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Page:Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways, 11th Edition (December 2023).pdf/12

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 * - class="__toc_row_m-1 __toc_row_2-1 wst-toc-row-2-1 "
 * colspan=2 |GUIDE SIGNING FOR INTERCHANGES
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2E.21
 *
Interchange Guide Signs

 * | 304
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2E.22
 *
Interchange Exit Numbering

 * | 304
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2E.23
 *
Interchange Advance Guide Signs (E1-1 through E1-3)

 * | 312
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2E.24
 *
Interchange Sequence Signs (E9-1 and E9-2)

 * | 314
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2E.25
 *
Exit Direction Signs (E4 Series)

 * | 316
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2E.26
 *
Exit Gore Signs and Plaque (E5-1 Series)

 * | 319
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2E.27
 *
Pull-Through Signs (E6-1 Series and E6-2 Series)

 * | 320
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2E.28
 *
Signing for Interchange Lane Drops without an Optional Exit Lane

 * | 321
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2E.29
 *
Signing by Type of Interchange

 * | 324
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2E.30
 *
Minor Interchange

 * | 324
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2E.31
 *
Diamond Interchange

 * | 333
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2E.32
 *
Diamond Interchange in Urban Area

 * | 333
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2E.33
 *
Cloverleaf Interchange

 * | 333
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2E.34
 *
Cloverleaf Interchange with Collector-Distributor Roadways

 * | 337
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2E.35
 *
Partial Cloverleaf Interchange

 * | 337
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2E.36
 *
Collector-Distributor Roadways for Successive Interchanges

 * | 337
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2E.37
 *
Freeway-to-Freeway Interchanges

 * | 337}
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2E.38
 *
Freeway Split with Dedicated Lanes

 * | 344
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2E.39
 *
Signing for Option Lanes at Splits and Multi-Lane Exits

 * | 344
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2E.40
 *
Design of Overhead Arrow-per-Lane Guide Signs for Option Lanes

 * | 346
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2E.41
 *
Design of Freeway and Expressway Diagrammatic Advance Guide Signs

 * | 351
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2E.42
 *
Signing for Intermediate and Minor Interchange Multi-Lane Exits with an Option Lane

 * | 356
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2E.43
 *
Number of Signs at an Overhead Installation and Sign Spreading

 * | 361
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2E.44
 *
Closely-Spaced Interchanges

 * | 363
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2E.45
 *
Guide Signing in Tunnels and Similar Structures

 * | 363
 * - class="__toc_row_m-1 __toc_row_2-1 wst-toc-row-2-1 "
 * colspan=2 |OTHER GUIDE SIGNS
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2E.46
 *
Next Exit Plaques (E2-1P and E2-1aP)

 * | 364
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2E.47
 *
Post-Interchange Signs

 * | 364
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2E.48
 *
Post-Interchange Distance Signs (E7-1 through E7-3)

 * | 364
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2E.49
 *
Post-Interchange Travel Time Sign (E7-4)

 * | 365
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2E.50
 *
Distance and Travel Time Sign (E7-5) and Comparative Travel Time Sign (E7-6)

 * | 366
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2E.51
 *
Supplemental Guide Signs (E3 Series)

 * | 366
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2E.52
 *
Community Interchanges Identification Signs (E9-4 and E9-5)

 * | 368
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2E.53
 *
Next Exits Signs (E9-3 and E9-3a)

 * | 368
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2E.54
 *
Weigh Station Signing

 * | 370
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2E.55
 *
Route Signs and Trailblazer Assemblies

 * | 370
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2E.56
 *
Eisenhower Interstate System Signs (M1-10 and M1-10a)

 * | 374
 * - class="__toc_row_m-1 __toc_row_2-1 wst-toc-row-2-1 "
 * colspan=2 |SIGNS FOR ROUTE DIVERSION BY VEHICLE CLASS
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2E.57
 *
Signs for Route Diversion by Vehicle Class

 * | 375
 * - class="__toc_row_m-1 __toc_row_2-1 wst-toc-row-2-1 "
 * colspan=2 |INTERFACE WITH CONVENTIONAL ROADWAYS
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2E.58
 *
Signing on Conventional Road Approaches and Connecting Roadways

 * | 377
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2E.59
 *
Wrong-Way Traffic Control at Interchange Ramps

 * | 377
 * - class="__toc_row_m-1 __toc_row_2-1 wst-toc-row-2-1 "
 * colspan=2 |
 * - class="__toc_row_m-1 __toc_row_2-1 wst-toc-row-2-1 "
 * colspan=2 |
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2F.01
 *
Scope

 * | 380
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2F.02
 *
Sizes of Toll Road Signs and Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) System Pictographs

 * | 380
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2F.03
 *
Use of Color on Toll Signs

 * | 380
 * - class="__toc_row_m-1 __toc_row_2-1 wst-toc-row-2-1 "
 * colspan=2 |REGULATORY SIGNS
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2F.04
 *
Regulatory Signs for Toll Plazas

 * | 383
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2F.05
 *
Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Account-Only Regulatory Sign and Plaque (R3-31 and R3-32P)

 * | 384


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Page:The Works of Lord Byron (ed. Coleridge, Prothero) - Volume 9.djvu/12

 FIRST PUBLISHED...1898

Reprinted.....1903

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Page:Bury J B The Cambridge Medieval History Vol 2 1913.djvu/235

671-712] seems to have been concluded between 678-681 at Constantinople, and from that time the Lombard bishops, when the pope confirmed their nomination at Rome, swore to provide that "peace, which God loves, be maintained in eternity between the Respublica and us, that is, the Lombard people."

Roman influence affected the Lombards in different ways. Intercourse with the half-free Roman subjects had always been a strong force since the beginning of the settlement; the schismatics coming from the Roman Empire had found reception even at a very early period, as had the merchants during the times of armistice, who maintained friendly relations and profited by the great Lombard market; but when definite peace had been made, lasting relations and safe intercourse with the new allies were possible, so that free Romans and above all Catholic clergy established themselves in the lands of their new friends and allies, who also acknowledged their right to be tried by Roman law. Intermarriage must have frequently happened at a very early period, and was furthered by Lombard laws, which considered the freedman and free as equal, so that marriages with freedmen or freedwomen were allowed and very common; after the definite peace even unions between Lombards and women of the Roman Empire were not a rare thing either. As the Lombards were in a small minority, even in their own territory, intermarriage naturally had a marked effect. The adaptation of the reigning people to the Roman culture they had found led the same way. Thus they came to the knowledge of new forms of culture and luxury, which could only be satisfied in the Roman manner, partly by the industry of Roman subjects, partly by booty made in war, and since the peace also by regular imports. Trade and art are of Roman stamp, although the workmanship is decayed and accommodates itself somewhat to barbarian taste. It was only in Italy that the Lombards learnt to erect stone buildings, to construct larger ships, and use weapons of metal; their clothing changed similarly and they gradually accepted the vulgar Latin language, especially because all the terms of their new culture belonged to that language, the only written language used, not only for written law, but all other documents which were drawn up by Roman ecclesiastics and notaries following Roman formulae. As their importance grew, the written word gained supremacy in all matters of law. The oldest stories of Lombard history and tradition are also written in Latin, and whatever there was of science, in connexion with the Roman Church, was of course Latin. So the lasting peace, and especially the peace with the Catholic Church, essentially accelerated the process of assimilation in this sphere as well as in all others.

Constitutional development, as well as culture, was conditioned by the fact and manner of settlement. The territorial State develops a centralising kingship in combat with centrifugal forces, and hides the original basis of German freedom. The sept or clan had already lost every economical foundation by the settlement, and we find no traces of the


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Page:Sid & Marty Krofft Television Productions v. McDonald's Corporation.pdf/6

 and elements to the manufacturers of toys, games, lunch boxes, and comic books. In addition, the H. R. Pufnstuf characters were featured in Kellogg’s cereal commercials and used by the Ice Capades. After the McDonaldland campaign, which included the distribution of toys and games, plaintiffs were unable to obtain new licensing arrangements or extend existing ones. In the case of the Ice Capades, the H. R. Pufnstuf characters were actually replaced by the McDonaldland characters.

Plaintiffs filed suit in September 1971. The complaint alleged, inter alia, that the McDonaldland advertising campaign infringed the copyrighted H. R. Pufnstuf television episodes as well as various copyrighted articles of Pufnstuf merchandise. By way of relief, plaintiffs sought compensatory damages of $250,000, an order for an accounting of profits attributable to the infringements, or, in the alternative, statutory “in lieu” damages, as provided by 17 U.S.C. § 101(b). Prior to trial, the district court signed a Pre-Trial Conference Order that was “approved as to form and content” by counsel for both sides. It provided that “[t]he prayer for relief raises issues of injunctive relief and an accounting which are questions for the Court.”

The three week jury trial began on November 27, 1973. The jurors were shown for their consideration on the question of infringement: (1) two H. R. Pufnstuf television episodes; (2) various items of H. R. Pufnstuf merchandise, such as toys, games, and comic books; (3) several 30 and 60 second McDonaldland television commercials; and (4) various items of McDonaldland merchandise distributed by McDonald’s, such as toys and puzzles. The jury was instructed that it was not to consider defendants’ profits in determining damages, but could consider the value of use by the defendants of plaintiffs’ work.

A verdict in favor of plaintiffs was returned and damages of $50,000.00 assessed. After the verdict, the parties briefed the question of whether plaintiffs were entitled to additional monetary recovery in the form of profits or statutory “in lieu” damages. The district court denied plaintiffs’ claim for such relief. The court found that these matters were properly for the jury to consider so that it would not exercise its discretion in hearing further evidence. These appeals followed.

I. INFRINGEMENT

It has often been said that in order to establish copyright infringement a plaintiff must prove ownership of the copyright and “copying” by the defendant. See, e. g., Reyher v. Children’s Television Workshop, 533 F.2d 87, 90 (2 Cir. 1976); Universal Athletic Sales Co. v. Salkeld, 511 F.2d 904, 907 (3 Cir. 1975); 2 M. Nimmer on Copyright § 141 at 610–11 (1976) (hereinafter “Nimmer”). “Copying,” in turn, is said to be shown by circumstantial evidence of access to the copyrighted work and substantial similarity between the copyrighted work and defendant’s work. Reyher v. Children’s Television Workshop, supra, 533 F.2d at 90; 2 Nimmer § 141.2 at 613. But an analysis of the cases suggests that these statements frequently serve merely as boilerplate to copyright opinions.

Under such statements, infringement would be established upon proof of ownership, access, and substantial similarity. Application of this rule, however, would produce some untenable results. For example, a copyright could be obtained over a cheaply manufactured plaster statue of a nude. Since ownership of a copyright is established, subsequent manufacturers of statues of nudes would face the grave risk


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Page:The Works of Lord Byron (ed. Coleridge, Prothero) - Volume 9.djvu/13

THE second volume of Mr. Murray's edition of Byron's Letters and Journals carries the autobiographical record of the poet's life from August, 1811, to April, 1814. Between these dates were published Childe Harold (Cantos I., II.), The Walts, The Giaour, The Bride of Abydos, the Ode to Napoleon Buonaparte. At the beginning of this period Byron had suddenly become the idol of society; towards its close his personal popularity almost as rapidly declined before a storm of political vituperation.

Three great collections of Byron's letters, as was noted in the Preface to the previous volume, are in existence. The first is contained in Moore's Life (1830); the second was published in America, in FitzGreene Halleck's edition of Byron's Works (1847); of the third, edited by Mr. W. E. Henley, only the first volume has yet appeared. A comparison between the letters contained in these three collections and in that of Mr. Murray, down to December, 1813, shows the following results: Moore prints 152 letters; Halleck, 192; Mr. Henley, 231. Mr. Murray's edition adds 236 letters to


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Page:Bury J B The Cambridge Medieval History Vol 2 1913.djvu/236

208 centena among the Lombards. Politically the sept recedes as well, but in matters of right it is only gradually superseded by the State. Rothari's legislation endeavours to restrain the feud-right to the sept; high penalties are fixed for the purpose of making the injured choose these instead of feud; guiltless acts are not to lead to feud. The members of the sept intervene as assistants at an oath, as combatants for a woman's right at an ordeal; and the mundium of an unmarried woman is due to the members of the sept if she has no nearer family relations. In contrast to these poor remnants of the sept's power, which once had been so great, family-connexion is very powerful, so that even by a disposal a last will was allowed only very late and quite exceptionally. The national assembly, that is the assembly of arimanni, still existed, and this as well as the kingship expressed the Lombard unity; but this assembly also was naturally entirely changed by the territorial State, having lost its organic foundations in the septs, and as an assembly comprising all or nearly all warriors was quite impossible considering the territorial extension of the State. In reality it consisted only in the army that was just ready for military operations, the king's attendants and the dukes and nobles present, and, whereas the nobles were actually often summoned to the preparatory council, the assembly of warriors had no possibility of influencing current state affairs and only served to heighten solemnities at a king's election or law-giving. The other element of unity, which had probably been born only in the time of wanderings — the kingship — predominated more and more in comparison; it seems to have been attached to one family at a very early period, and up to the eighth century connexion with the Lethingians was kept up at least by the feminine line; but besides this inherited right, general German custom demanded election, raising upon the buckler, and a solemn act of fealty from the fideles. On the other hand, the territorial State and Roman influence soon decided the extent of the king's power, though he called himself rex gentis Langobardorum. This influence expresses itself not only in the addition of the Roman name of Flavius and the Roman name of honour, vir excellentissimus, but also in the assertion of the king's nearly unlimited power, which is already expressed in Rothari's Edict: "we believe that the hearts of the kings are in the hands of God." The king has not only the arrière-ban, and all rights in connexion with it. As supreme justice and protector of peace, he has his own peace secured by a high penalty, intercedes wherever all other forces give way, is the Lombard State's supreme guardian in a certain sense, and being the State's only representative, no difference is made between his own rights and those of the State. His alone is the right of coinage, since the Lombards — before Rothari even — had learnt the art and use of coining from the Romans; and that the duke of Benevento coined as well as the king only shews how independent he kept himself of the Lombard State.


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Page:Bury J B The Cambridge Medieval History Vol 2 1913.djvu/238

210 century, commercial capital being placed on a par with landed property. A law of 750 dictates cavalry service with coat of mail and horse and complete equipment to all who possess at least seven casae massariae; the landlord of at least 40 iugera has to follow with one horse, lance, and shield; those who possess still less, with shield and bow; a part of the poor was obliged to do socage service in the fields at home. This economic development rendered it possible for the king to form for himself a power independent of its former limitations within the State, creating a central organisation of power by investing the free poor with landed property out of his royal domain. The king, that is the State, at this time of natural economy owed his income to landed property and payments in kind, for instance the different munera (augariae and operae) to preserve public streets and buildings, and different duties, market duties, port duties, which were raised by royal actores and were of entirely Roman origin. The royal property was naturally increased by every new conquest, and the coloni and slaves paying duties were used as if they were private property; or the king took possession of the land which had been public before the conquest, and let it to the neighbouring hordes for pasture.

The royal court lived on the income from the landed property, but this court was composed of followers who stood in a special relation of fealty to the king, the Gasindi, who on that account were greatly honoured, and had a higher wergeld than the other free Lombards. The king entrusted them with all sorts of commissions and delegations, chose all court officers from them, especially to the royal marshal (marpahis), the majordomus (stolesaz), the treasurer (vesterarius), the sword-bearer (spatharius), the chancellor (referendarius). In this manner a special court-nobility developed itself through the king's favour, standing in contrast and competition with the Lombard nobility. But it was also the custom that such Gasindi were endowed with land by the king, so that the king's landed estate provided for this new nobility not only indirectly by keeping up the royal household, but also directly. This new institution was only rendered possible by the fact that a considerable part of the population, when the original conditions of the Lombard settlement were changed, was obliged to seek a new existence, and found it by the king's favour. On the other hand the king's possessions diminished continually by these donations, so that for him and his adherents it was necessary periodically to gain new land; and this was generally only possible through new conquests, and so the peaceful period of the Bavarian dynasty was followed by a belligerent period.

After Cunincpert's death (700), his young son Liu tpert reigned under the wise Ansprand's guardianship. Raginpert, duke of Turin, son of Godepert and nephew of Perctarit, claimed the throne and defeated Ansprand near Novara, eight months after Cunincpert's death. When he died, shortly afterwards, his son and co-regent Aripert (II), after a


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Page:Sid & Marty Krofft Television Productions v. McDonald's Corporation.pdf/7

 of being found to be infringers if their statues were substantially similar and access were shown. The burden of proof on the plaintiff would be minimal, since most statues of nudes would in all probability be substantially similar to the cheaply manufactured plaster one.

Clearly the scope of copyright protection does not go this far. A limiting principle is needed. This is provided by the classic distinction between an “idea” and the “expression” of that idea. It is an axiom of copyright law that the protection granted to a copyrighted work extends only to the particular expression of the idea and never to the idea itself. Mazer v. Stein, 347 U.S. 201, 217–18, 74 S.Ct. 460, 98 L.Ed. 630 (1954); Baker v. Selden, 101 U.S. 99, 102–03, 25 L.Ed. 841 (1879). This principle attempts to reconcile two competing social interests: rewarding an individual’s creativity and effort while at the same time permitting the nation to enjoy the benefits and progress from use of the same subject matter.

The real task in a copyright infringement action, then, is to determine whether there has been copying of the expression of an idea rather than just the idea itself. “[N]o one infringes, unless he descends so far into what is concrete [in a work] as to invade … [its] expression.” National Comics Publications v. Fawcett Publications, 191 F.2d 594, 600 (2 Cir. 1951). Only this expression may be protected and only it may be infringed.

The difficulty comes in attempting to distill the unprotected idea from the protected expression. No court or commentator in making this search has been able to improve upon Judge Learned Hand’s famous “abstractions test” articulated in Nichols v. Universal Pictures Corporation, 45 F.2d 119 (2 Cir. 1930), ''cert. denied'', 282 U.S. 902, 51 5.Ct. 216, 75 L.Ed. 795 (1931): "“Upon any work, and especially upon a play, a great number of patterns of increasing generality will fit equally well, as more and more of the incident is left out. The last may perhaps be no more than the most general statement of what the play is about, and at times might consist of only its title; but there is a point in this series of abstractions where they are no longer protected, since otherwise the playwright could prevent the use of his ‘ideas,’ to which, apart from their expression, his property is never extended.” 45 F.2d at 121."


text:
Page:Bury J B The Cambridge Medieval History Vol 2 1913.djvu/237

671-712] Opposed to the centralising kingdom is the particular power of the dukes, their different positions varying of course from the summus dux gentis Langobardorum down to the duke of a small provincial town in North Italy. But on the whole the dukes endeavoured to found their power on inherited rights, and to exercise in their own territory the same authority which belonged to the king in the whole State, whereas the king claimed for himself the right of nominating the dukes and treated them as his officials. But the foundation of the king's royal domain was especially intended to counterbalance the power of the dukes; the larger this royal domain, the greater was the power of the State. Except those duchies which were in the hands of the royal family, this royal domain is said to have been partly formed by the half of all ducal property, which was given up to Cleph — though this cession can only relate to the dukes of a part of northern Italy — and partly by the conquest of new land, which was not left to the dukes. The whole royal domain has its own royal administration, lying in the hands of the gastaldi who are partly royal stewards, partly the king's representatives with competence in matters of arrière-ban and judgment, but being only the king's officials they have, in contrast to the dukes, no independent jurisdiction. In Benevento and Spoleto, where immediate royal power does not reach, the gastaldi are officials of the duke in the district of a civitas. Subordinated to these iudices, that is the dukes and gastaldi who generally reside in walled towns and whose office consists in a whole iudiciaria, stand the actores (sculdahis, centenarius, locopositus) out of town, and these are assisted by saltarii, decani, etc.

Change of social structure caused a change of power in the Lombard State. Although differences in distribution of the land had always been made in correspondence with a family's rank, and although the wergeld was not uniform but varied by habit and secundum qualitatem personae, every Lombard was not only warrior but also landlord and lord of the manor. This ruling nation stood in contrast only to those who had no political rights, the coloni and aldii and massarii (unfree farmers on holdings), as well as the likewise unfree ministeriales of the Sal-land and the unfree agricultural assistant labourers; the Lombards only were taken into account politically as well as economically. But this distribution having been made but once, gave no security whatever for a lasting condition; the natural increase of population and the accidental impoverishment of Lombard families, as well as manumissions to complete freedom, created a class of Lombards without land. Part of them worked as tenants, that is small tenants, who took holdings on lease for 29 years, remaining legally free, but losing in social standard (libellarii); another part may have become merchants, trade developing on account of the definite peace, and so commercial capital stood alongside of land rent. This new state of economic affairs expressed itself also in military service which was varied according to property as early as the eighth


text:
Page:Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways, 11th Edition (December 2023).pdf/13

MUTCD 11th Edition                <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> December 2023
 * - class="__toc_row_m-1 __toc_row_2-1 wst-toc-row-2-1 "
 * colspan=2 |WARNING SIGNS
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2F.06
 *
Pay Toll and Take Ticket Advance Warning Signs (W9-6 and W9-6e)

 * | 385
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2F.07
 *
Pay Toll and Take Ticket Advance Warning Plaques (W9-6bP, W9-6dP, and W9-6gP)

 * | 385
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2F.08
 *
Stop Ahead Pay Toll and Take Ticket Warning Signs (W9-6a and W9-6f)

 * | 385
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2F.09
 *
Stop Ahead Pay Toll and Take Ticket Warning Plaques (W9- 6cP and W9-6hP)

 * | 387
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2F.10
 *
LAST EXIT BEFORE TOLL Warning Plaques (W16-16P and W16-16aP)

 * | 387
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2F.11
 *
TOLL Warning Plaque (W16-17P)

 * | 387
 * - class="__toc_row_m-1 __toc_row_2-1 wst-toc-row-2-1 "
 * colspan=2 |GUIDE SIGNS
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2F.12
 *
Toll Facility and Toll Plaza Guide Signs—General

 * | 388
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2F.13
 *
Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Signs—General

 * | 393
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2F.14
 *
Advance Signs for Conventional Toll Plazas

 * | 399
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2F.15
 *
Advance Signs for Toll Plazas on Diverging Alignments from Open-Road ETC Account-Only Lanes

 * | 399
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2F.16
 *
Toll Plaza Canopy Signs

 * | 402
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2F.17
 *
Guide Signs for Entrances to Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Only Facilities

 * | 402
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2F.18
 *
Guide Signs for ETC-Only Entrance Ramps to Non-Toll Highways

 * | 403
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2F.19
 *
ETC Account Program Information Signs

 * | 404
 * - class="__toc_row_m-1 __toc_row_2-1 wst-toc-row-2-1 "
 * colspan=2 |
 * - class="__toc_row_m-1 __toc_row_2-1 wst-toc-row-2-1 "
 * colspan=2 |GENERAL
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2G.01
 *
Scope

 * | 406
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2G.02
 *
Sizes of Preferential and Managed Lane Signs

 * | 406
 * - class="__toc_row_m-1 __toc_row_2-1 wst-toc-row-2-1 "
 * colspan=2 |REGULATORY SIGNS
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2G.03
 *
Regulatory Signs for Preferential Lanes—General

 * | 409
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2G.04
 *
Vehicle Occupancy Definition Signs (R3-10 Series and R3-13 Series)

 * | 412
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2G.05
 *
Preferential Lane Operation Signs (R3-11 Series and R3-14 Series)

 * | 415
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2G.06
 *
Preferential Lane Advance Signs (R3-12, R3-12e, R3-12f, R3-15, R3-15a, and R3-15d)

 * | 417
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2G.07
 *
Preferential Lane Ends Signs (R3-12a, R3-12b, R3-12c, R3-12d, R3-12g, R3-12h, R3-15b, R3-15c, and R3-15e)

 * | 417
 * - class="__toc_row_m-1 __toc_row_2-1 wst-toc-row-2-1 "
 * colspan=2 |WARNING SIGNS AND PLAQUE
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2G.08
 *
Warning Signs on Median Barriers for Preferential Lanes

 * | 418
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2G.09
 *
High-Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) Plaque (W16-11P)

 * | 419
 * - class="__toc_row_m-1 __toc_row_2-1 wst-toc-row-2-1 "
 * colspan=2 |GUIDE SIGNS
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2G.10
 *
Preferential Lane Guide Signs—General

 * | 420
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2G.11
 *
Signing for Initial Entry Points to Preferential Lanes

 * | 423
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2G.12
 *
Signing for Intermediate Entry Points to Preferential Lanes

 * | 423
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2G.13
 *
Signing for Egress from Preferential Lanes to General-Purpose Lanes

 * | 428
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2G.14
 *
Signing for Direct Entrances to Preferential Lanes from Another Highway

 * | 429
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2G.15
 *
Signing for Direct Exits from Preferential Lanes to Another Highway

 * | 429
 * - class="__toc_row_m-1 __toc_row_2-1 wst-toc-row-2-1 "
 * colspan=2 |MANAGED LANE SIGNS, PLAQUES, AND LANE-USE CONTROL SIGNALS
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2G.16
 *
Signs for Managed Lanes—General

 * | 434
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2G.17
 *
Signs for Priced Managed Lanes—General

 * | 434
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2G.18
 *
Regulatory Signs for Priced Managed Lanes

 * | 435
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2G.19
 *
Guide Signs for Priced Managed Lanes

 * | 435
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2G.20
 *
Signs for Part-Time Travel on a Shoulder—General

 * | 447
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2G.21
 *
Regulatory Signs and Plaques for Part-Time Travel on a Shoulder

 * | 447
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2G.22
 *
Warning Signs for Part-Time Travel on a Shoulder

 * | 454
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2G.23
 *
Guide Signs for Part-Time Travel on a Shoulder

 * | 454
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2G.24
 *
Lane-Use Control Signals for Part-Time Travel on a Shoulder

 * | 455
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2G.25
 *
Lane-Use Control Signals for Active Lane Management on Freeways and Expressways

 * | 455
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2G.26
 *
Variable Speed Limits for Active Traffic Management on Freeways and Expressways

 * | 457


text:
Page:The Pima Indians.pdf/10

5

title: Page:The Pima Indians.pdf/10


text:
Page:Sid & Marty Krofft Television Productions v. McDonald's Corporation.pdf/8

 See also Chafee, Reflections on the Law of Copyright, 45 Colum.L.Rev. 508 (1945); Esezobar, Concepts in Copyright Protection, 23 Bull.Cprt.Soc. 258 (1976); Note, “Expression” and “Originality” in Copyright Law, 11 Washburn L.J. 400 (1972).

The test for infringement therefore has been given a new dimension. There must be ownership of the copyright and access to the copyrighted work. But there also must be substantial similarity not only of the general ideas but of the expressions of those ideas as well. Thus two steps in the analytic process are implied by the requirement of substantial similarity.

The determination of whether there is substantial similarity in ideas may often be a simple one. Returning to the example of the nude statue, the idea there embodied is a simple one—a plaster recreation of a nude human figure. A statue of a horse or a painting of a nude would not embody this idea and therefore could not infringe. The test for similarity of ideas is still a factual one, to be decided by the trier of fact. See International Luggage Registry v. Avery Products Corp., 541 F.2d 830, 831 (9 Cir. 1976); Williams v. Kaag Manufacturers, Inc., 388 F.2d 949, 951 (9 Cir. 1964).

We shall call this the “extrinsic test.” It is extrinsic because it depends not on the responses of the trier of fact, but on specific criteria which can be listed and analyzed. Such criteria include the type of artwork involved, the materials used, the subject matter, and the setting for the subject. Since it is an extrinsic test, analytic dissection and expert testimony are appropriate. Moreover, this question may often be decided as a matter of law.

The determination of when there is substantial similarity between the forms of expression is necessarily more subtle and complex. As Judge Hand candidly observed, “Obviously, no principle can be stated as to when an imitator has gone beyond copying the ‘idea,’ and has borrowed its ‘expression.’ Decisions must therefore inevitably be ad hoc.” Peter Pan Fabrics, Inc. v. Martin Weiner Corp., 274 F.2d 487, 489 (2 Cir. 1960). If there is substantial similarity in ideas, then the trier of fact must decide whether there is substantial similarity in the expressions of the ideas so as to constitute infringement.

The test to be applied in determining whether there is substantial similarity in expressions shall be labeled an intrinsic one—depending on the response of the ordinary reasonable person. See International Luggage Registry v. Avery Products Corp., supra, 541 F.2d at 831; Harold Lloyd Corp. v. Witwer, 65 F.2d 1, 18–19 (9 Cir. 1988). See generally Nimmer § 143.5. It is intrinsic because it does not depend on the type of external criteria and analysis which marks the extrinsic test. As this court stated in Twentieth Century-Fox Film Corp. v. Stonesifer, 140 F.2d 579, 582 (9 Cir. 1944):

"“The two works involved in this appeal should be considered and tested, not hypercritically or with meticulous scrutiny, but by the observations and impressions of the average reasonable reader and spectator.”"

Because this is an intrinsic test, analytic dissection and expert testimony are not appropriate.

This same type of bifurcated test was announced in Arnstein v. Porter, 154 F.2d 464, 468–69 (2 Cir. 1946), ''cert. denied'', 330 U.S. 851, 67 S.Ct. 1096, 91 L.Ed. 1294 (1947). The court there identified two separate elements essential to a plaintiff’s suit for infringement: copying and unlawful appropriation. Under the Arnstein doctrine, the distinction is significant because of the different tests involved.

"“[T]he trier of fact must determine whether the similarities are sufficient to prove copying. On this issue, analysis (‘dissection’) is relevant, and the testimony of experts may be received to aid the trier of facts. * * * If copying is established, then only does there arise the second issue, that of illicit copying (unlawful appropriation). On that issue … the test is the response of the ordinary lay hearer; accordingly, on that issue, ‘dissection’ and expert testimony are irrelevant.” 154 F.2d at 468 (footnotes omitted)."


text:
Page:Isis very much unveiled - being the story of the great Mahatma hoax (IA b24884273).pdf/12

8

Before going any further I wish to emphasise one point. This society, as such, must stand or fall with its “Mahatmas.” It should be realised how consistent, in one sense, this miracle-mongering side of the Theosophical movement has been throughout the society’s history; what an important part it has played and continues to play in attracting popular interest; and how closely, along one of the versatile thaumaturgist’s many lines, Madame Blavatsky has been followed by her present-day imitator. I say this in justice to the latter, who, I think, may fairly complain of the unkind criticisms passed on his Mahatma-missives by colleagues who still cherish those produced under the auspices of Madame Blavatsky.

It is true that the society does not officially vouch for Mahatmas. It is careful not to demand belief in them as a condition of membership; and the shrewder members are put into a panic by anything which tends to compromise its boasted “neutrality” on this tender subject. But we shall soon see what this “neutrality” is worth.


text: Page:The Viaduct Murder (1926).pdf/10

title: Page:The Viaduct Murder (1926).pdf/10


text:
Page:Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways, 11th Edition (December 2023).pdf/14

Page TC-10                <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> December 2023
 * - class="__toc_row_m-1 __toc_row_2-1 wst-toc-row-2-1 "
 * colspan=2 |
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2H.01
 *
Scope

 * | 459
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2H.02
 *
Sizes of General Information Signs

 * | 460
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2H.03
 *
Airport Signs

 * | 460
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2H.04
 *
Traffic Signal Speed Sign (I1-1)

 * | 460
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2H.05
 *
Jurisdictional Boundary Signs (I2-1)

 * | 462
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2H.06
 *
Geographical Feature Signs (I2-2)

 * | 462
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2H.07
 *
State Welcome Signs

 * | 462
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2H.08
 *
Future Interstate Corridor Signs (I2-4 and I2-4a)

 * | 463
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2H.09
 *
Project Information Sign (I2-5)

 * | 464
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2H.10
 *
Grade-Separated Roadway Identification Signs (I2-3 and I2-3a)

 * | 464
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2H.11
 *
Reference Location Signs (D10-1 through D10-3) and Intermediate Reference Location Signs (D10-1a through D10-3a)

 * | 466
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2H.12
 *
Enhanced Reference Location Signs (D10-4) and Intermediate Enhanced Reference Location Signs (D10-5)

 * | 467
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2H.13
 *
Acknowledgment Signs and Plaques (I20 Series)

 * | 468
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2H.14
 *
Alternative Fuels Corridor Sign (D9-19)

 * | 471
 * - class="__toc_row_m-1 __toc_row_2-1 wst-toc-row-2-1 "
 * colspan=2 |
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2I.01
 *
Sizes of General Service Signs

 * | 475
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2I.02
 *
General Service Signs for Conventional Roads

 * | 475
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2I.03
 *
General Service Signs for Freeways and Expressways

 * | 480
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2I.04
 *
Interstate Oasis Signing (D5-12 Series)

 * | 483
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2I.05
 *
Rest Area and Other Roadside Area Signs (D5-1 through D5-11 Series)

 * | 484
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2I.06
 *
Brake Check Area Signs (D5-13 and D5-14)

 * | 484
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2I.07
 *
Chain-Up Area Signs (D5-15 and D5-16)

 * | 486
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2I.08
 *
Tourist Information and Welcome Center Signs (D5-7 Series and D5-8)

 * | 486
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2I.09
 *
Radio Information Signing (D12-1 Series)

 * | 487
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2I.10
 *
Channel 9 Monitored Sign (D12-3)

 * | 488
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2I.11
 *
EMERGENCY CALL 911 Sign (D12-4)

 * | 488
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2I.12
 *
TRAVEL INFO CALL 511 Signs (D12-5 and D12-5a)

 * | 489
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2I.13
 *
Roadside Assistance Sign (D12-6)

 * | 489
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2I.14
 *
Carpool and Ridesharing Signing (D12-2)

 * | 489
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2I.15
 *
 Signing for Truck Parking Availability (D9-16b through D9-16e)

 * | 489
 * - class="__toc_row_m-1 __toc_row_2-1 wst-toc-row-2-1 "
 * colspan=2 |
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2J.01
 *
Eligibility

 * | 492
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2J.02
 *
Application

 * | 493
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2J.03
 *
Logos and Business Identification Sign Panels

 * | 496
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2J.04
 *
 Number and Size of Signs and Business Identification Sign Panels

 * | 498
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2J.05
 *
Size of Lettering

 * | 499
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2J.06
 *
Signs at Interchanges

 * | 499
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2J.07
 *
Single-Exit Interchanges

 * | 500
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2J.08
 *
Double-Exit Interchanges

 * | 501
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2J.09
 *
Collector-Distributor Roadways for Successive Interchanges

 * | 501
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2J.10
 *
Specific Service Trailblazer Signs

 * | 503
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2J.11
 *
Signs at Intersections

 * | 503
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2J.12
 *
Signing Policy

 * | 504
 * - class="__toc_row_m-1 __toc_row_2-1 wst-toc-row-2-1 "
 * colspan=2 |
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2K.01
 *
Purpose and Application

 * | 505
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2K.02
 *
Design

 * | 505
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2K.03
 *
Style and Size of Lettering

 * | 506
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2K.04
 *
Arrangement and Size of Signs

 * | 508
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2K.05
 *
Advance Signs

 * | 508
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2K.06
 *
Sign Locations

 * | 508
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2K.07
 *
State Policy

 * | 509


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Rh Madame Blavatsky taught that “the Masters” are certain sages, several hundred years old or so, who by steeping themselves in the immemorial lore of the East have attained powers transcending time, space, and the other puny limits of Western science. By profound solitary meditation on Things in General, these old gentlemen have arrived at a sort of Fourth Dimension, in which a Soul and a Saucer come to very much the same thing. Their residence was shrouded in a judicious mystery, which Madame declared herself under a solemn oath to preserve. She at first located them in the recesses of the Himalayas; but one of her most zealous disciples lately stated in the Daily Chronicle that “the two principal Mahatmas now reside in an oasis of the Desert of Gobi.” At any rate, these “adepts” prefer a sequestered spot, and remain occult in the strictest sense of the word.

But on some points Madame was unequivocal about them. She declared that she had sat at the feet of one of them as his chela (pupil); that the Theosophical Society was founded under his distinct inspiration; and that he and his brothers continued to intervene in its affairs. The original draft of the Society’s constitution, in fact, like a more authentic Veda straight from heaven, had been “precipitated” in New York by an exertion of the Masters’ psychic force from Tibet. Hesitating converts and dubious subscribers were determined by the same form of interposition; and somebody or other has taken steps, at all times of the society’s history, to ensure that the more faithful of the “chelas” should be comforted and encouraged as need arose, by missives from their invisible “guru.” (A good, imposing word, “guru.” Do you remember the terrible old man by the road in “David Copperfield,” who scared David almost out of his wits by running out on him, and shouting “Guroo, guroo, guroo”?) Mrs. Besant herself has admitted that Theosophy is to be regarded in the light of a “revelation” from these exalted beings, as well as in that of a science or philosophy which can be arrived at by more ordinary means.

In a word, Theosophy without Mahatmas would be “Hamlet” without the Prince of Denmark. “Isis Unveiled” and “The Secret Doctrine” are works which few would be found to wade through


text: Page:The Viaduct Murder (1926).pdf/11

title: Page:The Viaduct Murder (1926).pdf/11


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10 if their verbose pages were not lightened by associations of that White Magic which lends a creepy interest even to such avowed works of fiction as “Zanoni” and “Mr. Isaacs.” With belief in the Mahatmas must go any believing of “H.P.B.,” who swore to them; and, with “H.P.B.” and her authorities must go those two volumes of solemn farrago, which remain the society’s only contribution to philosophical knowledge. For all that is new in them, if there is anything new except the blunders, is explicitly given on the authority of “the Masters.”

The published “Objects” of the society run thus:—

It will thus be seen that the “phenomenal” side of the society’s activities has all along had a place, though guardedly, even in its published Objects. In point of fact, as I have elsewhere insisted, this third Object is the only one in pursuit of which the society has any substantial achievement to point to. As to the first Object, my narrative will presently suggest the same sort of remark on the brotherliness of the Universal Brothers as has sometimes been made by scoffers on the sociability of Socialists. As to the second Object, it is observed that there are people who study Oriental literatures, and there are people who belong to the Theosophical Society; but they are not the same people. Professor Max Müller has edited the only series of English translations of the Sacred Books of the East with which I am acquainted, and Professor Max Müller lately published some University lectures under the title of Theosophy. But his preface explained that he did so in order to rescue that respectable and ancient philosophical term from the associations of sciolism and miracle-mongering with which the Theosophical Society have linked it in the public mind. In point of fact, there is no reason to believe


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Rh that any member of the society in Europe could pass an examination in any Oriental language whatever. The third Object, on the other hand, has led to some real achievements. The society has not, perhaps, done much in the “investigation” line itself; but members of it have certainly supplied the most astonishing “unexplained laws of nature” and “psychical powers” for investigation by other people. It is this which has given it its success, its growth, its world-wide notoriety. It is this which first attracted and convinced its best-known converts, and it is this which has created the successive “booms” (as they would be called in a more purely commercial connexion) which have produced the biggest crops of entrance subscriptions from the wonder-loving public. I lay stress on this because the Theosophists have shown a good deal of inconstancy in their treatment of the third Object. They have always worked a given marvel for all it was worth until it got somehow blown upon; then they turn round and remark that mere material phenomena are, after all, of no great importance: the thing is the study of those great spiritual ideas which, &c., &c. In fact, they want to have it both ways. Mr. Sinnett, however, whose “Occult World” remains the classic description of Madame Blavatsky as a wonder-worker, confesses candidly in a memorial sketch of her which appeared in the Review of Reviews how much stress she herself laid on such things, as long as she could get anyone to believe in them:—

Just so. It is easy to hold your miracles cheap—after they have been found out. Madame Blavatsky fell back on Object Two—when Object Three was discredited. But the taste for such things, even when it is de rigueur to describe them as “occult applications of strictly natural laws,” is apt to grow upon any religious sect which once dabbles in them. Mrs. Besant, too, in due course fell a victim to the temptation


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12 to make capital out of the marvellous; and my readers will now be prepared to put their proper value on the deprecating expressions in this connexion which now, on the inevitable turn of the wheel, once more begin to be heard, and which will be redoubled, no doubt, when this narrative is fully before the public.


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Page:The 5G Ecosystem Risks & Opportunities for DoD.pdf/4

 Executive Summary

The term “5G” refers to the oncoming fifth generation of wireless networks and technology that will produce a step-change improvement in data speed, volume, and latency (delay in data transfer) over fourth generation (4G and 4G LTE) networks. 5G will enable a host of new technologies that will change the standard of public and private sector operations, from autonomous vehicles to smart cities, virtual reality, and battle networks. Historical shifts between wireless generations suggest that the first-mover country stands to gain billions in revenue accompanied by substantial job creation and leadership in technology innovation. First movers also set standards and practices that were then adopted by subsequent entrants. Conversely, countries that fell behind in previous wireless generation shifts were obligated to adopt the standards, technologies, and architectures of the leading country and missed out on a generation of wireless capabilities and market potential.

In the early 2010’s2010s [sic], AT&T and Verizon rapidly deployed LTE across the United States on the 700 Megahertz (MHz) spectrum they won at auction in 2008. Building on this deployment, the United States became the first country (after Finland) to see a comprehensive LTE network that delivered approximate 10x the consumer network performance of then-existing 3G networks. This step-change in performance drove rapid adoption of new handsets with new semiconductors that not only could move much more data, but were also computationally much faster. U.S. companies like Apple, Google, Facebook, Amazon, Netflix, and countless others built new applications and services that took advantage of that bandwidth. As LTE was deployed in other countries, those same handsets and applications spread across the world. This initiative helped drive global U.S. dominance in wireless and internet services, and created a U.S.-led wireless ecosystem on which the Department of Defense (DoD) and the rest of the world has operated for nearly a decade.

Since the rollout of LTE, these wireless competitive landscape has undergone many changes. Chinese telecommunications equipment giant Huawei grew global revenues from approximately $28B in 2009 to $107B in 2018, while other traditional market leaders like Ericsson and Nokia have declined in revenue over that same period. Chinese handset vendors like Huawei, ZTE, Xiaomi, Vivo, and Oppo have rapidly grown in global market share, and are still growing rapidly in adoption and influence despite minimal sales in the U.S. market. In 2009, all of the top 10 Internet companies by revenue were American. Today, four of the top 10 are Chinese. These trends are already in effect, and 5G has the potential to skew future networks even further in the direction of China if it continues to lead.

The shift from 4G to 5G will drastically impact the future of global communication networks and fundamentally change the environment in which DoD operates. While DoD will feel the impact of 5G, the rollout itself will be driven by the U.S. commercial sector. This study provides insight into the commercial landscape as well as the DoD landscape to give a comprehensive view of the stakeholders and future of 5G.

5G has the ability to enhance DoD decision-making and strategic capabilities from the enterprise network to the tactical edge of the battlefield. 5G will increase DoD’s ability to link DIB 5G Study


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RV 69 (WORK IN LONDON) perspectives; the straight lines of the water, the straight lines of the parapets, of the bottoms of the goods sheds, of the tops, of the gray corrugated roofs, all dwindled together into the immense and empty distances. The rows of four-footed, gaunt, inactive cranes, painted a dull rust colour, and the few enormous steamers at the inner ends of the quays—all these things were wetted, fused and confused in their outlines, beneath a weeping sky in which a drapery of clouds had the look of a badly blotted water-colour painting, still wet and inefficient. Knots of stevedores in dim and neutral coloured clothes seemed to be doing nothing perfunctorily in the shadow of the great hulls.

A big, red faced, heavy-moustached man in blue clothes and with cheerfully brass-bound cap and shoulders, hurried out of a tin shed. It was labelled: "Office of the Steam Navigation Co." He slipped hastily between the black side of one of the huge sheds and a gray, rusty and sea-fretted liner. Her lower sides gaped in large holes screened with canvas, and from moment to moment obscured by grimy buckets of coal that rose from a lighter; her square, white upper deck cabins were being painted more white by painters in white jackets. He hurried very fast, with a masterful and engrossed step, a cheerful blue figure with pink cheeks, dodging mechanically the pools of greasy water and the fat black mud between the sleepers. He dived into another small office. He was the chief officer of the liner that was coaling and he had a pencil behind his ear.

69

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Page:The 5G Ecosystem Risks & Opportunities for DoD.pdf/5

 multiple systems into a broader network while sharing information in real time, improving communication across Services, geographies, and domains while developing a common picture of the battlefield to improve situational awareness. This improved connectivity may in turn enable a host of new technologies and missions, from hypersonics and hypersonic defense to resilient satellite constellations and mesh networks.

Spectrum will play a key role in the operation, development and roll-out of 5G. Peak data rates are driven by the amount of spectrum that is available to a wireless service. In 4G, up to five 20 MHz channels can be bonded together. But in 5G, up to five 100 MHz channels can be bonded together, enabling speeds approximately 20x faster than 4G and 4G LTE. While some 5G technology will be deployed in the currently-used cellular spectrum and achieve modest gains in performance (LTE is already fairly well optimized), full 5G development will require significantly more spectrum to provide another step-change improvement in performance for consumers, DoD or otherwise.

Countries are pursuing two separate approaches to deploy hundreds of MHz of new spectrum for 5G. The first focuses on the part of the electromagnetic (EM) spectrum below 6 GHz (“Low- to Mid-Band Spectrum,” also referred to as “sub-6”), primarily in the 3 and 4 GHz bands. The second approach focuses on the part of the spectrum between ~24 and 300 GHz (“High-Band Spectrum,” or “mmWave”), and is the approach taken by the United States, South Korea, and Japan (although all three countries are also exploring sub-6 to various degrees). U.S. carriers are primarily focused on mmWave deployment for 5G because most of the 3 and 4 GHz spectrum being used by the rest of the world for 5G are exclusive Federal bands in the United States, extensively used by DoD in particular. The question of spectrum allocation is at the heart of the 5G competition, for the spectrum band of choice, whether sub-6 or mmWave, impacts nearly every other aspect of 5G development. Spectrum bands in the 3 and 4 Ghz range dominate global 5G activity because of improved propagation (range) over mmWave spectrum, resulting in far fewer base stations needed to be deployed to deliver the same coverage and performance. Because large swaths of the sub-6 bands in the United States are not available for civil/commercial use, U.S. carriers and the FCC (which controls civil spectrum in the US) are betting on mmWave spectrum as the core domestic 5G approach.

U.S. carriers may continue to pursue mmWave, but it is impossible to lead in the 5G field without followers. Leadership in wireless networks requires the global market to subscribe to DIB 5G Study


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RV 70 (WORK IN LONDON) He was uniting as it were the labours of the men shovelling in the buckets of coal, of the men uttering melancholy wails as they swung-in a white boat, of the men hooking up long planks for the painters to sit on, and of the painters themselves on the upper decks. With that pencil he controlled all their labours, as if he were twisting them into an invisible rope which passed through that tin office and up, far away into town where other pencils and other pens recorded these things on large pages, digested them into summaries and finally read them out to Boards of Directors.

Those invisible ropes—they are strong enough in all conscience—seem to be the only tie between these two classes of workers, between these two great camps set one against another. It is astonishing how different London looks from one or from the other end. Speaking broadly, the man who expresses himself with a pen on paper sees his London from the west. At the worst he hopes to end with that view. His London of breathing space, his West End, extends from say Chiswick to say Portland Place. His dense London is the City as far as Fenchurch Street, his East End ends with what he calls "Whitechapel".

The other sees his London of elbow room extend from say Purfleet to say Blackwall. He is conscious of having, as it were at his back, the very green and very black stretches of the Essex marshes dotted with large solitary factories and small solitary farms. His dense London, his City, lies along the line from Blackwall to 70

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 and build to the specifications of the leader’s spectrum bands of choice, as these 5G subcomponents and products will ultimately drive interoperability across networks. The rest of the world does not face the same sub-6 spectrum limitations as U.S. carriers, and is subsequently pursuing 5G development in that range. As a result, the United States may find itself without a global supply base if it continues to pursue a spectrum range divergent from the rest of the world.

If the future 5G ecosystem adopted by most of the world is built on the sub-6 mid-band spectrum, the United States will also be faced with mmWave device interoperability challenges and sub-6 infrastructure security concerns. As sub-6 becomes the global standard, it is likely that China, the current leader in that space, will lead the charge. This would create security risks for DoD operations overseas that rely on networks with Chinese components in the supply chain. Even if the United States were to restrict use of Chinese equipment suppliers domestically, the United States is not a big enough market in wireless to prevent China’s 5G suppliers from continuing to increase market share globally, resulting in significant pressure on a declining set of vendors that would serve the U.S. market. These vendors will in turn be unable to invest R&D towards future 5G offerings due to decreasing market share, limiting the number of competitive products and depriving DoD and U.S. industries of better and cheaper global supply chains.

China plans to deploy the first widespread 5G network, with its first set of sub-6 services becoming available in 2020. First-mover advantage will likely drive significant increases in their handset and telecom equipment vendors market along with their domestic semiconductor and system suppliers. As a result, Chinese internet companies will be well-positioned to develop services and applications for their home market that take advantage of 5G speed and low latency. As 5G is deployed across the globe in similar bands of spectrum, China’s handset and internet applications and services are likely to become dominant, even if they are excluded from the US. China is on a track to repeat in 5G what happened with the United States in 4G. DIB 5G Study


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RV 71 (WORK IN LONDON) Fenchurch Street. Beyond that, the City proper, the city of the Bank and the Mansion House, is already a place rather of dilettante trifling. Its streets are tidied up, its buildings ornamented and spacious. The end of the West End is for him the Piccadilly Fountain, and this latter quarter of large, almost clean, stone buildings, broad swept streets and a comparative glare of light, is already a foreign land, slightly painful because it is so strange. That, further west, there may be another enormous London never really enters his everyday thoughts. He reads about it sometimes, he hears it spoken of; sometimes perhaps in a holiday frame of mind he goes through it. But it never "matters" to him, it is never like his familiar, rigid rows of streets all of blackened bricks, windows that are square openings in boxes and plasters of blue and white and begrimed enamelled iron advertisements. These are familiar, these are real life, these are homely, as if warm and alive. The other he does not much want to think about, it would worry him. In just the same way the penworker does not want to think about several dark towns of a million or so east of "Whitechapel". It is an unpleasant thought. Given ill-luck, a craving for drink, disease or one or other of the fatal falls of humanity, he too might have to sink into those gloomy and shadowy depths. The other man is vaguely troubled at the idea of the West. There he would have to be tidy, constrained, worried about specks on his clothes, careful of his tongue, less than a man.

These two types, in their mass very human and very 71

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RV 72 (WORK IN LONDON) comprehensible, are in general very foreign and in general very hostile the one to the other. Yet upon their combined workings the life of London depends. And because there they may work one into another like the teeth of cogwheels revolving antithetically, London attracts them. For the obvious secret of London, its magnetism, is the work that it offers to be done or to be "organised". You go there whether you got your training at the tail of a plough in Kent or in Lithuania, with the most salient fact in your experience the knowledge of a pollard willow in which there is always a dog-fox asleep; or whether beside the Isis, on the links of St. Andrews, or in the University of Bonn you learnt the sorrows of Achilles, the binomial theorem, or the chemical formulae of all the coal tar by-products. You go there, whether your ideal is to get a wage of fifteen shillings a week more with lighter work and shorter hours, or whether you dream that before "retiring" you will get yourself turned into a limited company with a capital of six cyphers at the tail of a numeral—you go there to get "something to do". That is the grosser view.

But the finer side is the romantic, the adventurous, the dreamer's spirit in mankind to whom work itself in imagination remains the primal curse. In certain cellars here and there in the City, in cellars that have been oil-clothed and tiled, garnished with rows of hat-pegs and with leather seats like planks along the walls, above white marble table-tops that loom like horizontal tombstones through the delicate films of cigarette smoke, 72

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RV 73 (WORK IN LONDON) contending in the dim atmosphere with the delicate fragrance of coffee—in a City Mecca, in fact—you will see men sit. Their faces of the palest, of the ruddiest, of the blondest, of the most black-avised, will be all united into one serious frown over black and white stones, like smaller tombstones standing or lying prone as if in a disastrously wrecked graveyard. A man will rise in a far corner, pull the lapels of his coat one towards another, shake his umbrella a little, and walk away with a swift step and a half self-conscious air. A young man will look up and lose for a moment his engrossed expression. He will stop his companion's domino in mid air with "Do you know who that is? Why, Plumly!"—"What, Plumly of the Dash United?" They will gaze with half awe at the disappearing trouser-ends and boot-heels on the stairs.

"Yes. Plumly was only an auctioneers' clerk in Honiton, where my father is. And now look what he's worth! That was what made me come to town." The eyes of both young men will have serious and reflective expressions before they resume their game. They will both be thinking, in one way or another, that what man has done man can do.

Or, on the seat before the ferryman's hut in a small harbour you may see a hook-nosed, bearded, begrimed, weather-soiled and wonderfully alert London bargeman. He will wave his tiny pipe at the faces of half a dozen young fishermen standing in a circle before him.

"Yes," he will say, "you're too young to remember 73

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Page:The 5G Ecosystem Risks & Opportunities for DoD.pdf/7

 CHAPTER 1: 5G HISTORY AND OVERVIEW

A History of Generation Technology

Mobile wireless technology has been in development for decades, with the first generation (1G) introduced in the late 1970s and fielded in the early 1980s. Since then, new generations of technology and wireless standards have been introduced every decade or so, culminating in our present state of transition between 4G and 5G capabilities. The value of each generation has increased exponentially, as each has enabled a host of other technology advancements across the commercial sector and military. All existing generations work within the low- to mid-band spectrum (less than 6GHz, or sub-6), but 5G has opened the door for millimeter wave (mmWave) spectrum use as well.

1G (Voice Calls): 1G mobile networks were fielded in the early 1980s with voice communications and limited emphasis on data transfer capability (early capability ~2.4 Kbps). 1G networks utilized analog signals to “hand off” cell users between a network of distributed base stations (hosted on cell towers) using standards like AMPS and TACS.

2G (Messaging): In the 1990s, 2G mobile networks spawned the first digitally-encrypted telecommunications that improved voice quality, data security, and data capacity, while hosting limited data capability by way of circuit-switching using the GSM standard. In the late 1990s, 2.5G and 2.75G technology brought about improved data rates (upwards of 200 Kbps) using GPRS and EDGE standards, respectively. These later 2G iterations introduced data transmission via packet-switching, which served as a stepping-stone to 3G technology.

3G (Limited data: multimedia, text, internet): The late 1990s and early 2000s introduced 3G networks with faster data transfer speeds by fully transitioning to data packet-switching, with some voice circuit-switching that had been standard for 2G. This enabled data streaming, and in 2003 the first commercial 3G service was launched with mobile internet access, fixed wireless access, and video calls. 3G networks have now increased data speeds to 1Gbps when stationary and upwards of 350Kbps when mobile, using standards such as UMTS and WCDMA.

4G and LTE (True data: dynamic information access, variable devices): 4G network services were introduced in 2008 and featured data transfer at 10 times the speed of 3G by leveraging DIB 5G Study


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 all-IP networks and relying entirely on packet-switching. 4G networks enhanced the quality of video data due to larger bandwidths allowing for increased network speed. The introduction of the LTE network has since set the standard for high-speed wireless communications on mobile devices and data terminals. LTE is in constant evolution, and is currently on release number 12. “LTE advanced” can support ~300 Mbps.

5G: 5G’s precise capabilities and extent of adoption are still to be determined. The speed, volume, and latency of data transfer will depend on the spectrum bands used, as well as the context of network usage (fixed or mobile). For example, a mmWave 5G network could enable incredibly fast speed for fixed local area networks under specific conditions that did not limit wave propagation, but would conversely struggle to maintain those speeds at extended range (on the “cell edge”). A sub-6 5G network might have lower maximum speed than mmWave, but could cover a much broader area without risk of interruption from a range of environmental factors. These conditions will ultimately determine the “standards” for 5G, and are currently in development globally.

History’s Lessons: First-Mover Advantage in Generation Transitions

Transitions between wireless technology generations before 5G also had substantial commercial, competitive, and security implications for first-movers. Europe, led by Germany, gained first competitive advantage in 2G, and as a result companies like Nokia and Ericsson were able to roll out more advanced devices earlier and were already transitioning to 3G in the 2000s when the United States was still trying to implement 2G. The European wireless tech industry boomed during this period while U.S. companies struggled to keep pace. Europe lost this edge during the 3G transition, when they were hampered by regulations that required time-consuming auctions of 3G spectrum, rather than simply repurposing existing 2G spectrum bandwidth. Japan took the lead on 3G, and while the United States ultimately caught up to Japan, it took years to roll out 3G networks, which came at a huge cost to U.S. businesses as Japan sprinted forward with its 3G business model. The United States lost thousands of jobs and considerable revenue during this transition, during which multiple wireless technology companies failed or were absorbed into foreign companies.

The United States learned from its previous mistakes when it came to 4G and 4G LTE. Although it had been slow to implement 3G, there was a surge in 3G investment in the later years that ultimately gave the United States a head start when 4G arrived. Additionally, the FCC opened licenses for more bandwidth and set regulations to promote rapid expansion of the 4G network as it was being developed. Japan kept pace at first, but Japanese industry failed move quickly to develop the technology that would ultimately shape the 4G ecosystem. As a result, the United States took an early lead in the smart device market and ultimately displaced Japanese operating systems both in and out of Japan.

In the early 2010s, AT&T and Verizon rapidly deployed LTE across the United States in the 700 MHz spectrum they won at auction in 2008. The United States became the first country (after Finland) to see a comprehensive LTE network that delivered approximately 10x the consumer network performance of existing 3G networks. This step-change in performance drove rapid DIB 5G Study


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RV 77 (WORK IN LONDON) wreaths to all the world. She seems to hold them for bank clerks and for bargees, for charlatans and the Founders of Faiths, to poets and to privates in the Foot Guards, to actors as to all sorts of robbers with violence. But the appeal is on the whole a modern one: it was not until the wider world of woods and seas was nearly all exploited that the Occidental peoples "discovered" London. To enter minutely into this movement would be impracticable. It would take one very deep into that odd psychology of statistics that is called Political Economy.

But it had its rise, this modern appeal of London, at about the time of the triumphing principle of Free Trade; it had its beginning at about the time when 77

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 adoption of new handsets with new semiconductors that not only could move much more data, but were computationally much faster as well. U.S. companies like Apple, Google, Facebook, Amazon, Netflix, and countless others built new applications and services that took advantage of that bandwidth and those new handset capabilities. As LTE was deployed in other countries, those same handsets and applications spread across the world, driving U.S. dominance in global wireless and internet services.

The United States has benefited significantly from this lead. Recon Analytics published a report in April 2018 estimating that the introduction of 4G contributed to 70% growth in the wireless industry between 2011 and 2014, bolstering GDP while increasing jobs in the wireless industry by over 80%. By leading the charge on 4G, the United States was able to build a global ecosystem of network providers, device manufacturers, and app developers that shaped the future of 4G and the experience of all other countries implementing it.

First-mover advantage is particularly pronounced in wireless generation transitions because the leader can set the foundational infrastructure and specifications for all future products. For example, China is in the process of laying down fiber optic cables in its own territory and plans to do the same for the countries participating in its Belt and Road initiative, in addition to building 5G networks throughout Europe. This will allow China to selectively grant access to certain 5G companies and products to ride on that infrastructure. China is using this opportunity to promote sub-6 spectrum usage, which will shape the entire 5G product market going forward. If companies want to sell their 5G products into China or into any network with Chinese sponsorship, they will have to build to Chinese preferred specifications and partner with Chinese companies. This increases the risk of product backdoors and vulnerabilities throughout the supply chain.

The shift to 5G will carry the same potential risks and rewards as previous generational transitions, but at an even larger scale. The leader of 5G stands to gain hundreds of billions of dollars in revenue over the next decade, with widespread job creation across the wireless technology sector. 5G has the potential to revolutionize other industries as well, as technologies like autonomous vehicles will gain huge benefits from the faster, larger data transfer. 5G will also enhance the Internet of Things (IoT) by increasing the amount and speed of data flowing between multiple devices, and may even replace the fiber-optic backbone relied upon by so many households. The country that owns 5G will own many of these innovations and set the standards for the rest of the world.

For the reasons that follow, that country is currently not likely to be the United States. DIB 5G Study


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 ed on the career of a tramp, the man keeps to it because it is the laziest. Tramps and toughs profess the same doctrine, that the world owes them a living, but from stand-points that tend in different directions. The tough does not become a tramp, save in rare instances, when old and broken down. Even then usually he is otherwise disposed of. The devil has various ways of taking care of his own. Nor is the tramps' army recruited from any certain class. All occupations and most grades of society yield to it their contingent of idleness. Occasionally, from one cause or another, a recruit of a better stamp is forced into the ranks; but the first acceptance of alms puts a brand on the able-bodied man which his moral nature rarely hold out to efface. He seldom recovers his lost caste. The evolution is gradual, keeping step with the increasing shabbiness of his clothes and corresponding loss of self-respect, until he reaches the bottom in "the Bend."

Of the tough the tramp doctrine that the world owes him a living makes a thief; of the tramp a coward. Numbers only make him bold unless he has to do with defenceless women. In the city the policemen keep him straight enough. The women rob an occasional clothes-line when no one is looking, or steal the pail and scrubbing-brush with which they are set to clean up in the station-house lodging-rooms after their night's sleep. At the police station the roads of the tramp and the tough again converge. In mid-winter, on the coldest nights, the sanitary police corral the tramps here and in their lodging-houses and vaccinate them, despite their struggles and many oaths that they have recently been "scraped." The station-house is the sieve that sifts out the chaff from the wheat, if there be any wheat there. A man

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 goes from his first night's sleep on the hard slab of a police station lodging-room to a deck-hand's berth on an outgoing steamer, to the recruiting office, to any work that is honest, or he goes "to the devil or the dives, same thing," says my friend, the Sergeant, who knows.

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RV 78 (WORK IN LONDON) the world evolved the equally triumphant principles of Limited Liability, Specialism in Labour and the freedom of knowledge.

It was probably foreshadowed in the opening years of last century by the triumphant figure of Napoleon I. He more than anyone stands for that other triumphant principle: What man has done man can do. He raised the standard of the adventurer not only towards respectability but towards apotheosis.

Before his day the great London adventurers were, actively, the Drakes and the Raleighs; passively, Casanovas and Cagliostros. Roderick Random's idea of "making a career" after the Wars had failed him, was to pretend in London to be a man of fashion, to victimise an heiress, or in some miraculous way to pick up a "patron" with influence. There was not in those days any other career in the Town. Macshanes, O'Creegans, an occasional Colonel Evans, perhaps a French barber spying in the service of the Pretender, a few poets like Thomson of the "Seasons" and a few bastards like Tom Jones—all these people were obsessed by these two ideas. They sat in their best clothes toying with their 78

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 Spectrum Use and Options

Spectrum use and availability are the most important factors in fielding a viable 5G network, as they will determine the speed, volume, and latency of data transfer going forward. 4G data transfer capabilities cannot keep pace with current demand, and the 5G step-change would address the increasing rate of data consumption by fielding a functioning 5G network using mmWave bands, sub-6 bands, or both. The following sections describe the relative strengths and weaknesses of mmWave and sub-6 approaches, as well as their potential applications and roles in a future 5G ecosystem.

Millimeter Wave (mmWave)

MmWave spectrum operates in high frequencies found between 30 GHz and 300 GHz, and is attractive for a number of reasons. First, the shorter wavelengths of mmWave create narrower beams, which in turn provide better resolution and security for the data transmission and can carry large amounts of data at increased speeds with minimal latency. Second, there is more mmWave bandwidth available, which improves data transfer speed and avoids the congestion that exists in lower spectrum bands (prior to researching potential 5G uses of mmWave frequencies, the only major operators in that area of the spectrum were radar and satellite traffic). A 5G mmWave ecosystem would require a significant infrastructure build, but could reap the benefits of data transferred at up to 20x the speed of current 4G LTE networks. Finally, mmWave components are smaller than components for lower bands of the spectrum, allowing for more compact deployment on wireless devices. Outside of its physical properties, MmWavemmWave [sic] is also attractive to U.S. 5G developers because the U.S. government owns large swaths of the sub-6 spectrum, particularly in the 3 and 4 GHz range, making it difficult for carriers to purchase dedicated spectrum licenses at FCC auctions or even to share that part of the spectrum.

However, mmWave has its share of challenges. While its short wavelengths and narrowness of its beam allow for improved resolution and security of data transfer, these qualities can also restrict the distance at which mmWaves can propagate. This creates a high infrastructure cost, as a mmWave network would require densely populated base stations throughout a geographic area to ensure uninterrupted connectivity. This challenge is further aggravated by the fact that mmWaves can be easily blocked by obstacles like walls, foliage, and the human body itself. MmWave spectrum can achieve extended range in specific circumstances, such as in large buildings with flat reflective windows above the tree line, but few environments in the United States are conducive to this type of propagation.

Various studies have begun to test the efficacy of mmWave and sub-6 infrastructure builds in the United States. MoffettNathanson LLC recently conducted an analysis of Verizon’s 5G mmWave efforts in Sacramento and discovered that after roughly six months in the market, Verizon’s ~150 fixed wireless broadband (FWBB) base stations can only offer service to around 6% of residential addresses in the tested areas. Verizon has been targeting particularly dense DIB 5G Study


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RV 79 (WORK IN LONDON) snuff-boxes or ostentatiously winding up jewelled watches in boxes at the Opera; they panted to attract the attention of an heiress or they wrote dedications and fee'd the footmen of peers.

It would be fanciful to make Buonaparte too responsible for the Modern Type; but he, upon the whole, was the discoverer of the principle: apply yourself to gain the affection of the immense crowd. After his day the mere heiress and the patron as ends of a career vanish. They remain merely as stepping stones.

But the immense crowd is still the indubitable end. If hardly any of us aspire to its suffrage in its entirety, we have, in London at least, discovered the possibilities of capturing its custom in its smallest trifles. To make a corner in collar studs would be rather American: the method in London is to invent, or to buy up the invention of, a collar stud that will appeal straight to the heart of the million, a collar stud that will be not only in all the street vendors' trays, but in all the barbers', all the hosiers', all the drapers' windows. It ought to be very cheap, very picturesquely "put on the market," and just perishable enough to make a constant supply desirable. The man who did put it on the market would immediately become the Napoleon of the Collar Stud.

There are already so many of these: there is at least one, I am not sure that there are not several, of the Press; Napoleons of the Lower Finance find their Waterloos every few years. There is a Napoleon of Pharmacy, one of the Tea Trade, one of Grocery, one 79

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HEN it comes to the question of numbers with this tramps' army, another factor of serious portent has to be taken into account: the cheap lodging-houses. In the caravanseries that line Chatham Street and the Bowery, harboring nightly a population as large as that of many a thriving town, a home-made article of tramp and thief is turned out that is attracting the increasing attention of the police, and offers a field for the missionary's labors beside which most others seem of slight account. Within a year they have been stamped as nurseries of crime by the chief of the Secret Police, the sort of crime that feeds especially on idleness and lies ready to the hand of fatal opportunity. In the same strain one of the justices on the police court bench sums up his long experience as a committing magistrate: "The ten-cent lodging-houses more than counterbalance the good done by the free reading-room, lectures, and all other agencies of reform. Such lodging-houses have caused more destitution, more beggary and crime than any other agency I know of." A very slight acquaintance with the subject is sufficient to convince the observer that neither authority overstates the fact. The two officials had reference, however,

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RV 80 (WORK IN LONDON) of Underclothing. This is not a mere figure of speech on my part: the words are used month by month by each of these Trade Journals. There is very obviously one of politics, but that "career", as things are in London of to-day, has become comparatively decorative—a hobby for Napoleons in retirement. What one would sigh for is no longer the making of a people's laws or of a people's songs, but of a people's socks. With that behind one, one may die Chancellor of the Exchequer and a peer of the realm.

This obviously is desirable enough; we sigh very reasonably for business men in our cabinets. It is picturesque too, and inspiring, it brings about kaleidoscopic changes, and the wildest of contrasts. It makes life more worth living, because it makes life more interesting, and more amusing. The trouble, the defect of this particular Quality, is that the work suffers. The workers and their immediate dependants suffer perhaps still more.

The two clerks in that City Mecca—I happened to be watching them—saw that particular millionaire cross through the cigarette smoke and disappear. He, too, was a Napoleon of a particular financial order, and those two young men, when they rose from their dominos, pulled together their coats, shook their umbrellas a very little, and set their hats on at a particular angle. They were imitating almost gesture for gesture their hero.

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 parts of Sacramento as optimal testing environments and is focused on developing a fixed network, which carries fewer challenges for mmWave deployment than a mobile network. However, even in these optimized circumstances it is clear that scaling this solution to provide more coverage would be a time- and cost-intensive endeavor requiring a massive infrastructure build-out.

Google also performed a preliminary study for the Defense Innovation Board to ascertain the approximate capital expenditure (capex) and base station counts needed for mmWave deployments, using 425 MHz of spectrum at 28 GHz (a mmWave configuration standard for current U.S. 5G trials), compared to 250 MHz of spectrum in the 3.4 GHz band (a sub-6 configuration, standard for Chinese 5G trials and deployment). This equipment was deployed on 72,735 existing macrocell towers and rooftops (the easiest choice for deployment) and was found to provide mmWave coverage to only 11.6% of the U.S. population at cell edge speeds of 100 Mbps, with 3.9% coverage at 1 gigabit. For sub-6, the same tower sites covered 57.4% of the population at 100 Mbps, and 21.2% of the population at 1 Gbps. The study used high-resolution geospatial data that included shadowing from foliage structures, but did not take into account shadowing from the human body or a vehicle, which realistically would exist in a deployed environment and even further disrupt connectivity for mmWave networks.

Most operators are looking at deploying mmWave 5G sites on utility poles, given the poles’ ease of accessibility and abundance. Using a database of utility poles in the United States, the study indicated that it would require approximately 13 million pole-mounted 28-GHz base stations and $400B dollars in capex to deliver 100 Mbps edge rate at 28 GHz to 72% of the U.S. population, and up to 1 Gbps to approximately 55% of the U.S. population. Figures 1 and 2 below show the difference in “splat” (propagation) between 28 GHz (mmWave) and 3.4 Ghz (sub-6) deployments on the same pole height in a relatively flat part of Los Angeles (blue represents 100 Mbps speed, red represents 1 Gbps speed):