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It is Saturday night. Earth, sea, and sky blend in languorous harmony—light, wave, mountain top, and grove smile with the freshness of a world new-born, ignorant of sorrow and of death. Enchanted shore! Gods and heroes, nymphs and fawns should inhabit you, love and wisdom alone are worthy to contemplate your beauty. The idylls of Theocritus and the eclogues of Virgil breathe the spirit of your poesy, or if, perchance, a poet of our restless age has turned to you to glorify his melancholy, it was the divine Shelley, worshipper of the eternal harmony of Beauty, Truth, and Good, who refused to set bounds and limits to the infinite, adoring God in all his works. The ritual of his worship was the passionate litany of the holy poet of Assisi, the universal lover, who greeted all things with his song of ardent flame: Brother Sun, Brother Sea, Brother Birds, Brother Wolf—all brothers!

Into this enchanted scene, by Nature so lavishly endowed, comes man. It is the fashionable winter season—à la mode—man has chosen his earthly paradise well; for paradise indeed it is. He flees from the cold and the chill of the North, and he brings the chill of his life with him; he flees from his life, but his life follows and overtakes him. Every pathway opens beneath his feet into an inferno like Dante's, above whose portals is inscribed the legend:

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. News from Suavia?

. Extraordinary news. [To the ] You should be the first to announce it. Read...

. Is it serious? [Imposing silence] The music, ladies

. I am delighted. Listen, my son. His Imperial Majesty was presented this morning with a prince and heir.

. Long live the Prince!

. Long live the Prince!

. Viva Suavia!

. Viva Suavia!

. [As he takes the telegram] At last! A prince after seven princesses! The weight of the empire 42

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 They landed in Erin and came to the house of Borrach, and by Conachoor's command Borrach bade Fergus to a feast. He reddened with anger but he could not refuse. 'Do what Borrach bids you,' said Deirdre in scorn, 'yet the forsaking of the sons of Usna is a high price for the feast.' They left Fergus, therefore, and with his two sons took the road to Navan. Deirdre tried to delay them by many pleadings and prophecies. Once she fell behind and was missed. They found her sleeping beside the track. She awoke with terrified eyes and Naisi asked:

'What is it, Deirdre?'

'A dream, Naisi. I dreamed that I saw the sons of Usna and the sons of Fergus under a cloud of blood, and only on the younger son of Fergus could I see a head. Wait. Turn back. Go anywhere, but avoid Conachoor, lest the dream come true.'

But Naisi would not delay or turn back, and on the next day they reached Navan. Conachoor gave orders that the House of the Red Branch should be prepared for their honour and pleasure. Deirdre was weary, and while the rest of the company feasted she lay on a couch of deerskins and played chess with Naisi. Then Levarcham came and kissed them and warned them to bar the doors and windows. On her return, she told Conachoor that sea and mountain had spoilt the beauty of Deirdre. At first the king thought that it might not be worth while now to attack the sons of Usna, but he sent a second messenger to spy on Deirdre. This man was one whose father and brother had been slain by Naisi. He did not enter the room but squinted through a window that was open. Even so Deirdre saw him and Naisi flung an ivory chess-man and put out one of the man's eyes. Nevertheless, the messenger told Cona-


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 choor that he would gladly have stayed looking at Deirdre with his one eye.

The king now ordered the men of Ulster to set fire to the House of the Red Branch, and they did so. But one of the sons of Fergus made a sally through the fire and slew three hundred of his enemies and quenched the flames before he accepted the king's price of treachery. After him the other son of Fergus sallied out of the house and he slew three hundred men and was killed himself. Again the men of Ulster surrounded the house and set fire to it. Through the flames burst Ardan and Ainley and slew more men than could be counted. They returned in safety. At daybreak Naisi himself and his two brothers, with Deirdre in their midst, broke forth from the house. They slew many and scattered the survivors. They would have escaped had it not been for the spells of the king's druid, Cathbad. He worked a spell so that it seemed to the sons of Usna that they were in a sea of stormy waters. They fought against the waves, and Naisi lifted Deirdre on high. Taller towered the waves and they had to fling away their arms to save themselves. When they were near drowning, Cathbad suddenly took away the tempest and the unarmed heroes were bound and brought before Conachoor. The worst tumult of the storm had separated Deirdre from Naisi. She now spied him again and, as the spears of the guards could not keep her back without killing her, she was free to walk at his side. Nor could they then or thereafter lay hands on her lest she should kill herself. In spite of a promise to Cathbad, the king condemned the sons of Usna to death. One man only, with great difficulty, was persuaded to be the executioner, and he was a man of Norway. Each of the brothers in turn begged to be allowed to die first,


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RV 100 (WORK IN LONDON) works. A hand must commence by being a good and an industrious workman, but he must also, if he is to rise, give the impression of being very much alive and very much interested in his work. I am thinking of a case in point in some rather small works of the sort. Here there is a managing foreman whom I will call Stanley. He is perhaps twenty-nine. These works were started to work a new process about twelve years ago, and Stanley, at the time a boy, helped in making the bed of the first engine. He was particularly alert, and entered into the spirit of the thing. This at the time was not very obvious, the engine being set down on the slope of a green hill into which it has since tunnelled and cut until an arena of sand, of rubble and of chalk, opens an immense face to the lower Thames. It shelters alike on its flat surface a huge cement factory, sand works, and a large brickfield. Immense chimney shafts like thin pencils pierce up into the lower clouds; the ground is sticky and white under foot, channelled with open conduits of hot water, a maze of small lines on which run tiny locomotives, a maze of the little black shelters that cover drying bricks.

In the midst of these gray and monstrous apparitions, in the faint and sickly odour of steam, under the drops that condense and fall from the eaves of engine sheds, clambering through small holes, dressed in dull clothes, clean shaven and with sparkling eyes, Stanley moves like a spirit of romance. If he chances upon a visitor he becomes almost a spirit in ecstasy. He slaps the bed of the engine that he helped to set there, he 100

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RV 101 (WORK IN LONDON) bids workmen run the wet sand through trap doors, he explains how these three industries, set there together in that hollow, work one into another so that nothing is lost. The hot water from the boilers of the cement works runs in those open conduits to separate in the sand works the sand from the loam; the separated loam makes the bricks in the brick works. He waves his hands and shouts in the immense roar of pebble-crushing machines to explain how what appears to be a lot of old ploughshares tied together with rope is really a nice device of his own for regulating the pressure on the crushing rollers. These things are the great, the romantic facts of his world. Because they are so, his managing director has advanced him very quickly from being a shovel boy, paddling in the warm and sandy water, to be superintendent of the whole works.

But it is almost more important that the hands all like him. His director can go home and sleep, or leave the place for days on end, confident that Stanley has the knack of infusing into his men some of his own interest in the work itself, and that he will not by petty tyrannies bring on a strike. That particular human quality, the particular sort of artistic delight in his work which brings to birth an esprit de corps, is almost the most precious quality that a man can offer in these days of organisation. Without at least a share of it Stanley could never have risen from the ranks; with as much as he has there is no limit to his possibilities.

101

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 and none would give way. Then Naisi spoke, offering his own magical sword to the executioner in order that all might die at the same time. The three brothers knelt down side by side, and at one flash of the sword their heads fell together. Deirdre kissed the dead lips of Naisi and like some faithful-hearted hound she stood over the bodies so that no one dared to approach her. One by one they left her, and lastly Conachoor. At nightfall she was alone; all night no one came near her excepting the blind grave-digger. Three graves were dug and in one of them two bodies were laid. For Deirdre could not long outlive Naisi. She bent over the grave in mourning:

'The days would be long', she cried, 'without the sons of Usna. They were the hawks, the lions, the heroes, the sons of a king that was kingly.

'If they were with me, I should not miss house and fire, I should not be gloomy. But let no one think that I can live long after Naisi has died. The three hounds and the three horses of the brothers will be without masters and I could not endure to see them so. Since I first met Naisi I have not been alone until this day, though often we two were in a solitude. Him and his brothers only I loved, and for their sake I left the sweetness of Ulster and its people. Pity that I was not in the earth before they perished. My life will be short after the three brothers. Grave-digger that puttest away my darling, make not the grave too narrow—I shall be beside the noble ones.'

She was buried beside Naisi. Even in death some say that Conachoor tried to divide them. He buried them apart, but the next day they were together in the one grave. He ordered stakes of yew to be driven down through them in their separate graves, but out of these


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RV 102 (WORK IN LONDON) At the same time, as a defect of this particular quality of work in London, the making of Stanley has meant throwing out of work of a whole small industry. It has caused to disappear almost the last of the old small flotillas of barges that used to dredge sand by hand from the bottom of the river. (Thames sand is indispensable in the London building trade; it is stipulated for in all the contracts for honest mortar.)

Travelling through all that eastern London of toil, no thought is more oppressive than that: a little way away or at a great distance people are unceasingly working to mature new processes that will ruin any one of the works that the eye rests on. Nothing can well be more tragic than such an announcement as this, which one may read any day in a trade paper: "Owing to the competition of the new D process of Messrs. W, the D Co. of Plumstead have been forced to close that branch of their works. Two thousand workmen have been discharged this week. Messrs. T, of Erith, have notified their ability to take over fifty mechanics at once and fifty-nine more later on. If other firms requiring men will communicate with the secretary of the D workers' Union they will assist in mitigating the local distress."

I must confess to finding that thought the most exciting and the most sinister that can come into one's head in those parts of the vast city. They are grim, they are overhung with perpetual miasma, they lie low in damp marshes. Square and stumpy chimneys rise everywhere in clusters like the columns of ruined 102

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 derous. He said that unless Sylvia swore on a little relic of St. Anthony she carried that she had no intention of leaving him he would incontinently kill her. He said, as he said for the rest of his days, that she had ruined his life and caused great moral deterioration in himself. But for her he might have married. some pure young thing. Moreover, influencing him against his mother's doctrines, she had forced him to drink wine, by an effect of pure scorn. Thus he had done harm, he was convinced, both to his health and to his manly proportions It was indeed for Sylvia one of the most unbearable things about this man—the way he took wine. With every glass he put to his lips he would exclaim with an unbearable titter some such imbecility as: Here is another nail in my coffin. And he had taken to wine, and even to stronger liquor, very well.

Sylvia had refused to swear by St. Anthony. She definitely was not going to introduce the saint into her amorous affairs, and she definitely was not going to take on any relic an oath that she meant to break at an early opportunity. There was such a thing as playing it too low down: there are dishonours to which death is preferable. So, getting hold of his revolver at a time when he was wringing his hands, she dropped it into the water-jug and then felt reasonably safe.

Perowne knew no French and next to nothing about France, but he had discovered that the French did nothing to you for killing a woman who intended to leave you. Sylvia, on the other hand, was pretty certain that, without a weapon, he could not do much to her. If she had had no other training at her very expensive school she had had so much drilling in calisthenics as to be singularly mistress of her limbs, and,


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 in the interests of her beauty she had always kept herself very fit

She said at last:

"Very well. We will go to Yssingueux-les-Pervenches

A rather pleasant French couple in the hotel had spoken of this little place in the extreme west of France as a lonely paradise, they having spent their honeymoon there And Sylvia wanted a lonely paradise if there was going to be any scrapping before she got away from Perowne

She had no hesitation as to what she was going to do: the long journey across half France by miserable trains had caused her an agony of home-sickness! Nothing less It was a humiliating disease from which to suffer. But it was unavoidable, like mumps. You had to put up with it. Besides, she even found herself wanting to see her child, whom she imagined herself to hate, as having been the cause of all her misfortunes

She therefore prepared, after great thought, a letter telling Tietjens that she intended to return to him. She made the letter as nearly as possible like one she would write announcing her return from a country house to which she should have been invited for an indefinite period, and she added some rather hard instructions about her maid, these being intended to remove from the letter any possible trace of emotion. She was certain that, if she showed any emotion at all, Christopher would never take her under his roof again She was pretty certain that no gossip had been caused by her escapade. Major Thurston had been at the railway station when they had left, but they had not spoken—and Thurston was a very decentish,


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 brown-moustached fellow, of the sort that does not gossip.

It had proved a little difficult to get away, for Perowne during several weeks watched her like an attendant in a lunatic asylum. But at last the idea presented itself to him that she would never go without her frocks, and, one day, in a fit of intense somnolence after a lunch, washed down with rather a large quantity of the local and fiery cordial, he let her take a walk alone

She was by that time tired of men or she imagined that she was; for she was not prepared to be certain, considering the muckers she saw women coming all round her over the most unpresentable individuals. Men, at any rate, never fulfilled expectations. They might, upon acquaintance, turn out more entertaining than they appeared; but almost always taking up with a man was like reading a book you had read when you had forgotten that you had read it. You had not been for ten minutes in any sort of intimacy with any man before you said: "But I've read all this before You knew the opening, you were already bored by the middle, and, especially, you knew the end

She remembered, years ago, trying to shock her mother's spiritual adviser, Father Consett, whom they had lately murdered in Ireland, along with Casement The poor saint had not in the least been shocked. He had gone her one better. For when she had said something like that her idea of a divvy life—they used. in those days to say divvy—would be to go off with a different man every week-end, he had told her that after a short time she would be bored already by the


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 CHAPTER V.

ON CARIES, THE CONDITION OF BONE ENSUING FROM SUPPURATION IN ITS CANCELLOUS TEXTURE.

I pass from the history of suppuration in bone to the consideration of peculiar changes in its cancellous texture, which it is intended to comprise in the term caries.

The term caries is often employed to designate ulceration of bone, whether arising from simple inflammation or from malignant disease. It is also used to designate a peculiar organic change in bone, which consists in a crumbling or mouldering of its substance: in the museum of St, Bar- - tholomew’s Hospital ' there is a tibia, a portion of the shaft of which is converted into a soft and crumbling yellowish substance; and I have been accustomed to consider this as an example of the condition of bone from which some of the ancient writers probably derived their description of caries. But I purpose here to express by the term caries the changes which, under certain circumstances, are conse- quent on chronic suppuration in the cancellous texture of bone.

1 Virst series, No. 78, Plate 4, fig. 4. �


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 PART I.

CHAPTER I.

HYPERTROPHY AND ATROPHY OF BONE.

Yue changes which occur in bone from hypertrophy and atrophy are remarkable in respect to the close connexion they establish between the vital actions in bone and those in the softer tissues. But there is a higher interest in the history of hypertrophy and atrophy of bone, from the practical questions involved in the phenomena to which they give rise.

HYPERTROPHY OF BONE.

This condition of bone consists in an increase of its size from the augmentation of its healthy tissue. Long bones are often thus increased in thickness, but rarely in length. I have, however, seen instances of long bones hypertrophied in their length. In the muscum of the university of Bonn I saw the skeleton of a young female, in which the tibia and fibula are hypertrophied in thickness, and in its length to the extent of three inches. When a bone 1s hypertrophied only in its length, it may �


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XIV INTRODUCTION. that the irritation of disease, however excited in it, is so commonly followed by the action of forming osscous substance among the surrounding soft parts, some of these being more prone to this action than others; hence, the ossifications ensuing in the yarious structures adjacent to diseased, or injured, bones. Here, more- over, it may be well to regard in one vicw the whole series of ossifications and osseous productions arising either as distinct diseases, or as the consequence of disease in their neighbourhood. Morbid ossifications and osseous productions may be arranged under the following heads :—

I. Unorganized masses of calcarcous salts, found in various tumors, especially in the fibrous tumors of the uterus, also constituting the apparent ossifica- tions in the eoats of arteries.

2. Ossifications of original tissues, as of fibrous mem- brane, tendon, muscle, &c. These are, probably, but the ossifications of one tissue, the cellular, a component of all these structures.

Fibrous membranes are remarkably prone to ossifi- eation; one example of which, among many, is the long-enduring ulcer upon the leg, followed by ossification of the periosteum bencath the uleer and around it, accompanicd by ossification of the inter- osscous ligament between the tibia and fibula, often converting it into a thick plate of bone. The character of its organization is not the sole cause of the tendency of fibrous membrane to ossify. Its vital properties, and its locality in connexion with �


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 time the poor dear fellow was buying the railway tickets

And, by heavens, he had been right For when she came to think of it, from the day that poor saint had said that thing in her mother's sitting-room in the little German spa—Lobscheid, it must have been called—in the candle-light, his shadow denouncing her from all over the walls, to now when she sat in the palmish wickerwork of that hotel that had been new-whitely decorated to celebrate hostilities, never once had she sat in a train with a man who had any right to look. upon himself as justified in mauling her about She wondered if, from where he sat in heaven, Father Consett would be satisfied with her as he looked down into that lounge Perhaps it was really he that had pulled off that change in her

Never once till yesterday For perhaps the unfortunate Perowne might just faintly have had the right yesterday to make himself for about two minutes—before she froze him into a choking, pallid snowman with goggle eyes-the perfectly loathsome thing that a man in a railway train becomes Much too bold and yet stupidly awkward with the fear of the guard looking in at the window, the train doing over sixty, without corridors No, never again for me, father, she addressed her voice towards the ceiling

Why in the world couldn't you get a man to go away with you and be just—oh, light comedy—for a whole, a whole blessed week-end. For a whole blessed life Why not Think of it A whole blessed life with a man who was a good sort and yet didn't go all gurgly in the voice, and cod-fish-eyed and all-overish—to the extent of not being able to find the tickets when asked for them Father, dear, she


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PREFACE. vil to Mr. Lawrence these acknowledgments are due. Associated with him for many years, I have largely participated in the benefit he has conferred upou all around him, by the example of his untiring zeal and fidelity of observation, and by the liberality with which he never fails to communicate know- ledge to all who are in search of it. I am also desirous of expressing to my able colleagues, Mr. Paget and Dr. Baly, my thanks for assistance in the preparation of this work.

Jt is necessary to observe, that notwithstanding the references, which will be found im the following pages, to another volume, containing “ Illustrations of the Effects of Disease and Injury of the Bones,” the two works are, in all other respects, wholly dis- tinct. The volume of IIlustrations contains, with the descriptions of the plates, full explanations of the subjects to which they relate, so that, in respect to these subjects, it is a complete and an independent work. �


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 CHAPTER IV.

SUPPURATION IN BONE.

Surpuration in bone is in some cases of small extent, and the matter is contained in a single round or oval cavity hollowed out of the substanee of the bone. But in other instances the matter is diffused more or less cx- tensively through the cancellous texture or medullary tube of the bone. Thus the absecss in bone is conve- nicutly distinguished into the eircumseribed and diffused.

The cireumscribed absecss is mostly situated near to, or within, the articular ends of long bones; but I have seen itin the middle of their shafts. The cavity in the bone is usually lined by a very vasenlar membrane, and around it the bone is hardened, also, in some instances, enlarged by the expansion of its texture, The periosteum and ad- jacent cellular tissuc covering this part of the bone are generally thiekened. In some cases a narrow passage has formed in the osscous wall of the abscess, through whieh the matter has escaped from the interior of the bone. In this way the matter has passed from the abseess within the articular end of a bone into the adjacent joint; and I have known seyeral mstanees of destruction of the knee- joint consequent on the cseape of matter into it: in some cases, from the articular end of the femur, and in others, �


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 CHAPTER VI.

ULCERATION OF BONE.

«“Tyere is, I believe,’ Mr. Hunter observes, “no difference between the ulceration of soft parts and of bone’” Although it is difficult to obtain clear evidence of a process in bone agreeing with the definition of ulcera- tion by Hunter, namely, “absorption attended with suppuration *,” yet, looking to the organic constitution of bone, we find, even in its compact tissue, the conditions essential to ulceration. Bone is certainly liable to a destructive process analogous to the ulceration of soft parts, and the varieties of ulcer in bone are as distinctly marked as they are in other tissues.

The ulceration of bone which is the effect of simple in- flammation in its tissue usually begins at a single point, and spreads equally in width and depth’. When, how- ever, the ulceration is consequent on inflammation of the periosteum, it spreads widely over the surface of the bone, but does not, in general, deeply penetrate its substance.

Syphilitic ulceration of bone usually begins at many

 * Lectures on the Principles of Surgery.

? Treatise on the Blood, Inflammation, &c. 3 Plate 4, fig, 3. �


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 PART II.

TUMORS OF BONE.

Tur morbid growths comprised in the tumors of bone exhibit a great variety of characters. Some of them are peculiar to bone; others are analogous to the growths from soft parts. In some of them, moreover, the remark- able feature is seen, of the production of tissues identical with those which occur in the natural formation of bone. Thus, with respect to the cartilaginous, and to some of the osseous tumors, the cartilage, in the first, in no way differs from feetal cartilage ; and the osseous substance, in the second, presents all the features of healthy bone.

An arrangement of the tumors of bone cannot well be founded on the place of their origin, since many of them, identical in nature, arise indifferently from periosteum, the compact, or cancellous tissue of bone. Often, indeed, concurrently with the growth of a tumor from the outside ofa bone, a similar growth arises within it. Nor can an arrangement of these tumors be easily determined by their composition, two or more morbid products being occasion- ally united in the same tumor. Another source of diffi- culty in classifying the tumors of bone is the changes to which they are liable. Thus, some of these tumors, pro- bably from weakncss of their vital organization, when �


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 PART III.

CHAPTER I.

RICKETS.

Tr would appear, from some of the recorded histories of rickets, that the condition of the osseous system implied by this term is, in certain cases, accompanied by fever, continuing to the destruction of life. But it is not ordinarily so. The morbid changes in the bones are, in general, accompanied by a state of simple weakness through the rest of the sys- tem. This is the chief constitutional feature of the disease. And yet the changes in the bones, from the state of health to that of rickets, are not such as it might be expected would result from a mere deficiency of their earthy matter, in the view that a certain amount of vigor of system is re- quisite for the separation of the salts of bone, giving to it its proper hardness. But the rickety bone is not simply a soft bone; it undergoes, during the development and sub- sidence of the disease, a scries of curious and somewhat complex changes.

Rickets has been obseryed in the foetus. In the museum of St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, there is a foctal skeleton, �


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 CHAPTER IV.

HARD CARCINOMA, AND MELANOSIS IN BONE,

HARD CARCINOMA IN BONE,

THERE are instances of a deposit in bone identical with the hard cancer in the female breast.

T know of no instance of hard cancer in bone, where it occurred as a primary disease; and I know of no case where the primary cancer was situated elsewhere than in the mammary gland, and I should have added of the female, but for the remarkable case presently to be related, where the primary cancer occurred in the mam- mary gland of the male.

The carcinomatous deposit has been found in bones of various forms; in the medullary tissue of long bones, and in the cancellous texture of flat, and other-shaped bones. In the instances which I have seen, there did not appear to have been any change of structure in the bone, pre- ceding the deposit of the carcinomatous substance. This deposit takes place in the form of minute, round granules, which, as they increase, coalesce into a solid firm mass, of a light greyish-blue color, apparently homogeneous in its composition, without intersecting fibrous bands, and, of �


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 has oppressed me long enough; it had become an infirmity. Now I shall recover my health.

. I must say that you bear the blow cheerfully.

. One does not lose a throne every day.

. [To ] We must reply at once. Do not delay our congratulations. Our best wishes for the prosperity of the empire.

. Nobody will believe that they are sincere. People always misunderstand me. The Empress suggested an absence from court because she was afraid that I might be in too great haste to wear the crown. Now that the future of my august cousin will be so closely bound up with mine, there is less reason than ever why I should return to Suavia. Responsibility for my own life will suffice me.

. If one may judge by the little care that you take of it.

. Since it is my own and belongs entirely to me, perhaps I shall finish by valuing it. I am free!—no longer the heir apparent, the centre of so many hopes, so much ambition, and so much hatred. I am sorry for my cousins, the seven little princesses, who have been dreaming all these years of becoming imperial consorts at my expense, as the Salic law of the empire does not permit them to inherit themselves. It will not matter to them now whether or not I behave.

. You have no right to talk like that. Always this flippant tone!

. Highness, many of us had placed great faith in you. We watched you from the cradle; we fought beside your father. The heir is a mere babe and the Emperor already old. The state of the empire is perturbed.


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 CHAPTER IL.

DISEASES OF THE BONES OF THE SPINE.

Tv would be of little practical utility to consider the dis- eases of the bones of the spine apart from those of their appendant structures, the fibro-cartilages, ligaments, and periosteum ; accordingly, the subject of the following sec- tion will be the diseases of the entire vertebral column.

Some of the diseases of the spine are of an inflammatory nature, stmple or rheumatic; others are of a scrofulous character, and combined with the deposition of tubercle in the bones and fibro-cartilages. There, also, occur in the spine, the malignant diseases carcinoma, encephaloma, melanosis.

The following structural changes from inflammation oceur in the spine=-thickening of the periosteum and liga- ments; suppuration beneath the periosteum, also within the bones; ulceration, hardening, and necrosis of the bones ; softening and ulceration of the fibro-cartilages.

Mechanical injury—such as a blow on the spine, or a sudden and forcible movement of the trunk wrenching the spinal ligaments,—or some special exposure of the body to cold and moisture, comprise the most frequent causes of

x �


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 CHAPTER IIT.

DISEASES OF PERIOSTEUM.

IXFLAMMATION OF PERIOSTEUM.

Sypuitis, rheumatism, and serofula are well-recognized eauses of inflammation of periosteum; it also occurs, se- eondarily, from inflammation in the medullary membrane, or walls of the bone. In systems debilitated by mercury, and thus rendered particularly suseeptible of the influenees of eold and moisture, inflammation of periosteum upon one, and often on several bones, is of commen cecurrenec ; these belong to the class of rheumatie eases, and it is pro- bably because the surfaces of bones superficially situated are most exposed to external influences, that these are the usual seat of periostitis. By the same consideration it may be explained why periostitis upon the posterior surface of the tibia is rare; and fortunately it is so, for the serous or purulent fluid, here effused beneath the perios- teum, would be seareely within reach of relief by surgieal interference.

Among the examples of syphilitie periostitis are in- stances of its ocenrrenee from the action of the gonorrhesal virus alone, and independently of rheumatism. The fol- lowing is a well-marked case of this kind. A gentleman had, in the course of ten ycars, three attaeks of gonorrhaca, �


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text:
User talk:Dziego~enwiki

Bible (Berean Standard)
Hello. I am very sorry that you were blocked by our edit filter, it was an apparent mistake. I have adjusted the filter and so it should not happen again but if it did, you can contact an admin at WS:Administrators' noticeboard.

As for the Bible (Berean Standard), I would like to draw your attention to a discussion at Proposed deletions, where you are invited. --Jan Kameníček (talk) 10:47, 2 January 2024 (UTC)

 * Thank you for unblocking me. Dziego~enwiki (talk) 14:23, 2 January 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dziego~enwiki


text:
Page:Plays by Jacinto Benavente - Third series (IA playstranslatedf03benauoft).pdf/78

. Clearly, this is not a solution.

. [To ] No, my dear uncle, not while you are still young. You may be Regent yet, as you would have been with me; the weight of the empire would have fallen upon your shoulders, and you would have inherited it in the end. My imperial career would have been short.

. Who knows? Life then would have had an object for you—it would have acquired meaning. However, if you are satisfied

. Absolutely. And you? Do you recall Daudet's "Rois en exile": "Do you love me less now that I am not to be king?"

. Ungrateful, foolish boy! If you are happy, it is all that I desire.

. A curious coincidence! Edith was playing the national air of your lost empire.

. Yes, upon the lute. How depressing! To do it justice, the theme requires drums and trumpets against a background of flashing swords and shining armorarmor. [sic] I am told that all the fighting spirit of our country has been put into it, although it was composed by a monk who was a foreigner, for the funeral of some poet.

. A preposterous fabrication.

. A monk, did you say, and a poet? The combination is amusing.

. Tennyson might have composed an occasional poem.

. Tennyson was an exceptional poet. He was a gentleman, received in the best society.

. [To ] Lady Seymour is jealous of me. She will not pardon the Prince my invitation.

. You are the scandal of England.


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INTRODUCTION. XII It can searecly be stated that the bones participate in all the disorders of the system, which directly give rise to depravation of the fluids cireulating through the soft tissues, and, In eonsequenee, to changes in their com- ponent elements, Whatever peculiar immunities from disease the bones evince, are, it may be presumed, owing to the character of their organization, in respect to the earthy eonstituents so largely entering into their eompo- sition. There are, however, instances in whieh the bones, participating in the general disorders of the system, do undergo changes in their elements, and throw forth morbid produets of the same character as those oeeurring at the time in the softer tissues of the body. Thus in gout, the carthy phosphates in the bones have been diminished, peculiar produets have been found in them, and peeuliar conerctions have been thrown forth from them, but they were sueh as are characteristic of the gouty constitution’.

It is a peculiar feature in the morbid history of bone,

4 Chemical Composition of Concretions from Gouty Bones, Marchand, Journal f. Pract. Chemie. Oct. 1842.

Urate of soda, z : E » 34:20 Urate of lime fe i e eee ale: Carbonate of lime. : 5 . TG Chloride of sodium : z melee Water, : : : : « 6:80 Animal substance. 5 é - 3253 Loss. * 4 é fs eee ST

106-0 �


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Page:Plays by Jacinto Benavente - Third series (IA playstranslatedf03benauoft).pdf/79

. Run through the secrétaires of the great ladies and in every one of them you will find a volume of my poems, laid away with their love-letters. On the table in the drawing-room, the Bible and Kipling.

. And a respectable husband at the head of the table.

. After dinner, under it.

. I told you that joke yesterday and you found it in extremely bad taste.

. On the lips of a foreigner, it still continues to be so. It is not easy to forget that one is English, although one has been banished from England like Byron.

. But you have not yet succeeded in banishing England?

. Byron, did you say? Byron never seemed immoral to me. I learned English when I was a schoolgirl, reading Byron.

. Did you learn nothing but English reading Byron?

. We are not like Lady Seymour in Italy. It is impossible to shock us with banished poets.

. The Countess is shock-proof. She has been cured of timidity.

. Rather I am convalescing. That is the reason I come here every winter.

. Always alone.

. What is there to attract my husband?

. Nothing; he has been cured already.

. There will be great rejoicing in Suavia.

. The court and the official element, not to speak of the people, idolized Prince Florencio. They could not forget that he was the son of the soldier, of the invincible liberator, your husband, venerated throughout Suavia.


text:
Talk:Poems (Allen)

Corrections.
I have done most of this work and, along the way, I noticed that very, very often (on average about once per page I'd say), whatever typed the source had mixed up u's ans n's. I do not know if I should have, but, since the text we publish here is to be read, I corrected them. I know we should stay as close to the text as possible, but I think that at this point convenience outweighs that. Alien333 (what I did and why I did it wrong ) 10:52, 2 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Poems (Allen)


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Page:Plays by Jacinto Benavente - Third series (IA playstranslatedf03benauoft).pdf/80

. Justly so. Yet during these last years, they have hesitated at nothing to discredit my son.

. What constitution at his age could support this continual liquidation?

. If Florencio had been otherwise—pardon, I do not wish to distress you—he is your son, and I know how you love him. But Florencio's conduct

. What can you tell me that I do not already know? I have shed too many tears. But now his health distresses me. I have brought him here to recuperate.

. Here? You arrived two days ago, and already the Prefect has advised me that he is frequenting objectionable resorts.

. Great heaven!

. The Prefect is a man of the world; everybody calls him the Signore. He is paid handsomely to keep the peace, and throw an air of respectability over this petty principality, which is a cosmopolis and Mecca of all the idlers of the earth.

. Do you tell me that Florencio…?

. There is no cause for alarm. The Signore has detailed special agents to watch him; they will protect him should occasion arise. Nevertheless, it is deplorable.

. Yes, it is. You sympathize with me. Nothing remained but that he should form an intimacy with this Lucenti, this poet, half-English, half-Italian, a man utterly without moral sense. Lord and Lady Seymour were scandalized to meet him here.

. Is it possible? But I thought… pardon a moment. I noticed, my lady, that you appeared to be somewhat shocked by the presence of Harry Lucenti.

. Really, nobody receives that man.


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Page:Plays by Jacinto Benavente - Third series (IA playstranslatedf03benauoft).pdf/81

. I beg your pardon. I thought I saw you talking with him at the Casino last evening.

. Oh, many times ! But not before my husband.

. But I have often seen your husband talking with him.

. Frequently. But never before me.

. English propriety is more complicated than I had imagined.

. It is respectability.

. [To ] I am in no humor for trifling this evening. Frankly, I am bored. You have no idea how bored I am.

. But you are dying to tell me.

. Artists are such dangerous confidants. Afterward, they reveal all one's secrets to the public.

. I am a sculptor. What secrets have you that my art could reveal to the public ? By the way, you would make an admirable Juno.

. You told me Minerva yesterday.

. It may be Venus to-morrow; everything in its season.

. You might have worse models.

. I defer to your authority.

. I warn you that I am wearing no stays; this is support à la grècquegrecque [sic].

. Now you are encroaching upon my domain. Only spiritual confidences, if you please.

. Why do you suppose that I am here this evening?

. How should I know? Probably because you were invited to dinner by Prince Michael, like the rest of us, to celebrate the arrival of his sister, the Princess Alex-


text: The Amulet for 1826/The Hebrew Mother

title: The Amulet for 1826/The Hebrew Mother


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 andra Etelvina, and her august son, Prince Florencio, the late apparent heir.

. Invited? On the contrary, I am here precisely because I was not invited.

. Impossible!

. Apparently I am considered a déclassée; it is my own fault in a way. In Paris I was presented to the Prince officially by the Italian Ambassador, but here, of course, there is no etiquette. One comes for a change, to amuse oneself. One associates with everybody, just as if one were in the country. The Casino, the races, the shooting-club are all neutral ground. Well, one day, at one of them, I chanced upon the Prince with—with his…

. With Imperia.

. Should I have refused to bow to him? How absurd! I am not like Lady Seymour, afraid to be seen in public with a fellow countryman, an artist like Harry Lucenti.

. It would have been absurd.

. Art and beauty are sacred in Italy. One of the popes said apropos of Benvenuto Cellini, that such artists were above all laws. I did not hesitate to meet the Prince's innamorata, nor absent myself from the companies at her villa, nor hurry to leave the Prince at the moment she arrived, when only a few remained—the intimates, the inner circle. They are the most fascinating. However, the Prince has taken my condescension for moral abdication. That is the reason I am here without an invitation. Naturally, he did not seem surprised, but when the Princess saw me, she was like an icicle.

. She is extremely old-fashioned. She receives only dragons of virtue.

. And discretion, like the daughter of the Duke of


text:
Page:Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways, 11th Edition (December 2023).pdf/341

MUTCD 11th Edition Section 2E.13

Guidance:

Interline spacing of upper-case letters should be approximately ¾ of the average of upper-case letter heights in adjacent lines of letters.

''The spacings to the top and bottom borders should be equal to the average of the letter height of the adjacent line of letters. The lateral spacing to the vertical borders should be essentially the same as the height of the largest letter.''

Section 2E.14

Guidance:

''For guide signs larger than 120 × 72 inches, the border should have a width of 2 inches. For smaller guide signs, a border width of 1.25 inches should be used. On unusually large signs with oversized letter heights, route shields, or other legend elements, the border should be 2.5 inches wide and should not exceed 3 inches in width. In all cases, the width of the border should not exceed the stroke width of the lettering of the principal legend on the sign.''

Corner radii of sign borders should be approximately ⅛ of the minimum sign dimension on guide signs, except that the radii should not exceed 12 inches on any sign.

Support:

The “Standard Highway Signs” publication (see Section 1A.05) contains detailed information on border widths and corner radii for ranges of sign sizes.

Option: The sign material in the area outside of the corner radius may be trimmed.

Section 2E.15

Guidance: ''No more than two destination names or street names should be displayed on any Interchange Advance Guide sign or Exit Direction sign. A city name and street name on the same sign should be avoided. Where two or three signs are placed on the same supports, destinations or street names should be limited to one per sign, or to a total of three in the display. Sign legends should not exceed three lines of copy, exclusive of the exit number and action or distance information.''

Support:

Where only one interchange serves a community, the intersecting street name is generally superfluous to the city name on the Interchange Advance guide and Exit Direction signs. Where a community is served by multiple interchanges, the city name is typically displayed on either a Community Interchanges Identification sign (see Section 2E.52) or a Next Exits sign (see Section 2E.53). Each interchange is then identified by its intersecting roadway name on the Interchange Advance guide and Exit Direction signs rather than by the city name.

Section 2E.16

Standard:

The use of abbreviations on freeway and expressway guide signs shall comply with the provisions of Section 2D.07 of this Manual.

Section 2E.17

Support:

Symbols are not normally displayed on freeway and expressway guide signs. One exception is the PARK – RIDE Supplemental guide sign (see Section 2E.51), which displays the Carpool symbol. In some cases, General Information symbols (see Chapter 2H) might be included in the legend of a guide sign to shorten an unusually lengthy legend on the sign.

Guidance:

''When a General Information symbol is incorporated into the legend of a guide sign, all components of the legend should be balanced in size and arrangement for maximum legibility. The General Information (I series) sign, rather than the symbol alone, should be placed as a sign panel within the guide sign so that adequate recognition of the symbol is provided by the border. The General Information sign panel should be positioned to the left of the legend to which it applies. The size of the General Information sign panel should be similar in size to that specified for a route shield for the type of guide sign on which it is displayed.'' December 2023


text: The Amulet for 1826/The Trumpet

title: The Amulet for 1826/The Trumpet


text: Page:Tiresias, and other poems (IA tiresiasotherpoe00tennrich).pdf/113


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Page:A treatise on diseases of the bones (electronic resource) (IA b21289013).pdf/5

 A

TREATISE

ON

DISEASES OF THE BONES.

BY

EDWARD STANLEY, F.R.S.

RESIDENT OF THE ROYAL COLLEGE OF SURGEONS OF ENGLAND,

AND

SURGEON TO ST. BARTHOLOMEW'S HOSPITAL.

LONDON:

LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, AND LONGMANS,

PATERNOSTER ROW.

1849.


text: The Amulet for 1826/Christ in the Garden


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DISEASES OF PERIOSTEUM. 367 to spread into the deep structures of the limb, it is not likely to be followed by the development of similar dis- case elsewhere.

There can be, I apprehend, no difficulty in distinguish- ing the disease represented by the foregoing cases, from the old incurable ulcer upon the front of the tibia, the surface of which is formed by a layer of smooth and firm granulations, and the bone beneath which, is enlarged and indurated with, in many instances, a circumscribed deposit of osseous matter beneath the ulcer, and exactly of its figure and size. Consequent on the old ulcer of the leg, there is no destruction of the subjacent parts. But in the disease which has been here described, there is destruction of the tissues of the limb, including the bone, with a fungous growth from the diseased parts. Directly these characters are distinctly manifested, there can be no doubt of the propriety of removing the limb.

Gitprrt & Niyineron, Printers, St, John’s Square, London, �


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INTRODUCTION. xvi Experiments in animals have not accomplished so much for the elucidation of the reparative processes of bone in man as might probably have been expected. he eir- eumstanecs attendant on the fraetured or necrosed bone, in man, are essentially different from those of the experi- ment of breaking, or causing the death of a bone in ani- mals. Thus, around the fractured bone of an animal, the deposit of cartilaginous and osseous substance, whieh has been designated provisional eallus, is of uniform oeeur- renee. But, in the human subject, no sueh eartilaginous and osseous deposit uniformly takes place around the fractured bone; here, therefore, it is not an essential part of the reparative proeess. Also, with respect to the produe- tion of neerosis by experiment in animals, the condition of the surrounding soft parts is so materially different from the eondition of these parts preceding and aeeompanying the death of the shaft of a bone in man, that, in eonse- quenee, the features of the reparative process in the two eases are essentially different. It has, therefore, been incorrectly assumed, that beeause sueh is the reparative process of fraeture, or necrosis, in animals, it must be so likewise in man.

a �


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38

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admirable Lectures on the Diseases of Bone, with which Mr. Abernethy commenced his Anatomical and Physiological course, first incited me to the study of this subject. Observation, continued with some diligence through many years, and, in a large field of experience, has enabled me to accumulate the materials upon which the present volume is founded. The size of the volume bears no proportion to the number of the facts out of which it is constructed. For in this, as in other scientific investigations, the first object has been to obtain the facts, and the second to interpret them rightly for the conclusions they warrant. This I have endeavoured to do, but with the result, I am aware, of leaving some of the morbid phenomena of bone uninterpreted, even unnoticed, for the reason that they were to me unintelligible.


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50 We were seven and twenty days winding our way along the borders of the La Platte, which river we could not leave on [29] account of the scarcity of water in the dry and comfortless plains. Here we slaughtered the last of our live stock, and at night we came to that region where buffaloes are often to be found; but we suffered some sharp gnawings of hunger before we obtained one, and experienced some foretaste of difficulties to come.

The Missouri Territory is a vast wilderness, consisting of immense plains, destitute of wood and of water, except on the edges of streams that are found near the turbid La Platte. This river owes its source to the Rocky mountains, and runs pretty much through the territory, without enlivening of fructifying this desert. Some opinion may be formed of it by saying that for the space of six hundred miles, we may be said to have been deprived of the benefits of two of the elements, fire and water. Here were, to be sure, buffaloes, but after we had killed them we had no wood or vegetables of any kind wherewith to kindle a fire for cooking. We were absolutely compelled to dry the dung of the buffalo as the best article we could procure for cooking our coarse beef. That grumbling, discontent, and dejection should spring up amongst us, was what no one can be surprised at learning. We were at times very miserable, and our commander could be no less so; but we had put our hands to the plough, and most of us were too


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94 therefore very courageous, to keep and to do all that is written in the book of the law of Moses, that ye turn not aside therefrom to the right hand or to the left; 7. That ye come not among these nations, these that remain among you; neither make mention of the name of their gods, nor cause to swear by them, neither serve them, nor bow yourselves unto them: 8. But cleave unto the your God, as ye have done unto this day. 9. For the hath driven out from before you great nations and strong: but as for you, no man hath been able to stand before you unto this day. 10. One man of you shall chase a thousand: for the your God, he it is that fighteth for you, as he hath promised you.

As to the date of this edict of Joshua's,

I. No mention at all is made of the place where this general assembly was held; some think it was at Timnath-serah, Joshua's own city, where he lived, and whence, being old, he could not well remove: but it does not appear that he took so much state upon him, therefore it is more probable this meeting was at Shiloh, where the tabernacle of meeting was, and to which place, perhaps, all the males that could, were now come up to worship before the Lord, at one of the three great feasts, which Joshua took the opportunity of, for the delivering of this charge to them.

II. There is only a general mention of the time when this was done. It was long after the Lord had given them rest, but it is not said how long, v. 1. It was, 1. So long as that Israel had time to feel the comforts of their rest and possessions in Canaan, and to enjoy the advantages of that good land. 2. So long as that Joshua had time to observe which way their danger lay of being corrupted, namely, by their intimacy with the Canaanites, that remained, against which he is therefore careful to arm them.

III. The persons to whom Joshua made this speech, to all Israel, even their elders, &c. So it might be read, v. 2. they could not all come within hearing, but he called for all the elders, that is, the privy-counsellors, which in latter times constituted the great Sanhedrim, the heads of the tribes, that is, the noblemen and gentlemen of their respective countries, the judges learned in the laws, that tried criminals and causes, and gave judgment upon them — and, lastly, the officers or sheriffs, who were intrusted with the execution of those judgments. These Joshua called together, and to them he addressed himself, 1. That they might communicate what he said, or at least the sense and substance of it, to those under them in their respective countries, and so this charge might be dispersed through the whole nation. 2. Because if they would be prevailed with to serve God and cleave to him, they, by their influence on the common people, would keep them right. If great men be good men, they will help to make many good men.

IV. Joshua's circumstances when he gave them this charge; he was old and stricken in age, v. 1. probably, it was in the last year of his life, and he lived to be one hundred and ten years old, ch. 24. 29. And he himself takes notice of it, in the first words of his discourse, v. 2. when he began to be old, some years ago, God reminded him of it, ch. 13. 1, Thou art old. But now that he did himself feel so much of the decays of age that he needed not to be told of it, he readily speaks of it himself, I am old and stricken in age. He uses it, 1. As an argument with himself to give them this charge, because being old he could expect to be but a little while with them to advise and instruct them, and therefore (as St. Peter speaks, 2 Pet 1. 13.) as long as he is in this tabernacle, he will take all opportunities to put them in remembrance of their duty, knowing by the increasing infirmities of age, that he must shortly put off this tabernacle, and desiring that after his decease they might continue as good as they were now. When we see death hastening towards us, that should quicken us to do the work of life with all our might. 2. As an argument with them to give heed to what he said. He was old and experienced, and therefore to be the more regarded, for days should speak; he was grown old in their service, and had spent himself for their good, and therefore was to be the more regarded by them. He was old and dying, they would not have him long to preach to them, therefore let them observe what he said now, and lay it up in store for the time to come.

V. The discourse itself, the scope of which is to engage them, if possible, them, and their seed after them, to persevere in the true faith and worship of the God of Israel.

1. He puts them in mind of the great things God had done for them, now in his days, and under his administration, for here he goes no further back. And for the proof of this, he appeals to their own eyes, v. 3, "Ye have seen all that the Lord your God hath done, not what I have done, or what you have done, we were only instruments in God's hand, but what God himself has done by me, and for you." (1.) "Many great and mighty nations (as the rate of nations then went) were driven out from as fine a country as any was at that time upon the fate of the earth, to make room for Israel." "You see what he has done to these nations who were his creatures, the work of his hands, and whom he could have made new creatures, and fit for his service; yet see what destruction he has made of them because of you, v. 3. how he has driven them out from before you, v. 9. as if they were of no account with him, though great and strong in comparison with you." (2.) They were not only driven out, (that they might have been, and yet sent to some other country less rich, to begin a new plantation there, suppose to that wilderness in which Israel had wandered so long, and so they had only exchanged seats with them,) but they were trodden down before them; though they held out against them with the greatest obstinacy that could be, yet they were subdued before them, which made the possessing of their land so much the more glorious to Israel, and so much the more illustrious an instance of the power and goodness of the God of Israel, v. 3. "The Lord your God has not only led you, and fed you, and kept you, but he has fought for you as a man of war," by which title he was known among them when he first brought them out of Egypt, Exod. 15. 3. So clear and cheap were all their victories during the course of this long war, that no man had been able to stand before them, v. 9. that is, to make head against them, so as either to put them in fear, create them any difficulty, or give any check to the progress of their victorious arms. In every battle they carried the day, and in every siege they carried the city; their loss before Ai was upon a particular occasion, was inconsiderable, and only served to show them on what terms they stood with God; but otherwise, never was army crowned with such a constant uninterrupted series of successes, as the armies of Israel were in the wars of Canaan. (3.) They had not only conquered the Canaanites, but were put in full possession of their land, v. 4, "I have divided to you by lot these


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 As for what becomes of the objects sacrificed for the dead there are on record the most distinct statements taken from the sacrificers themselves. Although the objects rot in the grave or are consumed on the pile, they nevertheless come in some way into the possession of the disembodied souls they are intended for. Not the material things themselves, but phantasmal shapes corresponding to them, are carried by the souls of the dead on their far journey beyond the grave, or are used in the world of spirits; while sometimes the phantoms of the dead appear to the living, bearing property which they have received by sacrifice, or demanding something that has been withheld. The Australian will take his weapons with him to his paradise. A Tasmanian, asked the reason of a spear being deposited in a native's grave, replied 'To fight with when he is alseep.' Many Greenlanders thought that the kayak and arrows and tools laid by a man's grave, the knife and sewing implements laid by a woman's, would be used in the next world. The instruments buried with the Sioux are for him to make a living with hereafter; the paints provided for the dead Iroquois were to enable him to appear decently in the other world. The Aztec's water-bottle was to serve him on the journey to Mictlan, the land of the dead; the bonfire of garments and baskets and spoils of war was intended to send them with him, and somehow to protect him against the bitter wind; the offerings to the warrior's manes on earth would reach him on the heavenly plains. Among the old Peruvians, a dead prince's wives would hang themselves in order to continue in his service, and many of his attendants would be buried in his fields or places of favourite resort, in order that his soul, passing

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 through those places, might take their souls along with him for future service. In perfect consistency with these strong animistic notions, the Peruvians declared that their reason for sacrifice of property to the dead was that they 'have seen, or thought they saw, those who have long been dead walking, adorned with the things that were buried with them, and accompanied by their wives who had been buried alive.'

As definite an implication of the spirit or phantom of an object appears in a recent account from Madagascar, where things are buried to become in some way useful to the dead. When King Radama died, it was reported and firmly believed that his ghost was seen one night in the garden of his country seat, dressed in one of the uniforms which had been buried with him, and riding one of the best horses killed opposite his tomb. Turanian tribes of North Asia avow that the motive of their funeral offerings of horses and sledges, clothes and axes and kettles, flint and steel and tinder, meat and butter, is to provide the dead for his journey to the land of souls, and for his life there. Among the Esths of Northern Europe, the dead starts properly equipped on his ghostly journey with needle and thread, hairbrush and soap, bread and brandy and coin; a toy, if it is a child. And so full a consciousness of practical meaning survived till lately, that now and then a soul would come back at night to reproach its relations with not having provided properly for it, but left it in distress. To turn from these now Europeanized Tatars to a rude race of the Eastern Archipelago, among the Orang Binua of Sambawa there prevails this curious law of inheritance; not only does each surviving relative, father, mother, son, brother, and so forth,

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 take his or her proper share, but the deceased inherits one share from himself, which is devoted to his use by eating the animals at the funeral feast, burning everything else that will burn, and burying the remainder. In Cochin China, the common people object to celebrating their feast of the dead on the same day with the upper classes, for this excellent reason, that the aristocratic souls might make the servant souls carry home their presents for them. These people employ all the resources of their civilization to perform with the more lavish extravagance the savage funeral sacrifices. Here are details from an account published in 1849 of the funeral of a late king of Cochin China. 'When the corpse of Thien Tri was deposited in the coffin, there were also deposited in it many things for the use of the deceased in the other world, such as his crown, turbans, clothes of all descriptions, gold, silver, and other precious articles, rice and other provisions.' Meals were set out near the coffin, and there was a framed piece of damask with woollen characters, the abode of one of the souls of the defunct. In the tomb, an enclosed edifice of stone, the childless wives of the deceased were to be perpetually shut up to guard the sepulchre, 'and prepare daily the food and other things of which they think the deceased has need in the other life.' At the time of the deposit of the coffin in a cavern behind the tomb building, there were burnt there great piles of boats, stages, and everything used in the funeral, 'and moreover of all the objects which had been in use by the king during his lifetime, of chessmen, musical instruments, fans, boxes, parasols, mats, fillets, carriages, &c., &c., and likewise a horse and an elephant of wood and pasteboard.' 'Some months after the funeral, at two different times, there were constructed in a forest near a pagoda two magnificent palaces of wood with rich furnishings, in all things similar to the palace which the defunct monarch had inhabited. Each palace was composed of twenty rooms, and the most scrupulous attention was given

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 in order that nothing might be awanting necessary for a palace, and these palaces were burned with great pomp, and it is thus that immense riches have been given to the flames from the foolish belief that it would serve the dead in the other world.'

Though the custom is found among the Beduins of arraying the dead with turban, girdle, and sword, yet funeral offerings for the service of the dead are by no means conspicuous among Semitic nations. The mention of the rite by Ezekiel, while showing a full sense of its meaning, characterizes it as not Israelite, but Gentile: 'The mighty fallen of the uncircumcised, which are gone down to Hades with weapons of war, and they have laid their swords under their heads.' Among the Aryan nations, on the contrary, such funeral offerings are known to have prevailed widely and of old, while for picturesqueness of rite and definiteness of purpose they can scarcely be surpassed even among savages. Why the Brahman's sacrificial instruments are to be burnt with him on the funeral pile, appears from this line of the Veda recited at the ceremony: 'Yadâ gachchâtyasunîtimetâmathâ devânâm vasanîrbhavâti,'—'When he cometh unto that life, faithfully will he do the service of the gods.' Lucian is sarcastic, but scarcely unfair, in his comments on the Greek funeral rites, speaking of those who slew horses and slave-girls and cupbearers, and burned or buried clothes and ornaments, as for use and service in the world below; of the meat amd drink offerings on the tombs which serve to feed the bodiless shades in Hades; of the splendid garments and the garlands of the dead, that they might not suffer cold upon the road, nor be seen naked by Kerberos. For Kerberos was intended the honey-cake deposited with the dead; and the obolus

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 placed in the mouth was the toll for Charon, save at Hermione in Argolis, where men thought there was a short descent to Hades, and therefore provided the dead with no coin for the grim ferryman. How such ideas could be realized, may be seen in the story of Eukrates, whose dead wife appeared to him to demand one of her golden sandals, which had been dropped underneath the chest, and so not burnt for her with the rest of her wardrobe; or in the story of Periander, whose dead wife Melissa refused to give him an oracular response, for she was shivering and naked, because the garments buried with her had not been burnt, and so were of no use, wherefore Periander plundered the Corinthian women of their best clothes, which he burned in a great trench with prayer, and now obtained his answer. The ancient Gauls were led, by their belief in another life, to burn and bury with the dead things suited to the living; nor is the record improbable that they transferred to the world below the repayment of loans, for even in modern centuries the Japanese would borrow money in this life, to be repaid with heavy interest in the next. The souls of the Norse dead took with them from their earthly home servants and horses, boats and ferry-money, clothes and weapons. Thus, in death as in life, they journeyed, following the long dark 'hell-way' (helvegr). The 'hell-shoon' (helskô) were bound upon the dead man's feet for the toilsome journey; and when King Harald was slain in the battle of Bravalla, they drove his war-chariot, with the corpse upon it into the great burial-mound, and there they killed the horse, and King Hring gave his own saddle beside, that the fallen chief might ride or drive to Walhalla, as it pleased him. Lastly, in the Lithuanian and old Prussian district, where Aryan heathendom held its place in Europe so firmly and so

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 late, accounts of funeral sacrifice of men, and beasts, and things, date on even beyond the middle ages. Even as they thought that men would live again in the resurrection rich or poor, noble or peasant, as on earth, so 'they believed that the things burned would rise again with them, and serve them as before.' Among these people lived the Kriwe Kriweito, the great priest, whose house was on the high steep mountain Anafielas. All the souls of their dead must clamber up this mountain, wherefore they burned with them claws of bears and lynxes for their help. All the souls must pass through the Kriwe's house, and he could describe to the surviving relatives of each the clothes, and horse, and weapons he had seen him come with, and even show, for greater certainty, some mark made with lance or other instrument by the passing soul. Such examples of funeral rites show a common ceremony, and to a great degree a common purpose, obtaining from savagery through barbarism, and even into the higher civilization. Now could we have required from all these races a distinct answer to the question, whether they believed in spirits of all things, from men and beasts down to spears and cloaks, sticks and stones, it is likely that we might have often received the same acknowledgment of fully developed animism which stands on record in North America, Polynesia, and Burma. Failing such direct testimony, it is at least justifiable to say that the lower culture, by practically dealing with object-souls, goes far towards acknowledging their existence.

Before quitting the discussion of funeral offerings for transmission to the dead, the custom must be traced to its final decay. It is apt not to die out suddenly, but to leave surviving remnants, more or less dwindled in form and changed in meaning. The Kanowits of Borneo talk of

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 setting a man's property adrift for use in the next world, and even go so far as to lay out his valuables by the bier, but in fact they only commit to the frail canoe a few old things not worth plundering. So in North America, the funeral sacrifice of the Winnebagos has come down to burying a pipe and tobacco with the dead, and sometimes a club in a warrior's grave, while the goods brought and hung up at the burial-place are no longer left there, but the survivors gamble for them. The Santals of Bengal put two vessels, one for rice and the other for water, on the dead man's couch, with a few rupees, to enable him to appease the demons on the threshold of the shadowy world, but when the funeral pile is ready these things are removed. The fanciful art of replacing costly offerings by worthless imitations is at this day worked out into the quaintest devices in China. As the men and horses dispatched by fire for the service of the dead are but paper figures, so offerings of clothes and money may be represented likewise. The imitations of Spanish pillar-dollars in pasteboard covered with tinfoil, the sheets of tinfoil-paper which stand for silver money, and if coloured yellow for gold, are consumed in such quantities that the sham becomes a serious reality, for the manufacture of mock-money is the trade of thousands of women and children in a Chinese city. In a similar way trunks full of property are forwarded in the care of the newly deceased, to friends who are gone before. Pretty paper houses, 'replete with every luxury,' as our auctioneers say, are burnt for the dead Chinaman to live in hereafter, and the paper keys are burnt also, that he may unfasten the paper locks of the paper chests that hold the ingots of gold-paper and silver-paper, which are to be realized as current gold and silver in the other world, an idea which, however, does not prevent the careful survivors from

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 collecting the ashes to re-extract the tin from them in this. Again, when the modern Hindu offers to his dead parent funeral cakes with flowers and betel, he presents a woollen yarn which he lays across the cake, and naming the deceased says, 'May this apparel, made of woollen yarn, be acceptable to thee.' Such facts as these suggest a symbolic meaning in the practically useless offerings which Sir John Lubbock groups together—the little models of kayaks and spears in Esquimaux graves, the models of objects in Egyptian tombs, and the flimsy unserviceable jewelry buried with the Etruscan dead.

Just as people in Borneo, after they had become Mohammedans, still kept up the rite of burying provisions for the dead man's journey, as a mark of respect, so the rite of interring funeral offerings survived in Christian Europe. The ancient Greek burial of the dead with the obolus in his mouth for Charon's toll is represented in the modern Greek. world, where Charon and the funeral coin are both familiar. As the old Prussians furnished the dead with spendingmoney to buy refreshment on his weary journey, so to this day German peasants bury a corpse with money in his mouth or hand, a fourpenny-piece or so. Similar little funeral offerings of coin are recorded in the folklore books elsewhere in Europe. Christian funeral offerings of this kind are mostly trifling in value, and doubtful as to the meaning with which they were kept up. The early Christians retained the heathen custom of placing in the tomb such things as articles of the toilette and children's playthings; modern Greeks would place oars on a shipman's grave, and

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 other such tokens for other crafts; the beautiful classic rite of scattering flowers over the dead still holds its place in Europe. Whatever may have been the thoughts which first prompted these kindly ceremonies, they were thoughts belonging to far præ-Christian ages. The change of sacrifice from its early significance is shown among the Hindus, who have turned it to account for purposes of priestcraft: he who gives water or shoes to a Brahman will find water to refresh him, and shoes to wear, on the journey to the next world, while the gift of a present house will secure him a future palace. In interesting correspondence with this, is a transition from pagan to Christian folklore in our own land. The Lyke-Wake Dirge, the not yet forgotten funeral chant of the North Country, tells, like some savage or barbaric legend, of the passage over the Bridge of Death and the dreadful journey to the other world. But though the ghostly traveller's feet are still shod with the old Norseman's hell-shoon, he gains them no longer by funeral offering, but by his own charity in life:—

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What reader, unacquainted with the old doctrine of offerings for the dead, could realize the meaning of its remnants thus lingering in peasants' minds? The survivals from ancient funeral ceremony may here again serve as warnings against attempting to explain relics of intellectual antiquity by viewing them from the changed level of modern opinion.

Having thus surveyed at large the theory of spirits or souls of objects, it remains to point out what, to general students, may seem the most important consideration belonging to it, namely, its close relation to one of the most

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 influential doctrines of civilized philosophy. The savage thinker, though occupying himself so much with the phenomena of life, sleep, disease, and death, seems to have taken for granted, as a matter of course, the ordinary operations of his own mind. It hardly occurred to him to think about the machinery of thinking. Metaphysics is a study which first assumes clear shape at a comparatively high level of intellectual culture. The metaphysical philosophy of thought taught in our modern European lecture-rooms is historically traced back to the speculative psychology of classic Greece. Now one doctrine which there comes into view is especially associated with the name of Democritus, the philosopher of Abdera, in the fifth century When Democritus propounded the great problem of metaphysics, 'How do we perceive external things?'—thus making, as Lewes says, an era in the history of philosophy,—he put forth, in answer to the question, a theory of thought. He explained the fact of perception by declaring that things are always throwing off images (εἴδωλα) of themselves, which images, assimilating to themselves the surrounding air, enter a recipient soul, and are thus perceived. Now, supposing Democritus to have been really the originator of this famed theory of ideas, how far is he to be considered its inventor? Writers on the history of philosophy are accustomed to treat the doctrine as actually made by the philosophical school which taught it. Yet the evidence here brought forward shows it to be really the savage doctrine of objectsouls, turned to a new purpose as a method of explaining the phenomena of thought. Nor is the correspondence a mere coincidence, for at this point of junction between classic religion and classic philosophy the traces of historical continuity may be still discerned. To say that Democritus was an ancient Greek is to say that from his childhood he had looked on at the funeral ceremonies of his country, beholding the funeral sacrifices of garments and jewels and money and food and drink, rites which his mother and his nurse could tell him were performed in

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our control and could compel us to reconsider this position." Although our diplomatic track in Laos appeared hopeful, and our now firm escorted reconnaissance operations provided an image of U.S. resolve to complement the Polish negotiating scheme, we needed to be able to augment this posture in the event negotiations stalemated. If Souvanna were to become discouraged, or if Khann were to view our efforts to obtain a Laotian settlement as a sign of willingness to alter our objectives, we would need additional demonstrations of our firmness to keep these leaders from being demoralized. Since additional military actions in Laos and South Vietnam did not hold much promise, actions or the strong threat of actions against the North might need to be considered. For these reasons, an immediate Congressional resolution was believed required as "a continuing demonstration of U.S. firmness and for complete flexibility in the hands of the Executive in the coming political months.

A crucial interagency meeting was held at the State Department on 15 June to hold final discussions on the recommendation for a resolution to be sent to the President. The meeting was scheduled from the White House and included Secretaries Rusk and McNamara, their principal advisers on the subject, and McGeorge Bundy. On the afternoon of the meeting, a memorandum was distributed by Bundy to the participants, which provided a rather clear picture of current White House attitudes toward the resolution -- and by implication, of the President's judgment on the issue of preparing to take harder measures against North Vietnam.

The memorandum dealt with one subject only -- "actions that would remain open to us in varying combinations in the event that we do not now decide on major military operations against North Vietnam and do not now decide to seek a Congressional resolution." It then listed under the categories of "military" and "political," those actions which were within an acceptable range of U.S. capability, as follows:

"Possible military actions

a. Reconnaissance, reconnaissance-strike, and T-28 operations in all parts of Laos.

b. Small-scale reconnaissance strike operations, after appropriate provocation, in North Vietnam (initially VNAF?).

c. VNAF strike operations in Laotian corridors.

d. Limited air and sea deployments toward Southeast Asia, and still more limited ground troop movements. (Major ground force deployments seem more questionable, without a decision "to go north" in some form.)

Political actions

a. Internationally -- a continued and increased effort to maximize support for our diplomatic track in Rh


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 order that the phantasmal images of these objects might pass into the possession of forms shadowy like themselves, the souls of dead men. Thus Democritus, seeking a solution of his great problem of the nature of thought, found it by simply decanting into his metaphysics a surviving doctrine of primitive savage animism. This thought of the phantoms or souls of things, if simply modified to form a philosophical theory of perception, would then and there become his doctrine of Ideas. Nor does even this fully represent the closeness of union which connects the savage doctrine of flitting object-souls with the Epicurean philosophy. Lucretius actually makes the theory of film-like images of things (simulacra, membranæ) account both for the apparitions which come to men in dreams, and the images which impress their minds in thinking. So unbroken is the continuity of philosophic speculation from savage to cultured thought. Such are the debts which civilized philosophy owes to primitive animism.

The doctrine of ideas, thus developed in the classic world, has, indeed, by no means held its course thenceforth unchanged through metaphysics, but has undergone transition somewhat like that of the doctrine of the soul itself. Ideas, fined down to the abstract forms or species of material objects, and applied to other than visible qualities, have at last come merely to denote subjects of thought. Yet to this day the old theory has not utterly died out, and the retention of the significant term 'idea' (ιδέα, visible form) is accompanied by a similar retention of original meaning. It is still one of the tasks of the metaphysician to display and refute the old notion of ideas as being real images, and to replace it by more abstract conceptions. It is a striking instance that Dugald Stewart can cite from the works of Sir Isaac Newton the following distinct recognition of 'sensible species:' 'Is not the sensorium of animals, the place where the sentient substance is present; and to which the sensible species of things are brought, thr ouh the nerves and brain, that there they may be perceived by

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HE struggle which in the latter half of the eighteenth century was carried on throughout Europe between free thought and the old orthodoxy, and which finally led to a compromise between the contending parties under the designation of rationalism, also left distinct traces in the Danish religious and philosophical literature of that period. Religion had gotten in a bad way, for after the Reformation every free movement had been suppressed, and, as a consequence, all faith had gradually dwindled into empty formalities or degenerated into a rigorous pietism. Hence, when free thought, which was essentially hostile to Christianity, invaded Denmark, it necessarily caused great fermentation. After so long a servitude the spirits of men seized with eagerness the new, dazzling, though hollow, tenets of the foreign philosophers, and the literature was soon filled with mockery and blasphemy to an extent and in a manner so frivolous that Holberg, although he was himself tolerably liberal in his religious views, and although he had contributed his share toward bringing about this movement, could not have dreamed that only a few decades after his death such liberal ideas should gain admittance among a people whom he had found wrapped in profound slumber when he began his work. One of the most prominent freethinkers was (1769-1823), editor of the journal "Jesus og Fornuften," while the most eminent representa-


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 the mind present in that place?' Again, Dr. Reid states the original theory of ideas, while declaring that he conceives it' to have no solid foundation, though it has been adopted very generally by philosophers... This notion of our perceiving external objects, not immediately, but in certain images or species of them conveyed by the senses, seems to be the most ancient philosophical hypothesis we have on the subject of perception, and to have, with small variations, retained its authority to this day.' Granted that Dr. Reid exaggerated the extent to which metaphysicians have kept up the notion of ideas as real images of things, few will deny that it does linger much in modern minds, and that people who talk of ideas do often, in some hazy metaphorical way, think of sensible images. One of the shrewdest things ever said about either ideas or ghosts was Bishop Berkeley's retort upon Halley, who bantered him about his idealism. The bishop claimed the mathematician as an idealist also, his 'ultimate ratios' being ghosts of departed quantities, appearing when the terms that produced them vanished.

It remains to sum up in few words the doctrine of souls, in the various phases it has assumed from first to last among mankind. In the attempt to trace its main course through the successive grades of man's intellectual history, the evidence seems to accord best with a theory of its development, somewhat to the following effect. At the lowest levels of culture of which we have clear knowledge, the notion of a ghost-soul animating man while in the body, and appearing in dream and vision out of the body, is found deeply ingrained. There is no reason to think that this belief was learnt by savage tribes from contact with higher races, nor that it is a relic of higher culture from which the savage tribes have degenerated; for what is here treated as the

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 primitive animistic doctrine is thoroughly at home among savages, who appear to hold it on the very evidence of their senses, interpreted on the biological principle which seems to them most reasonable. We may now and then hear the savage doctrines and practices concerning souls claimed as relics of a high religious culture pervading the primæval race of man. They are said to be traces of remote ancestral religion, kept up in scanty and perverted memory by tribes degraded from a nobler state. It is easy to see that such an explanation of some few facts, sundered from their connexion with the general array, may seem plausible to certain minds. But a large view of the subject can hardly leave such argument in possession. The animism of savages stands for and by itself; it explains its own origin. The animism of civilized men, while more appropriate to advanced knowledge, is in great measure only explicable as a developed product of the older and ruder system. It is the doctrines and rites of the lower races which are, according to their philosophy, results of point-blank natural evidence and acts of straightforward practical purpose. It is the doctrines and rites of the higher races which show survival of the old in the midst of the new, modification of the old to bring it into conformity with the new, abandonment of the old because it is no longer compatible with the new. Let us see at a glance in what general relation the doctrine of souls among savage tribes stands to the doctrine of souls among barbaric and cultured nations. Among races within the limits of savagery, the general doctrine of souls is found worked out with remarkable breadth and consistency. The souls of animals are recognized by a natural extension from the theory of human souls; the souls of trees and plants follow in some vague partial way; and the souls of inanimate objects expand the general category to its extremest boundary. Thenceforth, as we explore human thought onward from savage into barbarian and civilized life, we find a state of theory more conformed to positive science, but in itself less complete and consistent. Far on into

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 civilization, men still act as though, in some half-meant way they believed in souls or ghosts of objects, while nevertheless their knowledge of physical science is beyond so crude a philosophy. As to the doctrine of souls of plants, fragmentary evidence of the history of its breaking down in Asia has reached us. In our own day and country, the notion of souls of beasts is to be seen dying out. Animism, indeed, seems to be drawing in its outposts, and concentrating itself on its first and main position, the doctrine of the human soul. This doctrine has undergone extreme modification in the course of culture. It has outlived the almost total loss of one great argument attached to it,—the objective reality of apparitional souls or ghosts seen in dreams and visions. The soul has given up its ethereal substance, and become an immaterial entity, -the shadow of a shade.- Its theory is becoming separated from the investigations of biology and mental science, which now discuss the phenomena of life and thought, the senses and the intellect, the emotions and the will, on a ground-work of pure experience. There has arisen an intellectual product whose very existence is of the deepest significance, a -psychology- which has no longer anything to do with 'soul.' The soul's place in modern thought is in the metaphysics of religion, and its especial office there is that of furnishing an intellectual side to the religious doctrine of the future life. Such are the alterations which have differenced the fundamental animistic belief in its course through successive periods of the world's culture. Yet it is evident that, notwithstanding all this profound change, the conception of the human soul is, as to its most essential nature, continuous from the philosophy of the savage thinker to that of the modern professor of theology. Its definition has remained from the first that of an animating, separable, surviving entity, the vehicle of individual personal existence. The theory of the soul is one principal part of a system of religious philosophy which unites, in an unbroken line of mental connexion, the savage fetish-

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 worshipper and the civilized Christian. The divisions which have separated the great religions of the world into intolerant and hostile sects are for the most part superficial in comparison with the deepest of all religious schisms, that which divides Animism from Materialism.

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206 tives of rationalism or rational Christianity were 1740-1819) and  (1731-95), both of whom wrote a number of Christian philosophical works intended for the people. The most zealous champion of orthodoxy was Bishop Nicolai Edinger Balle (1744-1816), who, through his sermons and writings, particularly through his weekly paper, "Bibelen forsvarer sig selv" (the Bible defends itself), attempted with vigorous strokes to repel the attacks that were directed against Christianity.

In this struggle between the old and the new, between strict orthodoxy and the all pervading rational analysis, the latter soon gained the upper hand. People refused to accept blindly and without criticism the established dogmas, and were determined to understand everything clearly. This general striving for enlightenment put its stamp on the whole period and gave this epoch in Danish literature its name. All matters were considered from a utilitarian standpoint. There was a sober, rational activity in every branch of literature, and there was no exception to the rule. This whole movement had in the main entered Denmark from abroad. Foreign scholars and poets, chiefly German and French, were invited in large numbers, or they came of their own accord, to Denmark to bless the country with the new doctrine. These foreigners, particularly the Germans, were favored in every possible manner by the court-circles at the expense of the Danes, and they soon developed an insolence to a degree that aroused the general indignation of the people and ended in bitter hate and a fierce strife against the foreign influence, especially against the Germans. It was, indeed, fortunate for German literature that matters took this turn, and that the national element thus became able to assert its rights.


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Rh The foreign cosmopolitan ideal in Danish literature was promoted in an independent manner by a small circle of men, who were engaged as teachers in the Sorö academy for nobles. They took the French as models, but sought at the same time, as far as possible, to preserve the national peculiarities. Among them were and, who rendered conspicuous services by the publication of popular philosophical works, and preeminently  (1724—64), who, on account of his splendid style, gained the reputation of being Denmark's most classical writer. From 1761-63 he published the popular and very widely circulated weekly journal called "Den patriotiske Tilskuer."

In general it may be said that made marked progress about this time, and became one of the most efficient means of diffusing that "general culture" which all desired, and which so many offered for sale; but only a few of these journals were of any real value. The most able and influential ones were "Minerva" and "den danske Tilskuer." The former began in 1785, and was founded by and ; the latter was founded in 1791 and edited by Rahbek alone. Both continued through a long series of years—the best evidence that they satisfied the general expectations. Both publishers were exceptionally well fitted for their task; they were untiring in their efforts in gathering interesting and reliable news, and in furnishing their readers with interesting and instructive matter. Among the varied contents of these periodicals, which faithfully recorded the events of the time, there are many things that may still be read with interest, irrespective of the great value of these collections for the history of culture.

(1756-1821) combined vast knowledge with indefatigible activity, and his productiveness in several departments was simply extraordinary. He also essayed poetry, but without achieving anything noteworthy


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48

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