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French CJ

unfair, or, put in the terms of the Criminal Appeal Act 1912 (NSW), that there had been a miscarriage of justice."

His Honour quoted with approval observations made in a judgment of the Court of Appeal for England and Wales in R v Betson. In that case, which involved conspiracy to rob the De Beers Millennium exhibition at the London Dome, the judge had slept, for a time, during the speeches of counsel for two of the accused. The Court of Appeal was prepared to accept that he was also asleep during a few other occasions, sometimes to the extent that he woke himself by the sound of his snoring. Their Lordships rejected a contention that he had been asleep on two specific occasions during the testimony of one of the appellants. No point was made of the judge's sleep episodes at trial. There was evidence that the jury had noticed the judge's behaviour.

The argument on the appeal was evidently put on the basis that the appellants had been unfairly prejudiced and that the jury would have formed the impression, in respect of the appellant Betson, that the judge took such a dim view of the defence case, he could not be bothered to stay awake.

The appeal was dismissed on the basis that the judge's sleep episodes were not shown to have led to error. Although observing that it was "highly regrettable" that he had fallen asleep, their Lordships said :

"But because a judge falls asleep or, for any other reason, allows his or her attention to wander, it does not necessarily follow that the trial is unfair, or that any ensuing conviction is unsafe. It is the effect, not the fact, of such inattention which is crucial. This must, in each case, depend on all the circumstances, including the period of inattention, both absolute and as a proportion of the length of the whole trial; the stage of the trial at which the inattention occurs; and, of primary importance, the impact of that inattention, if any, on the course and conduct of the trial."

The Court found that it had not been shown that the judge missed, and failed to sum up to the jury, any significant feature of the evidence or speeches on account of his sleep episodes. His summing-up was "comprehensive and balanced, accurate as to the law and detailed as to the evidence". The Court also rejected the contention that the jury was, even arguably, unfairly prejudiced against any defendant having regard to the length of the trial, the full fair and

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 Cartographic representation of the world’s endangered languages Christopher Moseley

The first edition of this Atlas was coordinated from the Research School of Pacific Studies at the Australian National University, Canberra, by the late Professor S. A. Wurm. The school was in a unique position to record the location of languages graphically, as it had its own wellequipped cartographic department. Since then, however, there have been significant developments in the field of cartography as well as in the amount of linguistic data available. This third edition has adopted some essentially different methods of presenting a snapshot of the current state of language endangerment worldwide. The editorial team has given a great deal of thought as to whether the location of languages should be shown by means of polygons (or areas delimited by borders), accurately corresponding in scale to the territory occupied by the language, or, as in the previous editions, by single (or in some cases multiple) points. For both the online and the printed versions of this edition, we decided in the end to retain single points of a standard size. There are several reasons for this: first, many languages in danger of disappearing are characteristically spoken over a very restricted territory, often a steadily diminishing one. Second, the shape of a polygon would imply that surrounding language(s) also occupy a distinctly shaped territory, which, however, has been omitted from these maps. Third, this in turn implies a discrete monolingualism, which is unlikely to be the case. Speakers of endangered languages are usually forced by circumstances to become fluent in one or more majority languages, for communication with larger out-groups. Fourth, and consequently, this would require an overlap between the polygons to indicate multilingualism, which would detract from the impact of the single points, in many cases clustered together in complex areas of multiple endangerment.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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(lit. "an effort") is a religious war against the infidels, as enjoined by Muhammad in the following passages in the Qurán:—

Súrat-un-Nisá (vi.).

Súrat-ul-Muhammad (xlvii.).

Those who engage in war against the infidels are called Gházís. The whole question of Jihád has been fully discussed by Dr. W. W. Hunter, of the Bengal Civil Service, in his work entitled, "Indian Musalmáns," which is the re-


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 Rh sult of careful inquiry as to the necessary conditions of a Jihád, or Cresentade, instituted at the time of the excitement which existed in India in 1870–71, in consequence of a supposed Wahhábí conspiracy for the overthrow of Christian rule in that country. The whole matter, according to the Sunní Musulmáns, hinges upon the question whether India is Dár-ul-Harb, the land of enmity, or Dár-ul-Islám, the land of Islm.

The Muftís belonging to the Hanifia and Shafaʾía sects at Mecca decided that, "as long as even some of the peculiar observances of Islám prevail in a country, it is Dár-ul-Islám."

The decision of the Muftí of the Málikí sect was very similar, being to the following effect:—

"A country does not become Dár-ul-Harb as soon as it passes into the hands of the infidels, but when all or most of the injunctions of Islám disappear therefrom."

The law doctors of North India decided that, "the absence of protection and liberty to Musulmáns is essential in a Jihád, or religious war, and that there should be a probability of victory to the armies of Islám."

The Shíaʾh decision on the subject was as


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208 follows:—"A Jihád is lawful only when the armies of Islám are led by the rightful Imám, when arms and ammunitions of war and experienced warriors are ready, when it is against the enemies of God, when he who makes war is in possession of his reason, and when he has secured the permission of his parents, and has sufficient money to meet the expenses of his journey."

The Sunnís and Shíaʾhs alike believe in the eventual triumph of Islám, when the whole world shall become followers of the Prophet of Arabia; but whilst the Sunnís are, of course, ready to undertake the accomplishment of this great end, "whenever there is a probability of victory to the Musulmáns," the Shíaʾhs, true to the one great principle of their sect, must wait until the appearance of a rightful Imám.

Not very long ago a learned Muhammadan Qází (judge) was consulted by the writer of these notes with reference to this interesting question, namely, whether India is Dár-ul-Islám, or Dár-ul-Harb. At first he replied Dár-ul-Islám, and then, after a short pause, he said, "Well, sir, may I tell you the truth?" Upon being assured that the ques-


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 Rh tion was put merely as one of theological inquiry, and not for any political reasons, he replied, "It is Dár-ul-Harb." One of his reasons for arriving at this conclusion was the well-known doctrine of Islám that a Muslim cannot be a Zimmí, or one who pays tribute to an infidel power. We believe that the fact that Muhammadans under Christian rule are m an anomalous position, is a source of trouble to many a conscientious Muslim. Many Muslims believe that Hijrat, or flight, is incumbent upon every child of the Faith who is under Káfir (infidel) rule; but, as our friend the Qází put it, "Where are they to go to?" The Muslim who abandons his country under such circumstances is called a Muhájir, or refugee.

When an infidel's country is conquered by a Muslim ruler, its inhabitants are offered three alternatives:—

(1.) The reception of Islám, in which case the conquered become enfranchised citizens of the Muslim state.

(2.) The payment of a poll-tax (Jizíyah), by which unbelievers in Islám obtain protection, and become Zimmís.


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 210 (3.) Death by the sword.

In a state brought under Muslims, all those who do not embrace the faith are placed under certain disabilities. They can worship God according to their own customs, provided they are not idolaters; but it must be done without any ostentation, and, whilst churches and synagogues may be repaired, ''no new place of worship can be erected. Vide'' Hidáyah, where we read:—"The construction of churches, or synagogues, in Muslim territory is unlawful, this being forbidden in the Traditions; but if places of worship belonging to Jews, or Christians, be destroyed, or fall into decay, they are at liberty to repair them, because buildings cannot endure for ever."

Idol temples must be destroyed, and idolatry suppressed by force in all countries ruled according to strict Muslim law.


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OLD EXTRAVAGANZA IN A MODERN DRESS

WILLIAM JOHN COURTHOPE

WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS


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title of Shahíd, or martyr, is given to anyone who dies under the following circumstances:—

1. A soldier who dies in war for the cause of Islám.

2. One who innocently meets with his death from the hand of another.

3. The victim of a plague.

4. A person accidentally drowned.

5. One upon whom a wall may fall accidentally.

6. A person burnt in a house on fire.

7. One who dies from hunger.

8. One who dies on the pilgrimage to Mecca.

If a martyr dies in war, or is innocently murdered, he is buried without the usual washing before burial, as it is said that the blood of a martyr is a sufficient ablution.


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 more than one per cent in one year. This increase of dividend, therefore, when it had risen to its utmost height, could augment their annual payments to their proprietors and government together but by six hundred and eight thousand pounds beyond what they had been before their late territorial acquisitions. What the gross revenue of those territorial acquisitions was supposed to amount to has already been mentioned; and by an account brought by the Cruttenden East Indiaman in 1768, the net revenue, clear of all deductions and military charges, was stated at two millions forty-eight thousand seven hundred and forty-seven pounds. They were said at the same time to possess another revenue, arising partly from lands, but chiefly from the customs established at their different settlements, amounting to four hundred and thirty-nine thousand pounds. The profits of their trade, too, according to the evidence of their chairman before the House of Commons, amounted at this time to at least four hundred thousand pounds a year; according to that of their accountant, to at least five hundred thousand; according to the lowest account, at least equal to the highest dividend that was to be paid to their proprietors. So great a revenue might certainly have afforded an augmentation of six hundred and eight thousand pounds in their annual payments; and at the same time have left a large sinking fund sufficient for the speedy reduction of their debts. In 1773, however, their debts, instead of being reduced, were augmented by an arrear to the treasury in the payment of the four hundred thousand pounds, by another to the custom house for duties unpaid, by a large debt to the bank for money borrowed, and by a fourth for bills drawn upon them from India, and wantonly accepted, to the amount of upward of


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who attempt to deal in poetry with the incidents or theories of the present day, propose to themselves a difficult, some may say an idle, task. The press and rapidity of modern events, and the ease with which ideas are circulated, seem to throw the powers of literature more and more into the hands of the journalist. The words or actions of men are reported through a hundred daily sources, and yet what is engrossing to-day is forgotten to-morrow, so that allusion in poetry runs the double risk of appearing vulgar or obsolete. So much the author would premise with regard to a poem written in a time of profound peace, and sent to press before


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viii the late great events had occurred, which seem to open out altered prospects for the nations of the world. Yet the conflict of principles, which the poem, however trivially, represents, will continue when the incidents of the war now raging are disregarded or forgotten. Nor can these great modern questions be treated in an extravaganza without an admixture of personal and political reference. The example of the great Greek comedian, who so powerfully represented on the stage of Athens the struggle between the material and the spiritual, the traditional and the progressive, may perhaps shield an English imitator from the blame of vulgarising the gravity of philosophy by the licence of contemporary allusion.


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 twelve hundred thousand pounds. The distress which these accumulated claims brought upon them, obliged them not only to reduce all at once their dividend to six per cent, but to throw themselves upon the mercy of government, and to supplicate, first, a release from the further payment of the stipulated four hundred thousand pounds a year; and, secondly, a loan of fourteen hundred thousand to save them from immediate bankruptcy. The great increase of their fortune had, it seems, only served to furnish their servants with a pretext for greater profusion, and a cover for greater malversation than in proportion even to that increase of fortune. The conduct of their servants in India, and the general state of their affairs both in India and in Europe, became the subject of a parliamentary inquiry; in consequence of which several very important alterations were made in the constitution of their government, both at home and abroad. In India, their principal settlements of Madras, Bombay and Calcutta, which had before been altogether independent of one another, were subjected to a Governor-General, assisted by a council of four assessors, Parliament assuming to itself the first nomination of this governor and council who were to reside at Calcutta; that city having now become, what Madras was before, the most important of the English settlements in India. The court of the Mayor of Calcutta, originally instituted for the trial of mercantile causes, which arose in the city and neighborhood, had gradually extended its jurisdiction with the extension of the empire. It was now reduced and confined to the original purpose of its institution. Instead of it a new supreme court of judicature was established, consisting of a chief justice and three judges to be appointed by the


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32 be placed on the descriptions of early remains given by the observers of last century, so far as relates to details. St Margaret’s Inch is the highest part of a narrow ridge of natural gravel which runs out into the loch, and the so-called causeway is the continuation of this ridge as it dips into the deep water. We made sure of this by making various sections across the ridge, which showed its real character.

At some early period a settlement had been formed on the highest point of the ridge, and to make it available for this purpose the following steps were adopted :—First, a deep trench was cut across the ridge where it joins the shore, so as to insulate the promontory. Next, as the round and narrow ridge did not give much of an available flat surface, it was widened on the north side at the base by a considerable extent of piling, within which trees were disposed, with their branches, and piles in a transverse direction, and on them a quantity of black soil was laid. Some of these trees were found to be-birch and others oak ; and the soil appeared to have been the debris of a midden, being mixed with bones, charred wood, and ashes. This secured a narrow flat space at the base of the ridge, and on cutting through it inward we reached the core of gravel of the original ridge.

The higher surface of the Inch had been obtained by bringing soil from the shore, and spreading it across the gravel ridge, especially towards the west end, where the widest level space was attained. Pits were dug at various spots of this surface, when it appeared that towards the east end there was nothing except the natural gravel, while the formation became to be of dark and travelled soil towards the west. In some of the holes bits of pottery and bones of animals were discovered. The south side of the ridge is flatter than the north, and did not require to be widened or made up by piling, but there are rows of oak piles driven into the ground along the margin, and big stones are laid in the same line, both being obviously intended to resist the force of wind and water.

In the case of the stockaded island on Loch Canmore in Aberdeenshire, which has also been described as artificial and resting on piles, I found, on recently inspecting it, that it is wholly natural, and that the only piles which occur about it are a few lines at the west end, designed, as at St Margaret’s Inch, to strengthen the marginal border against the force of the prevailing winds. The relics which have been found on St Margaret’s Irich


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 Rh "Great is Thy Name."

"Great is Thy Greatness."

"Great is Thy Praise."

"There is no deity but Thee."

"O God, have mercy on Muhammad and upon his descendants, as Thou didst bestow mercy, and peace, and blessing, and compassion, and great kindness upon Abraham and upon his descendants."

"Thou art praised, and Thou art great!"

"O God, bless Muhammad and his descendants, as Thou didst bless and didst have compassion and great kindness upon Abraham and upon his descendants."

"O God, forgive our living and our dead, and those of us who are present, and those who are absent, and our children, and our full


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 crown. In Europe, the qualification necessary to entitle a proprietor to vote at their general courts was raised from five hundred pounds, the original price of a share in the stock of the company, to a thousand pounds. In order to vote upon this qualification, too, it was declared necessary that he should have possessed it, if acquired by his own purchase, and not by inheritance, for at least one year, instead of six months, the term requisite before. The court of twenty-four directors had before been chosen annually; but it was now enacted that each director should, for the future, be chosen for four years; six of them, however, to go out of office by rotation every year, and not to be capable of being re-chosen at the election of the six new directors for the ensuing year. In consequence of these alterations, the courts, both of the proprietors and directors, it was expected, would be likely to act with more dignity and steadiness than they had usually done before. But it seems impossible, by any alterations, to reader those courts, in any respect, fit to govern, or even to share in the government of a great empire; because the greater part of their members must always have too little interest in the prosperity of that empire to give any serious attention to what may promote it. Frequently a man of great, sometimes even a man of small fortune, is willing to purchase a thousand pounds share in India stock, merely for the influence which he expects to acquire by a vote in the court of proprietors. It gives him a share, though not in the plunder, yet in the appointment of the plunderers of India; the court of directors, though they make that appointment, being necessarily more or less under the influence of the proprietors, who not only elect those directors, but sometimes overrule the appointments of their servants in India.


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 Provided he can enjoy this influence for a few years, and thereby provide for a certain number of his friends, he frequently cares little about the dividend; or even about the value of the stock upon which his vote is founded. About the prosperity of the great empire, in the government of which that vote gives him a share, he seldom cares at all. No other sovereigns ever were, or, from the nature of things, ever could be, so perfectly indifferent about the happiness or misery of their subjects, the improvement or waste of their dominions, the glory or disgrace of their administration; as, from irresistible moral causes, the greater part of the proprietors of such a mercantile company are, and necessarily must be. This indifference, too, was more likely to be increased than diminished by some of the new regulations which were made in consequence of the parliamentary inquiry. By a resolution of the House of Commons, for example, it was declared that when the fourteen hundred thousand pounds lent to the company by government should be paid, and their bond debts be reduced to fifteen hundred thousand pounds, they might then, and not till then, divide eight per cent upon their capital; and that whatever remained of their revenues and net profits at home should be divided into four parts; three of them to be paid into the exchequer for the use of the public, and the fourth to be reserved as a fund, either for the further reduction of their bond debts, or for the discharge of other contingent exigencies which the company might labor under. But if the company were bad stew ardsstewards [sic], and bad sovereigns, when the whole of their net revenue and profits belonged to themselves, and were at their own disposal, they were surely not likely to be better, when three-fourths of them were to belong to other


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 people, and the other fourth, though to be laid out for the benefit of the company, yet to be so, under the inspection, and with the approbation, of other people.

It might be more agreeable to the company that their own servants and dependants should have either the pleasure of wasting, or the profit of embezzling whatever surplus might remain, after paying the proposed dividend of eight per cent, than that it should come into the hands of a set of people with whom those resolutions could scarce fail to set them, in some measure, at variance. The interest of those servants and dependants might so far predominate in the court of proprietors, as sometimes to dispose it to support the authors of depredations which had been committed, in direct violation of its own authority. With the majority of proprietors, the support even of the authority of their own court might sometimes be a matter of less consequence, than the support of those who had set that authority at defiance.

The regulations of 1773, accordingly, did not put an end to the disorders of the company's government in India. Notwithstanding that, during a momentary fit of good conduct, they had at one time collected, into the treasury of Calcutta, more than three millions sterling; notwithstanding that they had afterward extended, either their dominion, or their depredations over a vast accession of some of the richest and most fertile countries in India; all was wasted and destroyed. They found themselves altogether unprepared to stop or resist the incursion of Hyder Ali; and, in consequence of those disorders, the company is now (1784) in greater distress than ever; and, in order to prevent immediate bankruptcy, is once more reduced to supplicate the assistance of government. Differ-


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 ent plans have been proposed by the different parties in Parliament, for the better management of its affairs. And all those plans seem to agree in supposing, what was indeed always abundantly evident, that it is altogether unfit to govern its territorial possessions. Even the company itself seems to be convinced of its own incapacity so far, and seems, upon that account, willing to give them up to government.

With the right of possessing forts and garrisons in distant and barbarous countries, is necessarily connected the right of making peace and war in those countries. The joint stock companies which have had the one right, have constantly exercised the other, and have frequently had it expressly conferred upon them. How unjustly, how capriciously, how cruelly they have commonly exercised it, is too well known from recent experience.

When a company of merchants undertake, at their own risk and expense, to establish a new trade with some remote and barbarous nation, it may not be unreasonable to incorporate them into a joint stock company, and to grant them, in case of their success, a monopoly of the trade for a certain number of years. It is the easiest and most natural way in which the State can recompense them for hazarding a dangerous and expensive experiment, of which the public is afterward to reap the benefit. A temporary monopoly of this kind may be vindicated upon the same principles upon which a like monopoly of a new machine is granted to its inventor, and that of a new book to its author. But upon the expiration of the term, the monopoly ought certainly to determine; the forts and garrisons, if it was found necessary to establish any, to be taken into the hands of government, their value to be paid to the


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 berness and humility. But my ascendency over my enemies was great indeed; for wherever I appeared I was hailed with approbation, and where-ever my guilty brother made his appearance, he was hooted and held in derision, till he was forced to hide his disgraceful head, and appear no more in public.

Immediately after this I was seized with a strange distemper, which neither my friends nor physicians could comprehend, and it confined me to my chamber for many days; but I knew, myself, that I was bewitched, and suspected my father's reputed concubine of the deed. I told my fears to my reverend protector, who hesitated concerning them, but I knew by his words and looks that he was conscious I was right. I generally conceived myself to be two people. When I lay in bed, I deemed there were two of us in it; when I sat up, I always beheld another person, and always in the same position from the place where I sat or stood, which was about three paces off me towards my left side. It mattered not how many or how few were present: this my second self was sure to be present in his place and this occasioned a confusion in all my words and ideas that utterly astounded my


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 company, and the trade to be laid open to all the subjects of the State. By a perpetual monopoly, all the other subjects of the State are taxed very absurdly in two different ways; first, by the high price of goods, which, in the case of a free trade, they could buy much cheaper; and, secondly, by their total exclusion from a branch of business, which it might be both convenient and profitable for many of them to carry on. It is for the most worthless of all purposes too that they are taxed in this manner. It is merely to enable the company to support the negligence, profusion, and malversation of their own servants, whose disorderly conduct seldom allows the dividend of the company to exceed the ordinary rate of profit in trades which are altogether free, and very frequently makes it fall even a good deal short of that rate. Without a monopoly, however, a joint stock company, it would appear from experience, cannot long carry on any branch of foreign trade. To buy in one market, in order to sell, with profit, in another, when there are many competitors in both; to watch over, not only the occasional variations in the demand, but the much greater and more frequent variations in the competition, or in the supply which that demand is likely to get from other people, and to suit with dexterity and judgment both the quantity and quality of each assortment of goods to all these circumstances, is a species of warfare of which the operations are continually changing, and which can scarce ever be conducted successfully, without such an unremitting exertion of vigilance and attention, as cannot long be expected from the directors of a joint stock company. The East India Company, upon the redemption of their funds, and the expiration of their exclusive privilege, have a right, by act of Parliament, to continue a corporation with


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 friends, who all declared, that instead of being deranged in my intellect, they had never heard my conversation manifest so much energy or sublimity of conception; but for all that, over the singular delusion that I was two persons, my reasoning faculties had no power. The most perverse part of it was, that I rarely conceived myself to be any of the two persons. I thought for the most part that my companion was one of them, and my brother the other; and I found, that to be obliged to speak and answer in the character of another man, was a most awkward business at the long run.

Who can doubt, from this statement, that I was bewitched, and that my relatives were at the ground of it? The constant and unnatural persuasion that I was my brother, proved it to my own satisfaction, and must, I think, do so to every unprejudiced person. This victory of the wicked one over me kept me confined in my chamber, at Mr. Millar's house, for nearly a month, until the prayers of the faithful prevailed, and I was restored. I knew it was a chastisement for my pride, because my heart was lifted up at my superiority over the enemies of the church; nevertheless, I determined to make short work with the aggressor, that the righteous


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 might not be subjected to the effect of his diabolical arts again.

I say I was confined a month. I beg he that readeth to take note of this, that he may estimate how much the word, or even the oath, of a wicked man, is to depend on. For a month I saw no one but such as came into my room, and for all that, it will be seen, that there were plenty of the same set to attest upon oath that I saw my brother every day during that period; that I persecuted him with my presence day and night, while all the time I never saw his face, save in a delusive dream. I cannot comprehend what manoeuvres my illustrious friend was playing off with them about this time; for he, having the art of personating whom he chose, had peradventure deceived them, else so many of them had never all attested the same thing. I never saw any man so steady in his friendships and attentions as he; but as he made a rule of never calling at private houses, for fear of some discovery being made of his person, so I never saw him while my malady lasted; but as soon as I g grew better, I knew I had nothing ado but to attend at some of our places of meeting, to see him again. He was punctual, as usual, and I had not to wait.


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 there are such contrarieties of motions in the parts of the Terrestrial Surface, whilst it turneth round upon its own centre, it is necessary, that in conjoyning this Diurnal Motion, with the other Annual, there do result an absolute motion for the parts of the said Terrestrial Superficies, one while very accelerate, and another while as slow again. The which is manifest, considering first the parts about D, the absolute motion of which shall be extream swift, as that which proceedeth from two motions made both one way, namely, towards the left hand; the first of which is part of the Annual Motion, common to all the parts of the Globe, the other is that of the said point D., carried likewise to the left, by the Diurnal Revolution; so that, in this case, the Diurnal motion increaseth and accelerateth the Annual. The contrary to which happeneth in the opposite part F, which, whilst it is by the common annual motion carried, together with the whole Globe, towards the left, it happeneth to be carried by the Diurnal conversion also towards the right: so that the Diurnal motion by that means detracteth from the Annual, whereupon the absolute motion, resulting from the composition of both the other, is much retarded. Again, about the points E and G, the absolute motion becometh in a manner equal to the simple Annual one, in regard that little or nothing increaseth or diminisheth it, as not tending either to the left hand, or to the right, but downwards and upwards. We will conclude therefore, that like as it is true, that the motion of the whole Globe, and of each of its parts, would be equal and uniforme, in case they did move with one single motion, whether it were the meer Annual, or the single Diurnal Revolution, so it is requisite, that mixing those two motions together, there do result thence for the parts of the said Globe irregular motions, one while accelerated, and another while retarded, by means of the additions or substractions of the Diurnal conversion from the annual circulation. So that, if it be true (and most true it is, as experience proves) that the acceleration and retardation of the motion of the Vessel, makes water contained therein to run to and again the long wayes of it, and to rise and fall in its extreames, who will make scruple of granting, that the said effect may, nay ought to succeed in the Sea-waters, contained within their Vessels, subject to such like alterations, and especially in those that distend themselves long-wayes from West to East, which is the course that the motion of those same Vessels steereth? Now this is the most potent and primary cause of the ebbing and flowing, without the which no such effect would ensue. But because the particular accidents are many and various, that in several places and times are observed, which must of necessity have dependance


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 a joint stock, and to trade in their corporate capacity to the East Indies in common with the rest of their fellow subjects. But in this situation, the superior vigilance and attention of private adventurers would, in all probability, soon make them weary of the trade.

An eminent French author, of great knowledge in matters of political economy, the Abbé Morellet, gives a list of fifty-five joint stock companies for foreign trade, which have been established in different parts of Europe since the year 1600, and which, according to him, have all failed from mismanagement, notwithstanding they had exclusive privileges. He had been misinformed with regard to the history of two or three of them, which were not joint stock companies, and have not failed. But, in compensation, there have been several joint stock companies which have failed, and which he has omitted.

The only trades which it seems possible for a joint stock company to carry on successfully, without an exclusive privilege, are those of which all the operations are capable of being reduced to what is called a routine, or to such a uniformity of method as admits of little or no variation. Of this kind is, first, the banking trade; secondly, the trade of insurance from fire, and from sea risk and capture in time of war; thirdly, the trade of making and maintaining a navigable cut or canal; and, fourthly, the similar trade of bringing water for the supply of a great city.

Though the principles of the banking trade may appear somewhat abstruse, the practice is capable of being reduced to strict rules. To depart upon any occasion from those rules, in consequence of some flattering speculation of extraordinary gain, is almost always extremely dangerous, and frequently fatal to the banking company which attempts


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 on other different concomitant causes, although they ought all to have connexion with the primary; therefore it is convenient that we propound and examine the several accidents that may be the causes of such different effects.

The first of which is, that when ever the water, by means of a notable retardation or acceleration of the motion of the Vessel, its container, shall have acquired a cause of running towards this or that extream, and shall be raised in the one, and abated in the other, it shall not neverthelesse continue, for any time in that state, when once the primary cause is ceased: but by vertue of its own gravity and natural inclination to level and grow, even it shall speedily return backwards of its own accord, and, as being grave and fluid, shall not only move towards Æquilibrium; but being impelled by its own impetus, shall go beyond it, rising in the part, where before it was lowest; nor shall it stay here, but returning backwards anew, with more reiterated reciprocations of its undulations, it shall give us to know, that it will not from a velocity of motion, once conceived, reduce it self, in an instant, to the privation thereof, and to the state of rest, but will successively, by decreasing a little and a little, reduce it self unto the same, just in the same manner as we see a weight hanging at a cord, after it hath been once removed from its state of rest, that is, from its perpendicularity, of its own accord, to return thither and settle it self, but not till such time as it shall have often past to one side, and to the other, with its reciprocall vibrations.

The second accident to be observed is, that the before-declared reciprocations of motion come to be made and repeated with greater or lesser frequency, that is, under shorter or longer times, according to the different lengths of the Vessels containing the waters; so that in the shorter spaces the reciprocations are more frequent, and in the longer more rare: just as in the former example of pendent bodies, the vibrations of those that are hanged to longer cords are seen to be lesse frequent, than those of them that hang at shorter strings.

And here, for a third observation, it is to be noted, that not onely the greater or lesser length of the Vessel is a cause that the water maketh its reciprocations under different times; but the greater or lesser profundity worketh the same effect. And it happeneth, that of waters contained in receptacles of equall length, but of unequal depth, that which shall be the deepest, maketh its undulations under shorter times, and the reciprocations of the shallower waters are lesse frequent.

Fourthly, there are two effects worthy to be noted, and diligently observed, which the water worketh in those its vibra-


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 tions; the one is its rising and falling alternately towards the one and other extremity; the other is its moving and running, to so speak, Horizontally forwards and backwards. Which two different motions differently reside in divers parts of the Water: for its extream parts are those which most eminently rise and fall; those in the middle never absolutely moving upwards, and downwards; of the rest successively those that are neerest to the extreams rise and fall proportionally more than the remote: but on the contrary, touching the other progressive motion forwards and backwards, the middle parts move notably, going and returning, and the waters that are in the extream parts gain no ground at all; save onely in case that in their rising they overflow their banks, and break forth of their first channel and receptacle; but where there is the obstacle of banks to keep them in, they onely rise and fall; which yet hindereth not the waters in the middle from fluctuating to and again; which likewise the other parts do in proportion, undulating more or lesse, according as they are neerer or more remote from the middle.

The fifth particular accident ought the more attentively to be considered, in that it is impossible to represent the effect thereof by an experiment or example; and the accident is this. In the vessels by us framed with art, and moved, as the abovenamed Bark, one while more, and another while lesse swiftly, the acceleration and retardation is imparted in the same manner to all the vessel, and to every part of it; so that whilst v. g. the Bark forbeareth to move, the parts precedent retard no more than the subsequent, but all equally partake of the same retardment; and the self-same holds true of the acceleration, namely, that conferring on the Bark a new cause of greater velocity, the Prow and Poop both accelerate in one and the same manner. But in huge great vessels, such as are the very long bottomes of Seas, albeit they also are no other than certain cavities made in the solidity of the Terrestrial Globe, it alwayes admirably happeneth, that their extreams do not unitedly equall, and at the same moments of time increase and diminish their motion, but it happeneth that when one of its extreames hath, by vertue of the commixtion of the two Motions, Diurnal, and Annual, greatly retarded its velocity, the other extream is animated with an extream swift motion. Which for the better understanding of it we will explain, reassuming a Scheme like to the former; in which if we do but suppose a tract of Sea to be long, v. g. a fourth part, as is the arch B C [in Fig. 2.] because the parts B are, as hath been already declared, very swift in motion, by reason of the union of the two motions diurnal and annual, towards one and the same way,


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'''128 of an animal found dead or mauled by wild beasts may be used for any other purpose, but you must not eat it.

If anyone eats the fat of an animal from which an offering made by fire may be presented to the LORD, the one who eats it must be cut off from his people. You must not eat the blood of any bird or animal in any of your dwellings. If anyone eats blood, that person must be cut off from his people.’”

The Priests’ Portion

Then the LORD said to Moses, “Speak to the Israelites and say, ‘Anyone who presents a peace offering to the LORD must bring it as his sacrifice to the LORD. With his own hands he is to bring the offerings made by fire to the LORD; he shall bring the fat, together with the breast, and wave the breast as a wave offering before the LORD.

The priest is to burn the fat on the altar, but the breast belongs to Aaron and his sons. And you are to give the right thigh to the priest as a contribution from your peace offering. The son of Aaron who presents the blood and fat of the peace offering shall have the right thigh as a portion.

I have taken from the sons of Israel the breast of the wave offering and the thigh of the contribution of their peace offerings, and I have given them to Aaron the priest and his sons as a permanent portion from the sons of Israel.’”

This is the portion of the offerings made by fire to the LORD for Aaron and his sons since the day they were presented to serve the LORD as priests. On the day they were anointed, the LORD commanded that this be given them by the sons of Israel. It is a permanent portion for the generations to come.

This is the law of the burnt offering, the grain offering, the sin offering, the guilt offering, the ordination offering, and the peace offering, which the LORD gave Moses on Mount Sinai on the day He commanded the Israelites to present their offerings to the LORD in the Wilderness of Sinai. Moses Consecrates Aaron and His Sons (Exodus 29:1–9)

Then the LORD said to Moses, “Take Aaron and his sons, their garments, the anointing oil, the bull of the sin offering, the two rams, and the basket of unleavened bread, and assemble the whole congregation at the entrance to the Tent of Meeting.”

So Moses did as the LORD had commanded him, and the assembly gathered at the entrance to the Tent of Meeting. And Moses said to them, “This is what the LORD has commanded to be done.”

Then Moses presented Aaron and his sons and washed them with water. He put the tunic on Aaron, tied the sash around him, clothed him with the robe, and put the ephod on him. He tied the woven band of the ephod around him and fastened it to him. Then he put the breastpiece on him and placed the Urim and Thummim in the breastpiece. Moses also put the turban on Aaron’s head and set the gold plate, the holy diadem, on the front of the turban, as the LORD had commanded him.

Next, Moses took the anointing oil and anointed the tabernacle and everything in it; and so he consecrated them. He sprinkled some of the oil on the altar seven times, anointing the altar and all its utensils, and the basin with its stand, to consecrate them.


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'''Leviticus 8:33 He also poured some of the anointing oil on Aaron’s head and anointed him to consecrate him. Then Moses presented Aaron’s sons, put tunics on them, wrapped sashes around them, and tied headbands on them, just as the LORD had commanded him.

The Priests’ Sin Offering

Moses then brought the bull near for the sin offering, and Aaron and his sons laid their hands on its head. Moses slaughtered the bull, took some of the blood, and applied it with his finger to all four horns of the altar, purifying the altar. He poured out the rest of the blood at the base of the altar and consecrated it so that atonement could be made on it.

Moses also took all the fat that was on the entrails, the lobe of the liver, and both kidneys and their fat, and burned it all on the altar. But the bull with its hide, flesh, and dung he burned outside the camp, as the LORD had commanded him.

The Priests’ Burnt Offering

Then Moses presented the ram for the burnt offering, and Aaron and his sons laid their hands on its head. Moses slaughtered the ram and sprinkled the blood on all sides of the altar. He cut the ram into pieces and burned the head, the pieces, and the fat. He washed the entrails and legs with water and burned the entire ram on the altar as a burnt offering, a pleasing aroma, an offering made by fire to the LORD, just as the LORD had commanded Moses.

The Ram of Ordination (Exodus 29:10–30)

After that, Moses presented the other ram, the ram of ordination, and Aaron and his sons laid their hands on its head. Moses slaughtered the ram and took some of its blood and put it on Aaron’s right earlobe, on the thumb of his right hand, and on the big toe of his right foot. Moses also presented Aaron’s sons and put some of the blood on their right earlobes, on the thumbs of their right hands, and on the big toes of their right feet. Then he sprinkled the blood on all sides of the altar.

And Moses took the fat—the fat tail, all the fat that was on the entrails, the lobe of the liver, and both kidneys with their fat—as well as the right thigh. And from the basket of unleavened bread that was before the LORD, he took one cake of unleavened bread, one cake of bread made with oil, and one wafer, and he placed them on the fat portions and on the right thigh. He put all these in the hands of Aaron and his sons and waved them before the LORD as a wave offering.

Then Moses took these from their hands and burned them on the altar with the burnt offering. This was an ordination offering, a pleasing aroma, an offering made by fire to the LORD. He also took the breast—Moses’ portion of the ram of ordination—and waved it before the LORD as a wave offering, as the LORD had commanded him.

Next, Moses took some of the anointing oil and some of the blood that was on the altar and sprinkled them on Aaron and his garments, and on his sons and their garments. So he consecrated Aaron and his garments, as well as Aaron’s sons and their garments.

And Moses said to Aaron and his sons, “Boil the meat at the entrance to the Tent of Meeting and eat it there with the bread that is in the basket of ordination offerings, as I commanded, saying, ‘Aaron and his sons are to eat it.’ Then you must burn up the remainder of the meat and bread.

You must not go outside the entrance to the Tent of Meeting for seven days, until the days of your ordination are complete; for it will


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 but the part C at the same time is retarded in its motion, as being deprived of the progression dependant on the diurnal motion: If we suppose, I say, a tract of Sea as long as the arch B C, we have already seen, that its extreams shall move in the same time with great inequality. And extreamly different would the velocities of a tract of Sea be that is in length a semicircle, and placed in the position B C D, in regard that the extream B would be in a most accelerate motion, and the other D, in a most slow one; and the intermediate parts towards C, would be in a moderate motion. And according as the said tracts of Sea shall be shorter, they shall lesse participate of this extravagant accident, of being in some hours of the day with their parts diversly affected by velocity and tardity of motion. So that, if, as in the first case, we see by experience that the acceleration and retardation, though equally imparted to all the parts of the conteining Vessel, is the cause that the water contained fluctuates too and again, what may we think would happen in a Vessel so admirably disposed, that retardation and acceleration of motion is very unequally contributed to its parts? Certainly we must needs grant that greater and more wonderful causes of the commotions in the Water ought to be looked for. And though it may seem impossible to some, that in artificial Machines and Vessels we should be able to experiment the effects of such an accident; yet neverthelesse it is not absolutely impossible to be done; and I have by me the model of an Engine, in which the effect of these admirable commixtions of motions may be particularly observed. But as to what concerns our present purpose, that which you may have hitherto comprehended with your imagination may suffice.

I for my own particular very well conceive that this admirable accident ought necessarily to evene in the Straights of Seas, and especially in those that distend themselves for a great length from West to East; namely according to the course of the motions of the Terrestrial Globe; and as it is in a certain manner unthought of, and without a president among the motions possible to be made by us, so it is not hard for me to believe, that effects may be derived from the same, which are not to be imitated by our artificial experiments.

These things being declared, it is time that we proceed to examine the particular accidents, which, together with their diversities, are observed by experience in the ebbing and flowing of the waters. And first we need not think it hard to guesse whence it happeneth, that in Lakes, Pooles, and also in the lesser Seas there is no notable flux and reflux; the which hath two very solid reasons. The one is, that by reason of the short-


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'''130 take seven days to ordain you. What has been done today has been commanded by the LORD in order to make atonement on your behalf. You must remain at the entrance to the Tent of Meeting day and night for seven days and keep the LORD’s charge so that you will not die, for this is what I have been commanded.”

So Aaron and his sons did everything the LORD had commanded through Moses. Aaron’s First Offerings

On the eighth day Moses summoned Aaron and his sons and the elders of Israel. He said to Aaron, “Take for yourself a young bull for a sin offering and a ram for a burnt offering, both without blemish, and present them before the LORD. Then speak to the Israelites and say, ‘Take a male goat for a sin offering, a calf and a lamb—both a year old and without blemish—for a burnt offering, an ox and a ram for a peace offering to sacrifice before the LORD, and a grain offering mixed with oil. For today the LORD will appear to you.’”

So they took what Moses had commanded to the front of the Tent of Meeting, and the whole congregation drew near and stood before the LORD. And Moses said, “This is what the LORD has commanded you to do, so that the glory of the LORD may appear to you.”

Then Moses said to Aaron, “Approach the altar and sacrifice your sin offering and your burnt offering to make atonement for yourself and for the people. And sacrifice the people’s offering to make atonement for them, as the LORD has commanded.”

So Aaron approached the altar and slaughtered the calf as a sin offering for himself. The sons of Aaron brought the blood to him, and he dipped his finger in the blood and applied it to the horns of the altar. And he poured out the rest of the blood at the base of the altar. On the altar he burned the fat, the kidneys, and the lobe of the liver from the sin offering, as the LORD had commanded Moses. But he burned up the flesh and the hide outside the camp.

Then Aaron slaughtered the burnt offering. His sons brought him the blood, and he sprinkled it on all sides of the altar. They brought him the burnt offering piece by piece, including the head, and he burned them on the altar. He washed the entrails and the legs and burned them atop the burnt offering on the altar.

Aaron then presented the people’s offering. He took the male goat for the people’s sin offering, slaughtered it, and offered it for sin like the first one.

He presented the burnt offering and offered it according to the ordinance.

Next he presented the grain offering, took a handful of it, and burned it on the altar in addition to the morning’s burnt offering.

Then he slaughtered the ox and the ram as the people’s peace offering. His sons brought him the blood, and he sprinkled it on all sides of the altar.

They also brought the fat portions from the ox and the ram—the fat tail, the fat covering the entrails, the kidneys, and the lobe of the liver— and placed these on the breasts. Aaron burned the fat portions on the altar, but he waved the breasts and the right thigh as a wave offering before the LORD, as Moses had commanded.


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 nesse of the Vessel, in its acquiring in several hours of the day several degrees of velocity, they are with very little difference acquired by all its parts; for as well the precedent as the subsequent, that is to say, both the Eastern and Western parts, do accelerate and retard almost in the same manner; and withal making that alteration by little and little, and not by giving the motion of the conteining Vessel a sudden check, and retardment, or a sudden and great impulse or acceleration; both it and all its parts, come to be gently and equally impressed with the same degrees of velocity; from which uniformity it followeth, that also the conteined water with but small resistance and opposition, receiveth the same impressions, and by consequence doth give but very obscure signes of its rising or falling, or of its running towards one part or another. The which effect is likewise manifestly to be seen in the little artificial Vessels, wherein the contained water doth receive the self same impressions of velocity; when ever the acceleration and retardation is made by gentle and uniform proportion. But in the Straights and Bays that for a great length distend themselves from East to West, the acceleration and retardation is more notable and more uneven, for that one of its extreams shall be much retarded in motion, and the other shall at the same time move very swiftly: The reciprocal libration or levelling of the water proceeding from the impetus that it had conceived from the motion of its container. The which libration, as hath been noted, hath its undulations very frequent in small Vessels; from whence ensues, that though there do reside in the Terrestrial motions the cause of conferring on the waters a motion onely from twelve hours to twelve hours, for that the motion of the conteining Vessels do extreamly accelerate and extreamly retard but once every day, and no more; yet neverthelesse this same second cause depending on the gravity of the water which striveth to reduce it self to equilibration, and that according to the shortnesse of the Vessel hath its reciprocations of one, two, three, or more hours, this intermixing with the first, which also it self in small Vessels is very little, it becommeth upon the whole altogether insensible. For the primary cause, which hath the periods of twelve hours, having not made and end of imprinting the precedent commotion, it is overtaken and opposed by the other second, dependant on the waters own weight, which according to the brevity and profundity of the Vessel, hath the time of its undulations of one, two, three, four, or more hours; and this contending with the other former one, disturbeth and removeth it, not permitting it to come to the height, no nor to the half of its motion; and by this contestation the evidence of the ebbing and


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 flowing is wholly annihilated, or at least very much obscured. I passe by the continual alteration of the air, which disquieting the water, permits us not to come to a certainty, whether any, though but small, encrease or abatement of half an inch, or losse, do reside in the Straights, or receptacles of water not above a degree or two in length.

I come in the second place to resolve the question, why, there not residing any vertue in the primary principle of commoving the waters, save onely every twelve hours, that is to say, once by the greatest velocity, and once by the greatest tardity of motion; the ebbings and flowings should yet neverthelesse appear to be every six hours. To which is answered, that this determination cannot any wayes be taken from the primary cause onely; but there is a necessity of introducing the secondary causes, as namely the greater or lesse length of the Vessels, and the greater or lesse depth of the waters in them conteined. Which causes although they have not any operation in the motions of the waters, those operations belonging to the sole primary cause, without which no ebbing or flowing would happen, yet neverthelesse they have a principal share in determining the times or periods of the reciprocations, and herein their influence is so powerful, that the primary cause must of force give way unto them. The period of six hours therefore is no more proper or natural than those of other intervals of times, though indeed its the most observed, as agreeing with our Mediterrane, which was the onely Sea that for many Ages was navigated: though neither is that period observed in all its parts; for that in some more angust places, such as are the Hellespont, and the Ægean Sea, the periods are much shorter, and also very divers amongst themselves; for which diversities, and their causes incomprehensible to Aristotle, some say, that after he had a long time observed it upon some cliffes of Negropont, being brought to desperation, he threw himself into the adjoyning Euripus, and voluntarily drowned himself.

In the third place we have the reason ready at hand, whence it commeth to passe, that some Seas, although very long, as is the Red Sea, are almost altogether exempt from Tides, which happeneth because their length extendeth not from East to West, but rather transversly from the Southeast to the Northwest; but the motions of the Earth going from West to East; the impulses of the water, by that means, alwayes happen to fall in the Meridians, and do not move from parallel to parallel; insomuch that in the Seas that extend themselves athwart towards the Poles, and that the contrary way are narrow, there is


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 a Philosophy of Heraldry that has yet to be written. Like Philology, Zoology, Ethnology, and other sciences, it illustrates the sublime law of Development. Investigated in the spirit of Geology, combining the discovery of isolated facts with speculations as to their relation and common origin, it will render no small service in contributing to prove the connection of families and races up to remote and obscure periods, and thus throw a light on the history of mankind that might be obtained from no other source. The studies and tastes of the age happily tend to advance this kind of knowledge, and they could have received no grander homage than is presented in that magnificent temple of heraldry, the New Palace of Westminster.

Many of the arms blazoned have not the colours given, for authorities differ about many of them so much, that it would be very difficult to give them accurately ; and in the derivation of arms it is the charges and not the tinctures which prove the affinity.


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 of an alliance with that eminent family, which the (7) adopted entirely, on marrying the heiress of Marainot. The arms of the distinguished Sussex family of (8) were chiefly derived from the De Veres, Sir Jordan de Sackville, who died in the ninth of King John's reign, marrying a daughter of the Earl of Oxford.

Adelisa, widow of Henry I, gave to her brother, Josceline de Louvaine, the honour and manor of Petworth. He married, 1122, Agnes de, the heiress of that noble house. "Before his nuptials," says Collins (v. 318), "she covenanted with him that he should bear the arms of the Lords Percy and omit his own, or continue his own arms, and take the surname of Percy, to him and his posterity for ever; and he chose the latter alternative ; which is taken notice of in the following lines, under the picture in the pedigree at Sion House:

""Lord Percy's heir I was, whose noble name By me survives unto his lasting fame; Brabant's Duke's son I wed, who for my sake Retain'd his arms, and Percy's name did take.""

The arms of Louvaine, henceforth of Percy, were or a lion rampant azure. This being a simple ancient device, and of the colours, supposed to be the privilege originally of noble families, and their eldest sons, it is probable they were the ancient hereditary ensigns of the Dukes of Brabant for centuries. As Josceline de Louvaine was only a younger son, he ought, according to the laws of heraldry to have borne some difference on his shield, but probably it was the custom, in order to render the charges as few and as simple as possible, to abandon marks of cadency on settling in another country, where the same coat might not occur, just as an elder son dropped the label generally put on his escutcheon, on succeeding to the paternal honours. But the old arms of Percy—az. 5 fusils conjoined in fess or—were perpetuated in the family of, of West Sussex, whose ancestor, Josceline de Alta Ripa, was nephew of Josceline de Louvaine.

The F, Earls of Arundel, adopted the arms of the De Albinis, whose titles and estates they inherited. These, as attributed to "John le Fitz Aleyn" in the Roll of Arms, 1240-45, were "de goides a ung lion d'or rampant." This


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The origin of the armorial bearings of a family is not only a most interesting and curious inquiry in itself, but never fails considerably to illustrate family and territorial history. It is amazing what difficulties are cleared up, what unexpected relations appear, what clues to further discovery or conjecture are afforded, by successful researches of this kind ; and what speculation, and often a bold application of general rules, working on but few materials, will lead to, in the shape of results equally unlooked for and gratifying.

The occasions of the assumption of armorial bearings have been such as to invest them with circumstances of honour and poetical interest. The associations connected with them are many and diversified. When one had been displayed for the first time in the Holy Land, and its owner had earned the rewards of valour and prowess, this symbol of renown would be transmitted to posterity as a cherished family emblem ; and when we find thousands of them thus or equally honourably acquired, we need not wonder at the reverence with which they were considered, that by succeeding generations they were locked upon proudly, and guarded with jealousy. They are accordingly commemorated in various ways. They garnish in beautiful emblazonry the vellum page of the mediaeval chronicler; engraven on stone and on brass, in the "long drawn aisle and fretted vault," they are often the only memorials left of warrior-knights and valiant squires, whose names and whose deeds have perished : they are symbols so high in honour, as to be placed by the crown on the tomb of the monarch ; and on the sepulchral monuments of archbishops and lordly abbots, they appear beside the mitre and the crosier.


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HE European war has awakened the world to a new consciousness. It is becoming increasingly apparent that the enlightened peoples of all countries are almost unanimous in their condemnation of the continuance of the war system as a means of settling international disputes. But the mere condemnation of the war system is not enough. It must be directed forcibly to the attainment of certain specific ends: otherwise, public opinion will simply spend itself in an effervescence of futile generalities which will accomplish little of practical import.

One of the most interesting things in connection with this public opinion against war is the way in which it has gradually formulated itself concerning definite things to be accomplished. If only public opinion could have come to itself sooner! For instance, it is now perfectly clear that the wisest thing that the neutral nations of the world could have done at the very beginning of the European conflict was to get together and form a unit of powerful influence on the side of peace and for the protection of neutral rights and interests. Not long ago Earl Grey, presiding at a London meeting, called for the purpose of advocating an agreement among the nations for the enforcement of international law, said that the present conflict probably would never have taken place had the program of American pacifists been adopted, namely, that the nations signatory to the Hague


text: Author:Thomas Ruggles

title: Author:Thomas Ruggles


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 Conference undertake collective responsibility for such enforcement. Several times recently in the United States Congress resolutions have been introduced looking toward a calling together of the neutral nations in the interests of world order. This suggests a mode of procedure which may yet be adopted during the progress of the present war, and which certainly ought to be adopted during the progress of any future war, if unfortunately there should be such. There were forty-four nations of the world signatory to the Second Hague Conference. Ten of these nations are now (April 1, 1915) busy in the worst conflict that the world has known. This leaves thirty-four nations not at war, whose interests, nevertheless, are being seriously prejudiced every day that the war lasts. When the rights of any neutral nation are violated, when the safety of her people and the security of her business interests are threatened, it becomes at once imperative to protest against the infringement of such rights and interests. But it is always dangerous for a single nation to make such a protest by itself. Misunderstandings in diplomatic exchanges, long pent up prejudices and emotions are apt to be aroused which may plunge such a protesting nation into the very war against whose procedure its protest is directed. But if the neutral nations protest together, the protest has great weight and becomes a very important factor in maintaining the order of the world.

While the European war lasts, therefore, the first item in the program of the new internationalism is the calling together of a conference of the thirty-four neutral nations signatory to the Second Hague Conference. The United States, as the leading neutral power, might well


text:
Index talk:Sybil (1845 Volume 1).djvu

non scan-backed variant
The Gutenberg version (of the same IA source) is in Sybil. - R. J. Mathar (talk) 11:04, 16 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Index talk:Sybil (1845 Volume 1).djvu


text: Author:Guy Liston Helms

title: Author:Guy Liston Helms


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Page:Sussex Archaeological Collections, volume 6.djvu/96

 On the battlements of the castle, on the portals of the church, on the walls of the abbey and the priory, they are sculptured as appeals to reverence and time-honoured feelings. In the apprehension of the admirer of the heroic actions of the past, in the mind of the descendant of an ancient and honourable race, these speaking emblems of history have an eloquent significancy : their presence may be traced from age to age, and from clime to clime ; in the tournament, and on the battlefield, on banner and shield, in the castle, the hall, and the sanctuary. Fix upon the escutcheon of any knightly family, and enumerate the scenes and places it has visited, among what glories it has shone, and on what expeditions it has been displayed ! Take the achievement of Poynings, Barry of six gold and green, with a crimson bend, and track its presence. It is not improbable that their banner waved on the ramparts of Acre, and witnessed feats of valour against the Saracen ; it was certainly seen in the ranks of the rebellious barons under Simon de Montfort ; its bearer was conspicuous in the retinue of Earl Warren, in Scotland : Sir Nicholas Poynings, at the head of eight knights, twenty esquires, and thirty-five archers on horse, bore these arms on his shield, in company with his sovereign, at the siege of Calais, in the twentieth year of Edward the Third's reign ; another of the family, Sir Michael de Poynings, is recorded, in 1277, as a knight banneret with the above bearings, whilst his brother, Sir Thomas, bore, for difference, three silver martlets on his bend ; and these escutcheons were, with their wearers, at Cressy and Poictiers. Richard de Poynings, in the reign of Richard the Second, accompanied John of Gaunt Duke of Lancaster into Spain to claim the crown of Castile ; there he died, and wished, as a memorial, "a stone of marble to be provided, with an escutcheon of his arms, and a helmet under his head." This now time-honoured coat was borne by Robert de Poynings, fifth and last Baron of Poynings, in the wars of Henry V and VI, and he himself was slain at the siege of Orleans. The splendour of this once powerful and distinguished house did not survive the personal use of coat armour, though there lived subsequently, one eminent and the last individual of his race, an historical personage. Sir Edward Poynings, Henry the Seventh's viceroy in Ireland ; his banner is


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, as knight of the garter; with the blazonry of the noblest of his countrymen. But the churches of Slaugham and Poynings, erected by the pious munificence of this opulent family, to this day perpetuate their armorial ensigns; in the former, the coats of Poynings and Warren, in stained glass, in the chancel window, the colours still bright, though mellowed by the touch of time, look down on the tarnished, but more modem achievements of the Coverts, the Mortons, and the Sergisons; and any wanderer among the green mounds of the ruins of the castle of Poynings, who strays into the adjoining churchyard, will behold on the north porch of the church, on a single sculptured shield, without ornament or indication of colour, the simple charges, barry of six and a bend.

If these Collections had not been restricted to topics of a local rather than a general nature, arguments might be brought forward to refute the prevailing opinions as to the antiquity of heraldry: it might be shown that charters, with arms on seals attached, prove its existence in the eleventh century in Spain and France; that armorial bearings are spoken of by historians of the time of Charlemagne, and subsequently; and that even Tacitus speaks of the parti-coloured shields of the Germans. The coats of some of the most ancient and noble European families answer precisely to that description (as checquy, lozengy, &c.), and are probably the ancient ensigns of the Teutonic chieftains. The Anglo-Saxon kings and nobles, as their descendants, bore arms on their banners and shields, some of which have probably come down to us, although the majority of them became extinct, along with the families who bore them, or with their subjection. The omission of allusion to arms in what remains of Anglo-Saxon literature is riot more remarkable than a similar silence in the general literature and newspapers of the present day. The Bayeux tapestry exhibits obvious though rude representations of these devices, and although, for some political reasons, William the Conqueror discountenanced their display, yet they were borne notwithstanding by his barons and knights, as is proved by many families a hundred and fifty years afterwards, descended of a common ancestor living at the conquest, using the same bearings. Unless this deduction be allowed, the absurdity VI.


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Page:Journal of the Optical Society of America, volume 30, number 12.pdf/89

DECEMBER, 1940

 * Adams, E. W. (see Barnes, B. T.)—269(A)
 * Adams, Elliot Q. Viewing angle of reflectometry—656(A)
 * —— X-Z planes in the 1931 ICI system of colorimetry—657(A)
 * Allen, A. J. and R. G. Franklin. Hydrogen arc for absorption spectroscopy—91(A)
 * Ames, A., Jr. and Kenneth N. Ogle. Ophthalmic lens testing instrument—652(A)
 * Bacher, R. F. (see Tomboulian, D. H.)—92(A)
 * Barnes, B. T., E. Q. Adams and W. E. Forsythe. Total emissivity of various materials—269(A)
 * Barnes, R. Bowling.' Symposium on optical methods for the study of molecular structure. Band structure method—265(T)
 * Bartberger, C. L. (see Nathanson, J. B.)—92(A)
 * Bausch, Carl L. Necrology: Carl F. Lomb—317
 * Beese, N. C. (see Marden, J. W.)—184
 * Benford, Frank.' Computation of transmission factors of ultraviolet radiation through water—133
 * —— Illumination from extended sources computed by the theory of the integrating sphere—33
 * —— Use of Ulbricht sphere theory in the computation of illumination—89(A)
 * Bentley, Edward P. (see Harrison, George R.)—290
 * Beutler, H. and N. Metropolis. High power tungsten light source—115
 * Blanch, G. (see Lowan, A. N.)—70, 269(A)
 * Bowen, I. S. and L. T. Clark. Hypersensitization and reciprocity failure of photographic plates—508
 * Brice, Brooks A. United States color standards for rosin—152
 * Briggs, H. B. Supersonic cell fluorometer—653(A)
 * Bubb, Frank W. Complete photoelastic instrument—297
 * Cartwright, C. Hawley. Producing low reflecting glass—654(T)
 * —— Treatment of camera lenses with low reflecting films—110
 * Cartwright, Randle (see Tuttle, Clifton) —348
 * Clark, L. T. (see Bowen, I. S.)—508
 * Cleveland, E. L. (see Ramsay, B. P.)—439
 * Davis, Francis J. Dispersion of magnetic double refraction in the short infra-red spectrum—488
 * Davis, Myrl N. Use of instruments: in uncoated paper—273(A)
 * DeJuhasz, K. J. Resumé of “On the geometry of optical indicators’’—506(R)
 * Detwiler, S. R. Comparative anatomical studies of the eye with especial reference to the photoreceptors—42, 90(T)
 * Dibble, Barry (see Strong, John)—431
 * Duntley, S. Q. Importance of optically clean absorption cells in the determination of the concentration of dye solutions—656(A)
 * —— and Arthur C. Hardy. Experimental determination of the faithfulness of a three-color reproduction—271(A)
 * Dwight, C. Harrison. Nomogram on the Huygens ocular—140(R)
 * Estey, Roger S. Duboscq colorimeter which reads results directly—90(A)
 * —— New polarimeter using sheet polarizing elements—658(A)
 * Evans, Charles H. Intensity-scale monochromatic sensitometer—118
 * —— (see Webb, J. H.)—445
 * Fanter, W. R. (see Michaelson, J. L.)—656(A)
 * Foote, Paul D. Necrology: Jonas Bernard Nathanson—318
 * Foote, William J. Use of instruments: in coated paper—274(A)
 * Forsythe, W. E. (see Barnes, B. T.)—269(A)
 * Frank, Adele. Necrology: Edward Elway Free—317
 * Franklin, R. G. (see Allen, A. J.)—91(A)
 * Fry, Glenn A. Factors contributing to the discrepancy between subjective and skiascopic determinations of the refraction of the eye—652(A)
 * Gardner, William A. Photographic analysis of some unexplored visual phenomena—653(A)
 * Gartlein, C. W. Apparatus for investigation of the aurora borealis—88(A)
 * Gibson, Kasson S. Approximate spectral energy distribution of skylight—88(A)
 * —— Luminosity methods and results—90(T)
 * —— Message to the society—1
 * —— Spectral luminosity factors—51
 * —— Survey of instruments—spectrophotometers—272(A)
 * —— 'and Dorothy Nickerson. Analysis of the Munsell color system based on measurements made in 1919 and 1926—591
 * Glancy, A. E. New type of wide aperture ratio telescope objective—572(L)
 * Glenn, James J. and James T. Killian. Trichromatic analysis of the Munsell Book of Color—609
 * Gliddon, Gordon H. Aniseikonia—142
 * —— and Kenneth N. Ogle. Aniseikonia—90(T)
 * Godlove, I. H. Application to dyes of the ISCC method of specification of filters—271(A)
 * —— Change of color with change of particle size—658(A)
 * —— Extreme case of the performance of the eye versus that of the spectrophotometer—656(A)
 * —— Some problems and methods of dyestuffs automatic spectrophotometry—89(A)
 * Graeper, W. W. Quality control in the manufacture of optical instruments—twenty-five years’ progress—654(T)
 * Graham, Robert. Variable focus lens and its uses—560
 * Granville, Walter C. (see Nickerson, Dorothy)—159
 * Griesheimer, R. N. Use of instruments: in beater furnish—273(A)
 * Guilford, J. P. There is system in color preferences—455


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*Hardy, Arthur C. Automatic telescope control—654(A)
 * —— Minutes of the fifteenth meeting of the directors of the O. S. A.—267
 * —— Minutes of the sixteenth meeting of the Board of Directors of the O. S. A—650
 * —— Proceedings of the New York meeting of the O. S. A.—265
 * —— Proceedings of the twenty-fifth annual meeting of the O. S. A.—646
 * —— (see Duntley, S. Q.)—271(A)
 * —— (see Tyler, John E.)—90(A), 587
 * Harris, Louis and Jack Adolphus Kyger. Uninterrupted measurements with a rotating sector—505(R)
 * —— and Alvin C. Scholp. Response of sputtered thermocouples to interrupted radiation—519
 * Harrison, George R. Editorial comment—41, 141, 183, 229, 321, 367, 461, 507, 573
 * —— and Edward P. Bentley. Improved high speed recording spectrophotometer—290
 * —— and Julius P. Molnar. Photoelectric measurement of scale marks and spectrum lines—343
 * —— “Time to stump the experts’”—275
 * Harrison, T. R. and Wm. H. Wannamaker. Improved radiation pyrometer—655(A)
 * Hartline, H. K. Nerve messages in the fibers of the visual pathway—90(T), 239
 * Hatch, R. S. Use of instruments: in pulp—273(A)
 * Hayes, Hammond Vinton (see Smith, Philip N.)—332
 * Hecht, Selig. Necrology: Harold Mestre—317
 * —— (see Pirenne, Maurice Henri)—270(A)
 * Herman, Robert C. Note on the measurement of pupillary diameters—316(R)
 * Herzberger, M. Normal systems with two caustic lines—307
 * Hitchcock, William J. (see Molnar, Julius P.)—523
 * Holway, A. H. and M. J. Zigler. Komplextheorie of visual sensation—270(A)
 * Homer, Howard J. (see Jones, Frank L.)—654(A)
 * Horsfall, R. Bruce, Jr. Measurement of numerical aperture—655(A)
 * Houskeeper, William G. Separation negatives for color photography—365(L)
 * Huggins, Maurice L. Density of silicate glasses as a function of composition—420
 * —— Dispersion of silicate glasses as a function of composition—514
 * —— Refractive index of silicate glasses as a function of composition—495
 * —— Refractive indices of liquid aliphatic organic compounds—652(A)
 * Hunter, Richard S. Applications and accuracy of three-filter photoelectric colorimetry—272(A)
 * —— Multipurpose photoelectric reflectometer—536
 * —— Sources of error in operation of the multipurpose reflectometer—89(A)
 * Ives, Herbert E. Doppler effect from moving mirrors—255
 * —— Quarter century of optics reviewed—654(T)
 * —— and G. R. Stilwell. Interference phenomena with a moving medium—653(A)
 * Jobe, F. W. Necrology: Arthur F. Dittmer—319
 * Jones, Frank L. and Howard J. Homer. Chemical methods for increasing the transparency of glass surfaces—654(A)
 * Jones, Loyd A. and C. N. Nelson. Study of various sensitometric criteria of negative film speeds—93
 * Judd, Deane B. Foreword: Munsell color system—574
 * —— Hue saturation and lightness of surface colors with chromatic illumination—2; Erratum, 296
 * —— and L. C. Lewis. Introduction. Dialogue between Mr. Papermaker and Mr. Meter—272(A)
 * Kerr, G. P. (see Taylor, A. H.)—88(A)
 * Killian, James T. (see Glenn, J. J.)—609
 * Koch, Walter. Simple method for determining chromatic aberration for photomicrographic purposes—564
 * Koppius, O. T. (see Ramsay, B. P.)—439
 * Kyger, Jack Adolphus (see Harris, Louis) —505(R)
 * Land, Edwin H. Vectographs: Images in terms of vectorial inequality and their application in three-dimensional representation—230
 * Lee, O. Ivan. (see Northup, M. Allen) —206
 * Leverenz, H. W. Optimum efficiency conditions for white luminescent screens in kinescopes—309
 * Lewis, L. C. (see Judd, D. B.)—272(A)
 * Little, E. M. (see Shallenberger, G. D.)—168
 * Longyear, William L. Science visits the artist—274(A)
 * Lowan, A. N. and G. Bianch. Tables of Planck’s radiation and photon functions—70, 269(A)
 * Luckiesh, Matthew and Frank K. Moss. Supra-threshold realm of seeing—90(T)
 * —— and Frank K. Moss. Supra-threshold visibility—62
 * Lucks, C. F. (see Russell, H.W.)—248
 * —— and H. W. Russell. Fluorescent mercury-vapor lamp as a light source for a single-point check on optical pyrometers—163
 * Lucy, Frank Allen. Exact and approximate computation of Schmidt cameras. I. Classical arrangement—251
 * MacAdam, David L. Noticeability of color difference in daylight—657(A)
 * Macht, David I. Clinical blood pharmacology after treatment with x-rays—270(A)
 * MacPherson, H. G. Carbon arc as a radiation standard—189
 * Marden, J. W., N. C. Beese and George Meister. Operating temperatures of vapor lamps—184
 * Marshall, J. K. (see Smith, H. D.)—338
 * Maxwell, Louis R. Symposium on optical methods for study of molecular structure. II. Electronic diffraction method—265(T), 374
 * Mees, C. E. K. Recent development in photography—654(T)
 * Meister, George (see Marden, J. W.)—184
 * Metropolis, N. (see Beutler, H.)—115
 * Michaelson, J. L. and W. R. Fanter. Calibration data on General Electric recording spectrophotometer—656(A)
 * Molnar, Julius P. (see Harrison, George R.)—343
 * —— and William J. Hitchcock. Zeeman effect in the rhodium arc spectrum at high fields—523
 * Monk, George S. Some observations on low reflection evaporated fluoride coatings—571(L)


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*Moon, Parry. On interreflections—195
 * Moore, George E. and Harold W. Webb. Use of step weakeners in photographic photometry—413
 * Morrison, C. A. Contrast meter for photographic papers—299
 * Moss, Frank K. (see Luckiesh, Matthew)—62, 90(T)
 * Murphy, George M. Symposium on optical methods for study of molecular structure: III. Raman spectra method—265(T), 396
 * Nathanson, J. B. and C. L. Bartberger. Optical properties of semitransparent sputtered films determined by interference of light—92(A)
 * Nelson, C. N. (see Jones, Loyd A.)—93
 * Neuberger, H. H. Subjective phenomenon of vision in polarized light—258(R)
 * Newhall, Sidney M. Preliminary report of the O.S. A. subcommittee on the spacing of the Munsell colors—617
 * —— Warmth and coolness of colors—271(A)
 * Nickerson, Dorothy. History of the Munsell color system and its scientific application—575
 * —— (see Gibson, K. S.)—591
 * —— and Walter C. Granville. Hue sensibility to dominant wave-length change and the relation between saturation and colorimetric purity—159
 * Nix, Foster C. and Arnold W. Treptow. Thallous sulphide photo-e.m.f. cell—91(A)
 * Northup, M. Allen and O. Ivan Lee. Experiments on the thermoluminescence of some common and unusual minerals—206
 * O’Brien, Brian. Necrology: John Stewart Campbell—319
 * —— Optical device for rapid placement of an aircraft on a line between two distant points—269(A)
 * —— Recent researches in color vision—90(T)
 * Ogle, Kenneth N. Induced size effect—145
 * —— (see Ames, A., Jr.)—652(A)
 * —— (see Gliddon, Gordon H.)—90(T)
 * Osborn, Robert H. Thermal conductivities of tungsten and molybdenum at incandescent temperatures—269(A)
 * Ott, H. G. Effect of distortion in aerial mapping by the multiple projection method—90(A)
 * Perkins, T. B. Production color analysis of kinescope screens—295
 * Perrin, Fred. Tables and charts of Fresnel reflection—565(L)
 * Pfund, A. H. Refractive index of matter in cylindrical form—410
 * Pineo, Orrin W. Residual photometric errors in the commercial recording spectrophotometer—276
 * Pirenne, Maurice Henri and Selig Hecht. Spectral sensibility of the long-eared owl—270(A)
 * Ramsey, B. P. (see Schroeder, J. H.)—355
 * ——, O. T. Koppius and E. L. Cleveland. Prism and the theory of optical resolution—439
 * Rogers, F. T., Jr. On the use of oiled photographic emulsions—316(R)
 * Russell, H. W. (see Lucks, C. F.)—163
 * ——, C. F. Lucks and L. G. Turnbull. New two-color optical pyrometer—248
 * Sanderson, J. A. Metallic reflection by compressed crystalline powders—566
 * ——Transmission of infra-red light by fog—405
 * Schneider, Edwin G. Estimate of the absorption of air in the extreme ultraviolet—128
 * Scholp, Alvin C. (see Harris, Louis) —519
 * Schroeder, J. H. and B. P. Ramsay. Optical properties of the grating interferometer—355
 * Shallenberger, G. D. and E. M. Little. Visibility through haze and smoke, and a visibility meter—168
 * Silvertooth, Wilbur. Modification of the Hindle test for cassegrain secondaries—140(R)
 * Sinclair, David. Discussion of ‘‘A complete photoelastic instrument”—567(L)
 * —— Interferometer method of plane stress analysis—511
 * Sleater, W. W. Necrology: Harold D. Judd—318
 * Sloane, Louise L. Size of pupil as a variable factor in measurements of the threshold. Experimental study of Stiles-Crawford phenomenon—271(A)
 * Smith, H. D. and J. K. Marshall. Method for obtaining long optical paths—338
 * Smith, Philip N. and Hammond Vinton Hayes. Transmission of infra-red radiation through fog—332
 * Spencer, Roy C. Properties of the witch of Agnesi—application to fitting the shapes of spectral lines—415
 * Steinhardt, Lawrence R. Cathode-ray oscillograph as a means of demonstrating elliptically polarized light—226(O)
 * Stewart, Harold. Regulation of tungsten and mercury lamps—652(A)
 * Stilwell, G. R. (see Ives, Herbert E.)—653(A)
 * Stockbarger, Donald C. Apparatus for experiment on absorption of light by sodium vapor—362(O)
 * —— Experiment on Wien’s energy distribution law and optical pyrometry—224(O)
 * Strong, John and Barry Dibble. Investigation of thin evaporated silver films on glass—431
 * Sturkey, L. Fabry-Perot interferometers in a parallel arrangement—351
 * Sweet, M. H. Photoelectric color temperature meter for incandescent lamps—568
 * Taylor, A. H. Lighting for the detection of small colordifferences—272(A)
 * —— and G. P. Kerr. Spectral distribution of energy in daylight—88(A)
 * Tomboulian, D. H. and R. F. Bacher. Hyperfine structure deviations in Sb$121$ and Sb$123$—92(A)
 * Tousey, Richard. Optical properties of evaporated and of burnished vitreous quartz in the extreme ultraviolet—655(A)
 * Treptow, Arnold W. (see Nix, Foster C.)—91(A)
 * Tuckerman, L. B. Annual report of the secretary of the O. S. A. for the calendar year 1939—259
 * —— Minutes of the fourteenth meeting of the directors of the O. S. A.—86
 * —— Proceedings of the twenty-fourth annual meeting of the O. S. A.—82
 * Turnbull, L. G. (see Russell, H. W.)—248
 * Turner, A. Francis. Changes in lens characteristics with temperature—654(A)


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*Tuttle, Clifton and Randle Cartwright. Method for the measurement of flatness of polished surfaces—348
 * Tyler, John E. and Arthur C. Hardy. Analysis of the original Munsell color system—90(A), 587
 * Utterback, C. L. and Raymond E. Wilson. Submarine illumination in photometric units—136
 * Van den Akker, J. A. Survey of instruments—abridged spectrophotometers—272(A)
 * Van Lear, G. A., Jr. Reflectors used in highway signs and warning signals. Parts I, II and I1I—462
 * Wald, George. Chemistry of visual systems—90(T)
 * Wannamaker, Wm. H. (see Harrison, T. R.)—655(A)
 * Warren, B. E. Symposium on optical methods for study of molecular structure: I. X-ray diffraction method—265(T), 369
 * Webb, Harold W. (see Moore, George E.)—413
 * Webb, J. H. and C. H. Evans. Experiments to test the rebromination theory of photographic solarization—445
 * Wick, Frances G. Triboluminescence of sugar—302
 * —— Triboluminescence of sugar and of ice—91(A)
 * Wilson, Raymond E. (see Utterback, C. L.)—136
 * Worthing, A. G. Doctor August Herman Pfund, Ives Medalist for 1939—177
 * —— Total hemispherical emissivities by a parallel plate method—91(A)
 * Wurzburg, F. L., Jr. Color reproduction fundamentals—274(A)
 * Yule, J. A. C. Theory of subtractive color photography. III. Four-color processes and the black printer—322
 * Zigler, M. J. (see Holway, A. H.)—270(A)

 * Absorption, including absorption spectra
 * Apparatus for experiment on absorption of light by sodium vapor, D. C. Stockbarger—362(O)
 * Application to dyes of the ISCC method of specification of filters, I. H. Godlove—271(A)
 * Calibration data on General Electric recording spectrophotometer, J. L. Michaelson and W. R. Fanter—656(A)
 * Estimate of the absorption of air in the extreme ultraviolet, Edwin G. Schneider—128
 * Hydrogen arc for absorption spectroscopy, A. J. Allen and R. G. Franklin—91(A)
 * Importance of optically clean absorption cells in the determination of the concentration of dye solutions, S. Q. Duntley—656(A)
 * Improved high speed recording spectrophotometer, George R. Harrison and Edward P. Bentley—290
 * Method for obtaining long optical paths, H. D. Smith and J. K. Marshall—338
 * Optical properties of evaporated and of burnished vitreous quartz in the extreme ultraviolet, Richard Tousey—655(A)
 * Photoelectric measurement of scale marks and spectrum lines, George R. Harrison and Julius P. Molnar—343
 * Residual photometric errors in the commercial recording spectrophotometer, Orrin W. Pineo—276
 * Survey of instruments—abridged spectrophotometers, J. A. Van den Akker—272(A)
 * Survey of instruments—spectrophotometers, K. S. Gibson—272(A)

 * Announcements
 * Pan-American congress of ophthalmology—247

 * Color and colorimetry
 * Analysis of the Munsell color system based on measurements made in 1919 and 1926, K. S. Gibson and Dorothy Nickerson—591
 * Analysis of the original Munsell color system, John E. Tyler and Arthur C. Hardy—90(A), 587
 * Application to dyes of the ISCC method of specification of filters, I. H. Godlove—271(A)
 * Applications and accuracy of three-filter photoelectric colorimetry, Richard S. Hunter—272(A)
 * Change of color with change of particle size, I. H. Godlove—658(A)
 * Color reproduction fundamentals, F. L. Wurzburg, Jr.—274(A)
 * Dialogue between Mr. Papermaker and Mr. Meter, D. B. Judd and L. C. Lewis—272(A)
 * Duboscq colorimeter which reads results directly, Roger S. Estey—90(A)
 * Erratum: Hue, saturation, and lightness of surface colors with chromatic illumination, Deane B. Judd—296
 * Experimental determination of the faithfulness of a three-color reproduction, S. Q. Duntley and A. C. Hardy—271(A)
 * Foreword: The Munsell color system, D. B. Judd—574
 * Highlights of color reproduction history—274(A)
 * History of the development of the Munsell color system, Dorothy Nickerson—575
 * Hue saturation and lightness of surface colors with chromatic illumination, Deane B. Judd—2
 * Hue sensibility to dominant wave-length change and the relation between saturation and colorimetric purity, Dorothy Nickerson and Walter C. Granville—159
 * Importance of optically clean absorption cells in the determination of the concentration of dye solutions, S. Q. Duntley—656(A)
 * Lighting for the detection of small color-differences, A. H. Taylor—272(A)
 * Noticeability of color difference in daylight, David L. MacAdam—657(A)
 * Preliminary report of the OSA subcommittee on the spacing of the Munsell colors, Sidney Newhall—617
 * Production color analysis of kinescope screens, T. B. Perkins—295