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146 the folk-tales of India owed something to Hebrew translators and editors.

Provence was a meeting-place for Arab science and Jewish learning in the Middle Ages, and it was there that the translating impulse of the Jews first showed itself strongly. By the beginning of the thirteenth century, Hebrew translation had become an art. True, these Hebrew versions possess no graces of style, but they rank among the best of their class for fidelity to their originals. Jewish patrons encouraged the translators by material and moral support. Thus, Meshullam of Lunel (twelfth century) was both learned and wealthy, and his eager encouragement of Judah Ibn Tibbon, “the father of Jewish translators,” gave a strong impetus to the translating activity of the Jews.

Judah Ibn Tibbon (about 1120-1190) was of Spanish origin, but he emigrated from Granada to Provence during the same persecution that drove Maimonides from


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 Sir Gilbert Scott was another Gothic "expert" of the period, and Hardy enrolled himself as one of his disciples. Sir Gilbert instituted peripatetic lectures for his classes of students, conducting them through Westminster Abbey and other historical edifices of London. Scott was an enthusiast, but scarcely an expert, and certainly not an artist. Frequently his pupils showed more knowledge and discernment than he did himself; Hardy was later able to recollect, with some glee, amusing instances of such discomfitures of his Master.

With all this student-experience, it may seem strange that Hardy never achieved anything resembling success in actual architectural endeavors. As a matter of fact, he never formally completed his technical training; never set up his own office; never practiced his early profession in earnest. He never designed a house for anyone, so far as is generally known, except for himself.

At the same time, this training and these experiences were by no means wasted. All the virtues of the architectural point of view are in evidence in his literary work. Throughout his life as a writer, the mind of the architect can be discerned at work. It is almost as much in evidence near the close of his career as it is at its beginning.

Not only do architects and architecture play a large part in many of the novels and poems, but it is almost certain that Hardy's very strong feeling for form was fostered by this early preoccupation with the problems of material design. This it was, eventually, that kept The Dynasts from falling to pieces despite its colossal scheme and scope: and it was this that made his tiniest

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 intended to be attractive to—attractive enough to induce it to leave its present abode and come and reside in the charm.

In addition to this attractive substance I find there are other materials inserted which have relation towards the work the spirit will be wanted to do for its owner. For example, charms made either to influence a person to be well disposed towards the owner, or the still larger class made with intent to work evil on other human beings against whom the owner has a grudge, must have in them some portion of the person to be dealt with—his hair, blood, nail-parings, &c.—or, failing that, his or her most intimate belonging, something that has got his smell in—a piece of his old waist-cloth for example.

This ability to obtain power over people by means of their blood, hair, nails, &c., is universally diffused; you will find it down in Devon, and away in far Cathay, and the Chinese, I am told, have in some parts of their empire little ovens to burn their nail- and hair-clippings in. The fear of these latter belongings falling into the hands of evilly-disposed persons is ever present to the West Africans. The Igalwa and other tribes will allow no one but a trusted friend to do their hair, and bits of nails- and hair are carefully burnt or thrown away into a river; and blood, even that from a small cut or a fit of nose-bleeding, is most carefully covered up and stamped out if it has fallen on the earth. Dr. Nassau says, "If it falls on the side of a canoe, or a tree, the place is carefully cut out and the chip destroyed. Blood from a wound on a woman is held in high horror. This has probably something to do with the drawing of blood constituting grounds of divorce among the Igalwa. A Fan told me that a man in the village, who was so weak from some cause or other that he could hardly crawl about, had fallen into this state by seeing the blood of a woman who had been killed by a falling tree. The underlying idea regarding blood is of course the old one that the blood is the life.

The life in Africa means a spirit, hence the liberated blood is the liberated spirit, and liberated spirits are always whipping into people who do not want them. In the case of the young Fan, the opinion held was that the weak spirit of the woman had got into him. I could not help being reminded of the


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Rh were associated with Christians in making Latin translations of the masterpieces of Greek literature. Most of the Jewish translations, however, that influenced Europe were made from the Arabic into the Hebrew. But though the language of these translations was mostly Hebrew, they were serviceable to others besides Jews. For the Hebrew versions were often only a stage in a longer journey. Sometimes by Jews directly, sometimes by Christian scholars acting in conjunction with Jews, these Hebrew versions were turned into Latin, which most scholars understood, and from the Latin further translations were made into the every-day languages of Europe.

The works so translated were chiefly the scientific and philosophical masterpieces of the Greeks and Arabs. Poetry and history were less frequently the subject of translation, but, as will be seen later on, the spread of the fables of Greece and of


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 saying one often hears from a person in England who has seen some tragedy,—"I cannot get the horror of it out of my eyes." This "horror" would mean to an African a spirit coming from the thing itself.

Charms are made for every occupation and desire in life—loving, hating, buying, selling, fishing, planting, travelling, hunting, &c., and although they are usually in the form of things filled with a mixture in which the spirit nestles, yet there are other kinds; for example, a great love charm is made of the water the lover has washed in, and this, mingled with the drink of the loved one, is held to soften the hardest heart. Of a similar nature is the friendship-compelling charm I know of on the Ivory Coast, which I have been told is used also in the Batanga regions. This is obtained on the death of a person you know really cared for you—like your father or mother, for example—by cutting off the head and suspending it over a heap of chalk, as the white earth that you find in river beds is called here, then letting it drip as long as it will and using this saturated chalk to mix in among the food of any one you wish should think kindly of you and trust you. This charm, a Bassa man said to me, "was good too much for the white trader," and made him give you "good price too much" for palm oil, &c., and that statement revived my sympathy for a friend who once said to me that when he used first to come to the Coast he had "pretty well had the inside raked up out of him" from the sickness caused by the charms that his local cook administered to him in the interest of the cook's friends. That man keeps an Accra cook now, and I trust lives a life of healthy, icy, unemotional calm.

Some kinds of charms, such as those to prevent your getting drowned, shot, seen by elephants, &c., are worn on a bracelet or necklace. A new-born child starts with a health-knot tied round the wrist, neck, or loins, and throughout the rest of its life its collection of charms goes on increasing. This collection does not, however, attain inconvenient dimensions, owing to the failure of some of the charms to work.

That is the worst of charms and prayers. The thing you wish of them may, and frequently does, happen in a strikingly direct way, but other times it does not. In Africa this is held to arise


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24 "I almost wonder myself, my dear fellow," he replied. "I never could have believed, at that time, that I could live happily under such a change of circumstances; but the fact is, that although I have been a contractor, I have a good conscience; then, my wife is an excellent woman, and provided she sees me and her daughters happy, she thinks nothing about herself; and, farther, I have made it a rule, as I have been going downhill, to find reasons why I should be thankful and not discontented. Depend upon it, Reynolds, it is not a loss of fortune that will affect your happiness, as long as you have peace and love at home."

I took my leave of Willemott and his wife with respect as well as regard, convinced that there was no pretended indifference to worldly advantages, that it was not that the grapes were sour, but that he had learned the whole art of happiness by being content with what he had and by "cutting his coat according to his cloth."

THE PHANTOM OF LIGHT Through the silence of the night Through the brightness of the day, Thou art near my soul and sight, Ne'er to pass away! Through life, we walked apart. In the stillness of our love, Death restores you to my heart. A seraph from above!

O'er the waters around my soul, Like the dove to the ark, As the slow night watches roll, Com'st thou through the dark. And yet, oh! golden-feathered dove! Earth has no ark for you. Some omens of celestial love You must bring them thus to me.

Spirit is beautiful! -I hear Thy soft and spectral tread, Spirit faithful! -vision clear From the glorious dead! Whispering ever-only "Peace!" Tenderest ! Dost thou come? To bid my own heart's warfare cease, And lead me gently home? To the Savior's calm right hand From the tempests here Dost thou call me? to the land Sorrows are not near. 66 Sorrow!"—let"me wrong, not it? The angel that made it known, That soul whose lustrous sweetness lit O'erwhelming moments alone:

The black-winged angel by my side Singing still of thee, And of thy God, till bitter pride, Slow-melting, she bowed the knee. And glorified one! is not this Worth all those early tears? This high communion's solemn bliss Worth anguish-haunted years? Do I bemoan the mortal strife? Of the past and conquered woes? Nay ! Dust is more dear than breathing life! Bright spirit! deem not so! Yet, leave me not now, breaking dawn. With a dreary eye of grey Watches the city's heard-ones drawn From ruined homes away! Not now! It is the parting hour. When more than death withdraws From heaven's pure lamp of searching power, From light's supernal laws. Stay yet a little! Till with thee My soul permitted soars, To join the song of victory On unimagined shores! E. M. H.

THE DREARY EARTH I've seen the bride turn pale. Under the wreaths she wore, The mother weeps and wails. Above the boy she bore, I've seen the bud decay. Before it bloomed to birth: And such is the way. In all this dreary earth! And all the flowers that ope Before the moontide, die, And every siren has hope. Will sing young Love a lie? And every smiling spring Will die away in dearth, Death is the tyrant king. Of all this dreary earth! And glory! -'t is deceit, The high-born spirit's curse! And beauty is a cheat. The lovelier, the worse! And heaven, the only sight That gilds our meaner birth." This is God's unchanging light. Must cheer this dreary earth!

CONTENTMENT. Chloe's a belle and poetess. But then of both, the curse is: She makes her face so that all men bless her. But she never makes her verses.


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 lyrics almost invariably assume what is felt to be their inevitable metrical forms. The novels also, despite their Shakespearean management of events in time and space, always were molded within a singularly closely knit unity of action. Their structure has frequently enough been called "architectonic." Irrelevancy in the matter of design is one fault that can never be charged against Hardy by the most hostile stretch of a critic's imagination. His early studies of architecture may not be entirely responsible for his impeccability in this most important sphere, but they undoubtedly made of him a more conscious artist in the field of literary craftsmanship than he would have been without them. From first to last his work showed an instinctive and highly developed feeling both of proportion and of decorative beauty. Beauty, that is to say, in the earlier Greek sense—a sense in which the two notions of "beauty" and "order" were conceived as identical, and in which the same word, , was employed to express both.

The architectural atmosphere naturally served to add a large amount of its distinctive color to Hardy’s work. In Desperate Remedies, for instance, the three principal characters are all architects. The rather colorless Owen Graye's apprenticeship at Creston may possibly have been suggested by the author's own experiences under Mr. Hicks. Æneas Manston, the architect-steward, is the first example of a rather rare type in Hardy: the almost undiluted villain. The character and the experiences of the hero, Edward Springrove, on the other hand, seem to reflect not only Hardy’s earlier experiences, but even his permanent artistic opinions. There are so many


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 from the bad character of the spirits; their gross ingratitude and fickleness. You may have taken every care of a spirit for years, given it food and other offerings that you wanted for yourself, wrapped it up in your cloth on chilly nights and gone cold, put it in the only dry spot in the canoe, and so on, and yet after all this, the wretched thing will be capable of being got at by your rival or enemy and lured away, leaving you only the case it once lived in.

Finding, we will say, that you have been upset and half-drowned, and your canoe-load of goods lost three times in a week, that your paddles are always breaking, and the amount of snags in the river and so on is abnormal, you judge that your canoe-charm has stopped. Then you go to the medicine man who supplied you with it and complain. He says it was a perfectly good charm when he sold it you and he never had any complaints before, but he will investigate the affair; when he has done so, he either says the spirit has been lured away from the home he prepared for it by incantations and presents from other people, or that he finds the spirit is dead; it has been killed by a more powerful spirit of its class, which is in the pay of some enemy of yours. In all cases the little thing you kept the spirit in is no use now, and only fit to sell to a white man as "a big curio!" and the sooner you let him have sufficient money to procure you a fresh and still more powerful spirit—necessarily more expensive—the safer it will be for you, particularly as your misfortunes distinctly point to some one being desirous of your death. You of course grumble, but seeing the thing in his light you pay up, and the medicine man goes busily to work with incantations, dances, looking into mirrors or basins of still water, and concoctions of messes to make you a new protecting charm.

Human eye-balls, particularly of white men, I have already said are a great charm. Dr. Nassau says he has known graves rifled for them. This, I fancy, is to secure the "man that lives in your eyes" for the service of the village, and naturally the white man, being regarded as a superior being, would be of high value if enlisted into its service. A similar idea of the possibility of gaining possession of the spirit of a dead man obtains among the Negroes, and the heads of important


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26 the old elm tree, and I will relate the sad story to you, for I am well acquainted with the facts, having resided near her dwelling when the sad catastrophe occurred." Anxious to become a listener to his narrative, which promised to awaken much interest, I accompanied the old man back to the elm tree, where, after seating ourselves upon a rustic bench, erected beneath the friendly shade of its wide spreading branches, he proceeded as follows:

"I remember the time when Mrs. Walterson first arrived in this village; it was about seventeen years ago, and she took up residence with her infant son in a small white cottage, situated upon a green knoll, close to the meadows. The self-same cottage is standing there even now, but it is sadly dilapidated. The latticed casement—over which the honeysuckle and sweet briar were wont to twine their pliant arms and shed a fragrance around—is now rusted on its hinges, and its broken panes are choked with ivy and wild vine. Its neat porch of trellis work, which had been erected by the widow's son under her immediate supervision, has fallen to decay. The garden is overgrown with weeds, and the white painted palings that surrounded the cottage have been pulled down and destroyed by our village urchins, who have made the garden a place of rendezvous to carry on their mischievous frolics. You may frequently observe three or four of those curly-headed little fellows swinging upon the garden gate and listening with apparent delight to the creaking of its hinges.

"In a corner of the garden, near the rear of the cottage, is a small wooden house resembling an ark; it is the residence of "Ceasar," once the trusty house dog, and an especial favorite of Master Joseph. Sometimes a group of children may be observed, examining that wooden tenement at a distance, with looks of suspicion, not unmingled with fear; and it frequently happens that one of those chubby little fellows—upon being urged by his companions—will advance a step or two and whistle, or chirp, in order to invite Ceasar to come forth; and then the poor animal—who rarely quits his cell, unless it be to visit the grave of his former mistress and young master—will thrust forth his grizzly head and growl at his tormentors. Poor Ceasar! He will never forget his mistress or the master who cherished him. He is supported by the kind-hearted neighbors and cannot be induced to quit that spot, for it was there that the widow and her son used to caress him. He has visited the old churchyard regularly every day since he lost his mistress, and I believe he will continue to do so until death prevents him. Upon the death of the widow and her son, he took on sadly and for several days refused food, and he would start off for this churchyard,  moan over the grave, and burrow up the ground. Poor fellow! It went against my heart to drive him from that spot, but I was compelled to do it and finally to shut him out altogether, and then the faithful animal lurked around the palings and whined for admittance. I would fain have gratified him, but, as he destroyed the mound, I thought it was best to exclude him. For days, weeks, or months, did he hover around this place and take advantage of every opportunity to gain admission? At length, I ventured to gratify him and opened the gate for him, whereupon he bound towards the grave and whined and moaned as he was wont to do before. I was pleased to observe that he did not disturb the earth, and I expected him to continue there as long as he pleased. Since that time, he has been a daily visitor. But to return to his mistress.

"It was a glowing afternoon in the month of August when Mrs. Walterson first arrived with her son. He was a little rosy-cheeked fellow, and his auburn ringlets fell clustering over his shoulders. I thought that Mrs. Walterson was the most beautiful creature I had ever seen. She was above the middle height, with a complexion so delicate and clear that the small blue veins in her neck resembled those that appear in the purest white marble, and her cheeks were tinged with the blush of the rose while her dark chesnut hair, braided upon her snowy forehead, descended in luxuriant ringlets upon her shoulders. Her hazel eyes and finely arched brows rendered her countenance the most expressive, imagination can imagine. You doubtless feel surprised to hear an old man speak in terms glowing with the fervor of youth. If I am led away, it is only by the recollection of Mrs. Walterson's worth, beauty, and rectitude of conduct.

"It was understood, upon Mrs. Walterson's arrival, that she was the wife of a captain who commanded a merchant vessel of which he was part owner. He was said to be a wealthy man and respectably connected. It appeared that Mrs. Walterson had married him in opposition to the wishes of her friends, and for that rash step, they had discarded her. It was in vain that Captain Walterson and his wife solicited forgiveness from her incensed parents; their letters were returned; and once the affectionate wife, but erring daughter, ventured beneath her father's roof to crave his blessing and forgiveness; she had been spurned at and driven from that father's presence with loud imprecations; and the servants at the hall were commanded, upon pain of instant dismissal, never to admit her or the Captain beneath that roof again.

"Having thus forfeited all hope of being reinstated to the affections of her parents, Mrs. Walterson passed her days of solitude in the white cottage that her husband had chosen for her residence.

Captain Walterson was absent from home for the greatest part of the year, during which time Mrs. Walterson, to relieve the monotony of her solitary life and beguile her tedious hours, undertook the instruction of


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28 caused the widow to experience some uneasiness, At first, she attributed her irregularities to that eccentricity that so often accompanies youth, but as his mivcon-duet daily became more apparent, she began to have some misgivings as to his sense of propriety and regret—alas! when too late, that her excessive fondness had been instrumental in causing him to swerve from the paths of duty and virtue.

“His disposition—while it had hitherto been described as gentle and loving in the extreme—was now morose and sullen. He would return from his daily rambles with a flushed brow and a frowning aspect and sit for hours in a thoughtful mood. In vein did his fond mother endeavor to elicit from him the cause of this change in his behavior; to her inquiries he was atubhorn and silent—nay, he often exbibited a degree of petulenee approaching to anger; yet her tears and gentle admonitions sometimes prevailed, and he would throw himself upon her bosom and weep; but to all her semonstrances and entreaties appertaining to the perceived change in his behavior, he preserved an obstinate taciturnity, and whilst the fond mother’s heart was torn with anguish, that of the erring son was daily becoming hardened, and insensible to afl those humane feelings, which are implanted in our bosoms by the hands of Virtue,

“I have previously stated that Mrs. Walterson was thought to possess a proud disposition; it might not have been 80; at any rate, she did not seek the advice and friendship of our village dames; on the contrary, she seemed inclined to shun them. Now I do believe that she imparted the cause of her grief to them. They would have afforded her much consolation and proper counsel to reclaim her son, but those who really sympathized with her and were anxious to Jessen the weight of her afflictions became fearful of incurring her displeasure, and she was doomed to undergo all those miseries which the misconduct of her son was daily bringing upon her, without that friendly advice, of which she might avail herself. Indeed, my good deme frequently opportuned me to allow her to visit the widow, for the purpose of consoling her, but J was apprehensive that such a visit would be deemed impertinent and obtrusive by Mrs. Woalterson.

“The misconduct of Master Joseph at length began to excite alarming suspicions in the mind of the widow. He was frequently absent from home two of three nights in the week, and his distracted mother knew not where to seek him. Many, aye, many a night, have I bebeld that poor widow standing by the gate of the cottage, watching the return of her eon, and every distant foot step would cause her to start, and I took eagerly forward for her approach. Often have I heard the eob and moan in that gloom and solitude, until I thought her heart would break. Sometimes I have seen her, by the faint light of a candle, traversing her chamber and weeping sadly. Alas, poor widow! callous indeed must that heart have been, that did not throb with pity for misery like thine,

"I will recount an occurrence I witnessed; it may tend to impress you with sympathy for the sufferings of a mother so devotedly attached to an unworthy son. It was on a gloomy and chilly night in the month of November that the widow had stationed herself, as usual, at the gate to watch for the arrival of her son. The dark clouds were driven swiftly onward by a sharp north wind that howled and whistled through the leafless branches of the trees, while the elanting rain, mixed with hail, descended with the greatest impetuosity. The widow was bundled up in a shawl and bonnet, looking anxious. Lying toward the high road for the arrival of Ber Son, unmindful of the cutting rain and sharp chilling wind, she stood against the rude elements by which she was assailed. It was indeed a pitiless night! I beard the old gates slam to and fro by the violence of the wind and creak upon their hinges, and the foaming torrent of the swollen brook lashed ta fary, rushing madly onward. Yet there she stood, looking carnestly toward the road by which her son usually returned home. The faithful Ceasar stood by his mistress, eyeing her wistfully and bounding forward when a footstep was heard. But when he discovered it did not proceed from Master Joseph, he returned to his mistress and whined piteously.

“Long did the anxious widow continue upon that spot, drenched with the rain and chilled by the northern blast; she heeded them not. What were the assaults of storm or tempest, compared to the anguish that Iace-rated her borom for the absence of her son? At length a footstep was heard, and Ceasar bounded forward—his bark of recognition and joy proclaimed the approach of his young master—nearer and nearer came the footsteps, and Master Joseph was at tenth discerned through the gloom, walking with an unsteady gait toward his home. The fond mother uttered a cry of joy and rushed forward to meet and embrace her son. Oh, God! Never shalt I forget the scene that followed, and would that I had never witnessed it, the remembrance even now eaves me to shudder, for when the widow rushed forward with outstretched arms to embrace that loved son who bad caused her to experience so many hours of agony—be threw her rudely from him, and with such force that she was dashed to the ground in an unconscious state. I ran from my cottage, from the window of which I beheld this scene, and hastening to the spot where she had fallen, raised her in my arms, and bore here to her residence, into which her cruel son had already entered, and ¥ placed her gently on a chair, when she soon recovered, and held her son—who was seated in an armchair, gazing upon her with a countenance expressive of stupor and anil astonishment, for he was


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 chiefs in the Calabar districts are usually cut off from the body on burial and kept secretly for fear the head, and thereby the spirit, of the dead chief, should be stolen from the town. If it were stolen it would be not only a great advantage to its new possessor, but a great danger to the chief's old town, because he would know all the peculiar ju-ju relating to it. For each town has a peculiar one, kept exceedingly secret, in addition to the general ju-jus, and this secret one would then be in the hands of the new owners of the spirit. It is for similar reasons that brave General MacCarthy's head was treasured by the Ashantees, and so on.

Charms are not all worn upon the body, some go to the plantations, and are hung there, ensuring an unhappy and swift end for the thief who comes stealing. Some are hung round the bows of the canoe, others over the doorway of the house, to prevent evil spirits from coming in—a sort of tame watch-dog spirits.

The entrances to the long street-shaped villages are frequently closed with a fence of saplings and this sapling fence you will see hung with fetish charms to prevent evil spirits from entering the village and sometimes in addition to charms you will see the fence wreathed with leaves and flowers. I tried to find out whether these leaves were for the residence or amusement of the protecting spirits or whether they were traps for the evil spirits attempting to enter the town. Both reasons were given me, the latter most definitely. Bells are frequently hung on these fences, but I do not fancy ever for fetish reasons. At Ndorko, on the Rembwé, there were many guards against spirit visitors, but the bell, which was carefully hung so that you could not pass through the gateway without ringing it, was a guard against thieves and human enemies only. It was entirely a piece of native manufacture, shaped very like the cow-bells my friends bring home from Switzerland, with the same hoarse note, and I was informed, when at Lembarene, that down in a corner of the Lake of Islands there were a party of Fans who could not get out because they had quarrelled, more suo, with a village of fellow Fans who guard the entrance for canoes to the said corner, keeping a bright look out by day, to see the imprisoned ones did not escape,


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 and by night stretching a line hung with bells from stake to stake, so that the least touch of a canoe on it set the bells ringing and the captors on the alert. The opinion was that unless the Government intervened the imprisoned Fans would gradually get killed and eaten by their fellow tribesmen, and then there will be a brief peace in that corner. They seem, I must say, to be a nice set down in that Eliva Z'onange, for they had eaten a returning communicant from the Catholic mission a few weeks before I reached Lembarene; but this is mere chop palaver, for the cannibalism of the Fan is not a sacrificial cannibalism like that of the Niger Delta tribes, so we will leave it on one side and return to the gateways.

Frequently a sapling is tied horizontally near the ground across the entrance. Dr. Nassau could not tell me why, but says it must never be trodden on. When the smallpox, a dire pestilence in these regions, is raging, or when there is war, these gateways are sprinkled with the blood of sacrifices, and for these sacrifices and for the payments of heavy blood fines, &c., goats and sheep are kept. They are rarely eaten for ordinary purposes, and these West Coast Africans have all a perfect horror of the idea of drinking milk, holding this custom to be a filthy habit, and saying so in unmitigated language.

The villagers eat the meat of the sacrifice, that having nothing to do with the sacrifice to the spirits, which is the blood, for the blood is the life.

Beside the few spirits that he Bantu regards himself as having got under control in his charms, he has to worship the uncontrolled army of the air. This he does by sacrifice and incantation.

The sacrifice is the usual killing of something valuable as an offering to the spirits. The value of the offering in these S.W. Coast regions has certainly a regular relationship to the value of the favour required of the spirits. Some favours are worth a dish of plantains, some a fowl, some a goat and some


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30 discovered a man laying prostrate upon his face. They turned him upon his back, and the red glare of light emitted from the lanterns discovered Master Joseph, pierced near the heart with a bullet. Life was not quite extinct, for upon raising him in their arms, he said with a faint voice, I am guilty—my mother!' and so expired.

"Oh, never shall I forget the day when the lifeless body of that unfortunate boy was brought to the dwelling of the poor widow, or the shriek of anguish that burst from her bosom when she beheld the pallid form of her son, who, notwithstanding his vices and the cruel treatment she had received from him, was still dear to her heart. Poor widow! She was now indeed desolate, for, while he lived, she cherished the hope that he might be reclaimed to virtue and honor and become the solace of her old age; but now that he was dead, what charms had life for her? She clung to the body and kissed its cold lips, then gazed upon its rigid features while smoothing the matted hair from its cold forehead, bedecking it with her scalding tears. She spoke to it with the most endearing expressions and pressed her lips to its mouth, as though her warm breath might bring it to life. We endeavored to force her from the body, but in vain, for she clung to it with a power of grasp that defied our exertions and continued to weep over it for some hours, refusing the consolation we offered. At length, she became exhausted and fell upon the body of her son in a state of insensibility. After she had remained in that apparent situation for a few moments, we ventured to gently remove her, but alas!—we found her dead. A small stream of black gore issued from her mouth, dappling the bosom of her son. Here, the old sexton's voice faltered and became almost inaudible, and he turned away his head and wept.

Shall I be accused of weakness when I confess that my eyes became dim with the tears of sympathy?

"She was buried," resumed the old sexton, drawing his hand across his eyes. "On the following day, beneath that mound, the tablet over her grave was erected by the Squire of the Manor, who, with his good dame, often pays a visit to that spot of earth to drop a tear of sorrow on her memory."

The old sexton having concluded his narrative, I arose and, pressing his hand with silent emotion, took my departure from the village churchyard, and I intend to visit it frequently in order that I may gaze in silence and in solitude upon THE WIDOW'S GRAVE.

___

NEATNESS IN DRESS: It is part of a woman's duty to be neatly and becomingly dressed according to her station in life, and a clever woman who neglects this duty proves that her mind has been imperfectly cultivated.

PRAYER FOR AN ABSENT SISTER.

By M. A. Browne A prayer is throbbing in my inmost heart: It thrills each chord, and every pulse stirs. In my eyes, I feel the quick tears start. Breathing that prayer for her, Who has ever been faithful, gentle, and true? Who, by my side, a graceful woman grew, The sister of my love

Oh, that this prayer might reach the' Eternal's throne, Warm, as leaves my aching bosom here: Clothed with the same intense and earnest tone, Dewed with this loving tear Yet not for this deep affection's glow, But for His sake, who suffered here below, Shall it be heard above?

Be with her, Lord! be with my precious one. You know what voiceless sorrow fills the heart. Thou see'st the strife that common eyes doth shun, And though every smart Of that fair bosom, overwhelmed with grief. Be with her, Father! Grant her swift relief. Be with me, my precious one.

Be with her in her solitude. To thee, She may outpour her anguish; bid her bend. Before thy throne of grace, a trusting knee, Knowing thee for her friend: Nay, though she has not the strength to form a prayer, Its very attitude will soothe despair. While praying in heaven, your son

Be with her on the watches of the night. Let ministering spirits guard her rest. Instilling heavenly hope and heavenly might Into her slumbering breast. Let all her dreams of love and mercy come true. And when she wakes, let her be still with you. As thou with her hast been.

Or, if it be thy will, sleep should fly. And her sweet cheek a sleepless pillow press: How on the soul within, the inner eye, Thoughts that shall soothe and bless, Bring to mind the mercies of the past. How has your protection been around us? In many a trying scene.

Bless her and keep her. Let your countenance Be lifted up in love by that beloved: By the reflection of your searching glance Be her soul's radiance proved. Even yet on earth, thy will may be to make Her gentle heart of happy calm partake Teach her to trust in you.

Teach her to know the wisdom that afflicts: How mercy mingles with each trial sent: How all we suffer, feebly here depicts The Savior's punishment For sin he never knew, yet humbly, bare And that with his sufferings we may share, Oh, let us be thankful.


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 a human being, though human sacrifice is very rare in Congo Français, the killing of people being nine times in ten a witchcraft palaver.

Dr. Nassau, however, says that "the intention of the giver ennobles the gift," the spirit being supposed, in some vague way, to be gratified by the recognition of itself, and even sometimes pleased with the homage of the mere simulacrum of a gift. I believe the only class of spirits that have this convenient idea are the Ombwiri; thus the stones heaped by passers-by on the foot of some great tree, or rock, or the leaf cast from a passing canoe towards a promontory on the river, &c., although intrinsically valueless and useless to the Ombwiri nevertheless gratify him. It is a sort of bow or taking off one's hat to him. Some gifts, the Doctor says, are supposed to be actually utilised by the spirit.

In some part of the long single street of most villages there is built a low hut in which charms are hung, and by which grows a consecrated plant, a lily, a euphorbia, or a fig. In some tribes a rudely carved figure, generally female, is set up as an idol before which offerings are laid. I saw at Egaja two figures about 2 feet 6 inches high, in the house placed at my disposal. They were left in it during my occupation, save that the rolls of cloth (their power) which were round their necks, were removed by the owner chief; of the significance of these rolls I will speak elsewhere.

Incantations may be divided into two classes, supplications analogous to our idea of prayers, and certain cabalistic words and phrases The supplications are addresses to the higher spirits. Some are made even to Anzam himself, but the spirit of the new moon is that most commonly addressed to keep the lower spirits from molesting.

Dr. Nassau gave me many instances out of the wealth of his knowledge. One night when he was stopping at a village, he saw standing out in the open street a venerable chief who addressed the spirits of the air and begged them, "Come ye not into my town;" he then recounted his good deeds, praising himself as good, just, honest, kind to his neighbours, and so on. I must remark that this man had not been in touch with Europeans, so his ideal of goodness was the native one—which


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 other personal property, whether owned by a corporation, joint stock company or individual. (Adopted Sept. 3, 1912.)

3. Dues from private corporations shall be secured by such means as may be prescribed by law, but in no case shall any stockholder be individually liable otherwise than for the unpaid stock owned by him or her; except that stockholders of corporations authorized to receive money on deposit shall be held individually responsible, equally and ratably, and not one for another, for all contracts, debts, and engagements of such corporations, to the extent of the amount of their stock therein, at the par value thereof, in addition to the amount invested in such shares. No corporation not organized under the laws of this state, or of the United States, or person, partnership or association shall use the word "bank," "banker" or "banking," or words of similar meaning in any foreign language, as a designation or name under which business may be conducted in this state unless such corporation, person, partnership or association shall submit to inspection, examination and regulation as may hereafter be provided by the laws of this state. (Adopted Sept. 3, 1912.)

4. The property of corporations, now existing or hereafter created, shall forever be subject to taxation, the same as the property of individuals.

5. No right of way shall be appropriated to the use of any corporation, until full compensation therefor be first made in money, or first secured by a deposit of money, to the owner, irrespective of any benefit from any improvement proposed by such corporation; which compensation shall be ascertained by a jury of twelve men, in a court of record, as shall be prescribed by law.

6. The General Assembly shall provide for the organization of cities, and incorporated villages, by general laws, and restrict their power of taxation, assessment, borrowing money, contracting debts and loaning their credit, so as to prevent the abuse of such power.

7. No act of the General Assembly, authorizing associations with banking powers, shall take effect until it shall be submitted to the people, at the general election next succeeding the passage thereof, and be approved by a majority of all the electors, voting at such election.

Jurisprudence.

1. The General Assembly, at its first session after the adoption of this constitution, shall provide for the appointment of three commissioners, and prescribe their tenure of office, compensation, and the mode of filling vacancies in said commission.

2. The said commissioners shall revise, reform, simplify, and abridge the practice, pleadings, forms, and proceedings of the courts of record of this state; and, as far as practicable and expedient, shall provide for the abolition of the distinct forms of action at law, now in use, and for the administration of justice by a uniform mode of proceeding without reference to any distinction between law and equity.

3. The proceedings of the commissioners shall, from time to time, be reported to the General Assembly, and be subject to the action of that body.

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32 penned a challenge to his former companion; sent it fought and fell.

She was now left alone. There was no being in existence who could control her, and she hastened to mature her plans. On the continent, she was aware her life would be endangered, but, hearing that some nuns had formed themselves into a society in Yorkshire, she requested—and her wealth easily obtained—her admission. A rigid noviciate, shortened at her own request, was terminated, and under the name of Anastasia, she took the black veil. Unexampled privations and the most severe penance soon triumphed over a constitution impaired by disappointment and corroded by remorse, and, on the second anniversary of her entrance into the convent, the grave shed over her its tranquilizing mold.

THE MOUNTAIN STREAM. In a mountain glen, a streamlet sprung, From a rude and rocky bed, The wild flowers over its margin hung; And their odorous incense around it flung, Where its glancing waters sped

In summary, 'it was a bright and joyous stream. As it laughed in its infant glee, And kissed by the warm sun's amorous beam, It murmuring flowed; oh, nothing could seem More sportive, happy, and free.

The young rose bathed her blushing face. In its pure and sparkling tide, And the lily fair, in her queenly grace, Her beauties, loved in its wave to trace, With her glance of maiden pride

But that bounding streamlet onward flew, Afar from its native glen, No wild flowers on its margin grew, And near the cultured plains it drew, To the noisy haunts of men.

And though the garden flowed around, it shone. More fair than the wild glen bore, Yet the sunny smile on its face was gone. And slowly and silently, it wandered on. Unheeding the lovely shore

And farther yet, in its onward course, The broad stream proudly flowed. The rude winds sang for it, music hoarse. And the tempest smote it with angry force. Till its foamy crest, it showed.

And a proud and mighty river it grew; And it gained a name from men: And they feared the wrath of its waters. Nor dreamed of the tranquil time it knew, Ere, it left its own loved glen.

In the ocean's boundless depths at last, A goal that the river found And its course of strife and passion past, It sought rest in those vast, Where no fathom line can sound

Oh, say, is not that a warring tide? Like a man's ambitious life? Condemned from tranquil joys to glide, And'mid oblivion's waters wide, To end his course of strife. B. J. M.

THE GERMAN RHINE.

By Nicholas Becker.

"Sie sollen ihn nicht hanbn."

They never shall have it! The free, the German Rhine! They threaten in vain for ever. The river of the vine!

So long as its billows are bounding They will wear their dark-blue vest, So long as an oar, resounding, Shall cleave its glorious breast.

They never shall have it! The free, the German Rhine! No stranger's heart will ever Shall you bathe in its fiery wine?

So long as one flower shall blossom Beside its exulting foam, So long as the glass of its bosom Shall mirror castle and dome.

They never shall have it! The free, the German Rhine! Our youths shall guard for ever. The Father of the Vine!

No, until its abundant waters Shall you yield us fish no more? No!—till our Fatherland's daughters No longer shall it haunt its shore.

They never shall have it! The free, the German Rhine! For first on its waves for ever The sun must cease to shine!

SONNET.

KEATS.

The world he dwelt in was one of solitude. And he a flitting shade, a spectre pale, A voice, like that embodied in the gale, When in its softest whisper, it has wooed A Naiad is in her cave. Earth's common brood , Trampling the flowers, which Heaven's own sweets exhale, He looked at him as a glowworm or a snail. Crushed under foot, if in their way it stood: And so they crushed him.

"I was a grateful boon, To send him early from this world of sorrows; For his young heart, which dried up and withered soon, Having no joy, save what from love it borrows Love, like his own Endymion's for the moon And hope, the rainbow spanning our tomorrows.


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 Miscellaneous.

1. Columbus shall be the seat of government, until otherwise directed by law.

2. The printing of the laws, journals, bills, legislative documents and papers for each branch of the general assembly, with the printing required for the executive and other departments of state, shall be let, on contract, to the lowest responsible bidder, or done directly by the state in such manner as shall be prescribed by law. All stationery and supplies shall be purchased as may be provided by law. (Adopted Sept. 3, 1912.)

3. An accurate and detailed statement of the receipts and expenditures of the public money, the several amounts paid, to whom, and on what account, shall, from time to time, be published, as shall be prescribed by law.

4. No person shall be elected or appointed to any office in this state unless possessed of the qualifications of an elector; provided that women who are citizens may be appointed as members of boards of, or to positions in, those departments and institutions established by the state or any political subdivision thereof involving the interests or care of women or children or both. (Adopted Nov. 4, 1913, 103 v. 992.)

5. No person who shall hereafter fight a duel, assist in the same as second, or send, accept, or knowingly carry, a challenge therefor, shall hold any office in this state.

6. Lotteries, and the sale of lottery tickets, for any purpose whatever, shall forever be prohibited in this state.

7. Every person chosen or appointed to any office under this state, before entering upon the discharge of its duties, shall take an oath or affirmation, to support the Constitution of the United States, and of this state, and also an oath of office.

8. There may be established, in the secretary of state's office, a bureau of statistics, under such regulations as may be prescribed by law.

9. License to traffic in intoxicating liquors shall be granted in this state, and license laws operative throughout the state shall be passed with such restrictions and regulations as may be provided by law, and municipal corporations shall be authorized by general laws to provide for the limitation of the number of saloons. Laws shall not be passed authorizing more than one saloon in each township or municipality of less than five hundred population, or more than one saloon for each five hundred population in other townships and municipalities. Where the traffic is or may be prohibited under laws applying to counties, municipalities, townships, residence districts, or other districts now prescribed by law, the traffic shall not be licensed in any such local subdivision while any prohibitory law is operative therein, and nothing herein contained shall be so construed as to repeal, modify or suspend any such prohibitory laws, or any regulatory laws now in force or hereafter enacted, or to prevent the future enactment, modification or repeal of any prohibitory or regulatory laws. License to traffic in intoxicating liquors shall not be granted to any person who at the time of making application therefor is not a citizen of the United States and of good moral character. License shall not be granted to any applicant who is in any way interested in the business conducted at any other place where intoxicating liquors are sold or kept for sale

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12 The National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics established a Special Committee on Space Technology to study and delineate problem areas that must be solved to make space flight a practical reality and to consider and recommend means for attacking these problems. Dr. H. Guyford Stever of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology was named chairman.

The Rocket and Satellite Research Panel recommended the creation of a National Space Establishment in the Executive Branch of the Government. According to the proposal, activities of this agency would be under civilian leadership, and the organization would be charged with formulating and supervising a space research program. An annual budget of $1 billion for a period of 10 years was recommended.

Over one-half of the NACA Propulsion Conference was devoted to the discussion of possible space propulsion systems. Three particular systems appeared to afford excellent choices for such purposes. These were: the chemical rocket, the nuclear rocket, and the nuclear-electric rocket. It was the considered opinion of the conference members that the chemical rocket would be quite adequate for a round trip to the moon.

A presentation on manned orbital flight was made by Maxime A. Faget. The concept included the use of existing ballistic missiles for propulsion, solid-fuel retrorockets for reentry initiation, and a nonlifting ballistic shape for the reentering capsule. This concept was considered to be the quickest and safest approach for initial manned flights into orbit.

The American Rocket Society’s proposal for an Astronautical Research and Development Agency, formally presented to President Eisenhower on October 14, 1957, was publicly announced.

An announcement was made that an Advanced Research Projects Agency would be created in the Department of Defense to direct its space projects.


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 as a beverage nor shall such license be granted unless the applicant or applicants are the only persons in any way pecuniarily interested in the business for which the license is sought and no other person shall be in any way interested therein during the continuance of the license; if such interest of such person shall appear, the license shall be deemed revoked. If any licensee is more than once convicted for a violation of the laws in force to regulate the traffic in intoxicating liquors, his license shall be deemed revoked, and no license shall thereafter be granted to him. License to traffic in intoxicating liquors shall not be granted unless the place of traffic under such license shall be located in the county in which the person or persons reside whose duty it is to grant such license, or in a county adjoining thereto. The word "saloon" as used in this section is defined to be a place where intoxicating liquors are sold, or kept for sale, as a beverage in quantities less than one gallon. (Adopted Sept. 3, 1912.)

9a. No law shall be passed or be in effect prohibiting the sale, furnishing or giving away of intoxcatingintoxicating [sic] liquors operative in a subdivision of the state upon the option of the electors thereof, or upon any other contingency, which has force within a territory larger than a municipal corporation or a township outside of municipal corporations therein. All laws in contravention of the foregoing are hereby repealed.

Nor shall any law hereafter be passed prohibiting the sale, furnishing or giving away of intoxicating liquors throughout the state at large. (Adopted Nov. 3, 1914.)

10. Appointments and promotions in the civil service of the state, the several counties, and cities, shall be made according to merit and fitness, to be ascertained, as far as practicable, by competitive examinations. Laws shall be passed providing for the enforcement of this provision. (Adopted Sept. 3, 1912.)

Amendments.

1. Either branch of the general assembly may propose amendments to this constitution; and, if the same shall be agreed to by three-fifths of the members elected to each house, such proposed amendments shall be entered on the journals, with the yeas and nays, and shall be submitted to the electors, for their approval or rejection, on a separate ballot without party designation of any kind, at either a special or a general election as the general assembly may prescribe. Such proposed amendments shall be published once a week for five consecutive weeks preceding such election, in at least one newspaper in each county of the state, where a newspaper is published. If the majority of the electors voting on the same shall adopt such amendments the same shall become a part of the constitution. When more than one amendment shall be submitted at the same time, they shall be so submitted as to enable the electors to vote on each amendment, separately. (Adopted Sept. 3, 1912.)

2. Whenever two-thirds of the members elected to each branch of the general assembly shall think it necessary to call a convention, to revise, amend, or change this constitution, they shall recommend to the electors to vote on a separate ballot without party designation of any kind at the next election for members to the general assembly, for or against a convention; and if a majority of all the electors, voting for and against the calling of a convention, shall have voted

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Rh "Not always," answered Miss Beaumont. As she spoke she inserted "witless fellow" as an alternative to "silly ass."

"I always thought they lived in the sky."

"Oh, no, Mrs. Worters," the girl repeated. "Not always." And finding her place in the note-book she read as follows: "Gods. Where. Chief deities—Mount Olympus. Pan—most places, as name implies. Oreads—mountains. Sirens, Tritons, Nereids—water (salt). Naiads—water (fresh). Satyrs, Fauns, etc.—woods. Dryads—trees."

"Well, dear, you have learnt a lot. And will you now tell me what good it has done you?"

"It has helped me—" faltered Miss Beaumont. She was very earnest over her classics. She wished she could have said what good they had done her.

Ford came to her rescue, "Of course it's helped you. The classics are full of tips. They teach you how to dodge things."

I begged my young friend not to dodge his Virgil lesson.

"But they do!" he cried. "Suppose that long-haired brute Apollo wants to give you a music lesson. Well, out you pop into the laurels. Or Universal Nature comes along. You aren't


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Rh feeling particularly keen on Universal Nature so you turn into a reed."

"Is Jack mad?" asked Mrs. Worters.

But Miss Beaumont had caught the allusions—which were quite ingenious I must admit. "And Crœsus?" she inquired. "What was it one turned into to get away from Crœsus?"

I hastened to tidy up her mythology. "Midas, Miss Beaumont, not Crœsus. And he turns you—you don't turn yourself: he turns you into gold."

"There's no dodging Midas," said Ford.

"Surely—" said Miss Beaumont. She had been learning Latin not quite a fortnight, but she would have corrected the Regius Professor.

He began to tease her. "Oh, there's no dodging Midas! He just comes, he touches you, and you pay him several thousand per cent, at once. You're gold—a young golden lady—if he touches you."

"I won't be touched!" she cried, relapsing into her habitual frivolity.

"Oh, but he'll touch you."

"He sha'n't!"

"He will."

"He sha'n't!"

"He will."


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Rh Miss Beaumont took up her Virgil and smacked Ford over the head with it.

"Evelyn! Evelyn!" said Mrs. Worters. "Now you are forgetting yourself. And you also forget my question. What good has Latin done you?"

"Mr. Ford—what good has Latin done you?"

"Mr. Inskip—what good has Latin done us?"

So I was let in for the classical controversy. The arguments for the study of Latin are perfectly sound, but they are difficult to remember, and the afternoon sun was hot, and I needed my tea. But I had to justify my existence as a coach, so I took off my eye-glasses and breathed on them and said, "My dear Ford, what a question!"

"It's all right for Jack," said Mrs. Worters. "Jack has to pass his entrance examination. But what's the good of it for Evelyn? None at all."

"No, Mrs. Worters," I persisted, pointing my eye-glasses at her. "I cannot agree. Miss Beaumont is—in a sense—new to our civilization. She is entering it, and Latin is one of the subjects in her entrance examination also. No one can grasp modern life without some knowledge of its origins."


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Rh IGY Vanguard (TV-3), the first with three live stages, failed to launch a test satellite.

The Air Force created a Directorate of Astronautics to manage and coordinate astronautical research programs, including work on satellites and antimissile-missile weapons. Brigadier General Homer A. Boushey was named to head the office. Later in the month the order was rescinded by James H. Douglas, Secretary of the Air Force, who considered the creation of such a group before the activation of the Advanced Research Projects Agency to be premature.

The American Rocket Society and the Rocket and Satellite Research Panel issued a summary of their proposals for a National Space Establishment. The consensus was that the new agency should be independent of the Department of Defense and not, in any event, under one of the military services.

A successful limited flight was made by the fourth Atlas fired from Cape Canaveral.

President Eisenhower, answering a December 10, 1957, letter from Soviet Premier Nikolai A. Bulganin regarding a summit conference on disarmament, proposed that Russia and the United States "…agree that outer space should be used for peaceful purposes." This proposal was compared dedicate atomic energy to peaceful uses, an offer which The Soviets rejected.

The Air Force received 11 unsolicited industry proposals for Project 7969, and technical evaluation was started. Observers from NACA participated. (See March 1956 entry.)

A resolution was adopted by NACA stating that NACA had an important responsibility for coordinating and conducting research in space technology,


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Rh "But why should she grasp modern life?" said the tiresome woman.

"Well, there you are!" I retorted, and shut up my eye-glasses with a snap.

"Mr. Inskip, I am not there. Kindly tell me what's the good of it all. Oh, I've been through it myself: Jupiter, Venus, Juno, I know the lot of them. And many of the stories not at all proper."

"Classical education," I said drily, "is not entirely confined to classical mythology. Though even the mythology has its value. Dreams if you like, but there is value in dreams."

"I too have dreams," said Mrs. Worters, "but I am not so foolish as to mention them afterwards."

Mercifully we were interrupted. A rich virile voice close behind us said, "Cherish your dreams!" We had been joined by our host, Harcourt Worters—Mrs. Worters' son, Miss Beaumont's fiancé. Ford's guardian, my employer: I must speak of him as Mr. Worters.

"Let us cherish our dreams!" he repeated. "All day I've been fighting, haggling, bargaining. And to come out on to this lawn and see you all learning Latin, so happy, so passionless, so Arcadian"


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 for a convention, the general assembly shall, at their next session, provide, by law, for calling the same. Candidates for members of the constitutional convention shall be nominated by nominating petitions only and shall be voted for upon one independent and separate ballot without any emblem or party designation whatever. The convention shall consist of as many members as the house of representatives, who shall be chosen as provided by law, and shall meet within three months after their election, for the purpose, aforesaid. (Adopted, Sept. 3, 1912.)

3. At the general election to be held in the year one thousand nine hundred and thirty-two, and in each twentieth year thereafter, the question: "Shall there be a convention to revise, alter, or amend the constitution," shall be submitted to the electors of the state; and in case a majority of the electors, voting for and against the calling of a convention, shall decide in favor of a convention, the general assembly, at its next session, shall provide, by law, for the election of delegates, and the assembling of such convention, as is provided in the preceding section; but no amendment of this constitution, agreed upon by any convention assembled in pursuance of this article, shall take effect, until the same shall have been submitted to the electors of the state, and adopted by a majority of those voting thereon. (Adopted Sept. 3, 1912.)

1. Elections for state and county officers shall be held on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November in the even numbered years; and all elections for all other elective officers shall be held on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November in the odd numbered years.

2. The term of office of the governor, lieutenant governor, attorney general, secretary of state and treasurer of state shalt be two years, and that of the auditor of state shall be four years. The term of office of the judges of the supreme court and circuit courts shall be such even number of years not less than six (6) years as may be prescribed by the General Assembly; that of the judges of the common pleas court six (6) years, and of the judges of the probate court, four (4) years, and that of other judges shall be such even number of years, not exceeding six (6) years as may be prescribed by the General Assembly. The term of office of justices of the peace, shall be such even number of years not exceeding four (4) years as may be prescribed by the General Assembly. The term of office of the members of the board of public works shall be such even number of years not exceeding six (6) years as may be so prescribed; and the term of office of all elective county, township, municipal and school officers shall be such even number of years not exceeding four (4) years as may be so prescribed.

And the General Assembly shall have power to so extend existing terms of office as to effect the purpose of section 1 of this article.

Any vacancy which shall occur in any elective state office other than that of a member of the General Assembly or of governor, shall be filled by appointment by the governor until the disability is removed or a successor elected and qualified. Every such vacancy shall be filled by election at the first general election for the office which is vacant, that occurs more than thirty (30) days after the vacancy shall have occurred. The person elected shall fill the office

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Rh He did not finish the sentence, but sank into the chair next to Miss Beaumont, and possessed himself of her hand. As he did so she sang: "Áh yoù sílly àss góds lìve in woóds!"

"What have we here?" said Mr. Worters with a slight frown.

With the other hand she pointed to me.

"Virgil—" I stammered. "Colloquial translation"

"Oh, I see; a colloquial translation of poetry." Then his smile returned. "Perhaps if gods live in woods, that is why woods are so dear. I have just bought Other Kingdom Copse!"

Loud exclamations of joy. Indeed, the beeches in that copse are as fine as any in Hertfordshire. Moreover, it, and the meadow by which it is approached, have always made an ugly notch in the rounded contours of the Worters estate. So we were all very glad that Mr. Worters had purchased Other Kingdom. Only Ford kept silent, stroking his head where the Virgil had hit it, and smiling a little to himself as he did so.

"Judging from the price I paid, I should say there was a god in every tree. But price, this time was no object." He glanced at Miss Beaumont.

"You admire beeches, Evelyn, do you not?"


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Rh "I forget always which they are. Like this?"

She flung her arms up above her head, close together, so that she looked like a slender column. Then her body swayed and her delicate green dress quivered over it with the suggestion of countless leaves.

"My dear child!" exclaimed her lover.

"No: that is a silver birch," said Ford,

"Oh, of course. Like this, then." And she twitched up her skirts so that for a moment they spread out in great horizontal layers, like the layers of a beech.

We glanced at the house, but none of the servants were looking. So we laughed, and said she ought to go on the variety stage.

"Ah, this is the kind I like!" she cried, and practised the beech-tree again.

"I thought so," said Mr. Worters. "I thought so. Other Kingdom Copse is yours."

"Mine?" She had never had such a present in her life. She could not realize it.

"The purchase will be drawn up in your name. You will sign the deed. Receive the wood, with my love. It is a second engagement ring."

"But is it—is it mine? Can I—do what I like there?"


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36 permission of the creditors, and that as soon as she could remove, the house and furniture were to be sold. Mrs. Wiley, the housekeeper, had already dismissed the servants, with the exception of one, and was only waiting for Emma's recovery to form her own plans.

"Dear Miss Emma," she said, "have you no property of your own, and to which of your friends will you go?"

"I have no fortune, no friend; save you."

Strange as this may sound, it was true. Her parents were Scotch, without relations in this country, and Emma could not think of going as a dependent on those she had never seen. Her mother, who died when she was twelve years old, had carefully withheld her from forming any childish friendships and had made it her dying request that she be sent to a distant seminary, whose principal she held in high estimation, to remain till her seventeenth birth day had passed. Thus she entered the gay circle of her native city, with all the charms of being a personal stranger, and as she now felt, with all its loneliness, for her father had been a mere man of business and cultivated no friendships-true, many had called during her illness to inquire after her or leave a card, and doubtless some would have done much to aid her, had they known her real situation, but each supposed some other to be more intimate than themselves, and thus the poor girl was literally without friend or adviser. She requested that Mrs. Wiley call on the lawyer who had transacted her father's business and desire him to put at the disposal of the creditors the jewelry with which her father had delighted to load her and the most valuable part of her wardrobe. This was positively refused by the gentlemen in question, who insisted on her retaining all that had been considered her personal property, including her musical instruments, and intimated their intention of settling a thousand dollars on her. Through the same medium, she refused, with many thanks, for their kindness but consented to keep her instruments and jewelry, as she understood the debts would be nearly, if not fully, discharged. And then, for a home, Mrs. Wiley, with some hesitation, mentioned her own plans, which were to rent a furnished room in the suburbs and live upon the income of her savings from many years of service in the family, aiding herself by taking in plain sewing.

"Would Miss Emma," said the worthy woman, "condescend to remain with her till she could think of some more suitable plan?"

"With the truest gratitude, dear Mrs. Wiley," said Emma, "I have twenty or thirty dollars by me, and when that is gone, I can dispose of one of my instruments, so I can bear my part in the housekeeping till I can devise some plan for my support. Not a word—it must be so; even then, I will owe a home to you. You can procure fine work and embroidery for me, and perhaps I can thus afford to keep those dear relics of the past." In a few days, this plan was put into operation. The bustle of removal for a while roused Emma, but soon, when confined to the one small room and toiling from morning till night over some weary piece of sewing, for which she was so poorly paid that even her small expenses could not be met by the proceeds, her spirits at times completely sunk, for though she often experienced the sweet peace of a believing heart, religion, though it supports, does not change our natures, and it is not the intention of the All Wise that his chastisements shall be unheeded. While the support it affords gives the Christian bright hopes of the felicity experienced from enjoying the unclouded light of God's countenance, his heart still bleeds for his own and others bereavements, and he feels this is not his abiding place. Mrs. Wiley marked with regret, but without surprise, the increasing depression of her charge, and when a couple of months had convinced her how trifling was the income produced by her needle, she suggested that her many accomplishments might secure her a respectable home and salary as a teacher, since she continued firm in her determination not to seek support from unseen, almost unknown, relations.

"I have thought seriously of it myself," was Emma's reply, "and this morning I read an advertisement in an old paper that I have kept to show you. The required qualifications are immense, but if they will dispense with Greek and Latin and some sciences not very useful to a woman, perhaps I can meet their requisitions as well as most governesses. I can add one or two languages not mentioned as a compensation." Though the advertisement was an old one, a letter was sent according to the direction, and in due time, a favorable reply was received. German and Spanish were accepted in lieu of Greek and Latin, and a knowledge of the harp for trigonometry, surveying, &c. "If Miss Benson had a harp, she might bring it with her, and they would pay the expense of transportation, provided when she left she would dispose of it at a reasonable price. As to salary, she was so much below their requirements she could not expect much, and one hundred dollars a year, with board and washing, was all they would give.."Such was the purport of the letter of Mrs. Olden, of the village of Vatican, western New York.

"Sell my dear, dear harp to such people," said Emma, in strong disgust, "the present of my father, the companion of so many hours, never, never, and yet I am about to sell myself, for I see it will be slavery." Mrs.Wiley was very unwilling; her dear young lady should put herself in the power of such low-minded persons as the Oldens evidently were, and for so trifling a compensation. But then the situation was a healthy one in the country. Emma's constitution would never bear a southern climate, nor her spirits the risk of meeting old ac-


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Rh "You can," said Mr. Worters, smiling.

She rushed at him and kissed him. She kissed Mrs. Worters. She would have kissed myself and Ford if we had not extruded elbows. The joy of possession had turned her head.

"It's mine! I can walk there, work there, live there. A wood of my own! Mine for ever."

"Yours, at all events, for ninety-nine years."

"Ninety-nine years?" I regret to say there was a tinge of disappointment in her voice.

"My dear child! Do you expect to live longer?"

"I suppose I can't," she replied, and flushed a little. "I don't know."

"Ninety-nine seems long enough to most people. I have got this house, and the very lawn you are standing on, on a lease of ninety-nine years. Yet I call them my own, and I think I am justified. Am I not?"

"Oh, yes."

"Ninety-nine years is practically for ever. Isn't it?"

"Oh, yes. It must be."

Ford possesses a most inflammatory notebook. Outside it is labelled "Private," inside it is headed "Practically a book." I saw him


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 for the unexpired term. All vacancies in other elective offices shall be filled for the unexpired term in such manner as may be prescribed by law.

3. Every elective officer holding office when this amendment is adopted shall continue to hold such office for the full term for which he was elected and until his successor shall be elected and qualified, as provided by law. [As adopted November 7, 1905.]

Municipal Corporations.

1. Municipal corporations are hereby classified into cities and villages. All such corporations having a population of five thousand or over shall be cities; all others shall be villages. The method of transition from one class to the other shall be regulated by law. (Adopted Sept. 3, 1912.)

2. General laws shall be passed to provide for the incorporation and government of cities and villages; and additional laws may also be passed for the government of municipalities adopting the same; but no such additional law shall become operative in any municipality until it shall have been submitted to the electors thereof, and affirmed by a majority of those voting thereon, under regulations to be established by law. (Adopted Sept. 3, 1912.)

3. Municipalities shall have authority to exercise all powers of local self-government and to adopt and enforce within their limits such local police, sanitary and other similar regulations, as are not in conflict with general laws. (Adopted Sept. 3, 1912.)

4. Any municipality may acquire, construct, own, lease and operate within or without its corporate limits, any public utility the product or service of which is or is to be supplied to the municipality or its inhabitants, and may contract with others for any such product or service. The acquisition of any such public utility may be by condemnation or otherwise, and a municipality may acquire thereby the use of, or full title to, the property and franchise of any company or person supplying to the municipality or its inhabitants the service or product of any such utility. (Adopted Sept. 3, 1912.)

5. Any municipality proceeding to acquire, construct, own, lease or operate a public utility, or to contract with any person or company therefor, shall act by ordinance and no such ordinance shall take effect until after thirty days from its passage. If within said thirty days a petition signed by ten per centum of the electors of the municipality shall be filed with the executive authority thereof demanding a referendum on such ordinance it shall not take effect until submitted to the electors and approved by a majority of those voting thereon. The submission of any such question shall be governed by all the provisions of section 8 of this article as to the submission of the question of choosing a charter commission. (Adopted Sept. 3, 1912.)

6. Any municipality, owning or operating a public utility for the purpose of supplying the service or product thereof to the municipality or its inhabitants, may also sell and deliver to others any transportation service of such utility and the surplus product of any other utility in an amount not exceeding in either case fifty per centum of the total service or product supplied by such utility within the municipality. (Adopted Sept. 3, 1912.)

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Rh make an entry in it now, "Eternity: practically ninety-nine years."

Mr. Worters, as if speaking to himself, now observed: "My goodness! My goodness! How land has risen! Perfectly astounding."

I saw that he was in need of a Boswell, so I said: "Has it, indeed?"

"My dear Inskip. Guess what I could have got that wood for ten years ago! But I refused. Guess why."

We could not guess why.

"Because the transaction would not have been straight." A most becoming blush spread over his face as he uttered the noble word. "Not straight. Straight legally. But not morally straight. We were to force the hands of the man who owned it. I refused. The others—decent fellows in their way—told me I was squeamish. I said, 'Yes. Perhaps I am. My name is plain Harcourt Worters—not a well-known name if you go outside the City and my own country, but a name which, where it is known, carries, I flatter myself, some weight. And I will not sign my name to this. That is all. Call me squeamish if you like. But I will not sign. It is just a fad of mine. Let us call it a fad.'" He blushed again. Ford believes


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14

either in its own laboratories or by contract. (See November 19, 1957, entry.)

Paul E. Purser and Maxime A. Faget conceived of a solid-fuel launch vehicle design for the research and development phase of a manned satellite vehicle project. This launch vehicle was later designated Little Joe. When Project Mercury began in October 1958, the purpose of the Little Joe phase was to propel a full-scale, full-weight developmental version of the manned spacecraft to some of the flight conditions that would be encountered during exit from the atmosphere on an orbital mission. Also, Little Joe tests were used to perfect the escape maneuver in the event of an aborted mission.

A conference was held at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, to review concepts for manned orbital vehicles. The NACA informally presented two concepts then under study at Langley Aeronautical Laboratory: the one proposed by Maxime A. Faget involved a ballistic, high-drag capsule with heat shield on which the pilot lies prone during reentry, with reentry being accomplished by reverse thrust at the apogee of the elliptical orbit involving a deceleration load of about 8g, and proceeding to impact by a parachute landing; the other Langley proposal called for the development of a triangular planform vehicle with a flat bottom having some lift during reentry. At this same meeting there were several Air Force contractor presentations. These were as follows: Northrop, boost-glide buildup to orbital speed; Martin, zero-lift vehicle launched by a Titan with controlled flight estimated to be possible by mid-1961; McDonnell, ballistic vehicle resembling Faget's proposal, weighing 2,400 pounds and launched by an Atlas with a Polaris second stage; Lockheed, a 20° semiapex angle cone with a hemispherical tip of 1-foot radius, pilot in sitting position facing rearward, to be launched by an Atlas-Hustler combination; Convair reviewed a previous proposal for a large-scale manned space station, but stated a minimum vehicle—a 1,000-pound sphere—could be launched by an Atlas within a year; Aeronutronics, cone-shaped vehicle with spherical tip of 1-foot radius, with man enclosed in sphere inside vehicle and rotated to line the pilot up with accelerations, and launched by one of several two-stage vehicles; Republic, the Ferri sled vehicle, a 4,000-pound, triangular plan with a two-foot diameter tube running continuous around the leading and trailing edge and serving as a fuel tank for final-stage, solid-propellant rockets located in each wing tip, with a man in small compartment on top side, and with a heat-transfer ring in the front of the nose for a glide reentry of 3,600 miles per hour with pilot ejecting from capsule and parachuting down, and the launch vehicle comprising three stages (also see


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Rh that his guardian blushes all over—if you could strip him and make him talk nobly he would look like a boiled lobster. There is a picture of him in this condition in the note-book.

"So the man who owned it then didn't own it now?" said Miss Beaumont, who had followed the narrative with some interest.

"Oh, no!" said Mr. Worters.

"Why no!" said Mrs. Worters absently, as she hunted in the grass for her knitting-needle. "Of course not. It belongs to the widow."

"Tea!" cried her son, springing vivaciously to his feet. "I see tea and I want it. Come, mother. Come along, Evelyn. I can tell you it's no joke, a hard day in the battle of life. For life is practically a battle. To all intents and purposes a battle. Except for a few lucky fellows who can read books, and so avoid the realities. But I"

His voice died away as he escorted the two ladies over the smooth lawn and up the stone steps to the terrace, on which the footman was placing tables and little chairs and a silver kettle-stand. More ladies came out of the house. We could just hear their shouts of excitement as


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Rh they also were told of the purchase of Other Kingdom.

I like Ford. The boy has the makings of a scholar and—though for some reason he objects to the word—of a gentleman. It amused me now to see his lip curl with the vague cynicism of youth. He cannot understand the footman and the solid silver kettle-stand. They make him cross. For he has dreams—not exactly spiritual dreams: Mr. Worters is the man for those—but dreams of the tangible and the actual: robust dreams, which take him, not to heaven, but to another earth. There are no footmen in this other earth, and the kettle-stands, I suppose, will not be made of silver, and I know that everything is to be itself, and not practically something else. But what this means, and, if it means anything, what the good of it is, I am not prepared to say. For though I have just said "there is value in dreams," I only said it to silence old Mrs. Worters.

"Go ahead, man! We can't have tea till we've got through something."

He turned his chair away from the terrace, so that he could sit looking at the meadows and at the stream that runs through the meadows, and at the beech-trees of Other Kingdom


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 7. Any municipality may frame and adopt or amend a charter for its government and may, subject to the provisions of section 3 of this article, exercise thereunder all powers of local self-government. (Adopted Sept. 3, 1912.)

8. The legislative authority of any city or village may by a two-thirds vote of its members, and upon petition of ten per centum of the electors shall forthwith, provide by ordinance for the submission to the electors, of the question, "Shall a commission be chosen to frame a charter." The ordinance providing for the submission of such question shall require that it be submitted to the electors at the next regular municipal election if one shall occur not less than sixty nor more than one hundred and twenty days after its passage; otherwise it shall provide for the submission of the question at a special election to be called and held within the time aforesaid. The ballot containing such question shall bear no party designation, and provision shall be made thereon for the election from the municipality at large of fifteen electors who shall constitute a commission to frame a charter; provided that a majority of the electors voting on such question shall have voted in the affirmative. Any charter so framed shall be submitted to the electors of the municipality at an election to be held at a time fixed by the charter commission and within one year from the date of its election, provision for which shall be made by the legislative authority of the municipality in so far as not prescribed by general law. Not less than thirty days prior to such election the clerk of the municipality shall mail a copy of the proposed charter to each elector whose name appears upon the poll or registration books of the last regular or general election held therein. If such proposed charter is approved by a majority of the electors voting thereon it shall become the charter of such municipality at the time fixed therein. (Adopted Sept. 3, 1912.)

9. Amendments to any charter framed and adopted as herein provided may be submitted to the electors of a municipality by a two-thirds vote of the legislative authority thereof, and, upon petitions signed by ten per centum of the electors of the municipality setting forth any such proposed amendment, shall be submitted by such legislative authority. The submission of proposed amendments to the electors shall be governed by the requirements of section 8 as to the submission of the question of choosing a charter commission; and copies of proposed amendments shall be mailed to the electors as hereinbefore provided for copies of a proposed charter. If any such amendment is approved by a majority of the electors voting thereon, it shall become a part of the charter of the municipality. A copy of said charter or any amendment thereto shall be certified to the secretary of state within thirty days after adoption by a referendum vote. (Adopted Sept. 3, 1912.)

10. A municipality appropriating or otherwise acquiring property for public use may in furtherance of such public use appropriate or acquire an excess over that actually to be occupied by the improvement, and may sell such excess with such restrictions as shall be appropriate to preserve the improvement made. Bonds may be issued to supply the funds in whole or in part to pay for the excess property so appropriated or otherwise acquired, but said bonds shall be a lien only against the property so acquired for the improvement and excess, and they shall not be a liability of the municipality nor be included in any limitation of the bonded indebtedness of such municipality prescribed by law. (Adopted Sept. 3, 1912.)

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Rh that rise beyond the stream. Then, most gravely and admirably, he began to construe the Eclogues of Virgil.

is just like any other beech copse, and I am therefore spared the fatigue of describing it. And the stream in front of it, like many other streams, is not crossed by a bridge in the right place, and you must either walk round a mile or else you must paddle. Miss Beaumont suggested that we should paddle.

Mr. Worters accepted the suggestion tumultuously. It only became evident gradually that he was not going to adopt it.

"What fun! what fun! We will paddle to your kingdom. If only—if only it wasn't for the tea-things."

"But you can carry the tea-things on your back."

"Why, yes! so I can. Or the servants could,"

"Harcourt—no servants. This is my picnic, and my wood. I'm going to settle everything. I didn't tell you: I've got all the food. I've been in the village with Mr. Ford."


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Rh

July 31, 1958 entry); AVCO, a 1,500-pound vehicle sphere launched by a Titan, equipped with a stainless-steel-cloth parachute whose diameter would be controlled by compressed air bellows and which would orient the vehicle in orbit, provide deceleration for reentry, and control drag during reentry; Bell, reviewed proposals for boost-glide vehicles, but considered briefly a minimum vehicle, spherical in shape, weighing about 3,000 pounds; Goodyear, a spherical vehicle with a rearward facing tail cone and ablative surface, with flaps deflected from the cone during reentry for increased drag and control, and launched by an Atlas or a Titan plus a Vanguard second stage; North American, extend the X-15 program by using the X-15 with a three-stage launch vehicle to achieve a single orbit with an apogee of 400,000 feet and a perigee of 250,000, range about 500 to 600 miles and landing in the Gulf of Mexico, and the pilot ejecting and landing by parachute with the aircraft being lost.

An Army Jupiter-C missile boosted Exporer I, America’s first artificial earth satellite, into orbit. Other than the achievement of orbital conditions, one of the more significant contributions of this flight was the discovery of the Van Allen Radiation Belt, named for Dr. James A. Van Allen, head of the physics department at the State University of Iowa.

Lieutenant General Donald Putt, Air Force Director of Research and Development, sent a letter to Dr. Hugh Dryden, Director of NACA, inviting NACA participation in the Air Force effort in the manned ballistic rocket program. Dr. Dryden informed the Air Force that NACA was preparing manned spacecraft designs for submission in March 1958.

The Senate passed a resolution (S Res 256) creating a special Committee on Space and Astronautics to frame legislation for a national program for space exploration.

The Secretary of Defense issued a directive establishing the Advanced Research Projects Agency, an organization under consideration since November 15, 1957. It was to be a centralized group capable of handling direction of both outer space and antimissile-missile projects, whose duties in the space field were to bridge the gap until Congress could consider legislative proposals for the establishment of a National Space Agency.


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Rh "In the village?"

"Yes, We got biscuits and oranges and half a pound of tea. That's all you'll have. He carried them up. And he'll carry them over the stream. I want you just to lend me some tea-things—not the best ones. I'll take care of them. That's all."

"Dear creature"

"Evelyn," said Mrs. Worters, "how much did you and Jack pay for that tea?"

"For the half-pound, tenpence."

Mrs. Worters received the announcement in gloomy silence.

"Mother!" cried Mr. Worters. "Why, I forgot! How could we go paddling with mother?"

"Oh, but, Mrs. Worters, we could carry you over."

"Thank you, dearest child. I am sure you could."

"Alas! alas! Evelyn. Mother is laughing at us. She would sooner die than be carried. And alas! there are my sisters, and Mrs. Osgood: she has a cold, tiresome woman. No: we shall have to go round by the bridge."

"But some of us" began Ford. His guardian cut him short with a quick look.