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HARVEY IN ANCIENT AND and of the affections and emotions. From the left ventricle the vital spirits, together with blood, were conveyed by the arteries to the organs and tissues. But not only was the aërial element derived from the lungs, but the arteries also obtained air from the surface of the body generally, and discharged thence fuliginous vapours. Against this Harvey urged the impossibility of any such cutaneous respiratory process in the foetus in utero, and in animals whose lives were spent in water.

Theories of vital spirits as directly con- nected with the mind, their origin in the heart, and the heart as the centre of emotion and character, still hold place in literature and conversation. We refer to high spirits and low spirits, regardless of the practical philo- sophy of the fool, 'I care not for my spirits if my legs were not weary.' We read without surprise that among the exhilarating effects of the apple Eve attributed to herself 'dilated spirits, ampler heart;' but when so modern and scientific a poet as the Laureate refers to the human heart as the holy secret of this micro- C


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124 4. The Lord also spoke as follows to those who did not believe in Him: "I have come in my Father's name, and ye have not received me: when another shall come in his own name, him ye will receive," calling Antichrist "the other," because he is alienated from the Lord. This is also the unjust judge, whom the Lord mentioned as one "who feared not God, neither regarded man," to whom the widow fled in her forgetfulness of God,—that is, the earthly Jerusalem,—to be avenged of her adversary. Which also he shall do in the time of his kingdom: he shall remove his kingdom into that [city], and shall sit in the temple of God, leading astray those who worship him, as if he were Christ. To this purpose Daniel says again: "And he shall desolate the holy place; and sin has been given for a sacrifice, and righteousness been cast away in the earth, and he has been active (fecit), and gone on prosperously." And the angel Gabriel, when explaining his vision, states with regard to this person: "And towards the end of their kingdom a king of a most fierce countenance shall arise, one understanding [dark] questions, and exceedingly powerful, full of wonders; and he shall corrupt, direct, influence (faciet), and put strong men down, the holy people likewise; and his yoke shall be directed as a wreath [round their neck]; deceit shall be in his hand, and he shall be lifted up in his heart: he shall also ruin many by deceit, and lead many to perdition, bruising them in his hand like eggs." And then he points out the time that his tyranny shall last, during which the saints shall be put to flight, they who offer a pure sacrifice unto God: "And in the midst of the week," he says, "the sacrifice and the libation shall be taken away, and the abomination of desolation [shall be brought] into the temple: even unto the consummation of

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 MODERN MEDICINE 7 cosm,' we cannot but question whether the description would not better suit the brain, which, to quote the physiology of an older poet, some suppose the soul's frail dwelling- house.' That Tennyson meant the heart in a literal and anatomical sense is evident from his speaking in the same passage of dabbling the hand in it. Such expressions as 'warm- hearted,' G cold-hearted, chicken-hearted,' dishearten,' and the like are still common in our talk. Courage, by its etymology, should belong to the heart rather than to the hemi- spheres. We still speak of a man as 'having his heart in the right place,' as if we took our anatomy from a source older than Galen or Aristotle A wise man's heart is at his right hand, but a fool's heart at his left.'¹ Thus, our language is behind our knowledge by hundreds, even by thousands, of years.

Cæsalpinus (1569) was apparently aware that the blood left the heart by the aorta and returned to it by the veins, passing, as he thought, by anastomoses from one set of vessels

1 Ecclesiastes x. 2.


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HARVEY IN ANCIENT AND to the other, and re-entering the heart by the vena cava; but he supposed that spirit and blood made their exit from the heart chiefly during wakefulness, while the return was during sleep, and he repeated with strange confusion the old comparison of the move- ments of the blood to the ebb and flow of the tide in Euripus.

Before Harvey there appears to have been some difference of opinion as to whether the heart was muscular, but it was generally believed that the active agent in moving the blood was the act of respiration. Thus, although Harvey found the pulmonary circu- lation ready to his hand, and the term 'circu- lation already attached to it, the course of the blood in the general system was so con- fused with tides and spirits, so destitute of any rational explanation of how the blood which left the heart got back to it, that, as he tells us, he was almost tempted to think, with Frascatorius, that the motion of the heart was only to be comprehended by God. That it was eventually comprehended by Harvey was


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MODERN MEDICINE 9 due in part to the steps already made which helped to give him his standpoint. The hour While we give was come as well as the man. him his meed, let us not omit the honour due to his predecessors, especially Servetus and Fabricius to the one for his deduction with regard to the pulmonary circulation, to the other for his accurate observations concerning the valves of the veins.

To recognise the magnitude of Harvey's discovery we must look at it from the latest attainable point of view; test it by the know- ledge of the present day; whether it holds its ground; and what are its issues and results. I propose thus to examine a discovery of the seventeenth century in the light of the nine- teenth-not touching its truth, which is unnecessary, but in regard to what has sprung from it; to judge of the tree by its fruit.

If the spirits of the wise, as they sit in the clouds, look down upon us with any recognition of what we are about, they can scarcely be indifferent to our estimation of their earthly labours. When we confirm


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The Recluse
From here: files 4–83. U.S. publication from 1927, so acceptable at Wikimedia Commons. TE(æ)A,ea. (talk) 00:20, 27 August 2023 (UTC)

 * ✅. File uploaded here Ciridae (talk) 14:43, 13 October 2023 (UTC)
 * This section was archived on a request by: Ciridae (talk) 01:47, 19 October 2023 (UTC)

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Rh

thing. It is oberved by Euebius (in the beginning of his Book De Præpar. Evang. p. 21 & 25. Edit. Pari.) That neither the ancient Hitorians, nor the Philoophers, do o much as mention, no, not o far as to name, when they write of the beginning of the world. But this Divine Law-giver, deigning to hang the whole Frame of his Polity, upon Piety towards, and to make the Creator of all, the Founder of his Laws, begins with him. Not after the manner of the Egyptians and Phoenicians, who betowed this adorable Name; upon a great Mulditude: But puts in the Front of his Work, the Name of the ole Caue of all things: the Maker of whatoever is een or uneen. As if he had told the Hebrew Nation, That he who gave them the Law contained in thee Books, was the King and Law-giver of the whole World: Which was, like a great City, governed by him. Whom therefore he would have them look upon, not only as the Enacter of their Laws; but of thofe alo which all Nature obeys. See L. VII. ''De Prpar. Evang.'' c. 9, 10. & L. XII. c. 16.

The Heaven and the Earth.] The Hebrew Particle Eth, put before both Heaven and Earth, ignifies as much as with, if Maimonides undertood it aright; and makes the Sence to be this: He created the Heavens, with all things in the Heavens, and the Earth with all things in the Earth; as his Words are in More Nevochim, P. II. cap. 30. Certain it is thee two words, Heaven and Earth, comprehend the whole viible World. Some would have the Angels comprehended in the word Heaven; particularly Epiphanius, Hre. LXV. n. 45. . But others of the Fathers are of a different Rh


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588 unto the remission of your sins, that ye become holy without spot. And now I bid unto all, farewell. I soon go to rest in the paradise of God, until my spirit and body shall again reunite, and I am brought forth triumphant through the air, to meet you before the pleasing bar of the great Jehovah, the Eternal Judge of both quick and dead. Amen.


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 LEAVING TOWN

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 Hindawi Chinese Journal of Mathematics Volume 2017, Article ID 6058035, 30 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/6058035

Jacob Abiodun Gbadeyan and Fatai Akangbe Hammed

Correspondence should be addressed to Jacob Abiodun Gbadeyan; j.agbadeyan@undefinedyahoo.com

Received 30 August 2016; Accepted 28 November 2016; Published 26 February 2017

Academic Editor: Maria Bruzón

Copyright © 2017 Jacob Abiodun Gbadeyan and Fatai Akangbe Hammed. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

This paper deals with the lateral vibration of a finite double-Rayleigh beam system having arbitrary classical end conditions and traversed by a concentrated moving mass. The system is made up of two identical parallel uniform Rayleigh beams which are continuously joined together by a viscoelastic Winkler type layer. Of particular interest, however, is the effect of the mass of the moving load on the dynamic response of the system. To this end, a solution technique based on the generalized finite integral transform, modified Struble's method, and differential transform method (DTM) is developed. Numerical examples are given for the purpose of demonstrating the simplicity and efficiency of the technique. The dynamic responses of the system are presented graphically and found to be in good agreement with those previously obtained in the literature for the case of a moving force. The conditions under which the system reaches a state of resonance and the corresponding critical speeds were established. The effects of variations of the ratio (𝛾1 ) of the mass of the moving load to the mass of the beam on the dynamic response are presented. The effects of other parameters on the dynamic response of the system are also examined.

1. Introduction

The problem of determining the dynamic response of elastic structures traversed by moving loads is of significant technological importance and various researchers (Engineers, Physicists, and Applied Mathematicians) continue to pay considerable attention to studying the various corresponding mathematical models [1–14]. Most of these studies have been carried out for simpler structures such as beams, plates, frames, and shells since such elastic structures form the fundamental components of various modern complex structures and the mathematical analysis involved is relatively less complicated. For instance, the trolleys of overhead travelling cranes which move on their girders, as well as bridges on which trains or vehicles move, may be modeled as moving loads on beam [5]. The theory of vibration of single-beam or single-plate system subjected to moving loads with different boundary conditions has been extensively developed with hundreds of articles on it [1–14]. Frýba [2], in particular, gave a comprehensive survey of some of the techniques for solving various versions of this problem. Some engineering applications of the theory of vibration of a single-beam or single-plate system carrying a moving load include the study of the dynamic behaviour of guided circular saws usually used in the wood products industry, modern high-speed precision machinery processes, design of railway bridges, and the machining processes [14]. However, there exist many problems of notable practical significance in many branches of modern industrial, mechanical, aerospace, and civil engineering for which the theory of vibration of single-beam system under a moving load may not hold and hence one has to resort to the vibration theory of double-beam, triple-beam, or multibeam systems traversed by a moving load. Examples of such problems include the vibration of composite materials which is usually modeled using double-beam system. Elastically connected concentric beams are also being used


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2 as continuous system models for carbon nanotubes and a linear model for interatomic Van der Waals forces is usually provided for by the elastic layers connecting the two beams. As a third example, it is remarked that the coupled behaviour of paper translating with the paper cloth (wire screen) during paper making process is usually studied by modeling the system as two axially translating tensioned beams interconnected by an elastic foundation. Some other significant applications of double-beam system are in (i) passive vibration control, (ii) weight reduction, and (iii) strength and stiffness increase [15, 16]. It is, nevertheless, observed from literature that, unlike the single-beam system, relatively few works have been carried out for the non-single-beam system carrying moving loads. This is perhaps due to the difficulties encountered in solving the governing coupled partial differential equations. Dublin and Friedrich [17] studied forced vibration of two elastic Euler beams interconnected by spring-damper system. The free vibration and the impact problem of a double-beam system which is made up of identical beams elastically connected were studied theoretically and experimentally by Seelig and Hoppmann [18] and Seelig and Hoppmann II [19], respectively. Kessel [20] studied the excitation of resonance in an elastically connected double beam system by a cyclic moving load while Kessel and Raske [21] carried out the analysis of the dynamic behavior of the system comprising two parallel simply supported beams which were elastically connected and traversed by a cyclic moving load. There exists other interesting studies which have been conducted on double elastic beams [22– 24]. To the authors knowledge, most of these previous works involving double beams under moving loads are acted upon by only moving forces. In other words, the effect of the inertia of the moving load has not been taken into account. Yet problems involving this effect, though relatively more difficult, are more appropriate representations of the realistic problems usually encountered in practice. As a matter of fact the moving force problem is a special case of the moving mass problem and the difficulty in the latter is due to the singularity appearing in the inertia terms. The solution techniques in most of the above existing works have also been suitable only for simply supported end conditions. However, in recent years many authors paid attention to earthquake resistance systems as well as economic construction. This calls for lighter weight structures. Hence, it becomes necessary to investigate the influence of relatively large masses traversing such structure. The dynamic response of such structures to moving loads whose inertia effect is not negligible should therefore be thoroughly analysed for a rational safe design.

In the present paper, attention is focused on the effect of the mass of a moving load of constant magnitude and velocity on the dynamic response of a finite prismatic double-beam system interconnected by a core. Of particular interest is the influence of the mass of the moving load on the dynamic response of two finite prismatic parallel upper and lower Rayleigh beams connected by a viscoelastic core and having various classical end conditions. This has not been accounted for in previous studies [25]. It is also assumed that the effect of noise is negligible. Hence the influence of either Gaussian or non-Gaussian noise as well as the output constraints [26, 27] is not taken into account. To achieve the desired objective, a general versatile solution technique is developed. This technique is based, in the first instance, on reducing the two governing fourth-order coupled partial differential equations to a set of two second-order ordinary differential equations using generalized finite integral transform. The latter is then simplified using modified Struble's method [1] and solving the resulting set of two coupled ordinary differential equations using a semianalytical method known as differential transform method (DTM). The solution technique is an extended, modified version of the approach developed by the first author (and Oni) in [1] for the dynamic response of (i) a finite Rayleigh beam and (ii) a non-Mindlin rectangular plate under an arbitrary number of concentrated moving masses. The present technique holds for all types of classical end conditions for double-Rayleigh beams acting upon by either moving forces or masses. Its two-dimensional version for double-plate moving load problem can be easily developed. Semianalytical solutions are obtained. The influence of various parameters (especially those of the inertia of the moving load) involved in the problem are presented graphically and discussed qualitatively and quantitatively. The resonance conditions for both the moving force and moving mass problems are also established. Furthermore, the analysis presented is well illustrated using some of the classical end conditions. The remaining part of this paper is organized as follows: In Section 2, the problem is defined, stating the pertinent governing differential equations as well as the corresponding initial and boundary conditions. The method of analysis is discussed in Section 3 along with the solutions of the moving force and moving mass double-beam problems. Illustrative examples are given in Section 4, followed by the discussion on resonance conditions for the moving force and moving mass double-beam systems in Section 5. Section 6 deals with the numerical analysis of the problem. Finally, concluding remarks are given in Section 7.

2. Mathematical Model

Consider a double-Rayleigh beam system consisting of two finite, prismatic, undamped, parallel upper and lower Rayleigh beams joined together by a viscoelastic layer (core) which is modeled as a set of parallel springs and dashpots as shown in Figure 1. For the sake of brevity and simplicity, the effect of noise on the system is assumed negligible. Thus, the influence of non-Gaussian noises and output constraints [26, 27], in particular, on the system is not considered. The upper beam is subjected to a load 𝑃$1$ (𝑥, 𝑡) having mass 𝑀$𝐿$ and moving with a constant velocity V. For simplicity, it is assumed that the two beams are identical having the same length 𝐿, flexural rigidity 𝐸𝐼, and mass per unit length 𝜇. For convenience the system is, hereby, referred to as system 𝐼. The dynamic responses 𝑊$1$ (𝑥, 𝑡) and 𝑊$2$ (𝑥, 𝑡) of the upper and lower Rayleigh beams, respectively,


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afternoon had perfected the silence of the suburban street. Every one had gone into his house to tea; none had yet started for church or promenade; the street was empty, except for a white pigeon that pecked idly in the middle of the road and once leaned upon one wing, raised the other so as to expose her tender side and took the rain deliciously; so calm and unmolested was the hour.

The houses were in unbroken rows and arranged in pairs, of which one had a bay window on the ground floor and one had not. Some had laurels in front; some had names. But they were so much alike that the street resembled a great storehouse where yards of goods, all of one pattern, are exposed, all with that painful lack of character that makes us wish to rescue one and take it away and wear it, and soil it, and humanise it rapidly.

Soon a boy of nine years old came out of one house and stood at the gate. At first he moved briskly and looked in every direction as if expecting to see some one whom he knew; but in a little while he paused and merely

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 The farmer sat on his cream pony, brow-beating a birdnesting boy by a gate.

A young woman waited by a stile and did up her hair.

And still the parson threw back his head and closed his eyes, and with an action as of washing his hands, talked melodiously and with satisfaction, saying, at last, "It is well for us to draw near unto the Lord."

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 looked towards the pigeon, so fixedly that perhaps he saw it not. The calm silenced him, took him into its bosom, yet also depressed him. Had he dared, he would have shouted or run; he would have welcomed the sound of a piano, of a dog barking, of a starling coldly piping. While he still paused an old man rounded the corner of the street and came down in the roadway towards him.

The old man was small and straight, and to his thin figure the remains of a long black coat and grey trousers adhered with singular grace. You could not say that he was well dressed, but rather that he was in the penultimate stage of a transformation like Dryope's or Daphne's, which his pale face had not altogether escaped. His neglected body seemed to have grown this grey rind that flapped like birch bark. Had he been born in it the clothing could not have been more apt. The eye travelled from these clothes with perfect satisfaction—as from a branch to its fruit—to his little crumpled face and its partial crust of hair. Yet he walked. One hand on a stick, the other beneath a basket of watercress, he walked with quick, short steps, now and then calling out unexpectedly, as if in answer to a question, " Watercresses!" No one interrupted him. He was hungry; he nibbled at pieces of cress with his gums, and so kneaded his face as if it had been dough. He passed the boy; he stooped, picked up a rotten apple, and in the act frightened the pigeon, which rose, as the boy saw, and disappeared.

The boy raised his head and watched. He saw the old man—as in an eloquent book and not with his own usually indolent eyes—and thought him a traveller. Yes! that was how a traveller looked—a strange, free

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 man, hatless, walking in the road, ignoring puddles, talking carelessly to himself; from the country—such was his stick and the manner of his clothes; with something magnificent and comely in his hoariness; sleeping the boy knew not where, perhaps not at all, but going on and on, certainly not to church, but perhaps to places with mountains, icebergs, houses in the branches of trees, great waters, camels, monkeys, crocodiles, parrots, ivory, cannibals, curved swords. And the boy flushed to think that the quiet street was an avenue to all the East, the Pole, the Amazon… to dark men who wondered about the sunlight, the wind, the rain, and whence they came… to towns set down in the heart of forests and lonely as ships at sea. But whatever he was, the old man was more blessed than any one whom the boy had ever seen.

The old man was gone out of sight. The boy started to run and follow; but he stumbled and fell and uttered his intolerable longing in a fit of grave tears, while the street began to be bright and restless again.

I thought to follow him myself. But the next day I was still in that grey land, looking at it from a railway train.

The hundreds of streets parallel or at angles with the railway—some exposing flowery or neglected back gardens, bedrooms half seen through open windows, pigeon houses with pigeons bowing or flashing in flight, all manner of domesticities surprised—others a line of shop fronts and gorgeous or neat or faded women going to and fro—others, again, a small space that had been green and was still grassy under its encumbrance of dead trees, scaffolding and bricks—some with inns having good names—these

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 streets are the strangest thing in the world. They have never been discovered. They cannot be classified. There is no tradition about them. Poets have not shown how we are to regard them. They are to us as mountains were in the Middle Ages, sublime, difficult, immense; and yet so new that we have inherited no certain attitude towards them, of liking or dislike. They suggest so much that they mean nothing at all. The eye strains at them as at Russian characters which are known to stand for something beautiful or terrible; but there is no translator: it sees a thousand things which at the moment of seeing are significant, but they obliterate one another. More than battlefield or library, they are dense with human life. They are as multitudinous and painful and unsatisfying as the stars. They propose themselves as a problem to the mind, only a little less so at night when their surfaces hand the mind on to the analogies of sea waves or large woods.

Nor at the end of my journey was the problem solved. It was a land of new streets and half-built streets and devastated lanes. Ivied elm trunks lay about with scaffold poles, uprooted shrubs were mingled with bricks, mortar with turf, shining baths and sinks and rusty fire grates with dead thistles and thorns. Here and there a man in a silk hat or a little girl with neat ankles and high brown boots stepped amidst the deeply rutted mud. An artist who wished to depict the Fall and some sympathy with it in the face of a ruined Eden might have had little to do but copy an acre of the surviving fields.

A north wind swept the land clean. In the hedges and standing trees, it sobbed at intervals like a bitter child

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URING the first year that Mr. Wordsworth and I were neighbours, our conversations turned frequently on the two cardinal points of poetry, the power of exciting the sympathy of the reader by a faithful adherence to the truth of nature, and the power of giving the interest of novelty by the modifying colours of imagination. The sudden charm, which accidents of light and shade, which moon-light or sun-set diffused over a known and familiar landscape, appeared to represent the practicability of combining both. These are the poetry of nature. The thought suggested itself (to which of us I do not recollect) that a series of poems might be composed of two sorts. In the one, the incidents and agents were to be, in part at least, supernatu-


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 make mistakes in these personal and practical relations: such mistakes and similar ones have been made by poets; such mistakes and greater ones have been made by soldiers and statesmen and men of business. But in so far as a poet is in these things less of a practical man he is also less of a poet.

If Shakespeare really married a bad wife when he had conceived the character of Beatrice he ought to have been ashamed of himself: he had failed not only in his life, he had failed in his art. If Balzac got into rows with his publishers he ought to be rebuked and not commiserated, having evolved so many consistent business men from his own inside. The German Emperor is a poet, and therefore he succeeds, because poetry is so much nearer to reality than all the other human occupations. He is a poet, and succeeds because the majority of men are poets. It is true, if that matter is at an important, that the German Emperor is not a good poet. The majority of men are poets, only they happen to be bad poets. The German Emperor fails ridiculously, if that is all that is

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 ral; and the excellence aimed at was to consist in the interesting of the affections by the dramatic truth of such emotions, as would naturally accompany such situations, supposing them real. And real in this sense they have been to every human being who, from whatever source of delusion, has at any time believed himself under supernatural agency. For the second class, subjects were to be chosen from ordinary life; the characters and incidents were to be such, as will be found in every village and its vicinity, where there is a meditative and feeling mind to seek after them, or to notice them, when they present themselves.

In this idea originated the plan of the "Lyrical Ballads;" in which it was agreed, that my endeavours should be directed to persons and characters supernatural, or at least romantic; yet so as to transfer from our inward nature a human interest and a semblance of truth sufficient to procure for these shadows of imagination that willing suspension of disbelief for the moment, which constitutes poetic faith. Mr. Wordsworth, on the other hand, was to propose to himself as his object, to give the charm of novelty to things of every day, and to excite a feeling analogous to the supernatural, by awakening the mind's attention from the lethargy of custom, and directing it to the loveliness and the wonders of the world before us; an inexhaustible treasure, but for which in consequence of


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 in question, in almost everyone of the artistic occupations to which he addresses himself: he is neither a first-rate critic, nor a first-rate musician, nor a first-rate painter, nor a first-rate poet. He is a twelfth-rate poet, but because he is a poet at all he knocks to pieces all the first-rate politicians in the war of politics.

Having made clear my position so far, I discover with a certain amount of interest that I have not yet got to the subject of these remarks. The German Emperor is a poet, and although, as far as I know, every line he ever wrote may be nonsense, he is a poet in this real sense, that he has realised the meaning of every function he has performed. Why should we jeer at him because he has a great many uniforms, for instance? The very essence of the really imaginative man is that he realises the various types or capacities in which he can appear. Everyone of us, or almost everyone of us, does in reality fulfil ahnost as many offices as Pooh-Bah. Almost everyone of us is a ratepayer, an immortal soul, an Englishman, a

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 baptised person, a mammal, a minor poet, a juryman, a married man, a bicyclist, a Christian, a purchaser of newspapers, and a critic of Mr. Alfred Austin. We ought to have uniforms for all these things. How beautiful it would be if we appeared to-morrow in the uniform of a ratepayer, in brown and green, with buttons made in the shape of coins, and a blue income-tax paper tastefully arranged as a favour; or, again, if we appeared dressed as immortal souls, in a blue uniform with stars. It would be very exciting to dress up as Englishmen, or to go to a fancy dress ball as Christians.

Some of the costumes I have suggested might appear a little more difficult to carry out. The dress of a person who purchases newspapers (though it mostly consists of coloured evening editions arranged in a stiff skirt, like that of a saltatrice, round the waist of the wearer) has many mysterious points. The attire of a person prepared to criticise the Poet Laureate is something so awful and striking that I dare not even begin to describe it; the one fact which

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Page:Biographia literaria; or, Biographical sketches of my literary life and opinions (IA biographialitera03cole).pdf/11

 the film of familiarity and selfish solicitude we have eyes, yet see not, ears that hear not, and hearts that neither feel nor understand.

With this view I wrote the "Ancient Mariner," and was preparing among other poems, the "Dark Ladie," and the "Christobel," in which I should have more nearly realized my ideal, than I had done in my first attempt. But Mr. Wordsworth's industry had proved so much more successful, and the number of his poems so much greater, that my compositions, instead of forming a balance, appeared rather an interpolation of heterogeneous matter. Mr. Wordsworth added two or three poems written in his own character, in the impassioned, lofty, and sustained diction, which is characteristic of his genius. In this form the "Lyrical Ballads" were published; and were presented by him, as an experiment, whether subjects, which from their nature rejected the usual ornaments and extra-colloquial style of poems in general, might not be so managed in the language of ordinary life as to produce the pleasureable interest, which it is the peculiar business of poetry to impart. To the second edition he added a preface of considerable length; in which notwithstanding some passages of apparently a contrary import, he was understood to contend for the extension of this style to poetry of all kinds, and to reject as vicious and indefensible all phrases and forms of style that


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 forcing himself to cry; in the windowless houses it made a merrier sound like a horn. It drove workmen and passers-by to spend as much time as possible in "The King's Head," and there the medley of the land was repeated. Irish and Cockney accents mingled with Kentish; Americans would have been out of place. No one seemed to dislike the best room in the inn, where there was a piano, a coloured picture of Lord Roberts and of the landlord as a youth, an old print of snipe-shooting, some gaudy and fanciful advertisements of spirits, and no fire to warm the wall-paper which had once had a pattern characteristic of poor bathrooms.

I felt a kind of exalted and almost cheerful gloom as I stepped out and saw that it was raining and would go on raining. O exultation of the sorrowful heart when Nature also seems to be sorrowing! What strange merriment is this which the dejected mind and the wind in the trees are making together! What high lavolt of the shuffling heels of despair! As two lovers wounded and derided will make of their complainings one true joy that triumphs, so will the concealing rain and the painful mind.

The workmen had gone; faint lights began to appear through the blinds of the finished houses. There was no sunset, no change from day to night. The end of the day was like what is called a natural death in bed; an ill-laid fire dies thus. With the darkness a strange spirit of quiet joy appeared in the air. Old melodies floating about it on that mourning wind. The rain formed a mist and a veil over the skeletons round about, but it revealed more than it took away; Nature gained courage

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 in the gloom. The rain smoothed her as it will wash away tears on the lonely hills. The trees were back in Eden again. They were as before in their dim, stately companies. The bad walking was no annoyance. Once I came upon a line of willows above dead reeds that used to stand out by a pond as the first notice to one walking out of London that he was in the country at last; they were unchanged; they welcomed and encouraged once more. The lighted windows in the mist had each a greeting; they were as the windows we strain our eyes for as we descend to them from the hills of Wales or Kent; like those, they had the art of seeming a magical encampment among the trees, brave, cheerful lights which men and women kept going amidst the dense and powerful darkness. The thin, incompleted walls learned a venerable utterance.

The night grew darker. The sound of pianos mingled with the wind. I could not see the trees—I was entrapped in a town where I had once known nothing but fields and one old house, stately and reticent among the limes. A sense of multitude surged about and over me—of multitudes entirely unknown to me—collected by chance—mere numbers—human faces that were at that moment expressing innumerable strange meanings with which I had nothing to do. Had I said to one who entered an adjacent house that I was retrospectively a lodger of his, since I had once hidden for half a day in the hollow oak in his front garden, he would have stared. Here were people living in no ancient way. That they supped and slept in their houses was all that was clear to me. I wondered why—why did they go on doing these things?

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text: Life of William Blake (1880)

title: Life of William Blake (1880)


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 I am willing to reveal, and to state seriously and responsibly, is that it buttons up behind.

But most assuredly we ought not to abuse the Kaiser because he is fond of putting on all his uniforms; he does so because he has a large number of established and involuntary incarnations. He tries to do his duty in that state of life to which it shall please God to call him; and it so happens that he has been called to as many different estates as there are regiments in the German Army. He is a huntsman and proud of being a huntsman, an engineer and proud of being an engineer, an infantry soldier and proud of being so, a light horseman and proud of being so. There is nothing wrong in all this; the only wrong thing is that it should be confined to the merely destructive arts of war. The sight of the German Kaiser in the most magnificent of the uniforms in which he had led armies to victory is not in itself so splendid or delightful as that of many other sights which might come before us without a whisper of the alarms of war. It is not so splendid or delightful as

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Page:SoK Exploring Current and Future Research Directions on XS-Leaks through an Extended Formal Model.pdf/3

Session 6B: System and Network Security #2

Listing 1: Example template of a search application.

Listing 2: XS-Leak attack against example application. need to reset the state of the cache, and thus use one of the known techniques [59] to remove the icon from the cache. Note that as a result of the recent network isolation defenses, this specific attack is prevented, but it still allows us to clarify important points about XS-Leaks during the different sections of the paper. The example application is also vulnerable to other XS-Leak at- tacks. instance, detecting the size of the response leaks whether there were any, and possibly how many, results [4, 53, 55]. Further- more, a new connection might need to be established to retrieve the icon image from the CDN, which also only happens if there is at least one result. This can be detected by leveraging the global limit on the connection pool [6]. In case the execution time of processing the request depends on how many results are generated, this may also create a timing side-channel that can be exploited [10, 54].

For the XS-Leaks discussed in this paper, we consider a threat model where the victim lands on a web page that is (partially) controlled by an adversary. This could either be a malicious web page containing arbitrary code, a compromised web page, or a web page containing a malicious advertisement. Unless stated otherwise, we consider that no restrictions, e.g. through the sandbox attribute of an iframe, are imposed on the attacker's web page. We define XS-Leaks attacks as follows: an attack where the ad- versary leverages various browser operations and observes their direct or indirect effects in order to infer information about cross- site resources that reflect the state that the user has with a targeted website. These cross-site resources are typically dynamically gen- erated based on the identity of the victim, which is inferred from the included cookie, the requested endpoint, and (attacker-provided) query parameters. Although attacks that aim to determine which websites were previously visited by a user are closely related to XS-Leaks attacks, these are out of the scope, and are known as "This definition is in line with that of prior work (XS-Leaks Wiki [46] and COSI attacks [49]), but makes it explicitly clear that the attacker aims to infer the state that the user has with the targeted website.

history sniffing attacks or history leaks. These attacks on user pri- vacy typically aim to infer the changes that are persisted in the browser by interactions that were made by the user. For example, the browser keeps track (locally) of which web pages a user visited, and applies a different style based on whether the URL was visited (which could be abused to leak previously visited pages [1, 19, 43]). In contrast, XS-Leak attacks require any change that is persisted in the browser to be the result by an operation of the attacker, e.g., an attacker-triggered request made to the targeted server.

In this section we first present the base model, as was introduced by Knittel et al. [18], and then extend this model to more extensively describe the underlying characteristics of XS-Leaks. Our model was constructed by thoroughly analyzing existing XS-Leak issues, and for each determining the actual cause and required operations. To obtain a list of existing XS-Leak attacks, we performed a system- atic literature review in which we considered all papers that were published in the past five years at a well-known security confer- ence (S&P, CCS, NDSS, USENIX Security, ACSAC, AsiaCCS), or an attack or web-focused workshop (WOOT, W2SP, SecWeb). We included every paper that presented an attack where the threat model matches the one required for XS-Leaks, and where the attack could be used to leak information from cross-site resources. We further extended this set of attacks with those reported in blog posts, online articles, or in disclosed bug reports to major browser vendors. In total we consider 38 distinct XS-Leak attacks (including two that were discovered as a result of our research).

Base model: Applying this to our running example, we get the following:
 * The URL resource of the web application that is being targeted by the attacker is defined as url
 * This web application can be in two different states, depending on the user's authentication: $$S = \{s_{0}, s_{1}\}$$.
 * Depending on the state S, the application will behave differently, e.g., by including an additional image; the differences in this behavior is defined as $$D = \{d_{0}, d_{1}\}$$.
 * A cross-site leak is then defined as the function $$xsl$$ that outputs a bit $$b^{'}$$; more precisely: $$b^{'} = xsl(sdr, i, t)$$, where $$ i \in I$$ I represents the inclusion method that is used to trigger the request to the state-dependent resource (e.g. including the resource in an iframe), and $$t \in T$$ is the leak technique that is used to observe the difference cross-site (e.g. counting the number of frames in the rendered web page).
 * Finally, the state-dependent resource that is being requested is defined as $$sdr \in SDR$$, where $$sdr_{0} = (url, (s_{0}, d_{0}))$$.
 * $$url = https://example.com/search?q=query$$
 * $$s \in \{no-search-results, at-least-one-result\}$$
 * $$d \in \{no-icon-on-page, icon-on-page\}$$
 * The inclusion method $$i$$ is embedding the URL as an iframe
 * The leak technique $$t$$ consists of performing a timing attack that aims to determine whether the inclusion of the web page lead to the icon being cached

Extended model: We extend the model of Knittel et al. by introducing the concept of components. These components are the abstract representation of all the different aspects that are interacted


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 the sight of an ordinary householder showing himself in that magnificent uniform of purple and silver which should signalise the father of three children. It is not so splendid or delightful as the appearance of a young clerk in an insurance office decorated with those three long crimson plumes which are the well-known insignia of a gentleman who is just engaged to be married. Nor can it compare with the look of a man wearing the magnificent green and silver armour by which we know one who has induced an acquaintance to give up getting drunk, or the blue and gold which is only accorded to persons who have prevented fights in the street. We belong to quite as many regiments as the German Kaiser. Our regiments are regiments that are embattled everywhere; they fight an unending fight against all that is hopeless and rapacious and of evil report. The only difference is that we have the regiments, but not the uniforms.

Only one obvious point occurs to me to add. If the Kaiser has more than any other man the sense of the poetry of the ancient things, the sword, the crown,

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Page:SoK Exploring Current and Future Research Directions on XS-Leaks through an Extended Formal Model.pdf/4

Session 6B: System and Network Security #2 with when a resource is requested, parsed or rendered. Examples of such components include the HTTP cache, the network connection pool (at the level of the browser), the different DOM properties of the attacker’s page and that of the rendered resource, or various aspects of the operating system on the client side such as CPU caches. We also consider components located on the server, which may depend on the infrastructure and environment of the targeted server, but will typically include the network layer at the OS-level and the various aspects related to the execution of the web application’s implementation. Based on the layer at which the components are located, we can group them together in seven component groups, five of which are located on the client side: attacker tab, victim frame, victim tab, browser, and client OS. The remaining two component groups are located on the server-side: environment (e.g. OS or serverless computing environment) and web server.

Each component consists of a 3-tuple, where the first element, $$c$$, represents the specific characteristics of the component. The latter two elements of the tuple, $${\sigma}_{{s}_{0}}$$ and $${\sigma}_{{s}_{1}}$$, represent the state that the component is in, one for each state of $$S$$, i.e. the two different states that the application can be in based on the user’s authentication. Initially, these two states are equal, but they may differ after the state-dependent resources have been included. For example, the state of the HTTP cache is initially empty, but after rendering the resource in state $$s_{0}$$, a resource will be added to the cache, whereas this would not happen in application state $$s_{1}$$, thus resulting in different component states. We formally denote the set of components as follows: $$C = \{C_{0}, C_{1}, \ldots, C_{n} \}$$, where each individual component is defined as follows: $$\{c, {\sigma}_{{s}_{0}}, {\sigma}_{{s}_{1}} \} \in C_{i}$$. We reference the state of the $$i^{th}$$ component, Ci, for the first application state, $$s_{0}$$, as $$C_{i} \cdot {\sigma}_{{s}_{0}}$$.

Next, we introduce the state-transfer and state-retrieval functions. The state-transfer function, $$st$$, will execute a specific inclusion technique i on the targeted state-dependent resource, and thus might bring the components in a different state. As such, the aim of this function is to transfer the web application state into the component state. We formalize this function as follows: $$st: (sdr, C, i) \rightarrow C_{'}$$, where $$C_{'}$$ represents the same set of components but after inclusion of the $$sdr$$. This inclusion may cause the initial state of a component to be altered, i.e. when $$C_{i}\cdot {\sigma}_{{s}_{0}} \ne C^{'}_{i} \cdot {\sigma}_{{s}_{0}}$$ or $$C_{i}\cdot {\sigma}_{{s}_{1}} \ne C^{'}_{i} \cdot {\sigma}_{{s}_{1}}$$. For each component that was involved in the state-transfer, the state may have changed differently depending on the web application state (and thus depending which version of the resource was included). We can describe the differential component state in our model as $$\Sigma = C^{'}_{i} \cdot {\sigma}_{{s}_{0}} \oplus C^{'}_{i} \cdot {\sigma}_{{s}_{1}}$$ (where $$\oplus$$ is the XOR operator). This differential component state reflects the difference in the final state of the component depending on whether the resource in application state $$s_{0}$$ or in $$s_{1}$$ was included. For simplicity, throughout the remainder of the text, we will refer to this differential component state as $$C^{'}_{i} \cdot \Sigma$$.

The state-retrieval function, $$sr$$, aims to subsequently extract the differentiating state-changes that were introduced by the statetransfer function. More precisely, given the set of components in their initial state and possibly-altered state, $$C$$ and $$C_{'}$$, this function will return the set of state-changes that could be detected with the leak technique $$t$$. Formally, we represent this function as follows: $$sr : (t, C_{n}, C^{'}_{n} ) \rightarrow L$$, where $$L$$ represents the set of detectable (using leak technique $$t$$) state-differences (between $$C^{'}_{i} \cdot {\sigma}_{{s}_{0}}$$ and $$C^{'}_{i} \cdot {\sigma}_{{s}_{1}}$$). In our running example, the state-difference is that in one application state the resource will be cached, but not in the other application state. We can detect this state-difference by using a timing attack based on the response time. The set of detectable state-differences, $$L$$, consists of two parts, where the first one, $$\Delta$$, represents valuative differences, e.g. a difference in the number of frames. The latter part, $$\Theta$$, represents differences in the time domain, where the resulting value of the leak technique is exactly the same in both states, but where the timing differs. Another example of this case, is where the processing time of a certain request takes longer depending on the state of the user. While the resulting response may be exactly the same, the time it takes for the response to be received by the victim’s browser will differ. We formalize the set of differences in both domains as follows: $$L = \{\Delta, \Theta\} = \{(\delta_0, {\Delta}_{1}, \cdots, {\Delta}_n ), ( {\Theta}_0, {\Theta}_1, \cdots, {\Theta}_m )\}$$.

In the case of our running example, we now get the following: A simplified visual representation of our model can be found in Figure 1, showing the seven component groups that each have their own state. Furthermore, when a state-dependent resource is included (black arrow), it can trigger state-changes in all the components that it passes through (as indicated by the red circles). Extracting the detectable state-differences is then performed by launching a leak technique in the state-retrieval function (indicated by the purple dotted line).
 * We first transfer the application state to one of the components by embedding the resource as an iframe: $$st(sdr, C, i)$$.
 * In application state s0, the state of one component, the HTTP cache, will be altered, while this does not occur in the case of $$s_{1} : C_i \cdot {\sigma}_{{s}_{0}} \ne C^{'}_{i} \cdot {\sigma}_{{s}_{0}} \land C_i \cdot {\sigma}_{{s}_{1}} = C^{'}_{i} \cdot {\sigma}_{{s}_{1}}$$ . As a result, the differential component state is non-empty: $$C^{'}_{i} \cdot \Sigma \ne \emptyset$$.
 * Using a timing attack as leak technique, we can now retrieve the state from the component: $$sr(t, Ci, C^{'}_{i})$$.
 * This results in a single detectable state-difference in the time domain: $$L = \{\{\}, \{{\Theta}_0 \}\}$$, where $${\Theta}_0$$ represents the timing difference when requesting a cached vs. non-cached resource.

Using the extended formal model, we can now express the conditions that need to be met for an XS-Leak issue to exist. A first prerequisite is that the state of a component needs to be changed as the result of an inclusion method, i, in at least one of the two application states, s0 and s1, expressed formally: $$(\exists C_i, i)(C_i \cdot {\sigma}_{{s}_{0}} \ne C^{'}_{i} \cdot {\sigma}_{{s}_{0}} \land C_i \cdot {\sigma}_{{s}_{1}} \ne C^{'}_{i} \cdot {\sigma}_{{s}_{1}})$$, where $$C^{'}_{i} = st(sdr, C_i, i)$$. Furthermore,


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 the ship, the nation, he has the sense of the poetry of modern things also. He has one sense, and it is even a joke against him. He feels the poetry of one thing that is more poetic than sword or crown or ship or nation, the poetry of the telegram. No one ever sent a telegram who did not feel like a god. He is a god, for he is a minor poet; a minor poet, but a poet still.

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 of the fallen spirit, which formed his first sin, consisted in. Some, on the basis of the words of Isaiah (xiv. 13, 14), have supposed that the devil took it into his head to be equal with God in essence and to sit on the same throne with him, or even dreamed of being higher than God, for which reason he became God’s antagonist who exalted himself above all that is called God, or that is worshipped (2 Thes. ii. 4). Others supposed that the fallen morning star did not wish to bow before the Son of God, having been envious of his privileges, or because he saw from the revelation that this Son of God would suffer some day, and so doubted his divinity and did not wish to acknowledge him as God.”

How deep the devils fell, and whether God gave them time for repentance, is also determined (p. 410); it is declared that previous to the creation of the world the devils had a chance to repent, but after that they could no longer do so.

69. The nature of the evil spirits, their number, and degrees. The nature of the devils is the same as that of the angels; the number of the devils is very great, and it is assumed that there are orders among them too. From this is made (Art. 70) a moral application of the dogma. The application of the dogma is here more startling than in the previous cases, but here for the first time this application has a definite purpose:

“(3) The angels of God are all equal among themselves in their nature, but are distinguished according to their powers and perfections, and, consequently, there are among them higher and lower angels; there are those who rule, and those who are subject; there is an invariable hierarchy, established by God. Even thus it ought to be with us: in all the unity of our natures, we differ from each other, by the will of the Creator, through our different faculties and distinctions; consequently among us, too, there ought to be higher and lower, rulers and sub-


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 Did they ever sit up thinking and thinking, trying to explain to themselves why they were there, and then fall asleep in their chairs and awake still with the same goalless thought and so go shivering to bed? The window lights were now as strange to me and as fascinating as, to a salmon swaying by a bridge, the lights and faces of the poachers on the bank. As if it were new came back to me the truism that most men are prisons to themselves. Here was a city imprisoned deep, and I as deep, in the rain. Was there, perhaps, joy somewhere on account of those thousands of prisoners and lighted windows?

I left London that night on foot. By way of preparation, I stayed until after midnight to listen to a sweet voice that drew upon all the gloom and jangle of London the sweet patterns of some old country melodies. Strange and pleasant it was to look out upon the London night of angry-ridged, tumultuous roofs, and then, sharply drawing a curtain, to live upon a cadence, a melody—

A pure rose upon a battlefield, a bright vermeil shell upon a slatternly sea-shore after storm, would not be of a more piercing beauty than those songs just there.

Then I set out and began to stain the immense silence of the city with the noise of my heels and stick. A journalist or two went by; a fat man and his fat dog straying from the neat bar of a Conservative Club homewards without precipitancy; a few pleasure-seekers with bleared or meditative eye; a youth with music in his steps, fresh from some long evening of talk and song,

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 perhaps his first. Here was a policeman stern and expectant in a dark entry, or smoking a pipe; there stood or sat or leaned or lay men and women who no more give up their secrets than the blinded windows and the doors that will not be knocked at for hours yet. How noble the long, well-lighted streets at this hour, fit with their smooth paved ways for some roaring game, and melancholy because there is no one playing. The rise and fall of the land is only now apparent. In the day we learn of hills in London only by their fatigue; in the night we can see them as if the streets did not exist, as they must have appeared to men who climbed them with a hope of seeing their homes from the summits or of surprising a stag beneath. The river ran by, grim, dark and vast, and having been untouched by history, old as hills and stars, it seemed from a bridge, not like a wild beast in a pit, but like a strange, reminiscential amulet, worn by the city to remind her that she shall pass. How tameless and cold the water, alien, careless, monstrous, capable of drowning in a little while the uttermost agony or joy and making them as if they had never been. I passed by doors where lived people whom I knew, but it was two o'clock in the morning; they could not know me. I wondered which of them I could safely disturb. With what expression would they come down from their warm beds and oblivion, with dull, puzzled eyes, and slowly recall those things which—even the pleasant ones—our lonely lives so often reduce to mere entries in a tedious chronicle. I left the question unanswered.

Now I saw a tall, stiff crane surmounting the houses and nodding in the sky, itself simple, strong, direct,

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text: Life of William Blake (1880), Volume 1/Chapter 2


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has written a short study of Tennyson which has considerable cultivation and suggestiveness, which will be sufficient to serve as a notebook for Tennyson's admirers, but scarcely sufficient, perhaps, to serve as a pamphlet against his opponents. If a critic has, as he ought to have, any of the functions anciently attributed to a prophet, it ought not to be difficult for him to prophesy that Tennyson will pass through a period of facile condemnation and neglect before we arrive at the true appreciation of his work. The same thing has happened to the most vigorous of essayists, Macaulay, and the most vigorous of romancers, Dickens, because we live in a time when mere vigour is considered a vulgar thing. The same idle and frigid reaction will almost certainly discredit the stateliness and care of Tennyson, as it has discredited

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text: Life of William Blake (1880), Volume 1/Chapter 3


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 weighing the city against the heavens in an enormous balance with Rhadamanthine solemnity.

Endless were the vast caves and deserts of the streets, most strange the unobserved, innumerable things prepared for the eyes of men on the coming day—glittering windows of cutlery, food, drugs, sadlery—the high walls with coloured advertisements of beer, medicine, food, actors, newspapers, corsets, concerts, pickles. The dark windows, the windows lit to serve some purpose unknown, seemed to make it necessary to cry out, to raise an alarm, to make sure that the darkness or light meant only the usual things. Now and then several streets ran towards one another and left a square or irregular space at their meeting, surrounded by an inn with a sign, a stone trough, an old eighteenth-century house, its windows emphasised by white paint, a row of pollarded limes, a scrap of orchard—once perhaps the heart of a village. Or for almost a mile the streets ran straight, with branches at right angles, and suddenly a large house stood back and its garden of limes and lawn broke the monotone. The names of the streets were an epitome of the world and time, commemorating famous and unknown men, battles, conspiracies, far-off cities and rivers, little villages known to me, streams and hills now buried by houses; the names of the inns were as rich as the titles of books in an old library, suggested many an inn by wood and mill and meadow and village square, but all confused as if in a marine store. And as I walked through old and new villages, rents, courts, alleys, lanes, rises, streets, buildings, roads, avenues, I seemed to be travelling through the Inferno and Purgatorio, but before

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title: User:ShakespeareFan00/Sandbox/sandbox3


text: Life of William Blake (1880), Volume 1/Chapter 5


text: Varied Types/Chapter 18

title: Varied Types/Chapter 18


text: Life of William Blake (1880), Volume 1/Chapter 6


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 the first man had entered them and without a guide. It was immense, sublime, but its purposes dark and not to be explained by the policemen here and there in charge. Nor, passing through Battersea, did I meet the famous man who has threaded this mystery. He, at least, would have taken me to a housetop and have unravelled space; but I expected him at street corners and on commons in vain. But presently I reached a sign-post that stood boldly up with undoubted inscriptions, one of them to London, and away from that I set my face, though I saw market-carts going the way I had come, with drowsy carters, one lamp, and horses whose shadowy muscles quivered in the electric light. That sign-post seemed to make all things clear. Like a prophet it rose up, who after an age of darkness says that the path of life and goodness is plain, that he knows it, and that all who follow him will be saved. Not for him hesitation and qualification; but to all men perplexed by definitions, testimonies, other prophets and their own thoughts, he cries: "This is the way."

I followed and needed only a good marching song. By chance I lighted on one which was first sung by countrymen. It is not triumphant—the mind wearies of a triumphant song in solitude and at night—but it persists and acknowledges no end. It was made by feeble, mighty-limbed men who knew what it is to go on and on for ends which they do not entirely apprehend. It matches the hurrying feet of the lover or the limp of the hungry man at dawn. It begins—

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It goes on—

It goes on until a hundred is reached, proceeding after twenty by tens. And so, gradually, as the song went on, the houses opened apart, and the road ahead was a simple white line. On either hand thousands of lights showed valleys and hills; but ahead there was a promising darkness, and out of it came the Watercress Man with a basket of wild flowers on his back.

"Sir," said he, setting down his flowers slowly, "the price of a pint of ale won't hurt you, I suppose? I have drunk nothing since yesterday morning."

"But have you eaten anything?" I asked, ready to admire him for asking first for drink.

"No," said he, "I have neither eaten nor drunken. I drink four ale."

"Thank you," he said, when I had given him twopence for drink and twopence for food. "We are all sons of one mother. You can't get away from that."

"Then we are brothers," said I.

"Certainly, if you will."

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text: Life of William Blake (1880), Volume 1/Chapter 8


text: Life of William Blake (1880), Volume 1/Chapter 9


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 "I should like to know you."

"With pleasure, if you can."

"What are you by profession?"

"A hard question. I profess nothing. By conviction I am an ill-used man, and for the moment I am a seller of flowers."

He showed me his flowers—kingcups, cuckoo flowers, primroses from the moist woods.

"I will buy your flowers," I said.

"No! I think I shall keep those," and he put them in a horse trough close by. I asked him if he would return into the country with me.

"No," he replied, "it would be sunrise before we got into the country, and I never spend the daytime in the country if I can avoid it."

"Why?" I asked.

"As we are brothers," he said, "I will tell you that I paint landscapes. I like nothing on earth so well as the country. I was dragged up in the Borough. The country for me! But the lover of Nature and the gamekeeper and the farmer and the landowner spoil it by day. The people are stupid, brutal. The women are not at all beautiful. Their cowsheds are the only things they have not spoilt: they are still sweet. As a lad I read the pastoral poets, and I know that these things were once far different. So I live in London and paint landscapes at sixpence a-piece, sometimes four or five of them in a morning, so that I live well. I usually put a few red flowers in with the sixpennyworth. I am sixty-eight; my son will succeed me, but badly—badly."

"How is that?"

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text:
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 "Because he says that he paints Nature as she is, which is impossible. I make no such mistake, as you shall see—I aim for suggestion. Here," he said, producing one from his pocket (a brown field sloping up to a ridge of trees, painted black, against a silvery sky, and in that a few rooks). "Do you not hear there the wild, angry charm of hundreds of blackbirds and thrushes and larks? They sometimes make me lie down and cry before the sun rises, because I am not worthy; I do not own a little farm and drive my own plough and cause the envy of kings at my happiness."

"Is that clump of trees right?" I asked (in need of something to say).

"Right? But the feeling is there. Is it not cold and pure and wild? I felt great as I did that. But see here again!"

Here he brought out another, also in three colours, of a landscape at dawn. Three black firs stood at the top or a steep down, and from them went a pair of dark birds out along a silver sky.

"I never put figures in my landscapes," he explained, "but is not the spirit of a small sweet Amaryllis in it? Ah! lovely as thou art to look upon, ah, heart of stone, ah, dark-browed maiden! Does she not hide somewhere out of the picture; and does not a shepherd, seated perhaps under those fir trees, look for her coming? Is not the Golden Age in that sky?"

"I am glad," said I, "that you believe in a Golden Age. Literature and art are continually recreating it for us."

"Modern literature," he said scornfully, "is by those who have not seen for those who do not care. What

title: Page:The Heart of England.djvu/33


text: Life of William Blake (1880), Volume 1/Chapter 11


text: Life of William Blake (1880), Volume 1/Chapter 12


text: Life of William Blake (1880), Volume 1/Chapter 14


text: Life of William Blake (1880), Volume 1/Chapter 15


text:
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 answer has literature to this?" Here he showed a third sketch.

"I know nothing of literature," I said; "I am a journalist."

He sighed with relief, and pointed to a yellow thatched house with windows open on to the sea, and behind the house the usual dark trees and silver sky.

"There," he exclaimed, "literature does not believe in or understand the honest life, bound up with the seasons and beauty which is expressed by that simple scene. See, there, equal laws, harmony, aims unspotted by the world, not fearing nor loving kings. Any thoughtful man living in a scene like that would be wiser, and it would be impossible for him to err. I myself would venture to be a Daphnis or Menalcas again there. I can hear the one living pastoral poet saying in that cottage by the sea—

He knew all four verses by heart.

"Your aims are wonderful," I stammered. "If I could only see you at work, if you would only show me the scenes which inspire such antique and lofty emotions…"

"See! this is London—nothing but trees—I have seen

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text:
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 it so as I came home. But I cannot go with you. I return to think about the Golden Age."

He tied the flowers round the pole of a signboard that stood on a harsh courtyard of gravel strewn with dirty paper, and pursued his homeward road, eager for "The Old Angel" or "The Chequers" where he could vivify his vision of the Golden Age.

In the sky, the distant dawn sent up to the clouds a faint dream of light that made their shapes just visible. A hedge-sparrow awoke in the furze beside the road, twittered clearly and became silent again; on the other side, in some invisible trees high up, a few rooks began to talk. Then, for a little while as I went on, the darkness was complete, and the silence also, except that the telegraph wires forced a faint complaint out of the light wind.

As the clouds filled with that dream of light and the road began visibly to lengthen out, I left London behind or recognised it only in the blue bowls and copper-ware gleaming through the windows of new houses round about. Beyond them rolled a ploughed country of such abounding and processional curves that it seemed almost to move and certainly to rejoice; here and there the curves dimpled suddenly and made a hollow, where elm or beech sprang up in the midst of the ploughland, in a small consistory, grave, shining, fair. To right and left, where the curves of the land rose to the sky, the white foam of orchards half buried rosy farmhouses and their own dark boughs. The dense thorn hedges gleamed all wet, compelling the wind to dip deep into them and taste their fragrance, coolness, moistness, softness all together,

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text: Life of William Blake (1880), Volume 1/Chapter 17


text: Life of William Blake (1880), Volume 1/Chapter 18


text:
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 envying not the earnest bee, or the dallying butterfly, or even the insect that was drowning in a dewy flower. How the dew washed away the night! I thought that the old man had spoken truly when he said that the Golden Age comes again with every dawn. The dew gave the eyes a kind of fitness and worthiness to behold the white fruit blossom and the sudden hills of horse-chestnut green. It washed out London as the old man's brush had done. See! the world is but a brown and fragrant cloud decorated with dark boles, green foliage, white bloom, and here and there a soul akin to them; it turns the wilful mind into a garden neat and fine, of red and white, with green lawns between, which the bee Fancy sucks at and combines. For a minute only, in one shadowed wood that faced the departing night, all the birds sang together stormily and hardly moving from the sprays on which they slept, with something of night in their voices. But as I entered the wood, already the most of them had gone hither and thither, and only on high twigs one or two blackbirds and thrushes sang, and hidden wood pigeons cooed. The young hazel boughs bent at the top with fresh leaves that were so beautiful and frail that they seemed but just to have been persuaded to stay and give up a winged life. The low wych elm twigs had been dipped in leaves. Wild cherry leaves and flowers mingled like lovers so young that the boy rivals the girl in tenderness. There was no path, and pushing through hazel and cornel and thorn, I saw the eyes of sitting birds gleam with a little anger through the lustrous green. Presently the stems were less dense; a little river ran through freshly cut underwood of hazel and ash and

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text: Life of William Blake (1880), Volume 1/Chapter 20


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 oak, their wounds still flashing. There pale primroses and the last celandines ran in sharp gulfs into the heart of bluebell and orchis and cuckoo-flower, and the orange-tipped butterfly tripped over them. The mosses on the ash and hazel roots gleamed darkly gold and green. In the rivulet itself broad kingcups swayed and their leaves sank into darkness and rose into light as the ripples fluctuated. The blackbird, fed on golden hours, sang carelessly, time after time, the two opening phrases of an old Highland melody. Close by, in the cool, sombre, liquid air between the new-leaved boughs of beech sang a cuckoo, and his notes seemed not to die but to nestle and grow quiet among the leaves overhead and the flowers underfoot, and some of them even to find their embalming in the little round hawthorn clouds that sailed high above in a deep stream of blue.

Suddenly my mind went back to the high dark cliffs of Westminster Abbey, the blank doors and windows of endless streets, the devouring river, the cold gloom before dawn, and then with a shudder forgot them and saw the flowers and heard the birds with such a joy as when the ships from Tarshish, after three blank years, again unloaded apes and peacocks and ivory, and men upon the quay looked on; or as, when a man has mined in the dead desert for many days, he suddenly enters an old tomb, and making a light, sees before him vases of alabaster, furniture adorned with gold and blue enamel and the figures of gods, a chariot of gold, and a silence perfected through many ages in the company of death and of the desire of immortality.

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text: Life of William Blake (1880), Volume 1/Chapter 21


text: The Heart of England/Chapter 1

title: The Heart of England/Chapter 1


text: Life of William Blake (1880), Volume 1/Chapter 23


text: Life of William Blake (1880), Volume 1/Chapter 24


text: Life of William Blake (1880), Volume 1/Chapter 26


text: Life of William Blake (1880), Volume 1/Chapter 27


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Rh dom shall not be left to another people. It shall break in pieces and shatter all kingdoms, and shall itself be exalted for ever. As thou sawest that the stone was cut without hands from the mountain, and brake in pieces the baked clay, the iron, the brass, the silver, and the gold, God has pointed out to the king what shall come to pass after these things; and the dream is true, and the interpretation trustworthy."

2. If therefore the great God showed future things by Daniel, and confirmed them by His Son; and if Christ is the stone which is cut out without hands, who shall destroy temporal kingdoms, and introduce an eternal one, which is the resurrection of the just; as he declares, "The God of heaven shall raise up a kingdom which shall never be destroyed,"—let those thus confuted come to their senses, who reject the Creator (Demiurgum), and do not agree that the prophets were sent beforehand from the same Father from whom also the Lord came, but who assert that prophecies originated from diverse powers. For those things which have been predicted by the Creator alike through all the prophets has Christ fulfilled in the end, ministering to His Father's will, and completing His dispensations with regard to the human race. Let those persons, therefore, who blaspheme the Creator, either by openly expressed words, such as the disciples of Marcion, or by a perversion of the sense [of Scripture], as those of Valentinus and all the Gnostics falsely so called, be recognised as agents of Satan by all those who worship God; through whose agency Satan now, and not before, has been seen to speak against God, even Him who has prepared eternal fire for every kind of apostasy. For he did not venture to blaspheme his Lord openly of himself; as also in the beginning he led man astray through the instrumentality of the serpent, concealing himself as it were from God. Truly has Justin remarked:


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128 That before the Lord's appearance Satan never dared to blaspheme God, inasmuch as he did not yet know his own sentence, because it was contained in parables and allegories; but that after the Lord's appearance, when he had clearly ascertained from the words of Christ and His apostles that eternal fire has been prepared for him as he apostatized from God of his own free-will, and likewise for all who unrepentant continue in the apostasy, he now blasphemes, by means of such men, the Lord who brings judgment [upon him] as being already condemned, and imputes the guilt of his apostasy to his Maker, not to his own voluntary disposition. Just as it is with those who break the laws, when punishment overtakes them: they throw the blame upon those who frame the laws, but not upon themselves. In like manner do those men, filled with a satanic spirit, bring innumerable accusations against our Creator, who has both given to us the spirit of life, and established a law adapted for all; and they will not admit that the judgment of God is just. Wherefore also they set about imagining some other Father who neither cares about nor exercises a providence over our affairs, nay, one who even approves of all sins.

1. If the Father, then, does not exercise judgment, [it follows] that judgment does not belong to Him, or that He consents to all those actions which take place; and if He does not judge, all persons will be equal, and accounted in the same condition. The advent of Christ will therefore be without an object, yea, absurd, inasmuch as [in that case] He exercises no judicial power. For "He came to divide a man against his father, and the daughter against the mother, and the daughter-in-law against the mother-in-law;" and when two are in one bed, to take the one, and to leave the other; and of two women grinding at the mill, to take one


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130 are destitute of all that is good. Now, good things are eternal and without end with God, and therefore the loss of these is also eternal and never-ending. It is in this matter just as occurs in the case of a flood ox light: those who have blinded themselves, or have been blinded by others, are for ever deprived of the enjoyment of light. It is not, [however], that the light has inflicted upon them the penalty of blindness, but it is that the blindness itself has brought calamity upon them: and therefore the Lord declared, "He that believeth in me is not condemned," that is, is not separated from God, for he is united to God through faith. On the other hand. He says, "He that believeth not is condemned already, because he has not believed in the name of the only-begotten Son of God;" that is, he separated himself from God of his own accord. "For this is the condemnation, that light is come into this world, and men have loved darkness rather than light. For every one who doeth evil hateth the light, and cometh not to the light, lest his deeds should be reproved. But he that doeth truth cometh to the light, that his deeds may be made manifest, that he has wrought them in God."

1. Inasmuch, then, as in this world some persons betake themselves to the light, and by faith unite themselves with God, but others shun the light, and separate themselves from God, the Word of God comes preparing a fit habitation for both. For those indeed who are in the light, that they may derive enjoyment from it, and from the good things contained in it; but for those in darkness, that they may partake in its calamities. And on this account He says, that those upon the right hand are called into the kingdom of heaven, but that those on the left He will send into eternal fire; for they have deprived themselves of all good.

2. And for this reason the apostle says: "Because they


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A280

PART IV. General.

42. (1) No person shall teach in a school unless he is—
 * (a) a registered teacher; or
 * (b) a permitted teacher.

(2) No permitted teacher shall teach in a school otherwise than in accordance with the conditions or limitations specified in the permit to teach issued in respect of such teacher.

43. The Director may, before registering a person as a teacher or issuing a permit to teach in respect of any person, require such person to undergo a medical examination. Registration of teachers.

44. An application for registration as a teacher shall be—
 * (a) made to the Director in the prescribed form; and
 * (b) accompanied by the documents specified in such form.

45. (1) On receiving an application in accordance with section 44, the Director shall make such inquiry as he considers necessary and shall determine the application—
 * (a) by registering the applicant as a teacher; or
 * (b) by refusing under section 46 to register the applicant as a teacher.

(2) On registering an applicant as a teacher under subsection (1), the Director shall issue to the applicant a certificate of registration in the prescribed form.

46. The Director may refuse to register an applicant as a teacher if it appears to him that the applicant—
 * (a) is not a fit and proper person to be a teacher;
 * (b) has been convicted of an offence punishable with imprisonment;
 * (c) is a person in respect of whom a permit to teach has previously been cancelled;
 * (d) is medically unfit;
 * (e) does not possess the prescribed qualifications;
 * (f) has attained the age of seventy years; or


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Rh

 * (i) for approval to be a manager;
 * (ii) for registration as a manager or a teacher; or
 * (iii) to employ a person as a permitted teacher in a school,

has made any statement or furnished any information which is false in any material particular or by reason of the omission of any material particular.

47. The Director may cancel the registration of a teacher—
 * (a) on any ground specified in section 46 which applies to the teacher, whether or not such ground existed at the time when he was registered as a teacher;
 * (b) if it appears to the Director that the teacher is incompetent;
 * (c) if the teacher has contravened any provision of this Ordinance;
 * (d) if it appears to the Director that the teacher has behaved in any manner which, in the opinion of the Director, constitutes professional misconduct; or
 * (e) if it appears to the Director that the teacher has behaved in any manner which, in the opinion of the Director, is prejudicial to the maintenance of good order and discipline in the school in which the teacher teaches.

Permitted teachers.

48. An application to employ a person as a permitted teacher in a school may only be made if the applicant is of the opinion that no suitable registered teacher is available for employment as a teacher in the school.

49. (1) An application to employ a person as a permitted teacher in a school shall be made to the Director—
 * (a) in the case of a school which is registered or provisionally registered, by the supervisor; or
 * (b) in the case of a proposed school, by the applicant for registration of the school.

(2) An application to employ a person as a permitted teacher in a school shall be made in the prescribed form.


text: Life of William Blake (1880), Volume 1/Chapter 29


text: Life of William Blake (1880), Volume 1/Chapter 30


text:
Page:The Harveian oration - delivered at the Royal College of Physicians, October 18th 1887 (IA b30475958).pdf/11

 it was the sole efficient cause of the motion thus engendered (indeed, he uses the phrase, “solum a corde”); that the lungs, although an air-pump of no inconsiderable power, both for compression and rarefaction, had nothing whatever to with this; that the valves of the heart acted equally as machines to make good the dynamical advantage thus obtained, and that the quantity of fluid thus raised was incomparably greater than had been before supposed. The conception is as distinctly mechanical as that of the steam engine, or of the mechanical equivalent of heat which were to arise in later centuries. Even of this last great generalisation in mechanics, he had no indistinct glimpse, for in the thirteenth page of the MS. he compares heat to a hammer. “ Calor ut malleus instrumenturn instrumentorum.” With the working out of this complex but perfectly precise problem in hydrodynamics, came accuracy and certainty in place of theory and conjecture. “Flux and reflux” had had their day, and no more need be said of that unlucky Euripus which is fabled to have driven a great natural philosopher, Aristotle, to suicide,


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Rh meanness and unworthiness. We must first see ourselves to be as dogs, less than the least of all God's mercies, before we are fit to be dignified and priviledged with them. 2. Christ delights to exercise great faith with great trials, and sometimes reserves the sharpest for the last, that, being tried, we may come forth like gold. This general rule is applicable to other cases for direction, though here used only for trial. Special ordinances and church-privileges are children's bread, and must not be prostituted to the grossly ignorant and profane. Common charity must be extended to all, but spiritual dignities are appropriated to the household of faith; and therefore promiscuous admission to them, with out distinction, wastes the children's bread, and is the giving of that which is holy to the dogs, ch. 7. 6. Procul hinc, procul inde, profani—Off, ye profane.

3. Here is the strength of her faith and resolution, in breaking through all these discouragements. Many a one, thus tried, would either have sunk down into silence, or broken out into passion. "Here is cold comfort," might she have said, "for a poor distressed creature; as good for me to have staid at home, as come hither to be taunted at and abused at this rate; not only to have a piteous case slighted, but to be called a dog!" A proud, unhumbled heart would not have borne it. The reputation of the house of Israel was not now so great in the world, but that this slight put upon the Gentiles was capable of being retorted, had the poor woman been so minded. It might have occasioned a reflection upon Christ, and might have been a blemish upon his reputation, as well as a shock to the good opinion she had entertained of him; for we are apt to judge of persons as we ourselves find them; and think that they are what they are to us. "Is this the son of David?" (might she have said:) "Is this he that has such a reputation for kindness, tenderness, and compassion? I am sure I have no reason to give him that character, for I was never treated so roughly in my life; he might have done as much for me as for others; or, if not, he needed not to have set me with the dogs of his flock. I am not a dog, I am a woman, and an honest woman, and a woman in misery; and I am sure it is not meet to call me dog." No, here is not a word of this. Note, A humble, believing soul, that truly loves Christ, takes every thing in good part, that he saith and doeth, and puts the best construction upon it.

She breaks through all these discouragements,

(1.) With a holy earnestness of desire in prosecuting her petition. This appeared upon the former repulse; (v. 25.) Then came she, and worshipped him, saying, Lord, help me. [1.] She continued to pray. What Christ said, silenced the disciples; you hear no more of them, they took the answer but the woman did not. Note, The more sensibly we feel the burden, the more resolutely we should pray for the removal of it. And it is the will of God, that we should continue instant in prayer, should always pray, and not faint. [2.] She improved in prayer. Instead of blaming Christ, or charging him with unkindness, she seems rather to suspect herself, and lay the fault upon herself. She fears lest, in her first address, she had not been humble and reverent enough, and therefore now she came, and worshipped him, and paid him more respect than she had done; or she fears that she had not been earnest enough, and therefore now she cries, Lord, help me. Note, When the answers of prayer are deferred, God is thereby teaching us to pray more, and pray better. It is then time to inquire wherein we have come short in our former prayers, that what has been amiss may be amended for the future. Disappointments in the success of prayer, must be excitements to do the duty of prayer. Christ, in his agony, prayed more earnestly. [3.] She waives the question, whether she was of those to whom Christ was sent or no; she will not argue that with him, though perhaps she might have claimed some kindred to the house of Israel; but, "Whether an Israelite or no, I come to the Son of David for mercy, and I will not let him go, except he bless me." Many weak christians perplex themselves with questions and doubts about their election, whether they are of the house of Israel or no; such had better mind their errand to God, and continue instant in prayer for mercy and grace; throw themselves by faith at the feet of Christ, and say, If I perish, I will perish here; and then that matter will by degrees clear itself. If we cannot reason down our unbelief, let us pray it down. A fervent, affectionate Lord, help me, will help us over many of the discouragements which are sometimes ready to bear us down and overwhelm us. [4.] Her prayer is very short, but comprehensive and fervent; Lord, help me. Take this, First, As lamenting her case; "If the Messiah be sent only to the house of Israel, the Lord help me, what will become of me and mine." Note, It is not in vain for broken hearts to bemoan themselves; God looks upon them then, Jer. 31. 18. Or, Secondly, As begging grace to assist her in this hour of temptation. She found it hard to keep up her faith when it was thus frowned upon, and therefore prays, "Lord, help me; Lord, strengthen my faith now; Lord, let thy right hand uphold me, while my soul is following hard after thee," Ps. 63. 8. Or, Thirdly, As enforcing her original request; "Lord, help me; Lord, give me what I come for." She believed that Christ could and would help her, though she was not of the house of Israel; else she would have dropt her petition. Still she keeps up good thoughts of Christ, and will not quit her hold. Lord, help me, is a good prayer, if well put up; and it is pity that it should be turned into a by-word, and that we should take God's name in vain in it.

(2.) With a holy skilfulness of faith, suggesting a very surprising plea. Christ had placed the Jews with the children, as olive-plants round about God's table, and had put the Gentiles with the dogs, under the table; and she doth not deny the aptness of the similitude. Note, There is nothing got by contradicting any word of Christ, though it bear ever so hard upon us. But this poor woman, since she cannot object against it, resolves to make the best of it; (v. 27.) Truth, Lord; yet the dogs eat of the crumbs. Now here,

[1.] Her acknowledgment was very humble: Truth, Lord. Note, You cannot speak so meanly and slightly of a humble believer, but he is ready to speak as meanly and slightly of himself. Some that seem to dispraise and disparage themselves, will yet take it as an affront if others do so too; but one that is humbled aright, will subscribe to the most abasing challenges, and not call them abusing ones. "Truth, Lord; I cannot deny it; I am a dog, and have no right to the children's bread." David, Thou hast done foolishly, very foolishly: Truth, Lord. Asaph, Thou hast been as a beast before God: Truth, Lord: Agur, Thou art more brutish than any man: Truth, Lord. Paul, Thou hast been the chief of sinners, art less than the least of saints, not meet to be called an apostle: Truth, Lord.

[2.] Her improvement of this into a plea was very ingenious; Yet the dogs eat of the crumbs. It was by a singular acumen, and spiritual quickness and sagacity, that she discerned matter of argument in that which looked like a slight. Note, A lively, active faith will make that to be for us, which seems to be against us; will fetch meat out of the eater, and sweetness out of the strong. Unbelief is apt to mistake recruits for enemies, and to draw dismal conclusions even from comfortable premises; (Judges 13. 22, 23.) but faith can find encouragement even


text:
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 and which had been an incubus on science ever since.

Only twenty-six short years after the first Harveian lectures were committed to paper, and fourteen after the treatise De Motu Sanguinis appeared, the wondrous boy was born who was destined in like manner to penetrate another of Nature’s mechanical mysteries, the problem of universal gravitation. Newton was fifteen years old when Harvey died, and already studying Oughtred’s Clavis Mathematical the very work which Aubrey found Harvey engaged upon, as above stated.

As regards Harvey’s classical scholarship, little needs to be added to what has already been well said. The scholar of Canterbury Grammar School and the pensioner of Caius College, Cambridge, was clearly well trained in classics, dialectics and physics. He evidently knew Aristotle thoroughly, und often quotes him, especially the grand treatise on Metaphysics, and the excellent book on the Generation of Animals, a quotation from which stands on the title sheet of the lectures. For it


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 must be remembered in these days of detraction, that Aristotle was no mean naturalist, and even comparative anatomist; many of his shrewd observations in this direction being sound even to the present time. “Naturæ diligentissimus investigator,’ are the words. Harvey also quotes the Gorgias of Plato; and there is a passage in the preface to his treatise De Generatione Aubrey says, in his Lives of Eminent Persons, that he understood Greek and Latin pretty well, but was which so completely recalls the myth of the cave in Plato’s Republic, that it cannot be an accidental coincidence. “Hi,” says he, “non veras ideas, sed falsa idola et phantasmata mania mente concipiunt; unde umbras quasdem et chimæras sibifingunt.” It is difficult also to believe that this metaphor had not been recalled to Harvey’s memory by the use of it under the name of Eidola Specus, in a great book then recently produced, which overtly in its very title professed to be an extension of Aristotle’s grand work on formal logic; namely, the Novum Organon of Bacon.

Aubrey says, in his Lives of Eminent Persons, that he understood Greek and Latin pretty well, but was


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 no critic, and wrote very bad Latin. We are, however, now in a position to judge of this for ourselves from the real autograph. The Greek words scattered freely through the lectures are well written and spelt, though in one or more instances the first part of a word begins in Greek and finishes in English characters. But this is only on a par with the whole work, which is a cento of Greek, Latin, and English, never intended to be seen by any eye besides that of the writer himself. Yet even thus in passages it rises almost to eloquence, as in p. 47, where, speaking of the maintenance of human species by generation, in spite of the death of the individual, he says:

And farther on:

which cannot fail to remind us of the passage in the fourth Georgic of his favourite author Virgil: