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Wilson v. Arkansas/Opinion of the Court

delivered the opinion of the Court.

At the time of the framing, the common law of search and seizure recognized a law enforcement officer's authority to break open the doors of a dwelling, but generally indicated that he first ought to announce his presence and authority. In this case, we hold that this common-law "knock and announce" principle forms a part of the reasonableness inquiry under the Fourth Amendment.

I
During November and December 1992, petitioner Sharlene Wilson made a series of narcotics sales to an informant acting at the direction of the Arkansas State Police. In late November, the informant purchased marijuana and methamphetamine at the home that petitioner shared with Bryson Jacobs. On December 30, the informant telephoned petitioner at her home and arranged to meet her at a local store to buy some marijuana. According to testimony presented below, petitioner produced a semiautomatic pistol at this meeting and waved it in the informant's face, threatening to kill her if she turned out to be working for the police. Petitioner then sold the informant a bag of marijuana.

The next day, police officers applied for and obtained warrants to search petitioner's home and to arrest both petitioner and Jacobs. Affidavits filed in support of the warrants set forth the details of the narcotics transactions and stated that Jacobs had previously been convicted of arson and firebombing. The search was conducted later that afternoon. Police officers found the main door to petitioner's home open. While opening an unlocked screen door and entering the residence, they identified themselves as police officers and stated that they had a warrant. Once inside the home, the officers seized marijuana, methamphetamine, valium, narcotics paraphernalia, a gun, and ammunition. They also found petitioner in the bathroom, flushing marijuana down the toilet. Petitioner and Jacobs were arrested and [p930] charged with delivery of marijuana, delivery of methamphetamine, possession of drug paraphernalia, and possession of marijuana.

Before trial, petitioner filed a motion to suppress the evidence seized during the search. Petitioner asserted that the search was invalid on various grounds, including that the officers had failed to "knock and announce" before entering her home. The trial court summarily denied the suppression motion. After a jury trial, petitioner was convicted of all charges and sentenced to 32 years in prison.

The Arkansas Supreme Court affirmed petitioner's conviction on appeal. 317 Ark. 548, 878 S.W.2d 755 (1994). The court noted that "the officers entered the home while they were identifying themselves," but it rejected petitioner's argument that "the Fourth Amendment requires officers to knock and announce prior to entering the residence." Id., at 553, 878 S.W.2d, at 758 (emphasis added). Finding "no authority for [petitioner's] theory that the knock and announce principle is required by the Fourth Amendment," the court concluded that neither Arkansas law nor the Fourth Amendment required suppression of the evidence. Ibid.

We granted certiorari to resolve the conflict among the lower courts as to whether the common-law knock and announce principle forms a part of the Fourth Amendment reasonableness inquiry. 513 U.S. 1014 (1994). We hold that it does, and accordingly reverse and remand. [p931]

II
The Fourth Amendment to the Constitution protects "[t]he right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures." In evaluating the scope of this right, we have looked to the traditional protections against unreasonable searches and seizures afforded by the common law at the time of the framing. See California v. Hodari D., 499 U.S. 621, 624 (1991); United States v. Watson, 423 U.S. 411, 418–420 (1976); Carroll v. United States, 267 U.S. 132, 149 (1925). "Although the underlying command of the Fourth Amendment is always that searches and seizures be reasonable," New Jersey v. T.L.O., 469 U.S. 325, 337 (1985), our effort to give content to this term may be guided by the meaning ascribed to it by the Framers of the Amendment. An examination of the common law of search and seizure leaves no doubt that the reasonableness of a search of a dwelling may depend in part on whether law enforcement officers announced their presence and authority prior to entering.

Although the common law generally protected a man's house as "his castle of defense and asylum," 3 W. Blackstone, Commentaries *288 (hereinafter Blackstone), common-law courts long have held that "when the King is party, the sheriff (if the doors be not open) may break the party's house, either to arrest him, or to do other execution of the K[ing]'s process, if otherwise he cannot enter." Semayne's Case, 5 Co. Rep. 91a, 91b, 77 Eng. Rep. 194, 195 (K.B. 1603). To this rule, however, common-law courts appended an important qualification:

"But before he breaks it, he ought to signify the cause of his coming, and to make request to open doors for the law without a default in the owner abhors the destruction or breaking of any house (which is for the habitation and safety of man) by which great damage and inconvenience might ensue to the party, when no [p932] default is in him; for perhaps he did not know of the process, of which, if he had notice, it is to be presumed that he would obey it Ibid., 77 Eng. Rep., at 195–196.

See also Case of Richard Curtis, Fost. 135, 137, 168 Eng. Rep. 67, 68 (Crown 1757) ("[N]o precise form of words is required in a case of this kind. It is sufficient that the party hath notice, that the officer cometh not as a mere trespasser, but claiming to act under a proper authority ); Lee v. Gansell, Lofft 374, 381–382, 98 Eng. Rep. 700, 705 (K.B. 1774) ("[A]s to the outer door, the law is now clearly taken" that it is privileged; but the door may be broken "when the due notification and demand has been made and refused").

Several prominent founding-era commentators agreed on this basic principle. According to Sir Matthew Hale, the "constant practice" at common law was that "the officer may break open the door, if he be sure the offender is there, if after acquainting them of the business, and demanding the prisoner, he refuses to open the door." See 1 M. Hale, Pleas of the Crown *582. William Hawkins propounded a similar principle: "the law doth never allow" an officer to break open the door of a dwelling "but in cases of necessity," that is, unless he "first signify to those in the house the cause of his coming, and request them to give him admittance." 2 W. Hawkins, Pleas of the Crown, ch. 14, § 1, p. 138 (6th ed. 1787). [p933] Sir William Blackstone stated simply that the sheriff may "justify breaking open doors, if the possession be not quietly delivered." 3 Blackstone *412.

The common-law knock and announce principle was woven quickly into the fabric of early American law. Most of the States that ratified the Fourth Amendment had enacted constitutional provisions or statutes generally incorporating English common law, see, e.g., N.J. Const. of 1776, § 22, in 5 Federal and State Constitutions 2598 (F. Thorpe ed. 1909) ("[T]he common law of England shall still remain in force, until [it] shall be altered by a future law of the Legislature"); N.Y. Const. of 1777, Art. 35, in id., at 2635 ("[S]uch parts of the common law of England as  did form the law of [New York on April 19, 1775] shall be and continue the law of this State, subject to such alterations and provisions as the legislature of this State shall, from time to time, make concerning the same"); Ordinances of May 1776, ch. 5, § 6, in 9 Statutes at Large of Virginia 127 (W. Hening ed. 1821) ("[T]he common law of England shall be the rule of decision, and shall be considered as in full force, until the same shall be altered by the legislative power of this colony"), and a few States had enacted statutes specifically embracing the common-law view that the breaking of the door of a dwelling was permitted once admittance was refused, see, e.g., Act of Nov. 8, 1782, ch. 15, ¶ 6, in Acts and Laws of Massachusetts 193 (1782); Act of Apr. 13, 1782, ch. 39, § 3, in 1 Laws of the State of New York 480 (1886); Act of June 24, 1782, ch. 317, § 18, in Acts of the General Assembly of New-Jersey (1784) (reprinted in The First Laws of the State of New Jersey 293-294 (J. Cushing comp.1981)); Act of Dec. 23, 1780, ch. 925, § 5, in 10 Statutes at Large of Pennsylvania 255 (J. Mitchell & H. Flanders comp. 1904). Early American courts similarly embraced the common-law knock and announce principle. See, e.g., Walker v. Fox, 32 Ky. 404, 405 (1834); Burton v. Wilkinson, 18 Vt. 186, 189 (1846); Howe v. Butterfield, 58 Mass. 302, 305 (1849). See generally [p934] Blakey, The Rule of Announcement and Unlawful Entry, 112 U. Pa. L. Rev. 499, 504–508 (1964) (collecting cases).

Our own cases have acknowledged that the common-law principle of announcement is "embedded in Anglo-American law," Miller v. United States, 357 U.S. 301, 313 (1958), but we have never squarely held that this principle is an element of the reasonableness inquiry under the Fourth Amendment. We now so hold. Given the longstanding common-law endorsement of the practice of announcement, we have little doubt that the Framers of the Fourth Amendment thought that the method of an officer's entry into a dwelling was among the factors to be considered in assessing the reasonableness of a search or seizure. Contrary to the decision below, we hold that in some circumstances an officer's unannounced entry into a home might be unreasonable under the Fourth Amendment.

This is not to say, of course, that every entry must be preceded by an announcement. The Fourth Amendment's flexible requirement of reasonableness should not be read to mandate a rigid rule of announcement that ignores countervailing law enforcement interests. As even petitioner concedes, the common-law principle of announcement was never stated as an inflexible rule requiring announcement under all circumstances. See Ker v. California, 374 U.S. 23, 38 (1963) (plurality opinion) ("[I]t has been recognized from the early common law that breaking is permissible in executing an arrest under certain circumstances"); see also, e.g., [p935] White & Wiltsheire, 2 Rolle 137, 138, 81 Eng. Rep. 709, 710 (K.B. 1619) (upholding the sheriff's breaking of the door of the plaintiff's dwelling after the sheriff's bailiffs had been imprisoned in plaintiff's dwelling while they attempted an earlier execution of the seizure); Pugh v. Griffith, 7 Ad. & E. 827, 840–841, 112 Eng. Rep. 681, 686 (K.B. 1838) (holding that "the necessity of a demand  is obviated, because there was nobody on whom a demand could be made" and noting that White & Wiltsheire leaves open the possibility that there may be "other occasions where the outer door may be broken" without prior demand).

Indeed, at the time of the framing, the common-law admonition that an officer "ought to signify the cause of his coming," Semayne's Case, 5 Co. Rep., at 91b, 77 Eng. Rep., at 195, had not been extended conclusively to the context of felony arrests. See Blakey, supra, at 503 ("The full scope of the application of the rule in criminal cases was never judicially settled"); Launock v. Brown, 2 B. & Ald. 592, 593, 106 Eng. Rep. 482, 483 (K.B. 1819) ("It is not at present necessary for us to decide how far, in the case of a person charged with felony, it would be necessary to make a previous demand of admittance before you could justify breaking open the outer door of his house"); W. Murfree, Law of Sheriffs and Other Ministerial Officers § 1163, p. 631 (1st ed. 1884) ("[A]lthough there has been some doubt on the question, the better opinion seems to be that, in cases of felony, no demand of admittance is necessary, especially as, in many cases, the delay incident to it would enable the prisoner to escape"). The common-law principle gradually was applied to cases involving felonies, but at the same time the courts continued to recognize that under certain circumstances the presumption in favor of announcement necessarily would give way to contrary considerations.

Thus, because the common-law rule was justified in part by the belief that announcement generally would avoid "the destruction or breaking of any house by which great [p936] damage and inconvenience might ensue," Semayne's Case, supra, at 91b, 77 Eng. Rep., at 196, courts acknowledged that the presumption in favor of announcement would yield under circumstances presenting a threat of physical violence. See, e.g., Read v. Case, 4 Conn. 166, 170 (1822) (plaintiff who "had resolved to resist even to the shedding of blood  was not within the reason and spirit of the rule requiring notice"); Mahomed v. The Queen, 4 Moore 239, 247, 13 Eng. Rep. 293, 296 (P.C. 1843) ("While he was firing pistols at them, were they to knock at the door, and to ask him to be pleased to open it for them? The law in its wisdom only requires this ceremony to be observed when it possibly may be attended with some advantage, and may render the breaking open of the outer door unnecessary"). Similarly, courts held that an officer may dispense with announcement in cases where a prisoner escapes from him and retreats to his dwelling. See, e.g., ibid.; Allen v. Martin, 10 Wend. 300, 304 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1833). Proof of "demand and refusal" was deemed unnecessary in such cases because it would be a "senseless ceremony" to require an officer in pursuit of a recently escaped arrestee to make an announcement prior to breaking the door to retake him. Id., at 304. Finally, courts have indicated that unannounced entry may be justified where police officers have reason to believe that evidence would likely be destroyed if advance notice were given. See Ker, supra, 374 U.S., at 40–41 (plurality opinion); People v. Maddox, 46 Cal. 2d 301, 305–306, 294 P.2d 6, 9 (1956).

We need not attempt a comprehensive catalog of the relevant countervailing factors here. For now, we leave to the lower courts the task of determining the circumstances under which an unannounced entry is reasonable under the Fourth Amendment. We simply hold that although a search or seizure of a dwelling might be constitutionally defective if police officers enter without prior announcement, law enforcement interests may also establish the reasonableness of an unannounced entry. [p937]

III
Respondent contends that the judgment below should be affirmed because the unannounced entry in this case was justified for two reasons. First, respondent argues that police officers reasonably believed that a prior announcement would have placed them in peril, given their knowledge that petitioner had threatened a government informant with a semiautomatic weapon and that Mr. Jacobs had previously been convicted of arson and firebombing. Second, respondent suggests that prior announcement would have produced an unreasonable risk that petitioner would destroy easily disposable narcotics evidence.

These considerations may well provide the necessary justification for the unannounced entry in this case. Because the Arkansas Supreme Court did not address their sufficiency, however, we remand to allow the state courts to make any necessary findings of fact and to make the determination of reasonableness in the first instance. The judgment of the Arkansas Supreme Court is reversed, and the case is remanded for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.

It is so ordered.

title: Wilson v. Arkansas/Opinion of the Court


text: Talk:Wilson v. Arkansas

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 "Can't blame you for laughing," sighed Vyvyan. "I am rather rotten at the game. Was 'steenth secretary at the Washington Embassy and just got the jolly old boot for most frightful incompetency."

"What are you going to do next?"

"Go home and devil my brother's soul. He's the Duke, y'know, and has lots of what you Americans call pull. I s'pose he'll get me some secretaryship in one of those interesting and unwashed Balkan principalities, but he'll have to wait a while until this Washington mess blows over. He won't like it a bit. You see, I'm not over-flush with the ready; rather stony, in fact, and my brother is as stingy as anything. Never mind, old dear, have one more of the liquid?"

"No, thanks, I've had a nose full."

"Right. Let's go down and eat. Ship's filled with Germans and Austrians and all that sort, eatin' peas with steel knives and inhalin' soup through their jolly old ears, so we two might as well sit together and show 'em a solid Anglo-Saxon front, what? Let's go feed!"

That day and the following saw Tom Graves and Lord Vyvyan continuously together. Occasionally the former saw Bertha Wedekind, usually accompanied by a couple of tall, lean Germans who, the Englishman said, belonged to the German Embassy in Washington. Tom was jealous, but he had to grin and bear it. He knew how stubborn the girl was and that she would doubtless live up to her threat and complain to the captain if he tried to address her.

He spoke to but few of the other passengers. He was garrulous and sociable by nature. Too, he had always liked the Germans whom he had known in the Northwest, chiefly Martin Wedekind, though, when


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102c. 43 SCHEDULE 7 Summary Jurisdiction Act 1857 (20 & 21 Vict. c. 43) 1. In sections 6 and 10 of the Summary Jurisdiction Act 1857 for “the Magistrates’ Courts Act 1952” (wherever the words occur) substitute “the Magistrates’ Courts Act 1980”. Criminal Law Amendment Act 1867 (30 & 31 Vict. c. 35) 2. In section 6 of the Criminal Law Amendment Act 1867 for “section forty-one of the Magistrates’ Courts Act 1952” substitute “section 105 of the Magistrates’ Courts Act 1980” and for “section fifteen of the Justices of the Peace Act 1949” substitute “section 144 of that Act”. Gun Barrel Proof Act 1868 (c. cxiii) 3. In section 4 of the Gun Barrel Proof Act 1868, in the definition of “statutory maximum”, for “section 28 of the Criminal Law Act 1977” substitute “section 32 of the Magistrates’ Courts Act 1980”. Criminal Justice Act 1925 (15 & 16 Geo. 5 c. 86) 4. In section 12(4) of the Criminal Justice Act 1925 for “section fifteen of the Justices of the Peace Act 1949” substitute “section 144 of the Magistrates’ Courts Act 1980”.

5. In section 33(4) of the Criminal Justice Act 1925 for the words following “may be made by rules” in the second place where those words occur substitute “under section 144 of the Magistrates’ Courts Act 1980”. Children and Young Persons Act 1933 (23 & 24 Geo. 5 c. 12) 6. In section 46(1A) of the Children and Young Persons Act 1933 for “section 1 of the Magistrates’ Courts Act 1957” substitute “section 12 of the Magistrates’ Courts Act 1980”. Criminal Justice Act 1948 (11 & 12 Geo. 6 c. 58) 7. In section 27(3) of the Criminal Justice Act 1948 for “section 105(5) of the Magistrates’ Courts Act 1952” substitute “section 128(7) of the Magistrates’ Courts Act 1980”. Maintenance Orders Act 1950 (14 Geo. 6 c. 37) 8. In section 25(1) of the Maintenance Orders Act 1950 for “section fifteen of the Justices of the Peace Act 1949” substitute “section 144 of the Magistrates’ Courts Act 1980”. Rag Flock and Other Filling Materials Act 1951 (14 & 15 Geo. 6 c. 63) 9. In section 20 of the Rag Flock and Other Filling Materials Act 1951 for “section one hundred and fifteen of the Magistrates’ Courts Act 1952” substitute “section 140 of the Magistrates’ Courts Act 1980.”.


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Rh

Pharmacy Act 1954 (2 & 3 Eliz. 2 c. 61) 10. In section 21 of the Pharmacy Act 1954 for “the Magistrates’ Courts Act 1952” substitute “the Magistrates’ Courts Act 1980”.

Mines and Quarries Act 1954 (2 & 3 Eliz. 2 c. 70) 11. In section 153(a) of the Mines and Quarries Act 1954 for “section thirty-five of the Magistrates’ Courts Act 1952” substitute “section 44 of the Magistrates’ Courts Act 1980”. Army Act 1955 (3 & 4 Eliz. 2 c. 18) 12. In sections 187(4) and 215(9) of the Army Act 1955 for “the Magistrates’ Courts Act 1952” substitute, in each case, “the Magistrates’ Courts Act 1980”. Air Force Act 1955 (3 & 4 Eliz. 2 c. 19) 13. In sections 187(4) and 213(9) of the Air Force Act 1955 for “the Magistrates’ Courts Act 1952” substitute “the Magistrates’ Courts Act 1980”. Food and Drugs Act 1955 (4 & 5 Eliz. 2 c. 16) 14. In section 108(1) of the Food and Drugs Act 1955 for “the Magistrates’ Courts Act 1952" (where the words first occur) substitute “the Magistrates’ Courts Act 1980" and for “section one hundred and four of the Magistrates’ Courts Act 1952" substitute “section 127(1) of the Magistrates’ Courts Act 1980".

15. In section 117(1) of the Food and Drugs Act 1955 for “the Magistrates’ Courts Act 1952” substitute “the Magistrates’ Courts Act 1980”. Magistrates’ Courts (Appeals from Binding Over Orders) Act 1956 (4 & 5 Eliz, 2 c. 44) 16. In section 1(1) of the Magistrates’ Courts (Appeals from Binding Over Orders) Act 1956 for “the Magistrates’ Courts Act 1952” substitute “the Magistrates’ Courts Act 1980”. Sexual Offences Act 1956 (4 & 5 Eliz. 2 c. 69) 17. In section 37(7) of the Sexual Offences Act 1956—
 * (a) in paragraph (a) for “section 6 of the Children and Young Persons Act 1969” substitute “section 24 of the Magistrates’ Courts Act 1980”:
 * (b) in paragraph (b) for “subsection (5) of section ninety-eight of the Magistrates’ Courts Act 1952” substitute “subsection (5) of section 121 of the Magistrates’ Courts Act 1980”.

18. In Part II of Schedule 2 to the Sexual Offences Act 1956, in paragraphs 17 and 18—
 * (a) in sub-paragraph (ii) in the second column of each paragraph, for “section 16(2) of the Criminal Law Act 1977" substitute “section 17(1) of the Magistrates’ Courts Act 1980”;
 * (b) in the third column of each paragraph, for “section 28(1) of that Act" substitute “section 32(1) of that Act”.

E2


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 up an education for himself. But the cure kept him so busily employed in grooming his mule and in other menial offices that the boy found no time for learning. While in his service, it happened that the celebrated lithotomist, Cotot, came to Laval to operate on one of the cure's ecclesiastical brethren. Paré was present at the operation, and was so much interested by it that he is said to have from that time formed the determination of devoting himself to the art of surgery.

Leaving the curé's household service, Paré apprenticed himself to a barber-surgeon named Vialot, under whom he learnt to let blood, draw teeth, and perform the minor operations. After four years' experience of this kind, he went to Paris to study at the school of anatomy and surgery, meanwhile maintaining himself by his trade of a barber. He afterwards succeeded in obtaining an appointment as assistant at the Hôtel Dieu, where his conduct was so exemplary, and his progress so marked, that the chief surgeon, Goupil, entrusted him with the charge of the patients whom he could not himself attend to. After the usual course of instruction, Paré was admitted a master barber-surgeon, and shortly after was appointed to a charge with the French army under Montmorenci in Piedmont. Paré was not ta a man to follow in the ordinary ruts of his profession, but brought the resources of an ardent and original mind to bear upon his daily work, diligently thinking out for himself the rationale of diseases and their befitting remedies. Before his time the wounded suffered much more at the hands of their surgeons than they did at those of their enemies. To stop bleeding from gunshot wounds, the barbarous expedient was resorted to of dressing


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 but in a variety of forms, and added to the growing embarrassment of the times. Several disputes concerning the doctrines of the Church took place among the bishops of this period: that of Stephen the First of Rome, with Cyprian, the Bishop of Carthage; and that occasioned by the heresy of Paul of Samosata, during the pontificate of Dionysius, are well known to those who are acquainted with early ecclesiastical history. But the most remarkable heresy, because the most influential in its consequences, was that defended by Arius, the Bishop of Alexandria. This, whatever might have been its character at first, finally went so far as to reject the Divinity of the Saviour. Arius succeeded in obtaining many followers, but caused much agitation and many divisions in the Church. This state of things checked the activity of charity, and faith suffered amidst the animosities which prevailed. In the time of Pope Melchiades differences were peculiarly rife; during his pontificate Constantine took possession of Rome, and some time after he accepted the teachings of Christianity; but in which of the several forms under which it was then presented, neither Eusebius or the other historians who have written upon the subject inform us. Information upon this point might have been useful, but the want of it is no detriment to the point before us. In all probability his reception of it was vague and general, having no small dash of political considerations.

The Arian disputes at length extended themselves throughout all Christendom: the puerilities which were produced, and the enmities which were created, excited the scorn and satire of disbelievers; and Christians themselves were found to sacrifice charity upon the altars of debate and controversy. On this account Constantine interposed his authority, and caused a council of bishops to assemble


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Rh In 1918 Canada had been in the war four weary years—years the United States will never appreciate. Four men on crutches, walking together on King Street in Toronto that winter, was a sight which changed the course of existence for me. The realization that war wasn't knitting sweaters and selling Liberty Bonds, nor dancing with handsome uniforms was suddenly evident. Returning to school was impossible, if there was war work that I could do.

I started training under the Canadian Red Cross and as soon as possible completed the first-aid work necessary to qualify as a V.A.D. or nurse's aide. Those four men on crutches!

My first assignment was to Spadina Military Hospital, a rather small institution occupying an old college building converted for war use. Day began at seven and ended at seven, with two hours off in the afternoon. There were many beds to be made and trays and "nurishment" to

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 at Nice, a city in Bithynia. This took place in the year 324; they were required to deliberate on and determine the doctrine which the Church ought to accept concerning God. Three hundred and eighteen bishops assembled, and Constantine himself acted as the moderator of the meeting; they determined, by a majority of votes (296 to 22, according to Philustorgius), that there are three persons constituting the one God, as that idea has been expressed in the Nicene creed originally drawn up by Hosius of Corduba, and also in that which bears the name of Athanasius.

That council then, as the creeds declare, separated the Divinity into three persons, and the Lord and Saviour into two; they passed by Jesus Christ as the supreme head of the Church, and taught men to look up to God the Father, as to another person, with merely the mention of Christ's name upon their tongues as an inducement for the Father to have mercy upon them. Hereby the head of the Church was removed from its body, the door of the temple was taken off its hinges, and an attempt was made to enter into the sheepfold by some other way than by Him who had declared Himself to be "the Way, the Truth, and the Life."

From this time an incredible number of heresies came forth, and the head of antichrist was displayed. This was the necessary consequence of not immediately approaching the Lord Jesus Christ as the sole God of His Church. The council adverted to declared, by its anthority and creeds, that the Church has three heads, and that these deliberate together concerning who shall be saved, and the means for doing it! By this all spiritual perception about theological truth has been overshadowed as with a dense cloud; reason has been renounced, as a thing not to enter into the precincts of this doctrine; fallacies have been invented to


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 be carried, and backs to be rubbed―some lovely ones!

Most of the men had been through a physical and emotional crisis. Many were not sick enough to be in bed and not well enough to find real occupation. Even when jobs were offered many lacked the mental stamina to take them―or make good at them, if taken. Spiritually they were tired out. Generally speaking they were a far harder group to care for than the really sick. For with the latter the improvements noted by the patient from day to day are cheerful mile posts, while these poor lads had lost even that means of happiness.

The first day I was in the hospital there was a fire. It was not serious enough for attendants to do anything but slam windows shut and stand by to carry out patients. Nearly everyone enjoyed the excitement except a few of the autumnal nurses and the poor fellows in the shell-shock ward. They suffered greatly for a few days from

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 the effects of the unexpected disturbance which was to most of the other men a welcome break in their colorless existence.

Of course one of the jobs of a V.A.D. was to be a merry sunshine, not difficult for me whose I.Q. is low enough to insure natural cheerfulness. Despite our best efforts time often dragged. I wonder if we might not have accomplished more if we had all been good-looking and especially, perhaps, if we'd all worn brilliant colors instead of our grey and white uniforms. It's a pet theory of mine that color in a drab world can go a long way in stimulating morale. There's a suggestion, here, perhaps, for the management of the next war.

The monotony of the hospital prevailed with its food also. Even after ten years I am unable to look a jelly-roll in the eye. They were the diurnal diet in the officers' mess, just as rice puddings prevailed in the wards. I have a depressing memory of passing out little rice puddings

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Rh in endless procession from the diet kitchen to the patients. Sometimes they came back untouched but bearing crosses and the inscription R.I.P. However, those who rated rice pudding were entitled to ice cream―if they could get it. We K.P.'s often did the getting for the patients most in need of cheer. Our funds were immorally collected, the winnings of matching pennies in the kitchen.

The war was the greatest shock that some lives have had to survive. It so completely changed the direction of my own footsteps that the details of those days remain indelible in my memory, trivial as they appear when recorded.

Days of routine slipped by quickly enough into months of nursing. I hope what we did was helpful. Somebody had to do it. There is so much that must be done in a civilized barbarism like war.

War followed one everywhere. Even entertainments weren't always merely fun. Often

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 shelter its deformity; and "mystery," which is one of the names that falsehood takes, is found to reign. Every one may readily see that those events in the Church, associated as they were with the love of rule and dominion among its leaders, must have thrust aside all orderly communication with the Divine author of its truth, and thrown down that plane of the human mind on which spiritual progress is effected. Hence arose the vicarship of the Pope, the canonization of the dead, the invocation of saints, the sale of indulgences, the obligations of the confessional, the division of the Eucharist, and finally the dark ages with all their evils. All these things are entirely apart from the teachings of true Christianity; but being thrust into it, their existence therein fulfils some of the predictions which we have seen are to be the prelude of the Lord's second coming. Certainly they prove the necessity for such an occurrence; for by what other power could their mischiefs be arrested?

But the main evil in those corruptions is that which has turned the Church away from the direct acknowledgment of the Lord Jesus Christ as the true God and eternal life, —the only wise God our Saviour. It is true that those who say there are three persons in the Godhead, and that each is by Himself God and Lord, also say that there is but one God. But these are words to which no sensible ideas can be attached; and they are employed simply to guard against what otherwise might expose them to the derision of mankind. Still, every one sees that the statements involve obvious contradictions. This, at least, is well known to all who think; and therefore it has been said to be a mystery, not for comprehension but for faith. The


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 faith which had its origin in this doctrine is to be directed towards God the Father, because He is supposed to impute to believers the righteousness of God the Son; and towards God the Son, because He is supposed to have suffered the penalty of guilt in man's stead, and so to intercede and mediate with God the Father for the safety of mankind; and towards God the Holy Ghost, because He is considered to inscribe the imputed righteousness of the Son upon the hearts of believers. This proves that a trinity of Gods is substantially acknowledged, however much it may be verbally denied. Moreover, this doctrine enters into and mystifies the sentiments concerning charity, repentance, free will, election, the sacraments, and all others which have their place in the Church. The result of those fallacies which were established by the council of Nice was continued disturbances among the professors of Christianity. Mosheim, speaking of the doctrines of the Church during the fifth century, says, "The sacred and venerable simplicity of primitive times, which required no more than a true faith in the Word of God, and a sincere obedience to His holy laws, appeared little better than rusticity and ignorance to the subtle doctors of this quibbling age. Instead of leading men into the path of humble faith and genuine piety, they bewildered them in labyrinths and contention. Hence arose new matters of animosity and dispute, of bigotry and uncharitableness, which flowed like a torrent through succeeding ages, and which all human efforts seemed unable to vanquish." The same authority, in treating of the state of the Church just before the time of the Reformation, says, "Not only private persons, but also the most powerful princes and sovereign states, exclaimed loudly against the despotic dominion of the pontiffs; the frauds, violence, avarice, and injustice that


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 prevailed in the councils; the arrogance, tyranny, and extortion of the legates; the unbridled licentiousness and enormous crimes of the clergy and monks of all denominations; the unrighteous severity and partiality of the Roman laws; and demanded publickly, as their ancestors had done before them, a reformation of the Church in its head and in its members." At the commencement of the sixteenth century, in which the Reformation was effected, Alexander the Sixth filled the pontificate. Of him Mosheim also writes, and in this other historians agree, that "Humanity disowned him; he is rather to be considered a monster than a man; whose deeds excite horror, and whose enormities place him among the most execrable tyrants of ancient times. The world was delivered from this papal fiend in the year 1503, by the poisonous draught which he had prepared for another."

These facts of history are no one-sided representations; they are concurred in by all parties, even by those who belong to the Catholic religion. They show very clearly the desperate condition into which the triumphs of a false principle had plunged that Divine Christianity which the Lord had planted and which His apostles taught. Thus true charity was abandoned, and as a consequence genuine faith was lost. These, then, were among the disastrous events to which the Lord referred as being the occasion for His second coming. Hence, of the temple, He said, "There shall not be left one stone upon another that shall not be thrown down." The temple was the Church, and the stones to be thrown down were the truths to be overturned. How clearly has this prediction been fulfilled.

But the progress of those painful events received a check by means of the Reformation. As yet,the Word had not come


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 into the possession of the people: to effect this was one of the grand purposes of the Reformation. The art of printing had been recently discovered, and by means of it the sacred books were mercifully rescued from the seal and secrecy of the priesthood, and handed over to the people for them to learn and to publish. By renouncing some of the errors and the grosser vices which had fixed themselves upon the Church, many opportunities were provided for the enjoyment of those advantages which the Church offers to mankind. The blessing which arose from the possession of the Word was the most conspicuous. Still, there were influences at work which impeded the legitimate effect of its Divine teachings. The Reformation retained, as the fundamental principles of its existence, those very creeds which had laid the foundation of, and contributed so certainly to the desolation of, the early Christian Church; and from the errors of those creeds, the reformed Churches engendered others. Among the most conspicuous of these is that which has separated charity from faith, and declared that justification is by faith only: thus that charity may be an ornament, but is not a necessity for salvation. This is another of those circumstances to which the Lord referred as the occasion for His second coming. He spoke of it as the "abomination of desolation standing in the holy place." He so spoke of it because its tendency is to dissipate the truth, and render of none effect the commandments of God. It blights the morals and corrupts the intelligence of the Church. That which it requires is faith, not virtue; belief, not obedience; it therefore breaks down the barrier to criminal indulgence, and offers salvation to any villain who can accept its terms. This may seem strange, but it is impossible to deny its truth; and the reason such a view has been so extensively received, is


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 them with boiling oil. Hæmorrhage was also stopped by searing the wounds with a red-hot iron; and when amputation was necessary, it was performed with a red-hot knife. At first Paré treated wounds according to the approved methods; but, fortunately, on one occasion, running short of boiling oil, he substituted a mild and emollient application. He was in great fear all night lest he should have done wrong in adopting this treatment; but was greatly relieved next morning on finding his patients comparatively comfortable, while those whose wounds had been treated in the usual way were writhing in torment. Such was the casual origin of one of Paré's greatest improvements in the treatment of gunshot wounds; and he proceeded to adopt the emollient treatment in all future cases. Another still more important improvement was his employment of the ligature in tying arteries to stop hæmorrhage, instead of the actual cautery. Paré, however, met with the usual fate of innovators and reformers. His practice was denounced by his surgical brethren as dangerous, unprofessional, and empirical; and the older surgeons banded themselves together to resist its adoption. They reproached him for his want of education, more especially for his ignorance of Latin and Greek; and they assailed him with quotations from ancient writers, which he was unable either to verify or refute. But the best answer to his assailants was the success of his practice. The wounded soldiers called out everywhere for Paré, and he was always at their service: he tended them carefully and affectionately; and he usually took leave of them with the words, "I have dressed you; may God cure you."

After three years' active service as army-surgeon,


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 Paré returned to Paris with such a reputation that he was at once appointed surgeon rgeon in ordinary to the King. When Metz was besieged by the Spanish army, under Charles V., the garrison suffered heavy loss, and the number of wounded was very great. The surgeons were few and incompetent, and probably slew more by their bad treatment than the Spaniards did by the sword. The Duke of Guise, who commanded the garrison, wrote to the King imploring him to send Paré to his help. The courageous surgeon at once set out, and, after braving many dangers (to use his own words, "d'estre pendu, estranglė ou mis en pièces"), he succeeded in passing the enemy's lines, and entered Metz in safety. The Duke, the generals, and the captains gave him an affectionate welcome; while the soldiers, when they heard of his arrival, cried, "We no longer fear dying of our wounds; our friend is among us." In the following year Paré was in like manner with the besieged in the town of Hesdin, which shortly fell before the Duke of Savoy, and he was taken prisoner. But having succeeded in curing one of the enemy's chief officers of a serious wound, he was discharged without ransom, and returned in safety to Paris.

The rest of his life was occupied in study, in self-improvement, in piety, and in good deeds. Urged by some of the most learned among his contemporaries, he placed on record the results of his surgical experience in twenty-eight books, which were published by him at different times. His writings are valuable and remarkable chiefly on account of the great number of facts and cases contained in them, and the care with which he avoids giving any directions resting merely upon 11


text:
Sunshine Anthracite Coal Company v. Adkins/Dissent McReynolds

is of opinion that the Act under review is beyond any power granted to Congress and that the judgment below should be reversed.


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 because of its adaptability to captivate man, who, in his fallen nature, is so prone to accept what is false. The notion exercises a persuasive influence over the mind, and inclines it to yield in a direction which its reason would condemn; therefore, all reason is excluded from the process of this faith. When a man is told, as this doctrine tells him, that the condemnation of the law is taken away by the sufferings of Christ, and that His merits are imputed to believers, he naturally concludes that no virtues are necessary to be loved, and, that if any vices are perpetrated by him, they are no hindrance to his salvation. Who, then, does not see that this doctrine in the professing Church is "the abomination of desolation standing in the holy place"? It paralyses all the reasonable activities of Christianity. The graces of spiritual regeneration, the growth of practical holiness, the development of heavenly justice, the unfolding of genuine intelligence, and the displays of living charity, can have no place in the minds and hearts of those on whom this abomination has fixed its desolating hold. In this then we discover the fulfilment of another prediction which was to be an occasion for the Lord's second coming. This general feature of the prophecy includes most of the unhappy particulars which follow; all of which are in opposition to that lightning from the east, which will manifest His coming whensoever that may be.

Every one must see that the second coming of the Lord is to be preceded by a variety of corruptions taking place in the Church, and that these will furnish occasion for Him to fulfil His promise to come again. It is equally evident that the purpose of that coming must be to restore to the Church that life and light of it which human inventions and authority have perverted. Hence we are enabled to


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 see generally, and in a small compass, both the occasion and purpose of the Divine advent which is predicted. And we have seen, in a former part of this work, that principles of this kind are involved in all the predicted comings of the Lord. The Divine comings in all cases are specialities in the Divine Providence, having, for their occasion, some disorders on the part of the Church, and for their purpose some beneficence for the human race.

But how are men to know when this advent shall be brought about? It will not be announced by the destruction of the earth, for that abideth for ever; it will not be proclaimed by putting a stop to the procreation of the human race, for that will never cease; it will not be indicated by the resuscitating of dead bodies from the earth, the air, and the gases with which they have been mingled; for no such phenomena are predicted. None of the signs which have been commonly associated with that event, and regarded as evidences of its accomplishment, are taught in the Scriptures; they are simply the results of misinterpretation. The true answer to our inquiry is not to be found, as before observed, in the occurrences of physical nature, but in certain states and requirements of the Church. Whenever its perversions are such as to answer to a just interpretation of the terms in which the narrative describes the occasion for the Lord's coming, then the fulfilment of that prediction may be reasonably expected. The manner of the fulfilment may be very different to that which is commonly expected—a mistake upon that point may be among the corruptions of the times: still we may rest assured that one of its evidences will be an increased interest in the teachings of the Divine Word, and also some improved information concerning its inspiration and structure.

It is an admitted canon of interpretation that the true


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Page:The family kitchen gardener - containing plain and accurate descriptions of all the different species and varieties of culinary vegetables (IA familykitchengar56buis).pdf/17

 The Grass-edging Iron or Knife, Fig. 8, is for cutting the turf of grass borders or walks. It should be of the very best steel, with a round, strong handle, about three and a half feet long.

Garden Hook, Fig. 9, for dressing hedges, made of the very best steel, having a handle of an oval form, of strong wood, 3½ feet long, and of a small size, that the hand may conveniently grasp it

Garden Shears, Fig. 10, are of various sizes, from six to twelve inch blades, and used for cutting edgings of Box, clipping hedges, and many other purposes. They are of great variety and quality. The seven and nine-inch sizes are most convenient.


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 sense of prophecy is scarcely ever discoverable until the time of its fulfilment. The reality lightens up the obscurity of the letter in which it is expressed, and causes its real significance to appear. The terms are then seen to tally with the facts, and each illustrates the other. Yet it is distinctly written that "the Son of man cometh at an hour when ye think not." The event will transpire at a period when men are least expecting it. This is a characteristic of the fulfilment of all prophecy. Still society has generally experienced some premonitions of those changes which that fuifilment is intended to effect. These, however, have very seldom been carefully observed. In all times of a perverted Church, men have evinced an unwillingness to believe that they were living in an age when prophecy was being fulfilled. The signs of danger which prevailed in the days of Noah were unheeded by the people; "they were eating and drinking, marrying and giving in marriage, and knew not until the flood came and took them all away; so shall also the coming of the Son of man be." Men of the professing Church may hear murmurs of dissatisfaction proceeding from various quarters; they may participate in the common sentiment that some errors are extant, and that much selfishness prevails; they may feel something of the obscurity which infests religious thought, and amidst the turmoil resulting from the banishment of charity from the Church, they may yearn for some relief; yet no relief will be accepted by them, but that which they themselves invent, and suppose to be the remedy. How should it be otherwise? How can a corrupted Church be capable of perceiving its own failings? As well may we expect a blind man to see the irregularity of his own gropings. It has always been a characteristic of a fallen Church to de-


text:
Hutto v. Ross

Respondent's confession to a crime was not per se inadmissible at his criminal trial as being involuntary merely because it was made as a result of an agreed-upon but unexecuted plea bargain that did not call for such a confession. Where the confession does not appear to have been the result of any direct or implied promises or any coercion on the prosecution's part, it was not involuntary.

Certiorari granted; 531 F.2d 924, reversed and remanded.

title: Hutto v. Ross


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Page:The family kitchen gardener - containing plain and accurate descriptions of all the different species and varieties of culinary vegetables (IA familykitchengar56buis).pdf/18

 Ladies’ Shears, Fig. 11. These are of the very best material, neatly made, for the use of ladies who take a delight in gardening operations.

Grass-edging Shears, Fig. 12. These are made expressly for cutting grass-edgings, and have a wheel that rests on the walk while the shears trim off the grass. It is a very convenient and expeditious implement.

Hand-Glass, Fig. 13. These are made of red cedar, or cast iron. The latter is most neat and durable. It consists of two parts, the bottom and top. A useful utensil for growing seeds of early Celery, Tomato, Egg-plant, or any other article of early culture; also well adapted for covering Cauliflower plants where the winters are not very severe. When air is to be given to the plants enclosed, it is done by lifting up the top and replacing it diagonally; by this means air is freely admitted. A glass case may be made of any height with these hand-glasses, by merely placing the bottom frames one upon the other. Those we use are of cast iron, and cost $3.50 each.


text: Talk:Hutto v. Ross

title: Talk:Hutto v. Ross


text:
Hutto v. Ross/Opinion of the Court

In March 1972, in Johnson County, Ark., respondent was charged by information with the crime of embezzlement. With the assistance of counsel, respondent entered into plea negotiations with the prosecuting attorney, and the parties reached an agreement that respondent would enter a plea of guilty on the understanding that the prosecutor would recommend a 15-year prison sentence, with 10 years suspended. Approximately two weeks later, the prosecuting attorney asked respondent's counsel whether respondent would be willing to make a statement concerning the crimes. Although counsel advised respondent of his Fifth Amendment privilege and informed him that the terms of the negotiated plea bargain were available regardless of his willingness to comply with the prosecuting attorney's request, the respondent agreed to make a statement confessing to the crime charged. The record discloses that the statement was [p29] made under oath in the office of respondent's counsel, with counsel present, and after respondent had been advised of his rights under Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966).

Respondent subsequently withdrew from the plea bargain, retained new counsel, and demanded a jury trial. The trial court ruled, after hearing evidence outside the presence of the jury, that respondent had confessed voluntarily. The statement was admitted at trial, and respondent was convicted and sentenced to 21 years' imprisonment. On appeal, the Arkansas Supreme Court affirmed. Ross v. State, 257 Ark. 44, 514 S.W.2d 409 (1974). This Court denied certiorari. 421 U.S. 931 (1975).

Respondent then filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus in the United States District Court for the Western District of Arkansas challenging the state court's finding of voluntariness. 28 U.S.C. § 2254. The District Court held an evidentiary hearing, and on May 23, 1975, denied the petition, agreeing with the state court that the confession was voluntary and therefore admissible. ''Mobley ex rel. Ross v. Meek'', 394 F. Supp. 1219 (1975).

The Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit reversed, finding the statement inadmissible because "it was made in connection with an offer to plead guilty and after a (plea) bargain had been agreed upon." 531 F.2d 924, 926 (1976). It made no difference, in the court's view, that the confession was not an express precondition of the plea bargain; the confession became "part and parcel" of the plea bargain because "[the] confession would [not] have been made at the request of the prosecution but for the plea bargain." Ibid. (emphasis added). Since the plea bargain [p30] had not been executed, the court found the confession involuntary and therefore inadmissible.

The only question in this case is whether a confession is per se inadmissible in a criminal trial because it was made subsequent to an agreed upon plea bargain that did not call for such a confession. We conclude that the Court of Appeals erred when it held that any statement made as a result of a plea bargain is inadmissible.

The Court of Appeals reasoned that respondent's confession was involuntary because it was made "as a result of the plea bargain" and would not have been made "but for the plea bargain." Id., at 927, 926. But causation in that sense has never been the test of voluntariness. See Brady v. United States, 397 U.S. 742, 749–750 (1970). The test is whether the confession was extracted by any sort of threats or violence, [or] obtained by any direct or implied promises, however slight, [or] by the exertion of any improper influence. Bram v. United States, 168 U.S. 532, 542–543 (1897); see Brady v. United States, supra, at 753. The existence of the bargain may well have entered into respondent's decision to give a statement, but counsel made it clear to respondent that he could enforce the terms of the plea bargain whether or not he confessed. The confession thus does not appear to have been the result of any direct or implied promises or any coercion on the part of the prosecution, and was not involuntary. Bram v. United States, supra, at 542–543.

[p31] The petition for a writ of certiorari is granted, the judgment of the Court of Appeals is reversed, and the case is remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

dissents. Agreeing with the reasoning of the Court of Appeals, he would affirm its judgment.

It is so ordered.

title: Hutto v. Ross/Opinion of the Court


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Page:The family kitchen gardener - containing plain and accurate descriptions of all the different species and varieties of culinary vegetables (IA familykitchengar56buis).pdf/19

 A Sunk Pit, Fig. 14, is in part in the earth and partly above it, by forming sides of brick, stone, locust, chestnut, or cedar boards. On these, glass frames are sometimes placed, and at other times only mats or shutters. Such pits answer for the preservation of vegetables, such as Endive, Celery, Lettuce, Cauliflower, Broccoli, &c. Air is given on all occasions when it can be done with safety, by propping up the sash or shutters.

The Walled Pit, Fig. 15, is also partly sunk in the ground and partly out. The walls are formed of brick or stone, finished with a wooden or stone coping, the width of the wall, into which cross rafters are mortised (but moveable) to support the sashes. Our object in having them moveable is to admit of their being raised as the growth of Cauliflowers or any other plants require. This is readily done by having a strong two-inch plank made to fit the back and front of the pit, and to rest on the coping; the rafters to rest on these planks either by mortising holes for their reception, or to have them to rest on clets. This is a great convenience, and overcomes the difficulty every grower feels when his Cauliflowers touch the glass.

There is no appendage to the garden of greater utility than this pit. It is two feet under ground, one foot above it in front, and two feet above it at the back, and six or seven feet wide in the clear. It is an excellent winter apartment for plants when covered with sash and mats. When filled with very rich earth it grows fine Cauliflowers, that will be in use from March to


text: Page:The Poems and Stories of Fitz-James O'Brien, 1881.djvu/39


text: The English Works of Raja Rammohun Roy/Volume II/Rights of Hindoos over Ancestral Property


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Page:The family kitchen gardener - containing plain and accurate descriptions of all the different species and varieties of culinary vegetables (IA familykitchengar56buis).pdf/15

 The Rake (Fig. 1) should be of the best wrought iron, with teeth about 2½ inches long and 1½ apart. The head is of any size, from six to twenty inches. There are also rakes of malleable iron, and wooden rakes with stock teeth: the latter sort are very convenient for rough ground. The handle should be round, made of pine, or any other light wood, and from six to eight feet long.

Beet Rake (Fig. 2). This very useful implement is composed of hard wood, with steel teeth, obtusely pointed, about two inches wide, five inches bong, and from nine to twelve inches apart. It is exceedingly useful for drawing drills in which to sow Beets, Carrots, Onions, and all small seeds or roots. In using it, strain the line, and draw with some strength; when three drills will be made at once, saving the labor of moving the line so frequently as when the work is accomplished by the hoe.

Hoes are of many and varied descriptions, sizes and shapes. Fig. 3 gives an idea of the most useful. They should be of the very best of steel, with rather strong, round handles, five feet long. They are in sizes from three to ten inches. Those of three, five, seven and nine inches are generally used.

Pronged Hoes, Fig. 4, are very useful, indeed indispensable, for stirring the soil and destroying weeds. They are of steel or malleable iron; the latter generally used, though the former is preferable; handles four and a half feet long.


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Page:Manual of the New Zealand Flora.djvu/651

Pimelea.]

5. P. virgata, Vahl. Enum. i. 306.—A slender erect much-branched shrub 1–4 ft. high; branches long, slender, virgate, slightly ringed with the scars of the fallen leaves, younger ones more or less clothed with appressed silky hairs. Leaves spreading, close together or remote, not imbricate, almost sessile, ½–1 in. long, linear-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, not coriaceous, flat, nerveless, usually glabrous above, pilose with appressed silky hairs beneath; floral leaves similar or occasionally larger and ovate-lanceolate. Flowers in compact 6–12-flowered heads at the tips of the branches, sometimes becoming axillary by the rapid growth of leafy shoots springing from beneath the heads. Perianth ¼–⅓ in. long,, densely silky-villous; tube swollen at the base; lobes ovate, obtuse. Fruit usually baccate, white, ovoid-oblong, ⅙–¼ in. long, often hairy at the tip.—''A. Rich. Fl. Nouv. Zel. 173; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 345; Raoul, Choix, 42; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 220; Handb. N.Z. Fl.'' 243. P. pilosa, ''Willd. Sp. Plant.'' i. 50. P. dichotoma, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxii. (1890) 485. Passerina pilosa, Linn. f. StippL 226; Forst. Prodr. n. 171.

6. P. Haastii, T. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xii. (1880) 396.—"A strict low-growing shrub 6–10 in. high; branches few (?), very slender, white with silky hairs. Leaves in distant pairs, petioled, ascending, narrow-lanceolate, ¾–1¼ in. long, acute, hairy below or nearly glabrous, margins recurved; floral leaves similar. Flowers 5–8 in a head, very small; perianth swollen below, silky; lobes narrow, spreading. Filaments short. Style equalling the perianthtube. Fruit not seen."


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Page:The English Works of Raja Rammohun Roy Vol 2.djvu/223

translation into English, by the celebrated Mr., of the , a work on Succession, and of an extract from the , comprising so much of the latter as relates to Inheritance, has furnished the principal basis of the arguments used in the following pages. I have also referred occasionally to the valuable remarks of that eminently learned scholar, in his preface and notes added to the original work. In quoting the Institutes of Munoo, I have had recourse to the translation of this code of Law by the most venerable Sir, that no doubt may be entertained as to the exactness of the interpretation. Only one text of, the Legislator, and one passage quoted in another part of the Mitakshura, which has not been translated by Mr. Colebrooke, have been unavoidably rendered by myself. I have, however, taken the precaution to cite the original Sunskrit, that the reader may satisfy himself of the accuracy of my translation.


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Page:Constitution of the United Arab Emirates - official translation 2015.pdf/67

United Arab Emirates Constitution

We, the rulers of Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharjah, Ajman, Umm Al-Quwain, and Fujairah,

Having perused Article (152) of the UAE temporary constitution which we signed in Dubai on 25 Jumadi Al-Awal 1391 (Islamic calendar) corresponding to the 18th day of July 1971,

There is hereby put into operation the provisions of the UAE temporary constitution referred to above as of the date this Announcement is issued.

Issued at Dubai on the 15th day of Shawal 1391 (I.C.) corresponding to the 2nd day of December 1971.

Signatures:


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Page:Manual of the New Zealand Flora.djvu/652

612 7. P. arenaria, ''A. Cunn. in Bot. ''Mag. t. 8270.—An erect or spreading rarely procumbent shrub 9–30 in. high; branches stout, strict, erect or ascending, simple or dichotomously or corymbosely branched above, densely clothed with long silvery white appressed silky hairs. Leaves opposite and decussate, close-set or remote, not usually imbricating, spreading or deflexed, ¼–½ in. long, elliptic-oblong to broadly oblong-ovate or almost orbicular, obtuse or subacute, flat, coriaceous, veinless, glabrous or sparsely pilose above, densely clothed with shining silky appressed hairs beneath; floral leaves rather larger and broader. Flowers in compact 5–15-flowered heads at the tips of the branches, white, polygamodiœcious. Perianth shaggy with white silky hairs, ⅕–¼ in. long; tube short; lobes oblong, obtuse; females smaller, with a broader base. Anthers oblong. Fruit baccate, rather large.—Precur. n. 347; Raoul, Choix, 42; ''Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 221; Handb. N.Z. Fl.'' 244. Passerina villosa, ''Thunb. in Mus. Acad. Upsal.'' xiii. 106. Gymnococca arenaria, ''Fisch. and Mey. Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop.'' x. (1845) 47.

8. P. lævigata, Gærtn. Fruct. i. 186, t. 39, f. 1.—A small prostrate or suberect much-branched shrub; branches scarred, stout or slender, long or short, from 4 or 6 in. to 2 ft. long; the younger ones usually more or less pubescent or sometimes glabrate, seldom white with villous hairs as in P. Urvilleana; bark dark-brown or reddishbrown. Leaves sometimes crowded and quadrifariously imbricate, at other times laxly placed, erect or spreading or deflexed, $1⁄10$–$1⁄3$ in. long, lanceolate or linear-oblong to elliptic-oblong or obovate-oblong, obtuse or acute, flat or concave, nerveless or the midrib prominent beneath, usually glabrous on both surfaces; floral leaves rather larger and broader. Flowers in few- or many-flowered heads at the tips of the branches, small, white, polygamo-diœcious. Perianth ⅛–¼ in. long, more or less silky-villous or pilose, the females smaller and narrower than the males. Fruit usually baccate, white, ovoid, acute.—P. prostrata, ''Willd. Sp. Plant. i. 51; A. Rich. Fl. Nouv. Zel. 174; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 346; Raoul, Choix, 42; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 220; Handb. N.Z. Fl.'' 244. P. rugulosa, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxi. (1889) 102. P. microphylla, P. bicolor, and P. heterophylla, Col. l.c. xxii. (1890) 484–486. Passerina prostrata, ''Forst. Prodr.'' n. 172. Cookia prostrata, ''Gmel. Syst.'' 24.


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Page:Constitution of the United Arab Emirates - official translation 2015.pdf/73

United Arab Emirates Constitution

The Federal Supreme Council,

Having perused-: [sic]

 * • The provisions of Articles (1) and (68) of the UAE Temporary Constitution; and

 * • The Federal Supreme Council’s Decision assenting to the accession of Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate and its appurtenances to the UAE State,

The number of seats of the Federal National Council, specified in Article (68) of the Temporary Constitution, is hereby increased by six seats allocated to Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate and its appurtenances.

His Highness, the President of the UAE, shall notify this Decision to His Highness the Ruler of Ras Al-Khaimah and its appurtenances to select the citizens representing the Emirate in the Federal National Council.

This Decision shall take effect from the date it is issued and shall be published in the Official Gazette.


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Page:Constitution of the United Arab Emirates - official translation 2015.pdf/74

United Arab Emirates Constitution :

Issued at the Presidency Palace in Abu Dhabi on 10 February 1972


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Page:Constitution of the United Arab Emirates - official translation 2015.pdf/75

United Arab Emirates Constitution

The Federal Supreme Council,

Having perused-: [sic]

• The UAE Temporary Constitution which took effect on the 15th of Shawal of the year 1391 (Islamic Calendar) corresponding to the 2nd of December 1971; and

• The Decision of the Supreme Defense Council of the year 1976 concerning the unification of the armed forces in the UAE State; and

Seeking to achieve the high interests of the State,

There is hereby repealed the provision of Article (142) of the UAE Temporary Constitution and, instead, the State alone shall have the right to establish land, sea and air forces.

This constitutional amendment shall take effect from the date it is issued and shall be published in the Official Gazette.


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Page:Manual of the New Zealand Flora.djvu/653

Pimelea.]

9. P. Urvilleana, ''A. Rich. Fl. Nouv. Zel.'' 175.—A small widely-spreading rather laxly branched procumbent shrub; branches 4–18 in. long, scarred, the younger ones white with copious short appressed silky hairs. Leaves close-set, usually quadrifariously imbricating, spreading or deflexed, ⅙–¼ in. long, linear-oblong to oblong or oblong-ovate, obtuse or subacute, thick and coriaceous, concave, nerveless, usually glabrous on both surfaces; floral leaves usually larger and broader. Flowers in 4–8-flowered heads at the tips of the branches, small, white. Perianth ⅙–⅕ in. long, villous with long white hairs; lobes equalling the tube, broadly oblong, obtuse. Fruit baccate, white.—''A. Cunn. Precur. n. 348; Raoul, Choix, 42; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 221; Handb. N.Z. Fl.'' 244. P. prostrata var. Urvilleana, ''Meisn. in D.C. Prodr.'' xiv. 517. Gymnococca microcarpa, ''Fisch. and Mey. Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop.'' x. (1845) 47.

10. P. Suteri, T. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxvi. (1894) 259.—A small much-branched shrub 4–12 in. high; branches spreading or suberect, often tortuous; the younger ones sparingly pilose with rather long straight silky hairs; bark dark red-brown or black. Leaves crowded, shortly petiolate or nearly sessile, erecto-patent, about ⅓ in. long, narrow linear-lanceolate, subacute, coriaceous, concave above, both surfaces glabrous or rarely with a few lax hairs, margins and apices ciliated with long straight hairs. Flowers in 4–8-flowered heads at the tips of the branches, white, polygamodioecious. Perianth ¼–⅓ in. long, villous with white hairs. Fruit baccate, red, ovoid, acute, hairy at the tip.


text:
Page:Constitution of the United Arab Emirates - official translation 2015.pdf/76

United Arab Emirates Constitution :

Issued at the Presidency Palace in Abu Dhabi on 28 November 1976


text:
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614 11. P. Lyallii, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 222.—A small stout prostrate or suberect much-branched shrub 6–18 in. high; branches sometimes long, spreading or trailing, at other times shorter, ascending or erect; the younger ones more or less silky-pilose with appressed hairs, rarely almost glabrous; bark dark red-brown. Leaves usually close-set, erect or patent, ⅙–½ in. long, linear-oblong or elliptic-oblong or lanceolate, acute or acuminate, concave, nerveless, glabrous above or nearly so, silky with long hairs beneath or almost glabrate; floral leaves similar to the others. Flowers in 4–12-flowered heads at the tips of the branches, white. Perianth about ¼ in. long, densely silky-villous; lobes ovate-oblong, obtuse. Athers short, oblong.—''Handb. N.Z. Fl.'' 245.

12. P. sericeo-villosa, ''Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl.'' 245.—A much-branched prostrate shrub, forming compact depressed patches 3–18 in. across, everywhere densely villous with long pale silky hairs; branchlets short, stout, densely leafly. Leaves crowded, closely imbricating, erect, ⅛–¼ in. long, linear-oblong or elliptic-oblong, obtuse or acute, concave, both surfaces villous with long straight hairs, which usually completely conceal the leaf. Flowers in 2–6-flowered heads at the tips of the branches, white. Perianth ⅙–⅕ in. long, densely silky-villous; lobes ovate-oblong, obtuse.


text:
Page:Constitution of the United Arab Emirates - official translation 2015.pdf/77

United Arab Emirates Constitution

The Federal Supreme Council,

Having perused the provisions of Article (144) of the UAE Temporary Constitution, and

Based on the memorandum submitted by the Prime Minister and the assent of the Federal National Council,

There is hereby extended the transitional period specified in the first paragraph of Article (144) of the Temporary Constitution for an additional term of five years commencing on the second day of December 1976.

This constitutional amendment shall take effect from the date it is issued and shall be published in the Official Gazette.

Issued at the Presidency Palace in Abu Dhabi on 28 November 1976.


text:
Page:Constitution of the United Arab Emirates - official translation 2015.pdf/78

United Arab Emirates Constitution

The Federal Supreme Council,

Having perused-: [sic]

 * • Article (144) of the UAE Temporary Constitution; and
 * • The Constitutional Amendment 2/1976 extending

the term of the transitional period during which the provisions of this Constitution apply for a term of five years commencing on the 2nd day of December 1976; and

Based on the decision of the Federal Supreme Council and the assent of the Federal National Council,

There is hereby extended the transitional period provided in Article (144) of the Temporary Constitution for an additional term of five years commencing on the second day of December 1981.


text:
Page:Manual of the New Zealand Flora.djvu/655

Drapetes.]

Small prostrate spreading or densely cufted shrubby plants. Leaves small, alternate, imbricate, concave. Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamo-diœcious, sessile in small terminal heads. Perianth tubular or funnel-shaped; lobes 4, spreading; throat usually furnished with 1 or 2 scales opposite each lobe, rarely naked. Stamens 4, inserted on the throat of the perianth and alternate with its lobes; filaments short, filiform; anthers oblong. Hypogynous scales wanting. Ovary sessile, 1-celled; style long; stigma capitate; ovule solitary, pendulous. Fruit a small drupe; epicarp thin, fleshy; endocarp crustaceous. Seed pendulous, cotyledons broad, thick.

1. D. Dieffenbachii, ''Hook. in Lond. Journ. Bot.'' ii. (1843) 497, t. 17.—A small creeping and rooting much-branched plant; stems woody at the base, 3–12 in. long; branches stout or slender, scarred, ascending at the tips, glabrous or slightly villous with short white hairs. Leaves usually close-set and imbricating, but sometimes distant on barren shoots, suberect, often incurved at the tips, $1⁄10$–$1⁄6$ in. long, linear or linear-lingalate, obtuse, concave in front, convex on the back, grooved or striate or almost smooth, glabrous or nearly so when old, but the upper half of the margins and the apex ciliate when young. Flowers small, polygamo-diœcious, in 3–8-flowered heads at the tips of the branches, sunk amongst the uppermost leaves. Male perianth about ⅙ in. long, funnel-shaped, the lobes about ⅓ the length of the tube. Scales very variable, sometimes a single entire one at the base of each lobe, but more often the scale is 2-lobed or divided to the base into 2 distinct but closely approximate scales. Stamens with long slender filaments, the anthers almost reaching the top of the lobes. Ovary and style very small, abortive. Female (or hermaphrodite) perianth smaller and broader. Anthers much smaller, usually


text:
Page:Constitution of the United Arab Emirates - official translation 2015.pdf/79

United Arab Emirates Constitution

This constitutional amendment shall be published in the Official Gazette.

Issued at the Presidency Palace in Abu Dhabi on 7 November 1981.


text:
Page:Constitution of the United Arab Emirates - official translation 2015.pdf/80

United Arab Emirates Constitution

The Federal Supreme Council,

Having perused-: [sic]

 * • Article (144) of the UAE Temporary Constitution; and
 * • The Constitutional Amendment 1/1981 extending the term of the transitional period during which the provisions of this Constitution apply for a term of five years commencing on the 2nd day of December 1981; and

Based on the memorandum of the Council of Ministers and the ratification by the Federal Supreme Council,

There is hereby extended the transitional period provided in Article (144) of the Temporary Constitution for an additional term of five years commencing on the second day of December 1986.


text:
Page:Constitution of the United Arab Emirates - official translation 2015.pdf/81

United Arab Emirates Constitution

This constitutional amendment shall be published in the Official Gazette.

Issued at the Presidency Palace in Abu Dhabi on 15 October 1986.


text:
Page:Manual of the New Zealand Flora.djvu/656

616 empty, on shorter filaments. Ovary large, densely villous at the tip: style long; stigma capitate, exserted. Fruit small, ovoid.—Raoul, Choix, 42; ''Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 222; Handb. N.Z. Fl.'' 245. D. macrantha, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxii. (1890) 487. Kelleria Dieffenbachii, ''Endl. Gen. Suppl.'' iv. 61; ''Meisn. in D.C. Prodr.'' xiv. 566.

2. D. villosa, Cheesem.—Very similar in most of its characters to D. Dieffenbachii, but usually a more robust plant, with the branchlets more or less villous with greyish hairs, and with slightly larger leaves that are somewhat broader at the base, and have the margins and frequently the back ciliate to the base. Flowers in 3–4-flowered heads at the tips of the branches, similar to those of D. Dieffenbachii, but the glands always 8.—Kelleria villosa, ''Berggren in Minnesk. Fisiog. Sallsk. Lund.'' (1877) 18, t. 5, f. 1–15.

3. D. Lyallii, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. ii. 336.—A compactly branched moss-like plant, usually forming dense patches 1–4 in. diam.; branches short, erect or ascending. Leaves very densely imbricate, usually erect, $1⁄12$–$1⁄10$ in. long, narrow-ovate or ovate-oblong or ovate-subulate, broadest at the base and then tapering gradually to an acute or subacute tip, convex and smooth on the


text:
Page:Constitution of the United Arab Emirates - official translation 2015.pdf/82

United Arab Emirates Constitution

The Federal Supreme Council,

Having perused-: [sic]

 * • Article (144) of the UAE Temporary Constitution; and
 * • The Constitutional Amendment 1/1986 extending the term of the transitional period during which the provisions of this Constitution apply for a term of five years commencing on the 2nd day of December 1986; and

Based on the decision of the Federal Supreme Council,

There is hereby extended the transitional period provided in Article (144) of the Temporary Constitution for an additional term of five years commencing on the second day of December 1991.


text:
Page:Constitution of the United Arab Emirates - official translation 2015.pdf/83

United Arab Emirates Constitution This constitutional amendment shall be published in the Official Gazette.

Issued at the Presidency Palace in Abu Dhabi on 28 October 1991.


text:
Page:Constitution of the United Arab Emirates - official translation 2015.pdf/84

United Arab Emirates Constitution

The Federal Supreme Constitution,

Having perused the UAE Temporary Constitution

There is hereby assigned His Highness Sheikh Hamdan bin Rashid Al-Maktum, the Minister of Finance and Industry, to chair a committee comprising representatives of all the emirates member of the UAE. Each emirate shall nominate its representative in that committee.

The function of the Committee is to examine the UAE Temporary Constitution.

The Committee shall submit the results of its activities to the Federal Supreme Council.


text:
Page:Manual of the New Zealand Flora.djvu/657

Drapetes.] back, not prominently nerved, apex and margins ciliate. Flowers small, polygamo-diœcious, solitary or 2–3 together at the tips of the branches. Male perianth $1⁄10$–$1⁄8$ in. long, broadly funnel-shaped or almost campanulate; lobes about as long as the tube, oblong-ovate, each with 2 glands at the base. Stamens with slender filaments; anthers almost reaching the top of the lobes. Ovary small, with a very short style. Female perianth (or hermaphrodite) smaller and rather broader, $1⁄12$–$1⁄10$ in. long. Anthers very small, usually empty, on very short filaments. Ovary ciliate at the top; style long, stout; stigma capitate, exserted.—''Handb. N.Z. Fl.'' 246. D. muscosa, ''Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 223 (not Lam.)''. Kelleria Dieffenbachii var. Lyallii, ''Meisn. in D.C. Prodr.'' xiv. 566.

Parasitic shrubs. Leaves opposite or alternate, simple and entire, coriaceous, sometimes reduced to scales or wanting; stipules absent. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite or unisexual, axillary or terminal, solitary or in racemes or spikes or fascicles, usually with a bract on each pedicel and 2 bracteoles below each flower. Perianth double, outer adnate to the ovary, limb short or barely evident, truncate or 4–6-toothed; inner 3–6-lobed, lobes free or united into a tube, valvate. Stamens as many as the divisions of the perianth, usually inserted on them; filaments short or long; anthers introrse, 2-celled. Ovary inferior, 1-celled; style short or long; stigma simple; ovule solitary, erect, adnate to the walls of the ovary. Fruit a 1-seeded berry or drupe, pericarp usually viscid. Seed generally albuminous; embryo straight, axile, radicle superior.


text:
Page:Constitution of the United Arab Emirates - official translation 2015.pdf/85

United Arab Emirates Constitution

This Decision shall be published in the Official Gazette.

Issued at Al-MusharrafAl-Mushrif [sic] Palace in Abu Dhabi on 28 October 1991.


text: Manual of the New Zealand Flora/Thymelæaceæ


text:
Page:Constitution of the United Arab Emirates - official translation 2015.pdf/86

United Arab Emirates Constitution

The Federal Supreme Constitution,

Having perused the UAE Temporary Constitution; and Based on-: [sic]
 * • The decision of the Federal Supreme Council,
 * • The approval of the Council of Ministers,
 * • The assent of the Federal National Council, and
 * • The ratification of the Federal Supreme Council,

There is hereby repealed the word “temporary” from the UAE Constitution, wherever it exists.

The city of Abu Dhabi shall be the capital city of the UAE.

There is hereby repealed any text or provision in conflict with this amendment.


text:
Page:Constitution of the United Arab Emirates - official translation 2015.pdf/87

United Arab Emirates Constitution

This constitutional amendment shall take effect from the date it is issued and shall be published in the Official Gazette.

Issued at the Presidency Palace in Abu Dhabi on 2 December 1996.


text:
Page:Constitution of the United Arab Emirates - official translation 2015.pdf/88

United Arab Emirates Constitution

The Federal Supreme Council,

Having perused-: [sic]
 * • The UAE Constitution;
 * • The Federal Supreme Council’s Decision 3/1991 forming the Committee for Examining the Constitution; and
 * • The Federal Supreme Council’s Decision 1/1996 amending some of the Constitution’s provisions,

There is hereby extended the term of the committee formed by Decision 3/1991 referred to for one calendar year as of 20 May 1996.

The Committee shall consider amending the articles of the UAE Constitution so that they catch up with the coming phase of national action.


text:
Page:Constitution of the United Arab Emirates - official translation 2015.pdf/89

United Arab Emirates Constitution

The Committee shall take the necessary constitutional procedures after amending the Constitution’s articles in accordance with the provision of Article 144-2-a-b of the Constitution.

This Decision shall take effect from the date it is issued and shall be published in the Official Gazette.

Issued at Al-MusharrafAl Mushrif [sic] Palace in Abu Dhabi on 26 December 1996.


text:
Page:Constitution of the United Arab Emirates - official translation 2015.pdf/90

United Arab Emirates Constitution

The Federal Supreme Council,

Having perused the UAE Constitution; and Based on-: [sic]
 * • The proposal of the Federal Supreme Council,
 * • The assent of the Federal National Council, and
 * • The ratification of the Federal Supreme Council,

For the provision of Article (121) of the UAE Constitution, the following provision is hereby substituted:. [sic]

Without prejudice to the provisions of the preceding Article, the UAE has exclusive legislative jurisdiction in the following matters:

 * • Labor relations and social security;
 * • Ownership of real properties and expropriation for the public interest;

 * • Extradition of criminals;
 * • Banks;
 * • All types of insurance;


text:
Page:Constitution of the United Arab Emirates - official translation 2015.pdf/91

United Arab Emirates Constitution :• Protection of agricultural and animal wealth;
 * • Major legislation relating to the penal, civil, and commercial codes; company law, civil and criminal procedure codes;
 * • Protection of intellectual, technical and industrial property rights; copyright; and printing and publishing rights;
 * • Importation of arms and ammunitions except for use by the armed forces or the security forces of any Emirate;
 * • Other aviation matters that do not lie within the federal executive jurisdiction;
 * • Delimitation of the territorial waters and regulation of navigation in the high seas; and
 * • Regulation of the free financial zones, the manner in which they are established, and how far they are excluded from scope of application of the federal legislative provisions.

This constitutional amendment shall take effect from the date it is issued and shall be published in the Official Gazette.

Issued at the Presidency Palace in Abu Dhabi on 10 January 1996.


text:
Page:Constitution of the United Arab Emirates - official translation 2015.pdf/92

United Arab Emirates Constitution

The Federal Supreme Constitution,

Having perused the UAE Constitution; and Based on-: [sic]
 * • The proposal of the Federal Supreme Council,
 * • The assent of the Federal National Council, and
 * • The ratification of the Federal Supreme Council,

Article (1)

For the word «Deputy», the word «Deputies» and for the word (His Deputy)) [sic] the word (their Deputies)) [sic] are hereby substituted wherever they exist in articles (54), (55), (57), and (67). Also, for the word «his Deputy» in Article (93) in the UAE Constitution, the words «any of his Deputies«» [sic] is hereby substituted.

Article (2)

For the provisions of articles (59), (62), (64), (72), (78), (85), and (91) of the UAE Constitution, the following provisions are hereby substituted:. [sic]

Article (59)

The Prime Minister presides over the meetings of the Council of Ministers, calls the Council into session, runs its discussions, follows up the activities of the minister’s


text:
Page:Constitution of the United Arab Emirates - official translation 2015.pdf/93

United Arab Emirates Constitution and supervises the co-ordination of activities among the ministries and in all the executive organs of the UAE.

One of the Deputy Prime Ministers shall exercise all the powers of the Prime Minister in the event of the Prime Minister’s absence for any reason.

Article (62)

While in office, the Prime Minister, the Deputies of the Prime Minister, or any Minister of the UAE may not practice any professional, commercial or financial activity or enter into any commercial transactions with the Government of the UAE or the Governments of the Emirates or holds, besides his office, more than one official post in the Government of an Emirate.

Article 64(64) [sic]

The Prime Minister, his deputies and the ministers collectively are politically answerable to the President of the UAE and the Federal Supreme Council for implementing the internal and foreign general policy of the UAE. Each one of them is personally answerable to the President of the UAE and the Supreme Council for the activities of his ministry or office.

Where the Prime Minister resigns, is removed from office, or is dead or where his office falls vacant for any reason whatsoever, the whole Cabinet is deemed resigned. The President of the UAE may ask the ministers to remain in office temporarily to manage urgent affairs till the new Cabinet is formedformed. [sic]


text:
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United Arab Emirates Constitution Article 72(72) [sic]

The term of membership in the FNC is four years, according to the Gregorian calendar, commencing from the date the FNC holds its first session.

Article 78(78) [sic]

The FNC meets in an annual regular session for a minimum of seven months, commencing on the third week of October every year. The FNC may be called into a special session, if necessary. The FNC may not hear at a special session any matter other than those for which it has been called into session.

Article 85(85) [sic]

The FNC shall have a General Secretariat headed by a General Secretary. The FNC’s By-law specifieswe the General Secretary’s responsibilities. The FNC makes its by-law and theis by-law is issued by decision of the President of the UAE subject to the approval of the Federal Supreme Council.. [sic]

Article (91)

The Government shall notify the FNC of the international treaties and conventions the Government concludes with other states and the different international organizations together with the appropriate explanations. The President of the UAE determines, by decision, the international treaties and conventions that must be referred to the FNC for consideration before they are approved.


text:
Page:Constitution of the United Arab Emirates - official translation 2015.pdf/95

United Arab Emirates Constitution

The term of the present Federal National Council is hereby extended to complete the term provided in Article (72) of this Amendment.

This constitutional amendment shall take effect from the date it is issued and shall be published in the Official Gazette.

Issued at the Presidency Palace in Abu Dhabi on 10 February 2009.


text: Index:Two Treatise On The Hindu Law Of Inheritance (IA in.ernet.dli.2015.216413).pdf


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text: Page:Two Treatise On The Hindu Law Of Inheritance (IA in.ernet.dli.2015.216413).pdf/2


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text: Page:Two Treatise On The Hindu Law Of Inheritance (IA in.ernet.dli.2015.216413).pdf/4


text: Page:Two Treatise On The Hindu Law Of Inheritance (IA in.ernet.dli.2015.216413).pdf/5


text: Page:Two Treatise On The Hindu Law Of Inheritance (IA in.ernet.dli.2015.216413).pdf/404


text: Page:Two Treatise On The Hindu Law Of Inheritance (IA in.ernet.dli.2015.216413).pdf/403


text: Page:Two Treatise On The Hindu Law Of Inheritance (IA in.ernet.dli.2015.216413).pdf/402


text: Page:Two Treatise On The Hindu Law Of Inheritance (IA in.ernet.dli.2015.216413).pdf/401


text:
Page:Margaret Mead - Coming of age in Samoa; a psychological study of primitive youth for western civilisation.pdf/39

 culture, the appreciation which we can accord our civilisation is even more enhanced. Here in remote parts of the world, under historical conditions very different from those which made Greece and Rome flourish and fall, groups of human beings have worked out patterns of life so different from our own that we cannot venture any guess that they would ever have arrived at our solutions. Each primitive people has selected one set of human gifts, one set of human values, and fashioned for themselves an art, a social organisation, a religion, which is their unique contribution to the history of the human spirit.

Samoa is only one of these diverse and gracious patterns, but as the traveller who has been once form home is wiser than he who has never left his own door step, so a knowledge of one other culture should sharpen our ability to scrutinise more steadily, to appreciate more lovingly, our own.

And, because of the particular problem which we set out to answer, this tale of another way of life is mainly concerned with education, with the process by which the baby, arrived cultureless upon the human scene, becomes a full-fledged adult member of his or her society. The strongest light will fall upon the ways in which Samoan education, in its broadest sense, differs from our own. And from this contrast we may be able to turn, made newly and vividly self-conscious and self-critical, to judge anew and perhaps fashion differently the education we give our children.


text: The Trees of Great Britain & Ireland/1 - Plates/Ginkgo


text: The Works of Charles Dickens/Volume 2/Chapter 44


text: The Trees of Great Britain & Ireland/1 - Plates/Liriodendron


text:
Page:Margaret Mead - Coming of age in Samoa; a psychological study of primitive youth for western civilisation.pdf/40

life of the day begins at dawn, or if the moon has shown until daylight, the shouts of the young men may be heard before dawn from the hillside. Uneasy in the night, populous with ghosts, they shout lustily to one another as they hasten with their work. As the dawn begins to fall among the soft brown roofs and the slender palm trees stand out against a colourless, gleaming sea, lovers slip home from trysts beneath the palm trees or in the shadow of beached canoes, that the light may find each sleeper in his appointed place. Cocks crow, negligently, and a shrill-voiced bird cries from the breadfruit trees. The insistent roar of the reef seems muted to an undertone for the sounds of a waking village. Babies cry, a few short wails before sleepy mothers give them the breast. Restless little children roll out of their sheets and wander drowsily down to the beach to freshen their faces in the sea. Boys, bent upon an early fishing, start collecting their tackle and go to rouse their more laggard companions. Fires are lit, here and there, the white smoke hardly visible against the paleness of the dawn. The whole village, sheeted and frowsy, stirs, rubs its eyes, and stumbles towards the beach. "Talofa!" "Talofa!"


text: The Trees of Great Britain & Ireland/1 - Plates/Picea


text: Page:Constitution of the United Arab Emirates - official translation 2015.pdf/96


text: Page:Constitution of the United Arab Emirates - official translation 2015.pdf/97


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Quarrell, James


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Quarrell, John


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Quarrell, Timothy


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Qua(r)termayn, Francis


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Quartermayne, Ralph


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Quarterman, Samuel


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Qua(r)terman, Sextus


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Quarterman, Thomas


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Quartremaine, Thomas


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Quelch, William


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Quenbye, Anthony


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Quenby, John


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Quennell, Peter


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Quennell, Robert


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Querton, Edward


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Question, Augustine


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Quicke, John (1)


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Quicke, John (2)


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Quick, John