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Rh which it is particularly desirable that we should have the opinion of gentlemen who are on the spot. I propose that the Secretary should write forthwith on this subject. I should wish the Local Committee also to be requested to take into their consideration the expediency of establishing the monitorial system. It is quite plain that we have not funds which will enable us to supply every thirty boys with a master. If we do this at Dacca, we shall have similar calls from other places.

It is possible that Mr. Ridge may dislike the monitorial system. It is a system which requires considerable exertion on the part of the Head-master, and which may therefore be less agreeable to him than a system under which he is suffered to transfer a portion of his own responsibility to an assistant. But it is my decided opinion, that, on this point we must make no concession to the prejudices or to the indolence of those who are in our employment. The monitorial system, and that system alone, can succeed here. If the present masters are not disposed to carry it rigorously into effect, we must find masters who will, though we should have to send to England for them.—[Book H. page 155.] 18th November, 1835.

Change from Sicca Rupees to Company’s Rupees.—I am in considerable doubt as to the mode in which the Government order ought to be construed with respect to the forms employed by us, and after blotting a good deal of paper I can recommend nothing but a reference to the Governor-General in Council.—[Book H. page 150.] 3rd November, 1835.

''Patna School. The Lancastrian system and prizes.''—I agree with the Secretary in thinking that the Committee at Patna ask for more than we ought to give. I would let them have a good Moonshee for the purpose of giving instruction in the vernacular language. Such a Moonshee may be procured, I imagine, for 50 Rupees a month. If the number of pupils is too great for him to teach directly, the monitorial system must be used in that as in other departments. Whatever objections may be made to that system, as a mode of conveying instruction in the higher walks of literature and science, none can be made to it as a mode of teaching lads to read and write their mother tongue. The vernacular school at Patna will be exactly what one of Mr. Lancaster’s schools was in England.

As to the 400 Rupees which are asked for prizes, I think the sum large, and I cannot help fearing that it may be injudiciously laid out. I should wish the Local Committee to be asked how many prizes they propose to give, and how often. The practice of giving almost as many prizes as they are students is in the highest degree pernicious. It destroys all emulation. It is also a heavy expense to us. The most


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 trifling honorary distinction, a copper medal, or a book worth two rupees, if given only to one highly distinguished student, will do more to excite industry than a thousand rupees laid out in making presents to the majority of the boys of the school. We have already come to a resolution on the subject. But from the amount requested by the Patna Committee and from some of the expressions which they have used, I fear that our views may not be correctly understood by them.—[Book H. page 169.] 2nd December, 1835.

It has been considered desirable to omit the minute which originally occupied this space. H. W.

The change from Sicca to Company’s Rupees.—As the discretion is left to us, I would make no reduction. Some of the payments which we are bound to make are in the nature of debts; and we must pay them at the higher rate. Some are strictly salaries; but I do not think them higher than they ought to be. I would therefore convert the payments which


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Rh we make in Bengal at the rate of 106½ Company’s Rupees to 100 Siccas.

The Schoolmasters who went into the provinces where the Furruckabad rupee is current, understood, if I am rightly informed, that their salaries were to be paid in that rupee. About them, of course, there will be no difficulty.—[Book H. page 167.] 2nd December, 1835.

Assam Schools.—I think that the correspondence should be submitted to Government. We have of course nothing to do with Moravian establishments, which are always proselyting establishments, nor can I agree with Captain Jenkins in thinking that it is only where the Brahminical religion is concerned that we ought to observe strict neutrality on theological points. As to the 100 Rupees per mensem, I am in the dark as to what we can, and what we cannot, afford; and until that matter is quite clear, I will express no opinion as to Captain Jenkins’ application.—[Book H. page 193.]

When the Secretary circulated the educational report for 1834, Macaulay writes:

“As this report relates to a time when I was not a member of the Committee and when a different system was in operation, I do not venture to give any opinion respecting it.”—[Book J. page 31.] 16th December, 1835.

Classification of the Students at the Annual Examination.—I cannot quite approve either of the old annual form or of that proposed by Mr. Trevelyan. A report of an examination is quite a different thing from a report of the general state of the School. I have not much experience in these matters. But as it seems to me, the best course would be to adopt Mr. Trevelyan's suggestion respecting quarterly reports, and to have the results of the annual examinations stated in some such perfectly simple form as this.


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Rh I mean that the names only should appear in the table. Any information about any particular pupil could always be obtained by looking at the quarterly report.—[Book H. page 198.] 9th January, 1836.

Slow lapse of Stipends at Benares.—Mr. Nicholls seems to have taken sufficient care to prevent imposition. The time of studentship (12 years) seems to me absurdly long. However, I do not see how, under the orders of Government, we can disturb the existing usage.—[Book K. page 72.] 1st June, 1836.

Reduction of Stipends at Agra College.—I would abolish the preparatory School. But I do not think that consistently with the orders of Government, we can make any reduction, however proper in itself such reduction may be, of the existing stipends.—[Book L. page 33.] 11th June, 1836.

Stipends at the Nizamut School.—I agree with Mr. Sutherland, except on one point. I would give no stipends to the Nizamut pupils. If stipends are given at all, they ought not to be confined to the Nizamut pupils. If they are, as I imagine, given to those pupils on account of the dignity of their family, they ought to be paid out of a different fund, and not to enter into the charges of a place of education.

I propose that we should tell the Local Committee that we very much regret the difficulty which there appears to be in putting the Nizamut students on the same footing with other pupils, that we trust that every thing in the power of the Local Committee will be done to efface distinctions so inconsistent with the spirit which ought to prevail at a place of education, that we generally object to the stipendiary system, and that all our objections to that system appear to be peculiarly applicable to stipends such as those which Mr. Melville recommends. It seems unnecessary to be offering salaries to one set of persons to come to the School, while we are at the same time forced to turn off others who are willing to learn gratis. The demand for instruction is such that the number of instructors is not sufficient. During the last three months no new pupil has been admitted. Mr. Melville proposes to reduce the present number. And yet, under the circumstances, he proposes to pay stipends and erect lodgings for a particular class of the students, distinguished from the rest only by rank and not by any peculiar proficiency in learning. I would therefore decline complying with what is proposed as to stipends. I am not sure that I would sanction any building on account of these Nizamut


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Rh Students. I would also beg the Local Committee to consider whether it be impossible to make an addition to the number of instructors, so as to be able to admit more pupils. I cannot but feel uneasy when I find that the eagerness with which the people have been pressing to avail themselves of the advantages of education has been discouraged. And I certainly cannot consent to pay anybody to study until we have the means of furnishing instruction to all who are desirous to study without being paid.—[Book L. page 57.] 30th September, 1836.

Proposal for the increase of Stipends at the Sanscrit College—This has been decided already. The general practice has been to refuse such applications. This was not done in the Madrissa at first, only because the matter was not noticed. I would reject the proposition.—[Book K. page 103.] 30th November, 1836.

Stipends at Benares—I would agree to no increase. There are at the head of the list two students of twenty-two, who have been seven or eight years at College and have not learned their Grammar yet. I would desire the Local Committee to report which of the students have and which have not made respectable progress. Those who have not made such progress, I would deprive of their studentships. Twelve years is an unreasonably long term. I would recommend eight as the maximum.—[Book L. page 97.] 21st February, 1837.

Stipends to the Sanscrit College.—I am against the promotion. I think it contrary to the letter and to the spirit of the Government Orders, and also to sound reason.

We are now proceeding on the principle that stipends are bad things, which have been abolished as such, and that those which are spared for the present have been spared only from a regard for vested interest. The question whether the stipends be or be not bad things is no part of the question now before us. Those who differ from me on that subject can at any time raise the question and call on the Government to reconsider its decision. At present I take it for granted that we are only considering what justice to the existing holders requires.

Now I never heard that when an abuse was to be abolished, any person who had no vested interest in that abuse was held to have a claim to any compensation. An interest not in possession may be an interest for which compensation ought to be given. But then it must be a vested interest. A contingent interest not in possession is quite a different thing.

In 1833, parliament abolished prospectively half a dozen Irish bishoprics, the rights of the existing incumbents were respected; but, as the sees fell in, the revenues were devoted to other purposes. What would have, been said if clergymen


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Rh who did not hold bishoprics had demanded compensation for the chance of being Bishops, which they had thus lost?

In 1817, parliament abolished the lucrative places of Teller of the Exchequer, Auditor of the Exchequer, Chief Justice in Eyre, Warden of the Cinque Ports, and many other similar sinecures. The rights of the existing holders were strictly respected; and if any of those places had been granted in reversion, which, I believe, was not the case, the rights of the persons in whom the reversion had vested, would doubtless have been recognized too. But there, of course, parliament stopped. Nobody ventured to say —“I am a public man. I stood very fair for a Tellership of the Exchequer. I had as good a chance as anybody of having it when it fell in. Therefore I have an interest in the continuance of these places, and I am injured if that interest be not protected.”

The interest of the holders of stipends in the stipends which they hold is a vested interest; and I would protect it. Their interest in any stipend beyond what they hold is not a vested interest, and I would pay no regard to it.

I never can admit that their hopes are to be the criterion. Many an Irish Curate might have hoped four years ago to be Bishop of some see which is now abolished. But that was no reason for keeping such a see when it was thought desirable to get rid of it. A young politician twenty years ago might have hoped to be Chief Justice in Eyre, South of Trent. But that was no reason for keeping up such a situation when it was found to be useless.

Nay this argument proves too much. For if the pupils who had small stipends hoped for larger stipends, so did the pupils who had no stipends hope for stipends; so did boys who were not yet pupils hope to be stipendiary pupils. Where is the distinction? “Let those who have anything, keep it,” is a plain rule. I know who they are: I can estimate the whole effect of such a principle. But “Let those who hope for anything, get it,” is quite a different rule. No reason can possibly be assigned for giving ten rupees now to a boy who had five rupees in 1833, which is not exactly as good a reason for giving five rupees now to a boy who had nothing in 1833. I say therefore, Stick to the plain principle. Protect vested interests, and as to the rest consider yourselves as perfectly free.—[Book K. page 126.] 16th February, 1837.

My opinion is unchanged. I am satisfied that the interest of the boys in stipends which they had not in possession was not a vested interest. I would ask Mr. Colvin this question. Suppose that it had been thought desirable for the interest of the school to diminish the number and increase the value of


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 this worthy priest has found words actually to plead for, to excuse, and pardon them!"

"Heaven has sent us a lovely night, Joe; it may be his last night, perhaps. He will suffer but little longer, and he will pass away in a peaceful sleep."

The dying man pronounced some disjointed words; the doctor went to him. The invalid's breathing had become labored; he asked for air. The curtains were drawn aside and he respired with delight the pure air of the calm, clear night. The stars sent down to him their trembling light, while the moon wrapped him in the pure refulgence of her beams. "My friends," said he, in a feeble voice, "I am going! May God reward you and bring you safely home, and pay my debt of gratitude."

"Do not relinquish hope," said Kennedy; "it is only a temporary weakness. You will not die. How could anyone die this lovely summer night?"

"Death is here, I know it!" said the missionary. "Let me look it in the face. Death, the commencement of joys eternal, is only the end of earthly cares. Place me upon my knees, my friends, I beg of you."

Kennedy raised him up, and was shocked to see his helpless limbs give way beneath him.

"My God! my God!" exclaimed the dying apostle. "Have mercy upon me!" His face lighted up. Far away from that earth where he had never known happiness; in the midst of that night which wrapped him in its sweetest rays of light; on the road to that heaven towards which he raised himself in a miraculous assumption, he appeared to be entering upon another life.

His last gesture was to bless his friends of a day; and he fell back in the arms of Kennedy, whose face was bathed in tears.

"Dead!" said the doctor, bending over him. "Alas! dead!" And with one accord the three men fell upon their knees.

"To-morrow," said Ferguson, at length, "We will bury him in this soil of Africa, which he has sprinkled with his blood."

During the remainder of the night the body was watched in turn by the doctor, Kennedy, and Joe, and not a single word broke the holy silence of the time.


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 Next day the wind sprang from the south, and the "Victoria" passed slowly over a vast range of mountains. Here were extinct craters, there barren ravines; not a drop of water lay in these arid crests; heaped-up masses of rock, erratic blocks of stone, and white marl-pits, all denoted the profound sterility of the district.

Towards mid-day the doctor, in order to bury the body, determined to descend to a ravine surrounded by volcanic rocks of primitive formation; the surrounding mountains acted as shelter, and permitted him to bring the car down upon the earth, for there was no tree which could be utilized as a hold for the grapnels.

But, as he had explained to Kennedy, in consequence of the loss of the ballast at the time of the rescue of the priest, he could not now descend without letting a proportionate quantity of the gas escape: he then opened the safety valve of the exterior balloon. The hydrogen escaped, and the "Victoria" descended quietly towards the ravine.

So soon as the car touched the ground the doctor closed the valve, Joe jumped out, but kept one hand upon the edge of the car, and with the other he collected a number of stones which soon equaled his own weight. He then set to work with both hands, and soon placed in the car more than 500 lbs. weight of stone, when the doctor and Kennedy were able to descend in their turn. The "Victoria" was thus balanced, and its ascensional force was not sufficient to raise her.

Moreover, it was not necessary to use a great number of these blocks of stone, for those thrown in by Joe were of a very great weight; a fact which at once directed Ferguson's attention to them. The ground was strewn with quartz and porphyritic rocks.

"Here is a curious discovery!" said the doctor to himself.

Meantime Kennedy and Joe were seeking a suitable spot for the grave. It was fearfully hot in the ravine, shut in as it was like a kind of furnace. The mid-day sun poured his rays directly upon it.

It was necessary first to get rid of the rocky fragments which encumbered the ground; then a grave was dug sufficiently deep to preserve the body from the attacks of wild beasts. Then the body of the priestly martyr was interred


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Rh the stipends, or to increase their number and diminish their vuluevalue [sic], would any student have dreamed of complaining that he was deprived of a vested interest? or suppose that it had been determined to fix on a higher standard of proficiency as necessary to entitle a student to an increase, would this have been spoliation? Suppose that it had been determined to make a law that no student who was not able to read a particular book, or who had not attended a certain number of days, should be entitled to promotion, would this have been spoliation? I cannot think that anybody would answer these questions in the affirmative; and if not, then, I say, there was no vested right. For if there were a vested right, that right is as much invaded when it is made by an ex post facto law dependent on a new contingency as when it is wholly abolished. I vote against the promotion.—[Book K. page 142.] 5th April, 1837.

Prizes at the Hindu College.—The report is on the whole satisfactory and the essays respectable. We ought to thank Dr. Mill for his valuable services on this occasion.

If I understand rightly, the old practice with respect to prizes will be followed at the approaching distribution. I must again repeat that in my opinion it is worse than useless to bestow honorary distinctions on more than the two or three highest in each department of study. I hope that we shall soon introduce into the Hindoo College the same system which we have established elsewhere. I shall be happy to attend, and still more happy if the Governor General would consent to be present. I am certain that he will be here, as he always was in England, a firm friend to education. But we must consider that his time is very much occupied and that he has already agreed to give a morning to the introductory lecture at the Medical College. Two mornings in a month are a good deal to ask from a Governor General.—[Book J. page 63.] 12th March, 1836.

Prizes at Benares (37 to 149 boys.)—Certainly too much. Our honorary rewards are quite depreciated by this sort of over-issue. The attention of the Local Committee must be called to the subject.—[Book K. page 84.] 28th July, 1836.

Good prizes for Essays.—I approve generally of Mr. Trevelyan's propositions. As the scholars in our Schools make advances in their studies, considerable modifications of these rules will become necessary. At present, I see no objection to adopting them as they stand.

I am not sure that it is desirable that one fixed sum of Rs. 50 should be the prize for the best Essay. Much must depend on the extent of the composition. At some Schools 20 Rs. would be enough. A hundred or two hundred would not be consi-


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 with profound respect. The earth was thrown upon the mortal remains, and the great fragments of rock were disposed above like a tombstone.

The doctor still remained motionless and lost in thought. He paid no attention to the summons of his companions, nor did he return with them to seek shelter from the noon-tide heat.

"What are you thinking of, Samuel?" inquired Kennedy.

"Of the curious contrasts nature presents and the extraordinary effect of chance. Do you know in what ground this man of self-denial and simplicity has been buried?"

"What do you mean, Samuel?"

"This priest who had vowed himself to poverty now rests in a gold mine!"

"A gold mine!" exclaimed Kennedy and Joe.

"Yes, a gold mine!" replied the doctor. "These stones, which you trample upon, as upon stones of no value, are of great mineral purity."

"Impossible, impossible!" repeated Joe.

"You will not have to search long amongst these fissures of the schist without finding some large nuggets," said the doctor.

Joe threw himself at once upon the scattered fragments, and Kennedy was not long in following his example.

"Steady, my brave Joe," said his master.

"Oh! sir, you speak about it very calmly."

"What? a philosopher of your stamp"

"Ah! sir, yours is the only philosophy!"

"Let us see; reflect a little. What good will all this gold do; we cannot carry it away?"

"We cannot carry it away! Why not, for instance?"

"It is too heavy for our car. I was hesitating whether I should tell you at all, for fear of exciting your regret."

"What!" cried Joe, "abandon all this treasure— a fortune to us—our own—abandon that!"

"Take care, take care, my friend. Have you caught the gold fever? Has not yonder dead body, which we came here to bury, taught you the vanity of all earthly things?"

"That is all very true," replied Joe; "but there is the gold after all. Mr. Kennedy, will you not aid me in collecting a few of these millions?"


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16 quantities and some in traces; and in addition platinum molybdenum, petroleum, catseyes, and spinelle ruby have been observed. In Sir J. Brooke's "Private Letters" mention is made of a large stone called the "Brooke diamond" which on examination proved to be a white topaz, but the precise locality whence it was obtained is not specified, although we may surmise that it was a genuine Sarawak stone.

I find also in a work on China entitled "The Middle Kingdom" (1848) mention of Corundum being imported from Borneo for the use of Chinese lapidaries; no authority, however, is cited for the occurrence of this mineral in Borneo: the note probably refers not to Corundum, properly so called, but to diamonds, brought from Landak and Sarawak.

In the above enumeration it is noteworthy that Sarawak Proper exhibits all the minerals of which traces have been detected in the other districts, and several others besides. When we consider that it is the only portion of the Territory in which a systematic search has been attempted (generally by amateurs) and that there is a close general similarity in geological constitution over the whole of the N. W. coast of Borneo, there is fair ground for conjecture that available deposits of one or more of the above mentioned minerals, will be discovered in some other localities in which traces only have been detected as yet.

Gold occurs in the form of fine sand, or minute flattened plates in alluvial deposits over a great part of Sarawak. Washings are carried on in Upper Sarawak at Bau, Paku, Gumbang, &c., in Samarahan at Sirin, in Sadong at Malikin, and in the Batang Lupar at Marup. The operations are wholly superficial, although at Marup and Bau, the principal Chinese washings in the country, the stratified clays belonging to the Sandstone formation, and containing at the latter locality decomposed porphyritic dykes have been cut into to some extent. The precious metal has never to my knowledge been regularly mined for in Sarawak, nor indeed has it been discovered in situ it its original matrix, except in the case of the gold contained in the veinstones and quartz-reefs of the Antimony district, and that associated with a lode of argentiferous arsenic at Bidi. The alluvium of the limestone caverns and fissures, and especially the sands in the beds of streams have yielded sufficient to induce the natives to work in such spots. The washing is carried on partly by Malays, who are usually gamblers and work only at intervals, but chiefly by country-born Sambas Chinese. Their mode of operation has been fully described by Crawfurd, Horsfield, St. John, and others, and it will therefore be unnecessary to enter into any details here.


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Rh Nuggets are of extremely rare occurrence and I have never seen one of any size, but if the Chinese are to be credited, some of very considerable weight have been met with in the adjacent Sambas District. St. John mentions having seen one of 7 oz., taken from the auriferous clay at Krian near Bau, and this is the largest which I have heard reported on credible authority to have been found in Sarawak. The gold dust is usually in a state of the finest comminution, but I have seen samples from Kumpang, near Marup, composed of fine dust intermixed abundantly with thin flat plates of the metal of from to  inch diameter—a form which has been ascribed to some original laminated structure in the present matrix. I am informed that similar plates have been detected in the siliceous veinstones of the antimony lodes; but where I have had the opportunity of seeing the gold in these veinstones it appeared in very minute sparsely scattered specks without a sign of running into plates or veins. The veinstones are now and again found to contain a very profitable percentage, according to the estimate of the Chinese, who quarry the stone in a superficial way, and pounds it in wooden mortars with iron rammers. One block of siliccous matrix (about 15lbs.) at Paku containing some 20 per cent of grey antimony, when thus crushed yielded about $12 worth of gold, but this result was quite exceptional. At Jibong both the white quartz and the black amorphous siliceons veinstones are crushed, and of these two the latter is considered to yield the higher percentage of metal. Both in crushing the stone and in washing the alluvial clays and gravels the find is very uncertain, and good "hauls" seem few and far between. Marup, Bau, and Paku have afforded remunerative washings, and Sirin in a less degree. The succession of the superficial deposits in the last locality are as follows:—

 * 1) Vegetable mould.
 * 2) Unstratified Felspathic clay.
 * 3) Clayey Gravel.
 * 4) Uptilted indurated clay-shales.

The whole section to the basement-rock of clay is only 5 or 6 feet in thickness, and it is in the stratum of gravel that the gold is found, associated with small rolled fragments of cinnabar and the clay-ironstone which abounds all over the gold and antimony districts of Sarawak. The components of the auriferous gravel are granite, quartz, sandstone, impure-agate, porphyrite, &c. The surrounding country is made up of steep low hills of indurated clay-shales and clayey sandstone with yellow felspathic clay overlying, and is scamed with dykes of hornblendic trap-rocks; and a short distance to the S. and W. limestone hills appear.


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Author talk:Frederick Paul Walter

Public domain ?
Do we have any evidence that any of his work is in public domain ? -- Beardo (talk) 17:35, 9 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Author talk:Frederick Paul Walter


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vi ter; following are given the traces of the educational development of Comenius in the writings of Vives, Bacon, and Ratke; three chapters are devoted to the life of Comenius and the reforms in which he actively participated; an exposition of his educational writings has three chapters; a chapter is given to the influence of Comenius on Francke, Rousseau, Pestalozzi, and other modern reformers; and the closing chapter sums up his permanent influence. The volume has two appendices,—one giving tables of dates relating to the life and writings of Comenius, and the other a select annotated bibliography.

In the exposition of the writings of Comenius, the author has made liberal use of English and German translations from Latin and Czech originals. In the case of the Great didactic, the scholarly translation by Mr. Keatinge has, in the main, been followed. Free translations of portions of this work had been made by the author before the appearance of Mr. Keatinge’s book; and in some instances these have been retained. As regards the account of Comenius’ views on the earliest education of the child, the author’s edition of the School of infancy has been followed; and in the discussion of reforms in language teaching, he is indebted to Mr. Bardeen’s edition of the Orbis pictus, and to Dr. William T. Harris for the use of the handsome Elzevir edition of the Janua, which is the property of the Bureau of Education. WILL S. MONROE.


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Rh


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18 The quality of Sarawak gold varies with the locality in which it is found. Thus Marup gold at $32 to $34 per bongkal according to the supply, Sadong gold at $26, whilst Paku gold is quoted at $28 per bongkal, the difference being estimate by the whiteness of the metal which is dependent on the amount of silver existing in natural alloy with it. No scientific analysis has been made of Sarawak gold so far as I am aware, but it would doubtless be very similar in result to the analysis of Bornean gold given by Crawfurd, which I have taken the liberty of transcribing below, as bis valuable work has long been out of print.

The dust brought to market in Kuching is generally unadulterated, as the mysteries of galvanic gilding are as yet unknown there. There is little risk in purchasing if ordinary care be exercised.

With regard to the annual produce of gold in the Territory, there are no reliable data for even approximating the total amount produced. Mr. Low of Labuan—whose work, in spite of its being somewhat out of date, is the most trustworthy yet written on Sarawak—places the yearly export of gold from the Territory at 7000 ounces. Although nominally all gold carried out of the country must be declared, it is beyond doubt that quite as much leaves Sarawak in a private way as is declared to the Export Office in Kuching, while a still more considerable portion of the annual out port is bought up and remains in the country, without in any way showing in the trade returns. The same remark will apply to the produce of diamonds; and in the "Summary of Exports" given below it must be borne in mind that the figures are purely nominal, and represent amounts certainly far below the minimum value of even the annual export of these two minerals—much more so of the net annual produce.


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Rh In connection with the consumption of gold in the Territory, it may be remarked that none of the savage tribes of this part of Borneo seen ever to have made use of this metal notwithstanding their intercourse with Malays, and in a less degree with the Chinese, during at least several centuries past. I have never known an instance of a Sea-Dyak or Land-Dyak, a Kyan or Bakatan seeking gold on his own account, and manufacturing it into any description of ornament, however rude.

When we endeavour to trace out the origin of the gold in Sarawak, we find the immediate source of the metal, in the gravels and alluvial clays and in some of the clay-shales, which so thickly mask the older formations in N. W. Borneo, and out of thesembeds it is being swept continually by running water. It is evident however, that so far we have traced the source but a single step back; and the conclusion at which I have arrived, from observation of a considerable number of sections in different parts of the country, is that the auriferous strata of Sarawak Proper are derived immediately from the waste of siliceous and porphytic dykes, associated with the system of antimony and arsenic lodes developed in that locality. Similar strata however in other localities (the Batang Lupar washings for instance) appear rather to have been rearranged more than once; so much so, in fact, that the original home of the gold they bear can no longer be guessed with any approach to certainty: and the only clue to the problem is to be found in the circumstance that invariably in these latter districts there is evidence of considerable metamorphic action among the constituent rocks of the several localities. It is highly probable that much of this gold originally lay in quartz rock, as is the case in many places in Sumatra and in the Malay Peninsula, and may be the case to a limited extent in the less known parts of Sarawak; but even if auriferous reefs are discovered at a future day in accessible situations, it is more than doubtful whether they will afford a field for the European speculation, especially since an analysis of a quantity of the auriferous veinstone at Bau, by a competent European metallurgist, has failed to give such a result as to tempt further operations.

Bidi, and an attempt was made to extract the Silver and gold
 * —Some years ago a lode of native arsenic was worked at Bidi in conjunction with the antimony at the same spot, but the mine was subsequently abandoned as the ore scarcely repaid the cost of export. Realgar and Orpiment were observed, but not in quantity; the former is found in traces in the Upper Rejang, a district wholly unexplored by Europeans, and in the Baram. Argentiferous arsenical ore also occurred at


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 There shall be one President of the Supreme Court of Justice for the Supreme Court of Justice, one President of the Court of Appeal for the Court of Appeal, and one President of the Regional Court of Appeal for each Regional Court of Appeal. And there shall be one chief judge of the court of first instance for each of the Civil Court, Bangkok South Civil Court, Thon Buri Civil Court, Criminal Court, Bangkok South Criminal Court, Thon Buri Criminal Court, and other courts of justice designated as courts of first instance by their constituent acts. And there shall be one Vice President of the Supreme Court of Justice for Supreme Court of Justice, one Vice President of the Court of Appeal for the Court of Appeal, and one Vice President of the Regional Court of Appeal for each Regional Court of Appeal, as well as one deputy chief judge of the court of first instance for each of the Civil Court, Bangkok South Civil Court, Thon Buri Civil Court, Criminal Court, Bangkok South Criminal Court, Thon Buri Criminal Court, and other courts of justice designated as courts of first instance by their constituent acts. And in the event of necessity for the benefit of the public service, the Courts of Justice Judicial Administration Commission may, with the approval of the President of the Supreme Court of Justice, designate that there be more than one but not than three Vice Presidents of the Supreme Court of Justice or deputy chief judges of a court of first instance.

When the position of President of the Supreme Court of Justice, President of the Court of Appeal, President of a Regional Court of Appeal, or chief judge of a court of first instance becomes vacant or when the holder of the said position becomes unable to serve, the Vice President of the Supreme Court of Justice, Vice President of the Court of Appeal, Vice President of the Regional Court of Appeal, or deputy chief judge of the court of first instance, as the case may be, shall act in his stead. If there are several Vice Presidents of the Supreme Court of Justice or deputy chief judges of the court of first instance, the most senior Vice President of the Supreme Court of Justice or deputy chief judge of the court of first instance shall act in his stead. If the most senior person is unable to serve, the person next in seniority shall act in his stead.

In the event that there is no person to act instead of the President of the Supreme Court of Justice, President of the Court of Appeal, President of a Regional Court of Appeal, or chief judge of a court of first instance in accordance with paragraph 2, or there is one but the one becomes unable to serve, the most senior judge in such court shall act in his stead. If the most senior person is unable to serve, the judge next in seniority shall act in his stead.

In the event that there is no person to act in accordance with paragraph 3, the President of the Supreme Court of Justice may order a particular judge to act instead.

No senior judge or junior judge shall act in any position under paragraph 1.

In provincial courts or municipal courts, there shall be one presiding judge for each of the courts.

When the position of presiding judge of a provincial court or presiding judge of a municipal court becomes vacant, or when the holder of the said position becomes unable to serve, the most senior judge in such court shall act in his stead. If the most senior person in the court is unable to serve, the judge of that court who is next in seniority shall act in his stead.

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20 contained in it; but this project was also abandoned as unprofitable, the percentage of the precious metals in a ton of the residuce left bpboiling point [sic] smelting out the Arsenic being too small to repay the cost of their extraction.

Silver is unknown in the Territory, except in the connection here stated, or naturally alloyed with the gold. It is not improbable that the argentiferous arsenic at Bidi may be found rieber in silver than has yet appeared, but the analyses made heretofore have discouraged this hope. A ton of the ore being calcined, yielded the following result:—

This was considered an average sample, although slightly higher precentages were obtained by another trial.

"Nickel inis [sic] found over the whole Territory of Sarawak, particularly in the gold and tin (sic) districts; in the former it is very abundant, combined with iron and Cobalt it has not yet been worked."
 * —The first of these minerals is found in small quantities in the Bidi mines, but is not, I believe, sufficiently abundant to be of any practical value. Cobalt and NackelNickel [sic] I have not met wiuhwith [sic] myself, but Mr. Low has the following passage in his "Sarawak" on their occurrence:—

is disseminated throughout the whole Territory, and all the clay-shales and sandstones are more or less ferruginous; those in the gold districts being often impregnated with the peroxide. No dedositsdeposits [sic] of iron-ores are known in this country of any commercial importance. The richest specimens come from the Upper Rejang. The Kayan tribes inhabiting this district smelt their own iron, using charcoal only, in their own rude furnaces, and the steel they manufacture is preferred to that of European make. The ores I have seen brought down from Balui, the right-hand branch of the Rejang, are (1) a very pure oxide with metallic fracture and strongly magnetic, and (2) a botroidal argillaccous ironstone, not magnetic, with dull purple clayey fracture, very hard, aud much worn and rolled. This latter ore is said to be dug out of alluvial clays.

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Rh


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110 {| width="100%" [Cusi ppunchau casccan raycu] Ashuan munasccayqui raycu Saqquehuachis yaycuycusac [Yncallahuan rimaycusac!] Amapuni harcahuaychu [Puncumanta ccarcu huaychu] Ricuy huañurcollasacmi [Ricuychis sipicusacmi.] Why should it be a day of joy? What dost thou love most? Leave me to the father! Let me speak to the Ynca! Do not prevent me! Let me pass the door! Lo! there is some one dying! Lo! there is sickness, even to death!
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Rh {| width="100%" Yncallay, Yayaymi canqui Causachihuay huarmayquita! Hay huanihuay maquiquita Ynticc huahuay ñinmi canqui Mamallaymi huañuccaña Huc aucca ccaccan mattiscan Sulluncunapun sipiscan Yahuarñinpin ccaspascaña. My Ynca! thou art my Father! Give life to thy child. Show favour in thy hand, For thou art a child of the Sun. My mother has been killed, An enemy has chained her. She will be choked with streams Flowing with her blood.
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 derable at the Hindu College.—[Book K. page 90.] 5th September, 1836.

''MoorshebadMoorshedabad [sic] Prizes too numerous. Mr. Melville’s proposal for giving Stipends''.—The prizes are too numerous. There are twenty-two prizes among sixty-seven boys. Here, by the bye, I may observe that our orders respecting prizes have been utterly neglected at the Hindoo College. At the late distribution, there were at least ten times as many as ought to have been given. I can vouch, from having examined the first class, that two prizes, at the utmost, would have been sufficient. But to this subject I shall feel it my duty to call the attention of the Committee as soon as I can find leisure, which at present I have not.

I am quite against the stipends. The case is indeed a special case, that is to say a specially bad case. These stipends are mere alms; the conditions for holding them are merely poverty and descent. If it be proper that the members of this family should be pensioned, let them be pensioned. But do not let us mix up these eleemosynary allowances with our system of education. Do not let us discourage the diligent and able student by giving to his fellow students, far inferior to him probably in merit, stipends from which he is excluded by the accident of birth.—[Book O. page 101.] 5th April, 1837.

Prize distribution at the Hindoo College.—I wish to call the attention of the Committee to what passed at the late distribution of prizes to the boys of the Hindoo College. I have several propositions to make respecting that cere mony. At present I only beg Mr. Sutherland to send in circulation our orders about the number of prizes, to inform us whether those orders were communicated to the Managers of the Hindoo College and at what date; and to circulate a statement of the number of prizes given at the late distribution.—[Book K. page 154.] 6th May, 1837.

Prizes given for subjects.—What is meant by a subject? some distinct rule ought to be laid down on that point. But I am quite certain that the number of prizes given at the last distribution was five or six times as great as it would have been if our rule, construed in any manner, had been observed. If I had been consulted I would have given an exceedingly handsome and valuable prize to the first student of the first class. I would have given him, for example, a well bound copy of the Encyclopædia Britannica. To the second I would have given some other valuable book, and I would have given no other prizes. I am satisfied that this course would excite great emulation. As the thing was managed eight or ten students were brought up together and received each a book with-


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 In the event that there is no person to act in accordance with paragraph 2, the President of the Supreme Court of Justice may order a particular judge to act instead.

No senior judge or junior judge shall act in any position under paragraph 1.

In the event that the public service of the Supreme Court of Justice, an appellate court, or a court of first instance is divided into divisions or agencies called otherwise, there shall be one presiding judge of the division or agency called otherwise for each division or agency.

When the position of presiding judge of a division or presiding judge of an agency called otherwise according to paragraph 1 becomes vacant, or when the holder of the said position becomes unable to serve, the most senior judge in such division or agency called otherwise shall act in his stead. If the most senior person in the division or agency called otherwise is unable to serve, the judge of that division or agency called otherwise who is next in seniority shall act in his stead.

In the event that there is no person to act in accordance with paragraph 2, the President of the Supreme Court of Justice may order a particular judge to act instead.

No senior judge or junior judge shall act in any position under paragraph 1.

The President of the Supreme Court of Justice, the President of the Court of Appeal, the Presidents of the Regional Courts of Appeal, the chief judges of the courts of first instance, and the presiding judges of the courts must be responsible for the public service of their courts in order that it proceed in an orderly manner, and they shall have the following powers and duties also:

to participate in sittings for trying and adjudicating upon cases which impact the security of the State or which interest the public, cases which contain serious criminal offences, cases which involve high amounts of money, and cases of court contempt, according to the criteria designated in the rules for the judicial service of the courts of justice;

to give orders on motions and applications submitted to them in accordance with the provisions of procedural laws;

to oversee the correct application of rules and procedures established by the law or by other means, in order that the trial and adjudication of cases be concluded in an expeditious manner;

to give advice to judges in their courts regarding the obstruction the judges meet in the performance of their duties;

to cooperate with administrative officials on all affairs relating to the organisation and carrying out of the administrative business of the courts;

to make reports on cases and affairs of their courts to be sent in accordance with rules;

to exercise other powers and duties as designated by the law.

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Rh out distinction. And this is called encouraging them to exertion: as if the sure way to discourage exertion were not to treat eminent merit and mediocrity alike.

I propose that no prizes shall henceforth be given at the Hindoo College without the previous sanction of the Committee. It is idle to pass resolutions if they are to be broken in this way.

The next subject to which I wish to call the attention of the Committee is the exhibition which follows the distribution of prizes. I, like Mr. Sutherland, have no partiality for such ceremonies. I think it a very questionable thing whether, even at home, public spouting and acting ought to form part of the system of a place of education. What can the acting of boys be? At the very best, it can only deserve indulgence. And of what use is that sort of talent to them, even if they should acquire a considerable degree of it? But I think that in this country, such exhibitions are peculiarly out of place. I can conceive nothing more grotesque than the scene from the, with represented by a little black boy. Then too I think that the subjects of recitation were ill chosen and offensive to good taste. We are attempting to introduce a great nation to a knowledge of the richest and noblest literature in the world. The society of Calcutta assemble to see what progress we are making; and we produce as a sample a boy who repeats some blackguard doggrel of about a fat gentleman who was put to bed over an oven, and about a man-midwife who was called out of his bed by a drunken man at night. Our disciple tries to hiccup, and tumbles and staggers about in imitation of the tipsy English sailors whom he has seen at the punch houses. Really, if we can find nothing better worth reciting than this trash, we had better give up English instruction altogether.

This is strongly my opinion, and not mine only. The Governor General, the Bishop, and other persons whose favorable opinion is of the greatest importance to the success of all schemes of native education, have expressed similar feelings. I would have an entire reform. I propose that, in future, instead of these recitations, the author of the best Essay shall read that Essay aloud after the prizes have been distributed. If this be thought too great a change, I at least hope that the recitations will be of a different kind from what they have hitherto been, that nothing but what is really excellent and valuable as composition will be rehearsed, that vulgar oaths and buffoonery will be carefully excluded, and that the whole exhibition will be less theatrical.—[Book K. page 156.] 10th May, 1837.


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Rh Prizes at Benares.—I do not object to what Mr. Sutherland proposes. Indeed I am not averse to giving the whole sum of 60 rupees annually in one prize to a deserving student after open competition.—[Book M. page 155.] 17th October, 1837.

Excessive number of Hindu and Mussulman holidays at Allahabad.—I think the letter a very proper one. As to the practice with respect to holidays, it is an abuse not to be tolerated; and I would use even stronger language about it than Mr. Sutherland has done.—[Book J. page 86.] 16th May, 1836.

Holidays.— This matter of holidays is more serious than I had expected. I would propose that the Secretary should call on the different Local Committees to state the number of days on which the Schools are closed. We must then consider of some general remedy for the evil.—[Book O. page 18.] 3rd June, 1836.

Native Holidays.—I would acquiesce in what the Benares Local Committee propose. As to the Saugor report, I am in the dark as to one very important question. Are the Sundays reckoned among the holidays? If they are, the number is reasonable. If not, the school is shut 126 days in every year, more than one day in three. This would be an abuse which, little as I am disposed to disturb the native usages, where I can avoid it, would call for correction.—[Book K. page 104.] 30th November, 1836.

Native Holidays.—If Mr. Trevelyan proposed to make an immediate and universal change I should altogether dissent from him. But I understand him to propose merely this, that we should tell the Local Committee what the arrangement is, which we think in itself most desirable, and which we would have them keep in view. We must of course pay the greatest respect to the tastes and opinions of the students; and we must allow a very large discretion indeed to the Local Committees. I think that this is sufficiently expressed in the letter drawn by Mr. Trevelyan,—If any gentleman can suggest any addition which would make it clearer, I shall have no objection to adopt that addition.—[Book K. page 113.] 27th December, 1837.

Holidays for Hindus and Mussulmans.—I am inclined to agree with Mr. Sutherland. I do not see how we can allow holidays to half the school boys and keep the rest at work.—[Book K. page 124.] 30th January, 1837.

Meerut School, Financial Statement.—I do not object to what the Local Committee propose. There must be some mistake in the heading of the Financial Statement. It ought surely to be April, 1836.

The appearance of this statement reminds me of a very im-


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112 {| width="100%" Sapa Ynca manmi caman Llaquiscata mascasoncca Ccampacca pitacc pacancca Quipichacta? hacu ccanhuan. Sole Ynca! Even thee These miseries follow. Who shall dare To shut thee out?
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Rh portant matter. We ought every quarter or every half year at least to receive from every institution at which stipends are given, a return of the number which have become extinct. I propose that instructions to this effect should be sent without delay.—[Book K. page 1.] 10th December, 1835.

State of the Educational Fund.—I am completely in the dark as to the state of our finances. I suppose that the word “disbursements” in Mr. Sutherland's minute is a slip of the pen, and that he means “income.” Now surely, if our expenditure in the year 1835-36 be less than our income by 7000 Rupees, 7000 Rupees may fairly be called “unappropriated excess;” and Mr. Sutherland himself seems to call it so in the 59th Clause of the proposed letter to Government.

No doubt there are building charges which will come upon us next year. But are those charges greater than the income of next year will meet? If not, will they absorb the whole of this excess of 7000 Rupees? Or how much of it will they absorb? I ask these questions in utter ignorance; and, until I am master of the subject, I shall hardly feel at ease in assenting to any new appropriation of money. We really do not know whether we are beforehand or behindhand with the world.

I should recommend the omission of the computation. I have not yet seen Mr. Trevelyan’s minute respecting a Sub-Committee of finance. But I feel every day more and more fully convinced that some such measure ought to be adopted. Without it we shall be in danger, on the one hand, of making engagements beyond our means, and, on the other, of rejecting as too expensive, schemes which are quite within our power.—[Book J. page 50.] 18th January, 1836.

Audit of Accounts.—I think that Mr. Sutherland should, as he proposes, submit to Government an explanation of the arrear, that he should at the same time explain the mode in which we now check the disbursements; and should state in the name of the Committee that we consider this check as sufficient, leaving it to the Government to adopt any measure which may be thought fit.—[Book O. page 56.] 11th October, 1836.

The Secretary suggested in his abstract of Mr. Adams’ Second Report that Government should be moved to direct the Revenue authorities to enquire whether certain assignments of the Rani Bhowani ought to be revived in favour of the heirs of the original grantees. On this Mr. Macaulay wrote.—

Province of the Committee.—“I doubt whether we are to consider ourselves as occupying a situation similar to that of the Commissioners for Charitable Endowments in England. I doubt


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Rh whether it be part of out duty to examine into the manner in which funds bequeathed to private trustees for the support of Brahminical learning are employed. But if the Committee be of a different opinion, I have no objection to send the letter as it has been drafted.”—[Book J. page 54.] 11th February, 1835.

Petition for the revival of the English class in the Sanscrit College.—Sixty-three Rupees a month will never set up an efficient English class in the Sanscrit College. That sum would not suffice to pay a teacher of the mere elements of the language.

The spelling and style of the petition taken in connection with the age of the petitioners do not hold out much hope that they will ever become good English scholars. At the same time I cannot but think that it would have been better if the Hindoo College had been opened to them. There seems to be among many people here an objection to admitting grown up men to the advantages of education. On six or seven occasions I have objected to restrictions of this kind, and the Committee has agreed with me. I think that we might with propriety request the Sub-Committee of the Hindoo College to consider whether the rule of the operation of which the petitioners complain ought to be upheld in that institution.—[Book L. page 13.] 15th April, 1836.

Adoption of the Annual Report for 1835 drawn up by Mr. Trevelyan.—I have again gone through the report and read the notes on the margin. Those of Mr. Prinsep are written in an evident spirit of hostility to the principles on which the Committee has been directed by Government to proceed. Most of them, indeed many more than appear to me to require any answer, have been satisfactorily answered by Mr. Trevelyan. The changes which have been made meet almost all the just objections, which either Mr. Prinsep or Mr. Shakespear has urged. One additional change, however, ought, in my opinion, to be made. I doubt the expediency of again sending up to Government at this time a proposition for consolidating different items of account in the manner recommended by the Sub-Committee of finance. As the Government very lately declined sanctioning this proposition, and as nothing which can be supposed likely to have altered the views of the Government has since occurred, I think that we might be considered as importunate if we were to press, without any new grounds, for a reversal of so recent a decision. I am the less inclined to do this, because, though I think the proposed change perfectly unobjectionable, I am not aware that we can expect any advantage from it, except a greater simplicity in the form of


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Rh keeping our accounts. I propose therefore to omit the two pages at the end of the report, along which I have drawn a line in ink. I have marked the beginning and the end of what I am inclined to leave out with two asterisks, A and B.

I perceive that Mr. Smith has suggested the appointment of a Sub-Committee for examining the Essays and Translations which may be sent to us from the Schools under our management. To a considerable extent I am inclined to agree with him. This, however, is hardly the proper place for going into that question.

I now give my vote for adopting the report with the amendments which Mr. Trevelyan has made, and with the additional amendment to which I have adverted above.

Mr. Prinsep or any other member is entitled, I conceive, as a matter of right, to demand that, any minute of dissent which he may enter in our books, shall be sent up to Government. Whether we shall recommend to Government the printing of such a minute is quite another question, and must depend on the contents of the minute. On that point therefore I cannot at present give an opinion.—[Book J. page 96.] 17th June, 1836.

Mr. H. T. Prinsep’s minute on the Annual Report.—I see no objection whatever to sending the minute up to Government. I do not think it necessary to answer any part of it; and I fear that, if we go on replying and rejoining on each other, we shall come to what the lawyers call a sur-rebutter before we finish. Some report we must make; and I do not believe that it will be easy, if we wait till Christmas, to frame any, which shall be less open to objection than that which the members of the Committee, with the exception of Mr. Prinsep, are inclined to adopt.—[Book J. page 106.] 7th July, 1836.

''Hindoo College. Rule of Age''.—I own that I am not at all satisfied about the propriety of the rule. But I would not insist upon its being rescinded in opposition to the sense of the managers. I think, however, that an exception ought to be made in favour of ex-students of the Sanscrit College. And I would request the manager to consent to that exception. Of course if these students misbehave themselves, the indulgence will be withdrawn.—[Book N. page 27.] 21st June, 1836.

Europeans and Natives to pay the same fees.—I quite agree with the Secretary. All who can afford to pay should pay. If at present nothing is received from natives who are in good circumstances I would make no distinction between them and Europeans.


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Rh I would tell the Local Committee that we approve of the principle of requiring pay from those who can afford it; but that we cannot sanction a distinction between Europeans as such and natives as such.—[Book K. page 88.] 28th July 1836.

Dismissal of a Master for beating a boy.—I vote for dismissing Mr. * * * *. The tone of his letter shews that he is not in the least sensible of the gross impropriety of his conduct.—[Book L. page 22.] 9th May, 1836.

Inexpediency of excluding Clergymen from Local Committees.—I do not like general rules for excluding classes of people from our Local Committees. As the people at Dacca recommend Mr. Sheppard, I am disposed to comply, unless something can be urged against him, besides the fact of his being a clergyman.—[Book L. page 23.] 9th May, 1836.

Stipendiaries should pay for their School Books.—I cannot quite agree with Mr. Sutherland in thinking that to make the stipendiaries pay for books is the same thing with reducing their stipends. I would treat the stipends as property. We have determined that those who have the means shall buy their own books. Whether the means come from a stipend or from an estate, seems to me to be indifferent to the question. Nevertheless, if this matter strikes others differently, I would not commit what might be considered, though in my opinion erroneously, as a breach of faith. I quite agree with the Secretary in thinking that the Delhi indents ought to come to us for sanction.—[Book N. page 24.] 21st June, 1836.

Proposition that boys should buy their school books.—I approve of Mr. Sutherland's propositions. Of course the practice of taking books away must be prevented. The best way of preventing it would be to make the students buy their own books.—[Book M. page 97.] 17th. February, 1837.

The expediency of Masters residing in the School House.—I differ from Mr. Sutherland as to the expediency of lodging the Master in the School House. In a climate like this, it will probably make the difference of ten or twelve days’ attendance every year. A slight indisposition which would not prevent a person from doing business under his own roof, often renders it inconvenient and dangerous for him to go a mile from home. I am therefore for giving Mr. Nichol apartments in the School House.

The question of his allowances is distinct, and, though he seems to be a valuable teacher, I doubt whether the Local Committee is not too ready to favour him at the expense of our general funds. This will always be the tendency of Local Committees. They think of no School but their own; and


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 "What should we do with them, my poor Joe?" said the Scot, who could not help smiling. "We did not come here to make our fortune, and we ought not to bring it back with us."

"These millions are too heavy," replied the doctor, "and not easily carried in the pocket."

"But," said Joe, driven to his last intrenchments, "why cannot we carry this mineral as ballast, instead of sand?"

"Well, I have no objection to that," said Ferguson; "but don't you feel disappointed when we have to throw some thousands of pounds overboard."

"Thousands of pounds!" repeated Joe. "Is it possible that there is so much gold?"

"Yes, my friend; this is a reservoir in which Nature has amassed her treasure for centuries. There is sufficient here to enrich whole countries—an Australia and a California united at the bottom of a desert."

"And all that will remain useless?"

"Perhaps so. In any case, listen to what I propose for your consolation."

"That will be difficult to accomplish," replied Joe, with a grieved air.

"Listen. I will take the exact bearings of this place, I will make you a present of it, and on your return to England you can share with your friends—if you think so much gold will make them happy."

"Let us go, sir; I see you are right—I give up, since I must. Let us fill the car with this precious mineral. What remains at the termination of the journey will be so much gained."

So Joe set to work with a will. He soon collected about 1,000 lbs. of quartz fragments, in which the gold was embedded as if in a vein of great thickness.

The doctor watched him with a smile; during this work he took the levels and found the bearings of the tomb of the missionary were 22° 23' long. and 4° 55' N. lat. Then, casting a last look at the spot where the poor Frenchman lay, he approached the balloon. He had wished to erect a modest yet substantial cross upon the tomb thus abandoned in the midst of African wilds, but not a tree was to be seen in the neighborhood.

"God will know where to find it," he muttered.


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Rh when they have under their own eyes a deserving person, they think that cannot do too much for him. We, on the other hand, have to superintend many Schools; and cannot be generous in one quarter without depriving ourselves of the means of being just in another. I would leave Mr. Nichol only half his present allowance for house rent; and in doing so I think that I am erring, if at all, on the side of liberality.—[Book O. page 26th.] 12th July, 1836.

Mode of selecting Monitors.—Mr. Hamilton does not explain how the monitorial offices are to be given, or what is to be the test of the merit by which they are to be retained. I would make them depend on the yearly examinations.—[Book O. page 27th.] 13th July, 1836.

The essential importance of imparting instruction in the Vernacular languages at English Schools.—The teaching of Persian is out of the question. The teaching of Hindee is another matter. As I understand the orders of Government, they leave us perfectly at liberty to provide the pupils in our schools with the means of learning to read and write their own mother tongue. In fact their knowing how to read and write their own mother tongue will very greatly facilitate their English studies. Indeed I conceive that an order to give instruction in the English language is, by necessary implication, an order to give instruction, where that instruction is required, in the vernacular language. For what is meant by teaching a boy a foreign language? surely this, the teaching him what words in the foreign language correspond to certain words in his own vernacular language, the enabling him to translate from the foreign language into his own vernacular language and vice versâ. We learn one language—our mother tongue—by noticing the correspondence between words and things. But all the languages which we afterwards study, we learn by noticing the correspondence between the words in those languages and the words in our own mother tongue. The teaching the boys at Ajmere therefore to read and write Hindee seems to me to be bonâ fide a part of an English education. To teach them Persian, would be to set up a rival, and as I apprehend, a very unworthy rival, to the English language.

I vote for granting what is asked as to the Hindee. For the Persian I would do nothing.—[Book O. page 30.] 3rd July, 1836.

Ornamented certificates at Delhi.—I should like to see the plan before I decide. My own impression is strongly in favour of giving money. You may easily give honorary distinctions which cost nothing at all; and why you should sink money in giving such distinctions, when you may give them just gratis,


text: The Pearl of Asia

title: The Pearl of Asia


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 A very serious thought now began to occupy the doctor's mind. He would have given a good deal of this gold to discover a little water. He wanted to replace what had been thrown away during the elevation of the negro; but this was impossible in these sterile plains, and this fear tormented him. Obliged to keep the blow-pipe continually at work, he began to be short of water for drinking purposes, and so made up his mind not to neglect any opportunity to replenish it.

On his return to the car he found it encumbered with the stones thrown in by the avaricious Joe, but he got in without making any remark. Kennedy took his usual place and Joe brought up the rear—not without directing a covetous glance at the treasure in the ravine.

The doctor lit the blow-pipe, the coil was warmed, the current of hydrogen was formed in a few minutes, the gas expanded, but the balloon did not stir.

Joe's face wore an expression of uneasiness, but he said nothing.

"Joe," said the doctor.

Joe, did not answer.

"Joe, do you hear me?"

Joe made a sign that he heard, but did not wish to understand.

"Will you be so good," continued Ferguson, "to throw some of that mineral over?"

"But, sir, you allowed me"

"I allowed you to replace the ballast—no more."

"Still"

"Do you wish us to remain in this desert forever?"

Joe cast a beseeching glance at Kennedy, but the Scot had all the appearance of a man who could not interfere.

"Well, Joe."

"Your blow-pipe isn't working yet," said Joe.

"My blow-pipe is working, as you may see, but the balloon will not rise until you have got rid of a little ballast."

Joe scratched his ear and took up a fragment of quartz, the smallest of all. He weighed it, re-weighed it, passed it from hand to hand (it was about 3 or 4 lbs. weight), and threw it over.

The "Victoria" did not stir.

"Hang it, it is not moving yet!" said Joe.


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Rh {| width="100%" Quichariy cay puncuta Sapa Yncanchismi hamun. Open this door, The sole Ynca would enter.
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Rh I do not understand. A certificate on paper signed by the members of our Committee to the effect that a particular student has written a good Essay; is as honorable a distinction as a medal worth 100 Rupees. If you give the student the medal, he has nothing but the honor. If you give him a certificate and the price of the medal, he has the honor and the hundred rupees into the bargain. We ought to employ both money and honor to stimulate the students, and to lay out money in buying costly decorations which derive all their value from the honor which they confer, and would be just as valuable if they cost nothing, seems to me to be a waste of means.—[Book N. page 28.] 2nd July, 1836.

It has been considered desirable to omit the minute which originally occupied this space. H. W.


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Rh Mistaken interference by Professor Wilson in the home sales of the Committee’s publications.—I really think this proceeding a most extraordinary one: that tradesmen should make over the property of one set of persons to another on no better authority than an article in a magazine, is inconceivable. I would do nothing till we hear from Messrs. Parbury and Allen, who will I suppose have something to say in explanation of their proceedings. As to sanctioning the sales which have taken place on the continuation of the new rates, how can we possibly do that till we know what the rates are? All that we know about the business as yet is, that a gentleman who is writing against us in the magazines at home, has been able to find leisure from that employment to take possession, without the slightest authority, of our property, and to prescribe the terms on which it shall be sold. I should propose that the Secretary should write immediately to Parbury and Allen to ask for a full explanation.—[Book O. page 49.] 24th September, 1836.

The Committee’s stock of books in London.—The London book-sellers have treated us in a most extraordinary way. I propose that we write to inform them that Professor Wilson is not our agent, and that we expect to hear directly from themselves what they have done with our property.—[Book M. page 143.] 2nd September, 1837.

''Mr. Pereira, Head-Master of the Furruckabad School, proposes to exclude books on English Grammar from the School course. Macaulay concurs''.—I certainly would not approve of Mr. Pereira’s suggestions respecting the exclusion of poor students, or the taking of recognizances from those who come to us for education. As to the question respecting Grammar, I would let him take his own way. I am no great believer myself in the advantages which are ordinarily attributed to a knowledge of the theory of Grammar. This indent may I think, be complied with.—[Book L. page 75.] 23rd November, 1836.

Encouragement of Vernacular Literature.—I do not believe that any language was ever refined or any literature ever created by any means resembling those which our Committee has at its disposal. Languages grow. They cannot be built. I should be glad to furnish these Schools with good Hindee books if there are any. But to create a Hindee literature is an undertaking far beyond our power.

We might send an extract from this letter to the School Book Society and ask if they have, or are likely to have, any books that would be of use.—[Book O. page 63.] 25th November, 1836.

The promotion of Vernacular Literature.—I am and always


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 "Not yet," said the doctor. "Go on!"

Kennedy laughed, Joe threw away about 12 lbs.

The balloon remained immovable. Joe got pale.

"My poor fellow," said Ferguson, Dick, you, and myself weigh, I believe, about 400 lbs.; you must then get rid of a weight at lest equal to ours, since it replaces us."

"Throw away 400 lbs.?" cried Joe piteously.

"And something over, so that we may ascend. Go on; courage."

The worthy lad, heaving deep sighs, commenced to throw the ballast over. From time to time he stopped.

"We are ascending," he would say each time.

"We are not," the doctor would invariably reply.

"It moves!" he said at last.

"Go on," repeated Ferguson.

"It is ascending, I am sure!" said Joe.

"Go on still," answered Ferguson.

Then Joe, taking up the last block, desperately threw it away from the car.

The "Victoria" rose about 100 feet, and the blow-pipe being at work, it soon passed the neighboring summits.

"Now, Joe," said the doctor, "there still remains a large fortune if we can retain it until the end of our journey, and you will be a rich man to the end of your days."

Joe made no reply, and lay down gently upon his bed of minerals.

"Just look, my dear Dick, at the influence this metal has exercised upon the best lad in the world. What passions, what desires, what crimes might not be born of the knowledge of such a mine! It is melancholy."

In the evening the "Victoria" had made ninety miles towards the west; it was then a direct line of 1,400 miles to Zanzibar.

"Victoria" was fastened to an almost withered and solitary tree, and the night passed tranquilly. The travelers were thus enabled to enjoy a little of that sleep of which they stood in so great need. The incidents of the past few days had left some sad memories.


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 Towards morning the sky appeared in all its warmth and light. The balloon rose, and after many failures it encountered a current less rapid than before, which carried it towards the northwest.

"We do not make much progress," said the doctor.

"If I do not mistake, we have accomplished the half of our journey in ten days, but at the rate we are now going it will take months to finish. That is so much the more to be regretted, as we are threatened with a scarcity of water."

"But we shall find some," replied Dick; "it is impossible that we should not fall in with some river, stream, or pond in this enormous stretch of country."

"I hope so, I'm sure."

"Don't you think it is Joe's baggage that keeps us back?"

Kennedy said this to tease the lad, and did so the more willingly that he had himself for a moment experienced the hallucinations of Joe; but not having let it appear, he assumed a stern countenance, laughing in his sleeve all the time.

Joe gave him a piteous look. But the doctor did not reply. He was thinking, not without secret terror, of the vast solitudes of the Sahara. Three weeks pass without the caravans meeting with a well where they can slake their thirst. So the travelers watched most anxiously for the least depressions of the ground. These precautions and the late incidents had had a sensible effect upon the spirits of all. They spoke less, and retired more into themselves.

The worthy Joe had not been the same man since his thoughts had plunged into the ocean of gold. He was silent, and thinking deeply about those stones heaped up in the car—to-day worthless, to-morrow, priceless.

The appearance of this part of the country was really alarming. The desert was opening up by degrees. Here were no villages, not even a collection of huts. Vegetation was gradually disappearing. A few stunted bushes as on Scotch moors, a whitish sand, flint stones, some mastic trees, and brushwood, that was all. In the midst of this sterility the primary formations of the world could be distinguished in the faces of the high and sharp-edged rocks... [sic]

These tokens of barrenness supplied Doctor Ferguson


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 would then have been twelve or thirteen days' journey certain, and we could have crossed this desert in that time."

"I suppose we have got over half the journey at least," said Joe.

"In distance, yes, in time, no; if the wind drops. At present it appears likely to give out altogether."

"Well, let us go on," replied Joe, "there is no use complaining. We have got on pretty well hitherto, and whatever I do I am not going to despair. We shall find water, mark my words."

The ground, however, was still level, mile after mile, the last spurs of the "golden" mountains died upon the plain, these were the last efforts of exhausted nature! Scattered herbs began to take the place of the trees of the eastern side; a few patches of verdure here and there fought stoutly against the ever-encroaching sand. Great rocks, fallen from the neighboring heights, and broken in their fall, lay scattered in sharp pebbles, which soon became a coarser sand, and finally an imperceptible dust.

"There is Africa as it is represented, Joe. I am right in counseling patience.." [sic]

"Well, sir," replied Joe, "this is nature, at any rate; between the sand and the heat, it would be absurd to search for anything in such a country as this. Don't you see," added he, laughing, "that I have no faith in your forests and your prairies. It is unreasonable. What was the use of coming so far to see merely a country like England? I now, for the first time, believe that I am in Africa, and I am not altogether sorry to see something of it."

In the evening the doctor calculated that the "Victoria" had not traveled twenty miles during that broiling day. A warm haze enveloped them as soon as the sun had set behind the horizon, which could be traced as distinctly as a straight line.

Next day was Thursday, the 1st of May, but the days succeeded each other with depressing monotony. One morning exactly resembled the preceding; mid-day brought its own rays, ever inexhaustible; and the night condensed in its gloom the scattered heat which the following day bequeathed to its successor, night. The wind, scarcely


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Rh have been decidedly opposed to the plan to which Mr. Sutherland wishes us to return. We are now following in my opinion the slow but sure course on which alone we can depend for a supply of good books in the Yernacular languages of India. We are attempting to raise up a large class of enlightened natives. I hope that twenty years hence there will be hundreds, nay thousands, of natives familiar with the best models of composition, and well acquainted with western science. Among them some persons will be found who will have the inclination and the ability to exhibit European knowledge in the Vernacular dialects. This, I believe, to be the only way in which we can raise up a good Vernacular literature in this country. To hire four or five people to make a literature, is a course which never answered and never will answer in any part of the world. Such undertakings have every where a tendency to become jobs, and that tendency is peculiarly to be dreaded in the present instance. For one half of the Committee do not know a letter of the language in which the books are to be written; and the other half are too busy to pay any minute attention to the way in which the translators perform their task.—[Book M. page 140.] 30th August, 1837.

Pensions.—I really cannot agree to this proposal. I have a high opinion of Mr. . But the practice of granting pensions for Englishmen residing in India and not engaged in the service of Government would be pregnant with all sorts of abuses. All that the Government could do would be to recommend Mr. Hare to the Court of Directors for a pension; and it is my firm belief that the Government will not so recommend him, and that, if they do, the Court of Directors will not attend to the recommendation.

I did not notice the passage in the Report which has led to this correspondence with Government, or I should have objected to it, as certain to place both ourselves and a very deserving man in a very awkward position. I shall be heartily glad if any gentleman can think of any proper mode in which we can mark our respect for Mr. Hare. At the present moment none occurs to me.—[Book J. page 121.] September, 1836.

Pension to the Family of Moulvie Soleyman of the Hooghly College.—I voted in the Sub-Committee and still vote, though with regret, against what the Secretary recommends. If we once begin to pension the families of our School-masters, I do not know where we shall stop. We shall give a distinct encouragement to every young Englishman and East Indian who takes service under us to marry without having the means of providing for a family, and to spend all his salary instead of laying by.


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 perceptible, became more like a breath than a breeze, and they could prophesy the moment when this breath would itself die away.

The doctor tried to overcome the weariness of the position. He retained the self-possession and coolness of a man inured to hardship. Glass in hand, he scanned the horizon in every direction. He perceived the east hills insensibly disappear, and the last traces of vegetation vanish away. Before him stretched the wide extent of the desert.

The responsibility which devolved upon him affected him a great deal, and the more as he sought to conceal the feeling. Those two men, Dick and Joe, friends both, he had brought from a distance almost by the force of friendship and duty. Had he done rightly? Was not this to attempt forbidden paths? Was not he in this journey attempting to pass the limits of the impossible? Had not Providence reserved the knowledge of this ungrateful continent for future generations.

All these thoughts, as he grew less hopeful, increased in his mind, and by an irresistible association of ideas, Samuel reasoned himself beyond his logic, and his better sense. After having made up his mind that there was nothing that it behooved him to do, he began to ask himself what he ought to do. Was it impossible to return? Did not some upper currents exist which would carry them back to less torrid climates. Sure of the regions passed, he was ignorant of the country in front. His conscience reproached him, and he determined to explain the circumstances frankly to his companions, and tell them the worst. He would show them what he had done, and what remained to do. If absolutely necessary, they might return—attempt to do so at least. What was their opinion?

"I have no opinion other than my master's," said Joe. "What he can endure, I can endure; or better than he. Where he goes I will go."

"And you, Kennedy?"

"I, my dear Samuel? I am not a man to despair; no one ignores less than I do the dangers of this expedition, but I have not particularly desired to examine them since the moment I determined to meet them with you. I am yours, body and soul. Under the circumstances, my ad-


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Rh If I could see any reason for being liberal in this case which would not be found in a very large number of cases, my opinion might be different.—[Book N. page 99.] 8th June, 1837.

Pension to the Family of Moulvie Soleyman of the Hooghly College.—I understood the Committee to have voted against the proposition in favour of Mahomed Soleyman’s family. What is now proposed is, except as a precedent, unobjectionable: and I will not, as several members seem very desirous to do something for these people, refuse to refer the question to Government.—[Book N. page 169.] 30th November, 1837.

Promotion in the Educational Department.—I would certainly hold out nothing like a promise. Whoever takes office under us ought to take it with the knowledge that we bind ourselves to nothing as to promotion.—[Book L. page 117.] 5th May, 1837.

Infant Schools.—I do not think that it would be expedient for us to employ any of our funds in the manner proposed. As to employing the Agency of the Infant School Society the fact that the Society gives religious instruction is alone sufficient to render such a course objectionable.

In England no person of the higher or middle classes—no person who is in a situation to give his children a liberal education, ever—to the best of my belief, sends a child to the Infant School. The use of such institutions is to provide a place where the children of the poor may be safe, cheerful, and harmlessly, if not profitably, employed while their parents are at work. What they learn, I imagine, is not much. But instead of being locked up in close rooms or abandoned to the society of all the idle boys in the street, they play, and pick up a little smattering of knowledge, under a very gentle discipline, which is yet sufficient to keep them out of harm’s way.

This is, I believe, a correct account of the Infant Schools of England. We do not at present aim at giving education directly to the lower classes of the people of this country. We have not funds for such an undertaking. We aim at raising up an educated class who will hereafter, as we hope, be the means, of diffusing among their countrymen some portion of the knowledge which we have imparted to them. I should consider it therefore as quite inconsistent with our whole plan to set up an Infant School resembling those of England, an Infant School for the children of coolies and tailors. And before I listen to any proposal for establishing an Infant School of a higher kind, I should be glad to know whether respectable Hindoo and Mahomedan parents would be inclined to send their young children just beginning to walk and talk from under their own roof. I am most friendly to Infant Schools


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Rh in cases in which the mother is unable to look after her children. It is infinitely better that the little things should be romping innocently or learning A. B. C. under the eye of a respectable, good humoured master or mistress, than that they should be shut up all day alone in miserable garrets or be allowed to wander about the streets. But I cannot bring myself to think that where it is in the mother’s power to devote herself to the care of her family, very young children can be placed any where so fitly as under their mother’s care. The relation of parent and child is the foundation of all society. It is fit that where the parent is unable fully to perform the parental duties, the charity of individuals and perhaps in some circumstances the wisdom of the Government should supply what is wanting. But to break without necessity the closest of all ties, to substitute the School-master for the mother as the guardian of an infant hardly able to lisp; and that too, when the mother has the leisure and the means to perform what all over the world is considered as her sacred and peculiar duty, is not in my opinion a wise course.

I should be glad to know whether our native friends are of opinion that such an institution as that which is recommended would be favorably regarded by the most respectable of their countrymen.—[Book L. page 131.] 31st July, 1837.

Infant Schools.—My opinion is quite unaltered. If the very utmost for which Mr. Trevelyan and Captain Birch contend were admitted, I should still think that the establishing of Infant Schools is no business of ours. Captain Birch distinctly says that he would have us establish infant schools, if none but the poor were likely to frequent them. This is a complete departure from our whole plan. Our principle is to give a liberal education to persons in such a rank of life that they have leisure to receive it; and I never can consent to employ any part of the fund devoted to that purpose in keeping the infants of coolies out of harm’s way, while their parents are at work. The object may be good. The intentions of those who promote it, doubtless are so. But it is no object for us. The Fever Hospital is good and the District Society is good. But neither has the smallest claim on the funds appropriated for public instruction.

I altogether differ from Mr. Trevelyan in thinking that we ought to try whether the higher classes will, send their children to infant schools by setting up an infant school. I cannot admit that it is only in this way that the experiment can be tried. There is an Infant School Society. Let us ask them from what class of the population the children who frequent their schools come.


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 vice is that we ought to persevere—just go on to the end. So let us onward, you may reckon upon us."

"Thanks, my worthy friends," replied the doctor with visible emotion. "I anticipated your devotion, but these encouraging words were necessary to me. Once more I thank you from my heart."

And the three friends shook hands warmly.

"Listen to me," said Ferguson. According to my calculations, we cannot be more than 300 miles from the Gulf of Guinea; the desert cannot therefore extend indefinitely, since the coast is inhabited and explored to a certain distance into the interior. If it become necessary, we must direct our course towards this coast, and it is impossible for us not to meet with some oasis or well where we can replenish our store of water. But we require wind, and without it we are kept becalmed in the air."

"Let us wait patiently," said Kennedy.

But each in his turn vainly scanned the desert. During the interminable day nothing appeared that could give birth to any hope. The last undulations of the ground disappeared as the sun was setting, and his rays stretched in long lines of fire over the immense plain. It was indeed the desert.

The travelers had not gained fifteen miles, having lost, including the previous day, 135 cubic feet of gas to keep the blow-pipe in action, and two pints of water out of eight had to be sacrificed to quench their raging thirst.

The night was quiet—too quiet. The doctor did not sleep.

next day there was the same clear sky and the same calm. The "Victoria" floated at about 100 feet high, but the little drift towards the west was scarcely perceptible.

"We are in the midst of the desert," said the doctor. "Look at the expanse of sand—what a strange sight—what a singular arrangement of nature! Why should there be such luxuriant vegetation farther back, and this extreme barrenness here, and this in the same latitude, under the same rays of the sun?"


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Rh As to the corrupting influence of the zenana, of which Mr. Trevelyan speaks, I may regret it. But I own that I cannot help thinking that the dissolution of the tie between parent and child is as great a moral evil as can be found in any zenana. In whatever degree then infant schools relax that tie, they do mischief. In whatever degree they leave the child to the care of its family, the corrupting influence of the zenana continues. There is a great deal of moral corruption which we pass by as quite harmless, because it does not shock our sense of decorum. For my own part I would rather hear a boy of three years old lisp all the bad words in the language than that he should have no feelings of family affection—that his character should be that which must be expected in one who has had the misfortune of having a school master in place of a mother.

In any case we cannot possibly adopt Mr. Trevelyan’s proposition without a reference to Government. Neither in the Act of Parliament, nor in any of the instructions which we have received from Government, is there any expression which can be twisted into a permission to set up schools of this sort. We might as well give our funds to a riding school.—[Book L. page 151.] 10th August, 1837.

Encouragement to the Vernacular Language in schools as it has been encouraged in the Courts.—I agree with the Secretary, except that I think that it would be premature to ground any circular on a draft which is only published for general information, and which may never be passed, or may be passed with modifications.—[Book L. page 179.] 15th September, 1837.

The amount of knowledge of the Vernacular language to be required from English Masters.—I agree. But I think that it is quite necessary to bear in mind that the accurate knowledge of the vernacular language, though desirable, is by no means an indispensible qualification for a teacher of English. Many of the Committee probably learned French, I did for one, from a master who had only just such a smattering of English as enabled him to call for what he wanted.—I should be glad if all our masters could pass Mr. Trevelyan’s examination. But the third point as to which he proposes that they should be examined seems to me the most important by far; and I am half inclined to recommend the omission of the second. Certainly I should not think it desirable that an English Master who can communicate with his scholars so as to be understood should spend much of his time in learning to write Bengali or Hindoostanee.

I think also that Mr. Trevelyan a little overrates the importance of accustoming pupils to explain every English word accurately in their own language. This is the way in which mere be-