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 PETERSON’S MAGAZINE.

Vol. XXXV.

PHILADELPHIA, APRIL, 1859.

No. 4.

OUR LITTLE FLORENCE.

BY ADBIE K. HUHT.

Was there ever such a witch as our little, ^ early-headed, two-year-old Florence? At six 5 months of age she was a model baby, lying in her crib by the hour and studying the anatomy of her chubby hands, or kicking her little, fat, pin-cushion feet from under her long, baby clothes.

Nobody ever dreamed of the wild pranks she would one day cut up, or the commotion she would cause in our quiet household.

But baby found out, at last, that hands and feet were made for something, and forthwith set about making up for lost time. • How delighted we all were at her first successful effort in walk¬ ing. The little limbs soon became strong, and then Miss Baby determined to show what she could do. Unlike many grown up young ladies the kitchen to her was the most delightful of places. She seemed to know by instinct if a door of the forbidden place was open. Was a bowl of dough placed under the stove to rise? She was sure to find it; and the prints of those •hubby fingers quite certain to be left in it Was a pan of milk left carelessly on the edge of the table? A dash and a scream would soon announce what had happened, and Florence would be found dripping like another Undine. Was she unusually quiet? Some mischief was •ertainly brewing; and a search would perhaps find her ladyship seated on the floor, with the molasses-cup or sugar-bowl in her lap, busily ®®gaged in stowing away into her mouth what she did not spill on her face and dress. After a thorough washing of face and hands, and a change of garments, if our vigilance was for one moment relaxed, the young lady would be doing some washing on her own account. As much of her dress as she could get in the tub of water underwent a vigorous rubbing, but ■ome new idea would usually enter her head as •oon as her clothes were thoroughly saturated, You XXXV.—17

and away she would fly to the coal-house as fast as the wet garments clinging to her limbs would permit. Presently some one would call Florence, and a sooty little imago would appear at the door, her ludicrous appcaranco causing us all to scream with laughter, instead of re¬ proving her as we had at first intended.

But the house and yard soon ceased to con¬ tent her investigating nature. Was a gate left open? A pair of sharp eyes wero sure to dis¬ cover it, and a pair*of little feet, and a bunch of flaxen curls would be seen flying down street. Were they fastened up? Some hole in the fence, nobody else would ever have noticed, afforded a place of egress for the adventurous little maiden.

But the afternoon nap gave some rest to the household, which her wild frolics kept in a ferment. Long neglected Correspondence was attended to, without fear of.having the table upset, or ink turned over. Bits of dainty work, that would not bear rough handling, were brought from their hiding-places, and busy fingers worked fast during the brief hour Miss Mischief rested from her labors. At the end of that time, curly-head standing in the door, rub¬ bing her saucy nose, and taking a survey of the apartment to see what sho should dive into next, was the signal to put away writing and fancy work, and prepare for another campaign.

But with the approach of twilight, the weary eyelids would droop; the soiled garments were removed and replaced by the snowy night-dress; and little Florence was soon in the land of baby dreams.

When we listened to her gentle breathing, os she nestled in our arms, and watched the sweet smile that played around tho rose-bud mouth, we sometimes thought tho angels were holding communion with the little sleeper, and all the trouble she had caused us was forgotten.

But the morning light usually dispelled these


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Rh exploit for the benefit of his worshippers, which is as much as to say that they, or at least some of them, think it an allegory.

In all this maze of savage fancy and priestly invention and wild exaggeration there are some points that stand out clearly. Indra is a god of the people, particularly of the fighting man, a glorified type of the fair-haired, hard-fighting, hard-drinking forefathers of the Indian Aryans and their distant cousins the Hellenes; and therefore he is the champion of their armies in battles. He is not a fiction of hieratic imagination, whom priests regale with hyperbolic flattery qualified only by the lukewarmness of their belief in their own words. He is a living personality in the faith of the people; the priests only invent words to express the people's faith, and perhaps add to the old legends some riddling fancies of their own. Many times they tell us that after conquering Vṛitra and setting free the waters or the kine Indra created the light, the dawn, or the sun; or they say that he produced them without mentioning any fight with Vṛitra; sometimes they speak of him as setting free "the kine of the Morning," which means that they understood the cows to signify the light of morning, and it would seem also that they thought that the waters mentioned in the story signified the rain. But why do they speak of these acts as heroic deeds, exploits of a mighty warrior, in the same

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text: Author:Thomas George Pešek

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Rh the Ṛig-vēda proves, declared that Dyaus was the father of Indra, and others appear to have given this honour to Tvashṭā, while others regarded Tvashṭā as Indra' s grandfather; and some even said that in order to obtain the sōma to inspire him to divine deeds Indra killed his father, which of course is just an imaginative way of saying that Indra was made into a god and worshipped in place of the elder god.

The puzzle now is solved. Indra has remained down to the time of the Ṛig-veda true to his early nature, an epic hero and typical warrior; but he has also borrowed from the old Sky-father the chief attributes of a sky-spirit, especially the giving of rain and the making of light, which the priests of the Ṛig-vēda riddlingly describe as setting free the waters and the cows. He bears the thunderbolt, as does also Zeus; like Zeus, he has got it from the Sky-father, who had likewise a thunderbolt, according to some Ṛigvēdic poets, though others say it was forged for him by Tvashṭā, his other father. I even venture to think that there is a kernel of heroic legend in the story of the slaying of Vṛitra; that at bottom it is a tale relating how Indra with a band of brave fellows stormed a mountain hold surrounded by water in which dwelt a wicked chieftain who had carried away the cattle of his people, and that when Indra had risen to the rank of a great god of the sky men added to this

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28 tone and with the same epic fire as when they sing of Indra's battles in times near to their own, real battles in which their own forefathers, strong in their faith in the god, shattered the armies of hostile Aryan tribes or the fortresses of dark-skinned natives? The personality of Indra and the spirit in which his deeds are recounted remind us of hero-sagas; the allegories which the poets read into them are on the other hand quite in the style of the priest. How can we explain the presence of these two voices? Besides, why should the setting free of the rain or the daylight be a peculiarly heroic attribute of Indra? Other gods are said to do the same things as part of their regular duties: Parjanya, Mitra and Varuṇa, Dyaus, dispense the rain, others the light.

The explanation is simple. Indra, it seems to me, is a god of just the same sort as Zeus, whose nature and history I have already explained according to my lights. In the far-away past Indra was simply a hero: very likely he was once a chieftain on earth. The story of his great deeds so fascinated the imagination of men that they worshipped his memory and at last raised him to the rank of a chief god. Now they had previously worshipped two very high gods; one of these was Dyaush-pitā, the Sky-father, of whom I have spoken before, and another was Tvashṭā, the All-creator. So some of them, as

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30 plain tale much mythical decoration appropriate to his new quality, turning the comrades of Indra into the storm-gods and interpreting the waters and cows to mean rain and daylight. Since most of us are agreed that stories such as that of Indra defeating Śambara for the benefit of Divōdāsa refer to real events, it seems unnatural to suppose that the Vṛitra-legend is a purely imaginary myth. We can thus explain why the ideas of Indra setting free the rain and the light fit in so awkwardly with the heroic element in the legend: for they are merely secondary attributes, borrowed from the myths of other gods and mechanically attached to Indra on his elevation in the pantheon. But we can explain much more. There is a regular cycle of hero-saga connected with Indra which is visible or half-visible at the back of some of the Vēdic hymns and of the priestly literature which is destined to follow them.

The truth is that the priests of the Ṛig-vēda on the whole have not quite made up their minds about Indra's merits, and we shall find them a few generations hence equally uncertain. They praise his heroic deeds lustily and admire his power immensely; but they are keenly aware that he is a god with a past, and sometimes they dwell on that. Their favourite method is to relate some of his former questionable deeds in the form of a reproach, and then to turn the story

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18 Year ago, they found an Oar upon the Eatern Shore of Iceland, whereon thee Words were carvved in Runick Characters: Oft var ek dacedar ek dro dik, which ignifies, often was I tired, when I carried thee. Beides this, I find a Relation in a German Writer, whoe Name is Dithmarus Blefkenius, concerning a certain Monk, born in Greenland, who, as Companion to the Biop of the Place, in the Year 1546 made a Voyage into Norway, where he lived until the Year 1564, and where, the Author ays, he got acquainted and peronally convered with him. This Monk told him many trange and urprizing Things of a Dominican Convent in Greenland, called St. Thomas's Convent; to which his Parents ent him in his Youth to become a Monk of that Order. But the Truth of this Relation is very much quetioned, being together with everal others of Blefkenius's Relations refuted and gainaid by Arngrim in his Treatie intitled Anatome Blefkeniana. Blefkenius's Relation is nevertheles confirmed by everal other Authors. Eramus Eramus Francicus  Fran-

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Rh Francius, in his Book called Eat and Wet India State Garden, in a Place, where he treats of Greenland, tells us, that a Captian of a Danih Ship, by Name Jacob Hall, being ordered by the King his Mater to undertake a Voyage to Greenland, he touched firt at Iceland, where he from the King's Lieutenant got Intelligence of Greenland, which before was unknown to him. And that he might the more fully be informed of every thing relating to the matter, a certain Monk was ent for, to intruct him herein, who was aid to be a Native of Greenland; of whom the aid Jacob Hall, in his hort Decription, gives the following Account, according to our Author Eramus Francicus. "There has formerly been a Convent (ays he) in Iceland, call'd Helgafield, or Holy Mountain, in which, though it was decay'd, lived a certain Friar, Native of Greenland, with a broad and tawny Face. This Friar was ent for by the King's Lieutenant in the Preence of Jacob Hall, who wanted to be informed Rh

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�


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66 they are endeavouring to find for him a corresponding place in their intellects. To this end they claim that Siva as Īśvara is the highest of all forms of existence; and this doctrine is growing and finding much favour. Among the Aupanishadas there are many who reconcile it with the teaching of the Upanishads by identifying Śiva with Brahma. Thus a new light begins to flicker here and there in the Upanishads as the conception of Śiva, a personal god wielding free grace, colours the pale whiteness of the impersonal Brahma; and at last in the Śvētāśvatara, which though rather late in date is not the least important of the Upanishads, this theistic movement boldly proclaims itself: the supreme Brahma, identified with Śiva, is definitely contrasted with the individual soul as divine to human, giver of grace to receiver of grace. Later Upanishads will take up this strain, in honour of Śiva and other gods, and finally they will end as mere tracts of this or that theistic church.

Yet another current is now beginning to stir men's minds, and it is one that is also destined to a great future. It starts from Kṛishṇa.

The teaching of the Upanishads, that all being is the One Brahma and that Brahma is the same as the individual soul, has busied many men, not only Brahmans but also Kshatriyas, noblemen of the warrior order. Some even say that

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Author talk:Alan Wright

Merge of Author:Alan Wright and Author:Alan W. Wright
You can tell they are the same person because of their signature on their illustrations - a small box containing a W on top of an A —Beleg Âlt BT (talk) 19:34, 7 December 2023 (UTC) —Beleg Âlt BT (talk) 19:34, 7 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Author talk:Alan Wright


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 the astounding size of 19,000,000 miles for the diameter of this huge sun.

Henderson, in 1840, was the first astronomer to make a successful measurement of the distance to a star. The trigonometric method such as surveyors use to find the distance to the far side of a river was employed for this and with a baseline and angles he reached out and touched the nearest stars.

The baseline of a triangle whose apex touched a star which lay millions of millions of miles away would have to be very long indeed—and a very delicate and difficult task to handle it. Where in the world could one find such a baseline? Certainly not on the earth! A line extending from one side to the other of our earth would not even be as large as a point of light as seen from a star. Indeed when the moon was measured, and the moon lies only 240,000 miles away, astronomers used a baseline which extended from America all the way to France. The exceedingly clever idea of taking the earth's orbit as a baseline then suggested itself, and focussing upon a star at an interval of six months when the earth is at the two ends of the diameter of its immense orbit around the sun. The angle between the baseline and the line of sight to the star may be noted in the summertime, for instance, and then again in the winter. The shift of the star on the heavens caused by the observer changing his place from one side of the sun to the other gives the parallax angle of the star, which is the angle between the two sight lines of the observer where they meet at the star. If the star is distant more than 500 billion miles this shift cannot be measured with any confidence for at 900 or 1000 billion miles, the star ceases to show any displacement. When a star is near enough to be measured by this trigonometric method it seems to describe a minute ellipse "like a reflection of the ellipse of the earth's orbit."

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Rh destined to have an immense influence in moulding the future thought of India. The teaching of Brahmanism is beginning to recognise them, too. It has already divided the life of the orthodox man into three stages, or āśramas, studentship, the condition of the married householder, and thirdly the life of the hermit, or vānaprastha, to which the householder should retire after he has left a son to maintain his household; and now it is beginning to add to these as fourth stage the life of the homeless ascetic awaiting death and release. But this arrangement is for the most part a fiction, devised in order to keep the beggar-philosophers within the scheme of Brahmanic life; in reality they themselves recognise no such law.

The other current among the Aupanishadas is flowing in a very different direction. We have seen how the worship of Rudra-Śiva has grown since the old Ṛigvēdic days, and how some souls have been able to see amidst the terrors of the god a power of love and wisdom that satisfies their deepest hopes and longings, as none of the orthodox rituals can do. A new feeling, the spirit of religious devotion, bhakti as it is called, is arising among them. To them — and they number many Brahmans as well as men of other orders — Śiva has thus become the highest object of worship, Īśvara or "the Lord"; and having thus enthroned him as supreme in their hearts,

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Two great collections of Byron's letters have been already printed. In Moore's Life which appeared in 1830, 561 were given. These, in FitzGreene Halleck's American edition of Byron's Works, published in 1847, were increased to 635. The first volume of a third collection, edited by Mr. W. E. Henley, appeared early in 1897. A comparison of the number of letters contained in these three collections down to August 22, 1811, shows that Moore prints 61, Halleck 78, and Mr. Henley 88. In other words, the edition of 1897, which was the most complete so far as it goes, added 27 letters to that of 1830, and 10 to that of 1847. But it should be remembered that by far the greater part of the material added by Halleck and Mr. Henley was seen and rejected by Moore.

The present edition, down to August 22, 1811, prints 168 letters, or an addition of 107 to Moore, 90 to Halleck, and 80 to Mr. Henley. Of this additional matter considerably more than two-thirds was inaccessible to Moore in 1830.

In preparing this volume for the press, use has been


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 “The Ocean ‘Pirate's’ fiend-like form Shall sink beneath the vengeance-storm; His heart of steel shall quake before The battle-din and havoc roar: The knave shall die, the Law hath said, While it protects our own ‘slave trade.’

“What earthly eye presumes to scan The wily Proteus-heart of man?— What potent hand will e'er unroll The mantled treachery of his soul!— O where is he who hath surveyed The horrors of our own ‘slave trade?’

“There is an eye that wakes in light, There is a hand of peerless might; Which, soon or late, shall yet assail And rend dissimulation's veil: Which will unfold the masquerade Which justifies our own ‘slave trade’”

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 If it lies so far in space that it does not seem to change its position even when viewed from stations on either side of the earth's orbit, its distance may never be measured by using the diameter of the earth's orbit as a baseline.

Even the near stars are so very distant that their displacement is almost imperceptible. The parallax (or the apparent angular shifting caused by the changed position of the observer) of Alpha Centauri, our nearest star, would have, says Professor Moulton, the same difference in direction as a point of light 11 miles from the observer viewed with one eye and then the other, with the difficulties of observation extended over several months.

But to return to Arcturus. This beautiful golden star is called the "harbinger of spring" because it rises on the first of March just as the flowers of this season are awakening along the brooks and hillsides. Watch for it about 8 P. M. just a little north of east. At this point it is at its very best for the thickened atmosphere near the horizon fires the orange-yellow to a molten rose, while the flickering and the dancing causes burning waves of crimson, sparks of opal and glints of gold. It reaches the meridian June 8th about 9 P. M. but its eager, splintering light is now calmed to a steady glow and the star hangs like a golden lamp above the world. From July to December, this splendid star floats lower and lower through the western part of the heavens until it touches the horizon in the northwest and disappears.

The Northern Crown really looks like a crown. Its outline is easily traced, although its stars are delicate with the exception

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 also made of a mass of material, bearing more or less directly on Byron's life, which was accumulated by the grandfather and father of Mr. Murray. The notes thus contain, it is believed, many details of biographical interest, which are now for the first time published.

It is necessary to make these comparisons, in order to define the position which this edition claims to hold with regard to its predecessors. On the other hand, no one can regret more sincerely than myself — no one has more cause to regret — the circumstances which placed this wealth of new material in my hands rather than in those of the true poet and brilliant critic, who, to enthusiasm for Byron, and wide acquaintance with the literature and social life of the day, adds the rarer gift of giving life and significance to bygone events or trivial details by unconsciously interesting his readers in his own living personality.

Byron's letters appeal on three special grounds to all lovers of English literature. They offer the most suggestive commentary on his poetry; they give the truest portrait of the man; they possess, at their best, in their ease, freshness, and racy vigour, a very high literary value.

The present volume, which covers the period from 1798 to August, 1811, includes the letters written by Byron from his eleventh to his twenty-third year. They therefore illustrate the composition of his youthful poetry, of English Bards and Scotch Reviewers and of the first two cantos of Childe Harold. They carry his history down to the eve of that morning in March, 1812, when he awoke and found himself famous — in a degree and to


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 of one which is much larger and brighter than the others. It closely follows Arcturus and is best seen during the early evenings of July when it is floating high in the dome of the heavens, a most fascinating star figure.

Long ago, in some of the old countries, people saw in this "Crown" the likeness to a broken plate held out by a beggar to receive alms; the Pawnee Indians imagined it a camp circle of warriors sitting in council around their camp fire and that the bright star was a servant preparing a feast over the fire; the Australian natives called it the "boomerang," but in Greek mythology this is the crown which Bacchus gave the beautiful Ariadne after she had been deserted by Theseus, King of Athens, on the island of Naxos which lay far out to sea.

According to a later legend, from which the Crown obtained its name, a yearly tribute of seven youths and maidens was exacted from the Athenians by the tyrant Minos, King of the Island of Crete. These Athenian captives were then rowed over from Greece to Crete and confined in a labyrinth as a feast for a ferocious Minotaur. This labyrinth had been constructed by Dædalus, a most ingenious artist and artificer, who had so perfected the intricate maze of passageways that neither the Minotaur, nor any of his victims, could possibly escape.

Theseus, son of Ægeus, the king of Athens, grieved deeply at the fate of so many innocent sufferers, and thinking that he might be able to overcome the monster, bravely offered himself as one of the seven youths. When Ariadne, daughter of the wicked King Minos, saw the handsome Prince arrive among those to be sacrificed, she was filled with love and pity and risked her own life by secretly furnishing him with a strong sword and a long thread. Theseus then attacked the Minotaur and slew him, afterwards extricating himself from the difficult windings of the labyrinth by means of the thread. He and Ariadne then slipped down

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Rh it arose among the Kshatriyas; and at any rate it is likely that they, being less obsessed with the forms of ritual than the Brahmans and therefore able to think more directly and clearly, have helped the Brahmans in their discussions to clear their minds of ritual symbolism, and to realise more definitely the philosophic ideas which hitherto they had seen only dimly typified in their ceremonies.

Kṛishṇa was one of these Kshatriyas. He belonged to the Sātvata or Vṛishṇi tribe, living in or near the ancient city of Mathurā. Sometimes in early writings he is styled Kṛishṇa Dēvakīputra, Kṛishṇa Dēvaki's son, because his mother's name was Dēvakī; sometimes again he is called Kṛishṇa Vasudēva, or simply Vasudēva, which is a patronymic said to be derived from the name of his father Vasudēva. In later times we shall find a whole cycle of legend gathering round him, in which doubtless there is a kernel of fact. Omitting the miraculous elements in these tales, we may say that the outline of the Kṛishṇa-legend is as follows: Kṛishṇa's father Vasudēva and his mother Dēvakī were grievously wronged by Dēvakī's cousin Kaṃsa, who usurped the royal power in Mathurā and endeavoured to slay Kṛishṇa in his infancy; but the child escaped, and on growing to manhood killed Kaṃsa. But Kaṃsa had made alliance with Jarāsandha king of Magadha, who now threatened Kṛishṇa; so

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Author:John Neilson

 * John Neilson (1776–1848), Scottish-Canadian publisher and politician
 * John Neilson (d. 1819), Scottish printer
 * John Neilson (d. 1870), Scottish printer

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 an extent which to the present generation seem almost incomprehensible.

If the letters were selected for their literary value alone, it is probable that very few of those contained in the present volume would find a place in a collection formed on this principle. But biographical interest also demands consideration, and, in the case of Byron, this claim is peculiarly strong. He has for years suffered much from the suppression of the material on which a just estimate of his life may be formed. It is difficult not to regret the destruction of the Memoirs in which he himself intended his history to be told. Their loss cannot be replaced; but their best substitute is found in his letters. Through them a truer conception of Byron can be formed than any impression which is derived from Dallas, Leigh Hunt, Medwin, or even Moore. It therefore seems only fair to Byron, that they should be allowed, as far as possible, to interpret his career. For other reasons also it appears to me too late, or too soon, to publish only those letters which possess a high literary value. The real motive of such a selection would probably be misread, and thus further misconceptions of Byron's character would be encouraged.

With one exception, therefore, the whole of the available material has been published. The exception consists of some of the business letters written by Byron to his solicitor. Enough of these have been printed to indicate the pecuniary difficulties which undoubtedly influenced his life and character; but it was not considered necessary to publish the whole series. Men of genius ask money from their lawyers in the same


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 ”/

124

-

W,”

FLIRTING

IN

of the house by side doors, to encountering that unknown and wonderful creature—a young lady.

Perhaps it was an instinctive feeling that members of this genus are ag dangerous as they are beautiful, that filled him with undefined dread of proximity—it might have been that, or it might have been simple rustic bashfulness: but at all events the only desire he evinced, with regard to Nellie, was to keep out of her way.

Of course the young lady was not long in dis- covering this determination on the youth's part, and from that time she did not want for amuse- ment. Her merriment was constantly excited, by observing the hurried retreat of her cowardly foe to the friendly covert of pantry, cellar, or stable, at her approach; and nothing delighted her spirit of mischief more, than by sallying forth suddenly twenty times a day, to put the enemy to ignominious flight. Seldom was poor

to drop his knife and fork st least once, during its course, to take refuge in some neighboring hiding-place, till the coast was again clear. Rarely did he escape from back or side door without being made aware, by some saucy token, that a pair of roguish eyes wore watching him from window, or porch. Even when at work in the fields, a little, jaunty form sometimes trip- ped by with bright eyes looking defiance, or a fresh, merry voice was heard singing odd ecraps of mocking songs. In the farm-yard he was no more secure; for no sooner did Nellie’s eagle eye detect his form moving about there, than down she came, and perching herself on the fence, wanted to know ‘when he was going to appoint that afternoon to teach her to milk, as he had eo faithfully promised?” Of course this promise only existed in the imagination of the relentless tease; Nathan’s patience was sorely tried.
 * Nathan allowed to enjoy a meal without having

Now, notwithstanding all I have admitted about Nathan's senseless bashfulness, he was a good, sturdy, manly fellow. Most men, even the bravest, have their cowardly points. I will even venture to say there is something every man is afraid of, and I am sure there is more sense in being afraid of s woman than many other things, for, there is nothing more danger- ous, as too many of us have found out; but, in time, Nathan’s timidity waned before his righte- ous wrath, at Nellie’s audacious persecution. He mentally passed a series of spirited resolutions. He would let this bold, forward girl know that he admired, as little as he respected her. He

_ Would give her to understand that his personal freedom was not to be thus interfered with. He would endure her saucy insolence no longer. Such his valorous resolves. His timid practice continued to be precipitate flight at the least rustle of a silken petticoat, whenever flight was possible. I am ashamed of such inconsistency in a hero, but people seldom carry out resolutions any better, so I trust they will be lenient to a fellow sinner.

Mesnwhite, Nellie, unaware of the revolution that was progressing in the mind of her victim, was gathering more and more audacity from his apparent total submission. Like a little poodle at sight of a flying foe, her valor rose in exact ptoportion to her security, and she grew so saucy and aggressive, as to be almost unbearable. Not content with routing the enemy at pleasure, she eometimes amused herself by cutting off his retreat, and many « forced parley, where the talking, however, was all on one side, was poor Nathan obliged to hold in some narrow exposed pasa of entry or stairway.

One evening, just before dark, the young man was engaged in the homely, but useful office of driving the cows home from pasture, when Nellie, and Nathan's sister, Priscilla, who had been taking s walk together, enoountered him at the cross-roads not far from the house.

Miss Priscilla stepped forward and joined her brother; and Nellie, nothing loath, followed. There could be little continued conversation be- tween the brother and sister, as the extreme deafaess of the latter required too violent efforts on the part of the person ambitious of reaching her tympanum, to be long of duration, or often repeated. So, in a little while, the whole party marched on behind the cows in solemn silence. At last, Nellie, overcome by the ludicrouaneas of the situation, burst into a laugh, in which, to her surprise, she was joined by Nathan, after a few moments’ inward struggle.

“What is it? what is it?” inquired Miss Pria- sills, in the eager manner of deaf people, ‘what are you talking about?”

‘“We have not said anything yet,” answered Nellie. ‘I am laughing at the good thing Mr. Nathan is going to say.”.

Nathan closed his lips firmly, as though re- solved no good thing should by chance slip through, # prudent precaution, but apparently uncalled for.

‘Well, Mr. Nathan,” continued Nellie, after a pause, “‘since you have determined not to say that good thing to me, I have # great mind to Bay some pretty things to you. Do you know,” pursued the incorrigible tease, as she simpered with affected affectation. ‘‘Do you know, sir, that, ever since I first saw you, I have been


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 determined to make a conquest of your youthful affections ?”’

“And pray, Miss,” exclaimed Nathan, roused - at last to righteous indignation, ‘how do you propose to effect that end?”

“How?’’ drawled Nellie. ‘Why, by assur- ance to be sure—assurance, the most new- fashioned of the virtues.”

“Being a plain man myself,” returned Nathan, sturdily, ‘I am so simple in my tastes as to prefer to all others the old-fashioned virtue of modesty.”” |

A reproof so well timed and cutting could not well fail to be felt. A deep blush of mortification flushed Nellie’s cheek, and, for once in her life, she had no repartee ready. Indeed, I doubt whether the totally dissimilar case of the unex- pected development of the powers of speech re- corded in Scripture, astonished Baalam as much as this modern miracle astonished Nellie. She was so taken aback, that she was glad to escape to the house, with Miss Priscilla, who was inquir- ing, in an excited manner, what they wero say- ing.

From this time Nathan appeared to Nellie in a new light. That he should have had the courage, in spite of the effort it cost him, to ad- minister so sharp a reproof to her, increased her respect for him. She saw there was something in him besides awkward bashfulness. She saw, teo, that he by no means admired, or even respected her. Of course, under these circum- atances, it was her first natural inetinot, both as coquet, and woman, to change his way of think- ing; therefore, from this time, what had been a mere childish love of teasing, changed into a firm determination to win this scornful youth’s regard, or, at least, admiration.

Her views were aided by a change in Nathan’s habits, for, instead of taking the same pains, as heretofore, to avoid her, he resumed his place in the family as before her coming. He seemed to either despise his former weakness, or to feel a contempt for a foe too mean to demand the vigi- lance with which he had hitherto guarded him- self. Nellie had now an opportunity of seeing him in his true light. She saw him devotedly loved and respected by his family, and the generous warmth with which his affection was requited. She saw his vever-wearied good- nature, with the never-ending calls of father, mother and sister on his services, never ex- hausted. It was, ‘Nathan do this, or that for me,” from one week’s end to the other; and, great as was the demand, Nathan’s kindness and willingness were as great. Sometimes, Nellie,

observing the pumber and variety of these claims, soming, as they generally did, after a hard day’s work in the fields, got up within herself quite a warm, little indignation-meeting about it; but she did not express her thoughts sloud, and nothing of the kind ever seemed to suggest ilself o Nathan, or the others, for thet matter. All seomed to agree that be was to do everything: mend all the breakages, carry about all the heavy things that are eternally wanting moving in every family, bring the wood, pump the water, make up the fires and the sccounts, wheel up his mother’s chair, read the papers to his father, and shout to his sister all that everybody said: in short, such a variety of ‘‘odd jobs” as would have appalled David himeelf. Thie Napoleon of ‘schores,” however, achieved them all with a large, careless kind of ease, that almost made you sorry you could think of nothing more for him to do.

Little by little, Nellie formed such an esti- mate, both of the heart and mind of this country youth, as made her blush wheneyer she remem- pered how she had treated him. She would now as soon have thought of stepping upen the woolsack, and pulling off the Lord Chancellor's wig, by way of s joke, as of attempting to make game of Nathan. And, humiliated by the re- sollection of her past impertinence, ahe grew as modest, at least in Nathan’s presence, ag even his old-fashioned notions on that point could demand.

Women are queer creatures about cortain things. If Nathan had sought her, or appeared to admire her, Nellie would have led him a pretty rig, and then laughed at and despised him. But as he avoided her, and seemed to really have no feeling for her, but one of min- gied dislike and contempt, she thought of him night and day, and often could have cried for vexation to find she could not please him. Con- sequently Nathan ceased to represent to her a bashful, country boy; he represented the man too proud to seek her, too superior to admire.

If Nathan perceived anything of thie change in her feelings, he did not betray any conscious- ness of it; he was consistent, at all eventa, for in spite of her beauty, and grace, and pretty, winning ways, he seldom appeared conscious of her presence. He never talked with her, though sometimes she did think she caught him looking at her, or smiling furtively at some of her merry nonsense with other members of the family. That was her only encouragement, and. the weeks passed by, and the summer was gone, - and the time for her return home at band.

On the evening before she was to leave, she went, about dusk, into the little field back of


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68 Kṛishṇa prudently retired from Mathurā and led a colony of his tribesmen to Dvārakā, on the western coast in Kathiawar, where he founded a new State. There seems to be no valid reason for doubting these statements. Sober history does not reject a tale because it is embroidered with myth and fiction.

Now this man Kṛishṇa in the midst of his stirring life of war and government found time and taste also for the things that are of the spirit. He talked with men learned in the Upanishads about Brahma and the soul and the worship of God; and apparently he set up a little Established Church of his own, in which was combined something of the idealism of the Upanishads with the worship of a supreme God of grace and perhaps too a kind of religious discipline, about which we shall say more later on. It must be confessed that we know sadly little about his actual doctrine from first hand. All that we hear about it is a short chapter in the Chhāndōgya Upanishad (iii. 17), where the Brahman Ghōra Āṅgirasa gives a sermon to Kṛishṇa, in which he compares the phases of human life to stages in the dīkshā or ceremony of consecration, and the moral virtues that should accompany them to the dakshiṇā or honorarium paid to the officiating priests, and he concludes by exhorting his hearer to realise that the Brahma is imperishable, unfailing, and spiritual, and quoting two verses from

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far from Canal-street, in the city of New Orleans, stands a large two story flat building surrounded by a stone wall twelve feet high, the top of which is covered with bits of glass, and so constructed as to prevent even the possibility of any one's passing over it without sustaining great injury. Many of the rooms resemble cells in a prison. In a small room near the "office" are to be seen any number of iron collars, hobbles, handcuffs, thumbscrews, cowhides, whips, chains, gags, and yokes. A back yard inclosed by a high wall locks something like the playground attached to one of our large New England schools, and in which are rows of benches and swings. Attached to the back premises is a good-sized kitchen, where two old negresses are at work, stewing, boiling, and baking, and occasionally wiping the sweat from their furrowed and swarthy brows.

The slave-trader Walker, on his arrival in New Orleans, took up his quarters at this slave pen with his gang of human cattle; and the morning after, at ten o'clock, they were exhibited for sale. There, first of all, was the beautiful Althesa, whose pale countenance and dejected look told how many sad hours she had passed since parting with her mother at Natchez. There was a poor woman who had

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 126

LOVE.

the house, to caress, for the last time, a little cosset lamb, of which she had grown very fond, and, feeling rather low and melancholy, she put her arms about the creature's neck, and was shedding some childish, sentimental tears, and murmuring something very silly about ‘‘no one miesing her when she was gone, except poor, little cosset,” when hearing a slight noize she looked up, and eaw Nathan, standing with bis arms folded, looking at her.

Nellie would have been no true-henrted woman, if rage had not instantly filled her soul at the idca of having her sentimentalizing scrutinized, and perhaps understood ; so, true to this feminine instinct, she turned sharply on the intrader,

“Well, Mr. Nathan, I don’t know what you want, spying round that way!” Having made which vixinish speech, she seemed ready to burat into tears.

“I don’t know why you are angry with me, Nellie,” said Natban, sadly, as he drew nearer, ‘you never had less cause; for if you are grieved at parting with your poor, little, pet lamb, think how I must feel at losing mine, forever.”

Nellie looked up in surprise.

“Of course you don’t understand me,” con- tinued he, ‘‘and it’s nonsense to telk about it, but often when I have seen you fondling that little creature, I have thought of my name-sake im the Scriptures, and how, like him, I bad too my one little ewe lamb, though hidden deep in my secret heart. Oh, Nellie, 1 know well enongh that you have never thought of me. I have never dreamed of any return—but it has been such a happiness to me simply to love you—it has been like the opening of a new world to me— it has been gazing into heaven; and to morrow I must return to earth!”

“Oh, Nathan, you do not, you cannot possibly love me,” cried Nellie, all of a tremble, ‘‘you have never said anything to me—I thought yon hated me—I cannot believe it—I cannot——”

“There is no need you should,” ssid Nathan, “(since that would not alter the case.”

“I wish you would not take things for granted so,” said Nellie, pettishly. ‘* Whether it would alter the case or not, I should like to be convinced.”

Whether the country lover would have been able to convince her, to her entire satisfaction, was not proved, at that time; for just as he had got to fourthly in the argument, Miss Priscilla appearci at the fence, peering curiously at them through the twilight, and exclaiming,

“Dear me, what can you two be doing out there in the dark, and on the wet grassf You'll catch the rheumatism, both of you.”

“Mr. Nathan is trying to convince me he likes lambs,” replied Nellie, demarely, ‘and I can’t believe him.”

‘Well, you hadn’t ought to, dear, he never touchea lamb when he can get beef.”

Nellie laughed, and stooped to give her pet one last caress, before following Miss Priacilla to the house. On the way thither, Nathan con- tinued his arguments in an under-tone; while Miss Priscilln held forth on the absurdity of choosing such a time and place to discass the merits of beef and mutton, and announcing sharply, that if they ‘‘carried on” that way, they would not live long to eat either.

What Nathan’s final arguments were, and when he found time to state them, I never ascertained; but that Nellie heard them, and found them sound, is probable; for soon after her return home, Nathan astounded his father and family by taking a trip to Boston: and scor after that the engagement between the young people was generally known. Of course every body was taken by surprise at Nellie’s choice, and no one more so than her father, at first; but being greatly pleased with the unassuming, straightforward manners of bis son-in-law that hoped-to-be, and finding in him all the moral requisites for making a woman happy, he went to work like a man of sense and emoothed the way to matrimony by the donation of a fine farm; where, in course of time, Nellie, the flirt, was gradually transformed into one of the sweetest and loveliest of wivea and mothers. She declares herself happy to her heart's con- tent, and almost the only tears that have visited her eyes, since her marriage, have been those that rise there, when she says, with a voice trem- bling with tender -passion, ‘Nobody but myself knows how good and noble Nathan is!”

LOVE FROM

THE -

GERMAN.

 No ﬁre or coal, So ﬁercely glows, As secret love, Which no one knows.

No rose, no pink, Can bloom so sweet, As when two souls, Together meet.

Before my heart, Your mirror set, And you shall see Love can’t forget.

G. W. A.


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This page
I wonder should we include any of the pre-printed form ? What about the date stamped on it ?

And should we treat it as continuos text, or keep the line breaks as in the original ? -- Beardo (talk) 20:00, 7 December 2023 (UTC)


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 And as that brown figure, with its vast halo like the worn tail of some fiery peacock, brooded high over the realms of being, this that follows happened to a certain man upon the earth.


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 NOT

SATISFIED.

BY VIRGINIA F. TOWNSEND.

“Goon morning, Mrs. Nichols.”

“Good morning, Mr. Wilcox,” echoed the soft voice of the lady, as she stood in the window, and pulled away one of the woodbine bells from the vine that matted it with jewels.

The gentleman lifted his head with a grace that would have done honor to the court of a grand monarch, then he lightly gave the reins of the noble animal on which he had just sprung, while the lady's eyes followed him, as he dashed down the road. He was a striking, rather than a handsome man, for bis dark hair, eyes, complexion and moustache, gave rather a stern expression to his face. He had a remarkably fine. figure; tall, lithe, well developed limbs: and he was still young, not more than thirty: a man with such bearing and presence as would be apt to strike a woman's fancy. But the Iady, the lady who stood by the window of that brown manorial-looking residence which rose so stately among its evergreens of pine, and spruce, and hemlock: she was a dainty, dainty little woman, with lips like spring rose-buds, and eyes like some blue wood-spring, with long, thick curls of golden bair, and the whitest arms and hand.

Bosaline, or Rose, as she was usually called, and the name was no misnomer in her age, for it just suited. The pretty little creature had no great depth of intellect, perhaps not of heart, still, she was, on the whole, an average sort of woman, just the kind that men are most apt to get in love with, rave about, to swear, it may be to shoot each other over.

Avery few words will comprise all of her history it is necessary for you to know. She was the only daughter of a New England farmer, petted and spoiled from her youth.

At eighteen she was as perfect a little coquette ae ever blossomed in the quiet atmosphere of a New England farm house, being vain of her beanty, and prising herself mostly for the number of offers she had received.

She was warm-hearted, impulsively generous, and could be roused by a tale of suffering to make « grent sacrifice for others.

But, whether she could have made an enduring one, whether she would not have subordinated the interests of her dearest friends to the gratification of her own petty vanity, whether, short, with all her social brightness, and winning courtesy, she might not, were the temptation strong enough, have been guilty of a great wrong, or meanness, is more than I can venture to deny; and you, reader, if you are an acute stadent of human nature, will enderstand of how few individuals this can be denied; and if you are a loving student of this same nature, and God forbid you should be otherwise, the knowledge will pot embitter your heart, but rather stimulate your pity and charity for your fellow men. But, to return to my beroine, at eighteen he met the man who certainly struck her fancy, and, mayhap, sounded her heart deeper than any other had ever done. Ruel Wylie was in his twenty fourth year when he visited his aunt at Longwood, and first met with Rosaline Wayne. He was always an intense admirer of a certain kind of beauty, and became desperately enamored of the lady at first sight.

In less than two months they were engaged, and would probably have been sbortly married but the young gentleman was poor, though of good family, and he was about to sail for South America on mercantile business.

So with many vows of eternal constancy on both sides they departed. Shortly afterward both Rosaline’s parents died, and she went to reside with an aunt, at whose home she first met Hugh Nichols, ‘*Hugh Nichols, Exsq.,” as they called him on Wall street.

He was a rich man, both by inheritance and his own good business tact, for he was now a bachelor of thirty-seven, but his hitherto unsusceptible heart succumbed at once to the charms of the dainty little village maiden.

At first, Hugh Nichols did not find his suit very successful one, although he had the influence of all the lady's friends fn his behalf; but the memory of her absent lover grew fainter in Rosaline's soul as his letters grew fewer; and the elegant home and its beautiful surroundings, which the rich man promised her, began to ocoupy her imagination.

Then the little girl-woman was beset on all sides by her friends, who thought it would be madness to let such an opportunity slip.

At last, her consent made Hugh Nichols the happiest of men, and two years had Rosaline


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an uncomfortable arm-chair of slippery black horsehair, in a mean apartment at Sundering on Sea, sat a sick man staring dully out of the window. It was an oppressive day, hot under a leaden sky; there was scarcely a movement in the air save for the rare thuds of the gun practice at Shorehamstow. A multitude of flies crawled and buzzed fitfully about the room, and ever and again some chained-up cur in the neighbourhood gave tongue to its discontent. The window looked out upon a vacant building lot, a waste of scorched grass and rusty rubbish surrounded by a fence of barrel staves and barbed wire. Between the ruinous notice-board of some pre-war building enterprise and the gaunt verandah of a convalescent home, on which the motionless blue forms of two despondent wounded men in deck chairs were visible, came the sea view which justified the name of the house; beyond a wide waste of mud, over which quivered the heat-tormented air, the still anger of the heavens lowered down to meet in a line of hard conspiracy, the steely criminality of the remote deserted sea.

The man in the chair flapped his hand and spoke. "You accursed creature," he said. "Why did God make flies?"


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 called him husband, when one morning her old lover presented himself before her.

The mistress of that stately mansion turned from the window, and walked, with a clouded forehead, up and down her magnificent drawing-room.

"How handsome Ruel looked, even better than he did before he went to South America," murmured the lady. "I declare, it has brought up all the past before me so vividly, and I could not believe, as I sat by bis side, that three years had rolled by since last I was there, and that for two of these I have been a wife."

She did not pronounce the name with a tender and triumphant joy, which comes so beautifully from the lips of a young wife, but sadly, almost bitterly.

"How different our meeting was from our parting! That was at the old garden-gate, where he held me so fondly to his heart, and left me with his kisses and his blessings: and now he only took my hand and congratulated me on my marriage, but the words didn't come from his heart. I could tell they didn't, and I knew when his eyes rested on me that he had not forgotten. I wonder how I looked this morning?" and the lady paused before the long mirror, whose gilded top touched the ceiling; her brow cleared a little as she stood there, and gazed on her own sweet picture. Her morning-robe of sky-blue silk, with the pretty Honiton lace collar running round its neck, especially became her very fair complexion, and she threaded her white fingers through her curls, that were like the gold of that October morning, looking just the sweet, girlish thing she did on that night when Ruel had kissed her at the garden-gate.

"I couldn't help jesting him a little just for curiosity, about those beautiful South American women; and I understood what answer that sad smile meant. Ah, Ruel, Ruel!" and now there were tears in the lady's blue eyes, and she paused and drew a little circle of violets from a cushion of moss, that sat on the marble table in a basket of Sevres china, and tore the sweet flowers to pieces with her impatient fingers, as she kept on her walk up and down the room.

"I don't know how I came to marry Hugh. Yes, I do though, aunt Electa and all the rest of them would give me no peace, just because be was a rich man: and I am rich lady now." She glanced with a gloomy dissatisfaction over her gorgeous parlor. "Hugh is a good, kind husband, but after all, he isn't my ideal. I want something of grace and chivalry, and delicate appreciation that isn't in him. He doesn't enjoy music at all, though he's always ready to get it for me; and as for poetry, he'd much rather be poring over his ledgers than hear me read it. Then it's precious little he cares for beautiful scenery,

We are not in the least congenial. I feel it more to-day, after seeing Ruel, than I ever did before. Ah, if I'd only known—if I'd only waited: but I was so young and so easily influenced by others. Well, it's too late to mourn now; but with all your wealth, and with your husband that's so fond and proud of you; with many to envy you your circumstances and your station, are you, this day, Rosaline Nichols, a happy woman? Oh, dear, there comes Hugh!" and the lady started as she heard the sharp, quick sound of footfalls on the front steps: but her brow did not brighten.

"Well, how does my little puss feel to-day?" asked the loud, cheerful voice of Hugh Nichols, as he bustled into the drawing-room and caught his young wife in his arms, and lifting her up, kissed her on either cheek.

He was a loud, bustling sort of man, tall and corpulent, and, on the whole, good-looking, though there was a certain coarseness in the lines of his face, and a physiognomist would have read his character very readily.

He was a thorough business man, with ready, though not keen wit, with a good deal of social bon homme, and that off-hand good-humor which gives a man in clubs the reputation of "good fellow."

His complexion was florid; his eyes and hair dark; his features were large and agreeable.

"There, Hugh," pettishly exclaimed the young wife, as she smoothed her rumpled dress, "just see what you've done. I do wish you would be a little less rough in your movements. You really give my nerves a terrible jar when you bustle into the room, and catch hold of me after this fashion."

"Do I, my dear little dumpling? Well, it's too bad. Promise to make up this time, and I'll agree not to offend again," and the gentleman put down his face for a kiss of reconciliation.

It was given, but so cold and indifferently, that if Hugh Nichols had been a more sensitive or exacting husband, it would have struck like ice into his soul.

"Got the blues today, puss!" he asked, bending down, and searching the clouded face, for this was a mental epidemic to which Hugh Nichols considered his wife particularly liable.

"Yes, I don't much care what becomes of me."


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Rev. John Peck was a native of the state of Connecticut, where he was educated for the ministry, in the Methodist persuasion. His father was a strict follower of John Wesley, and spared no pains in his son's education, with the hope that he would one day he as renowned as the great leader of his sect. John had scarcely finished his education at New Haven, when he was invited by an uncle, then on a visit to his father, to spend a few months at Natchez in the state of Mississippi. Young Peck accepted his uncle's invitation, and accompanied him to the South. Few young men, and especially clergymen, going fresh from a college to the South, but are looked upon as geniuses in a small way, and who are not invited to all the parties in the neighbourhood. Mr. Peck was not an exception to this rule. The society into which he was thrown on his arrival at Natchez was too brilliant for him not to be captivated by it; and, as might have been expected, he succeeded in captivating a plantation with seventy slaves, if not the heart of the lady to whom it belonged. Added to this, he became a popular preacher, had a large congregation with a snug salary. Like other planters, Mr. Peck confided the care of his farm to Ned Huckelby, an overseer of high reputation in his

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 996. April 23. To Percy Bysshe Shelley 53

997. May I. To John Murray 54

998. May 4. To Sir Walter Scott 55

999. May 4. To John Hanson 60

1000. May 4. To John Murray. . ' 60

1001. May 16. ,, ,, 61

1002. May 17. To John Hay 62

1003. May 17. To John Murray 63

1004. May 17, To Thomas Moore 65

1005. May 20. To Percy Bysshe Shelley 66

1006. May 26, To John Murray. 69

1007. May 29. ,, ,, 75

1008. June 6. „ ,, 76

1009. June 8. To Thomas Moore 78

1010. June 10. To Isaac Disraeli 83

1011. June 12. To Edward Ellice 89

1012. June 20. To John Hanson 91

1013. July 3. To John Murray 92

1014. July 6. ,, ,, 93

1015. July 8. „ ,, 94

1016. July 12. To Thomas Moore 96

1017. Aug. 3. To John Murray 98

1018. Aug. 8. To Thomas Moore 99

1019. Aug. 10. To John Hanson 102

1020. Aug. 10. To John Murray 102

1021. Aug. 10. To Edward John Trelawny 103

1022. Aug. 14. To the Rev, Thomas Hall io6

1023. Aug. 27. To Thomas Moore 106

1024. Sept. II. To John Murray 112

1025. Sept. 19, To W. E. West 113

1026. Sept. 21. To Charles Hanson 115

1027. Sept. 23. To John Murray n6

1028. Oct. 6. To Mrs. Shelley 119

1029. Oct. 9. To John Murray 120

1030. Oct. 22. ,, ,, 126

1031. Oct. 23. To John Hanson 127

1032. Oct. 24. To John Murray 129

1033. Oct. 26. To Sir James Wedderburn Webster. . 131

1034. Oct. 31. To John Murray 132

1035. Oct. 31. To John Hunt 134

1036. Nov. 7. To the Hon. Augusta Leigh .... 135

1037. Nov. 10. To Lady 136


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136

BONNET. “Patience, Mr. Reed. I am not through yet. Now watch how rapidly and bow beautifully it revolves in a circle.”

He started the car in a circle of some four feet in diameter. It commenced slowly to make the circuit—then faster, faster, faster—until it seemed to lie on the floor a large ring of polished steel, perfectly motionless. I watched it for about ten minutes. I was thunder-struck; my brain was becoming bewildered.

“Beautiful! splendid!” J cried, in ecstasy.

Mr. Miles took up the car with an evident air of satisfaction, and placed it on the table.

“T am delighted to know that you are pleased with it,” he said. ‘I was sure that you could appreciate it. It would run for hours in that way. <A large car can be constructed on the same principle; of course, some person must be on board of it to contro) and govern its velocity. There’s a motor, Mr. Reed! No expense—no cost——no fuel, water or heated air!”

“But you have not told me what the motor is, Mr. Miles.”

‘Haven't I? Well—bend your ear over.”

He glanced rapidly around the room, and there was such a fire streaming from his eyes, that I would not have thought it strange had there been a smell of singed whiskers in the room!

He whispered in my ear, in a very low, soft, dry tone,

“Quicksilver, sir!’’

Quicksilver!” I cried, half jumping from my chair.

Hush—hush! For heaven's sake exercise: more caution. Yes, quicksilver. Look here.”

As he spoke, he unscrewed a small cap at the end of one of the arms in the fly-wheel, and poured some quicksilver out of it into the hollow of his hand.

“Are you convinced, Mr. Reed? These arms are all hollow, and partly filled with the liquid meta]. As the wheel revolves, the quicksilver, in flowing from the hub to the tire, and back again, keeps up the motion, and increases it with each evolution. Of course, by additional machinery, an even, regular motion could be obtained.”

Astounded as I was, a thought flashed across my brain, and I very indiscreetly out with it.

“Ab, but—Mr. Miles—how will you get it to run up bill?”

His countenance assumed a look of blank dis- may—he pushed back the bushy hair from his forehead—then rose abruptly to his feet.

I shrank away from the burning, maniacal glare of his cyes.

“Up bill? Up hill? It has no business up hill! If it has, that can soon be remedied. Not another objection to it, sir. Look here, Mr. Reed—you alone possess my eecret—a discovery for which I have studied and toiled and labored for years. The sccret shall die with you.”

Seizing my revolver, which, as I have said, Isy carelessly upon the table, be leisurely drew sight upon my vest buttons.

I sprang back to the farthest corner of the room. My face was livid, and the perspiration oozed from me in great drops. His eyes glared upon me like a tiger’s—like a demon’s.

He pulled the trigger—o report followed, a line of smoke curled awny from the sweating barrel, and I lay writhing in agony on the floor.

How Tong I remained io that position I know not. I at last became conscious of a violent shaking, accompanied with,

“Myr. Reed—Mr. Reed! Ho, Ralph!”

Opening my eyes, I beheld my friend Rivers bending over me.

“What in the world is wrong, Reed?” he asked, half seriously, half comically.

‘Who shot?” I asked.

“Who shot?” and Rivers’ musical laugh filled the room. ‘*Who shot? why I shot you with a champagne cork! Look here!”

He led me, still bewildered, to the table. Two bottles of delicious wine were in readiness.

Oh, I see!” I cried, rubbing my eyes, ‘you have brought in some——”

“Champagne—and you have been experiment- ing in——”

‘Hachisch!”

We had a merry time that evening, and* it costs Rivers a new sect of ve=t buttons whenever I refer to my being ‘‘ALONE WITH A MANIAC!”

SONNET.

WRITTEN IN THE CHAMBER OF DEATH.  I gaze upon her marble brow, Where death has set his signet now; She wears a look so sweet and mild, It seems as if she only smiled, Her form is pulseless, cold and still, And yet the gazer feels no thrill, Such is tho softness and the grace.

That resteth on her calm, pale face It speaks of gentleness and love— Of peace that cometh from above, And of a pure and holy faith, That giveth victory over death, Such as I hope to prove with her, When be shall be my conqueror.


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20 of the State of Greenland. The Friar accordingly told him, that being very young, he was enter'd into this Convent by his Parents; and that he afterwards was commanded by the ame Bihop, of whom he had received the holy Orders, to go along with him from thence to Norway, where he ubmitted himelf to the Bihop of Drontheim, to whoe Authority and Juridiction all the Priets of Iceland were ubject; and being returned to his native home, he again retired and hut himelf up in his former Convent. This is aid to have happened in the Year 1546. He aid moreover, that in the Convent of St. Thomas, where he alo had pas'd ome time, there was a Well of Water, which, through Pipes, was conveyed into all the Rooms and Cells of the Convent, for to warm them." But I think there is as much Reaon to quetion the Authenticknes of this Relation, as of the former, in as much as there is no uch thing to be found in our Danih Archives or Annals. 3

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LOUIS GINZBERG

HENRIETTA SZOLD|HENRIETTA SZOLD

1909


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Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2005/Division D

{{SECTION|DIVISION D|DIVISION D}} — FOREIGN OPERATIONS, EXPORT FINANCING, AND RELATED PROGRAMS APPROPRIATIONS ACT, 2005

 * TITLE I — EXPORT AND INVESTMENT ASSISTANCE
 * TITLE II — BILATERAL ECONOMIC ASSISTANCE
 * TITLE III — MILITARY ASSISTANCE
 * TITLE IV — MULTILATERAL ECONOMIC ASSISTANCE
 * TITLE V — GENERAL PROVISIONS

This division may be cited as the "Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 2005".


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, 1909,


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THE SPECIAL AND GENERAL THEORY

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Page:The Works of Lord Byron (ed. Coleridge, Prothero) - Volume 13.djvu/25

OUTCRY AGAINST CAIN — WERNER — DON JUAN CANTOS VI., VII., VIII. —QUARREL WITH SOUTHEY — DEATH OF LADY NOEL — AFFRAY AT PISA — DEATH OF ALLEGRA.

Pisa, January 12, 1822.

MY DEAR SIR WALTER, — I need not say how grateful I am for your letter, but I must own my ingratitude in not having written to you again long ago. Since I left England (and it is not for all the usual term of transportation) I have scribbled to five hundred blockheads on business, etc., without difficulty, though with no great pleasure; and yet, with the notion of addressing you a hundred times in my head, and always in my heart, I

I. "I have just got a letter," said Lord Byron, "and an admirable one it is, from Sir Walter Scott, to whom I dedicated Cain. 'The sight of one of his letters always does me good " (Medwin, Conversations of Lord Byron, vol. i. p. 179). VOL. VI. B


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 After a long interval he sighed deeply and repeated: "Why?"

He made a fitful effort to assume a more comfortable position, and relapsed at last into his former attitude of brooding despondency.

When presently his landlady came in to lay the table for lunch, an almost imperceptible wincing alone betrayed his sense of the threatening swish and emphasis of her movements. She was manifestly heated by cooking, and a smell of burned potatoes had drifted in with her appearance. She was a meagre little woman with a resentful manner, glasses pinched her sharp red nose, and as she spread out the grey-white diaper and rapped down the knives and forks in their places she glanced at him darkly as if his inattention aggrieved her. Twice she was moved to speak and did not do so, but at length she could endure his indifference no longer. "Still feeling ill I suppose, Mr. 'Uss?" she said, in the manner of one who knows only too well what the answer will be.

He started at the sound of her voice, and gave her his attention as if with an effort. "I beg your pardon, Mrs. Croome?"

The landlady repeated with acerbity, "I arst if you was still feeling ill, Mr. 'Uss."

He did not look at her when he replied, but glanced towards her out of the corner of his eyes. "Yes," he said. "Yes, Iam. I am afraid I am ill." She made a noise of unfriendly confirmation that brought his face round to her. "But mind you, Mrs. Croome, I don't want Mrs. Huss worried about it. She has enough to trouble her just now. Quite enough."


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Rh Notwithtanding which, what concerns St. Thomas's Convent in particular, is confes'd, and confirm'd by the old Hitories of Greenland. Nicolas Zenetur, a Venetian by Birth, who erved the King of Denmark in the Quality of a Sea Captain, is aid by chance to have been driven upon the Coat of Greenland in the Year 1380; and to have een the me Dominican Convent. His Relation is alledged by Kircherus in the following Words: "Here is alo a Dominican Convent to be een, dedicated to St. Thomas, in whoe Neighbourhood there is a Vulcano of a Mountain that pews Fire, and at the Foot thereof a Well of Water. This hot Water is not only conveyed by Pipes into the Convent, and through all the Cells of the Friars, to keep them warm, as with us the Rooms are heated by Stoves of  or other Fuel; but here they alo boil and bake their Meat and Bread with the ame. This Vulcano, or firey Mountain, throws out uch a Quantity of  that it hath furnihed Rh

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Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2005/Division D/Title I

Export-Import Bank of the United States

 * The Export-Import Bank of the United States is authorized to make such expenditures within the limits of funds and borrowing authority available to such corporation, and in accordance with law, and to make such contracts and commitments without regard to fiscal year limitations, as provided by section 104 of the Government Corporation Control Act, as may be necessary in carrying out the program for the current fiscal year for such corporation:

 * Provided, That none of the funds available during the current fiscal year may be used to make expenditures, contracts, or commitments for the export of nuclear equipment, fuel, or technology to any country, other than a nuclear-weapon state as defined in Article IX of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons eligible to receive economic or military assistance under this Act, that has detonated a nuclear explosive after the date of the enactment of this Act;

 * Provided further, That notwithstanding section 1(c) of Public Law 103-428, as amended, sections 1(a) and (b) of Public Law 103-428 shall remain in effect through October 1, 2005.

Subsidy Appropriation

 * For the cost of direct loans, loan guarantees, insurance, and tied-aid grants as authorized by section 10 of the Export-Import Bank Act of 1945, as amended, $59,800,000, to remain available until September 30, 2008:

 * Provided, That such costs, including the cost of modifying such loans, shall be as defined in section 502 of the Congressional Budget Act of 1974;

 * Provided further, That such sums shall remain available until September 30, 2023, for the disbursement of direct loans, loan guarantees, insurance and tied-aid grants obligated in fiscal years 2005, 2006, 2007, and 2008;

 * Provided further, That none of the funds appropriated by this Act or any prior Act appropriating funds for foreign operations, export financing, and related programs for tied-aid credits or grants may be used for any other purpose except through the regular notification procedures of the Committees on Appropriations;

 * Provided further, That funds appropriated by this paragraph are made available notwithstanding section 2(b)(2) of the Export-Import Bank Act of 1945, in connection with the purchase or lease of any product by any Eastern European country, any Baltic State or any agency or national thereof;

 * Provided further, That not later than 30 days after the date of enactment of this Act, the Export-Import Bank shall submit a report of the Committees on Appropriations of the House of Representatives and the Senate, containing an analysis of the economic impact on United States producers of ethanol of the extension of credit and financial guarantees for the development of an ethanol dehydration plant in Trinidad and Tobago, including a determination of whether such extension will cause substantial injury to such producers, as defined in section 2(e)(4) of the Export-Import Bank Act of 1945 (12 U.S.C. 635(e)(4)).

Administrative Expenses

 * For administrative expenses to carry out the direct and guaranteed loan and insurance programs, including hire of passenger motor vehicles and services as authorized by 5 U.S.C. 3109, and not to exceed $30,000 for official reception and representation expenses for members of the Board of Directors, $73,200,000:

 * Provided, That the Export-Import Bank may accept, and use, payment or services provided by transaction participants for legal, financial, or technical services in connection with any transaction for which an application for a loan, guarantee or insurance commitment has been made;

 * Provided further, That, notwithstanding subsection (b) of section 117 of the Export Enhancement Act of 1992, subsection (a) thereof shall remain in effect until October 1, 2005.

Noncredit Account

 * The Overseas Private Investment Corporation is authorized to make, without regard to fiscal year limitations, as provided by 31 U.S.C. 9104, such expenditures and commitments within the limits of funds available to it and in accordance with law as may be necessary:

 * Provided, That the amount available for administrative expenses to carry out the credit and insurance programs (including an amount for official reception and representation expenses which shall not exceed $35,000) shall not exceed $42,885,000;

 * Provided further, That project-specific transaction costs, including direct and indirect costs incurred in claims settlements, and other direct costs associated with services provided to specific investors or potential investors pursuant to section 234 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, shall not be considered administrative expenses for the purposes of this heading.

Program Account

 * For the cost of direct and guaranteed loans, $24,000,000, as authorized by section 234 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, to be derived by transfer from the Overseas Private Investment Corporation Non-Credit Account:

 * Provided, That such costs, including the cost of modifying such loans, shall be as defined in section 502 of the Congressional Budget Act of 1974;

 * Provided further, That such sums shall be available for direct loan obligations and loan guaranty commitments incurred or made during fiscal years 2005 and 2006;

 * Provided further, That such sums shall remain available through fiscal year 2013 for the disbursement of direct and guaranteed loans obligated in fiscal year 2005, and through fiscal year 2014 for the disbursement of direct and guaranteed loans obligated in fiscal year 2006;

 * Provided further, That notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Overseas Private Investment Corporation is authorized to undertake any program authorized by title IV of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 in Iraq;

 * Provided further, That funds made available pursuant to the authority of the previous proviso shall be subject to the regular notification procedures of the Committees on Appropriations.

 * In addition, such sums as may be necessary for administrative expenses to carry out the credit program may be derived from amounts available for administrative expenses to carry out the credit and insurance programs in the Overseas Private Investment Corporation Noncredit Account and merged with said account.

Trade and Development Agency

 * For necessary expenses to carry out the provisions of section 661 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, $51,500,000, to remain available until September 30, 2006.


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BY

TRANSLATED BY

ROBERT W. LAWSON, D.Sc., F. Inst. P.

NEW YORK

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Author talk:John Neilson (d. 1870)

Details
A subscription is required to view the full obituary. —Beleg Âlt BT (talk) 20:39, 7 December 2023 (UTC)

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 have not done what I ought to have done. I can only account for it on the same principle of tremulous anxiety with which one sometimes makes love to a beautiful woman of our own degree, with whom one is enamoured in good earnest; whereas, we attack a fresh-coloured housemaid without (I speak, of course, of earlier times) any sentimental remorse or mitigation of our virtuous purpose.

I owe to you far more than the usual obligation for the courtesies of literature and common friendship; for you went out of your way in 1817 to do me a service, when it required not merely kindness, but courage to do so: to have been recorded by you in such a manner, would have been a proud memorial at any time, but at such a time, when "all the world and his wife," as the proverb goes, were trying to trample upon me, was something still higher to my self-esteem, — I allude to the Quarterly Review of the Third Canto of Childe Harold which Murray told me was written by you, — and, indeed, I should have known it without his information, as there could not be two who could and would have done this at the time. Had it been a common criticism, however eloquent or panegyrical, I should have felt pleased, undoubtedly, and grateful, but not to the extent which the extraordinary good-heartedness of the whole proceeding must induce in any mind capable of such sensations. The very tardiness of this acknowledgment will, at least, show that I have not forgotten the obligation; and I can assure you that my sense of it has been out at compound interest during the delay. I shall only add one word upon the subject, which is, that I think that you, and Jeffrey, and Leigh Hunt, were the only literary men, of numbers whom I know (and some of whom I had served),

I, See Letters vol. iv. p. 63, note 2.


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, 1920

Reprinted, September, 1931,

by permission of

PRINTED IN THE U. S. A. BY

QUINN & BODEN COMPANY, INC,

RAHWAY, N. J.

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The term Rabbinic was applied to the Jewish Literature of post-Biblical times by those who conceived the Judaism of the later epoch to be something different from the Judaism of the Bible, something actually opposed to it. Such observers held that the Jewish nation ceased to exist with the moment when its political independence was destroyed. For them the Judaism of the later epoch has been a Judaism of the Synagogue, the spokesmen of which have been the scholars, the Rabbis. And what this phase of Judaism brought forth has been considered by them to be the product of the schools rather than the product of practical, pulsating life. Poetic phantasmagoria, frequently the vaporings of morbid visionaries, is the material out of which these scholars construct the theologic system of the Rabbis, and fairy tales, the spontaneous creations of the people, which take the form of sacred legend in Jewish literature, are denominated the Scriptural exegesis of the Rabbis, and condemned incontinently as nug rabbinorum.

As the name of a man clings to him, so men cling to names. For the primitive savage the name is part of the essence of a person or thing, and even in the more advanced stages of culture, judgments are not always formed in agreement with


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HE present book is intended, as far as possible, to give an exact insight into the theory of Relativity to those readers who, from a general scientific and philosophical point of view, are interested in the theory, but who are not conversant with the mathematical apparatus of theoretical physics. The work presumes a standard of education corresponding to that of a university matriculation examination, and, despite the shortness of the book, a fair amount of patience and force of will on the part of the reader. The author has spared himself no pains in his endeavour to present the main ideas in the simplest and most intelligible form, and on the

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vi whole, in the sequence and connection in which they actually originated. In the interest of clearness, it appeared to me inevitable that I should repeat myself frequently, without paying the slightest attention to the elegance of the presentation. I adhered scrupulously to the precept of that brilliant theoretical physicist, L. Boltzmann, according to whom matters of elegance ought to be left to the tailor and to the cobbler. I make no pretence of having withheld from the reader difficulties which are inherent to the subject. On the other hand, I have purposely treated the empirical physical foundations of the theory in a “step-motherly” fashion, so that readers unfamiliar with physics may not feel like the wanderer who was unable to see the forest for trees. May the book bring some one a few happy hours of suggestive thought! A. EINSTEIN

N the present year (1918) an excellent and detailed manual on the general theory of relativity, written by H. Weyl, was published by the firm Julius Springer (Berlin). This book, entitled Raum—Zeit—Materie (Space—Time—Matter), may be warmly recommended to mathematicians and physicists.

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N your schooldays most of you who read this book made acquaintance with the noble building of Euclid’s geometry, and you remember—perhaps with more respect than love—the magnificent structure, on the lofty staircase of which you were chased about for uncounted hours by conscientious teachers. By reason of your past experience, you would certainly regard every one with disdain who should pronounce even the most out-of-the-way proposition of this science to be untrue. But perhaps this feeling of proud certainty would leave you immediately if some one were to ask you: “What, then, do you mean by the assertion that these propositions are true?” Let us proceed to give this question a little consideration.

Geometry sets out from certain conceptions such as “plane,” “point,” and “straight line,” with

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 which we are able to associate more or less definite ideas, and from certain simple propositions (axioms) which, in virtue of these ideas, we are inclined to accept as “true.” Then, on the basis of a logical process, the justification of which we feel ourselves compelled to admit, all remaining propositions are shown to follow from those axioms, i.e. they are proven. A proposition is then correct (“true”) when it has been derived in the recognised manner from the axioms. The question of the “truth” of the individual geometrical propositions is thus reduced to one of the “truth” of the axioms. Now it has long been known that the last question is not only unanswerable by the methods of geometry, but that it is in itself entirely without meaning. We cannot ask whether it is true that only one straight line goes through two points. We can only say that Euclidean geometry deals with things called “straight lines,” to each of which is ascribed the property of being uniquely determined by two points situated on it. The concept “true” does not tally with the assertions of pure geometry, because by the word “true” we are eventually in the habit of designating always the correspondence with a “real” object; geometry, however, is not concerned with the relation of the ideas involved in it to objects of experience, but only with the logical connection of these ideas among themselves.

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22 Materials for the Contruction of the whole Convent: There are alo fine Gardens, which reap great Benefit from this hot Water, adorn'd with all Sorts of Flowers, and full of Fruit. And after the River has watered thee Gardens, it empties itelf into the adjoining Bay, which caues it never to freeze; and great Numbers of Fih and flock thither, which yields plentiful Proviion for the Nourihment of the Inhabitants.

Of all the atteted Relations that of Biorno of Skaraa, concerning Bihop Amund of Skalholt, who was driven upon the Coat of Greenland, deerves mot to be credited: By which we learn, that the Colony of the Eatern Ditrict did flourih about 150 Years after the Commerce and Navigation ceaed between Norway and Greenland; and for aught we know, is not yet wholly detitute of its old Norwegian Inhabitants. We have not been able to get any Account of this Matter from the mo- dern

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 It is not difficult to understand why, in spite of this, we feel constrained to call the propositions of geometry “true.” Geometrical ideas correspond to more or less exact objects in nature, and these last are undoubtedly the exclusive cause of the genesis of those ideas. Geometry ought to refrain from such a course, in order to give to its structure the largest possible logical unity. The practice, for example, of seeing in a “distance” two marked positions on a practically rigid body is something which is lodged deeply in our habit of thought. We are accustomed further to regard three points as being situated on a straight line, if their apparent positions can be made to coincide for observation with one eye, under suitable choice of our place of observation.

If, in pursuance of our habit of thought, we now supplement the propositions of Euclidean geometry by the single proposition that two points on a practically rigid body always correspond to the same distance (line-interval), independently of any changes in position to which we may subject the body, the propositions of Euclidean geometry then resolve themselves into propositions on the possible relative position of practically rigid bodies.

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 who dared venture even an anonymous word in my favour just then: and that, of those three, I had never seen one at all — of the second much less than I desired — and that the third was under no kind of obligation to me, whatever; while the other two had been actually attacked by me on a former occasion; one, indeed, with some provocation, but the other wantonly enough. So you see you have been heaping "coals of fire," etc., in the true gospel manner, and I can assure you that they have burnt down to my very heart.

I am glad that you accepted the Inscription. I


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 Geometry which has been supplemented in this way is then to be treated as a branch of physics. We can now legitimately ask as to the “truth” of geometrical propositions interpreted in this way, since we are justified in asking whether these propositions are satisfied for those real things we have associated with the geometrical ideas. In less exact terms we can express this by saying that by the “truth” of a geometrical proposition in this sense we understand its validity for a construction with ruler and compasses.

Of course the conviction of the ‘‘truth” of geometrical propositions in this sense is founded exclusively on rather incomplete experience. For the present we shall assume the “truth” of the geometrical propositions, then at a later stage (in the general theory of relativity) we shall see that this “truth” is limited, and we shall consider the extent of its limitation.

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N the basis of the physical interpretation of distance which has been indicated, we are also in a position to establish the distance between two points on a rigid body by means of measurements. For this purpose we require a “distance” (rod S) which is to be used once and for all, and which we employ as a standard measure. If, now, A and B are two points on a rigid body, we can construct the line joining them according to the rules of geometry; then, starting from A, we can mark off the distance S time after time until we reach B. The number of these operations required is the numerical measure of the distance AB. This is the basis of all measurement of length.

Every description of the scene of an event or of the position of an object in space is based on the specification of the point on a rigid body (body of reference) with which that event or object coin-

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 cides. This applies not only to scientific description, but also to everyday life. If I analyse the place specification “Trafalgar Square, London,” I arrive at the following result. The earth is the rigid body to which the specification of place refers; “Trafalgar Square, London” is a well-defined point, to which a name has been assigned, and with which the event coincides in space.

This primitive method of place specification deals only with places on the surface of rigid bodies, and is dependent on the existence of points on this surface which are distinguishable from each other. But we can free ourselves from both of these limitations without altering the nature of our specification of position. If, for instance, a cloud is hovering over Trafalgar Square, then we can determine its position relative to the surface of the earth by erecting a pole perpendicularly on the Square, so that it reaches the cloud. The length of the pole measured with the standard measuring-rod, combined with the specification of the position of the foot of the pole, supplies us with a complete place specification. On the basis

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 of this illustration, we are able to see the manner in which a refinement of the conception of position has been developed.

(a) We imagine the rigid body, to which the place specification is referred, supplemented in such a manner that the object whose position we require is reached by the completed rigid body.

(b) In locating the position of the object, we make use of a number (here the length of the pole measured with the measuring-rod) instead of designated points of reference.

(c) We speak of the height of the cloud even when the pole which reaches the cloud has not been erected. By means of optical observations of the cloud from different positions on the ground, and taking into account the properties of the propagation of light, we determine the length of the pole we should have required in order to reach the cloud.

From this consideration we see that it will be advantageous if, in the description of position, it should be possible by means of numerical measures to make ourselves independent of the existence of marked positions (possessing names) on the rigid body of reference. In the physics of measurement this is attained by the application of the Cartesian system of co-ordinates.

This consists of three plane surfaces perpendicular to each other and rigidly attached to a rigid

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 body. Referred to a system of co-ordinates, the scene of any event will be determined (for the main part) by the specification of the lengths of the three perpendiculars or co-ordinates (x, y, z) which can be dropped from the scene of the event to those three plane surfaces. The lengths of these three perpendiculars can be determined by a series of manipulations with rigid measuring-rods performed according to the rules and methods laid down by Euclidean geometry.

In practice, the rigid surfaces which constitute the system of co-ordinates are generally not available; furthermore, the magnitudes of the coordinates are not actually determined by constructions with rigid rods, but by indirect means. If the results of physics and astronomy are to maintain their clearness, the physical meaning of specifications of position must always be sought in accordance with the above considerations.

We thus obtain the following result: Every description of events in space involves the use of a rigid body to which such events have to be referred. The resulting relationship takes for granted that the laws of Euclidean geometry hold for “distances,” the ‘‘distance” being represented physically by means of the convention of two marks on a rigid body.

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HE purpose of mechanics is to describe how bodies change their position in space with time.” I should load my conscience with grave sins against the sacred spirit of lucidity were I to formulate the aims of mechanics in this way, without serious reflection and detailed explanations. Let us proceed to disclose these sins.

It is not clear what is to be understood here by “position” and “space.” I stand at the window of a railway carriage which is travelling uniformly, and drop a stone on the embankment, without throwing it. Then, disregarding the influence of the air resistance, I see the stone descend in a straight line. A pedestrian who observes the misdeed from the footpath notices that the stone falls to earth in a parabolic curve. I now ask: Do the ‘‘positions” traversed by the stone lie “in reality” on a straight line or on a parabola? Moreover, what is meant here by motion “in space”? From the considerations of the previous section the answer is self-evident. In the first place, we entirely shun the vague word ‘‘space,”

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 of which, we must honestly acknowledge, we cannot form the slightest conception, and we replace it by “motion relative to a practically rigid body of reference.” The positions relative to the body of reference (railway carriage or embankment) have already been defined in detail in the preceding section. If instead of “body of reference” we insert “system of co-ordinates,” which is a useful idea for mathematical description, we are in a position to say: The stone traverses a straight line relative to a system of co-ordinates rigidly attached to the carriage, but relative to a system of co-ordinates rigidly attached to the ground (embankment) it describes a parabola. With the aid of this example it is clearly seen that there is no such thing as an independently existing trajectory (lit. “path-curve” ), but only a trajectory relative to a particular body of reference.

In order to have a complete description of the motion, we must specify how the body alters its position with time; i.e. for every point on the trajectory it must be stated at what time the body is situated there. These data must be supplemented by such a definition of time that, in virtue of this definition, these time-values can be regarded essentially as magnitudes (results of measurements) capable of observation. If we take our stand on the ground of classical me-

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 chanics, we can satisfy this requirement for our illustration in the following manner. We imagine two clocks of identical construction; the man at the railway-carriage window is holding one of them, and the man on the footpath the other. Each of the observers determines the position on his own reference-body occupied by the stone at each tick of the clock he is holding in his hand. In this connection we have not taken account of the inaccuracy involved by the finiteness of the velocity of propagation of light. With this and with a second difficulty prevailing here we shall have to deal in detail later.

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S is well known, the fundamental law of the mechanics of Galilei-Newton, which is known as the law of inertia, can be stated thus: A body removed sufficiently far from other bodies continues in a state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line. This law not only says something about the motion of the bodies, but it also indicates the reference-bodies or systems of co-ordinates, permissible in mechanics, which can be used in mechanical description. The visible fixed stars are bodies for which the law of inertia certainly holds to a high degree of approximation. Now if we use a system of co-ordinates which is rigidly attached to the earth, then, relative to this system, every fixed star describes a circle of immense radius in the course of an astronomical day, a result which is opposed to the statement of the law of inertia. So that if we adhere to this law we must refer these motions only to systems of coordinates relative to which the fixed stars do not move in a circle. A system of co-ordinates of

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 which the state of motion is such that the law of inertia holds relative to it is called a ‘‘Galileian system of co-ordinates.” The laws of the mechanics of Galilei-Newton can be regarded as valid only for a Galileian system of co-ordinates.

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