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44 head scantily covered with little tufts of short crisped hair, occasional marks of beard, cheeks hollow, nose flat, eyes far apart and often to appearance set obliquely, hands and feet small, colour light yellow to olive; weapons assagai, knobkerie, bow and arrow, shield; pursuits pastoral and to a very limited extent metallurgic; government feeble; habitations slender frames of wood covered with reed mats; domestic animals ox, sheep, and dog; demeanour inconstant, marked by levity; language abounding in clicks, but less so than that of the Bushmen, and without the croaking sounds of the wild people.

Bantu: great variety of form and feature in the different tribes, but, generally speaking, frame of those on the coast robust and as well formed as that of Europeans, of those in the interior somewhat weaker, head covered closely with crispy hair, frequently bearded, cheeks full, nose usually flat but occasionally prominent, hands and feet large, colour different tints of brown to deep black; weapons assagai, knobkerie, shield, and among the northern and interior tribes battle-axe and bow and arrow; pursuits agricultural, pastoral, and metallurgic; government firmly constituted with perfect system of laws; habitations strong framework of wood covered with thatch; domestic animals ox, goat, sheep, dog, barnyard poultry; demeanour ceremonious, grave, respectful to superiors in rank; language musical, words abounding in vowels and inflected to produce harmony in sound.

The skull measurements show great differences in the three classes, though the number—especially of Hottentot skulls—carefully examined by competent men is as yet too small for an average to be laid down with precision.

What is termed the horizontal cephalic index, that is the proportion of the breadth of a skull to its length, is given by Professor Sir William Flower, conservator of the museum of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, from thirteen Bantu specimens as 73 to 100. The highest in this series is 76.8, and the lowest 68.4. Dr. Gustaf Fritsch, from thirteen specimens, gives the average as 72 to 100. The highest in


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 sheet of water, the silver sheen of which contrasted with the sombre hue of the lofty mountains around. Towards the N.W. the waterline extended to the horizon, and the river swept in a noiseless slow current past the foot of the hills beneath."

His first object on reaching the banks of the Great River was to establish peaceful relations with the Apfuru and other tribes of the 'Ubanji nation. The principal tribe of this family are the Alhialumo "sailors of the Congo," who are born, live, and die with their families on board the fine canoes, in which they carry on their trade in ivory and other goods between the Alima and Stanley Pool. This was so on de Brazza's first visit. Now I am informed that trade route is to a considerable extent diverted.

De Brazza addressed himself to Ngampey their chief, who seemed inclined to be friendly. "Choose," said he, "between the cartridge and the flag I send you. One will be the sign of a war without mercy, the other a symbol of a peace as profitable to you as to us." He left the tribes on this side time to think over the answer and went on to King Makoko.

De Brazza here says he felt his rights of priority and those of France now clearly established over the whole region between the Ogowé, the Equator, and the Congo; and he next wished to extend this over the left bank of the Congo, the N., as far as the confluence of the river Djué to the south of Stanley Pool. In this part of the country the plateaus are more fertile and better cultivated than those in the interior and the population denser and equally pacific. "The Mussulman element," says de Brazza, "being unknown in this region, European civilisation need not expect to encounter the hostility, hatred, and fanaticism which oblige the French, for instance, not to advance except with armed forces from the Senegal to the Niger. There is nothing to be feared there except the natural opposition of the natives to whatever is new."

Makoko received him with all available magnificence, and he remained twenty-five days with the chief and for a longer period in his provinces, and "could not have been better treated."

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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 In the end a treaty was concluded by which the king placed his states under the protection of France, and ceded a tract of country, to be selected by M. de Brazza, on the shores of the Congo. The treaty was ratified on a day appointed, in the presence of all the vassal chiefs of Makoko. On its completion the grand fetish master put a little earth in a box and presented it to M. de Brazza, saying, "Take this earth and carry it to the great chief of the whites. It will remind him that we belong to him." De Brazza then planted the French flag before Makoko's house, saying, "This is the symbol of friendship and protection which I will leave with you. Wherever waves this emblem of peace there is France, and she will cause to be respected the rights of all those whom it covers."

I have no hesitation in saying that as far as Congo Français goes (I have no experience of other French possessions), this high-flown statement is true; and although de Brazza did a good thing for France that day, Makoko also did well, for he saved himself from the Congo Free State.

Soon after the signing of this treaty with Makoko, de Brazza left him and attended a meeting of the 'Ubanji chiefs at Nganchuno on the Congo. The chiefs came in an unsettled state of mind, and showed at first much opposition to the conclusion of a treaty, expressing their mistrust on account of a previous white traveller who had shot a member of the tribe and escaped down river too swiftly to be followed. However, after a second grand meeting, a treaty of peace was arranged and war was buried. This ceremony consisted in each chief and each man of de Brazza's small party burying some implement of war in a hole, over which a quickly growing tree was afterwards planted. French colours were distributed among the chiefs and the treaty definitely agreed to.

De Brazza then set off to choose the site for the station on the Congo, making five days' journey down the river to the west into Stanley Pool, and finally selecting Ntamo, now known as Brazzaville. He took possession of this site duly under his agreement with Makoko, and hoisted the French flag here on the 1st of October 1880. Its


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most patient people grow weary at last with being continually wetted with rain; except of course in the Scotch Highlands, where there are not enough fine intervals to point the difference. That was like to be our case, the day we left Noyon. I remember nothing of the voyage; it was nothing but clay banks and willows, and rain; incessant, pitiless, beating rain: until we stopped to lunch at a little inn at Pimprez, where the canal ran very near the river. We were so sadly drenched that the landlady lit a few sticks in the chimney for our comfort; there we sat in a steam of vapour, lamenting our concerns. The husband donned a game bag and strode out to shoot; the wife


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Rh this series is 78, and the lowest 64.3. M. Paul Broca, the French authority, gives the average of his measurements as 72. Thus the Bantu are dolichocephali, that is people whose skulls average in breadth less than three-fourths of their length. The average horizontal cephalic index of white people is 78.7.

Of Hottentots, only four that are certainly genuine specimens are given in Professor Flower's volume. The average horizontal cephalic index of these is 72.7, the highest being 75, and the lowest 70.3. Dr. Fritsch had also only four skulls which were certainly those of Hottentots. The average horizontal cephalic index of these he found to be 72.6, the highest being 77, and the lowest 65.9. M. Broca gives this index from his measurements as 72. The Hottentots are thus certainly true dolichocephali. But even in those that are regarded as pure Hottentot there may have been a mixture of Bushman blood, from causes that will be explained in the next chapter, so that the skull measurements are not altogether to be depended upon. This, however, would have raised the average, not lowered it.

Of genuine Bushman skulls, Professor Flower gives the measurements of five. The average horizontal cephalic index is 76.6, the highest being 78.4, and the lowest 75.7. The late Dr. George Rolleston. professor of anatomy in the university of Oxford, in an appendix to Oates' Matabeleland, gives the measurements of six Bushman skulls in the museum of the university. The average horizontal cephalic index was 75.7, the highest being 81, and the lowest 70. Dr. Fritsch measured five Bushman skulls, and found the average horizontal cephalic index 74.2, the highest being 78.5, and the lowest 69.5. M. Broca found the average of his measurements as low as 72, but it is doubtful whether his specimens were not Hottentot skulls. It would appear that the Bushmen are on the border line separating the dolichocephalic from the mesaticephalic races, the breadth of skulls of the latter averaging between three-fourths and four-fifths of the length.


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 selection has been subjected to a good deal of criticism, but it is clear that it is a commanding strategical position, for save with the goodwill of Brazzaville no one can pass from the Upper to the Lower Congo via the river. The Livingstone rapids of the Congo, that commence to the west-ward of it, are indeed permanent bars to steam vessels navigating the Congo, for about 200 miles; yet they are not bars to canoe transport because the banks of the Congo, unlike those of the Ogowé, permit of portage.

It must be confessed that these rapids of the Congo are a difficulty. The waters collected by the great river in its catchment basin of 1,600,000 square miles come through a narrow channel 170 miles in length, cut by them in the rocks of the Pallaballa range, and take the descent of 1,000 feet in fierce stretches of rushing water, broken by thirty-two distinct cataracts. But to overcome these a railway is in course of construction from Matadi to Stanley Pool; for the courage and good seamanship of Captain Murray demonstrated the fact that it was possible to take an ocean-going steamer up through the whirlpools of Hell's Cauldron, to Matadi, close to the foot of the last of the thirty-two cataracts, the Yellala, and 120 miles from the sea. But it is certain that the Congo Free State must soon be split up among the Powers in Africa; and then the long stretch of country from Brazzaville to the 'Ubanji confluence already in the possession of France, thanks to M. de Brazza, will give France command over the whole district of the Middle Congo, i.e. that district draining its trade into the Congo for the 1,000 miles that separate the Livingstone Falls from the Stanley Falls.

Access to the right bank of the Congo at Stanley Pool is undoubtedly easier; but those southern regions, not now in the possession of the Congo Free State, belong to Portugal, and Portugal would have little chance of obtaining a tract of country when her rival for it is France. Portugal has already been almost completely ousted from the Congo, which her great explorer Diogo Cão discovered in 1482, but she still holds the southern bank of the Congo, from the sea to a point (Nkoi) just below Matadi; and a very considerable quantity of the Congo trade filters into her country owing


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 sat in a far corner watching us. I think, we were worth looking at. We grumbled over the misfortune of La Fère; we forecast other La Fères in the future;—although things went better with the Cigarette for spokesman; he had more aplomb altogether than I; and a dull, positive way of approaching a landlady that carried off the india-rubber bags. Talking of La Fère, put us talking of the reservists.

'Reservery," said he, "seems a pretty mean way to spend one's autumn holiday."

"About as mean," returned I dejectedly, "as canoeing."

"These gentlemen travel for their pleasure?" asked the landlady, with unconscious irony.

It was too much. The scales fell from our eyes. Another wet day, it was determined, and we put the boats into the train.

The weather took the hint. That was our last wetting. The afternoon faired up: grand


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46 The cranial capacity, or size of the brain of each, is given by Professor Flower as: Bantu 1485, Hottentot 1407, and Bushman 1288 cubic centimetres. The average brain of a European is 1497 cubic centimetres in size. Dr. Bolleston found the average cranial capacity of his six Bushman specimens as low as 1195 cubic centimetres, and all other recorded measurements place these people among the extreme microcephalic or small-skulled races. The Hottentots in this classification are mesocephali, a name applied to races whose average cranial capacity is between 1350 and 1450 cubic centimetres, and the Bantu, like Europeans, are megacephali or large skulled.

The alveolar index, index of prognathism, or the slope of a line from the suture at the top of the forehead to the point in the upper jaw between the insertion of the front teeth, is an important characteristic. According to the angle which this line makes with the horizontal plane of the skull, races are classified as orthognathous, mesognathous, or prognathous. In this classification the Bushman comes nearest the European, his face above the upper jaw being much more vertical than that of either of the others. Between the Hottentots and the Bantu there is scarcely any difference.

A marked feature of the Bushman skull is the smallness of the lower jaw and the want of prominence of the chin. The upper jaw does not overlap the lower as much as in the generality of other races. The teeth of the Bushmen did not become loose and fall out, as with us, but they wore down with age, until in extreme cases they were almost level with the jaw. There is wanting in the frame of the Bushman jaw in many instances the means for firm attachment of the


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 clouds still voyaged in the sky, but now singly, and with a depth of blue around their path; and a sunset, in the daintiest rose and gold, inaugurated a thick night of stars and a month of unbroken weather. At the same time, the river began to give us a better outlook into the country. The banks were not so high, the willows disappeared from along the margin, and pleasant hills stood all along its course and marked their profile on the sky.

In a little while, the canal, coming to its last lock, began to discharge its water-houses on the Oise; so that we had no lack of company to fear. Here were all our old friends; the Deo Gratias of Condé and the Four Sons of Aymon, journeyed cheerily down stream along with us; we exchanged waterside pleasantries with the steersman perched among the lumber, or the driver hoarse with bawling to his horses; and the children came and looked over the side


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Rh muscles that move the tongue. In this respect he is among the least advanced of ail races. The lower jaw of the Hottentot is much better formed, but is not by any means as massive as that of a member of the Bantu family or a European. The skulls of the three classes of people described also differ from each other and from those of Europeans in many particulars which are only intelligible to professional anatomists. The subject can be studied in special works, and it is not necessary therefore to enter more deeply into it here.

The pygmy hunters, who were the primitive inhabitants of South Africa, having no word of their own to distinguish themselves from other races, received from the first European colonists the name of Bushmen, on account of their preference for places abounding in bushes or shrubs, where they had a wonderful faculty of concealing themselves, partly owing to the colour of their skins being almost the same as that of the soil.

After the advent of the Hottentots and Bantu the Bushmen lost the ground adjoining the coast that the invaders chose to occupy, but they managed to keep possession for a long time of the mountains and even the lower country between the widely separated kraals of the recent immigrants. Constant war was carried on against them, but they fought with the utmost determination, and could not be expelled as long as a dozen men in any locality remained capable of


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 as we paddled by. We had never known all this while how much we missed them; but it gave us a fillip to see the smoke from their chimneys.

A little below this junction, we made another meeting of yet more account. For there we were joined by the Aisne, already a far-travelled river and fresh out of Champagne. Here ended the adolescence of the Oise; this was his marriage day; thenceforward he had a stately, brimming march, conscious of his own dignity and sundry dams. He became a tranquil feature in the scene. The trees and towns saw themselves in him, as in a mirror. He carried the canoes lightly on his broad breast; there was no need to work hard against an eddy: but idleness became the order of the day, and mere straightforward dipping of the paddle, now on this side, now on that, without intelligence or effort. Truly we were coming into halcyon weather


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 upon all accounts, and were floated towards the sea like gentlemen.

We made Compiègne, as the sun was going down: a fine profile of a town above the river. Over the bridge, a regiment was parading to the drum. People loitered on the quay, some fishing, some looking idly at the stream. And as the two boats shot in along the water, we could see them pointing them out and speaking one to another. We landed at a floating lavatory, where the washerwomen were still beating the clothes.


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48 making resistance. They never thought of submitting and becoming the slaves of the invaders, but like the lions and leopards whose habits they knew so well, when brought to bay they did all the harm they could to their opponents, and died breathing defiance. The struggle was not over when Europeans arrived on the scene, and the Bushmen at that time still held sole possession of almost the entire interior plain from the Limpopo river southward to the second range of mountains from the sea, of the larger portion of the Kalahari desert and the land bordering on it, and of many parts of the first two steps upwards from the ocean, west, south, and east.

Though regarded and spoken of by the Hottentots and the Bantu as wild animals of a noxious kind that should be exterminated, in one particular this opinion was not acted upon. Bushman girls when captured were generally kept as concubines by the destroyers of their families, and thus a mixture of blood was gradually taking place. Captured girls, unless they could make their escape at once, were detained without difficulty, because if after a time they returned to their own people they were put to death by them as renegades, though under compulsion. Some of the Betshuana indeed, in the early days of their migration southward when they were few in number and weak, endeavoured to fraternise with the Bushmen, and obtained girls without force, from which alliances the people now known as the Masarwa sprang; but as soon as the invaders increased in number and became strong they acted towards the wild hunters as implacable foes, just as all other Bantu did. There never was any intercourse between Bushmen males and Bantu or Hottentot females, as these would have looked with horror upon such a degradation.


text: An Inland Voyage/Chapter 18

title: An Inland Voyage/Chapter 18


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 Guido Cavalcanti

SONETTO IV

Cy IO priego questa donna, che pietate

il Non sia nemica del suo cor gentile ; Tu di' eh' io sono sconoscente e vile, E disperato e pien di vanitate.

Onde ti vien sì nova crudeltate ? Già rassomigli a chi ti vede umile, Saggia, e adorna, ed accorta, e sottile, E fatta a modo di soavitate.

L' anima mia dolente e paurosa

Piange nei sospiri, che nel cor trova, Sì che bagnati di pianto escon fore :

Allor mi par, che ne la mente piova Una figura di donna pensosa, Che vegna per veder morir lo core.

22


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 9 Guido Cavalcanti

SONETTO V

f^v LI miei folli occhi, che 'n prima guardavo

Cx - Vostra figura piena di valore,

Fur quei, che di voi, donna, m accusavo Nel fiero loco, ove tien corte A move.

Immantenente avanti a lui mostvavo, Ch' io èva fatto vostvo sevvitove, Pevchè sospivi e dolov mi pigliavo Vedendo, che temenza avea lo cove.

Menavmi tosto senza viposanza In una pavte là 've tvovai gente, Che ciaschedun si dolea d' Amov fovte.

Quando mi videv, tutti con pietanza Dissevmi : Fatto sei di tal sevvente, Che non dèi mai spevave altvo che movie.

24


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 Guido Cavalcanti

SONETTO VI

rU m' hai sì piena di dolor la mente < Che V anima sen briga di partire : v E di sospir, che manda il cor dolente x Dicono a gli occhi, che non puon soffrire. ,'„. Amore, che lo tuo gran valor sente, <v

Dice : El mi duol, che ti convien morire ir Per questa bella donna, che neente ■ Pur, che pietate di te voglia udire. Io fo come colui, eh' è fuor di vita Che mostra a chi lo guarda ched el sia Fatto di pietra, o di rame, o di legno : E porto nello core una ferita, Che si conduca sol per maestria, Che sia, com' egli è morto, aperto segno.

26


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 Guido Cavalcanti

SONETTO VII

CHI è questa che vien, eh' ogni uom la mira, Che fa di clarità V aer tremare ! E mena seco Amor, sì che parlare Nuli' nom de puote, ma ciascun sospira, Ahi, Dio, che sembra quando gli occhi gira ? Dicalo Amor, eh' io noi saprei contare : Cotanto d' umiltà donna mi pare, Che ciascun' altra in vèr di lei chiam ira. Non si potria contar la sua piacenza, Ch' a lei s' inchina ogni gentil virtute, E la beliate per sua Dea la mostra. Non fu sì alta già la mente nostra, E non sì è posta in voi tanta salute, Che propriamente n abbiam conoscenza.

28


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 Guido Cavalcanti

SONETTO Vili

T^ERCHÈ non furo a me gli occhi miei spenti, i tolti sì, che de la lor veduta

Non fusse ne la mente mia venuta A dire : Ascolta se nel cor mi senti ?

Una paura di nuovi tormenti M' apparve allor sì crudele ed acuta, Che V anima chiamò : Donna, or ci aiuta, Che gli occhi, ed io non rimagniam dolenti.

Tu gli hai lasciati sì, che venne Amore A pianger sovra lor pietosamente Tanto, che s' ode una profonda boce,

La qual dà suon : Chi grave pena sente Guardi costui, e vederà 7 suo core Che Morte 7 porta in man tagliato in croce.

30


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 Guido Cavalcanti

SONETTO IX

SÉME stesso di me gran pietà viene y/f Per la dolente angoscia, eh' io mi veggio ~ Di molta debolezza : quanà" io seggio, *"" L' anima sento ricoprir di pene : ^ Tanto mi struggo, perch' io sento bene, * Che la mia vita d' ogni angoscia ha 'l peggio : V La nova donna, a cui mercede io chieggio, ' Questa battaglia di dolor mantiene : .*■ Però che quand' io guardo verso lei,

Drizzami gli occhi de lo suo disdegno * Sì fieramente che distrugge il core : Allor sì parte ogni vertù da' miei ; Il cor sì ferma per veduto segno, Dove sì lancia crudeltà d' Amore.

32


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 Wyndham, Mr. Hugh (Windham), created M.A. 16 Jan., 1642-3; of Silton, Dorset, bar.-at-law, Lincoln's Inn, 1629, bencher 1648 (as 7s. Sir John, of Orchard, Somerset, knight), created serjeant-at-law by the parliament in 1654, declared illegal at the restoration, but re-created 22 June, 1660, a judge of common pleas 1654-60, baron of the exchequer 1670, and knighted 28 June, 1670, a judge of common pleas 1673, until his death 27 July, 1684, aged 82. See Foster's Judges and Barristers & Foss' Judges.  Wyndham, Hugh, s. Wadham, of Salisbury, Wilts, arm. (rather a knight). ., matric. 10 April, 1674, aged 17; bar.-at-law, Lincoln's Inn, 1680; brother of George 1683, of John 1663, and Thomas 1681. See Foster's Judges and Barristers.  Wyndham, James, 1s. Charles, of Cranbury, Hants, equitis. ., matric. 4 Nov., 1687, aged 18; student of Inner Temple 1688; his father M.P. Southampton in 6 parliaments 1679-81, 1681, 1685-7, (Dec.) 1689-98, and St. Ives, 1698-1700. See Foster's Inns of Court Reg.  Wyndham, John (Windham), of Somerset, pleb. ., matric. 13 Dec., 1600, aged 17; student of Lincoln's Inn 1601 (as son of John); brother of Edward 1692, etc. See Foster's Inns of Court Reg.  Wyndham, John, 1s. Wadham, of Salisbury, equitis. ., matric. 17 Dec., 1663, aged 16; of Norrington, Wilts, and Salisbury, bar.-at-law, Lincoln's Inn, 1668, M.P. Salisbury 1681, and 1685-7; brother of Hugh 1674, and Thomas 1681, and George 1683, father of John 1696. See Foster's Judges and Barristers.  [5]

Wyndham, John, s. Tho., of London, arm. , matric. 10 Oct., 1685, aged 15; student of Lincoln's Inn 1683 (his father of Witham, Somerset); brother of Hopton 1682. See Foster's Inns of Court Reg.  Wyndham, John, s. Joh., of Salisbury, Wilts, arm. ., matric. 11 Feb., 1695-6; student of Lincoln's Inn 1696. See Foster's Inns of Court Reg.  Wyndham, Richard (Windham), s. Thomas, of Bagworth, co. Leicester, pleb. ., matric. 13 Dec., 1622, aged 21.

Wyndham, Thomas (Windham), arm. fil. et haeres; B.A. from. 8 June, 1591; student of Lincoln's Inn 1592. See Foster's Inns of Court Reg.

Wyndham, Thomas (Windam), of Somerset, pleb. ., matric. entry 13 Dec., 1600, aged 14; bar.-at-law, Lincoln's Inn, 1609, as s. John, of Somerset; brother of Edmund 1592, etc. See Foster's Judges and Barristers.
 [10]

Wyndham, Thomas, 2s. Thomas, of Kinsford, Somerset, gent. ., matric. Dec., 1622, aged 18; student of Lincoln's Inn 1625; brother of Edmund 1619. See Foster's Inns of Court Reg.

Wyndham, Thomas, arm. ., matric. 11 April, 1660, created M.A. 28 Sept., 1663; of Witham Friary, Somerset, student of Middle Temple 1659 (as 3s. John, of Orchard Wyndham, Somerset, esq.), recorder of Wells, M.P. Minehead (Feb.) 1673-8, Wells 1685-7, 1689-90; brother of George 1661, and Hopton 1655. See Foster's Parliamentary Dictionary.

Wyndham, (Sir) Thomas, s. Francis, of Trent, Somerset, arm. ., matric. 1 April, 1664, aged 16; 2nd bart., student of Lincoln's Inn 1666; licenced 19 June, 1676, to marry Elizabeth, daughter of Sir George Croke, of Water Stock, Oxon; brother of Edmund 1676, and Francis 1670. See Foster's Inns of Court Reg.

Wyndham, Thomas, s. Wadham, of Salisbury, Wilts, equitis. ., matric. 28 Jan., 1680-1, aged 17; of Wildcourt, Dorset, bar.-at-law, Lincoln's Inn, 1687; licenced (V.G.) 11 Oct., 1693, to marry Margaret Moore, of Spargrove, Somerset; M.P. Calne (Oct.) 1691-5; died 1698; brother of Hugh 1674, and of John 1663, and George 1683. See Foster's Judges and Barristers.

Wyndham, Thomas, s. John, of Salisbury, Wilts, arm. ., matric. 17 Nov., 1698, aged 16; bar.-at-law, Lincoln's Inn, 1705, chief justice court of common pleas, Ireland, 1724-6, lord chancellor of Ireland 1727, and a lord justice of that kingdom 8 times, created Baron Wyndham, of Finglas, in Ireland, 17 Sept., 1731, speaker of the Irish House of Lords; born 27 Dec., 1681; died 24 Nov., 1745; brother of John 1695. See Foster's Judges and Barristers & Gardiner, 400.

Wyndham, Thomas, s. Tho., of Hawkchurch, Dorset, arm. ., matric. 5 May, 1713, aged 17; student of Lincoln's Inn 1716; perhaps M.P. Poole (April) 1732-41. See Foster's Inns of Court Reg.
 [16]

Wyndham, William, s. Jo., of Street, Somerset, gent. ., matric. 19 July, 1677, aged 16; bar.-at-law, Lincoln's Inn, 1684; licenced (V.G.) 17 June, 1665, to marry Rebecca Stroud, of Chevening, Kent. See Foster's Judges and Barristers.

Wyndham, (Sir) William, (subscribed "bart."), s. Edward, of Trentham, co. Stafford, bart. , matric. 1 June, 1704, aged 15; of Orchard Portman, 3rd bart., master of the buckhounds temp. Q. Anne, secretary-at-war, chancellor of the exchequer and P.C. 1713, M.P. Somersetshire in 6 parliaments, (April) 1710 until his death at Wells, Somerset, 17 June, 1740; unduly returned for Minehead 1715. See Rawl. xxi. 225; & Foster's Parliamentary Dictionary.

Wyndham, William, s. William, of Dighton, Wilts, arm. ., matric. 10 April, 1714, aged 16; of Dinton, student of Lincoln's Inn 1716; died 29 Nov., 1762. See Foster's Inns of Court Reg.

Wyndham, Zacharias (Windham), of Somerset, arm. ., matric. 5 Nov., 1596, aged 18, B.A. 2 June, 1600, M.A. 11 May, 1603.
 [20]

Wyne, John, of Devon, pleb. , matric. 26 July, 1605, aged 17.

Wyne, Richard (Wine), "ser." ., matric. 26 May, 1653; student of Gray's Inn 1655, as son and heir of Richard, of St. Ives, Hunts, esq. See Foster's Gray's Inn Reg.

Wynell, Philip, s. John, of Penrinne, Cornwall, sacerd. ., matric. 20 Nov., 1663, aged 16; B.A. from 1667; his father rector of St. Leonard, Exeter, 1636, of Lanivett 1660, and vicar of St. Gluvias, (both) Cornwall, 1663. See Foster's Index Eccl.

Wynell, Thomas, of. 1622. See.

Wynne, Cadwallader, s. William, of Llanvihangel, co. Merioneth, gent. ., matric. entry 10 June, 1637, aged 14, B.A. 25 Feb., 1640-1, M.A. 7 May, 1644; rector of Llanedy and Llan Ewen, co. Carmarthen, 1648. See Foster's Index Eccl.
 [25]

Wynne, Charles, B.A. from ., Cambrige, 1608-9, M.A. 1612; incorporated 14 July, 1612; vicar of Cholsey, Berks, 1617, and rector of Milton Bryant, Beds, 1622. See Foster's Index Ecclesiasticus.

Wynne, David, s. John, of Llangam, co. Denbigh, pleb. ., matric. 27 June, 1673, aged 18; perhaps rector of Bettws-Gwerfyl Goch, 1684, and vicar of Gwyddelwern, (both) co. Merioneth, 1685, and rector of Llanvihangel Glyn-Myrfyr, co. Denbigh, 1689. See Foster's Index Ecclesiasticus.
 [ 1693 ]


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 In medium sized towns, sub-sections should be formed, uniting the factory and the residential nuclei. The sub-sections constitute the local organisation. In small towns and villages the nuclei are united into local groups. The local organisations in middle-sized towns and the local groups of small towns and of villages are united into sub-districts.

Note.—Sub-sections and local groups, in accordance with local needs and requirements, hold regular meetings of all the members of the factory and residential nuclei of their sub-section.

(8) At the head of each sub-section or local group, is an executive committee consisting of three to five persons, elected at the general meeting of the members of the nuclei of the sub-section or local group, or else, depending upon local conditions (e.g., when the Party is illegal) at delegate conferences. The Secretary of the committee of the sub-section and of the local groups must be confirmed by the section committee (in the country districts, by sub-district (committee) is the section or sub-district committee elected at section or sub-district Party conferences.

(9) At the sub-section and group delegate meetings, and at district and sub-district conferences, the nuclei should be represented in proportion to the size of their membership, but in such a manner that the majority should consist of delegates from the factory nuclei. The number of delegates from each nucleus should be decided by the sub-section or sub-district committee.

In organisations where, owing to the fact that they are illegal, it is impossible to have a large representation at the sections or sub-district conferences, the delegates may be elected not directly by the nuelei, but at sub-section or group delegate meetings.

(10) Local Committees (in large towns) are elected at local conferences consisting of delegates from all the sections elected at section conferences in proportion to the size of the membership of the district.

(11) In order to increase the influence of the factory nuclei, more than half the members, both of the sub-section committees and of the section committees should be members of factory nuclei. The localllocal [sic] committees should consist partly of factory workers.

(12) Where the Party is illegal, the higher Party organs in special circumstances (e.g., the arrest of a section committee, &c.) have the right to appoint new members of the section committee, with the understanding that a delegate meeting or conference will be summoned at the first opportunity in order to confirm the appointed committee or elect a new one. Members of a committee who have escaped arrest have the right of co-opting new members to the committee, with the agreement and confirmation of the higher party organs, until a conference is summoned, If the party is illegal, the number of members of the section committee should be as small as possible.


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The political organisational work of the Party should be centred in the factory nuclei. The factory nuclei, by leading the struggles of the working masses for their everyday needs, should direct them into the fight for the Dictatorship of the Proletariat. A factory nucleus should, therefore, consider and determine its point of view upon every political or economic question agitating the working masses, and upon every conflict arising in the revolutionary method of settling questions and, as the most conscious and active part of the working class, must assume the leadership of the struggle.

In addition to general Party work, the tasks of the factory nuclei are as follows:—

(1) To carry on Communist agitation and propaganda among the non-party working masses; systematic instruction of individual workers in order to draw them into the ranks of the Communist Party; distribution of political literature in the factories; discussion of questions affecting the factory and even the publication of a special factory newspaper; the carrying on of social and agitational work among the factory workers.

(2) Determined and continual efforts must be made to win elected posts in the shops, trade unions, co-operatives, factory committees, control commissions, &c.

(3) The nuclei should participate in all the economic conflicts and demands of the workers. The task of the nuclei is to broaden and deepen the movement, to point out to the workers the political consequences of the struggle, and to persuade them to adopt the wider struggle (both economic and political) and to set up a United Front of the workers against the bourgeoisie and against Fascism.

(4) The nuclei must carry on an obstinate fight in the factories and workshops against the members and followers of other parties, also of the socialist parties and other "labour parties," using for this purpose facts relating to the activities of these parties which can be understood even by the most backward section of the working class.

(5) They must bring about contact between the employed and unemployed workers in order to avoid a conflict between them.

(6) Where conditions are ripe, they must carry on a fight for workers' control of the industries, banks, land and transport, and for the supply of the workers with the primary needs of life.

(7) They must exert an influence upon the youth and working women employed in the factories, and draw them into the struggle. They must assist in the formation of young


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Works

 * Eat with your eyes (2019)

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 communist nuclei in the factories, and support them wherever they already exist.

(8) Every member of a nucleus must actively participate in every kind of party work in the factory to which he is assigned by the executive committee of the nucleus. {{dent/e]}

Apart from the special tasks in their factories, the factory nuclei have also to perform territorial tasks at their places of restdence, since workers employed in factories also have various needs and fulfil various social functions in the places where they reside (housing, food, health, education, elections, &c.).

The chief territorial tasks are as follows:

These Territorial Tasks apply also to the Residential Nuclei.—Their work must be carried on under the direct control of the sub-section committee, and be co-ordinated with the work of the factory nuclei.

In view of the novelty of this question for many sections of the Communist International and the varying conditions in different countries, the Executive Committee of the Communist International proposes that the subject should be widely discussed in the Party press and at Party meetings, and then only should the reorganisation of the Party on the basis of factory nuclei be attempted. Nuclei should first be organised in the larger factories.

The nuclei should in no circumstances be confused with the communist fractions in the trade unions, co-operatives, &c., whose function cannot be replaced by the nuclei. The functions of the fractions are narrower than those of the nuclei. The nucleus, or rather, the executive committee of the nucleus, must direct the work of the factory committee fractions in the factory.

The Executive Committee of the Communist International earnestly requests all Sections of the Communist International


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 to furnish it with detailed information on the progress of the discussion on the question here touched upon, and of the results achieved in the organisation in the factories.

Concerning the Communist Party of Germany, the following special instructions were adopted by the Presidium of the E. C. C. I.:—

Consequently the last paragraph of the resolution on the re-organisation of factory nuclei, does not apply to the German Communist Party.


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 In the year 950, the Year of the Rat (2131 BE), on Monday, the eighth waning-moon day of the twelfth month, the earth quaked.


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 to her imposts being more reasonable than those of the Free State.

I will not here attempt to go further into the political side of de Brazza's journey and its attendant conquests for France, but will pass on to his return journey to the Coast.

He left a Senegal sergeant and a few men at Brazzaville and proceeded to explore a new route from the Stanley Pool to the sea. This was by the valley of the N'Duo, which empties itself into the Niari and leads from Ntamo to the Atlantic in a nearly due westerly direction. He thought this would


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 be the easiest way to the sea; but it was so entirely unexplored that the very name under which the Niari enters the sea was unknown. Moreover the route proved so hazardous that he was compelled to continue his journey down the Congo, on his way meeting with Mr. Stanley, who gave him a cordial reception.

From the mouth of the Congo he sailed to Gaboon, reaching Libreville on the 15th of December, 1880. Here a cruel disappointment awaited him, needless to say connected with that steamer. Neither de Ballay nor the steamer had arrived, and a very bitter nuisance this must have been, and one that would have caused many a man to throw up the whole undertaking; for he had sent down those 770 men and 44 canoes, promising them divers wonderful manifestations of white man's power and plenty of work, and there was neither; and de Brazza owned it was with painful feelings that he found himself so ill supported, and obliged, instead of returning to Europe to rest from his fatigues, having performed himself all he had undertaken to do, to hasten again into the interior in order to carry reinforcements to the men left in charge of the two stations he had founded, distant, the one 500, the other 800 miles.

He started back into the interior with a party strengthened by two French sailors, Guiral and Amiel, and a number of native carpenters, gardeners, &c. In ascending the Ogowé for the third time his canoe was upset at the Boué Falls and he suffered much from illness brought on by having to work long in the water to save his baggage. Arriving at Franceville in February, 1881, he found there 100 natives satisfactorily established and engaged in various industries. The gardens had been well cared for and the settlement was self-supporting. De Brazza however had not lost faith in that steamer even yet, and he set about preparing means of transport for the thing when it should arrive. There were seventy-five miles of portage intervening between the station Franceville and the confluence of the Obia and Lekiba with the Alima, the point chosen for the commencement of the navigation of the Alima. The clearing of a path for the transport of the sections of the steamer was accomplished by the aid of 400 labourers super-intended by Michaud, Guiral, and Amiel.


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 On Wednesday, the second waxing-moon day of the second month, at the time of two nalika and nine bat after the midnight, [the King's Highness] proceeded in formation to set [His] hosts in Sam Khanon District. In that event, the foes from Hongsa were routed in defeat and fled away. In addition, a mare dropped a foal with a single head but two bodies having four feet each, which seemed as if disputing with each other over the head.

In the year 947, the Year of the Rooster (2128 BE), the divine lord of Sawathi marched his men south for another time. He positioned his hosts in Sa Ket District and remained there from the second month till the fourth month. Once it reached Wednesday, the seventh waxing-moon day of the fifth month, the time of four nalika and one bat after the dayspring, [the King's Highness] proceeded in formation to muster [His] hosts of triumph in Lomphli District, and on Saturday, the tenth waxing-moon day of the fifth month, [as He was] proceeding from [the site of] the hosts of triumph by way of river through Pa Mok, a multitude of grey pelicans flew in from both the left and the right leading [His] royal barge towards. Once it reached Thursday, the fourteenth waning-moon day of the fifth month, [the King's Highness], mounted upon the royal elephant Phlai Mongkhon Thawip, went out to line all the elephants and horses up on the brink of the river, and the sun had a halo and the rays of that halo shone down upon the royal elephant as if offering a shade to shelter it. On that occasion, [the King's Highness] charged the hosts of the divine lord of Sawathi that had been positioned in Sa Ket District, routing them in defeat. In the same year, the High Viceroy marched his men in by way of Kamphaeng Phet, where they stayed and started rice farming.

In the year 948, the Year of the Dog (2129 BE),


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I.—PARACELSUS ASPIRES.

, Würzburg—a garden in the environs. 1507.

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 The organisation of a service of transport was then proceeded with, a business of some difficulty owing to the jealousies of the tribes with regard to the profits of conveyance over different sections of the route. M. de Brazza then thought to surmount this difficulty by establishing a body of carriers of his own, but various obstacles intervened to prevent his accomplishing this forthwith, and in the meantime he had to send supplies to Brazzaville on the Congo. While thus engaged he was fortunately joined on the 27th of September by M. Mizon of the French navy, who had been sent from France in company with de Ballay. He brought de Brazza news that the latter was detained at Gaboon and that the steamer had been discovered to have defects in construction that would prevent her joining the expedition for a long time.

M. de Brazza then resolved to leave Franceville in charge of M. Mizon and go off on an entirely new bit of exploration. He was by now, after those three voyages up and down them, aware that the rapids of the Ogowé are not what you might call a safe and pleasant route to Franceville, particularly for heavy goods; and he reverted to his old idea, that he had had to abandon testing when leaving Brazzaville in 1880, namely that a safer route to the sea-coast than the Ogowé affords, existed down the Niari valley. He first went to Nhango on the route between the Ogowé and the Congo, near the M'paka country of the latter river. There he learnt that Mr. Stanley had been attempting to persuade the chiefs of the Bateke to withdraw from their engagements with France and endeavouring to win over Malamine, the chief of Ntamo (Brazzaville). But de Brazza did not surmise there was any danger of Mr. Stanley succeeding in either of these diplomatic ventures, so proceeded on his exploration.

He started at the end of January, 1882, passing over mountains by the sources of the Leketi and M'paka, and on the 8th of February he discovered one of the sources of the Ogowé at a point where it formed a mere rivulet of water. A month later he arrived on the banks of his desired Niari, which proved to be a beautiful river 270 feet broad and to enter the ocean under the name of Quilliou (Kouilou or


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197 CHAPTER XII

ABRAHAM IBN BAUD

What was poison to Judah Halevi is meat to Abraham Ibn Daud. We must, he says, investigate the principles of the Jewish religion and seek to harmonize them with true philosophy. And in order to do these things properly a preliminary study of science is necessary. Nowadays all this is neglected and the result is confusion in fundamental principles, for a superficial and literal reading of the Bible leads to contradictory views, not to speak of anthropomorphic conceptions of God which cannot be the truth. Many of our day think that the study of philosophy is injurious. This is because it frequently happens in our time that a person who takes up the study of philosophy neglects religion. In ancient times also this happened in the person of Elisha ben Abuya, known by the name of Aher. Nevertheless science was diligently studied in Rabbinic times. Witness what was said concerning Rabbi Yohanan ben Zakkai, Samuel and the Synhedrin.221 It cannot be that God meant us to abstain from philosophical study, for many statements in the Bible, such as those relating to freedom of the will, to the nature of God and the divine attributes, to the creation of the world, and so on, are a direct stimulus to such investigation. Surely mental confusion cannot be the purpose God had in mind for us. If he preferred our ignorance he would not have called our attention to these matters at all.222

This, as we see, is decidedly a different point of view from that of Judah Halevi. The difference between them is not due to a difference in their age and environment, but solely to personal taste and temperament. Toledo was the birthplace of Ibn Daud as it was of Halevi. And the period in which they lived was practically the same. Judah Halevi's birth took place in the last quarter of the eleventh century, whereas Ibn Daud is supposed to have been born about 1110, a difference of some twenty-five or thirty years. The philosopher whom Judah Halevi presents to us as the typical representative of his time


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198 is an Aristotelian of the type of Alfarabi and Avicenna. And it is the same type of philosophy that we meet in the pages of the "Emunah Ramah " (Exalted Faith), Ibn Baud's philosophical work.^-^ Whereas, however, Judah Halevi was a poet by the grace of God, glowing with love for his people, their religion, their language and their historic land, Ibn Baud leaves upon us the impression of a precise thinker, cold and analytical. He exhibits no graces of style, eloquence of diction or depths of enthusiasm and emotion. He passes systematically from one point to the next, uses few words and technical, and moves wholly in the Peripatetic philosophy of the day. In 1161, the same year in which the Emunah Ramah was composed, he also wrote a historical work, "Sefer Hakabala" (Book of Tradition), which we have; and in 1180, regarded by some as the year of his death^ he published an astronomical work, which is lost. This gives an index of his interests which were scientific and philosophic. Mysticism, whether of the poetic or the philosophic kind, was far from his nature; and this too may account for the intense opposition he shows to Solomon Ibn Gabirol. On more than one occasion he gives vent to his impatience with that poetic philosopher, and he blames him principally for two faults. Choosing to devote a whole book to one purely metaphysical topic, in itself not related to Judaism, Gabirol, we are told by Ibn Daud, gave expression to doctrines extremely dangerous to the Jewish religion. And apart from his heterodoxy, he is philosophically incompetent and his method is abominable. His style is profuse to the point of weariness, and his logic carries no conviction. ^^^

While Abraham Ibn Daud is thus expressly unsympathetic to Gabirol and tacitly in disagreement with Halevi (he does not mention him), he shows the closest relation to Maimonides, whose forerunner he is. We feel tempted to say that if not for Ibn Daud there would have been no Maimonides. And yet the irony of history has willed that the fame of being the greatest Jewish philosopher shall be Maimonides's own, while his nearest predecessor, to whose influence he owed most, should be all but completely forgotten. The Arabic original of Ibn Daud's treatise is lost, and the Hebrew translations (there are two) lay buried in manuscript in the European libraries until one of them was published by Simson Weil in 1852.^-^

Abraham Ibn Daud is the first Jewish philosopher who shows an


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 Killiou) just north of Loango. Not far from its left bank were found mines of copper and lead.

Along this left bank he continued his march, finding to his great satisfaction that the river, as far as its confluence with the Lalli, flowed without rapids or falls along a broad, fertile, and densely peopled valley, lying athwart the great parallel terraces over which, ladderlike, the neighbouring Congo has cut its bed on its way to the ocean. About sixty miles further the Niari tends a little towards the north and he quitted its banks after having crossed its little affluent the


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 Nkenge. From here he began the ascent of the plateau, where the villagers no longer received him and his party with the friendliness he had encountered along the valley of the Niari. The mistrust with which he had to contend led at last to an hostile encounter at the village of Kimbendge, in which six of his men were wounded, and the expedition was obliged to beat a retreat. They marched without taking food, in a pouring rain all night long, going south, finding themselves in the morning at the summit of a mountain range at the foot of which extended a verdant plain through which flowed the Lundima (Loema). In the plain they passed a group of villages named Mboko, where copper ore is found on the surface; and then journeying westwards arrived at Kimbunda, a Basundi village situated between Lundima and the Loango. This place is within five days' march of Boma (Emboma) on the Congo on one side and Landana on the Atlantic. The party arrived, exhausted with the fatigues of their long and difficult march, at Landana on the 17th of April, 1882.

M. de Brazza claimed by this expedition a tract of country one-third the area of France as an addition to his previous discoveries, and he insisted on the importance of the position at Ntamo (Brazzaville) which he said was the key to the whole western interior of Equatorial Africa. It was in the hands of France and the route viâ the Niari was the best road to it and the best line for a railway, which ought to be undertaken by the French as the most effectual means of opening up the country.

The construction of this railroad has been undertaken, and that it has not been already completed I think, no doubt, arises from the idea that the Congo Free State will shortly fall into the hands of France, and then the route up the Congo, with a railway round the Livingstone rapids, will be the best and shortest way to Brazzaville, and things in general on the Middle Congo. However until that day dawns France has done much to utilise the Niari valley route and regular convoys now use it to the interior. De Brazza has of late years been ceaselessly working at the development and expansion of Congo Français to the north and east, particularly to the establishment of a safe and easy line of transport to the


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the Rhine men saw the king with his guests in many bands pricking to the shore. One saw the horse of many a maiden, too, led by the bridle. All those who should give them welcome were ready now. When those of Isenland and Siegfried’s Nibelung men were come across in boats, they hasted to the shore (not idle were their hands), where the kindred of the king were seen upon the other bank. Now hear this tale, too, of the queen, the noble Uta, how she herself rode hither with the maidens from the castle. Then many a knight and maid became acquaint. Duke Gere led Kriemhild’s palfroy by the bridle till just outside the castle gate. Siegfried, the valiant knight, must needs attend her further. A fair maid was she! Later the noble dame requited well this deed. Ortwin, the bold, rode by Lady Uta’s side, and many knights and maidens rode in pairs. Well may we aver that so many dames were never seen together at such stately greeting. Many a splendid joust was ridden by worshipful knights (not well might it be left undone) afore Kriemhild, the fair, down to the ships. Then the fair-fashioned ladies were lifted from the palfreys. The king was come across and many a worthy guest. Ho, what stout lances brake before the ladies’ eyes! One heard the clash of many hurtling shields. Ho, what costly bucklers rang loudly as they closed! The lovely fair stood by the shore as


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80 Gunther and his guests alighted from the boats; he himself led Brunhild by the hand. Bright gems and gleaming armor shone forth in rivalry. Lady Kriemhild walked with courtly breeding to meet Dame Brunhild and her train. White hands removed the chaplets, as these twain kissed each other; through deference this was done.

Then in courteous wise the maiden Kriemhild spake: “Be ye welcome in these lands of ours, to me and to my mother and to all the loyal kin we have.”

Low bows were made and the ladies now embraced full oft. Such loving greeting hath one never heard, as the two ladies, Dame Uta and her daughter, gave the bride; upon her sweet mouth they kissed her oft. When now Brunhild’s ladies all were come to land, stately knights took many a comely woman by the hand in loving wise. The fair-fashioned maids were seen to stand before the lady Brunhild. Long time elasped or ever the greetings all were done; many a rose-red mouth was kissed, in sooth. Still side by side the noble princesses stood, which liked full well the doughty warriors for to see. They who had heard men boast afore that such beauty had ne’er been seen as these two dames possessed, spied now with all their eyes and must confess the truth. Nor did one see upon their persons cheats of any kind. Those who wot how to judge of women and lovely charms, praised Gunther’s bride for beauty; but the wise had seen more clear and spake, that one must give Kriemhild the palm before Brunhild.

Maids and ladies now drew near each other. Many a comely dame was seen arrayed full well. Silken tents


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46 rock there. However, those rascals will be punished enough for the present, when they see Timon grown rich again."

Merc. See now, what a thing it is to make a clamour, and to be impudent and troublesome! I don't mean for lawyers only, but for those who put up prayers to heaven. Here's Timon going to be set up again as a rich man out of the extreme of poverty, all because of his noise and bold words attracting Jupiter's notice! If he had bent his back to his digging in silence, he might have dug on till doomsday without Jupiter's noticing him. (He goes off, and returns with Plutus.)

Plutus. I shan't go near that fellow, Jupiter.

Jup. How, my good Plutus,—not when I bid you?

Plu. No. He insulted me—turned me out of his house, and scattered me in all directions—me, the old friend of the family—all but pitched me out of doors, as if I burnt his fingers. What! go back to him, to be thrown to his parasites, and toadies, and harlots? No: send me to those who value the gift, who will make much of me, who honour me and desire my company; and let all those fools keep house still with Poverty, who prefer her to me. Let them get her to give them a spade and an old sheep-skin, and go dig for their twopence a-day, after squandering thousands in gifts to their friends.

Jup. Timon will never behave so to you again. His spade-husbandry will have taught him pretty well (unless his back's made of stuff that can't feel) that you are to be preferred to Poverty. You're rather a


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Rh and many rich pavilions stood hard by, the which quite filled the plain of Worms. The kinsmen of the king came crowding around, when Brunhild and Kriemhild and with them all the dames were bidden go to where shade was found. Thither the knights from the Burgundian land escorted them.

Now were the strangers come to horse, and shields were pierced in many royal jousts. From the plain the dust gan rise, as though the whole land had burst forth into flames. There many a knight became well known as champion. Many a maiden saw what there the warriors plied. Methinks, Sir Siegfried and his knights rode many a turn afore the tents. He led a thousand stately Nibelungs.

Then Hagen of Troneg came, as the king had counseled, and parted in gentle wise the jousting, that the fair maids be not covered with the dust, the which the strangers willingly obeyed. Then spake Sir Gernot: “Let stand the steeds till the air grow cooler, for ye must be full ready when that the king will ride. Meanwhile let us serve the comely dames before the spacious hall.”

When now over all the plain the jousts had ceased, the knights, on pastime bent, hied them to the ladies under many a high pavilion in the hope of lofty joys. There they passed the hours until they were minded to ride away.

Just at eventide, when the sun was setting and the air grew chill, no longer they delayed, but man and woman hasted toward the castle. Many a comely maiden was caressed with loving glances. In jousting great store of clothes were torn by good knights, by the high-mettled


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 southern shores of Lake Chad. With the insight into African geographical problems so characteristic of him, de Brazza saw the Sanga river was more likely to afford a route to the central Soudan from the Congo than the apparently more important M'ubungi. Camfurel was the first man sent to trace the course of the Sanga, and he and his expedition were annihilated. Furneaux was then sent and succeeded in getting several days' journey above the rapids of the Sanga when he fell in with war, and got one white and seventeen black men of his party killed. Then he returned to de Brazza, who went up the river himself as far as the rapids and established a station there that black traders now frequent. He sent a lieutenant and fifty-five men on, and this good man got right through to Yola on the Niger and then returned to de Brazza safely. On his way I may remark, as proof that he had struck an interior trade-route, he met traders who had passports from Algeria on the Mediterranean, and these he countersigned. Some of these people accompanied him, and when he returned to Brazzaville, horses from the Soudan were photographed alongside a steamer on the Congo.

He reported that as soon as you got out of the Ogowé forests to the north, the country became extremely healthy and none of the expedition suffered from sickness, and that this country abounds with cattle and horses. The lieutenant must have been traversing high land, for a part of the time while between the Ogowé and the Niger; but that the country is healthy for white men I expect is only because there are no white men there for it to kill and make a death-rate. I do not believe that any part of Africa between the Zambesi and the Sahara is healthy for white men.

There is in course of construction a railroad which is to open up the route from Congo Français to Lake Chad, following the course of the Sanga; and this when completed will form a line of markets that must be of great importance from the richness of the country they will drain. It should be the trade-route for the whole north central African ivory and other trades; and there is no doubt de Brazza is manifesting his usual far-sightedness in turning his attention to the expansion of Congo Français to the north-cast, and


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 unless Providence in the shape of death, or Sir George Goldie—de Brazza's only rival in administrative ability in West Africa—intervenes, he will succeed in uniting Congo Français with the French Soudan. De Brazza has done so much and done it so well that I, as a woman, may be excused a sentimental hope that he may live to see his edifice of power completed.

After sketching the work of de Brazza the completer, we must turn to the work of Du Chaillu, the inaugurator of geographical knowledge in this region; but I will only briefly sketch Du Chaillu's work, because his books are accessible to English readers and not given in scattered journals of geographical societies, as are the notices of de Brazza.

Du Chaillu's works should be read carefully by every one interested in the forest region of Africa, for you find in them a series of wonderfully vivid pictures of life, both of man and beast, and of the country itself with its dense, gloriously beautiful, gloomy forests and its wild rivers, as true in all these things as on the day on which Du Chaillu wrote. On his return to England great doubt was cast upon his accounts; but I have no hesitation in saying that I never came across anything while in his region that discredited Du Chaillu's narrative on the whole. His deductions from the things he saw are a matter apart, for no two West African travellers will ever be found to agree in their deductions; but his descriptions of the country and the animals are truthful—yes, including those gorillas; I know places where the gorilla population is every bit as thick as he says and the individuals every bit as big; and his account of the natives and their ways are recognisable by any one having personal knowledge in the matter. Nor am I alone, I am glad to say; for one of the greatest authorities on this matter, Dr. Nassau, who was on the Coast when Du Chaillu was, says there is nothing Du Chaillu relates that might not have happened in this country. More can be said of no one of the school of travellers of which Du Chaillu, Dr. Barth, Joseph Thomson, and Livingstone are past masters, and of which I am an humble member. We have not a set of white companions with us to confirm our statements and say, "Oui, oui, certainement, Monsieur," as the engineer and his brother used to say on the Éclaireur to their captain; but we


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the 22d of September I was asked by the World if I could have myself committed to one of the asylums for the insane in New York, with a view to writing a plain and unvarnished narrative of the treatment of the patients therein and the methods of management, etc. Did I think I had the courage to go through such an ordeal as the mission would demand? Could I assume the characteristics of insanity to such a degree that I could pass the doctors, live for a week among the insane without the authorities there finding out that I was only a “chiel amang ’em takin’ notes?” I said I believed I could. I had some faith in my own ability as an actress and thought I could assume insanity long enough to accomplish any mission intrusted to me. Could I pass a week in the insane ward at Blackwell’s Island? I said I could and I would. And I did.

My instructions were simply to go on with my work as soon as I felt that I was ready. I was to chronicle faithfully the experiences I underwent, and when once within the walls of the asylum to find out and describe its inside


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 have great compensations for this. We have no awful rows with each other in inconvenient places in Africa, or on our return home, and we can say to our critics: "Have you been there? No! Then go there or to whatever place you may happen to believe in! and till then—shut up." Mr. Winwood Reade accepted this sort of answer from Du Chaillu and went down to the regions of the Panavia Bight and Gaboon with a pre-determination to prove Du Chaillu was wrong; and I am bound to say I think he utterly failed. He did not follow Du Chaillu's course throughout by any means, doing little more than going in behind Corisco Bay and up the Gaboon estuary and the 'Como, a very good bit of work, and charmingly described in his Savage Africa, but he was not in the country rich in gorillas in either place.

Du Chaillu's journeys may be divided into two main groups, one of which is described in his first book, Explorations and Adventures in Equatorial Africa, 1861. During this journey he ascended the Muni River as far as the Osheba country, the 'Como and Boqué as far as the Sierra del Cristal, marched overland from the Gaboon estuary to the rivers of the Delta of the Ogowé, and did a great deal of work in the whole of this great dangerous network; going up and down the N'Poulounay and the O'Rembo and striking the upper waters of the Ngunie, going to and fro among the tribes of the Sierra del Cristal and Achangoland mountains. On his second journey, made in 1864-65, he was entirely in regions south of the Ogowé. He went into Fernan Vaz, followed the O'Rembo for some little distance, and then struck away east by south, crossing the Ngunie at a point south of the spot he had reached on it when he discovered this river in 1858. Thence he went on into the mountains of Achangoland, where he was attacked and had to beat a very hurried retreat to the ocean.

Nearly the whole of Du Chaillu's two journeys were


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82 warriors, after the custom of the land, until the king dismounted by the hall. Valiant heroes helped the ladies, as is their wont. The noble queens then parted; Lady Uta and her daughter went with their train to a spacious hall, where great noise of merriment was heard on every side.

The seats were now made ready, for the king would go to table with his guests. At his side men saw fair Brunhild stand, wearing the crown in the king’s domain. Royal enow she was in sooth. Good broad tables, with full many benches for the men, were set with vitaille, as we are told. Little they lacked that they should have! At the king’s table many a lordly guest was seen. The chamberlains of the host bare water forth in basins of ruddy gold. It were but in vain, if any told you that men were ever better served at princes’ feasts: I would not believe you that.

Before the lord of the Rhineland took the water to wash his hands, Siegfried did as was but meet, he minded him by his troth of what he had promised, or ever he had seen Brunhild at home in Isenland. He spake: “Ye must remember how ye swore me by your hand, that when Lady Brunhild came to this land, ye would give me your sister to wife. Where be now these oaths? I have suffered mickle hardship on our trip.”

Then spake the king to his guest: “Rightly have ye minded me. Certes my hand shall not be perjured. I’ll bring it to pass as best I can.”

Then they bade Kriemhild go to court before the king. She came with her fair maidens to the entrance of the hall. At this Sir Giselher sprang down the


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Rh steps. “Now bid these maidens turn again. None save my sister alone shall be here by the king.”

Then they brought Kriemhild to where the king was found. There stood noble knights from many princes’ lands; throughout the broad hall one bade them stand quite still. By this time Lady Brunhild had stepped to the table, too. Then spake King Gunther: “Sweet sister mine, by thy courtesie redeem my oath. I swore to give thee to a knight, and if he become thy husband, then hast thou done my will most loyally.”

Quoth the noble maid: “Dear brother mine, ye must not thus entreat me. Certes I’ll be ever so, that whatever ye command, that shall be done. I’ll gladly pledge my troth to him whom ye, my lord, do give me to husband.”

Siegfried here grew red at the glance of friendly eyes. The knight then proffered his service to Lady Kriemhild. Men bade them take their stand at each other’s side within the ring and asked if she would take the stately man. In maidenly modesty she was a deal abashed, yet such was Siegfried’s luck and fortune, that she would not refuse him out of hand. The noble king of Netherland vowed to take her, too, to wife. When he and the maid had pledged their troths, Siegfried’s arm embraced eftsoon the winsome maid. Then the fair queen was kissed before the knights. The courtiers parted, when that had happed; on the bench over against the king Siegfried was seen to take his seat with Kriemhild. Thither many a man accompanied him as servitor; men saw the Nibelungs walk at Siegfried’s side.

The king had seated him with Brunhild, the maid,


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84 when she espied Kriemhild (naught had ever irked her so) sitting at Siegfried’s side. She began to weep and hot tears coursed down fair cheeks. Quoth the lord of the land: “What aileth you, my lady, that ye let bright eyes grow dim? Ye may well rejoice; my castles and my land and many a stately vassal own your sway.”

“I have good cause to weep,” spake the comely maid; “my heart is sore because of thy sister, whom I see sitting so near thy vassal’s side. I must ever weep that she be so demeaned.”

Then spake the King Gunther: “Ye would do well to hold your peace. At another time I will tell you the tale of why I gave Siegfried my sister unto wife. Certes she may well live ever happily with the knight.”

She spake: “I sorrow ever for her beauty and her courtesie. I fain would flee, and I wist whither I might; go, for never will I lie close by your side, unless ye tell me through what cause Kriemhild be Siegfried’s bride.”

Then spake the noble king: “I’ll do it you to wit; he hath castles and broad domains, as well as I. Know of a truth, he is a mighty king, therefore did I give him the peerless maid to love.”

But whatsoever the king might say, she remained full sad of mood.

Now many a good knight hastened from the board. Their hurtling waxed so passing hard, that the whole castle rang. But the host was weary of his guests. Him thought that he might lie more soft at his fair lady’s side. As yet he had not lost at all the hope that much of joy might hap to him through her. Lovingly he began to gaze on Lady Brunhild. Men bade the guests leave off their knightly games, for the king and his


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Author:Heinrich Brandler

Works

 * "Comrade Brandler's Report" in The Lessons of the German Events (1924)

title: Author:Heinrich Brandler


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Rh wife would go to bed. Brunhild and Kriemhild then met before the stairway of the hall, as yet without the hate of either. Then came their retinue. Noble chamberlains delayed not, but brought them lights. The warriors, the liegemen of the two kings, then parted on either side and many of the knights were seen to walk with Siegfried.

The lords were now come to the rooms where they should lie. Each of the twain thought to conquer by love his winsome dame. This made them blithe of mood. Siegfried’s pleasure on that night was passing great. When Lord Siegfried lay at Kriemhild’s side and with his noble love caressed the high-born maid so tenderly, she grew as dear to him as life, so that not for a thousand other women would he have given her alone. No more I’ll tell how Siegfried wooed his wife; hear now the tale of how King Gunther lay by Lady Brunhild’s side. The stately knight had often lain more soft by other dames. The courtiers now had left, both maid and man. The chamber soon was locked; he thought to caress the lovely maid. Forsooth the time was still far off, ere she became his wife. In a smock of snowy linen she went to bed. Then thought the noble knight: “Now have I here all that I have ever craved in all my days.” By rights she must needs please him through her comeliness. The noble king gan shroud the lights and then the bold knight hied him to where the lady lay. He laid him at her side, and great was his joy when in his arms he clasped the lovely fair. Many loving caresses he might have given, had but the noble dame allowed it. She waxed so wroth that he was sore a-troubled; he weened that they were lovers, but he found here hostile hate. She spake: “Sir Knight, pray give this over,


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Author:Hermann Remmele

Works

 * "Report of Comrade Remmele" in The Lessons of the German Events (1924)

title: Author:Hermann Remmele


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86 which now ye hope. Forsooth this may not hap, for I will still remain a maid, until I hear the tale; now mark ye that.”

Then Gunther grew wroth; he struggled for her love and rumpled all her clothes. The high-born maid then seized her girdle, the which was a stout band she wore around her waist, and with it she wrought the king great wrong enow. She bound him hand and foot and bare him to a nail and hung him on the wall. She forbade him love, sith he disturbed her sleep. Of a truth he came full nigh to death through her great strength.

Then he who had weened to be the master, began to plead. “Now loose my bands, most noble queen. I no longer trow to conquer you, fair lady, and full seldom will I lie so near your side.”

She reeked not how he felt, for she lay full soft. There he had to hang all night till break of day, until the bright morn shone through the casements. Had he ever had great strength, it was little seen upon him now.

“Now tell me, Sir Gunther, would that irk you aught,” the fair maid spake, “and your servants found you bound by a woman’s hand?”

Then spake the noble knight: “That would serve you ill; nor would it gain me honor,” spake the doughty man. “By your courtesie, pray let me lie now by your side. Sith that my love mislike you so, I will not touch your garment with my hands.”

Then she loosed him soon and let him rise. To the bed again, to the lady he went and laid him down so far away, that thereafter he full seldom touched her comely weeds. Nor would she have allowed it.

Then their servants came and brought them new


text:
Author:Laurie Bodenheimer

Works

 * Carrier Letter 2023-04: Federal Employees Health Benefits Program Call Letter (2023)

title: Author:Laurie Bodenheimer


text:
Author:Ruth Elfriede Fischer

Works

 * "Report of Comrade Ruth Fischer" in The Lessons of the German Events (1924)

title: Author:Ruth Elfriede Fischer


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Rh attire, of which great store was ready for them against the morn. However merry men made, the lord of the land was sad enow, albeit he wore a crown that day. As was the usage which they had and which they kept by right, Gunther and Brunhild no longer tarried, but hied them to the minster, where mass was sung. Thither, too, Sir Siegfried came and a great press arose among the crowd. In keeping with their royal rank, there was ready for them all that they did need, their crowns and robes as well. Then they were consecrated. When this was done, all four were seen to stand joyful ’neath their crowns. Many young squires, six hundred or better, were now girt with sword in honor of the kings, as ye must know. Great joy rose then in the Burgundian land; one heard spear-shafts clashing in the hands of the sworded knights. There at the windows the fair maids sat; they saw shining afore them the gleam of many a shield. But the king had sundered him from his liegemen; whatso others plied, men saw him stand full sad. Unlike stood his and Siegfried’s mood. The noble knight and good would fain have known what ailed the king. He hasted to him and gan ask: “Pray let me know how ye have fared this night, Sir King.”

Then spake the king to his guest: “Shame and disgrace have I won; I have brought a fell devil to my house and home. When I weened to love her, she bound me sore; she bare me to a nail and hung me high upon a wall. There I hung affrighted all night until the day, or ever she unbound me. How softly she lay bedded there! In hope of thy pity do I make plaint to thee as friend to friend.“


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text: The Lessons of the German Events/Chapter 9


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 solution of such problems as how to secure the proper development of and render available those almost innumerable germs of food supply that are produced by sea fishes in general. The Turbot, for instance, produces about fourteen millions of eggs annually, of which not one perhaps in ten thousand reaches maturity, nor one in a million finds its way to our tables. Our knowledge of the laws governing the movements—the appearance and disappearance in certain localities—of the Herring and other fishes, their spawning and time of development, is still obscure; and if we had light thrown upon this subject thousands of tons of valuable food would he available for us. These enquiries cannot be considered visionary, nor the results obtained from them unprofitable, when it is remembered that within the last few years of judicious legislation, the result of accurate knowledge obtained by these researches has so developed the Salmon fishery that, in place of this fish being only obtainable by the few and wealthy, it is now every season so cheap and abundant as to be found on the table of the artisan.”

The idea of the Birmingham Aquarium was ultimately revived in a definite form by the late Mr. Arthur Ryland, (to whom the origination of the Midland Institute was also due,) and he succeeded in enlisting the support ant co-operation of a number of influential gentlemen to a proposal, which led to the formation last rear of a Limited Company for the construction of the Birmingham Aquarium. It was felt that an Aquarium alone could not be made to succeed financially, and it would require to be combined with come other attraction, such as first-class music, and must consequently involve the erection of a large building in some central situation. The great difficulty experienced was the obtaining a suitable site in a sufficiently central situation; but this has been now overcome in a highly satisfactory manner, by obtaining the site of the old Hen and Chickens Hotel, in New Street, (classic ground of the old coaching days,) which is a remarkably favourable situation for ready access of the public, in the principal thoroughfare of the town, and in close proximity to the the railway stations. The hotel will he converted into a first-class restaurant, the largest in the town, and in the rear will be built the Aquarium, with a spacious and convenient Concert Room above it, affording facilities for concerts that have been long felt to be much needed it the town.

The Aquarium will consist of a large, handsome Hall, upwards of 100 feet in length, with a series of tanks extending along each side, and forming the sides of the Hall, and amounting in total extent to about as much as these of the Crystal] Palace Aquarium. There will also be an extensive series of table tanks; and in the rear a large and commodious space for the food and store tanks, the machinery, and the general working purposes of the Aquarium. The public approach will be from the present portico in New Street, through a large Entrance Hall, from which a handsome fight of steps will lead down to the Aquarium, which will be constructed of red terra-cotta, with the ceiling supported by arches resting on ornamental pillars. The large Assembly Room, on a level with the New Street entrance and over the Aquarium, will be 165 feet long; and will consist of three divisions—the first portion being appropriated


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text: Index:Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices, Third Edition.pdf


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my experiences in Blackwell’s Island Insane Asylum were published in the World I have received hundreds of letters in regard to it. The edition containing my story long since ran out, and I have been prevailed upon to allow it to be published in book-form, to satisfy the hundreds who are yet asking for copies.

I am happy to be able to state as a result of my visit to the asylum and the exposures consequent thereon, that the City of New York has appropriated $1,000,000 more per annum than ever before for the care of the insane. So I have at least the satisfaction of knowing that the poor unfortunates will be the better cared for because of my work.


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WHY they need no breaking in, but feel easy at once. WHY they are liked by Ladies of full figure. WHY they do not break down over the hips, and WHY the celebrated French curved band prevents any wrinkling or stretching at the sides. WHY dressmakers delight in fitting dresses over them. WHY merchants say they give better satisfaction than any others. WHY they take pains to recommend them.

Their popularity has induced many imitations, which are frauds, high at any price. Buy only the genuine, stamped Madame Mora’s, Sold by all leading Dealers with this


text: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Machaereus


text: Index:Peterson's Magazine 1842, Volume I.pdf


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Thus the influence of the independents fell from year to year and it is necessary to point out that at the second congress 37 delegates voted for their resolutions and at the Third Congress only 31. This means that the few non-party representatives deserted them while the Congress proceeded. The powerful party that in the first period of the revolution had a majority in the Soviets and Trade Unions was reduced to nothing. The organised proletariat of Russia marched past the anti-socialist theories and practice of "independence."

One of the most important points in the theory of independence was the relations of the unions to the controlling organs of national economy. The question was: should the trade unions participate in the organisation of industry? To this the independents replied that it was necessary to participate but to refuse all responsibility, that the functions of the unions in entering these organs was chiefly to protect labour. As we have seen, however, the Russian trade union movement, from the first days of the October Revolution, took quite a different road. It not only did not avoid responsibility but sought it, taking upon itself the responsibility for the organisation of all the controlling and administrative organs of industry. As soon as the decree on workers' control was issued, the trade unions, on the basis of representation of the All-Russian Industrial Unions, created a National Council of Workers' Control, whose business it was to unite all the work of organisation and control in the localities, but, from the very beginning the unions and the organs which they created arrived at the necessity of creating wider organisations in which control would only form a part of the work, and the National Council of Workers' Control thus became converted into a supreme Council of National Economy which daily widened the sphere of its activities. The Supreme Council of National Economy was created by the Trade Unions together with the Soviet authorities and its separate branches as well as the newly created organs, arising because of the machinery becoming more and more complicated, are being constructed on the basis of representation of trade unions.

The Supreme Council of National Economy is composed of dozens of central organs which manage the nationalised industry, and there is not one of them which has been set up without an agreement between the Executive of the Supreme Council of National Economy and the Executive of the respective trade union being arrived at.


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 Thus, the Committee for State Building and Construction is formed by agreement with the Builders' Union. The Chief Administration of the nationalised textile undertakings is formed by agreement with the All-Russian Textile Workers' Union, the Chief Administration of the nationalised leather undertakings by agreement with the Leather Workers' Union, the United State Engineering Department, a section of the Supreme Council of National Economy, is formed by agreement with the Metal Workers' Union. Two and a half years' experience of revolution convinced the trade unions that it was necessary to (1) construct a uniform plan of industrial administration, (2) send their representatives to these organs without interfering in the administrative and technical work of the undertaking, (3) give the elected factory board the necessary authority and ask its local organs to support the board's work; (4) send, through responsible officials of the administrative organs, periodical reports to the respective trade unions, (5) call periodical joint meetings of the All-Russia Central Council of Trade Unions and the Supreme Council of National Economy for the consideration of fundamental questions affecting economic policy, (6) centralise the administration of industry with a view to a rational utilisation of all forces of production, (7) strive towards the simplification and the abolition of parallelism in administration, (8) combat parallelism arising from attempts of economic organs to assume the functions of a trade union, (9) reduce the number of members in the collegiate boards, and to hold every member individually responsible, (10) resort to individual management of factories wherever this is considered useful, (11) define the exact functions of the various trade union organs and their relations to the Soviet Government organs, and finally, (12) subordinate the narrow trade union interests to the interests of national economic construction.

These fundamental rules, the result of great experience, lay at the bottom of the whole economic policy of the trade unions. The trade unions do not assume the management of industry, they are not the sole organisers of production: the whole nationalised industry is managed by the state organs based on the representation of the trade unions which "by entering into the Soviet organisation become converted more and more into the fundamental basis of the Soviet Economic system." (Resolution of 9th Congress of Russian Communist Party).

Production taken as a whole included the organisation of labour, for labour is the most important factor in production. It may be said that all that the Russian Trade Unions did in organising production was to create organs in conjunction with the Soviets, but this cannot be said with regard to the organisation of labour. In this connection the trade unions exclusively undertake the state regulation of wages and the standardisation of labour while the government departments concerned with this, the Commissariat of Labour and its local Departments, serve as purely auxiliary organs.


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 Directly after the February Revolution a Ministry of Labour which endeavoured to act as the intermediary between Labour and Capital was established, but it strove to maintain a strictly "governmental" neutrality and by this means turned both the workers and the employers against itself. Things are quite different with the Commissariat of Labour. Created by the trade unions it acted as a class organ, not seeking compromise but putting into force all the compulsory powers of the Government to carry out all the demands of the workers. There was some parallelism in the work after the first months of the Revolution. The Commissariat, as an organ elected by the trade unions, often carried out the functions of the latter and sometimes acted without consulting the trade unions. This duplication of work arose as the result of the absence of any delimitation of functions between the trade unions and the Commissariat of Labour. The 4th Congress of Trade Unions, which took place in April, 1918, in order to clear up the relations between the two departments, resolved that "all resolutions on principle passed by the higher organs of the trade unions (Congresses and Conferences, etc.) are obligatory for the Labour Commissariats. All legislative proposals and special obligatory regulations affecting the conditions of labour and production must be previously approved by the responsible organ of the trade unions (i.e. the National and Local Trade Union Councils). As a first step towards the practical realisation of this the National and Local Trade Union Councils organise collegiate boards at the head of the Labour Commissariats as their responsible organs for carrying out general class policy and for harmonising practical measures."

The 2nd Trade Union Congress again confirmed the obligation for the Labour Commissariat to put into force the resolutions of the higher organs of the trade unions (i.e., conferences, congresses and the All-Russia Central Council of Trade Unions). The Congress also resolved that "all compulsory regulations issued by the Commissariat of Labour affecting labour conditions must be previously approved of by the general meeting of the All-Russia Council of Trade Unions."

Two and a half years of the work proved that the limitation of functions was a rather complicated thing and that the work of the Commissariat and its local Departments wholly depends upon the degree of influence which the responsible trade union organisations have upon it. On the whole the following division of labour was observed. The whole wages policy, i.e., the state regulation of wages, standardisation of labour, questions of labour discipline, etc., is exclusively conducted by the trade unions while the commissariats merely confirm the decisions arrived at by the trade unions. Protection of labour and the distribution of labour power are carried out by the Commissariat of Labour while the trade unions control these departments through their representatives.

The 3rd Trade Union Congress expressed itself for "the necessity of a closer contact between the trade unions and the


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 * Tongues of Flame (1924) by Peter Clark MacFarlane

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