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{|style="width:100%; border-bottom:2px solid black" multitude of public and private partners on the Wyoming toad recovery team, is focused on practical aspects of Wyoming toad recovery, such as defining optimal habitat for the early stages (egg, tadpole, and metamorph) of the toad’s life cycle in terms of thermal regimes, and devising optimal early stage rearing pens that will optimize the survival of released tadpoles.
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Black-footed Ferret

The black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes) is a nocturnal predator that is an extreme habitat-prey specialist, meaning that it lives only in prairie dog burrows and it eats mostly prairie dogs. First described in 1851 by Audubon and Bachman, the ferret was listed in 1967 under the Endangered Species Preservation Act and was listed in 1973 under the current Endangered Species Act (Esch et al. 2005). In 1981, a small population was discovered near Meeteetse, Wyoming (USFWS 1988), and captive breeding and reintroduction efforts began that continue today.

Although the species does not now live in the project area, there are black-footed ferret colonies to the north that could expand to the Laramie Plains within the next few years from the original reintroduction center in the Shirley Basin. The project area is within the historical range of the black-footed ferret, and Albany County has been identified as a possible reintroduction area by the Black-Footed Ferret Recovery Team. While all of the colonies in the Laramie Plains have not been formally surveyed and monitored, an informal assessment of the area in 2010 noted that most prairie dog colonies were active. On Hutton Lake Refuge alone, 541 acres of white-tailed prairie dog colonies have been mapped.

Preble’s Meadow Jumping Mouse

The Preble’s meadow jumping mouse (Zapus hudsonius preblei) is a small rodent in the Dipodidae family and is one of 12 recognized subspecies of Zapus hudsonius, the meadow jumping mouse. The range of the Preble’s subspecies in the Laramie Plains of Wyoming has not been documented with certainty, but there is some chance that it co-occupies the basin with the closely related and physically indistinguishable western jumping mouse (Zapus princeps). Preble’s meadow jumping mouse lives in areas of lush riparian vegetation, usually with some woody overstory in the form of trees or shrubs, immediately next to streams, ditches, ponds, or lakes. The subspecies will range occasionally into upland habitats, but always returns to and centers its activities in dense vegetation near water. In Wyoming, Preble’s meadow jumping mouse has been definitively documented east of the Laramie Mountains in eastern Albany, western Laramie and Platte, and southern Converse Counties. If Preble’s meadow jumping mouse is documented in the future, the proposed action will have direct and positive effects on the subspecies’ recovery by providing and maintaining high-quality riparian habitat.

Little Brown Bat

The little brown bat (Myotis lucifugus), which is one of the most common bats in southeastern Wyoming, may use the project area. The species roosts during the day in cavities and other sheltered areas in a wide variety of substrates—buildings, caves, cliffs, boulders, trees (both live and dead), downed logs, and similar habitats—and feeds at night on a variety of insects over wetlands and riparian corridors. The little brown bat does not migrate, but rather hibernates through the winter in secure cavities. The species is now being reviewed for listing under the Endangered Species Act due primarily to huge losses in little brown bat populations in the eastern United States that have been caused by an exotic fungus, termed “white-nose syndrome.” The fungus and associated syndrome have been moving steadily westward over the past 6 years, but have not yet reached Wyoming or affected Wyoming bat populations (Griscom et al. 2012). However, there is reason to assume that this fungus will eventually threaten bats in the region. Preservation of wooded riparian corridors that provide roosting and feeding habitat,


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 out. It bent to the breezes, as if for the love of its own delightful motions. Sloe-thorns and hawthorns in the hedges.

Friday, 7th May.—William had slept uncommonly well, so, feeling himself strong, he fell to work at The Leech Gatherer; he wrote hard at it till dinner time, then he gave over, tired to death—he had finished the poem. I was making Derwent's frocks. After dinner we sate in the orchard. It was a thick, hazy, dull air. The thrush sang almost continually; the little birds were more than usually busy with their voices. The sparrows are now full fledged. The nest is so full that they lie upon one another; they sit quietly in their nest with closed mouths. I walked to Rydale after tea, which we drank by the kitchen fire. The evening very dull; a terrible kind of threatening brightness at sunset above Easedale. The sloe-thorn beautiful in the hedges, and in the wild spots higher up among the hawthorns. No letters. William met me. He had been digging in my absence, and cleaning the well. We walked up beyond Lewthwaites. A very dull sky; coolish; crescent moon now and then. I had a letter brought me from Mrs. Clarkson while we were walking in the orchard. I observed the sorrel leaves opening at about nine o'clock. William went to bed tired with thinking about a poem.

Saturday Morning, 8th May.—We sowed the scarlet beans in the orchard, and read Henry V. there. William lay on his back on the seat, and wept After dinner William added one to the orchard steps.

Sunday Morning, 9th May.—The air considerably colder to-day, but the sun shone all day. William worked at The Leech Gatherer almost incessantly from morning till tea-time. I copied The Leech Gatherer and other poems for Coleridge. I was oppressed and sick at heart, for he wearied himself to death. After tea he wrote two stanzas in the manner of Thomson's Castle of Indolence, and was tired out. Bad news of Coleridge.

Monday, 10th May.—A fine clear morning, but

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 coldish. William is still at work, though it is past ten o'clock; he will be tired out, I am sure. My heart fails in me. He worked a little at odd things, but after dinner he gave over. An affecting letter from Mary H. We sate in the orchard before dinner I wrote to Mary H I wrote to Coleridge, sent off reviews and poems. Went to bed at twelve o'clock. William did not sleep till three o'clock.

Tuesday, 11th May.—A cool air. William finished the stanzas about C. and himself. He did not go out to-day. Miss Simpson came in to tea, which was lucky enough, for it interrupted his labours. I walked with her to Rydale. The evening cool; the moon only now and then to be seen; the lake purple as we went; primroses still in abundance. William did not meet me. He completely finished his poem, I finished Derwent's frocks. We went to bed at twelve o'clock

Wednesday, 12th May.—A sunshiny, but coldish morning. We walked into Easedale We brought home heckberry blossom, crab blossom, the anemone nemorosa, marsh marigold, speedwell,—that beautiful blue one, the colour of the blue-stone or glass used in jewellery—with the beautiful pearl-like chives. Anemones are in abundance, and still the dear dear primroses, violets in beds, pansies in abundance, and the little celandine. I pulled a bunch of the taller celandine. Butterflies of all colours. I often see some small ones of a pale purple lilac, or emperor's eye colour, something of the colour of that large geranium which grows by the lake side William pulled ivy with beautiful berries. I put it over the chimney-piece. Sate in the orchard the hour before dinner, coldish In the evening we were sitting at the table writing, when we were roused by Coleridge's voice below. He had walked; looked palish, but was not much tired. We sate up till one o'clock, all together, then William went to bed, and I sate with C. in the sitting-room (where he slept) till a quarter past two o'clock. Wrote to M. H.


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 Thursday, 13th May.—The day was very cold, with snow showers. Coleridge had intended going in the morning to Keswick, but the cold and showers hindered him. We went with him after tea as far as the plantations by the roadside descending to Wytheburn. He did not look well when we parted from him

Friday, 14th May.—A very cold morning—hail and snow showers all day. We went to Brothers wood, intending to get plants, and to go along the shore of the lake to the foot. We did go a part of the way, but there was no pleasure in stepping along that difficult sauntering road in this ungenial weather. We turned again, and walked backwards and forwards in Brothers wood. William tired himself with seeking an epithet for the cuckoo. I sate a while upon my last summer seat, the mossy stone. William's, unoccupied, beside me, and the space between, where Coleridge has so often lain. The oak trees are just putting forth yellow knots of leaves. The ashes with their flowers passing away, and leaves coming out; the blue hyacinth is not quite full blown; gowans are coming out; marsh marigolds in full glory; the little star plant, a star without a flower. We took home a great load of gowans, and planted them about the orchard. After dinner, I worked bread, then came and mended stockings beside William; he fell asleep. After tea I walked to Rydale for letters. It was a strange night. The hills were covered over with a slight covering of hail or snow, just so as to give them a hoary winter look with the black rocks. The woods looked miserable, the coppices green as grass, which looked quite unnatural, and they seemed half shrivelled up, as if they shrank from the air. O, thought I! what a beautiful thing God has made winter to be, by stripping the trees, and letting us see their shapes and forms. What a freedom does it seem to give to the storms! There were several new flowers out, but I had no pleasure in looking at them. I walked as fast as I could back again with my letter from S. H Met William at


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Rh thou alone hast knowledge of thy deed. But knowest thou not that the ancient omniscient one (Narayana) lieth in thy heart? He knoweth all thy sins, and thou sinnest in his presence. He that sins thinks that none observeth him. But he is observed by the gods and by him also who occupieth every heart. The Sun, the Moon, the Air, Fire, Earth, Sky, Water, the heart, Yama, the day, the night, both twilights, and Dharma, all witness the acts of man. Yama, the son of Surya, taketh no account of his sins with whom Narayana the witness of all acts is gratified. But he with whom Narayana is not gratified is tortured for his sins by Yama. Him who degradeth himself by representing his self falsely, the gods never bless. Even his own soul doth not bless him. I am a wife devoted to my husband. I have com of my own accord, it is true. But do not, on that account, treat me with disrespect. I am thy wife and therefore deserve to be treated respectfully. Wilt thou not treat me so because I have come hither of my own accord? In the presence of so many, why dost thou treat me like an ordinary woman? I am not certainly crying in the wilderness. Dost thou not hear me? But if thou refusest to do what I supplicate thee for, O Dushmanta, thy head this moment shall burst in hundred pieces. The husband entering the womb of the wife cometh out himself in the form of the son. Therefore is the wife called by those cognisant with the Veda as Jāyā (she in whom one is born.) And the son that is so born unto persons cognisant of the Vedic Mantras rescueth the spirits of deceased ancestors. And because the son rescueth ancestors from the hell call Put, therefore hath he been called by the self-create himself Puttra (the rescuer from Put.) By a son one conquered the three worlds. By a son's son, one enjoyeth eternity. And by a grand-son's son great-grand-fathers enjoy everlasting happiness. She is a true wife who is skilful in house-hold affairs. She is a true wife who hath borne a son. She is a true wife whose heart is devoted to her lord. She is a true wife who knoweth none but her lord. The wife is a man's half. The wife is the first of friends. The wife is the root of Dharma, Artha, and Kama. The wife is the root of salvation. They that have wives can


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 the top of White Moss Near ten when we came in. William and Molly had dug the ground and planted potatoes in my absence. We wrote to Coleridge; sent off bread and frocks to the C.'s. Went to bed at half-past eleven. William very nervous. After he was in bed, haunted with altering The Rainbow.

Saturday, 15th.—A very cold and cheerless morning. I sate mending stockings all the morning. I read in Shakespeare. William lay very late because he slept ill last night. It snowed this morning just like Christmas. We had a melancholy letter from Coleridge at bedtime. It distressed me very much, and I resolved upon going to Keswick the next day.

(The following is written on the blotting-paper opposite this date:—)

Sunday, 16th.—William was at work all the morning. I did not go to Keswick. A sunny, cold, frosty day. A snowstorm at night. We were a good while in the orchard in the morning.

Monday, 17th May.—William was not well, he went with me to Wytheburn water, and left me in a post-chaise. Hail showers, snow, and cold attacked me. The people were graving peats under Nadel Fell. A lark and thrush singing near Coleridge's house. Bancrofts there. A letter from M. H.

Tuesday, 18th May.—Terribly cold, Coleridge not well. Froude called, Wilkinsons called, C. and I


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 walked in the evening in the garden. Warmer in the evening. Wrote to M. and S.

Wednesday, 19th May.—A grey morning—not quite so cold. C. and I set off at half-past nine o'clock. Met William near the six-mile stone. We sate down by the road-side, and then went to Wytheburn water. Longed to be at the island. Sate in the sun. We drank tea at John Stanley's. The evening cold and clear. A glorious light on Skiddaw. I was tired. Brought a cloak down from Mr. Simpson's. Packed up books for Coleridge, then got supper, and went to bed.

Thursday, 20th May.—A frosty, clear morning. I lay in bed late. William got to work. I was somewhat tired. We sate in the orchard sheltered all the morning. In the evening there was a fine rain. We received a letter from Coleridge telling us that he wished us not to go to Keswick.

Friday, 21st May.—A very warm gentle morning, a little rain. William wrote two sonnets on Buonaparte, after I had read Milton's sonnets to him. In the evening he went with Mr. Simpson with Borwick's boat to gather ling in Bainrigg's. I plashed about the well, was much heated, and I think I caught cold.

Saturday, 22nd May.—A very hot morning. A hot wind, as if coming from a sand desert. We met Coleridge. He was sitting under Sara's rock. When we reached him he turned with us. We sate a long time under the wall of a sheep-fold. Had some interesting, melancholy talk, about his private affairs. We drank tea at a farmhouse. The woman was very kind. There was a woman with three children travelling from Workington to Manchester. The woman served them liberally. Afterwards she said that she never suffered any to go away without a trifle "sec as we have." The woman at whose house we drank tea the last time was rich and senseless—she said "she never served any but their own poor." C. came home with us. We sate


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{|style="width:100%; border-bottom:2px solid black; text-align:right" as well as wetlands and wet meadows that provide feeding habitat, would help alleviate the possible negative effects of “white-nose syndrome.”
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Mountain Plover

The mountain plover (Charadrius montanus) is a migratory shorebird that is native to shortgrass prairie and shrub-steppe habitat of the western Great Plains and Colorado Plateau. The plover nests in regions that were historically affected by a variety of herbivores, including prairie dogs, bison, and pronghorn. Breeding and wintering habitats for the species often reflect some measure of disturbance, be it through fire, grazing, or the presence of digging or burrowing mammals such as prairie dogs (Smith and Keinath 2004b). In Wyoming, five mountain plover breeding areas have been identified, including one in the Laramie Plains.

Archeological remains representing 12,000 years of human occupation have been found in the Laramie Plains. Although there have been few formal investigations completed in the area, evidence from the earliest Paleo-Indian occupation through the advent of rural and agricultural development by EuroAmericans in the early 20th century has been documented in a variety of geographical settings. Although these sites exhibit a wide range of artifacts and features, definite trends in site types and changes through time are clear.

Current archaeological evidence shows that the earliest humans, called the Paleo-Indians, migrated to the region at the close of the last Ice Age approximately 12,000 years ago, and, although the record is thin, there was probably significant use of the area by indigenous people (Larson and Letts 2003). These people had a highly mobile lifestyle that depended on big game hunting, including for such now-extinct species as mammoths and ancient bison. The hallmarks of most Paleo-Indian sites are the spear points that are generally recovered from animal kill and butchering sites and small temporary camps. Evidence of the Paleo-Indian occupation of the Laramie Plains area is sparse and most often consists of isolated spear points.

There was a gradual but definite shift in the pattern of human use of the region beginning about 9,000 years ago. These changes were because of regional climatic fluctuations and an increasing human population, coupled with tremendous social change and technological innovation. Although this stage, which is referred to as the Archaic stage, lasted until about 2,000 years ago, it is better represented in the archaeological record than the preceding Paleo-Indian stage. The interpretation of the remains is difficult. On many sites, evidence of a greater diversity of tools and increased use of native plants is found, but the remains also suggest a more localized and less mobile population.

Approximately 1,500 years ago, the use of the bow and arrow marked the beginning of the Late Prehistoric Period. The increase in the number of known archaeological sites for this period may show a growing human population or the influx of peoples from other regions, or it may just reflect our ability to locate these more recent sites. Remains of these early occupations include fire hearths, lithic scatters (stone tools and the byproducts from making them), quarry sites, and stone circles that are probably tipi rings. Fewer than 20 of these sites have been formally recorded in the Laramie Plains.

Euro-American diseases such as smallpox and influenza probably affected Native American populations in the region far in advance of direct contact with Euro-Americans themselves, possibly as early as 1600. Similar dynamics may have occurred with Eurasian livestock diseases and native ungulates. Rocky Mountain tribes adopted the horse, imported by early Spanish colonists, as a central advancement


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work has been undertaken in the belief that a literal translation of as famous an epic as the Nibelungenlied would be acceptable to the general reading public whose interest in the story of Siegfried has been stimulated by Wagner's operas and by the reading of such poems as William Morris' Sigurd the Volsung. Prose has been selected as the medium of translation, since it is hardly possible to give an accurate rendering and at the same time to meet the demands imposed by rhyme and metre; at least, none of the verse translations made thus far have succeeded in doing this. The prose translations, on the other hand, mostly err in being too continuous and in condensing too much, so that they retell the story instead of translating it. The present translator has tried to avoid these two extremes. He has endeavored to translate literally and accurately, and to reproduce the spirit of the original, as far as a prose translation will permit. To this end the language has been made as simple and as Saxon in character as possible. An exception has been made, however, in the case of such Romance words as were in use in England during the age of the romances of chivalry, and which would help to land a Romance coloring; these have been frequently employed. Very few obsolete words have been used, and these are explained in the notes, but the language has been made to some extent archaic, especially in dialogue, in order to give the impression of age. At the request of the publishers the Introduc-


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Morton had left the well-ordered outposts of the regular army, and arrived at those which were maintained by his own party, he could not but be peculiarly sensible of the difference of discipline, and entertain a proportional degree of fear for the consequences. The same discords which agitated their counsels raged even among their meanest followers; and their picquets and patroles were more interested and occupied in disputing the true occasion and causes of wrath, and defining the limits of Erastian heresy, than in looking out for and observing the motions of their enemies, though within hearing of their drums and trumpets.


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 precious than shekels of silver or wedges of gold."

At this furious charge, brought so unexpectedly against one of their most active commanders, the audience broke out into open tumult, some demanding that there should instantly be a new election of officers, into which office none should hereafter be admitted who had, in their phrase, touched of that which was accursed, or temporized more or less with the heresies and corruptions of the times. While such was the demand of the Cameronians, they vociferated loudly, that those who were not with them were against them,—that it was, no time to relinquish the substantial part of the covenanted testimony of the Church, if they expected a blessing on their arms and their cause; and that, in their eyes, a lukewarm Presbyterian was little better than a Prelatist, an Anti-covenanter, and Nullifidian.

The parties accused repelled the charge of criminal compliance and defection from


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222 perform religious acts. They that have wives can lead domestic lives. They that have wives have the means to be cheerful. They that have wives can achieve good fortune. Sweet-speeched wives are as friends on occasions of joy. They are as fathers on occasions of religious acts. They are as mothers in hours of sickness and woe. Even in the deep woods, a wife to a traveller is his refreshment and solace. He that hath a wife is trusted by all. A wife therefore is one's most valuable possession. Even when the husband leaving this world goeth into the region of Yama, it is the devoted wife that accompanies him there. A wife gone before waits for the husband. But if the husband goeth before, the chaste wife followeth close. For these reasons, O king, doth marriage exist. The husband enjoyeth the companionship of the wife both in this and the other world. It hath been said by learned persons that one is himself born as one's son. Therefore should a man whose wife hath borne a son look upon her as his mother. Beholding the face of the son one hath begot in his wife, like his own face in a mirror, one feeleth as happy as a virtuous man on attaining to heaven. Men scorched by mental grief or suffering under bodily pain feel as much refreshed in the companionship of their wives as one perspiring (under the hot sun) in a cool bath. No man even in anger should ever do anything that is disagreeable to his wife, seeing that happiness, joy, and virtue, everything dependeth on the wife. A wife is the sacred field in which the husband is born himself. Even Rishis cannot create creatures without women. What happiness is greater than what the father feels when the son running towards him, even though his body be smeared with dust, clasps his limbs? Why then dost thou treat with indifference such a son who hath approached thee himself and who casteth wishful glances towards thee for climbing thy knees? Even ants support, without destroying, their own eggs. Then why shouldst not thou, virtuous as thou art, support thy own child? The torch of soft sandal paste, of women, of (cool) water, is not so agreeable as the touch of one's own infant son locked in one's embrace. As a Brahmana is the foremost of all bipeds, a cow the foremost of all


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 the truth, with scorn and indignation, and charged their accusers with breach of faith, as well as with wrong-headed and extravagant zeal in introducing such divisions in to an army, the joint strength of which could not, by the most sanguine, be judged more than sufficient to face their enemies. Poundtext, and one or two others, made some faint efforts to stem the increasing fury of the factious, exclaiming to those of the other party, in the words of the Patriarch,—"Let there be no strife, I pray thee, between me and thee, and between thy herdsmen and my herdsmen; for we be brethren."—No pacific overture could possibly obtain audience. It was in vain that even Burley himself, when he saw the dissension proceed to such ruinous lengths, exerted his stern and deep voice, commanding silence and obedience to discipline. The spirit of insubordination had gone forth, and it seemed as if the exhortation of Habbakuk Mucklewrath had communicated a part of his frenzy to all who heard


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 him. The wiser, or more timid part of the assembly, were already withdrawing themselves from the field, and giving up their cause as lost. Others were moderating a harmonious call, as they somewhat improperly termed it, to new officers, and dis missing those formerly chosen, and that with a tumult and clamour worthy of the deficiency of good sense and good order implied in the whole transaction. It was at this moment when Morton arrived in the field, and joined the army, in total confusion, and on the point of dissolving itself. His arrival occasioned loud exclamations of applause on the one side, and of imprecation on the other.

"What means this ruinous: disorder at such a moment?" he exclaimed to Burley, who, exhausted with his vain exertions to restore order, was now leaning on his sword, and regarding the confusion with an eye of resolute despair.

"It means," he replied, "that God has


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 124 Mahadum Jiacca. [ACT XVIIT Chancellor, onye nwere ike, ọ bụrụ na ọ kwadoro akwụkwọ ahụ, mee Iwu ahụ. Iwu e mere n'okpuru ngalaba nke a ga-akwụsị ịdị na-efu ọnwa isii site na ime ya. Iwu. 30. (1 Ndị ọchịchị na Boards nke Mahadum nwere ike ịme iwu nke kwekọrọ na iwu a, ụkpụrụ na usoro iwu - (a) ịtọhapụ usoro a ga-edebe na nzukọ ha na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị otu a chọrọ iji mepụta quorum; (b) na-enye ihe niile nke a ga-eji iwu a, ụkpụrụ ma ọ bụ usoro iwu kwadoro site na iwu; na (e) na-enye maka ihe ndị ọzọ niile naanị gbasara ndị ọchịchị na Board ma ọ bụghị iwu a, ụkpụrụ na ụkpụrụ. Iwu (2) ikike ọ bụla nke Mahadum ga-eme iwu na-enye ọkwa maka ndị otu ikike nke ụbọchị nzukọ na nke azụmahịa a ga-atụle na nzukọ, yana maka idobe ndekọ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ. Usoro nke nzukọ (3) Council Executive nwere ike iduzi mmezigharị, n'ụzọ ọ nwere ike ịkọwapụta, nke Iwu ọ bụla e mere n'okpuru ngalaba a ma ọ bụ kagbuo Iwu ọ bụla e mere n'okpuru ngalaba nke ngalaba ma ọ bụrụ na ikike ọ bụla ma ọ bụ Board nke Mahadum. nke enweghị afọ ojuju na ntụziaka ọ bụla dị otú ahụ nwere ike ịrịọ Chancellor, onye mkpebi ya n'okwu ahụ ga-abụ nke ikpeazụ. Ebe obibi, Ụlọ Nzukọ na Ụlọ mbikọ. Residetzce. 31. Nwa akwụkwọ ọ bụla nke Mahadum ga-ebi n'ụlọ ezumezu ma ọ bụ ụlọ mbikọ, ma ọ bụ n'okpuru ọnọdụ ndị iwu na usoro iwu kwadoro. 32% nke