text:
Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2005/Division A/Title VII

SEC. 701.

 * Within the unit limit of cost fixed by law, appropriations and authorizations made for the Department of Agriculture for the current fiscal year under this Act shall be available for the purchase, in addition to those specifically provided for, of not to exceed 388 passenger motor vehicles, of which 388 shall be for replacement only, and for the hire of such vehicles.

SEC. 702.

 * Funds in this Act available to the Department of Agriculture shall be available for uniforms or allowances therefor as authorized by law (5 U.S.C. 5901-5902).

SEC. 703.

 * Funds appropriated by this Act shall be available for employment pursuant to the second sentence of section 706(a) of the Department of Agriculture Organic Act of 1944 (7 U.S.C. 2225) and 5 U.S.C. 3109.

SEC. 704.

 * New obligational authority provided for the following appropriation items in this Act shall remain available until expended:

 * Animal and Health Inspection Service, the contingency fund to meet emergency conditions, information technology infrastructure, fruit fly program, emerging plant pests, boll weevil program, low pathogen avian influenza program, up to $33,197,000 in animal health monitoring and surveillance for the animal identification system, up to $3,000,000 in the emergency management systems program for the vaccine bank, up to $1,000,000 for wildlife services methods development, up to $1,000,000 of the wildlife services operations program for aviation safety, and up to 25 percent of the screwworm program;

 * Food and Inspection Service, field automation and information management project;

 * Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service, funds for competitive research grants (7 U.S.C. 450i(b)), funds for the Research, Education, and Economics Information System, and funds for the Native American Institutions Endowment Fund;

 * Farm Service Agency, salaries and expenses funds made available to county committees;

 * Foreign Agricultural Service, middle-income country training program, and up to $1,565,000 of the Foreign Agricultural Service appropriation solely for the purpose of offsetting fluctuations in international currency exchange rates, subject to documentation by the Foreign Agricultural Service.

SEC. 705.

 * The Secretary of Agriculture may transfer unobligated balances of discretionary funds appropriated by this Act or other available unobligated discretionary balances of the Department of Agriculture to the Working Capital Fund for the acquisition of plant and capital equipment necessary for the delivery of financial, administrative, and information technology services of primary benefit to the agencies of the Department of Agriculture:

 * Provided, That none of the funds made available by this Act or any other Act shall be transferred to the Working Capital Fund without the prior approval of the agency administrator;

 * 'Provided further, That none of the funds transferred to the Working Capital Fund pursuant to this section shall be available for obligation without the prior approval of the Committees on Appropriations of both Houses of Congress.

SEC. 706.

 * No part of any appropriation contained in this Act shall remain available for obligation beyond the current fiscal year unless expressly so provided herein.

SEC. 707.

 * Not to exceed $50,000 of the appropriations available to the Department of Agriculture in this Act shall be available to provide appropriate orientation and language training pursuant to section 606C of the Act of August 28, 1954 (7 U.S.C. 1766b).

SEC. 708.

 * No funds appropriated by this Act may be used to pay negotiated indirect cost rates on cooperative agreements or similar arrangements between the United States Department of Agriculture and nonprofit institutions in excess of 10 percent of the total direct cost of the agreement when the purpose of such cooperative agreements is to carry out programs of mutual interest between the two parties. This does not preclude appropriate payment of indirect costs on grants and contracts with such institutions when such indirect costs are computed on a similar basis for all agencies for which appropriations are provided in this Act.

SEC. 709.

 * None of the funds in this act shall be available to restrict the authority of the Commodity Credit Corporation to lease space for its own use or to lease space on behalf of other agencies of the Department of Agriculture when such space will be jointly occupied.

SEC. 710.

 * None of the funds in this Act shall be available to pay indirect costs charged against competitive agricultural research, education, or extension grant awards issued by the Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension service that exceed 20 percent of total Federal funds provided under each award:

 * Provided, That notwithstanding section 1462 of the National Agricultural Research, Extension, and Teaching Policy Act of 1977 (7 U.S.C. 3310), funds provided by this Act for grants awarded competitively by the Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service shall be available to pay full allowable indirect costs for each grant awarded under section 9 of the Small Business Act (15 U.S.C. 638).

SEC. 711.

 * Notwithstanding any other provision of this Act, all loan levels provided in this Act shall be considered estimates, not limitations.

SEC. 712.

 * Appropriations to the Department of Agriculture for the cost of direct and guaranteed loans made available in the current fiscal year shall remain available until expended to cover obligations made in the current fiscal year for the following accounts: the Rural Development Loan Fund program account; the Rural Telephone Bank program account, the Rural Electrification and Telecommunication Loans program account, and the Rural Housing Insurance Fund program account.

SEC. 713.

 * None of the funds in this Act may be used to retire more than 5 percent of the Class A stock of the Rural Telephone Bank or to maintain any account or subaccount within the accounting records of the Rural Telephone Bank the creation of which has not specifically been authorized by statute:

 * Provided, That notwithstanding any other provision of law, none of the funds appropriated or otherwise made available in this Act may be used to transfer to the Treasury or to the Federal Financing Bank any unobligated balance of the Rural Telephone Bank telephone liquidating account which is in excess of current requirements and such balance shall receive interest as set forth for financial accounts in section 505(c) of the Federal Credit Reform Act of 1990.

SEC. 714.

 * Of the funds made available by this act, not more than $1,800,000 shall be used to cover necessary expenses of activities related to all advisory committees, panels, commissions, and task forces of the Department of Agriculture, except for panels used to comply with negotiated rule makings and panels used to evaluate competitively awarded grants.

SEC. 715.

 * None of the funds appropriated by this Act may be used to carry out section 410 of the Federal Meat Inspection Act (21 U.S.C. 679a) or section 30 of the Poultry Products Inspection Act (21 U.S.C. 471).

SEC. 716.

 * No employee of the Department of Agriculture may be detailed or assigned from an agency or office funded by this Act to any other agency or office of the Department for more than 30 days unless the individual's employing agency or office is fully reimbursed by the receiving agency or office for the salary and expenses of the employee for the period of assignment.

SEC. 717.

 * None of the funds appropriated or otherwise made available to the Department of Agriculture shall be used to transmit or otherwise make available to any non-Department of Agriculture employee questions or responses to questions that are a result of information requested for the appropriations hearing process.

SEC. 718.

 * None of the funds made available to the Department of Agriculture by this act may be used to acquire new information technology systems or significant upgrades, as determined by the Office of the Chief Information Office, without the approval of the Chief Information Officer and the concurrence of the Executive Information Technology Investment Review Board:

 * Provided, That notwithstanding any other provision of law, none of the funds appropriated or otherwise made available by this Act may be transferred to the Office of the Chief Information Officer without the prior approval of the Committees on Appropriations of both Houses of Congress;

 * Provided further, That none of the funds available to the Department of Agriculture for information technology shall be obligated for projects over $25,000 prior to receipt of written approval by the Chief Information Officer.

SEC. 719.

 * (a) None of the funds provided by this Act, or provided by previous Appropriations Acts to the agencies funded by this Act that remain available for obligation or expenditure in the current fiscal year, or provided from any accounts in the Treasury of the United States derived by the collection of fees available to the agencies funded by this Act, shall be available for obligation or expenditure through a reprogramming of funds which:
 * (1) creates new programs;
 * (2) eliminates a program, project, or activity;
 * (3) increases funds or personnel by any means for any project or activity for which funds have been denied or restricted;
 * (4) relocates an office or employees;
 * (5) reorganizes offices, programs, or activities; or
 * (6) contracts out or privatizes any functions or activities presently performed by Federal employees;
 * unless the Committees on Appropriations of both Houses of Congress are notified 15 days in advance of such reprogramming of funds.

 * (b) None of the funds provided by this Act, or provided by previous Appropriations Acts to the agencies funded by this Act that remain available for obligation or expenditure in the current fiscal year, or provided from any accounts in the Treasury of the United States derived by the collection of fees available to the agencies funded by this Act, shall be available for obligation or expenditure for activities, programs, or projects through a reprogramming of funds in excess of $500,000 or 10 percent, whichever is less, that:
 * (1) augments existing programs, projects, or activities;
 * (2) reduces by 10 percent funding for any existing program, project, or activity, or numbers of personnel by 10 percent as approved by Congress; or
 * (3) results from any general savings from a reduction in personnel which would result in a change in existing programs, activities, or projects as approved by Congress;
 * unless the Committees on Appropriations of both Houses of Congress are notified 15 days in advance of such reprogramming of funds.

 * (c) The Secretary of Agriculture, the Secretary of Health and Human Services, or the Chairman of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission shall notify the Committees on Appropriations of both Houses of Congress before implementing a program or activity not carried out during the previous fiscal year unless the program or activity is funded by this Act or specifically funded by any other Act.

SEC. 720.

 * With the exception of funds needed to administer and conduct oversight of grants awarded and obligations incurred in prior fiscal years, none of the funds appropriated or otherwise made available by this or any other Act may be used to pay the salaries and expenses of personnel to carry out the provisions of section 401 of Public Law 105-185, the Initiative for Future Agriculture and Food Systems (7 U.S.C. 7621).

SEC. 721.

 * None of the funds appropriated by this or any other Act shall be used to pay the salaries and expenses of personnel who prepare or submit appropriations language as part of the President's Budget submission to the Congress of the United States for programs under the jurisdiction of the Appropriations Subcommittees on Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies that assumes revenues or reflects a reduction from the previous year due to user fees proposals that have not been enacted into law prior to the submission of the Budget unless such Budget submission identifies which additional spending reductions should occur in the event the user fees proposals are not enacted prior to the date of the convening of a committee of conference for the fiscal year 2006 appropriations Act.

SEC. 722.

 * None of the funds made available by this or any other Act may be used to close or relocate a State Rural Development office unless or until cost effectiveness and enhancement of program delivery have been determined.

SEC. 723.

 * In addition to amounts otherwise appropriated or made available by this Act, $2,500,000 is appropriated for the purpose of providing Bill Emerson and Mickey Leland Hunger Fellowships, through the Congressional Hunger Center.

SEC. 724.

 * Notwithstanding section 412 of the Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954 (7 U.S.C. 1736f), any balances available to carry out title III of such Act as of the date of enactment of this Act, and any recoveries and reimbursements that become available to carry out title III of such Act, may be used to carry out title II of such Act.

SEC. 725.

 * Section 375(e)(6)(B) of the Consolidated Farm and Rural Development Act (7 U.S.C. 2008j(e)(6)(B)) is amended by striking "$26,998,000" and inserting "$27,998,000".

SEC. 726.

 * (a) None of the funds appropriated or otherwise made available by this Act shall be used to pay the salaries and expenses of personnel to collect from the lender at the time of issuance a guarantee fee of less than 2 percent of the principal obligation of guaranteed single-family housing loans administered by the Rural Housing Service:

 * Provided, That this section shall not apply to loans made to refinance other single-family housing loans administered by the Rural Housing Service.

 * (b) Section 502(h)(6)(C) of the Housing Act of 1949 (42 U.S.C. 1472(h)(6)(C)) is amended by inserting ", plus the guarantee fee as authorized by subsection (h)(7)" after "whichever is less", in each of paragraphs (i) and (ii).

SEC. 727.

 * Notwithstanding any other provision of law, and until receipt of the decennial Census in the year 2010, the Secretary of Agriculture shall consider—

 * (1) the City of Salinas, California; the City of Watsonville, California; and the City of Hollister, California, eligible for programs administered by the Rural Housing Service;

 * (2) the Town of Horseshoe Beach, Florida; the City of Wewahitchka, Florida; the City of Southport, Florida; the City of Resota Beach, Florida; the City of Creedmoor, North Carolina; the County of Lake, Florida; the City of St. Cloud, Florida; the City of Plantation, Florida; the Cleburne County Water Authority of Alabama; and the City of Coburg, Oregon, eligible for loans and grants funded through the rural utilities programs in the Rural Community Advancement Program account;

 * (3) the City of Casa Grande, Arizona, a rural area for purposes of eligibility for loans and grants provided through the Rural Housing Insurance Fund program account, the Rural Housing Assistance Grants account and the rural utilities programs in the Rural Community Advancement Program account;

 * (4) the City of Coachella, California, eligible for loans and grants funded through the rural utilities programs and rural business and cooperative development programs in the Rural Community Advancement Program account and the Rural Housing Insurance Fund Program account;

 * (5) the City of Springfield, Ohio; the City of Lexington, Virginia; the City of Clarksdale, Mississippi; the City of Vicksburg, Mississippi; the City of Cache, Oklahoma; and the City of Elgin, Oklahoma, eligible for loans and grants funded through the rural community programs in the Rural Community Advancement Program account;

 * (6) the City of Carbondale, Illinois, a rural area for purposes of eligibility for loans and grants funded through the Rural Housing Insurance Fund Program account and the Rural Housing Assistance Grants account;

 * (7) the City of St. Joseph, Missouri, eligible for loans and grants funded through the rural business and cooperative development programs in the Rural Community Advancement Program account relating to an application submitted to the Department by a farmer-owned cooperative, a majority of whose members reside in a rural area, as determined by the Secretary and for the purchase and operation of a facility beneficial to the purpose of the cooperative; and

 * (8) the fiber-to-premises broadband facilities in St. Lucie County, Florida, and the City of Port St. Lucie, Florida, collectively, to meet the eligibility requirements for loans and loan guarantees under section 602 of the Rural Electrification Act of 1936 (7 U.S.C. 950bb).

SEC. 728.

 * Of any shipments of commodities made pursuant to section 416(b) of the Agricultural Act of 1949 (7 U.S.C. 1431(b)), the Secretary of Agriculture shall, to the extent practicable, direct that tonnage equal in value to not more than $25,000,000 shall be made available to foreign countries to assist in mitigating the effects of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome on communities, including the provision of—
 * (1) agricultural commodities to—
 * (A) individuals with Human Immunodeficiency Virus or Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome in the communities; and
 * (B) households in the communities, particularly individuals caring for orphaned children; and

 * (2) agricultural commodities monetized to provide other assistance (including assistance under microcredit and micro-enterprise programs) to create or restore sustainable livelihoods among individuals in the communities, particularly individuals caring for orphaned children.

SEC. 729.

 * Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Natural Resources Conservation Service shall provide financial and technical assistance to the DuPage County, Illinois, Kress Creek Water Quality Enhancement Project, from funds available for the Watershed and Flood Prevention Operations program, not to exceed $1,000,000 and Rockhouse Creek Watershed, Leslie County, Kentucky, not to exceed $1,000,000.

SEC. 730.

 * Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Natural Resources Conservation Service may provide financial and technical assistance through the Watershed and Flood Prevention Operations program for the Kuhn Bayou project in Arkansas, the Matanuska River erosion control project in Alaska, the DuPage County watershed project in Illinois, and the Coal Creek project in Utah.

SEC. 731.

 * None of the funds made available in this Act may be transferred to any department, agency, or instrumentality of the United States Government, except pursuant to a transfer made by, or transfer authority provided in, this or any other appropriation Act.

SEC. 732.

 * Notwithstanding any other provision of law, of the funds made available in this Act for competitive research grants (7 U.S.C. 450i(b)), the Secretary may use up to 20 percent of the amount provided to carry out a competitive grants program under the same terms and conditions as those provided in section 401 of the Agricultural Research, Extension, and Education Reform Act of 1998 (7 U.S.C. 7621).

SEC. 733.

 * None of the funds appropriated or made available by this or any other Act may be used to pay the salaries and expenses of personnel to carry out section 14(h)(1) of the Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act (16 U.S.C. 1012(h)(1)).

SEC. 734.

 * None of the funds made available to the Food and Drug Administration by this Act shall be used to close or relocate, or to plan to close or relocate, the Food and Drug Administration Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis in St. Louis, Missouri, outside the city or county limits of St. Louis, Missouri.

SEC. 735.

 * None of the funds appropriated or made available by this or any other Act may be used to pay the salaries and expenses of personnel to carry out subtitle I of the Consolidated Farm and Rural Development Act (7 U.S.C. 2009dd through dd-7).

SEC. 736.

 * Agencies and offices of the Department of Agriculture may utilize any unobligated salaries and expenses funds to reimburse the Office of the General Counsel for salaries and expenses of personnel, and for other related expenses, incurred in representing such agencies and offices in the resolution of complaints by employees or applicants for employment, and in cases and other matters pending before the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, the Federal Labor Relations Authority, or the Merit Systems Protection Board with the prior approval of the Committees on Appropriations of both Houses of Congress.

SEC. 737.

 * None of the funds appropriated or made available by this or any other Act may be used to pay the salaries and expenses of personnel to carry out section 6405 of Public Law 107-171 (7 U.S.C. 2655).

SEC. 738.

 * The Agricultural Marketing Service and the Grain Inspection, Packers and Stockyards Administration, that have statutory authority to purchase interest bearing investments outside of the Treasury, are not required to establish obligations and outlays for those investments, provided those investments are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation or are collateralized at the Federal Reserve with securities approved by the Federal Reserve, operating under the guidelines of the United States Department of the Treasury.

SEC. 739.

 * Of the funds made available under section 27(a) of the Food Stamp Act of 1977 (7 U.S.C. 2011 et seq.), the Secretary may use up to $10,000,000 for costs associated with the distribution of commodities.

SEC. 740.

 * None of the funds appropriated or otherwise made available by this or any other Act shall be used to pay the salaries and expenses of personnel to enroll in excess of 154,500 acres in the calendar year 2005 wetlands reserve program as authorized by 16 U.S.C. 3837.

SEC. 741.

 * None of the funds appropriated or otherwise made available by this or any other Act shall be used to pay the salaries and expenses of personnel who carry out an environmental quality incentives program authorized by chapter 4 of subtitle D of title XII of the Food Security Act of 1985 (16 U.S.C. 3839aa et seq.) in excess of $1,017,000,000.

SEC. 742.

 * Hereafter, the Secretary of Agriculture is authorized to permit employees of the United States Department of Agriculture to carry and use firearms for personal protection while conducting field work in remote locations in the performance of their official duties.

SEC. 743.

 * None of the funds appropriated or otherwise made available by this or any other Act shall be used to pay the salaries and expenses of personnel to expend the $23,000,000 made available by section 9006(f) of the Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002 (7 U.S.C. 8106(f)).

SEC. 744.

 * With the exception of funds provided in fiscal year 2003, none of the funds appropriated or otherwise made available by this or any other Act shall be used to pay the salaries and expenses of personnel to expend the $40,000,000 made available by section 601(j)(1)(A) of the Rural Electrification Act of 1936 (7 U.S.C. 950bb(j)(1)(A)).

SEC. 745.

 * None of the funds made available in fiscal year 2005 or preceding fiscal years for programs authorized under the Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954 (7 U.S.C. 1691 et seq.) in excess of $20,000,000 shall be used to reimburse the Commodity Credit Corporation for the release of eligible commodities under section 302(f)(2)(A) of the Bill Emerson Humanitarian Trust Act (7 U.S.C. 1736f-1):

 * Provided, That any such funds made available to reimburse the Commodity Credit Corporation shall only be used pursuant to section 302(b)(2)(B)(i) of the Bill Emerson Humanitarian Trust Act.

SEC. 746.

 * None of the funds appropriated or otherwise made available by this or any other Act shall be used to pay the salaries and expenses of personnel to expend the $80,000,000 made available by section 6401(a) of Public Law 107-171.

SEC. 747.

 * Notwithstanding subsections (c) and (e)(2) of section 313A of the Rural Electrification Act (7 U.S.C. 940c(c) and (e)(2)) in implementing section 313A of that Act, the Secretary shall, with the consent of the lender, structure the schedule for payment of the annual fee, not to exceed an average of 30 basis points per year for the term of the loan, to ensure that sufficient funds are available to pay the subsidy costs for note guarantees under that section.

SEC. 748.

 * Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Natural Resources Conservation Service may provide from appropriated funds financial and technical assistance to the Dry Creek project, Utah.

SEC. 749.

 * None of the funds appropriated or otherwise made available by this or any other Act shall be used to pay the salaries and expenses of personnel to carry out a Conservation Security Program authorized by 16 U.S.C. 3838 et seq., in excess of $202,411,000.

SEC. 750.

 * None of the funds appropriated or otherwise made available by this or any other Act shall be used to pay the salaries and expenses of personnel to carry out section 2502 of Public Law 107-171 in excess of $47,000,000.

SEC. 751.

 * None of the funds appropriated or otherwise made available by this or any other Act shall be used to pay the salaries and expenses of personnel to carry out section 2503 of Public Law 107-171 in excess of $112,000,000.

SEC. 752.

 * The Secretary of Agriculture shall use $30,000,000 of the funds of the Commodity Credit Corporation, to remain available until expended, to compensate commercial citrus and lime growers in the State of Florida for tree replacement and for lost production with respect to trees removed to control citrus canker, and with respect to certified citrus nursery stocks within the citrus canker quarantine areas, as determined by the Secretary. For a grower to receive assistance for a tree under this section, the tree must have been removed after September 30, 2001.

SEC. 753.

 * Not more than $10,000,000 for fiscal year 2005 of the funds appropriated or otherwise made available by this or any other Act shall be used to carry out section 6029 of Public Law 107-171.

SEC. 754.

 * None of the funds appropriated or otherwise made available in this Act shall be expended to violate Public Law 105-264.

SEC. 755.

 * None of the funds appropriated or otherwise made available by this or any other Act shall be used to pay the salaries and expenses of personnel to carry out a ground and surface water conservation program authorized by section 2301 of Public Law 107-171 in excess of $51,000,000.

SEC. 756.

 * None of the funds made available by this Act may be used to issue a final rule in furtherance of, or otherwise implement, the proposed rule on cost-sharing for animal and plant health emergency programs of the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service published on July 8, 2003 (Docket No. 02-062-1; 68 Fed. Reg. 40541).

SEC. 757.

 * None of the funds made available in this Act may be used to study, complete a study of, or enter into a contract with a private party to carry out, without specific authorization in a subsequent Act of Congress, a competitive sourcing activity of the Secretary of Agriculture, including support personnel of the Department of Agriculture, relating to rural development or farm loan programs.

SEC. 758.

 * Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Secretary of Agriculture may use appropriations available to the Secretary for activities authorized under sections 426-426c of title 7, United States Code, under this or any other Act, to enter into cooperative agreements, with a State, political subdivision, or agency thereof, a public or private agency, organization, or any other person, to lease aircraft if the Secretary determines that the objectives of the agreement will:

 * (1) serve a mutual interest of the parties to the agreement in carrying out the programs administered by the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services; and
 * (2) all parties will contribute resources to the accomplishment of these objectives;

 * award of a cooperative agreement authorized by the Secretary may be made for an initial term not to exceed 5 years.

SEC. 759.

 * There is hereby appropriated $1,491,000, to remain available until September 30, 2006, to carry out section 6028 of Public Law 107-171:

 * Provided, That notwithstanding section 383B(g)(1) of the Consolidated Farm and Rural Development Act (7 U.S.C. 2009bb-1(g)(1)), the Federal share of the administrative expenses of the Northern Great Plains Regional Authority for fiscal year 2005 shall be 100 percent.

SEC. 760.

 * None of the funds appropriated or otherwise made available by this or any other Act shall be used to pay the salaries and expenses of personnel to carry out section 9010 of Public Law 107-171 in excess of $100,000,000.

SEC. 761.

 * (a) The matter under the heading "Rural Community Advancement Program" in division A—Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies Programs Appropriations, 2004, title III—Rural Development Programs, in Public Law 108-199 is amended by striking "1,750,000 shall be for grants to the Delta Regional Authority (7 U.S.C. 1921 et seq.); and not less than $2,000,000 shall be available for grants in accordance with section 310B(f) of the Consolidated Farm and Rural Development Act" and inserting "and not less than $2,000,000 shall be available for grants in accordance with section 310B(f) of the Consolidated Farm and Rural Development Act: Provided further, That of the total amount appropriated in this account, $1,750,000 shall be for grants to the Delta Regional Authority (7 U.S.C. 1921 et seq.) for any Rural Community Advancement Program purpose".

 * (b) Consistent with any legal commitments made by the Delta Regional Authority, at the request of the Authority and if the Secretary of Agriculture agrees, the Secretary may deobligate any unexpended Rural Community Advancement Program grant funds made to the Authority pursuant to division A of Public Law 108-7:

 * Provided, That such reobligated funds are used by the Authority for projects that are consistent with the purposes of the Rural Housing Service Community Facilities Program.

SEC. 762.

 * Of the unobligated balances available in the Rural Housing Assistance Grant Program account, $1,000,000 is hereby rescinded.

SEC. 763.

 * Agencies and offices of the Department of Agriculture may utilize any available discretionary funds to cover the costs of preparing, or contracting for the preparation of, final agency decisions regarding complaints of discrimination in employment or program activities arising within such agencies and offices.

SEC. 764.

 * Of the unobligated balances available in the Rural Housing Insurance Fund Program account, $3,000,000 is hereby rescinded.

SEC. 765.

 * Notwithstanding any other provision of law, for any fiscal year and hereafter, in the case of a high cost isolated rural area in Alaska that is not connected to a road system, the maximum level for the single family housing assistance shall be 150 percent of the average income level in the metropolitan areas of the State and 115 percent of all other eligible areas of the State.

SEC. 766.

 * Funds made available under section 1240I and section 1241(a) of the Food Security Act of 1985 in fiscal years 2002, 2003, 2004, and 2005 shall remain available until expended to cover obligations made in fiscal years 2002, 2003, 2004, and 2005, respectively, and are not available for new obligations.

SEC. 767.

 * There is hereby appropriated $1,500,000, to remain available until expended, for the Denali Commission to address deficiencies in solid waste disposal sites which threaten to contaminate rural drinking water supplies.

SEC. 768.

 * Notwithstanding any other provision of law—

 * (1) (A) the Alaska Department of Community and Economic Development shall be eligible to receive a water and waste disposal grant under section 306(a) of the Consolidated Farm and Rural Development Act (7 U.S.C. 1926(a)) in an amount that is equal to not more than 75 percent of the total cost of providing water and sewer service to the proposed hospital in the Matanuska-Susitna Borough, Alaska; and
 * (B) the Alaska Department of Community and Economic Development shall be allowed to pass the grant funds through to the local government entity that will provide water and sewer service to the hospital;

 * (2) or any percentage of cost limitation in current law or regulations, the construction projects known as the Tri-Valley Community Center addition in Healy, Alaska; the Cold Climate Housing Research Center in Fairbanks, Alaska; and the University of Alaska-Fairbanks Allied Health Learning Center skill labs/classrooms shall be eligible to receive Community Facilities grants in amounts that are equal to not more than 75 percent of the total facility costs:
 * Provided, That for the purposes of this paragraph, the Cold Climate Housing Research Center is designated an "essential community facility" for rural Alaska;

 * (3) the Secretary shall consider the City of Guymon, Oklahoma; the City of Shawnee, Oklahoma; the Village of New Miami, Ohio; the City of Vicksburg, Mississippi; and the City of Altus, Oklahoma, to be eligible for loans and grants provided through the Rural Housing Insurance Fund until receipt of the decennial Census in the year 2010;

 * (4) grants made under section 306(a)(19) of the Consolidated Farm and Rural Development Act (7 U.S.C. 1926(a)(19)) using funds made available under this Act for the cities of Ellisville and Waynesboro, Mississippi, shall be made without a non-Federal cost share requirement;

 * (5) the City of Great Falls, Montana, shall be considered a rural area for purposes of eligibility for business and industry guaranteed loans under section 310B(a)(1) of the Consolidated Farm and Rural Development Act (7 U.S.C. 1932(a)(1)) until receipt of the decennial Census in the year 2010;

 * (6) the Secretary may consider the Piedmont Municipal Power Agency of South Carolina eligible to participate in programs administered by the Rural Utilities Service until receipt of the decennial Census in the year 2010;

 * (7) until receipt of the decennial Census for the year 2010, for all activities under programs of the Rural Development Mission Area within the County of Honolulu, Hawaii, the Secretary may designate any portion of the county as a rural area or eligible rural community that the Secretary determines is not urban in character:
 * Provided, That the Secretary shall not include in any such rural area or eligible rural community any area included in the Honolulu Census Designated Place as determined by the Secretary of Commerce.

SEC. 769.

 * Section 501 of the Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954 (7 U.S.C. 1737) is amended—

 * (1) in subsection (b)(1), by inserting "and Doug Bereuter" after "John Ogonowski"; and

 * (2) in the heading, by inserting "AND DOUG BEREUTER" after "JOHN OGONOWSKI".

SEC. 770.

 * Notwithstanding the provisions of the Consolidated Farm and Rural Development Act (including the associated regulations) governing the Community Facilities Program, the Secretary may allow all Community Facility Program facility borrowers and grantees to enter into contracts with not-for-profit third parties for services consistent with the requirements of the Program, grant, and/or loan:

 * Provided, That the contracts protect the interests of the Government regarding cost, liability, maintenance, and administrative fees.

SEC. 771.

 * Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Secretary of Agriculture is authorized to make funding and other assistance available through the emergency watershed protection program under section 403 of the Agricultural Credit Act of 1978 (16 U.S.C. 2203) to repair and prevent damage to non-Federal land in watersheds that have been impaired by fires initiated by the Federal Government and shall waive cost sharing requirements for the funding and assistance.

SEC. 772.

 * None of the funds made available in this Act may be used to provide credits or credit guarantees for agricultural commodities provided for use in Iraq in violation of subsection (e) or (f) of section 202 of the Agricultural Trade Act of 1978 (7 U.S.C. 5622).

SEC. 773.

 * None of the funds provided in this Act may be used for salaries and expenses to carry out any regulation or rule insofar as it would make ineligible for enrollment in the conservation reserve program established under subchapter B of chapter 1 of subtitle D of title XII of the Food Security Act of 1985 (16 U.S.C. 3831 et seq.) land that is planted to hardwood trees as of the date of enactment of this Act and was enrolled in the conservation reserve program under a contract that expired prior to calendar year 2002.

SEC. 774.

 * None of the funds made available in this Act may be used to restrict to prescription use a contraceptive that is determined to be safe and effective for use without the supervision of a practitioner licensed by law to administer prescription drugs under section 503(b) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.

SEC. 775.

 * Of the unobligated balances in the Local Television Loan Guarantee Program account, $88,000,000 are hereby rescinded.

SEC. 776. PRIVACY PROTECTION OF CERTAIN SELLERS OF FARM PRODUCTS.

 * Section 1324(c) of the Food Security Act of 1985 (7 U.S.C. 1631(c)) is amended—
 * (1) in subsection (c)—
 * (A) in paragraph (2)(C)(ii)(II), by inserting ", or other approved unique identifier," after both "social security number" and "identification number";
 * (B) in paragraph (4)(C)(iii), by inserting ", or other approved unique identifier," after both "social security number" and "identification number"; and
 * (C) by adding the following at the end:
 * "(5) The term 'approved unique identifier' means a number, combination of numbers and letters, or other identifier selected by the Secretary of State using a selection system or method approved by the Secretary of Agriculture.";

 * (2) in subsection (e)(1)(A)(ii)(III), by inserting ", or other approved unique identifier," after both "social security number" and "identification number"; and

 * (3) in subsection (g)(2)(A)(ii)(III), by inserting ", or other approved unique identifier," after both "social security number" and "identification number".

SEC. 777.

 * Section 532 of the Equity in Educational Land Grant Status Act of 1994 (7 U.S.C. 301 note; Public Law 193-382) is amended—

 * (1) by redesignating paragraphs (23) through (32) as paragraphs (24) through (33) respectively; and

 * (2) by inserting after paragraph (22) the following: "(23) Tohono O'odham Community College.".

SEC. 778.

 * Of the unobligated balances of funds in the Agricultural Conservation Program account, $3,500,000 are hereby rescinded.

SEC. 779.

 * Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the amounts made available to the Dakota Value Capture Cooperative under section 747 of the Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2002 (Public Law 107-76; 115 Stat. 738) shall remain available until expended for a project conducted by the Dakota Value Capture Cooperative at South Dakota State University.

SEC. 780.

 * None of the funds made available under this Act shall be available to pay the administrative expenses of a State agency that, after the date of enactment of this Act, authorizes any new for-profit vendor(s) to transact food instruments under the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children if it is expected that more than 50 percent of the annual revenue of the vendor from the sale of food items will be derived from the sale of supplemental foods that are obtained with WIC food instruments, except that the Secretary may approve the authorization of such a vendor if the approval is necessary to assure participant access to program benefits.

SEC. 781.

 * Of the unobligated balances under section 32 of the Act of August 24, 1935, $163,000,000 are hereby rescinded.

SEC. 782.

 * Of the unobligated balances available to the Foreign Agricultural Service for the Public Law 480 Title I program at the beginning of fiscal year 2005, $191,108,000 are hereby rescinded:

 * Provided, That for purposes of determining the amount of funds available for transfer under section 412(b) of Public Law 83-480, as amended, the maximum amount of funds available for transfer shall be calculated based upon the total funds available prior to this rescission.

SEC. 783.

 * The Secretary of Agriculture may use any unobligated carryover funds made available for any program administered by the Rural Utilities Service (not including funds made available under the heading "Rural Community Advancement Program" in any Act of appropriation) to carry out section 315 of the Rural Electrification Act of 1936 (7 U.S.C. 940e).

SEC. 784.

 * None of the funds made available by this or any other Act may be used to reduce the mission, resources, staffing, facilities, or capabilities of the Wildlife Habitat Management Institute in Mississippi as in existence on December 17, 2003.

SEC. 785. LIVESTOCK ASSISTANCE.

 * (a) IN GENERAL—In carrying out a livestock assistance, compensation, or feed program, the Secretary of Agriculture shall include elk, reindeer, and bison within the definition of "livestock" covered by the program.

 * (b) CONFORMING AMENDMENTS—
 * (1) Section 602(2) of the Agricultural Act of 1949 (7 U.S.C. 1471(2)) is amended by inserting "elk, reindeer, bison," after "cattle,".

 * (2) Section 10104 of the Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002 (7 U.S.C. 1472) is amended—
 * (A) by redesignating subsections (a) through (d) as subsections (b) through (e), respectively; and
 * (B) by inserting before subsection (b) (as so redesignated) the following:
 * "(a) DEFINITION OF LIVESTOCK—In this section, the term "livestock" includes elk, reindeer, and bison.".

 * (3) Section 203(d) of the Agricultural Assistance Act of 2003 (Public Law 108-7; 117 Stat. 541) is amended—
 * (A) by redesignating paragraph (2) as paragraph (3); and
 * (B) by inserting after paragraph (1) the following:
 * "(2) LIVESTOCK—The term 'livestock' includes elk, reindeer, and bison.".

SEC. 786.

 * There is hereby appropriated $1,000,000, to remain available until expended, to carry out provisions of section 751 of division A of Public Law 108-7.

SEC. 787.

 * There is hereby appropriated $500,000 for a grant to Alaska Village Initiatives for the purposes of administering a private lands wildlife management program in Alaska.

SEC. 788. TECHNICAL CORRECTIONS.

 * (a) Section 104(b)(1) of the Child Nutrition and WIC Reauthorization Act of 2004 (Public Law 108-265) is amended by striking the closing quotation marks and the following period at the end of section 9(b)(5)(A)(iv) of the Richard B. Russell National School Lunch Act (as added by that section 104(b)(1) of Public Law 108-265).

 * (b) Section 13(a)(10) of the Richard B. Russell National School Lunch Act (42 U.S.C. 1761(a)(10)) (as added by section 116(d) of Public Law 108-265) is amended—
 * (1) in subparagraph (C), by striking "2005" and inserting "2006"; and
 * (2) in subparagraph (D)—
 * (A) in clause (i), by striking "2007" and inserting "2008"; and
 * (B) in clause (ii), by striking "2008" and inserting "2009".

 * (c) Section 21(e)(2)(A) of the Richard B. Russell National School Lunch Act (42 U.S.C. 1769b-1(e)(2)(A)) (as amended by section 125(c)(2)(B) of Public Law 108-265) is amended by inserting "and" after "2005".

 * (d) Section 17(f)(1)(C)(i) of the [[Child Nutrition Act of 1966 (42 U.S.C. 1786(f)(1)(C)(i) (as amended by section 203(e)(10)(B) of Public Law 108-265) is amended by striking the period after "subsection (h)(11)".

 * (e) Section 17(h)(8)(A)(vi) of the Child Nutrition Act of 1966 (42 U.S.C. 1786(h)(8)(A)(vi) (as added by section 203(e)(5) of Public Law 108-265) is amended by "Each State" and inserting "Effective beginning October 1, 2004, each State".

 * (f) Section 502(b) of the Child Nutrition and WIC Reauthorization Act of 2004 (Public Law 108-265) is amended—
 * (1) in paragraph (2), by striking "203(e)(5),"; and
 * (2) in paragraph (4), by striking "104" and inserting "104 (other than section 104(a)(1))".

SEC. 789.

 * Section 104 of chapter 1 of the Emergency Supplemental Appropriations for Hurricane Disasters Assistance Act, 2005, Public Law 108-324, is amended by adding "and tropical storms" after "hurricanes".

SEC. 790.

 * There is hereby appropriated $1,000,000, to remain available until expended, for a grant to the Ohio Livestock Expo Center in Springfield, Ohio.

SEC. 791.

 * There is hereby appropriated $1,000,000, to remain available until expended, for a grant to the Virginia Horse Center in Lexington, Virginia.

SEC. 792.

 * Notwithstanding any other provision of law, unobligated funding balances in the Great Plains Conservation Program authorized under section 16(b) of the Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act (16 U.S.C. 590p(b)); the Forestry Incentives Program authorized by section 4 and section 6 of the Cooperative Forestry Assistance Act of 1978 (16 U.S.C. 2103); The Water Bank Program authorized by the Water Bank Act of 1970 (Public Law 91-559); and funding for the John's Creek, TN Watershed and Flood Prevention Operations project are hereby rescinded.

SEC. 793.

 * There is hereby appropriated $2,250,000, to remain available until expended, for a grant to the Wisconsin Federation of Cooperatives for pilot Wisconsin-Minnesota health care cooperative purchasing alliances.

SEC. 794.

 * (a) Section 1240B of the Food Security Act of 1985, 16 U.S.C. 3839 aa-2, is amended at the end by adding the following:
 * "(h) FUNDING FOR FEDERALLY RECOGNIZED NATIVE AMERICAN INDIAN TRIBES AND ALASKA NATIVE CORPORATIONS—The Secretary may enter into alternative funding arrangements with federally recognized Native American Indian Tribes and Alaska Native Corporations (including their affiliated membership organizations) if the Secretary determines that the goals and objectives of the program will be met by such arrangements, and that statutory limitations regarding contracts with individual producers as defined under this Subtitle will not be exceeded by any Tribal or Native Corporation member.".

 * (b) Section 1240G of the Food Security Act of 1985, 16 U.S.C. 3839aa-7, is amended by inserting after "2007," the following: "(excluding funding arrangements with federally recognized Native American Indian Tribes or Alaska Native Corporations under section 1240B(h))".

SEC. 795.

 * There is hereby appropriated $6,000,000, to remain available until expended, for a grant to the Florida Department of Citrus.

SEC. 796.

 * Notwithstanding any other provision of law, effective with funds made available in fiscal year 2004 to States administering the Child and Adult Care Food Program, for the purpose of conducting audits of participating institutions, funds identified by the Secretary as having been unused during the initial fiscal year of availability may be recovered and reallocated by the Secretary:

 * Provided, That States may use the reallocated funds until expended for the purpose of conducting audits of participating institutions.

SEC. 797.

 * Section 1238Q of the Food Security Act of 1985 is amended—
 * (1) in subsection (a), by striking "permit" and inserting "transfer title of ownership to an easement under these subchapter to"; and
 * (2) by striking subsection (d) and inserting the following new subsection:
 * "(d) TRANSFER OF TITLE OF OWNERSHIP OF EASEMENT—Reversion—If a private organization or State agency holding an easement on land under this subchapter dissolves or fails to enforce the terms of the easement, the easement shall revert to the Secretary.".

This division may be cited as the "Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2005".


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 mandible is much narrower than that of the lower. This is most readily observed in a dried skull or in a very young nestling. This peculiarity of structure is important, as it is intimately connected with the mode of nourishment of the young bird.

FIG. V.—DIGESTIVE ORGANS OF THE PIGEON. a. beak; b c. Gullet; d e. Crop; f g. Proventriculus; l. Gizzard; h i j k. Muscles of gizzard; m n o p q. Intestines; r. Vent.

The gullet c is wide and opens into a crop d e: this is equal on both sides, unlike that of the fowl. From the back part of the crop, a tube preceeds through the opening at the fore part of the chest into the interior of the body; this enlarges somewhat before reaching the gizzard, aud is termed the proventriculus or fore stomach; it is furnished with glands which secrete the true gastric or digestive fluid. The gizzard itself is strong and muscular, lined with a thick dense leathery cuticle, and capable of grinding down the food with great rapidity, when aided by the sharp-edged stones and grains of sand swallowed by the bird. The intestinal tube which receives the ground food is upwards of three feet in length, and is remark-

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 able as being destitute of the large intestines, the cæca, which form so large a part of the digestive canal of the common fowl and of all other true gallinaceous birds.

Nor is this the only respect in which the digestive organs of the pigeon differ from those of birds in general; for there is no gall-bladder to receive the secretions of the liver, which are poured at once into the intestinal canal.

Pigeons feed on vegetable substances, grain, pulse, the seeds of grasses, and also on green vegetables. In a wild condition they devour a great number of the smaller snails that frequent neighbourhoods of the sea-coast, their crops when shot being often found to be partially filled with these small molluscous animals. The bird when feeding fills the crop, which is a mere receptacle for food and water, with the seeds and other substances it is collecting; these are soaked and macerated in the moisture of the crop. Small portions at a time pass through the proventriculus, where they are acted on by the digestive or gastric fluid, and passed on to the gizzard, in which, by the action of its powerful muscles and the small stones it contains, they are ground to pulp. In this condition the food passes on into the intestines, where it is mixed with the bile and other secretions; and the nutriment for the support of the bird is absorbed as it passes along the canal.

The intestines of a pigeon are twice as long as those of a hawk of the same size, the nourishment not being so readily extracted from vegetable as from animal food. The canal is also much longer in comparison than that of a fowl, in which the size of the cæca compensates for its shortness. The mode of drinking followed by pigeons is very characteristic; the beak is plunged deeply into water, and a long draught taken. The quantity of water consumed by these birds is very great—much more than would serve fowls of the same size.

The pigeons usually lay two purely white eggs, in confinement sometimes only one egg is laid, but never more than two, unless, from the absence of a sufficient number of male birds, two hens pair and make a nest, when four eggs are laid, which of course are sterile, and after being sat upon for the usual period are deserted.

The young are usually covered with long yellow down, but in those domesticated varieties that have certain colours this down is absent, as in the silvery and dun birds. Thus it is easy to distinguish between a young dun and a black in the same nest, the one being naked, the other covered with profuse yellow down.

The young, which are hatched in a very helpless and immature condition, are entirely fed at first with a soft curdy secretion, which is produced in the crops of the parent birds at the end of the period of sitting.

This secretion of "soft food," as it is termed by pigeon-fanciers, cannot be delayed; consequently, if the young do not emerge from the eggs on the eighteenth day, the old birds desert the nest, refusing to sit longer on the sterile eges. The production of the soft food, however, may be hastened a day or two.


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A.G.R.C.

translation of the First Book of the "Lemegeton" (now for the first time made accessible to English adepts and students of the Mysteries) was done, after careful collation and edition, from numerous MSS. in Herbrew, Latin, French and English, by G. H. Fra. D.D.C.F., by the order of the Secret Chief of the Rosicrucian Order. The G. H. Fra., having succumbed unhappily to the assaults of the Four Great Princes (acting notably under Martial influences), it seemed expedient that the work should be brought to its conclusion by another hand. The investigations of a competent Skryer into the house of our unhappy Fra., confirmed this divination; neither our Fra. nor his Hermetic Mul. were there seen; but only the terrible shapes of the evil Adepts S.V.A. and


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Rh lic instruction acted up to March 1835 ; “had they neglected the language of Thucydides and Plato, and the language of Cicero and Tacitus; had they confined their attention to the old dialects of our own island; had they printed nothing and taught nothing at the universities but chronicles in Anglo-Saxon, and romances in Norman French, would England ever have been what she now is? What the Greek and Latin were to the contemporaries of More and Ascham, our tongue is to the people of India. The literature of England is now more valuable than that of classical antiquity. I doubt whether the Sanskrit literature be as valuable as that of our Saxon and Norman progenitors; in some departments, in history, for example, I am certain that it is much less so.

Another instance may be said to be still before our eyes. Within the last hundred and twenty years a nation, which had previously been in a state as barbarous as that in which our ancestors were before the crusades, has gradually emerged from the ignorance in which it was sunk, and has taken its place among civilized communities. I speak of Russia. There is now in that country a


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44 large educated class, abounding with persons fit to serve the state in the highest functions, and in nowise inferior to the most accomplished men who adorn the best circles of Paris and London. There is reason to hope that this vast empire, which in the time of our grandfathers was probably behind the Punjab, may in the time of of our grandchildren be pressing close on France and Britain in the career of improvement. And how was this change effected? Not by flattering national prejudices; not by feeding the mind of the young Muscovite with the old women’s stories which his rude fathers had believed; not by filling his head with lying legends about St. Nicholas; not by encouraging him to study the great question, whether the world was or was not created on the 13th of September; not by calling him ‘a learned native’ when he had mastered all these points of knowledge; but by teaching him those foreign languages in which the greatest mass of information had been laid up, and thus putting all ,that information within his reach. The languages of western Europe civilized Russia. I cannot doubt that they will do for the Hindoo what they have done for the Tartar.”

The literary epoch of the Arabians dates from the time at which they commenced the study of the


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Rh Grecian writers. That the impulse was not stronger or more permanent, is owing, perhaps, to the partial use which they made of this great instrument of national improvement. If, instead of contenting themselves with meagre translations of some of the Greek philosophers, they had studied Plato and Xenophon, Homer and Thucydides, in the original, a flame of generous liberty might have been kindled, and a new direction might have been given at that period to the views and feelings of the people of the East, the possible effects of which up to the present day it is impossible to calculate. The Arabs pursued a very different course in


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46 their intercourse with the various nations included within their dominions. They extolled the beauty of their own language, and gave the utmost encouragement to the cultivation of it. The effect was not universally beneficial, because many of the subject races were already in a more advanced stage of civilization than the Arabs themselves; but it was such as exemplified, in a very remarkable way, the extent to which the study of a new language and literature may remould national character. Arabic literature became the literature of all the conquered nations; their dialects were saturated with Arabic words; their habits of thought, their manners, their whole character, became conformed to the same standard. Religion has, no doubt, a great deal to do with the striking uniformity which prevails throughout the Mohammedan world; but language and literature have a great deal more to do with it. There are many tribes on the outskirts of Mohammedanism which have conformed to the religion, without adopting the learning of Islam, and they are often


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Rh not to be distinguished from the people of the same tribe who have adhered to the religion of their fathers, with whom they have language and every thing else in common.

These are the facts upon which the plan of the education committee is based. Their object is to fill the minds of the liberally educated portion of the people with the knowledge of Europe, in order that they may interpret it in their own language to the rest of their countrymen. For this purpose, while, on the one hand; the pupils are encouraged to acquire the various kinds of information which English literature contains, and to form their taste after the best English models; on the other, every endeavour is used to give them the habit of writing with facility and elegance in their native language.

The committee’s first desire is to establish a seminary based on these principles at each Zillah station. The large towns always take the lead in the march of improvement: the class of people whose circumstances give them leisure to study to good purpose, and influence to make their example followed, are congregated there in greater numbers than elsewhere. Even the proprietors residing on their estates in the district keep up a close connection with their provincial capitals,


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48 where they have generally town houses and resident agents. The subordinate officers of government are selected and sent from thence to exercise their functions in the surrounding country. The European functionaries are present there to exercise a general superintendence over the seminaries, and to assist the teachers with their countenance and experience. By purifying the circulation through these vital organs, the whole system will be re-invigorated; the rich, the learned, the men of business, will first be gained; a new class of teachers will be trained; books in the vernacular language will be multiplied; and with these accumulated means we shall in due time proceed to extend our operations from town to country, from the few to the many, until every hamlet shall be provided with its elementary school. The poor man is not less the object of the committee’s solicitude than the rich; but, while the means at their disposal were extremely limited, there were millions of all classes to be educated. It was absolutely necessary to make a selection, and they therefore selected the upper and middle classes as the first object of their attention, because, by educating them first, they would soonest be able to extend the same advantages to the rest of the people. They will be our school-


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Rh masters, translators, authors; none of which functions the poor man, with his scanty stock of knowledge, is able to perform. They are the leaders of the people. By adopting them first into our system we shall be able to proceed a few years hence, with an abundant supply of proper books and instructors, and with all the wealth and influence of the country on our side, to establish a general system of education which shall afford to every person of every rank the means of acquiring that degree of knowledge which his leisure will permit.


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 can get on no further,—and find myself entangled on all sides of this mystick labyrinth,—my Opinion will then come in, in course,—and lead me out.

At present, I hope I shall be sufficiently understood, in telling the reader, my uncle Toby fell in love:

—Not that the phrase is at all to my liking: for the say a man is fallen in love,—or that he is deeply in love,—or up to the ears in love,—and sometimes even over head and ears in it,—carries an idiomatical kind of implication, that love is a thing below a man:—this is recurring again to Plato's opinion, which, with all his divinityship,—I hold to be damnable and heretical;—and so much for that.

Let love therefore be what it will,—my uncle Toby fell into it.


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 —And possibly, gentle reader, with such a temptation—so wouldst thou: For never did thy eyes behold, or thy concupiscence covet any thing in this world, more concupiscible than widow Wadman.

conceive this right,—call for pen and ink—here's paper ready to your hand.—Sit down, Sir, paint her to your own mind—as like your mistress as you can—as unlike your wife as your conscience will let you—'tis all one to me—please but your own fancy in it.


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36

past history of the world authorizes us to believe that the movement which is taking place in India, if properly directed and supported by the Government, will end in bringing about a decided change for the better in the character of the people. The instances in which nations have worked their way to a high degree of civilization from domestic resources only are extremely rare, compared with those in which the impulse has been communicated from without, and has been supported by the extensive study and imitation of the literature of foreign countries. The cases in which the most lasting impressions have been made upon national character, in which the superior civilization of one country has taken deepest root and fructified most abundantly in other countries, have a strong general resemblance to the case before us. In those cases the foreign systems of learning were first studied in the original tongue by the upper and middle classes, who alone


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Rh possessed the necessary leisure. From this followed a diffusion of the knowledge contained in the foreign literature, a general inclination of the national taste towards it, and an assimilation of the vernacular language, by the introduction into it of numerous scientific and other terms. Last of all, the vernacular tongue began to be cultivated in its improved state; translations and imitations sprang up in abundance, and creative genius occasionally caught the impulse, and struck out a masterpiece of its own.

Every scholar knows to what a great extent the Romans cultivated Grecian literature, and adopted Grecian models of taste. It was only after the national mind had become deeply impregnated from this source, that they began to have a literature of their own. The writers of the Augustan age were bred in the school, were animated by the spirit, were nourished with the food of conquered Greece. Virgil was a mere imitator, however noble: the Roman dramas are feeble translations from the Greek: the entire Roman literature is only an echo of the Greek literature. The Romans made no scruple in acknowledging the obligations they were under to the cultivation of Grecian learning. Their enthusiasm was directed to the object of enriching their native


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34 language with all that, in that age of the world, could be imported from abroad.

It is a curious fact that an intellectual revolution similar to that which is now in progress in India, actually took place among the Romans. At an early period, the Etruscan was, as Livy tells us, the language which the young Romans studied. No patrician was considered as liberally educated who had not learned in the sacred books of the augurs of and, how to quarter the heavens, what was meant by the appearance of a vulture on the left hand, and what rites were to be performed on a spot which had been smitten by thunder. This sort of knowledge very analagous to the knowledge which is contained in the Sanskrit books, was considered as the most valuable learning, until an increased acquaintance with the Greek language produced a complete change. Profound speculations on morals, legislation, and government; lively pictures of human life and manners; pure and energetic models of political eloquence, drove out the jargon of a doting superstition. If we knew more minutely the history of that change, we should probably find that it was vehemently resisted by very distinguished Etruscan scholars, and that all sorts of fearful consequences were represented as inevit-


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Rh able, if the old learning about the flight of birds and the entrails of beasts should be abandoned for Homer, and if the mysteries of the bidental should be neglected for Thucydides and Plato.

The Roman language and literature, thus enriched and improved, was destined to still prouder triumphs. The inhabitants of the greatest part of Europe and of the North of Africa, educated in every respect like the Romans, became in every respect equal to them. The impression which was then made will never be effaced. It sank so deep into the language and habits of the people, that Latin to this day forms the basis of the tongues of France and southern Europe, and the Roman law the basis of their jurisprudence. The barbarous hordes which triumphed over the arms, yielded to the arts of Rome. Roman literature survived the causes which led to its diffusion, and even spread beyond the ancient limits of the empire. The Poles and Hungarians were led neither by any pressure from without, nor by any artificial encouragement from within, to make Latin their language of education, of literature, of business, and, to a very remarkable extent, of ordinary colloquial intercourse. They did so, we may presume, because their own language contained nothing worth knowing, while Latin included within itself


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 —Was ever any thing in Nature so sweet!—so exquisite!

—Then, dear Sir, how could my uncle Toby resist it?

Thrice happy book! thou wilt have one page, at least, within thy covers, which will not blacken, and which  cannot misrepresent.

Susannah was informed by an express from Mrs. Bridget, of my uncle Tobys falling in love with her mistress, fifteen days before it happened,—the contents of which express, Susannah communicated to my mother the next day,—it has just given me an opportunity of entering upon my uncle Tobys amours a fortnight before their existence.


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40 almost all the knowledge which at that time existed in the world.

After this came the great revival of learning, at the close of the fifteenth and the beginning of the sixteenth centuries. At that period, the historian observes, “all the modern languages were in a state extremely barbarous, devoid of elegance, of vigour, and even of perspicuity. No author thought of writing in language so ill adapted to express and embellish his sentiments, or of erecting a work for immortality with such rude and perishable materials. As the spirit which prevailed at that time did not owe its rise to any original effort of the human mind, but was excited chiefly by admiration of the ancients, which began then to be studied with attention in every part of Europe, their compositions were deemed not only the standards of taste and of sentiment, but of style; and even the languages in which they wrote were thought to be peculiar, and almost consecrated to learning and the muses. Not only the manner of the ancients was imitated, but their language was adopted; and, extravagant as the attempt may appear, to write in a dead tongue, in which men were not accustomed to think, and which they could not speak, or even pronounce, the success


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Rh of it was astonishing. As they formed their style upon the purest models; as they were uninfected with those barbarisms, which the inaccuracy of familiar conversation, the affectation of courts, intercourse with strangers, and a thousand other causes, introduce into living languages, many moderns have attained to a degree of elegance in their Latin compositions which the Romans themselves scarce possessed beyond the limits of the Augustan age.”

Had the mental stimulus produced by the revival of letters been confined to scholars, the progress of improvement would have stopped at this point; but all who had time to read, whether they knew Latin or not, felt the influence of the movement, and this great class was receiving continual additions from the rapid increase of wealth. Hence arose a demand which the classical languages could not satisfy, and from this demand sprang the vernacular literature of Europe. We are indebted to foreign nations and distant ages both for the impulse which struck it out, and for the writings which warmed the fancy and formed the taste of its founders. Abounding, as we are, in intellectual wealth, could we venture even now to tell our youth that they have no longer occasion to seek for nourishment from the stores of


text: The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman/Volume 6/Chapter 38


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42 the Latin, Greek, French, German, Spanish, and Italian literatures? The French fell into a mistake of this kind, and they have suffered for it. Proud of the honour, and sensible of the political advantage of having their own language generally understood, they were not sufficiently alive to the new resources they might have derived from the study of foreign languages. Their literature, therefore, wants that copiousness and variety which is characteristic of the English and German. Now they see their error, and, instead of confining themselves to their own stores, and copying and re-copying their own models, they have begun to look abroad and study the masterpieces of other nations. German literature is a remarkable instance of the success with which industry and genius may nationalize foreign materials. It has arisen, almost within the memory of persons now living, on the basis of the astonishing erudition collected by the German writers from every living and dead language worth laying under contribution.

Had our ancestors acted as the committee of pub-


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Rh laden with moisture, which was deposited in abundance on the lowest terrace, in decreasing quantities on each succeeding plateau, and least of all on the vast plain in the interior. The farther to the north-east one proceeds the more is this perceptible, until the rich vegetation of the shore forms a striking contrast to the desert belt in the same latitudes on the Atlantic side.

As band after band was thrown off along the southern and south-eastern coast, and Bush girls were continually incorporated, the most advanced party at length probably contained more Bushman than pure Hottentot blood. It was so gradually absorbed, however, that it was assimilated, for these little tribes preserved the Hottentot customs and mode of living, and carried on hostilities with the Bushmen just as if they were wholly unconnected with those savages. Along this coast the Hottentots were never so numerous as along the shore of the Atlantic south of the Orange river. There were wide gaps between the various tribes or distinct bands, which were occupied solely by the aboriginal hunters. At the beginning of the sixteenth century of our era the Hottentots extended thus in a thin line, or rather a series of dots at varying distances from each other, from Walfish Bay on the western coast round to the mouth of the Umtamvuna river on the south-eastern, beyond which there is no indication that they ever advanced.

The cause of their being so thinly scattered along this line was their depending almost entirely upon milk for subsistence. They needed a large number of cows and ewes, and consequently a great extent of pasture for each separate community, as the cattle belonging to all the families composing it were herded together for reasons of safety, and were driven from place to place according to the state of the grass. As soon as a community became so large that this was impossible or even inconvenient, a swarm was of necessity thrown off, and moved to a distance in order to acquire a new pasture of sufficient extent for its use. The offshoot might for a time consider itself a dependency of the parent band, or a clan of the tribe, but the tendency would soon be towards perfect independence. There was no other way of extension, for a party moving needed to be strong enough to


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 I have an article of news to tell you, Mr. Shandy, quoth my mother, which will surprise you greatly.

Now my father was then holding one of his second beds of justice, and was musing within himself about the hardships of matrimony, as my mother broke silence.

"My brother Toby, quoth she, is going to be married to Mrs. Wadman."

—Then he will never, quoth my father, be able to lie diagonally in his bed again as long as he lives.

It was a consuming vexation to my father, that my mother never asked the meaning of a thing she did not understand.


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Author:Herbert Vivian

Works

 * The Green Bay Tree: A Tale of To-day (1894, in three volumes) with W. H. Wilkins
 * Tunisia and the Modern Barbary Pirates (1899)
 * Abyssinia: Through the Lion-Land to the Court of the Lion of Judah (1901)
 * The Romance of Religion (1902) with Olive Vivian
 * "Brigands in Real Life" in The Strand Magazine, Vol. 25: January to June (1903) pp. 255-261 ,
 * The Servian Tragedy: With Some Impressions of Macedonia (1904)
 * "An Italian Public-House" in The Lotus Magazine, Vol. 8, No. 2 (1916) pp. 87-89
 * Francis Joseph and His Court: From the Memoirs of Count Roger de Rességuier (1917)
 * Italy At War (1917)
 * Myself Not Least (1923)
 * Secret Societies Old and New (1927)
 * Life of the Emperor Charles of Austria (1932)
 * Kings in Waiting (1933)
 * Fascist Italy (1936)

title: Author:Herbert Vivian


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 —That she is not a woman of science, my father would say,—is her misfortune—but she might ask a question.—

My mother never did.—In short, she went out of the world at least without knowing whether it turned round, or stood still.—My father had officiously told her above a thousand times which way it was,—but she always forgot.

For these reasons a discourse seldom went on much further betwixt them, than a proposition,—a reply, and a rejoinder; at the end of which, it generally took breath for a few minutes, (as in the affair of the breeches) and then went on again.

If he marries, 'twill be the worse for us,—quoth my mother.


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494


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 Not a cherry-stone, said my father,—he may as well batter away his means upon that, as any thing else.

—To be sure, said my mother: so here ended the proposition,—the reply,—and the rejoinder, I told you of.

It will be some amusement to him, too,said my father.

A very great one, answered my mother, if he should have children.

—Lord have mercy upon me,—said my father to himself * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *.


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Am now beginning to get fairly into my work; and by the help of a vegitable diet, with a few of the cold seeds, I make no doubt but I shall be able to go on with my uncle Toby's story, and my own, in a tolerable straight line. Now,


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 These were the four lines I moved in through my first, second, third, and fourth volumes.—In the fifth volume I have been very good,—the precise line I have described in it being this:

By which it appears, that except at the curve, marked A. where I took a trip to Navarre,—and the indented curve B. which is the short airing when I was there with the Lady Baussiere and her page,—I have not taken the least frisk of a digression, till John de la Casse's devils led me the round you see marked D.—for as for c c c c c they are nothing but parentheses, and the common ins and outs incident to the lives of the greatest ministers of state; and when com-


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Veronica.]


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 compared with what men have done,—or with my own transgressions at the letters A B D—they vanish into nothing.

In this last volume I have done better still—for from the end of Le Fevers episode, to the beginning of my uncle Tobys campaigns,—I have scarce stepped a yard out of my way.

If I mend at his rate, it is not impossibleby the good leave of his grace of Benevento's devilsbut I may arrive hereafter at the excellency of going on even thus;

which is a line drawn as straight as I could draw it, by a writing-master's ruler, (borrowed for that purpose) turning neither to the right hand or to the left.


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 "Did my young men take his scalp?"

"His legs were good, though his arm is better for the hoe than the tomahawk," returned the other, pointing to the immovable form of Uncas.

Instead of manifesting any womanish curiosity to feast his eyes with the sight of a captive from a people he was known to have so much reason to hate, Magua continued to smoke, with the meditative air that he usually maintained, when there was no immediate call on his cunning or his eloquence. Although secretly amazed at the facts betrayed in the speech of the aged father, he permitted himself to ask no questions, reserving all his inquiries for a more suitable moment. It was only after a sufficient interval that he shook the ashes from his pipe, replaced the tomahawk, tightened his girdle, and arose, casting, for the first time, a glance in the direction of the prisoner, who stood a little behind him. The wary, though seemingly abstracted, Uncas, caught a glimpse of the movement, and turning suddenly to the light, their looks met. Near a minute these two bold and


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 untamed spirits stood regarding one another steadily in the eye, neither quailing in the least before the fierce gaze he encountered. The form of Uncas dilated, and his nostrils opened like a tiger at bay; but so rigid and unyielding was his posture, that he might easily have been converted, by the imagination, into an exquisite and faultless representation of the warlike deity of his tribe. The lineaments of the quivering features of Magua proved more ductile; his countenance gradually lost its character of defiance in an expression of ferocious joy, and heaving a breath from the very bottom of!his chest, he pronounced aloud the formidable name of—

"Le Cerf Agile!"

Each warrior sprang upon his feet at the utterance of the well-known appellation, and there was a short period, during which the stoical constancy of the natives was completely conquered by surprise. The hated and yet respected name was repeated, as by one voice, carrying the sound even beyond the limits of the lodge. The women and children, who lingered around the


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 This right line,—the path-way for Christians to walk in! say divines

The emblem of moral rectitude! says Cicero

The best line! say cabbage-planters—is the shortest line, says Archimedes, which can be drawn from one given point to another.

I wish your ladyships would lay this matter to heart in your next birthday suits!

What a journey!

Pray can you tell me,—that is, without anger, before I write my chapter upon straight lines—by what mistake—who told them so—or how it has come to pass, that your men of wit and genius have all along confounded this line, with the line of.


text: The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman/Volume 6/Chapter 40


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18 committee. It was for the district of Dinajpoor, which is computed to contain 6,000 square miles, above 12,000 towns and villages, and a population exceeding 2,300,000; and it is a district remarkable even in Bengal for the darkness of the ignorance which prevails in it. Though many of the leading inhabitants concurred with the European authorities in desiring that some effectual steps should be taken to enlighten this part of the country, the utmost the committee was able to afford was seventy rupees a month.

As the general superintendence of the system is vested in a “general committee,” residing at Calcutta, so the management of each particular seminary is intrusted to a local committee residing on the spot. The members of these committees are appointed by the government from all classes of the community, native as well as European. Care is taken in the selection to secure for the support of the system as much zeal, influence, and information as possible, and nobody who has the cause at heart, and can really aid it, need be without a share in the management. It is the wish of the general committee to employ the government fund only in the payment of the salaries of teachers; by this means the permanence of the institutions will be secured, at the


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Rh same time that full scope will be left for the exercise of private munificence; and as the outlay of the committee will be confined to fixed payments, easily susceptible of control, no inconvenience will be likely to ensue from the wide extension of the system. The pupils themselves are expected to pay for the ordinary school-books used by them, and it is intended to demand a small fixed sum in part of payment for their instruction. More regular attendance is thus secured; nominal students, who injure the discipline and retard the progress of the institutions, become rare; the system is raised in general estimation, and additional means are acquired for improving and extending it. Boarding-houses are beginning to be established in connection with some of the seminaries, for the accommodation of pupils who reside at a distance.

In all the new institutions the important principle has been established of admitting boys of every caste without distinction. A different practice prevailed in the older institutions; the Sanskrit colleges were appropriated to Brahmins; the Arabic colleges, with a few exceptions, to Mohammedans; and even at the Anglo-Indian institution, which goes by the name of the Hindu college, none but Hindus of good caste were ad-


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20 mitted. This practice was found to encourage the prejudice which it was meant to conciliate. The opposite practice has been attended with no inconvenience of any kind; Christian, Mohammedan, and Hindu boys, of every shade of colour and variety of descent, may be seen standing side by side in the same class, engaged in the common pursuit of English literature, contending for the same honours, and forced to acknowledge the existence of superior merit in their comrades of the lowest, as well as in those of the highest caste. This is a great point gained. The artificial institution of caste cannot long survive the period when the youth of India, instead of being trained to observe it, shall be led by the daily habit of their lives to disregard it. All we have to do is to bring them together, to impress the same character on them, and to leave the yielding and affectionate mind of youth to its natural impulse. Habits of friendly communication will thus be established between all classes, they will insensibly become one people, and the process of enlightening our subjects will proceed simultaneously with that of uniting them among themselves.

In the long discussions which preceded the change in the plan of the committee, there was


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Rh one point on which all parties were agreed: this was, that the vernacular languages contained neither the literary nor scientific information necessary for a liberal education. It was admitted on all sides that while the instruction of the mass of the people through the medium of their own language was the ultimate object to be kept in view, yet, meanwhile, teachers had to be trained, a literature had to be created, and the co-operation of the upper and middle classes of native society had to be secured. The question which divided the committee was, What language was the best instrument for the accomplishment of these great objects? Half the members contended that it was English, the other half that it was Sanskrit and Arabic. As there was no dispute about the vernacular language, no mention was made of it in the resolution of the 7th March 1835, which contained the decision of the government. This omission led many, who were not acquainted with the course the discussion had taken, to fear that the point had been altogether overlooked; and in order to obviate this misapprehension the committee made the following remarks, in the first annual report submitted by them to the government after the promulgation of the resolution referred to:—


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Rh “We are deeply sensible of the importance of encouraging the cultivation of the vernacular languages. We do not conceive that the order of the 7th of March precludes us from doing this, and we have constantly acted on this construction. In the discussions which preceded that order, the claims of the vernacular languages were broadly and prominently admitted by all parties, and the question submitted for the decision of government, only concerned the relative advantage of teaching English on the one side, and the learned eastern languages on the other. We therefore conceive that the phrases ‘European literature and science,’ ‘English education alone,’ and ‘imparting to the native population a knowledge of English literature and science through the medium of the English language,’ are intended merely to secure the preference to European learning taught through the medium of the English language, over oriental learning taught through the medium of the Sanskrit and Arabic languages, as regards the instruction of those natives who receive a learned education at our seminaries. These expressions have, as we understand them, no reference to the question through what ulterior medium such instruction as the mass of the people is capable of receiving, is to be conveyed. If Eng-


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Rh lish had been rejected, and the learned eastern tongues adopted, the people must equally have received their knowledge through the vernacular dialects. It was therefore quite unnecessary for the government, in deciding the question between the rival languages, to take any notice of the vernacular tongues, and consequently we have thought that nothing could reasonably be inferred from its omission to take such notice.

“We conceive the formation of a vernacular literature to be the ultimate object to which all our efforts must be directed. At present, the extensive cultivation of some foreign language, which is always very improving to the mind, is rendered indispensable by the almost total absence of a vernacular literature, and the consequent impossibility of obtaining a tolerable education from that source only. The study of English, to which many circumstances induce the natives to give the preference, and with it the knowledge of the learning of the west, is therefore daily spreading. This, as it appears to us, is the first stage in the process by which India is to be enlightened. The natives must learn before they can teach. The best educated among them must be placed in possession of our knowledge, before they can transfer it into their own language. We trust that the number


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24 of such translations will now multiply every year. As the superiority of European learning becomes more generally appreciated, the demand for them will no doubt increase, and we shall be able to encourage any good books which may be brought out in the native languages by adopting them extensively in our seminaries.

“A teacher of the vernacular language of the province is already attached to several of our institutions, and we look to this plan soon becoming general. We have also endeavoured to secure the means of judging for ourselves of the degree of attention which is paid to this important branch of instruction, by requiring that the best translations from English into the vernacular language, and vice versa, should be sent to us after each annual examination, and if they seem to deserve it, a pecuniary prize is awarded by us to the authors of them.”

These views were entirely approved by the government, and have since been steadily acted upon by the committee. One or more teachers of the vernacular language of the district form a regular part of the establishment of each English school, (at the Hoogly college there are as many as ten,) and pains are taken to give the pupils the habit of writing it with facility and propriety.


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Rh The instructions to the local committees on this head are, “that the pupils should be constantly exercised in translating into their own language, as well as into English, from the time they enter the seminaries till their departure; and that they should also practise original composition in both languages as soon as their minds have been sufficiently opened to attempt it with advantage.”

The revenue authorities took advantage of the establishment of the new provincial seminaries to carry into effect a plan, which had been previously attempted without success, for securing a proper education for the numerous wards of the government. Rules were laid down for this purpose. The wards are either to be brought up at the nearest seminary, or to be provided with tutors and books for their instruction at their own homes. Their attention is to be particularly directed to those branches of knowledge which have an obvious bearing on the good management and improvement of their estates; and their progress in their studies is to be periodically tested and reported on. There is, perhaps, no part of the world where so much wealth and influence is possessed by persons so little able to make a good use


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26 of it as in the interior of Bengal. The substitution of a single humane and enlightened landlord would be a blessing to a whole neighbourhood. The elevation of the character of the whole class would be a national benefit of the first magnitude. A great deal has been said about the advantage of having English landholders, but till lately nothing has been done to render the native landholders, who must always be the majority, more fit for the performance of their duties. In Bengal, owing to the indolent and intemperate habits, and consequent early deaths of many of the great zemindars, minorities are frequent, and a large proportion of the landed property of the country falls under the management of the government in the course of a few years. In the western provinces, where landed property exists in a more wholesome form, a new settlement for thirty years has given peace of mind, leisure, and comparative opulence to the agricultural classes. If these circumstances are


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Rh properly taken advantage of, we shall ere long be able to make a salutary impression on this most important part of the community.

While the general question of native education was debated in the committee, a distinct but deeply interesting branch of the subject underwent a similar examination elsewhere. The instruction of the natives in the medical art had hitherto been provided for as follows. The systems of Galen and Hippocrates, and of the Shasters, with the addition of a few scraps of European medical science, was taught in classes which had been attached for that purpose to the Arabic and Sanskrit colleges at Calcutta. There was also a separate institution at Calcutta, the object of which was to train up “native doctors,” or assistants to the European medical officers. There was only one teacher attached to this institution, and he delivered his lectures in Hindusthanee. The only medical books open to the pupils were a few short tracts which had been translated for their use into that language; the only dissection practised was that of the inferior animals. It is obvious that the knowledge communicated by such imperfect means could neither be complete nor practical.

Much public benefit had been derived in the


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28 judicial and revenue administration from the substitution of cheap native, for dear European agency. Lord now proposed to extend this plan to the medical department, and to raise up a class of native medical practitioners, educated on sound European principles, to supersede the native quacks who, unacquainted with anatomy or the simplest principles of chemical action, prey on the people, and hesitate not to use the most dangerous drugs and poisons. Physicians and surgeons, however, were not to be had ready-made, like judges and collectors. A professional education was necessary, and it was doubtful whether the natives would submit to the conditions which this education implied. A committee was therefore appointed to inquire into and report on the subject.

After a careful investigation, the committee came to the conclusion that it was perfectly feasible to educate native medical men on broad European principles, some of whom might be gradually substituted for the foreign practitioners at the civil and military stations, and others might be sent out among the mass of their countrymen, to give them the inestimable blessing of enlightened medical attendance. With regard to practical human anatomy, they stated it as their opinion


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Rh that “times are much changed, and the difficulties that stood in the way appear no longer insurmountable;” and they considered a knowledge of the English language to be a necessary previous qualification in the pupils, “because that language combines within itself the circle of all the sciences, and incalculable wealth of printed works and illustrations; circumstances that give it obvious advantages over the oriental languages, in which are only to be found the crudest elements of science, or the most irrational substitutes for it.”

This point, however, was not attained without encountering a sharp opposition. The superintendent of the medical institution, a learned and enthusiastic orientalist, set in array the arguments of his party, and confidently predicted the failure of every attempt to remodel the institution on the principles advocated by the medical committee. The Rev. Mr. (now Doctor), to whom the cause of sound learning and true religion in the East is deeply indebted, took up the opposite side. The battle which had been so well contested in the education committee was fought over again in this new field; but I must refer to the extract from the medical committee’s report in the appendix for the substance of what was said on both sides.