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96 I would await the turn of events. In Mary's circumstances, I would disregard a stepmother's commands without a minute's delay, for though, as a general rule, we are bound to obey our parents', in the matter of marriage, where the happiness of our whole life depends on our choice, we ought to exercise, in a measure, our own will, and if we have given our love to a worthy object and the opposition of our parents is factious and tyrannical, we ought to follow our own judgment and not theirs. It is true that young people are very apt to bestow their affections on unworthy objects and to imagine that their parents oppose their love unreasonably, and we should, therefore, be very cautious in marrying against the wishes of natural advisers. But in your case, there can be no doubt. I am older than you and married. I may advise you, therefore, with more freedom. But you come of a proud and spirited race, and I predict that since Mrs. Swanson has called you a fortune-hunter, you will not marry Mary when, if she were poor and could be brought to elope, you would wed her tomorrow."

"That, Mary, will never do; and though no doubt you are right in all you have said, yet I would rather my wife obey than disobey her parent, even when that parent's injustice and tyranny is clear."

"And I honor you for it. I should not, under the circumstances, blame Mary if she were to elope, but I love her more for her refusal," and with these words, the conversation closed.

Time passed. Now that Mrs. Swanson had learned that Henry Alford was her daughter's lover, all interviews between them were rendered impossible by her Argus eyes. Mary was closely confined to the house and allowed to see no one unless in the presence of her mother. The persecutions to which the poor girl was now subjected would have subdued many a weaker heart, but Mary, though yielding in little things, had a latent firmness which greater emergencies called forth, and she rose superior to all the taunts and vexations to which she was subjected, for the consciousness of rectitude cheered her amid all. Her constancy was the more self-sustained because she had not heard from her lover for weeks and because there was no female friend on whom she could lean in her distress; but left alone and unaided, she could only think of Henry and resolve to suffer all for his sake. It may seem strange that Mrs. Swanson should possess such power to tyrannize over her stepdaughter, but Mary's now deceased father had married his second wife late in life, and the bride, thus brought into his household, had soon managed to obtain such control over him that when he died, he left her a large portion of his fortune and the unlimited guardianship of his child. Perhaps if her stepmother had not been so specially invested in her father's authority, Mary would have paused and promised not to marry without her consent, but now she felt called on, as it were, by a voice from the tomb, to obey her mother's commands to that extent, though she could not make herself unhappy for life by marrying Mr. Bartlett.

Many were the attempts made by Henry Alford to obtain an interview with Mary or even to convey to her a letter, but in every instance without success. At length, conscious that Mary would never marry without Mrs. Swanson's consent and unable longer to endure the misery of being so near and yet not beholding her, Henry left the city for the far west, determined there to accumulate a fortune and return and claim Mary's hand. With this resolution, he found, at length, means to acquaint her and received in return assurances of her fidelity.

Years elapsed. Henry Alford was now a distinguished man and rapidly acquiring wealth when, one day, he was called to a neighboring village inn to see a sick lady. What was his surprise, on entering the room, to recognize Mrs. Swanson, now pale and emaciated and evidently dying? The room in which she lay, a scantily furnished garret, betokened that a change had befallen her worldly circumstances. Henry's heart fluttered, and he glanced his eye around the room in search of a well-known form. Mrs. Swanson was equally surprised by himself. She was, however, the first to speak, and it was in a humble and penitent tone.

"God be praised for this unexpected meeting," she said, raising her eyes to heaven, "for I can now repair a grievous wrong ere I die. Your eyes tell me that you seek my daughter. She is here," the sufferer exclaimed as Mary entered the room. "God bless you both, my children, and forgive me for the evil I intended for you."

We will not attempt to describe the meeting of the loving, separated lovers. A few words of explanation will close our narrative. Mary had remained firm to her troth under every persecution, and, at length, Mr. Bartlett withdrew in despair, though it was said that the loss of all Mrs. Swanson's fortune and that of her daughter, which about this time occurred, had no little influence on his determination. Misfortune softened the mother's heart, and she repented of all the wrong she had done, Mary, and would willingly have bestowed it on Henry. But, in pursuance of his resolution, he had kept his residence a secret, even from Mary, intending only to reveal it when he could claim her as his bride. At length, increasing poverty forced Mrs. Swanson and her daughter to seek refuge in the far west, and we have seen how opportunely they met with Henry. We have only to add that she saw the lovers united at her bedside when she died, which event took place in a short week after her journey had been stopped by her illness.

“Was I not right?" said the young bride to her husband, "for now we have no reproaches to make to ourselves for a want of duty."

"Yes!" said he, fondly kissing her.


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 they dare.—In cases like this, corporal, said my uncle Toby, slipping his right hand down to the middle of his cane, and holding it afterwards truncheon-wise, with his forefinger extended,—'tis no part of the consideration of a commandant, what the enemy dare,—or what they dare not do; he must act with prudence. We will begin with the outworks both towards the sea and the land, and particularly with fort Louis, the most distant of them all, and demolish it first,—and the rest, one by one, both on our right and left, as we retreat towards the town;—then we'll demolish the mole,—next fill up the harbour,—then retire into the citadel, and blow it up into the air; and having done that, corporal, we'll embark for England.—We are there, quoth the corporal, recollecting himself—Very true, said my uncle Toby—looking at the church.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text: The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman/Volume 6/Chapter 34


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Delusive, delicious consultation or two of this kind, betwixt my uncle Toby and Trim, upon the demolition of Dunkirk,—for a moment rallied back the ideas of those pleasures, which were slipping from under him:—still—still all went on heavily—the magic left the mind the weaker—, with at her back, entered the solitary parlour, and drew their gauzy mantle over my uncle Toby's head;—and, with her lax fibre and undirected eye, sat quietly down beside him in his arm chair.—No longer Amberg, and Rhinberg, and Limbourg, and Huy, and Bonn, in one year,—and the prospect of Landen, and Trerebach, and Drusen, and Dendermond, the next,—hurried on the blood;—No longer did saps, and mines, and blinds, and gabions, and palisadoes,


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98 and rather loose, reaching to a little above the wrist, where they were turned back with a deep cull, a tow of gold buttous running up the center; small muslin dnuillonnde sleeves are worn “underneath, reaching to the wrist. round neck, and partly down the center of the fropt is a narrow raw of itself lace. A narrow hand passes around the waist,'fastened in front, with a small silver hackle. Gloves: pale primrose; the tops ornamented with black velvet. Cravat of taffetas striped pink and blue; cap a la reine of while cloth; vril of pale green gauze

There is also an atyte of dress of rich satin shot, pale lavender and green; the jupe d demi traine; the front of the skirt ornsmented with a pretty net-work trimming descending from the point of the waist and fradually enlarging tewurd the edge of the skirt; a half-high body, a friple ceinure, edged round the neck with a narrow lace; the sleeves perfectly plain and filting tight to the arm. An immense deep cardinal cape is worn over, composed of four rows of decp white lace, placed at a little distance from each ether, and headed with a pretty fancy trimming of pale pink ribbon or geuze; this trimming is also placed down each side of the fronts, edged on each side with a narrow Jace, long strcamezs of pink ribbon.

Caps.=— The following are those most worn at pre-sentence: Le jardinicre, ao named, we presume, from its being covered with the rarest flowers, de Fergere de Cour and Acure de lever, or morning cap. We have also noticed a very pretty cap of snousseline d la buig-neuse, trimmed with pretty notched ribbons, and perfectly simple for a morning costume. The caps are still being made plain on the forchead and very full at the cara. A very pretty slyle of cap are those formed of a double row of broad lace passing straight over the tep of the head and turning around the ears, descending a little below the cheek, over the center of which is placed a kind of Vandyke, formed of pink piping, very small, and finished at the ears with pink rosettes, having a small button in the center of each.

Head-dresses.— Very little is now worn on the head, particularly for a fail dress, with the hair mostly ornamented with crowns or little wreaths of ol’ flowers, melangées, and sometimes composed of natural aowers. Combs are something in vogue for decorating the hair; "they are mostly of gold and act with jewels or rare cameos. A little half dress cap or toque may, however, now and then be scen, made of the lightest materials, and cither ornamented with pearls, or very small alawers, interspersed amongst the tulle or blonde. We must not forget to mention that strings of corel are favorite ornaments for intermixing with the hair for full drees.

Walking Dresses.~— The following are those that we have selected for being of the newest fashion and most relevant description: A dress of foulard glace, cerise, and atraw color; the corsage in folds and erossed. The bottom of the skirt is ornamented with a broad flounce, and a black lace ecarf is generally worn with this style of dress. Another is of oriental barége, covered with a large cashemire paltern; the cersage round and sitting close to the figure; ceinture to match; the siceves easy and desoeriding; to a little below the elbow, where it is finished with a’ cuff; half-long gloves of the color most predominating in the dress. For carriage dress, nothing

- is more elegant than dresses of white organdie, embroidered in straw color: the corsege round and cut a tierge sash attached with an o buckle; sleeves shart and plain; the skirt decorated with two broad flouncea; half-long white gloves; when the dress is composed of a light silk, they are mostly ornamented with trimmings of soutacke and silk cord, covering the front of the jupe and corsage, as well as the jockeys and cuffa at the end of the sleeves. Others have the front of the skirt trimmed with a double quilling of the same, forming 2 bouillonnde a@ double téte, edged with an open eympe work, continuing round the low body, and forming a heart in the center of the front; the sleeves, which merely reach to the elbow, are trimmed with the same, the under sleeves being composed of lace bouillonnée, forming those coquettish-looking manchelies d fa Riche few.

Carorrs. There was a capote in white potelé de sote.

edged with folds in white tulle, put on perfectly straight, trimmed with a light ribbon, and a small piony formed in white satin ribbon. ‘ This is a style of trimming coming much into vogue—that of imitating and surprising mommy dahlias, cameliags, and daisies in satin ribbon. A choice veil adds much to the style of this capote; in fact, veils are now being worn very much; they are of various dimensions.

Camails.— These immense capes are being much worn, particularly for morning costumes. Some are composed of India muslin, having three rows of broad lace and a pretty plaited ribbon being passed through the hema; others are made of black and white lace; they are mostly lined with a well-assorted oolor. A few ora made in moire and trimmed with lace or a handsome fringe, with a heading of fancy zympe; others in cachemire, white or mais with a light embroidery all round; ora flowering of soutarke; a rich silk twisted fringe and cords and tassele encircle the arm-holes; or, what is still prettier, when they are composed of ao bright shaded silk, having a trimming of ribbon, forming two riches; sometimes a lace one is worn over the silk, having four very rich eflect,

We suppose it is scarcely necessary to state that the colors given on our plates may vary to the taste of the owner. In fact, much of the beauty of a dress consists in the harmony of colors.


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100 in the cupola of the prison-house, tolled forth in single and dolorous notes, announcing the awful tidings of death, the crowd in front of the scaffold was immense, but behind, scarcely any persons were collected, in consequence of the ground being damp and marshy and not affording as fine a view of the approaching spectacle as that in front, which, being slightly elevated, gave those farther off as good an opportunity of viewing the scene as those immediately under the scaffold.

As the sheriff motioned him out of the cart, the prisoner, apparently downcast and dejected, slowly rose and ascended the scaffold, but it was only a moment before he had sprung into the midst of the armed force below, and with the strength of a giant, he opposed every endeavor to stop his progress. Life was before him; death was behind. He well knew that if retaken he would be shown no mercy, and it were as well to meet his death from the hands of those around him, as from the instrument of the law. With a tremendous effort, he cleared the soldiery. Immediately, a dozen muskets poured their murderous contents at his person, but he passed the ordeal harmlessly. Struck with astonishment at the suddenness of the effort, the populace remained for a moment inactive, and then, with a loud shout, started in pursuit, but that moment of indecision gave the prisoner the advantage. Nothing could now stop his progress. Once only, a man in advance of the rest threw himself in the path before the criminal, but with a herculean grasp, the liberated convict seized and crushed him to the earth. On and on, he sped. Mile after mile, hill after hill, he passed, but still his pursuers were close behind. Oh, what hopes passed through that wretched being's mind? As with the swiftness of the deer, he fled for life. What resolutions of reform—what deeds of virtue to be done—presented themselves to his imagination! It was a glorious thing to defraud death—to leap from the grave at the moment he felt himself sinking in. But what sight is that that meets his eye? Directly in front of him, he perceives a vast body of fire glowing and burning immediately in his path. The sight causes his energies to slacken; he drops, is nearly exhausted, and his pursuers approach nearer. He hears their shouts, and once more, he springs forward. He draws nearer to that vast body of fire, but, as he approaches, how has the aspect before him changed?Joy! joy! Instead of fire, he now perceives the broad and majestic river, rolling on her downward course, her placid bosom reflecting the beams of the noonday sun, until the whole surface glowed like burnished silver.

In a moment, he was on the bank. Invigorated and cheered by newly-born hopes, his eye ranged the shore in every direction, but not a boat was to be seen. His pursuers were close behind him. But at length, he detected a small skiff that was anchored about twenty yards from the shore, which his anxiety had caused him at first to overlook. Without hesitation, he plunged into the stream and scarcely reached the boat before his pursuers were on the bank. But he was safe from them. Fortunately for him, there was a solitary paddle in the bottom of the boat, and, hastily slipping the rope over the stake to which it was secured, he darted out into the stream. In vain, those congregated upon the shore searched for another boat in which to continue the pursuit; not one was to be found. Maddened with rage at being baffled, at the moment they thought escape was impossible, some sprang into the water to endeavor to reach the convict by swimming, but it was useless. They could not overtake their intended victim. Stopping for one moment, he stood upright in his frail bark and gave a loud laugh of defiance. Then, resuming his seat, he directed his course to the opposite shore. All fear had now fled. Once within the lines of the British possessions in Canada, it would be no difficult matter to secrete himself until a favorable opportunity presented itself for departing to the old world. But those shores he was destined never to reach A more terrible death than that from which he had escaped awaited him.

The part of the river at which the prisoner attempted to cross was one that, unless superior skill was manifested, rendered the boatman liable to extreme danger. It was but a very short distance from the rapids that are generally considered the commencement of the Falls of Niagara. At all seasons, there is a very strong current leading to this point, but at this time, the force of the current was considerably augmented on account of a heavy freshet that had swollen the river to an unusual degree, thereby causing a greater body of water to rush toward the falls. The convict, whose mind was occupied with other thoughts, was not aware of this circumstance until he found himself gradually drawing closer to the terrible descent. At length, however, his eyes were opened to the extent of his danger. He at once perceived that there was no time for deliberation, and using every effort in his power, he applied his oar. For a moment, the boat stood still and then slowly moved up the stream, but before it had proceeded many yards, the paddle that he held in his hand, unable to resist such an unusual pressure, snapped asunder close to the handle. The blade shot far, far from his reach, and beyond all possibility of recovery. Who can tell his emotions at this juncture? In a moment, all the actions of his past life rushed through his mind, the few good deeds vanishing like the morning mist before the many evil ones that now rose up before him in accusation. But one struck more terror into his soul than all the rest. It was the murder of his late victim. He fancied he beheld the sufferer, pale and bloody, rising before him. His flesh crept, his eyes rolled horribly, and his powerful frame quaked and trembled. Nothing could drive that sight away. In vain, he covered his face.


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 keep out this fair enemy of man's repose:—No more could my uncle Toby, after passing the French lines, as he eat his egg at supper, from thence break into the heart of France,—cross over the Oyes, and with all Picardie open behind him, march up to the gates of Paris, and fall asleep with nothing but ideas of glory:—No more ways he to dream, he had fixed the royal standard upon the tower of the Bastile, and awake with it streaming in his head.

—Softer visions,—gentler vibrations stole sweetly in upon his slumbers;—the trumpet of war fell out of his hands,—he took up the lute, sweet instrument! of all others the most delicate! the most difficult!—how wilt thou touch it, my dear uncle Toby?


text: The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman/Volume 6/Chapter 35


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, because I have once or twice said, in my inconsiderate way of talking, That I was confident the following memoirs of my uncle Toby's courtship of widow Wadman, whenever I got time to write them, would turn out one of the most compleat systems, both of the elementary and practical part of love and love-making, that ever was addressed to the world—are you to imagine from thence, that I shall set out with a description of what love is? whether part God and part Devil, as Plotinus will have it

—Or by a more critical equation, and supposing the whole of love to be as ten—to determine, with Ficinus, "How many parts of it—the one,—and


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 how many the other;"—or whether it is all of it one great Devil, from head to tail, as Plato has taken upon him to pronounce; concerning which conceit of his, I shall not offer my opinion:—but my opinion of Plato is this; that he appears, from this instance, to have been a man of much the same temper and way of reasoning with doctor Baynyard, who being a great enemy to blisters, as imagining that half a dozen of 'em on at once, would draw a man as surely to his grave, as a herse and six—rashly concluded, that the Devil himself was nothing in the world, but one great bouncing Cantharidis.

I have nothing to say to people who allow themselves this monstrous liberty in arguing, but what Nazianzen cried out (that is polemically) to Philagrius

"!" ''O rare! 'tis fine reasoning, Sir, indeed!''—""


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 Instead, however, of considering these kinds of exercise in this empirical way, I will devote a brief space to an examination of them in a more scientific form.

The pleasure of exercise is due first to a purely physical impression, and secondly to a sense of power in action. The first source of pleasure varies of course with our condition and the state of the surrounding circumstances; the second with the amount and kind of power, and the extent and kind of action. In all forms of active exercise there are three powers simultaneously in action,—the will, the muscles, and the intellect. Each of these predominates in different kinds of exercise. In walking, the will and muscles are so accustomed to work together and perform their task with so little expenditure of force, that the intellect is left comparatively free. The mental pleasure in walking, as such, is in the sense of power over all our moving machinery. But in riding, I have the additional pleasure of governing another will, and my muscles extend to the tips of the animal's ears and to his four hoofs, instead of stopping at my hands and feet. Now in this extension of my volition and my physical frame into another animal, my tyrannical instincts and my desire for heroic strength are at once gratified. When the horse ceases to have a will of his own and his muscles require no special attention on your part, then you may live on horseback as Wesley did, and write


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. with his hands in vain, he cast himself in the bottom of the boat and groveled like a worm, whose ghastly form was still before him.

On, on rolled the stream, and with it came the bark that was carrying the murderer to destruction. It was now within a few yards of the rapids. He perceived the imminent danger of his situation without the power to avoid it. His shrieks for aid were heard on either shore, and struck terror into every heart. Cold drops of agony collected upon his forehead, and they chased each other down his pale checks. "Oh, God!" he cried. "If succor could arrive, how willingly would I yield up life upon the scaffold?" Once more, his energies appeared to revive. He sprang up in the boat and, with a maddened effort, seized and tore the only seat from its place and used every endeavor to stem the current that was carrying him to his death. But how vain was the effort? All hope had now fled; he was in the rapids and whirling on with the velocity of lightning. Another breathless pause, and he is on the brink of a fall. One moment more, and the murderer stands in the presence of his God.

About a week after the day upon which the above events transpired, the lifeless remains of a man were taken from the river several miles below the falls. The remains were large in stature, and from the proportions of the body, they were supposed, when possessed with life, to have been endowed with almost superhuman strength. No one could be found to recognize the body, the features being so mutilated. But by more than one, it was supposed to be all that was left of one who had escaped death in one form, only to meet him in another more terrible. T. S.

The sonnets of Milton are not the least remarkable of his productions but fully evince the genius of the author of Paradise Lost. Who has read, without feeling all the fervent indignation of Milton, the sonnet entitled "On the Late Massacre in Piemont?"

Avenge, O Lord, thy slaughtered saints, whose bones lie scattered on the Alpine mountains cold; even them who kept thy truth so pure of old, when all our fathers worshipped stocks and stones, Forget not: in thy book record their groans Who were thy sheep, and in their ancient fold Slain by the bloody Piemontese that rolled Mother with infant down the rocks. Their groans redoubled to the hills, and they to heaven. Their martyred blood and ashes sow O'er all the Italian fields, where still doth sway The triple tyrant; that from these may grow A hundred fold, who, having learned thy way, early may fly the Babylonian wo.

TRUE LOVE.

BY ELLEN ASHTON

"And so you believe in love!" said Edgar Thurston, knocking the ashes from his cigar and looking calmly into his friend George Burton's face. "I really thought better of you." "I am sorry that I have lost your good opinion, but I congratulate myself that it has been lost for a good cause. I am not ashamed to acknowledge that I believe in love and, even more, that every young man ought to rejoice at the existence of a passion that is his salvation. You smile, but shew me the young man who is truly in love, and I will shew you a person whose views of life are brightened, whose heart is softened as by the dews of heaven, and whose thoughts are purer and holier than they ever were before. Women are all akin to the skies and never grow debased until either a husband or lover makes them so—when we love them, therefore, we insensibly imbibe a portion of their purity, which remains with us until our own brutish nature drags us down again to earth, too often, alas, bringing our wives with us. But, while the first romance of the passion endures, we are different beings from what we have been, or ever will be. The very sky seems brighter; the wind is more musical than old; the voice of the commonest rivulet fills us with strange delight; and we look on all men with kindlier feelings, out of regard to her whom we love. A young man who is truly in love cannot be guilty of criminal or dishonorable conduct. How many have been led to pause in some base act? How many have been saved from the first step in crime—how many have been rescued from the lowest depths of vice by the influence of some pure-hearted girl, whose love had become to the erring individual the jewel of great price,' and who, he knew, would shrink back in her heavenly-mindedness from contamination with such a wretch as they either were or contemplated becoming! No-no-love is the dearest gift to man! Without it, the earth would be a Golgotha, and life a den of torment." "Heigho ! how eloquently you have grown. One would think you were reciting a popular lecture or making some sentimental Miss in her teens agree. With you, love is the great panacea for all human ills, just like the celebrated pills, which cure everything from corn to consumption. Really, my dear fellow, I am shocked that a man who ought to know so much of the world should talk in this strain about a passion, in which not two sensible men out of a hundred believe. I don't mean to say that there is not a certain feeling that every lover entertains for his mistress or his husband for his wife, but then this feeling is no more what you call love than women are angels or wives one's'household god.' To give you an idea of what I mean, you


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 of Man; for instance, on the southern cliffs, about Peel Castle, on the sands to the north of Ramsey, and at Maughold, remarkable also for its rock scenery, and for its antiquities. There is a deficiency, however, of some southern and south-eastern maritime species, as might be expected from climatal considerations, without reference to any geographical changes. But, confining ourselves to the inland, it will appear upon the whole, that the Isle of Man, like other small isolated tracts of country, is rather limited in the number of its plants, and Forbes was led to philosophise on this point. There appears to be reason to suppose that the island was not isolated from Ireland till (geologically speaking) modern times, and be thought that this agreed with the extension to Man of certain (so-called) Lusitanian species, which he names, Pinguicula lusitanica, Scirpus Savii, &c.; and also that the absence of certain southern species, if it is not from climatal inadequacy, may likewise be set down to an analogous cause, the separation of the outer islands, whilst England still made part of the Continent, thus allowing such plants to extend themselves in it, but not further. As regards truly mountainous—or what is tantamount—northern species, the above absence or paucity holds good, but from another cause. In the main islands some of these have been supposed to have survived glacial times by their fixity on the summits of high mountains, elevation being tantamount to latitude and lower temperature. Perhaps the Manx hills were never very high, but, if may be, half submerged, and receiving their deposits of clays and drifts, whilst those of Scotland and Wales wore the seats of glaciers.

With this floral deficiency it is rather interesting to observe how many plants, which are not truly indigenous, have escaped from ancient homesteads and gardens, and have become quite ab home, ag well as luxuriant; slowing that islands and isolated places often grow in great perfection plants which are not native, when once introduced. Horticulturists are aware of this proclivity of the island. Such interlopers are the following:—Spiren aalteifelia, Senecio suracenicus, Inula Helenium, Gnaphalium margaritaceum, Pyrethrum Balsanita, Balsamite vulgaris, Lavatera maritima, Antirrhinum Orontium, Reseda fruticluosa, Saponaria officinalis, Myrvihis odorata, Petroselinum sativum, Vinca major, and, perhaps, other plants of similar origin. The Irish arbutus, hydrangea, fuchsia, myrtle, ilex, euonymous, jasmine, escalonia, Buddleia, and tree-veronicas are very luxuriant in the open air. The cowslip appears to be absent,


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 “Where is the meet?” said the officer, and I thought that he was hungering for his bifstek. But the other answered him that it was near Altara, so I saw that it was a place of which he spoke.

“You are late, Sir George,” said the orderly.

“Yes, I had a court-martial. Has Sir Stapleton Cotton gone?”

At this moment a window opened, and a handsome young man in a very splendid uniform looked out of it

“Halloa, Murray!” said he. “These cursed papers keep me, but I will be at your heels.”

“Very good, Cotton. I am late already, so I will ride on.”

“You might order my groom to bring round my horse,” said the young General at the window to the orderly below, while the other went on down the road.

The orderly rode away to some outlying stable, and then in a few minutes there came a smart English groom with a cockade in his hat, leading by the bridle a horse—and, oh, my friends, you have never known the perfection to which a horse can attain until you have seen a first-class English hunter. He was superb: tall, broad, strong, and yet as graceful and agile as a deer. Coal black he was in colour, and his neck, and his shoulder, and his quarters, and his fetlocks— how can I describe him all to you? The sun shone upon him as on polished ebony, and he raised his hoofs in a little, playful dance so lightly and prettily, while he tossed his mane and whinnied with impatience. Never have I seen such a mixture of strength and beauty and grace. I had often wondered how the English Hussars had managed to ride over the Chasseurs of the Guards in the affair at Astorga, but I wondered no longer when I saw the English horses.

There was a ring for fastening bridles at the door of the inn, and the groom tied the horse there while he entered the house. In an instant I had seen the chance which Fate had brought to me. Were I in that saddle I should be better off than when I started. Even Voltigeur could not compare with this magnificent creature. To think is to act with me. In one instant I was down the ladder and at the door of the stable. The next I was out and the bridle was in my hand. I bounded into the saddle. Somebody, the master or the man, shouted wildly behind me. What cared I for his shouts ! I touched the horse with my


text:
Module:Header/sandbox

--[=[ This is a module to implement logic for Template:Header and Template:Translation header

TODO: - centuries are defined as starting on XX01, but WS categorizes them as starting on XX00 -- check whether that's a considered policy choice ]=]

require('strict')

local p = {} --p stands for package

local yesno = require('Module:Yesno') local getArgs = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs local tableTools = require('Module:TableTools') local ISO_639_language_name = require('Module:ISO 639').language_name local parent_links = require('Module:Auto parents')._parent_links

local construct_header = require('Module:Header structure').construct_header local headerAttributions = require('Module:Header/attribution') local construct_defaultsort = require('Module:Header/sort')._construct_defaultsort local construct_year = require('Module:Header/year').construct_year

local current_title = mw.title.getCurrentTitle

--[=[ Wrap stylesheet in noexport div ]=] local function get_noexport_stylesheet(template) return tostring(mw.html.create('div'):addClass('ws-noexport'):wikitext(mw.getCurrentFrame:extensionTag('templatestyles', '', {src = template .. '/styles.css'}))) end

--[=[ Get badge if any ]=] local function badge return require('Module:Edition').badge({args = {category = '1', indicator = '1'}}) end

--[=[ Construct the Help:Microformat for the page.

This is in the form: Title here...  ... ]=] local function construct_microformat(args) local mf_div = mw.html.create('div') :addClass('ws-noexport') :attr('id', 'ws-data') :css({speak = 'none'}) -- override to show the microformat if yesno(args['show-microformat']) then mf_div:addClass('ws-data-show') end -- collect the MF values here local mf = {};

mf['ws-article-id'] = current_title.id 	-- add the title if args['title'] then mf['ws-title'] = args['title']

-- append section if there is one if args['section'] then mf['ws-title'] = mf['ws-title'] .. " — " .. args['section'] end end local author = args['override-section-author'] or args['section-author'] or args['override-author'] or args['author'] if author then mf['ws-author'] = author end local translator = args['override-translator'] or args['translator'] if translator then mf['ws-translator'] = translator end local year = args['year'] if year then mf['ws-year'] = year end if args['cover'] then mf['ws-cover'] = args['cover'] end for k, v in pairs(mf) do		mf_div:tag('span'):attr('id', k):wikitext(v) end return tostring(mf_div) end

--[=[ Detect explicit formatting in fields like "section" and "title" ]=] local function explicit_formatting(str) return string.match(str, "'''?") or string.match(str, "<%s*/?%s*[iIbB]%s*>") -- add more cases here or come up with a less silly way to do things end

local function check_non_existent_author_pages(args, categories, checkArgs) -- check for cases that aren't supposed to produce a valid link local param = checkArgs.param local tracking_cat = checkArgs.tracking_cat or 'Works with non-existent author pages' if not param or not args[param] or yesno(args[param .. '-nolink']) then return end local lower_arg = string.lower(args[param]) local attr_data = headerAttributions.attr_data[param] or headerAttributions.attr_data[string.gsub(param, 'section%-', '')] if attr_data and attr_data['special_cases'] and attr_data['special_cases'][lower_arg] then return end -- check if page exists local target = mw.title.makeTitle('Author', args[param]) -- expensive function! if not target or not target.exists then table.insert(categories, tracking_cat) end return end

--[=[ Construct the automatic categories for the header ]=] local function construct_categories(args) local categories = {} if args['override-author'] then table.insert(categories, "Pages with override author") end if current_title:inNamespaces(0, 114) or args.testing then local params_to_check = { {param = 'author'}, {param = 'editor'}, {param = 'translator'}, {param = 'composer', tracking_cat = 'Works with non-existent composer pages'} }		for k, v in pairs(params_to_check) do			check_non_existent_author_pages(args, categories, v) check_non_existent_author_pages(args, categories, {param = 'section-' .. v.param, tracking_cat = v.tracking_cat}) end end if args['section-author'] then table.insert(categories, 'Pages with contributor') end if args['override-section-author'] then table.insert(categories, 'Pages with override contributor') end local author = args['override-author'] or args['author'] if author and (string.lower(author) == 'unknown') then if args.template_name == 'Translation header' then table.insert(categories, 'Translations of anonymous works') else table.insert(categories, "Anonymous texts") end end local editor = args['override-editor'] or args['editor'] if editor then editor = string.lower(editor) if editor == 'unknown' or editor == '?' then table.insert(categories, "Works with unknown editors") elseif editor == 'not mentioned' then table.insert(categories, "Works with unmentioned editors") end end local translator = args['override-translator'] or args['translator'] if translator then translator = string.lower(translator) if translator == 'unknown' or translator == 'not mentioned' or translator == '?' then table.insert(categories, 'Translations without translator information specified') end end if args["shortcut"] then if current_title:inNamespaces(0) then table.insert(categories, 'Mainspace pages with shortcuts') elseif current_title:inNamespaces(114) then table.insert(categories, 'Translation namespace pages with shortcuts') end end if args['noyear'] then table.insert(categories, "Pages with noyear") end if yesno(args['noyearcat']) then table.insert(categories, "Pages with noyearcat") end if args['cover'] then table.insert(categories, "Pages with an export cover") end -- sanity/maintenance checks on various parameters -- allow_explicit_formatting parameter suppresses this check -- used by, for example, Template:Versions if not yesno(args['allow-explicit-formatting']) then if args['title'] and explicit_formatting(args['title']) then table.insert(categories, "Pages with explicit formatting in header fields") end if args['section'] and explicit_formatting(args['section']) then table.insert(categories, "Pages with explicit formatting in header fields") end end -- translation header categories if args.template_name == 'Translation header' then if args.language then table.insert(categories, 'Works originally in ' .. (args.language_name or 'an undefined language')) else table.insert(categories, 'Wikisource translations with no original language') end if not args.original then table.insert(categories, 'Wikisource translations with no original source') end if not current_title.isSubpage then table.insert(categories, 'Wikisource translations') end end -- detect inappropriate template use --[=[	if (args['template-name'] ~= 'Translation header' and translator and string.lower(translator) == 'wikisource') or (current_title:inNamespaces(114) and args['template-name'] ~= 'Translation header') then -- tracking category for pages that should be using translation header? end if current_title:inNamespaces(0) and args['template-name'] == 'Translation header' then -- tracking category for translation header in mainspace? end ]=]	local category_links = {} for k, v in pairs(categories) do		table.insert(category_links, '') end return table.concat(category_links) end

--[=[ Check for numerical parameters (which shouldn't be used) ]=] local function check_for_numerical_arguments(args) for k, v in pairs(args) do		if type(k) == 'number' then return '' end end return '' end

--[=[ Add categories from the categories parameter ]=]

local function manual_categories(args) if not args.categories then return '' end -- Replace each string that ends in a slash with a category definition. -- This does include the final one because we're adding a slash to the input string. local categories = mw.ustring.gsub(args.categories .. '/', '([^/]+)/*', '') return '' .. categories end

--[=[ Categorize subpages ]=] local function check_subpages local title = current_title local parent_exists = false while title.isSubpage and not parent_exists do		title = mw.title.new(title.baseText, title.nsText) parent_exists = title.exists end if parent_exists and title:inNamespaces(0) then return '' elseif parent_exists then return '' else return '' end end

--[=[ Assemble the title ]=] local function header_title(args) local title = args.title or '' local titleSpan = tostring(mw.html.create('span'):attr('id', 'header-title-text'):wikitext(title)) local year = construct_year(args) local attr = headerAttributions.construct_attributions(args) local section = headerAttributions.construct_section(args) if attr ~=  and title ~=  then attr = '' .. attr end return table.concat({titleSpan, year, attr, section}) end

--[=[ Template:Header ]=] function p._header(args, argsWithBlanks) argsWithBlanks = argsWithBlanks or args -- aliases local dup_cat = '' local newArgs = {} for k, v in pairs(args) do		local newkey = string.lower(string.gsub(string.gsub(tostring(k), '_', '-'), ' ', '-')) if newkey ~= tostring(k) then if argsWithBlanks[newkey] then dup_cat = '' end if not args[newkey] then newArgs[newkey] = newArgs[newkey] or v			end end end for k, v in pairs(newArgs) do		args[k] = v		argsWithBlanks[k] = v	end newArgs = {} local aliases = { ['section-author'] = 'contributor', ['section-translator'] = 'contributing%-translator' }	for arg, alias in pairs(aliases) do		for k, v in pairs(args) do			local newkey = string.gsub(k, alias, arg) if newkey ~= tostring(k) then if argsWithBlanks[newkey] then dup_cat = '' end if not args[newkey] then newArgs[newkey] = v				end end end end for k, v in pairs(newArgs) do		args[k] = v		argsWithBlanks[k] = v	end args.sortkey = args.defaultsort or args.sortkey -- add aliases to argsWithBlanks for k, v in pairs(args) do		if not argsWithBlanks[k] then argsWithBlanks[k] = v		end end -- default values args.template_name = args.template_name or 'Header' args.testing = yesno(args.testing or current_title.fullText == 'Template:Header/testcases' or current_title.fullText == 'Template:Translation header/testcases') -- default values for title and section (allow override by setting to blank) if not argsWithBlanks['title'] then args['title'] = parent_links({}) argsWithBlanks['title'] = args['title'] end if not argsWithBlanks['section'] and current_title.isSubpage then args['section'] = current_title.subpageText argsWithBlanks['section'] = args['section'] end -- header args args.pre_container = badge args.header_class = 'wst-header ws-header ws-noexport noprint dynlayout-exempt ' .. (args.header_class or '') args.main_class = 'headertemplate' args.notes_id = args.notes_id or 'navigationNotes' -- title args.main_title = header_title(args) -- FIXME: just use Wikidata instead of interwiki links? local interwiki = '' if args.template_name == 'Translation header' and args.language then interwiki = tostring(mw.html.create('span'):addClass('interwiki-info'):attr('id', args.language):attr('title', '(original)')) if args.original and (args.language == 'ang' or args.language == 'enm' or args.language == 'sco') then -- cycle to mul.ws and back around to en.ws interwiki = interwiki ..  .. args.language .. ':en:' .. args.original ..  elseif args.original and args.language and args.language_name then -- general interwiki link interwiki = interwiki ..  .. args.language .. ':' .. args.original ..  end end -- defaultsort tracking categories args.equalsortcat = '' args.diffsortcat = '' args.post_notes = table.concat({		construct_microformat(args),		check_subpages,		manual_categories(args),		construct_categories(args),		check_for_numerical_arguments(argsWithBlanks),		construct_defaultsort(args),		dup_cat,		interwiki	}) return get_noexport_stylesheet('Header') .. construct_header(args) end

function p.header(frame) return p._header(		getArgs(frame),		getArgs(frame, {removeBlanks = false})	) end

--[=[ Template:Translation header ]=] function p._translation_header(args, argsWithBlanks) argsWithBlanks = argsWithBlanks or args args.header_class = 'wst-translation-header' args.template_name = 'Translation header' args.main_id = 'translationheadertemplate' args.notes_id = 'translation-notes' args.notes_class = 'header-notes' if args.language then args.language_name = ISO_639_language_name(args.language) end return get_noexport_stylesheet('Translation header') .. p._header(args, argsWithBlanks) end

function p.translation_header(frame) return p._translation_header(		getArgs(frame),		getArgs(frame, {removeBlanks = false})	) end

return p

title: Module:Header/sandbox


text:
Page:Travels in West Africa, Congo Français, Corisco and Cameroons (IA travelsinwestafr00kingrich).pdf/564

 straightway off to Srahmandazi as soon as its "custom" or "devil" is made and gives its surviving relatives no further trouble. Still there is great difference of opinion among all the Tschwis and Ga men I have come across on this point, and Ellis likewise remarks on this difference of opinion. Some informants say that a soul that has been sent hence before its time, although it is exhausted by the hardships it has suffered on its journey down, yet recovers health in a month or so; while a soul that has run its allotted span on earth is as feeble as a new-born babe on arriving in Srahmandazi, and takes years to pull round. Other informants say they have no knowledge of these details, and state that all the difference they know of between the souls of men who have been killed and the men who have died, is that the former can always come back, and that really the safest way of disposing of this class of soul is, by suitable spells and incantations, to get it to enter into the body of a new-born baby, where it can live out the remainder of its life. This method is not difficult to carry out, because a Sisa is always on the look-out for a body, and causes a great deal of harm by whipping itself into the bodies of sleeping persons whose own dream-Srah is temporarily absent. But getting a Sisa into a new baby is a mean thing to do, because, as I have said before, it is held that some of these Insisa become wanderer-souls and are a trial to the baby owners.

Before closing these observations on Srahmandazi I will give the best account of that land that I am at present able to. Some day perhaps I may share the fate of the Oxford Professor in In the Wrong Paradise and go there myself, but so far my information is second-hand. It is like this world. There are towns and villages, rivers, mountains, bush, plantations, and markets. When the sun rises here it sets in Srahmandazi. It has its pleasures and its pains, not necessarily retributive or rewarding, but dim. All souls in it grow forward or backward into the prime of life and remain there, some informants say; others say that each inhabitant remains there at the same age as he was when he quitted the world above. This latter view is most like the South West one. The former is possibly only an attempt to make Srahmandazi into a


text:
Page:The Mothers of England.djvu/115

 behold the shadowing forth of beauty upon earth, to feel the swelling of the heart in its comprehension of the sublime, or its repose in the deep sense of the harmony of nature; but of what value would be all this "enlargement of existence," if here it was to end? if the barrier of the grave was to put a stop to the spirit in its upward flight, and if death was to hide the beautiful for ever? No; we have learned a happier lesson than this; for we know, and we ought to feel, that as the exercise of love and admiration afford us the highest enjoyment here, there are, above all other faculties, those which, if rightly exercised, are capable of adding to our felicity when the shadows of time shall be lost in the light of eternity.

title: Page:The Mothers of England.djvu/115


text:
Page:Peterson's Magazine 1842, Volume I.pdf/337

 02 THE LADY'S

the evening, he addressed but a single word to her, she, progress, but he could not avoid saying, in @ voice would be almost too embarrassed to reply. And then | tremulous with emotion, she would retire to think over all he hai said, and how | «God bless you, Miss Bellanger! he hail looked when speaking to her; and perhaps she | least, farewell !”” would dream sweet dreams, from which she awoke with | When Howell rushed into the stroot bis tumult of asigh, Alas! poor Buith, ignorant of Jove and all ite | passion threatened, for a few moments, to deprive him various disguises, she little deemed that sho had uncon- j of reason. Love for his heartless mistress contending sciously given her heart’s dearest affections to Howell. | with indignation at her faitllessness produced a tempest A week, we say, had pnssed since the moonlight féfe- | within his hosom which choked his atterance, and rene é-téte between Kate and her lover; but it had been’ a | dered him insensible as to whither he was going. His week of changes. In that little week the wholo vast | firat return to consciousness was on finding bimeelf in estate of Howell bad been swept away by the combined | his own room with the door locked and douhte locked villainy of his guardians, and of the officers of the bank in | behind him. For houre he walked the floor in « state whose stock his fortune had been invested. The young | of mind approaching to phrenzy. At length pride

T can bid you, at

heir was now # penniless orphan,

“And you do not intond to sce Mr. Howell st all,” said Edith, s6 if continuing » conversation with her cousin, “oh! Kate,” and her voice quivered with emo tion, «how can you treat him #o 2”

“ How can I, child ?” said the proud beauty, with & tose of the head, “why, easily! The infatuated boy cannot dream that now, when he is hot worth a dollar, he can aspire to my hand. Perhaps I did very foolishly make him sort of promise one ovening last week, but really he was so romantic and sentimental and all thet, that I could not, for the aport of it, refuse him then. For my part,” and she Inughed merrily, “I hold that words said at moonlight, by river's side, to a poetic youth just from college, are nothing more than the mere sweetmcals one trifles with—the spica of a harmless Hirtation.”

“ Their disavowal may torture a noble heart,” retorted Ecith with fecling, “oh! shame, Kate, that you sbould be 60 selfish and unjust to your better nature.”

“Indeed, Miss,” said ber cousin, while her cheek grew red with anger, “and who asked you for a homily? I dectare T believo you have fallen in love yourself’ with this erack-brained boy,” and, aa she spoke, noticing that Edith blushed to the very brow, she continued snecr- ingly, “you may take him and welcome—he will not be the firut of my cast-a-ways you have worn,”

At this unfeeling epecch—unfeeling both as coming from a wowan and in view of Edith’s dependant condi- tion—the poor girl turned deadly pale, then burst into tears, and rising from her seat rushed hastily from the room. As she reached the hall she met Howell, who, entering unobserved, and finding no footman to announce or rather to forbid his ingress, had been on the point of ‘opening the door when he heard Kate’s voice. The mention of his own naine induced bir to pause, and shame and indignation had kept hic, as it were, epell- bound, until Euith rushed out. At sight of him the poor girl felt ae if she would have sunk through the floor, but, rallying her fainting energies, she sprang past him. Howell's delicaey forbade him to arrest her

atlained the mastery.

“Ob! the vile Circe—the double-dyed deceiver,” Le exclaimed passionately, “to think that, but one short week ago, she reclined on my shoulder and whispered assent to all my ardent protestations of affection—ay! thet her lips were yickded unresisting to my kisses, that her hand faintly returned the pressure of my own, God ‘of beaven and can this woman now sneer at me as a beggar and a boy? A boy—yes! that was the word, and I feel it is too true a churge, for what have I done in the twenty long years of my life? Nothing abso lutely nothing. I have been a drone and a dreamer— but that time is past. A pennileas orphon, I must carve out my own fortune, and I feel here,” and he struck his forehead energetically, “that which shall make or mar me. She despises me, does she? because Tam a boy=then hero I swear, henceforth from this hour, to devote myself day and night to study—to give every energy to the pursuit of glory. And when I have won renown,” and a proud joy lit up his elassie face, “whon I have won renown, then shall come my re- venge

That very night saw Howell begin the falfilment of his vow. It was soon noised through the circles he hud once frequented that Kate Eldrington had received # proposal from bin which ehe had rejected, and that immediately afterward his bankruptcy bad heen made public. The majority said’ that ho already knew his poverly when he asked Miss Eldrington’s hand, and that she had made # lucky escape from the wiles of designing fortune-hunter; and it wae only a few, who, noticing the exultation with which Kate heant this rumor nerrated in her presence, suspected the truth, and even gave her credit for originating the false report, The rumor further said that Howell had teft the city, and gone no one knew whither. A few only of his old friends were aware that he had commenced the study of the law on the scanty pittance which bad been saved from the wreck of his fortune.

A second runtor also found its way into the great world, It was said that Miws Eldrington finding it

�


text:
Page:Raymond Augustine McGowan - Bolshevism in Russia and America (1920).pdf/5

OLSHEVIK and Menshevik are the names of two opposed groups of Socialists in Russia. Their opposition is over the method of introducing; Socialism. The Bolsheviki declare that Socialism can only come through the direct seizure of the political power of society. They call this "the dictatorship of the proletariat" or the dictatorship of the propertyless masses. The Mensheviki looked forward to the introduction of the Socialist society through the more orderly process of majority vote in a political election.

The doctrine of Marx, the founder of modern Socialism, was originally a theory of revolutions and a call to the propertyless of the world to unite and seize the power of the State at the moment of capitalist bankruptcy. It is said that Marx really favored in private the gradual and legislative method of introducing Socialism, but certainly the implications of his teachings leaned all towards the dictatorship of the proletariat. Later he saw in the French Commune the pattern of the future international revolution and the future international society. He thought that Capitalism would develop until on one side would stand a few property owners and on the other the suffering masses. And he prophesied that then would come the break-down of industry and society and Government, and the seizure of political power by the propertyless. Then would come the dictatorship of the proletariat; they would hold the political power and introduce, as speedily as possible, economic socialism.


text:
Page:Travels in West Africa, Congo Français, Corisco and Cameroons (IA travelsinwestafr00kingrich).pdf/565

 heaven in conformation with Christian teaching, which it is not, any more than it is a hell.

I have much curious information regarding its flora and fauna. A great deal of both is seemingly indigenous, and then there are the souls of great human beings, the Asrahmanfw, and the souls of all the human beings, animals, and things sent down with them. I have had great and highly abstruse controversies with Ethiopian theologians on the question of what happens to the soul of the soul of things, when the Asrahmanfo kills these for his support in Srahmandazi. But as nothing since the Middle Ages has approached these controversies in confusion of idea and worthlessness of ultimate deductions arrived at, I will not inflict them on you here. The ghosts do not seem to leave off their interest in mundane affairs, for they not only have local palavers, but try palavers left over from their earthly existence; and when there is an outbreak of sickness in a Fantee town or village, and several inhabitants die off, the opinion is often held that there is a big palaver going on down in Srahmandazi and that the spirits are sending up on earth for witnesses, subpœnaing them as it were. Medicine men or priests are called in to find out what particular earthly grievance can be the subject of the ghost palaver, and when they have ascertained this, they take the evidence of every one in the town on this affair, as it were on commission, and transmit the information to the court sitting in Srahmandazi. This prevents the living being incommoded by personal journeys down below and although the priests have their fee, it cheaper in the end, because the witnesses funeral expenses would fall heavier still.

Although far more elaborated and thought out than any other African under-world I have ever come across, the Tschwi Srahmandazi may be taken as a type of all the African under-worlds. The Bantu's idea of a future life is a life spent in much such a place. As far as I can make out there is no definite idea of eternity. I have even come across cases in which doubt was thrown on the present existence of the Creating God, but I think this has arisen from attempts having been made to introduce concise conceptions into the African mind, conceptions that are quite foreign to its true


text:
Page:Raymond Augustine McGowan - Bolshevism in Russia and America (1920).pdf/6

6 But the theory of a revolutionary seizure of political power was after a time discarded by most Socialists. They began to rely upon the ballot. They looked forward either to a gradual and almost imperceptible entrance of society into Socialism, or to the victory of the Socialist party at the polls and the introduction of the coöperative commonwealth after a majority had voted its adoption.

The difference in tactics also developed two sets of ideas regarding the organization of industry and government in the Socialist society. Both posited a central power directing industry and social life, but the revolutionary Socialists, especially in recent years, have looked forward to a State which would have vast industrial unions as its constituents, while the moderate Socialists have left this matter for future decision, or have thought that the present organization of the State would remain under Socialism. Still the chief difference between the revolutionary and the moderate Socialists—between the Bolsheviki and the Mensheviki—was one of tactics and present policy. One group looked forward to the seizure of political power by the class-conscious proletariat; the other group looked forward to political victory for Socialism at the polls. One prepared for a revolution; the other prepared for victory at an election.

The Russian Bolsheviki, before the Revolution, were a party in Siberian or foreign exile. When the Tsar was deposed in March, 1917, they were able to return to Russia and returning they did all in their power to effect the plans that they had prepared long before. They joined in with other parties to overthrow the first Provisional Government, and when the Kerensky Government came to power they attacked it as mercilessly as they had the first Government.

As allies they had the extremist wing of the Social Revolutionaries led by Maria Spiridonova, a terrorist, lately returned from Siberia. This group was not Marxian but almost anarchistic centering its efforts upon


text:
Page:Travels in West Africa, Congo Français, Corisco and Cameroons (IA travelsinwestafr00kingrich).pdf/566

 nature and which alarm and worry it. You never get the strange idea of the difference between time and eternity—the idea I mean, that they are different things—in the African that one frequently gets in cultured Europeans; and as for the human soul, the African always believes "that still the spirit is whole, and life and death but shadows of the soul."


text:
Page:Raymond Augustine McGowan - Bolshevism in Russia and America (1920).pdf/7

Rh a change in the land system, in contrast to the Marxian emphasis upon the industrial system. Their revolutionary character, however, drew them towards the Bolsheviki.

They prepared for the revolution by agitating among the Soviets. These were simply associations of workingmen, soldiers, or peasants. The first Soviet after the Russian revolution was formed among the workmen and soldiers in Petrograd, and from there they spread over Russia. The first Soviets of the peasants started with the poorest peasants and the soldiers, themselves peasants, gathering together at the village inn.

In the absence of a democratic Duma or Parliament, the Soviets soon became the representative organizations of their communities. Their first action, however, was to back Kerensky's Government, carry on whatever local duties were needed or desired, and express the aspirations of the Russian people in the new days.

The peasants wanted land. The city workmen wanted bread and the comforts of life and control of their work. The soldiers wanted respite from the caste discipline of the Russian army. All wanted peace. Lacking a legislative body to help them gain their ends immediately, they formed their Councils or Soviets and often took what they wanted and could get. Nevertheless they were waiting for a Constituent Assembly or Constitutional Convention to legalize what they had already done, and bring on the new era over all Russia.

The Constituent Assembly was being delayed, and the Bolsheviki used this delay for propaganda purposes. They called out for the Assembly but they did not want it to meet. It would be a body elected by all the people and if it met it would be so powerful, unless something were done first, that it would thwart the revolutionary aims of the Bolsheviki. The Bolsheviki wanted the dic-


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Page:Pentagon-Papers-Part IV. C. 2. a.djvu/63

 The recommendation was based on an explicit assumption "that a decision to use force if necessary, backed by resolute and extensive deployment, and conveyed by every possible means to our adversaries, gives the best present chance of avoiding the actual use of such force." Reflecting the Influence of the national intelligence boards' rationale concerning "U.S. preparatory and low-scale action, the ExCom also stated the belief that "selective and carefully prepared military action against North Vietnam will not trigger acts of terror and military operations by the Viet Cong which would engulf the Khanh regime." What the ExCom meant by "selective and carefully prepared military actions" is suggested by its request, on the same day, for JCS views on the feasibility of telegraphing intended action through military deployments.

Despite its abandonment of the paced scenario approach, the ExCom proposed that many of the actions incorporated in the scenario be undertaken. Although proposing a particular order for these actions, the committee suggested that the sequence may need to be modified in reaction to specific developments, especially in view of different choices available to the enemy. In addition to the Presidential decision, the recommended actions included: (1) communication of our resolve and limited objectives to Hanoi through the Canadian intermediary; (2) conducting a high-level Southeast Asian strategy conference in Honolulu; (3) diplomatic initiatives at the Um to present the case for DRV aggression; (4) formal and bilateral consultation with SEATO allies, including the question of obtaining allied force commitments; (5) seeking a Congressional Resolution in support of U.S. resistance to communist aggression in Southeast Asia; (6) periodic: force deployments toward the region; and (7) an initial strike against North Vietnam, "designed to have more deterrent than destructive impact" and accompanied by an active diplomatic offensive to restore peace in the area --including agreement to a Geneva Conference. Further, the ExCom recommended that in the execution of these actions, all functional and geographic elements "should be treated as parts of a single problem: the protection of [all] Southeast Asia from further communist encroachment."

If all of the decisions and actions contained in the draft memorandum were in fact recommended to the President, all of them were not approved immediately. It is doubtful that the President made the decision to use force if necessary, since some advisers were still urging the some kind of decision on him in the weeks to follow. The plan to convey a message to Hanoi by Canadian channels was carried out on June 18, but it may have been decided on already before the meeting, given the earlier negotiations with Ottawa. The President did approve the calling of a conference in Honolulu "to review for [his] final approval a series of plans for effective action" in Southeast Asia. U.S. policy toward Southeast Asia was explained by Ambassador Stevenson in a major UN speech on 21 May. He did not address the Security Council on this subject again until 6 August, after the Tonkin Gulf episode. It is doubtful if less publicized statements at the UI contained the "hitherto secret evidence" suggested in the ExCom sessions as "proving Hanoi's responsibility" before the world diplomats. It is likely that questions of consulting with SEATO allies, Rh


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 8 tatorship of the class-conscious proletariat and they were educating the more militant section of the city workmen and soldiers to their way of thinking. At last they obtained a majority in the Petrograd Soviet of Workmen and Soldiers and a following elsewhere throughout Russia. The Soviets were the logical agency at hand for a Bolshevik revolution, and so the Bolshevik leaders made as their campaign cry, "All Power to the Soviets." Their strength in the Soviets, however, lay not among the peasants, but among the workmen of the large cities and among some of the soldiers.

The election for the Constituent Assembly, a democratically elected body, was called for November. The Bolsheviki saw that they must act quickly if they were to win. They called the Soviet Congress of Workmen and Soldiers to meet in Petrograd. At first the Executive Committee of the Soviets, which was not Bolshevik, countermanded the order; then, too late, it sent out another call for the Congress to convene. This helped the Bolsheviki who could rely also upon the growing strength and increased impatience of the workmen and the soldiers, and upon the general trust, outside their own ranks, in the forthcoming Constituent Assembly.

The Soviet Congress met. Only a sprinkling of peasants were present to represent their eighty per cent. of the Russian people. Not all of the workmen and soldiers were represented. But this small fraction of the Russian people declared during a night meeting of November 7th that a new type of Government ruled Russia and that they were the Government. Outside, a still smaller faction, the, Petrograd Soviet of Workmen and Soldiers—the Trades' Assembly and the garrison of one city—were deposing the Government and dispersing the Pre-Parliament.

The dictatorship of the militant vanguard of the proletariat had come. Kerensky's ill-starred drive upon Petrograd, street battles in Moscow and Kiev, civil war


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Veronica.] Veronica presents great difficulties to the systematist. Many of the species are singularly protean in habit, foliage, and inflorescence, varying so much in appearance that it is no easy matter to fix their real limits. Intermediate forms are numerous, connecting species that would otherwise appear most distinct, and in not a few cases these intermediates blend so freely into one another that an apparently continuous series of forms is produced, while several species hybridise so readily in cultivation that the supposition at once arises that natural hybrids may also occur. So great has been the difficulty in deciding what are the limits of the species, and in properly characterizing them, that the late Baron Mueller, in his little book on the vegetation of the Chatham Islands, boldly proposed to solve the question by referring no less than 13 of the species considered to be distinct by Hooker to a collective species to which he gave the new name of V. Forsferi! It is hardly necessary to say that this extreme view has not received the sanction of any botanist familiar with the vegetation of the colony.

Two papers of considerable importance dealing with the New Zealand species have appeared since the publication of the Handbook. The first is Mr. Armstrong's "Synopsis of the New Zealand Species of Veronica" (Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiii. 344). This is mainly based on observations made during the author's explorations in the Alps of Canterbury, and on the study of the fine collection of living plants which he had amassed in the Christchurch Botanical Gardens. It contains descriptions of a considerable number of new species, and many observations of value. Unfortunately, Mr. Armstrong did not distribute types of his new species, so that in some cases their identification is uncertain. The second is Mr. Kirk's "Notes on certain Veronicas" (Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxviii. 515). In this Mr. Kirk transfers to the genus those species which had been erroneously placed in Logania and Mitrasacme by previous authors. Descriptions are also given of five or six new forms, in addition to much new matter bearing on the geographical distribution, &c., of the species already known. Another contribution of considerable value consists of the coloured drawings and descriptions published from time to time by Sir J. D. Hooker in the Botanical Magazine. Altogether, about 20 species have been beautifully illustrated and described by him, the value of the descriptions being enhanced by the critical notes which accompany them. Since the publication of the Handbook, too, the important fact has been made known by Kirk and others that the whole of the species with minute scale-like leaves (answering to Section III. of the following conspectus) have dimorphic foliage, the leaves of the young state being widely different from those of the mature plant. It has also been shown that these early leaves are often produced by reversion on old specimens, especially when cultivated in a cool and moist situation. The student will find the early leaves of several species fully described in the excellent series of papers on the "Seedling Forms of New Zealand Phænogams," contributed by Mr. Cockayne to the recent volumes of the Transactions of the New Zealand Institute.

I have followed the "Genera Plantarum" and Engler and Prantl's "Naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien" in reducing Hooker's genus Pygmea to Veronica, the differences of a 5- or 6-lobed corolla and leaves not quadrifariously arranged hardly being of generic importance, especially now that it is known that several true Veronicas have a 5-lobed corolla. The arrangement and limitation of the species, and the preparation of the necessary diagnoses, has proved to be a most difficult and perplexing task, and I am far from satisfied with the result. But, imperfect though it may be, it represents many months' assiduous study, and the examination of some thousands of specimens, and is, at any rate, an honest effort to clear away some of the difficulties which have hitherto impeded the study of the genus. I have to acknowledge the great assistance rendered to me by Mr. N. E. Brown, of the Kew Herbarium, in comparing sets of my specimens with the types preserved at Kew, and for many full and valuable notes thereon.


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 Rh and terrorism rampant were yet to be met, but that night of the 7th of November ushered in the reign of a group of city workmen and soldiers. A few determined men led them and they backed their leadership with bayonets, street battles, terrorism and machine gun squads in armored cars. They were determined at all costs to attempt a Socialist society in Russia.

"Two hundred thousand members of the Bolshevik party are imposing their proletariat will on the mass," said Lenin, their leader, shortly after the Soviet Revolution. The Russian people were one hundred and eighty millions; one hundred and fifty millions or more of them were peasants; ten million were workingmen. But 200,000 members of one party aided by the few extremist Social Revolutionaries seized the power of Russia and were determined to rule.

The Soviet Revolution was the act of a small minority of the people. It has also been kept alive by undemocratic means. In the January following, the Constituent Assembly, which had been elected by all the people of Russia, met in Petrograd. The Councils of People's Commissars demanded of the Assembly that it declare Russia "to be a Republic of Soviets of workmen's, soldiers' and peasants' Deputies" and that "all the power in the centre and in the provinces belongs to these Soviets." When it refused, it was formally dissolved by the Commissars.

The new Government is a government of the Soviets. Power is supposed to rest ultimately in the councils of the workmen in their factories or local unions, in the company and regimental meetings of the soldiers, and in


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are by no means always of human soul origin. All the Tschwis and the Ewe gods, for example, have the habit of appearing pretty regularly to their priests, and occasionally to the laity, like Sasabonsum; but it is only to priests that these appearances are harmless or beneficial. The effect of Sasabonsum's appearance to the layman I have cited above, and I could give many other examples of the bad effects of those of other gods, but will only now mention Tando, the Hater, the chief god of the Northern Tschwis, the Ashantees, &c. He is terribly malicious, human in shape, and though not quite white, is decidedly lighter in complexion than the chief god of the Southern Tschwis, Bobowissi. His hair is lank, and he carries a native sword and wears a long robe. His well-selected messengers are those awful driver ants (Inkran) which it is not orthodox to molest in Tando's territories. He uses as his weapons lightning, tempest, and disease, but the last is the most favourite one.

There is absolutely no trick too mean or venomous for Tando. For example, he has a way of appearing near a village he has a grudge against in the form of a male child, and wanders about crying bitterly, until some kind-hearted, unsuspecting villager comes and takes him in and feeds him. Then he develops a contagious disease that clears that village out.


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 10 the village gatherings of the peasants. Theoretically it is a Government of all the propertyless, or more strictly, of all who do productive work and hire no one to gain greater profits. Article 4, Chapter XIII, No. 65, of the Constitution reads:

"The following persons enjoy neither the right to vote nor the right to be voted for, even though they belong to one of the categories enumerated above, namely:

"(a) Persons who employ hired labor in order to obtain from it an increase in profits.

"(b) Persons who have an income without doing any work, such as interest from capital, receipts from property, etc.

"(c) Private merchants, trade and commercial brokers.

"(d) Monks and Clergy of all denominations.

"(e) Employees and agents of the former police, the gendarme corps, and the Okhrana (Tsar's secret service), also members of the former reigning dynasty."

According to these laws, a farmer or shopkeeper employing even one person is without a vote. It is what one man has called a "limited democracy," which, of course, means no democracy at all.

The elections are mass elections and "are conducted according to custom on days fixed by the local Soviets," The right of recall; and of a new election carried on in the same way for another deputy are also given. These features of the Soviets' elections—mass elections, local determination of the time of election, and the recall of the deputies by mass elections locally decided on, serve very well the purposes of the class-conscious and militant city workmen and poorest peasants. They make it easy for a small and active group to control the elections; just as, for example, mass primaries in this country are easily controlled. Lenin, to prove the Socialist character of the Soviet Republic, emphasizes that through the


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 Rh Soviet System, "the best possible mass organization of the vanguard of the toilers—of the industrial proletariat—is formed, enabling it to direct the exploited masses, to attract them to active participation in political life, to train them politically through their own experiences, that in this way a beginning is made for the first time to get actually the whole population to learn how to manage and how to begin managing." In other words, the Soviet form of Government is very easy for an active vanguard now to control and use.

Lenin narrows the vanguard here to the industrial proletariat. In other places he includes the poorest peasants. But the Soviet Government is so formed as to give to the city workmen power far beyond their members. The vote of a city workman under the law is worth four or five votes of peasants. The central Congress is composed of representatives or Deputies of the Urban Soviets on the basis of one delegate for every 25,000 voters and of the Provincial Soviets on the basis of one delegate to every 125,000 persons. This makes the deputies of the cities two or three times as many in proportion to the votes as the deputies of the Provincial Soviets. The Provincial Soviets are then composed of both city and rural deputies in the same ratio as that above—one city voter to five rural inhabitants or a ratio of one to two or three. By this method the peasants are handicapped in the All-Russian Congress to the advantage of the city workmen. Moreover, the Red Guard or the Soviet Army also sends its delegates to help swing the balance for the Bolshevik Government.

Sometimes these precautions fail, and non-Bolshevik elements enter the Soviet Congress in numbers too large for the safety of Bolshevik power. In such cases, to retain its power, the Central Government has used all the means at its disposal from merely unseating the Deputies to imprisoning them.


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The last phase of the—by no means unforeseen—collapse of the White anti-Bolshevist forces which may be said to have begun with the failure of Yudenitch to take Petrograd in October, 1919, and ended with the capture of Kolchak in the East, the retreat of Denikin in the South, the new threat to Poland and Central Europe in the West and to Persia and India in the East, had, at least, one signal merit; it at last brought us face to face with the reality of the situation—a situation which compels a total re-examination of our attitude and policy towards it, and which makes the once fashionable attitude of complacent indifference, not only ludicrous, but impossible.

It is easy to hear of an outbreak of cholera in some far distant land with becoming composure, and even, in the fullness of one's heart, to send two shillings to the fund for supplying Christian Hottentots with medical and spiritual comforts. In the same spirit of magnanimity it has been easy to watch from afar the conflagration in Russia, and, under the blissful delusion that it is no concern of ours, to mumble with decorous complacency, "Russia must work out her own salvation without interference from outside," or "Hands off Russia, business as usual." It is true that not very long ago Western Europe, engrossed as she was with a little quarrel of her own (purely about a matter of abstract principle—as to whether the world


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2 should, or should not, be made safe for Democracy) was yet able to take so strong and "disinterested" an interest in Russia that she vowed that never, under any circumstances, would she leave Russia to her fate. Did we not all with the fervour of Sir Galahads re-echo the noble words of President Wilson? "The whole heart of the people of the United States is with the people of Russia in the attempt to free themselves for ever from an autocratic government and to become the master of their own life." Could words exceed the sonorous fatuity, the profound and cynical inepitude, of such a message at such a time?

And now the much belauded "glorious Revolution" has freed them so satisfactorily from the autocratic Government of the Tzar only to place them under the heel of a far more autocratic government of Alien Internationalists and Jews, who, unlike the Tzar's Government, massacre by the hundred thousand, employ gangs of Chinese torturers and executioners to kill people who have never been tried for any offence, who proscribe Religion by torturing priests, who "free" workmen from "wage-slavery" in order to subject them to a far more besotting slavery without wages or a sufficiency of food, and who deliberately starve to death all who do not join them unquestioningly in their criminal folly. And yet—in this country there are still simpletons who in their innocence think that this régime of forced labour and organized rape, which they are told is the longed for "dictatorship of the proletariat," has given any class, except the clique of Alien adventurers, Revolutionaries and criminals, more freedom!


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492 Students using the conspectus should bear in mind that the characters employed are in many cases arbitrary ones selected to show how the dominant forms of a certain species differ from those of another species, and do not always include the entire range of variation of a species. Plants like V. salicifolia, macrocarpa, parviflora, Traversii, buxifolia, pinguifolia, &c., which run into numberless varieties, are probably quite incapable of rigid definition.

It should be mentioned that several species from the Northern Hemisphere have become naturalised in New Zealand, the most abundant being V. serpyllifolia, V. arvensis, V. agrestis, and V. persica. Descriptions of these will be found in any British Flora.

A. Leaves quite entire (sometimes minutely incised in V. salicifolia, amabilis, diosmœfolia, Colensoi, and others; occasionally toothed in V. Haastii).


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Rh It was from this very rabble of petty extortioners and psycho-pathic anarchists that the monarchial government protected the peasants, who, war-weary and easily inflamed, were allowed by their instigators and exploiters the initial freedom necessary to do away with all the Russian elements capable of ruling, in order that they (the revolutionary Jews) might take the vacant place and exercise despotic sway.

Is this how men become "masters of their own lives?"

There is something exquisitely humorous in the "Hands off Russia" cry in the face of Lenin's declaration of war against the civilized world. We may, it is true, profess to have no further concern in the affairs of Russia, but Lenin and his international Jewish satellites have no intention of replying in the same lofty spirit "Hands off Western Europe." On the contrary they announced with exultant effrontery their intention of making predatory onslaughts upon Poland, Persia and India. Whether or not our "whole heart is with the Russian people" we shall be forced before long to contribute more than pious phrases towards a solution of the problem; neither can that solution be found in panic-stricken attempts to placate an implacable foe by supplying him with the weapons he needs to continue his war against us.

Whatever our previous opinions or lack of opinions about the obscure situation in Russia, we are compelled now to discover exactly what is at stake. What are the principles involved and what, in consequence, is our policy to be? It is notoriously hard to find a clear-cut issue in the world of thought and endeavour: there are too many people interested in confusing the issue. It


text: Author:Kemper Fullerton

title: Author:Kemper Fullerton


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 4 is easy to prate of "the issue between Reaction and Progress." Such verbiage means nothing; every shallow tub-thumper calls his hackneyed catch-words "progressive," and seeks to make the flesh of his bétes noires' creep by calling them "reactionary!" "They are nothing," said Disraeli, "but words to mystify the millions. They mean nothing, they are nothing; they are phrases, not facts."

The bewildering play and inter-play of forces which has finally enthrowned Lenin in the seat of power may well confuse the casual eye. How is it that Lenin, the neurotic son of a public official and the brother of an assassin, with a small executive consisting chiefly of alien or of Jew internationals, is able to exercise despotic sway over a population (before the revolution) of 148 millions, of which at least 87% are peasants bitterly opposed to communism, and of the remainder consisting of industrial proletariat (less than 3% of the population) intelligentsia, and the parasitic Commissar and public executioner class, the latter class only (at most 2% of the whole) does not loath the régime?

The answer to the riddle can only be understood if we clearly distinguish between the attractiveness of the propaganda, decoy-cries and prospects of unbridled licence which hypnotised the masses on the initial "breaking-up" stage, and the bitter realization which came after their dupes had allowed their new masters to


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 Rh establish themselves in power. It is also necessary to distinguish the exotic ruling element from the exploited masses they use, and to trace its rise to power.

The Revolutionary outbreak in Russia in the year 1905 was the direct result of a revolutionary struggle of which the active participants on both sides were confined to an exceedingly small section of the total population, it was in fact a struggle between two sections of the educated classes. The latter consisted of a few million aristocrats, professional men, officials, merchants, journalists, agitators, and land-owners—a mere fraction in a population containing 145 millions of peasants. And within this fraction, the elements of discord on both sides of the struggle were a still more tiny fraction of the nation.

Industrialism is a new factor in Russian life, an importation from Western Europe that had its origin about the end of the nineteenth century; and with the industrial invasion of Russia came the mammonised ideals and values of Commercialism with all their potentialities for strife. In the words of Mr. Stephen Graham: "Intelligentsia, bourgeoisie, and proletariat are all products of the same family; they are westernised Russians; books, commerce, industry, the three boasted instruments of our civilization have not civilized Russians, they have de-civilized them. But, as yet, Russians of this character form only a tiny fragment of the nation."

Between the forties and the sixties, and fostered by


text: Author:William John Hinke

title: Author:William John Hinke


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 6 the same new forces (i.e., mammonism and industrialism) there set in a revolutionary movement which went by the name of Nihilism, of which Tchernishefski, the novelist, was the leader, and Dobrolinboff, a writer, Micailoff, a professor, Bakunin, Prince Kropotkin, Sophia Perovskaia, a pupil of Dobrolinboff, who like Kropotkin belonged to the higher nobility of Russia, and a host of other neuro-pathic "intellectuals," and Anarchists, such as Hertzen and Ogareff, who published their propaganda from London, were henchmen.

By 1862 the movement had spread with marvellous rapidity among the morbid and neurotic elements of the literary and student classes, who were as concerned in their anarchical principles to prove their contempt of all control by growing their hair long, neglecting their persons and by an utter chaos and lack of any order in their sexual and matrimonial relations, as they were to promote bloodshed and revolution among the working populations of the towns. In spite of the extensive propaganda campaign in the towns and villages, in spite of the growing inefficiency of an effete bureaucracy tending always to assimilate the ideas and values of Western "Liberalism-cum-Commercialism," they met with little or no response from the agricultural masses, who indeed have small liking for either anarchy or communism—least of all when they have tasted either!

All this, of course, is well known history, but the complete collapse of the Nihilist movement after the assassination of Alexander II. in 1881, when for a brief spell a better and stronger administrative awoke from the former reign of lethargy and incompetence, serves to illustrate the facts so often ignored, which have an equal


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 Rh bearing upon the Revolutionary movement of 1905 and upon the situation to day.

(1) The Revolutionary movement in Russia is a foreign exotic growth, flourishing and subsisting not only upon the ideas of Western Socialism and Liberalism, but indispensably upon the factory systems introduced into an agricultural community by foreign capitalists. It should be remembered that the Russian Liberal party first made overtures to the Revolutionaries in order to form an alliance with them in 1878.

(2) That the movement found its native recruits not among the peasantry, and only to a relatively small extent among the newly manufactured proletariat, but predominantly among the more or less decadent anarchistic specimens of the upper classes, and among the young peasants, taken away from their rural occupations on the land, who received University Education from the Liberal Government of Alexander II., a book education divorced from moral teaching, which is least conducive to employment when completed. A system similar to the one of giving Indian "baboos" English University Education and no opening afterwards, and little chance of turning it to any better use in their own country than in editing revolutionary and seditious papers.

(3) That the firmness, or it might even be tyranny, of the governments was directed against the alien anarchist and the Jew, and that when these classes were excluded the peasantry were contented and happy for the reason that it was the Jew, who, in a country ill-equipped with a native middle-class when he did penetrate into the rural communities, became the banker, usurer, shopkeeper and middleman, and ground the faces of the poor.


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Author:Frank Knight Sanders

 * The Messages of the Earlier Prophets (1898)
 * Messages of the Later Prophets (1899)
 * Outlines for the Study of Biblical History and Literature (1906)
 * The Teacher's Life of Christ, (1907)
 * Studies in the Apostolic Age (1908)
 * Messages of the Sages
 * (ed.) Historical Series for Bible Students, 9 vol.
 * (ed.) Messages of the Bible, 12 vol.

title: Author:Frank Knight Sanders


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 This form of appearance and subsequent conduct is, unhappily, not rigidly confined to Tando, but is used by many spirits as a method of collecting arrears in taxes in the way of sacrifices. I have found traces of it among Bantu gods or spirits, and it gives rise to a general hesitation in West Africa to take care of waifs and strays of unexplained origin.

Other things beside gods and human spirits have the habit of becoming incarnate. Once I had to sit waiting a long time at an apparently perfectly clear bush path, because in front of us a spear’s ghost used to fly across the path about that time in the afternoon, and if any one was struck by it they died. A certain spring I know of is haunted by the ghost of a pitcher. Many ladies when they have gone alone to fill their pjtchers in the evening time at this forest spring have noticed a very fine pitcher standing there ready filled, and thinking exchange is no robbery, or at any rate they would risk it if it were, have left their own pitcher and taken the better looking one; but always as soon as they have come within sight of the village huts, the new pitcher has crumbled into dust, and the water in it been spilt on the ground; and the worst of it is, when they have returned to fetch their own discarded pitcher, they find it also shattered into pieces.

There is also another class of apparition, of which I have met with two instances, one among pure Negroes (Okÿon); the other among pure Bantu (Kangwe). I will give the Bantu version of the affair, because at Okÿon the incident had happened a good time before the details were told me, and in the Bantu case they had happened the previous evening. But there was very little difference in the main facts of the case, and it was an important thing because in both cases the underlying idea was sacrificial.

The woman who told me was an exceedingly intelligent, shrewd, reliable person. She had been to the factory with some trade, and had got a good price for it, and so was in a good temper on her return home in the evening. She got out of her canoe and leaving her slave boy to bring up the things, walked to her house, which was the ordinary house of a prosperous Igalwa native, having two distinct rooms in it, and a separate cook-house close by in a clean, sandy yard. She


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493