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 Boston and Salt Lake City encourage one to suppose that even that churchless aspect, which so stirred the speculative element in Mr. Henry James, is only the opening formless phase of a community destined to produce not only classes but intellectual and moral forms of the most remarkable kind.

It is well to note how these ninety millions of people whose social future we are discussing are distributed. This huge development of human appliances and resources is here going on in a community that is still, for all the dense crowds of New York, the teeming congestion of East Side, extraordinarily scattered. America, one recalls, is still an unoccupied country across which the latest developments of civilisation are rushing. We are dealing here with a continuous area of land which is, leaving Alaska out of account altogether, equal to Great Britain, France, the German Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Italy, Belgium, Japan, Holland, Spain and Portugal, Sweden and Norway, Turkey in Europe, Egypt and the whole Empire of India, and the population spread out over this vast space is still less than the joint population of the first two countries named and not a quarter that of India.

Moreover, it is not spread at all evenly. Much of it is in undistributed clots. It is not upon the soil; barely half of it is in holdings and homes and authentic communities. It is a population of an extremely modern type. Urban concentration has already gone


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Rh towards civilisation than the Bushmen, though a stranger at first sight might not have seen much difference in personal appearance between the two. A little observation, however, would have shown that the Bushmen were not only smaller and uglier, but that their faces were broader, their eyes not nearly as full and bright, their lobeless ears rounder in shape, and their chins less prominent. Their wild expression also was not observed in the Hottentot face.

The investigations of the late Dr. Bleek have shown that the languages of the two races were not only different in the words, except in such as were adopted by Hottentots from captive Bushman girls, but that they varied in construction. That of the Hottentots was of a high order, being of the same class as our own, and following grammatical rules as strictly as English does. Its vocabulary, however, was of a low type, as three-fourths of the syllabic elements began with clicks, though these sounds were not so extensively used as by Bushmen and did not vary so much, being only four in number. Further it was almost free of deep guttural or croaking sounds, except where there had been a large infusion of Bushman blood. Some words were composites, but most were monosyllables, as were all the roots, which invariably ended with a vowel. The sound of the liquid consonant l was wanting. In many instances the same word had different significations, according as it was pronounced. Thus ǃkaib pronounced in the lowest tone meant obscurity, pronounced in a medium tone meant a district or locality, and pronounced in the highest tone meant a particular article of clothing.

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 far with it; fifteen millions of it are crowded into and about twenty great cities, another eighteen millions make up five hundred towns. Between these centres of population run railways indeed, telegraph wires, telephone connections, tracks of various sorts, but to the European eye these are mere scratchings on a virgin surface. An empty wilderness manifests itself through this thin network of human conveniences, appears in the meshes even at the railroad side.

Essentially America is still an unsettled land, with only a few incidental good roads in favoured places, with no universal police, with no wayside inns where a civilised man may rest, with still only the crudest of rural postal deliveries, with long stretches of swamp and forest and desert by the track side, still unassailed by industry. This much one sees clearly enough eastward of Chicago. Westward it becomes more and more the fact. In Idaho, at last, comes the untouched and perhaps invincible desert, plain and continuous through the long hours of travel. Huge areas do not contain one human being to the square mile, still vaster portions fall short of two

It is upon Pennsylvania and New York State and the belt of great towns that stretches out past Chicago to Milwaukee and Madison that the nation centres and seems destined to centre. One needs but examine a tinted population map to realise that. The other concentrations are provincial and subordinate; they have the same relation to the main axis that Glasgow or Cardiff have to London in the British scheme.


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When I speak of this vast multitude, these ninety millions of the United States of America as being for the most part peasants de-peasant-ised and common people cut off from their own social traditions, I do not intend to convey that the American community is as a whole traditionless. There is in America a very distinctive tradition indeed, which animates the entire nation, gives a unique idiom to its press and all its public utterances, and is manifestly the starting point from which the adjustments of the future must be made.

The mere sight of the stars and stripes serves to recall it; "Yankee" in the mouth of a European gives something of its quality. One thinks at once of a careless abandonment of any pretension, of tireless energy and daring enterprise, of immense self-reliance, of a disrespect for the past so complete that a mummy is in itself a comical object, and the blowing out of an ill-guarded sacred flame, a delightful jest. One thinks of the enterprise of the sky-scraper and the humour of "A Yankee at the Court of King Arthur," and of "Innocents Abroad." Its dominant notes are democracy, freedom, and confidence. It is religious-spirited without superstition, consciously Christian in the vein of a nearly Unitarian Christianity, fervent but broadened, broadened as a halfpenny is broadened by being run over by an express train, substantially the same, that is to say, but with a marked loss of outline and detail. It is a tradition of romantic concession to good and inoffensive women and a high development of


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 that personal morality which puts sexual continence and alcoholic temperance before any public virtue. It is equally a tradition of sporadic emotional public-spiritedness, entirely of the quality of gallantry, of handsome and surprising gifts to the people, disinterested occupation of office and the like. It is emotionally patriotic, hypotheticating fighting and dying for one's country as a supreme good while inculcating also that working and living for oneself is quite within the sphere of virtuous action. It adores the flag but suspects the State. One sees more national flags and fewer national servants in America than in any country in the world. Its conception of manners is one of free plain-spoken men revering women and shielding them from most of the realities of life, scornful of aristocracies and monarchies, while asserting simply, directly, boldly and frequently an equal claim to consideration with all other men. If there is any traditional national costume, it is shirt-sleeves. And it cherishes the rights of property above any other right whatsoever.

Such are the details that come clustering into one's mind in response to the phrase, the American tradition.

From the War of Independence onward until our own times that tradition, that very definite ideal, has kept pretty steadily the same. It is the image of a man and not the image of a State. Its living spirit has been the spirit of freedom at any cost, unconditional and irresponsible. It is the spirit of men who have thrown off a yoke, who are jealously resolved to be unhampered masters of their "own," to whom


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1832] in the United States. Whatever be the true character of the natives of New England, one thing must be allowed them, that of great and expansive ideas,—beyond, far beyond the generality of the inhabitants of the small Island of Britain. I say small, for if that Island should be placed in the midst of these United States, it would hardly form more than s single member of our extended republic. That vast rivers, enormous mountains, tremendous cataracts, with an extent corresponding to the hugeness of the features of America, naturally inspire men with boundless ideas, few will doubt. This adventurous disposition, at the same time, will as naturally banish from the mind what the newlight doctrine of Phrenology calls the disposition bump of Inhabitiveness, or an inclination to stay at home, and in its place give rise to a roaming, wandering inclination, which, some how or other, may so affect the organs of vision, and of hearing, as to debar a person from perceiving what others may see, the innumerable difficulties in the way. Mr. Hall J. Kelly's writings operated much like a match applied to the combustible matter accumulated in the mind of the energetic Nathaniel J. Wyeth, which reflected and multiplied the flattering glass held up to view by the ingenious and well-disposed schoolmaster.

Mr. Nathaniel. J. Wyeth had listened with peculiar [5] delight to all the flattering accounts from the Western re-


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 nothing else is of anything but secondary importance. That was the spirit of the English small gentry and mercantile class, the comfortable property owners, the Parliamentarians, in Stuart times. Indeed, even earlier, it is very largely the spirit of More's "Utopia." It was that spirit sent Oliver Cromwell himself packing for America, though a heedless and ill-advised and unforeseeing King would not let him go. It was the spirit that made taxation for public purposes the supreme wrong and provoked each country, first the mother country and then in its turn the daughter country, to armed rebellion. It has been the spirit of the British Whig and the British Nonconformist almost up to the present day. In the Reform Club of London, framed and glazed over against Magna Charta, is the American Declaration of Independence, kindred trophies they are of the same essentially English spirit of stubborn insubordination. But the American side of it has gone on unchecked by the complementary aspect of the English character which British Toryism expresses.

The War of Independence raised that Whig suspicion of and hostility to government and the freedom of private property and the repudiation of any but voluntary emotional and supererogatory co-operation in the national purpose to the level of a religion, and the American Constitution, with but one element of elasticity in the Supreme Court decisions, established these principles impregnably in the political structure. It organised disorganisation. Personal freedom, defiance of authority, and the stars and stripes have always gone together in men's minds; and subse-


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 quent waves of immigration, the Irish fleemg famine, for which they held the English responsible, and the Eastern European Jews escaping relentless persecutions, brought a persuasion of immense public wrongs, as a necessary concomitant of systematic government, to refresh without changing this defiant thirst for freedom at any cost.

In my book, "The Future in America," I have tried to make an estimate of the working quality of this American tradition of unconditional freedom for the adult male citizen. I have shown that from the point of view of anyone who regards civilisation as an organisation of human interdependence and believes that the stability of society can be secured only by a conscious and disciplined co-ordination of effort, it is a tradition extraordinarily and dangerously deficient in what I have called a "sense of the State." And by a "sense of the State" I mean not merely a vague and sentimental and showy public-spiritedness—of that the States have enough and to spare—but a real sustaining conception of the collective interest embodied in the State as an object of simple duty and as a determining factor in the life of each individual. It involves a sense of function and a sense of "place," a sense of a general responsibility and of a general well-being overriding the individual's well-being, which are exactly the senses the American tradition attacks and destroys.

For the better part of a century the American tradition, quite as much by reason of what it disregards as of what it suggests, has meant a great release of human energy, a vigorous if rough and untidy ex-


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26 gions, and that at a time when he was surrounded with apparent advantages, and even enviable circumstances. He was born and bred near the borders of a beautiful small Lake, as it would be called in Great Britain; but what we in this country call a large Pond; because we generally give the name of Lakes only to our vast inland seas, some of which almost rival in size the Caspian and Euxine in the old world. It seems that he gave entire credit to the stories of the wonderful fertility of the soil on the borders of the Ohio, Missouri, the river Platte, and the Oregon, with the equally wonderful healthfulness of the climate. We need not wonder that a mind naturally ardent and enterprising should become too enthusiastic to pursue the laborious routine of breaking up and harrowing the hard and stubborn soil of Massachusetts within four miles of the sea, where the shores are bounded and fortified by stones and rocks, which extend inland, lying just below the surface of the ground, while the regions of the West were represented as standing in need of very little laborious culture, such was the native vigor of its black soil. The spot where our adventurer was born and grew up, had many peculiar and desirable advantages over most others in the country of Middlesex. Besides rich pasturage, numerous dairies, and profitable orchards, and other fruit trees, it possessed the luxuries of well cultivated gardens of all sorts of culinary vegetables, and all within three miles of the Boston Market-House, and two miles of the largest live-cattle market in New England. All this, and more too, had not sufficient attractions to retain Mr. Wyeth in his native town and county.

[6] Besides these blessings, I shall add another. The Lake I spoke of, commonly called Fresh Pond, is a body of delightful water, which seems to be the natural head or source of all numerous underground rivers running be-


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 ploitation of the vast resources that the European invention of railways and telegraphic communication put within reach of the American people. It has stimulated men to a greater individual activity, perhaps, than the world has ever seen before. Men have been wasted by misdirection no doubt, but there has been less waste by inaction and lassitude than was the case in any previous society. Great bulks of things and great quantities of things have been produced, huge areas brought under cultivation, vast cities reared in the wilderness.

But this tradition has failed to produce the beginnings or promise of any new phase of civilised organisation, the growths have remained largely invertebrate and chaotic, and, concurrently with its gift of splendid and monstrous growth, it has also developed portentous political and economic evils. No doubt the increment of human energy has been considerable, but it has been much less than appears at first sight. Much of the human energy that America has displayed in the last century is not a development of new energy but a diversion. It has been accompanied by a fall in the birth-rate that even the immigration torrent has not altogether replaced. Its insistence on the individual, its disregard of the collective organisation, its treatment of women and children as each man's private concern, has had its natural outcome. Men's imaginations have been turned entirely upon individual and immediate successes and upon concrete triumphs; they have had no regard or only an ineffectual sentimental regard for the race. Every man was looking after himself, and there was no one


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1832] tween it and the National Navy Yard at Charlestown, which is so near to the city of Boston as to be connected to it by a bridge; for wherever you sink a well, between the body of water just mentioned, you strike a pelucid vein of it at from nineteen to twenty-two feet depth from the surface. With the aforesaid Lake or Pond is connected another not quite so large, but equally beautiful. Around these bodies of inosculating waters, are well cultivated farms and a number of gentlemen's country-seats, forming a picture of rural beauty and plenty not easily surpassed in Spring, Summer, and Autumn; and when winter has frozen the lakes and all the rivers, this sport has another and singular advantage; for our adventurer sold the water of this pond; which was sent to the West-Indian Islands, Philadelphia, New Orleans, and other places south of this; which is so much of singularity as to require explanation.

In our very coldest weather, January and February, the body of water we spoke of is almost every year frozen to the thickness of from eighteen inches to two feet,—sometimes less, and very rarely more. It is then sawed into cubes of the size just mentioned, and deposited in large store-houses, and carted thence every month in the year, even through the dog-days, in heavy teams drawn by oxen and horses to the wharves in Boston, and put on board large and properly constructed vessels, and carried into the hot climates already [7] mentioned. The heavy teams five, or six, or more, close following each other, day and night, and even through the hottest months, would appear incredible to a stranger. Here was a traffic without any drawback, attended with no other charge than the labor of cutting and transporting the article; for the pond belonged to no man, any more than the air which hung above it. Both belonged to mankind. No one claimed any personal property in it, or control over it from border to border. A clearer profit can hardly be


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 The documents in the present volume cover a wide range. In greater of less detail are discussed affairs in the islands — civil, military, and religious, in which all the various ramifications of each estate are touched upon. Reforms, both civil and religious, are urged and ordered; and trade and commerce, and general economic and social conditions pervade all the documents. The efforts of Dutch, English, French, Portuguese, and Spanish in eastern waters are a portent of coming struggles for supremacy in later times. Japan, meditation on the closed door to Europeans, though still permitting the Dutch to trade there, continues to persecute the Christians, while that persecution is, on the other hand, lessening in violence in China. The piracies of the Moros endanger the islands, and allow the Dutch to hope for alliance with them against the Spaniards; and the importance of the islands to Spain is urged forcibly.

A letter addressed by Los Rios Coronel to the king (probably in 1620) urges that prompt aid be sent to Filipinas for its defense against the Dutch and English who threaten its coasts. To it he adds an outline "treatise on the navigation of Filipinas," which sustains his demand by forcible arguments. The rich Oriental trade amounts to five millions of pesos a


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 policy. Here also he failed, and all his labors to this end were fruitless: the election would take place according to the summons unless he should resolve to defeat it by an act of violence. This plan, also, Frederic meditated; and it was perhaps with the design of gaining confederates in the execution of this plan that he, as Director of the Union, called at Heilbronn a meeting of the members to take counsel. The majority, however, only advised another attempt with the individual Electors to have the election put off. For violent interference but a few members, by no means the majority, expressed themselves. He again pursued the way proposed, but failed of the desired end, and was obliged to resolve, whether for good or for ill, to send his envoys to the Electoral Diet. He enjoined upon his ambassador to labor above all for the adjustment of the Bohemian quarrel, and to prevent the election from taking place until peace should have been restored. Only in case the other Electors would not unite on this proposal, were they permitted to take part in the election, and then they were not to vote for Ferdinand.

Together with the three ecclesiastical Electors, who were present in person, appeared in Frankfort-on-the-Main the envoys of the Palatinate, Saxony, and Brandenburg; the Bohemians had also sent envoys to protest against Ferdinand’s participation in the election, but they were not admitted. The sessions of the Electoral College were opened with the consideration of the question, whether the election should be immediately proceeded to, or whether the Bohemian dispute should first be settled. Ferdinand, who was already in Frankfort, though he took no part in the counsels, declared to the ecclesiastical Electors that he would not enter into any negotiations with the Bohemians until he should be acknowledged as


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 their King and the Estates could be dealt with as his subjects. This declaration was favorably entertained by the ecclesiastical Electors; and as it would be necessary to inform the insurgents of this decision of Ferdinand, and to have various preliminary counsellings before the negotiations with them could be opened, the spiritual Electors were in favor of proceeding, in the next following session, to the election of an Emperor, after which the Bohemian dispute should be settled under the mediation of the whole Electoral College. The envoys of the Palatinate declared themselves against this proposal, as required by their instructions; those of Brandenburg joined in this declaration, and those of Saxony declared that they were without sufficient authority. The representatives of the temporal Electors were then requested to seek new instructions from their sovereigns, and, until the arrival of these, all further business was to be adjourned.

In the meantime Lord Doncaster arrived in the neighborhood of Frankfort, which city he might not enter, on account of the imperial election,and besought Count Oñate, who had made the journey to Frankfort in Ferdinand’s company, and taken lodgings in Höchst, for an interview, in which he again urged the immediate entrance upon the peace negotiations, and again proposed his sovereign for this business. But neither this interview, nor a second one, at which the Imperial Privy Counsellor, Count Trautmansdorff, was present, secured his end; he was entertained with evasions, which showed him distinctly enough that Ferdinand reckoned upon the triumph of his arms, and was not at all sincerely thinking of the mediation of the Electoral College. The rage which seized the party of the Palatinate, as they observed this ever-increasing obstinacy, showed itself during these days, when a cavalry


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 is a reach of amomums. The winged amomum I see here in Africa for the first time. Horrid slippery things amomum sticks to walk on, when they are lying on the ground; and there is a lot of my old enemy the calamus about.

On each side are deep forested dells and ravines, and rocks show up through the ground in every direction, and things in general are slippery, and I wonder now and again, as I assume with unnecessary violence a recumbent position, why I came to Africa; but patches of satin-leaved begonias and clumps of lovely tree-ferns reconcile me to my lot. Cook does not feel these forest charms, and gives me notice after an hour's experience of mountain forest-belt work; what cook would not?

As we get higher we have to edge and squeeze every few minutes through the aërial roots of some tremendous kind of tree, plentiful hereabouts. One of them we passed through I am sure would have run any Indian banyan hard for extent of ground covered, if it were measured. In the region where these trees are frequent, the undergrowth is less dense than it is lower down.

Imagine a vast, seemingly limitless cathedral with its countless columns covered, nay, composed of the most exquisite dark-green, large-fronded moss, with here and there a delicate fern embedded in it as an extra decoration. The white, gauze-like mist comes down from the upper mountain towards us: creeping, twining round, and streaming through the moss-covered tree columns—long bands of it reaching along sinuous, but evenly, for fifty and sixty feet or more, and then ending in a puff like the smoke of a gun. Soon, however, all the mist-streams coalesce and make the atmosphere all their own, wrapping us round in a clammy, chill embrace; it is not that wool-blanket, smothering affair that we were wrapped in down by Buana, but exquisitely delicate. The difference it makes to the beauty of the forest is just the same difference you would get if you put a delicate veil over a pretty woman’s face or a sack over her head. In fact, the mist here was exceedingly becoming to the forest’s beauty. Now and again growls of thunder roll out from, and quiver in the earth beneath our feet. Mungo is making a big


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 battalion of 500 men, which had been enlisted in the lands of the Rhenish Bishops, and had entered upon their march to Bohemia, was attacked near the village of Roden by a force three times as great, and dispersed. The intelligence of this occurrence, when brought to the King, produced no depressing effect upon him, but confirmed him only in his determination to confide the present matters of dispute to the sword for solution.

In the latter part of August the instructions for the envoys of Saxony and Brandenburg arrived, authorizing them to take part in the imperial election, if the majority of the Electors should declare themselves in favor of doing this before negotiating peace for Bohemia. The instructions of the ambassadors of the Palatinate were even yet not changed; but as they were in the minority, their opposition effected nothing. Before they proceeded to the election itself, the Elector of Treves went to Ferdinand and officially put to him the question whether he would, after the election, admit the mediation of the Electoral College in the Bohemian dispute. The King would answer affirmatively only on condition that Duke Maximilian of Bavaria should also be added. When the Elector of Treves declined to accept this condition, on the ground that other princes, and especially the King of England, could not be excluded if Maximilian were admitted, and the settlement of this matter was a home affair, Ferdinand finally handed in the written declaration that he would consent to the mediation of the Electoral College. A few days later the Bohemians were informed of this decision, and set down the opening of the negotiations for the 10th of November, an appointment which was prevented, by the following events, from being kept.

Now began the business of the election-capitulation


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 [Wahlcapitulation]. The necessary conditions were first stated, the same to which the Emperors Rudolph and Matthias had to subscribe. Although these reduced the imperial power to the narrowest limits, the representatives of the Palatinate endeavored to restrict it still further, while individual Electors, especially those of Treves and Cologne, attempted utterances looking towards Ferdinand as a candidate. When Count Solms, one of the representatives of the Palatinate, declared, in reply to the Elector of Cologne, that his sovereign, in case Ferdinand should mount the imperial throne, would furnish no aid against the Bohemians, the Elector put him to silence with the remark that there would perhaps be some way of escape, and added: “If it be indeed true that the Bohemians intend to depose Ferdinand and choose another King, a war of twenty, thirty, or forty years may be expected, as Spain and the house of Austria would sooner stake all that they hold in this world on the issue than relinquish Bohemia; indeed, Spain herself would rather let the Netherlands be lost than allow the dominion of the house in Bohemia to be so shamefully and violently wrested from it.” How fully the events which followed confirm this sad prophetic utterance!

For the election itself, the Imperial Chancellor, the Elector Schweikhard, of Mentz, fixed the 28th of August. On that day the Electors who were in attendance, and the envoys of those absent, assembled at 7 o’clock in the morning, in the celebrated old Council House, called The Römer. Here the Archbishops put on garments of red cloth, Ferdinand one of red satin, and placed a new Bohemian crown upon his head, as the one which descended from Charles IV., and generally used in these ceremonies, was kept in Karlstein, and had thus fallen into the hands


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134 goes, he can get a wife and relatives, but I do not see any country where one can get a brother.** Even though your brother lives separately on his allowance from the estate, or in ordinary cases on the income of a portion of the estate, you must be on friendly terms with him. Suppose you are an adopted son and have succeeded your father by adoption. Then your own brother's position as regards yourself is quite different. You may be kind to him, but do not treat him equally with yourself, because your relatives and your people, on the whole, would disapprove of such treatment. Never give him a high office or post in your establishment.

You should always respect your mother, your grandmother and the ladies of that rank, and you should see that none of them is treated with disrespect by your wife and the young ladies of your family. Give


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 of the insurgent government. The Electors took the oath that they would act in the election which was to follow according to their best knowledge and conscience, and then proceeded to the Election Chapel (Wahlkapelle) each of the Electors and of the chief envoys attended by three counsellors, who were to act as witnesses in the execution of the capitulation. A notary read the document, and the Electors bound themselves that, in case one of their numbers should be chosen, he would faithfully observe the terms of the capitulation. Then all but the seven Electors withdrew.

The Elector of Mentz began the proceedings by calling upon the Elector of Treves for his vote; to which call he responded by naming King Ferdinand, Archduke Albert, of Austria, and Duke Maximilian, of Bavaria, as suitable candidates, and closed by giving his vote for Ferdinand. The Elector of Cologne followed with the declaration that his brother Maximilian, of Bavaria, declined to be regarded as a candidate, and he therefore gave his vote, for weighty reasons, in favor of King Ferdinand. It was Ferdinand’s next turn to vote; but the Elector of Mentz did not call upon him, but turned, as if in forgetfulness, to Count Solms, as representative of the Palsgrave. Solms drew forth a paper which contained the vote, and read it. In this were named as fit persons for the place, on the Evangelical side, the King of Denmark and the Elector of Saxony, and, on the Catholic side, King Ferdinand, Archduke Albert, and the Dukes of Bavaria and Savoy. The Palsgrave desired that the Empire have a head capable of putting an end to the present sad condi-


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 tornado, and is stirring and simmering it softly so as to make it strong. I only hope he will not overdo it, as he does six times in seven, and make it too heavy to get out on to the Atlantic, where all tornadoes ought to go. If he does the thing will go and burst on us in this forest to-night.

The forest now grows less luxuriant though still close—we have left the begonias and the tree-ferns, and are in another zone. The trees now, instead of being clothed in rich, dark-green moss, are heavily festooned with long, greenish-white lichen. It pours with rain.

At last we reach the place where the sergeant says we ought to camp for the night. I have been feeling the time for camping was very ripe for the past hour, and Kefalla openly said as much an hour and a half ago, but he got such scathing things said to him about civilians' legs by the sergeant that [ did not air my own opinion.

We are now right at the very edge of the timber belt. My head man and three boys are done to a turn. If I had had a bull behind me or Mr. Fildes in front, I might have done another five or seven miles, but not more.

The rain comes down with extra virulence as soon as we set to work to start the fire and open the loads. I and Peter have great times getting out the military camp-bed from its tight, bolster-like case, while Kefalla gives advice, until, being irritated by the bed's behaviour, I blow up Kefalla and send him to chop firewood. However, we get the thing out and put up after cutting a place clear to set it on: owing to the world being on a stiff slant hereabouts, it takes time to make it stand straight. I get four stakes cut, and drive them in at the four corners of the bed, and then stretch over it Herr von Lucke’s waterproof ground-sheet, guy the ends out to pegs with string, feel profoundly grateful to both Herr Liebert for the bed and Herr von Lucke for the sheet, and place the baggage under the protection of the German Government's two belongings. Then I find the boys have not got a fire with all their fuss, and I have to demonstrate to them the lessons I have learnt among the Fans regarding fire-making. We build a fire-house and then all goes well. I notice they do not make a fire Fan fashion, but build it in a circle.


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 tion of its affairs, and he found in the Duke of Bavaria the fittest person for the imperial crown. Mentz next called for the vote of Ferdinand, who, however, requested that the other Electors should first be asked; and the Saxon envoy was called upon, and declared himself, in short, decidedly for Ferdinand. The envoy of Brandenburg named King Ferdinand and the Archduke Albert, and ended by declaring himself for Ferdinand, on the ground that Maximilian declined the election. Mentz, then, after mentioning Albert and Maximilian, gave his vote for Ferdinand, who himself also, as it now came his turn again to vote, declared that, as the majority had decided for him, and, according to the Golden Bull, he had a right to vote for himself, he would avail himself of this right and vote for himself. The Elector of Mentz now put to the envoy of the Palatinate the question whether he would separate himself from the majority; upon which Solms, too, declared himself for Ferdinand. The election was over, and was unanimous. Deeply touched by the gravity of the occasion, Ferdinand gave expression of his thanks for the dignity conferred upon him, and pledged himself to preside with fidelity and earnestness over the Empire.

The election signified, not only the triumph of the Hapsburgs, but a defeat of the party of the Palatinate, such as could not have been more decided. The Palsgrave had moved heaven and earth to prevent, or at least to delay, it; he had, in the end, even meditated a resort to violence, and his endeavors had not only failed, but his envoys had at last, however unwillingly, given their vote for Ferdinand.


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While these events were taking place at Frankfort, the Directors had summoned a General Diet of the Bohemian crown, to be attended by representatives of the adjacent lands, at which Diet not only further measures of defence were to be decided upon, but also the question of the attitude to be assumed towards Ferdinand and that in regard to the election of a new King in his stead, were to be settled. The business was opened on the 8th of July, and centred at first around the drafting of the articles of Confederation, which were not only to govern the relations of the lands of the Bohemian crown, but to include also certain provisions in regard to the rights of the States. The first and weightiest subject of deliberation was the right to elect a King. All agreed that the kingly office was not to be regarded as hereditary, but as elective, and that the elective right should not thereafter belong to Bohemia alone, but be shared in common with the other lands. Bohemia should have in the election two votes, Moravia and Silesia each one, and Upper and Lower Lusatia, together, two votes.

The further business related to the religious Confessions. The old name, “Utraquist,” which the Bohemian Protestants were obliged still, at the time the Royal Charter was granted, to retain, was dropped, and for it was substituted the title, “Adherents of the Evangelic Confession of Faith.” The Bohemian State was impressed with a Protestant character; it was provided that none but Protestants should hold the higher offices, and that a preference should be given to these in filling the places of counsellors in the royal cities. In regard to the royal chancery—corresponding with the department of the interior for the lands of


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 the Bohemian crown-this should be divested of all power to act with severity, so as to secure the self-government of the lands severally. These retained, too, their freedom and independence of action in all political, financial, and military affairs. Finally, provision was made for the election of Defensors in each land, who should exercise a kind of oversight over the King, who was to be elected; they were to see to it that he observe the new constitution, and, if he should not observe it, to call them to resistance. Eight cases were specified in which resistance was declared to be justified, among which were violation of religious liberty and illegal appointments to the highest positions. At the close of these provisions, which embraced all the Bohemian lands, the Diet of Bohemia so regulated for itself alone the right of building churches, that all the inhabitants of Bohemia, without distinction of rank, should enjoy the right to build evangelical churches. The right to build Catholic churches should, on the contrary, be limited to the nobility, the knighthood, and the royal cities. On the 31st of July the session was closed, and the “Act of Confederation,” which all who took part in its enactment confirmed by a solemn oath, was made public in Prague.

Between Bohemia and Austria there was also, during the days immediately following, a treaty concluded. The Protestant Estates of Lower Austria had transferred their sessions from Vienna to Horn, and continued them in the latter place, where, under the promptings of Tschernembl and in union with the Upper Austrians, they had resolved to take part in the General Diet at Prague. In the treaty referred to, Bohemia and Austria bound themselves to a common defence against all enemies which should assail the prerogatives of the Estates and the


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135 them ample monthly allowance of money and do not ask them for an account of the expenditure. Give them some extra money on special days and take them to visit convenient places of pilgrimage. You should be very careful not to give them any chance of interfering with the management of your estate. Such female interference is always unprofitable and injurious to the management.

Be kind and affectionate to your wife; give her an ample monthly allowance, and take her with you on your travels to convenient places; but never become a tool in her hands. Even among the more educated and civilized Western peoples, female supremacy is sometimes unpleasant and unprofitable. I dare say Europeans will admit it too.

When I was a boy 1 read a story of three witches. A question arose among them as to what women like best. They argued at


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 Evangelical Confession. They guaranteed to each other the right to put an end to all the evils from which they had hitherto suffered, and to make all arrangements which the common good might require. Finally, it was determined that this alliance should be of perpetual obligation, and that, at intervals of five years, general conventions of deputies from Austria and Bohemia should be held, to take counsel in regard to matters of common concern. The session was closed on the 15th of August, and on the 16th the treaty was formally read to the Diet and confirmed by the oaths of the Directors and the Austrian envoys.

These matters settled, the Directors called the attention of the representatives of the lands of the Bohemian crown to the contemplated deposition of Ferdinand. The business was introduced by reading, in the Bohemian Diet, a biographical sketch, in which the King’s deeds and omissions for twenty years were subjected to a thorough review. He was reproached with having crushed the Protestants in Styria, and with having obtained the Bohemian crown by artifice and deceit, at the peril of the country’s ruin. After exhausting the arguments drawn from Ferdinand’s previous action, a second paper brought forward still other grounds for his deposition; the enormous burden of debt which would fall upon Bohemia, in case it must pay the expenses not only of its own defence, but also the debts contracted for the war brought against the land, was specially emphasized. With the reading of these papers ended the business of August 18th. The next day the Estates were severally called upon to vote upon the question of Ferdinand’s deposition on the grounds which had been brought forward. Every person of the nobility and knighthood, and after them also the deputies of the


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136 lengthy suggesting various things which were likely to be desired by women, such as personal beauty, jewels, money, children, and a youthful, handsome, rich, learned, or courageous husband. At last it was decided that a woman considers supremacy or control over her husband or lover to be the most enviable gift of Providencedence. Wherever there is such control over the husband, there is no pleasure and happiness for him, and he is a slave to his wife. Therefore, never be under your wife's control. On the other hand, never make your wife feel sorry on account of your treatment of her. If you are a true husband, it is all the better; if not, under any circumstances, think of your wife first and then of others.

Except under the reasons referred to in my lecture on Bad Habits, never marry more than one wife. I may tell you here two moral stories in connection with the


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 royal cities, voted for the deposition. Count Albin Schlick reported to the Silesian and Lusatian deputies the result of this voting, and called upon them for their opinion, while Ruppa brought the same question to the test of a vote with the Moravians. They asked for one day to think upon the subject, and the next day concurred in the vote of the Bohemian Estates.

With the deposition of Ferdinand came now into the foreground the question who should be chosen to the throne. Three princes were proposed and considered: the Duke of Savoy and the Electors of the Palatinate and Saxony. Upon the prospects of these candidates, and the negotiations which had been carried on with them up to the moment, the following narrative will throw some light.

It will be remembered that, in November of the previous year, Ruppa made to the ambassador of the Palatinate, then present in Prague, a proposal in regard to the election of his sovereign as King of Bohemia, and requested his concurrence. But when the Duke of Savoy expressed to the ambassador of the Palatinate his desire for the Bohemian throne, and suggested Hither-Austria as the Palsgrave’s part of the spoils, the Heidelberg cabinet felt bound to support the Savoyan plans, and sent, when the proposed meeting of the Prince of Anhalt with Ruppa and Hohenloe had come to nought on account of the Emperor Matthias’ death, Ahaz von Dohna to Prague again to work there for the Savoyan candidate. Dohna revealed to the astonished Ruppa that the merit of sending Mansfeld’s auxiliaries belonged, not to the Palsgrave, but to the Duke of Savoy, and that the latter alone had really aided Bohemia. This intelligence cooled down somewhat the enthusiasm for the Palsgrave, and Ruppa


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Antony Payne, a Cornish Giant his schoolmates were accustomed to "borrow his back," and, for sport, to work out their geography lessons or arithmetic on the broad disc in chalk; so that, to his mother's amazement and dismay, he more than once brought home, like Atlas, the world on his shoulders, for her to rub out. His strength and skill in every boyish game were marvellous, and, unlike many other large men, his mental and intellectual faculties increased with his amazing growth.

It was Antony Payne's delight to select two of his stoutest companions, whom he termed "his kittens," and, with one under each arm, to climb some perilous crag or cliff in the neighbourhood of the sea, "to show them the world," as he said. He was called in the school "Uncle Tony," for the Cornish to this day employ the names "uncle and aunt" as titles of endearment and respect. Another relic of his boyhood is extant still: the country lads, when they describe anything of excessive dimensions, call it, "As long as Tony Payne's foot."

He grew on gradually, and in accurate proportion of sinews and thews, until, at the age of twenty-one, he was taken into the establishment at Stowe. He then measured seven feet two inches without his shoes, and he afterwards added a couple of inches more to his stately growth.


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 and Hohenloe, after Dohna’s report, seemed to have agreed that, in the coming election of a King, they must look to Savoy.

In order to bring the business to a conclusion, and obtain from Savoy increased aid, the Prince of Anhalt set out (last of April, 1619) for Turin, announced the favorable reception which Dohna’s report had found in Prague, and attempted to bring the Duke to the definite terms of a treaty. He did not, however, find him so favorably disposed as previous intelligence had led him to expect. Charles Emanuel had learned from his diplomatic agents that the hopes which he had upon the accession of Venice and France to the alliance were without foundation, and indeed that France would rather oppose than favor his plans. Still further, from James of England, whose support the Palsgrave deemed so certain, no encouraging assurances had arrived, and the special condition, therefore, under which the Duke was ready to support Bohemia was not fulfilled. But as the Prince of Anhalt reinstilled into him the spirit which had been checked, persistently urging the conclusion of an alliance, he finally yielded to the pressure; but one can scarcely avoid the suspicion, in view of his later bearing, that he did this only to be rid of his annoyer. In the treaty he bound himself to the further support of 4,600 men to prevent, in the service of Bohemia, the passage of Spanish troops from Italy to Germany, to send 6,000 men to Alsace, and, finally, to the monthly payment of 100,000 ducats to the Union. In return, the Palsgrave was bound to fit out an army of 10,000 men in aid of the Bohemians, and to use with them his influence for the Duke’s election to the crown. In a second draft of a treaty, made on the same day, it was provided that the Duke of Savoy, in case it


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 should on any ground occur that he should attain to the imperial and not to the Bohemian throne, should still pay the 100,000 ducats monthly, provided that the Bohemians should effect an election to their throne which should subserve the common interest. These two treaties, made at Rivoli, were to be ratified within two months. These transactions over, the Prince of Anhalt set out for Heilbronn, where, in the beginning of June (1619), a Diet of the Union assembled, before which he laid the result of his mission. Here appeared also Here appeared also envoys from Bohemia to solicit money and troops. Their request was granted to this extent, that the Union should stand security for them for a loan of 200,000 florins, which was afterwards effected in Nuremberg. The Union would do nothing towards raising auxiliary troops, but resolved to enlist from 13,000 to 15,000 men to prevent the passage to Bohemia of the force to be enlisted in Flanders or on the Rhine, in aid of Ferdinand, and we have already seen how they executed this resolution at Roden. From the Diet of the Union, Anhalt went to Amberg, where he usually resided, having been invested by the Palsgrave with the Regency of the Upper Palatinate, and held an interview with de Bausse, the agent of Savoy, and Count Mansfeld, giving them instructions as to the manner in which they should advocate the claims of the Duke of Savoy to the throne of Bohemia.

Scarcely, however, had de Bausse and Mansfeld departed, when both Anhalt and the Palsgrave regretted the giving of such instructions. They could not forgive themselves that they had renounced the crown of Bohemia in favor of the Italian prince, and hastened to retrieve their error by sending Ahaz von Dohna again to Prague to work against the Savoyan candidate. Dohna hastened


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1376 marrying of two wives at tlie same time. (1) A certain thief broke into a magistrate's house, and, in the course of his search for valuables, saw the magistrate while he was in the company of his two wives. Afterwards the thief was caught by the guard, and on the following day was tried by the magistrate and found guilty. Thereupon he said to the magistrate with assumed humility that he would gladly undergo any punishment except being made to marry two wives at the same time; because he had seen the worry and trouble the magistrate on the bench had had on the previous night with his two wives. (2) A certain man had at the same time two wives, one young, the other elderly. The young one wishing him to look young began to pull out his grey hairs. And then the elder wife, being jealous of her co-wife, began to pull out all his dark hairs. He thus became bald in a few days.


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 thither, and at once sought to win Ruppa, the president of the Directorial government, back for the Palsgrave, and of course was not wanting in promises to gain his end.

Nor did it cost much effort; there was not in Prague a kind feeling towards the Duke of Savoy, who had not for more than six months sent any money to Count Mansfeld for the support of the troops, and now, notwithstanding the treaty concluded at Rivoli, declined any further aid because James of England would not join the alliance. By his conduct the Duke himself, in effect, renounced all claim as a candidate, so that Dohna was received with double favor by Ruppa, and was assured of the use of his whole influence for the Palsgrave’s election. Ruppa made but the one condition of the fulfilment of his promise, that the Palsgrave obligate himself to accept the throne if elected to it.

When Dohna returned with this report to Amberg, he met there also the Elector of the Palatinate. Frederic felt flattered by the hopes thus given him, but would not make the required promise until he should be sure of the concurrence of his father-in-law in his acceptance of the Bohemian crown, and therefore entreated that the election be deferred until he should have received news from England. With this intelligence Dohna returned to Prague, where he arrived on the 18th of August, the very time when the deposition of Ferdinand was under consideration. He did as instructed, but neither the Directors nor Ruppa would consent to put off the election. The General Diet had assembled for this purpose, and could not be adjourned; furthermore, things had taken the unfavorable turn narrated above on the theatre of the war, so that a favorable change could be hoped for only by securing the alliance of some prominent prince, and


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 to look after the future. Had the promise of 1815 been fulfilled, there would now be in the United States of America one hundred million descendants of the homogeneous and free-spirited native population of that time. There is not, as a matter of fact, more than thirty-five million. There is probably, as I have pointed out, much less. Against the assets of cities, railways, mines and industrial wealth won, the American tradition has to set the price of five and seventy million native citizens who have never found time to get born, and whose place is now more or less filled by alien substitutes. Biologically speaking, this is not a triumph for the American tradition. It is, however, very clearly an outcome of the intense individualism of that tradition. Under the sway of that it has burned its future in the furnace to keep up steam.

The next and necessary evil consequent upon this exaltation of the individual and private property over the State, over the race that is and over public property, has been a contempt for public service. It has identified public spirit with spasmodic acts of public beneficence. The American political ideal became a Cincinnatus whom nobody sent for and who therefore never left his plough. There has ensued a corrupt and undignified political life, speaking claptrap, dark with violence, illiterate and void of statesmanship or science, forbidding any healthy social development through public organisation at home, and every year that the increasing facilities of communication draw the alien nations closer, deepening the risks of needless and disastrous wars abroad.

And in the third place it is to be remarked that the


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 Evidently one of the labourers from Buea, named Xenia, is a good man. Equally evidently some of my other men are only fit to carry sandwich-boards for Day and Martin's blacking. I dine luxuriously off tinned fat pork and hot tea, and then feeling still hungry go on to tinned herring. Excellent thing tinned herring, but I have to hurry because I know I must go up through the edge of the forest on to the grass land, and see how the country is made during the brief period of clearness that almost always comes just before nightfall. So leaving my boys comfortably seated round the fire having their evening chop, I pass up through the heavily lichen-tasselled fringe of the forest-belt into deep jungle grass, and up a steep and slippery mound.

In front the mountain-face rises like a wall from behind a set of hillocks, similar to the one I am at present on. The face of the wall to the right and left has two dark clefts in it. The peak itself is not visible from where I am; it rises behind and beyond the wall. I stay taking compass bearings and look for an easy way up for to-morrow, My men, by now, have missed their "ma" and are yelling for her dismally, and the night comes down with great rapidity for we are in the shadow of the great mountain mass, so I go back into camp. Alas! how vain are often our most energetic efforts to remove our fellow creatures from temptation. I knew a Sunday down among the soldiers would be bad for my men, and so came up here, and now, if you please, these men have been at the rum, because Bum, the head man, has been too done up to do anything but lie in his blanket and feed. Kefalla is laying down the law with great detail and unction. Cook who has been very low in his mind all day, is now weirdly cheerful, and sings incoherently. The other boys, who want to go to sleep, threaten to "burst him" if he "no finish." It's no good—cook carols on, and soon succumbing to the irresistible charm of music, the other men have to join in the choruses. The performance goes on for an hour, growing woollier and woollier in tone, and then dying out in sleep.

I write by the light of an insect-haunted lantern, sitting on the bed, which is tucked in among the trees some twenty


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 American tradition has defeated its dearest aims of a universal freedom and a practical equality. The economic process of the last half-century, so far as America is concerned, has completely justified the generalisations of Marx. There has been a steady concentration of wealth and of the reality as distinguished from the forms of power in the hands of a small energetic minority, and a steady approximation of the condition of the mass of the citizens to that of the so-called proletariat of the European communities. The tradition of individual freedom and equality is, in fact, in process of destroying the realities of freedom and equality out of which it rose. Instead of the six hundred thousand families of the year 1790, all at about the same level of property and, excepting the peculiar condition of seven hundred thousand blacks, with scarcely any one in the position of a hireling, we have now as the most striking, though by no means the most important, fact in American social life a frothy confusion of millionaires' families, just as wasteful, foolish and vicious as irresponsible human beings with unlimited resources have always shown themselves to be. And concurrently with the appearance of these concentrations of great wealth, we have appearing also poverty, poverty of a degree that was quite unknown in the United States for the first century of its career as an independent nation. In the last few decades slums as frightful as any in Europe have appeared with terrible rapidity, and there has been a development of the viler side of industrialism, of sweating and base employment of the most ominous kind.


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 In exercising the freedoms described in paragraph 1, persons are protected from any act done by the State to abridge or impair their due benefits because the religion, religious sect, or religious cult they profess or the rite they perform according to their belief is different from that of others.

No person shall undergo a criminal punishment, save where he has committed an act which the law in force at the time of its commission prescribes to be an offence and designates a punishment for, and the punishment to be inflicted upon him shall not be more serious than that prescribed by the law in force at the time of the commission.

In a criminal case, the alleged offender or accused person shall be presumed to be innocent.

Before a final judgment declares any person guilty of an offence, such person shall not be treated as if being an offender.

An application for bailing out an alleged offender or accused person in a criminal case must be considered and no excessive bail shall be exacted. Denial of the application must be based upon a reason according the criteria prescribed

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 yards away from the boys' fire. There is a bird whistling in a deep rich note that I have never heard before.

September 23rd.—Morning gloriously fine. Rout the boys out, and start at seven, with Sasu, Head man, Xenia, Black boy, Kefalla and Cook.

The great south-east wall of the mountain in front of us is quite unflecked by cloud, and in the forest are thousands of bees. We notice that the tongues of forest go up the mountain in some places a hundred yards or more above the truce line of the belt. These tongues of forest get more and more heavily hung with lichen, and the trees thinner and more stunted, towards their ends. I think that these tongues are always in places where the wind does not get full play. All those near our camping place on this south-east face are so. It is evidently not a matter of soil, for there is ample soil on this side above where the trees are, and then again on the western side of the mountain—the side facing the sea—the timber line is far higher up than on this. Nor, again, is it a matter of angle that makes the timber line here so low, for those forests on the Sierra del Cristal were growing luxuriantly over far steeper grades. There is some peculiar local condition just here evidently, or the forest would be up to the bottom of the wall of the crater. I am not unreasonable enough to expect it to grow on that, but its conduct in staying where it does requires explanation.

We clamber up into the long jungle grass region and go on our way across a series of steep-sided, rounded grass hillocks, each of which is separated from the others by dry, rocky watercourses. The effects produced by the seed-ears of the long grass round us are very beautiful; they look a golden brown, and each ear and leaf is gemmed with dew-drops, and those of the grass on the sides of the hillocks at a little distance off show a soft brown-pink.

After half an hour's climb, when we are close at the base of the wall, I observe the men ahead halting, and coming up with them find Monrovia Boy down a hole; a little deep blow-hole, in which, I am informed, water is supposed to be. But Monrovia soon reports "No live."

I now find we have not a drop of water, either with us or in


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 Asterias glacialis, from the same place, was a splendid object when just taken up from the sea, of which Forbes’s figure in the British Star Fishes (1841) gives but a poor idea; it reminds one rather of the frame work of a crown, with the jewels all gone. Luidia fregilissima, (lingthorn,) Goniaster Templetoni, and Asterina gibbosa. Off Ramsey occurred Ophinra granulata and albida, besides O. rosula, bellia, brachiata, and neglecta, recorded by the Professor, as were Uraster hispida, Solaster endeca, and the beautiful Palmipes, long since taken by us. but in a different locality, namely, the Diamond Fishing-ground, in the British Channel, possibly named from the occurrence of the animal, which is so called by the Sussex fishermen.

The Isle of Man appears, then, upon the whole, to have more affinity to Ireland than to its other surroundings. It has no mole, toad, or snake, as is the case with the latter country, and both had the great elk, which was occasionally engulfed in their deep curraghs. The frog was a new importation in both countries in Camden's time, though it is now common, There are newts in the island, the crested and smooth, and as many lizards, Lacerta agilis and Zootoca vivipara, Bell. The hedgehog was originally introduced, but is now common, The pole-cat is absent, but the stoat is common, the only species of the Mustelidæ, as it is in Ireland. The water-rat is found, the squirrel is absent. The tailless cat is, probably, aboriginal, both here and in Cornwall. Many of the Manx fowls are destitute of tail feathers. There may be some physical reasons for these peculiarities, but what they are must he left for others to explain. The habits and language of the natives are also allied to those of the Irish, with, no doubt, a trace of the Scandinavian.

One bird derives its specific name from Mona, the Manx shearwater, but it no longer frequents its ancient resort, the Calf. That peculiarly British bird, the grouse, has become extinct. The magpie is recorded to have been brought to the island by man; and Camden says there are no woodpeckers, jays, or mawps(?). The mischievous Irish or grey crow, and the red crow or chough, are more common in some parts than the black crow, The raven end peregrine falcon are not absent from the highest rocks. There are, also, the long-eared owl, the heron, and a host of interesting sea-birds.

In pursuing our studies of the minute forms of Freshwater Life, we cannot fail to encounter a number of creatures much smaller than the Entomestraca before described, yet quite distinguishable with the aid of a simple lens, sailing through the water with an easy, swinging motion; or grazing, like small cattle, among the threads of algae; or moored by the tail to some green spray, while a curious ciliated head is stretched


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 camp, and now this hole has proved dry. There is, says the sergeant, no chance of getting any more water on this side of the mountain, save down at the river at Buea.

This means failure unless tackled, and it is evidently a trick played on me by the boys, who intentionally failed to let me know of this want of water before leaving Buea, where it seems they have all learnt it. Had I known, of course I should have brought up a sufficient supply. Now they evidently think that there is nothing to be done but to return to Buea, and go down to Victoria, and get their pay, and live happily ever after, without having to face the horror of the upper regions of the mountain. They have worked their oracle with other white folk, I find, for they quote the other white folk's docile conduct as an example to me. I express my opinion of them and of their victims in four words—send Monrovia boy, who I know is to be trusted, back to Buea with a scribbled note to Herr Liebert asking him to send me up two demijohns of water. I send cook with him as far as the camp in the forest we have just left with orders to bring up three bottles of soda water I have left there, and to instruct the men there that as soon as the water arrives from Buea they are to bring it on up to the camp I mean to make at the top of the wall.

The men are sulky, and Sasu, Peter, Kefalla, and head man say they will wait and come on as soon as cook brings the soda water, and I go on, and presently see Xenia and Black boy are following me. We get on to the intervening hillocks and commence to ascend the face of the wall.

The angle of this wall is great, and its appearance from below is impressive from its enormous breadth, and its abrupt rise without bend or droop for a good 2,000 feet into the air. It is covered with short, yellowish grass through which the burnt-up, scoriaceous lava rock protrudes in rough masses.

I got on up the wall, which when you are on it is not so perpendicular as it looks from below, my desire being to see what sort of country there was on the top of it, between it and the final peak, Sasu had reported to Herr Liebert that it was a wilderness of rock, in which it would be impossible to fix a tent, and spoke vaguely of caves. Here and there on


text:
Page:The Works of H G Wells Volume 9.pdf/440

 In Mr. Robert Hunter's "Poverty" one reads of "not less than eighty thousand children, most of whom are little girls, at present employed in the textile mills of this country. In the South there are now six times as many children at work as there were twenty years ago. Child labour is increasing yearly in that section of the country. Each year more little ones are brought in from the fields and hills to live in the degrading and demoralising atmosphere of the mill towns"

Children are deliberately imported by the Italians. I gathered from Commissioner Watchorn at Ellis Island that the proportion of small nephews and nieces, friends' sons and so forth, brought in by them is peculiarly high, and I heard him try and condemn a doubtful case. It was a particularly unattractive Italian in charge of a dull-eyed little boy of no ascertainable relationship

In the worst days of cotton-milling in England the conditions were hardly worse than those now existing in the South. Children, the tiniest and frailest, of five and six years of age, rise in the morning and, like old men and women, go to the mills to do their day's labour; and, when they return home, "wearily fling themselves on their beds, too tired to take off their clothes." Many children work all night—"in the maddening racket of the machinery, in an atmosphere insanitary and clouded with humidity and lint."

"It will be long," adds Mr. Hunter in his description, "before I forget the face of a little boy of six years, with his hands stretched forward to rearrange a bit of machinery, his pallid face and spare form


text:
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 specifically by the law and the alleged offender or accused person must be notified of the reason for the denial.

The right to lodge an appeal against the denial is protected according to the provisions of law.

A person detained or imprisoned has the right to be visited as appropriate.

Persons have the freedom of the person.

No person shall be arrested, detained, or searched in any event whatsoever, save by virtue of the power under a provision of law. However, the arrested or searched person must be notified of the charges or reasons and details of his arrest or search as appropriate and the detainee has the right to meet and consult an attorney-at-law privately.

In notifying any person of a charge, there must be appropriate evidence showing that he is likely to have committed the offence charged.

In the event that a person is detained, the detainee himself, a public prosecutor, or any other person in the interest of the detainee has the right to lodge with a local court which has the power to try and adjudicate upon criminal cases a motion stating that the detention is unlawful. Upon such a motion, the court shall conduct

title: Page:ประมวล รธน - ๒๕๕๗ (๑).pdf/373


text:
Page:Travels in West Africa, Congo Français, Corisco and Cameroons (IA travelsinwestafr00kingrich).pdf/623

 the way up I come to holes, similar to the one my men had been down for water. I suppose these holes have been caused by gases from an under hot layer of lava bursting up through the upper cool layer. As I get higher, the grass becomes shorter and more sparse, and the rocks more ostentatiously displayed. Here and there among them are sadly tried bushes, bearing a beautiful yellow flower, like a large yellow wild rose, only scentless. It is not a rose at all, I may remark. The ground, where there is any basin made by the rocks, grows a great sedum, with a grand head of whity-pink flower, also a tall herb, with soft downy leaves silver grey in colour, and having a very pleasant aromatic scent, and here and there patches of good honest parsley. Bright blue, flannelly-looking flowers stud the grass in sheltered places and a very pretty large green orchid is plentiful. Above us is a bright blue sky with white cloud rushing hurriedly across it to the N.E. and a fierce sun, When I am about halfway up, I think of those boys, and, wanting rest, sit down by an inviting-looking rock grotto, with a patch of the yellow flowered shrub growing on its top. Inside it grow little ferns and mosses, all damp; but alas! no water pool, and very badly I want water by this time.

Below me a belt of white cloud had now formed, so that I could see neither the foot-hillocks nor the forest, and presently out of this mist came Xenia toiling up, carrying my black bag. "Where them Black boy live?" said I. "Black boy say him foot be tire too much," said Xenia, as he threw himself down in the little shade the rock could give. I took a cupful of sour claret out of the bottle in the bag, and told Xenia to come on up as soon as he was rested, and meanwhile to yell to the others down below and tell them to come on, Xenia did, but sadly observed, "softly softly still hurts the snail," and I left him and went on up the mountain.

When I had got to the top of the rock under which I had sheltered from the blazing sun, the mist opened a little, and I saw my men looking like as many little dolls. They were still sitting on the hillock where I had left them. Buca showed from this elevation well. The guard house and the mission house, like little houses in a picture, and the make of


title: Page:TASJ-1-3.djvu/7


title: Page:TASJ-1-3.djvu/8


text:
Page:Travels in West Africa, Congo Français, Corisco and Cameroons (IA travelsinwestafr00kingrich).pdf/624

 the ground on which Buea station stands, came out distinctly as a ledge or terrace, extending for miles N.N.E. and S.S.W. This ledge is a strange-looking piece of country, covered with low bush, out of which rise great, isolated, white-stemmed cotton trees. Below, and beyond this is a denser band of high forest, and again below this stretches the vast mangrove-swamp fringing the estuary of the Cameroons, Mungo, and Bimbia rivers. It is a very noble view, giving one an example of the peculiar beauty one oft-times gets in this West African scenery, namely colossal sweeps of colour. The mangrove-swamps looked to-day like a vast damson-coloured carpet threaded with silver where the waterways ran. It reminded me of a scene I saw once near Cabinda, when on climbing to the top of a hill I suddenly found myself looking down on a sheet of violet pink more than a mile long and half a mile wide. This was caused by a climbing plant having taken possession of a valley full of trees, whose tops it had reached and then spread and interlaced itself over them, to burst into profuse glorious laburnum-shaped bunches of flowers.

After taking some careful compass bearings for future use regarding the Rumby and Omon range of mountains, which were clearly visible and which look fascinatingly like my beloved Sierra del Cristal, I turned my face to the wall of Mungo, and continued the ascent. The sun, which was blazing, was reflected back from the rocks in scorching rays. But it was more bearable now, because its heat was tempered by a bitter wind.

The slope becoming steeper, I gradually made my way towards the left until I came to a great lane, as neatly walled with rock as if it had been made with human hands. It runs down the mountain face, nearly vertically in places and at stiff angles always, but it was easier going up this lance than on the outside rough rock, because the rocks in it had been smoothed by mountain torrents during thousands of wet seasons, and the walls protected one from the biting wind, a wind that went through me, for I had been stewing for nine months and more in tropic and equatorial swamps.

Up this lane I went to the very top of the mountain wall,


text: Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan/Series 1/Volume 3


text:
Index talk:Potipharswifeoth00arnoiala.djvu

Alignment of The "No" Dance
There is some complicated alignment of text in The "No" Dance. In particular, there are awkwardly placed floating quotation marks that won't align properly without some extra effort, so I have put in this extra effort and this is what I have come up with:

 * All paragraphs/stanzas beginning with or  use np2 to shift the margin to the right by 3em, and then align the "" or "" by placing them 3em to the left of the margin.
 * Since fqm places the quotation marks directly to the left of the margin, this ensures that the floating quotation marks are also in the right place.
 * Near the end of the poem, there are some stanzas in which some lines are further to the left than this 3em margin; this is accomplished by using Overfloat left.
 * At the end of these stanzas, clear is necessary to ensure that the following stanza is not affected by the overfloated content.

Here is an example. For reference, the regular margin is shown in blue, and the shifted margin is shown in pink :

Now it is mine again I am fain, I am fain With secrets of Heaven made plain."

Now it is mine again I am fain, I am fain With secrets of Heaven made plain."

—Beleg Âlt BT (talk) 16:12, 21 November 2023 (UTC)


text:
Page:Travels in West Africa, Congo Français, Corisco and Cameroons (IA travelsinwestafr00kingrich).pdf/625

 and then, to my surprise, found myself facing a great, hillocky, rock-encumbered plain, across the other side of which rose the mass of the peak itself, not as a single cone, but as a wall surmounted by several, three being evidently the highest among them.

I started along the ridge of my wall, and went to its highest part, that to the S.W., intending to see what I could of the view towards the sea, and then to choose a place for camping in for the night.

When I reached the S.W. end, looking westwards I saw the South Atlantic down below, like a plain of frosted silver. Out of it, barely twenty miles away, rose Fernando Po to its 10,190 feet with that majestic grace peculiar to a volcanic island. Immediately below me, some 10,000 feet or so, lay Victoria with the forested foot-hills of Mungo Mah Lobeh encircling it as a diadem, and Ambas Bay gemmed with rocky islands lying before it. On my left away S.E. was the glorious stretch of the Cameroon estuary, with a line of white cloud lying very neatly along the course of Cameroon River.

In one of the chasms of the mountain wall that I had come up—in the one furthest to the north—there was a thunderstorm brewing, seemingly hanging on to, or streaming out of the mountain side, a soft billowy mass of dense cream-coloured cloud, with flashes of golden lightnings playing about in it with soft growls of thunder. Surely Mungo Mah Lobeh himself, of all the thousands he annually turns out, never made one more lovely than this. Soon the white mists rose from the mangrove-swamp, and grew rose-colour in the light of the setting sun, as they swept upwards over the now purple high forests. In the heavens, to the north, there was a rainbow, vivid in colour, one arch of it going behind the peak, the other sinking into the mist sea below, and this mist sea rose and rose towards me, turning from pale rose-colour to lavender, and where the shadow of the Mungo lay across it, to a dull leaden grey. It was soon at my feet, blotting the underworld out, and soon came flowing over the wall top at its lowest parts, stretching in great spreading rivers over the crater plain, and then these coalescing everything was shut out save the two summits: that of Cameroon close to


text: Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan/Series 1/Volume 3/Part 1


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Bucknall, William


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Buckner, Thomas


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Buckner, William


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Buckoke, Edward


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Buckoke, John


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Buckoke, Norris


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Buckshell, John


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Bucktrout, William


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Budd, Christopher (1)


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Budd, Christopher (2)


text:
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 an ex parte hearing promptly. If finding that the motion is well-grounded, the court has the power to order the detainer to bring the detainee before it immediately, and if the detainer is unable to satisfy the court with the lawfulness of the detention, the court shall order immediate release of the detainee.

In a criminal case, the alleged offender or accused person has the right to expeditious and fair inquiry or trial.

In the event that the alleged offender or accused person is indigent and cannot afford an attorney-at-law for himself, he has the right to receive aid from the State as prescribed by the law.

A person has the right to refuse to give a statement adverse to himself and likely to subject him to a criminal prosecution.

A statement given by a person as a result of having been tortured, threatened, or forced, or of having been subjected to any act which caused the statement to be given involuntarily, cannot be admitted as evidence.

If, after any person has been inflicted with a criminal punishment by a final judgment, it appears from a court's judgment reopening his case for a new trial that he was not guilty,

title: Page:ประมวล รธน - ๒๕๕๗ (๑).pdf/374


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Budd, David


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Budd, Edmond


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Budd, James


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Budd, Robert


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Budd, Thomas


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Budd, William


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Budden, John (1)


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Budden, John (2)


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Bude, Stephen


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Budgell, Eustace (1)


text:
Page:History of the Thirty Years' War - Gindely - Volume 1.djvu/184

 conveying to him the crown. Dohna was therefore informed that the election could not be delayed in order to receive James’ concurrence.

These statements make it clear that those who were then at the head of Bohemian affairs had their minds firmly fixed upon the Elector of the Palatinate, and had let the Duke of Savoy drop as a candidate just as soon as Frederic gave the first sign of readiness to identify himself with their cause; and yet, for all this, he would never perhaps have obtained the crown of the country, if another candidate—to whom, not indeed the leaders of opinion, but at least the majority of the people, looked with earnest desire—that is, the Elector of Saxony, would have consented to connect himself with the cause of the Bohemian insurgents.

John George was the nephew of that Maurice of Saxony who, by his alliance with Charles V., brought about the defeat of the league of Smalcald, and received Electoral Saxony as his reward, the owner having been cared for and indemnified with Weimar. John George was not indeed in good repute; he was everywhere spoken of for his drunkenness, for the coarse manner in which, like an Oriental despot, he maltreated those around him, and hid from sight many a clever trait of his character, especially his faultless order in household and state. The Bohemians had a sharp eye for the skilfulness of the Saxon administration, perhaps because they hoped that by the Elector’s careful use of his well-ordered financial resources they would be able most easily to effect the overthrow of the Hapsburg rule. This conviction arose also from the confidential communication which Thurn, Andrew Schlick, and Wenceslas Kinský, as early as the year 1614, sent by a Saxon agent to the Elector, directly inviting him to a


text:
Page:A Menina do Narizinho Arrebitado (1920).pdf/23

Narizinho, delighted, clapped her hands at every novelty and laughed a lot at the jokes the court jester made. This was the beetle Carlito Pirulito, a little hunchback inside a corn kernel, created by the prince to amuse the court. During dinner he sat next to Narizinho and didn't stop playing pranks the whole time. And so the happy meal went, leaving unforgettable memories in the girl's mind.

As soon as she left the table, Narizinho went back to her room to prepare for the evening dance. To serve her, she met Mrs. Spider, the best seamstress in the kingdom, as well as several ant maids. Mrs. Spider stood up and said respectfully:

— Would you like to see our collection of ball gowns?

— With pleasure," replied Narizinho, delighted.

The ants immediately opened their closets and took out a number of luxurious dresses, each one more beautiful. One was made of a blue sky decorated with little stars. Another was made of rose petals with forget-me-nots in between. What enchanted Narizinho the most, however, was a dress with a tail, made of spider's web and decorated with little diamonds of dew.


text:
Page:The life and opinions of Tristram Shandy (Volume 7).pdf/17

 For this reason a great many chuse to go by Beauvais.

before I quit Calais," a travel-writer would say, "it would not be amiss to give some account of it."—now I think it very much amiss—that a man cannot go quietly through a town, and let it alone, when it does not meddle with him, but that he must be turning about and drawing his pen at every kennel he crosses over, merely o' my conscience, for the sake of drawing it; because, if we may judge from what has been wrote of these things, by all who have wrote and gallop'd—or who have gallop'd and wrote, which is a different way still; or who for more expedition


text:
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 canvass for the Bohemian throne. Nothing but the perfect indifference of the Elector to suggestions of this kind caused this subject to be so little mentioned in Bohemian circles.

When, in the year 1618, the insurrection broke out, a few promises and a little service on the side of John George would have sufficed to bring its leaders to seek in him their future head. Thurn, Hohenloe, and Andrew Schlick did not fail to give hints and utterances in this direction. But the Elector was still deaf to all flatteries. There was not the smallest act to justify the conclusion that he was in sympathy with the insurrection. After the battle at Záblat, when the war took so unfavorable a turn for Bohemia, and the want of money and of all the necessaries of war was felt, the Directors sent Count Andrew Schlick to Dresden to prevail upon the Elector to render some aid, and offered him in security, not only such crownlands as he should choose, but also the release of all the Saxon territory which was as yet held as a fief of the Bohemian crown. Schlick did not limit himself to the authorized offers, but used the occasion to indicate to the Elector how great his prospects were for the throne of Bohemia. Nevertheless his answer was adverse to the prayers of the Directors in all their parts and as cold and formal as possible.

If this answer had become generally known, the sympathies of the multitude for Saxony would have been cooled; but the secret was carefully kept, in order not further to depress the feeling already so low. Thus the great multitude, who knew nothing of the transactions with the Palatinate, remained true to their partiality for Electoral Saxony, and were still further strengthened in it by the peculiar bearing of Schlick. This weak-minded man would


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 not comprehend that his mission had failed, and tried still to keep alive the hopes placed upon Saxony, and excused the delay of the Elector on the ground that the lands of the Bohemian crown had not with sufficient energy declared their intention to elect a new King. The Elector, so Schlick maintained, was so inclined to the cause of Bohemia as to give them cause for earnest rejoicing, and those who asserted the opposite of this were either ignorant or they lied. So it came to pass that, in the beginning of the transactions relating to the confederation in Prague, the opinion still prevailed that, in the approaching election of a King, Saxony would prevail. Even the agent of Saxony thought this; at least he wrote, two days before the confederation was concluded, that the most prominent of the Directors were captivated by Electoral Saxony, and the reasons were earnestly stated which would determine this prince to accept the offered crown. When the confederation had been formed, he reported that the three Estates all equally desired the Saxon rule, and were ready to pledge for it property and blood. Still he did not conceal the fact that there was also intriguing for another candidate, the Duke of Savoy, though he did not think that this rival could become specially dangerous. And yet all the hopes and reports rested on illusions. The Elector did not obtain the election, because he did not at all aspire to it.

The election was begun in the Bohemian Diet on the 26th of August. The decisive session was opened with a prayer, after which one of the Directors, Bohuchwal Berka, called attention in a few words to the purpose of the meeting of the Estates, and then called upon Field Marshal Fels to declare his vote. Fels, who belonged to the Saxon party, wished to protract the election, and desired


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Budgell, Eustace (2)


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Budgell, Gilbert (1)


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Budgell, Gilbert (2)


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Budgell, William


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Budgen, John


text:
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 that they attend first still another solemn religious service; and then, when he found no sympathy with his unseasonable piety, he wished that the election take place precisely as in earlier instances, naming that of Ferdinand I., that is, by a committee, and as he did not carry this proposition either, he still further proposed that the voting be by Electors, and not individual. In all these propositions his design was to prepare the way of an endless debate, and as he did not succeed in carrying any one of them through, he finally moved simply the adjournment of the election. After Ruppa had declared in excitement that he was opposed to all waste of time, the Diet, by a decisive majority, declared against the motion for adjournment. This episode finished, Berka again called upon the Field Marshal for his vote, which he gave for the Elector of Saxony. Carl Mracky, who next followed, voted for the same; as also, after some interruption, still two others of the nobles, Count Albin Schlick and Ulrich Kinský. All the other members of the nobility, thirty-four in number, voted for the Palsgrave; two of these, Paul von R̃ic̃anŘičan [sic] and Ruppa, stated the grounds of their views in extended speeches, in which they not only praised the excellent traits of their candidate, but also called attention to his merits hitherto in the cause of Bohemia, and especially to the surprise which he had inflicted a few days before upon the cavalry enlisted for Ferdinand’s service. Ruppa emphasized the alliances of the Palsgrave with the Union, with England, Savoy, and Switzerland, and mentioned also his wealth, as enabling him to give lasting aid to the Bohemians. This speech may in the last moment have brought a considerable


text:
Page:A Menina do Narizinho Arrebitado (1920).pdf/24

There couldn't have been anything more beautiful and Narizinho clapped her hands with joy, leaving the spider full of herself, because this dress was all her own work; she had made the thread, woven the gauze and sewn it herself.

- I see you have very good taste," said the flattered spider. And, beautiful as you are, if you go with him to the party, you'll certainly be the queen of the evening. Mrs. Spider dressed her in front of a silver mirror. She combed her hair in the fashion of the kingdom, put beautiful gold pumps on her feet and gloves made of peach skin on her hands. She then gave her a wonderful fan embroidered with sunbeams on mother-of-pearl wings.

Narizinho couldn't get


text:
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 number of votes into the camp of the Palatinate. Ruppa understood, as did no one else, the relations abroad. If he spoke of the alliances of the Palsgrave with an almost apodictic assurance, as though these all existed in fact, and would be as a whole and severally productive for Bohemia, who of all present did not listen with pleasure to his words? Who did not yield himself to the belief that the finished picture of the orator was true to life, and that the Palsgrave would be their deliverer in this day of need?

The voting of the knighthood gave a still more brilliant result for the party of the Palatinate; 110 persons voted for the Palsgrave, and but three for the Elector John George. The burghers voted unanimously for the Palsgrave. But seven persons in the Diet declared themselves for John George, all the rest for Frederic—none for the Duke of Savoy.

The next day the result of the election was made known to the representatives of the other lands of the Bohemian crown, and they were called upon for their action. After brief consultation, the Moravians declared themselves unanimously with the Bohemians, and were followed by the Silesians, and then the Lower Lusatians; the Upper Lusatians alone preferred to give their vote for Electoral Saxony, although, in order not to bring discord into the general harmony, they also declared for the Palsgrave. Thus, in the sense of the new confederation, the election of the King was enacted by all the lands of the Bohemian crown. On the 27th of August, about noon, discharges of artillery announced the news to the people of Prague that the royal election was accomplished.

Ferdinand, who was now Emperor, received in apparent quietness, if it were not better to say with contempt, the


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Budgen, William


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Bue, William


text:
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 news of this action, and described its authors as “foolish and crazy.” The Elector of Saxony, who had never solicited the Bohemian election, and would not have accepted it, felt the more unpleasantly affected by the election of another prince, as his own hopes of it had been the more decided, and as he had desired to make his boast of declining it.

On the contrary, the Elector of the Palatinate, who still remained at Amberg, felt indeed flattered that the election had fallen upon him, but was also uneasy because the Bohemians had not waited, as was agreed, for the concurrence of James. He uttered himself confidentially to the Prince of Anhalt as ready to accept the crown, but would put off the expression of this until he should receive from the King of England, whom he had informed of these occurrences, an approving reply. The Palsgrave should indeed have concerned himself, not only about the approval and support of England, but should also have considered what opinions might be held in France in regard to the Bohemian quarrel. It was not necessary for him to inquire there; he had it without asking for it. The French Secretary of State, Puysieux, blamed the Palsgrave for his opposition in the imperial election, advised, after Ferdinand’s elevation, the peaceful settlement of the dispute, and when he now received the news that the Palsgrave was elected King, warned him against the acceptance of the proffered crown, on the ground that the house of Austria would use its utmost power to hold Bohemia. But the lustre of the offered crown dazzled the young prince, so that he laid no weight upon this warning, if he might but receive the support of England.


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Buerdsell, James


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Buerdsell, Thomas


text: The Zoologist/3rd series, vol 1 (1877)/Issue 4/Wild Fowl Preservation


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Buffkin, William