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polymer properties, and hydrophilic polymers, which are of interest for contact lenses.

Increasing emphasis has been placed on biochemistry. The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry has a large group working on nucleic acids, amino acid sequence of proteins, effects of antibiotics, protein synthesis, and enzymes. Charles University is active in research on hormones, acetylcholinesterase (enzyme) activity and lipid histochemistry.

Significant work is done in several areas of physical chemistry in addition to the previously mentioned work in physical organic chemistry. The Mass Spectrometry Laboratory of the CSAV Institute of Physical Chemistry is investigating the kinetics and mechanism of diazo coupling, which is of interest in connection with azo dyes. The Jaroslav Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry and the associated Heyrovsky Institute of Polarography are active in research on polarography, electrochemical reactions, fuel cells, and reaction kinetics. The major universities conduct research in physical chemistry.

Important research is done at several facilities in inorganic and analytical chemistry. Outstanding work on the chemistry of scandium, gallium, lanthanum, and other rare earth elements has been carried out by Frantisek Petru at the College of Chemical Technology, Prague. The chemistry of copper complexes has been studied at the Slovak Technical University. Good research on instrumental methods of analysis is done at Charles University, the College of Chemical Technology, and the Heyrovsky institutes. The Nuclear Research Institute at Rez is concerned with analytical and inorganic chemical problems related to the processing of nuclear fuels and with radiochemical reactions, plutonium chemistry, fluorine chemistry, and the properties of uranium compounds.

The Institute of Inorganic Synthesis, also known as the Laboratory for Special Inorganic Chemistry, Rez, has done extensive research on the chemistry of metal and boron hydrides. During 1960-65 this institute cooperated with the U.S.S.R. in a research program directed toward the use of boron hydrides, such as pentaborane and decaborane, and hydrazine monoborane as components of liquid rocket fuels. The staff of this institute is continuing to do outstanding research on the chemical and physical properties of hydrides, but the current work does not appear to involve military applications.

The geographic area in which Czechoslovakia is located has long been noted for its capabilities in metals production and metallurgical technology. This history extends back to the 19th century. Despite being overrun in two World Wars, conquered by both the Germans and the Russians and presently under political domination by the Soviets, the capabilities of the Czechoslovaks in metallurgical technology have continued to expand. Yet Czechoslovakia is a landlocked country that does not have the native resources to support a complete metallurgical industry. Nevertheless, from the standpoint of metallurgical technology and innovation, Czechoslovakia ranks well above the other Soviet bloc countries such as Poland and East Germany. In some areas of technology, the Czechoslovaks rival the Soviets.

The metallurgical research and development program is of high quality and well funded, but it is concerned primarily with the metallurgical products of economic importance to the country. As a consequence, the research is directed principally toward improving processes for producing steel products and toward improving the quality of the metal products produced. Considerable research is directed also toward refining native nonferrous ores, particularly copper ores.

Metallurgical research and development programs are undertaken at government laboratories under both the Ministry of Metallurgy and Engineering and the CSAV as well as at plant laboratories. Some metallurgical research is also conducted at universities and technical colleges, but the research at such educational facilities is far less impressive than that done at the government and plant research laboratories. In contrast to the other Communist countries, extensive metallurgical research is done in plant research laboratories, such as those connected with the Lenin (Skoda) Steel Works in Plzen, the Klement Gottwald Steel Works in Ostrava, and the Vitkovice Steel Works. Such work at the plant facilities has been applied and directed chiefly toward the improvement in processes and in product quality, although a significant amount of basic metallurgical research has also been undertaken in such facilities. Research at the CSAV facilities has been basic in nature while that at the Ministry of Metallurgy and Engineering's Research Institute of Ferrous Metallurgy in Prague has been more of the applied type. Research at universities has been fundamental in nature.

All areas of metallurgical technology important to the Czechoslovak economy are covered fully while those not important to the economy are not researched to any significant degree. Recent research on steel production has included ore benefaction, briquetting and sintering, blast furnace reactions, the physical

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text:
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Rh very useful to paralysed persons, who instinctively encourage its approach, and from the touch derive some benefit. Those who suffer from rheumatism often find the presence of a Cat alleviate their sufferings. The same gentleman, writing of a favourite Cat, says, that if a hair of her mistress's head were laid upon the animal's back it would writhe as though in agony, and rolling on the floor, would strive to free herself from the object of her fears. The pointing of a finger at her side, at a distance of half a foot, would cause her fur to bristle up and throw her into a violent tremour.

It is difficult to account for the fondness of Cats for fish, as nature seems to have given them an appetite, which, with their great antipathy to water, they can rarely gratify unassisted. Many instances have, however, been recorded of Cats catching fish. A Mr. Moody, of Sesmond, near Newcastle-upon-Tyne, had a Cat in 1829 which had been in his possession for some years, and caught fish with great assiduity, and frequently brought them home alive. Besides minnows and eels, she occasionally carried home pilchards, one of which, about six inches long, was once found in her possession; she also contrived to teach a neighbour's Cat to fish, and the two were sometimes seen together watching

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

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text:
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 shall, without further trial, have his ears successively nailed to the pillory for the space of an hour, and then cut off, and moreover receive thirty-nine lashes on his bare back, or such other punishment as the court shall think proper, not extending to life or limb. This act, with the exception of the words pregnant circumstances, was re-enacted in 1792. The punishment of perjury, in a white person, is only a fine and imprisonment. A slave convicted of hog-stealing, shall, for the first offence, receive thirty-nine lashes: any other person twenty-five: but the latter is also subject to a fine of thirty dollars, besides paying eight dollars to the owner of the hog. The punishment for the second and third offence, of this kind, is the same in the case of a free person, as of a slave; namely, by the pillory and loss of ears, for the second offence; the third is declared felony, to which clergy is, however, allowed. The preceding are the only positive distinctions which now remain between the punishment of a slave, and a white person, in those cafes, where the latter is liable to a determinate corporal punishment. But we must not forget, that many actions, which are either not punishable at all, when


text: The Musical Charmer/Young Andrew's Reply


text:
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74 by a river side for their prey. At other times they were seen at opposite sides of the river, not far from each other, on the look out for game.

A writer in the Plymouth Journal, June 1828, says:—"There is now at the battery, on the Devil's Point, a Cat which is an expert catcher of the finny tribe, being in the constant habit of diving into the sea and bringing up the fish alive in her mouth, and depositing them in the guard room for the use of the sailors. She is now seven years old, and has long been a useful caterer. It is supposed that her pursuit of the water-rats first taught her to venture into the water, to which it is well known Puss has a natural aversion. She is now as fond of the water as a Newfoundland dog, and takes her regular peregrinations along the rocks at its edge, looking out for her game ready to dive for it at a moment's notice."

Talking of the Cat's fondness for fish, I should, however, mention, that if a plate of meat and a plate of fish, either raw or cooked, be placed before the generality of Cats, they will be found almost always to choose the meat.

It is usually supposed that a tortoiseshell Tom is an impossibility. The animal is certainly rare, as is also a Queen Anne's farthing; but it is not

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 by a white person, or at most, by fine and imprisonment, only, are liable to severe corporal punishment, when done by a slave; nay, even to death itself, in some cases. To go abroad without a written permission; to keep or carry a gun, or other weapon; to utter any seditious speech; to be present at any unlawful assembly of slaves; to lift the hand in opposition to a white person, unless wantonly assaulted, are all offences punishable by whipping. To attempt the chastity of a white woman, forcibly, is punishable by dismemberment: such an attempt would be a high misdemeanor in a white free man, but the punishment would be far short of that of a slave. To administer medicine without the order or consent of the master, unless it appear not to have been done with on ill intent; to consult, advise, or conspire, to rebel or make insurrection; or to conspire, or plot to murder any person, we have seen, are all capital offences, from which the benefit of clergy is utterly excluded. But a bare intention to commit a felony, is not punishable in the case of a free white man; and even the attempt, if not attended with an actual breach of the peace, or prevented by such circumstances, only,


text: The Musical Charmer/The British Game-Cock


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Rh such a rarity as we are led to believe. On the contrary, specimens are frequently offered for sale at the Zoological Gardens.

It is another great mistake to think that Cats have fleas: the insect infesting a half-grown Cat does not leap like a flea.

The she Cat goes with young from fifty-five to fifty-eight days, and generally has four or five kittens at a litter. When born, they are blind and deaf, like puppies. They get their sight in about nine days, and are about eighteen months before reaching full growth.

Those who wish their Cats to catch mice, I should advise not to neglect the Cat's food. A starved Cat makes a very bad mouser; being too eager and hungry for the work, it tries to pounce upon its prey before the proper time comes. A good mouser does not eat the mouse. I have a black Cat, which is very fat, but a wonderful huntsman, and surprisingly nimble at the chase. He is also as proud of his achievements as a human sportsman, and brings me every head of game he catches. Sometimes, if I have been out when he has caught his mouse, he has gone all over the house in search of me, and at last has taken his seat by the fireside, or out in the garden, and nursed the trophy of his prowess until I returned, mewing piteously if

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76 anyone attempted to take it away; but once having laid it at my feet, and had his head scratched in return, his interest in the matter seemed to cease, and he went away without again attempting to touch it. It was clear that he had made me a present of the game; and, as we sometimes think, when we make anyone a present of something to eat, it would be more delicate for us to go away immediately, lest it might be supposed we desired to be asked to stop and partake of it, Tom thus departed, no doubt with a similar idea.

"No experiment," says an intelligent writer, "can be more beautiful than that of setting a kitten for the first time before a looking-glass. The animal appears surprised and pleased with the reflection, and makes several attempts to touch its new acquaintance; and at length, finding its efforts fruitless, it looks behind the glass, and appears highly astonished at the absence of the figure. It again views itself, and tries to touch the image with its foot, suddenly looking at intervals behind the glass. It then becomes more accurate in its observations, and begins, as it were, to make experiments by stretching out its paw in different directions; and when it finds that these motions are answered in every respect by the figure in the glass, it seems at length to be convinced of the real nature of the image."

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text:
Author:Caroline von Wolzogen

Works

 * Agnes von Lilien, 'Agnes of Lilies' (1798)
 * Agnes de Lilien: A Novel translated by Mrs Showes (1801)

title: Author:Caroline von Wolzogen


text:
Page:East European Quarterly, vol15, no1.pdf/153

 regime’s reformism were exerted by several important Soviet bureaucracies. Officials in the ideological affairs bureaucracy, for example, were alarmed at the impact of Czechoslovak reformist ideas on Soviet dissidents and pressured the party leadership for action that would short-circuit that influence. The Ukrainian party organization, fearful of political instability in its own republic, was another source of pro-intervention pressure. Many KGB officials favored intervention, because they believed their intelligence-gathering activities in Czechoslovakia were jeopardized by the openness of political discussion there. Interestingly, Valenta suggests that the military elites were by no means united behind a pro-intervention position, though the dominant tendency among them was in favor of military action.

Less clearly explained are the forces and motivations behind the “coalition skeptical of intervention, Valenta includes among them the high officials of the Central Committee’s International Department, primarily Boris Ponomarev and V.V. Zagladin, as well as several sections of the Foreign Ministry. Premier Alexei Kosygin and foreign ideological affairs chief Mikhail Suslov are identified as noninterventionists. The author makes it clear that the noninterventionists were not at all proponents of the Czechoslovak reforms, but they strongly urged moderation in their government’s efforts to deal with the Dubček regime.

Professor Valenta has adroitly sifted through much of the available evidence bearing upon the Soviet decision, piecing together many separate strands from previously published works and adding data from Croch and Soviet primary sources as well. He has conducted many useful interviews with knowledgeable principals. As a result of his thoroughness, we now have a more well-integrated picture of the Soviet decision than we had before.

Especially revealing is the discussion of the role played by Soviet information-gathering agencies. Soviet intelligence agencies, according to Valenta, suffer from some of the same shortcomings exhibited by their American counterparts. They produce reports that are sometimes accurate, sometimes mistaken. They filter and distort information, and reports are often slanted for the purpose of influencing the policy judgments of the leaders who must rely on the incoming intelligence. This aspect of the Soviet decision remains only incompletely elucidated, but the book under review has taken us very close to an understanding this crucial question.

The book is a marvel of conciseness and shows few weak spots. One can note an occasional tendency to repetition. (For example, we are told three times that the timing of the intervention was chosen so as to preempt the Slovak party congress, scheduled to meet on August 26.) Some readers might feel uneasy about the Kremlinological approach of the author,


text: The Musical Charmer/The barking Barber

title: The Musical Charmer/The barking Barber


text:
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AND OTHER

WITH A GLOSSARY OF THE

WHITBY: PUBLISHED BY HORNE & RICHARDSON.

1843.

title: Page:Awd Isaac - Castillo.djvu/5


text: The Musical Charmer/The little Cottage-Maiden


text: The Musical Charmer/Katherine Ogie

title: The Musical Charmer/Katherine Ogie


text: Index:Journal Of The Indian Archipelago And Eastern Asia Series.i, Vol.3 (IA in.ernet.dli.2015.107696).pdf


text: The Musical Charmer/Charming young Nancy


text: The Musical Charmer/My Sailor dear

title: The Musical Charmer/My Sailor dear


text:
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 CONTENTS.


text: The Musical Charmer/The Poor Exile of Erin


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Volume XII. Number 1.

LIKE other works of Aristotle, the Posterior Analytics has had an influence upon the history of human thought out of all proportion to its length. Within a comparatively short compass the author succeeds in giving a tolerably complete and systematic statement of the processes by which scientific truth is reached. The main object of the treatise, it is true, is to explain the conditions under which the necessary conclusions of science may be drawn, a fact which naturally gave countenance to the doctrine that truth is reached by a deductive process. A careful examination, however, shows that the preëminence assigned to deduction cannot be justified by the contents of the work itself, in which the necessity of induction as an indispensable preparation for the deductions of sciences is everywhere kept in view, and indeed expressly stated. The treatise is so interesting in itself, and so valuable for the light it throws upon the philosophy of Aristotle in general, and especially upon his Metaphysic, that it may not be superfluous to give a summary of its main con- tents, and to attempt some estimate of their value.

"All teaching and all learning of a reflective character," Aristotle tells us, "start from knowledge that we already have." As we learn from a passage in the Ethics, the "teaching and learning" here referred to proceed either by induction or by syllogism; for, it is by induction, as Aristotle goes on to explain, that we obtain universal propositions, and it is from these


text: The Musical Charmer/Gude Forgi'e me for Liein'


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and into his mother's cottage; his mother listened to him, then she took a stick and beat him until he could not rest nor move with ease.

"Break him in like a frisky colt, little man bach," said Anna to the farmer. "Know you he is the son of Satan. Have I not told how the Bad Man came to me in my sound sleep and was naughty with me?"

But the farmer had compassion on Abel and dealt with him kindly, and when Abel married he let him live in Tybach—the mud-walled, straw-thatched, two-roomed house which is midway on the hill that goes down from Synod Inn into Morfa—and he let him farm six acres of land.

The young man and his bride so laboured that the people thereabout were confounded; they stirred earlier and lay down later than any honest folk; and they took more eggs and tubs of butter to


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market than even Deinol, and their pigs fattened wondrously quick.

Twelve years did they live thus wise. For the woman these were years of toil and child-bearing; after she had borne seven daughters, her sap husked and dried up.

Now the spell of Abel's mourning was one of ill-fortune for Deinol, the master of which was grown careless: hay rotted before it was gathered and corn before it was reaped, potatoes were smitten by a blight, a disease fell upon two cart-horses, and a heifer was drowned in the sea. Then the farmer felt embittered, and by day and night he drank himself drunk in the inns of Morfa.

Because he wanted Deinol, Abel brightened himself up: he wore whipcord leggings over his short legs, and a preacher's coat over his long trunk, a white and red patterned celluloid collar about his neck, and a bowler hat on the back of his head;


text: The Musical Charmer/The bonny Hawthorn

title: The Musical Charmer/The bonny Hawthorn


text:
Page:Philosophical Review Volume 13.djvu/16

2 versal propositions as premises that syllogism draws its conclusions. Thus both induction and syllogism start from knowledge that we already have; the former being evolved from the perceptions of sense, and the latter from the premises supplied by induction. These two processes, as Aristotle points out in the present work, are common to dialectic, rhetoric, and the sciences. The proper subject of the treatise, however, is the method of science, and hence the two former methods of "teaching and learning" are referred to merely in order to show that reflection follows the same path in all cases, bringing forward universal propositions derived by the mind from perception, and deducing conclusions from them. Aristotle therefore at once proceeds to ask what is the character of the data with which science starts, and how from them the truths which constitute it are derived.

The view just stated of the relation of science to induction is Aristotle's substitute for the of Plato. According to the doctrine suggested in the Meno, learning is not the acquisition of knowledge for the first time, but the recollection of what we already know. Aristotle, on the other hand, maintains that we have no knowledge whatever prior to sensible perception, no knowledge of the universal prior to induction, and no scientific truth prior to the deductions drawn from the premises supplied by induction. Thus the difficulty raised by Plato, that we either learn nothing, or only what we knew beforehand, is solved, when we see that we may know universal principles, and may yet be ignorant of the conclusions involved in them, until these are brought to light by the deductions of science. Nor can we accept the doctrine that the only truth which is possible for us is limited by the number of individual instances that have come under our observation; on the contrary, the principles from which science draws its conclusions are universal, and so also are the conclusions derived from them. From arithmetic we learn, not that all the 'twos' we have observed are 'even,' but that every possible 'two' must be 'even.' Nothing less than this will satisfy the demands of science. In other words, 'science' ,


text: The Musical Charmer/The Mariners of Britain


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Page:Journal Of The Indian Archipelago And Eastern Asia Series.i, Vol.3 (IA in.ernet.dli.2015.107696).pdf/4

 THE

JOURNAL

OF

THE INDIAN ARCHIPELAGO

AND

EASTERN ASIA.

Edited by

J. R. LOGAN F.G.S.

Member of the Asiatic Society, Corresponding Member of the Ethnological Society of London, and of the Batavian Society of Arts and Sciences.

VOL. III.

SINGAPORE: 1849.


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text: The Musical Charmer/This is no mine ain House


text: My Neighbours/Chapter 1

title: My Neighbours/Chapter 1


text: The Musical Charmer/Song of Wonders

title: The Musical Charmer/Song of Wonders


text: The Threat to the Labor Movement/Introduction


text: The Musical Charmer/The King's Anthem

title: The Musical Charmer/The King's Anthem


text: The Threat to the Labor Movement/Section 1


text: The Threat to the Labor Movement/Section 2


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64 seemed to see the use of jumping so high and breaking their necks, though they would not have minded having the princess. So when Ivan arrived he put spurs to his horse and tried to jump to where the beautiful creature sat, and had he only leapt an inch or two higher he would certainly have reached her. All the people stared in amazement, and applauded the daring young stranger. As Ivan turned his horse homewards he saw his brothers standing near the entrance looking at him, but of course they did not recognize him. How could they? As he galloped past he touched them lightly on their shoulders with his whip and rode home. When he arrived in the field where he had met this wonderful horse, he got into the animal's left ear and came out at the right, and was once more Ivan the Stupid, dirty and in rags. He asked the creature how he might be able to find him, if he should want him again.

"I am determined to get the ring off the princess's finger," he said to the horse; "and marry her afterwards. But of course I can do nothing without you."

"Well," replied the horse, "I am willing to help you, Ivan; and I think we shall succeed in getting that ring, if not to-morrow, on the following day. When you require me again, all you have to do is to come into this field and cry out in a loud voice, 'Chestnut horse, chestnut horse, stand before me like a leaf before a tree;' then will I appear."

Ivan thanked him, and went home with a basketful of poisonous mushrooms, which he gathered on


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and his side-whiskers were trimmed in the shape of a spade. He had joy of many widows and spinsters, to each of whom he said: "There's a grief-livener you are," and all of whom he gave over on hearing of the widow of Drefach. Her he married, and with the money he got with her, and the money he borrowed, he bought Deinol. Soon he was freed from the hands of his lender. He had eight horses and twelve cows, and he had oxen and heifers, and pigs and hens, and he had twenty-five sheep grazing on his moorland. As his birth and poverty had caused him to be scorned, so now his gains caused him to be respected. The preacher of Capel Dissenters in Morfa saluted him on the tramping road and in shop, and brought him down from the gallery to the Big Seat. Even if Abel had land, money, and honour, his vessel of contentment was not filled until his wife went into her deathbed and gave him a son.


text: The Threat to the Labor Movement/Section 3


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"Indeed me," he cried, "Benshamin his name shall be. The Large Maker gives and a One He is for taking away."

He composed a prayer of thankfulness and of sorrow; and this prayer he recited to the congregation which gathered at the graveside of the woman from Drefach.

Benshamin grew up in the way of Capel Dissenters. He slept with his father and ate apart from his sisters, for his mien was lofty. At the age of seven he knew every question and answer in the book "Mother's Gift," with sayings from which he scourged sinners; and at the age of eight he delivered from memory the Book of Job at the Seiet; at that age also he was put among the elders in the Sabbath School.

He advanced, waxing great in religion. On the nights of the Saying and Searching of the Word he was with the cunningest men, disputing with the preacher, stressing his arguments with his fingers, and proving


text: The Threat to the Labor Movement/Section 4


text: The Threat to the Labor Movement/Section 5


text:
Page:Philosophical Review Volume 13.djvu/17

1.] in the strict sense of the term, is the knowledge of the 'cause', or of that which 'cannot be otherwise.' Now, knowledge of this kind is obtained by means of demonstration, or scientific syllogism, the data of which are supplied by induction. The character of those data may be deduced from the conclusions which have to be reached. If the judgments of science predicate what is necessary, the premises must be such as by a valid logical process will yield judgments of that kind. In the first place, therefore, the premises must be true. And this means that they must state what belongs to the actual nature of things; for the test of a true judgment is never in Aristotle the mere impossibility of thinking the opposite, but its conformity to the object; a judgment is true when it combines in thought what is combined in the thing, or separates in thought what is separated in the thing. The reason why the judgment, "The diagonal is commensurable," is false, is that it affirms a connection of subject and predicate which contradicts the actual nature of the diagonal. In the second place, the premises of a demonstrative syllogism must be primary or indemonstrable. For, if this is not admitted, we either fall into an infinite series, and therefore never reach an absolute conclusion, or we are forced to hold the equally untenable doctrine that nothing is true except what can be demonstrated. There must, then, Aristotle contends, be certain immediate or primary truths, which by their very nature are indemonstrable, and without which no demonstration, and therefore no science,' is possible. In the third place, our premises must contain the ground or cause. For, as we have seen, the judgments of science are in all cases necessary, or express the 'essence' or 'ground' of a thing. Hence the premises must be 'better known' than the conclusion and 'prior' to it. This does not mean that, in the order of our knowledge, we start from what is, in the sense indicated, 'better known'; on the contrary, we begin with particular perceptions of sense, and only at a latter stage advance to the universal. What we mean by saying that the premises of science are 'better known' than the conclusion, is that they contain the determination of the 'necessary' characteristics of a thing, and therefore the 'cause' or


text: The Threat to the Labor Movement/Section 6


text:
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 SIR JAMES BROOKE'S EXPEDITION AGAINST THE SAREBAS PIRATES.

ON a former occasion I forwarded to you a list of the native flotilla, which was ready to put to sea with Sir James Brooke in his recent expedition against the pirates of Sa- rebas.

The expedition set out on the 25th March, and visited every river between Sarawak and Sarebas, in hopes of find- ing the enemy, but without success. In the course of a few days the flotilla was joined by prahus from various rivers on the coast, which I did not formerly reckon, but which were as follows, in addition to my former list:

This formidable flotilla was led by four boats of the H. C. Steamer Nemesis, under the orders of Mr Goodwin, and whilst the gallant commander Captain Wallage with his Steamer guarded the Sarebas river, the expedition entered the Kaluka, and at once ascended both the right and left hand branches of Lipat and Sussang. At the former place the Malays were found trading with the pirates, and having been advised to be cautious in future, became guides to the interior of the Rembas branch of the Sarebas river.

At the distance of about 60 ruiles, up the Lipat from the sea, a force of about 2,000 men was landed, and was absent for three days, during which time it captured several places, and destroyed large stores of rice and salt. This land force was so slightly opposed, that it was conjectured that the men were mostly absent, either to defend the fortified po- sition of Truh on the Rembas, or preparing to attack some other place. The latter conjecture was found to be correct.


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 The flotilla next returned to Sarebas, and at the mouth of the Rembas, one small advance boat sent on to reconnoitre encountered a piratical force (or as it is here called, a balla) of about 40 boats, which guessing the approach of the Sara- wak expedition, returned in the utmost haste, leaving behind, rice, fire-wood, and some cooking pots, all which articles were very acceptable to our Dyaks.

After further beating up their quarters in the Rembas to the full extent that prudence would permit, with so small a force of Europeans, the flotilla left the river Sarebas, and the people proceeded on their return to their separate homes. Ten boats from Sadong however went up to the mouth of the Linga river, intending to join a party of Balows in an excursion up the Sakarran, and as they lay at anchor, they were attacked during the night by from 100 to 150 Sakarrau boats, which came down that river, for the purpose of sur- prising the town of Banting in the Linga. A conflict ensued of soune duration, but as the Banting people and the Balow Dyaks with about 35 prahus hurried to the assistance of their allies, the Sakarrans fled, after losing four large prahus and seme men, and when the last accounts reached Sarawak, the Sadong and Linga people were in hot pursuit of the pirates up the Sakarran.

The Sarebas balla driven back from the mouth of the Renibas, was evidently to have joined this large Sakarran force, and one good resulting from the expedition has been preventing the murder and devastation which this fleet would have committed.

The enemy received serious damage in the interior of the Rembas, and will feel sensibly the want of that first neces- sity of life-salt, now that the intercourse with Lipat is cut off.

A. C.

Sarawak, 20th April, 1849,


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 'ground' why it is what it is. As such they are logically 'prior' to the conclusion, forming as they do the indispensable presupposition of the conclusions reached in science.

To understand more fully the nature of the premises from which the necessary truths of science are deduced, there are certain terms which must be defined, (1) When a proposition is said to be true 'without exception', we mean that it is true of every member of a class, and of every member of that class at all times. Thus, if it is true that "every man is an animal," it is also true that every person who can be called "man," may also be called "animal"; and if at any given moment he is the one, he must also at the same time be the other. (2) By 'essential' it is meant that a certain element is included in the very conception or definition of a thing. Aristotle distinguishes two cases in which this principle holds good; for either a certain property is 'essential' to the definition of the subject, or the subject to the definition of the property. We cannot define a 'line' without including the 'point,' and we cannot define 'straight' without including the 'line.' Again, when a property is predicated of an individual, it is said to be predicated 'essentially' whereas a property which is not predicated of an individual, but of something which presupposes an individual, is said to be predicated 'accidentally.' In the judgment, "Socrates walks," the predicate belongs to the subject; but in the judgment, "the white walks," the predicate does not belong to the subject, but to something else not expressed—ultimately, an individual. In the one case we have 'essential' predication, in the other 'accidental.' Lastly, that is said to be 'essential' which involves a causal connection; as, e. g., when a victim dies by the stroke of the sacrificial knife. These two last cases do not satisfy the requirements of strict science. The former only yields judgments which predicate a property of the individual, and from singular judgments no universal conclusion, such as science demands, can be derived. The latter, again, only gives us judgments which are conditionally necessary, whereas strictly scientific judgments are true at all times. Thus, as Aristotle himself


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Rh keep their heads and behave sensibly, appearances should be neglected to the point of comicality; and I cannot help thinking that her Majesty's outlook is far too narrow and uncompromising. But it is easy enough to see how this state of affairs arose. Her Majesty's mind was, at the time when she first came to Court, so entirely innocent and her own conduct so completely impeccable that, quite apart from the extreme reserve which is natural to her, she could never herself conceivably have occasion to make even the most trifling confession. Consequently, whenever she heard one of us admit to some slight shortcoming, whether of conduct or character, she henceforward regarded this person as a monster of iniquity.

'True, at that period certain incidents occurred which proved that some of her attendants were, to say the least of it, not very well suited to occupy so responsible a position. But she would never have discovered this had not the offenders been incautious enough actually to boast in her hearing about their trivial irregularities. Being young and inexperienced she had no notion that such things were of everyday occurrence, brooded incessantly upon the wickedness of those about her, and finally consorted only with persons so staid that they could be relied upon not to cause her a moment's anxiety.

'Thus she has gathered round her a number of very worthy young ladies. They have the merit of sharing all her opinions, but seem in some curious way like children who have never grown up.

'As the years go by her Majesty is beginning to acquire more experience of life, and no longer judges others by the same rigid standards as before; but meanwhile her Court has gained a reputation for extreme dullness, and is shunned by all who can manage to avoid it.

'Her Majesty does indeed still constantly warn us that

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18 it is a great mistake to go too far, "for a single slip may bring very unpleasant consequences," and so on, in the old style; but she now also begs us not to reject advances in such a way as to hurt people's feelings. Unfortunately, habits of long standing are not so easily changed; moreover, now that the Empress's exceedingly stylish brothers bring so many of their young courtier-friends to amuse themselves at her house, we have in self-defence been obliged to become more virtuous than ever.'

There is a type of disappointed undergraduate, who believes that all his social and academic failures are due to his being, let us say, at Magdalene instead of at St. John's. Murasaki, in like manner, had persuaded herself that all would have been well if her father had placed her in the highly cultivated and easy-mannered entourage of the Emperor's aunt, Princess Senshi. 'Princess Senshi and her ladies,' Murasaki writes, 'are always going off to see the sunset or the fading of the moon at dawn, or pursuing some truant nightingale amid the flowering trees. The Princess herself is a woman of marked character, who is determined to follow her own tastes, and would contrive to lead at Court a life as detached as her present existence at the Kamo Shrine. How different from this place, with its perpetual: "The Empress has been summoned into the Presence and commands you to attend her," or "Prepare to receive his Excellency the Prime Minister, who may arrive at any moment." Princess Senshi's apartments are not subject to the sudden alarms and incursions from which we suffer. There one could apply oneself in earnest to anything one cared for and was good at; there, occupied perhaps in making something really beautiful, one would

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32 it comes about that, in the story, Genji's various favourites tend to be isolated from one another in a way which is not always advantageous to the construction of the book. Later on the authoress realizes the danger of the tale falling into a series of disconnected episodes, in which the personality of Genji is the only common factor—and takes pains to bring her heroines into relation with one another.

A pamphleteer has recently shown how complete and elaborate is the time-scheme that underlies Emily Brontë's Wuthering Heights. It is obvious that Genji is based upon an equally precise scheme. Here is no 'Oriental vagueness'; indeed it is inconceivable that Murasaki had not prepared for herself some species of chronological chart, which she kept constantly by her when at work. If it has appeared to any reader that her sense of time is vague, the fault is entirely mine. In one case, indeed, I am conscious of having created this impression by translating inappropriately a phrase about the young Emperor Ryōzen, whereby I make him seem much older than the chronology warrants. But there is never a moment in the story at which the authoress has not got a precise idea about the age of every character in it.

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Polygamy in Japan as elsewhere was confined to the upper classes, who alone were able to support the expense of so costly an institution. The actual wife (kita no kata, 'north side') of a man in Genji's position had to be of the same social class as the husband, a condition fulfilled by Aoi, but not by Murasaki, who was never strictly speaking a kita no kata, but merely a tai no uye ('lady of the wing'). It will be remembered that Murasaki's mother was not of noble birth. Falling Flowers, Akashi and the rest were theoretically on the same footing as Murasaki. The number of ladies in an establishment was limited not by law or religion, but by expense and above all (in a case such as that of Genji) by the difficulty of dealing with the emotional situation that arose from large households. Did polygamy create different emotional situations from those to which we are accustomed—if, for example, it were so much taken for granted that jealousy ceased to exist—a novel dealing with a polygamous society would make very little appeal to us. It is because in Genji the re-actions of the characters are precisely the same as ours would be under similar circumstances, that the book holds our attention.

Another point concerning Genji's household that perhaps requires comment is the apparent ability of persons to live years in the same house without ever having met. But such a thing happens frequently at English University Colleges, and we must envisage Genji's palace as more like a college than a house,—consisting, in fact, of separate courtyards and cloisters, joined by covered galleries. Hence

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30 was carried on slowly after Murasaki's arrival at Court, during her holidays and in spare time at the Palace, and not completed till, say, 1015 or even 1020. The middle and latter parts certainly give the impression of having been written by some one of comparatively mature age. In 1022 the book was undoubtedly complete, for the Sarashina Diary refers to the 'fifty-odd chapters of The Tale of Genji.' In 1031 Murasaki's name is absent from a list where one might expect to find it, and it is possible that she was then no longer alive.

The Empress Akiko lived on till 1074, reaching an even riper age than Queen Victoria, whom in certain ways she so much resembled.

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Page:CTRL0000034605 - Transcribed Interview of Angela McCallum, (December 8, 2021).pdf/13

13 Yes. I was an intern for the Office of Cabinet Affairs, so anything related to supporting the Cabinet Secretary. Mostly handled just general office tasks, such as, you know, updating the whiteboard calendar and things of that nature.

Okay.

Did you have any role working on the Trump campaign before March 2020?

No.

Okay. And what was your job title when you were first hired by the Trump reelection campaign?

Elected officials outreach coordinator.

Okay. And, if you can recall, approximately what dates did you serve the job with that title?

My job contract with the Trump campaign did not end until the—I believe it was the 15th of November. Also, it could be the 30th of November. I'm not sure exactly what pay period. And, officially, that's the only job title I held. I was an independent contractor after that point.

Okay. So, for the time period before the end of November 2020, were you a contractor or were you a member of the Trump campaign staff?

I was on the payroll until November.

Okay. Thank you.

And what generally were your job responsibilities as the elected officials outreach coordinator?

I worked underneath two managers, who were the elected officials outreach managers. And we reported to the deputy political director.

My responsibilities there were just tracking communications between the managers and State representatives, State senators, county commissioners, county


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14 sheriffs, really just anyone on a more local or State level.

If, you know, they had a call where they received messaging or talking points of things that were going on in that particular battleground State, that's something that I would keep track of and put it into, you know, a weekly report. Or if they had an op-ed or some other kind of media published, I would just compile that into a report, and it would just be sent to the deputy political director.

Okay. Great.

During the time period that you held that job, who were the—you've mentioned that you reported to two managers. Who were those managers?

Olivia Miller and Nicholas Ivory.

And they were your supervisors for the whole time that you held that job?

That's correct. Along with Jim O'Connell, deputy political director.

Okay. Great. And were all of those individuals—Olivia Miller, Nicholas Ivory, and Jim O'Connell—were they working in the Arlington headquarters with you?

That's correct.

Okay.

Were your responsibilities as elected officials outreach coordinator nationwide or focused on specific States?

Specific battleground States.

Okay. And which were those?

I can name a couple. I'm not sure that my list will be completely comprehensive. Georgia, North Carolina, Arizona, Nevada, Michigan, Wisconsin, Pennsylvania, New Hampshire, Florida. That's all I can think of right now.

Okay. Thank you.

Were you the only elected officials outreach coordinator, or did you have


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Page:CTRL0000034605 - Transcribed Interview of Angela McCallum, (December 8, 2021).pdf/15

15 colleagues who had similar job responsibilities to you?

I did not. Madison Crawley held the same role as I did.

And, between yourself and Ms. Crawley, did you have a specific delineation of responsibilities to any of these particular States?

No. We just split pretty much all the work 50-50.

Was Ms. Crawley also in the Arlington headquarters with you?

Yes, ma'am.

Okay.

As the election progressed towards election day, did your job responsibilities change?

In the weeks leading up to election day, at that point, you know, it was obviously an all-hands-on-deck-type of situation, so Madison and I were sent to just basically help out other offices. One of the offices we helped out was the election day operations team in, you know, making phone calls to deploy volunteers to some of the same States that I listed earlier, really just—that's all I have to say.

Okay. Was the election day operations team focused on all of those battleground States or a nationwide effort?

I would say mostly focused on those States. I'm not entirely sure, you know, what their efforts were beyond those States.

Okay. And the EDO team or office, was that also at the Arlington headquarters?

That's correct.

Okay. And who did you report to for your work in the support role for the EDO?

That would be the deputy director of election day operations, Michael


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Page:Handbook of the Swatow Dialect.pdf/8

following Lessons and Vocabulary are intended to assist those who wish to acquire quickly a temporary or superficial knowledge of the language spoken by the people of Swatow and its neighbourhood, thus including a large proportion of the vast and increasing multitudes that annually emigrate to seek an easier livelihood in the labour-market of Singapore.

An attempt has been made to express as far as possible the Chinese sounds in simple English.

In carrying out this plan only three sounds have occurred which seem to be at all beyond the capabilities of the English alphabet. These are (1) m, (2) words beginning with ng, and (3) those ending with r. In the first case, the speaker has only to pronounce the m without the aid of any vowel, and not according to its usual sound em. In the second case, supposing him to meet the combination ngo, let him think of some such word as mango, and pronounce it with the suppression of the first two letters. In the third case, take the word "her," as one which is constantly used in conversation. Now if the speaker were to pronounce it simply as the English word her, regardless of the italicised letter, the chances are he would be understood. The proper way, however, is to stop short at the r, retaining its influence on the preceding e without allowing its consonantal force to be heard. This last trivial difficulty might, moreover, have been obviated by a single stroke of the pen; for the sounds that are heard as ler, her, ger, etc., on one side of the Swatow harbour, are on the other side distinctly pronounced loo, hoo, and goo.

Nothing now remains but to direct the reader's attention to four short Rules on the next leaf, and to the hyphens, which are meant to assist him in giving each sentence its correct rhythm; also, to point out the absolute necessity of pronouncing i as i and not as e—a most common mistake among people who see for the first time such combinations as li or dzi.

In conclusion, I have to express my thanks to His Excellency Sir, Governor of the Straits'Straits [sic] Settlements, for his kind assistance towards the publication of this handbook.

H. A. GILES.

1st January, 1877.


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Page:CTRL0000034605 - Transcribed Interview of Angela McCallum, (December 8, 2021).pdf/16

16 Brown.

Okay.

At some point during the election, did you—did you focus on the Georgia election? Let me rephrase.

Yeah.

You mentioned that you became a contractor for NRSC. Is that correct?

Correct.

Okay. Was that for the general election or the Georgia runoff?

Solely the runoff.

The runoff. Okay. So that started after the conclusion of your work for the Trump campaign. Is that correct?

My contract with the NRSC officially began on December 1st of 2020 -- 2020.

2020, right. And how long did you work for the NRSC?

I believe that contract ended on January either 15th or 30th, whatever pay period that was. I concluded work with them about 3 days after the runoff.

Three days after. Okay.

So, just generally, what were your responsibilities when you were working for the NRSC? Were you physically in Georgia?

I was in Atlanta, Georgia.

Okay. So what were your responsibilities when you were at the NRSC in Georgia?

I coordinated volunteers, you know, any volunteers that were in the building. I was still working with Ms. Crawley. We would, you know, order lunches for catering, things like, you know, letting volunteers know what day to arrive, letting them know where their hotel accommodations were, really just tasks similar to that—you


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Page:A dissertation on slavery - with a proposal for the gradual abolition of it, in the state of Virginia. (IA dissertationonsl00tuckrich).pdf/68

 as do net tend to lessen the guilt of the offender, is at most a misdemeanor by the common law: and in statutable offences in general, to consult, advise, and even to procure any person to commit a felony, does net constitute the crime of felony in the adviser or procurer, unless the felony be actually perpetrated.

From this view of our jurisprudence respecting slaves, we are unavoidably led to remark, how frequently the laws of nature have been set aside in favour of institutions, the pure result of prejudice, usurpation, and tyranny. We have found actions, innocent, or indifferent, punishable with a rigour scarcely due to any, but the most atrocious, offences against civil society; justice distributed, by an unequal measure to the master and the slave; and even the hand of mercy arrested, where mercy might have been extended to the wretched culprit, had his complexion been the same with that of his judges: for, the short period of ten days, between his condemnation and execution, was often insufficient to obtain a pardon for a slave, convicted in a remote part of the country, whilst a freeman, condemned at the seat of government, and tried before the governor himself, in whom the power of pardoning was vested, had a


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17 know, restocking office supplies. Yeah.

Okay. And who did you report to when you were working with the NRSC?

Sorry, there were a lot of people in the office. Michael Brown, who I mentioned, was there. Mike Roman was there. And I'm not sure—since we were all contractors, you know, none of us had official titles, so I'm sorry that I'm leaving those out. And Alyssa Specht was also there.

How do you spell Alyssa's name?

I believe it is A-l-y-s-s-a. "Specht" is S-p-e-c-h-t? I think so.

That works for me. Yeah, I just wanted to make sure—

Sorry. That's just a guess.

Yeah—if you knew it, wanted to make sure we had it, you know, clear in the record.

Okay. I believe you mentioned that you had worked—you had reported up to Michael Brown during the Trump—when you were working for the Trump campaign. Is that correct?

For a brief period of time.

Right. And what about Mike Roman you mentioned? Was that somebody that you worked with on the Trump campaign?

Not directly. More so through communications with Mr. Brown.

Okay. And same question for Alyssa Specht. Is that also someone that you had worked with in the Trump campaign?

No, I had not worked with Alyssa. I met her when I was in Georgia, I believe.

Okay.

And then you mentioned that you're currently working for a company called First


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 * 1) Do not sound the italicised letters.
 * 2) Wherever an apostrophe occurs, put in a strong aspirate.
 * 3) Ow is to be pronounced throughout as in how; never as in low, which sound would be expressed by lo.
 * 4) G is always hard; ch must be pronounced as in church.
 * All other vowels and consonants, separate or combined, to be pronounced strictly according to the requirements of the English alphabet.


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text: The Bonny Bridge of Findhorn

title: The Bonny Bridge of Findhorn


text: The Bonny Bridge of Findhorn/The Bonny Bridge of Findhorn


text: The Bonny Bridge of Findhorn/The Radical Battle at Bonny-Muir


text: The Bonny Bridge of Findhorn/Up in the Morning


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18 Tuesday Strategies. Is that correct?

That's correct.

What's your title there?

Public affairs associate.

Okay. And approximately when did you start that job?

April 2021.

Okay. And, just generally, what are your responsibilities in your current job?

Just working with clients to—mostly public affairs clients—sorry—to, you know, send them materials for—we do PR. We—you know, any messaging or talking points where we're acting as general consultants on a project, things like that.

Okay. That's great. Thank you.

I just wanted to clarify, about when did you say you started working for the Trump campaign?

The It would be—

Approximate is fine.

The Yeah. Either the second half of May of 2020 to early June. I don't have an exact date.

That's fine. Thanks.

The Uh-huh.

That's it.

 * BY

Okay. We have the subpoena in your binder there in front of you marked as exhibit 1, if you need to refer to it at any time.

And you understand that you're appearing here pursuant to the subpoena that


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 of thirty days to implore the clemency of the executive authority.—It may be urged, and I believe with truth, that these rigours do net proceed from a sanguinary temper in the people of Virginia, but from those political considerations indispensibly necessary, where slavery prevails to any great extent: I am moreover happy to observe that our police respecting this unhappy class of people, is not only less rigorous than formerly, but perhaps milder than in any other country where there are so many slaves, or so large a proportion of them, in respect to the free inhabitants: it is also, I trust, unjust to censure the present generation for the existence of slavery in Virginia: for I think it unquestionably true, that a very laree proportion of our fellow-citizens lament that as a misfortune, which is imputed to them as a reproach; it being evident from what has been already shewn upon the subject, that,


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  to the revolution, no exertion to abolish, or even to check the progress of, slavery, it Virginia, could have received the smallest countenance from the crown, without whose assent the united wishes and exertions of every individual here, would have been wholly fruitless and ineffectual: it is, perhaps, also demonstrable, that at no period since the revolution, could the abolition of slavery in this state have been safely undertaken until the foundations of our newly established governments had been found capable of supporting the fabric itself, under any shock, which so arduous an attempt might have produced. But these obstacles being now happily removed, considerations of policy, as well as justice and humanity, must evince the necessity of eradicating the evil, before it becomes impossible to do it, without tearing up the roots of civil society with it.

Having in the preceding part of this enquiry shewn the origin and foundation of slavery, or the manner in which men have become slaves, as also who are liable to be retained in slavery, in Virginia, at present, with the legal consequences attendant upon their condition; it only remains to consider the mode by which


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 slaves have been or may be emancipated; and the legal consequences thereof, in this state.—Manumission, among the Israelites, if the bondman were an Hebrew, was enjoined after six years’ service, by the Mosaical law, unless the servant chose to continue with his master, in which case the master carried him before the judges, and took an awl, and thrust it through his ear into the door, and from thenceforth he became a servant for ever: but if he sent him away free, he was bound to furnish him liberally out of his stock, and out of his floor, and out of his wine-press. Among the Romans, in the time of the commonwealth, liberty could he conferred only three ways. By testament, by the census, and by the vindicta, or lictor’s rod. A mam was said to be free by the census, “liber censu,” when his name was inserted in the censor’s roll, with the approbation of his master. When he was freed by the vindicta, the master placing his hand upon the head of the slave, said in the presence of the prætor, it is my desire that this man may be free, “hunc hominem liberem esse volo;” to which the prætor replied, I pronounce him free after the manner of the Romans, “dico cum liberum esse more quiritum.”


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 the lictor, receiving the vindicta, struck the new freed man several blows with it, upon the head, face, and back, after which his name was registered in the roll of freed-men, and his head being close shaved, a cap was given him as a token of liberty. Under the imperial constitutions liberty might have been conferred by several other methods, as in the face of the church, in the presence of friends, or by letter, or by testament.—But it was not in the power of every master to manumit at will; for if it were done with an intent to defraud creditors, the act was void: that is, if the master were insolvent at the time of manumission, or became insolvent by manumission, and intentionally manumitted his slave for the purpose of defrauding his creditors. A minor, under the age of twenty years, could not manumit his slave but for a just cause assigned, which must have been approved by a council, consisting of the prætor, five senators, and five knights.—In England, the mode of enfranchising villeins is said to have been thus prescribed by a law of William the Conqueror. “If any person is willing to enfranchise his slave, let him, with his right hand, deliver the slave to the sheriff in a full


text: Talk:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Gerona (province)


text:
Author:Henry Woodrow

Works

 * Minutes on Education In India, Written in the Years 1835, 1836 and 1837, editor (1862)

title: Author:Henry Woodrow


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Rh solitary fact concerning Murasaki's life or death; save that in 1025 she was still in Akiko's service and in that year took part in the ceremonies connected with the birth of the future Emperor Go-Ryōzen.

It is generally assumed that the book was written during the three or at the most four years which elapsed between the death of Murasaki's husband and her arrival at Court. Others suggest that it was begun then, and finished some time before the winter of 1008. This assumption is based on the three references to The Tale of Genji which occur in the Diary. But none of these allusions seem to me to imply that the Tale was already complete. From the first reference it is evident that the book was already so far advanced as to show that Murasaki was its heroine; the part of the Tale which was read to the Emperor was obviously the first chapter, which ends with a formula derived directly from the early annals: 'Some say that it was the Korean fortune-teller who gave him the name of Genji the Shining One.' Such 'alternative explanations' are a feature of early annals in most countries and occur frequently in those of Japan. Lastly, Michinaga's joke about the discrepancy between the prudishness of Murasaki's conduct and the erotic character of her book implies no more than that half-a-dozen chapters were in existence. It may be thought odd that she should have shown it to any one before it was finished. But the alternative is to believe that it was completed in seven years, half of which were spent at Court under circumstances which could have given her very little leisure. It is much more probable, I think, that The Tale of Genji, having been begun in 1001,

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Rh have no time for those indiscreet conversations which at our own Court are the cause of so much trouble. There I should be allowed to live buried in my own thoughts like a tree-stump in the earth; at the same time, they would not expect me to hide from every man with whom I was not already acquainted; and even if I addressed a few remarks to such a person, I should not be thought lost to all sense of shame. Indeed, I can imagine myself under such circumstances becoming, after a certain amount of practice, quite lively and amusing!'

While pining for the elegance and freedom of Princess Senshi's Court, Murasaki was employed by her earnest young mistress for a purpose that the world would have considered far more improper than the philandering of which Akiko so sternly disapproved. The Empress had a secret desire to learn Chinese. The study of this language was considered at the time far too rough and strenuous an occupation for women. There were no grammars or dictionaries, and each horny sentence had to be grappled and mastered like an untamed steer. That Akiko should wish to learn Chinese must have been as shocking to Michinaga as it would have been to Gladstone if one of his daughters had wanted to learn boxing. Murasaki had, as we have seen, picked up something of the language by overhearing her brother's lessons. She did everything in her power to conceal this knowledge, even pretending (as she tells us in the Diary) that she could not read the Chinese characters on her mistress's screen; but somehow or other it leaked out: 'Since the summer before last, very secretly, in odd moments when there happened to be no one about, I have been reading with her Majesty the two books of "Songs." There has of course been no question of formal

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20 lessons; her Majesty has merely picked up a little here and there, as she felt inclined. All the same, I have thought it best to say nothing about the matter to anybody. . . .'

We gather, however, that what in the long run made Akiko's Court distasteful to Murasaki was not the seriousness of the women so much as the coarseness and stupidity of the men. Michinaga, Akiko's father, was now forty-two. He had already been Prime Minister for some fourteen years, and had carried the fortunes of the Fujiwara family to their apogee. It is evident that he made love to Murasaki, though possibly in a more or less bantering way. In 1008 she writes: 'From my room beside the entrance to the gallery I can see into the garden. The dew still lies heavy and a faint mist rises from it. His Excellency is walking in the garden. Now he has summoned one of his attendants and is giving directions to him about having the moat cleared. In front of the orange trees there is a bed of lady-flowers (ominabeshi) in full bloom. He plucks a spray and returning to the house hands it to me over the top of my screen. He looks very magnificent. I remember that I have not yet powdered my face and feel terribly embarrassed. "Come now," he cries, "be quick with your poem, or I shall lose my temper." This at any rate gives me a chance to retire from his scrutiny; I go over to the writing-box and produce the following: "If these beyond other flowers are fair, 'tis but because the dew hath picked them out and by its power made them sweeter than the rest." "That's right," he said, taking the poem. "It did not take you long in the end." And sending for his own ink-stone he wrote the answer: "Dew favours not; it is the flower's thoughts that flush its cheeks and make it fairer than the rest."'

The next reference to Michinaga's relations with Murasaki

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Rh is as follows: 'His Excellency the Prime Minister caught sight of The Tale of Genji in her Majesty's room, and after making the usual senseless jokes about it, he handed me the following poem, written on a strip of paper against which a spray of plum-blossom had been pressed: "How comes it that, sour as the plum-tree's fruit, you have contrived to blossom forth in tale so amorous?" To this I answered: "Who has told you that the fruit belies the flower? For the fruit you have not tasted, and the flower you know but by report."

'One night when I was sleeping in a room which opens on to the corridor, I heard some one tapping. So frightened was I that for the whole of the rest of the night I lay dead still on my bed, scarcely daring to breathe. Next morning came the following poem from His Excellency: "More patient than the water-rail that taps upon the tree-root all night long, in vain I loitered on the threshold of your inhospitable room." To this I answered: "So great was your persistence that for a water-rail I did indeed mistake you; and lucky am I to have made this merciful mistake."'

Again, in 1010: 'To-day his Excellency had an audience with the Emperor; when it was over they came out of the Audience Chamber together, and banqueted. As usual, his Excellency became very drunk and, fearing trouble, I tried to keep out of his way. But he noticed my absence and sent for me, crying out: "Here's your mistress's papa taking dinner with the Emperor; it is not every one who gets the chance of being present on an occasion like this. You ought to be uncommonly grateful. Instead of which your one idea seems to be how to escape at the earliest possible moment. I can't make you out at all!"

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22 He went on scolding me for some time, and then said: "Well, now you are here, you must make a poem. It is one of the days when the parent's poem is always made by a substitute. You will do as well as anybody; so be quick about it. . . ." I was afraid at first that if I showed myself he would behave in such a way as to make me feel very uncomfortable. But it turned out that he was not so extraordinarily drunk after all; indeed, he was in a very charming mood and, in the light of the great lamp, looked particularly handsome.'

It has often been observed that whereas in her commonplace book (the Makura no Sōshi) Sei Shōnagon scarcely so much as mentions the existence of the other ladies-in-waiting, Murasaki refers constantly to her companions, and to one of them at least she was evidently very strongly attached. Her great friend was Lady Saishō. 'On my way back from the Empress's rooms I peeped in at Saishō's door. I had forgotten that she had been on duty at night and would now be having her morning sleep. She had thrown over her couch various dresses with bright-coloured linings, and on top of them had spread a covering of beaten silk, lustrous and heavily scented with perfume. Her face was hidden under the clothes; but as she lay there, her head resting on a box-shaped writing-case, she looked so pretty that I could not help thinking of the little princesses in picture-books. I raised the clothes from her face and said to her: "You are like a girl in a story." She turned her head and said sharply: "You lunatic! Could you not see I was asleep? You are too inconsiderate. . . ." While she was saying this she half raised herself from her couch and looked up at me. Her face was flushed. I have never seen her so handsome. So it often is; even those

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User:Charles A Smith

Charles Anthony Smith 1974

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 infant representative of the family on the death of the Nawab Manierul mulk Bahadur.

The rumour charging one of the high officials in His Highness' service with receiving a bribe of from 50 to 60 thousand rupees from the Begums of the Salar Jung family which I referred to in one of my letters some time ago—has been revived. The "Deccan Times" in its issue of the 2nd instant writes of this in the strain of one assured of the truth of it—and says that it refrains from passing any comments upon it as the matter is sub-justice. A more serious charge than this has never been made against one of the highest officials in the State—and it is incumbent upon the official concerned to disprove the charge in an open manner no less than upon those that have brought it forward to prove it. The stability, if not the usefulness of an administration, depends much upon the reputation, for purity that it has. And when the purity comes to be questioned and charges of corruption are brought against individual members of it openly and no attempt is made to disprove those charges it needs no lynx-eye to see that it is in a fair way to extinction.


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Rh whom we at all times admire will, upon some occasion, suddenly seem to us ten times more lovely than ever before.'

Saishō is her constant companion and her fellow victim during the drunken festivities which they both detested. The following is from a description of an entertainment given on the fiftieth day after the birth of the Empress Akiko's first child: 'The old Minister of the Right, Lord Akimitsu, came staggering along and banged into the screen behind which we sat, making a hole in it. What really struck us was that he is getting far too old for this kind of thing. But I am sure he did not at all know that this was the impression he was making. Next followed matching of fans, and noisy jokes, many of which were in very bad taste.

'Presently the General of the Right came and stood near the pillar on our left. He was looking at us and seemed to be examining our dresses, but with a very different expression from the rest. He cannot bear these drunken revels. If only there were more like him! And I say this despite the fact that his conversation is often very indecent; for he manages to give a lively and amusing turn to whatever he says. I noticed that when the great tankard came his way he did not drink out of it, but passed it on, merely saying the usual words of good omen. At this Lord Kintō shouted: "The General is on his best behaviour. I expect little Murasaki is somewhere not far off!" "You're none of you in the least like Genji," I thought to myself, "so what should Murasaki be doing here?" . . . Then the Vice-Councillor began pulling about poor Lady Hyōbu, and the Prime Minister made comic noises which I found very disagreeable. It was still quite early, and knowing well what would be the latter stages of an entertainment which

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, 20th June, 1891.

Since writing to you last, two events have occurred here— each important in its own way. The birth of a son and heir to the Nawab Sir Asman Jalı Bahadur has considerably altered the prospects conjured up by the fertile imagination of near relatives who have long cast longing looks on the large estates he owns. And the death of Mr. Sherieful Iassam, one of Judges of the City High Court, at Hudgi, has re-opened the question of the appointment of a Hindu to the High Court Beneh. It seems to me extremely unlikely that this matter will receive due consideration at the hands of the authorities, that it stands a better chance of a happy solution now than it did when Mr. Ekbal Ali went away with the determination" of never rejoining His Highness's service. Then, the powers-that-be did not deny that it was anything but bare justice that the vast majority of the Hindus in these Dominions should be represented in the High Court, or that a capable representative could be found in the service. Yet not only were they unwilling to do justice to the Hindus, but they set up the plea that a sixth Judge was one too many for the High Court and ordered that the vacancy should not be filled up but to get back Ekbal Ali as the sixth Judge soon afterwards—and they do not seem to have given themselves time to think how foolish they looked when they stultified themselves in this fashion. What is there, I ask, to prevent them from acting similarly now—from abolishing the office for the time being on the score of its being a superfluity and reviving it when a favourite—and I am sure he will not be long in coming—turns up? Were I sure that they would act differently, that they would listen to reason and justice I should mention the names of Mr. Raghunath Pershad,, Rai Murlidhar, Rai Hukumchand, , as being those eligible for the office and ask the Government to appoint one of these thereto.

The circular issued by the Home Secretary to the Native papers in Hyderabad, which you copied from the Deccan Times some days back, defines very clearly the character of the


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 despotism that guides the destinies of over ten millions of His Highness's subjects. To expect any Editor to discharge the duty he owes to himself no less than to the public after binding himself not to publish anything that may "threaten an injury to a Government servant" or "tend to prejudice the mind of the people against His Highness the Nizam's Government or any of its officers" is to expect him to accomplish what is impossible; and to think that any man with a modicum of self-respect will subscribe to such a ridiculous "agreement" is to count too much upon the hectoring or terrorising policy the Home Secretary has hitherto pursued. If this circular has been called for—I mean if the officials cannot afford to stand a moment without the "thick coating that mercenary writers can invest them with for a consideration, if their doings are such as cannot bear the light of day—what becomes of the tall talk that all that the people in power do is fair, that there are data for each document issued, and good reasons for each step taken. The Nawab Medhi Hassan evidently mistook his vocation and the master he would have to serve when he entered the service of His Highness the Nizam—a prince who has so much to do with an enlightened people like the English and a liberal Government like theirs. What an acquisition he might have been as a censor of the Press under the Czar of all the Russia. But then I forget that in Russia people do not rise by flattery and wield power without intelligence.

Here is a case of zoolum, or rather snobbishness resulting in zoolum, that recently came to my knowledge. A Police Ameen was some time ago sent by a superior officer from one Taluq to another to inspect some office work. Being a perfect stranger to the place the Ameen had to put up while there in a shed. One day while seated in this shod, which served the purpose of a dining-room, a bed room and an office room, looking over some papers, he "received" from a gentleman holding the rank of a Major what might be termed a surprise visit. Either because his back was turned towards him and he could not see him or because he had never been introduced to him who, for


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24 had begun in this way, I waited till things seemed to have come to a momentary pause and then plotted with Lady Saishō to slip away and hide. Presently however the Prime Minister's sons and other young Courtiers burst into the room; a fresh hubbub began, and when they heard that two ladies were in hiding they tracked us down and flung back the screen behind which we had ensconced ourselves. We were now prisoners. . . .'

The Diary contains a series of notes chiefly upon the appearance but also in a few cases upon the character of other ladies at Court. Her remarks on Lady Izumi Shikibu, one of the greatest poets whom Japan has produced, are of interest: 'Izumi Shikibu is an amusing letter-writer; but there is something not very satisfactory about her. She has a gift for dashing off informal compositions in a careless running-hand; but in poetry she needs either an interesting subject or some classic model to imitate. Indeed it does not seem to me that in herself she is really a poet at all.

'However, in the impromptus which she recites there is always something beautiful or striking. But I doubt if she is capable of saying anything interesting about other people's verses. She is not intelligent enough. It is odd; to hear her talk you would certainly think that she had a touch of the poet in her. Yet she does not seem to produce anything that one can call serious poetry. . . .'

Here, too, is the note on Sei Shōnagon, author of the famous Makura no Sōshi: 'Sei Shōnagon's most marked characteristic is her extraordinary self-satisfaction. But examine the pretentious compositions in Chinese script which she scatters so liberally over the Court, and you will

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 ought he knew, might have been the Governor General of India or a European servant of a Sahib or a Nawab—the Ameen did not go down on his knees to the Major. And what do you think, Mr. Editor, the poor fellow has deserved for this? The Major could not brook this insolence and reported it to superior authorities with the result that the Ameen has been suspended for three months. Can snobbishiness and authoritative stolidity go further?

Under instructions from the great Home Secretary contained in his letter No. 183, dated the 25th Shaval, the City Cotwal has issued an urgent circular (No. 4956) to the Editors of some of the vernacular papers characterising their failure to send their papers to the Home Secretary in spite of his being a them to send subscriber thereto and calling upon them to send their papers regularly or to "show cause" for unwillingness to do so. This circular is noteworthy as being issued by the City Cotwal under instructions from the Home Secretary. What has the Cotwal to do with newspapers? And why, should he, of all, be made the medium of communication between Editors of Newspapers and the Home Secretary? Those are questions that need to be answered by the authorities or those who have the "honor of being in their confidence.

I wrote to you some time ago how a prominent nobleman in the city amused himself at times—how he in the guise of a woman sold toddy at a gold mohur a lothi to his friends and admirers on festive occasions. I have since learnt that there is another amusement in which he indulges as much as in this. He is fond, I am informed, of a game called Chausar which is played by means of three dice and eight wooden pieces representing an equal number of men and women. There is nothing extraordinary or amusing in this I admit—but then his way of playing the game is so original. He hates having to deal with inanimate men and women—and so he moves about on his Chausar board eight women picked from the dancing girl class and eight men from among his companions—all in flesh and


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 blood. I can mention the names of the companions who move on the Chausar board with as much ease and grace as in public places—but I must not wound susceptibilities unnecessarily.

Betrothals in the highest circles of the Hyderabad nobility are very much talked of—and the talk finds expression in a paragraph in a recent issue of the Mahboob-al-kuloof, a local Urdu paper. And these promise to be very interesting as in the first place the "parties" are of very tender ages the most important of them being not over 2 years of age, and in the second place the means employed to bring about them are not common place. An influential man seems to have been engaged to act the part of the ordinary female mushaṭa (go-between) to negotiate terms between the families concerned—and he is to be paid a big fee a portion of which, I am told, has already changed hands.

I wrote to you in my last about the rumour charging a high official with having received bribes to the extent of about Rs. 55,000 from the Begums of the Salar Jung family. This affair since assumed serious proportions—and a Commission has been appointed to inquire into the charge.


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, 18th December, 1891.

In a few days more the one English paper that Hyderabad can boast of—if it can be said to boast of such paper at all—will cease to exist; and the party in power will congratulate itself on being left there without the necessity to defend itself" at the bar of public opinion. This does not cause regret to the people; on the other hand it is matter for congratulation to them that the journal which has been their worst enemy will before long go to the d——l, though according to the sweet will and pleasure of the men in power and only to enable them to say "we have established our honesty of purpose, so we condescend to argue no longer over the motives or results of our conduct." In truth the "Deccan Standard" has been a curse to Hyderabad since its "resurrection." It has not only had no word to say at any time in behalf of the interests of the millions, but it has always written against them and lavished sickening praises on their enemies who, mostly, form the present Ministry. It is therefore no wonder that the news of its approaching end has been received with such unalloyed delight by all classes of people here.

With the "Deccan Standard" disappears the local medium for the expression of the offensive, aggressive Hyderabad officialism and flunkeyism. I have written "Local Medium" advisedly for now and then come floating down to me whispers of hush moneys and "retainers" sent to journals outside Hyderabad, and the large number of copies subscribed for by the Government of this or that English daily. But this is not all the mischief that the people have suffered from, since they were left without an independent paper to espouse their cause. The people with grievances—and their number is a legion,— have had to keep still tongues in their heads; oppression and injustice have gone on without fear of exposure or criticism; and the unhappy results of all this the running man may read here. As the representative of the "Hindu" I have come in contact with all sorts and conditions of people in these Dominious; and the truest evidence I have had of the arbitrary


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, 27th June, 1891..

The Home Secretary's Gagging Circular has borne fruit already. The Shaukat-ul-Islam, an Urdu paper published within the Moglai limits, has been suppressed for refusing to sign the agreement sent round and commenting thereon in strong, but by no means undeserved terms. This action on the part of the Mushtak-Mehdi Hussan Government, their organ attempts to justify in its issue of yesterday's date. And this is its justification." To "our" notions the circular might be "bad law"—that does not matter—but the punishment inflicted on the Editor who refused to obey it is quite legal for in the absence of any Press Act the sovereign authority which grants a license to start a paper can revoke it if it likes, and the refusal to obey an order must needs be punished. I wonder how the punishment is "legal." Did the circular—I mean "the bad law"—declare that refusal to sign the agreement which seeks to enslave the Press or rather public opinion, on the part of any Editor, would be followed by the suppression of his paper? is every means resorted to by an administration to provide against any ugly exposure, "legal"? The present Government has in season and out of season claimed to be the best Government Hyderabad has had, has ever professed to be actuated by nothing but considerations for the well-being of the people and has always declared itself to be ready to turn itself inside out if necessary to prove its honesty of purpose. How the measure promulgated by the circular which no previous Government found it necessary to adopt, and the punishment inflicted on the independent man who refused to be "muzzled" thereby—are consistent with this claim, this profession and this declaration, I wish to know, If it is true that every line that appears in the local papers or in the mofussil ones on Hyderabad affairs is translated into Urdu by an establishment kept up for the purpose for the benefit of His Excellency the Minister, I wish he would see an explanation for this glaring inconsistency furnished to the public.

I hitherto gave the Nawab Mehdi Hussan credit for keen-sightedness, but I see now that I was mistaken. He seems to


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Page 176 character of the present Government, the most grateful reward for the little I am doing by way of bringing light into the dark places of this administration, has been, the most illiterate and ignorant people's coming to me now and then and asking me to read and explain my letters in the "Hindu," and their expressing their gratefulness to me in their own simple way, for daring to show up "the mighty." And I know how much the want of an honest, independent journal here is felt by the people. Who will or rather who can make up his mind to supply this want in Hyderabad with Mehdi Hassan's press memorandum in force in the Moglai limits and the Government of India's Gagging Regulations in the British?


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Rh find them to be a mere patchwork of blunders. Her chief pleasure consists in shocking people; and as each new eccentricity becomes only too painfully familiar, she gets driven on to more and more outrageous methods of attracting notice. She was once a person of great taste and refinement; but now she can no longer restrain herself from indulging, even under the most inappropriate circumstances, in any outburst that the fancy of the moment suggests. She will soon have forfeited all claim to be regarded as a serious character, and what will become of her when she is too old for her present duties I really cannot imagine.'

It was not likely that Murasaki, who passed such biting judgments on her companions, would herself escape criticism. In her diary she tells us the following anecdote: 'There is a certain lady here called Sayemon no Naishi who has evidently taken a great dislike to me, though I have only just become aware of it. It seems that behind my back she is always saying the most unpleasant things. One day when some one had been reading The Tale of Genji out loud to the Emperor, his Majesty said: "This lady has certainly been reading the Annals of Japan. She must be terribly learned." Upon the strength of this casual remark Naishi spread a report all over the Court that I prided myself on my enormous learning, and henceforth I was known as "Dame Annals" wherever I went.'

The most interesting parts of the Diary are those in which Murasaki describes her own feelings. The following passage refers to the winter of 1008 : 'I love to see the

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 be quite at a loss to understand the circumstances amidst which he is placed, to read the signs of the times in which he finds himself possessed of enormous power. Does he know that Hyderabad has not been at a stand-still fer a quarter of a century, that days when any wickedness and injustice could be perpetrated safe from the eyes of the people or authority belong to ancient history, now that public opinion—it does not matter by whom guided—is gaining in volume and strength day by day, that agitation for justice which was an unknown factor formerly has given his Government endless trouble? If he does, it is impossible to comprehend how he could commit the blunder of issuing a circular with a view to gag the Moglai Press, and aggravate it by suppressing the paper.the Editor of which had the honesty and moral courage to protest against it.

Again the claims of the vast majority of the Hindus of these Dominions to be represented on the City High Court Bench, have been disregarded. A Mahomedan, Mr. Yaseenkhian of the Berar Commission, has been, subject to the sanction of the Supreme Government, appointed to the vacancy caused by the death of Mr. Sharief-ul-Hussan. In noticing this, the Deccan Standard complacently remarks that there "can be no feeling of favouritism" after the nomination of a stranger to the post. Considering the exceeding hurry in which the appointment has been made it is hard to see how there "can be no feeling of favouritism" abroad—to believe the appointment to be anything else than a job.

Though the men in power take pretty good that none but the favored few are admitted to their confidence, yet their secrets get out—some how-now and then, mostly in the shape of rumours, and reveal to us how they seek to strengthen themselves. And this is really fortunate. Some time ago the Safiri Dekhan, an Urdu daily published within the Residency limits, wrote a leader severely commenting on the action of the Government in the city "murder case. This annoyed the Minister" so much, a rumour says, that he wrote to the Resident requesting


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 him to suppress the Safiri. What effect this letter had upon the Resident, the rumour does not say but it is not likely that he would go out of his way to oblige even the Minister, for he must know how one of his predecessors suppressed an English Journal published within the Residency limits and how he was pitched into for this by the Supreme Government. Whether there is any truth in this rumour or not, this much is certain, that the articles above referred to caused much knashing of teeth in the official circles. Soon after the publication of it Moulvi Sad-ud-deen, the proprietor of the Safiri Deklan, was summoned before a high official and tasked to tender an apology for the statements made in the leader and publish a contradiction thereto. The Moulvi refused to do anything of the sort and wished that the high official would put in writing what he wanted him (the Moulvi) to do. Perhaps the upshot of this was the communication which rumour speaks of as having been addressed to the Resident by the Minister. Another and a still higher official also played a part. From the heights of Olympus—I mean Mahableshwar—the "Jehova, Jove or Lord" of Hyderabad thundered against the poor Moulvi-Sad-ud-deen. Hewrote to him to say that he had forfeited his favour by publishing the article on the City Murder case, that after seeing it in his paper he could not but withdraw his patronage from him. Even if he were a private gentleman and not an official, he mighty official continued, he would have felt called upon to take the step he took—and wound up by saying "Yeh umda our pakizah zaban Abki Abkan mobarik rahai" that is "May such elegant and choice language (as that used in the leader) ever stand you in good stead." I may state en passant that I have had the leader in question translated to me, and I find the language though strong quite called for by the occasion.