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298 In this part of our journey I had many thoughts on the different circumstances of Friends who inhabit Pennsylvania and Jersey from those who dwell in Maryland, Virginia, and Carolina. Pennsylvania and New Jersey were settled by Friends who were convinced of our principles in England in times of suffering; these, coming over, bought lands of the natives, and applied to husbandry in a peaceable way, and many of their children were taught to labor for their living. Few of these, I believe, settled in any of the southern provinces; but by the faithful labors of travelling Friends in early times there was considerable convincement among the inhabitants of these parts. I also remembered having read of the warlike disposition of many of the first settlers in those provinces, and of their numerous engagements with the natives in which much blood was shed even in the infancy of the colonies. Some of the people inhabiting those places, being grounded in customs contrary to the pure truth, were affected with the powerful preaching of the Word of Life and joined in fellowship with our Society, and in so doing they had a great work to go through. In the history of the reformation from Popery it is observable that the progress was gradual from age to age. The up-rightness of the first reformers in attending to the light and understanding given to them opened the way for sincere-hearted people to proceed further afterwards; and thus each one truly fearing God and laboring in the works of righteousness appointed for him in his day findeth acceptance with Him. Through the darkness of the times and the corruption of manners and customs, some upright men may have had little more for their day’s work than to attend to the righteous principle in their minds as it related to their own conduct in life without pointing out to others the whole extent of that into which the same principle would lead succeeding ages. Thus, for instance, among an imperious, war-like people, supported by oppressed slaves, some of these masters, I suppose, are awakened to feel and to see their error, and through sincere repentance cease from oppression and become like fathers to their servants, showing by their example a pattern of humility in living, and moderation in governing, for the instruction and admonition of their


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290 of love among them. Through the humbling dispensations of Divine Providence my mind hath been further brought into a feeling of the difficulties of Friends and their servants southwestward; and being often engaged in spirit on their account I believed it my duty to walk into some parts of the western shore of Maryland on a religious visit. Having obtained a certificate from Friends of our Monthly Meeting, I took leave of my family under the heart-tendering operation of truth, and on the 2oth of fourth month, 1767, rode to the ferry opposite to Philadelphia, and thence walked to William Horne's, at Derby, the same evening. Next day I pursued my journey alone and reached Concord Week-Day Meeting.

Discouragements and a weight of distress had at times attended me in this lonesome walk, but through these afflictions I was mercifully preserved. Sitting down with Friends, my mind was turned towards the Lord to wait for his holy leadings; and in infinite love he was pleased to soften my heart into humble contrition, and renewedly to strengthen me to go forward, so that to me it was a time of heavenly refreshment in a silent meeting. The next day I came to New Garden Week-Day Meeting, in which I sat in bowedness of spirit, and being baptized into a feeling of the state of some present, the Lord gave us a heart-tendering season; to his name be the praise. Passing on, I was at Nottingham Monthly Meeting, and at a meeting at Little Britain on first-day; in the afternoon several Friends came to the house where I lodged and we had a little afternoon meeting, and through the humbling power of truth I had to admire the loving-kindness of the Lord manifested to us.

Twenty-sixth of fourth monthI crossed the Susque-hanna, and coming among people in outward ease and greatness, supported chiefly on the labor of slaves, my heart was much affected, and in awful retiredness my mind was gathered inward to the Lord, humbly desiring that in true resignation I might receive instruction from him respecting my duty among this people. Though travelling on foot was wearisome to my body, yet it was agreeable to the state of my mind. Being weakly, I was covered with sorrow and heaviness on account of the prevailing spirit of this world

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Rh by which customs grievous and oppressive are introduced on the one hand, and pride and wantonness on the other.

In this lonely walk and state of abasement and humiliation, the condition of the church in these parts was opened before me, and I may truly say with the Prophet, "I was bowed down at the hearing of it; I was dismayed at the seeing of it." Under this exercise I attended the Quarterly Meeting at Gunpowder. and in bowedness of spirit I had to express with much plainness my feelings respecting Friends living in fulness on the labors of the poor oppressed negroes; and that promise of the Most High was now revived, "I will gather all nations and tongues, and they shall come and see my glory." Here the sufferings of Christ and his tasting death for every man, and the travels, sufferings, and martyrdom of the Apostles and primitive Christians in laboring for the conversion of the Gentiles, were livingly revived in me, and according to the measure of strength afforded I labored in some tenderness of spirit, being deeply affected among them. The difference between the present treatment which these gentiles, the negroes, receive at our hands, and the labors of the primitive Christians for the conversion of the Gentiles, were pressed home, and the power of truth came over us, under a feeling of which my mind was united to a tender-hearted people in these parts. The meeting concluded in a sense of God's goodness towards his humble, dependent children.

The next day was a general meeting for worship, much crowded, in which I was deeply engaged in inward cries to the Lord for help, that I might stand wholly resigned, and move only as he might be pleased to lead me. I was mercifully helped to labor honestly and fervently among them, in which I found inward peace, and the sincere were comforted. From this place I turned towards Pipe Creek and the Red Lands, and had several meetings among Friends in those parts. My heart was often tenderly affected under a sense of the Lord’s goodness in sanctifying my troubles and exercises, turning them to my comfort, and I believe to the benefit of many others, for I may say with thankfulness that in this visit it appeared like a tendering visitation in most places.


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292 I passed on to the Western Quarterly Meeting in Pennsylvania. During the several days of this meeting I was mercifully preserved in an inward feeling after the mind of truth, and my public labors tended to my humiliation, with which I was content. After the Quarterly Meeting for worship ended, I felt drawings to go to the women’s meeting for business, which was very full; here the humility of Jesus Christ as a pattern for us to walk by was livingly opened before me, and in treating on it my heart was enlarged, and it was a baptizing time. I was afterwards at meetings at Concord, Middletown, Providence, and Haddonfield, whence I returned home and found my family well. A sense of the Lord’s merciful preservation in this my journey excites reverent thankfulness to him.

Second of ninth month, 1767With the unity of Friends, I set off on a visit to Friends in the upper part of Berks and Philadelphia counties; was at eleven meetings in about two weeks, and have renewed cause to bow in reverence before the Lord, who, by the powerful extendings of his humbling goodness, opened my way among Friends, and I trust made the meetings profitable to us. The following winter I joined some Friends in a family visit to some part of our meeting, in which exercise the pure influence of Divine love made our visits reviving.

Fifth of fifth month, 1768.I left home under the humbling hand of the Lord, with a certificate to visit some meetings in Maryland, and to proceed without a horse seemed clearest to me. I was at the Quarterly Meetings at Philadelphia and Concord, whence I proceeded to Chester River, and, crossing the bay, was at the Yearly Meeting at West River; I then returned to Chester River, and, taking a few meetings in my way, proceeded home. It was a journey of much inward waiting, and as my eye was to the Lord, way was several times opened to my humbling admiration when things appeared very difficult. On my return I felt a very comfortable relief of mind, having through Divine help labored in much plainness, both with Friends selected and in the more public meetings, so that I trust the pure witness in many minds was reached.

Eleventh of sixth month, 1769.There have been sundry


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 tressed; he tries to stop the bleeding with his shirt; she begs that they may ride slowly. When they reach the house there is a splendid feast, and everything is set before the bride; but she can neither eat nor drink, and only wishes to lie down. She dies in the night. Her father comes in the morning, and, learning what has happened, runs Graf Friedrich through, then drags his body at a horse's heels, and buries it in a bog. Three lilies sprang from the spot, with an inscription announcing that Graf Friedrich was in heaven, and a voice came from the sky commanding that the body should be disinterred. The bridegroom was then buried with his bride, and this act of reparation was attended with other miraculous manifestations. As the ballads stand now, the kinship of 'Graf Friedrich' with 'The Cruel Brother' is not close and cannot be insisted on; still an early connection is not improbable.

The versions of 'Graf Friedrich' are somewhat numerous, and there is a general agreement as to all essentials. They are: A, a Nuremberg broadside "of about 1535," which has not been made accessible by a reprint. B, a Swiss broadside of 1647, without place, "printed in Seckendorf's Musenalmanach für 1808, p. 19;" Uhland, No 122, p. 277; Mittler, No 108; Wunderhorn,, 293 (1857); Erk's Liederhort, No 15a, p. 42; Böhme, No 79, p. 166 also, in Wunderhorn, 1808, , 289, with omission of five stanzas and with many changes; Simrock, No 11, p. 28, omitting four stanzas and with changes; as written down by Goethe for Herder, Düntzer u. Herder, Briefe Goethes, u. s. w., Aus Herder's Nachlass, 1, 167, with the omission of eight stanzas and with some variations. C, Wunderhorn (1857),, 299, from the Schwarzwald, Erlach, , 291, Mittler, No 113. D, Taschenbuch für Dichter, u. s. w., Theil , 122, from Upper Lusatia, = Erlach, , 448, Talvj, Charakteristik, p. 421. E, from the Kuhländchen, Meinert, p. 23, Mittler, No 109. F, Hoffmann u. Richter, Schlesische V. L., No 19, p. 35, = Mittler, No 112, Erk's Liederhort, No 15, p. 40. G, Zingerle, in Wolf's Zeitschrift für deutsche Mythologie, , 341, from Meran. H, from Uckermark, Brandenburg, Mittler, No 114. I, Hesse, from oral tradition, Mittler, No 111. J, Erk u. Irmer,, 54, No 54, from the neighborhood of Halle, Mittler, No 110. K, from Estedt, district of Magdeburg, Parisius, p. 31, No 9.

A Danish ballad, 'Den saarede Jomfru,' Grundtvig, No 244,, 474, has this slight resemblance with 'Graf Friedrich:' While a knight is dancing with a princess, his sword glides from the scabbard and cuts her hand. To save her partner from blame, she represents to her father that she had cut herself with her brother's sword. This considerateness so touches the knight (who is, of course, her equal in rank) that he offers her his hand. The Danish story is found also in Norwegian and in Färöe ballads.

The peculiar testament made by the bride in 'The Cruel Brother,' by which she bequeaths good things to her friends, but ill things to the author of her death, is highly characteristic of ballad poetry. It will be found again in 'Lord Ronald,' 'Edward,' and their analogues. Still other ballads with this kind of testament are: 'Frillens Hævn,' Grundtvig, No 208 C, 16–18,, 207; a young man, stabbed by his leman, whom he was about to give up in order to marry, leaves his lands to his father, his bride-bed to his sister, his gilded couch to his mother, and his knife to his leman, wishing it in her body. 'Møen paa Baalet,' Grundtvig, No 109 A, 18–21,, 587; Ole, falsely accused by her brother, and condemned to be burned, gives her mother her silken sark, her sister her shoes, her father her horse, and her brother her knife, with the same wish. 'Kong Valdemar og hans Søster,' Grundtvig, No 126,, 97, has a testament in A–E and I; in I, 14–19 (, 912), Liden Kirsten bequeaths her knife, with the same imprecation, to the queen, who, in the other copies, is her unrelenting foe: so Lillelin to Herr Adelbrand, Danske Viser, , 386, No 162, 16–18, Kristensen,, 262, No 100, A 20–23, having been dragged at a horse's heels in resentment of a taunt. 'Hustru og Mands Moder,' Grundtvig, No. 84,, 404, has a testament in A, B, D, H, and in the last


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At these words Viner drew back with an exclamation of astonishment, but in the next instant he stepped forward again, holding out his hand.

"Hyde!" he said. "Then—that's what I remembered! Of course I know you! But good heavens, man, what does all this mean? What's brought you to this—to be here, in this place?"

The prisoner looked round at his captors, and back at Viner, and smiled as a man smiles who is beginning to realize hopelessness to the full.

"I don't know if I'm allowed to speak," he said.

Drillford, who had been watching this episode with keen attention, motioned to the two policemen.

"Wait outside," he said abruptly. "Now, then," he continued when he, Viner and Hyde were alone, "this man can say anything he likes to you, Mr. Viner, so long as you've asked to see him. This is all irregular, but I've no wish to stop him from telling you whatever he pleases. But remember," he went on, glancing at the prisoner, "you're saying it before me—and in my opinion, you'd a deal better have said something when you were in court just now."

"I didn't know what to say," replied Hyde doubt-


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 fully. "I'm pretty much on the rocks, as you can guess; but—I have relatives! And if it's possible, I don't want them to know about this."

Drillford looked at Viner and shook his head, as if to signify his contempt of Hyde's attitude.

"Considering the position you're in," he said, turning again to Hyde, "you must see that it's impossible that your relations should be kept from knowing. You'll have to give particulars about yourself, sooner or later. And charges of murder, like this, can't be kept out of the newspapers."

"Tell me, Hyde!" exclaimed Viner. "Look here, now, to begin with—you didn't kill this man?"

Hyde shook his head in a puzzled fashion—something was evidently causing him surprise.

"I didn't know the man was killed, or dead, until they brought me here, from that pawnbroker's this morning!" he said. Then he laughed almost contemptuously, and with some slight show of spirit. "Do you think I'd have been such a fool as to try to pawn or sell a ring that belonged to a man who'd just been murdered?" he demanded. "I'm not quite such an ass as that!"

Viner looked round at Drillford.

"There!" he said quietly. "What did I tell you? Isn't that what I said? You're on the wrong track, Inspector!"

But Drillford, sternly official in manner, shook his head.

"How did he come by the ring, then?" he asked, pointing at his prisoner. "Let him say!"

"Hyde!" said Viner. "Tell! I've been certain for an hour that you didn't kill this man, and I want


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 to help you. But—tell us the truth! What do you know about it? How did you get that ring?"

"I shall make use of anything he tells," remarked Drillford warningly.

"He's going to tell—everything," said Viner. "Come now, Hyde, the truth!"

Hyde suddenly dropped into a chair by which he was standing, and pressed his hand over his face with a gesture which seemed to indicate a certain amount of bewilderment.

"Let me sit down," he said. "I'm weak, tired, too. Until this morning I hadn't had a mouthful of food for a long time, and I'd—well, I'd been walking about, night as well as day. I was walking about all yesterday, and a lot of last night. I'm pretty nearly done, if you want to know!"

"Take your time," said Drillford. "Here, wait a bit," he went on after a sudden glance at his prisoner. "Keep quiet a minute." He turned to a cupboard in the corner of the room and presently came back with something in a glass. "Drink that," he said not unkindly. "Drop of weak brandy and water," he muttered to Viner. "Do him no harm—I see how it is with him—he's been starving."

Hyde caught the last word and laughed feebly as he handed the glass back.

"Starving!" he said. "Yes—that's it! I hope neither of you'll know what it means! Three days without—"

"Now, Hyde!" interrupted Viner. "Never mind that—you won't starve again. Come—tell us all about this—tell everything."

Hyde bent forward in his chair, but after a look


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 at the two men, his eyes sought the floor and moved from one plank to another as if he found it difficult to find a fixed point.

"I don't know where to begin, Viner," he said at last. "You see, you've never met me since we left school. I went in for medicine—I was at Bart's for a time, but—well, I was no good, somehow. And then I went in for the stage—I've had some fairly decent engagements, both here and in the States, now and then. But you know what a precarious business that is. And some time ago I struck a real bad patch, and I've been out of a job for months. And lately it's gone from bad to worse—you know, or rather I suppose you don't know, because you've never been in that fix—pawning everything, and so on, until—well, I haven't had a penny in my pockets for days now!"

"Your relations?" questioned Viner.

"Didn't want them to know," answered Hyde. "The fact is, I haven't been on good terms with them for a long time, and I've got some pride left—or I had, until yesterday. But here's the truth: I had to clear out of my lodgings—which was nothing but an attic, three days since, and I've been wandering about, literally hungry and homeless, since that. If it hadn't been for that, I should never have been in this hole! And that's due to circumstances that beat me, for I tell you again, I don't know anything about this man's murder—at least, not about it actually."

"What do you know?" asked Viner. "Tell us plainly."

"I'm going to," responded Hyde. "I was hang-


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 ing about the Park and around Kensington Gardens most of yesterday. Then, at night, I got wandering about this part—didn't seem to matter much where I went. You don't know, either of you, what it means to wander round, starving. You get into a sort of comatose state—you just go on and on. Well, last night I was walking, in that way, in and out about these Bayswater squares. I got into Markendale Square. As I was going along the top side of it, I noticed a passage and turned into it—as I've said, when a man's in the state I was in, it doesn't matter where he slouches—anywhere! I turned into that passage, I tell you, just aimlessly, as a man came walking out. Viner, look for that man! Find him! He's the fellow these police want! If there's been murder—"

"Keep calm, Hyde!" said Viner. "Go on, quietly."

"This man passed me and went on into the square," continued Hyde. "I went up the passage. It was very dark, except in the middle, where there's an old-fashioned lamp. And then I saw another man, who was lying across the flags. I don't know that I'd any impression about him—I was too sick and weary. I believe I thought he was drunk, or ill or something. But you see, at the same instant that I saw him, I saw something else which drove him clean out of my mind. In fact, as soon as I'd seen it, I never thought about him any more, nor looked at him again."

"What was it?" demanded Viner, certain of what the answer would be.

"A diamond ring," replied Hyde. "It was lying


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 on the flags close by the man. The light from the lamp fell full on it. And I snatched it up, thrust it into my pocket and ran up the passage. I ran into somebody at the far end—it turns out to have been you. Well, you saw me hurry off—I got as far away as I could, lest you or somebody else should follow. I wandered round Westbourne Grove, and then up into the Harrow Road, and in a sort of back street there I sneaked into a shanty in a yard, and stopped in it the rest of the night. And this morning I tried to pawn the ring."

"Having no idea of its value," suggested Viner, with a glance at Drillford, who was listening to everything with an immovable countenance.

"I thought it might be worth thirty or forty pounds," answered Hyde. "Of course, I'd no idea that it was worth what's been said. You see, I'm fairly presentable, and I thought I could tell a satisfactory story if I was asked anything at the pawnshop. I didn't anticipate any difficulty about pawning the ring—I don't think there'd have been any if it hadn't been for its value. A thousand pounds! of course, I'd no idea of that!"

"And that's the whole truth?" asked Viner.

"It's the whole truth as far as I'm concerned," answered Hyde. "I certainly picked up that ring in that passage, close by this man who was lying there. But I didn't know he was dead; I didn't know he'd been murdered. All I know is that I was absolutely famishing, desperate, in no condition to think clearly about anything. I guess I should do the same thing again, under the circumstances. I only wish—"


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 He paused and began muttering to himself, and the two listeners glanced at each other. "You only wish what, Hyde?" asked Viner.

"I wish it had been a half-crown instead of that ring!" said Hyde with a queer flashing glance at his audience. "I could have got a bed for fourpence, and have lived for three days on the rest. And now—"

Viner made no remark; and Drillford, who was leaning against his desk, watching his prisoner closely, tapped Hyde on the shoulder.

"Can you describe the man who came out of the passage as you entered it?" he asked. "Be accurate, now!"

Hyde's face brightened a little, and his eyes became more intelligent.

"Yes!" he answered. "You know—or you don't know—how your mental faculties get sharpened by hunger. I was dull enough, in one way, but alert enough in another. I can describe the man—as much as I saw of him. A tall man—neither broad nor slender—half-and-half. Dressed in black from top to toe. A silk hat—patent leather boots—and muffled to the eyes in a white silk handkerchief."

"Could you see his face?" asked Drillford. "Was he clean-shaved, or bearded, or what?"

"I tell you he was muffled to the very eyes," answered Hyde. "One of those big silk handkerchiefs, you know—he had it drawn up over his chin and nose—right up."

"Then you'd have difficulty in knowing him again," observed Drillford. "There are a few thou-


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 sand men in the West End of London who'd answer the description you've given."

"All right!" muttered Hyde doggedly. "But—I know what I saw. And if you want to help me, Viner, find that man—because he must have come straight away from the body!"

Drillford turned to Viner, glancing at the same time at the clock.

"Do you want to ask him any more questions?" he inquired. "No? Well, there's just one I want to ask. What were you doing with that knife in your possession?" he went on, turning to Hyde. "Be careful, now; you heard what the doctor said about it, in court?"

"I've nothing to conceal," replied Hyde. "You heard me say just now that I'd had engagements in the States. I bought that knife when I was out West—more as a curiosity than anything—and I've carried it in my pocket ever since."

Drillford looked again at Viner.

"He'll have to go, now," he said. "If you're going to employ legal help for him, the solicitor will know where and when he can see him." He paused on his way to the door and looked a little doubtfully at his prisoner. "I'll give you a bit of advice," he said, "not as an official, but as an individual. If you want to clear yourself, you'd better give all the information you can."

"I'll send my own solicitor to you, Hyde, at once," said Viner. "Be absolutely frank with him about everything."

When Viner was once more alone with Drillford, the two men looked at each other.


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 "My own impression," said Viner, after a significant silence, "is that we have just heard the plain truth! I'm going to work on it, anyway."

"In that case, Mr. Viner, there's no need for me to say anything," remarked Drillford. "It may be the plain truth. But as I am what I am, all I know is the first-hand evidence against this young fellow. So he really was a schoolmate of yours?"

"Certainly!" said Viner. "His people live, or did live, in the north. I shall have to get into communication with them. But now—what about the information he gave you? This man he saw?"

Drillford shook his head.

"Mr. Viner," he answered, "you don't understand police methods. We've got very strong evidence against Hyde. We know nothing about a tall man in a white muffler. If you want to clear Hyde, you'd better do what he suggested—find that man! I wish you may—if he ever existed!"

"You don't believe Hyde?" asked Viner.

"I'm not required to believe anything, sir, unless I've good proof of it," said Drillford with a significant smile. "If there is any mystery in this murder, well—let's hope something will clear it up."

Viner went away troubled and thoughtful. He remembered Hyde well enough now, though so many years had elapsed since their last meeting. And he was genuinely convinced of his innocence: there had been a ring of truth in all that he had said. Who, then, was the guilty man? And had robbery been the real motive of the murder? Might it not have been that Ashton had been murdered for some quite different motive, and that the murderer had hastily


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 removed the watch, chain, purse, and rings from the body with the idea of diverting suspicion, and in his haste had dropped one of the rings?

"If only one knew more about Ashton and his affairs!" mused Viner. "Even his own people don't seem to know much."

This reminded him of his promise to call on Miss Wickham. He glanced at his watch: it was not yet one o'clock: the proceedings before the magistrate and the subsequent talk with Hyde had occupied comparatively little time. So Viner walked rapidly to number seven in the square, intent on doing something toward clearing Hyde of the charge brought against him. The parlour-maid whom he had seen the night before admitted him at once; it seemed to Viner that he was expected. She led him straight to a room in which Mrs. Killenhall and Miss Wickham were in conversation with an elderly man, who looked at Viner with considerable curiosity when his name was mentioned, and who was presently introduced to him as Mr. Ashton's solicitor, Mr. Pawle, of Crawle, Pawle and Rattenbury.


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 ran home with it to his wife, feeling himself, as he expressed it, quite a new creature. But the prize was not yet won—far from it. The partial success of this intended last effort merely had the effect of luring him on to a succession of further experiments and failures.

In order that he might complete the invention, which he now believed to be at hand, he resolved to build for himself a glass-furnace near his dwelling, where he might carry on his operations in secret. He proceeded to build the furnace with his own hands, carrying the bricks from the brick-field upon his back. He was bricklayer, labourer, and all. From seven to eight more months passed. At last the furnace was built and ready for use. Palissy had in the mean time fashioned a number of vessels of clay in readiness for the laying on of the enamel. After being subjected to a preliminary process of baking, they were covered with the enamel compound, and again placed in the furnace for the grand crucial experiment. Although his means were nearly exhausted, Palissy had been for some time accumulating a great store of fuel for the final effort; and he thought it was enough. At last the fire was lit, and the operation proceeded. All day he sat by the furnace, feeding it with fuel. He sat there watching and feeding all through the long night. But the enamel did not melt. The sun rose upon his labours. His wife brought him a portion of the scanty morning meal,—for he would not stir from the furnace, into which he continued from time to time to heave more fuel. The second day passed, and still the enamel did not melt. The sun set, and another night passed. The pale, haggard, unshorn, baffled yet not beaten Palissy sat by his


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 furnace eagerly looking for the melting of the enamel. A third day and night passed—a fourth, a fifth, and even a sixth,—yes, for six long days and nights did the unconquerable Palissy watch and toil, fighting against hope; and still the enamel would not melt.

It then occurred to him that there might be some defect in the materials for the enamel—perhaps something wanting in the flux; so he set to work to pound and compound fresh materials for a new experiment. Thus two or three more weeks passed. But how to buy more pots?—for those which he had made with his own hands for the purposes of the first experiment were by long baking irretrievably spoilt for the purposes of a second. His money was now all spent; but he could borrow. His character was still good, though his wife and the neighbours thought him foolishly wasting his means in futile experiments. Nevertheless he succeeded. He borrowed sufficient from a friend to enable him to buy more fuel and more pots, and he was again ready for a further experiment. The pots were covered with the new compound, placed in the furnace, and the fire was again lit.

It was the last and most desperate experiment of the whole. The fire blazed up; the heat became intense; but still the enamel did not melt. The fuel began to run short! How to keep up the fire? There were the garden palings: these would burn. They must be sacrificed rather than that the great experiment should fail. The garden palings were pulled up and cast into the furnace. They were burnt in vain! The enamel had not yet melted. Ten minutes more heat might do it. Fuel must be had at whatever cost. There remained the house-


text: The Earth Turns South/Voyager's Song

title: The Earth Turns South/Voyager's Song


text: The Earth Turns South/The Radiant

title: The Earth Turns South/The Radiant


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 hold furniture and shelving. A crashing noise was heard in the house; and amidst the screams of his wife and children, who now feared Palissy's reason was giving way, the tables were seized, broken up, and heaved into the furnace. The enamel had not melted yet! There remained the shelving. Another noise of the wrenching of timber was heard within the house; and the shelves were torn down and hurled after the furniture into the fire. Wife and children then rushed from the house, and went frantically through the town, calling out that poor Palissy had gone mad, and was breaking up his very furniture for firewood!

For an entire month his shirt had not been off his back, and he was utterly worn out—wasted with toil, anxiety, watching, and want of food. He was in debt, and seemed on the verge of ruin. But he had at length mastered the secret; for the


text: The Earth Turns South/I See America Marching


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 I have seen no trees in Scotland of any size, and Henry has heard of none in Ireland, but there is one in the Edinburgh Botanic Gardens 31 feet by 3 feet in 1905.

According to Sargent the timber is light and soft, close, straight grained, not strong, easily worked, and very durable in contact with the soil. It is largely used for building, most of the houses in Louisiana and the Gulf States being built from it, and large quantities are also now exported to the North, where it is found a most valuable wood for doors, sashes, balustrades, and greenhouses.

The Stearns Lumber Company of Boston, U.S.A., are making a speciality of it, and from a pamphlet published by this firm I take the following particulars:—

The timber varies considerably in different localities, and they consider, after long experience, that the so-called Gulf Cypress, grown in Florida, is better than the Louisiana Red Cypress, or that from the Atlantic coast of Georgia. Farther north it is apt to be more shaky and of coarser grain; and it is claimed that the seasoning is better done in the South than in the Northern States, from one to five years being required to do this properly, according to the dimensions of the timber, and that the longer in reason that it is kept in the pile before using the better.

It is said to be more durable, and to shrink and swell less than spruce or pine, to take paint well, and, as it contains no pitch, to resist fire longer than other coniferous woods.

It is quoted from the Richmond Despatch that a house, built by Michael Braun in 1776, and still owned and occupied by his descendants, was covered with cypress shingles, which were only removed in 1880.

Such shingles are now made by machinery at a very low price, and would be well worth trying for roofing houses in England, as they are very light in weight and inexpensive, and though I have no evidence that they are better than shingles made from English oak, their much greater size makes them easier to lay, and they can be cut to fancy patterns, which makes them very ornamental for roofing.

This wood is also highly recommended for doors, sashes, tanks, and other purposes where a great power of enduring damp is required.

It occasionally produces very ornamental wood, which is mottled and grained with red and brown, and some doors made of this wood, two of which I now possess, are extremely handsome.

Whether the wood grown in England will prove equally good I cannot say, as large trees are so seldom cut down in England that I have been unable to try it, but would certainly advise anyone who may have the opportunity to do so.


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 last great burst of heat had melted the enamel. The common brown household jars, when taken out of the furnace after it had become cool, were found covered with a white glaze! For this he could endure reproach, contumely, and scorn, and wait patiently for the opportunity of putting his discovery into practice as better days came round.

Palissy next hired a potter to make some earthen vessels after designs which he furnished; while he himself proceeded to model some medallions in clay for the purpose of enamelling them. But how to maintain himself and his family until the wares were made and ready for sale? Fortunately there remained one man in Saintes who still believed in the integrity, if not in the judgment, of Palissy—an inn-keeper, who agreed to feed and lodge him for six months, while he went on with his manufacture. As for the working potter whom he had hired, Palissy soon found that he could not pay him the stipulated wages. Having already stripped his dwelling, he could but strip himself; and he accordingly parted with some of his clothes to the potter, in part payment of the wages which he owed him.

Palissy next erected an improved furnace, but he was so unfortunate as to build part of the inside with flints. When it was heated, these flints cracked and burst, and the spicule were scattered over the pieces of pottery, sticking to them. Though the enamel came out right, the work was irretrievably spoilt, and thus six more months' labour was lost. Persons were found willing to buy the articles at a low price, notwithstanding the injury they had sustained; but Palissy would not sell


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text: The Earth Turns South/The Battle Line

title: The Earth Turns South/The Battle Line


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 Thujopsis, which were united with it by Bentham and Hooker. So limited, it comprises 5 species, and is divided into the two following sections:—

I. Euthuya. Cones with thin, coriaceous mucronulate scales, those of the 2 or 3 middle ranks being fertile. Seed thin, with lateral wings and a minute hilum. This section comprises 4 species. Thuya occidentalis and Thuya plicata of North America, Thuya sutchuenensis of central China, and Thuya japonica of Japan.

II. Biota. Cones with thickened, conspicuously umbonate scales, which are fleshy when young, almost ligneous when ripe; those of the lowest two ranks fertile. Seed thick, without wings, the hilum being large and oblong. This section includes one species, Thuya orientalis of north China.

The Thuyas resemble considerably in foliage and habit the flat-leaved cypresses. The latter are best distinguished by their fruit, which consists of peltate scales fitting closely by their edges. In a subsequent part, the peculiarities, as regards the branch systems and leaves, of these cypresses (Cupressus Lawsoniana, nootkatensis, thyoides, obtusa, and pisifera) will be described, and may then be compared with those now given below for the four species of Thuya in cultivation.

In the discrimination of the Thuyas, in addition to the characters shown by the bark, mode of branching, and fruit, the primary and secondary axes of the branchsystems give good marks of distinction. These axes are markedly flattened in Thuya occidentalis, terete in the other species. In Thuya orientalis the branch-systems stand in vertical planes, the inner edges of which are directed towards the stem of the tree. In ordinary forms of the other three species they are arranged in horizontal planes. The leaves on the main axes in each species differ as follows: —

1. Thuya plicata: widely spaced, long, ending in long, fine, free points, which are parallel to the axis; glands inconspicuous or absent. Under surface of the foliage usually marked with white streaks.

2. Thuya japonica: placed closely together, shoots ending in short, rigid, thick, triangular points, directed outwards at an acute angle; glands absent. Under surface of the foliage conspicuously marked with broad white streaks.

3. Thuya occidentalis: widely spaced, ending in long, fine points, which are parallel to the axis; glands raised, large and conspicuous on the flat leaves. Under surface of the foliage pale green; white streaks inconspicuous or absent.

4. Thuya orientalis: widely spaced, ending in short triangular free points, which are not rigid, and are directed slightly outwards at an acute angle: flat leaves marked by longitudinal glandular depressions. Under surface of the foliage pale green, without white streaks.

Thuya sutchuenensis, Franchet, is a small tree occurring in north-east Szechuan in central China, where it was discovered by Pere Farges growing at an altitude of 1400 feet. The branchlets are much flattened, thin in texture, and practically glandless. Cones composed of 8 obovate scales, the apices of which are slightly thickened. This species has not been introduced into cultivation.


text: The Earth Turns South/Seedtime

title: The Earth Turns South/Seedtime


text: The Earth Turns South/Harvest

title: The Earth Turns South/Harvest


text: The Earth Turns South/To an Enemy Nation


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 bases. After a few of these whorls lateral branches are given off, which sometimes bear a few acicular leaves at their bases. The lateral branches ramify and approach in character those of the adult plant, as the leaves are arranged decussately in 4 ranks. These leaves are variable, being acicular and loosely imbricated, or scale-like and closely imbricate. The branches are ascending, horizontal, or drooping, and are more or less flattened from above downwards.

This tree was discovered by Née, who accompanied Malaspina in his voyage round the world during the years 1789 to 1794; and his specimen, gathered at Nootka Sound, is preserved in the Natural History Museum at South Kensington. It was referred to by James Donn, in Hortus Cantab. ed. 4 (1807), as Thuya plicata, without any description; and subsequently D. Don drew up from it the oldest description of the species under the same name. The Thuya plicata of gardens, which was early in cultivation, is a variety of Thuya occidentalis, and has no connection with the plant of Née.

Archibald Menzies, who accompanied Vancouver's expedition as botanist, gathered specimens also at Nootka Sound in 1795. Nuttall received specimens later from the Flathead river, on which he founded his description of the species as Thuya gigantea. It was introduced into cultivation in 1853 by W. Lobb, and distributed from Veitch's nursery at Exeter as Thuya Lobbi, as at that time Nuttall's name Thuya gigantea was wrongly applied to Libocedrus decurrens, and Don's name. Thuya plicata, in a similar erroneous way, had gone into common use for a variety of Thuya occidentalis. Afterwards the tree became generally known in England as Thuya gigantea; and it is unfortunate that Don's name, Thuya plicata, must, following the law of priority, be substituted for a name so well known and so established as gigantea. This change of name has, however, been adopted in the Kew Hand List of Conifers, and by Sudworth and Sargent in North America, and on the whole it is now most convenient to adopt the name Thuya plicata.

This tree is, next to the Douglas fir, the most important from an economic point of view in northern Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia.

It extends in the north as far as southern Alaska, in the east to the Coeur d'Alêne Mountains in Idaho and to north-western Montana, and in the south to Mendocino County in northern California. It is known as Cedar, or Red Cedar, and is found most abundantly on wet soils and in wet climates, ascending from sea level to an elevation, according to Sargent, of 6000 feet, where it becomes a low shrub. Rh


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 early autumn and late spring with great readiness. It has, therefore, every good quality a forest tree can have, except the as yet unproved one of cleaning its trunk from branches without pruning.

And as this has not yet been properly tested by thick planting, I venture to say that there is no conifer better worthy of an extensive trial as a timber tree for such purposes as the larch is now used, and especially for fencing posts, for which its remarkable durability in the ground seems to make it most valuable.

I should therefore recommend that this tree should be planted at distances of 6 to 8 feet apart in situations where larch will not thrive, and not thinned as long as the trees keep healthy.

In the New England states it is not hardy enough to live in many places, but Professor Sargent tells me that a variety raised from seed from the Coeur d'Alène mountains in northern Idaho is hardy at Boston, where the form from the Pacific coast is tender, just as in the case of the Douglas fir.

No reliable tests, so far as I know, have yet been made in England or America as to the breaking strain and strength of this wood, but Sheldon states that it is used for telegraph posts in Oregon, and though its branches die off so slowly that the home-grown timber may probably be knotty, it is certainly not worse in this respect than spruce, to which I should consider it in every respect a superior forest tree.

The seed usually ripens about the end of October, and is very freely produced in most seasons. It soon sheds when ripe, and should be sown in boxes or in the open ground in early spring. I have tried both plans with great success, and find it best to plant the seedlings at two years old in nursery lines, and plant out the trees finally either in the early autumn or spring, when the deaths will be very small if the roots are not allowed to dry before planting.

There is very little variation among the seedlings, which grow rapidly in moist soil, and are less liable to suffer from spring frost than most trees, though if planted in mid-winter the tops are liable to die back.

There is no reason why this tree should not be sold in nurseries at the price of spruce except the absence of a regular demand, as it can be got up to a proper size for planting in two years less time.

The tree seeds itself very rapidly on sandy soil in many parts of the west and south of England, though liable to be thrown out of the ground by frost during the first year, and often destroyed by rabbits. On the lower greensand at Blackmoor, Hants, self-sown seedlings were quite numerous, both of this tree and of many other conifers, but rabbits are not allowed here, and both Lord and Lady Selborne take great interest in self-sown seedlings.

The giant Thuya has not been long enough in cultivation to show whether it


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 At Coolhurst, near Horsham, Mr. C. Scrace Dickens showed me a very fine and symmetrical tree 75½ feet high by 5½ in girth, and only 8 yards in the spread of its branches.

At many places in the south-west of England trees of from 65 to 70 feet are growing of which the following are the best we have measured ourselves:—Linton Park, Kent, 70 feet by 7 feet 1 inch in 1902; Dropmore, Bucks, 68 feet by 6 feet 10 inches in 1905; Killerton, Devonshire, 68 feet by 7 feet 10 inches in 1905; Bicton, Devonshire, 70 feet by 8 feet 2 inches in 1902; Blackmoor, Hants, 60 feet by 6 feet.

In Wales a tree at Hafodunos measured 65 feet 6 inches by 9 feet 7 inches in 1904, with natural seedlings a few feet from its base on the stump of an old tree; at Welfield, near Builth, the seat of E.D. Thomas, Esq., a tree 68 feet high and 6½ feet in girth was flourishing on the Llandilo slate formation; and at Penrhyn Castle Mr. Richards showed me a well-shaped and healthy young tree about 50 feet high, one of fifty which had been transplanted when about 18 feet high, only one of which died after being moved.

In Scotland Thuya plicata flourishes in the south and west, as well as in England. At Inverary Castle a tree only 25 feet high in 1892 is now over 60. At Poltalloch there are many, of which one in 1905 was 65 feet by 7 feet 2 inches. As far north as Gordon Castle it grows well, and at most of the places from which reports were sent to the Conifer conference in 1892 it is spoken of as healthy and vigorous. At Murthly, Scone, and Castle Menzies, I have seen fine trees, but have not measured any of remarkable size.

At Monreith, Dumfriesshire, the seat of Sir Herbert Maxwell, Bart., who has a high opinion of this tree, a large number have been raised from seed and planted out, but are as yet too young to measure.

At Benmore, near Dunoon in Argyllshire, the property of H.J. Younger, Esq., where there are very interesting plantations of several kinds of exotic conifers made in the winter of 1878–79, Thuya, when mixed with the common larch and Douglas fir on a steep hillside at 250 to 500 feet above sea-level, is now being suppressed by these species, which grow more vigorously. However, in one part of the plantation, near Ardbeg, at only 50 feet above sea-level and in fairly good soil, the Thuya was holding its own fairly well with the Douglas, and had attained, at twenty-four years old, 50 feet in height with clean stems varying from 25 to 38 inches in girth at 5 feet from the ground. Near Kilmun, on the same property, there is now, according to the forester, about 1½ acres of Thuya, which has been planted mixed with larch. The larch has been cut out, and the whole area is now pure Thuya, with clean stems larger in size than in the other parts of the plantations where it occurs mixed with Douglas fir.

In Ireland the best trees we know of are at Castlewellan, co. Down, 65 feet in 1903; Hamwood, co. Meath, 71 feet by 6 feet 3 inches in 1904; Churchill, co. Armagh, 68 feet by 5 feet 10 inches in 1904; Adare, co. Limerick, 71 feet by 7 feet 7 inches in 1903.


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592 ovate, in the female flowers reduced to short and thick staminodia or altogether wanting. Ovary 3-gonous, in the male flowers small and rudimentary; styles 3, short; stigmas usually fimbriate. Nut obtusely or acutely 3-gonous, enclosed in the usually more or less succulent perianth.

1. M. australis, Meissn. Gen. Comm. 227.—A much-branched climber, covering shrubs or small trees, or trailing over cliffs or rocks; trunk stout, woody, sometimes 3 in. diam.; bark greyish; branches numerous, flexuous and interlaced, the younger ones grooved and angled, glabrous or faintly scaberulous. Leaves petiolate, 1–3 in. long, ovate or orbicular-oblong, apiculate or acuminate, rarely obtuse, cordate or truncate at the base, thin and membranous, quite glabrous, usually entire, but sometimes panduriform or 3-lobed, margins undulate-crisped; petioles ⅓–1 in. long; stipules deciduous. Panicles large, axillary and terminal, much branched, 1½–3 in. long or more. Flowers about ⅙ in. diam., greenish, diœcious; males with 8 stamens and the rudiment of an ovary; females with 8 blunt staminodia and a short triquetrous ovary; stigmas broad, fimbriate. Fruiting-perianth closed over the fruit, slightly succulent or almost herbaceous. Nut black, shining, 3-angled and 3-grooved, angles often twisted.—M. adpressa, ''Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 236 (not of Meissn)''. Polygonum australe, ''A. Rich. Fl. Nouv. Zel. 178; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 355; Raoul, Choix,'' 42. P. adpressum, ''A. Cunn. l.c. n. 356 (not of Labill.)''. Coccoloba australis, ''Forst. Prodr.'' n. 176.

2. M. complexa, Meissn. Gen. Comm. 227.—Forming dense thick and elastic prostrate masses many feet in diam., or climbing over bushes or rocks. Stems slender, tough and woody, much interlaced; branches very numerous, flexuous, terete, the ultimate ones pubescent with short stiff hairs; bark dark red-brown.


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 them, considering that to have done so would be to "decry and abase his honour"; and so he broke in pieces the entire batch. "Nevertheless," says he, "hope continued to inspire me, and I held on manfully; sometimes, when visitors called, I entertained them with pleasantry, while I was really sad at heart Worst of all the sufferings I had to endure, were the mockeries and persecutions of those of my own household, who were so unreasonable as to expect me to execute work without the means of doing so. For years my furnaces were without any covering or protection, and while attending them I have been for nights at the mercy of the wind and the rain, without help or consolation, save it might be the wailing of cats on the one side and the howling of dogs on the other. Sometimes the tempest would beat so furiously against the furnaces that I was compelled to leave them and seek shelter within doors. Drenched by rain, and in no better plight than if I had been dragged through mire, I have gone to lie down at midnight or at daybreak, stumbling into the house without a light, and reeling from one side to another as if I had been drunken, but really weary with watching and filled with sorrow at the loss of my labour after such long toiling. But alas! my home proved no refuge; for, drenched and besmeared as I was, I found in my chamber a second persecution worse than the first, which makes me even now marvel that I was not utterly consumed by my many sorrows."

At this stage of his affairs, Palissy became melancholy and almost hopeless, and seems to have all but broken down. He wandered gloomily about the fields near Saintes, his clothes hanging


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text: The Zoologist/3rd series, vol 1 (1877)/Issue 11/Proceedings of Scientific Societies


text: Category:The Zoologist, 3rd series, vol 1 (1877), issue 11


text: The Story of Rimini/Canto 1

title: The Story of Rimini/Canto 1


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Muehlenbeckia. Leaves petiolate, exceedingly variable in size and shape, even on the same plant, ⅕–¾ in. long or more, broadly oblong or obovate or orbicular, rounded or retuse at the tip, rarely subacute, cordate or truncate or rounded at the base, often contracted in the middle, sometimes 3-lobed, quite smooth, glabrous or the petiole puberulous, coriaceous or almost membranous, margins even, entire; stipules deciduous. Spikes axillary and terminal, long or short, simple or compound, glabrous or puberulous, sometimes reduced to 2 or 3 flowers, at other times forming a panicle 1–1½ in. long or more. Flowers small, diœcious. Stamens 8. Stigmas very broad, fimbriate. Fruiting-perianth much enlarged, often ¼–⅓ in. diam., succulent, waxy-white, forming a fleshy cup surrounding the fruit, in some varieties unaltered and herbaceous. Nut black, shining, deeply triquetrous.—''Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl.'' 236. M. microphyila, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xx. (1888) 204. M. paucifolia, M. trilobata, and M. truncata, Col. l.c. xxi. (1889) 99–101. Polygonum complexum, ''A. Cunn. Precur. n. 357; Raoul, Choix, 42; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel.'' i. 210.

3. M. axillaris, Walp. Ann. i. 552.—A small much-branched prostrate or diffuse shrubby plant, usually forming densely matted patches 3–12 in. diam., but sometimes open and straggling; stems and branches woody; branchlets puberulous. Leaves on rather long petioles, small, $1⁄10$–$1⁄3$ long, broadly oblong or ovate-oblong or almost orbicular, obtuse or retuse, rounded at the base, flat, quite glabrous, dotted beneath. Flowers small, solitary or 2 together in the axils of the leaves, or the males rarely forming short few-flowered spikes at the ends of the branchlets; pedicels slender. Stigmas fimbriate. Perianth succulent in fruit or almost unaltered. Nut triquetrous with obtuse angles, black, smooth and shining, rather longer than the perianth.—''Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 236; Benth. Fl. Austral.'' v. 275. M. hypogæa, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxi. (1889) 98. Polygonum axillare, ''Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel.'' i. 211.

4. M. ephedrioides, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 211.—A much-branched prostrate shrub; stems 9–36 in. long or more, rigid and wiry, deeply grooved, leafless and rush-like or sparingly leafy;


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text: The Zoologist/3rd series, vol 1 (1877)/Issue 12/Proceedings of Scientific Societies


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 die shortly after, a martyr, though not at the stake. He died in the Bastille, after enduring about a year's imprisonment,—there peacefully terminating a life distinguished for heroic labour, extraordinary endurance, inflexible rectitude, and the exhibition of many rare and noble virtues.

The life of John Frederick Böttgher, the inventor of hard porcelain, presents a remarkable contrast to that of Palissy; though it also contains many points of singular and almost romantic interest. Böttgher was born at Schleiz, in the Voightland, in 1685, and at twelve years of age was placed apprentice with an apothecary at Berlin. He seems to have been early fascinated by chemistry, and occupied most of his leisure in making experiments. These for the most part tended in one direction—the art of converting common metals into gold. At the end of several years, Böttgher pretended to have discovered the universal solvent of the alchemists, and professed that he had made gold by its means. He exhibited its powers before his master, the apothecary Zörn, and by some trick or other succeeded in making him and several other witnesses believe that he had actually converted copper into gold.

The news spread abroad that the apothecary's apprentice had discovered the grand secret, and crowds collected about the shop to get a sight of the wonderful young "gold-cook." The king himself expressed a wish to see and converse with him,


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text: Category:The Zoologist, 3rd series, vol 1 (1877), issue 12


text: The Story of Rimini/Canto 2

title: The Story of Rimini/Canto 2


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594 branchlets often scaberulous. Leaves when present few and scattered, petiolate or almost sessile, ⅙–1 in. long, linear or linear-lanceolate, often dilated or almost hastate at the base, acute or obtuse, glabrous, sometimes scaberulous on the midrib beneath; stipules short, obliquely truncate. Flowers small, polygamous; those on the male plant in lax axillary simple or branched glabrous spikes, often with a few female flowers intermixed; on the female plant in few-flowered fascicles or short dense spikes, usually with 1 or two male flowers mixed with the females. Stigmas fimbriate. Perianth succulent or remaining unaltered in fruit. Nut exceeding the perianth, black, smooth and shining, triquetrous with the angles obtuse.—''Handb. N.Z. Fl.'' 237.

Herbs or shrubs, often aromatic and stimulating. Leaves alternate or opposite or whorled, simple, entire; stipules wanting, or 2 connate, or adnate to the petiole. Flowers minute, hermaphrodite or unisexual, crowded on axillary or terminal catkin-like spikes, each subtended by a sessile or stipitate bract. Perianth wanting. Stamens 2 or more, hypogynous; filaments very short; anthers often jointed on the filaments, cells 2 or confluent. Ovary (except in the tribe Saurureæ, which does not occur in New Zealand) 1-celled, with a single orthotropous ovule; style wanting or very short; stigmas 1–6, various in shape. Fruit a small indehiscent berry. Seed solitary, globose or ovoid or oblong; albumen copious, farinaceous; embryo very minute, enclosed in a sac at the apex of the seed.


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Module:Custom rule/segments/doc

Supporting module for Module:Custom rule, which implements custom rule.

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title: Module:Custom rule/segments/doc


text: Page:The Story of Rimini - Hunt (1816, 1st ed).djvu/137


text:
Page:TheTreesOfGreatBritainAndIreland vol01.djvu/219

A tree, attaining a height of 50 to 60 feet, with a stout and buttressed trunk, sometimes 6 feet in diameter. It often divides near the base into two or three stems. In England the branches, short and spreading, form a tree pyramidal in outline, which is not so dense in foliage as Thuya plicata. Bark of the trunk scaling off in thin papery rolls, but not so freely or so finely as in Thuya japonica. The branches when of no great size begin to show scaly bark.

The branch systems are disposed in horizontal planes, resembling those of Thuya plicata; but their main axes are flattened, being compressed from below upwards, while the leaves are shorter than in that species, ending in similar long points. The flat leaves on the main axes are studded with conspicuous large circular elevated glands. The smaller leaves on the ultimate branchlets vary as regards the presence or absence of glands; the lateral pairs are shorter than and not so acutely pointed as in Thuya plicata. The foliage is dark green above, pale green and not marked with white streaks below.

The male flowers, minute and globose, are composed of three decussate pairs of stamens. The female flowers are yellow.

The cones become deflected when ripe, as in Thuya plicata. They are oblong, light brown, and composed of 4 to 5 pairs of scales, of which the 2nd and 3rd pairs are larger than the others, and fertile. The scales are ovate or spathulate, ending in a rounded or acute apex, with a minute external process, which is generally much less developed than is the case in Thuya plicata. The seeds, usually two on each fertile scale, are scarcely distinguishable from those of the last-named species.

Seedling. —Cotyledons as in Thuya plicata. The caulicle and stem are quadrangular. The first two true leaves are opposite, spreading, and similar to the cotyledons, though smaller. These are followed by 5 or more whorls or pseudowhorls, each of three similar leaves, linear, acute, and sessile. The ultimate leaves are opposite, decussate, and adnate for the greater part of their length to branchlets, which are flattened from above downwards.

Few trees, except Cupressus Lawsoniana, show a greater tendency to variation in the seed-bed. Sargent says that if anyone will sow a quantity of seed he will be sure to find forms among the seedlings as novel and as interesting


text:
Page:The Works of Lord Byron (ed. Coleridge, Prothero) - Volume 3.djvu/184

 4. Forty additional lines to stanza xx. of Canto II., beginning, For thee in those bright isles," and being the first draft of the addition as printed in the Revises of November 13, etc.

5. Stanza xxvii. of Canto II., twenty-eight lines.

6. Ten additional lines to stanza xxvii., "Ah! happy!"—depart."

7. Affixed to the rough Copy in stanza xxviii., fifty-eight lines, here called "Continuation." This is the rough Copy of No. I.

The eighteen loose sheets of additions to Canto I. consist of—

1. The Dedication.

2. Two revisions of "Know ye the land."

3. Seven sheets, Canto I. stanzas i.-v., being the commencement of the Fair Copy in the bound volume.

4. Two sheets of the additional twelve lines to Canto I. stanza vi., "Who hath not proved,"—"Soul."

5. Four sheets of notes to Canto I. stanza vi., dated November 20, November 22, 1813.

6. Two sheets of notes to stanza xvi.

7. Sixteen additional lines to stanza xiii.

The fourteen additional sheets to Canto II. consist of—

1. Ten lines of stanza iv., and four lines of stanza xvii.

2. Two lines and note of stanza v.

3. Sheets of additions, etc., to stanza xx. (eight sheets).

(α) Eight lines, "Or, since that hope,"—"thy command."

(β) "For thee in those bright isles" (twenty-four lines).

(γ) "For thee," etc. (thirty-six lines).

(δ) "Blest as the call" (three variants).

(ε) "For thee in those bright isles" (seven lines).

(ζ) Fourteen lines, "There ev'n thy soul,"—"Zuleika's name," "Aye—let the loud winds,"—"bars escape," additional to stanza xx.

4. Two sheets of five variants of "Ah! wherefore did he turn to look?" being six additional lines to stanza xxv.

5. Thirty-five lines of stanza xxvi.

6. Ten lines, "Ah! happy! but,"—"depart." And eleven


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Page:TheTreesOfGreatBritainAndIreland vol01.djvu/221

 5. Var. dumosa. A dwarf shrub, with the foliage and branchlets of var. plicata.

6. Var. pendula. A shrub with pendulous branches and branchlets.

7. Var. erecta. Branches slender and erect. In var. erecta viridis the foliage is dark green and shining on the upper surface. It originated in Messrs, Paul's nurseries at Cheshunt.

8. Var. Späthi. A monstrous form, with seedling foliage on the younger branchlets, older branchlets being tetragonal, and clothed with sharp-pointed adult leaves.

9. Various forms occur with coloured foliage, as lutea, aurea, vervæneana, etc.

Thuya occidentalis was probably the first American tree cultivated in Europe. Belon describes it as occurring in a garden at Paris about the middle of the sixteenth century. It was introduced into England prior to 1597, as it is mentioned by Gerard in his Herball published in that year.

According to Sargent, Thuya occidentalis frequently forms nearly impenetrable forests on swampy ground, or occupies the rocky banks of streams from Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, north-westward to Cedar Lake at the mouth of the Saskatchewan, and southward through the northern states to southern New Hampshire, central Massachusetts and New York, northern Pennsylvania, central Michigan, northern Illinois, and central Minnesota, and along the high Alleghany mountains to southern Virginia and north-eastern Tennessee; very common in the north, less abundant and of smaller size southward; on the southern Alleghany mountains only at high elevations.

Mr. James M. Macoun says of this tree in his excellent pamphlet. The Forest Wealth of Canada (Ottawa, 1904), that the white cedar, as it is there usually called—though in New England this name is always given to Cupressus thyoides—is very rare in Nova Scotia, but abundant throughout New Brunswick and Ontario. It grows to a considerable height, but seldom exceeds 2 feet in diameter. The wood is soft and not strong, and has never been much used for timber, but is unexcelled for shingles. It is chiefly used for fence rails and posts, railway ties, and telegraph posts. No other wood is used in any quantity for telegraph poles in Ontario and Quebec. It is very durable in contact with the soil or when exposed to the weather.

I saw the tree abundantly in wet swamps and also on dry ground near Ottawa, where, in Rockcliff Park, good though not large trees of it may be seen, the best having all been cut out for telegraph poles. On dry, rocky ground the tree grows freely from the stool, and in wet places in the woods reproduces abundantly from seed, which was ripe at the end of September, and, as usual in the forests of Canada, germinates and grows best when it falls on a rotten log. Rh


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Page:TheTreesOfGreatBritainAndIreland vol01.djvu/223

A tree attaining, according to Shirasawa, a height of 90 feet in Japan, with a tapering stem, open in habit as cultivated in England, and not forming such a dense pyramid as Thuya plicata. Bark of the trunk scaling off in very narrow longitudinal papery strips. The bark commences to scale on young branches of less than a half inch in diameter. The branches curve upwards towards their extremities.

The branch-systems, 3–4 pinnate, are disposed in horizontal planes, which droop at their outer extremities. Primary axes terete, with leaves densely crowded, all the four sets ending in short, rigid, thick, free points, glands being absent. The leaves on the ultimate branchlets are obtuse, and not acutely pointed as in Thuya plicata; and glands may be present or absent on the flat leaves. The foliage is light green above, while on the under surface there are whitish streaks, somewhat triangular in outline, which exceed in area the greener parts.

Male flowers cylindrical, with 6 decussate pairs of stamens. The cones are deflected, ovoid, and composed of 5 to 6 pairs of scales, of which the second and third pairs are larger than the others and fertile. The scales are broadly oval, with a rounded apex, from below which externally is given off a short, broad, triangular process, projecting from the scale at right angles or nearly so. The seeds, three to each fertile scale, and nearly equal to it in length, differ considerably from those of Thuya plicata and Thuya occidentalis, the wing being narrow, not so scarious in texture, entire, and not notched at the summit.

Fortune discovered Thuya japonica in cultivation around Tokyo in 1860, and sent home seeds of it to the nursery of Mr. Standish at Ascot, who distributed plants under the name of Thujopsis Standishii. Maximowicz, who had also seen it cultivated at Tokyo, gave the species its first authoritative name in 1861. Maries found it growing wild on the mountains of Nikko, in central Japan, in 1877. Sargent, who, in company with James H. Veitch, met with a few solitary specimens on the shores of Lake Yumoto in these mountains, at 4000 feet altitude, describes it as a small pyramidal tree of 20 to 30 feet high, of open and graceful habit, with pale green foliage and bright red bark. Shirasawa, however, states that it attains a height of 90 feet, with a diameter of stem of nearly 6 feet; and that it grows in the central chain of Hondo, in the mountains of Kaga, Hida, and Shinano, at elevations of 2000 to 6600 feet. The stem, according to Shirasawa, is often twisted, and gives off great wide-spreading branches.


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Page:The Works of Lord Byron (ed. Coleridge, Prothero) - Volume 3.djvu/185

 lines, "Woe to thee, rash,"—"hast shed," being a continuous addition to stanza xxvii.

Endorsed— indent=1|* i. November 13, 1813.

ii. November 15, 1813.

iii. November 16, 1813.

iv. November 18, 1813.

v. November 19, 1813.

vi. November 21, 1813.

vii. November 23, 1813.

viii. November 24, 1813. A wrong date

ix. November 25, 1813.

x. An imperfect revise = Nos. i.—v.


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Page:TheTreesOfGreatBritainAndIreland vol01.djvu/225

A tree or dense shrub, with the trunk often branching into several stems from near the base. Bark of trunk thin, reddish brown, and separating in longitudinal papery scales. The bark begins to scale on branches which are about a half inch in thickness. The branches are ascending, becoming tortuose at their extremities, and giving off more or less equal-sided branch-systems, which are disposed in vertical planes, with their inner edge directed towards the stem of the tree. These are finer and more closely ramified than in the preceding species. Their main axes are terete; bearing median leaves, marked by a glandular longitudinal depression, and ending in triangular free points (not appressed to the axis); and lateral leaves, ending in similar but longer free points, which are thickened at the part where they become free and reflected away from the axis. The leaves on the ultimate branchlets are closely imbricated, appressed to the stem, and marked with longitudinal depressions.

The male flowers are globose and composed of 4 decussate pairs of stamens.

The cones are erect and ovoid, fleshy and bluish before ripening, but ultimately becoming dry and woody, the scales gaping widely. Scales, usually 3 pairs (occasionally a fourth pair, sterile and much reduced, appears at the base), the two lowest fertile, the uppermost pair aborted and sterile: ovate, obtuse, thick, and ligneous, bearing externally below the apex a hooked process. The seeds, 2 on each scale, are large, ovoid, without wings, brown in colour, with a white, large, oblong hilum.

The seedling resembles that of the other species of Thuya, except that the cotyledons are much larger, about an inch in length.

A great number of varieties of this species have been obtained. The most remarkable of these are:—

I. Var. pendula, Masters, ''Jour. R. Hort. Soc.'' xiv. 252.


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Page:TheTreesOfGreatBritainAndIreland vol01.djvu/227

 resembles the variety of the same name belonging to Thuya occidentalis; the latter is slightly whiter on both surfaces of the leaves.

Thuya orientalis occurs wild in the mountains of north China. It is common in the hills west of Pekin, where Fortune observed trees of a large size, 50 or 60 feet in height. Elsewhere in China it is only met with planted in cemeteries and temple grounds. It has been known to the Chinese from the earliest times as the Poh or Peh tree, and is mentioned in their classical books; it was planted around the graves of feudal princes, and its wood was used for making the coffins of great officials. The tree was introduced into Japan from China at an early period, probably like so many other Chinese plants, by the Buddhist missionaries. Japanese botanists are all agreed that it is not indigenous in Japan. Various other regions have been mentioned as being the home of Thuya orientalis, as Siberia, Turkestan, Himalayas, etc.; but specimens collected in these countries are undoubtedly from cultivated trees. The tree is mentioned by Gmelin in his Flora Siberica, i. 182 (1747); but only as occurring between Kiachta and Peking. Ledebour denies its existence in any part of Siberia.

Thuya orientalis was first grown in Europe at Leyden, some time before 1737, when Linnæus described the plant as Thuya strobilis uncinatis squamis reflexa acuminatis. Royen, who sent a specimen to Linnæus, mentions the species with considerable details in his account of the plants that were cultivated at that time in the Botanic Garden at Leyden; but his promised account of the history of its introduction apparently never was published. It is possible that it was raised from seed sent home by the Dutch from Japan, as Kaempfer, who travelled in that country from 1690 to 1692, collected specimens of Thuya orientalis which are still preserved in the Natural History Museum at South Kensington. Seeds were also soon afterwards sent to Paris by the missionaries in north China. The earliest account of it in England occurs in a letter dated February 1, 1743, from the Duke of Richmond to Collinson, as follows:— "I am sorry to find by Miller that I am not likely to have the Chinese Thuya. I own, if it belonged to anybody that would sell it, I should be foolish enough to offer ten guineas for it, because it is the only one in England that can match that which I have already." It was cultivated early by Miller in the Physic Garden at Chelsea.

Thuya orientalis never attains in this country any considerable dimensions. It ripens good seed; and at Kew, on a wall near the Director's office, may be seen a


text: Poems (McDonald)

title: Poems (McDonald)


text: Poems (McDonald)/The Emigrant's Sabbath Day


text: Page:The Works of Lord Byron (ed. Coleridge, Prothero) - Volume 3.djvu/194


text:
Page:4SIGHT manual- a computer program for modelling degradation of underground low level waste concrete vaults (IA 4sightmanualcomp5612snyd).pdf/101

22. INTERRUPT HANDLERS

22. Interrupt handlers.

The following routines handle ctrl-brk and math exceptions. The routine ctrlbrk requires dos.h.

The routine signal requires signal. h.

⟨Include files 3⟩ $$\equiv$$
 * 1) include
 * 2) include

23.

⟨Function declarations 23⟩ $$\equiv$$ int control-break ( oid); int matherr (struct exception *); void div_0(void);

See also sections 33, 39, 43, 51, 54, 56, 59, 60, 61, and 65.

This code is used in section 2.

24. control-break handles interruptions due to the use striking CTRL-BRK during execution.

⟨Interrupt handlers 24⟩ int control-break (void) { int i, j, k ; printf("\n\n\tUSER CTRL-BRK!.\n\n); ⟨Print desired output 78⟩1   return 0; }

See also sections 25 and 26.

This code is used in section 2.

25. The routine matherr handles exceptions from the math coprocessor.

⟨Interrupt handlers 24⟩ \$$+\equiv$$ int matherr (struct exception *c) {   printf/("\n\n"); printf("tmatherr: "); switch (e-type) { case DOMAIN: printf( "DOMAIN"); break; case SING: printf( "SINGULARITY"); break; case OVERFLOW: printf("0VERFL0W"); break; case UNDERFLOW: printf("UNDERFLOW"); break; case TLOSS: printf("TL0SS"); break; default: printf("UNKN0WN ERR0R TYPE!"); break; }   printf("\n"); printf("\n\n\t"); printf("function:\t%,s(%lf,%lf)\n", e-name e-arg1 e-arg2); printf("\n"); exit(O); }


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Page:4SIGHT manual- a computer program for modelling degradation of underground low level waste concrete vaults (IA 4sightmanualcomp5612snyd).pdf/103

22. INTERRUPT HANDLERS 26. The routine  handles possible divide by zero errors.

⟨Interrupt handlers 24⟩ $$+\equiv$$ void div_0(void) {   int i, j, k;    printf ("\n\n\tPossible_divide_by_o!\n\n"); ⟨Print desired output 78⟩ exit(1); }


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Page:4SIGHT manual- a computer program for modelling degradation of underground low level waste concrete vaults (IA 4sightmanualcomp5612snyd).pdf/105

27. INITIALIZATION 27. INITIALIZATION.

28. Redirection of stdin. Allow the user to either use redirection at the command line or to specify the input file directly. If an input file is given at the command line without redirection (<), re-define stdin to come from the input file. The #include files (fcntl.h and sys/stat.h) are for the routine dup2, and errno.h is required for the global variable errno.

⟨Include files 3⟩ $$\equiv$$
 * 1) define STDIN 0
 * 1) include
 * 2) include
 * 3) include

29. If redirection is not used, set input file_handle to the file specified at the command line. ⟨Global variables 4⟩ $$+\equiv$$ int input_file.handle;    /* file containing input parameters */

30. If an input file was given without redirection, use dup2 to copy the input file handle number to the existing stdin file handle. ⟨Determine STDIN 30⟩ $$\equiv$$ if (argc > 1) {     /* redirect from input file */ fprintf(stderr, "Calculating..."); if ((input_file_handle = open (argv[1], 0_RDONLY))==-1) { switch (errno) { case ENOENT: fprintf (stderr, "No such file: %s\n", argv[1]); break; case EMFILE: fprintf (stderr, "Too many open files.\n"); break; case EACCES: fprintf(stderr, "Permission denied. \n"); break; case EINVACC: fprintf(stderr, "Invalid accesscode.\n"); break; default: fprintf(stderr, "Error: Unknown error code.\n"); break; }      exit(0); }   dup2(input_file_handle, STDIN); } else     /* interactive mode */ printf("Enter commands: \n");

This code is used in section 5.


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Page:4SIGHT manual- a computer program for modelling degradation of underground low level waste concrete vaults (IA 4sightmanualcomp5612snyd).pdf/107

31.INITIALIZE SOLUBILITY ARRAY 31. Initialize solubility array.

soLarray is vital to determining the chemical equilibrium of each element. This procedure also initializes the two ION arrays: anion and cation

⟨Global variables 4⟩ $$\equiv$$ int num.cations; int num.anions; SOLARRAY **sol.array; ION *cation; ION *anion;

32. The routine malloc requires stdlib.h. ⟨Include files 3⟩ $$\equiv$$
 * 1) include

33. ⟨Function declarations 23⟩ $$\equiv$$ void initialize.ion.data (void);

34. Initializing ion and salt array. The data for the ions and salts is in the file ion.db. Must first determine the number of anions and cations, including OH~ and H + and then allocate memory for anion, cation, and soLarray.

void initialize_ion-data {    int i, j, k    FILE *ion.database; /* ion and salt data base */ if ((ion-database = fopen(" ion.db", "rt")) $$\equiv\Lambda$$) { printf ("\n\ERROR: Unable to open ion db \n\n"); exit/(0); }   fscanf (ion.database,"%d %d", &num.cations,&num.anions); ⟨Allocate ion and salt arrays 35⟩ ⟨Input ion data 36⟩ ⟨Input salt data 37⟩ fclose(ion.database); ⟨Zero-out ion and salt data 38⟩ }

35. Allocate memory for all of the arrays.

The total number of cations/anions includes and.

⟨Allocate ion and salt arrays 35⟩ $$\equiv$$ anion = (ION *) malloc(num.anions * sizeof (ION)); cation = (ION *) malloc(num.cations * sizeof (ION)); /* allocate 2-D array */ soLarray = (SOLARRAY **) malloc(num-cations * sizeof (SOLARRAY *)); for (i = 0; < num.cations', i++) { sol array[i] = (SOLARRAY *) malloc(num.amons * sizeof (SOLARRAY)); }

This code is used in section 34.


text: Poems (McDonald)/The Heavens

title: Poems (McDonald)/The Heavens


text: Page:TheTreesOfGreatBritainAndIreland vol01.djvu/238


text: Poems (McDonald)/The Loved and Lost

title: Poems (McDonald)/The Loved and Lost


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text: Poems (McDonald)/The Marriage Vow

title: Poems (McDonald)/The Marriage Vow


text: Poems (McDonald)/Nature's Teachings

title: Poems (McDonald)/Nature's Teachings


text: Poems (McDonald)/The Dying Boy

title: Poems (McDonald)/The Dying Boy


text:
Page:Early western travels, 1748-1846 (1907 Volume 21).djvu/68

62 other object that may lead him to recognise the place again. But I have my doubts whether they who hid the goods will ever return that way to dig up their hidden treasure. We did not meddle with it on our return with Captain Sublet.

[41] On the 5th of July we started afresh rather low-spirited. We looked with sadness on the way before us. The mountain was here pretty thickly timbered down its slopes, and wherever the ground is level. The pines and hemlock trees were generally about eighteen inches through. It had snowed, and we were now at a height where the snow commonly lies all the year round. Which ever way we looked, the region presented a dreary aspect. No one could wonder what even some of us who were in health, were, at times, somewhat homesick. If this was the case with us, what must have been the feelings of our three sick fellow travellers. We passed through a snow bank three feet deep. We well ones passed on with Captain Sublet to the top of the mountain, and there waited until our sick men came up with us. George More fell from his horse through weakness. He might have maintained his seat on level ground, but ascending and descending required more exertion than he could call forth; and this was the case also with Dr. Wyeth. Burdit made out a little better. Sublet's company encamped about two miles from us; for at best we could hardly keep up with his veteran company. They were old and experienced trappers, and we, compared with them, young and inexperienced soldiers, little imagining that we should ever have to encounter such hardships, in realizing our dreams of making a fortune. Ignorance of the future is not always to be considered among the calamities of man.

Captain Sublet's grand rendezvous, or Head Quarters,


text: Poems (McDonald)/An Old Man's Reminiscence


text: Poems (McDonald)/The Spirit's Whisper

title: Poems (McDonald)/The Spirit's Whisper


text:
Page:An Account of English Ants (Gould, 1747, IA accountofenglish00goul).pdf/34

12 The Hill and Jet Ants delight motly in old decayed Roots of Trees; the Subtance of which being oft and tender, is the better adapted to their double Saw, by means whereof they work their Apartments, and compleat their Cities.

We are not o to limit the Reidence of Ants as to expect no Variation; for we may often meet with Colonies of Yellow or mall Black Ants under Stones, or in old Walls; and the like Situation will ometimes pleae the Hill and Jet Ants.

It may however be worth oberving, that the everal Species never intermix o as to aociate or breed together. They will indeed live very near and good Neighbours to one another. But if any venture into a different Colony, they mut retire with the utmot Expedition, or oon fall Victims of the Foe. They are immediately urrounded by a Party, who pinch them to Death, and afterwards devour or carry them out of the Settlement.

The Largenes of their Cities depends in a great Meaure on the Number of Inhabitants, and partly alo on the Change of Seaons and Variablenes of the Weather. In Winter they are obliged as much


text:
Author:Hugh William Williams

Works

 * Travels in Italy, Greece, and the Ionian Islands (1820), in 2 vols.

title: Author:Hugh William Williams


text:
Page:A Manual of the Nellore District in the Presidency of Madras.pdf/23

2 NELLORE MANUAL. features of the country. The villages are poor, topes rarely gladden the eye of the traveller, and pure water is almost an unknown luxury. Small tanks obtaining an uncertain supply of water from local drainage, irrigable land constantly thrown out of cultivation, and the stunted crops reared on s hungry soil mark the difficulties against which the ryot strives to gain a precarious livelihood.”

Of the mountain ranges in the district, the Eastern Ghauts run in a north-westerly direction from the south of Venkatagiri to the north of the Kanigiri Taluq, and form the line of demarkation between this district and that of Cuddapah. The highest point, Penchalakonda, has an elevation of about 3,000 feet above the level of the sea. The slopes are covered with low jungle, in some places mixed with bamboos. Towards the north the jungle is dense and heavy. In parts timber is to be found of good size, but no great value. Totally disconnected with this range rises the Udayagiri Droog about 2,000 feet high. This fortified hill was formerly held by a Mahomedan Jaghiredar, and must have been a place of great strength.

The principal rivers in the district are the Pennair, Suvarnamukhi, . Maneru, Paleru, Musi, and Gundlakamma. The i = Pennair rises in the Nundidroog Hills in the Mysore territory, and enters the district through a gorge in the Eastern Ghauts at Somesila, 285 miles from its source. It runs in an irregular easterly course for 70 miles, dividing the district into two unequal portions, and falls into the Bay of Bengal in lat. N. 14° 36’ eighteen miles below the town of Nellore. It receives two unimportant feeders—the Bog- geru and Biraperu—in its course through the district. The river receives ite first supply of water when the rains of the south-west monsoon fall in the western districta, and is in full or partial flood on an average for 61 days in the year. There is an enicut at Nellore with two main artificial channels to Kristnapatam and toSarvepalli in the GudurTalug, and branches to the numerous tanks in the neighbourhood of their course. Thére is another irrigation scheme under examination at Sangam, 20 miles to the west of Nellore, which is designed to supply water to the lands on the northern bank of the river. Another anicut has also been designed by the Madras Irrigation Company at Somesila ecroas the gorge in the western hills. From this it was intended to carry an irrigating and navigable canal with branch supplying-channels through the south of the Atmakur and the north of the Rapur Taluga, and thus bring a large area of land under irrigated rice cultivation, but the scheme is indefinitely postponed. In the lower part of its course the bed of the Pennair is sandy, but higher up rocky, with many deap pools well stocked with fish, which, being swept down the stream during inundations, find their way into the numerous extensive tanks supplied by the river, and form a considerable portion of the diet of the people

‘Mountains, �


text:
Page:An Account of English Ants (Gould, 1747, IA accountofenglish00goul).pdf/52

30 This manner of Oeconomy or Government amongt the Ants may be eteemed a particular Intance of divine Widom. Had the common Workers been of either Sex, it mut have given a great deal of Interruption to their Labours, and have often interfered with the Aiduity required in Breeding up the young Offspring. At the ame Time there is uch a trong expreive Affection imprinted on them towards the Eggs, as cannot but hew it to be the Reult of a uperior Goodnes. Had the Queens been more numerous, it would have engaged too large a Circle of Attendants; had they been les, or equal with Regard to Size, it would not o well have anwered the different Proportions of Young obervable in the everal Colonies. So exact are the Wonders of Providence! in nothing uperfluous or deficient.


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Page:A Manual of the Nellore District in the Presidency of Madras.pdf/24

NELLORE MANUAL. 3 of this district. Sea fish also come up the river in flood, and are caught in the deep pools as the waters subside. For nine months annually the bed is in’ most places nearly dry, but during the north-east monsoon prevailing at the close of the year, in a few days it becomes filled from bank to bank, and at the town of Nellore the volume of water is 500 yards wide and 30 feet deep.

The Suvarnamukhi river rises in the Chittoor Hills and, flowing east- ward, holds a course nearly parallel to the Pennair, but veering more to the north-east, and after a course of about 15 miles through the dis- trict, it falls into the Bay of Bengal, 34 miles south of the Pennair. The bed of the river is completely dry for the greater part of the year, but during the rainy season it has a large volume of water. Owing, how- ever, to its rapid fall this river is seldom in flood for more than a few days at atime. It crosses the northern trunk road two miles from Naidupett. It has several supplying-channels which replenish the tanks, of which 2 great number exist in the level part of this district,

The Gundlakamma river rises in Kurnool, its source being the Cambam tank, which is fed by numerous streams from the Nalla~ mallay Hills.

The other rivers rise in the Eastern Ghauts and are little more than mountain torrents. Their beds lie so low beneath the adjoining lands. that their water is seldom available for irrigation purposes. Wells are sunk in the beds of the streams and the water is raised by bullock pecottas at a great expenditure of time and labor.

The East Coast Canal is being extended as far as Kristnapatam, and affords water communication with Madras. The canal is carried along the western border of the island of Sriharikota for a distance of 20 miles, when it debouches into the Pulicat lake. There are several inlets from the sea at different points along the coast, and the waters augmented during the north- east monsoon by the western drainage spread over the adjoining low-lying lands and for six months of the year a series of salt swamps are to be found along different parts of the coast from Kristnapatam northwards, The inlets to the sea being numerous, no engineering: difficulties prevent these inlets being easily connected, and were this done there would be uninterrupted water communication through the district. Indeed the canal might be easily carried on to form a junc- tion with the one from Rajahmundry to Bezwara.

The district of Nellore has nine Government and four Zemindari Taluqs shown below, with the stations of public functionaries, police stations, salt stations, ports, post offices, and travellers’ bungalows in each. �


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714 NELLORE MANUAL, Chevi Reddi soon after moved to the village of Pillalamarri and seems for some reason to have attracted the notice of the Maharajah of Vorugallu. The family biographer relates that Chevi Reddi’s good qualities secured for him the favor of a deity or demon called Bhetala, who, from his home in a banyan tree, promised to endow the fortunate ryot's descendants with riches and power and strength in war; but it ip perhaps more natural to suppose that the possessor of a fortune of nine lakhs of rupees would attract the attention and envy of all his neighbours without supernataral intervention in his favor.

To whatever influences, however, Chevi Reddi owed his rise, his unfailing good fortune secured for him the favor of the rajah, who made him a grant of land yielding one lakh of revenue and conferred honorific titles upon him and all his family. The cultivator Chevi Reddi was quite lost in the proprietor Pillalamarri Bhetala Nayudu, from whom the 76 divisions of the Velama easte elaim to be descended. In the absence of all data, it is almost impossible to form a connected narrative of the wonderful events which murked the rise of Chevi Reddi and his sons. Of the eldest of the three sons, Dama Nayudu, we are only told that he was affable, charitable, and popular. The second son Prasaditya Nayudu, however, by his extraordinary martial valor and courtly address so won his way to the heart of Kakatiya Ganapate Rayalu, the Rajah of Vorugalley, as to be able, at the rajah’s death, to place his daughter on her father’s throne, himself acting as her regent and proving his qualifications for the post by a succession of brilliant victories. This second son of the founder of the house is said to have engaged and totally defeated some Pandyan Rajah, an exploit which won for him the title of Pandya Gaja Kesari.

The third generation of this successful family was represented by Dama Nayudu’s son Pennama Nayudu, @ warrior, who is said to have “ driven out the Mahomedans and completely conquered those tribes.” Here we have a statement that can be chronologically tested. The firat invasion of the Dekkan by Mahomedans took place in 1298, but they scarcely penetrated as far south-east as the kingdom of Telingana which would have then included Nellore until 1307. In that year Kafur invaded Telingana and defeated the Rajah of Worrangul (pro- bably the place named Vorugallu above), and the whole of Telingana became nominally subject to Mahomedan rule until the united efforts of the Telingana and Carnatic Rejahs freed the country from the role of the Affghan dynasty in 1350. It may be to this revolt that the family chronicle here refers, and this supposition is strengthened by the calculation that, if an average of 80 years (a very liberal allowance) be allowed for each of the 26 generations which the family history enumerates, we may suppose the history of this family to date with tolerable authenticity as far back as that very year 1350, With Yerra �


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