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 thoe Writers who profes to dicloe the Revolutions of Countries, than to imitate the painful and voluminous Hitorian, who to preerve the Regularity of his Series thinks himelf obliged to fill up as much Paper with the Detail of Months and Years in which nothing remarkable happened, as he employs upon thoe notable Æras when the greatet Scenes have been tranacted on the human Stage.

Such Hitories as thee do, in reality, very much reemble a News-Paper, which conits of jut the ame Number of Words, whether there be any News in it or not. They may likewie be compared to a Stage-Coach, which performs contantly the fame Coure, empty as well as full. The Writer, indeed, eems to think himelf obliged to keep even Pace with Time, whoe Amanuenis he is; and, like his Mater, travels as lowly through Centuries of monkih Dulnes, when the World eems to have been aleep, as through that bright and buy Age o nobly ditinguihed by the excellent Latin Poet.

“Ad confligendum cenientibus undique pœnis; Omnia cum belli trepido concua tumultu


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Adams v. Illinois/Dissent Douglas

MR. JUSTICE DOUGLAS, with whom MR. JUSTICE MARSHALL concurs, dissenting.

Until Linkletter v. Walker, 381 U.S. 618 (1965), the Court traditionally applied new constitutional criminal procedure standards to cases finalized and police practices operative before the promulgation of the new rules. Linkletter, however, was the cradle of a new doctrine of nonretroactivity which exempts from relief the earlier victims of unconstitutional police practices. I have disagreed on numerous occasions with applications of various brands of this doctrine and I continue my dissent in this case. My own view is that even-handed justice requires either prospectivity only or complete [p287] retroactivity. To me there is something inherently invidious as Mr. Justice Harlan phrased it, in "[s]imply fishing one case from the stream of appellate review, using it as a vehicle for pronouncing new constitutional standards, and then permitting a stream of similar cases subsequently to flow by unaffected by that new rule..." Mackey v. United States, 401 U.S. 667, 679 (1971) (separate opinion). I agree with his critique, id., at 695, that the purported distinction between those rules that are designed to improve the factfinding process and those designed to further other values was "inherently intractable" and to illustrate his point he adverted to the Court's difficulty in reconciling with its rule such nonretroactivity cases as Johnson v. New Jersey, 384 U.S. 719 (1966); Stovall v. Denno, 388 U.S. 293 (1967), and DeStefano v. Woods, 392 U.S. 631 (1968), all of which held nonretroactive decisions designed, in part, to enhance the integrity of the factfinding process. He also questioned the workability of any rule which requires a guess as to "whether a particular decision has really announced a 'new' rule at all or whether it has simply applied a well-established constitutional principle." Mackey v. United States, supra, at 695; Desist v. United States, 394 U.S. 244, 263 (1969). For example, as I suggest infra, at 293-295, a serious question arises in this case whether Coleman v. Alabama, 399 U.S. 1 (1970), should have been fully anticipated by state judicial authorities.

[p288] Additionally, is is curious that the plurality rule is sensitive to "reasonable reliance" on prior standards by law enforcement agencies but is unconcerned about the [p289] unfairness of arbitrarily granting relief to Coleman but denying it to Adams.

Given my disagreement with the plurality's rule, I am reluctant even to attempt to apply it, but even by its own [p290] terms, the balancing approach would appear to require that we hold Coleman retroactive. This conclusion reinforces my fear that the process is too imprecise as a neutral guide for either this Court or the lower courts and will invariably permit retroactivity decisions to turn on predilections, not principles.

I
In applying the rule, I am first troubled by the plurality's adoption of the finding of the court below that: "On [the] scale of probabilities, we judge that the lack of counsel at a preliminary hearing involves less danger to 'the integrity of the truth-determining process at trial' than the omission of counsel at the trial itself or on appeal." Ante, at 282-283. The same might have been said of the right to counsel at sentencing, Mempa [p291] v. Rhay, 389 U.S. 128 (1967), at certain arraignments, Hamilton v. Alabama, 368 U.S. 52 (1961), or at preliminary hearings where guilty pleas were taken, White v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 59 (1963), all of which have been held retroactive.

Rather than reaching for these analogies, however, the plurality suggests that the danger to the integrity of the truth-determining process is no greater here than at a pretrial lineup or at an interrogation conducted without counsel. In relying on these analogies, the plurality gives short shrift to the argument that "in practice [the preliminary] hearing may provide the defense with the most valuable discovery technique available to him," Wheeler v. Flood, 269 F. Supp. 194, 198 (EDNY 1967), an objective which is not so readily achievable at lineups and interrogations at which counsel serves only a protective function. The State's access to superior investigative resources and its ability to keep its case secret until trial normally puts the defendant at a clear disadvantage. [p292] In light of this disparity, one important service the preliminary hearing performs is to permit counsel to penetrate the evidence offered by the prosecution at the hearing, to test its strengths and weaknesses (without the presence of a jury), to learn the names and addresses of witnesses, to focus upon the key factual issues in the upcoming trial, and to preserve testimony for impeachment purposes. The alternative discovery techniques suggested now by the plurality are puny in comparison. A bill of particulars can usually reach only prosecution witnesses' names, and it may be cold comfort to defense counsel to learn that he can obtain pretrial statements of prosecution witnesses inasmuch as such statements are often prepared from the State's viewpoint and have not been subjected to cross-examination. And in many States such statements are not discoverable.

Finally, when read in light of Coleman's exaltation of the virtues of counseled preliminary hearings, the present language of the plurality may lend itself to a "credibility gap" between it and those involved in the administration of the criminal process. "Plainly," said the Coleman Court, "the guiding hand of counsel at the preliminary hearing is essential to protect the indigent accused against an erroneous or improper prosecution," Coleman v. Alabama, supra, at 9, and: "The inability of the indigent accused on his own to realize these advantages of a lawyer's assistance compels the conclusion that the Alabama preliminary hearing is a 'critical stage' of the State's criminal process at which the accused is 'as much entitled to such aid [of counsel]... as at the trial itself.'" Id., at 9-10. It will [p293] now appear somewhat anomalous that the right to counsel at a preliminary hearing is fundamental enough to be incorporated into the Fourteenth Amendment but not fundamental enough to warrant application to the victims of previous unconstitutional conduct.

II
I also believe that the plurality's case for establishing good-faith reliance on "the old standards" by state judicial systems ignores important developments in the right-to-counsel cases prior to Coleman. First of all, no decision of this Court had held that counsel need not be afforded at the preliminary hearing stage. Therefore, to build a case for good-faith reliance the State must wring from our decision the negative implication that uncounseled probable-cause hearings were permissible. Such negative implications are found, says the plurality, in Hamilton v. Alabama, 368 U.S. 52 (1961), and White v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 59 (1963), cases reversing convictions obtained through the use at trial of uncounseled guilty pleas entered at preliminary hearings. Neither of those decisions, however, faced the question of whether reversal [p294] was required on the facts of the instant case. And, though I have studied these two short opinions, I am unable, as is the plurality, to divine any hidden message to law enforcement agencies that we would permit the denial of counsel at preliminary hearings were guilty pleas were not taken. Rather, these cases reinforce, in my mind, the importance of counsel at every stage in the criminal process. In any event, by the time Coleman came down, it was clear, as Mr. Justice Harlan opined, albeit with some regret, that our holding was an inevitable consequence of prior case law: "If I felt free to consider this case upon a clean slate I would have voted to affirm these convictions. But—in light of the lengths to which the right to appointed counsel has been carried in recent decisions of this Court, see Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966); United States v. Wade, 388 U.S. 218 (1967); Gilbert v. California, 388 U.S. 263 (1967); Mathis v. United States, 391 U.S. 1 (1968); and Orozco v. Texas, 394 U.S. 324 (1969)—I consider that course is not open to me with due regard for the way in which the adjudicatory process of this Court, as I conceive it, should work... ...

"It would indeed be strange were this Court, having held a suspect or an accused entitled to counsel at such pretrial stages as 'in-custody' police investigation, whether at the station house (Miranda) or even in the home (Orozco), now to hold that he is left to fend for himself at the first formal confrontation in the courtroom." Coleman v. Alabama, supra, at 19-20 (separate opinion). [p295] Thus, in the instant case, at the times relevant, the State should have foreseen that the right to counsel attached to the probable-cause hearing.

III
I also disagree that "[t]he impact upon the administration of the criminal law of [Coleman retroactivity] needs no elaboration." Ante, at 284. In the 19 months since Coleman was decided all new prosecutions have presumably followed it and we therefore need only be concerned, for impact purposes, with those state proceedings in which a preliminary hearing was held prior to June 1970. Inasmuch as the median state sentence served by felons when they are first released is about 20.9 months, most pre-Coleman sentences would now be served and as a practical matter these former prisoners would not seek judicial review. Moreover, we may exclude from our consideration those 16 or more States that prior to Coleman routinely appointed counsel at or prior to preliminary hearings. See American Bar Association, Project on Standards for Criminal Justice, Providing Defense Services § 5.1 (Approved Draft 1968). Additionally, we may exclude from consideration the possibility of collateral challenges by federal prisoners inasmuch as counsel have routinely been present at preliminary hearings before federal commissioners. See Fed. Rule Crim. Proc. 5 (b).

While there are some current prisoners who might challenge their confinements if Coleman were held [p296] retrospective, many of these attacks would probably fail under the harmless-error rule of Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. 18 (1967). The plurality opinion suggests that conducting such harmless-error proceedings would be onerous. One reason given is that in Illinois, for example, preliminary hearings were not recorded before Coleman. That assertion may not be entirely accurate in light of the fact that this very record contains a transcript of Adams' preliminary hearing. Perhaps, as the respondent seems to concede, transcripts were made available in other Illinois cases. That is the more reasonable assumption in light of our holding in Roberts v. LaVallee, 389 U.S. 40 (1967), that the State must provide a preliminary hearing transcript to an indigent in every circumstance in which the more affluent accused could obtain one.

Even where a transcript was not available, however, a prisoner might be able to show at an evidentiary hearing that he was prejudiced by a particular need for discovery, by the inability to preserve the testimony of either an adverse or favorable witness, or by the inability to secure his release on bail in order to assist in the preparation of his defense. Courts are accustomed, of course, to assessing claims of prejudice without the aid of transcripts of previous proceedings, such as is required by Jackson v. Denno 378 U.S. 368 (1964), or Townsend v. Sain, 372 U.S. 293 (1963). Indeed, in Coleman we remanded for a determination of whether the failure to appoint counsel had been harmless error. 399 U.S., at 11. Not every Coleman claim would warrant an evidentiary hearing. Many attacks might be disposed of summarily, such as a challenge to a conviction resulting from a counseled guilty plea entered before any prejudice [p297] had materialized from an uncounseled preliminary hearing. See Procunier v. Atchley, 400 U.S. 446 (1971).

Even Stovall v. Denno, 388 U.S., at 299, the analogy frequently invoked by the plurality, held out the possibility of collateral relief in cases where prisoners could show that their lineups had imposed "such unfairness that [they] infringed [their] right to due process of law." Conducting Coleman harmless-error hearings would not appear to be any more burdensome on the administration of criminal justice than have Stovall "fundamental fairness" post-conviction proceedings.

In any event, whatever litigation might follow a holding of Coleman retrospectivity must be considered part of the price we pay for former failures to provide fair procedures.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Adams v. Illinois/Dissent Douglas


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   Horrida contremuere ub altis ætheris auris: In dubioque fuit ub utrorum regna cadendum Omnibus humaniseet, terraque marique.”

Of which, we wih we could give our Reader a more adequate Tranlation than that by Mr. Creech.

“When dreadful Carthage frighted Rome with Arms,

And all the World was hook with fierce Alarms;

Whilt undecided yet, which Part hould fall,

Which Nation rie the glorious Lord of all.”

Now it is our Purpoe in the enuing Pages, to purue a contrary Method. When any extraordinary Scene preents itelf (as we trut will often be the Cae) we hall pare no Pains nor Paper to open it at large to our Reader; but if whole Years hould without producing any thing worthy his Notice, we hall not be afraid of a Cham in our Hitory; but hall haten on to Matters of Conequence, and leave uch Periods of Time totally unoberved.


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 Thee are indeed to be conidered as Blanks in the grand Lottery of Time. We therefore who are the Regiters of that Lottery, hall imitate thoe agacious Perons who deal in that which is drawn at Guild-Hall, and who never trouble the Public with the many Blanks they dipoe of; but when a great Prize happens to be drawn, the News-Papers are preently filled with it, and the World is ure to be informed at whoe Office it was old: Indeed, commonly two or three different Offices lay claim to the Honour of having dipoed of it; by which I uppoe the Adventurers are given to undertand that certain Brokers are in the Secrets of Fortune, and indeed of her Cabinet-Council.

My Reader then is not to be urpried, if in the Coure of this Work, he hall find ome Chapters very hort, and others altogether as long; ome that contain only the Time of a ingle Day, and others that comprie Years; in a word, if my Hitory ometimes eems to tand ftill, and ometimes to fly. For all which I hall not look on myelf as accountable to any Court of Critical Juridiction whatever: For as I am, in reality, the Founder of a new Province of


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 Writing, o I am at liberty to make what Laws I pleae therein. And thee Laws, my Readers, whom I conider as my Subjects, are bound to believe in and to obey; with which that they may readily and chearfully comply, I do hereby aure them that I hall principally regard their Eae and Advantage in all uch Intitutions: For I do not, like a jure divino Tyrant, imagine that they are my Slaves or my Commodity. I am, indeed, et over them for their own Good only, and was created for their Ue, and not they for mine. Nor do I doubt, while I make their Interet the great Rule of my Writings, they will unanimouly concur in upporting my Dignity, and in rendering me all the Honour I hall deerve or deire.  Religious Cautions againt hewing too much Favour to Batards; and a great Dicovery made by Mrs. Deborah Wilkins.

IGHT Months after the Celebration of the Nuptials between Captain Blifil and Mis Bridget Allworthy, a young Lady of great Beauty, Merit, and Fortune, was Mis Bridget, by reaon of a Fright, delivered


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 stood thinking mournfully of his irreparable loss, he was joined by Johnson, who grasped his offered hand in speechless sorrow.

"What's to become of us?" asked the Doctor.

"Who can tell!" was the old sailor's reply.

"Anyhow," said Clawbonny, "do not let us despair. Let us be men!"

"Yes, Mr. Clawbonny, you are right. Now is the time to show our mettle. We are in a bad plight, and how to get out of it, that is the question."

"Poor old brig!" exclaimed the Doctor. "I had grown so attached to her. I loved her as one loves a house where he has spent a lifetime."

"Ay! it's strange what a hold those planks and beams get on a fellow's heart."

"And the long-boat—is that burnt?" asked the Doctor.

"No, Mr. Clawbonny. Shandon and his gang have carried it off."

"And the pirogue?"

"Shivered into a thousand pieces? Stop. Do you see those bits of sheet-iron? That is all that remains of it."

"Then we have nothing but the Halkett-boat?"

"Yes, we have that still, thanks to your idea of taking it with you."

"That isn't much," said the Doctor.

"Oh, those base traitors!" exclaimed Johnson.

"Johnson," returned the Doctor, gently, "we must not forget how sorely they have been tried. Only the best remain good in the evil day; few can stand trouble. Let us pity our fellow-sufferers, and not curse them."

For the next few minutes both were silent, and then Johnson asked what had become of the sledge.

"We left it about a mile off," was the reply.

"In charge of Simpson?"

"No, Simpson is dead, poor fellow!"

"Simpson dead!"

'Yes, his strength gave way entirely, and he first sank."

"Poor Simpson! And yet who knows if he isn't rather to be envied?"

"But, for the dead man we have left behind, we have brought back a dying one."

"A dying man?"


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 of a fine Boy. The Child, was indeed, to all Appearance, perfect; but the Midwife dicovered, it was born a Month before its full Time.

Tho’ the Birth of an Heir of his beloved Siter was a Circumtance of great Joy to Mr. Allworthy, yet it did not alienate his Affections from the little Foundling, to whom he had been Godfather, had given his own Name of Thomas, and whom he had hitherto eldom failed of viiting at leat once a Day, in his Nurery.

He told his Siter, if he pleaed, the new-born Infant hould be bred up together with little Tommy, to which he conented, tho’ with ome little Reluctance: For he had truly a great Complacence for her Brother; and hence he had always behaved towards the Foundling with rather more Kindnes than Ladies of rigid Virtue can ometimes bring themelves to hew to thee Children, who, however innocent, may be truly called the living Monuments of Incontinence.

The Captain could not o eaily bring himelf to bear what he condemned as a Fault in Mr. Allworthy. He gave him fre-


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20

nature of the group which the species found in certain localities or certain similar rocks may afford, and the circumstances under which the organic beings in question have lived, died, and been preserved for future investigation.—Ansted's Elementary Course of Geology.

.—Mr. T. G. Bayfield has recently called the attention of geologists to certain fossils discovered in the chalk at Norwich. The pit which yielded them is called the Lollard's Pit, whence a great quantity of chalk is annually removed. In 1858 a few vertebræ of Leiodon anceps were discovered, and identified by a tooth which was in their immediate proximity. In October, 1864, a number of bones of the same skeleton were found, including six vertebræ, a hundred fragments of other bones, and two of the large culture two-edged teeth, with two of the smaller kind from the inner part of the mouth.

.—A new mineral found in Cornwall with laugite, from which it differs in its lighter colour, its lamellar structure, and its silky lustre. From its composition it appears to be a hydrated subsulphate of copper, containing about 8 per cent. of lime, and nearly 3 per cent. of protoxide of iron.

.—A remarkably fine fossil head of Elephas primigenius has been found in the Pleistocene sands and clay at Ilford. The upper molars remain in place, and both tusks have also been preserved, one still in the socket, but seemingly having been twisted round by the weight of the head, when the fleshy tissue of its attachment had decomposed, and before the skeleton was finally embedded in the soil. The tusks are of spiral curvature, and measure along their medial line above 10 feet 6 inches in length. No such perfect skull of the true Mammoth has ever been found in England, nor anything comparable with this important example, so far as we are aware, except it may be the fine fossil elephant in the Chichester Museum, a specimen of which we have hard, but have not seen. The present specimen in scientific value can only be classed with the famous one at St. Petersburg, and we are glad to add that it has, by the promptitude of Mr. Waterhouse and the trustees, been obtained for our National Collection; while to Mr. Davis, who was despatched by the Museum authorities to extricate this gigantic fragile mass from the rough loose earth of the quarry, too much praise cannot be given for the successful manner in which has has accomplished that difficult task.—Athenæum.

.—Great difficulty is sometimes experienced getting these tender ferns to grow in closed cases. A piece of muslin placed at the top of the case to arrest some of the light has great influence.

.—To an intelligent person, who has previously obtained a general idea of the nature of the objects about to be submitted to his inspection, a group of living animalcules, seen under a powerful microscope for the first time, presents a scene of extraordinary interest, and never fails to call fort an expression of amazement and admiration. This statement admits of an easy illustration; for example, from some water containing aquatic plants, collected from a pond on Clapham Common, I select a small twig, to which are attached a few delicate flakes, apparently of slime or jelly; some minute fibres, standing erect here and there on the twig, are also dimly visible to the naked eye. This twig with a drop or two of the water, we will put between two thin plates of glass, and place under the field of view of a microscope, having lenses that magnify the image of an object 200 times in linear dimensions. Upon looking through the instrument we find the fluid swarming with animals of various shapes and magnitudes. Some are darting through the water with great rapidity, while others are pursuing and devouring creatures more infinitesimal than themselves. Many are attached to the twig by long delicate threads (Vorticellæ); several have their bodies inclosed in a transparent tube, from one end of which the animal partly protrudes and then recedes (Flosculariæ); while numbers are covered by an elegant shell or case (Brachionus). The minutest kinds (Monads), many of which are so small that millions might be contained in a single drop of water, appear like animated globules, free, single, and of various colours, sporting about in every direction. Numerous species resemble pearly or opaline enps or vases, fringed round the margin with delicate fibres that are in constant oscillation (Vorticellæ). Some of these are attached by spiral tendrils; others are united by a slender stem to one common trunk, appearing like a bunch of hare-bells (Carchesium). Others are of a globular form, and grouped together in a definite pattern on a tabular or spherical membraneous case, for a certain period of their existence, and ultimately become detached and locomotive (Gonium and Volvox); while many are permanently clustered together, and die if separated from the parent mass. No organs of progressive motion, similar to those of beasts, birds, or fishes, are observable in these beings; yet they traverse the water with rapidity without the aid of limbs or fins; and, though many species are destitute of eyes, yet all possess an accurate perception of the presence of other bodies, and pursue and capture their prey with unerring purpose.—Dr. Mantell's Thoughts on Animalcules.

.—For amusement and instruction with the microscope, we need scarcely


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title: File:240304 in vivaldi browser wide.jpg


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 fairly tried before Lord Mansfield, assisted by the three justices—and tried on the broad principle of the essential and constitutional right of every man in England to the liberty of his person, unless forfeited by the law. It is unnecessary here to enter into any account of this great trial; the arguments extended to a great length, the cause being carried over to another term,—when it was adjourned and re-adjourned,—but at length judgment was given by Lord Mansfield, in whose powerful mind so gradual a change had been worked by the arguments of counsel, based mainly on Granville Sharp's tract, that he now declared the court to be so clearly of one opinion, that there was no necessity for referring the case to the twelve judges. He then declared that the claim of slavery never can be supported; that the power claimed never was in use in England, nor acknowledged by the law; therefore the man James Somerset must be discharged. By securing this judgment Granville Sharp effectually abolished the slave trade until then carried on openly in the streets of Liverpool and London. But he also firmly established the glorious axiom, that as soon as any slave sets his foot on English ground, that moment he becomes free; and there can be no doubt that this great decision of Lord Mansfield was mainly owing to Mr. Sharp's firm, resolute, and intrepid prosecution of the cause from the beginning to the end.

It is unnecessary further to follow the career of Granville Sharp. He continued to labour indefatigably in all good works. He was instrumental in founding the colony of Sierra Leone as an asylum for rescued negroes. He laboured to


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O A cursory observer, it might have seemed that Bob Haines and Paul Septimus Chanler had little enough in common, other than the predicament of being stranded without funds on an alien world.

Haines, the third assistant pilot of an ether-liner, had been charged with insubordination by his superiors, and had been left behind in Ignarh, the commercial metropolis of Mars, and the port of all space-traffic. The charge against him was wholly a matter of personal spite; but so far, Haines had not succeeded in finding a new berth; and the month's salary paid to him at parting had been devoured with appalling swiftness by the pirate rates of the Tellurian Hotel.

Chanler, a professional writer of interplanetary fiction, had made a voyage to Mars to fortify his imaginative talent by a solid groundwork of observation and experience. His money had given out after a few weeks; and fresh supplies, expected from his publisher, had not yet arrived.

The two men, apart from their misfortunes, shared an illimitable curiosity concerning all things Martian. Their thirst for the exotic, their proclivity for wandering into places usually avoided by terrestrials, had drawn them together in spite of obvious differences of temperament, and had made them fast friends.

Trying to forget their worries, they had spent the past day in the queerly piled and huddled maze of old Ignarh, called by the Martians Ignar-Vath, on the eastern side of the great Yahan Canal. Returning at the sunset hour, and following the estrade of purple marble beside the water, they had nearly reached the mile-long bridge that would take them back to the modern city, Ignar-Luth, in which were the terrestrial consulates and shipping-offices and hotels.

It was the Martian hour of worship, when the Aihais gather in their roofless temples to implore the return of the passing sun. Like the throbbing of feverish metal pulses, a sound of ceaseless and innumerable gongs punctured the thin air. The incredibly crooked streets were almost empty; and only a few barges, with immense rhomboidal sails of mauve and scarlet, crawled to and fro on the somber green waters.

The light waned with visible swiftness behind the top-heavy towers and pagoda-angled pyramids of Ignar-Luth. The chill of the coming night began to pervade the shadows of the huge solar gnomons that lined the canal at frequent intervals. The querulous clangors of the gongs died suddenly in Ignar-Vath, and left a weirdly whispering silence. The buildings of the immemorial city bulked enormous upon a sky of blackish emerald that was already thronged with icy stars.

A medley of untraceable exotic odors was wafted through the twilight. The perfume was redolent of alien mystery, and it thrilled and troubled the Earthmen, who became silent as they approached the bridge, feeling the oppression of eery strangeness that gathered from all sides 336


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 Granville Sharp. He was encouraged by none of the world's huzzas when he entered upon his work. He stood alone, opposed to the opinion of the ablest lawyers and the most rooted prejudices of the times; and alone he fought out, by his single exertions, and at his individual expense, the most memorable battle for the constitution of this country and the liberties of British subjects of which modern times afford a record. What followed was mainly the consequence of his indefatigable constancy. He lighted the torch which kindled other minds, and it was handed on until the illumination became complete.

Before the death of Granville Sharp, Clarkson had already turned his attention to the question of negro slavery. He had even selected it for the subject of a college essay; and his mind became so possessed by it that he could not shake it off. The spot is pointed out near Wade's Mill, in Hertfordshire, where, alighting from his horse one day, he sat down disconsolate on the turf by the road side, and, after long thinking, determined to devote himself wholly to the work. He translated his essay from Latin into English, added fresh illustrations, and published it. Then fellow labourers gathered around him. The Society for Abolishing the Slave Trade, unknown to him, had already been formed, and when he heard of it he joined it. He sacrificed all his prospects in life to prosecute this cause. Wilberforce was selected to lead in Parliament; but upon Clarkson chiefly devolved the labour of collecting and arranging the immense mass of evidence offered in support of the abolition. A remarkable instance of Clarkson's sleuth-hound sort of perseverance may be mentioned.


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Talk:Weird Tales/Volume 26/Issue 3/Vulthoom

Copyright
No renewal per https://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/cinfo/weirdtales -- Beardo (talk) 04:54, 5 March 2024 (UTC)


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 except in constantly wanting the white above the tail. He had watched great flocks of these birds, as especially those crowding about the many suitable nooks of the great mosque of Aurungzebe, at Benares, looking down upon them from the top of one of the two famous lofty minarcts of that edifice, and had observed in them no variation of colour; but this race particularly frequents large buildings equally with rocky precipices, whether inland or by the sea-side, as also old ruinous walls; and in parts of the country where such do not occur, it breeds abundantly far down the shufts of deep wells; and in towns and villages it merges insensibly into domesticity; and among the more or less domesticated individuals are very many that exhibit the spotted wing of the (so called) Columba affinis. He would, moreover, remark that among the domestic pigeons of India, it is as rare to see the white rump as is the reverse in Europe. In Middle Asia another cognate race exists in the Columba rupestris of Pallas, which occurs in Thibet and in the British province of Kemaon. High upon the Himalayas there is the Columba leuconota, which is another true rock pigeon, though differing more from the rest in plumage; and in Abyssinia, again, there is a peculiar corresponding race of Blue Pigeon, which is denominated Columba sehimperi; as in Senegal there is even another, denominated Columba gymnocyclos, by Mr G. R. Gray. The decided use of applying names to such distinguishable geographical races was, that each of them could thus be severally and definitively referred to by its special designation. This was a practical advantage, wholly irrespective of the zoological value to be attached to such appellation, about which there would of course be difference of opinion. The whole of the races mentioned, Mr. Blyth fully believed, would intermingle in domesticity, and produce completely fertile hybrids, or, should he not rather call them sub-hybrids."

There can be no doubt, as Mr. Blyth surmises, that all these races will intermingle with the greatest readiness, and produce perfectly fertile progeny, which can only be regarded as mongrels between different varieties or breeds, and not as hybrids between two distinct species.

Variations, however, of a much more striking character, not unfrequently occur in single cases of wild birds; but when they take place in a state of nature, they are not very likely to be propagated, inasmuch as a bird with any variation of plumage or form will almost of necessity mate with one of the ordinary character, the offspring again do the same, so that in a very few generations all trace of any singular variation is apt to be lost.

In a state of domesticity, however, any singular variation would be noticed, and, by careful selection of breeding stock, would be perpetuated, and even increased. In this manner all the different breeds have been produced. Some Indian fanciers in distant ages (for pigeons have been kept as domestic pets many hundreds of years in India), observing that cerlain pigeons were produced with extra feathers in the tails, mated them together, and again selecting those of the offspring that showed the desired characters, succeeded eventually in producing the Fantail. Some short time since a pigeon was forwarded to the writer, with a second or supplementary


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 tail, consisting of three quill feathers, growing out between the shoulders. Unfortunately, the bird had been shot, otherwise there would have been but little difficulty in establishing a race of two-tailed Pigeons from this singular variation. It is needless to go through all the varieties in succession, for the same principle applies to the production of each. The recurved feathers of the Jacobin and other breeds, the long beak of the Carrier, the lengih of plumage and limb in the Pouter, &c., &c., all owe their origin to natural variations which have been perpetuated and intensified by the careful selection exercised by the breeders through many successive generations.

We know that this view is widely opposed to the general ideas of persons who have not very carefully studied the subject, and would therefore call attention to the following passage from "The Origin of Species," by Mr. Charles Darwin, in which the facts bearing on this question are very fully stated:—

"Great as the differences are between the breeds of pigeons, I am fully convinced that the common opinion of naturalists is correct, namely, that all have descended from the Rock Pigeon (Columba livia), including, under this term, several geographical races or sub-species, which differ from each other in the most trifling respects. As several of the reasons which have led me to this belief are in some degree applicable in other cases, I will here briefly give them.

"If the several breeds are not varieties, and have not proceeded from the Rock Pigeon, they must have descended from at least seven or eight aboriginal stocks; for it is impossible to make the present domestic breeds by the crossing of any lesser number: how, for instance, could a Pouter be produced by crossing two breeds, unless one of the parent-stocks possessed the characteristic enormous crop? The supposed aboriginal stocks must all have been Rock Pigeons, that is, not breeding or willingly perching on trees. But besides C. livia, with its geographical sub-species, only two or three other species of Rock Pigeons are known; and these have not any of the characters of the domestic breeds. Hence the supposed aboriginal stocks must either still exist in the countries where they were originally domesticated, and yet be unknown to ornithologists—and this, considering their size, habits, and remarkable characters, seems very improbable—or they must have become extinct in the wild state. But birds building on precipices, and good flyers, are unlikely to be exterminated; and the common Rock Pigeon, which has the same habits with the domestic breeds, has not been exterminated even on several of the smaller British islets, or on the shores of the Mediterranean. Hence the supposed extermination of so many species having similar habits with the Rock Pigeon seems to me a very rash assumption. Moreover, the several above-named domesticated breeds have heen transported to all parts of the world, and, therefore, some of them must have been carried back again into their native country; but not one has ever become wild or feral, though the Dovecote Pigeon which is the Rock Pigeon in, a very slightly altered state, has become feral in several places. Again, all recent experience shows that it is most dificult to get any wild animal to breed freely under domestication; yet,


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 seeing a Play in the Moon, and probably would have enjoy'd it, had I not been seated where I was; for there was an Animal that sat next to me which gave me great Uneasiness, both by his Looks and Speech. He had a most frightful and meagre Countenance; and the Sight of him made me think, that whensoever a Poet drew the Picture of Envy, he must certainly mean an Animal of this Species. I cannot compare him to any one Brute that I saw in Ireland, for he was a Compound of many Brutes, tho' a Cur seem'd to constitute the greatest Part of him. It were well for Children, and Women with Child, if he were oblig'd to wear a Mask, to prevent Miscarriages, and the frightening of foolish Children out of their Wits. During the whole Time of Action, he was railing at the Poet and the Players, and for the most part found Faults where there were none; and if any Thing was said which he was forc'd to acknowledge to be good, tho' that happen'd but rarely, he would curse himself for not being able to think so well.

When the Play was over, I enquir'd of Tckbrff who that Person I just mention'd was. He told me that he was a Critick, or one that is never pleas'd, if he is pleas'd at all, but when he is finding out real Faults in Writings, or making new ones. He is one that is hated by, and hates all Writers: His Observations are often trifling, and foreign to the Purpose: He would not think a Month ill bestow'd in finding out the Orthography of a proper Name, or upon what Syllable of it the Accent was to be plac'd: But he has this Curse attending him, that he can raise Spirits often, which he cannot lay, and after his greatest Labours, is generally more ignorant of what he enquir'd into, than he was at the Beginning. There are many Causes assign'd for a Person's becoming of this Class: Some will have ill Nature to be the only Cause of it; and alledge, that


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 were not included in what he (unfortunately, I think, adopting an equivocal expression) called the language of real life. From this preface, prefixed to poems in which it was impossible to deny the presence of original genius, however mistaken its direction might be deemed, arose the whole long continued controversy: For from the conjunction of perceived power with supposed heresy I explain the inveteracy and in some instances, I grieve to say, the acrimonious passions, with which the controversy has been conducted by the assailants. Had Mr. Wordsworth's poems been the silly, the childish things, which they were for a long time described as being; had they been really distinguished from the compositions of other poets merely by meanness of language and inanity of thought; had they indeed contained nothing more than what is found in the parodies and pretended imitations of them; they must have sunk at once, a dead weight, into the slough of oblivion, and have dragged the preface along with them. But year after year increased the number of Mr. Wordworth's admirers. They were found too not in the lower classes of the reading public, but chiefly among young men of strong sensibility and meditative minds; and their admiration (inflamed perhaps in some degree by opposition) was distinguished by its intensity, I might almost say, by its religious fervour. These facts, and the intellec-


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656 pressed, about $1⁄12$ in. long, enclosed for ⅓ of their length or more in a lax cup-shaped aril.—Pilger in Pflanzenreich, iv. 5, 51. D. Westlandicum, T. Kirk inTrans. N.Z. Inst. x. (1878) 387, t. 18; Forest Fl. t. 85; ''Hook. f. Ic. Plant.'' t. 1218.


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Dacrydium.] 7. D. laxifolium, ''Hook. f. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot.'' iv. (1845) 143.—A small prostrate shrub with very slender trailing branches 3–24 in. long; rarely suberect, and reaching a height of 2 ft. Leaves of young plants lax, spreading, ⅕–⅓ in. long, narrow-linear, acute, flat, curved; with the growth of the plant gradually becoming shorter, broader and thicker, and more closely set. Leaves of mature plants varying from ⅛ in. long, linear-oblong, obtuse or subacute, spreading, to $1⁄25$–$1⁄20$ in. long, broadly ovate or oblong, obtuse, keeled or rounded on the back, closely imbricate. Flowers diœcious or monœcious. Males solitary, terminal, sessile, ⅕–¼ in. long. Female flowers solitary and terminal. Nut small, erect, oblong, obtuse with a small curved apiculus, about ⅛ in. long; receptacle sometimes dry, sometimes swollen and succulent.—''Ic. Plant. t. 825; Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 234; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 259; Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. x. (1878) 388; Forest Fl. t. 87; Pilger in Pflanzenreich,'' iv. 5, 50.

Trees or shrubs; branches often whorled; branchlets flattened and expanded into rigid and coriaceous toothed or lobed leaf-like cladodia. True leaves reduced to linear scales. Flowers monœcious or diœcious. Males fascicled at the tips of the branchlets, catkin-like, peduncled; each peduncle arising from the axil of a leafy bract. Staminal column oblong or cylindrical; anthers numerous, densely spirally imbricate, 2-celled; connective prolonged into an acute claw. Female flowers sessile on the margins of the cladodia or on peduncle-like divisions of the cladodia. Ovuliferous scales 1 or several, thick and fleshy, free. Ovule solitary, erect. Seeds erect, ovoid or oblong, compressed, protruding from the enlarged and fleshy scales, each seated within a cup-shaped aril. Cotyledons 2.


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 stuck upon the sides of the grate, he would begin'Well, well,' he would cry, after I had talked a little, 'that is not bad reasoning, but the basis is bad.'

“My father always checked any propensity to finery in dress. If any of us happened to look better than usual in a particular hat or frock, he was sure to have it put away the next day, and to have something coarse substituted in its place.

"When I was young, I was always the first to promote my sister’s enjoyments. Whether in dancing, or in riding on horseback, or at a feast, or in anything that was to make them happy, I always had something to do or propose that increased their pleasure. In like manner, afterwards, in guiding them in politics, in giving them advice for their conduct in private life, in forwarding them in the world, I was a means of much good to them. It was always Hester, and Hester, and Hester; in short, I appeared to be the favourite of them all; and yet now, see how they treat me!

"I was always, as I am now, full of activity, from my infancy. At two years old, I made a little hat. You know there was a kind of straw hat with the crown taken out, and in its stead a piece of satin was put in, all puffed up. Well! I made myself a hat like that; and it was thought such a thing for a child of two years old to do, that my grandpapa had a


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658 {|
 * Cladodes pinnately arranged.
 * Tree 50–70 ft. Cladodes ½–1 in. Female flowers on the margins of the cladodes||1. P. trichomanoides.
 * Tree 25–40 ft. Cladodes 1–2½ in. Female flowers peduncled on the rhachis below the cladodes||2. P. glaucus.
 * Cladodes simple.
 * Shrub or tree 5–25 ft. Cladodes ½–1 in. Female flowers on the margins of the cladodes near the base||3. P. alpinus.
 * }
 * Cladodes simple.
 * Shrub or tree 5–25 ft. Cladodes ½–1 in. Female flowers on the margins of the cladodes near the base||3. P. alpinus.
 * }
 * }

1. P. trichomanoides, ''D. Don. in Lamb. Pin.'' ed. ii. App.—A tall graceful tree 50–70 ft. high; trunk 1–3 ft. diam.; branches whorled, slender, spreading. Cladodes or flattened leaf-like branchlets alternate and distichous on whorled rhachises 1–3 in. long, each rhachis and its cladodes resembllng a pinnate leaf; each cladode ½–1 in. long, obliquely cuneate or rhomboid, thick and coriaceous, lobed or pinnatifid, the lobes truncate or erose; veins spreading. Leaves of seedling plants ½–¾ in. long, narrow-linear, soon deciduous; of older plaints reduced to minute subulate scales at the base of the rhachises of the cladodes or of the cladodes themselves. Flowers monœcious. Males in fascicles of 5–10 at the tips of the branchlets, ⅓–½ in. long. Females on the margins of modified cladodes at the tips of the branchlets, cladodes much reduced in. size, often little more than a peduncle, each flower in the axil of a mmute subulate bract. Nuts sohtary, compressed, half exserted beyond the thickened and fleshy scales; aril cupular, with an irregularly crenulate margin.—''A. Cunn. Precur. n. 326; Raoul, Choix, 41; Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 549, 550, 551; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 235; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 259; Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. x. (1878) 381; Forest Fl. t. 6, 7; Pilger in Pflanzenreich,'' iv. 5, 97. P. rhomboidalis, ''A. Rich. Fl. Nouv. Zel. 363 (not of L. C. Rich.)''.

2. P. glaucus, ''Carr. Trait. Gen. Conif.'' 502.—A small handsome tapering tree 25–40 ft. high; branches stout, whorled; trunk 12–18 in. diam., rarely more. Cladodes or flattened leaf-like branchlets alternate and distichous on a rhachis 4–12 in. long, glaucous when young, 1–2½ in. long, rhomboid or obliquely ovate-cuneate, extremely coriaceous, deeply or coarsely toothed or lobed, lobes obtuse or acute. True leaves on seedling plants ½–1 in. long, linear,


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Phyllocladus.] obtuse, membranous; on mature plants chiefly developed at the base of the young rhachises and falling away very early. Flowers diœcious or monœcious. Males very numerous, in fascicles of 10–20 at the tips of the branches, ¾–1 in. long, on stout peduncles of equal length. Female flowers forming globose heads terminating short stout distichous peduncles (modified cladodes) springing from the rhachis below the cladodes; fully ripe heads ½ in. long. Nuts 8–20, compressed, about ⅛ in. long, half exserted beyond the thickened scales; aril cupular.—Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. i. (1868) 149; Trans. N.Z. Inst. (1878) 380; Forest Fl. t. 98, 99; Pilger in Pflanzenreich, iv. 5, 95.

3. P. alpinus, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 235, t. 53.—A shrub or small tree, usually from 8 ft. to 25 ft. high, but in exposed alpine localities often reduced to a bush of 3–6 ft.; branches numerous, short, stout, spreading; trunk short, 6–14 in. diam. Cladodes simple, crowded, spreading, ½–1½ in. long, variable in shape, linear-oblong to oblong-rhomboid, obtuse or acute, very coriaceous, glaucous, lobed or pinnatifid, lobes usually obtuse. True leaves on seedling plants linear, ¼–½ in. long. Flowers monœcious. Males in fascicles of 2–5 at the tips of the branchlets, ¼–⅓ in. long; peduncles short, sometimes almost wanting. Females forming globose heads towards the base of the cladodes or on the margins of modified ones. Fully ripe heads about ¼ in. diam.; scales fleshy, bright-red. Nuts small, compressed, exserted beyond the scales; aril cupular, margin irregularly lobulate.—''Handb. N.Z. Fl. 260; Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. x. (1878) 382; Forest Fl. t. 100; Pilger in Pflanzenreich'', iv. 5, 98. P. trichomanoides var. alpinus, ''Parl. in D.C. Prodr.'' xvi. 2, 498.


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User:DivermanAU/sandbox4

OTTOMAN, a form of couch which usually has a head but no back, though sometimes it has neither. It may have square or semicircular ends, and as a rule it is what upholsterers call “stuffed over”—that is to say no wood is visible. It belongs to the same order of ideas as the divan; its name indeed betokens its Oriental origin. It was one of the luxurious appointments which Europe imported from the East in the 18th century; the first mention that has been found of it is in France in 1729. In the course of a generation it made its way into every boudoir, but it appears originally to have been much larger than at present. The word is also applied to a small foot-stool covered with carpet, embroidery or beadwork.

OTTUMWA, a city and the county-seat of Wapello county, Iowa, U.S.A., on both sides of the Des Moines river, in the S.E. part of the state, about 85 m. S.E. of Des Moines. Pop. (1900) 18,197, of whom 1759 were foreign-born; (1910 census) 122,012. It is served by the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, the Chicago, Milwaukee & Saint Paul, the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific, and the Wabash railways. The site on which it is built forms a succession of terraces receding farther and farther from the river. In the city are a Carnegie library, a city hospital and St Joseph’s Academy. Ottumwa is the headquarters of the Ottumwa Division of the Southern Federal Judicial District of Iowa, and terms of United States District and Circuit courts are held there. The city is in one of the richest coal regions of the state, and ranks high as a manufacturing centre, pork-packing, and the manufacture of iron and steel, machinery and agricultural and mining implements being the leading industries. The value of the factory product in 1905 was $10,374,183, an increase of 19·5% since 1900. Ottumwa was first settled in 1843, was incorporated as a town in 1851, and first chartered as a city in 1857.

OTWAY, THOMAS(1652-1685), English dramatist, was born at Trotton, near Midhurst, Sussex, on the 3rd of March 1652. His father, Humphrey Otway, was at that time curate of Trotton, but Otway's childhood was spent at Woolbeding, a parish 3 m. distant, of which his father had become rector. He was educated at Winchester College, and in 1669 entered Christ Church, Oxford, as a commoner, but left the university without a degree in the autumn of 1672. At Oxford he made the acquaintance of Anthony Cary, 5th viscount Falkland, through whom, he says in the dedication to Caius Marius, he first learned to love books. In London he made acquaintance with Mrs Aphra Behn, who in 167 2 cast him for the part of the old king in her Forc'd Marriage, or The Jealous Bridegroom, at the Dorset Garden Theatre, but he had a bad attack of stage fright, and never made a second appearance. In 1675 Thomas Betterton produced at the same theatre Otway's first dramatic attempt, Alcibiades, which was printed in the same year. It is a poor tragedy, written in heroic verse, but was saved from absolute failure by the actors. Mrs Barry took the part of Draxilla, and her lover, the earl of Rochester, recommended the author of the piece to the notice of the duke of York. He made a great advance on this first work in Don Carlos, Prince of Spain (licensed June 15, 1676; an undated edition probably belongs to the same year). The material for this rhymed tragedy Otway took from the novel of the same name, written in 1672 by the Abbe de Saint-Real, the source from which Schiller also drew his tragedy of Don Carlos. In it the two characters familiar throughout his plays make their appearance. Don Carlos is the impetuous, unstable youth, who seems to be drawn from Otway himself, while the queen's part is the gentle pathetic character repeated in his more celebrated heroines, Monimia and Belvidera. "It got more money," says John Downes (Roscius Anglicanus, 1708) of this play, "than any preceding modern tragedy." In 1677 Betterton produced two adaptations from the French by Otway, Titus and Berenice (from Racine's Berenice), and the Cheats of Scapin  (from Moliere's Fourberies de Scapin). These were printed together, with a dedication to Lord Rochester. In 1678 he produced an original comedy, Friendship in Fashion, popular at the moment, though it was hissed off the stage for its gross indecency when it was revived at Drury Lane in 1749. Meanwhile he had conceived an overwhelming passion for Mrs Barry, who filled many of the leading parts in his plays. Six of his letters to her survive, the last of them referring to a broken appointment in the Mall. Mrs Barry seems to have coquetted with Otway, but she had no intention of permanently offending Rochester. In 1678, driven to desperation by Mrs Barry, Otway obtained a commission through Charles, earl of Plymouth, a natural son of Charles II., in a regiment serving in the Netherlands. The English troops were disbanded in 1679, but were left to find their way home as best they could. They were also paid with depreciated paper, and Otway arrived in London late in the year, ragged and dirty, a circumstance utilized by Rochester in his "Sessions of the Poets," which contains a scurrilous attack on his former protege. Early in the next year (February 1680) was produced at Dorset Garden the first of Otway's two tragic masterpieces, The Orphan, or The Unhappy Marriage, Mrs Barry playing the part of Monimia. Written in blank verse, which shows a study of Shakespeare, its success was due to the tragic pathos, of which Otway was a master, in the characters of Castalio and Monimia. The History and Fall of Caius Marius, produced in the same year, and printed in 1692, is a curious grafting of Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet on the story of Marius as related in Plutarch's Lives. In 1680 Otway also published The Poet's Complaint of his Muse, or A Satyr against Libells, in which he retaliated on his literary enemies. An indifferent comedy, The Soldier's Fortune (1681), was followed in February 1682 by Venice Preserved, or A Plot Discover'd. The story is founded on the Histoire de la conjuration des Espagnols contre la Venise en 1618, by tie Abbe de Saint-Real, but Otway modified the story considerably. The character of Belvidera is his own, and the leading part in the conspiracy, taken by Bedamor, the Spanish ambassador, is given in the play to the historically insignificant Pierre and Jaffier. The piece has a political meaning, enforced in the prologue. The Popish Plot was in Otway's mind, and Anthony, 1st earl of Shaftesbury, is caricatured in Antonio. The play won instant success. It was translated into almost every modern European language, and even Dryden said of it: "Nature is there, which is the greatest beauty." The Orphan  and Venice Preserved remained stock pieces on the stage until the 19th century, and the leading actresses of the period played Monimia and Belvidera. One or two prefaces, another weak comedy, The Atheist (1684), and two posthumous pieces, a poem, Windsor Castle (1685), a panegyric of Charles II., and a History of the Triumvirates (1686), translated from the French, complete the list of Otway's works. He apparently ceased to struggle against his poverty and misfortunes. The generally accepted story regarding the manner of his death was first given in Theophilus Cibber's Lives of the Poets. He is said to have emerged from his retreat at the Bull on Tower Hill to beg for bread. A passer-by, learning who he was, gave him a guinea, with which Otway hastened to a baker's shop. He began too hastily to satisfy his ravenous hunger, and choked with the first. mouthful. Whether this account of his death be true or not, it is certain that he died in the utmost poverty, and was buried on the 16th of April 1685 in the churchyard of St Clement Danes. A tragedy entitled Heroick Friendship was printed in 1686 as Otway's work, but the ascription is unlikely. The Works of Mr Thomas Otway with some account of his life and writings, published in 1712, was followed by other editions (1757, 1768, 1812). The standard edition is that by T. Thornton (1813). A selection of his plays was edited for the Mermaid series (1891 and 1903) by Roden Noel. See also E. Gosse, Seventeenth Century Studies (1883); and Genest, ''History of the Stage. ''

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 ceasing, your Judgment and Opinion may have done so too.

I was going to assure her, that I was still of the same Sentiments, when putting on a forbidding Look, with a serious Countenance the proceeded thus:

These Globes, Sir, came too late to accompany a Relation of mine to India, his Ship having sailed before they were finished, which is the Reason you see them here; and I have ordered them to be set out this Morning, and shall do so from Day to Day, tho' without obliging you to what Fontenelle had with the French Lady, an entire Week's Conference. But I have a great Mind to learn, from my Friend, something of the Nature and Use of them; for they appear to be made and finished up with that Curiosity and Care, that sure some very useful Knowledge is to be learnt from them, and is it not barbarous in you Men to confine it all to your selves?

, said I, you will give me a new Rise to value any thing that I understand; if I can render it acceptable to you.


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 then, Sir, said she, all Compliments apart, both to your self and me, pray let us go to our Business, the Tea won't be ready this Hour, and there is a little too much Dew for us to take a Walk in the Garden. Let me understand then, first the Difference between these two Globes, and why one hath the Cities, Countries, and Places of the Earth drawn on it, like a Map; and the other Circles and Stars, and these odd uncouth Figures of Beasts, Birds and Fishes: Pray why do they turn round? What doth this Brass Hoop signify in which they hang? For I perceive that it also hath Numbers engrav'd upon it: And what doth this broad wooden thing serve for, that hath the Days of the Month and other Letters, as well as Figures, pasted upon it?

I am glad, said I, Madam, by the warm Manner of your Enquiry, to find that you are in earnest; and I have often wished that the same Curiosity and Love of Knowledge would inspire more of the fair Sex, for it would mightily enlarge their Empire and Power over ours, by endowing them with more real and lasting Beauties, such as would improve with Time, and strengthen even in Age itself.


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User:Arcorann/Science Fiction by Gaslight

 * Catastrophes
 * The Thames Valley Catastrophe, Author:Grant Allen, The Strand Magazine December 1897
 * The Doom of London, Author:Robert Barr, The Idler (periodical) November 1892
 * A Corner in Lightning, Author:George Griffith, Pearson's Magazine March 1898
 * The Tilting Island, Thomas J. Vivian and Grena J. Bennett, Everybody's Magazine September 1909
 * Finis (Pollock), Author:Frank Lillie Pollock, The Argosy June 1906
 * Marvelous Inventions
 * An Express of the Future, Author:Jules Verne Author:Michel Verne, The Strand Magazine January November 1895
 * The Ray of Displacement, Author:Harriet Prescott Spofford, The Metropolitan Magazine October 1903
 * Congealing the Ice Trust, Author:Harry Gore Bishop, The New Broadway Magazine December 1907
 * Lord Beden's Motor, Author:John Burland Harris-Burland, The Strand Magazine December 1901
 * Monsters and Horrors
 * The Death-Trap, Author:George Daulton, Pearson's Magazine March 1908
 * The Air Serpent, Will A. Page, The Red Book Magazine April 1911
 * The Monster of Lake LaMetrie, Author:Wardon Allan Curtis, Pearson's Magazine September 1899
 * The Voice in the Night, Author:William Hope Hodgson, The Blue Book Magazine November 1907
 * Future War
 * The Land Ironclads, Author:Herbert George Wells, The Strand Magazine January 1904
 * The Dam, Hugh S. Johnson, The Red Book Magazine April 1911
 * Submarined, Author:Walter Wood, Pearson's Magazine February 1905
 * Man-Eating Plants
 * The Purple Terror, Author:Frederick Merrick White, The Strand Magazine September 1899
 * Professor Jonkin's Cannibal Plant, Author:Howard Roger Garis, The Argosy August 1905
 * Far-Out Humor
 * An Experiment in Gyro Hats, Author:Ellis Parker Butler, Hampton's Magazine June 1910
 * The Hybrid Hyperborean Ant, Author:Roy Larcom McCardell, Hampton's Magazine December 1910
 * Where the Air Quivered, L. T. Meade and Robert Eustace, The Strand Magazine December 1898
 * In re State vs. Forbes, Author:Warren Earle, The Black Cat (magazine) July 1906
 * Old Doctor Rutherford, D. F. Hannigan, The Ludgate Monthly September 1891
 * Itself, Author:Edgar Mayhew Bacon, The Black Cat (magazine) May 1907
 * Citizen 504, Charles H. Palmer, The Argosy December 1896
 * The Mansion of Forgetfulness, Author:Don Mark Lemon, The Black Cat (magazine) April 1907
 * Citizen 504, Charles H. Palmer, The Argosy December 1896
 * The Mansion of Forgetfulness, Author:Don Mark Lemon, The Black Cat (magazine) April 1907
 * The Mansion of Forgetfulness, Author:Don Mark Lemon, The Black Cat (magazine) April 1907


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title: Page:Poems Osgood.djvu/112


text: The Tales of Chekhov

title: The Tales of Chekhov


text:
Page:Plays by Jacinto Benavente - Second series (IA playsbyjacintobe00bena).pdf/211

. My obstinacy? Great God! What do they call obstinacy?

. Tell him what you told me

. I said

. No, no! I couldn't think of it. Impossible!

. You will be sorry when it is too late

. Don't get excited! Please! Please!

. Not though the heavens fall! Not though a thunderbolt consumeconsumes [sic] Moraleda!

. Some one is coming.

. The guests! Not another word!

. I should like to know what Richelieu or Philip II or any other great statesman would have amounted to with such a wife.

. My dears, I am delighted! The first fruits of the evening…

. Señor Don Santiago!

. The crowd is so great that positively it would have been impossible for us to have passed if we had been later.

. A mare magnum; it was like the sea.

. We were in danger of being squeezed to death.

. Although we had determined to take the risk.

. What risk?

. There was a riot at the theatre.

. A riot?

. Hardly a riot. Three or four persons who protested…

. [Aside to ] You see what you have done.


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. I knew it, I knew it. It is getting dark. I'll turn on the lights. What! There is no current.

. Who ever saw such wretched service?

. It is the same at our house.

. Another monopoly of Don Baldomero's. Everything here belongs to Don Baldomero.

. With all the illuminations of the fiesta, of course there isn't enough power.

. Don't talk to me about these modern improvements. As far as I can see, they are nothing but show.

. [Who has called a servant] Bring candelabra with candles.

. [Handing a card] A gentleman to see you—and His Excellency. It is important; about the public order, sir.

. The manager of the theatre.

. [Aside to ] Your brother?

. [Idem] Hush! [To ] Will you see him?

. See him yourself, if you want to. I will see nobody. Get out of it if you can. I resign the command.

. [Aside to ] What are you going to do?

. [Idem] Fix Don Baldomero! [Aloud] Have I your consent?

. You have my consent. Do as you see fit—as both of you see fit. In any case I send in my resignation.

. With so many responsibilities resting upon your shoulders, it is difficult to understand how you can take so much pleasure in holding office.

. Pleasure? None whatever, I assure you.

. [From the balcony] Do you see who is there?

. Did you ever? Look, papa! Look!


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. What is the matter?

. One can no longer be sure of the clothes on one's back.

. Who is it? These girls keep me always with my heart in my throat.

. It's Tomasa, the maid. She asked permission to go and see the fireworks from her aunt's, and there she is walking up and down with a man who must be her fiancé at least.

. Possibly.

. Now if anything happens to her, they will say that we weren't looking out.

. Or that we set her the example.

. Heavens! Who would say that?

. [To ] You had better run down and send her home.

. The next thing you know she will be introducing a man into the house.

. [Aside to ] What more could they wish?

. [To ] We were waiting for you.

. I have just been in conference. Important business—politics.

. Hello, Jimena! Hello, Belisa!

. How attractive you look this evening! Is that your new gown from Madrid?

. No, it's from Paris.—I knew it must be a fright.

. Where is papa? I have


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 scarcely seen him since we arrived in Moraleda. He is becoming quite shameless.

. Heavens! What a thing to say! And she comes from Madrid.

. I don't like the fit of her dress.

. No. Nor the way she does her hair.

. Have you noticed her walk? Yet they laugh at the provinces.

. [Aside to the ] Poetry and Rhetoric are giving us a course.

. They had better look out. There's a tang of the street to every Madrileña, even though she is a marchioness—a touch of the low quarters and the Lavapiés.

. I can believe it.

. Everybody is here this evening.

. Why, mamma!

. Good evening, ladies.

. So you got up your courage, did you?

. After the explanations of your husband. Ah! Don Santiago…

. Oh! Doña O…

. And papa?

. He was coming with me, but we happened on Polito, so I have him instead. Your father stopped off at the club. He was anxious to inquire… There were rumors afloat…

. Has there been any trouble?

. Oh, the rabble—people who have nothing better to do, making a demonstration in front of the theatre.

. Name of Joseph! Do you think we shall be safe, Don Santiago?


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. Perfectly safe. You have nothing to fear.

. [Aside] Are you angry with me, Esperancita?

. I am angry with everybody!

. It doesn't seem possible—when everybody loves you.

. I don't care to be loved by everybody.

. How amiable you are this evening!

. You ought to know.

. Where is papa?

. We left him at the café with Campos and Reguera. They will drop in later to see the fireworks.

. Really? How jolly!

. [To ] Those bull-fighters in the Palace? Who ever heard of such effrontery?

. See whom we are bringing with us!

. Yes, they are coming by force. They planned to stay below and watch the fireworks from the plaza.

. We declined to trust them, however, in the crowd.

. There is a crowd…

. The fact is, although the plaza is large, the people will press over to one side…

. There is a natural tendency to pressure in a crowd.

. You ought to know; you are the talk of Moraleda. My last cook left upon your account.

. Ha, ha! Sorcery.

. At least they show taste; she was a good one.

. Parsley and onions are their favorite perfumes.


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. Even among vegetables, we have learned to discriminate.

. How polite!

. Don't bother with them. They are confirmed bachelors, both.

. I simply adore fireworks.

. You won't get much of that sort of thing in the convent.

. So I am making the most of my opportunities now. Look at those boys!… Did you ever?

. [Bowing] Ladies and gentlemen!

. [To ] Step out for a moment upon the balcony, Campos. I have a favor to ask of you.

. At your service, señorita.

. I want to take your picture. So—that is perfect.

. Preparing to thrust, eh? How is this?

. Divine! There! [She takes the picture] Bring up a chair.

. [To ] She takes him out on the balcony so that people can see her with him. She talks of nothing else.

. I know it. And people are beginning to grow nervous.

. Yes, sir, there was a great commotion all about the theatre. Some shouted "Prohibition," others "No prohibition!" There were boos and vivas—cries of "Death!"

. Why wasn't I informed of this before? Call


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 the police. [Rings] Public order must be preserved at any cost.

. Is anything wrong? What is the matter?

. No, nothing is the matter. Are there no servants in the house? A good government! A pretty government!

. [As he appears] What is the matter? What has happened?

. Papa!

. A barbarity! An atrocity! Stand back, for God's sake! They have insulted me.

. You!

. A riot! A mob! A demonstration in front of the theatre, and they are marching here singing the "Hymn of Riego"!

. The "Hymn of Riego"? Goodness! When we heard it in my day, we always ran to hide the silver.

. Since then it has marched off to other tunes, so now she can spare herself the trouble.

. Don Santiago! Quick! They are marching on the Palace. You can hear them: "Long live liberty!" and "Death! Death"… [To ] Principally to you.

. Quick! My stick! My hat! No, not my new one… [The women scream. faints] Stand back!

. And all this because you lack character!

. If you had only let me do my duty…

. Now you see what it means to pander to the people.


text:
Author:Harriet Auber

Works

 * Our blest Redeemer, ere he breathed

title: Author:Harriet Auber


text:
Page:Plays by Jacinto Benavente - Second series (IA playsbyjacintobe00bena).pdf/218

. It is my husband's fault—yes, for having listened to you! Didn't you tell us that everybody was on your side?

. Here they come! Shut the windows! Don't be afraid. Look out for stones! Turn down the lights!

. Where am I? Let me go!

. Don't go, Santiago! Don't go!

. Duty before everything! [''Tremendous explosion in the plaza. A red glow illuminates the windows at the rear. Shouts and cries''] An explosion! Fire!

. The fireworks have gone off!

. Alas for Moraleda!

. It is the end of the world!

. And it is all your fault!

Curtain


text: Index:Brewster's millions (IA brewstersmillion00greaiala).pdf


text:
Page:Brewster's millions (IA brewstersmillion00greaiala).pdf/14

2 women were interested in him because he was the only grandson of Edwin Peter Brewster, who was many times a millionaire, and Monty was fairly certain to be his heir—barring an absent-minded gift to charity. Younger women were interested for a much more obvious and simple reason: they liked him. Men also took to Monty because he was a good sportsman, a man among men, because he had a decent respect for himself and no great aversion to work.

His father and mother had both died while he was still a child, and, as if to make up for his long relentlessness, the grandfather had taken the boy to his own house and had cared for him with what he called affection. After college and some months on the continent, however, Monty had preferred to be independent. Old Mr. Brewster had found him a place in the bank, but beyond this and occasional dinners, Monty asked for and received no favors. It was a question of work, and hard work, and small pay. He lived on his salary because he had to, but he did not resent his grandfather's attitude. He was better satisfied to spend his "weakly salary," as he called it, in his own way than to earn more by dining seven nights a week with an old man who had


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Rh forgotten he was ever young. It was less wearing, he said.

Among the "Little Sons of the Rich," birthdays were always occasions for feasting. The table was covered with dishes sent up from the French restaurant in the basement. The chairs were pushed back, cigarettes were lighted, men had their knees crossed. Then Pettingill got up.

"Gentlemen," he began, "we are here to celebrate the twenty-fifth birthday of Mr. Montgomery Brewster. I ask you all to join me in drinking to his long life and happiness."

"No heel taps!" some one shouted. "Brewster! Brewster!" all called at once.

The sudden ringing of an electric bell cut off this flow of sentiment, and so unusual was the interruption that the ten members straightened up as if jerked into position by a string.

"The police!" some one suggested. All faces were turned toward the door. A waiter stood there, uncertain whether to turn the knob or push the bolt.

"Damned nuisance!" said Richard Van Winkle. "I want to hear Brewster's speech."


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 "Speech! Speech!" echoed everywhere. Men settled into their places.

"Mr. Montgomery Brewster," Pettingill introduced.

Again the bell rang—long and loud.

"Reinforcements. I'll bet there's a patrol in the street," remarked Oliver Harrison.

"If it's only the police, let them in," said Pettingill. "I thought it was a creditor."

The waiter opened the door.

"Some one to see Mr. Brewster, sir," he announced.

"Is she pretty, waiter?" called McCloud.

"He says he is Ellis, from your grandfather's, sir!"

"My compliments to Ellis, and ask him to inform my grandfather that it's after banking hours. I'll see him in the morning," said Mr. Brewster, who had reddened under the jests of his companions.

"Grandpa doesn't want his Monty to stay out after dark," chuckled Subway Smith.

"It was most thoughtful of the old gentleman to have the man call for you with the perambulator," shouted Pettingill above the laughter. "Tell him you've already had your bottle," added McCloud.

"Waiter, tell Ellis I'm too busy to be seen,"


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title: Page:Poems Osgood.djvu/114


text:
Page:The Strand Magazine (Volume 5).djvu/78

 HAT'S on the cards?' A question common enough when the actual knowledge of the moment does not afford a positive answer; a question, too, which has an origin taking us back to the earliest use of playing cards. But to how many of those to whom playing cards as a means of recreation are familiar is it known what may be found on the cards? Yet upon these "bits of painted cardboard" there has been expended a greater amount of ingenuity and of artistic effort than is to be found in any other form of popular amusement. Pope’s charming epic, "The Rape of the Lock", gives us, in poetic form, a description of the faces of the cards as known to him and to the card-players of his time:—

It is not our purpose to historically trace the evolution of cards—this is a subject beyond the reach of the present article—but a look further afield will give us evidence that during the last three centuries there has been a constant adaptation of cards to purposes which take them beyond their intention as the instruments for card playing only. The idea that playing cards had their origin the later years of Charles VI. of Trance may be disposed of at once as a popular error, though it is true that the earliest


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Page:The Strand Magazine (Volume 5).djvu/79

 authentic examples which still exist are parts of the two packs of cards which were produced for the amusement of that King, by the hands of Jacques Gringonneur, and of which seventeen are preserved m the Bibliothèque Nationale of Paris,

These are the most early forms of playing cards, and are known as "Tarots" (as distinguished from "Numerals," or cards which have the consecutively marked "suit" signs), and which had evidently a purpose outside the ordinary games of playing cards as known to us. The "Tarot" pack consists variously of seventy-two, seventy-seven, or seventy-eight cards, including the "Tarots," which give them their distinctive name. "Tarot" as a game was familiar three centuries ago in England, but is so no longer, although it has a limited use in other parts of Europe still. One of the "Tarot" cards, of the Bibliothèque Nationale, "La Mort" is shown as the first of our illustrations (Fig. 1).

Familiar to those who are conversant with the literature of playing cards will be the Knave of Clubs, shown in Fig. 2, which is one of the fragments of a pack of cards found, in 1841, by Mr. Chatto, in the wastepaper used to form the pasteboard covers of a book. These cards are printed in outline from wood blocks and the colour filled in by stencilling, a method employed in the manufacture of cards down to a very few years ago. The date of these cards may safely be taken as not more recent than 1450, and they are most interesting as being coeval with, if not antecedent to, the most early form of printed book illustration as shown in the "Biblia Pauperum." The archaic drawing of the features, with its disregard of facial perspective, and the wondrous cervical anatomy, do not lessen our admiration of the vigour and "go" shown in this early example of the art of the designer and wood engraver.


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title: Page:Poems Osgood.djvu/116


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Page:Brewster's millions (IA brewstersmillion00greaiala).pdf/17

 commanded Brewster, and as Ellis went down in the elevator a roar followed him.

"Now, for Brewster's speech!—Brewster!"

Monty rose.

"Gentlemen, you seem to have forgotten for the moment that I am twenty-five years old this day, and that your remarks have been childish and wholly unbecoming the dignity of my age. That I have arrived at a period of discretion is evident from my choice of friends; that I am entitled to your respect is evident from my grandfather's notorious wealth. You have done me the honor to drink my health and to reassure me as to the inoffensiveness of approaching senility. Now I ask you all to rise and drink to 'The Little Sons of the Rich.' May the Lord love us!"

An hour later "Rip" Van Winkle and Subway Smith were singing "Tell Me, Pretty Maiden," to the uncertain accompaniment of Pettingill's violin, when the electric bell again disturbed the company.

"For Heaven's sake!" shouted Harrison, who had been singing "With All Thy Faults I Love Thee Still," to Pettingill's lay figure.

"Come home with me, grandson, come home with me now," suggested Subway Smith.

"Tell Ellis to go to Halifax," commanded


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 Montgomery, and again Ellis took the elevator downward. His usually impassive face now wore a look of anxiety, and twice he started to return to the top floor, shaking his head dubiously. At last he climbed into a hansom and reluctantly left the revelers behind. He knew it was a birthday celebration, and it was only half-past twelve in the morning.

At three o'clock the elevator made another trip to the top floor and Ellis rushed over to the unfriendly doorbell. This time there was stubborn determination in his face. The singing ceased and a roar of laughter followed the hush of a moment or two.

"Come in!" called a hearty voice, and Ellis strode firmly into the studio.

"You are just in time for a 'night-cap,' Ellis," cried Harrison, rushing to the footman's side. Ellis, stolidly facing the young man, lifted his hand.

"No, thank you, sir," he said, respectfully. "Mr. Montgomery, if you'll excuse me for breaking in, I'd like to give you three messages I've brought here to-night."

"You're a faithful old chap," said Subway Smith, thickly. "Hanged if I'd do A. D. T. work till three A. M. for anybody."

"I came at ten, Mr. Montgomery, with a


text:
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 message from Mr. Brewster, wishing you many happy returns of the day, and with a check from him for one thousand dollars. Here's the check, sir. I'll give my messages in the order I received them, sir, if you please. At twelve-thirty o'clock, I came with a message from Dr. Gower, sir, who had been called in"

"Called in?" gasped Montgomery, turning white.

"Yes, sir, Mr. Brewster had a sudden heart attack at half-past eleven, sir. The doctor sent word by me, sir, that he was at the point of death. My last message"

"Good Lord!"

"This time I bring a message from Rawles, the butler, asking you to come to Mr. Brewster's house at once—if you can, sir—I mean, if you will, sir," Ellis interjected apologetically. Then, with his gaze directed steadily over the heads of the subdued "Sons," he added, impressively:

"Mr. Brewster is dead, sir."


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title: Page:Poems Osgood.djvu/117


text:
Page:Plays by Jacinto Benavente - Second series (IA playsbyjacintobe00bena).pdf/219

. Set the basket on the floor, the glasses go here. Have we everything?

. Yes. I shall be back during the intermission to serve lunch—after the third bull.

. [Going up to the box] How is the plaza? [Applause. draws back hurriedly] Ah! They took me for the Governor and applauded me. They are ready to begin.

. It's half an hour yet. The people in the sun come early, as the seats are not reserved. There's less enthusiasm than there was last year. Have a drop?

. Demonio!

. A bottle more or less. What difference does it make?

. They'll see us from the boxes.

. There's nobody in the boxes—the country people are still coming in. Too much excitement yesterday. It detracts from the interest.

. Good wine! Very good wine

. Everybody has timiditis. Did you notice the precautions in the plaza? 195


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title: Page:Poems Osgood.djvu/119


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title: Page:Poems Osgood.djvu/120


text:
Page:The Talleyrand maxim, by J.S. Fletcher (IA talleyrandmaximb00flet).pdf/26

As quietly and composedly as if he were discharging the most ordinary of his daily duties, Pratt unfolded the document, and went close to the solitary gas jet above Eldrick's desk. What he held in his hand was a halfsheet of ruled foolscap paper, closely covered with writing, which he at once recognized as that of the late John Mallathorpe. He was familiar with that writing—he had often seen it. It was an old-fashioned writing—clear, distinct, with every letter well and fully formed.

"Made it himself!" muttered Pratt. "Um!—looks as if he wanted to keep the terms secret. Well"

He read the will through—rapidly, but with care, murmuring the phraseology half aloud.

"This is the last will of me, John Mallathorpe, of Normandale Grange, in the parish of Normandale, in the West Riding of the County of York. I appoint Martin William Charlesworth, manufacturer, of Holly Lodge, Barford, and Arthur James Wyatt, chartered accountant, of 65, Beck Street, Barford, executors and trustees of this my will. I give and devise all my estate and effects real and personal of which I may die possessed or entitled to unto the said Martin William Charlesworth


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Page:The Talleyrand maxim, by J.S. Fletcher (IA talleyrandmaximb00flet).pdf/27

 and Arthur James Wyatt upon trust for the following purposes to be carried out by them under the following instructions, namely:—As soon after my death as is conveniently possible they will sell all my real estate, either by private treaty or by public auction; they shall sell all my personal property of any nature whatsoever; they shall sell my business at Mallathorpe's mill in Barford as a going concern to any private purchaser or to any company already in existence or formed for the purpose of acquiring it; and they shall collect all debts and moneys due to me. And having sold and disposed of all my property, real and personal, and brought all the proceeds of such sales and of such collection of debts and moneys into one common fund they shall first pay all debts owing by me and all legal duties and expenses arising out of my death and this disposition of my property and shall then distribute my estate as follows, namely: to each of themselves, Martin William Charlesworth and Arthur James Wyatt, they shall pay the sum of five thousand pounds; to my sister-in-law, Ann Mallathorpe, they shall pay the sum of ten thousand pounds; to my nephew, Harper John Mallathorpe, they shall pay the sum of ten thousand pounds; to my niece, Nesta Mallathorpe, they shall pay the sum of ten thousand pounds. And as to the whole of the remaining residue they shall pay it in one sum to the Mayor and Corporation of the borough of Barford in the County of York to be applied by the said Mayor and Corporation at their own absolute discretion and in any manner which seems good to them to the establishment, furtherance and development of technical and commercial education in the said borough


title: Page:Experimentsnotes00boyl.pdf/12


text:
Page:Experimentsnotes00boyl.pdf/9

 Experiments, Notes, &c.

ABOUT THE

Mechanical Origine or Production

Of divers particular

QUALITIES:

Among which is inserted a Discourse of the

IMPERFECTION

OF THE

CHYMIST's Doctrine

OF

QUALITIES;

Together with some Reflections upon the

HYPOTHESIS

OF

and.

By the Honourable Robert Boyle, Esq Fellow of the R. Society.

LONDON, Printed by E. Flesher, for R. Davis Bookseller in Oxford. 1676.

title: Page:Experimentsnotes00boyl.pdf/9


text:
Page:The House Without Windows.djvu/108

 had begun to wonder whether it would be so easy to take Fleuriss away. She might consent to play, like Toby; but to run away, like Eepersip?it was a great problem. Eepersip et use some other means than simply appearing and asking her sister to go with her. Perhaps she would entice her on with the assurance that there was something wonderful waiting. Or maybe she id show Fleuriss wonder after wonderpoint e beautiful sea from far away, then lead her the little cottage which she had prepared. And if Fleuriss was cold, or hungry, what should do then? Perhaps she would not like roots to eat. Then, suddenly, an idea: she would dress herself up in wonderful flowers interwoven with the ferns, she would lure butterflies about her wreaths, she would bear armfuls of roses and apple-blossoms and lilacs and scatter them over Fleuriss, she would make her a fern dress, and, thus fascinating her, draw her away.

Eepersip wondered where she could sleep, near the house, and yet concealed. She thought of returning to the meadow, but that would be too far for convenient communication with Fleuriss. And

title: Page:The House Without Windows.djvu/108


text:
Page:Experimentsnotes00boyl.pdf/28

 Hypothesis, yet it may much strengthen the Arguments drawn from other Topicks, and thereby serve to recommend the Doctrine it self. For, the use of an Hypothesis being to render an intelligible account of the Causes of the Effects or Phænomena propos'd, without crossing the Laws of Nature or other Phænomena, the more numerous and the more various the Particulars are, whereof some are explicable by the assign'd Hypothesis, and some are agreeable to it, or at least are not dissonant from it, the more valuable is the Hypothesis, and the more likely to be true. For 'tis much more difficult, to finde an Hypothesis that is not true which will suit with many Phænomena, especially if they be of various kinds, than but with few. And for this Reason I have set down among the Instances belonging to particular Qualities some such Experiments and Observations, as we are now speaking of, since, although they be not direct proofs of the preferrablennss of our Doctrine, yet they may serve for Confirmation of it; though this be not the only or perhaps the chief Reason of their being mention'd. For whatever they may be as Arguments, since they are matters of fact, I thought it not amiss to take this occasion of preserving them from being

title: Page:Experimentsnotes00boyl.pdf/28


text:
Page:Experimentsnotes00boyl.pdf/29

 lost; since, whether or no they contribute much to the establishment of the Mechanical Doctrine about Qualities, they will at least contribute to the Natural History of them.

III. I shall not trouble the Reader with a Recital of those unlucky Accidents, that have hinder'd the Subjects of the following Book from being more numerous, and I hope he will the more easily excuse their paucity, if he be advertised, that although the particular Qualities, about which some Experiments and Notes, by way of Specimens, are here presented, be not near half so many as were intended to be treated of; yet I was careful to chuse them such as might comprehend in a small number a great variety; there being scarce one sort of Qualities, of which there is not an Instance given in this small Book, since therein Experiments and thoughts are deliver'd about Heat and Cold, which are the chief of the four FIRST QUALITIES; about Tasts and Odours, which are of those, that, being the immediate objects of Sense, are wont to be call'd SENSIBLE QUALITIES; about Volatility and Fixity, Corrosiveness and Corrosibility, which, as they are found in bodies purely natural, are referrable to those Qualities, that many

title: Page:Experimentsnotes00boyl.pdf/29


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Page:West African Studies.djvu/131

 Bush again, pretty frequently meeting there the sad fate of the pitcher that went too often to the well, and getting killed by the hinterlanders.

On arriving at Corisco Island, I "soothed with a gift, and greeted with a smile" the dusky inhabitants. "Have you got any tobacco?" said they. "I have," I responded, and a friendly feeling at once arose. I then explained that I wanted to join the fishing party. They were quite willing, and said the ladies were just finishing planting their farms before the tornado season came on, and that they would make the peculiar, necessary baskets at once. They did not do so at once in the English sense of the term, but we all know there is no time south of 40°, and so I waited patiently, walking about the island.

Corisco is locally celebrated for its beauty. Winwood Reade says: "It is a little world in miniature, with its miniature forests, miniature prairies, miniature mountains, miniature rivers, and miniature precipices on the sea-shore." In consequence partly of these things, and partly of the inhabitants' rooted idea that the proper way to any place on the island is round by the sea-shore, the paths of Corisco are as strange as several other things are in latitude 0, and, like the other things, they require understanding to get on with.

They start from the beach with the avowed intention of just going round the next headland because the tide happens to be in too much for you to go along by the beach; but, once started, their presiding genii might sing to the wayfarer Mr. Kipling's "The Lord knows where we shall go, dear lass, and the Deuce knows what we shall see." You go up a path off the beach gladly, because you have been wading in fine white sand over your ankles, and

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 in banks of rotten and rotting seaweed, on which centipedes, and other catamumpuses, crawl in profusion, not to mention sand-flies, &c., and the path makes a plunge inland, as much as to say, "Come and see our noted scenery," and having led you through a miniature swamp, a miniature forest, and a miniature prairie, "It's a pity," says the path, "not to call at So-and-so's village now we are so near it," and off it goes to the village through a patch of grass or plantation. It wanders through the scattered village calling at houses, for some time, and then says, "Bless me, I had nearly forgotten what I came out for; we must hurry back to that beach," and off it goes through more scenery, landing you ultimately about fifty yards off the place where you first joined it, in consequence of the South Atlantic waves flying in foam and fury against a miniature precipice—the first thing they have met that dared stay their lordly course since they left Cape Horn or the ice walls of the Antarctic.

At last the fishing baskets were ready, and we set off for the lakes by a path that plunged into a little ravine, crossed a dried swamp, went up a hill, and on to an open prairie, in the course of about twenty minutes. Passing over this prairie, and through a wood, we came to another prairie, like most things in Corisco just then (August), dried up, for it was the height of the dry season. On this prairie we waited for some of the representative ladies from other villages to come up; for without their presence our fishing would not have been legal. When you wait in West Africa it eats into your lifetime to a considerable extent, and we spent half-an-hour or so standing howling, in prolonged, intoned howls, for the absent ladies, notably grievously for On-gou-ta, and when they came not, we threw

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 ourselves down on the soft, fine, golden-brown grass, in the sun, and all, with the exception of myself, went asleep. After about two and a half hours I was aroused from the contemplation of the domestic habits of some beetles, by hearing a crackle, crackle, interspersed with sounds like small pistols going off, and looking round saw a fog of blue-brown smoke surmounting a rapidly-advancing wall of red fire.

I rose, and spread the news among my companions, who were sleeping, with thumps and kicks. Shouting at a sleeping African is labour lost. And then I made a beeline for the nearest green forest wall of the prairie, followed by my companions. Yet, in spite of some very creditable sprint performances on their part, three members of the band got scorched. Fortunately, however, our activity landed us close to the lakes, so the scorched ones spent the rest of the afternoon sitting in mud-holes, comforting themselves with the balmy black slime. The other ladies turned up soon after this, and said that the fire had arisen from some man having set fire to a corner of the prairie some days previously, to make a farm; he had thought the fire was out round his patch, whereas it was not, but smouldering in the tussocks of grass, and the wind had sprung up that afternoon from a quarter that fanned it up. I said, "People should be very careful of fire," and the scorched ladies profoundly agreed with me, and said things I will not repeat here, regarding "that fool man" and his female ancestors.

The lakes are pools of varying extent and depth, in the bed-rock of the island, and the fact that they are sur-

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