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nearer Hatteras approached the Strait, the more his anxiety increased. He felt the fate of his voyage was about to be decided, for though he had outstripped all his predecessors up to this time, as even McClintock, the most fortunate of them, had taker fifteen months to reach the same place, it mattered little, indeed nothing, if he could not succeed in getting through Bellot's Strait.

He would trust the look-out to no one, but went up to the "crow's-nest" himself, and stayed there the greater part of Saturday morning.

The crew understood perfectly their critical position, and preserved an unbroken silence. The engine had slackened speed, and the brig kept to the shore as closely as possible; but it needed a practiced eye to discover the least opening among those close packs.

Hatteras was comparing his charts and the coast. The sun broke out for a brief instant before noon, and Shandon and Wall managed to take a pretty correct observation, which they reported aloud to Hatteras.

It was a trying morning for all; but at last, about two o'clock, a cry resounded from the mast-head:

"To the west, and put on steam!"

The brig instantly obeyed. She turned her prow in the given direction, and rushed forward between two ice-streams.

The entrance was found, and Hatteras gave up his post to the ice-master, and came down on the poop.

"Well, captain," said the Doctor, "we have actually entered this famous strait at last."

"Yes," replied Hatteras, lowering his voice, "but it is not enough to enter, we have to get out again."

Without another word he turned, and walked off to his cabin.

"He is right," said the Doctor, "for we are in a mousetrap, without much room to do anything; and if we are blocked in for the winter, well, we are not the first that have got into this same fix, and they got out, so I suppose we shall!"

The Doctor was right. It was in that very place that McClintock wintered in 1858, and the little dock was then


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 passing between tall bushes and then between projecting slopes, so that from below one could see up only a very short distance. But now there suddenly appeared something alive on the slopes above, in every place where the narrow path could be seen, and louder and nearer sounded the singing.

“See, see, Aunt, there! Here! See there! See there!” exclaimed Paula with great delight, and before the aunt was aware of it, three, four goats came bounding down, and more and more of them, each wearing around the neck a little bell so that the sound came from every direction. In the midst of the flock came the goat-boy leaping along, and singing his song to the very end:

Then he sounded a frightful yodel and immediately with his flock stood right before the ladies, for with his bare feet he leaped as nimbly and lightly as his little goats.

“I wish you good evening!” he said as he looked gayly at the two ladies, and would have continued on his way. But the goat-boy with the merry eyes pleased the ladies.

“Wait a minute,” said Paula. “Are you the

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274*

Bartos̄, F.M., "Chelc̄icky̍ a Rokycana," (Chelc̄icky̍ and Rokycana),, vol. XLVIII. Prague.

, "K datova̍ni̍ Chelc̄icke̍ho Si̍ti vi̍ry a trakta̍tu O s̄elmē a obrazu jeji̍m," (Concerning the Dating of Chelc̄icky̍'s Net of Faith and his Tract About the Beast and Its Image),, (Czech Historical Review), vol.XX, pp.77–80. Prague.

, (Who Was Peter Chelc̄icky̍?). Reprint from the, (South-Bohemian Historical Review), Ta̍bor: 1946.

, "K poc̄a̍tkūm Petra Chelc̄icke̍ho," (Inquiry Into the Beginnings of Peter Chelc̄icky̍),, (Review of the Museum of Bohemia). Prague: 1914.

Blahoslav, Jan,, (About the Origin of the Unity of Brethren and Its Order), edited by Otakar Odloz̄ili̍k, Prague: Reichel, 1928.

Cedlová, M., "Na̍boz̄enske̍ na̍zory Petra Chelc̄icke̍ho a bratra R̄ehor̄e," (The Religious Ideas of Peter Chelc̄icky̍ and Brother Gregory). , vol.CVI.

C̄erny̍, K., "Ze spisū Chelc̄icke̍ho," (Chelc̄icky̍'s Writings),, (Philological Review), vol. XXV.

Chaloupecky̍, Va̍clav, "S̄ti̍tny̍ a Chelc̄icky̍," (S̄ti̍tny̍ and Chelc̄icky̍). , vol.38. Brno: 1914.

Goll, J., ., (Chelc̄icky̍ and the Unity in the 15th Century). Kamil Krofta, editor. Prague: Historicky̍ klub Klementinum, 1916.

, "Petr Chelc̄icky̍ a spisy jeho," (Petr Chelc̄icky̍ and His Writings). , Prague: 1881.

Ha̍jek, Viktor, "Chelc̄icky̍ nebo Luther," (Chelc̄icky̍ or Luther),, Prague: 1928.

, "Co uc̄il Petr Chelc̄icky̍ o kr̄tu?" (What Did Chelc̄icky̍ Teach About Baptism?). Kalich, vol.XIII. Prague.

Kli̍ma, St., "Petr Chelc̄icky̍,", vol.VI. Prague.

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 in sight where he found shelter, and which he called Port Kennedy.

Bellot's Strait is about a mile wide and seventeen long, with a current running from six to seven knots. It is encased in mountains calculated at 1600 feet high. The Forward had to proceed cautiously, but still she made progress. Storms are frequent in such a narrow space, and the brig did not escape heavy seas and strong squalls of wind. In spite of every precaution taken by the captain in reefing and lowering masts and sails, it was a fatiguing strain on the ship. It was impossible almost to stand on deck, and most of the men studied their own comfort, and went off, leaving Hatteras with Shandon and Johnson. The little Doctor did not feel any more inclination than the sailors to brave the snow and rain, but, acting on his old rule, always to do that which is most disagreeable to him, he went up to bear the others company; and since he could not hear himself speak, and even barely see himself, he was obliged to keep his reflections for his own benefit.

He found Hatteras trying to pierce through the curtain of fog before him, for, according to his reckoning, they ought to have come to the end of the strait by six o'clock; but no outlet was visible, and the only thing that could be done was to anchor the ship fast to an iceberg, and wait till morning.

It was fearful weather; every instant it seemed as if the Forward would snap her chains, and there was great danger of the iceberg itself giving way beneath the violence of the west wind, and drifting along, ship and all. The officers were on the qui vive the whole night, and felt the gravest apprehensions. There was not only a perfect waterspout of snow, but showers of hail lashed up by the hurricane from the ice-fields; the whole atmosphere was, as it were, bristling with sharp arrows.

Strangely enough, there was a great rise in the temperature during this fearful night. The thermometer stood at 57°, and the Doctor, to his great surprise, thought he saw several flashes of lightning in the south, followed by very distant thunder.

About five in the morning, the weather changed again with astonishing rapidity, and the thermometer fell to freezing point. The wind veered north, and became calm. The


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 western opening of the strait was now visible enough, but it looked entirely blocked up. Hatteras almost doubted whether it had ever been the opening.

However, the brig got under way again, and glided slowly along between the ice-streams, crushing the edges of the packs against her side timbers. The packs were still six to eight feet thick, and the utmost care was necessary to avoid coming into collision with any of them.

At noon, and for the first time, a magnificent solar phenomenon was observed, a halo with two parhelia. The Doctor took the exact dimensions: the outer corona was only visible for about 30° on each side of the horizontal diameter. The two images of the sun were remarkably distinct. The colors of both the arches were red nearest the sun, and then yellow, green, and very pale blue, fading into white outside.

Old sailors in the Arctic seas generally consider this phenomenon the presage of a heavy snowfall. Should their opinion prove correct, it would place the Forward in a still more awkward position. Hatteras felt that everything depended on getting forward without delay. He spent the remainder of the day and the whole of the night following on deck, without allowing himself a moment's rest, seeking for some practicable lead.

But next morning, when the Doctor joined him on the poop, he beckoned him right away to the after part of the ship, where they were quite out of ear-shot, and said:

"We are caught! It is impossible to get any farther."

"Impossible?" asked the Doctor.

"Yes, impossible! All the powder in the Forward would not gain a quarter of a mile for us."

"What's to be done, then?"

"Who knows? Confound this weather. It is an ill-omened year.

"Well, captain, if we must winter here, we must—that's all! As well here as anywhere else."

"True enough!" said Hatteras, in a low voice; "but we must not winter, especially in the month of June. Wintering at all is full of moral and physical danger. A crew soon becomes enervated by inactivity, combined with positive suffering, and I had made up my mind not to winter till we were in a much more northerly latitude."


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xii In conclusion I cannot omit to put on record the part that my wife, Hannah Waller Atkinson, has taken in the work of translation and editing. I may best describe it by saying that it ought perhaps to have been recorded on the title page instead of in this place. C F A.

January, 1926

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 "But Fate decreed that Baffin's Bay should be closed."

"Ay! and it could open for others—for that American!" exclaimed Hatteras, angrily.

"Come, Hatteras," said the Doctor; "this is only the 5th of June. Don't let us despair. A sudden opening may occur. You know the tendency of the ice to separate, even in calm weather. Perhaps in less than an hour there may be a free outlet."

"I wish it may be so, we would soon get through it, and once outside this strait we may be able to go north again by Peel's Strait, or the McClintock Channel. Then we"

"Captain," said James Wall, interrupting him suddenly, "our rudder runs the risk of being torn away by the packs."

"Well, it must take its chance; I cannot have it removed. I wish to be ready at any hour, both day and night. See that it is protected as much as possible, Mr. Wall, by avoiding coming into contact with the ice; but let it remain in its place, remember."

"But" said Wall.

"I wish for no remarks, sir!" said Hatteras, sternly. "Go."

Wall returned to his post, and Hatteras exclaimed passionately:

"Oh! I would give five years of my life to find myself at the north. I know no passage that is more dangerous than this, and to increase the difficulty, now that we are getting near the magnetic pole, the compass there is not acting properly, the needle seems getting lazy or foolish, for it is constantly shifting its direction."

"I must confess it is perilous navigation now; but after all, everyone who joined the expedition knew the dangers he had to expect, so he needn't be surprised."

"Ah, Doctor, my crew are very much changed, and, as you have just heard, the officers begin to set up their opinion. The pecuniary advantages offered to the sailors made them engage in the service; but the worst of it is, when men join like that, all they care for is to get home again, and be paid as quickly as possible. Then, too, I am not seconded by my officers as I ought to be, Doctor. If I fail in my undertaking it will not be the fault of such and such a sailor, but through the ill-will of certain officers. Ah, won't I make them pay dearly for it!"


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 "Hatteras, you are exaggerating."

"I am not exaggerating in the least. Do you believe the sailors are sorry we cannot get north? On the contrary, they rejoice in my difficulties, thinking I shall be forced to relinquish my project. That is the secret of our hearing no grumbling just now. As long as the Forward has her beak head to the south, they are all ready enough to work. The fools! They fancy they are always nearer England! But if I succeed in getting north, you will see things change. However, I swear that not a single human being will make me go out of my track. Let me only find the smallest opening to get my brig through, and in she'll go, even if she has to leave her copper bottom behind her."

The captain was destined to get his wishes partially realized, for in the course of the evening, as the Doctor had said, there was a sudden changechange. [sic] The ice-fields cracked and opened, and the Forward boldly dashed in between them, crushing the loose ice with her metal prow. She went without stopping all night, and next morning, about six o'clock, got outside the strait.

But what was the captain's secret vexation to find the way to the north still obstinately shut against him. He had sufficient self-command to conceal his despair, and as if the only route open had been the very one he preferred, he sailed down Franklin's Strait; not being able to get north by Peel's Strait, he determined to go round the point and up the McClintock Channel. But he felt that Shandon and Wall were not deceived; they well understood his bitter disappointment.

For thirty-six hours the Forward followed the windings of the Coast of Boothia, without getting near Prince of Wales Island. Hatteras raised the steam, burning away the coals in prodigal fashion, always hoping to replenish his store at Isle Beechey. On Thursday he reached the extremity of Franklin's Strait, and again found the route to the north barred against him.

His situation was hopeless now. He could not even go back, for the heavy packs were pushing him continually forward, and what had been open water but an hour before when the brig passed through, was now solid ice.

It was a terrible predicament for the Forward, for she could not get north, and yet dared not stop for fear of a


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 crush. All that she could do was to flee as if before a storm.

On Friday, the 8th June, he arrived at the mouth of James Ross's Strait, one which he must avoid at any cost, for it had no outlet except to the west, right on the American coast. The longitude here was found to be 90° 46' 45", and the latitude 70° 5' 17". On referring to the map the Doctor discovered they had reached the magnetic pole, for this was the very part where it had been discovered by James Ross.

The shore near the coast was flat, rising in the background about a mile from the sea to a height of about sixty feet.

Finding that the boiler needed to be cleaned, the captain anchored his brig to the ice, and allowed the Doctor and Johnson to go ashore. As for himself, he felt no interest in anything that was not immediately connected with his projects, and only cared to shut himself up in his cabin and pore over his charts.

The Doctor and his companion were soon on land, carrying a compass with them for their experiments. The Doctor wished to test for himself the accuracy of James Ross's observations. He easily discerned the heap of chalk stones he had set up, and on hastening towards it, perceived through an opening the identical tin case in which he had deposited a minute account of his discovery. Not a single human being seemed to have visited this dreary coast for thirty long years!

If a magnetized needle is suspended here as delicately as possible, it will immediately assume an almost vertical position under the magnetic influence. The center of attraction then, if not exactly below the needle, must be but a very short distance off.

The Doctor made his experiments with the utmost care, and was more successful than even James Ross, who could never get a higher declination for his vertical needle than 89° 59', owing to the imperfection of his instruments, while Dr. Clawbonny had the extreme satisfaction of seeing his needle indicate a declination of exactly 90°.

"This, then," he said, tapping the ground with his foot, "is the actual magnetic pole of our globe."

"Is it just here?" asked Johnson.

"In this precise spot."


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632 tary or geminate spikes. Male flowers: Numerous, usually closely placed. Perianth small, 4-partite; segments broad, obtuse, concave, imbricate. Stamens 4; filaments inflexed in bud; anthers didymous, 2-celled. Rudimentary ovary turbinate. Female flowers: Few and lax, or numerous and dense. Perianth very small, 4-partite; segments unequal, closely imbricate. Ovary straight, sessile, exserted, 1-celled; style deeply 2-partite; ovule solitary, pendulous. Fruit drupaceous, seated on the slightly enlarged persistent perianth, globose or ovoid, tipped by the short style; exocarp thin, fleshy; endocarp crustaceous. Seed subglobose; albumen scanty; cotyledons broad, foliaceous, conduplicate.

1. P. heterophylla, ''Bl. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat.'' ii. 81.—A tree 15–40 ft. high, with a trunk 9–24 in. diam.; bark grey or almost white, rough with raised lenticels; branches numerous, crowded, glabrous or pubescent; those of young plants long and slender, flexuous, often interlaced, pubescent or setose at the tips, bark dark-brown. Leaves of young plants remote, ⅓–¾ in. long, broadly obovate to oblong-obovate, acute or obtuse, cuneate at the base, rather membranous, glabrous or pubescent, serrate, often irregularly lobed or almost pinnatifid; of mature trees ⅓–1½ in. long, oblong-ovate or oblong-obovate to elliptic, obtuse or acute, crenate or crenate-dentate, coriaceous, dark-green, prominently reticulate. Male spikes ⅓–1 in. long, shortly pedunculate, cylindric. Flowers closely packed, minute, sessile, intermixed with peltate scales. Perianth-segments rounded, margins ciliate. Stamens exserted. Female spikes ¼–½ in. long, 3–8-flowered. Flowers lax, very minute, intermixed with peltate scales. Perianth-segments appressed to the ovary, the 2 outer rather smaller. Drupe globose, small, red, ⅙ in. diam., usually 1 and seldom as many as 3 ripening on each spike.—Epicarpurus microphyllus, Raoul, Choix, 14, t. 9; ''Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl.'' 251. Taxotrophis microphylla, ''F. Muell. Fragm. Phyt. Austr.'' vi. 193. Trophis opaca, ''Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 224 (in part)''.


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 goat-boy of Fideris? Do the goats belong to the village below?”

“Yes, to be sure!” was the reply.

“Do you go up there with them every day?”

“Yes, surely.”

“Is that so? and what is your name?”

“Moni is my name—”

“Will you sing me the song once more, that you have just sung? We heard only one verse.”

“It is too long,” explained Moni; “it would be too late for the goats, they must go home.” He straightened his weather-beaten cap, swung his rod in the air, and called to the goats which had already begun to nibble all around: “Home! Home!”

“You will sing to me some other time, Moni, won’t you?” called Paula after him.

“Surely I will, and good night!” he called back, then trotted along with the goats, and in a short time the whole flock stood still below, a few steps from the Bath House by the rear building, for here Moni had to leave the goats belonging to the house, the beautiful white one and the black one with the pretty little kid. Moni treated the last with great care, for it was a delicate little creature and he loved it more than all the others. It was so attached to him that it ran after him continually all day long. He now led it very tenderly along and placed it in its shed; then he said:


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 ing was ended, she went into the little house and said: “Come, Moni, you must be hungry.”

She had everything already prepared. Moni had only to sit down at the table; she seated herself next him, and although nothing stood on the table but the bowl of corn-meal mush cooked with the brown goat’s milk, Moni hugely enjoyed his supper. Then he told his grandmother what he had done through the day, and as soon as the meal was ended he went to bed, for in the early dawn he would have to start forth again with the flock.

In this way Moni had already spent two summers. He had been goat-boy so long and become so accustomed to this life and grown up together with his little charges that he could think of nothing else. Moni had lived with his grandmother ever since he could remember. His mother had died when he was still very little; his father soon after went with others to military service in Naples, in order to earn something, as he said, for he thought he could get more pay there.

His wife’s mother was also poor, but she took her daughter’s deserted baby boy, little Solomon, home at once and shared what she had with him. He brought a blessing to her cottage and she had never suffered want.

Good old Elizabeth was very popular with every one in the whole village, and when, two years be-


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 "I suppose then it is all nonsense to talk about a magnetic mountain, or a mass of lodestone!"

"Yes, my good fellow, it is all 'old wives' fables.' As you see for yourself, there is not a sign of a mountain endowed with the power of attracting ships, and tearing away their iron, down to anchors and nails. Even your boots do not feel any heavier, as if they were dragging you down, do they? You can walk as easily here as anywhere else."

"But how can it be explained?"

"It can't be explained. We are not learned enough for that yet. But this one thing is an ascertained mathematical fact—the magnetic pole is here, in this very place."

"Ah! Mr. Clawbonny, what would the captain give if he could say as much of the North Pole?"

"He will say it some day, Johnson, that he will."

"I fervently hope he may."

Just at this moment the signal was made for their return, and after hastily erecting a cairn to mark the exact spot, they hurried back to the brig.

Forward succeeded in cutting right across the James Ross's Strait, but it was only done by dint of saws and petards, and at the cost of great fatigue to the crew. Fortunately the temperature was bearable, 30° higher than James Ross had found it at the same time of the year. The thermometer stood at 34°.

On Saturday, Cape Felix was doubled, at the extreme point of King William's Island. The sight of this island made a deep impression on the minds of the men, and they gazed with mournful interest at the coast as they sailed along. This was the theater of one of the most terrible tragedies the world has ever seen, for, only a few miles to the west, the Erebus and Terror were lost.

Johnson and the Doctor were going over the particulars of the sad catastrophe as the vessel fled swiftly on, and bays and promontories passed before the eye like some vast panorama. Several of the sailors, overhearing the subject


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 * The library of Professor Leeds’ home in a small university town in New England. This room is at the front part of his house with windows opening on the strip of lawn between the house and the quiet residential street. It is a small room with a low ceiling. The furniture has been selected with a love for old New England pieces. The walls are lined almost to the ceiling with glassed-in bookshelves. These are packed with books, principally editions, many of them old and rare, of the ancient classics in the original Greek and Latin, of the later classics in French and German and Italian, of all the English authors who wrote while s was still like an f and a few since then, the most modern probably being Thackeray. The atmosphere of the room is that of a cosy, cultured retreat, sedulously built as a sanctuary where, secure with the culture of the past at his back, a fugitive from reality can view the present safely from a distance, as a superior with condescending disdain, pity, and even amusement.

''There is a fair-sized table, a heavy armchair, a rocker, and an old bench made comfortable with cushions. The table, with the Professor’s armchair at its left, is arranged toward the left of the room, the rocker is at center, the bench at right''.

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 of conversation, drew nearer to listen, and before long the Doctor had the whole crew round him. Seeing their eager curiosity, and knowing what an impression the recital would make in such circumstances, the Doctor recommenced his narrativenarrative. [sic]

"You know, I suppose, my good fellows," he said, "the early history of Franklin. He was a cabin-boy, like Cook and Nelson, and, after serving during his youth in several great expeditions, he determined, in 1845, to prosecute a search for the North-West Passage. He was in command of the Erebus and Terror, two ships that had been previously employed in an Arctic expedition undertaken by James Ross. The Erebus carried seventy sailors, including the officers, with Fitz-James as captain; Gore and Vesconte as lieutenants; Des Vœux, Sargent, and Couch as quartermasters; and Stanley as surgeon. The Terror numbered sixty-eight men. Her captain was Crozier; the lieutenants, Little, Hodgson, and Irving; quartermasters, Horesby and Thomas; and surgeon, Peddie. Not one of these ill-fated individuals ever returned to their native land, but you may read nearly all their names on the different bays, and capes, and straits, and points, and channels, and islands that are met with in this region. There were 138 men altogether. The last letters received from Franklin were dated July 12th, 1845, and written from Isle Disko. 'I hope,' he wrote, 'to weight anchor to-night for Lancaster Sound.' What has happened since his departure from Disko? The last time the ships were seen was in Melville Bay, by the captains of the Prince of Wales and the Enterprise, two whalers; and since then there has been no word of them. We are able to follow Franklin, however, in some of his subsequent movements. He went to the west, and up Barrow's Strait and Lancaster Sound, as far as Isle Beechey, where he spent the winter of 1845."

"But how was that ascertained?" asked Bell, the carpenter.

"By three graves discovered by the Austin expedition in 1850, in which three of Franklin's sailors were interred; and also by a document found by Lieutenant Hobson, of the Fox, which is dated 1848. From this we learn that, at the close of the winter, the Erebus and Terror went up Wellington Channel as far as the 77th parallel; but, instead of con-


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 tinuing their route to the north, which was doubtless found to be impracticable, they returned south."

"And it was their ruin," said a grave voice. "Salvation was in the north.." [sic]

Everyone turned to see who was the speaker. It was Hatteras, leaning against the railing of the poop, who made his home-thrust at the crew.

"There is no doubt," continued the Doctor, "that Franklin's intention was to reach the American coast; but he was overtaken by furious tempests, and both ships got caught in the ice a few miles from this, and were dragged N. N. E. of Point Victory. But the ships were not abandoned till the 22nd April, 1848. What happened during those nineteen months, who knows? What did the poor fellows do with themselves all that time? No doubt they explored the country, and tried their utmost to reach a place of safety, for Franklin was a man of great energy, and if his measures were unsuccessful"

"It was, perhaps, his crew who proved false to him?" again interrupted Hatteras, in a hollow voice.

No one dared to look up, for the cap fitted. The Doctor resumed his narrative, and said:

"The document I have mentioned gives the additional information of the death of Sir John Franklin. He sank under his fatigues on the 11th of June, 1847. Honor to his memory," he added, baring his head respectfully.

All the men silently followed his example. After a pause, Doctor Clawbonny went on to say:

"What became of the men after their admiral's death? Ten months elapsed before they forsook the ship, and the survivors then numbered one hundred and five men. Thirty-three were dead! A cairn was erected on Point Victory by order of the captains, Crozier and Fitz-James, and in it this their last document was deposited. See, we are just passing the very place. You can still see the remains of this cairn on the very extremity of the point. And there is Cape Jane Franklin, and there is Point Franklin, and there is Point le Vesconte, and there is Erebus Bay, where they found the sloop made out of pieces of one of the ships and laid on a sledge. They also discovered silver spoons there, and tea and chocolate, besides religious books and provisions in abundance. For the hundred and five survivors, under


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 the guidance of Captain Crozier, set out for the great Fish River. How far did they get? Did they reach Hudson's Bay? Do any of them still survive? Who can say what has become of them all now?"

"I can say what has become of them," replied John Hatteras, in loud, ringing tones. "Yes, they did reach Hudson's Bay, and divided into several parties. Yes, they took the route south, and in 1850 a letter of Dr. Rae mentioned the fact that on this very island before us, the Esquimaux fell in with a detachment of forty men hunting seals over the ice, dragging a boat with them, and looking pale and haggard, worn out with suffering and fatigue. And subsequently thirty corpses were found on the mainland, and five on an adjacent isle, some half buried, and some lying quite exposed; others under a boat turned upside down, and others still under the remains of a tent; here an officer, with his telescope on his shoulder and his loaded gun beside him, and not far off cauldrons with the fragments of a ghastly sickening meal.

"On the receipt of this intelligence, the Admiralty requested the Hudson's Bay Company to dispatch experienced men to search the entire region. They explored the whole of the Black River to its mouth. They visited the islands of Montreal, Maconochie, and Point Ogle. But it was all in vain! Everyone of the hapless company was dead! Dead from starvation, and pain and misery, after making a horrible attempt to prolong their wretched lives by cannibalism! This is what has become of them. The route south is strewed with their mangled remains! Do you still desire to walk in their footsteps?"

The thrilling voice and impassioned gestures and earnest face of Hatteras produced an indescribable effect on the men, and, carried away by their emotion, they shouted with one accord:

"To the North! To the North!"

"To the North, then, we'll go, my men! Safety and glory lie there! Heaven is on our side; the wind has shifted! The channel is open, turn about the ship!"

The sailors rushed to their posts, the Forward was soon making at full speed for the McClintock Channel.

Hatteras was right, the ice had given way, and the ship found her passage almost unobstructed. On the 14th of


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 June she had gone beyond Osborn Bay, and farther than any of the expeditions of 1851. The ice-packs were still numerous, but she never lacked water below her keel.

crew had apparently returned to their good habits of discipline and obedience. Their work was not fatiguing now, and they had abundance of leisure. The temperature still remained above freezing point.

Duk, who had grown quite friendly and sociable, struck up the closest friendship with Dr. Clawbonny. They were on the best possible terms, though it must be confessed Duk was quite master, and made the little Doctor do whatever he pleased. Towards the crew, too, and officers generally, Duk was amiable enough, except towards Shandon, and from him he always ran away as fast as he could, doubtless impelled by some secret instinct. He also kept a sharp tooth For Penn and Warren; and what a tooth it was! He growled whenever they came near, though they never again attempted to lay a finger on him. No one dared to touch the captain's dog, his "familiar spirit," as Clifton called him.

On the whole, however, the confidence of the men seemed restored, and they were behaving well.

"It looks as if the crew had laid the captain's words to heart," remarked Wall to Shandon one day. "They don't appear now to have any misgivings about success."

"They are wrong," said Shandon; "if they were only to reflect and examine their situation, they would see we are going from one imprudent step to another."

"And yet," returned Wall, "the sea is certainly more open, and we are going on no untried route. Are you not exaggerating, Shandon?"

"No, Wall, I am not; the hatred or jealousy, if you choose to call it so, which I feel towards Hatteras, has not blinded my eyes. Tell me, have you been down to see how the coals stand?"

"No," replied Wall.

"Well, just you go, and you will see how fast our stock


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 But there was pity for her in other hearts, if not in his. The constable's wife had lingered behind to offer sympathy and protection; and now, when she beheld the misery and helplessness of the poor child, her woman's heart bled for her.

"The poor, dear young thing! She shall not be motherless, nor yet fatherless; for I will be a mother to her, and my husband shall protect her as a daughter."

Mrs. Wyman spoke with that inspiration of eloquence which genuine feeling imparts to even the humblest language; and from that moment Silas Wyman's wife took a high rank in the esteem of all present-a rank which she continued to hold by after deeds of goodness; for the friendless and homeless girl was taken immediately to her home and heart, and cherished and nourished through a lingering illness which had nearly cost her life.

evening, when the surveyor was returning home. healthily weary, and in anticipation of the usual merry times at the shanty, he fell in with the editor, mounted on a pony, and pacing easily along in the twilight.

"Is that you, Ed? How do you do by this time?"

"None of your business," retorted Ed.

"Come, now, old fellow, don't be cross about a joke. Remember, the Bible says, 'let not the sun go down upon your wrath;' and it's after sundown now. Give me your right hand of fellowship, my friend, and let's forget about this matter, until you get a chance to pay us fellows back."

"Pooh! don't be sentimental, Flag. I suppose I've a right to be out of humor if I please; but you need not feel troubled about it. As for paying you back, you may be sure I shall do that at the first opportunity; and there'll be time enough after that to shake hands."

"Just as you please; hope it won't be long," answered Flag, goodhumoredly. "Where did you get that pony?"

"Bought him."

"He's a fine, stout fellow. What did you pay for him?"

"Traded my gun to one of the Omahas for him."

"Did you get any game this morning?"

"No. I made up my mind to go and look at a claim down on the Platte; and that's where I found this animal."

"Hope Doc has supper ready," said Flag, as they came in sight

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 is diminishing. The rule with us should have been to rely on our sails mainly, reserving the screw for special occasions when the wind was contrary, or there were strong opposing currents; our combustibles ought to be husbanded with the most rigid economy, for who knows where we may be driven, or how long we may be frozen up in these seas? But Hatteras, in his frenzied ambition to push north and reach the inaccessible Pole, never troubles himself about such small matters. Whether the wind is for or against us, he must have all the steam up, and if he goes on much longer in the same fashion, we stand a chance of finding ourselves in a pretty fix some day, and even of our total loss."

"If what you say is true, Shandon, the case is serious," replied Wall.

"Yes, Wall, very serious; not merely for the engine, which would be utterly useless without coal, just perhaps when we most needed it; but for ourselves, too, when we think of having to winter here, which we certainly must do, soon or late One needs to think of cold a little in a country where the quicksilver even freezes in the thermometer."

"But, if I am not mistaken, Shandon, the captain is reckoning on replenishing his stock at Isle Beechey. He can get an abundance of fuel there."

"Can people go just where they choose, Wall, in these seas? Can we ever reckon on finding the straits open? And supposing he should miss the isle, or be unable to get to it, what will become of us?"

"You are right, Shandon. It is certainly imprudent of Captain Hatteras, but why don't you talk to him on the subject."

"No, Wall," said Shandon, with ill-concealed bitterness, "I have made up my mind to be silent. I have no responsibility now; I shall watch the course of events and do whatever I am told without expressing an opinion."

"Let me tell you, Shandon, you are wrong. This is a question of our common interest, and imprudence on the captain's part may cost us all dear."

"And would he listen, Wall, if I were to speak?"

Wall could not reply in the affirmative. He evaded the question by asking whether the representations of the crew would have more effect.


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 "The crew!" repeated Shandon, shrugging his shoulders. "Why, Wall, you surely cannot have noticed the men. They are not caring the least about their safety just now. All they know is, that they are getting near the 72nd parallel, and that each degree beyond that will bring them a thousand pounds!"

"You are right, Shandon," replied Wall. "The captain knows the best way to keep his men."

"For the present, at any rate, it is the best," replied Shandon.

"What do you mean?"

"I mean that while there is no danger and no hard work, things will go on very well. Hatteras has caught them with a golden bait, but what's only done for money is never much worth. Wait till we get into difficult and trying circumstances; wait till sickness, and cold, and misery, and despondency come upon us, and all the calamities towards which we are madly rushing, and you'll see how few of them will think much of the prize to be won."

"Then you don't think Shandon, that Hatteras will succeed in his attempt?"

"No, Wall, he will not succeed. An enterprise like this requires perfect harmony of thought and feeling among the leaders, and this is wanting among us. More than that, Hatteras is a madman. All his past history proves it. Well, we shall see. A time may come when he will be compelled to give up the command of the ship to a less venturesome man."

"I don't know about that," said Wall, with a doubtful shake of the head. "He will always have some to stand by him; he will have"

"He will have Dr. Clawbonny," said Shandon, interrupting him, "a learned man who cares for nothing but learning; Johnson, a sailor, who is a slave to discipline, and who never takes the trouble to examine a question; and perhaps one or two others, such as Bell, the carpenter, not more than four at the outside—four out of eighteen of us. No, Wall; Hatteras has not the confidence of the crew, and he knows that well enough. He bribes them with money. He managed to work on their excitable natures very cleverly with the Franklin story; but that won't last, I tell you, and if he don't succeed in reaching Isle Beechey he is ruined."


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12

There is one entrance, a door in the right wall, rear.

''It is late afternoon of a day in August. Sunshine, cooled and dimmed in the shade of trees, fills the room with a soothing light''.

The sound of a —a middle-aged woman—explaining familiarly but respectfully from the right, and ''enters. He is a tall thin man of thirty-five, meticulously well-dressed in tweeds of distinctly English tailoring, his appearance that of an Anglicized New England gentleman. His face is too long for its width, his nose is high and narrow, his forehead broad, his mild blue eyes those of a dreamy self-analyst, his thin lips ironical and a bit sad. There is an indefinable feminine quality about him, but it is nothing apparent in either appearance or act. His manner is cool and poised. He speaks with a careful ease as one who listens to his own conversation. He has long fragile hands, and the stoop to his shoulders of a man weak muscularly, who has never liked athletics and has always been regarded as of delicate constitution. The main point about his personality is a quiet charm, a quality of appealing, inquisitive friendliness, always willing to listen, eager to sympathize, to like and to be liked''.

[Standing just inside the door, his tall, stooped figure leaning back against the books—nodding back at the and smiling kindly]

I’ll wait in here, Mary.

[His eyes follow her for a second, then return to gaze around the room slowly with an appreciative relish for

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 "If the crew only suspected that"

"I beg you say nothing to them whatever on the subject. They will soon make their own remarks. Moreover, we could not do better meantime than continue our present course. Perhaps, after all, what Hatteras thinks going north may prove going back. McClintock Channel opens into Melville Bay, but that succession of straits that leads to Baffin's Bay, begins there too; Hatteras had better take care! The road to the east is easier than that to the north."

Shandon's words revealed his secret sentiments. No wonder Hatteras felt he was a traitor.

As far as the crew went, however, his opinion of them was quite right. Their contentment was entirely owing to the prospect of soon reaching the 72nd parallel. The love of money had taken complete possession of them, and Clifton had calculated accurately the sum that would fall to each. There were sixteen men altogether on board, not counting the captain and the Doctor, who, of course, were not to share in the prize. The amount promised was £1,000; that gave £62 10s to each individual. Should they ever reach the Pole, the eighteen degrees more would enrich them still further with a sum of £1,125—quite a fortune. This would cost the captain £18,000, but he was rich enough to be able to pay it.

On the 16th of June the Forward coasted past Cape Aworth. The white peaks of Mount Rawlinson seemed to pierce the very heavens, the snow and fog making its height appear colossal. The temperature was still some degrees above freezing point. Cascades and cataracts were rushing down the sides of the mountains, and the loud noise of falling avalanches struck upon the ear like the continuous discharge of heavy artillery, reverberating over the glaciers for an immense distance. It was a splendid spectacle, and the ship hugged the coast so closely that objects were distinctly visible. Rare heaths were discovered growing on sheltered rocks, with their pink flowers timidly peeping above the snow. A few miserable looking lichens of a reddish color were also seen, and a dwarf willow, which crept along the ground.

At last, on the 19th of June, the 72nd parallel was crossed, and the brig entered Melville Bay—the "Silver Bay," as Bolton christened it. On the 25th, in spite of a strong


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 breeze from the N. E., she passed the 74th degree, and found herself in Melville Sound, one of the largest in those regions. It was Captain Parry who first traversed it in his great expedition of 1819, and it was for this his crew gained the prize of £5,000 offered by Government.

, though perfectly navigable, was not free from ice. Extensive ice-fields stretched beyond as far as the eye could reach, with solitary icebergs appearing here and there, standing motionless, as if anchored firmly to the glaciers.

But the Forward found good leads everywhere, and steamed rapidly along, in spite of the variable wind, which kept shifting from one point of the compass to another.

The sudden changes of the wind are most remarkable in these Arctic Seas. Often, but a few minutes will separate a dead calm from a strong tempest, as Hatteras found to his cost on the 23rd of June, just as he reached the middle of the immense bay.

The most constant winds are those which blow from the polar ice-belt towards the open water, and these are extremely cold. On this day the thermometer sank several degrees, and the wind suddenly veered south. Thick snow began to fall, and such violent gusts of wind arose, that Hatteras ordered all the sails to be close-reefed; but, before his commands could be executed, one of the smaller yards was already torn away.

Hatteras never left the deck while the gale lasted, though the fury of the blast compelled him to change his position. There he stood, issuing his orders with the most imperturbable calmness, though the sea was lashed mountains high by the raging tempest, and his brig was tossed up and down on the waves like a child's toy—now borne aloft perpendicularly on the crest of some gigantic billow, her steel prow gleaming for an instant in the light; and then precipitated into an abyss amidst clouds of smoke, her stern and screw rising completely out of the water; rain and snow all the time falling in torrents.


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 HE following morning Paula awoke earlier than ever before; a loud singing had awakened her out of sleep.

“That is surely the goat-boy so soon,” she said, springing out of bed and running to the window.

Quite right. With fresh, red cheeks there stood Moni below, and he had just brought the old goat and the little kid out of the goat shed. Now he swung his rod in the air, the goats leaped and sprang around him, and then he went along with the whole flock. Suddenly Moni raised his voice again and sang until the mountains echoed

“To-day he must sing his whole song for me once,” said Paula, for Moni had now disappeared and she could no longer understand the words of his distant song.

In the sky the rosy morning clouds were disappearing and a cool mountain breeze rustled around Moni’s ears, as he climbed up. This he thought


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the spring gradually approached, the immense piles of snow, that, by alternate thaws and frosts, and repeated storms, had obtained a firmness that threatened a tiresome durability, begun to yield to the influence of milder breezes and a warmer sun. The gates of Heaven, at times, seemed to open, and a bland air diffused itself over the earth, when animate and inanimate nature would awaken, and, for a few hours, the gayety of spring shone in every eye, and smiled on every field. But the shivering blasts from the north would carry their chill influence over the scene again, and the dark and gloomy clouds that intercepted the rays of the sun, were not more cold and dreary, than the re-action which crossed the creation. These struggles between the seasons became, daily, more frequent, while the earth, like a victim to contention, slowly lost the animated brilliancy

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 of winter, without obtaining the decided aspect of spring.

Several weeks were consumed in this cheerless manner, during which the inhabitants of the country gradually changed their pursuits from the social and bustling movements of the time of snow, to the laborious and domestic engagements of the coming season. The village was no longer thronged with visiters; the trade, that had enlivened the shops for several months, begun to disappear; the highways lost their shining coats of beaten snow in impassable sloughs, and were deserted by the gay and noisy travellers who, in sleighs, had, during the winter, glided along their windings; and. in short, every thing seemed indicative of a mighty change, not only in the earth itself, but in those, also, who derived their sources of comfort and happiness from her bosom.

The younger members of the family in the Mansion-house, of which Louisa Grant was now habitually one, were by no means indifferent observers of these fluctuating and tardy changes. While the snow rendered the roads passable, they had partaken largely in the amusements of the winter, which included not only daily rides over the mountains, and through every valley within twenty miles of them, but divers ingenious and varied sources of pleasure, on the bosom of their frozen lake. There had been rides in the equipage of Richard, when, with his four horses, he had outstripped the winds with its speed, as it flew over the glassy ice which invariably succeeded a thaw. Then the exciting and dangerous "whirligig" would be suffered to possess its moment of notice. Cutters, drawn by a single horse, and hand-sleds, impelled by the gentlemen, on skates, would each in their turn be used; and, in short, every source of relief against the tediousness of

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 a winter in the mountains, was resorted to by the family. Elizabeth was compelled to acknowledge to her father, that the season, with the aid of his library, was much less irksome than she had anticipated.

As exercise in the open air, was in some degree necessary to the habits of the family, when the constant recurrence of frosts and thaws rendered the roads, which were dangerous, at the most favourable times, utterly impassable for wheels, saddle-horses were used as substitutes for their other conveyances. Mounted on small and sure-footed beasts, the ladies would again attempt the passages of the mountains, arid penetrate into every retired glen, where the enterprise of a settler had induced him to establish himself. In these excursions they were attended by some one or all of the gentlemen of the family, as their different pursuits admitted. Young Edwards was hourly becoming more familiarized to his situation, and not unfrequently mingled in their parties, with an unconcern arid gayety, that, for a short time, would, apparently, expel all unpleasant recollections from his mind. Habit, and the buoyancy of youth, seemed to be getting the ascendancy over the secret causes of his uneasiness; though there were moments, when the same remarkable expression of disgust, would cross his intercourse with Marmaduke, that had distinguished their conversations in the first days of their acquaintance.

It was at the close of the month of March, that the Sheriff succeeded in persuading his cousin and her young friend to accompany him in a ride to a hill, that was said to overhang the lake, in a mariner peculiar to itself.

"Besides, cousin Bess," continued the indefatigable Richard "we will stop and see the 'sugar

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Rh a beginning has been made to teach Bengalee to the boys of the first class; and the assistant-teachers during a leisure hour every day have the advantage of attending lectures delivered by a missionary on the philosophy of the human mind.

The Church Missionary Association does not appear to have any separate English school under its care, but in the latest report (1835), it is stated that at the annual meeting which took place on the 18th February, 1834, the following resolution was passed, viz., “that it be an instruction to the committee, that they endeavour to devise a plan for the education and preparation of schoolmasters to meet the calls of the out-stations for instruments of English education.” This subject has accordingly been considered, and a course of instruction for bringing up Native teachers has been adopted, but there has not been time as yet for any particular result to attend the experiment.

The most prominent and popular English school in Calcutta among those that belong to the class I am now noticing, is the one in connection with the mission of the General Assembly of the church of Scotland. This institution does not publish periodical reports in India, and the following details have in consequence been chiefly drawn from magazine and newspaper articles. In 1823 the subject of Native education in India appears [to have been first brought before the General Assembly in a memorial from the Reverend Dr. Bryce and the gentlemen then forming the kirk session of St. Andrew’s Church of Calcutta, and the funds appropriated to this object had their origin in public subscription made at Calcutta, under the superintendence of the session, simultaneously with collections made in the different parishes in Scotland at the recommendation of the General Assembly. The institution has hitherto been maintained by the same means.

The number now under instruction at the school is not less than five hundred and fifty; and were the funds sufficient and the accommodation possessed by the institution more extensive, this number might be greatly enlarged. The branches of learning taught in this department of the school comprehend English grammar, reading, and arithmetic, geography political and physical, elementary mathematics including algebra and the use of logarithms, translation and composition in English and Bengalee, a brief survey of history ancient and modern, the


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32 Bible, and a comprehensive outline of the evidences and leading doctrines of Christianity. The conductors of the institution deem it essential to keep steadily in view the promotion of knowledge and the spread of education on Christian principles.

The modes of tuition and discipline introduced into this seminary are those which wore employed and, as far I am aware, first reduced to a system by Mr. Wood in the sessional school of Edinburgh. It is called the interrogative system, and consists in keeping up the spirit and attention of the scholars by a continual succession of questions and familiar examples, varied in every possible way likely to interest and amuse them and to engage their minds in their work. Particular care is taken that in the course of reading the pupils not only give the meaning in which a word is used, but trace it to its origin and mention as many of its compounds as they can recollect. No class is left idle for a moment, and to effect this object the lower classes are chiefly taught by the boys of the first class, who are relieved when they have to attend to their own lessons by the boys of the second, while all are under the constant superintendence and occasional examination, repeated several times every day, of the European head-teachers who also have several assistant-teachers under them. At the close of the day, the place which each boy occupies in his class is marked in a list, where an account is also kept of all those who have been absent and late, so that to determine each boy’s comparative place nothing further is necessary than to look at the lists of the last year, and in this way the prizes are decided. On every Saturday there is a general examination of the boys in all they have done during the week, and at the end of every month a certain number of questions on the month’s work in all its branches is written out and asked of each boy apart from the rest. These questions are indiscriminately selected and not by the person who teaches the department to which they relate, the teachers putting them alternately. The effect of this system in awakening and guiding the mind to the fit exercise of its intellectual powers and moral capacities, is found abundantly to answer the expectations of those who have adopted it.

Besides this elementary department there is to be attached to the institution a branch, having in view the higher object of qualifying native youth to become the instructors of their


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Rh countrymen. The presbytery of Calcutta, recently constituted, have been invested with various powers relating to the Natives who seek to be employed in that capacity under the authority of the church of Scotland. It belongs to that body to prescribe the qualifications, literary and theological, required in such cases, and they are authorized to deprive a native preacher or teacher acting or believing wrongly of his license and station in the church, without reference or appeal to the superior judicatories.

An extension of this institution is proposed to be effected by admitting into it Native youth from other Christian seminaries, with a view to their being qualified to act in the capacity of teachers and religious instructors of their countrymen, under the superintendence and authority of the religious denominations to which they adhere. To meet demands also for non-Christian teachers it is proposed to offer the advantages of the institution to those Native youth who may desire to qualify themselves for becoming instructors of their countrymen in general knowledge, without reference to any profession of belief in the doctrines of Christianity. All the arrangements for the enlargement of the objects and operations of the Assembly’s school are at present, it is understood, only under consideration; but even with its original limited scope it must be pronounced one of the best managed and most successful English native schools in India.

At Kidderpore the Bengal Auxiliary Missionary Society in connection with the London Missionary Society has an English school containing 60 pupils; and in connection with this mission there is a Native Christian boarding school at Alipore, in which only Christian children, i.e., the male children of Native converts, are admitted, and in which they are boarded and lodged as well as instructed in English and Bengalee. In November, 1833, the latter institution was opened with 24 scholars; but in the latest report (1835) the number of scholars is not mentioned. In Bengalee the pupils are instructed in scripture, history and geography, besides English reading, writing and arithmetic. Their improvement in moral feeling and virtuous sentiments is stated to be remarkable.

The Calcutta Baptist Missionary Society has at Chitpore a Hindoo English school containing 120 scholars, and a Native Christian boarding-school for boys similar to that above- 5—1326B


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34 mentioned as existing at Alipore. The number of pupils in the boarding-school is not mentioned. In these boarding-schools it is not to be understood that the pupils or their parents pay their board, but that board, as well as education, is given gratuitously; and this additional expense is incurred in the hope that the minds and characters of the children may be brought more completely under the influence of religious instruction and good example. In the English school, English only is taught, while in the boarding-school the children learn both Bengalee and English. In the former, geography, natural philosophy, and the evidences of divine revelation are taught; and in the latter, the instruction is still more thoroughly Christian.

One of the objects of the Calcutta School Society was to provide a body of qualified Native teachers and translators; and in pursuance of this object the Committee at first sent twenty boys, considered to be of promising abilities, to the Hindoo College to be educated at the Society’s charge; and subsequently ten others were added. There are thus always thirty scholars at the Hindoo College receiving an English education at the expense of the School Society; and the selection of pupils, to fill the vacancies which occur from time to time, affords considerable encouragement to the boys in the indigenous schools. In 1829 three of the young men who had received their education at the Hindoo College at the expense of the School Society, on leaving the college were engaged as English teachers in the Society’s own school for which they were eminently qualified, and others have obtained respectable employment in Calcutta. The Society’s scholars are said to rank among the brightest ornaments of the college.

In prosecution of the same views the Committee of the School Society in 1823 established an elementary English school, entirely under its own management, to teach reading, writing, spelling, grammar and arithmetic, the vacancies in which are filled by pupils selected from the indigenous schools for their proficiency; and those again who afterwards prove themselves particularly deserving are in due course removed for superior education to the Hindoo College to which this elementary school is intended to be preparatory. It was hoped that this school would excite the emulation of the Native boys, and that by raising the qualifications for admission, and thus inducing


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 bush' of Billy Kirby: he is on the east end of the Ransom lot, making sugar for Jared Ransom. There is not a better hand over a kettle in the county, than that same Kirby. You remember, 'duke, that I had him his first season, in our own camp; and it is not a wonder that he knows some thing of his trade."

"He's a good chopper, is Billy," observed Benjamin, who held the bridle of the horse while the Sheriff mounted; "and he handles an axe, much the same as a forecastle-man does his marling spike, or a tailor his goose. They say he'll lift a potash kettle off the arch with his own hands, thof I can't say that I've ever seen him do it with my own eyes; but that is the say. And I've seen sugar of his making, which, maybe, was'nt as white as an old top-gallantsail, but which my friend Mistress Pretty-bones, within there, said, had the true molasses smack to it; and you are not the one, Squire Dickens, to be told that Mistress Remarkable has a remarkable tooth for sweet things in her nut-grinder."

The loud laugh that succeeded the wit of Benjamin, and in which he participated, with no very harmonious sounds, himself, very fully illustrated the congenial temper which existed between the pair. Most of its point was, however, lost on the rest of the party, who were either mounting their horses, or assisting the ladies to do so, at the moment. When all were safely in their saddles, the whole moved through the village in great order. They paused for a moment, before the door of Monsieur Le Quoi, until he could bestride his steed, and then, issuing from the little cluster of houses, they took one of the principal of those highways, that centered in the village.

As each night brought with it a severe frost, which the heat of the succeeding day served to

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 established and war is forever abandoned in favor of reason as a method of settling the world's problems. All these will be made possible by the average man and woman, by whom that large public opinion is molded through which the international mind comes into existence. We have depicted the ideal, and the ideal must be thoroughly understood and kept in mind always in all efforts which are being made for the attainment of the ultimate peace of the world. But there are more immediate things which the average man and woman must keep in mind; humbler, more every day duties which must not be neglected. The trouble with most people is that they content themselves with the larger dream, trusting that it will be attained somehow, somewhere, without realizing that they, themselves, are individually responsible for the attainment of the dream. What can the average man and woman do here and now to hasten the realization of the world order for which enlightened minds have struggled so long?

First of all, we can read the great literature which has appeared during the last few years with regard to the problems of international relations and become thoroughly conversant with it, so that it becomes part and parcel of our everyday consciousness. In terms of this reading, we can think constructively and contribute our own individual thought, however meager, however unimportant, to the great mass of thought through whose utterance public opinion is molded and the world's progress is directed. Second, we can converse with all with whom we come in contact on this great topic and thus spread our influence by imperceptible degrees to an extent which we can never individually calculate. At first sight, talk seems cheap; and yet, if we but realize it, the great reforms of history have been accomplished


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Rh parents to keep their children longer than usual at the indigenous schools, it would have the effect of increasing the emoluments and respectability of the Native teachers. This object appears to have been in some measure attained, for in the report of 1829 it is expressly stated that several instances have come to the knowledge of the Society’s superintendence, in which the observance of the rules of admission has afforded considerable advantage to the Native teachers of the indigenous schools, by encouraging the boys to remain longer with them and thereby increasing their emoluments. In the above mentioned year the school contained about 120 boys who, besides the usual elements of reading, writing, spelling and arithmetic, acquired a considerable knowledge of the English language and its grammatical construction, could translate with some degree of correctness, had a good acquaintance with Grecian, Roman, and English history, and with the leading facts of geography, together with the political divisions of Europe and Asia. It was at that time deemed expedient to improve the means of instruction by employing a greater number of qualified teachers and allowing a larger supply of valuable books and materials, in order to keep pace with the acquirements of the students.

Attached to the Society’s Bengalee school at Arpuly already noticed was an English school, the pupils being selected from the one to learn English, in the other as a reward for their diligence. In 1829 there were ninety-three boys learning English in this school, from which promotions were occasionally made to the Society’s other English school, and sometimes to the Hindoo College; but this school was discontinued in 1833, at the same time with the Bengalee school at Arpuly, and for the same reasons.

2. The English institutions that have been hitherto enumerated are those which, after the Hindoo College, have principally contributed to create that desire to acquire a knowledge of the English language which prevails in this district, and more especially in Calcutta. They however by no means fully satisfy the desire they have produced, and to supply their defects a second class of English schools is arising amongst us, originating with the Natives and deriving resources exclusively from them. Perhaps the most zealous friends of English education in this country are not aware of all the efforts and sacrifices of


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 HUS many days passed by, one as sunny and clear as the other, for it was an unusually beautiful summer, and the sky remained blue and cloudless from morning till evening.

Every morning, early, without exception the goat-boy, singing lustily, went by the Bath House. Every evening he came back again singing lustily. All the guests were so accustomed to the merry sound that not one would have willingly missed it.

More than all the others, Paula delighted in Moni’s joyfulness and went out almost every evening to meet him and talk with him.

One sunny morning Moni had once more reached the Pulpit-rock, and was about to throw himself down, when he changed his mind. “No, go on! The last time you had to leave all the nice little plants because we had to go after Mäggerli; now we will go up there again, so that you can finish nibbling them!”

The goats all leaped with delight after him, for they knew they were going up to the lovely bushes on the Dragon-stones. To-day Moni held his little Mäggerli the whole time fast in his arms, pulled


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36 the natives themselves to provide their children and their countrymen with English instruction. This class of schools may be subdivided into those that are pay-schools, and those in which the instruction is gratuitous.

The first English school of this kind is situated at Bhowanipore, and is called the Union school, in consequence of its having been formed by the union of two such schools respectively established at Bhowanipore and Kidderpore. They were established without any communication with Europeans by Native gentlemen for the instruction of Hindoo children in English, and were at first supported by voluntary subscription. In May, 1829, they were placed upon an improved footing; and in the management of them Europeans and Natives were then first associated. They were opened to pay-scholars, and the Calcutta School Society made them a monthly grant towards their support; but that resource not proving adequate to their wants, they applied to the General Committee of Public Instruction for assistance. Their immediate wants extended only to about 600 rupees for the necessary school-furniture; but the General Committee placed 1,000 rupees at the disposal of the School Society for the use of each school considering it to be “a great object to establish schools of this description which might in time serve as preparatory steps to the Hindoo College, and relieve that institution of part of the duty of elementary tuition.” The united school is supported partly by public subscriptions and partly by the fees of the scholars, of whom there are at present about 150. This is a day-school, instruction being given every day of the week from ten to three except on Sundays.

Another English school of this description is situated at Simliya, and has about 70 scholars. It is exclusively a pay-school, having no other resources except the fees paid by the scholars. There are three teachers, one Englishman and two Hindoos.

A third school of this kind is situated in Upper Circular Road and has 30 or 40 scholars. It is a pay-school, and the proprietor is a Christian, who supports himself by teaching.

A fourth pay-school is situated in Burra Bazar, and has 30 or 40 scholars taught by a Native.

The most popular school of this description is situated at Sobha Bazar and has about 300 scholars. The proprietors are a


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 more by the conversation of enlightened minds than by any other agency. In ancient Athens, who was it that exerted the greatest influence upon the Athenian State? Socrates. And yet Socrates never wrote a word, so far as we know. He made his profound influence upon history through conversation: through the incessant utterance of his ideas to individuals in small groups in the home and in the market-place,—anywhere where he could get anyone to hear him. Thus it is that in America the great formative influence in molding the progress of the American people is the discussion of American citizens one with another with regard to the great issues of the day.

Then there are our clubs. There is hardly one of us who does not belong to one or more clubs or lodges. At this stage in the history of the world such associations of people should not forget their responsibility in promulgating, so far as they can through their collective influence, the greater ideals of international welfare which are everywhere current. For instance, no literary club should plan its year's program without including prominent consideration of the great world problems which have been suggested by the present European war. Speakers on such topics are available; or if these cannot be secured, there are the great classics on international relations, on which some member of the club may write a paper or lead a discussion, and concerning which the whole club may contribute their thought. Then there are our churches, which have sometimes been all too backward in considering the practical considerations which have to do with the ushering in of that kingdom of peace which was the vision of the Nazarene and for which He lived and died. Nor must we rely merely upon organizations already in existence. New organiza-


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Rh Christian and a Native, who employ several assistant-teachers under them. This is also a pay-school, and the charge is four rupees per month for each scholar. In some the charge is three rupees per month, and in others it is not more than two rupees.

Besides these pay-schools, there are Native free-schools for the gratuitous instruction of Native youth in English, supported either by public subscription or private benevolence.

The principal one of these is called the Hindoo Free School, and is situated at Arpooly. It has five Hindoo teachers who instruct 150 scholars. The limited resources of the school do not enable the managers to command the services of the teachers except in the morning between six and nine o’clock, to which hours their instructions are confined.

Another school of this class is called the Hindoo Benevolent Institution, and is entirely supported by two benevolent Native gentlemen. Three or four Native teachers instruct about 100 scholars in English. It is a morning-school.

Another school of this description is situated at Chor Bagan, and is also supported by two Native gentlemen. Four Native teachers instruct about 60 scholars in English in the morning-hours.

Of these eight institutions I do not recollect to have seen any public mention, with the exception of the Bhowanipore school and the Hindoo Free School. There may be others in operation, of which no information has reached me, and some of the particulars here given may possibly be erroneous, as they are not founded either on any published statement or on personal knowledge. My informant is a Native, himself a teacher in one of the institutions described, and not likely to be mistaken about the rest. The existence and increase of such a class of English schools are facts both curious and important. It is within my knowledge that fifteen years ago, a European of reputed talents and acquirements, resident in Calcutta, in vain sought to obtain a humble livelihood by opening an English school for Natives. In gratifying contrast with this fact, the prevalent desire amongst the Natives of Calcutta to acquire a knowledge of English, instead of being satisfied with the English schools of European origin previously enumerated, has called into existence a new class of schools depending entirely upon the Native community


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 dissipate, the equestrians were compelled to proceed singly, along the margin of the road, where the turf, and firmness of the ground, gave their horses a secure footing. Very trifling indications of approaching vegetation were to be seen, the surface of the earth presenting a cold, wet, and cheerless aspect, that almost chilled the blood of the spectator. The snow yet lay scattered over most of those distant clearings that were visible in different parts of the mountains; though here and there an opening might be seen, where, as the white covering yielded to the season, the bright and lively green of the wheat served to enkindle the hopes of the husbandman. Nothing could be more marked, than the contrast between the earth and the heavens; for, while the former presented the dreary view that we have described, a warm and invigorating sun was dispensing his heats, from a sky that contained but a solitary cloud, that lingered near the mountain, and through an atmosphere that softened the colours of the sensible horizon, until it shone like a sea of virgin blue.

Richard led the way, on this, as on all other occasions, that did not require the exercise of unusual abilities; and as be moved along, he essayed to enliven the party with the sounds of his experienced voice.

"This is your true sugar weather, 'duke," he cried; "A frosty night and a sunshiny day. I warrant me that the sap runs like a mill-tail up the maples, this warm morning. It is a pity, Judge, that you do not introduce a little more science into the manufactory of sugar, among your tenants. It might be done, sir, without knowing as much as Dr. Franklin it might be done, Judge Temple."

"The first object of my solicitude, friend

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 tions for the promotion of international understanding and co-operation should be effected. For instance, reading circles, whose one purpose should be to become better acquainted with the international vision, should be organized in every city and town of the United States. Furthermore, no human being who earnestly cares at all about the realization of a world at peace should hesitate a moment in allying himself with at least one of the great peace organizations which at the present time are doing so much to spread the gospel of international co-operation among the peoples of the world. For instance, the American Peace Society has a branch in nearly every state of the Union. Every citizen of the United States, in so far as he is sincere in his desire for the promotion of world peace, should belong to his own state branch of the American Peace Society, for it is only by such universal co-operation that we can expect the ideal of international unity to be speedily realized.

Again the average person can do very much to remove misunderstandings with regard to what the peace movement really means. Those who do not understand it are very prone to suppose that the peace movement is a matter of sentiment merely. The mass of the public should be speedily taught that back of the peace movement are some of the most practical minds in the world, including those of eminent statesmen, efficient business men, and practical scientists. The peace movement should not be confused with non-resistance. Very few peace advocates have ever been so unwise as to insist that any nation should practice such an impossible doctrine. Sometimes the impression has gone abroad that all the peace movement means is disarmament of this nation or that. The average man


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38 for support either in, the form of public subscriptions or of school fees.

3. The third class of English schools consists of those which are principally designed for the instruction of the children of Christian parents, without excluding natives. Among the pupils are a few Europeans and some native children; but the majority consists of East-Indian and Indo-Portuguese. The schools are all proprietary and the instruction stipendiary. Those noticed under this head are boys’ schools.

The Calcutta High School, the first institution of this class, was established in 1830, and is the property of shareholders, each share being 250 rupees, bearing interest by dividends of profits not to exceed six per cent. per annum. The property is held by trustees; the school is managed by an elective committee; and visitors are appointed to visit the school and to control the appointment of masters. The masters are a rector, a second master, a third master, and as many junior and assistant masters as the state of the school may require. The school is divided into three departments, English, Commercial and Classical. The English department includes, besides the elements of the language, grammar, history, geography, and composition; the Commercial includes arithmetic, algebra, geometry, trigonometry, and book-keeping; and the Classical includes Latin from the rudiments to and, and Greek to the Collectanea Minora and. In the first a boy remains three years, supposing him to be almost unacquainted with English when he enters. After that period he proceeds to the Commercial and Classical departments in which he continues five years. The classes that are engaged in the forenoon with the rector in the classics, go to Commercial department in the afternoon and vice versa. After being in operation only four years, five pupils from the High School had entered Bishop’s college where they are prosecuting their studies. The number of pupils is 150. The school is open to the sons of Hindoo or Musalman gentlemen, but it does not appear whether any receive instruction. This institution publishes annual reports of its proceedings.

The Parental Academic Institution is also managed by a committee and publishes annual reports. The objects of the Society that established it are to afford to youth the best education that existing circumstances admit, and as far as the state


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Rh of the funds will allow, to provide education for the orphans of members who may die not possessed of property sufficient to pay for educating their children. Membership is created by contributing two rupees or more monthly, or 24 rupees or more annually, or 300 rupees or more in one sum. This institution is conducted on the principle of combining religious knowledge with useful information. The course of instruction embraces scriptural knowledge and evidences, grammar, geography, Roman, Grecian, English and Indian history, astronomy, natural philosophy, Latin, geometry, algebra and political economy. The number of pupils is 160. Two free scholarships have just been established in this institution to be denominated the Metcalfe scholarships with the view of perpetuating the remembrance of the uniform liberality of Sir Charles Metcalfe towards the institution, especially evinced by a recent donation of 5,000 rupees for the purpose of liberating it from debt.

The Philanthropic Academy is an institution, established by the Armenian community of Calcutta, for the instruction of their children in the English and Armenian languages and in general knowledge. It does not publish periodical reports, and no details respecting it have reached me. It is regarded with much favour by the Armenians, and it is understood that several valuable bequests have been made to it. The institution has three branches, the Armenian, the Female, and the English department. The children of both rich and poor are taught without distinction, the former gratis and the latter at a monthly charge (sic).

The Verulam Academy is a private school, the property of the gentleman who conducts it. The system pursued is in some respects peculiar. The classics are not taught, and particular attention is paid to English literature, science, and natural history. There are three teachers and between sixty and seventy pupils. No lesson whatever is required to be repeated by rote. The teachers are required to take all the trouble. They read and explain to the pupils who are expected only to be attentive. Corporal punishment is never allowed, but solitary confinement is inflicted for great offences. After every hour and a half the classes change tutors and studies.

A widow lady in the Circular Road has a school conducted by individuals whom she appoints. This school professes to give


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 or woman who believes in international co-operation ought to help to remove this impression and make people understand that no great peace advocate is urging that the United States, for instance, shall disarm before the other nations disarm. Certainly internationalists agree that there should be universal disarmament; but they also agree that no nation can disarm first,—that all nations must disarm together. We are idealists; but we must impress the world with the practicability of our ideals, and especially with the practicability of the immediate means which we advocate for the attainment of them.

Perhaps the greatest thing that can be done in bringing about an era of international reason is the education of the young in the public schools. The young boy and girl should be taught how much the culture, the civilization of every nation owes to the culture, the civilization of every other nation of the world, so that he shall not feel that the peoples of other nations are really aliens, but shall realize that to his own country's upbuilding have been contributed thoughts and deeds from those whom he is accustomed to call "foreigners." American history is rich in opportunities for this sort of teaching. We sometimes speak of America as being the melting pot of the various races of the earth; but it is also the melting pot of all the various cultures of all times and of all peoples. Once a people appreciates what it owes to another people in great ideas, it will be very reluctant to start on a killing expedition against those to whom it owes such genuine obligations.

One of the most encouraging aspects of the American public schools is the fact that their pupils are made up of the children of all races and of all nations. Slav, Teuton, Anglo-Saxon, Latin study side by side and


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40 instruction in spelling, grammar, geography, history, arithmetic, and also in geometry, algebra, and Latin.

The Classical Academy teaches spelling, reading, English grammar, arithmetic, and Latin.

There is a school in Goomghur, in which spelling, reading, English grammar, arithmetic, and history are taught.

A missionary residing in Entally has a school, of which I have not been able to learn any particulars whatever.

A classical and mercantile boarding and day-school is about to be opened by three of the Catholic clergymen lately arrived from Europe. It is to be called the College of St. Francis Xavier, will be placed under the patronage of the Vicar Apostolic, and superintended by the Rev. F. Chadwick as rector. Children destined for mercantile pursuits will receive a full mercantile education, comprising English grammar, reading, writing, arithmetic, book-keeping, geography, the use of globes, and ancient and modern history. Those destined for the learned professions will in addition to the foregoing, be taught the Latin and Greek classics, and mathematics. As far as I am aware this school has not yet gone into operation.

This is a very important class of English schools, for it is in these that the middling class of the indigenous Christian population receive their education. Several of them are little known, and what is occasionally said of others in the newspapers, is probably little to be trusted; for the notices that appear after the usual annual examinations may often be supposed to proceed from well-meaning but too partial friends. An impartial and independent estimate of the course of instruction and discipline pursued in these schools, I note here as a desideratum. It might have the effect of leading to the improvement of a class of schools which exercises a very extensive influence upon the character of the Christian population of this country.

4. The fourth class of English schools is distinguished from the preceding one only in being girls’ instead of boys’ schools. The pupils are the daughters of resident Europeans, East-Indians, or Indo-Portuguese, without any intermixture of the female children of Native parents. I do not suppose that the latter would be refused as pupils, but I am not aware of any instances in which their parents have sought instruction for them in those schools. The instruction is stipendiary and the schools


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Rh are proprietary, the lady who is at the head of each establishment being the proprietress. According to my information there are eight schools of this description in Calcutta, but I possess so few details of each individual school that I can only give this general notice of them. The pupils receive instruction in reading, spelling, grammar, letter-writing, geography, history, arithmetic, and sewing. Music also is taught in some of them and drawing in others. One of them is a preparatory school for little children in which the instruction is limited to reading, writing, and spelling.

The remark made on the third is still more applicable to the fourth class of English schools. They are loo little known. They are not sufficiently under the public eye. A parent anxious for the welfare of his daughters has no means, except by personal investigation which few can make, of ascertaining the principles, if any, on which education is conducted, the course of instruction pursued, and the rules of discipline enforced. A public good would be effected if, without infringing on the freedom of instruction or on the delicacy due to female establishments of education, the conductors could devise some means of bringing their seminaries more directly under the influence of enlightened public opinion.

5. The fifth class of English schools consists of charitable and orphan institutions, designed principally for the instruction of the children and orphans of the poor Christian population.

The Free School Society was formed in 1789; and in 1800 the Old Calcutta Charity school which had existed some time before 1756, was merged into it, at which date the funds of the united institution amounted to rupees 2,72,009-15-1. The object of the Society was to provide the means of education for all children, orphans and others, not the objects of the care of the Military Orphan Society. In 1813 the benefits of the institutions were extended to day-scholars. The Old Court-house was part of the property of the Old Calcutta Charity school, and it was transferred to the Government in consideration of a perpetual payment of 800 rupees per mensem, which continues to be made. In 1826, the governors of the Free school represented to the Bengal Government that in consequence of the reduction of the rate of interest on the Government securities in which their 6—1326B


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 learn to ignore racial and national differences in the daily experience of the possession of a common humanity. After all, children are alike the world over. They like the same games. They laugh at the same things. They have the same ambitions, the same sorrows, the same tragedies and the same comedies in their everyday lives. Sharing these as they do in the schoolroom and on the playground, they tend to understand each other better. This understanding is precisely of the sort which the nations of the world need, and which our heterogeneous pupils working together with a common end well exemplify.

There is an insistent movement on foot for the teaching of citizenship in the schools. Those who are interested in this movement are not satisfied with teaching a pupil merely the rights and obligations of citizenship in our own country, but desire to impress upon the growing mind the duties and obligations of citizenship in the World State. Thus it is, a new sort of patriotism is capable of being developed in the minds of the young; a patriotism to humanity at large, regardless of national boundary; a patriotism which will by no means lessen the patriotism which one owes to his own country, but which will be a part of that patriotism, and which will thus transform the flag into a symbol of not merely national glory, but of international honor.

All that has been said easily makes it apparent that the attainment of international peace depends more upon a right attitude of mind than upon anything else. Friendship, whether personal or international, is much more a matter of right attitudes than of logic expressed in all sorts of social safeguards and machinery. Stress has been laid so far upon what might be called "the international mind" as part of the attitude men need to acquire, but one might also emphasize as equally indis-


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Author:Doppo Kunikida

Works

 * "The Island in the Offing" in Fifteen Poets of Modern Japan (1928)

title: Author:Doppo Kunikida


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42 funds were invested, they were unable to continue the school on its then extended scale, unless the Government would afford them aid. In support of this application, they urged the greatly increased demand for the admission of destitute children; that they had been compelled to reduce their numbers from 400 to 280, viz., 195 boys and 81 girls; and that, unless aid could be afforded them, they must make a further reduction. Under these circumstances the Government resolved that an allowance of 800 rupees per month, being the amount hitherto contributed by the Government to the Vestry fund, should be granted to the Free school. The Court of Directors confirmed this grant, suggesting at the same time the propriety of uniting the Free school with the Benevolent Institution, the two establishments appearing to be of a similar character; but the Bengal Government in reply stated points of difference which render such an union impracticable. In 1832 in consequence of alleged abuses, an investigation was made into the state of the institution, which terminated in various reforms—the election of four governors from the general body of subscribers; the appointment of two others by the Government; the investment of the permanent funds in Government securities to be placed in the hands of the Governor-General in Council; the appointment of a clergyman who should give his undivided attention to the duties of chaplain and superintendent; the appointment of an active qualified head-master; a general revision and re-modelling of the plan of education and of the domestic arrangements of the institution; and the establishment of effectual checks over the expenditure of the funds. In consequence of these changes the governors, with the aid of a special subscription, have been enabled to build additional accommodations for the girls, and considerably to increase the total number of children, viz., from less than 300 to 381. The number of girls under instruction is 151, and that of boys about 230, and notwithstanding this increase, the monthly expenditure is about 600 rupees less than it was before the reforms were made. The female department of the Free school includes an infant school in which the rudiments of knowledge are communicated to about 50 very young children. The manufacture of straw-bonnets and lace for sale has also been introduced into the girls’ department, and it is hoped that instruction in these mechanical arts will introduce two useful branches of


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 pensable "the prospective mind": the mind that not merely looks about and includes all existent beings in its interests, but looks forward and views the human race in terms of a never ending progress, which is capable of infinite possibilities. Civilization is not static: it is intensely dynamic. Human nature is not static: it is capable of boundless change and improvement. It is needful for us to realize this last fact, because there are so many people who keep telling us that it is human nature to go to war; that it always has been human nature; and that it always will be human nature. If there is any argument that is feeblest, it is this. There is nothing in this world that can be said to belong to a permanent human nature, except the quality of not being permanent at all. There is nothing so changeable as human nature; and that is the glory of it. It is that which makes man divine in his ideals and possibilities. As a matter of fact, men have not always warred; in truth, war has been the exception, and great minds, as well as the minds of the common people, have always looked forward to a time when some reasonable method would be devised which would make war forever impossible. In the journal, La Revue, of February 15, 1909, a writer by the name of B. Beau wrote a very good satire on the traditional defense of war as being a necessity of an unchanging human nature. He entitled his article "A Defense of Cannibalism." It is supposed to be a speech of a medicine man addressed to his tribe in answer to anti-cannibalistic propaganda that a Christian missionary was making among them. The argument has been reprinted as a document of the American Association for International Conciliation. There is no space here to reproduce the argument in detail. The following short extract, however, will at once remind one of the sorts