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 concession to convention by permitting the photograph of her late sire to remain in plain view on the mantelpiece. He had a pleasant face, Mary thought, when she regarded it, as she frequently did, in an attempt to decipher an excuse for the mating of this alien pair. His huge, white moustaches, decorating the centre of his honest, black countenance, gave him rather the appearance of a friendly walrus, and a deep scar, almost white, extending from the left corner of his lip to his left eye, added a human touch. It was obvious, Mary thought, that some time or other he had been cut by an inimical razor. How Mrs. Albright must have shuddered at this squalid indignity!

This evening the old lady appeared to be in a most benign mood. The fire, at least temporarily, had thawed out her cold spirit. At any rate, this was Mary's initial impression, as she observed Mrs. Albright nodding her head back and forward with a slow, languid movement, lazily drinking in the warmth.

I have asked a very few tonight, a very few, Hester was explaining. I like small parties better. They are so much more intime.

Oh, beaucoup, beaucoup plus, corroborated Orville. Man wants but little here below, nor wants that little long, he quoted. Then, so unexpectedly that Mary had a feeling that he was almost challenging her to reply affirmatively, he demanded:

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 Have you been to the Metropolitan Art Museum lately?

No, she managed to stutter, with a distinct sensation of guilt.

The pictures are very beautiful, très, très, beaux, Orville announced, rubbing his tiny hands together. His round, brown face and his bald head appeared to glow with his enthusiasm. J'aime beaucoup l'art, he added.

What's that? Mrs. Albright screamed, lifting her trumpet still higher. What did Orville say, Hester?

He says he just loves art, mama.

So do I. .. . The old lady positively beamed. . . . I've always loved art, even as a girl. In Washington, where I come from, people—that is, people that we know—have pictures in their houses, paintings. Do you remember the Willetts' house, Hester?

Why, of course I do, mama! What a question! Our dear friends, the Willetts, she explained to her guests. Such elegance! Such taste!

Well, the Willetts have an art gallery, Mary, Mrs. Albright continued, a beautiful, long gallery with paintings in oil of trees and birds. No nudes. Nothing disgusting. It is all charming and respectable. I do not believe I know any one here who has any good pictures. New York is very different from Washington, she sighed.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

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 Now take that picture over there. Hester pointed to a canvas on which were depicted a waterfall, a ruined castle, and a rustic bridge on which trudged a milkmaid bearing a pail. It was perhaps the tenth occasion on which Mary had been invited to regard it appreciatively. That picture, Hester went on, was presented to papa by a gentleman for whom he had built a house. It is, she added impressively, a Ridgeway Knight.

Très, très beau, Orville pronounced. I have always admired it.

Very pretty, Mary managed to stammer. If you are so much interested in art, perhaps I can persuade you to visit my exhibition of African sculpture.

What's that? Mrs. Albright demanded.

An exhibition at the library, mother. Hester turned to Mary: African sculpture! That dreadful, vulgar stuff!

I think it's very wonderful, said Mary, perhaps a little warmly.

You don't have to yell at me. I can hear you, Mrs. Albright shrieked almost savagely. Like most deaf persons she hated to have visitors raise their voices.

It's the work of heathen savages, Hester protested hotly, and it has nothing to do with art.

Sauvages! translated Orville emphatically. Sauvages!

They were our ancestors, Mary asserted.

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 Of course, Hester replied, everybody goes back to savages, but it does no good to unearth that sort of thing. Why, I saw one of the creatures once and I was ashamed. Horrible, woolly-headed barbarian! He was positively indecent. She shuddered.

Obscene: Orville offered the room a synonym.

What's that? the old lady demanded. Nobody seems to care whether I hear or not, she whimpered.

African statues are obscene, mama, cried Hester.

Seen? Seen where? inquired the deaf woman, staring about her with great vigour.

Not respectable, screamed her daughter.

Who's not respectable?

African wood-carving.

I should think not! I should think not indeed, Mrs. Albright proclaimed, adding with great indignation, Certainly not. In Wash. ..

There was a welcome interruption. In answer to the bell, Hester admitted Conrad Gladbrook, a shy, young school-teacher, and his wife. Mary knew them only slightly. Mrs. Gladbrook was a very black, very short woman who had a nervous habit of throwing her head back and giggling, exposing two rows of fine white teeth, and who seemed incapable of emitting an intelligent syllable. Almost immediately after the arrival of the Gladbrooks, Mary was happy to hear Webb Leverett's voice at the door. He, at least, could sing.

Oh, Webb, I'm so glad you've come, Hester

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 greeted him. Rest your coat, please. Now we can have some music.

Isn't it a little early for music? Webb protested.

Of course, I'll give you some coffee first.

While Hester was out of the room, every one sat about in more or less open discomfort, that is every one but Mrs. Albright. Now and again, for no apparent reason, Mrs. Gladbrook tossed back her head and giggled. Fortunately, she was sitting behind Mrs. Albright who, at intervals, muttered with great ferocity, Certainly not! Presently Hester returned with a tray on which was set out a Sheffield service, very old and lovely, Mary thought, flanked by delicate porcelain cups.

You pour, mama, Hester suggested.

Is it still raining? Orville inquired of the late-comers.

I think it has stopped, Conrad Gladbrook replied.

His wife giggled nervously.

It's stopped raining, mama, Hester announced.

I never said it hadn't, her mother replied testily. Will you take cream, Mrs. Gladbrook?

Please, that lady barely whispered.

I asked you if you take cream? Mrs. Albright thundered.

She says she'll have some, mama.

I say: Webb was addressing Mary, I've been to see your exhibition. It's too wonderful!

Mary thanked him, but did not pursue the subject. It seemed to her that she had heard enough about

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 this exhibition for one evening. Have you, she demanded, as she stirred her coffee, read John Bolivar's new story?

Hester, who was passing sandwiches, replied to this question which had not been addressed to her. Oh, she averred, I have. What a vulgar story! How can he write about such vulgar people? Why, even here in Harlem there are plenty of doctors and lawyers and in Washington we have a real society. I don't see any use of dragging up all that muck. Nobody wants to read about that.

I quite agree with you, Orville said. Quite. Honi soit qui mal y pense.

Mary smiled in spite of herself. Perhaps, she urged, in a mild attempt to defend the absent author, the milieu he describes is more novel and picturesque than that which surrounds the life of a physician or a lawyer.

Why, Mary, how can you say such a thing? Hester demanded. I think it is shameless.

Mary was desperate. Won't you sing, Webb? she pleaded.

Oh, oui. Chantez, s'il vous plaît, chantez! piped Orville.

Webb sings so well, Hester informed the bashful Gladbrooks. Mrs. Gladbrook giggled.

Fetching his music-roll from the hall, Webb went to the upright piano. There, after considerable fumbling, he selected a piece of music, and began to sing, playing his own accompaniment:

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Webb sang in rather an uncertain tenor voice. His tones often stuck in his throat. He did not know very well how to control them, Mary noted. The others sat up very stiffly while he sang, and when he had concluded, Hester remarked, Delightful!

This sentiment was feebly echoed by her guests.

Sing another, Hester suggested. Can you hear, mama?

Perfectly.

Webb pawed about among his music again and eventually dragged out another song.

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text:
Page:The Scientific Papers of the Honourable Henry Cavendish v1.djvu/13

 THE

SCIENTIFIC PAPERS

OF THE HONOURABLE

HENRY CAVENDISH, F.R.S.

VOLUME I

THE ELECTRICAL RESEARCHES

Edited from the Published Papers, and the Cavendish Manuscripts in the possession of ,

by

JAMES CLERK MAXWELL, F.R.S.

Revised by

SIR JOSEPH LARMOR, F.R.S., M.P.

CAMBRIDGE

AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS

1921


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 Very pretty, Hester pronounced, stifling a yawn.

Classic and sweet, Orville asserted. A true gem.

A mischievous spirit prompted Mary to inquire, Do you know any Spirituals?

One or two, Webb admitted.

Oh, do sing one, please.

Webb faced the room, standing. Hester's face was iron.

I sing Spirituals without accompaniment, he explained, and then began very simply:

Mary noted at once how the feeling in this music dominated him, transfigured his voice, caused one to forget the serious faults of his singing. Even without the dialect, the song sounded sincere. And the room! What a change! Mrs. Gladbrook was crying. Gladbrook and Orville were swaying to the rhythm while Mrs. Albright moved her ear-trumpet, as though it were a baton, up and down to the beat.

After a short silence, Webb spontaneously began a livelier number:

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text:
Page:English-Chinese-Japanese Lexicon of Bibliographical, Cataloging and Library Terms Pb4XAAAAMAAJ.pdf/45

{| class="wikitable" Rh
 * 每逢半年一刊
 * semi-annually
 * 年二囘刊行
 * 每月二刊
 * semi-monthly
 * 月二囘刊行
 * 別印
 * separate (volume, etc.)
 * 別刷
 * 別封
 * separate cover, under
 * 別封
 * 單印本
 * separately, to be published
 * 單行本
 * 次第出期小說
 * serial (story etc.)
 * 續物
 * 集，次第出版書籍
 * series
 * 叢書，續發
 * 叢書目錄記入
 * series entry
 * 叢書名記入
 * 叢書名附錄
 * series note
 * 叢書名附記
 * 一套書
 * set (of books)
 * 書一揃
 * 花甲子
 * sexagenary cycle
 * 花甲子
 * 書架目錄
 * shelf list
 * 函架目錄
 * 書架目錄片
 * shelf list card
 * 函架目錄カード
 * 折記號
 * signature (binding)
 * 折印
 * 簽字，簽名
 * signature (name)
 * 記名
 * 書之大小
 * size of book
 * 圖書の形狀
 * 見開隨記
 * sketch book
 * 寫生帖
 * 著名
 * sobriquet
 * 緷綽・諢・渾 [sic]名
 * 社會
 * society
 * 社會
 * 特別號
 * special (edition etc.)
 * 特別の
 * 特圖書館
 * special library
 * 特別圖書室
 * 偽造的
 * spurious
 * 偽作の
 * 書庫
 * stack
 * 書架
 * 統計，統計表
 * statistical
 * 統計の
 * 統記表
 * statistics
 * 統計
 * }
 * 社會
 * 特別號
 * special (edition etc.)
 * 特別の
 * 特圖書館
 * special library
 * 特別圖書室
 * 偽造的
 * spurious
 * 偽作の
 * 書庫
 * stack
 * 書架
 * 統計，統計表
 * statistical
 * 統計の
 * 統記表
 * statistics
 * 統計
 * }
 * 統計の
 * 統記表
 * statistics
 * 統計
 * }
 * }


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As Webb rendered this song of simple faith, Mary witnessed what seemed to be a miracle: Hester's shoulders moved from side to side to the rhythm, while her lips formed the words of the stanza.

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A day or so later, Mary encountered Adora emerging from a shop on Seventh Avenue.

You haven't been to see me since I came back from the country, the ex-music-hall diva complained. I've a good mind to cut you dead.

Don't scold me, Mary pleaded. You know I'm a working woman.

I know you have more time than I have, Adora retorted, but I don't care how you behave. I like you and I'm going to hang on to you. Come home with me now.

Assenting willingly, Mary entered the Rolls-Royce, whereupon the chauffeur in purple livery slammed the door and drove the pair the short distance to West One hundred and thirty-ninth Street, dubbed Strivers' Row by all and sundry in Harlem. This block of tan brick houses, flanked by rows of trees on either side of the way, had been designed in the early twentieth century by Stanford White, at the time when Harlem was a German section. Now they had been taken over by rich Negroes: a few, like Fletcher Henderson, the band-leader, and Harry Wills, the prize-fighter, of international fame, but most of them lawyers, physicians, real-estate operators, or opulent proprietors of beauty

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 parlours. Mary remembered that she had read an editorial in Opportunity, based on advertising statistics, which seemed to prove that her race spent more money on hair-straighteners and skin-lightening preparations than they did on food or clothing. It was peculiarly ironic, Mary thought in this connection, that while the coloured women were making such an effort to have their hair uncurled, the white women were undergoing the horrors incident to the production of the permanent wave.

Adora's house stood near the centre of the block, and entrance to it, as was the case with the other dwellings on this pleasant street, was effected by ascending a few steps above the sidewalk. In the hallway the hostess paused long enough to throw aside her leather sport-coat, adjuring Mary to follow her example before she led her upstairs into the drawing-room.

Sit down a minute, Adora invited, as she disappeared up another flight of stairs.

Mary did not sit down. Instead, she seized the occasion to look around, for she had never been in this house before, and her interest in beautiful rooms was enduring. She sometimes wondered from what remote ancestor she had inherited this love of luxury which came to the fore whenever it was given a reasonable opportunity. Ordinarily, however, she succeeded in burying it in her subconsciousness, as she could not afford to indulge her own tastes. However she was not envious of others.

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 Indeed, she derived as much pleasure from the appraisal and admiration of beautiful objects in an art gallery as she would have, had they belonged to her.

Most of the furniture in the room was representative of the Louis XVI epoch, Mary, who had passed Jong hours studying period-rooms in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, recognized at once, and it pleased her to be aware that she could distinguish the chairs which had recently been upholstered from those which still preserved their original brocades. The walls were hung in a pale-lavender satin, and adorned, here and there, with pictures, Fragonard or Boucher sketches, or something very like them. On the tea-table a Sèvres service, in turquoise and amethyst paste, was laid out. The carpet was Aubusson. On the mantelpiece, between a clock and two candlesticks, also Sèvres, stood a few photographs framed in silver. One of these in particular caught and held Mary's attention.

This was a photograph of a lady in evening-dress, seated beside two Pekinese spaniels on a Victorian couch. Across the knees of the unknown, trailing carelessly over the arm of the couch, the long fringe sweeping the floor, was spread a Spanish shawl, embroidered in fantastic flowers. The lady was of a surpassing loveliness. Apparently light brown—very like my own colour, Mary decided—certainly much darker than yellow or tan, the features were not Negroid. Rather they suggested a Spanish or a Portuguese origin. The nose was delicate, the

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 mouth provocative and sensual. Pear-shaped pearls depended from the lobes of the tiny ears. The black, wavy hair was combed severely back from the forehead, above the ears, and shingled. The lady was dressed in the smartest mode of the moment; moreover, Mary observed at once, she wore her clothes with that manner which is rare with women of any race or colour. During the comparatively short period she had lived in Harlem, Mary had been a constant attendant at the white theatres in New York; she frequently had an opportunity to study white women in restaurants; with a few she even was personally acquainted. The beauties of Harlem were all known to her; she recognized at sight the more celebrated dancers and singers engaged in vaudeville or the coloured revues. She could not, however, at the moment, bring to mind a single figure of either race—she excepted, on reflection, the amazing Mrs. Lorillard—who gave such a vivid impression of magnetism and distinction.

To examine it more closely, Mary lifted the photograph in its massive, engraved, silver frame. What was it, even in this dead, flat counterpart, that gave to the lady the impression of supervitality? Mary did not know. Yet she was aware at once of the abundant sex-appeal in this lithe creature's body, an appeal which had filtered through the lens, been caught on the negative, and finally been stamped perdurably on this sheet of paper. As

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 Adora returned, Mary replaced the picture on the mantelpiece.

It's a lovely room, she commented.

Do you like it? I wonder if it suits me? An interior decorator arranged it for me.

It's charming, but I think I'd prefer you in a Spanish setting.

Oh, the dining-room's Spanish. I'll show it to you presently. The furniture is so heavy I have to send for a piano-mover when I want the place cleaned!

I was admiring this photograph.

Pretty, isn't she?

She's more than pretty. She's beautiful. Who is it?

Adora regarded her with astonishment. Why don't you know? It's Lasca Sartoris.

So that's the famous Mrs. Sartoris. Ollie told me that she had come back.

Revived by this identification of the photograph, a host of memories raced through the girl's mind. Lasca Sartoris! Why, she was almost a legend in Harlem, this woman who had married a rich African in Paris and had eventually deserted him to fulfil her amorous destiny with a trap-drummer from a boîte de nuit. But the signs and portents had been with her even here, for her husband had expired of a stroke the night she disappeared, apparently quite ignorant of all knowledge of her peccancy, and when his will, executed several months earlier, had been

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 read, it was discovered that she had inherited che bulk of his huge fortune. By the time she had come into this money, she had long since tired of the trap-drummer and had passed on to other interests. It could hardly be said that Harlem, generally speaking, had received the tidings of Lasca's wayward adventures with approval, even with equanimity, but those who knew her apparently liked her, and the rest perhaps, when she returned, so thought one of Mary's informants, would be won over by her money, her beauty, her wit, and her charm. She is certainly unconventional, this woman had told her, but she is also Lasca: to know her is usually to forgive her. Now that she had seen the photograph, Mary believed she could understand.

Yes, she's back. Adora was speaking once more. I forget how short a time you've lived here: it's only a little over two years, isn't it? Good God! . . . Adora's eyes appeared to be literally looking back into the past. . . . I can remember when there wasn't any Harlem, when we used to go to Marshall's on Fifty-third Street for a bite to eat and to listen to Florence. I can still remember that red and green wall-paper. I wish I had some like it now! . . . Adora sighed. . . . Well, they've had cabarets and cabaret entertainers since then, but I don't think any of them have quite come up to Marshall's and Florence! Perhaps it seemed better because I was younger. Baron Wilkins's place was downtown then, too. Poor Baron! I don't sup-

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 pose you've ever heard of Sisseretta Jones, the Black Patti, or Ernest Hogan, or Williams and Walker, or Cole and Johnson. . ..

I've heard of them all, Mary replied, although mostly they came before my time, but I've seen Bert Williams and, of course, Rosamond Johnson. . ..

Well, poor Bob Cole is dead, and Hogan is dead, and George Walker and Bert Williams and Aida Overton. . . . A tear glistened in Adora's eyes. . . . They were all my friends. I've appeared with them all. Those were the days. New York will never see coloured shows like 'em again. Why, these young whippersnappers today don't know anything about the profession. . . except how to dance the Charleston. Some of 'em can't even do that! You should have seen George Walker do the strut!

Well, Adora went on, it was in those days that I met Lasca. She came up from Louisiana. Her father was a country-preacher, one of the Camp-meeting kind. A shoutin' exhorter. You know, hell and brimstone, and the congregation moanin' no end. Amen! . . . Tickled with the recollection of one of these ceremonies, Adora gave vent to a hearty chuckle. . . . I'd just like to be hearing one now. . . . She wiped her eyes with her handkerchief. . . . You've never been South, have you, Mary?

No, Mary replied.

Well, Adora continued, Lasca began by teaching

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 school in the backwoods down in Louisiana—she was educated at Straight College at New Orleans—and then suddenly an uncle died—an uncle who had inherited property in Kentucky from some buckra relation with a conscience—and he left his land to her. Now Lasca was always musical—she played the harmonium at her father's meetings—and when she got her money she came to New York to study.

You know what usually happens when you've been brought up in a minister's family: when you get the chance you cut loose and go to the devil. Well, Lasca certainly cut loose, but in the old days she never quite went to the devil. She always kept a certain dignity. Often I've seen her cut loose at Marshall's—she was just a kid then—towards three in the morning, do an old-fashioned pigeon-wing or a hoe-down—she'd learned all the Southern country-dances on the old plantations. She was good at the new ones, too, the turkey trot and the bunny hug. And when she got through dancing, she'd sit down to the piano and sing a shout or a lively Spiritual.

How did she get to Paris? Mary inquired.

This fellow Sartoris came over here on some French government mission or other; you see he was an official from one of the French provinces. The first time he set eyes on her he fell and they were married right away. He was an old man when she married him, and I don't believe she ever cared much for him, but Lasca knows what she wants and goes after it, more than most of us do.

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 That girl's got a positive genius for going after things.

Hasn't she been back here before? Mary asked. It seems tome. . ..

You're right. She has. Many times, but let me see, I don't believe she's been back in the last two years. . . Adora pondered. . . How long has it been since Bert Williams died?

Mary shook her head and smiled. I can't tell you that, she answered.

Well, that's the last time Lasca was here.

Why does she come back at all?

God knows! Probably she gets bored. If I were Lasca I'd stick to Paris. No colour prejudice there, and what a spot to parade her particular line of material! But here—well, she shocks 'em. Certain people won't even have her in the house. She always raises hell here, without intending to, I guess. She just can't help it. She's just naturally full o' pep and she bounces the papas off their rails. . . Adora scowled. . . She'd better leave mine be. If she don't there'll be some fancy carvin'. . . Adora cut a scar in the air.

You know, Adora went on, Lasca did just what I wanted you to do, but you went back on me. Of course, Rannie's not cultured like Sartoris, but I'll bet he's got ten times the cash. You could do anything in Harlem you wanted to with that bunch of coin.

But I'm not Lasca, Mary protested. I'm afraid

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 I wouldn't be much of a success at that sort of thing.

Well, Rannie liked you, Adora said, liked you from the first moment he met you in my house, swore you were just what he was looking for. . . Suddenly, she fixed Mary with a gaze full of suspicion. . . You're not sore on account of anything you've heard about Rannie? she demanded.

No, I'm not sore at all, Mary replied. I just don't happen to love him, that's all.

That's all right: I get you when you talk about love. I couldn't marry either, if I wasn't in love. The trouble is that I have to pay for a lot of my love, like Rannie. You see these boys all know I cleaned up big in the theatre and when I want something, well. . . I guess it's worth it. . . sometimes. I don't know. She sighed. . . . Of course, she continued, Rannie didn't care whether you loved him or not. He wanted a respectable woman for a wife, somebody to give him a decent show-window, so he could go about a little more with the real swells. He thought you were the article. He's dead cut up about it.

I'm sorry, Mary responded. I can't help it. I just couldn't do it.

There, dearie! Adora crossed the floor, bent over and kissed her friend. There, we'll forget it.

The front door was heard to open and close. Presently, footsteps, slow and deliberate, resounded on the stairs; Alcester Parker slunk into the room.

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text:
Data reuse and the open data citation advantage

Introduction
Sharing information facilitates science. Publicly sharing detailed research data – sample attributes, clinical factors, patient outcomes, DNA sequences, raw mRNA microarray measurements – with other researchers allows these valuable resources to contribute far beyond their original analysis. In addition to being used to confirm original results, raw data can be used to explore related or new hypotheses, particularly when combined with other publicly available data sets. Real data is indispensable when investigating and developing study methods, analysis techniques, and software implementations. The larger scientific community also benefits: sharing data encourages multiple perspectives, helps to identify errors, discourages fraud, is useful for training new researchers, and increases efficient use of funding and patient population resources by avoiding duplicate data collection.

Making research data publicly available also has challenges and costs. Some costs are borne by society: For example, data archives must be created and maintained. Many costs, however, are borne by the data-collecting investigators: Data must be documented, formatted, and uploaded. Investigators may be afraid that other researchers will find errors in their results, or “scoop” additional analyses they have planned for the future.

Personal incentives are important to balance these personal costs. Scientists report that receiving additional citations is an important motivator for publicly archiving their data (Tenopir et al., 2011).

There is evidence that studies that make their data available do indeed receive more citations than similar studies that do not (Gleditsch, Metelits & Strand, 2003; Piwowar, Day & Fridsma, 2007; Ioannidis et al., 2009; Pienta, Alter & Lyle, 2010; Henneken & Accomazzi, 2011; Sears, 2011; Dorch, 2012). These findings have been referenced by new policies that encourage and require data archiving (e.g., Rausher et al., 2010), demonstrating the appetite for evidence of personal benefit.

In order for journals, institutions and funders to craft good data archiving policy, it is important to have an accurate estimate of the citation differential. Estimating an accurate citation differential is made difficult by the many confounding factors that influence citation rate. In past studies, it has seldom been possible to adequately control these confounders statistically, much less experimentally. Here, we perform a large multivariate analysis of the citation differential for studies in which gene expression microarray data either was or was not made available in a public repository.

Estimating the citation differential is not enough: crafting good data archiving policy requires an understanding of its origins. How quickly do data reuse citations accrue? Do the additional citations arise due to data reuse – as we might expect – or simply from increased exposure or trust in the original study? How often do data reuse studies attribute data from more than one source?

Examining data reuse patterns on a large scale is difficult because it is difficult to automatically isolate reuse that has been attributed through a citation from citations made for other purposes. In this study we approach this issue in two ways. First, we conduct a small-scale manual review of citation contexts to understand the proportion of citations that are made in the context of data reuse. Second, we use attribution through mentions of data accession numbers, rather than citations, to explore patterns in data reuse on a much larger scale.

We seek to improve on prior work in two key ways. First, the sample size of this analysis is large – over two orders of magnitude larger than the first citation study of gene expression microarray data (Piwowar, Day & Fridsma, 2007), giving us the statistical power to account for a larger number of cofactors in the analyses. Thus, the resulting estimates isolate the association between data availability and citation rate with more accuracy. Second, this report goes beyond citation analysis to include analysis of data reuse attribution directly. We explore how data reuse patterns change over both the lifespan of a data repository and the lifespan of a dataset, as well as examine the distribution of reuse across datasets in a repository.

Materials and Methods
The primary analysis in this paper addresses the citation count of a gene expression microarray experiment relative to availability of the experiment’s data, accounting for a large number of potential confounders.

Data collection
To begin, we needed to identify a sample of studies that had generated gene expression microarray data in their experimental methods. We used a sample that had been collected previously (Piwowar, 2011a; Piwowar, 2011b); briefly, a full-text query uncovered papers that described wet-lab methods related to gene expression microarray data collection. The full-text query had been characterized as having high precision (90%, with a 95% CI of 86% to 93%) and moderate recall (56%, CI of 52% to 61%) for this task. Running the query in PubMed Central, HighWire Press, and Google Scholar identified 11603 distinct gene expression microarray papers published between 2000 and 2009.

Citation counts for 10,555 of these papers were found in Scopus and exported in November 2011. Although Scopus now has an API that would facilitate easy programmatic access to citation counts, at the time of data collection the authors were not aware of any methods for querying and exporting data other than through the Scopus website. The Scopus website limited length of a query and the number of citations that could be exported at once. To work within these restrictions we concatenated 500 PubMed IDs at a time into 22 queries, each of the form “PMID(1234) OR PMID(5678) OR ...”.

The independent variable of interest was the availability of gene expression microarray data. Data availability had been previously determined for our sample articles in Piwowar (2011a), so we directly reused that dataset. Datasets were considered to be publicly available if they were discoverable in either of the two most widely-used gene expression microarray repositories: NCBI’s Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), and EBI’s ArrayExpress. GEO was queried for links to the PubMed identifiers in the analysis sample using “pubmed_gds [filter]” and ArrayExpress was queried by searching for each PubMed identifier in a downloaded copy of the ArrayExpress database. An evaluation of this method found that querying GEO and ArrayExpress with PubMed article identifiers recovered 77% of the associated publicly available datasets (Piwowar & Chapman, 2010).

Primary analysis
The core of our analysis was a set of multivariate linear regressions to evaluate the association between the public availability of a study’s microarray data and the number of citations received by the study.

To explore which variables to include in these regressions, we investigated correlations between the number of citations and a set of candidate variables. We also calculated correlations amongst all variables to investigate collinearity. We explored a subset of the 124 attributes from Piwowar (2011a) previously shown or suspected to correlate with citation rate. We selected covariates found to have a strong pairwise correlation (positive or negative) with citation rate, using Pearson correlations for numeric variables and polyserial correlations for binary and categorical variables. These covariates included: date of publication, journal that published the study, journal impact factor, journal citation half-life, number of articles published by the journal, journal open access policy, journal status as a core clinical journal by MEDLINE, number of authors of the study, country of the corresponding author, citation score of the institution of the corresponding author, publishing experience of the first and last author, and subject of the study itself (Table 1).

Table 1:

Univariate correlations between article attributes and number of citations.

Citations were log transformed and count variables were square root transformed. Pearson correlations were used for numeric variables and polyserial correlations for binary and categorical variables.

DOI: 10.7717/peerj.175/table-1

Publishing experience was characterized by the number of years since an author’s first paper in PubMed, the number of papers the author had published, and the number of citations the author had received in PubMed Central, estimated using Authority Clusters. The topic of the study was characterized according to the article’s Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) indexing terms assigned by the National Library of Medicine classifying the article as related to cancer, animals, or plants. For more information on study attributes see Piwowar (2011a). Citation count was log transformed to be consistent with prior literature. Other count variables were square-root transformed. Continuous variables were represented with 3-part spines in the regression, using the rcs function in the R rms library.

The independent variable of data availability was represented as 0 or 1 in the regression, indicating whether or not associated data had been found in either of the two data repositories. Because citation counts were log transformed, the relationship of data availability to citation count was described with 95% confidence intervals after raising the regression coefficient to the power of e.

Comparison to 2007 study
We ran two modified analyses to attempt to reproduce the findings of Piwowar, Day & Fridsma (2007) using the larger dataset of the current study. First, we used a subset of studies with roughly the same inclusion criteria as the earlier paper – studies on cancer in humans, published prior to 2003 – and the same regression coefficients: publication date, impact factor, and whether the corresponding author’s address is in the USA. We followed that with a second regression that included several additional important covariates: number of authors and number of previous citations by the last author.

Stratification by year
Because publication date is a strong correlate with both citation rate and data availability, we performed a separate analysis stratifying the sample by publication year, in addition to including publication date as a covariate. Fewer covariates could be included in these yearly regressions because they included fewer datapoints than the full regression. The yearly regressions included date of publication, journal that published the study, journal impact factor, journal’s open access policy, number of authors of the study, citation score of the institution of the corresponding author, previous number of PubMed Central citations received by the first and last author, whether the topic was cancer, and whether the study used animals.

Manual review of citation context
We manually reviewed the context of citations to data collection papers to estimate how many citations to data collection papers were made in the context of data reuse. We (Jonathan Carlson, in acknowledgements) reviewed 138 citations chosen randomly from the set of all citations to 100 data collection papers. Specifically, we randomly selected 100 datasets deposited in GEO in 2005. For each dataset, we located the data collection article within Thomson Reuter’s Web of Science based on its title and authors, and exported the list of all articles that cited this data collection article. From this, we selected random citations stratified by the total number of times the data collection article had been cited. By manual review of the relevant full-text of each paper, we determined whether the data from the associated dataset had been reused within the study.

Web of Science was used to identify citations for this step rather than the Scopus citation database used in previous steps. This is because extracting citations in this step did not require the (at the time) Scopus-only feature of searching by PubMed ID and the investigators had access to the Web of Science through an institutional subscription.

Data reuse patterns from accession number attribution
A second, independent dataset was collected to correlate with reuse attributions made through mentions of accession numbers rather than formal citations.

Data collection
Datasets are sometimes attributed directly through mention of the dataset identifier (or accession number) in the full-text, in which case the reuse may not contribute to the citation count of the original paper. To capture these instances of reuse, we collected a separate dataset to study reuse patterns based on direct data attribution. We used the NCBI eUtils library and custom Python code to obtain a list of all datasets deposited into the Gene Expression Omnibus data repository, then searched PubMed Central for each of these dataset identifiers (using queries of the form “‘GSEnnnn’ OR ‘GSE nnnn’”). For each hit we recorded the PubMed Central ID of the paper that mentioned the accession number, the year of paper publication, and the author surnames. We also recorded the dataset accession number, the year of dataset publication, and the investigator names associated with the dataset record.

Statistical analysis
To focus on data reuse by third party investigators (rather than authors attributing datasets they had collected themselves), we excluded papers with author surnames matching those of authors who deposited the original dataset, as in Piwowar, Carlson & Vision (2011a). PubMed Central contains only a subset of papers recorded in PubMed. As described in Piwowar, Carlson & Vision (2011a), to extrapolate from the number of data reuses in PubMed Central to all possible data reuses in PubMed, we divided the yearly number of hits by the ratio of papers in PMC to papers in PubMed for this domain (domain was measured as the number of articles indexed with the MeSH term “gene expression profiling”).

We retained papers published between 2001 and 2010 as reuse candidates. We excluded 2011 because it had a dramatically lower proportion of papers in PubMed Central at the time of our data collection: the NIH requirement to deposit a paper into PMC permits a 12 month embargo.

To understand our findings on a per-dataset basis, we stratified reuse estimates by year of dataset submission and normalized our reuse findings by the number of datasets deposited that year.

Data and script availability
Statistical analyses were last run on Wednesday, April 3, 2013 with R version 2.15.1 (2012-06-22). Packages used included reshape2 (Wickham, 2007), plyr (Wickham, 2011), rms (Harrell, 2012), polycor (Fox, 2010), ascii (Hajage, 2011), ggplot2 (Wickham, 2009), gplots (Warnes et al., 2012), knitr (Xie, 2012), and knitcitations (Boettiger, 2013). P-values were two-tailed.

Raw data and statistical scripts are available in the Dryad data repository at https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.781pv. Data collection scripts are on GitHub at https://github.com/hpiwowar/georeuse and https://github.com/hpiwowar/pypub.

The Markdown version of this manuscript with interleaved statistical scripts (Xie, 2012) is on GitHub https://github.com/hpiwowar/citation11k. Publication references are available in a publicly-available Mendeley group to facilitate exploration at http://www.mendeley.com/groups/2223913/11k-citation/papers/.

Description of cohort
We identified 10,557 articles published between 2001 and 2009 as collecting gene expression microarray data. Publicly available datasets in GEO or ArrayExpress had been found for 2,617 of these articles (25%, 95% confidence interval 24% to 26%). The papers were published in 667 journals, with the top 12 journals accounting for 30% of the papers (Table 2). Microarray papers were published more frequently in later years: 2% of articles in our sample were published in 2001, compared to 15% in 2009 (Table 3). The papers were cited between 0 and 2,643 times, with an average of 32 citations per paper and a median of 16 citations.

Table 2:

Proportion of sample published in most common journals. DOI: 10.7717/peerj.175/table-2

Table 3:

Proportion of sample published each year. DOI: 10.7717/peerj.175/table-3

Data availability is associated with citation benefit
Without accounting for any confounding factors, the distribution of citations was similar for papers with and without archived data. That said, we hasten to mention several strong confounding factors. For example, the number of citations a paper has received is strongly correlated to the date it was published: older papers have had more time to accumulate citations. Furthermore, the probability of data archiving is also correlated with the age of an article – more recent articles are more likely to archive data (Piwowar, 2011a). Accounting for publication date, the distribution of citations for papers with available data is right-shifted relative to the distribution for those without, as seen in Fig. 1.

Other variables have been shown to correlate with citation rate (Fu & Aliferis, 2008). Because single-variable correlations can be misleading, we performed multivariate regression to isolate the relationship between data availability and citation rate from confounders.

The multivariate regression included attributes representing an article’s journal, journal impact factor, date of publication, number of authors, number of previous citations of the first and last author, number of previous publications of the last author, whether the paper was about animals or plants, and whether the data was made publicly available. Citations were 9% higher for papers with available data, independent of other variables (p < 0.01, 95% confidence intervals [5% to 13%]).

We also analyzed a subset of manually curated articles. The findings were similar to those of the whole sample, supporting our assumption that errors in automated inclusion criteria determination did substantially influence the estimate (see Article S1).

More covariates led to a more conservative estimate
Our estimate of citation benefit, 9% as per the multivariate regression, is notably smaller than the 69% (95% confidence intervals of 18% to 143%) citation advantage found by Piwowar, Day & Fridsma (2007), even though both studies examined publicly available gene expression microarray data. There are several possible reasons for this difference.

First, Piwowar, Day & Fridsma (2007) concentrated on datasets from high-impact studies: human cancer microarray trials published in the early years of microarray analysis (between 1999 and 2003). By contrast, the current study included gene expression microarray data studies on any subject published between 2001 and 2009. Second, because the Piwowar, Day & Fridsma (2007) sample was small (85 papers), the previous analysis included only a few covariates: publication date, journal impact factor, and country of the corresponding author.

We attempted to reproduce the Piwowar, Day & Fridsma (2007) methods with the current sample. Limiting the inclusion criteria to studies with MeSH terms “human” and “cancer”, and to papers published between 2001 and 2003, reduced the cohort to 308 papers. Running this subsample with the covariates used in the Piwowar, Day & Fridsma (2007) paper resulted in a comparable estimate to the 2007 paper: a citation increase of 47% (95% confidence intervals of 6% to 103%).

The subsample of 308 papers was large enough to include a few additional covariates: number of authors and citation history of the last author. Including these important covariates decreased the estimated effect to 18% with a confidence interval that spanned a loss of 17% citations to a benefit of 66%.

Citation benefit over time
After completing our comparison to prior results, we returned to the whole sample. Because publication date is such a strong correlate with both citation rate and data availability, we ran regressions for each publication year individually. The estimate of citation benefit varied by year of publication. The citation benefit was greatest for data published in 2004 and 2005, at about 30%. Earlier years showed citation benefits with wider confidence intervals due to relatively small sample sizes, while more recently published data showed a less pronounced citation benefit (Fig. 2).

Data reuse is a demonstrable component of citation benefit
To estimate the proportion of the citation benefit directly attributable to data reuse, we randomly selected and manually reviewed 138 citations. We classified eight (6%) of the citations as attributions for data reuse (95% CI: 3% to 11%).

Evidence of reuse from mention of dataset identifiers in full text
A complementary dataset was collected and analyzed to characterize data reuse: direct mention of dataset accession numbers in the full text of papers. In total there were 9274 mentions of GEO datasets in papers published between 2000 and 2010 within PubMed Central across 4543 papers written by author teams whose last names did not match the names of those who deposited the data. Extrapolating this to all of PubMed, we estimated there may be about 1.4081 × 104 third-party reuses of GEO data attributed through accession numbers in all of PubMed for papers published between 2000 and 2010.

The number of reuse papers started to grow rapidly several years after data archiving rate started to grow. In recent years both the number of datasets and the number of reuse papers have been growing rapidly, at about the same rate, as shown in Fig. 3. The level of third-party data use was high: for 100 datasets deposited in year 0, we estimate that 40 papers in PubMed reused a dataset by year 2, 100 by year 4, and more than 150 by year 5. This data reuse curve is remarkably constant for data deposited between 2004 and 2009. The reuse growth trend for data deposited in 2003 has been slower, perhaps because 2003 data is not as ground-breaking as earlier data, and probably not as standards-compliant and technically relevant as later data.

We found that most instances of self-reuse (identified by surname overlap with data submission record) were published within two years of dataset publication. This pattern contrasts sharply with third party data reuse, as shown in Fig. 4. The cumulative number of third-party reuse papers is illustrated in Fig. 5; separate lines are displayed for different dataset publication years.

Because the number of datasets published has grown dramatically with time, it is instructive to consider the cumulative number of third-party reuses normalized by the number of datasets deposited each year (Fig. S1). In the earliest years for which data is available, 2001–2002, there were relatively few data deposits, but these datasets have been disproportionately reused. We excluded the early years from the plot to examine the pattern of data reuse once gene expression datasets became more common. Since 2003, the rate at which individual datasets were reused increased with each year of data publication.

Growth in the number of datasets in each reuse paper over time
The number of distinct datasets used in a reuse paper was found to increase over time (Fig. 6). From 2002 to 2004 almost all reuse papers only used one or two datasets. By 2010, 25% of reuse papers used 3 or more datasets.

Distribution of reuse across datasets
It is useful to know the distribution of reuse amongst datasets. Because our methods only detect reuse by papers in PubMed Central (a small proportion of the biomedical literature) and only when the accession number is given in the full text, our estimates of reuse are extremely conservative. Despite this, we found that reuse was not limited to only a few papers (Fig. 7). Nearly all datasets published in 2001 were reused at least once. The proportion of reused datasets declined in subsequent years, with a plateau of about 20% for data deposited between 2003 and 2007. The actual rate of reuse across all methods of attribution, and extrapolated to all of PubMed, is probably much higher.

Distribution of the age of reused data
We found the authors of third-party data reuse papers were most likely to use data that was 3–6 years old by the time their paper was published, normalized for how many datasets were deposited each year (Fig. 8). For example, in aggregate, microarray reuse papers from 2005 mentioned the accession numbers of more than 5% of all datasets that had been submitted two years earlier, in 2003. Reuse papers from 2008 mentioned about 7% of the datasets submitted two years earlier (in 2006), more than 10% of the datasets submitted 3 and 4 years previously (2005 and 2004), and about 7% of the datasets submitted 5 years earlier, in 2003.

The open data citation benefit
One of the primary findings of this analysis is that papers with publicly available microarray data received more citations than similar papers that did not make their data available, even after controlling for many variables known to influence citation rate. We found the open data citation benefit for this sample to be 9% overall (95% confidence interval: 5% to 13%), but the benefit depended heavily on the year the dataset was made available. Datasets deposited very recently have so far received no (or few) additional citations, while those deposited in 2004–2005 showed a clear benefit of about 30% (confidence intervals 15% to 48%). Older datasets also appeared to receive a citation benefit, but the estimate is less precise because relatively little microarray data was collected or archived in the early 2000s.

The citation benefit reported here is smaller than that reported in the previous study by Piwowar, Day & Fridsma (2007), which estimated a citation benefit of 69% for human cancer gene expression microarray studies published before 2003 (95% confidence intervals of 18% to 143%). Our attempt to replicate the Piwowar, Day & Fridsma (2007) study here suggests that aspects of both the data and analysis can help to explain the quantitatively different results. It appears that clinically relevant datasets released early in the history of microarray analysis had a particularly strong impact. Importantly, however, the new analysis also suggested that the previous estimate was confounded by significant citation correlates, including the total number of authors and the citation history of the last author. This finding reinforces the importance of accounting for covariates through multivariate analysis and the need for large samples to support full analysis: the 69% estimate is probably too high, even for its high-impact sample. Nonetheless, a 10%–30% is citation benefit may still be an effective motivator for data deposit, given that prestigious journals have been known to advertise their impact factors to three decimal places (Smith, 2006).

A paper with open data may be cited for reasons other than data reuse, and open data may be reused without citation of the original paper. Ideally, we would like to separate these two phenomena (data reuse and paper citation) and measure how often the latter is driven by the former. In our manual analysis of 138 citations to papers with open data, we observed that 6% (95% CI: 3% to 11%) of citations were in the context of data reuse. Although this methodology and the sample size do not allow us to estimate with any precision the proportion of the citation benefit attributable to data reuse, the result is consistent with data reuse being a major contributor.

Another important result of the citation analysis is that the number of papers based on self data reuse declined steeply after two years, while data reuse papers by third-party authors continued to accumulate even after six years. This finding suggests that although researchers may have some incentive for protecting their own exclusive use of data close to the time of the initial publication, the equation changes dramatically after a short period. This finding provides some evidence to guide policy decisions regarding the length of data embargoes allowed by journal archiving policies such as the Joint Data Archiving Policy described by Rausher et al. (2010).

While we cannot generalize from these detailed patterns of data reuse and citation to other datatypes or domains, the cumulative citation benefit seems to be quantitatively similar in a number of different fields (Gleditsch, Metelits & Strand, 2003; Piwowar, Day & Fridsma, 2007; Ioannidis et al., 2009; Pienta, Alter & Lyle, 2010; Henneken & Accomazzi, 2011; Sears, 2011; Dorch, 2012).

Challenges collecting citation data
This study required obtaining citation counts for thousands of articles using PubMed IDs. This process was not supported at the time of data collection using either Thomson Reuter’s Web of Science or Google Scholar. Although this type of query was supported by Elsevier’s Scopus database, we lacked institutional access to Scopus, individual subscriptions were not available, and attempts to request access through Scopus staff were unsuccessful. One of us (HP) attempted to use the British Library’s walk-in access of Scopus while visiting the UK. Unfortunately, the British Library’s policies did not permit any method of electronic input of the PubMed identifier list (the list is 10,000 elements long). HP eventually obtained official access to Scopus through a Research Worker agreement with Canada’s National Research Library (NRC-CISTI), after being fingerprinted to obtain a police clearance certificate because she had recently lived in the United States.

Our understanding of research practice suffers because access to tools and data is so difficult.

Patterns of data reuse
To better understand patterns of data reuse, a larger sample of reuse instances was needed than could easily be assembled through manual classification of citation context. To that end, we used a complementary source of information about reuse of the same datasets: direct mention of GEO or ArrayExpress accession numbers within the body of a full-text research article. The large number of instances of reuse identified this way allowed us to ask questions about the distribution of reuse over time and across datasets. The results indicate that dataset reuse has been increasing over time (excluding the initial years of GEO and ArrayExpress when few datasets were deposited and reuse appears to have been atypically broad). Recent reuse analyses include more datasets, on average, than older reuse studies. Also, the fact that reuse was greatest for datasets published between three and six years previously suggests that the lower citation benefit we observed for recent papers is due, at least in part, to a relatively short follow-up time.

Extrapolating to all of PubMed, we estimate the number of reuse papers published per year is on the same order of magnitude – and likely greater – than the number of datasets made available. This data reuse curve is remarkably constant for data deposited between 2004 and 2009. This finding reinforces the conclusions of an earlier analysis: even modest data reuse can provide an impressive return on investment for science funders (Piwowar, Vision & Whitlock, 2011b).

Finally, we observed a moderate proportion of datasets being reused by third parties (more than 20% of the datasets deposited between 2003 and 2007). It is important to recognize that this is likely a gross underestimate. It includes only those instances of reuse that can be recognized through the mention of accession number in PubMed Central. No attempt has been made to extrapolate these distribution statistics to all of PubMed, nor to identify additional attributions through paper citations or mentions of the archive name alone. Further, many important instances of data reuse leave no trace in the published literature, such as those in education and training.

Reasons for the data citation benefit
While we cannot exclude that the open data citation benefit is driven entirely by third-party data reuse, there may be other factors contributing to the effect either directly or indirectly. The literature that has considered the possibility of an Open Access citation benefit (e.g., Craig et al., 2007) indicates a number of other factors that may also be relevant to open data. Building upon this work, we suggest several possible sources for an “Open Data citation benefit”:

 * 1) Data Reuse.     Papers with available datasets can be used in ways that papers without     data cannot, and may receive additional citations as a result.
 * 2) Credibility Signalling. The     credibility of research findings may be higher for research papers with     available data. Such papers may be preferentially chosen as background     citations or the foundation of additional research.
 * 3) Increased Visibility. Third     party researchers may be more likely to encounter a paper with available     data, either by a direct link from the data or indirectly through     cross-promotion. For example, links from a data repository to a paper may     increase the search ranking of the research paper.
 * 4) Early View. When     data is made available before a paper is published, some citations may     accrue earlier than they would otherwise because of accelerated awareness     of the methods, findings, and so on.
 * 5) Selection Bias.     Authors may be more likely to publish data for papers they judge to be     their best quality work, because they are particularly proud or confident     of the results (Wicherts, Bakker & Molenaar, 2011).

Importantly, almost all of these mechanisms are aligned with more efficient and effective scientific progress: increased data use, facilitated credibility determination, earlier access, improved discoverability, and a focus on best work through data availability are good for both investigators and the science community as a whole. Working through the one area where incentives between scientific good and author incentives conflict, – finding weaknesses or faults in published research – may require mandates. Or, instead, the research community may eventually come to associate withheld data with poor quality research, as it does today for findings that are not disclosed in a peer-reviewed paper (Ware, 2008).

The citation benefit observed in the current study is consistent with data reuse found in this study and the small-scale annotation reported in Rung & Brazma (2013). Nonetheless, it is possible some of the other sources suggested above may have contributed citations for the studies with available data. Further work will be needed to understand the relative contributions from each source. For example, in-depth analyses of all publications from a set of data-collecting authors could support measurement of selection bias. Observing search behavior of researchers, and the returned search hit results, could characterize increased visibility because of data availability. Hypothetical examples could be provided to authors to determine whether they would be systematically more likely to cite a paper with available data in situations in which they are considering the credibility of research findings.

Future work
Future work could improve on these results by considering and integrating all methods of data use attribution. This holistic effort would include identifying citations to the paper that describes the data collection, mentions of the dataset identifier itself – whether in full text, the references section, or supplementary information – citations to the dataset as a first-class research object, and even mentions of the data collection investigators in acknowledgement sections. The citations and mentions would need classification based on context to ensure they are in the context of data reuse.

The obstacles encountered in obtaining the citation data needed for this study, as described earlier in the Discussion, demonstrate that improvements in tools and practice are needed to make impact tracking easier and more accurate, for day-to-day analyses as well as studies for evidence-based policy. Such research is hamstrung without programmatic access to the full-text of the research literature and to the citation databases that underpin impact assessment. The lack of conventions and tool support for data attribution (Mooney & Newton, 2012) is also a significant obstacle, undoubtedly leading to undercounting in the present study. There is much room for improvement, and we are hopeful about recent steps toward data citation standards taken by initiatives such as DataCite.

Data from current and future studies could begin to be used to estimate the impact of policy decisions. For example, do embargo periods decrease the level of data reuse? Do restrictive or poorly articulated licensing terms decrease data reuse? Which types of data reuse are facilitated by robust data standards and which types are unaffected?

Qualitative assessment of data reuse is an essential complement to large-scale quantitative analyses. Repeating and extending previous studies will help develop an understanding of the potential of data reuse, areas of progress, and remaining challenges (e.g., Zimmerman, 2003; Wan & Pavlidis, 2007; Wynholds et al., 2012; Rolland & Lee, 2013). Usage statistics from primary data repositories and value-added repositories are also useful sources of insight into reuse patterns (Rung & Brazma, 2013).

Citations are blind to many important types of data reuse. The impact of data on practitioners, educators, data journalists, and industry researchers is not captured by attribution patterns in the scientific literature. Altmetrics indicators reveal discussions in social social media, syllabi, patents, and theses: analyzing such indicators for datasets would provide valuable evidence of reuse beyond the scientific literature. As evaluators move away from assessing research based on journal impact factor and toward article-level metrics, post-publication metrics rates will become increasingly important indicators of research impact (Piwowar, 2013).

= Conclusions = We found a statistically well-supported citation benefit from open data, although a smaller one than previously reported. We conclude there is a direct effect of third-party data reuse that persists for years beyond the time when researchers have published most of the papers reusing their own data. We further conclude that, at least for gene expression microarray data, a substantial portion of archived datasets are reused, and that the intensity of dataset reuse has been steadily increasing since 2003.

It is important to remember that the primary rationale for making research data available has nothing to do with evaluation metrics or citation benefits: giving a full account of experimental process and findings is a tenet of science, and publicly-funded science is a public resource (Smith, 2006). We also recognize that scientists may weigh a variety of both positive and negative incentives when deciding whether and how to share their data, and the potential for increasing citations is only one of these. Nonetheless, evidence of personal benefit will help as science transitions from “data not shown” to a culture that simply expects data to be part of the published record.

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 Hello, 'Dora. Afternoon, Mary. He had a sheepish air.

Where've you been? Adora demanded sternly.

Just down to the pool-parlour, playin' with Irwin.

Well, you've been gone a long time, Adora whined. I looked for you when I went out.

I just been down to the pool-parlour, Al repeated dully.

Well, go on upstairs. I'm talking to Mary now.

With silent alacrity the boy obeyed her.

As he disappeared at the turn of the stairs, Adora burst into tears.

My life's nothing but dust and ashes, she sobbed. They all treat me like that, like dirt. They go and they come and they never think of me, and when a young, pretty flapper comes along. . . I don't deserve it, she cried. I try to get even by treating them like dirt, but it don't work. They listen to me shout, but they don't pay no attention.

They? Mary queried.

Well, he, Adora stammered. I mean Al. No, I don't! No, I don't! she cried. He'll never, leave me! He's different! Al loves me!

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What was it in herself, Mary wondered, that held her aloof, prevented her from actually engaging her affections? She was certain that she was not a mental prig. Was there the possibility of being a physical prig? She enjoyed going to the theatre with young men; she liked to dance with them, to talk with them, and yet an indefinable something in her makeup interfered with the progress of a more intimate relationship. She was acquainted with many empty-headed boys, sheiks, they called them in Harlem, boys about whom most of the girls were mad, boys whom married women quarrelled over, silly, conceited boys who thought of nothing but their conquests and probably spoke freely about them among themselves. These, assuredly, were not for her. The more seriousminded young men in her circle of friends were naturally quite a different matter. Howard, for instance, was her kind, but she realized that she could never consider marrying Howard. Anyway Howard belonged to Ollie, and the others like him had never actually proposed to her. It was something in herself that didn't want them to propose to her that kept them from it, she was beginning to believe.

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 She cherished an almost fanatic faith in her race, a love for her people in themselves, and a fervent belief in their possibilities. She admired all Negro characteristics and desired earnestly to possess them. Somehow, so many of them, through no fault of her own, eluded her. Was it because she was destined to become an old maid, a bitter-minded spinster like Hester Albright? Yet even Hester subconsciously felt her birthright. She had seen Hester fall under the sway of Negro music that evening at her home. On many other occasions she had observed this phenomenon! How many times she had watched her friends listening listlessly or with forced or affected attention to alien music, which said little to the Negro soul, by Schubert or Schumann, immediately thereafter losing themselves in a burst of jazz or the glory of an evangelical Spiritual, recognizing, no doubt, in some dim, biological way, the beat of the African rhythm.

Savages! Savages at heart! And she had lost or forfeited her birthright, this primitive birthright which was so valuable and important an asset, a birthright that all the civilized races were struggling to get back to—this fact explained the art of a Picasso or a Stravinsky. To be sure, she, too, felt this African beat—it completely aroused her emotionally—but she was conscious of feeling it. This love of drums, of exciting rhythms, this naïve delight in glowing colour—the colour that exists only in cloudless, tropical climes—this warm, sexual

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 emotion, all these were hers only through a mental understanding. With Olive these qualities were instinctive; also with Howard; even with Hester, to some extent; Adora throbbed with this passionate instinct—that was the real reason Mary's heart went out to her. Why, Mary asked herself, is this denied to me?

We are all savages, she repeated to herself, all, apparently, but me! She recalled what she had once been told—and her reason informed her that it was probably the truth—that Negroes never premeditate murder; their murders are committed under the reign of passion. If one made a temporary escape from a man bent on killing, it was likely to prove a permanent escape. The next morning, in another mood, probably he would have forgotten his purpose. There never had been, her informant assured her, a Negro poisoner. Negroes use the instruments that deal death swiftly: knives, razors, revolvers.

If she could only let herself go, revel in colour and noise and rhythm and physical emotion, throw herself into the ring with the others, figuratively shouting and hurling their assegais! But it would not be me, she argued with herself. Unless I acted naturally like the others, it would be no use. I must be myself. Perhaps, later, this instinct will come, awaken belatedly in me.

Preparations for Olive's wedding were progressing rapidly. Olive, as expert with the needle as

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 with the cook-stove, spent much of her spare time sewing. She was making a trousseau that would be the envy of many a girl who had all the money in the world to spend on one: delicate chiffon and linen undergarments, embroidered and hemstitched, gay with lace, ribbons, bows, and insertion, together with a rainbow array of dresses. Olive's father had sent her a cheque for one hundred and fifty dollars with which to purchase materials for this wardrobe, a sum that would go a long way when one knew where to buy remnants or when one attended the sales advertised by the big department stores.

She sewed most of the time Howard visited her in the evenings, talking to him with her mouth full of pins or while she actively plied the needle. Sometimes she would toss him an end of flimsy material to be held taut while she divided it neatly with her long pair of shears. This action would naturally conclude with an embrace, a passionate kiss. Occasionally, Mary would accidentally stroll into the sitting-room in time to see this. Not that it mattered to them—before her they felt no self-consciousness—but it mattered to Mary who saw more than they intended, more, perhaps, than they were aware of. She saw that Howard was Olive's man and that she was his woman. It was more than a marriage; it was a primitive consecration. She saw that each would fight—kill if need be—to retain the other's love. This realization made her feel her own lack more keenly than ever. How had

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 she, during the centuries, lost this vital instinct?

Her memory returned to her childhood days, to her mother and father. Her mother's father had been a freed slave who had been given a slice of land together with the custody of his own body. On this land he had prospered sufficiently to send his daughter to Fisk. Before she had married William Love she herself had taught school. The thought of her father almost invariably brought affectionate tears to Mary's eyes. To her he was an example of how perfect a man might be: straight, handsome, tall, distinguished, honest and upright, just and intelligent: his countenance and bearing reflected his character. Sweet and gentle he was too, and yet, Mary still remembered with a little thrill how the mere reading in a newspaper of an account of a lynching in Georgia, a particularly ghastly lynching, had thrown him into such a fit of rage that he had seized his revolver and started to leave the house, threatening to kill the first white man he encountered. She recalled how her mother, moved, too, beyond her bent, had experienced the greatest difficulty in persuading him to relinquish his purpose, employing, indeed, every weapon of persuasion at her command, even resorting to what little physical force she possessed. He had not gone. The revolver had dropped from his relaxed finger-tips, and the patient, resigned expression she knew so well had returned to his eyes. Mary was five years old when this had happened, but she could still remem-

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 ber the anguish in her mother's tone as she had implored her to go to bed, and the grey, ashen pallor in her mother's face, as she sank, exhausted after her successful struggle, into an. They had never referred thereafter to this incident, but Mary would never forget it.

Her father, reared in a small town in the Middle West, had attended white schools, first the local public schools, later the state university. Early in life he had become imbued with the ideal of doing something for his unfortunate race. Later, this ideal became a passion which drove him on until, when he had accumulated sufficient money through his law practice to make his family comfortable and to educate his daughter, he devoted as much of his time as possible to public speaking, explaining the problems of the Negro to white audiences or fostering ideals of industry and ambition in the younger generation of coloured people.

Mary adored her father and it was with a feeling of pride and joy that she had learned from one of his recent letters that he planned to make one of his rare visits to New York. He arrived one morning early in October. Mary was unable to meet him at the station, as she could find no one willing to substitute for her in the library. Mr. Love, therefore, carried his bags to the home of Aaron Sumner, where he had been invited to be a guest, and then paid a call on his daughter at the library.

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 Dad dear! Mary greeted him.

He kissed her affectionately. They were very close to one another, this pair. Mary regarded him—she never tired of admiring him: he was tall, light brown, with short, curly grey locks, and a grey moustache. His nose was aquiline; his cheek-bones high and well-carved. Sometimes, in a spirit of beneficent fun, Mary called him Othello. He actually represented her idea of a Moor. Might he not, indeed, be one? The old slave traders were none too particular concerning the individuals they kidnapped along the African coast. A slave was a slave and a white man brought as much as a black. Not only were the miserable human beings raped from all parts of Africa, representatives of widely differing African tribes, but also Arabs, Egyptians, Moors, and even Spaniards and Portuguese were gathered in. In America these curiously distinct races came together and bore children; further, these children were often impregnated with French, Spanish, English, and Indian blood. The result, whatever the percentage of the mixture, was known in this enlightened country as a Negro and shared all the prejudice directed towards the full-blooded African.

How is mother? Mary asked. They sat in a small chamber adjoining the reading-room.

Fine, her father responded, and very envious of me, because she wants to see you so badly herself.

Why didn't you bring her, dad?

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Page:JT International SA v Commonwealth of Australia.pdf/23

French CJ

equities which "may be enforced in the like manner as in respect of any other personal property." Their existence is conditioned upon satisfaction of requirements for registration. They can cease to exist by operation of statutory mechanisms such as rectification, removal from the register, or failure to renew. As pointed out in the 5th edition of Shanahan's Australian Law of Trade Marks and Passing Off :

"the property in a statutory trade mark is not permanent."

Registered designs are a species of personal property, capable of assignment and transmission by operation of law. The registered owner of a registered design has a number of exclusive rights relating to the making, importation, sale and use of products embodying the design and the right to authorise another to do any of those things. The rationale for the statutory protection of registered designs has been variously stated. Professor Ricketson observed in 1984 :

"The principal object of the registered designs system is to give protection, through the grant of a monopoly right, to the visual form of articles which are commercially mass-produced. Concern with questions of design and appearances has had a long history, as it has been seen for many hundreds of years that good design is an integral part of the manufacture and marketing of all kinds of useful articles."

The Patents Act 1990 (Cth) provides that a patent gives the patentee the exclusive rights, during the term of the patent, to exploit the invention and to authorise another person to exploit the invention. Those exclusive rights are "personal property and are capable of assignment and of devolution by law."


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 Well, it's a long and expensive trip, and I shall be here myself only a couple of days. You see, I had the excuse of my lecture in Newark. I hope you can come out to visit us next summer.

In the evening Mary was invited to dine at the Aaron Sumners'. She always delighted to go to this house: it had such an agreeable, comfortable air, without being luxurious or arty. You sank so deeply into the upholstered divans and easy chairs. The Persian carpets were thick and pleasant to walk on. The electric lamps were shaded in soft colours and the rows of books and the few pictures had all been selected with the design of making the place livable. This design was eminently successful.

Born in Georgia, of well-to-do parents, Mr. Sumner had been educated at Fisk where, during his senior year, he was fortunate enough to become acquainted with a young, Northern white man who had come down to investigate the institution, before donating a considerable sum towards its maintenance. A little later, he had sent for Mr. Sumner to offer him a responsible position in his business in New York. From trusted employee, Mr. Sumner, gradually securing the complete confidence of his friend, had eventually acquired an interest in the business. Mrs. Sumner was the daughter of a Philadelphia caterer who long ago had assembled a modest fortune. She, as a consequence, had been educated in a French convent. She had followed

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 her father's example by sending her own daughters to Paris to school.

Mary came a little early, as she wanted to enjoy a talk with her father before the others arrived. When the first guest was announced, Mrs. Sumner joined them in the drawing-room. Slightly past forty, she was still a handsome woman; she had always possessed distinction of manner. She bought all her clothes in Paris, a city she visited at least once a year, usually in the spring when she could accompany her daughters back to New York. This evening she wore a frock of écru crêpe which exactly matched the colour of her superbly formed shoulders so that, at a little distance, her back appeared to be entirely nude. A long chain of chrysoprase depended from her throat.

She was followed by Gareth Johns, the novelist. Mary noted immediately that the middle-aged man, with white hair, was nervous. Evidently it was his first appearance as a dinner-guest in a Negro home and he was attempting, not entirely successfully, to be easy in his manner.

What a charming place you have, Mrs. Sumner, he began, in rather a high key, from which the note of astonishment was not entirely lacking.

We find it comfortable, Mrs. Sumner replied, adding, I want you to meet Miss Love, and her father.

Delighted, I'm sure. Gareth bowed.

It's certainly a pleasure to meet you, Mr. Love

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 responded. Are you stopping in New York this winter? I always think of you as living in Paris.

I do live abroad most of the time, Gareth explained, but this winter I've taken a house near Stamford. You see, I'm trying to write a book about America.

I enjoyed Two on the Seine, Mary said, and it was very popular at the library. At one time I think we had fifteen copies. They're all worn out now.

Gareth looked bewildered.

It's so difficult to work in New York, Mrs. Sumner remarked. I don't wonder you chose the country.

It is better, and very convenient, only an hour from town, Gareth said.

At this juncture, Galva Waldeck, the concert singer, and Leon Cazique, the new secretary to the Haytian consul, arrived. During the introductions the maid appeared with cocktails and a plate of little, round slices of bread spread with caviare and sprinkled with egg-crumbs.

I loved your exhibition, Mary, Galva exclaimed, as she sipped her cocktail. Then, turning to Cazique, Mlle. Love—I always feel like saying Mlle. Amour, Mary—a organisé une exposition épatante de sculpture africaine.

Comme c'est intéressant, the secretary responded. J'ai vu plusieurs œuvres de ce genre l'été passé à Bruxelles. Elles étaient authentiques. Vous savez, peut-être, que les Allemands ont copié beaucoup

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 ce genre de sculpture ces temps derniers. Les imitations sont si bien faites que l'on peut à peine les distinguer des vraies.

Je le sais, et c'est pourquoi j'ai refusé beaucoup d'exemplaires, Mary explained. Je crois que nous n'en exposons que des authentiques.

By Jove, I'd like to have seen that exhibition! Gareth cried. I didn't hear about it.

They haven't gone back to the owners yet, Mary assured him. Come to the library any day and I'll be glad to show them to you.

May I come tomorrow and bring Mrs. Lorillard?

I'd be delighted. I shall be there all day.

How is Campaspe? Mrs. Sumner inquired.

Oh, 'paspe's splendid, Gareth replied. She tells me I'm to have the pleasure of dining with you there next Thursday.

I'm so glad you're included. . . . Mrs. Sumner set down her untouched cocktail. . . . I don't know whether we should wait for Dr. Lancaster. Perhaps he's keeping

Mr. Sumner turned to Gareth. It's almost a joke among our group, he said. We're all inclined to be late. We've even got a legend about it. It seems that when the trumpet blew announcing the Judgment Day, white people turned out of their graves and went immediately to heaven. Two days later, angels seated on the pearly walls saw dense, black clouds arising in the West and hurried back to give the alarm that a terrific storm was on its way.

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 Oh no, St. Peter reassured them, that's only the coloured people coming to Judgment.

You're not unique in that respect, said Gareth.

My dear, Mr. Sumner went on to his wife, I don't think we'd better wait two days for Dr. Lancaster.

The ringing of the bell made it unnecessary to arrive at any decision in the matter.

There he is now, Mrs. Sumner announced, and we'll go in to dinner as soon as he takes his coat off.

The dining-room was a large ivory and blue chamber. The table was laid with rich silver and porcelain over a lace spread. In the centre, reflected in a mirror, stood a bowl of engraved blue glass from which a cluster of dahlias raised their magenta heads.

Mary was seated between Gareth Johns and Dr. Lancaster. She had never met either of them before this evening. The physician lived in Washington and, like Mary's father, was in New York on a visit. To all intents and purposes, he was as white as Gareth. His hair was a fiery red.

The conversation at first was general. Mr. Sumner spoke of Hayti, out of courtesy for his guest in the diplomatic service. This led to some discussion of the situation in the Virgin Islands.

It seems curious, Mr. Sumner averred, that the French, coloured Hayti and the Danish, coloured Virgin Islands should be dominated by an American navy government with all the prejudices of white Southerners.

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 I hear that the strict application of the Eighteenth Amendment—at least its official application—is destroying one of the Islands' greatest sources of revenue, Mr. Love remarked.

Do you mean to tell me, Gareth demanded indignantly, that that ridiculous law is being enforced on our dependent possessions?

Quite so, Mr. Sumner assured him, probably more rigidly than it is in New York City.

I visited the Virgin Islands once, Mr. Love continued. You know they're named after the eleven thousand that travelled about with St. Ursula. You see, Columbus landed there on St. Ursula's Day.

quoted Mary.

So you know Wallace Stevens! Gareth cried with enthusiasm.

Not all by heart, but that, and Peter Quince at

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 the Clavier, and The Emperor of Ice-Cream, and. ..

Tea! Gareth interrupted. Oh, do, for my sake, recall Tea!

Will you have any more of the fish? Mrs. Sumner inquired.

Gareth became aware that a servant with a heavy platter was bending over him.

I don't think I can refuse anything so good, he responded.

Dr. Lancaster took advantage of this diversion to speak to Mary.

Have you ever been in Washington, Miss Love? he asked.

No, never. I've always wanted to go, but there has never been an occasion.

Well, our life down there is varied and pleasant. There's always somebody or other from Howard if you want a game of bridge or a pleasant chat, but it's surely more interesting here. Harlem

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 Mary smiled mischievously. I know what you're going to say: the Mecca of the New Negro!

Perhaps I was, he responded. Isn't it?

I suppose so; only we—some of us—get awfully tired of hearing about it.

To us on the outside, it seems magnificent, a dream come true, the doctor continued, sipping his Sauterne. A Negro city almost as large as Rome! We couldn't have counted on that a few years ago. You have everything here: shops and theatres and churches and libraries. ..

And cabarets, added Mary. You should have mentioned them first.

Well, they are an essential part of our life, I suppose. I think I must take in one or two before I return to Washington. Do you know, it's been years since I've visited a cabaret. . . He paused and with his fork pushed a mushroom across his plate. . . I've lived rather an odd sort of life altogether.

She regarded him with interest, but remained silent.

You can see that I might have joined the Blue Vein Circle. This fact has led me into some strange adventures. A good deal of my youth I spent among whites, passing. . . Later, I reverted to the other. On the whole, I prefer it.

T was sure you would, Mary replied.

The curious thing is this, he went on meditatively,

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 and I've never met any one else who felt just that way; perhaps no one else has gone through just my set of experiences—the curious thing is this, he repeated, that when I'm living with whites I have a white psychology and when I live with Negroes I have a Negro psychology.

Mary stared at him. And you say you've never met any one else like that? she demanded.

Not exactly. You see, it goes even deeper. There are occasions when I'm torn between the two, confused.

Mary was silent. She looked around the table. Galva Waldeck was conversing in French with Léon Cazique. Gareth Johns and Mrs. Sumner were engaged in an animated discussion.

No one? Mary repeated her question in a lower tone.

Well, I don't suppose I could really be sure what any one else felt. What I mean is, perhaps, that no one has confessed such a feeling to me.

As Gareth turned to her, Mary felt an unaccountable sense of relief.

We're discussing Rosamond Johnson's new book of Spirituals, he explained. I haven't seen it yet.

Do you like Spirituals? Mary inquired.

I dote on 'em. Mrs. Sumner wants me to hear Stand still, Jordan.

It's a wonderful song, Mary said. You should hear Taylor Gordon sing it.

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 I seem to be woefully ignorant, Gareth replied. He turned to Mrs. Sumner. Who's. . . ?

Mary was listening to Cazique across the table: Proust ressemble à un cours d'eau, un vaste fleuve qui, comme le Nil, jaillit dans plusieurs endroits, s'affermit dans sa course, embrasse des villes et des iles, et finalement se joint à un fleuve énorme et se précipite dans la mer!

Well, I'll get it tomorrow. . . . She was listening to Gareth again. . . . Do you know, he went on wistfully, I think I'd like to write a Negro novel.

Mary laughed. Everybody seems to be doing that. Have we become so interesting?

Some day, Dr. Lancaster was saying, perhaps a Negro will write a novel about white people.

I'd like to see that done, Gareth said.

It has been done, said Mary.

I suppose you mean Dumas, suggested Dr. Lancaster.

Or Pushkin, Gareth offered.

No, I mean by an American Negro, Charles W. Chesnutt. He's written several novels from a white point of view.

Never heard of him, said Gareth in amazement. Suppose you tell me some of the titles. He produced a pencil and a slip of paper.

Presently, Mrs. Sumner rose. We'll have coffee in the library, she announced.

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 In comfortable chairs before the fire, conversation continued over coffee, and later, over whisky and soda.

You seem to read more up here than any one downtown does, Gareth remarked to Mary. I don't see how you find the time.

It's my business, you see.

Yes, but the others. . . You were telling me you have calls for Aldous Huxley.

To be perfectly frank, most of the customers prefer A. S. M. Hutchinson.

Well, that's more human, Gareth said. I was beginning to be afraid you were paragons.

A bell tinkled.

That must be Robert Kasson's son, Mrs. Sumner announced. You know Robert Kasson of Philadelphia, she interjected to Galva Waldeck. Byron's just arrived in New York, like Dick Whittington, to make his fortune.

I hope he's brought a cat! cried Galva.

I don't know about the cat, but he may have brought a typewriter. His ambition is to become an author.

Mary's hands were trembling. Her heart was thumping. At this instant the door swung open and he stood framed in the doorway.

After the introductions he came straight towards her.

This must be fate, he said. This is the first day

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 I've been in New York since I met you at that orgy on Long Island, and here I run into you directly.

Mary smiled. Are you complaining? she inquired.

Ignoring this query, he lifted her hand. I was sure of it, he cried. You have fingers like the petals of a golden chrysanthemum. I've always remembered your fingers.

Mary felt too embarrassed to invent a reply.

Gareth Johns was still sitting near Mary. Apparently, Mr. Kasson, you have a talent for phrases, he commented. I hear that you are a writer.

Not quite yet, Byron responded. I want to write, but it's a large order, isn't it? It's difficult to begin when one realizes what you have accomplished.

So you've been reading my books.

Everybody reads your books, Mr. Johns.

Well, don't let that bother you. The critics and the public always like the new men best. They get tired of us old fellows, once they have discovered the secret of our formulas. What are you going to write about?

I don't know, Mr. Johns, that's just it. How does one go about writing?

Well, to be frank, I've always thought that the best way to go about writing was to write. You have plenty to write about. Gareth swept his eyes around the room.

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