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 Orb. And because the distance of the Sun from the Earth, contains by common consent 1208. Semidiameters of the said Earth, and the distance of the fixed Stars (as hath been said) 2160. Semediameters of the grand Orb, therefore the Semidiameter of the Earth is much greater (that is almost double) in comparison of the grand Orb, than the Semidiameter of the grand Orb, in relation to the distance of the Starry Sphære; and therefore the variation of aspect in the fixed Stars, caused by the Diameter of the grand Orb, can be but little more observable, than that which is observed in the Sun, occasioned by the Semidiameter of the Earth.

This is a great fall for the first step.

It is doubtlesse an errour; for a fixed Star of the sixth magnitude, which by the computation of this Authour, ought, for the upholding the proposition of Copernicus, to be as big as the whole grand Orb, onely by supposing it equal to the Sun, which Sun is lesse by far, than the hundred and six millionth part of the said grand Orb, maketh the starry Sphære so great and high as sufficeth to overthrow the instance brought against the said Copernicus.

Favour me with this computation.

The supputation is easie and short. The Diameter of the Sun, is eleven semidiameters of the Earth, and the Diameter of the grand Orb, contains 2416. of those same semidiameters, by the ascent of both parties; so that the Diameter of the said Orb, contains the Suns Diameter 220. times very near. And because the Spheres are to one another, as the Cubes of their Diameters, let us make the Cube of 220. which is 106480000. and we shall have the grand Orb, an hundred and six millions, four hundred and eighty thousand times bigger than the Sun, to which grand Orb, a star of the sixth magnitude, ought to be equal, according to the assertion of this Authour.

The errour then of these men, consisteth in being extreamly mistaken, in taking the apparent Diameter of the fixed Stars.

This is one, but not the onely errour of them; and indeed, I do very much admire how so many Astronomers, and those very famous, as are Alfagranus, Albategnus, Tebizius, and much more modernly the Tycho's and Clavins's, and in sum, all the predecessors of our Academian, should have been so grosly mistaken, in determining the magnitudes of all the Stars, as well fixed as moveable, the two Luminaries excepted out of that number; and that they have not taken any heed to the adventitious irradiations that deceitfully represent them an hundred and more times bigger, than when they are beheld, without those capilli-


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Rh some distance from the river; a proof at least that he was never there, and probably sang and lived in some very distant region:

The boats were floating ready, And many men there were;

What clothes of price they had They took and stow’d them there,

Was never a rest from toiling Until the eventide,

Then they took the flood right gaily, Would longer not abide.

Brave tents and hutches You saw raised on the grass,

Other side the Rhine-stream That camp it pitched was:

The king to stay a while Was besought of his fair wife;

That night she saw him with her, And never more in life.

most wonderful things. Within authentic times, the Romans were here; and if tradition may be credited, Attila also; it was the seat of the Austrasian kings; the frequent residence of Charlemagne himself; innumerable Festivals, High-tides, Tournaments and Imperial Diets were held in it, of which latter, one at least, that where Luther appeared in 1521, will be forever remembered by all mankind. Nor is Worms more famous in history than, as indeed we may see here, it is in romance; whereof many monuments and vestiges remain to this day, “A pleasant meadow there,” says Von der Hagen, “is still called Chriemhild’s Rosengarten. The name Worms itself is derived (by Legendary Etymology) from the Dragon, or Worm, which Siegfried slew, the figure of which once formed the City Arms; in past times, there was also to be seen here an ancient strong Riesen-Haus (Giant’s-house), and many a memorial of Siegfried: his Lance, 66 feet long (almost 80 English feet), in the Cathedral; his Statue, of gigantic size, on the Neue Thurm (New Tower) on the Rhine;” etc., etc. “And lastly the Siegfried’s Chapel, in primeval, Pre-Gothic architecture, not long since pulled down. In the time of the Meistersängers too, the Stadtrath was bound to give every Master, who sang the lay of Siegitied (“Meisterlied von Siegfrieden,” the purport of which is now unknown) without mistake, a certain gratuity.” “Glossary to the Nibelungen,” § Worms.

One is sorry to learn that this famed Imperial City is no longer Imperial, but much fallen in every way from its palmy state; the 30,000 inhabitants, to be found there in Gustavus Adolphus’ time, having now declined into some 6,800,—“who maintain themselves by wine-growing, Rhine-boats, tobacco-manufacture, and making sugar-of-lead.” So hard has war, which respects nothing, pressed on Worms, ill-placed for safety, on the hostile border: Louvois, or Louis XIV., in 1689, had it utterly devastated; whereby in the interior, “spaces that were once covered with buildings are now gardens.” See “Conv. Lexicon,” § Worms,

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 ous rayes, nor can this their inadvertency be excused, in regard that it was in their power to have beheld them at their pleasure without those tresses, which is done, by looking upon them at their first appearance in the evening, or their last occultation in the comming on of day; and if none of the rest, yet Venus, which oft times is seen at noon day, so small, that one must sharpen the sight in discerning it; and again, in the following night, seemeth a great flake of light, might advertise them of their fallacy; for I will not believe that they thought the true Discus to be that which is seen in the obscurest darknesses, and not that which is discerned in the luminous Medium: for our lights, which seen by night afar off appear great, and neer at hand shew their true lustre to be terminate and small, might have easily have made them cautious; nay, if I may freely speak my thoughts, I absolutely believe that none of them, no not Tycho himself, so accurate in handling Astronomical Instruments, and that so great and accurate, without sparing very great cost in their construction, did ever go about to take and measure the apparent diameter of any Star, the Sun and Moon excepted; but I think, that arbitrarily, and as we say, with the eye, some one of the more antient of them pronounced the thing to be so and so, and that all that followed him afterwards, without more ado, kept close to what the first had said; for if any one of them had applied himself to have made some new proof of the same, he would doubtlesse have discovered the fraud.

But if they wanted the Telescope, and you have already said, that our Friend with that same Instrument came to the knowledge of the truth, they ought to be excused, and not accused of ignorance.

This would hold good, if without the Telescope the businesse could not be effected. Its true, that this Instrument by shewing the Discus of the Star naked, and magnified an hundred or a thousand times, rendereth the operation much more easie, but the same thing may be done, although not altogether so exactly, without the Instrument, and I have many times done the same, and my method therein was this. I have caused a rope to be hanged towards some Star, and I have made use of the Constellation, called the Harp, which riseth between the North and * North-east, and then by going towards, and from the said rope, interposed between me and the Star, I have found the place from whence the thicknesse of the rope hath just hid the Star from me: this done, I have taken the distance from the eye to the rope, which was one of the sides including the angle that was composed in the eye, and * which insisteth upon the thicknesse of the rope, and which is like, yea the same with the


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 of my general scepticism of the Instrument of Thought.

I have now to tell you of another aspect of this scepticism of the instrument which concerns negative terms.

Classes in logic are not only represented by circles with a hard firm outline, whereas they have no such definite limits, but also there is a constant disposition to think of negative terms as if they represented positive classes. With words just as with numbers and abstract forms there are definite phases of human development. There is, you know, with regard to number, the phase when man can barely count at all, or counts in perfect good faith and sanity upon his fingers. Then there is the phase when he is struggling with the development of number, when he begins to elaborate all sorts of ideas about numbers, until at last he develops complex superstitions about perfect numbers and imperfect numbers, about threes and sevens and the like. The same is the case with abstracted forms, and even to-day we are scarcely more than heads out of the vast subtle muddle of thinking about spheres and ideally perfect forms and so on, that was the price of this little necessary step to clear thinking. You know better than I do how large a part numerical and geometrical magic, numerical and geometrical philosophy, has played in the history of the mind. And the whole apparatus of language and mental communication is beset with like dangers. The language of the savage is, I suppose, purely positive; the thing has a name, the name has a thing. This indeed is the tradition of language, and even


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 to-day we, when we hear a name, are predisposed—and sometimes it is a very vicious disposition—to imagine forthwith something answering to the name. We are disposed, as an incurable mental vice, to accumulate intension in terms. If I say to you Wodget or Crump, you find yourself passing over the fact that these are nothings, these are, so to speak, mere blankety blanks, and trying to think what sort of thing a Wodget or a Crump may be. And where this disposition has come in, in its most alluring guise, is in the case of negative terms. Our instrument of knowledge persists in handling even such openly negative terms as the Absolute, the Infinite, as though they were real existences; and when the negative element is ever so little disguised, as it is in such a word as Omniscience, then the illusion of positive reality may be complete.

Please remember that I am trying to tell you my philosophy, and not arguing about yours. Let me try to express how in my mind this matter of negative terms has shaped itself. I think of something which I may perhaps best describe as being off the stage or out of court, or as the Void without Implications, or as Nothingness or as Outer Darkness. This is a sort of hypothetical Beyond to the visible world of human thought, and thither I think all negative terms reach at last, and merge and become nothing. Whatever positive class you make, whatever boundary you draw, straight away from that boundary begins the corresponding negative class and passes into the illimitable horizon of nothingness. You talk of pink things, you ignore, if you are a trained logician, the more elu-


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 angle in the Starry Sphere, that insisteth upon the diameter of the Star, and by the proportion of the ropes thicknesse to the distance from the eye to the rope, by the table of Arches and Chords, I have immediately found the quantity of the angle; using all the while the wonted caution that is observed in taking angles so acute, not to forme the concourse of the visive rayes in the centre of the eye, where they are onely refracted, but beyond the eye, where really the pupils greatnesse maketh them to concur.

I apprehend this your cautelous procedure, albeit I have a kind of hæsitancy touching the same, but that which most puzzleth me is, that in this operation, if it be made in the dark of night, methinks that you measure the diameter of the irradiated Discus, and not the true and naked face of the Star.

Not so, Sir, for the rope in covering the naked body of the Star, taketh away the rayes, which belong not to it, but to our eye, of which it is deprived so soon as the true Discus thereof is hid; and in making the observation, you shall see, how unexpectedly a little cord will cover that reasonable big body of light, which seemed impossible to be hid, unlesse it were with a much broader Screene: to measure, in the next place, and exactly to find out, how many of those thicknesses of the rope interpose in the distance between the said rope and the eye, I take not onely one diameter of the rope, but laying many pieces of the same together upon a Table, so that they touch, I take with a pair of Compasses the whole space occupied by fifteen, or twenty of them, and with that measure I commensurate the distance before with another smaller cord taken from the rope to the concourse of the visive rayes. And with this sufficiently-exact operation I finde the apparent diameter of a fixed Star of the first magnitude, commonly esteemed to be 2 min. pri. and also 3 min. prim. by Tycho in his Astronomical Letters, cap. 167. to be no more than 5 seconds, which is one of the 24. or 36. parts of what they have held it: see now upon what grosse errours their Doctrines are founded.

I see and comprehend this very well, but before we passe any further, I would propound the doubt that ariseth in me in the finding the concourse [or intersection] of the visual rayes beyond the eye, when observation is made of objects comprehended between very acute angles; and my scruple proceeds from thinking, that the said concourse may be sometimes more remote, and sometimes lesse; and this not so much, by meanes of the greater or lesser magnitude of the object that is beheld, as because that in observing objects of the same bignesse, it seems to me that the concourse of the rayes, for certain other re-


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lii

Trumpets and flutes spoke out, At dawning of the day,

That time was came for parting, So they rose to march away:

Who loved-one had in arms Did kiss that same, I ween;

And fond farewells were bidden By cause of Etzel’s Queen.

Frau Ute’s noble sons They had a serving-man,

A brave one and a true:; Or ever the march began,

He speaketh to King Gunther, What for his ear was fit,

He said: “Woe for this journey, I grieve because of it.”

He, Rumold hight, the Sewer, Was known as hero true;

He spake: “Whom shall this people  And land be trusted to?

Woe on’t, will nought persuade ye, Brave Recken, from this road?

Frau Chriemhild’s flattering message No good doth seem to bode.”

“The land to thee be trusted, And my fair boy also,

And serve thou well the women, I tell thee ere I go;

Whamso thou findest weeping Her heart give comfort to;

No harm to one of us King Etzel’s wife will do.”

The steeds were standing ready, For the Kings and for their men;

With kisses tenderest Took leave full many then,

Who, in gallant cheer and hope, To march were nought afraid;

Then since that day bewaileth Many a noble wife and maid,

But when the rapid Recken Took horse and prickt away,

The women shent in sorrow You saw behind them stay;

Of parting all too long Their hearts to them did tell;

When grief so great is coming, The mind forbodes not well.

Nathless the brisk Burgonden All on their way did go,

Then rose the country over A mickle dole and woe;

On both sides of the hills Woman and man did weep:

Let their folk da how they list, These gay their course did keep.

The Nibelungen Recken Did march with them as well,

Ta a thousand glittering hauberks, Who at home had ta’en farewell

Of many a fair woman Should see them never more:

The wound of her brave Siegfried Did grieve Chriemhilde sore.


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JSM/pt 52 (Mr. Al-Ashtal, Yemen) I should like to reiterate here that the Yemeni leadership will continue to exert efforts to contain this conflict between the two brotherly countries, despite the many difficulties besieging such efforts, because we believe that the brotherly Arab means of containing the conflict is the valid and effective way of dealing with it and bringing it to a desirable end. The Republic of Yemen believes that, despite the fact that the Arab Summit Conference, which was scheduled to meet in Jeddah, was not convened, Arab efforts to contain the conflict between the two brotherly countries have not stopped. The doors are not closed yet on such efforts. This is clearly mentioned in paragraph 4 of the resolution of the Council of the Arab League adopted at its meeting in Cairo when the matter was referred to Their Majesties and other Heads of State of Arab countries to discuss the means of reaching a negotiated permanent settlement between the two parties concerned. Contacts among Arab leaders are still under way up to this very moment.

The delegation of the Republic of Yemen confirms our keen interest in maintaining peace and stability in the area of the Gulf and the Arab peninsula. Hence, we totally reject any foreign intervention in the internal affairs of the region. We note that while we are discussing the topic there are military movements. We hope that the draft resolution to be adopted will not be a pretext for intervention in the area.

In the normal course, this conflict will eventually come to an end, and we hope that the confrontation in the area will also. Then, when the circumstances are propitious for negotiation and a peaceful settlement, the Republic of Yemen will be more than ready to follow up and continue its efforts. Therefore, we will not adopt any attitude at this meeting that would negatively affect the efforts undertaken by the Republic of Yemen to find a solution to the conflict.


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 sive shades of pink, and draw your line. Beyond is the not pink, known and knowable, and still in the not pink region one comes to the Outer Darkness. Not blue, not happy, not iron, all the not classes meet in that Outer Darkness. That same Outer Darkness and nothingness is infinite space, and infinite time, and any being of infinite qualities; and all that region I rule out of court in my philosophy altogether. I will neither affirm nor deny if I can help it about any not things. I will not deal with not things at all, except by accident and inadvertence. If I use the word "infinite" I use it as one often uses "countless," "the countless hosts of the enemy"—or "immeasurable"—"immeasurable cliffs"—that is to say as the limit of measurement rather than as the limit of imaginary measurability, as a convenient equivalent to as many times this cloth yard as you can, and as many again and so on and so on. Now a great number of apparently positive terms are, or have become, practically negative terms and are under the same ban with me. A considerable number of terms that have played a great part in the world of thought, seem to me to be invalidated by this same defect, to have no content or an undefined content or an unjustifiable content. For example, that word Omniscient, as implying infinite knowledge, impresses me as being a word with a delusive air of being solid and full, when it is really hollow with no content whatever. I am persuaded that knowing is the relation of a conscious being to something not itself, that the thing known is defined as a system of parts and aspects and relationships, that knowledge is comprehension, and so that only


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JSM/pt 53 The President: I shall now make a statement in my capacity as the representative of Romania.

Romania pledged its full support for 660 (1990). In the same spirit, my country is fully in favour of the draft resolution contained in document S/21441.

The Romanian Government has expressed its deep concern from the very beginning over the armed conflict between Iraq and Kuwait, countries which are situated in an area that for a long period of time has known war, confrontation and tension.

In our opinion, no reason can justify the use of force against an independent and sovereign State. The Charter of the United Nations and the unanimously accepted principles of international law prohibit the use of force as a means of settling disputes between States. It is obvious that the penetration of Iraqi troops into Kuwait, in violation of the unanimously accepted principles of international law, has exacerbated the situation in the area, endangered international peace and security, and brought about losses in human life and suffering for the people of the two countries.

My Government reiterates its stand that the only way to settle disputes and iron out misunderstandings among States lies in negotiations and in resorting to the procedures provided by the Charter of the United Nations.

Romania calls again for the withdrawal without delay of the Iraqi military forces beyond the internationally recognized boundaries between the two countries and for the restoration of the legitimate Government of Kuwait.

It is also our conviction that, under the given circumstances, it is necessary for all States to display moderation and responsibility and to undertake nothing which may further aggravate the situation.

I now resume my function as President of the Council.


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 spects ought to be made more and lesse remote from the eye.

I see already, whither the apprehension of Sagredus, a most diligent observer of Natures secrets, tendeth; and I would lay any wager, that amongst the thousands that have observed Cats to contract and inlarge the pupils of their eyes very much, there are not two, nor haply one that hath observed the like effect to be wrought by the pupils of men in seeing, whilst the medium is much or little illumin'd, and that in the open light the circlet of the pupil diminisheth considerably: so that in looking upon the face or Discus of the Sun, it is reduced to a smallnesse lesser than a grain of * Panick, and in beholding objects that do not shine, and are in a lesse luminous medium, it is inlarged to the bignesse of a Lintel or more; and in summe this expansion and contraction differeth in more than decuple proportion: From whence it is manifest, that when the pupil is much dilated, it is necessary that the angle of the rayes concourse be more remote from the eye; which happeneth in beholding objects little luminated. This is a Doctrine which Sagredus hath, just now, given me the hint of, whereby, if we were to make a very exact observation, and of great consequence, we are advertized to make the observation of that concourse in the act of the same, or just such another operation; but in this our case, wherein we are to shew the errour of Astronomers, this accuratenesse is not necessary: for though we should, in favour of the contrary party, suppose the said concourse to be made upon the pupil it self, it would import little, their mistake being so great. I am not certain, Sagredus, that this would have been your objection.

It is the very same, and I am glad that it was not altogether without reason, as your concurrence in the same assureth me; but yet upon this occasion I would willingly hear what way may be taken to finde out the distance of the concourse of the visual rayes.

The method is very easie, and this it is, I take two long * labels of paper, one black, and the other white, and make the black half as broad as the white; then I stick up the white against a wall, and far from that I place the other upon a stick, or other support, at a distance of fifteen or twenty yards, and receding from this, second another such a space in the same right line, it is very manifest, that at the said distance the right lines will concur, that departing from the termes of the breadth of the white piece, shall passe close by the edges of the other label placed in the mid-way; whence it followeth, that in case the eye were placed in the point of the said concourse or intersection, the black slip of paper in the midst would precisely hide the op-


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JSM/pt 54-55 (The President) I shall now put to the vote the draft resolution contained in document S/21441.

A vote was taken by show of hands.

In favour: Canada, China, Colombia, Côte d'Ivoire, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Malaysia, Romania, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, United States of America, Zaire

Against: None

Abstaining: Cuba, Yemen

The President: The result of the voting is as follows: 13 votes in favour, none against and 2 abstentions. The draft resolution has thus been adopted as resolution 661 (1990).


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 posite blank, if the sight were made in one onely point; but if we should find, that the edges of the white cartel appear discovered, it shall be a necessary argument that the visual rayes do not issue from one sole point. And to make the white label to be hid by the black, it will be requisite to draw neerer with the eye: Therefore, having approached so neer, that the intermediate label covereth the other, and noted how much the required approximation was, the quantity of that approach shall be the certain measure, how much the true concourse of the visive rayes, is remote from the eye in the said operation, and we shall moreover have the diameter of the pupil, or of that circlet from whence the visive rayes proceed: for it shall be to the breadth of the black paper, as is the distance from the concourse of the lines, that are produced by the edges of the papers to the place where the eye standeth, when it first seeth the remote paper to be hid by the intermediate one, as that distance is, I say, to the distance that is between those two papers. And therefore when we would, with exactnesse, measure the apparent diameter of a Star, having made the observation in manner, as aforesaid, it would be necessary to compare the diameter of the rope to the diameter of the pupil; and having found v. g. the diameter of the rope to be quadruple to that of the pupil, and the distance of the eye from the rope to be, for example, thirty yards, we would say, that the true concourse of the lines produced from the ends or extremities of the diameter of the star, by the extremities of the diameter of the rope, doth fall out to be fourty yards remote from the said rope, for so we shall have observed, as we ought, the proportion between the distance of the rope from the concourse of the said lines, and the distance from the said concourse to the place of the eye, which ought to be the same that is between the diameter of the rope, and diameter of the pupil.

I have perfectly understood the whole businesse, and therefore let us hear what Simplicius hath to alledge in defence of the Anti-Copernicans.

Albeit that grand and altogether incredible inconvenience insisted upon by these adversaries of Copernicus be much moderated and abated by the discourse of Salviatus, yet do I not think it weakened so, as that it hath not strength enough left to foil this same opinion. For, if I have rightly apprehended the chief and ultimate conclusion, in case, the stars of the sixth magnitude were supposed to be as big as the Sun, (which yet I can hardly think) yet it would still be true, that the grand Orb [or Ecliptick] would occasion a mutation and variation in the starry Sphere, like to that which the semidiameter of the Earth produceth in the Sun, which yet is observable; so that neither that, no


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JP/pt 56 (The President) Here's the transcription for the provided image, as per the formatting instructions: The representative of Iraq has asked to speak, and I call on him.

Mr. Al-Ansari (Iraq): I simply wanted to make a point of clarification, as I heard the representative of the United States refer to me as having said that Iraq had withdrawn 72 tanks. I did not say that. I was referring to the type of tanks that had been withdrawn, but I gave no specific number.

The President: The representative of Kuwait has asked to speak, and I call on him.

Mr. Abdulhasan (Kuwait) (interpretation from Arabic): By adopting the draft resolution, the Council has earned the gratitude of Kuwait, its Government and its people for a courageous position designed to restore peace and to defend the principles of protecting and preserving security. His Royal Highness the Amir of the State of Kuwait, Sheikh Al-Sabah, who is in the best position to thank the Council, has already expressed his feelings and the feelings of his people in the statement he made yesterday addressed to his courageous people, who are under his leadership and under his command. In that statement, which was also addressed to the world, being broadcast by the mass media throughout the globe, he said:

"Dear brothers, know that we are not alone in facing aggression. We have with us the Arabs and the Muslims, and by our side we also have the States of the world, which have not hesitated a single instant to raise their voices to deplore and condemn aggression. In addition to this, we are the champions of law. We must rebuff aggression against our territory and preserve our honour and our dignity. We must defend our sovereignty and our independence."


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4 him. He was a jovial, heavy-jowled creature, whose clean-shaven chin was doubling, and he was habited like a person of the first respectability in a beautiful blue body-coat with a row of big yellow buttons. The frilled shirt front, high collar of the very newest fashion, and copious white neckerchief showed off the massive fleshiness of the red throat. His hat was of the Quaker pattern, and his head did not fail of the periwig and the pigtail, the latter being heretical in name only.

What Joseph Grobstock drew from the bag was a small white-paper packet, and his sense of humour led him to place it in the hand furthest from his nose; for it was a broad humour, not a subtle. It enabled him to extract pleasure from seeing a fellow-mortal's hat rollick in the wind, but did little to alleviate the chase for his own. His jokes clapped you on the back, they did not tickle delicately.

Such was the man who now became the complacent cynosure of all eyes, even of those that had no appeal in them, as soon as the principle of his eleemosynary operations had broken on the crowd. The first "Schnorrer", feverishly tearing open his package, had found a florin, and, as by electricity, all except the blind beggar were aware that Joseph Grobstock was distributing florins. The distributor partook of the general consciousness, and his lips twitched. Silently he dipped again into the bag, and, selecting the hand nearest, put a second white package into it. A wave of joy brightened the grimy face, to change instantly to one of horror.

"You have made a mistake — you have given me a penny!" cried the beggar.

"Keep it for your honesty," replied Joseph Grobstock imperturbably, and affected not to enjoy the laughter of the rest. The third mendicant ceased laughing when he dis-


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Rh covered that fold on fold of paper sheltered a tiny sixpence. It was now obvious that the great man was distributing prize-packets, and the excitement of the piebald crowd grew momently. Grobstock went on dipping, lynx-eyed against second applications. One of the few pieces of gold in the lucky-bag fell to the solitary lame man, who danced in his joy on his sound leg, while the poor blind man pocketed his halfpenny, unconscious of ill-fortune, and merely wondering why the coin came swathed in paper.

By this time Grobstock could control his face no longer, and the last episodes of the lottery were played to the accompaniment of a broad grin. Keen and complex was his enjoyment. 'There was not only the general surprise at this novel feat of alms; there were the special surprises of detail written on face after face, as it flashed or fell or frowned in congruity with the contents of the envelope, and for undercurrent a delicious hubbub of interjections and benedictions, a stretching and withdrawing of palms, and a swift shifting of figures, that made the scene a farrago of excitements. So


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6 that the broad grin was one of gratification as well as of amusement, and part of the gratification sprang from a real kindliness of heart — for Grobstock was an easy-going man with whom the world had gone easy. The Schnorrers were exhausted before the packets, but the philanthropist was in no anxiety to be rid of the remnant. Closing the mouth of the considerably lightened bag and clutching it tightly by the throat, and recomposing his face to gravity, he moved slowly down the street like a stately treasure-ship flecked by the sunlight. His way led towards Goodman's Fields, where his mansion was situate, and he knew that the fine weather would bring out Schnorrers enough. And, indeed, he had not gone many paces before he met a figure he did not remember having seen before.

Leaning against a post at the head of the narrow passage which led to Bevis Marks was a tall, black-bearded, turbaned personage, a first glance at whom showed him of the true tribe. Mechanically Joseph Grobstock's hand went to the lucky-bag, and he drew out a neatly-folded packet and tendered it to the stranger.

The stranger received the gift graciously, and opened it gravely, the philanthropist loitering awkwardly to mark the issue. Suddenly the dark face became a thunder-cloud, the eyes flashed lightning.

"An evil spirit in your ancestors' bones!" hissed the stranger, from between his flashing teeth. "Did you come here to insult me?"

"Pardon, a thousand pardons!" stammered the magnate, wholly taken aback. "I fancied you were a — a — a — poor man."

"And, therefore, you came to insult me!"

'No, no, thought to help you," murmured Grobstock, turning from red to scarlet. Was it possible he had foisted


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Rh his charity upon an undeserving millionaire? No! Through all the clouds of his own confusion and the recipient's anger, the figure of a Schnorrer loomed too plain for mistake. None but a Schnorrer would wear a home-made turban, issue of a black cap crossed with a white kerchief; none but a Schnorrer would unbutton the first nine buttons of his waistcoat, or, if this relaxation were due to the warmth of the weather, counteract it by wearing an over-garment, especially one as heavy as a blanket, with buttons the size of compasses and flaps reaching nearly to his shoe-buckles, even though its length were only congruous with that of his undercoat, which already reached the bottoms of his knee-breeches. Finally, who but a Schnorrer would wear this overcoat cloak-wise, with dangling sleeves, full of armless suggestion from a side view? Quite apart from the shabbiness of the snuff-coloured fabric, it was amply evident that the wearer did not dress by rule or measure. Yet the disproportions of his attire did but enhance the picturesqueness of a personality that would be striking even in a bath, though it was not likely to be seen there. The beard was jet black, sweeping and unkempt, and ran up his cheeks to meet the raven hair, so that the vivid face was framed in black; it was a long, tapering face with sanguine lips gleaming at the heart of a black bush; the eyes were large and lambent, set in deep sockets under black arching eyebrows; the nose was long and Coptic; the brow low but broad, with straggling wisps of hair protruding from beneath the turban. His right hand grasped a plain ashen staff.

Worthy Joseph Grobstock found the figure of the mendicant only too impressive; he shrank uneasily before the indignant eyes.

"I meant to help you," he repeated.

"And this is how one helps a brother in Israel?" said the


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8 Schnorrer, throwing the paper contemptuously into the philanthropist's face. It struck him on the bridge of the nose, but impinged so mildly that he felt at once what was the matter. The packet was empty — the Schnorrer had drawn a blank; the only one the good-natured man had put into the bag.

The Schnorrer's audacity sobered Joseph Grobstock completely; it might have angered him to chastise the fellow, but it did not. His better nature prevailed; he began to feel shamefaced, fumbled sheepishly in his pocket for a crown; then hesitated, as fearing this peace-offering would not altogether suffice with so rare a spirit, and that he owed the stranger more than silver — an apology to wit. He proceeded honestly to pay it, but with a maladroit manner, as one unaccustomed to the currency.

"You are an impertinent rascal," he said, "but I daresay you feel hurt. Let me assure you I did not know there was nothing in the packet. I did not, indeed."

"Then your steward has robbed me!" exclaimed the Schnorrer excitedly. "You let him make up the packets, and he has stolen my money — the thief, the transgressor, thrice-cursed who robs the poor."

"You don't understand," interrupted the magnate meekly. "I made up the packets myself."

"Then, why do you say you did not know what was in them? Go, you mock my misery!"

"Nay, hear me out!" urged Grobstock desperately. "In some I placed gold, in the greater number silver, in a few copper, in one alone — nothing. That is the one you have drawn. It is your misfortune."

"My misfortune! "echoed the Schnorrer scornfully. "It is your misfortune — I did not even draw it. The Holy One, blessed be He, has punished you for your heartless


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10 10 THE KING OF SC/EVORRERS.

jesting with the poor — making a sport for yourself of their misfortunes, even as the Philistines sported with Samson. The good deed you might have put to your account by a gratuity to me, God has taken from you. He has declared you unworthy of achieving righteousness through me. Go your way, murderer ! "

" Murderer ! " repeated the philanthropist, bewildered by this harsh view of his action.

"Yes, murderer! Stands it not in the Talmud that he who shames another is as one who spills his blood? And have you not put me to shame — if anyone had witnessed your almsgiving, would he not have laughed in my beard?"

The pillar of the Synagogue felt as if his paunch were shrinking.

"But the others — "he murmured deprecatingly. "I have not shed their blood — have I not given freely of my hard-earned gold ? "

" For your own diversion," retorted the Schnorrer im- placably. " But what says the Midrash? There is a wheel rolling in the world — not he who is rich to-day is rich to-morrow, but this one He brings up, and this one He brings down, as is said in the seventy-fifth Psalm. There- fore, lift not up your horn on high, nor speak with a stiff neck."

He towered above the unhappy capitalist, like an ancient prophet denouncing a swollen monarch. The poor man put his hand involuntarily to his high collar as if to explain away his apparent arrogance, but in reality because he was not breathing easily under the Schnorrer's attack.

" You are an uncharitable man," he panted hotly, driven to a line of defence he had not anticipated. " I did it not from wantonness, but from faith in Heaven. I know well that God sits turning a wheel — therefore I did not presume


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11 THE KING OF SCHNORRERS. 11

to turn it myself. Did I not let Providence select who should have the silver and who the gold, who the copper and who the emptiness? Besides, God alone knows who really needs my assistance — I have made Him my almoner ; I have cast my burden on the Lord."

" Epicurean ! " shrieked the Schnorrer. " Blasphemer ! Is it thus you would palter with the sacred texts? Do you forget what the next verse says : ' Bloodthirsty and deceitful men shall not live out half their days ' ? Shame on you — you a Gabbai (treasurer) of the Great Synagogue. You see I know you, Joseph Grobstock. Has not the beadle of your Synagogue boasted to me that you have given him a guinea for brushing your spatterdashes? Would you think of offering him a packet? Nay, it is the poor that are trodden on — they whose merits are in excess of those of beadles. But the Lord will find others to take up his loans — for he who hath pity on the poor lendeth to the Lord. You are no true son of Israel."

The Sc/uwrre?'^ tirade was long enough to allow Grob- stock to recover his dignity and his breath.

" If you really knew me, you would know that the Lord is considerably in my debt," he rejoined quietly. "When next you would discuss me, speak with the Psalms-men, not the beadle. Never have I neglected the needy. Even now, though you have been insolent and uncharitable, I am ready to befriend you if you are in want."

" If I am in want ! " repeated the Schnorrer scornfully. " Is there anything I do not want? "

"You are married?"

" You correct me — wife and children are the only things I do ;/<?/lack."

" No pauper does," quoth Grobstock, with a twinkle of restored humour.


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12 12 THE KING OF SCHNORRERS.

" No," assented the Schnorrer sternly. "The poor man has the fear of Heaven. He obeys the Law and the Com- mandments. He marries while he is young — and his spouse is not cursed with barrenness. It is the rich man who transgresses the Judgment, who delays to come under the Canopy."

" Ah ! well, here is a guinea — in the name of my wife," broke in Grobstock laughingly. " Or stay — since you do not brush spatterdashes — here is another."

" In the name of my wife," rejoined the Schnorrer with dignity, " I thank you."

"Thank me in your own name," said Grobstock. "I mean tell it me."

" I am Manasseh Bueno Barzillai Azevedo da Costa," he answered simply.

" A Sephardi ! " exclaimed the philanthropist.

" Is it not written on my face, even as it is written on yours that you are aTedesco? It is the first time that I have taken gold from one of your lineage."

" Oh, indeed ! " murmured Grobstock, beginning to feel small again.

"Yes — are we not far richer than your community? What need have I to take the good deeds away from my own people — they have too few opportunities for benefi- cence as it is, being so many of them wealthy ; brokers and West India merchants, and — "

" But I, too, am a financier, and an East India Director," Grobstock reminded him.

" Maybe ; but your community is yet young and struggling — your rich men are as the good men in .Sodom for multi- tude. You are the immigrants of yesterday — refugees from the Ghettoes of Russia and Poland and Germany. But we, as you are aware, have been established here for generations ;


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13 THE KING OF SCHNORRERS. 1.°>

in the Peninsula our ancestors graced the courts of kings, and controlled the purse-strings of princes ; in Holland we held the empery of trade. Ours have been the poets and scholars in Israel. You cannot expect that we should recog- nise your rabble, which prejudices us in the eyes of England. We made the name of Jew honourable ; you degrade it. You are as the mixed multitude which came up with our forefathers out of Egypt."

" Nonsense ! " said Grobstock sharply. " All Israel are brethren."

" Esau was the brother of Israel," answered Manasseh sententiously. " But you will excuse me if I go a-marketing, it is such a pleasure to handle gold." There was a note of wistful pathos in the latter remark which took off the edge of the former, and touched Joseph with compunction for bandying words with a hungry man whose loved ones were probably starving patiently at home.

" Certainly, haste away," he said kindly.

" I shall see you again," said Manasseh, with a valedictory wave of his hand, and digging his staff into the cobblestones he journeyed forwards without bestowing a single backward glance upon his benefactor.

Grobstock's road took him to Petticoat Lane in the wake of Manasseh. He had no intention of following him, but did not see why he should change his route for fear of the Schnorrer, more especially as Manasseh did not look back. By this time he had become conscious again of the bag he carried, but he had no heart to proceed with the fun. He felt conscience stricken, and had recourse to his pockets instead in his progress through the narrow jostling market- street, where he scarcely ever bought anything personally save fish and good deeds. He was a connoisseur in both. To-day he picked up many a good deed cheap, paying


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 CONTENTS


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14 14 THE KING OF SCHNORRERS.

pennies for articles he did not take away — shoe-latchets and cane-strings, barley-sugar and butter-cakes. Suddenly, through a chink in an opaque mass of human beings, he caught sight of a small attractive salmon on a fishmonger's slab. His eye glittered, his chops watered. He elbowed his way to the vendor, whose eye caught a corresponding gleam, and whose finger went to his hat in respectful greeting.

" Good afternoon, Jonathan," said Grobstock jovially, " I'll take that salmon there — how much? "

" Pardon me," said a voice in the crowd, " I am just bar- gaining for it."

Grobstock started. It was the voice of Manasseh.

" Stop that nonsense, da Costa," responded the fish- monger. "You know you won't give me my price. It is the only one I have left," he added, half for the benefit of Grobstock. " I couldn't let it go under a couple of guineas."

" Here's your money," cried Manasseh with passionate contempt, and sent two golden coins spinning musically upon the slab.

In the crowd sensation, in Grobstock's breast astonish- ment, indignation, and bitterness. He was struck momen- tarily dumb. His face purpled. The scales of the salmon shone like a celestial vision that was fading from him by his own stupidity.

"I'll take that salmon, Jonathan," he repeated, splutter- ing. " Three guineas."

" Pardon me," repeated Manasseh, " it is too late. This is not an auction." He seized the fish by the tail.

Grobstock turned upon him, goaded to the point of apoplexy. " You ! " he cried. " You — you — rogue ! How dare you buy salmon ! "

"Rogue yourself!" retorted Manasseh. "Would you have me steal salmon?"


text: Tales and Legends from the Land of the Tzar/Princess Grey-Goose


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Rh "You have stolen my money, knave, rascal!" "Murderer! Shedder of blood! Did you not give me the money as a free-will offering, for the good of your wife's

soul? I call on you before all these witnesses to confess yourself a slanderer!"

"Slanderer, indeed! I repeat, you are a knave and a jackanapes. You—a pauper—a beggar—with a wife and children. How can you have the face to go and spend two


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16 16 THE KING OF SCIIXORRERS.

guineas — two whole guineas — all you have in the world — on a mere luxury like salmon? "

Manasseh elevated his arched eyebrows.

"If I do not buy salmon when I have two guineas," he answered quietly, "when shall I buy salmon? As you say, it is a luxury ; very dear. It is only on rare occasions like this that my means run to it." There was a dignified pathos about the rebuke that mollified the magnate. He felt that there was reason in the beggar's point of view — though it was a point to which he would never himself have risen, unaided. But righteous anger still simmered in him ; he felt vaguely that there was something to be said in reply, though he also felt that even if he knew what it was, it would have to be said in a lower key to correspond with Manasseh's transition from the high pitch of the opening passages. Not finding the requisite repartee he was silent.

" In the name of my wife," went on. Manasseh, swinging the salmon by the tail, " I ask you to clear my good name which you have bespattered in the presence of my very tradesmen. Again I call upon you to confess before these witnesses that you gave me the money yourself in charity. Come ! Do you deny it? "

" No, I don't deny it," murmured Grobstock, unable to understand why he appeared to himself like a whipped cur, or how what should have been a boast had been transformed into an apology to a beggar.

" In the name of my wife, I thank you," said Manasseh. " She loves salmon, and fries with unction. And now, since you have no further use for that bag of yours, I will relieve you of its burden by taking my salmon home in it." He took the canvas bag from the limp grasp of the astonished Tedesco, and dropped the fish in. The head protruded, surveying the scene with a cold, glassy, ironical eye.


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 evidently carefully taken care of, among some coffee plants. It was highly exciting, and I tried to find out about them. It seemed, even in this centre of enterprise, unlikely that they had been brought just "for dandy" from the Australasian region, and I had never yet come across them in my wanderings save on Fernando Po. Unfortunately, my friends thought I wanted them to keep, and shouted for men to bring things and dig them up; so I had a brisk little engagement with the men, driving them from their prey with the point of my umbrella, ejaculating Kor Kor, like an agitated crow. When at last they understood that my interest in the ferns was scientific, not piratical, they called the men off and explained that the ferns had been found among the bush, when it was being cleared for the plantation.

Ultimately, with many bows and most sincere thanks from me, we parted, providentially beyond the geese, and I returned down the road to Njole, where I find Mr. Cockshut waiting outside his factory. He insists on taking me to the Post to see the Administrator, and from there he says I can go on to the Éclaireur from the Post beach, as she will be up there from Dumas'. Off we go up the road which skirts the river bank, a dwarf clay cliff, overgrown with vegetation, save where it is cleared for beaches. The road is short, but exceedingly pretty; on the other side from the river is a steep bank on which is growing a plantation of cacao. Lying out in the centre of the river you see Njole Island, a low, sandy one, timbered not only with bush, but with orange and other fruit trees; for formerly the Post and factories used to be situated on the island—now only their trees remain for various reasons, one being that in the wet season it is a good deal under water. Everything is now situated on the mainland north bank, in a straggling but picturesque line; first comes Woermann's factory, then Hatton and Cookson's, and John Holt's, close together with a beach in common, in a sweetly amicable style for factories, who as a rule firmly stockade themselves off from their next door neighbours. Then Dumas' beach, a little native village, the cacao patch and the Post at the up river end of things European, an end of things European, I am told, for a matter of 500 miles. Immediately beyond the


text:
The Way of the Wild

 * The Way of the Wild (1919), a short story collection by Frank Howard Atkins under the pseudonym F. St. Mars
 * The Way of the Wild (1923), a short story collection by Clarence Hawkes
 * The Way of the Wild (1925), a short story collection by Herbert Ravenel Sass

title: The Way of the Wild


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 CONTENTS


text: Tales and Legends from the Land of the Tzar/The Grey Wolf and the Golden Cassowary


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18 18 THE KING OF SCHNORRERS.

"Good afternoon all," said the Schnorrer courteously.

" One moment," called out the philanthropist, when he found his tongue. "The bag is not empty — there are a number of packets still left in it."

" So much the better ! " said Manasseh soothingly. " You will be saved from the temptation to continue shedding the blood of the poor, and I shall be saved from spending all your bounty upon salmon — an extravagance you were right to deplore."

" But — but ! " began Grobstock.

"No — no ' buts, ' " protested Manasseh, waving his bag deprecatingly. " You were right. You admitted you were wrong before; shall I be less magnanimous now? In the presence of all these witnesses I acknowledge the justice of your rebuke. I ought not to have wasted two guineas on one fish. It was not worth it. Come over here, and I will tell you something." He walked out of earshot of the by- standers, turning down a side alley opposite the stall, and beckoned with his salmon bag. The East India Director had no course but to obey. He would probably have followed him in any case, to have it out with him, but now he had a humiliating sense of being at the Schnorrer 's beck and call.

"Well, what more have you to say?" he demanded gruffly.

"I wish to save you money in future," said the beggar in low, confidential tones. " That Jonathan is a son of the separation ! The salmon is not worth two guineas — no, on my soul ! If you had not come up I should have got it for twenty-five shillings. Jonathan stuck on the price when he thought you would buy. I trust you will not let me be the loser by your arrival, and that if I should find less than seventeen shillings in the bag you will make it up to me."


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19 The bewildered financier felt his grievance disappearing as by sleight of hand.

Manasseh added winningly : " I know you are a gentle- man, capable of behaving as finely as any Sephardi."

This handsome compliment completed the Schnorrer's victory, which was sealed by his saying, " And so I should not like you to have it on your soul that you had done a poor man out of a few shillings."

Grobstock could onlv remark meeklv : " You will find more than seventeen shillings in the bag."

"Ah, why were you born a Tedesco !" cried Manasseh ecstatically. " Do you know what I have a mind to do ? To come and be your Sabbath-guest ! Yes, I will take supper with you next Friday, and we will welcome the Bride

— the holy Sabbath — together ! Never before have I sat at the table of a Tedesco — but vou — vou are a man after my own heart. Your soul is a son of Spain. Next Friday at six — do not forget."

"But — but I do not have Sabbath-guests," faltered Grob- stock.

" Not have Sabbath-guests ! No, no, I will not believe you are of the sons of Belial, whose table is spread only for the rich, who do not proclaim your equality with the poor even once a week. It is your fine nature that would hide its benefactions. Do not I, Manasseh Bueno Barzillai Aze- vedo da Costa, have at my Sabbath-table every week Yan- kele ben Yitzchok — a Pole? And if I have a Tedesco at my table, why should I draw the line there? Why should I not permit you, a Tedesco, to return the hospitality to me, a Sephardi? At six, then ! I know your house well

— it is an elegant building that does credit to your taste

— do not be uneasy — I shall not fail to be punctual. A Dios / "


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20 This time he waved his stick fraternally, and stalked down aturning. For an instant Grobstock stood glued to the spot, crushed by a sense of the inevitable. Then a horrible thought occurred to him.

Easy-going man as he was, he might put up with the visitation of Manasseh. But then he had a wife, and, what was worse, a livery servant. How could he expect a livery servant to tolerate such a guest? He might fly from the town on Friday evening, but that would necessitate trouble-


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21 THE KING OF SCHNORRERS. 21

some explanations. And Manasseh would come again the next Friday. That was certain. Manasseh would be like grim death — his coming, though it might be postponed, was inevitable. Oh, it was too terrible. At all costs he must revoke the invitation ( ?). Placed between Scylla and Charybdis, between Manasseh and his manservant, he felt he could sooner face the former.

" Da Costa ! ' ! he called in agony. " Da Costa ! "

The Schnorrer turned, and then Grobstock found he was mistaken in imagining he preferred to face da Costa.

"You called me?" enquired the beggar.

"Ye — e — s," faltered the East India Director, and stood paralysed.

"What can I do for you?' said Manasseh graciously.

" Would you mind — very much — if I — if I asked you — ; '

"Not to come," was in his throat, but stuck there.

"If you asked me — " said Manasseh encouragingly.

"To accept some of my clothes," flashed Grobstock, with a sudden inspiration. After all, Manasseh was a fine figure of a man. If he could get him to doff those musty garments of his he might almost pass him off as a prince of the blood, foreign by his beard — at any rate he could be certain of making him acceptable to the livery servant. He breathed freely again at this happy solution of the situation.

"Your cast-off clothes?" asked Manasseh. Grobstock was not sure whether the tone was supercilious or eager. He hastened to explain. " No, not quite that. Second- hand things I am still wearing. My old clothes were already given away at Passover to Simeon the Psalms-man. These are comparatively new."

"Then I would beg you to excuse me," said Manasseh, with a stately wave of the bag.


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22 "Oh, but why not?" murmured Grobstock, his blood running cold again.

"I cannot," said Manasseh, shaking his head.

"But they will just about fit you," pleaded the philanthropist.

"That makes it all the more absurd for you to give them to Simeon the Psalms-man," said Manasseh sternly. "Still, since he is your clothes-receiver, I could not think of interfering with his office. It is not etiquette. I am surprised you should ask me if I should mind. Of course I should mind—I should mind very much."

"But he is not my clothes-receiver," protested Grobstock.

"Last Passover was the first time I gave them to him, because my cousin, Hyam Rosenstein, who used to have them, has died."

"But surely he considers himself your cousin's heir," said Manasseh. "He expects all your old clothes henceforth."

"No. I gave him no such promise."

Manasseh hesitated.

"Well, in that case—"

"In that case," repeated Grobstock breathlessly.

"On condition that I am to have the appointment permanently, of course."

"Of course," echoed Grobstock eagerly.

"Because you see," Manasseh condescended to explain, "it hurts one's reputation to lose a client."

"Yes, yes, naturally," said Grobstock soothingly. "I quite understand." Then, feeling himself slipping into future embarrassments, he added timidly, "Of course they will not always be so good as the first lot, because—"

"Say no more," Manasseh interrupted reassuringly, "I will come at once and fetch them."

"No. I will send them," cried Grobstock, horrified afresh.


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23 THE KING OF SCHNORRERS. 23

" I could not dream of permitting it. What ! Shall I put you to all that trouble which should rightly be mine ? I will go at once — the matter shall be settled without delay, I promise you ; as it is written, ' I made haste and delayed not ! ' Follow me ! " Grobstock suppressed a groan. Here had all his manoeuvring landed him in a worse plight than ever. He would have to present Manasseh to the livery servant without even that clean face which might not un- reasonably have been expected for the Sabbath. Despite the text quoted by the erudite Schnorrer, he strove to put off the evil hour.

" Had you not better take the salmon home to your wife first?'* said he.

" My duty is to enable you to complete your good deed at once. My wife is unaware of the salmon. She is in no suspense."

Even as the Schnorrer spake it flashed upon Grobstock that Manasseh was more presentable with the salmon than without it — in fact, that the salmon was the salvation of the situation. When Grobstock bought fish he often hired a man to carry home the spoil. Manasseh would have all the air of such a loafer. Who would suspect that the fish and even the bag belonged to the porter, though purchased with the gentleman's money? Grobstock silently thanked Provi- dence for the ingenious way in which it had contrived to save his self-respect. As a mere fish-carrier Manasseh would attract no second glance from the household ; once safely in, it would be comparatively easy to smuggle him out, and when he did come on Friday night it would be in the meta- morphosing glories of a body-coat, with his unspeakable undergarment turned into a shirt and his turban knocked into a cocked hat.

They emerged into Aldgate, and then turned down Leman


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JP/pt 57 (Mr. Abulhasan, Kuwait) At this time we are expecting the continued close and sincere co-operation of the Council and the entire international community to implement the resolution as a whole. The resolution addresses an abnormal situation. Therefore, its implementation must be guaranteed in a way that demonstrates solidarity and a collective spirit.

May God assist and support the Council.

The President: There are no further speakers on my list. The Security Council has thus concluded the present stage of its consideration of the item on its agenda.

The meeting rose at 3.45 p.m.


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24 Street, a fashionable quarter, and so into Great Prescott Street. At the critical street corner Grobstock's composure began to desert him: he took out his handsomely ornamented

snuff-box and administered to himself a mighty pinch. It did him good, and he walked on and was well nigh arrived at his own door when Manasseh suddenly caught him by a coat button.

"Stand still a second," he cried imperatively.


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25 THE KING OF SCHNORRERS. 25

"What is it? " murmured Grobstock, in alarm.

" You have spilt snuff all down your coat front," Manasseh replied severely. " Hold the bag a moment while I brush it off."

Joseph obeyed, and Manasseh scrupulously removed every particle with such patience that Grobstock's was exhausted.

"Thank you," he said at last, as politely as he could. "That will do."

" No, it will not do," replied Manasseh. "I cannot have my coat spoiled. By the time it comes to me it will be a mass of stains if I don't look after it."

"Oh, is that why you took so much trouble?" said Grobstock, with an uneasy laugh.

" Why else ? Do you take me for a beadle, a brusher of gaiters? " enquired Manasseh haughtily. "There now! that is the cleanest I can get it. You would escape these droppings if you held your snuff-box so — " Manasseh gently took the snuff-box and began to explain, walking on a few paces.

"Ah, we are at home!" he cried, breaking off the object-lesson suddenly. He pushed open the gate, ran up the steps of the mansion and knocked thunderously, then snuffed himself magnificently from the bejewelled snuff-box.

Behind came Joseph Grobstock, slouching limply, and carrying Manasseh da Costa's fish.


text: Tales and Legends from the Land of the Tzar/Starveling


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26 26 THE KING OF SCHNORRERS.

CHAPTER II.

SHOWING HOW THE KING REIGNED.

When he realised that he had been turned into a fish- porter, the financier hastened up the steps so as to be at the Schnorrer's side when the door opened.

The livery-servant was visibly taken aback by the spectacle of their juxtaposition.

"This salmon to the cook ! " cried Grobstock desperately, handing him the bag.

Da Costa looked thunders, and was about to speak, but Grobstock's eye sought his in frantic appeal. " Wait a minute ; I will settle with you," he cried, congratulating himself on a phrase that would carry another meaning to Wilkinson's ears. He drew a breath of relief when the flunkey disappeared, and left them standing in the spacious hall with its statues and plants.

" Is this the way you steal my salmon, after all ? " demanded da Costa hotly.

" Hush, hush ! -I didn't mean to steal it ! I will pay you for it ! "

" I refuse to sell ! You coveted it from the first — you have broken the Tenth Commandment, even as these stone figures violate the Second. Your invitation to me to accom- pany you here at once was a mere trick. Now I understand why you were so eager."

" No, no, da Costa. Seeing that you placed the fish in my hands, I had no option but to give it to Wilkinson, because — because — " Grobstock would have had some difficulty in explaining, but Manasseh saved him the pain.

" You had to give my fish to Wilkinson ! " he interrupted.


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Rh "Sir, I thought you were a fine man, a man of honour. I admit that I placed my fish in your hands. But because I

had no hesitation in allowing you to carry it, this is how you repay my confidence!"

In the whirl of his thoughts Grobstock grasped at the word "repay" as a swimmer in a whirlpool grasps at a straw.


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28 28 THE KING OF SCHNORRERS.

" I will repay your money ! " he cried. " Here are your two guineas. You will get another salmon, and more cheaply. As you pointed out, you could have got this for twenty-five shillings."

" Two guineas ! " ejaculated Manasseh contemptuously. " Why you offered Jonathan, the fishmonger, three ! "

Grobstock was astounded, but it was beneath him to bar- gain. And he remembered that, after all, he would enjoy the salmon.

" Well, here are three guineas," he said pacifically, offer- ing them.

"Three guineas!" echoed Manasseh, spurning them. "And what of my profit?"

" Profit ! " gasped Grobstock.

" Since you have made me a middle-man, since you have forced me into the fish trade, I must have my profits like anybody else."

" Here is a crown extra ! "

" And my compensation? "

"What do you mean? " enquired Grobstock, exasperated. " Compensation for what? "

" For what? For two things at the very least," Manasseh said unswervingly. " In the first place," and as he began his logically divided reply his tone assumed the sing-song sacred to Talmudical dialectics, " compensation for not eating the salmon myself. For it is not as if I offered it you — I merely entrusted it to you, and it is ordained in Exodus that if a man shall deliver unto his neighbour an ass, or an ox, or a sheep, or any beast to keep, then for every matter of trespass, whether it be for ox, for ass, for sheep, for raiment, or for any manner of lost thing, the man shall receive double, and therefore you should pay me six guineas. And secondly

11


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29 THE KING OF SCHNOKKERS. 29

<(

Not another farthing ! " spluttered Grobstock, red as a turkey-cock.

"Very well," said the Schnorrer imperturbably, and, lifting up his voice, he called " Wilkinson ! "

" Hush ! " commanded Grobstock. " What are you doing? "

" I will tell Wilkinson to bring back my property."

"Wilkinson will not obey you."

" Not obey me / A servant ! Why he is not even black ! All the Sephardim I visit have black pages — much grander than Wilkinson — and they tremble at my nod. At Baron D'Aguilar's mansion in Broad Street Buildings there is a retinue of twenty- four servants, and they — "

" And what is your second claim ? "

" Compensation for being degraded to fishmongering. I am not of those who sell things in the streets. I am a son of the Law, a student of the Talmud."

" If a crown piece will satisfy each of these claims — "

"I am not a blood-sucker — as it is said in the Talmud, Tractate Passover, ' God loves the man who gives not way to wrath nor stickles for his rights ' — that makes altogether three guineas and three crowns."

"Yes. Here they are."

Wilkinson reappeared. "You called me, sir?" he said.

"No, / called you," said Manasseh, "I wished to give you a crown."

And he handed him one of the three. Wilkinson took it, stupefied, and retired.

"Did I not get rid of him cleverly?" said Manasseh. "You see how he obeys me ! "

"Ye-es."

" I shall not ask you for more than the bare crown I gave him to save your honour."


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30 30 THE KING OF SCHNORRERS.

"To save my honour ! "

" Would you have had me tell him the real reason I called him was that his master was a thief? No, sir, I was careful not to shed your blood in public, though you had no such care for mine."

" Here is the crown ! " said Grobstock savagely. " Nay, here are three ! " He turned out his breeches-pockets to exhibit their absolute nudity.

" No, no," said Manasseh mildly, " I shall take but two. You had best keep the other — you may want a little silver." He pressed it into the magnate's hand.

"You should not be so prodigal in future," he added, in kindly reproach. " It is bad to be left with nothing in one's pocket — I know the feeling, and can sympathise with you." Grobstock stood speechless, clasping the crown of charity.

Standing thus at the hall door, he had the air of Wilkin- son, surprised by a too generous vail.

Da Costa cut short the crisis by offering his host a pinch from the jewel-crusted snuff-box. Grobstock greedily took the whole box, the beggar resigning it to him without pro- test. In his gratitude for this unexpected favour, Grobstock pocketed the silver insult without further ado, and led the way towards the second-hand clothes. He walked gingerly, so as not to awaken his wife, who was a great amateur ot the siesta, and might issue suddenly from her apartment like a spider, but Manasseh stolidly thumped on the stairs with his staff. Happily the carpet was thick.

The clothes hung in a mahogany wardrobe with a plate- glass front in Grobstock's elegantly appointed bedchamber.

Grobstock rummaged among them while Manasseh, parting the white Persian curtains lined with pale pink, gazed out of the window towards the Tenterground that stretched in the rear of the mansion. Leaning on his staff,


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Rh he watched the couples promenading among the sunlit parterres and amid the shrubberies, in the cool freshness of declining day. Here and there the vivid face of a dark-eyed beauty gleamed like a passion-flower. Manasseh surveyed the scene with bland benevolence; at peace with God and man.

He did not deign to bestow a glance upon the garments till Grobstock observed: "There! I think that's all I can spare." Then he turned leisurely and regarded—with the same benign aspect —the litter Grobstock had spread the bed—a medley of articles in excellent condition, gorgeous neckerchiefs piled in three-cornered hats, and buckled shoes trampling on white waistcoats. But his eye had scarcely rested on them a quarter of a minute when a sudden flash came into it, and a spasm crossed his face.


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32 32 THE KING OF SCHNORRERS.

" Excuse me ! " he cried, and hastened towards the door.

"What's the matter? " exclaimed Grobstock, in astonished apprehension. Was his gift to be flouted thus ?

" I'll be back in a moment," said Manasseh, and hurried down the stairs.

Relieved on one point, Grobstock was still full of vague alarms. He ran out on the landing. " What do you want ? " he called down as loudly as he dared.

" My money ! " said Manasseh.

Imagining that the Schnorrer had left the proceeds of the sale of the salmon in the hall, Joseph Grobstock returned to his room, and occupied himself half-mechanically in sort- ing the garments he had thrown higgledy-piggledy upon the bed. In so doing he espied amid the heap a pair of panta- loons entirely new and unworn which he had carelessly thrown in. It was while replacing this in the wardrobe that he heard sounds of objurgation. The cook's voice — Hiber- nian and high-pitched — travelled unmistakably to his ears, and brought fresh trepidation to his heart. He repaired to the landing again, and craned his neck over the balustrade. Happily the sounds were evanescent ; in another minute Manasseh's head reappeared, mounting. When his left hand came in sight, Grobstock perceived it was grasping the lucky-bag with which a certain philanthropist had started out so joyously that afternoon. The unlucky-bag he felt inclined to dub it now.

" I have recovered it ! " observed the Schnorrer cheer- fully. " As it is written, ' And David recovered all that the Amalekites had taken.' You see in the excitement of the moment I did not notice that you had stolen my packets of silver as well as my salmon. Luckily your cook had not yet removed the fish from the bag — I chid her all the same for neglecting to put it into water, and she opened her


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33 THE KING OF SCHNORRERS. 33

mouth not in wisdom. If she had not been a heathen I should have suspected her of trickery, for I knew nothing of the amount of money in the bag, saving your assurance that it did not fall below seventeen shillings, and it would have been easy for her to replace the fish. Therefore, in the words of David, will I give thanks unto Thee, O Lord, among the heathen."

The mental vision of the irruption of Manasseh into the kitchen was not pleasant to Grobstock. However, he only murmured : " How came you to think of it so suddenly? "

" Looking at your clothes reminded me. I was wonder- ing if you had left anything in the pockets."

The donor started — he knew himself a careless rascal — and made as if he would overhaul his garments. The glitter in Manasseh's eye petrified him.

"Do you — do you — mind my looking? " he stammered apologetically.

"Am I a dog?" quoted the ScJmorrer with dignity. "Am I a thief that you should go over my pockets? If, when I get home," he conceded, commencing to draw dis- tinctions with his thumb, " I should find anything in my pockets that is of no value to anybody but you, do you fear I will not return it? If, on the other hand, I find anything that is of value to me, do you fear I will not keep it?"

"No, but — but — " Grobstock broke down, scarcely grasping the argumentation despite his own clarity of finan- cial insight ; he only felt vaguely that the Schnorrer was — professionally enough — begging the question.

" But what? " enquired Manasseh. " Surely you need not me to teach you your duty. You cannot be ignorant of the Law of Moses on the point."

"The Law of Moses says nothing on the point ! "

" Indeed ! What says Deuteronomy ? ' When thou reap-


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34 34 THE KING OF SCIIXORRERS.

est thine harvest in thy field, and hast forgot a sheaf in the field, thou shalt not go again to fetch it : it shall be for the stranger, for the fatherless, and for the widow.' Is it not further forbidden to go over the boughs of thy olive-tree again, or to gather the fallen fruit of thy vineyard? You will admit that Moses would have added a prohibition against searching minutely the pockets of cast-off garments, were it not that for forty years our ancestors had to wander in the wilderness in the same clothes, which miraculously waxed with their growth. No, I feel sure you will respect the spirit of the law, for when I went down into your kitchen and examined the door-post to see if you had nailed up a mezuzah upon it, knowing that many Jews only flaunt mezu- za/is on door-posts visible to visitors, it rejoiced me to find one below stairs."

Grobstock's magnanimity responded to the appeal. It would be indeed petty to scrutinise his pockets, or to feel the linings for odd coins. After all he had Manasseh's promise to restore papers and everything of no value.

" Well, well," he said pleasantly, consoled by the thought his troubles had now come to an end — for that day at least — " take them away as they are."

" It is all very well to say take them away," replied Manasseh, with a touch of resentment, " but what am I to take them in? "

" Oh — ah — yes ! There must be a sack somewhere — "

"And do you think I would carry them away in a sack? Would you have me look like an old clo' man? I must have a box. I see several in the box-room."

"Very well," said Grobstock resignedly. "If there's an empty one you may have it."

Manasseh laid his stick on the dressing-table and carefully examined the boxes, some of which were carelessly open,


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Rh while every lock had a key sticking in it. They had travelled far and wide with Grobstock, who invariably combined pleasure with business.

"There is none quite empty," announced the Schnorrer, "but in this one there are only a few trifles—a pair of

galligaskins and such like—so that if you make me a present of them the box will be empty, so far as you are concerned."

"All right," said Grobstock, and actually laughed. The nearer the departure of the Schnorrer, the higher his spirits rose.

Manasseh dragged the box towards the bed, and then for


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36 36 THE KING OF SCHNORRERS.

the first time since his return from the under-regions, sur- veyed the medley of garments upon it.

The light-hearted philanthropist, watching his face, saw it instantly change to darkness, like a tropical landscape. His own face grew white. The Schnorrer uttered an inarticulate cry, and turned a strange, questioning glance upon his patron.

"What is it now? " faltered Grobstock.

" I miss a pair of pantaloons ! "

Grobstock grew whiter. " Nonsense ! nonsense ! " he muttered.

" I — miss — a — pair — of — pantaloons ! " reiterated the Schnorrer deliberately.

"Oh, no — you have all I can spare there," said Grob- stock uneasily. The Schnorrer hastily turned over the heap.

Then his eye flashed fire ; he banged his fist on the dressing-table to accompany each staccato syllable.

"I — miss — a — pair — of — pan — ta — loons ! " he shrieked.

The weak and ductile donor had a bad quarter of a minute.

" Perhaps," he stammered at last, " you — m — mean — the new pair I found had got accidentally mixed up with them."

" Of course I mean the new pair ! And so you took them away ! Just because I wasn't looking. I left the room, thinking I had to do with a man of honour. If you had taken an old pair I shouldn't have minded so much ; but to rob a poor man of his brand-new breeches ! "

" I must have them," cried Grobstock irascibly. " I have to go to a reception to-morrow, and they are the only pair I shall have to wear. You see I — "


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38 "Oh, very well," interrupted the Schnorrer, in low, indifferent tones.

After that there was a dead silence. The Schnorrer majestically folded some silk stockings and laid them in the box. Upon them he packed other garments in stern, sorrowful hauteur. Grobstock's soul began to tingle with pricks of compunction. Da Costa completed his task, but could not shut the overcrowded box. Grobstock silently seated his weighty person upon the lid. Manasseh neither resented nor welcomed him. When he had turned the key he mutely tilted the sitter off the box and shouldered it with consummate ease. Then he took his staff and strode from the room. Grobstock would have followed him, but the Schnorrer waved him back.

"On Friday, then," the conscience-stricken magnate said feebly.

Manasseh did not reply; he slammed the door instead, shutting in the master of the house.

Grobstock fell back on the bed exhausted, looking not unlike the tumbled litter of clothes he replaced. In a minute or two he raised himself and went to the window, and stood watching the sun set behind the trees of the


text: Tales and Legends from the Land of the Tzar/King Vladimir and the Skeleton


text: United Nations Security Council Meeting 2933


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 Note on the name Kuala Lumpur.

Kuala Lumpur is generally assumed to be a descriptive title— 'Muddy Mouth'—but the use of a descriptive epithet to qualify the word Kuala is so unusual, that one frequently hears ingenious explanations put forward to account for it in this instance.

Kuala in place names is commonly qualified by the name of the river or tributary which debouches at that point into the sea or a main river; Kuala Perak for instance or Kuala Kubu. If one met a Kuala Merah it would naturally be the name of a place where a Sungei Merah flowed into some larger river. I do not think it would occur to Malays to speak of a place as Kuala Merah because the water there had a red tinge.

Some old residents of Kuala Lumpur have even gone the length of suggesting that a small stream known as the Sungei Lumpur once flowed into the Klang where the Selangor Government offices now stand. If so the name Kuala Lumpur would be quite natural; but I much doubt there being any historical basis for this hypothesis.

An old Malay who worked for me in Kuala Langat used to speak of Kuala Lumpur as Pengkalen Lumpur and I have once or twice questioned Malays on the subject who said that old-fashioned people used that name for the place. It is to be noted, moreover, that the town of Klang was formerly known as Pengkalen Batu; a name by which it is still considered good form to describe the place in full dress writing.

At a time when there were only two settlements on the Klang river it appears probable enough that one should be called Pengkalen Balu and the other Pengkalen Lumpur, The place up stream, however, was from the first almost exclusively a Chinese settlement and anyone who has heard Chinese residents of places like Pengkalen Durian or Pengkalen Kempas refer to these places will agree that 'Kalen Lumpur is about as near an approximation to the correct form as they would be at all likely to attain.

I suggest that this is possibly the origin of the name. The transition, by a false analogy, to Kuala Lumpur would be tempting to people much more accustomed to Malay place names beginning with a Kuala than with a Pengkalen; and at a time when the 'tulisan Roman' was an undiscovered art there would be few obstacles to the mistaken version becoming stereotyped. No large or indigenous Malay element existed in the population to correct such tendency.


text: Tales and Legends from the Land of the Tzar/The Quick Runner


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 Post is a little river falling into the Ogowé, and on its further bank a small village belonging to a chief, who, hearing of the glories of the Government, came down like the Queen of Sheba—in intention, I mean, not personal appearance—to see it, and so charmed has he been that here he stays to gaze on it.

Although Mr. Cockshut hunted the Administrator of the Ogowé out of his bath, that gentleman is exceedingly amiable and charming, all the more so to me for speaking good English. Personally, he is big, handsome, exuberant, and energetic. He shows me round with a gracious enthusiasm, all manner of things—big gorilla teeth and heads, native spears and brass-nail-ornamented guns; and explains, while we are in his study, that the little model canoe full of Kola nuts is the supply of Kola to enable him to sit up all night and work. Then he takes us outside to see the new hospital which he, in his capacity as Administrator, during the absence of the professional Administrator on leave in France, has granted to himself in his capacity as Doctor; and he shows us the captive chief and headman from Samba busily quarrying a clay cliff behind it so as to enlarge the governmental plateau, and the ex-ministers of the ex-King of Dahomey, who are deported to Njole, and apparently comfortable and employed in various non-menial occupations. Then we go down the little avenue of cacao trees in full bearing, and away to the left to where there is now an encampment of Adoomas, who have come down as a convoy from Franceville, and are going back with another under the command of our vivacious fellow passenger, who, I grieve to see, will have a rough time of it in the way of accommodation in those narrow, shallow canoes which are lying with their noses tied to the bank, and no other white man to talk to. What a blessing he will be conversationally to Franceville when he gets in. The Adooma encampment is very picturesque, for they have got their bright-coloured chintz mosquito-bars erected as tents.

Dr. Pélessier then insists on banging down monkey bread-fruit with a stick, to show me their inside. Of course they burst over his beautiful white clothes. I said they would, but men will be men. Then we go and stand under the two


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 CONTENTS


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 CONTENTS


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 CONTENTS.


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نرچڤ دسيڠاڤورا دغڤة چڤ سيدڠ ميتوديس

يڠ دهولو دسبوة

امريكن ميشين ڤريس

1915


text: Tales and Legends from the Land of the Tzar/Honesty and Dishonesty


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 lovely odeaka trees that make a triumphal-arch-like gateway to the Post's beach from the river, and the doctor discourses in a most interesting way on all sorts of subjects. We go on waiting for the Éclaireur, who, although it is past four o'clock, is still down at Dumas' beach. I feel nearly frantic at detaining the Doctor, but neither he nor Mr. Cockshut seem in the least hurry. But at last I can stand it no longer. The vision of the Administrator of the Ogowé, worn out, but chewing Kola nut to keep himself awake all night while he finishes his papers to go down on the Éclaireur to-morrow morning, is too painful; so I say I will walk back to Dumas' and go on the Éclaireur there, and try to liberate the Administrator from his present engagements, so that he may go back and work. No good! He will come down to Dumas' with Mr. Cockshut and me. Off we go, and just exactly as we are getting on to Dumas' beach, off starts the Éclaireur with a shriek for the Post beach. So I say good-bye to Mr. Cockshut, and go back to the Post with Dr. Pélessier, and he sees me on board, and to my immense relief he stays on board a good hour and a half, talking to other people, so it is not on my head if he is up all night.

June 25th.—Éclaireur has to wait for the Administrator until ten, because he has not done his mails. At ten he comes on board like an amiable tornado, for he himself is going to Cape Lopez. I am grieved to see them carrying on board, too, a French official very ill with fever. He is the engineer of the cannonier, and they are taking him down to Cape Lopez, where they hope to get a ship to take him up to Gaboon, and to the hospital on the Minervé. I heard subsequently that the poor fellow died about forty hours after leaving Njole at Achyouka in Kama country.

We get away at last, and run rapidly down river, helped by the terrific current. The Éclaireur has to call at Talagouga for planks from M. Gacon's sawmill. As soon as we are past the tail of Talagouga Island, the Éclaireur ties her whistle string to a stanchion, and goes off into a series of screaming fits, as only she can. What she wants is to get M. Forget or M. Gacon, or better still both, out in their canoes with the wood waiting for her, because "she cannot anchor in the depth,"


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 Hikayat Sri Rama. Introduction to the Text of the M.S. in the Bodleian Library at Oxford. BY W. G. SHELLABEAR, D.D. Extracts from a Malay text of the Hikayat Sri Rama were first published in 1812 by Marsden, in his "Malayan Grammar," the work being described by him as "the Malayan version or para- phrase of the Ramayana." In 1843 Roorda van Eysinga published at Amsterdam a quarto edition of the Malay story, describing it as "a translation of the original Sanskrit by Valmie." Three years later, however, it was pointed out in the Journal Asiatique of 1846. 4th Series, Vol. 7, page 425, that the Malay Hikayat Sri Rama is not in any sense a translation from the original Sanskrit, but is really a distinct work, though dealing with the same characters and following for the most part the narrative of the great Hindu epic. The complete text, which is given in No. 71 of this Journal, is reproduced, as closely as can be done by letterpress printing, from the manuscript in the Bodleian Library, which has already been described in a previous number of this Journal (J. R. A. S. Straits Branch, No. 31. This manuscript was acquired by Arch- bishop Laud in the year 1633, as stated in the footnote on page 1 of the text, and is therefore probably not less than three hundred years old. The spelling of such a very old MS. (probably the oldest Malay book in existence), is of great interest to students of the language, and has therefore been faithfully reproduced, even pal- pable errors of the copyist have not been corrected. In order to make possible a comparison of the story in the Malay Sri Rama with that of the Sanskrit Ramayana, it has been thought best to give first a brief summary of the seven Books of the great poem, with notes showing some of the principle variations in the Malay text, after which a more detailed Analysis of the Malay Hikayat Sri Rama is given. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE RAMAYANA OF VALMIKI. The original poem in the Sanskrit language, known as the Ramayana, consists of seven Books, the last of which is generally admitted to be a later addition. Incidents from every one of these seven Books are to be found in the Malay work.


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 182 HIKAYAT SRI RAMA. BOOK I. The first four chapters of Book I of the Sanskrit poem are introductory, describing how the poet Valmiki was led to write the Ramayana, and giving a summary of the contents of the entire work, and the appointment of rhapsodists to sing the poem at assemblies. Nothing from these four chapters is to be found in the Malay work. In the fifth chapter the poem opens with a de- scription of Ayodhya or Oude, capital of the kingdom of Kosala,¹ over which King Dasaratha, Rama's father, ruled. Dasaratha's three wives, Kausalya, Sumitra, and Kaikeyi, had borne him no son, he therefore makes a great Horse-sacrifice, which is so success- ful that the gods promise four sons to the king.2 In the 14th chapter of Book I, the gods, under the leadership of Indra, petition Brahma, the creator, to destroy Ravana, the king of the giant demons (rakshasa), who can only be killed by mankind. Vishnu joins the conclave, and promises to take the form of a man in order to kill Ravana. In chapter 15, a supernatural being, as tall as a mountain, appears at the Horse-sacrifice, and presents a cup of nectar for the wives of King Dasaratha to drink, half of which is given to Kausalya, the mother of Rama, the other half being di- vided between Sumitra, who bears two sons, Lakshmana and Satrughna, and Kaikeyi, who becomes the mother of Bharata. In chapter, 20, a hermit named Visvamitra comes to Dasaratha and requests that Rama, then a mere youth, should go to his hermitage to protect him and other devotees against the rakshasas. The story 1 In the Malay texts the name of Dasaratha's kingdom is given as Mandu Puri Nagara or Madu Pura Nagara. 2 Roorda van Eysinga's text commences with the story of King Dasa- rata. The Bodleian text has a long introduction dealing with the history of Ravana and the Raksasas, Dasarata's story beginning on page 51 of our text. In both Malay texts the king Dasarata is introduced as being in search of a suitable place to build a city, and finds a beautiful maiden in a magie clump of bamboo, which could only be cut down by the king's own sword; he marries the maiden, and calls her Mandu Dari, and also takes as his wife a concubine named Balia Dari, who saved him from a fall in the marriage procession. Having no children, the king applies to an ascetic (maharisi), who gives him four bezoar stones (guliga), of which he gives two to Mandu Dari and two to Balia Dari, with the result that the former bears him Sri Rama and Laksamana, and the latter Bardan and Chitradan. 3 In the Bodleian text there is no allusion whatever to the sacrifice, but in the analysis of Roorda van Eysinga's Sri Rama, given in the Journal Asiatique, we find the following: "Some time after he was established in his new capital, called Mandu Puri Nagara, Dasarata offers a sacrifice to the gods in order to have children, during which a raksasa in the form of a crow, Gagak Suara, grandfather of Ravana, the king of the raksasas, carries off a portion of the consecrated rice, destined to cause the wives of Dasarata to bear children. The maharisi or anchorite, who offers the sacri- fice, pronounces the following curse on Gagak Suara, which we shall see later came true: Thou shalt be killed by the son of Dasarata, and may whoever eats this rice have a daughter, who shall become the wife of Dasa- rata's son. Nevertheless Gagak carries the rice to Ravana, who eats it in the hope of having a son who might dominate the entire world."


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 HIKAYAT SRI RAMA. of the journey, the destruction of a giantess (rakshasi) named Tadaka, and other exploits, is continued in subsequent chapters. Visvamitra hears that Janaka, king of Mithila, proposes to give his daughter Sita in marriage to anyone who can string the bow of Siva, and suggests that he should take Rama and Lakshmana with him. Rama with a single arm raises the ponderous bow, and in stringing it snaps it asunder. He is rewarded with the hand of Sita. King Dasaratha is summoned to the wedding, and brings his other two sons with him, and brides are provided not only for Rama, but also for all his brothers. On the way back to Ayodhya, Rama is challenged by Parasu Rama, a former incarnation of Vishnu; Rama hurls an arrow and destroys the fruit of his asceticism, but spares his life, remembering that he was a Brahman. The word Sita means "a furrow," and it is stated that she was not born of a woman, as explained in the following lines taken from Griffith's metrical Translation of chapter 66, Book I, where King Janaka says: 183 Once, as it chanced, I ploughed the ground, When sudden, 'neath the share was found An infant springing from the earth, Named Sita from her secret birth.+ BOOK II. At the beginning of the second Book we have the account of the preparations made at Ayodhya for the ceremony of inaugurat- ing Rama as Heir Apparent. The day is fixed, and the people are filled with joy, because they love the hero and his beautiful wife, when suddenly a humpbacked female slave of the queen Kaikeyi, seeing the stir from the palace roof and learning the object of the preparations, rushes down to her mistress, and persuades her to claim that Bharata be installed as the heir in place of Rama. Kai- keyi reminds King Dasaratha that formerly, when he was wounded in battle, she had watched by his beside, and the king had promised her that Bharata should be the heir, and that Rama should be banished for fourteen years to the forest of Dandaka as a devotee (tapasa). The king feels that he is bound to keep his promise. Rama's mother is heart-broken, and Lakshmana urges Rama to rebel, but the hero is unmoved. He thinks only of his duty to his father. He comforts his mother, and begs her to stay and care for 4 The Malay story of the birth of Sita, both in our text and in that of Roorda van Eysinga, makes her to be a daughter of King Dasarata, born in Ravana's palace, but thrown by him into the sea in an iron coffin, and picked up by Maharisi Kala, who came some years later to invite Dasa- rata's sons to compete for Sita's hand by attempting to shoot a single arrow through a row of forty palm trees. Sri Rama, having previously killed a giantess named Jagina, and destroyed a rhinoceros and a dragon, arrives at Durata Purwa, where Maharisi Kala lives, and pierces the forty palm trees at a single shot, thus winning the hand of Sita. On his way back, Sri Rama is attacked, out of jealousy, by four of the other princes who had taken part in the contest; two are killed, and the lives of the other two are spared on their doing homage to Sri Rama. R. A. Soc., No. 70. 1917.


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 "nor can she turn round," and "backing plays the mischief with any ship's engines," and "she can't hold her own against the current," and—then Captain Verdier says things I won't repeat, and throws his weight passionately on the whistle string, for we are in sight of the narrow gorge of Talagouga, with the Mission Station apparently slumbering in the sun. This puts the Éclaireur in an awful temper. She goes down towards it as near as she dare, and then frisks round again, and runs up river a little way and drops down again, in violent hysterics the whole time. Soon M. Gacon comes along among the trees on the bank, and laughs at her. A rope is thrown to him, and the panting Éclaireur tied up to a tree close in to the bank, for the water is deep enough here to moor a liner in, only there are a good many rocks. In a few minutes M. Forget and several canoe loads of beautiful red-brown mahogany planks are on board, and things being finished, I say good-bye to the captain, and go off with M. Forget in a canoe, to the shore.