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 “I beg pardon?”

“Esplanade. Where I live in New Orleans,” she explained. “Its a street,” she added after a while.

“Oh,” Major Ayers murmured “Do you like living there?”

“I don’t know. I always lived there.” After a time she added: “It’s not far.”

“Not far, eh?”

“No, sir.” She stood motionless beside him and for the third time Major Ayers jerked his head quickly, as though some one were trying to attract his attention.

“I was on my way below,” he repeated. Jenny waited a while. Then she murmured:

“It’s a fine night for courting.”

“Courting?” Major Ayers repeated.

“With dates.” Major Ayers stared down upon her hushed, soft hair. “When boys come to see you,” she explained.

“When you go out with the boys.”

“Go out with boys,” Major Ayers repeated. “To Mandeville, perhaps?”

“Sometimes,” she agreed. “I’ve been there.”

“Do you go often?”

“Why sometimes,” she repeated.

“With boys, eh? With men, too, hey?”

“Yes, sir,” Jenny answered with mild surprise. “I don’t guess anybody would just go there by herself.”

Major Ayers calculated heavily. Jenny stood docile and rife, projecting her little enticing aura, doing her best. “I say,” he said presently, “suppose we pop down there tomorrow—you and I?”

“To-morrow?” Jenny repeated with soft astonishment.

“To-night, then,” he amended. “What d’ye say?”

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Page:The Net of Faith.pdf/641

216* does not kill the innocent, but that it is the law that does it. And God can kill since He is the giver of life and death: "It is I who slay, ami bring to life." therefore the kings whom God has authorized to rule can kill in the exercise of their justice. It is also said to the Romans that those who do such things deserve to die. And about the judges he says that they do not wear the sword in vain, but serve God. The judge is justified to comdemn to death in accordance with the Scripture which says, "as for these enemies of mine, who did not want me to reign over them, bring them here ani slay them before me!" Then he mentions also Cyprian who, referring to the place in the Old Testament where God says to the tribe,

He says this in explanation of another text, "remembering the commandment, Matathias slaughtered those who offered sacrifices to the idols." And since these things were commanded Deut. 32:39.

Rom. 1:32.

Rom. 13:4.

Luke 19:27. the item in "Petri Zatecensis liber diurnus," in, p. 309: "Item homicidium in punitione malorum fieri dixit, probans per illud Romanorum 13: "Non sum sine causa," etc. Item Lucae 19: "Inimicos meos," etc."

Deut. 13: 6 & 9.

I-Macc. 2: 24.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

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217* before the arrival of Christ, they are all the more valid after his appearance.

In the Czech original his name is Jilji̍. He is Aegidius Carlerii de Picardia, “decanus cameracensis," professor of theology of the University of Paris. One of the historic figures of the Council of Basel. . former discussion of the Council in chap. XIII, p.63*.

Nicholas of Pelhr̄imov (or, Pilgram), Ta̍borite Bishop of Pisek. Elected to episcopacy in 1420. He defended the Ta̍borite position at the Council of Basel. It is mainly through his efforts that the Hussite clergy of the Ta̍borite faction worked out a unified theological system at a synod held in Pisek in 1422 (Cf. Palacky,, 2nd ed., vol.lV, 1, p.84). Imprisoned by King George of Podiebrad in 1452, died in prison in 1459. Often nicknamed "Biskupec." , pp.49–52.

Here is meant the Fourth Article of Prague saying that "all mortal sins and especially the visible sins and other evils, contrary to the law of God, be judged and destroyed orderly and wisely by those who are authorized by their office to do so." (Quarto quod inordinaciones legi divine contrarie in quolibet statu rite et rationabiliter per eos, ad quos spectat, prohibeantur et destruantur). ., p.389.

Master Aegidius (in French, Giles Charlier) spoke from the 13th to the 17th of February 1433, and Bishop Nicholas on January 20th and 21st, 1433. "Feria die 6 ante Valentini surrexit doctor theologiae Aegidius de Picardia, volens ponere positionem contra Episcopi de destructione peccatorum" (. "Petri Zatecensis Liber Diurnus de Gestis Bohemorum in Concilio Basileensi," in, Vienna: Imperial Academy of Sciences, 1857, p.309). Also “Johannis de Ragusio Tractatus quomodo Bohemi reducti sunt ad unitatem ecclesiae," in, p.284f.: "Item die 13 Februarii in congregatione general hora consueta de mane magister Aegidius Carlerii, magister in theologia Parisiensis, incepit suam propositionem ad secondum articulum de peccatis mortalibus publice corrigendis respondendo, praemissis brevi collatione et protestationibus in similibus actibus fieri consuetis. Et ea die complevit primum punctum suae positionis, quam prosecutiis est per tres dies alios, videlicet die Sabbati qui fuit dies 14, et die Lunae qui erat dies 16, et die Martis sequenti qui fuit 17. Et in fine positionis petiit veniam, si in aliquo offendisset sacrum concilium vel quemcumque auditorem sive in fide, sive in quibus-cunque aliis, et ut de offensis aut erratis benigne per sacrum concilium corrigeretur, si aliquo modo impegisset in aliquem, aut aliquem quo_modo offendisset; et in his actus magistri Aegidii fuit finitus.

, written by Abbot Walafried Strabo ( A.D. 1501), whose commentary on the Church Fathers was for a long time honored almost as much as the Bible.

Deut. 32:39.

Rom. 1:32.

Rom. 13:4.

Luke 19:27. the item in "Petri Zatecensis liber diurnus," in, p. 309: "Item homicidium in punitione malorum fieri dixit, probans per illud Romanorum 13: "Non sum sine causa," etc. Item Lucae 19: "Inimicos meos," etc."

Deut. 13: 6 & 9.

I-Macc. 2: 24.

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text: Mosquitoes (Faulkner)/The Third Day

title: Mosquitoes (Faulkner)/The Third Day


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 been relieved of the risk of its publication by the liberal action of the Proprietors of the Midland Counties Herald, no indifference on our part must leave loss ta fall upon them; a subscription is no mere contribution towards the common weal, full value is returned for it. Under the excellent editorship of Mr. E. W. Badger and Mr. W. J. Harrison, the journal has been go conducted that, if the progress exhibited in the first fire numbers continues, it will speedily acquire more than a local fame, and the United Societies, when it is established on a firm basis, may with legitimate pride point to the "Midland Naturalist" as the first work of and a sufficient reason for, their Union.

But we have other duties besides those which tend to secure the success of our local organisation; we are British as well as Midland Naturalists, and caught by all means in our power to aid in extending the usefulness of those representative Societies of our country, of world-wide reputation, whose reports, transactions, end other publications, form in a great part the basis of the knowledge we possess of the various subjects of our studios; probably many of you consult these reports and transactions for the valuable information they contain, well contented if your local library possesses them, without giving a thought to the cost of their production. But, however distinguished may be these Societies, they are maintained by the subscriptions of their members, and their publications are limited, and consequently their utility. by the measure of their funds; many precious treatises, the results of the long observation, and earnest thought of some of our best observers of Nature, are, for lack of the means of publication, lost to science, and the energies of succeeding Naturalists lave to be wasted in going over the same ground again, which might have been more profitably expended in working out new discoveries. It is the duty of every true Naturalist, who can afford the few guineas necessary lo constitute membership, to join these Societies, and aid the general cause of science by Increasing their means of utility.

The Societies to which I especially refer are: The Linnean Society, which was founded in 1758 for the cultivation of Natural History in all its branches, and more especially the National History of Great Britain and Ireland, The Geological Society of London, instituted in 1807, for the investigation of the Mineral Structure of the earth.

The Zoological Society of London, instituted in 1826, for the advancement of Zoology. and the introduction and exhibition of subjects of the animal kingdom alive, and in a state of preservation.

The Entomological Society, founded in 1532, for the cultivation of the knowledge of the structure, uses, habits, and functions of the Insect tribes, both native and foreign.

The Ray Society, founded in 1544, for printing such works in Natural History as stand in need of extraneous assistance to secure their publication.

And the Palæontographical Society, established in 1847, for the purpose of figuring and describing the whole of the British Fossils.

The last two Societies are specially deserving of the support both of the several societies in the Union, and of the individual members; the


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Page:1939 North Dakota Session Laws.pdf/322

PHOTOGRAPHY Board of Photographic Examiners, to consist of five members who shall be apointed by the Governor within ten days after the taking effect of this act, each of whom shall be a practicing photographer who shall have been engaged in the practice of professional pho tography in the State for not less than four consecutive years. (a) Of the members first appointed to the board, two shall be appointed for one year, two for two years, and one for three years. Thereafter, the terms of all members shall be three year terms, except that appointments to fill vacancies happening in any manner shall be for the unexpired term only. The Governor shall appoint the five original members of the board from a list of seven or more candidates nominated by the professional photographers' association of this State, an organization having nominal dues, membership in which is open to all professional photographers in this State, without restriction. All vacancies thereafter shall be filled by the Governor from nominations made by the professional photographers' association of this State, which shall submit, on each occasion, a list including the names of at least double the number of candidates required. (b) Members of said board, before entering upon their duties, shall take and subscribe to the oath of office provided for State officers and the same shall be filed in the office of the Secretary of State. § 4. Organization; Duties of Officers; Meetings; Compensation.] (a) Within thirty (30) days after the appointment of the members thereof, the board shall organize by electing one (1) of its members as president, one (1) as vice-president, and one (1) as secretary and treasurer. The board shall make such rules and regulations as may be necessary to the performance of its duties. A majority of the board shall consitute a quorum. (b) It shall be the duty of the president to preside at all meetings. In the absence or incapacity of the president, the vicepresident shall assume his duties. It shall be the duty of the secretary. treasurer to keep a record of all proceedings of the board, which shall be open at all times to public inspection. He shall have custody of all funds and shall hold, use or expend such funds only in the manner hereinafter provided. He shall give such surety bond as the board shall from time to time prescribe, in not less than double the amount of money he would hold at any one time, and the pre mium shall be a charge against the board. (c) The board shall hold public meetings at least once each year and as often and at such places as it may deem necessary. (d) Each member of the board shall receive as compensation five dollars ($5.00) for each day he is present at and engaged in a session of the board, and/or is actively engaged in the duties of the board or of his office, in addition to actual and necessary traveling expenses and hotel bills incurred in connection with the


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 being near the mice. On April 12, upon recommendation from the veterinarian and pursuant to court order, City officials had the veterinarian euthanize the mice.

''Figure 8 - At least ten dead mice, including at least nine decaying carcasses, were found in just one box at the Reedley Biolab. Source: City of Reedley.''

''Figure 9 - Evidence of wounds on seven mice found at the Reedley Biolab, indicating inhumane living conditions for the animals. Source: City of Reedley.''

As part of their review, local officials uncovered marked and unmarked “fire danger and explosion hazards created by the corrosive, toxic, and highly flammable chemicals stored” in the Reedley Biolab. These materials were highly dangerous. Were a fire to occur, Fire Department officials assessed that the City of Reedley would need to evacuate at least one city block around the warehouse. The “proposed evacuation zone would include the City of Reedley Police Department, City Hall, the Kings Canyon Unified District main office, and approximately 12 residential homes.” The potential blast radius would increase significantly if the fire spread to the gas station located next door.

While the inspection process was ongoing, Jesse Zhu, using the false name “David He,” began communicating over the phone and via email with local officials. He said that he was a “special representative” of UMI. Zhu asked for local officials not to destroy the pathogen samples. Instead, he asked that they allow him to move them off-site using a company that is unlicensed for medical

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364 simultaneously in its many-hued concrete reality and in its insignificance, we must not only read his poems, but we must also hear them sung; it is only through the melody, or rather through the words and melody combined, that we are able to get a complete impression of what the poems mean to convey. No one else has like Bellman understood how to blend both in an indissoluble unity. Whether he composes the melody himself or, as is frequently the case, adapts his words to some old song, he always attains the highest possible result, a complete harmony between the words and the melody, so that they materially illustrate and enrich each other.

There are a few other poets of this period who were on friendly terms with him and were called "Bellman's cousins," and they have, at all events, the comical element in common with him, but they wholly lack the other feature of his poetry, the earnest and essentially religious tone, which in its fusion with the comical-realistic vein is so striking and effective. Two of these poets Kexél and Hallman were particularly intimate with him, whence they, the three, were called the "clover leaf." (1748-96) appeared as an author already in his twentieth year and wrote chiefly political pamphlets. This caused him prosecutions which ended in heavy pecuniary fines. In other respects his affairs became so embarrassed that in 1770 he found it necessary to leave the country. But after the coup d'état by Gustav III he returned to Sweden, where his political enemies could no longer harm him. He henceforth led a merry, reckless life and gave the impulse to the foundation of the jovial order still existing, called "Par Bricole," which gathered together all the best talents of the time, and of which Bellman was also was a zealous member. What Kexél wrote from this time on was chiefly a faithful picture of his own life and


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 waste or pathogen transportation. Local officials did not permit Zhu to do so. Zhu also provided contact information for corporate officers, all of whom were in the PRC.

C. April 21 and May 1, 2023 Inspections by County and State Officials

Fresno County public health officials inspected the premises on April 21, confirming and expanding on the prior findings. “Fresno County Public Health staff observed biologicals stored and kept in hazardous and non-compliant conditions, the presence of multiple infectious agents (later confirmed by CDC) and pursuant to Title 17 California Code of Regulations Section 2500.” Fresno County public health staff also “observed the 32 refrigerators and freezers. A number of these refrigerators and freezers had either stopped functioning or were failing due to an inadequate power supply.”

The CDPH inspected the premises on May 1-2. In addition to the “32 refrigerators and freezers” containing apparent pathogens, “CDPH staff also observed several pieces of laboratory equipment, such as incubators and centrifuges.” Inside several freezers, CDPH “observed containers labeled as serum or plasma (of unknown origin) and/or with the name of an infectious agent. A substantial number of the containers were unlabeled and CDPH staff was unable to discern the contents of these containers.” “Many of the indecipherable containers appeared to contain blood, or a blood product, such as serum, or other bodily fluids.” CDPH did not inspect a -80C freezer and another freezer due to potentially dangerous biologicals stored within. CDPH also observed a biohazardous waste container “shrink wrapped” (but not properly sealed) and other forms of biohazards throughout the Reedley Biolab.

D. Abatement Action and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Response

Based on their initial observation in March 2023, local officials began to reach out to additional federal authorities for assistance. Local officials spent months repeatedly trying to obtain assistance from the CDC, both directly and through CDPH. According to local officials, the CDC refused to speak with them and, on a

title: Page:Scc-reedley-report-11.15.pdf/12


text:
Page:1939 North Dakota Session Laws.pdf/435

420 § 1. Bounty for Tree Planting.]

Any person who shall hereafter plant, cultivate and keep in growing, thrifty condition one acre and not more than ten acres of prairie land with any kind of forest trees, and shall plant, or have planted said trees, shall be entitled to four dollars ($4.00) for each acre so planted and cultivated and two dollars ($2.00) bounty per acre for each succeeding year up to four, in which such trees are kept cultivated and growing, to be paid out of the general fund of the county wherein such trees are so planted, but such bounty shall not be so paid unless such grove be maintained upon a tract of not less than eighty acres and shall have at least four hundred living trees in each acre so maintained and kept in growing condition, and in no case shall any bounty be paid in excess of the amount of real estate taxes levied for such year upon the quarter section of land of which such par cel of land planted to trees is a part. Provided, further, that in the event there are any unpaid taxes levied and unpaid against the quarter section of land of which such parcel of land planted to trees is a part at the time application is made for said bounty, such bounty, if allowed, shall be credited upon the amount of such taxes so unpaid, and only the amount in excess of such taxes shall be paid to the applicant. Approved February 28, 1939.

TREATMENT OF PATIENTS-TUBERCULOSIS SANATORIUM

An act to amend and re-enact Section 2588 of the Supplement to the Compiled Laws of 1913, as amended by Chapter 251 of the Session Laws of 1929, relating to the treatment of patients at the North Dakota Tuberculosis Sanatorium and declaring an emergency.

Be It Enacted by the Legislative Assembly of the State of North Dakota:

§ 1. Amendment.] That Section 2588 of the 1925 Supplement to the 1913 Compiled Laws of North Dakota, as amended by Chapter 251 of the Session Laws of 1929, is hereby amended and re-enacted to read as follows : § 2588. Cost of Maintenance of Patients, How Paid.] All persons admitted as patients to the sanatorium shall pay to said institution the cost of their maintenance. The charges for any patient or patients may, however, be paid by any person or persons or so-


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Rh its consequences, a fact sufficiently indicated by the titles of his works. In 1776-77 appeared "Mina Tidsfördrif på Gäldstufvan (my pastime in the debtor's prison); in 1780, "Mina Tidsfördrif på Högvakten," (my pastime at the police station); and in 1784-86 "Bacchi Handbibliothek, eller nya Tidsfördrif på Gäldstufvan." These works are collections of anecdotes, short stories, witty episodes, etc., partly from his own experiences and partly such as he had heard from others. They are mostly of but little value, but they betray wit and humor and at the same time a great deal of levity. His comedies rank much higher, and are even yet the best of which Sweden can boast in this rather poorly represented branch of her literature. Nor is he entirely original in this work either, but he borrows his ideas and materials whereever he finds them, at the same time transforming the foreign elements so skilfully that they acquire a perfectly national Swedish color. The dialogue and the action are bright, and the author's vivacity approaches at times the verge of real humor. His most successful comedies, which sometimes incline to be farcical, are "Kapten Puff eller Storprataren," and "Michel Wingler eller bättra vara brödlös an rådlös." In some of his works he attempted a serious style, in which he was not, however, very successful. In his poems he tried to imitate Bellman and even equalled him in form and in sparkling humor, but he ranks far below him in depth of thought and power of imagination.

(1732-1800) is chiefly known as a dramatist. He wrote mainly parodies on the operas and tragedies in French style, then in vogue, or bold farces, which, like Kexél's pieces, in spite of, or perhaps on account of, their coarseness, were very successful. In the last one of his comedies (which is also his best one), "Tillfället gör tjufven" (Opportunity makes the thief), in which he has introduced couplets with airs from Bellman, Hallman has successfully freed himself from the burlesque, and


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 subscription to them is extremely moderate, one guinea per annum; and, as they are purely publishing societies, and do not held periodical meetings for the reading of papers and discussion, the subscriber in the country has the full benefit of their operations. Generally one or more elaborately illustrated monographs arc issued by each Society every year, exceeding in cost the amount of the subscriptions, as these have frequently been supplemented by considerable pecuniary assistance from the learned authors, who also devote their time and knowledge to the preparation of the works gratuitously.

It appears to me that the individual members, or associations of them, of an organisation like this, who are scattered over a wide area, varying in its flora, fauna, and geological conditions, might turn to profitable account the peculiar opportunities afforded by their several districts in determining many unsettled problems in Natural History. What these problems are I must leave to the decision of such of you as are skilled in the various branches of science; but I will venture to suggest one as an illustration of the kind to which I refer; What is that which determines the sexes of Bees? Is the sex an inherent quality of the bees, or is it modified in the development of the larva by circumstances? Bees, always excepting their stings, afford very favourable opportunities of studying this question; and the knowledge we already possess of some of the peculiarities of the development of the one sex may help us in that of the other. , and afterwards, taught us that the working bee is an imperfectly developed female, ant to make the perfect female from the egg, which, deposited in a worker's cell, would have produced a working bee, nothing more is necessary than sufficient room for ins development, and special food during its growth from a certain stage. It appears » natural question to ask, if a modification of this kind will change a neuter into a perfect female bee, will a modification of another kind, that is, the peculiar size of the drone cell, and some unsolved treatment in nutrition, cause the egg to become a drone, which, deposited elsewhere, and treated otherwise, would have become a worker or a queen? It does not seem unreasonable to suppose that the determination of sex is only a question of room and nutriment, when we not only find these influences have such an effect in the arrested and perfected development of the female in bees, but we know that in mammals there is a period in the fœtal growth when the sex is nob determined, and the fœtus may be called bisexual; and it is only at a further stage that the growth of the organ of the one sex is arrested, and that of the other developed.

Possibly this problem has been solved, but in my limited reading on the subject I have not met with its solution; however, solved or not, if will serve my purpose of suggesting a class of problems upon which the united power of the organisation may be usefully employed. As difficulties occur in the course of the investigations of individual members, they should be by them brought wider the notice of the members of the Union generally, by publication in the "Midland Naturalist," when the investigations can be taken up by such as have the special opportunities of observation requisite, with (he probable result of a satisfactory solution in many cases.


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Rh to the development of Swedish poetry. But of all the greater importance were his polemical works, a part of which he published in 1791 under the title: "Kritik öfver Kritiker med utkast till en lagstiftning i snillets verld." Yet this restless purist, seething and boiling over like a volcano, enthusiastic for all that was noble and good and full of bitter hate against all that was low and common-place, did not confine himself to the department of literature, but attempted to break new ground in various other fields. He declared himself that "his whole life was consecrated to the one supreme idea, that of revealing nature and reforming the whole world." Being convinced that this was not practical in Sweden, he went to England, in 1788, in order to make that country his basis for making humanity noble and perfect. But he found it no less difficult abroad than it had been at home to gather round him a circle of "free men," and so he returned to Sweden in 1790, where he published a series of political works written in a very aggressive spirit. The government of the regency during the minority of Gustav IV became greatly concerned in regard to his diffusion of French revolutionary ideas in one of these works, entitled "Ärligheten" (Honesty), and banished him from the country for four years. He now went to Germany, where he undertook to reform philosophy. Through the publication of several German works he became acquainted with Germany's foremost writers, but here, too, he was unable to solve the problem which he had proposed to himself. On the expiration of two years his sentence of banishment was revoked. He obtained an appointment as professor and librarian in Greifswald, where he spent the last fourteen years of his life, chiefly occupied with scientific investigations.

Anna Maria Lenngren (born Malmstedt, 1754-1817) is one of the most interesting figures that adorn this motley period of Swedish literature. Her father, who was a professor in Upsala, gave her an education which seemed to sug-


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--EncycloPetey (talk) 20:48, 11 February 2024 (UTC)

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--EncycloPetey (talk) 20:48, 11 February 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:Lizenge


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370 gest that he wished to make her a scholar, which did not, however, have any detrimental influence on her healthy unsophisticated mind. When twenty-six years old, she was married to Lenngren, and her husband introduced her into a circle of distinguished poets, at the head of which Lenngren figured. In 1777 she published the satire, "Thekonseljen" a work which she later declared to be a failure, though it was in reality of far greater value than the translations and adaptations which she made of French operas at the request of Gustav III. But she owes her prominent place in Swedish literature to her shorter poems, which were published from time to time in the paper which Kellgren and her husband edited, and which after her death were collected and issued in a book called "Skaldeförsök." For a long time she endeavored to conceal her name, probably from an exaggerated fear of being called a "blue stocking," and consequently, as Franzén says, she hid her lamp under her sewing table. For a long time Kellgren was thought to be the author of her poems, and when she finally cast aside her anonymousness, she rose rapidly in favor with the public. And this popularity was well deserved, for her satirical and idyllic poems are splendid in style, and their materials, which are chiefly taken from daily life, are treated in a truly poetical manner. They are still highly appreciated in Sweden on account of their fresh humor and for their fine psychological insight, as well as for the purity and simplicity which they breathe. Another female poet, (1767-1841) gained her popularity among her contemporaries chiefly by her sentimental erotic songs.

During the Gustavian period and the epoch immediately succeeding it, poetry monopolized all interests to such a degree that comparatively little was achieved in the purely scientific branches. Prose was not wholly neglected, but it was employed almost exclusively in æsthetics and philosophy. Thus the poet Leopold entered the lists as champion of the French


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 : How does he look?

He went out there into the garden with me like a boy  without a care in the world. You know, it was like that. He felt just like a boy when he was with me. All this he didn’t believe in it  really  he couldn’t. He was happy  like that, and I had to break his heart for him. We went down to the pond he loved the water so  and I showed him the toys  and talked to him  about his boy and my boy. Oh, it was awful seeing it all come back into his eyes. He was so frightened he held on to me and kept saying, “What does it mean? What does it mean?” But he knew. He looked back at the house and it was  different. It meant something else to him now.

(low) : A prison.

I saw him touch the jersey and remember. It was like he was touching the boy’s body.

He just looked. And his mouth went sort of funny. Oh, Chris! (She moans a little.) Then he spoke of her his wife. He said, “How I must have hurt her.”

(muttering) : Her pride


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 : She loves him.

She gave him his child his son. That’s what he said. And then he drew up all proud and like a man again to go to her.

(bows her head) : I can’t! We said good-bye. At least we could do that. We never did before.

(taking her hands) : My dear.

 * And now to come back to this  all it stands for  and the war. Did he speak of the war?

His eyes were scared, but he laughed. He said, “It’ll all be over by July, the papers say.” He said, “Shall I send you a postcard from Berlin?” And then, when he went back to the house, he smiled a dreadful, decent smile  and he was whistling “Tipperary” and walking like a soldier. That’s how he’ll go back out there  to France.

[She breaks down.


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Rh taste in his works: "Om Smaken och dess allmänna lagar" (On taste and its general laws); "Om den äldre svenska literaturens förhållande till den franska," etc. (1745-1800), the son of the renowned constructor of Sveaborg and founder of the Swedish "Skerry-Fleet," occupies a very peculiar place in Swedish literature. Like his father he belonged to the military profession, and assisted the former in the execution of his great works. From his father he had also inherited his fine taste and rare talent for the fine arts. After a two years' journey in Southern Europe he found application for his profound views of art and its laws in "Resa till Italien," and "De fria konsters filosofi." In both of these truly ingenious works he greatly emphasizes the importance of antique art. They contain many short suggestions, which, by eminent thinkers of later times, have been regarded as new and important discoveries. His works, which have been frequently republished (the last time in 1866), are very obscure on account of the exceedingly condensed style, but his system has at various times been developed by the best Swedish writers, particularly by Atterbom in his "Svenska siare och skalder," and by Nybläus.

The best prose writer of that time was unquestionably (1752-1824), the tutor of Gustav III. His æsthetical and philosophical views, which he developed in various works, and which his position as secretary of the Swedish Academy enabled him to give a wide circulation, do not differ from the views current in his day, for in æsthetics he agreed with the rules established by the Academy, and in philosophy he adopted Locke's system. Meanwhile the philosophy of Kant had begun to be introduced into Sweden, and this was chiefly owing to the efforts of the Upsala professor, (died 1810). (1760-1835) edited an important organ for the dissemination of the new views introduced at the close of the eighteenth century, namely, the periodical which at first bore the title, "Läsning


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 : Don’t  don’t  don’t take on like that. It had to be. He’s cured. That’s all that matters. He’s a man again.

[She rises.

I must go home.

He came to bring it for you.

He’s like that, you know.

I’d rather walk this afternoon. I would really. It’s the last time.

[She looks round, saying a silent good-bye to the room.

I knew it couldn’t last.

There’s nothing to say. It had to be. Good-bye, my dear. You'll be kind to him.

[''The two women kiss and remain still for a moment. Then gently releases herself''.

I’ll get my things. Where is William?

I'll tell him. I’ll bring your things.


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 A wide field of investigation is open to the patient Naturalist who will devote his energies to the study of that strange class of organisms, the parasites of man. Dr. Spencer Cobbold, the most eminent of British Helminthologists, who has recently honoured our local society by accepting the office of honorary vice-president, is now engaged in publishing, in the "Midland Naturalist," a series of papers in which he brings before our notice the fact, that the complete life-history of many human plagues is yet untraced. Here is full and useful occupation as have the necessary patience and application. The full career of some of them has been clearly demonstrated, through a series of metamorphoses more strange and bewildering than any we have read of in the fabulous pages of Eastern tale; wonderful as are the records of the Thousand-and-One Nights, no story related by Sheherazade is so full of marvel as that of the of varying phases of the life-career of a simple cestode worm. In unravelling the thread of such a career, and distinctly tracing it through all its changes, you may by some happy discovery of the peculiarities of one or other of these formidable guests, gain the proud distinction of having conferred a benefit on mankind. At present we know what fatal mischief they work upon their hosts but our knowledge is not sufficient to enable us to guard effectually against their unwelcome visits. It must be that, in a union of so many desirous of penetrating the secrets of nature, some by education and tastes are eminently qualified for this difficult pursuit. Its utility ought to be a sufficient inducement to follow it, and the absorbing interest it would generate in its followers would be their sufficient reward.

This special field of observation is not limited, as to its objects, to the ordinary entozoa and epizoa, which hitherto have been included in the lists of the Helminthologist; most of these are distinctly visible without the assistance of the microscope, which is only required for the examination of the details of their structure there is evidence of the existence of a large class of organisms, whose interference with our vital economy is far more fatal than that of ordinary parasites these are so minute as to tax the skill of the most expert histologists, and require the most perfect instruments to detect their existence. The generally accepted theory of their action appears to explain satisfactorily the course of many fatal diseases, as scarlet and other fevers, measles, smallpox, and, in fact, most of the diseases attributed to contagion but much more evidence is required to establish the theory on a firm basis. Already a large body of acute observers throughout the scientific world are engaged in pursuing this study; and the evidence obtained with reference to one particular form of disease splenic or relapsing fever appears to be conclusive, as numerous specimens of a peculiar form of Bacteria, called Spirilla, are always found to be present in the blood of persons while suffering from this fever, which disappear during the intermissions, and when the fever passes away. Other forms of Bacteria have been detected in the blood in other diseases but much evidence is still required to distinguish and identify them as the several causes of the mischief in the varying forms of contagion, the search for which will


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 [She goes out quickly.

, ''left alone, kneels for a moment with the toys, replaces a few in the box. Then she rises and stands waiting''. comes in, carrying her things.

You’d left your umbrella at home and it was looking sort of cloudy, so I thought I’d bring it over.

It was nice of you to think of it. It’s a fine evening, though. I think I’d like to walk, now I’ve got you to come with me. Is that my coat?

She seemed upset.

(taking the hat and coat and putting them on) : She’s had a hard time, poor thing.

(tentatively) : I hope you found your friend better to-day, Margaret?

He’s much better. He’s well again. I shan’t be coming any more. I’ll stay home with you. I’ve been neglecting you. Come along, dear, I’m quite ready.

(as they go to the door) : It’s a fine house, this, Margaret.


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372 för Landtmän," and later "Läsning i blandade ämnen." It was published from 1795 to 1801, and all of the more important authors contributed to its columns, and thus aided materially in preparing the soil for the new order of things.


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" looked respectfully at Poirot. Undoubtedly the little man had scored heavily. The Commissary laughedon a rather hollow note.

"You teach us all our business," he cried. "M. Poirot knows more than the police."

Poirot gazed complacently at the ceiling, adopting a mock-modest air.

"What will you; it is my little hobby," he murmured, "to know things. Naturally I have the time to indulge it. I am not overburdened with affairs."

"Ah!" said the Commissary shaking his head portentously. "As for me"

He made an exaggerated gesture to represent the cares that lay on his shoulders.

Poirot turned suddenly to Van Aldin.

"You agree. Monsieur, with this view? You feel certain that the Comte de la Roche is the murderer?"

"Why, it would seem soyes, certainly."

Something guarded in the answer made the Examining Magistrate look at the American curiously. Van Aldin seemed aware of his scrutiny and made an effort as though to shake off some preoccupation.

"What about my son-in-law?" he asked. "You have acquainted him with the news? He is in Nice, I understand."

"Certainly, Monsieur." The Commissary hesitated,


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 and then murmured very discreetly: "You are doubtless aware, M. Van Aldin, that M. Kettering was also one of the passengers on the Blue Train that night?"

The millionaire nodded.

"Heard it just before I left London," he vouchsafed laconically.

"He tells us," continued the Commissary, "that he had no idea his wife was travelling on the train."

"I bet he hadn't," said Van Aldin grimly. "It would have been rather a nasty shock to him if he'd come across her on it."

The three men looked at him questioningly.

"I'm not going to mince matters," said Van Aldin savagely. "No one knows what my poor girl has had to put up with. Derek Kettering wasn't alone. He had a lady with him."

"Ah?"

"Mirelllethe dancer."

M. Carrège and the Commissary looked at each other and nodded as though confirming some previous conversation. M. Carrège leaned back in his chair, joined his hands, and fixed his eyes on the ceiling.

"Ah!" he murmured again. "One wondered." He coughed. "One has heard rumours."

"The lady," said M. Caux, "is very notorious."

"And also," murmured Poirot softly, "very expensive."

Van Aldin had gone very red in the face. He leant forward and hit the table a bang with his fist.

"See here," he cried, "my son-in-law is a damned scoundrel!"


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 He glared at them, looking from one face to another.

"Oh, I know," he went on. "Good looks and a charming, easy manner. It took me in once upon a time. I suppose he pretended to be broken-hearted when you broke the news to himthat is, if he didn't know it already."

"Oh, it came as a complete surprise to him. He was overwhelmed."

"Darned young hypocrite," said Van Aldin. "Simulated great grief, I suppose?"

"Nno," said the Commissary cautiously. "I would not quite say thateh, M. Carrège?"

The Magistrate brought the tips of his fingers together, and half closed his eyes.

"Shock, bewilderment, horrorthese things, yes," he declared judicially. "Great sorrownoI should not say that."

Hercule Poirot spoke once more.

"Permit me to ask, M. Van Aldin, does M. Kettering benefit by the death of his wife?"

"He benefits to the tune of a couple of millions," said Van Aldin.

"Dollars?"

"Pounds. I settled that sum on Ruth absolutely on her marriage. She made no will and leaves no children, so the money will go to her husband."

"Whom she was on the point of divorcing," murmured Poirot. "Ah, yesprécisément."

The Commissary turned and looked sharply at him.

"Do you mean" he began.


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 260 TAG to CG, U.S. Army, Pacific, 5 Mar 56, sub: Change in Status of Certain Units, AGAO-O-322 (27 Feb 56) DCSPER (Deputy Chief of Staff for Personnel), all AG Reference files, DAMH-HSO; Historical Data Cards for divisions, DAMH-HSO.

$36$ Memo for Record, sub; Unit Rotation Plan, 23 Feb 54, and Ltr, John E. Dahlquist to Matthew B. Ridgway, 7 Apr 54, Records of the Army Staff, G–1, 210.21 Feb–Mar 54, RG 319, NARA; "World-wide Unit Rotation," Army Combat Forces Journal 5 (Nov 1954): 37; Robert N. Young, "Operation Rotation Plus Stability," Army Information Digest 10 (Mar 1955): 2–6; Historical Division, U.S, Army Europe (USAREUR), Operation Gyroscope in the US Army Europe, 1957, pp. 1–2 (Secret, material used unclassified), DAMH-HSR.

$37$ Historical Section, USAREUR, Operation in the US Army Europe, pp. 26–40; SS, G–1 for CofS, sub: Training Center Designations, Tab A, 15 Dee 55, G–1 S 323.3, Division General file, DAMH-HSO.

$38$ Historical Section, USAREUR, "The Replacement and Augmentation System in Europe (1945–1963)," pp. 47–48, Ms, DAMH-HSR.

$39$ Coakley et al., "Demobilization," pp. 72–80; U.S. Congress, Senate, ''Eleventh Report of the Preparedness Subcommittee of the Committee on Armed Services of the United States Senate under the Authority of S.Res. 18,'' 82d Cong., 1st Sess., Apr 1951; SS, G–1 for CofS, sub: Training Center Designations, 15 Dec 55, SS, DCSPER for CofS, same subject, 27 Jan 56, DCSPER S 323, and DOD News Release No. 152–56, sub; Army to Stop Using Division Designations to Identify Training Divisions. 23 Feb 56, all Division General file, DAMH-HSO; also see unit files of the 101st Abn, 6th and 9th Inf, and 5th and 6th Armd Divs, DAMH-HSO.

$40$ Ltr, TAG to CG, U.S. Army, Caribbean, 1 Mar 56, sub: Change in Status of Certain Units, AGAO-O (M) 322 (10 Feb 56) DCSPER, 23d Inf Div file, and Ltr, TAG to CGs, CONARC and Sixth Army, 6 Sep 56, same subject, AGAO-O 322 (9 Aug 56) DCSPER, 71st Inf Div file, DAMH-HSO.

$41$ Memo, G–1 for G–3, 24 Oct 50, sub: Development of Army's Position in a Complete Review of Civilian Components Structure, G–1 326 (24 Oct 50), and SS, G–3 for CofS, 5 Apr 51, sub; Development of Army Position in a Complete Review of Civilian Components Structure, G–3 326 (24 Oct 50), both Army Reserve file, DAMH-HSO.

$42$ SS, G–3 for CofS, 18 Dec 51, sub: Implementation of the Approved Outline Plan, Army Reserve Forces, 326 (5 Dev 51), Army Reserve Forces Conference, Department of the Army, Army Field Forces, Continental Armies, Fort Monroe, Virginia, 5–9 Nov 1951, Memo for Record, OCofS, 20 Dec 51, sub: Implementation of the Army Reserve Force Reserve Divisional Reorganization, GS 326 (19 Nov 51), and DA Army Reserve Forces Program Summary, 1 Mar 52, all Army Reserve Reference files, Ltr, TAG to CG, Second Army, 18 Apr 52, sub: Change in Status of Certain Army Reserve Divisions, AGAO-I 322 Army Res (6 Mar 52) G–3M, Ltr, TAG to CG, Third Army, 23 Feb 52, same subject, AGAO-I 322 Army Res (28 Jan 52), Ltr, TAG to CG, Fourth Army, 21 Feb 52, same subject, AGAO-I 322 Army Res (30 Jan 52) G–3–M, Ltr, TAG to CG, Fifth Army, 13 Feb 52, same subject, AGAO-I 326 (25 Jan 52) G–3–M, Ltr, TAG to CG, Sixth Army, 22 Feb 52, same subject, AGAO-I 322 Army Res (29 Jan 52), all AG Reference files, and Historical Data Cards, Army Reserve divisions, all DAMH-HSO, The Section Five Committee, established in 1920, was the vehicle for reserve officers to provide input about reserve affairs.

$43$
AR 140–305, 1 Feb 1952: DA Bull 7, 1952.

$44$
Karl Cocke, "The Reserve Components," OCMH Study 130, pp. V–38–49, VI–1–45 passim, Ms, DAMH-RAD; "General Staff Study Leading to the Preparation of Reserve Components Mobilization Preparedness Objectives Plan 1." 1 Jul 53, DAMH-HSR; Ltr, TAG to CG, First Army, 15 Mar 55, sub: Designation and Organization of Certain Divisions of the Army Reserve, AGAO-I (M) 322 (21 Feb 55) Army Res, Ltr, TAG to CG, Second Army, 19 May 55, same subject, AGAO-I (M) 322 Army Res (21 Mar 55) Army Res, Ltr, TAG to CG, Third Army, 15 Feb 55, sub; Designation and Organization of 108th Infantry Division (Replacement Training), AGAO-I (M) 322 (9 Feb 55) Army Res, Ltr, TAG to Fourth Army, 25 Jan 55, sub; Designation and Organization of the 95th Infantry Division, AGAO-I (M) 322 95th Inf Div (18 Jan 55) Army


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 "I mean nothing," said Poirot. "I arrange the facts, that is all."

Van Aldin stared at him with awakening interest.

The little man rose to his feet.

"I do not think I can be of any further service to you, M. le Juge," he said politely, bowing to M. Carrège. "You will keep me informed of the course of events? It will be a kindness."

"But certainly—most certainly."

Van Aldin rose also.

"You don't want me any more at present?"

"No, Monsieur; we have all the information we need for the moment."

"Then I will walk a little way with M. Poirot. That is, if he does not object?"

"Enchanted, Monsieur," said the little man, with a bow.

Van Aldin lighted a large cigar, having first offered one to Poirot, who declined it and lit one of his own tiny cigarettes. A man of great strength of character, Van Aldin already appeared to be his everyday, normal self once more. After strolling along for a minute or two in silence, the millionaire spoke:

"I take it, M. Poirot, that you no longer exercise your profession?"

"That is so. Monsieur. I enjoy the world."

"Yet you are assisting the police in this affair?"

"Monsieur, if a doctor walks along the street and an accident happens, does he say, 'I have retired from my profession, I will continue my walk,' when there is some one bleeding to death at his feet? If I had been already in Nice, and the police had sent to me and


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 The Lights went out! The Windows broke The Room was filled with reeking smoke. And in the darkness shrieks and yells Were mingled with Electric Bells, And falling masonry and groans, And crunching, as of broken bones, And dreadful shrieks, when, worst of all, The House itself began to fall! It tottered, shuddering to and fro. Then crashed into the street below— Which happened to be.

When Help arrived, among the Dead Cousin Mary,


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 afford a worthy occupation for the best Histologists and Physiologists amongst you.

It would be presumption on my part to attempt to teach Geologists their duty, but, subject to their correction, I suggest they might utilise their local knowledge in checking, and rectifying where necessary, the accepted geological map of the district; however correct it may be in its general arrangement, doubtless many details may be added to it which would materially increase its value. If the idea be thought worthy of adoption, the geologists of the Union may easily organise their labour so as to obtain the best effects from it, the district may be subdivided into sections, in each of which a sub-committee, bringing to bear its united local knowledge, could carry the work into effect with a completeness scarcely attainable in other ways. If the attempt should prove successful probably other districts would follow the example, and ultimately, through our initiation, the country might possess a general geological map, with an abundance and an accuracy of detail, such as could only be produced by the well-ordered work of an army of enthusiasts.

Our midland district is rich in the objects of the study of the Botanist and Zoologist; their branches of natural science are within the reach of every one, and the favourite pursuits of many. Of the almost infinite variety of vegetable and animal life, afforded by this fair field, much is unrecorded; aid in supplying this deficiency. Many great undertakings, which would be a tax too severe upon the individual member, burdened with the absorbing cares of his own vocation and family, may be successfully accomplished by division of labour, and the work devoted to their execution would be converted into recreation when subdivided and carried out in association with friends of congenial tastes, all equally eager to advance the progress of science.

A system of interchange of specimens should he arranged, to supply from the superabundance of one district the deficiencies of another. This might be effected by an exchange column in the "Midland Naturalist;!" and I recommend that, when an object of singular interest has been exhibited at a meeting of any society, the fact should be published in the same medium, and, so far as possible, on application by the secretaries of ether societies, the loan of the object should be granted for exhibition throughout the Union; and further, if may be desirable on special occasions to extend the principle to papers of exceptional interest. By such and similar means the interest of meetings may be largely extended, more especially to the advantage of the smaller societies, and the districts with fewest natural advantages.

The Union, if it contain a proportion of enthusiastic Naturalists equal to that of the Birmingham Society, as doubtless it does, will afford the means of organising extended marine excursions, such as to the coast of Ireland, the Mediterranean, or elsewhere, in search of new fields of observation in marine zoology, geology, and over branches of natural science, and realise the day dream of our distinguished marine Zoologist, Mr. W. R. Hughes. As this class of excursion involves the necessity of chartering a steam yacht of capacity sufficient for open sea work, and


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And I am dreadfully afraid That Monsieur Champignon, the Chef, Will now be permanently deaf — And both his


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While George, who was in part to blame, Received, you will regret to hear, A nasty lump behind the ear.

The moral is that little Boys Should not be given dangerous Toys.


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The nicest child I ever knew Was Charles Augustus Fortescue, He never lost his cap, or tore His stockings or his pinafore: In eating Bread he made no Crumbs, He was extremely fond of sums, To which, however, he preferred The Parsing of a Latin Word— He sought, when it was in his power, For information twice an hour,


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 And as for finding Mutton-Fat Unappetising, far from that! He often, at his Father's Board, Would beg them, of his own accord,

To give him, if they did not mind, The Greasiest Morsels they could find— His Later Years did not belie The Promise of his Infancy.


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 Fifi,

Only Child Of Bunyan. First Lord Alberfylde, He thus became immensely Rich, And built the Splendid Mansion which Is called


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Where he resides in Affluence still To show what Everybody might Become by


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 asked me to assist them, I should have refused. But this affair, the good God thrust it upon me."

"You were on the spot," said Van Aldin thoughtfully. "You examined the compartment, did you not?"

Poirot nodded.

"Doubtless you found things that were, shall we say, suggestive to you?"

"Perhaps," said Poirot.

"I hope you see what I am leading up to?" said Van Aldin. "It seems to me that the case against this Comte de la Roche is perfectly clear, but I am not a fool. I have been watching you for this last hour or so, and I realize that for some reason of your own you don’t agree with that theory?"

Poirot shrugged his shoulders.

"I may be wrong."

"So we come to the favour I want to ask you. Will you act in this matter for me?"

"For you personally?"

"That was my meaning."

Poirot was silent for a moment or two. Then he said:

"You realize what you are asking?"

"I guess so, said Van Aldin.

"Very well," said Poirot. "I accept. But in that case, I must have frank answers to my questions."

"Why, certainly. That is understood."

Poirot's manner changed. He became suddenly brusque and business-like.

"This question of a divorce," he said. "It was you who advised your daughter to bring the suit?"

"Yes."

"When?"


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 "About ten days ago. I had had a letter from her complaining of her husband's behaviour, and I put it to her very strongly that divorce was the only remedy."

"In what way did she complain of his behaviour?"

"He was being seen about with a very notorious ladythe one we have been speaking ofMirelle."

"The dancer. Ah-ha! And Madame Kettering objected? Was she very devoted to her husband?"

"I would not say that," said Van Aldin, hesitating a little.

"It was not her heart that suffered, it was her prideis that what you would say?"

"Yes, I suppose you might put it like that."

"I gather that the marriage had not been a happy one from the beginning?"

"Derek Kettering is rotten to the core," said Van Aldin. "He is incapable of making any woman happy."

"He is, as you say in England, a bad lot. That is right, is it not?"

Van Aldin nodded.

"Três bien! You advise Madame to seek a divorce, she agrees; you consult your solicitors. When does M. Kettering get news of what is in the wind?"

"I sent for him myself, and explained the course of action I proposed to take."

"And what did he say?" murmured Poirot softly.

Van Aldin's face darkened at the remembrance.

"He was infernally impudent."

"Excuse the question. Monsieur, but did he refer to the Comte de la Roche?"


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 The Thames

the last few centuries. The forests of England are represented as impassable, or nearly so ; the numbers of the population are grossly underestimated ; the towns which have had a continuous municipal existence of 1500 years are represented as villages.

The same spirit would tend to make of the Thames Valley in the Dark and Middle Ages a very different land- scape from that which we see to-day. The floods were indeed more common and the passage of the river somewhat more difficult ; cultivation did not everywhere approach the banks as it does now ; and in two or three spots where there has been a great development of modern building, notably at Reading, and, of course, in London, the banks have been artificially strengthened. But with these exceptions it may be confidently asserted that no belt of densely inhabited land- scape in England has changed so little in its natural features as the Thames Valley.

There are dozens of reaches upon the upper Thames where little is in sight save the willows, the meadows, and a village church tower, which present exactly the same aspect to-day as they did when that church was first built. You might put a man of the fifteenth century on to the water below St John's Lock, and, until he came to Buscot Lock, he would hardly know that he had passed into a time other than his own. The same steeple of Lechlade would stand as a permanent landmark beyond the fields, and, a long

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 The Thames

way off, the same church of Eaton Hastings, which he had known, would show above the trees.

There is another method of judging the comparative smallness of the change, and it is a method which can be applied to many other parts of England whose desertion or wildness in the Dark and early Middle Ages has been too confidently asserted. That method is to note where human settlements were and are found. With the exception of the long and probably marshy piece between Radcot and ShifFord the whole of the upper Thames was dotted with such settlements, which, though small, were quite close to the banks. Kelmscott is right up against the river in what one would otherwise have imagined to be land too marshy for building until modern times. Buscot, on the other bank, is not only close to the river, but was a royal manor of high historical importance in the eleventh century. Eaton Hast- ings is similarly placed right against the bank ; so was in its day the palace of Kempsford above Lechlade, and so is the church of Inglesham between the two. All the way down you have at intervals old stonework and old place names, indicating habitation upon the upper Thames.

A proper system of locks is comparatively modern on any European river. The invention is even said (upon doubtful authority) to be as late as the sixteenth century, but the method of regulating the waters of a river by weirs is immemorial.

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 The Thames

We have no earlier record of weirs upon the Thames than that in Magna Charta ; but some such system must have existed from the time when men first used the Thames in a regular manner for commerce.

There is but one place left in which one can still re- construct for oneself the aspect of such weirs as were till but little more than a century ago the universal method of canalising the river. Modern weirs are merely adjuncts to locks, and are usually found upon a branch of the stream other than that which leads up to the lock. But in this weir the old fashion of crossing the whole stream is still preserved. There is no lock, and when a boat would pass up or down the paddles of the weir have to be lifted. It is, in a modern journey upon the upper Thames, the one faint incident which the day affords, for if one is going down the stream but few paddles are lifted, and the boat shoots a small rapid, while to admit a boat going up stream the whole weir is raised, and, even so, a great rush of water opposes the boat as it is hauled through. Some years ago there were several of these weirs upon the upper river. They have all been super- seded by locks, and it is probable that this last one will not long survive.

Such weirs did certainly sufficiently regulate the stream as to make its banks regularly habitable. If no local order,

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 The Thames

at least the interest of villagers in their mills sufficed to the watching of the stream.

We have in the place names upon the Thames a further evidence of the antiquity of its regulation, for, as will be seen in a moment, none give proof of any important settlement later than the eleventh century.

These place names not only indicate a continuous and early settlement of the banks, but also form in themselves a very interesting series, whose etymology is a little section of the history of England.

Of purely Celtic names very few survive in the sites of human habitation, though the names of the waterways are almost universally Celtic, as is the name of Thames itself. But it is probable that in the Saxon names which line the river there are many corruptions of Celtic words made to sound in the Saxon fashion. We cannot prove such origins. We can surmise with justice that the " tons " and " dons " all up and down England are Celtic terminations ; they are almost unknown in Germany. There is a somewhat pedantic guess, drawn (it is said) from Iceland, that we got this national name ending from Scandinavia ; so universal a habit would hardly have arisen from an admixture of Scandinavian blood received at the very close of the Dark Ages and affect- ing but small patches of North England. Moreover, as against this theory, there is the fact that quite half the Celtic

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place names mentioned in our early history and in that of Gaul had a similar termination. London itself is the best example.

If, however, we neglect this termination, and consider the first part of the words in which it occurs (as in Abing-don, Bensing-ton, Ea-ton, etc.), we shall find that most of the place names are Saxon in form, and some certainly Saxon in derivation.

Thus Ea-ton, a name scattered all along the Thames, from its very source to the last reaches, is the " tun " by the water or stream, Clif-ton (as in Clifton-Hampden) is the " ton " on the cliff, a very marked feature of the left bank of the river at this place. Of Bensing-ton, now Benson, we know nothing, nor do we of the origin of the word Abing-don.

The names terminating in " ham " are, in their termination at least, certainly Teutonic ; and the same may be true of most of those — but not all of those — ending in " ford." Ford may just as well be a Celtic as a Teutonic ending, and in either case means a " passage," a " going." It does not even in all cases indicate a shallow passage, though in the great majority of cases on the Thames it does indicate a place where one could cross the river on foot. Thus Wallingford was prob- ably the walled or embattled ford, and Oxford almost cer- tainly the " ford of the droves " — droves going north from E 33

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Berkshire. One may say roughly that all the "hams" were Teutonic save where one can put one's finger on a probable Celtic derivation such as one has, for instance, in the case of Witham, which should mean the settlement upon the " bend " or curve of the river, a Celtic name with a Teutonic ending.

One may also believe that the termination " or " or " ore " is Teutonic ; Cumnor may have meant " the wayfarers' stage," and Windsor probably " the landing place on the winding of the river."

Hythe also is thought to be Teutonic. One can never be quite sure with a purely Anglo-Saxon word that it had a German origin, but at least Hythe is Anglo-Saxon, a wharf or stage ; thus Bablock Hythe on the road through the Roman town of Eynsham across the river to Cumnor and Abingdon, cutting off the great bend of the river at Witham ; so also the town we now call " Maidenhead," which was perhaps the " mid- Hythe " between Windsor and Reading. Some few certainly Celtic names do survive : in the Sinodun Hills, for instance, above Dorchester ; and the first part of the name Dorchester itself is Celtic. At the very head of the Thames you have Coates, reminding one of the Celtic name for the great wood that lay along the hill ; but just below, where the water begins to flow, Kemble and Ewen, if they are Saxon, are perhaps drawn from the presence of a " spring." Cricklade may be all Celtic, or may be partly Celtic and partly Saxon.

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London is Celtic, as we have seen. And in the mass of places whose derivation it is impossible to establish the primitive roots of a Celtic place name may very possibly survive.

The purely Roman names have quite disappeared, and, what is odd, they disappeared more thoroughly in the Thames Valley than in any other part of England. Dorchester alone preserves a faint reminiscence of its Romano-Celtic name ; but Bicester to the north, and the crossing of the ways at Alchester, are probably Saxon in the first part at least. Streatley has a Roman derivation, as have so many similar names throughout England which stand upon a "strata "or " way " of British or of Roman origin. But though " Spina " is still Speen, Ad Pontes, close by, one of the most important points upon the Roman Thames, has lost its Roman name entirely, and is known as Staines : the stones or stone which marked the head of the jurisdiction of London upon the river.

To return to the river regarded as a boundary^ it is subject to this rather interesting historical observation that it has been more of a boundary in highly civilised than in barbaric times.

One would expect the exact contrary to be the case. A civilised man can cross a river more easily than a barbarian ; and in civilised times there are permanent bridges, where in barbaric times there would be only fords or ferries.

Nevertheless, it is true of the Thames, as of nearly every

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prisoners which the Parliament permitted, and which has given to the phrase " Abingdon Law " the unpleasant flavour which it still retains.

The story of Reading in the earlier part of the struggle is much the same. Reading was held as a royal garrison and fortified in '43. According to the garrison the fortifica- tion was contemptible, according to the procedures it was of the most formidable kind. Indeed they doubted whether it could be captured by an assault of less than 5000 men, a number which appeared at this stage of the campaign so appalling that it is mentioned as a sort of standard of comparison with the impossible. The garrison surrendered just as relief was approaching it, and after a strain which it had endured for no less than ten days ; but the capture of Reading was not effected entirely without bloodshed ; cer- tainly fifty men were killed (counting both sides), possibly a few more ; and the whole episode is a grotesque little foot- note to the comic opera upon which rose the curtain of the Civil Wars. It was not till the appearance of Cromwell, with his highly paid and disciplined force, that the tragedy began.

Even after Cromwell had come forward as the chief leader, in fact if not in name, the apparent losses are largely increased by the random massacres to which his soldiers were unfortunately addicted. Thus after Naseby a hundred women

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it was, at this season of the year, a large, dry field, in which a considerable force could encamp. The Barons marched along the old Roman military road, which is still the high- road to Staines from London, crossed the river, and encamped on Runnymede. Here the Charta was presented, and prob- ably, though not certainly, signed and sealed. The local tradition ascribes the site of the actual signature to " Magna Charta" island — an eyot just up stream from the field, now called Runnymede, but neither in tradition nor in recorded history can this detail be fixed with any exactitude. The Charta is given as from Runnymede upon the 15th June, and for the purpose of these pages what we have to note is that these two months of marching and fighting had ended upon the strategic point of Staines, and had clearly shown its relation to Windsor and to London.

In the short campaign that followed, during which John so very nearly recovered his power, the capital importance of Windsor reappears. Louis of France, to whom the Barons were willing to hand over what was left of order in England, had occupied all the south and west, including even Worces- ter, and, of course, London. In this occupation the excep- tion of Dover, which the French were actively besieging, must be regarded as an isolated point, but Windsor, which John's men held against the allies, threw an angle of defence right down into the midst of the territory lost to the Crown.

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nearest of his small official garrisons — that holding the castle of Northampton. They approached it up the Roman road through Towcester. They failed before it after two weeks of effort, and marched on to the next royal post at Bedford, which was by far the nearest of the national garrisons. It was betrayed to them. When they were within the gates they received a message from the wealthier citizens of London (who were in practice one with the Feudal Oligarchy), begging them to enter the capital.

What followed could only have been accomplished by cavalry, by cavalry in high training, by a force under ex- cellent generalship, and by one whose leaders appreciated the all-importance of London in the coming struggle. The rebels left Bedford immediately, marched all that day, all the succeeding night, and early on the Sunday morning, 24th May, entered London, and by the northern gate. Their entry was not even challenged.

From Bedford to St Paul's is — as the crow flies — between forty and fifty miles : whatever road a man may take would make it nearer fifty than forty. Bearing, as did this army, towards the east until it struck the Ermine Street, the whole march must have been well over fifty miles.

This fine feat was not a barren one : it was well worth the effort and loss which it must have cost. London could feed, recruit, and remount an army of even this magnitude with

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fighting before the appointed day. The size of this army we cannot tell, but as it contained from 2000 to 3000 armed and mounted gentlemen it must have counted at least double that tale of cavalry, and perhaps five-, perhaps ten-fold the the number of foot soldiers. A force of 15,000 to 30,000 men in an England of some 5,000,000 (I more than double the conventional figures) was prepared to enforce feudal in- dependence against the central government, even at the ex- pense of ceding vast territories to Scotland or of submitting to the nominal rule of a foreign king. Against this army the King had a number of mercenaries, mainly drawn from his Continental possessions, probably excellent soldiers, but scattered among the numerous garrisons which it was his titular office to defend.

In the last days of the truce the rebels marched to Brackley and encamped there on Low Monday — the 27th April. The choice of the site should be noted. It lies in a nexus of several old marching roads. The Port Way, a Roman road from Dorchester northward, the Watling Street all lay within half-an-hour's ride. The King was at Oxford, a day's march away. They negotiated with him, and their claims were refused, yet they did not attack him (though his force was small), partly because the function of govern- ment was still with him and partly because the defensive

power of Oxford was great. They wisely preferred the

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made general and strategic, as opposed to tactical, attack so cautious, decisive action so rare, and, when it icas decisive, so thorough.

This book is no place wherein to develop a theme which history will confirm with regard to the aristocratic revolt against the vice and the genius of the third Plantagenet. The strategy of the quarrel alone concerns us.

When John's admirable diplomacy had failed (as diplomacy will under the test of arms), and when his Continental allies had been crushed at Bouvines in the summer of 12 14, the rebels in England found their opportunity. The great lords, especially those of the north, took oath in the autumn to combine. The accounts of this conspiracy are imperfect, but its general truth may be accepted. John, who from this moment lay perpetually behind walls, held a conference in the Temple during the January of 12 15 — to be accurate, upon the Epiphany of that year — and he struck a compact with the conspirators that there should be a truce between their forces and those of the Crown until Low Sunday — which fell that year upon the 26th of April. The great nobles, mistrusting his faith with some justice (especially as he had taken the Cross), gathered their army some ten days before the expiry of the interval, but, as befitted men who claimed in especial to defend the Catholic Church and its principles, they were scrupulous not to engage in actual

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remains. The forest to the south, with its opportunities for hunting, and the increasing importance of London (which was rapidly becoming the capital of England) made Windsor of greater value than ever in the eyes of his son. Henry I. rebuilt or greatly enlarged the castle, lived in it, was married in it, and accomplished in it the chief act of his life, when he caused fealty to be sworn to his daughter, Matilda, and prepared the advent of the Angevin. When the civil wars were over, and the treaty between Henry II. and Stephen was signed, Windsor (" Mota de Windsor"), though it does not seem to have stood a siege, was counted the second fortress of the realm.

Of the exact place of Windsor in medieval strategy, of its relations to London and to Staines, and all we have just mentioned, as also of the great importance of cavalry in the Middle Ages, no better example can be quoted than the con- nected episode of April-June 121 5, which may be called — to give it a grandiose name — the Campaign of Magna Charta. It further illustrates points which should never be forgotten in the reading of early English history, though they are too particular for the general purpose of this book — to wit, the way in which London increased in military value throughout the twelfth and thirteenth centuries ; the strategic import- ance of the few old national roads as late as the reign of John,

and that power of the defensive, even in the field, which

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were killed for no particular reason except that killing was in the air, and similarly after Philiphaugh the conscience of the Puritans forbade them to keep their word to the prisoners they had taken, who were put to the sword in cold blood : the women, however, on this occasion, were drowned.

After the Civil Wars all the military meaning of the Thames disappears. Nor is it likely to revive short of a national disaster ; but that disaster would at once teach us the strategical meaning of this great highway running through the south of England with its attendant railways, it would re-create the strategical value of the point where the Thames turns northward and where its main railways bifurcate ; it would provide in several conceivable cases, as it provided to Charles I. and to William III., the line of approach on London.

So far we have considered the Thames, first as a line of pre-historic settlements, passing successively into the Roman, the barbaric and the Norman phases of our history ; and secondly, as a field on which one can plot out certain strategical points and show how these points created the original importance of the towns which grew about them.

In the next part of these notes I propose to consider the

economic or civil development of the Thames above London,

and to show how the foundation of its permanent prosperity

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and the territory of the Danish invaders — abandons the Thames above bridges altogether, and uses it as a limita- tion in its estuarial part only, up to the mouth of the Lea.

With the definition of exact frontiers for the English counties, however, a process whose origin can hardly antedate the Norman Conquest by many years, the Thames at once becomes of the utmost importance as a boundary.

Its higher and hardly navigable streams are not so used. The upper Thames and its little tributaries for some ten miles from its source are not only indifferent to county boundaries, but run through a territory which has been singularly indefinite in the past. For instance, the parish of Kemble, wherein the first waters now appear, has been counted now in Gloucester, now in Wilts. But when these ten miles are run, just after Castle Eaton Bridge, and not quite half way between that bridge and the old royal palace at Kempsford, the Thames becomes the line of division between two counties, and from there to the sea it never loses its character of a boundary.

It is a tribute to the great place of the river in history that there is no other watercourse in England nor any other natural division of which this is so universally true.

The reason that the Thames, like so many other European boundaries, has come late into the process of demarcation, and

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other division in Europe, that it was much more of a boundary at the end of the Roman Empire, and is more of a strict boundary to-day, than it was during the Dark Ages, and presumably also before the Claudian invasion. Thus we may conjecture with a fair accuracy that in the last great ordering of boundaries within the Roman Empire, which was the work of Diocletian, and so much of which still survives in our European politics to-day (for instance, the boundary of Normandy), the Thames formed the division between Southern and Midland Britain. It is equally certain that it did not form any exact division between Wessex and Mercia.

The estuary has, of course, always formed a division, and in the barbarian period it separated the higher civilisation of Kent from that of the East Saxons, who were possibly of a different race, and certainly of a different culture. But the Thames above London Bridge was not a true boundary until the civilisation of England began to form, towards the close of the Dark Ages. It is perpetually crossed and recrossed by contending armies, and the first result of a success is to cause the conquerer to annex a belt from the farther bank to his own territories.

It is further remarkable that the one great definite boundary of the Dark Ages in England — that which was established for a few years by Alfred between his kingdom

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the course of the old river. One arrested in process of formation may be seen at Pentonhook.

A boundary — that is, an obstacle to travel — has this further feature, that the point at which it is crossed — that is, the point at which the obstacle is surmounted — is certain to become a point of strategic and often of commercial impor- tance. So it is with the passes over mountains and with the narrows of the sea, and so it is with fords and bridges over rivers. So it is with the Thames.

The energies both of travel and of war are driven towards and confined in such spots. Fortresses arise and towns which they may defend. Depots of goods are formed, the coining and the change of money are established, secure meeting places for speculation are founded.

Such passages over the Thames were of two sorts : there are first the original fords, numerous and primeval ; next the crossing places of the great roads.

Of the original fords we have already drawn up a list. Few have, merely as fords, proved to be of strategic or commercial value. Oxford may have been an early ex- ception ; and the difficult passage at Abingdon founded a great monastery but no military post : the rise of each was connected, as was Reading (which had no ford), with the junction of a tributary. Wallingford alone, in its character of the last easy and practicable ford down the river, had for

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 centuries an importance certainly due to geographical causes alone. Two principal events of English history — the cross- ing of the Thames by the Conqueror and the successful chal- lenge of Henry II. to Stephen — depend upon the site of this crossing. Long before their time it had been of capital importance to the Saxon kings, so early as Offa and so late as Alfred. If the bridges built at Abingdon in the fifteenth century had not gradually deflected the western road, Walling- ford might still count the fourteen churches and the large population which it possessed for so many centuries.

Apart from Wallingford, however, the fords, as fords, did little to build up towns or to determine the topography of English history. Of more importance were the crossings of the great roads.

When one remembers that the south of England was originally by far the wealthiest part of the country, and when one considers the shape of Ireland, it is evident that certain main tracks would lead from north to south, and that most or all of these would be compelled to cross the Thames Valley. We find four such primeval ways.

One from the Straits of Dover in the south-east to the north-western centres of the Welsh Marches and of Chester, the Port for Ireland, and so up west of the Pennines. This came in Saxon times to be called the Watling Street, a name common to other lesser lanes.

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 consequently a large total expenditure, a single society rarely contains a number of members having the leisure and means sufficient to form a company which will subdivide the expenses so as to reduce them to a reasonable amount per head; but in the larger association the necessary number ought to be easily found. Such excursions, independently of the direct results which may be expected from the opportunities they afford for investigations of new sources of knowledge, would have the inestimable advantage of intimately associating for a lengthened period the best Naturalists of the district, whereby many valuable friendships may be formed, and thence some indirect benefits to science be expected to accrue. I can speak with the more confidence on the subject, as I have enjoyed and witnessed the results of our own less extended excursions to such places as Teignmouth and Arran. I have heard the many expressions of satisfaction at the pleasure derived from the opportunities of friendly intercourse of members who previously were comparative strangers to one another, and noted with satisfaction the increase of practical knowledge gained of subjects, which before had been confined to the comparatively imperfect information to be derived from books. For the latter class of excursions association of the societies generally is not necessary, or even desirable, for the numbers of the members of the Union who would he willing to form a party to visit a place of such surpassing interest: as Arran, where the botanist, zoologist, or geologist can revel in the superabundance of objects of his special pursuit, would become unmanageable, as the means of accommodation in such places, although often very good, are but small; however, it may he convenient for two or more of the smaller societies to associate for these excursions; probably the best number for the purpose is twenty, and the best destination, if not previously visited, and even then so many fresh objects might not be found elsewhere, is Arran.

I have to the best of my ability endeavoured to show what may be usefully done by the Union. I have one suggestion to make to the individual members of the several societies, The Union is, speaking generally, strong in proportion to the number of societies of which it is composed; the societies in proportion to the number of their members. It is, therefore, the obvious duty of every member to Induce his friends to join his society; he may meet with the objection on the part of his friends that they are not Naturalists; he must urge in reply that, although working Naturalists are few, all are interested in natural phenomena, and all can, by subscribing to its funds, assist a society which is working much good in Cultivating intellectual pursuits and disseminating valuable knowledge. It is without doubt true that many are deterred from entering on the most engrossing and enchanting pursuit, which has even banished ennui and melancholy front its happy followers, by the mistaken idea that no progress can be made in it without painful application to the study of the technical details of the refined distinctions, which are supposed to be the boundary marks between one and another species or variety, and of the to often unmeaning and barbarous names violating all rules of grammar and


text: Journal of the Optical Society of America/Volume 30/Issue 12/Analysis of the Original


text:
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text: Author:John Edward Tyler

title: Author:John Edward Tyler


text: Author:Arthur Cobb Hardy

title: Author:Arthur Cobb Hardy


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after the republication of her sister's book she went to Miss Martineau's.

"I can write to you now, dear E, for I am away from home, and relieved, temporarily, at least, by change of air and scene, from the heavy burden of depression which, I confess, has for nearly three months been sinking me to the earth. I never shall forget last autumn! Some days and nights have been cruel; but now, having once told you this, I need say no more on the subject. My loathing of solitude grew extreme; my recollection of my sisters intolerably poignant. I am better now. I am at Miss Martineau's for a week. Her house is very pleasant, both within and without; arranged at all points with admirable neatness and comfort. Her visitors enjoy the most perfect liberty; what she claims for herself she allows them. I rise at my own hour, breakfast alone (she is up at five, takes a cold bath, and a walk by starlight, and has finished breakfast and got to her work by seven o'clock). I pass the morning in the drawing-room—she, in her study. At two o'clock we meet—work, talk, and walk together till five, her dinner-hour, spend the evening together, when


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 language, with which it has delighted many closet Naturalists to favour in such liberal profusion each individual in the organic and inorganic world as to render identification sometimes impossible; but knowledge of this kind is not requisite to constitute a Naturalist.

He who notes with intelligence the ever-varying phases of nature is a Naturalist. That title could not have been denied to Thomas Edward, whose charming biography by Smiles you all have, or ought to have read, before he had acquired in the later part of his life the art of classification; and he is not a perfect Naturalist who limits himself to the technical details of the science, but he who extends his observations to the habits, cultivation, use, and relation to the surrounding universe of every object of his scientific pursuit, may rightly claim that title.

I hope it will not be supposed that I depreciate in any way the value of the exact study of the technical details of a science; I merely protest against that view which would limit science to an index: books are comparatively useless without an index, but an index is absolutely so without the contents to which it refers; many scientists never get beyond the index; in fact, they often appear to take pains to avoid giving details of general interest fer fear their writings, by becoming intelligible and popular, should be damaged in their scientific character. Our forefathers did not arrange their plants under a system of classification so perfect us ours; but they knew much more of the plants themselves, and if the eclectic physician in the present day wishes to learn something of their properties, he does not consult a modern treatise but has recourse to a black letter herbal.

Accurate knowledge of technical details is necessary as a foundation for the structure of the larger and move valuable knowledge of nature itself, and the acquisition of that technical knowledge brings with if other rewards; for the menial training, which results from the sustained exercise of the facilities upon a subject which requires so much application and precision, eminently qualifies the student for the business of life.

I hope some of the energies of the Union will be devoted to the repression of those pirates sailing under false colours, soi-disant Naturalists, who, preying on nature, hunt after every rare and beautiful plant, or bird, or animal to destroy it, nominally on the pretence of obtaining specimens, which in many cases are not preserved, and even when preserved are useless for the advancement of science, whose real object is to gratify that passion for destruction unfortunately common to many, ail a morbid craving for notoriety, to which numerous journals pander by publishing the disgraceful fact, as if it were a subject of interest and congratulation for the world to know that a beautiful living object and all its possible offspring had perished for ever; I sincerely hope our "Midland Naturalist" will not soil its pages with any such records. The ultimate destruction of many of the most interesting of our feræ naturæ in a country where population, buildings, and cultivation are rapidly extending, is inevitable, and only a question of time, but sill much may be done to prolong their stay with us, and the Naturalist ought


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 she converses fluently and abundantly, and with the most complete frankness. I go to my own room soon after ten,—she sits up writing letters till twelve. She appears exhaustless in strength and spirits, and indefatigable in the faculty of labour. She is a great and a good woman; of course not without peculiarities, but I have seen none as yet that annoy me. She is both hard and warm-hearted, abrupt and affectionate, liberal and despotic. I believe she is not at all conscious of her own absolutism. When I tell her of it, she denies the charge warmly; then I laugh at her. I believe she almost rules Ambleside. Some of the gentry dislike her, but the lower orders have a great regard for her I thought I should like to spend two or three days with you before going home; so, if it is not inconvenient to you, I will (D. V.) come on Monday and stay till Thursday I have truly enjoyed my visit here. I have seen a good many people, and all have been so marvellously kind; not the least so, the family of Dr. Arnold. Miss Martineau I relish inexpressibly."

Miss Brontë paid the visit she here proposes to her friend, but only remained two or three days. She then returned home, and immediately began to suffer from her old enemy, sickly and depressing headache. This was all the more trying to bear, as she was obliged to take an active share in the household work,—one servant being ill in bed, and the other, Tabby, aged upwards of eighty.