text:
User:Brad606/common.js/typoscan.js

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title: User:Brad606/common.js/typoscan.js


text:
User:Brad606/common.js

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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Brad606/common.js


text:
Page:The Book of Cats.djvu/86

66 wailing of pain." For myself, I seldom hear a catawauling without thinking of that droll picture in Punch of the old lady sitting up in bed and pricking up her ears to the music of a mewing Cat.

"Oh, ah! yes, it's the waits," says she, with a delighted chuckle; "I love to listen to 'em. It may be fancy, but somehow they don't seem to play so sweetly as they did when I was a girl. Perhaps it is that I am getting old, and don't hear quite so well as I used to do."

Few, even amongst Pussy's most ardent admirers, who possess the faculty of hearing, and have heard the music of Cats, would desire the continuance of their "sweet voices"; yet a concert was exhibited at Paris, wherein Cats were the performers. They were placed in rows, and a monkey beat time to them, as the Cats mewed; and the historian of the facts relates that the diversity of the tones which they emitted produced a very ludicrous effect. This exhibition was announced to the Parisian public by the title of "Concert Miaulant."

This would seem to prove that Cats may be taught tricks, which is not generally believed, but is nevertheless the case.

In Pool's Twists and Turns about the Streets of

title: Page:The Book of Cats.djvu/86


text:
Page:กม ร ๘ - ๒๔๗๘ fixed.pdf/1202

 A charge must be made in writing and contain—

the name of the court and the day, month, and year;

the names of who the prosecutor and accused in the case are, and the titles of the offences;

the position of the public prosecutor who is the prosecutor; if the prosecutor is a citizen, the given name, family name, age, address, nationality, and subjection shall be entered;

the given name, family name, address, nationality, and subjection of the accused;

all the acts alleged to have been committed by the accused, the facts and details about the time and place those acts occurred, as well as the persons or articles concerned, to the extent sufficient to enable the accused to understand the allegations well;

in a defamation case, the speech, writing, drawings, or other things relating to the alleged defamation shall be stated in full or annexed to the charge;

references to sections of law which prescribe those acts to be offences;

the signatures of the prosecutor and the person who drafted, wrote, or typed the charge.

title: Page:กม ร ๘ - ๒๔๗๘ fixed.pdf/1202


text:
Page:The Book of Cats.djvu/87

Rh London, mention is made of "a poor half-naked boy, strumming a violin, while another urchin with a whip makes two half-starved Cats go through numerous feats of agility."

De Roget says, that in animals that graze and keep their heads for a long time in a dependent position, the danger from an excessive impetus in the blood flowing towards the head is much greater than in other animals; and we find that an extraordinary provision is made to obviate this danger. The arteries which supply the brain on their entrance into the basis of the skull suddenly divide into a great number of minute branches, forming a complicated network of vessels, an arrangement which, on the well known principle of hydraulics, must greatly check the velocity of the blood conducted through them. That such is the real purpose of this structure, which has been called the rete mirabile, is evident from the branches afterwards uniting into larger trunks when they have entered the brain, through the substance of which they are then distributed exactly as in other animals, where no such previous subdivision takes place. The rete mirabile is much developed in the sheep, but scarcely perceptible in the Cat.

Being an animal which hunts both by day and

title: Page:The Book of Cats.djvu/87


text: Page:The Earliest English Translations of Bürger's Lenore - A Study in English and German Romanticism - Emerson (1915).djvu/78


text:
Page:กม ร ๘ - ๒๔๗๘ fixed.pdf/1203

 If the accused has once been sentenced to punishment due to the commission of an offence and the prosecutor wants his punishment to be increased on account of recidivism, this shall be stated in the charge.

If no application for increase of punishment is made in the charge, the prosecutor may move for amending the charge before the court of first instance gives the judgment. When finding it appropriate, the court may give permission.

Several counts may be included in the same charge, but they shall be separated from each other and numbered consecutively.

Each count may be considered independent of each other. If finding it appropriate, the court may order one or several counts to be tried separately from the others and may give such order before or during the trial.

If the charge does not conform to the law, the court shall order the prosecutor to rectify it, or shall dismiss it, or shall refuse to accept it.

The prosecutor has the power to appeal such court order.

If the charge has already conformed to the law, the court shall proceed to give the following order:

title: Page:กม ร ๘ - ๒๔๗๘ fixed.pdf/1203


text:
Page:The Works of Abraham Cowley - volume 1 (ed. Aikin) (1806).djvu/178

58


text: The Works of Abraham Cowley/Volume 1/Ode. In imitation of Horace's Ode


text: The Works of Abraham Cowley/Volume 1/In imitation of Martial's Epigram


text:
Page:A History of Cawthorne.djvu/99

 "She was the daughter of Sir John Jacob Buxton of Shadwell Court, Norfolk, Baronet, and was born xxiii. February, 1831; married xvi Jan., 1856; died xxx Septr., 1880.

"Having taken an active part in promoting ye work of ye restoration and enlargement of this Church, which was commenced 22nd Sept: 1875, in Memory of the late John Spencer Stanhope and of Lady Elizabeth Wilhelmina his wife, she was not permitted to see its completion, xxi Dec, 1880."

There is foliage decoration on the wall at each side of the tracery of the window, and carved woodwork below it decorated with gold.

The Window on the north side of the Chancel, opposite the sedilia, is filled with stained glass in memory of the late Rev. Charles Stanhope, who was fifty-two years Vicar of the Parish until his death at Weaverham, in Cheshire, in 1874. It represents the four Evangelists.

The prevailing colour of the Chancel roof is red, with a cresting of gold carved-work along each side immediately above the wall plate, and on each side of the centre gold bosses are four rows of gold stars along the roof as symbols of God's saints, in accordance with the Church's dedication to God by the name of "All Saints." Gold stars with the sacred monogram I H S alternate with scrolls bearing the word "Alleluia" along the wall-plate. There are two thirteenth-century arches from the Chancel into

which is the original Chantry of St. Mary founded by Isabel, widow of John Boswell or Bosvile of Newhall, Darfield, and Ardsley, who died in 1441. She was the daughter of Percival Cresacre of Barnborough, and was afterwards the wife of Henry Langton.

A full account of the Foundation of this Chantry will be given under the heading of "Endowments." It dates from the Feast of St. Margaret (Aug. 30) 1455, and was dissolved as a Chantry in the first year of Edward VI. (1547).

title: Page:A History of Cawthorne.djvu/99


text:
Portal:State Council of the People's Republic of China/White papers

White papers about China's national policies and positions are periodically published by the Information Office of the State Council, the highest executive agency of the People's Republic of China. The first white paper was published in 1991, about China's human rights record. This page sorts the white papers chronologically and by subject matter.

By date
• 2

Arms control and nuclear weapons

 * China: Arms Control and Disarmament (November 1995)
 * China's Non-Proliferation Policy and Measures (December 3, 2003)
 * China's Endeavors for Arms Control, Disarmament and Non-Proliferation (September 2005)
 * China's nuclear emergency preparedness (January 27, 2016)
 * Nuclear Safety in China (September 3, 2019)

Belt and Road Initiative

 * The Belt and Road Initiative: A Key Pillar of the Global Community of Shared Future (October 10, 2023)

Children and young people

 * The Situation of Children in China (April 1996)
 * Youth of China in the New Era (April 21, 2022)

Criminal justice

 * Criminal Reform in China (August 1992)
 * Narcotics Control in China (June 2000)
 * Status Quo of Drug Supervision in China (July 18, 2008)

Defense

 * China's National Defense (July 1998)
 * China's National Defense in 2000 (October 2000)
 * China's National Defense in 2002 (December 2002)
 * China's National Defense in 2004 (December 2004)
 * China's National Defense in 2006 (December 29, 2006)
 * China's National Defense in 2008 (January 20, 2009)
 * China's National Defense in 2010 (March 31, 2011)
 * The Diversified Employment of China's Armed Forces (April 16, 2013)
 * China's Military Strategy (May 26, 2015)
 * China's National Defense in the New Era (July 24, 2019)
 * China's Armed Forces: 30 Years of UN Peacekeeping Operations (September 18, 2020)

Disputed territories

 * Diaoyu Dao, an Inherent Territory of China (September 25, 2012)
 * China Adheres to the Position of Settling Through Negotiation the Relevant Disputes Between China and the Philippines in the South China Sea (July 13, 2016)

Elderly

 * The Development of China's Undertakings for the Aged (December 2006)

Energy

 * China's Energy Conditions and Policies (December 26, 2007)
 * China's Energy Policy 2012 (October 24, 2012)
 * Energy in China's New Era (December 21, 2020)

Environmental protection

 * Environmental Protection in China (June 1996)
 * The Development of China's Marine Programs (May 1998)
 * Environmental Protection in China (1996-2005) (June 5, 2006)
 * China's Policies and Actions for Addressing Climate Change (October 29, 2008)
 * China's Policies and Actions for Addressing Climate Change (November 22, 2011)
 * China's Policies and Actions for Addressing Climate Change (November 21, 2012)
 * China's Policies and Actions for Addressing Climate Change (2013) (November 5, 2013)
 * Ecological Progress on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (July 18, 2018)
 * Biodiversity Conservation in China (October 8, 2021)
 * Responding to Climate Change: China's Policies and Actions (October 27, 2021)
 * China's Green Development in the New Era (January 19, 2023)

Ethnic minorities

 * National Minorities Policy and Its Practice in China (September 1999)
 * Regional Autonomy for Ethnic Minorities in China (February 2005)
 * China's Ethnic Policy and Common Prosperity and Development of All Ethnic Groups (September 27, 2009)

Family

 * Family Planning in China (August 1995)

Food

 * The Grain Issue in China (October 1996)
 * The Quality and Safety of Food in China (August 20, 2007)
 * Food Security in China (October 14, 2019)

Africa

 * China-Africa Economic and Trade Cooperation (December 23, 2010)
 * China-Africa Economic and Trade Cooperation (2013) (August 29, 2013)
 * China and Africa in the New Era: A Partnership of Equals (November 26, 2021)

Arctic

 * China's Arctic Policy (January 26, 2018)

Asia

 * China's Policies on Asia-Pacific Security Cooperation (January 11, 2017)

European Union

 * China's EU Policy Paper (October 13, 2003)

Foreign aid

 * China's Foreign Aid (April 21, 2011)
 * China's Foreign Aid (2014) (July 10, 2014)

International development

 * China and the World in the New Era (September 27, 2019)
 * China's International Development Cooperation in the New Era (January 10, 2021)
 * A Global Community of Shared Future: China's Proposals and Actions (September 29, 2023)

United States

 * On Sino-US Trade Balance (March 1997)
 * The Facts and China's Position on China-US Trade Friction (September 24, 2018)
 * China's Position on the China-US Economic and Trade Consultations (June 2, 2019)

Health and safety

 * China's Actions for Disaster Prevention and Reduction (May 2009)
 * Medical and Health Services in China (December 26, 2012)
 * Traditional Chinese Medicine in China (December 6, 2016)
 * Development of China's Public Health as an Essential Element of Human Rights (September 29, 2017)
 * Fighting COVID-19: China in Action (June 7, 2020)

Hong Kong

 * The Practice of the "One Country, Two Systems" Policy in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (June 10, 2014)
 * Hong Kong Democratic Progress Under the Framework of One Country, Two Systems (December 20, 2021)

Human rights

 * China's Human Rights Situation (November 1, 1991)
 * The Progress of Human Rights in China (December 1995)
 * Progress in China's Human Rights Cause in 1996 (March 1997)
 * Progress in China's Human Rights Cause in 1998 (April 13, 1999)
 * Fifty Years of Progress in China's Human Rights (February 2000)
 * Progress in China's Human Rights Cause in 2000 (April 2001)
 * Progress in China's Human Rights Cause in 2003 (March 2004)
 * China's Progress in Human Rights in 2004 (April 13, 2005)
 * Progress in China's Human Rights in 2009 (September 26, 2010)
 * Progress in China's Human Rights in 2012 (May 14, 2013)
 * Progress in China's Human Rights in 2013 (May 26, 2014)
 * Progress in China's Human Rights in 2014 (June 8, 2015)
 * Assessment Report on the Implementation of the National Human Rights Action Plan of China (2012-2015) (June 14, 2016)
 * New Progress in the Judicial Protection of Human Rights in China (September 12, 2016)
 * New Progress in the Legal Protection of Human Rights in China (December 15, 2017)
 * Progress in Human Rights over the 40 Years of Reform and Opening Up in China (December 13, 2018)
 * Equality, Participation and Sharing: 70 Years of Protecting the Rights and Interests of Persons with Disabilities in the PRC (July 25, 2019)
 * Seeking Happiness for People: 70 Years of Progress on Human Rights in China (September 22, 2019)
 * The Communist Party of China and Human Rights Protection—A 100-Year Quest (June 24, 2021)
 * Moderate Prosperity in All Respects: Another Milestone Achieved in China's Human Rights (August 12, 2021)
 * China's Parasports: Progress and the Protection of Rights (March 3, 2022)

Intellectual property

 * Intellectual Property Protection in China (June 1994)
 * New Progress in China's Protection of Intellectual Property Rights (April 2005)

Internet

 * The Internet in China (June 8, 2010)
 * Jointly Build a Community with a Shared Future in Cyberspace (November 7, 2022)
 * China's Law-Based Cyberspace Governance in the New Era (March 16, 2023)

Labor and social security

 * Labor and Social Security in China (April 2002)
 * China's Employment Situation and Policies (April 2004)
 * China's Social Security and Its Policy (September 2004)
 * China's Human Resources (September 10, 2010)

Legal system

 * China's Efforts and Achievements in Promoting the Rule of Law (February 29, 2008)
 * The Socialist Legal System with Chinese Characteristics (October 27, 2011)
 * Judicial Reform in China (October 9, 2012)

National development

 * China's Peaceful Development Road (December 2005)
 * China's Peaceful Development (September 6, 2011)
 * The Right to Development: China's Philosophy, Practice and Contribution (December 1, 2016)

Natural resources

 * China's Policy on Mineral Resources (December 23, 2003)
 * Situation and Policies of China's Rare Earth Industry (June 20, 2012)

Political system

 * Building of Political Democracy in China (October 2005)
 * China's Political Party System (November 15, 2007)
 * China's Efforts to Combat Corruption and Build a Clean Government (December 29, 2010)
 * China's Political Party System: Cooperation and Consultation (June 25, 2021)
 * China: Democracy That Works (December 4, 2021)

Population

 * China's Population and Development in the 21st Century (December 2000)

Poverty alleviation

 * The Development-oriented Poverty Reduction Program for Rural China (October 2001)
 * New Progress in Development-oriented Poverty Reduction Program for Rural China (November 16, 2011)
 * China's Progress in Poverty Reduction and Human Rights (October 17, 2016)
 * Poverty Alleviation: China's Experience and Contribution (April 6, 2021)
 * China's Epic Journey from Poverty to Prosperity (September 28, 2021)

Religion

 * Freedom of Religious Belief in China (July 1997)
 * China's Policies and Practices on Protecting Freedom of Religious Belief (April 3, 2018)

Space

 * China's Space Activities (November 2000)
 * China's Space Activities in 2006 (October 2006)
 * China's Space Activities in 2011 (December 29, 2011)
 * China's Space Activities in 2016 (December 27, 2016)
 * China's Space Program: A 2021 Perspective (January 28, 2022)

BeiDou satellite system

 * China's BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (June 16, 2016)
 * China's BeiDou Navigation Satellite System in the New Era (November 4, 2022)

Taiwan

 * The Taiwan Question and Reunification of China (September 1, 1993)
 * The One-China Principle and the Taiwan Issue (February 2000)
 * The Taiwan Question and China's Reunification in the New Era (August 10, 2022)

Tibet

 * Tibet—Its Ownership And Human Rights Situation (September 30, 1992)
 * New Progress in Human Rights in the Tibet Autonomous Region (February 1998)
 * The Development of Tibetan Culture (June 2000)
 * Tibet's March Toward Modernization (November 2001)
 * Ecological Improvement and Environmental Protection in Tibet (March 2003)
 * Regional Ethnic Autonomy in Tibet (May 2004)
 * Protection and Development of Tibetan Culture (September 25, 2008)
 * 50 Years of Democratic Reform in Tibet (March 2, 2009)
 * Sixty Years Since Peaceful Liberation of Tibet (July 11, 2011)
 * Development and Progress of Tibet (October 22, 2013)
 * Tibet's Path of Development Is Driven by an Irresistible Historical Tide (April 15, 2015)
 * Successful Practice of Regional Ethnic Autonomy in Tibet (September 6, 2015)
 * Democratic Reform in Tibet—Sixty Years On (March 27, 2019)
 * Tibet Since 1951: Liberation, Development and Prosperity (May 21, 2021)

Trade

 * China's Foreign Trade (December 7, 2011)
 * China and the World Trade Organization (June 28, 2018)
 * China's Export Controls (December 29, 2021)

Transport

 * Development of China's Transport (December 29, 2016)
 * Sustainable Development of Transport in China (December 22, 2020)

Women

 * The Situation of Chinese Women (June 1994)
 * Gender Equality and Women's Development in China (August 2005)
 * Gender Equality and Women's Development in China (September 22, 2015)
 * Equality, Development and Sharing: Progress of Women's Cause in 70 Years Since New China's Founding (September 19, 2019)

Xinjiang

 * History and Development of Xinjiang (May 2003)
 * Development and Progress in Xinjiang (September 21, 2009)
 * The History and Development of the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps (October 5, 2014)
 * Historical Witness to Ethnic Equality, Unity and Development in Xinjiang (September 25, 2015)
 * Freedom of Religious Belief in Xinjiang (June 2, 2016)
 * Human Rights in Xinjiang - Development and Progress (June 2, 2017)
 * Cultural Protection and Development in Xinjiang (November 15, 2018)
 * The Fight Against Terrorism and Extremism and Human Rights Protection in Xinjiang (March 18, 2019)
 * Historical Matters Concerning Xinjiang (July 21, 2019)
 * Vocational Education and Training in Xinjiang (August 16, 2019)
 * Employment and Labor Rights in Xinjiang (September 17, 2020)
 * Respecting and Protecting the Rights of All Ethnic Groups in Xinjiang (July 14, 2021)
 * Xinjiang Population Dynamics and Data (September 26, 2021)


text:
Page:A History of Cawthorne.djvu/100

 On the exposure of the masonry it was seen how this Chantry had been added to the older structure, taking the place most probably of a former chancel aisle. The large wall-stones of the nave and older building were very clearly seen near the south-west corner carried up almost to the roof without a single 'through' on the surface. Beyond a slightly projecting stone or two in the east wall there was nothing whatever to show the position of its altar, of which the raised end, paved with Roche Abbey stone, is intended to preserve the memory. Previously to the Restoration, a large family pew, made of what is now the lower part of the chancel screen, filled the east end of the Chapel, with a fireplace and its chimney in the south-east corner.

For the last two hundred years, until recently, this Chapel has been used as the burial-place of the Spencer and Spencer-Stanhope families. The Thirteenth century East Window, which before Restoration was cieled across with a plaster ceiling which entirely hid the tracery, has now been filled with glass by the tenants of the estate and others, at a cost of about £200, in memory of the late John Spencer Stanhope Esquire, and Lady Elizabeth his wife. The highest division of the tracery contains the following well-known emblem of the Church's faith in the Holy Trinity and Unity:

title: Page:A History of Cawthorne.djvu/100


text: Page:Tixall Poetry.djvu/280

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text:
Page:Tales and Legends from the Land of the Tzar.djvu/63

Rh child out of snow, as Providence does not seem to wish us to have a real one!"

"I do believe you are getting quite clever in your old age, Masha! Come along, then, and let us set to work."

Off went the old couple, laughing at themselves all the while, and sure enough they commenced making a snow-child! They made the legs, arms, hands, feet, and a snowball for the head.

"What, in the name of wonder, are you up to?" exclaimed a passer-by, stopping suddenly in front of the two old people.

"A snow-child!" laughed Masha, as she began to explain everything to the stranger.

"May the Saints help you!" said he, as he went his way.

When they had got the legs, arms, hands, feet, and head fixed up together, Akem began making the nose, two holes for the eyes, and was just drawing a small line for the mouth, when he suddenly, much to his surprise, felt warm breath come out of it. He took his hand away quickly, and on looking up at the two holes made for the eyes, beheld two real, beautiful blue eyes; the lips became full and rosy, and as for the nose, it was the dearest little nose ever seen.

"Good heavens! what does this mean? is it a temptation of the Evil One?" cried Akem, crossing himself several times, while the snow-child threw her arms round his neck, and kissed him as though she were alive.

"O Akem! Akem!" cried Masha, trembling with


text: Page:Tixall Poetry.djvu/282

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The centre of the three lights has our Lord's Crucifixion, with (as we look eastward) St. Mary on the right and St. John on the left in the other lights. Below the Crucifixion is a smaller representation of the Resurrection: below St. Mary by the Cross is a St. Mary of the Annunciation, with the angel Gabriel in the other light, below St. John. The Latin words below the Crucifixion are, "Agnus Dei, Qui tollis peccata mundi, Dona nobis pacem:" "O Lamb of God, Who takest away the sins of the world, Grant us Thy peace." Below the Virgin Mary by the Cross: "Dixit Matri suæ, Mulier, ecce Filius suus:" "He said to His Mother, Woman, Behold, thy Son!" Below St. John: "Deinde dixit discipulo, Ecce Mater tua:" "Then said He to the disciple, Behold, thy Mother!" (St. John, xix., 26, 27.)

Over the Cross are the sacred letters "I. N. R. I.:" "Iesus Nazarenus Rex Iudæorum:" "Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews." (St. John, xix., 19.) Below the angel Gabriel in the Annunciation are the words, "Missus est angelus Gabriel a Deo ad Virginem:" "The angel Gabriel was sent from God to a Virgin," and the angel carries a scroll with the legend, "Ave Maria, plena gratiæ, Dominus tecum:" "Hail, Mary, highly favoured, (Revised Version, margin, endued with grace,') the Lord is with thee." (St. Luke, ii.i. [sic], 28.) Below the Virgin, by whose side stands the Lily-pot—the fleur de lis—as an emblem of purity, are the words, "Ecce, ancilla Domini, fiat mihi secundum verbum tuum:" "Behold the handmaid of the Lord, be it unto me according to thy word." (St. Luke, ii.i. [sic], 38.). Below the Resurrection is the motto, "Qui credit in Me, etiamsi

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 the whole city, if she was not delivered up to him, and the people were ready to rise. But the sagacious Viceroy caused a report to be spread, that she and her accomplices had determined upon the same day, to poison all the springs in the city, the fruits brought to market, and the public granaries. The manœuvre succeeded. The credulous people were now clamorous for her punishment, and saw with satisfaction the persons whom she accused of having purchased her Aquetta, taken from the Churches and Monasteries. Some of inferior birth were executed publicly; those of higher rank secretly in prison; and the whole city resounded with the praises of the Viceroy, whose energy had saved it from general destruction. A kind of compromise was entered into with the Cardinal; in consequence of which, after being strangled, her body was thrown at night into the court of the Convent, by way of testifying some respect for the rights of the Church. But the reverend traveller must have either been misinformed as to the actual execution of this Medea, or she must have been resuscitated; for Garelli expressly says that she was alive in prison at Naples, when he wrote to Hoffmann, not long before 1718; and Keysler, who visited Naples in 1730, likewise asserts, that she was then living in prison, and that few strangers left the city without going to see her. He describes her as a little and very old woman.

The Roman ladies very quickly availed themselves of Tofania’s dicoverydiscovery [sic]; for it was remarked in 1659, that many husbands died when they became disagreeable to their wives; and several of the clergy also gave information, that, for some time past, various persons had confessed themselves guilty of poisoning. This led to the detection of a society of young married women (who had, for their president, an old woman of the name of Hieronyma Spara, a pretended fortune-teller), as the perpetrators of these murders. On being put to the torture they all confessed except Spara, who seemed to rely upon the protection of powerful individuals whom she had formerly served. But she was left to her fate, and was hanged along with her assistant, one Gratiosa. Others were afterwards hanged, or whipt and banished. Spara, who was a Sicilian, had acquired her knowledge from Tofania at Palermo.

Pope Alexander VII., immediately on the discovery and punishment of those who dealt in poison in his capital, published an edict forbidding the distillation of aquafortis, or the purchase of any of its ingredients, without the permission of the Government; which Gmelin considers as an artifice to misload the people as to the real composition of the poison, or as originating in the absurd nomenclature of the Chemists of former times, who called arsenic, concrete aquafortis. But the prudence of the Pope was rendered fruitless; for we are informed by Gayot di Pitaval (Causes Celèbres, Vol. I. Amsterd, 1764, p. 317.), on what authority he does not state, that Tofania’s fatal secret was disclosed by the indiscretion of the judges at Naples, to whom she had made confession of her crime. The whole city soon knew that she employed in its composition a very common herb, and that its preparation was otherwise easy; and in this way the art of poisoning became very common in Naples, where, Keysler says, it was still secretly practised when he visited Italy; and Archenholz, who was there in 1780, states, that Aqua Tofana was them in use, although its composition was only known to a few; but Joseph Frank, who was long Professor in Pavia, and has written a work on toxicology (Handbuch der Toxicologie, Wien, 1803, p. 168.), regards this as an unfounded calumny, and asserts that it no longer exists or is heard of.

Aqua Tofana is described as being as limpid as rock water, and without taste, and hence it could be administered without exciting suspicion. The Abbé Gagliani adds, that there was not a lady in Naples, who had not some of it lying openly on her toilet among her perfumes, in a phial known only to herself.

It was generally believed, that the effect of this poison was certain death; and that it could be so tempered or managed, as to prove fatal in any determinate time, from a few days to a year or upwards. Four or six drops were reckoned a sufficient dose, and they were said to produce no violent symptoms, no vomiting, or but very seldom, no pains, convulsions, inflammation, or fever; but only a feeling of indisposition, without any very definite symptoms, except sometimes inextinguishable thirst; the victim, however, sunk into a languid state, and his weakness increased daily. Disgust at all kinds of food, and weariness of life, succeeded; the nobler organs were then attacked, the lungs were wasted by suppuration, and death closed the miserable scene. This termination was the more certain, that the true cause of these symptoms was not at first suspected, and the remedies commonly prescribed rather aggravated the evil. Indeed, even when known, no treatment was of any avail, although a Dr Branchaletti, according to Keysler, wrote a book on its remedies, until it was discovered by accident that lemon-juice, when very early administered in large doses, sometimes proved effectual (Bertholinus), after which, Keysler tells us, that the poison fell into some disrepute.

Various accounts of the composition of this detestable liquor have been given. Abbé Gagliani, and more lately Archenholz, state it to be a prepara- 1em


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 God. Were the latter the truth, then notwithstanding all the pre-eminence which must be assigned to the from the sufficiency, unity, and independence of his being, as the dread ground of the universe, his nature would yet fall far short of that, which we are bound to comprehend in the idea of. For without any knowledge or determining resolve of its own it would only be a blind necessary ground of other things and other spirits; and thus would be distinguished from the of certain ancient philosophers in no respect, but that of being more definitely and intelligibly described."  einzig möglicher Beweisgrund: vermischte Schriften, Zweiter Band, §102, and §103.

For a very long time indeed I could not reconcile personality with infinity; and my head was with Spinoza, though my whole heart remained with Paul and John. Yet there had dawned upon me, even before I had met with the Critique of the Pure Reason, a certain guiding light. If the mere intellect could make no certain discovery of a holy and intelligent first cause, it might yet supply a demonstration, that no legitimate argument could be drawn from the intellect against its truth. And what is this more than St. Paul's assertion, that by wisdom (more properly translated by the powers of reasoning) no man ever arrived at the know-


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text:
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 ledge of God? What more than the sublimest, and probably the oldest, book on earth has taught us,


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 that we are obliged to derive the Sense, Construction, or Nature of our predent Language from his Discoverses.

I would beseech my Readers to observe, the Candour and Ingenuity of these Gentlemen: They tell us, We might give you various Instances more of the essential difference between the old Saxon and modern English Tongue; and yet have plainly made it appear, that they know little or nothing of the old Saxon. So that it will be hard to fay how they come to know of any such essential difference, as MUST satisfy any reasonable Man; and much more that this estential difference is so great,that the Saxon can be no Rule to us, and that to understand ours, there is no need of knowing the Saxon. What they say, that it cannot be a Rule to them, is true; for nothing can be a Rule of Direction to any Man, the use whereof he does not understand; but if to understand the Original and Eytmology of the Words of any Language, be needful towards knowing the Propriety of any Language, a thing which I have never heard hath yet been denied; then do these Gentlemen stand self-condemned, there being no lefs than four Words, in the Scheme of Declendions they have borrowed from Dr. Hickes, now in use, which are of pure Saxon Original, and conseguently essential to the modern English. I need not tell any English Reader at this Day the meaning of Smith, Word, Son, and Good; but if I tell them that these are Saxon Words, FE believe they will hardly deny them to be essential to the modern English, or that they will conclude that the difference between the old English and the modern is so great, or the distance of Relation between them so remote, as that the former deferves not to be remember'd: except by such Upstarts who having no Title to


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 I become convinced, that religion, as both the corner-stone and the key-stone of morality, must have a moral origin; so far at least, that the evidence of its doctrines could not, like the truths of abstract science, be wholly independent of the will. It were therefore to be expected, that its fundamental truth would be such as be denied; though only, by the fool, and even by the fool from the madness of the heart alone!

The question then concerning our faith in the existence of a God, not only as the ground of the universe by his essence, but as its maker and judge by his wisdom and holy will, appeared to stand thus. The sciential reason, the objects of which are purely theoretical, remains neutral, as long as its name and semblance are not usurped by the opponents of the doctrine. But it then becomes an effective ally by exposing the false shew of demonstration, or by evincing the equal demonstrability of the contrary from premises equally logical. The understanding mean time suggests, the analogy of experience facilitates, the belief. Nature excites and recalls it, as by a perpetual revelation. Our feelings almost necessitate it; and the law of conscience peremptorily commands it. The arguments, that at all apply to it, are in its favor; and there is nothing against it, but its own sublimity. It could not be intellec-


text:
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48 joy, "Providence has at last taken pity on us, and sent us this child to cheer us in our old age."

She was about to throw her arms around the snow-child and embrace it, when, to the astonishment of both the old man and woman, the snow fell off, and left in Masha's arms a beautiful little girl.

"Oh, my little Snow-Maiden! my little darling!" cried the happy Masha, as she led the lovely child into their hut. Meanwhile, Akem could not get over his wonder. He rubbed his head, and felt sorely puzzled; he did not know whether he was asleep or awake, but felt almost sure that something had gone wrong with him somewhere.

But to return to the Snow-Maiden (as Masha was pleased to call her). She grew very rapidly—not only daily but hourly—into a tall, beautiful, and graceful girl; the peasants were delighted with her—Akem had come to the conclusion that it was all right—their hut was now always in constant mirth. The village girls and boys were frequent visitors to it; they played, read, and sang with the Snow-Maiden, who understood it all thoroughly, and did her best to amuse all around her. She talked, laughed, and was altogether so cheerful and good-natured, that everybody loved her dearly, and tried to please her in every possible way,—at the same time a better and more obedient daughter never was. She had the most lovely white skin, just like snow; her eyes were like forget-me-nots, her lips and cheeks like roses; in fact, she was the very picture of health and beauty; with her lovely golden hair hanging down her back,


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 a laudable Pedigree, are backward in all due Respect and Veneration towards a noble Ancestry.

Their great Condescenfion to Dr. Hickes in allowing him to have been a very curious Inquirer into those obsolete Tongues, now out of use, and containing no- thing valuable in them, is a Compliment for which I believe you, Sir, will give me leave to assure them, that he is not at all obliged, since if it signifies any thing, it imports, no less than that he has employ'd a great deal of Time, and a great deal of Pains, to little purpose. But we must at least borrow so much Assurance from them, as to tell them, that your Friends, who consist of the most learned fort of your own Countrey-men, and of Foreigners, do not think those Tongues so obsolete and out of use, whose Significancy is so apparent in Etymology; nor do they think those Men competent Judges to declare, whether there be any thing contain'd in them valuable or not, who have made it clear, that they know not what is contain'd in them. They wou'd rather assure them, that our greatest Divines, and Lawyers, and Historians are of another Opinion, they wou'd advise them to consult our. Libraries, those of the two Universities, the Cottonian, and my Lord Treasurers; to study your whole Thesaurus, particularly your Dissertatio Epistolaris, to look


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 look into Mr. Wanleys large and accurate Catalogue of Saxon Manuscripts, and so with Modesty gain a Title to the Applause of having confest their former Ignorance, and reforming their Judgment. I believe I may farther take leave to assure them, that the Doctor is as little concerned for their Inference, which they think so plain from what has been said, that they are not obliged to derive the Sense, Construction, or Nature of our present Language from his Discoveries. He desires them not to derive the Sense and Construction. of which they speak, in any other manner, than that in which the Nature of the things themselves makes them appear; and so far as they are his Discoveries only, intrudes them on no Man. He is very willing they should be let alone by those, who have not Skill to use them to their own Advantage, and with Gratitude.

But to leave these Pedagogues to huff and swagger an the heighth of all their Arrogance. I cannot but think it great Pity, that in our Considerations, for Refinement of the English Tongue, so little Regard is. had to Antiquity, ana the Original of our present Language, which is the Saxon. This indeed is allow'd by an ingenious Person, who bath lately made some Proposals for the Refinement of the English Tongue, That the old Saxon, except in some few Variations in the Orthography, is the same in most original Words with our present English, as well as with the German and other Northern Dialects; which makes it a little surprizing to me, to find the same Gentleman not long after to day, The other Languages of Europe I know nothing of, neither is there any occasion to consider them: because, as I have before observ'd, it must be very difficult to imagin, how a Man can judge of a thing be knoweth nothing of, whether there can be


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text: Supplement to the Fourth, Fifth, and Sixth Editions of the Encyclopædia Britannica/Apprentice


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text: Supplement to the Fourth, Fifth, and Sixth Editions of the Encyclopædia Britannica/Apprenticeship


text: Tixall Poetry/On the Marriage of the Fair and Vertuous Lady, Mrs Anastasia Stafford


text:
North Dakota Law Review/Volume 1/Number 7

 * /Is There Not More to It?/
 * /Review of Important Decisions/
 * /Getting a Jury in Chicago/
 * /Here and There/
 * /Important U.S. Supreme Court Decisions/
 * /Request for Action from Committee on Fees/
 * /The American Law Institute/
 * /Fargo Publicity Committee Talks/


text: North Dakota Law Review/Volume 1/Number 7/Is There Not More to It?


text: Tixall Poetry/A Dreame

title: Tixall Poetry/A Dreame


text: North Dakota Law Review/Volume 1/Number 7/Review of Important Decisions


text: North Dakota Law Review/Volume 1/Number 7/Getting a Jury in Chicago


text: North Dakota Law Review/Volume 1/Number 7/Here and There


text: Tixall Poetry/Celia

title: Tixall Poetry/Celia


text: North Dakota Law Review/Volume 1/Number 7/Important U.S. Supreme Court Decisions


text: North Dakota Law Review/Volume 1/Number 7/Request for Action from Committee on Fees


text: North Dakota Law Review/Volume 1/Number 7/The American Law Institute


text:
Proclamation No. 1046 (Arroyo)

DECLARING A STATE OF EMERGENCY IN CENTRAL MINDANAO

on November 23, 2009, several persons, including women and members of media were killed in violent incident which took place in Central Mindanao;

there is an urgent need to prevent and suppress the occurrence of similar other incidents of lawless violence in Central Mindanao;

President of the Republic of the Philippines, by virtue of the powers vested in me by the Constitution and by law, do hereby proclaim, as follows:

The Provinces of Maguindanao and Sultan Kudarat and the City of Cotabato are hereby placed under a state of emergency for the purpose of preventing and suppressing lawless violence in the aforesaid jurisdiction.

The Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) and the Philippine National Police (PNP) are hereby ordered to undertake such measures as may be allowed by the Constitution and by law to prevent and suppress all incidents of lawless violence in the said jurisdiction.

The state of emergency covering the Provinces of Maguindanao and Sultan Kudarat and the City of Cotabato shall remain in force and effect until lifted or withdrawn by the President.

in the City of Manila, this 24th day of November, in the year of our Lord, Two Thousand and Nine. (SGD.) GLORIA MACAPAGAL-ARROYO    By the President:  (SGD.) EDUARDO R. ERMITA Executive Secretary

title: Proclamation No. 1046 (Arroyo)


text: North Dakota Law Review/Volume 1/Number 7/Fargo Publicity Committee Talks


text: Tixall Poetry/For Love

title: Tixall Poetry/For Love


text: Tixall Poetry/Mr Waller, When He Was at Sea


text: Tixall Poetry/Ephelia

title: Tixall Poetry/Ephelia


text:
A Similitude

As down through the leafy roofage
 * Of a forest bower,

Come the yellow sunbeams, falling
 * Like a burning shower;

Through the intergrowth of Being
 * To the soul's abode,

Comes the Holy Spirit, downward
 * From the throne of God.

title: A Similitude


text: Tixall Poetry/An Epistle, in Answer to Ephelia


text: Tixall Poetry/On Saint Catherines Day

title: Tixall Poetry/On Saint Catherines Day


text: Talk:A Similitude

title: Talk:A Similitude


text: Tixall Poetry/To My Honord Cosen, Mr Henry Somerset, on New Year's Day


text: Tixall Poetry/To My Most Honord Cosen, Mrs Somerset, on the Unjust Censure Past upon My Poore Marcelia


text: Tixall Poetry/Upon Mrs E. T.'s Quere by Her Eyes, Why I Was Troubled?


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text:
General Order No. 11 (Arroyo)

, Proclamation No. 1959 dated December 4, 2009 placed under martial law the Province of Maguindanao, except for the identified areas of the Moro Islamic Liberation Front as referred to in the Implementing Operational Guidelines of the GRP-MILF Agreement on the General Cessation of Hostilities, and suspended the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus therein;

, by virtue of said Proclamation, the President, as the Commander-in-Chief of all the Armed Forces of the Philippines, is constitutionally bound to exercise her military powers and prerogative under the Constitution in order to suppress lawless violence and all rebellious activities in the affected areas in the Province of Maguindanao and to restore public order and safety therein;

, it is imperative to call upon the Armed Forces of the Philippines and the Philippine National Police to prevent and suppress lawless violence and acts of rebellion in the Province of Maguindanao (except for certain identified areas) and to immediately carry out necessary and appropriate actions and measures to prevent and suppress the lawlessness;

, President of the Republic of the Philippines, by virtue of the powers vested in me by the Constitution as Commander-in-Chief of all the Armed Forces of the Philippines, do hereby direct the Armed Forces of the Philippines and the Philippine National Police to undertake all measures, within the limits prescribed by the Constitution and laws, to prevent and suppress all acts of rebellion and lawlessness in the affected areas in the Province of Maguindanao pursuant to Proclamation No. 1959.

in the City of Manila, this 4th day of December, in the year of Our Lord, Two Thousand and Nine.

Rh

By the President:

Rh

title: General Order No. 11 (Arroyo)


text: Tixall Poetry/On the World

title: Tixall Poetry/On the World


text: Tixall Poetry/On Time

title: Tixall Poetry/On Time


text: Tixall Poetry/Upon Mr Abraham Cowley's Retirement


text: Tixall Poetry/On Solitude

title: Tixall Poetry/On Solitude


text: Tixall Poetry/Life

title: Tixall Poetry/Life


text: Tixall Poetry/Conscience

title: Tixall Poetry/Conscience


text: Tixall Poetry/A Pastoral Protest of Love, by Damon to Stella


text: Tixall Poetry/To a Lady, Asking Him How Long He Would Love Her?


text: Tixall Poetry/The Soldier's Song

title: Tixall Poetry/The Soldier's Song


text:
Page:Journal Of The Indian Archipelago And Eastern Asia Series.i, Vol.2 (IA in.ernet.dli.2015.107695).pdf/25

 Third. Egyptian Opium occurs in round flattened cakes, about three inches in diameter, and covered externally with the vestiges of some leaf. It is distinguished from the others by its reddish colour, resembling "socotrine Aloes. " The quantity of morphia in this is inferior to the preceding. It has one quality which, when adulterated, ought to be known, that is a musty smell By keeping it does not blacken like the other kinds.

Fourth. English Opium is in flat cakes or balls enveloped in leaves. It resembles fine Egyptian Opium more than any other kind. Its colour is that of hepatic aloes, and in the quantity of morphia it is inferior to the preceding, but in the strength of the mass it is said by one of its most extensive cultivators to be superior.

Fifth. French, and sixth, German Opium, require no particular remarks. By a recent notice, I find the French are cultivating the Poppy in Algeria from which they get opium giving a small percentage of morphia.

Seventh. Trebizond or Persian Opium, is sometimes met with of a very inferior quality in the form of cylindrical sticks, which by pressure have become angular.

Eighth. Indian Opium, divided into four kinds, Cutch, Malwa, Patna and Benares. Of these, Cutch is but little known or cultivated. It occurs in small cakes covered with leaves, and its colour is much inferior to Smyrna. Malwa Opium is to be met with of two kinds. The inferior is in flattened cakes, without any external covering, dull, opaque, blackish brown externally, internally somewhat darker, and sott. Its enlour is somewhat like the Smyrna, but less powerful, and with a slight smoky smell. Superior Malwa is in square cakes about three inches in length, and one inch thick. It has the appearance of a well prepared, shining, dry, pharmaceutical extract; its colour is blackish brown, its odour less powerful then Smyrna; it is not covered by petals as the following kinds are, but smeared with oil; it is then rubbed with pounded petals.

The Behar, Patna and Benares Opium being strictly in the hands of Government, no adulteration can take place without a


text: Tixall Poetry/On Melancholy

title: Tixall Poetry/On Melancholy


text:
Author talk:Mary Ann Youatt

Name
Spelled as "Mary Ann Youatt" throughout volume 21, but "Mary Anne Y" for "St. Bretache" in volume 22 (p. 28), before switching entirely to using her initials "M. A. Y." -- Yodin T 23:47, 29 September 2023 (UTC)

Teacher
Listed as a teacher at Haverstock-hill School, London in 1875, with an annual salary of £70. -- Yodin T 00:14, 30 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Author talk:Mary Ann Youatt


text: Tixall Poetry/A Song ("Ah! fading joy!")


text: Tixall Poetry/A Domesday Thought

title: Tixall Poetry/A Domesday Thought


text: Tixall Poetry/The Immortality of Poesie. To Envy


text: Tixall Poetry/Cupio Dissolvi. St Paule

title: Tixall Poetry/Cupio Dissolvi. St Paule


text: Tixall Poetry/To Mrs Constance Aston

title: Tixall Poetry/To Mrs Constance Aston


text:
Page:Journal Of The Indian Archipelago And Eastern Asia Series.i, Vol.2 (IA in.ernet.dli.2015.107695).pdf/26

 most extensive system of fraud; but it will not be uninteresting to trace the progress of the Opium from the hands of the natives to the condition in which it is delivered to the public by the Government.

From the commencement of the hot season to the middle of the rains the Government is ready to receive Opium, which is brought by the natives every morning, in batches varying in quantities from twenty seers to a maund. The examining officer into each jar thrusts his examining rod, which consists of a slit bamboo, and by experience he can so judge of the qualities of the specimens before him, which are sorted into lots of No. 1 to No. 4 quality. Opium of the first quality is of a fine chesnut [sic] color, aromatic smell, and dense consistence. It is moderately ductile, and, when the mass is torn, breaks with a deeply notched fracture, with sharp needle like fibres, translucent and ruby red at the edges. It is readily broken down under water, and the solution at first filters of a sherry colour, which darkens as the process proceeds. One hundred grains of this yield an extract to cold distilled water of from 35 to 45, and at the temperature of 212º leave from 20 to 28 per cent, having a consistence of 80 to 72, the consistence of the factory.

The second quality is inferior to the first, and the third quality is possessed of the following properties, black, pasty, of a very heavy smell, drops from the examining rod, gives off from 40 to 50 per cent of moisture, and contains a large quantity of "Pasewa." while the fourth or last number embraces all the kinds which are too bad to be used in the composition of the balls, comprising specimens of all varieties of colour and consistence. This number is mixed with water, and only used as a paste to cement the covering of the baits.


text: Tixall Poetry/To Mr Ed. Thimelby, That Unity Is No Argument for the Forehead Against the Eyes


text: Tixall Poetry/To My Most Honoured Cosen, Mrs E. C. on New Yeare's Day


text: Tixall Poetry/Ps. 120. v. 4

title: Tixall Poetry/Ps. 120. v. 4


text: Tixall Poetry/To a Gentleman, That Courted Several Ladys


text:
Page:Journal Of The Indian Archipelago And Eastern Asia Series.i, Vol.2 (IA in.ernet.dli.2015.107695).pdf/27

 The three first qualities are emptied from their jars into large tanks, in which they are kept until the supply of the season has been obtained. The opium is then removed and exposed to the air on shallow wooden frames, until it becomes of the consistency of from 69 to 70, when it is given to the cake maker, who guesses to a drachm the exact weight, and envelopes the opium in its covering of petals, cemented by a covering of quality No. 4. The balls are then weighed and stored, to undergo a thorough ventilation and drying. Formerly the covering of the balls was composed of the leaves of Tobacco; but the late Mr. Flemming introduced the practise of using the petals of the poppy, which was such an improvement that the Court of Directors presented him with 50,000 Rupees. The balls, forty in number, are packed in a mango wood case, which consists of two stories with twenty pigeon holes in each, lined with lath and surrounded by the dried leaves of the poppy. Sometimes these balls are so soft as to burst their skins, and much of the liquid Opium running out is lost. In 1823 many of the chests of Patna lost 5 catties from this cause, and to this day we have the same thing continuing to occur. Patna chests are covered with Bullock hides, Benares with gunnies.

We have already seen that Opium as a medicine has been used from the earliest ages; but when it was first resorted to us a luxury it is impossible to state, tho it is not at all improbable that this was coeval with its employment in medicine, for how often do we find, that from having been first administered as a sedative for pain, it has been continued, until it has itself taken the place of the evil. Such must have happened from the earliest ages, as it happens daily in the present; but as a national vice it was not known until the spread of Islamism, when, by the tenets of the Prophet, wine and fermented liquors being prohibited, it came in their stead, along with the bang or hashshash, coffee and tobacco.


text: Tixall Poetry/On the Translation of the House of Loretto


text: Tixall Poetry/The Perfect Lover

title: Tixall Poetry/The Perfect Lover


text: Tixall Poetry/Cruelty

title: Tixall Poetry/Cruelty


text: Page:Journal Of The Indian Archipelago And Eastern Asia Series.i, Vol.2 (IA in.ernet.dli.2015.107695).pdf/101


text: Tixall Poetry/To Mr Nevill, at His Departure


text:
Page:Journal Of The Indian Archipelago And Eastern Asia Series.i, Vol.2 (IA in.ernet.dli.2015.107695).pdf/100

 fearful misery which a temporary want inflicts on them, they will be found rushing to be relieved, and I firmly believe from what I have seen amongst the poor who frequent the Opium Shops, that when such arrangements are made, a thousand would be the applicants before 12 months had elapsed.

These suggestions, which at some future period I will enlarge upon, for they are nothing more, will I trust find favor in the eyes of the public, and of the Chinese in particular. But I look for support to the Hon'ble the Governor, who, since his arrival here, has ever shown himself a corrector of abuses, zealous reformer of evil, who has ever been, and I trust ever will be an active advocate for whatever can advance the welfare of the inhabitants, and further the interests of this settlement. Nor am I afraid of losing the support of the Hon'ble the Resident Councillor, who will, I am confident, along with his piety as a man, throw in the support of his magisterial power for the reformation and ultimate welfare of 15,000 beings with whom he has been officially connected for so many years.


text: Tixall Poetry/To My Cosen Aston and His Lady, Excusing My Want of a Wedding Garment, at the Celebration of Their Marriage


text: Tixall Poetry/On Argalus and Parthenia

title: Tixall Poetry/On Argalus and Parthenia


text: Tixall Poetry/To Mrs Gertrude Aston's Happy Condition When with Mrs Eliza Thimelby


text: Tixall Poetry/On the Death of My Dear Sister, Mrs Kath. Aston; Known by the Name of "Good Love"


text:
Page:Journal Of The Indian Archipelago And Eastern Asia Series.i, Vol.2 (IA in.ernet.dli.2015.107695).pdf/318

In all Singapore, including the interior and the Town, there are, men and women, old and young, upwards of 40,000 Chinese.

There are 1st. Chinese from Hokein Province; these come from the departments of Chiang Chiu, Chuan Chiu and Eng Chun.

2nd. Malacca born Chinese.

3rd. Chinese from the department of Tio Chiu, which is under the jurisdiction of Canton Province.

4th. Chinese from Canton; these men are here commonly called Macao Chinese.

5th. The Khé Chinese, these are men who come from the two Provinces of Hokkien and Canton.

6th. Chinese from Hai-nam, which is also subject to the jurisdiction of Canton.

This is speaking of them collectively and in a general manner. There are also some few Chinese from other tribes, but of these it is difficult to form an estimate. Each individual tribe speaks the dialect of that tribe, and although there may be a slight difference in the dialect spoken by Chinese who belong to one and the same tribe in consequence of the remoteness of their respective districts, yet that difference, as it consists only in a few inflexions, cannot be properly called a different dialect. It is not however possible to enumerate all the different dialects spoken by the Chinese. I have not made it a matter of deep inquiry, touching the few residing in this settlement who belong to other tribes.


text: Tixall Poetry/From a Sick Poetesse to Mrs St George, on Her Feeding the Swans


text: Tixall Poetry/To Mr Caril, Perswading Him upon the Death of Card. F. to Leave the Court


text: Tixall Poetry/The Recantation

title: Tixall Poetry/The Recantation


text:
Page:Journal Of The Indian Archipelago And Eastern Asia Series.i, Vol.2 (IA in.ernet.dli.2015.107695).pdf/319

 The different trades and professions of the Chinese in Singapore, are School-masters, Writers, Cashiers, Shop-keepers, Apothecaries, Coffin-makers, Grocers, Gold-smiths, Silver-smiths, Tin-smiths, Blacksmiths, Dyers, Tailors, Barbers, Shoemakers, Basket-makers, Fishermen, Sawyers, Boat-builders, Cabinet-makers, Architects, Masons, Manufacturers of lime and bricks, Sailors, Ferrymen, Sago manufacturers, Distillers of Spirits, Cultivators of plantations of Gambier, Sugar, Siri, Pepper, and Nutmegs, Play actors, Sellers of cakes and fruit, Carriers of burdens, Fortune tellers, idle vagabonds who have no work and of whom there are not a few, beggars, and, nightly, there are those villains the thieves.

The above different trades and professions may be classed under four divisions.

1st. Those whose profession it is to teach come under the designation of Su, the literate.

2d. The cultivators of fields and gardens come under the denomination of Long or husbandmen.

3d. Those engaged in handicraft business belong to the class called Kong, mechanics, or manufacturers.

4th. Those who trade and open shops are designated Siang, merchants.

In my opinion, the greatest number of married men are to be found among the Malacca born Chinese; next to them among the Hok-kien shop Keepers, then the Tio-Chin, then the Khé, and lastly among the Macao Chinese; but Shop keepers chiefly can afford to marry. As for common laborers and coolies and those who have no fixed employment very few among them get married.

The Chinese who congregate here are a mixed mass from all parts; the unmarried ones among them are very numerous, and the married ones very few. Though the number of the later is very small still I cannot with any certainty state it; upon a general calculation I should suppose there were about 2000 married Chinese.

The number of Chinese who return annually to China is probably 3,000; of this number a large proportion come hither from other parts to procure a passage to China.


text: Tixall Poetry/The Poore New Ye Are's Gift of Wishes Cobled Together


text: Tixall Poetry/To Sleep ("Sleep, the best ease…")


text: Tixall Poetry/The Golden Mean

title: Tixall Poetry/The Golden Mean


text: Tixall Poetry/Rusticatio Religiosi in Vacantiis


text:
Page:Journal Of The Indian Archipelago And Eastern Asia Series.i, Vol.2 (IA in.ernet.dli.2015.107695).pdf/320

 The labouring class of people that emigrate to this Settlement are mostly very poor. Originally they come with the intention of returning to their native land after a sojourn of 3 or 4 years, but out of 10 only 1 or 2 individuals are able to return after that time, and when they do retire they do not take with them much wealth; still as the remembrance of home is not obliterated from their minds they are willing to return even with a small fortune. There are some who return to China after 5 or 6 years, and others after 7, 8, and 10 years. The periods of return are various; there are a great number who remain here upwards of 10 and 20 years, and yet, unable to return, ultimately die and repose their ashes in this Settlement. Alas! for those who originally intended to return to their native country after 3 years, and yet after the lapse of more than 10 years have not been able to fulfil their wish; but what is the reason of it? It is because they become addicted to the prevailing vice of Opium smoking. After a continued residence here they learn the habit, which afterwards becomes fixed. Many of the Chinese labourers after having earned a little money, waste it upon opium or expend it in gambling. After a series of years they save nothing, and every day it becomes more and more difficult for them to return to their country. With empty purses and empty hands they may manage pretty well without gambling, but to go without opium would be to them certain death. When these opium smokers are reduced to straits from want of money they resort to schemes of plunder and robbery. They do not fear being immured in prison, nor do they dread being transported to Bombay. It is not however that they do not actually dread the one nor fear the other, but the hope of impunity emboldens them; they think that if they become robbers, it is not so very sure they will be apprehended, or if they are apprehended and brought before the Magistrate, they hope by clever subterfuges to escape punishment. Should they however not escape punishment but be confined in prison, or transported to Bombay and there die, that would be a death which they would far prefer to the wretched death from deprivation of opium. It is on this account that robberies have multiplied to such an extent, and they may be


text: Tixall Poetry/To Mrs E. T. Saying She Could Not be Affraide of My Ghost


text: Tixall Poetry/A Song for Love

title: Tixall Poetry/A Song for Love


text: Tixall Poetry/To the Right Honourable Walter Lord Aston and His Lady, upon Their 24th Yeare of Happy Marriage


text: Tixall Poetry/A Contemplation upon the Shortness and Shallowness of Human Knowledge


text: Tixall Poetry/The Dirge

title: Tixall Poetry/The Dirge


text:
Page:A dictionary of the Hakka dialect.pdf/7

 Preface.

HE main object of this book is to exhibit the spoken language of that section of the Chinese people called the Hakkas (客家). The book is based on a MSS. dictionary, partly in Chinese-English and partly in Chinese-German, prepared by missionaries belonging to the Basel Missionary Society. This valuable MSS. was, in the first instance, prepared by Rev. Th. Hamberg and Rev. R. Lechler. Mr. Hamberg commenced this work shortly after his arrival in China in 1847 and worked at it till his death in 1854. The work was then taken up by the venerable Mr. Lechler, who came to China with Mr. Hamberg in 1847, and is still spared to us in his green old age.

The MSS. has been copied during the past fifty years by all the young missionaries coming to China in connection with the Basel and Berlin Missions. It was revised and abbreviated by Rev. Charles Piton, one of our best Hakka students. The Basel MSS. gives Hakka as spoken in the S. W. corner of the chief Hakka field; the present book gives in the main the language of the N. E. part of the field. This geographical fact will explain many of the variations. Those who possess copies of the Basel MSS. will at once see that the use here made of it is such that it would not be fair to its venerable authors (or to the present writer) to make them further responsible for this book.

It is a matter for much regret that the Basel Mission was not able to spare one of their men to help in the preparation of the Dictionary in its present form. Rev. O. Schultze, of that Mission, kindly transcribed for me what might be called a version of the parts of the MSS. under the letters A—K and S. I have also received help in various ways from Rev. C. Kastler, of Ka-yin-chu. The book owes much of its value to my Chinese writer (and former pupil), 彭景高, whose whole time for two years was given to revising and adding to my collection of colloquial phrases and to correcting the Chinese part of the proof. Mr. Phang unfortunately does not know English, but his accurate knowledge of Hakka colloquial has proved invaluable.


text:
Page:A dictionary of the Hakka dialect.pdf/8

ii Finally, mention ought to be made in this connection of another name—that of my dear wife. Not only by sympathy and encouragement, but in the more practical way of helpful criticism and correction of proof (especially of the latter half of the book) she has laid her husband, and those who may use this book, under deep obligation.

When it is remembered that the book was written in the interior of Southern China—many parts in native inns and in native boats, far away from works of reference, and further, that it was printed in Shanghai, whence it took two or three weeks to receive an answer to a letter, and that the actual printing was by men who, though Chinamen, did not know Hakka, and sometimes probably not much English, one need not be surprised that there are mistakes and misprints. Italic type with tonal accents proved specially trying to the printers. Time permitted only one reading of proof; it has been a too common experience to find corrected errors (specially in tonal accents) re-appear after the book was printed off.

For the convenience of Hakka students I have, in addition to the colloquial language, introduced into the Dictionary the characters given in the dictionaries of Williams and Giles. For the definitions I am mainly indebted to Giles, while Williams, Eitel, and Carstairs Douglas (whose Amoy dictionary is a model of what such a book should be) have all been consulted. When no illustrative examples are given, it may be taken for granted that the character is not used in colloquial speech; and reference should be made to the above-mentioned dictionaries. This will be facilitated by the "Radical Index" prepared by the author and published separately.

The number of foreigners who study Hakka is so small that there was a considerable financial risk in undertaking such a publication. This risk has been met in a very satisfactory way by the governments of Hongkong, of Singapore, and of the Federated Malay States (all of whom have much to do with Hakka-speaking Chinese), subscribing for a sufficient number of copies. Grateful thanks are due to these governments, and especially to that of the Federated Malay States for setting the example—according to their usual enlightened policy.


text:
Page:A dictionary of the Hakka dialect.pdf/9

Rh Two classes were in view during the preparation of the book: (1) Christian missionaries, for whom a good knowledge of Chinese is indispensable; and (2) those engaged in administering British justice to Hakkas living under British rule. In recent times another class has arisen, to whom such a book should be useful— Hakkas wishing to learn English. It is hoped that all these will derive some benefit from the following pages.

2em

,

, August, 1905.


text: Tixall Poetry/Life a Preparation for Eternity


text: Tixall Poetry/On Friendship

title: Tixall Poetry/On Friendship


text: Tixall Poetry/Retirement

title: Tixall Poetry/Retirement


text: Tixall Poetry/On the Death of My Deare Sister, C. A.


text:
Page:Journal Of The Indian Archipelago And Eastern Asia Series.i, Vol.2 (IA in.ernet.dli.2015.107695).pdf/321

 uniformly traced to opium, the instigating cause of all; and the laborers of the interior who consume their days in fatiguing toil, and constant exposure to destruction from the numerous tigers, do thus brave death only that they may obtain the means of indulging themselves in the luxury of opium smoking. Incalculably great is the bane of opium. It urges the robber to death. It hurries the labourer to destruction by the jaws of tigers. Grievous to the last degree is this fact. Philanthropists of the age does not this rend your hearts, and affect your eyes? Does it not lead you to lament their stupidity, and to contrive means by which you may rescue them?

The number of men that arrive in the Junks annually amounts to about 10,000. Some of these, after remaining in Singapore a few days or months proceed to Rhio, Penang, Padang, Acheen, Java, Minto, Pahang, Malacca and other parts in the Archipelago.

In the gambier and pepper plantations there are generally 9 or 10 men employed, 12 and 13 men are considered a full complement. I have never heard of any plantation having as many as 20 men upon it.


text:
Author:Donald MacIver

Works

 * A Dictionary of the Hakka Dialect

title: Author:Donald MacIver


text:
Author talk:Donald MacIver

Since I see that you are proactive in researching authors, may I ask for your assistance in finding the name of his wife? I wanted to put the appropriate wikilink at Page:A dictionary of the Hakka dialect.pdf/8. Fish bowl (talk) 00:51, 30 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Only secondary/circumstantial evidence, though I am reasonably comfortable that the wife is Elizabeth Murray (1850-1935). Definitely have the family in 1901 census in Scotland, with wife and children.  The children give enough information to say that the family was in China in the 1880s, though whether they married prior to departure or in Orient is unknown. The children's data also shows maternal grandparents and the name Murray.  The probate was "dative qua" which indicates that it is a family connection for executor, and the second dative qua to daughter pretty much indicates that the wife has deceased and the daughter is the next family member and the year corresponds with the death of Elizabeth Maciver in the right place and time of the right age. Topped off with her probate that ties daughter and brother. Marriage would have been nice. ¯\_(ツ)_/¯ I couldn't find an obit for Donald in The Scotsman, didn't try to dig through other Scotch newspapers. — billinghurst  sDrewth  10:02, 3 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Unfortunate that women are so easily obscured in history :( Thank you for the research. Is it enough confidence to fill in the wikilink? Fish bowl (talk) 04:51, 4 October 2023 (UTC)

family tree
Donald MacIver Father	Duncan MacIver Mother	Catherine Maclennan Birth	10 Oct 1851 Ross, Berwickshire, Scotland Death	21 Jun 1910 Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland
 * Donald Mackays Family Tree

Don't think that I would trust this family tree outright. — billinghurst  sDrewth  10:31, 2 October 2023 (UTC)

rev. donald maciver Spouse	Elizabeth Murray mcaiver Mother	Henrietta Mackay Children	alice maciver Birth	1853 Stornoway, Ross-shire, Scotland Residence	1881 Stornoway, Ross-shire, Scotland
 * walcot Family Tree

Don't think that I trust this researcher either. — billinghurst  sDrewth

birth
Name 	Donald Mc Iver Gender 	Male Birth Date 	10 Oct 1852 Birth Place 	Fodderty,Ross and Cromarty,Scotland Father 	John Mc Iver Mother 	Catherine Mc Iver
 * Scotland, Births and Baptisms, 1564-1950. Salt Lake City, Utah: FamilySearch, 2013.

burial
Name 	Reverend Donald Macivor Burial Age 	58 Death Date 	21 Jun 1910 Burial Date 	24 Jun 1910 Burial Place 	Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland Cemetery 	Metropolitan Cemetery
 * City of Edinburgh Archives; Edinburgh, Scotland; Edinburgh Burial Registers; Reference: BR0019

Probate
Name 	Rev Donald Maciver, 6 Millerfield Place, Edinburgh Death Date 	21 Jun 1910 Death Place 	Edinburgh, Scotland Confirmation Date 	8 Nov 1910 Confirmation Place 	Edinburgh, Scotland To: Elizabeth MacIver
 * Commissary Clerk of Edinburgh under the Sheriff Courts Act, 1876. Calendar of Confirmations and Inventories.

Name 	Rev Donald Maciver Death Date 	21 Jun 1910 Death Place 	Edinburgh, Scotland Confirmation Date 	25 Jun 1935 Confirmation Place 	Edinburgh, Scotland To: Katherine Elizabeth Maciver, daughter

Name 	Elizabeth Maciver Death Date 	20 Apr 1935 Death Place 	Edinburgh, Scotland Confirmation Date 	13 May 1935 Confirmation Place 	Edinburgh, Scotland
 * MACIVER Elizabeth, 31 Hatton Place, Edinburgh, widow, died 20 April 1935 at Edinburgh, testate. Confirmation Edinburgh 13 May to George Gray Murray, her brother, and Katherine Elizabeth, h er daughter, , both of 31 Hatton Place aforesaid, Executors. Will dated 4 March 1929 recorded with other Writes Edinburgh 11 May 1935, Value of Estate, 248:14:5

census
Name 	Rev. Donald Maciver Age 	48 Relationship 	Brother-in-law Gender 	Male Where born 	Rosshire, Stoathanan Registration Number 	685/5 Registration district 	Newington Civil parish 	Edinburgh St Cuthberts Town 	Edinburgh County 	Midlothian Address 	13 Leamington Ter Occupation 	Missionary (foreign) Prestch England ED 	56 Household schedule number 	24 Line 	20 Roll 	CSSCT1901_387 Household Members (Name) 	Age 	Relationship George G Murray	38 	Head Donald Maciver 	48 	Brother-in-law Elizabeth Maciver	50 	Sister Kenneth I Maciver	13 	Nephew Agnes R Maciver	11 	Niece Katherine E Maciver	9 	Niece Alice M Maciver	5 	Niece Maggie Hunter	33 	Servant
 * 1901 Scotland

Name 	Kenneth I MacIver Age 	5 Relationship 	Grandson Gender 	Male Where born 	British Subject, China Registration Number 	685/2 Registration district 	St Andrew Civil parish 	Edinburgh St Stephens County 	Midlothian Address 	7 India St Occupation 	Scholar ED 	113 Household schedule number 	51 Line 	9 Roll 	CSSCT1891_345 Household Members (Name) 	Age 	Relationship George Murray	78 	Head, Grocer Agnes Murray	70 	Wife Mary Murray	38 	Daur (Daughter) George G Murray	28 	Son Kenneth I MacIver 	5 	Grandson Jane Dryburgh	51 	Serv: (Servant)
 * 1891 Scotland (of son and father in law)

Name 	George Murray Age 	37 Relationship 	Head Gender 	Male Where born 	Tranent, haddington Parish Number 	685/1 Civil parish 	Edinburgh St Stephen County 	Midlothian Address 	14 Occupation 	Grocer Master Employs 2 Men ED 	1 Page 	4 Household schedule number 	xi Line 	3 Roll 	CSSCT1851_180 Household Members (Name) 	Age 	Relationship George Murray 	37 	Head Agnes Murray	30 	Wife Elizabeth Murray	4 Mo 	Daughter Thos Russell	34 	Brother-in-law Helen Cuthbert	25 	Servant Margt Mackay	17 	Servant
 * 1851 Scotland (of father in law and future wife)

death
MACIVER DONALD 58 MACLENNAN (mother's maiden name) M 1910 685 / 5 / 381 Newington
 * Scotlandspeople

MACIVER ELIZABETH 84 F 1935 685 / 6 / 268 Newington

title: Author talk:Donald MacIver


text:
Translation:Note on the article on the ascent of clouds

Note on the article on the ascent of clouds inserted in the October issue.

.

the somewhat hasty composition of this article we said, on page 160, that experience directly proved that during the night the clouds still maintain a temperature higher than that of the surrounding air, since they send us more heat. To this reasoning one may object that all the excess heat is perhaps due to their reflective power. But then precisely because they reflect the radiant heat emanating from the globe better than does the surrounding air, they must appropriate more of it. Moreover, if we note that the particles of the cloud, far from acting like a metallic mirror, disperse in all directions the radiant caloric that they reflect, and that being formed of liquid or solid water they have only a weak reflective power, we will perceive that a considerable part of the heat sent must come from the cloud's own temperature.


text: The New Monthly Belle Assemblée/Volume 22/April 1845/Fatal Curiosity


text:
Die Bräutigamsvorschau

 * "The Three Damsels" abridged and adapted by David Lyndsay (1826)
 * "Fatal Curiosity" translated by Mary Ann Youatt (1845)

title: Die Bräutigamsvorschau


text: The New Monthly Belle Assemblée/Volume 22/April 1845/Stanzas


text:
Page:The blue poetry book (IA bluepoetry00lang).pdf/32

8

COWPER,


text: Page:Tales of humour and romance translated by Holcroft.djvu/162


text:
Page:The blue poetry book (IA bluepoetry00lang).pdf/11

purpose of this Collection is to put before children, and A young people, poems which are good in themselves, and espe- cially fitted to live, as Theocritus says, on the lips of the young. The Editor has been guided to a great extent, in making his choice, by recollections of what particularly pleased himself in youth. As a rule, the beginner in poetry likes what is called objective art-verse with a story in it, the more vigorous the story the better. The old ballads satisfy this taste, and the Editor would gladly have added more of them, Int for two reasons. First, there are parents who would see hari, where children see none, in Tamlane and Clerk Saunders. Next. there was reason to dread that the volume might become entirely too Scottish. It is certainly a curious thing that, in Mr. Palgrave's Golden Treasury, where some seventy poets are represented. scaredly more than a tenth of the number were born north of Twerd. In this book, how- ever, intended for lads and lassies, the poems by Campbell, by Sir Walter Scott, by Burns, by the Scottish song-writers, and the Scottish mainstrels of the ballad. are in an unexpectedly large proportion to the poems by English authors. The Editor believes that this predominance of Northern verse is not due to any exorbitant local patriotism of his own. The singers of the North, for some reason or other, do excel in poems of action and of adventure, or to him they seem to excel. He is acquainted with no modern ballnd by a Southern English- man, setting aside Christalul and the Ancient Mariner poems hardly to be called Ballads which equals The Eve of


text: Page:Tales of humour and romance translated by Holcroft.djvu/234


text: Page:Tales of humour and romance translated by Holcroft.djvu/242


text: Page:Tales of humour and romance translated by Holcroft.djvu/250


text: Page:Tales of humour and romance translated by Holcroft.djvu/300


text: Page:Tales of humour and romance translated by Holcroft.djvu/320


text: Page:Tales of humour and romance translated by Holcroft.djvu/248


text:
Page:Tales and Legends from the Land of the Tzar.djvu/65

Rh she looked just like a girl of seventeen, though she was only a few days old.

"Akem," said Masha, one day to her husband, "how good Providence has been to us; how Snow-Maiden has brightened us, in these few days, and how wicked we were to grumble as we did."

"Yes, Masha," returned Akem, "we ought to thank Providence for all that He has done for us, and thank Him that we have mirth instead of gloom, in our little home."

Winter passed, the heavens rejoiced, the spring sun came out, the swallows began to fly about, and the grass and trees became green once more.

The lovely Russian peasant-girls gathered themselves together, and met their young cavaliers under the trees in the forest, where they danced and sang their pretty Russian songs. But the Snow-Maiden was dull.

"What is the matter with you, my darling?" asked Masha; "are you ill? You are always so bright and cheerful as a rule, and now you are so dull all at once. Has any bad man thrown a spell over you?"

"No, mother mine; nothing is the matter with me, darling," the Snow-Maiden replied, but still she continued to be dull, and by degrees she lost her beautiful colour, and began to droop sadly, greatly to the alarm of those around her.

The last snow had now vanished, the gardens began to bloom, the rivers and lakes rippled, the birds sang merrily; in fact all the wide world seemed happy; yet our little Snow-Maiden drooped and looked sad. E


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text:
Page:Tales and Legends from the Land of the Tzar.djvu/66

50 She sat with her hands folded in the coolest part of the hut. She loved the cold winter, it was her best friend, but this horrid heat she hated. She was glad when it rained a little, there was no broiling sun then. She did not mind the winter sun, but the summer sun was her enemy; and quite natural, too, poor thing, when she was born in the winter in the snow! At last the great summer feast arrived, the village youths and maidens came to the Snow-Maiden and asked her to join them in a romp through the woods, and begged Masha to let her go with them. At first Masha refused, but the girls begged so hard that at last, on thinking it over, she consented, for she thought it might cheer Snow-Maiden up.

"But," said she, "take care of her, for she is the apple of my eye, and if anything happens to her, I don't know what I shall do!"

"All right! all right! we shall take care of her, she is just as dear to us!" cried the young people, as they took Snow-Maiden and ran off with her into the forest, where the girls wove themselves wreaths, while the young men gathered sticks, which they piled up high; and at sunset they set fire to them, and then they arranged themselves all in a row one after another, boys and girls, and prepared to jump over the burning heap. Our Snow-Maiden was the last in the row.

"Mind," said the girls to her, "don't stay behind but jump after us."

One! two! three! and away they went, jumping over the flames in great delight. Suddenly they heard


text:
Proclamation of the Commander-in-Chief of the Imperial Japanese Forces in the Philippines on Use of War-Notes in Occupied Areas

The Imperial Japanese Army, in the occupied areas, will use the war-notes (military pass-money) endorsed and issued by the Imperial Japanese Government. All the peoples residing within the concerned areas should be aware of the following:

1. The war-notes (military pass-money) have been issued by the Imperial Japanese Government, and said Government takes full responsibility for their usage having the correct amount to back them up.

Circulate the war-notes (military pass-money) on their face value with no fear of any sort.

2. Those who hold the war-notes will be able to use them in making payments of all kinds.

3. If anyone attempts to interfere with the circulation of the war-notes (such deeds as rejection of payment, forgery, or spreading the untrue nature of news concerning the war-notes of any kind) his act will be considered as hostile and will be punished severely.

4. The war-notes, and the existing currency and foreign currency will be prohibited from exportation and importation for a while.

5. Kinds and classes of the war notes will be as follows: 10-peso note, 5-peso note, 1-peso note, and notes of: 1 centavo, 5 centavos, 10 centavos, 50 centavos.

Rh

January 3, 1942.


text:
Proclamation of the Commander-in-Chief of the Imperial Japanese Forces in the Philippines on Prohibiting Circulation of Yen Paper Money and Foreign Currencies

The currencies which shall be sanctioned by the authorities of the Japanese Army to circulate in the Philippine Islands shall be the Peso military notes which are issued by the Imperial Japanese Government, and the Philippine Peso currency, which is already in circulation.

The circulation of the Yen paper money (paper money issued by the Japanese Imperial Government, Yen notes issued by the Bank of Japan, Yen notes issued by the Bank of Chosen, Yen notes issued by the Bank of Taiwan, and the military notes), piastre currency (notes issued by the Bank of Indo-China), and all other currencies of foreign countries shall be prohibited.

However, as for the U. S. dollar currency, the circulation shall be approved at the rate of two pesos (₱2) per one dollar ($1), for the time being.

Not only the paper of the above-mentioned currencies, which are prohibited to circulate as the means of payment of all transactions, but also the receiver of such currencies shall be punished in accordance with the provisions of the martial law.

As to the treatment of the possession in the market of the above-mentioned currencies and the U.S. dollar currency which are prohibited to circulate shall be regulated later on.

Rh

January 10, 1942.


text:
Page:A Grammar of the Telugu language.djvu/58

40 frequently neglected: and accordingly the words mentioned above are often written or pronounced thus వాడు + యెక్కడ vadu-yeccada, అదియెక్కడ adi-y-eccada, అన్నయెక్కడ anna-y-eccada.

The Sanscrit rules for elision and permutation are entirely different and as they are much used in Telugu as regards Sanscrit phrases alone they will be placed at the end of this Grammar for the use of those who have not learnt that part of the Sanscrit Grammar.

Grammarians have given the name ద్రుతం Drutam to the letter N when it is used to prevent elision.

In Greek grammar we frequently see N added to the dative plural or to some persons in the Verb and a similar interposition of N is common in Telugu.

Drutam denotes the N which has no meaning. The letter N has a meaning when it is the sign of the accusitive, as బిడ్డ bidda, a child, accusative బిడ్డను; or the locative case, as యంటను intanu, in the house; or the verb; as పలికితిని paliktini I spoke పోయెను pōyenu he went. But when it has no meaning, and is merely inserted to prevent elision, (like an for a in English) it is called Drutam, (or, the Extra N,) and the words to which it may be grammatically attached are called ద్రుతప్రకృతిక druta-pracritica, or, Word of the N Class.

Examples:—అట్లానా atlā-n-ā? it is so. Here atla, ending in a is followed by a denoting interrogation. And between these two letters, N is inserted. అతనిచేతనడిగిరి atani-cheta-n-adigiri They asked it of him. Here cheta, from ends in a vowel; and adigiri begins with a vowel; to prevent elision N is inserted because cheta is a word which (as will hereafter be shewn) is included in the druta class. Again రానేలేదు rā-n-ē-lēdu he really did not come. Here రా rā, is followed by the intensive e, and


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Rh to prevent elision N is inserted because రా rā the Infinitive is a druta word as will afterwards be shewn.

These are particular words which are not allowed to add N in this manner, and these are called కళాశబ్దములు Cala-sabdamulu, or, Cala words. The earliest grammarians divided them into sixteen classes; whence they derive the name cala which signifies one anna or sixteenth.

All Nominative cases are included in this rule (excepting నేను I and తాను oneself) Thus వాడు + ఉండెను vādu + undenu, he was, may by elision become వాడుండెను vād'undenu; but not వాడునుండెను vadu-n-undenu.

Should however the N be inserted as here shewn, వడునుండెను vada-n-undenu would signify he was; because ను or న్ను (nu or nnu) may be the conjunction. Thus N may be inserted if it has a meaning; but cannot be inserted (as in the Greek words already noticed) for the purpose of preventing elision.

Further rules regarding Druta and Cala will be placed in another chapter: because they may be required by the advanced student, though unintelligible to the beginner.

The principles of Druta and Cala have been supposed peculiarly obscure: but we may observe that the Telugus even the most illiterate who never heard of the grammatical terms “Druta” and “Cala” find the distinction very easy. Hence we may fairly conclude that the difficulty has arisen from the mode in which the subject has been treated in grammars. There evidently are two parts of the subject: one is quite easy and has now been explained: the other being more refined can only be understood after we become acquainted with the Syntax and Prosody.

In all parts of speech words terminating in the vowel ఇ are subject to one uniform principle.


text:
Proclamation of the Commander-in-Chief of the Imperial Japanese Forces in the Philippines on System of Forced Savings for All Employees

With respect to the payment of salaries of employees, all government offices, banks and business firms, for the time being, must on each day of payment deduct from the salary of each employee the amount calculated on the standard mentioned below, and the total of the months so deducted is to be deposited, by the employer, in the banks (including credit associations) and, at the same time, records must be kept of the amount deposited by each respective employee so that the depositor may at any time examine his account.

But the above-mentioned provision does not apply to a person receiving salary less than ₱200 per month.

 * (1) For monthly salary less than ₱300, ten per cent of the salary must be deposited.

 * (2) For monthly salary above ₱300 in addition to the amount prescribed by (1) 40 per cent of the sum exceeding ₱300 must be deposited.

 * (3) If any cash payment of salary exceeds the sum of ₱500 after the above prescribed amounts have been deducted, all the sum in excess of ₱500 must be deposited.

Anyone who violates the above-mentioned provisions will be severely punished in accordance with the Military laws. The enforcement of this proclamation is limited to the City of Greater Manila.

Rh

January 23, 1942.


text: Category:Writing systems

title: Category:Writing systems


text: A Grammar of the Telugu Language/Chapter I/Alphabet


text:
Proclamation of the Commander-in-Chief of the Imperial Japanese Forces in the Philippines on Reopening of Banking Institutions and Financial Organizations

The Commander-in-Chief of the Imperial Japanese Forces, realizing the urgent necessity of normalizing business conditions, do hereby proclaim and order the reopening of such banking institutions and financial organizations as notified in the City of Manila.

Heretofore, officials and common people alike must endeavor to collaborate and carry on smoothly the financial activities in accordance with the articles of the proclamation hereafter given. Anybody who violates any of the provisions of this order shall be considered as having committed a hostile act and shall be punished severely.

The Banks ordered to reopen must not allow anybody to draw more than the amount of Five Hundred Pesos (₱500) per person (including commercial firms, corporations or companies) a month. But withdrawals from bank deposits for paying taxes, water, gas, electricity and telephone charges, and those other payments having the permission and approval of the Commander-in-Chief of the Imperial Japanese Forces, are exempted from the above-mentioned restriction.

Adjustment entries between accounts of the same person or firm in the same bank or settlements of accounts between banking and financial organizations are free.

Payment for checks, or other certificates of payment which were issued before the reopening of the banks, irrespective of the amount, must bear the approval and permission of the Commander-in-Chief of the Imperial Japanese Forces.

Foreign exchange business will not be allowed for the time being unless otherwise permitted by the Commander-in-Chief of the Imperial Japanese Forces.

The above proclamation shall be put into effect within the limits of the City of Greater Manila for the time being.

Rh

January 23, 1942.


text: A Grammar of the Telugu Language/Chapter I/On spelling


text: A Grammar of the Telugu Language/Chapter I/Consonants


text: A Grammar of the Telugu Language/Chapter I/Sunna and half sunna, circle and semicircle