text:
Executive Order No. 39 (Bongbong Marcos)

WHEREAS, Section 2 of Republic Act (RA) No. 7581 or the "Price Act," as amended by RA No. 10623, declares it a policy of the State to provide effective and sufficient protection to consumers against hoarding, profiteering and cartels with respect to the supply, distribution, marketing and pricing of goods during periods of calamity, emergency and widespread illegal price manipulation, and other similar situations;

WHEREAS, Section 2 of RA 10845 or the "Anti-Agricultural Smuggling Act of 2016," mandates the State to promote the productivity of the agriculture sector and to protect farmers from unscrupulous traders and importers, who by their illegal importation of agricultural products, especially rice, significantly affect the production, availability of supply and stability of prices, and the food security of the State;

WHEREAS, Section 7 of RA No. 7581 provides that the President, upon the recommendation of the implementing agency or the Price Coordinating Council, may impose a price ceiling on any basic necessity or prime commodity in any of the following conditions: (i) threat, existence, or effect of an emergency; (ii) prevalence or widespread acts of illegal price manipulation; (iii) impendency, existence, or effect of any event that causes artificial and unreasonable increase in the price of the basic necessity or prime commodity; and (iv) whenever the prevailing price of any basic necessity or prime commodity has risen to unreasonable levels;

WHEREAS, the Department of Agriculture (DA) and the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) have reported that the country's rice supplies have reached a stable level and are sufficient owing to the arrival of rice imports and expected surplus on local rice production;

WHEREAS, despite the steady supply of rice, the DA and DTI have also reported that the widespread practice of alleged illegal price manipulation, such as hoarding by opportunistic traders and collusion among industry cartels in light of the lean season, as well as global events taking place beyond the Philippine's control, such as the Russia-Ukraine conflict, India's ban on rice exportation, and the unpredictability of oil prices in the world market, among other factors, have caused an alarming increase in the retail prices of this basic necessity;

WHEREAS, the current surge in retail prices of rice in the country has resulted in a considerable economic strain on Filipinos, particularly those who are underprivileged and marginalized;

WHEREAS, to address the rising food prices, the DA and DTI have recommended the imposition of mandated price ceilings on rice in the whole country pursuant to Section 7 of RA No. 7581;

WHEREAS, in light of the current situation, it is crucial and urgent for the State to guarantee that basic necessities are not only sufficient but also reasonably priced and conveniently accessible to every Filipino; and

WHEREAS, Section 17, Article VII of the Constitution vests in the President the power of control of all executive departments, bureaus and offices, and the mandate to ensure the faithful execution of laws;

NOW, THEREFORE, I, FERDINAND R. MARCOS, JR., President of the Philippines, by virtue of the powers vested in me by the Constitution and existing laws, do hereby order:

'''Section 1. Mandated Price Ceilings.''' Upon the joint recommendation of the DA and DTI, the mandated price ceilings on rice shall be implemented in the whole country, as follows:

'''Section 2. Period.''' The mandated price ceilings shall remain in full force and effect unless earlier lifted by the President upon the recommendation of the Price Coordinating Council or the DA and DTI.

'''Section 3. Agency Directives.''' To ensure the immediate and effective implementation of this Order, the following national government agencies are directed to perform the following:

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a. Pursuant to Section 10(9) and (15) of RA No. 7581, the DTI and DA shall ensure the strict implementation of the mandated price ceilings on rice in the market, including monitoring and investigation of abnormal price movements thereof, and provision of assistance to affected retailers. The Department of the Interior and Local Government shall provide the necessary support to the DA and DTI for this purpose;

b. To the fullest extent permitted by existing laws, including without limitation, Sections 3, 4 and 5 of RA No. 10845 and Section 5(1) of RA No. 7581, in relation to Section 224 and other relevant provisions of RA No. 10863 or the "Customs Modernization and Tariff Act," the Bureau of Customs (BOC) shall intensify ongoing inspections and raids of rice warehouses to combat hoarding and illegal importation of rice in the country, and to facilitate the confiscation, seizure, or forfeiture of smuggled rice as may be warranted by law. To this end, the DA shall provide the necessary assistance to the BOC, which shall include the sharing of relevant information such as inventory of rice stocks, list of accredited rice importers, and location of rice warehouses;

c. Consistent with Section 12(a) and (l) of RA No. 10667 or the "Philippine Competition Act," the Philippine Competition Commission, in coordination with the DA and DTI, shall take measures against cartels or those abusing their dominant position in the market to ensure fair market competition and uphold consumer welfare and protection; and

d. The Philippine National Police and other law enforcement agencies shall render the necessary support and assistance to the DTI and DA to ensure the immediate and effective enforcement of this Order.

'''Section 4. Separability.''' If any part or provision of this Order shall be held invalid or unconstitutional, the provisions not affected thereby shall remain in full force and effect.

'''Section 5. Repeal.''' All orders, rules and regulations, and other issuances or parts thereof which are inconsistent with the provisions of this Order are hereby repealed or modified accordingly.

'''Section 6. Effectivity.''' This Order shall take effect immediately upon publication in the Official Gazette or in a newspaper of general circulation.

DONE, in the City of Manila, this 31st day of August, in the year of our Lord, Two Thousand and Twenty-Three.

By the President:

LUCAS P. BERSAMIN Executive Secretary


text:
Page:Rudiments of Grammar for the English-Saxon Tongue (Elstob 1715).djvu/19

 manner, and in the least compass: and the Qualities and Relations, by suitable Additions, and Composition of Primitive Words ; for which the Saxon Language is very remarkable, as has been before observed, and of which there are numerous Examples, in the following Treatise of Saxon Grammar, and infinitely more might have been added.

The second Enquiry is, whether or no the Copiousnes and Variety of Monosyllables may be always justly reputed a fault, and may not as justly be thought, to be very useful and ornamental? Were this a fault, it might as justly be charged upon the learned language the Latin as Greek: For the Latin you have in Lilly's Rules concerning Nouns, several Verses, made up for the most part of Monosyllables, I mention him not as a Classick, but because the Words are Classical and Monosyllables; and in the Greek there are several as it were, idle Monosyllables, that have little Significancy, except to make the Numbers in Verse compleat, or to give a Fulness to their Periods, as the Verses of Homer and other Greek Poets plainly evidence: An Instance or two may suffice;

Here are four Monosyllables in this Verfe.

Here are six Monosyllables, and one cutting off.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
The New Monthly Belle Assemblée

 * /Volume 1/ (1834)
 * /Volume 2/ (January–June 1835)
 * /Volume 3/ (July–December 1835)
 * /Volume 4/ (January–June 1836)
 * /Volume 5/ (July–December 1836)
 * /Volume 6/ (January–June 1837)
 * /Volume 7/ (July–December 1837)
 * /Volume 8/ (January–June 1838)
 * /Volume 9/ (July–December 1838)
 * /Volume 10/ (January–June 1839)
 * /Volume 11/ (July–December 1839)
 * /Volume 12/ (January–June 1840)
 * /Volume 13/ (July–December 1840)
 * /Volume 14/ (January–June 1841)
 * /Volume 15/ (July–December 1841)
 * /Volume 16/ (January–June 1842)
 * /Volume 17/ (July–December 1842)
 * /Volume 18/ (January–June 1843)
 * /Volume 19/ (July–December 1843)
 * /Volume 20/ (January–June 1844)
 * /Volume 21/ (July–December 1844)
 * /Volume 22/ (January–June 1845)
 * /Volume 23/ (July–December 1845)
 * /Volume 24/ (January–June 1846)
 * /Volume 25/ (July–December 1846)
 * /Volume 26/ (January–June 1847)
 * /Volume 27/ (July–December 1847)
 * /Volume 28/ (January–June 1848)
 * /Volume 29/ (July–December 1848)
 * /Volume 30/ (January–June 1849)
 * /Volume 31/ (July–December 1849)
 * /Volume 32/ (January–June 1850)
 * /Volume 33/ (July–December 1850)
 * /Volume 34/ (January–June 1851)
 * /Volume 35/ (July–December 1851)
 * /Volume 36/ (January–June 1852) also numbered Series 2, Volume 1
 * /Volume 37/ (July–December 1852) also numbered Series 2, Volume 2
 * /Volume 38/ (January–June 1853) also numbered Series 2, Volume 3
 * /Volume 39/ (July–December 1853) also numbered Series 2, Volume 4
 * /Volume 40/ (January–June 1854) also numbered Series 2, Volume 5
 * /Volume 41/ (July–December 1854) also numbered Series 2, Volume 6
 * /Volume 42/ (January–June 1855) also numbered Series 2, Volume 7
 * /Volume 43/ (July–December 1855) also numbered Series 2, Volume 8
 * /Volume 44/ (January–June 1856) also numbered Series 2, Volume 9
 * /Volume 45/ (July–December 1856) also numbered Series 2, Volume 10
 * /Volume 46/ (January–June 1857) also numbered Series 2, Volume 11
 * /Volume 47/ (July–December 1857) also numbered Series 2, Volume 12
 * /Volume 48/ (January–June 1858) also numbered Series 2, Volume 13
 * /Volume 49/ (July–December 1858) also numbered Series 2, Volume 14
 * /Volume 50/ (January–June 1859) also numbered Series 2, Volume 15
 * /Volume 51/ (July–December 1859) also numbered Series 2, Volume 16
 * /Volume 52/ (January–June 1860) also numbered Series 2, Volume 17
 * /Volume 53/ (July–December 1860) also numbered Series 2, Volume 18
 * /Volume 54/ (January–June 1861) also numbered Series 2, Volume 19
 * /Volume 55/ (July–December 1861) also numbered Series 2, Volume 20
 * /Volume 56/ (January–June 1862) also numbered Series 2, Volume 21
 * /Volume 57/ (July–December 1862) also numbered Series 2, Volume 22
 * /Volume 58/ (January–June 1863) also numbered Series 2, Volume 23
 * /Volume 59/ (July–December 1863) also numbered Series 2, Volume 24
 * /Volume 60/ (January–June 1864) also numbered Series 2, Volume 25
 * /Volume 61/ (July–December 1864) also numbered Series 2, Volume 26
 * /Volume 62/ (January–June 1865) also numbered Series 2, Volume 27
 * /Volume 63/ (July–December 1865) also numbered Series 2, Volume 28
 * /Volume 64/ (January–June 1866) also numbered Series 2, Volume 29
 * /Volume 65/ (July–December 1866) also numbered Series 2, Volume 30
 * /Volume 66/ (January–June 1867) also numbered Series 2, Volume 31
 * /Volume 67/ (July–December 1867) also numbered Series 2, Volume 32
 * /Volume 68/ (January–June 1868) also numbered Series 2, Volume 33
 * /Volume 69/ (July–December 1868) also numbered Series 2, Volume 34
 * /Volume 70/ (January–June 1869) also numbered Series 2, Volume 35
 * /Volume 71/ (July–December 1869) also numbered Series 2, Volume 36
 * /Volume 72/ (January–June 1870) also numbered Series 2, Volume 37
 * /Volume 73/ (July–December 1870) also numbered Series 2, Volume 38

title: The New Monthly Belle Assemblée


text:
Page:Memoirs of Vidocq, Volume 3.djvu/7

 OF

PRINCIPAL AGENT OF THE FRENCH POLICE

1827:

AND NOW PROPRIETOR OF

THE PAPER MANUFACTORY AT ST MANDÉ.

WRITTEN BY HIMSELF.

TRANSLATED FROM THE FRENCH.

IN FOUR VOLUMES. VOL. III. LONDON:

WHITAKER, TREACHER, AND ARNOT.

AVE-MARIA-LANE.

title: Page:Memoirs of Vidocq, Volume 3.djvu/7


text:
The New Monthly Belle Assemblée/Volume 22

 * /January 1845/
 * /February 1845/
 * /March 1845/
 * /April 1845/
 * /May 1845/
 * /June 1845/


text:
The New Monthly Belle Assemblée/Volume 22/April 1845

 * "/Fatal Curiosity/" by Johann August Apel, translated by Mary Ann Youatt
 * "/Stanzas/", author unknown


text:
Page:ISC-China.pdf/113

As we have noted in Part One, the UK is a target for China in its efforts to build global support for its core interests, to mute international criticism and to gain economically. To achieve these aims, China seeks 'political influence' in the UK and 'economic advantage' over the UK. During this Inquiry, we have examined the influence and advantage China seeks through three areas: Academia, Industry and Technology, and Civil Nuclear energy. We explore the threat and response to these three key areas in the subsequent Case Studies, starting with Chinese interference in UK Academia.

The UK's academic institutions provide a rich feeding ground for China to achieve both political influence and economic advantage by both:

controlling the narrative of debate about China within UK universities by exerting influence over institutions, individual UK academics and Chinese students; and obtaining Intellectual Property (IP) by directing or stealing UK academic research in order to build, or short-cut to, Chinese expertise.

These strands can often overlap, and the UK Intelligence Community assess that it is not always clear which is the driver: "it is difficult to know if interference is the priority or whether it is a by-product of trying to acquire sensitive material and expertise".

What is clear from our Inquiry is that the academic sector has not received sufficient advice on, or protection from, either.

The External Expert witnesses who gave evidence to the Committee were very clear that Chinese attempts to interfere and stifle debate amongst the academic community in the UK are a significant problem, and they provided us with numerous examples.

By contrast, historically, the Intelligence Community considered that, while China had "***" to interfere in UK Academia, there was not a broad evidence base for this —although it is not clear whether this was because the evidence was not there or the Intelligence Community were not looking for it. In June 2019, we were told by the Deputy National Security Adviser (DNSA) that examining the threat from interference to Academia was a "work in progress" and that there was not a "comprehensive understanding of the picture". However, towards the latter stages of our Inquiry it was recognised that evidence of malign Chinese interference in UK Academia appeared to be growing.

Pressure is primarily exerted on institutions, academics and students to prevent engagement with topics that harm the positive narrative presented by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). This is particularly acute when it involves the so-called 'Five Poisons'

title: Page:ISC-China.pdf/113


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Page:No More Parades (Albert & Charles Boni).djvu/129

 the opportunity and he could by no means trust his orderly officers.

At breakfast in the depot mess-hut he was detained by the colonel in command of the depot, the Anglican padre and McKechnie; the colonel, very old, so frail that you would have thought that a shudder or a cough would have shaken his bones one from another, had yet a passionate belief that the Greek Church should exchange communicants with the Anglican: the padre, a stout, militant Churchman, had a gloomy contempt for Orthodox theology. McKechnie from time to time essayed to define the communion according to the Presbyterian rite. They all listened to Tietjens whilst he dilated on the historic aspects of the various schisms of Christianity and accepted his rough definition to the effect that, in transubstantiation, the host actually became the divine presence, whereas in consubstantiation the substance of the host, as if miraculously become porous, was suffused with the presence as a sponge is with water They all agreed that the breakfast bacon supplied from store was uneatable and agreed to put up half a crown a week a piece to get better for their table.

Tietjens had walked in the sunlight down the lines, past the hut with the evergreen climbing rose, in the sunlight, thinking in an interval, good-humouredly about his official religion: about the Almighty as, on a colossal scale, a great English Landowner, benevolently awful, a colossal duke who never left his study and was thus invisible, but knowing all about the estate down to the last hind at the home farm and the last oak: Christ, an almost too benevolent Land-Steward, son of the Owner, knowing all about the estate down to the last child at the porter's lodge, apt to be got round


text:
Page:No More Parades (Albert & Charles Boni).djvu/130

 by the more detrimental tenants: the Third Person of the Trinity, the spirit of the estate, the Game as it were, as distinct from the players of the game: the atmosphere of the estate, that of the interior of Winchester Cathedral just after a Handel anthem has been finished, a perpetual Sunday, with, probably, a little cricket for the young men. Like Yorkshire of a Saturday afternoon; if you looked down on the whole broad county you would not see a single village green without its white flannels. That was why Yorkshire always leads the averages Probably by the time you got to heaven you would be so worn out by work on this planet that you would accept the English Sunday, for ever, with extreme relief!

With his belief that all that was good in English literature ended with the seventeenth century, his imaginations of heaven must be materialist—like Bunyan's. He laughed good-humouredly at his projection of a hereafter. It was probably done with. Along with cricket. There would be no more parades of that sort. Probably they would play some beastly yelping game Like baseball or Association football And heaven Oh, it would be a revival meeting on a Welsh hillside. Or Chatauqua, wherever that was And God? A Real Estate Agent, with Marxist views He hoped to be out of it before the cessation of hostilities, in which case he might be just in time for the last train to the old heaven

In his orderly hut he found an immense number of papers. On the top an envelope marked ''Urgent. Private'' with a huge rubber stamp. From Levin. Levin, too, must have been up pretty late. It was not about Mrs. Tietjens, or even Miss de Bailly. It was a private warning that Tietjens would probably


text:
Page:Rudiments of Grammar for the English-Saxon Tongue (Elstob 1715).djvu/20

Here are seven Monosyllables; yet so far is Virgil from being angry with his Master Homer on this Account, that he in a manner transcribes his very Words, imitating him as near as the Latin wou'd permit;

Here is the whole Sense of Homer exprest, and five Monosyllables. But Mr. Dryden, who has exprest the Sense of Virgil with no less Accuracy, gives you the whole Line in Monosyllables;

Mr. Pope is equally happy in the Turn he has given to the Original, who as he is an exact Master of Criticism, so has he all those Accomplishments of an excellent Poet, that give us just Reason to hope he will make the Father of the Poets speak to us in our own Language, with all the Advantages he gave to his Works in that wherein they were first written, and the modest Opinion he prescribes to his own, and other Mens Poetical Performances, is no Discouragement to these Hopes;

And Horace, while he is teaching us the Beauties in the Art of Poetry, gives no less than nine Monosyllables in the compass of a Verse and a half;

Now


text:
Page:Footfalls of Indian History.djvu/246

igS FOOTFALLS OF INDIAN HISTORY missioning, it follows that the poem may be taken as an epitome of the Bengali civilisation of that period. We do not often realise how ample are the materials now hi existence for a full and continuous narrative of Bengal. Sarat Chandra Das long ago pointed out that the city of Lhasa is a page taken out of mediaeval Bengal. In the influence of the Bengali architect, Vidyadhar, in laying out the city of Jaipur in the reign of Sewai Jey Singh in the first half of the eighteenth century, we have evidence of a later date as to the greatness and enlightenment of the Bengali mind throughout its history. Those streets of Jaipur forty yards wide, that regard for air and the needs of sanitation, that marvellous development of the civic sense, are not modern and foreign but pre-English and Bengali in their source and origin. But to my own mind the Mahabharata is in this matter the master-document. Taking Vikramaditya as the reigning sovereign, we see here a people thoroughly conversant with civic and regal splendour. How beautiful and full of life is the following description of a city rejoicing:—

"And the citizens decorated the city with flags and standards and garlands of flowers. And the streets were watered and decked with wreaths and other ornaments. And at their gateways the citizens piled flowers. And their temples and shrines were all adorned with flowers."

There is need here, it should be added, of a


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Page:Footfalls of Indian History.djvu/247

RECENSION OF THE MAHABHARATA 199 history of books in India. What were the first manuscripts of Mahabharata written on? When "the three Vedas" are referred to with such clearness and distinctness, how does the writer or speaker conceive of them ? Is the picture in his mind that of a book or a manuscript; and if so of what composed? Or is it a choir of Brahmans, having as many parts and divisions as the Vedas themselves?

Behind all the exuberance of prosperity and happiness, moreover, in this poem, stands the life of reverence and earnest aspiration ; the ideals of faith, purity, and courage, which pervade all classes of the people alike, and are the same to-day as they were under the empire of Pataliputra. As regards his ideal of learning, a young Bengali scholar of to-day belongs still to the culture of the Gupta period. A knowledge of Sanskrit from the ancient Vedic to fje fashionable literary language of the day ; an acquaintance with certain books; and the knowledge of a definite scheme of metaphysics, logic, and philosophy may be taken as the type of scholarship then. And very few are the Bengali minds that have yet reached a point in the assimilation and expression of a new form of thought and knowledge, which would make it possible to say that they are of another age than that of Vikramaditya. Of that new age Science is to be the pivot and centre, and there can be no doubt that the era of Science, with its collateral development of geography and history,


text:
Page:Footfalls of Indian History.djvu/248

200 FOOTFALLS OF INDIAN HISTORY will directly succeed that of the Guptas, with its Sanskrit Literature and logic in Bengal. In order to pass from one type so highly evolved, however, into another which shall give the people an equal place in Humanity, it is necessary that the moral and ethical standards of the race shall grow, rather than relax, in strength and stability. The meeting line of periods is a time of winnowing and of judgment in the history of nations, and many are the souls to be scattered like chaff.

It is clear from many of the allusions in the life of Krishna, as told both in the Mahabharata and in the Puranas, that He directly, in most places, supersedes the Vedic gods. In the moment of his Ascension it is Indra who hymns Him. And already at Brindaban He has successfully preached the Law of Karma in opposition to Vedic sacrifice, and has succeeded in bringing Indra low in the ensuing contest. This new religion of Vishnu, indeed, like that of Shiva, belongs to a different class from that of the old nature-gods. The more modern are subjective. Their sphere is in the soul, and their power that of the highest ideals. Indra, Agni, Yama, and Varuna represented external forces, cosmic some of them, irresistible in their might by puny man, glorious, lovable, but not of. They were supremely objective.

The story of Nala and Damayanti, coming as it does out of the earlier Vedic period, has nevertheless had its conclusion modified by the Gupta


text:
Page:Footfalls of Indian History.djvu/249

RECENSION OF THE MAHABHARATA 201 poets, in accordance with that amelioration of taste and manners which is inseparable from a great and long-established civilisation, and also doubtless with that high development of religious ideals which will always take place in India in periods of prosperity and power. We feel it artistically wrong that Koli (कलि) should be allowed to depart, and Pushkara should be forgiven. But the subjects of the Gupta emperors had been for ages accustomed to peace and wealth, and in the general refinement of the period reconciliation was desired as the dramatic climax, not revenge. The story of Savitri shows the same trend of popular taste in somewhat different fashion. She triumphs over death—not by the heroic methods of the earlier maiden, who could appeal to the honour of the gods and meet with jovial and thoroughly benevolent treatment in return, but by sheer force of the spiritual ideal. Born of prayer itself, prepared for the supreme encounter by vigil and fast, Savitri is no Vedic princess, but a tender, modern, Hindu woman. She belongs almost unconsciously to the coming era of subjective soul-staying faiths. The boisterous days of storm and fire and forest worships are now far behind.

Between these two ages, however, of the Vedic gods on the one hand, and the theological systems of Vishnu and Shiva on the other, there is in the Mahabharata and also in the Puranas to a less extent one anomalous figure. It is that of


text:
Page:No More Parades (Albert & Charles Boni).djvu/131

 have his draft on his hands another week or ten days, and very likely another couple of thousand men extra as well. He warned Tietjens to draw all the tents he could get hold of as soon as possible Tietjens called to a subaltern with pimples who was picking his teeth with a pen-nib at the other end of the hut: "Here, you Take two companies of the Canadians to the depot store and draw all the tents you can get up to two hundred and fifty Have 'em put alongside my D lines Do you know how to look after putting up tents Well then, get Thompson no, Pitkins, to help you" The subaltern drifted out sulkily. Levin said that the French railway strikers, for some political reason, had sabotaged a mile of railway, the accident of the night before had completely blocked up all the lines, and the French civilians would not let their own breakdown gangs make any repairs. German prisoners had been detailed for that fatigue, but probably Tietjens' Canadian railway corps would be wanted. He had better hold them in readiness. The strike was said to be a manoeuvre for forcing our hands—to get us to take over more of the line. In that case they had jolly well dished themselves, for how could we take over more of the line without more men, and how could we send up more men without the railway to send them by? We had half a dozen army corps all ready to go. Now they were all jammed. Fortunately the weather at the front was so beastly that the Germans could not move. He finished up "Four in the morning, old bean, à tantôt!" the last phrase having been learned from Mile de Bailly. Tietjens grumbled that if they went on piling up the work on him like this he would never get down to the signing of that marriage contract.


text:
Page:Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society (IA journalofstrait121878roya).pdf/17

 * The Ven'ble Archdeacon Hose, M. A. President.
 * J. D. Vaughan, Esq. Vice President, Singapore.
 * D. Logan, Esq. Vice President, Penang.
 * The Hon'ble C. J. Irving. Honorary Treasurer.
 * A. M. Skinner, Esq. Honorary Secretary.
 * The Hon'ble J. Douglas,
 * Ernest Bieber, Esq.,
 * N. B. Dennys, Esq. Ph. D.
 * E. Kock, Esq.
 * J. Miller, Esq.

 * Adamson, W.
 * Aitken, D.
 * Augus, G.
 * Anson, A.
 * Armstrong, A.
 * Baumgarten, C.
 * Bentley, Dr. J. M.
 * Bentley, H. E.
 * Bernard, A.
 * Bernard, F. G.
 * Bernard, C. G.
 * Biggs, Revd, L. C.
 * Birch, J. K.
 * Black, A. F.
 * Boinville, A. A. de.
 * Bond, Hon. I. S.
 * Boultbee, F. R.
 * Bradford, F.
 * Brooke, St. H. Sir, (Hon. Member.)
 * Brown, L.
 * Bruce, Rob, R.
 * Brüssel, J.
 * Burkinshaw, J.
 * Caddy, E. B.
 * Campbell, R.
 * Ching, Tan Kim.
 * Cope, H.
 * Cornelius, B. M. A.
 * Cousins, A. W. V.
 * Caffe, J. C.
 * Dalmann, E. B.
 * Daly, D. D.
 * Dennys, H. P. T.
 * Denison, N.
 * Douglas, Capt. Blomfield (Resident of Selangor.)
 * Doyle, P.
 * Droeze, Lt. J. Haver.
 * Duff, Alex.
 * Dunlop, C.
 * Dunlop, C. J. T.
 * Dunlop, Major R. A.
 * Emmerson, C.
 * Fall, Dr. T. B.
 * Festa, Chevalier.
 * Fraser, J.
 * Glintz, C.


text:
Page:Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society (IA journalofstrait121878roya).pdf/18

 : Gomes, Revd., W. H.
 * Graham, J.
 * Gray, A.
 * Hagedorn, E.
 * Hansen, J. H.
 * Hazle, E.
 * Hermens, A. H. A.
 * Hervey, D. F. A.
 * Herwig, H.
 * Hewetson, H. W.
 * Hill, E. C.
 * Hole, W.
 * Holmberg, B. H.
 * Hordyk, K. F.
 * Hughes, H. L.
 * Hallett, R. W.
 * Inchi Ibrahim bin Abdullah.
 * Inchi Mahomed bin Maboob.
 * Innes, J.
 * Junied, Syed Aboobaker bin Omar Al’.
 * Kauffman, A.
 * Kehding. F.
 * Ker, W. G.
 * Ker, Y. R.
 * Kynnersley, C. W. S.
 * Labuan & S'baya, Ld. Bishop of (Hon. Member.)
 * Lambert, J. R. (H. Member.)
 * Lambert, E.
 * Lambert, G. K.
 * Leech, H. W. C.
 * Leicester, A. W. M.
 * Little, Dr. R.
 * Low, Hugh (Rest. of Perak.)
 * Maack, H. F.
 * Maclay, de Mikluho (Honorary Member.)
 * MacLaverty, G.
 * MacNair, Hon. Major J. F. A.
 * Maxwell, W, E.
 * Maxwell, F.
 * Maxwell, R. W.
 * Mohamed, Syed Moonshi.
 * Muhry, O.
 * Murray, Capt., R. (Resdt. of S. Ujong.)
 * Murton, H. J.
 * Newton, H. W.
 * Paul, W. F. B.
 * Penndy, F. G.
 * Perbam, Rev.
 * Pickering, W. A.
 * Pistorious, P.
 * Rappa, G.
 * Read, Hon'ble W. H.
 * Remé G. A.
 * Rinn, Edmond.
 * Rowell, Dr. T. I.
 * Sagoff, Syed Mohamed bin Ahmed Al’.
 * Scheerder, J. C.
 * Sehomburgk, C.
 * Shelford, T.
 * Shaw, Hon. Capt., E. W. Lt. Gov. of Malacca.
 * Skinner, C. J.
 * Sinclair, E.
 * Smith, W. B.
 * Solist, T.
 * Stewart, C. de B.
 * Stiven, Rob. G.
 * Suhl, M.
 * Swettenham, F. A.
 * Swinburne, Capt. Paul.
 * Symes, R. L.
 * Talbot, A. P.
 * Thompson, W.
 * Tolson, G. R.
 * Trachsler, H.
 * Treacher, H. E. & W. H.
 * Trebing, Dr.
 * Uloth, H. W
 * Vaughan, H. C.
 * Veitch, Dr. J. T.
 * Verboch, Baron.
 * Walker, Lt. R. S. F.
 * Whampoa, Hon. H.A.K.
 * Wheatley, J. J. L.
 * Wilson, J. W.
 * Woodford, H. W.
 * Wynken, R.
 * Zemke, P.


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Rh The following index to this translation of "Der Einzige und sein Eigentum" is intended to help one, after reading the book, to find a passage which he remembers. It is not a concordance to aid in analytical study. Hence the designations of the matter referred to are in a form intended to be recognized by the person who remembers the passage; I have generally preferred, so far as convenience permitted, to use the words of the text itself, being confident that a description of the subject-matter in words more appropriate to the summary form of the index would never help any person to find his passage. If the designations are recognizable, I have permitted to be rough.

Of necessity the index has been made hastily, and I hereby confess it to be guilty of all the faults that an index can possess, though I hope that the page numbers will prove to be accurate. The faults that I Am most ashamed of are the incompleteness which usually omits the shorter occurrences of a given word of idea and the indefiniteness of the "ff." which does not tell the reader haw far the reference extends. It has actually not been in my power to avoid either of these faults, and I hope they will not prevent the index from being of very considerable use to those who pay continued attention to the book. These two faults will be found least noticeable in the references to proper names and quotations: therefore the reader who wants to find a passage will do best to remember, if possible, a conspicuous proper name or a quotation whose source is known—perhaps oftenest from the Bible—and look up his passage for that. In the indexing of quotations, however, I have omitted anonymous proverbs, lines of German hymns, and quotations of whose authorship I was (whether perdonably or unpardonably) ignorant.

The abbreviations are: ftn., "footnote"; f., "and next page"; ff., "and following pages."

S. T. B.


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 * The Ven. Archdeacon G. F. Hose.
 * N. B. Dennys, Esq., Ph. D.
 * A. Gray,
 * D. F. A. Hervey,
 * The Hon. C. J. Irving,
 * W. E. Maxwell,
 * F. Maxwell,
 * W. A. Pickering,
 * A. M. Skinner,
 * J. D. Vaughan,

The Venerable Archdeacon Hose having been requested to take the Chair, Mr. A. M. Skinner explained the object of the Meeting,—that of forming a Society to promote the collection and record of information relating to the Straits Settlements and the neighbouring countries.

Mr. Skinner proposed and Mr. Irving seconded,

"That the gentlemen present form themselves into a Society for collecting and recording Scientific information in the Malay Peninsula aud Archipelago: the said Society to be, for the present, called the "Straits Asiatic Society."

Mr. Hervey proposed and M. W. E. Maxwell seconded,

That the gentlemen present form themselves into a provisional Committee, any three of whom will form a quorum."

Dr. N. B. Denuys proposed and Mr. Vaughan seconded,

"That the Committee be requested to communicate with the Royal Asiatic Society with a view to the Society being incorporated as the Straits Branch of that Society."

Mr. A. Gray proposed and Mr. W. A. Pickering seconded,

"That the subscription of the Society be fixed at $6 per annum; and that the Hon. C. J. Irving be requested to act as Honorary Treasurer."


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 Mr. Irving consented to accept the office, and Dr. Dennys agreed to act as Honorary Secretary until the receipt of the answer from the Royal Asiatic Society,

The following gentlemen having previously signified their interest in the establishment of such a Society, though unable to be present at the Meeting, it was agreed that their names should be included in the List of "Original Members" to be sent to the Royal Asiatic Society with the application for incorporation:—viz.

 * The Hon. J. Douglas, C. M. G.
 * Hon, W. Adamson.
 * Herbert Cope, Esq.
 * F. Kehding,

A draft of Rules for the regulation of the Society was taken into consideration and after discussion Rules were agreed to in the form appended.

The election of Officers and Councillors for 1878 was then proceeded with, the result being as follows:—

 * Ven. Archdeacon Hose, President.
 * J. D. Vanghan, Esq., Vice President for Singapore.
 * D. Logan, Esq., Vice President for Penang.
 * Hon. C. J. Irving, Honry. Treasurer.
 * N. B. Dennys Esq., Ph. D., Honry Secretary (pro: tem :)
 * The Hon. J. Douglas, C. M. G.
 * Ernest Bieber, Esq., L. L. D.
 * A. M. Skinner, Esq.
 * E. Koek,
 * J. Miller,

In discussing the future place of Meeting for the Society, the Hon. J. Douglas, Chairman of the Committee of Management of the Raffles Institution stated that he believed there would be no objection to the use of the rooms of the Library and Museum on any evening, except Tuesday and Friday in each week.

An Editorial Committee was chosen consisting of the following members:-

 * The Ven. Archdeacon G. F. Hose.
 * Hon. C. J. Irving.
 * A. M. Skinner, Esq.
 * N. B. Dennys, Esq., Ph. D.


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 It was decided that the first monthly General Meeting should be held at the Raffles Library on Thursday 28th February 1878, when the President would read his Inaugural Address.

 * Ven. Archdeacon G. F. Hose. President.
 * J. D. Vaughan Esq., Vice President for Singapore.
 * The Hon'ble C. J. Irving, Honry. Treasurer.
 * N. B. Dennys Esq. Ph. D. Honry. Secretary.
 * The Hon'ble J. Douglas, C. M. G.
 * Ernest Bieber, Esq. L. L. D.
 * A. M. Skinner,
 * E. Kock,
 * J. Miller,

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

On the recommendation of the Council 35 gentlemen were elected Members of the Society.

The President proposed that Mr. M. Maclay, the distinguished Russian Traveller, who was at present residing in the Settlement, and who, as was well known, had extensively explored the Malay Peninsula and the coasts of New Guinen, should be elected an Honorary Member of the Society. The proposition was seconded by Mr. Skinner, and was carried unanimously.

The Ven. Archdeacon Hose delivered his Inaugural Address, as President of the Society, see page 1.

Mr. Skinner, at the request of the President, exhibited a sketch Map of the Malay Peninsula on a large scale, which is being gradually filled in as surveys are made or as information is otherwise received; and drew attention to the great extent to which the Peninsula still remained unexplored, even after all the recent additions that had been made to our knowledge.

The Honorary Secretary read a paper on "the Breeding Pearls of Borneo" (see page 34) and exhibited Specimens.

The Hon'ble Mr. Douglas moved that a vote of thanks be given to the President for his valuable and interesting address. This was cordially agreed to: and after a few words of acknowledgement from the President, the Meeting separated.


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 * The Ven. Archdeacon Hose. President.
 * J. D. Vaughan, Esq., Vice. President for Singapore.
 * N. B. Dennys, Esq., Ph. D. Honry. Secretary.
 * Hon. J. Douglas, Esq., C. M. G.
 * A. M. Skinner, Esq.
 * E. Bieber, Esq., L. L. D.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

On the recommendation of the Council 23 Gentlemen were elected Members of the Society.

The Honorary Secretary Dr. N. B. Dennys drew attention to the circumstances under which he had accepted, as a temporary arrangement, the office of Honorary Secretary to the Society; and proposed that the office should now devolve Mr. A. M. Skinner in accordance with the arrangement upon which had been contemplated at the time. Mr. Skinner expressed his willingness to undertake the duties, and the change was agreed to.

Mr. J. D. Vaughan read a paper on "The Chinese in Singapore. Some discussion ensued in which Dr. Dennys, Mr. Douglas, and the Chairman successively took part.

 * The Ven. Archdeacon Hose, President.
 * J. D. Vaughan, Esq. Vice President for Singapore.
 * Hon. C. J. Irving. Honry. Treasurer.
 * A. M. Skinner, Esq. Honry. Secretary.
 * Hon. J. Douglas, C. M. G.
 * E. Bieber, Esq. L. I. D.
 * N. B. Dennys, Esq. Ph. D.
 * E. Koek, Esq.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

On the recommendation of the Council 9 Gentlemen were elected Members of the Society.

The President communicated to the Meeting the substance of a letter received from the Royal Asiatic Society, in which that Society agreed to the affiliation of the Straits Asiatic Society as a Branch, and undertook to exchange publications.


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 It was resolved, that the full name of the Straits Asiatic Society shall henceforth be changed to the "Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society."

It was resolved, that it shall be a rule of the Society to request the Governor of the Straits Settlements, for the time being, to be Patron of the Society and that His Excellency Sir W. F. C. Robinson be invited to accept that office.

A paper on the origin of the Chinese Triad Societies was read by W. A. Pickering, Esq.

A conversation upon the actual position and practise of the Tan Tae Höey in the Straits followed.

The Hon. Secretary then read a paper of Mr. N. Maclay's upon, "The Dialects of the Melanesian tribes in the Malay Peninsula."

This gave rise to a discussion upon the identity of the aboriginal races in the North and South of the Peninsula, and the marks of their connection with other Asiatic races to be found in their language, physical peculiarities, &c., and a proposal was made by Hon'ble J. Douglas, and heartily agreed to, that the other Branches of the Royal Asiatic Society in the East should be asked to assist this Branch in collecting Vocabularies and otherwise throwing light on this subject.

At the Monthly General Meeting of the Straits' Asiatic Society held on Monday evening the 3rd Jane there were present, of the Council, Archdeacon Hose, (President), Mr. A. M. Skinner, (Honry. Secretary), Dr. Bieber and Messrs. Miller and Koek; besides 35 members and visitors. Messrs. Tolson and Schomburgk Syeds Maliomed bin Ahmed, and Abu Bakar bin Omar, and Inches Mahomed Seyd, Ibrahim and Mahomed bin Maboob were elected Members. It was announced that H. E. the Governor had accepted the office of Patron to the Society.

The President then read extracts from M. Maclay's paper on the wild Tribes of the Peninsula, translated from the German.

The Honry. Seeretary (Mr. Skinner) then read a paper furnished by W. E. Maxwell, Esq., Assistant Resident of Perak, on the Proverbs of the Malays, exclusive of those to be found in the works of Klinkert, Favre and Marsden; Dr. Dennys' paper on the Snake-eating Serpent (Ophiophagus Elaps) of Singapore, was read by the President, in the unavoidable absence of Dr. Dennys. In the course of the proceedings, it was stated that the Journal is almost ready for publication.

The Meeting then adjourned to the date of its next regular meeting, the 1st July.


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1. The Name of the Society shall be "."

2. The Objects of the Society shall be—

 * a. The investigation of subjects connected with the Straits of Malacca and the neighbouring Countries.
 * b. The publication of papers in a Journal.
 * c. The formation of a Library of books bearing on the objects of the Society.

3. Members shall be classed as Ordinary and Honorary.

4. Ordinary Members shall pay an annual subscription of $6, payable in advance on the 1st January of each year.

5. Honorary Members shall pay no subscription.

6. On or about the 30th June of every year, the Hon. Treasurer shall prepare a list of those Members whose subscriptions for the current year remain unpaid, and such persons shall be deemed to have resigned their Membership. But the operation of this rule, in any particular case, may he suspended by a vote of the Council of the Society.

7. Candidates for Membership shall apply in writing to the Secretary, and if approved of by the Council shall be recommended by them to the Society at a General Meeting, and if accepted by two thirds of the members present, shall be deemed duly elected.

8. Honorary Members must be proposed for election by the Council at a General Meeting of the Society.


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If the style of this book is found unattractive, it will show that I have done my work ill and not represented the author truly; but, if it is found odd, I beg that I may not bear all the blame. I have simply tried to reproduce the author's own mixture of colloquialisms and technicalities, and his preference for the precise expression of his thought rather than the word conventionally expected.

One especial feature of the style, however, gives the reason why this preface should exist. It is characteristic of Stirner's writing that the thread of thought is carried on largely by the repetition of the same word in a modified form or sense. That connection if ideas which has guided popular instinct in the formation of words is made to suggest the line of thought which the writer wishes to follow. If this echoing of words is missed, the hearing of the statements on each other is in a measure lost; and, where the ideas are very new, one cannot afford to throw away any help in following connection. Therefore, where a useful echo (and there are few useless ones in the book) could not be reproduced in english, I have generally called attention to it in a note. My notes are distinguished from the author's by being enclosed in brackets.

One or two of such coincidences of language, occurring in words which are prominent throughout the book, should be borne constantly in mind as a sort of for instance, the identity in the original words "spirit" and "mind," and of the phrases "supreme being" and "highest essence." In such cases I have repeated the note where it


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Fifty years sooner or later can make little difference in the case of a book so revolutionary as this.

It saw the light when a so-called revolutionary movement was preparing in men's minds, which agitation was, however, only a disturbance due to desires to participate in government, and to govern and to be governed, in a manner different to that which prevails. The "revolutionists" of 1848 were bewitched with an idea. They were not at all the masters of ideas. Most of those who since that time have prided themselves upon being revolutionists have been and are likewise but the bondmen of an idea,—that of the different lodgment of authority.

The temptation is, of course, present to attempt an explanation of the central thought of this work; but such an effort appears to be unnecessary to one who has the volume in his hand. The author's care in illustrating his meaning shows that he realized how prone the possessed man is to misunderstand whatever is not moulded according to the fashions in thinking. The author's learning was considerable, his command of words and ideas may never be excelled by another, and he judged it needful to develop his argument in manifold ways. So those who enter into the spirit of it will scarcely hope to impress others with the same conclusion in a more summary manner. Or, if one might deem that possible after reading Stirner, still oone cannot think that it could be done so surely. The author has made certain work of it, even though he has to wait for his public; but still, the reception of the book by its critics amply proves the truth of the saying that one can give another arguments, but not under-


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9. The Officers of the Society shall be—

 * A President,
 * 2 Vice-President [sic], one of whom shall be selected from amongst the members resident in Penang.
 * An Honorary Secretary and Librarian.
 * An Honorary Treasurer,
 * And five Councillors.

Those officers shall hold Office until their successors are chosen.

10. Vacancies in the above offices shall be filled for the current year by a vote of the remaining Officers.

11. The Council of the Society shall be composed of the Officers for the current year, and its duties shall be—

 * a. To administer the affairs, property and trusts of the Society.
 * b. To recommend members for election by the Society.
 * c. To decide on the eligibility of papers to be real before general meetings.
 * d. To select papers for publication in the Journal, and to supervise the printing and distribution of the said Journal.
 * e. To select and purchase books, for the Library,
 * f. To accept or decline donations on behalf of the Society.
 * g. To present to the Annual Meeting at the expiration of their term of office a Report of the proceedings and condition of the Society.

12. The Council shall meet for the transaction of business once a month, or oftener if necessary. At Council meetings five Officers shall constitute a quorum.

13. The Council shall have authority, subject to confirmation by a general meeting, to make and enforce such bye-laws and regulations for the proper conduct of the Society's affairs as may from time to time he expedient.


text: Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society/Volume 1/List of Members


text: Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society/Volume 1/Proceedings of the Society


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14. The Annual General Meeting shall be held in January of each year.

15. General Meetings shall be held, when practicable, once in every month, and oftener if expedient, at such hour as the Council may appoint.

16. At Meetings of the Society eleven members shall form a quorum for the transaction of business.

17. At all Meetings, the Chairman shall, in case of an equality of votes, be entitled to a casting vote in addition to his own.

18. At the Annual General Meeting, the Council shall present a Report for the preceding year, and the Treasurer shall render an account of the financial con lition of the Society. Officers for the current year shall also be chosen.

19. The work of Ordinary General Meetings shall be the transaction of routine business, the reading of papers approved by the Council, and the discussion of topics connected with the general objects of the Society.

20. Notice of the subjects intended to be introduced for discussion by any member of the Society should be handed in to the Secretary before the Meeting.

Visitors may be admitted to the Meetings of the Society, but no one who is not a member shall be allowed to address the Meeting except by invitation or permission of the Chairman.

21. A Journal shall be published, when practicable, every six months under the supervision of the Council. It shall comprise a selection of the papers read before the Society, the Report of the Council and Treasurer, and such other matter as the Council may deem it expedient to publish.

22. Every member of the Society shall be entitled to one copy of the Journal, deliverable at the place of publication. The Council shall have power to present copies to other Societies and to distinguished individuals, and the remaining copies shall be sold at such prices as the Council shall from time to time direct.

23. Twenty-four copies of each paper published in the Journal shall placed at the disposal of the Author.


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 24. The Council shall have power to sanction the publication, in a separate form, of papers or documents laid before the Society, if in their opinion practicable and expedient.

25. Occasional Popular Lectures upon literary or scientific subjects may be delivered, under the sanction of the Council, on evenings other than those appointed for General meetings of the Society.

26. Amendments to these rules must be proposed in writing to the Council, who shall, after notice given, lay them before a general meeting of the Society. A committee of resident members shall thereupon be appointed, in conjunction with the Council, to report on the proposed Amendments to the general meeting next ensuing, when a decision may be taken.


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RV 41 (ROADS INTO LONDON) No doubt men were at work in the engine-belly of the crane, just as others were very far away among the dynamos that kept us moving. But they were sweating invisible. That, too, is the Modern Spirit: great organisations run by men as impersonal as the atoms of our own frames, noiseless, and to all appearances infallible.

At night, too, when the broad flat streets out in the suburbs are deserted, these electric trams appear romantic and a little wonderful. Gongs sound at their approach rather plaintively, headlights blaze out upon the black night, the lights within are a tall, mellow flood, a reflection is cast, dim and flying, upon old black houses behind trees and upon the large, blank windows of the tall pink and terracotta shops that face them. The great rectangular blaze glides along with a heavy, impersonal groan of sound that is like a new form of silence, the figure of the mechanician in front has a backward rake like that of a man in the bows of a boat; as it passes there is the gleam of a long row of pink faces in the heart of the light. And all these things, the clang of the gongs, the rumble growing and dying away, the strong lights, the momentary and half revealed details of the darkened buildings, the thought of all these people going out a long way to sleep in the blacker darkness, have about them something touching and romantic, something 'characteristic' and foreign.

Of the older methods of communication I suppose the bicycle to come next, but I have always found entering London in this way to be tedious and dispiriting. 41

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RV 42 (ROADS INTO LONDON) You have to attend to yourself even more particularly than when you are in a motor-car; you have only half a horizon—the half that is in front of you. You are nearer the dust when there is dust, or nearer the mud. Transition from country to town becomes rather wearisome; you think a good deal in miles. London manifests itself slowly with high-banked and gravelled footpaths, with those same blackened tree trunks, in a certain coarseness of the grass, in houses of call that you feel uninclined to call at. Dogcarts and governess cars begin to look a little out of place, indefinably, you don't know why. And suddenly you meet a 'bus.

I don't know whether it is to me alone that a 'bus running between hedgerows seems forlorn and incongruous. They 'link up' all sorts of outlying villages—Mitcham with Tooting, all sorts of hamlets with Kingston-on-Thames, Islington with I don't quite know where. There is a network of what are called 'bus-routes all over England, but these are mostly carrier's carts. Some have tarpaulin hoods and go at a walk, others look like the station omnibuses of country hotels. Their existence is largely unsuspected, yet it is possible to go from Lewes to York by changing from link to link in market towns, or from Canterbury to Sydenham.

But the just-outside-London 'bus carries no parcels. It is, as a rule, bright green, and has a brilliant orange knifeboard atop. It goes at a good pace, and it is the sign that you have reached the sphere of influence of the very outer suburbs. I at least have never entered London by road without meeting or passing one of them.

42

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RV 43 (ROADS INTO LONDON) They are due to the enterprise of large job masters near the great tram and London omnibus termini; they are the signs of London's reaching out its arms still further; they are really the pioneers. In older days they started from Whitehall, from the Bank, from the Borough, and were called Short Stages. As real London spreads they cease to pay; they travel farther afield, and their place is taken by our municipal services or by those of the larger trusts.

It is a long time since I have come into London on foot, so long that I have forgotten what it feels like. Indeed, I fancy that the proceeding is no longer modern, and is in consequence illegitimate to my purpose. Some tramps do it still, I suppose, and the gipsies who walk beside basket caravans. These, we may say, are as much the country stretching into the suburbs as the 'buses are the town stretching out. It is not very usual to meet them in inner London, though I have seen two or three at a time, with their chimneys smoking, entangled in the centre of the Piccadilly 'buses themselves. They were crossing London thus directly in order to get as soon as possible from some horse fair in Berkshire to another in North Kent—Rochester pleasure fair, I think, because it was towards the end of May. But except when there is some such reason for haste, these caravans rarely cross London. They circle it by the roads just inside the suburbs. Only yesterday, about six miles from Whitehall, I passed twice the mouth of a dingy and sinister passage of small eighteenth century houses. It was called Angel Court. 43

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RV 44 (ROADS INTO LONDON) Fifty years ago it was in the fields, now its entry was between a large modern public house and a large modern pawnshop. I glanced down it, walking outwards; it was empty, silent and sordid. On my return there were in it four or five dark men with heavy, brass-bound whips, eight or nine dark women, and several children with black or red heads. In four or five of the small new streets that ran at right angles to my road there were caravans covered with basket chairs, osier flower-stands, wicker baskets; women were holding these things up in front of the lace curtains of sitting-room windows.

These people are not mere picturesque survivals; their number increases day by day as poorer men find the hurry of modern life too great; but I cannot claim to have entered London in a pikey's cart. I fancy, however, that looking at things through the small square of a back window, being at home in the middle of strange things, the sense too of being very aloof from the rest of the world must make one's point of view rather a special one. One would become more or less of a foreign observer.

That attitude, backed up by that sense of being at home, is the worst that one could assume; it kills even tolerance for the habits of others. It is the reason why the days of most rapid travelling are the days of most frequent misunderstandings between the races of mankind. Your foreigner, reaching his London in a Pullman car, has been during his whole journey in an hotel, very much like one of his own hotels, not very 44

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RV 45 (ROADS INTO LONDON) much unlike his own home. He stepped into it in St. Petersburg an arrogant Tartar or a wily Slav; he steps down from it in the dim light of Charing Cross. He has gone through none of the processes of travel, none of his edges have been rubbed off, he is not necessarily the best type of Russian. He is quite ready to kick a porter and be cursed for it. He dislikes the place he has come to, and records his hasty impressions in letters home that may become so many international causes of misunderstanding.

In the slower days it was different. He was sent abroad because he was the best type of his race, or he came because he was a fine and adventurous spirit. He came from Moscow on sledges, in travelling carriages, on foot, by ship to Hull, overland to London. He had plenty of preparation, plenty of hardship to rub the angles down, and he was very glad to reach his journey's end. He expected to find savages, he found amiable and civilised white men; he reported well of the place he had reached. If an ambassador, he was polished, cosmopolitan, and pleasing; if an adventurer, he was a fine spirit. He had all sorts of tales to tell of escapes, of strange things seen by the way. He became a delightful person; he was full of deference for local customs, because his life or his livelihood depended on his ability to please. (I am thinking of the evidence given at the trial of Count Königsmarck in London by a crowd of Swedish, Russian, and Bohemian soldiers, stable-boys and hangers on. Or one may evidence Casanova, who was pleased and 45

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RV 46 (ROADS INTO LONDON) pleased himself in London; or you may read in Mr Round's "Commune of London" how great a part in the twelfth century foreign merchants, cut off from their own lands, played in exacting from the Angevin kings the liberty of London herself.)

It was the same with those whom London sent out. The few—the gentlemen and the merchant-adventurers—went, say, to the Spice Islands. The hardships of a long voyage, the great mysteries of seas and skies, chastened what of their souls was insular. They went among strange peoples with minds ready to be delighted. They sought, perhaps, nothing more romantic than pepper, but for their lives' sakes they respected local traditions, and were ready to kneel with their faces to the ground when a Soldan went past. They had left their homes so far behind them.

And this, indeed, is the "defect of the quality" of rapid travel. The Londoner abroad is no longer sought after, fêted, a messenger of the goodness of his race, as were Congreve, Chesterfield, Gibbon, and, in another way, Richardson. Nowadays in the flood of him he has become the tweed-suited, long-toothed being of caricatures. The defect of the quality, because the traveller now, like the gipsy, takes his home and his home-spirit so much with him. And the one and the other are apt to find that every man's hand is against him.

Yet if that be the defect, the product of the quality of rapid transit is London itself. France has its Ministry of Roads and Bridges, and that is probably why Paris 46

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{| style="margin:auto;"
 * Finger || Tü || Raan
 * Neck || Maroku || ...
 * Breast || Guo-Kampotu || ...
 * Stomach || Lopot || ...
 * Back || Bahoi || ...
 * Leg || Ano-kompo, || betit, lutat
 * Foot || Dioka || ...
 * Toe || Tschere-Dioku || ...
 * Cold || Tkat || ...
 * Hot || Khob || Gohom
 * Dead || Kobs || ...
 * To Eat || Intia, ntia || Ndia
 * To Drink || Diao || ...
 * To Sleep || Letek || ...
 * To Go || Swag || ...
 * To Run || Palo || ...
 * To Cut || Nako || ...
 * Sumpitan || Blahan || ...
 * Arrow || Dama || ...
 * 1. || Moi || Moi
 * 2. || Npotn || Dua
 * 3. || Npe || Npe
 * 4. || Prui || Npun
 * 5. || ... || Massoku
 * 6. || ... || Pru
 * 7. || ... || Tempo
 * }
 * To Sleep || Letek || ...
 * To Go || Swag || ...
 * To Run || Palo || ...
 * To Cut || Nako || ...
 * Sumpitan || Blahan || ...
 * Arrow || Dama || ...
 * 1. || Moi || Moi
 * 2. || Npotn || Dua
 * 3. || Npe || Npe
 * 4. || Prui || Npun
 * 5. || ... || Massoku
 * 6. || ... || Pru
 * 7. || ... || Tempo
 * }
 * 2. || Npotn || Dua
 * 3. || Npe || Npe
 * 4. || Prui || Npun
 * 5. || ... || Massoku
 * 6. || ... || Pru
 * 7. || ... || Tempo
 * }
 * 6. || ... || Pru
 * 7. || ... || Tempo
 * }
 * 7. || ... || Tempo
 * }

According to the statements of the Malays, the Orang-Utan of Pahang, where I am now going to travel, speak their own language, which is quite unintelligible to the Malays, and so these poor wild men are eruelly treated; and on this account become more isolated than those who live here in Johor. I hope to make further and fuller contributions towards the knowledge of the language of this people."

The Istana, Johor, 28th May, 1875.

[Extract from Letter II.]

"Before receiving your answer to my last letter, which I await with much interest, I find myself in a position to anticipate it in consequence of my second Journey into the Malay Peninsula. In the Mountains of Pahang and Kelantan as far as Singora and Ligor, I have discovered a Melanesian population. This people, which is probably the primitive race of these parts undoubtedly belongs to judge from its physical "habitus" to the Melanesian stock. Leading a nomadic life, these people retire


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Fitzosbern, William


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 before the influx of Malaydom into the mountains and forests of the Peninsula, and have thus kept themselves free from intermix- ture, still retaining their own language.

I had the good fortune to find these people in many other places, and I have not failed during my Anthropological studies to collect as many words as possible of their dialects, although a naturalist cau do little with the materials of language. I undertook this small task (which nevertheless required no small amount of patience and attention) for the reason named in my first letter; viz, that these languages are disappearing, partly because the tribes intermingle with other races and partly because they die out. Although I cau draw no conclusious as to the various relations of these dialects to other Papuan tongues, this small collection has nevertheless given me some interesting and not unimportant facts.

Firstly as to the connection between the various tribes of the Orang Sakai, living quite cut off from one another, in Pahang, Kelantan and Singora.

Secondly, and what astonished me stilstill [sic] more, as to the relation in point of language between the very mixed and distant-dwelling Orang-Utan of Jobor, with the Orang-Sakai in the north of the Peninsula.

It is undoubtedly an interesting result to have ascertained that these tribes, isolated and ignorant of each other, are throughout the whole peninsula, from Johor to Ligor (South of Siam) thus closely connected in speech. This eircumstance gives me a fresh conviction that my opinion expressed in the beginning of this year and before my second journey, is correct, viz: that the Orang-Utan of Johor, notwithstanding their great intermixture, undoubtedly show traces of a Melanesian blood. I send you herewith a small Comparative Vocabulary of the dialects collected. I hope the result I have arrived at will coincide with your opinion upon the origin of the language of the Orang-Utan of Johor.


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RV 47 (ROADS INTO LONDON) is not France: we have none, and London is England. It began by London's settling on the best placed highway in Europe, and England is still very much tied to the Thames. But France is little dependent on the Seine. Her excellent roads have in times past acted as the great decentralisers; Paris has been merely the administrative city. In England administration has remained with fair constancy at Westminster, near enough to the centre of the country. Wealth has always come into England by the Thames at London. At any rate in later centuries, the tendency has been for the Administration to settle near the centres of wealth, and the combined attractions have made the tract of marsh and flat ground in the lower basin of the river the centre of the Arts, of the Industries, of the 47

title: Page:Soullondonasurv00fordgoog.djvu/64


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 Now if these are Beauties, as I doubt not but the politer Criticks will allow, I cannot see why our Language may not now and then be tolerated in using Monosyllables, when it is done discreetly, and sparingly; and as I do not commend any of our Maderns who contract Words into Monosyllables to botch up their Verses, much less such as do it out of Affectation; yet certainly the use of Monosyllables may be made to produce a charming and harmonious Effect, where they fall under a Judgment that can rightly dispose and order them. And indeed, if a Variety and Copiousness of Feet, and a Latitude of shifting and transposing Words either in Prose or Poetical Compositions, be of any use, towards the rendering such Compositions sweet, or nervous, or harmonious, according to the Exigencies of the several forts of Stile, one wou'd think Monosyllables to be best accommodated to all these Purposes, and according to the Skill of those who know how to manage them, to answer all the Ends, either of masculine Force, or female Tenderness; for being single you have a Liberty of placing them where, and as you please; whereas in Words of many Syllables you are more confined, and must take them as you find them, or be put upon the cruel necessity of mangling and tearing them asunder. Mr. Dryden, it is true, wou'd make us believe he had a great Aversion to Monosyllables. Yet he cannot help making use of them sometimes in entire Verses, nor conceal his having a fort of Pride, even where he tells as he was forced to do it. For to have done otherwise would have been a Force on Nature, which would have been unworthy of so great a Genius, whose Care it was to study Nature, and to imitate and copy it to the Life, and it is not improbable, that there might be somewhat of a latent Delicacy and Nicene in this


text:
Page:Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society (IA journalofstrait121878roya).pdf/72

 {|
 * colspan=2 | Dialects of the Unmixed Tribes of the Orang—Sakai of the Interior.
 * colspan=2 | Dialects of the Mixed Tribes of the Orang-Utan of the Interior.
 * Ulu Kalantan. || Ulu Patanis.
 * Palon (Rumpen.) || Ulu Indau.
 * Sun || Kirkto || Merkets, Kirkto || Matbri || Tunkat
 * Moon || ... || Kitchi || ... || Bulatnah
 * Heaven || Kte || Karé || ... || ...
 * Earth || Kliet || Tei || Atei || Atel’, Ate’
 * Water || Tom || Bateu Tom || Dak || Diau, Dak
 * Sea || Tambü || ... || Dak || Dak
 * Stone || Tmu || Kula, Balu || Gmu || Gmu
 * Fire || Oos || Oos || Us’ || Us’, Ul,’
 * Smoke || Assin-oos || Ayei, Eicioos || ... || Dilok-Us’
 * Mountain || Renum || Butjak Tul’ || Bnum || Benun
 * Forest || Kïb, ghi || Dagib, Daven || Bri || Bri
 * Hut || Digos || Dign || Tol,’ Dol || Tschendeya dol
 * Road || Harbau || Tib || Swag || Prokn
 * Boot || Kupon || Diahu || ... || ...
 * Man || Timkal’ || Timkal’ || Limo || Limo, Simo
 * Woman || Jalu || Badonn, Kogu || Amai || Kodól Kodo,
 * Father || äh || äh || Mba || Ita, M’bai
 * Mother || Nah || Nau, bü || ... || Gado
 * Brother || Tuh || Tuh pah || ... || Piatu
 * Sister || Tuh-jalu || Nau || ... || ...
 * Husband || Gai || Késsïj || Linio Simo || Limon’
 * Wife || Kuie || Kne || ... || Kompotu
 * Child || Auva kanit || Wogn, Tanganet || ... || Knon, Knotsch
 * Daughter || ... || ... || ... || Ko o-Kanit
 * Head || Kui || Kui || ... || Koi
 * Hair || Sok || Sogk || ... || Suk
 * Brow || Pti || Woos’ pti || ... || ...
 * Nose || Mo || Moh || ... || Mu
 * Eyes || Med || Med || ... || Mot
 * Nostril || Hajan-moh || ... || ... || Annmanmmo
 * Mouth || Tinim || Han’ nis || ... || Nut
 * Teeth || Han’ || Nis || ... || Linon’
 * Tongue || Lentek || Lentek || ... || Lipes
 * Far || Anten || Anten || ... || Ntokn
 * }
 * Woman || Jalu || Badonn, Kogu || Amai || Kodól Kodo,
 * Father || äh || äh || Mba || Ita, M’bai
 * Mother || Nah || Nau, bü || ... || Gado
 * Brother || Tuh || Tuh pah || ... || Piatu
 * Sister || Tuh-jalu || Nau || ... || ...
 * Husband || Gai || Késsïj || Linio Simo || Limon’
 * Wife || Kuie || Kne || ... || Kompotu
 * Child || Auva kanit || Wogn, Tanganet || ... || Knon, Knotsch
 * Daughter || ... || ... || ... || Ko o-Kanit
 * Head || Kui || Kui || ... || Koi
 * Hair || Sok || Sogk || ... || Suk
 * Brow || Pti || Woos’ pti || ... || ...
 * Nose || Mo || Moh || ... || Mu
 * Eyes || Med || Med || ... || Mot
 * Nostril || Hajan-moh || ... || ... || Annmanmmo
 * Mouth || Tinim || Han’ nis || ... || Nut
 * Teeth || Han’ || Nis || ... || Linon’
 * Tongue || Lentek || Lentek || ... || Lipes
 * Far || Anten || Anten || ... || Ntokn
 * }
 * Hair || Sok || Sogk || ... || Suk
 * Brow || Pti || Woos’ pti || ... || ...
 * Nose || Mo || Moh || ... || Mu
 * Eyes || Med || Med || ... || Mot
 * Nostril || Hajan-moh || ... || ... || Annmanmmo
 * Mouth || Tinim || Han’ nis || ... || Nut
 * Teeth || Han’ || Nis || ... || Linon’
 * Tongue || Lentek || Lentek || ... || Lipes
 * Far || Anten || Anten || ... || Ntokn
 * }
 * Mouth || Tinim || Han’ nis || ... || Nut
 * Teeth || Han’ || Nis || ... || Linon’
 * Tongue || Lentek || Lentek || ... || Lipes
 * Far || Anten || Anten || ... || Ntokn
 * }
 * Tongue || Lentek || Lentek || ... || Lipes
 * Far || Anten || Anten || ... || Ntokn
 * }
 * }


text: Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society/Volume 1/Dialects of the Melanesian Tribes of the Malay Peninsula


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Page:ISC-China.pdf/114

CHINA (Taiwanese independence, Tibetan independence, Xinjiang separatists, the Chinese democracy movement and the Falun Gong).

UK universities are reliant on income from students in order to operate. A decade ago, university funding comprised 72% public funding, with student fees providing 23%, but this has since been reversed, with student fees now making up 73% of funding. (There are other sources of income available to UK universities such as residences, catering, investments and endowments—but fees are the most significant revenue stream. ) In recent years, the number of 'home' students (who have their fees capped) has remained static whilst the number of overseas students has increased. Figures from February 2021 show that, in 2018/19, international (non-European Union) students accounted for 14% of UK university students, and their fees accounted for 14.4% of the total income of all UK universities.

The fees paid by international students account for a large—and increasing—share of university income. The profit universities are able to make from teaching international students helps to fund loss-making activities, such as research. Chinese students make up the largest overseas contingent of students in UK universities. Although estimates vary, it is believed that, in 2019, there were more than 120,000 Chinese students—more in the UK than in the rest of Europe combined. China sends five times as many students to the UK as any other country does. To put it in perspective, reporting in 2020 showed that there were only 27,000 students from India, the next largest source of international students in the UK.

In financial terms, it was estimated that, in 2017/18, Chinese students were responsible for generating almost £600m, which makes up a very significant proportion of universities' income. HMG evidence provided in September 2020 noted that the Department for Education (DfE) was working on "geographically diversifying" the recruitment of foreign students —presumably to counteract the current over-reliance on income from Chinese students.

While the numbers are clearly significant, the question is whether, and if so how, China is actively using this 'buying power' as leverage. An article in The Times in 2019 reported that the intelligence Agencies were "concerned that a reliance on Chinese money and students, particularly postgraduates paying up to £50,000 a year in fees, makes some universities particularly vulnerable [to influence and interference by the Chinese government]". During this Inquiry, we were told that "China likely seeks to exert influence

title: Page:ISC-China.pdf/114


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 you. It is that I do not wish to love any man—not any man. Pray consider this as final. You can be so agreeable when you are not troublesome. "."

": Now you are quite reasonable and possible. I never had any objections to your friendship; it was you who objected to mine. Since you are willing to meet me on that basis at last, I find you interesting and valuable to me; and I am perfectly willing to write to you in this way once in a while, since you wish it, though I prefer to mail anything I may feel like saying to your address. I was sorry the day I left a note in the second volume of 'Rufus Choate', and I would rather you did not send things by Maggie. There 's something about it I don't just like. I never allowed my heroine to do it in the novel I wrote. You never knew I wrote a novel, did you? I never told anybody before. It is because we are friends that I tell you. That is my idea of a friend—somebody you can say things to. I am mistaken in you if you ask me why I never published it. That 's one thing I like about you—you are not stupid. You are one of the people who understand; and there are not enough of them to go round, you know. I never knew but one person who understood


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 that was my girl friend, Ina. She died. Sometimes I think she died because she understood too much—everything and everybody. People wasted their hearts on her; they told her everything, and went bankrupt in confidence as soon as they came near her.

"Job and I are sitting in the library, and Father has gone to bed. You have been gone half an hour. The June-beetles are butting their heads against the screens on account of the lights, and Job barks and bounces at them every time they hit. The moths are out there, too, clinging to the wire netting, and flying about stealthily—beautiful little beings, some of them, transparent as spirits, and as indifferent to fate as men and women. How joyously they court death! To look at them one would think it quite a privilege.

"I found the roses when you left, and the poems, out in the hall on the hat-tree. You are very thoughtful and kind, and, to tell the truth, I don't mind being remembered. I have never read much of Edwin Arnold. I shall begin with the long one about Radha and Krishna. I have turned the leaves a little. I must say I don't think Krishna was in the least worthy of a girl like that. Why did she waste herself on such a fellow?


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 "So you liked my shade hat with the May-flowers? That is very nice of you. The disadvantage about a man friend is that his education in millinery is defective, as a rule. I was quite pleased that you knew it was a May-flower. Father asked me if they were hollyhocks, and I told him no, they were peonies. "Faithfully your friend, ".

"P.S. I forgot to say yes, thank you; I will drive with you on Sunday, if you wish."

", now you have spoiled it all! How could you, how could you begin all over again, and be disagreeable? Do you suppose I would have. walked in the garden with you, by moonlight, by June moonlight, if I had n't trusted you? I don't trust people over again when they shake my trust, either, not if I can help it. That is one of my peculiarities. I have attacks of lunacy,—idiocy, if you will,—but I swing back, and come to my senses, and look at things with a kind of composure which I don't wonder that you did not count on. I don't think it is characteristic of girls, as girls go, and I know that it is not considered admirable or lovable by men. But I cannot help that, and I don't want to help


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title: Page:Memoirs of Vidocq, Volume 3.djvu/9


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 from what we are accustomed to behold to-day. There was a time when only one form of family was considered normal, namely, the genetic family; that is to say, a family, with an old mother at its head, around whom; were grouped, in common life and common work, children, grandchildren, great-grandchildren. The patriarchal family was also once considerered the sole norm;: it was presided over by a father-master whose will was law for all the other members of the family; even in our days, such peasant families may still be found in Russian villages. In fact, in those places the morals and the family laws are not those of the city worker; in the country there still are a large number of customs no longer found in the family of a city proletarian. The form of the family, its customs, vary according to race. There are peoples, such as, for instance, the Turks, Arabs, Persians, among whom it is permitted by law for a husband to, have many wives. There have been, and there still are at present, tribes which tolerate the contrary custom of permitting a wife to have several husbands. The habitual morality of the present-day man permits him to demand of a young girl that she remain a virgin until legitimate marriage; but there were tribes among whom the woman, on the contrary, made it a matter of pride to have had many lovers, decorating her arms and legs with rings to, indicate their number. … Such practices, which could not but astonish us, practices which we might even qualify as immoral, are found among other peoples to have the sanction of holiness, peoples who in their turn consider our laws and customs to be "sinful." Therefore there is no reason for our becoming terrified at the fact that the family is undergoing a modification, that


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Page:Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society (IA journalofstrait121878roya).pdf/146

 NOTES ON GUTTA AND CAOUTCHOUC IN THE MALAY PENINSULA.

Having so recently as last December given the results of my investigations into the origin of Malay Guttas and Rubbers in a Report to the local Government, I may perhaps be accused of iteration in returning to the subject so soon; but as the matter is one of increasing importance, and as greater publicity will be ensured, and thereby discussion invited, through the pages of the Society's Journal, I have been induced to give the following resumé of what I have hitherto been able to learn about them.

First of all it is necessary to distinguish here between Gutta Fercha and Caoutchouc-producing orders.

The trees producing Gutta Percha are all members of the order Sapotaceæ, a family which includes many species useful to man, the best known in the Straits being perhaps the Chiko (Sapota Aeras.)

The Gutta-producing trees are confined to the genus Isonandra, which is limited to 6 species by the authors of the "Genera Plantarum." Isonandra-Gutta is the oldest known species and yields what is known in commerce as Gutta Percha in local parlance Gutta Taban.

This tree is occasionally met with in Singapore and in Johor in the Pulai bills. and I have met with it in Perak on Gunong Mera, Gunong Sayong, Gunong Panjang, Gunong Bubo, Gunong Hijan and Bujang Malacca, where large trees of 80 to 120 feet are met with, but owing to the reckless way in which the Gotta is collected, it is fast disappearing, and every succeeding year the collectors are obliged to go further from their kampongs in search of it.

The mode of collecting the milk is as follows. A tree not less than 3 feet in circumference at three feet from the ground is selected, the larger the tree the greater the quantity of Gutta obtainable, it is then cut down at 5 or 6 feet from the ground, and as soon as it is felled the top is taken off where the principal stem is about 3 or 4 inches in diameter; this the natives say causes the trunk to yield a larger quantity of milk; it is then ringed at intervals of 5 to 15 inches with golo's, and the milk collected in co-


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 gradually the traces off the past which have become outlived are being discarded, and that new relations are being introduced between man and woman. We have only to ask: "What is it that has become outlived in our family system and what, in the relations of the working man and working woman and the peasant and peasant woman, are their respective rights and duties which would best harmonize with the conditions of life in the new Russia, in the worker's Russia which our Soviet Russia now is?" Everything compatible with this new, condition would be maintained; all the rest, all the superannuated rubbish which has been bequeathed to us by the cursed epoch of servitude and domination which was characteristic of the landed proprietors and the capitalists, all this shall be swept aside together with the exploited class itself, with these enemies of the proletariat and of the poor.

The family in its present form is also simply one of the legacies of the past. Formerly solid, compact in itself, indissoluble—for such was considered to be the character of marriage that had been sanctified by the priest in person—the family was equally necessary to all its members. Were it not for the family, who would have nourished, clothed, and trained the children, who would have guided them in life? The orphans' lot in those days was the worst that could befall one. In the family such as we have become accustomed to it is the husband who earns and supports wife and children. The wife, on her part, is occupied with the housekeeping and the bringing up of the children, as she understands it. But already for a century this


title: Page:Commentaryonbook0000bell.pdf/6


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Page:Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society (IA journalofstrait121878roya).pdf/147

 coanut shells, palm leaves or any thing available, and then boiled for an hour, otherwise it becomes brittle and useless. Its average price per pikul (133 lbs) is from $15 to $50, according to quality.

The only other Gutta Percha that I have seen is Gutta Puteh the product of I. macrophylla; the tree differs from I. Gutta in the shape and colour of its leaves, and is readily recognized at a distance by the Perak collectors.

This Gutta is obtained in the same way as the former, but is worth only about $15 per pikul. It differs in appearance from G. taban in being white, more spongy and less plastic; but it is often found adulterated with G. jelutong, which causes it to be brittle and almost useless. The trees of each species yield about 23 catties of Gutta each. They appear to be very slow-growing trees, and one 3 ft. in circumference at 3 ft. from the ground would doubtless prove on minute examination to be 30 years old. Sides of hills, on granite formations, in well drained spots, appear best suited to their requirements; and if their cultivation is attempted the best plan to adopt is certainly to procure ripe seeds and sow them singly in pots, made of a joint and one internode of a bamboo, and when ready for planting in permanent plantations, the bamboo should be split down on two sides and planted also; thus preventing any injury to the tap-root, of which they are very impatient. Large quantities of small plants are met with in the jungle, but they require very careful lifting on account of their long tap-root; any injury to which, even if they survive, they take a long time to recover. Of the Indian Rubbers, or Caoutchoucs, I have met with two varieties in the Straits, viz, Gutta Rambong and Gutta Singgarip.

In my report to the local Government, I mentioned my belief that G. Rambong was procured from Ficus elastica and since then Mr. Low has written to me that I was correct in the supposition, as he had seen branches and young trees of the species in question; so that nothing more need be said here about G. Rambong, but the origin of Gutta-Singgarip is still uncertaiu. A large plant has been found in the jungle bordering the Botanical Gardens which yields Gutta exactly alike G. Singgarip, but both Dr. Beccari and myself failed to find a perfect flower as they had all been punetured by a minute insect, which in its attempts to get at the nectar destroyed the reproductive organs. Mr. Strettell of the Forest Dept. of British Burmah has discovered a new Caoutchouc producing tree in Pegu, which yields a product equal to the best Borneo Rubber and which Mr. Kurz determined to be Chavanessia (Urceola) esculenta.

G. Jelutong, which is often used to adulterate Gutta Taban and G. Puteh, is obtained from a species of Alyxia.


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 customary form of the family has been undergoing a progressive destruction in all the countries in which capitalism is dominant, in which the number of factories is rapidly growing, as well as other capitalist enterprises which employ working men. The family customs and morals are being formed simultaneously with the general conditions of the life surrounding them. What contributed most of all to change the family customs in a radical manner was without doubt the universal spread of wage labor on the part of woman. Formerly, it was only the man who was considered to be the support of the family. But for the past fifty or sixty years we have beheld in Russia (in other countries even somewhat earlier) the capitalist regime obliging women to seek remunerative work outside of the family, outside of the house.

The wages of the "providing" man being insufficient for the needs of the family, the wife in her turn found herself obliged to look for work that was paid for; the mother was obliged also to knock at the door of the factory offices. And year by year the number of women of the working class who left their homes in order to swell the ranks of the factory, to take up work as day labourers, saleswomen, office help, washerwomen, servants, increased day by day. According to an enumeration made before the beginning of the world war, in the countries of Europe and America there were counted about: sixty million women earning a living by their own work. During the war this number increased considerably. Almost half of these women are married, but it is easy to see what sort of family life they must have—a family life


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 she had set her mind on a pie which she had seen carried to Madame Seeheim, and in so ostentatious a manner that she had no doubt it was done purposely to mortify her. Amelia ventured to doubt this, and received a reproof for her pains. Mr. Heftelmeyer, like a good husband, consoled his wife with a promise that she should have such a pie as would make their neighbour’s pie blush for very shame.

The court pastry-cook was an artist not less distinguished in his line than the court tailor, and quite as proud of his productions. To this important personage Mr. Heftelmeyer applied, and ordered a pie for the following Sunday, enjoining the pastry-cook, at the same time, to put upon the top of it, by way of ornament, a letter S finely gilded; which was meant by the gallant tailor to be a compliment to his spouse, whose baptismal name was Sophia. The pastry-cook in vain represented that such a decoration was by no means in good taste—it was Mr. Heftelmeyer’s taste; and as he had to pay for the pie, and to eat it afterwards, he had surely a right to follow his own vagaries. The pastry-cook saw that a man might make good coats, yet know nothing of the true principles of taste; so he shrugged up his shoulders, and set about making the pie.

Sunday came, and the pie was brought home—nothing could be better timed, for Madame Heftelmeyer had been put to bed just six days before; and this proof of attention on the part of her husband, was, he thought, sure to be taken in good part. He enjoined silence to all his household, and intended to make his present a surprise to his wife. He had it placed on a table in the anti-chamber, and left the door open, in order that Madame Seeheim might be sure to see it as she passed down stairs. Unluckily the good lady did not go out at all, so this part of the scheme was frustrated. Mr. Seeheim, however, who was gone to church, must see it as he came home, and so the door was still left open.

Before Mr. Seeheim’s return, however, an old woman, who was in the habit of asking alms, came up


text: Index:A Literary Courtship (1893).pdf

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20 2 FOOTFALLS OF INDIAN HISTORY Brahma the Creator, the benevolent four-headed Grandsire. Who was this Brahma? What is his exact significance? It might almost be stated as a law that in India there has never been a deity or a religious idea without some social formation behind it. What traces have we, then, of a Brahma-worshipping sect? At what period, and where, are we to look for it? Is there any connection between him and the story of Dattatreya ? What is the history of his one temple and one image near Pushkar at Ajmir? Already, in the Mahabharata, He seems to be half-forgotten; yet if that work had been produced in the present age he would have received less mention still.

An important date to settle is that of Kalidas. If Chandragupta II of Pataliputra (A.D. 375 to 413) be really the famous Vikramaditya of Ujjain, it is difficult to see how Kalidas can have been one of the jewels of hi's court. Hinduism would seem first to have formulated the idea of Shiva, then that of Vishnu (as Lakshmi-Narayana), next that of Rama, and lastly that of Krishna. Between the theological conception of Lakshmi-Narayana and the concreted conception of Rama, Kalidas appears to have lived. His imagination was greatly touched by the conception of the Trinity, which must have been newly completed in his time. Personally he was overshadowed by the idea of Shiva, and he was not without foresight of the deification of Rama. Hindu scholars should be able from these considerations to fix his date.


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text: Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society/Volume 1/Gutta Percha


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OHN BRUNT was a lucky fellow—is still for the matter of that. Everybody knows his books; that capital volume of Travels at the South Pole, the two series of essays on The Modern Wherewithal, and his Reign of Louis XI, which all the historical bigwigs have sanctioned. From the outset, Brunt was blessed with that happiest of combinations, a moderate income and a taste for

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 literature. Now literature, as has been often observed, is a first-rate thing, if you have an income to back it up with, but for a poor devil out at elbows pecuniarily, like some of us, writing books is about as practical an occupation as keeping a yacht.

John was a great fellow for a discussion, and was never satisfied till he had proved his point. It is my opinion that if he had hazarded the statement that a fairly good pedestrian could walk from Maine to Oregon in so and so many weeks, he would have been ready to perform the feat for the sake of the argument. Luckily, that particular question never came up, for we should have missed John badly at the Pow-wow. Pretty good name for a debating club, by the way. Harry Flint christened it. Flint is a capital fellow, only he insists upon making puns, and his are so much better than anything anybody else can do in that line, that we find them rather a bore.

One night, at the Pow-wow, Hanley

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 had read a paper on Civil-Service Reform, and a very able paper it was too. But the discussion which was in order was inclined to flag, owing to our all being of pretty much the same opinion. Ellis tried to recall some heresy of Daniel Webster's on the subject, which he thought might stir us up a little, but there wasn't any real "go" to the talk, and we drifted off onto side issues. Ballotreform, which is Manning's hobby, led to English methods of election, old and new, and then somebody struck Felix Holt, which naturally brought the talk round to George Eliot. One of the fellows remarked that it was odd that so many women had chosen a man's name for a nom-de-plume, but Percy Kent said it was natural enough, since a book got a better hearing if it was supposed to be written by a man.

"Nonsense!" exclaimed Brunt. "A book's a book, and stands for itself! If it's a woman that's written a good book, all the better for the book!"

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 "If that is so," Kent answered, "it is mighty queer that so many of the best heads among the women should have chosen to take a man's name."

"A man's name is a more effectual concealment," Blunt maintained.

"Then why don't men sometimes do the same thing for the sake of concealment? Why didn't Dickens call himself Ruth instead of Boz? Why didn't Samuel Clemens pass himself off as Mary Twain? Why were not the "Sonnets of Proteus" called the sonnets of Io or Persephone or some other classic girl, just as changeable, I warrant you, as Proteus ever was?"

"Because the author was not as muddled in his mythology as you are, Kent!"

"Poh! My mythology is miles ahead of your logic, Brunt. There's a reason in things, and Currer Bell, and George Sand, and George Eliot knew what they were about—you may depend upon it!

Singularly enough, we found this a much more fruitful theme than civil-ser-

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 vice reform, and there were lots of good things said before we got through with it. I don't repeat them, for two reasons. In the first place, I have noticed that what we fellows say at the Pow-wow never sounds as clever by half when you try to repeat it. In the second place, it all happened some time ago and I have forgotten the best points. But I remember that everybody had something to say on the subject. Brunt got much wrought up, because he could not lay his hand on any proof of his assertion, that it was rather an advantage to a book than otherwise, to have been written by a woman. If it had not been for a look in Brunt's eye that I knew better than anyone else—for Brunt and I are old college chums, and I know him like a book, though he wouldn't thank me for saying so—if it hadn't been for that look in his eye I might have forgotten all about that particular Pow-wow.

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