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 with merchant-vessels, in short, how your state might be brought to a higher pitch of prosperity and security, you would give, not only your careful attention, but your heartiest thanks as well, to him who showed such solicitude for your welfare. And now, what is far more important than any of these things has been shown you, namely, the real and never-failing method by which a supply of such men may be secured, men who, by discoveries such as I have indicated, can be of immense service to their country. With truth did the sainted Luther write, when exhorting the cities of Germany to found schools: “Where one ducat is expended in building cities, fortresses, monuments, and arsenals, one hundred should be spent in educating one youth aright, since, when he reaches manhood, he may induce his fellows to carry out useful works. For a good and wise man is the most precious treasure of a state, and is of far more value than palaces, than heaps of gold and of silver, than gates of bronze and bars of iron.” Solomon also is of the same opinion (Eccles. ix. 13). If then we acknowledge that no expense should be spared in order to give one youth a thorough education, what can we say when the gate is opened to the universal education of all, and to an unfailing method by which the understanding may be developed? when God promises to shower His gifts upon us? when our salvation seems so near at hand that His glory dwells with us on earth?

20. Open wide your gates, O princes, that the King of glory may come in (Psalm xxiv.) Give to the Lord glory and honour, ye sons of the mighty. May each one of you be like David, who sware unto the Lord, and vowed unto the mighty one of Jacob: “Surely I will not come unto the tabernacle of my house, nor go up into my bed; I will not give sleep to mine eyes, or slumber to mine eyelids; until I find out a place for the Lord, a tabernacle for the Mighty One of Jacob” (Psalm cxxxii.) Stay not to consider the expense. Give to the Lord, and He will repay you a thousandfold. He who says, “The silver is mine and the gold is mine” (Haggai ii. 9), can demand this as a


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 The old man turned to the arm-chair silhouetted against the gathering twilight which showed through a high window. "My darling," he said, in deeply moved tones, "how long we've had to wait to hear it again! Aren't you happy?"

Paul's glance had instinctively followed the old man's towards the arm-chair which he was so tenderly addressing, and there, with his own eyes, Paul saw—Aunt Verona!

Not the Aunt Verona he had known, but the Mademoiselle Windell who had stirred imaginations and captured hearts in Munich and Vienna, young and handsome, her dark hair smoothed over her ears, her figure lost in folds of silk.

He started up, as if in a trance, old recollections and recent gleanings of fact darting through his mind, while the image slowly vanished and he saw nothing but the vacant chair.

He turned towards the old man, awe-struck and dumb. Then through his dry throat came the words: "Dann sind Sie der Prinz Heinrich!"

He was thinking aloud, having been rendered incautious by fatigue and the overwhelming revelation. Already the words had wrought their havoc, for the tender, tearful old gentleman had been transformed. Paul, holding to the piano for support, found himself face to face with a fiend, the personification of insane terror, suspicion and guile. He thought of calling out, but could make no sound. He could only wait and stare through the twilight at a pair of protruding blue eyes.

Instinctively Paul drew back, a move which kindled a baleful glint in the eyes. In an unearthly silence they stood watching each other, and Paul felt himself sway. Before he could collect his forces a massive object whirred past his head, crashing on the keyboard of the piano with a hideous clamour.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

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 Then the madman was upon him. Fingers closed about his throat, and the world grew black.

When he regained consciousness it was to see the maniac struggling with three servants and shrieking execrations in German as they dragged him from the room. Paul lay on the floor, coughing, coughing, with a handkerchief to his mouth. He heard a sound of sobbing, and realized it was himself. The shrieks died away in the distance, and the world was again blacked out.

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, Philippe Bloch, and Karl Zurschmiede stood in the garret behind the Gare Montparnasse, surveying a little heap of objects spread out on the bed: among them a yellow copy of the Liszt Sonata bearing an inscription, "V. W., Wien, 1876." They were looking for an address. Despite everything they had heard him say about his renunciations, they had the human urge to notify some one.

"There was a diary," said Paddon. "That may give us a hint."

Karl, more visibly affected than the others, had been silent. "The concierge burnt it," he interposed. "It was his last request."

They had another talk with the concierge.

"Had he no final message?" asked the Englishman.

"He said something we couldn't understand," she replied. "One word was 'belle.' It was just at midnight, for I remember the great clock outside was chiming the hour."

Only Paddon had an inkling. Bell, midnight. "Alors, il a du être" he began, but quickly checked himself.

He had almost said, "Then he must have been English"—and although he experienced a guilty emotion of pride and proprietorship at the discovery, loyalty bade him withhold it. Bloch was eager to prove that the dead man had been a French Jew. Zurschmiede, whose mind was Rh

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 methodical, had already classified his origin as Germanic. Whereas all the poor devil had ever asked of anybody was that he be allowed to remain his own anomalous self.

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 right, yet of His mercy He adds (when exhorting the people to build His temple): “Prove me now forthwith if I will not open you the windows of heaven, and pour you out a blessing that there shall not be room enough to receive it” (Mal. iii. 10).

21. Do Thou, therefore, O Lord our God, give each one of us a joyful heart to serve Thy glory as best he may. For Thine is the grandeur, the power, the glory, and the victory. All that is in heaven and in earth is Thine. Thine, O Lord, is the kingdom; Thou art over all princes. Thine are the riches, and Thine is the glory, the might, and the power; Thou canst glorify and magnify whatsoever Thou pleasest. For what are we, who have but received Thy gifts from Thy hands? We are but strangers in Thy sight as were our fathers. Our life on earth is but a shadow and passes away. O Lord our God, all that we do to the honour of Thy name, comes from Thee. Give to Thy Solomons a perfect heart that they may do all that tends to Thy glory (1 Chron. xxix.) Strengthen, O God, that which Thou hast wrought for us (Psalm lxviii. 28). Let Thy work appear unto Thy servants, and Thy glory upon their children. And let the beauty of the Lord our God be upon us; and establish Thou, the works of our hands upon us (Psalm xc. 16). In Thee, O Lord, have I trusted, let me never be confounded. Amen.


text: The Great Didactic of John Amos Comenius/The Great Didactic/Chapter 31


text: The Great Didactic of John Amos Comenius/The Great Didactic/Chapter 32


text: The Great Didactic of John Amos Comenius/The Great Didactic/Chapter 33


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Page:Treaty of Peace - Versailles (1919) Ottawa.djvu/154

RV 154 (SESSIONAL PAPER No. 41)

Whereas the League of Nations has for its object the establishment of universal peace, and such a peace can be established only if it is based upon social justice;

And whereas conditions of labour exist involving such injustice, hardship and privation to large numbers of people as to produce unrest so great that the peace and harmony of the world are imperilled; and an improvement of those conditions is urgently required; as, for example, by the regulation of the hours of work, including the establishment of a maximum working day and week, the regulation of the labour supply, the prevention of unemployment, the provision of an adequate living wage, the protection of the worker against sickness, disease and injury arising out of his employment, the protection of children, young persons and women, provision for old age and injury, protection of the interests of workers when employed in countries other than their own, recognition of the principle of freedom of association, the organization of vocational and technical education and other measures;

Whereas also the failure of any nation to adopt humane conditions of labour is an obstacle in the way of other nations which desire to improve the conditions in their own countries;

The High Contracting Parties, moved by sentiments of justice and humanity as well as by the desire to secure the permanent peace of the world, agree to the following:

A permanent organization is hereby established for the promotion of the objects set forth in the Preamble.

The original Members of the League of Nations shall be the original Members of this organization, and hereafter membership of the League of Nations shall carry with it membership of the said organization.

The permanent organization shall consist of:

(1) a General Conference of Representatives of the Members and,

(2) an International Labour Office controlled by the Governing Body described in Article 393.


text: The Great Didactic of John Amos Comenius/Appendix


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RV 155 (SESSIONAL PAPER No. 41)

The meetings of the General Conference of Representatives of the Members shall be held from time to time as occasion may require, and at least once in every year. It shall be composed of four Representatives of each of the Members, of whom two shall be Government Delegates and the two others shall be Delegates representing respectively the employers and the workpeople of each of the Members.

Each Delegate may be accompanied by advisers, who shall not exceed two in number for each item on the agenda of the meeting. When questions specially affecting women are to be considered by the Conference, one at least of the advisers should be a woman.

The Members undertake to nominate non-Government Delegates and advisers chosen in agreement with the industrial organizations, if such organizations exist, which are most representative of employers or workpeople, as the case may be, in their respective countries.

Advisers shall not speak except on a request made by the Delegate whom they accompany and by the special authorization of the President of the Conference, and may not vote.

A Delegate may by notice in writing addressed to the President appoint one of his advisers to act as his deputy, and the adviser, while so acting, shall be allowed to speak and vote.

The names of the Delegates and their advisers will be communicated to the International Labour Office by the Government of each of the Members.

The credentials of Delegates and their advisers shall be subject to scrutiny by the Conference, which may, by two-thirds of the votes cast by the Delegates present, refuse to admit any Delegate or adviser whom it deems not to have been nominated in accordance with this Article.

Every Delegate shall be entitled to vote individually on all matters which are taken into consideration by the Conference.

If one of the Members fails to nominate one of the non-Government Delegates whom it is entitled to nominate, the other non-Government Delegate shall be allowed to sit and speak at the Conference, but not to vote.

If in accordance with Article 389 the Conference refuses admission to a delegate of one of the members, the provisions of the present article shall apply as if that delegate had not been nominated.

The meetings of the Conference shall be held at the seat of the League of Nations, or at such other place as may be decided by the Conference at a previous meeting by two-thirds of the votes cast by the delegates present.

The International Labour Office shall be established at the seat of the League of Nations as part of the organization of the League.

The International Labour Office shall be under the control of a governing body consisting of twenty-four persons, appointed in accordance with the following provisions:


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RV 156 (SESSIONAL PAPER No. 41) The governing body of the International Labour Office shall be constituted as follows:

Twelve persons representing the governments:; [sic]

Six persons elected by the delegates to the Conference representing the employers;

Six persons elected by the delegates to the Conference representing the workers.

Of the twelve persons representing the governments eight shall be nominated by the members which are of the chief industrial importance, and four shall be nominated by the members selected for the purpose by the government delegates to the Conference, excluding the delegates of the eight members mentioned above.

Any question as to which are the members of the chief industrial importance shall be decided by the Council of the League of Nations.

The period of office of the members of the governing body will be three years. The method of filling vacancies and other similar questions may be determined by the governing body subject to the approval of the Conference.

The governing body shall, from time to time, elect one of its members to act as its chairman, shall regulate its own procedure and shall fix its own times of meeting. A special meeting shall be held if a written request to that effect is made by at least ten members of the governing body.

There shall be a director of the International Labour Office, who shall be appointed by the governing body, and, subject to the instructions of the governing body, shall be responsible for the efficient conduct of the International Labour Office and for such other duties as may be assigned to him.

The director or his deputy shall attend all meetings of the governing body.

The staff of the International Labour Office shall be appointed by the director, who shall, so far as is possible with due regard to the efficiency of the work of the office, select persons of different nationalities. A certain number of these persons shall be women.

The functions of the International Labour Office shall include the collection and distribution of information on all subjects relating to the international adjustment of conditions of industrial life and labour, and particularly the examination of subjects which it is proposed to bring before the Conference with a view to the conclusion of international conventions, and the conduct of such special investigations as may be ordered by the Conference.

It will prepare the agenda for the meetings of the Conference.

It will carry out the duties required of it by the provisions of this part of the present Treaty in connection with international disputes.

It will edit and publish in French and English, and in such other languages as the governing body may think desirable, a periodical paper dealing with problems of industry and employment of international interest.

Generally, in addition to the functions set out in this Article, it shall have such other powers and duties as may be assigned to it by the Conference.

The government departments of any of the members which deal with questions of industry and employment may communicate directly with the director through the representative of their government on the governing body of the International Labour Office, or failing any such representative, through such other qualified official as the government may nominate for the purpose.


text: Solo

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title: Solo/Foreword


text: Solo/Part 1

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text: Solo/Chapter 1

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text: Solo/Chapter 2

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RV 157 (SESSIONAL PAPER No. 41)

The International Labour Office shall be entitled to the assistance of the secretary-general of the League of Nations in any matter in which it can be given.

Each of the Members will pay the travelling and subsistence expenses of its Delegates and their advisers and of its Representatives attending the meetings of the Conference or Governing Body, as the case may be.

All the other expenses of the International Labour Office and of the meetings of the Conference or Governing Body shall be paid to the Director by the Secretary-General of the League of Nations out of the general funds of the League.

The Director shall be responsible to the Secretary-General of the League for the proper expenditure of all moneys paid to him in pursuance of this Article.

The agenda for all meetings of the Conference will be settled by the Governing Body, who shall consider any suggestion as to the agenda that may be made by the Government of any of the Members or by any representative organization recognized for the purpose of Article 389.

The Director shall act as the Secretary of the Conference, and shall transmit the agenda so as to reach the Members four months before the meeting of the Conference, and, through them, the non-Government Delegates when appointed.

Any of the Governments of the Members may formally object to the inclusion of any item or items in the agenda. The grounds for such objection shall be set forth in a reasoned statement addressed to the Director, who shall circulate it to all the Members of the Permanent Organization.

Items to which objection has been made shall not however, be excluded from the agenda, if at the Conference a majority of two-thirds of the votes cast by the Delegates present is in favour of considering them.

If the Conference decides (otherwise than under the preceding paragraph) by two-thirds of the votes cast by the Delegates present that any subject shall be considered by the Conference, that subject shall be included in the agenda for the following meeting.

The Conference shall regulate its own procedure, shall elect its own President, and may appoint committees to consider and report on any matter.

Except as otherwise expressly provided in this Part of the present Treaty, all matters shall be decided by a simple majority of the votes cast by the Delegates present.

The voting is void unless the total number of votes cast is equal to half the number of the Delegates attending the Conference.


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RV 158 (SESSIONAL PAPER No. 41)

The Conference may add to any committees which it appoints technical experts, who shall be assessors without power to vote.

When the Conference has decided on the adoption of proposals with regard to an item in the agenda, it will rest with the Conference to determine whether these proposals should take the form: (a) of a recommendation to be submitted to the Members for consideration with a view to effect being given to it by national legislation or otherwise, or (b) of a draft international convention for ratification by the Members.

In either case a majority of two-thirds of the votes cast by the Delegates present shall be necessary on the final vote for the adoption of the recommendation or draft convention, as the case may be, by the Conference.

In framing any recommendation or draft convention of general application the Conference shall have due regard to those countries in which climatic conditions, the imperfect development of industrial organization or other special circumstances make the industrial conditions substantially different and shall suggest the modifications, if any, which it considers may be required to meet the case of such countries.

A copy of the recommendation or draft convention shall be authenticated by the signature of the President of the Conference and of the Director and shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the League of Nations. The Secretary-General will communicate a certified copy of the recommendation or draft convention, to each of the Members.

Each of the Members undertakes that it will, within the period of one year at most from the closing of the session of the Conference, or if it is impossible owing to exceptional circumstances to do so within the period of one year, then at the earliest practicable moment and in no case later than eighteen months from the closing of the session of the Conference bring the recommendation or draft convention before the authority or authorities within whose competence the matter lies, for the enactment of legislation or other action.

In the case of a recommendation, the Members will inform the Secretary-General of the action taken.

In the case of a draft convention, the Member will, if it obtains the consent of the authority or authorities within whose competence the matter lies, communicate the formal ratification of the convention to the Secretary-General and will take such action as may be necessary to make effective the provisions of such convention.

If on a recommendation no legislative or other action is taken to make a recommendation effective, or if the draft convention fails to obtain the consent of the authority or authorities within whose competence the matter lies, no further obligation shall rest upon the Member.

In the case of a federal State, the power of which to enter into conventions on labour matters is subject to limitations, it shall be in the discretion of that Government to treat a draft convention to which such limitations apply as a recommendation only, and the provisions of this Article with respect to recommendations shall apply in such case.

The above Article shall be interpreted in accordance with the following principle:—

In no case shall any Member be asked or required, as a result of the adoption of any recommendation or draft convention by the Conference, to lessen the protection afforded by its existing legislation to the workers concerned.


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RV 159 (SESSIONAL PAPER No. 41)

Any convention so ratified shall be registered by the Secretary-General of the League of Nations, but shall only be binding upon the Members which ratify it.

If any convention coming before the Conference for final consideration fails to secure the support of two-thirds of the votes cast by the Delegates present, it shall nevertheless be within the right of any of the Members of the Permanent Organization to agree to such convention among themselves.

Any convention so agreed to shall be communicated by the Government concerned to the Secretary-General of the League of Nations, who shall register it.

Each of the Members agrees to make an annual report to the International Labour Office on the measures which it has taken to give effect to the provisions of conventions to which it is a party. These reports shall be made in such form and shall contain such particulars as the Governing Body may request. The Director shall lay a summary of these reports before the next meeting of the Conference.

In the event of any representation being made to the International Labour Office by an industrial associatonassociation [sic] of employers or of workers that any of the Members has failed to secure in any respect the effective observance within its jurisdiction of any convention to which it is a party, the Governing Body may communicate this representation to the Government against which it is made and may invite that Government to make such statement on the subject as it may think fit.

If no statement is received within a reasonable time from the Government in question, or if the statement when received is not deemed to be satisfactory by the Governing Body, the latter shall have the right to publish the representation and the statement, if any, made in reply to it.

Any of the Members shall have the right to file a complaint with the International Labour Office if it is not satisfied that any other Member is securing the effective observance of any convention which both have ratified in accordance with the foregoing Articles.

The Governing Body may, if it thinks fit, before referring such a complaint to a Commission of Inquiry, as hereinafter provided for, communicate with the Government in question in the manner described in Article 409.

If the Governing Body does not think it necessary to communicate the complaint to the Government in question, or if, when they have made such communication, no statement in reply has been received within a reasonable time which the Governing Body considers to be satisfactory, the Governing Body may apply for the appointment of a Commission of Inquiry to consider the complaint and to report thereon.

The Governing Body may adopt the same procedure either of its own motion or on receipt of a complaint from a Delegate to the Conference.

When any matter arising out of Articles 410 or 411 is being considered by the Governing Body, the Government in question shall, if not already represented thereon,


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RV 160 (SESSIONAL PAPER No. 41) be entitled to send a representative to take part in the proceedings of the Governing Body while the matter is under consideration. Adequate notice of the date on which the matter will be considered shall be given to the Government in question.

The Commission of Inquiry shall be constituted in accordance with the following provisions:—

Each of the Members agrees to nominate within six months of the date on which the present Treaty comes into force three persons of industrial experience, of whom one shall be a representative of employers, one a representative of workers, and one a person of independent standing, who shall together form a panel from which the Members of the Commission of Inquiry shall be drawn.

The qualifications of the persons so nominated shall be subject to scrutiny by the Governing Body, which may by two-thirds of the votes cast by the representatives present refuse to accept the nomination of any person whose qualifications do not in its opinion comply with the requirements of the present Article.

Upon the application of the Governing Body, the Secretary-General of the League of Nations shall nominate three persons, one from each section of this panel, to constitute the Commission of Inquiry, and shall designate one of them as the President of the Commission. None of these three persons shall be a person nominated to the panel by any Member directly concerned in the complaint.

The Members agree that, in the event of the reference of a complaint to a Commission of Inquiry under Article 411, they will each, whether directly concerned in the complaint or not, place at the disposal of the Commission all the information in their possession which bears upon the subject-matter of the complaint.

When the Commission of Inquiry has fully considered the complaint, it shall prepare a report embodying its findings on all questions of fact relevant to determining the issue between the parties and containing such recommendations as it may think proper as to the steps which should be taken to meet the complaint and the time within which they should be taken.

It shall also indicate in this report the measures, if any, of an economic character against a defaulting Government which it considers to be appropriate, and which it considers other Governments would be justified in adopting.

The Secretary-General of the League of Nations shall communicate the report of the Commission of Inquiry to each of the Governments concerned in the complaint, and shall cause it to be published.

Each of these Governments shall within one month inform the Secretary-General of the League of Nations whether or not it accepts the recommendation contained in the report of the Commission; and if not, whether it proposes to refer the complaint to the Permanent Court of International Justice of the League of Nations.

In the event of any Member failing to take the action required by Article 405, with regard to a recommendation or draft Convention, any other Member shall be entitled to refer the matter to the Permanent Court of International Justice.


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RV 161 (SESSIONAL PAPER No. 41)

The decision of the Permanent Court of International Justice in regard to a complaint or matter which has been referred to it in pursuance of Article 415 or Article 416 shall be final.

The Permanent Court of International Justice may affirm, vary or reverse any of the findings or recommendations of the Commission of Inquiry, if any, and shall in its decision indicate the measures, if any, of an economic character which it considers to be appropriate, and which other Governments would be justified in adopting against a defaulting Government.

In the event of any Member failing to carry out within the time specified the recommendations, if any, contained in the report of the Commission of Inquiry, or in the decision of the Permanent Court of International Justice, as the case may be, any other Member may take against that Member the measures of an economic character indicated in the report of the Commission or in the decision of the Court as appropriate to the case.

The defaulting Government may at any time inform the Governing Body that it has taken the steps necessary to comply with the recommendations of the Commission of Inquiry or with those in the decision of the Permanent Court of International Justice, as the case may be, and may request it apply to the Secretary-General of the League to constitute a Commission of Inquiry to verify its contention. In this case the provisions of Articles 412, 413, 414, 415, 417, and 418 shall apply, and if the report of the Commission of Inquiry or the decision of the Permanent Court of International Justice is in favour of the defaulting Government, the other Governments shall forthwith discontinue the measures of an economic character that they have taken against the defaulting Government.

The Members engage to apply conventions which they have ratified in accordance with the provisions of this Part of the present Treaty to their colonies, protectorates and possessions which are not fully self-governing.

(1) Except where owing to the local conditions the conventions are inapplicable, or

(2) Subject to such modifications as may be necessary to adapt the convention to local conditions.

And each of the Members shall notify to the International Labour Office the action taken in respect of each of its colonies, protectorates and possessions which are not fully self-governing.

Amendments to this Part of the present Treaty which are adopted by the Conference by a majority of two-thirds of the votes cast by the Delegates present shall take effect when ratified by the States whose representatives compose the Council of the League of Nations and by three-fourths of the Members.


text:
Author:Maurice Walter Keatinge

Works

 * "Introduction I–Biographical" in The Great Didactic of John Amos Comenius (1896)
 * "Introduction II–Philosophical" in The Great Didactic of John Amos Comenius (1896)

Translations

 * The Great Didactic of John Amos Comenius (1896)

title: Author:Maurice Walter Keatinge


text: The Incas of Peru

title: The Incas of Peru


text: The Incas of Peru/Chapter 1

title: The Incas of Peru/Chapter 1


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 of these, a lovely dark-eyed nymph named Amphitrite and made her Goddess of the Sea. The dolphin which carried him during his courtship was rewarded by being placed on a diamond-shaped group of stars which have ever since been called "Delphinus, the Dolphin."

The kingdom of Pluto, the Ruler of the Shades, was a level, cloudy country under the ground and was inhabited by pale, fleeting shadows, the spirits of those who had died in the country on top of the ground. Across the meadows of this dreary land wandered the river of Sighs and the river of Forgetfulness, but the flaming river of Phlegethon, with its sulphurous smoke and its waves of fire, flowed in an endless circle about the walls of Tartarus where the wicked groaned and clanked their chains. If a soul was not condemned by the three judges, who weighed the good and evil deeds in their scales, it was led to a place of happiness called the Elysian Fields, which was supposed by some writers to be next to Tartarus, but by others, to be above the earth on the Isles of the Blest in the western ocean. The gates to Pluto's regions were guarded by a fiendish dog with three heads but there were supposed to be a number of pathways which led to the upper world for strange vapors drifted out of an unexplored cave in southern Italy and both Hercules and Orpheus went down through caves in Greece to

Hercules went down as one of his Twelve Labors,—some of which have constellations named after them,—while Orpheus descended to find his Eurydice, playing so beautifully on his harp that this little instrument was afterwards placed among the stars and called the constellation Lyra.

Pluto rarely appeared above the ground but when he did he

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6 these nations God our Lord gave charge to one man called St. Peter that he should be lord and superior to all the men in the world and that he should be head of the whole human race.....And he commanded him to place his seat in Rome....This man was Pope...One of these pontiffs who succeeded to St. Peter as Lord of the world in dignity made donation of these isles and terrafirma to the aforesaid (Ferdinand and Juana) and to their successors....wherefore we ask and require of you that you take the time that shall be necessary to understand and deliberate upon it and that you acknowledge the Church as the ruler and superior of the whole world and the high priest called the Pope and in his name the King and Queen Donna Juana." We all know how the political growth of a Protestant Europe challenged this fantastic document as shown in their attempts 'to singe the Spanish King's beard,' but the obvious anthropological implications of such an authoritative declaration, like the Nordic nightmare of the days before the last war long weighed heavily on the conscience of the ethnological speculators of the New World. In the words of Prof. Wissler, "the Church solved to its own satisfaction an anthropological problem which was theological at its start....When we come to the maritime outburst of Western Europe, the discovery of Africa, India and the Americas, once again the world was brought to face the question, and this time it was a theological problem that came to the fore. Were these different orders of men all children of Adam and God?"

Besides this interest in the spiritual salvation of the new found stray sheep, from one of the lost tribes of Israel, as the armchair anthropologists of the early period were at great pains to prove, another lure came upon the scenes. The new world not only offered land for the starting of democratic models, so long read and admired in the Greek Classics, but the American Indian was directly responsible for sponsoring that fiction of the noble savage, which was the dynamite that burst


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 made himself invisible by wearing his Hat of Darkness or was drawn in a sooty chariot by fierce black horses whose reins were covered with rust. One day when Typhon was causing trouble around Mount Etna by his incessant grumbling and turning about, Pluto came up to ascertain just how much his roof under the Sicilian land was endangered. This proved a sorry day for the earth, for while the gloomy-faced god was looking about for cracks, Venus saw him from a distant hilltop, and calling Cupid, told him to shoot the dour fellow with a gold-tipped arrow, for this was the only kingdom over which she had no control. The first person whom Pluto saw was Proserpine, the beautiful daughter of Ceres, the tutelary Goddess of Sicily, and falling immediately in love with her, he carried her off to his kingdom under the ground. Although for many days Proserpine wept bitterly, she gradually became reconciled, and once ate six pomegranate seeds from a tree in Pluto's sunless garden. This proved her undoing, for when Ceres discovered that Proserpine was Queen of the Kingdom of Shades, she inquired of the Fates if there was any chance of her daughter's release and they informed her that since Proserpine had tasted of the seeds, the food of death, she must spend six months of every year with Pluto. Thus, through six long months Ceres, the Goddess of the Harvests, sits and weeps and no fresh crops are planted and no fruits appear on trees or vines; in the meantime poor mortals do the best they can throughout the winter and wait eagerly for the springtime when Proserpine again appears above the land and Ceres, in happiness, sows the grain and covers the orchards with masses of blossoms.

Apollo, a son of Jupiter, was dazzling and life-giving—a direct contrast to Pluto, dark-visaged King of the Dead. Apollo's sun-palace, which had been built by Vulcan in the country beyond the east, was crusted thick with gold and embedded with large and wonderful jewels. His sun-chariot was also of gold, but of

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text: Index:Thaler v. Hirshfeld.pdf

title: Index:Thaler v. Hirshfeld.pdf


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234 life in Albion. But that unfortunate kiss his princess had given the king of Egypt did not leave his mind at sufficient ease to study the abstruse sciences.

"I confess," said he, "having made a solemn vow to roam about the world, and to escape from myself. I have a curiosity to see that ancient land of Saturn that people of the Tiber and of the Seven Mountains, who have been heretofore your masters. They must undoubtedly be the first people on earth."

"I advise you by all means," answered the member, "to take that journey, if you have the smallest taste for music or painting. Even we ourselves frequently carry our spleen and melancholy to the Seven Mountains. But you will be greatly surprised when you see the descendants of our conquerors."

This was a long conversation, and Amazan had spoken in so agreeable a manner, his voice was so charming, his whole behavior so noble and engaging, that the mistress of the house could not resist the pleasure of having a little private chat with him in her turn. She accordingly sent him a little billet-doux intimating her wishes in the most agreeable language. Amazan had once more the courage to resist the fascination of female society, and according to custom, wrote the lady an answer full of respect, representing to her the sacredness of his oath and the strict obligation he was under to teach the princess of Babylon to conquer her passion by his example, after which he harnessed his unicorns and departed for Batavia, leaving all the company


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Rh in deep admiration of him, and the lady in profound astonishment. In her confusion she dropped Amazan's letter. My Lord What-then read it next morning.

"D—n it," said he, shrugging up his shoulders, "what stuff and nonsense have we got here?" and then rode out fox-hunting with some of his drunken neighbors.

Amazan was already sailing upon the sea, possessed of a geographical chart, with which he had been presented by the learned Albion he had conversed with at Lord What-then's. He was extremely astonished to find the greatest part of the earth upon a single sheet of paper.

His eyes and imagination wandered over this little space. He observed the Rhine, the Danube, the Alps of Tyrol, there specified under their different names, and all the countries through which he was to pass before he arrived at the city of the Seven Mountains. But he more particularly fixed his eyes upon the country of the Gangarids, upon Babylon, where he had seen his dear princess, and upon the country of Bassora, where she had given a fatal kiss to the king of Egypt. He sighed, and tears streamed from his eyes at the unhappy remembrance. He agreed with the Albion who had presented him with the universe in epitome, when he averred that the inhabitants of the banks of the Thames were a thousand times better instructed than those upon the banks of the Nile, the Euphrates, and the Ganges.


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236 As he returned into Batavia, Formosanta proceeded toward Albion with her two ships at full sail. Amazan's ship and the princess' crossed one another and almost touched; the two lovers were close to each other without being conscious of the fact. Ah! had they but known it! But this great consolation tyrannic destiny would not allow.

No sooner had Amazan landed on the flat, muddy shore of Batavia, than he immediately set out toward the city of the Seven Mountains. He was obliged to traverse the southern part of Germany. At every four miles he met with a prince and princess, maids of honor, and beggars. He was greatly astonished everywhere at the coquetries of these ladies and maids of honor, in which they indulged with German good faith. After having cleared the Alps he embarked upon the sea of Dalmatia and landed in a city that had no resemblance to anything he had heretofore seen. The sea formed the streets, and the houses were erected in the water. The few public places with which this city was ornamented were filled with men and women with double faces that which nature had bestowed on them, and a paste-board one, ill painted, with which they covered their


text: The Incas of Peru/Chapter 2

title: The Incas of Peru/Chapter 2


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 increasing clearness, until you can pick out the one particular one you may want; and daily you find it easier to make your way through what looked at first an impenetrable wall, for you have learnt that it is in the end easier to worm your way in among networks of creepers, than to shirk these, and go for the softer walls of climbing grasses and curtains of lycopodium; and not only is it easier, but safer, for in the grass and lycopodium there are nearly certain to be snakes galore, and the chances are you may force yourself into the privacy of a gigantic python's sleeping place.

There is the same difference also between night and day in the forest. You may have got fairly used to it by day, and then some catastrophe keeps you out in it all night, and again you see another world. To my taste there is nothing so fascinating as spending a night out in an African forest, or plantation; but I beg you to note I do not advise any one to follow the practice. Nor indeed do I recommend African forest life to any one. Unless you are interested in it and fall under its charm, it is the most awful life in death imaginable. It is like being shut up in a library whose books you cannot read, all the while tormented, terrified, and bored. And if you do fall under its spell, it takes all the colour out of other kinds of living. Still, it is good for a man to have an experience of it, whether he likes it or not, for it teaches you how very dependent you have been, during your previous life, on the familiarity of those conditions you have been brought up among, and on your fellow citizens; moreover it takes the conceit out of you pretty thoroughly during the days you spend stupidly stumbling about among your new surroundings.

When this first period passes there comes a sense of growing power. The proudest day in my life was the day on which an old Fan hunter said to me—"Ah! you see." Now he did not say this, I may remark, as a tribute to the hard work I had been doing in order to see, but regarded it as the consequence of a chief having given me a little ivory half-moon, whose special mission was "to make man see Bush," and when you have attained to that power in full, a state I do not pretend to have yet attained to, you can say, "Put me where you like in an


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 of the Constitution: Whereas Vice leaves Youth groaning and mourning under Aches, Rheumaticks and Hydrophicks before its Time, the Joints trembling cannot support the Body, the Nerves are innervated, the Sinews shrunk; in a Word, the Blood is poison'd, the Spirit exhausted, and the whole Mass corrupted; thus the Fabrick sinks like a Noble opulent City swallow'd up in an Earthquake, there it stands a sad Monument of the devouring Teeth of Crime, and a Sacrifice to Debauchery.

is it, that the Number of Physicians, Apothecaries and Surgeons, are so encreas'd among us, and especially the latter, besides the innumerable Throng of Quacks, Pretenders and Dealers in Plaisters and Doses? If Diseases were not multiply'd, the Remedies would not crowd in upon us as they do; 'tis the Stench of Carcases that brings the Vultures about us and our Families: As the Groans and Cries of dying and decaying Bodies are loud among us; so Physick is grown noisy and clamorous.

many Doctors and Surgeons, nay Apothecaries, ride about in their Coaches? Perhaps, as one cunningly alledg'd, not for the Vanity of the Equipage, but for Expedition, and that he might be able to make more Visits in a Day; otherwise he could not dispatch his Business, or see all his Patients so often as they desir'd him.

our Yearly Bills are encreased, the Physicians grown Rich, their Number more than doubled, and their Equipages advanc'd in such a Manner, Whence is it all? It cannot be all meerly by the Encrease of People about us; tho' that I know is alledged; there must be something else; and the Reason is evident, our Luxury is encreased; and with our Luxury, our


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RV 162 (SESSIONAL PAPER No. 41)

Any question or dispute relating to the interpretation of this Part of the present Treaty or of any subsequent convention concluded by the Members in pursuance of the provisions of this Part of the present Treaty shall be referred for decision to the Permanent Court of International Justice.

The first meeting of the Conference shall take place in October, 1919. The place and agenda for this meeting shall be as specified in the Annex hereto.

Arrangements for the convening and the organization of the first meeting of the Conference will be made by the Government designated for the purpose in the said Annex. That Government shall be assisted in the preparation of the documents for submission to the Conference by an International Committee constituted as provided in the said Annex.

The expenses of the first meeting and of all subsequent meetings held before the League of Nations has been able to establish a general fund, other than the expenses of Delegates and their advisers, will be borne by the Members in accordance with the apportionment of the expenses of the International Bureau of the Universal Postal Union.

Until the League of Nations has been constituted all communications which under the provisions of the foregoing Articles should be addressed to the Secretary-General of the League will be preserved by the Director of the International Labour Office, who will transmit them to the Secretary-General of the League.

Pending the creation of a Permanent Court of International Justice, disputes which in accordance with this Part of the present Treaty would be submitted to it for decision will be referred to a tribunal of three persons appointed by the Council of the League of Nations.

The place of meeting will be Washington.

The Government of the United States of America is requested to convene the Conference.

The International Organizing Committee will consist of seven Members, appointed by the United States of America, Great Britain, France, Italy, Japan, Belgium and Switzerland. The Committee may, if it thinks necessary, invite other Members to appoint representatives.


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 Vices, and other Extravagances, our Lascivious ness, Sensuality, and, in a Word, our Impudence, and with all these our Distempers: These enrich the Doctors, these call the Surgeons and Apothecaries about us, like the Crows about the Carcase; and they Bombard us with the Gallipots and Glasses, as the Algerines assault a Ship with Carcases and Stinking Pots.

the Numbers of People are encreas'd about London, that may be something, though tis begging the Question most egregiously to say so, as we do by Lump, that this is the only encrease of the Mortality. Some suggest such an Encrease as amounts to a third Part of the whole; and others will go so far as to tell us they are doubled; and this they gather (as they say) not from the excessive Numbers of Buildings only, but from the Throngs of People which are to be seen in the Streets upon all publick Occasions. I will readily grant both these, particularly, that there are great Numbers of new Buildings, Streets and Squares added to the Town, and in all the extreme Parts of it, indeed an innumerable Number, such as no City in the World can show the like, as at St. Giles's, Tyburn-Road, Ormond-Street, Hockley, Finsbury, Spittle-Fields, Wapping, Rotherhith, &c. Nor is this all, but I allow that there is also a prodigious Encrease in the Villages adjacent to London, which, as they say, and in that indeed they say true, are not only doubled, but some of them encreased to several Times as many People as formerly, such as at the new Docks near Deptford, and at the Town of Deptford; also at Greenwich, Clapham, Camberwell, Chelsea, Kensington, Hampstead, Newington, Tottenham, Edmonton, Endfield, Bromley, Stratford, West Ham,


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 African forest, and as far as the forest goes, starve me or kill me if you can."

As it is with the forest, so it is with the minds of the natives. Unless you live alone among the natives, you never get to know them; if you do this you gradually get a light into the true state of their mind-forest. At first you see nothing but a confused stupidity and crime; but when you get to see—well! as in the other forest,—you see things worth seeing. But it is beyond me to describe the process, so we will pass on to Congo Français.

My reasons for going to this wildest and most dangerous part of the West African regions were perfectly simple and reasonable. I had not found many fish in the Oil Rivers, and, as I have said, my one chance of getting a collection of fishes from a river north of the Congo lay in the attitude Mr. C. G. Hudson might see fit to assume towards ichthyology. Mr. Hudson I had met in 1893 at Kabinda, when he rescued me from dire dilemmas, and proved himself so reliable, that I had no hesitation in depending on his advice. Since those Kabinda days he had become a sort of commercial Bishop, i.e., an Agent-General for Messrs. Hatton and Cookson in Congo Français, and in this capacity had the power to let me get up the Ogowé river, the greatest river between the Niger and the Congo. This river is mainly known in England from the works of Mr. Du Chaillu, who, however, had the misfortune on both his expeditions to miss actually discovering it. Still, he knew it was there, and said so; and from his reports other explorers went out to look for it and duly found it; but of them hereafter. It has been in the possession of France nearly forty years now, and the French authorities keep quite as much order as one can expect along its navigable water way, considering that the density of the forest around it harbours and protects a set of notoriously savage tribes, chief among which are the Fans. These Fans are a great tribe that have, in the memory of living men, made their appearance in the regions known to white men, in a state of migration seawards, and are a bright, active, energetic sort of African, who by their pugnacious and predatory conduct do much to make one cease to regret and deplore the sloth and


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RV 163 (SESSIONAL PAPER No. 41) Agenda:

The High Contracting Parties, recognizing that the well-being, physical, moral and intellectual, of industrial wage-earners is of supreme international importance, have framed, in order to further this great end, the permanent machinery provided for in Section I and associated with that of the League of Nations.

They recognize that differences of climate, habits and customs, of economic opportunity and industrial tradition, make strict uniformity in the conditions of labour difficult of immediate attainment. But, holding as they do, that labour should not be regarded merely as an article of commerce, they think that there are methods and principles for regulating labour conditions which all industrial communities should endeavour to apply, so far as their special circumstances will permit.

Among these methods and principles, the following seem to the High Contracting Parties to be of special and urgent importance:

First.—The guiding principle above enunciated that labour should not be regarded merely as a commodity or article of commerce.

Second.—The right of association for all lawful purposes by the employed as well as by the employers.

Third.—The payment to the employed of a wage adequate to maintain a reasonable standard of life as this is understood in their time and country.

Fourth.—The adoption of an eight hours day or a forty-eight hours week as the standard to be aimed at where it has not already been attained.

Fifth.—The adoption of a weekly rest of at least twenty-four hours, which should include Sunday wherever practicable.

Sixth.—The abolition of child labour and the imposition of such limitations on the labour of young persons as shall permit the continuation of their education and assure their proper physical development.


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RV 164 (SESSIONAL PAPER No. 41) Seventh.—The principle that men and women should receive equal remuneration for work of equal value.

Eighth.—The standard set by law in each country with respect to the conditions of labour should have due regard to the equitable economic treatment of all workers lawfully resident therein.

Ninth.—Each State should make provision for a system of inspection in which women should take part, in order to ensure the enforcement of the laws and regulations for the protection of the employed.

Without claiming that these methods and principles are either complete or final, the high contracting parties are of opinion that they are well fitted to guide the policy of the League of Nations; and that, if adopted by the industrial communities who are members of the League, and safeguarded in practice by an adequate system of such inspection, they will confer lasting benefits upon the wage-earners of the world.


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Rh * Yamqui Pachacuti Salcamayhua. See Salcamayhua
 * Yana-cuna, servants, 163, 164
 * Yanamarca, battle at between armies of Huascar and Atahualpa, 247
 * Yana-simi. See Mañaris
 * Yapaquis, month, July–August, 125
 * Yarampuy-cancha, 56
 * Yarcacaes, diviners, 108
 * Yarrovilca, lord of Huanuco, ancestor of Huaman Poma, 17
 * Yauri, sceptre, 131
 * Yauyos, account of, 180, 237. See Cauqui
 * Yca, viii; coast valley, 227; pottery, 230; beautiful maiden of, named Chumpillaya, sent to Huascar, 242
 * Ychu (Stipa Ychu), grass, 22, 81
 * Ychupampa, Chancas encamped on, 83, 88; same as Suriti
 * Year called huata, 117
 * Yma huayna, class of young men, 162; taken as colonists, 164
 * Yscuchaca, 81. See Iscuchaca
 * Yucay, Inca palace at, 82, 286, 319
 * Yunca, language of the Chimu, 219; Carrera's grammar of, 220; name given to coast valleys, 230
 * Yupanqui, a royal title: meaning, 42, 43
 * Yutu, a partridge, 23, 79, 76 n.
 * Yuyac, adults for sacrifice: llamas, not men, 109

 * Zapote del Perro, a tree in coast valleys, 205
 * Zaran, in the Piura valley: Pizarro at, 224
 * Zarate, his work on Peru, 7; Garcilasso's quotations from, 279; on Inca roads, 320
 * Zodiac signs, 117
 * Zolzdoñi, wife of Cium, 222

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 Wanstead, Walthamslow, Low-Layton, and abundance more, all whose Parishes are out of the Bills of Mortality; and were their Numbers added to the last yearly Bill, would make up the Mortalities at least to Five and thirty thousand.

tho' all this were true, and more, yet it does not at all account for the Grievance in our Morals, which I have complained of; or for the Depredations made upon Nature, and upon Health, by our intemperate and luxurious Living, our immoderate and scandalous Excesses in otherwise lawful and allowed Pleasures. But let those that question it, look back into the Book of Nature; and let them tell me, whether the Numbers of the Sick too are not encreased in proportion, and indeed more than in proportion, to the Number of the Dead? And if they will not take my Opinion, let them know the late famous Dr. Radcliffe, and several other Physicians, gave the same Judgment. And I am very willing to appeal to the Learned, whether these Excesses I have now mentioned, have not contributed at least to making the Age less sound in Life, if not shorter liv'd than their Ancestors.

I will not attempt to abridge the Sovereignty of Providence in its Government of the Earth; or to say, that Heaven has not appointed and limited the Time of Life to all his Creatures: Yet I am not so much a Predestinarian neither, as to pretend that Men cannot shorten their Days by Luxury and Intemperance, Gluttony, Drunkenness, and other worse and more criminal Excesses; why should we not think that such Crimes as these entail Heaven's Curse upon us, and blast our Breath, and shorten our Time, as well as Disobedience to Parents? I


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RV 165 (SESSIONAL PAPER No. 41)

As a guarantee for the execution of the present Treaty by Germany, the German territory situated to the west of the Rhine, together with the bridgeheads, will be occupied by Allied and Associated troops for a period of fifteen years from the coming into force of the present Treaty.

If the conditions of the present Treaty are faithfully carried out by Germany, the occupation referred to in Article 428 will be successively restricted as follows:

(1) At the expiration of five years there will be evacuated: the bridgehead of Cologne and the territories north of a line running along the Ruhr, then along the railway Jülich, Duren, Euskirchen, Rheinbach, thence along the road Rheinbach to Sinzig, and reaching the Rhine at the confluence with the Ahr; the roads, railways and places mentioned above being excluded from the area evacuated.

(2) At the expiration of ten years there will be evacutedevacuated [sic]: the bridgehead of Coblenz and the territories north of a line to be drawn from the intersection between the frontiers of Belgium, Germany and Holland, running about 4 kilometers south of Aix-la-Chapelle, then to and following the crest of Forst Gemünd, then east of the railway of the Urft Valley, then along Blankenheim, Valdorf, Dreis, Ulmen to and following the Moselle from Bremm to Nehren, then passing by Kappel and Simmern, then following the ridge of the heights between Simmern and the Rhine, and reaching this river at Bacharach; all the places, valleys, roads and railways mentioned above being excluded from the area evacuated.

(3) At the expiration of fifteen years there will be evacuated: the bridgehead of Mainz, the bridgehead of Kehl and the remainder of the German territory under occupation.

If at that date the guarantees against unprovoked aggression by Germany are not considered sufficient by the Allied and Associated Governments, the evacuation of the occupying troops may be delayed to the extent regarded as necessary for the purpose of obtaining the required guarantees.

In case either during the occupation or after the expiration of the fifteen years referred to above the Reparation Commission finds that Germany refuses to observe the whole or part of her obligations under the present Treaty with regard to reparation, the whole or part of the areas specified in Article 429 will be re-occupied immediately by the Allied and Associated forces.


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RV 166 (SESSIONAL PAPER No. 41)

If before the expiration of the period of fifteen years Germany complies with all the undertakings resulting from the present Treaty, the occupying forces will be withdrawn immediately.

All matters relating to the occupation and not provided for by the present Treaty shall be regulated by subsequent agreements, which Germany hereby undertakes to observe.

As a guarantee for the execution of the provisions of the present Treaty, by which Germany accepts definitely the abrogation of the Brest-Litovsk Treaty, and of all treaties, conventions and agreements entered into by her with the Maximalist Government in Russia, and in order to ensure the restoration of peace and good government in the Baltic Provinces and Lithuania, all German troops at present in the said territories shall return to within the frontiers of Germany as soon as the Governments of the Principal Allied and Associated Powers shall think the moment suitable, having regard to the internal situation of these territories. These troops shall abstain from all requisitions and seizures and from any other coercive measures, with a view to obtaining supplies intended for Germany, and shall in no way interfere with such measures for national defence as may be adopted by the Provisional Governments of Esthonia, Latvia and Lithuania.

No other German troops shall, pending the evacuation or after the evacuation is complete, be admitted to the said territories.


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{| style="margin:auto;" ! English. ! Chinese. ! Characters. ! Remarks.
 * Tanjong Malim
 * Fu-lo On-nam or Phu-lo On-nam
 * 芙蘆安南 郭蘆安南
 * This sounds like an adaptation of a Malay name meaning 'sex Islands'. But there is no authority for that, and it is not unlikely that it is a Chinees attempt at 'Ulu Bernam.'
 * Ulu Klang
 * Tham kong
 * 淡江
 * i.e. Dull-mine—Dull in the sense of not prosperous. The miners here met with little luck. But more probably another explanation is correct, viz. that the water of the river at Ulu Klang was much used for drinking purposes, 'tham' here meaning 'fresh.'
 * Ulu Langat
 * Nga-ngatshan
 * 牙兀山
 * 'Shan' practically corresponds to 'Ulu'—up-country.
 * Ulu Selangor
 * U-lau Süt-lang-ngo
 * 烏咾雪蘭莪
 * See under Kuala Kubu.
 * Ulu Yam
 * Wa-tu- a-yam
 * 華都亞音
 * There is said to be a rock (batu) which serves as a landmark.
 * }
 * Ulu Yam
 * Wa-tu- a-yam
 * 華都亞音
 * There is said to be a rock (batu) which serves as a landmark.
 * }


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{| style="margin:auto;" ! English. ! Chinese. ! Character. ! Remarks.
 * Simpah
 * San-pa
 * 新吧
 * Sungei Ayer Itam
 * Sung-koi A-yi yi-tam
 * 朱溪亞耶意泵
 * Sungei Besi
 * San-kai-cheung
 * 新街塲
 * i.e. New town, Kai=street, cheung=open space—so that Kai cheung appears to mean 'street area' and so 'town.' It is not the usual form of expression. Sungei Besi got this name, because the locality of the town was changed some years ago.
 * Sungei Buloh
 * Sung-khoi Phu-lo
 * 宋溪蒲蘆
 * Sungei Dayong
 * Sung-khoi Na-yung
 * 嵩溝拿容
 * Sungei Puteh
 * Sung-khoi Phu-thai
 * 宋蟻菩提
 * Sungei Tempaian
 * Sung-khoi Tam-pa-yeng
 * 宋溝担霸影
 * Sungei Way
 * Sung-khoi Wai
 * 雙溝威
 * Tanjong Karang
 * Tan-yeung ka-lang
 * 丹洋架冷
 * }
 * Sungei Tempaian
 * Sung-khoi Tam-pa-yeng
 * 宋溝担霸影
 * Sungei Way
 * Sung-khoi Wai
 * 雙溝威
 * Tanjong Karang
 * Tan-yeung ka-lang
 * 丹洋架冷
 * }
 * Tanjong Karang
 * Tan-yeung ka-lang
 * 丹洋架冷
 * }
 * 丹洋架冷
 * }
 * }


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 will not presume to say, in the Words of the Command, be Temperate, be Virtuous, be Moderate, that thy Days may be long in the Land. I acknowledge, that I have no direct Authority to add a Promise to the Exhortation; but I may take more freedom, I believe, in the alternative, and say, be not Intemperate, be not Vicious, Luxurious, Immoderate and Brutal, and add, with the Wise Man, Why should't thou dye before thy Time? Eccles. vii. 17.

question, Life may be shortned by our Wickedness. How many do we see, in almost every weekly Bill, dead of excessive Drinking, others Duelling and Fighting; some by one vile Excess, some by another? Shall any Man dare to say, these did not shorten their own Lives! Shall we say, they lived out half their Days! Psal. lv. 23. I think it would be affronting the Justice of Providence, to say, they were not slain by their own Crime, cut off by untimely Vice, or that, with David's wicked Men, they do not live out half their Days.

, not to enter into Disputes of Things remote to the Case; if Life is or is not, can or cannot be shorten'd by our Intemperance and Vice, the Comfort of Life may be lessen'd. Life may be made a Burthen, loathsome and uncomfortable, by loading it with Diseases and Sorrows, and by bringing complicated Miseries upon our selves in the Room of Health and Vigour, which would otherwise be the Lot.

A bright Countenance, a sprightly and brisk Eye, a constant Smile, a nimble agile Body, a clear Head, a strong Memory, and clean Limbs, these are Nature's Furniture to a Man of an untainted Race. But how often are all these


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Rh these boons unto Krishna and Arjuna, the lord of the Marutas accompanied by the celestials ascended to heaven, having also spoken to Hutāshana. And Agni also, having burnt that forest with its animals and birds for five and ten days, became gratified and extinguished himself. And having eaten flesh in abundance and drunk fat and blood, he became highly gratified, and addressing Achyuta and Arjunasaid, 'I have been gratified by ye two tigers among men. At my command, ye heroes, ye shall be competent to go whithersover ye choose.' Thus addressed by the illustrious Agni, Arjuna and Vāsudeva and the Dānava Maya also—these three—having wandered a little, at last sat themselves down on the delightful banks of a river."

Thus ends the two hundred and thirty-sixth Section in the Khāndava-dāha of the Adi Parva.


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Transcription of "Sungei" into Chinese characters
@Fish bowl have a look at the different ways "Sungei" is transcribed into Chinese characters here; looks like the people who were contributing the characters to this article got bored and wanted to have a bit of fun ^^ Kbseah (talk) 18:27, 30 October 2023 (UTC)

 * :thonk: Fish bowl (talk) 22:43, 30 October 2023 (UTC)


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310 introduction and promotion of a knowledge of the sciences among the inhabitants of the British territories in India; and that any schools, public lectures, or other institutions for the purposes aforesaid, which shall be founded at the Presidencies of Fort William, Fort St. George, or Bombay, or in any other part of the British territories in India in virtue of this Act, shall be governed by such regulations as may, from time to time, be made by the said Governor General in Council, subject nevertheless to such powers as are herein vested in the said Board of Commissioners for the Affairs of India respecting Colleges and Seminaries: Provided always that all appointments to offices in such schools, lectureships, and other institutions, shall be made by or under the authority of the Governments within which the same shall be situated.” It is perhaps scarcely necessary to remark that the literature to be revived and improved can only be the existing literature; that the learned natives of India to be encouraged can only be those who are already learned, not those who are to become so by the introduction and promotion of a knowledge of the sciences; and that, therefore, the sum thus directed to be appropriated is applicable, in part at least, to the revival, improvement, and encouragement of the existing learned institutions of the country.

The late Mr. wrote a paper dated June 19, 1814, entitled “Observations suggested by the provision in the late Act of Parliament for the promotion of science and literature amongst the inhabitants of the British possessions in India.” In these observations Mr. Harington examines at some length the preliminary question whether the English language should be employed as the medium of communicating knowledge to the natives, or whether the vernacular and learned languages of the country are the more appropriate instruments. The following is the conclusion at which he arrives:—“My own idea, on an imperfect consideration of so extensive a subject, is that both of the plans noticed have their advantages and disadvantages; that neither the one nor the other should be exclusively adopted, but that both should be promoted as far as circumstances may admit. To allure the learned natives of India to the study of European science and literature, we must, I think, engraft this study upon their own established methods of scientific and literary instruction; and particularly in all the public colleges or schools maintained or encouraged by Government, good translations of the most useful European compositions on the subjects taught in them, may, I conceive, be introduced with the greatest advantage.”

The somewhat adverse views on this branch of the subject presented by Lord Moira’s Minute already quoted must not be withheld:—“The immediate encouragement,” His Lordship says, “of the superior descriptions of science by any bounty to the existing colleges appears to me a project altogether delusive. I do not believe that in those retreats there remain any embers capable


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RV 167 (SESSIONAL PAPER No. 41)

Germany undertakes to recognize the full force of the Treaties of Peace and Additional Conventions which may be concluded by the Allied and Associated Powers with the Powers who fought on the side of Germany and to recognize whatever dispositions may be made concerning the territories of the former Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, of the Kingdom of Bulgaria and of the Ottoman Empire, and to recognize the new States within their frontiers as there laid down.

The High Contracting Parties, while they recognize the guarantees stipulated by the Treaties of 1815, and especially by the Act of November 20, 1815, in favour of Switzerland, the said guarantees constituting international obligations for the maintenance of peace, declare nevertheless that the provisions of these treaties, conventions, declarations and other supplementary Acts concerning the neutralized zone of Savoy, as laid down in paragraph 1 of Article 92 of the Final Act of the Congress of Vienna and in paragraph 2 of Article 3 of the Treaty of Paris of November 20, 1815, are no longer consistent with present conditions. For this reason the High Contracting Parties take note of the agreement reached between the French Government and the Swiss Government for the abrogation of the stipulations relating to this zone which are and remain abrogated.

The High Contracting Parties also agree that the stipulations of the Treaties of 1815 and of the other supplementary Acts concerning the free zones of Upper Savoy and the Gex districts are no longer consistent with present conditions, and that it is for France and Switzerland to come to an agreement together with a view to settling between themselves the status of these territories under such conditions as shall be considered suitable by both countries.

The Swiss Federal Council has informed the French Government May 5, 1919, that after examining the provisions of Article 435 in a like spirit of sincere friendship it has happily reached the conclusion that it was possible to acquiesce in it under the following conditions and reservations:—

(1) The neutralized zone of Haute-Savoie:—

(a) It will be understood that as long as the Federal Chambers have not ratified the agreement come to between the two Governments concerning the abrogation of the stipulations in respect of the neutralized zone of Savoy, nothing will be definitely settled, on one side or the other, in regard to this subject.


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Rh of being fanned into life. It is true the form of tuition is kept up in them, but the ceremony is gone through by men who are (as far as I could learn) devoid of comprehension in the very branches which they profess to teach. I was particularly curious to assure myself of the state of learning in the university of Benares, the place where one should expect that ancient acquirements would be found in the best preservation. My incompetence to judge on the subject of the answers given by the young men examined before me did not extend to the manner of their performance, which was such as inspired the notion that every thing they said was wholly by rote. On following up this suspicion, I learned that I had guessed accurately. I remained satisfied that the students only got by heart certain formularies unexplained to them by professors incapable of expounding the spirit of the lessons. Of course, the instruction unless where it chanced to fall on some mind uncommonly vigorous and acute would have very limited effect in future application; and if it did happen to be bestowed on a genius able to unravel it, the rational calculation was that it would only render him more dexterous in those crooked practices which the depraved habitudes of the community would offer to his imitation. I thence conceive that the revival of the liberal sciences among the natives can only be effected by the previous education (beginning with the rudiments) which shall gradually give to individuals the power of observing the relations of different branches of learning with each other, of comprehending the right use of science in the business of life, and of directing their enlargement of thought to the promotion of those moral observances in which rests the temporal convenience of society as well as the sublimer duty of man. Then, but not till then, such records or such traces of ancient lore as remain in the universities may be useful. Consequently to this opinion I must think that the sum set apart by the Hon’ble Court for the advancement of science among the natives would be much more expediently applied in the improvement of schools, than in gifts to seminaries of higher degree.”

On this passage it is necessary to remark that the institution which Lord Moira describes as “the university of Benares” was most probably the Government college at that place, which there is reason to believe was about the time of His Lordship’s visit in a very inefficient condition. Such, at least, is the only way I can account for the statement given, unless on the supposition that the Governor General and his informants may have misapprehended the real facts of the case before them. It would certainly be unjust to apply the above description to the schools of learning in Bengal and Behar that have originated with the natives themselves and are under their management; for although, in the usual course of study, the scholars no doubt commit a great deal to memory, it is not servilely committed, but is in general thoroughly understood


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312 and digested. Teachers also of sufficient repute to attract scholars around them will seldom be found deficient in the power of explaining what they profess to understand and to teach. It is of more importance, however, to remark that Lord Moira anticipated the revival of the liberal sciences among the natives from such a previous education, beginning with the rudiments, as should show the connection of the different branches of learning with each other, explain the right use of science in the business of life, and direct intellectual improvement to the promotion of personal and social morality; and if the schools of learning, as well as the common schools, can be made conducive to such purposes, we may infer from the excellent sense and genuine benevolence which characterize his Minute, that the design would have received His Lordship’s cordial sanction.

No one has more earnestly urged the duty of communicating European knowledge to the natives than Mr. Hodgson, no one has more powerfully shown the importance of employing the vernacular language, as the means of accomplishing that object, and no one has more eloquently illustrated the necessity of conciliating the learned and making them our co-adjutors in this great work of national regeneration:—“Two circumstances,” he says, “remarkably distinguish and designate the social system of India,—one, its inseparable connection with a recondite literature, the other, the universal percurrency of its divine sanctions through all the offices of life, so as to leave no corner of field of human action as neutral ground. Can these premises be denied? And if not denied, can it be necessary to deduce from them a demonstration of the unbounded power of the men of letters in such a society? Or of the consequent necessity of procuring, as far as possible, their neutrality in respect to the inchoation of measures, the whole virtual tendency of which is to destroy that power? Touch what spring of human action you please, you must touch at the same time the established system: touch the spring with any just and generous view of removing the pressure which that system has laid on its native elasticity, and you must at the same time challenge the hostility of that tremendous phalanx of priestly sages which wields an inscrutable literature for the express purpose of perpetuating the enthralment of the popular mind. However much the splendour of our political power may seem to have abashed these dark men, the fact is that their empire over the arts and understandings of the people has been, and is almost entirely, unaffected by it. With the Saga of Pompeii they say—‘The body to Cæsar, the mind to us’—a profound ambition suited to the subtle genius of their whole devices, and which I fear some of us commit the lordly absurdity of misinterpreting into impotency or indifference! Before we have set foot almost upon their empire, it is somewhat premature to question their resources


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RV 168 (SESSIONAL PAPER No. 41) (b) The assent given by the Swiss Government to the abrogation of the above mentioned stipulations presupposes, in conformity with the text adopted, the recognition of the guarantees formulated in favour of Switzerland by the Treaties of 1815 and particularly by the Declaration of November 20, 1815.

(c) The agreement between the Governments of France and Switzerland for the abrogation of the above mentioned stipulations will only be considered as valid if the Treaty of Peace contains this Article in its present wording. In addition the Parties to the Treaty of Peace should endeavour to obtain the assent of the signatory Powers of the Treaties of 1815 and of the Declaration of November 20, 1815, which are not signatories of the present Treaty of Peace.

(2) Free zone of Haute-Savoie and the district of Gex:

(a) The Federal Council makes the most express reservations to the interpretation to be given to the statement mentioned in the last paragraph of the above Article for insertion in the Treaty of Peace, which provides that "the stipulations of the Treaties of 1815 and other supplementary acts concerning the free zones of Haute-Savoie and the Gex district are no longer consistent with present conditions." The Federal Council would not wish that its acceptance of the above wording should lead to the conclusion that it would agree to the suppression of a system intended to give neighbouring territory the benefit of a special regime which is appropriate to the geographical and economical situation and which has been well tested.

In the opinion of the Federal Council the question is not the modification of the customs system of the zones as set up by the Treaties mentioned above, but only the regulation in a manner more appropriate to the economic conditions of the present day of the terms of the exchange of goods between the regions in question. The Federal Council has been led to make the preceding observations by the perusal of the draft Convention concerning the future constitution of the zones which was annexed to the note of April 26 from the French Government. While making the above reservations the Federal Council declares its readiness to examine in the most friendly spirit any proposals which the French Government may deem it convenient to make on the subject.

(b) It is conceded that the stipulations of the Treaties of 1815 and other supplementary acts relative to the free zones will remain in force until a new arrangement is come to between France and Switzerland to regulate matters in this territory.

The French Government have addressed to the Swiss Government, on May 18, 1919, the following note in reply to the communication set out in the preceding paragraph.

In a note dated May 5 the Swiss Legation in Paris was good enough to inform the Government of the French Republic that the Federal Government adhered to the proposed Article to be inserted in the Treaty of Peace between the Allied and Associated Governments and Germany.

The French Government have taken note with much pleasure of the agreement thus reached, and at their request the proposelproposed [sic] Article which has been accepted by the Allied and Associated Governments has been inserted under No. 435 in the Peace conditions presented to the German Plenipotentiaries.

The Swiss Government, in their note of May 5 on this subject, have expressed various views and reservations.

Concerning the observations relating to the free zones of Haute-Savoie and the Gex district, the French Government have the honour to observe that the provisions of the last paragraph of Article 435 are so clear that their purport cannot be


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Rh for its defence against intrusion. Their tactics are no vulgar ones, nor will they commit themselves or sooner or further than is needful. We now purpose to spread our knowledge; they know it, and they know the consequence. But so have we for half a century purposed the spread of our religion! The purpose must become act, and the act become, or seem likely to become generally successful, ere these subtle men will confront us openly; and perhaps not then, if Heaven inspire us with the prudence to conciliate, check, and awe them by the freest possible resort to that sacred literature which they dare not deny the authority of, however used and which assuredly is capable of being largely used for the diffusion of Truth! Time has set its most solemn impress upon that literature; the last rays of the national integrity and glory of this land are reflected from its pages; consummate art has interwoven with its meaner materials all those golden threads which Nature liberally furnishes from the whole stock of the domestic and social affections and duties. To the people it is the very echo of their heart’s sweetest music; to their pastors—their dangerous and powerful pastors—it is the sole efficient source of that unbounded authority which they possess. To deny the existence of that authority is mere moon-struck idiocy. To admit it, is, I conceive, to admit the necessity of compromise and conciliation, so far as may be.”—Letters pp. 47, 48.

To deny the existence of that authority were indeed vain, and it is equally clear that the admission involves the necessity of compromise and conciliation; but it by no means follows that the learned, whose influence it is desirable to enlist on the side of popular instruction, are the “dark” and “dangerous” men they are here described to be. The ascription to them of such a character, even if it were deserved, must tend rather to defeat, than to promote, the object of conciliation which the writer has in view, and which is so important to the success of a general system of education. But it is not deserved. The learned natives of India are what we are ourselves, the creatures of the circumstances in which they and we have been placed. They are the spiritual, as we are the political, despots of India; and if proper means of compromise and conciliation are employed, unaccompanied by language or acts of fear, of distrust, or of jealousy, they will, in general, readily co-operate with us in measures for the improvement of their countrymen. They have too firm a belief in the sacredness of their own persons, character, and office, too firm a hold of the popular mind, to doubt for a moment of the security of their spiritual sway. The chief difficulty I anticipate will not be to inspire them with the requisite sentiment of benevolence towards the poor and ignorant, but with the requisite conviction of our sincerity in the professions we make of a desire to promote their welfare.


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314 The preceding extracts exhibit opinions entitled to great consideration; but a closer analysis and more detailed statement of the grounds on which I would rest the importance and necessity of adopting measures for the improvement of Sanscrit instruction, are desirable.

First.—Sanscrit schools occupy so prominent a place in the general system of instruction established throughout the country, that means should be employed for their improvement, and not only on account of the influence which the learned exercise or may exercise over the remaining population, but for the sake of the learned themselves as a distinct and numerous class of society. I refer to page 61 to show the extent of this class in the districts noticed in this report. In one district alone, that of Burdwan, there are 190 teachers, and 1,358 students, of learning; and in the city of Moorshedabad, where the number is fewer than in any of the other localities, there are 24 teachers, and 153 students. If we hud that a particular class of native institutions brings together in one city and in one district so many teachers and students of learning who, if proper means were employed, would readily open their minds to European knowledge, why should we not avail ourselves of the facilities which those institutions present?

Second.—The language of instruction in the schools of learning is regarded with peculiar veneration. It is called the language of the gods. It is probable that in one of its most ancient and simple forms it was the original language of Brahmanism, and was introduced into this country by its Hindu conquerors. Instruction communicated through this medium will be received by the learned class with a degree of respect and attention that will not otherwise be conceded to exotic knowledge. Why should we refuse to avail ourselves of this mode of gaining access for useful knowledge to the minds of a numerous and influential class?

Third.—Sanscrit is the source and origin of all the Hindu vernacular dialects spoken and written throughout India and the adjoining countries, with as close an affinity, in most instances, as exist between Latin and Italian, or between ancient and modern Greek. These dialects are as numerous, are spread over as wide a surface, are employed by as populous races, and are as thoroughly nationalized among those races, as the corresponding dialects of Europe in European countries. Learned Hindus refer with pride to the number of languages that have sprung from the parent Sanscrit, and they derive from it their vocables, their idioms, and their structure. Just in proportion as the use of the vernacular dialects extends for the purposes of education and administration, will the value of the Sanscrit be felt. It is the great store-house from which, as intellectual improvement advances, those dialects will seek and obtain increased


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Rh power, copiousness, refinement, and flexibility. “Any number of new terms,” says Mr. Hodgson, applying to the Indian Pracrits a remark made by Sir respecting German, “any number of new terms, as clear to the mind and as little startling to the ear as the oldest works in the languages, may be introduced into Hindi and Bengali from Sanscrit, owing to the peculiar genius of the latter, with much more facility than we can introduce new terms into English; nor does the task of introducing such new terms into the Indian vernacular imply or exact more than the most ordinary skill or labor on the part of the conductors of education so long as they disconnect not themselves wholly from Indian literature.”

Fourth.—The Sanscrit language is the common medium of communication between the learned in the different countries and provinces inhabited by the Hindu race, however differing from each other in dialect, manners, and customs. A Hindu educated in the learning, peculiar to his faith and nation, need not be, and is not, a stranger in any of them, although possessing no personal acquaintance, and although ignorant of the dialect of the country or province to which he may have proceeded. This is found to be a great practical convenience in the performance of the numerous pilgrimages which piety or superstition enjoins. By the same means also the learned productions of one province or country in time become the common property of all the learned throughout India. In the Bengal schools of learning young men, both from the western and southern provinces of India, are found pursuing their studies, and Bengalis, after finishing their studies in Bengal, often proceed into the western provinces for the purpose of acquiring those branches of learning which are not usually cultivated here. Sanscrit, without the secrecy, has thus all the advantages of the masonic sign and countersign. It is a pass-word to the hearts and understandings of the learned throughout India. In consequence of this established mutual interchange of knowledge, if any improvement can be introduced into the system of instruction in the schools of learning of Bengal and Behar, we may hope that it will gradually work its way among the entire learned body throughout the country.

Fifth.—All the learning, divine and human, of the Hindus, is contained in the Sanscrit language. Religion, philosophy, law, literature, and medicine; all the learning that enters into the daily practices of their faith and is connected with the etablishedestablished [sic] customs of their race, their productions of taste and imagination, and the results of their experience of life and manners, all are found in the Sanscrit language, and in that only as their source and repository. Doctrine, opinion, and practice; the duties of the present life and the hopes of the future; the controversies of sects and the feuds of families, are ultimately determinable by authorities


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 original Beauties, the native Attendants upon Youth and a good Constitution, made to droop and flag, while Paleness and Leanness come into the Face, Heaviness into the Heart, and Dulness into the Head? How is the shining sparkling of the Eye eclipsed, the Understanding lost, the Memory decay'd, and the Genius partaking of the Contagion, entirely altered?

Glory of a young Man is his Strength, says Solomon, Prov. xx. 29. and one of his first Advices after that Expression, is, give not thy Strength unto Women, it is true, Solomon there means to a strange Woman, that is to say, a Whore. But with some abatement for the Person only, and for the Circumstances spoken to here, the Thing is (otherwise) the same, and the Excesses are in their Degree, tho' perhaps not every way as fatal.

was a late learned Physician who said, that the Women wearing Hoops would make the next Age all Cripples; that drinking Tea would make them Rheumatick; that taking Snuff would make them Lunatick: To which it was said, by way of Repartee, the Doctor being a little of a Libertine, that the Levity of the present Times will make the next Age Atheists; the Cavilling at Scripture, (which is now the grand Mode) make them Hereticks; and the talking Nonsense make them all Fools: And now, I think, I may with equal Propriety add, that the Vice of this Age will make the next Age rotten.

has an unhappy propagating Quality; 'tis always in progression. If one Age talks Heresy, the next Age talks Blasphemy: If one Age talks Faction, the next Age talks


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RV 169 (SESSIONAL PAPER No. 41), especially where it implies that no other Power but France and Switzerland will in future be interested in that question.

The French Government, on their part, are anxious to protect the interests of the French territories concerned, and, with that object, having their special situation in view, they bear in mind the desirability of assuring them a suitable customs regime and determining, in a manner better suited to present conditions, the methods of exchanges between these territories and the adjacent Swiss territories, while taking into account the reciprocal interests of both regions.

It is understood that this must in no way prejudice the right of France to adjust her customs line in this region in conformity with her political frontier as is done on the other portions of her territorial boundaries and as was done by Switzerland long ago on her own boundaries in this region.

The French Government are pleased to note on this subject in what a friendly disposition the Swiss Government take this opportunity of declaring their willingness to consider any French proposal dealing with the system to be substituted for the present regime of the said free zones, which the French Government intend to formulate in the same friendly spirit.

Moreover, the French Government have no doubt that the provisional maintenance of the regime of 1815 as to the free zones referred to in the above mentioned paragraph of the note from the Swiss Legation of May 5, whose object is to provide for the passage from the present regime to the conventional regime, will cause no delay whatsoever in the establishment of the new situation which has been found necessary by the two Governments. This remark applies also to the ratification by the Federal Chambers, dealt with in paragraph 1 (a), of the Swiss note of May 5, under the heading "Neutralized zone of Haute-Savoie."

The High Contracting Parties declare and place on record that they have taken note of the Treaty signed by the Government of the French Republic on July 17, 1918, with His Serene Highness the Prince of Monaco defining the relations between France and the Principality.

The High Contracting Parties agree that, in the absence of a subsequent agreement to the contrary, the Chairman of any Commission established by the present Treaty shall in the event of an equality of votes be entitled to a second vote.

The Allied and Associated Powers agree that where Christian religious missions were being maintained by German societies or persons in territory belongngbelonging [sic] to them, or of which the Government is entrusted to them in accordance with the present Treaty, the property which these missions or missionary societies possessed, including that of trading societies whose profits were devoted to the support of missions, shall continue to be devoted to missionary purposes. In order to ensure the due execution of this undertaking the Allied and Associated Governments will hand over such property to boards of trustees appointed by or approved by the Governments and composed of persons holding the faith of the Mission whose property is involved.

The Allied and Associated Governments, while continuing to maintain full control as to the individuals by whom the Missions are conducted, will safeguard the interests of such Missions.

Germany, taking note of the above undertaking, agrees to accept all arrangements made or to be made by the Allied or Associated Government concerned for carrying on the work of the said missions or trading societies and waives all claims on their behalf.