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Rh solely from the chase and the natural products of the earth in any part of South Africa at any time, and more especially after the Hottentots and the Bantu had taken possession of the choicest sections. When a Bushman tribe is spoken of therefore, the term implies only a puny horde never exceeding two or three hundred souls at most. Such a band claimed the right to a fairly well defined tract of country, and any aggression beyond its borders would naturally be resented by the occupants of the next section. If a mountain intervened, the probabilities would be that the dialects of the language spoken on the different sides would vary so greatly as to prevent intercourse, had there been no other cause to keep each little band within its own bounds. Mr. Stow ascertained that these groups called themselves by the names of the animals that were depicted on the walls of their principal caves or engraved on the rocks at their principal residences, thus one band would be the people of the ostrich, another the people of the python, another the people of the eland, and so on.

The early Dutch colonists observed that they were amazingly prolific, a circumstance that is not surprising if one reflects that they were much less subject to disease than Europeans, and that every woman without exception bore children. Their numbers must therefore in remote times have been kept down by war or violence among themselves, just as they were kept down by constant strife in the territory bordering on that occupied by the Hottentots and Bantu after the intrusion of those people. In such a condition of society there could never have been peace for any length of time, for with a rapid growth of population the only alternatives would have been aggression or death from famine.

There was a difference in the disposition of individual Bushmen, though not to the same extent as is seen in civilised people. Towards the invaders that despoiled them of their game and their hunting grounds it was but natural that they should show vindictiveness and relentless cruelty; but they were fierce and passionate in their dealings with each other. Human life, even that of their nearest kindred, was sacrificed on very slight provocation.


text: The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman/Volume 6/Chapter 20

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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58 They did not understand what quarter in battle meant, and as they never spared an enemy who was in their power, when themselves surrounded so that all hope of escape was gone, they fought till their last man fell. Yet after the colonisation of the country Europeans often observed that many of those who lived temporarily on farms at a distance from their former abodes were not insensible to acts of kindness, and were even capable of feeling gratitude. In this respect they were like those wild animals that in a state of restraint show attachment to their keepers. A pleasing trait in their character was fidelity in positions of trust. At the beginning of the nineteenth century many colonial farmers were in the habit of entrusting herds of cattle to the care of Bushmen in their neighbourhood, supplying them with food and tobacco in return, and seldom found them unfaithful. Another favourable feature was that no distress was so great as to induce them to devour human flesh, as so many Bantu were in the habit of doing.

Their manner of living was such as to develop only qualities essential to hunters. In keenness of vision and fleetness of foot they were surpassed by no people on earth, they could travel immense distances without taking rest, they could scale mountains and steep rocks with the agility of baboons, and yet their frames were so feeble as to be incapable of protracted labour. Their sense of smell was so dull that they experienced no discomfort from remaining for days together close to carrion, and their cave dwellings were disgustingly filthy. The stench from their persons was excessive, owing chiefly to their uncleanly habits and to their use of rancid grease when painting themselves for any festivity.

They possessed an intense love of liberty and of their wild animal way of life. Given only an abundance of food, especially of the flesh of game, and they were cheerful and merry in the highest degree. Mr. Stow states that before the intrusion of the stronger races they were governed by hereditary chiefs, and even down to our own times there have been claimants to such positions. But these chiefs were mere leaders in war and hunting exploits, and their rule did not extend to the exercise of judicial control. Far more than is the case among people possessing domestic cattle,


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 stined,—she gave a nod to —'twas enough—Nature threw half a spade full of her kindliest compost upon it, with just so much clay in it, as to retain the forms of angles and indentings,—and so little of it too, as not to cling to the spade, and render works of so much glory, nasty in foul weather.

My uncle Toby came down, as the reader has been informed, with plans along with him, of almost every fortified town in Italy and Flanders; so let the Duke of Marlborough, or the allies, have set down before what town they pleased, my uncle Toby was prepared for them.

His way, which was the simplest one in the world, was this; as soon as ever a town was invested—(but sooner when


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 the design was known) to take the plan of it, (let it be what town it would) and enlarge it upon a scale to the exact size of his bowling-green; upon the surface of which, by means of a large role of packthread, and a number of small piquets driven into the ground, at the several angles and redans, he transferred the lines from his paper; then taking the profile of the place, with its works, to determine the depths and slopes of the ditches,—the talus of the glacis, and the precise height of the several banquets, parapets, &c.—he set the corporal to work—and sweetly went it on:—The nature of the soil,—the nature of the work itself,—and above all, the good nature of my uncle Toby sitting by from morning to night, and chatting kindly with the corporal upon


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 past-done deeds,—left little else but the ceremony of the name.

When the place was finished in this manner, and put into a proper posture of defence,—it was invested,—and my uncle Toby and the corporal began to run their first parallel.—I beg I may not be interrupted in my story, by being told, That the first parallel should be at least three hundred toises distant from the main body of the place,—and that I have not left a single inch for it;—for my uncle Toby took the liberty of incroaching upon his kitchen garden, for sake of enlarging his works on the bowling green, and for that reason generally ran his first and second parallels betwixt two rows of his cabbages and his collyflowers; the conveniences and inconveniences of which will be consi-


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 dered at large in the history of my uncle Toby's and the corporal's campaigns, of which, this I'm now writing is but a sketch, and will be finished, if I conjecture right, in three pages (but there is no guessing)—The campaigns themselves will take up as many books; and therefore I apprehend it would be hanging too great a weight of one kind of matter in so flimsy a performance as this, to rhapsodize them, as I once intended, into the body of the work—surely they had better be printed apart,—we'll consider the affair—so take the following sketch of them in the mean time.

the town, with its works, was finished, my uncle Toby and the corporal began to run their first


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Rh each man was independent of every other. Even parental authority was commonly disregarded by a youth as soon as he could provide for his own wants.

Mr. Stow states that polygamy was common among the Bushmen in the days of their undisputed possession of the country. Kicherer, as already stated, affirms that they were polygamists. And Barrow asserts that at Kruger's farm at the Sneeuwberg he saw a Bushman with two wives and a little child. The same writer also, after coming by surprise upon a Bushman horde, remarks that it appeared customary for the elderly men to have two wives, one old and past childbearing and the other young. On this occasion he noticed that all the men had the cartilage of their noses bored, through which they wore a piece of wood or a porcupine's quill.

The reverend John Campbell, too, when travelling in the country north of the Orange river in 1813, came by surprise upon a party of Bushmen, and states that their leader, whom he called Makoon, had two wives, each only about four feet in height. The same traveller in 1820 was at a farm just beyond the mountains a short distance north of Beaufort West, where about fifty individuals, men, women, and children, of the Bushman race were living. Mr. Smit, the owner of the farm, spoke their language fluently. He gave Mr. Campbell much information upon them, and stated: “they make use of no form or ceremony at their marriages, if marriages they can be called. The men have frequently four or five wives, and often exchange wives with each other.”


text: The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman/Volume 6/Chapter 21


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Estwick, William


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Etheridge, George


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Etheridge, William


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Ethersay, John


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Etkins, James


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Rh the majority of the scholars were Hindus; “Is this comparative large number of Hindu scholars" Mr. Adam continues “the effect of a laudable desire to study a foreign literature placed within their reach? Or is it the effect of an artificial stimulus? This may be judged by comparing the number of Hindu teachers and scholars of Persian, which, until lately, was almost the exclusive language of local administration, with that of Hindu teachers and scholars of Arabic, which is not called into use in the ordinary routine of government. With regard to teachers; there is not a single Hindu teacher of Arabic in the five districts: all are Mussulmans. With regard to scholars, there are only 9 Hindu to 149 Mussulman students of Arabic, and consequently 2,087 Hindus to 1,409 Mussulmans who are learning Persian. The small comparative number of Arabic students who are Hindus, and the large comparative number of the Persian scholars of the same class seem to admit of only one explanation; viz., that the study of Persian has been unnaturally forced by the practice of government; and it seems probable, that even a considerable number of the Mussulmans who learn Persian may be under the same artificial influence.” This is another proof, that the tendency of


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140 our system has hitherto been to encourage not English but Mahommedan learning.

Persian has now ceased to be the official language; and, as it is not recommended by any other consideration, the study of it must soon die out. The inducement to learn Arabic will be greatly diminished, if it will not be altogether annihilated by the promulgation of a code. Sanskrit will, for the same reason, be cultivated by a smaller number of persons than formerly; and the study of it will be confined to those Brahmins who wish to qualify themselves to be priests and astrologers. Meanwhile the tide has set in strongly in favour of English; and the popular inclination is seconded by a system of public instruction, which is daily becoming more extended and better organised: an advantage which the old learning never had. The Brahminical monopoly of knowledge is now reacting on those for whose benefit it was established; and the national curiosity, which had for so many ages been deprived of its natural gratification, is greedily availing itself of the new opening presented to it. If this disposition of the people be only moderately gratified by the establishment so proper means of instruction, we may reasonably expect that ten years hence the number of person studying English will be in the proportion of ten


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a day before the vesper tide a great turmoil arose, which many knights made in the court, where they plied their knightly sports for pastime’s sake, and a great throng of men and women hasted there to gaze. The royal queens had sat them down together and talked of two worshipful knights.

Then spake the fair Kriemhild: “I have a husband who by right should rule over all these kingdoms.”

Quoth Lady Brunhild: “How might that be? If none other lived but he and thou, then might these kingdoms own his sway, but the while Gunther liveth, this may never hap.”

Kriemhild replied: “Now dost thou see, how he standeth, how right royally he walketh before the knights, as the moon doth before the stars? Therefore must I needs be merry of mood.”

Said Lady Brunhild: “However stately be thy husband, howso worthy and fair, yet must thou grant the palm to Knight Gunther, the noble brother of thine. Know of a truth, he must be placed above all kings.”

Then Kriemhild spake again: “So doughty is my husband, that I have not lauded him without good cause. His worship is great in many things. Dost thou believe it, Brunhild, he is easily Gunther’s peer.”

“Forsooth thou must not take it amiss of me, Kriem-


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112 hild, for I have not spoken thus without good reason. I heard them both aver, when I saw them first of all, and the king was victor against me in the games, and when he won my love in such knightly wise, that he was liegeman to the king, and Siegfried himself declared the same. I hold him therefore as my vassal, sith I heard him speak thus himself.”

Then spake fair Kriemhild: “Ill had I then sped. How could my noble brothers have so wrought, that I should be a mere vassal’s bride? Therefore I do beseech thee, Brunhild, in friendly wise, that for my sake thou kindly leave off this speech.”

“I’ll not leave it off,” quoth the king’s wife. “Why should I give up so many a knight, who with the warrior doth owe us service?”

Kriemhild, the passing fair, waxed wroth out of wit. “Thou must forego that he ever do you a vassal’s service; he is worthier than my brother Gunther, the full noble man. Thou must retract what I have heard thee say. Certes, it wondereth me, sith he be thy vassal and thou hast so much power over us twain, why he hath rendered thee no tribute so long a time. By right I should be spared thy overweening pride.”

“Thou bearest thee too high,“ spake the king’s wife. “I would fain see whether men will hold thee in such high honor as they do me.”

The ladies both grew wonderly wroth of mood. Then spake the Lady Kriemhild: “This must now hap. Sith thou hast declared my husband for thy liegeman, now must the men of the two kings perceive to-day whether I durst walk before the queen to church. Thou must see to-day that I am noble and free and that my hus-


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Rh band is worthier than thine; nor will I myself be taxed therewith. Thou shalt mark to-day how thy liegewoman goeth to court before the knights of the Burgundian land. I myself shall be more worshipful than any queen was known to be, who ever wore a crown.” Great hate enow rose then betwixt the ladies.

Then Brunhild answered: “Wilt thou not be a liegewoman of mine, so must thou sunder thee with thy ladies from my train when that we go to church.”

To this Kriemhild replied: “In faith that shall be done.”

“Now array you, my maids,” spake Siegfried’s wife. “I must be here without reproach. Let this be seen to-day, and ye do have rich weeds. Brunhild shall fain deny what she hath here averted.”

They needed not much bidding, but sought rich robes and many a dame and maid attired her well. Then the wife of the noble king went forth with her train. Fair Kriemhild, too, was well arrayed and three and forty maidens with her, whom she had brought hither to the Rhine. They wore bright vesture wrought in Araby, and thus the fair-fashioned maids betook them to the minster. All Siegfried’s men awaited them before the house. The folk had marvel whence it chanced that the queens were seen thus sundered, so that they did not walk together as afore. From this did many a warrior later suffer dire distress. Here before the minster stood Gunther’s wife, while many a good knight had pastime with the comely dames whom they there espied.

Then came the Lady Kriemhild with a large and noble train. Whatever kind of clothes the daughters of


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114 noble knights have ever worn, these were but the wind against her retinue. She was so rich in goods, that what the wives of thirty kings could not purvey, that Kriemhild did. An’ one would wish to, yet he could not aver that men had ever seen such costly dresses as at this time her fair-fashioned maidens wore. Kriemhild had not done it, save to anger Brunhild. They met before the spacious minster. Through her great hate the mistress of the house in evil wise bade Kriemhild stand: “Forsooth no vassaless should ever walk before the queen.“

Then spake fair Kriemhild (angry was her mood): “Couldst thou have held thy peace, ’t were well for thee. Thou hast disgraced thee and the fair body of thine. How might a vassal’s leman ever be the wife of any king?”

“Whom callest thou here leman?” spake the queen.

“That call I thee,” quoth Kriemhild. “Thy fair person was first caressed by Siegfried, my dear husband. Certes, it was not my brother who won thy maidhood. Whither could thy wits have wandered? It was an evil trick. Wherefore didst thou let him love thee, sith he be thy vassal? I hear thee make plaint without good cause,” quoth Kriemhild.

“I’ faith,” spake then Brunhild, “Gunther shall hear of this.”

“What is that to me?” said Kriemhild. “Thy pride hath bewrayed thee. With words thou hast claimed me for thy service. Know, by my troth, it will ever grieve me, for I shall be no more thy faithful friend.”

Then Brunhild wept. Kriemhild delayed no longer,


text: The Blacker the Berry

title: The Blacker the Berry


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Rh but entered the minster with her train before the queen. Thus there rose great hatred, from which bright eyes grew dim and moist.

Whatso men did or sang to God’s service there, the time seemed far too long for Brunhild, for she was sad of heart and mood. Many a brave knight and a good must later rue this day. Brunhild with her ladies now went forth and stopped before the minster. Her-thought: “Kriemhild must tell me more of what this word-shrewd woman hath so loudly charged me. Hath Siegfried made boast of this, ’t will cost his life.”

Now the noble Kriemhild came with many a valiant liegeman. Lady Brunhild spake: “Stand still a while. Ye have declared me for a leman, that must ye let be seen. Know, that through thy speech, I have fared full ill.”

Then spake the Lady Kriemhild: “Ye should have let me pass. I’ll prove it by the ring of gold I have upon my hand, and which my lover brought me when he first lay at your side.”

Brunhild had never seen so ill a day. She spake: “This costly hoop of gold was stolen from me, and hath been hid full long a time from me in evil wise. I’ll find out yet who hath ta’en it from me.”

Both ladies now had fallen into grievous wrath.

Kriemhild replied: “I’ll not be called a thief. Thou hadst done better to have held thy peace, an’ thou hold thine honor dear. I’ll prove it by the girdle which I wear about my waist, that I lie not. Certes, my Siegfried became thy lord.”

She wore the cord of silk of Nineveh, set with precious stones; in sooth ’t was fair enow. When Brun-


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 gether, and they turn in and face the public supply of drink (a little vitiated by private commercial necessities) in the public-house. (It is horrible that life should be so wholesale and heartless.) And Jones, with a sudden effusion of manner, thrusts twopence or ninepence (got God knows how) into the economic mysteries and personal delicacy of Brown. I'd as soon a man slipped sixpence down my neck. If Jones has used love and sympathy to detect a certain real thirst and need in Brown and knowledge and power in its assuaging by some specially appropriate fluid, then we have an altogether different matter; but the common business of "standing treat" and giving presents and entertainments is as proud and unspiritual as cock-crowing, as foolish and inhuman as that sorry compendium of mercantile vices, the game of poker, and I am amazed to find Chesterton commend it.

But that is a criticism by the way. Chesterton and Belloc agree with the Socialist that the present world does not give at all what they want. They agree that it fails to do so through a wild derangement of our property relations. They are in agreement with the common contemporary man (whose creed is stated, I think, not unfairly, but with the omission of certain important articles by Chesterton), that the derangements of our property relations are to be remedied by concerted action and in part by altered laws. The land and all sorts of great common interests must be, if not owned, then at least controlled, managed, checked, redistributed by the State. Our real difference is only about a little more or a little less owning.


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116 hild spied it, she began to weep. Gunther and all the Burgundian men must needs now learn of this.

Then spake the queen: “Bid the prince of the Rhineland come hither. I will let him hear how his sister hath mocked me. She saith here openly that I be Siegfried’s wife.”

The king came with knights, and when he saw his love a-weeping, how gently he spake: “Pray tell me, dear lady, who hath done you aught?”

She answered to the king: “I must stand unhappy; thy sister would fain part me from all mine honors. I make here plaint to thee she doth aver that Siegfried, her husband hath had me as his leman.”

Quoth King Gunther: “Then hath she done ill.”

“She weareth here my girdle, which I have lost, and my ring of ruddy gold. It doth repent me sore that I was ever born, unless be thou clearest me of this passing great shame, for that I’ll serve thee ever.”

King Gunther spake: “Have him come hither. He must let us hear if he hath made boast of this, or he must make denial, the hero of Netherland.” One bade fetch at once Kriemhild’s love.

When Siegfried saw the angry dames (he wist not of the tale), how quickly then he spake: “I fain would know why these ladies weep, or for what cause the king hath had me fetched.”

Then King Gunther spake: “It doth rue me sore, forsooth. My Lady Brunhild hath told me here a tale, that thou hast boasted thou wast the first to clasp her lovely body in thine arms; this Lady Kriemhild, thy wife, doth say.”

Then spake Lord Siegfried: “And she hath told


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60 With all this evidence to the contrary, it would be rash to assert that the Bushmen were strict monogamists. Circumstances would appear to have governed them in this respect. If the number of females in any locality was much greater than that of males, polygamy would be the natural result, for of course the men would have no qualms of conscience about the practice. But when the sexes were equal, or nearly equal, monogamy was the rule.

It is certain that in modern days the instances of a man living with more than one woman at a time have been exceedingly rare. Miss Lloyd, after long inquiry, could learn of but one such case, and Mr. Dunn and other investigators could hear of none whatever. That is not to say that one male and one female attached themselves to each other for life, though this may often have occurred; but that as long as they lived together a second man or a second woman was not admitted as a member of the family. Their passionate tempers prevented the presence of rivals in the same abode. Chastity, however, was unknown and uncared for, and any disagreement was sufficient to cause the separation of the man and woman, when new connections could immediately be formed by both. In general there was no marriage ceremony, the mere consent of both parties being all that was needed, but in some of the communities a youth who desired to take to himself a girl was obliged to prove himself a man by fighting with others for her and winning her by victory.

The Bushmen possessed several musical instruments, but all of the crudest kind. The most common was a bow, with a piece of quill attached in the cord, with which by blowing and inhaling the breath a noise agreeable to their ears was produced. Pieces of reed of different lengths were used as flutes, and a drum was formed by stretching a dried antelope skin over any hollow article. To their persons when dancing they attached rattles, made of hollow globes of dried hide containing pebbles, which added to the noise of the rude chant and the stamping of the feet.

They were fond of dancing by moonlight, after abundance of flesh had been obtained by the slaughter of some large animal.


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Rh There were various kinds of dances, each of which had its appropriate chant, but nearly all consisted of contortions of the body rather than of movements from place to place. Some of them were lascivious to the last degree, for the savages were devoid of all feeling of shame. Others, which perhaps must be considered the highest in order, were imitations of the actions of different animals. These dances caused much excitement, one especially, which was attended with great exertion of the body, frequently causing blood to flow from the noses of some of the performers and ending in the utter exhaustion of others.

The games that they practised were chiefly imitation hunts, in which some or all of them were disguised and represented animals. In this pastime they displayed much cleverness, whether they acted as men, or as baboons, or as lions in pursuit of antelopes. But it was not often that they engaged in play, for the effort to sustain existence was with them severe and almost constant.

At early dawn the Bushman rose from his bed of grass, and scanned the country around in search of game. If any living thing was within range of his far-seeing eye, he grasped his bow and quiver of arrows, and with his dog set off in pursuit. His wife and children followed, carrying fire and collecting bulbs and anything else that was edible on the way. They could pursue his track unerringly by indications that would escape the keenest European eye: a broken twig, a freshly turned stone, or bent blades of grass being sufficient to guide them aright. At nightfall, if they were fortunate, they collected about the body of an antelope, and there they remained till nothing that could be consumed was left. Or if a small animal was killed early in the day, it might be carried to the cave where they and others had their chief abode, to be generously shared with all the occupants, for in this respect the wild people were unselfish to the last degree. Such in general was their mode of existence, varied occasionally by either a great feast with boisterous revelry or a dire famine and tightened hunger belts. And so from day to day and year to year life passed on, without anything of an intellectual nature to ennoble it.


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Rh this tale, she shall rue it sore, or ever I turn back, and I’ll clear me with solemn oaths in front of all thy men, that I have not told her this.”

Quoth the king of the Rhineland: “Let that be seen. The oath thou dost offer, and let it now be given, shall free thee of all false charges.”

They bade the proud Burgundians form a ring. Siegfried, the bold, stretched out his hand for the oath; then spake the mighty king: “Thy great innocence is so well known to me, that I will free thee of that of which my sister doth accuse thee and say, thou hast never done this thing.”

Siegfried replied: “If it boot my lady aught to have thus saddened Brunhild, that will surely cause me boundless grief.”

Then the lusty knights and good gazed one upon the other. “One should so train women,” spake again Siegfried, the knight, “that they leave haughty words unsaid. Forbid it to thy wife, and I’ll do the same to mine. In truth, I do shame me of her great discourtesie.”

Many fair ladies were parted by the speech. Brunhild mourned so sore, that it moved King Gunther’s men to pity. Then came Hagen of Troneg to his sovran lady. He found her weeping, and asked what grief she had. She told him then the tale. On the spot he vowed that Kriemhild’s lord should rue it sore, or he would nevermore be glad. Ortwin and Gernot joined their parley and these heroes counseled Siegfried’s death. Giselher, the son of the noble Uta, came hither too. When he heard the talk, he spake full true: “Ye trusty knights, wherefore do ye this?


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Project Mercury is now history. In its short span of four years, eight months, and one week as the Nation’s first manned space flight program, Mercury earned a unique place in the annals of science and technology. The culmination of decades of investigation and application of aerodynamics, rocket propulsion, celestial mechanics, aerospace medicine, and electronics, Project Mercury took man beyond the atmosphere into space orbit. It con- firmed the potential for man’s mobility in his universe. It remains for Projects Gemini and Apollo to demonstrate that potential.

Project Mercury was not only a step in the history of flight technology, it was a major step in national commitment to space research and exploration and to man’s struggle to fly. One has only to contrast it with the Wright Brothers’ achievements of sixty years ago, when two meticulous men, with a bicycle shop, a handmade wind tunnel, determination and industriousness, and little financial means or support, accomplished controlled, powered flight. The austere contrast of the Wrights or of Professor Goddard’s rocket work with today’s Government-sponsored, highly complex space program, involving thousands of persons and hundreds of Federal, industrial, and university activities, is eloquent testimony to the new prominence of science and technology in our daily lives. The evolution and achievements of Project Mercury offer an outstanding example of a truly national effort in the advancement of knowledge and its application.

The Project Mercury story must be examined in the full context of its fundamental features—scientific, engineering, managerial—in the dynamic human environment of national and international life. Indeed, the national commitment to Project Mercury and its successors requires a valid perspective on the potential accomplishments of science and technology as well as on the response of a democratic society to the challenges of its day.

This chronology of Project Mercury represents only a beginning on the full history, just as Mercury was only a first step in the development of American space transportation. No chronology is a history. This volume is but a preface to what is yet to come. Yet it offers us a catalog of processes by which man progresses from ideas originating in the human mind to the physical devices for man’s travel to the moon and beyond.


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118 Siegfried hath not merited forsooth such hate, that he should therefore lose his life. Certes, women oft grow angry over little things.”

“Shall we then raise cuckolds?” answered Hagen; “such good knights would gain from that but little honor. Because he hath boasted of my liege lady, I will rather die, an’ it cost him not his life.”

Then spake the king himself: “He hath shown us naught but love and honor, so let him live. What booteth it, if I now should hate the knight? He was ever faithful to us and that right willingly.”

Knight Ortwin of Metz then spake: “His great prowess shall not in sooth avail him aught. If my lord permit, I’ll do him every evil.”

So without cause the heroes had declared a feud against him. In this none followed, save that Hagen counselled all time Knight Gunther the that if Siegfried no longer lived, then many kingly lands would own his sway. At this the king grew sad, so they let it rest.

Jousting was seen once more. Ho, what stout shafts they splintered before the minster in the presence of Siegfried’s wife, even down to the hall! Enow of Gunther’s men were now in wrath. The king spake: “Let be this murderous rage, he is born to our honor and to our joy. Then, too, the wonderly bold man is so fierce of strength, that none durst match him, if he marked it.”

“No, not he,” spake Hagen then, “Ye may well keep still; I trow to bring it to pass in secret, that he rue Brunhild’s tears. Certes, Hagen hath broken with him for all time.”


text: Page:Project Mercury - A Chronology.pdf/3


text: The Blacker the Berry/Part 1

title: The Blacker the Berry/Part 1


text: Page:Project Mercury - A Chronology.pdf/4


text:
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Rh Then spake King Gunther: “How might that chance?”

To this Hagen made answer: “I’ll let you hear. We’ll bid messengers, that be not known to any here, ride into our land, to declare war upon us openly. Then do ye say before your guests that ye and your men will take the field. When that is done, he will vow to serve you then and from this he shall lose his life, an’ I learn the tale from the bold knight’s wife.”

The king followed his liegeman Hagen in evil wise. These chosen knights gan plan great faithlessness, or ever any one was ware. From two women’s quarreling full many a hero lost his life.


text: One of a Thousand/Braley, Henry King

title: One of a Thousand/Braley, Henry King


text: The Blacker the Berry/Part 2

title: The Blacker the Berry/Part 2


text: Page:Project Mercury - A Chronology.pdf/5


text: The Blacker the Berry/Part 3

title: The Blacker the Berry/Part 3


text:
Page:Project Mercury - A Chronology.pdf/8

Project Mercury stands as the free world’s first program for manned exploration of space. History will show that it has been remarkably successful for a number of reasons. Primarily, all of the technical objectives necessary to the successful completion of the program were accomplished. Also, Mercury experience has provided this nation with the capability to implement and manage future projects on a level of quality and effectiveness that would otherwise have been impossible. Possibly of greater significance is the fact that Project Mercury was conceived and carried out solely for peaceful purposes, and all major events have been fully documented in the public news media, including television coverage of each manned launch from Cape Canaveral.

It is remarkable that the original goal of Mercury, that of orbiting a man in space and returning him safely to earth, was accomplished in just 3 years after the prime contract was awarded. This element of the program's success is especially significant when compared to development efforts for more conventional manned aircraft in which development and qualification periods of 5 or more years are not uncommon. The rapid pace with which the critical program milestones were completed was possible only through the dedicated efforts of many thousands of people. Because of the success in meeting prescribed technical objectives and the reliable operation of the spacecraft and launch vehicle systems it was possible to eliminate certain qualification flights early in the program and broaden the original scope of Mercury into the recent and final manned 1-day mission of 22 orbits or 34 hours duration. The valuable experience gained in the design, development, and operation of the Mercury spacecraft, as well as in management of such a program, has already resulted in a profound effect on the Gemini and Apollo projects and will continue to do so to an even greater extent.

This document presents a brief but accurate chronology of important events throughout the Mercury program and attests to the rapid pace at which the Mercury development and operation were carried out. Many of the critical decisions which were later significantly to affect the direction of the program are mentioned, and the manned flights, from the first suborbital mission of May 5, 1961, to the final orbital mission conducted on May 15 and 16, 1963, are documented. Project Mercury is now history, and only time will allow a complete assessment of its full impact on this nation’s technology and contribution in expanding the space frontier. But it can be stated without reservation that this project will be remembered as one of the outstanding technical achievements that this country has contributed to world history.


text:
Page:A pair of blue eyes (1873 Volume 1).pdf/22

8 he should come, you must send him up to me, I suppose, and then give him some supper and put him to bed in some way. Dear me, what a nuisance all this is!'

'Must he have dinner?'

'Too heavy for a tired man at the end of a tedious journey.'

'Tea, then?'

'Not substantial enough.'

'High tea, then? There is cold fowl, rabbit-pie, some pasties, and things of that kind.'

'Yes, high tea.'

'Must I pour out this tea, papa?'

'Of course; you are the mistress of the house.'

'What, sit there all the time with a stranger, just as if I knew him, and not anybody to introduce us?'

'Nonsense, child, about introducing; you know better than that. A practical professional man, tired and hungry, who has been travelling ever since daylight this


text:
Page:Project Mercury - A Chronology.pdf/9

Material for this document was accumulated from widespread sources, and for this reason the author is indebted to a number of individuals. In fact, several persons contributed to such a degree that formal recognition is warranted. These were as follows: Mr. Paul E. Purser, Special Assistant to Director, MSC; Mrs. Phoncille De Vore of Mr. Purser's office; Lt. Colonel John A. Powers, Public Affairs Officer, MSC; Mr. William M. Bland, Deputy Manager of Project Mercury, MSC; Mr. Robert W. Fricke, Technical Information Division, MSC; Miss Retha Shirkey, Librarian, MSC; Mr. Ralph Shankle, Public Affairs Office, MSC; Mr. David S. Akens, Marshall Space Flight Center; Mr. Alfred Rosenthal, Goddard Space Flight Center; Dr. Eugene M. Emme, the NASA Historian; and Mrs. Helen Wells of the NASA Headquarters Historical Office. Especial thanks is given to Mrs. Frankie J. Fisher, the branch secretary, for typing, layout, and research.

JMG


text: The Blacker the Berry/Part 4

title: The Blacker the Berry/Part 4


text:
Page:Project Mercury - A Chronology.pdf/14

A decision by National Aeronautics and Space Administration Headquarters in October 1961 extended the Mercury program by adding 1-day missions after three- and- six-orbit flights. Also, during the same year, follow-on manned space programs, later known as Projects Gemini and Apollo, began to take form. These events were rather unusual, for here was program expansion on a higher level of difficulty prior to the time that the basic objectives of Project Mercury, the launch and safe return of a man from earth orbit, had been attained. Obviously, Project Mercury, first guided by the Space Task Group and then by the Manned Spacecraft Center (the successor organization), had built up a high confidence factor as to the potential success of the space venture. To a large degree, this action was graphically supported at that point in time by the highly successful suborbital flights of Alan Shepard and Virgil Grissom and the orbital flight of the "mechanical astronaut."

Project Mercury’s formal program approval date was October 7, 1958, and 8 years and 2 weeks from the award of the development and production contract by NASA to the McDonnell Aircraft Corporation of St. Louis, Missouri, the orbital flight of John Glenn aboard the Mercury spacecraft, "Friendship 7," transpired. When this uncommonly brief time scale is compared with other major programs of national note and urgency, the question of how man was committed so soon to orbital flight is certain to be posed.

The key to this phenomenal success was concurrency of effort. That is, all facets of the program leading to manned space flight were guided along a simultaneous route and not by the concept of qualifying each phase before development work began on another. From the outset, work was being accomplished on all components of the spacecraft, adapting the launch vehicles, readying the worldwide tracking network, selecting and training astronauts, and developing ground support equipment for systems checkout and astronaut training. No detail was too small to warrant the attention of scientists and engineers who were charged with making the awesome decisions that would commit man to orbital flight. Every organization that had acquired any technical proficiency or had built up a capability in a particular field that could be applied to the space program was visited, and arrangements were made for assistance, facilities, or the use of equipment. Also, the test and reliability program to which Mercury hardware was subjected was exhaustive and thorough. In fact, this unusually close attention refutes the "crash program" connotation often cited. The term "accelerated" more aptly describes the effort. That the managers were not


text:
Page:The Nibelungenlied - tr. Shumway - 1909.pdf/178

the fourth morning two and thirty men were seen to ride to court and the tale was brought to mighty Gunther that war had been declared. The very direst woes befell fair women from a lie. They gained leave to come before the king and say that they were Liudeger’s men, whom Siegfried’s hand had conquered afore and had brought as hostages to Gunther’s land. He greeted then the messengers and bade them go and seat them. One among them spake: “My lord, pray let us stand till we have told the message we do bear you. This know, ye have of a truth many a mother’s son as foe. Liudegast and Liudeger, whom ye one time gave grievous sores, declare a feud against you and are minded to ride with an army to this land.” The king waxed wroth when he heard this tale.

Men bade lead the perjurers to their lodgings. How might Siegfried, or any else against whom they plotted, ware himself against their wiles? This later brought great sorrow to them all. The king walked whispering with his friends; Hagen of Troneg never let him rest. Enow of the king’s liegemen would fain have parted the strife, but Hagen would not give up his plan. On a day Siegfried found them whispering. The hero of Netherland gan ask: “How go the king and his men so sadly? I’ll help avenge it, hath any done you aught.”


text: The Blacker the Berry/Part 5

title: The Blacker the Berry/Part 5


text:
Page:The Nibelungenlied - tr. Shumway - 1909.pdf/179

Rh Then spake King Gunther: “I am rightly sad. Liudegast and Liudeger have challenged me to war; they are minded to ride openly into my land.”

At this the bold knight said: “Siegfried’s hand shall hinder that with zeal, as beseemeth all your honors. I’ll do yet to these knights as I did before; I’ll lay waste their lands, or ever I turn again. Be my head your pledge of this. Ye and your warriors shall stay at home and let me ride to meet them with those I have. I’ll let you see how fain I serve you. This know, through me it shall go evil with your foes.”

“Well is me of these tidings,” spake then the king, as though he were glad in earnest of this aid. With guile the faithless man bowed low.

Quoth Lord Siegfried: “Ye shall have small care.”

Then they made ready for the journey hence with the men-at-arms. This was done for Siegfried and his men to see. He, too, bade those of Netherland get them ready. Siegfried’s warriors sought out warlike weeds. Then the stalwart Siegfried spake: “My father Siegmund, ye must stay here. We shall return in short space hither to the Rhine, and God give us luck. Ye must here make merry with the king.”

They tied fast their banners, as though they would away, and there were enow of Gunther’s men who wist not wherefore this was done. Great rout of men was seen at Siegfried’s side. They bound their helmets and their breastplates upon the steeds, and many a stout knight made ready to quit the land. Then Hagen of Troneg went to find Kriemhild and asked for leave; sith they would void the land.


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 swayed toward a crash program even in the face of an American public anxiously awaiting the advent of manned space flight, was unusual.

There were a number of catalysts which created the conditions leading to the approval of the Mercury project, and many of these circumstances and events contributed directly to the goal of attaining manned space flight. Shortly after World War II, experimental missile tests were conducted in the White Sands, N. Mex. area to altitudes beyond the sensible atmosphere. During this same period, rocket aircraft research was initiated with the objective of piercing the sound barrier. Then from the early to the mid-fifties the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics and industry scientists and engineers made the assault on the thermal barrier to resolve the reentry problem for the ballistic missile. These excellent mediums of research formed a natural progression for the NACA to attack the problems of manned space flight. Another factor contributing to the growing interest in the national space program was the planning and research that was devoted to the artificial earth satellite program for the International Geophysical Year. Then the flight of Sputnik I in 1957 furnished the "yeast" necessary for the American public to support a manned space flight project. Finally, the Atlas launch vehicle had reached a point in development at which serious consideration could be given for its application to manned space flight. At that time the Atlas was the only American launch vehicle capable of lifting a payload for the manned orbital requirements.

This document chronicles the three major phases of the Mercury program—conception, research and development, and operation. Even in this brief form, the reader can readily observe the meticulous attention to detail that was given by personnel of the NASA, other Government agencies, and American industry associated with the conduct of the program to assure mission success in our first manned step in space.

MSC Historian


text: Page:Project Mercury - A Chronology.pdf/16


text:
Page:The life and opinions of Tristram Shandy (Volume 6).pdf/99

 parallel—not at random, or any how—but from the same points and distances the allies had begun to run theirs; and regulating their approaches and attacks, by the accounts my uncle Toby received from the daily papers,—they went on, during the whole siege, step by step with the allies.

When the duke of Marlborough made a lodgment,—my uncle Toby made a judgment too.—And when the face of a bastion was battered down, or a defence ruined,—the corporal took his mattock and did as much,—and so on;—gaining ground, and making themselves masters of the works one after another, till the town fell into their hands.


text:
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122 “Now well is me,” spake Kriemhild, “that I have won a husband who dare protect so well my loving kinsfolk, as my Lord Siegfried doth here. Therefore,” spake the queen, “will I be glad of heart. Dear friend Hagen, think on that, that I do serve you gladly and never yet did bear you hate. Requite this now to me in my dear husband. Let him not suffer, if I have done to Brunhild aught. I since have rued it,” spake the noble wife. “Moreover, he since hath beaten me black and blue; the brave hero and a good hath well avenged that ever I spake what grieved her heart.”

“Ye ’ll be friends once more after some days. Kriemhild, dear lady, pray tell me how I may serve you in your husband Siegfried. Liefer will I do this for you than for any else.”

“I should be without all fear,” quoth the noble dame, “that any one would take his life in the fray, if he would not follow his overweening mood; then the bold knight and a good were safe.”

“Lady,” spake then Hagen, “an’ ye do think that men might wound him, pray let me know with what manner of arts I can prevent this. On foot, on horse, will I ever be his guard.”

She spake: “Thou art my kinsman and I am thine. I’ll commend to thee trustingly the dear lover of mine, that thou mayst guard him well, mine own dear husband.” She made him acquaint with tales which had been better left unsaid. She spake: “My husband is brave and strong enow. When he slew the dragon on the hill, the lusty warrior bathed him of a truth in the blood, so that since then no weapon ever cut him in the fray. Yet am I in fear, whenever he standeth


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 To one who took pleasure in the happy state of others,—there could not have been a greater sight in the world that, on a post-morning, in which a practicable breach had been made by the duke of Marlborough, in the main body of the place,—to have stood behind the horn beam hedge, and observed the spirit with which my uncle Toby, with Trim behind him, sallied forth;—the one with the Gazette in his hand,—the other with a spade on his shoulder to execute the contents.—What an honest triumph in my uncle Toby's looks as he marched up to the ramparts! What intense pleasure swimming in his eyes as he stood over the corporal, reading the paragraph ten times over to him, as he was at work, left, peradventure, he should make the breach an inch too wide,—or


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 leave it an inch too narrow—But when the chamade was beat, and the corporal helped my uncle up it, and followed with the colours in his hand, to fix them upon the ramparts—Heaven! Earth! Sea!—but what avails apostrophes?—with all your elements, wet or dry, ye never compounded so intoxicating a draught.

In this track of happiness for many years, without one interruption to it, except now and then when the wind continued to blow due west for a week or ten days together, which detained the Flanders mail, and kept them so long in torture,—but still 'twas the torture of the happy—In this track, I say, did my uncle Toby and Trim move for many years, every year of which, and sometimes every month, from the invention


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 of either the one or the other of them, adding some new conceit or quirk of improvement to their operations, which always opened fresh springs of delight in carrying them on.

The first year's campaign was carried on from beginning to end, in the plain and simple method I've related.

In the second year, in which my uncle Toby took Liege and Ruremond, he thought he might afford the expence of four handsome draw-bridges, two of which I have given an exact description, in the former part of my work.

At the latter end of the same year he added a couple of gates with portcullises:—These last were converted afterwards in orgues, as the better thing;


text:
Page:The Nibelungenlied - tr. Shumway - 1909.pdf/181

Rh in the fight and many javelins are cast by heroes’ hands, that I may lose this dear husband of mine. Alas, how oft I suffer sore for Siegfried’s sake! Dear kinsman, in the hope that thou wilt hold thy troth with me, I’ll tell thee where men may wound the dear lord of mine. I let thee hear this, ’t is done in faith. When the hot blood gushed from the dragon’s wounds and the bold hero and a good bathed him therein, a broad linden leaf did fall betwixt his shoulder blades. Therefore am I sore afraid that men may cut him there.”

Then spake Hagen of Troneg: “Sew a small mark upon his coat, whereby I may know where I must guard him, when we stand in battle.”

She weened to save her knight, but ’t was done unto his death. She spake: “With fine silk I’ll sew a secret cross upon his vesture. There, knight, thy hand must guard my husband, when the strife is on and he standeth in the battle before his foes.”

“That will I well, dear my lady,” Hagen then replied.

The lady weened that it would boot him aught, but Kriemhild’s husband was thereby betrayed. Hagen then took leave; merrily he hied him hence. The king’s liegeman was blithe of mood. I ween that nevermore will warrior give such false counsel, as was done by him when Kriemhild trusted in his troth.

Next morning Siegfried with a thousand of his men rode merrily forth. He weened he should avenge the grievance of his kinsmen. Hagen rode so near him that he could eye his clothes. When he saw the sign, he sent in secret twain of his men, who should tell an-


text: Index:A budget of paradoxes (IA cu31924103990507).pdf


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 and during the winter of the same year, my uncle Toby, instead of a new suit of cloaths, which he always had at Christmas, treated himself with a handsome sentry-box, to stand at the corner of the bowling-green, betwixt which point and the foot of the glacis, there was left a little kind of an esplanade for him and the corporal to confer and hold councils of war upon.

—The sentry-box was in case of rain.

All these were painted white three times over the ensuing spring, which enabled my uncle Toby to take the field with great splendour.

My father would often say to Yorick, that if any mortal in the whole universe


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Etkins, Richard


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Etton, Anthony


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Etton, Guy


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Ettorick, Antony


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Ettricke, Edward


text: Project Mercury - A Chronology

title: Project Mercury - A Chronology


text: Project Mercury - A Chronology/Foreword

title: Project Mercury - A Chronology/Foreword


text: Project Mercury - A Chronology/Preface

title: Project Mercury - A Chronology/Preface


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Ettricke, Walter


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Ettrick, William


text:
Page:The Necromancer, or, The Tale of the Black Forest Vol. 1.djvu/125

NECROMANCER.

PART II.

is with the greatest pleasure I am going to communicate to you a remarkable accident I met with this summer, when at Pyrmont. I would have given you the following account some time ago, if it had not been for some papers which I was obliged to wait


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Ettricke, William


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Etty, Francis


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Etwall, John (1)


text:
Page:On the education of the people of India (IA oneducationofpeo00trevrich).pdf/155

Rh to one to those who will be studying the learned Oriental languages.

Lastly; it is urged, that as we have succeeded the native chiefs who were the natural patrons of Indian learning, we are bound to give that aid to Oriental scholars which they would have done had they never been displaced by us.

To promote the spread of knowledge among our subjects is undoubtedly one of the most sacred duties which has devolved on us as the rulers of India: but I cannot admit the correctness of the test by which the Oriental party would determine the kind of knowledge to be taught. Is it meant that we are bound to perpetuate the system patronised by our predecessors, merely because it was patronised by them, however little it may be calculated to promote the welfare of the people? If it be so, the English rule would be the greatest curse to India it is possible to conceive. Left to themselves, the inherent rottenness of the native systems must, sooner or later, have brought them to a close. But, according to this view of the subject, the resources of European skill are to employed in imparting to them a new principle of duration: knowledge is to be used to perpetuate ignorance civilisation to perpetuate barbarism; and the iron strength of the English Govern-


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142 ment to bind faster still the fetters which have so long confined the native mind. This is a new view of our obligations; and, if it be a just one, it is to be hoped that in pity to our subjects we shall neglect this branch of our duties. Fortunately for them, we have not thought it incumbent on us to act on this rule in other departments of administration. We have not adopted into our system barbarous penal enactments and oppressive modes of collecting the revenue because they happened to be favourites with our predecessors. The test of what ought to be taught is, truth and utility. Our predecessors consulted the welfare of their subjects to the best of their information: we are bound to do the same by ours. We cannot divest ourselves of this responsibility: the light of European knowledge, and the diffusive spirit of European benevolence give us advantages which our predecessors did not possess. A new class of Indian scholars is rising under our rule, more numerous and better instructed than those who went before them; and, above all, plans are in progress for enlightening the great body of the people as far as their leisure will permit an undertaking which never entered into the imagination of any of the former rulers of India.


text: Project Mercury - A Chronology/Acknowledgments


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 for; they are arrived at last, and here I send them, beseeching you to remit them to me as soon as you shall have perused them.

I had been three weeks at Pyrmont, when I one time went to the promenade, in a very beautiful evening, there I happened to meet a gentleman whose features interested me very much, though they were unknown to me:—Walking slowly on, I soon saw him come after me; he passed me with hasty steps, and turning suddenly, stared me in the face; I did the same, being surprised that I also had attracted the notice of the stranger: He went on, but soon after turned round once more, directing his steps towards me, and staring again at me. I stopped and did the same. He moved his lips as if he wanted to speak to me, just when I was going to ask him whether he wanted something; however, we both remained silent, pursuing our walk. That pantomime we repeated several times neither of us uttering a word; at length it began to grow dark and I went to my lodgings."


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Etwall, John (2)


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Etwall, Thomas


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Etwall, William (1)


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Etwall, William (2)


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Etwall, William (3)


text:
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124 other tale: that Gunther’s land should still have peace and that Liudeger had sent them to the king. How loth Siegfried now rode home again, or ever he had avenged his kinsmen’s wrongs! Gunther’s men could hardly turn him back. He rode then to the king; the host gan thank him. “Now God requite you of your will, friend Siegfried, that ye do so willingly what I bid you. For this I’ll ever serve you, as I rightly should. I trust you more than all my friends. Now that we be rid of this foray, I am minded to ride a-hunting for bears and boars to the Vosges forest, as I have done oft-time.“ That Hagen, the faithless knight, had counseled. “Let it be told to all my guests, that we ride betimes. Those that would hunt with me must make them ready. If any choose to stay at home to court the ladies, that liketh me as well.”

Then spake Sir Siegfried in lordly wise: “And ye would a-hunting, I’d fain go with you. Pray lend me a huntsman and some brach, and I will ride to the pines.”

“Will ye have but one?” spake the king anon. “I’ll lend you, an’ ye will, four men to whom both wood and paths be known where the game is wont to go, and who will not let you miss the camp.”

Then rode the full lusty warrior to his wife, whilst Hagen quickly told the king how he thought to trap the doughty knight. A man should never use such faithlessness.


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Frontispiece


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Eure


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Eure, John (1)


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Eure, John (2)


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Eure, Ralph


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Eure, Sir Sampson


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Page:Early western travels, 1748-1846 (1907 Volume 21).djvu/28

22 they came in contact, and not to carry war or violence among any of them who appeared peaceably disposed.

A few years before the period of which we have spoken, our government had acquired by purchase the vast and valuable Territory of Louisiana from the renowned NAPOLEON BONAPARTE, at the time of the Chief of the French Nation. Considering his previous intentions, and actual preparations under his famous General Bernadotte, nothing could be more fortunate for these United States than this purchase. Our possession of Louisiana was so grievous a sore to the very jealous Spaniards, that they have, till lately, done all in their power to debar and mislead us from pursuing discoveries in that quarter, or in the Arkansas, Missouri, or Oregon. Yet few or none of them probably believed that we should, during the present generation, or the next, attempt the exploration of the distant Oregon Territory, which extends from the Rocky Mountains to the shores of the Pacific Ocean, or in other words, from the Missouri and Yellow Stone rivers to that of the river Columbia or Orgon which pours into the Ocean by a wide mouth at the immense distance from us of about four thousand miles; yet one and twenty men, chiefly farmers and few mechanics, had the hardihood to undertake it, and that too with deliberation and sober calculation. But what will not a New-England [3] man undertake when honor and interest are the objects before him? Have not the people of that sand-bank, Nantucket, redeemed it from the ocean, and sailed round Cape Horn in pursuit of whales


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Rh The first American four-stage rocket was launched by the Pilotless Aircraft Research Division of NACA’s Langley Laboratory at Wallops Island.

Dr. Alan T. Waterman of the National Science Foundation presented President Dwight Eisenhower with a plan to implement the United States' portion of the International Geophysical Year satellite experiment.

President Eisenhower endorsed the IGY proposal for the launching of small earth-circling satellites.

The United States announced that it would launch earth satellites during the 18-month IGY (July 1957 through December 1958).

Project Vanguard began operations. On this date the Department of Defense wrote a letter to the Department of Navy authorizing the Navy Research Laboratory to proceed with the Vanguard proposal. The objective of the program was to place a satellite in orbit during the IGY, and responsibility for carrying out the program was placed with the Office of Naval Research.

The Department of Defense's Stewart Committee reviewed the alternatives for an IGY satellite program: wait for the development of an Atlas launcher, use a modified Redstone, or develop a rocket derived from the Viking missile. The committee voted seven to two in favor of abandoning Project Orbiter (Redstone) and developing Vanguard (the Viking derivative). Secretary Donald Quarles ruled with the committee majority in the Department of Defense Policy Committee, which approved the decision.

The National Academy of Sciences established a Technical Panel for Earth Satellite Program, with Richard E. Porter serving as chairman.


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30 fifteen years cooped in the hull of this dead ship is unthinkable. I may speak only for myself, but to me it would be highly preferable to die immediately than to live on thus, knowing that there was no hope of rescue. Had Orthis not destroyed the radio outfit we could have communicated with Earth and another ship been outfitted and sent to our rescue inside a year. But now we cannot tell them, and they will never know our fate. The emergency that has arisen has, however, so altered conditions that I do not feel warranted in taking this step without consulting you gentlemen. It is a matter now largely of the duration of our lives. I cannot proceed upon the mission upon which I have been dispatched, nor can I return to Earth. I wish, therefore, that you would express yourselves freely concerning the plan which I have outlined."

West, who was the senior among them, was naturally the one to reply first. He told me that he was content to go wherever I led, and Jay and Norton in turn signified a similar willingness to abide by whatever decision I might reach. They also assured me that they were as keen to explore the surface of the Moon at close range as I, and that they could think of no better way of spending the remainder of their lives than in the acquisition of new experiences and the observation of new scenes.

"Very well, Mr. Norton," I said, "you will set your course directly toward the Moon."

Aided by lunar gravity our descent was rapid.

As we plunged through space at a terrific speed, the satellite seemed to be leaping madly toward us, and at the end of fifteen hours I gave orders to slack off and brought the ship almost to a stop about nine thousand feet above the summit of the higher lunar peaks. Never before had I gazed upon a more awe-inspiring scene than that pre-

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text: Project Mercury - A Chronology/Introduction


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8 The NACA Langley and Ames Aeronautical Laboratories developed high-temperature jets, wind tunnels, and other facilities for use in materials and structures research at hypersonic speeds. These facilities provided, among other things, data proving that ablation was an efficient heat-protection method for reentry vehicles.

The Army Ballistic Missile Agency (ABMA) was activated at Redstone Arsenal, Huntsville, Alabama, to complete the development of the Redstone missile and to develop the Jupiter missile. The Redstone was later used in two Mercury manned suborbital flights, and in other research and development flights.

Project 7969, entitled "Manned Ballistic Rocket Research System," was initiated by the Air Force with a stated task of recovering a manned capsule from orbital conditions. By December of that year, proposal studies were received from two companies, and the Air Force eventually received some 11 proposals. The basis for the program was to start with small recoverable satellites and work up to larger versions. The Air Force Discoverer firings, which effected a successful recovery in January 1960, could be considered as the first phase of the proposed program. The Air Force program was based upon a requirement that forces no higher than 12g be imposed upon the occupant of the capsule. This concept required an additional stage on the basic or “bare” Atlas, and the Hustler, now known as the Agena, was contemplated. It was proposed that the spacecraft be designed to remain forward during all phases of the flight, requiring a gimballed seat for the pilot. Although the Air Force effort in manned orbital flight during the period 1956-58 was a study project without an approved program leading to the design of hardware, the effort contributed to manned space flight. Their sponsored studies on such items as the life-support system were used by companies submitting proposals for the Mercury spacecraft design and development program. Also, during the 2-year study, there was a considerable interchange of information between the NACA and the Air Force.


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and Hagen, the passing bold knights, faithlessly let cry a-hunting in the woods, that with sharp spears they would hunt boars and bears and bison. What might be braver? With them rode Siegfried in lordly guise; many kinds of victual did they take along. At a cool spring he later lost his life, the which Brunhild, King Gunther’s wife, had counseled. The bold knight then went to where he found Kriemhild. His costly hunting garb and those of his fellowship were already bound upon the sumpters, for they would cross the Rhine. Never could Kriemhild have been more sorrowful. He kissed his love upon her mouth. “God let me see thee, lady, still in health and grant that thine eyes may see me too. Thou shalt have pastime with thy loving kinsmen. I may not stay at home.”

Then she thought of the tale she had told to Hagen, though she durst not say a whit. The noble queen began to rue that she was ever born. Lord Siegfried’s wife wept out of measure. She spake to the knight: “Let be your hunting. I had an evil dream last night, how two wild boars did chase you across the heath; then flowers grew red. I have in truth great cause to weep so sore. I be much adread of sundry plans and whether we have not misserved some who might bear us hostile hate. Tarry here, dear my lord, that I counsel by my troth.”


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Rh The Air Force disclosed that a $41 million guided missile production facility would be built at Sorrento, California, for the Atlas launch vehicle. Convair was announced as the prime contractor.

A five-stage, solid-fuel rocket test vehicle, the world’s first, was launched to a speed of mach 15 by the NACA Langley Aeronautical Laboratory's Pilotless Aircraft Research Division. October

NACA scientists were engaged in preliminary studies of the need for a follow-on, manned-rocket research vehicle to the X-15.

Personnel of the Air Research and Development Command approached NACA officials on the possible cooperation of NACA in a research airplane project as a follow-on to the X-15 project. NACA agreed to consider the plan and directed its laboratories to initiate feasibility studies relative to the range of speed for the proposed vehicle and an estimate of the time frame in which the vehicle could be developed.

Personnel of the NACA were studying the possibilities of utilizing existing ballistic missile boosters, which were then under development, for manned orbital space flight.

The United States proposed before the United Nations Assembly that study be initiated toward international agreements assuring the use of outer space for peaceful purposes only.


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96 The heads of objection will be taken from an article by Professor Wilson, entitled “Education of the Natives of India,” published in the Asiatic Journal for January 1836, which contains the most complete statement which has yet appeared of all that can be said on the oriental side of the question.

The first in order relates to the construction of that part of the charter act of 1813 by which a lac of rupees a year was assigned for the education of the natives of India. The opponents of our present plan of proceeding contend that it was not the intention of parliament, in making this assignment, to encourage the cultivation of sound learning and true principles of science, but to bring about a revival of the antiquated and false learning of the shasters, which had fallen into neglect in consequence of the cessation of the patronage which had in ancient times been extended to it by the native Hindu princes. To this argument the following reply has been made:

“It does not appear to me that the act of parliament can by any art of construction be made to bear the meaning which has been assigned to it. It contains nothing about the particular languages or sciences which are to be studied. A


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Rh He spake: “Dear love, I’ll come back in a few short days. I wot not here of people who bear me aught of hate. Each and all of thy kinsmen be my friends, nor have I deserved it other of the knights.”

“No, no, Sir Siegfried, in truth I fear thy fall. I had last night an evil dream, how two mountains fell upon thee. I saw thee nevermore. It doth cut me to the heart, that thou wilt part from me.”

In his arms he clasped his courteous wife and kissed her tenderly. Then in a short space he took his leave and parted hence. Alas, she never saw him in health again.

Then they rode from thence into a deep wood for pastime’s sake. Many bold knights did follow Gunther and his men, but Gernot and Giselher stayed at home. Many laden sumpters were sent before them across the Rhine, the which bare for the hunting fellowship bread and wine, meat and fish, and great store of other things, which so mighty a king might rightly have. They bade the proud huntsmen and bold halt before a green wood over against the courses of the game, upon a passing broad glade where they should hunt. The king was told that Siegfried, too, was come. The hunting fellowship now took their stand on every side. Then the bold knight, the sturdy Siegfried, asked: “Ye heroes bold and brave, who shall lead us to the game within the wood?”

“Let us part,“ spake Hagen, “ere we begin the chase. Thereby my lords and I may know who be the best hunter on this woodland journey. Let us divide the folk and hounds and let each turn whithersoever he list. He who doth hunt the best shall have our


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Rh sum is set apart ‘for the revival and promotion of literature, and the encouragement of the learned natives of India, and for the introduction and promotion of a knowledge of the sciences among the inhabitants of the British territories.’ It is argued, or rather taken for granted, that by literature the parliament can have meant only Arabic and Sanskrit literature; that they never would have given the honourable appellation of a ‘learned native’ to a native who was familiar with the poetry of, the metaphysics of , and the physics of ; but that they meant to designate by that name only such persons as might have studied in the sacred books of the Hindus all the uses of Cusa-grass, and all the mysteries of absorption into the deity. This does not appear to be a very satisfactory interpretation. To take a parallel case: suppose that the pacha of Egypt, a country once superior in knowledge to the nations of Europe, but now sunk far below them, were to appropriate a sum for the purpose of ‘reviving and promoting literature, and encouraging learned natives of Egypt,’ would anybody infer that he meant the youth of his pachalic to give years to the study of hieroglyphics, to search into all the doctrines disguised under the fable of, and to ascertain with all possible accuracy


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 Abannan. See &.  Abba, Francis, s. George, of Bristol (city), pleb. ., matric. 6 Nov., 1629, aged 17; B.A. 24 Oct., 1633.  Abberley. See.  Abbey, George. B.A. from. 8 Feb., 1593-4 (see O.H.S., x. 370); M.A. from 4 May, 1619. See O.H.S., xii. 181.  Abbinton, John. See, 1706-7.  Abbott, Bartholomew, of London, gent. ., matric. 11 May, 1615, aged 15.  [6]

Abbott, Edward, B.A. from. 19 Feb., 1594-5; M.A. from. 16 Dec., 1605 (then in orders), vicar of Ealing, Middlesex, 1611-16, rector of St. Margaret, New Fish Street, London, 1611-16, vicar of All Hallows, Barking, 1616, died 1634, precentor of Bath & Wells 1617, preb. of Wells 1618. See Surrey Archæological Collection, ii., iii. 265; Fasti, i. 306; & Foster's Index Ecclesiasticus.  Abbott, Francis, s. Francis, of Wimborne, Dorset, pleb., p.p., matric. 1 April, 1664, aged 17.

Abbotte, George, of Surrey, pleb. ., matric.-entry under date 2 May, 1581, aged 18; B.A. 31 May, 1582, M.A. 17 Dec., 1585, sup. for licence to preach 2 March, 1593-4, B.D. 4 March, 1593-4, D.D. 9 May, 1597, master of University College 1597-1610, vice-chancellor 1600-3-5, was mainly instrumental in establishing Pembroke College, out of Broadgates Hall in 1624, one of the translators of the New Testament, was never beneficed, dean of Winchester 1600, bishop of Lichfield & Coventry 1609, and of London 1610 (of the Inner Temple 1611), archbishop of Canterbury 1611, until his death 4 Aug., 1633, aged 71, son of Maurice Abbot, of Guildford, Surrey, sherman. See Ath., ii. 561, 882; & Cole's MS., 5862, 21.

Abbotts, George, gent., born in Middlesex. ., matric. 15 Oct., 1619, aged 17, B.A. 28 Feb., 1621-2; fellow. 1622, M.A. 20 May, 1625 (as ), B.C.L. 16 Nov., 1630 (incorp. at Cambridge 1627); this scholar is variously described, as a clergyman and as a son of Sir Maurice (George, son of Maurice, died M.P. for Guildford in 1645), and also as a son or grandson of Sir Thomas Abbot, of Easington, Yorks, Knight, where he was born in 1603-4, from his matriculation entry it appears he was born in co. Middlesex in 1602. See D.N.B., & O.H.S., iv. 282.
 [10]

Abbott, George, arm. ., 'subscribed' 7 Nov., 1655 (? bar.-at-law of Inner Temple 1665), son of Maurice, of London, licence 5 May, 1665, to marry Mrs. Mary Reynolds, of Lee, Kent, widow. See Foster's Judges and Barristers.

Abbot, Henry, s. H., of Gloucester (city), p.p. ., matric. 17 Nov., 1676, aged 17.

Abbot, Henry, s. John, of Gloucester (city), cler. ., matric. 9 July, 1697, aged 16, B.A. 1701; M.A. from ., Cambridge, 1717, chaplain to Allen, Lord Bathurst, vicar of Haresfield 1712, and of Longney 1713, minister of Barnwood, co. Gloucester, and lecturer of St. John's, city of Gloucester, 2nd master Gloucester Collegiate School, master of Sir Thomas Rich Hospital at Gloucester, born 29 May, 1681, died at Bredon, co. Worcester, buried in the chancel 11 Nov., 1728. See Rawlinson, (fo.) 1, p. 1, iv. 195 & xix. 10; Foster's Index Ecclesiasticus; & Gent.'s Mag., vii., p. 374.

Abbott, John, of Surrey, pleb. ., matric. 1 Feb., 1593-4, aged 17; B.A. 17 June, 1597, M.A. 26 March, 1601, licence to preach 1 Feb., 1607-8, B.D. 25 June, 1608, D.D. 27 Jan., 1612-13, preb. of Canterbury 1613, rector of Great Chart, Kent, 1613, buried 1 Sept., 1615. See Foster's Index Ecclesiasticus.

Abbott, John, of London, gent. ., matric. 16 Nov., 1604, aged 16; B.A. 20 April, 1608.
 [15]

Abbot, John, B.A. from ., Cambridge, 1606, M.A. 1610 (incorp. 14 July, 1612), B.D. 1617, 'poet' turned Catholic, admitted to the convent of St. John the Baptist at Antwerp. See Dictionary of National Biography.

Abbott, John, 'subscribed' 16 April, 1613; B.A. from. 26 Oct., 1616, B.C.L. from. 1622.

Abbott, John, s. William, of Preston, co. Lancaster, gent. ., matric. 15 Feb., 1632-3, aged 18; of Gray's Inn 1635. See Foster's Gray's Inn Reg.

Abbott, John, s. Henry, of Gloucester (city), p.p. ., matric. 27 June, 1671, aged 17, B.A. 1675; M.A. from 21 Feb., 1677-8, rector of Great Widcombe, co. Gloucester, 1681, and minister of St. John's, Gloucester, father of the next named and of Henry 1697. See Foster's Index Ecclesiasticus.

Abbot, John, s. John, of Gloucester (city), cler. ., matric. 30 May, 1707, aged 16; B.A. from 1712, M.A. from ., Cambridge, 1717.
 [20]

Abbott, Morris (Maurice in Mat. Reg.), of Middlesex, gent. ., matric. 15 Oct., 1619, aged 17; bar.-at-law of the Inner Temple 1630, father of George 1655, and son and heir of Maurice of London. See Foster's Judges and Barristers.

Abbott, Maurice, arm. ., matric. 14 Nov., 1650; B.A. 24 Feb., 1651-2 (? of the Inner Temple 1655). See Foster's Inns of Court Reg.

Abbotts, Nathaniel, of Wilts, cler. fil. ., matric. 20 Nov., 1618, aged 22; B.A. 21 Oct., 1619 (as ), vicar of Pilton, Somerset, 1622. See Foster's Index Ecclesiasticus.
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98 the ritual with which cats and onions were anciently adored? Would he be justly charged with inconsistency if, instead of employing his young subjects in deciphering obelisks, he were to order them to be instructed in the English and French languages, and in all the sciences to which those languages are the chief keys?

“The words on which the supporters of the old system rely do not bear them out, and other words follow which seem to be quite decisive on the other side. This lac of rupees is set apart, not only for ‘reviving literature in India,’ the phrase on which their whole interpretation is founded, but also ‘for the introduction and promotion of a knowledge of the sciences among the inhabitants of the British territories,’—words which are alone sufficient to authorize all the changes for which I contend.”

Both the court of directors and the Indian government took this view of the subject at the period when measures were first taken to carry the intentions of the British parliament into effect, and those intentions were certainly likely to have been better understood at that time than at any subsequent period. The Indian government in their instructions to the committee appointed to administer the funds made no allusion to the


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Rh thanks.” Short time the huntsmen bided by another after that.

Then spake Lord Siegfried: “I need no dogs save one brach that hath been trained that he can tell the track of the beasts through the pine woods.” Quoth Kriemhild’s husband: “We’ll find the game.”

Then an old huntsman took a good sleuth-hound and in a short space brought the lord to where many beasts were found. Whatso rose from its lair the comrades hunted as good hunters still are wont to do. Whatever the brach started, bold Siegfried, the hero of Netherland, slew with his hand. His horse did run so hard that none escaped him. In the chase he gained the prize above them all. Doughty enow he was in all things. The beast which he slew with his hands was the first, a mighty boar; after which he found full soon a monstrous lion. When the brach started this from its lair, he shot it with his bow, in which he had placed a full sharp arrow. After the shot the lion ran the space of but three bounds. The hunting fellowship gave Siegfried thanks. Thereafter he speedily slew a bison and an elk, four strong ure-oxen, and a savage shelk. His horse bare him so swiftly that naught escaped him, nor could hart or hind avoid him. Then the sleuth-hound found a mighty boar; when he began to flee, at once there came the master of the hunt and encountered him upon his path. Wrathfully the boar did run against the valiant hero, but Kriemhild’s husband slew him with his sword. Another huntsman might not have done this deed so lightly. When he had felled him, they leashed the sleuth-hound; his rich booty was soon well known to the Burgundian men.


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8 After some difficult manoeuvres, Constantine won the first battle (3 July 323), but was brought to a stop before the walls of Byzantium. Licinius was safe there, so long as he held the sea; so he chose Martinianus his magister officiorum for the new Augustus of the West. Meanwhile Constantine strengthened his fleet, and his son Crispus completely defeated Amandus in the Hellespont. Licinius left Byzantium to defend itself—it had held out two years against Severus—and prepared to maintain the Asiatic shore. Constantine left Byzantium on one side and landed near Chrysopolis, where he found the whole army of Licinius drawn up to meet him. The battle of Chrysopolis (18 or 20 Sept. 323) was decisive. Licinius fled to Nicomedia, and presently Constantia came out to ask for her husband's life. It was granted, and Constantine confirmed his promise with an oath. Nevertheless Licinius was put to death in October 325 on a charge of treasonable intrigue. The charge is unlikely but Licinius was quite capable of it, and his execution does not seem to have estranged Constantia from her brother. But perhaps the matter is best connected with the family tragedy which we shall come to presently.

As a general, Constantine ranks high among the emperors. Good soldiers as they mostly were, none but Severus and Aurelian could boast of any such career of victory as had brought Constantine from the shores of Britain to the banks of the Tiber and the walls of Byzantium. But after the "crowning mercy" of Chrysopolis there was no more fighting, except with the Goths. The last fourteen years of Constantine (329-337) were years of peace: and the first question which then confronted him was the question of religion. By what road did he approach Christianity, and how far did he come on the journey?

Two fables may be dismissed at once the heathen fable told by Zosimus in the fifth century, that the Christians were complaisant when the philosophers refused to absolve him for the murder of his son Crispus; and the papal fable of the eighth century, that he was healed of leprosy by Pope Sylvester, and thereupon gave him dominion over "the palace, the city of Rome, and the entire West." These legends are summarily refuted by the fact that he was baptised in 337, not as they tell us in 326. Turning now to history, we have no reason to suppose that he owed Christian impressions to his mother's teaching : but Constantius was an eclectic of the better sort, and a man of some culture; and his memory contrasted well with that of his colleagues. Constantine seems to have begun where his father left off, as more or less monotheistic and averse to idols, and more or less friendly to the Christians; and all these things grew upon him. The last of them may not have meant much at first, for even hostile emperors like Severus and Diocletian had sense enough to keep on good terms with the Christians when they were not prepared to crush them. But Constantine was drawn to them personally as well as politically; by his pure life and


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323-337] genuine humanity as well as by his shrewd statesmanship. Their lofty monotheism and austere morals attracted the man, their strong organisation arrested the attention of the ruler. When Diocletian threw down his challenge to the Church, he made religion the urgent question of the time : and the persecution was a visible failure before Constantine was well settled in Gaul. If Diocletian had failed to crush the Church, others were not likely to succeed. Maximin or Licinius might hark back to the past ; but Constantine saw clearly that the Empire would have to make some sort of terms with the Church, so that the only question was how far it would be needful or safe to go. For the moment, a little friendliness to the Gaulish bishops was enough to secure the good will of the Christians all over the Empire. Then came the wars of 312-3, which forced on Constantine and Licinius the championship of the Christians, and made it plain good policy to give them full legal toleration. Licinius stopped there, and Constantine did not make up his mind without anxiety. The God of the Christians had shown great power, and might be the best protector; and in any case a firm alliance with their strong hierarchy would not only remove a great danger, but give the very help which the Empire needed. On the other hand, it was a serious thing to break with the past and brave the terrors of heathen magic. Moreover, the Christians were a minority even in the East, and he could not openly go over to them without risk of a pagan reaction. So he moved cautiously. Christianity differed forsooth very little from the better sort of heathenism. They could both be brought under the broad shield of monotheism, if the heathens would give up their idols and immoral worships, and the Christians would not insist too rudely on that awkward doctrine of the deity of Christ. On these terms the lion of Christianity might lie down with the lamb of Eclecticism, and the guileless emperor would be the little child to lead them both.

The problem of Church and State was new, for the old religion of Rome was never more than a department of the State, and the worshippers of Isis and Mithras readily “conformed to the ceremonies of the Roman people.” But when Christianity made a practical distinction between Caesar’s things and God’s, the relation of Church and State became a difficult question. Constantine handled it with great skill and much success. He not only made the Christians thoroughly loyal, but won the active support of the churches, and obtained such influence over the bishops that they seemed almost willing to sink into a department of the State. But he forgot one thing. The surface thought of his time, Christian as well as heathen, tended to a vague monotheism which looked on Christ and the sun as almost equally good symbols of the Supreme: and this obscured the deeper conviction of the Christians that the deity of Christ is as essential as the unity of God. After all, Christianity is not a monotheistic philosophy, but a life in Christ.


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128 Then spake his huntsman: “Sir Siegfried, if might so be, let us leave a deal of the beasts alive. Ye ’ll empty both our hill and woods to-day.”

At this the brave knight and a bold gan smile. Then the calls of men and the baying of hounds were heard on every side; so great was the noise that both hill and pine woods echoed with the sound. The huntsmen had let loose full four and twenty packs. Then passing many beasts must needs lose their lives. Each man weened to bring it to pass that men should give him the prize of the hunt; that might not be, for the stalwart Siegfried was already standing by the fire. The chase was over, and yet not quite. Those who would to the camp-fire brought with them thither hides of many beasts and game in plenty. Ho, how much the king’s meiny bare then to the kitchen!

Then bade the king announce to the huntsman that he would dismount. A horn was blown full loud just once, that all might know that one might find the noble prince in camp. Spake then one of Siegfried’s huntsmen: “My lord, I heard by the blast of a horn that we must now hie us to the quarters; I’ll now give answer.”

Thus by many blasts of horns they asked about the hunters. Then spake Sir Siegfried: “Now let us leave the pine wood!” His steed bare him smoothly and with him they hasted hence. With their rout they started up a savage beast; a wild bear it was. Quoth then the knight to those behind: “I’ll give our fellowship a little pastime. Let loose the brach. Forsooth I spy a bear which shall journey with us to the camp. Flee he never so fast, he shall not escape us.”


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ITH the possible exception of the dog, the horse is more nearly man's boon companion than any other animal. He accompanies man on all his great adventures while the faithful dog stays behind often nearly eating his heart out with loneliness because he cannot go too. It was a very common picture in the days of old, to see the master of the house represented as riding away upon his trusty steed, while the poor dog stood at the gates gazing pathetically after them.

The horse has played a most important part in history. His fleetness has many a time turned the destinies of nations, and decided great policies. All the great generals of the world have sat upon the backs of famous horses and watched those battles which have decided the world's history.

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 The names of some of these horses have become as household words. Rarely is a great general pictured either upon canvas, or in marble, but that he is mounted upon his favorite horse.

Men on foaming horses have carried important papers upon the delivery of which depended human life. Fearless riders have galloped ahead of floods and fires warning the people of coming destruction.

Cavalrymen, with their quaking knees pressed against the sides of their favorite mounts, have gone into battles which have made the world shudder.

Cowboys mounted upon fiery pintos have galloped wildly before stampeding herds of cattle, mad with fright; a misstep, a wrong motion and both horse and rider would be ground to pulp.

Indians on their wild cayuses have galloped on the outskirts of the Thundering Herd of Buffalo, almost touching the points of their arrows against the sides of the frantic bison as they shot.

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 The story of man's adventures with the horse extends far beyond the Christian era. It is found in biblical and other ancient history. The chariots and horses of the Pharaohs figured in song and story before Rome was even dreamed of. The Assyrians also were great horsemen, and their cavalry was the terror of the far East.

Roman chariot races are comparatively modern, but of unsurpassed glamour. Imagine if you can the great amphitheater, seating two hundred and fifty thousand people packed with the excited multitude while the gorgeous chariots, each drawn by four shining, gayly trapped horses, rushed madly by, each charioteer jockeying for position and weighing life and limb as of little moment compared with a victory in the race.

Such were the stirring parts that the horse played in the drama of these early centuries, before the Christian era.

But it is probable that we can go even further back than that for stirring events in equine history.

The Tartars were won-

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 derful horsemen, and their cavalry was a great factor in the conquest of Asia. The Arab is celebrated in song and story as a horse worshiper. He makes his long trips across arid deserts upon his fleet horse, who is almost as much a desert animal as is the slow plodding camel.

In early biblical history little is said about the horse, but in later centuries he is freely mentioned.

The crusaders stormed the holy city of Jerusalem upon their chargers of Norman blood. For it was not until after the Norman conquest that England possessed really fine horses. The knights of old went upon their quest of adventure mounted upon steeds who figure almost as much in the stories of that period as did their masters.

A wonderful and dramatic scene was that enacted upon the coast of Spain when Sir John Moore left his cavalry horses behind as the English fled precipitately from Spain. The last they saw of the faithful horses, they were drawn up in battle array waiting the bugle call to charge. The old battle instinct

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 was so strong within them that they performed riderless and with no hand upon the rein.

Not only has the faithful horse engaged in all of man's dramatic scenes, but he has also taken an important part in the solemn scenes of his masters. He has figured in all the great historic pageants and cavalcades. Often in somber trappings he has drawn the beloved master to his last resting place.

The horse has more varied characteristics than almost any other animal. He has the fleetness of the deer, and the strength of the ox; the boldness of the lion and the timidity of a rabbit. He will thunder into the hell of modern war with his rider, seemingly unafraid, while on other occasions he will shy at a piece of paper by the side of the road. He is sensitive to a degree, yet will often stand abuse that would break the heart of almost any other animal. His fleetness and strength are the wonder of the animal kingdom, yet colic or distemper often carry him off without seeming reason.

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