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title: Template:H/doc


text:
Translation:Disquisitiones Arithmeticae

Recherches_arithmétiques

CONTENTS

 * /Dedication
 * /Preface
 * On Congruent Numbers in General
 * Congruent numbers, moduli, residues and non-residues, 1.
 * Minimal residues, 4.
 * Elementary propositions about congruences, 5.
 * Some applications, 12.
 * On Congruences of the First Degree
 * Preliminary theorems about prime numbers, factorizations, etc., 13.
 * Solution of congruences of the first degree, 26.
 * On finding numbers congruent to given residues with respect to given moduli, 32.
 * Linear congruences involving several unknowns, 37.
 * Various theorems, 38.
 * On Residues of Powers
 * The residues of the terms of a geometric progression starting from unity constitute a periodic series, 45.
 * On moduli which are prime numbers
 * Given a prime modulus $p$, the number of terms in its period is a divisor of $p-1$ , 49.
 * Fermat's Theorem, 50.
 * How many numbers generate a period whose multitude is a given divisor of $p-1$, 52.
 * Primitive roots, bases, indices, 57.
 * Algorithm for computing indices, 58.
 * On the roots of the congruence $ x^n \equiv A $, 60.
 * Relationships between indices in different systems, 69.
 * Bases adapted to particular purposes, 72.
 * Method for finding primitive roots, 73
 * Various theorems on periods and primitive roots, 75
 * Wilson's Theorem, 76
 * On moduli which are prime powers, 82.
 * On moduli which are powers of two, 90.
 * On moduli which are composed of several prime factors, 92.
 * On Congruences of the Second Degree
 * Quadratic residues and non-residues, 94.
 * When the modulus is a prime number, the number of quadratic residues is equal to the number of non-residues, 96.
 * The question of whether a composite number is a quadratic residue or non-residue modulo a given prime number depends on the nature of its factors, 98.
 * On composite moduli, 100.
 * General criterion by which one can determine whether a given number is a quadratic residue or non-residue modulo a given prime number, 106.
 * Investigations of prime numbers for which given numbers are quadratic residues or non-residues, 107.
 * The residue $-1$, 108.
 * The residues $+2$ and $-2$, 112.
 * The residues $+3$ and $-3$, 117.
 * The residues $+5$ and $-5$, 121.
 * The residues $+7$ and $-7$, 124.
 * Preparation for a general investigation, 125.
 * A general (fundamental) theorem is established by induction; conclusions are deduced from it, 130.
 * Rigorous demonstration of this theorem, 135.
 * Analogous method to demonstrate the theorem of Article 114, 145.
 * Solution of the general problem, 146.
 * On linear forms that contain all prime numbers for which a given number is a quadratic residue or non-residue, 147.
 * Work by others on this subject, 151.
 * On impure congruences of the second degree, 152.
 * On Forms and Equations of the Second Degree
 * Plan of the investigation; definition and notation for forms, 153.
 * Representations of numbers; determinants, 154.
 * Values of the expression $\sqrt{(bb-ac)} \pmod{M}$ to which  representations of the number $M$  by the form $(a,b,c)$  belong, 155.
 * Forms that contain or are contained in another; proper and improper transformations, 157.
 * Proper and improper equivalence, 158.
 * Opposite forms, 159, Adjacent forms, 160.
 * Common divisors of coefficients of forms, 161.
 * Relationships between all similar transformations of one form into another, 162.
 * Ambiguous forms, 163.
 * Theorem on the case in which a form is both properly and improperly contained within another form, 164.
 * General considerations on the representations of numbers by forms, and their connection with transformations, 166.
 * Forms of negative determinant, 171
 * Special applications to the decomposition of numbers into two squares, into a single and double square, and into a single and triple square, 182.
 * On forms with positive non-square determinant, 183.
 * On forms with square determinant, 206.
 * Forms that are contained in others, but not equivalent to them, 213.
 * Forms with determinant 0, 215.
 * General integer solutions of all indeterminate equations of the second degree involving two variables, 216.
 * Historical remarks, 222.
 * Further Investigations on Forms.
 * Distribution into classes of forms with a given determinant, 226.
 * Distribution of classes into orders, 226.
 * Distributions of orders into genera, 228.
 * Composition of forms, 234.
 * Composition of orders, 245, genera, 246, classes, 249.
 * For a given determinant, each genus of the same order contains the same number of classes, 252.
 * Comparison of the number of classes contained in the different orders within a fixed genus, 253.
 * On the number of ambiguous classes, 257.
 * For a given determinant, half of the characters do not belong to any properly primitive (positive for negative determinant) genus, 261.
 * Second proof of the fundamental theorem, and of the remaining theorems regarding the residues $-1, +2, -2$, 262.
 * The half of the characters which do not correspond to any genus, determined more precisely, 263.
 * Special method for decomposing a given prime as a sum of two squares, 265.
 * Digression containing a treatise on ternary forms.
 * Some applications to the theory of binary forms.
 * On finding a form whose duplication results in a given binary form, 286.
 * The genera corresponding to all characters, except for those which have been shown to be impossible in Articles 262 and 263, 287.
 * The theory of decomposing numbers and binary forms into three squares, 288.
 * Demonstration of Fermat's theorems, that every integer can be decomposed into three triangular numbers or into four squares, 293.
 * Solution of the equation $ax^2 + by^2 + cz^2=0$, 294.
 * On the method by which Legendre treated the fundamental theorem, 296.
 * Representation of zero by arbitrary ternary forms, 299.
 * General solution in rational numbers of indeterminate equations of the second degree with two unknowns, 300.
 * On the average number of genera, 301, classes, 302.
 * Special algorithm for properly primitive classes; regular and irregular determinants, 305.
 * Various Applications of the Preceding Investigations
 * Reduction of fractions into simpler fractions, 309.
 * Conversion of ordinary fractions to decimals, 312.
 * Solving the congruence $xx \equiv A$ by the method of exclusion, 319.
 * Solving the indeterminate equation $mxx+nyy=A$ by exclusions, 323.
 * Another method of solving the congruence $xx \equiv A$, in the case where $A$ is negative, 327.
 * Two methods of distinguishing composite numbers from prime numbers, and of determining their factors, 329.
 * On the Equations Defining Divisions of the Circle
 * The investigation is reduced to the simplest case, in which the number of parts in which the circle is to be divide is a prime number, 336.
 * Equations for the trigonometric functions of arcs which consist of one or more parts of the circumference; Reduction of trigonometric functions to the roots of the equation $x^n-1=0$, 337.
 * Theory of the roots of this equation (where it is assumed that $n$ is a prime number)
 * Omitting the root 1, the others will be given by the equation $X=x^{n-1}+x^{n-2}+\dots+x+1=0$ . The function $X$ cannot be decomposed into factors of lesser degree with rational coefficients, 341.
 * A plan for the following investigation is stated, 342.
 * All roots $\Omega$ are distributed in certain classes (periods), 343.
 * Various theorems on these periods, 344.
 * These investigations are applied to the solution of the equation $X=0$, 352.
 * Examples for $n=19$, in which the difficulty is reduced to two third degree equations and one second degree equation, and for $n=17$ , in which it is reduced to four second degree equations, 353, 354.
 * Further investigations on this subject.
 * Periods for which the number of terms is even, always sum to real values, 355.
 * On the equation defining the distribution of the root $\Omega$ into two periods, 356.
 * Return to the demonstration of the theorem in Sect. IV, 357.
 * On the equation for distributing the root $\Omega$ into three periods, 358.
 * The equations giving the roots $\Omega$ can always be reduced to pure ones, 359.
 * Application of the preceding investigations to trigonometric functions.
 * Method to distinguish the angles which correspond to the different roots $\Omega$, 361.
 * Tangents, cotangents, secants, and cosecants are derived from sines and cosines, without using division, 362.
 * Method to successively reduce the equations for trigonometric functions, 363.
 * Divisions of the circle which can be performed using only quadratic equations, or equivalently, by geometric constructions, 365.
 * /Addenda
 * /Tables

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Translation:Disquisitiones Arithmeticae


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 Not less patient, resolute, and persevering was Sir Charles Bell in the prosecution of his discoveries relating to the nervous system. Previous to his time, the most confused notions prevailed as to the functions of the nerves, and this branch of study was little more advanced than it had been in the times of Democritus and Anaxagoras three thousand years before. Sir Charles Bell, in the valuable series of papers the publication of which was commenced in 1821, took an entirely original view of the subject, based upon a long series of careful, accurate, and oft-repeated experiments. Elaborately tracing the development of the nervous system up from the lowest order of animated being, to man—the lord of the animal kingdom,—he displayed it, to use his own words, "as plainly as if it were written in our mother-tongue." His discovery consisted in the fact, that the spinal nerves are double in their function, and arise by double roots from the spinal marrow,—volition being conveyed by that part of the nerves springing from the one root, and sensation by the other. The subject occupied the mind of Sir Charles Bell for a period of forty years, when, in 1840, he laid his last paper before the Royal Society. As in the cases of Harvey and Jenner, when he had lived down the ridicule and opposition with which his views were first received, and their truth came to be recognized, numerous claims for priority in making the discovery were set up at home and abroad. Like them, too, he lost practice by the publication of his papers; and he left it on record that, after every step in his discovery, he was obliged to work harder than ever to preserve his reputation as a practitioner. The great merits of


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 JAN. 17.

Putting on battens. A ill L working bullocks.

JAN. 18.

Thatching etc.

JAN. 19.

Ditto.

JAN. 20.

Same. A caught a fine emu. Messrs Taylor's & Mounts' party returned unsuccessful.

JAN. 21.

Finished thatching. T & L putting bank round kitchen etc.

JAN. 22.

Sunday.

JAN. 23.

seen.

JAN. 24.

Same.

JAN. 25.

Self at Taylor's & station, counted sheep, stonework finished

JAN. 26.

T. A. & self at odd work at home (stone wall, shoeing horse & salting meat &c) sent L to Taylor's to help dip sheep.

JAN. 27.

Went to Mr. Mount's camp and on to Jones's Creek, where we


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 Sir Charles Bell were, however, at length fully recognized; and Cuvier himself, when on his death-bed, finding his face distorted and drawn to one side, pointed out the symptom to his attendants as a proof of the correctness of Sir Charles Bell's theory.

An equally devoted pursuer of the same branch of science was the late Dr. Marshall Hall, whose name posterity will rank with those of Harvey, Hunter, Jenner, and Bell During the whole course of his long and useful life he was a most careful and minute observer; and no fact, however apparently insignificant, escaped his attention. His important discovery of the diastaltic nervous system, by which his name will long be known amongst scientific men, originated in an exceedingly simple circumstance. When investigating the pneumonic circulation in the triton, the decapitated object lay upon the table; and on separating the tail and accidentally pricking the external integument, he observed that it moved with energy, and became contorted into various forms. He had not touched a muscle or a muscular nerve; what then was the nature of these movements? The same phenomena had probably been often observed before, but Dr. Hall was the first to apply himself perseveringly to the investigation of their causes; and he exclaimed on the occasion, "I will never rest satisfied until I have found all this out, and made it clear." His attention to the subject was almost incessant; and it is estimated that in the course of his life he devoted not less than 25,000 hours to its experimental and chemical investigation. He was at the same time carrying on an extensive private practice, and


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 officiating as lecturer at St. Thomas's Hospital and other medical schools. It will scarcely be credited that the paper in which he embodied his discovery was rejected by the Royal Society, and was only accepted after the lapse of seventeen years, when the truth of his views had become acknowledged by scientific men both at home and abroad.

The life of Sir William Herschel affords another remarkable illustration of the force of perseverance in another branch of science. His father was a poor German musician, who brought up his four sons to the same calling. William came over to England to seek his fortune, and he joined the band of the Durham Militia, in which he played the oboe. The regiment was lying at Doncaster, where Dr. Miller first became acquainted with Herschel, having heard him perform a solo on the violin in a surprising manner. The doctor entered into conversation with the youth, and was so pleased with him, that he urged him to leave the militia and take up his residence at his house for a time. Herschel did so, and while at Doncaster was principally occupied in violin-playing at concerts, availing himself of the advantages of Dr. Miller's library to study in his leisure hours. A new organ having been built for the parish church of Halifax, an organist was advertised for, on which Herschel applied for the office, and was selected. Leading the wandering life of an artist, he was next attracted to Bath, where he played in the Pump-room band, and also officiated as organist in the Octagon chapel. Some recent discoveries in astronomy having arrested his mind, and awakened in him a powerful spirit of curiosity, he sought and obtained from a friend the loan of a two-foot


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 camped for the night, pools very small, only about 3 ft deep.

JAN. 28.

Ascended Mt. Wellard, & camped on "George" (River) where we found water from late rain, several fine showers during day; & at home a perfect deluge for about an hr.

JAN. 29.

Crossed from George springs to "Sherlock" (River) made it about 4 miles below "Kanja" and camped on fine pool 3 miles south w of Redhill.

JAN. 30.

Followed down river to Nairn's crossing, where the water was only about 3 ft deep; we only passed one pool en route — camped on plain east of Jonse's Creek.

JAN. 31.

Returned to Mount's camp, not having seen anything that would suit them, or many others; as the country is very dry, & not a good site for a homestead in the whole distance travelled. -

FEB. 1.

Came home with Mr. M. (Men at work during absence).

FEB. 2,3,4,5.

Same routine. A looking after Lucy, as Mr. Mount wished to borrow a horse.


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 Gregorian telescope. So fascinated was the poor musician by the science, that he even thought of purchasing a telescope, but the price asked by the London optician was so alarming, that he determined to make one. Those who know what a reflecting telescope is, and the skill which is required to prepare the concave metallic speculum which forms the most important part of the apparatus, will be able to form some idea of the difficulty of this undertaking. Nevertheless, Herschel succeeded, after long and painful labour, in completing a five-foot reflector, with which he had the gratification of observing the ring and satellites of Saturn. Not satisfied with his triumph, he proceeded to make other instruments in succession, of seven, ten, and even twenty feet. In constructing the seven-foot reflector, he finished no fewer than two hundred specula before he produced one that would bear any power that was applied to it,—a striking instance of the persevering laboriousness of the man. While gauging the heavens with his instruments, he continued patiently to earn his bread by piping to the fashionable frequenters of the Pump-room. So eager was he in his astronomical observations, that he would steal away from the room during an interval of the performance, give a little turn at his telescope, and contentedly return to his oboe. Thus working away, Herschel discovered the Georgium Sidus, the orbit and rate of motion of which he carefully calculated, and sent the result to the Royal Society; when the humble oboe player found himself at once elevated from obscurity to fame. He was shortly after appointed Astronomer Royal, and by the kindness of George III. was placed in a position of honourable


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 competency for life. He bore his honours with the same meekness and humility which had distinguished him in the days of his obscurity. So gentle and patient, and withal so distinguished and successful a follower of science under difficulties, perhaps cannot be found in the entire history of biography.

The career of William Smith, the father of English geology, though perhaps less known, is not less interesting and instructive as an example of patient and laborious effort, and the diligent cultivation of opportunities. He was born in 1769, the son of a yeoman farmer at Churchill, in Oxford-shire. His father dying when he was but a child, he received a very sparing education at the village school, and even that was to a considerable extent interfered with by his wandering and somewhat idle habits as a boy. His mother having married a second time, he was taken in charge by an uncle, also a farmer, by whom he was brought up. Though the uncle was by no means pleased with the boy's boy's love of wandering about, collecting "poundstones," "pundips," and other stony curiosities which lay scattered about the adjoining land, he yet enabled him to purchase a few of the necessary books wherewith to instruct himself in the rudiments of geometry and surveying; for the boy was already destined for the business of a land-surveyor. One of his marked characteristics, even as a youth, was the accuracy and keenness of his observation; and what he once clearly saw he never forgot. He began to draw, attempted to colour, and practised the arts of mensuration and surveying, all without regular instruction; and by his efforts in self-culture, he shortly became so


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 FEB. 6.

Same. L laid up with sore eyes. A could not find Lucy, so as Mr. M's business is pressing lent him Bobby for a trip to the DeGrey - Taylor very ill.

FEB. 7.

Usual work.

FEB. 8.

A & self as above. T making drain at stockyard, Mount started for DeGrey.

FEB. 9.

Same.

FEB. 10.

Work.

FEB. 11.

Felling and carting posts for stockyard, Harry (native) shot 10 ducks, much wanted.

FEB. 12.

Sunday. Native dog bit a lamb in front of house, had to kill it 36 lbs.

FEB. 13.

Counted sheep very carefully, 1 short, lost in moving flock home, present number 665, deficit 8. making sheep dip & fold very secure, as the sheep from some cause broke out of it at 3 a.m. luckily got them in safely.

FEB. 14.

W. & Mount returned with mare, left on Maitland. Same work.


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 FEB. 15 & 16.

Making Tobacco water &c &c.

FEB 17.

Dipping rams & worked at yard, A brought in cattle & bull for W - also bullocks for work.

FEB. 18.

Charring posts, sinking holes etc. 14 ducks shot.

FEB. 19.

Sunday. Killed a sheep which weighed 69 lbs.

FEB. 20, 21, 22.

The same - Mount, Withnell & Lockyer started for Fortescue (River) 4 ewes ill.

FEB. 23.

Finished yard. 4 sheep bad.

FEB. 24.

Hands as usual. Self out looking for a place to station sheep, should the very dry weather continue.

FEB. 26.

Two carting. L shot 2 Turkeys. Self writing.

- Sunday One of the sick ewes died.

FEB. 27.

Tucker, A. L working & hunting stock. Self writing; & also riding about plain to quieten Jeannette & find a place to sink a well, for shepherd Firefly's foal much worse, than


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A St. Simonian Female.

Cousins, Publisher, 18, Duke Street, Lincolns Inn Fields.

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6 land. That obstacle was indeed removed by the destruction of the temple of Jerusalem; but the most considerable part of the Jewish religion was involved in its destruction; and the Pagans, who had long wondered at the strange report of an empty sanctuary, were at a loss to discover what could be the object, or what could be the instruments, of a worship which was destitute of temples and of altars, of priests and of sacrifices.

Yet even in their fallen state, the Jews, still asserting their lofty and exclusive privileges, shunned, instead of courting, the society of strangers. They still insisted with inflexible rigor on those parts of the law which it was in their power to practise.

Their peculiar distinctions of days, of meats, and a variety of trivial though burdensome observances, were so many objects of disgust and aversion for the other nations, to whose habits and prejudices they were diametrically opposite. The painful and even dangerous rite of circumcision was alone capable of repelling a willing proselyte from the door of the synagogue.

Under these circumstances, Christianity offered itself to the world, armed with the strength of the Mosaic law, and delivered from the weight of its fetters. An exclusive zeal for the truth of religion, and the unity of God, was as carefully inculcated in the new as in the ancient system; and whatever was now revealed to mankind concerning the nature and designs of the Supreme Being was fitted to increase their reverence for that mysterious doctrine. The divine authority of Moses and the prophets was admitted, and even established, as the firmest basis of Christianity. From the beginning of the world, an uninterrupted series of predictions had announced and prepared the long-expected coming of the Messiah, who, in compliance with the gross apprehensions of the Jews, had been more frequently represented under the character of a King and Conqueror, than under that of a Prophet, a Martyr, and the Son of God. By his expiatory sacrifice, the imperfect sacrifices of the temple were at once consummated and abolished. The


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 this relation all of the 1919 and 1926 data for the chromatic samples have been plotted on the (x, y)-diagram shown in. To assist in an evaluation of any consistent or erratic differences among the data two straight lines are plotted for each Munsell hue designation: First, a dashed line passing from the 5/5 point for each of the five principal hues through the point representing I.C.I. Illuminant C and on to the complementary; and second, a continuous line passing from the same 5/5 point through the point (DM) which results from disk mixture of these five principal hues in equal proportions.

To assist the reader to correlate the plotted points representing the experimental data with the proper pair of these dominant wave-length lines, each pair of points (45° and diffuse illumination) is connected by a light continuous line to the respective line of dominant wave-length, using the lines through DM for this purpose. The points chosen for the contact of the line


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 connecting the experimental data with the lines of dominant wave-length, designated by crosses in, were determined on the basis of the psychophysical system described below and are taken from of the Tyler-Hardy paper.

The 1926 data of are plotted in different form in  in order to discover whether such variations as there may be in the relation between hue and dominant wave-length are random differences, or whether there may be some regularity in the pattern of variation. Each arrow point, at the value plotted, indicates the direction and magnitude of the difference between the dominant wave-length of that sample and the average dominant wave-length of all the samples of that hue designation, the length of arrow indicating the proportional part of the whole A interval. These average dominant wave-lengths were computed from Tables and.

From an examination of Figs. and and reference to Tables,  and , we may conclude that there are many deviations from dominant wave-length constancy among the samples for a single hue and its complementary. Some of the deviations are obvious from inspection of the samples, others are not. The hue which has the most constant dominant wave-length is yellow; the hue exhibiting the least constant dominant wave-length is blue-green, the deviation for this hue being nearly enough to extend to the average dominant wavelength of Munsell blue. In addition there is a very definite trend in some of the hues for the dominant wave-lengths of the samples of high Munsell value to be greater than those for the lower values. For example, with the blue-green samples, from values 8/ to 2/, dominant wavelength progresses from 506 through 500, 492, 496, 490 to 485 and 487 mμ. A reverse progression holds for the red series, the samples of high Munsell value being shorter in wave-length than those of low value, the progression being from a dominant wave-length of 599 mμ at value 8/ to 615 (or 640) mμ at value 2/. Such progressions are suggestive of the Bezold-Brücke phenomenon (12), the change in hue produced by an increase in luminance, but it must be recalled that the samples of each Munsell hue represented by differ in purity as well as in luminous apparent reflectance. So the more or less regular departures from constant dominant wave-length shown in for all but the yellow and green-yellow hues may exemplify the hue change by admixture of achromatic light (19) as well as the Bezold-Brücke phenomenon, and indeed the latter phenomenon would seem to be secondary for Munsell red and yellow-red because the


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 direction of the departures from dominant wavelength constancy indicated in for those hues is such as to accentuate the hue difference ascribable to the Bezold-Brücke phenomenon instead of compensate for it. Although detailed analysis by comparison with the Newhall (15) data has yet to be made, preliminary comparisons indicate that in general the departures shown in are such as to make the samples of more nearly constant hue than they would be by keeping dominant wave-length constant.

On the other hand it is clear from that most of the hues may be represented by lines, whether straight or slightly curved, which pass somewhere between the neutral gray point represented by Illuminant C and that represented by the disk mixture of the five principal hues. It is particularly noticeable that for the greens and complementary red-purples, and for the purples and complementary green-yellows, straight lines passing through the illuminant point do not properly represent the respective data, but that straight lines running through the point of disk mixture (DM) represent them more closely. The data for the yellows and complementary purple-blues may be represented by straight lines passing through either of the two neutral points, which themselves differ nearly in the yellow to purple-blue direction. Further discussion of the relative significance of these two neutral points is given in the following section.

Relation between Munsell chroma and colrimetric purity

In the constant hue charts of the Munsell Atlas we find statements such as the following, which is taken from the red and blue-green chart: “Any chosen steps of red and blue-green upon this chart may be balanced by noting their symbols: Thus light blue-green (BG 8/3) balances dark red (R 2/3) when the areas are inversely as the product of the symbols, viz.—six parts of light blue-green and twenty-four parts 7 of dark red.” Similar statements with illustrations may be found on the other charts. The general rule is stated by Tyler and Hardy (11) as follows: “When two complementary colors occupy areas on a Maxwell disk which are inversely proportional to the product of value by chroma, a neutral gray results.” The consequences of this psychophysical relation may be evaluated by the well-known laws of additive combination of colors by Maxwell disks (7, p. 30). This evaluation has been made easier than might have been supposed by writing out, in accord with suggestions by Dr. Judd hereby gladly acknowledged, the equations which by this relation connect the tristimulus specifications of color $$V/C$$ (Munsell value, $$V$$, Munsell chroma, $$C$$) with those of color 5/5 of the same hue and of color 5/0 (Munsell N 5/).

The first step is to derive the equations for the complementary color $$V/-C$$. Let the tristimulus specifications of the two complementary colors be $$(X_1, Y_1, Z_1)$$ and $$(X_2, Y_2, Z_2)$$, respectively, and let $$(X_n, Y_n, Z_n)$$ be those of the neutral gray resulting from their combination in the proportions, $$a_1$$ and $$a_2$$, respectively. From the Munsell psychophysical relation:

and From the laws of additive color combination (7, p. 30):

From the definition of Munsell value, we have the relation:

and, in particular,

And from the fact that all Munsell neutral grays are taken as having identical trichromatic coefficients, we may write:


text: New Christianity/Translator's Preface

title: New Christianity/Translator's Preface


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Page:Characteristicks of men, manners, opinions, times Vol 2.djvu/51

RV 47 (Rh) ridly unnatural and inhuman, come to be receiv'd as excellent, good, and laudable in themselves.

is this a wonder. For where-ever any-thing, in its nature odious and abominable, is by Religion advanc'd, as the suppos'd Will or Pleasure of a supreme Deity; if in the eye of the Believer it appears not indeed in any respect the less ill or odious on this account; then must the Deity of necessity bear the blame, and be consider'd as a Being naturally ill and odious, however courted, and solicited, thro' Mistrust and Fear. But this is what Religion, in the main, forbids us to imagine. It every-where prescribes Esteem and Honour in company with Worship and Adoration. Whensoever therefore it teaches the Love and Admiration of a, who has any apparent Character of Ill; it teaches at the same time a Love and Admiration of that Ill, and causes that to be taken for good and amiable, which is in it-self horrid and detestable.

instance: if be He who is ador'd and reverenc'd; and if his History represents him amorously inclin'd, and permitting his Desires of this kind to wander in the loosest manner; 'tis certain that his Worshippers, believing this History to be literally and Rh


text:
Page:An Exposition of the Old and New Testament (1828) vol 4.djvu/94

88 at all times to have respect to God, to have our eyes ever toward him, both as our Maker, the Author of our being, and the God of nature, and as the Holy One of Israel, a God in covenant with us, and the God of grace; particularly, when we are in affliction, our eyes must be toward the Lord, to pluck our feet out of the net; (Ps. xxv. 15.) to bring us to this is the design of his providence, as he is our Maker, and the work of his grace, as he is the Holy One of Israel. (2.) They shall look off from their idols, the creatures of their own fancy, shall no longer worship them, and seek to them, and expect relief from them. For God will be alone regarded, or he does not look upon himself as at all regarded. He that looks to his Maker, must not look to the altars, the work of his hands, but disown them and cast them off; must not retain the least respect for that which his fingers have made, but break it to pieces, though it were his own workmanship, the groves and the images; the word signifies images made in honour of the sun, and by which he was worshipped, the most ancient and most plausible idolatry, Deut. iv. 19. Job xxxi. 26. We have reason to account those happy afflictions, which part between us and our sins, and, by sensible convictions of the vanity of the world, that great idol, cool our affections to it, and lower our expectations from it.

9. In that day shall his strong cities be as a forsaken bough, and an uppermost branch, which they left, because of the children of Israel: and there shall be desolation. 10. Because thou hast forgotten the God of thy salvation, and hast not been mindful of the Rock of thy strength; therefore shalt thou plant pleasant plants, and shalt set it with strange slips: 11. In that day shalt thou make thy plant to grow, and in the morning shalt thou make thy seed to flourish; but the harvest shall be a heap in the day of grief and of desperate sorrow.

Here the prophet returns to foretell the woful desolations that should be made in the land of Israel by the army of the Assyrians.

1. That the cities should be deserted; even the strong cities, which should have protected the country, shall not be able to protect themselves; they shall be as a forsaken bough, and an uppermost branch, of an old tree, which is gone to decay, forsaken of its leaves, and appears on the top of the tree, bare, and dry, and dead; so shall their strong cities look, when the inhabitants have deserted them, and the victorious army of the enemy pillaged and defaced them; (v. 9.) they shall be as the cities (so it may be supplied) which the Canaanites left, the old inhabitants of the land, because of the children of Israel, when God brought them in with a high hand, to take possession of that good land, cities which they builded not. As the Canaanites then fled before Israel, so Israel should now fly before the Assyrians. And herein the word of God was fulfilled, that if they committed the, same abominations, the land should spue them out, as it spued out the nations that were before them, (Lev. xviii. 28.) and that as, while they had God on their side, one of them chased a thousand, so, when they had made him their Enemy, a thousand of them should flee at the rebuke of one; so that in the cities, should be desolation, according to the threatenings in the law, Lev. xxvi. 31. Deut. xxviii. 52.

2. That the country should be laid waste, v. 10, 11. Observe here, (1.) The sin that had provoked God to bring so great a destruction upon that pleasant land; it was for the iniquity ofthem that dwelt therein; "It is because thou hast forgotten the God of thy salvation, and all the great salvations he has wrought for thee, hast forgotten thy dependence upon him and obligations to him, and hast not been mindful of the Rock of thy strength, not only who is himself a strong Rock, but has been thy Strength many a time, or thou hadst been sunk and broken long since." Note, The God of our salvation is the Rock of our strength; and our forgetfulness and unmindfulness of him are at the bottom of all sin;" therefore we have perverted our way, because we have forgotten the Lord our God, and so we undo ourselves. (2.) The destruction itself, aggravated by the great care they took to improve their land, and to make it yet more pleasant. [1.] Look upon it at the time of the seedness, and it was all like a garden and a vineyard; that pleasant land was replenished with pleasant plants, the choicest of its own growth; nay, so nice and curious were the inhabitants, that, not content with them, they sent to all the neighbouring countries for strange slips, the more valuable for being strange, uncommon, far-fetched, and dear-bought, though perhaps they had of their own not inferior to them. This was an instance of their pride and vanity, and (that ruining error) their affectation to be ''like the nations. Wheat, and honey, and oil'', were their staple commodities; (Ezek. xxvii. 17.) but not content with these, they must have flowers and greens with strange hames imported from other nations, and a great deal of care and pains must be taken by hot-beds to make these plants to grow, the soil must be forced, and they must be covered with glasses to shelter them, and early in the morning the gardeners must be up to make the seed to flourish, that it may excel those of their neighbours. The ornaments of nature are not to be altogether slighted, but it is a folly to be over-fond of them, and to bestow more time, and cost, and pains, about them than they deserve, as many do. But here this instance seems to be put in general for their great industry in cultivating their ground, and their expectations from it accordingly; they doubt not but their plants will grow and flourish. But, [2.] Look upon the same ground at the time of harvest, and it is all like a wilderness, a dismal melancholy place, even to the spectators, much more to the owners; for the harvest shall be a heap, all in confusion, in the day of grief and of desperate sorrow. The harvest used to be a time of joy, of singing and shouting; (ch. xvi. 10.) but this harvest the hungry eat up, (Job v. 5.) which makes it a day of grief, and the more, because the plants were pleasant and costly, (v. 10.) and their expectations proportionably raised. The harvest had some times been a day of grief, if the crop were thin, and the weather unseasonable; and yet in that case there was hope that the next would be better: but this shall be desperate sorrow, for they shall see not only this year's products carried off, but the property of the ground altered, and their conquerors lords of it. The margin reads it, The harvest shall be removed, (into the enemy's country or cannp, Deut. xxviii. 33.) in the day of inheritance, (when thou thoughtest to inherit it,) and there shall be deadly sorrow. This is a good reason why we should not lay up our treasure in these things which we may so quickly be despoiled of, but in that good part which shall never be taken away from us.

12. Wo to the multitude of many people, which make a noise like the noise of the seas; and to the rushing of nations, that make a rushing like the rushing of mighty waters! 13. The nations shall rush like the rushing of many waters: but God shall


text: New Christianity/To the Rev. J. E. Smith


text: New Christianity/Life of St. Simon

title: New Christianity/Life of St. Simon


text: New Christianity/Dialogues between a Conservative and an Innovator


text: New Christianity/Notes by the Translator


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Page:An Exposition of the Old and New Testament (1828) vol 4.djvu/95

Rh them, and they shall flee far off, and shall be chased as the chaff of the mountains before the wind, and like a rolling thing before the whirlwind. 14. And, behold, at evening-tide trouble; and before the morning he is not. This is the portion of them that spoil us, and the lot of them that rob us.

These verses read the doom of those that spoil and rob the people of God; if the Assyrians and Israelites invade and plunder Judah—if the Assyrian army take God's people captive, and lay their country waste, let them know that ruin will be their lot and portion.

They are here brought in,

1. Triumphing over the people of God. They rely upon their numbers; the Assyrian army was made up out of divers nations, it is the multitude of many people, (v. 12.) by which weight they hope to carry the cause; they are very noisy, like the roaring of the seas; they talk big, hector and threaten, to frighten God's people from resisting them, and all their allies from sending in to their aid. Sennacherib and Rabshakeh, in their speeches and letters, made a mighty noise, to strike a terror upon Hezekiah and his people; the nations that followed them, made a rushing like the rushing of many waters, and those mighty ones, that threaten to bear down all before them, and carry away every thing that stands in their way: the floods have lifted up their voice, have lifted up their waves; such is the tumult of the people, and the heathen, when they rage, Ps. ii. 1.—xciii. 3.

2. Triumphed over by the judgments of God. They think to carry their point by dint of noise; but wo to them, (v. 12.) for he shall rebuke them; God shall, one whom they little think of, have no regard to, stand in no awe of; he shall give them a check with an invisible hand, and then they shall flee afar off. Sennacherib and Rabshakeh, and the remains of their forces, shall run away in a fright, and shall be chased by their own terrors, as the chaff of the mountains which stand bleak before the wind, and like a rolling thing before the whirlwind, like thistle-down; so the margin; they make themselves as chaff before the wind, (Ps. xxxv. 5.) and then the angel of the Lord, (as it follows there,) the same angel that slew many of them, shall chase the rest. God will make them like a wheel, or rolling thing, and then persecute them with his tempest, and make them afraid with his storm, Ps. lxxxiii. 13, 15. Note, God can dispirit the enemies of his church when they are most courageous and confident, and dissipate them when they seem most closely consolidated. This shall be done suddenly; (v. 14.) At evening-tide they are very troublesome, and threaten trouble to the people of God; but before the morning he is not, at sleeping time they are cast into a deep sleep, Ps. lxxvi. 5, 6. It was in the night that the angel routed the Assyrian army. God can in a moment break the power of his church's enemies, then when it appears most formidable; and this is written for the encouragement of the people of God in all ages, when they find themselves an unequal match for their enemies; for this is the portion of them that spoil us, they shall themselves be spoiled. God will plead his church's cause; and they that meddle, do it to their own hurt.

CHAP. XVIII.

Whatever country it is that is meant here by the land shadowing with wings, here is a wo denounced against it, for God has, upon his people's account, a quarrel with it. I. They threaten God's people, v. 1, 2. II. All the neighbours are hereupon called to take notice what will be the issue, v. 3. III. Though God seem unconcerned in the distress of his people for a time, he will at length appear against their enemies, and will remarkably cut them off, v. 4..6. IV. This shall redound very much to the glory of God, v. 7.

O to the land shadowing with wings, which is beyond the rivers of Ethiopia: 2. That sendeth ambassadors by the sea, even in vessels of bulrushes upon the waters, saying, Go, ye swift messengers, to a nation scattered and peeled, to a people terrible from their beginning hitherto; a nation meted out and trodden down, whose land the rivers have spoiled! 3. All ye inhabitants of the world, and dwellers on the earth, see ye, when he lifteth up an ensign on the mountains; and when he bloweth a trumpet, hear ye. 4. For so the said unto me, I will take my rest, and I will consider in my dwelling-place like a clear heat upon herbs, and like a cloud of dew in the heat of harvest. 5. For afore the harvest, when the bud is perfect, and the sour grape is ripening in the flower, he shall both cut off the sprigs with pruning-hooks, and take away and cut down the branches. 6. They shall be left together unto the fowls of the mountains, and to the beasts of the earth: and the fowls shall summer upon them, and all the beasts of the earth shall winter upon them. 7. In that time shall the present be brought unto the of hosts of a people scattered and peeled, and from a people terrible from their beginning hitherto; a nation meted out and trodden under foot, whose land the rivers have spoiled, to the place of the name of the  of hosts, the mount Zion.

Interpreters are very much at a loss where to find this land that lies beyond the rivers of Cush: some take it to be Egypt, a maritime country, and full of rivers, and which courted Israel to depend upon them, but proved broken reeds; but against this it is strongly objected, that the next chapter is distinguished from this by the title of the burthen of Egypt. Others take it to be Ethiopia, and read it, which lies near, or about, the rivers of Ethiopia, not that in Africa, which lay in the south of Egypt, but that which we call Arabia, which lay east of Canaan, which Tirhakah was now king of. He thought to protect the Jews, as it were, under the shadow of his wings, by giving a powerful diversion to the king of Assyria, when he made a descent upon his country, at the time that he was attacking Jerusalem, 2 Kings xix. 9. But, though by his ambassadors he bid defiance to the king of Assyria, and encouraged the Jews to depend upon him, God, by the prophet, slights him, and will not go forth with him; he may take his own course, but God will take another course to protect Jerusalem, while he suffers the attempt of Tirhakah to miscarry, and his Arabian army to be ruined; for the Assyrian shall become a present or sacrifice to the Lord of hosts, and to the place of his name, by the hand of an angel, not by the hand of Tirhakah king of Ethiopia, v. 7. This is a very probable exposition of this chapter.

But from a hint of Dr. Lightfoot's in his Harmony of the Old Testament, I incline to understand this


text:
Page:Journal of the Optical Society of America, volume 30, number 12.pdf/31

 Now if the first color be 5/5, and the second be $$V/-C$$, then: $$V_1=5$$, $$C_1=5$$, $$V2=V$$, $$C_2=C$$, and we have from :

By substituting these values in, and eliminating $$X_n, Y_n, Z_n,$$ through Eqs. and, we may solve explicitly for$$X_{V/-C}$$, $$Y_{V/-C}$$, and $$Z_{V/-C}$$:

expresses the color $$V/-C$$ in terms of the neutral 5/0 and of the complementary 5/5 color. A similar derivation for the color $$V/C$$ in terms of the 5/5 color of the same hue shows that it is necessary only to change the algebraic sign of C, thus:

From these relations trichromatic coefficients may be derived, as follows:

Note that in Eqs. [7], $$V/C$$ is the only parameter; it follows that all samples of a given hue and for which $$V/C$$ is a constant will have the same trichromatic coefficients $$(x, y)$$. For example, R 2/2, R 3/3, R 4/4, and R 7/7 will have the same $$(x, y)$$ values as R 5/5; and G 8/4 will have the same $$(x, y)$$ values as G 4/2. The convention of writing Munsell value as the numerator of a fractional form whose denominator is Munsell chroma thus takes on an added meaning from the disk-mixture rule given in the Atlas apparently not foreseen at the time the convention was originated.

For a given dominant wave-length, excitation purity is proportional to distance on the Maxwell triangle, which, in turn may be measured by its projection either onto the x axis or the y axis of the $$(x, y)$$ diagram, or both. The relation between excitation purity and Munsell chroma on the basis of the psychophysical relation given by Munsell may be written out from Eqs. [7] as follows:

This derivation holds only for $$y_{5/5}$$, different from $$y_{5/0}$$, but if these two are equal, the same result may be obtained from the x differences.

As might be anticipated from the psychophysical definition of chroma by disk mixture, the relation with colorimetric purity is even simpler. From the known relation between excitation purity and colorimetric purity (7, p. 59), which in present terms is:

combined with, we obtain

enables us to test the psychophysical nature of the Munsell system as exemplified by the samples measured in 1919 and 1926; that is, to see if the actual samples conform to this relation derived on the basis of disk mixture according to the Atlas instructions.


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Page:Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire vol 2 (1897).djvu/27

Rh ceremonial law, which consisted only of types and figures, was succeeded by a pure and spiritual worship equally adapted to all climates, as well as to every condition of mankind; and to the initiation of blood was substituted a more harmless initiation of water. The promise of divine favor, instead of being partially confined to the posterity of Abraham, was universally proposed to the freeman and the slave, to the Greek and to the barbarian, to the Jew and to the Gentile. Every privilege that could raise the proselyte from earth to heaven, that could exalt his devotion, secure his happiness, or even gratify that secret pride which, under the semblance of devotion, insinuates itself into the human heart, was still reserved for the members of the Christian church; but at the same time all mankind was permitted, and even solicited, to accept the glorious distinction, which was not only proffered as a favor, but imposed as an obligation. It became the most sacred duty of a new convert to diffuse among his friends and relations the inestimable blessing which he had received, and to warn them against a refusal that would be severely punished as a criminal disobedience to the will of a benevolent but all-powerful Deity.

The enfranchisement of the church from the bonds of the synagogue was a work, however, of some time and of some difficulty. The Jewish converts, who acknowledged Jesus in the character of the Messiah foretold by their ancient oracles, respected him as a prophetic teacher of virtue and religion; but they obstinately adhered to the ceremonies of their ancestors, and were desirous of imposing them on the Gentiles, who continually augmented the number of believers. These Judaizing Christians seem to have argued with some degree of plausibility from the divine origin of the Mosaic law, and from the immutable perfections of its great Author. They affirmed, that if the Being, who is the same through all eternity, had designed to abolish those sacred rites which had served to distinguish his chosen people, the repeal of them would have been no less clear and solemn than their first promulgation: that, instead of those frequent declarations, which either suppose or assert the perpetuity of the Mosaic religion, it would have been represented as a provisionary scheme intended to last only to the coming of the Messiah, who should instruct mankind in a more perfect mode of faith and of worship: that the Messiah


text: The Life and Adventures of James P. Beckwourth/Chapter 10


text:
Page:Nature - Volume 1.pdf/43

Nov. 4, 1869] Relations to Cholera and Typhus" (Boden und Grundwasser in ihren Beziehungen zu Cholera und Typhus) in which he developes at length his views. To many these are probably now well known, but still, it may be perhaps as well to state that they are somewhat as follows.

The phenomena of Cholera result from the introduction into the animal system of a cholera poison, which is possibly an organic being, and which we may call z. Now, z is non-reproductive; does not of itself multiply or spread. But there is another distinct thing, the cholera germ (originating in India), which we may call x. x of itself will not produce cholera symptoms. It may remain, and probably may multiply in the human body, and be carried in or on the body from place to place without of itself producing cholera. Cholera symptoms can only be brought about by z, and x can only give rise to cholera, indirectly, by generating z. But x, in order that it may generate z, must come in contact with and act upon another substance, which we may call y. That is, x cannot germinate into z unless it meets with the substratum y; or we may use the idea, thrown out we believe by Dr. Farr, and imagine x and y to be the male and female parents of the offspring z, which is either sterile, or can only reproduce x.

Thus, then, x originating at certain times in India, and meeting with y at once gives rise to z, and an outbreak of cholera is the result. The quantity of z is probably more than sufficient to account for all the cases that occur; the surplus may even perhaps be carried about, and so spread the epidemic; but there being no reproduction of z, the stock would soon be exhausted. With z, however, a quantity of x is also carried about, more particularly by the excrement; x, in fact, clings to its products just as yeast cells cling to a fermented liquid. And whenever x meets with fresh y, it generates fresh z and so the epidemic travels on, x making itself felt by z whenever it falls upon a store of y. For the existence of y, certain things are necessary, to wit:—

1. A soil which, like alluvium, is permeable to air and water for several feet deep.

2. A rise and fall of sock-water. A soil which is permanently dry, or one which is always filled with sock-water, are equally unfavourable for the development of y. The change of level of water is absolutely necessary.

3. The presence of organic and mineral matters on which the variations in the amount of sock-water may act, and out of them produce y.

4. A temperature suitable for such processes of organic evolution.

All these points and many others are fully discussed in a series of chapters with such headings as "Porous and Compact Soils"; "The Soil and the Immunity of Wirzburg"; " Influence of drinking Water on Cholera epidemics"; "Considerations on the Cholera epidemic of 1866 in East London, in reference to Soil and Sock-water conditions"; "Apparent evidences against the 'Soil and Water theory' and for the theory of 'Contact and Idiosyncrasy,'" &c. &c. It concludes with a series of aphorisms, "On the Origin and Spread of Cholera"; "On the Influence of Variations in Sock-level on the Enteric Fever of Munich"; and, "On the Causes of the Immunity of Lyons."

SOCIETIES AND ACADEMIES.

Zoological Society.— The first scientific meeting for the session will be held on Thursday the 11th inst., when Prof. Flower, F.R.S., will read a paper on the Anatomy of the Aard-Wolf (Proteles cristatus). The following communications have been received since the last meeting:— Dr. J. Anderson: Letter received from, describing a living specimen of the Pigmy hog or Terai (Porcula salvania).— Mr. P. L. Sclater: Remarks on the condition of various Zoological Gardens on the Continent recently visited by him, and on new and rare animals observed in those establishments.— Dr. B. Simpson. Notes on Ailurus fulgens.— Mr. John Brazier: Note on the Egg of a species of Megapodius from Bank's Islands.— Surgeon Francis Day: Remarks on fishes in Calcutta Museum.— Mr. John Brazier: Notes on the Localities of two Species of Land-Shells.— Mr. R. B. Sharpe: Additional Notes on the genus Ceyx.— Dr. George Bennett: Letter received from, on the habits of the Wood Hen of Lord Howe's Island.— Dr. J. E. Gray: On the Guemul or Roe Buck from Tinta, South Peru.— Dr. A. Günther: Report on two collections of Indian Reptiles.— Mr. Morton Allport: Letter received from, on the introduction of Salmon into the Australian Colonies.— Rev. O. P. Cambridge: Notes on some Spiders and Scorpions from St. Helena, with descriptions of new species.— The Secretary: On additions to the Menagerie during June, July, August, and September.— Mr. W. T. Fraser: Letter received from, respecting the Existence of the Rhinoceros in Borneo.

MANCHESTER. Literary and Philosophical Society, October.— Mr. E. W. Binney, F.R.S. in the Chair. The following extract of a letter from Dr. Joule, F.R.S., dated Southport, October 5th, 1869, and addressed to the Chairman, was read:— "I enclose a rough drawing of the appearance of the setting sun. Mr. Baxendell noticed the fact that at the moment of the departure of the sun below the horizon, the last glimpse is coloured bluish green. On two or three occasions I have noticed this, and also near sunset that just at the upper edge, where bands of the sun's disk are separated one after the other by refraction, each band becomes coloured blue just before it vanishes."

PARIS. Academy of Sciences, October 25.— M. L. Pasteur communicated a note relative to the dispute which has arisen between him and M. Thenard on the subject of his patented process for preserving wines by the application of heat. A paper was read by M. Phillips on the Movement of similar solid Elastic Bodies, supplementary to a memoir on the equilibrium of such bodies, read in January last.

A memoir on the fundamental Equations of the mechanical theory of Heat, by M. F. Reech, was presented by M. Regnault. In a note on the illumination of transparent bodies by polarised Light, M. A. Lallemand described some new experiments with transparent solids. On passing a ray of polarised light horizontally through a polished cube of glass in a direction perpendicular to two of its faces, the maximum of illumination is horizontal, the light emitted is white, is entirely polarised in a horizontal plane, and gives the principal lines of the solar spectrum. When viewed vertically, the illumination is nil, unless the glass be fluorescent. The light observed in a vertical direction in the latter case is more or less coloured, is neutral to the polariscope, and gives none of the lines of the solar spectrum. The author noticed the behaviour of various other substances, such as crystal, fluorspar, Iceland spar, &c, M. Dumas communicated a letter from M. P. Volpicelli on the Heat of the Lunar Radiation containing an historical sketch of the researches upon this subject, and showing that both Melloni and Herschel have demonstrated the calorific action of the Moon. M. H. Marie Davy, whose previous statement (September 20, 1869) that the calorific effects of the Moon's rays were inappreciable called forth M. Volpicelli's remarks, now communicated a note on the Calorific Power of the Lunar Rays, in which, after noticing that Melloni was the first to demonstrate the existence of such a power, and that his results had been confirmed by Prof. Piazzi Smyth; he goes on to describe his own recent experiments, in which, by the employment of the thermoelectric pile, he has been able to obtain a series of results perfectly confirmatory of those of his predecessors. He found that the heat furnished by the moon is quite appreciable, and that its amount increases rapidly as it advances towards the full. M. C. Dareste communicated a memoir on the notion of Type in Teratology, and on the distribution of monstrous type in the division of vertebrate animals; the argument of which is, that the type of monstrosities is correlated with the type of organisation, so that if uniformity of type occurs in monstrosities throughout any wide range in all classes of the vertebrata, for example, the origin of such monstrosities dates from a very early period of embryonic development, and the more limited the range of a monstrosity, the later in the life of the embryo will be its origin. A paper was read by M. P. P. Dehérain on the influence exerted by different luminous rays upon the decomposition of carbonic acid and the evaporation of water by leaves. The author states that, with equal intensity, the yellow and red rays act more energetically than the blue and violet rays, both in producing evaporation, and in causing the decomposition of carbonic acid; in the latter respect he found that the leaves of Potamogeton crispus emitted 26.2 cub. cent. of gas under yellow light; they gave off only 5.8 cub. cent. in the same time under blue rays of equal intensity. M. E. Decaisne communicated some remarks on the various conditions of the production of goitre; M. Landrin, a note on the physiological action of Chloral; M. Jaliwski, an account of a process for bronzing iron; M. Delaurier, a note on the manufacture of manganate of calcium, and M. Mehay, a note on the Infinitesimal Calculus.

title: Page:Nature - Volume 1.pdf/43


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of the most illustrious names in the whole history of letters stand inscribed among theirs who have recorded their protest against the curious impertinence of research which insists on tracking, recovering, and preserving the slightest and least worthy fragments or remnants of a great man's work. It would be difficult to strike the balance of acrimony between the several rebukes administered to this surely not unnatural even if not wholly reasonable appetite of the mind, as habitual probably among grateful students as among 'curious impertinents,' by Voltaire on the one hand and by Landor on the other. And it was on the reissue in Scott's edition of all the miscellaneous work which did least honour to the hand and does least credit to the memory of Dryden that the great English critic and poet expended the sharpest expression of his fiery contempt. Yet something, I venture to think, may be pleaded on behalf of the curious in almost all cases of the kind. They are at least not parallel or comparable with such atrocious profanation of the inmost privacies and most secret sanctities of life and death as many years since was so grandly stigmatized by Lord Tennyson 'after reading a Life and Letters.' What a man has once given to the public eye is his no longer, to be taken back at pleasure or cancelled on change of mind. And whatever concerning in any way so great a name as Dryden's may be discovered and recorded at this distance


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 again over all the east of Europe now, and bit by bit western Europe crumbles and drops into the confusion. Art, science, reasoned thought, creative effort, such things have ceased altogether in Russia; they may have ceased there perhaps for centuries; they die now in Germany; the universities of the west are bloodless and drained of their youth. That war that seemed at first so like the dawn of a greater age has ceased to matter in the face of this greater disaster. The French and British and Americans are beating back the Germans from Paris. Can they beat them back to any distance? Will not this present counter-thrust diminish and fail as the others have done? Which side may first drop exhausted now, will hardly change the supreme fact. The supreme fact is exhaustion—exhaustion, mental as well as material, failure to grasp and comprehend, cessation even of attempts to grasp and comprehend, slackening of every sort of effort"

"What's the good of such despair?" said Mr. Dad.

"I do not despair. No. But what is the good of lying about hope and success in the midst of failure and gathering disaster? What is the good of saying that mankind wins—automatically—against the spirit of evil, when mankind is visibly losing point after point, is visibly losing heart? What is the good of pretending that there is order and benevolence or some sort of splendid and incomprehensible process in this festering waste, this windy desolation of reasonless things? There is no reason anywhere, there is no creation anywhere, except the undying fire, the


text:
The Desert Flower

 * The Desert Flower, in Poems, 1834
 * The Desert Flower, in Voice of Flowers, 1846

title: The Desert Flower


text:
Page:The Czechoslovak Review, vol3, 1919.djvu/105

In the Československý Denník published at Ekaterinburg, are found frequent sketches of life in European Russia under the Bolsheviki. Here is a story by a Czech journalist who was fighting on the northern Ural front at the time he wrote to the daily paper of his army.

Russia is ruled by famine and terror. Against the famine the Bolshevik remedy is: “Destroy the Czechoslovaks,, [sic]and then there will be plenty of bread from Siberia.” Against the dissatisfied individual they employ powder and shot. Their newspapers publish a daily list of unfortunates who were shot in retaliation for the so-called white terror; here is an example from our front. When we marched on Kungur in September, the railroad bridge between Perm and Kungur in the rear of the enemy was blown up. The commander of the Second Bolshevik Division had 29 men shot; men who according to his own declaration had nothing to do with the destruction of the bridge, but who were accused of harboring sympathies for the Czechoslovaks. The Bolsheviki threaten that they will keep up this procedure and will punish every hostile move of local population by massacre of prominent local men.

In the Red Army there is still much disorder. The barracks are empty, because the majority of the soldiers live in private quarters and come to the barracks only for meals, but the rooms are full of dirt and refuse. Admonition to keep the barracks clean and maintain discipline seems to have no effect. At least the Bolshevik newspapers confess that quite openly.

Complaints are also voiced against employees of soviet authorities who are supposed to work six hours a day, but spend most of the time in drinking tea and talking to each other. Death penalty is threatened to those who are convinced of grafting, but nevertheless bribes are constantly given. A soldier guarding the depot will pass through for a pound of bread a trades man who smuggles flour, and a judge will decide a case in your favor for as little as three roubles.

The Bolsheviki are trying to raise the morale of their army by various means. They carry on agitation among former army officers to enter the Red Guard. The All-Russian Soviet established on September 19th a military Order of the Red Flag to be awarded for bravery. The first man honored by this Order is commander of division Bluecher who cut his way through from Orenburg to Krasnoufimsk, a distance of seven hundred miles, and brought with him thousands of wagon loads of booty.

Desertion is now severely punished in the Red Army. Trotzky’s last order fixes the responsibility for desertion on the man’s family, if it is found in the Soviet territory. The commanders also warn their soldiers not to surrender, because the Czechoslovaks are supposed to kill their captives. To raise the spirits of their men the Bolsheviki paid 250 roubles to every soldier who participated in the re-capture of Kazan.

In order to be admitted to the officers training schools all that is necessary is to be able to read and write and understand the four fundamental rules of arithmetic.

The Czechoslovaks are particularly hated by the Bolsheviki; sometimes the Bolshevik papers speak of Czechoslovakia instead of Siberia; they call us the 20th Century beasts and accuse us of killing babies.

To carry on war regularly means to organize an efficient supply service. Up to June of 1918 this problem was handled in a haphazard way which resulted in serious shortage of food and clothing. Every regiment, every operating column looked after its own needs. The difficulties of the commissariat at the departure from the Ukraine were tremendous and those of our men who had the unevitable assignment as providers deserve great credit for doing as well as they did. In April, before fighting broke out, an army corps supply service was established, but under the conditions then prevailing this branch could not furnish all that was necessary; it had to beg the Bolsheviki for what it needed or buy it at night from dealers who smuggled, so to speak, food supplies in small amounts. The situation was rapidly improved after the break and especially after we occupied Kurgan and Petropavlovsk, the richest districts of Western Siberia. Purchasing commissions were sent out in all directions to buy supplies for the entire Army and to make contracts for future deliveries. Right then provision was made for winter, and i tappearsit appears [sic] that our army has now about 70 per cent of what it needs in winter clothing. Our quartermasters took over a number of factories and shops which are now producing at full speed. In Omsk there is a tailor shop turning out 750 overcoats a week, also a shoe shop makig 700 pairs a week, another at Petropavlovsk which delivers about 1250 pairs of boots a week, half of them for the Russian Army. In Omsk we have a machine shop making cans and roasting machines, in Petropavlovsk a soap factory which turns out daily 200 poods (one pood equals 36.113 pounds). In Kurgan we have a brewery which makes about 12,000 gallons of beer a week. In Novonikolajevsk we have a chemical laboratory in which is manufactured tooth powder, black and tan shoe polish, disinfectants, etc. In Kurgan we have a tin shop which makes pots, tea urns, kettles, cans. At several places we have


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Page:Nature - Volume 1.pdf/42

28 would produce complete decolorisation. If, on the other hand, the same solution be added in the same quantities to wine which has been artificially coloured red, the deception will soon become apparent by the speedy decolorisation of the liquid, or by the communication of some different colour to the liquid and to the precipitate. The following table exhibits the various colours assumed by the liquid and precipitate produced under these circumstances in wine coloured by different substances—

Dye-woods resist decolorisation more strongly than vegetable juices; and Brazil wood, when treated with the above-mentioned reagent, aided by heat, acquires a crimson-red colour, due to the formation of brazilin.—[Ann. di Chim. app. alla Med., September, 1869, p. 142.]

PHYSICS

Professor Magnus on Heat Spectra.

Professor Magnus has recently contributed to the Berlin Academy a memoir on the radiation and absorption of heat at low temperatures. The results, which are of the highest importance, are essentially as follows:—

1. Different bodies, heated to 150°C, radiate different kinds of heat.

2. Some substances emit only one kind, some many kinds, of heat.

3. Of the first class, perfectly pure rock-salt is an instance. Just as its incandescent vapour, or that of one of its constituents (sodium), is solitary in tint, so the substance itself, even at 150°, emits heat of but a single ray. It is monothermic, just as its vapour is monochromatic.

4. Rock-salt absorbs heat radiated from rock-salt in larger quantity, and more powerfully, than that derived from sylvine and other kinds. It does not, therefore, as maintained by Melloni and Knoblauch, transmit heat from all sources with uniform facility.

5. The amount of absorption effected by rock-salt increases with the thickness of the absorbing plate.

6. The high diathermancy of rock-salt, does not depend on its small absorptive power for the different kinds of heat, but on the fact that it only radiates (and, consequently, only absorbs) heat of one kind; while almost all other bodies at the temperature of 150° emit heat which contains only a small fraction or none of those rays which are given out by rock-salt.

7. Sylvine (potassium chloride) behaves like rock-salt, but is not monothermic to an equal extent. This circumstance is also obviously in analogy with the incandescent vapour of the salt, or of potassium, which is known to furnish an almost continuous spectrum.

8. Heat purely derived from rock-salt is almost completely absorbed by fluor-spar. It might thence have been expected that heat radiated from fluor-spar would also be energetically absorbed by rock-salt; yet 70 per cent. of it traverse a plate of rock-salt 20 mm. in thickness. If we remember that the total heat emitted by fluor-spar is more than thrice as large as that of rock-salt, this phenomenon is readily explicable: nevertheless, it is probably dependent upon some other property of fluor-spar.

9. If a spectrum could be projected of the heat radiated at 150°, and rock-salt were the radiating substance, such a spectrum would contain only one band. If sylvine were employed, the spectrum would be more expanded, but still would only include a small portion of the spectrum which would be given by the heat radiated from lamp-black.

In a subsequent communication, Herr Magnus treats of the reflection of heat radiated at the surfaces of fluor-spar and other bodies.

Having succeeded in obtaining the heat from different substances at 150° free from the rays of flames and other thermogenic bodies, and afforded proof that there are some substances which emit waves of one or but few lengths, while others present them in more frequent variety, it next appeared interesting to solve the problem how bodies behave with reference to reflective power; whether, in bodies which act similarly upon light, differences parallel to those which are observed in respect of the absorption and transmission of heat do not also occur in its reflection.

Differences in reflective power are unmistakably apparent only when rays are reflected which have a uniform, or but slightly varying, length. Such rays have already been derived either from a section of the spectrum furnished by a rock-salt prism, or by transmitting the rays from a source of heat of many wavelengths through substances which absorb a number of them. There are, however, but very few bodies that transmit rays of only one or a few wave-lengths; moreover, such rays, obtained by either method, have a very low intensity.

In spite of this difficulty, MM. de la Provostaye and Desains showed, as early as 1849, that different quantities of the heat from a Locatelli's lamp were reflected from speculum metal, silver and platinum, according as it had been conducted through glass or rock-salt; and, for reflecting surfaces of all kinds, less in the case of glass than in that of rock-salt.

Soon afterwards, by an extended series of experiments, and employing the prismatically dispersed heat of a lamp, it was proved by the same physicists that heat from the different portions of the spectrum is differently reflected. But, doubtless in consequence of the low intensity of the incident heat, their researches had reference solely to reflection by means of metallic surfaces. Now, if in rock-salt we possess a substance that emits waves of only one or but few lengths, and are acquainted with other bodies which, at 150°, also radiate but a few kinds, researches can be instituted on reflection at non-metallic surfaces. It has thus appeared that the different kinds of heat or wavelengths are reflected from such surfaces in very different proportions. One of the most striking examples may here be adduced: it refers to the reflective power of fluor-spar.

Of the heat radiated by a great variety of substances, unequal (though but slightly differing) amounts were reflected at an angle of 45°; being in the case of—

But of the heat from rock-salt, fluor-spar reflected 28 to 30 per cent., whereas silver, glass, and rock-salt returned no more of this heat than in the preceding cases.

Here, too, it was evident, as in the experiments on thermic transmission, that sylvine emits, besides a large quantity of the rock-salt kind, species of heat of another nature. Fluor-spar reflects 15 to 17 per cent, of the heat from sylvine; less, consequently, than that from rock-salt, and more than that from the other radiating bodies.

Granted an eye that could distinguish different wave-lengths of heat in the same manner as wave-lengths of light, and when the waves from rock-salt are incident upon different bodies, fluor-spar will appear to it brighter than any. If the rays are derived from sylvine, fluor-spar would seem still brighter than all the above bodies, but not so bright as when submitted to the rock-salt rays.

Melloni has shown that different substances transmit heat in very unequal proportions, and that the source of heat has a marked influence on the facility of transmission. Still, the sources of heat were only distinguished by degree; it was merely recognised that an increased temperature corresponds to increased variability of wave length. It now appears that at one and the same temperature, and that—viz., 150°—far below incandescence, different substances emit very different kinds of heat, and that, within such a range, an extraordinarily large number of different heat-rays or wave-lengths continually intermingle. This manifold intermixture is particularly furthered by the selective reflection taking place at the different surfaces.

It follows from what has been said that an eye capable of discerning the different wave-lengths of heat, as it can now discriminate the colours of light, would perceive, with very little warmth to itself, every possible variety of tint in surrounding objects.

PHYSIOLOGY

Pettenkofer on Cholera Nearly the whole of the second part of the Zeitschrift für Biologie, bd. v. (300 pages), is taken up by a long memoir by Prof. Von Pettenkofer on "Soil and Sock-water in their

title: Page:Nature - Volume 1.pdf/42


text: Adventures of Susan Hopley/Volume 1

title: Adventures of Susan Hopley/Volume 1


text: Adventures of Susan Hopley/Volume 1/Chapter 1


text:
Author:Philipp Otto Runge

As folktale collector

 * "Von dem Fischer un syner Fru" ('Of the Fisherman and his Wife')
 * "Von dem Machandelboom" ('Of the Juniper-Tree')

title: Author:Philipp Otto Runge


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Runo XL]

And in both thy hands collect them,

With thy hands repress their fury,

That upon our breasts they splash not,

Nor upon our heads are falling.

“Thou, old dame, beneath the billows,

Lady, pillowed on the waters,

Raise thy head above the waters,

Rise from bosom of the waters,

That the foam be heaped together,

And that thou mayst watch the foam-wreaths,

Lest they should o’erwhelm the guiltless,

And should overthrow the faultless.

“Stones that stand amid the river,

Slabs of stone with foam o’ercovered,

Be ye sunk into the water,

And your heads be pressed beneath it,

From the red boat’s pathway banished,

From the course the tarred boat follows.

“If this is not yet sufficient,

Kimmo-stone, O son of Kammo,

Make an opening with thy auger,

Pierce an opening with thy auger,

Through the stones in river standing,

And the dangerous slabs that border,

That the boat may pass uninjured,

And the vessel pass undamaged.

“If this is not yet sufficient,

Water-Father, ’neath the river,

Into moss the rocks transform thou,

Make the boat like pike’s light bladder,

As amid the foam it rushes,

As beneath the banks it passes.

“Maiden in the cataract dwelling,

Girl who dwell’st beside the river,

Do thou spin a thread of softness,

In a soft ball do thou wind it,

Drop thy thread into the water,

Through the blue waves do thou guide it,

That the boat its track may follow,

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text: Adventures of Susan Hopley/Volume 1/Chapter 2


text: Adventures of Susan Hopley/Volume 1/Chapter 3


text: Adventures of Susan Hopley/Volume 1/Chapter 4


text: Adventures of Susan Hopley/Volume 1/Chapter 5


text: Adventures of Susan Hopley/Volume 1/Chapter 6


text: Adventures of Susan Hopley/Volume 1/Chapter 7


text: Adventures of Susan Hopley/Volume 1/Chapter 8


text: Adventures of Susan Hopley/Volume 1/Chapter 9


text: Adventures of Susan Hopley/Volume 1/Chapter 10


text: Adventures of Susan Hopley/Volume 1/Chapter 11


text: Adventures of Susan Hopley/Volume 1/Chapter 12


text: Adventures of Susan Hopley/Volume 1/Chapter 13


text: Adventures of Susan Hopley/Volume 1/Chapter 14


text: Adventures of Susan Hopley/Volume 1/Chapter 15


text: Adventures of Susan Hopley/Volume 1/Chapter 16


text:
Page:Journal of the Optical Society of America, volume 30, number 12.pdf/32

Before carrying out this test, however, choice must be made of the trichromatic coefficients, $$x_{5/0}$$ and $$y_{5/0}$$. According to there is considerable doubt whether I.C.I. Illuminant should be taken to represent Munsell neutral gray; should we perhaps instead use the point given by disk mixture of the five principal hues in equal proportions?

It is believed that a definite answer to this question is given by computing the complements of R 5/5, Y 5/5, G 5/5, B 5/5, and P 5/5 by expressions analogous to derived from, first with I.C.I. Illuminant C and second with values obtained by equal-area disk mixture of the 5/5 samples. As already noted, this disk-mixture point is designated by the symbol, DM. In the first case an erratic outline is obtained, in the second case a regular elliptical outline is suggested, as shown in and in that part of  marked 6700°K. In this second case the complementaries fall between the adjacent primaries at regular distances from the neutral (DM) point. From whatever cause, it is apparent that the ten principal and complementary hues space symmetrically about the DM point far better than they do about the point C.

In are given the tristimulus specifications, the trichromatic coefficients, the dominant wave-lengths, and the colorimetric and excitation purities, for the five principal 5/5 samples (1919 data) on which this psychophysical system is based. Corresponding data are also given for the neutral (DM) 5/0 sample resulting from equal-area disk mixture of these five principal samples and for the five 5/5 complementary samples computed relative to the DM point by. From these data in may be computed for each of the ten hues, the tristimulus specifications, the trichromatic coefficients, and the colorimetric and excitation purities for any other sample of desired V and C. Values of dominant wavelength remain unchanged for each hue. The values of X, Y, Z, x, and y given in of the Tyler-Hardy paper (11) were computed in this way by using Eqs. , and.

Before proceeding to compare the 1919 and 1926 data with the data resulting from the psychophysical system thus developed, the meaning of the shift of the neutral point from I.C.I. Illuminant C to the DM point may be considered. Three possibilities may be noted.

First, perhaps I.C.I. Illuminant C is not as blue as that used in building up the Munsell system; perhaps clear north sky was used in selecting the Atlas papers. This possibility has been explored by computing the trichromatic coefficients for the five principal hues and their complementaries, both for the spectral distribution for Planckian 8000°K and for a blue-sky distribution (one of those used by the authors (13)) having a color temperature of approximately 25,000°K. The result is shown in which also shows a similar plot for I.C.I. Illuminant B (4800°K). None of these illuminants renders less irregular the shape of the area delimited by the five principal 5/5 colors and


text: Adventures of Susan Hopley/Volume 1/Chapter 17


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154

So that men the least instructed,

E’en the inexperienced find it.

“Melatar, thou gracious matron!

Of thy favour, take the rudder,

That with which thou guid’st the vessel,

Safely through the streams enchanted,

To the house that lies beyond them,

And beneath the sorcerer’s windows.

“If this is not yet sufficient,

Ukko, Jumala in heaven,

With thy sword direct the vessel,

With thy naked sword direct it,

That the wooden boat speed onward,

Journey on, the pinewood vessel.”

Then the aged Väinämöinen,

Steered the vessel swiftly forward,

Through the river-rocks he steered it,

Steered it through the foaming waters,

And the wooden vessel wedged not,

Nor the wise man’s boat was grounded.

But as they their voyage continued

Once again in open water,

Suddenly the vessel halted,

Stopped the boat upon its journey,

In its place remained it fastened,

And the vessel rocked no longer.

Thereupon smith Ilmarinen,

With the lively Lemminkainen,

Pushed into the lake the rudder,

In the waves the spar of pinewood,

And they tried to loose the vessel,

And to free the wooden vessel,

But they could not move the vessel,

Nor release the wooden vessel.

Väinämöinen, old and steadfast,

Uttered then the words which follow:

“O thou lively son of Lempi,

Stoop thou down, and look around thee.

Look what stops the boat from moving,

Look what keeps the vessel moveless

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text: Adventures of Susan Hopley/Volume 1/Chapter 18


text: Adventures of Susan Hopley/Volume 1/Adverts


text: Adventures of Susan Hopley

title: Adventures of Susan Hopley


text:
Page:Kalevala (Kirby 1907) v2.djvu/167

Runo XL]

Here amid the open water;

What the force beneath that holds it,

Whether stopped by rocks or branches,

Or by any other hindrance.”

Then the lively Lemminkainen

Stooped him down to look about him,

And he looked beneath the vessel,

And he spoke the words which follow:

“Not on rock the boat is resting,

Not on boat, and not on branches,

But upon a pike’s broad shoulders,

And on water-dog’s great backbone.”

Väinämöinen, old and steadfast,

Answered in the words which follow:

“All things may be found in rivers,

Whether they are pikes or branches.

If we rest on pike’s broad shoulders,

And on water-dog’s great backbone,

Plunge your sword into the water,

Thus in twain the fish to sever.”

Then the lively Lemminkainen

Ruddy youth, accomplished rascal,

Drew his sword from out his sword-belt,

From his side the bone-destroyer,

In the lake his sword plunged deeply,

Thrust it underneath the vessel,

But he splashed into the water,

Plunged his hands into the billows.

Thereupon smith Ilmarinen

By the hair seized fast the hero,

Dragged from out the lake the hero,

And he spoke the words which follow:

“All pretend to grow to manhood,

And are ready to be bearded,

Such as these we count by hundreds,

And their number mounts to thousands.”

From his belt he drew his sword-blade,

From the sheath the keen-edged weapon,

And he struck the fish with fury,

Striking down beneath the vessel,

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. Only do it out of Suavia!

. What did I tell you? Life is more difficult for me than for an ordinary man. I am no longer Prince, yet the laws which protect others have no validity for me. You banish me from my country.

. To do you a favor. You say that you are anxious to support yourself; it would be difficult in Suavia. You are too well known here. Nobody would offer you a menial position, while if the opportunity were a brilliant one, you would feel, naturally, that it had not come to you upon your merits as a man, but as the Emperor's nephew. Prince of Suavia, a reflection which I am confident would prove most offensive. [Cheers oidside] But why these cheers? What is the matter?

. Pardon, Your Majesty…

. How is this? What are these shouts?

. Your Majesty, it is unprecedented; impertinence without parallel in my experience

. It is? Speak!

. Princess Helena has arrived at Court. Upon alighting from the train, she took a sleigh before it was possible to prevent her, and drove straight through the heart of the city to the Palace gates. And she is with us now.

. [To the ] Now you see what you have done! Shall I tolerate this? She has heard that you are here, so she dares to presume! I always regret promptly any leniency I may show. What is the meaning of these cheers?

. A crowd has gathered out of curiosity. The students acclaim the Princess, taking advantage of the opportunity to demonstrate against the government.

. Which should have anticipated the outbreak and have been prepared for it. How has the Princess arrived


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156

But the sword in pieces shivered,

And the pike was injured nothing.

Väinämöinen, old and steadfast,

Uttered then the words which follow:

“Not the half of manhood have you,

Not the third part of a hero,

But a man is now required,

And a man’s sense now is needed,

All the sense of the unskilful,

All the efforts of the others.”

Then himself he drew his sword-blade,

Firmly grasped the keen-edged weapon,

In the lake his sword then thrust he,

Underneath the boat he struck it,

At the pike’s great shoulders striking

At the water-dog’s great backbone.

But the sword was fixed securely,

In the fish’s jaws fixed firmly;

Then the aged Väinämöinen

Presently the fish uplifted,

Dragged it up from out the water,

And the pike in twain he severed.

To the bottom sank the fish-tail,

In the boat the head he hoisted.

Now again moved on the vessel,

And the boat-prow now was loosened.

Väinämöinen, old and steadfast

To the shoals steered on the vessel,

To the shore the boat he guided,

And he turned and looked about him,

And the pike’s great head examined,

And he spoke the words which follow:

“Let the eldest of the yeomen,

Come and cleave the pike to pieces,

Let him carve it into slices,

Let him hew the head to pieces.”

From the boat the men made answer,

From the boat replied the women,

“But the captor’s hands are finer,

And the speaker’s fingers better.”

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text:
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 without advices having been received of her departure? Has the Department of State no intelligence? Our Secret Service deserves the name. Is this street demonstration to be permitted for the remainder of the day?

. The guard will clear the vicinity of the Palace. Your Majesty is familiar with student character. Princess Helena is popular with the younger element; her love-affairs interest. Besides, a young poet, admired in Bohemian circles, has composed a poem which the students sing and shout on the street-corners, a sort of pæan to love, a satire upon

. Upon me, is it not?

. Upon the government, Your Majesty.

. Oh, no! If it had been upon the government, the poem would have been suppressed and the author would have been in prison by this time. Do you say that Princess Helena is in the Palace?

. It seemed inadvisable to stop her. She inquired for the Empress.

. Who surely refused to see her. It is a pleasure reserved for myself!

. Your Majesty, have you heard? Your Majesty, Princess Helena

. Yes, yes. Where is she?

. The Empress has collapsed. She refused to receive Her Highness; then her nerves gave way. The Court is in an uproar. Your Majesty, we adored Her Highness!

. Indeed? Where is she?

. Pardon, Your Majesty. As soon as she learned that the Empress had refused to receive her, she flew at once to the Princes. No one thought it advisable to stop her, and she is closeted with them now.


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Page:The Czechoslovak Review, vol3, 1919.djvu/106

 packing establishments that supply 12,000 poods a month of smoked meat products, also cheese factories with a production of 3000 poods a month, and three flour mills which turn out 5,000 poods of flour a day. In Omsk we have a macaroni mill with a monthly output of 4,000 poods and an establishment for the production of lubricant oils.

At a distance of 20 to 30 miles from the railroad we have leased large farms where there are thousands of head of cattle, pigs and sheep feeding on the steppes and watched by our own cowboys. Our elderly soldiers are assigned to this work and have under them German prisoners of war. Meat on hoof is driven to the railroad and sent to the front. Now that freezing weather has set in, most of it will be slaughtered to save the loss of weight during winter. We have also sent a commission to Mongolia to buy cattle and our own camel transport trains bring supplies to us across the deserts. The men in charge are experts in their line and their assistants are men unfit for service at the front, but all have been there and know of their own experience, how necessary a properly regulated supply service is. We can say now after four months of work that our army has its most necessary wants supplied. Imported army supplies are looked after by a purchasing commission at Omsk, which has its representatives at Vladivostok.

Monthly needs of our army are approximately as follows:

Rye flour 100,500 poods, coffee 208 poods, chicory 69, sugar 11,260, tea 312, beef 45,000, pork 36,000, rice 2500, barley 6500, potatoes 22.500, macaroni 16, butter 11,500, cheese 3500, sausages 3500, smoked meat 4,000, vegetables 8125, salt 5,000, vinegar 104, soap 2,000 , tobacco 2500, onions 3700, tomatoes 12500, spices, ets.etc. [sic] 2670, a total of 280,496 poods (over 10,000,000 lbs.) or seven trains of 40 freight cars each. The cost of monthly supplies is 10,773,000 roubles.

One of the romantic incidents connected with the Czechoslovak campaign in Siberia is the story of the complete wireless outfit and its transport from Paris to Omsk. At the request of the Czechoslovak National Council in Paris the French minister of war decided to send to Siberia a complete wireless installation and a detachment of experts to operate it. This was the only way for the Czechoslovak Army to keep in touch with their leaders in Paris.

But the question was how to get the equipment to Omsk. There was no way of getting through European Russia, and at that time, in summer, is seemed very doubtful, whether the Siberian railroad east of Lake Baikal would be clear of the Bolsheviks before winter. The only remaining road to Central Siberia lead through the Arctic Sea to the mouth of the River Ob and up the Ob and the Irtish to Omsk. But no one knew whether passage through the River Ob would be allowed by the Bolsheviki, for Bolshevik bands broken up by our soldiers at the different railroad stations scattered through the Siberian forest to the north. There were rumors of 20 Bolshevik ships on the Lower Ob, and so the French ship with the wireless outfit was also equipped with guns and machine guns. The ship got safely to the mouth of the Ob, where the equipment was transferred to the river steamer “Groznyj” and after several weeks of sailing got to Omsk without an accident. The station was promptly installed and is functioning excellently, being able to receive and send between Omsk and Paris.

Patriotic Russians in Siberia have troubles with which our own tribulations during the Red Cross, W. S. S. and similar campaigns cannot even be compared. Here is the complaint of a patriotic Siberiak, as given in the Československý Denník:

As a patriotic citizen I must attend a war relief concert at least three times a week. Admission for myself, wife and daughter is 45 rubles, program 10 rubles, flowers 40 r., three teas with biscuit 12 r., wardrobe 1.50 r., a total of 108.50 rubles each concert. That makes 325.50 rubles a week or 1302 a month. And that is minimum. Thank God that it is impossible for the ladies to get new dresses, for what would I do then?

In the “Ufa Narod” a Russian soldier who enlisted in the first Czechoslovak regiment writes about life in this regiment. He is full of praise of the brotherly spirit, the kind manner of officers with men, harmony, cleanlines, order, comradeship,, [sic]entertainments etc. In short you can see from his words that he feels in this “revolutionary family” as if in heaven. It is a pity that more Russians do not enlist in Russian-Czech regiments.

The gold treasure captured by the Czechoslovaks at Kazan is valued at 6,000,000.000 roubles and is kept in Omsk, far from the scene of war operations, in especially well secured vaults. It was turned over to the Siberian Government who requested the Czechoslovak command to assume the guardianship of the treasure. The gold consists of coin, ingots and wrought gold. Together with it was captured also the great silver reserve which in weight is about equal to the gold treasure.

The Czechoslovak Army in Siberia according to latest reports consists of 12 regiments of infantry, 2 artillery brigades, 2 batteries of heavy artillery, one reserve regiments of infantry, 2 regiments of cavalrv, one battalion of special attacking troops, and the usual supply, medical and other services.