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 of the Moldau. So then, two almost radically different forms of life were here opposed to one another: the regular, measured, settled streets along which with loutish steps tramped Poldik beside his cart with raw-boned horses. Poldik, heavy like his sand, from which the water fell drip, drip: and here light-heartedness and elasticity, just like the smooth and marbled surface of the Moldau over which like thought itself skimmed Francis, light-hearted, transparently gay, gentle, and blithsome like that water which here plashed over the yellow sand.

So that Malka’s sudden desertion of Poldik and her subsequent predilection for Francis was so natural an occurrence, that I know not how many young ladies would have given proof to their constancy by not following in Malka’s footsteps. The female heart, according to popular ideas, flies on wings to meet a sailor lover; if the lover be not a sailor, it goes to meet him indeed, but at a perfectly Platonic pace. And we may consider Francis more or less a sailor, at least, in so far as our Moldau justifies the comparison. No doubt a facility to captivate the female heart has also its weak side; for a heart soon won, is also soon lost. But even that awkward land-lubber Rectitude has also his weak side, for being ill-adapted to charm the mind of women, he is too frequently left in the lurch without a wife, in spite of all his constancy of character and his devotion to business.

Malka enjoyed herself on the water beyond measure. Wherever the light craft sped its way, people on the bank paused to gaze upon the bespangled shallop, and asked each other whoever that couple could be. It was clear in the sky above them and in the water below them, the banks were carpeted with brilliant green, and by the river-side lads and lasses promenaded in their Sunday attire, and in all the innocent delights of the Sabbath. Where Malka wished, the skiff stopped; where she wished, it flew forward.

They dined together in a garden, under the broad blue sky; and here Malka already confessed to herself that there was more life in one afternoon with Francis then in all the time she had spent with Poldik.

And this afternoon delighted her more and more. They urged the boat forward against the stream, and the smiles of the whole world seemed concentrated upon them. In the villages by the riverside bands of music were playing, and the tones were wafted to them lightly over the water. The boys who trooped along the banks of the river recognized Francis who was indeed a general favourite among them, shouted to him their salutations from a


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 distance, and waved their caps and handkerchiefs in sign of recognition.

At one river-side village they finally moored the skiff. The villagers came in a body to invite him to their village, and threatened to bar his further progress unless he stepped out among them and allowed them to dance at least one round with “that bonny lass of his”.

Francis and Malka were agreeable, stepped out on to the beach and proceeded to where the band was playing, accompanied by the young men of the village. As soon as Francis made his appearance, the musicians greeted him with a flourish of trumpets, the rest of the company turned and bowed to him and danced with Malka, and unusual tokens of respect were bestowed on both. Then the music accompanied them to their shallop, and the boys sang a merry roundelay. And as they floated along, Francis lighted various coloured lanterns in the boat so that it looked like a bed of roses, flashing out into the blue mysterious depths of evening. And amid the roses dallied Francis and Malka, crowned with smiles. Above them bent the boundless star-wrought heaven, and before them in smiling eddies flowed the clear and marbled surface of the Moldau. Francis who rowed, because they floated with the stream, had no need to stir an oar; the water itself carried them along, he and Malka might hold each other’s hands, and might look at one another and at one another’s smiles.

Malka thought that never in all her life had she experienced anything so delightful as that lovely evening on the water; and in whispers she declared what she could not venture to express aloud that she would like to linger on the water as long as the moon was shining in the heavens. And the moon shone so to speak in duplicate; it was visible high above them, and it was reflected in the Moldau, and on the water its lustre lay like molten silver. And where Francis dipped his oar, the lustre was splintered into a thousand silvery flakes and fell in sparks and silvery drops, and all the while the ripples pattered on the shore in half murmured music that yet was touchingly distinct.

If the river-banks had many a charm for Malka by daylight, they had many more on such an evening as this. The margin of the river was half lost in twilight, from which emerged houses, hillocks, and in general all objects bathed in glittering whiteness. The gaze could not penetrate that mysterious twilight, and yet the eye was loath to wander from it, as though within its depths lay all that ever drew the soul and spirit to itself.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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 This day and this evening had such an effect upon Malka that they easily and completely expelled from her soul the image of her previous lover which, as we have observed, hung there more from habit than from any deep spiritual necessity which would have held it there so long as life lasted. Aye, there needed but a few such days and evenings and Malka turned away from Poldik as from an uncouth scarecrow, and as though she were flying from a ruined vault whose ceiling was overhung with spider-webs; and she turned to Francis as to some sunny spot of earth which would free her from the dismal gloom of the other.

I cannot disguise the fact that the relation of Malka to Francis was a very dangerous one, and that I might here fall into the temptation to weave a romantic story. For threads which entwine so lightly as the inclination towards one another entertained by Malka and Francis, generally are just as lightly blown asunder; only that on one side follows merely a sentiment of vexation, on the other complete disenchantment, if not an utter dissipation of all the hopes which make a girl cling to life.

But, indeed, we have no need of any such a romance, and in the present instance it would not be true. Francis had already repeated to Malka a hundred times that they should live together as a happy couple, man and wife, and Malka, when he said it, had a hundred times pressed his hand, as if in token of her consent. And then they had said it to each other in looks and kisses, and then a time came when neither looks nor kisses were needed to express it, for it was so firmly fixed and settled between them that they saw it as clearly as they saw the path along which they paced together.

Thus then it came to pass that in Podskali the sandsmen and the boatmen prepared for the nuptial day of Francis and Malka. They discussed it a whole week beforehand on the Quay, and were planning for a whole week how to celebrate the happy event. For Francis had always been to them like their own soul; in summer on the skiffs and on the boats, in the winter on the ice where he selected and set in order and superintended the skating-rinks over which he himself sped along like the fickle wind over field and fish-pond. For this reason people had prophesied but last summer that all his life long he would never marry, for that he was too free and joyous-hearted, too like the wind and too inconstant, and that any woman who was his wife would doom herself to a truly thorny path. And now Francis was to marry.

Thus, then, all the sandsmen and boatmen clubbed together and


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Rh (without alteration of their other properties, as height, compactness, &c.), the ground will undergo the same variations of temperature. Now it will be shown in the sequel that a variation of the carbonic acid of the atmosphere in the same proportion produces nearly the same thermal effect independently of its absolute magnitude (see p. ). Therefore we may calculate the temperature-variation in this case as if the clouds covered the ground with a thin film of the albedo $$0.78$$ ($\nu=0.22$, see p. ). As now on the average $$\text{K}=1$$ and $$\text{W}=1$$ nearly, and in this case $$\beta$$ is about $0.79$, the effect on the clouded part will be only $$0.25$$ of the effect on parts that have $\nu=1$. If a like correction is introduced for the ocean ($\nu=0.925$) on the supposition that the unclouded part of the earth consists of as much water as of solid ground (which is approximately true, for the clouds are by preference stored up over the ocean), we find a mean effect. of, in round numbers, 60 p. c. of that which would exist if the whole earth's surface had $\nu=1$. The snow-covered parts are not considered, for, on the one hand, these parts are mostly clouded to about 65 p. c.; further, they constitute only a very small part of the earth (for the whole year on the average only about 4 p. c.), so that the correction for this case would not exceed 0.5 p. c. in the last number 60. And further, on the border countries between snowfields and free soil secondary effects come into play (see p. ) which compensate, and perhaps overcome, the moderating effect of the snow.

In the foregoing we have supposed that the air is to be regarded as an envelope of perfectly uniform temperature. This is of course not true, and we now proceed to an examination of the probable corrections that must be introduced for eliminating the errors caused by this inexactness. It is evident that the parts of the air which radiate to space are chiefly the external ones, and on the other hand the layers of air which absorb the greatest part of the earth's radiation do not lie very high. From this cause both the radiation from air to space ($\beta\gamma\theta^4$ in ) and also the radiation of the earth to the air ($$\beta\gamma\nu(\text{T}^4-\theta^4)$$ in ), are greatly reduced, and the air has a much greater effect as protecting against the loss of heat to space than is assumed in these equations, and consequently also in. If we knew the difference of temperature between the two layers of the air that radiate to space and absorb the earth's radiation, it would be easy to introduce the necessary correction in formul, , and. For this purpose I have adduced the following consideration.

As at the mean composition of the atmosphere ($\text{K}=1$,


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 agreed as to the manner in which they were to spend the festive evening. The preparations for that evening might be heard discussed on the river-bank, on the water, and wherever people were engaged at their work. Only when Francis came to the Quay these discussions about the preparations for the day tacitly dropped.

But still Poldik heard all that was being prepared. However, he already treated the matter, or affected to treat it, as something wholly alien from himself, but none the less it stung him to the heart, and in his heart he felt as though a red-hot iron was piercing his very bosom. According to his own maxim, however, he would not have given a pipe of tobacco for Francis; but yet none but Francis was with her; somehow or other he managed to hold his own with Malka and to retain her always by his side. And the superior ability displayed by Francis in these respects was perhaps the most galling thing of all.

Thus the day drew near when Francis and Malka were to be plighted, and the evening drew near when in their honour was prepared on the Upper Moldau a festival of unusual splendour and seldom seen thereon.

Just as on that eventful Sunday morning when Malka and Francis first sailed out together, his boat was tricked out like a dandy, and in the evening glittered with divers lanterns that looked like roses, so, to-day, all the skiffs which were in Podskali were gaily bedizened and awaited in thick array until evening brought the happy pair among them. Scarcely had the first shadows descended upon the water, when all the skiffs glowed as it were with one single fire, distributed in a thousand different fragments. The glow broadened far over far over the river-banks, spanned the whole smooth surface of the Moldau, and shot its varied streams of light far into the star-bespangled skies.

And in the midst of it all sat Francis and Malka, a newly married couple.

The skiffs—as though they had been a single large vessel—crept slowly against the stream until they reached Vysehrad, until even those ancient walls and that ancient crag were tinged by the glow from the water, and looked like a stern face with a young smile on it. Immediately after this the compact body of boats fell to pieces, each skiff rode over the water by itself, and all circled round the exquisitely adorned skiff of the young married couple. On some of the skiffs music burst forth, on others singing and music succeeded one another, on all reigned mirth and jollity,


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Index talk:The Hunterian Oration 1877.djvu

File upload error
I have uploaded this file to Wikicommons using IA upload tool. But when I have created this Index page, the book pages and scan pages are not matching. Can someone help and correct this error. Thanking you very much. Rajasekhar1961 (talk) 14:22, 13 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Rajasekhar1961: The OCR matches with the text on the pages, so about what are you concerned? What do you mean by “book pages and scan pages are not matching”? TE(æ)A,ea. (talk) 03:41, 14 December 2023 (UTC)

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 on all the crews shouted with delight, kindled torches and waved them in the air. The Moldau was so animated and bedizened that it was no longer like itself. And it was all because Francis had married Malka.

The banks were wellnigh trodden down by the crowds of towns-folk who had come to feast their eyes on the agreeable spectacle. Even Poldik was amongst them, lost in the throng and unobserved. And at times it seemed to him that it would be best if he were to stab himself to the heart with something, then again if he were to stab to the heart all those yonder who made merry, and then finally it appeared to him that he deserved that taunting laughter in which accorded the people, the Moldau, and the heavens that bent above them, and then finally it seemed to him that he had deserved yet worse things than that taunting laughter in which the festival found tongue: and that all together ought to lift him above their heads and point the finger at him, and shout, “Pelt him! because he does not know what life is! Pelt him! for he does not deserve to live.” And then again he seemed to see the cause of it all in that jostling mob, and home he reeled like one half crazed.

OLDIK’S horses found themselves best off while the passion of their master for Malka was on the increase until it reached its climacteric.

In those days Poldik was glad to draw rein from time to time, and took care of his horses both in the streets and at home, in order that he might be able to boast of them as his property, and mainly in order that he might jog along with them when Malka sat beside him in his cart. At that time Poldik’s horses were on the high road to transfiguration. Their ribs began to be cased in a light coating of flesh, their ears sometimes pricked, and their shoes made a deeper dint upon the ground. And Poldik’s comrades, when they met him, looked at him with a pair of eyes in which were legible the words, “Poldik is becoming quite a skilful groom.”

Here we must note in passing that Poldik occasionally took to horse-doctoring, and that when he took pains with the horses, he generally succeeded.

Thus, for example, if some scavenger’s jade broke down, and its master half determined to take it to the knacker’s yard, it still


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294 however, the Persian king fled before the invaders; the city fell, while the great temple which sheltered the fire of Usnasp was reduced to ruins. Heraclius followed after Chosroes, and sacked many cities on his march, but did not venture to press the pursuit: before him lay the enemy's country and the Persian army, while his rear might at any moment be threatened by the united advance of Sahrbarâz and Sahîn. Despite opposition, extreme cold, and scarcity of provisions he crossed the Araxes in safety, carrying some 50,000 prisoners in his train. It was shrewd policy which dictated their subsequent release; it created a good impression and, as a result, there were fewer mouths to feed.

It was doubtless primarily as a recruiting ground that Heraclius sought these Caucasian districts — the home of hardy and warlike mountaineers — for the sorely harried provinces of Asia Minor were probably in no condition to supply him with large contingents of troops. This is not however the place to recount in detail the complicated story of the operations of the winter of 623 and of the year 624. Sahîn was utterly discomfited at Tigranokert, but Heraclius was himself forced to retire into Armenia before the army of Sahrbarâz (winter, 623). With the spring of 624 we find Lazes, Abasges, and Iberians as Roman allies, though they subsequently deserted the Emperor when disappointed in their expectations of spoil and plunder. Heraclius was once more unable to penetrate into Persia, but was occupied in Armenia, marching and countermarching between forces commanded by Sarablangas, Sahrbarâz and Sahîn. Sarablangas was slain, and late in the year Van was captured, and Sarbar surprised in his winter quarters at Arces or Arsissa (at the N.E. end of Lake Van). The Persian general was all but taken prisoner, and very few of the garrison, 6000 strong, escaped destruction.

With the new year (625) Heraclius determined to return to the West, before he once more attempted a direct attack upon Persia. We can only conjecture the reasons which led him to take this step, but it would seem probable that the principal inducement was a desire to assert Roman influence in the south of Asia Minor and in the islands. The Persians had occupied Cilicia before the capture of Jerusalem; in 623 it would appear that they had made a raid upon Rhodes, had seized the Roman general and led off the inhabitants as prisoners, while in the same year we are told that the Slavs had entered Crete. There is some evidence which points to the conclusion that the Emperor was at this time very anxious to recover the ground thus lost. There was considerable doubt however as to which route should be pursued — that through Taranda or that by way of the Taurus chain. The latter was chosen despite its difficulty, as it was thought that provisions would be thus more plentiful. From Van the army advanced through Martyropolis and Amida, where the troops rested. But meanwhile Sahrbarâz, in hot pursuit, had arrived first at the Euphrates and removed the bridge of boats. The Emperor however crossed by a ford and reached Samosata


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Index talk:The Harveian oration 1911.djvu

File upload error
I have uploaded this file to Wikicommons using IA upload tool. But when I have created this Index page, the book pages and scan pages are not matching. Can someone help and correct this error. Thanking you very much. Rajasekhar1961 (talk) 14:25, 13 December 2023 (UTC)
 * You can ask for repairing the scan at Scan Lab, but it is imo not necessary. I suggest ignoring it, acquiring own OCR with the Wikisource OCR, Transcribe text button.png button. --Jan Kameníček (talk) 18:02, 13 December 2023 (UTC)


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 occurred to him, “Suppose I let Poldik try his hand with her.” From Poldik’s then two paths led, either the jade was converted into a passable mare, in which case the owner reclaimed his property; or she failed to mend, and the knacker came for her. Poldik generally “mended” his horses at daybreak or evening, when his day’s work was over; and on Sunday, when he had the whole day to himself, he let out his troop into the court-yard in order to make up his mind what further he should do with them.

That troop of horses was a wonderful spectacle, and would have suited Falstaff’s ragged battalion to a nicety, if, that is to say, it had been required to turn his ragged infantry into cavalry of the same kidney. One horse would, perhaps, be altogether swaddled in blankets, another would have all one side encrusted with a kind of tetter or scab, another only the shoulders thus encrusted, a third only its fore-feet, another only one foot. It was just as if a sculptor had formed model horses of clay and these horses had been transformed into living samples: it was hard to decide whether there was more clay or more horseflesh as yet in their composition.

This Sunday parade in the court-yard attracted plenty of spectators. First came the owners of the animals whose lives and, perhaps, sufferings Poldik prolonged: after them came plenty of a second public-the true spectators. Poldik paraded his invalids in the court-yard, just as a circus master parades his trained stud in the arena. It must not be supposed that these convalescents performed, at Poldik’s bidding, wonders comparable with the wondrous feats of strength performed in the arena by their fellows of the circus. But still, relatively, they performed wonders, and perhaps in this respect even much greater ones. For, if in the previous week a horse had scarcely limped hither, and if, the week after, that is on the second Sunday’s parade, it could go a certain pace, sometimes at a brisk pace, although you could still see on which it limped, it had in that week relatively done a great deal; so much so that even then it found a public who were disposed to admire its agility.

But this occupation of Poldik’s was quite a secondary one. Like a true artist, he only devoted himself to it when the fit was on him. And thus also it came to pass that the owner of some jade might lead her to Poldik, but afterwards drive her off again straight to the knacker’s yard, and for this reason-because Poldik would not receive the horse. “I don’t take in horses”, he would say. “Pray, who would think of taking in horses to cure?” And


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622-623] then embarked and in the evening of the same day, 5 April, the fleet set sail. Despite a violent storm on 6 April the Emperor arrived in safety at the small town of Pylae in the Bay of Nicomedia. Thence Heraclius marched "into the region of the themes," i.e. in all probability Galatia and perhaps Cappadocia. Here the work of concentration was carried out: the Emperor collected the garrisons and added to their number his new army. In his first campaign the object of Heraclius was to force the Persian troops to withdraw from Asia Minor: he sought to pass the enemy on the flank, to threaten his communications, and to appear to be striking at the very heart of his native country. The Persians had occupied the mountains, hoping thus to confine the imperial troops within the Pontic provinces during the winter, but by clever strategy Heraclius turned their position and marched towards Armenia. Sahrbarâz endeavoured to draw the Roman army after him by a raid on Cilicia; but, realising that Heraclius could thus advance unopposed through Armenia into the interior of Persia, he abandoned the project and followed the Emperor. Heraclius at length forced a general engagement and won a signal victory. The Persian camp was captured and Sahrbarâz's army almost entirely destroyed. Rumours of impending trouble with the western barbarians in Europe recalled Heraclius to the capital, and his army went into winter quarters. The Emperor had freed Asia Minor from the invader.

Chosroes now addressed a haughty letter to Heraclius which the Emperor caused to be read before his ministers and the patriarch: the despatch itself was laid before the high altar and all with tears implored the succours of Heaven. In reply to Chosroes Heraclius offered the Persian monarch an alternative: either let him accept conditions of peace, or, should he refuse, the Roman army would forthwith invade his kingdom. On 25 March 623 the Emperor left the capital, and celebrated Easter in Nicomedia on 15 April, awaiting, it would seem, the enemy's answer. Here, in all probability, he learned that Chosroes refused to consider terms and treated with contempt the threat of invasion. Thus (20 April) Heraclius set out on his invasion of Persia, marching into Armenia with all speed by way of Caesarea, where he had ordered his army to assemble. Chosroes had commanded Sahrbarâz to make a raid upon the territory of the Empire, but on the news of the sudden advance of Heraclius he was immediately recalled, and was bidden to join his forces to the newly raised troops under Sahîn. From Caesarea Heraclius proceeded through Karin to Dovin: the Christian capital of the province of Ararat was stormed, and after the capture of Nachčavan he made for Ganzaca (Takhti-Soleïmán), since he heard that Chosroes was here in person at the head of 40,000 men. On the defeat of his guards,


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 sometimes, on the other hand, he received every horse that came, paraded them about the court-yard to see what progress they were making, and when they were cured dispatched them to their respective masters.

There were golden times in store for Poldik’s horses after Malka had broken faith with him. That spurt of briskness which they had found so tiresome was soon expended and from horses they quickly sank again into jades. Poldik had no longer any one to whom he could boast of them, and he was angry with himself for ever having been so possessed and for having given himself so much trouble with them. They fell once more into their old measured pacing along the streets of Prague, and nothing again aroused them from their ordinary shambling walk. But after Malka and Francis were espoused with so much pomp and ceremony, Poldik could not any longer bear to see his horses and cart. He had sufficiently clear insight to perceive what an unequal contest he had waged as a scavenger with Francis the wherryman. Nor was it the fault of his intellect that he had lost, but of the commonplace loutishness with which he was saturated through and through. It appeared to him that there was nothing more despicable than his own employment; at all events he himself despised it utterly; and at that time, if he could have driven off his cart and the horses along with it on to some red-hot rock, so that no vestige of them might remain, he would have done it without a moment’s reflection.

At that time he lost all hold on realities and certainty. His horses must have been in a maze of difficulties. He began according to entirely different methods, and any one who had known his previous methods must have admitted that the new methods were none at all. What cared he now for twenty paces? What cared he now at what point he said “he!” “heesta!” at what point he said “cl! cl!”, at what point he shouted “whoa up!” when he was to belabour them with the whip and when he was to swear? He mixed and tangled all his vocabulary in careless confusion, swore where he ought to have said “heesta!”, flogged where he ought to have sworn, and said “cl!” where the horses expected the lash. Now they never dared halt of their own accord, for then he let fly at them all at once a volley of all the abusive epithets which he had in his pate, just as when wind, thunder, and raindrops come down pell-mell together. The horses now walked past the ale-house and the tobacconist and the fruit stall and the other noteworthy snuggeries in those quarters as though they were de-


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10 OLD AND NEW VIEWS ON attained to the truth that I should extricate myself and escape from this labyrinth and that I had discovered what I had so much desired, both the motion and the use of the heart and arteries. Since which time I have not hesitated to expose my views upon these subjects, not only in private to my friends, but also in public in my anatomical lectures, after the manner of the Academy of old."

Then after many years of demonstrations, in his Lumleian lectures, he published his well-known "Exercitatio de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis," a work of 67 pages, marvellous for its conciseness, in which he proves for all time-

"(1) That it is the contraction, not the dilata- tion of the heart which coincides with the pulse, and that the ventricles, as true muscular sacs, squeeze the blood which they contain into the aorta and pulmonary artery; (2) that the pulse is not produced by the arteries enlarging and so filling, but by the arteries being filled with blood and so enlarging; (3) that there are no pores in the septum of the heart, so that the whole blood in the right ventricle is sent to the lungs and round by the pulmonary veins to the left ventricle, and also that the whole blood in the left ventricle is again sent into the arteries round by the smaller veins into the venæ cavæ, and by them to the right ventricle again, thus making a complete double 'circulation'; (4) that the blood in the arteries and that in the veins is the same blood; (5) that

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20 OLD AND NEW VIEWS ON the Nature, Causes, Subjects, Progress, Change, Signs, Prognostics, Preservatives, and several Methods of Curing all Consumptions, Coughs, and Spitting of Blood.” Dr. Gideon Harvey wrote several books in a racy, scurrilous style, but they appear to have been of no scientific value. He mixed up a number of wasting diseases, which had not much to do with each other, under the head of Consamption, and the result was considerable confusion. Dr. Gideon Harvey appears to have had strong notions on the subject of climate and diet for consumptives, of which a good account will be found in the British Medical Journal, October 21, 1911.

Morton’s “ Phthisiologia.”

The next work of importance on consumption in this country was published at the beginning of the eighteenth century, to wit, Richard Morton’s “ Phthisiologia, or Treatise of Consumption.” It was originally published in Latin, afterwards trans- lated into English, and ran through more than one edition, being evidently widely read and approved in the eighteenth century. The author treated of ““Consumptions,” not only of pulmonary consump- tion, but of many kinds of wasting disease, such as that arising from discharging abscesses, from diabetes, from loss of blood, and from excessive diarrhoea due to various causes, but he devoted his chief attention to pulmonary consumption, �

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 mented—they had unlearned the habit of halting and were only thankful when they had got through the day with a whole skin.

Hence, once more the connoisseur and the tyro in horse-flesh might count their ribs and could say from their coat of hair how far the straps were to blame and how far the collar was at fault. Perhaps Poldik did not in the least perceive whither his horses were fast hastening, and that he might have driven them off any day to the knacker’s yard.

Once, however, an acquaintance gave him a hint about the matter. Going past Poldik he halted and said with slow precision, “They are no longer what they were!”

Poldik himself looked at them and almost started aghast. “They are no longer what they were”, said he to himself and here he began to pity the horses from his heart.

If Poldik had not been Poldik he would have led them home to his own stable, but now he began to consider whether he might not as well take them to the knacker’s. And yet to do so seemed to him like smiting his own self and his own existence.

In the end, he led them to his own stable, ceased to be a scavenger and began business as a stableman. As soon as the news spread that Poldik had again taken to converting unsound horses into sound ones he had visitors from morning to evening, bringing him patients from all quarters, and Poldik received them so long as he had any stall-room left. At that time, if he had thrown himself energetically into his business, he might have made quite a fortune, and yet Poldik did not feel himself a happy man. It was a business which so completely ran counter to all his previous habits and so changed his step, his gait, and all his modes of life that he was long in doubt whether he would not again quit it and once more throw in his lot with the the scavengers.

But after all he remained constant to his new profession; for having after no long time converted his own screws into decent horses he happened to sell them speedily and well and it was just as if he had bartered his own soul. Rather than accustom himself to a new pair of horses and teach them to learn his habits, he would have quitted this tedious life below; and to think, too, that he would have to drive down to the Quay and among the wherrymen, and that Francis with Malka perhaps by his side would be there, and that he would see the sneer upon their faces. When he thought of a all this he was glad that he need go no longer to the


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30 OLD AND NEW VIEWS ON the beneficial effect of treatment was limited to incipient cases, and especially to those who were able at an early stage to take long voyages, such as those to Australia and to India.”

He adds :—

“My general recollection of the histories of the developed disease at that time is that of distressing tragedies, in which no means used seemed to have any power to arrest the malady ; and life was rarely prolonged beyond the limit of two years, assigned by Laennec and Louis as the average duration of the life of a consumptive.

“Tn the next period of ten years (from 1840 to 1850) a marked improvement took place in the results of treatment, apparently in connection with the allowance of a more liberal diet, and the habitual use of mild alterative tonics, as they might be termed, particularly iodide of potassium with sarsaparilla, or other vegetable tonics. Several of the early cases recorded were treated in this way and with improved results in respect of the general health of the patients and diminution of cough and expectoration.

“Tt was in the latter part of this period that chemists began to produce cod-liver oil of sufficient purity and freshness to be fit for the human stomach; and I have no hesitation in stating my conviction that this agent has done more for the consumptive than all the other means put together.” �

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40 OLD AND NEW VIEWS ON recent complaints against sanatoriums seem ex- aggerated and unreasonable, though they may partly be accounted for by the nature of the cases adinitted, which are generally too advanced and fitter for consumption hospitals, and many more such hospitals are needed in this country.

A comparison has recently been made by Messrs. Elderton and Perry, under the auspices of Professor Karl Pearson, F'.R.S., between the results from sanatorium treatment and those obtained in pre-sanatorium days by Dr. Pollock and myself. As far as I am concerned, I highly appreciate the care and attention which have been bestowed on my laborious figures, and I am pleased to note that Messrs. Elderton and Perry’s conclusions agree so well with my facts; but I do not consider that sanatoriums have been long enough established in this country to furnish the information required for reliable statistics, and I hold that a fair and useful comparison is not yet possible. I would deprecate also comparison of American sanatoriums, such as the Adirondacks, with records of private patients in Great Britain, necessarily under different conditions.

I propose later to offer an opinion as to the needs of this country with regard to sanatoriums, hospitals, dispensaries, and labour colonies, but for the present will only say that the successes achieved at some of the working-class sanatoriums and the results of certain private sanatoriums �

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50 OLD AND NEW VIEWS ON stimulating their production, so that a system of defence is thereby organized. The fact that tubercle bacilli disappear earlier from the sputum during this treatment is very remarkable, and everything points to the necessity of further in- vestigation in the matter. But such investigation ought to be carried on in a hospital or sanatorium rather than at a tuberculin dispensary, where there is no means of observing the effect of the tuberculin on the patient’s system or of controlling the inoculations and their results.

Effects of Improved Hygienic Conditions.

To sum up, What are the prospects of the crusade against tuberculosis in this country, and how can we further them? We must bear in mind the blessed agencies of prevention which, when set in motion, go on pursuing their beneficent course independently of fashion and caprice. Such are improved drainage, more cubic space and less over- crowding, better food and more of it, more air and sunlight, cleanliness of house and person, and greater opportunities for play and exercise. It is probable that a large proportion of the two-thirds reduction in our phthisis mortality during the last fifty years is due to such agencies, and as the standard of public opinion is raised these ought to be more widely spread and to act more powerfully. What a splendid effect a good town-planning \ scheme ought to exercise on the public health! �

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Rh superstition or not could be heard by the ordinary tribunals, but by consent they might have the case heard by an arbitrator who was a Jew. Soldiers and officials were not exempt from being sued before the civil tribunals on ordinary matters. Constantine in a constitution of 333 (if genuine) gave either party the right even against the will of the other to have the case transferred to the bishop at any stage before final judgment. But Arcadius in 398 repealed this and required the consent of both parties, so that the bishop was only an arbitrator and his judgment was executed by the ordinary lay officers.

The judices were to act on the general law, said Justinian (541), and during their task were not to expect or accept any special instruction for deciding the case. If any application were made to the Emperor, he would decide the matter himself and not refer it to any other judex. A judex was authorised, if in doubt about the interpretation of a law, to apply to the Emperor.

No suits excepting those touching the Crown (fiscus), or public trials were to be extended beyond three years from the commencement of the hearing. When only six months remained of this period, the judex was to summon either party, if absent, three times at intervals of ten days, and then to examine and decide the matter, the costs being thrown on the absentee (531).

The courts were open all the year, with the exception of harvest and wine-gathering (sometimes defined as 24 June to 1 August, and 23 August to 15 October), also seven days before and after Easter, also Sundays, Kalends of January, birthdays of Rome and Constantinople, birthday and accession of Emperor, Christmas, Epiphany, and time of commemoration of the "Apostolical passion" (Pentecost). Neither law proceedings nor theatrical shows were allowed on Sundays; but Constantine exempted farmers from observance of Sundays. No criminal trials were held in Lent.

Private suits and questions of freedom were to be tried at defendant's place of residence, or of his residence at the date of the contract. So Diocletian, (293) following the old rule, actor rei forum sequatur. Suits in rem, or for a fideicommissum, or respecting possession should be brought where the thing or inheritance is.

Justin (526) forbad any interference with a burial on the ground of a debt due from deceased; and invalidated all payments, pledges, and sureties obtained in these circumstances. Justinian (542) forbad anyone within nine days of a person's death to sue or otherwise molest any of his relatives. Any promise or security obtained during this period was invalid.

The person who puts forth a claim or plea has to prove it. The possessor has not to prove his right to possess, but to await proof to the contrary. Thus one who is possessed of freedom can await proof by a claimant of his being his slave. But one who has forcibly carried off


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THE TREATMENT OF CONSUMPTION 55 and other old and valuable books were presented by Dr. J. A. Ormerod, Dr. William Ogle, Sir Dyce Duckworth, Sir William Osler, and the present Harveian Librarian.

Sir George Sutherland Mackenzie, K.C.M.G., C.B., bequeathed, contingent on a life interest of of his two brothers, a legacy of £30,000, free of duty, to the Royal College of Physicians and the Royal College of Surgeons for enabling them to assist students in scientific medical research.

I take this opportunity of recording my obliga- tions to the Harveian Librarian, Dr. Norman Moore, and to the Registrar for kind help in preparing this oration.

I would conclude by exhorting the Fellows and Members of this College to continue in that mutual love and affection which Harvey enjoins, and I would offer my sincere thanks to you, Mr. President, for the great honour you have conferred on me in appointing me Harveian Orator, and to the Fellows and Members for giving me so attentive a hearing. �

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 Mr. PRESIDENT AND GENTLEMEN,—T'wo hundred and fifty-five years have elapsed since William Harvey instituted this festival, directing that a Fellow of the College shall be appointed to make an oration in commemoration of all the benefactors of the said College, “with an exhortation to all Fellows and Members of the said College to search and study out the secrets of Nature by way of experiment; and also for the honour of the pro- fession to continue in mutual love and affection among themselves, without which neither the dignity of the College can be preserved nor yet particular men receive that benefit by their admis- sion into the College which they might expect, ever remembering that ‘Concordid res parve crescunt, discordii magne dilabuntur.’” Such are the words of Harvey, and such are the precepts which this College has, to the best of its ability, endeavoured to obey for centuries.

We have had many and distinguished bene- factors, and these have been duly celebrated in the various orations, but as Harvey, by his immortal discovery, has outshone all the other luminaries, and as he was the founder of the institution, the numerous orations have been, for the most part, dedicated to the celebration and exposition of his magnificent labours and achievements. When we �

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 Quay, and hereupon, like a doctor, he went his rounds, visited all his patients, felt himself a new man, and was at peace.

We have already said that Poldik only practised his horse-doctoring when he felt inclined. But now this inclination continued unchecked, and, consequently, he had almost become a real professional. By the end of the year, or at most two summers, he had amassed a considerable sum of money, so that no scavenger in the town could compare with him. Poldik, had he been a scavenger all his life, would never have attained so independent a position.

Then when his affairs began to succeed beyond his fondest expectation, they began also to be a burden to him; wherever he looked he saw the divine benediction; but with it all to be alone in the world was a grievous trial to him.

Here, no doubt, the inexperienced reader will be inclined to exclaim, “Ah, ha! the writer is trying to find a new bride for him.”

He is not doing so, my dear reader-all thoughts of wedlock Poldik had now banished from his mind for ever. He would rather have stabbed himself with the first knife which came to his hand than have said again to any female, “When shall we two pair off?” From that side he was as completely cured as those horses of his which he possessed no longer; and if a new saint had been required for the calendar, whose sole qualification was to be that he now never even looked at a woman’s form—Poldik might have applied for the place and have been canonized forthwith.

But a new and somewhat curious idea took possession of him, in consequence of which he ceased to feel lonely and deserted. This same idea was to beg from their parents the boys and children of scavengers. When he knew that a scavenger had a son who already began to trot along beside the horses, Poldik went to the father and said, “What do you mean your son to be?”

If the scavenger said, “What should I mean him to be? He will be a scavenger.” “Good,” said Poldik, “but you might entrust him to me for a time in order that he may learn to understand horses.”

And he got the boy, for what scavenger would have refused to have his son taught such an excellent science as was Poldik’s science. And as soon as Poldik got him, he said to himself. “Won!”

And to be sure, he sedulously developed in every boy a knowledge of horses and the proper treatment of them. But none the less, and perhaps mainly, he developed a disgust of scavenging and


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100 damage was allowed to free the defendant as in the case of theft. Damage done to a freeman's own body was hardly within the words of the statute; and compensation could be obtained only by an analogous action.

The third class was confined to cases of malicious insult but had a very wide range. It included blows or any violence to plaintiff or his family, abusive language, libellous or scandalous words, indecent soliciting, interference with his public or private rights. Not only the actual perpetrator of the insult, but anyone who procured its doing, was liable. The character of the insult was differently estimated according to the rank of the person insulted and the circumstances of the action. The damages on conviction were, under a law of Sulla which in principle remained till Justinian, assessable by plaintiff subject to the check of the judge. Many of these acts, especially when of an aggravated character, were punished criminally, even by banishment or death.

A fourth class of torts (sometimes called quasi ex delicto) makes defendant liable not for his own act but for injury caused by anything being thrown or falling from a room occupied by him near a right of way, or for theft or injury perpetrated in a shop or tavern or stable under his control. The penalty is put at double the estimated damage, except that, if a freeman is hurt, no estimate of damage to a free body was held possible, and the penalty was therefore the amount of medical expenses and loss of work: if he was killed, it was put at fifty guineas (aurei).

In classical times the parties after summons approached the praetor and asked for the appointment of a judex to hear and decide the suit. Instructions proposed by plaintiff and sometimes modified by the praetor at the request of the defendant were agreed to by the parties, who then joined issue, and the formula containing these instructions was sent to the judex named. The judex heard and decided the case, and, if he found against the defendant, condemned him in a certain sum as damages. But in some few matters the praetor, instead of appointing a judex in the ordinary course, kept the whole matter in his own hands. This extraordinary procedure became in Diocletian's time the ordinary procedure, and the praefect or the governor of a province or the judex appointed by them heard the case from the first without any special instructions. In the fourth century the case was initiated by a formal notice (litis denuntiatio) to the defendant; but in Justinian's time by plaintiff's presenting to the Court a petition (libellus) containing his claims on the defendant, who was then summoned by the judge to answer it. If he did not appear, the judex after further summons examined and decided the matter in his absence.

Either party before joinder of issue had the right of refusing the judex proposed by the governor, etc. Three days were then allowed them to choose an arbitrator, and in case of disagreement the governor or other authority appointed. Jews' suits whether relating to their own


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 in place of it instilled into these boys a passion for the business of wherrying sand. That was his evangelium. When they were seated in the stable he would say to the boy, “Do you still want to be a scavenger?”

“I do not want, but I must be one”, said the boy. “I must! there is no such thing as must. Must take to the worst trade in the world! To drive continually along the same road among all the slatterns and be the laughing-stock of everybody. They look at your horses—and laugh; they look at yourself—and laugh. The horse is a sorry jade—you are the same—all the spavined cattle belonging to a scavenger’s cart are sorry jades. And whenever you want to marry you will find that no one will care to give you his daughter. They had rather yoke her to your cart: that’s what they’ll say. But a wherryman! faith! that is something quite different. You spin along over the water and the whole world smiles upon you. Be a wherryman!” And the following day he again inquired, “Do you still want to be a scavenger?” “What’s the good of asking me,” said the boy, “I had much rather be a wherryman, but I have no boat, and my parents are not likely to give me one.” “Oh! ho! the boat is the difficulty, is it? Well, I will buy thee a boat and all else that thou requirest.”

Then he asked again the third day, “Do you still want to be a Scavenger?” “No; if I can get a boat I will not be anything but a wherryman.”

“So you shall get one; but if you should ever cease to be a wherryman the boat is mine.” “And who would cease to be a wherryman while he had a boat?”

After this, Poldik told the parents that their boy had learnt to understand horses wonderfully soon. The boy then added that he was going on the water to wherry sand, and when Poldik explained the why and the wherefore he generally also obtained the consent of the parents.

And so then on the following day, Poldik led his young charge among the wherrymen, and he felt as though he was leading him to a wedding. He walked with quite a youthful step, his eyes sparkled, his face sparkled, his words sparkled. He chose his words as easily as though he were selecting twenty-kreuzer pieces from ordinary kreuzers, and it was evident that he was contented with those which he had chosen. And when the boy got his boat and punted about in it, and Poldik saw his face beam with pleasure, the tears came into his own eyes and he could have sung Rh


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 only mention the names of Thomas Watson, James Alderson,, Risdon Bennett, , Andrew Clark, Russell Reynolds, and Samuel Wilks. But I feel sure it would not be your wish that I should close this reference to the past Presidents of the College without specially expressing our cordial appreciation of, and deep gratitude for, the devoted and most able and efficient manner in which our latest outgoing President, Sir William Selby Church, has fulfilled the duties of his office during the six years he has occupied it, and the thoroughness, dignity, and tact with which he has grappled with the numerous difficult and complex questions with which he has had to deal.

I must not omit, further, to call to your remembrance to-day a venerable figure, whose prolonged and devoted services to this College can never be forgotten, and who, if he lives until the 1st of July next, will have reached the great age of ninety-seven. I allude, of course, to, our Emeritus Registrar, the oldest Fellow of this College, having been elected in 1845, and one of its most honoured officers. He held the appointment of Registrar from 1858 to 1889, and during that period was rarely absent from a meeting of the College. In all matters of college reform and administration which came under consideration during his long term of

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 year by Dr. Leonard Hill, whose fame as a physiologist was also originally established at University College. It may be confidently anticipated that this endowment, the objects of which are strictly in accordance with the spirit of Harvey's work, will also prove of great advantage to this College, and to the medical profession generally.

9. Swiney Prize.—Dr. Swiney, at his death in 1844, left by his will the sum of £5,000 to the Society of Arts, as trustees, for the purpose of presenting a prize on every fifth anniversary of the testator's death to the author of the best work on Jurisprudence. The award is made jointly by the Society of Arts and the College of Physicians, and the practice hitherto has been to give the prize alternately for a work in medical and in general jurisprudence. It consists of a silver cup, value £100, and money to the same amount. The Swiney Prize was first awarded in 1849 to Dr. Paris and J. Fonblanque for their work on "Medical Jurisprudence," and its subsequent recipients on the medical side include the well-known names of Swayne Taylor, Guy, Norman Chevers, Meymott Tidy, and Dixon Mann, who is still with us.

10. Baly Medal.—In 1866 Dr. Frederic Daniel Dyster transferred to the College the sum of £400 to provide a gold medal of the value of £20, "in memoriam Gulielmi Baly, M.D." A railway accident brought to a sudden and premature end the successful

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 for joy. His heart beat fast, his feet made a few small skips, and he said as if he shared the boy’s joyous sense of freedom, “The world will smile upon thee wherever thou lookest upon it. And thou wilt easily find some Malka and no one will look down upon thee. I have rescued a soul from thy clutches, thou foul trade of the scavenger!”

Immediately after this Poldik sought another soul to rescue from the foul trade of scavenging, and did with him to a hair as he had done with his predecessor. He had already so many of these lads on the water that go which way he would for a walk, young wherrymen sprang to meet him and introduced themselves to him as to a father so that sometimes he was heard to mutter to himself, “I think I must be a wherryman myself when I have so many children at the trade.”

HIS Poldik wore a harsh and rude exterior, but if the heart is the real core and marrow of a man, within his harsh exterior there was an excellent core and marrow.

Many a year passed away. Poldik still stuck to his horse-doctoring, and was cited as an authority in his department and summoned to a horse’s sick-bed like a physician. He had plenty of practice, and scarcely time to get through it all. His wealth grew very prettily, and already he might have spent any day he chose as a holiday. He could drive his own carriage, too, and he did drive one; for he got horses of a higher grade to be put to rights, such as had been knocked to pieces by drunken coachmen. And Poldik drove these horses in a carriage which he had expressly procured for the purpose, in order to test how far they had progressed towards convalescence. And he also drove them that people might see how his horses improved after so many Sundays or so many days, and to maintain his credit with the world.

He drove out like a gentleman who has his own coachman. The coachman was always one of those boys who had been adopted to be cured of scavenging and trained to wherrying.

As to what pertains to these boys, Poldik acquired by his generosity towards them the reputation of being a good-hearted fellow: it was a fine and honourable thing to take the children of the poor into his house and to look after everything which they


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 regard and affection of his professional brethren." Matthew Baillie delivered the Harveian Oration more than a century ago, when he was thirty-seven years of age, but is not known to have published it. To this illustrious physician the College is indebted, not only for his substantial benefactions, but also for the high standard of professional life and personal character which he has set before us. In 1878 Dr. Edward Lambert, a Fellow, bequeathed to the College the sum of £1,000 for the advancement of Medical Sciences, and particularly for adding to the library works of literary merit. As the legacy was not paid until 1883, the sum actually received amounted to considerably more, owing to accumulation of interest.

I must not omit to call attention to the recent bequest of the late Mrs. Begley, the widow of a former Fellow of this College, who lived to an advanced age, and was an interesting personality, whom many of us must remember as a frequent attendant at the Comitia. The bequest is the more acceptable on account of the terms in which it is expressed. Mrs. Begley bequeathed to the Royal College of Physicians certain specific articles free from duty "to show my admiration of the faculty and gratitude to some of its Members during my widowhood"; and by a codicil to her will further bequeathed a legacy of £500 free of duty, which I need scarcely say is most acceptable.

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 and investigations of different kinds, in relation to physiology, pathology in all its aspects, including pathological chemistry, bacteriology, pharmacology, and clinical methods, are at the present time in active work.

The tendency to centralise the preliminary scientific and intermediate studies for the medical profession in London in a few institutions, is a move decidedly in the right direction. I trust, however, that in carrying out this object due regard will be paid to those institutions already possessing well-established and fully-equipped scientific departments, which have done excellent work in the past, and are thoroughly "up-to-date." In most hospitals, also, clinical laboratories of different kinds are now in existence, which are of great help in diagnosis, and thus of decided advantage to the patients, while if properly utilised they afford excellent opportunities for the scientific training of the more advanced students in methods and objects of research in this direction. Let it be clearly understood, however, that the work and investigations carried on at these laboratories have nothing whatever to do with vivisection. And I would take this opportunity of emphatically contradicting and indignantly denying the insinuations, or even the definite allegations, made not infrequently against hospitals, with regard to certain supposed "practices" carried on therein for experimental purposes, for which there is abso-

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Ancient History

 * "Ancient History" (1900), a short story by Anthony Hope
 * Ancient History (1904), a textbook by Philip Van Ness Myers
 * "Ancient History" (1919, "Adam, a brown old vulture in the rain"), a poem by Siegfried Sassoon

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 high social positions, with their pleasant attractions, have elected to devote themselves to, and to live for science, which owes to them an incalculable debt. The possession of independent means is, however, nothing but a calamity in the case of those who are really unfitted for research, as it enables them to indulge their inclination, often to the decided obstruction and disadvantage of the progress of true science. But we must also not forget to honour those who, without any means of their own, are content to live a very simple and frugal life, or even to suffer hardships, their entire pleasure being in scientific research, whether remunerated or not. To such men, of whom Pasteur is a striking example, we owe not a few conspicuous advances in knowledge and practice. Such a state of things is, however, anything but satisfactory, and it is our duty on all occasions to urge the imperative necessity of adequate endowments, whether from public or private sources, which may attract competent scientific workers, and ensure them a livelihood worthy of their position. Only in this way can we fairly hope or expect to provide a steady and reliable supply of men fitted to carry on useful investigations, in relation to the many important questions and problems calling for solution, which the progress of medicine is constantly bringing to the front.

However well-qualified an individual may be by nature for the work of research, the fact must

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Rh protect the king in all circumstances. They were often sent to defend frontier fortresses, and thus formed a kind of small standing army. They were also charged with important missions.

The kingdom was divided into districts known as pagi. In earlier times the pagi corresponded to the former Gallo-Roman "cities," but in the northern part of the kingdom their number was increased. At the head of the pagus was the count, comes — in Teutonic graf. The king appointed the counts at his own pleasure, and could choose them from any class of society, sometimes naming a mere freedman. Leudastes, the Count of Tours who quarrelled so violently with Bishop Gregory, had been born on an estate belonging to the royal treasury in the island of Rhé, and had been employed as a slave first in the kitchen, and afterwards in the bakery of King Charibert. Having run away several times he had been marked by having his ears clipped. Charibert's wife had only lately freed him when the king appointed him Count of Tours. The counts were chosen not only from all classes of society, but from the various races of the kingdom. Among those who are known to us there are more Gallo-Romans than Franks. Within his district the count exercised almost every kind of authority. He policed it, and arrested criminals; he held a court of justice, he levied taxes and made disbursements for public purposes, paying over the residue each year into the royal treasury; he executed all the king's commands, and took under his protection the widow and the orphan. He was all-powerful alike for good and ill, and unfortunately the Merovingian counts, greedy of gain and ill-supervised, did chiefly evil: Leudastes of Tours was no isolated exception among them. To assist them in their numerous duties the counts appointed "vicars." The vicar represented the count during his frequent absences; in some cases he administered a part of the district, while the count administered the remainder. Before long there were several vicars to each county and it was regularly subdivided into districts called vicariates. The "hundred-man" (centenarius) or thunginus of the Salic law was identified with the vicar and the terms became synonymous.

Often it was necessary to concentrate in the hands of a single administrator authority over several counties. In this case the king placed over the counts a duke. The duke was principally a military leader; he commanded the army, and the counts within his jurisdiction had to march under his orders. The duchy did not form a permanent administrative district like the county; it usually disappeared along with the circumstances that gave rise to the appointment. In certain districts however, in Champagne, in Alsace; and beyond the Jura on the shores of the Lake of Neuchâtel, there were permanent duchies. In the kingdom of Burgundy we find the title patricius as that of an official who governed the part of Provence which was attached to Burgundy, and also appears to have held the chief military command in that kingdom.


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As the outcome of certain of the methods of research just outlined, remarkable advances have been made as regards our knowledge of the nature, ætiology, and pathology of morbid conditions of the circulatory system, using the term in a comprehensive sense, and of their relation to other organs and systems. In illustration of this statement the following brief summary may be given.

1. Although no doubt some of the more gross lesions affecting the heart and pericardium have been known for a long period, and were probably described by Harvey, considerable progress has been made in this direction even within recent times. We are now quite familiar with the ordinary diseases of these structures, as well as with their chief combinations, and their mutual secondary relations and effects. Most pathological museums exhibit nowadays a fairly complete range of specimens exemplifying these affections, where they can be studied with advantage. As regards the heart, morbid conditions of the valves and orifices, and enlargements of the organ, occupy a conspicuous prominence; but it must be remembered that these are not the only changes to be borne in mind. A marked advance has been made of late years as regards our knowledge of the varieties of acute endocarditis, and how far they are set up by different infective agents, including amongst

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 might have need of. But we must not blind ourselves to the fact that he also laid himself open to the charge of eccentricity, and in sooth, just for these his good doings. He only took scavenger’s lads into his house, and he only turned out young wherrymen. This fact now hung about his neck like a characteristic label, and people, though applauding his doings, also added, “Tut! tut! Poldik, if a German mouse [i.e. a rat] were to come to him from a scavenger and begged for help because it wanted to set up among sand wherrymen, Poldik would give it shelter.” “And,” pursued others, “any one could swindle him who chose. Let the first idle vagabond come and say, ‘I don’t want to be a scavenger, I want to be a wherryman', and Poldik would open his house and heart to the fellow.” But then, on the other hand, they all concluded their conversation with, “But, pray, who would swindle him, where will you find the heartless rascal to do it?”

In one of these summers it came to pass that Francis died. His boat was capsized by a paddle-wheel, he himself was drawn under the wheel, swam to shore indeed, but took such a chill that he never again rose from his bed. Malka was left with a little chap about six years old. It was a cruel blow to Malka. There on the water which she loved best of all things, where, too, she had found the man of her choice, she must see him perish. And when she took stock of her means she found that the unexpected blow had left her without money for the funeral.

It was, too, an uncommonly hard trial to Poldik, but in a different way. His instinct prompted him to go to her, and then again it whispered to him, “Never mind her, she has ruined thee with her cold-heartedness, let her have her trials also. Pray, why have a heart?” But he mastered himself, went to her, and said, “Oh! Malka, you have much sorrow and anxiety, I will look after the funeral for you. People would cheat you who are a woman, a man is not so easily defrauded.”

It was a heavy stone which fell from his heart at these words. And he looked after the funeral very decently, and took care that all who wherried sand on the Moldau and all who carted it away from the shore should take a part in the last sad rites.

When Poldik came home after the funeral he said to himself, “Poor Malka! nowhere any one to turn to! and her boy on her hands! Where is she to work? What wages can she earn?” And he wished to set off at once and say to Malka that she had better give her boy to him, that he would take him like any other boy, and that he would relieve her of all anxiety. He would have gone:


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 his clinical observation, provided he takes the trouble to carry out adequate systematic investigation in each individual case. On the other hand the fact must not be ignored that there are certain changes affecting the heart or vessels, which it may be very difficult or even impossible to make out definitely during life, and hence we must still be prepared to meet with cases of sudden death from cardiac failure, or fatal secondary vascular lesions, the nature and cause of which can only be revealed by post mortem examination, even if then.

1. One obvious and striking advance which has been made is in the recognition, and more methodical observation and practical study, of symptoms associated with diseases of the heart and vessels. No doubt time was when the relationship of the more important of these phenomena to the circulatory system was not in the least appreciated or understood, and only by degrees, as physiological and pathological knowledge became developed and established on the basis of scientific investigation and practical observation, was the connection worked out and verified. It cannot be too strongly enforced that the comprehensive and intelligent study of symptoms which happen to be present in any case of cardiac disease, whether immediately associated with the heart, or due to the remote or secondary effects of the existing morbid conditions, is still of essential importance from different aspects. On the

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 parations of certain organs or their active principles, either internally or hypodermically, or even by their local use. Whether these results can be explained by the doctrine of "internal secretions" or in some other way, there can be no doubt as to their reality, and agents of this nature are now definitely available for therapeutic purposes. It will suffice to mention supra-renal extract and adrenalin as prominent examples, which, as you are aware, are now so extensively used in medical and surgical practice.

Taking a glance into the future, it appears to me that there is no necessary or obvious limit to the discovery of additional therapeutic agents, which may be advantageously employed for their direct effects upon the heart or vessels, whether derived from the inorganic, the vegetable, or the animal kingdom, or prepared in the chemical laboratory. Further researches in this direction are deserving of every possible encouragement, as being likely to lead to most valuable results, if carried out systematically and judiciously.

2. Among the most popular, or I might say even fashionable methods of treatment employed in relation to the circulatory system at the present day, are those which may be described as physical, balneological, or a combination of both. They chiefly include massage, either general, or local over the præcordial region; graduated and progressive walking exercise, as practised in the "mountain-cure"; carefully conducted gymnastic exercises of

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 tendency of the present age. The laity are by no means satisfied, and I see no reason why they should be, unless the progressive scientific or other modern discoveries and developments bearing upon clinical investigation and diagnosis, the prevention or cure of disease, the relief of suffering, and the promotion of sound health, are efficiently applied and utilised, not only with regard to individuals, but also for the advantage of the community at large. And surely they have not been disappointed, but ought to appreciate highly and feel profoundly thankful for, what has already been achieved, as well as full of hopeful anticipation for the future. The mere mention of such familiar words and expressions as anæsthetics, antiseptic treatment, the prevention and cure of tuberculosis, vaccines and antitoxins, organo-therapy, electricity in diagnosis and treatment, the Röntgen rays and radiography, light and colour treatment, must call up in the mind of any fair and unprejudiced person of average intelligence, beneficial achievements which can only be fitly described as marvellous, and which are the outcome of a remarkable series of scientific researches, utilised by the medical profession.

As a striking illustration of progress in a direction very closely connected with the circulatory system, special attention may be drawn to the "brilliant victories," as they are justly called, which have been won in various countries and regions, many

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260 $\text{W}=1$) about 80 p. c. of the earth's radiation is absorbed in the air, we may as mean temperature of the absorbing layer choose the temperature at the height where 40 p. c. of the heat is absorbed. Since emission and absorption follow the same quantitative laws, we may as mean temperature of the emitting layer choose the temperature at the height where radiation entering from space in the opposite direction to the actual emission is absorbed to the extent of 40 p. c.

Langley has made four measurements of the absorptive power of water-vapour for radiation from a hot Leslie cube of 100° C. These give nearly the same absorption-coefficient if Pouillet's formula is used for the calculation. From these numbers we calculate that for the absorption of 40 p. c. of the radiation it would be necessary to intercalate so much water-vapour between radiator and bolometer that, when condensed, it would form a layer of water 3.05 millimetres thick. If we now suppose as mean for the whole earth $$\text{K}=1$$ and $$\text{W}=1$$ (see ), we find that vertical rays from the earth, if it were at 100°, must traverse 305 metres of air to lose 40 p. c. Now the earth is only at 15° C., but this cannot make any great difference. Since the radiation emanates in all directions, we have to divide 305305 metres [sic] by 1.61 and get in this way 209 metres. In consequence of the lowering of the quantity of water-vapour with the height we must apply a slight correction, so that the final result is 233 metres. Of course this number is a mean value, and higher values will hold good for colder, lower for warmer parts of the earth. In so small a distance from the earth, then, 40 p. c. of the earth's radiation should be stopped. Now it is not wholly correct to calculate with Pouillet's formula (it is rather strange that Langley's figures agree so well with it), which gives necessarily too low values. But, on the other hand, we have not at all considered the absorption by the carbonic acid in this part, and this may compensate for the error mentioned. In the highest layers of the atmosphere there is very little water-vapour, so that we must calculate with carbonic acid as the chief absorbent. From a measurement by Ångström, we learn that the absorption-coefficients of water-vapour and of carbonic acid in equal quantities (equal number of molecules) are in the proportion 81 : 62. This ratio is valid for the least hot radiator that Ångström used, and there is no doubt


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 but then again he said to himself, “What should I do with the little scamp? He will be like his father, he will never have heard of scavenging and care for nothing but the water. What is the profit of purifying his will from the taint of scavenging, when he has no will to be a scavenger?” And only because he had neither skill nor power to fit the thing into his own mental economy, he hesitated and did not go for the boy.

But once it was made known to him that Malka was ill, and that she did not know how her illness might end. Hereupon Poldik went directly to Malka and said, “Ah! Malka, give me this boy of yours: he will be very useful to me, and then you will be freed from all anxiety about him. The boy will be as though he was my own!”

On this Malka said, “I thank you, Poldik, for your kindly offer: but I will not give the boy to you.”

These words made on Poldik the impression as though he had fallen from the sky. So then, she still even now so despised him that she would not even trust her child to him, although she was sick and in distress.

It is possible that any one else would have snatched his hat and quitted her at once. Even Poldik thought of leaving her, but his heart took a considerable step higher, he mastered himself and said, “And what if I should still wish for the boy?” He thought to himself, is it possible that she does not trust him to my charge. On this, Malka said, “I, still, shall not give him to you.”

Then at last Poldik stretched out his hand for his hat, and was departing: only instead of good-bye, he said, “I did not think it of you.”

And here Malka looked at him almost with anguish and said, “Do not take it amiss, Poldik, dear. But you wish to make all your boys wherrymen.”

“Well, and what is the harm of that?” said Poldik, with a certain stubbornness which carried with it a touch of reproach to Malka.

“I do not wish to make a wherryman of him”, said Malka.

“Your boy has not to be a wherryman?” asked Poldik, and he felt as though he had come to the end of all his latinity. “What then is he to be?” he added.

“His father perished on the water: I cannot look any longer at the water without crying, I should be miserable every day if my child had to be on the water for the whole day.”


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 That was a reason with which Poldik could hardly quarrel—it carried conviction with it. He laid his hat down again and said, “Well, well, doubtless you are in the right. And what then has he to be?”

“A scavenger, Poldik, dear, a scavenger,” responded Malka, almost enthusiastically. “There! now you know why I cannot give him to you.”

“A scavenger!” Poldik was again taken aback, perhaps this time more violently than before. “Perhaps you know of some one,” continued Malka, “who would adopt him and, of course, I will work for both of us in order to pay for his apprenticeship.

She would work for both and could not even work for one, said Poldik to himself with a sigh.

And here a gigantic conception emerged in him. Ay, it is possible that even a giant would have felt himself weak beneath its weight.

Poldik’s head went round at the notion, and he felt as though some tremendous weight had exhausted his feet and hands, and even his tongue and words. He knew what he wished to say, but at that moment it seemed an impossible thing to say it. To-day, at least, it was too much for him; step by step he had gone higher, but now at the same time he felt that if he attempted another round of the ladder, he would stagger and perhaps fall.

He took the final step, staggered, but did not fall. “I know of such a one,” said he. “I will make a scavenger of him for you.”

When Poldik expressed himself in these words he felt as though he had expressed his consent to a crime, and yet, on the other hand, he felt that something stirred within him which gave him wings, just as if he sped in flashing skiff along the Moldau, and just as if he felt a joyous sense of boundless freedom. Malka looked at him as at a man completely new—just as if it was not Poldik, and said: “They do you cruel wrong, Poldik: they say of you that you are an eccentricity, and that you don’t want any one to scavenge. Oh! what a cruel wrong they do you!”

These words confirmed in Poldik the sensation of having acquired wings, although they told him that he was about to undertake something wholly repugnant to his habits of thought.

Well, and so Poldik became once more a scavenger, and I think that in thus doing he reached the highest summit to which his capacities could aspire. For the sake of a fair and noble deed—


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 to take care of a deserted child, the son of a detested father, and of a mother equally detested for the sake of the same fair and noble deed to tear to pieces and fling to the winds all theories, personal crotchets, hatred, and distaste—name to me anything more sublime and more honourable—I know of none, and let your heroes rant and declaim from the boards I know not how far to your satisfaction—Poldik the scavenger can boldly place himself beside any of them, and stand on a level even with the most favoured.

He hated the scavenger’s business from the very bottom of his soul, and now he walked once more beside his cart with sand and led by the hand the son of Francis, called Francis like his father; he instilled into him a love for a calling for which he himself felt no love; he pointed out to him its advantages, though he himself knew of none; he was silent about its disadvantages of which he could count so large a number.

But he adapted himself to it once again. He still continued to exercise his trade in horses, not, however, to the same extent as formerly, but only like an artist, when he felt an inclination to do so.

But now, as day by day with little Francis he rolled out his “hee! hee!” and “heesta!” alongside his vehicle he felt delighted when the boy first caught up the cry, and then he taught the little fellow to say “cl! cl!” and to shout at the horses, and he felt enormous delight when Francis’s first oath tripped off his tongue in the true Poldikian style. He already began to settle down to scavenging and it began to please him.

And now his horses again halted at the ale-house, at the blacksmith’s, the fruiterer’s and the tobacconist’s, only they were And then different horses and rather brisker than the old ones. And then there was a different landlord at the ale-house, at the blacksmith’s forge a different blacksmith, at Naplavka also an almost completely different set of sandsmen and wherrymen—most of them the result of his own careful training. And what immeasurable astonishment was exhibited at the stations when Poldik appeared with his vehicle once more, although if he chose he might have driven his own coach—we can imagine for ourselves.

The people were completely puzzled to know whether he was an eccentricity or whether he was not, and in the ale-house several times in the week we might have heard the following conversation:—


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 “People always said that Poldik turned scavengers into wherrymen, and now look you, he scavenges, and that with a wherrymen’s little chap!”

“’Tis true he goes about with a wherryman’s little chap. It is Malka’s boy, and don’t you know that Poldik wanted to have her for his wife? Tra-la-la! Stranger’s boys he teaches to be wherrymen, and he keeps scavenging only for the Lord be with him. Tra-la-la!”

But even bygone times, more or less, renewed themselves. Malka, when her health was restored, once more brought dinner for them; at first, however, only for her son, but soon for Poldik also, because Poldik said as we drive together we must also dine together. Sometimes they waited for Malka, and when she was coming with the dinner, settled her in the cart and then drove on with her. On these occasions little Francis must needs take the horses in hand, that his mother might see with her own eyes how far he had progressed. Here Poldik laughed heartily at his “whoa-ups” and whip-cracking and looked the picture of contentment. There was only one fault to find in Francis, and that was that he was still diffident of swearing before his mother. This slight shortcoming which marred the perfect whole, Poldik could not pass over in silence, and therefore said, “Ah! Malka, he is learning very fast, but he still wants the least little bit of courage.” And that meant more particularly, “If only he would swear all would be well.”

At last Francis was wellnigh grown to man’s estate, and then Poldik entirely confided to him the charge of the horses and vehicle. He himself carted sand no longer, but devoted himself solely to the management of horses. He was already old, he could not any longer walk so well as he was wont, beside the cart, “hee” and “heesta” no longer issued bravely from his lips, and the horses obeyed them better when they heard them from the lips of Francis. “Come, then, Francis, manage everything for me”, said Poldik, and thus he quitted for ever his previous occupation.

When Poldik grew enfeebled by age Malka shifted to his lodging and tended him as though he had been her father, and when he expired no son and daughter could have grieved more heartily for a father than did Malka and Francis. And it would be hard to name any other funeral in which so many people took part, and amongst whom so large a number could say and said with tears the words, “He was our father.”


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 And in the evening after the funeral—if you had seen the Moldau! The whole Moldau was covered with boats of all descriptions, on all of which were lanterns of every colour of the rainbow and torches, and from all of them issued plaintive music and plaintive dirges—it was a grand “pannuchis” in which all joined with the frankest and heartiest goodwill.

So lived and died Poldik, the scavenger.


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476 Castle, Burgh-by-Sands and Netherby, and its meaning is "brilliant in war." It is remarkable that no inscription in Britain mentions Bĕlĕnos, whose name is found in certain British proper names, such as Cunobelĭnos, the Cymbeline of Shakespeare and the Cynfelyn of the Welsh.

Of inscriptions to grouped goddesses, there are several in Britain dedicated to Matres, but only one inscription mentions Matres Britannae along with Italian, German, and Gaulish "Mothers." The inscription in question is at Winchester. The other grouped goddesses, the Nymphs, that are mentioned on inscriptions, are probably local, and are named on inscribed stones at Great Broughton (Nymphis et Fontibus), at Blenkinsop Castle (Deabus Nymphis), at Risingham (Nymphis Venerandis), and at Nether Croy Farm near Croyhill (Nymphis). An inscription dedicated to Lamiis tribus, found at Benwell near Newcastle-on-Tyne, also doubtless refers to some local belief. On one inscription found at Chester are the words Deae Matri, but unfortunately the inscription is incomplete and we have no further information as to this "Mother-goddess." It is highly probable that the goddess Epona was worshipped in Britain as well as in other parts of the Keltic world, and inscriptions dedicated to her have been found at Carvoran, and at Auchindavy near Kirkintulloch. The goddess Brigantia may have been the tribal goddess of the Brigantes, and it is noticeable that her name is identical in form with the Irish Brigit. She is mentioned on an inscription, of A.D. 205, at Greetland, and on another inscription, at Adel, near Leeds, while, on an inscription in Cumberland, she is called Dea Nympha Brigantia. A further inscription of the second century, found at Birrens, near Middleby, reads Brigantiae sacrum.

An undoubted instance of a local British goddess exists in the case of Sul or Sulis, whence the Roman name Aquae Sulis for Bath, a place whose fame was great, as we learn from Solinus, even in Roman times. One inscription found at Bath is of special interest, inasmuch as it refers to the rebuilding of a temple to this goddess. She is further mentioned at Bath on five other inscriptions. There is an inscription dedicated to her at Alzey in Rheinhesse, which was probably set up by someone who was grateful to this goddess for restored health. That rivers, too, were worshipped in Britain is attested by the fact that the ancient name of the Mersey or the Ribble was Belĭsăma, a name identical with that of a Gaulish goddess. In addition to the foregoing, a goddess Latae or Latis is mentioned on inscriptions at Kirkbampton and Birdoswald.

The value of the evidence as to the pre-Christian religion of Britain


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Rh and Ireland that is to be obtained from legends and from folk-lore, cannot always be estimated with certainty, but there can be little doubt that many of the characters of both Irish and Welsh legend bear names which once had a religious significance, and that many popular beliefs and customs found in the British Isles go back to pre-Christian times. By the help of Keltic philology several proper names found in legend, such as Mabon and Nudd, to which reference has been made, can be identified with names of deities that occur on inscriptions, or they can be shewn to be similar in formation to certain known types of divine names. For example, -ŏnos and -ŏnā were favourite Keltic terminations for the names of gods and goddesses respectively, and certain Welsh names ending in -on of legendary characters appear from their very structure to have been at one time the names of deities. In addition to Mabon (Mapŏnos) and Modron (Matrŏna), already mentioned, may be adduced Rhiannon (Rēgantŏna), meaning "the divine queen," Teyrnon (Tigernŏnos), "the divine lord," Banon (Banŏna), "the divine lady," Amaethon (Ambactŏnos), "the divine husbandman," Gofannon (Gobannŏnos), "the divine smith." The two latter names suggest the existence among the Kelts of Britain of departmental deities. Certain river-names, too, suggest by their forms that they were of this type, for example, Aeron (Agrŏna), "the goddess of war," Tarannon (Tarannŏnos or Tarannŏna), "the god or goddess of thunder," Ieithon (Iectŏna), "the goddess of speech."

Other legendary names, such as Ler of Irish legend and Llyr of Welsh legend, have meanings which throw light on their original character, for example, "llyr" is used in Welsh poetry for the sea, and there can be little doubt but that the original of both Ler and Llyr was the god of the Irish sea, whose son was the Irish Manannan (the Welsh Manawyddan), the eponymous deity of the Isle of Man. The name Lug, again, of Irish, and Lieu of Welsh legend, is phonetically equivalent to that of Lugus of Gaul, and the meaning of the Welsh word, namely, light, makes it probable that this god had originally some association with the sun or with fire. In Ireland, the legends sometimes speak of certain characters as divine; for example, the goddess Danu or Dana, in the name of the legendary Tuatha Dé Danann (the tribes of the goddess Danu). Similarly, the glossary attributed to Cormac (King-Bishop of Cashel in the ninth century) speaks of the goddess Ana as mater deorum, and mentions a goddess Brigit, a poetess and prophetess, worshipped by the poets of ancient Erin. Her father, too, the Dagda, is represented as divine, while her sisters (also called Brigit), were like herself represented as goddesses, the one being patroness of the healing-art, the other of smith- work. There were, also, two Irish war-goddesses, called the Mór-rigu and Bodb Catha. Certain beings belonging to the Tuatha Dé Danann, such as Nuada of the Silver Hand, Ogma, Dian Cecht, Goibniu, Mider and a few others, along with Lug and Ler, appear to


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478 have been traditionally raised above the human plane. Another being who was regarded as divine was the Mac Óc, who was said to have been the son of Dagda the Great and the goddess Boann.

In the lives of the early missionaries of Ireland there are some allusions to the heathenism of the country, and one of the best accounts of this heathenism is to be found in the Tripartite Life of St Patrick (trans. by the late Dr Whitley Stokes in Revue Celtique, I. p. 260). This version of St Patrick's life is attributed to St Eleranus of the seventh century. The passage reads as follows: "Thereafter went Patrick over the water to Mag Slecht, a place wherein was the chief idol of Ireland, to wit, Cenn Cruaich, covered with gold and silver, and twelve other idols about it, covered with brass. When Patrick saw the idol from the water whose name is Guth-ard (elevated its voice), and when he drew right unto the idol, he raised his hand to put Jesus' crozier upon it, and did not reach it, but it bowed westwards to turn on its right side, for its face was from the south, to wit, to Tara. And the trace of the crozier abides on its left side still, and yet the crozier moved not from Patrick's hand. And the earth swallowed the twelve other images as far as their heads, and they are thus in sign of the miracle, and he cursed the demon and banished him to hell." In the Book of Leinster (twelfth century) Mag Slecht is said to have been so called because the ancient Irish used to sacrifice there the first-born of their children and of their flocks, in order to secure power and peace in all their tribes, and to obtain milk and corn for the support of their families. A careful and discriminating study of Keltic legends would reveal no small sediment of pre-Christian thought, just as there are traces of the belief in a "Happy Other-world" and of the rebirth of heroes, in the Irish Voyage of Bran, and non-Christian pictures of another world in the Welsh Annwfn, which a medieval Welsh poem represents as being beneath the earth. Similarly, the Keltic folk-lore stories of water-bulls, water-horses, water-nymphs, fairies, sprites, and the like give a clue to the way in which Nature was regarded by the Kelts of Britain, as of other lands, before Christianity began its work in these islands.

The contribution of folk-lore research to the study of Keltic Heathendom in Britain is very valuable; for example, in the account which it gives of such practices as the periodical lighting of bonfires, the customs observed at Lent, May-day, and Harvest time, the vestiges of charms and sacrifices, the observation of omens and the like. By the use of the comparative method the study of folk-lore may be able to throw not a little light on the significance of the various practices in question. The evidence from all directions tends to shew that, in Britain and Ireland, as on the Continent, Keltic religion regarded substantially all natural objects as the abodes of divine beings, named and nameless, viewed sometimes collectively and sometimes individually, and it pictured the existence beneath this world of another world, whence many of the


text: Index:Peterson's Magazine 1866 a.pdf

title: Index:Peterson's Magazine 1866 a.pdf


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Rh the bear had rolled itself, as was its wont: ‘Let me come to the ball; I, too, would like to dance.’

But the only answer the prince made was to give the bear a kick, and to drive it out of the room.

In the evening the prince set off for the ball. As soon as he had started, the bear came to the queen and implored to be allowed to go to the ball, saying that she would hide herself so well that no one would know she was there. The kind-hearted queen could not refuse her.

Then the bear ran to her barrow, threw off her bear’s skin, and touched it with the magic wand that the witch had given her. In a moment the skin was changed into an exquisite ball dress woven out of moon-beams, and the wheel-barrow was changed into a carriage drawn by two prancing steeds. Stepping into the carriage the princess drove to the grand entrance of the palace. When she entered the ball-room, in her wondrous dress of moon-beams, she looked so lovely, so different from all the other

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The Foundations of Einstein’s Theory of Gravitation: (translation by ). Camb. Univ. Press, 1920.

Space and Time in Contemporary Physics: Moritz Schlick (translation by ). Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1920.

The Principle of Relativity: E. Cunningham. Camb. Univ. Press.

Relativity and the Electron Theory: E. Cunningham, Monographs on Physics. Longmans, Green & Co.

The Theory of Relativity: L. Silberstein. Macmillan & Co.

The Space-Time Manifold of Relativity: and G. N. Lewis, Proc. Amer. Soc. Arts & Science, vol. xlviii., No. 11, 1912.

Report on the Relativity Theory of Gravitation: A. S. Eddington. Fleetway Press Ltd., Fleet Street, London.

On Einstein’s Theory of Gravitation and its Astronomical Consequences: W. de Sitter, M. N. Roy. Astron. Soc., lxxvi. p. 699, 1916; lxxvii. p. 155, 1916; lxxviii. p. 3, 1917.

On Einstein’s Theory of Gravitation: H. A. Lorentz, Proc. Amsterdam Acad., vol. xix. p. 1341, 1917.

Space, Time and Gravitation: W. de Sitter: The Observatory, No. 505, p. 412. Taylor & Francis, Fleet Street, London.

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Rh

‘How what happened?’ asked the prince.

‘My lord, a girl looked out of that window and spoke a few words to me, and I fell to the ground. For seven days and seven nights I lay there, unable to move. But, O my lord, it is not given to us twice to behold beauty such as hers.’

‘It is a lie,’ said the prince. ‘An ogre dwells there. Is it likely that he keeps a maiden in his upper chamber?’

‘Why not?’ replied the ox. ‘But if you come here at dawn tomorrow, and hide behind that tree, you will see for yourself.’

‘So I will,’ said the prince; ‘and if I find that you have not spoken truth, I will kill you.’

The prince left the garden, and the ox went on with his work. Next morning the prince came early to

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