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 On Wednesday the 20th Rabiulakhir 1111, succeeded Paduka Sri Sultan Bedralam Sherifa Hashim Jemal Oolil, who reigned 2 years, 4 months and 12 days when he abdicated. He removed from the Fort Dar Ul Dunia on Saturday the 17th Ramzaan, and died in retirement on Friday the 1st of Shawal following, during which interval of 14 days the throne of Acheen was vacant (Note 13). On the latter day succeeded,

Paduka Sri Sultan Perkasa Alam Sherifa Tetui Iba Sherif Ibrahim who reigned 2 years, 3 months and 2 days. This King was attacked by the son of the late King Bedralam and deposed on Wednesday the 17 of Mohurrum 1115. An interregnum followed which continued for the space of 3 months, when on Sunday the 7th of Rabiulakhir, Badralam succeeded, called

Paduka Sri Sultan Jumal-ul-Alm Bedral Muneir who resided in the Fort Dar-ul Dunia 2 years, 9 months, 6 days, and on Monday the 13th of Mohurrum 1118 removed to Malayu. After the King had reigned 24 years, 11 months and 26 days he was overcome in an insurrection of his subjects, and on Thursday the 13th Rabiulawal 1139, fled in a prahu to Pedir. From this time there was an interregnum for 22 days, till on Friday the 5th of Rabiulakhir succeeded Maharajah Gompong Pahang called

Paduka Sri Sultan Johore Alalam Ama-oodin Shah, who reigned 20 days and died on Thursday the 25th of Rabiulahkir. At this time the country was governed by these 4 Mukims—1st Mukim Men Sat Siak, 2nd Lem Jenak, 3rd Peiang, 4th Hurrur, when after an interregnum of 7 days they gave the crown to Wande Tebbing called

Paduka Sri Sultan Shem Ala-alim. who after a reign of 30 days was deposed on Saturday the 3rd of Jumadieulakir in an insurrection of all the great men and people in the kingdom. Maharajah Leelah Malayu was now called to the supreme rule by the unanimous voice of the warriors and common people of the 3 divisions of Acheen, and reigned under the title of

Paduka Sri Sultan Ala-oodin Ahamed Shab, for the period of 8 years, 8 months and 1 day, till his death which happened on Thursday night, 3rd Mohurrum 1148. The former King Jumal Ool Alm who had retired to Malayu in 1118 went from thence to the Jawi Kampong on Sunday the 5th Mohurrum, together with the Lemut people, the Pumantris of Delli and Pulida Lechat and lived in the Bait-al-Khaman Mosque. The 4 Mukims were at Kampong Pahang engaged in a war with the King's son Puchal Awak, after this war and interregnum had lasted 4 months and 1 day, peace was made and Puchat Awak ascended the throne by the consent of all parties, under the title of


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 Padaka Sri Sultan Ala-oodin Juhan Shal, on Thursday the 4th of Jumadieulawal. In this King's reign on Wednesday the 6th of Shaban 1172, the people of the 22 Mukims with Panglima Pulima Anak Muda Sakti, called Sri Muda Perkasa came down to the Coast at Riak in arms against the King. When they arrived at Kallan Sippeng on Tuesday the 12th of Shaban at about 7 P. M, the King ordered his artillerymen to cover the bend of the river with their guns and fire on the advance of the Jiging army and Puchal Hajee its commander. After the war had lasted 2 months and eight days, finding that they could not withstand the artillery of the enemy and that many of their soldiers had been killed, they sent letters to the 20 Jermukims on Tuesday the 1st of Dulkaideh beseeching their assistance. In the meantime the King died after a reign of 25 years, 1 months and 10 days, on Friday the 17 of Mohurrum 1174. As soon as the King's death became known the people of the 22 Mukims came down to the Mosque Bait-al-Khaman, and without consulting with the rest of the nation prepared to put to death Tuanku Rajah the late King's son, but were diverted from this by the viziers in the Fort Dar-al-Dunia opening their fire on the Mosque. After this display of energy a general assembly was held of all the viziers in the Fort Dar-al-Dunia, the 26 Mukeems, the 22 Mukims, Imam Samarang the son of Imam Muda Abahah, Imam Gandrung, the 25 Mukims, the 9 Mukims, Perbawangsa, Panglima Pumuda Bentang &c. the result of which meeting was that Tuanku Rajah was proclaimed King under the title of (Note 14)

Paduka Sri Sultan Mahomood Shah, on Saturday the 6th of Jemadieulawal, after an interregnum of 3 months, 18 days. At this time the Maha Rajah Sri Indra Puchal Agam was put to death, a war broke out in consequence with Panglima Pulim in the course of which the trading ships received much damage from the shot of the opposing armies. Letters were sent requesting aid from the 22 mukeems, they at once in conjunction with Maharajah Bahar of Labu came to the King's assistance and at day break on Thursday the 6th Ramzaan 1176, a pitched battle was fought at Lam Chelling the abode of Paduka Mahamantri the Rajah Bundar of Anak Kachurunan, in which Panglima Pulim's army was beaten. After the King had reigned 3 years, 5 months, 21 days he was by the permission of God deposed by Maharajah Lebri, on Tuesday the 27th Shawal 1177, who forced his way into the Fort Dar-al-Dunia at 3 A. M., on which the King retired to the Kampong Jawee, and from thenes went in a boat down the river till he got on board one of his own ships. On the King's flight there was an interregnum which lasted 28 days when Maharajah Lebri was advanced to the throne on the 25th of Shaban 1177, under the name of Bedi Udin Juhan Shah. After reigning 2 years and 7 months this King was put to death by the people of the 26 mukims on Sunday the 27th

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RV 98 (SESSIONAL PAPER No. 41) The value of the above mentioned cables or portions thereof in so far as they are privately owned, calculated on the basis of the original cost less a suitable allowance for depreciation, shall be credited to Germany in the reparation account.

Within six months after the coming into force of the present Treaty the German Government must restore to the French Government the trophies, archives, historical souvenirs or works of art carried away from France by the German authorities in the course of the war of 1870–1871 and during this last war, in accordance with a list which will be communicated to it by the French Government; particularly the French flags taken in the course of the war of 1870–1871 and all the political papers taken by the German authorities on October 10, 1870, at the chateau of Cercay, near Brunoy (Seine-et-Oise) belonging at the time to Mr. Rouher, formerly Minister of State.

Within six months from the coming into force of the present Treaty, Germany will restore to His Majesty the King of the Hedjaz the original Koran of the Caliph Othman, which was removed from Medina by the Turkish authorities and is stated to have been presented to the ex-Emperor William II.

Within the same period Germany will hand over to His Britannic Majesty's Government the skull of the Sultan Mkwawa which was removed from the Protectorate of German East Africa and taken to Germany.

The delivery of the articles above referred to will be effected in such place and in such conditions as may be laid down by the Governments to which they are to be restored.

Germany undertakes to furnish to the University of Louvain, within three months after a request made by it and transmitted through the intervention of the Reparation Commission, maunscriptsmanuscripts [sic], incunabula, printed books, maps and objects of collection corresponding in number and value to those destroyed in the burning by Germany of the Library of Louvain. All details regarding such replacement will be determined by the Reparation Commission.

Germany undertakes to deliver to Belgium, through the Reparation Commission, within six months of the coming into force of the present Treaty, in order to enable Belgium to reconstitute two great artistic works:

(1) The leaves of the triptych of the Mystic Lamb painted by the Van Eyck brothers, formerly in the Church of St. Bavon at Ghent, now in the Berlin Museum:

(2) The leaves of the triptych of the Last Supper, painted by Dierick Bouts, formerly in the Church of St. Peter at Louvain, two of which are now in the Berlin Museum and two in the Old Pinakothek at Munich.


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 Safir. Now the Rajahs, Imams, Warriors and all the people sought the deposed King Mahomed Shah, and in a general meeting of all the people attended by the learned Hullemahs the Tuanku spoke to them as follows:—

How is it Oh people am I your King or am I not, was Maha- rajah Lebri your rightful King or was he not? Then the Hullemahs answered--Did you not Oh Tuanku conspire with others against you own people, and the Tuanku answered, I have never conspired with any one. If it is so, the people said, let the learned Hullemahs examine the book of the laws and see if in this case the Tuanku has lost his right to the crown or not; and the Hullemahs answered that the Tuanku's claim was good. On this the Punghulus of the Nobat were called with the viziers, and ordered to beat the great drum and proclaim the King which was done on that day, Saturday 10th Rabieulawal. The King Mahomed Shah reigned in peace and security for 6 years, 7 months and 3 days when he was again deposed on the 6th of Safar by the detestable 22 mukums and he retired to the Kasaluanga mukeem. On Monday the 29th of Rabialakier 1187, the Rajah Oodahanaleilah was placed on the throne by the 22 mukeems, but had occupied it only 1 month, and 29 days when by the blessing of Gol &c. &c. (here follows a long list of blessings) on Sunday the 27th Jimadialwal, Paduka Sri Sultan Ala-oodin Mahamood Shah left the 4 mukims at midnight and went to the mosque at Pulu Susu, and after consulting with all the people of consequence there, moved to Bundar Punuie and remained 2 nights conferring with the people there, and the next day, accompanied by many of the Rajahs and elders, fought a battle and stormed the principal gate of the Fort Dar-al-Dunia at mid-day on Wednesday the 1st of Jumulalakier. Rajah Oodabanaleilah was overcome, and fled to Kota Panji, from thence crossed the great river and arrived at Katankap, and by the blessing of God, Paduka Sri Sultan Ala-oodin Mahomed Shah was again proclaimed King. This King reigned altogether 20 years, 7 months, 13 days, and died on Thursday the 7th of Jimalieulakier 1195. There was an interregnum for 15 days, when the late King's son Tuanku Rajah, succeeded under the title of

Paduka Sri Sultan Ala-oodin Mahomed Shah and reigned 20 years, and 5 months, and was celebrated for his justice and moderation—he died on Friday the 28th of Rajab 1209. (Note 15) An interregnum followed which lasted 'for one month when Hassan the son of the late King became King, under the title of

Paduka Sri Sultan Ala-oodin Juhore Alam Shah, and on the 1st of Mohurrum in the year 1231, he set out from Passé to visit Pulu Pinang—at this time he had been on the throne of Acheen 21 years. (Note 16)


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RV 99 (SESSIONAL PAPER No. 41)

Subject to such exceptions as the Reparation Commission may approve, a first charge upon all the assets and revenues of the German Empire and its constituent States shall be the cost of reparation and all other costs arising under the present Treaty or any treaties or agreements supplementary thereto or under arrangements concluded between Germany and the Allied and Associated Powers during the Armistice or its extensions.

Up to May 1, 1921, the German Government shall not export or dispose of, and shall forbid the export or disposal of, gold without the previous approval of the Allied and Associated Powers acting through the Reparation Commission.

There shall be paid by the German Government the total cost of all armies of the Allied and Associated Governments in occupied German territory from the date of the signature of the Armistice of November 11, 1918, including the keep of men and beasts, lodging and billeting, pay and allowances, salaries and wages, bedding, heating, lighting, clothing, equipment, harness and saddlery, armament and rolling-stock, air services, treatment of sick and wounded, veterinary and remount services, transport service of all sorts (such as by rail, sea or river, motor lorries), communications and correspondence, and in general the cost of all administrative or technical services the working of which is necessary for the training of troops and for keeping their numbers up to strength and preserving their military efficiency.

The cost of such liability under the above heads so far as they relate to purchases or requisitions by the Allied and Associated Governments in the occupied territories shall be paid by the German Government to the Allied and Associated Governments in marks at the current agreed rate of exchange. All other of the above costs shall be paid in gold marks.

Germany confirms the surrender of all material handed over to the Allied and Associated Powers in accordance with the Armistice of November 11, 1918, and subsequent Armistice Agreements, and recognizes the title of the Allied and Associated Powers to such material.

There shall be credited to the German Government, against the sums due from it to the Allied and Associated Powers for reparation, the value, as assessed by the Reparation Commission, referred to in Article 233 of Part VIII (Reparation) of the present Treaty, of the material handed over in accordance with Article VII of the Armistice of November 11, 1918, or Article III of the Armistice Agreement of January 10, 1919, as well as of any other material handed over in accordance with the Armistice of November 11, 1918, and of subsequent Armistice Agreements, for which, as having non-military value, credit should in the judgment of the Reparation Commission be allowed to the German Government.

Property belonging to the Allied and Associated Governments or their nationals restored or surrendered under the Armistice Agreements in specie shall not be credited to the German Government.


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 On the 12th of Dulhaja, in the year 1230, at about 10 A. M. all the people of the 3 Provinces of Acheen assembled and received Sherif Abdullah Ben Saidna, Hussain Ben Saidna, Abdulrhaman Aidid, as King of Acheen, giving him the title of

Paduka Sri Sultan Sherif Saif Alaalam Shah.

[Note 1] 1511. The Portuguese first arrived in Acheen this year. They inform us that Acheen was a dependency of Pedier and that Rajah Ibrahim, probably the King styled Sultan Sallih Oodin, was merely a governor appointed by the King of Pedier —that in 1521 this governor revolted and formed Acheen into an independent kingdom, consequently the previous Kings may be considered as fabulous. The fact of the first 7 of them having reigned for 300 years, would be sufficient of itself to throw doubts on the truth of the annals, even had we not this testimony of the early Portuguese writers.

From this time Acheen began to increase in importance, and the trade which had hitherto been carried on at Pedier and Passé soon ceutred in åcheen. The Portuguese having formed a Settlement at Malacca became rivals, attacks were made on their power by the Kings of Acheen almost yearly till the year 1641, when the Dutch sent a powerful force and not only drove the Portuguese out of Malacca, but destroyed their influence in the Western Archipelago. As a full account of the extraordinary exertions made by the Achinese against Malacca is to be found in Marsden's History of Sumatra, it will not be necessary to detail them here.

[Note 2] According to native writers of a later date, Sultan Pereaman was a man of weak character, very passionate and quite unacquainted with the business of government.

[Note 3—from native M. S.] Rajah Jeinal called Zeen-ul-abdin was a man of an exceedingly violent character, he was cruel and blood-thirsty to excess, it is said of him that he lost his appetite if he did not put some one to death daily.

[Note 4 from native M. S.] Ala-oodin Pers, son of Sultan Mahomed, called Sultan Manshar Shah. This is a favourite King of native writers, he is said to have been virtuous, and to have lived in the observance of the Holy laws, he wore a dress and beard like the Arab priests, fasted and prayed like them, and was very charitable to the poor, he was killed by wicked people who were shamed by his virtues.

[Note 5 from native M. S.] Ala-oodin Rayait Shah a virtuous King. On being deposed by his son his life was spared in recompence for his good actions when King, he lived 1 year in retirement and on his death was canonized.

[Note 6] 1600. The Dutch first arrived at Acheen but were not well received probably owing to the ill offices of the Portuguese.

1601. Two Achinese were sent this year on an Embassy to Holland. One died there and the other returned, but it does not appear that the position of the Dutch was much improved by the Embassy.

1602. Captain, afterwards Sir James Lancaster arrived bearing a letter and presents from Queen Elizabeth, to the King of Acheen. He had an imposing equipment and was well received, a treaty of peace and commerce was made, which was soon broken.

[Note 7] 1609. A long continued drought in this year caused a famine, and an epidemic disease arose which carried off great numbers of the inhabitants.

[Note 8] Sultan Iskundar Mada. This was the greatest of all the achinese Kings, with the exception probably of Rajah Ibrahim who formed the kingdom. He has a great warrior, he took Delli, Siak, Johore, Pahang and Keddah where he confirmed the Mahomedan faith, breaking down the houses and driving out of the country all those who would not become Mahomedans. He styled himself King of Acheen, of Ara, of Delli, of Johore, of Pahang, of Keddab, of Pera, of Baroos, of Passawan, of Ticoo, of Sileda and of Priaman. He built in 1614 the Mosque Bait-al-Khaman at Acheen. Captain Best arrived with a letter and presents (among the rest 2 brass mortars) from King James 1st. Captain Best made a new treaty and for the 1st time the English were permitted to built a factory of lasting materials.

1621. Louis XIII sent Commodore Beaulien with letters and presents this year to Acheen.

1635. The King died after a reign of 30 years leaving an enormous treasure notwithstanding his numerous warlike undertakings. He forced the peasants to


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 provide the arms and provisions necessary, and consequently at the end of his reign the country was in a state of extreme misery. After his death he was canonized.

About this time Acheen began to decline in power, probably on account of the loss of trade occasioned by the establishment of the Portuguese at Malacca, and to the general fact that Europeans were no longer content to go to Acheen and Pedir to traffic for goods which they could obtain at cheaper rates, at the places where they were produced.

The Art of Navigation among the earlier traders was so defective, that they found it an advantage to be supplied with the produce of the whole Archipelago at entrepôts such as Acheen and Pedir, without the risk and loss of time necessary for them to go to the several ports, collecting produce themselves, but from the better navigation of Europeans and their energy of character, they now began to visit the whole of the ports where they could barter their goods for the produce of the country, consequently Acheen, which rose to importance from its position as a trading entrepót now began to decline rapidly. When that trade was withdrawn and 2 generations after Sultan Iskander Muda (who styled himself King of 12 different countries) the power of Acheen was confined to the country about Acheen itself. Beaulieu speaking of Sumatra in 1821 says Le Roy d'Achen possede la moitie et que est la meilleur.

[Note 9] Sultan Mafait Shah was said to have been powerful, just and merciful. Under his sway, the country began to recover from the effects of the drain on its resources in the last reign. He put a stop to the tyranny and oppression of the nobles over the peasants, the Mosque Bait-al-Mashaada was built by him.

[Note 10] Sultana Taaj Aleam. This is the 1st of4 Queens who reigned at Acheen during the period of 60 years, by no means a singular circumstance in the History of Mahomedan nations in the Malayan Archipelago. A radical change was now effected in the government of Acheen, the power which formerly was in the hands of a despotic prince, was seized by a council of 12 nobles, who allowed a Queen to be on the throne as a nominal ruler, the sole management of the country being in their hands, and although the importance of the kingdom declined under this system of government, this may probably be ascribed not to bad government but to the loss of trade and consequent wealth, as the few details we possess of the state of the country show a mild and equable rule aud a period less subject to revolutionary violence than any other in the history.

[Note 11] 1684. This year the Madras government sent Messrs Ord and Cawley on an embassy to the Queen to request permission to erect a brick and mortar factory at Acheen, This request was peremptorily refused and the ambassadors were in- formed that such was the jealousy in the government that not even the Queen herself would be allowed to erect any building capable of defence.

The Madras government sent this mission under the following circumstances.— Since the first arrival of Europeans in Sumatra the pepper trade had been the grand object of each nation and we find them contending with each other to secure a monopoly of it. Sir James Lancaster in 1603 formed a factory at Bantam where the English had traded in peace and security till the pear 1677, when the young Sultan, having been allowed part of the authority of government during his father's life time, rebelled, and assisted by the Dutch (the English had taken no part in the affair except protesting against the undutiful conduct of the son towards his father) deposed his father and drove the English out of the country. It consequently became necessary for the English company to establish themselves at some other place in the pepper countries, and Acheen was judged to be the most favourable place for trade generally. On the refusal of the authorities there to allow them to build a factory, Messrs Ord and Cawley accepted the invitation of the chiefs of Bencoolen, and at once commenced to build a fortified warehouse, on the ground allotted to them. This situation not proving advantageous they removed the site 2 or 3 miles, building a new factory which was called Fort Marlborough. It was in 1763 made a separate Presidency.

[Note 12] This is the last of the female reigns and now the country after experiencing the blessings of moderately good government for 60 years, suffers under a succession of revolutions and civil war, which have lasted almost without intermission till the present day.

[Note 13] Sultan Bedralam Sherif Hashim Jemal Oolil. This King was obliged to abdicate în consequence of the muscles of his legs and arms having become contracted by disease, which incapacitated him from performing the offices of prayer an essential requisite in a Mahomedan sovereign.

[Note 14] 1762. In this year Captain Forrest, an officer in the Company's Mer-


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RV 100 (SESSIONAL PAPER No. 41)

The priority of the charges established by Article 248 shall, subject to the qualifications made below, be as follows:

 * (a) The cost of the armies of occupation as defined under Article 249 during the Armistice and its extensions;
 * (b) The cost of any armies of occupation as defined under Article 249 after the coming into force of the present Treaty;
 * (c) The cost of reparation arising out of the present Treaty or any treaties or conventions supplementary thereto;
 * (d) The cost of all other obligations incumbent on Germany under the Armistice Conventions or under this Treaty or any treaties or conventions supplementary thereto.

The payment for such supplies of food and raw material for Germany and such other payments as may be judged by the Allied and Associated Powers to be essential to enable Germany to meet her obligations in respect of reparation will have priority to the extent and upon the conditions which have been or may be determined by the Governments of the said Powers.

The right of each of the Allied and Associated Powers to dispose of enemy assets and property within its jurisdiction at the date of the coming into force of the present Treaty is not affected by the foregoing provisions.

Nothing in the foregoing provisions shall prejudice in any manner charges or mortgages lawfully effected in favour of the Allied or Associated Powers or their nationals respectively, before the date at which a state of war existed between Germany and the Allied or Associated Power concerned, by the German Empire or its constituent States, or by German nationals, on assets in their ownership at that date.

The Powers to which German territory is ceded shall, subject to the qualifications made in Article 255, undertake to pay:

 * (1) A portion of the debt of the German Empire as it stood on August 1, 1914, calculated on the basis of the ratio between the average for the three financial years 1911, 1912, 1913, of such revenues of the ceded territory, and the average for the same years of such revenues of the whole German Empire as in the judgment of the Reparation Commission are best calculated to represent the relative ability of the respective territories to make payment;
 * (2) A portion of the debt as it stood on August 1, 1914, of the German State to which the ceded territory belonged, to be determined in accordance with the principle stated above.

Such portions shall be determined by the Reparation Commission.

The method of discharging the obligation, both in respect of capital and of interest, so assumed shall be fixed by the Reparation Commission. Such method may take the form, inter alia, of the assumption by the Power to which the territory is ceded of Germany's liability for the German debt held by her nationals. But in the event of the method adopted involving any payments to the German Government, such payments shall be transferred to the Reparation Commission on account of the sums due for reparation so long as any balance in respect of such sums remains unpaid.


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 cantile Navy visits Acheen, and favours us with some account of the King whom be visited as well as his son, whom he saw 20 years afterwards. He informs us that a strong feeling of jealousy existed against the nobles of the country, and that the King did not permit them to trade, confining the trade entirely to his own agent, who was a native of the Coromandel Coast. About 12 or 15 ships of 200 to 300 tons were said to come every year from the Coromandel Coast and one from Surat to trade at Acheen. 1764 Captain Forrest visited the King who was seated in an alcove about 5 feet high from the floor of the Hall, he appeared to be about 40 years age, and had an appearance of intelligence, there were two elderly women sitting at his feet one on each side. 1772 The Bencoolen government sent Mr Halliday to request permission to build a factory at Acheen, which request was refused. The country appeared to be ia a disturbed state, armed mobs often coming about the King's palace at night.

[Note 15] Sultan Al-ooodin Shah. This King in his youth was sent to make the pilgrimage to Mecca, the ship he sailed in was driven down to Mauritius, and the Captain was obliged to put in there for water. They remained about a month, during which time the prince had an opportunity of attending frequently at the Arsenal, and being of an enquiring turn of mind, and gifted with strong powers of observation, be became sufficiently skilled in casting metals, to be able on his return, to improve the Arsenal at Acheen, casting guns, shells &c., there himself. He also learned to speak the French language and frequently conversed with Captain Forrest in that language.

Captain Forrest notices the fear entertained by the King of the great nobles, and instances the peculiar care with which he is guarded when in his Alcove, no one being permitted to enter it, but the two women before mentioned. The King was said to be intelligent, and to be actuated by a strong desire to improve the condition and study the interests of his people, who appear to be attached to him. His great stumbling block in the way of improvement was the jealousy of the nobles. 1782 Admiral Suffren called this year at Acheen, but did not see the King, owing to a difficulty on points of ceremony.

[Note 16] Sultan Johore Shah. This prince's mother is said to have taken measures to prevent her son from acquiring the education necessary for his rank in life, and in consequence when he arrived at mature age, he was found incapable of taking his proper part in the government of the country.

He gave great offence to the nobles by his neglect of the observance of the Mahomedan law, having become addicted, from constant association with a few Christians of low origin, to the use of intoxicating liquors, and to other vices which disgusted his subjects to such a degree that the great nobles ceased to attend his court and became very turbulent.

Mr Campbell who was sent to Acheen as Agent to the Governor-General in 1811, reported that the country was in a state of anarchy, and that the King, harrased by his nobles, was unable to collect the ordinary revenue. This state of affairs continued till 1815 when on the death of the Queen mother the nobles, headed by the Panglima of the 22nd mukims, deposed the King and sent letters to Pinang inviting Syed Houssain to send one of his sons to receive from them the crown of Acheen.

Syed Houssain was the grandson of an Arab of high lineage who arrived in Acheen in the commencement of the 18th century, and received in marriages daughter of Queen Kamalat Shah, to whom he stands in the same degree of relationship as Sultan Johore Shah the deposed monarch. Syed Houssain left Acheen at an early age to seek his fortune in the Malayan Peninsula. He resided first in Salangore where he married, and after the English establishment was formed in Pinang he moved there and soon realized in trade an enormous fortune.

On the arrival of the invitation of the Acheen nobles, Syed Houssain after some hesitation decided in sending his second son Saiful Alam to Acheen, and accordingly he fitted out, in Pinang harbour, four ships well provided with warlike stores and an immense stock of goods to be distributed among the Achinese. The Pinang government favoured the Syed's claims and even went so far as to request from the Supreme government a force of 1,000 men with the necessary equipments for the purpose establishing a firm government at Acheen, as commerce had severely suffered of late by the anarchy and confusion which reigned there. Lord Hastings took Sir Stamford Raffles opinion on the point, (1819) and the result was that a commission was sent to Acheen (against the wishes and indeed protests of the Pinang government) for the purpose of using the English influence to tranquilise the country and to establish that King whose claims were to be considered as superior. After an arduous struggle Sir Stamford Raffles succeeded in convincing his colleague in the


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 commission (Captain Coombs the agent of the Pinang government) that Saiful Alam's claims were spurious and that Juhore Shah should be supported by them. Accordingly Saiful Alam was driven out of the country and a new commercial treaty made with Juhore Shah, the restored monarch, who continued on the throne solely by English influence till his death in 1840, when he was succeeded by his son, the present monarch.


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RV 101 (SESSIONAL PAPER No. 41)

(1) As an exception to the above provision and inasmuch as in 1871 Germany refused to undertake any portion of the burden of the French debt, France shall be, in respect of Alsace-Lorraine, exempt from any payment under Article 254.

(2) In the case of Poland that portion of the debt which, in the opinion of the Reparation Commission, is attributable to the measures taken by the German and Prussian Governments for the German colonization of Poland shall be excluded from the apportionment to be made under Article 254.

(3) In the case of all ceded territories other than Alsace-Lorraine, that portion of the debt of the German Empire or German States which, in the opinion of the Reparation Commission, represents expenditure by the Governments of the German Empire or States upon the Government properties referred to in Article 256 shall be excluded from the apportionment to be made under Article 254.

Powers to which German territory is ceded shall acquire all property and possessions situated therein belonging to the German Empire or to the German States, and the value of such acquisitions shall be fixed by the Reparation Commission, and paid by the State acquiring the territory to the Reparation Commission for the credit of the German Government on account of the sums due for reparation.

For the purposes of this Article the property and possessions of the German Empire and States shall be deemed to include all the property of the Crown, the Empire or the States, and the private property of the former German Emperor and other Royal personages.

In view of the terms on which Alsace-Lorraine was ceded to Germany in 1871, France shall be exempt in respect thereof from making any payment or credit under this Article for any property or possessions of the German Empire or States situated therein.

Belgium also shall be exempt from making any payment or any credit under this Article for any property or possessions of the German Empire or States situated in German territory ceded to Belgium under the present Treaty.

In the case of the former German territories, including colonies, protectorates or dependencies, administered by a Mandatory under Article 22 of Part I (League of Nations) of the present Treaty, neither the territory nor the Mandatory Power shall be charged with any portion of the debt of the German Empire or States.

All property and possessions belonging to the German Empire or to the German States situated in such territories shall be transferred with the territories to the Mandatory Power in its capacity as such and no payment shall be made nor any credit given to those Governments in consideration of this transfer.

For the purposes of this Article the property and possessions of the German Empire and of the German States shall be deemed to include all the property of the Crown, the Empire or the States and the private property of the former German Emperor and other Royal personages.

Germany renounces all rights accorded to her or her nationals by treaties, conventions or agreements, of whatsoever kind, to representation upon or participation in the control or administration of commissions, state banks, agencies or other financial or economic organizations of an international character, exercising powers of control or administration, and operating in and of the Allied or Associated States, or in Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria or Turkey, or in the dependencies of these States, or in the former Russian Empire.


text:
Page:Treaty of Peace - Versailles (1919) Ottawa.djvu/102

RV 102 (SESSIONAL PAPER No. 41)

(1) Germany agrees to deliver within one month from the date of the coming into force of the present Treaty, to such authority as the Principal Allied and Associated Powers may designate, the sum in gold which was to be deposited in the Reichsbank in the name of the Council of the Administration of the Ottoman Public Debt as security for the first issue of Turkish Government currency notes.

(2) Germany recognises her obligation to make annually for the period of twelve years the payments in gold for which provision is made in the German Treasury Ponds deposited by her from time to time in the name of the Council of the Administration of the Ottoman Public Debt as security for the second and subsequent issues of Turkish Government currency notes.

(3) Germany undertakes to deliver, within one month from the coming into force of the present Treaty, to such authority as the Principal Allied and Associated Powers may designate, the gold deposit constituted in the Reichsbank or elsewhere, representing the residue of the advance in gold agreed to on May 5, 1915, by the Council of the Administration of the Ottoman Public Debt to the Imperial Ottoman Government.

(4) Germany agrees to transfer to the Principal Allied and Associated Powers any title that she may have to the sum in gold and silver transmitted by her to the Turkish Ministry of Finance in November, 1918, in anticipation of the payment to be made in May, 1919, for the service of the Turkish Internal Loan.

(5) Germany undertakes to transfer to the Principal Allied and Associated Powers, within a period of one month from the coming into force of the present Treaty, any sums in gold transferred as pledge or as collateral security to the German Government or its nationals in connection with loans made by them to the Austro-Hungarian Government.

(6) Without prejudice to Article 292 Part X (Economic Clauses) of the present Treaty, Germany confirms the renunciation provided for in Article XV of the Armistice of November 11, 1918, of any benefit disclosed by the Treaties of Bucharest and of Brest-Litovsk and by the treaties supplementary thereto.

Germany undertakes to transfer, either to Roumania or to the Principal Allied and Associated Powers as the case may be, all monetary instruments, specie, securities, and negotiable instruments, or goods, which she has received under the aforesaid Treaties.

(7) The sums of money and all securities, instruments and goods of whatsoever nature, to be delivered, paid and transferred under the provisions of this Article, shall be disposed of by the Principal Allied and Associated Powers in a manner hereafter to be determined by those Powers.

Without prejudice to the renunciation of any rights by Germany on behalf of herself or of her nationals in the other provisions of the present Treaty, the Reparation Commission may within one year from the coming into force of the present Treaty demand that the German Government become possessed of any rights and interests of German nationals in any public utility undertaking or in any concession operating in Russia, China, Turkey, Austria, Hungary and Bulgaria, or in the possessions or dependencies of these States or in any territory formerly belonging to Germany or her allies, to be ceded by Germany or her allies to any Power or to be administered by a Mandatory under the present Treaty, and may require that the German Government transfer, within six months of the date of demand, all such rights and interests and any similar rights and interests the German Government may itself possess to the Reparation Commission.


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Page:Treaty of Peace - Versailles (1919) Ottawa.djvu/103

RV 103 (SESSIONAL PAPER No. 41) Germany shall be responsible for indemnifying her nationals so dispossessed, and the Reparation Commission shall credit Germany, on account of sums due for reparation, with such sums in respect of the value of the transferred rights and interests as may be assessed by the Reparation Commission, and the German Government shall within six months from the coming into force of the present Treaty, communicate to the Reparation Commission all such rights and interests, whether already granted, contingent or not yet exercised, and shall renounce on behalf of itself and its nationals in favour of the Allied and Associated Powers all such rights and interests which have not been so communicated.

Germany undertakes to transfer to the Allied and Associated Powers any claims she may have to payment or repayment by the Governments of Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria or Turkey, and, in particular, any claims which may arise, now or hereafter, from the fulfilment of undertakings made by Germany during the war to those Governments.

Any monetary obligation due by Germany arising out of the present Treaty and expressed in terms of gold marks shall be payable at the option of the creditors in pounds sterling payable in London; gold dollars of the United States of America payable in New York; gold francs payable in Paris; or gold lire payable in Rome.

For the purpose of this Article the gold coins mentioned above shall be defined as being of the weight and fineness of gold as enacted by law on January 1, 1914.

Germany gives a guarantee to the Brazilian Government that all sums representing the sale of coffee belonging to the State of Sao Paolo in the ports of Haniburg, Bremen, Antwerp and Trieste, which were deposited with the Bank of Bleichröder at Berlin, shall be reimbursed together with interest at the rate or rates agreed upon. Germany, having prevented the transfer of the sums in question to the State of Sao Paolo at the proper time, guarantees also that the reimbursement shall be effected at the rate of exchange of the day of the deposit.


text: The Recluse (Cook)/After Armageddon

title: The Recluse (Cook)/After Armageddon


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THE TESTIMONY OF THE SUNS AND OTHER POEMS.

THE TESTIMONY OF THE SUNS AND OTHER POEMS.

THE TESTIMONY OF THE SUNS AND OTHER POEMS.

THE TRIUMPH OF BOHEMIA: A Masque.

A WINE OF WIZARDRY AND OTHER POEMS.

THE HOUSE OF ORCHIDS AND OTHER POEMS.

BEYOND THE BREAKERS AND OTHER POEMS.

ODE ON THE OPENING OF THE PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION.

YOSEMITE. An Ode.

THE EVANESCENT CITY.

THE CAGED EAGLE AND OTHER POEMS.

THIRTY-FIVE SONNETS.

THE BINDING OF THE BEAST AND OTHER POEMS.

EVERYMAN.

EVERYMAN.

LILITH. A Dramatic Poem.

title: Page:The Recluse by W Paul Cook.djvu/21


text:
Page:The Recluse by W Paul Cook.djvu/22

 LILITH. A Dramatic Poem.

ROSAMUND. A Dramatic Poem.

TO A GIRL DANCING. An Ode.

SAILS AND MIRAGE.

SELECTED POEMS.

TRUTH. A Dramatic Poem.

 * “POETICA EROTICA” has several poems not printed elsewhere.

LETTERS OF AMBROSE BIERCE—Book Club of California. Memoir by Sterling.

EBONY AND CRYSTAL, by Clark Ashton Smith—1922. Preface by Sterling.

LAKE ISLE OF INNISFRU, by Yeats,—facsimile, privately printed by John Henry Nash, San Francisco—1924. Comment by Sterling in two pages.

CONTINENT’S END, an authologyanthology [sic] of California verse—Book Club of California—1925. Preface by Sterling.

title: Page:The Recluse by W Paul Cook.djvu/22


text: The Recluse (Cook)/First Editions of George Sterling


text:
Page:The Recluse by W Paul Cook.djvu/23

All day long, under the dusky glare of a green sun that flamed across the sombre sky, he had been traversing a burnt and blackened waste in his quest of Loma. All day he had been crossing a dead and utterly lifeless land, and when the green sun set, he had not yet emerged from it. But even as it set, with its emerald glow it had lit darkly for a moment a forest of some sort far ahead. And toward it he went.

The night around him as the sun sank deepened from a strange twilight to a darkness, and from the darkness to an ebon blackness that crouched upon the land. But the wanderer paused not; on he travelled toward the forest, guided by the faint and unfamiliar constellations of stars that burned coldly and whitely in the sky above.

For a long tmietime [sic] he kept on through the thick darkness, ever pressing toward that forest ahead, and it was only when he had gone more than half way that the darkness lightened dimly when a huge blood-red sun swept up from the eastern sky and cast a livid, leprous glow on the land. In tremendous bounds it fled across the sky, all-surrounded by a many colored rout of streaming satellites. The air hung heavy and listless, and in the unearthly light of the red sun seemed to ooze with a myriad globules of blood. The land, burnt before, took on a desolation and an aspect of solitude as if a red rot were creeping through its rocks and sand.

The wanderer kept on, and he had almost reached the forest when the rushing red sun sank with all its satellites. But from every side, from every one of the distant horizons, there rocketed upward a horde of twisting comets, and the suffering vault became alive with jagged streaks of light hurtling erratic and aimless from horizon to horizon.

Dank and dark loomed the forest; to the right and left it stretched in never-ending line until it faded and vanished in the distant gloom. The wanderer plunged forward. In a moment he was threading his way through gigantic trees that towered up and dark. The darkness deepened and deepened as the branches of the trees interlocked more and more closely, until the entire sky was hidden from his sight, and the sullen branches formed a solid roof over his head. He picked his way in and out through the gaunt trunks that rose around him, and all the while that he moved forward they became thicker and thicker. Creepers began to make their appearance. And from every side of the black forest he heard things chuckling in the darkness; ever and again faint whisperings reached him, and sometimes he saw shadows peering from behind the boles of the trees. The still air became pregnant with a thousand sounds of sibilant whispers moaning faintly through the forest.

But he pressed onward, always before his eyes a vision of the lithe and slender loveliness of his lost Loma. And the creepers thickened and thickened until he had to claw his way through them, until, finally, he drew forth the great sword that hung at his side and hacked his way onward. And every creeper that he slashed shrieked aloud, and from the severed ends dripped a soft, warm substance. … The forest became suddenly malignant and malefic. The baleful creepers twined insidiously about his legs, and all along his path the wounded ones howled in swelling ululations that made the forest echo with waves of fiendish sound. Ever and again, thick vines clutched at him like the trailing talons of some huge and hairy arm. And when he cut them, they wailed like flayed children. … He lunged ahead faster, and the branches whipped at him. His face grew scratched and bloody from the flailings of the branches that ripped his shirt and flesh and that twined around him. He beat them off and staggered onward.

And suddenly the ground underfoot grew damp. He stopped—just in time. For in front of him, stretching until it vanished in the night ahead and on either side, lay a vast, slimy slough. The forest came down to its very edge, and even throughout it, here and

title: Page:The Recluse by W Paul Cook.djvu/23


text: Index:CTRL0000034606 - Transcribed Interview of Mark Meadows, (December 8, 2021).pdf


text:
Page:Fsi-AmharicBasicCourse-Volume1-StudentText.pdf/59

RV 40 (Rh)

In the following sentences, substitute the words listed to the right of each sentence for the underlined word (or words), using the proper direct object form.


text:
The TRUST Principles for Digital Repositories

As information and communication technology has become pervasive in our society, we are increasingly dependent on both digital data and repositories that provide access to and enable the use of such resources. Repositories must earn the trust of the communities they intend to serve and demonstrate that they are reliable and capable of appropriately managing the data they hold.

Following a year-long public discussion and building on existing community consensus, several stakeholders, representing various segments of the digital repository community, have collaboratively developed and endorsed a set of guiding principles to demonstrate digital repository trustworthiness. Transparency, Responsibility, User focus, Sustainability and Technology: the TRUST Principles provide a common framework to facilitate discussion and implementation of best practice in digital preservation by all stakeholders.

Context and history
For over sixty years, digital data stewardship and preservation have been central to the mission of academic institutions such as libraries, archives, and domain repositories with many other stakeholders involved, including researchers, funders, infrastructure, and service providers. Scientific data management is receiving increasing attention inside and outside of the scientific community, particularly in the contemporary Open Science discourse. Consensus on ‘good’ data management practice is beginning to form, but there is still insufficient implementation in some scientific domains.

The FAIR Data Principles highlight the need to embrace good practice by defining essential characteristics of data objects to ensure that data are reusable by humans and machines: they should be Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable, i.e. FAIR. However, to make data FAIR whilst preserving them over time requires trustworthy digital repositories (TDRs) with sustainable governance and organizational frameworks, reliable infrastructure, and comprehensive policies supporting community-agreed practices. TDRs, with their clear remit to actively preserve data in response to changes in both technology and stakeholder requirements, play an important role in maintaining the value of data. They are held in a position of trust by their users as they accept the responsibilities of data stewardship. To fulfill this role, TDRs must demonstrate essential and enduring capabilities necessary to enable access and reuse of data over time for the communities they serve. TDRs support data curation and preservation of data holdings with different levels of reusability. In certain instances, lower-quality data, which cannot reasonably be improved or made more interoperable, may still retain high value to its user community and so require trustworthy stewardship. A TDR must identify and seek to meet community-accepted criteria and communicate the achieved level of data quality.

The Open Archival Information System (OAIS) reference model provides recommendations on setting up archives delivering long-term preservation of and access to information (in particular, digital information) and creating preservation packages. It offers a coherent and comprehensive framework of principles and terminology for the management of archival information systems. However, conforming to the OAIS reference model does not guarantee trustworthiness. In order to assess trustworthiness, additional elements of the repository need to be addressed, including appropriate governance, resources, and security. Furthermore, since OAIS is a reference model and does not provide a detailed implementation guideline, there are different interpretations and implementations necessitating audit and certification mechanisms as recognized in the 1996 report, Preserving Digital Information. The authors of the report recommended that “repositories claiming to serve an archival function must be able to demonstrate that they are who they say they are by meeting or exceeding the standards and criteria of an independently-administered program for archival certification”.

Trustworthiness is demonstrated through evidence, which depends on transparency, and thus repositories must provide transparent, honest, and verifiable evidence of their practice. In this way, stakeholders can be confident that repositories ensure data integrity, authenticity, accuracy, reliability, and accessibility over extended time frames. Trustworthiness is not a one-off achievement; it cannot be taken for granted without regular audit and certification.

Certification makes an objective and important contribution to the confidence of the various stakeholders of a repository. To assess and improve the quality of their professional practices, repositories rely on a range of international certification standards covering core, extended or formal level certification. These standards such as the CoreTrustSeal, DIN31644/NESTOR, and ISO16363 focus on four major assessment areas: organization, digital object management, technical infrastructure, and security risk management. The standards vary in the number and complexity of their requirements, with the intensity of assessments ranging from a peer review of a self-assessment to a more involved on-site visit by an external audit team. The choice of certification mechanism depends on the need, willingness, and ability of a repository to invest in its further professionalization and trustworthiness.

The adoption of the CoreTrustSeal Trustworthy Data Repositories Requirements by many data repositories serves as an example of the improvements made to ensure that their capabilities attain the properties of the TRUST Principles. Many data repositories have obtained CoreTrustSeal certification and become members of the International Science Council’s World Data System (WDS). The attainment of certification and the completion of audits by many digital repositories demonstrates the desire for repositories to be perceived as trustworthy.

Repository managers and their teams are the primary audience for the existing OAIS reference model and trustworthiness certification mechanisms discussed above. In an Open Science context, however, we expect that a broader audience, including funders and repository users, will benefit from the framework encapsulated by the TRUST Principles, especially given the increasing attention given to scientific data stewardship (Box 1).

Box 1 The TRUST Principles

Transparency
In order to select the most appropriate repository for a particular use case, all potential users benefit from being able to easily find and access information on the scope, target user community, policies, and capabilities of the data repository. Transparency in these areas offers an opportunity to learn about the repository and consider its suitability for users’ specific requirements, including data deposition, data preservation, and data discovery. To be compliant with this principle, repositories should ensure that, at a minimum, the mission statement and scope of the repository are clearly stated. In addition, the following aspects should be transparently declared:

 * Terms of use, both for the repository and for the data holdings.
 * Minimum digital preservation timeframe for the data holdings.
 * Any pertinent additional features or services, for example the capacity to responsibly steward sensitive data.

Clearly communicating repository policies and, in particular, the terms of use for data holdings, informs users about any limitations that may restrict their use of the data or the repository. Likewise, being able to easily assess whether a repository can handle sensitive data in a responsible manner would also inform their decision on whether to utilize the available data services.

Responsibility
TRUSTworthy repositories take responsibility for the stewardship of their data holdings and for serving their user community. Responsibility is demonstrated by:

 * Adhering to the designated community’s metadata and curation standards, along with providing stewardship of the data holdings e.g. technical validation, documentation, quality control, authenticity protection, and long-term persistence.
 * Providing data services e.g. portal and machine interfaces, data download or server-side processing.
 * Managing the intellectual property rights of data producers, the protection of sensitive information resources, and the security of the    system and its content.

Repository users should have confidence that data depositors are prompted to provide all metadata compliant with the community norms, as this greatly enhances the discoverability and usefulness of the data. Knowing that a repository verifies the integrity of available data and metadata assures potential users that the data holdings are more likely to be interoperable with other relevant datasets. Both depositors and users must have confidence that the data will remain accessible over time, and thus can be cited and referenced in scholarly publications.

Responsibility may be clarified through some legal means (right to preserve) or may take the form of voluntary compliance with some norm (ethical standards).

User Focus
A TRUSTworthy repository needs to focus on serving its target user community. Each user community likely has differing expectations from their community repositories, depending in part on the community’s maturity regarding data management and sharing. A TRUSTworthy repository is embedded in its target user community’s data practices, and so can respond to evolving community requirements. We take a broad view of ‘user community’ as these could include users depositing or accessing data; those accessing data holdings computationally; and indirect stakeholders such as funders, journal editors, other institutional partners or citizens.

Use and reuse of research data is an integral part of the scientific process, and therefore TRUSTworthy repositories should enable their community to find, explore, and understand their data holdings with regard to potential (re)use. Repositories should encourage users to fully describe data at the time of deposition and facilitate feedback on any issues with the data (e.g. quality or fitness for use) that may become apparent after the data have been made available.

Repositories have a vital role in applying and enforcing the target user community norms and standards as compliance facilitates data interoperability and reusability. Data standards that TRUSTworthy repositories should enforce include metadata schema, data file formats, controlled vocabularies, ontologies, and other semantics where these exist in the user community. A TRUSTworthy repository may demonstrate adherence to this principle by:

 * Implementing relevant data metrics and making these available to users.
 * Providing (or contributing to) community catalogues to facilitate data discovery.
 * Monitoring and identifying evolving community expectations and responding as required to meet these changing needs.

Sustainability
Ensuring sustainability of a TRUSTworthy repository is necessary to ensure uninterrupted access to its valuable data holdings for current and future user communities. Continued access to data is dependent upon the ability of the repository to provide services over time, and to respond with new or improved services to meet evolving user community requirements.

A TRUSTworthy repository may demonstrate the sustainability of its holdings by:

 * Planning sufficiently for risk mitigation, business continuity, disaster recovery, and succession.
 * Securing funding to enable ongoing usage and to maintain the desirable properties of the data resources that the repository has been    entrusted with preserving and disseminating.
 * Providing governance for necessary long-term preservation of data so that data resources remain discoverable, accessible, and usable in the    future.

Technology
A repository depends on the interaction of people, processes, and technologies to support secure, persistent, and reliable services. Its activities and functions are supported by software, hardware, and technical services. Together, these provide the tools to enable the delivery of the TRUST Principles.

A TRUSTworthy repository may demonstrate the fitness of its technological capabilities by:

 * Implementing relevant and appropriate standards, tools, and technologies for data management and curation.
 * Having plans and mechanisms in place to prevent, detect, and respond to cyber or physical security threats.

Impact of the TRUST Principles
The TRUST Principles in their abstract, non-technical formulation facilitate communication and thus impact stakeholders both within and outside the data user community. When data repositories, funders, and data creators adopt FAIR Principles and implement the TRUST Principles, repository users benefit directly through continuing and improved capabilities for efficient and effective use of data. Together, the stakeholders of the TRUST Principles contribute to a cultural change in research towards a data and information ecosystem that has been evolving during the information age but has been an essential part of the scientific process for centuries.

Various studies have found that transparency is associated with trust of digital repositories. For example, for users of video data, “transparency of repository practices, and especially data curation practices, are important for trust”. Studying the data repository staff perceptions of repository certification, Donaldson, et al., found that the process of acquiring certification contributed to the transparency of their repository, among other benefits.

The OAIS Reference Model describes the responsibilities of archival information systems that are entrusted with the stewardship of information resources. Describing challenges of effective data stewardship, Peng et al. stated that “Defining roles and responsibilities in every level of stewardship and every stage of the data product lifecycle will help facilitate this challenge”. Furthermore, upon surveying research data practices throughout the data lifecycle, Kowalczyk reported that “[t]he probability of long-term data management for research collections is low when the ongoing responsibility lies with an individual researcher or graduate student”.

Studying how users’ experiences influenced their perceptions of trust in data repositories, Yoon found that “users’ awareness of repositories’ roles or functions can be one factor for developing users’ trust”. Users often trust repositories based on their own experiences, repository practices and reputation, and on the experiences of other community members. Users’ trust in data is also associated with their trust in the archive from which the content was obtained.

The report of a study on the sustainability of digital repositories that was conducted by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) concluded that “Research data repositories are an essential part of the infrastructure for open science…” [and that it] “is important to ensure the sustainability of research data repositories”. The importance of the sustainability of research data infrastructure has been identified in studies describing the needs of archaeologists. In the absence of effective sustainability strategies and continuity plans, data repositories and their holdings could disappear, like many former biological databases. Ironically, York et al. observed that “despite the large number of data repositories, stewardship initiatives, and policies across the research data landscape, we know relatively little about the total amount, characteristics, or sustainability of stewarded research data”.

The adoption of technological capabilities should be completed in conjunction with the organizational, managerial and stewardship capabilities that facilitate the continuing use of a data repository’s holdings. Describing the needs for earning public trust of health data, Van Staa et al. called for capabilities that would “combine new technologies with clear accountability, transparent operations, and public trust …”, stating that “data stewardship is not just about physical and digital security: staff training, standard operating procedures, and the skills and attitudes of staff are also important”.

Conclusions
The TRUST Principles provide a mnemonic to remind data repository stakeholders of the need to develop and maintain the infrastructure to foster continuing stewardship of data and enable future use of their data holdings. The TRUST Principles, however, are not an end in themselves, rather a means to facilitate communication with all stakeholders, providing repositories with guidance to demonstrate transparency, responsibility, user focus, sustainability, and technology.

Received: 6 March 2020; Accepted: 22 April 2020;

Published online: 14 May 2020

Acknowledgements
The authors very much appreciate the suggestions for improving this work that were offered by the members of the CoreTrustSeal Standards and Certification Board who did not contribute as authors, by participants of the Research Data Alliance Plenary 13 session, “Build TRUST to be FAIR - Emerging Needs of Certification in Life Sciences, Geosciences and Humanities”, which was convened by the RDA/WDS Certification of Digital Repositories Interest Group, and by participants of the NIH Workshop on Trustworthy Data Repositories for Biomedical Sciences (NIH Workshop, 2019) sponsored by NIH Office of Data Science Strategy, the first instance the TRUST framework was used to discuss trustworthy data repositories. We are grateful for thoughtful discussions with Shelley Stall, Robert S. Chen, Mark Conrad, Peter Doorn, Eliane Fankhauser, Elizabeth Hull, Siri Jodha Singh Khalsa, Micky Lindlar, Limor Peer, Philipp Conzett, and Rachel Drysdale. We would like to thank Anupama Gururaj for proof-reading the article.

Competing Interests
V.K.K. works for Springer Nature, the publishers of Scientific Data. Until February 2020, VKK held an editorial position at Scientific Data. The authors declare that V.K.K. was not involved in the editorial and refereeing process for this manuscript. Several of the authors are involved in the standards and certification efforts discussed in the manuscript, including D.L., J.C., I.D., R.R.D., R.E., H.L.H., W.H., R.J., and M.M., who are members of the CoreTrustSeal Standards and Certification Board and DG, who is a member of the Primary Trustworthy Digital Repository Authorization Body (PTAB). All other authors declare no competing interests.


text: Talk:The TRUST Principles for Digital Repositories


text:
Author:Dawei Lin

Works

 * The TRUST Principles for Digital Repositories, with Jonathan Crabtree, Ingrid Dillo, Robert R. Downs, Rorie Edmunds, David Giaretta, Marisa De Giusti, Hervé L’Hours, Wim Hugo, Reyna Jenkyns, Varsha Khodiyar, Maryann E. Martone, Mustapha Mokrane, Vivek Navale, Jonathan Petters, Barbara Sierman, Dina V. Sokolova, Martina Stockhause, and John Westbrook (2020)

title: Author:Dawei Lin


text:
Author:Jonathan Crabtree

Works

 * The TRUST Principles for Digital Repositories, with Dawei Lin, Ingrid Dillo, Robert R. Downs, Rorie Edmunds, David Giaretta, Marisa De Giusti, Hervé L’Hours, Wim Hugo, Reyna Jenkyns, Varsha Khodiyar, Maryann E. Martone, Mustapha Mokrane, Vivek Navale, Jonathan Petters, Barbara Sierman, Dina V. Sokolova, Martina Stockhause, and John Westbrook (2020)

title: Author:Jonathan Crabtree


text:
Page:The Great Didactic of John Amos Comenius (1896).pdf/125

 “the potencyal mode,” and the “subjunctyf mode.” A heavy burden for the boy who cannot yet conjugate Amo.

That it is in English and, from the book-fancier’s point of view, its rarity claim notice for Linacre’s Grammar, but otherwise this work is not superior to other Grammars of the age. In company with those previously mentioned it is scarcely worthy of remark by the side of the Grammar written by Cardinal Wolsey for his school at Ipswich. An almost touching simplicity breathes through the pages of his little volume, showing the great Cardinal in a most pleasing light as the sypathiser with blundering boyhood. In the preface he confesses that Grammars exist in abundance, but he considers them unsuitable for beginners, for whose need he therefore takes it upon himself to cater. “In which lytel boke I have left many thynges out of purpose, consydering ye tendernes and smal capacite of lytell mynds.” He then proceeds to state the rudiments of grammar in the simplest way imaginable. Musa is declined in full, and the conjugations of the regular verbs are given at length. The inevitable “seven genders” make their appearance, it is true, but no time is wasted over them. This Grammar does not appear to have been as popular as its contemporaries, still it is quite the best written for beginners before the Vestibular Grammar of Comenius.

In Scotland, Latin appears to have been the medium through which the rudiments were learned, though vernacular grammars were not unknown. In 1528 John Vaus, master of the Grammar School at Aberdeen, published a Grammar a large part of which is in Scotch; and there is in existence


text:
Author:Ingrid Dillo

Works

 * The TRUST Principles for Digital Repositories, with Dawei Lin, Jonathan Crabtree, Robert R. Downs, Rorie Edmunds, David Giaretta, Marisa De Giusti, Hervé L’Hours, Wim Hugo, Reyna Jenkyns, Varsha Khodiyar, Maryann E. Martone, Mustapha Mokrane, Vivek Navale, Jonathan Petters, Barbara Sierman, Dina V. Sokolova, Martina Stockhause, and John Westbrook (2020)

title: Author:Ingrid Dillo


text:
Page:Fsi-AmharicBasicCourse-Volume1-StudentText.pdf/60

RV 41 (Rh)


text:
Author:Robert R. Downs

Works

 * The TRUST Principles for Digital Repositories, with Dawei Lin, Jonathan Crabtree, Ingrid Dillo, Rorie Edmunds, David Giaretta, Marisa De Giusti, Hervé L’Hours, Wim Hugo, Reyna Jenkyns, Varsha Khodiyar, Maryann E. Martone, Mustapha Mokrane, Vivek Navale, Jonathan Petters, Barbara Sierman, Dina V. Sokolova, Martina Stockhause, and John Westbrook (2020)

title: Author:Robert R. Downs


text:
Author:Rorie Edmunds

Works

 * The TRUST Principles for Digital Repositories, with Dawei Lin, Jonathan Crabtree, Ingrid Dillo, Robert R. Downs, David Giaretta, Marisa De Giusti, Hervé L’Hours, Wim Hugo, Reyna Jenkyns, Varsha Khodiyar, Maryann E. Martone, Mustapha Mokrane, Vivek Navale, Jonathan Petters, Barbara Sierman, Dina V. Sokolova, Martina Stockhause, and John Westbrook (2020)

title: Author:Rorie Edmunds


text:
Author:David Giaretta

Works

 * The TRUST Principles for Digital Repositories, with Dawei Lin, Jonathan Crabtree, Ingrid Dillo, Robert R. Downs, Rorie Edmunds, Marisa De Giusti, Hervé L’Hours, Wim Hugo, Reyna Jenkyns, Varsha Khodiyar, Maryann E. Martone, Mustapha Mokrane, Vivek Navale, Jonathan Petters, Barbara Sierman, Dina V. Sokolova, Martina Stockhause, and John Westbrook (2020)

title: Author:David Giaretta


text:
Author:Marisa De Giusti

Works

 * The TRUST Principles for Digital Repositories, with Dawei Lin, Jonathan Crabtree, Ingrid Dillo, Robert R. Downs, Rorie Edmunds, David Giaretta, Hervé L’Hours, Wim Hugo, Reyna Jenkyns, Varsha Khodiyar, Maryann E. Martone, Mustapha Mokrane, Vivek Navale, Jonathan Petters, Barbara Sierman, Dina V. Sokolova, Martina Stockhause, and John Westbrook (2020)

title: Author:Marisa De Giusti


text:
Author:Hervé L’Hours

Works

 * The TRUST Principles for Digital Repositories, with Dawei Lin, Jonathan Crabtree, Ingrid Dillo, Robert R. Downs, Rorie Edmunds, David Giaretta, Marisa De Giusti, Wim Hugo, Reyna Jenkyns, Varsha Khodiyar, Maryann E. Martone, Mustapha Mokrane, Vivek Navale, Jonathan Petters, Barbara Sierman, Dina V. Sokolova, Martina Stockhause, and John Westbrook (2020)

title: Author:Hervé L’Hours


text:
Author:Wim Hugo

Works

 * The TRUST Principles for Digital Repositories, with Dawei Lin, Jonathan Crabtree, Ingrid Dillo, Robert R. Downs, Rorie Edmunds, David Giaretta, Marisa De Giusti, Hervé L’Hours, Reyna Jenkyns, Varsha Khodiyar, Maryann E. Martone, Mustapha Mokrane, Vivek Navale, Jonathan Petters, Barbara Sierman, Dina V. Sokolova, Martina Stockhause, and John Westbrook (2020)

title: Author:Wim Hugo


text:
Author:Reyna Jenkyns

Works

 * The TRUST Principles for Digital Repositories, with Dawei Lin, Jonathan Crabtree, Ingrid Dillo, Robert R. Downs, Rorie Edmunds, David Giaretta, Marisa De Giusti, Hervé L’Hours, Wim Hugo, Varsha Khodiyar, Maryann E. Martone, Mustapha Mokrane, Vivek Navale, Jonathan Petters, Barbara Sierman, Dina V. Sokolova, Martina Stockhause, and John Westbrook (2020)

title: Author:Reyna Jenkyns


text:
Author:Varsha Khodiyar

Works

 * The TRUST Principles for Digital Repositories, with Dawei Lin, Jonathan Crabtree, Ingrid Dillo, Robert R. Downs, Rorie Edmunds, David Giaretta, Marisa De Giusti, Hervé L’Hours, Wim Hugo, Reyna Jenkyns, Maryann E. Martone, Mustapha Mokrane, Vivek Navale, Jonathan Petters, Barbara Sierman, Dina V. Sokolova, Martina Stockhause, and John Westbrook (2020)

title: Author:Varsha Khodiyar


text:
Author:Maryann E. Martone

Works

 * The TRUST Principles for Digital Repositories, with Dawei Lin, Jonathan Crabtree, Ingrid Dillo, Robert R. Downs, Rorie Edmunds, David Giaretta, Marisa De Giusti, Hervé L’Hours, Wim Hugo, Reyna Jenkyns, Varsha Khodiyar, Mustapha Mokrane, Vivek Navale, Jonathan Petters, Barbara Sierman, Dina V. Sokolova, Martina Stockhause, and John Westbrook (2020)

title: Author:Maryann E. Martone


text:
Author:Mustapha Mokrane

Works

 * The TRUST Principles for Digital Repositories, with Dawei Lin, Jonathan Crabtree, Ingrid Dillo, Robert R. Downs, Rorie Edmunds, David Giaretta, Marisa De Giusti, Hervé L’Hours, Wim Hugo, Reyna Jenkyns, Varsha Khodiyar, Maryann E. Martone, Vivek Navale, Jonathan Petters, Barbara Sierman, Dina V. Sokolova, Martina Stockhause, and John Westbrook (2020)

title: Author:Mustapha Mokrane


text:
Page:The Great Didactic of John Amos Comenius (1896).pdf/126

 a fragment of a Donatus written in Scotch, which has been hypothetically placed as early as 1508.

Of mathematics and science, the subjects that form the backbone of a “modern side” curriculum, only the first was in a sufficiently advanced state to be even given consideration as a subject of school instruction, and it is improbable that boys were taught more than the barest elements. Indeed there appears to have been a considerable amount of prejudice against mathematics as a means towards general culture. “Mark all mathematical heads, which be only and wholely bent to those sciences,” writes Ascham in the Scholemaster, “how solitary they be themselves, how unfit to live with others, and how unable to serve in the world.” Many educationists, however, were not of this opinion, and efforts were made by the more farseeing among them to render the study of numbers more accessible to the beginner. In 1522 Cuthbert Tonstall, afterwards Bishop of London, published his Arithmetic De arte supputandi. Written for boys (Tonstall suggests that it may be of use to Sir Thomas More’s sons), it is very practical, and well suited for school use, and was far ahead of anything else that had been written on the subject. Sturm thought so highly of it that he brought out a reprint at Strasburg in 1544, and in his preface assured the public that the book was the best in the market, and that any student who mastered it would know all that was to be known on the subject.

It must be confessed that in the sixteenth century the advocates of arithmetic a study laid more stress on its


text:
Author:Vivek Navale

Works

 * The TRUST Principles for Digital Repositories, with Dawei Lin, Jonathan Crabtree, Ingrid Dillo, Robert R. Downs, Rorie Edmunds, David Giaretta, Marisa De Giusti, Hervé L’Hours, Wim Hugo, Reyna Jenkyns, Varsha Khodiyar, Maryann E. Martone, Mustapha Mokrane, Jonathan Petters, Barbara Sierman, Dina V. Sokolova, Martina Stockhause, and John Westbrook (2020)

title: Author:Vivek Navale


text:
Author:Jonathan Petters

Works

 * The TRUST Principles for Digital Repositories, with Dawei Lin, Jonathan Crabtree, Ingrid Dillo, Robert R. Downs, Rorie Edmunds, David Giaretta, Marisa De Giusti, Hervé L’Hours, Wim Hugo, Reyna Jenkyns, Varsha Khodiyar, Maryann E. Martone, Mustapha Mokrane, Vivek Navale, Barbara Sierman, Dina V. Sokolova, Martina Stockhause, and John Westbrook (2020)

title: Author:Jonathan Petters


text:
Author:Barbara Sierman

Works

 * The TRUST Principles for Digital Repositories, with Dawei Lin, Jonathan Crabtree, Ingrid Dillo, Robert R. Downs, Rorie Edmunds, David Giaretta, Marisa De Giusti, Hervé L’Hours, Wim Hugo, Reyna Jenkyns, Varsha Khodiyar, Maryann E. Martone, Mustapha Mokrane, Vivek Navale, Jonathan Petters, Dina V. Sokolova, Martina Stockhause, and John Westbrook (2020)

title: Author:Barbara Sierman


text:
Page:The plastic age, (IA plasticage00mark).pdf/258

236 “I think you ’re bluffing, goddamn it,” he sai his voice shrill and nervous. “I ’ll call you. She your stinkin’ hand.”

“Oh, not so stinkin’,” Allen replied lightl “I’ve got four of a kind, all of ’em kings. Let see your three deuces.”

He tossed down his hand, and Hugh slumped his chair at the sight of the four kings. He shov< the pile of chips toward Allen. “Take the pc damn you. Of all the bastard luck. Look!” t slapped down his cards angrily. “A full hous queens up. Christ!” He burst into a flood of o scenity, the other boys listening sympathetically, j except Allen who was carefully stacking the chips

In a few minutes Hugh’s anger died. He i membered that he was only about twenty-five dolla behind and that he had an hour in which to recov them. His face became set and hard; his han lost their jerky eagerness. He played careful never daring to enter a big pot, never betting f more than his hands were worth.

As the bets grew larger, the room grew quiet Every one was smoking constantly; the air was hea with smoke, and the stench grew more and me foul. Outside of a soft, “I raise you twenty,” even, “Fifty bucks if you want to see my hand,’ muttered oath or a request to buy chips, there v hardly a word said. The excitement was so inter that it hurt; the expletives smelled of the docks.


text:
Author:Dina V. Sokolova

Works

 * The TRUST Principles for Digital Repositories, with Dawei Lin, Jonathan Crabtree, Ingrid Dillo, Robert R. Downs, Rorie Edmunds, David Giaretta, Marisa De Giusti, Hervé L’Hours, Wim Hugo, Reyna Jenkyns, Varsha Khodiyar, Maryann E. Martone, Mustapha Mokrane, Vivek Navale, Jonathan Petters, Barbara Sierman, Martina Stockhause, and John Westbrook (2020)

title: Author:Dina V. Sokolova


text:
Author:Martina Stockhause

Works

 * The TRUST Principles for Digital Repositories, with Dawei Lin, Jonathan Crabtree, Ingrid Dillo, Robert R. Downs, Rorie Edmunds, David Giaretta, Marisa De Giusti, Hervé L’Hours, Wim Hugo, Reyna Jenkyns, Varsha Khodiyar, Maryann E. Martone, Mustapha Mokrane, Vivek Navale, Jonathan Petters, Barbara Sierman, Dina V. Sokolova, and John Westbrook (2020)

title: Author:Martina Stockhause


text:
Page:The plastic age, (IA plasticage00mark).pdf/312

288 whirled madly around trying to find some phil ophy that would solve his difficulties.

When Norry returned to college after the Chr; mas vacation, he told Hugh that he had st Cynthia. Naturally, Hugh was interested, and 1 mere mention of Cynthia’s name was still enou to quicken his pulse.

“How did she look?” he asked eagerly.

“Awful.”

“What! What’s the matter? Is she sick?

Norry shook his head. “No, I don’t think s is exactly sick,” he said gravely, “but something the matter with her. You know, she has been [ ing an awful pace, tearing around like crazy, told you that, I know, when I came back in t fall. Well, she’s kept it up, and I guess she about all in. I could n’t understand it. Cynthia always run with a fast bunch, but she’s never h a bad name. She’s beginning to get one now.”

“No!” Hugh was honestly troubled. “What the matter, anyway? Did n’t you try to stop her

Norry smiled. “Of course not. Can y imagine me stopping Cynthia from doing anythi she wanted to do? But I did have a talk with h< She got hold of me one night at the country cl and pulled me off in a corner. She wanted to tc about you.”

“Me?” Hugh’s heart was beginning to pour '“What did she say?”


text:
Page:Fsi-AmharicBasicCourse-Volume1-StudentText.pdf/61

RV 42 (Rh)


text:
Author:John Westbrook

Works

 * The TRUST Principles for Digital Repositories, with Dawei Lin, Jonathan Crabtree, Ingrid Dillo, Robert R. Downs, Rorie Edmunds, David Giaretta, Marisa De Giusti, Hervé L’Hours, Wim Hugo, Reyna Jenkyns, Varsha Khodiyar, Maryann E. Martone, Mustapha Mokrane, Vivek Navale, Jonathan Petters, Barbara Sierman, Dina V. Sokolova, and Martina Stockhause (2020)

title: Author:John Westbrook


text:
Page:The Great Didactic of John Amos Comenius (1896).pdf/127

 practical and commercial worth than on its value as a factor in the expansion of the mental powers. Cardinal Sadoleto, writing in 1549, points out the necessity of adding arithmetic to the school curriculum, but only because without its aid we cannot tell how many fingers we have or with how many eyes we see.

On this position a great advance is made by Robert Recorde, who published his Arithmetic in 1561 under the title The Grounde of Artes. According to Recorde the great claim of arithmetic is that it exercises the mind purely, apart from lines as in geometry and from spheres and axes as in astrology. The capacity for mathematics is the special prerogative of man. “Whoso setteth small price by the witty device and knowledge of numbring, he little considereth it to be the chief point (in manner) whereby men differ from all brute beasts; for as in all other things (almost) beasts are partakers with us, so in numbring we differ cleane from them and in manner peculiarly, sith that in many things they excell us againe.” It must not be imagined from this quotation that the Grounde of Artes is of a philosophical nature. It is a very practical arithmetic, and is of special interest as being written in English. In his work on algebra also, The Whetstone of Witte, published in 1557, Recorde discards Latin in favour of the vernacular.

In France a staunch upholder of mathematics was that many-sided man of learning, Peter Ramus. Himself the author of an Arithmetic, he was at some pains to ascertain the modes of instruction most approved of in other countries. In a letter to John Dee, dated 1565, he begs him to say what old mathematical books he has in his library, who are the teachers of mathematics in English


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 grammar schools, and what method they follow. In Germany, at a rather later date, the Arithmetic of Christopher Clavius, a Jesuit priest, went through many editions, though it is difficult to say if it was used outside the Jesuit schools. It is worth noting that Alsted, Comenius’ teacher at Herborn, wrote several works on mathematics, though these were for more advanced scholars.

The question now arises, “By what method or system of teaching were these books backed up? What pains were taken to ascertain the difficulties of the individual school-boy and remove them by timely explanation?”

The answer is as simple as it is unsatisfactory. In every difficulty or dilemma the one resource of the schoolmaster was the stick. Between recalcitrant school-boys and ignorant teachers the friction was great, and the sturdy use of the cane proved the readiest way to disperse the evil humours of the master. Witness the complaint of Ascham: “The scholar is commonly beat for the making, when the master were more worthy to be beat for the mending or rather marring of the same: the master being many times as ignorant as the child what to say to the matter.” In France the same complaint was made. “Those daily and severe floggings,” wrote Maturin Cordier, “deter simple-minded youths from the study of letters to such an extent that they hate school worse than a dog or a snake.” From time to time protests were raised against this process of brutalising children; but the general tendency of the age was to believe that a little physical


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RV 591 (Rh)

እባክዎ፡ ደህና፡ ሆቴል፡ ሊያሳዩኝ፡ ይችላሉ?

አዎ፡ ጊዮን፡ ሆቴል፡ ደህና፡ ይመስለኛል።

አድራሻው፡ የት፡ ነው?

በታክሲ፡ መሄድ፡ ይችላሉ።

እሺ፡ ታክሲ፡ እጠራለሁ።

አበት፡

እባክዎ፡ ጊዮን፡ ሆቴል፡ ያድርሱኝ። ስንት፡ ልክፈልዎት?

አራት፡ ብር።


text:
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 pain, judiciously applied, was worth much persuasion of a gentler kind. Instructive in this connection is the conversation between Sir William Cecil and his friends reported by Ascham in the preface to his Scholemaster. “I have strange news brought me this evening,” says Cecil, “that certain scholars of Eton be run away from the school for fear of beating.” To this Mr. Peter replied that “the rod only was the sword that must keep the school in obedience and the scholars in good order”; while Mr. Haddon went so far as to say that the best schoolmaster of their time (Nicholas Udall) was the greatest beater.

Small wonder that the boys left the Grammar School “great lubbers, always learning and little profiting!”

Machyn, writing in 1563, quotes a typical case of brutality: “A schoolmaster that had a child to lerne, and for a small fault did bett him so severely with a leden gyrdyll with buckles that he left no skyne on his body.” Even for the sixteenth century this seems to have passed the limits of legitimate severity, as we read that “thys master was sett on the pelere and wyped that his blude ran downe.” A curious way this of maintaining the doctrine that corporal punishment should be sparingly administered.

The extensive use of Latin as a medium for imparting knowledge was frequently brought forward by reformers, and in particular by Comenius, as the reason why beginners made such slow progress. To a certain extent they were undoubtedly right. Many Grammars and Arithmetics were written in Latin, and though constant exercise in that language may have been of use to the more advanced student, the combination of a new tongue and a new subject must have had a disastrous effect on younger boys whose knowledge of Latin was limited.

It would, however, be an error to lay too much stress on this point, as there is evidence that side by side with the enthronement of Latin there was a strong under-


text:
Constantinople

 * Constantinople (1877), by Edmondo de Amicis
 * Constantinople: A Sketch of its History from its Foundation to its Conquest by the Turks in 1453 (1879), by William Jackson Brodribb and Walter Besant
 * Constantinople (1921), by Ameen Rihani

title: Constantinople


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 current of feeling in favour of the vernaculars. In England the use of the English language in learned works found a strong upholder in Peter Levins. In the Preface to his Pathway to Health (1587) he avers that those who think that such books should be written in an unknown tongue, and thus hide the knowledge of health from the people, are guilty of “malice exceeding damnable and devillish.” Some years previously (1570) Levins had brought out an English-Latin dictionary with the title Manipulus Vocabulorum. “This,” he tells us in his Preface, “I brought out for conscience sake, thinking that when I have bene long conversant with the schooles and have from tyme to tyme lamented to see the youth of our country (in the studies of the Latin tong) lacke such little instruments as this fit and needful for their exercises, and saw no man set his hand to the same, I was bound for the portion of my small talent to do somewhat therein.” If Levins thought that his was the first English-Latin dictionary he was mistaken, as nearly 100 years before (1499) Pynson had printed the Promptuorium parvulorum sive clericorum. But the English used in this lexicon was the Norfolk dialect, and the work was more suitable for older students than for boys.

To the Latin grammars written in English reference


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my stay in the district of S. I often used to go to see the watchman Savva Stukatch, or simply Savka, in the kitchen gardens of Dubovo. These kitchen gardens were my favorite resort for so-called "mixed" fishing, when one goes out without knowing what day or hour one may return, taking with one every sort of fishing tackle as well as a store of provisions. To tell the truth, it was not so much the fishing that attracted me as the peaceful stroll, the meals at no set time, the talk with Savka, and being for so long face to face with the calm summer nights. Savka was a young man of five-and-twenty, well grown and handsome, and as strong as a flint. He had the reputation of being a sensible and reasonable fellow. He could read and write, and very rarely drank, but as a workman this strong and healthy young man was not worth a farthing. A sluggish, overpowering sloth was mingled with the strength in his muscles, which were strong as cords. Like everyone else in his village, he lived in his own hut, and had his share of land, but neither tilled it nor sowed it, and did not work at any sort of trade. His old mother begged alms at people's windows and he himself lived like a bird of the air; he did not know in the morning what he would eat at midday.


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118 It was not that he was lacking in will, or energy, or feeling for his mother; it was simply that he felt no inclination for work and did not recognize the advantage of it. His whole figure suggested unruffled serenity, an innate, almost artistic passion for living carelessly, never with his sleeves tucked up. When Savka's young, healthy body had a physical craving for muscular work, the young man abandoned himself completely for a brief interval to some free but nonsensical pursuit, such as sharpening skates not wanted for any special purpose, or racing about after the peasant women. His favorite attitude was one of concentrated immobility. He was capable of standing for hours at a stretch in the same place with his eyes fixed on the same spot without stirring. He never moved except on impulse, and then only when an occasion presented itself for some rapid and abrupt action: catching a running dog by the tail, pulling off a woman's kerchief, or jumping over a big hole. It need hardly be said that with such parsimony of movement Savka was as poor as a mouse and lived worse than any homeless outcast. As time went on, I suppose he accumulated arrears of taxes and, young and sturdy as he was, he was sent by the commune to do an old man's job—to be watchman and scarecrow in the kitchen gardens. However much they laughed at him for his premature senility he did not object to it. This position, quiet and convenient for motionless contemplation, exactly fitted his temperament.

It happened I was with this Savka one fine May evening. I remember I was lying on a torn and


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Rh dirty sackcloth cover close to the shanty from which came a heavy, fragrant scent of hay. Clasping my hands under my head I looked before me. At my feet was lying a wooden fork. Behind it Savka's dog Kutka stood out like a black patch, and not a dozen feet from Kutka the ground ended abruptly in the steep bank of the little river. Lying down I could not see the river; I could only see the tops of the young willows growing thickly on the nearer bank, and the twisting, as it were gnawed away, edges of the opposite bank. At a distance beyond the bank on the dark hillside the huts of the village in which Savka lived lay huddling together like frightened young partridges. Beyond the hill the afterglow of sunset still lingered in the sky. One pale crimson streak was all that was left, and even that began to be covered by little clouds as a fire with ash.

A copse with alder-trees, softly whispering, and from time to time shuddering in the fitful breeze, lay, a dark blur, on the right of the kitchen gardens; on the left stretched the immense plain. In the distance, where the eye could not distinguish between the sky and the plain, there was a bright gleam of light. A little way off from me sat Savka. With his legs tucked under him like a Turk and his head hanging, he looked pensively at Kutka. Our hooks with live bait on them had long been in the river, and we had nothing left to do but to abandon ourselves to repose, which Savka, who was never exhausted and always rested, loved so much. The glow had not yet quite died away, but the summer


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120 night was already enfolding nature in its caressing, soothing embrace.

Everything was sinking into its first deep sleep except some night bird unfamiliar to me, which indolently uttered a long, protracted cry in several distinct notes like the phrase, "Have you seen Niki-ta?" and immediately answered itself, "Seen him, seen him, seen him!"

"Why is it the nightingales aren't singing tonight?" I asked Savka.

He turned slowly towards me. His features were large, but his face was open, soft, and expressive as a woman's. Then he gazed with his mild, dreamy eyes at the copse, at the willows, slowly pulled a whistle out of his pocket, put it in his mouth and whistled the note of a hen-nightingale. And at once, as though in answer to his call, a landrail called on the opposite bank.

"There's a nightingale for you " laughed Savka. "Drag-drag! drag-drag! just like pulling at a hook, and yet I bet he thinks he is singing, too."

"I like that bird," I said. "Do you know, when the birds are migrating the landrail does not fly, but runs along the ground? It only flies over the rivers and the sea, but all the rest it does on foot."

"Upon my word, the dog " muttered Savka, looking with respect in the direction of the calling landrail.

Knowing how fond Savka was of listening, I told him all I had learned about the landrail from sportsman's books. From the landrail I passed imperceptibly to the migration of the birds. Savka lis-


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Rh him into the snare, and pushed gayly on through Dorchester, Quincy, and Weymouth, reaching Hingham in good time for supper at the hospitable parsonage, where the aged widow of Peter Hobart received his mother's message with that pathetic gratitude for remembrance one finds sometimes in very old persons.

The next morning, soon after breakfast, Cheeseboro was again in the saddle, and passing through Scituate and Marshfield reached the confines of Duxbury just about as the sun told him that it was nearing midday.

"They'll have eaten dinner at Master Alden's, and I shall put them about if I go there fasting," muttered he, drawing rein at the top of a long, sandy hill, and looking about him in search of some house where he might apply for a dinner to be duly paid for.

No house was in sight, but as he gazed behind him another horseman suddenly appeared, rapidly riding along the road he had just covered.

"Mayhap he'll know," murmured Samuel; and turning Lightfoot across the road he saluted the stranger on his approach with, "Good-morrow, friend! Can you tell me of e'er a house nigh hand where a man might find a crust and a cup?"

"Oh, ay surely why not why not ride with me so far as my brother's, just past that little wood? They'll be gay and glad to give you all you want," stammered the stranger, who was in fact none other than he who had accompanied our hero

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14 out of Boston, and, having since then learned his plans from the hostler at the State Arms, had spurred after him, hoping that, owing to the drover's delay in Hingham, he might overtake him, as he in fact now had.

Something in the man's voice and looks and strange embarrassment of manner touched the vein of caution in the nature of the Connecticut man, and it was very coldly that he presently said:

"Well I'm beholden to you, sir, and if your brother truly lives nigh hand, and they will sell a meal to a man"—

"Surely they will, friend, surely," replied the robber, who had now recovered his presence of mind. " They'll give you of their best, and ask naught but your good-will in return."

"Nay, then, that's not my fashion," returned Cheeseboro, stolidly. "I pay as I go, among strangers, and ask no favors but of them to whom I can give favors."

"A pest on your proud stomach! But come along, come along, and sith you're so particular, I'll promise you shall pay handsomely for all you get."

"This way, do you say?"

"Ay, 'tis but a bridle path through the wood, but 'tis the shortest way."

"Well, go you first, and show the road."

Without reply the stranger pushed his horse into an obscure path leading, very much as it does

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RV 981 (Rh)


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Rh to-day, into what has been called the Cathedral Wood. Cheeseboro followed closely, and after a few rods both horses emerged into a little clearing with a spring welling up in the middle. Lightfoot, thirsty with her long journey, whinnied approvingly, and, snatching the rein from her master's hand, made a push for the water and thrust her muzzle into it.

"It's like your willfulness," exclaimed Cheeseboro, reaching far over his saddle for the bridle just slipping into the water.

The defenseless posture was too great a temptation to the robber, and, pushing his own horse close behind that of his victim, he aimed a terrific blow at that lowered head with the loaded stock of his riding whip. Some slight sound, some subtle instinct, warned Samuel Cheeseboro of a danger that might well have been his last, and with a sudden start he swerved from the blow, which fell, indeed, but upon the shoulder of the mare, who, with a wild cry of terror and pain, wheeled in her tracks and flew again through the narrow path into the open road, the bridle trailing around her knees.

With a furious oath the robber gathered up his reins and started in pursuit, but as his horse flew through the thicket bridle path, and emerged into the main road, he came into violent collision with the sober steed of an elderly gentleman, jogging quietly along the road from Plymouth to Duxbury.

Now, this quiet, elderly gentleman was none other than Major William Bradford, eldest son of

title: Page:David Alden's Daughter.djvu/35


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Rh