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 the real man passes from one stage of being to another. It is said that the obedient and faithful shall "never see death," "never die," because all such are delivered from condemnation, and gifted with the blessings of "life eternal."

Death, as denoting the extinction of life, is a term applicable only to the natural body. It takes place when the disarrangement of its organization, by disease or other causes, unfits it for the habitation of the soul. Death then means that event by which the soul, as the real spiritual man, is separated from the body, which is merely its earthly covering. The body, which dies, is constituted of material substances, and therefore it is liable to all their mutations. It is not properly the man; it is only an instrument annexed to him, in order that the end of his creation may be promoted by a residence for a season in this world of nature. When the material body comes into such a condition that it is incapable of serving the soul's purposes as such an instrument, man is said to die: not that the man suffers an extinction of his life, but by that circumstance he is only separated from that outward covering by which he communicated with this world and its concerns, and has his existence transferred to the spiritual world. The man lives, though his earthly tabernacle is dissolved. The natural body dies, whether it belongs to the sinner or to the saint; still, in all cases, the real being survives the catastrophe; for it is said of the wicked that "their worm dieth not," and of the good that they "shall never see death." The death of the natural body cannot for a moment interrupt the life of the soul: if it did so we must at once relinquish all belief in its immortality; for that which dies, even for a moment, cannot be immortal.


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 demned to death as spies. The rigour of his sentence was mitigated, but the embassy was not received, and PEREZ was sent back as a prisoner to Canton, with orders that the Por- tuguese should restore Malacca to its native king, who was a vassal to China; in which case the embassy would be re- ceived, but otherwise the ambassador and his suite were to be put to death, and the Portuguese for ever excluded from China as enemies. SIMON DE ANDRADA conducted himself with a high hand, as if he had been king of Tamou, where he raised a fort, and set up a gallows to intimidate the people. He committed violence against the merchants who resorted to the port, and bought young people of both sexes, giving occa- sion to thieves to steal them from their parents. These ex- travagant proceedings lost nothing in their transmisssion [sic] to court, and were the cause of the severe orders respecting PEREZ and his followers.

At this time DIEGO CALVA arrived, with one ship from Lisbon and several others from Malacca, and in consequence of this addition to their strength, the Portuguese acted still more insolently than before, and so exasperated the gover- nors of the province that they apprehended several of them, and even contrived to take the last-arrived ship. At the commencement of hostilities, DUARTE COELLO arrived from Malacca with two ships well manned and armed. The Itao, or Chinese admiral in these seas, attacked the Portuguese with fifty ships, and though he did them some damage, he was so severely handled by the artillery that he was forced to retire and to remain at some distance, keeping up a strict blockade. After matters had remained in this state for forty days, AMBROSE DE REGO arrived with two additional ships from Malacca, and the Portuguese determined upon forcing their way through the Chinese fleet. The battle on this occa- sion was very bloody, but, in consequence of a gale of wind dispersing the Chinese fleet, the Portuguese were enabled to get away from the island of Tamou. The Itao revenged him- self upon such of the Portuguese as had fallen into his hands, and particularly upon THOMAS PEREZ and his companions, who were all slain, and their baggage robbed of the present intended for the emperor, and of all the commodities which

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 parts are cold; whereas the oily and balsamous parts are of a lively heat and spirit, which accounts for the observation of Aristotle, "Quod omne animal post coitum est triste."

Now it is certain, that the radical heat lives in the radical moisture, but whether vice versâ, is a doubt: however, when the one decays, the other decays also; and then is produced, either an unnatural heat, which causes an unnatural dryness—or an unnatural moisture, which causes dropsies.—So that if a child, as he grows up, can but be taught to avoid running into fire or water, as either of 'em threaten his destruction,—'twill be all that is needful to be done upon that head.


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description of the siege of Jerico itself, could not have engaged the attention of my uncle Toby more powerfully than the last chapter;—his eyes were fixed upon my father, throughout it;—he never mentioned radical heat and radical moisture, but my uncle Toby took his pipe out of his mouth, and shook his head; and as soon as the chapter was finished, he beckoned to the corporal to come close to his chair, to ask him the following question,—aside.— * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *. It was at the siege of Limerick, an' please your honour, replied the corporal, making a bow.


text:
Hare and Tortoise

 * The Hare and the Tortoise, a fable by Æsop
 * Hare and Tortoise (1925), a novel by Frank Cyril Shaw Davison

title: Hare and Tortoise


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 The poor fellow and I, quoth my uncle Toby, addressing himself to my father, were scarce able to crawl out of our tents, at the time the siege of Limerick was raised, upon the very account you mention.—Now what can have got into that precious noddle of thine, my dear brother Toby? cried my father, mentally.—By Heaven! continued he, communing still with himself, it would puzzle an Œdipus to bring it in point.

I believe, an' please your honour, quoth the corporal, that if it had not been for the quantity of brandy we set fire to every night, and the claret and cinnamon with which I plyed your honour off;—And the geneva, Trim, added my uncle Toby, which did us more good than all—I verily believe, continued


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 the corporal, we had both, an' please your honour, left our lives in the trenches, and been buried in them too.—The noblest grave, corporal! cried my uncle Toby, his eyes sparkling as he spoke, that a soldier could wish to lie down in.—But a pitiful death for him! an' please your honour, replied the corporal.

All this was as much Arabick to my father, as the rites of the Colchi and Troglodites had been before to my uncle Toby; my father could not determine whether he was to frown or smile.

My uncle Toby, turning to Yorick, resumed the case at Limerick, more intelligibly than he had begun it,—and so settled the point for my father at once.


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was undoubtedly, said my uncle Toby, a great happiness for myself and the corporal, that we had all along a burning fever, attended with a most raging thirst, during the whole five and twenty days the flux was upon us in the camp; otherwise what my brother calls the radical moisture, must, as I conceive it, inevitably have got the better. - My father drew in his lungs top-full of air, and looking up, blew it forth again, as slowly as he possibly could.

—It was heaven's mercy to us, continued my uncle Toby, which put it into the corporal's head to maintain that


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 due contention betwixt the radical heat and the radical moisture, by reinforceing the fever, as he did all along, with hot wine and spices; whereby the corporal kept up (as it were) a continual firing, so that the radical heat stood its ground from the beginning to the end, and was a fair match for the moisture, terrible as it was.—Upon my honour, added my uncle Toby, you might have heard the contention within our bodies, brother Shandy, twenty toises.—If there was no firing, said Yorick.

Well—said my father, with a full aspiration, and pausing a while after the word—Was I a judge, and the laws of the country which made me one permitted it, I would condemn some of the worst malefactors, provided they


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 had had their clergy  Yorick foreseeing the sentence was likely to end with no sort of mercy, laid his hand upon my father's breast, and begged he would respite it for a few minutes, till he asked the corporal a question.—Prithee, Trim, said Yorick, without staying for my father's leave,—tell us honestly—what is thy opinion concerning this self-same radical heat and radical moisture?

With humble submission to his honour's better judgment, quoth the corporal, making a bow to my uncle Toby—Speak thy opinion freely, corporal, said my uncle Toby.—The poor fellow is my servant,—not my slave,—added my uncle Toby, turning to my father.


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 The corporal put his hat under his left arm, and with his stick hanging upon the wrist of it, by a black thong split into a tassel about the knot, he marched up to the ground where he had performed his catechism; then touching his under jaw with the thumb and fingers of his right hand before he opened his mouth,—he delivered his notion thus.

as the corporal was humming, to begin—in waddled Dr. Slop.—'Tis not two-pence matter—the corporal shall go on in the next chapter, let who will come in. -

Well, my good doctor, cried my father sportively, for the transitions of his


text: The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman/Volume 5/Chapter 38


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 It is remarkable with what frequency the Scriptures declare that death is no predicate of the real man. They set forth life as his eternal inheritance in terms too plain for the slightest evasion. Besides the passages just cited, the Lord said, "He that believeth on me hath everlasting life;" "Every one which seeth the Son, and believeth on Him, may have everlasting life;" "I am the living bread which came down from heaven: if any man eat of this bread, he shall live for ever;" "Whoso eateth my flesh, and drinketh my blood, hath eternal life;" "He that eateth of this bread shall live for ever." It is, indeed, true that those promises of eternal life are made to depend upon conditions; the reason is because the phrase, "eternal life," is intended to signify eternal happiness. But the life of the wicked is equally enduring; their worm dieth not, their fire is not quenched; he that is unjust will be unjust still, and he that is filthy will be filthy still;" "these shall go away into everlasting punishment, but the righteous into life eternal."

Death, then, is no destruction of that which is properly human life: it is simply the laying down of the material body, when it is no longer capable of being a habitation for the soul. The soul leaves the body to its own world: it is of the dust, and to dust it will return; but the soul itself, which is the real man, will pass on to another sphere more suited to its spiritual and liberated nature. The body is said to die; in truth the body never properly lived, since it is the soul which lived in it, and gave to it all the animation by which it appeared to live. When that animation ceases we see that the man is gone: this fact proves


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54Rh at Port Arthur, the British by acquiring Wei-hai-wei and a sphere of influence in the Yangtze, and so on. The Americans alone held aloof, proclaiming the policy of Chinese integrity and the Open Door.

The Boxer rising is one of the few Chinese events that all Europeans know about. After we had demonstrated our superior virtue by the sack of Peking, we exacted a huge indemnity, and turned the Legation Quarter of Peking into a fortified city. To this day, it is enclosed by a wall, filled with European, American, and Japanese troops, and surrounded by a bare space on which the Chinese are not allowed to build. It is administered by the diplomatic body, and the Chinese authorities have no powers over anyone within its gates. When some unusually corrupt and traitorous Government is overthrown, its members take refuge in the Japanese (or other) Legation and so escape the punishment of their crimes, while within the sacred precincts of the Legation Quarter the Americans erect a vast wireless station said to be capable of communicating directly with the United States. And so the refutation of Chien Lung is completed.

Out of the Boxer indemnity, however, one good thing has come. The Americans found that, after paying all just claims for damages, they still had a large surplus. This they returned to China to be spent on higher education, partly in colleges in China under American control, partly by sending advanced Chinese students to American universities. The gain to China has been enormous, and the benefit to America from the friendship of the Chinese (especially the most educated of them) is incalculable. This is obvious to everyone, yet England shows hardly any signs of following suit.


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55Rh To understand the difficulties with which the Chinese Government is faced, it is necessary to realize the loss of fiscal independence which China has suffered as the result of the various wars and treaties which have been forced upon her. In the early days, the Chinese had no experience of European diplomacy, and did not know what to avoid; in later days, they have not been allowed to treat old treaties as scraps of paper, since that is the prerogative of the Great Powers—a prerogative which every single one of them exercises.

The best example of this state of affairs is the Customs tariff. At the end of our first war with China, in 1842, we concluded a treaty which provided for a duty at treaty ports of 5 per cent. on all imports and not more than 5 per cent on exports. This treaty is the basis of the whole Customs system. At the end of our next war, in 1858, we drew up a schedule of conventional prices on which the 5 per cent. was to be calculated. This was to be revised every ten years, but has in fact only been revised twice, once in 1902 and once in 1918. Revision of the schedule is merely a change in the conventional prices, not a change in the tariff, which remains fixed at 5 per cent. Change in the tariff is practically impossible, since China has concluded commercial treaties involving a most-favoured-nation clause, and the same tariff, with twelve States besides Great Britain, and therefore any change in the tariff requires the unanimous consent of thirteen Powers.

When foreign Powers speak of the Open Door as a panacea for China, it must be remembered that


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 passions were unaccountably sudden,—and what has this whelp of mine to say to the matter?

Had my father been asking after the amputation of the tail of a puppy-dog—he could not have done it in a more careless air: the system which Dr. Slop had laid down, to treat the accident by, no way allowed of such a mode of enquiry.—He sat down.

Pray, Sir, quoth my uncle Toby, in a manner which could not go unanswered,—in what condition is the boy?—'Twill end in a phimosis, replied Dr. Slop.

I am no wiser than I was, quoth my uncle Toby,—returning his pipe into his mouth.—Then let the corporal go on,


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56Rh the Open Door does nothing to give the Chinese the usual autonomy as regards Customs that is enjoyed by other sovereign States. The treaty of 1842 on which the system rests, has no time-limit of provision for denunciation by either party, such as other commercial treaties contain. A low tariff suits the Powers that wish to find a market for their goods in China, and they have therefore no motive for consenting to any alteration. In the past, when we practised free trade, we could defend ourselves by saying that the policy we forced upon China was the same as that which we adopted ourselves. But no other nation could make this excuse, nor can we now that we have abandoned free trade by the Safeguarding of Industries Act.

The import tariff being so low, the Chinese Government is compelled, for the sake of revenue, to charge the maximum of 5 per cent, on all exports. This, of course, hinders the development of Chinese commerce, and is probably a mistake. But the need of sources of revenue is desperate, and it is not surprising that the Chinese authorities should consider the tax indispensable.

There is also another system in China, chiefly inherited from the time of the Taiping rebellion, namely the erection of internal customs barriers at various important points. This plan is still adopted with the internal trade. But merchants dealing with the interior and sending goods to or from a Treaty Port can escape internal customs by the payment of half the duty charged under the external tariff. As this is generally less than the internal


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57Rh tariff charges, this provision favours foreign produce at the expense of that of China. Of course the system of internal customs is bad, but it is traditional, and is defended on the ground that revenue is indispensable. China offered to abolish internal customs in return for certain uniform increases in the import and export tariff, and Great Britain, Japan, and the United States consented. But there were ten other Powers whose consent was necessary, and not all could be induced to agree. So the old system remains in force, not chiefly through the fault of the Chinese central government. It should be added that internal customs are collected by the provincial authorities, who usually intercept them and use them for private armies and civil war. At the present time, the Central Government is not strong enough to stop these abuses.

The administration of the Customs is only partially in the hands of the Chinese. By treaty, the Inspector-General, who is at the head of the service, must be British so long as our trade with China exceeds that of any other treaty State; and the appointment of all subordinate officials is in his hands. In 1918 (the latest year for which I have the figures) there were 7,500 persons employed in the Customs, and of these 2,000 were non-Chinese. The first Inspector-General was Sir Robert Hart, who, by the unanimous testimony of all parties, fulfilled his duties exceedingly well. For the time being, there is much to be said for the present system. The Chinese have the appointment of the Inspector-General, and can therefore choose a man who is sympathetic to their country. Chinese officials are, as a rule, corrupt and indolent, so that control by foreigners is necessary in creating a modern bureaucracy. So long as the


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 said my father, with his medical lecture.—The corporal made a bow to his old friend, Dr. Slop, and then delivered his opinion concerning radical heat and radical moisture, in the following words.

city of Limerick, the siege of which was begun under his majesty king William himself, the year after I went into the army—lies, an' please your honours, in the middle of a devilish wet, swampy country.—'Tis quite surrounded, said my uncle Toby, with the Shannon, and is, by its situation, one of the strongest fortified places in Ireland.


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58Rh foreign officials are responsible to the Chinese Government, not to foreign States, they fulfil a useful educative function, and help to prepare the way for the creation of an efficient Chinese State. The problem for China is to secure practical and intellectual training from the white nations without becoming their slaves. In dealing with this problem, the system adopted in the Customs has much to recommend it during the early stages.

At the same time, there are grave infringements of Chinese independence in the present position of the Customs, apart altogether from the fact that the tariff is fixed by treaty for ever. Much of the revenue derivable from customs is mortgaged for various loans and indemnities, so that the Customs cannot be dealt with from the point of view of Chinese interests alone. Moreover, in the present state of anarchy, the Customs administration can exercise considerable control over Chinese politics by recognizing or not recognizing a given de facto Government. (There is no Government de jure, at any rate in the North.) At present, the Customs Revenue is withheld in the South, and an artificial bankruptcy is being engineered. In view of the reactionary instincts of diplomats, this constitutes a terrible obstacle to internal reform. It means


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 I think this is a new fashion, quoth Dr. Slop, of beginning a medical lecture.—'Tis all true, answered Trim.—Then I wish the faculty would follow the cut of it, said Yorick.—'Tis all cut through, an' please your reverence, said the corporal, with drains and bogs; and besides, there was such a quantity of rain fell during the siege, the whole country was like a puddle,—'twas that, and nothing else, which brought on the flux, and which had like to have killed both his honour and myself; now there was no such thing, after the first ten days, continued the corporal, for a soldier to lie dry in his tent, without cutting a ditch round it, to draw off the water;—nor was that enough, for those who could afford it, as his honour could, without setting fire every night


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59Rh that no Government which is in earnest in attempting to introduce radical improvements can hope to enjoy the Customs revenue, which interposes a formidable fiscal barrier in the way of reconstruction.

There is a similar situation as regards the salt tax. This also was accepted as security for various foreign loans, and in order to make the security acceptable the foreign Powers concerned insisted upon the employment of foreigners in the principal posts. As in the case of the Customs, the foreign inspectors are appointed by the Chinese Government, and the situation is in all respects similar to that existing as regards the Customs.

The Customs and the salt tax form the security for various loans to China. This, together with foreign administration, gives opportunities of interference by the Powers which they show no inclination to neglect. The way in which the situation is utilized may be illustrated by three telegrams in The Times which appeared during January of this year.

On January 14, 1922, The Times published the following in a telegram from its Peking correspondent:


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 to a pewter dish full of brandy, which took off the damp of the air, and made the inside of the tent as warm as a stove.

And what conclusion dost thou draw, Corporal Trim, cried my father, from all these premises?

I infer, an' please your worship, replied Trim, that the radical moisture is nothing in the world but ditch-water—and that the radical heat, of those who can go to the expence of it, is burnt brandy—the radical heat and moisture of a private man, an' please your honours, is nothing but ditch-water—and a dram of geneva—and give us but enough of it, with a pipe of tobacco, to give us spirits, and drive away the va-


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60Rh I venture to think The Times would regard the difficulty as removed if the Manchu Empire were restored.

As to the "splendid salt surplus," there are two telegrams from the Peking correspondent to The Times (of January 12th and 23rd, respectively) showing what we gain by making the Peking Government artificially bankrupt. The first telegram (sent on January 10th) is as follows:—

The second telegram is equally interesting. It is as follows:—

The question of interference with the Salt Gabelle is assuming a serious aspect. The Chinese squadron of gunboats referred to in my message of the 10th is still blocking the salt traffic near Chingkiang, while a new intruder in the shape of an agent of Wu-Pei-Fu [the Liberal military leader] has installed himself in the collectorate at Hankow, and is endeavouring to appropriate the receipts for his powerful master. The British, French, and Japanese Ministers accordingly have again addressed the Government, giving notice that if these irregular proceedings do not cease they will be compelled to take independent action. The Reorganization Loan of £25,000,000 is secured on the salt revenues, and


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61Rh interference with the foreign control of the department constitutes an infringement of the loan agreement. In various parts of China, some independent of Peking, others not, the local Tuchuns (military governors) impound the collections and materially diminish the total coming under the control of the foreign inspectorate, but the balance remaining has been so large, and protest so useless, that hitherto all concerned have considered it expedient to acquiesce. But interference at points on the Yangtsze, where naval force can be brought to bear, is another matter. The situation is interesting in view of the amiable resolutions adopted at Washington, by which the Powers would seem to have debarred themselves, in the future, from any active form of intervention in this country. In view of the extensive opposition to the Liang Shih-yi Cabinet and the present interference with the salt negotiations, the $90,000,000 (£11,000,000) loan to be secured on the salt surplus has been dropped. The problem of how to weather the new year settlement on January 28th remains unsolved.

It is a pretty game: creating artificial bankruptcy, and then inflicting punishment for the resulting anarchy. How regrettable that the Washington Conference should attempt to interfere!

It is useless to deny that the Chinese have brought these troubles upon themselves, by their inability to produce capable and honest officials. This inability has its roots in Chinese ethics, which lay stress upon a man's duty to his family rather than to the public. An official is expected to keep all his relations supplied with funds, and therefore can only be honest at the expense of filial piety. The decay of the family system is a vital condition of progress in China. All Young China realizes this, and one may hope that twenty years hence the level of honesty among officials may be not lower in China than in Europe—no very extravagant hope. But for this purpose friendly contact with Western


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62Rh nations is essential. If we insist upon rousing Chinese nationalism as we have roused that of India and Japan, the Chinese will begin to think that wherever they differ from Europe, they differ for the better. There is more truth in this than Europeans like to think, but it is not wholly true, and if it comes to be believed our power for good in China will be at an end.

I have described briefly in this chapter what the Christian Powers did to China while they were able to act independently of Japan. But in modern China it is Japanese aggression that is the most urgent problem. Before considering this, however, we must deal briefly with the rise of modern Japan—a quite peculiar blend of East and West, which I hope is not prophetic of the blend to be ultimately achieved in China. But before passing to Japan, I will give a brief description of the social and political condition of modern China, without which Japan's action in China would be unintelligible.


text: The Problem of China/Chapter 3

title: The Problem of China/Chapter 3


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 VALENTYN'S DESCRIPTION OF MALACCA.

[The following paper is a translation by Mr. MÜLLER, Government Translator, of VALENTYN's Account of Malacca.

A portion of this has already appeared in LOGAN's Journal, Vol. IV, but as it appears that it was never completed, and matter was omitted which some might find interesting, and, further, that the translation was not altogether to be depended on, I have thought it worth while to insert a trustworthy translation of the whole with a few notes.

D. F. A. H.]

The town of Malakka is situated in 2° 20" northern latitude and on 102° 20" longitude, on the Continental Malay coast, which lies easterly of the East coast of the great island of Sumatra, about 8 miles [leagues ?] in a straight line from the opposite shore.

PTOLEMY and the Ancients gave it the name of "Terra or Regio Aurifera," which means "the country rich in gold," or of "Aurea Chersonesus," i.e., "The Gold Peninsula," making it appear at about the 11th degree, where it is joined by a narrow isthmus to Tenasserim and Siam. It is the most southern territory of India.

It is situated on the point of a neck of land, between which and the N.E. coast of Sumatra is a fine sound, known by the name of the Straits of Malakka, or otherwise, by that of the Straits of Sin- gapore, after a very ancient town commonly called Singapura.

It covers approximately an area of 1,800 paces in circuit, or of about one mile, and has a strong wall on the sea side of about 600 paces long, being also protected by a solid stone wall on the N.W. or river side. There is, moreover, a stone bastion on the N. E. side, called Santo Domingos, and there was another wall, called Tipoh, built towards the waterside, and extending to a strong round bastion called St. Jago, now gone to ruins; there were also other fortresses on the S.E. side and two bastions, making it altogether a


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 very strong place, but in time almost all these fortifications have gone to ruins. We do not mention their names now, as they will appear in the course of this description.

The convent of the Jesuits, also called St. Paul's Convent, was built higher up in town, and the monastery of the Minorites, otherwise called that of Madre de Deos, stood on the adjacent hills.

The territory belonging to Malakka extends over a length of 30 miles, and over a breadth of about 10 miles. There are two islets in its vicinity, Ilha das Naos, within a gun-shot from the town, and Ilha das Pedras, from where they got the stones to build houses, &c. with, beyond the range of gun-shot. The Portuguese carracks and galleons used to anchor between these two islets in 4 or 5 fathoms of water.

On the North-West side of the town is a wall with a gate and a small fortified turret, and next to it a river, discharging into the sea, with fresh water at low tide, but with salt water at high tide. Its width is 40 paces, and its current is generally pretty strong. It is commonly called "Chrysorant," and there is another river on the East side.

The country on the other side of the river (being on the same level with the land where the town is built) is joined to it by a wooden bridge; but the ground is very swampy on the South-East side, being generally flooded in the rainy monsoon, with the excep- tion of a small piece along the beach, which lies somewhat higher. There are in the town many fine and broad streets, bnt unpaved, and also many fine stone houses, the greater part of which are of the time of the Portuguese, and built very solidly after their fashion.

The town is built in the form of a crescent.

There is a respectable fortress of great strength, with solid walls and fortified with bastions, well-provided with guns, able to stand with its garrison a hard blow. There are, in the fortress, several strong stone houses and pretty good streets, all remembering the Portuguese times, and the tower, erected on the hill, seems to be


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 still pretty strong, though its interior is falling into decay. This fortress, built on the hill in the centre of the town, is about the size of Delfshaven, and has also two gatos, and though one of its sides stands on the hill, yet the other side is washed by the sen. It is at present the residence of the Governor, of the other officers employed by the company, and of the garrison, which is pretty strong. Two hundred years ago this place was merely a fishermen's village and now it fine town.

In former times the town had a population of 12,000 souls; but there are now not more than 200 or 300 families, some of which are Dutch and some others Portuguese and Malays, the latter living in the most remote corners of the town in common attap huts.

At a small distance from the town are also some fine houses and many well-kept cocoa-nut plantations and gardens with fruit trees, the greater part of which are owned by Malays.

This town is remarkably well situated for trade, and those straits have been frequented, since the times of old, by much shipping, which still continues from Bengal, Coromandel, Surat, Persia, Ceylon, Java, Sumatra, Siam, Tonkin, China, and from many other countries; the gross revenue in the year 1669 (consisting of 10 per cent, import duty and 3 per cent. export duty, and some other small taxes) amounting to 71,958.18 guilders.

There arrived in that same year 116 Javanese vessels, besides the Danish, Portuguese and Moorish vessels.

This place is very convenient for our vessels passing through the Straits of Singapore going from Japan to Bengal, Coromandel, Surat and Persia, and also for vessels bound for Batavia coming from those places.

The place is not very productive in provisions; everything must be imported from other places, with the exception of fish and some kinds of fruits.

The productiveness of this place is very poor, compared to that of the Coast [of Coromandel], Bengal, Ceylon, &c.; and the sur- rounding country bears a barren aspect.

It is also not safe to venture in the jungle, as it abounds in wild beasts.

One of my friends, Mr. VAN NAARSSEN, told me, that it once had happened to him in person to fall in with a tiger accidentally, and he was sure on several other occasions of being in the neighbourhood of one of these animals, for it was only in that case his horse


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 The fugitive King MAHMUD did not die of grief (as it is asserted by the Portuguese), but he had fied in 1511, to the North-East side of the Southern Promontory of the country, after having ruled Malakka for 34 years; with him a period of 252 years was completed that this country had been under the sway of Malay Kings. He com- menced to build a new town at that place (the third one built by Malay Kings in those quarters), enlarged it and finally finished it, and gave it the name of Johor, after the Arabic word "Johor" perhaps, which means "a pearl" also "the fine human shape."

He founded a new empire there, the Kings of which from that date were no longer styled Malay Princes or Kings of Malakka, but Kings of Johor. He reigned two years at that placc, died in 1513, and was succeeded by his son, who had not the name of ALLODIN (according to the Portuguese historians), but who has been mentioned by the Malays as Sultan AHMED SHAH, in their genealogical register of the Kings of Malakka and Johor. He was the thirteenth King of the Malays, the first of Johor, and the seventh Mohammedan King.


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 pours—we know not what it is to fear death.

I am at a loss, Captain Shandy, quoth Doctor Slop, to determine in which branch of learning your servant shines most, whether in physiology, or divinity.—Slop had not forgot Trim's comment upon the sermon.—

It is but an hour ago, replied Yorick, since the corporal was examined in the latter, and pass'd muster with great honour.

The radical heat and moisture, quoth Doctor Slop, turning to my father, you must know, is the basis and foundation of our being,—as the root of a tree is the source and principle of its vegeta-


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 11. Thereafter follow, on the side-wall, over the seat of the Treasurer, without a frame:—

The arms of Mejuffrouw MARIA QUEVELERIUS in her life wife of the right honourable Johannes van Riebeck. Commander and President here.

Obiit 2nd November, Ao 1664.

12. Near the above, between the said seat and that of the Jast-named officer, in a frame:—

The arms of Mejuffrouw AMARENTIA KOECK, wife of the noble Heer Pieter du Quesne. then Chief-merchant and second (personage) of this (place) likewise pro tempore Commander here.

Obiit 15th November, Ao 1730.

13. Near the above, next the door. over the pew of the last-named officer, in a frame:—

The arms of Mevrouw JOHANNA DU MOULIN. wife of the noble Heer Balthasar Bort. Councillor in Ordinary of Netherlands India, and Governor and Director of this town and fortress.

Obiit 11th March. Ao 1676.

14. On the other side of the door, over the seat of the Consistory, in a frame with ornaments:—

The arms of the very honourable Heer GILMEN VOSBURG. in his life Governor and Director of this town and fortress.

Obiit 19th February 1697.

15. On the left side of the pulpit, without a frame:—

The arms of the youth THEODORUS HERBERTS, son of the noble Heer Gerard Herberts, Chief Merchant and second (personage) of this Government.

Obiit 18th April 1659. Aged 9 years.


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  Notes on the Flying Frog Rhacophorus nigropalmatus.

Mr. A. D. Machado, one of the most constant benefactors to the Raffles Museum, presented last year a specimen of a Flying Frog from Pahang which I have only recently been able to identify as Rhacophorus nigropalmatus. As only two specimens of this species have so far been recorded, the one obtained by Dr. Charles Lose from the Akan River, Borneo (sec G. A. Boulenger, A. M. N. H. (6), XVI, p. 170), and the other obtained by Mr. L. Wray in the Piah Valley, Upper Perak (see S. S. Flower, P. Z. S., 1899, p. 899), this third specimen appears to deserve a special note.

Mr. Machado writes: I caught this specimen in an old prospecting pit one morning (January 1899) at Kuala Merbao in Ulu Pahang. He had evidently fallen into it and could not get out. I found him swimming about in the water. The pit was about twelve feet deep."

The specimen shows in external characters no difference from those described by Boulenger and Flower, except slightly as regards its cutaneous fringes and coloration. The fringes of the arm seem to be more developed than in either of the other two specimens: there is one not only along the outer edge of the fore-arm continued right to the tip of the fifth finger, but also a smaller triangular one along the inner side, beginning at the proximal end of the upper arm and ending at the distal end of the fore-arm, being widest at the elbow joint. There is a semilunar flap on the tibio-tarsal articulation, as in the other specimens, and, after a break, a narrow fringe along the outer side of the tarsus to the tip of the fifth toe. A very much smaller fringe runs along the first toe. A flap of skin above the cloaca is scarcely noticeable.


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 tion.—It is inherent in the seeds of all animals, and may be preserved sundry ways, but principally in my opinion by consubstantials, impriments, and occludents.—Now this poor fellow, continued Dr. Slop, pointing to the corporal, has had the misfortune to have heard some superficial emperic discourse upon this nice point.—That he has,—said my father.—Very likely, said my uncle.—I'm sure of it—quoth Yorick.

Slop being called out to look at a cataplasm he had ordered, it gave my father an opportunity of going on with another chapter in the Tristra-pædia.—Come! chear up, my


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 When alive, the colour was a bright green above, but now, in spirit, a dark slate-grey with a purplish hue, with numerous minute white dots, isolated or in groups. There are five very conspicuous white spots on the upper surface of the thigh, one of them close to its origin, the other four a little lower down, arranged in a square. The flanks are whitish, veined with black, as in the Bornean specimen, the lower surface is a yellowish white. The enormous interdigital membranes are black near their base, but yellowish towards the edges, with yellow rays. going into the black portion.

The specimen is male, its testes being very large, 15 mm. in length. The Bornean specimen was female, whilst there is no record of the sex of the Perak specimen.

Its length from snout to vent is 81 mm., against 80 mm. in the case of the Bornean and 98 mm. in the Perak specimen.

The Flying Frog of which Wallace (Malay Archipelago, 10th edition, p.30) gives such a graphic description, is Rhacophorus pardalis and occurs in Borneo and the Philippines, whilst a third Malayan species, ''Rh. reinwardtii'', occurs in Java and Sumatra. Very similar species are found in Malabar (Rh. malabarisus), the Eastern Himalayan region (Rh. bimaculatus) and Madagascar (Rh. madagascariensis).

The following new species of Scitamineæ have passed through my hands since writing the paper published in Journal No. 32 and do not appear to be described in Schumann's paper. Alpinia pectinata n. sp. Plant 4 to 7 feet tall. Leaves oblong lanceolate glabrous thinly coriaceous, blade 20 inches long 4 inches wide with a thick keel, ocrea obtuse. Panicle pendulous secund, with a long thick peduncle, dense with short crowded branches. Bracts many obconic half an inch long papery brown. Flowers pedicelled, pedicels in fruit: 1/2 inch long. Capsule globose trilocular 1/2 inch long. Seeds very numerous.

Celebes at Gunong Klabat 1800 to 1600 metres elevation, fruiting in January.

A remarkable plant in its one sided panicle with very short. branches bearing heads crowded together, about 100 in a panicle.


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 lads; I'll shew you land—for when we have tugged through that chapter, the book shall not be opened again this twelvemonth.—Huzza!—

years with a bib under his chin;

Four years in travelling from Christcross-row to Malachi;

A year and a half in learning to write his own name;

Seven long years and more -ing it, at Greek and Latin;

Four years at his probations and his negations—the fine statue still lying in


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 the middle of the marble block,—and nothing done, but his tools sharpened to hew it out!—'Tis a piteous delay!—Was not the great Julius Scaliger within an ace of never getting his tools sharpened at all?—Forty-four years old was he before he could manage his Greek;—and Peter Damianus, lord bishop of Ostia, as all the world knows, could not so much as read, when he was of man's estate.—And Baldus himself, as eminent as he turned out after, entered upon the law so late in life, that every body imagined he intended to be an advocate in the other world: no wonder, when Eudamidas, the son of Archidamas, heard Xenocrates at seventy-five disputing about wisdom, that he asked gravely,—If the old man be yet disputing and enquiring concerning wisdom,


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 Table of Contents.


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STRAITS BRANCH, ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY, JOURNAL 39, PLATE I.


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Rh Thus the metatarsus is a few lines longer; the tibia resembles the former closely, except that it is slightly thinner and one-tenth of an inch shorter; the femur is exactly like Professor Owen’s casuarinus, so that it may be said that this size fully agrees with the specific character of his species.

The articulated skeleton in the Canterbury Museum is taken from this subdivision.

The bones of this variety agree in every respect with those of the fore- going subdivisions, except that they are somewhat, smaller.

Compared with Professor Owen’s drawings, the metatarsus is more slender, as is also the case with the tibia, which is three-tenths of an inch shorter, and the same may be said of the femur. Moreover, the bones are altogether smoother, and the line of coalescence of the proximal epiphysis is still sometimes faintly indicated: they belong, therefore, without doubt, to specimens which were not yet full grown. May I therefore suggest that Nos. 1 and 2 represent, perhaps, male and female, while No. 3 consists of specimens of either sex which have not yet attained their full development.

According to my measurements, the same difference of size is also strikingly shown by the specimens of this species, of which a great quantity of bones was excavated under my direction.

When put together, these formed also three distinct sizes, like the preceding species, with no gradations between them.

We obtained from our excavations portions or complete leg bones of

No. 4, largest size, 17 specimens.

No. 5, middle size, 12 specimens.

No. 6, smallest size, 8 specimens.

The femur of this subdivision resembles very much that of dromioides, Owen, both in shape and size. It is somewhat larger than Professor Owen’s figured specimen of didiformis ("Trans. Zool. Society," Vol. III., plate 24, p. 249). The tibia is identical with Professor Owen’s figured tibia, while the metatarsus is two-tenths of an inch shorter than his, although identical in all other characteristics :


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STRAITS BRANCH, ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY, JOURNAL 39, PLATE II.


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 On a Collection of Coins from Malacca.

About three years ago, during some excavations near the mouth of the Malacca river, a considerable number of coins. was found scattered in the mud. These were collected together and handed over to the Hon'ble W. Egerton, Resident-Councillor of Malacca at the time, and presented by him to the Raffles Museum. The collection has proved to be of the greatest in- terest. It contains coins of both Asiatic and European origin, the European coins, Portuguese, Dutch and English, embracing practically the whole history of the various European occupa- tions of Malacca, covering thus a period of about four hundred years. The most interesting of the coins are those of Portu- guese origin, all of tin. They are probably quite unique: the British Museum does not possess any, and numerous enquiries I have made about them in various places, including Lisbon, have remained without result. With regard to their discovery Mr. Egerton writes:—

"The Malacca Coins were found in digging a channel from the mouth of the river seawards. Outside the mouth there is a deep pool, and beyond that a bank submerged at high water, extending some half mile or more seawards. It was in this bank the coins were found scattered here and there, not in large pockets. The bank contained quantities of household detritus, broken crockery and old ironware, bricks, earthenware, etc. I think it is quite possible buildings on piles, like those now seen on the foreshore, may have been built on this bank, or possibly all this rubbish was thrown out of ships at anchor, or washed down out of the river. Most of the coins were found in the first hundred yards outside the big pool referred to above. There must be many still there."

That tin coins, struck by the inhabitants of the place, ex- isted in Malacca before the arrival there of the Portuguese is


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 SIR RICHARD ARKWRIGHT.


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24 The skeleton articulated for the Canterbury Museum, has been selected from this subdivision.

The femur is larger than Professor Owen’s didiformis, but smaller than his dromioides.

The tibia is about three-tenths of an inch shorter than Professor Owen’s, and comparatively more slender.

The metatarsus exhibits the same characters as the figured one, but is shorter by nearly an inch:

Femur still a little larger generally, tibia and metatarsus smaller than Professor Owen’s figured bones; but I may observe that I articulated this subdivision only after great hesitation, and that I do not feel at all satisfied about its correctness. However, several of the bones were found lying close together, and may therefore have really belonged to one bird; and the general character of the bones may lead us again to the conclusion that they were young specimens of the two former:

We possess only the three principal bones of one leg and odd bones of two other specimens; they are larger and slightly thicker than those of Dinornis struthioides. On the other hand they are much smaller than those of Palapteryx ingens. There is no dent or depression on the back of the metatarsus, for the attachment of the back metatarsal trachlea. This bird was bow-legged, and resembled most Dinornis struthioides in its principal characteristics, although of larger dimensions:

The bones belong evidently to adult birds. Three specimens.


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 to us that the body is not the man, and that it is simply the habitation in which he dwells so long as it is fitted for the purposes of such a dwelling.

This separation—this withdrawing of the soul from the natural body—which we call death, is commonly supposed to have been induced by sin; and it is thought by many that the soul would have retained its natural body for ever, if man had continued in his original integrity and innocence. But these are ideas which the Scriptures do not teach. We do not read in the Bible anything about the immortality of the body, which those ideas necessarily involve. "God," it is written, "formed man of the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life, and man became a living soul." It is then the soul of man that lives; and this was said of him before "the fall." An everlasting connection between the material body and the "living soul" would necessarily have confined man to the territories of this world, and so have prevented him from entering into heaven, which is not a kingdom of this world, and where, the apostle expressly tells us, flesh and blood cannot enter. It follows, therefore, if the soul had been intended to live in perpetual conjunction with the natural body that it must have prevented the soul from enjoying the heavenly inheritance. For how could the soul have entered upon the felicities of heaven, if it had been inseparably united to a material substance which Divine order has excluded from that kingdom? The supposition, then, that at the period of man's original creation God intended to maintain an everlasting connection between the soul and the body involves consequences which prove it to be a misconception. It seems evident, that to enjoy the felicities of a kingdom which is not of this world,


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 it must always have been designed to separate the soul, as the immortal man, from the body as his mortal covering. Hence this separation, which we call death, must have been among the merciful designs of the Omnipotent, at man's original creation. There is no law in revelation, no fact in nature, by which to show that integrity of mind is capable of maintaining a perpetual connection with the body. The most eminent saints have died; and the apostle plainly says, "whilst we are at home in the body, we are absent from the Lord," and intimates that to be "absent from the body" is "to be present with the Lord." The body is the instrument created for the soul's residence and manifestation in the world of nature; it is fearfully and wonderfully made; but it has not, nor is there any evidence that it ever had, any of the elements of immortality, and, therefore, it never could have been designed for inheriting a Spiritual kingdom. As a material substance, it must necessarily be excluded from heaven, because that is an immaterial world!

Still, it may be said that the Scriptures represent death as a consequence of sin. Certainly the Lord said to Adam, "Of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil thou shalt not eat of it: for in the day that thou eatest thereof thou shalt surely die." Now Adam did eat of the forbidden fruit, and yet he did not naturally die on the day of his transgression: he continued to live for a considerable period, and, therefore, it is plain that natural death is not the subject of the narrative. It is said that he would die in the day of his transgression, to indicate that he would sin by so offending. Death is spoken of in the sense of sin; this death did take place in the very day he sinned, and was the obvious result of his disobedience.


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 Hence it is plain that the subject treated of in that narrative is sin, and not that separation which takes place between the soul and the body, and which we now call death.

It is true that the apostle says, "By one man sin entered into the world, and death by sin; and so death passed upon all men, for that all have sinned." But it is evident that by the death which is here spoken of as the result of sinning, is not meant natural death, but the spiritual consequence of transgression; and this is not the dissolution of the body, but calamity to the soul. The decease of the body, as a natural event, is no adequate equivalent for the sin of the soul, a spiritual circumstance. Death is frequently spoken of in the Scriptures as the symbol of man's separation from God. Thus, "sin, when it is finished, bringeth forth death:" "To be carnally minded is death; but to be spiritually minded is life and peace:" "He that heareth my word, and believeth on Him that sent me, hath everlasting life, and shall not come into condemnation; but is passed from death unto life." Hence it is certain that the death which is spoken of as the consequence of sin is condemnation—the separation of the soul from spiritual enjoyments,—its association with darkness and despair, and not the separation of the soul from its earthly tabernacle; for, surely, those who are now in heaven do not regret having been separated from their earthly bodies; nor can we reasonably suppose that they regard such separation as a calamity. We hold it to have been an orderly appointment from the commencement of our race, and not, as it is commonly believed to be, an evil resulting from the fall.


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 To suppose that death would not have come into the world, if man had remained in his integrity, is to suppose that the animals would have been immortal, and that vegetation could never have decayed. These things have not offended any law of their creation, and yet they die. Is it supposed that men were to see death seizing upon the thousand objects by which they were surrounded, and yet themselves be free from its approach? If natural death came to man through his transgression, how did it reach the beasts, who have always obeyed the endowments of their nature? Death reigned in the world myriads of years before man came upon the scene of being: this is proved by fossil remains which geological investigations have discovered; and decay and death are unavoidable attendants upon all physical organization.

Although, then, sin could not have been the origin of the separation of the soul from the body, and produced that result which we now call death, yet sin is that perversion of the original design of creation which has rendered this separation a fearful and a painful experience. It was sin, and its consequent ignorance, which gave origin to all those diseases and sufferings by which death is now frequently attended and brought about; it is sin which has induced all those states in which men have been led to fear it, and to regard it as an evil. The separation is not an evil, considered in itself; if it were, then the spirits of just men are not made perfect, because they must be experiencing that separation as an imperfection in their condition. But this cannot be maintained. It is the sufferings which now attend this separation, that render the approach of death so painful, and which cause it to be regarded as an evil. It is the breaking-up of the terrestrial attachments of men which makes them dread it. If they were pure and inno-


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Rh

We obtained only portions of one single specimen from Glenmark, which agree closely with the figures and measurements given by Professor Owen. It is remarkable that there were no more, considering the large quantity of bones of other species dug out.

Well preserved parts of another species of the same were obtained at Heathcote, near the foot of Banks Peninsula, from a drain five or six feet deep, cut in sandy loam (silt). The bones are a little smaller than Professor Owen’s figure, but still they are larger than those found in a cave in the Province of Nelson, and from which Dr. Jaeger, in Vienna, constructed his cast. For comparison I append the measurements of the Heathcote specimen:

The metatarsus has the hollow for the attachment of the back trachlea well marked, and the general character of the bones shows clearly that they belonged to a well-developed strong (male?) bird.

Of this elegant species, three more or less complete specimens were found amongst the excavated bones, which agree in every respect with Professor Owen’s figures. For comparison I shall give the measurements of the best preserved specimen:

This species, of which I obtained portions of six specimens, agrees also perfectly with Professor Owen’s drawings; only the tibia is generally a trifle longer. It is rather remarkable that ''Pal. ingens and Din. struthioides and gracilis'' are of such rare occurrence, when we consider what a great quantity of bones of the other species were found associated with them:


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 cent, and lived as angels do; if their delights were heavenly, and their knowledge of spiritual truth were clear and certain, they would look forward with satisfaction to their deliverance from the trammels of mortality, and regard death as an orderly means of increasing their enjoyment. This is the reason why, even now, the death of the righteous is observed to be tranquil and resigned, and also why we are taught to pray for an end like theirs.

But will the body which death lays aside be at some future day resumed? This is a very general belief; it is associated with the idea that God never designed the separation which death effects; that this separation was intended as one of the punishments of sin; and that God will, at least, in part, carry out His original purpose by the future resurrection of the body, and so effect its perpetual reunition with the soul. But as the premises are erroneous, the conclusion cannot be maintained.

The resurrection of which the Scriptures speak is that which takes place immediately after the death of the body. It is the passage of the soul from the world of men to the world of spirits, there to undergo its judgment, which will be determined by the nature of the faith that has been loved, and the quality of the works which have been done. "It is appointed unto all men once to die; and after that the judgment." This passage does not contemplate any


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IMPERIAL DICTIONARY

ORIGINAL MEMOIRS OF DISTINGUISHED MEN,

WRITERS OF EMINENCE IN THE VARIOUS BRANCHES OF LITERATURE, SCIENCE, AND ART.


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 waiting for the resumption of the body; it seems to view one event as directly following the other in orderly sequence. The idea of the resurrection of the hody assumes that it will have immortality conferred upon it; for that must be the obvious consequence of its eternal reunition with the soul. But, certainly, this is nowhere taught in the Scriptures; from them we learn that immortality was conferred only upon the soul. God breathed into the nostrils of man, and he became a "living soul." The body is of dust; and the dust shall return to the earth as it was, and the spirit shall return unto God who gave it."

Men have felt a difficulty in realizing the idea of a future life, and of living without the natural body, in consequence of the materialism which has grown up among them; and specially because they have not had any very definite knowledge concerning the soul in a state of separation from the body. "The Church" has not taught her people any intelligible doctrines upon the subject; it occupies no place in her catechism, or articles of faith; and the populace are left to vague conjecture respecting it. Indeed, with the multitude, the "soul" has become a word without a corresponding reality in the mind; and the result is a difficulty in conceiving how men can exist after death without the resumption of their natural body. It is believed that man is to live for ever; but because the soul is thought of as a breath, a vapour, or a phantom, which might float away to nothing, if it were not fixed in a physical body, the Church has invented the doctrine of the future resurrection of the material body.

But this conceit conld never have found acceptance and a resting-place with men, if they had duly reflected on the fact that it is the soul which really constitutes the man.


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CHAPTER 19

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 [No. 39]

JOURNAL

of the

of the

JUNE 1903

SINGAPORE:

1903


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1978 CHAPTER 19 An Act to consolidate the Oaths Act 1838 and the Oaths Acts 1888 to 1977, and to repeal, as obsolete, section 13 of the Circuit Courts (Scotland) Act 1828.

by the Queen’s most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:— General provisions as to enactment and operation

1.—(1) Any oath may be administered and taken in England, Wales or Northern Ireland in the following form and manner:—
 * The person taking the oath shall hold the New Testament, or, in the case of a Jew, the Old Testament, in his uplifted hand, and shall say or repeat after the officer administering the oath the words “I swear by Almighty God that ”, followed by the words of the oath prescribed by law.

(2) The officer shall (unless the person about to take the oath voluntarily objects thereto, or is physically incapable of so taking the oath) administer the oath in the form and manner aforesaid without question.

(3) In the case of a person who is neither a Christian nor a Jew, the oath shall be administered in any lawful manner.

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2c. 19

(4) In this section “officer” means any person duly authorised to administer oaths.

2. In the following provisions, namely—
 * (a) section 28(1) of the Children and Young Persons Act 1963; and
 * (b) section 56(1) of the Children and Young Persons Act (Northern Ireland) 1968

(each of which prescribes the form of oath for use in juvenile courts and by children and young persons in other courts) for the words “section 2 of the Oaths Act 1909” there shall be substituted the words “section 1 of the Oaths Act 1978”.

Oaths

3. If any person to whom an oath is administered desires to swear with uplifted hand, in the form and manner in which an oath is usually administered in Scotland, he shall be permitted so to do, and the oath shall be administered to him in such form and manner without further question.

4.—(1) In any case in which an oath may lawfully be and has been administered to any person, if it has been administered in a form and manner other than that prescribed by law, he is bound by it if it has been administered in such form and with such ceremonies as he may have declared to be binding.

(2) Where an oath has been duly administered and taken, the fact that the person to whom it was administered had, at the time of taking it, no religious belief, shall not for any purpose affect the validity of the oath. Solemn affirmations

5.—(1) Any person who objects to being sworn shall be permitted to make his solemn affirmation instead of taking an oath.

(2) Subsection (1) above shall apply in relation to a person to whom it is not reasonably practicable without inconvenience or delay to administer an oath in the manner appropriate to his religious belief as it applies in relation to a person objecting to be sworn.

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26

Of this remarkable species, bones of at least nine, more or less complete, individuals were excavated, of which four were of the same size as those figured by Professor Owen, while the five others decrease gradually to the size of No. 13, without my being able to find any line of demarcation between them. Of one of these large specimens which were found together in their natural position, I give here the measurements: they represent, at the same time, the character of the three large specimens excavated.

Of the Glenmark bones, the metatarsus is generally larger than Professor Owen’s, according to his measurements: the tibia, between the two measurements he gives; the femur is also slightly smaller than the one Professor Owen figures:

When examining the back of the metatarsal bones of these and of the following Nos. 13, 14, 15, and 16, which form, probably, one distinct genus of the Dinornithes, I observed in most of them distinct and sometimes rough grooves, which appeared to have been caused by the attachment of the rudimental metatarsus of the back toe. At the same time, the numerous back metatarsal trachleas, back phalanges, and spurs of different sizes, suggested the probability that they belonged to those remarkable birds, which in every respect are quite distinct from the species of which I gave, before, the measurements, as well as from the larger forms of Dinornis giganteus and robustus, about which I shall speak in the sequel. As I have sent a complete set of these back metatarsal bones to Professor Owen for examination, I have no doubt that the conclusion I arrived at will be fully verified, and that thus another subdivision has to be made, to which all the elephantopus and crassus species may belong. Moreover, the form of the skulls of these remarkable species, having all the same characteristic features, differs so much from those of the other Dinornithes that it offers us confirmatory evidence of their being quite a distinct genus.

We obtained the leg bones of seven specimens, which agree in size and form in every respect. They are the smallest size of the elephantopus species, in the gradation downwards. There is then a distinct break between this No. 13 and the next size, No. 16, ''Din. (crassu?)''.

The eight leg bones forwarded to London are those which articulated


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(3) A person who may be permitted under subsection (2) above to make his solemn affirmation may also be required to do so.

(4) A solemn affirmation shall be of the same force and effect as an oath.

6.—(1) Subject to subsection (2) below, every affirmation shall be as follows:—
 * “I,do solemnly, sincerely and truly declare and affirm,”

and then proceed with the words of the oath prescribed by law, omitting any words of imprecation or calling to witness.

(2) Every affirmation in writing shall commence:—
 * “I,of, do solemnly and sincerely affirm,”

and the form in lieu of shall be “Affirmed atthisday of 19, Before me.” Supplementary

7.—(1) The enactments specified in Part I of the Schedule to this Act (consequential repeals) and Part II of that Schedule (enactment obsolete since the Oaths Act 1888) are hereby repealed to the extent specified in the third column of that Schedule.

(2) In so far as anything done under an enactment repealed by this Act could have been done under a corresponding provision of this Act, it shall not be invalidated by the repeal but shall have effect as if done under that provision.

(3) Where any instrument or document refers, either expressly or by implication, to an enactment repealed by this Act, the reference shall, except where the context otherwise requires, be construed as, or as including, a reference to the corresponding provision of this Act.

(4) The court-martial enactments (which make provision in relation to the use of affirmations at courts-martial corresponding to that made by subsection (2) of section 1 of the Oaths Act 1961) shall not be affected by the repeal of subsection (3) of that section (by virtue of which each of them was inserted in the section in which it appears).

(5) In this Act “the court-martial enactments” means—
 * section 102(2) of the Army Act 1955;
 * section 102(2) of the Air Force Act 1955; and
 * section 60(6) of the Naval Discipline Act 1957.

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 Table of Contents.


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4c. 19

(6) Nothing in this Act shall be taken as prejudicing the operation of section 38 of the Interpretation Act 1889 (which relates to the effect of repeals).

8.—(1) This Act may be cited as the Oaths Act 1978.

(2) Part I of this Act does not extend to Scotland.

(3) It is hereby declared that this Act extends to Northern Ireland.

(4) In their application to each of the court-martial enactments subsections (4) and (5) of section 7 above extend to any territory to which that enactment extends.

(5) This Act shall come into force on the expiration of the period of one month from the date on which it is passed.

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c. 19 LONDON: PUBLISHED BY HER MAJESTY’S STATIONERY OFFICE 25p net Rh

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 Errata.


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 [No. 40]

JOURNAL

of the

of the

JUNE 1904

SINGAPORE:

1904


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 [No. 41]

JOURNAL

of the

of the

JANUARY 1904

SINGAPORE:

1904


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 [No. 42]

JOURNAL

of the

of the

FEBRUARY 1905

SINGAPORE:

1905


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 —what time will he have to make use of it?

Yorick listened to my father with great attention; there was a seasoning of wisdom unaccountably mixed up with his strangest whims, and he had sometimes such illuminations in the darkest of his eclipses, as almost attoned for them:—be wary, Sir, when you imitate him.

I am convinced, Yorick, continued my father, half reading and half discoursing, that there is a North west passage to the intellectual world; and that the soul of man has shorter ways of going to work, in furnishing itself with knowledge and instruction, than we generally take with it.—But alack! all fields have not a river or a spring running


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 besides them;—every child, Yorick! has not a parent to point it out.

—The whole entirely depends, added my father, in a low voice, upon the auxiliary verbs, Mr. Yorick.

Had Yorick trod upon Virgil's snake, he could not have looked more surprised.—I am surprised too, cried my father, observing it,—and I reckon it as one of the greatest calamities which ever befell the republick of letters, That those who have been entrusted with the education of our children, and whose business it was to open their minds, and stock them early with ideas, in order to set the imagination loose upon them, have made so little use of the auxiliary verbs in doing it, as they have done—So that, ex-


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 Chinese Names of Streets and Places in Singapore and the Malay Peninsula.

In two previous Journals lists of the Chinese names of streets in Singapore and in Penang have been published by Mr. Haughton and Lo Man Yuk (XXIII and .)

Mr. Firmstone continues and adds to this work the following Chinese names and translations.


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 cept Raymond Lullius, and the elder Pelegrini, the last of which arrived to such perfection in the use of 'em, with his topics, that in a few lessons, he could teach a young gentleman to discourse with plausibility upon any subject, pro and con, and to say and write all that could be spoken or written concerning it, without blotting a word, to the admiration of all who beheld him.—I should be glad, said Yorick, interrupting my father, to be made to comprehend this matter. You shall, said my father.

The highest stretch of improvement a single word is capable of, is a high metaphor,—for which, in my opinion, the idea is generally the worse, and not the better;—but be that as it may,


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 Various methods of computing the time for planting among the races of Borneo.

Agriculture, even if rude, is at once a token and a cause of primitive culture. The native of Borneo has no special reason to pay attention to the phenomena among which he lives, unless he is a farmer. He may, like the Punan, know the lie of the land for miles around, and be able to judge the slightest indications of the jungle, but that is hardly knowledge which leads to civilization. The farmer, on the other hand, has to study the course of the seasons, the nature of the soil and the variability of animals and plants.

There are certain special problems which have presented themselves to the uncultured farmer in Borneo, which would not cause the least difficulty to an European in a temperate climate. In the tropics as everywhere else, agriculture is performed with the yearly regularity which is so familiar that to us it seems in no way remarkable. Near the equator, of course, seasons have not as a rule the same striking character that they have in higher latitudes. In Borneo from October to April the wind is usually from the north-east, and brings rain, more to some districts than to others, while during the rest of the year the monsoon is reversed, but there is little else to distinguish one month's weather from another. It is almost impossible to tell the time of year from temperature or moisture, and quite impossible to do so with any accuracy.

The farmers have found, nevertheless, that certain seasons are more favourable than others to their operations. It is not so much the crop which requires to be sown and reaped at particular times, as the ground, whose preparation is difficult in


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 them were such good-natured fellows, that I considered as almost miraculous the impunity which they had enjoyed up to the moment when they met me, and paid the reckoning of their crimes. It is incredible that any individuals created expressly to fall into any plot or snare, should have awaited my coming to the police to be caught. Before my time the police was either most clumsily arranged, or else I was singularly fortunate: under any circumstances it is, as they say, "give a man luck and fling him into the sea." The following recital is in point. One day, towards twilight, dressed like a workman of the dock-yards, I was seated on the parapet of the Quai de Gèvres, when I saw, coming towards me, an individual whom I knew to be one of the frequenters of the Petite Chaise and the Bon Puits, two cabarets of renown for robbers.

"Good evening, Jean Louis," said this person, accosting me.

"Good evening, my lad."

"What the devil are you doing there! You look as if you were funking?"

"What do you mean, my boy? When the belly grumbles the mouth mumbles."

"What, the cupboard empty, that is not right for you, who are one of the family."

"Very true, but 'tis so."

"Come along, then, let us have a quart at Niguenac's: I have twenty browns left, and we will see how far they will go."

He conducted me to a vintner's, and called for a bottle, and then, leaving me for an instant, returned with two pounds of potatoes. "Here," he said, putting them smoking hot upon the table, "here are some gudgeons caught with a spade in the fields of Sablons; they are not fried though."

"These are oranges, but we want some salt."

"Salt, my lad, that will not ruin us."

The salt was brought, and, although an hour before I had made an excellent dinner at Martin's, I fell on the


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 wet weather. Rice will grow and ripen in a sufficiently warm, sunny climate provided there is enough water on the land, either from irrigation or continual showers.

In Borneo there is usually rain all round the year in magnificent quantity. It is not according to the rainiest season, but according to the driest that the farmer regulates his work. For the jungle is felled and left to dry before being burnt, and the success of the crop depends largely on the completeness of the clearing. The best crop will be generally obtained on land burnt off at the driest season.

How are these illiterate tribes to find out when a particular season has arrived? In England this is simple enough; we have almanacks galore, we have clocks which can tell us the length of time from sunrise to sunset. The native does not know how many days there are in a year, and would not take the trouble to keep count if he did. He may know how many moons there are, but like the Malays he would probably get about eleven days wrong every year, and eleven days is a large error of itself. In two or three years the crops would be planted far too early. Unfortunately, too, the length of the day varies very little in the tropics, and the native has no means of observing that variation. He is therefore obliged to have recourse to the stars or the sun to tell the time of year.

The Dayaks and many of the less important tribes look to the stars to guide them. Every day, as they know, these bodies rise a little earlier, and some wise man is appointed to go out before dawn to watch for the Pleiades. Dayaks use the Malay expressions "bintang tiga" for Orion's belt, and "bintang banyak" or Apai andau (the father of the day) for the Pleiades. When the "seven stars" rise while it is yet dark, it is time to begin.

Two of the house are sent into the jungle to find omens, while the others wait. In two days perhaps, or a fortnight, or at most a month, the favourable indications will appear, and then an end is made both of science and superstition and the Dayaks set to work on the forest. If they are so late that Orion's belt rises before daybreak, they must make every effort to regain lost time or the crop will be poor. What kind of land they will choose depends on circumstances: in any case it will have lain two or three years fallow and will be thickly covered with vegetation.


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 —when the mind has done that with it—there is an end,—the mind and the idea are at rest,—until a second idea enters;—and so on.

Now the use of the Auxiliaries is, at once to set the soul a going by herself upon the materials as they are brought her; and by the versability of this great engine, round which they are twisted, to open new tracks of enquiry, and make every idea engender millions.

You excite my curiosity greatly, said Yorick.

For my own part, quoth my uncle Toby, I have given it up.—The Danes, an' please your honour, quoth the cor-


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 The virgin forest, though less easy to fell, has this advantage over previously cleared ground, that no grass is growing on the land and much trouble in weeding is avoided. But the men do the felling, the women most of the weeding, and whether a choice is made of forest or scrub will depend largely on the courtesy and consideration shown by the men for their wives and daughters. If the forest is chosen, the men, sometimes helped by their womenfolk, cut down the undergrowth and small trees with their parangs, and then begin to attack the great trunks from slight platforms well above the ground, which enable them to avoid buttresses and roots. The felling is usually accomplished in this manner. The ground being as a rule the sloping side of a hill, each tree is cut through from one side nearly to the core, and on the opposite side an equal distance a little lower down the trunk. The lower cut is made on the side facing down hill. By dint of much labour, in which the various members of a village generally come to help their comrades, a whole hill side of trees is cut through till a slight blow will hurl them to the ground. Two heavy trunks at the summit are then felled, and made to fall on the neighbouring trees. These fall in their turn, and carry with them those below, till with a loud roar and a mighty rush of wind a V shaped space is cleared on the slope below. Like a pack of cards the forest monsters are laid low, to the intense excitement and delight of the howling spectators.

Then again the Dayaks await the permission of the stars for the next operation. Only when the Pleiades are at the zenith before dawn do they think if advisable to burn and sow. By this time, unless the weather has been wet, an unlikely circumstance at the season of year, the boughs are dry as match wood and the leaves are dead, though still on the twigs. Some hot day, towards noon, when a breeze is blowing, they take down special charms to secure wind, and also endeavour to attract the Æolian spirits by keeping up a loud whirr. The mass of dead wood is then set on fire. The flames rise to the skies and fill the country with smoke, while the added heat of the fire is almost insupportable. Insects with singed wings buzz around, and the hawks dive into the smoke to find their prey. The spectacle is grand indeed. Sometimes wet weather keeps


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 the wood damp until the leaves fall from the twigs, and then the land is often left untilled, for it is nearly useless. When the fire has passed over the fallen timber, deep layer of ashes and charred trunks is all that is left. The partially burnt wood is heaped round a stump and again ignited, till little save ashes, occasional stumps, and islands of green trees left to preserve valuable fruit, are to be seen in the clearing. The rice is then dropped by the women, a few grains at a time, into holes made by the men with pointed sticks; perhaps cucumber, maize and other sundry plants are sown round stumps or where the ash is especially thick; and the crop is left to the weeding of the people and the fertility of a warm, moist climate and virgin soil.

The Kenyahs and Kayans judge the seasons by the sun, and the method they adopt displays a wonderful knowledge of the precautions necessary to accuracy. The Kenyahs measure the shadow cast at midday with an instrument the Greeks would have called a gnomon. It is a pole set up near the village, guarded by a fence to keep away mischievous children and animals. In height it is more than a fathom by the span of the thumb and first finger. A piece of string weighted at each end and thrown over the top shows when it is perfectly upright. The length of the shadow is measured by a stick called "asu do" which is marked with notches gradually approaching one another more closely as they get further from the pole.

The interval between successive notches represents the change in the length of the shadow in three days. Midday is known to be the time when the shadow cast by the sun is at its shortest, and the Kenyahs are also aware of the fact that the direction of the shadow at noon, though sometimes to the north sometimes to the south, is always in the same straight line. The Kayan method, which differs more in practice than in theory from the Kenyah, is to let in a beam of light through a hole in the roof and measure the distance from the point immediately beneath the hole to the place where the light reaches the floor. Their measure is a plank, made level so that round discs do not roll on it, and fixed in position and direction by chocks placed at the side. This shows that they know the sun to be always due north or due south at noon.


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 I can only suggest one reason why these people though they have got so far, have not invented a sun-dial. That is this. In the tropics there are many days near each equinox on which no sun dial would be of use. When the sun in its yearly course passes from the north of the zenith to the south, its shadow is due west in the morning hours, due east in the afternoon. Any time-piece depending on the direction of the shadow must therefore fail. The difficulty might indeed be obviated, but no sundial could be devised which would in the tropics tell the time in every month of the year.

This then is their instrument, in which no point essential to accuracy has been neglected. The measuring stick has been notched in accordance with the experience of previous years, and when the shadow, after lengthening during May and June, begins again to grow less, the house assembles and by mutual consent they decide when to plant. The best time for planting has not arrived until the noonday shadow is the length of the forearm from the tip of the fingers to the inside of the elbow. When the shadow is less than the length of the hand, sowing is not likely to prove very productive. The measuring stick is left in charge of some old and presumably wise man, less capable than his fellows of hard work, who sees to it that the shadow is not measured obliquely and reports the favourable moment. This man is excused from farming and is supplied with necessaries in return for his services. In good years he naturally is very well treated.

It would be pleasant to stop here, and say that otherwise the Kenyahs care nothing about the heavenly bodies. But having given the bright side of the picture and shown how they have acquired some accurate knowledge, the result of long and genuine experience, it is only fair to state that they lay almost equal importance on the meaningless mummery with which these mysterious measurements are accompanied. Such important operations could hardly fail to be overlaid with superstition.


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 Addendum to Mr. Hose's paper on Methods of Reckoning Time.

Since this paper was written a good deal more information about the Kenyah Sundial has come to hand, and it is evident that the methods employed by the different tribes in measuring the noon-day shadow and the omens attached to the respective lengths of the shadow vary considerably. This is but natural since the different tribes plant their crops at different times of the year. A figure of a measuring-stick (asu do) of the Aki Kenyahs, a down-river tribe who plant in July, is now given; the actual specimen is in the Sarawak Museum, and I am indebted to the curator, Mr. R. Shelford, for the drawing.

Stick (asu do) used by the Kenyahs to measure the shadow cast by the Sundial (tukar do).

The stick is 72 centimetres in length and 1.7 centimetres broad; one border is notched. The end marked by an asterisk in the figure is held in the hand so that the stick lics along the extended arm, the notches corresponding to certain regions of the arm and hand. The relation of the length of the shadow cast at noon-day by the tukar do to the spaces between the notches determines the omen given by the dayong as described in the paper. The letters A to H refer to the spaces between the notches.

A. Known as Kujut Kata, the knuckles; this is a good time for planting, but there will be deaths in the house and the people of the house will always be crying and rubbing their eyes with their knuckles; in pounding out the padi, some padi will always remain mixed with the rice.

B. Corresponds to the position of the string often worn round the wrist to tie in the soul of the wearer, a bead or some


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 charm being often threaded on the string. This marks a good time for planting.

C. Leku Sang, corresponds to the position of the wristlet made from fibres of the sang palm by men on the war paths to distinguish them from the enemy. A good time for planting.

D. Muga mipit, marks a bad time for planting because the sparrows (mipit) will destroy the crop.

E. Idan ok, i.e., the small part of the forearm, a bad time for planting.

F. Idan aiar, i.e., the thick part of the forearm, a bad time for planting.

G. Selong jangin, i.e., the brass armlet worn round the biceps; this marks a good time for planting.

H. Lingai Sapeh, i.e., the junction of the coat-sleeve with the coat; a good time for planting.


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text: Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society/Volume 42/Various Methods of Computing the Time for Planting among the Races of Borneo


text: Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society/Volume 42/Addendum to Mr. Hose's Paper on Methods of Reckoning Time