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Module:See also

require('strict')

local p = {}

local getArgs = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs local error_message = require('Module:Error')['error']

function p._see_also(args) local link_count = 0 for k, v in pairs(args) do		local i = tonumber(k) if i and i > link_count then link_count = i		end end local links = {} for i = 1, link_count do		if args[i] then table.insert(links,  .. (args['l' .. i] or args[i]) .. ) end end local link if #links == 0 then link = error_message({'Module:See also error: Module must be given at least one article name'}) elseif #links == 1 then link = links[1] else link = table.concat(links, ', ', 1, math.min(#links - 1, 14)) .. ' and ' .. links[math.min(#links, 15)] if #links > 15 then link = link .. ' ' .. error_message({'Module:See also error: Too many links specified (maximum is 15)'}) end end local text = (args.altphrase or 'See also') .. ': ' .. link return tostring(mw.html.create('div'):addClass('rellink boilerplate seealso'):css({['margin-left'] = '2em', ['font-style'] = 'italic'}):wikitext(text)) end

function p.see_also(frame) return p._see_also(getArgs(frame)) end

return p

title: Module:See also


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Page:The Net of Faith.pdf/761

277*

Denis, Ernest,. Vol.I: "Georges de Podie̍brad." Paris: Leroux, 1930.

, . Vol.II: "Les premiers Habsbourgs," Paris: Leroux, 1930.

, . Paris: Leroux, 1930.

Friedrich, Otto, , Switzerland, 1936.

Goll, J., Böhmischen Brüder, 2 vols. Prague: Otto, 1378 and 1882. Particularly vol.II with detailed study, "Peter Chelc̄icky̍ und seine Lehre."

Jastrebov, N.V., "Chelc̄icky̍ i Gus," (Chelc̄icky̍ and Hus), St.Petersburg:, 1905.

, "Na̍c̄rtek z̄ivota a litera̍rni̍ c̄innosti Petra Chelc̄icke̍ho," (An Outline of the Life and work of Peter Chelc̄icky̍). St.Petersburg:   prosvēs̄c̄enia, (pp.224–280), 1895.

Molnar, Enrico, C.S., "A Short Prehistory of Moravianism,", vol.LXXXVIII, 29–33 (July 19 – August 16, 1943). Bethlehem, Penna.

Palmov, J.,. (The Czech Brethren in Their Creeds). Moscow: 1904.

Preger, W., "," in. Munich: 1887.

Spinka, Matthew, "Peter Chelc̄icky̍, the Spiritual Father of the Unitas Fratrum." , vol.XII (December, 1943), pp.271–291.

Vogl, Carl, .. Zurich: 1926.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

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Module:See also/doc

This module provides the logic for see also.

title: Module:See also/doc


text: Template:See also/sandbox

title: Template:See also/sandbox


text: Template:See also/testcases

title: Template:See also/testcases


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Page:A SEA Dyak Dictionary in alphabetical parts, with examples and quotations shewing the use and meaning of words.pdf/14

Rh Adai (v.f. ngadai; beradai), Born, to be born, give birth, supply, have, possess ; a proper name, m. Iya ngadai ka anak dua besapit. She gave birth to twins lya ngadai ka bekal. He supplies provisions.

Adaipen, conj. Indeed, because, now.

Adang (v.f. ngadang; beadang or badang), to guard, defend, get ready, take care, watch, look out for, expect. Ngadang kadiri. To guard oneself. Sigi ngadang ka nemnai. Only getting ready to go on a visit. Sida ngadang bala munsoh. They are on the look out for the force of the enemy. Aku ngadang nuan datai. I expect you to come.

Adap (v. f. ngadap; beadap or badap}, s. Manner, way, v. to interview, adv. from or on the side of, towards. Adap olih nuan Raja. Interview the Rajah. Maioh orang ka ngadap iya. Many people wish to interview him. Akn ngambu pun rian tu ngadap ka ari indai aku. I claim this durian tree from my mother’s side. Adap ka kanan. On the right.

Adar (v. f. ngadar; beadar or badar}, to arrange, set in order. lya ngadar kapejalai aku. He arranges my movements. Iya nga dar ka penudok pengabang. He sets in order the seats of the guests.

Adat (beadat or badat}, custom, law, be haviour. Nunda ka adat aki ini. To follow the Customs of forefathers. Adat ti ngasoli nnan kena nkum. The law which condemns you to be fined. Adat iya kasar. His behaviour is rude.

Adau (beadau or badan}, A species of monkey (Macacus nemestrinus} also called nyumboh.

Adi (v. f. ngadi; beadim badi), s. A young er brother or sister, or, younger brother(or sister-) in-law, v. to call a person a brother, etc. lya ngadi ka akn. He calls me 'brother.

Ading (v. f. ngading; beading or hading}, to array, make ready. Bala ngading kadiri. The army is getting ready. Ading kadiri nuan bejalai. Make yourself ready for the walk.

Adong {beadong or badong), A species of fresh water fish ; a proper name, f. Apai bulih adong siko. Father caught an adong.

Adu (v. f. ngadu; beradu}, s. A complaint, v. to put by, appeal to, arrange, adjust, place in order. Adu iya enda didinga orang. His complaint is not listened to. Manah agi enti nuan ngadu ka Prentah laya nuan. It will be better to appeal to the Government about your quarrel. Adu laya aku. Settle my quarrel. Adu tengkira. Place goods in order. Adu tikai. Straighten the mat.

Adup (beadup or badup}, the breast of a bird.

Agak (beagak or bagak}, a kind of rotan basket.

Agang (beagang or bagang), dried branch es of trees. Kayu nya udah lama ditebang agi meruan aying. That tree has been a long time felled but still its dried branches remain.

Agar-agar, proud, boastful. Iya nya agar-agar madah kadiri brani iya takut amai. He is boastful of his bravery but he is a great coward.

Ageh, (v. f. ngageh; beageh or bageh), s. A division, lot, v. to allot a portion, share. Nuan ngageh ka sa gantang bran kamari, dini iya diau ? You allotted me a gantang of rice yesterday, where is it ?

Agi, More, still, again. Briakuagi. Give me more. Iya agi makai. He is still eating. Uji agi. Try again.

Agong (beagong or bagong), the back just below the waist, the first formation of a beecomb, a spear, the hornbill.

Agu (beagu or bagu), a privy, a bridge or path of batang. Iya nyau ngagai agu. He is gone to the privy.

Agu (v. f. ngagu; beagu or bagu), adj. stupid, idiotic, dumb, v. to make oneself stupid. Sayau anak iya agu. It is a pity his child is dumb. Iya ngagu kadiri bejako. He made himself appear stupid in conversation.

Agu (v. f. ngagu), to tremble, shiver from cold. Aku chelap beridar udah ngelaban ujan lain ngagu. I was very cold after being exposed to the rain, and shivered.

Ai (beat or bclai}, water, juice. Ai bah. A flood, a fresh. Ai kembai. The river is swollen. Ai menoh. High water. Ai langkang. The water is low (owing to drought). Ai idup. Water. Ai mati. Boiled water. Ai' arak. Rice spirit, (arak}. Aituak. The native spirit (tuak). Ai minyak. Oil. Ai manyi. Honey. Ai kemih. Urine.

Aieng, about to, the preliminary of any thing. Aiengjako ka bejalai. The preliminary announcement of going upon a journey.

Ait (v. f. 11gait; beait or bait), to desire, long for, covet, have confidence in a person. Aku ait ka ajar nuan. I have confidence in your advice.

Aiyu (v. f. ngaiyu; beaiyu or baiyu}, s. destiny, fate, prognostication, v. to foretell, prognosticate. Aiyu iya. jai. His destiny is an ill one. Mimpi aku manah ngaiyu ka bulih padi. My dream is good, it prognosticates a good paddy crop.

Aja. oniy, simply. Iya makai asi aja. He eats cooked rice only.

Ajal, fate, destiny. Ajal iya ka mati, kali ko enggan iya ? It is his fate to die, what can be done ?

Ajar (v. f. ngajar; beajar or bajar), s. advice, warning, v. to advise, teach, warn. Indai ngajar iya betenun. Mother taught her weaving. Sakali tu Prentah agi ngajar nuan udah nya enti nuan agi salah iya ka nunggu nuan. This time the Government warns you, after this if you are again found doing wrong it will fine you.

Ajat (v. f. ngajat; beajat or bajat}, s. a war dance, a plaited bag, v. to dance. Ajat iya badas, His dancing is beautiful. Ajat aku penoh laban pinang. My bag is full of pinang.

Ajeh (v. f. ngijeh ; beajeh or bajeh), s. a wonder, miracle, v. to perform wonders.


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Talk:Come, Let Us Join Our Friends Above

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house is still standing in East Haverhill, Massachusetts, where John Greenleaf Whittier was born, December 17, 1807. It was built near the close of the seventeenth century by an ancestor of the poet, it sheltered several generations of Whittiers, in it John Greenleaf Whittier lived till his thirtieth year, and now it is likely to enjoy a long lease of life in association with his name, for since his death it has come into the possession of the Whittier Club of Haverhill, and its chief room has been restored to the condition in which it was when the boy was living in it the recollection of whose experience inspired that idyl of New England life, “Snow-Bound.”

It is to “Snow-Bound” that one resorts for the most natural and delightful narrative of the associations amongst which Whittier passed his boyhood. His family held to the tenets of the Friends, and the discipline of that society in connection with the somewhat rigorous exactions of country life in New England in the early part of the century determined the character of the formal education which he received. In later life he was wont to refer to the journals of Friends which he found in the scanty library in his father’s house as forming a large part of his reading in boyhood. He steeped his mind with their thoughts and learned to love their authors for their unconscious saintliness. There were not more than thirty volumes on the shelves, and, with a passion for reading, he read them over and over. One of these books, however, was the Bible, and he possessed himself of its contents, not only becoming familiar with the text, but penetrated by the spirit. When he began to write, his practice pieces were very largely paraphrases of scriptural themes, and throughout his poetry allusions to Biblical characters and passages fall as naturally from his lips as allusions to Greek or Roman literature and history from the lips of Milton.

Of regular schooling he had what the neighborhood could give, a few weeks each winter in the district school, and when he was nineteen, a little more than a year in an academy just started in Haverhill. In “Snow-Bound” he has drawn the portrait of one of his teachers at the district school, and his poem “To My Old Schoolmaster” commemorates another, Joshua Coffin, with whom he preserved a strong friendship in his manhood, when they were engaged in the same great cause of the abolition of human slavery. These teachers, who, according to the old New England custom, lived in turn with the families of their pupils, brought into the Whittier household other reading than strictly religious books, and Coffin especially rendered the boy a great service in introducing him to a knowledge of Burns, whose poems he read aloud once as the family sat by the fireside in the evening. The boy of fourteen was entranced; it was the voice of poetry speaking directly to the ear of poetry, and the new-comer recognized in an instant the prophet whose mantle he was to wear. Coffin was struck with the effect on his listener, and left the book with him. In one of his best known poems, written a generation later, when receiving a sprig of heather in bloom, Whittier records his indebtedness to Burns. To use his own expression, “the older poet woke the younger.” He had been dreaming of Indians, much as a young Scotsman might have pleased his imagination by picturing border chieftains. He said himself, looking back with amusement to his poem of “Mogg Megone,” “it suggests the idea of a big Indian in his war paint strutting about in Sir Walter Scott’s plaid.” But except for one or two intentional imitations, Burns’ influence over Whittier was summed up in that sudden illumination which showed him, not indeed the beauty of nature and the worth of man,—the knowledge of these was a birthright,—but what poetry could do in transfiguring both.

The home life which the boy led, aside from the conscious or unconscious schooling


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publisher writes to say that he, and he thinks others too, would like to know how I ever came to write such a book as this! It came about in this way. Some two years ago, I was about to leave England for a considerable time, and a few days before starting, I went to stay in a country house, full of lads and lassies, to say good-bye. One evening, while sitting over the study fire, the subject of rat-catching came up and, as the aged are somewhat wont to do, I babbled on about past days and various rat-catching experiences, till one of the boys


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iv exclaimed, "I say, what sport it would be if they would only teach rat-catching at school! Wouldn't I just work hard then, that's all!"

The stories came to an end at bed-time, and I was then pressed by my hearers to write from foreign lands some more of my old reminiscences, and I readily gave a promise to do so. In this way most of the following stories were written; and in writing them, I endeavoured to carry out the idea that they were exercises to be used in schools.

I don't anticipate that head-masters will very generally adopt the book in their schools; but I hope it may, in some few instances, give boys a taste for a wholesome country pastime.

The characters and incidents are rough, very rough, pen and ink sketches of real people and scenes, and the dogs are all dear friends of past days.


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 repelled commixture, as if it might serve as an alloy; but it has shown its quality, in this way, that, if the Western nations, like the perfect metals, are fusible, and malleable, and ductile, and apt for all purposes of art, this race also—unlike the Oriental races—fully partakes of the same original qualities, and is apt also toward the highest civilization. Not so those races that are properly Oriental, and which, like the imperfect metals, show a sparkling surface, but are stereote in thought, in usages, in political structure—the same from the beginning to the end of millenniums. As the Jew of modern times is our equal, intellectually and morally, so has he been from the first;—such was the Israelite of the Exodus, and of the next following centuries.

Orientals—those who are such by destiny—have always, as now they do, surrendered themselves inertly to despotisms of vast geographical extent. Not so the Israelite, either of the remotest times, or of later ages. Often trampled upon and loaded with chains, he has never ceased to resent his bonds, or to vex and trouble his oppressor. Always, and notoriously, has he been a dangerous and turbulent subject. The Romans, great masters of the art of governing dependencies, learned at length this lesson—that the Jew must be indulged;—or, if not indulged, then exterminated. It is true that the kinsman of the Israelite—the Arab, has defied subjugation;—but he has done so as the roaming man


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464   Thy mercy shall transcend my longing:
 * I seek but love, and Thou art Love!

I go to find my lost and mourned for
 * Safe in Thy sheltering goodness still,

And all that hope and faith foreshadow
 * Made perfect in Thy holy will!

tree of Faith its bare, dry boughs must shed
 * That nearer heaven the living ones may climb;
 * The false must fail, though from our shores of time


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 cook nothing in them; thou hast leather, but can’st not gild it.’—‘Hold!’ said I to the scoffing gentleman; ‘thou art thyself a bad shot; thy arrows fly wide of the mark. There are many things in this world which of right should go together, but which we nevertheless find far enough asunder. One man has a stable, and no horse to put in it; another has a barn, and no corn to thresh in it; a pantry, and no victuals; a cellar, and no wine; and finally, as the proverb has it, one man has the purse, and another the money.’—Tis better to have both,’ rejoined he; ‘and if thou art willing to put thyself under my tuition, I will make thee a consummate master of thy business. Thou already knowest how to make purses: I will teach thee how to fill them; for my trade is that of a maker of money. As, then, thy trade and mine go hand in hand, art thou willing that we, too, should go hand in hand, and make a common business of it?’—‘With all my heart,’ said I, ‘if you are an authorized master of the mint anywhere; but if you work on your own private account, ’tis a business that smacks too strongly of the gallows for my taste.’—‘Nothing venture, nothing have,’ returned he; ‘if you won’t eat of my dish, let it alone. We must all die once; and some day, if we would not die of hunger, must run the risk of a jump from the tree.’—‘There is this small difference,’ replied I,


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 “Oh, Doctor,” cried Hedwig, “you pierced my vein through and through; my foot hurts me so, instead of waltzing, I shall hardly be able to limp about a little.” The physician was perfectly confounded: in vain did he scrutinize the faces of all three ladies; he could not remember to have ever before seen them. “Your Ladyship,” said he, at length, “doubtless must take me for somebody else, for I am not aware that I had ever the honour of meeting you till this hour. I do not know Lord Giantdale; I never quit Carlsbad during the season.”

The Countess, at a loss to understand this preposterous incognito of the Doctor’s, at last began to imagine that, contrary to the custom of his colleagues, he wished to decline any remuneration for the skill and care they had already experienced at his hands. Under this impression, she said: “I understand you, my dear Doctor, but you carry your delicacy too far; nothing shall prevent my acknowledging myself your debtor, and proving my grateful sense of the assistance you have already afforded me;” and therewith she forced a rich gold snuff-box upon the Doctor, who, accepting it as a payment in advance, and reluctant to offend so promising a patient, quietly put it in his pocket. He now judged the whole family to be suffering under one of those nervous disorders, which produce such extraordinary effects upon the imagination, and under this impression ordered them gentle aperients.


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 ‘that in the one case we die like honest men, in the other as felons.’—‘Vulgar prejudice,’ said he; ‘all I do is to add a little to the circulating medium; somewhat irregularly, perhaps, but my betters have done so before me, ever since there were governments and a coinage.’ To be brief, the tempter was so persuasive, that I consented to what he proposed. I was very soon proficient in my new pursuit, having attended therein to the lessons of my father, and applied myself to it in earnest; and I very soon discovered that coin-making was infinitely more profitable and pleasant than purse-making. But everything has an end; the superiority of our fabric excited the jealousy of other coiners, at a time when our manufactory was in a most flourishing and prosperous condition. We were betrayed; and the truly insignificant circumstance of our not having worked under a patent preposterously occasioned our being sent by the prejudiced and narrow-minded judges to work for life on the fortifications. In this situation I spent several years, in sore tribulation; until there came to that part of the kingdom a good angel, with full powers to free from durance vile all such prisoners as had stout limbs and sinews. In other words, a special recruiting officer changed my destination; instead of trundling a wheelbarrow in the public service, it became my nobler duty, as a member of a free corps, to fight in the public cause.


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 delightful. But he, poor novice, with all his fancied progress in knowledge of the sex, never suspected the real cause of the cross and crabbed humours of her whom he adored. He imagined the heart of Emma as free as his own had been until he saw her; and, in his simplicity, he deemed her love his due, as a matter of course, as ’twere a piece of unoccupied land, which he, as first claimant, was entitled to of right.

The Gnome was altogether out in his reckoning; for it so happened that Ratibor, a young prince whose states, on the banks of the Oder, were contiguous to those of the sovereign of Silesia, had already inspired Emma with that first love which, as people say, is as durable as brass. Already the happy pair were awaiting with impatience the day on which they were to renew their vows at the altar, when the betrothed suddenly disappeared. The terrible news turned Ratibor Inamorato into Orlando Furioso. He quitted his capital, wandered all by himself through the forest, over the mountains, making the rocks re-echo with his cries and groans. Meantime his faithful Emma sighed her secret grief in her splendid prison, taking care to conceal her real feelings from the Gnome, that she might the more readily secure the means of deceiving his vigilance and of recovering her liberyliberty [sic]. After many a sleepless night she thought of a scheme which appeared to her at all events worth trying.


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 Jew’s purse got into my wallet I have not the least idea, I swear it!”

“Pshaw, fellow!” cried the judge; “thou standest convicted beyond a doubt. The purse clearly manifests thy guilt. Pay, then, to God and to justice the late respect of a free confession, and compel not the executioner to extort the truth by torture.”

The miserable Benedict only answered by renewed protestations of his innocence; but he addressed deaf ears. Everybody present regarded him as a hardened rogue, well deserving of the gallows.

Master Torturer, that formidable father confessor, was now called in, to see if, by his impressive eloquence, he could not induce the prisoner to acknowledge himself guilty, whether or no; and his presence produced the usual effect; the mere anticipation of the pain that threatened him deprived Benedict of all the support which his good conscience had hitherto afforded. When the thumb-screws were about to be applied, the unfortunate tailor, reflecting that this operation must for ever disable him from using his needle at all decently, and deeming it better to die by hanging than by hunger, consented to father a crime he had not committed. The court forthwith unanimously sentenced him to be hanged, and he was ordered for execution next morning at sunrise, for the purpose of at once promptly satisfying justice and of saving the town the expense of providing the ragamuffin’s breakfast.


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Page:Complete Poetical Works of John Greenleaf Whittier (1895).djvu/406

374 Free from its bonds the mind, The body from the rod; Broken all chains that bind The image of onr God. Just men no longer pine Behind their prison-bars; Through the rent dungeon shine The free sun and the stars. Earth own, at last, untrod By sect, or caste, or clan, The fatherhood of God, The brotherhood of man! Fraud fail, craft perish, forth The money-changers driven. And God's will done on earth, As now in heaven!

had bowed down to drunkenness, An abject worshijjper: The pride of manhood's pidse had grown Too faint and cold to stir; And he had given his spirit up To the unblessed thrall, And bowing to the poison cup, He gloried in his fall! There came a change—the cloud rolled off. And light fell on his brain— And like the passing of a dream That cometh not again. The shadow of the spirit fled. He saw the gulf before, He shuddered at the waste behind, And was a man once more. He shook the serpent folds away. That gathered round his heart. As shakes the swaying forest-oak Its poison vine apart; He stood erect; returning pride Grew terrible within, And conscience sat in judgment, on His most familiar sin. The light of Intellect again Along his pathway shone; And Reason like a monarch sat Upon his olden throne. The honored and the wise once more Within his presence came; And lingered oft on lovely lips His once forbidden name. There may be glory in the might. That treadeth nations down; Wreaths for the crimson conqueror. Pride for the kingly crown; But nobler is that triumph hour, The disenthralled shall find, When evil passion boweth down Unto the Godlike mind!

The proudest now is but my peer,

The highest not more high;

To-day, of all the weary year,

A king of men am I.

To-day alike are great and small,

The nameless and the known;

My palace is the people’s hall,

The ballot-box my throne!

Who serves to-day upon the list

Beside the served shall stand;

Alike the brown and wrinkled fist,

The gloved and dainty hand!

The rich is level with the poor,

The weak is strong to-day;

And sleekest broadcloth counts no more

Than homespun frock of gray.

To-day let pomp and vain pretence

My stubborn right abide;

I set a plain man’s common sense

Against the pedant’s pride.

To-day shall simple manhood try

The strength of gold and land;

The wide world has not wealth to buy

The power in my right hand!

While there ’s a grief to seek redress,

Or balance to adjust,

Where weighs our living manhood less

Than Mammon ’s vilest dust,—

While there ’s a right to need my vote,

A wrong to sweep away,

Up! clouted knee and ragged coat!

A man ’s a man to-day!


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Page:Legends of Rubezahl, and Other Tales (1845).djvu/112

 damsels daily pine away, until by degrees all the fire of youth was extinguished in their eyes.

At last the poor Princess was perfectly horrified, when one morning, after having enjoyed a long and tranquil night’s rest, on entering her saloon, she beheld a set of wretched, shrivelled, blear-eyed old women, supporting themselves with difficulty on sticks and crutches, and half suffocated by a dry cough, totter forward to meet her. The dear little dog, erewhile so full of life and vivacity, lay on his side with his tongue hanging out, at his last gasp, utterly worn out; while the sweet, gentle Mimi, once so playful and caressing, paralysed in all her limbs, could with difficulty drag herself on a short space to receive her mistress.

Struck with horror, the Princess rushed out of the room to escape the frightful spectacle, and flying to the balcony, loudly called the Gnome, who, in most humble guise, at once presented himself. “Villainous spirit!” cried the angry beauty; “what! dost thou seek to deprive me of the only solace of my now wretched life? Dost thou grudge me even the semblance of my old companions? Is it not enough that thy malice compels my abode in this desert? Would’st thou, moreover, convert it into a hospital? Instantly restore to my maidens their youth and beauty, or expect naught from me but hatred and scorn.”


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Page:Moni the goat boy (IA monigoatboy00spyr 1).pdf/23

 just right. He yodeled with satisfaction from the first ledge so lustily down into the valley that many of the sleepers in the Bath House below opened their eyes in amazement, then closed them again at once, for they recognized the sound and knew that they could have an hour longer to sleep, since the goat-boy always came so early. Meanwhile Moni climbed with his goats for an hour longer, farther and farther up to the high cliff’s above.

The higher up he mounted, the broader and more beautiful became the view. From time to time he looked around him, then gazed up into the bright sky, which was becoming bluer and bluer, then began to sing with all his might, louder and louder and more merrily the higher he came:


text:
Nevada Commission on Ethics v. Carrigan

Nevada's Ethics in Government Law requires public officials to recuse themselves from voting on, or advocating the passage or failure of, "a matter with respect to which the independence of judgment of a reasonable person in his situation would be materially affected by," inter alia, "[h]is commitment in a private capacity to the interests of others," Nev. Rev.Stat. § 281A.420(2) (2007), which includes a "commitment to a [specified] person," e.g., a member of the officer's household or the officer's relative, § 281A.420(8)(a)–(d), and "[a]ny other commitment or relationship that is substantially similar" to one enumerated in paragraphs (a)–(d), § 281A.420(8)(e).

Petitioner (Commission) administers and enforces Nevada's law. The Commission investigated respondent Carrigan, an elected local official who voted to approve a hotel/casino project proposed by a company that used Carrigan's long-time friend and campaign manager as a paid consultant. The Commission concluded that Carrigan had a disqualifying conflict of interest under § 281A.420(8)(e)'s catchall provision, and censured him for failing to abstain from voting on the project. Carrigan sought judicial review, arguing that the Nevada law violated the First Amendment. The State District Court denied the petition, but the Nevada Supreme Court reversed, holding that voting is protected speech and that § 281A.420(8)(e)'s catchall definition is unconstitutionally overbroad.

Held: The Nevada Ethics in Government Law is not unconstitutionally overbroad. Pp. 121–129.

(a) That law prohibits a legislator who has a conflict both from voting on a proposal and from advocating its passage or failure. If it was constitutional to exclude Carrigan from voting, then his exclusion from advocating during a legislative session was not unconstitutional, for it was a reasonable time, place, and manner limitation. See Clark v. Community for Creative Non-Violence, 468 U.S. 288, 293. P. 121–122

(b) "[A] 'universal and long-established' tradition of prohibiting certain conduct creates 'a strong presumption' that the prohibition is constitutional." Republican Party of Minn. v. White, 536 U.S. 765, 785. Here, dispositive evidence is provided by "early congressional enactments," which offer contemporaneous and weighty evidence of the Constitution's meaning, Printz v. United States, 521 U.S. 898, 905. [p118] Within 15 years of the founding, both the House and the Senate adopted recusal rules. Federal conflict-of-interest rules applicable to judges also date back to the founding. The notion that Nevada's recusal rules violate legislators' First Amendment rights is also inconsistent with longstanding traditions in the States, most of which have some type of recusal law. Pp. 122–125.

(c) Restrictions on legislators' voting are not restrictions on legislators' protected speech. A legislator's vote is the commitment of his apportioned share of the legislature's power to the passage or defeat of a particular proposal. He casts his vote "as trustee for his constituents, not as a prerogative of personal power." Raines v. Byrd, 521 U.S. 811, 821. Moreover, voting is not a symbolic action, and the fact that it is the product of a deeply held or highly unpopular personal belief does not transform it into First Amendment speech. Even if the mere vote itself could express depth of belief (which it cannot), this Court has rejected the notion that the First Amendment confers a right to use governmental mechanics to convey a message. See, e.g., Timmons v. Twin Cities Area New Party, 520 U.S. 351. Doe v. Reed, 561 U.S. 186, distinguished. Pp. 125–128.

(d) The additional arguments raised in Carrigan's brief were not decided below or raised in his brief in opposition and are thus considered waived. P. 128–129.

126 Nev. 277, 236 P.3d 616, reversed and remanded.

, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which, C.J., and , and , JJ., joined. , J., filed a concurring opinion, post, p. 129. , J., filed an opinion concurring in part and concurring in the judgment, post, p. 132.

John P. Elwood argued the cause for petitioner. With him on the briefs were Yvonne M. Nevarez-Goodson, David T. Goldberg, Mark T. Stancil, Daniel R. Ortiz, and Toby J. Heytens.

E. Joshua Rosenkranz argued the cause for respondent. With him on the brief were Mark S. Davies, Rachel M. McKenzie, and Richard L. Hasen.

title: Nevada Commission on Ethics v. Carrigan


text: Talk:Nevada Commission on Ethics v. Carrigan


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Page:Legends of Rubezahl, and Other Tales (1845).djvu/38

 towards the dread forest, which the Count did not choose foolhardily to tempt again, and accordingly he gave up his dear friend as lost. All of a sudden a mighty eagle rose above the forest trees, and pursued the falcon, which no sooner saw that it was threatened by an enemy so much stronger than itself, than it flew with the speed of an arrow back to its master to seek for protection. But the eagle darted down from aloft, and striking one of its vast talons into the Count’s shoulder, crushed the trusty falcon with the other. The Count, at once amazed and alarmed, endeavoured with his spear to free himself from the feathered monster, striking and thrusting fiercely at his foe. But the eagle seized the hunting spear, and having shivered it like a reed, screamed these words loud into his ear: “Audacious creature, how dar’st thou disturb my airy dominions with thy sport? Thou canst only atone for such an outrage with thy life.”

The Count at once guessing from the bird’s speech what sort of an adventure was likely to ensue, took courage and said: “Softly, Sir Eagle, softly! What harm have I done you? My falcon has paid for his sins, and I’ll make him over to you, to satisfy your hunger.”

“No! screamed the Eagle; “I happen just today to have a fancy for man’s flesh, and you seem a nice fat morsel.”


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 before him, the mouth of a cavern hollowed out in the rock, in front of which stood what appeared to be a human figure, that seemed to move. The daring Reinald hastened on, and making his way among the trees close up to the spot, surveyed the scene from behind the lofty oaks, and saw a lady sitting on the grass, caressing alittle ugly bear that she held in her lap, while a larger one was gambolling about her, playing all sorts of antics, and toppling in a ludicrous manner, evidently to the lady’s great amusement. From what his mother had told him, Reinald knew that he saw before him his sister Wulfild, and at once sprung forth from his hiding place to make himself known to her. She no sooner perceived the young man than she screamed aloud, let the little bear fall on the grass, and hastily rising, approached the stranger and said to him, with a sorrowful voice and an anxious countenance: “Oh! unhappy youth, what evil star has led thee to this forest? Here lives a fierce bear who eats up every human being that comes near his dwelling. Fly, and save thyself.”

He bowed modestly to the beautiful lady, and answered: “Fear not, sweet mistress; I know this forest and its strange stories, and I am come to break the spell that keeps you here a prisoner.”

“Madman!” cried she, “who art thou that dar’st seek to break this powerful spell, and how think’st thou to perform it?”


text:
Nevada Commission on Ethics v. Carrigan/Opinion of the Court

delivered the opinion of the Court.

The Nevada Supreme Court invalidated a recusal provision of the State's Ethics in Government Law as unconstitutionally overbroad in violation of the First Amendment. We consider whether legislators have a personal, First Amendment right to vote on any given matter.

= I =

Nevada's Ethics in Government Law provides that "a public officer shall not vote upon or advocate the passage or failure of, but may otherwise participate in the consideration of, a matter with respect to which the independence of judgment of a reasonable person in his situation would be materially affected by," inter alia, "[h]is commitment in a private capacity to the interests of others." Nev. Rev. Stat. § 281A.420(2) (2007). Section 281A.420(8)(a)–(d) of the law defines the term "commitment in a private capacity to the [p120] interests of others" to mean a "commitment to a person" who is a member of the officer's household; is related by blood, adoption, or marriage to the officer; employs the officer or a member of his household; or has a substantial and continuing business relationship with the officer. Paragraph (e) of the same subsection adds a catchall to that definition: "[a]ny other commitment or relationship that is substantially similar" to one of those listed in paragraphs (a)–(d).

The Ethics in Government Law is administered and enforced by the petitioner in this litigation, the Nevada Commission on Ethics. In 2005, the Commission initiated an investigation of Michael Carrigan, an elected member of the City Council of Sparks, Nevada, in response to complaints that Carrigan had violated § 281A.420(2) by voting to approve an application for a hotel/casino project known as the "Lazy 8." Carrigan, the complaints asserted, had a disabling conflict in the matter because his long-time friend and campaign manager, Carlos Vasquez, worked as a paid consultant for the Red Hawk Land Company, which had proposed the Lazy 8 project and would benefit from its approval.

Upon completion of its investigation, the Commission concluded that Carrigan had a disqualifying conflict of interest under § 281A.420(8)(e)'s catchall provision because his relationship with Vasquez was "substantially similar" to the prohibited relationships listed in § 281A.420(8)(a)–(d). Its written decision censured Carrigan for failing to abstain from voting on the Lazy 8 matter, but did not impose a civil penalty because his violation was not willful, see § 281A.480. (Before the hearing, Carrigan had consulted the Sparks city attorney, who advised him that disclosing his relationship with Vasquez before voting on the Lazy 8 project, which he did, would satisfy his obligations under the Ethics in Government Law.)

Carrigan filed a petition for judicial review in the First Judicial District Court of the State of Nevada, arguing that the provisions of the Ethics in Government Law that he was [p121] found to have violated were unconstitutional under the First Amendment. The District Court denied the petition, but a divided Nevada Supreme Court reversed. The majority held that voting was protected by the First Amendment, and, applying strict scrutiny, found that § 281A.420(8)(e)'s catchall definition was unconstitutionally overbroad. 126 Nev. 277, 284–288, 236 P.3d 616, 621–624 (2010).

We granted certiorari, 562 U.S. 1127 (2011).

= II =

The First Amendment prohibits laws "abridging the freedom of speech," which, as a general matter means that government has no power to restrict expression because of its message, its ideas, its subject matter, or its content. Ashcroft v. American Civil Liberties Union, 535 U.S. 564, 573 (2002) (quoting Bolger v. Youngs Drug Products Corp., 463 U.S. 60, 65 (1983)). But the Amendment has no application when what is restricted is not protected speech. See, e.g., Roth v. United States, 354 U.S. 476, 483 (1957) (obscenity not protected speech). The Nevada Supreme Court thought a legislator's vote to be protected speech because voting "is a core legislative function." 126 Nev., at 284, 236 P.3d, at 621 (internal quotation marks omitted).

We disagree, for the same reason. But before discussing that issue, we must address a preliminary detail: The challenged law not only prohibits the legislator who has a conflict from voting on the proposal in question, but also forbids him to "advocate the passage or failure" of the proposal—evidently meaning advocating its passage or failure during the legislative debate. Neither Carrigan nor any of his amici contend that the prohibition on advocating can be unconstitutional if the prohibition on voting is not. And with good reason. Legislative sessions would become massive town-hall meetings if those who had a right to speak were not limited to those who had a right to vote. If Carrigan was constitutionally excluded from voting, his exclusion from [p122] "advocat[ing]" at the legislative session was a reasonable time, place, and manner limitation. See Clark v. Community for Creative Non-Violence, 468 U.S. 288, 293 (1984).

= III =

"[A] universal and long-established tradition of prohibiting certain conduct creates a strong presumption that the prohibition is constitutional: Principles of liberty fundamental enough to have been embodied within constitutional guarantees are not readily erased from the Nation's consciousness." Republican Party of Minn. v. White, 536 U.S. 765, 785 (2002) (internal quotation marks omitted). Laws punishing libel and obscenity are not thought to violate "the freedom of speech" to which the First Amendment refers because such laws existed in 1791 and have been in place ever since. The same is true of legislative recusal rules. The Nevada Supreme Court and Carrigan have not cited a single decision invalidating a generally applicable conflict-of-interest recusal rule—and such rules have been commonplace for over 200 years.

"[E]arly congressional enactments 'provid[e] contemporaneous and weighty evidence of the Constitution's meaning, Printz v. United States, 521 U.S. 898, 905 (1997) (quoting Bowsher v. Synar, 478 U.S. 714, 723–724 (1986)). That evidence is dispositive here. Within 15 years of the founding, both the House of Representatives and the Senate adopted recusal rules. The House rule—to which no one is recorded as having objected, on constitutional or other grounds, see D. Currie, The Constitution in Congress: The Federalist Period 1789–1801, p. 10 (1997)—was adopted within a week of that chamber's first achieving a quorum. The rule read: "No member shall vote on any question, in the event of which he is immediately and particularly interested." 1 Annals of [p123] Cong. 99 (1789). Members of the House would have been subject to this recusal rule when they voted to submit the First Amendment for ratification; their failure to note any inconsistency between the two suggests that there was none.

The first Senate rules did not include a recusal requirement, but Thomas Jefferson adopted one when he was President of the Senate. His rule provided as follows:

"Where the private interests of a member are concerned in a bill or question, he is to withdraw. And where such an interest has appeared, his voice [is] disallowed, even after a division. In a case so contrary, not only to the laws of decency, but to the fundamental principles of the social compact, which denies to any man to be a judge in his own cause, it is for the honor of the house that this rule, of immemorial observance, should be strictly adhered to." A Manual of Parliamentary Practice for the Use of the Senate of the United States 31 (1801).

Contemporaneous treatises on parliamentary procedure track parts of Jefferson's formulation. See, e.g., A. Clark, Manual, Compiled and Prepared for the Use of the [New York] Assembly 99 (1816); L. Cushing, Manual of Parliamentary Practice, Rules of Proceeding and Debate in Deliberative Assemblies 30 (7th ed. 1854).

Federal conflict-of-interest rules applicable to judges also date back to the founding. In 1792, Congress passed a law requiring district court judges to recuse themselves if they had a personal interest in a suit or had been counsel to a party appearing before them. Act of May 8, 1792, ch. 36, § 11, 1 Stat. 278–279. In 1821, Congress expanded these bases for recusal to include situations in which "the judge is so related to, or connected with, either party, as to render it improper for him, in his opinion, to sit on the trial of such suit." Act of Mar. 3, 1821, ch. 51, 3 Stat. 643. The statute was again expanded in 1911, to make any "personal [p124] bias or prejudice" a basis for recusal. Act of Mar. 3, 1911, § 21, 36 Stat. 1090. The current version, which retains much of the 1911 version's language, is codified at 28 U.S.C. § 144. See generally Liteky v. United States, 510 U.S. 540, 544 (1994); Frank, Disqualification of Judges, 56 Yale L.J. 605, 626–630 (1947) (hereinafter Frank). There are of course differences between a legislator's vote and a judge's, and thus between legislative and judicial recusal rules; nevertheless, there do not appear to have been any serious challenges to judicial recusal statutes as having unconstitutionally restricted judges' First Amendment rights.

The Nevada Supreme Court's belief that recusal rules violate legislators' First Amendment rights is also inconsistent with longstanding traditions in the States. A number of States, by common-law rule, have long required recusal of public officials with a conflict. See, e.g., In re Nashua, 12 N.H. 425, 430 (1841) ("If one of the commissioners be interested, he shall not serve"); Commissioners' Court v. Tarver, 25 Ala. 480, 481 (1854) ("If any member has a peculiar, personal interest, such member would be disqualified"); Stubbs v. Florida State Finance Co., 118 Fla. 450, 452, 159 So. 527, 528 (1935) ("[A] public official cannot legally participate in his official capacity in the decision of a question in which he is personally and adversely interested"). Today, [p125] virtually every State has enacted some type of recusal law, many of which, not unlike Nevada's, require public officials to abstain from voting on all matters presenting a conflict of interest. See National Conference of State Legislatures, Voting Recusal Provisions (2009), online at http://www.ncsl.org/?TabID=15357 (as visited June 9, 2011, and available in Clerk of Court's case file).

In an attempt to combat this overwhelming evidence of constitutional acceptability, Carrigan relies on a handful of lower-court cases from the 1980's and afterwards. See Brief for Respondent 25 (citing Clarke v. United States, 886 F.2d 404 (CADC 1989); Miller v. Hull, 878 F.2d 523 (CA1 1989); and Camacho v. Brandon, 317 F.3d 153 (CA2 2003)). Even if they were relevant, those cases would be too little and too late to contradict the long-recognized need for legislative recusal. But they are not relevant. The first was vacated as moot, see Clarke v. United States, 915 F.2d 699, 700, 706 (CADC 1990) (en banc), and the other two involve retaliation amounting to viewpoint discrimination. See Miller, supra, at 533; Camacho, supra, at 160. In the past we have applied heightened scrutiny to laws that are viewpoint discriminatory even as to speech not protected by the First Amendment, see R.A.V. v. St. Paul, 505 U.S. 377, 383–386 (1992). Carrigan does not assert that the recusal laws here are viewpoint discriminatory, nor could he: The statute is content-neutral and applies equally to all legislators regardless of party or position.

= IV =

But how can it be that restrictions upon legislators' voting are not restrictions upon legislators' protected speech? The answer is that a legislator's vote is the commitment of his apportioned share of the legislature's power to the passage [p126] or defeat of a particular proposal. The legislative power thus committed is not personal to the legislator but belongs to the people; the legislator has no personal right to it. As we said in Raines v. Byrd, 521 U.S. 811, 821 (1997), when denying Article III standing to legislators who claimed that their voting power had been diluted by a statute providing for a line-item veto, the legislator casts his vote "as trustee for his constituents, not as a prerogative of personal power." In this respect, voting by a legislator is different from voting by a citizen. While "a voter's franchise is a personal right," "[t]he procedures for voting in legislative assemblies pertain to legislators not as individuals but as political representatives executing the legislative process." Coleman v. Miller, 307 U.S. 433, 469–470 (1939) (opinion of Frankfurter, J.).

Carrigan and say that legislators often us[e] their votes to express deeply held and highly unpopular views, often at great personal or political peril. Post, at 133 (opinion concurring in part and concurring in judgment) (quoting Brief for Respondent 23). How do they express those deeply held views, one wonders? Do ballots contain a check-one-of-the-boxes attachment that will be displayed to the public, reading something like " I have a deeply held view about this; this is probably desirable;  this is the least of the available evils;  my personal view is the other way, but my constituents want this;  my personal view is the other way, but my big contributors want this;  I don't have the slightest idea what this legislation does, but on my way in to vote the party Whip said vote 'aye? There are, to be sure, instances where action conveys a symbolic meaning—such as the burning of a flag to convey disagreement with a country's policies, see Texas v. Johnson, 491 U.S. 397, 406 (1989). But the act of voting symbolizes nothing. It discloses, to be sure, that the legislator wishes (for whatever reason) that the proposition on the floor be adopted, just as a physical assault discloses that the attacker dislikes the victim. [p127] But neither the one nor the other is an act of communication. Cf. Rumsfeld v. Forum for Academic and Institutional Rights, Inc., 547 U.S. 47, 66 (2006) (expressive value was "not created by the conduct itself but by the speech that accompanies it").

Moreover, the fact that a nonsymbolic act is the product of deeply held personal belief—even if the actor would like it to convey his deeply held personal belief—does not transform action into First Amendment speech. Nor does the fact that action may have social consequences—such as the unpopularity that cost John Quincy Adams his Senate seat resulting from his vote in favor of the Embargo Act of 1807, see post, at 133. However unpopular Adams' vote may have made him, and however deeply Adams felt that his vote was the right thing to do, the act of voting was still nonsymbolic conduct engaged in for an independent governmental purpose.

Even if it were true that the vote itself could "express deeply held and highly unpopular views," the argument would still miss the mark. This Court has rejected the notion that the First Amendment confers a right to use governmental mechanics to convey a message. For example, in Timmons v. Twin Cities Area New Party, 520 U.S. 351 (1997), we upheld a State's prohibition on multiple-party or "fusion" candidates for elected office against a First Amendment challenge. We admitted that a State's ban on a person's appearing on the ballot as the candidate of more than one party might prevent a party from "using the ballot to communicate to the public that it supports a particular candidate who is already another party's candidate," id., at 362; but we nonetheless were "unpersuaded by the party's contention that it has a right to use the ballot itself to send a particularized message." Id., at 362–363; see also Burdick v. Takushi, 504 U.S. 428, 438 (1992). In like manner, a legislator has no right to use official powers for expressive purposes.

[p128] Carrigan and also cite Doe v. Reed, 561 U.S. 186 (2010), as establishing "the expressive character of voting." Post, at 133; see also Brief for Respondent 26. But Reed did no such thing. That case held only that a citizen's signing of a petition—core political speech, Meyer v. Grant, 486 U.S. 414, 421–422 (1988)—was not deprived of its protected status simply because, under state law, a petition that garnered a sufficient number of signatures would suspend the state law to which it pertained, pending a referendum. See Reed, 561 U.S., at 195; id., at 221–222 (, J., concurring in judgment). It is one thing to say that an inherently expressive act remains so despite its having governmental effect, but it is altogether another thing to say that a governmental act becomes expressive simply because the governmental actor wishes it to be so. We have never said the latter is true.

= V =

Carrigan raises two additional arguments in his brief: that Nevada's catchall provision unconstitutionally burdens the right of association of officials and supporters, and that the provision is unconstitutionally vague. Whatever the merits of these arguments, we have no occasion to consider them. Neither was decided below: The Nevada Supreme Court made no mention of the former argument and said that it need not address the latter given its resolution of the overbreadth challenge, 126 Nev., at 282, n. 4, 236 P.3d, at 619, n. 4. Nor was either argument raised in Carrigan's brief in [p129] opposition to the petition for writ of certiorari. Arguments thus omitted are normally considered waived, see this Court's Rule 15.2; Baldwin v. Reese, 541 U.S. 27, 34 (2004), and we find no reason to sidestep that Rule here.

The judgment of the Nevada Supreme Court is reversed, and the case is remanded for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.

It is so ordered.


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 “No!” returned Reinald; “let what may happen, I will not part from thee, dearest sister! It was to find thee I quitted our father’s castle, and now that I have accomplished this long-cherished object, I will not leave the forest without thee. Say, how can I break this potent spell?”

“Alas!” replied she, tis beyond mortal power to do so.”

Here Albert joined their conversation, and when he heard the young knight’s bold resolution, he urged him from his purpose in such affectionate terms, and so forcibly, that he at length yielded to the wishes of his brother-in-law, and the tears and entreaties of his tender sister, and consented to depart.

Prince Albert embraced the gallant youth with brotherly affection, and after the latter had fallen on his sister’s neck and bid her farewell, he drew out his pocket book and took from it three bear’s bristles, which he rolled up in a piece of paper and gave to the knight, as though for a kind of jocose memento of his adventure in the forest. “Yet do not despise this trifle,” he added earnestly; “should you ever be in desperate need of help, rub these three hairs between your hands and await the event.”

In the courtyard stood a handsome open carriage, drawn by six black horses, with outriders and footmen, in which Reinald reluctantly placed himself.

“Farewell, brother!” cried Albert the Bear.


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Now the height was reached where he usually stayed, and where he was going to remain for a while to-day. It was a little green table-land, with so broad a projection that one could see from the top all round about and far, far down into the valley. This projection was called the Pulpit-rock, and here Moni could often stay for hours at a time, gazing about him and whistling away, while his little goats quite contentedly sought their feed around him.

As soon as Moni arrived, he took his provision bag from his back, laid it in a little hole in the ground, which he had dug out for this purpose, then went to the Pulpit-rock and threw himself on the grass in order to enjoy himself fully.


text:
Nevada Commission on Ethics v. Carrigan/Concurrence Kennedy

, concurring.

For the reasons the Court explains, the act of casting an official vote is not itself protected by the Speech Clause of the First Amendment; and I join the Court's opinion.

It does seem appropriate to note that the opinion does not, and on this record should not, consider a free speech contention that would have presented issues of considerable import, were it to have been a proper part of the case. Neither in the submissions of the parties to this Court defining the issues presented, nor in the opinion of the Nevada Supreme Court, were the Nevada statutory provisions here at issue challenged or considered from the standpoint of burdens they impose on the First Amendment speech rights of legislators and constituents apart from an asserted right to engage in the act of casting a vote.

The statute may well impose substantial burdens on what undoubtedly is speech. The democratic process presumes a constant interchange of voices. Quite apart from the act of voting, speech takes place both in the election process and during the routine course of communications between and among legislators, candidates, citizens, groups active in the political process, the press, and the public at large. This speech and expression often finds powerful form in groups and associations with whom a legislator or candidate has long and close ties, ties made all the stronger by shared outlook [p130] and civic purpose. The process is so intricate a part of communication in a democracy that it is difficult to describe in summary form, lest its fundamental character be understated. It may suffice, however, to note just a few examples.

Assume a citizen has strong and carefully considered positions on family life, the environment, economic principles, criminal justice, religious values, or the rights of persons. Assume, too, that based on those beliefs, he or she has personal ties with others who share those views. The occasion may arise when, to promote and protect these beliefs, close friends and associates, perhaps in concert with organized groups with whom the citizen also has close ties, urge the citizen to run for office. These persons and entities may offer strong support in an election campaign, support which itself can be expression in its classic form. The question then arises what application the Nevada statute has if a legislator who was elected with that support were to vote upon legislation central to the shared cause, or, for that matter, any other cause supported by those friends and affiliates.

As the Court notes, Nev. Rev. Stat. § 281A.420(2) (2007) provides:

"[A] public officer shall not vote upon or advocate the passage or failure of, but may otherwise participate in the consideration of, a matter with respect to which the independence of judgment of a reasonable person in his situation would be materially affected by [h]is commitment in a private capacity to the interests of others."

There is, in my view, a serious concern that the statute imposes burdens on the communications and expressions just discussed. The immediate response might be that the statute does not apply because its application is confined to the legislator's "commitment in a private capacity to the interests of others." That proposition may be a debatable one. At least without the benefit of further submissions or argument or explanation, it seems that one fair interpretation, if [p131] not the necessary one, is that the statute could apply to a legislator whose personal life is tied to the longstanding, close friendships he or she has forged in the common cause now at stake.

The application of the statute's language to the case just supposed, and to any number of variations on the supposition, is not apparent. And if the statute imposes unjustified burdens on speech or association protected by the First Amendment, or if it operates to chill or suppress the exercise of those freedoms by reason of vague terms or overbroad coverage, it is invalid. See United States v. Williams, 553 U.S. 285, 292–293 (2008). A statute of this sort is an invitation to selective enforcement; and even if enforcement is undertaken in good faith, the dangers of suppression of particular speech or associational ties may well be too significant to be accepted. See Gentile v. State Bar of Nev., 501 U.S. 1030, 1051 (1991).

The interests here at issue are at the heart of the First Amendment. "[T]he First Amendment has its fullest and most urgent application to speech uttered during a campaign for political office." Eu v. San Francisco County Democratic Central Comm., 489 U.S. 214, 223 (1989) (internal quotation marks omitted). And the Court has made it clear that "the right of citizens to band together in promoting among the electorate candidates who espouse their political views" is among the First Amendment's most pressing concerns. Clingman v. Beaver, 544 U.S. 581, 586 (2005) (internal quotation marks omitted).

The constitutionality of a law prohibiting a legislative or executive official from voting on matters advanced by or associated with a political supporter is therefore a most serious matter from the standpoint of the logical and inevitable burden on speech and association that preceded the vote. The restriction may impose a significant burden on activities protected by the First Amendment. As a general matter, citizens voice their support and lend their aid because they [p132] wish to confer the powers of public office on those whose positions correspond with their own. That dynamic, moreover, links the principles of participation and representation at the heart of our democratic government. Just as candidates announce positions in exchange for citizens' votes, Brown v. Hartlage, 456 U.S. 45, 55–56 (1982), so too citizens offer endorsements, advertise their views, and assist political campaigns based upon bonds of common purpose. These are the mechanisms that sustain representative democracy. See ibid.

The Court has held that due process may require recusal in the context of certain judicial determinations, see Caperton v. A.T. Massey Coal Co., 556 U.S. 868 (2009); but as the foregoing indicates, it is not at all clear that a statute of this breadth can be enacted to extend principles of judicial impartiality to a quite different context. The differences between the role of political bodies in formulating and enforcing public policy, on the one hand, and the role of courts in adjudicating individual disputes according to law, on the other, see ante, at 124, may call for a different understanding of the responsibilities attendant upon holders of those respective offices and of the legitimate restrictions that may be imposed upon them.

For these reasons, the possibility that Carrigan was censured because he was thought to be beholden to a person who helped him win an election raises constitutional concerns of the first magnitude.

As the Court observes, however, the question whether Nevada's recusal statute was applied in a manner that burdens the First Amendment freedoms discussed above is not presented in this case. Ante, at 128–129.


text: The Complete Poetical Works of John Greenleaf Whittier


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 I was well pleased with this change. Determined to be a soldier in earnest, I put myself forward on all occasions; I was the first in every attack; and when we were compelled to retreat, I used my legs to such good purpose that the enemy could never overtake me. For a time I got on very well; I received a command in a troop of horse, with hope of still further promotion; but one day, being sent out upon a foraging expedition, I executed my orders with so much enthusiasm that I not only emptied granaries and barns, but, moreover, every drawer, press, strong box, or bureau I could lay my hands on, whether in houses or churches. As ill luck would have it, we were in a friendly country; the people took it into their stupid heads to make a to-do about the affair, and certain officers, who envied my military reputation, odiously charged me with pillaging. I was most unjustly brought to a court-martial, degraded to the ranks, and then whipped through a lane of five hundred men out of a service in which I had thought to make my fortune. I had now no other resource than to return to my original business; but I had neither money to buy leather nor the disposition to work. An idea suddenly occurred to me. I have mentioned that I had formerly sold my purses far too cheap. In justice to myself, now that I wanted the means of support, it was obvious that I ought by all


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Nevada Commission on Ethics v. Carrigan/Concurrence Alito

, concurring in part and concurring in the judgment.

I concur in the judgment, but I do not agree with the opinion of the Court insofar as it suggests that restrictions upon [p133] legislators' voting are not restrictions upon legislators' speech. Ante, at 125–126. As respondent notes, "[o]ur history is rich with tales of legislators using their votes to express deeply held and highly unpopular views, often at great personal or political peril." Brief for Respondent 23. To illustrate this point, respondent notes, among other famous incidents, John Quincy Adams' vote in favor of the Embargo Act of 1807, a vote that is said to have cost him his Senate seat, and Sam Houston's vote against the Kansas-Nebraska Act, a vote that was deeply unpopular in the South. Id., at 23–24 (citing J. Kennedy, Profiles in Courage 48, 109 (commemorative ed. 1991)).

In response to respondent's argument, the Court suggests that the "expressive value" of such votes is not created by the conduct itself but by the speech that accompanies it. Ante, at 127. This suggestion, however, is surely wrong. If John Quincy Adams and Sam Houston had done no more than cast the votes in question, their votes would still have spoken loudly and clearly to everyone who was interested in the bills in question. Voting has an expressive component in and of itself. The Court's strange understanding of the concept of speech is shown by its suggestion that the symbolic act of burning the American flag is speech but John Quincy Adams calling out "yea" on the Embargo Act was not. Ibid.

A legislative vote is not speech, the Court tells us, because the vote may express, not the legislator's sincere personal view, but simply the view that is favored by the legislator's constituents. See ibid. But the same is sometimes true of legislators' speeches.

Not only is the Court incorrect in its analysis of the expressive character of voting, but the Court's position is inconsistent with our reasoning just last Term in Doe v. Reed, 561 U.S. 186 (2010). There, respondents argued that "signing a petition is a legally operative legislative act and therefore [p134] 'does not involve any significant expressive element. Id., at 195 (quoting Brief for Respondent Reed, O. T. 2009, No. 09–559, p. 31). But the Court rejected this argument, stating:

"It is true that signing a referendum petition may ultimately have the legal consequence of requiring the secretary of state to place the referendum on the ballot. But we do not see how adding such legal effect to an expressive activity somehow deprives that activity of its expressive component, taking it outside the scope of the First Amendment." 561 U.S., at 195.

But cf. id., at 219 (, J., concurring in judgment) ("I doubt whether signing a petition that has the effect of suspending a law fits within 'the freedom of speech' at all").

Our reasoning in Reed is applicable here. Just as the act of signing a petition is not deprived of its expressive character when the signature is given legal consequences, the act of voting is not drained of its expressive content when the vote has a legal effect. If an ordinary citizen casts a vote in a straw poll on an important proposal pending before a legislative body, that act indisputably constitutes a form of speech. If a member of the legislative body chooses to vote in the same straw poll, the legislator's act is no less expressive than that of an ordinary citizen. And if the legislator then votes on the measure in the legislative chamber, the expressive character of that vote is not eliminated simply because it may affect the outcome of the legislative process.

In Part III of its opinion, the Court demonstrates that legislative recusal rules were not regarded during the founding era as impermissible restrictions on freedom of speech. On that basis, I agree that the judgment below must be reversed.


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 The sky had now become a deep blue; above were the high mountains with peaks towering to the sky and great ice-fields appearing, and far away down below the green valley shone in the morning light. Moni lay there, looking about, singing and whistling. The mountain wind cooled his warm face, and as soon as he stopped whistling, the birds piped all the more lustily and flew up into the blue sky. Moni was indescribably happy. From time to time Mäggerli came to Moni and rubbed her head around on his shoulder, as she always did out of sheer affection. Then she bleated quite fondly, went to Moni’s other side and rubbed her head on the other shoulder. The other goats also, first one and then another, came to look at their keeper and each had her own way of paying the visit.

The brown one, his own goat, came very cautiously and looked at him to see if he was all right, then she would stand and gaze at him until he said: “Yes, yes, Braunli, it’s all right, go and look for your fodder.”

The young white one and Swallow, so called because she was so small and nimble and darted everywhere, like swallows into their holes, always rushed together upon Moni, so that they would have thrown him down, if he had not already been stretched out on the ground, and then they immediately darted off again.


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 The shiny Blackie, the goat belonging to the landlord of the Bath House, Mäggerli’s mother, was a little proud; she came only to within a few steps of Moni, looked at him with her head lifted, as if she wouldn’t appear too familiar, and then went her way again. The big Sultan, the billy-goat, never showed himself but once, then he pushed away all he found near Moni, and bleated several times as significantly as if he had information to give about the condition of the flock, whose leader he felt himself to be.

Little Mäggerli alone never allowed herself to be crowded away from her protector; if the billy-goat came and tried to push her aside, she crept so far under Moni’s arm or head that the big Sultan no longer came near her, and so under Moni’s protection the little kid was not the least bit afraid of him. Otherwise she would have trembled if he came near her.

Thus the sunny morning had passed; Moni had already taken his midday meal and now stood thinking as he leaned on his stick, which he often needed there, for it was very useful in climbing up and down. He was thinking whether he would go up to a new side of the rocks, for he wanted to go higher this afternoon with the goats, but the question was, to which side? He decided to take the left, for in that direction were the three Dragon-


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 stones, around which grew such tender shrubs that it was a real feast for the goats.

The way was steep, and there were dangerous places in the rugged wall of rock; but he knew a good path, and the goats were so sensible and did not easily go astray. He began to climb and all his goats gayly clambered after him, some in front, some behind him, little Mäggerli always quite close to him; occasionally he held her fast and pulled her along with him, when he came to a very steep place.

All went quite well and now they were at the top, and with high bounds the goats ran immediately to the green bushes, for they knew well the fine feed which they had often nibbled up here before.

“Be quiet! Be quiet!” commanded Moni, “don’t push each other to the steep places, for in a moment one of you might go down and have your legs broken. Swallow! Swallow! what are you thinking of?” he called full of excitement, up to the goat, for the nimble Swallow had climbed up to the high Dragon-stones and was now standing on the outermost edge of one of them and looking quite impertinently down on him. He climbed up quickly, for only a single step more and Swallow would be lying below at the foot of the precipice. Moni was very agile; in a few minutes he had climbed up on the crag, quickly seized Swallow by the leg, and pulled her down.


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 N the following morning Moni came up the path to the Bath House, just as silent and cast down as the evening before. He brought out the landlord’s goats quietly and went on upwards, but he sang not a note, nor did he give a yodel up into the air; he let his head hang and looked as if he were afraid of something; now and then he looked around timidly, as if some one were coming after him to question him.

Moni could no longer be merry; he didn’t know himself exactly why. He wanted to be glad that he had saved Mäggerli, and sing, but he couldn’t express it. To-day the sky was covered with clouds, and Moni thought when the sun came out it would be different and he could be happy again.

When he reached the top, it began to rain quite hard. He took refuge under the Rain-rock, for it soon poured in streams from the sky.

The goats came, too, and placed themselves here and there under the rock. The aristocratic Blackie immediately wanted to protect her beautiful shiny coat and crept in under the rock before Moni did. She was now standing behind Moni and looking


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 “Now come with me, you foolish little beast, you,” scolded Moni, as he dragged Swallow along with him to the others, and held her fast for a while, until she had taken a good bite of a shrub and thought no more of running away.

“Where is Mäggerli?” screamed Moni suddenly, as he noticed Blackie standing alone in a steep place, and not eating, but quietly looking around her. The little young kid was always near Moni, or running after its mother.

“What have you done with your little kid, Blackie?” he called in alarm and sprang towards the goat. She seemed quite strange, was not eating, but stood still in the same spot and pricked up her ears inquiringly. Moni placed himself beside her and looked up and down. Now he heard a faint, pitiful bleating; it was Mäggerli’s voice, and it came from below so plaintive and beseeching. Moni lay down on the ground and leaned over. There below something was moving; now he saw quite plainly, far down Mäggerli was hanging to the bough of a tree which grew out of the rock, and was moaning pitifully; she must have fallen over.

Fortunately the bough had caught her, otherwise she would have fallen into the ravine and met a sorry death. Even now if she could no longer hold to the bough, she would fall into the depths and be dashed to pieces.


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April 30, 1846

A thousand thanks for your letter, in which you tell me of Armgard von Schilling’s betrothal to Herr von Maiboom of Pöppenrade. Armgard herself sent me an invitation (very fine, with a gilt edge), and also a letter in which she expresses herself as enchanted with her bridegroom. He sounds like a very handsome and refined man. How happy she must be! Everybody is getting married. I have had a card from Munich too, from Eva Ewers. I hear she’s getting a director of a brewery.

Now I must ask you something, dearest Mamma: Why do I hear nothing of a visit from the Buddenbrooks? Are you waiting for an official invitation from Grünlich? If so, it isn’t necessary; and besides, when I remind him to ask you, he says, “Yes, yes, child, your Father has something else to do.” Or do you think you would be disturbing me? Oh, dear me, no; quite the contrary! Perhaps you think you would make me homesick again? But don’t you know I am a reasonable woman, already middle-aged and experienced?

I’ve just been to coffee at Madame Käselau’s, a neighbour of mine. They are pleasant people, and our left-hand neighbours, the Gussmanns (but there is a good deal of space between the houses) are sociable people too. We have two friends who are at the house a good deal, both of whom live out here: Doctor Klaasen, of whom I must tell you more later, and Kesselmeyer, the banker, Grünlich’s intimate friend. You don’t know what a funny old man he is. He has a stubbly white beard and thin black and white hair on his head, that looks like down and waves in the breeze. He makes funny motions with his head, like a bird, and talks all the time, so I call him the magpie, but Grünlich has forbidden

RV 173 (173)


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 In the greatest anguish he called down: “Hold fast, Mäggerli, hold fast to the bough! See, I am coming to get you!” But how could he reach there? The wall of rock was so steep here, Moni saw very well that it would be impossible to go down that way. But the little goat must be down there somewhere near the Rain-rock, the overhanging stone under which good protection was to be found in rainy weather; the goat-boys had always spent rainy days there, therefore the stone had been called from old times the Rain-rock. From there, Moni thought he could climb across over the rocks and so bring back the little kid.

He quickly whistled the flock together and went with them down to the place from which he could reach the Rain-rock. There he left them to graze and went to the rock. Here he immediately saw, just a little bit above him, the bough of the tree, and the kid hanging to it. He saw very well that it would not be an easy task to climb up there and then down again with Mäggerli on his back, but there was no other way to rescue her. He also thought the dear Lord would surely stand by him, and then he could not possibly fail. He folded his hands, looked up to heaven and prayed: “Oh, dear Lord, help me, so that I can save Mäggerli!”

Then he was full of trust that all would go well, and bravely clambered up the rock until he reached


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RV 174 (BUDDENBROOKS) me to say that, because magpies steal, and Herr Kesselmeyer is an honourable man. He stoops when he walks, and rows along with his arms. His fuzz only reaches half-way down his head in the back, and from there on his neck is all red and seamy. There is something so awfully sprightly about him! Sometimes he pats me on the cheek and says, “You good little wifey! what a blessing for Grünlich that he has got you.” Then he takes out his eye-glasses (he always wears three of them, on long cords, that are forever getting tangled up in his white waistcoat) and sticks them on his nose, which he wrinkles up to make them stop on, and looks at me with his mouth open, until I have to laugh, right in his face. But he takes no offence at that.

Grünlich is very busy; he drives into town in the morning in our little yellow wagon and often does not come back till late. Sometimes he sits down with me and reads the paper. When we go into society—for example, to Kesselmeyer’s, or to Consul Goudstikker on the Alster Dam, or Senator Bock in City Hall Street—we have to take a hired coach. I have begged Grünlich again and again to get a coupé, for it is really a necessity out here. He has half promised, but, strange to say, he does not like to go into society with me and is evidently displeased when I visit people in the town. Do you suppose he is jealous?

Our villa, which I’ve already described to you in detail, dear Mamma, is really very pretty, and is much prettier by reason of the new furnishings. You could not find a flaw in the upstairs sitting-room—all in brown silk. The dining-room next is prettily wainscoted. The chairs cost twenty-five marks apiece. I sit in the “pensée-room,” which we use as a sitting-room. There is also a little room for smoking and playing cards. The salon, which takes up the whole other half of the parterre, has new yellow blinds now and looks very well. Above are the bed, bath, and dressing-rooms and the servants’ quarters. We have a little groom for the yellow wagon. I am fairly well satisfied with the two maid-servants. I am not sure they are quite honest, but thank God I don’t have to look after every kreuzer. In short, everything is really worthy of the family and the firm. RV 174 (174)


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RV 175 (BUDDENBROOKS) And now, dear Mamma, comes the most important part of my letter, which I have kept till the last. A while ago I was feeling rather queer—not exactly ill and yet not quite well. I told Dr. Klaasen about it when I had the chance. He is a little bit of a man with a big head and a still bigger hat. He carries a cane with a flat round handle made of a piece of bone, and walks with it pressed against his whiskers, which are almost light-green from being dyed so many years. Well, you should have seen him! he did not answer my questions at all, but jerked his eye-glasses, twinkled his little eyes, wrinkled his nose at me—it looks like a potato—snickered, giggled, and stared so impertinently that I did not know what to do. Then he examined me, and said everything was going on well, only I must drink mineral water, because I am perhaps a little anaemic. Oh, Mamma, do tell Papa about it, so he can put it in the family book. I will write you again as soon as possible, you may be sure.

Give my love to Papa, Christian, Clara, Clothilde and Ida Jungmann. I wrote to Thomas just lately.

Your dutiful daughter,

August 2, 1846

I have read with pleasure the news of your meeting with Christian in Amsterdam. It must have been a happy few days for both of you. I have no word as yet of your brother’s further journey to England via Ostende, but I hope that with God’s mercy it has been safely accomplished. It may not be too late, since Christian has decided to give up a professional career, for him to learn much that is valuable from his chief, Mr. Richardson; may he prosper and find blessing in the mercantile line! Mr. Richardson, Threadneedle Street, is, as you know, a close business friend of our house; I consider myself lucky to have placed both my sons with such friendly-disposed firms. You are now experiencing the good result of such a policy; and I feel profound satisfaction that Herr van der Kellen has already raised your salary in the quarter

RV 175 (175)


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 the bough above. Here he clung fast with both feet, lifted the trembling, moaning little creature to his shoulders, and then climbed with great caution back down again. When he had the firm earth under his feet once more and had saved the terror-stricken kid, he was so glad he had to offer thanks aloud and cried up to heaven:

“Oh, dear Lord, I thank Thee a thousand times for having helped us so well! Oh, we are both so glad for it!” Then he sat down on the ground a little while, and stroked the kid, for she was still trembling in all her delicate limbs, and comforted her for enduring so much suffering.

As it was soon time for departure, Moni placed the little goat on his shoulders again, and said anxiously:

“Come, you poor Mäggerli, you are still trembling; you cannot walk home to-day, I must carry you—” and so he carried the little creature, clinging close to him, all the way down.

Paula was standing on the last rise in front of the Bath House, waiting for the goat-boy. Her aunt had accompanied her. When Moni came down with his burden on his back, Paula wanted to know if the kid was sick, and showed great interest. When Moni saw this, he at once sat down on the ground in front of Paula and told her his day’s experience with Mäggerli.


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RV 176 (BUDDENBROOKS) of a year you have been with him, and that he will continue to give you advancement. I am convinced that you have shown and will continue to show yourself, by your industry and good behaviour, worthy of these favours.

I regret to hear that your health is not so good as it should be. What you write me of nervousness reminds me of my own youth, when I was working in Antwerp and had to go to Ems to take a cure. If anything of the sort seems best for you, my son, I am ready to encourage you with advice and assistance, although I am avoiding such expense for the rest of us in these times of political unrest.

However, your Mother and I took a trip to Hamburg in the middle of June to visit your sister Tony. Her husband had not invited us, but he received us with the greatest cordiality and devoted himself to us so entirely during the two days of our visit, that he neglected his business and hardly left me time for a visit to Duchamps in the town. Antonie is in her fifth month, and her physician assures her that everything is going on in a normal and satisfactory way.

I have still to mention a letter from Herr van der Kellen, from which I was pleased to learn that you are a favoured guest in his family circle. You are now, my son, at an age to begin to harvest the fruits of the upbringing your parents gave you. It may be helpful to you if I tell you that at your age, both in Antwerp and Bergen, I formed a habit of making myself useful and agreeable to my principals; and this was of the greatest service to me. Aside from the honour of association with the family of the head of the firm, one acquires an advocate in the person of the principal’s wife; and she may prove invaluable in the undesirable contingency of an oversight at the office or the dissatisfaction of your chief for some slight cause or other.

As regards your business plans for the future, my son, I rejoice in the lively interest they indicate, without being able entirely to agree with them. You start with the idea that the market for our native products—for instance, grain, rapeseed, hides and skins, wool, oil, oil-cake, bones, etc.—is our chief concern; and you think it would be of advantage for

RV 176 (176)


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RV 177 (BUDDENBROOKS) you to turn yourself to the commission branch of the business. I once occupied myself with these ideas, at a time when the competition was small (it has since distinctly increased), and I made some experiments in them. My journey to England had for its chief purpose to look out connections there for my undertakings. To this end I went as far as Scotland, and made many valuable acquaintances; but I soon recognized the precarious nature of an export trade hither, and decided to discourage further expansion in that direction. Thus I kept in mind the warning of our forefather, the founder of the firm, which he bequeathed to us, his descendants: “My son, attend with zeal to thy business by day, but do none that hinders thee from thy sleep at night.”

This principle I intend to keep sacred, now as in the past, though one is sometimes forced to entertain a doubt, on contemplating the operations of people who seem to get on better without it. I am thinking of Strunk and Hagenström, who have made such notable progress while our own business seems almost at a stand-still. You know that the house has not enlarged its business since the set-back consequent upon the death of your grandfather; and I pray to God that I shall be able to turn over the business to you in its present state. I have an experienced and cautious adviser in our head clerk Marcus. If only your Mother’s family would hang on to their groschen a little better! The inheritance is a matter of real importance for us.

I am unusually full of business and civic work. I have been made alderman of the Board of the Bergen Line; also city deputy for the Finance Department, the Chamber of Commerce, the Auditing Commission, and the Almshouse of St. Anne, one after the other.

Your Mother, Clara and Clothilde send greetings. Also several gentlemen—Senator Möllendorpf, Doctor Överdieck, Consul Kistenmaker, Gosch the broker, C. F. Köppen, and Herr Marcus in the office, have asked to be remembered. God’s blessing on you, my dear son. Work, pray, and save.

With affectionate regards,

RV 177 (177)


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RV 178 (BUDDENBROOKS) October 8, 1846

The undersigned is overjoyed to be able to advise you of the happy accouchement, half an hour ago, of your daughter, my beloved wife Antonie. It is, by God’s will, a daughter; I can find no words to express my joyful emotion. The health of the dear patient, as well as of the infant, is unexceptionable. Dr. Klaasen is entirely satisfied with the way things have gone; and Frau Grossgeorgis, the midwife, says it was simply nothing at all. Excitement obliges me to lay down my pen. I commend myself to my worthy parents with the most respectful affection.

If it had been a boy, I had a very pretty name. As it is, I wanted to name her Meta, but Grünlich is for Erica.

RV 178 (178)


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is the matter, Betsy?” said the Consul, as he came to the table and lifted up the plate with which his soup was covered. “Aren’t you well? You don’t look just right to me.”

The round table in the great dining-room was grown very small. Around it there gathered in these days, besides the parents, only little Clara, now ten years old, Mamsell Jungmann, and Clothilde, as humble, lean, and hungry as ever. The Consul looked about him: every face was long and gloomy. What had happened? He himself was troubled and anxious; for the Bourse was unsteady, owing to this complicated Schleswig-Holstein affair. And still another source of disquiet was in the air; when Anton had gone to fetch in the meat course, the Consul heard what had happened. Trina, the cook, who had never before been anything but loyal and dutiful to her mistress, had suddenly shown clear signs of revolt. To the Frau Consul’s great vexation, she had been maintaining relations—a sort of spiritual affinity, it seemed—with the butcher’s apprentice; and that man of blood must have influenced her political views in a most regrettable way. The Consul’s wife had addressed some reproach to her in the matter of an unsuccessful sauce, and she had put her naked arms akimbo and delivered herself as follows: “You jus’ wait, Frau Consul; ’tain’ goin’ t’ be much longer—there’ll come another order inter the world. ’N’ then I’ll be sittin’ on the sofa in a silk gownd, an’ you’ll be servin’ me.” Naturally, she received summary notice.

The Consul shook his head. He himself had had similar troubles. The old porters and labourers were of course re-

RV 179 (179)


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" so it is," said Poirot, "that we are the good friends and have no secrets from each other."

Katherine turned her head to look at him. There was something in his voice, some undercurrent of seriousness, which she had not heard before.

They were sitting in the gardens of Monte Carlo. Katherine had come over with her friends, and they had run into Knighton and Poirot almost immediately on arrival. Lady Tamplin had seized upon Knighton and had overwhelmed him with reminiscences, most of which Katherine had a faint suspicion were invented. They had moved away together, Lady Tamplin with her hand on the young man's arm. Knighton had thrown a couple of glances back over his shoulder, and Poirot's eyes twinkled a little as he saw them.

"Of course we are friends," said Katherine . "From the beginning we have been sympathetic to each other," mused Poirot.

"When you told me that a 'Roman Policier' occurs in real life."

"And I was right, was I not?" he challenged her, with an emphatic forefinger. "Here we are, plunged in the middle of one. That is natural for meit is my métierbut for you it is different. Yes," he added in a reflective tone, "for you it is different."

She looked sharply at him. It was as though he were