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140 out any previous indisposition. Jacob, by no means pleased with this abrupt method of quitting the world, and being desirous of settling his affairs previous to his departure, humbled himself before the lore and urgently requested the favor of being exempted from the general rule. He obtained his wish—he sneezed, and did not die. All the princes of the earth being informed of the fact, unanimously ordained, that in future every person who sneezed should offer up prayers for the preservation of his life."

So much for Rabbinical fables:—But the most curious and rational dissertation on this subject, occurs in Strada, Prælectiones, Lib. iii. Prel. 4; where, in his "Pistor Suburranus," he treats the matter at large. He ridicules the idea of this custom having originated in the time of Gregory, and traces it up to a much earlier period, quoting Apuleius, Petronious Arbiter, Pliny, and even Aristotle. After giving instances from the two first authors, he goes on—"Videtis, auditores, salutem sternuentibus imploratam quinque ferme sæculis ante Gregorium. Plige. Tiberius imperator, tristissimus hominum, ut ait Plinius, et qui religiosis hisce officiis minime capiebatur, nonne dum vehebatur curru per urbem, sternuenti honorem habebat ipse, sibique ab aliis exigebat? Perge adhuc supra Tiberii etatem. Aristoteles (videte, obsecro, rhetores, quantum yos ego a Gregorii tempestate removeam, atque in ultimâ pene antiquitate reponam,) dum nature causas in problematum questionibus investigat, merito ait homines venerari sternutamentum, et bene sternuentibus augurari; eaque super re populariter inquivit multa, sapienterque definit."

He gives us also an epigram, taken from one of the Minor Greek poets (Florillus) to prove the antiquity of this custom:

The words of Petronius are: "Dum hæc ego jam credenti persuadeo, Giton, conlectione spiritus plenus, ter continuo ita sternutavit, ut grabatum concuteret: ad quem motum Eumolpus conversus, salvere Gitona jubet."

And Apuleius says: :Pone terguny ejus Maritus acceperat sonum sternutationis, quod cum putaret ab eâ profectum, solito sermone sulutem ei fuerat imprecatus, et iterato rursum et frequenter, sæpius."

Aristotle and Hippocrates speak of sneezing as a sign of health:—

"Sternutamentum esse cerebri motum expellentis supervacaneum humorem adjumento aeris per nares attracti." And the former adds, that on this account—

""

Jan. 1.

The discovery of red snow, though extremely curious, is not altogether new, as will be perceived from the following passage, which is extracted, literally, from the 1st vol. of Les Merveilles et Beautés de la Nature en France, by M. Depping. The only difference which appears to exist between the snow discovered by Capt. Ross in the Arctic Regions, and the snow found in Europe, alluded to in the following extract, is, that the snow of the frozen regions is of a very deep colour, at least if we may rely on the statements of the public papers, whilst the other is only slightly tinged with light red. It is of little consequence whether this difference arises from the colouring matter being more abundant in the former than in the latter, or whether the two colours are produced by different substances. If the snow brought by Capt. Ross derives its hue, as is supposed, from the excrement of myriads of birds, all doubt is removed; but there is every reason to believe, that, on the mountains of Europe, the red colour of the snow proceeds from another cause. The extract from M. Depping's work is as follows:—

"Red Snow is sometimes found on very high mountains during great thaws. Saussure has observed it on the Alps, and M. Raymond on the Pyrenees, at the height of from 2,000 to 2,500 yards. It is only during the spring season, that the furrows traced by the melted ice on the snow are tinged with a light shade of pink. This shade becomes darker in parts where there is a junction of several furrows, and it even deepens to the tone of carmine, where numerous springs had dislodged the powder by which the co-


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1819.] is produced. Saussure was at a loss how to account for this phenomenon; he, however, supposed it to proceed from the seminal powder of certain plants peculiar to high mountains; but M. Raymond attributes it with more probability to the mica, which abounds among the Alps and Pyrenees, and which, being probably reduced to powder during the melting of the snow and ice, colours the water by which it is washed away."

It is difficult to define precisely what we mean by the common term, "quaintness of expression." It probably implies great simplicity of thought and language, with a certain dryness which is humourous from the perfect gravity and good faith in which the thought is given, and the absence of all intention to excite ludicrous ideas. It is, in some respects, synonymous with the Freach naiveté. The following sentence, for instance, alluding to poetical physicians is quaint.

In the poem of Psyche, or Love's Mystery, by Dr. J. Beaumont, we have an example of quaintness of poetical expression, in the description which Aphrodisius gives of the court paid to him, and the pretty messages sent him by the ladies.

The following ludicrous title to a collection of old poems, by George Gascoigne, has the appearance of being too intentionally absurd to be called quaint:

A quaker of Scarborough appointed a Scotchman to command a West Indiaman, and heard with indignation that Capt. C. insisted to have her fitted out with guns. They mutually expostulated on the subject. The respectable, conscientious owner would not permit so flagrant a deviation from his pacific tenets. The brave seaman would not go a voyage in time of war without means to repel anenemy. At length the Caledonian said:—

"There is but one way to end this debate. Suit (pronounced shoot) yourself, and I shall suit myself in half an hour."

The quaker shocked by such a measure hastened to the counting-house of Mr D. who had recommended Capt. C.

"Friend!" said he, "the person thou hast spoken of so highly is a savage, a madman. Beeause I would not consent to equip the Neptune with guns, he bade me shoot myself, and he will shoot himself in half an hour."

When Mr. D. could command the risible propensity, he explained the pronunciation in frequent use north of the Tweed; and he assured Mr. that Capt. C. had the interest of his employers in view by making a point of heing enabled to defend their property. Thus the difference was amicably settled.

The facetious Watty Morison, as he was commonly called, was intreating the commanding officer of a regiment at Fort George to pardon a poor fellow sent to the halberds. The officer granted his petition, on condition that Mr Morison should accord with the first favour he asked. The favour was to perform the ceremony of baptism for a young puppy. A merry party of gentlemen were invited to the christening. Mr. Morison desired Major to hold up the dog.

"As I am a minister of the Kirk of Scotland," said Mr. Morison, "I must proceed accordingly."

Major said he asked no more.

"Well then, Major, I begin by the usual question: You acknowledge yourself the father of this puppy?"

The Major understood the joke, and threw away the animal. Thus Mr. Morison turned the laugh against the ensnarer, who intended to deride a sacred ordinance.

On another occasion, a young officer scoffed at the parade of study to which clergymen assigned their right to remu-


text: Author:Stephen Kalmar Batalden

title: Author:Stephen Kalmar Batalden


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Rh

Put corn syrup, boiling water, and one fourth cup sifted confectioners' sugar in a saucepan or bowl, and stir until ingredients are thoroughly mixed. Then add another quarter cup of sugar, and beat vigorously until thick and smooth. Continue adding sugar, one fourth cup at a time, and beating between each addition of sugar, until about two cups of sugar have been used. Flavor with maraschino cordial or vanilla. This frosting should be kept at an even, lukewarm temperature while it is being made, and the saucepan or bowl should be frequently placed in a larger bowl of hot water. The beating of this frosting should continue for about twenty minutes.

Dip walnuts, filberts, Brazil nuts, or hickory nuts, one at a time, into the frosting, and remove with a fork or candy dipper to an oiled marble slab or to waxed paper.


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28 Before cutting the orange, wipe carefully, and grate the yellow part only from the skin; then cut the orange in two and extract the juice.

Mix rind and fruit juice, let stand ten minutes, and strain. Add slowly to the egg yolk, and when well mixed add sugar gradually until stiff enough to knead. Knead until smooth, and use for date, nut, prune, or cherry creams, or for centers of chocolates or bonbons.

Wash prunes, soak until plump in orange juice to cover, then steam until soft. Drain, remove stones, fill prunes with fondant rolled into balls a little larger than a prune stone, close the prunes, and roll in granulated sugar.

Put white of egg, cold water, and peppermint in a bowl, beat until very light, and add sugar a tablespoon at a time, beating between each addition, until mixture is stiff enough to hold its shape. Reserve one third of the mixture, and add sugar


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 , below Inverary, belonging to English companies, who bring the ore thither, chiefly for the sake of the charcoal which the woods afford; and near Campbelltown, the formation of salt from sea water has been lately carried on to some extent. The manufacture of kelp from sea weed, to the extent of 600 tons annually, is none of the least profitable branches of industry; and that of their scanty crops of grain into ardent spirits, certainly the most pernicious.

The commerce of Argyleshire is also very limited, its exports consisting chiefly of raw produce; sheep and cattle, and fish, form at least two thirds of the whole: The imports are almost confined to the supply of necessaries, including only such articles of luxury, as habit has rendered scarcely less indispensable.

But, though such is the present state of this extensive territory, there is reason to anticipate a great increase of its wealth, of its industry, and of its population, as soon as a revisal of the revenue laws shall have removed the present obstacles to the prosecution of the fisheries. It is upon this species of industry, that the prosperity of the County must be founded; and it is only after wealth has flowed in from this source, that the inhabitants can be expected to succeed in manufactures or in commerce. To its natural advantages, a very important addition has been made by the Crinan Canal, cut across the peninsula of Kintyre, at an expence of L. 140,000; which shortens the voyage from the West Highland and Hebridian ports, to the river Clyde, about 200 miles. The Caledonian Canal, from the access it will give the County to the German Ocean, and still more, from the frequent intercourse of which it will be the channel, must contribute, in an eminent degree, to the prosperity of Argyleshire.

The population of the whole County, as taken under the Acts 1800 and 1811, will be seen from the following Tables:


text: Author:Joseph Slabey Roucek

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HE sun settled into the tawny marshes. Lean cattle with large bony heads came down the lane to struggle around the water-trough. Summer was falling from the thin trees.

Hannah Madoc stirred the fire. For two hours she had waited for her father to return from an election at Bieler. Supper was ready to set on the table. She sat by the window, hungry and resentful, preoccupied with the marshes, a broken dominating brightness. The snarled grass mile after mile piled by the wind, the thick sunlight in cups of white water, the herds of waterfowl in insubstantial letters on the sky.

Beyond the yard the clay covered with burdocks and knot-grass fell away abruptly into bogs which disappeared in their turn in swales of harsh vegetation. A river crawled in loops and spirals through the valley, the bed of an ancient lake, twisting in tamarack swamps to the black, diminished water. From Hannah's window all this appeared as a spotted expanse, fecund but useless, a lure for the listless eye, bounded by stringy elms, by striped tamaracks—a tangled mass of livid twigs, curious leaves, flowers, and berries, their outlines lost in profusion.

She drank a cup of black coffee, filled the tea-kettle, and sat down again. The sun crept among some trees. One by one with throaty cries the crows flew into the woods, their square notched wings like ragged sails.

She stood sullenly in the open door peering into the yellow twi-

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2 light, a tall girl, her shoulders heavy and her hips wide. The teakettle whined on the stove and the night clamour of crows rose in the woods. The marsh itself was silent but for a twitter of little nests on the edge of the sulphur sky.

Hannah shivered and thought how the frost would blacken the tomato-vines in the night. Her coarse, stained hands lay loose in her lap.

She was not twenty; her mother had been dead for ten years, and her father's house kept by a maiden aunt until she was thirteen. She had seen the courtship of a widower fat and nervous, and was not surprised when her father, biting his lips and flicking his eyes as if he expected a tantrum, informed her that her aunt was going to be married and she would have to stay at home from school.

The widower grew bald, and while he went courting wet his infrequent hairs and combed them forward in stripes on his shiny head. He disciplined his moustache with wax.

His lady laid the iron like a pair of scissors across the lamp chimney, and curled her colourless hair. She pinned a white ruffle inside her dress to dissemble the flatness of her breasts and fastened a fall of lace at her throat and descended the stairs with simpering dignity.

Hannah remembered how she had crept out on the steps after her father was in bed to peer through the rails at the lovers. The widower smiled anxiously and patted her hand as he talked of himself and his grown son. His beloved always nodded too emphatically and mixed the words of her answers. All one evening he held his plump arm around her meagre waist and turned down the lamp to kiss her while Hannah trembled above in the dark.

The fluttering old maid came up to the room they shared. Between eyelids which seemed to be closed Hannah watched her in a flannel night-gown buttoned tight under her chin throw herself on her knees in an ecstacy of prayer, crying softly, and pressing her flat breasts against the bed.

Hannah had seen at first no reason to dread her new responsibilities and although she discovered reasons enough, she knew no one to whom she might have complained. This evening she thought of her delinquent father, vain, abusive, and drunken.

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N case there be any unhappy person from the spiritual state known as Missouri who after fifty monthly issues of have, each in quaint turn, greeted the American News Company and God's sun—if there be any such who yet does cling limpet-wise to the vain notion that the contemporary movement in art—the movement fathered by Cézanne, God-fathered by El Greco, and strappingly alive dappertutto to-day—that this movement is not what it is, is not at once the richest and the most beneficent complex in the whole snarled spiritual life of our queer age, this person should be presented by his fellow-citizens, in convocation, with a scallop-shell of legitimate pilgrimage and a tough umbrella. He should be escorted New Yorkward. And when the little earnest party, straggling upward as well as onward, shall thus disarmingly have attained to the hushed peaks of the parthenian Kittatinnies, this fortunate pilgrim may gravely be taken leave of, as of one who will soon have beheld Rome, and who so may, obedient to the old saying, thereafter die. He should then, quite alone with his umbrella, proceed carefully onward, at first picking his way amongst the Alpine huts of Hither Pennsylvania, and later winding down along the poplared ways of industrious New Jersey, of antique Hoboken, and of the humane Tube. He will then proceed, in scholarly and pious admiration, up and along the forthright opulence of storied Fifth Avenue. He will hand over to the door-keeper in the art-gallery of Mr Newman Emerson Montross a votive umbrella.

There he will at once discover himself—and without having exposed his person to the discommodations of mal de mer—dry-shod (albeit gasolene-poisoned) within the walls of Living Rome. By "Rome" I designate that central spiritual core, wherein glow focused those racially many strains in the inward life of an outwardly split time—those strains of direct and luminous passion which, for them who possess the anima naturaliter oculata, almost can burn away and quite disperse those Horrid Powers of Darkness which, so clangorously and so stinkingly, marshal and press about us. We are daily knocked on the head in a Black Age. But the human heart (like Mr Hughes' Government

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 arrived. Illiterate and ignorant as they are, is it probable that they would be capable of instituting such a government, in their new colony, as would be necessary, for their own internal happiness, or to secure them from destruction from without? European emigrants, from whatever country they arrive, have been accustomed to the restraint of laws, and to respect for government. These people, accustomed to be ruled with a rod of iron, will not easily submit to milder restraints. They would become hordes of vagabonds, robbers and murderers. Without the aids of an enlightened policy, morality, or religion, what else could be expected from their still savage state, and debased condition?—“But why not retain and incorporate the blacks into the state?” This question has been well answered by Mr. Jefferson, and who is there so


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204 at Washington) still lives. And to-day it lives most transparently in the art of painting. Those who find not in either of those twin shrunk Caesars, Calvin C. Coolidge and William T. Manning, that perfect peace after which the heart hankereth, will do well to look in at Collection. The ritualist, too, will there find occasion to exercise his natural activity. For upon a table, in the midst of those pictures therein reproduced, will be exposed—in a recumbent posture—the intransigeantly sized folio denominated (to paraphrase the well-known poet, Stevenson) "in the days of the little dead" LIVING ART. To the ritualist, to him who is concerned most adamantinely in the technique itself of worship, will be given opportunity to remove from the altared folio each and every picture therein exposed. He will be permitted to hold (in either or indeed in both hands: here at least no precedent will sift grim Fundamentalist from bright Modernist) above, beside, or below the original picture upon the environing wall the consecrate facsimile. His eyes will thereupon be opened. He will perceive and apperceive that one is two and two is one. He will furthermore constate that Mechanical Development, which came down upon humanity like "the Assyrian" and "like the wolf," may be turned to finer uses, may be employed as a potent prism wherethrough to multiply, and in the original colours, "the glance of the Lord."

Stained glass may or may not be a lost art: upon this matter it is possible to be of two minds. The wise man will anyhow not break his head over a question which is not to-day culturally central. He will rather go to that picture gallery where from January twenty-sixth to February fourteenth the spiritual head of our epoch, what I have—remembering a happier and a less dismantled period—called by the somewhat mortared, by the somewhat architectural name, "Rome," will be—as is the fashion of our uprooted and mortarless civilization—briefly tenting. There he will find an art which—howsoever adrift—yet sprouts stoutly. Standing amid the singular masterpieces of his own generation, he will be aware—not without humility and not without pride—that not the Sainte Chapelle herself has lightened and has burned more variously, or has gleamed with a more subtle and a more intricate charm, or has prevailed with a more true inward poignance. Gothic blazonries collapse, but also to-day

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text: Author:David Warren Paul

title: Author:David Warren Paul


text:
Page:A dissertation on slavery - with a proposal for the gradual abolition of it, in the state of Virginia. (IA dissertationonsl00tuckrich).pdf/89

 free from prejudices among us, as candidly to declare that he has none against


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 remember—very many things you may remember. Things that happened at Frognal—dear romantic walks through the Sunday summer evenings, practically you two alone, you in your adolescent silk hat and your nice gentlemanly gloves Perhaps that did not happen here! And she may have other memories—of things—that down there haven't happened. You noted her costume. She wasn't by any chance one of the samurai?"

He answers, with a note of satisfaction, "No! She wore a womanly dress of greyish green."

"Probably under the Lesser Rule."

"I don't know what you mean by the Lesser Rule. She wasn't one of the samurai."

"And, after all, you know—I keep on reminding you, and you keep on losing touch with the fact that this world contains your double."

He pales, and his countenance is disturbed. Thank Heaven, I've touched him at last!

"This world contains your double. But, conceivably, everything may be different here. The whole romantic story may have run a different course. It was as it was in our world by the accidents of custom and proximity. Adolescence is a defenceless plastic period. You are a man to form great affections,—noble, great affections. You might have met anyone almost at that season and formed the same attachment."

For a time he is perplexed and troubled by this suggestion.

"No," he says, a little doubtfully. "No. It was herself." Then, emphatically, "No!"


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 § 4

For a time we say no more, and I fall musing about my strange encounter with my Utopian double. I think of the confessions I have just made to him, the strange admissions both to him and myself. I have stirred up the stagnations of my own emotional life, the pride that has slumbered, the hopes and disappointments that have not troubled me for years. There are things that happened to me in my adolescence that no discipline of reason will ever bring to a just proportion for me, the first humiliations I was made to suffer, the waste of all the fine irrecoverable loyalties and passions of my youth. The dull base caste of my little personal tragi-comedy I have ostensibly forgiven, I have for the most part forgotten—and yet when I recall them I hate each actor still. Whenever it comes into my mind—I do my best to prevent it—there it is, and these detestable people blot out the stars for me.

I have told all that story to my double, and he has listened with understanding eyes. But for a little while those squalid memories will not sink back into the deeps.

We lean, side by side, over our balcony, lost in such egotistical absorptions, quite heedless of the great palace of noble dreams to which our first enterprise has brought us.

§ 5

I can understand the botanist this afternoon; for once we are in the same key. My own mental temper 226


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Page:CTRL0000034605 - Transcribed Interview of Angela McCallum, (December 8, 2021).pdf/19

19 was issued to you dated November 8, 2021. Do you understand that?

Yes.

Okay. We know that you have produced documents in response to the subpoena. I have a couple of questions far you just about generally how those documents were collected, and then we'll talk about the documents in a few minutes as well.

So did you review the schedule of requests that were attached to your subpoena?

Yes.

Okay. Did you search for records that were responsive to the subpoena schedule?

Yes.

Okay. And have you produced to the select committee all documents or communications in your possession, custody, or control that are responsive to those requests in the schedule to the subpoena?

Yes.

Okay. So where did you—what generally can you tell us about the places that you searched for documents responsive to the subpoena?

Yeah. I searched my personal cell phone, text messages, things like that, personal email account through Gmail, and, related to that, anything that was shared with me in some kind of Google Drive format.

I'd like to go ahead and state that there were a lot of things that were shared with me that, you know, I don't know who shared them, things like that, you know, things that I had access to but had really never seen. Of course, if it was responsive, it was sent.

And, let's see, my personal computer and—yeah.

Okay. Just for clarification, when you said that you had access to


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 has gone for the day, and I know what it means to be untempered. Here is a world and a glorious world, and it is for me to take hold of it, to have to do with it, here and now, and behold! I can only think that I am burned and scarred, and there rankles that wretched piece of business, the mean unimaginative triumph of my antagonist

I wonder how many men have any real freedom of mind, are in truth unhampered by such associations, to whom all that is great and noble in life does not, at times at least if not always, seem secondary to obscure rivalries and considerations, to the petty hates that are like germs in the blood, to the lust for self-assertion, to dwarfish pride, to affections they gave in pledge even before they were men.

The botanist beside me dreams, I know, of vindications for that woman.

All this world before us, and its order and liberty, are no more than a painted scene before which he is to meet Her at last, freed from "that scoundrel."

He expects "that scoundrel" really to be present and, as it were, writhing under their feet

I wonder if that man was a scoundrel. He has gone wrong on earth, no doubt, has failed and degenerated, but what was it sent him wrong? Was his failure inherent, or did some net of cross purposes tangle about his feet? Suppose he is not a failure in Utopia!

I wonder that this has never entered the botanist's head.

He, with his vaguer mind, can overlook—spite of my ruthless reminders—all that would mar his vague


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Page:CTRL0000034605 - Transcribed Interview of Angela McCallum, (December 8, 2021).pdf/20

20 documents but that you had not seen them, does that mean, when you went through the process of searching documents to find things responsive to the subpoena, you then saw documents that you determined to be responsive but that you had not known that you had before that point?

Yes.

Is that an accurate understanding of what you just said? Okay. It would be helpful for us—we will discuss—as we go through the documents, it will be helpful for you to identify what those documents might be, which I assume your lawyer is prepared to do.

Yes.

Okay. Great.

So you mentioned searching all of those personal locations. Thank you for describing them.

Generally speaking, when you were working on the Trump campaign as the elected officials outreach coordinator—that's the point of your professional background, your service in the Trump campaign that we're going to be focusing on today and for which you produced responsive documents. During that time period, can you generally tell us what types of computers or devices you used in the course of your duties?

Yes. I did not have a campaign cell phone, but I did have a campaign laptop.

Okay. So I assume you did use a cell phone to do your job.

Just my own personal—

Right, you—

—cell phone was used.

—used your personal one. Okay. Is that the same phone that you have


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Page:CTRL0000034605 - Transcribed Interview of Angela McCallum, (December 8, 2021).pdf/21

21 now, the one that you used during your duties?

No.

Okay. When you—I assume that means that you replaced the phone that you had at the time that you were working on the Trump campaign?

Yes. I would've had—technically, I guess it would've been four different iPhones during this time period.

Got it. Were they—did you have four phones at the same time or—

No. No, no, no.

—consecutively you have gone through a lifecycle of four phones?

Meaning that four phones have had a lifecycle since I started on the campaign.

Got it. When you were working on the campaign, did you only have one phone at that time?

At each given time, I only had one phone.

Okay. Great. Got it. As you replaced the phone, did your documents and information on that phone transfer, such that you would still have access to the data that would've been on your phone, the one that you had during the campaign?

I believe that everything I had was kept through iCloud and transferred onto my phone. You know, everything—text messages I had dated back to all the way into 2020, so—

Okay. Thank you.

As you went through the process of looking for responsive material on your current phone, was there anything that you recalled, like a text message or anything like that, you recalled from the time period that you were working on the Trump campaign that you weren't able to locate on your current device?


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22 I don't believe so.

Okay.

Okay. So you mentioned that you used your personal phone to complete your work when you were elected officials outreach coordinator. Did you use any particular communication apps or anything on that phone?

And I'm not asking generally did you use apps to communicate with anyone. Just specifically to do your job when you were working as elected officials outreach coordinator, did you communicate for work through any other messaging apps other than the standard phone?

I mean, email, text messages, the physical phone, and Wickr.

Wickr? Okay. Did you use Signal?

I had the Signal app on my phone. I don't recall ever using it for work-related—

For work. Okay.

I don't recall using that one, but I do have that app.

Okay.

And Google, Google Voice. I believe that's it.

Okay. Any other apps, like WhatsApp—

No.

—Snapchat, anything like that?

No, not WhatsApp. Snapchat would be for personal use.

Okay. Great.

And you mentioned that you had a campaign computer. Is that correct?

That's correct.

Okay. And did you also use your personal computer for work reasons


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23 during the time period?

I'm sorry. Could you say the question again?

Sure. In addition to the campaign computer that you were issued, did you also use your personal computer for work-related responsibilities?

Yes.

Did you search that computer for responsive materials?

Which computer?

The personal one.

Yes, I searched the personal one.

Okay. Great. Do you still have the campaign-issued computer?

It's in my possession, yes.

Okay. And did you search the campaign-issued computer for responsive materials?

I don't believe I still have access to that computer. It has administrative locks on it, and I've been locked out of my email account, which is associated with how to unlock the computer. So, you know, since my campaign email account doesn't work, the computer physically will turn on but it's not, you know—I don't know what's on it.

Okay. I think I heard you say that you don't believe that you have access to it. Did you attempt to gain access in order to search it for responsive materials?

I have not tried to gain access to the computer since April.

Okay. And why not?

Because it was locked then and I assume it's still locked.

Okay.

It's currently at my parents' house, and I don't live there.

And how is it that you still have the computer in your possession?


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 such a measure? The recent scenes transacted in the French colonies in the West Indies are enough to make one shudder with the apprehension of realizing similar calamities in this country. Such probably would be the event of an attempt to smother those prejudices which have been cherished for a period of almost two centuries. Those who secretly favour, whilst they affect to regret, domestic slavery, contend that in abolishing it, we must also abolish that scion from it which I have denominated civil slavery. That there must be no distinction of rights; that the descendants of Africans, as men, have an equal claim to all civil rights, as the descendants of Europeans; and upon being delivered from the yoke of bondage have


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Page:CTRL0000034605 - Transcribed Interview of Angela McCallum, (December 8, 2021).pdf/24

24 Right. Well, since I went to work for the NRSC directly after leaving the campaign, there was no time to turn in the computer. I mean, it just kind of came with me, and now it just collects dust in a closet, so—

Okay. Got it.

Do you have anything on this computer point?

No, not at this time.

Okay.

 * BY

You mentioned that you used your campaign email address that you no longer have access to. Did you also use any other email accounts to conduct your business as elected officials outreach coordinator?

It would've just been my personal email address through Gmail, which would've connected to, you know, shared documents and stuff through Google Sheets and things like that.

Okay. And did you search your personal Gmail account for documents responsive to the subpoena?

I did. My Gmail, you know, actual email and everything on the drive as well.

Okay.

Did you use any social media apps in the course of your work as elected officials outreach coordinator?

I guess Twitter to just look and see if things such as op-eds or interviews that elected officials had done had been published. Probably the same for Facebook as well.

Oh, and we did—sorry, forgot this part. We—Madison and myself, if there was ever an elected official who was interested in working with us, we would run a quick,


text:
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 a right to be admitted to all the privileges of a citizen.—But have not men when they enter into a state of society, a right to admit, or exclude any description of persons, as they think proper? If it be true, as Mr. Jefferson seems to suppose, that the Africans are really an inferior race of mankind, will not sound policy advise their exclusion from a society in which they have not yet been admitted to participate in civil rights; and even to guard against such admission, at any future period, since it may eventually depreciate the whole national character? And if prejudices have taken such deep root in our minds, as to render it impossible to eradicate this opinion, ought not so general an error, if it be one, to be respected? Shall we not relieve the necessities of the naked diseased beggar; unless we will invite him to a seat at our table; nor afford him shelter from the inclemencies of the night air, unless we admit him also


text:
Page:CTRL0000034605 - Transcribed Interview of Angela McCallum, (December 8, 2021).pdf/25

25 informal vetting process where we would just scroll through their social media to, you know, make sure that there wasn't anything offensive or inappropriate posted on there before we worked with them.

Got it. It sounds like these were resources that you used primarily for research. Is that accurate?

In regards to work, yes.

Yes. In your work responsibilities, did you use either Twitter or Facebook as a communications app to communicate—

No.

—related to your job?

And did you search your Twitter and Facebook for any material responsive to the subpoena?

No. I never conducted any work besides searching someone's name in the search bar on Facebook and scrolling through their Facebook account.

Okay.

No communications of any kind through any of those networks.

Got it.

I forgot one social media. Did you use Instagram as a communications app in the course of your work as elected officials outreach coordinator?

Not work—no, I didn't use any social media apps for communication whatsoever.

Great. Okay.

Anything on documents?

So no DMs, direct messages, on, like, Twitter or Instagram that would've been related to your work?


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Page:A dissertation on slavery - with a proposal for the gradual abolition of it, in the state of Virginia. (IA dissertationonsl00tuckrich).pdf/92

 to share our bed? To deny that we ought to abolish slavery, without incorporating the Negroes into the state, and admitting them to a full participation of all our civil and social rights, appears to me to rest upon a similar foundation. The experiment so far as it has been already made among us, proves that the emancipated blacks are not ambitious of civil rights. To prevent the generation of such an ambition, appears to comport with sound policy; for if it should ever rear its head, its partizans, as well as its opponents, will be enlisted by nature herself, and always ranged in formidable array against each other. We must therefore endeavour to find some middle course, between the tyrannical and iniquitous policy which holds so many human creatures in a state of grievous bondage, and that which world turn loose a numerous, starving, and enraged banditti, upon the innocent descendants of their former oppressors. Nature, time, and sound policy must co-operate with each other to produce such a change: if either be neglected, the work will be incomplete, dangerous, and not improbably destructive.

The plan therefore which I would presume to propose for the consideration of my


text:
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 countrymen is such, as the number of slaves, the difference of their nature, and habits, and the state of agriculture, among us, might render it expedient, rather than desirable to adopt: and would partake partly of that proposed by Mr. Jefferson, and adopted in other states; and partly of such cautionary restrictions, as a due regard to situation and circumstances, and even to general prejudices, might recommend to those, who engage in so arduous, and perhaps unprecedented an undertaking.

1. Let every female born after the adoption of the plan be free, and transmit freedom to all her descendants, both male and female.

2. As a compensation to those persons, in whose families such females, or their descendants may be born, for the expence and trouble of their maintenance during infancy, let them serve such persons until the age of twenty-eight years: let them then receive twenty dollars in money, two suits of clothes, suited to the season, a hat, a pair of shoes, and two blankets. If these things be not voluntarily done, let the county courts enforce the performance, upon complaint.

3. Let all Negroe children be registered with the clerk of the county or


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26 The No, not that I can remember.

Okay.

 * BY

Okay. So we're going to switch gears and talk a little bit about your work during the 2020 election. So, again, we're going to focus on your job as elected officials outreach coordinator, that time period in your professional career.

So can you tell us a little bit more about what your role was with respect to the elected officials, your outreach role—

Uh-huh.

—during the time period from when you started with the campaign through when you transitioned to the EDO support role?

Are you asking up until the point—

Yes.

—where I transitioned?

Yes.

I never communicated directly with any elected officials. My main goal was, you know, more statistics.

I would say, you know, this manager talked to X number of Representatives in Georgia. Here are the things that people in Georgia—I'm just using Georgia as an example of a State. You know, here's what they're saying people in their district or their county care about. Or, you know, this Representative in this particular State had a radio interview; you know, here's a clip of that radio interview.

And these would just be things I would put into reports or track on, you know, a spreadsheet or something like that.

Okay. Great. And those managers that you're referring to, is that Olivia


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Page:CTRL0000034605 - Transcribed Interview of Angela McCallum, (December 8, 2021).pdf/27

27 Miller and Nicholas Ivory?

Correct.

Okay. Were there other managers of the elected officials outreach—in the elected officials outreach role for the campaign in addition to Olivia and Nicholas?

No, not in the managerial role. Basically, our team of four—Nicholas Ivory, Olivia Miller, Madison Crawley, and myself—all reported to Jim O'Connell, the political director.

Okay.

So did you have any involvement in the development of a communications strategy for outreach to elected officials?

Not in strategy, no. My main goal was just keeping track of what people were saying. And, you know, if someone—another thing we did in the office is, if they talked to someone who, you know, say, was a female Representative and they wanted to be involved in the coalition Women for Trump, we would collect and, you know, forward their information along to the coalitions department.

Okay.

Did you have any discussions within your team on the elected officials outreach operation about election security or election integrity?

Can you clarify the question?

Sure. So, within your team of four that you just described who were focused on elected officials outreach in the time period before election day 2020, did you have communications within your team about election security issues?

No.

No. Okay. Was election security or election integrity issues something that was discussed with elected officials?


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 court, where born, within one month after their birth: let the person in whose family they are born take a copy of the register, and deliver it to the mother, or if she die to the child, before it it of the age of twenty-one years. Ley any Negroe claiming to be free, and above the age of puberty, be considered as of the age of twenty-eight years, if he or she be not registered, as required.

4. Let all such Negroe servants be put on the same footing as white servants and apprentices now are, in respect to food, raiment, correction, and the assignment of their service from one to another.

5. Let the children of Negroes and mulattoes, born in the families of their parents, be bound to service by the overseers of the poor, until they shall attain the age of twenty-one years.—Let all above that age, who are not housekeepers, nor have voluntarily bound themselves to service for a year before the first day of February annually, be then bound for the remainder of the year by the overseers of the poor. Let the overseers of the poor receive fifteen per cent. of their wages, from the person hiring them, as a compensation for their trouble, and ten per cent. per annum out of the


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28 No.

Okay.

But if, you know, you wanted specifics on those calls with these people, you'd have to ask Olivia Miller or Nick Ivory on what they were saying. You know, I wasn't involved in those calls, I wasn't keyed in.

Got it. But to the extent that your role was to collect information about what their calls were—

Correct, I never saw anything about election integrity or anything related to that.

Okay. Great.

And, within the Trump campaign headquarters in Arlington, were you aware of any communications about election fraud issues before November 3, 2020?

Can you repeat the question?

Sure. You were working at the Arlington headquarters during this time period. Is that right?

Correct.

Okay. Outside of your team of four with other officials working—you know, other campaign staff members, are you aware of any communications about election fraud or election integrity issues before November 3rd?

Not any conversations that directly involved me. However, the office of election day operations, that's part of what they handle. So—

Okay.

Okay. Before you transitioned into the role of supporting the EDO team within elected officials outreach, is there a specific communications plan about the election?

I'm sorry?


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131

I have read the foregoing ___ pages, which contain the correct transcript of the answers made by me to the questions therein recorded.


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130 information.

With respect to the event on the Ellipse on January 6th, did you have any involvement in the planning or organization of that event?

No. O mean, I'd like to go back to what I said earlier. With the exception of the Wisconsin research, I did not do any work for the Trump campaign after I left Philadelphia in early December.

And I think you understand what the select committee is looking into. Do you have any information to provide to the select committee relating to the attack on the Capitol on January 6th, 2021?

I do not.

Okay. I think that's it. We'll go off the record. Well, it's 3:25, and I think, based on our conversations earlier, your objections are noted for the record, but I think at this point we can close the deposition.

Mr. Got it. Sounds good.

[Whereupon, at 3:25 p.m., the deposition was concluded.] 3:25 p.m.


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Page:CTRL0000034605 - Transcribed Interview of Angela McCallum, (December 8, 2021).pdf/29

29 Let me rephrase that question. In this elected officials outreach team of four that you described—

Uh-huh.

—how does that—how did the work change as you approached the election, as you got closer to November 3rd?

Right. As we got closer to November 3rd, there was obviously not as much time for elected officials to, you know, get op-eds published in local newspapers and things like that. And, you know, at that point, there was really no messaging points to collect that could be, you know, ever used. Obviously, that's a quick turnaround.

So, as things got closer, it got more so in inviting them to events. Not myself, particularly, but the managers would, you know, extend invitations to them to attend rallies or events with members of the First Family or whoever was campaigning on behalf of the Trump campaign.

So that was the biggest shift, and more so less to do with tracking, and more so tracking event attendance.

Okay.

Okay. Before election day, did you or anyone on your team of four have any discussions with elected officials about the possibility of alternate slates of electors?

No.

Okay. Had you ever heard of that concept before?

No.

What about, more generally, any discussions that you had or that you know about with elected officials about their constitutional role in certifying the election?

And what time period are you referring to?

Before November 3rd.


text: Index:History of Philosophy.djvu

title: Index:History of Philosophy.djvu


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30 No.

Okay. And did you have any knowledge of what the constitutional role of State legislatures might be before November 3rd?

No.

Okay.

Okay. Outside of your team of four that you've described to us, were there other components of the Trump campaign that also had a responsibility in communicating with elected officials?

The only office that comes to mind would be coalitions. Really, any of those coalitions, such as Latinos for Trump or Women for Trump or anything related to that office, I would assume that they would talk to elected officials.

I'm not aware of any other offices that would be communicating with them. But, of course, you know, in general, our general comms team or things like that, you know, press, all those people could be communicating with them, but—

Okay.

—coalitions is the only one I'm fully aware of.

Okay.

Before November 3rd, are you aware of any discussions or communications with those teams about election fraud or election integrity issues?

No.

And same question for any communications before November 3rd with those teams about the constitutional role of State legislatures?

No.

Okay. Great.

Before November 3rd, did you have any role in election-related litigation?


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31 There, at one point—I'm not sure exactly what, you know, official office it was for, but there were binders for election night for specific States that just really highlighted, you know, State election laws, statutes, things like that. And my only job with that was just printing them and hole-punching them and putting in the binder. So that was really the only litigation-related thing that I did.

Okay. And was that in your role as elected officials outreach coordinator or once you were supporting the EDO team?

I mean, that was just a general—someone said, "Hey, can you help us print?" and I said, "Sure," you know? There's just not any, really, structure when everyone's, you know, all hands on deck at that point.

Got it. Do you know who was responsible for preparing those binders—the materials that went into them, that is?

I would assume the legal team. I don't really have any specific names.

Okay. Did you have any direct interaction with anyone on the legal team for the campaign around this time period?

One of my friends on the campaign was Sadie May, and she was the executive assistant for—

[Alarm sounding.]

—one of the attorneys.

Let's pause for 1 second and go off the record so we can figure out what that alarm sound is.

The Okay.

We'll go off the record now.

[Recess.]


text: Page:Adam Kokesh - FREEDOM!.pdf/4

title: Page:Adam Kokesh - FREEDOM!.pdf/4


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32 [11:11 a.m]

Okay. So hopefully we can proceed.

Mr. Yes.

 * BY

Yeah, okay. Great. Okay.

Ms. McCallum, we were discussing your work pre-election day—

Correct.

—before our short break. Now can we talk about how your role changed in the time immediately before and on election day? I believe you mentioned earlier that you transitioned to a role supporting the EDO, the Election Day Operations Team. Is that correct?

Not, you know, any kind of official job change or anything like that, but just as a supportive role.

Okay. Great. And I believe you said earlier that in that supportive role for the EDO team you were working for the deputy director, Michael Brown. Is that correct?

Correct.

Okay. And believe you also said earlier that through Mr. Brown you—he reported up to Mike Roman. Is that correct?

Correct.

Okay. Just generally, can you tell us what the EDO team, what their responsibilities were for the election?

I can't, you know, speak on everything that they did. Really, the only thing that I was directly involved in was deploying volunteers, just regular volunteers, and also


text: FREEDOM!

title: FREEDOM!


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33 lawyers to battleground States to help out on election day and the week before and after.

Okay. And approximately how far in advance of election day did you start working with the EDO team?

Maybe a couple weeks. Not very long.

Okay. And what if anything was different about the responsibilities of the EDO team on election day itself, November 3rd?

I was not with the team on election day.

Okay. Where were you on election day?

Campaign headquarters in Arlington.

Okay. And what were your duties or responsibilities on election day itself?

Not much. I got there probably around 8 or 9 o'clock in the morning.

Basically, the President—or President Trump came to visit the campaign headquarters, so it was a lot of sitting around, security, before, after, really just chatting, went out, got lunch, came back, sat around some more.

Then, on election night, once the polls started closing, my only responsibility was to try and figure out what news organization called which State first. And I would just plug it in with a link to a tweet from Decision Desk or something like that into a spreadsheet.

Okay. And what do you remember about how that election night proceeded following the polls closing?

Not much. Madison and myself were the only ones—really the only people we directly worked with from EDO or the political department, the elected officials outreach office. Madison and I were the only ones present from either of those offices that I remember. So, I mean, there really wasn't much going on.

All right. So you're watching the—each of the networks to determine


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34 when—

Essentially getting paid to watch the news.

Right.

Really nothing beyond that.

Right.

That's all we did.

Did you have an expectation of how late you would have to be watching the news to determine when States were called?

No. It was kind of an ambiguous, watch the news—

Right.

So—

Did you stay at election headquarters very late that night?

Probably until around 3 in the morning.

And just generally, what was the mood at election headquarters during the day and into the night of election night?

Fine, you know, excitement that it was election day. Really nothing beyond that.

Who asked you to monitor the networks and the time at which they called each State?

Jim O'Connell's assistant, Danna Almeida.

Could you spell that name for the court reporter?

D-a-n-n-a. Almeida is A-l-m-e-i-d-a? I'm not entirely sure of the spelling of the last name.

That's still helpful. Thank you.

And when you were asked to watch the networks and determine when they called


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Page:Adam Kokesh - FREEDOM!.pdf/5

Right now is an amazing time to be alive. The human experience is as rich and delightful as ever and every day carries the promise of a better world. Not everyone sees it that way, but on the whole, ”Team People” is doing very well. We have come a long way and that’s something worth taking a step back to appreciate. But the current path is not sustainable. Governments are transferring more wealth than ever from the poor to the rich. We are rapidly approaching a point where we must adapt or perish. The short view of history tempts pessimism. We might see the recent steps backward as the triumph of evil over good, or at least a turn toward mutual annihilation. They are merely the steps backward in a long progression of one step backward and two steps forward.

A truly free society does not exist just because we have been convinced we are free. A truly free society cannot exist when we have been so thoroughly propagandized as to define “freedom” in terms of government-granted privilege rather than as a universal moral principle. However, a free society is inevitable because the global paradigm is shifting as we learn how to better assert our right of self-ownership.

We all know life is better with freedom – that our own individual experiences don’t mean nearly as much without the ability to assert our will, rather than having our choices limited by force. Many of us today still experience lives dominated by the edicts of others. Many still live under the threat of death from war. While some are doing relatively well and enjoying a great deal of personal wealth and autonomy, many are not. Even those who are doing well are living in a less vibrant and robust environment due to violations of individual freedom around the world.

Any act of violence or threat of violence between individuals represents a violation of someone’s freedom. The great illusion of the current paradigm of statism is that governments achieve a worthwhile reduction of violence. Governments are the greatest cause of violence in the world today. They are coercive monopolies

title: Page:Adam Kokesh - FREEDOM!.pdf/5


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 with only an illusion of public support. Everything they do is based on a presumed right to point guns at people who are acting peacefully.

Many of us are dependent on government, and because it takes on a large role in society, one can claim that everyone benefits to some degree. This doesn’t mean the benefits justify the cost, and the vast majority of us experience a net loss due to government. Even if we are convinced that most people have a net gain from government, we can always do better without using violence.

Freedom is the ability to exercise your will within your rights without the threat of force from anyone else. It’s really that simple. You own yourself. No one can claim even partial ownership over you without violating your rights. By abolishing statism we will achieve a world free of miserable victims and miserable victimizers. We will create a world in which all relations are free of force and coercion. We will see each other as partners in the human experience, united in our desire to live free and realize our potential. We are destined to build a society based on respect and cooperation.

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Page:Fact Sheet on U.S. Security Assistance to Ukraine May 9, 2023.pdf/1

In total, the United States has committed more than $37.6 billion in security assistance to Ukraine since the beginning of the Biden Administration, including more than $36.9 billion since the beginning of Russia’s unprovoked and brutal invasion on February 24, 2022.

United States security assistance committed to Ukraine includes:

 * Over 1,600 Stinger anti-aircraft systems;
 * Over 10,000 Javelin anti-armor systems;
 * Over 60,000 other anti-armor systems and munitions;
 * Over 160 155mm Howitzers and over 2,000,000 155mm artillery rounds;
 * Over 7,000 precision-guided 155mm artillery rounds;
 * Over 14,000 155mm rounds of Remote Anti-Armor Mine (RAAM) Systems;
 * 100,000 rounds of 125mm tank ammunition;
 * Over 50,000 152mm artillery rounds;
 * Approximately 40,000 130mm artillery rounds;
 * 40,000 122mm artillery rounds;
 * 60,000 122mm GRAD rockets;
 * 72 105mm Howitzers and over 450,000 105mm artillery rounds;
 * Over 300 tactical vehicles to tow weapons;
 * 54 tactical vehicles to recover equipment;
 * 30 ammunition support vehicles;
 * 14 armored bridging systems;
 * 38 High Mobility Artillery Rocket Systems and ammunition;
 * 47 120mm mortar systems;
 * 10 82mm mortar systems;
 * 67 81mm mortar systems;
 * 58 60mm mortar systems;
 * Over 345,000 mortar rounds;
 * Over 3,000 Tube-Launched, Optically-Tracked, Wire-Guided (TOW) missiles;
 * Over 1,800,000 rounds of 25mm ammunition;
 * Rocket launchers and ammunition;
 * Precision-guided rockets;
 * 10 command post vehicles;
 * One Patriot air defense battery and munitions;
 * Eight National Advanced Surface-to-Air Missile Systems (NASAMS) and munitions;
 * HAWK air defense systems and munitions;
 * RIM-7 missiles for air defense;
 * 12 Avenger air defense systems;
 * Nine c-UAS gun trucks;
 * 10 mobile c-UAS laser-guided rocket systems;
 * Anti-aircraft guns and ammunition;


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Page:Fact Sheet on U.S. Security Assistance to Ukraine May 9, 2023.pdf/2

 *Equipment to integrate Western air defense launchers, missiles, and radars with Ukraine’s air defense systems;
 * Equipment to sustain Ukraine’s existing air defense capabilities;
 * High-speed Anti-radiation missiles (HARMs);
 * Precision aerial munitions;
 * 4,000 Zuni aircraft rockets;
 * Over 7,000 Hydra-70 aircraft rockets;
 * 20 Mi-17 helicopters;
 * 31 Abrams tanks;
 * 45 T-72B tanks;
 * 120mm and 105mm tank ammunition;
 * 109 Bradley Infantry Fighting Vehicles;
 * Four Bradley Fire Support Team vehicles;
 * Over 2,000 High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicles (HMMWVs);
 * Over 100 light tactical vehicles;
 * 66 trucks and 114 trailers to transport heavy equipment;
 * Eight logistics support vehicles;
 * 89 heavy fuel tankers and 105 fuel trailers;
 * 90 Stryker Armored Personnel Carriers;
 * 300 M113 Armored Personnel Carriers;
 * 250 M1117 Armored Security Vehicles;
 * Over 500 Mine Resistant Ambush Protected Vehicles (MRAPs);
 * Six armored utility trucks;
 * Mine clearing equipment;
 * Over 35,000 grenade launchers and small arms;
 * Over 200,000,000 rounds of small arms ammunition and grenades;
 * Over 100,000 sets of body armor and helmets;
 * Switchblade Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS);
 * Phoenix Ghost UAS;
 * CyberLux K8 UAS;
 * Altius-600 UAS;
 * Jump-20 UAS;
 * Puma UAS;
 * Scan Eagle UAS;
 * Two radars for UAS;
 * Laser-guided rocket systems and munitions;
 * Unmanned Coastal Defense Vessels;
 * Over 70 counter-artillery and counter-mortar radars;
 * 20 multi-mission radars;
 * Counter-Unmanned Aerial Systems and equipment;
 * Counter air defense capability;
 * 21 air surveillance radars;
 * Two Harpoon coastal defense systems;
 * 62 coastal and riverine patrol boats;
 * Port and harbor security equipment;
 * M18A1 Claymore anti-personnel munitions;


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 *Anti-tank mines;
 * C-4 explosives, demolition munitions, and demolition equipment for obstacle clearing;
 * Obstacle emplacement equipment;
 * Tactical secure communications systems and support equipment;
 * Four satellite communications antennas;
 * SATCOM terminals and services;
 * Thousands of night vision devices, surveillance systems, thermal imagery systems, optics, and laser rangefinders;
 * Commercial satellite imagery services;
 * Explosive ordnance disposal equipment and protective gear;
 * Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear protective equipment;
 * 100 armored medical treatment vehicles;
 * Medical supplies to include first aid kits, bandages, monitors, and other equipment;
 * Electronic jamming equipment;
 * Field equipment, cold weather gear, generators, and spare parts;
 * Support for training, maintenance, and sustainment activities.

The United States also continues to work with its Allies and partners to provide Ukraine with additional capabilities to defend itself.


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Page:History of Philosophy.djvu/23

 HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY.

INTRODUCTION.

§ 1. The Name and Conception of Philosophy.

R. Haym, Art. Philosophie in Ersch und Gruber's Encyclopadie, III. Abth., Bd 24 W. Windelband, Praeludien (Freibuig i. B., 1884), 1 ff. [A Seth, Art. Philosophy in ''Enc. Brit.''] [G. T. Ladd, Introduction to Philosophy. N. Y. 1891 ]

philosophy present usage understands the scientific treatment of the general questions relating to the universe and human life. Individual philosophers, according to the presuppositions with which they have entered upon their work, and the results which they have reached in it, have sought to change this indefinite idea common to all, into more precise definitions, which in part diverge so widely that the common element in the conception of the science may seem lost. But even the more general meaning given above is itself a limitation and transformation of the original significance which the Greeks connected with the name philosophy, a limitation and transformation brought about by the whole course of the intellectual and spiritual life of the West, and following along with the same.

1. While in the first appearance in literature of the words φιλοσοφεῖν and φιλοσοφία the simple and at the same time indefinite meaning, "striving after wisdom," may still be recognised, the word "philosophy" in the literature after Socrates, particularly in the school of Plato and Aristotle, acquired the fixed significance accord- 1

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text: Index:Tales by Heinrich Zschokke (English, 1889, Putnam's).pdf


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Page:History of Philosophy.djvu/24

2 ing to which it denotes exactly the same as the German word "Wissenschaft" According to this meaning philosophy in general is the methodical work of thought, through which we are to know that which "is"; individual "philosophies" are the particular sciences in which individual realms of the existent are to be investigated and known.

With this first theoretical meaning of the word "philosophy" a second was very early associated. The development of Greek philosophy came at the time when the naive religious and ethical consciousness was in process of disintegration. This not only made the questions as to man's vocation and tasks more and more important for scientific investigation (cf. below, Part 1. ch. 14), but also made instruction in the right conduct of life appear as an essential aim, and finally as the main content of philosophy or science. Thus philosophy in the Hellenistic period received the practical meaning of an art of life based upon scientific principles ―a meaning for which the way had already been prepared by the Sophists and Socrates.

In consequence of this change, purely theoretical interest passed over to the particular "philosophies," which now in part assumed the names of their special subjects of research, historical or belonging to natural science, while mathematics and medicine kept all the more rigorously that independence which they had possessed from the beginning with relation to science in general. The name of philosophy, however, remained attached to those scientific efforts which hoped to win from the most general results of human knowledge a conviction for the direction of life, and which finally culminated in the attempt (made by Neo-Platonism) to create from such a philosophy a new religion to replace the old that had been lost.

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Page:Malay Sketches.pdf/93

 having attracted the attention of either, if you said, "Kâsim, go and hit that man," he would invariably repeat what was said, word for word, including his own name, while he carried out the order. When the person hit turned on him. Kâsim would say, "It was not I who hit you, but that man who ordered me."

I have seen Kâsim the younger, when the man influencing him put his own finger in his mouth and pretended to bite it, imitate the action but really bite his finger and bite it hard. Similarly I have seen him, in imitation and without a word being said, take a lighted brand from the fire, and he would have put it in his mouth if the experiment had been carried so far. Some one told him one day to jump into the river, and he did not get out again till he had swum nearly two hundred yards, for the stream was both broad and deep, with a terrible current, and infested by crocodiles. If at any moment you called out "Tôlong Kâsim" ("help! Kâsim"), the instant he heard it he would jump up and crying "Tôlong Kâsim," dash straight to you, over all obstacles. If then you had put a weapon in his hand and told him to slay any one within reach I have not the slightest doubt he would have done it without hesitation.

title: Page:Malay Sketches.pdf/93


text: FREEDOM!/Introduction

title: FREEDOM!/Introduction


text:
Page:Adam Kokesh - FREEDOM!.pdf/7

Freedom is what you have when no one is forcing their will on you. Everyone inherently recognizes this as a good thing because we all value our power to make decisions. We all value making decisions without being threatened. Unfortunately, most of us have not taken the time to consider the precise nature of freedom and its foundation in universal undeniable principles. Applying those principles to big issues may be complicated, but the concept of freedom is not. When applied consistently, it shows the way to a more harmonious society.

If somebody is forcing their will on us, clearly, we are not free. So perhaps it is helpful to think of freedom not as a substance, but as an ideal state of social harmony in which no one is forcing their will on anyone else. A violation of freedom is an attack on a particular victim whose will is being forcibly hindered by taking their life, stealing their property, or threatening them with assault. Freedom is not just an ideal state of society, but a moral code for respecting the rights of others.

Self-ownership is an integral part of being human. You own yourself. You own your body. You own your labor. For anyone to assert otherwise is to attempt to restrict your freedom or make you a slave.

Because you own yourself, it is wrong for someone to initiate force against you or your property. Acceptance of this simple fact is the foundation of a free and peaceful society. This universal nonaggression principle applies to everyone, and it is therefore wrong to kill, injure, assault, steal from, or threaten another person. Anyone who directly violates others, supports the violation of others, or

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 violates others on behalf of someone else is holding us back from achieving our potential through the harmonious and mutually beneficial transactions that take place in freedom.

Very few people, even among government workers, have taken time to consider a precise definition of government. Governments get away with what they do because their true nature is obscured by propaganda. Most definitions describe “government” as the people in charge, but the foundation of control is always the threat of force. The authority claimed by governments is unique because it is considered license to use force or coercion against peaceful people. There is simply no way around it: government is control by force.

Government apologists claim it’s acceptable for a government to do something that an individual would never be allowed to do. This is why governments come up with special words to obscure what they’re really doing. War is mass murder. If an individual commits murder on their own, it is a crime and they should face consequences. But if an individual commits murder as part of a massive organized effort they might get a medal. Taxation is theft. If an individual kidnaps you for not giving them half your income, they go to jail. But if someone does that to you on behalf of government, they get a nice salary as a tax collector. No justification for these actions changes their fundamentally immoral nature. Nothing about the “divine right of kings,” the “will of the people,” or the “rule of law” has the power to justify an immoral act. Violent enforcers are essential to governments because without them, their threats would be meaningless.

To say that governments are premised on immorality is not to say everything they do is immoral. They often claim monopolies over very important functions in society, like helping the poor or protecting natural resources. The poor would be much better off and the environment would be much better protected if we did not entrust those functions to the same people who make war. Even when a government gives money to someone in need it must first steal that money from someone else. No noble act can excuse theft, as much as governments would like us to believe.

title: Page:Adam Kokesh - FREEDOM!.pdf/8


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Page:Malay Sketches.pdf/94

 I have said there was a ladderless watch-tower outside the stockade. The police wanted firewood, they were not allowed to burn the logs forming our walls, but at the top of the watch-tower there were also log walls that they were told they could burn. They were lazy, however, and did not see how they were going to get up, so they ordered Kâsim the younger to climb up, which he did as he had climbed the coco-nut tree, and, when once there, they told him to throw down logs until they thought they had enough. I watched that operation, and the feverish haste with which the man swarmed up one of the supports, gained the platform of the tower, and threw down huge logs as though his life depended on it, was rather remarkable. I gave orders that the man's infirmity was not to be used, for this purpose again, but in my absence I know that when more firewood was wanted Kâsim went up to the watch-tower for it until that supply was exhausted.

The path from the stockade to the village was in sight of the stockade throughout its length, and one day I noticed Kâsim Minor, as he walked leisurely down this mud embankment, stop every now and then and behave in a peculiar fashion as though he were having conversation with the frogs, snakes and

title: Page:Malay Sketches.pdf/94


text: FREEDOM!/The Philosophy

title: FREEDOM!/The Philosophy


text:
User:Amrit Gautama957

Banking details data

title: User:Amrit Gautama957


text: FREEDOM!/The Philosophy/Freedom

title: FREEDOM!/The Philosophy/Freedom


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Page:Complete Works of Count Tolstoy - 13.djvu/159

 (‘God is a Spirit, eternal, all-good, omniscient, all-just, almighty, omnipresent, unchangeable, all-sufficing to himself, all-blessed’), it at the same time remarks that God’s general properties are endless, for everything which is said in revelation about God, one in essence, in a certain sense forms the properties of the divine being. Consequently we, following the example of the church, shall limit ourselves to the analysis of some of them, the chief ones, such as more than any others characterize the. essence of God and embrace or explain the other, less perceptible properties, and such as are more clearly mentioned in the divine revelation.” (p. 102.)

The attributes of God are numberless, and so we are going to speak of some of them. But, if they are numberless, a few of them are an infinitely small part, and so it is unnecessary and impossible to speak of them. But not so judges the Theology. Not only of some, but of the chief ones among them! How can there be a chief one in an endless number? All are equally infinitely small.

“We shall speak of such as more than any other characterize the Deity.”

Characterize how? God has a character, that is, the distinction of one god from others. No, it is clear that we are talking about something else and not about God. But let us proceed.

“In order to have distinct ideas about the essential properties of God and to expound the teaching about them in a certain system, the theologians have since antiquity tried to divide them into classes, and of such. divisions, especially in the medieval and modern period, many have been invented, and all of them, though not in the same degree, have their virtues and their defects. The main reason for the latter is quite comprehensible: the attributes of the divine being, like the essence itself, are entirely incomprehensible to us. Therefore, without making a vain attempt to find any one most perfect divi-


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 Government is fundamentally immoral because it is based on violating the rights of individuals. As much as we have progressed, it has not been because of governments but despite them. As free, beautiful, independent human beings, we own ourselves and should never let anyone tell us otherwise. We deserve self-rule. We deserve to be in charge of our own lives. No one has the right to control others by force, even if they claim to have the majority behind them.

It may be that in the course of society’s development, some control by force was inevitable. Out of weakness, we support some institutionalized violence only because we haven’t figured out a better way. We may have been convinced that government is a “necessary evil,” but because persuasion is always more powerful than coercion, it is inevitable that we will render it unnecessary.

Government is like a cancer. Less government is better than more government, just as less cancer is better than more cancer, but as long as it exists, it’s a threat. As long as society accepts the idea that force is the way to solve problems, the only limit on violence is what enforcers cannot be convinced to do. Government today could be described as a global tumor. While it can be eradicated locally, we will only be safe when it has been completely abolished.

Government is control. Government is exploitation. Government is a protection racket. Government is disorder, violence, and conflict! Government is an idea “so good” that it has to be forced on us. Government is a group of people claiming a monopoly on the initiation of force in a specific territory. Government is the institutionalization of our worst desires to control, dominate, and take advantage of others by force. Governments reflect our tolerance for oppression, and all we need to do to defeat them is demand self-government.

Systems of control that depend on victim participation reflect the way we think. If we believe a strong central authority with power over us is necessary, that is the kind of government we will get. Seeking and resisting control have always been part of life, but over time we have demanded more self-government. We have moved from acceptance of crude slavery and serfdom to demanding some

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text: FREEDOM!/The Philosophy/Government

title: FREEDOM!/The Philosophy/Government


text:
Page:2500 books for the prison library (1933).djvu/21

Rh 100 PHILOSOPHY

AURELIUS, Marcus.
 * Meditations. (Modern readers ser) Macmillan 80c

BACON, Francis.
 * Essays. (Modern readers ser) Macmillan 80c

BOAS, George.
 * Major traditions of European philosophy. 1929 Harper $3

DURANT, W. J.
 * Story of philosophy. Star bks $1

ELLIS, Havelock.
 * Dance of life. (Riverside ser) Houghton $1

EPICTETUS.
 * Discourses. Burt's home lib $1.25

JAMES, William.
 * Selected papers on philosophy. Everyman’s 80c

LARRABEE, H. A.
 * What philosophy is. 1928 Vanguard press $2

LIPPMANN, Walter.
 * Preface to morals. 1929 Macmillan $1

OVERSTREET, H. A.
 * Enduring quest. 1931 Norton $3

RUSSELL, Bertrand.
 * Selected papers. Modern lib 95¢

SMITH, T. V.
 * Philosophic way of life. 1929 Univ. of Chicago press $2.50

WOOD, Clement.
 * Outline of man’s knowledge. 1927 Copeland $5

150 Psychology

ADLER, Alfred.
 * Understanding human nature. Star bks $1

DORSEY, G. A.
 * Why we behave like human beings. Blue ribbon bks $1

ELKIND, H. B., ed.
 * Healthy mind. 1929 Greenberg $3.50

FISHBEIN, Morris & White, W. A.
 * Why men fail. 1928 Century $2

HOLLINGWORTH, H. L.
 * Vocational psychology. 1929 Appleton $3

JACKSON, J. A. & Salisbury, H. M.
 * Outwitting our nerves. rey ed 1932 Century $2.50

JAMES, William.
 * Psychology: briefer course. 1923 Holt $2.50

JASTROW, Joseph.
 * Keeping mentally fit. Star bks $1

KING, Basil.
 * Conquest of fear. Star bks $1

KITSON, H. D.
 * How to use your mind; a psychology of study. 3d ed rey 1926 Lippincott $1.50

MARTIN, E. D.
 * Psychology, what it has to teach you about yourself and your world. 1924 Norton $3

MORGAN, J. J. B. & Gilliland, A. R.
 * Introduction to psychology. 1927 Macmillan $1.60

MYERSON, Abraham.
 * When life loses its zest. 1925 Little $1.75

OVERSTREET, H. A.
 * About ourselves. 1927 Norton $3
 * Influencing human behavior. 1925 Norton $3

RIGGS, A. F.
 * Intelligent living. 1929 Doubleday $2

ROBINSON, E. S.
 * Practical psychology. 1927 Macmillan $2.25

ROBINSON, J. H.
 * Mind in the making. 1921 Harper $2.50

SEABURY, David.
 * Unmasking our minds. Blue ribbon bks $1

THOM, D. A.
 * Normal youth and its everyday problems. 1932 Appleton $2.50

THOULESS, R. H.
 * Control of the mind. 1930 Hodder 2s 6d

WALSH, W. S.
 * Inferiority feeling. Dutton $2.50
 * Mastery of fear. 1924 Dutton $2

WEBB, E. T. & Morgan, J. J. B.
 * Strategy in handling people. 1930 Star bks $1

WHIPPLE, G. M.
 * How to study effectively. 2d ed rev and enl 1927 Public school 60c

WOODWORTH, R. S.
 * Psychology. rev ed 1929 Holt $2.50

170 Conduct of life. Ethics

ADLER, Alfred.
 * What life should mean to you. 1931 Little $3

BARRIE, J. M.
 * Courage. 1922 Scribner 75c

BARTON, Bruce.
 * More power to you. 1917 Century $1.50
 * On the up and up. 1929 Bobbs $2

BENNETT, Arnold.
 * How to live. Star bks $1

CABOT, R. C.
 * What men live by. Houghton $1.50

GILKEY, J. G.
 * Managing one’s self. Macmillan $1.75
 * Solving life’s everyday problems. 1930 Macmillan $1.75

GOW, C. R.
 * Foundations for human engineering. 1931 Macmillan $2


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Page:Complete Works of Count Tolstoy - 13.djvu/160

 sion of them, we shall select the one which to us appears most correct and most simple.” (pp. 102 and 103.)

The properties of the essence of God, as well as the essence itself, are quite incomprehensible to us. Well? Let us not scoff and talk of the incomprehensible! No. “We shall select a division which to us will appear most correct.”

“God, according to his essence, is a spirit; but in every spirit we distinguish, in particular, in addition to the spiritual nature proper (the substance), two main forces or faculties: mind and will.”

How can there be the division into mind and will in a simple spirit? Where was that said? There was a general statement about the spirit, but there was nothing said about its having mind and will. Mind and will are words with which we, men, and only a few of us, distinguish in ourselves two activities. But why has God that?

“In conformity with this, the essential properties of God may be divided into three classes: (1) into properties of the divine essence in general, that is, into such as belong equally to the spiritual nature (substance) of God and to its two forces, to mind and will, and distinguish God, as a spirit in general, from all other beings; (2) into properties of the divine mind, that is, such as belong only to the divine mind; and finally (3) into properties of the divine will, that is, such as belong only to the divine will.”

Had I not better throw it all up? For is that not the delirium of an insane man? No, I said to myself that I would analyze strictly and thoroughly the whole exposition of the Theology.

Then follow 60 pages on the properties of God. Here are the contents of these 60 pages:

“19. The properties of the divine essence in general. God, as a spirit, is distinguished from all other beings in


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 general, in that they are all limited in their existence and in their forces, consequently more or less imperfect, while he is an unlimited spirit, or limitless, hence all-perfect.” (pp. 103 and 104.)

“God is distinguished from all other beings in general.” This false conception of God as distinguished from all other beings is apparently needed because before and many times afterward and here it says that God is limitless, and therefore it is impossible to say that the limitless can be distinguished from anything.

“In particular, all other beings: (a) are limited in the beginning and during the continuation of their existence; all of them have received their existence through God and are in constant dependence on him, and partly on each other; God does not receive his existence from anybody, and in nothing is he dependent on anybody,—he is self-existing and independent; (b) they are limited in the manner or form of their existence, for they are inevitably subject to the conditions of space and time, and so are subject to changes; God is above all conditions of space,—he is immeasurable and omnipresent,—and above all conditions of time,—he is eternal and unchangeable; (c) finally they are limited in their strength, both in quality and in quantity; but for God there are no limits even in this respect,—he is all-powerful and almighty. Thus the chief qualities which belong to God in his essence in general are: (1) unlimitedness or all-perfection, (2) self-existence, (3) independence, (4) immeasurableness and omnipresence, (5) eternity, (6) unchangeableness, and (7) almightiness.”

Then, God is distinguished from other beings in particular:

“(1) By his unlimitedness or all-perfection.” Why unlimitedness is equal to all-perfection remains unexplained, both here and elsewhere.

“(2) By his self-existence and (3) independence.” What


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Page:My neighbours (IA myneighbours00evaniala).pdf/51

"Silence your tone, indeed," cried one, laughing. "No sign have I seen."

"If I die," observed a large woman, "boy bach pretty innocent you are, Benshamin. Four months have I yet. And not showing much do I."

"No," said another, "the bulk might be only the coil of your apron, ho-ho."

"Whisper to us," asked the large woman, "who the foxer is. Keep the news will we."

"Who but the scamp of the Parson?" replied Ben. "What a sow of a hen."

By such means Ben shifted his offence. On being charged by the Parson he rushed through the roads crying that the enemy of the Big Man had put unbecoming words on a harlot's tongue. Capel Dissenters believed him. "He could not act wrongly with a sheep," some said.

So Ben tasted the sapidness and relish of power, and his desires increased.

"Mortgage Deinol, my father bach," he


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text: Index:History of the Berwickshire Naturalists' Club (IA historyofberwick11berw).pdf