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 Tikah Sahib, Rajah of Patalia, as a birthday present by his secretary, Sham Shir Sing. The perambulator was to be painted dark green and old gold, which were the colours of the Rajah, and there was to be a good strong musical-box under the seat, and also an automatic arrangement by which the perambulator, on being wound up, would run by itself. This order was given to the defendants by the plaintiffs on July 4, and the perambulator was to be ready for shipment to Bombay by Aug. 15, in order that it should reach the Rajah by Oct. 1, which was the date of his birthday. The defendants did not finish the work in time, and the Rajah's birthday had passed before the present arrived, and then the secretary refused to take it, and it had to be sent back. In the meantime the defendants had drawn a bill upon the plaintiffs for the price of the perambulator, and this the plaintiffs had accepted and had paid the money, which they were now suing to recover. For the defence it was stated that the cause of the delay in delivering the perambulator was Mr. F. Fischer's interference. The wheels and springs of the perambulator, it had been agreed, should be electro-plated, but when Mr. Fischer heard this he said it would not suit the Rajah, and they must be gilded. He was told this

title: Page:Malay Sketches.pdf/195


text: Hurrah for the Bonnets of Blue (Glasgow, 1829)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text: Hurrah for the Bonnets of Blue (Glasgow, 1829)/Hurrah for the Bonnets of Blue


text: Hurrah for the Bonnets of Blue (Glasgow, 1829)/Pray Goody


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 could not be done in time, and it was implied by the orders he gave (which were that the perambulator should have elephant-headed handles and papier-maché figures of elephants and peacocks) that a further allowance of time would be given. The jury found a verdict for the plaintiffs for the amount claimed."

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 THE

OF

THE INDIAN ARCHIPELAGO

AND

EASTERN ASIA.

We should wish, on the threshold of our labours, to bring into one general popular view some of the most characteristic features of the Indian Archipelago as a whole,—to yield ourselves for a while to the impression which Nature here makes on the senses and feelings of the European,—to trace her more permanent influences on the races who have lived for ages under her power,—to enquire to what condition these have now been brought by their past history,—and to search amongst the elements of change which may be working, or arc about to come into operation, amongst them, at the present day, for those which are most likely to determine their future. But the very; greatness and variety of the subject, which se strongly attract the mind, subdue the hope of being able, within the narrow room allowed us here, to present any adequate picture of if, and compel us to leave to the reader to clothe with the distinctness and freshness of truth, the dry and fragmentary generalities which we must be satisfied to lay before him. It is in no way our design to give a methodical review of the geography and history of the Archipelago. This it would be impossible to do, with any accuracy, in the space to which we must confine ourselves, and we therefore assume that our readers have


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Rh first there is only a confused murmur from within; but this soon resolves itself into the angry denunciations of Hippolytus and the pleading tones of the nurse. By these Phaedra learns that the nurse has indeed revealed the fatal secret to Hippolytus under an oath that he will not betray the truth to anyone, and that the youth has received the announcement with horror and scorn. He breaks forth into bitter reproaches against all womankind. He regrets that his lips are sealed by his oath, else would he straightway reveal to Theseus all his wife's unfaithfulness.

Phaedra, on her side, reproaches the nurse for betraying her secret. She angrily dismisses her, and, after exact- ing an oath of silence from the chorus, goes out, reiterating her resolve to die, and suggests that she has one expedient left by which her name may be preserved from infamy, and her sons from dishonor.

doors open, and Phaedra is seen reclining upon a couch, attended by her tiring-women. She rejects all the beautiful robes and jewels which they offer, and desires to be dressed as a huntress, ready for the chase.

The nurse prays to Diana to conquer the stubborn soul of Hippolytus and bend his heart toward her mistress. At this moment the youth himself enters and inquires the cause of the nurse's distress.

Thereupon ensues a long debate, in which the nurse chides Hippolytus for his austere life and argues that the pleasures of life were meant to be enjoyed, and that no life comes to its full fruition unless youth is given free rein. The young man replies by a rhapsody on the life of the woods, so full of simple, wholesome joys, and so free from all the cares of life at court and among men. He compares this with the Golden Age, and traces the gradual fall from the innocence of that time to the abandoned sin of the present. He concludes with laying all the blame for this upon woman.

Phaedra now comes forth, and, seeing Hippolytus, falls fainting, but is caught in the young man's arms. He attempts to reassure her and inquires the cause of her evident grief. After much hesitation, she at last confesses her love for him and begs him to pity her. With scorn and horror he repulses her and starts to kill her with his sword; but, deciding not so to stain his sword, he throws the weapon away and makes off toward the forest.

The nurse now plans to save her mitress by inculpating Hippolytus. She accordingly calls loudly for help, and tells the attendants who come


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 such a knowledge of these that, in following our remarks, they will recall, or perhaps sometimes approach from new points, facts with which they have already made acquaintance, and even that mere allusions, where we cannot afford more, will expand in their memories into the fullness of reality.

The first and most general consideration in a physical review of the Archipelago is its relation to the Continent of Asia. In the platform, on which the largest and most important lands are distributed, we see a great root which the stupendous mass of Asia has sent forth from its south eastern side, and which, spreading far to the south beneath the waters of the Indian and Pacific Oceans, and there expanding and shooting up by its plutonic and volcanic energy, has covered them, and marked its track, with innumerable islands. That there is a real and not merely a fanciful connection between the Archipelago and Asia is demonstrable, although, when we endeavour to trace its history, we are soon lost in the region of speculation. So obvious is this connection that it has been a constant source of excitement to the imagination, which, in the traditions of the natives, and in the hypotheses of Europeans, has sought its origin in an earlier geographical unity. Certainly, if, in the progress of the elevatory and depressing movements which the region is probably undergoing even now, the land were raised but a little, we should see shallow seas dried up, the mountain ranges of Sumatra, Borneo, and Java become continental like those of the Peninsula, and great rivers flowing not only in the Straits of Malacca, whose current early navigators mistook for that of an inland stream, but through the wide valley of the China Sea, and by the deep and narrow Strait of Sunda, into the Indian Ocean. Thus the unity would become geographical, which is now only geological. That the great platform from which only mountains and hills rose above the sea level, till the materials drawn from them by the rains were rolled out into the present alluvial plains, is really an extension of the Asiatic mass, appears evident from the facts: amongst many others which require a separate geological paper for their discussion, and would be less readily


text:
Author:Morrill Wyman (1812-1903)

Works about Wyman

 * by Morrill Wyman, Jr. (1913)

title: Author:Morrill Wyman (1812-1903)


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 appreciated by the general reader:—that its direction, as a whole, is that which a continuation of south-eastern Asia, under the same plutonic action which produced it, would possess;—the mountain ranges, which form the latter, sink into it irregularly in the lines of their longitudinal axes;—in one zone, that of the Peninsula, the connection is an actual geographical one;—the Peninsula is obviously continued in the dense clusters of islands and rocks, stretching on the parallel of its elevation and of the strike of its sedimentary rocks, from Singapore to Banka, and almost touches Sumatra, the mountain ranges of which are, notwithstanding, parallel to it;—Borneo and Celebes appear to represent the broader or eastern branch of the Indo-Chinese Peninsula, from which they are separated by the area of the China Sea, supposed to be sinking;—and, finally, nearly the whole Archipelago is surrounded by a great volcanic curve rooted in Asia itself, and the continuity of which demonstrates that the platform and the continental projection with which it is geographically connected are really united, at this day, into one geological region by a still vigorous power of plutonic expansiveness, no longer, to appearance, forming hypogene elevations, but expending itself chiefly in the numerous volcanic vents along the borders where it sinks into the depths of the ocean.

Whether the present platform ever rose above the level of the sea, and surrounded the now insular eminences with vast undulating plains of vegetation instead of a level expanse of water, we shall not hear seek to decide, although we think that Raffles and others who have followed in his steps too hastily connected the supposed subsidence with the existing geological configuration of the region, and neglected the all important evidence of the comparative distribution of the living flora and fauna, which seems to prove that the ancient southern continent, if such there was, had subsided before they came into existence. No conclusive reasons have yet been adduced why we should consider the islands of the Archipelago as the summits of a partially submerged, instead of a partially emerged, continent. But whether it was the sinking of the continent that deluged all the southern lowlands of Asia, leaving only the mountain summits visible, or its elevation that was arrested by the ex-


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 haustion of the plutonic energy, or the conversion of its upheaving into an ejecting action, on the opening of fractures along the outskirts of the region, before the feebler action there had brought the sea bed into contact with the atmosphere, the result has been to form an expanse of shallow seas and islands, elsewhere unequalled in the world, but perhaps not greater in proportion to the wide continental shores, and the vast bulk of dry land, in front of which it is spread out, than other archipelagoes are to the particular countries, or continental sections, with which they are connected.

The forms and positions of these islands bear an older date than that of any limited subsidence or elevation of the region after its formation, They were determined by the same forces which originally caused the platform itself to swell up above the deep floor of the southern ocean; and it was one prolonged act of the subterranean power to raise the Himalayas into the atrial level of perpetual snow, to spread out the submarine bed on which the rivers were afterwards to pile the hot plains of Bengal, and to mould the surface of the southern region, so that when it rose above, or sunk. into, the sea to certain levels, the mutual influences of air and sea and land should be so balanced, that while the last drew from the first a perennial ripeness and beauty of summer, it owed to the second a perennial freshness and fecundity of spring. Hence it is that, in the Archipelago, while the bank of black mud, daily overflowed by the tides, is hidden beneath a dense forest, and the polypifer has scarcely reared its tower to the sea’s surface before it is converted into a green islet, the granitic rocks of the highest plutonic summits, and the smoke of the volcanic peaks, rise from amidst equally luxuriant, and more varied, vegetation. Certainly, the most powerfully impressive of all the characteristics of the Archipelago is-its botanical exuberance, which has exercised the greatest influence on the history and habits of its human inhabitants, and which, as the most obvious, first excites the admiration of the voyager, and from its never staling, because ever renewing itself in fresh and changeful beauty, retains its hold upon our feelings to the last.

When we enter the seas of the Archipelago we are in a


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 new world. Land and ocean are strangely intermingled. Great islands are disjoined by narrow straits, which, in the case of those of Sunda, lead at once into the smooth waters and green level shores of the interior from the rugged and turbulent outer coast, which would otherwise have opposed to us an unbroken wall more than two thousand miles in length. We pass from one mediterranean sea to another, now through groups of islets so small that we encounter many in an hour, and presently along the coasts of those so large that we might be months in circumnavigating them. Even in crossing the widest of the eastern seas, when the last green speck has sunk beneath the horizon, the mariner knows that a circle drawn with a radius of two days sail would touch more land than water, and even that, if the eye were raised to-a sufficient height, while the islands he had left would reappear on the one side, new shores would be seen on almost every other. But it is the wonderful freshness and greenness in which, go where he will, each new island is enveloped, that impresses itself on his senses as the great distinctive character of the region. The equinoctial warmth of the air, tempered and moistened by a constant evaporation, and purified by periodical winds, seems to be imbued with penetrating life-giving virtue, under the influence of which even the most barren rock becomes fertile. Hence those groups of small islands which sometimes environ the larger ones like clusters of satellites, or mark where their ranges pursue their course beneath the sea, often appear, in particular states of the atmosphere when a zone of while quivering light surrounds them and obliterates their coasts, to be dark umbrageous gardens floating on a wide lake, whose gleaming surface would be too dazzling were if not traversed by the shadows of the clouds, and covered by the breeze with an incessant play of light and shade. Far different from the placid beauty of such scenes is the effect of the mountain domes and peaks which elsewhere rise against the sky. In these the voyager secs the grandeur of European mountains repeated, but all that is austere or savage transformed into softness and beauty, The snow and glaciers are replaced by a mighty forest, which fills every ravine with dark shade, and arrays every peak and ridge in


text:
Author:Morrill Wyman (1855-1914)

Works

 * (1912) with Edwin M. Bacon
 * (1913)

title: Author:Morrill Wyman (1855-1914)


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 glancing light. Even the peculiar beauties which the summits of the Alps borrow from the atmosphere, are sometimes displayed. The Swiss, gazing on the lofty and majestic form of a volcanic mountain, is astonished to behold, at the rising of the sun, the peaks inflamed with the same rose red glow which the snowy summits of Mont Rosa and Mont Blanc reflect at its selling, and the smoke wreaths, as they ascend from the crater into mid air, shining in golden hues like the clouds of heaven.

But serene in their beauty and magnificence as these mountains generally appear, they hide in their bosoms elements of the highest terrestrial sublimity and awe, compared with whose appalling energy, not only the bursten lakes and the rushing avalanches of the Alps, but the most devastating explosions of Vesuvius or Etna, cease to terrify the imagination. When we look upon the ordinary aspects of these mountains, it is almost impossible to believe the geological story of their origin, and if our senses yield to science, they tacitly revenge themselves by placing in the remotest past, the era of such convulsions as it relates. But the nether powers though imprisoned are not subdued. The same telluric energy which piled the mountain from the ocean to the clouds, even while we gaze in silent worship on its glorious form is gathering in its dark womb, and time speeds on to the day, whose coming science can neither foretell nor prevent, when the mountain is rent; the solid foundations of the whole region are shaken; the earth is opened to vomit forth destroying fires upon the living beings who dwell upon its surface, or closed to engulph them; the forests are deluged by lava, or withered by sulphureous vapours; the sun sets at noonday behind the black smoke which thickens over the sky, and spreads far and wide, raining ashes throughout a circuit hundreds of miles in diameter; till it seems to the superstitious native that the fiery abodes of the volcanic dewas are disembowelling themselves, possessing the earth, and blotting out the heavens. The living remnants of the generation whose doom it was to inhabit Sumbawa in 1815, could tell us that this picture is but


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 a faint transcript of the reality, and that our imagination can never conceive the dreadful spectacle which still appals their memories, Fortunately these awful explosions of the earth, which to man convert nature into the supernatural, occur at rare intervals; and, though scarcely a year elapse without some volcano bursting into action, the greater portion of the Archipelago being more than once shaken, and even the ancient granitic floor of the Peninsula trembling beneath us, this terrestrial instability has ordinarily no worse effect than to dispel the illusion that we tread upon a solid globe, to convert the physical romance of geological history into the familiar associations of our own lives, and {o unite the events of the passing hour with these which first fitted the world for the habitation of man.

We have spoken of the impression which the exteriour [sic] beauty of the Archipelago makes upon the voyager, and the fearful change winch sometimes comes over it, when the sea around him is hidden beneath floating ashes mingled with the charred wrecks of the noble forests which had clothed the mountain sides; but, hurried though we are from one part of our slight sketch to another, we cannot leave the vegetation of this great region without looking upon it more closely. To recall the full charms, however, of the forests of the Archipelago,—which is to speak of the Archipelago itself, for the greater portion of it is at this moment, as the whole of if once was, clothed to the waters edge with frees;—we must animate their solitudes with the tribes which dwell there in freedom, ranging through their boundless shade as unconscious of the presence of man, and as unwitting of his dominion, as they were thousands of years ago, when he did not dream that the world held such lands and such creatures.

When we pass from the open sea of the Archipelago into the deep shade of ifs mountain forests, we have realized all that, in Europe, our fancies ever pictured of the wildness and beauty of primeval nature. Trees of gigantic forms and exuberant foliage rise on every side: each species shooting up ifs trunk to its utmost measure of development, and striving, as it seams, to escape from the dense crowd. Others, as if no room were left for them


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 to grow in the ordinary way, emulate the shapes and motions of serpents, enwrap their less pliant neighbours in their folds, twine their branches into one connected canopy, or hang down, here, loose and swaying in the air, or in festoons from tree to tree, and there, stiff and rooted like the shrouds which support the mast of a ship. No sooner has decay diminished the green array of a branch, than its place is supplied by epiphites, chiefly fragrant orchidaceae, of singular and beautiful forms. While the eye in vain seeks to familiarize itself with the exuberance and diversity of the forest vegetation, the ear drinks in the sounds of life which break the silence and deepen the solitude. Of these, while the interrupted notes of birds, loud or low, rapid or long-drawn, cheerful or plaintive, and ranging over a greater or less musical compass are the most pleasing; the most constant are those of insects, which sometimes rise into a shrill and deafening clangour; and the most impressive, and those which bring out all the wildness. and loneliness of the scene, are the prolonged complaining cries of the únkas, which rise, loud and more loud, till the twilight air is filled with the clear, powerful, and melancholy sounds, As we penetrate deeper into the forest, its animals, few at any one place, are soon seen to be, in reality, numerous and varied. Green and harmless snakes hang like tender branches. Others of deeper and mingled colours, but less innocuous, lie coiled up, or, disturbed by the human intruder, assume am angry and dangerous look, but glide out of sight. Insects in their shapes and hues imitate leaves, twigs and flowers. Monkeys, of many sizes and colours, spring from branch to branch, or, in long trains, rapidly steal up the trunks. Deer, and amongst them the graceful palandoh, no bigger than a hare, and celebrated in Malayan poetry, on our approach fly startled from: the pools which they and the wild hog most frequent. Lively squirrels, of different species, are everywhere met with. Amongst a great variety of other remarkable animals which range the forest, we may, according to our locality, encounter herds of elephants, the rhinoceros, tigers of several sorts, the tapir, the bábírúsa, the orangútan, the sloth; and, of the winged tribes, the gorgeously beautiful birds of paradise, the loris, the peacock, and the argus pheasant. The mangrove rivers and creeks are haunted by huge


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 alligators. An endless variety of fragile and richly colored shells not only lie empty on the sandy beaches, but are tenanted by pagurian crabs which, ta clusters, batten on every morsel of fat seaweed that has been left by the retiring waves. The coasts are fringed with living rocks of beautiful colours, and shaped like stars, flowers, bushes and other symmetrical forms. Of multitudes of peculiar fishes which inhabit the seas, the dugong or Malayan mermaid, most attracts our wonder.

Before we leave this part of our subject, we would assure any European reader who may suspect that we have in aught written too warmly of the physical beauty of the Archipelago, that the same Nature which, in the west, only reveals her highest and most prodigal terrestrial beauty to the imagination of the poet, has here ungirdled herself, and given her wild and glowing charms, in all their fullness, to the eye of day. The ideal has here passed into the real. The few botanists who have visited this region declare, that from the multitude of its noble trees, odorous and beautiful flowers, and wonderful vegetable forms of all sorts, it is inconceivable in its magnificence, luxuriance, and variety. The zoologists, in their turn, bear testimony to the rare, curious, varied and important animals which inhabit it; and the number and character of those already known is such as to justify one of the most distinguished of the day in expressing his belief, that "no region on the face of the earth would furnish more novel, splendid, or extraordinary forms than the unexplored islands in the eastern range of the Indian Archipelago."

Hitherto we have faintly traced the permanent influence of the physical configuration of the Archipelago in tempering the intertropical heat, regulating (he monsoons, determining the distribution of plants and animals, and giving to the whole region its peculiar character of softness and exuberant beauty. But when its rock foundations were laid, the shadow of its future human, as well as natural, history spread over them. Its primal physical architecture, in diminishing the extent of dry land, has increased the variety in the races who inhabit it; while the mineralogical constitution of the insulated elevations, the manner in which they are dispersed throughout its seas, and all the meteoric and botanical consequences, have affected them in innumerable modes.


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 Again, as we saw that the platform of the Archipelago is but an extension of the great central mass of Asia, and that the direction of the subterranean forces had determined the ranges of the land, so we find that its population is but an extension of the Asiatic families, and that the direction of migration was marked out by the same forces. But, separated by the sea from the great plains and vallies of the continent, having the grand routes of communication covered by mountains and dense and difficultly penetrable forest, the Archipelago could not be peopled by hordes, but must have owed ifs aborigenes to the occasional wandering of small parties or single families. The migrations from one island to another were probably equally limited and accidental; and the small and scattered communinities [sic] in such as were inhabited, must, for a long period, have remained secluded from all others, save when a repetition of similar accidents added a few more units to the human denizens of the forests.

We cannot here attempt to retrace in the most concise manner the deeply interesting history of the tribes of the Archipelago, so exciting from the variety of its elements, and its frequent, though not impenetrable, mystery. We can but distinguish the two great eras into which it divides itself,—that, at the commencement of which some of the inhabitants of the table land of Asia, having slowly traversed the south eastern: vallies and ranges, a work perhaps of centuries, appeared on the confines of the Archipelago, no longer nomades of the plains but of the jungles, with all the changes in ideas, habits, and language which such transformation implies, and prepared by their habits to give rise, under the influences of their new position, to the nomades of the sea;—and the second era, that, at the commencement of which the forest and pelagic nomades, scattered over the interior, and along the shores, of the islands of the Archipelago, in numerous petty tribes, each with some peculiarities in its habits and language, but all bearing a family resemblance, were discovered in their solitudes by the earliest navigators from the civilized nations of the continent.

The ensuing, or what, although extending over a period of about two thousand years, we may term the modern, history of the Archipelago, first exhibits the Klings from southern India,—who were a civilized maritime people probably three thousand years ago,—


text: Hurrah for the Bonnets of Blue (Glasgow, 1829)/Donald of Dundee


text: Hurrah for the Bonnets of Blue (Glasgow, 1829)/The Cypress Wreath


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Author:Morrill Wyman

 * Morrill Wyman, Sr. (1812-1903), American physician
 * Morrill Wyman, Jr. (1855-1914), American writer

title: Author:Morrill Wyman


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 frequenting the islands for their peculiar productions, awakening a taste for their manufactures in the inhabitants, settling amongst them, introducing their arts and religion, partially communicating these and a little of their manners and habits to their disciples, but neither by much intermarriage altering their general physical character, nor by moral influence obliterating their ancient superstitions, their comparative simplicity and robustness of character, and their freedom from the effeminate vanity which probably then, as in later times, distinguished their teachers. At a comparatively recent period, Islamism supplanted Hinduism in most of the communities which had grown op under the influence of the latter, but it had still less modifying operation; and, amongst the great bulk of the people, the conversion from a semi-Hindu condition to that of Mahomedanism was merely formal. Their intellects, essentially simple and impatient of discipline and abstract contemplation, could as little appreciate the scholastic refinements of the one religion, as the complex and elaborate mythological machinery and psycological subtleties of the other. While the Malay of the nineteenth century exhibits in his manner, and in many of his formal usages and habits, the influence which Indians and Arabs lave exerted on his race, he remains, physically and morally, in all the broader and deeper traits of nature, what he was when he first entered the Archipelago; and even on his manners, usages, and habits, influenced as they have been, his distinctive original character is still very obviously impressed.

We cannot do more than allude to the growth of population and civilization in those localities which, from their extent of fertile soil or favorable commercial position, rose into eminence, and became the seats of powerful nations. But it must be borne in mind that, although these localities were varied and wide spread, they occupied but a small portion of the entire surface of the Archipelago, and that the remainder continued to be thinly inhabited by uncivilized tribes, communities, or wandering families.

Prevented, until a very recent date, by stubborn prejudices and an overweening sense of superiority, from understanding and influencing the people of the Archipelago, the European dominations have not directly affected them at all; and the indirect operation of the new power, and mercantile and political policies, which


text: Hurrah for the Bonnets of Blue (Glasgow, 1829)/I'd be a Butterfly


text: Hurrah for the Bonnets of Blue (Glasgow, 1829)/Oh Say Not Woman's Love is Bought


text: Hurrah for the Bonnets of Blue (Glasgow, 1829)/He's O'er the Hills that I Lo'e Weel


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 they introduced has been productive of much evil and very little good. While, on the one hand, the native industry and trade have been stimulated by increased demand and by the freedom enjoyed in the English ports, they have, on the other hand, been subjected by the Portuguese, English and Dutch, to a series of despotic restraints, extending over a period of three hundred years: and, within the range of the last nation’s influence, continued, however modified, to this hour: which far more than counterbalance all the advantages that can be placed in the opposite scale.

The effect of the successive immigrations, revolutions and admixtures which we have indicated or alluded to, has been, that there are now in the Archipelago an extraordinary number of races, differing in colour, habits, civilization, and language, and living under forms of government and laws, or customs, exhibiting the greatest variety. The same cause which isolated the aborigenes into numerous distinct tribes and kept them separate,—the exuberant vegetation of the islands,—has resisted the influence, so far as it was originally amalgamating, of every successive foreign civilization that has dominated; and the aboriginal nomades of the jungle and the sea, in their unchanged habits and mode of life, reveal to their European contemporary, the condition of their race at a time when his own fore-fathers were as rude and far more savage. The more civilized races, after attaining a certain measure of advancement, have been separated by their acquired habits from the unaltered races, and have too often turned their superiority into the means of oppressing, and thereby more completely imprisoning in the barbarism of the jungles, such of them as lived in their proximity. So great is the diversity of tribes, that if a dry catalogue of names suited the purpose of this sketch, we could not afford space to enumerate them. But, viewing human life in the Archipelago as a general contemplation, we may recall a few of the broader peculiarities which would be most likely to dwell on the memory after leaving the region.

In the hearts of the forests we meet man scantily covered with the bark of a free, and living on wild fruits, which he seeks with the agility of the monkey, and wild animals, which he tracks with the keen eye and scent of a beast of prey, and slays with a poisoned arrow projected from a hollow bambú by bis breath.


text: Hurrah for the Bonnets of Blue (Glasgow, 1829)/The Captive Maniac


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 In lonely creeks and straits we see him in a small boat, which is his cradle, his house, and his bed of death; which gives him all the shelter he ever needs, and enables him to seize the food which always surrounds him. On plains, and on the banks of rivers, we see the civilized planter converting the moist flats into rice fields, overshadowing his neat cottage of bambú, níbong, and palm leaves with the graceful and bounteous cocoanut, and surrounding it with fruits, the variety and flavour of which European luxury might envy, and often with fragrant flowering trees and shrubs which the greenhouses of the West do not possess. Where the land is not adapted for wet rice, he pursues a system of husbandry which the farmer of Europe would view with astonishment. Too indolent to collect fertilizing appliances, and well aware that the soil will not yield two successive crops of rice, he takes but one, after having felled and burned the forest; and he then sceks a new locality, leaving nature, during a ten years fallow, to accumulate manure for his second crop on the old one, in the vegetable matter elaborated by the new forest that springs up. Relieved from the care of his crop he searches the forests for rattans, canes, timber, fragrant’ woods, oils, wax, gums, caoutchouc, gutta-percha, dyes, camphor, wild nutmegs, the tusks of the elephant, the horn and bide of the rhinoceros, the skin of the tiger, parrots, birds of paradise, argus pheasants, and materials for mats, roof, baskets, and receptacles of various kinds. If he lives near the coast, he collects fish, fish maws, fish roes, slugs (trepang), seaweed (agaragar), tortoiseshell, rare corals and mother of pearl, To the eastward, great fishing voyages are annually made to the shores of Australia for trepang. In many parts, pepper, coffee, or betelnut, to a large, and tobacco, ginger, and other articles, to a considerable, extent, are cultivated. Where the hirundo esculenta is found, the rocks are clomb and the caves explored for its costly edible nest. In different parts of the Archipelago the soil is dug for tin, antimony, iron, gold or diamonds, The more civilized nations make cloths and weapons, not only for their own use but for exportation. The traders, including the Rajahs, purchase the commodities which we have mentioned, dispose of them to. the European, Chinese, Arab, or Kling navigator, who visits their shores, or send them in their own vessels to the markets of Sin-


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 gapore, Batavia, Samarang, Manila, and Macassar. In these are gathered all the products of the Archipelago, whether such as the native inhabitants procure by their unassisted industry, or such as demand the skill and capital of the European or Chinese for their cultivation er manufacture; and amongst the latter, nutmegs, cloves, sugar, indigo, sage, gambier, tea, and the partially cultivated cinnamon and cotton. To these busy marts, the vessels of the first maritime people of the Archipelago, the Bugis, and those of many Malayan communities, bring the produce of their own countries, and that which they have collected from neighbouring lands, or from the wild tribes, to furnish cargoes for the ships of Europe, America, Arabia, India, Siam, China, and Australia. To the bazar of the Eastern Seas, commerce brings representatives of every industrious nation of the Archipelago, and of every maritime people in the civilized world.

Although, therefore, cultivation has made comparatively little impression on the vast natural vegetation, and the inhabitants are devoid of that unremitting laboriousness which distinguishes the Chinese and European, the Archipelago, in its industrial aspect, presents an animated and varied scene. The industry of man, when civilization or over population has not destroyed the natural balance of life, must ever be the complement of the bounty of nature. The inhabitant of the Archipelago is as energetic and laborious as nature requires him to he; and he does not convert the world into a workshop, as the Chinese, and the Kling immigrants do, because his world is not, like theirs, darkened with the pressure of crowded population and over competition, nor is his desire to accumulate wealth excited and goaded by the contrast of splendour and luxury on the one hand, and penury on the other, by the pride and assumptions of wealth and station, and the humiliations of poverty and dependence.

While in the volcanic soils of Java, Menangkabau and Celebes, and many other parts of the Archipelago, population has increased, an industry suited to the locality and habits of each people prevails, and distinct civilizations, on the peculiar features of which we cannot touch, have been nurtured and developed; other islands, less favoured by nature, or under the influence of particular historical circumstances, have become the seats of great piratical communities, which periodically send forth large fleets to sweep the seas, and


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 lurk along the shores, of the Archipelago, despoiling the seafaring trader of the fruits of his industry and his personal liberty, and carrying off, from their very homes, the wives and children of the villagers. From the creeks and rivers of Borneo and Johore, from the numerous islands between Singapore and Banka, and from other parts of the Archipelago, piratical expeditions less formidable than those of the Lanuns of Sulu are year after year fitted out. No coast is so thickly peopled, and no harbour so well protected, as to be secure from all molestation, for, where open force would be useless, recourse is had to stealth and stratagem. Men have been kidnapped in broad day in the harbours of Pinang and Singapore. Several inhabitants of Province Wellesley who had been carried away from their houses through the harbour of Pinang and down the Straits of Malacca to the southward were recently discovered by the Dutch authorities living in a state of slavery and restored to their homes. But the ordinary abodes of the pirates themselves are not always at a distance from the European settlements. As the thug of Bengal is only known in his own village as a peaceful peasant, so the pirate, when not absent on an expedition, appears in the river, and along the shores and islands, of Singapore, as an honest boatman or fisherman.

When we turn from this brief review of the industry of she [sic] Archipelago, and its great internal enemy, to the personal and social condition of the inhabitants, we are struck by the mixture of simplicity and art, of rudeness and refinement, which characterises all the principal nations. No European has ever entered into free and kindly intercourse with them, without being much more impressed by their virtues than their faults. They contrast most favourably with the Chinese and the Klings tn their moral characters; and although they do not, like those pliant races, readily adapt themselves to the requirements of foreigners, in their proper sphere they are intelligent, shrewd, active, and, when need is, laborius [sic]. Comparing them even with general condition of many civilized nations of far higher pretensions, our estimate must be favourable. Their manners are distinguished by a mixture of caurtesy and freedom which is very attractive. Even the poorest while frank are well bred, and, excluding the communities that are corrupted by piracy or a mixture with European seamen and low Chinese and Klings, we


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 never see an impudent air, an insolent look, or any exhibition of immodesty, or hear coarse, abusive or indecent language. In their mutual intercourse they are respectful, and, while good humoured and open, habitually reflective and considerate. They are much given to amusements of various kinds, fond of music, poetry and romances, and in their common conversation addicted to sententions, remarks, proverbs, and metrical sentiments or allusions. To the first impression of the European, the inhabitants, like the vegetation and animals of the Archipelago, are altogether strange, because the characteristics in which they differ from those to which we are habituated, affect the senses more vividly than those in which they agree. For a time the colour, features, dress, manners and habits which we see and the languages which we hear, are those of a new world, But with the fresh charms, the exagegerated impressions also, of novelty, wear away; and then, retracing our steps, we wonder that people so widely separated from the nations of the west, both geographically and historically, and really differing so much in their outward aspect, should, in their more latent traits, so much resemble them. The nearer we come to the inner spirit of humanity, the more points of agreement appear, and this not merely in the possession of the universal attributes of human nature, but in specific habits, usages, and superstations.

What at first seems stranger still is, that when we seek the native of the Archipelago in the mountains of the interior, where he has lived for probably more than two thousand years secluded from all foreign influence, and where we expect to find all the differences at their maximum, we are sometimes astonished to find him approximating most closely of all to the European. In the Jakún, for instance, girded though his loins are with terap bark, and armed as he is with his sumpitan and poisoned arrows, we recognize the plain and clownish manners, and simple ideas of the uneducated peasant in the more secluded parts of European countries; and when he describes how, at his merry makings, his neighbours assemble, the arrack tampúí flows around, and the dance, in which both sexes mingle, is prolonged, till each seats himself on the ground with his partner on his knee and his bambu of arrack by the side, when the dance gives place to song, we are


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 forcibly reminded of free and jovial, if rude, manners of the lower rural classes, of the West. Freed from the repellant prejudices and artificial trappings of Hindu and Mahomedan civilization we see in the man of the Archipelago more that is akin than the reverse to unpolished man of Europe.

When we turn to the present political condition of the Archipelago, we are struck by the contrast which it presents to that which characterised it, three or four centuries ago. The mass of the people, it is true, in all their private relations, remain in nearly the same state in which they were found by the earliest European voyagers, and which they had existed for many centuries previously. But; as nations, they have withered in the presence of the uncongenial, greedy and relentless spirit of European policy, They have been subdued by the hard and determined will of Europeans, who, in general, have pursued the purposes for which they have come into the Archipelago without giving any sympathy to the inhabitants. The nomadic spirit, never extinguished during all the changes which they underwent, had made them adventurous and warlike when they rose into nations, But now, long overawed and restrained by the power of Europeans, the national habits of action have, in most parts of the Archipelago, been lost, or are only faintly maintained in the piratical expeditions of some. Their pride has fallen. Their living literature is gone with the power, the wars, and the glory, which inspired it The day has departed when Singapore could be invaded by Javanese,—when Johore could extend its dominion to Borneo on the one side, and Sumatra on the other,—when the fleets of Acheen and Malacca could encounter each other in the Straits to dispute the dominion of the Eastern Seas,—when the warrants of the Sultan of Menangkabaú were as potent over the Malayan nations as the bulls of Rome ever were over those of Christendom,—when a champion of Malacca could make his name be known all over the Archipelago,—and when the kings of the Peninsula sent their sons, escorted by celebrated warriors, to demand the daughter of the emperors of Majapahit in marriage. The Malayan princes of the present day, retaining all the feudal attachment and homage of their subjects, and finding no more honorable vent for the assertion of their freedom from restraint and the gratification of their self-will, have almost every where sunk into indolent debauchees and


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 greedy monopolists, and, incited by their own rapacity and that of the courtiers who surround them, drain and paralyse the industry of their people.

The foreign elements at present exercising, or likely toe exercise, great influence on the condition of the Archipelago, are the dominion of the Dutch and Spanish, the commerce and settlements of the English, the educational and missionary efforts of Christendom, the growth of large Chinese communities, and the continued influx of immigrants from China. It is probable, if England does not extend her influence, that the whole Archipelago, with the exception of the Malayan Peninsula (which is always considered a member of it,) the Philippines, and a small portion of Borneo, will, in no long time, become a portion of the Dutch empire; and if the humanizing and liberal influences which, we hope, are now modifying the character of the eastern policy of that nation, receive full effect, and Netherlands India come to he really looked upon as an integral part of Holland, its inhabitants being admitted to a full reciprocity of advantages with those of the European portion of the empire, there will be little to regret, and much to welcome, in the change. England in introducing freedom of trade, and in leaving the inhabitants of Her possessions, small as they are, to the unshackled exercise of their own industry, has set an example of rational government, which, if imitated in every European possession in the Archipelago, would do something to atone for past misgovernment and neglect. It is impossible to foresee how great the influence of the Chinese may become. Large as the Chinese population already is, and numerous as the annual immigrants from China are, they must, in the progress of the change which is working in China itself, greatly increase, and there can be little hazard in looking to the pressure of population in China, as one of the most momentous elements in the future history of the Archipelago.

Broken down as the more civilized and once powerful states are, till their governments, with hardly an exception, have lost all the energy and ambition to be useful, and retain only the power to be hurtful; divided as the greater proportion of the population of the Archipelago is, into separate tribes and communities too small to resist the domineering and exacting spirit of the more covetous,


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 bold and active Malays and Bugis who infest their coasts ; openly robbed and enslaved by their brother islanders; defrauded by the Chinese, King or Arab adventurer, whose superior activity and cunning, enable him to profit more by their industry than they do themselves: neglected by the European who seeks the same end by honest means, and, that attained, returns to bis native country and gives them no second thought; and without any active internal elements of advancement;—it is only by awakening an interest in Europe itself that the inhabitants of the Archipelago can hope for any amelioration. So long as they only know one place of European character,—the ardent, steady and inventive pursuit of gain,—the influence of Europe will remain, what it has hitherto proved, more prejudicial than beneficial. But let the deep human sympathy which dwells in England and overflows on so many sides, once effectually reach the people of this noble region of the worlds let England learn their many virtues, their mild and engaging manners, their freedom from intolerance, their docility, their aptitude for instruction; and let her but take seriously to heart the fact that on the seas where her flag has floated and her commerce largely profitted for two hundred and fifty years, the peaceful trader cannot at this day venture to embark without the risk of being slain or enslaved,—that from the destruction of all national power, in which her own policy aided, a few thousand pirates now keep the coasts of countries numbering millions of inhabitants in a state of insecurisy [sic],—and her energy and resources will soon work out the best means of suppressing these evils at once and for ever, and of implanting fresh and vigorous elements of more development in the now stagnant minds of the inhabitants. Without this we may continue for another hundred years to mingle in the trading communities of the Archipelago, without ever exercising any of that influence which our predecessors, the Hindus and the Mahomedans, exercised. But if we would seek to assimilate the natives of the Archipelago to those of Europe, and take them with us on our path of advancement, we must, like the Hindus and Mahomedans, begin by acquiring a thorough and familiar knowledge of them.

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 ends, than of the economist for his, to take every practicable measure for the improvement of the external condition of the natives of the Archipelago, We need not now suffer our minds to be disturbed by any misgivings as to the benefit derivable from European influence. In the first place, the influence hitherto has not been that of Europe in her noblest characteristics; or the lower and more selfish have so much predominated that they have not yet dreamt of Europe in her earnest devotion to the bettering of humanity, her pure and deep love of ail truth spiritual and physical, and her ever extending knowledge of the secret springs of nature. For, altough [sic] we fully appreciate the earnest and noble labours of the missionaries who are found in many of the islands, we cannot be blind to the fact. that their numbers and resources are, as yet, far too limited to make more than a slight impression an the great field which lies around them. In the second place we have no choice. We may deplore that same tribes, happy in their simplicity and guilelessness, should be roused from their repose of peace to pass through the turbulent period which separates man first awaking to a sense of new wants and setting out on his career of dissatisfaction and action, from man when civilization has thrown off its early vices and evils, and is bringing all human wants and desires into harmony. But we cannot, if we would, arrest the march of events; and as the necessities and enterprize of China and Europe are yearly more and more invading the recesses of the Archipelago, and the most secluded tribes must in a short time be brought within the circle of general economical intercourse, we must dismiss from our minds distrust and hesitation, and substitute in their place, the fact that this intercourse is now most extensive, will soon be universal, and is a mighty agent for good as well as for evil.

Unfortunately the Chinese, who are so rapidly spreading, can only corrupt and debase the natives. Living but for gain and merely physical enjoyment, and pursuing these objects with a combination of the most mature patience, laboriousness, duplicity, craft and often fraud, which is the more dangerous from the easy, open, plain and plausible manner with which it is accompanied, the Chinese flow into every opening which European powers effect whether by supplanting or weakening native governments. If every


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 step which European enterprize makes it thus followed by an accession of Chinese corruption, it is the more incumbent on Europe that she no longer stand aloof from the natives, and abandon them to the debasement of a civilization, purely industrial and sensual, to which she contributes to expose them.

It is time that England should see and be shocked by the effects of her past policy or absence of policy in the anarchy, degeneracy, oppressions and vices which largely prevail in many parts of the Archipelago. England would then learn by what a small effort, in comparison with those which she is daily making for objects of far inferior magnitude and moment, she might make herself known in her true character in the Archipelago, and speedily free the slave from his bonds; suppress the trade in men and its associate piracy; mitigate and eventually abolish the heavy monopolies and restraints which depress industry, and nourish oppression, fraud and corruption; and, having thus given to the people freedom in person, property and mind, lead them, through her sympathy and pity and their docility and gratitude, to a willing reception of the humanizing and elevating knowledge of christendom.


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 With a view to the first object, the papers of contributors will always have a preference. Next to these we shall most largely draw upon the foreign publications in the Archipelago. But as papers of interest relating to this region are sometimes published on the continent of Europe, and remain unknown to English readers, we shall also avail of them as opportunity may offer. For the accom- plishment of the second object, we shall, from time to time, republish papers that have already appeared in English, but may have had a limited or an entirely local circulation, or are no longer procurable. And we shall notice works and papers on the Archipelago and Eastern Asia publish- ed in England and America, partly with the same view, and partly to keep all our Eastern readers and contributors informed of every inportant [sic] accession made to our know- ledge of the field from which the Journal takes its glean- ings. To facilitate reference until a volume is complete, we shall with each number give an analytic table of con- tents, which will serve as the foundation of a full table of contents and index, to be issued, with a title page for the volume, at the end of each year.

Unless we adopt a quarterly issue, it will be impossible to give to each number that variety in its matter which might be agreeable to. many readers. But, for the reason stated in the Prospectus, and in order also to enable us to meet the wishes of contributors when early publication may be an object, we have resolved to commence with a monthly issue. We must therefore request our readers to bear in mind, that the nature of the work requires that it be judged not by a number, but by a volume. It may indeed sometimes. happen that we shall be obliged to occu- py a whole number with one article, and that on a subject. which many readers may not find interesting. But we have already besought their toleration of such chances in our Prospectus.


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The Index has been prepared under a conviction that the permanent value of a work like this depends greatly upon the facility with which the information which it contains can be referred to. Although the table of contents is unusually full, it is, from its nature, insofar defective that the reader cannot ascertain, at a glance, what information the volume contains on any particular subject. This defect is remedied by the Index, which will also be found of great utility for purposes of comparison. The ethnographical enquirer, for instance, desirous of comparing the customs of the different nations and tribes described as to marriage, burial, &c., is enabled by the Index to do so by reference to those heads. While our knowledge of the Archipelago remains, as at present, in its infancy, and we possess neither a general gazetteer, nor even the geography of any one island, and have no complete vocabulary of a single language, it appears expedient to introduce into the Index the names of places, plants, animals &c., occuring [sic] in the volume, and also those of men, offices, human arts &c., [sic] The Malayan names of Malayan objects are more familiar to local writers than any equivalents which could be found for them in their own language, and they are hence sometimes mentioned without any explanation. In such cases the Index will supply the omission.

For easier reference the matter of the Index has been divided into two parts. The first, under the title, contains 1st. an alphabetically arranged summary of the volume more minute than the table of contents, but refering [sic] to it when practicable, as under the heads Cochin China, Binua &c., where it seemed inexpediant to repeat the full analysis of the papers on those subjects given in the Contents, 2nd. a reference under the general titles,, , , , &c., to all the notices appertaining to cach of these divisions of knowledge. The title of the second part,, explains itself. In itself it will be found to possess considerable ethnological value by bringing together names of "persons, places and things" used by different tribes, and thus facilitating comparison.


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86 not what they have had to rejoice in, nor have they a disposition to rejoice, the ruin of their country has marred their mirth. Note, First, God can easily change the note of those that are most addicted to mirth and pleasure, can soon turn their laughter into mourning, and their joy into heaviness. Secondly, Joy in God is, upon this account, far better than the joy of harvest, that it is what we cannot be robbed of, Ps. iv. 6, 7. Destroy the vines and the fig-trees, and you make all the mirth of a carnal heart to cease, Hos. ii. 11, 12. But a gracious soul can rejoice in the Lord as the God of its salvation, even then when the fig-tree does not blossom, and there is no fruit in the vine, Hab. iii. 17, 18. In God therefore let us always rejoice with a holy triumph, and in other things let us always rejoice with a holy trembling, rejoice as though we rejoiced not.

2. The concurrence of the prophet with them in this sorrow; "I will with weeping bewail Jazer, and the vine of Sibmah, and look with a compassionate concern upon the desolations of such a pleasant country; I will water thee with my tears, O Heshbon, and mingle them with thy tears;" nay, (v. 11.) it appears to be an inward grief; My bowels shall sound like a harp for Moab; it should make such an impression upon him, that he should feel an inward trembling, like that of the strings of a harp when it is played upon. It well becomes God's prophets to acquaint themselves with grief; the great Prophet did so. The afflictions of the world, as well as those of the church, should be afflictions to us. See ch. xv. 5.

In the close of this chapter, we have,

(1.) The insufficiency of the gods of Moab, the false gods, to help them, v. 12. Moab shall be soon weary of the high-place, he shall spend his spirits and strength in vain in praying to his idols; they cannot help him, and he shall be convinced that they cannot. It is seen that it is to no purpose to expect any relief from the high-places on earth, it must come from above the hills. Men are generally so stupid, that they will not believe, till they are made to see, the vanity of idols and of all creature-confidences, nor will come off from them, till they are made weary of them. But when he is weary of his high-places, he will not go, as he should, to God's sanctuary, but to his sanctuary, to the temple of Chemosh, the principal idol of Moab; so it is generally understood; and he shall pray there to as little purpose, and as little to his own ease and satisfaction, as he did in his high-places; for, whatever honours idolaters do their idols, they do not thereby make them at all the better able to help them; whether they are the Dii majorum Gentium—Gods of the higher order, or minorum—of the lower order, they are alike the creatures of men's fancy, and the work of men's hands. Perhaps it may be meant of their coming to God's sanctuary: when they found they could have no succours from their high-places, some of them would come to the temple of God at Jerusalem, to pray there, but in vain; he will justly send them back to the gods whom they have served, Judg. x. 14.

(2.) The sufficiency of the God of Israel, the only true God, to make good what he had spoken against them.

[1.] The thing itself was long since determined; (v. 13.) This is the word, this is the thing, that the Lord has spoken concerning Moab, since the time that he began to be so proud and insolent, and abusive to God's people. The country was long ago doomed to ruin; this was enough to give an assurance of it, that it is the word which the Lord has spoken; and as he will never unsay what he has spoken, so all the power of hell and earth cannot gainsay it, or obstruct the execution of it.

[2.] Now it was made known when it should be done; the time was before fixed in the counsel of God, but now it was revealed, The Lord has spoken that it shall be within three years, v. 14. It is not for us to know, or covet to know, the times and the seasons, any further than God has thought fit to make them known; and so far we may and must take notice of them. See how God makes known. his mind by degrees; the light of divine revelation shone more and more, and so does the light of divine grace in the heart.

Observe, First, The sentence passed upon Moab; The glory of Moab shall be contemned; it shall be contemptible, when all those things they have gloried in, shall come to nothing. Such is the glory of this world, so fading and uncertain, admired awhile, but soon slighted. Let that therefore which will soon be contemptible in the eyes of others, be always contemptible in our eyes, in comparison with the far more exceeding weight of glory. It was the glory of Moab that their country was very populous, and their forces courageous, but where is her glory, when all that great multitude is in a manner swept away, some by one judgment, and some by another, and the little remnant that is left shall be very small and feeble, not able to bear up under their own griefs, much less to make head against their enemies' insults? Let not therefore the strong glory in their strength, nor the many in their numbers.

Secondly, The time fixed for the execution of this sentence; Within three years, as the years of a hireling, at the three years' end exactly; for a servant that is hired for a certain term keeps count to a day. Let Moab know that her ruin is very near, and prepare accordingly. Fair warning is given, and with it space to repent, which if they had improved as Nineveh did, we have reason to think, the judgments threatened had been prevented.

CHAP. XVII.

Syria and Ephraim were confederate against Judah, (ch. vii. 1, 2.) and they being so closely linked together in their counsels, this chapter, though it be entitled the burthen of Damascus, (which was the head city of Syria,) reads the doom of Israel too. I. The destruction of the strong cities both of Syria and Israel is here fore^i told, (v. 1..5.) and again, v. 9..11. II. In the midst of judgment mercy is remembered to Israel, and a precious promise made that a remnant should be preserved from the calamities, and should get good by them, v. 6..8. III. The overthrow of the Assyrian army before Jerusalem is pointed at, v. 12..14. In order of time, this chapter should he placed next after ch. ix. for the destruction of Damascus here foretold, happened in the reign of Ahaz, 2 Kings xvi. 9.

HE burden of Damascus. Behold, Damascus is taken away from being a city, and it shall be a ruinous heap. 2. The cities of Aroer are forsaken; they shall be for flocks which shall lie down, and none shall make them afraid. 3. The fortress shall also cease from Ephraim, and the kingdom from Damascus, and the remnant of Syria: they shall be as the glory of the children of Israel, saith the of hosts. 4. And in that day it shall come to pass, that the glory of Jacob shall be made thin, and. the fatness of his flesh shall wax lean. 5. And it shall be as when the harvest-man gathereth the corn, and reapeth the ears with his arm; and it shall be as he that gathereth ears in the valley of Rephaim.

We have here the burthen of Damascus; the


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 GUTTA PERCHA.

By THOMAS OXLEY, Esq., A. B.

Senior Surgeon of the Settlement of Prince of Wales’ Island, Singapore and Malacca.

Although the Trees yielding this substance abound in our in- digenous forests, it is only four years since if was discovered by Europeans. The first notice taken of it appears to have been by Dr, W. MONTGOMERIE in a letter to the Bengal Medical Board in the beginning of 1813, wherein he commends the substance as likely to prove useful for some surgical purposes, and sup- poses it to belong to the Fig tribe. In April 1843 the substance was taken to Europe by Dr. ALMEIDA who presented it to the Royal Society of Arts of London, but if did not at first attract much attention, as the Society simply acknowledged the receipt of the gift; whereas shortly after they thought proper to award a gold medal to Dr. W. MONTGOMORIE for a similar service. Now, as the discovery of both these Gentlemen rested pretty much upon the same foundation:—the accidental falling in which it in the hands to some Malays who had found out its greatest peculiarity,—and, avail- ing themselves thereof, manufactured it into whips which were brought into Town for sale: there docs not appear any plausible reason for the passing over the first and rewarding the second. Both gentle- men are richly to be commended for endeavouring to introduce of public notice. a substance which has proved so useful and interest- ing. The Gutta Percha having of late attracted much attention, and as yet but little being known er published about it, I would now propose to supply, to the best of my ability, this desideratum, and give a description of the Tree, its product and uses, so far as it has been made available far domestic and other purposes, in the place of its origin.

The Gutta Percha Tree, or Gutta Túban as it ought more pro- perly to he called,—the Percha producing a spurious article, —belongs to the Natural family Sapoteae, but differs so much from all describ- ed Genera, having alliance with both Achras and Bassia, but dif- fering in some essentials from both, that I am disposed to think it is entitled to rank as a new genus. I shall therefore endeavour to


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17 towards the apex. It is generally stated in text-books of physiology that the vagus is the sensory nerve of the heart. This, however, though apparently the case in frogs, in which the vagus and sympathetic nerves run throughout in the same sheath, is not the whole truth as regards man or even animals in general. For after section of both vagi in a cat, Goltz found that pinching, or otherwise irritating, the heart caused reflex movements of the whole body. Though, as has been already remarked, the afferent fibres of the visceral system have not been experimentally determined with the same precision as the efferent, there are many reasons for believing that they are connected with the same spinal segments. This is borne out by Head's brilliant work on the relations between visceral disease and cutaneous pain. Pursuing Ross's hypothesis that the viscera receive their sensory fibres from the same segments of the spinal cord as those from which the somatic sensory roots

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 arise along which the pain is referred, he has succeeded in mapping out with marvellous definition the segmental relations of the sensory nerves of the various viscera. From these it appears that painful conditions of the heart refer not only into the regions connected with the vagi, but also into those of the upper dorsal segments whence the heart also receives its chief motor supply. The sensory nerves of the heart, therefore, lie not only in the vagus, but also in the rami communicantes of the upper dorsal nerves. What is the respective origin of these nerves in the heart is not as yet certain, but the recent investigations of Koster indicate that the depressor nerve, the afferent nerve of the heart, par excellence, is in reality the sensory nerve of the aorta and not of the heart itself. The centres, both of the cardiac inhibitors and accelerators and augmentors are situated in the medulla oblongata—not in the cerebellum, as Willis supposed—the former in the vagal nucleus, where a pin-prick will arrest the heart, the latter in a point not yet accurately determined.

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 These cardiac centres are in a more or less continuous state of so-called automatic activity, which is capable of being exalted, depressed, or otherwise modified by impulses proceeding from the heart itself and blood-vessels, from the somatic and splanchnic periphery as well as from the higher regions of thought and feeling.

We have, as a rule, no direct voluntary control over the heart's action—perhaps a wise provision of Nature against the temptation to try foolish and dangerous experiments. Cases, however, are on record in which, apparently hy voluntary effort, the action of the heart has been inhibited or rendered almost imperceptible. The best authenticated instance of this kind is that of Colonel Townsend (related by Cheyne in his "English Malady," 1733), who was able at will to throw himself into such a state of suspended animation that his heart and breathing ceased to be appreciable by ordinary tests. More wonderful things have been related of the Indian fakirs. We do not as yet know the real mechanism of this voluntary hybernation, but Ed. Weber proved on himself that the action of the heart can be reduced ad

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 deliquium animi by voluntary compression of the chest and forcible expiration with the glottis closed. This exerts such pressure on the great veins as completely to obstruct the flow of blood through the heart and to cause it to stop for several beats. Some of the cases of apparently direct voluntary control over the heart's action may be, therefore, accounted for through the medium of the respiratory mechanism; but there are others in which the rate of the heart has been capable of acceleration at will, independently of the respiration and without calling up special ideas. In all such instances there has been also unusual power over the voluntary muscles.

Like the heart, the calibre of the blood-vessels is regulated by mutually antagonistic sets of nerves—the vaso-constrictors (vaso-motor) and the vaso-dilators (vaso-inhibitory). That the lumen of the blood-vessels was subject to variation under the influence of the nervous system was postulated long before it was actually demonstrated. The credit of this prevision has been assigned to various writers.

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 Harvey, as we have seen, intended to discuss the subject in his "Medical Observations." The philosopher Malebranche is said to have propounded a vaso-motor theory of emotional expression according to which the flow of vital spirits to the brain and the organs was regulated by a special system of nerves. But Willis appears to have first actually demonstrated the nerves of the blood-vessels and to have indicated their true function; for he describes nerves from the cardiac and abdominal plexuses as accompanying the blood-vessels, which he graphically likens to twigs of ivy embracing and surrounding their trunks and branches. Of their function, in speaking of the solar plexus, he says:—

"That from this plexus many fibres and shoots going forth are inserted into the Trunk of the Aorta nigh its descending, and that these reaching towards the intestines accompany the Blood-carrying vessels, and in several places climb over them; from hence it may be inferred that nerves also in the Abdomen are like Bridles and Reins cast on the sanguiferous Vessels, which, either by straining or pulling them together, may

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 sometimes retard, sometimes incite the course of the blood according to the needs of the lower Viscera."

The tightening or relaxation of the grip of the vaso-motor nerves on the blood-vessels, imagined by Willis, was shown by the discovery of Henle, in 1840, of the muscular nature of the middle coat of the arteries to be a contraction or relaxation of the walls of the blood-vessels themselves. But the actual proof of the action of the vaso-motor nerves was first given in 1851 by Claude Bernard, in the well-known dilatation of the vessels of the rabbit's ear on section of the cervical sympathetic, followed almost immediately by the demonstration of the converse results on electrical stimulation of the distal end of the cut nerve by Bernard himself, Brown-Sequard, and Waller. Similar phenomena were speedily proved to obtain in reference to the vessels of the abdomen, the limbs, and most of the organs of the body. The blood-vessels are normally in a state of tone or semi-contrac-

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 tion, which is kept up mainly by the nervous system. The centre which governs the calibre of the blood-vessels is situated in the pons-medulla, probably in the group of cells known as the antero-lateral nucleus—the homologue of the cells of the intermedio-lateral tract of the spinal cord (Gaskell). Hence on section of the cord below this point there is extensive vaso-dilatation, with an enormous fall in the blood pressure. But though this is the chief centre of vaso-motor regulation, there is evidence that there are also subsidiary centres in the cord itself For, after section below the medulla oblongata, the vessels after a time regain a considerable amount of tone, and reflex alterations in their calibre can be elicited by appropriate stimuli. The blood-vessels also possess an intrinsic activity similar to that of the heart itself, and exhibit slow rhythmical variations in calibre; and the recent experiments of Bayliss prove that they respond to mechanical variations in internal pressure — constricting or relaxing, with a rise or fall respectively. The antagonistic nerves, the vaso-dilators, the homologues of the cardiac

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 inhibitors, indicated by Schiff, were first clearly demonstrated by Bernard in 1858, in the chorda tympani. (Electrical irritation of the branch of this nerve distributed to the sub-maxillary gland was found to cause such a degree of vascular dilatation that the blood flowed from the veins in jets and arterial in hue — a condition entirely independent of the function of the gland as such, inasmuch as it occurs with the same distinctness when the function of the salivary gland has been paralysed by atropine. The phenomenon is a pure instance of vaso-dilatation.)

Bernard's discovery of the vaso-dilators of the chorda tympani was followed in 1863 by that of Eckhard of the vaso-dilator action of the nervi erigentes, and the existence of a special set of vaso-dilators running in separate channels from the constrictors was thus conclusively established. Subsequent researches have shown that vaso-dilators exist also in other nerves, which at first sight appear to contain only vaso-constrictors. Their presence, however, is only masked by the greater number

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 and greater excitability of the constrictors, but when special methods of stimulation are employed, the action of the vaso-dilators is made clearly manifest. All the organs supplied with vaso-constrictors are furnished also with vaso-dilators, but the proportion differs, and in some organs, such as the brain and lungs, it is still a question whether there are any vaso-motor nerves at all. In reference to the lungs, in which Bradford and Dean, as well as Francois Franck, claim to have demonstrated the existence of vaso-motor nerves, the recent experiments of Brodie and Dixon are of special importance and significance. They found that no change in the calibre of the pulmonary arterioles could be produced by direct stimulation of any of the fibres proceeding to, or emanating from, the stellate ganglion. Further, when the lungs were perfused with blood containing suprarenal extract, which, as has been shown by Schafer and Oliver, usually causes constriction of the

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26 blood-vessels, no such results occurred in the pulmonary blood-vessels but rather the reverse. This led to the discovery that when the arterioles of organs, otherwise occluded by suprarenal extract, have had their vaso-motor nerves previously paralysed by apocodeine or cocaine, perfusion with suprarenal extract causes dilatation instead of constriction. That this result is not due to paralysis of the muscles of the arterioles is proved by perfusion with chloride of barium, which causes intense constriction and complete stoppage of the outflow. These experiments show, therefore, that supra-renal extract acts by stimulating the nerve-endings of vaso-constrictor nerves, and that there is no evidence of such in the pulmonary blood-vessels.

Generally, it may be said that those organs in which it is necessary for occasional purposes to have an active flow of blood, such as the salivary glands, kidney, and generative organs, are specially provided with vaso-dilators, which sometimes run in separate channels. The centres of the vaso-dilator nerves have not been determined with the same precision as those of the constrictors. It is probable that

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27 they are related to the segments of the cord, from which they respectively arise. This at least is true of the nervi erigentes, for when the cord is divided above their origin their function can be excited or inhibited reflexly just as in normal conditions (Goltz). Vaso-dilatation is not, however, always an active effect, but sometimes only a cessation of normal tone; and there is one afferent nerve, the laction of which is always vaso-dilatation. This—the depressor, discovered by Ludwig and Cyon in 1866—plays a very important role in the regulation of the circulation. It is one of the afferent or sensory nerves of the heart, arising either in the heart itself, or, according to the researches of Koster mentioned above, at the base of the aorta. Stimulation of this nerve, arising normally from states of tension, inhibits the action of the vaso-motor centre and causes intense dilatation, more particularly of the abdominal system of blood-vessels. It is by the interdependence of the cardiac and vaso-motor nerve mechanisms, and the manifold ento- and epiperipherical stimuli by which they are influenced, that the heart is protected from undue strain; that great and prolonged varia-

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28 tions in the differential pressure between the arteries and veins are obviated or compensated; and that each organ obtains its due measure of blood in accordance with the calls made upon it. We cannot doubt that the cardiac and vascular reflexes are essentially of a protective nature, like reflex actions in general. But though the teleological significance of many of these is obvious, the usefulness of others is still involved in obscurity. We can readily understand why, as Marey has beautifully demonstrated, the heart should be inhibited when the resistance in front is too great for it to contend with safely; and why, under similar conditions, impulses should be conveyed by the depressor nerve, which diminish the resistance by dilating the great vascular area of the abdomen. In this we have an instance of the protective action of the vascular and cardiac reflexes on the heart itself. On the other hand, the vagus may be called into play with the view of protecting other organs, especially the brain, from undue pressure and congestion. Great rise of intracranial pressure causes slowing of the heart. This is brought about by direct action on the

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 medulla itself. For, as Franck has shown, when the brain is isolated from the rest of the body, with the exception of one vagus, injection of blood into the carotid causes the heart to beat faster or slower according to the degree of pressure exerted. And it has been argued by Roy and Adami that in this we have a protective against cerebral congestion, inasmuch as the slowing of the heart from increased intracranial tension is brought about by action on the medullary centres and not from within the heart itself. The protective mechanism of cardiac acceleration is exemplified in the increased rapidity of the heart, which is excited by conditions which tend to lower the pressure in the bulbar centres—such as change from the horizontal to the vertical posture, and under all conditions which lead to dilatation of any large vascular area.

All organs in a state of activity are able, either by local action on the blood-vessels or by reflex vaso-dilatation, to secure an increased flow of blood. If the vascular area thus dilated is at all extensive the lowering of blood pres-

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96 Mel-lif'-lu-ent, melodious.

Mel-e-co-ton', a quince.

Men-dac'-i-ty, lying or falsehood.

Men-da'-cious, lying.

Mense, decency, manners.

Mense'-ful, mannerly.

Men'-sal, relating to the table.

Men-tal'-i-ty, mental quality.

Mer-can-tan-tes', trade.

Mer-ca'-ture, traffic.

Mére, a lake.

Merge, to be sunk or lost.

Me-rid-i-o-nal, relating to noon.

Me'-tics, sojourners.

Me-tic'-u-lous, timid.

Met-o-pos'-co-py, the study of physiognomy.

Mē-ter-less, immeasurable.

Mī-cro-cosm, the body, a little world.

Mich-er, a thief.

Mill-e-na'-ry, relating to a thousand.

Mi-mê-sis, an imitation of another speaker's manners.

Min-o-rate', to lessen.

Min-o-ra'-tion, the act of decreasing.

Mi'-nus, less.

Mis-an'-thro-pos, a hater of mankind.

Mi'-ni-ment, proof.

Mis-an'-thro-py,hatred of mankind.

Mis'-cre-ance, unbelief, false faith.

Mis-og'-a-mist, a hater of marriage.

Mis-og'-y-ny, a hatred of women.

Mis'-sile, a thing sent.

Mo-bil'-i-ty, activity.

Mõd'-der, a wench.

Mõ-do, manner.

Mõe, a wry mouth.


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53 medulla oblong-ata. We can, however, scarcely expect by artificial methods to reproduce the conditions underlying any particular emotion, and no one has yet succeeded in imitating, either by reflex or central stimulation, the blush so characteristic of the emotions of modesty or shame. But further to discuss these and kindred topics would lead me far beyond the limits of an occasion such as this.

My object has been to present to you a concise sketch of some of the principal relations of the heart to the nervous system which we have learnt since the time of the immortal Harvey. I have left many problems untouched, and as to those on which I have ventured I have, I fear, succeeded only in indicating how much is still hypothetical and uncertain. Doubtless some Harveian orator of the future, if he takes up the same theme, will be able to expound it more luminously in the light of fuller and riper knowledge. This will surely come if only we follow in the foot-steps of our great master, and obey his wise injunction to " search out Nature by way of experiment."

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 and the desert. All sportsmen know the contrary, and a child has put a tiger to flight by suddenly throwing a basket in the face of the beast. Had the child run away, its death was probable, whereas it saved the life of an old man already in the tiger's clutches, and yet the child's action was not the result of courage but of fear.

This Malay woman, in whom the love of life was strong, and on whose nerves the horror and certainty of what awaited her must have had a terrifying effect, deliberately renounced safety, with that higher resolve which, vanquishing fear, faces the unknown in the spirit described by the Persian who, writing eight centuries ago, has found so worthy an interpreter in the author of the lines—

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 from wide-open or half-closed lids deeply shaded by long black lashes. Her nose was small, straight, and well cut, and the curved smiling lips disclosed teeth of perfect shape and singular whiteness. In either cheek a dimple, lĕsong mâti, as the Malays call it, the dimple which so fascinates the beholder that it will lure him even unto death. Her jet-black hair, fringing the forehead in an oval frame, was drawn straight back over the well-shaped head and fastened in a simple knot with four ruby-studded hairpins; the heads firmly fixed against one side of the coil, while the golden points protruded for an inch or more beyond the other.

Her dress was that worn by all ladies of rank, and usually consisted of a silk skirt of softly-blended colours reaching to the ankles and fastened at the waist by a belt with a large golden buckle. The only other garment was a satin jacket of some dark colour on which were stitched cunningly- wrought designs of beaten gold. This jacket had a tight collar, and the close-fitting sleeves were fastened by a long row of jewelled buttons reaching almost from wrist to elbow; it was loose at the waist and just covered the belt. Tiny heelless shoes, embroidered with gold and silver thread, completed the attire.

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 anticipations. That, too, if I suggested it, he would overcome and disregard. He has the most amazing power of resistance to uncongenial ideas; amazing, that is, to me. He hates the idea of meeting his double, and consequently so soon as I cease to speak of that, with scarcely an effort of his will, it fades again from his mind.

Down below in the gardens two children pursue one another, and one, near caught, screams aloud and rouses me from my reverie.

I follow their little butterfly antics until they vanish beyond a thicket of flowering rhododendra, and then my eyes go back to the great façade of the University buildings.

But I am in no mood to criticise architecture.

Why should a modern Utopia insist upon slipping out of the hands of its creator and becoming the background of a personal drama—of such a silly little drama?

The botanist will not see Utopia in any other way. He tests it entirely by its reaction upon the individual persons and things he knows; he dislikes it because he suspects it of wanting to lethal-chamber his aunt's "dear old doggie," and now he is reconciled to it because a certain "Mary" looks much younger and better here than she did on earth. And here am I, near fallen into the same way of dealing!

We agreed to purge this State and all the people in it of traditions, associations, bias, laws, and artificial entanglements, and begin anew; but we have no power to liberate ourselves. Our past, even its accidents, its accidents above all, and ourselves, are one.


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 moments when she slowly wended her way from house to river and back again.

Meanwhile, Maimûnah, suffering from the spretæ injuria formæ and chafing under the monotony of existence, had heard all about the arrival of Slêman and readily listened to the tales of his valorous deeds. Soon she began to look for him, and as he was ever watching for her coming it was not long before their eyes met. He pleased her, and, when she saw in his face the admiration he had no desire to conceal, she would drop the covering that hid all but her eyes, and what he then beheld only increased his passion.

Malay ladies are adepts in speaking the language of the eyes, the chances of verbal speech are but few, and so carefully is this art cultivated, so thoroughly understood, that principals and witnesses never fail to rightly interpret the signs.

Slêman and Maimunah had already mutually declared themselves without the exchange of a syllable, and it was with perfect confidence that Slêman sought a closer intimacy by the friendly aid of a messenger.

Iskander was too much engaged with his opium and his latest favourite, too generally satisfied with himself, to notice what was going on. Had he

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Rh

(2) Any reference in any enactment, instrument or document to the Data Protection Tribunal shall be construed, in relation to any time after the commencement of section 18(2), as a reference to the Information Tribunal.

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