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 in future, the reasons which then seemed to present themselves in favour of a Union, no longer exist.

That your Petitioners are well aware that every exertion will be made on the part of the English inhabitants of Lower Canada to promote a Union, by which the influence of that part of the population of French extraction may be diminished, and their own increased in proportion, and thy have ample opportunity of observing these exertions extended to Upper Canada. Your Petitioners are, however, fully persuaded that no considerations but the general good of the two Provinces will influence your Honourable House in a matter of such serious importance to them respectively; and they cannot persuade themselves that your Honourable House will consider the majority of the inhabitants of these Provinces so blind to their own interests as to render their representations of no avail. It has been currently reported amongst your Petitioners that it has been decided by Parliament that the Union of these Provinces must be carried into effect, and that it has merely been postponed till a more convenient period, the principle of the measure being already sufficiently discussed. But your Petitioners are disposed to view its postponement in a more favourable light, and to consider it as affording the most convincing proof of the desire of your Honourable House to consult the wishes and inclinations, ans well as the good of the inhabitants of these Provinces. Under these impressions your Petitioners most respectfully beg leave to submit the following objections to the proposed Union of the Provinces of Lower and Upper Canada.

The great extent of the Provinces of Canada (upwards of fifteen hundred miles, being already settled) appears to your Petitioners to render two distinct Legislature necessary for the transaction of the public business; and it must be evident, from the extent and nature of the country, should a Legislative Union take place, that the attendance of Members at so very great a distance from their places of residence will be almost impracticable, and at all events attended with immense inconvenience and difficulty. That but few persons can be found whose circumstances will


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 admit of their accepting a situation which, however honourable, is attended with such serious inconvenience and injury to their private concerns, and that consequently the choice if the inhabitants of persons to represent them in Parliament must be thereby greatly abridged, and their interests seriously affected.

That the legislative business of Upper Canada cannot, without great and unavoidable delays, difficulties, and embarrassments, be carried on at the distance of several hundred miles where the Legislature, if united, must probably meet, from the public records, and the sources of information relative to many of the public affairs of the Province, on which they may be called upon to decide.

That to withdraw the public records from Upper Canada, or to remove her executive Government, would be attended with the most injurious consequences to the Province in general, and more particularly to the western part of it, inasmuch as emigrants and settlers would be discourage from proceeding to that part of the Province, and the inhabitants must, should such a change take place, sustain great injury and inconvenience from the very great distance they must necessarily travel to transact their public business.

That not only the extent of territory, but also the differences of language, laws, institutions, and manners, which prevail in Upper and Lower Canada, appear to your Petitioners to render it proper and necessary that each Province should have a distinct Legislature for the management of its internal affairs, by which means all party spirit and animosity arising from difference of political feelings and views will be avoided, and each Province having its due share of revenue secured to it, and its intercourse with foreign countries regulated by the wisdom of the Imperial Parliament, will be at liberty to adopt such measures for its prosperity as many seem proper, without the interference or control of the other.

That your Petitioners are aware that the political differences existing between the different branches of the Legislature of

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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 Lower Canada have been principally instrumented in called the attention of His Majesty's Government to the proposed Union of the Provinces as a measure calculated to overcome these difficulties; but your Petitioners are far from entertaining the smallest expectation that it would have any so desirable effect. Indeed they cannot but seriously apprehend that, should it take place, it may prove the means of embroiling both Provinces, and create a ferment which cannot fall to be prejudicial to their interests, and which it may be difficult to control.

That should your Honourable House deem these reasons insufficient to prevent the passing of the Bill to unite the Provinces, your Petitioners humbly and earnestly beg leave to protest against certain parts of the Bill introduced and published during the last Session of Parliament for effecting that object. They deem it their imperative duty to object to the clause establishing the qualification necessary to be possessed by persons to be become eligible as Members of the House of Assembly at five hundred pounds sterling, in lands clear of debts and incumbrances, inasmuch as a qualification for that purpose has already been established by a provincial statute suited to the circumstances of the Province, and the proposed change must, particularly in the present depressed state of the value of real property, tend injuriously to abridge the choice of the people of persons whom they may consider otherwise well qualified to represent them in the House of Assembly.

Your Petitioners cannot forbear most strenuously to object to the clause in the said Bill authorizing the persons at the head of the Executive Government to appoint two of his Council to sit in the House of Assembly, with all the rights and privileges of Members, voting excepted; because, it is a measure, as they believe, unprecedented in British Legislation, an innovation in their Constitution as established by the Act of 31 Geo. III, and not called for by any political necessity of which they are aware. And because it gives to persons who act under no responsibility to the People, and over whom the House of Assembly cannot, it is presumed, exercise the same control as over its own Members,


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 an importance and influence in the deliberations of that Body which must to a certain extent restrain the freedom of debate, create jealousies and distrusts in the minds of Members and their constituents, and lead to consequences highly prejudicial to the public interest and destructive to the harmony which for the necessary despatch of public business ought always to subsist between the Government and the House of Assembly.

Your Petitioners having thus discharged what the consider a duty to themselves and to the Province by declaring their objections to the proposed Union, humbly pray Your Honourable House, that should a Bill for uniting the Legislatures of the Provinces of Upper and Lower Canada be again introduced it may not be passed. But should Your Honourable House in your wisdom consider it necessary that it should be passed, that the clauses particularly pointed out as objectionable may first be expunged.

And your Petitioners as in duty bound will ever pray.

Cornwall, Upper Canada.

December 4th, 1822.

Petition of the county of Glengarry, in the Eastern District of the Province of Upper Canada
To the Honourable the Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, in Parliament assembled.

The Petition of the undersigned Inhabitants of the County of Glengarry, in the Eastern District of the Province of Upper Canada.

Most respectfully sheweth,

That your Petitioners having observed, through the medium of the public prints, that a Bill was introduced into Your Honourable House, during the last Session of Parliament,


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 for the purpose of uniting the Legislature of the Provinces of Upper and Lower Canada, are impelled (from assertion which has been so unwarrantably hazarded by a Member of Your Honourable House, viz., that such a Union would meet with the decided approbation of His Majesty's subjects in these Provinces) to express their objections to the said Bill.

That your Petitioners deem it unnecessary to detail to Your Honourable House the evil tendency in their opinions likely to result from many of the clauses of the Bill, and which they are aware will be fully and ably demonstrated by others of their fellow subjects, in these Provinces; but they cannot refrain from expressing their unqualified disapprobation of those clauses by which the qualification of Members of the House of Assembly is increased to 500l. clear of debt and incumbrances, as it greatly and injuriously abridges the choice of the people, in electing proper persons to represent them in the House of Assembly, and by which power is given to the person at the head of the Executive Government to appoint two of his Council from each Province to sit in the House of Assembly, which they consider as an innovation in their Constitution as established by 31 Geo. III., and a gross infringement of their privileges as British subjects.

That your Petitioners, in common with their fellow subjects in this Province, had, for several years past, just cause of complaint against the sister Province of Lower Canada, for unjustly detaining from Upper Canada her share of the revenue arising from imports at the Port of Quebec: but by the parental mediation of the Imperial Parliament in passing the late Act devising proper means for ascertaining the proportion of revenue due to us, and to which we shall in future be entitled, as well as for regulating our trade, your Petitioners consider their grievances as fully redressed; and are not therefore desirous of a change which in their opinions could no wise prove beneficial to the interests of both Provinces.

Therefore your Petitioners most earnestly hope that the said


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 Union Bill in its present shape will not pass your Honourable House, and as in duty bound will ever pray.

Glengarry,

December 24th, 1822.

Address of the Legislative Council of Upper Canada
The Legislative Council have agreed on a dutiful and humble Address to His Most Gracious Majesty the King on the proposed change of the Constitution given to the Inhabitants of this Province, at this time under the consideration of the Imperial Parliament.

Enjoying every blessing which can be expected from the active operation of this free and happy Constitution, Your Excellency will perceive that the Legislative Council do not feel themselves called upon to pronounce any opinion on the contemplated change, concerning the general policy of which they are unable to decide.

They have seen the Province gradually changing from a dreary wilderness to a fruitful and populous country under former Administrations; but since Your Excellency's appointment to the Government, the progress of improvement has been vastly more rapid. The settlements have widely extended on every side, and in the short space of four years the organized parts of the Province have been nearly doubled, and the population greatly increased.

With such facts before them, the Legislative Council, as becomes faithful and loyal subjects, content themselves with expressing, in their dutiful and humble address to His Majesty which they most respectfully entreat Your Excellency to transmit to be laid at the foot of the throne, their perfect reliance on the wisdom and justice of the Imperial Parliament.

(Signed) WM. DUMMER POWELL, Speaker.

Legislative Council Chamber,

March 1st, 1823.


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Rh which I hardly can believe) and found none but wild uncivilied People there, like thoe Forbiher is aid firt to have met with. He taid there three Days, during which Time the wild Greenlanders came to trade with him; changing all Sorts of Furs and Skins with Pieces of precious Horns, againt all Kinds of mall trifling as Knives, Sciars, Needles, common  and other uch Trifles. When he et Sail from thence, there were two Greenlanders remaining in the Ship, whom he carried off, and brought them home along with him: thee, as they made all their Endeavour to get away from him, and ometimes would have jumped into the Sea, they were obliged to tye and ecure them; which when their Countrymen oberved, who flocked together upon the Shore, they made a hideous Outcry and Howling, flung Stones, and hot their Arrows at the Sailors, upon which they from the Ship fired a Gun, which frightned and dipered them; and o the Ship left them. The two other Ships, that et Sail in Company, and under the

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Resolves of the Assembly of Upper Canada on the Union
The following were the Resolutions entered into:

Resolved, That it is the opinion of this House, that the consideration of the Union Bill in the Imperial Parliament, was postponed for the purpose of ascertaining the sense of His Majesty's Canadian subjects on the great and important change.

Contents. Messrs. A. McClean, Gordon, Clark, John Wilson, Peterson, G. Hamilton, Wilmot, Baldwin, James Wilson, White, Baby, Walsh Ruttan, Casey, Hornor, Rogers, Hagerman, Jones of Grenville and Bostwick - 19.

Non-Contents. Messrs. C. Jones, Nichol, Pattie, Randall, Gates, Crooks, Burwell, Chrisholm, Kerr, Morris, Vankongnelt, McDonell, Shaner, and Hamilton of Lincoln. - 14.

Resolved, That the present Representatives of the people do not feel themselves justified in expressing the opinion of their constituents on a matter so materially affecting the constitution of the country, having been elected previous to the contemplation of so great a change; and do not feel themselves called upon in their representative capacity to express any opinion, the great body of the people having themselves made known their sense thereon by petitions and remonstrances direct to the foot of the throne, and the Two Houses of the Imperial Parliament.

Contents. The same with the exception of Mr. Bostwick. - 18.

Non-Contents. The same with the addition of Mr. Bostwick. - 15.


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30 the Command of Lindenow, after they had doubled Cape Farewell, teered directly for the Strait of Davis; in which Navigation they dicovered many fine Harbours, delightful green but all the Inhabitants along the Coats wild and avage, as before. 'Tis pretended alo, that they in ome Places found Stones, which contained ome Silver Ore, which they took along with them; of which 100 Pound yelded 26 Ounces of Silver. (Here again I cannot forbear quetioning, whether this has been found on the Greenland Shore, or rather over againt it, on the American Coat.) Thee two Ships alo brought four Savages home with them to Copenhagen.

The econd Expedition was made by Order of the ame King in the Year 1606, with five Ships, under the Conduct of the aforementioned Admiral Lindenow; bringing along with them three of the Savages (one of them dying in the Voyage) which they had carried off, the Year before, from Rh

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Rh Greenland. But this time he directed his Coue to the Wetward of Cape Farewell, tanding for the Strait of Davis; where he coating along took the Survey of everal Places, and then returned home again.

The third and lat Expedition of this glorious King was only of two Ships, commanded by Captain Carten Richards, a Holtenian by Birth; he pied the Land and its high and craggy Rocks afar off, but could not come near it, on Account of the Ice; and o, after he had lot his Labour, he returned home.

The fourth Expedition of King Chritian the IVth, under the Conduct of Captain Jens Munck in the Year 1616, was not made for the Dicovering of Greenland, but to find out a Paage between Greenland and America to China; the Misfortunes of which Expedition are related by the aid Commander. There

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32 There was beides thee four Expeditions, at the King's Cot, a fifth undertaken, in the ame King's Reign, by a Company ettled in Copenhagen in the Year 1636; of which Company the Preident was the Lord High Chancellor, Chritian Friis, as Lycander informs us. Two Ships, fitted out by this Company, directing their Coure to the Wetward of Greenland, fell in with the Strait of Davis, where they traded, for a while, with the Savages: But this was not the main Concern of the Commander, who was acquainted with a Coat, whoe Sand had the Colour and Weight of Gold, which he accordingly and not mis; and filled both their Ships with the ame. After their Return to Copnhagen, the Goldmiths were ordered to make a Trial, whether this Sand would yield any Gold, or no; who not being killful enough to make uch a Trial, condemned it to be all thrown over Board; which was done by Order of the High Chancellor, Preident of the Company. Some Part of the aid Sand was yet kept, out of Curioity; out of which an

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Rh Artificer, who afterwards came to Copenhagen, did extract a good deal of pure Gold. The honet and Commander, who went upon this Adventure, was turned out of Favour, and out of Grief died oon after: whereby not only the Treaure they had brought home, but alo the Knowledge of the Place, where it was to be found, was intirely lot, as he kept this a Secret to himelf.

In the Year 1654, during the Reign of King Frederick the IIId, a noble and wealthy Adventurer, by name Henry Muller, fitted out a Ship for Greenland, under the Command of David de Nelles; who arrived afe in Greenland, and brought from thence three Women, whoe Names were Kunelik, Kabelau and Sigokou; who, according to the Opinion of Bihop Torlais, (who had perued the aid Captain's Journal) were taken in the Neighbourhood of Herjolnes, on the Eatern Shore, as Thormoder Torfæus pretends; but which I can't be made to believe: My Opinion is, Rh

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After leaving Nagaoka the road runs over a distance of 3 ri through tolerably flat land, the hills enclosing us at a distance from all sides, and the circle narrowing as we advance; afterwards, at Miokin, the road begins to ascend very steeply. Between Nagaoka and Miokin rice and corn are cultivated, and the country has generally a prosperous aspect; but the road is not wider than 10 or 12 feet, excepting some parts where it was in the course of being widened in an entirely unnecessary degree.

From Miokin the Shinanogawa valley is followed along the slopes of the hills, in which the road is cut out, having no mere width than a footpath; two or three times, indeed, it passes under the straw pent-house of a coolie’s tea-house, the outside uprights of which stand on the edge of the steeply descending mountain slope. The valley is picturesque, the river winding its way in the depth between gravel and pebble-banks, and forming waterfalls everywhere.

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Crennan J

Commonwealth and ICM Agriculture Pty Ltd v The Commonwealth. The provisions of the Packaging Act which affect the plaintiffs' property do not effect a transfer, to the Commonwealth or any other person, of the plaintiffs' rights in their trade marks, product get-up, or associated goodwill, rights (as chattel owners) to cigarette packets or cigarettes, or, in the BAT proceedings, rights in the copyright work, registered design or patent. The plaintiffs acknowledged that there was no formal deprivation of these rights but contended that they had been "in a real sense … stripped of the possession and control" of their property.

In Dalziel, reg 54 of the National Security (General) Regulations (Cth) gave the Minister an exclusive right to possess and use land for an indefinite period, if expedient to do so, for wartime purposes. The regulation was used to exclude the tenant of certain vacant land in Sydney, Mr Dalziel, and was found to contravene s 51(xxxi). In the Banking Case, provisions of the Banking Act 1947 (Cth) which authorised the Treasurer of the Commonwealth "to assume control of the business" of a private bank by appointing directors who were nominees of the Commonwealth were found to contravene s 51(xxxi) because, in the words of Dixon J, the scheme was "but a circuitous device to acquire indirectly the substance of a proprietary interest".

In Newcrest, proclamations made under provisions of the National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act 1975 (Cth) were found to contravene s 51(xxxi). That Act prohibited mining in Kakadu National Park and vested Commonwealth interests in the Park, except for its interests in minerals, in the Director of National Parks and Wildlife. A proclamation under the Act which


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text: Memorials of a Tour on the Continent, 1820/Fish Women at Calais


text: Memorials of a Tour on the Continent, 1820/Bruges (1)


text: Memorials of a Tour on the Continent, 1820/Bruges (2)


text: Memorials of a Tour on the Continent, 1820/After visiting the Field of Waterloo


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once lived a king who was much loved by his people, and he, too, loved them warmly. He led a very happy life, but he had the greatest dislike to the idea of marrying, nor had he ever felt the slightest wish to fall in love. His subjects begged him to marry, and at last he promised to try to do so. But as, so far, he had never cared for any woman he had seen, he made up his mind to travel in hopes of meeting some lady he could love.

So he arranged all the affairs of state in an orderly manner, and set out, attended by only one equerry, who, though not very clever, had most excellent good sense. These people indeed generally make the best fellow-travellers.

The king explored several countries, doing all he could to fall in love, but in vain; and at the end of two years’ journeys he turned his face towards home, with as free a heart as when he set out.

As he was riding along through a forest he suddenly heard the most awful miawing and shrieking of cats you can imagine. The noise drew nearer, and nearer, and at last they saw a hundred huge Spanish cats rush through the trees close to them. They were so closely packed together that you could easily have covered them with a large cloak, and all were following the same track. They were closely pursued by two enormous apes, dressed in purple suits, with the prettiest and best made boots you ever saw. 2

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text: Memorials of a Tour on the Continent, 1820/Scenery between Namur and Liege


text: Memorials of a Tour on the Continent, 1820/Aix-la-Chapelle


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 The apes were mounted on superb mastiffs, and spurred them on in hot haste, blowing shrill blasts on little toy trumpets all the time.

The king and his equerry stood still to watch this strange hunt, which was followed by twenty or more little dwarfs, some mounted on wolves, and leading relays, and others with cats in leash. The dwarfs were all dressed in purple silk liveries like the apes.

A moment later a beautiful young woman mounted on a tiger came in sight. She passed close to the king, riding at full speed, without taking any notice of him; but he was at once enchanted by her, and his heart was gone in a moment.

To his great joy he saw that one of the dwarfs had fallen behind the rest, and at once began to question him.

The dwarf told him that the lady he had just seen was the Princess Mutinosa, the daughter of the king in whose country they were at that moment. He added that the princess was very fond of hunting, and that she was now in pursuit of rabbits.

The king then asked the way to the court, and having been told it, hurried off, and reached the capital in a couple of hours.

As soon as he arrived, he presented himself to the king and queen, and on mentioning his own name and that of his country, was received with open arms. Not long after, the princess returned, and hearing that the hunt had been very successful, the king complimented her on it, but she would not answer a word.

Her silence rather surprised him, but he was still more astonished when he found that she never spoke once all through supper-time. Sometimes she seemed about to speak, but whenever this was the case her father or mother at once took up the conversation. However, this silence did not cool the king’s affection, and when he retired to his rooms at night he confided his feelings to

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 NO INFLUENCE. BY

M38. A.

DENISON.

“I Have no inﬂuence!"

The words were spoken in a sort of passionate v surprise. The speaker was poor, plain, and (in her own eyes) insignificant.

It put us in a moralizing mood—thus. You have influence—you, everybody. You can’t get away from it. And it matters not what is your sphere, your duty, your sex, there is a moral s obligation always pressing upon you. You can- not put it off with excuses; you cannot hide it under careless gayety; you cannot resist it by J moroseness and negligence. It follows you to i; your grave.

No influence!

My friend, you are ever impressing somebody with good or evil—child or neighbor, mistress i or maid, clerk or employer. 'Willi the laughing s debauchee you may sing,

“I care for nobody, Nobody cares for me,”

and to a certain extent this may be true; but you are at the same time receiving and making impressions.

No influence!

Oh! not so. One would think that the miser, drawn within himself, loving nothing but his musty deeds and bonds and hoarded gold, was the last man to exercise any obligation of morality toward mankind. Yet there is not a  moment he draws his shriveled lungs full of   heaven’s bounteous air, but he is making an  impression for evil on somebody.

No influence!

We cannot live for ourselves alone The most ( selfish being in existence is like a pen perpetu-  ally moving, blotting foully whero lie does not  make fair marks.

“What am I doing?”

A question every one should pause to ask in the midst of life’s cares or reckless pleasures. You, madam, are heedlessly teaching your child lessons of vanity, by your perpetual re- currence to dress, dress, dress.

You, madam, are making your children fretful by your own gloomy brow, and hurried, restless answers. To be sure you have cares and trials: please tell us who has not?

The moral character is only ennobled when we do right under adverse circumstances—in other words, when we make sacrifices.

We knew a poor, old man—most likely out of the body now—who, when an indigent college youth came to him for help, gave him the two best shirts ho had. A banker, who was applied to on the youth’s account, whistled a little, then saying to himself, “I shall never feel it,” put fifty dollars into the applicant’s hand.

But—we believe God looked with most favor on the man who felt it—the poor, old man with scarcely a dollar in his pocket. }Ie had proved that lie did his charity for charity’s sake. It cost him something. He had made a sacrifice in the name of Him who said, “Verily they shall have their reward.” So, my friend, consider the character, the moulding of your child’s whole future being of sufficient importance to make some sacrifice of your feelings when circum¬ stances are adverse.

No influence!

You, sir, are injuring more than one young man by the glass you take in public; you, sir, by the petty tricks of deception in trade, which none understand so well as your clerks; you, sir, by your passionate temper and vehement blasphemies; you, sir, by your meanness at home, exercised toward wife and children.

“I’m sure I have no influence,” sighed a poor shop girl, pausing in the midst of her work.

She had but that moment 'made an honest statement, which, had she avoided, would have saved her fifty cents. The other girls, who had forgotten their consciences, were rebuked. Their flushed faces and downcast eyes told that the good seed had not fallen in vain.

“I’m sure I have no influence,” murmured a poor old woman, as she was going from church on the Sabbath.

But mark you—out of the great congregation none but she had said, “Oh! sir, (to the pastor) your sermon did me so much good! It was like rest to the weary, or refreshment to the hungry.”

She little dreamed how those words blessed that good roan's heart, warming, comforting, consoling. They imparted a new strength to


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34 they were brought from the Wetern Shore, near 's River, as ome of the Inhabitants, who are till living, had in freh Remembrance, telling me their Names, as they are laid down in the forementioned Journal.

The lat Adventurer, that was ent upon the Dicovery of Greenland, according to Torfæus in his Hitory of Greenland, was Captain Otto Axelon in the Year 1670, in the Reign of Chritian the Vth of glorious Memory. But what Succes this Adventurer met with, he leaves us to gues. Nevertheles we find in a Manucript Decription of Greenland, written by Arngrim Vidalin, Part III. Chap. 1, that his aid Majety did invite, and with great Privileges encourage Mr. George Tormúhlen Counellor of Commerce at Bergen, to fit out Ships for the aid Dicovery; whereupon the aid Counellor not only got ready Shipping well tored for uch an Expedition; but alo got together a Number of Paengers, who reolved to go and ettle in thoe Parts, whom he provided with all things neceary

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 it possessed of having so few English, either as inhabitants or birds of passage.

I was this day again struck by the flippancy of his manner of talking of persons for whom I know he expresses, nay, for whom I believe he feels a regard. Something of this must have shown itself in my manner, for he laughingly observed that he was afraid he should lose my good opinion by his frankness; but that when the fit was on him he could not help saying what he thought, though he often repented it when too late.

He talked of Mr.-, from whom he had received a visit the day before, praised his looks, and the insinuating gentleness of his manners, which, he observed, lent a peculiar charm to the little tales he repeated: he said that he had given him more London scandal than he heard since he left England; observed that he had quite talent enough to render his malice very piquant and amusing, and that his imitations were admirable. "How can his mother do without him?" said Byron;" with his espièglerie and malice, he must be an invaluable coadjutor; and Venus without Cupid could not be more délaissée than Milady without this her legitimate son."

He said that he had formerly felt very partial to Mr. -; his face was so handsome, and his


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424

A

CHILD'S

TllOUGHT.—ZENA.

him; he felt happier all the week for having heard them.

No inﬂuence!

But ah! the instances that might be recorded upon the other side—for we all do harm as easily as good, and more frequently, if we are not animated by the one principle that should be the guide of life. And the consequences follow us!

A

CHILD’S

THOUGHT.

BY ELEANOR

CLAIR

UPON the Western hills, the beams Of fading sunlight lay, And with the dying rays a life Was passing fast away.

And then a meaning seemed to break Upon them from afar;

“ See, sister’s soul,” they cried, in joy, “ is now a shining star, '

The fourth was hasting by, When like the early ﬂowers, the time Had come for her to die.

And through the night, till morning break lier Heavenly place she’ll keep, And new-r weary. from above Will watch us while we sleep.”

With solemn gaze, two children looked Upon the parting scene, And wonder grew within their souls To know what death might mean.

Strong, child-like Faith! were such but outs To keep our souls serene, With neither doubt nor rare nor fear, God’s love and us between.

And when the last faint breath was spent And closed the weary eyes, The dark death-angel spread his wings And bore away the prize.

For though the loved be distant far, And all unknown the state In which beyond this mortal sphere Our coming they await;

The sister and the brother stood

If they with star-like eyes keep watch

Three Summers had beheld her bloom;

And watched how twilight shade

O‘er our uncertain feet,

O'er hill and vale, and ﬁeld and wood

Or dwell serene, of earthly things Lulled in oblivion sweet,

Its silent progress made; And all the time, in silence deep They thought the mystery o’er, While the new sense of life and death Grew stronger than before.

We know that when, on star or sun,

Till suddenly, a silver ray Delights the upturned eye, Where fair and clear, a lonely star Has taken its place on high.

The parted ones are joined again, Knowing as they are known, And love’s fruition is complete Before the Father’s throne.

Or where the place may be, The Saviour calls the ransomed home His face of light to see.

ZENA. BY SUMMERS

DANA.

E. Wmma the early ﬂowers blossom In a Southern sunny clime, Where the birds their plaintive warblings Echo in the sweet Spring time, Where the sycamore hangs proudly Over merry laughing streams, There a lovely, thoughtful maiden Wanders oft and sweetly dreams. Often will approaching nightfall Find her pensive, sitting there, With the violet and blue-bell Twining in her sunny hair; While the melody that gushes From the streamlet rippling by, Is not sweeter than her blushes As a shadow meets the eye

Mirrored in the crystal waters, Fairer than a sylvan elf. Yet she thinks not, pensive dreamer, That it is her own sweet self. New her thoughts are fondly lingering O‘er the land which gave her birth, Vhich to every filial wanderer Is the dearest spot of earth. Angels watch her as she lingers, Zephyrs fan her Parian brow Fragrant with sweet-scented blossoms,

For her thoughts are holy now. May there mingle in her dreaming! Thoughts of one who at her side, Spent life’s happiest hours so swiftly 0n the blue and restless tide.


text: Memorials of a Tour on the Continent, 1820/In the Cathedral at Cologne


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Rh neceary for that Purpoe; both Proviion and Ammunition, as well as Houes made of Timber, ready to be erected in that Country. But this great Deign micarried, the Ship being taken by the French and brought into Dunkirk.

Thus, for a long while it eemed, that all Thought of Greenland was laid aide, until the Year 1721; when after many Invitations, and Projects propoed by me to the Greenland Company at Bergen in Norway, approved and authoried by his late Majety Frederick the IVth of glorious Memory, the Company thereupon reolved not only to end Ships, but alo to ettle a Colony in Greenland in the 64th Degree, when I went over with my whole Family, and remained there 15 Years. During my Stay I endeavoured to get all the Intelligence that could be procured both by Sea and Land of the preent State of the Country, and did not loe my Labour; for I found ome Places that formerly were inhabited by the old Norwe- Rh

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36 gians, on the wetern Shore. Which Expedition I have lately treated of in another Treatie, and et out in all its Circumtances, and with all the Difficulties it has laboured under: Wherefore I think it needs not to be here repeated.

But, whereas my main Drift and Endeavour has been all along chiefly to dicover the Eatern Ditrict of Greenland, which always was reckoned the bet of our ancient Colonies; accordingly I received from the above mentioned Greenland Company at Bergen a Letter in the Year 1723, in which I was told, that it was his Majety's Pleaure, that the Eat Ditrict might likewie be viited and covered. Which the better to effectuate, I took the Reolution to make this Voyage in Peron: And accordinly I coated it Southwards, as far as to the States Promontory, looking out for the Strait of Forbiher, which would have been my hortet way, according to thoe Carts, which lay the aid Strait down in this Place; but uch

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 At Kidzu, to which place the road ascends with a steep incline, (as may be seen in the above-mentioned itinerary) a small tea-house is situated on a beautiful spot, where ice-cold water is to be had from a deep well. From here to Kawakuchi is 1$1⁄2$ ri, at which place the Owedagawa flows into the Shinano; this Owedagawa is the. principal right tributary to the Shinanogawa; it is navigable for small boats up to Muikamachi, at which place it alters its name to Owonogawa.

Kawakuchi is the first place along this road where silk-industry is again met with, and from here throughout the way till Takasaki, it seems to be the chief traffic of the population.

After crossing the Owedagawa at a little distance above Kawakuchi by means of a ferry-boat, a steep hill, called Tobisaki, is ascended; the slopes of this hill are grown with beautiful sugi-trees, and on the top are two very good tea-houses, from whence the road descends to Horinooji. This is a very prosperous looking and nice place with broad streets; it is situated at a little distance from the left Owedagawa bank; the valley is principally cultivated with rice; and the narrow road leads through the paddy-fields, and being unshaded and rugged, it is rather uncomfortable. But the Japanese were hard at work to improve it, every village having to provide the necessary coolies for the part of the road lying within its limits.

From distance to distance parties of from 20 or 30 people were met with, consisting of men, women and girls who were repairing the road by filling up the numerous gaps with the clay from the adjoining paddy-fields, burying under it the blocks of stone which now formed part of the rugged road, and widening it to about 9 to 12 feet. Besides the spade, every workman or woman was invariably provided with a fan, which gave them a very quaint aspect; to shelter against the burning sun, instead of being naked, they wore a kind of dress; commonly their legs were enwrapped with cotton and over their kimonos they wore the ordinary straw rain-coats.

After leaving Horinooji, over a distance of 1$1⁄2$ ri the

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 valley of a streamlet is followed, which is about parallel to the Owedagawa-valley, and throws its water into the Owedagawa near Horinooji, after which the Tochiwara-toge is ascended, the top of which is the boundary between the villages of Horinooji and Urasa, which latter is situated again in the valley of the Owedagawa, over which a fine view is to be had from the tea-house on the top of the hill. Ascending the hill the Owedagawa is then followed, along an easy, but always ascending, road to Seki. The whole district seems to be prosperous, all the places are neat looking; the principal one being Muikamatshi, which may be called a town, and the chief trading place of the district.

On this part of the road women again were engaged to carry our luggage over the mountains. From Seki the Owedagawa, or Owonogawa, as it is called upwards of Muikamatshi, and in which delicious salmon is here found, is followed to Yusawa, where we leave it to our left after having passed over a steep hill, on the top of which the tea-house of Akasaka is situated. We travelled now in company with a long file of cattle, on its way to Yedo.

From Yusawa the road goes over the mountains, which form the boundary between the lands draining into the Owedagawa and those draining into the Kiodzugawa, another right tributary to the Shinanogawa, [sic]; the valley of the Kiodzugawa is reached at Mitsmata, which is a lovelily situated village. The Kiodzugawa, enclosed by the densilydensely [sic] clothed mountains, rushes here with its clear blue ice-cold water over large blocks of stone, the white foam formed by the numerous waterfalls, embellishing the light blue water, and contrasting, as it does, with the dark hue of the old sugi trees here bordering the road, gives an almost enchanting aspect to the scenery from the top of the hill, from where the road steeply descends into the valley. In many places the water, turned off from the river and led through the gardens and through several of the houses, and hastening back along the streets on its way to the river, sounds almost like music through the village. I think Mitsmata is one of the most

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 charming spots on the Mikani road. Leaving Mitsmata the road becomes very bad, great sharp stone points protrude everywhere, and the ascending of the steep inclines is very difficult. Before F’tai is reached two high hills have to be crossed, which are separated from each other by a deep valley. The road is here seen over all the length of the valley, winding zig-zag along the slope of the hills through the dense verdure; on the top of the second one a fine view is to be had over the village of F’tai, lying nearly 600 feet below. This village consists of one street only, with some 40 houses; it has, like Asakai, quite a modern aspect; for during the last war both places were burnt down by the Tycoon’s troops, and are now being slowly rebuilt. From F’tai the road gradually ascends to a spot named Kiridos, where a narrow passage is cut through two hills, and from where it descends rapidly to the valley of the Yogawa, a left feeder of the Kiodzu-sawa, the last named river having been crossed at F’tai. This Yogawa valley was seen from F’tai upwards, but the road remained at a considerable distance from the river, which streams along the foot of the hills over which the road is led, hid under the dense shrubs which cover the slopes, and only heard in the rushing sound of its water.

Very slowly ascending through the Yogawa valley, through which the road is comparatively so low situated that it is often submerged, when after heavy rainfalls, the river is in high flood, Asakai is reached, where the properly named Mikuni-pass begins, which continues to Nangai, the total length between those places being 3 ri 16 cho.

At Asakai the road begins to ascend tolerably slowly to Taske-goya, whence it goes by zig-zag, and with heavy inclines to the small temple of Gogén, which is at the highest point. It is throughout not broader than 6 feet, and as it winds up the mountains, now from one side, then from another, a superb view is to be had into the valley of the Yogawa from which we ascend. The mountain slopes are all covered with thickets, through which everywhere a patch is broken, uniting two branches of a

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, and shortening the way considerably if made use of, which is only possible to unburdened travellers, who, moreover, do not care for their clothes.

The small temple of Gogén at the highest point of the road, I found to be situated about 4,000 feet above the sea level. Here is the boundary of the three provinces of Echigo, Joshiu and Shinano, and from the fact that those three provinces unite here the mountain derives its name of Mikuni (three countries). The temple is a small wooden building, and always closed; there is only a small hole in the door, through which however nothing is to be seen. A large wooden torii with an ichitoro on each side, is placed before the entrance; on this torii, the Japanese try their fortune in the usual way by attempting to throw small stones on the cross-beam. After all I had heard about the renowned temple on the top of this mountain, I was very much disappointed in seeing this wretched place.

Though the scenery N. of the Mikuni was superb, it cannot be called charming; it was in all too green; excepting a lovely white Japanese lily on the mountain-slopes, no flower was to be discovered; and in this respect I think the Shinshiu-road is to be preferred to the Mikuni road. Perhaps, however, it was the fault of the time of the year, and that in May blooming azaleas and fuji flowers will give to this road an equally, if not more charming aspect than to the Shinshiu-road.

The road now enters the Province of Joshiu; the first resting place is a large but dirty tea-house, at a place called Gogen-no-betto, the road alternately descending and ascending to nearly the same height as the Gogen temple. The scenery is finer here than on the North side of the Mikuni top; many cascades, coming from the mountain slopes on one side, cross the road and full into the deep valleys leading to the Tonegawa.

After Gogen-no-betto the road descends to Nangai; it is broader and shaded by high trees; the mountain slopes are grown with the Kojiwa (a kind of low, knotty oak), with a tree which has some resemblance to a beech, and

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 with a kind of walnut tree, all rising amidst thickets and encircled by ivy.

Nangai was also destroyed during the war in 1868. From this place to F’see the valley of the Nishikawa is followed along its left bank to Kayabara, where it is crossed by a bridge. The Nishikawa is aright tributary to the Tonegawa; it has quite the aspect of a mountain stream, and viewed from the hills with its clear water, with wooden bridges of a particularly clever and quaint construction leading over it, the whole enclosed by hills covered with fresh verdure, it furnishes a pleasant sight. As far as can be seen the valley is moreover covered with villages.

Between F’see and Nakayama a new road has lately been opened, shortening the distance, as it formerly was, by 1$1⁄2$ ri. But this part is certainly the most trying one of the whole road. The ascent of these hills, along the slopes of which it has been cut, is steep; at most places it is not broader than five or six feet, this width being sometimes obtained by trunks of trees, supported by props, or by large stone-blocks against the descending mountain-slopes, and covered by branches of trees over which one has to go. It looks very dangerous, and I think will be wholly impracticable, and in many parts liable to be destroyed by heavy rainfalls. After the highest point has been attained, at a place called Kirigakubotoge, the road descends more slowly to the valley in which Nakayama is situated, being for a great part an uncultivated and solitary grass-land with a tree scattered on it here and there, and with a gently undulating soil. Nakayama itself is a place of very poor appearance, quietly situated in the midst of the valley.

Leaving Nakayama the road gradually ascends for about 1 ri; the highest point is reached here between the Minami and the Komochiyama, two grass-grown hills on both sides of the road, at a little distance from it; in clear weather Asama-yama is to be seen from this in about a S.W. direction. From here to Yokobori the road descends rapidly; about half way there is a splendid view between

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 the mountains into the Tonegawa valley, and the whole silk-districts around Mayebashi. The road is for the greatest part not shaded, tolerably smooth, but steep. Yokobori consists of a row of houses on both sides of the street. One ri further on, at Kitamoku, the Agatsumagawa is crossed by a large wooden bridge; this river is another right feeder of the Tonegawa. After climbing the hill which rises here directly at the right bank of the river, for the last time, on the home road one of those beautiful views is to be had of the river valley and over the villages lying scattered in it, such as one often sees in the interior of Japan.

The road leads now through a very fertile district to the large town of Shibukawa, where for the first time from Niigata jinrikishas were again met with; this town is situated at a little distance from the right Tonegawa bank, and about 3 ri from Mayebashi; it is an important trading town.

While from Shibukawa one road goes S. E. to Mayebashi, another goes generally ascending S., over Kaneko, to Takasaki. Almost uninterruptedly the road is on both sides lined with houses and very prosperous looking farms; the intervals being occupied by temporary small booths, in which fruits, such as suikas, makuas, pears and cucumbers are sold.

On this part of the road, women and girls were always industriously occupied in reeling off the silk cocoons; while the chief business of the men seemed to be sleeping; there was, at least, scarcely any house in which one or two were not laid stretched in the arms of Morpheus, while their wives and daughters were cheerfully at work.

At Kaneko is the finest honjin I have seen, but it now belongs to a silk-merchant; from this place to Takasaki the road slowly descends through the fields, and Takasaki itself, as it is seen from this side, stretching over a considerable extent with its castle walls and numerous white plastered buildings, projecting against the green hills, gives a pleasing impression.

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 wanderer stopped to direct me to the woodcutter's cottage: "You cannot miss your way," said he; "if you pursue this path you will soon see a light."

I hesitated a little while, whether I should follow the advise of the honest man, or not, but the increasing darkness, and a rising tempest, which shook the oaks around, fixed soon my wavering resolution, and I pursued the path, bidding the honest wanderer good night.

I soon found myself on an unbeaten footway, obstructed by brambles and underwood; my poor horse threatened every moment to sink down, and I could not resist the apprehension of having been sent on a fool's errant by the unknown man, and misled into an unfrequented lonesome part of the forest. This made me look about with more circumspection, 'till I had ascended a rising ground with great difficulty, my horse fell frequently on his knees, and it would


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 Throughout both roads between Yedo and Niigata, in every place of importance, there was a house, belonging to the “Rikugun-kai” (an overland transport company), which is, as far as I could see, very well organised. Here we were provided with jinrickshasjinrikishas [sic], kagos, pack-horses and coolies, after a fixed tariff, which differed slightly according to circumstances; thus, in the mountains, it was a trifle higher than on the flat parts of the road.

A jinrickshajinrikisha [sic] was paid for 1 “ishu” per ri; if with 2 coolies about 10 cents. In the mountains the weight which a man had to bear, was 7 quanine (about 57 pounds); he was paid for that 5.2 tempo per ri, if carrying more, his wages were increased in proportion. A kago, borne by two men, pays for 2$1⁄2$ men, as a compensation for wear and tear. On an average the Kai-offices were 3 or 4 ri apart; taking 3$1⁄2$ ri, a coolie’s wages in the interior should be something between “Sanshu” and “ichibu.” Very often the Kai-offices were at the same time the municipal offices of the villages, with the “Koshiduka” (or official notice-board) before the entrance. The distances which separate the villages are measured from notice board to notice board.

By this company, all merchandise is despatched by pack-horses from office to office. The horses are often led by little girls; when arriving at the different stations the packages are at once taken from the horses, and thrown upon the ground, where they remain lying till fresh horses are ready to carry them to the next station; while the other horses immediately return.

In order to assemble the necessary number of coolies, in some of the villages, a kind of roll had to be beaten with a wooden hammer on a hollowed-out piece of wood, hanging in front of the Kai-office. This operation had often to be repeated 10 or 12 times before the required number arrived; they game on very slowly and drowsily, but after having weighed their load and prepared to start, they become jolly and good-humoured, and all over the way there is no end to their talking and laughing.

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 have been impossible to proceed a mile farther; you may therefore easily think how rejoiced I was when the glimmering of a light apparently at a small distance, bade me hope a speedy end of my distress.

Quickening my steps I soon perceived a small cottage, the owner of which made his appearance as soon as I had knocked at his humble door, hailed me with a hearty wellcome, and bade me, with much good nature, enter his hospitable abode.

Not expecting much conveniency, I was struck with wonder when he shewed me into a neat little room, not in the least corresponding with the poor appearance of his hut: I had expected to be introduced to the residence of poverty, and found an habitation that bore evident marks of prosperity, and seemed rather to be the abode of a gentleman than that of a poor wood-cutter.


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 In general they are a very good-natured kind of people, and though “uncivilized,” as some call them, I think many of our own civilized races in Europe might take them as an example for their kind and polite manners towards each other. I remember a young coolie inviting an “O-ji-san” (old man) who walked before him, to change burdens, his, (the O-ji-san’s) being far the heavier of the two, which offer was gratefully accepted after the necessary courtesies and compliments.

However not only the coolies, but all other people I came in contact with, seemed to me equally kind and well-disposed to foreigners; all over the way I never met with the least ill-will.

It struck me that the inhabitants of Echigo and particularly of Niigata were generally better looking and of larger stature than those of Yedo, many of them having the Jewish type; the girls too, are undoubtedly better looking, and Echigo used to be the principal recruiting-place to fill the Yoshiwaras at Yedo and Osaka.

I have had much assistance during this trip from 2 Japanese maps; one is the generally known: “Fujimi Jusan Shiu Yochi Zènsu” (map of the 13 Province, which are to be seen from the top of the Fuji-Yama); the other is named “Echigo Shiu Shikiyenshi” (being the Echigo-sheet of a map of the whole of Japan). I found the first to be pretty accurate as to the direction of the road and the distances from place to place; the second one is merely descriptive and has not the least claim to any accuracy as to measures or directions.

For the rest, though To have given here some details which may prove interesting, I could have given many more if I had been acquainted with the Japanese language. This not being the case, I entirely depended upon my interpreter, who never told me anything I did not ask for, and whose answers I had, as it, were, to draw from his mouth, though I must do him the justice to say that he took more interest in the incidents of the journey than Japanese generally do.

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 For any one acquainted with the Japanese language, I think no trip can be more interesting than the one here roughly sketched out.

A General Meeting of this Society was held on Wednesday evening the 18th November, 1874 at the Grand Hotel. The chair was taken by Sir Harry S. Parkes, one of the Vice Presidents.

The Minutes of the last General Meeting were read and approved, and it was announced that the following gentlemen had been elected Ordinary Members of the Society:—Lieut. A. J. Lindo, R.E. Dutch Army; Drs. A. J. Geerts and Dwight Dickinson; and Messrs. S. Parry, T. Lepper, Julius Bryner, and F. Walker.

Dr. Geerts then read his second paper on the “Useful Minerals and Metallurgy of the Japanese.” It treated, on this occasion, of the metallurgy and properties of the Copper of this country.

The Chairman tendered the thanks of the Society to the author for his valuable and exhaustive paper on the Metal for which, perhaps above all others, Japan was most famous.

In reply to a question from the Rev. Mr. Syle, Dr. Geerts said that “yaki” was a mineral of a greenish colour, which, though it did not itself contain much copper, was nevertheless very useful, as it indicated wherever it was found that copper ores also existed in the vicinity.

Mr. R. Vicars Boyle then read a paper by Mr. J. A. Lindo entitled “A trip to Niigata, and back by the Mikuni Pass.” The reader had kindly furnished, in illustration of the paper, some maps upon which the route might be followed.

The Chairman observed that Mr. Lindo had described not only one but two interesting journeys, and his account showed that a trip to Niigata by either of the routes which he had taken was full of attraction. The interest of the subject, however, was not limited to travel only. Niigata is a place of considerable promise; as a Treaty Port it is said to be opened to foreign trade, but it is really closed to it by the natural obstacle of the bar at the mouth of the Shinanogawa. It is of great importance to commerce that this obstacle should be removed. As the surrounding country is very rich its vast crops of rice give it the name of the Granary of the nation, and it also produces minerals, petroleum, tea, tobacco, hemp,

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 and other products. He invited gentlemen present who were able to speak on the subject of the port and bar to give the meeting the benefit of their observations.

After a few observations from Mrs. Ayrton on the subject of the tariff for the Coolie Stage, and a few remarks from Dr. Geerts about the Province of Yechigo,

Mr. Brunton said that as Niigata was a Treaty port, and the only means by which it could be made really a port was by the Shinanogawa perhaps a few particulars concerning this river would be of interest.

The Shinanogawa is the outlet for the drainage waters of a large tract of country in the provinces of Shinano, Musashi and Yechigo, as had been described in the paper. Its general course is in a northwesterly direction, and its total length is about 250 miles. On the 21st June 1871, from actual gauging near the mouth, Mr. Brunton had found the discharge to be 1,500,000 cubic feet per minute, while on the 23rd June, after one day’s heavy rain, the river’s surface had risen one foot, its velocity had increased in some places three times, and its discharge was 3,900,000 cubic feet per minute. The Thames discharged only 600,000 cubic feet per minute in floods, and 45,000 cubic feet per minute in ordinary summer weather; and the Rhine 10 millions in floods, and 900,000 cubic feet per minute in ordinary summer weather, which latter, consequently, had about the same volume as the Shinanogawa. Up to 40 miles from the sea, the river maintained an irregular width varying from 4,000 feet to 1,200 feet, and over the whole of that distance down to the mouth various shallows and sandssand [sic] banks had been thrown up, which not only impeded the flow of the water, but almost entirely destroyed the use of the river for navigation purposes. Its depth over that distance varied from 20 feet to 3 feet. For vessels drawing over this latter depth it could not be considered navigable more than a few miles above Niigata. From all Mr. Brunton could ascertain no attempts whatever had been made at any place either to regulate the course of the stream, or to protect its banks. The banks of the Shinanogawa were so low, and so easily washed away that great damage was done to them, and to the neighbouring country in floods. Thus he was informed that 12,000 acres of valuable rice land were flooded five or six times every year. Instead, however, of raising the banks, and otherwise regulating the flow of the river, the scheme to remedy this state of matters which had been adopted by the Japanese authorities was the formation of a new channel of large dimensions to carry off the surplus flood waters of the Shinanogawa. At the entrance of the Shinanogawa to the sea the bar which had formed stretches across its mouth having a channel through it, which at the time of Mr. Brunton’s visit ran in a northwesterly direction and had a minimum depth of water in it of from seven to eight feet, which had, according to the paper just read, now been reduced to five feet. It was said that this channel changed more or less every day, each flood and each gale of wind moved it considerably, but its movements did not

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Author talk:Robert McNaughton

Robert McNaughton https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/periodicals/TPRSNZ1875-8.2.4.1.11

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 so far as he could discover seem to be ruled by any principle. The bar, however, presented no peculiarities which were likely to render it difficult to be successfully dealt with. It had on the contrary many advantages which with proper treatment made it most capable of improvement. It was composed of the finest sand, which was moved about by every disturbance in the water, whether waves from seaward or river currents from in shore. It was stated that there was at least thirty feet depth of this fine sand on it, and with a properly directed stream carried through a channel of proper width, this could not fail to be to agre at extent cleared away. Mr. Brunton felt convinced, from the success of the works at the Sulina mouth of the Danube, the Oder, the Tees, and other rivers which were in many ways similar to this, that by the proper execution of a well devised harbour scheme having piers running out into deep water to cause a scour over the bar, a very fair commercial port might be made at Niigata. The Shinanogawa, running for 250 miles through one of the most productive districts in Japan, offered, with a little improvement of its channel, an excellent means of transport for the various products to Niigata, and with a harbour there capable of admitting vessels of a good draught there could be little doubt of its success as a port. Works of the nature suggested would have the effect of deepening the bar to admit vessels of a draught of from twenty-five feet in very fine weather to about twenty feet when there was so much sea as to cause a ship to pitch considerably below her line of flotation; and though in some weathers it would be hazardous and perhaps impossible to enter between the piers at all, Niigata had the advantage of having, at a distance of thirty miles directly off the coast, the Island of Sado, where vessels might with safety anchor and wait for suitable weather to enter in. in this respect it had an immense advantage over all the harbours on the east coast of England, between the Thames and the Forth, a distance of 400 miles, along which coast there were none but tidal and river harbours, the entrances to which were most precarious, where the prevailing winds were easterly and right on the coast, and where the largest traffic in the world was carried on without a harbour of refuge of any kind. he effects of the Piers on the Bar at the Sulina mouth of the Danube might be here given, as the circumstances in which they were built were so analogous to what was required at Niigata. “The depth on the Bar in 1820 was from 7 feet to 12 feet. In 1857 the navigable channel was only 9 feet deep. In November 1859 the North Peer had advanced 3,000 feet and and [sic] the South Pier 500 feet, the depth on the bar was then 10 feet. On 30th November, 1860, the works being completed there was a good navigable channel of 12 feet; on the 31st December, of 13 feet; on 28th February, 1861, of 14 feet. Then came the breaking up of the ice, and the furious descent of the extraordinary high flood, but this time the swollen waters being confined between the two Piers and

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text: Harmonium (Stevens)/The Paltry Nude Starts on a Spring Voyage


text: Harmonium (Stevens)/The Plot against the Giant


text:
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 duced. He and the loud one came near to fighting over it. A corporal began to swear before the assemblage. He had just put a costly board floor in his house, he said. During the early spring he had refrained from adding extensively to the comfort of his environment because he had felt that the army might start on the march at any moment. Of late, however, he had been impressed that they were in a sort of eternal camp. Many of the men engaged in a spirited debate. One outlined in a peculiarly lucid manner all the plans of the commanding general. He was opposed by men who advocated that there were other plans of campaign. They clamored at each other, numbers making futile bids for the popular attention. Meanwhile, the soldier who had fetched the rumor bustled about with much importance. He was continually assailed by questions.

" What's up, Jim?"

" Th' army's goin' t' move."

" Ah, what yeh talkin' about ? How yeh know it is?"

" Well, yeh kin b'lieve me er not, jest as yeh like. I don't care a hang."

There was much food for thought in the manner in which he replied. He came near to con


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 directed in a proper line, instead of causing a diminution of the depth fairly swept the remaings of the bar on to the south bank and into deep water. From that time to the present the depth has never been less than 16$1⁄2$ feet, and frequently as much as 17$1⁄2$ feet.”

In conclusion Mr. Brunton said that there could be no reason why similar results should not follow the erection of properly executed Piers at Niigata.

In reply to a question from the Chairman, Mr. Brunton said that two years ago he had estimated the cost of such works as he had described at about $800,000.

Mr. Brent made a few remarks regarding the communication between Niigata and Nagaoka and said that a native company had already started a small steamer, drawing only 1$1⁄2$ feet of water, to run between those places up the Shinanogawa, and he thought they intended to put a second boat on the same river shortly.

In reply to a question from the Chairman, Mr. Boyle remarked that it did not appear why the post did not use the road down the valley of the Shinanogawa to Niigata, instead of the road along the coast, but he had been informed by the local authorities that arrangements were being made for the post to follow the valley route.

The Chairman thanked Mr. Brunton for the very interesting statement he had given the Meeting. The history of the bar showed that it was of comparatively recent growth. It appeared that as late as 1820 the Shinanogawa received near to its mouth the waters of the Aganogawa, and it was said that the depth of the entrance was then twenty or twenty-five feet. But in order, as it was supposed, to improve the drainage of the plain and to check inundation the channel of the Aganogawa was diverted and conducted into the sea by its present mouth which opens a few miles above the mouth of the Shinanogawa. The waters of the former were thus lost to the latter, the force of the stream was checked just at the point where it was most necessary to preserve it and consequently the growth of the present bar rapidly increased. The desired object was not attained for the obvious reason that as the mouth of the river contracted in depth it could not carry off the same volume of water as before, and the people were again troubled with inundations. Unmindful however of the warning afforded by the opening of the Aganogawa, north of Niigata, the Japanese had lately sought to repeat the mistake by opening a cutting from the Shinanogawa into the sea at Teradomari, about 26 miles south of Niigata. Fortunately this cutting had not been completed and the work upon it was now stopped. Were it allowed to be carried out it would complete the ruin of Niigata, as the mouth of the Shinanogawa would probably in that case be soon entirely closed. What was required was that the Shinanogawa should carry off all its

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 waters by its own channel, and thus maintain a scour of sufficient strength to prevent deposits forming at its mouth. It was well that the Teradomari cutting had been abandoned in time, and it was to be hoped that the attention of the Government would be directed to sounder measures for the conservancy of the river and the preservation of the port. It was lamentable to hear it stated that nearly eight hundred thousand dollars had been spent on this worse than useless cutting, a sum believed to be sufficient to construct the works advised by Mr. Brunton and also by Mr. Lindo.

The meeting terminated in the usual manner.

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text: Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan/Series 1/Volume 3/Part 1/Description of a Trip to Niigata


text:
Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act of 1986/Title IV

{{SECTION|SEC. 401.|SEC. 401}}. NEGOTIATING AUTHORITY.

 * (a) It is the policy of the United States to seek international cooperative agreements with the other industrialized democracies to bring about the complete dismantling of apartheid. Sanctions imposed under such agreements should be both direct and official executive or legislative acts of governments. The net economic effect of such cooperative should be measurably greater than the net economic effect of the measures imposed by this Act.

 * (b) (1) Negotiations to reach international cooperative arrangements with the other industrialized democracies and other trading partners of South Africa on measures to bring about the complete dismantling of apartheid should begin promptly and should be concluded not later than 180 days from the enactment of this Act. During this period, the President or, at his direction, the Secretary of State should convene an international conference of the other industrialized democracies in order to reach cooperative agreements to impose sanctions against South Africa to bring about the complete dismantling of apartheid.
 * (2) The President shall, not less than 180 days after the date of enactment of this Act, submit to the Congress a report containing—
 * (A) a description of United States efforts to negotiate multilateral measures to bring about the complete dismantling of apartheid; and
 * (B) a detailed description of economic and other measures adopted by the other industrialized countries to bring about the complete dismantling of apartheid, including an assessment of the stringency with which such measures are enforced by those countries.

 * (c) If the President successfully concludes an international agreement described in subsection (b)(1), he may, after such agreement enters into force with respect to the United States, adjust, modify, or otherwise amend the measures imposed under any provision of sections 301 through 310 to conform with such agreement.

 * (d) Each agreement submitted to the Congress under this subsection shall enter into force with respect to the United States if (and only if)—
 * (1) the President, not less than 30 days before the day on which he enters into such agreement, notifies the House of Representatives and the Senate of his intention to enter into such an agreement, and promptly thereafter publishes notice of such intention in the Federal Register;
 * (2) after entering into such agreement, the President transmits to the House of Representatives and to the Senate a document containing a copy of the final legal text of such agreement, together with—
 * (A) a description of any administrative action proposed to implement such agreement and an explanation as to how the proposed administrative action would change or affect existing law, and
 * (B) a statement of his reasons as to how the agreement serves the interest of United States foreign policy and as to why the proposed administrative action is required or appropriate to carry out the agreement; and
 * (3) a joint resolution approving such agreement has been enacted within 30 days of transmittal of such document to the Congress.

 * (e) It is the sense of the Congress that the President should instruct the Permanent Representative of the United States to the United Nations to propose that the United Nations Security Council, pursuant to Article 41 of the United Nations Charter, impose measures against South Africa of the same type as are imposed by this Act.

{{SECTION|SEC. 402.|SEC. 402}}. LIMITATION ON IMPORTS FROM OTHER COUNTRIES.

 * The President is authorized to limit the importation into the United States of any product or service of a foreign country to the extent to which such foreign country benefits from, or otherwise takes commercial advantage of, any sanction or prohibition against any national of the United States imposed by or under this Act.

{{SECTION|SEC. 403.|SEC. 403}}. PRIVATE RIGHT OF ACTION.

 * (a) Any national of the United States who is required by this Act to terminate or curtail business activities in South Africa may bring a civil action for damages against any person, partnership, or corporation that takes commercial advantage or otherwise benefits from such termination or curtailment.

 * (b) The action described in subsection (a) may only be bought without respect to the amount in controversy, in the United States district court for the District of Columbia or the Court of International Trade. Damages which may be recovered include lost profits and the cost of bringing the action, including a reasonable attorney's fee.

 * (c) The injured party must show by a preponderance of the evidence that the damages have been the direct result of defendant's action taken with the deliberate intent to injure the party.


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 The Red Badge of Courage.

An Episode of the American Civil War. By Stephen Crane. 12mo. Cloth, $1.00.

" Never before have we had the seamy side of glorious war so well depicted." — Chicago Evening Post

" Of such interest that no one having begun it will lay it aside until the end is reached." — Philadelphia Ledger.

" We have had many stories of the war ; this stands absolutely alone." — Boston Transcript.

" Has no parallel, unless it be Tolstoy's 'Sebastopol'" — San Francisco Chronicle.

"A strong book, and it is a true book; true to life." — The Critic.

" Has been surpassed by few writers dealing with war." — New York Mail and Express.

" So vivid is the picture of actual conflict that the reader comes face to face with war." — Atlantic Monthly.

" Original, striking, astonishing, powerful ; holding the attention with the force of genius." — Louisville Post. " The best novel which the war has yet produced." — Kansas City Journal.

New York: D. APPLETON & CO., 72 Fifth Avenue.


text: The Surnames of the Chinese in America/Index to Names


text:
Author talk:Samuel Page

Samuel Page?
Reference to Professor S Page undertaking lectures in physics and chemistry. https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/LT18990926.2.8 Lyttelton Times, Volume CII, Issue 12006, 26 September 1899, Page 2

Samuel Page was an Examiner of students at Canterbury College in 1903. https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/CHP19031223.2.21 Press, Volume LX, Issue 11773, 23 December 1903, Page 5

Mr. Samuel Page, B.A., of the Chemistry Department retired from Canterbury College in 1922 having "served the department since 1883." Ref: A short history of Canterbury College, 1927 http://hdl.handle.net/10092/15656 Noracrentiss (talk) 00:35, 8 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Author talk:Samuel Page


text: Index:Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger.pdf


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 Published by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization 7, place de Fontenoy 75352 Paris 07 SP

© UNESCO 1st edition 1996, 2nd edition 2001, 3rd edition 2010 All rights reserved

ISBN 978-92-3-104096-2

The authors are responsible for the choice and the presentation of the facts contained in this publication and for the opinions expressed therein, which are not necessarily those of UNESCO and do not commit the Organization. The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

UNESCO wishes to acknowledge the generous support of the Government of Norway for the publication of this Atlas, in its print and digital forms.

Typeset by Jacqueline Gensollen-Bloch, UNESCO Publishing Copy edited by Jana Gough

Printed by Imprimerie Leclerc, Abbeville

Third edition 2010 Printed in France


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Third edition, entirely revised, enlarged and updated

Editor-in-Chief: Christopher Moseley

Cartographer: Alexandre Nicolas


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by Irina Bokova, Director-General of UNESCO

Over recent decades, as information technologies have brought more of the world’s knowledge to more of the world’s people at unprecedented speed, humanity’s linguistic diversity has been shrinking. That process is inexorable but not inevitable: international cooperation and well-planned, intelligently implemented language policies can bolster the ongoing efforts of speaker communities to maintain their mother tongues and pass them on to their children, even in the face of powerful forces pressing them to shift towards larger languages. When UNESCO published the first edition of the Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger in 1996, it sounded an international alarm that has now been heard by public officials and policy makers, language communities and scholars, the media and civil society worldwide. With this third edition – available since February 2009 in an online digital format – we note that while the gravity and urgency of the problem of language loss are no less acute today, our tools for understanding the phenomenon are increasingly effective, and our repertoire of proven responses continues to grow daily.

Language loss entails an impoverishment of humanity in countless ways. Each language – large or small – captures and organizes reality in a distinctive manner; to lose even one closes off potential discoveries about human cognition and the mind. The death of a language inevitably leads to the disappearance of various forms of intangible cultural heritage such as performing arts, social practices, rituals and festive events, traditional crafts and the priceless legacy of the community’s oral traditions and expressions, such as poetry and jokes, proverbs and legends. The loss of indigenous languages is also detrimental to biodiversity, as traditional knowledge of nature and the universe, spiritual


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Preface beliefs and cultural values expressed in indigenous languages provide time-tested mechanisms for the sustainable use of natural resources and management of ecosystems, which have become more critical with the emergence of urgent new challenges posed by climate change.

To complement its set of international standard-setting instruments aimed at defending cultural diversity as the common heritage of humanity, UNESCO seeks to provide practical tools for safeguarding endangered languages such as this publication and its digital version. Whereas the first edition reported on 600 languages only, and the second included 900, this third edition has been substantially expanded to include information on the endangerment status of about three times as many languages. As a result, the number listed in the present edition now approaches the estimate generally accepted by linguists of some 2,500 endangered languages worldwide.

The first edition’s twelve maps left large parts of the world blank because we lacked accurate knowledge. The thirty maps featured in the new edition provide global – if still not comprehensive – coverage. Thus, with this edition, and particularly with the ever-changing, ever-growing digital version, the Atlas has become a powerful tool for monitoring the situation of the world’s endangered languages, while continuing its proven role as an instrument for raising awareness among policy makers, the media, the general public and especially the speakers of languages in danger.

This new edition also features another significant improvement: it reports on a wealth of effective community experiences in safeguarding and revitalizing endangered languages and a number of national policy initiatives that support such efforts. While the threats facing such languages are no smaller or fewer than they were in 1996 and the urgency of their endangerment is no less acute, I am encouraged by the increasing effectiveness of the global response. Let us continue to seek better ways of supporting the speakers of endangered languages whose strong commitment to their mother tongue is the most decisive factor for language maintenance and ensuring sustainable results.


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text: Public Law 104-333

title: Public Law 104-333


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 * by Irina Bokova, Director-General of UNESCO

 * Christopher Moseley

 * Christopher Moseley

 * Matthias Brenzinger and Herman Batibo

 * Salem Mezhoud and Yamina El Kirat El Allame

 * Tapani Salminen

 * Hakim Elnazarov

 * Juha Janhunen

 * Stuart Blackburn and Jean Robert Opgenort

 * David Bradley

 * Darrell T. Tryon

 * Michael Walsh

 * Willem Adelaar

 * Marleen Haboud

 * Yolanda Lastra

 * Chris Rogers, Naomi Palosaari and Lyle Campbell

 * Mary Jane Norris


text: Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger (Third Edition)


text: Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger (Third Edition)/Preface


text:
The Parson and the Prelate

I SAW a Parson on a bike—
 * A parody on things—

His coat-tails flapped behind him like
 * A pair of caudal wings.

His coat was of the shiny green,
 * His hat was rusty brown;

He was a weird, wild sight, I ween,
 * Careering through the town.

What perched him on a wheel at all,
 * And made him race and rip?

Had he, perchance, a sudden call
 * To some rich rectorship?

He’d no such call; he raced and ran
 * To kneel and pray beside

The bedside of a dying man,
 * Who poor as Peter died.

I saw a Prelate, plump and fine,
 * Who gleamed with sanctity;

He was the finest-groomed divine
 * That you would wish to see.

His smile was bland; his air was grand;
 * His coat was black, and shone

As did the tents of Kedar and
 * The robes of Solomon.

And in a carriage fine and fair
 * He lounged in lordly ease—

It was a carriage and a pair—
 * And nursed his gaitered knees.

And whither went he, and what for,
 * With all this pomp and show?

He went to see the Governor,
 * And that is all I know.

But in a vision of the night,
 * When deep dreams come to men,

I saw a strange and curious sight—
 * The Prelate once again.

He sat ungaitered, and undone,
 * A picture of dismay—

His carriage was too broad to run
 * Along the Narrow Way!

But, with his coat-tails flapping like
 * Black caudal wings in wrath,

I saw the Parson on the bike
 * Sprint up the Shining Path.

title: The Parson and the Prelate


text: Talk:The Parson and the Prelate

title: Talk:The Parson and the Prelate


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Rh uch a Strait I could not find. Now as it grew too late in the Year, for me to proceed further, the Month of Sèptember being near at an End, when the begins in thoe Parts, accompanied by dreadfull Storms, I was obliged to return.

In the Year 1724. the Directors of the aid Begen Company, according to his Majety's Good Will and Pleaure, fitted out a Ship to attempt a Landing on the Eatern Shore, as had been formerly practied on that Coat, which lies oppoite to Iceland. But the urprizing Quantity of Ice, which barricadoed the Coat, made that Enterprize prove abortive and quite to micarry, as many others had done. As there was no Appearance for Ships to approach this Shore, the ame King in the Year 1728. reolved, beides other very coniderable Expences, to have Hores tranported to this Colony, in Hopes, that with their Help they might travel by Land to this Eatern Ditrict: But nothing was more impoible than this Project, on Account of the impracticable, high Rh

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38 and craggy Mountains perpetually covered with Ice and Snow, which never thaws. Another new Attempt by Sea was by Order of the aid King made in the Year 1729. by Lieutenant Richard; who with his Ship paed the Winter near the new Danih Colony, in Greenland, and in his Voyage back to Denmark made all the Endeavours he could to come at the aforeaid Shore, oppoite to Iceland; but all to no Purpoe, being herein diappointed, like the Ret before him.

All thee Difficulties and continual Diappointments, have made mot People loe all Hopes of ucceeding in this Attempt: Nevertheles, I flatter my elf to have hit luckily on an Expedient, which to me eems not unpracticable, though hitherto not tried, or at leat but lightly executed: viz. to endeavour to coat the Land from the States Promontory, or (as we call it) Cape Prince Chritian, Northwards. The Information I have had of ome Greenlanders, who in their Boats have coated a great Part of the Eat-

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Rh confirms me in my Opinion; for although an incredible Quantity of driven Ice yearly comes from Spitzbergen or New Greenland, along this Coat, and paes by the States Promontory; which hinders the approaching of Ships, as far as the Ice tretches, where about the bet Part of the Norwegian Colonies were ettled; yet there have been found Breaks and open Sea near the Shore, through which Boats and maller Veels may pas: And according to the Relation of the Greenlanders, as well as agreeably to my own Experience, the Current, that comes out of the Bays and Inlets, always running along the Shore, hinders the Ice from adhering to the Land, and keeps it at a Ditance from the Shore: By which means the Greenlanders at certain times, without any Hindrance, have pat and repaed part of this Coat in their  (o they call their large Boats) though they have not been o far as where the old  had their Settlement; of which no Doubt there are till ome Ruins to be Rh

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40 een on this Eatern Shore. Furthermore I have been credibly informed by Dutch Seamen that frequent thee Seas, that everal of their Ships have at Times found the of Greenland cleared of the Ice, as far as the 62d Degree; and they had tarried ome time among the out Rocks on that Coat, where they carried on a profitable Trade with the Savages. And I my elf in my Return from Greenland homewards in the Year 1736. found it to be o, when we paed the States Promontory and Cape Farewell; and tood in near the Shore, where at that Time there was no Ice to be een, which otherwie is very uncommon. But as this happens o eldom, it is very uncertain and unafe for any Ship, to venture o far up under the Eatern Shore. But, as I oberved a little before, it is more afe and practicable to coat it from the Promontory along the Shore in mall Veels; epecially if there be a Lodge erected in the Latitude of between 60 and 61 Degrees: and it would be till more convenient, if there

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426

LEAVES

FROM

NANNY

WILD’S

DIARY.

wonder where my eyes were that I did not ﬁnd it out before you mentioned it. Don’t you think Nan a little queer?" “She’s always that. Ugly everyway, hey?" replied Grace.

What a monster I must seem to people! ugly everyway! Yet, much of it is because I am mis understood. I will drink peace from that thought. What are mere gifts, qualiﬁcations, my dear un conscious sister, compared with the wealth of love you daily receive, yet are never thankful for?

Almond Grove, 1855.

Many a line of painful history have I traced on your patient, face, my pale, silent friend, and many more are yet to come, I fear.

The years go by, and I am still alone. People usually deem long life desirable. At sixteen I am the same, homely, unattractive creature, who, at mine, wondered why her mother turned from her proffered kiss. Alas. I am led through many a pain to wish myself the ignorant little being ; not as its primary good) to Win to my heart the of that misty period! “You can never fade," promised that humorous schoolmate, as his ﬁne eye danced with fun.

Fade! Ah! there is worse fading than the daily slipping away of the cheeks' carmine of the eyes' brightness of the skin's lily fairness, of the hair's luxuriance and gloss, of the figure's graceful roundness.

with streaming eyes.Oh! to be alone—alone when the crushed tendrils of the heart are forever reaching upward for the dew they parch for but can never obtain. I long for my father's return. Will he love me? Will he receive my heartfelt welcome? I was only ﬁve when he left home. Will he wonder I have no dresses made i of the rich silks he sent home for me? He shall never know that Grace has had them all ﬁtted to g her. To be sure she does honor to them that I g could not: besides “mine and thine" are distinctions I can never bring myself to make. But to have given her those articles myself would  have been a happiness to me. Yet, mother may have done right in withholding them from me.   (I must not descry spots in the face of my sun,  I had far rather bask in its brightness. although its beams fall only indirectly upon me).

How have those years of absence dealt with father? He used to call in tones that made me laugh, “his little scarecrow.” He will ﬁnd his scarecrow different. only in size.

Grace is nineteen, and redolent in beauty. Mr. Bright is still her admirer. She treats him variously, It is plain she does not quite discard him, nor does she any of her admirers. She is the belle and beauty for many, many miles round. I am very proud of her; my love for the beautiful being very intense. But I must leave you here alone, diary. Nurse wants me to go to a prayer meeting with her.

Almond Grove, a month later.

How lovely is the day, beautiful with sunshine, and reaches of deep, blue sky, and perfumes redolent of ﬂowers in their richest bloom! How much poetry, and prayer, and praise their is in such a day!

From afar, like discontented spirits, come on the breeze to me, the roar and turmoil, and dis cord of the city; and yet, distinctly, softly sweet the murmuring waves will have their anthem heard by one who loves the music well. How glad, how bright and beautiful nature looks to me. Truly my soul is reveling in a baptism that, a month ago, I did not dream could be mine. The glories of a second birth have placed me in a new life. Discontent, envy, vain-longings have fled. As heretofore, I will strive (yet not as its primary good) to win to my heart the heart of the being I so dearly love; I shall probably be disappointed. but I will labor to wear my trouble well. She and Grace only deride my new faith. I will not intrude it upon them, but let my daily life but prove its worth and reality. Oh! could they be happy as I. How glad dear old nurse is I have come out of darkness into marvelous light. I agree with her that it was no little thing to stand upon the threshold of life, looking willfully with bursting heart afar upon a long reaching future bare of glad pro mise. But the wounds of my crushed heart are healed. The Good Shepherd has passed near and touched them. Preceding me into the waters was the ﬁgure of Frank Lee, thoughtful, subdued, with a martyr’s look of exultant faith upon his fine countenance. I hear he will study for the ministry. His family deride the idea, being exceedingly aristocratic and worldly- but he is ﬁrm in the plan. May God help and prosper him! I am certain that Grace fancies him above Mr. Bright. This gentleman begins to look dissatisﬁed—his long wooing does not pros per as he had hoped.

A month later.

He is here—my father—my father! How I love him! He has but just come—hardly an hour since. I watched long at the turn in the road, wanting a good, unseen look into the face that always beamed kindly into mine in infancy, and which I had kept in such fond remembrance. The old kind look was there, but lines, care and India sun had done their worst upon it. He left the corner, preferring to walk toward his home and note the changes time might have made in


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Rh there could be a Way and Means found likewie to place a Lodge on the Eatern Shore in the ame Latitude. For according to the Account the Ancients have left us of Greenland, the Ditance of Ground that lies uncultivated between the Wet and Eat Side is but 12 Norway Miles by Water. See 's Relation; or according to a later Computation, it is a Journey of fix Days in a Boat. And as the Ruins of old Habitations, which I have dicovered between 60 and 61 Degrees, are without doubt in the mot Southerly Part of the Wet Side; it of Neceity follows, that the Ditance cannot be very great from thence to the mot Southern Parts of the Eatern Side. Now, if it hould be found practicable, at certain Times, to pas along the Shore with Boats or mall Ships to the Eat Side, to the Latitude of 63 and 64 Degrees, little Lodges might be ettled here and there with Colonies; by which Means a contant Correpondence might be kept, and mutual Aitance given to one another, though larger Ships could not yearly viit every one

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42 one of them, but only touch at the mot Southerly ones. I am alo peruaded, that the thing is feaible, and if it hould pleae God in his Mercy to forward this Affair, Colonies might be etablihed here, which, without great Trouble, might be upplied yearly with all Necearies.

S to the Nature of the Soil, we are informed by ancient Hitories, that the Greenland Colonies bred a Number of Cattle which afforded them Milk, Butter and Cheee in uch abundance, that a great Quanity thereof was brought over to Norway, and for its prime and particular Goodnes was et apart for the King's Kitchin, which was practied  until

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Rh until the Reign of Queen Margaret. We alo read in thee Hitories, that ome Parts of the Country yielded the choicet and in the Dales or Valleys the  brought forth Acorns, of the Bignes of an Apple, very good to eat. The Woods afforded Plenty of Game of Rein Deer, Hares, &c. for the Sport of Huntmen. The Rivers, Bays, and the Seas furnihed an infinite Number of Fihes, Seals, Mores and Whales; of which all the Inhabitants made a coniderable Trade and Commerce. And, though the Country at preent cannot boat of the ame Plenty and Richnes, as it lies detitute of Colonies, Cattle, and uncultivated; yet I do not doubt, but the old dwelling Places, formerly inhabited might

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