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This is the earliest vegetable to be ready for use in the spring, excepting those that have been forwarded under glass. While it is quite hardy and withstands much ill treatment, nothing will better repay careful culture and generous feeding. One row across the kitchen garden would make a liberal supply for an average family. The seed should be sown where the row is to stand, and the young plants thinned out until they stand one foot apart in the row. This should be done as soon as they are three or four inches high and well started; if left longer it will be a very troublesome job. These young plants should have every encouragement of manure and cultivation, to make as strong a growth as possible; the stronger and faster they grow the better will be the size and quality of the shoots when old enough to cut. No shoots should be cut until the third spring after sowing, and then should not be cut too long the first season. The fourth and succeeding seasons it may be cut from the time the first shoots appear until the first peas and lettuce are ready to take its place on the table. Then it should be well worked and allowed to attain its full growth, that strength


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 may be stored in the crowns to furnish the shoots for the next season’s cutting. As soon as the tops begin to yellow, and the berries to ripen in the fall, it should be mowed off close to the ground and the tops burnt, taking care that all the seeds are consumed; if left on the plants all winter the seed becomes scattered, and, owing to its capacity for sending up shoots, it is a very difficult weed to exterminate. If you do not wish the labor of sowing the seed and tending the young plants, a year can be gained by purchasing the plants. The one-year old plants are preferable unless the older ones have been transplanted each year, as they are gross feeders, and become stunted if allowed to crowd each other while young. To produce the large, fat shoots, it is necessary that the seed shall have been saved from the strongest shoots obtainable, and the plants fed constantly. The best way is to cover the crowns, after the ground is frozen in the fall, with as much manure as can be spared, and work it down. to the roots in the spring as soon as it can be forked in; or, if there are several rows, the manure could be placed on them thickly and the soil ridged over it for the winter by throwing up a couple of shallow fur rows with the plow; this to be worked down with a sharp harrow in the spring. As soon as it is dry enough in the spring, the soil and manure of the bed should be lightly forked over with a manure fork and the surface raked fine; the reason for using the stable fork is that the tines are slightly curved, and if the handle is held in a nearly horizontal position the bed can be dug down to the roots, and the fork will slide right over the tops of the crowns without

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text: Strange Interlude

title: Strange Interlude


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 the sword of Gwrnach the Giant will slay the boar, and Gwrnach will never give it of his own free will, either for a price or as a gift, nor canst thou compel him.'

'It will be easy for me to do this.' And Uspathadden grew more angry, and in a breath set him many other tasks. 'These also I shall perform,' said Kilhugh. 'Horses I shall have and chivalry and my lord and kinsman Arthur. I shall obtain all these things. I shall gain thy daughter and she shall wear the snowy wimple. Thou shalt trim thy thickets and shave thy beard and thou shalt die, Uspathadden Penkower.'

Then upon a golden morning of March, they set out, Arthur and his warriors and huntsmen, Kilhugh and the last son of Custennin. They rode on, with their eyes looking for Dillus Varvawc, and their minds dwelling on the nine bushels of flax to be unsown out of the earth, every seed of it. They crossed mountains pathless like the sea, and under forests that never knew the sun even in winter, and there were many days when Kilhugh's greyhounds had no heart to sport about him like sea-swallows. Some men went this way and some that; and one day upon a mountain, when the sun had set fire to the gorse and last year's bracken, Gwythyr the son of Greigawl heard a wailing and a grievous cry. He sprang towards the sound and traced it to an antheap right in the course of the torrent of fire that was rolling up the mountain. To save the inhabitants he drew his sword and mowed the gorse and bracken surrounding the nest. Thus the fire passed by at a distance on either side, and the ants thanked Gwythyr, saying:


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 which is used for salad, the same as lettuce. For spring use, sow the seed any time during the month of September, and at the approach of cold weather cover the bed with a few inches of straw or hay. It should be used very early in spring, as it soon runs to seed when warm weather sets in. Although this plant will bear neglect, it will also repay good treatment.

Seed of winter and winter  should also be sown during the month of September, and the plants should be protected with a covering of straw, or similar material, during winter. Put on part of the covering when the ground begins to freeze, and as the cold increases, add covering till it reaches a depth of four or five inches. In regions where heavy snowfalls can be depended upon, it may not be necessary to protect any of the above-named plants, but here and elsewhere, where winters are severe and the snowfall light, it is of the utmost importance to provide protection, or no success need be expected. Hammersmith is the best winter lettuce, and Round Leaf and Prickly Winter are two good varieties of spinach for fall sowing.

The beds of kale, corn salad, winter lettuce and winter spinach should be arranged side by side, and alongside of the parsnips and salsify, so as not to interfere with the plowing of the ground in fall and in spring. As some of the parsnips and salsify will be left in the ground to be dug at leisure in spring, it is best to have all these vegetables side by side, so that when the parsnips and salsify are dug, and the 13


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text: A Journal of Conversations with Lord Byron/Memoir of the Countess of Blessington


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 crop of kale, corn salad, etc., harvested, the whole ground can be plowed at once.

Before closing, a few words in regard to watering and transplanting may not prove amiss.

The best time for watering is in the evening. Though water may be given to the roots at any time, it should never be sprinkled on the foliage in the hot sun, as that causes brown spots or blisters where it comes in contact with the leaves. More injury than good results from beginning to water a plant, and then not keeping it up till the necessity ceases. As soon as the ground begins to get dry after watering, the soil should be stirred with the hoe. When you start to water a plant, do it thoroughly, so as to give the roots a soaking at every watering, or else do not water at all.

The main points to be regarded in transplanting, are handling the plant carefully, so as to injure the roots as little as possible, planting firmly and shading to prevent the sun from withering or scorching the leaves. It should be borne in mind, that it is not nature’s design that a plant should be transplanted, and we ought to show sympathy for a plant as well as for our fellow-creatures.

And now, having taken a walk with you through the kitchen garden, all I have further to say is, may you be favored with seasonable rain and sunshine, for, be it remembered, without the co-operation of the elements all our efforts are in vain.


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text: Index:Death Penalty Abolition Act 1973.pdf


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 injuring them. Where more than one row is desired they should be planted about three feet apart, to admit of cultivation and free access to the beds for cutting. An advantage in sowing the seed is that the crowns are naturally established at a proper depth. In planting the crowns obtained from the nurseryman they should be set at a depth of three or four inches at the most; not one foot under the surface, as is the common practice of truckers. Market gardeners cut the shoots as soon as the tips appear above the surface, so that their shoots are blanched for their whole length; but they do this at the expense of the table quality, as only the tips are edible in this way, and oven these taste very much like old hay to any one who has been accustomed to the richness and delicate flavor of shoots cut at the surface when they are from three to four inches in height; this method has also the advantage of not destroying the young shoots just coming up, as the stalks are only cut an inch or so underground, and the knife only reaches the one intended to be cut. If the appearance of the blanched asparagus is desired, it can be much better obtained (that is, with less sacrifice of quality) by placing four or five inches of hay, straw or other litter over the crowns, which can be pushed away from the stalk when cutting and easily replaced. There is another strong reason for not following the deep planting, as usually practiced, and that is, in having your crowns so much nearer the surface they feel the warming and growing influence of the sun sooner in the season, and you are able


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 [Assented to 18 September 1973]

BE IT ENACTED by the Queen, the Senate and the House of Representatives of Australia, as follows:—

1. This Act may be cited as the Death Penalty Abolition Act 1973.

2. This Act shall come into operation on the day on which it receives the Royal Assent.

3. (1) This Act applies within and outside Australia and extends to all the Territories.

(2) Subject to sub-section (3), this Act applies in relation to, and in relation to offences under, the laws of the Commonwealth and of the Territories, and, to the extent to which the powers of the Parliament permit, in relation to, and in relation to offences under, Imperial Acts.

(3) This Act does not apply in relation to, or in relation to offences under, the laws in force in the Territory of Papua or the Territory of New Guinea, other than Acts of the Parliament, or Imperial Acts, as extending to either or both of those Territories of their own force.


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 to have your asparagus for cutting a full week earlier than your neighbor who plants deep.

As mentioned above, this succulent is capable of great improvement by careful selection of seed from the best stalks. The old Purple Top variety is no longer grown, its place having been taken by the larger shoots and better quality of the variety known as Conover’s Colossal. This latter, however, has been propagated so extensively and with so little care that it is now almost impossible to obtain seed or plants that will produce the splendid shoots of the original stock. Of the new varieties Barr’s Mammoth seems to be the most promising, and as grown in some fields in the vicinity of Philadelphia produces shoots which will average nearly an inch in diameter. The first planting of snaps or dwarf bush beans can be made when the first planting of peas and bects are sown, but will not do as well nor produce beans of as fine quality as those planted about two weeks later, when the weather has become warmer and more settled. These yield very abundantly, and a drill fifty feet long will produce as many as can be used in a large family. While planting in a drill, for the sake of convenience and quickness in planting, the seed should be dropped in hills about ten inches apart and five seeds to a hill. If the beans are kept picked closely, the plants will continue longer


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Rh 4. There is a danger in Bengal of the following clause of the Education Despatch of 1854 being forgotten:—

"'The Government Schools and Colleges, whether high or low, should be regarded not as permanent institutions, but only as a means for generating a desire and demand for education, and as models meanwhile for imitation by private institutions. In proportion as the demand for education in any given locality is generated, and as private institutions spring up and flourish, all possible aid and encouragement should be afforded to them, and the Government, in place of using its power and resources to compete with parties, should rather contract and circumscribe its own measures of direct education, and so shape its measures as to pave the way for the ultimate abolition of its own Schools.

“We look forward to the time when any general system of education entirely provided by Government may be discontinued, with the gradual advance of the system of grants-in-aid, and when many of the existing Government institutions, especially those of the higher order, may be safely closed, or transferred to the management of local bodies under the control of, and aided by, the State.”"

But the urgent question at present is money.

Twenty-three Normal Schools, and an ample supply of school books are available. The main difficulty in Bengal now is a pecuniary one—funds. £200,000, according to the estimate of the Director of Public Instruction, have been applied for, to organise a system of Vernacular Education, and it is calculated that £480,000 will ultimately be requisite for the maintenance of 40,000 Patshalas or Village Schools in Bengal; the present expenditure mainly for high Education being about £160,000.

But how is this expense to be met?

It has been shown by Howell in his Note on Education that Government cannot increase the grant to education in Bengal from Imperial Revenues without taxing other and poorer parts of India for Bengal, whose rich plains can yield much to the Imperial Revenue. The Education Authorities, prior to the Despatch of 1859, advocated a local cess for education; it was then suggested as feasible by the Home Government, it has been justified on this ground. "If, therefore, it is essential, even to the material advancement, and to the true prosperity of the people, that the general bulk of the village population should receive education, and the General Revenues of the State cannot bear the cost, it is not unfair that the share of the produce of the land left with the proprietor should bear the burden of the cost, and this, the rather, because the persons who directly benefit are almost wholly agriculturists. That as the impost is levied mainly for the benefit of the agricultural population, it may most fairly be levied upon the land. That the cess, when so imposed, though in every sense a true tax, and although levied by the same machinery and from the same source as a land tax, is equally in every sense distinct and separate from it.”


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 'Receive from us the blessing of Heaven, and what no man can give we will give thee.' They sprinkled themselves over the red land opposite Uspathadden's castle and gathered up the nine bushels of seed all but one, and before night the lame ant came in carrying that one. Thus the ants provided a snowy bridal wimple for the head of Olwen.

The men travelled far in search of Dillus Varvawc to make a leash out of his beard for the hound Dridwyn. They were divided into many parties, and in one of these were Kay and Bedwyr. They were sitting one day on one of the cairns on the summit of Plinlimmon in a mighty wind, when they saw far off to the southward a huge column of smoke unbent by the wind. 'That is a robber's fire,' said Kay. As they hastened towards it, they saw at length a giant singeing the bristles of a wild boar before skinning it, and both knew that it was Dillus Varvawc. They hid themselves while Dillus flayed and cleaned and cooked the boar and while he ate gigantically. Then he fell asleep beside the embers. At his feet Kay dug a pit, and when it was very deep he struck the giant a fierce blow. Sleepily awaking, Dillus made efforts to rise, but fell instead into the pit. There he stuck fast like a frog in a snake's throat, and Bedwyr uprooted the hairs of his beard. When he was smooth they slew him altogether. They had now the leash for Dridwyn and hastened with it to Arthur at Gelli Wic in Cornwall.

'It is best now', said Arthur, 'to seek Dridwyn, whelp of Greid the son of Eri.' But though they set out to capture Dridwyn most men forgot the hound because of the quarrel in the north between Gwythyr and Gwynn the son of Nudd, who carried off Gwythyr's bride. Only Arthur could make peace between them.


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 1973 (4) This Act applies in relation to offences committed before, on or after the date of commencement of this Act, including offences in respect of which proceedings are pending at that date, and if, on that date, a person is under sentence of death for an offence in relation to which this Act applies, the sentence has effect as if it were a sentence of imprisonment for life.

4. A person is not liable to the punishment of death for any offence.

5. Where by any law in relation to which this Act applies (including a provision that would, but for this Act, have effect by virtue of such a law) it is provided that a person is liable to the punishment of death, the reference to the punishment of death shall be read, construed and applied as if the penalty of imprisonment for life were substituted for that punishment.


text: Death Penalty Abolition Act 1973

title: Death Penalty Abolition Act 1973


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 in bearing, and they may be had throughout the season if successive plantings are made, though the pole snaps are to be preferred through the summer and fall, for their greater bearing qualities and the ease of gathering them. In both the bush and pole snaps, care should be taken to secure varieties that are entirely stringless, as they are not only much easier to prepare for use, but are much more tender. The different “Wax” varieties are very fine, but the bush beans of this class have not done well in this locality for the last three seasons, the pods being covered with a species of black spot or rot that spoils fully two-thirds of them.

The pole beans should not be planted until the ground is thoroughly warmed in the spring, or until the thermometer stands over 60° all night. It is quite common to plant these with poles 8 to 9 feet in height. I think this is a mistake, as no ordinary picker can reach higher than about six feet to advantage, and as the vines grow to the tops of the poles before commencing to fruit, both beans and time are lost. The poles should be set in rows four and one-half feet apart and two and one-half to three feet apart in the rows. Two hundred poles of Limas will furnish an ample supply throughout the season, and will. ripen a bushel of dried beans for winter use as well. Twenty-five poles will furnish an ample supply of


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 The maiden was sent to her father's house, and it was ordained that Gwythyr and Gwynn should fight for her on every May-day until the day of doom, and that whoever should be the conqueror on that day should make her his bride. From the north men followed Arthur into Armorica and into Ireland and to the north again, and they were setting out upon the scent of Yskithyrwyn when a man came up to them leading two hounds in his right hand and one in the left. Now the single hound was Dridwyn and the leash was that which had been twisted out of Dillus Varvawc's beard. But the man could not or would not tell how he had captured Dridwyn. So Kilhugh thanked him and took Dridwyn and joined Arthur in pursuit of Yskithyrwyn. Arthur's own hound Cavall was the first to come up with the boar. King Kaw of North Britain drew out the tusk that was to shave Uspathadden, and afterwards slew the beast with his great axe.

They now thought more and more of the boar, Turk Truith, who had the comb and scissors and razor hidden between his ears that were to prune Uspathadden's head for Olwen's wedding. Arthur sent Menw, the man of charms and illusions, to see if these instruments were still in their place. As the boar had laid waste a third part of Ireland it was easy for Menw to find his traces. To enter his lair Menw took the form of a bird. He could see the scissors and comb, but when the bird Menw tried to snatch them away he was angrily shaken off with nothing more than one bristle of the boar. He brought back the news and the one bristle.

The hunt was still delayed because the hound Dridwyn was useless without Mabon the son of Modron as huntsman. Chief in the search for Mabon was Gwrhyr, who knew the languages of birds and beasts. He went first


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 snaps, though we allowed one row across the garden in the diagram given, the surplus being allowed to ripen for winter use. Where the saving of room is an object and the ground has been well manured, these pole snaps can be planted in the hills of corn, and allowed to use the stalks as poles; they will produce a good crop, but not nearly so many, nor are they as easy to pick as when grown on the poles. For this purpose they should be planted with some strong growing variety of corn, such as Stowell’s Evergreen or other late variety.

The white soup bean, that is dried for winter use in various ways, including the famous “Boston Baked Beans,” is generally grown by dropping one or two hills between each hill of corn, and instead of picking them, the whole plant is pulled up in the fall, and the beans thrashed out with a flail when dry. For Limas and pole snaps, the poles should be set by the aid of the garden line, and where any pole is bowed or crooked it should be planted so as to bring it in line with the row, lengthwise, as nearly as possible, that they may present an orderly appearance. In setting the poles, make a hole from one to two feet deep by driving the sharp end of a crowbar into the ground, place the butt end of the pole in this hole and ram it firmly in its place; then put one or two shovelfuls of compost around the base of the pole, and with a sharp steel rake make a hill of fine dirt over the compost. Five or six beans should be planted to each hill, but if all grow should be thinned out to two or three. If the young plants do not climb the poles readily at the first start, they should be


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 to the Blackbird of Cilgwri to inquire. But the Blackbird answered out of his hawthorn leaves:

'When I first came here there was a smith's anvil in this place; and from that time no work has been done upon it save the pecking of my beak every evening; and what is left is not the size of a nut; yet I swear that during all that time I have never heard of Mabon. But go to the Stag of Redynvre. He is older than I.'

Gwrhyr tracked the Stag to the oak-trees of Redynvre, and asked if he knew Mabon. The Stag of Redynvre answered:

'When first I came hither, there was a plain all around me, without any trees save one oak sapling, which grew up to be an oak with a hundred branches. And that oak has since perished, so that now nothing remains of it but the withered stump; and from that day to this I have been here; yet have I never heard of the man for whom you inquire. Nevertheless, being an embassy from Arthur, I will be your guide to the place where there is an animal which was made before I was.' He directed them to the Owl of Cwm Cawlwyd, and Gwrhyr found her among the beeches of the steep-sided and solitary coombe. She was hooting to her echoes: in Cwm Cawlwyd there were four echoes, one after the other, and the last seemed to be on the other side of the moon.

'Owl of Cwm Cawlwyd, four owls in one,' said Gwrhyr, 'here is an embassy from Arthur; knowest thou aught of Mabon the son of Modron, who was taken after three nights from his mother?'

'If I knew I would tell you. When first I came hither, the wide valley you see was a wooded glen. And a race of men came and uprooted the trees. And there grew there a second wood; and this wood is the third. My wings, are they not withered stumps? Yet all this time,


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 trained up and tied till they begin to take hold for themselves. Be careful, in planting Lima beans, to push them into the soil with the eye down, for, as the first leaves are quite large and heavy, it assists them materially in breaking through the soil to plant them in this manner.

The Limas may be brought into bearing somewhat carlier in the season by placing pieces of sod, cut four inches square and about three inches thick, grass side down, in the hotbed, and planting four or five beans in each piece; if this is done in the latter part of March they will be of good size by the time it is warm enough to plant them out, which is done by planting the piece of sod at the base of the pole, in hills, as prepared for the seed. If the end of the vine is pinched off when it is about four or five feet up the pole, it will assist the lateral shoots in blooming early, and consequently produce beans earlier, though, like all forcing methods, it will, to some extent, lessen the vigor of the vine, and most likely, to some extent, the amount of the crop.

—Golden Wax.—This is one of the best bush beans; it matures early; the pods are of very handsome appearance, brittle and entirely stringless; it is a good bearer and makes an excellent shelled bean for winter use.

Best of All Dwarf Bean.—This is a green-podded bean, and is probably the best for the first planting, as it is not only very early but also very productive;


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 Monsieur Dessein had diabled the key above fifty times before he found out he had come with a wrong one in his hand: we were as impatient as himself to have it opened; and so attentive to the obstacle, that I continued holding her hand almost without knowing it; so that Monsieur Dessein left us together with her hand in mine, and with our faces turned towards the door of the Remise, and said he would be back in five minutes.

Now a colloquy of five minutes, in such a situation, is worth one of as many ages, with your faces turned towards the street: in the latter case, 'tis drawn from the objects and occurrences without—when your eyes are fixed upon a dead blank—you draw purely from yourselves. A silence of a single moment upon Monsieur Dessein's leaving us, had been fatal to the situation—she had infallibly turned about—so I begun the conversation instantly.

But what were the temptations, (as I write not to apologize for the weaknesses of my heart in this tour,—but to give an account of them)—shall be described with the same simplicity, with which I felt them.

I told the reader that I did not care to get out of the Desobligeant, because I saw the monk in close conference with a lady just arrived at the inn—I told him the truth; but I did not tell him the whole truth; for I was full as much restrained by the appearance and figure of


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 the lady he was talking to. Suspicion crossed my brain, and said, he was telling her what had passed: something jarred upon it within me—I wished him at his convent.

When the heart flies out before the understanding, it saves the judgment a world of pains—I was certain she was of a better order of beings—however, I thought no more of her, but went on and wrote my preface.

The impression returned, upon my encounter with her in the street; a guarded frankness with which she gave me her hand, shewed, I thought, her good education and her good sense; and as I led her on, I felt a pleasurable ductility about her, which spread a calmness over all my spirits

—Good God! now a man might lead such a creature as this round the world with him!—

I had not yet seen her face—'twas not material; for the drawing was instantly set about, and long before we had got to the door of the Remise, Fancy had finished the whole head, and pleased herself as much with its sitting her goddess, as if she had dived into the for it—but thou art a reduced, and a seducing slut; and albeit thou cheatest us seven times a day with thy pictures and images, yet with so many charms dost thou do it, and thou deckest out thy pictures in the shapes of so many angels of light, 'tis a shame to break with thee.

When we had got to the door of the-Remise, she withdrew her hand from across her forehead, and let me see the original—it was a face of about six and twenty—of a clear transparent brown, simply set off without rouge or powder—it was not critically handsome, but there was that in it, which in


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Rh “The University of Calcutta is, for various reasons, unsuited to the wants of this province:—

“Firstly.—Its distance is too great and the area over which its affiliated institutions extend too vast and varied to admit of its exercising the influence which would be exercised by a University located at Lahore.

“Secondly.—Were the Calcutta University more accessible than it is, it would still, in the opinonopinion [sic] of the European and Native promoters of the present movement, be unsuited to the requirements of the Punjab, insisting, as it does, on a considerable knowledge of English as a sine quâ non for matriculation and the obtaining of degrees, and affording by its course of study little encouragement to the cultivation of the Oriental classics, and one to the formation of a modern vernacular literature.

“The objects of the Universities of Lahore and Calcutta are different, but not antagonistic; each may carry out successfully its proper speciality, and each may afford the other valuable assistance.

“The University, as an examining body, will hold examinations for conferring degrees and ‘sanads’. for proficiency in 1, languages; 2, literature; 3, Science.

“It will also give rewards for good original works in the Vernacular, or good editions of Standard Oriental works, or for translation from European works.

“In the examinations and the tuition of the University ‘the comparative method’ will be aimed at, in order to form a link between the languages, literature and science of the East and the West.

“Urdu and Hindi will be the principal vehicles for direct instruction to the masses of people.

“Arabic with Mahommedans and Sanskrit with Hindoos will hold the place which the classical languages of Greece and Rome hold towards ourselves.

“English will give the opportunity for comparing their own language, literature and science with our own, and its tuition will thus be rendered a really invigorating exercise for already prepared minds, not a mere word teaching.

"It is felt so strongly that it would be fatal to the success of the University were its teaching, which is intended to be on the European system, to degenerate into the old Oriental method, that all Examination Committees will contain in their number some Europeans of learning and influence, who will thus give a guarantee for the liberality and progressive tendencies of the Institution."

Oriental institutions ought to be powerful engines, when properly worked, for influencing the moulvie’s mind quite in accordance with the despatch of 1854, which states—

"“We do not wish to diminish the opportunities which are now afforded in special institutions for the study of Sanskrit, Arabic, and Persian literature, or for the cultivation of those languages which may be called the classical languages of India. An acquaintance with the works contained in them is valuable for historical and antiquarian purposes, and a knowledge of the languages themselves is required in the study of Hindoo and Mahommedan Law, and is also of great importance for the critical cultivation and improvement of the Vernacular languages of India.”"

The Anglo-Persian classes in the Calcutta and Hugly Madrissas have been successful of late years. Mr. Howell, in his Note, mentions a striking case recorded by the Inspector of Behar regarding Mahommedans:—

“Proportion of Mahommedan Students in Vernacular Schools.—On the singular preponderance of Mahommedans over Hindoos in the Bhaugulpore


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 even until to-day, I have never heard of the man for whom you inquire. Nevertheless, I will be the guide of Arthur's embassy until you come to the place where is the oldest animal in this world, and the one that has travelled most, the Eagle of Gwern Abwy.'

So she flew along above Gwrhyr, until they came to the precipice above a lake high upon a mountain, where lived the Eagle, and he asked for news of Mabon. The Eagle of Gwern Abwy answered:

'I have been here for a great space of time; when I first came hither there was a rock here, from the top of which I pecked at the stars every evening; and now it is not so much as a span high. From that day to this I have been here, and I have never heard of the man for whom you inquire, except once when I went in search of food as far as Llyn Llyw. And when I came there, I struck my talons into a salmon, thinking he would serve me as food for a long time. But he drew me into the deep, and I was scarcely able to escape from him. After that I went with my whole kindred to attack him, and to try to destroy him; but he sent messengers, and made peace with me; and he came and besought me to take fifty fish-spears out of his back. Unless he know something of him whom you seek, I cannot tell who may. However, I will guide you to the place where he is.'

Gwrhyr bent down and asked through the glassy water of Llyn Llyw the same question. The salmon rose up to the surface, and answered in silence:

'As much as I know I will tell thee. With every tide I go along the river upwards, until I come near to the walls of Gloucester, and there have I found such wrong as I never found elsewhere; and that ye may believe it, let one of you go thither upon each of my two shoulders.' So Kay and Gwrhyr went upon the two shoulders of the


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 the frame of mind I was in which attached me much more to it—it was interesting; I fancied it wore the characters of a widow'd look, and in that state of its declension, which had passed the two first paroxysms of sorrow, and was quietly beginning to reconcile itself to its loss—but a thousand other distresses might have traced the same lines; I wished to know what they had been—and was ready to enquire, (had the same bon ton of conversation permitted, as in days of Esdras)—"What aileth thee? and why art thou disquieted? and why is thy understanding troubled?"—In a word, I felt benevolence for her; and resolved some way or other to throw in my mite of courtesy—if not of service.

Such were my temptations—and in this disposition to give way to them, was I left alone with the lady with her hand in mine, and with our faces both turned closer to the door of the Remise than what was absolutely necessary.

certainly, fair lady! said I raising her hand up a little lightly as I began, must be one of fortune's whimsical doings: to take two utter strangers by their hands—of different sexes, and perhaps from different corners of the globe, and in one moment place them together in such a cordial situation, as Friendship herself could scarce have achieved for them, had she projected it for a month.


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 salmon until they came unto the wall of the prison, and they heard a great wailing and lamenting from the dungeon. Said Gwrhyr, 'Who is it that laments in this house of stone?'

'Alas, I am Mabon the son of Modron, and no imprisonment was ever so grievous as mine, not even that of Greid the son of Eri.'

'Hast thou hope,' asked Gwrhyr, 'of being released by gold or silver, or only combat?'

'Only by combat,' said the voice of the dungeon.

Then they went thence, and returned to Arthur, and they told him where Mabon the son of Modron was imprisoned. And Arthur summoned the warriors of the Island, and they journeyed as far as Gloucester, to the place where Mabon was in prison. Kay and Bedwyr went upon the shoulders of the fish, whilst the warriors of Arthur attacked the castle. And Kay broke through the wall into the dungeon, and brought away the prisoner upon his back, whilst the fight was going on between the warriors. And Arthur returned home, and Mabon with him at liberty.

So they gave Mabon the leash made of Dillus Varvawc's beard, and he took charge of Dridwyn.

They had still to win the sword of the giant Gwrnach. When they came to Gwrnach's castle the knife was in the meat and the drink in the horn, and no man was admitted save a craftsman bringing his craft. Kay entered as a burnisher of swords. He was very welcome to Gwrnach, and a chair was placed for him opposite the Giant. Gwrnach's sword was brought for him to burnish it. When he had burnished half, he put it into the Giant's hand, asking him, 'Will this please thee?' And Gwrnach said, 'I would rather have the whole blade like this than all that is in my dominions. I marvel


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 —And your reflection upon it, shews how much, Monsieur, she has embarassed you by the adventure.

When the situation is, what we would wish, nothing is so ill-timed as to hint at the circumstances which make it so: you thank Fortune, continued she—you had reason—the heart knew it, and was satisfied; and who but an English philosopher would have sent notices of it to the brain to reverse the judgment?

In saying this, she disengaged her hand with a look which I thought a sufficient commentary upon the text.

It is a miserable picture which I am going to give of the weakness of my heart, by owning, that it suffered a pain, which worthier occasions could not have inflicted.—I was mortified with the loss of her hand, and the manner in which I had lost it carried neither oil nor wine to the wound: I never felt the pain of a sheepish inferiority so miserably in my life.

The triumphs of a true feminine heart are short upon these discomfitures. In a very few seconds she laid her hand upon the cuff of my coat, in order to finish her reply; so some way or other, God knows how, I regained my situation.

She had nothing to add.

I forthwith began to model a different conversation for the lady, thinking, from the spirit as well as the moral of this, that I had been mistaken in her character; but upon turning her face towards me, the spirit which had animated the reply was fled—the muscles relaxed, and I beheld the same unprotected look of distress which first won me to her


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 that such a man as thou should be without a companion.'

'I have a companion, noble sir,' said Kay, 'though he is not skilled in this art.'

'Who may he be?'

'Let the porter go out. He will recognize the man whose lance will draw blood from the wind.'

The gate opened and Bedwyr entered, and while they were in the hall the last son of Custennin contrived an entrance for himself and all his companions, so that they scattered themselves through the castle, and slew all the Giant's men in secret.

The sword was now polished, and Kay gave it unto the hand of Gwrnach the Giant, to see if he were pleased with his work. And the Giant said, 'The work is good, I am content therewith.' Said Kay, 'It is thy scabbard that hath rusted thy sword, give it to me that I may take out the wooden sides of it and put in new ones.' And he took the scabbard from him, and the sword in the other hand. And he came and stood over against the Giant, as if he would have put the sword into the scabbard; and with it he struck at the Giant, and cut off his head at one blow. Then they despoiled the castle, and took from it what goods and jewels they would. And again on the same day, at the beginning of the year, they came to Arthur's Court, bearing with them the sword of Gwrnach the Giant.

Arthur now summoned the warriors of the three islands of Britain, of France, of Armorica, and of the Summer Country. With this host he entered Ireland, and men sought his protection against Turk Truith and his seven swine. First he sent Gwrhyr to the boar to ask him to come and speak to the King. But the boar refused and said:


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 the pods are six inches long, entirely stringless, very fleshy and rich flavored.

Champion Bush Bean.—This is a strong grower, attaining about fifteen to eighteen inches in height, and an immense cropper. The beans can be used as string beans in the green state, but its chief quality lies in the superiority of the beans when dried, and the large crops which it produces when grown for winter use.

—Golden Wax Flageolet.—This bean is of recent introduction, and is worthy of all the praise that has been bestowed upon it; it is a tremendous bearer, and is almost as early as the dwarf wax varieties, the pods are much larger, being seven to eight inches long, round and very fleshy; they are entirely free from strings and of the finest quality. Unlike the other pole beans, it begins to produce beans at the bottom of the pole as soon as it starts to climb; and if these are used as they mature, it will continue in bearing the entire season.

White Creaseback, or Best of All.—These for early and the Lazy Wife’s for late are the best of the green-podded pole beans. The pods are about six inches in length, thick fleshed, and of very fine quality. The Creaseback is very early and matures its crop in a short time, thus making it a very profitable


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 interest—melancholy! to see such sprightliness the prey of sorrow.I pitied her from my soul; and though it may seem ridiculous enough to a torpid heart,—I could have taken her into my arms and cherished her, though it was in the open street, without blushing.

The pulsations of the arteries along my fingers pressing across hers, told her what was passing within me: she looked down—a silence of some moments followed.

I fear, in this interval, I must have made some slight efforts towards a closer compression of her hand, from a subtle sensation I felt in the palm of my own—not as if she was going to withdraw hers—but, as if she thought about it—and I had infallibly lost it a second time, had not instinct more than reason directed me to the last resource in these dangers—to hold it loosely, and in a manner as if I was every moment going to release it, of myself; so she let it continue, till Monsieur Dessein returned with the key; and in the mean time I set myself to consider how I should undo the ill impressions which the poor monk's story, in case he had told it her, must have planted in her breast against me.

good old monk was within six paces of us, as the idea of him cross'd my mind; and was advancing towards us a little out of the line, as if uncertain whether he should break upon us or no.—He stoop'd, however, as soon as he


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 variety for market. Both varieties are very productive, entirely stringless, and of superior flavor.

—Extra Early Lima.—This variety matures very nearly as early as the Small Lima, while the beans are more nearly the size of the late Lima; the quality is very fine and the quantity large, as it bears the pods in clusters of four, with four to six beans in a pod.

Dreer’s Improved Lima.—This variety is early and very productive if measured in the green state; the pods are smaller than in the ordinary Lima, but the beans are very plump, and are so close together in the pods as to crowd against each other. As a green bean it is very early, and shells out more quarts to the basket of pods than the larger varieties; but the quality is not as fine, and in the dry state the beans shrivel up till they are only about the size of dry bush beans, and are not nearly so good as the other varieties.

King of the Garden.—This is a new variety, in which the green beans are of unusual size and very fine quality. I have scen half an acre planted with this variety which I am sure had at that time mora than twice the quantity of beans that could be grown on the same ground of the ordinary kinds; vines were loaded with clusters of pods seven to eight inches in length, and it was no rarity to see them with five very large beans in a pod. From its great productiveness and the fine quality of the beans, it deserves the first place among the Limas.


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 Seed of these should be sown when the first planting is done in the spring. They may be had still carlier by planting the seed in a hotbed while the ground is still frozen, and transplanting them to the gardon a week or so after the cabbage and lettuce have been planted out. Care must be taken in transplanting the young beets, that the tap-root does not get broken, or it will make a number of fibrous roots instead of the large, smooth globe desired for the table. When the seed is woll up, the plants should be thinned out until they stand six or ten inches apart, as the size of the variety demands. A second sowing should be made about June 1st, and the main sowing about the 15th of July or 1st of August, to raise roots for winter use. These frequent sowings are necessary to have the beets of fine quality; as the roots get older and larger they become “woody,” or hard and fibrous, and exceedingly tasteless. Where the season is short, or there are prospects of a dry fall, the second sowing should be large enough to produce the winter crop, as the later one may fail to mature in time. The beets may be stored and the flavor retained by the method described for pitting turnips, and will keep in good order until spring.

The Bassano and other light beets are of quick growth and are tender and palatable while young, but are of coarse texture and not nearly so fine in appearance when cooked as the blood beets. The blood beets retain their deep, rich color, while all the light-leaved or light-stemmed varieties are colorless, or nearly so, when cooked. It certainly adds to the


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34 attached Model School, where the relative numbers are 60-40, the Head Master of the Training School, Babu Kalicoomar Mitter, observes:—Our discipline and course of study is the same as observed in all Government English Schools and Colleges. We teach history, geography, and mathematics. Only all this instruction is given, not in English, but in the Vernacular. Hence our School is more popular with Mahommedans, and the time-honored though miserable, Maktabs and Meeajees are being drained of the Mahommedan pupils, who will not go to an English School.

“Such is the important functions which Vernacular Schools are performing, albeit only Lower Class Schools, ill-supported and too little encouraged. They are drawing a large section of an influential class who have persistently kept aloof for the most part from English Schools, where the pupils acquire the ‘foreign dress and manners which will shut them out from Paradise,’ and where the time allotted to Oriental literature and the language of their Koran, with the small consideration in which Arabic and Persian literature are held, are wholly inadequate and fall far short of the value set on it by themselves. The knowledge acquired in those Vernacular Schools in some subjects up to the Entrance standard is in others not much below it. And all who gain Vernacular scholarships, besides numbers in whose minds the Vernacular Schools has awakened the first desire for knowledge, are so many additions from year to year on the roll of the higher English School, which they might have never entered but for the Lower Vernacular School.

“There is yet another important service which they render, and it is one of great social and political significance. The special attention given to Arabic and Persian in Oordoo Schools and the inclusion in Hindee Schools of Sanskrit literature and classical Ramayan and Premsagur, venerated by the Hindoos as their sacred Purans, help to set at rest deeply-rooted suspicions, and to fill up the breach due to divergence of faith, language and customs. ‘These books,’ they say, ‘would never have been allowed in Government Schools if the Government had any design against our religious faith.' This cultivation of our sacred language does not look as if Government wanted to uproot the language and to supersede it by English.”

The attempt to bar up knowledge to the Mahommedans, except they gain it through English has been a failure; the remarks of Sir, Governor of the Punjab, in his reply to the address of the Native nobility of Lahore on this point, are striking:—

"“The great bulk of our scholars never attain more than a very superficial knowledge, either of English or of the subjects they study in that language, while the mental training imparted is, as a general rule, of a purely imitative character, ill-calculated to raise the nation to habits of vigorous or independent thought.

“It appears indeed evident that, to impart knowledge in a foreign tongue must of necessity greatly increase the difficulties of education. In England, where the Latin and Greek languages are considered an essential part of a polite education, all general instruction is conveyed, not in those languages, but in the vernacular of the country; and it seems difficult to assign a sufficient reason why a different principle should be acted upon here.

“And this brings me to the defect which I myself more especially deplore in the system of instruction at present almost exclusively followed, viz., that it has tended, though not intentionally, to alienate from us, in a great measure the really learned men of your race. Little or nothing has been done to conciliate these, while the literature and science which they most highly value have been virtually ignored. The consequence has been that the men of most cultivated minds amongst our race and yours have remained but too often widely apart, each being unable either to understand or to appreciate the other. And thus we have virtually lost the aid and co-operation of those classes who, I feel assured, afforded by far the best instruments for creating the literature we desire.”"


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 'To-morrow I and my young swine will go into Arthur's own country and ravage it.'

Through the sea to Wales went the boar and the seven swine, followed by Arthur and his army and huntsmen and hounds in the King's galley, Prydwen. Turk Truith kept ahead of them, and killed many men and cattle in South Wales. The dead were found, but not their destroyers. Arthur sent out the swiftest hunters, and with them Dridwyn and his own hound Cavall. They hunted through St. David's and Milford, and over the Preselly Mountains, through Cardigan and back along the valleys of the river Loughor and the Aman, over the Black Mountains and the Beacons of Caermarthen, into the Tawy Valley, and over the Beacons of Brecknock. The boar turned upon them not once or twice and slew men, kings, and giants, and many hounds and horses. Often they lost him among the hills or on the cliffs of the coast. If any of the young swine were separated from Turk Truith and surrounded, he broke through to their help. But one by one the swine were killed. All the hounds were now loose; their barking and the shouts of Mabon and Arthur's huntsmen filled every valley. Only two of the swine came alive out of the valleys of the Loughor and the Aman, and soon these also were cut off and overpowered. At the pool of Ewin in Bettws on the slopes of the valley where Aman runs into Loughor, the boar turned upon Arthur himself and slew heroes as well as hounds and yet escaped. He was making eastwards away from these fatal valleys towards the Severn, and Arthur summoned all Cornwall and Devon to meet him at the estuary of the Severn.

'While I live,' said Arthur, 'the boar shall not enter Cornwall. Before that, I will oppose him in single combat myself.'


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 He sent men northward and southward and forced the boar to keep on towards the Severn. Mabon the huntsman came up with him at last in the water. Arthur and the champions of Britain stood upon the banks. Four men entered the river and caught Turk Truith by his feet, dowsing him as a shepherd dowses a sheep at the washing-places. Mabon spurred his horse into the water and seized the razor. On the other side a man took the scissors. But they could not hold the comb. Turk Truith had worked himself into the shallows and found his feet. Neither horse nor hound could overtake him or come in sight of him again until he reached Cornwall. There they wrested the comb from him, but the sword of Gwrnach was never stained in his blood. They could only drive him straight forward along the narrow valleys of Cornwall into the deep sea. Two of the hounds followed him into the sea. Nor was it ever known what became of Turk Truith or of the hounds.

In Cornwall Arthur rested and anointed himself after the hunting. The lesser adventures had still to be achieved by Kilhugh. He found the basket from which Uspathadden desired to eat at the marriage feast: if the whole world came together all could eat and be filled from this basket. He found the harp that was to be played at the feast: whatever melody a man desired it would play of itself. He took the blood of the jet-black sorceress which was necessary to moisten and spread out the hair of Uspathadden before he could be shaved.

With these things Kilhugh set out for the castle of Olwen and Uspathadden, and in his train rode the last son of Custennin and a company of good men who wished ill to the giant. King Kaw of North Britain, who had wrenched the tusk from Yskithyrwyn, was the


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 attractiveness of a dish for the vegetable to have a handsome appearance when cooked.

The seed should be sown in drills, from twelve to eighteen inches apart, if to be worked with the wheel hoe; if for horse culture, two and a half to three feet will have to be allowed between the rows. The ground should be raked clear of clods and made as fine as possible. A drill is made by drawing the rake or hoe handle along the line. The drill should be about an inch in depth and the seed should be dropped about two inches apart, thinning out to six or cight inches apart when well started, and if it is desired, the thinnings can be transplanted to another row. If no small roller is at hand, the drill can be covered and packed by the same operation, by removing the line and shuffling along the row with the feet placed in a V, the forepart of the foot drawing in the fine soil while the heels at the point cover and press the dirt down upon the row; the foot, of course, is only moved a few inches at a time, but with a little practice the rows can be covered in this manner quite rapidly.

.—This is a very early beet, of quick growth and very fine quality. As the leaves of this variety are small and the stems short, they can be grown quite closely together. The roots are perfectly smooth, regular, globe shape, blood-red skin and flesh, fine grained and very sweet when cooked.

.—This variety is turnip-shaped, that is, tapering more gradually below the


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 barber of Uspathadden. He was bound, and Kaw shaved him, beard, skin, and flesh, from ear to ear.

'Art thou shaved, man?' said Kilhugh.

'I am shaved,' answered the giant.

'Is thy daughter mine now?' asked Kilhugh.

'She is thine,' he said, 'but by my free will thou shouldst never have gained her, because when I lose her I lose my life.'

Then the last son of Custennin, unwilling to save Uspathadden to grace the marriage feast, dragged him to the castle keep, cut off his head, and stuck it upon a spike on high. They took possession of the castle and the giant's treasuries. Then Olwen came forth to Kilhugh. Her dress was of flame-coloured silk, and about her neck was a collar of ruddy gold, on which were precious emeralds and rubies. More yellow was her head than the flower of the broom, and her skin was whiter than the foam of the wave, and fairer were her hands and her fingers than the blossoms of the wood anemone amidst the spray of the meadow fountain. The eye of the trained hawk, the glance of the thrice-mewed falcon was not brighter than hers. Her bosom was more snowy than the breast of the white swan, her cheek was redder than the reddest roses. Whoso beheld her was filled with love. Four white trefoils sprang up wherever she trod; and therefore was she called Olwen. She became Kilhugh's bride in that castle upon the great plain, the fairest of the castles of all the world.


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13 tributed greatly to raise that establishment to the eminence it afterward attained, and long preserved, as the principal seminary for students in all the branches of learning, and especially in medicine and Surgery. To this city, therefore, students from all parts resorted; Rome ‘continuing, in this respect at least, an unenvying witness of its prosperity, both before and: after Egypt had fallen under her power.

For that thirst after universal empire, which the demolition of Carthage, and the conquest of Greece, only served to inflame, and that contempt of ‘suffering and death, with which the constant pursuit of that object was connected, and which a false and sullen philosophy in- �


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14 culeated and extolled as a chief perfection’ of human ‘nature; were but little favourable to the advancement of Surgery in Rome. It‘was not till the’ time of Julius Ceesar that its professors: there emerged above a state of servile degradation. Many Surgeons: of merit must, however; have’ flourished ;~and: there were some whom Celsus has called non mediocres professores, by whom various improvements ‘in practice were introduced. But in the time of Celsus,‘as for a long period afterward, Surgery could boast of nothing beyond an empirical character: nor, except: what is-to*be found -in-the work which he himself composed, do the records of that wonderful state furnish �


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15 any thing relating to it, on which we can dwell with satisfaction.

Yet, had it, been. possible for the. lust of. dominion to know any bounds, or for the fever and. delirium of. ambition to. be allayed. by _ victories and _..possessions, Rome might have employed the: balm of science to alleviate the miseries of subjugation, .and. thus becoming. the benefactress, as. well as the empress of..the world, might have confirmed that. dominion which her arms had:obtained. Rich with the spoils, and mistress.of the erudition ofthe most learned nation. in the world, had it been an adequate part of her policy to. cultivate, and diffuse those branches of knowledge which dilute the fiercer passions, and which unite nation �


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16 to nation, and man to man, by the sense of mutual rights. and duties, and by the communication of reciprocal benefits; the internal harmony and strength of her empire, might have kept a nearer proportion to the extent of her sway; and we might have had to look into her annals, for progressive improvements in the art of healing, as well as for terrible displays of the art of destroymg. But, always pursuing domination by power as her primary object, and making the art of war almost the only path to civil honour,* she neglected the moral cement

“la commerce et les arts comme des occupations d’esclaves; ils ne les exercoient point. Sil y eut quelques exceptions, ce ne “ fut que de la part de quelques affranchis qui continuoicnt “ leur premiere industrie. Mais, en general, ils ne connoissoient �
 * Montesquieu remarks, “ Les Citoyens Romains regardoicnt


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18 her from the eyes and admiration of the world, after some continuance, she began to lose the beauty she had. The storms of ambition beat her great boughs and branches one against another; her leaves fell off, her limbs withered, and a rabble of barbarous nations entered the field, and cut her down.”

With the melancholy results of this confusion and overthrow of the fourth great monarchy of the world, we are all well acquainted. For when the Saracens had completed in the eastern part of the empire, that work of desolation which the Goths and Vandals had before effected in the western; and literature and science appeared to have received their mortal blow, by the final destruction of the library �


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46 On the effect of Elementary Schools in improving the habits of the pupils, the Director of Public Instruction in the Punjab remarks:—

"“In some districts the effect of Government Vernacular Schools on the manners and habits of the boys is very remarkable. In 1858-59, when many of these Schools were first established, the widest reports were circulated, and it was asserted that Government, after collecting all the little boys, intended to send them down to Calcutta with some ulterior object that was not clearly explained, but in a short time the scholars were ready to come in from any distance for an examination. When the discipline maintained in a district is good, all the boys who appear at an examination are neat and clean in their persons, and are provided with every requisite, such as paper, pens, ink, &c., &c. This is particularly the case in the Loodhianah District (where the standard of education in Village Schools also is unusually high), and is to be attributed to the active supervision of the Chief Mohurir. The effect produced by many of our Village Schools in teaching habits of neatness, order and cleanliness to the rural population is of great importance.”"

In Bengal, where the educated and upper stratum of Native Society is practically indifferent to the education of the masses, it is the more incumbent on the State to take up the interests of that dumb animal the ryot,—the peace of the country is at stake. On the question of mass education, and the social elevation which must be its result, depends to a great extent the contentment of the people, the purging the Courts from bribery by an enlightened public opinion, the development of the agricultural and commercial resources of India.

On the other hand, its neglect must bring on what Sir, the great English Educationist, has so well stated: “The sure road to socialism is by a prolongation of the contrasts between luxury and destitution; vast accumulations and ill-rewarded toil; high cultivation and barbarism; the enjoyment of political privileges, and the exclusion from all rights by ignorance or indigence.”

J. LONG.

Calcutta, July 30, 1868.


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Author's pen names
The author gives the initials "A. I. R. M. / S. R. F. D. L. L. &c. &c. &c. &c. &c." in the "Epistle Dedicatory", and signs themself "Diabolus Typicus" on p. 177. "Diabolus Typicus" was also used by the author or editor of the article "Sketches of Society: Politics in the Literary Gazette!" in the Literary Gazette and Journal of Belles Lettres (13 November 1830). They seem to have signed contributions to The Lady's Magazine as "W. B.", including an article that is headed "by Scriblerus Secundus" – apparently a pseudonym of Henry Fielding (1707–1754), but also the author of Torrenwald (1824). -- Yodin T 23:39, 4 January 2024 (UTC)

Source texts and first publications
According to the Preface: This seems to imply that not all of the chapters have been published before, and also leaves open the possibility that some might not be translations. -- Yodin T 10:10, 3 January 2024 (UTC)
 * "Most of the following sketches have already appeared, at various intervals, in the periodicals of the day."
 * "The periodical literature of our neighbours, the French, has furnished me with the ground-work and the materials of most of my sketches."
 * "The Eve of Walpurgis"
 * Translation of Heinrich Zschokke's "Die Walpurgisnacht" (perhaps via a French translation?)
 * This translation first published as "The Eve of Walpurgis", in The London University Magazine (1830), part 1 signed "V.", part 2 signed "H." (1830)
 * "A Tale of Truth"
 * First published as "A Tale of Truth" in The Lady's Magazine (1830), signed "W. B."
 * I haven't been able to find any potential source texts, but it does seem like it could well be a translation
 * "Remarkable Vision of Charles XI. of Sweden"
 * Translation of Prosper Mérimée's "Vision de Charles XI" in Revue de Paris (1829)
 * This translation first published as "Remarkable Vision of Charles XI. of Sweden", in Fraser's Magazine (1830)
 * "The Chest"
 * Translation of Marie-Henri Beyle's "Le Coffre et le Revenant"
 * This translation first published as "The Chest: A Spanish Adventure" in The Lady's Magazine (1830)
 * There are some cryptic footnotes to this translation by the editor of the Lady's Magazine, about the ending of the story being lost/rewritten
 * "The Corsican Bandit"
 * Translation of "R... w... S... t... H."'s "La Folle de Bastilica" in Revue des deux mondes (1829)
 * This translation first published as "The Corsican Bandit" in the Monthly Magazine (1830)
 * "The Handkerchief"
 * First published as "The Handkerchief" in The Lady's Magazine (1830), signed "W. B."
 * I haven't been able to find any potential source texts, but it does seem like it could well be a translation
 * "Tales of the Dead"
 * I haven't been able to find any other copies of this, so it might be original to this book. The references to English works might be a substitution from source language cultural references, but might also be an indication that this is not a translation
 * Though it's one continuous chapter without separate headers, there are three stories; any/all of these could be a translation or retelling from a different source
 * "My First Affair"
 * Translation of Prosper Mérimée's "L’Enlèvement de la redoute" in Revue de Paris (1829)
 * This translation possibly first published in The United Service Journal (1830)
 * "The Privateer"
 * I can't find any sources from before 1831, but the following stories seem to be related to it:
 * "Pirate grand d’Espangne", signed Victor Charlier
 * "Ein Abenteuer an den Inseln des grünen Vorgebirgs"
 * "Toniotto"
 * Translation of Prosper Mérimée's "Mateo Falcone" in Revue de Paris (1829)
 * A footnote states that this is a translation of a story from Revue de Paris (May 1829), which itself seems to have been borrowed from a story called "Corsican Father" in the Family Magazine for October (perhaps 1828?). I haven't been able to find a scan of this magazine online.
 * "The Crossway of the Four Brothers"
 * Seems to be a translation of Samuel-Henri Berthoud's "L’Archet du Sabbat", though the earliest copy of this I can find is 1831
 * This translation first published as "The Crossway of the Four Brothers" in The Lady's Magazine (1830), signed "W. B."
 * "The Button-Holder"
 * Possibly first published in The Lady's Magazine (1830), signed "W. B."
 * I can't find any possible sources in other languages. As this is called "A Sketch from Life", it might be original, and not a translation.


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 at Alexandria, a frightful and blighting gloom overspread the states of Asia and of Europe. The temple of knowledge, as it were, being thus thrown down, its disgregated fragments were afterward only to be found in situations remote from each other; their connection dissolved, their symmetry defaced, and their finest features at length overgrown and choked up, by the rank and noxious weeds of credulity and imposture.

It will therefore avail us but little to look into the writings of those authors, which the dark ages that followed occasionally produced. For however creditable their works might have been to their respective compilers, they now appear to us, as chiefly characterised by


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 shoulder than the Eclipse; the foliage is short and stocky, enabling a heavy crop to be grown, as they can be grown as closely as six inches apart; the flesh, of a deep blood red, is of the finest quality.

.—This beet attains quite a large size and is very smooth and regular in appearance; the flesh is deep blood red and of fine quality, whether eaten in summer or stored for winter use; it is one of the best varieties for the latter purpose, and should be sown as described for the winter crop. Of this vegetable two distinct crops, are raised in every garden, while many gardeners, by successive sowings and the use of several varieties, have them fit for use constantly from early spring until fall, and throughout the entire winter by storage. In the ordinary garden the same result may be obtained by planting larger quantities of the early and summer varieties, and cutting them as wanted for use, as most of them will stand the whole summer without bursting or going to seed, and by early fall some of the winter cabbage will be large enough for use.

.—The seed for these should be sown in a hotbed from the 1st to the 15th of February. As soon as the plants are large enough to set out they should be given plenty of air, and should be gradually hardened off until they are able to stand the cool nights without protection; but they should not be allowed to freeze. Treated in this way they will be ready for planting out as soon as the


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 those imperfections under which science continued to labour, till after the restoration of learning in Europe.

When this important revolution had taken place, and the invention of printing had supplied a more ready, and more certain way, of promulgating and preserving the information that was acquired, no branch of knowledge appears to have been more speedily and effectually benefited, than Medicine. Many diligent labourers in Anatomy arose, their discoveries were quickly made known, and we may trace a rapid progress in this first requisite for the substantial improvement of Surgery, in the successive works of Mundini, Vesalius, Fallopius, Eustachius, Fabricius, Malpighi, and others.


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is essentially a tragic age, so we refuse to take it tragically. The cataclysm has happened, we are among the ruins, we start to build up new little habitats, to have new little hopes. It is rather hard work: there is now no smooth road into the future: but we go round, or scramble over the obstacles. We've got to live, no matter how many skies have fallen.

This was more or less Constance Chatterley's position. The war had brought the roof down over her head. And she had realised that one must live and learn.

She married Clifford Chatterley in 1917, when he was home for a month on leave. They had a month's honeymoon. Then he went back to Flanders: to be shipped over to England again six months later, more or less in bits. Constance, his wife, was then twenty-three years old, and he was twenty-nine.

His hold on life was marvellous. He didn't die, and the bits seemed to grow together again. For two years he remained in the doctor's hands. Then he was pronounced a cure, and could return to life again, with the lower half of his body, from the hips down, paralysed for ever.

This was in 1920. They returned, Clifford and Constance, to his home, Wragby Hall, the family "seat." His father had died, Clifford was now a baronet, Sir Clifford, and Constance was Lady Chatterley. They came to start housekeeping and married life in the rather forlorn home of the Chatterleys on a rather inadequate income. Clifford had a sister, but she had departed. Otherwise there were no near relatives. The elder brother was dead in the war. Crippled for ever, knowing he could never have any children, Clifford came home to the smoky Midlands to keep the Chatterley name alive while he could.


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 ground can be worked. In making this sowing I would have it of two kinds—some of a small, hardheading, early variety, and about twice as many of a larger-heading summer kind. These latter are described as second early in the seed catalogues.

These early cabbages need very little care except to have frequent and thorough cultivation, as they are comparatively free from insect pests as long as they make a healthy growth. If attacked by the black fly or green worm, they should be dusted with land plaster or slug shot early in the morning, while the dew is still on them. The soil around these and all other crops that depend on quick growth for their superior qualities, must not only be cultivated, to kill the weeds, but must be kept loose and well stirred, to admit the air to the roots of the plants; it must not be allowed to lic heavy and packed after dashing rains, but should be stirred up as soon as dry enough. The rows may be as close as can be worked with the cultivator, say about three feet, and the plants about one and a half feet apart in the row, or even closer, if the variety grown makes but small heads.

.—As soon as the ground becomes warm in the spring, or early in May, a seed bed should be made and sown with the late varieties of cabbage and celery, or the seed may be sown in drills in the garden; the seed being sown in very thinly, so as to produce plants standing about half an inch apart in the row. Where it can be done, it is best to sow the seed in a special bed or cold frame, where they can be watered and nursed to a good size by the time they are wanted for planting.


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 But the labours of these and many succeeding anatomists, served more to advance Surgery as an art, than as a science. We are obliged to confess, that it was too long unconnected with general philosophy, and a sound physiology. It became crowded with rules, but it was not proportionably enlightened by principles, till that individual was raised up, whose birth and usefulness we now commemorate. I think, therefore, that I shall approach more directly to the object of our present meeting, if, leaving a mere historical notice of deserving individuals, or improvements in particular departments of practice, I briefly review those discoveries and changes, by the nature and co-efficiency of which, Surgery has at


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 length been raised to that rank among the sciences, which it now so deservedly holds. I shall thus be able more distinctly to set before you Mr. Hunter's merits; to shew the important uses he made of the discoveries of others, and of his own; and to point out the advantages we have already derived, and shall yet continue to derive, from persevering in that safe road into which he has conducted us.

And first we must acknowledge our obligations, in common with those of the whole scientific world, to the talents and writings of Lord Bacon, whose wise and luminous mind so clearly perceived and effectually exposed, the folly of assuming an undemonstrated hypothesis, for


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 He was not really downcast. He could wheel himself about in a wheeled chair, and he had a bath-chair with a small motor attachment, so he could drive himself slowly round the garden and into the fine melancholy park, of which he was really so proud, though he pretended to be flippant about it.

Having suffered so much, the capacity for suffering had to some extent left him. He remained strange and bright and cheerful, almost, one might say, chirpy, with his ruddy, healthy-looking face, and his pale-blue, challenging bright eyes. His shoulders were broad and strong, his hands were very strong. He was expensively dressed, and wore handsome neckties from Bond Street. Yet still in his face one saw the watchful look, the slight vacancy of a cripple.

He had so very nearly lost his life, that what remained was wonderfully precious to him. It was obvious in the anxious brightness of his eyes, how proud he was, after the great shock, of being alive. But he had been so much hurt that something inside him had perished, some of his feelings had gone. There was a blank of insentience.

Constance, his wife, was a ruddy, country-looking girl with soft brown hair and sturdy body, and slow movements, full of unusual energy. She had big, wondering eyes, and a soft mild voice, and seemed just to have come from her native village. It was not so at all. Her father was the once well-known R. A., old Sir Malcolm Reid. Her mother had been one of the cultivated Fabians in the palmy, rather pre-Raphaelite days. Between artists and cultured socialists, Constance and her sister Hilda had what might be called an aesthetically unconventional upbringing. They had been taken to Paris and Florence and Rome to breathe in art, and they had been taken also in the other direction, to the Hague and Berlin, to great Socialist conventions, where the speakers spoke in every civilised tongue, and no one was abashed.

The two girls, therefore, were from an early age not the least daunted by either art or ideal politics. It was their natural atmosphere. They were at once cosmopolitan and provincial, with the cosmopolitan provincialism of art that goes with pure social ideals.

They had been sent to Dresden at the age of fifteen, for music among other things. And they had had a good time there. They lived freely among the students, they argued with the men over


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 The Flat Dutch and Drumhead types are the best for this planting, though many prefer the Savoys, claiming a superior delicacy of flavor, on account of their having more leaf surface to the number of ribs or veins; they are not, however, nearly such sure headers, nor are they as good keepers when buried.

It is important to get the seed sown early, that the plants may be had of good size by the middle of June, though they will make a partial crop if planted as late as the middle of August. As these varieties make larger heads than the summer cabbages, they cannot be planted so closely; the rows should be 3 to 3½ feet apart, and the plants 2 to 2½ feet apart in the rows. These can be planted and grown between the rows of early peas, corn or potatoes; but I would prefer to wait until the first crop of corn be cleared off the ground, as it can then be brought into much better condition. It adds greatly to the labor of harvesting the first crop when the ground is so closely planted, and the soil is apt to become hard and packed before it can be cultivated again.

When possible, the young cabbage plants should be set out directly before or after a good rain, but if there is no prospect of rain, they should be planted in the evening and a tincupful of water should be poured in each hole before the plant is set in; then draw the dry earth up around the stem and pack firmly around the plant; this will enable them to withstand at least a week of dry weather. If the drought should continue longer, or they do not come up fresh in the morning after a flagging day, they must be watered in the cool of the evening, when the plant will have


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324 selves. We should therefore be guilty of a gross dereliction of duty to ourselves, and afford our rulers just ground of complaint at our apathy, did we omit on occasions of importance like the present to supply them with such accurate information as might enable them to devise and adopt measures calculated to be beneficial to the country, and thus second by our local knowledge and experience their declared benevolent intentions for its improvements.

The establishment of a new Sanskrit School in Calcutta evinces the laudable desire of Government to improve the natives of India by education,—a blessing for which they must ever be grateful; and every well-wisher of the human race must be desirous that the efforts made to promote it should be guided by the most enlightened principles, so that the stream of intelligence may flow in the most useful channels.

When this seminary of learning was proposed, we understood that the government in England had ordered a considerable sum of money to be annually devoted to the instruction of its Indian subjects. We were filled with sanguine hopes that this sum would be laid out in employing European gentlemen of talents and education to instruct the natives of India in Mathematics, Natural Philosophy, Chemistry, Anatomy, and other useful sciences, which the nations of Europe have carried to a degree of perfection that has raised them above the inhabitants of other parts of the world.

While we looked forward with pleasing hope to the dawn of knowledge thus promised to the rising generation, our hearts were filled with mingled feelings of delight and gratitude; we already offered up thanks to


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 philosophical, sociological and artistic matters, they were just as good as the men themselves: only better, since they were women. And they tramped off to the forests with sturdy youths bearing guitars, twang-twang! They sang the Wandervogel songs, and they were free. Free! That was the great word. Out in the open world, out in the forests of the morning, with lusty and splendid-throated young fellows, free to do as they liked, and—above all—to say what they liked. It was the talk that mattered supremely: the impassioned interchange of talk. Love was only a minor accompaniment.

Both Hilda and Constance had had their tentative love affairs by the time they were eighteen. The young men with whom they talked so passionately and sang so lustily and camped under the trees in such freedom wanted, of course, the love connection. The girls were doubtful, but then the thing was so much talked about, it was supposed to be so important. And the men were so humble and craving. Why couldn't a girl be queenly, and give the gift of herself?

So they had given the gift of themselves, each to the youth with whom she had the most subtle and intimate arguments. The arguments, the discussions were the great thing: the love-making and connection were only a sort of primitive reversion and a bit of an anticlimax. One was less in love with the boy afterwards, and a little inclined to hate him, as if he had trespassed on one's privacy and inner freedom. For, of course, being a girl, one's whole dignity and meaning in life consisted in the achievement of an absolute, a perfect, a pure and noble freedom. What else did a girl's life mean? To shake off the old and sordid connections and subjections.

And however one might sentimentalise it, this sex business was one of the most ancient, sordid connections and subjections. Poets who glorified it were mostly men. Women had always known there was something better, something higher. And now they knew it more definitely than ever. The beautiful pure freedom of a woman was infinitely more wonderful than any sexual love. The only unfortunate thing was that men lagged so far behind women in the matter. They insisted on the sex thing like dogs.

And a woman had to yield. A man was like a child with his appetites. A woman had to yield him what he wanted, or like a child he would probably turn nasty and flounce away and spoil what was


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Rh Providence for inspiring the most generous and enlightened nations of the West with the glorious ambition of planting in Asia the arts and sciences of modern Europe.

We find that the government are establishing a Sanskrit school under Hindu Pundits, to impart such knowledge as is already current in India. This seminary (similar in character to those which existed in Europe before the time of Lord ) can only be expected to load the minds of youth with grammatical niceties and metaphysical distinctions of little or no practical use to the possessors or to society. The pupils will there acquire what was known two thousand years ago, with the addition of vain and empty subtleties since produced by speculative men, such as is already commonly taught in all parts of India.

The Sanskrit language, so difficult that almost a lifetime is necessary for its acquisition, is well known to have been for ages a lamentable check on the diffusion of knowledge; and the learning concealed under this almost impervious veil is forfar [sic] from sufficient to reward the labour of acquiring it. But if it were thought necessary to perpetuate this language for the sake of the portion of valuable information it contains, this might be much more easily accomplished by other means than the establishment of a new Sanskrit college; for there have been always and are now numerous professors of Sanskrit in the different parts of the country engaged in teaching this language as well as the other branches of literature which are to be the object of the new seminary. Therefore their more diligent cultivation, if desirable, would be effectually promoted by holding out premiums and granting certain allowances to their most eminent profes-


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 June the fourteenth.

the date down. I put it down precisely, and drive it into my memory like the nail that Jael drove into living flesh and bone and brain. Now that I have done it, I wonder that I am not as dead as Sisera.

I have told a person to-night—I, being sane and in my right mind, competent to sign a will, or serve as a witness, or be treasurer of a charity bazaar—I, Marna Trent, have told a person that I—

How long ago was it? Forty-five minutes, by my watch. We were in the drawing-room, for Father had two governors and three senators to dinner, and he had them prisoners in the library, and the secretary was let off. So Job was lying on the flounce of my white swiss with the May-flowers embroidered on it, and the lights were a little low on account of the June-beetles, and there was a moon, and our long lace curtain drifted in and out, and blew against me, and I got twisted in it like a veil.

And the secretary said— Then I said— He looked like that savage I wrote about—the one that flung all the tribes into war. If he had picked me up and jumped over the garden wall with me, I should n't have been surprised in the least. The terrible thing is that I should n't


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326 sors, who have already undertaken on their own account to teach them, and would by such rewards be stimulated to still greater exertions.

From these considerations, as the sunsum [sic] set apart for the instruction of the natives of India was intended by the Government in England for the improvement of its Indian subjects, I beg leave to state, with due deference to your Lordship’s exalted situation, that if the plan now adopted be followed, it will completely defeat the object proposed; since no improvement can be expected from inducing young men to consume a dozen of years of the most valuable period of their lives in acquiring the niceties of Baikaran or Sanskrit grammar. For instance, in learning to discuss such points as the following: khada, signifying to eat, khadati, he or she or it eats; query, whether does khadati, taken as a whole, convey the meaning he, she, or it eats, or are separate parts of this meaning conveyed by distinctions of the words, as if in the English language it were asked, how much meaning is there in the eat, how much in the s and is the whole meaning of the word conveyed by these two portions of it distinctly, or by them taken jointly?

Neither can much improvement arise from such speculations as the following, which are the themes suggested by the Vedanta,—in what manner is the soul absorbed into the Deity? What relation does it bear to the Divine Essence? Nor will youths be fitted to be better members of society by the Vedantic doctrines, which teach them to believe that all visible things have no real existence; that as father, brother, &c. have no actual entity, they consequently deserve no real affection, and therefore the sooner we escape from them and leave the world the better.


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 have much cared if he had. For the man did look as glorious as a deity. But he had the divine originality to tell me that I loved him.

And the veriest squaw in the latest great and gory North American historical novel could n't have acted worse than I did.

For I said I did.

As soon as the words were out of me, I could have killed myself. And when I saw the expression on his face, I could have killed him (that is, I could have if, say, it had been the fashion of my tribe). There never was a civilized woman who had more of the "forest primeval" in her than I, and never one who was less suspected of it. I am thought to be quite a proper person, like other well-bred girls; and the curious thing is that the savage in me never breaks out in improper ways, but only smolders, and sharpens knives, and thinks things, and hums war-cries under its breath—and carries chiffon sunshades, and wears twelve-button gloves and satin slippers or embroidered Mayflowers all the while. And nothing could prove it so well as the fact that my hand and my brain are writing this sentence, putting words together decently and in order, while I have fled into a pathless place and hidden from myself. If he were here this minute, searching my soul with


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   here is that Shaw behaved towards Socialism just as he behaved towards vegetarianism; he offered every reason except the emotional reason, which was the real one. When taxed in a Daily News discussion with being a Socialist for the obvious reason that poverty was cruel, he said this was quite wrong; it was only because poverty was wasteful. He practically professed that modern society annoyed him, not so much like an unrighteous kingdom, but rather like an untidy room. Everyone who knew him knew, of course, that he was full of a proper brotherly bitterness about the oppression of the poor. But here again he would not admit that he was anything but an Economist.

In thus setting his face like flint against sentimental methods of argument he undoubtedly did one great service to the causes for which he stood. Every vulgar anti-humanitarian, every snob who wants monkeys vivisected or beggars flogged has always fallen back upon stereotyped phrases like "maudlin" and "sentimental," which indicated the humanitarian as a man in a weak condition of tears. The mere personality of Shaw has shattered those foolish phrases for ever. Shaw the humanitarian was like Voltaire the humanitarian, a man whose satire was like steel, the


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Rh Again, no essential benefit can be derived by the student of the Mimansa from knowing what it is that makes the killer of a goat sinless on pronouncing certain passages of the VendataVedanta [sic], and what is the real nature and operative influence of passages of the Vedas, &c.

The student of the Naya Shastra cannot be said to have improved his mind after he has learned from it into how many ideal classes the objects in the universe are divided, and what speculative relation the soul bears to the body, the body to the soul, the eye to the ear, &c.

In order to enable your Lordship to appreciate the utility of encouraging such imaginary learning as above characterized, I beg your Lordship will be pleased to compare the state of science and literature in Europe before the time of Lord Bacon with the progress of knowledge made since he wrote.

If it had been intended to keep the British nation in ignorance of real knowledge, the Baconian philosophy would not have been allowed to displace the system of the schoolmen, which was the best calculated to perpetuate ignorance. In the same manner the Sanskrit system of education would be the best calculated to keep this country in darkness, if such had been the policy of the British legislature. But as the improvement of the native population is the object of the Government, it will consequently promote a more liberal and enlightened system of instruction; embracing Mathematics, Natural Philosophy, Chemistry, Anatomy, with other useful sciences, which may be accomplished with the sum proposed by employing a few gentlemen of talents and learning educated in Europe, and providing a college furnished with necessary books, instruments, and other apparatus.


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   hardest and coolest of fighters, upon whose piercing point the wretched defenders of a masculine brutality wriggled like worms. In this quarrel one cannot wish Shaw even an inch less contemptuous, for the people who call compassion "sentimentalism" deserve nothing but contempt. In this one does not even regret his coldness; it is an honourable contrast to the blundering emotionalism of the jingoes and flagellomaniacs. The truth is that the ordinary anti-humanitarian only manages to harden his heart by having already softened his head. It is the reverse of sentimental to insist that a nigger is being burned alive; for sentimentalism must be the clinging to pleasant thoughts. And no one, not even a Higher Evolutionist, can think a nigger burned alive a pleasant thought. The sentimental thing is to warm your hands at the fire while denying the existence of the nigger, and that is the ruling habit in England, as it has been the chief business of Bernard Shaw to show. And in this the brutalitarians hate him not because he is soft, but because he is hard, because he is not to be softened by conventional excuses; because he looks hard at a thing—and hits harder. Some foolish fellow of the Henley-Whibley reaction wrote that if we