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 "Gad! but she can sing," he muttered to himself, as the song ended and he hurried forward. As he came up the piazza steps he saw that there was bright lamplight and a crowd of people in the parlor. Outside the air was sweet and cool, and the darkness was already creeping over the waters. Uncle Bobby sat himself down in a chair close to one of the open parlor windows. He could hear the murmur of conversation within, and a rustle of dresses, as the people discussed their small impressions of that great voice. Uncle Bobby sat, still smoking his pipe, looking out across the open ocean.

Presently a hush fell upon the company, and a clear voice said: "Now I am going to sing for you my favorite song."

A strangely familiar chord was struck, melting then away into a plaintive succession of notes. Uncle Bobby took his pipe from his mouth and started forward, with an intent look on his ruddy face. The quiet prelude ceased and there was an instant's pause. Then the voice of the great singer murmured rather than sang:

The simple words floated out on the music with a thrilling pathos that was almost too poignantly sweet to bear. Within the room the people held their breath to listen, while the white head outside sank forward, till the light from the


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 parlor window fell upon it like a halo. The music was singularly beautiful. In that hour Uncle Bobby felt it, though he almost forgot that it was his own. Then came the change in the harmony—that change which had made his heart beat high when first it dawned in his brain. The noble voice rose to its full volume, and rang forth on the words

melting again into a vibrating sweetness with the last line,

For an instant after the final chord died away no one spoke or moved. Then there was a burst of applause. When it ceased, Uncle Bobby heard the singer answering questions. He wished she would not put that voice of hers to such a prosaic use as talking. He drew back in his chair, that he might not be seen from within.

"I don't know anything about the composer but his name," Miss Alton was saying.

"But where did you get the piece?" asked a summer boarder, who "sang a little herself."

"I found it among some old music of my mother's. I came across it when I was a young girl, and I fell in love with it. Indeed, I was singing that song when it first came over me that I had a voice."

"Won't you sing it again?" some one begged.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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 Miss Alton laughed.

"I thought you would ask me to," she said. "I never yet sang it to an audience that I did not have a recall, and I always repeat the song because I know that is what they want."

And then she sang it again, and it sounded even more beautiful than before. Uncle Bobby looked forth across the sea, to where a golden planet shone out, and a sudden calm fell upon him, as though he had known all along how beautiful his music was, and as though it really made no very great difference that others had found it out, since it was good music either way.

Again the applause was sounding in his ears, and now Uncle Bobby's mind had wandered from the music to the star, that was burning clearer every moment. Suddenly he heard his name.

"Yes," Miss Alton had been saying, "the publisher is dead, and I have never been able to find out anything about Robert Kingsbury Pratt. I am afraid he is dead too."

Here other voices took up the name. "Robert Kingsbury Pratt! Why, Uncle Bobby's middle name begins with a K!"—and cries of "Uncle Bobby! Uncle Bobby! Where's Uncle Bobby!" rose on every hand.

Then Uncle Bobby got up from his chair, and stole noiselessly across the piazza, and out, under the pine-trees to the white beach, where he paced up and down in the starlight. There was no moon, and there was little danger of his being


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 discovered in the dim light. For hours he paced there, smoking his pipe out several times. The tide came creeping up to his feet and then it receded. He followed the water-line as it withdrew down the shore. His feet made scarcely a mark upon the firm sand. The shining star rose toward the zenith where it was lost among a host of others. And still Uncle Bobby paced the beach and smoked his pipe.

The next day, as Uncle Bobby, in his waders, with his oars over his shoulders, walked across the Point to the shore of the creek, where his boat was moored, he had many questions to answer about that song. He agreed that there was a curious coincidence in the names, but when pressed to give his middle name he gravely said it was Ketchum. Then he pushed his "yacht" off, got aboard her, and disappeared for an all-day trip.

Strange to say, Uncle Bobby's prevailing thought throughout the day, was of his late grandmother, the redoubtable Old Lady Pratt, and of her pride in the Kingsbury connection. "And I said it was Ketchum!" he told himself remorsefully from time to time, feeling more like a culprit than he had done for many a long year. Yet his reflections ended each time in a self-congratulatory chuckle, after which he would draw a long, low whistle, and fall to examining the gun at his feet.

The people of Pleasant Point never found out


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 whether Uncle Bobby really knew anything about the song that had so enchanted them, and after a while they forgot it.

But Miss Alton seemed to have lost her heart to Pleasant Point, and she used often to come down for a week in the summer. She said it was "so restful." In the course of time she had many a checkerberry lozenge out of Uncle Bobby's bonbonnière, and sometimes, as they rowed home in the early twilight, a wonderful contralto voice might be heard winging its way across the quiet waters of the creek.

When the evening star shone out above Uncle Bobby's head, Miss Alton used to think to herself that the weather-beaten old hat looked exactly like a laurel crown.


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Rh present, and deserve to attain an everlasting reward in the world to come. Through the same Christ our Lord. Amen.

THE FORMING OF ONE’S INTENTION

OY with peace, amendment of life, space for true repentance, the grace and comfort of the Holy Ghost, perseverance in good works, a contrite and humble heart, and a happy consummation of my life, grant unto me, O almighty and merciful Lord. Amen.

THE SOUL’S LONGING FOR GOD

OW lovely are Thy tabernacles, O Lord of hosts! my soul hath pined, yea, even fainted for the courts of the Lord.

My heart and my flesh crieth out for the living God.

For the sparrow hath found herself a house, and the swallow a nest for herself where she hath laid her young:

Even Thine altars, O Lord of hosts, my King and my God.

Blessed are they that dwell in Thy house, O Lord: they shall praise Thee for ever and ever.

Blessed are the men whose help is in Thee: in whose hearts are the highways, (to Sion), who passing through the waterless vale, make it a place of springs, yea, like the early rain they clothe it with blessings.

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text:
Translation:People v Sun Jiadong (2020)

Zhengzhou High-Tech Industrial Development Zone People’s Court Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China

Criminal Judgement

[2020] Yuh 0191 Xing Chu No 566

Prosecution Authority: the People’s Procuratorate of Zhengzhou High-Tech Industrial Development Zone of Henan (the ‘Prosecution’).

The Defendant, Sun Jiadong, male, born on 27 April 1979, Han Chinese, educated up to vocational college level, a labourer, with the household registration location in the Zhengzhou Economic and Technological Development Zone, and currently resides in Jinshui District of Zhengzhou. On 13 November 2019, the Defendant was penalised for the present case with fifteen (15) days of administrative detention by decision of the Economic and Technological Development Zone’s Branch of the Zhengzhou Public Security Bureau. On suspicion of committing the crime of picking quarrels and provoking trouble, the Defendant was criminally detained on the 22nd of the same month by the aforesaid PSB Branch. On suspicion of committing the crime of inciting subversion of state power, the Prosecution approved the formal arrest of the Defendant on 3 December of the same year, which was conducted by the aforesaid PSB Branch the next day.

Defence counsel: Su Chaoshuai and Li Sujing, lawyers with Henan Yaomin Law Firm.

The Prosecution filed the present case with this Court by the Indictment [2020] Zheng Kai Jian Yibu Xingsu No 104 against the Defendant for committing the crime of picking quarrels and provoking trouble, and suggested this Court that the case be tried with expedited procedure. Upon examination, this Court decided to apply the ordinary procedure and formed a collegial panel in compliance with the law. Given that the case involves state security concerns, this case was then tried with a closed hearing upon the decision of this Court. During the course of the trial, due to the involvement of state security concerns in the case, and upon the approval of the Zhengzhou Intermediate People’s Court, a decision was made to extend the time limit for reaching an adjudication by three (3) months. Assigned by the Prosecution, Prosecutor Zhang Jiao appeared in court on behalf of the People to present the case. The Defendant and his defence counsel appeared before the court to attend the proceedings. The trial of the case has now been concluded.

The Prosecution alleges that, between August 2017 and November 2019, the Defendant registered an account on the overseas website Twitter, with @BRAVEHEART8964 as his UID and ‘Ziyou Xiongxin’ as his username. The Defendant then copiously disseminated false information relating to major domestic events on the website Twitter, which has seriously undermined the national image, severely endangered the national interests, created disturbances and obfuscated the truth, causing serious public disorder. On the profile page of the Twitter account with the username of ‘Ziyou Xiongxin’ (Twitter UID: @BRAVEHEART8964), upon identification, this user has reposted, commented, and posted three hundred and five (305) pieces of content that concern Hong Kong, Taiwan, Xinjiang, the police, and anti-Communism; the user has followed one hundred and thirty-six (136) accounts and received twenty-seven (27) followers. And upon verification, the inappropriate remarks released by the Defendant were commented on by internet users ninety-five (95) times, liked by internet users one hundred and sixty-eight (168) times, and retweeted by internet users ten (10) times.

On 13 November 2019, the Defendant appeared at the police station upon a telephone notification.

With regard to the aforesaid factual charges, the Prosecution has presented and submitted in court the evidence as follows: ‘Confession and Justification of the Defendant’, ‘Forensic Evaluative Opinions’ issued by the Joint Forensics Centre of Henan, ‘Household Registration Certificate’, ‘Certificate of No Criminal Record’, ‘Course of Appearance of the Suspect’, ‘Statement on the Verification of Circumstances’, ‘Decision on Administrative Penalty’ and the ‘Enforcement Receipt’, ‘Information on the Released Remarks’, ‘Photos of the Mobile Phone’, ‘Inventory of Distrained Articles and/or Documents’, and among other evidence. The Prosecution, based on the aforesaid evidence, held that the acts of the Defendant had constituted the crime of picking quarrels and provoking trouble and suggested a fixed-term imprisonment of nine (9) months be given to the Defendant. However, after comprehensively weighing the circumstances of the crime and the degree of the societal harm caused by the Defendant, the Prosecution has adjusted their sentencing recommendation in court and suggested a fixed-term imprisonment of eleven (11) months be given to the Defendant. The Prosecution then presented the case to this Court and pleaded for a judgement according to law.

The Defendant and his defence counsel have no objection to both the facts and the name of the offence charged by the Prosecution. His defence counsel argues that the influence on domestic social order caused by the remarks released by the Defendant on Twitter was limited, and given that the Defendant has pleaded guilty and consented to accept punishments, the defence counsel, therefore, suggests that a lighter punishment be given to the Defendant.

The Court, upon trial of this case, ascertains that, between August 2017 and November 2019, the Defendant registered an account on the overseas website Twitter, with @BRAVEHEART8964 as his UID and ‘Ziyou Xiongxin’ as his username. The Defendant then copiously disseminated false information relating to major domestic events on the website Twitter, which has seriously undermined the national image, severely endangered the national interests, created disturbances and obfuscated the truth, causing serious public disorder. On the profile page of the Twitter account with the username of ‘Ziyou Xiongxin’ (Twitter UID: @BRAVEHEART8964), upon identification, this user has reposted, commented, and posted three hundred and five (305) pieces of content that concern Hong Kong, Taiwan, Xinjiang, the police, and anti-Communism; the user has followed one hundred and thirty-six (136) accounts and received twenty-seven (27) followers. And upon verification, the inappropriate remarks released by the Defendant were commented on by internet users ninety-five (95) times, liked by internet users one hundred and sixty-eight (168) times, and retweeted by internet users ten (10) times.

On 13 November 2019, the Defendant appeared at the police station upon a telephone notification.

The evidence establishing the aforesaid facts is: ‘Confession and Justification of the Defendant’, ‘Forensic Evaluative Opinions’ issued by the Joint Forensics Centre of Henan, ‘Household Registration Certificate’, ‘Certificate of No Criminal Record’, ‘Course of Appearance of the Suspect’, ‘Statement on the Verification of Circumstances’, ‘Decision on Administrative Penalty’ and the ‘Enforcement Receipt’, ‘Information on the Released Remarks’, ‘Photos of the Mobile Phone’, ‘Inventory of Distrained Articles and/or Documents’, and among other evidence.

This Court holds that the Defendant has created disturbances in a public place and caused serious disorder in that place; his acts, therefore, have constituted the crime of picking quarrels and provoking trouble. The facts charged by the Prosecution are clear, the evidence is reliable and sufficient, and therefore, the charges are established and are supported by this Court.

Given that the Defendant appeared in the police station upon a telephone summons, made a truthful confession thereafter, and pleaded guilty and consented to accept punishments, which constitute a voluntary surrender, he can be given a lighter or mitigated punishment according to law. Based on the facts, the nature, circumstances, and the degree of societal harm of the crime committed by the Defendant, upon deliberation and decision by the Adjudication Committee of this Court, and in accordance with Item 4 of Paragraph 1 of Article 293 and Paragraph 1 of Article 67 of The Criminal Law of the People’s Republic of China, as well as Paragraph 2 of Article 5 of The Supreme People’s Court and the Supreme People’s Procuratorate’s Interpretation on Several Issues Concerning the Application of Law in the Handling of Criminal Cases of Defamation and Other Such Crimes Involving the Use of Information Networks, the Court hereby rules that:

The Defendant committed the crime of picking quarrels and provoking trouble and is sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of one (1) year and one (1) month.

(The term of imprisonment shall be counted from the date of execution of the judgement. Where the Defendant is detained on remand prior to the execution of the judgement, one day of such detention shall be credited as one day of the term of the sentence. Thus, with nine (9) days of custody prior to criminal detention being deducted, the term of imprisonment began on 22 November 2019 and ended on 12 December 2020.)

If the Defendant refuses to accept the present judgement as final and binding, a petition for appeal may be submitted through this Court or directly to the Zhengzhou Intermediate People’s Court of Henan within ten (10) days commencing on the day following the day of receipt of this judgement. In case of a written appeal, one (1) original copy and two (2) duplicated copies of the petition shall be submitted.

title: Translation:People v Sun Jiadong (2020)


text:
Page:A Grammar of the Telugu language.djvu/17

Rh

The references to various Telugu Poems are explained at the end of volume. The other contractions are such as grammatical phrases require. Thus P‖, denoting participle, pret. preterite. v. n. verb neuter. Lit. literally; n. noun, ''&c. &c. The persons of the verb are denoted numerically, according to the European'' mode. But the native method denominates the third person as uttama purusha and the second person as madhyama purusha.


text:
Translation talk:People v Sun Jiadong (2020)

On the translation style and quality
Some pedantic, redundant, and bureaucratic sentence patterns can be widely observed in mainland Chinese legal documents. I will try to render the translation as close to the original as possible to convey its pedantic, redundant, and bureaucratic style. (This is important since some judgements were so vacuous that no other details were given apart from these pedantic, redundant, and bureaucratic sentences and structure.)

Some of the original documents contain syntactic or grammatical errors (by adding redundant parts, lacking necessary parts, or giving two or more semantically conflicting parts and such in the sentences). In the most serious cases, they have created such semantic obfuscation that made the sentence incomprehensible. In these situations, I will simply correct the grammatical errors in the translation to avoid confusion or try my best to provide the closest possible interpretation that is both semantically and logically sound based on my educated and prudential guess. (In addition, typos that existed in the original Chinese documents are automatically corrected and will not be reflected in the translation.)

It is also worth noting that the basic laws often cited in these documents were, in most cases, badly translated here on Wikisource—that is, if translations are present. Especially the Criminal Law—it was way out of date (missing all 11 amendments by now) and very poorly translated with some choices of words so wrong as to be hilarious. However, it would be a huge amount of work for me to re-translate the Criminal Law, the Criminal Procedure Law, as well as all those untranslated and yet frequently cited Interpretations. Therefore, it would be only wise for me to adhere to the current translations available, and sometimes it means I have to stick to their choices of words for consistency (and for better search results for readers) when they were not so ridiculously incorrect.

Assumed FAQs
1. The source of this document, please?

Most of these documents (in which most of them were judgements issued by courts) were once published by official websites like (and mainly was) China Judgements Online (Chinese: 裁判文书网)—the official archive website for judgements run by the Supreme People’s Court of China.

But all the documents of political offenders (i. e. ‘speech crimes’) were no longer available on those official websites.

The gradual disappearance of documents of political cases can be summarised as following stages:

From the very beginning, judgements of sensitive cases like those of ‘inciting subversion of state power’ (Chinese: 煽动颠覆国家政权) or any other ‘state security endangering’ cases were not published on China Judgements Online. Cases of ‘disturbing the working order of state organs’ (Chinese: 扰乱国家机关工作秩序) or ‘assembling crowds to disrupt social order’ (Chinese: 聚众扰乱社会秩序; often falls on those who assembled to ‘petition’) were also very likely not to be published in the first place. Only those judgements of some of the cases that fall under ‘picking quarrels and provoking trouble’ (Chinese: 寻衅滋事), ‘libel’ (Chinese: 诽谤), or ‘insult’ (Chinese: 侮辱) were published on those official websites for a time.

Starting from about midsummer of 2020, the website China Judgements Online began to hide those judgements of ‘picking quarrels and provoking trouble’ if the cases were related to political reasons. These hidden judgements cannot be searched by its own search engine on the website, but they can be navigated to if filters were carefully chosen on the left pane of the site and if you have the energy and the time to browse all the cases listed on the right. For these hidden cases, there will be an entry of the citation and the defendant’s name listed there, but no content of the judgement will be there if clicked, only a line that reads ‘other reasons that the court held not appropriate to make this judgement public on the internet’ (Chinese original: 人民法院认为不宜在互联网公布的其他情形) will be shown on the new page.

At the beginning of June 2021 (the process of cleansing had already begun a few months ago, but the date of the completion of cleansing was no later than 9 June 2021), the website China Judgements Online took another step to completely erase all the judgements of political cases; not even the citations can now be found on that website. In fact, they removed these records in such a hurry that they even did not have the time to identify which judgements of cases of ‘picking quarrels and provoking trouble’ were political and which were not; they just removed nearly all of them.

Other official websites (the ‘12309 China Prosecution Online’, run by the Supreme People’s Procuratorate, for example) will also remove Indictments of political cases if the Indictment was found by internet users and discussed in some online community.

Web pages of China Judgements Online cannot be archived using the Internet Archive due to its login wall—it requires a mobile number to register an account, and all activities on the website require signed-in status to continue.

Fortunately, some documents were saved by third-party websites or internet users. A Twitter account with the ID of @SpeechFreedomCN has been collecting these judgements of speech crimes since 14 October 2019, and there are now hundreds of judgements saved by them, dated as early as 2007.

Judicial documents fall under the public domain because they are exempted by Article 5 of Chinese copyright law. And Article 202 of the Criminal Procedure Law of China explicitly stipulated that ‘In all cases, judgements shall be publicly pronounced.’

'2. Why the ‘People v XXX’'' thing? I heard that mainland China is not a common law country?'''

True. But the Chinese authorities imitated the common law tradition in their official translations.

The courts in mainland China (especially the Supreme Court) and some prestigious law libraries followed a modified ‘British convention’ to name the cases when translating them into English. A virtual legal notion, the ‘People’, was constructed for criminal cases. And as with the R in all the British cases, this constructed notion of the ‘People’ cannot become the defendant. Therefore, if the defendant appeals, the name of the case shall then be rendered as ‘People v XXX (A)’.

This naming convention can be found both in the official case book series named ‘Selected Cases from the Supreme People’s Court of the People’s Republic of China’ authorised by the Supreme Court of China (and published by Springer), and on the website ‘www.lawinfochina.com’ (the official law library run by the Peking University Legal Information Centre).

3. Who translated it?

I did. But you are more than welcome to proofread it, as Wikisource is a place where we all contribute to.

4. Why are there subtle differences between different documents in those parts that should be identical?

Well spotted! You must be an exceedingly meticulous reader! The reason for the existence of subtle differences in certain parts that should be identical among different documents is attributed to the fact that each translation is a literal and faithful rendition of the original text. Consequently, these minor variations also exist in the original texts themselves. For instance, the inclusion or omission of references to cited legal provisions, the level of detail in citing those provisions, the presence or absence of a seal stating ‘This copy is verified to be identical to the original document.’ as well as the colour of the ink and the font style used for such a seal, are among the intricate details that may differ across jurisdictions and courts. Moreover, even certain standard phrases employed within the main text may exhibit variations depending on the specific jurisdiction or court involved.

Boreas Sawada 14:17, 27 September 2023 (UTC)


text:
Author:August Lewald

Works

 * "The Bells of Ezentochau" translated by Mary Ann Youatt (1845)

title: Author:August Lewald


text:
Author:Barbara Elisabeth Glück

Works

 * "Auf- und Untergang: Lebensbild" ('Rise and Fall: Picture of Life')
 * "The Young Poetess: A Sketch from Life" translated by Mary Ann Youatt (1846)
 * "Bekenntnisse" ('Confessions')
 * "Imagination and Reality; or, The First Love" translated by Mary Ann Youatt (1846)

title: Author:Barbara Elisabeth Glück


text:
Author:Hendrik Conscience

Works

 * "Quintin Metsis" translated by Mary Ann Youatt (1846)

title: Author:Hendrik Conscience


text:
Page:Remorse. - A tragedy, in five acts. (IA remorsetragedyin00cole).pdf/16

Rh


text:
Author:Pier Angelo Fiorentino

Works

 * "Cimarosa" translated by Mary Ann Youatt (1848)

title: Author:Pier Angelo Fiorentino


text: A Grammar of the Telugu Language/Index

title: A Grammar of the Telugu Language/Index


text:
Author:Carl Borromäus Cünzer

Works

 * "The Gräfin Gräfenheimb: A Tale of the Old Convents" translated by Mary Ann Youatt (1848)

title: Author:Carl Borromäus Cünzer


text: Page:Remorse. - A tragedy, in five acts. (IA remorsetragedyin00cole).pdf/91


text:
Author:Heinrich Friedrich Ludwig Rellstab

Works

 * "Three Leaves from the Diary of a German Traveler" translated by Elizabeth Fries Ellet (1845)
 * "The Goldsmith of Augsburg" translated by Mary Ann Youatt (1849)


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text: Page:Remorse. - A tragedy, in five acts. (IA remorsetragedyin00cole).pdf/95


text:
Author:Marie Aycard

Works

 * "Jean Bernard" translated by Mary Ann Youatt (1849)

title: Author:Marie Aycard


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text:
Page:The Works of H G Wells Volume 9.pdf/223

 in the hire of a holiday châlet in a forest, by remote lagoons or high up the mountain side.

The solitary house may indeed prove to be very rare in Utopia. The same forces, the same facilitation of communications that will diffuse the towns will tend to little concentrations of the agricultural population over the country-side. The field workers will probably take their food with them to their work during the day, and for the convenience of an interesting dinner and of civilised intercourse after the working day is over, they will most probably live in a college quadrangle with a common room and club. I doubt if there will be any agricultural labourers drawing wages in Utopia. I am inclined to imagine farming done by tenant associations, by little democratic unlimited-liability companies working under elected managers, and paying not a fixed rent but a share of the produce to the State. Such companies could reconstruct annually to weed out indolent members. A minimum standard of efficiency in farming would be insured by fixing a minimum beneath which the rent must not fall, and perhaps by inspection. The general laws respecting the standard of life would, of course, apply to such associations. This type of co-operation presents itself to me as socially the best arrangement for productive agriculture and horticulture, but such enterprises as stock breeding, seed farming and the stocking and loan of agricultural implements are probably, and agricultural research and experiment certainly, best handled di-


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text: Pratt Portraits

title: Pratt Portraits


text: Pratt Portraits/Chapter 1

title: Pratt Portraits/Chapter 1


text: Pratt Portraits/Chapter 2

title: Pratt Portraits/Chapter 2


text:
Page:The North Star-Vol1-No3.djvu/2

 strange processes, slavery is quite certain to get contracted in its dimensions at a pretty rapid rate within this national enclosure. It is estimated that not less than four hundred "servants" have been sold from the District—mostly, of course, from the cities of Washington undand [sic] Georgetown—the last season; say within eight or ten months. It is also supposed that half that number have fallen in love with the voluntary principle, and gone to the North in pursuit of labor and wages! Of course this double business will go on with more or less briskness till the slave fabric here melts away, and its place is supplied by the "industry of freedom." What an infamy upon the nation! How foul a reproach upon a people, themselves shielded by the panolpypanoply [sic] of free institutions! A sorrowful young man just came to me for assistance. A girl at the age of eighteen, of his acquaintance, and brought up a neighbor to him, and whom, I conjecture, he sincerely and ardently loves, has been sold, and is now in the pen. Her master disposed of her, because her brother, some weeks since, made his escape, and he did not know how contagious the love of liberty in the family might prove! The slave trader will take five hundred dollars for her, if her friends can make the purchase. Of strangers, he would demand considerably more than that sum!

My pen was stopped at the close of the last sentence for the recital of another tale, and to hear the claims of other victims urged. A man was yesterday told by a white brother in his church—the Methodist—that his family were sold—a wife and four children; and that if he could do it, he had better provide for their safety at once, before the trader could come for them! He has secreted them for the time. What shall be done next? He, himself, poor fellow, is the property of another person! How shall the rescue of that family from the hands of gamblers in human sinews, be effected? The whole North would lend boats, coaches or horses, but votes—the mightiest of all powers in this republic—they have not the honesty or the independence to lend or give! I shall have occasion to refer to these cases again, perhaps. It is now time to finish these paragraphs. For news, matters are rather dull just now. After the "holidays," we shall move faster, and I'll tell you "heaps" of gossip.

ROCHESTER, JANUARY 14, 1848.

JOHN C. CALHOUN.

bold senatorial defender of slavery, and faithful sentinel upon its bloody ramparts, ever vigilant, unwearied, and undeviating in his devotion to the American slave system, has recently betrayed his fears in the senate, as to the effect which the present false, foul, and infernal war, waged against Mexico, will have upon what he terms the "peculiar institutions" of our republican government. In the speech before us, and which may be found on the first page of out present number, he stoutly opposes the further prosecution of the war, with its present aims and designs; counsels the withdrawal of our army to a line which he does not designate; scouts the idea of taking inhabited and cultivated lands as indemnity from Mexico; explains the motives which led him to propose peace resolutions last winter; demonstrates the absurdity of that miserable pretence of "conquering a peace;" shows that the more victories gained the more difficulties we shall find in making peace; shows, also, that we have been defeated by our own success; argues the impossibility of a free government springing up under the care of a conquering nation; argues the inferiority of the Mexican people; deprecates with much apparent solemnity the extinction of the Mexican government; and thinks the incorporation of her people with those of the United States, would be a deathblow to our "free institutions."

In reading this speech, the question naturally arises, What has given this new and singular shape to his policy? What terrible signs in the firmament, moral and political, has this prophet of tyranny discovered? Why does he abandon, or seem to abandon his notions of extending slavery in Mexico? From whence come those gloomy apprehensions which he so eloquently sets forth in the Senate? Happily for us, we need not long remain in doubt. A little reflection supplies the required information. Mr. Calhoun is a slaveholder. Slaveholding has been for years the very sun of his political system. Not a measure has been proposed or adopted by byby [sic] him, but has been thoroughly examined in the red light of slavery. In this light he regards men as well as measures. It is his great test of character. Unite with him in this, and he will forget all other differences; differ from him in this, and he forgets and repudiates all other points of agreement. He regards Slavery as the very "corner-stone of our republican institutions,"—as the "most safe and stable basis of free institutions in the world;" and so far from being in any sense an evil, he considers it a positive good. He speaks as coolly about a man in fetters as he would of a horse in harness. The condition of the former is to his mind as proper as that of the latter. His iron heart is yet to throb the first time in pity for the heart-broken slave; and his lips have yet to confess the first sting of a guilty conscience.

What Mr. Calhoun has been, we may well presume he now is; and on the truth of this presumption will depend the correctness of the solution of his motives for opposing the war and abandoning his system of slavery propagandism. He either sees or apprehends danger to slavery, in the prosecution of the war, and the consequent blotting out of the Mexican republic. He begins to see, that to subjugate, and fasten slavery upon a people and territory already free, is a move altogether too bold, and one that must only react against his darling institution. For once, this brass-browed manstealer seems checked in his nefarious designs, by the well-expressed opinions of foreign nations. For once he makes a pause, to learn what the world think of his diabolical movements; and when he hears the adverse report, like the whiskered pirate who prowls along the African coast, when pursued, he counsels his infernal crew to "lay low"—abide their time. Such is Mr. Calhoun's policy. His boldest word is "defence," and his wisest counsel, "masterly inactivity." He does not abandon his prey, but his mode of catching it. He would still the roar of our cannon, which has opened the eye of nations upon as; he would lull them to deep with songs of peace, that he may do by stealth what seems too hazardous to be done openly. He combines in his composition the boldness of the lion and the cunning of the fox; and as he grows old, the latter quality predominates. The time was when he was boldest among the bold; when defying all opposition, he boldly marched unceremoniously to his object. But age has come upon him, teaching him that cunning must supply the place of strength. But we warn him and his companions in crime, that neither strength nor cunning will much longer avail them; their strength shall be broken, their cunning confounded, and their whip-scared victims released from their chain. God speed the day!

THE LAND OF LIBERTY.

is the title of a very accurate picture of "our glorious country," by that distinguished artist, philosopher, and reformer, Punch. Of all the intelligent and distinguished persons whom we had the honor to meet is London, none seemed to possess more complete information respecting our "peculiar institutions," than this same Mr. Punch; and we may do him the justice to say, that few make better use of their knowledge than he. It is not now, however, our purpose to draw a picture of Mr. Punch, but to give our readers some idea of the picture he draws of the present aspect of our "glorious country."

As might be expected, the artist has bestowed the greatest amount of labor and skill on slavery, that most prominent feature of the American face, to which the people, old and young—priest and politician, bow with the utmost reverence and admiration. The slaveholder is drawn to the life. His person stretched out on two chairs, resting his right leg over the back of one, and his left on the head of a pro-traitportrait [sic] bust of Washington. Around his person is a belt of arms, containing a bowie knife and a seven-barrel revolving pistol. Under his arm is a knotted "cat-o'-nine tails." On the left of him is a chest, upon which are papers labelled, Texas—Oregon—Dollars. Behind, is a woman half naked, tied to a whipping-post. In front of him is a group of slaves and slave-drivers. Prominent in the group are two female slaves kneeling with their hands closely tied behind their backs. One driver is in the act of flogging a woman; another, with a look of Satanic indifference, is branding a kneeling woman on the back with a hot iron,—the smoke of her broiling flesh and blood rising from the wound. Off in the distance is a coffle of slaves driven by two while men, with long-lashed whips. They seem to have just landed from an American slave-ship. Above this scene is floating our star-spangled banner, raised upon a lofty staff, crowned with a capacious liberty cap. On the right of the flag is a representation of Lynch law—a mob in the act of hanging a negro. On the left is a picture of repudiation, illustrated by a well-drawn American in the act of stealing the handkerchief of an Englishman. Above this scene are two pictures representing our duelling practices. Still further on, we have the war with Mexico; stabbing, shooting, hanging, robbing churches,—bayonets, swords, guns, cannons, bombs,—all enveloped in fire and smoke. And above all this horrid confusion of blood and slaughter, is a terrific picture of Satan brooding over the whole scene with a grin of infernal satisfaction.

Now, what a picture is this to be looked upon abroad! and what American has the folly or audacity to deny its truthfulness! At the hazard of making many enemies, and losing some friends, we extend our heartfelt thanks to Punch for the picture, and beg him, in the name of three millions of our enslaved brethren, to continue to notice us, in his world-read journal. It is not impossible that we may wring from a sense of shame what we have been unable to gain from American sense of justice.

COLORED NATIONAL PRESS.

have waited patiently for a full official report of the doings of the National Convention of colored people and their friends, held in Troy, New York, in the month of October, 1847. Why such a report has not reached us we cannot divine. We think, as a member of that convention, we were entitled to a copy of the report, and we would respectfully suggest to those into whose hands was committed the publication of those Minutes, that promptitude is essential to the confidence which is necessary to carrying forward a great cause like that in which we are engaged. We trust that no unworthy motive has withheld from us those proceedings; but would like to know the cause. Perhaps Mr. Garnet can explain.

In the absence of a full report we have copied from an imperfect copy of Minutes, furnished us by our friend, W. C. Nell, the report adopted with reference to establishing a National Press. Upon this report we wish now to say a few words.

It was our good or ill fortune to oppose the adoption of this report, in the Convention; and there, as in the imperfect minutes before us, our motives for opposing the report were indirectly set down to selfishness; and we doubt not, that such persons as are unable to appreciate manly independence, will set down what we are now about to say, to the same unworthy motive; but we shall speak our sentiments, nevertheless, conscious that in so doing we are discharging a duty solemnly imposed by the high responsibility of our position.

The report adopted by the Convention sets forth the desirableness of there being a printing press under the entire control of colored persons in this country. Here we agree with the report. To prove such necessity no argument need be urged. Our condition, as an oppressed and injured people, proclaims it; and it is with the view of securing needful press, that we oppose the doubtful scheme proposed in the report. We assert, and the press of this country has proclaimed the fact from one end of the land to the other, that such a press now exists; that, for the first time in the western continent, there is a press under the entire control and direction of colored persons. We have, indeed, had papers conducted by colored persons, but we believe that ours is the first printing establishment ever owned is this country by colored persons. We make no merit of this; for the credit belongs not to us, but to the generous friends in the old world, who, seeing our destitution and difficulties, kindly came to our assistance, and gave us the means of purchasing our establishment. Through them, the colored people of this country now have a printing press and a weekly periodical dedicated to their cause, and devoted to their interest.

Now, the question is, shall we faithfully use the one we have, or shall we neglect to use it, and go in search of another! Which of the two courses seems most in harmony with common sense? The report provdesprovides [sic] for a foreign agent to collect money, who shall have for his services thirty cents on every dollar which he may collect. By this we understand that as agent is about to be sent to England to solicit money for the establishment in question. But we respectfully ask the advocates of this measure, What answer their agent can make, when the question is asked him abroad, "What have you done with the press which we have already given you? Is it worn out in the service, or does it now exist? Is it supported, or has it been neglected and allowed to languish, for the want of the support and countenance of the very persons who are now engaged in soliciting another?" And may it not be very properly said to such agent,—"You may ask for another, with much greater probability of success, when you have shown a disposition to use the instrument already in your hands. But to all this it may be answered, We not only want a press, but a "National Press." And pray, what is the difference between a press and a national press? and why is the one to be preferred before the other? The report informs us, that we need such a press "to tell the world of our position in the path of human progress." And is it necessary that a press should be called "National," in order to tell the world of our position in the path of human progress? We think that that press, call it by what name you please,—Mystery, Ram'shorn, Northern Star, or North Star, best sustained, most ably conducted, and thoroughly devoted to the rights and liberties of our enslaved and oppressed fellow-countrymen, will be the colored national press of this country, in every essential sense of the word. And we therefore say to our brethren, Use and support the papers you already have; for it is not impossible, that by catching at the shadow you may lose the substance. You have several newspapers. They are all calling upon you loudly for support: help them, rather than seek for others. If they are not what they ought to be, your support may make them such. We therefore call upon the Smiths, the Crummells, the Reasons, the Zuilles,—Beamans, Garnetts, Topps, and Penningtons, and all others who wish well to our sacred cause, to unite in sustaining the colored periodicals already in existence. We are happy to know that the two gentlemen last named are already interested in sustaining the ; and we hope others will follow their noble example.

Come, brethren, let us one and all lay aside party differences and sectarian preferences, and rally around the that never sets, except to those who go to the slavery cursed regions of the south; and a glorious victory over cruelty and oppression will certainly crown our righteous endeavors.

☞ On the outside of this week's paper will be found of the American Colonization Society. The document shows the determination of the colonists to occupy a highly commendable position among the nations of the earth. We have no sympathy with the motives which induced the purchase of the colony; and we have little with the despondency that drove our brethren from our shores. The bitter fruits of their yielding to the infernal spirit of expatriation in the first place is now in full bloom with us. Fifty thousand of our fellow courtrymencountrymen [sic], now nominally free, in the State of Virginia, are on the point of being driven from their hearths and homes before the bayonets of these same American Christians; which, had we resisted in the first instance, might have forever prevented anything like this last effort to colonize us.

We must feel this land to be our home, and make our white fellow countrymen feel the same. If we fail in this, our case is hopeless; but in this we cannot fail.

COMMUNICATIONS.

For the North Star.

LECTURING AGENTS.

toils and trials of those who go forth through the length and breadth of this misnamed land of freedom to do strong battle with the foul fiend, slavery, that, like the sorcerers of olden time, has thrown a spell over the people, are, I fear, known and duly appreciated by but few. It is no slight thing to lay aside the many pleasures of home, and assume a life almost like that of the nomadic Tartar; become a constant traveler from place to place, and face, by day and by night, the fierce blasts of the wintry tempests, or toil on, beneath the burning sun of mid-summer, toward some distant point, that must be reached by a fixed time. These are, however, only physical trials: a strong frame and a stout heart will bid them defiance, although they will, in time, do their work, even on the man of iron constitution.

But, do ever abolitionists think of the life of constant warfare which the anti-slavery lecturer leads? He must be armed, not with the cumbrous and glittering panolpypanoply [sic] of the soldier in carnal warfare, but with weapons which it wearies the stoutest champion always to bear. The sword of truth must be ever ready, and, like the knight of old, when entering a conflict from which there could be no retreat, and in which powerful foes were long to be struggled with, its scabbard may well be thrown aside as useless. The shield of faith must he carried; the breast-plate of righteousness must be buckled on; and, though he may be shod, like an olden apostle, with the preparation of the gospel of peace, it is not until the foe has been smitten to the very heart, and lies prostrate at his feet, that he can dearly discern, in the glittering sandals, emblems of the fact, that sin must be vanquished ere true peace can be gained.

Perplexities and discouragements are on every side: the craft of the priest; the wiles of the politician; and the sophistry and art of the pretended patriot, must be met and refuted. And last, though not least, the coldness and sullen, or active opposition which often drives him, after a long and wearisome effort, from the closed doors of the church, or the impassable portals of the popular hall, to some inconvenient and unfrequented corner, in which to plead the gospel of freedom to a few who may be led, from idle curiosity, or love to the cause, to come together. Not that such a life has no compensation; for, if such were my purpose, I might tell of the communings with the noble ones of earth; the blessings of the poor and needy; and the strong faith that God and right must triumph. But the great object of writing these few words is, to call to the mind of every anti-slavery man and woman, in city, town, or country, the fact, that when the lecturer crosses their path, or comes beneath their roof, they can do much, very much, to make his way easy, and inspire him with cheerful courage, by giving him a cordial welcome, expressing their earnest and warm sympathy, and especially by showing their faith by works, and making every effort to open the doors of the most frequented public places, and extending notice which will insure a good audience. I write not thus because I deem abolitionists deficient in warmth or hospitality: far from it; for my own heart has often been cheered by the homelike welcome and active aid of lovers of out great cause; but simply to stir up "the pure mind by way of remembrance," so that they may do all in their power to strengthen the hearts of those whose place is ever in the front of battle.

For the North Star.

DENUNCIATION.

an Abolitionist, in the strictest sense of the word, yet, I do not believe in, nor recognize, "wholesale denunciation," as calculated to advance the righteous cause or ameliorate the wretched condition of suffering and oppressed humanity.

It seems too much akin to the fierce, north wind of icy winter, congealing with its chilling breath, the exhausted sympathies of earth's vexed and wearied traveler; forcing him, in his extremity, to wrap his fur-embossed habiliments more closely about him, and rush on with a reckless determination to stem the fitful winds and currents that oppose his onward, and, to him, justifiable course. Too well does it compare with the destructive winds that sweep o'er Sahara's arid bosom, rearing its sand-clouds of indignation, and burying in its direful course every oasis of sympathy in the breast of humanity.

But forbearance sometimes, it is said, ceases to be a virtue; yet a resort to denunciation, which is but the pretext for a resort to force in very many instances, is a greater evil. Ofttimes, as the tale of wrong and outrage committed against helpless innocence is iterated in my hearing, a spirit of indignation, ere I am aware, arises, and I am led to exclaim:

But this, I am reminded, is but "casting out Satan by the prince of devils;" and the rising whirlwind of indignation, which the fostering of such a spirit conjures up in the mind, is checked and subdued by the words of Him, whose melting accents fell upon the ear of man as dews

and who only resorted to denunciation when the destiny of Jerusalem and her children was irrevocably sealed, and their destruction inevitable.

How much more effectual and how omnipotent is truth clad in its swasive attire, let Luther, Melancthon and others—Wesley and coadjutors—Wilberforce, Hawkins and associates, attest. It is to the stolid minds of men what the south wind and "the sun from Capricorn to Cancer wheeling back" is to the thick-ribbed, icy mountains of the polar regions. It subdues and brings to its supernal influence implicit subjection; warns man of his weakness and insufficiency; begets the most kindly feeling, even towards enemies, and counsels to dependence on the arm that moves the universe, and, instead of denunciation, when there is a prospect of reform, it prompts, the humble petition:

For the North Star.

"THE BURNED SHIP."

above is the title of a thrilling and affecting story which I read some months since in the Saturday Courier, said to be founded on fact, the substance of which is as follows:

The captain of an American vessel engaged in the cotton trade, hearing of the sudden advance in the price of that article in Great Britain, immediately purchased an extensive cargo, and set sail. Having long and ardently cherished the idea of one day becoming "rich," and knowing that in view of the extrusive rise of cotton, if he could but reach that port before others, his golden dreams of wealth would he realized, he resolved that nothing should turn him from his purpose, and all his thoughts were now bent on the accomplishment of this one object.

The third or fourth night they had been out at sea, a great light was descried at a distance, which soon proved to be a ship on fire. A little nearer approach gave him and his crew a more distinct view of the appalling sight, and brought them within hearing of the cries and shrieks at terror, and the roar of the signal guns from the burning vessel, which lay somewhat off the direction they were pursuing. They soon discerned that the fire had made great inroads on the ship, and beheld the passengers and crew standing on the forward deck, the flames at times almost curling round them. As soon as they discovered the approaching vessel, they all simultaneously held up their hands and gave one long and thrilling shout of joy, which rung out on the night winds and along the billows of the deep. They were about to be rescued!—those fathers, mothers, sisters, brothers and lovers—from a doom so unspeakably terrible; and thoughts of home and friends in distant lands, from whom, a moment before, they expected to be torn forever, now filled their hearts, as they stood, embracing each other, nearly frantic with joy! During this time there was a struggle going on in the mind of the cotton trading captain. The "lust for gold" haunted him. He seemed influenced by a spirit of infatuation. In that dreadful emergency he hesitated. The delay of a few hours, or moments, might be sufficiently long for other vessels to pass, and then his fortune was lost. What should he do? A moment more, and the love of gold triumphed; and he ordered his crew, who were as hardened as he, to pass onward. Those on the burning ship, not dreaming that he was going to pass, and leave them thus to perish, stood gazing impressed with the thought that the vessel was only "rounding to," until it had passed some distance beyond them; and still they could not believe it, though doubt and uncertainty, and dismal foreboding now began to agitate their hearts, as they gazed yearningly on the receding vessel; and, at length, when the terrible reality forced itself upon their minds, such a wail of agony and despair as went up from those poor beings, no mortal ear ever before heard. It seemed to pierce the very heavens, and rung on the ear of the unnatural and icy-hearted captain with a terrific power. Their joy was turned to agony; their hope to despair. "The flames rolled on;" the wild winds howled; and old ocean's "bounding billows and foamy surges" beat around the burning ship, no more, nor less, unpitying than the human monster who refused, for the sake of gold, to reach forth his hand to save. And he passed on,—reached the port in due time—and realized a vast fortune. He returned to this country, and lived in splendor and affluence: but that dread shriek ever haunted him. Amidst all his wealth, he was wretched, which was remarked by his friends to whom, after many years, he revealed the awful circumstance.

So dark and terrible a picture of the human character seems unnatural and incredible. We can scarcely believe that any human being could have the inhumanity and heartlessness to do so base, cruel and hard-hearted a deed—so revolting and shocking to all our better feelings—a deed which seems to stand without a parallel in the annals of infamy and crime! But is it so? Is it more inhuman to be a passive agent in the destruction of our fellow beings, than an active one? Is it worse to suffer them to perish, where we could save them, than to go forth with sword in hand and slaughter them? Is not this nation engaged in a work little less inhuman and dreadful? Does it hot stand passively and indifferently by on the one hand, while thousands are perishing by its "peculiar institutions?" and is it not actively engaged, on the other hand, in the destruction of fellow beings by slavery, and by a war which riots in the slaughter of Mexican fathers and mothers, and their beautiful daughters? and under pretexts and excuses more paltry and unreasonable, if possible? And yet, agonizing as is the thought, these rapacious and horrible doings receive the sanction and support of those who set themselves up as the religious instructors and teachers of mankind—Reverend Clergymen and Doctors of Divinity. This awful deed, when done under circumstances a little different—when "legalized am sanctified,"—becomes popular and praiseworthy; winning for the actor the title of hero and patriot. Do not such men more nearly resemble, or partake of the nature of wild beasts, or blood-snuffing vultures? And viewed in the light of a better philosophy and a purer Christianity—when mind shall have expanded and developed, will they not be so regarded? Then a truer appreciation of things as they really are, will be had, and the glaring and fatal inconsistencies and incongruities which now prevail, will be seen and acknowledged, and practical works, full of blessedness, and wisdom and peace, will follow.

MILO A. TOWNSEND.

, Pa., Dec. 26, 1847. <section end="The Burned Ship" />

<section begin="Religious Equality" />For the North Star.

RELIGIOUS EQUALITY.

is no equality like that of religion. Not that of laws, the most clear and inviolable; for human nature is fallible, and the most conscientious judge may, through ignorance, pass an unrighteous sentence. Not that of birth; for while some are supplied with all that is conducive to the growth and development both of body and mind, others are left to grow up like the neglected weed, without culture, and with scanty nourishment, subject to every privation and every hardship. Not that of life; for while some possess every means of a pleasurable bodily and mental existence—free in thought, free in action—others are the victims of a detestable, heaven-insulting system of slavery, which debases the soul, destroys the intellect, unmans and deteriorates the whole being. Not that of death; for while to some the coming of the last enemy is delayed by the skill of the physician and the healing virtues of medicine, others fall his early prey by the effects of protracted toil and accumulated suffering. But religion is liable to no such partialities. The wonders of creation are above, beneath, and around us. If we look up into the firmament, we behold it peopled with a thousand worlds, which forever proclaim the wisdom and majesty of their Creator. If we look around, we see beneficence everywhere displayed in the beauties of the primrose, the carnation, and the dahlia, which delight the eye, and perfume the air with their fragrance; and the notes of nature's warblers pour upon the ear their sweet songs of happiness, thrilling in each bosom like a delightful dream of paradise. And the beautifully diversified landscape—the waving trees, the green fields, and the winding stream—the rain and the morning dew, the ice and the snow—are all produced by the same uncontrolled, free, omnipresent goodness. After surveying even for a moment, these works of his Creator, what soul of man is there that does not expand in gratitude and praise, and is ready to burst forth, with the Hebrew poet, into one of those most beautiful songs, which are at the same time the very soul of poetry and the essence of adoration: "O ye frost and snow, bless ye the Lord; praise ye his name forever and ever! O ye ice and cold, bless ye the Lord, praise ye his name forever and ever! Praise ye him, all his angels; praise ye him, all hosts; mountains and all hills, fruitful trees and all cedars; kings of the earth, and all people, princes and all judges of the earth. Let them praise the name of the Lord, for his name alone is excellent; his glory is above the earth and heaven."

Such is the equality of religion. It is not restricted to particular creeds, nor is it the peculiar privilege of any denomination. It is free as the air we breathe; it is extended as the universe. It is the charter of our nature, and forms a part of our very existence. It is alike the privilege of the king and the beggar—the prince and the peasant—the learned and the ignorant. It is the inheritance of all God's children—the inalienable birthright of all his intelligent creatures.—J .D. <section end="Religious Equality" />

<section begin="Gloomy Theologians" />For the North Star.

GLOOMY THEOLOGIANS.

is a class of persons with whom I have no sympathy; as they seem to have none with the world around them. They can see no beauty in this world of ours,—no harmony in the works of nature,—nothing praiseworthy in the works of art; and, apparently afraid that Job's remark, "Man is born to trouble as the sparks fly upward," should occasionally prove untrue, seem desirous of increasing the curse of sin, by removing every rational means of enjoyment; and of augmenting man's causes of sorrow, till not a smile enlightens the countenance, nor a feeling of pleasure gladdens the heart. May we not ask such persons, whether they are acting a benevolent part, in transforming this world into a desert, barren and desolate, which the sooner we have traversed the better? Is it true that we should not love and admire those things that are excellent and beautiful? Why, then, did our Creator form us as we are? Why did he give us minds capable of enjoyment? Why does not every sound of music grate upon the ear, instead of being pleasant and harmonious? And why, was the world made a scene of such beauty, grandeur, and sublimity? Above us, in the starry firmament, the discoveries of science show, in all their inexpressible harmony, innumerable suns and systems like our own, ever rolling on in their undeviating course, displaying the wisdom and power of their Creator. Is there no pleasure to be derived from the contemplation of these? We think of the inhabitants with which these worlds are peopled. Are they happier than we, or are they, like us, perplexed with cares and disappointments? Have they their Alexanders, their Cæsars, and their Bonapartes? Can they boast of a Plato or a Newton? and can they, as we, unroll a long catalogue of poets, patriots, and philosophers? Or are they not the abodes of the ever-blessed,—the spotless mansions of unfallen happiness? How unenviable are the feelings of the few who can find no pleasure in such contemplations! Around, are spread out on every hand the wonders of creation. The air, the earth, the sea, and the sky, are all teeming with beauty and adorned with loveliness. The setting sun sheds on the one horizon its stream of glowing light, and the pale moon appears in silvery brightness on the other. The rain falls from heaven, watering the earth, and the dew distils its vivifying influences. The hill and dale, the trees and the fields, the streams, the lakes, and the mighty ocean, all spread out before us their unnumbered beauties. He must be more than man who can fully appreciate all their loveliness, and less than man who can find no pleasure in surveying them.

Away, then, with the rigid orthodoxy that would rob this world of all that there is in it worth living for! Away with the theology that inculcates such doctrines! But let the true soul of man, in harmony with God and nature, continue still to find

<section end="Gloomy Theologians" />

<section begin="The Meeting on Main Street" />THE MEETING ON MAIN STREET.

In the meeting house of the Wesleyan Methodists, on Main street, where amid the many popular and large pro-slavery congregations of this city, a small band of men and women meet to hear the Gospel of Freedom and Love for all, an Anti-Slavery lecture was given by Frederick Douglass, last Sunday afternoon. After prayer by Mr. Benson, the clergyman of the society, and the singing of an anti-slavery hymn (which by the way are rarely to be found in hymn books used in public worship,) Mr. Douglass spoke for an hour or more to a respectable audience who had come together notwithstanding the severity of the storm.—He dwelt for some time on the nature of real Christianity, showing to be a world-wide faith-recognising all as brethren, raising up the degraded, freeing the slave, and strengthening the weak. Toward the conlusionconclusion [sic] of his remarks, he spoke in a feeling manner, which drew tears from many eyes, of the cruel prejudice against his race, and gave a simple narrative of some of his own experience of good and ill treatment as a colored man. The ad,dressaddress [sic] was given in a familiar manner; the speaker saying that he felt more like talking with those present, than making a speech to them, and apparently produced a happy effect on the listeners. His sentiments were warmly responded to by the minister and a number of the members of the society; and it was cheering to see and feel that amid the prejudice which drives the colored man to the negro pew in so many churches in this city, and the stern bigotry which cries "Infidel" against those who ask that God's truth shall free the black man as well as the white man, and make all brethren, here was a different spirit—on oasis in the desert.

<section end="The Meeting on Main Street" />

<section begin="Rochester Ladies' Anti-Slavery Society" />ROCHESTER LADIES' ANTI-SLAVERY SOCIETY.

The committee of the Ladies' Anti-Slavery Society, gratefully acknowledge the receipt of valuable and saleable articles from friends in the country for the recent fair. A contribution from the anti-slavery women of Ledyard, helped to make the tables in the hail attractive; from Walworth and Farmington, came the friends with cheerful greetings, bringing the result of the effort of their sewing circle, in rich, tasteful articles, and giving their efficient aid at the tables: from Waterloo, came as a token of remembrance, a donation of books, perfumery, &c.,;; [sic] a contribution from Williamson, the result of the labors of little company of workers in our good cause, was forwarded with an excuse for personal non attendance, owing to the fatal illness of one of their number, whose decease in the flower of her days, will be lamented by all. A friend in Mt. Morris sent her individual contribution, which went to aid the display on the article tables; and another from Bath, brought acceptable aid, both by donation of goods and personal presence. During the fair, a box of useful and fancy goods came from Port Byron, though not too late to be sold, and thus give valuable help to the cause; an offering from a friend in Wisconsin was indeed acceptable, enhanced by the distance now separating us from one who formerly was a co-laborer hero at home.

Most thankfully were all these articles received; and in behalf of more than a million of our sisters, crushed, abused and bleeding under the lash, the earnest hope is expressed that the same zeal which urged the women in the places spoken of, to come together in the sewing circle, and thus send help so much needed, may in the future bring forth fruit yet more abundantly, and that the women of every neighborhood in Western New York, may "go and do likewise."

In behalf of the committee,

<section end="Rochester Ladies' Anti-Slavery Society" />

<section begin="Western New York Anti-Slavery Society" />.—The Executive Committee are requested to meet at the house of Isaac Post, 36, Sophia Street, Rochester, on Tuesday evening, January 18th, at 7 o'clock. A full attendance is specially important.

Per order,

<section end="Western New York Anti-Slavery Society" />

<section begin="Franklin's Birth-Day" />FRANKLIN'S BIRTH-DAY.

of Rochester will commemorate the one hundred and forty-second anniversary of the birth-day of, on Monday evening, the 17th inst. They respectfully tender an invitation to their fellow craftsmen in the surrounding towns to unite with them on the occasion; also, to the retired printers of the city. The celebration will be held at the Irving House, kept by Col. T. W., a veteran printer.

Our friends in the country, who intend to favor us with their company, will please notify the Chairman of the Committee of Arrangements of the fact, on or by Friday next.

JAMES VICK, ., Ch'n <section end="Franklin's Birth-Day" />

<section begin="To Correspondents" />TO CORRESPONDENTS.

H. C., Poplar Ridge, New York. We hope to give our readers some extracts from his encouraging letter.

J. H., Clyde. His views may be perfectly correct, but they are regarded as more theological than is suited to the columns of the North Star.

L. G. B., Indianapolis. We forwarded copies, but must say to him, as we do to all who would obtain subscribers, that subscriptions must be prepaid.

A. S. Sullivan, Ohio. We are glad to acknowledge his communication and cash enclosed. The parcel will be forwarded to his address; and we hope many other such agencies may be established.

J. C. H., Brooklyn, New York. Thanks for his letter of 4th inst., and exertions for the Star.

J. C., Wellsville, Ohio. List received and whole number mailed.

S. B., Salem, Ohio. Letters of Jan. 7th received, and names credited. He may expect a letter.

S. S. B., Greenhill, Ohio. We gratefully acknowledge the subscribers and friendly communication. Such agencies are to our liking, as we believe them profitable to all parties.

W. H. T., Albany. The views of our friend are in harmony with many others on the subject of our letter to Mr. Clay; but neither the loss of subscribers nor the displeasure of the community shall deter us from a faithful exposure of slaveholders in high or low places; and we are assured of your support in an uncompromising course. <section end="To Correspondents" />

<section begin="Correspondence" />CORRESPONDENCE.

following is extracted from a letter from an English friend:

Hail to thee, bright and beautiful ! Over the wide ocean wave we trace thy first, faint beams; and our hearts beat high with hope and joy. Mayest thou shine, like a gem of purest water, upon the darkened skies of that land from whose hills and fields of virgin greenness the mists of slavery have so long arisen; hanging, like a blank and lowering cloud, where else the light of freedom, intellect and religion would have shone with transcendent lustre. Often may the menacing clouds of calumny and hatred threaten to obscure thy beams and dim thy radiance; but shine thou on, unchangingly, in the pure heavens of truth and love. Receive thy light alone from the Eternal Fountain: then will the thousands who have rejoiced in thee, look calmly on the threatening cloud, and await its vanishing, in the firm faith that they shall again behold thee, in renewed beauty and unsullied brightness. So shalt thou be to the mental eye of oppressed millions that which thine antetype in the blue heavens above hath been so long to his outward gaze. Point thou, ever and unchangeably, to a land of freedom, that thus thy gentle beam may keep alive in his soul one spark of that manhood which the floods of oppression and the waves of tyranny have so long striven to quench.

And not to the slave alone shall thy beams glance hope and confidence; to the warm and faithful hearts that beat so ardently for his well being; to the true champions of freedom who fight her bloodless battles with the sacred weapons of truth and justice—be thou, as the conflict deepens, a cheering, guiding Star. May it be theirs to rejoice in thy beams so long as the warfare rages; and to hail, at length, the dawn of the long anticipated morning, when the rising sun of freedom shall light the horizon of the enfranchised slave, and he shall tread, erect in his long-wtthheldwithheld [sic] manhood, the shores of his nativity, and walk through the length and breadth of a land of liberty, "rejoicing is the joy" of the present, and with a heart filled with adoring gratitude in the memory of these by-gone times, when darkness was around him like a funeral pall, and his trembling and timid glance was alone chested by the constant beams of the distant North Star! <section end="Correspondence" />

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text: Pratt Portraits/Chapter 3

title: Pratt Portraits/Chapter 3


text: Pratt Portraits/Chapter 4

title: Pratt Portraits/Chapter 4


text: Pratt Portraits/Chapter 5

title: Pratt Portraits/Chapter 5


text: Pratt Portraits/Chapter 6

title: Pratt Portraits/Chapter 6


text: Pratt Portraits/Chapter 7

title: Pratt Portraits/Chapter 7


text: Pratt Portraits/Chapter 8

title: Pratt Portraits/Chapter 8


text: Pratt Portraits/Chapter 9

title: Pratt Portraits/Chapter 9


text: Pratt Portraits/Chapter 10

title: Pratt Portraits/Chapter 10


text: Pratt Portraits/Chapter 11

title: Pratt Portraits/Chapter 11


text: Pratt Portraits/Chapter 12

title: Pratt Portraits/Chapter 12


text: Pratt Portraits/Chapter 13

title: Pratt Portraits/Chapter 13


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 rectly by large companies or the municipality or the State.

But I should do little to investigate this question; these are presented as quite incidental impressions. You must suppose that for the most part our walks and observations keep us within the more urban quarters of Lucerne. From a number of beautifully printed placards at the street corners, adorned with caricatures of considerable pungency, we discover an odd little election is in progress. This is the selection, upon strictly democratic lines, with a suffrage that includes every permanent resident in the Lucerne ward over the age of fifteen, of the ugliest local building. The old little urban and local governing bodies, we find, have long since been superseded by great provincial municipalities for all the more serious administrative purposes, but they still survive to discharge a number of curious minor functions, and not the least among these is this sort of æsthetic ostracism. Every year every minor local governing body pulls down a building selected by local plebiscite, and the greater Government pays a slight compensation to the owner, and resumes possession of the land it occupies. The idea would strike us at first as simply whimsical, but in practice it appears to work as a cheap and practical device for the æsthetic education of builders, engineers, business men, opulent persons, and the general body of the public. But when we come to consider its application to our own world we should perceive it was the most Utopian thing we had so far encountered.


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Take hip measure over the largest part of the hips and use rule corresponding. Take waist, L. of knee and full length. Knee measure and full length are taken on inside seam from fork down to knee joint, for knee measure, and on down to sole of shoe for full length measure. To test knee measure, measure from point 4F down, point C is knee point, change it to fit tape measurement. If point 2C full length point must be changed, change point 3D one-half the amount.


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 If knee measure has been changed on back, change point 4D same amount and point 1G one-half as much. Length points must be changed same as on back, to change size of waist. If the waist is too small, let out point 1 on front one-half the amount of change. If the waist must be made smaller, take in goods in darts on back pieces one-half the amount on each side. Waist band is a straight piece of goods, 2 inches wide.

Use same rule.


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 In the event that a judgment or order awards the return of property or payment of its value as said the previous paragraph, if the court has to make further arrangements for the execution thereof, the person who is to receive the property or its value must bear the costs of those further arrangements as in a civil case.

Subject to the first paragraph of section 253, in a case in which a claim for return of property, or payment of its value, or payment of compensation is included in the criminal charge or is submitted as a separate civil case, costs shall be demanded as in a civil case.

In such a case as prescribed in section 253, paragraph 2, or section 254, the court has the power to order the losing party to pay the costs instead of the other party if there is an application therefor.

In a criminal case instituted by a public prosecutor, the court has the power to order the prosecutor to reimburse a prosecution witness for the reasonable vehicle expenses actually incurred.

In a criminal case instituted by a citizen, the prosecutor must bear these costs, namely—

the reasonable vehicle expenses actually incurred by a prosecution witness;

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3 For the lawgiver shall give blessings, they shall go from strength to strength: (everyone of them) shall appear before God in Sion.

O Lord God of hosts, hear my prayer: give ear, O God of Jacob.

Behold, O God our protector: and look on the face of Thy Christ.

For better is one day in Thy courts above thousands.

I had rather be a doorkeeper in the house of my God, than to dwell in the tabernacles of sinners.

For God loveth mercy and truth: the Lord will give grace and glory.

He will not deprive of good things them that walk in innocence:

O Lord of hosts, blessed 1s the man that trusteth in Thee.

AT COMMUNION

When the communion bell rings, go quietly up to the railing with hands devoutly folded, and kneel. As the priest turns around to pronounce the words of absolution, renew your act of contrition, and bless yourself. As he approaches to give you the Blessed Sacrament, moderately raise your head, open your mouth, resting the end of your tongue on the lower lip. While receiving communion reflect on the words which the priest then utters: “May the Body of our Lord Jesus Christ preserve your soul unto life everlasting. Amen.” After this, return to your place, having your eyes cast down and hands again reverently folded.

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Velez 	= 	Marquis Valdez, Father to the two brothers, and Doña Teresa's Guardian. Albert 	= 	Don Alvar, the eldest son. Osorio 	= 	Don Ordonio, the youngest son. Francesco 	= 	Monviedro, a Dominican and Inquisitor. Maurice 	= 	Zulimez, the faithful attendant on Alvar. Ferdinand 	= 	Isidore, a Moresco Chieftain, ostensibly a Christian. Naomi 	= 	Naomi. Moors, Servants, &c. Maria 	= 	Doña Teresa, an Orphan Heiress. Alhadra, wife of Ferdinand 	= 	Alhadra, Wife of Isidore. Familiars of the Inquisition. Moors, Servants, &c.


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 § 2

The factory that employs us is something very different from the ordinary earthly model. Our business is to finish making little wooden toys—bears, cattle men, and the like—for children. The things are made in the rough by machinery, and then finished by hand, because the work of unskilful but interested men—and it really is an extremely amusing employment—is found to give a personality and interest to these objects no machine can ever attain.

We carvers—who are the riffraff of Utopia—work in a long shed together, nominally by time; we must keep at the job for the length of the spell, but we are expected to finish a certain number of toys for each spell of work. The rules of the game as between employer and employed in this particular industry hang on the wall behind us; they are drawn up by a conference of the Common Council of Wages Workers with the employers, a common council which has resulted in Utopia from a synthesis of the old Trades Unions, and which has become a constitutional power; but any man who has skill or humour is presently making his own bargain with our employer more or less above that datum line.

Our employer is a quiet blue-eyed man with a humourous smile. He dresses wholly in an indigo blue, that later we come to consider a sort of voluntary uniform for Utopian artists. As he walks about the workshop, stopping to laugh at this production or praise that, one is reminded inevitably of an art


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Rh Some ancient Telugu grammarians wish to exclude the sign for R, or desire to confine it to Sanscrit words alone. Thus in the name Arcot they direct us to write అర్కాటు not. But such niceties are superfluous and we may write whichever form is most convenient. I mention this and a few other rules only because native instructors attach them to a very undue importance.

The letters ల and ళ are the soft and hard sounds of L. The soft sound has no peculiarity: but the harder sound is enunciated by turning the tongue upwards and backwards so as to give a harsh guttural sound. It is expressed by an accent l′ or a dot underneath as ḷ.

The three letters represented by శ sa ష sha and స sa differ much in sound. The first is a little softer and the second rather harder than the English sound sh (as in shall) or the French cha (as in chacun, or, chéri). The last, స is simple S. The three are denominated thus: శాంతిశకారం santi-sa-caram, that is, శ. The కష్టషకారం cashta-shacaram that is ష and the సులభసకారం sulabha sacaram, denoting స.

Some call these the శివశకారం, the విష్ణుషకారం and the వ్యాససకారం, denominating the letters from well known names (Siva, Vishnu, and Vyāsa) wherein they occur. Any other names which use these letters would answer equally well. Some specific names are requisite, and the phrases by learned Hindus (labial, dental, and palatal) do not convey the distinction with sufficient clearness. The శ is expressed by the accent or the dot, viz s′ or ṣ.

Telugu critickscritics [sic] assert that the letters శ and ష Santa and Cashtam are peculiar to sanscrit words. But this is contrary to


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 school. Every now and then he carves a little himself or makes a sketch or departs to the machinery to order some change in the rough shapes it is turning out. Our work is by no means confined to animals. After a time I am told to specialise in a comical little Roman-nosed pony; but several of the better-paid carvers work up caricature images of eminent Utopians. Over these our employer is most disposed to meditate, and from them he darts off most frequently to improve the type.

It is high summer, and our shed lies open at either end. On one hand is a steep mountain side down which there comes, now bridging a chasm, now a mere straight groove across a meadow, now hidden among green branches, the water-slide that brings our trees from the purple forest overhead. Above us, but nearly hidden, hums the machine shed, but we see a corner of the tank into which, with a mighty splash, the pine trees are delivered. Every now and then, bringing with him a gust of resinous smell, a white-clad machinist will come in with a basketful of crude, unwrought little images, and will turn them out upon the table from which we carvers select them.

(Whenever I think of Utopia that faint and fluctuating smell of resin returns to me, and whenever I smell resin, comes the memory of the open end of the shed looking out upon the lake, the blue-green lake, the boats mirrored in the water, and far and high beyond floats the atmospheric fairyland of the mountains of Glarus, twenty miles away.)

The cessation of the second and last spell of work comes about midday, and then we walk home through


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Rh Thanksgiving after Holy Communion

When you have returned to your seat, try to reflect on the Sacred Mysteries you have just received, and give free expression to your devotion in your own words. The following prayers will be found very useful as aids to your sentiments of worship, thanksgiving, petition, etc.

MEDITATION OF SŒUR THÉRÈSE

OW sweet it is, the first kiss of Jesus to my soul. Yes, it is a kiss of love. I feel I am loved, and I too say: “I love Thee, I give myself to Thee forever!” Jesus asks nothing of me, demands no sacrifice. Already for a long time past, He and I have watched and understood each other. This day our meeting is no longer a simple look but a fusion. No longer are we two. I have disappeared as the drop of water which loses itself in the depths of the ocean. Jesus alone remains: the Master, the King.

RENDER thanks to Thee, O Lord, holy Father, everlasting God, Who hast vouchsafed, not for any merits of mine, but of Thy great mercy only, to feed me, a sinner, Thine unworthy servant, with the precious Body and Blood of Thy Son, our Lord Jesus Christ; and I pray that this Holy Communion may not be for my judgment and condemnation, but for my pardon and salvation. Let it be unto me an armor of faith and a shield of good purpose, a riddance of all vices, and a rooting out of all evil desires; an increase of love and patience,

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 this beautiful intricacy of a town to our cheap hotel beside the lake.

We should go our way with a curious contentment, for all that we were earning scarcely more than the minimum wage. We should have, of course, our uneasiness about the final decisions of that universal eye which has turned upon us, we should have those ridiculous sham numbers on our consciences; but that general restlessness, that brooding stress that pursues the weekly worker on earth, that aching anxiety that drives him so often to stupid betting, stupid drinking, and violent and mean offences will have vanished out of mortal experience.

§ 3

I should find myself contrasting my position with my preconceptions about a Utopian visit. I had always imagined myself as standing outside the general machinery of the State—in the distinguished visitors' gallery, as it were—and getting the new world in a series of comprehensive perspective views. But this Utopia, for all the sweeping floats of generalisation I do my best to maintain, is swallowing me up. I find myself going between my work and the room in which I sleep and the place in which I dine, very much as I went to and fro in that real world into which I fell five-and-forty years ago. I find about me mountains and horizons that limit my view, institutions that vanish also without an explanation beyond the limit of sight, and a great complexity of things I do not understand and about which, to tell the truth, I do 199


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Rh fellows were really soused, I ’ll eat my hat, but we ’ll say that there were fifty. Fifty were quite enough to m^ke the whole Prom look like a long¬ shoreman’s ball. You’ve got to take the musi into consideration, too. That orchestra could eertainly play jazz; it could play it too damn well. Why, that music was enough to make a saint shed his halo and shake a shimmy.

“What I’m getting to is this: there are over a thousand fellows in college, and out of that thou¬ sand not more than fifty were really soused at the Prom, and not more than a hundred and seventydve were even a little teed. To go around say¬ ing that Sanford men are a lot of muckers just be¬ cause a small fraction of them acted like gutterjrnps is sheer bunk. The Prom was a drunken mawl, but all Sanford men are n’t drunkards—not )y a damn sight.”

Hugh had to admit the force of Gates’s reasonng, and he found comfort in it. He had been just ibout ready to believe that all college men and San*ord men in particular were hardly better than comnon muckers. But in the end the comfort that he ^ot was small: he realized bitterly that he was one if the minority that had disgraced his college; he vas one of the gutter-pups. The recognition of hat undeniable fact cut deep.

He was determined to redeem himself; he had o, somehow. Living a life of perfect rectitude


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Rh "I’m Hugh Carver. I—I guess I’m going to room with you.”

“You sure are!” yelled Carl, jumping over the trunk and landing on Hugh. “God! I’m glad to see you. Put it there.” They shook hands and stared at each other with shining eyes.

Then they began to talk, interrupting each other, gesticulating, occasionally slapping each other vio¬ lently on the back or knee, shouting with laughter as one of them told of a summer experience that struck them as funny. They were both so glad to get back to college, so glad to see each other, that they were almost hysterical. And when they left Surrey 19 arm in arm on their way to the Nu Delta house “to see the brothers,” their cup of bliss was full to the brim and running over.

“Criminy, the ol’ campus sure does look good,” said Hugh ecstatically. “Watch the frosh work.” He was suddenly reminded of something. “Hey, freshman I” he yelled at a big, red-faced youngster who was to be full-back on the football team a year hence.

The freshman came on a run. “Yes—yes, sir?”

“Here’s a check. Take it down to the station and get my suit-case. Take it up to Surrey Nine¬ teen and put it in the room. The door’s open. Hurry up now; I’m going to want it pretty soon.

“Yes, sir. I ’ll hurry.” And the freshman was* off running.


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 not formulate acute curiosities. People, very unrepresentative people, people just as casual as people in the real world, come into personal relations with us, and little threads of private and immediate interest spin themselves rapidly into a thickening grey veil across the general view. I lose the comprehensive interrogation of my first arrival; I find myself interested in the grain of the wood I work, in birds among the tree branches, in little irrelevant things; and it is only now and then that I get fairly back to the mood that takes all Utopia for its picture.

We spend our first surplus of Utopian money in the reorganisation of our wardrobes upon more Utopian lines; we develop acquaintance with several of our fellow workers, and of those who share our table at the inn. We pass insensibly into acquaintanceships and the beginnings of friendships. The World Utopia, I say, seems for a time to be swallowing me up. At the thought of detail it looms too big for me. The question of government, of its sustaining ideas, of race, and the wider future, hang like the arch of the sky over these daily incidents, very great indeed, but very remote. These people about me are everyday people, people not so very far from the minimum wage, accustomed much as the everyday people of earth are accustomed to take their world as they find it. Such inquiries as I attempt are pretty obviously a bore to them, pass outside their range as completely as Utopian speculation on earth outranges a stevedore or a member of Parliament or a working plumber. Even the little things of daily life interest them in a different way. So I get on with my facts and reason-


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The provisions dealing with trials and with judgments and orders in the appellate instance shall apply mutatis mutandis to the final appellate instance, with the exception that no dissenting opinion shall be made.

The real evidence, documentary evidence, or oral evidence which can be adduced is one which is likely to prove the guilt or innocence of the accused. However, it must not be evidence which is brought into existence through inducement, promise, threat, deception, or other wrongdoing, and it shall be taken in accordance with the provisions of this Code or other law dealing with the taking of evidence.

The court shall exercise its discretion to weigh all evidence and shall not give a judgment of punishment until it is certain that the offence has actually been committed and the accused is the one committing it.

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24 the use of the nation and the common words వలశినది valasinadi (il faut, must) శానా sānā (much) always use the Siva sound.

Sanscrit words are frequently mispronounced, as regards these letters, by the uneducated Telugus who perpetually mistake the common sanscrit words శ్రీ sri blessed and స్త్రీ stree woman and often write one for the other.

The consonant H requires particular notice because in applying the dirgham it uses peculiar forms—as will now be shewnshown [sic]. హ ha, హా ha, హి hi, హీ hī, or hī, హు hu, హూ hū హృ hri, హె hĕ, హే hē, హై hai, హొ hŏ, హో hō (which closley resembles hhē) హౌ how. I omit vowels ఋ and ఌ because notthey are not [sic] in use.

It is sometimes pronounced as the letter F. Thus జింహ్వ jihva (pronounced jifva) the tongue అహ్లాదం ahlādam (aflādam) delight. It some times changes places, in pronunciation, with the letter written under it. Thus the name బ్రహ్మ Bramha (a name of God) is written Brahma. And the name for a bramin is written బ్రాహ్మణుడు brāhmanudu but pronounced brāmhanudu.

When the letter H is silent that is, is without a vowel, it is expressed by two dots or circles: viz ః which is called విసర్గః visargah. And it is the custom to repeat after this is the vowel that precedes it: thus స్వతః swatah (voluntarily) is pronounced స్వతహ swataha రామః Ramah (a proper name) is pronounced Ramaha as if it was written రామహ.

The letter క్ష csha, more conveniently expressed by X, is a mere compound of క K and ష sha, and is sounded like ct in ac-


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