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344 and stole grapes, and the second time somebody shouted at us from some invisible place. Whereupon we left again. We speculated in grapes no more on that side of Athens.

Shortly we came upon an ancient stone aqueduct, built upon arches, and from that time forth we had ruins all about us—we were approaching our journey’s end. We could not see the Acropolis now or the high hill, either, and I wanted to follow the road till we were abreast of them, but the others overruled me, and we toiled laboriously up the stony hill immediately in our front—and from its summit saw another—climbed it and saw another! It was an hour of exhausting work. Soon we came upon a row of open graves, cut in the solid rock—(for a while one of them served Socrates for a prison)—we passed around the shoulder of the hill, and the citadel, in all its ruined magnificence, burst upon us! We hurried across the ravine and up a winding road, and stood on the old Acropolis, with the prodigious walls of the citadel towering above our heads. We did not stop to inspect their massive blocks of marble, or measure their height, or guess at their extraordinary thickness, but passed at once through a great arched passage like a railway tunnel, and went straight to the gate that leads to the ancient temples. It was locked! So, after all, it seemed that we were not to see the great Parthenon face to face. We sat down and


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Rh held a council of war. Result: the gate was only a flimsy structure of wood—we would break it down. It seemed like desecration, but then we had traveled far, and our necessities were urgent. We could not hunt up guides and keepers—we must be on the ship before daylight. So we argued. This was all very fine, but when we came to break the gate, we could not do it. We moved around an angle of the wall and found a low bastion—eight feet high without—ten or twelve within. Denny prepared to scale it, and we got ready to follow. By dint of hard scrambling he finally straddled the top, but some loose stones crumbled away and fell with a crash into the court within. There was instantly a banging of doors and a shout. Denny dropped from the wall in a twinkling, and we retreated in disorder to the gate. Xerxes took that mighty citadel four hundred and eighty years before Christ, when his five millions of soldiers and camp-followers followed him to Greece, and if we four Americans could have remained unmolested five minutes longer, we would have taken it too.

The garrison had turned out—four Greeks. We clamored at the gate, and they admitted us. [Bribery and corruption.]

We crossed a large court, entered a great door, and stood upon a pavement of purest white marble, deeply worn by footprints. Before us, in the flooding moonlight, rose the noblest ruins we had ever looked upon—the Propylæ; a small Temple of Minerva; the Temple of Hercules, and. the grand Parthenon. [We got these names from the Greek guide, who didn’t seem to know more than seven men ought to know.] These edifices were all built of the whitest Pentelic marble, but have a pinkish stain upon them now. Where any part is broken, however, the fracture looks like fine loaf sugar. Six caryatides, or marble women, clad in flowing robes, support the portico of the Temple of Hercules, but the porticos and colonnades of the other structures are formed of massive Doric and Ionic pillars, whose flutings and capitals are still measurably perfect, notwithstanding the centuries that have gone over them and the sieges they have suffered. The Parthenon, originally, was two hundred and twenty-six feet long, one hun-

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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 Thursday 2nd. The air has become rather clearer, strong breeze blowing from north. Employed much as yesterday. Carted in this afternoon the remainder of the wheat off field No. I9 which concludes the harvest. 2 ploughs agoing, Car rier arranging others to start as soon as possible. Began to dig a well on the hill behind the house. Friday 3rd. The weather much clearer to day & the sun has at length been able [to] strike its beams thro the Smoke. Paid off the harvest indians. Carrier has 8 ploughs now ready & several of the lads are preparing to commence ploughing. Carting manure, making up fences round potatoe fields & as usual. The 2 mnen digging the well have got down 9 feet. Saturday 1th. Close sultry smoky dusty weather. 4 ploughs agoing, getting 2 others ready. Employed digging well; weve got down 12 feet in two days. Sunday 5th. Air much clearer of smoke and cooler. Smart breeze from Westward. Monday 6th. Smoky still strong NW breeze-employed ploughing removing mill to white wheat shed-digging well (i6 feet deep to night). Sent Laportre42 to Naw wa cum43 for bark. Carrier pulling down & carters removing Gilbeauts44 old house to below the hill where it is to be set up again to answer for a stable this winter. Boys carting manure. En gaged two heads of indian families. Sow a sow & Kawasi45 to look after the sheep for four months at the rate of I 2 Blkts pr month. Engaged 5 Indian women to work at the thrashing machine or elsewhere until strawberry season summer '48. The water in the Cowelitz exceedingly low. The indians at the weir take but very few salmon. Sal-lal ripe.

42. Jean Baptiste Lapoitre (Laportre), a middleman, 1847-49, Cowlitz Farm employee lists, H.B.C. Arch. He appears in the 1850 Lewis County census, and in 1851 took charge of Muck Farm, a Nisqually outpost, after John McPhail left (Nisqually Journal, WHQ, XIL224).

43. Edmond Meany, in Origin of Washington Geographic Names (Seattle, 1923), 187, mentions the Puget Sound Agricultural Company farmsite called Newaukum. The Newaukum River is a tributary of the Chehalis, and a prairie and later town were given the name.

44. Hilard Gilbeault, middleman and farmer, 1847 -48, Cowlitz Farm employee list, H .B.C. Arch. He was at the farm as early as 1842 (HBRS VI:66n).

45. Probably Indians.


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346 dred wide, and seventy high, and had two rows of great columns, eight in each, at either end, and single rows of seventeen each down the sides, and was one of the most graceful and beautiful edifices ever erected.

Most of the Parthenon’s imposing columns are still standing, but the roof is gone. It was a perfect building two hundred and fifty years ago, when a shell dropped into the Venetian magazine stored here, and the explosion which followed wrecked and unroofed it. I remember but little about the Parthenon, and I have put in one or two facts and figures for the use of other people with short memories. Got them from the guide-book.

As we wandered thoughtfully down the marble-paved length of this: stately temple, the scene about us was strangely impressive. Here and there, in lavish profusion, were gleaming white statues of men and women, propped against blocks of


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Rh marble, some of them armless, some without legs, others headless—but all looking mournful in the moonlight, and startlingly human! They rose up and confronted the midnight intruder on every side—they stared at him with stony eyes from unlooked-for nooks and recesses; they peered at him over fragmentary heaps far down the desolate corridors; they barred his way in the midst of the broad forum, and solemnly pointed with handless arms the way from the sacred fane; and through the roofless temple the moon looked down, and banded the floor and darkened the scattered fragments and broken statues with the slanting shadows of the columns.

What a world of ruined sculpture was about us! Set up in rows—stacked up in piles—scattered broadcast over the wide area of the Acropolis—were hundreds of crippled statues of all sizes and of the most exquisite workmanship; and vast fragments of marble that once belonged to the entablatures, covered with bas-reliefs representing battles and sieges, ships of war with three and four tiers of oars, pageants and processions—every thing one could think of. History says that the temples of the Acropolis were filled with the noblest works of Praxiteles and Phidias, and of many a great master in sculpture besides—and surely these elegant fragments attest it.

We walked out into the grass-grown, fragment-strewn court beyond the Parthenon. It startled us, every now and then, to see a stony white face stare suddenly up at us out of the grass with its dead eyes. The place seemed alive with ghosts. I half expected to see the Athenian heroes of twenty centuries ago glide out of the shadows and steal into the old temple they knew so well and regarded with such boundless pride.

The full moon was riding high in the cloudless heavens, now. We sauntered carelessly and unthinkingly to the edge of the lofty battlements of the citadel, and looked down—a vision! And such a vision! Athens by moonlight! The prophet that thought the splendors of the New Jerusalem were revealed to him, surely saw this instead! It lay in the level plain right under our feet—all spread abroad like a picture—and we looked down upon it as we might have looked


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User talk:Thiago Rodrigues30

Institutional Act Number Five
Hello. I hope that the links in the above Welcome message will help you to solve the issues. What we need most is the exact source where the work was taken from: a website, a book… The source should be given in the talk page. As for the licence, we need both the licence of the original text and the licence of the translation to English, they both have to be in the public domain. I suppose that the original text could be tagged using the template, but I am not sure about the translation. This information should be given in the source where you copied it from. --Jan Kameníček (talk) 20:53, 11 November 2023 (UTC)

 * It is in the following link:https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/ait/ait-05-68.htm
 * I translated myself it with Google Chrome built-in translation feature, and then made a few corretions. I release my translation, if it is even copyrightable, under CC0, but i am not sure if Google copyrights would apply here. Thiago Rodrigues30 (talk) 22:41, 11 November 2023 (UTC)
 * I see. For such cases we have a special translation namespace, I have moved the page there, see Translation:Institutional Act Number Five. I also standardized the text so that it complies with our Style guide better.
 * Can you please write the source that you have mentioned above also to the talk page of the work?
 * The last thing to be done is placing the licence tags. Just copypaste the following to the bottom of the page:
 * Then the no source and no licence templates can be removed.
 * Thanks very much for the contribution! Feel free to ask any questions whenever needed. You can also use the WS:Scriptorium/Help page. --Jan Kameníček (talk) 10:15, 12 November 2023 (UTC)
 * I have also noticed that some of your edits were disabled by our edit filter. This has been caused by adding an external link without explanation in the summary, if you fill in the summary properly, it will be OK. --Jan Kameníček (talk) 11:49, 12 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Ok, thanks and Sorry for the trouble. Thiago Rodrigues30 (talk) 12:51, 12 November 2023 (UTC)
 * No troubles, just do not hesitate to ask whenever you need to :-) --Jan Kameníček (talk) 23:30, 12 November 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:Thiago Rodrigues30


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Some are unable, as you know, To tell the Crocus from the Crow; The reason why is just be-caws They are not versed in Nature's laws. The noisy cawing Crows all come, Obedient to the Cro'custom, A large Crow Caw-cus to convoke. You never hear the Crocus croak!


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348 from a balloon. We saw no semblance of a street, but every house, every window, every clinging vine, every projection, was as distinct and sharply marked as if the time were noon-day; and yet there was no glare, no glitter, nothing harsh or repulsive—the noiseless city was flooded with the mellowest light that ever streamed from the moon, and seemed like some living creature wrapped in peaceful slumber. On its further side was a little temple, whose delicate pillars and ornate front glowed with a rich lustre that chained the eye like a spell; and nearer by, the palace of the king reared its creamy walls out of the midst of a great garden of shrubbery that was flecked all over with a random shower of amber lights—a spray of golden sparks that lost their brightness in the glory of the moon, and glinted softly upon the sea of dark foliage like the pallid stars of the milky-way. Overhead the stately columns, majestic still in their ruin—under foot the dreaming city—in the distance the silver sea—not on the broad earth is there another picture half so beautiful!

As we turned and moved again through the temple, I wished that the illustrious men who had sat in it in the remote ages could visit it again and reveal themselves to our curious eyes—Plato, Aristotle, Demosthenes, Socrates, Phocion, Pythagoras, Euclid, Pindar, Xenophon, Herodotus, Praxiteles and Phidias, Zeuxis the painter. What a constellation of celebrated names! But more than all, I wished that old Diogenes, groping so patiently with his lantern, searching so zealously for one solitary honest man in all the world, might meander along and stumble on our party. I ought not to say it, may be, but still I suppose he would have put out his light.

We left the Parthenon to keep its watch over old Athens, as it had kept it for twenty-three hundred years, and went and stood outside the walls of the citadel. In the distance was the ancient, but still almost perfect Temple of Theseus, and close by, looking to the west, was the Bema, from whence Demosthenes thundered his philippics and fired the wavering patriotism of his countrymen. To the right was Mars Hill, where the Areopagus sat in ancient times, and where St. Paul defined


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 NOTTINGHAM LITERARY AND PHILOSOPHICAL S0CIETY.— .—January 9th.—Mr. J. Burton, F.R.M.S., read a paper on "Monads." The paper was based on the researches of Dallinger and Drysdale, and treated of the life history of several of these "forms" or genera. January 16th—A paper on "Teredos or Wood-boring Mollusca," was read by, (and not as erroneously stared, p. 27, on December 19th, 1877.) January 23rd.—A paper was read by the Hon. Sec., Mr. I. Morley, on "The Geological Structure of Derbyshire," illustrated by maps, sections, fossils, and rock specimens. January 30th.—General Microscopical Meeting.—The President of the Section, Mr. Edwin Smith, M.A., gave an interesting account of the construction and management of the microscope. Numerous objects were viewed under microscopes. February 20th—Mr. B. Smith, M.A., read a paper on "The Geology of the Isle of Wight," which was illustrated by lantern views.

NOTTINGHAM NATURALISTS' SOCIETY.—February 6th,—"Notes on Collecting and Preserving Natural History Objects," by Messrs. C. Musson and L. Lee, illustrated by mounted specimens. February 13.—Microscopical Evening. Lecture on "Stomata; their forms and use," by Mr. L. Lee.

RUGBY SCHOOL NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.—February 9th.—First meeting this term. Mr. G. Jones, School House, was elected secretary. A practical paper on "Pupa-digging” was read by Mr. J. Lea, in which some of the ordinary maxims of the art were criticised in the light of practical experience. A paper was also read on "Humming Birds," illustrated by sketches. The Rev. T. N. Hutchinson exhibited the Telephone, giving a short explanation of the principle. Those present then tested the instrument by experiments, which were completely successful.

SEVERN VALLEY NATURALISTS' FIELD CLUB—February 19th.—The annual winter meeting was held et Bridgenorth. The following officers were appointed for 1878—President, Mr. T. Martin Southwell; Vice-Presidents, the Rev. F. A. Mather, Mr. R. H. Colley, Mr. J. G. P. Smith, Mr. A. Mathias; Honorary Secretary, Mr. Rowland W. Ralph. The following Field Meetings were fixed:—Malvern, June 4th, 5th, and 6th; Hawkestone, July 2nd; Ellesmere or Welshpool, August 6th. A beautiful collection of New Zealand ferns was exhibited by Mr. Southwell.

TAMWORTH NATURAL HISTORY, GEOLOGICAL, AND ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY.—February 4th. Mr. W. Wright Wilson, F.L.S., M.R.C.S.}}, delivered a lecture on "Light, its Sources and Effects," illustrated by well-executed diagrams. Interesting experiments were shown in connection with the lecture by Monsieur Morand.

Communications received from S. L. M., Huddersfield, (thanks;) T. P., Stroud, (will appear in next number;) C., Nottingham, (anonymous communications not admissible.}

We have several articles and letters in type, which for want of space we are obliged to hold over till nex0t month.

Copies of our prospectus, containing lists of contents of "Midland Naturalist" for January, February, and March, will be sent to any of our readers who will kindly undertake to distribute them among friends likely to become subscribers.

Notes on any Natural History subject are invited.

Communications, authenticated by name and address, should reach us before the 18th of the current month, and be addressed the Editors of the "Midland Naturalist," Midland Counties Herald Office, Birmingham.


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Rh his position, and below was the market-place where he “disputed daily” with the gossip-loving Athenians. We climbed the stone steps St. Paul ascended, and stood in the square-cut place he stood in, and tried to recollect the Bible account of the matter—but for certain reasons, I could not recall the words. I have found them since:

It occurred to us, after a while, that if we wanted to get home before daylight betrayed us, we had better be moving. So we hurried away. When far on our road, we had a parting view of the Parthenon, with the moonlight streaming through its open colonnades and touching its capitals with silver. As it looked then, solemn, grand, and beautiful it will always remain in our memories.

As we marched along, we began to get over our fears, and ceased to care much about quarantine scouts or any body else. We grew bold and reckless; and once, in a sudden burst of courage, I even threw a stone at a dog. It was a pleasant reflection, though, that I did not hit him, because his master might just possibly have been a policeman. Inspired by this happy failure, my valor became utterly uncontrollable, and at intervals I absolutely whistled, though on a moderate key. But boldness breeds boldness, and shortly I plunged into a vineyard, in the full light of the moon, and captured a gallon of superb grapes, not even minding the presence of a peasant who rode by on a mule. Denny and Birch followed my ex-


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350 ample. Now I had grapes enough for a dozen, but then Jackson was all swollen up with courage, too, and he was obliged to enter a vineyard presently. The first bunch he seized brought trouble. A frowsy, bearded brigand sprang into the road with a shout, and flourished a musket in the light of the moon! We sidled toward the Piræus—not running, you understand, but only advancing with celerity. The brigand shouted again, but still we advanced. It was getting late, and we had no time to fool away on every ass that wanted to drivel Greek platitudes to us. We would just as soon have talked with him as not if we had not been in a hurry. Presently Denny said, “Those fellows are following us!”

We turned, and, sure enough, there they were—three fantastic pirates armed with guns. We slackened our pace to let them come up, and in the meantime I got out my cargo of grapes and dropped them firmly but reluctantly into the shadows by the wayside. But I was not afraid. I only felt that it was not right to steal grapes. And all the more so when the owner was around—and not only around, but with his friends around also. The villains came up and searched a bundle Dr.


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 and executive committees—six yearly hours; secretaries of pedagogic council and librarians and also clerks and bookkeepers of schools, school superintendents—six yearly hours; assistant school superintendents (ladies' school superintendents not in boarding schools)—18 yearly hours; instructors and ladies’ school superintendents of boarding schools—24 yearly hours.

7. An additional remuneration of labor in preparation of laboratory work shall be made to the extent of 20 per cent. of a yearly hour; remuneration of labor in correcting written tests shall be made to the extent of 10 per cent. of a yearly hour; modern and ancient languages—10 per cent.; Russian language and mathematics—15 per cent.

8. All living quarters, occupied by virtue of service, shall be paid for by the occupants, the amounts being fixed by respective departments of the Soviets of Workmen's, Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies.

9. The duties of a clerk and bookkeeper at non-boarding schools shall be executed by one person.

Note.—Two positions fused into one shall be allowed to be filled by one person only by special permission from a Department of Public Education attached to the local Soviets of Workmen's, Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies.

10. The technical personnel shall be remunerated in accordance with a decree of the Soviet of People's Commissaires.

11. The following rule applies to teachers serving above the fixed term: every five years a raise of 600 rubles a year shall be paid to teachers having not less than six yearly hours in all schools, this raise being paid not longer than for four consecutive periods.

12. New standards of payments shall be in force beginning March 1, 1918, two categories being adopted for this purpose.

13. To the first category belong:

(a) all secondary schools, and

(b) all higher grammar, technical, trades, agricultural schools, teachers' seminaries, normal schools and instructors of school and school-administration work.

14. To the second category belong: lower grammar, trades, lower agricultural schools and instructors for kindergarten training.

Note to Articles 13 and 14.

The difference between the aforesaid remuneration scale and that of the actually received salary shall be paid to persons of the teachers' personnel, described in Articles 13 and 14, beginning March 1, and the rest, beginning June 1.

Note 2 to Articles 13 and 14.

Persons leaving service before publication of said decree shall forfeit their pension rights.

15. Monthly salaries to persons of the first category shall range


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 from 600 to 400 rubles at Petrograd and Moscow, and for the second category—from 500 to 300.

16. Present remunerations likewise apply to private schools having the same governmental rights.

As an example, one of many, to show the operation of the Soviet principle in the educational matters of portions of the country, the following document (Document No. 5) will illustrate the methods of the Presidium of the Moscow Soviet of Workers' Deputies.

Concerning organization of a Section of People's Education.

Supplementing the regulation of the Presidium of the M. S. W. D. of May 11th, the following rulings have been adopted:

1. The Section of People's Education of the Moscow Soviet of Workmen's Deputies is an organ unifying and directing the activities of all cultural-educational and artistic-educational institutions, excepting those which have a State-wide importance.

Therefore the jurisdiction of the Section extends not merely over institutions directly subsidized by the Soviet, but also over those belonging to private individuals and bodies.

2. The Section is headed by a collegium appointed by the Moscow S. W. D., with a membership of 5 persons and 2 candidates.

3. The Section is divided into 3 sub-sections: (a) school, (b) artistic-educational, and (c) educational institutions.

In turn the sub-sections have the following sub-divisions: (a) school section—pre-school, elementary school; secondary and higher vocational education; courses for adults and youths; sanitary science schools, and auxiliary institutions (museums, objects for school accommodations, moving pictures and courses for instructors, etc.); artistic-educational—theatre, music and plastic arts; (b) educational sub-section—libraries, clubs and people's houses.

The above mentioned list of sub-sections, sections and sub-divisions is not necessarily an exhaustive one: new sub-divisions and


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Rh Birch had in his hand, and scowled upon him when they found it had nothing in it but some holy rocks from Mars Hill, and these were not contraband. They evidently suspected him of playing some wretched fraud upon them, and seemed half inclined to scalp the party. But finally they dismissed us with a warning, couched in excellent Greek, I suppose, and dropped tranquilly in our wake. When they had gone three hundred yards they stopped, and we went on rejoiced. But behold, another armed rascal came out of the shadows and took their place, and followed us two hundred yards. Then he delivered us over to another miscreant, who emerged from some mysterious place, and he in turn to another! For a mile and a half our rear was guarded all the while by armed men. I never traveled in so much state before in all my life.

It was a good while after that before we ventured to steal any more grapes, and when we did we stirred up another troublesome brigand, and then we ceased all further speculation in that line. I suppose that fellow that rode by on the mule posted all the sentinels, from Athens to the Piræus, about us.

Every field on that long route was watched by an armed sentinel, some of whom had fallen asleep, no doubt, but were on hand, nevertheless. This shows what sort of a country modern Attica is—a community of questionable characters. These men were not there to guard their possessions against strangers, but against each other; for strangers seldom visit Athens and the Piræus, and when they do, they go in daylight, and can buy all the grapes they want for a trifle. The modern inhabitants are confiscators and falsifiers of high repute, if gossip speaks truly concerning them, and I freely believe it does.

Just as the earliest tinges of the dawn flushed the eastern sky and turned the pillared Parthenon to a broken harp hung in the pearly horizon, we closed our thirteenth mile of weary, round-about marching, and emerged upon the sea-shore abreast the ships, with our usual escort of fifteen hundred Piræan dogs howling at our heels. We hailed a boat that was two or three


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352 hundred yards from shore, and discovered in a moment that it was a police-boat on the lookout for any quarantine-breakers that might chance to be abroad. So we dodged—we were used to that by this time—and when the scouts reached the spot we had so lately occupied, we were absent. They cruised along the shore, but in the wrong direction, and shortly our own boat issued from the gloom and took us aboard. They had heard our signal on the ship. We rowed noiselessly away, and before the police-boat came in sight again, we were safe at home once more.

Four more of our passengers were anxious to visit Athens, and started half an hour after we returned; but they had not been ashore five minutes till the police discovered and chased them so hotly that they barely escaped to their boat again, and that was all. They pursued the enterprise no further.

We set sail for Constantinople to-day, but some of us little care for that. We have seen all there was to see in the old city that had its birth sixteen hundred years before Christ was born, and was an old town before the foundations of Troy were laid—and saw it in its most attractive aspect. Wherefore, why should we worry?


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 sections may be formed to meet a new demand, depending upon the specialization and development of the undertaking.

4. An advisory board, which includes representatives from all sub-sections and divisions, is established at the Collegium, and all questions involving the jurisdiction of two or more sub-sections or divisions, as well as questions the Collegium may deem it necessary to discuss, are submitted to the board for approval.

5. There is also established at the Collegium an advisory organ—a Soviet of collegiates' representatives in charge of people's education from regional Soviets of Workmen's Deputies; representatives of the Soviet, sub-sections and divisions, and in case of absence of such—representatives of workers from a given branch of activity, directors of sections, representatives of workmen's organizations—Central Labor Co-operative and Central Bureau of trade unions.

6. An advisory organ is established at each sub-section—a Soviet which includes representatives from regional sections (one from each), directors of divisions comprising the sub-section and those selected from the reserve.

7. Similar Soviets are established at various sections comprising representatives from regional Soviets of Workmen's Deputies, representatives of workers from various branches of activities, directors of divisions and sub-divisions and those selected by preference from the reserve; for sections insufficiently developed, in place of Soviets, it is permissible to establish committees elected by the Soviet of the sub-section.

8. All these Soviets work regularly, meeting on appointed dates. Besides, twice or thrice a year a general meeting of all Soviets, sections, sub-sections and branches, is called for discussion of questions of principle relating to organization of educational work among the people in the cities.

9. Direct supervision of current work of sub-divisions and divisions is divided between the members of Collegiums and officials especialiy invited by the Collegium.

10. Detailed definition of the jurisdiction of each sub-section and sections is determined by rules of institutions, drawn up by the Collegium.

11. Similar branches of people's education are organized in different localities, with corresponding sub-sections and divisions, in accordance with an instruction drawn up by the section in charge of people's education.

12. Direct supervision of cultural-educational institutions is divided between the capitals and the provinces to correspond with the regional or municipal importance of an institution.

13. Further changes in the present organization, as for instance: establishment of new sub-sections and divisions, or changing the jurisdiction of those already existing, can be introduced only after


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Rh Two other passengers ran the blockade successfully last night. So we learned this morning. They slipped away so quietly that they were not missed from the ship for several hours. They had the hardihood to march into the Piræus in the early dusk and hire a carriage. They ran some danger of adding two or three months’ imprisonment to the other novelties of their Holy Land Pleasure Excursion. I admire “cheek.” But they went and came safely, and never walked a step.


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 they have been approved by the presidium of the Moscow Soviet of Workmen's Deputies.

The following list of names of the comrades comprising the section of people's education has been approved by the presidium:

1. M. N. Pokrovsky

2. A. J. Piskunov

3. S. J. Mitzkovitch

4. V. P. Obuch

5. V. M. Fritche

Candidates:

1. P. M. Lebedev-Kepzhentzev

2. Kazarov.

Presidium of the Moscow Soviet of Workers' Deputies.

Documents No. 6 and 7 show that the efforts of the Soviet Government to train the population are by no means limited to the children of the country, but extend to able-bodied workers, men and women, as well.

Comrades:—

A section of independent cultural-educational proletarian organizations ("Proletcult") has been established, attached to the Commissariat of People's Education.

The object of this Section is the creation of a mighty All-Russian organization which would unite, support and direct the cultural-educational beginnings of all labor organizations.

Amidst the hard trials and desperate struggles of the past year, the Russian worker has manifested a mighty desire for knowledge and creativeness.

The workmen-peasants' government feels it to be its bounden duty to respond to this desire.

To help the worker in his endeavor to free himself from


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 the humiliating shackles of ignorance and darkness; to surround with care and comfort his few leisure hours and to bring light and clearness to his understanding of Socialism—this is the immediate problem facing the Section. To clear the road towards culture for the worker and help him to become a master in the field in which he heretofore has been only a casual visitor—this is the ultimate goal.

Our Section begins its activity under most trying circumstances.

Universal illiteracy, unemployment and hunger reign throughout the whole country.

We begin the task with small means at our disposal, with lack of workers qualified for such an undertaking.

The problems that are facing us are great, responsible and pressing.

But we believe that the forces which will come to our assistance are also great.

For the purpose of ascertaining the progress of cultural-educational activity of all labor organizations of Russia we are sending out a questionnaire. It will help us to regulate expediently our material means and discover the needs, requirements and immediate problems of labor organizations. In the near future we shall hold at Moscow a Pan-Russian cultural-educational conference, and we are about to start publishing a magazine devoted especially to questions of proletarian culture. We ask the comrades to send us articles, stories, verses and every sort of literary material for this magazine, as well as for an Almanach which we shall also publish. We are producing a standard catalogue for workmen's libraries, and we will exert all our efforts in order that the bookstore (soon to be opened at the Commissariat of People's Education) should have a sufficient number of required books. Upon first request we shall send these books to labor organizations. Courses on workmen's control and trade-union movement have just been opened in Moscow.

We intend to elaborate and publish all lectures to be held there and circulate them through far-distant provincial towns and cities where the organization of such courses is attended with many difficulties. Trained specialist-workers are needed


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 for a wide and serious organization of the cultural-educational undertakings. Undoubtedly there are in the provinces comrades who, with love and interest, will set themselves to this task, after having been trained in this direction.

Therefore we are anxious now to open in Moscow courses for instructors.

This is the programme of our immediate activities. With the greatest attention and gratitude we will listen to all suggestions from comrades. Only through the latter's responsive attitude and active support can we hope to grapple with the tremendous problems facing us.

Section of "Proletcult."

Much has been said boastfully in our country of our great system of popular education, and, in spite of the many other disadvantages to which our proletarians have been subjected, it may be admitted that a certain rudimentary education has always been rather well conducted in America. But the gates to higher institutions have been closed to all but the wealthy, not only by the general conditions of life, which have not afforded the leisure for higher study to the great masses of the population, but also by high tuition fees, which have made the barrier still more insurmountable. How the Russians now decide the fee question, even for higher institutions, is the subject of Document No. 8.


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ROM Athens all through the islands of the Grecian Archipelago, we saw little but forbidding sea-walls and barren hills, sometimes surmounted by three or four graceful columns of some ancient temple, lonely and deserted—a fitting symbol of the desolation that has come upon all Greece in these latter ages. We saw no ploughed fields, very few villages, no trees or grass or vegetation of any kind, scarcely, and hardly ever an isolated house. Greece is a bleak, unsmiling desert, without agriculture, manufactures or commerce, apparently. What supports its poverty-stricken people or its Government, is a mystery.

I suppose that ancient Greece and modern Greece compared, furnish the most extravagant contrast to be found in history. George I., an infant of eighteen, and a scraggy nest of foreign office holders, sit in the places of Themistocles, Pericles, and the illustrious scholars and generals of the Golden Age of Greece. The fleets that were the wonder of the world when the Parthenon was new, are a beggarly handful of fishing-smacks now, and the manly people that performed such miracles of valor at Marathon are only a tribe of unconsidered slaves to-day. The classic Illyssus has gone dry, and so have all the sources of Grecian wealth and greatness. The nation numbers only eight hundred thousand souls, and there is poverty and misery and mendacity enough among them to furnish forty millions and be liberal about it. Under King Otho the revenues of the State were five millions of dollars—raised from a tax of one-tenth of all the agricultural products


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Rh of the land (which tenth the farmer had to bring to the royal granaries on pack-mules any distance not exceeding six leagues) and from extravagant taxes on trade and commerce. Out of that five millions the small tyrant tried to keep an army of ten thousand men, pay all the hundreds of useless Grand Equerries in Waiting, First Grooms of the Bedchamber, Lord High Chancellors of the Exploded Exchequer, and all the other absurdities which these puppy-kingdoms indulge in, in imitation of the great monarchies; and in addition he set about building a white marble palace to cost about five millions itself. The result was, simply: ten into five goes no times and none over. All these things could not be done with five millions, and Otho fell into trouble.

The Greek throne, with its unpromising adjuncts of a ragged population of ingenious rascals who were out of employment eight months in the year because there was little for them to borrow and less to confiscate, and a waste of barren hills and weed-grown deserts, went begging for a good while. It was offered to one of Victoria’s sons, and afterwards to various other younger sons of royalty who had no thrones and were out of business, but they all had the charity to decline the dreary honor, and veneration enough for Greece’s ancient greatness to refuse to mock her sorrowful rags and dirt with a tinsel throne in this day of her humiliation—till they came to this young Danish George, and he took it. He has finished


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The teaching body in Russia now holds frequent conventions and congresses, and expresses itself freely on the conduct of the schools, a condition of affairs that will arouse the envy of their American colleagues. And their deliberations. consequently show a depth of appreciation of the problems set before them such as is rarely found among American teachers. Document No. 9 shows how idealistic and yet how profoundly practical are the ambitions of the Russian school teachers. This document is in the form of a resolution passed at a congress of teachers in Moscow, on June 6, 1918.


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Rh know them, n I, a thou, ha he, she, it, i we, u you. Of the numerals, the second, ǃku or ǃú, at least offers no resemblance either to the same numeral in the Bantu languages, or in Hottentot; and beyond two every higher number is ǂoaya many, although the Bushman may indicate with his fingers to some extent the exact number, e.g. ǂoaya, showing four fingers, i.e. as many as four, will indicate four, and ǂoaya, showing seven fingers, seven.

“In this deficiency of higher numerals the Bushman race appears to be even more primitive than the Australian tribes, which generally have distinct names for the numerals as far as three or four. But the exceedingly ancient character of the Bushman language appears to be in no way better indicated than by their very curious phonetic system. It is customary to class Hottentot and Bushman together under the category of clicking languages; and, to a certain extent, this is correct. But in the frequency of these strange sounds, in the number of their varieties, and in the range of organs which are employed in their pronunciation, the Bushman tongue by far exceeds the Hottentot language. In Bushman, clicks are not merely produced by the tongue, but also by the lips. There can be no question that, among the sounds of human language clicks are those which it requires the greatest effort to produce. The study of the history of language shows us that the further the speech of a people develops, the more it throws off such sounds as impede the pronunciation or render it more difficult. Those languages, therefore, in which the sounds are easiest of utterance are the farthest removed from the primitive phonetic systems of human speech, whilst those which abound in uncouth and almost unpronounceable sounds must be presumed to have better retained their ancient phonetic features.”

As late as September 1873 Dr. Bleek intimated in an article in the Cape Monthly Magazine that he had not even then completely acquired all the information that he needed. His words were: “the present attempt thoroughly to master the Bushman language has been dictated by purely scientific motives.” And in classifying the languages of South Africa, he said:

“Three kinds of native languages are spoken within the borders of this colony:—1, Kaffir, belonging to the great family of prefix-pronominal languages, which fill almost the whole of South Africa,


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356 the splendid palace I saw in the radiant moonlight the other night, and is doing many other things for the salvation of Greece, they say.

We sailed through the barren Archipelago, and into the narrow channel they sometimes call the Dardanelles and sometimes the Hellespont. This part of the country is rich in historic reminiscences, and poor as Sahara in every thing else. For instance, as we approached the Dardanelles, we coasted along the Plains of Troy and past the mouth of the Scamander; we saw where Troy had stood (in the distance,) and where it does not stand now—a city that perished when the world was young. The poor Trojans are all dead, now. They were born too late to see Noah’s ark, and died too soon to see our menagarie. We saw where Agamemnon’s fleets rendezvoused, and away inland a mountain which the map said was Mount Ida. Within the


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 convinced of the insufficiency of a mere political revolution, and had proclaimed the necessity of a total social change, that portion, then, called itself 'communist.' … Socialism was, in 1847, a middle-class movement; communism a working-class movement. Socialism was, on the Continent at least, 'respectable'; communism was the very opposite. And as our notion, from the beginning, was that 'the emancipation of the working class must be the act of the working class itself,' there could be no doubt as to which of the two names we must take."

In this preface, Engels restates the materialist conception of history, the fundamental proposition which forms the nucleus of the Manifesto. The essence of the theory is that the prevailing mode of production and exchange determines the prevailing type of social organisation. The political and intellectual history of any epoch is built up upon an economic foundation, and can only be understood in reference to that foundation. So long as production and distribution were communist, there were no classes, and consequently there was no class struggle. Since the dissolution of primitive tribal society, when land was held in common ownership, the methods of production and distribution—successively based upon slave-owning, feudalism, guildism, and capitalism—have always involved the separation of society into exploiting and exploited, ruling and oppressed, classes. Thus from the days of primitive communism to our own, the whole history of mankind has been a history of class struggles. To-day a stage of social evolution has been reached wherein the exploited and oppressed class (the proletariat) cannot achieve emancipation from the sway of the exploiting and ruling class (the bourgeoisie) without at the same time, and once and for all, emancipating society at large from all exploitation, oppression, class distinctions, and class struggles. Such will be the result of the return to communism upon a higher plane.

In the joint preface to the German edition of 1872, Marx and Engels had written (influenced by the recent defeat of the Paris Commune, by the conflict with Bakunin and the other anarchists, by the impending collapse of the International, and by the "constitutional" trend of the organised labour movement): "However much the state of things may have altered during the last twenty-five years, the general principles laid down in the Manifesto, are, on the whole, as correct to-day as ever. … The practical application of the principles will depend … on the historical conditions for the time being existing, and for that reason, no special stress is laid on the revolutionary measures proposed at the end of Section II. That passage would, in many respects, be very differently worded to-day. In view of the gigantic strides of modern industry since 1848, and of the accompanying improved and extended organisation of the working class, in view of the practical experience gained, first in the February revolution [Paris, 1848], and then, still more, in the Paris Commune [1871], where the proletariat for the first time held political power for two whole months, this programme has in some details become antiquated. One thing especially was


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358 city in the middle. Galata and Pera are on one side of the Bosporus, and the Golden Horn; Stamboul (ancient Byzantium) is upon the other. On the other bank of the Bosporus is Scutari and other suburbs of Constantinople. This great city contains a million inhabitants, but so narrow are its streets, and so crowded together are its houses, that it does not cover much more than half as much ground as New York City. Seen from the anchorage or from a mile or so up the Bosporus, it is by far the handsomest city we have seen. Its dense array of houses swells upward from the water’s edge, and spreads over the domes of many hills; and the gardens that peep out here and there, the great globes of the mosques, and the countless minarets that meet the eye every where, invest the metropolis with the quaint Oriental aspect one dreams of when he reads books of eastern travel. Constantinople makes a noble picture.

But its attractiveness begins and ends with its picturesqueness. From the time one starts ashore till he gets back again, he execrates it. The boat he goes in is admirably miscalculated for the service it is built for. It is handsomely and neatly fitted up, but no man could handle it well in the turbulent currents that sweep down the Bosporus from the Black Sea, and few men could row it satisfactorily even in still water. It is a long, light canoe (caique,) large at one end and tapering to a knife blade at the other. They make that long sharp end the bow, and you can imagine how these boiling currents spin it about. It has two oars, and sometimes four, and no rudder. You start to go to a given point and you run in fifty different directions before you get there. First one oar is backing water, and then the other; it is seldom that both are going ahead at once. This kind of boating is calculated to drive an impatient man mad in a week. The boatmen are the awkwardest, the stupidest, and the most unscientific on earth, without question.

Ashore, it was—well, it was an eternal circus. People were thicker than bees, in those narrow streets, and the men were dressed in all the outrageous, outlandish, idolatrous, extrava-


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 nevertheless, adventure to print the two moderato's without any sort of scruple.

What Yorick could mean by the words lentamente,—tenutè,—grave,—and sometimes adagio,—as applied to theological compositions, and with which he has characterized some of these sermons, I dare not venture to guess.—I am more puzzled still upon finding a l'octava alta! upon one;—Constrepito upon the back of another;—Scicilliana upon a third;—Alla capella upon a forth;—Con l'arco upon this;—Senza l'acro upon that.—All I know is, that they are musical terms, and have a meaning;—and as he was a musical man, I will make no doubt, but that by some quaint application of such metaphors to the compositions in hand, they impressed very distinct ideas of their several cha-


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 proved by the Commune, viz., that the working class cannot simply lay hold of the ready-made State machinery and wield it for its own purposes."

What were these revolutionary measures, which had in some details become antiquated in 1888, when Engels endorsed the opinion expressed by Marx and himself in 1872? A few of them may be omitted, but we will enumerate seven out of the ten. The proletariat organised as the ruling class was to wrest capital from the bourgeoisie and to centralise all instruments of production in the hands of the workers' State. "Of course, in the beginning, this cannot be effected except by means of despotic inroads on the rights of property, and on the conditions of bourgeois production; by means of measures, therefore, which appear economically insufficient and untenable, but which in the course of the movement outstrip themselves, necessitate further inroads upon the old social order, and are unavoidable as a means of entirely revolutionising the mode of production. … In the most advanced countries the following measures will pretty generally be applicable:—

Now the most interesting point about this programme—the preamble no less than the numbered items—is that, with trifling changes in wording, the communist programme of 1848 would serve for a statement of the revolutionary measures whereby the communist government of Russia secured itself in power seventy years later. Yet in the interval Marx and Engels had seemed, from time to time at any rate, more interested in what we should now term "social democracy" than in what Russia is realising in the form of "revolutionary communism." In 1895, only a few months before his death, Engels wrote a preface to a reprint of Marx's Class Struggles in France from 1848 to 1850. Herein Engels expresses his jubilation at the steady growth of the socialist vote in the elections to the German Reichstag, and anticipates at no distant date the entirely peaceful conquest of political power by the Social Democratic Party. In a speech made only a few days before her murder, Rosa Luxemburg declared that this endorsement of bourgeois parliamentarism as against revolutionary communism was made against Engels' better judgment. Perhaps this is true, but the fact remains that the endorsement was made. What became of revolutionary communism between 1871 and 1914? That is the problem we have now to consider.


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The whole movement was sidetracked into the safe paths of socialism and respectability. What the Commune of Paris proved, and what the Russian revolution of 1917 has confirmed, is that the seizure of the State by the workers can only be effected when the capitalist system of government is profoundly disorganised. Furthermore, the former proved negatively, the latter positively, that the seizure of power by the workers must not be half-hearted. There must be no deference to bourgeois standards as to the sanctity of bank deposits or of debts incurred by bourgeois governments and municipalities. The expropriation of the expropriators, the suppression of the counter-revolution must be as ruthless as the methods of the "restorers" would be did they return to power. The Reds need not be, probably will not be, as barbarous as the Whites. They will not massacre the vanquished as the French bourgeoisie massacred thirty thousand Communards in 1871. But there will be no half measures. The motto of the revolution, no less than of the reaction, must be: Thorough.

Now during the period from 1871 to 1914, capitalism was apparently consolidating its power. The fatal contradictions of the capitalist system, the contradictions which the genius of Marx had discovered, were working out to their logical issue; but on the surface the fabric was more imposing than ever, and seemed too stable to be overthrown by any revolutionary onslaught. It is probable that during the last ten years of his life, after the collapse of the First International, Marx realised that a considerable period must intervene before the revolutionary imagination and the revolutionary will could come into effective play, could fulfil their creative task—beginning with the destruction which, as Bakunin wrote eighty years ago, is itself also a creative act. Hence Marx withdrew from active participation in the movement, and devoted himself to theoretical researches; while Engels, who survived Marx by twelve years, tried to content his soul with admiring the growth of the "constitutional" socialist and labour movement.

In theory, on the Continent, that movement continued to use the phraseology of Marxist internationalism and socialism. But in practice, while repeating Marxist shibboleths, it pursued a policy based on the conception of social solidarity and corrupted by the ideology of bourgeois nationalism. In Germany, after the withdrawal of the Anti-Socialist Law (1890) and the adoption of large measures of "state socialism" by the government, the Social Democratic Party was wholly given over to legalist courses, and was concerned only with its swelling membership of democrats" who called themselves "socialists" and with its ever-increasing vote at the parliamentary elections. In France, when under Jaurès' leadership the factions were welded into the Unified Socialist Party (1905), the attention of socialists Was likewise concentrated upon successes in the arena of bourgeois parliamentarism. In Britain, where the class war was frankly


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 characters upon his fancy,—whatever they may do upon that of others.

Amongst these, there is that particular sermon which has unaccountably led me into this digression—The funeral sermon upon poor Le Fever, wrote out very fairly, as if from a hasty copy.—I take notice of it the more, because it seems to have been his favourite composition—It is upon mortality; and is tied length-ways and cross-ways with a yarn thrum, and then rolled up and twisted round with a half sheet of dirty blue paper, which seems to have been once the cast cover of a general review, which to this day smells horribly of horse-drugs.—Whether these marks of humiliation were designed,—I something doubt;—because at the end of the sermon, (and not at the beginning


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tidings came across the Rhine. ’Twas said that yonder many a fair maid dwelt. The good king Gunther thought to win him one of these; high therefore rose the warrior’s spirits. There lived a queen beyond the sea, whose like men knew not anywhere. Peerless was her beauty and great her strength. With doughty knights she shot the shaft for love. The stone she hurled afar and sprang far after it. He who craved her love must win without fail three games from this high-born dame. When the noble maid had done this passing oft, a stately knight did hear it by the Rhine. He turned his thoughts upon this comely dame, and so heroes must needs later lose their lives.

One day when the king and his vassals sate and pondered to and fro in many a wise, whom their lord might take to wife, who would be fit to be their lady and beseem the land, up spake the lord of the Rhinelands: “I will go down to the sea and hence to Brunhlld, however it may go with me. For her love I’ll risk my life. I will gladly lose it and she become not my wife.”

“Against that do I counsel you,” spake then Siegfried, “if, as ye say, the queen doth have so fierce a wont, he who wooeth for her love will pay full dear. Therefore should ye give over the journey.”


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 repudiated by the Fabians and the Independent Labour Party; in Britain, where prior to the turn of the century socialism seemed to be almost entirely proof against Marxist influences, while organised labour thought of the campaign for shorter hours and higher wages as an end in itself; those who were interested in the political struggle envisaged that struggle entirely from the viewpoint of parliamentary democracy. In short, bourgeois ideology was dominant throughout the socialist and labour world. Perhaps the greatest triumph, during this epoch, of what Marx and Engels in the Communist Manifesto contemptuously termed "petty bourgeois socialism," was in Australia. Here "labour" was dominant for decades, leaving capitalism enthroned in the economic field, and giving the world as its finest fruit, William Morris Hughes for premier, and unending levies in support of the imperialist war.

It would be impossible, within the space of this pamphlet, to discuss the theoretical grounds for the abandonment of parliamentary methods of achieving the overthrow of capitalism, and for a return to .the revolutionary conceptions which filled the minds of Marx and Engels in 1848. We aim merely at giving a historical summary which shall explain the origins of the new communism, and shall thus make its methods and aims more intelligible. The failure of petty-bourgeois socialism is writ large across the history of the last seven years; and although, as recent by-elections show, the labour electorate can still be hypnotised by the suggestions of the old leaders, the revolutionary workers have their eyes fixed on Soviet Russia. To the siren song of the labour parliamentarians, "The parliamentary method has never had a chance; put us in power and we will clear up the mess without anything so unpleasant as a revolution," the communists reply, "We know your methods and we know your record. We know what, under capitalist sufferance, labourists and petty-bourgeois socialists have been able to achieve in Australasia and in Central Europe. The Macdonaldites will probably have their innings here, as the Kerenskyites had their innings in"Russia, and as the Kautskyites are having their innings in Germany; but we expect nothing from the attempt which they, with the aid of their 'advanced liberal' friends, will make to restabilise the tottering system and to clear up the mess left by the capitalists' war. As Trotsky says: the essential movement of contemporary history has been simplified, to the extreme; it has been reduced to a duel between imperialism and communism. Despite your honeyed phrases about 'democratic control,' you are on the side of imperialism, but we are on the side of communism."

Even before the war, there were many signs of a Marxist revival, of a revolt against petty-bourgeois socialism, of a return to revolutionary communism. The syndicalist movement in France and Britain, the formation of the I.W.W. (IndustiralIndustrial [sic] Workers of the World) in the U.S., the activities of the Socialist


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 Labour Party, and the growth of the movement for Independent Working-Class Education, were among these signs. The defect of the syndicalist movement, and of the I.W.W. movement, was a lack of political theory. Rejecting parliamentarism, the syndicalists and the "wobblies" rejected the whole theory of the State. The victory of the workers was to be achieved by the general strike, and the—oh, well, time would show. But how, by the general strike, the bourgeoisie was to be starved out before the workers, how the power of the Whites was to be broken except by the seizure of the State machine by the Reds, was left unexplained. As regards the need for an organisation by which the workers could carry on production in the new order, the syndicalists, the I.W.W.'s, and the industrial unionists, were on the alert. But in their hatred of "politics" they were as unpractical as their arch-enemies the parliamentary socialists, who believed that a Dubb electorate could be enlightened before the revolution, and that the capitalists could be peacefully voted out of their economic power, and peacefully deprived, not only of their ownership of the means of production, but of their control of the material forces of the capitalist State.

The most notable indications of a thought trend are often to be found in the field of imaginative literature. An instance of this is Jack London's novel, The Iron Heel, published in 1907. As far as theory is concerned, the U.S. socialist movement has always been more Marxist than that of Britain; but in the field of practice, despite the revolutionary ideas of the I.W.W. and the American Socialist Labour Party, American Marxism was predominantly reformist. The Iron Heel, however, was a remarkable contribution to the modern theory of revolutionary socialism. It purports to be the reprint of a manuscript discovered about 2600, three hundred years after the social revolution. In a certain sense, therefore, it is a utopian romance. But it attempts no description of the future communist commonwealth, and is in a quite different category from ordinary utopian literature. In the form of historical reminiscences by a prominent actor in the drama, it is a forecast of the history of the class war in the States during the years immediately following that in which it was written and published. In this country it had a wide circulation, and unquestionably, with its clear-cut Marxist philosophy, exercised considerable influence in intensifying the revolutionary impetus and in clarifying revolutionary thought.

"No quarter!" says Everhart, the spokesman of the workers, debating with a representative of the plutocrats. "We want all that you possess. We shall be content with nothing less than all that you possess. We want in our hands the reins of power and the destinies of mankind. Here are our hands. They are strong hands. We are going to take your government, your palaces, and all your purpled ease away from you, and in that day you shall work for your bread even as the peasant in the field or the starved and runty clerk in your metropolises. Here are our hands. They are strong hands!"

"We are in power," answers the plutocrat. "By virtue of


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Rh Then spake King Gunther: “Never was woman born so strong and bold that I might not vanquish her with mine own hand.”

“Be still,” spake Siegfried, “ye little know her strength.”

“So will I advise you,” spake Hagen then, “that ye beg Siegfried to share with you this heavy task. This is my rede, sith he doth know so well how matters stand with Brunhild.”

The king spake: “Wilt thou help me, noble Siegfried, to woo this lovely maid? And thou doest what I pray thee and this comely dame become my love, for thy sake will I risk both life and honor.”

To this Siegfried, the son of Siegmund, answered: “I will do it, and thou give me thy sister Kriemhild, the noble queen. For my pains I ask no other meed.”

“I’ll pledge that, Siegfried, in thy hand,” spake then Gunther, “and if fair Brunhild come hither to this land, I’ll give thee my sister unto wife. Then canst thou live ever merrily with the fair.”

This the noble warriors swore oaths to do, and so the greater grew their hardships, till they brought the lady to the Rhine. On this account these brave men must later be in passing danger. Siegfried had to take with him hence the cloak which he, the bold hero, had won ’mid dangers from a dwarf, Alberich he hight. These bold and mighty knights now made them ready for the journey. When Siegfried wore the Cloak of Darkness he had strength enow: the force of full twelve men beside his own. With cunning arts he won the royal maid. This cloak was fashioned so, that what-


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 that power we shall remain in power. We have no words to waste on you. In roar of shell and shrapnel and in whine of machine guns will our answer be couched."

The Iron Heel was the dictatorship of the capitalist oligarchy after democratic forms had been abandoned. It was supported by the assistance of a Favoured Labour Caste, and maintained by the bayonets and rifles of White Guards. It was to endure for three hundred years, and was ultimately to be overthrown by a revolutionary conspiracy—the last of many—among the oppressed masses. Such was the novelist's vision, seven years before the great war and ten years before the Russian revolution. The White Guards we know. We know, too, how much respect the Iron Heel has for democratic forms. There have been occasional attempts to establish a Favoured Labour Caste. But communists to-day do not expect to wait three hundred years for the world revolution!

Capitalism had entered its imperialistic phase. The pacifist and free-trade doctrines of the Manchester School gave place to the blood and iron theories of nations organised in competing capitalist leagues, and engaged in a life-and-death struggle for the raw materials required by profit-making industry. The war of 1914–18 was the climax of this era, and rang up the curtain upon the world revolution. Had it lasted a little longer, we should probably be living in a communist world to-day; but the armistice came a year too soon. The economic and social collapse of the ruling class occurred in Russia during 1917; but in western Europe capitalism had not yet bled itself to death when "peace" began in the end of the year 1918.

The Russian communists were given a great opportunity, and made the most of it. At the congress of the Russian Social Democratic Party held in London during the year 1903, there was a split over the questions of revolutionary tactics and party organisation. The bolsheviks or majoritarians, also well named the "hards," were for rigid centralisation; the mensheviks or "softs" were in favour of a party consisting of loosely associated self-governing groups. The mensheviks held that the education of the masses in the broad principles of socialism was the indispensable preliminary to any revolutionary change; the bolsheviks believed in the concentration of revolutionary energy in the hands of a comparatively small group, prepared to seize power and to declare the dictatorship of the proletariat when the propitious moment arrived. They had faith in the imminent possibility of a definitive revolution. Thus the difference between the bolsheviks and the mensheviks in 1903 closely corresponds to the difference to-day between the Reds and the Pinks, the communists and the socialists, the Third International and the Second. From 1914 onwards, the bolshevik group of refugees and escaped administrative exiles was actively at work in Switzerland. They believed that the war was to prove a great quickener of the revolutionary movement, and that the revolutionary crisis might come before it was over. The con-


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46 soever any wrought within it, none saw him. Thus he won Brunhild, which brought him dole.

“Now tell me, good Knight Siegfried, before our trip begin, shall we not take warriors with us into Brunhild’s land, that we may come with passing honors to the sea? Thirty thousand men-at-arms can soon be called.”

“However many men we take,” quoth Siegfried, “the queen doth use so fierce a wont that they must perish through her haughty pride. I’ll give thee better counsel, O brave and worthy king. Let us fare as wandering knights adown the Rhine, and I will tell thee those that shall be of the band. In all four knights, we’ll journey to the sea and thus we’ll woo the lady, whatever be our fate thereafter. I shall be one of the four comrades, the second thou shalt be. Let Hagen be the third (then have we hope of life), Dankwart then the fourth, the valiant man. A thousand others durst not match us in the fight.”

“Gladly would I know,” spake then the king, “ere we go hence (’t would please me much), what garments we should wear before Brunhild, which would beseem us there. Pray tell this now to Gunther.”

“Weeds of the very best which can be found are worn all times in Brunhild’s land. We must wear rich clothes before the lady, that we feel no shame when men shall hear the tidings told.”

The good knight spake: “Then will I go myself to my dear mother, if perchance I can bring it to pass that her fair maids purvey us garments which we may wear with honor before the high-born maid.”

Hagen of Troneg spake then in lordly wise: “Where-


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Rh fore will ye pray your mother of such service? Let your sister hear what ye have in mind, and she’ll purvey you well for your journey to Brunhild’s court.”

Then sent he word to his sister, that he would fain see her, and Knight Siegfried, too, sent word. Ere this happed the fair had clad her passing well. That these brave men were coming, gave her little grief. Now were her attendants, too, arrayed in seemly wise. The lordings came, and when she heard the tale, from her seat she rose and walked in courtly wise to greet the noble stranger and her brother, too.

“Welcome be my brother and his comrade. I’d gladly know,” so spake the maid, “what ye lords desire, sith ye be thus come to court. Pray let me hear how it standeth with you noble knights.”

Then spake king Gunther: “My lady, I’ll tell you now. Maugre our lofty mood, yet have we mickle care. We would ride a-wooing far into foreign lands, and for this journey we have need of costly robes.”

“Now sit you down, dear brother,” spake the royal maid, “and let me hear aright who these ladies be whom ye fain would woo in the lands of other kings.”

By the hand the lady took the chosen knights and with the twain she walked to where she sate afore upon a couch, worked, as well I wot, with dainty figures embossed in gold. There might they have fair pastime with the ladies. Friendly glances and kindly looks passed now full oft between the twain. In his heart he bare her, she was dear to him as life. In after days fair Kriemhild became strong Siegfried’s wife.

Then spake the mighty king: “Dear sister mine, without thy help it may not be. We would go for


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Page:Ultomiris (ravulizumab-cwvz) injection (Corrected Supplement Approval).pdf/1

BLA 761108/S-021 CORRECTED SUPPLEMENT APPROVAL Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Attention: Leyla Toksoy Director, Global Regulatory Affairs CMC 121 Seaport Boulevard Boston, MA 02210

Dear Ms. Toksoy:

Please refer to your supplemental biologics license application (sBLA), dated and received September 23, 2021, and your amendments submitted under section 351(a) of the Public Health Service Act for Ultomiris (ravulizumab-cwvz) injection. We also refer to our approval letter dated July 22, 2022, which contained the following error: the REMS document was inadvertently omitted from the letter.

This corrected action letter incorporates the correction of the error. The effective action date will remain July 22, 2022, the date of the original letter.

This Prior Approval supplemental biologics license application provides for adding a new route of administration for Ultomiris via subcutaneous injection for the treatment of adult patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) and atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS), and a new dosage form and strength, the Ultomiris 70mg/mL, 3.5 mL on-body delivery system. This supplement also provides for modifications to the approved Ultomiris risk evaluation and mitigation strategy (REMS).

 APPROVAL & LABELING

We have completed our review of this application, as amended. It is approved, effective on the date of this letter, for use as recommended in the enclosed agreed-upon labeling.

 MANUFACTURING LOCATIONS

The final formulated 70mg/mL, 3.5 mL single-dose prefilled cartridge will be manufactured and filled at and tested for release at  and at Alexion Pharma International Operations Unlimited Company, Alexion Dublin manufacturing Facility (ADMF), Dublin, Ireland.


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Rh gant, thunder-and-lightning costumes that ever a tailor with the delirium tremens and seven devils could conceive of. There was no freak in dress too crazy to be indulged in; no absurdity too absurd to be tolerated; no frenzy in ragged diabolism too fantastic to be attempted. No two men were dressed alike. It was a wild masquerade of all imaginable costumes—every struggling throng in every street was a dissolving view of stunning contrasts. Some patriarchs wore awful turbans, but the grand mass of the infidel horde wore the fiery red skull-cap they call a fez. All the remainder of the raiment they indulged in was utterly indescribable.

The shops here are mere coops, mere boxes, bath-rooms, closets—any thing you please to call them—on the first floor. The Turks sit cross-legged in them, and work and trade and smoke long pipes, and smell like—like Turks. That covers the ground. Crowding the narrow streets in front of them are beggars, who beg forever, yet never collect any thing; and wonderful cripples, distorted out of all semblance of humanity, almost; vagabonds driving laden asses; porters carrying dry-goods boxes as large as cottages on their backs; peddlers of grapes, hot corn, pumpkin seeds, and a hundred other things, yelling like fiends; and sleeping happily, comfortably, serenely, among the hurrying feet, are the famed dogs of Constantinople; drifting noiselessly about are squads of Turkish women, draped from chin to feet in flowing robes, and with snowy veils bound about their heads, that disclose only the eyes and a vague, shadowy notion of their features. Seen moving about, far away in the dim, arched aisles of the Great Bazaar, they look as the shrouded dead must have looked when they walked forth from their graves amid the storms and thunders and earthquakes that burst upon Calvary that awful night of the Crucifixion. A street in Constantinople is a picture which one ought to see once—not oftener.

And then there was the goose-rancher—a fellow who drove a hundred geese before him about the city, and tried to sell them. He had a pole ten feet long, with a crook in the end of it, and occasionally a goose would branch out from the flock


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The first step towards the attainment of this desirable object (now about to be realised) was the appointment of a Committee of the Birmingham Natural History and Microscopical Society four years ago, to obtain information on the subject, with the view of promoting an efficient Marine Aquarium in Birmingham; the subject haying heen introduced by the President, Mr. W. R. Hughes, in an address at the annual soirée of the Society. This Committee, after procuring information from different Aquaria in this country and on the continent, sent a deputation to visit and examine the Crystal Palace Aquarium and the Brighton Aquarium, fer the purpose of obtaining practical information about the requirements to be provided for, and specially to enquire into the two different systems of circulation and aeration of the water that are carried out at those places and the results of their working.

In the Crystal Palace Aquarium a constant circulation of the water is maintained night and day throughout the series of tanks, in connection with a large reserve of water in the store tanks, amounting to five times the contents of the show tanks; and the aeration is effected by means of small jets of water under considerable pressure, which are discharged into the top of each tank, and carry down mixed with the water of the jets a quantity of air, which is discharged in the form of countless myriads of bubbles, so minute that they float a long time about the body of the water in the tanks before rising to the surface, and thus present an enormous oxidising surface to the water; and, as a result, the whole mass has a bright, sparkling, almost effervescent appearance. In the Brighten Aquarium the aeration is effected by pumping air into the tanks through pipes of considerable size, from which the air issues in large bubbles that rise quickly to the surface; there is net any actual circulation of the water from one tank to another, and the quantity of water in the reserve tanks bears only a small proportion to that in the show tanks; the water can, however, be renewed, by pumping from the sea, but in consequence of the supply being taken from near the shore the water Is exposed to mixture with sand and other detritus, and requires same time to become clear, In the Crystal Palace Aquarium the original supply of sea water for the tanks continues in use, and does not require any renewal, except ta replace unavoidable waste. All that is needed being the addition from time to time of a small quantity of fresh water to compeusate for the gradual loss that takes place from evaporation; the supply of sea water in the store tanks—which are kept in the dark to counteract the tendency to vegetable growth in the water—is so much greater in quantity than the contents of the show tanks, that the water after circulating through them becomes thoroughly restored to a fresh end healthy condition before returning to the show tanks in the course of the circulation.

The result of the examination and enquiry of the Committee was a recommendation of the Crystal Palace system, (which is the plan of


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48 knightly pastime to Brunhild’s land, and have need of princely garb to wear before the dames.”

Then the noble maiden answered: ”Dear brother mine, I do you now to wit, that whatever need ye have of help of mine, that stand I ready to give. Should any deny you aught, ’t would please Kriemhild but ill. Most noble knights, beseech me not with such concern, but order me with lordly air to do whatso ye list. I stand at your bidding and will do it with a will.” So spake the winsome maid.

“We would fain, dear sister, wear good attire, and this your noble hand shall help to choose. Your maidens then must make it fit us, for there be no help against this journey.” Then spake the princess: “Now mark ye what I say. Silks I have myself; see ye that men do bring us jewels upon the shields and thus we’ll work the clothes.” Gunther and Siegfried, too, gave glad assent.

“Who are the comrades,” spake the queen, “who shall fare with you thus clad to court?”

He spake: “I shall be one of four. My liegemen twain, Dankwart and Hagen, shall go with me to court. Now mark ye well, my lady, what I say. Each of us four must have to wear for four whole days three changes of apparel and such goodly trappings that without shame we may quit Brunhild’s land.”

In fitting wise the lords took leave and parted hence. Kriemhild, the queen, bade thirty of her maidens who were skillful in such work, come forth from out their bowers. Silks of Araby, white as snow, and the fair silk of Zazamanc, green as is the clover, they


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BLA 761108/S-021 Page 2 The single-use on body injector will be manufactured and tested at   and at

The Ultomiris on body delivery system combination product will be manufactured at Alexion Pharma International Operations Unlimited Company, Alexion Dublin manufacturing Facility (ADMF), Dublin, Ireland, and will be tested for release at   and at ADMF, Dublin, Ireland.

 DATING PERIOD

The dating period for the 3.5 mL single-dose prefilled cartridge shall be 24 months from the date of manufacture when stored at 2 °C - 8 °C. The date of manufacture shall be defined as the date of final sterile filtration of the formulated drug product.

The dating period for the Ultomiris on body delivery system combination product shall be 24 months from the date of manufacture when stored at 2°C - 8 °C. The date of manufacture shall be defined as the date of final sterile filtration of the formulated drug product in the single-dose prefilled cartridge.

 CONTENT OF LABELING

As soon as possible, but no later than 14 days from the date of this letter, submit, via the FDA automated drug registration and listing system (eLIST), the content of labeling [21 CFR 601.14(b)] in structured product labeling (SPL) format, as described at FDA.gov, that is identical to the enclosed labeling (text for the Prescribing Information, Instructions for Use, and Medication Guide) and include the labeling changes proposed in any pending “Changes Being Effected” (CBE) supplements.

Information on submitting SPL files using eLIST may be found in the guidance for industry SPL Standard for Content of Labeling Technical Qs and As.

The SPL will be accessible via publicly available labeling repositories.

Also within 14 days, amend all pending supplemental applications that include labeling changes for this BLA, including pending “Changes Being Effected” (CBE) supplements, for which FDA has not yet issued an action letter, with the content of labeling [21 CFR 601.12(f)] in Microsoft Word format that includes the changes approved in this supplemental application, as well as annual reportable changes. To facilitate review of

U.S. Food and Drug Administration Silver Spring, MD 20993 www.fda.gov


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 thinking of taking his goods down to Gaboon. The only drawback was this noble vessel was not finished; but that did not discourage any of us, except Mr. Glass, who seemed to think the firm would debit me to his account if I got lost. However, next morning Obanjo with his vessel turned up, and saying farewell to my kind host, Mr. Sanga Glass, I departed.

She had the makings of a fine vessel in her; though roughly hewn out of an immense hard-wood tree: her lines were good, and her type was that of the big sea-canoes of the Bight of Panavia. Very far forward was a pole mast, roughly made, but European in intention, and carrying a long gaff. Shrouds and stays it had not, and my impression was that it would be carried away if we dropped in for half a tornado, until I saw our sail and recognised that it would go to darning cotton instantly if it fell in with even a breeze. It was a bed quilt that had evidently been in the family some years, and although it had been in places carefully patched with pieces of previous sets of the captain's dungarees, in other places, where it had not, it gave "free passage to the airs of Heaven"; which I may remark does not make for speed in the boat mounting such canvas. Partly to this sail, partly to the amount of trading affairs we attended to, do I owe the credit of having made a record trip down the Rembwé, the slowest white man time on record.

Fixed across the stern of the canoe there was the usual staging made of bamboos, flush with the gunwale. Now this sort of staging is an exceedingly good idea when it is fully finished. You can stuff no end of things under it; and over it there is erected a hood of palm-thatch, giving a very comfortable cabin five or six feet long and about three feet high in the centre, and you can curl yourself up in it and, if you please, have a mat hung across the opening. But we had not got so far as that yet on our vessel, only just got the staging fixed in fact; and I assure you a bamboo staging is but a precarious perch when in this stage of formation. I made myself a reclining couch on it in the Roman manner with my various belongings, and was exceeding comfortable until we got nearly out of the Rembwé into the Gaboon.


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BLA 761108/S-021 Page 3 your submission(s), provide a highlighted or marked-up copy that shows all changes, as well as a clean Microsoft Word version. The marked-up copy should provide appropriate annotations, including supplement number(s) and annual report date(s).

We request that the labeling approved today be available on your website within 10 days of receipt of this letter.

 CARTON AND CONTAINER LABELING

Submit final printed carton and container labeling that are identical to the enclosed carton and container labeling, as soon as they are available, but no more than 30 days after they are printed. Please submit these labeling electronically according to the guidance for industry Providing Regulatory Submissions in Electronic Format — Certain Human Pharmaceutical Product Applications and Related Submissions Using the eCTD Specifications. For administrative purposes, designate this submission “Final Printed Carton and Container Labeling for approved BLA 761108/S-021.” Approval of this submission by FDA is not required before the labeling is used.

We have completed our review of this supplemental application, as amended. It is approved effective on the date of this letter.

 RISK EVALUATION AND MITIGATION STRATEGY (REMS) REQUIREMENTS

The REMS for Ultomiris (ravulizumab-cwvz) was originally approved on December 21, 2018, and the most recent REMS modification was approved on April 27, 2022. The REMS consists of a elements to assure safe use and a timetable for submission of assessments of the REMS.

Your proposed modifications to the REMS consists of changes to the REMS document to align with labeling and updated REMS materials to incorporate the revised logo capturing both intravenous and subcutaneous routes of administration.

Your proposed modified REMS, submitted on September 23, 2021, amended and appended to this letter, is approved.

The timetable for submission of assessments of the REMS remains the same as that approved on December 21, 2018.

There are no changes to the REMS assessment plan described in our December 2, 2021, letter.

We remind you that in addition to the REMS assessments submitted according to the timetable in the approved REMS, you must include an adequate rationale to support a proposed REMS modification for the addition, modification, or removal of any goal or element of the REMS, as described in section 505-1(g)(4) of the FDCA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration Silver Spring, MD 20993 www.fda.gov


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360 and make a lively break around the corner, with wings half lifted and neck stretched to its utmost. Did the goose-merchant get excited? No. He took his pole and reached after that goose with unspeakable sang froid—took a hitch round his neck, and “yanked” him back to his place in the flock without an effort. He steered his geese with that stick as easily as another man would steer a yawl. A few hours afterward we saw him sitting on a stone at a corner, in the midst of the turmoil, sound asleep in the sun, with his geese squatting around him, or dodging out of the way of asses and men. We came


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Rh overlaid with precious stones; that gave garments passing fair. Kriemhild herself, the high-born maiden, cut them out. Whatso they had at hand of well-wrought linings from the skin of foreign fish, but rarely seen of folk, they covered now with silk, as was the wont to wear. Now hear great marvels of these shining weeds. From the kingdom of Morocco and from Libya, too, they had great store of the fairest silks which the kith of any king did ever win. Kriemhild made it well appear what love she bore the twain. Sith upon the proud journey they had set their minds, they deemed ermine to be well fit. Upon this lay fine silk as black as coal. This would still beseem all doughty knights at high festal tides. From out a setting of Arabian gold there shone forth many a stone. The ladies’ zeal, it was not small, forsooth; in seven weeks they wrought the robes. Ready, too, were the weapons for the right good knights.

When now they all stood dight, there was built for them in haste upon the Rhine a sturdy little skiff, that should bear them downward to the sea. Weary were the noble maids from all their cares. Then the warriors were told that the brave vestures they should wear were now prepared; as they had craved it, so it now was done. Then no longer would they tarry on the Rhine; they sent a message to their war-companions, if perchance they should care to view their new attire, to see if it be too long or short. All was found in fitting measure, and for this they gave the ladies thanks. All who saw them could not but aver that never in the world had they seen attire more fair. Therefore they wore it gladly at the court. None wist how to tell of


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 Then came grand times. Our noble craft had by this time got a good list on her from our collected cargo—ill stowed. This made my home, the bamboo staging, about as reposeful a place as the slope of a writing desk would be if well polished; and the rough and choppy sea gave our vessel the most peculiar set of motions imaginable. She rolled, which made it precarious for things on the bamboo staging, but still a legitimate motion, natural and foreseeable. In addition to this, she had a cataclysmic kick in her, that I think the heathenish thing meant to be a pitch—which no mortal being could foresee or provide against, and which projected portable property into the waters of the Gaboon over the stern and on to the conglomerate collection in the bottom of the canoe itself, making Obanjo repeat, with ferocity and feeling, words he had heard years ago, when he was boatswain on a steamboat trading on the Coast. It was fortunate, you will please understand, for my future, that I have usually been on vessels of the British African or the Royal African lines when voyaging about this West African sea-board, as the owners of these vessels prohibit the use of bad language on board, or goodness only knows what words I might not have remembered and used in the Gaboon estuary.

We left Agonjo with as much bustle and shouting and general air of brisk seamanship as Obanjo could impart to the affair, and the hopeful mind might have expected to reach somewhere important by nightfall. I did not expect that; neither, on the other hand, did I expect that after we had gone a mile and only four, as the early ballad would say, that we should pull up and anchor against a small village for the night; but this we did, the captain going ashore to see for cargo, and to get some more crew.

There were grand times ashore that night, and the captain returned on board about 2. with some rubber and pissava and two new hands whose appearance fitted them to join our vessel; for a more villainous-looking set than our crew I never laid eye on. One enormously powerful fellow looked the incarnation of the horrid negro of buccaneer stories, and I admired Obanjo for the way he kept them in hand. We


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50 better knightly weeds. Nor did they fail to give great thanks. Then the lusty knights craved leave to go, and this the lordings did in courtly wise. Bright eyes grew dim and moist thereat from weeping.

Kriemhild spake: “Dear brother, ye might better tarry here a while and pay court to other dames, where ye would not so risk your life; then would I say well done. Ye might find nearer home a wife of as high a birth.”

I ween their hearts did tell them what would hap. All wept alike, no matter what men said. The gold upon their breasts was tarnished by their tears, which thick and fast coursed downward from their eyes.

She spake: “Sir Siegfried, let this dear brother of mine be commended to your fealty and troth, that naught may harm him in Brunhild’s land.” This the full brave knight vowed in Lady Kriemhild’s hand.

The mighty warrior spake: “If I lose not my life, ye may be free from every care, my lady. I’ll bring him to you sound again hither to the Rhine; that know of a surety.” The fair maid bowed her thanks.

Men bare their gold-hued shields out to them upon the sands and brought them all their harness. One bade lead up the steeds, for they would ride away. Much weeping then was done by comely dames. The winsome maids stood at the easements. A high wind stirred the ship and sails; the proud war fellowship embarked upon the Rhine.

Then spake King Gunther: “Who shall be the captain of the ship?”

“That will I,” quoth Siegfried, “I wot well how to


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 Mr. Lloyd, the Manager of that Aquarium,) in consequence of their finding the Brighton Aquarium not so successful, zoologically considered, as to the health and condition of the animals, and the clearness of the water in the tanks. The Crystal Palace Aquarium was found to he eminently successful in these respects, the most delicate animals being maintained in perfect health and almost free from those parasitic growths to which they are so subject in confinement, whilst the water m the tanks was beautifully transparent and brilliant. The action of the Committee resulted in a proposal to construct an Aquaria in the basement story of the Midland Institute Building, facing the Town Hall, and plans were prepared by the writer for this purpose under the advice of Mr. Lloyd, who was called in to examine and reported favourably upon the proposal. That proposal, however, had ultimately to be given up, in consequence of it being found impracticable to adapt the existing building satisfactorily for the desired object. The idea in this proposal had been to establish a Public Aquarium pure and simple, with appliances for scientific study and instruction, in close connection with the Public Library and Art Gallery, and supported only by a small admission charge; the original cost of construction being intended to be materially reduced by the circumstance of adapting a portion of an existing building and thus avoiding the cost of erecting a new building,

It was strongly felt to be a very desirable thing for a Birmingham Aquarium to be established, and that the situation of Birmingham, in the centre of the country, far removed from any sea-coast, would cause a Marine Aquarium to be a special attraction there, and that it would be both a source of great pleasure, and an object of elevating character for the large population not only of the town, but also of the "Black Country" neighbourhood, who may be said to have a decided turn for Natural History objects as regards animals,- birds, and cottage gardens. The Marine Aquarium, (as remarked by Mr. Hughes in a subsequent paper read before the Natural History Society,) "appeals to the two extremes of society—to the unlettered, who look with wonder and curiosity on strangeness of form and beauty of colour, and to the cultivated, who, from a higher point, regard with profound interest details of structure and affinities and analogies with beings of other times. No greater attraction, or means of intellectual recreation for the working classes of the town and neighbouring mining districts could be devised, because it would he so utterly different from any other existing exhibition, and so suitable as a relief and mental refreshment for those in crowded courts, to whom the sea, with its living wonders, is but a name, No cabinet collection of dried specimens can bring to view such instances, among a thousand others, as the graceful progress of the flat-fishes, or the weird form and muscular contractions of the Cuttle-fish; no picture can rival in colour the markings of the Wrasse, or the living five of the eyes of the Dragonet; no library can give the student suck a clear idea of the inhabitants of the sea from mere description, as can the contemplation of the actual living beings themselves. As a utilitarian agency for the solution of undetermined points in biology, the Aquarium may, in some measure, help in arviving at a


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BLA 761108/S-021 Page 4 We also remind you that you must submit a REMS assessment when you submit a supplemental application for a new indication for use, as described in section 5051(g)(2)(A) of the FDCA. This assessment should include:

If the assessment instruments and methodology for your REMS assessments are not included in the REMS supporting document, or if you propose changes to the submitted assessment instruments or methodology, you should update the REMS supporting document to include specific assessment instrument and methodology information at least 90 days before the assessments will be conducted. Updates to the REMS supporting document may be included in a new document that references previous REMS supporting document submission(s) for unchanged portions. Alternatively, updates may be made by modifying the complete previous REMS supporting document, with all changes marked and highlighted. Prominently identify the submission containing U.S. Food and Drug Administration Silver Spring, MD 20993 www.fda.gov