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 of the gentlemen left the garden by the side gate just as he obtained a view of it; and the young ladies, he knew, had walked out alone, soon after breakfast. The coast was clear.

The breakfast-parlour door was partially open. He peeped in. The spinster aunt was knitting. He coughed; she looked up and smiled. Hesitation formed no part of Mr. Alfred Jingle's character. He laid his finger on his lips mysteriously, walked in, and closed the door.

"Miss Wardle," said Mr. Jingle, with affected earnestness, "forgive intrusion—short acquaintance—no time for ceremony—all discovered."

"Sir!" said the spinster aunt, rather astonished by the unexpected apparition and somewhat doubtful of Mr. Jingle's sanity.

"Hush!" said Mr. Jingle, in a stage whisper;—"large boy—dumpling face—round eyes—rascal!" Here he shook his head expressively, and the spinster aunt trembled with agitation.

"I presume you allude to Joseph, sir?" said the lady, making an effort to appear composed.

"Yes, ma'am—damn that Joe!--treacherous dog, Joe—told the old lady—old lady furious—wild—raving—arbour—Tupman—kissing and hugging—all that sort of thing—eh, ma'am—eh?"

"Mr. Jingle," said the spinster aunt, "if you come here, sir, to insult me"

"Not at all—by no means," replied the unabashed Mr. Jingle;—"overheard the tale—came to warn you of your danger—tender my services—prevent the hubbub. Never mind—think it an insult—leave the room"—and he turned, as if to carry the threat into execution.

"What shall I do!" said the poor spinster, bursting into tears. "My brother will be furious."

"Of course he will," said Mr. Jingle pausing—"outrageous."

"Oh, Mr. Jingle, what can I say!" exclaimed the spinster aunt, in another flood of despair.


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 assent, communicated a blanc-mange like motion to his fat cheeks.

"And she suffered him!" exclaimed the old lady.

A grin stole over the fat boy's features as he said:

"I see her a kissin' of him agin."

If Mr. Jingle, from his place of concealment, could have beheld the expression which the old lady's face assumed at this communication, the probability is that a sudden burst of laughter would have betrayed his close vicinity to the summer-house. He listened attentively. Fragments of angry sentences such as, "Without my permission!"—"At her time of life"—"Miserable old 'ooman like me"—"Might have waited till I was dead," and so forth, reached his ears; and then he heard the heels of the fat boy's boots crunching the gravel, as he retired and left the old lady alone.

It was a remarkable coincidence perhaps, but it was nevertheless a fact, that Mr. Jingle within five minutes after his arrival at Manor Farm on the preceding night, had inwardly resolved to lay siege to the heart of the spinster aunt, without delay. He had observation enough to see, that his off-hand manner was by no means disagreeable to the fair object of his attack; and he had more than a strong suspicion that she possessed that most desirable of all requisites, a small independence. The imperative necessity of ousting his rival by some means or other, flashed quickly upon him, and he immediately resolved to adopt certain proceedings tending to that end and object, without a moment's delay. Fielding tells us that man is fire, and woman tow, and the Prince of Darkness sets a light to 'em. Mr. Jingle knew that young men, to spinster aunts, are as lighted gas to gunpowder, and he determined to essay the effect of an explosion without loss of time.

Full of reflections upon this important decision, he crept from his place of concealment, and, under cover of the shrubs before mentioned, approached the house. Fortune seemed determined to favour his design. Mr. Tupman and the rest

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90 and bearings in helping the onward evolution of the human soul. We must love truth, seek truth, and live truth; and thus alone can the Divine Light which is Truth Sublime be seen by the student of Occultism. When there is the slightest leaning towards falsehood in any shape, there is shadow and ignorance, and their child, pain. This leaning towards falsehood belongs to the lower personality without doubt. It is here that our interests clash, it is here the struggle for existence is in full swing, and it is therefore here that cowardice and dishonesty and fraud find any scope. The ‘signs and symptoms’ of the operations of this lower self can never remain concealed from one who sincerely loves truth and seeks truth.”

To understand oneself, and so escape self-deception, Truth must be practised; thus only can be avoided the dangers of the “conscious and unconscious deception” against which a Master warned his pupils in 1885.

Virtue is the foundation of White Occultism; the Pàramitàs, six and ten, the transcendental virtues, must be mastered, and each of the Seven Portals on the Path is a virtue, which the Disciple must make his own, Out of the soil of pure morality alone can grow the sacred flower which blossoms at length into Arhatship, and those who aspire to the blooming of the flower must begin by preparing the soil.

,, , , , ,.

I do not propose to discuss the merits of the case against Mr. Judge, but we who signed this paper—without prejudging in their personal aspect accusations which it had then been found impossible to thresh out thoroughly—conceived it desirable to remind all fellow-students of Occultism that no beneficial results along that path could possibly be attained except by a course of life which, whatever else it might be, should be strictly in harmony with the dictates of ordinary morality.

The Theosophical Society has grown in a few years to such extraordinary proportions, and is so loosely jointed, that it cannot be correctly thought of as a homogeneous association all parts of which are equally represented by the officers nominally at its head. But it ought at this crisis to be generally understood that the many persons of culture and earnest purpose to whom spiritual progress alone the original lines of Theosophic teaching is the main object of existence are guided by evidence concerning the possibilities of their higher evolution that is of a kind utterly unlike that which you not unreasonably discredit.


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 "Well, Joe," said the trembling old lady. "I'm sure I have been a good mistress to you, Joe. You have invariably been treated very kindly. You have never had too much to do; and you have always had enough to eat."

This last was an appeal to the fat boy's most sensitive feelings. He seemed touched, as he replied, emphatically—

"I knows I has."

"Then what can you want to do now?" said the old lady, gaining courage.

"I wants to make your flesh creep," replied the boy. This sounded like a very bloodthirsty mode of showing one's gratitude; and as the old lady did not precisely understand the process by which such a result was to be attained, all her former horrors returned.

"What do you think I see in this very arbour last night?" inquired the boy.

"Bless us! What?" exclaimed the old lady, alarmed at the solemn manner of the corpulent youth.

"The strange gentleman—him as had his arm hurt—a kissin' and huggin'"

"Who, Joe? None of the servants, I hope."

"Worser than that," roared the fat boy, in the old lady's ear.

"Not one of my grand-da'aters?"

"Worser than that."

"Worse than that, Joe!" said the old lady, who had thought this the extreme limit of human atrocity. "Who was it, Joe? I insist upon knowing."

The fat boy looked cautiously round, and having concluded his survey, shouted in the old lady's ear:

"Miss Rachael."

"What!" said the old lady, in a shrill tone. "Speak louder."

"Miss Rachael," roared the fat boy.

"My da'ater!"

The train of nods which the fat boy gave by way of


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Rh A great block of such evidence is in our possession concerning not merely the existence but also the attributes of the great initiates, and to those of us in a position to appreciate this the foundations of Theosophic knowledge are quite unshaken by such incidents as those on which you have been commenting.—I am, Sir, yours, &c., November 17.

In the current number of the Review of Reviews a letter appears signed by the Dr. Keightley who lately wrote to as a professed representative of Mr. W. Q. Judge, Vice-President of the Theosophical Society. The letter is worthy of some attention as an illustration of the tactics of Mr. Judge’s friends, and of the line which they were taking towards any allusion in the Press to certain events before the appearance of the recent exposure in this journal.

The letter is dated October 25, and was therefore written at the time when the Theosophists still hoped to maintain the great “hush up” inaugurated at the Convention of last July, and before they dreamed that all London would presently be discussing the facts which had been so industriously buried.

The occasion of the letter appears to have been a comment of Mr. Stead’s in the last number of the Review on a circular lately issued under the title of “Occultism and Truth.” This circular was issued just after the so-called “Enquiry into Certain Charges against the Vice-President,” and (to this office, at any rate) it was enclosed under one cover with the pamphlet report of that “Enquiry.” The substance of it is an assurance to the Theosophical world, on the part of some prominent Theosophists, that occultists have no more right than ordinary people to fib. Coming at the time when it did, and signed as it was by all the principal official Theosophists, with the one exception of the vice-president, the Editor of the Review of Reviews very naturally interpreted it as having some connexion with the charges against the last-named gentleman, and with what his colleagues evidently felt to be their apparent condonation of the “occult methods” ascribed to him.

The following is the substantial passage in the letter thereupon addressed to the Review of Reviews by Mr. Judge’s representatives:—


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 [Provided that the reference in this clause to the last preceding census of which the relevant figures have been published shall, until the relevant figures for the first census taken after the year [2026] have been published, [be construed,—

 * (i) for the purposes of sub-clause (a) of clause (2) and the proviso to that clause, as a reference to the 1971 census; and
 * (ii) for the purposes of sub-clause (b)of clause (2) as a reference to the [2001] census.]

82. Readjustment after each census.—Upon the completion of each census, the allocation of seats in the House of the People to the States and the division of each State into territorial constituencies shall be readjusted by such authority and in such manner as Parliament may by law determine:

Provided that such readjustment shall not affect representation in the House of the People until the dissolution of the then existing House:

Provided further that such readjustment shall take effect from such date as the President may, by order, specify and until such readjustment takes effect, any election to the House may be held on the basis of the territorial constituencies existing before such readjustment:

Provided also that until the relevant figures for the first census taken after the year [2026] have been published, it shall not be necessary to [readjust—
 * (i) the allocation of seats in the House of the People to the States as readjusted on the basis of the 1971 census; and
 * (ii) the division of each State into territorial constituencies as may be readjusted on the basis of the [2001] census,

under this article.]

83. Duration of Houses of Parliament.—(1) The Council of States shall not be subject to dissolution, but as nearly as possible one-third of the members thereof shall retire as soon as may be on the expiration of every second year in accordance with the provisions made in that behalf by Parliament by law.

(2) The House of the People, unless sooner dissolved, shall continue for [five years] from the date appointed for its first meeting and no longer and the expiration of the said period of [five years] shall operate as a dissolution of the House:

Provided that the said period may, while a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation, be extended by Parliament by law for a period not exceeding one year at a time and not extending in any case beyond a period of six months after the Proclamation has ceased to operate.

46


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 Rh and necks and even fall asleep during the pauses when the fish stop biting.

Anyway all the “boys” agreed that the great advantage of a launch would be that we could get a man to take us. By that means the man could see to getting the worms, and the man would be sure to have spare lines, and the man could come along to our different places—we were all beside the water—and pick us up. In fact the more we thought about the advantage of having a “man” to take us the better we liked it. As a boy gets old he likes to have a man around to do the work.

Anyway Frank Rolls, the man we decided to get, not only has the biggest launch in town but what is more Frank knows the lake. We called him up up at his boat-house over the phone and said we’d give him five dollars to take us out first thing in the morning provided that he knew the shoal. He said he knew it.

I don’t know, to be quite candid about it, who mentioned whisky first. In these days everybody has to be a little careful. I imagine we had all been thinking whisky for some time before anybody said it. But there is a sort of convention that when men go fishing they must have whisky. Each man makes the

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84. Qualification for membership of Parliament.—A person shall not be qualified to be chosen to fill a seat in Parliament unless he—

 * [(a) is a citizen of India, and makes and subscribes before some person authorised in that behalf by the Election Commission an oath or affirmation according to the form set out for the purpose in the Third Schedule;]

 * (b) is, in the case of a seat in the Council of States, not less than thirty years of age and, in the case of a seat in the House of the People, not less than twenty-five years of age; and
 * (c) possesses such other qualifications as may be prescribed in that behalf by or under any law made by Parliament.

[85. Sessions of Parliament, prorogation and dissolution.—(1) The President shall from time to time summon each House of Parliament to meet at such time and place as he thinks fit, but six months shall not intervene between its last sitting in one session and the date appointed for its first sitting in the next session.

(2) The President may from time to time—
 * (a) prorogue the Houses or either House;
 * (b) dissolve the House of the People.]

86. Right of President to address and send messages to Houses.—(1) The President may address either House of Parliament or both Houses assembled together, and for that purpose require the attendance of members.

(2) The President may send messages to either House of Parliament, whether with respect to a Bill then pending in Parliament or otherwise, and a House to which any message is so sent shall with all convenient despatch consider any matter required by the message to be taken into consideration.

87. Special address by the President.—(1) At the commencement of [the first session after each general election to the House of the People and at the commencement of the first session of each year] the President shall address both Houses of Parliament assembled together and inform Parliament of the causes of its summons.

(2) Provision shall be made by the rules regulating the procedure of either House for the allotment of time for discussion of the matters referred to in such address ***.

88. Rights of Ministers and Attorney-General as respects Houses.—Every Minister and the Attorney-General of India shall have the right to speak in, and otherwise to take part in the proceedings of, either House, any joint sitting of the Houses, and any committee of Parliament of which he may be named a member, but shall not by virtue of this article be entitled to vote.

89. The Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Council of States.—(1) The Vice- President of India shall be ex officio Chairman of the Council of States.

(2) The Council of States shall, as soon as may be, choose a member of the Council to be Deputy Chairman thereof and, so often as the office of Deputy Chairman becomes vacant, the Council shall choose another member to be Deputy Chairman thereof.

47


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92 (The letter then concludes with a high tribute to Mr. Judge’s character for truthfulness and every other virtue.)

Now, as regards the statement about the intention of the Circular, we will only say that one co-signatory of it at least has committed himself to the precise view of it which this letter denies. Nor is it obvious why the heads of any society should issue a round robin to say it is naughty to tell taradiddles, unless some current reference were intended to the affairs of the society.

Besides, this, however, there is unmistakably conveyed the impression that Mr. Judge’s accusers failed to substantiate their case, and that there was something actually “illegal,” in the ordinary sense of the word, about some part of their conduct.

As readers of “Isis Very Much Unveiled” are aware, both these things are absolutely untrue. The simple fact was that, owing to the objections raised by Mr. Judge, no opportunity was given for the charges to be either substantiated or the reverse; while the only justification for the statement that they were “illegally laid” is such as can be squeezed out of the fact that the Theosophical Pickwickians were persuaded by Mr. Judge that inquiry was forbidden by the constitution of their society.

It only remains to add, to complete the disingenuousness of this very Theosophistical letter, that its signatories authenticate its statements by flaunting the title of “Members of the Committee of Investigation”; the committee referred to being the one which met only to decide that it could not investigate, and the members of it as such having no knowledge whatever of the evidence either on one side or the other!


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 Rh  that the one thing he needs at six o’clock in the morning is cold raw whisky. It is spoken of in terms of affection. One man says the first thing you need if you’re going fishing is a good “snort” of whisky; another says that a good “snifter” is the very thing; and the others agree that no man can fish properly without “a horn,” or a “bracer” or an “eye-opener.” Each man really decides that he himself won’t take any. But he feels that, in a collective sense, the “boys” need it.

So it was with us. The Colonel said he’d bring along “a bottle of booze.” Popley said, no, let him bring it; Kernin said let him; and Charlie Jones said no, he’d bring it. It turned out that the Colonel had some very good Scotch at his house that he’d like to bring; oddly enough Popley had some good Scotch in his house too; and, queer though it is, each of the boys had Scotch in his house. When the discussion closed we knew that each of the five of us was intending to bring a bottle of whisky. Each of the five of us expected the others to drink one and a quarter bottles in the course of the morning.

I suppose we must have talked on that veranda till long after one in the morning. It was probably nearer two than one when we broke up. But we agreed that that made no

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 V. May her soul and the souls of all the faithful departed, through the mercy of God, rest in peace. R. Amen.

Whilst returning from the Grave to the Convent, the following is said:

Ant. Si iniquitátes observáveris, Dómine, Dómine, quis sustinébit?

Psalm cxxix, "DeProfundis " (page 366).

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Rh

—My husband and myself are two of the officials in one of the local branches of the Theosophical Society. I write in his name and my own to say that we have read with some interest your voluminous attack on the personal characters of some of our leading members.

We were also amused by the ingenuous surprise of your reporter, that the Blavatsky Lodge meeting in London, which he attended, was spent in philosophic study, not in the discussion of psychic phenomena or of the personal characters of members.

You say :—“This society as such must stand or fall with its Mahatmas.” This is not so. The Theosophical Society is entirely neutral on the question of the existence or non-existence of such beings, and the reason why the charges, of which you have published a more or less correct statement, were not gone into by the authorities of the T.S. was, that to have done so would have entailed an infringement of that neutrality.

The question whether Mrs. Besant was misled when she made the statement at the Secular Hall in 1891 has been answered by her own clear withdrawal of that statement.

The question as to Mr. Judge is entirely one as to his own truth or falsehood, and may be well left to him to answer or not. It is not necessary for the public or for the members of the Theosophic Society to judge him.—Faithfully yours,

Manchester, November 6.

—Having read the revelations your correspondent has been pleased to give to the public, and presuming them to be correct, it seems to me that there are now three parties at fault in place of two as I had supposed, viz., Mr. Judge for imposing (whether consciously as a deceiver or unconsciously as a medium obsessed by a spirit of ambitionambition) [sic] and the communicator of the facts (if a member of the inner circle) for breaking his solemn pledge not to reveal or betray the affairs of that circle. The recent correspondence now adds others


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 Globe is Load-stone; but onely to shew that no reason could be given why one should be more unwilling to grant that it is of Load-stone, than of some other matter. And if you will but seriously consider, you shall find that it is not improbable, that one sole, pure, and arbitrary name, hath moved men to think that it consists of Earth; and that is their having made use commonly from the beginning of this word Earth, as well to signifie that matter which is plowed and sowed, as to name this our Globe. The denomination of which if it had been taken from stone, as that it might as well have been taken from that as from the Earth; the saying that its primary substance was stone, would doubtlesse have found no scruple or opposition in any man. And is so much the more probable, in that I verily believe, that if one could but pare off the scurf of this great Globe, taking away but one full thousand or two thousand yards; and afterwards seperate the Stones from the Earth, the accumulation of the stones would be very much biger than that of the fertile Mould. But as for the reasons which concludently prove de facto, that is our Globe is a Magnet, I have mentioned none of them, nor is this a time to alledg them, and the rather, for that to your benefit you may read them in Gilbert; onely to encourage you to the perusal of them, I will set before you, in a similitude of my own, the method that he observed in his Philosophy. I know you understand very well how much the knowledg of the accidents is subservient to the investigation of the substance and essence of things; therefore I desire that you would take pains to informe your self well of many accidents and properties that are found in the Magnet, and in no other stone, or body; as for instance of attracting Iron, of conferring upon it by its sole presence the same virtue, of communicating likewise to it the property of looking towards the Poles, as it also doth it self; and moreover endeavour to know by trial, that it containeth in it a virtue of conferring upon the magnetick needle not onely the direction under a Meridian towards the Poles, with an Horizontal motion, (a property a long time ago known) but a new found accident, of declining (being ballanced under the Meridian before marked upon a little spherical Magnet) of declining I say to determinate marks more or lesse, according as that needle is held nearer or farther from the Pole, till that upon the Pole it self it erecteth perpendicularly, whereas in the middle parts it is parallel to the Axis. Furthermore procure a proof to be made, whether the virtue of attracting Iron, residing much more vigorously about the Poles, than about the middle parts, this force be not notably more vigorous in one Pole than in the other, and that in all pieces of Magnet; the


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94 as condoning the offence of Mr. Judge—and all this has come from the love of pre-eminence and the mere dabbling (child’s play) with the occult. Clearly, if the offence was proved, the officers of the society were bound in truth and honour to expel the offender, and all would then have been clear and straight. My advice to the society would be to stick to their programme, which is a highly laudable one, and let no word from an invisible and unknown be taken as of any external value, but judged only by its internal worth.

The society, it seems to me, can no longer pretend to condemn the communication with Spirits as a dangerous thing, nor cry out against the occasional frauds of mediums, in conscious or unconscious state, seeing how heavily they have fallen into the same snare, nor can they point the finger to frauds or delusions in other bodies whether Catholic or non-Catholic. A greater strictness and more uniform abstinence from flesh-eating and tobacco, as well as alcohol (which last they eschew) should be enjoined on all its members by their authorised officers, and their own three objects steadily pursued—separating from the third all spurious imitations of magical wonders; and, above all, the spirit of truth which accepts nothing on this or that authority without careful verification should be cultivated. A want of bravery to do the right, to tell the truth, and face the consequences, is the only thing that can be laid to the charge of the presiding officers of the Indian and English sections. Are all societies and Churches free from this? Has not a natural tenderness from long friendship, and sympathy in noble and useful work, been often the cause of much to be deplored? And in this instance, is not such over-tenderness of noble, unsuspicious, and honourable souls, worthy rather of regret than of too severe censure.—Yours,

—I see Mr. Mead is reported as saying that “what the articles [in ] would do, if they did anything, was to sift the society of those who had simply joined for the sake of the marvellous.”


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Rh This remark shows the same utter oblivion of the appreciation of truth that has unhappily shown itself in the society’s record before. It is not a question of phenomena; it is one of good faith; and if this is the line taken, not the phenomena-hunters merely, but seekers for truth and respecters of it, who expected to find it in the Theosophical Society, will abandon that body in disgust.

Mr. Mead continues:—“Theosophists could no more divulge secrets without violating every sense of honour than a Mason could.”

To compare the Theosophical Society, as at present constituted, with an honourable body like the Masons, is an insult to the latter, goose-guzzling and luxuriant as they may have tended to become in these latter days.

There is a profound difference between hiding secrets, which are entrusted to one, and which concern certain (perhaps) important facts in the nature of man, and taking part in proceedings to gull a number of fellow-students and the outside public. This is practically what has been done before, and the dissatisfied either disappeared altogether or were well howled at as traitors to “the cause,” whereas, in verity, they were doing their best for the disowned cause of truth; or, again, they were coerced by the solemn warning of “your pledge, take care of your pledge,” and thereby intimidated from seeing that they were making themselves parties to a continuous misrepresentation of facts and a deliberate fraud upon their less-informed fellow-members, not to mention the public. “What have our troubles to do with the public?” has been the question. I reply, “Everything,” for it is to the public that constant appeal is made and amongst its ranks that proselytes are sought.

Nothing has, so far, been exposed in these articles that any right-thinking truth-seeker would wish to have cloaked. The public are not being made acquainted with any arcane wisdom; but if one-third of the statements made in are supported by documentary and other evidence, then the world certainly ought to be warned against a society that takes as its motto, “There is no religion higher than ” and forthwith allows its leading members to play such antics and engage in such grotesque jugglery without bringing them sternly to book. As for continuing to work with these people in the establishment of a


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 stronger of which Poles is that which looketh towards the South. Observe, in the next place, that in a little Magnet this South and more vigorous Pole, becometh weaker, when ever it is to take up an iron in presence of the North Pole of another much bigger Magnet: and not to make any tedious discourse of it, assertain your self, by experience, of these and many other properties described by Gilbert, which are all so peculiar to the Magnet, as that none of them agree with any other matter. Tell me now, Simplicius, if there were laid before you a thousand pieces of several matters, but all covered and concealed in a cloth, under which it is hid, and you were required, without uncovering them, to make a guesse, by external signes, at the matter of each of them, and that in making trial, you should hit upon one that should openly shew it self to have all the properties by you already acknowledged to reside onely in the Magnet, and in no other matter, what judgment would you make of the essence of such a body? Would you say, that it might be a piece of Ebony, or Alablaster, otor [sic] Tin.

I would say, without the least hæsitation, that it was a piece of Load-stone.

If it be so, say resolutely, that under this cover and scurf of Earth, stones, metals, water, &c. there is hid a great Magnet, forasmuch as about the same there may be seen by any one that will heedfully observe the same, all those very accidents that agree with a true and visible Globe of Magnet; but if no more were to be seen than that of the Declinatory Needle, which being carried about the Earth, more and more inclineth, as it approacheth to the North Pole, and declineth lesse towards the Equinoctial, under which it finally is brought to an Æquilibrium, it might serve to perswade even the most scrupulous judgment. I forbear to mention that other admirable effect, which is sensibly observed in every piece of Magnet, of which, to us inhabitants of the Northern Hemisphere, the Meridional Pole of the said Magnet is more vigorous than the other; and the difference is found greater, by how much one recedeth from the Equinoctial; and under the Equinoctial both the parts are of equal strength, but notably weaker. But, in the Meridional Regions, far distant from the Equinoctial, it changeth nature, and that part which to us was more weak, acquireth more strength than the other: and all this I confer with that which we see to be done by a small piece of Magnet, in the presence of a great one, the vertue of which superating the lesser, maketh it to become obedient to it, and according as it is held, either on this or on that side the Equinoctial of the great one, maketh the self same mutations, which I have said are made by every Magnet, carried on this


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 non recípiat vicem, quæ tuam in votis ténuit voluntátem; ut sicut hie earn vera fides junxit fidélium turmis, ita illic earn tua miserátio sóciet angélicis choris. Per Christum Dóminum nostrum. R. Amen.

rant, we beseech Thee, O Lord, this mercy to Thy servant departed, that she may not receive the punishment due to her sins, who was desirous to hold fast Thy will; and as here true faith united her to the company of the faithful, so may there Thy mercy unite her to the choirs of angels. Through Christ our Lord. R. Amen.

V. Réquiem ætérnam dona ei, Dómine.

R. Et lux perpétua lúceat ei.

V. Requiéscat in pace.

R. Amen.

V. Anima ejus, et ánimæ ómnium fidélium defunctórum per misericórdiam Dei, requiéscant in pace.

R. Amen.

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 vivit, et credit in me, non moriétur in ætérnum.

The Canticle of Zachary. Luke i.

"Benedictus Dominus Deus Israel"

(page 362).

Ant. Ego sum, etc.

Kyrie eleison, Christe eleison, Kyrie eleison. Pater noster, etc., secreto.

Here the Corpse is sprinkled with Holy Water.

V. Et ne nos indúcas in tentationem.

R. Sed líbera nos a malo.

V. A porta ínferi.

R. Erue, Dómine, ánimam ejus.

V. Requiéscat in pace.

R. Amen.

V. Dómine, exáudi oratiónem meam.

R. Et clamor meus ad te véniat.

V. Dominus vobiscum.

R. Et cum spíritu tuo.

ac, quæsumus, Domine, hanc cum famula tua defúncta misericórdiam, ut factórum suórum in pœnis

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 side, or that side of the Equinoctiall of the Earth.

I was perswaded, at the very first reading of the Book of Gilbertus; and having met with a most excellent piece of Magnet, I, for a long time, made many Observations, and all worthy of extream wonder; but above all, that seemeth to me very stupendious of increasing the faculty of taking up Iron so much by arming it, like as the said Authour teacheth; and with arming that piece of mine, I multiplied its force in octuple proportion; and whereas unarmed it scarce took up nine ounces of Iron, it being armed did take up above six pounds: And, it may be, you have seen this Loadstone in the † Gallery of your Most Serene Grand Duke (to whom I presented it) upholding two little Anchors of Iron.

I saw it many times, and with great admiration, till that a little piece of the like stone gave me greater cause of wonder, that is in the keeping of our Academick, which being no more than of six ounces weight, and sustaining, when unarmed, hardly two ounces, doth, when armed, take up 160. ounces, so as that it is of 80. times more force armed than unarmed, and takes up a weight 26. times greater than its own; a much greater wonder than Gilbert could ever meet with, who writeth, that he could never get any Loadstone that could reach to take up four times its own weight.

In my opinion, this Stone offers to the wit of man a large Field to Phylosophate in; and I have many times thought with my self, how it can be that it conferreth on that Iron, which armeth it, a strength so superiour to its own; and finally, I finde nothing that giveth me satisfaction herein; nor do I find any thing extraordinary in that which Gilbert writes about this particular; I know not whether the same may have befallen you.

I extreamly praise, admire, and envy this Authour, for that a conceit so stupendious should come into his minde, touching a thing handled by infinite sublime wits, and hit upon by none of them: I think him moreover worthy of extraordinary applause for the many new and true Observations that he made, to the disgrace of so many fabulous Authours, that write not only what they do not know, but what ever they hear spoken by the foolish vulgar, never seeking to assure themselves of the same by experience, perhaps, because they are unwilling to diminish the bulk of their Books. That which I could have desired in Gilbert, is, that he had been a little greater Mathematician, and particularly well grounded in Geometry, the practice whereof would have rendered him less resolute in accepting those reasons for true Demonstrations, which he produceth for true


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 causes of the true conclusions observed by himself. Which reasons (freely speaking) do not knit and bind so fast, as those undoubtedly ought to do, in that of natural, necessary, and lasting conclusions may be alledged. And I doubt not, but that in processe of time this new Science will be perfected with new observations, and, which is more, with true and necessary Demonstrations. Nor ought the glory of the first Inventor to be thereby diminished; nor do I lesse esteem, but rather more admire, the Inventor of the Harp (although it may be supposed that the Instrument at first was but rudely framed, and more rudely fingered) than an hundred other Artists, that in the insuing Ages reduced that profession to great perfection. And methinks, that Antiquity had very good reason to enumerate the first Inventors of the Noble Arts amongst the Gods; seeing that the common wits have so little curiosity, and are so little regardful of rare and elegant things, that though they see and hear them exercitated by the exquisite professors of them, yet are they not thereby perswaded to a desire of learning them. Now judge, whether Capacities of this kind would ever have attempted to have found out the making of the Harp, or the invention of Musick, upon the hint of the whistling noise of the dry sinews of a Tortois, or from the striking of four Hammers. The application to great inventions moved by small hints, and the thinking that under a primary and childish appearance admirable Arts may lie hid, is not the part of a trivial, but of a super-humane spirit. Now answering to your demands, I say, that I also have long thought upon what might possibly be the cause of this so tenacious and potent union, that we see to be made between the one Iron that armeth the Magnet, and the other that conjoyns it self unto it. And first, we are certain, that the vertue and strength of the stone doth not augment by being armed, for it neither attracts at greater distance, nor doth it hold an Iron the faster, if between it, and the arming or cap, a very fine paper, or a leaf of beaten gold, be interposed; nay, with that interposition, the naked stone takes up more Iron than the armed. There is therefore no alteration in the vertue, and yet there is an innovation in the effect. And because its necessary, that a new effect have a new cause, if it be inquired what novelty is introduced in the act of taking up with the cap or arming, there is no mutation to be discovered, but in the different contact; for whereas before Iron toucht Loadstone, now Iron toucheth Iron. Therefore it is necessary to conclude, that the diversity of contacts is the cause of the diversity of effects. And for the difference of contacts it cannot, as I see, be derived from any thing else, save from that the substance of the Iron is of parts more subtil, more pure, and more compact-


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eus, cujus miseratióne ánimæ fidélium requiéscunt, hunc túmulum benedícere dignáre, eique angelum tuum sanctum d{éputa custódem; et quorum quarúmque córpora hic sepeliúntur, ánimas eórum ab ómnibus absólve vínculis delictórum, ut in te semper cum sanctis tuis sine fine læténtur. Per Christum Dóminum nostrum. R. Amen.

God, by Whose mercy the souls of the faithful find rest, vouch-safe to bless this grave, and depute Thy holy angel to guard it; and absolve the souls of all those whose bodies are buried here from all the bonds of sin, that they may always rejoice in Thee with Thy saints for ever. Through Christ our Lord.

R. Amen.

Here the Corpse and the Grave are sprinkled with Holy Water and are incensed.

Ant. go sum resurréctio, et vita: qui credit in me, etiam si mórtuus fúerit, vivet; et omnis qui

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58 and partakes largely of those good-humored, polite, and accommodating manners which distinguish the nation he sprang from. The old French war, and wars on this continent since then, amply prove how much better Frenchmen conciliate the natives than the English. The English and the Americans, when they come in contact with the untutored savage, most commonly fight. But not so the French. They please and flatter the Indian, give him powder, and balls, and flints, and guns, and make a Catholic of him, and make out to live in friendship with the red man and woman of the wilderness. It is strange that such extremes of character should meet. Some have said that they are not so very far distant as others have imagined,—that the refined French people love war, and the women paint their faces, grease their hair, and wear East India blankets, called shawls.—Captain Sublet possesses, doubtless, that conciliating disposition so characteristic of the French, and not so frequently found among the English or Americans; for the descendants of both nations bear strong marks of the stock they came from. The French have always had a stronger hold of the affections of the Indians than any other people.

The trappers kept company with us till we came to Pierre's Hole, or valley, which is twelve miles from the spot where we first met them. Three or four days after, we were fired on by the Indians about ten o'clock at night. They had assembled to about the number of three hundred. They stole [38] five horses from us, and three from Sublet's company. About the first of July we crossed the highest part or ridge of the mountains.


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 ed than those of the Magnet, which are more grosse, impure, and rare. From whence it followeth, that the superficies of two Irons that are to touch, by being exquisitely plained, filed, and burnished, do so exactly conjoyn, that all the infinite points of the one meet with the infinite points of the other; so that the filaments, if I may so say, that collegate the two Irons, are many more than those that collegate the Magnet to the Iron, by reason that the substance of the Magnet is more porous, and lesse compact, which maketh that all the points and filaments of the Loadstone do not close with that which it unites unto. In the next place, that the substance of Iron (especially the well refined, as namely, the purest steel) is of parts much more dense, subtil, and pure than the matter of the Loadstone, is seen, in that one may bring its edge to an extraordinary sharpnesse, such as is that of the Rasor, which can never be in any great measure effected in a piece of Magnet. Then, as for the impurity of the Magnet, and its being mixed with other qualities of stone, it is first sensibly discovered by the colour of some little spots, for the most part white; and next by presenting a needle to it, hanging in a thread, which upon those stonynesses cannot find repose, but being attracted by the parts circumfused, seemeth to fly from * those, and to leap upon the Magnet contiguous to them: and as some of those Heterogeneal parts are for their magnitude very visible, so we may believe, that there are others, in great abundance, which, for their smallnesse, are imperceptible, that are disseminated throughout the whole masse. That which I say, (namely, that the multitude of contacts that are made between Iron and Iron, is the cause of the so solid conjunction) is confirmed by an experiment, which is this, that if we present the sharpned point of a needle to the cap of a Magnet, it will stick no faster to it, than to the same stone unarmed: which can proceed from no other cause, than from the equality of the contacts that are both of one sole point. But what then? Let a * Needle be taken and placed upon a Magnet, so that one of its extremities hang somewhat over, and to that present a Nail; to which the Needle will instantly cleave, insomuch that withdrawing the Nail, the Needle will stand in suspense, and with its two ends touching the Magnet and the Iron; and withdrawing the Nail yet a little further, the Needle will forsake the Magnet; provided that the eye of the Needle be towards the Nail, and the point towards the Magnet; but if the eye be towards the Loadstone, in withdrawing the Nail the Needle will cleave to the Magnet; and this, in my judgment, for no other reason, save onely that the Needle, by reason it is bigger towards the eye, toucheth in much more points than its sharp point doth.


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96 “universal brotherhood,” rather will it become a universal imposture to expose which were a service to the glorious old Wisdom of the Venerable East, which it dishonoured by its sham Mahatmas.

Those who are publishing the facts, if facts they be, are doing a service to the cause of truth, and should have the thanks and gratitude of all of us in the Theosophical Society whose motive in being there is to seek TRUTH, and to combat error and fraud in religion, mysticism, or anything else.—I am, &c.,

—With every word of Brother Old’s letter of to-day’s issue I beg to express my fullest sympathy. I deprecate the tone of the “revelations,” but of the necessity of making the public fully acquainted with the facts I have not the least doubt. As to the existence of “Mahatmas,” I can only say I do believe in the existence on this earth of a higher order of beings who, by total abstinence from and abhorrence of flesh-eating, alchoholaocohol [sic], and tobacco, and other evil and impure customs, and by adherence to a fixed rule of life, retiring early and early rising, with daily ablutions, and by certain studies and training of body and mind, have acquired certain attributes and powers so far in advance of ordinary human beings as to be regarded by them as miraculous. Of this I have had evidence, not from Theosophists, but from personal friends resident in India before ever they heard of the name of Theosophy. Whether any of these have anything to do in the direction of the Theosophical Society is quite another matter. There is Theosophy and Theosophy, and one of these I would rather term “Theophilosophy,” i.e., “the love and wisdom of God,” or “love and wisdom religion”—and not wisdom only as is implied in the term “Theosophy.” Readers of “The Perfect Way” and its companion volume, “Clothed with the Sun,” by that noble woman Anna Kingsford and her colleague, will know what I mean. Now, what about the future of the Theosophical Society? I believe its officers may fall, but its work must endure. No doubt of that. The founders have had their weaknesses and foibles like other mortals, but I hope none will ever forget the gratitude they owe to Madame Blavatsky, especially to the blessings she has conferred in


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 Your whole discourse hath been in my judgment very concluding, and this experiment of the Needle hath made me think it little inferiour to a Mathematical Demonstration; and I ingenuously confesse, that in all the Magnetick Philosophy, I never heard or read any thing, that with such strong reasons gave account of its so many admirable accidents, of which, if the causes were with the same perspicuity laid open, I know not what sweeter food our Intellects could desire.

In seeking the reasons of conclusions unknown unto us, it is requisite to have the good fortune to direct the discourse from the very beginning towards the way of truth; in which if any one walk, it will easily happen, that one shall meet with several other Propositions known to be true, either by disputes or experiments, from the certainty of which the truth of ours acquireth strength and evidence; as it did in every respect happen to me in the present Probleme, for being desirous to assure my self, by some other accident, whether the reason of the Proposition, by me found, were true; namely, whether the substance of the Magnet were really much lesse continuate than that of Iron or of Steel, I made the Artists that work in the Gallery of my Lord the Grand Duke, to smooth one side of that piece of Magnet, which formerly was yours, and then to polish and burnish it; upon which to my satisfaction I found what I desired. For I discovered many specks of colour different from the rest, but as splendid and bright, as any of the harder sort of stones; the rest of the Magnet was polite, but to the tact onely, not being in the least splendid; but rather as if it were smeered over with foot; and this was the substance of the Load-stone, and the shining part was the fragments of other stones intermixt therewith, as was sensibly made known by presenting the face thereof to filings of Iron, the which in great number leapt to the Load-stone, but not so much as one grain did stick to the said spots, which were many, some as big as the fourth part of the nail of a mans finger, others somewhat lesser, the least of all very many, and those that were scarce visible almost innumerable. So that I did assure my self, that my conjecture was true, when I first thought that the substance of the Magnet was not close and compact, but porous, or to say better, spongy; but with this difference, that whereas the sponge in its cavities and little cels conteineth Air or Water, the Magnet hath its pores full of hard and heavy stone, as appears by the exquisite lustre which those specks receive. Whereupon, as I have said from the beginning, applying the surface of the Iron to the superficies of the Magnet the minute particles of the Iron, though perhaps more continuate than these of any other body (as its


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 rounded by a sort of beautiful things, made, so we are told, from the smells of the things we have here. That is curious, but not irrational. Our favourite doggies will be there. Sublimated also. That thought has been a great comfort to Lady Burrows We had a dog called Fido, a leetle, teeny fellow—practically human

"These blessed ones engage very largely in conversation. Other occupations I found difficult to trace. Raymond attended a sort of reception on the very highest plane. It was a special privilege. Perhaps a compliment to Sir Oliver. He met the truth of revealed religion, so to speak, personally. It was a wonderful moment. Sir Oliver suppresses the more solemn details. Lady Burrows intends to write to him. She is anxious for particulars. But I will not dilate," said Sir Eliphaz. "I will not dilate."

"And you believe this stuff?" said the doctor in tones of the deepest disgust.

Sir Eliphaz waved himself upon the questioner.

"So far as poor earthly expressions can body forth spiritual things," he hedged.

He regarded his colleagues with an eye of florid defiance. Both Mr. Farr and Mr. Dad had slightly shamefaced expressions, and Mr. Dad's ears were red.

Mr. Dad cleared his throat. "I'm sure there's something in it—anyhow," said Mr. Dad hoarsely, doing his best in support.

"If I was born with a hare lip," said the doctor, "would that be put right? Do congenital idiots get sublimated? What becomes of a dog one has shot for hydrophobia?"


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Runo X]

All the cuckoos vanish with them,

And the nightingales would migrate,

From the summit of this mountain,

From the summits of these uplands.

“Not as yet can I abandon

My delightful life as maiden,

And my innocent employments

In the glowing heat of summer.

All unplucked the mountain-berries,

And the lakeshore will be songless,

And unvisited the meadows,

And in woods I sport no longer.”

Thereupon smith Ilmarinen,

He the great primeval craftsman,

Sad, and with his head down-hanging,

And his cap in grief thrust sideways,

Presently began to ponder,

In his head long time debating

How he now should journey homeward,

To his own familiar country,

From the gloomy land of Pohja,

Sariola for ever misty.

Then said Pohjola’s old Mistress,

“O thou smith, O Ilmarinen

Wherefore is thy mind so saddened,

And thy cap in grief pushed sideways?

Are you thinking how to journey,

Homeward to your native country?”

Said the smith, e’en Ilmarinen,

“Yes, my thoughts are there directed

To my home that I may die there,

And may rest in scenes familiar.”

Then did Pohjola’s old Mistress

Set both meat and drink before him,

At the boat-stern then she placed him,

There to work the copper paddle,

And she bade the wind blow strongly,

And the north wind fiercely bluster.

Thus it was smith Ilmarinen

He the great primeval craftsman,

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Rh founding the Theosophical Society and giving through its means to all hungry and thirsty souls such priceless stores of knowledge and suggestive thought (from the Oriental religions and philosophies which have made such deep impress on the millions of the East) as are contained in the grand volumes of “The Secret Doctrine,” with its index and glossary, and her other publications. None can read these volumes, but must ask themselves, What manner of woman must she have been who devoted so many long years of labour, from 7 a.m. to 7 p.m. daily, in their production, and that amidst incredible difficulties and opposition and worry? Nor must we forget the debt that we owe to Colonel Olcott and Madame Besant for having made this knowledge accessible to all minds and conditions by their lectures and booklets.

What can be more noble than the promotion of universal brotherhood irrespective of sex, colour, caste, or creed, united in the study of the ancient religions of East and West, and of all that pertains to the hidden powers in man, and their development for the good of the race? But these last, I say again, will not be attained in purity but by prayer, and abstinence from flesh meat, alcohol, and tobacco, and other evil customs of society, and the disuse of all things gotten by cruelty to, or oppression of, our fellow-creatures the lower animals, and by pure surroundings.—Yours,

—No one should blame you, or resent the publication of the facts. Truth is the first consideration, and though we who have interested ourselves in the philosophy promulgated by the society may bitterly regret that folly and fraud are to be found within its fold—as elsewhere—yet we can rest assured that whatever there is in this philosophy which appeals to the enlightened intelligence of mankind will remain when the superstructure raised by designing intriguers or unwise enthusiasts shall have crumbled away. It is in consequence of this belief that the writer, with others in the society, can read with calmness, and not without some sense of amusement, this unpleasant disclosure; not doubting but that a great deal of it is true, and that all may be so; and while feeling unmixed contempt for the


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 "To all of such questions," said Sir Eliphaz serenely, "the answer is—we don't know. Why should we?"

Mr. Huss seemed lost in meditation. His pale and sunken face and crumpled pose contrasted strongly with the bristling intellectual rectitude and mounting choler of Dr. Elihu Barrack.

"No, Sir Eliphaz," said Mr. Huss, and sighed.

"No," he repeated.

"What a poor phantom of a world these people conjure up! What a mockery of loss and love! The very mothers and lovers who mourn their dead will not believe these foolish stories. Restoration! It is a crowning indignity. It makes me think of nothing in the world but my dear boy's body, broken and crumpled, and some creature, half fool and half imposter, sitting upon it, getting between it and me, and talking cheap rubbish over it about planes of being and astral bodies

"After all, you teach me, Sir Eliphaz, that life, for all its grossness and pain and horror, is not so bad as it might be—if such things as this were true. But it needs no sifting of the evidence to know they are untrue. No sane man believes this stuff for ten minutes together. It is impossible to believe it"

Dr. Elihu Barrack applauded. Sir Eliphaz acted a fine self-restraint.

"They are contrary to the texture of everything we know," said Mr. Huss. "They are less convincing than the wildest dreams. By pain, by desire, by


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 said again upwards, if I could find men like that, that would be just heaven where there is no marrying But, of course, she went on almost resignedly, he would not be faithful to you And then: one would have to stand it

She sat up so suddenly in her chair that beside her, too, Major Perowne nearly jumped out of his wicker-work, and asked if he had come back She exclaimed:

"No, I'd be damned if I would I'd be damned, I'd be damned, I'd be damned if I would Never. Never. By the living God!"

She asked fiercely of the agitated major:

"Has Christopher got a girl in this town You'd better tell me the truth!"

The major mumbled:

"He No  He's too much of a stick He never even goes to Suzette's Except once to fetch out some miserable little squit of a subaltern who was smashing up Mother Hardelot's furniture

He grumbled:

"But you shouldn't give a man the jumps like that Be conciliatory, you said He went on to grumble that her manners had not improved since she had been at Yssingueux-les-Pervenches and then went on to tell her that in French the words yeux des pervenches meant eyes of periwinkle blue. And that was the only French he knew, because a Frenchman he had met in the train had told him so and he had always thought that if her eyes had been periwinkle blue "But you're not listening Hardly polite, I call it," he had mumbled to a conclusion

She was sitting forward in her chair still clenching her hand under her chin at the thought that perhaps


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98 “informer,” can acknowledge that any editor is well within his rights, and a public benefactor, when exposing fraud wherever it is found.

Would that this feature were more pronounced in journalism generally, and not indulged in only when such exposures fall in with public prejudice!

For several years the writer of this letter has been absent from the Avenue-road centre; among other reasons, from a feeling of disapproval of certain follies which may be called incipient relic worship, and which no sensible person could tolerate for long. So it will be seen that all Theosophists have not fallen under the spell of Mrs. Besant’s rash enthusiasm, which has done, and is doing, so much to discredit her, now as heretofore, in the eyes of the world. Yet, in spite of her indiscrimination and lack of sound judgment, which has alienated many, the writer would rather stand in the pillory of public opprobrium with her than sit at a banquet with the “informer” and those who can rejoice over the failings of a beautiful soul. For it may be said of her, and a few others, “Of such is the Kingdom of Heaven.” That there is to be found even one of these among Theosophists may leads few to suspect that there is something more in Theosophy than can be discovered in your articles, and that, though fraud should be proved, there may nevertheless be real occultists and true phenomena. Thus, what at first sight appears a serious blow to our cause will perhaps induce further inquiry among your readers, while doing useful work in destroying errors and growing superstition.


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 muscular effort, by the feeling of sunshine or of rain in the face, by their sense of justice and such-like essential things do men test the reality of appearances before them. This certainly is no reality. It has none of the feel of reality. I will not even argue about it. It is thrust now upon a suffering world as comfort, and even as comfort for people stunned and uncritical with grief it fails. You and Lady Burrows may be pleased to think that somehow you two, with your teeth restored and your complexions rejuvenated, will meet again the sublimation of your faithful Fido. At any rate, thank God for that, I know clearly that so I shall never meet my son. Never! He has gone from me"

For some moments mental and physical suffering gripped him, and he could not speak; but his purpose to continue was so manifested by sweating face and gripping hand that no one spoke until he spoke again.

"Now let me speak plainly about Immortality. For surely I stand nearest to that possibility of all of us here. Immortality, then, is no such dodging away as you imagine, from this strange world which is so desolating, so dreadful, so inexplicable—and at times so utterly lonely. There may be a God in the universe or there may not be God, if he exists, can be terribly silent But if there is a God, he is a coherent God. If there is a God above and in the scheme of things, then not only you and I and my dead son, but the crushed frog and the trampled anthill signify. On that the God in my heart insists. There has to be an answer, not only to the death of


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 Christopher had Valentine Wannop in that town. That was perhaps why he elected to remain there. She asked:

"Why does Christopher stay on in this God-forsaken hole The inglorious base, they call it

"Because he's jolly well got to Major Perowne said. "He's got to do what he's told

She said: "Christopher You mean to say they'd keep a man like Christopher anywhere he didn't want to be

"They'd jolly well knock spots off him if he went away," Major Perowne exclaimed "What the deuce do you think your blessed fellow is The King of England He added with a sudden sombre ferocity: "They'd shoot him like anybody else if he bolted What do you think?"

She said: "But all that wouldn't prevent his having a girl in this town?"

"Well, he hasn't got one," Perowne said. "He sticks up in that blessed old camp of his like a blessed she-chicken sitting on addled eggs That's what they say of him I don't know anything about the fellow "

Listening vindictively and indolently, she thought she caught in his droning tones a touch of the homicidal lunacy that had used to underlie his voice in the bedroom at Yssingueux. The fellow had undoubtedly about him a touch of the dull, mad murderer of the police-courts. With a sudden animation she thought:

"Suppose he tried to murder Christopher And she imagined her husband breaking the fellow's back across his knee, the idea going across her mind as fire traverses the opal. Then, with a dry throat, she said to herself:


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'''40 you have changed my wages ten times! If the God of my father, the God of Abraham and the Fear of Isaac, had not been with me, surely by now you would have sent me away empty-handed. But God has seen my affliction and the toil of my hands, and last night He rendered judgment.”

Jacob’s Covenant with Laban

But Laban answered Jacob, “These daughters are my daughters, these sons are my sons, and these flocks are my flocks! Everything you see is mine! Yet what can I do today about these daughters of mine or the children they have borne? Come now, let us make a covenant, you and I, and let it serve as a witness between you and me.”

So Jacob picked out a stone and set it up as a pillar, and he said to his relatives, “Gather some stones.” So they took stones and made a mound, and there by the mound they ate. Laban called it Jegar-sahadutha, and Jacob called it Galeed.

Then Laban declared, “This mound is a witness between you and me this day.”

Therefore the place was called Galeed. It was also called Mizpah, because Laban said, “May the LORD keep watch between you and me when we are absent from each other. If you mistreat my daughters or take other wives, although no one is with us, remember that God is a witness between you and me.”

Laban also said to Jacob, “Here is the mound, and here is the pillar I have set up between you and me. This mound is a witness, and this pillar is a witness, that I will not go past this mound to harm you, and you will not go past this mound and pillar to harm me. May the God of Abraham and the God of Nahor, the God of their father, judge between us.”

So Jacob swore by the Fear of his father Isaac.

Then Jacob offered a sacrifice on the mountain and invited his relatives to eat a meal. And after they had eaten, they spent the night on the mountain. Early the next morning, Laban got up and kissed his grandchildren and daughters and blessed them. Then he left to return home. Jacob Prepares to Meet Esau

Jacob also went on his way, and the angels of God met him. When Jacob saw them, he said, “This is the camp of God.” So he named that place Mahanaim.

Jacob sent messengers ahead of him to his brother Esau in the land of Seir, the country of Edom. He instructed them, “You are to say to my master Esau, ‘Your servant Jacob says: I have been staying with Laban and have remained there until now. I have oxen, donkeys, flocks, menservants, and maidservants. I have sent this message to inform my master, so that I may find favor in your sight.’”

When the messengers returned to Jacob, they said, “We went to your brother Esau, and now he is coming to meet you—he and four hundred men with him.”

In great fear and distress, Jacob divided his people into two camps, as well as the flocks and herds and camels. He thought, “If Esau comes and attacks one camp, then the other camp can escape.”

Then Jacob declared, “O God of my father Abraham, God of my father Isaac, the LORD who told me, ‘Go back to your country and to your kindred, and I will make you prosper,’ I am unworthy of all the kindness and faithfulness You have shown Your servant. Indeed, with only my staff I came across the Jordan,


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[Sarashina Nikki] by the Daughter of Takasue

1037: In the tenth month we changed our abode to the capital. Mother had become a nun and although she lived in the same house, shut herself up in a separate chamber. Father rather treated me as an independent woman than as his child. I felt helpless to see him shunning all society and living hidden in the shade.

A person [the Princess Yuko, daughter of the Emperor Gosuzaku Yūshi] who had heard about me through a distant relative called me to her saying it would be better to be with her than passing idle lonely days.

My old-fashioned parents thought the court life would be very unpleasant, and wanted me to pass my time at home, but others said: “People nowadays go out as ladies-in-waiting at the court, and then fortunate opportunities for marriage are naturally numerous; why not try it?” So at the age of twenty-six I was sent to the court against my will.

I went for one night the first time. I was dressed in an eight-fold uchigi of deep and pale chrysanthemum colors, and over it I wore the outer flowing robe of deep red silk.

As I have said before, my mind was absorbed in romances, and I had no well-placed relatives from whom I could learn distinguished manners or court customs. Apart from the romances I could not know them. I had always been in the shadow of my antiquated parents, and had been accustomed not to go out except to see the moon and flowers. So when I left home I felt as if I were not I nor was it the real world to which I was going. I started in the early morning. I had often fancied in my countrified mind that I should hear more interesting things for my heart’s consolation than were to be found living fixed in my parents’ house.

I felt awkward in court in everything I did, and I thought it sad, but there was no use in complaining. I remembered with grief my


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106

Travelled homeward to his country,

O’er the blue sea’s watery surface.

Thus he voyaged one day, a second,

And at length upon the third day,

Reached the smith his home in safety,

In the land where he was nurtured.

Asked the aged Väinämöinen,

When he saw smith Ilmarinen,

“Ilmarinen, smith and brother,

Thou the great primeval craftsman,

Hast thou forged a new-made Sampo,

With its many-coloured cover?”

Then replied smith Ilmarinen,

Ready with a fitting answer,

“Grinds forth meal, the new-made Sampo,

And revolves the pictured cover,

Chestfuls does it grind till evening,

First for food it grinds a chestful,

And another grinds for barter,

And a third it grinds for storage.”

’tis time to speak of Ahti,

Of that lively youth to gossip.

Ahti, dweller in the island,

He the scapegrace son of Lempi,

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text: Kalevala (Kirby 1907)/Runo 10

title: Kalevala (Kirby 1907)/Runo 10


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'''Genesis 33:2 but now I have become two camps. Please deliver me from the hand of my brother Esau, for I am afraid that he may come and attack me and the mothers and children with me. But You have said, ‘I will surely make you prosper, and I will make your offspring like the sand of the sea, too numerous to count.’”

Jacob spent the night there, and from what he had brought with him, he selected a gift for his brother Esau: 200 female goats, 20 male goats, 200 ewes, 20 rams, 30 milk camels with their young, 40 cows, 10 bulls, 20 female donkeys, and 10 male donkeys. He entrusted them to his servants in separate herds and told them, “Go on ahead of me, and keep some distance between the herds.”

He instructed the one in the lead, “When my brother Esau meets you and asks, ‘To whom do you belong, where are you going, and whose animals are these before you?’ then you are to say, ‘They belong to your servant Jacob. They are a gift, sent to my lord Esau. And behold, Jacob is behind us.’”

He also instructed the second, the third, and all those following behind the herds: “When you meet Esau, you are to say the same thing to him. You are also to say, ‘Look, your servant Jacob is right behind us.’” For he thought, “I will appease Esau with the gift that is going before me. After that I can face him, and perhaps he will accept me. ”

So Jacob’s gifts went on before him, while he spent the night in the camp.

Jacob Wrestles with God

During the night Jacob got up and took his two wives, his two maidservants, and his eleven sons, and crossed the ford of the Jabbok. He took them and sent them across the stream, along with all his possessions.

So Jacob was left all alone, and there a man wrestled with him until daybreak. When the man saw that he could not overpower Jacob, he struck the socket of Jacob’s hip and dislocated it as they wrestled. Then the man said, “Let me go, for it is daybreak.”

But Jacob replied, “I will not let you go unless you bless me.”

“What is your name?” the man asked.

“Jacob,” he replied.

Then the man said, “Your name will no longer be Jacob, but Israel, because you have struggled with God and with men, and you have prevailed.”

And Jacob requested, “Please tell me your name.”

But he replied, “Why do you ask my name?” Then he blessed Jacob there.

So Jacob named the place Peniel, saying, “Indeed, I have seen God face to face, and yet my life was spared.”

The sun rose above him as he passed by Penuel, and he was limping because of his hip. Therefore to this day the Israelites do not eat the tendon which is at the socket of the hip, because the socket of Jacob’s hip was struck near that tendon. Jacob Meets Esau

Now Jacob looked up and saw Esau coming toward him with four hundred men. So he divided the children among Leah, Rachel, and the two maidservants. He put the maidservants and their children in


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Rh nieces who had lost their mother and had been cared for by me alone, even sleeping at night one on either side of me.

Days were spent in musing with a vacant mind. I felt as if some one were always spying on me, and I was embarrassed. After ten days or so I got leave to go out. Father and mother were waiting for me with a comfortable fire in a brazier.

Seeing me getting out of my palanquin, my nieces said: “When you were with us people came to see us, but now no one’s voice is heard, no one’s shadow falls before the house. We are very low-spirited; what can you do for us who must pass days like this?” It was pitiful to see them cry when they said it. The next morning they sat before me, saying: “As you are here many persons are coming and going. It seems livelier.”

Tears came to my eyes to think what virtue I could have that my little nieces made so much of me.

It would be very difficult even for a saint to dream of his prenatal life. Yet, when I was before the altar of the Kiyomizu Temple, in a faintly dreamy state of mind which was neither sleeping nor waking, I saw a man who seemed to be the head of the temple. He came out and said to me:

“You were once a priest of this temple and you were born into a better state by virtue of the many Buddhist images which you carved as a Buddhist artist. The Buddha seventeen feet high which is enthroned in the eastern side of the temple was your work. When you were in the act of covering it with gold foil you died.”

“Oh, undeservedly blessed!” I said. “I will finish it, then.”

The priest replied: “As you died, another man covered it and performed the ceremony of offerings.”

I came to myself and thought: “If I serve with all my heart the Buddha of the Kiyomizu Temple … by virtue of my prayers in this temple in the previous life …”


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158 In the Finishing month I went again to the court. A room was assigned for my use.

I went to the Princess’s apartment every night and lay down among unknown persons. I could not sleep at all. I was bashful and timid and wept in secret. In the morning I retired while it was still dark and passed the days in longing for home where my old and weak parents, making much of me, relied upon me as if I were worthy of it. I yearned for them and felt very lonely. Unfortunate, deplorable, and helpless mind!—That was graven into my thought and although I had to perform my duty faithfully I could not always wait upon the Princess. She seemed not to guess what was in my heart, and attributing it only to shyness favored me by summoning me often from among the other ladies. She used to say, “Call the younger ladies!” and I was dragged out in spite of myself.

Those who were familiar with the court life seemed to be at home there, but I, who was not very young, yet did not wish to be counted among the elderly, was rather neglected, and made to usher guests. However, I did not expect too much of court life, and had no envy for those who were more graceful than I. This, on the contrary, set me at ease, and I from time to time presented myself before the Princess; and talked only with congenial friends about lovely things. Even on amusing, interesting occasions I shrank from intruding and becoming too popular, and did not go far into most things. …

The ladies who were charged with the duty of entertaining the court nobles seemed to have been fixed upon, and nobody noticed whether simple-hearted countrywomen like me existed or not. On a very dark night in the beginning of the gods-absent month, when sweet-voiced reciters were to read Sutras throughout the night, another lady and I went out towards the entrance door of the audience room to listen to it, and after talking fell asleep, listening, leaning, … when I noticed a gentleman had come to be received in audience by the Princess.

“It is awkward to run away to our apartment to escape him. We will remain here. Let it be as it will.” So said my companion and I sat beside her listening.


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 "I've got to find out whether he has that girl in Rouen Men stuck together. The fellow Perowne might well be protecting Tietjens. It would be unthinkable that any rules of the service could keep Christopher in that place. They could not shut up the upper classes. If Perowne had any sense he would know that to shield Tietjens was the way not to get her But he had no sense Besides, sexual solidarity was a terribly strong thing She knew that she herself would not give a woman's secrets away in order to get her man. Then how was she to ascertain whether the girl was not in that town? How She imagined Tietjens going home every night to her But he was going to spend that night with herself She knew that Under that roof Fresh from the other

She imagined him there, now In the parlour of one of the little villas you see from the tram on the top of the town They were undoubtedly, now, discussing her Her whole body writhed, muscle on muscle, in her chair She must discover But how do you discover? Against a universal conspiracy This whole war was an agapemone You went to war when you desired to rape innumerable women It was what war was for All these men, crowded in this narrow space She stood up:

"I'm going," she said, "to put on a little powder for Lady Sachse's feast You needn't stay if you don't want to She was going to watch every face she saw until it gave up the secret of where in that town Christopher had the Wannop girl hidden She imagined her freckled, snubnosed faced pressed—squashed was the word—against his cheek She was going to investigate


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Rh He spoke gently and quietly. There was nothing about him to be regretted. “Who is the other lady?” he asked of my friend. He said nothing rude or amorous like other men, but talked delicately of the sad, sweet things of the world, and many a phrase of his with a strange power enticed me into conversation. He wondered that there should have been in the court one who was a stranger to him, and did not seem inclined to go away soon.

There was no starlight, and a gentle shower fell in the darkness; how lovely was its sound on the leaves! “The more deeply beautiful is the night,” he said; “the full moonlight would be too dazzling.” Discoursing about the beauties of spring and autumn he continued: “Although every hour has its charm, pretty is the spring haze; then the sky being tranquil and overcast, the face of the moon is not too bright; it seems to be floating on a distant river. At such a time the calm spring melody of the lute is exquisite.

“In autumn, on the other hand, the moon is very bright; though there are mists trailing over the horizon we can see things as clearly as if they were at hand. The sound of wind, the voices of insects, all sweet things seem to melt together. When at such a time we listen to the autumnal music of the koto we forget the spring—we think that is best—

“But the winter sky frozen all over magnificently cold! The snow covering the earth and its light mingling with the moonshine! Then the notes of the hichiriki vibrate on the air and we forget spring and autumn.” And he asked us, “Which captivates your fancy? On which stays your mind?”

My companion answered in favor of autumn and I, not being willing to imitate her, said:

So I replied. And he, after repeating my poem to himself over and over, said: “Then you give up autumn? After this, as long as I live, such a spring night shall be for me a memento of your personality.”


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'''42 front, Leah and her children next, and Rachel and Joseph at the rear. But Jacob himself went on ahead and bowed to the ground seven times as he approached his brother.

Esau, however, ran to him and embraced him, threw his arms around his neck, and kissed him. And they both wept.

When Esau looked up and saw the women and children, he asked, “Who are these with you?”

Jacob answered, “These are the children God has graciously given your servant.” Then the maidservants and their children approached and bowed down. Leah and her children also approached and bowed down, and then Joseph and Rachel approached and bowed down.

“What do you mean by sending this whole company to meet me?” asked Esau.

“To find favor in your sight, my lord,” Jacob answered.

“I already have plenty, my brother,” Esau replied. “Keep what belongs to you.”

But Jacob insisted, “No, please! If I have found favor in your sight, then receive this gift from my hand. For indeed, I have seen your face, and it is like seeing the face of God, since you have received me favorably. Please accept my gift that was brought to you, because God has been gracious to me and I have all I need.” So Jacob pressed him until he accepted.

Then Esau said, “Let us be on our way, and I will go ahead of you.”

But Jacob replied, “My lord knows that the children are frail, and I must care for sheep and cattle that are nursing their young. If they are driven hard for even a day, all the animals will die. Please let my lord go ahead of his servant. I will continue on slowly, at a comfortable pace for the livestock and children, until I come to my lord at Seir.”

“Let me leave some of my people with you,” Esau said.

But Jacob replied, “Why do that? Let me find favor in the sight of my lord.”

So that day Esau started on his way back to Seir, but Jacob went on to Succoth, where he built a house for himself and shelters for his livestock; that is why the place was called Succoth.

Jacob Settles in Shechem

After Jacob had come from Paddan-aram, he arrived safely at the city of Shechem in the land of Canaan, and he camped just outside the city. And the plot of ground where he pitched his tent, he purchased from the sons of Hamor, Shechem’s father, for a hundred pieces of silver. There he set up an altar and called it El-Elohe-Israel. The Defiling of Dinah

Now Dinah, the daughter Leah had borne to Jacob, went out to visit the daughters of the land. When Shechem son of Hamor the Hivite, the prince of the region, saw her, he took her and lay with her by force. And his soul was drawn to Dinah, the daughter of Jacob. He loved the young girl and spoke to her tenderly. So Shechem told his father Hamor, “Get me this girl as a wife.”

Jacob heard that Shechem had defiled his daughter Dinah, but since his sons were with his livestock in the field, he remained silent


text: No More Parades/Chapter 5

title: No More Parades/Chapter 5


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160 The person who favored autumn said, “Others seem to give their hearts to spring, and I shall be alone gazing at the autumn moon.”

He was deeply interested, and being uncertain in thought said: “Even the poets of the T’ang Empire could not decide which to praise most, spring or autumn. Your decisions make me think that there must be some personal reasons when our inclination is touched or charmed. Our souls are imbued with the colors of the sky, moon, or flowers of that moment. I desire much to know how you came to know the charms of spring and autumn. The moon of a winter night is given as an instance of dreariness, and as it is very cold I had never seen it intentionally. When I went down to Ise to be present as the messenger of the Emperor at the ceremony of installing the virgin in charge of the shrine, I wanted to come back in the early dawn, so went to take leave of the Princess whose installation had just taken place in a moon-bright night after many days’ snow, half-shrinking to think of my journey.

“Her residence was an other-worldly place awful even to the imagination, but she called me into a pleasant apartment. There were persons in that room who had come down from the reign of the Emperor Enyū. Their aspect was very holy, ancient, and mystical. They told of the things of long ago with tears. They brought out a well-tuned four-stringed lute. The music did not seem to be anything happening in this world; I regretted that day should even dawn, and was touched so deeply that I had almost forgotten about returning to the capital. Ever since then the snowy nights of winter recall that scene, and I without fail gaze at the moon even though hugging the fire. You will surely understand me, and hereafter every dark night with gentle rain will touch my heart; I feel this has not been inferior to the snowy night at the palace of the Ise virgin.”

With these words he departed and I thought he could not have known who I was.

In the eighth month of the next year [1043] we went again to the Imperial palace, and there was in the court an entertainment throughout the night. I did not know that he was present at it,


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Rh and I passed that night in my own room. When I looked out in early morning, opening the sliding doors on the corridor, I saw the morning moon very faint and beautiful. I heard footsteps and people approached—some reciting Sutras. One of them came to the entrance, and addressed me. I replied, and he, suddenly remembering, exclaimed, “That night of softly falling rain I do not forget, even for a moment! I yearn for it.” As chance did not permit me many words I said:

I had scarcely said so when people came up and I stole back without his answer.

That evening, after I had gone to my room, my companion came in to tell me that he had replied to my poem: “If there be such a tranquil night as that of the rain, I should like in some way to make you listen to my lute, playing all the songs I can remember.”

I wanted to hear it, and waited for the fit occasion, but there was none, ever.

In the next year one tranquil evening I heard that he had come into the Princess’s palace, so I crept out of my chamber with my companion, but there were many people waiting within and without the palace, and I turned back. He must have been of the same mind with me. He had come because it was so still a night, and he returned because it was noisy.

So I composed that poem—and there is nothing more to tell. His personality was very excellent and he was not an ordinary man, but time passed, and neither called to the other. …


text: Anthology of Japanese Literature/The Sarashina Diary


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found an early opportunity to carry on her investigations. For, at dinner that night, she found herself, Tietjens having gone to the telephone with a lance-corporal, opposite what she took to be a small tradesman, with fresh-coloured cheeks, and a great, grey, forward-sprouting moustache, in a uniform so creased that the creases resembled the veins of a leaf A very trustworthy small tradesman: the grocer from round the corner whom, sometimes, you allow to supply you with paraffin He was saying to her:

"If, ma'am, you multiply two-thousand nine hundred and something by ten you arrive at twenty-nine thousand odd

And she had exclaimed:

"You really mean that my husband, Captain Tietjens, spent yesterday afternoon in examining twenty-nine thousand toe-nails And two thousand nine hundred toothbrushes

"I told him," her interlocutor answered with deep seriousness, "that these being Colonial troops it was not so necessary to examine their toothbrushes Imperial troops will use the brush they clean their buttons with for their teeth so as to have a clean toothbrush to show the medical officer

"It sounds," she said with a little shudder, "as if you were all schoolboys playing a game And you say my husband really occupies his mind with such things

Second-Lieutenant Cowley, dreadfully conscious


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 staged discovery of four chests of Nazi intelligence documents which had been forged and made to appear as if they had been under water since World War II. These documents were designed to discredit Western politicians by revealing names of former Nazi informants who were still being used as spies in Eastern Europe. Ladislav Bittman, the Czechoslovak agent who defected to the West in 1968, originally placed the documents in Cerne Jezero, the Black Lake, and later led the divers, who were part of a documentary team, to make the discovery. Bittman, who ran the operation stated, “It was the Cold War and the goal was to re-awaken interest and discredit West German politicians. Another goal was to have the statute of limitations for war criminals, which would have expired in 1965, extended. Following the extensive media coverage, the countries that suffered during WWII demanded that the statute be prolonged. Germany eventually extended it and then agreed that there be no limited time in which their war criminals could be tried.”[5]

1970s: U.S.-EGYPTIAN RELATIONS

Another example of KGB active measures is the robust Soviet disinformation campaign against the U.S.—Egyptian relationship and the Camp David peace process in the late 1970’s1970s [sic]. The campaign focused on derailing the Middle East peace process and exacerbating tensions, attempting to undermine U.S. standing and influence in the region. The KGB demonstrated aggressive use of forgeries during the campaign, including a forged document purportedly from the office of the U.S. Secretary of State for the U.S. President, using language offensive to Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and other Arab leaders. This forgery was anonymously delivered to the Egyptian Embassy in Rome in 1977. Also in 1977, a series of forged letters purporting to be official U.S. Government documents were delivered 22 THE CYBER DEFENSE REVIEW


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1832] tain composed of earth, sand, and stone, including common rocks, there were certain peaks resembling a loaf of sugar, from a hundred or two hundred feet high; and some appeared much higher; I cannot guess their height. They were to us surprising. Their sides deviated but little from perpendicular. They looked at a distance like some light-houses of a conical form, or like our Cambridge glass manufactories; but how they acquired that form is wonderful. Subsiding waters may have left them so, after washing away sandy materials. But nature is altogether wonderful, in her large works as well as small. How little do we know of the first cause of any thing! We had to creep round the base of these steep edifices of nature. We now more clearly understand and relish the question of one of our Indians who was carried to England as a show, who, on being shown that elegant pile of stone, the cathedral of St. Paul, after viewing it in silent admiration, asked his interpreter whether it was made by men's hands, or whether it grew there. We might ask the same question of respecting these conical mountains. Has the scaffolding of St. Paul's remained, the surprise and wonder of the sensible savage had been less.

It was difficult to keep our feet on these highest parts of hte mountains; some of the pack-horses slipped and rolled over and over, and yet were taken up alive. Those that did not fall were sadly bruised and lamed in their feet and joints. Mules are best calculated, as we experienced, for such difficult travelling. They seem to think, and to judge [39] of the path before them, and will sometimes put their fore feet together and slip down without stepping. They are as sagacious in crossing a river, where there is


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 to numerous locations. The letters advocated a “change of government” in Egypt and criticized President Sadat’s leadership. Finally, in 1979, a forged letter from the U.S. Ambassador to Egypt was published in a Syrian newspaper. The letter was critical of President Sadat and expressed the U.S. position of wanting to “get rid of him without hesitation.” The breadth and duration of this active measures campaign clearly illustrates the importance Soviet leadership placed on undermining US credibility and influence in the region as a key sponsor of the Camp David peace process.[6]

RECENT EVENTS

Nearly 100 years after Russia established its special disinformation office, an analysis of recent events shows that such disinformation campaigns no longer require the sole services of intelligence operatives of old. In fact, with the leveraging of technology and the use of both overt and covert methods, such disinformation campaigns can have an even greater impact to a wider audience in a rather short period of time. It should be noted however that the purpose of such campaigns remains the same. The goal is to create discord and confusion, and amplify existing divisive issues in order to further expand the space separating the targeted audience; thereby, making reconciliation between any two sides of a divisive issue even more difficult to achieve.

2016: LISA CASE

One clear example of this activity, utilizing both overt and covert channels to propel a disinformation campaign, is evidenced in the Lisa case which takes place in Germany. For two weeks in January 2016, the media focused on Lisa, a 13-year old Russian/German girl, who had gone missing for 30 hours and was reported to have been raped by Arab migrants.[7] The German police, as with any allegation FALL 2018 23


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 of a serious crime, quickly investigated this matter, and in very short order, determined the story to be false. In fact, Lisa herself admitted to having been with friends during the time in question.[8] Despite the speed in which the German authorities were able to reach a logical conclusion, the story had taken on a life of its own.

SUCCESSFUL ALIGNMENT WITH SOCIAL MEDIA TO ACHIEVE DISINFORMATION

The Lisa saga began taking shape with Russia’s state-sponsored Channel One which broadcasts into Germany in Russian. The story was then picked up by Russia Today (RT); RT Deutsch, and Sputnik. All three are well-known – overt – Russian government controlled media outlets. In fact, in 2017, RT and Sputnik registered with the U.S. Department of Justice under the Foreign Agents Registration Act (FARA) declaring their respective organizations as agents of a foreign power, to wit, Russia. This overt media activity was coupled with the covert actions of a Facebook group and anti-refugee website called Ayslterror, which was later determined to have links to Russia.[9] The actions of this group spurred various social media and rightwing groups to widely distribute the information on the internet, to include demonstrations which were organized via Facebook involving representatives of the German-Russian minority (Deutschlandrussen) as well as neo-Nazi groups.[10] This disinformation campaign focused on exploiting the existing divide among Germans as it related to the Arab-migrant issues and some speculate it was orchestrated and directed in response to Germany’s leading role in the Ukraine crisis and Chancellor Merkel’s subsequent stance on sanctions against Russia.

Whether it is the use of intelligence operatives in the field or intelligence operatives behind the keyboard, Russia has fully embraced a strategy of information warfare, one designed to achieve long-standing intelligence objectives in support of their overall geopolitical agenda. The Lisa case is one of a handful of cases that can be viewed as evidence that the Kremlin is engaged in a structured approach to leverage new age technologies.[11][12][13] A thoughtful analysis of the methodologies employed reveals an organized model that serves as a framework for conducting foreign influence operations in the Information Age, and incorporates several logical steps to ensure maximum impact.

The influence campaign begins by identifying existing socially and politically divisive issues followed by the development of messaging themes to amplify these divisions along existing fault lines. The adversary then begins to establish the technical infrastructure and networks of influence, which will ultimately be used to publish and perpetuate the campaign. Simultaneously, affirmative efforts are undertaken to obtain and produce material that will yield the desired objective. Once the sought after information is obtained, through hacking, forgery, or “creative” content such as articles, blogs, or specifically designed news stories presenting false information, it is then published to the targeted audiences for public consumption. 24 THE CYBER DEFENSE REVIEW