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Gageler CJ Gordon J Edelman J Steward J Gleeson J Jagot J Beech-Jones J

legitimate purpose. In this sense, the law is treated as punitive because it employs means that are disproportionate to its legitimate purpose.

The approach of Edelman J treats the relevant purpose of ss 189(1) and 196(1) as legitimate. His Honour would express the purpose by adapting the phrase used by the Solicitor-General of the Commonwealth, based on words of Dixon J – "detention pending removal" – to what the provisions are designed to achieve in fact. As so expressed, the purpose is detention pending removal to ensure that the unlawful non-citizen will remain "available for deportation when that becomes practicable". It is possible for Parliament to enact a law which seeks to achieve a purpose by measures which, at the boundaries, might have very little, or no, effect in advancing the purpose. In this respect, parliamentary purposes are no different from those of other groups. If a specialist sports squad implements a program with a purpose of training to reach the Olympics, that remains a genuine purpose even if under that program some members of the squad have no real prospect of achieving that goal in the reasonably foreseeable future. There is a difference between a purpose and its implementation. It is a difference between ends and means.

The problem, for Edelman J, with the decision of their Honours in the majority in Al-Kateb does not arise from their recognition of the purpose of ss 189(1) and 196(1) as legitimate but arises because they either ignored or paid insufficient attention to the proportionality requirement of Lim. As McHugh J said in Re Woolley, "[n]one of the Justices in the majority in [Al-Kateb] applied the 'reasonably capable of being seen as necessary' test as the determinative test for ascertaining whether the purpose of the detention was punitive". For instance, Hayne J in Al-Kateb focused only on the first sense of punishment in Lim and did "not consider that the Ch III question which is said now to arise can be answered


text:
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 Index to the Preceding List of Chinese Names

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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 they seem to have regarded as a fulfilment of the promise of His coming, they said unto Him, "Lord, wilt Thou at this time restore again the kingdom to Israel?" The reply is deserving of particular remembrance: "It is not for you to know the times or the seasons which the Father hath put in His own power." This perfectly agrees with what the Lord had taught upon the same general subject on another occasion, namely, "Of that day and hour knoweth no man, no, not the angels of heaven, but my Father only." Notwithstanding those forcible statements, we find instances in the epistles of the Apostles, in which they speak of the Lord's coming as an event near at hand, and to be expected in their own time.

Doubts, indeed, may be raised as to whether that is the actual meaning of the terms they use; it may be said that prophetical language frequently speaks of things distant as if they were present; and so it may; but it does not appear that the Apostles were prophesying in the case before us; it seems plain that they are stating their impressions concerning the Lord's declarations on the subject. At all events, the structure of their language and the effect of it upon those to whom it was originally addressed, show very clearly that they thonght the second coming was a phenomenon about to be realized in their own time. This is no special opinion of ours; it is a conclusion at which some of the most distinguished commentators have arrived.

It may, however, be useful to notice a few of the evidences on which the conclusion rests. Jesus plainly taught that certain calamities would prevail as a prelude to the event. The Apostle declares that it would not come except there came a falling away first. It is also spoken of as the "last times" and "days." John writes, "Little children,


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This is one of the author's best pieces, and though classed amongst the miscellaneous Dialogues, may very well find a place here. The dramatis personæ are the same, and the contrast between the world of the living and the world of ghosts is still the theme.

Mercury. What are you laughing about, Charon? And what has made you leave your boat and come up here into our parts? You don't very often favour us with a visit.

Charon. Well, I had a fancy, Master Mercury, to see what kind of a thing human life was, and what men do in the world, and what it is that they have to leave behind them, that they all bemoan themselves so when they come down our way. For you know that never a one of them makes the voyage without tears. So I begged leave of absence from Pluto, just for a day, like Protesilaus, and came up here into the daylight. And I think myself very lucky in falling in with you; you'll be good enough to act as my guide, I know, and go round with me and show me everything—you know all about it.

Merc. Really, Mr Ferryman, I can't spare time. I have to go off to do an errand for Jupiter upon earth. He's very irascible, and if I loiter on the road, I fear he may banish me entirely into your dark dominions, or do to me as he did to Vulcan lately,—take me by the


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 Official photographer to the Chinese Bureau … Department of Justice and U.S. Marshall's Office

Phone … Black 5110

威林梳士 映相樓在 金山大埠 乾尼街五 百廿號專 接映各欵 大小相映 小孩相更 妙手本埠 工商部及 合衆國衙 門特泒本 樓照各華 人做帋相

本号專辦各欵華洋布 疋新衣洋氈花露香水 香鹼送禮洋物俱全並 有上品名茶新欵鐘鏢 發售貨眞價宜以圖久 遠惠顧木號在大埠都 板街八百零四號

錦華綸布啓

本店向在大埠都版街八 百零四號精造龍鳳禮餅 唐番餅食俱全貨美價廉 以圖久遠馳名仰祈留心 惠顧

錦如意布告


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 it is the last time; and as ye have heard that antichrist shall come, even now there are many antichrists; whereby we know that it is the last time." Peter also said, "The end of all things is at hand;" and that scoffers should come in the last days, saying, "Where is the promise of His coming? for since the fathers fell asleep all things continue as they were from the beginning of the creation;" and then he goes on to say that the day of the Lord will come as a thief in the night, and exhorts the people to all holy conversation and godliness, looking for and hastening unto the coming of the day of God. James, likewise, contemplated the event as being near, for he said, "Be patient, therefore, brethren, unto the coming of the Lord—for the coming of the Lord draweth nigh. Behold, the Judge standeth before the door." Paul to the Philippians said, "The Lord is at hand;" and to the Hebrews, "Exhort one another; and so much the more as ye see the day approaching." To the Romans, also, he said, "The night is far spent, the day is at hand." But his epistles to the Thessalonians are remarkable both for the frequency and strength of observations tending to show that he considered the Lord's coming as an event nigh at hand. "Ye," says he, "turned to God from idols to serve the living and true God; and to wait for His Son from heaven." "For what is our hope, or joy, or crown of rejoicing? Are not even ye in the presence of our Lord Jesus Christ at His coming?" "The Lord make you to increase and abound in love one toward another, and toward all men, even as we do toward you: to the end He may stablish your hearts unblamable in holiness before


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 foot and pitch me down from heaven, and so I shall have to go limping round with the wine, like him.

Cha. And will you let me go wandering about the earth and losing my way—you, my old friend and messmate? It wouldn't be amiss for you to remember, my lad, how I have never made you bale the boat, or even pull an oar, but you lie snoring on the deck, for all those great broad shoulders; or if you find any talkative fellow among the dead men, you chatter with him all the way over, leaving a poor old fellow like me to pull both oars myself. By your father's beard, now, my good Mercury, don't go away! Show me round this upper world, that I may see something before I go home again. Why, if you leave me here by myself, I shall be no better than the blind men. Just as they go stumbling about in the darkness, so do I in this confounded light. Oblige me now, Mercury, do—and I'll never forget the favour.

Merc. This job will cost me a beating, I plainly foresee—all the wages I shall get for acting as guide will be blows. But I suppose I must oblige you: what can a fellow do when a friend presses him? But as to seeing everything thoroughly, Mr Ferryman, that's impossible—it would take a matter of years. There would have to be a hue and cry sent after me by Jupiter, as a runaway; and it would stop your business in the service of Death, and Pluto's empire would suffer, by your stopping all transportation there for some time; and then Æacus would be in a rage about his fees, when he found not an obol coming in. But I'll manage to let you see what's best worth seeing.


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Pocock, Hugh


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Pocock, Isaac


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Pocock, John (1)


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Pococke, John (1)


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Pococke, John (2)


text: The Surnames of the Chinese in America/Map


text: The Surnames of the Chinese in America/About the Wall Chart


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ITHERTO we have declared the nature & powers of the loadstone, & also the properties & essence of iron; it now remains to show their mutual affinities, & kinship, so to speak, & how very closely conjoined these substances are. At the highest part of the terrestrial globe, or at its perishable surface & rind, as it were, these two bodies usually originate & are produced in one and the same matrix, as twins in one mine. Strong loadstones are dug up by themselves, weaker ones too have their own proper vein. Both are found in iron mines. Iron ore most often occurs alone, without strong loadstone (for the more perfect are rarely met with). Strong loadstone is a stone resembling iron; out of it is usually smelted the finest iron, which the Greeks call stomoma, the Latins acies, the Barbarians (not amiss) aciare, or aciarium. This same stone draws, repels, controls other loadstones, directs itself to the poles of the world, picks up smelted iron, and works many other wonders, some already set forth by us, but many more which we must demonstrate more fully. A weaker loadstone, however, will exhibit all these powers, but in a lesser degree; while iron ore, & also wrought iron (if they have been prepared) show their strength in all magnetick experiments not less than do feeble and weak loadstones; & an inert piece of ore, & one possessed of no magnetick properties, & just thrown out of the pit, when roasted in the fire & prepared with due art (by the elimination of humours & foreign excretions) awakes, and becomes in power & potency a magnet. Occasionally a stone or iron ore is mined, which attracts forthwith without being prepared: for native iron of the right colour attracts and governs iron magnetically. One form then belongs to the one mineral, one species, one self-same essence. For to me there seems to be a greater difference, & unlikeness, between the strongest load-


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 stone, & a weak one which scarce can attract a single chip of iron; between one that is stout, strong, metallick, & one that is soft, friable, clayey; amidst such variety of colour, substance, quality, & weight; than there is on the one hand between the best ore, rich in iron, or iron that is metallick from the beginning, and on the other the most excellent loadstone. Usually, too, there are no marks to distinguish them, and even metallurgists cannot decide between them, because they agree together in all respects. Moreover we see that the best loadstone and the ore of iron are both as it were distressed by the same maladies & diseases, both run to old age in the same way & exhibit the same marks of it, are preserved & keep their properties by the same remedies & safeguards; & yet again the one increases the potency of the other, & by artfully devised adjuncts marvellously intensifies, & exalts it. For both are impaired by the more acrid juices as by poisons, & the aqua fortis of the Chemists inflicts on both the same wounds, and when exposed too long to harm from the atmosphere, they both alike pine away, so to speak, & grow old; each is preserved by being kept in the dust & scrapings of the other; & when a fit piece of steel or iron is adjoined above its pole, the loadstone's vigour is augmented through the firm union. The loadstone is laid up in iron filings, not that iron is its food; as though loadstone were alive and needed feeding, as Cardan philosophizes; nor yet that so it is delivered from the inclemency of the weather (for which cause it as well as iron is laid up in bran by Scaliger; mistakenly, however, for they are not preserved well in this way, and keep for years their own fixed forms): nor yet, since they remain perfect by the mutual action of their powders, do their extremities waste away, but are cherished & preserved, like by like. For just as in their own places, in the mines, bodies like to each other endure for many ages entire and uncorrupt, when surrounded by bodies of the same stuff, as the lesser interior parts in a great mass: so loadstone and ore of iron, when inclosed in a mound of the same material, do not exhale their native humour, do not waste away, but retain their soundness. A loadstone lasts longer in filings of smelted iron, & a piece of iron ore excellently also in dust of loadstone; as also smelted iron in filings of loadstone & even in those of iron. Then both these allied bodies have a true & just form of one & the same species; a form which until this day was considered by all, owing to their outward unlikeness & the inequality of the potency that is the same innate in both, to be different & unlike in kind; the smatterers not understanding that the same powers, though differing in strength, exist in both alike. And in fact they both are true & intimate parts of the earth, & as such retain the prime natural properties of mutually attracting, of moving, & of disposing themselves toward the position of the world,


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Pocock, John (2)


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Pocock, Laurence (1)


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Pocock, Laurence (2)


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 and of the terrestrial globe; which properties they also impart to each other, and increase, confirm, receive, and retain each other's forces. The stronger fortifies the weaker, not as though aught were taken away from its own substance, or its proper vigour, nor because any corporeal substance is imparted, but the dormant virtue of the one is aroused by the other, without loss. For if with a single small stone you touch a thousand bits of iron for the use of mariners, that loadstone attracts iron no less strongly than before; with the same stone weighing one pound, any one will be able to suspend in the air a thousand pounds of iron. For if any one were to fix high up on the walls so many iron nails of so great a weight, & were to apply to them the same number of nails touched, according to the art, by a loadstone, they would all be seen to hang in the air through the force of one small stone. So this is not solely the action, labour, or outlay of the loadstone; but the iron, which is in a sense an extract from loadstone, and a fusion of loadstone into metal, & conceives vigour from it, & by proximity strengthens the magnetick faculties, doth itself, from whatever lode it may have come, raise its own inborn forces through the presence & contact of the stone, even when solid bodies intervene. Iron that has been touched, acts anew on another piece of iron by contact, & adapts it for magnetick movements, & this again a third. But if you rub with a loadstone any other metal, or wood, or bones, or glass, as they will not be moved toward any particular and determinate quarter of heaven, nor be attracted by any magnetick body, so they are able not to impart any magnetick property to other bodies or to iron itself by attrition, & by infection. Loadstone differs from iron ore, as also from some weaker magnets, in that when molten in the furnace into a ferric & metallick fused mass, it does not so readily flow & dissolve into metal; but is sometimes burnt to ashes in large furnaces; a result which it is reasonable to suppose arises from its having some kind of sulphureous matter mixed with it, or from its own excellence & simpler nature, or from the likeness & common form which it has with the common mother, the Great Magnet. For earths, and iron stones, magnets abounding in metal, are the more imbued & marred with excrementitious metallick humours, and earthy corruptions of substance, as numbers of loadstones are weaker from the mine; hence they are a little further remote from the common mother, & are degenerate, & when smelted in the furnace undergo fusion more easily, & give out a more certain metallick product, & a metal that is softer, not a tough steel. The majority of loadstones (if not unfairly burnt) yield in the furnace a very excellent iron. But iron ore also agrees in all those primary qualities with loadstone; for both, being nearer and more closely akin to the earth above all bodies known to us, have in themselves


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Pocock, Laurence (3)


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Pococke, Philip


text: Index:Huxley memorial lectures to the University of Birmingham (IA huxleymemorialle00lodgrich).pdf


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Pococke, Richard (1)


text: Index:Parliamentary Commissioner Act 1967 (UKPGA 1967-13 qp).pdf


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Pocock, Richard


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Pococke, Richard (2)


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Pococke, Robert (1)


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Pococke, Robert (2)


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 a magnetick substance, & one that is more homogenic, true & cognate with the globe of the earth; less infested & spoiled by foreign blemish; less confused with the outgrowths of earth's surface, & less debased by corrupt products. And for this reason Aristotle in the fourth book of his Meteora seems not unfairly to separate iron from all the rest of the metals. Gold, he says, silver, copper, tin, lead, belong to water; but iron is of the earth. Galen, in the fourth chapter of De Facultatibus Simplicium Medicamentorum, says that iron is an earthy & dense body. Accordingly a strong loadstone is on our showing especially of the earth: the next place is occupied by iron ore or weaker loadstone; so the loadstone is by nature and origin of iron, and it and magnetick iron are both one in kind. Iron ore yields iron in furnaces; loadstone also pours forth iron in the furnaces, but of a much more excellent sort, that which is called steel or blade-edge; and the better sort of iron ore is a weak loadstone, the best loadstone being a most excellent ore of iron, in which, as is to be shown by us, the primary properties are grand and conspicuous. Weaker loadstone or iron ore is that in which these properties are more obscure, feeble, and are scarce perceptible to the senses.

RIOR to bringing forward the causes of magnetical motions, & laying open the proofs of things hidden for so many ages, & our experiments (the true foundations of terrestrial philosophy), we have to establish & present to the view of the learned our New & unheard of doctrine about the earth; and this, when argued by us on the grounds of its probability, with subsequent


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4c. 56 5.—(1) Where a Boundary Commission intend to consider making a report under this Act they shall, by notice in writing, inform the Secretary of State accordingly, and a copy of the notice shall be published—
 * (a) in a case where it was given by the Boundary Commission for England or the Boundary Commission for Wales, in the London Gazette,
 * (b) in a case where it was given by the Boundary Commission for Scotland, in the Edinburgh Gazette, and
 * (c) in a case where it was given by the Boundary Commission for Northern Ireland, in the Belfast Gazette.

(2) Where a Boundary Commission have provisionally determined to make recommendations affecting any constituency, they shall publish in at least one newspaper circulating in the constituency a notice stating—
 * (a) the effect of the proposed recommendations and (except in a case where they propose to recommend that no alteration be made in respect of the constituency) that a copy of the recommendations is open to inspection at a specified place within the constituency, and
 * (b) that representations with respect to the proposed recommendations may be made to the Commission within one month after the publication of the notice; and the Commission shall take into consideration any representations duly made in accordance with any such notice.

(3) Where a Boundary Commission revise any proposed recommendations after publishing a notice of them under subsection (2) above, the Commission shall comply again with that subsection in relation to the revised recommendations, as if no earlier notice had been published.

6.—(1) A Boundary Commission may, if they think fit, cause a local inquiry to be held in respect of any constituency or constituencies.

(2) Where, on the publication of the notice under section 5(2) above of a recommendation of a Boundary Commission for the alteration of any constituencies, the Commission receive any representation objecting to the proposed recommendation from an interested authority or from a body of electors numbering one hundred or more, the Commission shall not make the recommendation unless, since the publication of the notice, a local inquiry has been held in respect of the constituencies.

(3) Where a local inquiry was held in respect of the constituencies before the publication of the notice mentioned in subsection (2) above, that subsection shall not apply if the


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Pocock, Robert


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Pococke, Robert (3)


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Rh Commission, after considering the matters discussed at the local inquiry, the nature of the representations received on the publication of the notice and any other relevant circumstances, are of opinion that a further local inquiry would not be justified.

(4) In subsection (2) above, “interested authority” and “elector” respectively mean, in relation to any recommendation, a local authority whose area is wholly or partly comprised in the constituencies affected by the recommendation, and a parliamentary elector for any of those constituencies; and for this purpose “local authority” means—
 * (a) in England and Wales, the council of a county, London borough or district,
 * (b) in Scotland, the council of a region, islands area or district, and
 * (c) in Northern Ireland, the council of a district.

(5) Subsections (2) and (3) of section 250 of the Local Government Act 1972 (which relate to the attendance of witnesses at inquiries) shall apply in relation to any local inquiry which the Boundary Commission for England or the Boundary Commission for Wales may cause to be held in pursuance of this Act.

(6) In relation to any local inquiry which the Boundary Commission for Scotland may cause to be held in pursuance of this Act, the said subsections (2) and (3) shall apply as if that Act applied to Scotland but with the substitution of references to an order for references to a summons.

(7) In relation to any local inquiry which the Boundary Commission for Northern Ireland may cause to be held in pursuance of this Act, sections 19 and 20 of the Poor Relief (Ireland) (No. 2) Act 1847 shall apply.

7. Schedule 3 to this Act shall have effect.

8.—(1) The enactments specified in Schedule 4 to this Act are hereby repealed to the extent specified in the third column  of that Schedule.

(2) Article 2(7) of the Local Government Reorganisation (Consequential Provisions) (Northern Ireland) Order 1973 is hereby revoked.

(3) Where a period of time specified in any enactment repealed by this Act is current at the commencement of this Act, this Act shall have effect as if the corresponding provision of this Act had been in force when the period began to run.


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Pococke, Roger


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Pocock, Samuel


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Pococke, Thomas (1)


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 experiments & proofs, will be as certainly assured as anything in philosophy ever has been considered & confirmed by clever arguments or mathematical proofs. The terrene mass, which together with the vasty ocean produces the sphærick figure & constitutes our globe, being of a firm & constant substance, is not easily changed, does not wander about, & fluctuate with uncertain motions, like the seas, & flowing waves: but holds all its volume of moisture in certain beds & bounds, & as it were in oft-met veins, that it may be the less diffused & dissipated at random. Yet the solid magnitude of the earth prevails & reigns supreme in the nature of our globe. Water, however, is attached to it, & as an appendage only, & a flux emanating from it; whose force from the beginning is conjoined with the earth through its smallest parts, and is innate in its substance. This moisture the earth as it grows hot throws off freely when it is of the greatest possible service in the generation of things. But the thews and dominant stuff of the globe is that terrene body which far exceeds in quantity all the volume of flowing streams and open waters (whatever vulgar philosophers may dream of the magnitudes and proportions of their elements), and which takes up most of the whole globe and almost fills it internally, and by itself almost suffices to endow it with sphærick shape. For the seas only fill certain not very deep or profound hollows, since they rarely go down to a depth of a mile and generally do not exceed a hundred or 50 fathoms. For so it is ascertained by the observations of seamen when by the plumb-line and sinker its abysms are explored with the nautical sounder; which depths relatively to the dimensions of the globe, do not much deform its globular shape. Small then appears to be that portion of the real earth that ever emerges to be seen by man, or is turned up; since we cannot penetrate deeper into its bowels, further than the wreckage of its outer efflorescence, either by reason of the waters which gush up in deep workings, as through veins, or for want of a wholesome air to support life in the miners, or on account of the vast cost that would be incurred in pumping out such huge workings, and many other difficulties; so that to have gone down to a depth of four hundred, or (which is of rarest occurrence) of five hundred fathoms as in a few mines, appears to all a stupendous undertaking. But it is easy to understand how minute, how almost negligibly small a portion that 500 fathoms is of the earth's diameter, which is 6,872 miles. It is then parts only of the earth's circumference and of its prominences that are perceived by us with our senses; and these in all regions appear to us to be either loamy, or clayey, or sandy, or full of various soils, or marls: or lots of stones or gravel meet us, or beds of salt, or a metallick lode, and metals in abundance. In the sea and in deep waters, however, either reefs, and huge boulders, or smaller stones, or sands, or mud


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6c. 56 9.—(1) This Act may be cited as the Parliamentary Constituencies Act 1986, and shall be included among the Acts which may be cited as the Representation of the People Acts.

(2) This Act shall come into force at the end of the period of three months beginning with the day on which it is passed.

(3) This Act extends to Northern Ireland.


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 are found by mariners as they sound the depths. Nowhere does the Aristotelian element of earth come to light; and the Peripateticks are the sport of their own vain dreams about elements. Yet the lower bulk of the earth and the inward parts of the globe consist of such bodies; for they could not have existed, unless they had been related to and exposed to the air and water, and to the light and influences of the heavenly bodies, in like manner as they are generated, and pass into many dissimilar forms of things, and are changed by a perpetual law of succession. Yet the interior parts imitate them, and betake themselves to their own source, on the principle of terrene matter, albeit they have lost the first qualities and the natural terrene form, and are borne towards the earth's centre, and cohære with the globe of the earth, from which they cannot be wrenched asunder except by force. But the loadstone and all magneticks, not the stone only, but every magnetick homogenic substance, would seem to contain the virtue of the earth's core and of its inmost bowels, and to hold within itself and to have conceived that which is the secret and inward principle of its substance; and it possesses the actions peculiar to the globe of attracting, directing, disposing, rotating, stationing itself in the universe, according to the rule of the whole, and it contains and regulates the dominant powers of the globe; which are the chief tokens and proofs of a certain distinguishing combination, and of a nature most thoroughly conjoint. For if among actual bodies one sees something move and breathe, and experience sensations, and be inclined and impelled by reason, will one not, knowing and seeing this, conclude that it is a man or something rather like a man, than that it is a stone or a stick? The loadstone far excels all other bodies known to us in virtues and properties pertaining to the common mother: but those properties have been far too little understood or realized by philosophers: for to its body bodies magnetical rush in from all sides and cleave to it, as we see them do in the case of the earth. It has poles, not mathematical points, but natural termini of force excelling in primary efficiency by the co-operation of the whole: and there are poles in like manner in the earth which our forefathers sought ever in the sky: it has an æquator, a natural dividing line between the two poles, just as the earth has: for of all lines drawn by the mathematicians on the terrestrial globe, the æquator is the natural boundary, and is not, as will hereafter appear, merely a mathematical circle. It, like the earth, acquires Direction and stability toward North and South, as the earth does; also it has a circular motion toward the position of the earth, wherein it adjusts itself to its rule: it follows the ascensions and declinations of the earth's poles, and conforms exactly to the same, and by itself raises its own poles above the


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 horizon naturally according to the law of the particular country and region, or sinks below it. The loadstone derives temporary properties, and acquires its verticity from the earth, and iron is affected by the verticity of the globe even as iron is by a loadstone: Magneticks are conformable to and are regulated by the earth, and are subject to the earth in all their motions. All its movements harmonize with, and strictly wait upon, the geometry and form of the earth, as we shall afterwards prove by most conclusive experiments and diagrams; and the chief part of the visible earth is also magnetical, and has magnetick motions, although it be disfigured by corruptions and mutations without end. Why then do we not recognize this the chief homogenic substance of the earth, likest of substances to its inner nature and closest allied to its very marrow? For none of the other mixed earths suitable for agriculture, no other metalliferous veins, nor stones, nor sand, nor other fragments of the earth which have come to our view possess such constant and peculiar powers. And yet we do not assume that the whole interior of this globe of ours is composed of stones or iron (although Franciscus Maurolycus, that learned man, deems the whole of the earth's interior to consist of solid stone). For not every loadstone that we have is a stone, it being sometimes like a clod, or like clay and iron either firmly compacted together out of various materials, or of a softer composition, or by heat reduced to the metallick state; and the magnetick substance by reason of its location and of its surroundings, and of the metallick matrix itself, is distinguished, at the surface of the terrene mass, by many qualities and adventitious natures, just as in clay it is marked by certain stones and iron lodes. But we maintain that the true earth is a solid substance, homogeneous with the globe, closely coherent, endowed with a primordial and (as in the other globes of the universe) with a prepotent form; in which position it persists with a fixed verticity, and revolves with a necessary motion and an inherent tendency to turn, and it is this constitution, when true and native, and not injured or disfigured by outward defects, that the loadstone possesses above all bodies apparent to us, as if it were a more truly homogenic part taken from the earth. Accordingly native iron which sui generis (as metallurgists term it), is formed when homogenic parts of the earth grow together into a metallick lode; Loadstone being formed when they are changed into metallick stone, or a lode of the finest iron, or steel: so in other iron lodes the homogenic matter that goes together is somewhat more imperfect; just as many parts of the earth, even the high ground, is homogenic but so much more deformate. Smelted iron is fused and smelted out of homogenic stuffs, and cleaves to the earth more tenaciously than the ores themselves. Such then is our earth in its


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 had the constant tendency to cause a smaller quantity of sugar to exchange for a larger quantity of goods. The same quantity of sugar which exchanged, twenty years ago, for a given quantity of manufactures, iron or hardware, will now command at least three times the quantity of those articles. Thus, while the supply of these great necessaries is limited to a given quantity, the chief effect of increased production at home is to lower its exchangeable value for the article of which the quantity is fixed. If the producers of our sugar increased in the same proportion as the consumers have, the same relative value would be always maintained between the goods of this country and that article, because the demand would always increase in proportion to the supply; but the restriction affects us in two ways; first, by making sugar dear, and secondly, by making our goods cheap; inasmuch as we limit our market in other sugar growing countries in consequence of the practical prohibition to consume their produce. And thus it is, with these restrictions, that we have a constant tendency to that surplus or excess of one class of productions, which weighs down and depresses the great industrial interests of the country; that we have every day a greater tendency to that little trade, which makes trade profitless, and which brings about the exact state of things which at present exist.

There is no cure, there is no remedy, for all these evils but increased demand; there can be no increased demand without increased markets; and we cannot secure larger markets without an unrestricted power of exchange, and by this means add to our territory of land, as far as productive utility is concerned, the corn fields of Poland, Prussia, and above all, the rich and endless acres of the United States; to avail ourselves of the vast and rich productiveness of Brazil, Cuba, Java, &e.; and thus, at the same time that a plentiful and proportionate supply of all the great necessaries of life would be maintained, we should always, in exchange, have a corresponding demand for our increasing productions at home; the equilibrium of the various classes of producers would be restored and maintained. With free trade we might go on increasing our productions without limit, for in this only natural state of things increased production could only create the power and means of increased consumption. There is no other remedy. It is in vain that deputations of distressed interests pass resolutions merely affirming their distress; seek interviews with Ministers of the Crown only to repeat their resolutions, without an opinion to offer as to the cause or cure; all will be in vain until they have this important truth palpably and at all times before them, that they are increasing by millions, while the law practically prescribes only a fixes, stationary quantity of the great necessaries of life for their consumption, only the same number of customers with whom to exchange their productions, whatever may be the quantity: until this conviction compels them to demand an unrestricted exchange, until they demand as a simple act of justice and policy.

But we may be told these are all only opinions, well enough reasoned and difficult to answer, and perhaps very like the truth; but the experiment is great—we want something more than opinions. Well, then, we will endeavour to prove and illustrate every opinion we have offered to the full; and that by our own experience in four of the most important articles of the consumption of this country—Coffee and Sugar, as representing the Colonial interests; Wool and Corn, as representing the Home or Agricultural interests.

Previous to 1824 these two articles had been equally the objects of the greatest protection and care. The duty on Coffee was

West India 1s. 0d. per lb.

East India 1s. 6d. ,,

Foreign 2s. 6d. ,,

Since that period Coffee may be termed the pet article on which free trade has tried its experiments, and Sugar, on the other hand, the peculiar pet of protection.

In 1825 Mr Huskisson experimented on Coffee. He reduced the duties on

West India to 6d.

East India 9d.

Foreign 1s. 3d.

In 1835 the duty on East India was reduced to 6d., and a law was afterwards enacted that any coffee, of whatever growth, if imported from a British possession eastward of the Cape of Good Hope, or from that place, should be admitted at 9d. duty. So that practically the alteration made the duties thus:—

West India 6d.

East India 6d.

Foreign 9d.

And 1d. for extra freight.

Therefore, instead of 50 per cent. production, which West India coffee enjoyed against East India growth, and 150 per cent. against that of foreign growth; since 1835, the protection against East India has been entirely removed, and the protection against foreign reduced to 50 per cent. Here, then, is a great experiment of free trade, which, when it was begun in 1824, was denounced by the West India interest as the greatest chimera that had entered the head of a minister. Now let us see the result:—

In 1824 our total imports of coffee were lbs. 50,674,249

,, 1840 70,250,766

In 1821, of the total quantity imported, we consumed:—

Of West India, at the duty of 1s. 0d per lb 7,947,890

East India 1s. 6d. ,, 313,513 Foreign 2s. 6d. ,, 1,540

lbs. 8,262,943

In 1840, of the total quantity imported, we consumed:—

Of West India, at the duty of 6d. per lb. 14,443,399

Foreign 9d. ,,

and with the additional charge of 1d. for freight say 10d. ,, 14,143,433

Foreign direct 1s. 3d. ,, 77,504

lbs. 28,664,336


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 inward parts, possessed of a magnetick homogeneal nature, and upon such more perfect foundations as these rests the whole nature of things terrestrial, manifesting itself to us, in our more diligent scrutiny, everywhere in all magnetick minerals, and iron ores, in all clay, and in numerous earths and stones; while Aristotle's simple element, that most empty terrestrial phantom of the Peripateticks, a rude, inert, cold, dry, simple matter, the universal substratum, is dead, devoid of vigour, and has never presented itself to any one, not even in sleep, and would be of no potency in nature. Our philosophers were only dreaming when they spoke of a kind of simple and inert matter. Cardan does not consider the loadstone to be any kind of stone, "but a sort of perfected portion of some kind of earth that is absolute; a token of which is its abundance, there being no place where it is not found. And there is" (he says) "a power of iron in the wedded Earth which is perfect in its own kind when it has received fertilizing force from the male, that is to say, the stone of Hercules" (in his book De Proportionibus). And later: "Because" (he says) "in the previous proposition I have taught that iron is true earth." A strong loadstone shows itself to be of the inward earth, and upon innumerable tests claims to rank with the earth in the possession of a primary form, that by which Earth herself abides in her own station and is directed in her courses. Thus a weaker loadstone and every ore of iron, and nearly all clay, or clayey earth, and numerous other sorts (yet more, or less, owing to the different labefaction of fluids and slimes), keep their magnetick and genuine earth-properties open to view, falling short of the characteristic form, and deformate. For it is not iron alone (the smelted metal) that points to the poles, nor is it the loadstone alone that is attracted by another and made to revolve magnetically; but all iron ores, and other stones, as Rhenish slates and the black ones from Avignon (the French call them Ardoises) which they use for tiles, and many more of other colours and substances, provided they have been prepared; as well as all clay, grit, and some sorts of rocks, and, to speak more clearly, all the more solid earth that is everywhere apparent; given that that earth be not fouled with fatty and fluid corruptions; as mud, as mire, as accumulations of putrid matter; nor deformate by the imperfections of sundry admixtures; nor dripping with ooze, as marls; all are attracted by the loadstone, when simply prepared by fire, and freed from their refuse humour; and as by the loadstone so also by the earth herself they are drawn and controlled magnetically, in a way different from all other bodies; and by that inherent force settle themselves according to the orderly arrangement and fabric of the universe and of the Earth, as will appear


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 later. Thus every part of the earth which is removed from it exhibits by sure experiments every impulse of the magnetick nature; by its various motions it observes the globe of the earth and the principle common to both.


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IVERS things concerning opinions about the magnet-stone, and its variety, concerning its poles and its known faculties, concerning iron, concerning the properties of iron, concerning a magnetick substance common to both of these and to the earth itself, have been spoken briefly by us in the former book. There remain the magnetical motions, and their fuller philosophy, shown and demonstrated. These motions are incitements of homogeneal parts either among themselves or toward the primary conformation of the whole earth. Aristotle admits only two simple motions of his elements, from the centre and toward the centre; of light ones upward, heavy ones downward; so that in the earth there exists one motion only of all its parts towards the centre of the world,—a rude and inert precipitation. But what of it is light, and how wrongly it is inferred by the Peripateticks from the simple motion of the elements, and also what is its heavy part, we will discuss elsewhere. But now our inquiry must be into the causes of other motions, depending on its true form, which we have plainly seen in our magnetick bodies; and these we have seen to be present in the earth and in all its homogenic parts also. We have noticed that they harmonize with the earth, and are bound up with its forces. Five movements or differences of motions are then observed by us: Coition (commonly called attraction), the in-


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 citement to magnetick union; Direction towards the poles of the earth, and the verticity and continuance of the earth towards the determinate poles of the world; Variation, a deflexion from the meridian, which we call a perverted movement; Declination, a descent of the magnetick pole below the horizon; and circular motion, or Revolution. Concerning all these we shall discuss separately, and how they all proceed from a nature tending to aggregation, either by verticity or by volubility. makes out different magnetick motions; a first toward a centre; a second toward a pole at seventy-seven degrees; a third toward iron; a fourth toward loadstone. The first is not always to a centre, but exists only at the poles in a straight course toward the centre, if the motion is magnetick; otherwise it is only motion of matter toward its own mass and toward the globe. The second toward a pole at seventy-seven degrees is no motion, but is direction with respect to the pole of the earth, or variation. The third and fourth are magnetick and are the same. So he truly recognizes no magnetick motion except the Coition toward iron or loadstone, commonly called attraction. There is another motion in the whole earth, which does not exist towards the terrella or towards its parts; videlicet, a motion of aggregation, and that movement of matter, which is called by philosophers a right motion, of which elsewhere.

ELEBRATED has the fame of the loadstone and of amber ever been in the memoirs of the learned. Loadstone and also amber do some philosophers invoke when in explaining many secrets their senses become dim and reasoning cannot go further. Inquisitive theologians also would throw light on the divine mysteries set beyond the range of human sense, by means of loadstone and amber; just as idle Metaphysicians, when they are setting up and teaching useless phantasms, have recourse to the loadstone as if it were a Delphick sword, an illustration always applicable to everything. But physicians even (with the authority of


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37 No, no. I'm just saying a moment ago when you said, "I don't know if we would have provided," who was the "we"?

We being Stop the Steal.

Okay. And you said you paid an individual named Patrick for security.

Uh-huh.

Do you remember Patrick's last name?

No, I don't.

Do you know how you paid him?

No, I don't.

Do you know who would have known how he got paid?

Unfortunately, no, I don't. You know, I have—I was—I was very—I don't want to say I was never alone. But to the best of my recollection, I didn't have a moment to be alone. And, so, I delegate tasks to people based off availability or expertise or a combination of both.

It's very likely, you know, he's a—he's, again, I believe he's an African immigrant, you know, specializes in security. And he's, you know, strong and doesn't talk too much. So, you know, I could see—I could see, you know—I just wouldn't know.

Well, what I'm trying to figure out is it sounds like you or your organization—and I'm sorry. I didn't realize you

It sounds like you or your organization paid for a security detail, and I'm trying to figure out who would have been responsible for coordinating the payment of that?

Yeah, and I just told you I—there are so many people in my nexus, both physically and assigned tasks, that—that, you know, it—I wouldn't know any specific person.


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Page:An Illustrated History of the State of Oregon.djvu/20

14 the line of perpetual snow, dome the dark evergreen forests that cover the range.

Between these two mountain ranges lies the great valley of the Willamette, a hundred and fifty miles long and fifty miles wide, the gem and glory of the Pacific coast. The character and value of this valley agriculturally and industrially is discussed elsewhere, and we speak of it here only in its topographical relations to the dominating geological conditions of the region in which it is such an interesting element.

Taking our stand once more on the summit of the Cascade range we look still eastward over a vast, though broken and seared valley, 150 miles wide, against the slopes and pinnacles of the Blue mountains. This range has the same north and south trend as the others, though as its southward extension approaches the southern line of Oregon it breaks down into spars and isolated buttes, and finally terminates in the great volcanic plateau along the 43 parallel of latitude. Through this great depression between the Cascade and Blue Mountains, two rivers, the Des Chutes on its western and the John Day on its eastern side, run northward into the Columbia.

Still eastward, for 100 miles from the main ridge of the Blue mountains to the eastern line of the State, stretches a country quite unlike that west of that range. It is a region of valleys separated by detrached mountain ridges and traced by small rivers, which, while having the same northward flow as those before mentioned, enter Snake river far above its junction with the Columbia, and within its great volcanic valley that extends from the Blue mountains to the Rocky mountains a distance of nearly 1,000 miles. These valleys and mountain ranges have topographically or geologically little in common with those of the western and middle portions of the State.

It is needful that we now go southward and take our observations from the great Klamath plateau, that constitutes the separation between the north flowing and south and west flowing waters of Oregon. This sweeps eastward from the east foot of the Cascade range, on a width of a degree of latitude, at least 200 miles. It is a vast region of lakes, many of them without outlet, yet absorbing the constant inflow of considerable rivers; of great marshes once themselves greater lakes; of seamed and bent and broken lava plains, and all elevated 5,000 or 6,000 feet above the sea. Out of its western rim flow Rogue and Klamath rivers, which make their way directly through all intervening mountain barriers to the Pacific ocean 200 miles away. Here are also the springs of the Sacramento, which courses the greatest valley of California and finds its way to the sea through the Golden Gate, 500 miles to the south.

This brief description of the topography of the State will, perhaps, prepare the reader's mind to understand the peculiar geological conditions and changes that have marked the different portions of the State better than he otherwise could. He will also see why a description of our part of Oregon is not a description. of another part either as to soil, climate, or production.

In general it may be said that the mountain ranges of Oregon are volcanic upheavals; the mighty bending upward of the crust of the earth's surface when its inborn fires were lashed to unwanted fury in some stormy age of old eternity. The western valleys, and especially Willamette, were doubtless formed by this upheaval of its enclosing ranges, leaving the floor of the surface here comparatively undisturbed. This really rests on a foundation of aqueous rock of unmeasured thickness, on which the alluvial matter which forms its soils has been deposited. With this there are, in many places, deep deposits of water-worn pebbles and stratified sand, which were made at an era much more modern than that of the underlying sandstone. These water-marked deposits are clearly traced in the eroded banks of the rivers, and in the cloven face of some of the mountains of the Coast Range, and on the western slopes of the


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38 :BY

And we'll get back to security a little later.

So I want to keep moving through the day for January 6th. And I want to direct you back to exhibit 26 again, and we're going to be referring to exhibit 26 throughout today, specifically page 241. It's near the back, and I'll just read it out loud as you go there.

But at 10:02, Mr. Roger Stone texted you, "As I expected, no speaking spot. No VIP entrance for any of my people."

And you replied, "I understand the funder of today's event is not happy. I never thought it was real. Time to sue."

So as you read through it, I just—can you help me understand what role Mr. Stone might have played in planning the events on January 6th?

Roger's not a planner. He's a speaker.

Okay.

He's—I don't even know how old he is, but I think above 70.

Okay. Were you responsible for coordinating him as a speaker on January 6th?

He had an aide coordinating all of his activities.

What organization was responsible for coordinating Mr. Roger Stone as a potential speaker? Was it Stop the Steal? Women for America First? The White House?

I couldn't tell you. He's—he's a personality unto himself. And, like I said, he's internally booked. So he handles that within his own, you know, nexus.

. Who was the aide you were referring to?

Mr. Alexander. Her name, I believe her name is Kristen. I've only met her once,


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 Galen), desiring to confirm the belief in the attraction of purgative medicines by means of the likeness of substance and the familiarities of the juices—truly a vain and useless error—bring in the loadstone as witness as being a nature of great authority and of conspicuous efficacy and a remarkable body. So in very many cases there are some who, when they are pleading a cause and cannot give a reason for it, bring in loadstone and amber as though they were personified witnesses. But these men (apart from that common error) being ignorant that the causes of magnetical motions are widely different from the forces of amber, easily fall into error, and are themselves the more deceived by their own cogitations. For in other bodies a conspicuous force of attraction manifests itself otherwise than in loadstone; like as in amber, concerning which some things must first be said, that it may appear what is that attaching of bodies, and how it is different from and foreign to the magnetical actions; those mortals being still ignorant, who think that inclination to be an attraction, and compare it with the magnetick coitions. The Greeks call it because it attracts straws to itself, when it is warmed by rubbing; then it is called ; and  from its golden colour. But the Moors call it Carabe, because they are accustomed to offer the same in sacrifices and in the worship of the Gods. For Carab signifies to offer in Arabic; so Carabe, an offering: or seizing chaff, as Scaliger quotes from Abohalis, out of the Arabic or Persian language. Some also call it Amber, especially the Indian and Ethiopian amber, called in Latin Succinum, as if it were a juice. The Sudavienses or Sudini call it geniter, as though it were generated terrestrially. The errors of the ancients concerning its nature and origin having been exploded, it is certain that amber comes for the most part from the sea, and the rustics collect it on the coast after the more violent storms, with nets and other tackle; as among the Sudini of Prussia; and it is also found sometimes on the coast of our own Britain. It seems, however, to be produced also in the soil and at spots of some depth, like other bitumens; to be washed out by the waves of the sea; and to become concreted more firmly from the nature and saltness of the sea-water. For it was at first a soft and viscous material; wherefore also it contains enclosed and entombed in pieces of it, shining in eternal sepulchres, flies, grubs, gnats, ants; which have all flown or crept or fallen into it when it first flowed forth in a liquid state. The ancients and also more recent writers recall (experience proving the same thing), that amber attracts straws and chaff. The same is also done by jet, which is dug out of the earth in Britain, in Germany, and in very many lands, and is a rather hard concretion from black bitumen, and as it were a transformation into stone. There are many modern authors who have written and copied from others about amber and jet attracting chaff, and about other sub-


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 Cascade range, where the ancient crust was broken by the upheaving forces that lifted the ranges out of their ancient levels. These deposits of sand and pebbles and water-worn rocks register an era when an older sea covered all westward of the Cascade range: certainly, if, indeed, where it is now that range, was not, in common with the Coast Range, deep beneath the waters. It is useless to endeavor to identify these changes chronologically, as creation in its being and in its mutations writes its historic days in millennials of age, and thus puts our conception of time, drawn as it is from human experience and human history entirely at fault.

The volcanic rocks on the western slope of the Cascade mountains, in the Willamette valley and in the Coast Range of mountains, appear only occassionally, and can scarcely be called characteristic. When they do appear they seem to be an overflow westward of 8 great lava output of the Cascade range, or the product of local volcanic upheavals which pushed up the isolated buttes of the upper portion of the valley at a time coeval with the formation of the mountain ranges. They exist mainly in scattered scoriaceous rocks, or in ledges and peaks of columnar basalt, superimposed on sandstone, trachyte, or resting on miocene strata.

Of course, in indicating the forces that formed thie now verdant valley, glacial action must not be forgotten. Far extending moraines and wide glaciated surfaces tell the story of the far-away eras when these mighty ice-plows furrowed and planed down the broken face of the earth’s crust, and smncothed it into its now beanteous vales. The story of their old movements is recorded very plainly on these surfaces, and the relics of their wider existence are yet living in the moving ice-fields of Mount Hood and the other mighty cones of the Cuscade range.

Enough has already been said to indicate to the careful reader that the Cascade mountains are of volcanic formation. The great snow peaks are all volcanoes. They are called extinct, though some of them, notably Mount Hood south of the Columbia and St. Helen’s north of it, are yet smoking, and on the south- ern slope of the former are great masses of heated rocks, and an ever steaming crater. The great summit intervals between these peaks are generally granitic rock, covered with a deep vegetable soil, intermixed with decayed granite. But from these peaks vast streams of molten lava have poured, flowing mainly eastward, and spreading over the entire country between the Cascade and Blue mountains, from a few inches to hundreds of feet in thickness. In fact, there were many successive overflows, as on the broken faces of the cliffs clearly defined lines of stratification are presented more numerous as we approach the great summits that were their fountain. The greatest outflow in Oregon was in the middle of the range, about half-way from the Columbia river to the Klamath plateau, and thence southward and eastward, including the great Modoc lava beds, forever made historic as the scene of the Modoc Indian war. Thence the [sic] iron sea rolled eastward and northward, overlying the whole country, drinking up the rivers, shearing off the forests, and seizing a nightly holocaust of animal life in its devouring maw. For ages, how long no one can know, this great lava plain, first red and hot and simmering, then black and cold, rending itself into deep chasms in its slow cooling, lay out under the stare without vegetable or animal life, almost without springlet or dewdrop, to cool or soften its black and rugged face. The fires of the volcanoes at length burned low. The mountain summits cooled. A few stray clouds floated over the Cascade range. A few drops of rain touched the iron surface of the earth with their imprisoned might. Showers followed. The springs that fountain rivers began to bubble from beneath the cloven lava beds, and search out an open way seaward through their broken chasms. And thus thé changes of the ages went on. The basalts were ground to pow- der in the mills of the streams. The old sur- faces over which the lava had once spread, were cut into valleys, hundreds of feet deep. Fecund Vegetation sprang forth


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 stances generally unknown; with whose labours the shops of booksellers are crammed. Our own age has produced many books about hidden, abstruse, and occult causes and wonders, in all of which amber and jet are set forth as enticing chaff; but they treat the subject in words alone, without finding any reasons or proofs from experiments, their very statements obscuring the thing in a greater fog, forsooth in a cryptic, marvellous, abstruse, secret, occult, way. Wherefore also such philosophy produces no fruit, because very many philosophers, making no investigation themselves, unsupported by any practical experience, idle and inert, make no progress by their records, and do not see what light they can bring to their theories; but their philosophy rests simply on the use of certain Greek words, or uncommon ones; after the manner of our gossips and barbers nowadays, who make show of certain Latin words to an ignorant populace as the insignia of their craft, and snatch at the popular favour. For it is not only amber and jet (as they suppose) which entice small bodies; but Diamond, Sapphire, Carbuncle, Iris gem, Opal, Amethyst, Vincentina, and Bristolla (an English gem or spar), Beryl, and Crystal do the same. Similar powers of attraction are seen also to be possessed by glass (especially when clear and lucid), as also by false gems made of glass or Crystal, by glass of antimony, and by many kinds of spars from the mines, and by Belemnites. Sulphur also attracts, and mastick, and hard sealing-wax compounded of lac tinctured of various colours. Rather hard resin entices, as does orpiment, but less strongly; with difficulty also and indistinctly under a suitable dry sky, Rock salt, muscovy stone, and rock alum. This one may see when the air is sharp and clear and rare in mid-winter, when the emanations from the earth hinder electricks less, and the electrick bodies become more firmly indurated; about which hereafter. These substances draw everything, not straws and chaff only, but all metals, woods, leaves, stones, earths, even water and oil, and everything which is subject to our senses, or is solid; although some write that amber does not attract anything but chaff and certain twigs; (wherefore falsely declares the question of amber to be inexplicable, because it attracts dry chaff only, and not basil leaves, but these are the utterly false and disgraceful tales of the writers. But in order that you may be able clearly to test how such attraction occurs, and what those materials are which thus entice other bodies (for even if bodies incline towards some of these, yet on account of weakness they seem not to be raised by them, but are more easily turned), make yourself a versorium of any metal you like, three or four digits in length, resting rather lightly on its point of support after the manner of a magnetick needle, to one end of which bring up a piece of amber or a smooth


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39 and I couldn't even tell you her last name.

 * BY

In this text you also say, "The funder is not happy." Who's the funder?

I think you're mistaken. I didn't say that.

Okay. Who was your understanding of who the funder was for January 6th?

I don't know that there was a singular funder of January 6th because I didn't deal with any of that, any of the funding for The Ellipse, you know, not like staging equipment or anything like that. And, you know, contemporaneously I don't know. But, you know, reporting, public reporting now, you know, points to a Florida-based woman. And that could have been who he was referring to.

And when you say, or when it said "time to sue," who are we talking about suing there?

Probably Women for America First.

And what was going to be the basis of suing Women for America First?

That we had folded our Lot 8 morning event into The Ellipse. And there was all this pretense that, you know, Roger Stone is the gentleman who came up with the phrase Stop the Steal. I have, you know, this gentleman's agreement with him that I have a perpetual use of the license. And—and they got up there and lied to the crowd and lied to the Nation and that we were deprived of participating in our other separate event so that they could fold us into this. It seemed like a claim to me that I wanted lawyers to look at.

When you say "fold us," who is "us"?

The whole One Nation Under God Coalition that Stop the Steal was a part of.

Who's in charge of the One Nation Under God Coalition?


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 again. Animal life found food and drink and shelter, and still the changes went on. Frost and snow and raindrop and stormy winds and burning suns wrought the miracle of a new genesis, leaving a field in which Nature has written the most legible and astonishing records of her processes and her powers.

Proceeding eastward from the points indicated in the preceding paragraph, the Blue mountain range presents a wonderful conglomeration of basalts, granite, slate, sandstone, with vast beds of stratified sand and water-worn gravel. In places one formation predominates, in other places some other formation, and then again several of them appear intermixed, or overlying one another. It is evident that the heat attending the volcanic action that lifted this vast ridge to its present position was great enough to cause perfect fusion in only a few places; while yet the forces below were mighty enough to cause the wonderful and weird dis- placements of the primitive rocks so often arresting the observant eye in this wonderful range. One hour the traveler among these mountains will be passing over scoriated basalt, or along cliffs of basaltic columns, the next among great granite boulders or over gray granite pinnacles, then over miles of aqueous deposits in the form of stratified sandstone or stratified beds of sand and gravel intermixed; or again slate slopes and hillsides will arrest his eye, until he is lost in the wilderment of his strange surroundings.

The Blue mountains margin on the west the great lava plains of Snake river valley. Only a small part of that valley is in the State of Oregon, and it is hardly necessary to extend observations in regard to it. It may simply be stated that the volcanic conditions, so plainly marked in the Cascade and Blue mountains, and the valley intervening between them, continue and are intensified as we enter the great upper valley of Snake river, which lies mostly in the State of Idaho, which was once the mightiest scene of volcanic action on the American continent, if not in the world. As a few miles only of this vast lava plain fall within the limits of the State of Oregon, we can dismiss its marvels with these few general statements.

Perhaps, however, we should not dismiss the whole subject of the geology of this most interesting region, with these general statements for the lay render, without some more distinctly scientific [sic]d for the benefit of the more technical [sic]er and student. For him geology would [sic] about the following history of the conditions and changes of untold ages and marvelous processes through which this wonderful Oregon world was being formed.

For an immense period before the existence of the Coast and Cascade Ranges of mountains, the primeval ocean washed the western shores of the great Rock mountain chain, and throughout the palaeozoic era and the whole Triassic and Jurassic periods of the Mesozoic era numerous rivers kept bringing down debris until an enormously thick mass of off-shore deposits had accumulated. This marginal sea-bottom became the scene of intense aqueous-igneous action in its deeply buried strata, producing a line of weakness, which, yielding to the horizontal thrust produced by the secular contraction of the interior of the earth, was crushed together and swollen upward into the Cascade and Sierra Nevada range at the close of the Jurassic period. The range thus produced was not of very great height. It existed for an- known centuries; the scene of erosion and plant-growth, roamed over by the now extinct fauna of the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods. It was combed by forests of conifers and oaks. Then followed the great lava-flow and uplift of the mountain range of the modern Cascades. Beneath the overlying lava, where the Columbia breaks through the barriers of this great range, there is found along the waters edge, and for nearly twenty feet upward, a course conglomerate of rounded porphyritic pebbles and boulders of all sizes up to six feet in diameter, held together by an imperfectly lithified earthly paste. Above the conglomerate is a very distinct, though irregular ground surface bed, in


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Page:CTRL0000034607 - Deposition of Ali Alexander, (Dec. 9, 2021).pdf/40

40 Like many political functions and groups, you know, in this business, it's an impromptu coalition based off of a need. And you see this a lot around like the ObamaCare issue. Or, you know, on the left and on the right you'll—you know, we've had impromptu coalitions around, like, the estate tax, the death tax we call it.

So One Nation Under God is, like I said, Stop the Steal paid for all the staging and equipment. But because it wasn't exclusively political, and it was also religious and web were doing prayers and the blowing of the shofar and it was a very Judeo-Christian event, and that that was going to be the real focus. I even talked about changing hearts and minds.

So we were seeking a political legislative remedy from the outside. It was very spiritual thing, and so we had to call it One Nation Under God because there's a bunch of Christian groups that didn't fit into Stop the Steal. Some Christian groups did, but not all did. Some Jewish groups didn't fit in there, and we wanted their participation.

While you were at The Ellipse, did have you any interactions with Secret Service?

Mr. Beyond the magnetometer-type stuff.

Mr. Alexander. Could—could we specify what interactions mean?

 * BY

Did you talk, communicate with any Secret Service agents after getting into the magnetometer?

Communicate. Verbally, I don't know.

You don't recall?

I don't recall, you know, verbally communicating the way you're defining it to the Secret Service.

And, correct me if I'm wrong, but did your personal security detail go with


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 which are found silicified stumps with roots extending twenty feet and penetrating into the boulder material beneath evidently in situ. Resting directly on this forest ground-surface, and therefore inclosing the erect stumps, is a layer of stratified sandstone, two or three feet thick, filled with beautiful and perfect impressions of leaves of several kinds of forest trees, possibly of the very trees about whose silicified bases they are found. Above this leaf bearing stratum rests a coarse conglomerate [sic] to that beneath at the water level. Scattered about in the lower part of this upper conglomerate, and in the stratified sandstone, and sometimes lying in the dirt beneath it, fragments of silicified driftwood are found. Above this last conglomerate, and resting upon it, rise the layers of lava, mostly columnar basalt, one above another to a height of 3,000 feet. From these facts the following order of events are deduced: The region of the Columbia river was a forest, probably a valley, overgrown by conifers and oaks. The subsoil was a coarse boulder drift produced by erosion of some older rock. An excess of water came on, either by floods or changes of level, and the trees were killed, their leaves shed and buried in mud, and their trunks. rotted to stumps. Then came on a tumultuous and rapid deposit of course drift, containing driftwood, which covered up the ground and the still remaining stumps to a depth of several hundred feet. The surface thus formed was eroded into hills and dales, and then followed the outburst of lava in successive flows, and the silification of the wood and fermentation of the drift by the percolation of the hot alkaline waters containing silica. Finally followed the process of erosion by which the present streams, channels and valleys, whether main or tributary, are cut to their enormous depth. The great masses of sediment sent down to sea by the erosion of the primary Cascade range, forming a thick offshore deposit, gave rise in turn at the end of the Miocene to the upheaval of the Coast Range, the Cascade mountains being at the same time rent along the axis into enormous fissures from which out poured the grand lava floods, building the mountains higher and covering the country for great distances. This is probably the grandest lava flow known to geology, covering as it does an area of not less than 200,000 square miles. It covers the greater portion of northern California and northwestern Nevada, nearly the whole of Oregon, Washington and Idaho, and runs far into British Columbia on the north. Its average thickness is 2,000 feet and the greatest (shown where the Columbia, Des Chutes, Snake and other rivers cut through it) 4,000 feet. To produce this, many successive flows took place, and great periods of time elapsed during which this volcanic action continued. During the period of these Cascade eruptions, the Coast range was being slowly elevated, and became in turn the scene of local volcanic action, though not very severe. At last the great fissure eruptions drew to a close. The fissures became blocked up. The volcanic action became confined to a few localities. The period of crater eruptions followed. This continued for a long time-almost to our own day. These crater eruptions built up the great snowy peaks.

By the formation of the Cascade a great interior basin was made, the waters of which collected into secondary reservoirs, some of very large extent, and which were at length carried off by the rivers which have cut their way from the interior to the sea. The Columbia and its tributaries drained the northern part of this immense basin, and at this period doubtless the great Salt Lake of Utah found its outlet to the sea by the Snake and Columbia rivers. Thence came the lava floods, whose great flows have since been worn [sic] in places, exposing the tertiary and cretaceous beds, and revealing the former conditions of the region by the fossils found therein. At the end of the Miocene the lava flows from the Cascade fissures commenced, but it was long before they reached the entire extent of the basins of Oregon, which continued to exist and be endowed with life well into the Pliocene.


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 and polished gem which has been gently rubbed; for the versorium turns forthwith. Many things are thereby seen to attract, both those which are formed by nature alone, and those which are by art prepared, fused, and mixed; nor is this so much a singular property of one or two things (as is commonly supposed), but the manifest nature of very many, both of simple substances, remaining merely in their own form, and of compositions, as of hard sealing-wax, & of certain other mixtures besides, made of unctuous stuffs. We must, however, investigate more fully whence that tendency arises, and what those forces be, concerning which a few men have brought forward very little, the crowd of philosophizers nothing at all. By Galen three kinds of attractives in general were recognized in nature: a First class of those substances which attract by their elemental quality, namely, heat; the Second is the class of those which attract by the succession of a vacuum; the Third is the class of those which attract by a property of their whole substance, which are also quoted by Avicenna and others. These classes, however, cannot in any way satisfy us; they neither embrace the causes of amber, jet, and diamond, and of other similar substances (which derive their forces on account of the same virtue); nor of the loadstone, and of all magnetick substances, which obtain their virtue by a very dissimilar and alien influence from them, derived from other sources. Wherefore also it is fitting that we find other causes of the motions, or else we must wander (as in darkness), with these men, and in no way reach the goal. Amber truly does not allure by heat, since if warmed by fire and brought near straws, it does not attract them, whether it be tepid, or hot, or glowing, or even when forced into the flame. Cardan (as also Pictorio) reckons that this happens in no different way than with the cupping-glass, by the force of fire. Yet the attracting force of the cupping-glass does not really come from the force of fire. But he had previously said that the dry substance wished to imbibe fatty humour, and therefore it was borne towards it. But these statements are at variance with one another, and also foreign to reason. For if amber had moved towards its food, or if other bodies had inclined towards amber as towards provender, there would have been a diminution of the one which was devoured, just as there would have been a growth of the other which was sated. Then why should an attractive force of fire be looked for in amber? If the attraction existed from heat, why should not very many other bodies also attract, if warmed by fire, by the sun, or by friction? Neither can the attraction be on account of the dissipating of the air, when it takes place in open air (yet Lucretius the poet adduces this as the reason for magnetical motions). Nor in the cupping-glass can heat or fire attract by feeding on air: in the cupping-glass air, having been exhausted into flame,


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 Karla differed from her compeers only in this that she played her part unconsciously and indifferently while the others knew what they were about. Karla only knew that life to her was barren: it little mattered under what form this was brought home to her, now that she had failed to win him whom she had desired.

The indifference, whether she were definitely conscious about it or not, was no secret to her husband. She did not take the trouble to deceive him by devotion. She had not married him on any understanding of the sort, and Hurka was too dissipated to have any feeling that could be outraged. Indeed if she passed Havel’s home with her husband, Pan Hurka permitted her to look longingly towards it, even to breath forth sighs, and never suggested by word or look that she ought to put some restraint upon her reminiscences.

Hurka was occasionally tender, at least he seemed to be so, and that would be enough for many women to make them forget their loneliness. But his tenderness had no effect upon Karla. It was natural to her—was he not her husband?—and if his affection seemed to slacken—was he not harassed by business? Karla cradled her little daughter, a child like a small bud, and what would have raised any other woman to be a madonna only touched her so far that she knew she had a few more agreeable cares to attend to. If it had been Havel who approached the cradle and kissed their little daughter with half the love that Hurka showed I dare say she would have spent the whole day in looking into its blue eyes. Laid by Hurka’s side she sometimes failed to hear its childish wail at night.

We cannot say that in wedlock such as this any day is likely to become sacred. To both of them the wedding-day was only a day of change of life and from that time nothing occurred which could have exalted their sentiments. Even the birth of a child did not make the day sacred and after that I know not of anything that could have surprised them out of their indifference. Pan Hurka might perhaps have succeeded in some of his speculations, but Karla would certainly have maintained her attitude of indifference.

It is often said that passion becomes vulgarized after marriage: to vulgar commonplace people everything becomes vulgar and commonplace. The inhabitants of a pretty country are for ever wondering why people flock to see what they themselves see every day. But between Hurka and Karla no affection had ever sprung up; as they were the first day so they had remained ever


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 when it condenses again and is forced into a narrow space, makes the skin and flesh rise in avoiding a vacuum. In the open air warm things cannot attract, not metals even or stones, if they should be strongly incandescent by fire. For a rod of glowing iron, or a flame, or a candle, or a blazing torch, or a live coal, when they are brought near to straws, or to a versorium, do not attract; yet at the same time they manifestly call in the air in succession; because they consume it, as lamps do oil. But concerning heat, how it is reckoned by the crowd of philosophizers, in natural philosophy and in materia medica to exert an attraction otherwise than nature allows, to which true attractions are falsely imputed, we will discuss more at length elsewhere, when we shall determine what are the properties of heat and cold. They are very general qualities or kinships of a substance, and yet are not to be assigned as true causes, and, if I may say so, those philosophizers utter some resounding words; but about the thing itself prove nothing in particular. Nor does this attraction accredited to amber arise from any singular quality of the substance or kinship, since by more thorough research we find the same effect in very many other bodies; and all bodies, moreover, of whatever quality, are allured by all those bodies. Similarity also is not the cause; because all things around us placed on this globe of the earth, similar and dissimilar, are allured by amber and bodies of this kind; and on that account no cogent analogy is to be drawn either from similarity or identity of substance. But neither do similars mutually attract one another, as stone stone, flesh flesh, nor aught else outside the class of magneticks and electricks. Fracastorio would have it that "things which mutually attract one another are similars, as being of the same species, either in action or in right subjection. Right subjection is that from which is emitted the emanation which attracts and which in mixtures often lies hidden on account of their lack of form, by reason of which they are often different in act from what they are in potency. Hence it may be that hairs and twigs move towards amber and towards diamond, not because they are hairs, but because either there is shut up in them air or some other principle, which is attracted in the first place, and which bears some relation and analogy to that which attracts of itself; in which diamond and amber agree through a principle common to each." Thus far Fracastorio. Who if he had observed by a large number of experiments that all bodies are drawn to electricks except those which are aglow and aflame, and highly rarefied, would never have given a thought to such things. It is easy for men of acute intellect, apart from experiments and practice, to slip and err. In greater error do they remain sunk who maintain these same substances to be not similar, but to be substances near akin; and hold that on that account a thing moves towards another, its like, by which it is brought to more perfection. But these are


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Portal:Lewis and Clark Expedition

Journal articles

 * The Lewis and Clark Expedition in American History in Oregon Historical Quarterly, Volume 2 - 1901
 * The Higher Significance in the Lewis and Clark Exploration in Oregon Historical Quarterly, Volume 6 - 1905
 * Lewis and Clark Expedition at Fort Clatsop in Oregon Historical Quarterly, Volume 27 - 1926

Historical fiction

 * The Conquest: The True Story of Lewis and Clark by Eva Emery Dye - 1902

title: Portal:Lewis and Clark Expedition


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 ill-considered views; for towards all electricks all things move except such as are aflame or are too highly rarefied, as air, which is the universal effluvium of this globe and of the world. Vegetable substances draw moisture by which their shoots are rejoiced and grow; from analogy with that, however, Hippocrates, in his De Natura Hominis, Book I., wrongly concluded that the purging of morbid humour took place by the specifick force of the drug. Concerning the action and potency of purgatives we shall speak elsewhere. Wrongly also is attraction inferred in other effects; as in the case of a flagon full of water, when buried in a heap of wheat, although well stoppered, the moisture is drawn out; since this moisture is rather resolved into vapour by the emanation of the fermenting wheat, and the wheat imbibes the freed vapour. Nor do elephants' tusks attract moisture, but drive it into vapour or absorb it. Thus then very many things are said to attract, the reasons for whose energy must be sought from other causes. Amber in a fairly large mass allures, if it is polished; in a smaller mass or less pure it seems not to attract without friction. But very many electricks (as precious stones and some other substances) do not attract at all unless rubbed. On the other hand many gems, as well as other bodies, are polished, yet do not allure, and by no amount of friction are they aroused; thus the emerald, agate, carnelian, pearls, jasper, chalcedony, alabaster, porphyry, coral, the marbles, touchstone, flint, bloodstone, emery, do not acquire any power; nor do bones, or ivory, or the hardest woods, as ebony, nor do cedar, juniper, or cypress; nor do metals, silver, gold, brass, iron, nor any loadstone, though many of them are finely polished and shine. But on the other hand there are some other polished substances of which we have spoken before, toward which, when they have been rubbed, bodies incline. This we shall understand only when we have more closely looked into the prime origin of bodies. It is plain to all, and all admit, that the mass of the earth, or rather the structure and crust of the earth, consists of a twofold material, namely, of fluid and humid matter, and of material of more consistency and dry. From this twofold nature or the more simple compacting of one, various substances take their rise among us, which originate in greater proportion now from the earthy, now from the aqueous nature. Those substances which have received their chief growth from moisture, whether aqueous or fatty, or have taken on their form by a simpler compacting from them, or have been compacted from these same materials in long ages, if they have a sufficiently firm hardness, if rubbed after they have been polished and when they remain bright with the friction—towards those substances everything, if presented to them in the air, turns, if its too heavy weight does not prevent it. For amber has been compacted of moisture, and jet also. Lucid gems are made of water; just as Crystal, which has been concreted from clear water, not


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 always by a very great cold, as some used to judge, and by very hard frost, but sometimes by a less severe one, the nature of the soil fashioning it, the humour or juices being shut up in definite cavities, in the way in which spars are produced in mines. So clear glass is fused out of sand, and from other substances, which have their origin in humid juices. But the dross of metals, as also metals, stones, rocks, woods, contain earth rather, or are mixed with a good deal of earth; and therefore they do not attract. Crystal, mica, glass, and all electricks do not attract if they are burnt or roasted; for their primordial supplies of moisture perish by heat, and are changed and exhaled. All things therefore which have sprung from a predominant moisture and are firmly concreted, and retain the appearance of spar and its resplendent nature in a firm and compact body, allure all bodies, whether humid or dry. Those, however, which partake of the true earth-substance or are very little different from it, are seen to attract also, but from a far different reason, and (so to say) magnetically; concerning these we intend to speak afterwards. But those substances which are more mixed of water and earth, and are produced by the equal degradation of each element (in which the magnetick force of the earth is deformed and remains buried; while the watery humour, being fouled by joining with a more plentiful supply of earth, has not concreted in itself but is mingled with earthy matter), can in no way of themselves attract or move from its place anything which they do not touch. On this account metals, marbles, flints, woods, herbs, flesh, and very many other things can neither allure nor solicit any body either magnetically or electrically. (For it pleases us to call that an electrick force, which hath its origin from the humour.) But substances consisting mostly of humour, and which are not very firmly compacted by nature (whereby do they neither bear rubbing, but either melt down and become soft, or are not levigable, such as pitch, the softer kinds of resin, camphor, galbanum, ammoniack, storax, asafœtida, benzoin, asphaltum, especially in rather warm weather) towards them small bodies are not borne; for without rubbing most electricks do not emit their peculiar and native exhalation and effluvium. The resin turpentine when liquid does not attract; for it cannot be rubbed; but if it has hardened into a mastick it does attract. But now at length we must understand why small bodies turn towards those substances which have drawn their origin from water; by what force and with what hands (so to speak) electricks seize upon kindred natures. In all bodies in the world two causes or principles have been laid down, from which the bodies themselves were produced, matter and form. Electrical motions become strong from matter, but magnetick from form chiefly; and they differ widely from one another and turn out unlike, since the one is ennobled by numerous virtues and is prepotent; the other is ignoble and of less potency, and


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 mostly restrained, as it were, within certain barriers; and therefore that force must at times be aroused by attrition or friction, until it is at a dull heat and gives off an effluvium and a polish is induced on the body. For spent air, either blown out of the mouth or given off from moister air, chokes the virtue. If indeed either a sheet of paper or a piece of linen be interposed, there will be no movement. But a loadstone, without friction or heat, whether dry or suffused with moisture, as well in air as in water, invites magneticks, even with the most solid bodies interposed, even planks of wood or pretty thick slabs of stone or sheets of metal. A loadstone appeals to magneticks only; towards electricks all things move. A loadstone raises great weights; so that if there is a loadstone weighing two ounces and strong, it attracts half an ounce or a whole ounce. An electrical substance only attracts very small weights; as, for instance, a piece of amber of three ounces weight, when rubbed, scarce raises a fourth part of a grain of barley. But this attraction of amber and of electrical substances must be further investigated; and since there is this particular affection of matter, it may be asked why is amber rubbed, and what affection is produced by the rubbing, and what causes arise which make it lay hold on everything? As a result of friction it grows slightly warm and becomes smooth; two results which must often occur together. A large polished fragment of amber or jet attracts indeed, even without friction, but less strongly; but if it be brought gently near a flame or a live coal, so that it equally becomes warm, it does not attract small bodies because it is enveloped in a cloud from the body of the flaming substance, which emits a hot breath, and then impinges upon it vapour from a foreign body which for the most part is at variance with the nature of amber. Moreover the spirit of the amber which is called forth is enfeebled by alien heat; wherefore it ought not to have heat excepting that produced by motion only and friction, and, as it were, its own, not sent into it by other bodies. For as the igneous heat emitted from any burning substance cannot be so used that electricks may acquire their force from it; so also heat from the solar rays does not fit an electrick by the loosening of its right material, because it dissipates rather and consumes it (albeit a body which has been rubbed retains its virtue longer exposed to the rays of the sun than in the shade; because in the shade the effluvia are condensed to a greater degree and more quickly). Then again the fervour from the light of the Sun aroused by means of a burning mirror confers no vigour on the heated amber; indeed it dissipates and corrupts all the electrick effluvia. Again, burning sulphur and hard wax, made from shell-lac, when aflame do not allure; for heat from friction resolves bodies into effluvia, which flame consumes away. For it is impossible for solid electricks to be resolved into their own true effluvia otherwise than by attrition, save


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 in the case of certain substances which by reason of innate vigour emit effluvia constantly. They are rubbed with bodies which do not befoul their surface, and which produce a polish, as pretty stiff silk or a rough wool rag which is as little soiled as possible, or the dry palm. Amber also is rubbed with amber, with diamond, and with glass, and numerous other substances. Thus are electricks manipulated. These things being so, what is it which moves? Is it the body itself, inclosed within its own circumference? Or is it something imperceptible to us, which flows out from the substance into the ambient air? Somewhat as Plutarch opines, saying in his Quæstiones Platonicæ: That there is in amber something flammable or something having the nature of breath, and this by the attrition of the surface being emitted from its relaxed pores attracts bodies. And if it be an effusion does it seize upon the air whose motion the bodies follow, or upon the bodies themselves? But if amber allured the body itself, then what need were there of friction, if it is bare and smooth? Nor does the force arise from the light which is reflected from a smooth and polished body; for a Gem of Vincent's rock, Diamond, and clear glass, attract when they are rough; but not so powerfully and quickly, because they are not so readily cleansed from extraneous moisture on the surface, and are not rubbed equally so as to be copiously resolved at that part. Nor does the sun by its own beams of light and its rays, which are of capital importance in nature, attract bodies in this way; and yet the herd of philosophizers considers that humours are attracted by the sun, when it is only denser humours that are being turned into thinner, into spirit and air; and so by the motion of effusion they ascend into the upper regions, or the attenuated exhalations are raised up from the denser air. Nor does it seem to take place from the effluvia attenuating the air, so that bodies impelled by the denser air penetrate towards the source of the rarefaction; in this case both hot and flaming bodies would also allure other bodies; but not even the lightest chaff, or any versorium moves towards a flame. If there is a flow and rush of air towards the body, how can a small diamond of the size of a pea summon towards itself so much air, that it seizes hold of a biggish long body placed in equilibrio (the air about one or other very small part of an end being attracted)? It ought also to have slopped or moved more slowly, before it came into contact with the body, especially if the piece of amber was rather broad and flat, from the accumulation of air on the surface of the amber and its flowing back again. If it is because the effluvia are thinner, and denser vapours come in return, as in breathing, then the body would rather have had a motion toward the electrick a little while after the beginning of the application; but when electricks which have been rubbed are applied quickly to  a versorium then especially at once they act on the versorium, and it is attracted more when near them. But if it is because the rarefied