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212 her country. The phœnix, afflicted at the evil occasioned by the blackbird's indiscretion, ordered all the blackbirds to quit the country; and from that time none have been met with upon the banks of the Ganges.

The unicorn, in less than eight days, carried Formosanta, Irla, and the phœnix, to Cambalu, the capital of China. This city was larger than Babylon, and in appearance quite different. These fresh objects, these strange manners, would have amused Formosanta could anything but Amazan have engaged her attention.

As soon as the emperor of China learned that the princess of Babylon was at the city gates, he despatched four thousand mandarins in ceremonial robes to receive her. They all prostrated themselves before her, and presented her with an address written in golden letters upon a sheet of purple silk. Formosanta told them, that if she were possessed of four thousand tongues, she would not omit replying immediately to every mandarin; but that having only one, she hoped they would be satisfied with her general thanks. They conducted her, in a respectful manner, to the emperor.


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Rh other objections mentioned by the local Committee seem to be decisive: and, even if they were not so, I think that we can expect little good from a school, of which the master is forced on the Local Committee, and is personally disagreeable to them.

I agree with Mr. Sutherland. But I should wish the examination not to be altogether confined to Arithmetic and Mathematics. A few simple questions in History and Geography should also be asked.

On looking again at what Mr. Sutherland proposed, I see that he intends to examine Mr. * * * in literature. This is quite proper.

Certainly, as Mr. Sutherland says, this is far from a great performance, yet I really think it above par. The young man seems to have a general notion of ancient and modern history; and as to his mistaking for, and sending Orassus to Spain instead of Syria, I am afraid that we must wait long for masters, if we wait for gentlemen who will commit no such mistakes.

I should like to be satisfied that he can perform and teach the common operations of arithmetic, then I would certainly engage him.

Mr. B. perhaps is not quite equal to Mr. F. But I think that, in the present state of the market, he may pass muster.

Mr. ——————’s letter asking for re-examination.—Mr. Sutherland has some reason to complain. I would certainly not ask him to examine every rejected candidate a few days after rejection, 18th July, 1837.

When Mr. Sutherland was called on to examine men too frequently, he says—

“I submit, but without grumbling that the frequency of examinations would press hard on me.”

I agree with Mr. Sutherland, except that I am not quite clear about the expediency of sending Mr. Montague to Chittagong. Ajmere, I think, is not filled up. And I should imagine that to be the more important station. But others are better judges than I am on that subject.

Necessity of obtaining Masters from England.—We seem to be quite at a stand here. We must certainly not lose Mr. Montague. I do not see my way to any better arrangement than that which Mr. Sutherland proposes.

But I am every day more and more convinced that, as our operations extend, and as our schools multiply, it will become more and more necessary for us to take some course for procuring a regular supply of good masters from England. At present we are forced to put up with the leavings of every other trade and profession. A missionary who becomes tired

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Rh of converting, a newspaper writer who has quarrelled with the editor, a shopkeeper who has failed, a clerk in a public office who has lost his place, are the sort of people whom we are forced to look to. Even of these the supply is so limited and uncertain, that we can hardly venture to reject any man who can read, write, and work a sum. And, even when our masters chance to be people of respectable attainments, it scarcely ever happens that they have had the smallest experience in teaching. Teaching is an art to be learned by practice. I have known people of the greatest genius and learning who could teach nothing; and we have scarcely appointed a single person of whom we knew that he was experienced in the art of teaching.

I am satisfied that it will soon be found necessary to import from England, or rather from Scotland, a regular supply of masters for the Government Schools. But this subject, though brought strongly to my mind by our present embarrassment is too important to be discussed in this parenthetical manner. 26th August.

In the present state of the supply of Schoolmasters, I think Mr. Melville a decided prize, and I would on no account let him slip. I agree to what Mr. Sutherland proposes.—8th September, 1837.

I like the gentleman’s performance little, and the temper which he shews still less. I have no objection however, in the great scarcity of masters, to the guarded answer which our Secretary proposes to return.—7th December, 18571837 [sic].

I would give him no copies, and would have no more to say to him.

I should like to know something more about the newspaper which this person edits. What is its name? What character does it bear? and what are the general views which it takes of moral and political matters?—4th January, 1838.

''Minutes of the Hooghly College. The dismissal of Wasib Ali’s claim for the curator ship of the Hooghly endowment''.—There can be no objection to communicating the state of the case to Government. But, until the great questions about which the Committee is divided have been decided by authority, nothing can be settled I apprehend, as to the constitution of the future College.—[Book F. page 33.] 12th January, 1835.

Hooghly College.—It is to be observed that the letter received from the Government, though it directs that the Hooghly institution shall be essentially Mahomedan, declares at the same time that it was not the intention of the testator, and is not the intention of the Governor General in Council to exclude persons of other religious persuasions from the advantages which


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Rh that institution may afford. No religious instruction ought, of course, to be given except according to Mahometan principles. But lectures on general literature and general science may, of course, be attended indiscriminately by all classes.

I think therefore that we ought to consult not only the persons whom Mr. Sutherland mentions, but others more likely to give us advice as to the best mode of imparting an useful and generous education to all classes. Dr. Wise who knows Hooghly well, and whose qualifications entitle him to the highest respect, ought, in particular, to be requested to give us his counsel in the subject.—[Book F. page 61.] 16th April.

Hooghly College.—I agree to most of Mr. Sutherland’s propositions, but I cannot help thinking that the plan admits of some improvement.

I have always disliked, both in England and here, the scholarship system. The Government has decided that, in those places of education which are to be completely under our direction, no such system shall exist. The Hooghly College is on a different footing, we must obey the directions of the founder, and pay due respect to his memory. But I conceive that we may do this without violating a principle which I think it of the highest importance to maintain.

I would propose that the 1,920 rupees a year which Mr. Sutherland proposes to expend in endowing ten scholarships should be employed in founding six annual prizes of 320 rupees each. Of these 320 rupees, 120 might be laid out in a gold medal bearing the founder’s name. The other 200 might be paid in money. Two of these prizes I would give to the two best Arabic scholars in the College, two to the two best English scholars, and two to the two best Mathematicians. As the examinations would recur annually, the best scholars would thus have a strong motive to maintain their places, and would never be able to relax their exertions with impunity. The effect of the system proposed by Mr. Sutherland, even under the best regulations, will be, that a young man will exert himself to obtain a scholarship, and will cease to exert himself as soon as he has obtained one.

I agree with Mr. Sutherland as to the architectural question. But I should be glad to be assured that the indulgence of our taste would not cost us too much.

I venture to propose as members of the Sub-Committee of the Hooghly College Sir E. Ryan, Mr. Shakspeare, Mr. Smith, Mr. Colvin and Mr. Young.—[Book F. page 100.] 11th July, 1835.

Hooghly College.— The books may of course be sent; nor


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Rh He was the wisest, most just and benevolent monarch upon earth. It was he who first tilled a small field with his own imperial hands, to make agriculture respectable to his people. Laws in all other countries were shamefully confined to the punishment of crimes: he first allotted premiums to virtue. This emperor had just banished from his dominions a gang of foreign Bonzes, who had come from the extremities of the West, with the frantic hope of compelling all China to think like themselves; and who, under pretence of teaching truths, had already acquired honors and riches. In expelling them, he delivered himself in these words, which are recorded in the annals of the empire:

You may here do as much harm as you have elsewhere. You have come to preach dogmas of intolerance to the most tolerant nation upon earth. I send you back, that I may never be compelled to punish you. You will be honorably conducted to my frontiers. You will be furnished with everything necessary to return to the confines of the hemisphere whence you came. Depart in peace, if you can be at peace, and never return.

The princess of Babylon heard with pleasure of this speech and determination. She was the more certain of being well received at court, as she was very far from entertaining any dogmas of intolerance. The emperor of China, in dining with her tête-à-tête, had the politeness to banish all disagreeable etiquette. She presented the phoenix to him, who was gently caressed by the emperor, and who perched upon his chair. Formosanta, towards the end of the repast, ingenuously acquainted him with the cause of her


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8 neck awry! If he were good-looking, anyway—but he, tfoo! he is as ugly as Satan!" The sexton took breath, wiped his lips and listened. The bell was not to be heard, but the wind banged on the roof, and again there came a tinkle in the darkness.

"And it’s the same thing now!" Savély went on. "It’s not for nothing the postman is lost! Blast my eyes if the postman isn’t looking for you! Oh, the devil is a good hand at his work; he is a fine one to help! He will turn him round and round and bring him here. I know, I see! You can’t conceal it, you devil’s bauble, you heathen wanton! As soon as the storm began I knew what you were up to."

"Here’s a fool!" smiled his wife. "Why, do you suppose, you thick-head, that I make the storm?" "H’m! Grin away! Whether it’s your doing or not, I only know that when your blood’s on fire there’s sure to be bad weather, and when there’s bad weather there’s bound to be some crazy fellow turning up here. It happens so every time! So it must be you!"

To be more impressive the sexton put his finger to his forehead, closed his left eye, and said in a sing-song voice

"Oh, the madness! oh, the unclean Judas! If you really are a human being and not a witch, you ought to think what if he is not the mechanic, or the clerk, or the huntsman, but the devil in their form! Ah! You’d better think of that!"


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They are Socrates's children, said my uncle Toby. He has been dead a hundred years ago, replied my mother.

My uncle Toby was no chronologer—so not caring to advance a step but upon safe ground, he laid down his pipe deliberately upon the table, and rising up, and taking my mother most kindly by the hand, without saying another word, either good or bad, to her, he led her out after my father, that he might finish the ecclaircissment himself.

this volume been a farce, which, unless every one's life and opinions are to be looked upon as a farce as well as mine, I see no reason to suppose—the last chapter, Sir, had finished


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 the first act of it, and then this chapter must have set off thus.

Ptr..r..r..ing—twing—twang—prut—trut—'tis a cursed bad fiddle.—Do you know whether my fiddle's in tune or no?—trut..prut..—They should be fifths.—'Tis wickedly strung—tr...a.e.i.o.u.-twang.—The bridge is a mile too high, and the sound-post absolutely down,—else—trut..prut—hark! 'tis not so bad a tone.—Diddle diddle, diddle diddle, diddle diddle, dum. There is nothing in playing before good judges,—but there's a man there—no—not him with the bundle under his arm—the grave man in black.—S'death! not the gentleman with the sword on.—Sir, I had rather play a Caprichio to Calliope herself, than draw my bow across my fiddle before that very man; and yet, I'll stake my Cremona to a Jew's trump, which is the greatest musical odds that


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A274

PART III. Approval of persons to be managers.

23. An application for approval to be a manager shall be made to the Director in the prescribed form.

24. (1) On receiving an application in accordance with section 23, the Director shall make such inquiry as he considers necessary and shall determine the application—
 * (a) by approving the applicant to be a manager; or
 * (b) by refusing under section 25 to approve the applicant to be a manager.

(2) On approving an applicant to be a manager under subsection (1), the Director shall issue to the applicant a certificate of approval in the prescribed form.

25. The Director may refuse to approve an applicant to be a manager if it appears to him that the applicant—
 * (a) is not resident in Hong Kong for at least nine months in each year;
 * (b) is not a fit and proper person to be a manager;
 * (c) has been convicted of an offence punishable with imprisonment;
 * (d) is a person in respect of whom a permit to teach has previously been cancelled;
 * (e) has not established that he possesses suitable qualifications or experience to be a manager;
 * (f) cannot perform satisfactorily or is unlikely to perform satisfactorily the duties of a manager;
 * (g) has attained the age of seventy years; or
 * (h) in making or in connexion with any application—
 * (i) for approval to be a manager;
 * (ii) for registration of a school;
 * (iii) for registration as a manager or a teacher; or
 * (iv) to employ a person as a permitted teacher in a school,

has made any statement or furnished any information which is false in any material particular or by reason of the omission of any material particular.


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 ever were laid, that I will this moment stop three hundred and fifty leagues out of tune upon my fiddle, without punishing one single nerve that belongs to him.—Twaddle diddle, tweddle diddle,—twiddle diddle,—twoddle diddle, twuddle diddle,—prut-trut—krish—krash—krush.—I've undone you, Sir,—but you see he is no worse,—and was Apollo to take his fiddle after me, he can make him no better.

Diddle diddle, diddle diddle, diddle diddle—hum—dum—drum.

—Your worships and your reverences love musick—and God has made you all with good ears—and some of you play delightfully yourselves—trut-prut,—prut-trut.

O! there is—whom I could sit and hear whole days,—whose talents lie in making what he fiddles to be felt,—who inspires


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Rh

26. (1) The Director may withdraw his approval of a person to be a manager—
 * (a) on any ground specified in paragraph (a), (b), (c), (d), (g) or (h) of section 25 which applies to the person, whether or not such ground existed at the time when he was approved to be a manager;
 * (b) if it appears to the Director that the person—
 * (i) has ceased to be a manager;
 * (ii) cannot perform satisfactorily or is not performing satisfactorily the duties of a manager;
 * (c) if the person has been an office-bearer, as defined in section 2 of the Societies Ordinance, of any society which has had its registration or its exemption from registration cancelled under section 10 of that Ordinance or which has been dissolved under section 30 of that Ordinance;
 * (d) if the person has contravened any provision of this Ordinance; or
 * (e) if it appears to the Director that—
 * (i) any school of which the person is registered as a manager is not being managed satisfactorily;
 * (ii) in any school of which the person is registered as a manager, the education of the pupils is not being promoted in a proper manner; or
 * (iii) any pupil of a school of which the person is registered as a manager is not under proper supervision or control while on the school premises.

(2) The Director shall withdraw his approval of a person to be a manager at the written request of the person. Registration of managers of schools.

27. No person shall act as a manager of a school unless he is registered as a manager of the school under subsection (1) of section 29.

28. An application for registration as a manager of a school shall be made to the Director by an approved manager in the prescribed form.

29. (1) On receiving an application in accordance with section 28, the Director shall make such inquiry as he considers necessary and shall determine the application—
 * (a) by registering the applicant as a manager of the school in respect of which the application is made; or


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A276

(2) On registering an applicant as a manager of a school under subsection (1), the Director shall issue to the applicant a certificate of registration in the prescribed form.

30. (1) The Director may refuse to register an applicant as a manager of a school if—
 * (a) it appears to the Director that the applicant has not established that he has a special interest in the school;
 * (b) it appears to the Director that the registration of the applicant as a manager of the school would result in an undue proportion of the management committee being registered by reason only of their special interests in the school;
 * (c) the school has more than four registered managers; or
 * (d) it appears to the Director that in making or in connexion with any application—
 * (i) for approval to be a manager;
 * (ii) for registration of a school;
 * (iii) for registration as a manager or a teacher; or
 * (iv) to employ a person as a permitted teacher in a school,

the applicant has made any statement or furnished any information which is false in any material particular or by reason of the omission of any material particular.

(2) The Director shall refuse to register an applicant as a manager of a school if it appears to the Director that the applicant is not acceptable as a manager of the school to the majority of the management committee.

31. (1) The Director may cancel the registration of a manager of a school—
 * (a) on any ground specified in paragraph (c) of subsection (1) of section 26 which applies to the manager;
 * (b) on any ground specified in paragraph (d) of subsection (1) of section 30 which applies to the manager, whether or not such ground existed at the time when he was registered as a manager of the school; or
 * (c) if the manager was so registered by reason of a special interest in the school which has subsequently ceased.


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 me with his joys and hopes, and puts the most hidden springs of my heart into motion.—If you would borrow five guineas of me, Sir,—which is generally ten guineas more than I have to spare—or you, Messrs. Apothecary and Taylor, want your bills paying,—that's your time.

first thing which entered my father's head, after affairs were a little settled in the family, and Susannah had got possession of my mother's green sattin night-gown,—was to sit down coolly, after the example of Xenophon, and write a -pædia, or system of education for me; collecting first for that purpose his own scattered thoughts, counsels, and notions; and binding them together, so as to form an for the government of my childhood and ado-


text: The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman/Volume 5/Chapter 15


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Rh

(2) The Director shall cancel the registration of a manager of a school—
 * (a) if it appears to him that the manager is no longer acceptable as a manager of the school to the majority of the management committee; or
 * (b) at the written request of the manager.

(3) The registration of a person as a manager of a school shall be deemed to be cancelled if, under any provision in this Ordinance, the Director withdraws his approval of the person to be a manager. Management committees.

32. Every school shall be managed by its management committee.

33. The management committee of a school shall be responsible for ensuring—
 * (a) that the school is managed satisfactorily;
 * (b) that the education of the pupils is promoted in a proper manner; and
 * (c) that this Ordinance is complied with.

Supervisors.

34. Subject to section 35, the Director shall approve as the first supervisor of a school the person who is recommended to be the supervisor by the applicant for registration of the school.

35. (1) The Director may refuse to approve a person as the supervisor of a school if the Director is not satisfied that the person is a fit and proper person to be the supervisor.

(2) The Director shall not approve a person as the supervisor of a school unless the person is a registered manager of the school.

36. The supervisor of a school shall hold office until—
 * (a) he ceases to be a registered manager of the school;
 * (b) he resigns;
 * (c) the Director withdraws his approval of the supervisor under section 37; or
 * (d) the Director approves another registered manager of the school as the supervisor under subsection (2) of section 38.


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8 of that which science searches out.

"Thou art in all things great, not small in any, "Thine even praise shall never rise nor fall; "Thou art in all things one, in each thing many, "For thou art infinite in one and all."

Every object in nature bears the impress of the Divine hand, and the book of nature reveals His wisdom, his beneficence, his creative power and his superintending providence. I have no sympathy with those who, whilst they seek to open the book of nature, would close the more precious volume of Divine revelation : both emanate from the same source, and when rightly understood will never contradict each other. The scriptures were not intended to teach science, but they never contradict it, however they may seem to be opposed to the false teaching of imperfect investigation. The unfolding of scientific truth is truly an evolution; it is a gradual process like the expansion of the beautiful leaf-bud; wonderfully wrapped together, but spread open under the silent powers of light and heat and growth; so is truth gradually revealed under the sunlight of advanced science. It would be unwise to


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 lescence. I was my father's last stake—he had lost my brother Bobby entirely,—he had lost, by his own computation, full three fourths of me—that is, he had been unfortunate in his three first great casts for me—my geniture, nose, and name,—there was but this one left; and accordingly my father gave himself up to it with as much devotion as ever my uncle Toby had done to his doctrine of projectils.—The difference between them was, that my uncle Toby drew his whole knowledge of projectils from Nicholas Tartaglia—My father spun his, every thread of it, out of his own brain,—or reeled and cross-twisted what all other spinners and spinsters had spun before him, that 'twas pretty near the same torture to him.

In about three years, or something more, my father had got advanced almost into the middle of his work.—Like all other writers, he met with disappoint-


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9 guess the form and the delineations of the expanded leaf or flower from the mere outline of the bud, and guesses in science too often mislead and hinder the advance of truth. Direct experiments have led to the establishment of scientific facts, but mere reasoning on hypothetical data has been the greatest hindrance to the progress of science. The history of physiological science illustrates these statements, and in no branch of physiology is it more remarkable than in that of the circulation. In the discovery of the circulation of the blood the process was a gradual one; the steps were often uncertain, and too fre- quently were retrograde in character. The story of the great discovery of Harvey has been often told, and my predecessors have traced it out step by step with accuracy and with skill. I do not wish to go over the same ground, for it has been better done than I could possibly expect to be able to do it.

Fragments of truth as to the function of the heart, and the nature of the circu- lation are found in the writings of Plato,


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11 in a time of persecution; although he was regarded by some as an enemy to Christianity, I cannot conceive of a pagan giving utterance to the senti- ments which Galen wrote, and he was evidently acquainted with the writings of the Old Testament. Galen, though the friend of the Emperors, Hadrian and Marcus Antoninus held views which were inconsistent with pagan worship; he says, that "true piety is not shewn in the sacrifice of hecatombs of bulls or in causing clouds of fragrant in- cense, but in studying myself to know, and in making known to others the wisdom, the power, and the goodness of the Creator."* It would be well if many

body he seems to be struck with its beauty, and says, "Ego Conditoris nostri verum hymnum com- pono; existimoque, in hoe veram esse pietatem, non si taurorum hecatombas ei plurimas sacrificaverim, et casias aliaque sexcenta odoramenta ac unguenta suffumigaverim; sed si noverim ipse prinus, deinde et aliis exposuerim quænam sit ipsius sapientia, quæ virtus, quæ bonitas." Galen de usû partium Lib III.
 * In writing on the use of parts in the animal


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12 men of high attainment of our own day could copy such an example. Galen held correctly that the heart, though unlike other muscles was still muscular in its action; he knew the structure of the valves of the heart, but he affirmed that there were pores in the septum between the ventricles which allowed some of the blood to pass from the right to the left side of the heart. Here he asserted what reason fancied rather than what he learnt by direct observation-a lesson to us, even at the present day, of the danger of form- ing our opinions on hypotheses rather than on established facts. Reason affirms that such and such things are true, but further observation subsequently dis- proves them. How slow we are to learn this lesson, but how disastrous has been the result, when the statements of reason are received as facts, and are regarded as solid bases upon which scientific truths may be built; for like buildings upon unstable foundations they crumble and decay when really tested. It is a slow process to get rid of these


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 phantoms; the authority of great names, and the attraction of beautiful theories nicely accommodated and smoothly glossed over, give these emanations of thought the semblance of truth; and those who will not receive them are regarded as far behind in that which constitutes mental vigour and attainment. The vague notions of Galen had immense power and held the minds of men in bondage for nearly 1,200 years; and, it was only when direct observations were made and dissections were carefully studied by Yesalius and Servetus, that those shackles upon thought were unloosed. Galen regarded one ventricle of the heart as connected with nutrition and nourishment; the other, the left, had to do with vital spirit; he believed, that the blood sent to the lung was especially for the nourishment of the lung itself, though he was quite ignorant of the circulation of the blood through the lungs. Vague notions of transfusions and interchange of blood and air between the arteries and veins were held, but nothing like the true


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 ments.—He imagined he should be able to bring whatever he had to say, into so small a compass, that when it was finished and bound, it might be rolled up in my mother's hussive.—Matter grows under our hands.—Let no man say,—"Come—I'll write a duodecimo."

My father gave himself up to it, however, with the most painful diligence, proceeding step by step in every line, with the same kind of caution and circumspection (though I cannot say upon quite so religious a principle) as was used by John de la Casse, the lord archbishop of Benevento, in compassing his Galatea; in which his Grace of Benevento spent near forty years of his life; and when the thing came out, it was not of above half the size or the thickness of a Rider's Almanack.—How the holy man managed the affair, unless he spent the greatest part of his time in combing his whis-


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17 stance connected with his history is, that his countrymen have, after his death, attempted to prove that he knew more than he ever dreamt of during his life; he knew the pulmonary circulation, but adhered to the doctrines of Galen, and believed that the blood had a to and fro motion in the vessels; it is considered by those who have given him the honor to which he was never entitled, that Caesalpinus knew the circulation, because he found that when a ligature was ap- plied the veins swelled beyond it; but he explained the phenomenon by stating that the blood sought to return to the heart in its wonted direction.

My predecessor, Dr. Johnson has, I believe, fully shewn that the claims of Caesalpinus are without adequate founda- tion; and, whilst we would give all the cre- dit that is due to the talents and researches of Caesalpinus, we cannot find any warrant for the statements that Harvey obtained. from him the knowledge of the circulation. The truths that had been ascertained were the result of direct experiment and exact


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 research; the vague hypotheses that had been handed down from century to century had been the result of reasoning on insufficient data.

The times of Harvey were among the most eventful of English history; the liberty of religious thought was being felt and exercised its influence; the demand for civil and religious freedom was coexistent with scientific research, with literary advancement, and with extension of commerce. It is surprising, that the tumultuous years of civil strife did not check the ardour of the student of nature. Harvey was born at Folkestone in 1578, during the closing years of Elizabeth’s reign; and, it is probable, that when a boy of 10, he saw from the cliffs of his home something of the Spanish Armada, which was intended to stop the freedom of thought and of spiritual life in our favoured land. The facts of Harvey’s life are well known, how at 16 years of age he went to Caius College, Cambridge, took his bachelor’s degree in medicine, and then spent four years at Padua, where


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 all that was known in Anatomical science was taught, and where the germs of his future discoveries were probably formed. In 1602 he graduated in medicine, and soon after came to London and began the active duties of his professional life, but we have very slight records of these years. In 1601 he joined the Royal College of Physicians and became fellow of the College in 1607. Two years later we find, that he obtained the office of Physician to St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, and had received Royal support in his application. In 1615, Harvey was appointed lecturer on Anatomy and Surgery at the College, but it was not till 1628, that his great work was published, his “Anatomical disquisition on the motion of the heart and blood vessels in animals.” James I. had died three years before in 1625; Shakspeare had finished his career, and Sir Walter Raleigh had been unrighteously led to the block when the eventful times of Charles I. were ushered in. Harvey was a lover of peace, and a student of science, but, he could not have remained un-


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21 arteries, whose walls more dense than the veins yielded to the pressure. If he had been content to reason only, he could never have shewn the error of the Galenic doctrine. It was by experiments on living animals that the truth was made clear to the mind of Harvey. Let us quote his words, and I use the translation of Willis, published for the Sydenham Society. "In the first place then, when the chest of a living animal is laid open and the capsule that immediately surrounds the heart is slit up or removed, the organ is seen now to move, now to be at rest; there is a time when it moves, and a time when it is motionless." "These things e more obvious in the colder animals, such as toads, frogs, serpents, small fishes, crabs, shrimps, snails, and shell fish. They also become more distinct in warm blooded animals, such as the dog and hog, if they be attentively noticed, when the heart begins to flag, to move more slowly, and, as it were to die; the movements then become slower and rarer, the pauses longer, by which it is made more easy to perceive


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22 and unravel what the motions really are, and how they are performed."

Again he writes, "the very opposite of the opinions commonly received ap- pears to be true; inasmuch as it is generally believed that when the heart strikes the breast and the pulse is felt without, the heart is dilated in its ventricles and is filled with blood; but, the contrary of this is the fact, and the heart when it contracts is emptied. Whence the motion which is generally regarded as the diastole of the heart is in truth its systole; and in like manner the intrinsic motion is not the diastole but the systole; neither is it in the diastole that the heart grows firm and tense, but in the systole, for then only, when tense, is it moved and made vigorous."

One quotation further from the works of Harvey; he writes, "What remains to be said upon the quantity and source of the blood which thus passes, is of so novel and unheard of a character, that I not only fear injury to myself from the envy of a few, but I tremble lest I


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 uninteresting anecdote. He had a friend with him—at all events, the man was his friend when they started—and he talked to this friend incessantly, from the moment the train left Victoria until it arrived at Dover. First of all he told him a long story about a dog. There was no point in the story whatever. It was simply a bald narrative of the dog's daily doings. The dog got up in the morning and barked at the door, and when they came down and opened the door there he was, and he stopped all day in the garden; and when his wife (not the dog's wife, the wife of the man who was telling the story) went out in the afternoon, he was asleep on the grass, and they brought him into the house, and he played with the children, and


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23 have mankind at large for my enemies, so much doth wont and custom that become as another nature, and doctrine once sown and that hath struck deep root, and respect for antiquity influence all men. Still the die is cast, and my trust is in the love of truth, and the candour that inheres in cultivated minds. And sooth to say, when I surveyed my mass of evidence, whether derived from vivisec. tions and my various reflections on them, or from the ventricles of the heart and the vessels that enter into and issue from them, the symmetry and size of these con- duits; for nature doing nothing in vain, would never have given them so large a relative size without a purpose—or from the arrangement and intimate structure of the valves in particular, and of the other parts of the heart in general, with many things beside, I frequently seriously be- thought me, and long revolved in my mind, what might be the quantity of blood which was transmitted, in how short a time its passage might be effected, and the like; and not finding it possible that this could


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24 be supplied by the juices of the ingested aliment, without the veins on the one hand becoming drained and the arteries on the other getting ruptured through the excessive charge of blood, unless the blood should somehow find its way from the arteries into the veins, and so return to the other side of the heart, I began to think whether there might not be a motion as it were in a circle. Now this I afterwards found to be true; and I finally saw that the blood, forced by the action of the left ventricle into the arteries, was distributed to the body at large, and its several parts, in the same manner that it is sent through the lungs, impelled by the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery, and that then it passed through the veins and along the vena cava, and so round to the left ven- tricle. Which motion we may be allowed to call circular." Thus Harvey made known to the world the discovery which has been of the greatest value in physiological science it has revealed many things in the pathology of disease which could not otherwise have been understood, and has


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25 conferred the greatest benefit on the hu- man race.

Never was the value of experimental research more clearly demonstrated. The links in the chain of truth on this all important physiological question had been obtained by experiment, Harvey united. those links to which he had made such important additions, and proved beyond doubt the circulation of the blood. He shewed how the blood passed in a con- tinuous stream, and although the valves of the veins had been previously described by several older anatomists, as by Sylvius, Eustachius, and especially by Fabricius of Aquapendente, Harvey explained their true value and demonstrated their action. His work absorbed his mind and his energies, even whilst in his strange duties on the field of battle at Edge Hill, in October 1642; whilst in charge of the young Prince and of the Duke of York he was en- gaged in reading, till warned by cannon shot that he was in dangerous proximity to the scene of carnage.

Soon afterwards in the same year we hear


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27 taken the most active part in the civil contest of the time and had placed himself on the pinnacle of power, I refer to Oliver Cromwell. The views of Harvey were regarded as extravagant, and truly they might well be so esteemed, for they were in direct opposition to many views that had been regarded as established truths. It had been supposed that the blood flowed from the larger veins into the smaller; Harvey proved that the reverse was the case, and that the blood reaching the smaller vessels from the arteries re- turned from smaller venous branches to the larger trunks till the heart was reached. He did not know of the true anastomoses of the vessels; that remained for Malpighi, who was born in the year that Harvey's work was published, and who in 1661 saw the capillary circulation in the frog. What Harvey had attained was gained by direct observation, wherein he failed, was in leaving this safe path for one of hypothesis; but it is pleasant to regard him as a man of earnest religious thought; and Cowley writes,


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28 "Thus Harvey sought for truth in Truth's own book, Creation; which by God Himself was writ."

Harvey believed in the immediate agency and fully recognised the personal character of God and His superintending power. True science has not been advanced by the effort to set aside this great fact which runs through the whole of Divine reve- lation.

I delight to read from Willis's transla- tion of Harvey's works the following words of truth from a student of nature: —" We acknowledge God, the supreme and omnipotent Creator to be present in the production of all animals, and to point as it were with a finger to his existence in his works, the parents being in every case but as instruments in his hands. In the generation of the pullet from the egg, all things are indeed contrived and ordered with singular providence, divine wisdom and most admirable and incomprehensible skill. And to none can these attributes be referred save to the Almighty first cause of all things, by whatever name this has been designated; the divine mind by


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29 Aristotle, the soul of the Universe by Plato, the Natura Naturans by others, Saturn and Jove by the ancient Greeks and Romans; by ourselves, and as is seeming in these days, The Creator and Father of all that is in Heaven, or earth, on whom animals depend for their being, and at whose will and pleasure all things are and were engendered." (On Generation, p. 462.)

Such was the immortal IIarvey; a mind endowed with the highest gifts. The at- tainment of the knowledge of the circula- tion was a gradual evolution of the truth, as one portion after another was observed, till the whole was clearly seen in the beauty of its simplicity; it was the reward of patient research, and often by experi- ment on the living animal. I cannot find a better answer to those who in their mistaken kindness of heart to lower ani- mals would perpetuate ignorance, than by reference to the inestimable benefit of the researches of Harvey. To stop the ad- vance of science is to encourage the dark- ness of ignorance. If the laws of the


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 in the evening he slept in the coal-shed, and next morning there he was again. And so on, for about forty minutes.

A very dear chum or near relative of the dog's might doubtless have found the account enthralling; but what possible interest a stranger—a man who evidently didn't even know the dog—could be expected to take in the report, it was difficult to conceive.

The friend at first tried to feel excited, and murmured: "Wonderful!" "Very strange, indeed!" "How curious!" and helped the tale along by such ejaculations as, "No, did he though?" "And what did you do then?" or, "Was that on the Monday or the Tuesday, then?" But as the story progressed, he appeared to take a positive dislike to the dog, and only yawned each time that it was mentioned.

Indeed, towards the end, I think, though I trust I am mistaken, I heard him mutter, "Oh, damn the dog!"

After the dog story, we thought we were going to have a little quiet. But we were mistaken; for, with the same breath with which he finished the dog rigmarole, our talkative companion added:

"But I can tell you a funnier thing than that"

We all felt we could believe that assertion. If he had boasted that he could tell a duller, more uninteresting story, we should have doubted him; but the possibility of his being able to relate something funnier, we could readily grasp.

But it was not a bit funnier, after all. It was only longer and more involved. It was the history of a man who grew his own celery; and then, later on, it turned out that his wife was the niece, by the mother's side, of


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30 present day had existed in the time of Harvey, we might have remained for long years ignorant of the action of the heart and of the circulation; and the knowledge of disease and the best curative measures would have remained unknown; or Harvey might have returned to Padua to make his experiments. If it were possible, it might be well for those who raise such a vehe- ment outcry against the means often best fitted for physiological research, namely, experiment on living animals, if they ceased to partake of the advantages which humanity has received from these re- searches.

Time would fail me to describe the ad- vances made in physiological science since the time of Harvey. The lacteal vessels were discovered by Aselli, and more fully by Pecquet of Dieppe, who described the mesenteric vessels, traced them to the receptaculum chili and onward to the thor- acic duct. It was a hundred years after Harvey's work that Stephen Hales used a manometer to estimate the pressure of the blood, and afterwards Poiseuille introduced


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31 a mercurial one. More recently, Volkman and Ludwig, have advanced our knowledge of the subject, but, perhaps the most in- teresting investigations of later times in connection with the circulation have been those of Claude Bernard, who has shewn that section of the cervical sympathetic on one side of the neck was followed by a rise in the temperature and by dilatation of the blood vessels on the same side; on these experiments followed the discovery of the inhibitory action of the pneumogastric nerve on the heart itself.

Leaving these facts connected with the circulation, let us turn for a few moments to one of the most ardent students of nature of recent times, most patient in observation, diligent in research, an investi- gator of those minute circumstances which are often the guide to clearer truth, a pro- found philosopher on whom this college delighted to confer the highest honour as a physiologist. I refer to Darwin; his facts are wonderful and entrancing, his deduc- tions are not proven. What is more pleasant than to study his observations on plants


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32 and on animals? and perhaps none of his works are more attractive than his investi. gations on earth worms; in which he shews, that animals hitherto regarded as of but little interest and service in the economy of nature are of the greatest value and de- signed to be of incalculable benefit to man. Darwin proves that animals undergo changes greater or less in degree from modifying circumstances, and in this way that varieties are formed, and wonderfully adapted to the circumstances in which they are placed; that these variations are trans- mitted to the offspring; that many changes in plants and in animals can be produced at the will of man by altering the condi- tions of life; that some varieties are more permanent than others, and the sur- roundings of particular animals or plants may be so altered, that they fail to comply with the necessities of life and the animals or plants then cease to exist. There may indeed be a struggle for existence, and a survival of those which can live under ex- isting conditions; but, all these modifica- tions do not prove that animals in their


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33 varied forms and characters are derived from a few forms, or from mere living protoplasm without divine interposition or even that species are thus produced. Some of the lower forms of life, the infusoria and rhizopoda have existed unchanged for enormous periods of time, whilst others have by some means or other attained to wonderful instinct and to marvellous adap- tations to life. How full of interest are the minute changes in ants! their peculiar habits, their sterile members, their slave holding propensities! there are alterations in different varieties, but they are ants still, and they shew throughout, we think the wonderful design of a superior mind, the mind of God. The instinctive skill of the bee may lead to the construction of the perfect cells of the hive bee, and the less perfect one of the humble bee, but they are bees still; and, it is difficult to believe, that by tracing backward, however re- motely to primitive germs we should find the ant and the bee produced from a similar origin, without divine interference, al- though belonging to the same division of


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34 the animal kingdom. To what but direct design could we trace the electric organs of the torpedo and clectric eel; or the re- markable arrangement for the fertilisation of orchids. The manifold peculiarities of animals and their adaptations, require, we think, more than mere natural selection and the forces of the living structures of the animals themselves to produce structural changes; the exquisite beauty of the cye in the different classes of animals according to their conditions of life is, we consider, due to the direct power of a beneficent Creator, and so with every other sense, and the instincts of every species; the tribes of insect-life and their wonderful habits, the adaptations of birds and animals to their food requirements and mode of life, the carnivorous to its need and the herbivorous to its wants, the migratory birds and the aquatic diver, each indicate more than mere progressive development by insensible steps.

According to some theories, the swallow would at first, we presume, be satisfied with short journeys, but the next and succeeding


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35 generations would take more extended flight to warmer climes. The poison bag of the cobra or of the rattle snake would according to the same theory by slow de- grees attain its deadly venom, but whence the first beginning?

The difficulty of the non-propagation of hybrid species has not been fully overcome in these reasonings; neither do we witness the interminable variations of species which would exist, if the theory of self-progres- sive formation were correct.

Whilst allowing all the facts that Darwin discloses, let us keep to the facts them- selves, and not be led into hypotheses which are not proven. Science has been advanced by facts observed and proved, but where deductions are brought forward and received as truth, when the basis is only hypothetical, science has not been helped, neither by Galen nor by Harvey, nor by any student of nature. The won- derful and beautiful truths elucidated in embryology do not prove the statements of evolutionists, but rather shew that a higher power controls the development.


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37 at last, by dividing the cylinder longitud- inally, and placing it in the furnace it gradually unfolds and becomes a plane surface. The process is that best adapted to carry out the design of the workman, and so in higher development and with a nobler artificer.

It is difficult to understand, that in the Australian continent the marsupial ani- mals, similar in character to those which existed before the chalk in geological periods, should not have continued to evolve new species, if the laws referred to had been simply in operation; in other countries, the most diverse forms of ani- mal life are recognised, because, we think, new species were there introduced by direct interposition.

There is constant change on every hand, gradual development in every part of the natural kingdom, one variety by almost imperceptible steps is linked on to another, and withal the hand of God is seen in every gradation. Just as in the unfolding of His character and purpose towards man; at first only by type and shadow, until we


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38 see the full unveiling of Himself in the incarnation of his own Son; ever and anon by fresh direct manifestation adding to that already given; so in nature, we have indications that there has been direct interference with the chain of events; often gradual, sometimes changes of over- whelming force, but all carrying out the scheme of infinite wisdom.

Whilst speaking of the changes in ani- mals, I would advert to those of even greater interest in man. On him more than on any other form of animal life has the influence of modifying circumstances been manifested in altering his character, in raising or lowering his mental endow- ments and even in changing his physical structure. Slowly have these changes been brought about, and at our own day they are seen to be in operation. The climate in which man resides wonderfully reacts upon his physical state; the heat of the torrid zone demands that the system should be- come accustomed to it; the requirements for the maintenance of animal heat are altered, the normal functions are easily


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 disturbed, the activity of the cutaneous transpiration is necessarily increased, the mind during the intensity of the heat often becomes less able to perform its function, and unless by degrees the system becomes acclimatized the health utterly fails and the life may be forfeited. The Hindoo and the Negro have become accustomed by many generations of life to a state that the European cannot bear; the organism is changed, and the alteration is not only represented by the pigmental colouring of the skin, but by an adaptation in the whole economy. An opposite state is observed amongst those whose lot is cast in the colder regions near the Arctic Circle; the Greenlander and the Esquimaux, by many years of change through succeeding gen. erations can bear with impunity and with enjoyment a temperature which would soon be fatal to the inhabitants of Central Africa. The food requirements of man are different, and whilst the Hindoo can live and thrive on rice, the Icelander needs his more oleaginous sustenance, the oil and the blubber become his life supply; and every


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244 r, already assigned to by Grotefend; and completed it by determining it to be the r before u He was led to this conclusion not only by the occurrence of the letter in 'Kurus,' but also in 'paru,' which compares with the Zend for 'many' — 'the king of many lands.' He showed also that 16, the o of Grotefend and i of Lassen, is really ch; and finally 28 , the ng of Grotefend and n of Lassen, he finds to be z: which, if not correct, is a considerable improvement. He was led to this conclusion by an ingenious conjecture. The letter is found in the province Lassen transliterated u w n, and which, from his theory of the diphthong, he read q n and supposed to denote Chaona. The word occurs first in the list, and Jacquet inferred that it must refer to the capital province, Susa. He did not altogether reject Lassen's q, but by changing the n into z, he got near to what he sought, either in 'uwᵃ'zᵃ' or 'qᵃzᵃ' for Susa To sum up: Beer and Jacquet both independently found the correct values for 27 (̣̣̺) y and 41 h; ̻Jacquet added the correct value of 10  v of 16 ch or c of 26 th; and he completed the value of 40  r before u..

Beer may thus be credited with havig contributed two letters (27 and 41), Jacquet with six (10, 16, 26, 27, 40 and 41). He also suggested that the name of the first province in the I inscription referred to Susa and not to Chaonia, and that Babirus—not Babisus—was the correct reading for Babylon.

The year 1838 was memorable not only for the essays of Beer and Jacquet, but also for the appearance of Major Rawlinson among the number of cuneiform scholars. We have already related how his attention was directed to the subject while he was stationed at


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40 intermediate condition is found in the varied countries and localities of the world. An insufficient supply of nourishment soon tells not only upon the growth and nutrition of the body, but upon the energy and power of the mind. The poor half- starved peasant in the Connemara bog and desolate land deteriorates not only in his physical organism, but in that which is man's proudest endowment, his faculties of thought and his power of reason. The struggle to obtain a meagre existence drags the man down to a lower level, and the same painful fact is demonstrated among the tribes of Africa, the degraded inhabi- tants of Terra del Fuego, or the famine- stricken inhabitants of India or China. The condition of man may change in a descending scale instead of advancing to the civilization of more privileged races. The circumstances of social life add other modifying conditions to man in his national existence. Compare the lithe athletic Indian with the phlegmatic Turk, the Bedouin Arab in his wild nomadic life with the quiet cultivator of the soil; the


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 hardy fisherman and sailor exposed to the vicissitudes of weather and to the storm and tempest, with the man whose life is spent in one close room or for long hours in a poisoned atmosphere. The life is changed, and the consequences are seen in succeeding generations, till the whole race is affected, and the impress is witnessed in the most marked divergence of character, thought and action.

But there is another evolution in man. Morbific changes take place from the result of modifying conditions; an evolution which is the direct result of pathological states. The parent may be affected with syphilis, and the offspring becomes altered in its whole development and growth, and if beside one or both parents have a strumous or scrofulous diathesis, or have shewn a proneness to cancerous disease, the state of the offspring is modified still further; or with a tendency to gout another force is presented, and the resultant is an altered phase of life. Still further, the parent may have a nervous system that is extremely sensitive and easily disturbed; it may be


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 LONDON Printed by Odell and

Ives, 18,

Princes Street,

Cavendish Square, W.


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 that there have been epileptic attacks or a tendency to mental affection and insanity; a superadded source of disturbance is given and the resultant of combined forces is manifested. All these causes of change may be yet more diverted from healthy action by the circumstances in which life is placed; not only as regards good food, pure air and the surroundings of civilized life and education, as contrasted with the wretched state induced by poverty and starvation, imperfect clothing, dark and offensive dwellings, but to these may be added an aguish locality, producing miasmatic disease, and having a baneful influence upon the whole being. The clinical observer witnesses the result of these combined morbific forces in a hundred forms, and they produce results which are most embarrassing unless understood.

Almost every advance in science has been made by the direct questioning of nature, whether we go to Lavoisier and trace the wonderful steps in chemical science, or from Bichat we note the progress in Biology. It has been by experimental researches


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 and especially on living animals that the important discoveries on the nervous system have been fully established; hut very little was known of the difference between the motor and sensory fibres of the spinal cord before the observations of Sir Charles Bell; the truths that he made out were due to experiment, for when he rested on mere reasoning his deductions failed; but the facts he did establish have wonderfully assisted in the right understanding of disease, and they have been of the greatest value. I need not refer to Marshall Hall, to Duchenne, to Brown Sequard, Hughlings Jackson, and to many others; but the more recent investigations of Dr. Perrier, also connected with the nervous system, and the localization of cerebral function have been and will be of increasing value in rendering the knowledge of disease more accurate and in leading to correct diagnosis and treatment.

An illustration of the value of study of the kind just mentioned is well shewn in the pathological investigations connected with tubercle. The subject is one replete


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AVING given a faint sketch of the grand cause which precludes women from partaking in the comforts of life, let us next proceed to the avenue which leads to so much misery. Doubtless, through the vicissitudes of human affairs, neither great riches nor great happiness

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 with interest, and especially in connection with a disease of so frequent occurrence as phthisis. The phenomena of tubercle since the time of Laennec and Carswell, have been wonderfully cleared up. There was truth in the views of Dr. Williams, who referred tubercle “to a degraded condition of the nutritive material,” and that in its origin it differs” not in kind, but in degree of vitality and capacity of organisation. The clinical observations of Dr. Addison rested on a sound basis, when he declared that inflammatory changes were of the greatest importance in the pathology of the disease. The microscopical observations of Gulliver have been advanced by W. Addison, Virchow, Langhans, Rindfleisch and many others; but perhaps the most interesting observations have been those of Villemin.

He shews, that animals inoculated with fresh tubercle become tuberculous; tubercles were found in the spleen, in the lungs and in other viscera; from his experiments it was supposed that there was a special virus which would reproduce the


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 are always permanent; the dark and crooked paths of fate are, by the unerring hand of Divine Providence, hid from mortal eyes: nor can we see into futurity. "To-day we are here, and to-morrow in the grave;" or, according to the Proverbs, chap. xxvii. v. 1. "Who knoweth what a day may bring forth?" For how often does death, insatiable death, unexpectedly snatch, in a moment, the indulgent parent from the beloved child, who is at once left at large in the wide world, perhaps in the morning of her days, and in all the simplicity of artless youth, without a provision, or any means of obtaining one. Pitiable object! thy fate seems hard indeed: yet so it but too frequently happens to hundreds, besides thyself. Where wilt thou go, to secure thee from real want? A parish workhouse is but a poor consolation for so great a loss, at a period when neither reason nor religion is ripened into maturity, to moderate the grievance. But, if, perhaps, a friend step forward, the Asylum for the protection of Orphan Girls may receive the poor fugitive; in which blessed and happy institution, through time, the memory

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 same morbid change when introduced into the system. If these experiments had been made twenty years later the original statements might have gone forth as established truths; but science was then less trammelled. Burdon Sanderson, Wilson Box and others tested the theories that had been broached. It was found that although the experiments were true, that tubercle could be artificially produced, it did not require tubercle to be used, that other animal substances, that vegetable irritants, and still more that a mere wound would suffice under certain conditions. That these irritants when placed within the tissue became surrounded by product of a cheesy and inflammatory character, and that the subsequent changes in these products in a diathesis of a tubercular type led to secondary deposit of an advanced character in connection with the lymphathic system. It is true that some guinea pigs were used to establish these most interesting and important pathological truths; mere reasoning would have misled, the advance of science was due to direct exper-


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 of her woeful loss, in parents and provision, may, in some degree, be wiped away in the benevolence of her new protectors, who not only provide for her temporal, but also for her spiritual concerns, in instructing her as a good Christian and a useful member. But, alas! small is the number which this institution can admit, when compared with the vast numbers left in similar situations. And for those, who are more advanced in age, to what standard can they repair? It is true, necessity will teach people to exert themselves, who have nothing but their own industry to depend upon, and consequently they seek for a female occupation. But how great their surprise, and inexpressible their grief, to find, like the rest, that they are repulsed in every pursuit of industry, whereby they might expect a maintenance!

Good Heavens! what course can a poor, young creature pursue, when, from the quick transition from good to evil, at that early period of life, when discernment has not made its way to a knowledge of the world, she is at once on the verge of the precipice, where so many have unhappily been lost? Without a

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8 ON THE CHANGES OF DIGESTION year witnesses remarkable variations, for the leaves, having fulfilled their purpose, their circulation becoming occluded, they fade and fall; but on returning spring the old stock is not in the same condition as before, for the past year had left its trace; so with each yearly cycle, till at length more general decay occurs, and the old weather-beaten stock, that has withstood the stormy blasts of many a winter, succumbs and dies.

With equal distinctness of demarcation do we find that human life has its stages; we have infancy and youth, succeeded by manhood in its strength and prime, and then the gradual fading of the powers, first the physical, and then the intellectual; but the differences impressed upon the whole organism at these respective periods are accompanied with a physical state also changing, and the one is dependent upon the other. A child, with its freshness of thought, the wildness of its imagination, and the quickness of its new powers, has a brain structurally differing from that of the old man, with his maturer thoughts, and his calmer reason, whose brain is acted upon by the impressions stored up in the memory, rather than by new objective observa- tions. The elasticity of the youthful step, and the enjoyment of vigorous exercise, are marks of strength of lung, and power of circulation, which an octogenarian does not possess; and not less apparent are the functional peculiarities of digestion during the different periods of life.


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 ON DISEASES OF THE STOMACH.

THE VARIETIES OF DYSPEPSIA: THEIR DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT.

ALTHOUGH nearly every year new works have appeared on diseases of the stomach, still the maladies affecting this organ are so numerous, and of a character so diversified, that there is ample scope for the records of individual experience. It is not my intention to enter into the scientific and pathological bearings of gastric disease; this I have already done to a great extent in my former work on 'Diseases of the Abdomen.' My object in the following pages rather to direct atten- tion to the practical consideration of the subject, and to those divisions of a common disease which are brought under the daily notice of the physician. The opinions advanced are based upon facts educed in the clinical study of disease; and, if it had been thought desirable numerous instances might have been appended in support of every statement: we have preferred simply


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 pilot, she finds herself launched out into the ocean of the world, where she floats about so awhile, until she perceives her danger, and would gladly retreat; but neither meeting protection nor aid, necessity drives her back, and she shortly engages in the dissipation of the age, and at once becomes the object of scorn and contempt, and the real food for scandal in which deplorable state she finds herself involved, even before she is aware of her danger, which no sooner presents itself to he view, but she endeavours to retreat and clear away the black vapour; but, alas! though short-lived the experiment, it is now too late for the misty cloud of obloquy has discoloured her reputation, and she is now doubly distant from a friend to defend her, or point out mode of redress; for the unfeeling part of the world exclaims, in the words of a much admired writer,

No: her supplication is not noticed, not

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88 ON THE GENERAL TREATMENT the spring, and the least at the autumnal season; and he infers, that the greater quantity of effète material during the summer months leads to the frequency of diarrhoea and intestinal diseases.

Amidst the multitudinous occupations of ordinary life there are some which tend in a greater degree than others to induce gastric complaints. Sedentary pursuits, especially when associated with late hours, and with pressure upon the stomach, greatly impair healthy digestion; and too often the necessities of the system are disregarded, and insufficient time allowed for meals, or they are taken at too long intervals. Again, several hours spent in a hot and oppressive atmosphere, con- taining an excess of carbonic acid, produces a sense of exhaustion and oppression, and the organic functions become less energetic. Some professional duties involve great irregularity as to the hours at which food is taken, and the strong and vigorous system can alone bear with these repeated disturbances without injury.

As to numerous mechanical occupations, some are injurious from pressure upon the scrobiculus cordis, and from constrained position, as with the shoemaker, the tailor, the hand-loom weaver; in others the air is loaded with dust, but in these the respiratory organs suffer more severely than the digestive; and, lastly, the exhaled fumes may be of a poisonous character, as with lead, mercury, phosphorus, &c.

Many of those whose trade requires the tasting of


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 withstanding "God hath given to every one the charge of his neighbour."

This excellent charge being so very seldom put in practice, superadded to her youth and inexperience, she not being sufficiently armed with that fortitude, which is so necessary in her time of trial, and seeing the frowns of the world against her, she naturally perseveres, and even launches out still farther in the stream of those false and mistaken pleasures, which cannot fail to terminate in her destruction; and, perhaps, at length, she triumphs in obtaining (what she thinks) protection from those whose acknowledged right it is to guard the weaker sex.

But here, alas! under the specious name of friendship, she too soon sees her mistake, and finds herself the real object of distress, abandoned by the world, and left to her own bitter reflections; until the kind hand of Providence once more takes her under protection, and admits her a member of that humane charity, the Magdalen; where, in a small degree, she is once more permitted to taste a portion of comfort, by the cheering rays of

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 PREFACE.

Ir is now ten years since I published some "Patho- logical and Practical Observations on Diseases of the Abdomen," a work in which I detailed the examination and investigation of numerous instances of disease; but it has since been intimated to me, that my own experience, without these pathological observations, would be useful to the practitioner, and in the present small volume, the result of many years of experience in hospital, as well as in private practice, is placed before the notice of my readers.

There are some truths which are continually impressed upon the mind of the physician, and perhaps none more forcibly than the importance of endeavouring to cure the patient, rather than of merely seeking to treat the disease. There is an unity of morbid, as well as of healthy action in the living organism, for one part cannot be affected without the sympathy of the whole; and thus, whilst the present work is exclusively devoted


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 Christian charity; and her oppressed spirits are somewhat enlivened by the following sweet and comfortable discourse from the Matron, on her admission into that most excellent charity.

"You cannot be insensible of the kindness of providence in bringing you hither; the wretched situation you are reduced to seems to offer you no other relief. Your interest and ours is the same; we mean to do you all the good we can, and you to have good done to you; we mean to render you happy in this world, and what is of much greater moment, in the next also ."

How can charity be better employed than in taking care of the soul as well as the body? This is, perhaps, the most comfortable discourse she has heard since death closed the lips of her dear parents. Yet how much greater would be the charity for protecting the innocent, than in reclaiming the guilty? Prevention must certainly be better than cure; and

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 to some clinical observations upon gastric disease in its various forms, we have sought to regard it in its general relation to other parts of the system.

The careful analysis of individual cases leads us spontaneously to follow that mode of grouping, which is both truthful in its character, and useful for diagnosis and treatment; and the experience of the author has led him thus to classify those forms of disease, which are naturally associated together.

22, Wimpole Street,

Cavendish Square. W.


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 were there a capacious establishment for industry, built upon such a basis as would form a discrimination between the well-bred female, who is reduced by the unseen hand of fate, and the very poor and abject, whose birth has deprived them of the knowledge of refinement or delicacy; what crowds of unprovided women would flock to the standard!

But, in the mean time, it cannot fail to afford infinite satisfaction to the humane contributors, by enabling the poor penitent to repeat the following hymn of admission.

"Rise, O my soul! the hours review, "When aw'd by guilt and fear, "Thou durst not heaven for mercy sue, "Nor hope for pity here.

"Dried are thy tears, thy griefs are fled, "Dispell'd each bitter care; "See, heaven itself has lent its aid, "To raise thee from despair.

"Here then, O God! thy work fulfil, "And from thy mercy's throne, "Vouchsafe me strength to do thy will, "And to resist my own.

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 "So shall my soul each power employ, "Thy mercies to adore, "Whilst heav'n itself proclaims with joy, "One pardon'd sinner more."

How nearly do the humane contributors to this excellent charity imitate the compassionate sentence of our blessed Lord, when he bade the offending woman "Go, and sin no more?" For there is scarcely a period in life, when the most irregular characters may not be reclaimed. It is through misfortunes and a want of employment, that such as these poor, helpless, young creatures have brought so great an additional load of heavy misfortunes upon their guilty heads; yet, we are told, there is joy in heaven at the repentance of a sinner:—What a blessed institution, then, to provide a means for that purpose!

Human nature is undoubtedly liable to corruption, yet it is impregnated with the seeds of virtue; and when the mind is properly cultivated, they will quickly grow up and ripen into good works. It must afford a most lively and pleasing sensation to the humane and sympathising breast, in contributing their

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 endeavours, to let the memory of former woes be lost in the enjoyment of present blessings.

Compassion is a heaven-born virtue, and not only consoles the innocent, but is the first step to reclaim the guilty: a kind and gentle treatment must ever be efficacious, when harsh proceedings, in general, drive to desperation. For the truth of this, we need but scrutinize our own hearts, (the golden rule is a most excellent guide) and there see, on a serious investigation, if any one of us is not more ready to comply, in any case whatever, by lenient means, than from the force of peremptory methods.

Yes: the most obdurate sinner, if possessed of one single spark of grace, on the repeated calm admonitions of a good Christian, cannot suppress that spark from kindling into a flame of gratitude, at least, and must blush at their perfidy; whereas the hardened wretch, by constant upbraidings and severe treatment, becomes callous to every thing.

Therefore, these poor young women, who have, through extreme necessity, been driven

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 to criminal and unlawful pursuits, are not to be despised or sunk beneath our care, but cherished and supported, in order to reclaim their wicked course of life. What says the oracle of truth?—Whilst we have time, let us do good, for the night cometh, when no man can work.

For the opulent, and those in power, to suppose they have done their part, in helping to relieve their spiritual wants only, is a mistake; so long as the soul and body act in unison, provision must be made for their temporal necessities also. What says St. James, chap. ii. v. 15 and 16. "If a brother or sister be naked, and destitute of daily food, and one of you say unto them, depart in peace, be you warmed and filled, notwithstanding you give them not those things which are needful to the body, what doth it profit?"

But in the humane charity of the Magdalen, as well as in others, the wants of the needful are plentifully supplied, both as to soul and body, and as many destitute objects received as the foundation of the institution will admit; and, in general, such as these it

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 is of whom we have been discoursing (if in London) who reap the benefit. Their ages of admission being from sixteen to twenty-six years, between which periods they, in general, find their fatal mistake, and are happy to find an asylum under so beneficent an institution. Or if, unhappily, their situations in life are too far distant, or other casual accidents prevent them from obtaining the benefit, they must inevitably fall a victim to their misfortunes and vice, and the world's contempt. Which brings to my remembrance a poem, entitled The Country Church Yard.

"Where the long grass obscures yon briery grave, "And antique yews their branches sadly wave, "A wretched female, with the silent dead, "Unnotic'd, unlamented, rests her head. "No weeping friend is seen to deck her bier, "Or o'er her ashes shed the tender tear: "But, buried in the tomb's sad mouldering heap, "Her sorrows and her fate in silence sleep. "'Tis beauteous Jeffey's frail, neglected shade, "Whose pale form swells the solitary glade. "Ah, hapless fair! I hear the still slow gale, "Which bore thy death-bell through the hollow vale,

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 "When thy sad spirit, freed from misery's load, "In trembling expectation, sought its last abode. "Though vice awhile obscur'd thy rising fame, "And stamp'd with early infamy thy name. "Yet o'er thy grave, mid sober evening's shade, "The muse with pitying tear shall swell the glade, "And tell the villain's guilt, whose perjur'd art, "From virtue's path allur'd thy simple heart, "When without parents, in that early day, "When youth most wants a guide to lead the way, "Then false to honour, truth, and promis'd love, "Left thee alone in life's wide course to move."

Notwithstanding the misfortunes of such poor young creatures are truly pitiable, others there are whose case is still more lamentable. But to conduct my readers to the various avenues which lead to the destruction and misery of the female part of the creation, would swell this volume to a greater bulk than is intended; therefore shall content myself with just touching upon a few characters, who have been plunged into this dreadful pit of destruction, by the known misconduct of connections, or the mishap of human events. From such as these it is we must gather our information. Doubtless, imagination might lead to a num-

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RV 975 (Rh)


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is the doctrine about the Trinity in the radical Christian dogma, as expounded in fifty pages. dogma are based, and with its refutal are refuted, the dogmas about the Redeemer and Sanctifier, and every one of the dogmas which refer to the house-management of our salvation. I reject this dogma. I cannot help rejecting it, because, by accepting it, I should be renouncing the consciousness of my rational soul and the cognition of God. But, while rejecting this dogma, which is so contrary to human reason, and which has no foundation either in Scripture, or in Tradition, I still find inexplicable the cause which has led the church to profess this senseless dogma and so carefully pick out the imaginary proofs to confirm it. That is the more surprising to me since that terrible, blasphemous dogma, as expounded here, can apparently be of no use to any one or in anything, and since it is impossible to deduce any moral rule from it, as indeed is evident from the moral application of the dogma,—a collection of meaningless words, which are not connected in any way. Here is the application of the dogma:

“(1) All the persons of the Most Holy Trinity, except the common attributes, which belong to them according to their essence, have still other, especial attributes, by which they differ from each other, so that the Father is indeed the Father and occupies the first place in the order of divine persons, the Son is the Son and occupies


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RV 246 (Rh)


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RV 247 (Rh)


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 ber of visionary flights, but, by engaging with personalities, the faculties are confined, and external appearances must distinguish the objects.

Let us then commence with a gentleman of small, independent fortune; for, as it is the general maxim through life, that every one should endeavour to outvie his neighbour, the gentleman also must keep up appearances for the benefit of his family (as he is pleased to term it;) and, in the present day, where do we see the father or mother of a family, with an independent fortune, be it ever so small, who would not be shocked at the bare idea of placing their daughter in the world in such situations as would enable them to rise, through their own industry and merit, or fit them for becoming wives to some honest and industrious tradesman?—No: that would be a degradation which must not take place. It is the etiquette of the times for the daughters to be bred fine ladies, although it be without a fortune, either dependent or independent, to support it. As for trade, that is out of the question. The sons indeed are differently provided: the el-

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 dest, in course, inherits the paternal estate and the younger ones are placed in the church the army, the navy, or at the bar; and others again are genteelly situated in the mercantile world: the whole of which are fit professions for a gentleman, and by which, if they have merit and success, they may acquire a competency.

But for the female part of the family, what appears in their favour? what prospects have they in life?—The parents die, and leave them, without a provision, a burden upon their connections; which forms the first step to deprive them of friends as well as subsistence. A miserable inheritance, to be their best and only portion! What can be said in behalf of such parents? can their easy compliance with the fashion of the times form any apology for such a mistaken conduct?—This surely cannot be called true paternal affection, to entail upon these helpless young creatures such a succession of misery as must eventually ensue. Is not this a sufficient definition of the second divine commandment, that "the sins of the father shall descend to their

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 children, to the third and fourth generation." Which under such circumstances is justly verified; for, what less than a miracle can destroy the entail of misery brought upon helpless innocence, by the sins of their parents? which, however harsh the term, is worse than Herod's cruelty; that could only affect the body, but by a compliance with this mistaken folly of the day, there is a great chance of its affecting the soul also.

What was it brought ruin upon the first distressed female, who was admitted into the Magdalen Charity; and what but a miracle led her to taste comfort ?

What numbers of helpless and destitute young women there are, who, seeing themselves neglected and despised by their connections, notwithstanding all the refined and delicate ideas which their education and mode of bringing up have possessed them with, would gladly endeavour, through necessity, to make up the deficiency of their parents' neglect, by

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 putting themselves forward in the world, in order to obtain a support. But, alas! to their sorrow, they quickly see it is not in their power; for, under their present circumstances, "the world is not their friend, nor the world's laws;" and what was not effected by their parents, cannot possibly be obtained by an inexperienced young woman.

Indeed, it is frequently said, the female part of the creation are by far the most ready in censuring their own sex. But permit me to ask, would it not be highly reprehensible in any lady to countenance even the appearance of a guilty conduct? By so doing, it is not only the means of encouraging vice, but must unavoidably incur censure upon herself, which, above all other misfortunes in life, is the most to be dreaded, since a female character, once lost, is for ever irretrievable. But, in justice to my own sex, I would gladly hope, there is not a female, who really considers the many horrid mischiefs which are the attendants upon censure, who will ever suffer the smallest intimation thereof to escape the

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 bounds of her own breast, unless through the most flagrant proofs of guilt.

Out of the many, some there are, no doubt' who, to colour their own vicious lives, are ever ready to murder the character of any one, without taking the smallest thought or concern as to the consequences, nor even sparing the innocent with any greater degree of lenity than they would the guilty. But of this class we hope there are but few; for, why should it be supposed that female objects in distress, particularly those who have youth and beauty on their side, must unavoidably be objects of contempt rather than pity? From what motive can this certain part of the sex continue to load the sufferings of these poor, helpless women with reviling and contempt? None other, must repeat it, but to draw a veil over their own vicious lives; for neither religion nor virtue ever countenanced so much injustice. To cad the poor sufferer with calumny, is cruel indeed; suffice it, she has to struggle with the hardships of penury!

Let them be traced along from the moment that fate's afflicting hand is stretched out against

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 them: trace them through every stage of life and then see if they are not the most pitiable of all mortals! Then, how can the time of the opulent part of the sex be better employed, than in searching into the source of their sorrow and endeavouring to obtain redress? To investigate the cause will be speak a remedy near at hand. But for a continuation of the various distresses which poor females are subject to, we need but take a general review, an represent the case as it evidently is, which will save the unpleasant task of using names: for, it is to be feared, few there are who have any knowledge of life, but can reason upon this subject, if not through fatal self-experience, yet through experimental observations on others. For example: how often do we see whole families entirely ruined by the improper conduct of a husband or father, who, through giving way to some predominant vice, at once overwhelms the whole of his family in ruin and distress, or, at least, the female part of it, who, not being able to defend themselves, or seek redress, are liable to every misfortune.

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 How far the wife was intended to be the slave to her husband, I know not, but certain we are, she was designed to be his friend, his companion, and united part; or, according to the gentlemen's phrase, his better part; and yet how often do we see her sinking under the burden of a household load, whilst the unfeeling husband is lavishing away the substance which ought to be for the comfort and support of a family? Yet such unnatural beings there are, who, by giving way to some unlawful passion, can, without scruple or remorse, trample under foot all laws, divine and human, and with impunity bring wretchedness upon those he is bound to support: notwithstanding St. Paul tells us, "if any one provide not for his own, and especially those of his own house, he hath denied the faith, and is worse than an infidel."

Let us but look at the many unhappy females, who come to ruin through mercenary marriages. How many are the instances of young women, who have been brought up in affluence, and reared with all the tender care and attention, which are in the power

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 of maternal affection to bestow; yet, perhaps, through her youthful follies and credulity, she is led away by the artifice and false pretensions of one of these mercenary men, on whom she cheerfully bestows her patrimony, whether acquired by inheritance, or the smiles of fortune upon the honest industry of her deceased parents, avails not, for her expected happiness is vanished in empty air, and she is quickly exposed to all the ills of fate.

As leading to a further explanation, let us represent a case which very frequently happens. A gentleman's daughter, one of these well-bred young ladies, which was spoken of at the beginning of this discourse; or be it a tradesman's daughter, it matters not, they being equally trained up in the same liberal plan of female education, married to a respectable and worthy tradesman, who, we will say, according to the common run of the times, has

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 made choice of a very proper partner for superintending the domestic concerns of his household, and conducting a table with taste; which, according to the beau monde, must undoubtedly be complied with, since his credit in trade so greatly depends upon appearances; and however great may be his dislike to the practice, yet he it is that is absolutely obliged to comply with the custom of the times, and make a figure in life, in order to support the credit of his trade; a precedent big with every evil consequence, yet he must comply, and act like his neighbour, if he expects to receive neighbour's fare. Therefore, before we censure or condemn such conduct in any one individual, let us, if you please, place choice and necessity in the scales of justice, and see which will preponderate.

I recollect an observation upon this subject some time ago, made by a noble and very learned man, the Earl of—. Says his lordship, "it is the tradesman and mechanic who are under the necessity of making a figure in life, in order to catch notice and obtain credit in their line of business." But, continued his

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 lordship, "for such as me there is no occasion, and consequently we can save whilst they are obliged to spend: we can live as we please, dress as we please, and, in fine, act as we please; for our independence and ancestry will always command respect, and enable us to do as we like."

I must confess, I thought it was a hard case, that so many sensible, clever men, of an inferior class, with regard to pecuniary matters, should absolutely be held down for what was not a fault; but, after a moment's consideration, I could not help joining in the validity of his lordship's opinion. Although I knew, at the same time, his lordship was frequently ridiculed for the meanness of his table and dress; yet, it occurred to me, that did not erase any names from his lordship's rent-roll; though the same conduct might occasion a great deficiency in a tradesman's ledger.

In fine, need we advance any further than Change-alley for a confirmation, that it is in compliance with evil customs, and a conformity to destructive precedent, that bring on such a train of misfortunes, with the greatest

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