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Rh viz. the theory of infallibility. The actual promise made, as they contend, to St. Peter's chair as the centre of unity, would undoubtedly account for truth being wholly in the Roman Communion, not in the English, and solve the antecedent perplexity in question. But the English Church, taking no such high ground as this, certainly is open to the force, such as it is, of the objection, or (as it was just now expressed) on the primâ facie view of the case is unlikely to have embraced the whole counsel of God, because she does not assume infallibility; and consequently no surprise or distress should be felt by her dutiful sons, should that turn out to be the fact, which her own principles, rightly understood, would lead them to anticipate. At the same time it must carefully be remembered, that this admission involves no doubt or scepticism as regards the more sacred subjects of theology, of which the Creed is the summary; these having been witnessed from the first by the whole Church,—being witnessed too at this moment, in spite of later corruptions, both by the Latin and Greek Communions.

A consideration has been suggested in the last paragraph on which much might be said on a fitting occasion; it is (what may be called) a great Canon of the Gospel, that Purity of faith depends on the Sacramentum Unitatis. Unity is the whole body of the Church, as it is the divinely blessed symbol and pledge of the true faith, so also it is the obvious means (even humanly speaking) of securing it. The Sacramentum was first infringed during the quarrels of the Greeks and Latins; it was shattered in that great schism of the sixteenth century which issued in some parts of Europe in the Reformation, in others in the Tridentine Decrees, our own Church keeping the nearest of any to the complete truth. Since that era at least. Truth has not dwelt simply and securely in any visible Tabernacle. This view of the subject will illustrate for us the last words of Bishop Ken as contained in his will:—"As for my religion, I die in the Holy Catholic and Apostolic faith, professed by the whole Church before the disunion of East and West; more particularly I die in the communion of the Church of England, as it stands distinguished from all Papal and Puritan innovations, and as it adheres to the doctrine of the Cross."

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30 3. Another antecedent ground for anticipating wants and imperfections in the English Church lies in the circumstances under which the reformation of its doctrine and worship was effected. It is now universally admitted as an axiom in ecclesiastical and political matters that sudden and violent changes must be injurious; and though our own revolution of opinion and practice was happily slower and more carefully considered than those of our neighbours, yet it was too much influenced by secular interests, sudden external events, and the will of individuals, to carry with it any vouchers for the perfection and entireness of the religious system thence emerging. The proceedings for instance of 1536, remind us at once of the dangers to which the Church was exposed, and of its providential deliverance from the worst part of them: the articles then framed being, according to Burnet, "in several places corrected and tempered by the king's" (Henry's) "own hand." Again, the precise structure of our present liturgy, so primitive and edifying in its matter, is confessedly owing to the successive and counteracting influences exerted on it, among others, by Bucer and Queen Elizabeth. The Church did not make the circumstances under which it found itself, and therefore is free from the responsibility of imperfections to which these gave rise. These imperfections followed in two ways. First, the hurry and confusion of the times led, as has been said, to a settlement of religion incomplete and defective: secondly, the people, not duly apprehending even what was soundly propounded as being new to them, and unable to digest healthy food after long desuetude, gave a false meaning to it, went into opposite extremes, and fashioned into unseemly habits and practices those principles which in themselves conveyed a wholesome and edifying doctrine. These considerations cannot fairly be taken in disparagement of the celebrated men who were the instruments of Providence in the work, and who doubtless felt far more keenly than is here expressed the perplexities of their situation; but they will serve perhaps to reconcile our minds to our circumstances in these latter ages of the Church, and will cherish in us a sobriety of mind, salutary in itself, and calculated more than any thing else to arm us against the arguments of Rome,

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text: The Complete Works of Count Tolstoy/Volume 13/My Confession


text: The Complete Works of Count Tolstoy/Volume 13/Critique of Dogmatic Theology/Preface


text: The Complete Works of Count Tolstoy/Volume 13/Critique of Dogmatic Theology/Part 1


text: The Life of Lokamanya Tilak/Chapter 11

title: The Life of Lokamanya Tilak/Chapter 11


text: The Complete Works of Count Tolstoy/Volume 13/Critique of Dogmatic Theology/Part 2


text: The Complete Works of Count Tolstoy/Volume 13/Critique of Dogmatic Theology/Conclusion


text: The Complete Works of Count Tolstoy/Volume 13/Critique of Dogmatic Theology


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THE INDIAN LEGISLATURE AND OF THE GOVERNOR GENERAL

1938


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Rh


text: Tales of My Landlord (1st Series)/Volume 4


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8 which again grow other fronds, and so on ad infinitum. The method of growth in the three other species is precisely similar, and can be clearly seen in all under a magnifying power.

Had it been the intention of this paper to embrace any account of other living organisms in the aquarium, a description might have been given how the tadpoles were continually biting off the rootlets of the Duckweeds; how the great beetles seized the tadpoles, and bit their tails off, so that they could not rise to the surface; how the tadpoles again in their turn attached themselves, six or eight at a time, to the sides of the carp, where they hang for days together, going round and round with the fish, sucking their juices, and becoming veritable parasites; how the fish were continually gulping down fronds of duckweed, and as quickly disgorging them; how, when the tadpoles were dead, because the aquarium and the beetles would not let them become frogs, the snails were the objects of the beetles' fury; and how, at length, the beetles gave themselves up to unmitigated cannibalism, and "did each other eat." Such a description would doubtless be instructive and entertaining enough to induce us to return to it on some future occasion. W. G. S.

HY objects under the microscope appear so much larger than when seen by the naked eye, is an inquiry that would naturally suggest itself to the mind of an intelligent lad or adult, who for the first time in his life peered through the tube of his friend's microscope. The answer to such an inquiry will, we believe, reveal to us the principle on which the microscope itself is constructed. A mere speck, undistinguishable either in form or colour, is placed before us. Our friend transfers it to the stage of his microscope, adjusts the tube, and invites us to take a peep. We do so. Astonishment seizes upon us. Every part of that object is clearly mapped out; every member of its body duly displayed, and even a portion of its internal organization is distinctly revealed. We depart to our homes mentally asking, By what means such an addition of power is obtained for the eye?

In what, then, does magnitude consist, that at one time an object should appear large, and at another time small? Let us endeavour to unravel this mystery.

It will readily be admitted that we judge of size by comparison—we compare one object with another—and thus form an idea of the extent it occupies in space. But had we nothing with which we could make the comparison, it would be impossible to judge of size at all.

It will be found that the apparent size of an object varies with the distance it may be from the eye of the spectator. Thus, a balloon at a great altitude, or a castle at a distance, both appear vastly diminished in bulk by reason of their remoteness; and had we no other means of judging their magnitude than those furnished by the eye, we should unhesitatingly believe the first to be no larger than a boy's top, and the latter a fitting residence for a child's twopenny doll. Even the sun himself, under similar circumstances, would be dwarfed to the size of the crown of one's hat. Fortunately we have other means at our disposal for correcting our visual impressions.

If the aëronaut at our bidding suddenly quitted the clouds and descended at our feet, we should observe his balloon gradually expand in every direction until it assumed the dimensions of a house. A small portion of the balloon contained within one of the lozenge-shaped meshes of the netting would appear at this short space even larger than the entire machine when seen from a distance. So also with the castle. If we travel towards it, we shall perceive it looming out larger and larger, as the distance decreases between it and ourselves. At last we stand beneath its walls. We now see but a very small portion of the building. It has so rapidly increased in size that a single stone covers with its image a larger space on the retina of the eye than the whole structure when seen afar off. If, then, the magnitude of an object depends on the distance the eye of the spectator may be from it, it ought to follow that the nearer the eye the larger the appearance of the object; and this we think will be found the be the case. There is, however, a limit to the eye in this direction. In an ordinary healthy eye ten inches is considered to be the distance at which small objects can be most distinctly seen, and this may be termed its natural focus. The eye is so constructed that it cannot accommodate itself to a shorter distance than its natural focus


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 other by shooting his horse, and then continued his flight to Bothwell Bridge, where, for his misfortune, he found the gates shut and guarded. Turning from thence, he made for a place where the river seemed passable, and plunged into the stream, the bullets from the pistols and carabines of his pursuers whizzing around him. Two balls took place when he was past the middle of the stream, and he felt himself dangerously wounded. He reined his horse round in the midst of the river, and returned towards the bank he had left, waving his hand, as if with the purpose of intimating that he surrendered. The troopers ceased firing at him accordingly, and awaited his return, two of them riding a little way into the river to seize and disarm him. But it presently appeared that his purpose was revenge, not safety. As he approached the two soldiers, he collected his remaining strength, and discharged a blow on the head of one, which tumbled him from his horse. The other dra-


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 goon, a strong muscular man, had in the meanwhile laid hands on him. Burley, in requital, grasped his throat, as a dying tiger seizes his prey, and both losing the saddle in the struggle, came headlong into the river, and were swept down the stream. Their course might be traced by the blood which bubbled up to the surface. They were twice seen to rise, the Dutchman striving to swim, and Burley clinging to him in a manner that showed his desire that both should perish. Their corpses were taken out about a quarter of a mile down the river. As Balfour's grasp could not have been unclenched without cutting off his hands, both were thrown into a hasty grave, still marked by a rude stone, and a ruder epitaph.


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Veronica.] This has the corymbose inflorescence of V. diosmæfolia, but differs altogether in the stout spreading or decumbent habit, much larger broader leaves, and in the calyx and corolla.

20. V. venustula, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxvii. (1895) 393.—A small compact bushy shrub 6–9 in. high; branchlets short, numerous. Leaves close-set, decussate, spreading, shortly petiolate, ½–¾ in. long, ¼ in. broad, oblong or elliptic-ovate, acute, coriaceous, flat or slightly concave, not keeled, dark-green and glabrous; midrib prominent beneath, excurrent; margins entire. Racemes terminal, much branched, forming a terminal many-flowered corymb 2 in. diam.; pedicels slender, puberulous; bracts lanceolate, acute, equalling the pedicels. Flowers white, ¼–⅓ in. diam. Calyx deeply 4-partite; segments ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute. Corolla-tube funnel-shaped, rather longer than the calyx; limb 4-lobed; lobes subequal, broadly ovate, obtuse. Capsule ¼ in. long, broadly ellipsoid, obtuse, more than twice as long as the calyx.

21. V. diosmæfolia, ''R. Cunn. in Bot. Mag.'' sub. t. 3461.—A small much-branched shrub, usually from 2–5 ft. high, but sometimes attaining a height of 15 ft., with a slender trunk 4–6 in. diam.; branches glabrous or puberulous, ringed with the scars of the fallen leaves. Leaves close-set, spreading or suberect, shortly petioled, ½–1 in. long, ⅛–⅙ in. broad, linear-oblong or oblong-lanceolate to elliptic-oblong, straight or slightly falcate, acute, entire or with 2–4 minute incisions on each side near the apex, coriaceous, dark-green above, paler and often slightly keeled by the midrib beneath, veinless. Racemes about 1 in. long, peduncled, corymbosely branched, usually near the tips of the branches, but sometimes lateral; rhachis and pedicels slender, puberulous; bracts shorter than the pedicels. Flowers about ¼ in. diam., white or pale lavender-blue. Calyx usually 3-partite with the upper segment broader and 2-fid, rarely equally 4-partite. Corolla-tube short, funnel-shaped, not much longer than the calyx; limb 4-lobed, the posticous lobe the largest. Capsule ⅙ in. long, ovoid, turgid, about twice as long as the calyx.—''A. Cunn. Precur. n. 381; Raoul, Choix, 43; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 193; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 209; Armstr.''


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 While the soul of this stern enthusiast flitted to its account, that of the brave and generous Lord Evandale was also released. Morton had flung himself from his horse upon perceiving his situation, to render his dying friend all the aid in his power. He knew him, for he pressed his hand, and, being unable to speak, intimated by signs his wish to be conveyed to the house. This was done with all the care possible, and he was soon surrounded his lamenting friends. But the clamorous grief of Lady Emily was far exceeded in inten-


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 sity by the silent agony of Edith. Unconscious even of the presence of Morton, she hung over the dying man; nor was she aware that fate, who was removing one faithful lover, had restored another as if from the grave, until Lord Evandale, taking their hands in his, pressed them both affectionately, united them together, raised his face, as if to pray for a blessing on them, and sunk back and expired in the next moment.


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determined to waive the task of a concluding chapter, leaving to the reader's imagination the arrangements which must necessarily take place after Lord Evandale's death. But as I was aware that precedents are wanting for a practice which might be found convenient, both to readers and compilers, I confess myself to have been in a considerable dilemma, when fortunately I was honoured with an invitation to drink tea with Miss Martha Buskbody, a young lady who has carried on the profession of mantua-making at Gander-


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512 in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiii. (1881) 351. V. diosmæfolia var. trisepala. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxviii. (1896) 525; ''Hook. f. Bot. Mag.'' t. 7539. V. trisepala, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xv. (1883) 324.

22. V. Menziesii, Benth. in D.C. Prodr. x. 461.—A compact perfectly glabrous shrub 3–8 ft. high; branches terete, leafy. Leaves usually rather close-set, shortly petioiate, suberect or spreading, ½–1 in. long, ⅕–¼ in. broad, lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate or linear-oblong, acute, rigid, coriaceous, flat or slightly keeled beneath. Racemes crowded near the tips of the branches, 1–2 in. long, peduncled, corymbosely branched, very rarely simple, erect or erecto-patent; rhachis slender, puberulous; pedicels variable in length. Flowers white or pale-lilac, ⅕–¼ in. diam. Calyx deeply 4-partite; segments ovate-oblong, subacute or obtuse, ciliolate. Corolla-tube nearly twice as long as the calyx, funnel-shaped; lobes oblong, obtuse or subacute, the anterior one narrower than the rest. Capsule ovoid, acute, more than twice as long as the calyx.—''Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel.'' i. 193. V. Colensoi, ''Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 209 (in part only).''

Var. divaricata, Cheesem.—More sparingly branched; the branches slender, spreading. Leaves narrower, lanceolate, acute, often falcate, spreading or deflexed, not so closely placed nor so coriaceous as in the type. Racemes copiously corymbosely branched. Calyx-segments narrower, ovate-lanceolate, acute. Has much of the habit and general appearance of V. diosmæfolia, but differs markedly in the longer corolla-tube and narrower acute calyx-segments.

Marlborough—Pelorus and Tinline Valleys, J. H. Macmahon! Nelson, Bidwill! Maitai Valley, ''Kirk! T.F.C.; Lake Rotoiti, Monro, T.F.C.; Hanmer Plains, T.F.C.; Clarence Valley, Kirk!''


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 cleugh, and in the neighbourhood, with great success, for about forty years.—Knowing her taste for narratives of this description, I requested her to look over the loose sheets the morning before I waited on her, and enlighten me by the experience which she must have acquired in reading through the whole stock of three circulating libraries in Gandercleugh and the two next market-towns. When, with a palpitating heart, I appeared before her in the evening, I found her much disposed to be complimentary.

"I have not been more affected," said she, wiping the glasses of her spectacles, "by any novel, excepting the Tale of Jemmy and Jenny Jessamy, which is indeed pathos itself; but your plan of omitting a formal conclusion will never do. You may be as harrowing to our nerves as you will in the course of your story, but, unless you had the genius of the author of Julia de Roubigné, never let the end be altoge-


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Veronica.] Bay, Menzies. Sea-level to 3000 ft. December–February. Var. divaricata: Not uncommon in the Pelorus and Rai Valleys, Marlborough, Macmahon!

V. Menziesii was founded by Bentham on specimens collected by Menzies in Dusky Bay in 1791. In the Flora Hooker united Menzies's plant with another gathered by Bidwill in the vicinity of Nelson; but in the Handbook he referred Menzies's specimens to V. elliptica, and associated Bidwill's specimens with a plant gathered on the Ruahine Mountains by Colenso, and with others collected in various localities in the South Island by Sinclair, Travers, and Haast, giving the name of Colensoi to the species thus described. But as Colenso's plant was described as having simple racemes and glaucous leaves, while Bidwill's (judging from a specimen in my possession) had compound racemes and dark-green leaves, this arrangement did not appear at all satisfactory. At my request Mr. N. E. Brown has carefully examined the types in the Kew Herbarium, and reports that Menzies's and Bidwill's specimens undoubtedly belong to one and the same species, and that Hooker was in error in referring the former to V. elliptica. He further states that Colenso's Ruahine Mountain plant is totally difierent, and is the species subsequently described by Colenso under the name of V. Hillii. Under these circumstances, the name of V. Menziesii must be restored, the species being characterized by the narrow acute rigid leaves, corymbosely branched racemes, 4-partite calyx with subacute segments, and a corolla-tube almost twice as long as the calyx. Its nearest ally is V. diosmæfolia, to which my var. divaricata is very close indeed. A plant collected by Petrie at the foot of Ruapehu, and by Messrs. Hill and Andrew on the Ruahine Range, is doubtfully referred to V. Menziesii for the present, but the specimens are not sufficient for precise determination.

23. V. Colensoi, ''Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 209, as regards the North Island specimens only''.—A small erect or spreading perfectly glabrous shrub 9–18 in. high; branches leafy above, ringed with the scars of the fallen leaves below. Leaves rather close-set, suberect or spreading, sessile or narrowed into a very short broad petiole, ¾–1½ in. long, ⅕–½ in. broad, linear-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acute or subacute, entire or remotely incised, coriaceous, flat or nearly so, dark-green above, glaucous beneath; midrib stout, prominent beneath. Racemes few near the tips of the branches, slightly exceeding the leaves, slender, peduncled, simple or sparingly branched, many-flowered; rhachis slender, puberulous or glabrate; bracts exceeding the short pedicels. Flowers white, ¼ in. diam. Calyx deeply 4-partite; segments ovate-lanceolate, acute. Corolla-tube broadly funnel-shaped, shorter than the calyx; limb rather longer than the tube, 4-lobed; lobes spreading or reflexed, narrow-ovate, subacute. Stamens short, not exceeding the corolla-lobes. Capsule narrow-ovate, acute, compressed, about twice as long as the calyx.—V. Hillii, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxviii. (1896) 606; Kirk, l.c. 524.

Hawke's Bay—By the Ngaruroro River at Kuripapango; between the Rangitikei ford and Erewhon, ''H. Hill! A. Hamilton! D. Petrie! Ruahine Mountains, Colenso. Otago, locality not stated, Buchanan!''


text: Tales of My Landlord (1st Series)/Volume 4/Chapter 1


text: Tales of My Landlord (1st Series)/Volume 4/Chapter 2


text: Tales of My Landlord (1st Series)/Volume 4/Chapter 3


text: Tales of My Landlord (1st Series)/Volume 4/Chapter 4


text: Tales of My Landlord (1st Series)/Volume 4/Chapter 5


text: Tales of My Landlord (1st Series)/Volume 4/Chapter 6


text: Tales of My Landlord (1st Series)/Volume 4/Chapter 7


text: Tales of My Landlord (1st Series)/Volume 4/Chapter 8


text: Tales of My Landlord (1st Series)/Volume 4/Chapter 9


text: Tales of My Landlord (1st Series)/Volume 4/Chapter 10


text: Tales of My Landlord (1st Series)/Volume 4/Chapter 11


text: Tales of My Landlord (1st Series)/Volume 4/Chapter 12


text: Tales of My Landlord (1st Series)/Volume 4/Chapter 13


text: Tales of My Landlord (1st Series)/Volume 4/Chapter 14


text: Tales of My Landlord (1st Series)/Volume 4/Chapter 15


text: Tales of My Landlord (1st Series)/Volume 4/Conclusion


text: Tales of My Landlord (1st Series)/Volume 4/Peroration


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text: The Poetical Works of Robert Burns/The Holy Fair


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 340

CIVIL AERONAUTICS BOARD

ADOPTED: June 6, 1960

Capital AIRLINES LOCKHEED CONSTELLATION,

N 2735A, KANAWHA COUNTY AIRPORT

CHARLESTON, WEST VIRGINIA MAY 12, 1959

Capital Airlines Flight 983 of May 12, 1959, a Constellation model 1-049, 2132A, following & Landing at 1529 e.s.t., on a wet runway, was intentionally ground looped and during the maneuver skidded and slid down a steep embankment beyond the boundary of the airport at Charleston, West Virginia. One of the 38 passengers and one of the six crew members died in the fire which followed; one passenger was seriously burned and all others on board the aircraft escaped with little or no injury; the aircraft was destroyed.

The aircraft was landed within the first third of the runway and the captain said that finding braking to be ineffective, he chose to ground loop the aircraft rather than risk going down a sharp declivity at the far end of the runway. The aircraft left the runway about 600 feet from the far end.

Investigation revealed operational deficiencies in the conduct of the sp-proach and touchdown, and that crew coordination throughout the emergency was poor. Because of crew statements, the brakes were believed to have been capable of functioning in a normal manner; however, water on the runway would have permitted the aircraft to aquaplane and thus make them ineffective.

Investigation

Capital Airlines Flight 983 of May 12, 1959, originated in Washington, D. Cos with its destination Atlanta, Georgia, and with intermediate stops at Rochester and Buffalo, New York; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and Charleston, West Virginia. The flight departed Washington at 0957 and was routine to Buffalo.

At Buffalo a scheduled crew change was made. The new crew consisted of Cap-trin R. Ohn, First Officer C Spoth, Flight Engineer Howanski, Flight Enginger-Traines B. J. Morrison, and Hostesses N. P. Marshall and E. Viera. Flight 983 departed Buffelo at 1244 and flew direct to the Greater Pittsburgh Airport, arriving there at 1347.

The flight departed Pittsburgh at 1433 and was cleared to Charlagton on an IFR (instrument flight rules) flight plan to the Kanawha County Airport at Charleston via Old Concord intersection to cross the 260-degree radial of Pittsburgh omni at 3,000 and to maintain 5,000 via 193-degree radial of Imperial amni.


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Rh during my whole life; whether I have sought in a right way or not, and whether I have succeeded or not, I shall truly know in a little while, if God will, when I myself arrive in the other world: that is my belief. And now, Simmias and Cebes, I have answered those who charge me with not grieving or repining at parting from you and my masters in this world; and I am right in not repining, for I believe that I shall find other masters and friends who are as good in the world below. But all men cannot receive this, and I shall be glad if my words have any more success with you than with the judges of Athenians.

Cebes answered: I agree, Socrates, in the greater part of what you say. But in what relates to the soul, men are apt to be incredulous; they fear that when she leaves the body her place may be nowhere, and that on the very day of death she may be destroyed and perish—immediately on her release from the body, issuing forth like smoke or air and vanishing away into nothingness. For if she could only hold together and be herself after she is released from the evils of the body, there would be good reason to hope, Socrates, that what you say is true. But much persuasion and many arguments are required in order to prove that when the man is dead the soul yet exists, and has any force of intelligence.

True, Cebes, said Socrates; and shall I suggest that ie talk a little of the probabilities of these things?

I am sure, said Cebes, that I should greatly like to know your opinion about them.

I reckon, said Socrates, that no one who heard me now, not even if he were one of my old enemies, the comic poets, could accuse me of idle talking about matters in which I have no concern. Let us, then, if you please, proceed with the inquiry.

Whether the souls of men after death are or are not in the world below, is a question which may be argued in this manner. The ancient doctrine of which I have been speaking affirms that they go from this into the other world, and return hither, and are born from the dead. Now if this be true, and the living come from the dead, then our souls must be in the other world, for if not, how could they be born again? And this would be conclusive, if there were any


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60 real evidence that the living are only born from the dead; but if there is no evidence of this, then other arguments will have to be adduced.

That is very true, replied Cebes.

Then let us consider this question, not in relation to man only, but in relation to animals generally, and to plants, and to everything of which there is generation, and the proof will be easier. Are not all things which have opposites generated out of their opposites? I mean such things as good and evil, just and unjust—and there are innumerable other opposites which are generated out of opposites. And I want to show that this holds universally of all opposites;

I mean to say, for example, that anything which becomes greater must become greater after being less. True.

And that which becomes less must have been once greater and then become less. Yes.

And the weaker is generated from the stronger, and the swifter from the slower.

Very true.

And the worse is from the better, and the more just is from the more unjust?

Of course.

And is this true of all opposites? and are we convinced that all of them are generated out of opposites?

Yes.

And in this universal opposition of all things, are there not also two intermediate processes which are ever going on, from one to the other, and back again; where there is a greater and a less there is also an intermediate process of increase and diminution, and that which grows is said to wax, and that which decays to wane? Yes, he said.

And there are many other processes, such as division and composition, cooling and heating, which equally involve a passage into and out of one another. And this holds of all opposites, even though not always expressed in words—they are generated out of one another, and there is a passing or process from one to the other of them?


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Rh soul alone, and when this is granted to them, to be trembling and repining; instead of rejoicing at their departing to that place where, when they arrive, they hope to gain that which in life they loved (and this was wisdom), and at the same time to be rid of the company of their enemy. Many a man has been willing to go to the world below in the hope of seeing there an earthly love, or wife, or son, and conversing with them. And will he who is a true lover of wisdom, and is persuaded in like manner that only in the world below he can worthily enjoy her, still repine at death?

Will he not depart with joy? Surely he will, my friend, if he be a true philosopher. For he will have a firm conviction that there only, and nowhere else, he can find wisdom in her purity. And if this be true, he would be very absurd, as I was saying, if he were to fear death.

He would, indeed, replied Simmias.

And when you see a man who is repining at the approach of death, is not his reluctance a sufficient proof that he is not a lover of wisdom, but a lover of the body, and probably at the same time a lover of either money or power, or both?

That is very true, he replied.

There is a virtue, Simmias, which is named courage. Is not that a special attribute of the philosophy.

Certainly.

Again, there is temperance. Is not the calm, and control, and disdain of the passions which even the many call temperance, a quality belonging only to those who despise the body and live in philosophy? That is not to be denied.

For the courage and temperance of other men, if you will consider them, are really a contradiction.

How is that, Socrates?

Well, he said, you are aware that death is regarded by men in general as a great evil.

That is true, he said.

And do not courageous men endure death because they are afraid of yet greater evils?

That is true.

Then all but the philosophers are courageous only from fear, and because they are afraid; and yet that a man should


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Rh which the State acknowledges, but some other new divinities or spiritual agencies in their stead. These are the lessons which corrupt the youth, as you say.

Yes, that I say emphatically.

Then, by the gods, Meletus, of whom we are speaking, tell me and the court, in somewhat plainer terms, what you mean! for I do not as yet understand whether you affirm that I teach others to acknowledge some gods, and therefore do believe in gods and am not an entire atheist- -this you do not lay to my charge; but only that they are not the same gods which the city recognizes -the charge is that they are different gods. Or, do you mean to say that I am an atheist simply, and a teacher of atheism?

I mean the latter-that you are a complete atheist.

That is an extraordinary statement, Meletus. Why do you say that? Do you mean that I do not believe in the god-head of the sun or moon, which is the common creed of all men?

I assure you, judges, that he does not believe in them; for he says that the sun is stone, and the moon earth.

Friend Meletus, you think that you are accusing Anaxag-oras; and you have but a bad opinion of the judges, if you fancy them ignorant to such a degree as not to know that those doctrines are found in the books of Anaxagoras the Clazomenian, who is full of them. And these are the doctrines which the youth are said to learn of Socrates, when there are not unfrequently exhibitions of them at the theatre (price of admission one drachma at the most); and they might cheaply purchase them, and laugh at Socrates if he pretends to father such eccentricities. And so, Meletus, you really think that I do not believe in any god?

I swear by Zeus that you believe absolutely in none at all.

You are a liar, Meletus, not believed even by yourself.

For I cannot help thinking, O men of Athens, that Meletus is reckless and impudent, and that he has written this indictment in a spirit of mere wantonness and youthful bravado. Has he not compounded a riddle, thinking to try me? He said to himself: I shall see whether this wise Socrates will discover my ingenious contradiction, or whether I shall be able to deceive him and the rest of them. For he certainly


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14 does appear to me to contradict himself in the indictment as much as if he said that Socrates is guilty of not believing in the gods, and yet of believing in them--but this surely is a piece of fun.

I should like you, O men of Athens, to join me in examining what I conceive to be his inconsistency; and do you, Meletus, answer. And I must remind you that you are not to interrupt me if I speak in my accustomed manner.

Did ever man, Meletus, believe in the existence of human things, and not of human beings?. . .I wish, men of Athens, that he would answer, and not be always trying to get up an interruption. Did ever any man believe in horse-manship, and not in horses? or in flute-playing and not in flute-players? No, my friend; I will answer to you and to the court, as you refuse to answer for yourself. There is no man who ever did. But now please to answer the next question: Can a man believe in spiritual and divine agencies, and not in spirits or demigods?

He cannot.

I am glad that I have extracted that answer, by the assistance of the court; nevertheless you swear in the indictment that I teach and believe in divine or spiritual agencies (new or old, no matter for that); at any rate, I believe in spiritual agencies, as you say and swear in the affidavit; but if I believe in divine beings, I must believe in spirits or demi-gods; is not that true? Yes, that is true, for I may assume that your silence gives assent to that. Now what are spirits or demigods? are they not either gods or the sons of gods?

Is that true?

Yes, that is true.

But this is just the ingenious riddle of which I was speaking: the demigods or spirits are gods, and you say first that I don't believe in gods, and then again that I do believe in gods; that is, if I believe in demigods. For if the demigods are the illegitimate sons of gods, whether by the Nymphs or by any other mothers, as is thought, that, as all men will allow, necessarily implies the existence of their parents. You might as well affirm the existence of mules, and deny that of horses and asses, Such nonsense, Meletus, could only have been intended by you as a trial of me. You have put


text:
Sound, sound the clarion, fill the fife

 * "Sound, sound the clarion" in The Hundred Best Poems (lyrical) in the English language (1904), edited by Adam Luke Gowans
 * "Answer" in the Oxford Book of English Verse 1250-1900 (1931), edited by Arthur Quiller-Couch

title: Sound, sound the clarion, fill the fife


text: Index:The Hunterian Oration, delivered before the Royal College of Surgeons ... 1849 (IA b3188362x).pdf


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6 stant reference to every part of anatomy and physiology, so conspicuous in Hunter, for that depth of thought and varied illustration which fix the attention and necessitate the exercise of the mind of the reader, in dwelling on the doubts and suspicions,—the halfformed theories and hypotheses,—so thickly scattered through his writings;—many of which have been proved by further investigation, with increased collateral knowledge, to have been most sagacious anticipations of important facts.

Leaving to others the application of details, Hunters constant aim, as he informs his pupils, was “ to explain to them the principles of the art” of surgery and thus, by reasoning, and comparison, and analogy, to render them fit to cope with unusual and unforeseen difficulties ;—it was by enforcing these guiding principles, in a spirit of experimental research, that he contributed to effect a great and permanent change in surgery, pathological and practical, no less influential than that which he produced in physiology;—a change which is still felt unconsciously by every one who enters our profession, because silently actuating most of his immediate instructors.

Hunter himself complained, “ Since I have lectured I have scarcely found a pamphlet without some of my opinions, and often my very language :”f and it is in fact the truth. Some of his immediate successors, thoroughly imbued with his spirit, successfully cultivated the science of surgery, and they have been the teachers of their profession ; to Hunter’s influence on

 * Works, yoI. i. 208.

f lb. p. 210.


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Author:Caesar Henry Hawkins

Works

 * The Hunterian Oration (1849)

title: Author:Caesar Henry Hawkins


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Rh Then spake Sir Gernot of Burgundy: “I must needs fear the death of dear friends to-day. Sith we have no boatmen here at hand, how shall we come over? Therefore I must perforce stand sad.”

Loudly then called Hagen: “Ye footmen, lay the trappings down upon the grass. I bethink me that once I was the very best of boatmen that one might find along the Rhine. I trow to bring you all safe across to Gelfrat’s land.”

They struck the horses, that these might the sooner come across the flood; passing well they swam, for the mighty waves bereft them of not a one. Some few drifted far adown the stream, as did befit their weariness. Then the knights bare to the skiff their gold and weeds, sith there was no help for the crossing. Hagen played the steersman, and so he ferried full many mighty warriors over to the sandy shore, into the unknown land. First he took across a thousand noble knights, then his own men-at-arms. Still there were more to come. Nine thousand footmen he ferried over to the land. Aught but idle was Hagen’s hand that day. When he had carried them all safe across the flood, the doughty knight and good bethought him of the strange tales which the wild mermaids had told him afore. For this cause the king’s chaplain near lost his life. He found the priest close by the chapel luggage, leaning with his hand upon the relics. Little might that boot him. When Hagen spied him, ill fared it with the hapless priest; he threw him from the skiff in haste. Enow of them called out: “Hold on, Sir Hagen, hold!”

Giselher, the youth, gan rage, but Hagen let none


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Rh come between. Then spake Sir Gernot of Burgundy: “What availeth you now, Hagen, the chaplain’s death? Had another done the deed, ’t would have irked you sore. For what cause have ye sworn enmity to the priest?”

The clerk now tried to swim with might and main, for he would fain save his life, if perchance any there would help him. That might not be, for the stalwart Hagen was wroth of mood. He thrust him to the bottom, the which thought no one good. When the poor priest saw naught of help, he turned him back again. Sore was he discomfited, but though he could not swim, yet did God’s hand help him, so that he came safe and sound to the land again. There the poor clerk stood and shook his robe. Hagen marked thereby that naught might avail against the tidings which the wild mermaids told him. Him-thought: “These knights must lose their lives.”

When the liegemen of the three kings unloaded the skiff and had borne all away which they had upon it, Hagen brake it to pieces and threw it in the flood, at which the bold knights and good did marvel much.

“Wherefore do ye that, brother,” quoth Dankwart, “how shall we come over, when we ride homeward from the Huns, back to the Rhine?”

Later Hagen told him that might not be. The hero of Troneg spake: “I do it in the hope that if we have a coward on this journey, who through faint-heartedness would run away, that in this stream he may die a shameful death.”

They had with them from Burgundy land a hero of his hands, the which was named Folker. Wisely he


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Rh spake all his mind. Whatever Hagen did, it thought the fiddler good. Their steeds were now ready, the sumpters laden well. On the journey they had taken no harm that irked them, save the king’s chaplain alone. He must needs wander back on foot to the Rhine again.


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 and groped our way through midnight darkness to the Haunted Inn.

The master of the house welcomed us most cordially, thanking us beforehand for the expected tranquillity of his house and the return of his prosperity—he led us to the hall where the above mentioned dreadful apparition had appeared, enlarging with indefatigable garrulity, on many horrible incidents which had taken place, within the space of a twelvemonth, in that disastrous apartment.

The Austrian uttered not a word, but searched closely every corner of the spacious lonely room, and then took up a candle and went out. Having been absent a good while, he returned at length, pulled his great coat off, and entered into a long conversation with the master of the house, asking him many different questions, which betrayed his diffidence in the poor fellow's honesty. I was


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 Now, no doubt Mr. Jerome is writing with emphasis here. But there is sufficient truth in the passage for it to stand here as a rough symbol of another factor in this question. John Smithism, that manly and individualist element in the citizen, stands over against and resists all the forces of organisation that would subjugate it to a collective purpose. It is careless of coming national cessation and depopulation, careless of the insurgent spirit beneath the acquiescences of Mrs. Smith, careless of its own inevitable defeat in the economic struggle, careless because it can understand none of these things; it is obstinately muddle-headed, asserting what it conceives to be itself against the universe and all other John Smiths whatsoever. It is a factor with all other factors. The creative, acquisitive, aggressive spirit of those bigger John Smiths who succeed as against the myriads of John Smiths who fail, the wider horizons and more efficient methods of the educated man, the awakening class-consciousness of women, the inevitable futility of John Smithism, the sturdy independence that makes John Smith resent even disciplined co-operation with Tom Brown to achieve a common end, his essential incapacity, indeed, for collective action; all these things are against the ultimate triumph, and make for the ultimate civilisation even of John Smith.

It may be doubted if the increasing collective organisation of society to which the United States of


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Rh ascertaining. In 2466 B.C. Nubia was conquered by Egypt, and again in 2433 and 2333. The Nubians, however, were certainly not near relatives of the Bantu.

There can be very little doubt that the eastern coast of Africa as far down perhaps as Cape Correntes was known to the inhabitants of Southern Arabia several thousand years ago. That they carried on commerce with India by sea is certain from various passages in the old testament, and it is most unlikely that they would expend all their energy on voyaging eastward and neglect at least to examine another coast quite as easy of access.

They brought the spices to Egypt that were used in embalming the dead, and the great city of Thebes owed its grandeur largely to its being the distributing centre for Indian products brought in ships to the shore of the Red sea and thence conveyed overland by caravans of camels. In the very earliest times of this commerce probably a complete land route was followed, but people so far advanced as to carry on such traffic would speedily see the advantage of ocean transport, and creeping along the coast for short distances at first, they would soon learn to make use of the monsoons and steer boldly over from shore to shore. There is no other sea in the world that offers such facilities for safe navigation by small and crudely built vessels, nor one where facilities are so apparent to the people living on its shores. A single accident, such as a vessel being blown out to sea before the monsoon, would make the coast of Africa known to the people of India, and many accidents of this kind must have occurred. So it may be taken for certain that long before the dawn of written history Indians and Southern Arabians were well acquainted with the East African coast.

That there was little to be obtained in trade on that coast below the tenth degree of north latitude, compared with the products of India, is true, and there may have been nothing at all, for it is in the highest degree improbable that a race more advanced than Bushmen then inhabited the adjoining part of the continent. But if there was no trade, there was ivory to be


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 America, in common with all the rest of the world, seem to be tending will be to any very large extent a national organisation. The constitution is an immense and complicated barrier to effectual centralisation. There are many reasons for supposing the national government will always remain a little ineffectual and detached from the full flow of American life, and this notwithstanding the very great powers with which the President is endowed.

One of these reasons is certainly the peculiar accident that has placed the seat of government upon the Potomac. To the thoughtful visitor to the United States this hiding away of the central government in a minute district remote from all the great centres of thought, population and business activity becomes more remarkable, more perplexing, more suggestive of an incurable weakness in the national government as he grasps more firmly the peculiarities of the American situation.

I do not see how the central government of that great American nation of which I dream can possibly be at Washington, and I do not see how the present central government can possibly be transferred to any other centre. But to go to Washington, to see and talk to Washington, is to receive an extraordinary impression of the utter isolation and hopelessness of Washington. The National Government has an air of being marooned there. Or as though it had crept into a corner to do something in the dark. One goes from the abounding movement and vitality of the northern cities to this sunny and enervating place through the negligently cultivated country of Vir-


text: Page:Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam - Fitzgerald's translation.djvu/10


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XXIV.]

From out the Huns’ dominions the envoys swiftly went

To the Burgundian country; for thither were they sent

Three noble kings to summon, and eke their chivalry,

To come and visit Etzel: so rode they speedily.

First were they on their journey to Bechelaren brought;

The folk there served them gladly. That he might fail in naught

By them unto the Rhineland sent greeting Rüdeger,

As also did Gotlinda and eke their daughter dear.

Nor did they send them further without a proper meed,

Whereby the men of Etzel made all the better speed.

To Uté and her children sent message Rüdeger,

To say there lived no margrave who meant them kindlier.

Unto Brunhilda also a kindly greeting went,

Of good faith ever steadfast, and friendliest intent.

When they these words had taken, forth would the envoys fare:

That God in Heaven would keep them, was Gotelinda’s prayer.

Ere yet the envoys fully had cross’d Bavarian ground,

The ever-ready Werbel the worthy bishop found.

What message for his kinsmen upon the Rhine he told

Thereof I have no knowledge; save that in ruddy gold

He gave the twain a token before he let them ride.

Quoth Pilgerin the bishop: “And could I at my side

See them, so were I happy,— these sister’s sons of mine:

Scarce can I come to see them, myself, unto the Rhine.”


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 ginia, and one discovers the slovenly, unfinished promise of a city, broad avenues lined by negro shanties and patches of cultivation, great public buildings and an immense post-office, a lifeless museum, an inert university, a splendid desert library, a street of souvenir shops, a certain industry of "seeing Washington," an idiotic colossal obelisk. It seems an ideal nest for the tariff manipulator, a festering corner of delegates and agents and secondary people. In the White House, in the time of President Roosevelt, the present writer found a transitory glow of intellectual activity, the spittoons and glass screens that once made it like a London gin palace had been removed, and the former orgies of handshaking reduced to a minimum. It was, one felt, an accidental phase. The assassination of McKinley was an interruption of the normal Washington process. To this place, out of the way of everywhere, come the senators and congressmen, mostly leaving their families behind them in their states of origin, and hither, too, are drawn a multitude of journalists and political agents and clerks, a crowd of underbred, mediocre men. For most of them there is neither social nor intellectual life. The thought of America is far away, centred now in New York; the business and economic development centres upon New York; apart from the President, it is in New York that one meets the people who matter, and the New York atmosphere that grows and develops ideas and purposes. New York is the natural capital of the United States, and would need to be the capital of any highly organised national system. Government from the district of Columbia is in


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 "Between the civilizations of Christendom and Islam there is a gulf which no human genius, no concourse of events, can entirely bridge over. The most celebrated Orientals, whether in war or policy, in literature or learning, are little more than names for Europeans."
 * "The Assemblies of Al-Hariri" by Thomas Chenery.

"With the time came the man. He was Al-Ghazali, the greatest, certainly the most sympathetic figure in the history of Islam, and the only teacher of the after generations ever put by a Muslim on a level with the four great Imams. The equal of Augustine in philosophical and theological importance. By his side the Aristotelian philosophers of Islam, Ibn Rushd and all the rest, seem beggarly compilers and scholiasts. Only Al-Farabi, and that in virtue of his mysticism, approaches him. In his own person he took up the life of his time on all its sides and with it all its problems. He lived through them all and drew his theology from his experience."
 * "Muslim Theology, Jurisprudence and Constitutional Theory," by D. B. Macdonald.


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User:Arcorann/A Tale of the Twentieth Century

A TALE OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

For Advanced Thinkers

Chapter I

Years had passed...

The Inventor had died in a garret. Too proud to receive parish relief, he had eaten every article of clothing he possessed, scraped off and assimilated every scrap of the plaster on the walls of his wretched apartment, gnawed his finger-nails down the quick, and — died.

His body was found a mere mass of bones, a result of the disproportionate amount of lime in his too restricted dietary.

But though the Inventor was dead, the Thought was not.

That commercial enterprise to which this nation owes its greatness, its position in the vanguard of the armies of progress, had taken the thing up. The pawnbroker, to whom the Inventor had pledged his patent rights for thirteen shillings and sixpence, this pawnbroker, Isaac Meluish, type of sustaining capital, organised a Youarenowgoingtobe- toldwhatsodontgoagettingimpatient Company Limited, and made it a practical thing.

The idea was this:

A locomotive of a new type. The wheels rotated by electricity, generated by a dynamo-electric machine, worked by the rotation of the wheels. It will be obvious, that all that is required in such a machine is an initial velocity, to ensure an exceedingly efficient and durable motive force. This initial velocity was furnished by the agency of compressed air.

This idea Isaac Meluish developed: he took the underground railway, the idea, numerous influential persons, and a prospectus, and mixed them up judiciously, so that the influential persons became identified with the prospectus. Scrip was then issued, and the whole conception crystallised out as a definite tangible thing.

The 'Metropolitan and District' was to undergo a second birth from the Meluish brain. No longer were AS20, and S02 to undermine the health of London. Ozone was to abound exceedingly. Invalids were no longer to repair to and at the seaside: they could train on the Underground.

The tunnels were to be illuminated and decorated.

Moreover, the shares of the companies connected with the enterprise were to go up to infinity and stay there - like Elijah.

August persons took shares, and in part paid for them.

It was resolved to make the adoption of the new idea a Britannic festival. A representative cargo of passengers was to travel in the first train round the Inner Circle. The sole lessee and actor of the Lyceum Theatre was to perform all at once every one of the parts he had ever previously taken, admission gratis. There was to be a banquet to the British great ones at the Crystal Palace, and an unsectarian national thanksgiving at the Albert Hall.

19 July 1999, approached.

All was lissomness of heart.

It was 19 July 1999. The name of the Crystal Palace was brilliantly lit and gorgeously adorned. All the able, all the eloquent, all the successful, all the prosperous, were banqueting below. In the galleries, clustered unnumbered mediocrity: innumerable half-guineas had been paid to secure the privilege of watching those great men eat. There were 19 Bishops in evening dress, 4 Princes and their interpreters, 12 Dukes, A Strong-Minded Female, the PRA, 14 popular professors, 1 learned ditto, 70 Deans (assorted), the President of the Materialistic Religious Society, a popular low comedian, 1,604 eminent wholesale and retail drapers, hatters, grocers, and tea dealers, a reformed working man MP, and honorary directors of well nigh the universe, 203 stockbrokers, 1 Earl (in a prominent place), who had once said a remarkably smart thing, 9 purely Piccadilly Earls, 13 sporting Earls, 17 trading ditto, 113 bankers, a forger, 1 doctor, 12 theatrical managers, Bludsole the mammoth novelist, 1 electrician (from Paris), a multitude no man could number of electrical company directors, their sons and their sons' sons, their cousins, their nephews, their uncles, their parents, and their friends, the leading legal stars, 2 advertisement contractors, 41 patent medicine manufacturers, 'Lords, Senators, a Spirit Raiser, a Soothsayer, foreign Musicians, Officers, Captains, Guards, &c.'

A great man was speaking.

The people in the galleries could hear — 'twang, twang, TWANG, twang, twang'. Those around the great man heard 'little know whirrrrr erprise - daring energies of the race – (great applause) — wherrererrer ergree with me in this marr that (ssshf) - scale inaccessible mountains, nay - MORE. Bore them through, nullify them - (TREMENDOUS APPLAUSE) - murr rr rrr rrr — (loud and prolonged cheering) — burr, burr, burr - (F RANTIC APPLAUSE. Ssshf) - daring yet calculating; bold yet rr, burr, burr, burr—'

Thus was the great man speaking apparently, when a telegram was handed to Sir Isaac Meluish. He glanced at it, and turning a pale lavender colour, sunk beneath the table.

Let us leave him there.

Chapter 2

This had happened. The representative passengers had assembled. There were an August Person, his keeper, the Premier, two Bishops, several popular actresses, four generals (home department), various exotics, a person apparently connected with the navy, the Education Minister, 124 public service parasites, an idiot, the President of the Board of Trade, a suit of clothes, bankers, another idiot, shopkeepers, forgers, scene painters, still another idiot, directors, &c. (as per previous sample). The representative passengers had entrained. By means of the compressed air, a high velocity had been attained. The scientific manager had smilingly remarked to the august person, 'We will, an' it please you, first run round the Inner Circle and see the decorations.' All had gone as merry as a muffin bell.

Never had the conscientious desire of the august person to take an interest in everything been more conspicuous. He insisted — really insisted — on the scientifc manager taking him on to the motor, and explaining it in detail.

'All that I have been showing you,' said the scientific manager (a small and voluble mechanism), concluding the display, 'is of English manufacture. You know the great firm of Schulz and Brown of Pekin (they removed there in 1920 in order to obtain cheap labour) - and it is consequently sound and strong in every particular. I must now explain the stopping action. I may mention here that the original inventor designed an engine carrying a considerable store of compressed air. I have improved on this. The rotary action not only works the dynamo, but also compresses air for the next start. Actually there is no force put into this thing from without, from this moment until it breaks, it costs us nothing in working. Talking of breaks, I must now show you them.' And the scientific manager, smiling with the approving consciousness of a joke, looked round him. Apparently he did not see what he wanted, his searching eye became more eager. He flushed somewhat. 'Baddelay,' said he, 'how are the brakes worked?'

'I dun' no,' said Baddelay; 'these here 'andils, wot I took for brakes broke orf, bein' touched; bein', apparently, plaster o Paris deckera- shuns.'

Thereupon the hues of the scientific manager's face hurried through the spectrum at a tremendous rate, from strontium red to thallium green. And he said to the august personage, 'The brakes are broke'; and he added, his voice assuming the while, that low, clear tone only heard from men struggling against overwhelming emotion, 'Look at that manometer.'

'I think,' said the august person, 'I won't see anything else, thank you; I would prefer not. I should like to get out now if you can manage it. The high velocity is unpleasant.'

'Sire,' said the scientific manager, 'we can not stop. And, moreover, that manometer warns me that before us is a choice of two things: to double our speed or to be blown to fragments by the ever-increasing tension of the compressed air.'

'In this sudden and unexpected emergency,' said the great one, with a vague recollection of Parliamentary first nights, 'it is perhaps advisable to increase the speed as suddenly as possible.'

The Crystal Palace meeting broke up in confusion, and the banquet became a battle for hats. Boanerges at the Albert Hall, uttering unsectarian platitudes on the heaven-sent prosperity of this land, received a telegram and preached thereafter on the text, 'Vanitas vanitatum'. The dismay slowly spreading from these foci, flashed over the entire land with the evening papers.

Chapter 3

What was to be done?

What could be done?

The matter might have been raised in the Senate, had not the unexpected absence of the Speaker (he was in the train) prevented the meeting of the governing body. A popular meeting in Trafalgar Square to consider the matter was automatically suppressed by a new method.

Meanwhile the fated train whirled round the circle with ever-increasing velocity. Early on the 20th the end came.

Between Victoria and Sloane Square the train left the lines, dashing violently through the walls of the track and throttling itself among a subterranean network of waterpipes, gaspipes, and drains. There was an awful pause, broken only by the falling in of the houses on either side of the scene of the catastrophe. Then a terrific explosion rent the air.

Most of the passengers were utterly destroyed. The august person, however, came down all right in Germany. The commercial speculators descended in foreign regions in the form of blight.


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244

The ways by which they travell’d o’er land unto the Rhine,

I cannot say for certain. Silver and raiment fine

By none from them was stolen: men fear’d their lord’s despite—

That king of noble lineage— ay, potent was his might!

In the Burgundian country, to Worms upon the Rhine

Came, after twelve days’ riding, Werbel and Schwemmelin.

Unto the king the tidings were told, and to his men,

Of foreign envoys coming. Gunther made question then.

Quoth he, the Lord of Rhineland: “Who can to us declare

Whence come these foreign riders that through our country fare?”

But that was known to no one: till Hagen of Tronjé,

As soon as he had seen them, did thus to Gunther say:

“Strange news to us is coming that much I will aver.

The fiddle-players of Etzel I have but now seen here.

Unto the Rhine your sister hath sent them, verily;

For sake of both their sovereigns right welcome must they be.”

Meanwhile before the palace in full array they rode;

No prince’s minstrels ever in nobler fashion show’d.

The royal court-folk hasten’d to meet them presently:

They bade men take their mantles and found them hostelry.

Their travelling clothes were costly, with work so deftly done

That they might well with honour before the king have gone.

Yet in the same apparel to court they would not go:

Who cared for it might have it, the envoys let men know.


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HE great characters of history may be compared to mountain peaks that rise high above the plains and the lower foot hills and are visible from great distances because they dominate the landscape. In the historical study of Islam four names stand out prominently. They are those of Mohammed himself; of Al-Bokhari, the most celebrated collector of the Traditions; of Al-Ash'ari, the great dogmatic theologian and the opponent of rationalism; and of Al-Ghazali, the reformer and mystic. The last named has left a larger imprint upon the history of Islam than any man save Mohammed himself. "If there had been a prophet after Mohammed," said As-Suyuti, "it would have been Al-Ghazali."

It is in his life, and more especially in his writings, that I believe we can see Islam at its best. In trying to escape the dead weight of Tradition and the formalism of its requirements, Moslems are more and more finding relief in the way of the mystic. Of all those who have found a deeper spiritual meaning in the teachings of the Koran and


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 not much pleased with his unequivocal marks of suspicion, knowing the inn-keeper as an upright honest man, void of disguise and art, and that he himself had suffered the most glaring damages by those nocturnal apparitions: His inn had been unfrequented by travellers these many months, on account of that sleep-disturbing phantom, which haunted the weary wanderer in the dead of night, and he swore, by every thing holy and sacred, that he had never seen Father Francis, (so he called the hoary deceiver) though he had heard of many marvellous deeds perpetrated by that wonderful man.

"It is now," added he, "a good while since I have heard of that sagacious old man, they say he is gone to a distant place, offended at the ingratitude of the people of our country: Formerly he has told the people's fortunes, but without see. My father, the late possessor of this house, has told me many marvellous instances of his


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 even in the multitudinous and puerile detail of the Moslem ritual, none can equal Al-Ghazali. "He was," says Jamal-ud-Din, "the pivot of existence and the common pool of refreshing waters for all, the soul of the purest part of the people of the Faith, and the road for obtaining the satisfaction of the Merciful. . . . He became the unique one of his own day and for all time among the Moslem learned." "Al-Ghazali," said another writer, nearly contemporary, "is an imam by whose name breasts are dilated and souls revived, in whose literary productions the ink horn exults and the paper quivers with joy, and at the hearing of whose message voices are hushed and heads are bowed."

A celebrated saint, Ahmed As-Sayyed Al-Yamani Az-Zabidi, also a contemporary of Al-Ghazali, said, "When I was sitting one day, lo, I perceived the gates of heaven opened, and a company of blessed angels descended, having with them a green robe and a precious steed. They stood by a certain grave and brought forth its tenant and clothed him in the green robe and set him on the steed and ascended with him from heaven to heaven, till he passed the seven heavens and rent after them sixty veils, and I know not whither at last he reached. Then I asked about him, and was answered, 'This is the Imam Al-Ghazali.' That was after his death; may God Most High have mercy on him!"


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Author:Adolph Douai

Works

 * Better Times! (1877)

title: Author:Adolph Douai


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them like unto a wheel," is a bitter sarcasm, as all the learned know, against the grand tour, and that restless spirit for making it, which David prophetically foresaw would haunt the children of men in the latter days; and therefore, as thinketh the great bishop Hall, 'tis one of the severest imprecations which David ever utter'd against the enemies of the Lord—and, as if he had said, "I wish them no worse luck than always to be rolling about"—So much motion, continues he, (for he was very corpulent)—is so much unquietness; and so much of


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 rest, by the same analogy, is so much of heaven.

Now, I (being very thin) think differently; and that so much of motion, is so much of life, and so much of joy—and that to stand still, or get on but slowly, is death and the devil

Hollo! Ho!—the whole world's asleep!—bring out the horses—grease the wheels—tie on the mail—and drive a nail into that moulding—I'll not lose a moment

Now the wheel we are talking of, and whereinto (but not whereonto, for that would make an Ixion's wheel of it) he curseth his enemies, according to the


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XXIV.]

Without delay they met with folk who were well content

To take the clothing gladly; and unto them ’twas sent.

And thereupon the strangers put on far better gear,

As it behoves kings’ heralds in full array to wear.

So went, when leave was given, to where the monarch sat

Those followers of Etzel: and all were glad thereat.

With courtesy did Hagen towards the heralds make,

And gave them kindly greeting, for which their thanks they spake.

To learn from them the tidings to questioning he fell,

If Etzel and his lieges were faring all right well?

Then answer’d him the minstrel: “Ne’er throve the country more,

Nor were the folk so happy,— of that thou may’st be sure.”

Towards the host then went they. Crowded the palace was;

Unto the guests was offer’d such kindly welcome as

In foreign kings’ dominions is ever given of right.

And there, in Gunther’s service, found Werbel many a knight.

And graciously King Gunther began to greet them then:

“Be both of ye right welcome, ye Hunnish minstrelmen,

And your companions also. Ye are, I understand,

Sent hither by great Etzel to the Burgundian land?”

Before the king they bow’d them, and then spake Werbelin:

“To thee his service offers that well-loved lord of mine;

And to this land thy sister Kriemhilda greeting saith.

They send us to you warriors trusting in your good faith.”


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 bishop's habit of body, should certainly be a post-chaise wheel, whether they were set up in Palestine at that time or not—and my wheel, for the contrary reasons, must as certainly be a cart-wheel groaning round its revolution once in an age; and of which sort, were I to turn commentator, I should make no scruple to affirm, they had great store in that hilly country.

I love the Pythagoreans (much more than ever I dare tell my dear Jenny) for their ""—[their] "getting out of the body, in order to think well." No man thinks right whilst he is in it; blinded as he must be, with his congenial humours, and drawn dif-


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246

The mighty prince made answer: “Of this right glad am I.

And tell me how is Etzel,” so did the king reply.

“And eke my sister Kriemhild, yonder in Hunnish land?”

Then spake the fiddle-player: “I’ll answer this demand.

“Of this ye may be certain, that never yet there were

Two folks who lived together more happy than this pair;

And all the knights around them, their kinsfolk and their men.

When on this ride we started, right joyous were they then.”

“Gramercy for the greeting he hath sent me this day,

And thank my sister also; since it be as ye say,

That all live in contentment, ruler and ruled as well:

For I with some misgiving, ask’d ye the news to tell.”

The king’s two younger brothers had likewise come by now:

For they the news from Hunsland but now had got to know.

And Giselher right gladly, for his dear sister’s sake,

Set eyes upon the envoys and kindly to them spake.

“Right welcome must ye heralds be unto me and mine,

And if ye rode more often hither unto the Rhine,

Friends would ye find here always rejoicing ye to see.

That aught should here befall you small peril can there be.”

“We trust you in all honour,” made answer Schwemmelin.

“And never can I tell you by any wit of mine,

How Etzel hath enjoin’d us to greet you lovingly,

As hath your noble sister, who there hath honour high.


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 ferently aside, as the bishop and myself have been, with too lax or too tense a fibre—, is half of it, ; and the measure of heaven itself is but the measure of our present appetites and concoctions

—But which of the two, in the present case, do you think to be mostly in the wrong?

You, certainly: quoth she, to disturb a whole family so early.


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But she did not know I was under a vow not to shave my beard till I got to Paris;—yet I hate to make mysteries of nothing;—'tis the cold cautiousness of one of those little souls from which Lessius (lib. 13. de moribus divinis, cap. 24.) hath made his estimate, wherein he setteth forth, That one Dutch mile, cubically multiplied, will allow room enough, and to spare, for eight hundred thousand millions, which he supposes to be as great a number of souls (counting from the fall of Adam) as can possibly be damn'd to the end of the world.


text: The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman/Volume 7/Chapter 13


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XXIV.]

“Of former faith and kindness the queen doth you remind,

And how with heart and body you aye to her inclined.

But to the king’s self firstly have we been sent, to pray

That into Etzel’s country ye deign to take your way.

“That we thereto should urge ye hath given strict command

The rich and mighty Etzel, who likewise doth demand

That if ye by your sister would not again be seen,

Then would he fain have knowledge of what his fault hath been

“That ye are strangers to him, and to his country, too;

For if the Queen Kriemhilda were all unknown to you,

Still he himself were worthy for you to come to see.

And were this thing to happen, ’twould please him verily.”

Then spake the royal Gunther: “A week from now being gone,

So will I give you tidings of what conclusion

My friends and I have come to. Meanwhile for you ’twere best

To go unto your hostel, and may ye have good rest.”

But Werbelin spake further: “If such a thing might be,

Fain would we have permission my lady first to see—

I mean the mighty Uté,— before our rest we seek.

Then Giselher the noble in courtly wise did speak:

“That no man shall deny you; and if to her ye go,

Ye will my mother’s pleasure right well accomplish so:

For gladly will she see ye; and for my sister’s sake,

The Lady Kriemhild namely, you welcome will she make.”


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 hatred of me is plain to be seen," she said to herself, not hearing his words, but gazing with horror at a cold and cruel judge who looked out of his eyes, and mocked her.

"That is not the cause," said she; "and I do not understand how my irritability, as you call it, can be caused by the fact that I have come absolutely into your power. How is my position indefinite? It seems to me the contrary."

"I am sorry that you are not willing to understand," he replied, obstinately determined to express his thought. "Its uncertainty comes from this,—that you think that I am free."

"Oh! as far as that goes, you can be perfectly easy," she said, turning from him, and beginning to drink her coffee. She took the cup, raising her little finger, and put it to her lips; and as she drank she looked at him, and by the expression of his face saw clearly that her motions and the sounds that she made in swallowing were repulsive to him.

"It is absolutely indifferent to me what your mother thinks, and how she intends to marry you off," said she, putting down the cup with trembling hand.

"We will not talk of that."

"Yes, we will too; and I assure you that a heartless woman, whether young or old,—your mother or anybody else,—does not interest me; and I don't want to know her."

"Anna, I beg you not to speak disrespectfully of my mother."

"A woman who has no conception of what the honor and happiness of her son consist in, has no heart."

"I repeat my request that you will not speak disrespectfully of my mother, whom I respect," reiterated the count, raising his voice, and looking severely at Anna.

She did not reply, but looked attentively at his face and his hands, and recalled with all its details, the scene of the evening before, and his passionate caresses "Just such caresses he has lavished, and will still continue to lavish, on other women," she thought.

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248

So Giselher he brought them to where they found the dame.

With joy she saw the heralds who from the Huns’ land came;

And heartily did greet them, so kindly was her mood.

Then told they her the tidings those courtly heralds good.

Spake Schwemmelin in this wise: “My lady sends to thee

Her faithful love and duty; and if it so might be

That she could see you often, she bids you to believe

That in this world would nothing more gladness to her give.”

Whereto the queen made answer: “Alas, it may not be!

Often as I am longing my daughter dear to see,

Too distant dwelleth from me your noble monarch’s wife.

May she and Etzel ever be blesséd in their life.

“But ye must give me warning, ere from this place ye fare,

When ye will be returning; for heralds saw I ne’er

For long days past so gladly, as I have look’d on you.”

The squires then gave their promise her will therein to do.

And so unto their hostel the men from Hunsland went.

Meanwhile for friends and kinsmen the mighty king had sent.

The noble Gunther question put unto every man

What thought he of the matter. And many then began

To say that he might fairly ride unto Etzel’s land.

So counsell’d him the warriors who did around him stand,

Excepting only Hagen,— to whom ’twas bitter woe.

He told the king in secret: “Thou wilt thyself undo.


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the shadow of a dream among the summer stars of the northern sky is a wonderful story of romance and adventure. This story has been mentioned in all Greek literature of the 5th century before Christ, in incidents portrayed on early vases and in wall-paintings found in Pompeii, and its characters have been immortalized on brilliant groups of stars.

The tale that I am about to recount has lived since the time when great fabled sea-monsters were wont to appear and frighten the people along the coasts of the Mediterranean. Wild with terror, the king and his subjects would fly to the temples for protection and would even sacrifice their loved ones if an oracle so decreed.

In an age long past, scientists tell us, strange beasts actually inhabited the waters of the ocean. This they know for they have found the fossilized skeletons. For the sake of the romance let us imagine that some of these still survived in Andromeda's time; that one such monster had wandered in through the straits to the blue waters of the Mediterranean during the reign of her father King Cepheus, and that this king, following the advice of an oracle, actually chained his daughter to a rock upon the sea-shore

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 believing that by this supreme sacrifice the wrath of Neptune might be appeased. Storms, wrecks and other disasters relating to the sea were thought to be the handiwork of the Sea-god seeking revenge for some fancied insult. Seeing the strange sea-beast appear along their coast, the Ethiopians probably considered all their sins and decided the cause was the excessive vanity of their Queen. Thus, from a bare thread, a beautiful story was elaborated and woven about Andromeda, the Princess; Perseus, the Hero; Cassiopeia, the Queen; Cepheus, the King; and Cetus, the terrible Sea-monster.

Not only was Cassiopeia proud and beautiful, but she wished others to be envious of her beauty, and to prove her superiority sent challengers throughout the country so that none might question it. In the excess of her vanity, she deliberately took her throne and sat in state by the shore, loudly repeating her boasts to show that she did not fear even the peerless sea-nymphs.

When the news of this audacious performance reached the ears of the Nereids who inhabited the depths of the Mediterranean, there was great excitement, but particularly was it resented by the sea-beauty Atergatis who straightway swam to the palace of Neptune, under the Ægean Sea, and begged him to avenge the insult offered to his nymphs. Neptune, furious at the effrontery of the Ethiopian Queen, shook the land of King Cepheus until the hills cracked and sent his waves to flood the country and wash away the coast. With the onrushing waters came the ferocious sea-monster which loitered near the shores and the mouths of the rivers and destroyed every man and animal that came within its reach.

Terrified by such a combination of calamities, Cepheus and Cassiopeia fled to the oracle of Jupiter, but they found no peace here, for the oracle informed them that the only way to make amends and ward off the evil that had befallen them, lay in the sacrifice of their innocent daughter Andromeda. There being no

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 alternative, Cepheus was compelled by his subjects to submit to these terms, and taking poor Andromeda to the sea-beach, chained her wrists and ankles and fastened them to staples driven in a rock upon the shore. In the meantime the population of the entire city had gathered weeping upon a cliff, while in the distance Neptune's monster, sensing the commotion, swam steadily nearer, with his wicked, gloating eyes staring fixedly on the dainty morsel baited on the rocks.

Andromeda, in utter despair, bowed her head,—then looked up quickly on hearing the cheers of the people, for the hero Perseus had appeared, bounding and skimming along the sky and slanting downward toward the foaming waves. The hero gave one glance at the awful monster, then drew his sword and drove it deep into the sea-beast's scaly neck. With his other hand he pulled the Medusa's head from his wallet,—and the sea-beast slowly hardened into a beast of stone. With its glassy eyes protruding like balls of obsidian, the creature then sank in a petrified mass to the bottom of the sea.

The heroic youth, amazed at the effectiveness of the terrifying head, flew quickly to Andromeda and struck away the fetters which bound her to the shore. The King and his subjects then swarmed around them and amid great rejoicing carried them to the palace. Not long after, the Princess became the bride of the hero, who put away his fluttering shoes and set sail in a ship to the island of Seriphus.

This is Cepheus as he is traced among the stars, a king done in shorthand. He claims no star above the 3rd magnitude, but

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XXIV.]

“Thou know’st as well as I do what thing we wrought of yore:

Needs must we of Kriemhilda be fearful evermore,

Seeing I slew her husband, and that with mine own hand.

How durst we take this journey and ride to Etzel’s land?”

Then spake the mighty Gunther: “My sister’s wrath was spent.

Pardon to us she granted, ere from this place she went,

With kisses of forgiveness, for what to her was done:

Unless, it may be, Hagen, that thee she hates alone.”

“Be not deceived,” said Hagen, “whate’er the message be

The envoys bring from Hunsland. Would you Kriemhilda see,

Be well prepared to forfeit your honour and your life:

Long-waiting in her vengeance is she, King Etzel’s wife.”

Thereon the princely Gernot unto the council said:

“Because that thou with reason to lose thy life dost dread

Within the Huns’ dominions, must we then lay aside

This plan to see our sister? right ill would that betide.”

Prince Giselher then also spake thus unto the knight:

“Since thou, friend Hagen, knowest thou art the guilty wight,

So stay thou here in safety and of thyself take care,

And let, with us, the bold ones unto my sister fare.”

With wrath began to kindle the warrior of Tronjé:

“I will not have another go with you on your way,

Who dares than I more boldly on this court-ride to go.

Since ye will not be hinder’d, that will I let you know.”


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 since his constellation is near the North Star and just above the Chair of his Queen, a large and conspicuous "W," it is easy to find and may be seen any clear night the year around. Cepheus may be seen at his best during the summer evenings when his stars are nearly overhead in the dome of the sky.

The other characters in this drama were placed among bright stars and are therefore more easily found, although to less romantic moderns these stars merely indicate the part of the sky-field where the ancients claim the royal family were lifted to the stars.

Below Cepheus, on a "Chair" of bright stars, sits Cassiopeia, his Queen, her arms upraised and her face pensive through long ages of humiliating sorrow; below Cassiopeia stands Perseus transfixed in a heroic attitude, the segment of three stars shining against his armor-clad body, his diamond-bladed sword thrust among the fainter gleams above his head. The snaky-locked Gorgon Medusa hangs downward from his shield, while among its fearful tresses

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310 "You don't love your mother. Those are simple words, words, words!" she said, looking at him with eyes full of hatred.

"If that is the case, it is necessary ...."

"It is necessary to decide; and I have decided," said she, and was preparing to leave the room, when the door opened, and Yashvin entered.

She stopped immediately, and bade him good-morning.

Why, when her soul was full of bitterness; when she felt that she was at the turning-point of her life, which might take a terrible direction,—why, at this moment, she had to dissimulate before a stranger, who sooner or later would know all, she could not tell; but, calming the inner tumult of her feelings, she sat down again, and began to talk with the guest,

"Well, how are your affairs? Have they paid you your debt?" she asked.

"No; not yet. Probably I shall not get it all. And I've got to leave Wednesday," said Yashvin, awkwardly, glancing at Vronsky, and evidently suspecting that a quarrel was in progress. "When do you leave?"

"Day after to-morrow, I think," said Vronsky.

"You have taken long to make up your minds."

"But now it is all decided," said Anna, looking straight into Vronsky's eyes with a look that told him how impossible it was to think of reconcihation.

"Did n't you feel sorry for that unlucky Pyebtsof?" asked Anna, addressing Yashvin.

"I have never asked myself whether I pitied a man or not, Anna Arkadyevna. My whole fortune is here," said he, pointing to his pocket. "Now I am a rich man, but I may come out of the club this evening a beggar. Whoever plays with me would gladly leave me without a shirt, and I him. Well! We engage in war, and that makes the fun."

"Well, but if you were married, how would it be for your wife?"

Yashvin laughed.

"But I am not married, and I don't expect to marry."

"But how about Helsingfors?" suggested Vronsky,

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 blinks Algol, the Demon Star. On the line of stars that twinkle at the hero's feet, lies the fair maid Andromeda, her hands outstretched and bound, and her long, dark hair caught with a star on the Square of Pegasus. The silvery-winged Horse was, oddly enough, placed upside down upon his constellation with his head extending earthward from a corner of the "Square" and his feet pawing upward into the darkness. Far below in the south glitters Cetus, Neptune's wicked monster, although Cetus does not appear until September and is not completely visible until January. The ancient royal family from Ethiopia, now famous for all time, and the immortal Perseus, from whom proud kings claim their ancestry, are conspicuous figures in the northeast during the late summer evenings, and are at their best here rather than in the dome of the sky or in the west.

A small meteor shower radiates from the vicinity of Cepheus during the latter part of June. Remember that Cepheus lies up near the North Star near the Pole of the Heavens and these meteors will not be difficult to locate.

It is also interesting to note that in the constellation of Cepheus may be found the north polar star of the planet Mars.

The "Chair of Cassiopeia" rests upon the path of the Milky Way in the northern part of the heavens. It consists of five bright stars which suggest the outlines of an "M" or "W," and may be easily located by projecting a line drawn from the Big Dipper through the North Star and on again for an equal distance. Thus the Dipper and the "W" in beautiful balance, teeter, now high

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250

Then spake the kitchen-master, Rumold the worthy thane:

“Here friends and strangers can ye right easily maintain

As ye yourselves are willing: your stores are full, I trow;

And ne’er, I ween, hath Hagen betray’d you hitherto.

“If ye will heed not Hagen, Rumold now counsels you—

And I have ever served you with love and service true—

That here ye fain should tarry, out of good will to me,

And let King Etzel yonder along with Kriemhild be.

“How otherwise in this world could ye e’er better live?

In spite of all your foemen here may you right well thrive;

You may your bodies freely with raiment rich endue,

And wine drink of the choicest, and winsome maidens woo.

“Meats, too, are set before ye,— the best that e’er were brought

To any king in this world; and if this all were naught,

You should, methinks, remain here for sake of your fair wife,—

Ere in such childish fashion you seek to risk your life.

“I counsel your abiding: rich is your heritage.

At home can vassals better to you redeem their pledge

Than yonder ’mid the Hun-folk. Who knows how things be there?

My lords, go ye not thither: thus Rumold doth declare!”

Thereunto answer’d Gernot: “Here will we tarry not,

Since we such friendly bidding have from my sister got,

And from the mighty Etzel. Why put the thing aside?

Who goes not gladly with us may e’en at home abide.”


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 and now low, about the pole. The "W," however, is most impressive when near the horizon.

Poets tell of the silvery currents of the Milky Way that wind in and out among the stars of this "Chair," but with the telescope one may see more clearly and perceive that the "silvery currents" are a magnificent wilderness of suns.

When the nymphs of the Mediterranean discovered that Cassiopeia had been honored with a choice position among the stars, they were perfectly furious, and even the sympathy of Juno did not console them as she recalled the time that Callisto was transposed as Ursa Major to the stars. Odd fate that forced an Arcadian maid and an Ethiopian Queen to follow each other forever around the Arctic circle of the heavens! The Nereids, however, protested violently to Jupiter that such a reward for Cassiopeia's boasting was unfair and their influence so far prevailed that the Queen was set in a tilted fashion and forced to swing half of every night with her head hanging downward, and both her arms upraised. Furthermore, her "Chair" was strongly outlined while her queenly person was quite ignored. Thus the petty spite of the sea-nymphs was much worse than Cassiopeia's boasting.There was a slight compensation, when, for all this humiliation, two of the stars in the "W" were named after the Queen's 'heart' and 'hand' by the Arabian astronomers,—Alpha, the lower star of the five bright ones, being called Shedir, "the heart," and Beta, in the back of the chair, Caph, "the tinted hand."

About six centuries ago, a phenomenon happened among the stars in Cassiopeia's constellation, where, suddenly, in a position

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Rh joining in the conversation, and looking at Anna's smiling face. But as she met his glance her face suddenly assumed a set and cold expression, as much as to say to him: "I have not forgotten. It's still the same."

"And have n't you ever been in love?" she asked of Yashvin.

"Oh, Lord! plenty of times. Only remember, one may sit down to cards, but must be able to get up when the time comes for a rendezvous; but I interest myself in love-affairs in such a way that I need not be late to play my hand in the evening. And so I always arrange matters."

"You misunderstand; I did not ask about that, but about actual...." She wanted to say Helsingfors, hut she did not like to use a word which Vronsky had just spoken.

Voïtof came at this moment to see about a horse which he had bought; Anna got up and left the room.

Before he left the house, Vronsky went to her room. She pretended to look for something on the table, but then, being ashamed of this dissimulation, she looked him straight in the face. She asked him coolly in French, "What do you want?"

"The certificate for Gambetta; I have sold him," answered Vronsky, in a tone which said louder than words, "I have not time for explanations, nor would they lead to anything."

"I'm not to blame," thought he; "if she wants to punish herself, tant pis pour elle."

However, as he left the room he thought she said something to him, and his heart was suddenly touched with compassion for her,

"What is it, Anna?" he asked.

"I said nothing," she answered coldly and calmly.

"Nothing! tant pis," he said again to himself. On his way out, as he passed a mirror, he caught sight in it of her pale face and trembling lips. He was tempted to go back and say some comforting words to her, but he was already too far on his way. He passed the

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 which had previously been blank, a new star shone forth. This star glowed as brightly as the planet Venus, which outshines every star in the sky. It was so bright that it was even visible in the daytime! This brilliancy then commenced to diminish, the star growing fainter and fainter until in about a year and a half it had completely disappeared.

While new stars have been noted during the course of centuries, the appearance of one is always so unusual that it stands out against the background of the sky with almost a disquieting effect. The presence of an additional bright star, strange as it may seem, is immediately noticeable to one who is familiar with the constellations. Astronomers record its history with as much interest as the appearance of a new island or volcano would occasion on earth.

Two theories for temporary stars are given in Moulton's "Introduction to Astronomy." Professor Moulton tells us that these theories are surrounded by serious objections—but they are interesting nevertheless.

One is "that there is invisible nebulous or meteoric matter lying in various parts of space, particularly in the region occupied by the Milky Way (there is confirmatory evidence of this hypothesis); that there are also dark or very faint stars"—(that is stars which are in the last stages of cooling, a phenomenon also confirmed)—"that the dark stars, rushing through the nebulæ, blaze into incandescence as meteors glow when they enter the earth's atmosphere; that the heating is superficial and quickly dies away." Another hypothesis is that temporary stars "are produced by collisions of stars with stars."

Still another hypothesis among astronomers which has lately gained considerable support is that at the time of an outbreak in a typical nova (new star), a shell of incandescent gas is actually ejected at an enormous rate of speed. Such a phenomenon has been witnessed in the case of one very recent nova.

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Author:Forest Ray Moulton

Works

 * An Introduction to Celestial Mechanics (1902)
 * An Introduction to Astronomy (1906)
 * Descriptive Astronomy (1912)
 * Periodic Orbits (1920)
 * New Methods in Exterior Ballistics (1926)
 * Differential Equations (1930)
 * Astronomy (1931)
 * Consider the Heavens (1935)

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 A 3-inch telescope will show two interesting double stars on the second part of the "W" of Cassiopeia, although the lower of these double stars may also be seen through a 2-inch telescope.

The lower star (α) is a lovely double, one of its components being a rose and the other a clear-hued blue; the yellow star above it has a purple companion which with the larger star whirls around a common center of gravity in a period of about 200 years. Since these stars are suns, as all stars are suns, it is often speculated what effect such combinations of colors would have on a family of planets,—but only a mathematical astronomer would be privileged to figure this out, with such complicated days and nights and seasons. Perhaps there would be no nights—only purple days and yellow days, or blue days and rose days, while peculiar combinations of life—inducing light rays and heat rays might produce strange and awesome forms and eerie vegetation!

Cassiopeia, as well as the Big Dipper, has been called a "celestial clock" for one may read the sidereal time from this configuration of stars with an error not exceeding 15 or 20 minutes. When the star Caph, or β Cassiopeiæ, is vertically above the Pole Star it is sidereal noon; 6 hours when it is on the great circle drawn from the Pole Star to the west point of the horizon; 12 hours when vertically below it; and 18 hours when due east. Caph, or β Cassiopeiæ, leads the other stars of the constellation in their journey westward.

This is the hero Perseus, easily recognized by the three bright stars which lie in a curved row. These stars hang just below the

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