiaroga cobitis Girard, Agosia oscula (Girard), Agosia chrysogaster Girard, and Meda fulgida Girard.

Whʼaĭ, Odocoileus hemionus (subspecies?). Information concerning this species was very vague and unreliable, though it seems certain that the black-tail deer was sometimes killed by the Pimas, at least before the growing power of the Apaches prevented the former from roaming through the mountains that border Pimería on the north and east.

Woʼpoldo, Equus asinus. The burro (donkey) is not in high repute among the Pimas, where the distances to the white settlements and between villages necessitate a more speedy animal for draft or riding purposes. Few in number, they could not be very important as an article of diet. They have been eaten in the past, but are rarely so used at present.

Snakes are not eaten, even in times of famine, and the idea of eating lizards is repudiated with scorn.

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, adjoining the Tower, where Passengers embark and disembark, and horses, carriages, &c. are shipped and landed without the aid and risk of boats and craft. Splendid and fast Steam Packets—

For and the .—the  and, Sunday and Wednesday at noon.

and the .—The, every Sunday morning.

.—The, every Thursday morning.

,, and .—The , , and , every Saturday evening and alternate Wednesday afternoon.

and .—The, every Tuesday evening.

.—The, every Friday morning; and Lewis's Colchester packets every Wednesday and Saturday afternoon.

, near Harwich.—Gull's weekly packets.

For particulars apply to Mr Chippingdale, Superintendent at the dock.

is now at Blackwall, and may be by tickets issued at the Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company's offices, 51 St Mary axe, London.

The Bentinck will leave Southampton on the 24th of August, for Mauritius, Ceylon, Madras, and Calcutta, calling at the Cape. For rates of passage money, plans of accommodation, &c. apply at 51 St Mary axe, London.

the of  direct, a regular trader, has room disengaged for a few tons of goods only, and will clear the 23rd inst. or forfeit freight, for which an engagement will be given, the remarkably fast-sailing British-built schooner, A 1 12 years, 180 tons per register, copper and copper fastened, , Commander; lying in the London Dock. This fine ship has good accommodation for passengers.

For terms of freight or passage apply to Marshall and Edridge, 34 Fenchurch street.

and, established to facilitate the cheap transmission and speedy delivery of small Parcels, Samples, &c., with promptitute and punctuality. Chief Offices, 18 Cornhill—Mr P. L. Simmonds, Manager; and 5 South John street, Liverpool—Mr Charles Willmer, Manager.

The Company having completed their arrangements are now prepared to receive Parcels for transmission to all parts of the globe. The scale of charges and every information can be obtained at the Offices, on application personally, or by letter, to Mr Simmonds, 18 Cornhill.

and and.

Capital £200,000, in 2,000 shares.

Edward Barnard, Esq. F.R.S.

Henry Buckle, Esq.

John Henry Cupper, Esq.

Gideon Colquhoun, Esq.

C. E. Mangles, Esq.

J. R. Montefiore, Esq.

William Walker, Esq.

—Union Bank of London.

—Bank of Australasia (incorporated by Royal Charter, 1835), No. 2 Moorgate street.

—P. Fraser, Esq. M D. 62 Guildford street, Russell square.

—Messrs Swain, Stevens, and Co.

—Edward Ryley, Esq.

The advantage offered to to the Australasian colonies by this company are—First, that no extra premium is charged for residence in any of the Australasian colonies, except in New Zealand. Second, that no extra premium is charged to those who assure for the whole term of life, for one voyage out to the Australasian colonies, and for one return voyage; and that premiums may be paid and claims settled in those colonies. And to all persons who wish to assure their lives, the company offers unusually favourable rates of premium, participation in profits, and the guarantee of an ample subscribed capital.

Prospectuses, and full particulars may be obtained at the Offices of the Company, 126 Bishopgate street.

No. 10 Chatham place, Blackfriars, London.

Established, January, 1819.

President—Sir James Rivett Carnac, Bart.

Vice-President—George Forbes, Esq. No. 9 Fitzroy square.

With Twelve Directors.

are offered by this long-established Society to suit the views and the means of every class of insurers. Premiums are received yearly, half-yearly, or quarterly, or upon an increasing or decreasing scale. An insurance of 100l. may be effected on the ascending scale by an annual premium for the first five years of 1l. 9s., at the age of 25 1l. 12s. 6d. at 30; 1l. 17s. at 35; 2l. 2s. 5d. at 40; and 2l 9s. 6d. at 45; or, one-half only of the usual rate, with interest on the remainder, will be received for five or seven years, the other half to be paid at the convenience of the insured.

The insured for life participate septennially in the profits realised.

A liberal commission is allowed to Solicitors and Agents.

, Secretary.

N.B. Agents are wanted in towns where none have yet been appointed.


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22

Dogs. The only domesticated animal which there is any certainty that the Pimas possessed at the time of the discovery is the dog. The old people say that in their youth the dogs were all alike and resembled coyotes. At present there are many small mongrels, obtained principally from the Mexicans (pl., c). The dogs have shared with their masters the misfortunes of the last few years. Scarcity and want has left them gaunt and weak. They formerly served a useful purpose in giving warning of the presence of enemies about the villages. There are now no enemies and little within to tempt the thief to enter and steal. Dogs are called by the word "toot," "toot," "toot," uttered rapidly in a falsetto voice, the individual at the same time holding out a morsel of food to lure the animal within reach. A dog that has been bitten by a mad dog is saved by having a cross burned on its head.

Horses. The horse may have been seen by the Pimas in the sixteenth century, but it is doubtful if they obtained this animal before the seventeenth. They have been known so long that their origin has become accounted for by myths without a shadow of historic truth in them. The only individual who ventured to dispute the commonly accepted mythical origin assured me that they came from the West. Font, who visited the Gila in 1775, stated that his party was met by 18 mounted Pimas; so that the horse was evidently in use at that time.

There were very few horses among the Pimas until the last quarter of a century. The statements of the old persons agree with the calendar records, which make it evident that there were horses enough for but a small proportion of the warriors who engaged in conflicts with the Apaches. Horses stolen in Mexico were sold to the Papagos, who in turn sold them to the Pimas at much less than their true value. As the number in Pimería increased, the thieves began to operate in both directions, selling Sonoran horses on the Gila and Piman mounts in Sonora. However, this practice has been abandoned, and the tribe has quite as many horses as are needed. They are rather undersized animals, as may be seen from the pinto pony in figure 5. As the fields now yield an insufficient supply of food for their owners, it follows that there is little grain for the horses, which grow poor and thin in winter; indeed, many die of starvation. Their principal food during that season is saltbushes.

The once famous grassy plains that made the Pima villages a haven of rest for cavalry and wagon-train stock are now barren,

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] and it is not until the mesquite leaves appear in April that the horses can browse upon food sufficiently nourishing to put them in good condition. As the mesquite beans ripen, in June and July, live stock fattens rapidly. A few owners gather and store the beans for stock feed. Very few are able to buy hay or rolled barley.

Cattle. Sala Hina declared that her father and his brother, two Kwahadkʽs, brought the first cattle to the Pimas about 1820. The Spanish missionaries throughout Papagueria brought live stock to their stations for at least two centuries before the date given, so that the Pimas were at least aware of the value of cattle for a long time. The custom of killing and eating the cattle at the death of their owners contributed materially toward preventing increase in Pima herds. Oxen were very scarce for half a century after their introduction, and the old men and women speak sadly of the weary waiting for their turn to use the single ox that dragged the wooden plow for perhaps a whole village. Oxen are now no longer used; with their head yokes and the wooden plows they are of the past,

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 She looked down.

“Yes. But I know that I’m not a bit better than you. Oh, I’m so ashamed.”

“Well, I think you’re very ungrateful.”

“Will you go now?”

“To tell you the truth I think it’s about time. I’ll just go and tidy myself up before Dorothy comes in.”

He went out of the room with a jaunty step.

Kitty sat for a while, still on the edge of the bed, hunched up like an imbecile. Her mind was vacant. A shudder passed through her. She staggered to her feet and, going to the dressing-table, sank into a chair. She stared at herself in the glass. Her eyes were swollen with tears; her face was stained and there was a red mark on one cheek where his had rested. She looked at herself with horror. It was the same face. She had expected in it she knew not what change of degradation.

“Swine,” she flung at her reflection. “Swine.”

Then, letting her face fall on her arms, she wept bitterly. Shame, shame! She did not know what had come over her. It was horrible. She hated him and she hated herself. It had been ecstasy. Oh, hateful! She could never look him in the face again. He was so justified. He had been right not to marry her, for she was worthless; she was no better than a harlot. Oh, worse, for those poor women gave themselves for bread. And in this house too into which Dorothy had taken her in her sorrow and cruel desolation! Her shoulders shook with her sobs. Everything was gone now. She had thought herself changed, she had thought herself


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 been lost and now at last is safe at home. She moaned faintly. Her eyes were closed and her face was wet with tears. And then he found her lips and the pressure of his upon them shot through her body like the flame of God. It was an ecstasy and she was burnt to a cinder and she glowed as though she were transfigured. In her dreams, in her dreams she had known this rapture. What was he doing with her now? She did not know. She was not a woman, her personality was dissolved, she was nothing but desire. He lifted her off her feet, she was very light in his arms, he carried her and she clung to him, desperate and adoring; her head sank on the pillow and his lips clung to hers.

HE sat on the edge of the bed hiding her face with her hands.

“Would you like a drop of water?”

She shook her head. He went over to the washing-stand, filled the tooth-glass and brought it to her.

“Come along, have a little drink and you’ll feel better.”

He put the glass to her lips and she sipped the water. Then, with horrified eyes, she stared at him. He was standing over her, looking down, and in his eyes was a twinkle of self-satisfaction.

“Well, do you think I’m such a dirty dog as you did?” he asked.


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86 and of that period of the Pimas' past that it is best for them to forget.

Cattle are driven and "roped" with the lariat, but no conventional mode of calling them is in vogue. Like the horses, they are branded and run at large. Their range is almost unlimited in some directions, but the entire absence of water away from the river prevents them from straying. With horses, cattle formed a great attraction to the Apaches during the last century until peace was declared in 1879, and the Pimas suffered frequent losses, for some of which, it must be added, the marauders paid dearly. To guard against the thieves it was customary to corral all stock within the village at night. When it strayed away across the mesas during the day it was sought by tracking or by waiting at the water holes, and while so engaged the men had many encounters with the enemy, who were ever on the lookout for such an opportunity to attack.

Mules. A few mules are raised, but, like the horses, they are small and of little value.

Donkeys. While the burro has been used for some time, it is not a popular animal among the Pimas. It is too slow for traveling across the wide, waterless plains of Pimería and is not adapted for farm work.

Poultry. Until the recent introduction of large American breeds a small breed of poultry had been kept for several years. This had been obtained from the Mexicans, from whom also the manner of calling "pul," "pul," "pul" was derived. With the new breeds came the American custom of calling "peep," "peep."

Eagles and red-tailed hawks were kept for their feathers. All the inhabitants of a village assisted in catching lizards and in furnishing other suitable food for the village bird. The feathers were regularly plucked for the paraphernalia of the medicine-men.

Sonora doves were and are yet confined in log-cabin cages built up of arrowwood rods.

The Gila river carries an unusually large amount of suspended matter when in flood. As shown by the tests made during the surveys for the dam which is intended to supply Pimería with water, it carries on an average 10.5 per cent of mud, with a maximum of 20 per cent. The entire bottom land upon which the fields are located has been built of this material. It is so light that wagons cut readily into it during the dry seasons and work it into fluffy dust several

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HE fact was, of course, that he had no charm. That was why he was not popular, and she had not been long in Hong-Kong before she discovered that he was not. She remained very vague about his work. It was enough for her to realise, and she did this quite distinctly, that to be the government bacteriologist was no great fry. He seemed to have no desire to discuss that part of his life with her. Because she was willing to be interested in anything at first she had asked him about it. He put her off with a jest.

“It’s very dull and technical,” he said on another occasion. “And it’s grossly underpaid.”

He was very reserved. All she knew about his antecedents, his birth, his education, and his life before he met her, she had elicited by direct questioning. It was odd, the only thing that seemed to annoy him was a question; and when, in her natural curiosity, she fired a string of them at him, his answers became at every one more abrupt. She had the wit to see that he did not care to reply because he had anything to hide from her, but merely from a natural secretiveness. It bored him to talk about himself. It made him shy and uncomfortable. He did not know how to be open. He was fond of reading, but he read books which seemed to Kitty very dull. If he was not busy with some scientific treatise he would read books about China or historical works. He never relaxed. She did not


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 Adrian, a little hamlet of Jackson county, is situated on the ridge between Cross and Soldier creeks, about 16 miles southwest of Holton, the county seat, and 4 miles from Emmett, which is the nearest railroad station. Mail is received by rural delivery from Delia.

Adventists.—This denomination belongs to that class of religious organizations which accepts the inspiration of the scriptures, take the Bible as their rule of faith, and hold to the fundamental doctrines of Christian churches. This belief arose as a result of the preachings of William Miller, in 1831. He taught that the world would come to an end in 1843, and would be followed by the coming of Christ to reign on earth. Mr. Miller's study of Biblical prophecies had convinced him that the coming would be between March 21, 1843, and March 21, 1844. When these dates passed many preachers joined the movement and several thousand followers were gathered from different churches. On April 20, 1845, Mr. Miller called a convention of the faithful at Albany, N. Y., which convention issued a declaration of belief and adopted the name Adventists. The declaration was that Christ will come soon, but at an unknown time, as the prophecy for 1843 and also that for 1844, had not been fulfilled. The resurrection of the dead, both the just and the unjust, and the beginning of the millennium after the resurection of the saints, was set forth in the belief.

The Adventists baptize by immersion, and are congregational in polity, except the Seven Day branch and the Church of God, which have a general conference that is supreme. Since their organization, the Adventists have divided into seven bodies. The Evangelical Adventists began to call themselves by that name in 1845. They believe that all the dead will be raised, the saints first to eternal bliss and the wicked last to eternal punishment. The Advent Christians formed a general association in 1861. They believe that the dead are unconscious and the wicked are punished by annihilation. This body is chiefly located in New England. The Seven Day Adventists were formed in 1845, in New Hampshire and adopted the obligation of the seventh day as the Sabbath. They believe that the dead sleep until the judgment and the unsaved are destroyed. This body is the strongest and its members are spread throughout the United States, being especially strong in the west. The Church of God was formed after a division among the Seven Day Adventists in 1864–65, concerning the revelations of Mrs. E. G. White. A general conference is the head of this organization, with subordinate state conferences. It is chiefly located in the western and southwestern states. The Life and Advent Union, organized in 1860, believes that the wicked never wake from their sleep of death. The Church of God in Jesus Christ believes in the establishment of the kingdom of God on earth with Christ as king; the annihilation of the wicked and the restoration of Israel. This sect is established in various parts of the United States and Canada.

The Adventists were not established to any extent in Kansas until the great tide of immigration set toward this state in the '80s, for in


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 think he could. He was fond of games: he played tennis and bridge.

She wondered why he had ever fallen in love with her. She could not imagine any one less suited than herself to this restrained, cold and self-possessed man. And yet it was quite certain that he loved her madly. He would do anything in the world to please her. He was like wax in her hands. When she thought of one side he showed her, a side which only she had seen, she a little despised him. She wondered whether his sarcastic manner, with its contemptuous tolerance for so many persons and things she admired, was merely a façade to conceal a profound weakness. She supposed he was clever, every one seemed to think he was, but except very occasionally when he was with two or three people he liked and was in the mood, she had never found him entertaining. He did not precisely bore her, he left her indifferent.

HOUGH Kitty had met his wife at various tea-parties she had been some weeks in Hong-Kong before she saw Charles Townsend. She was introduced to him only when with her husband she went to dine at his house. Kitty was on the defensive. Charles Townsend was Assistant Colonial Secretary and she had no mind to allow him to use her with the condescension which, notwithstanding her good manners, she discerned in Mrs. Town-


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 send. The room in which they were received was spacious. It was furnished as was every other drawing-room she had been in at Hong-Kong in a comfortable and homely style. It was a large party. They were the last to come and as they entered Chinese servants in uniform were handing round cocktails and olives. Mrs. Townsend greeted them in her casual fashion and looking at a list told Walter whom he was to take in to dinner.

Kitty saw a tall and very handsome man bear down on them.

“This is my husband.”

“I am to have the privilege of sitting next to you,” he said.

She immediately felt at ease and the sense of hostility vanished from her bosom. Though his eyes were smiling she had seen in them a quick look of surprise. She understood it perfectly and it made her inclined to laugh.

“I shan’t be able to eat any dinner,” he said, “and if I know Dorothy the dinner’s damned good.”

“Why not?”

“I ought to have been told. Some one really ought to have warned me.”

“What about?”

“No one said a word. How was I to know that I was going to meet a raging beauty?”

“Now what am I to say to that?”

“Nothing. Leave me to do the talking. And I’ll say it over and over again.”

Kitty, unmoved, wondered what exactly his wife had told him about her. He must have asked. And


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 1893, there were but 30 church organizations in the state with a membership of 900. As the country became more densely populated the number of Adventist bodies increased and new organizations were perfected. In 1906 the Seven Day Adventists had 2,397 communicants; the Advent Christian church 247, making a total membership of 2,689.

Aetna, a village of Barber county, is located near the southwestern corner in Aetna township, about 30 miles from Medicine Lodge, the county seat. It is connected by stage line with Lake City, which is the most convenient railroad station. It is a trading center for the neighborhood, has a money order postoffice, and in 1910 reported a population of 25.

Agenda, a village of Republic county, is located in the northern part of Elk Creek township, and is a station on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific R. R., 17 miles southeast of Belleville, the county seat. The first house in Agenda was erected by Joseph Cox in 1887, soon after the town was laid out. It has a money order postoffice with one rural delivery route, express and telegraph offices, several general stores and other business establishments, a bank, a grain elevator, and in 1910 reported a population of 200.

Agra, one of the principal towns of Phillips county, is a station on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific R. R., 12 miles east of Phillipsburg, the county seat. It was first settled in 1888, was incorporated in 1904, and in 1910 reported a population of 347. Agra has a bank, a money order postoffice which supplies mail to the surrounding country by rural free delivery, grain elevators, a weekly newspaper—the Sentinel—good schools, churches, a considerable retail trade, and ships large quantities of grain and live stock.

Agricola, a village of Coffey county, is a station on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R., in Rock Island township, 20 miles northeast of Burlington, the county seat, and 6 miles from Waverly. It has telegraph and express offices and a money order postoffice with one rural route. The population according to the 1910 census was 100.

Agricultural College.—The official title of this institution is the “Kansas State Agricultural College.” The Congress of the United States, by an act approved, July 2, 1862, entitled, “An act donating public lands to the several states and territories which may provide colleges for the benefit of agriculture and mechanic arts,” granted to the State of Kansas upon certain conditions, 90,000 acres of public lands for the endowment, support and maintenance of a college. The leading object of such colleges was to be, without excluding other scientific and classical studies, and including military tactics, to teach such branches of learning as are related to agriculture and the mechanic arts, in order to promote the liberal and practical education of the industrial classes in the several pursuits and professions of life; and when the legislature of Kansas in 1863 accepted the benefits of said act with its provisions, the foundation of the Kansas State Agricultural College was laid.

The location of the college may be attributed to the citizens of Manhattan,


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 which city was founded in 1855 by the coöperation of two colonies, one from New England and the other from Cincinnati. In the New England party were several college graduates who were active in the promotion of education. In 1857 an association was formed to build a college in or near Manhattan to be under the control of the Methodist Episcopal church of Kansas and to be called Bluemont Central College. The charter secured in Feb., 1858, provided for the establishment of a classical college but contained the following section “The said association shall have power to establish, in addition to the literary department of arts and sciences, an agricultural department, with separate professors, to test soils, experiment in the raising of crops, the cultivation of trees, etc., upon a farm set apart for the purpose, so as to bring out to the utmost practical results the agricultural advantages of prairie lands.”

By a special act of Congress, title was secured to 100 acres of land, about one mile west of Manhattan, on which the institution was located. The growth of the college was slow and unsteady, because both money and students were scarce. In 1861 when locations for a state university were discussed, the trustees of Bluemont Central College offered their site and building to the state but their offer was refused. In 1863 when Kansas accepted the act of Congress giving land for an agricultural college, said college was established in Riley county, provided that the trustees of Bluemont College cede its land to the state in fee simple. The Agricultural College was organized that same year with a board of trustees consisting of the governor, secretary of state, superintendent of public instruction, the president of the college ex officio, and nine others to be appointed by the governor and confirmed by the senate. Later the board of regents was reduced to seven members. Four departments were named, to-wit: Agriculture; Mechanic Arts; Military Science and Tactics; Literature and Science.

From 1863 to 1873 the development of the college was much as it would have been, had the trustees of Bluemont College remained in control. The department of literature and science was fostered while the departments for which the school was especially founded were practically ignored. The first faculty consisted of Rev. Joseph Denison, president and professor of ancient languages and mental and moral science; J. G. Schnebly, professor of natural science; Rev. N. O. Preston, professor of mathematics and English literature; Jeremiah E. Platt, principal of the preparatory department; Miss Bell Haines, assistant teacher in preparatory department, and Mrs. Eliza C. Beckwith teacher of instrumental music. The first catalogue gives the names of 94 students in the preparatory department and 15 in the college. Fifteen students graduated in the period from 1863 to 1873. In 1867 a large boarding hall for students was erected by parties in Manhattan. It was a failure financially. The college was urged to buy it and did at a cost of $10,000. In 1868 about 200 varieties of forest and fruit trees were planted. In 1871 a new farm of 155 acres was purchased for $29,832.71 in


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 scrip. The city of Manhattan, fearing the agricultural college would be consolidated with the university at Lawrence, gave $12,000 (the result of a bond election) toward the purchase.

MAIN BUILDING. AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

An act of legislation in 1873, reorganizing the state institutions, resulted in the appointment of a new board of regents. It elected Rev. John A. Anderson of Junction City to the place vacated by President Denison, who resigned the same year. Mr. Anderson changed the policy of the college immediately. Through him and the board who supported him, the Kansas State Agricultural College started on the mission it was intended to fulfill. Mr. Anderson believed in industrial education, and the reasons for his radical policies were published in 1874 in a “Hand Book of the Kansas State Agricultural College.” Briefly told he thought prominence should be given to a study in proportion to the actual benefit expected to be derived from it; that, “The farmer and mechanic should be as completely educated as the lawyer or minister; but the information that is essential to one is often comparatively useless to the other and it is therefore unjust to compel all classes to pursue the same course of study.” That ninety-seven per cent of Kansas people are in industrial vocations, so greater prominence should be given industrial studies. That each year's course of study should be, as far as possible, complete in itself because many students are unable to take a whole college course. Mr. Anderson's views were unpopular but they met the approval of the board of regents to such an extent that they discontinued the department of literature and organized those of mechanic arts and