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 That was not a doctrine which in general Mr. Mule felt any disposition to question; though at the present moment he was not sorry to find that the prostrate rose-tree explained one part of his recent terrors upon less alarming principles. Without making any further comments, however, he now closed the window; bolted it securely against any second attempt to open it; and then retired again to his bed under considerable alleviations of his panic.

And now let us quit these old gnomes, and the agitations of fear, for the lovely sylph, Miss Fanny, and the nobler agitations of love!—Miss Fanny! ah, poor thing, what’s to become of her? She’s bolted out now, and has no more chance of getting to her own bed than the rose inside has of rising up from the place where it lies floored, or of making amends to Mrs. Tabitha for the mischief it has done under her bed. Now, we suppose, there are people in this world depraved enough to laugh at this young creature and her distress; we, on the contrary, could find in our hearts to drop a tear or two, if we had time, in sympathy with her’s, especially when we see her, as she advances gaily up the lawn, suddenly stop, look up to the window, start back, clasp her hands, and then burst into tears. Poor thing, how her innocent heart beats! This is the third heart now out of one house that has palpitated almost to bursting within one half hour, and the reader’s heart must be made of mere stone if he pities none of them. As to Miss Fanny’s, however, we are glad to see her drying her tears, for her lover has most fortunately discovered that one of the library windows is a little open, and may be pushed up from the outside. Ay, Mr. Ferdinand, if you can get at it; but how is that to be done? The library windows are twenty feet from the ground. True, they are so; but Miss Fanny remembers a ladder which is kept at the gardener’s cottage; and the gardener’s cottage, by good luck, stands in the shrubbery.

Thither they bent their steps, and not a little surprised they were to find the door open: without scruple, however, they walked in, and the next minute they heard the door pulled to, and locked upon them by somebody from without. Here let us moralize upon the capricious misery of this human life of our’s; but two minutes ago we had a young lady before us weeping and refusing to be comforted because she is locked out, and now this same young lady is weeping because she is locked in. But how happened it? Thus: the gardener was at this time absent from home, and the gardener’s wife was kept waking not by ghosts but by thieves. Several little articles had recently disappeared


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 from the premises, and the gardener’s wife insisted that they had been purloined; Mrs. Tabitha, on the contrary, charged the losses upon the carelessness of the gardener’s family. It naturally happened, therefore, that this evening, upon hearing the steps of the two lovers repeatedly passing on the gravel walk beneath her window, the gardener’s wife should be on the alert. Here, no doubt, were the robbers. She dressed herself, slipped down stairs, unlocked the door, and leaving it open to secure her own retreat in case of need, but carrying the key with her to provide against the worse case of the enemy’s intercepting her, and throwing a detachment into the fortress, she placed herself in ambuscade amongst the bushes. No long time elapsed before two people were heard advancing: who they were the good woman could not make out from the deep shades of the shrubs, but she observed that they talked in low tones. The few words she caught were, “Sure that it is at the gardener’s;” “Easily take it away;” “Think it will be possible to raise the window without being heard?” Ay, thought the gardener’s wife, here are the robbers, and they are now planning a burglary. She watched them into her own house, silently crept after them, locked the door, and with the key in her pocket went off to alarm Mr. Mule’s family, to proclaim the capture of the robbers, and to rear a lasting monument to her own courage and innocence upon the basis of Mrs. Tabitha’s final confusion and mortification.

Ah, well-a-day, poor Mr. Mule, I see another storm brewing against your peace. Just sinking again into slumber, with his head under the bed-clothes, Mr. Mule was entering upon a region of milder dreams. Happelius was vanishing, basilisks were growing scarce, when all at once the ghost of the giant Thor appeared to him playing with his sledge-hammer upon his chamber-door. In direful confusion he awoke, and too surely he found there was something in it. The dream was so far wrong that it was not the door which was played upon but the window. Whether Thor were the performer could not yet be ascertained; but certainly the clatter, which now assailed the glass of Mr. Mule’s window, was quite worthy of Thor; and if not Thor, at least it might be said of the performer (according to the polite reply of the Frenchman to Dr. Moore in a different case), “Qu’il méritoit bien l’étre.” Mr. Mule kept his position under the bed-clothes, and determined to keep it, let what would happen. Frequent meditation upon the case of nocturnal panics had satisfied him that the best position which could be taken up in such circumstances was to cower under the bed-clothes—the worst ghost he had yet met with had not gone the length of pulling off his blankets. Besides, it was clearly the place of honour: in bad times, as Mr. Addison correctly observes, “the post of honour

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 is a private station;” and where is there one so private as that of a diver under the bed-clothes? Mr. Mule was well and scientifically tucked in upon three sides: as to the head, which certainly was the Achilles’s heel of his position, he had done his best to complete the lines of circumvallation by screwing down the clothes with both hands, and by doubling them under the weight of his head, which, he trusted, might resist Thor’s hammer as long as any part about him. On the whole, he felt himself entitled to say, that come would what come might, he positively would not be dislodged.

We shall see. Mr. Mule was positive, certainly; but the strongest positions have been forced, and the resolutions of the most restive persons have been baffled. At this moment he heard another storm driving at the windows, accompanied by shrill screams and feminine ululations. “God bless my soul,” said Mr. Mule, “here are all the ghosts from the Red Sea; and now one finds what comes of shutting a window in a ghost’s face.” Yes, the rationale of the assault was but too clear. Mule it was that had shut down the window which the ghosts had opened; he could not deny it; and Mule it is that must suffer for it. Bare poetical justice demanded that his window should be made the next object of attack. Mule saw all this, and Mule groaned; but Mule kept his position for all that. If he could get Mrs. Tabitha to take to the shutting down of the window, or to divide the blame with him, something might be done. But, lord! what’s the use of deliberating when the enemy are at the gates? Even whilst he yet deliberated, another clattering storm assailed the window; another peal of feminine ululation ascended, the panes began to crash, something or other rattled along the floor; in spite of all which, we are proud to state that Mr. Mule kept his position; and, lastly, something or other hit Mr. Mule in a region far more “practicable” than his head. If it was Thor’s hammer—at least it appeared that Thor’s hammer was no ghost; in consequence, Mule’s resolution, however mulish, gave way. Upwards he soared like a barrel of gunpowder, or like the fiend when touched by Ithuriel’s spear, or, according to our former comparison, like a rocket. At this moment Mule must have been a good study to the lovers of the picturesque, and still more at the next moment when he received a second rap over the shins. What passed in his mind during this ghostly agony it would be difficult even for Professor Kant to have assigned: thus much, however, is certain, that by the “association of ideas,” as Miss Hamilton would still be saying, the “tangible idea” of his own shins (to speak with David Hartley) suggested the “audible idea” of the young malefactor, whom, upon a certain night in former years, he had heard giggling behind a wall at a certain


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Rh for the appearing complexes as well as for the treatment of strophe-structured songs, the compilation of excerpts in the other Vedas, and the complete collection of citations of all songs, song parts, and verses in the Aitareya and Kaushitaka, along with those in our edition, provide an indispensable foundation. It seemed necessary to pay particular attention to the dissection of song complexes into songs and the strophe songs into strophes. Nothing can compel us, out of respect for the traditional form of the text, to withhold those dissections that have such a decisive impact on the appearance of the songs, especially when we are often able to proceed with almost mathematical certainty. However, one of the tasks of our introductory investigations is to bring that level of certainty in the process of song dissection to the highest achievable degree and to exclude any suspicion that it is a matter of subjective opinion.

Another major task of Vedic text treatment concerns the phonetic appearance of the text, which has undergone profound alterations in transmission. It was necessary to investigate the procedure of the ancient diacritics directed towards phonetic form comprehensively. We had to attempt, one could say, from our perspective, to write a Pratisakhya for the Rigveda or, in a broader sense, to provide an explanation of the old Pratisakhya, discussing to what extent its laws apply to the Rik text because they were indeed in effect in the language of its authors, and to what extent they were introduced into the text by the transmitters. The approach mentioned here for examining various phonetic phenomena


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 device for throwing Mr. Mule upon those shins. Hereafter, when Mule comes coolly to collate the two cases in point of torment, he will see the absurdity of having entered Mr. Ferdinand’s villany into his black day-book, with a Latin notula annexed, implying that Furcifer iste Ferdinandus Lawler was a greater plague to him than the fiend and all his imps ever had been or would be. The result shewed how wrong he was. Mr. Ferdinand’s assaults upon his shins left Mr. Mule courage enough to rise and run after him, and at one time really with some chance of overtaking him, and bringing him to condign punishment; whereas at present, after sky-rocketing, he immediately collapsed upon the centre of the bed,—and lay in a sort of round heap (rudis indigestaque moles), without a thought of avenging his shins. So lying, however, and now totally denuded of all bed-clothes, he heard the better; and it struck him in the next course of ululations, that he distinguished the voice of his own gardener’s wife; “Beyond a doubt,” said he, “it is Nelly Hagedorn;” and the very next moment brought to his ears the cry of “Thieves! Thieves!”

“Thieves!” said Mr. Mule exultingly, “God be praised! Thieves are better than ghosts any how.” And he rose with alacrity: again he grew “spuriously courageous,” according to the Stagyrite; for he was in an immense passion. And now, indeed, there was some ground for a parallel between his present mood and that in which he had pursued the young malefactor: the same passion possessed him—vengeance; and for the same wrongs—violated shins. He strode to the window, and roundly charged Nelly Hagedorn with burglarious attempts on his house, and murderous attempts on himself; all which, however, ranked lower in the scale of guilt than another offence, which he was obliged to suppress, of having swindled him into unutterable panic by personating a ghost from the Red Sea. Nelly defended herself on the charges of burglary and murder, by stating the case; she had the thieves under lock and key; they might break prison; she had done what she could to rouse the family by “audible ideas:” those failing, what remained but “tangible ideas?” And what mattered a few panes of glass in comparison of liberating the premises from nightly intrusions of thieves?

There was something certainly in this statement: these thieves might be the very people who had opened Mrs. Tabitha’s window; in which case, three sets of ghosts would have evanesced (or rather consolidated) into a rose-tree, Nelly Hagedorn, and a couple of thieves. Mr. Mule was mollified; roused his household; and went down stairs to admit Mrs. Hagedorn.


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 All the world was below stairs; for half the neighbourhood had been roused by Mrs. Hagedorn’s outcries: amongst them, by the way, was slippery Dick; which is very well, as we shall want him for the catastrophe; and we desire that he will not leave the premises till that is effected. Though Dick, however, and other extra persons were there, one essential limb of the family was not: in the general muster every body perceived that Miss Fanny was absent.

“Fanny, my love!” cried Mr. Mule, all the way up stairs to her bed-room: “Fan, Fan, my love!” But no “Fan, Fan,” answered. He advanced to her bed, and gazed upon it with horror: no soft swelling or fine undulations of the bed-clothes expressed the beautiful outlines of a young woman’s person: no quiet heaving betrayed the corresponding breathings of Miss Fanny, or the gentle pulsations of Miss Fanny’s heart. Miss Fanny was gone. But when, and whither, and how? If thieves had opened the window, thieves could hardly have stolen Miss Fanny. No: there was something in it more than all that. Mr. Mule was alone, and Mr. Mule again began to quake. The rose-tree, the thieves, and even Nelly Hagedorn, all became apocryphal in his eyes; and it seemed to him that there was nothing certain under the sun, but his own shins and other people’s ghosts.

Down stairs he posted, and stated the facts. All present were alarmed, except Mrs. Tabitha, who contemplated the case exclusively in relation to virtue; and, as her virtue was chiefly manufactured by Cant and Co., from extra superfine particular humbug, Miss Fanny’s character was likely to suffer some damage in her hands. But Mr. Mule saw this, and hastily took it out of them: he called her an old cat: swore that he had done wrong to torment his niece by putting her under such a duenna: if Fanny had gone off voluntarily, no doubt it was to drown herself; in which case they would be both haunted by her ghost; and justly, as he must acknowledge. However he would take his horse and ride all over the country in search of her.

So saying he mounted up stairs to equip himself, whilst most of the others accompanied Mrs. Nelly to the spectacle of the little gaol delivery which she promised.

“Now we shall see,” cried Mrs. Nelly, triumphantly, as she unlocked the door, “whether my warnings are always to be set at nought.” So saying, she threw the door open with the air of one who is exposing to the public some great exhibition of lions: the company, however, were so ceremonious, that none chose to


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VI leading this within the limits of this volume was not possible; however, the treatment presented here of most, and I believe, the most complex of the relevant problems, will also provide the necessary guidance for what is not explicitly discussed.

If the explanations, which have been discussed so far, can be collectively referred to as a textual history of the Rigveda, or at least as the main chapters of such, it also seemed, as it need not be explicitly justified, indispensable to present the Rigvedic meter in context. For some other areas of investigation that should have been addressed in these introductory studies, the author can refer to discussions he has provided elsewhere: for the characterization of several of the main types of Vedic poetic techniques, the song of reciting and the song of singing priests, the prosaic-poetic narrative (Akhyana), and the Danastuti, to two articles in the journal of the German Morgenland Society (XXXVIII, 439 fgg., XXXIX, 52 fgg.). For the discussion of Vedic peoples and tribes, he can refer to an excursus in his "Buddha" (p. 399 fgg.), and for the conditions of Vedic song composers, especially for their chronological explanation, to another article in the aforementioned journal (XLII, 198 fgg.). The author did not find it necessary to re-examine the question of the impact of script usage on the Rigvedic textual tradition; he considers this issue resolved, and the intervention of script usage for the only times that matter, in which there was a history of the text at all, as excluded.

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 claim precedency of entrance. At length, however, Hermes Trismigistus, as the person who might be supposed most familiar with the genus ‘Thief,’ stepped forward and held up a light to examine the two specimens of that genus so recently caught. “But how is this, Mrs. Nelly? The birds are flown: the cage is empty. Or rather had there ever been any birds?” This was the second question; and, after a fruitless search, it was decided in the negative. It passed, ''nem. con.'' that Mrs. Nelly Hagedorn had been guilty of a hoax,—of a hum—of a flam: the whole was too palpably a Mississippi scheme for raising credit; a pure swindling South Sea bubble. And a doubt was moved by Slippery Dick, whether it were not actionable to disappoint people’s curiosity in this shocking way: nay, some held it to be a sort of petty treason to excite the passions of the public, and then baulk them; since every individual in respect to the collective body of the public stands in some such relative of fealty as a wife to a husband, or a servant to his master.

What then had become of the poor prisoners? Had Jove, in compassion to their misfortunes, taken them aloft and made them into some new constellation for the encouragement of future lovers, and the confusion of the present, Mr. Pond?—No: the case was this:—Mr. Ferdinand had been too much engaged in war to have much faith in the absolute impregnability of any fortress,—the gardener’s cottage, he was satisfied, must have its weak points, as well as Gibraltar and Bergen-op-zoom; and wherever an enemy could break in, it was clear that a prisoner might break out. Such a place he found in a little back-window; it was strengthened, indeed, by an apricot tree, which had been trained over it upon an espalier: but a saw, which lay in the window-seat, enabled him to prune a neat quadrangular section out of the espalier, through which he first elaborated his own person; next some unworthy ladder which had been the means of seducing them into the enemy’s quarters; and, finally, Miss Fanny. Like Nisus and Euryalus, they were just returning from their night adventure, and, like Nisus and Euryalus, with the spoils of the enemy’s camp; when suddenly, like Nisus and Euryalus, they heard the enemy advancing directly in their path; and, therefore, like Nisus and Euryalus, they plunged into a gloomy thicket to avoid them.—Here, by the way, an absurd friend of ours, (an attorney,) who is now looking over our shoulder, objects that this comparison is ‘defeated’ and ‘avoided’ (as he calls it in his law jargon), by the sex of one of the parties. The ‘party’ he means is Miss Fanny, whom he pretends that we must not liken to Euryalus. “Nisus”, says he, “may do very well for the cornet, but who the d—l is to do for Miss Fanny? She is a young lady,—whereas Euryalus is a young gentleman.”


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Rh vary depending on whether the primary goal was to present the transmitted or the original phonetic form of the text. Providing accent marks seemed unnecessary for the purpose of the investigations presented here, with a few exceptions. However, the author considered it useful to mark the caesura of the Trishtubh and Jagati lines.

The critically edited text of the Rigveda itself, accompanied by the apparatus of materials contained in the other Samhitas, Brahmanas, and Sutras, will follow in the current volume as soon as the nature of such an extensive and challenging task allows.

To His Excellency the Royal Prussian Minister of Education, whose generosity has made it possible for the editor to undertake the revision of the Rigveda presented here, respectful thanks are expressed.


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 What of that? We didn’t make Euryalus a young gentleman; it’s no fault of ours. Look here: to make the cases tally and dovetail, there must be a man and a woman in both. Very well, then; we bring our man and our woman; if Virgil does not bring his, whose fault is that, you know? But this shews what comes of meddling with criticism, when people “should engross.” We shake off the dust of our feet against the attorney, and we return to the young cornet and his enemy. Happier in this point than Nisus and Euryalus, they were detected by no Volscens; they arrived happily under the window; Mr. Ferdinand applied the ladder—steadied it, and prepared to hold it. From what womanly scruples it is not for us to say, but so it was, that upon this last service of the cornet’s—however respectfully tendered, Miss Fanny laid her interdict. On some rare occasions the gentlest of young women are peremptory; and, after vainly remonstrating, Mr. Ferdinand retired to a distance, and Miss Fanny began her ascent.

Meanwhile, old Mule was roaming about in unspeakable agitation, at the thought of being left alone in the house; much also he suffered from disinterested fear at the thoughts of Miss Fanny’s death; much also from selfish fear, on considering that he had thereby added another ghost to his list; and that (God knows!) was not at all necessary. Just at this moment, he came to his library window, and flung it up to see if the party were returning from Nelly’s. Ah! Mule! ah! persecuted Mule! ! ! (to borrow the voice of Greek Tragedy) ! There stood the bust of Miss Fanny, resting (as it seemed) in mid air, looking in at Mr. Mule, and manifestly meditating an eruption into Mr. Mule’s premises. Mule absolutely brayed and whinnied at this insufferable fright: he shyed, threw up his heels, curvetted, plunged, and finally bolted at full stretch out of the room. Miss Fanny was startled at this mode of reception; but what was to be done? In she must; and let us tell her, that if she frightens other people in this way, she must expect to be frightened in her turn: and so it was that, as she was getting in at the window, her face naturally turned round to the latter; on which (,, , ,! ! !), occupying her own recent station, and presenting his bust precisely as she had presented hers to Mr. Mule, stood a man, who popped this question to her—“Who the devil are you?” Miss Fanny staid not upon any scruples of form, but pirouetted and fled like a fawn after old Mule. Mule heard the


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 Incidentally by that time the sex lure or appeal had begun to manifest itself and he was already intensely interested and troubled by the beauty of the opposite sex, its attractions for him and his attraction for it. And, naturally and coincidentally, the matter of his clothes and his physical appearance had begun to trouble him not a little—how he looked and how other boys looked. It was painful to him now to think that his clothes were not right; that he was not as handsome as he might be, not as interesting. What a wretched thing it was to be born poor and not to have any one to do anything for you and not to be able to do so very much for yourself!

Casual examination of himself in mirrors whenever he found them tended rather to assure him that he was not so bad-looking—a straight, well-cut nose, high white forehead, wavy, glossy, black hair, eyes that were black and rather melancholy at times. And yet the fact that his family was the unhappy thing that it was, that he had never had any real friends, and could not have any, as he saw it, because of the work and connection of his parents, was now tending more and more to induce a kind of mental depression or melancholia which promised not so well for his future. It served to make him rebellious and hence lethargic at times. Because of his parents, and in spite of his looks, which were really agreeable and more appealing than most, he was inclined to misinterpret the interested looks which were cast at him occasionally by young girls in very different walks of life from him—the contemptuous and yet rather inviting way in which they looked to see if he were interested or disinterested, brave or cowardly.

And yet, before he had ever earned any money at all, he had always told himself that if only he had a better collar, a nicer shirt, finer shoes, a good suit, a swell overcoat like some boys had! Oh, the fine clothes, the handsome homes, the watches, rings, pins that some boys sported; the dandies many youths of his years already were! Some parents of boys of his years actually gave them cars of their own to ride in. They were to be seen upon the principal streets of Kansas City flitting to and fro like flies. And pretty girls with them. And he had nothing. And he never had had.

And yet the world was so full of so many things to do—so many people were so happy and so successful. What was he to do? Which way to turn? What one thing to take up and master—something that would get him somewhere. He could not say. He did not know exactly. And these peculiar parents were in no way sufficiently equipped to advise him.

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 ghost in pursuit of him, and began to plunge again, and never ceased plunging until he plunged into the cellar; and there finding an empty sack, he jumped in, pulled it up about him like a pillow-case about a pillow, ducked over-head, and prayed devoutly that his pursuer might prove to be some Johnny Raw of a ghost that would be hoaxed into taking him for a sack of mealy potatoes: whilst the innocent cause of his terror, poor “Fan—Fan,” trembling and palpitating, like a hunted hare, finally recovered her own ‘form’ in bed.

Poor throbbing “Fan—Fan!” we must pity thee, at the same time that we cannot help laughing a little. If “Fan—Fan” had frightened other people, was that any reason why a brute of a fellow should frighten her so confoundedly with his horrid—“Who the devil are you?” No, surely: and a just judgment it was upon this brute—that, as he turned round with his face to the ladder, he saw (,, , , , ! !) another fellow, standing just where he had stood on the ladder, who forthwith popped his own question to him—“Who the devil are you?” To which, however, he replied, not by plunging like a mule, or running like a fawn, but simply by retorting—“Why, if you come to that, who the devil are you?”.

Well, here are questions as plenty as blackberries: now let us have some answers.

“I am,” said the man on the ladder, “Mr. Ferdinand Lawler.”

“Ah! Mr. Ferdinand, how do you do?” said the man within: “for my part, I am Slippery Dick.”

“So! and how came you here, Mr. Dick?”

“Why, the truth is, sir, Nelly had just hoaxed us all with a cock-and-a-bull story of two thieves she pretended to have caught. A mere swindling trick, Mr. Ferdinand! I protest I respect the woman highly; for she swindled us all. I never thought she had so much talent. However, it’s not pleasant to be bilked of one’s sport; and so I wasn’t sorry that, as I came away from Nelly’s, I started some game for myself. Up this very ladder I saw a young boy in white trowsers mounting as fast as ever his legs could carry him; and, says I to myself—‘That’s a thief: I’ll go after him.”

“So! well now, that’s just my case with regard to you, Dick, for I saw you mounting the ladder, and said I to myself—‘that’s a thief; I’ll go after him.’ And, by the way, Dick, I think I was not so far out in my notion as you were in yours; for your thief in white trowsers was Miss Fanny Blumauer in white petticoats.”

Dick was a wit, and he took all such things in good part: wits, he knew, must give and take; so he contented himself with re-


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 , that no one had had the courage to undertake them. And, unfortunately, the mortality, according to the Loudon table, was so much above the common average, that the values of annuities in Mr Simpson’s tables were much too small for general use.

in the year 1746, M. Deparcieux published his Essai sur les probabilités de la durée de la vie humaine, in which he gave several valuable tables of mortality deduced from the mortuary registers of different religious houses, and from the lists of the Nominees in the French Tontines; also a table of the values of annuities on single lives, at three rates of interest, calculated from his table of mortality for the tontine annuitants. These tables were a great acquisition to the science, as, before their publication, there were only two extant that gave tolerably exact representations of the true law of mortality;—Dr Halley’s for Breslaw, and one constructed but a short time before by M. Kerseboom, principally from registers of Dutch annuitants. Those of M. Deparcieux for the Monks and Nuns, were the first ever constructed for the two sexes separately; and by them, the greater longevity of females was made evident.

The work commences with an algebraical theory of Annuities-certain; but the principal essay, On the Probabilities of the Duration of Human Life, is perfectly intelligible to those who have not studied Mathematics; it is written with great judgment and perspicuity, but contains very little more than the explanation of the construction of his tables, some of which relate to Tontines; and he did not avail himself to the extent he might have done, of the excellent tract of Thomas Simpson.

This work, however, appears to have been more read upon the Continent, and to have contributed more to the diffusion of this kind of information there, than all the other writings on the subject. The article Rentes viageres in the Encyclopédie, is acknowledged to have been taken entirely from it, as was also the article, durée de la; and these are proofs, among many others that might be produced, how little M. D’Alembert and the principal Mathematicians, his contemporaries, attended to the subject.

In the year 1752, Mr Simpson published, in his Select Exercises, a supplement to his Doctrine of Annuities; wherein he gave new tables of the values of annuities on two joint lives, and on the survivor of two lives, much mere copious than those he had inserted in the principal work; but these also were calculated from his London table of mortality.

The celebrated Euler, in a paper inserted in the Memoirs of the Royal Academy of Sciences at Berlin for the year 1760, gave a formula by which the value of an annuity on a single life of any age, may be derived from that of an annuity on a life one year older; which formula was included in that given by Mr Simpson eighteen years before, for effecting the same purpose in the case of any number of joint lives; and by this compendious method, M. Euler calculated a table of the values of single lives from M. Kerseboom’s table of mortality.

The first edition of Dr Price’s Observations on Reversionary Payments was published in 1769; and its chief object was, to give information to persons desirous of forming themselves into societies for the purpose of making provision for themselves in old age, or for their widows. When tables of the values of single lives, and of two joint lives are given, the methods of determining the terms on which such provisions can be made with safety to all the parties concerned, are very simple, and were, at that time, well understood in theory, by the Mathematicians who had studied the subject; but, for want of the requisite tables, the algebraical formulæ had, till then, been of little practical utility.

In the prosecution of this laudable design, Dr Price was obliged to have recourse to approximations. He informs us, that by following M. De Moivre too implicitly in his rules for determining the value of two joint lives, he was led into difficulties which convinced him that they were not only useless, but dangerous; he therefore calculated a table of these values upon M. De Moivre’s hypothesis of the decrements of life being equal, and its utmost limit 86 years, from a correct formula given by Mr Simpson in his Doctrine of Annuities (Cor. 5. Prob. I); by this, and a table of the values of single lives, calculated by Mr Dodson on M. De Moivre’s hypothesis, he was enabled to give answers tolerably near the truth, to some of the most interesting questions of this kind, and to show that the plans of several of the societies then recently established, were quite inadequate; and instead of the benefits they promised, could only, in the end, produce disappointment and distress, unless they either dissolved or reformed themselves.

The work also contained instructive dissertations on the probabilities and expectations of life, and on the mean duration of marriage and of widowhood; besides accounts of some of the principal societies which had then been formed for the benefit of old age, and of widows; with observations on the method of forming tables of mortality for towns, and two new tables of that kind, constructed from registers kept at Norwich and Northampton. Mr Morgan’s Doctrine of Annuities and Assurances was published in 1779, containing tables of the values of single lives, of two equal joint lives, and of two lives differing in age by 60 years, calculated from the Northampton table of mortality. And in the same year, M. De Saint-Cyran published his Calcul des Rentes viageres sur une et sur plusieurs têtes, wherein the valuation of annuities on lives is treated algebraically, but in a manner much inferior in all respects to that of Mr Simpson; and six tables are given of the values of annuities,—on single lives, on the survivor of two lives, and on the last survivor of three, calculated from M. Kerseboom’s table of mortality. Although the values in the cases of two, and of three lives, were only determined by approximation, these tables were, just then, a valuable acquisition to the science; but their use was entirely superseded only four years after, by the publication of others much more valuable.

The fourth edition of Dr Price’s Observations on Reversionary Payments appeared in 1783. One of the best effects of the preceding editions on the pro- Rh


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 plying—that he believed Miss Fanny and he played their cards pretty much alike; if he once stole diamonds, she stole hearts every day of her life. And thus sparring, the two thief-takers descended the ladder together.

At the foot of it, the cornet asked Dick if any thing could be done to repair the mischief of this night: did he think matters desperate?

“Desperate!” said Dick, “they never were in better train; leave Mr. Mule to me, sir, I’ll hoax him; precisely in nine minutes from this time I’ll have him well hoaxed.”

Dick went in search of Mr. Mule: not finding him above stairs, he knew whereabouts Mr. Mule must be; though not in what precise corner, or what precise sack. Seeing one, however, more corpulent than the rest, he determined to satisfy his own doubts, whether this were a sack of mealy potatoes, by turning it upside down and shooting out the contents. As, however, he necessarily satisfied Mr. Mule at the same time that he himself was neither that ghost, nor that Johnny Raw he was looking for, that gentleman thankfully pocketed the affront.

In this piece of impertinence, which was the mere gratuitous overflow of Dick’s infamous love of fun, he lost precisely one minute and a half, so that he had but seven minutes and a half for his main villainy; which, however, he accomplished within the time, without at all distressing himself, and had three-quarters of a minute to spare.

He briefly revealed to Mr. Mule that Miss Fanny was a Somnambulist; this master-key unlocked all the mysteries of the night. She had walked out of her chamber-window, mounted the garden-wall, two coach-houses, three stables, six dwelling-houses, two churches, and was on the point of scaling the church-steeple”

“You don’t say so?”

“I do; I saw her scaling the church-steeple, when Mr. Lawler, thinking she might sprain her ancle in coming down, went up with a ladder—brought her down—and with the same ladder put her into the library-window.”

“This must be kept secret,” said Mr. Mule.

“It must, sir; it’s no recommendation to a wife. Amongst Miss Fanny’s many excellent qualifications for that character, somnambulism will never be counted one. I know it by myself; I should not like a wife myself, that got up from my side of nights to walk up the church-steeple. Mr. Lawler must be thanked.”

“He must, sir.” For both purposes Mr. Lawler was sent for.


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RV 124 (SESSIONAL PAPER No. 41)

(a) Any contract concluded between enemies shall be regarded as having been dissolved as from the time when any two of the parties became enemies, except in respect of any debt or other pecuniary obligation arising out of any act done or money paid thereunder, and subject to the exceptions and special rules with regard to particular contracts or classes of contracts contained herein or in the Annex hereto.

(b) Any contract of which the execution shall be required in the general interest, within six months from the date of the coming into force of the present Treaty, by the Allied or Associated Governments of which one of the parties is a national, shall be excepted from dissolution under this Article.

When the execution of the contract thus kept alive would, owing to the alteration of trade conditions, cause one of the parties substantial prejudice the Mixed Arbitral Tribunal provided for by Section VI shall be empowered to grant to the prejudiced party equitable compensation.

(c) Having regard to the provisions of the constitution and law of the United States of America, of Brazil, and of Japan, neither the present Article, nor Article 300, nor the Annex hereto shall apply to contracts made between nationals of these States and German nationals; nor shall Article 305 apply to the United States of America or its nationals.

(d) The Present Article and the annex hereto shall not apply to contracts the parties to which became enemies by reason of one of them being an inhabitant of territory of which the sovereignty has been transferred, if such party shall acquire under the present Treaty the nationality of an Allied or Associated Power, nor shall they apply to contracts between nationals of the Allied and Associated Powers between whom trading has been prohibited by reason of one of the parties being in Allied or Associated territory in the occupation of the enemy.

(e) Nothing in the present Article or the annex hereto shall be deemed to invalidate a transaction lawfully carried out in accordance with a contract between enemies if it has been carried out with the authority of one of the belligerent Powers.

(a) All periods of prescription, or limitation of right of action, whether they began to run before or after the outbreak of war, shall be treated in the territory of the High Contracting Parties, so far as regards relations between enemies, as having been suspended for the duration of the war. They shall begin to run again at earliest three months after the coming into force of the present Treaty. This provision shall apply to the period prescribed for the presentation of interest or dividend coupons or for the presentation for repayment of securities drawn for repayment or repayable on any other ground.

(b) Where, on account of failure to perform any act or comply with any formality during the war, measures of execution have been taken in German territory to the prejudice of a national of an Allied or Associated Power, the claim of such national shall, if the matter does not fall within the competence of the Courts of an Allied or Associated Power, be heard by the Mixed Arbitral Tribunal provided for by Section VI.

(c) Upon the application of any interested person who is a national of an Allied or Associated Power the Mixed Arbitral Tribunal shall order the restoration of the rights which have been prejudiced by the measures of execution referred to in paragraph (b), wherever, having regard to the particular circumstances of the case, such restoration is equitable and possible.


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RV 125 (SESSIONAL PAPER No. 41) If such restoration is inequitable or impossible the Mixed Arbitral Tribunal may grant compensation to the prejudiced party to be paid by the German Government.

(d) Where a contract between enemies has been dissolved by reason either of failure on the part of either party to carry out its provisions or of the exercise of a right stipulated in the contract itself the party prejudiced may apply to the Mixed Arbitral Tribunal for relief. The Tribunal will have the powers provided for in paragraph (c).

(e) The provisions of the preceding paragraphs of this Article shall apply to the nationals of Allied and Associated Powers who have been prejudiced by reason of measures referred to above taken by Germany in invaded or occupied territory, if they have not been otherwise compensated.

(f) Germany shall compensate any third party who may be prejudiced by any restitution or restoration ordered by the Mixed Arbitral Tribunal under the provisions of the preceding paragraphs of this Article.

(g) As regards negotiable instruments, the period of three months provided under paragraph (a) shall commence as from the date on which any exceptional regulations applied in the territories of the interested Power with regard to negotiable instruments shall have definitely ceased to have force.

As between enemies no negotiable instrument made before the war shall be deemed to have become invalid by reason only of failure within the required time to present the instrument for acceptance or payment or to give notice of non-acceptance or non-payment to drawers or indorsers or to protest the instrument, nor by reason of failure to complete any formality during the war.

Where the period within which a negotiable instrument should have been presented for acceptance or for payment, or within which notice of non-acceptance or non-payment should have been given to the drawer or indorser; or within which the instrument should have been protested, has elapsed during the war, and the party who should have presented or protested the instrument or have given notice of non-acceptance or non-payment has failed to do so during the war, a period of not less than three months from the coming into force of the present Treaty shall be allowed within which presentation, notice of non-acceptance or non-payment or protest may be made.

Judgments given by the Courts of an Allied or Associated Power in all cases which, under the present Treaty, they are competent to decide, shall be recognised in Germany as final, and shall be enforced without it being necessary to have them declared executory.

If a judgment in respect of any dispute which may have arisen has been given during the war by a German Court against a national of an Allied or Associated State in a case in which he was not able to make his defence, the Allied or Associated national who has suffered prejudice thereby shall be entitled to recover compensation, to be fixed by the Mixed Arbitral Tribunal provided for in Section VI.

At the instance of the national of the Allied or Associated Power the compensation above-mentioned may, upon order to that effect of the Mixed Arbitral Tribunal, be effected where it is possible by replacing the parties in the situation which they occupied before the judgment was given by the German Court.

The above compensation may likewise be obtained before the Mixed Arbitral Tribunal by the nationals of Allied or Associated Powers who have suffered prejudice by judicial measures taken in invaded or occupied territories, if they have not been otherwise compensated.


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190


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1. The eight-syllable Pada and the meters Gayatri derived from it, Anushtubh, and Pankti. Pages 8-42. The beginning of the eight-syllable series. Page 8. The entrance of the same. Page 13. Rhythmic nature of the series. Page 20. The Gayatri, trochaic Gayatri. Page 23. The Anushtubh, modern Anushtubh. Page 26. Verses of more than four Gayatri lines. Page 32. Surplus and deficient forms. Page 34.

2. The eleven-syllable and twelve-syllable Pada. The meters Trishtubh and Jagati. Pages 42-95. Relationship between the eleven- and twelve-syllable series. Page 42. Caesura. Page 44. Division of the series. Page 46. Entrance of the series. Page 48. Middle. Page 56. Exit. Page 59. Verses of more or fewer than four pada. Page 65. Surplus and deficient series. Page 66. Corrupted series. Page 81. Variants of the Trishtubh and Jagati series. Page 86.

3. The five-syllable Pada and the meter Dvipada Viraj. Pages 95-98.

4. Combinations of various types of Padas within the same verse. Pages 98-119. — 1. Gayatri and Jagati padas. Page 98. Ushnih, Brihati. Page 100. Pragathas. Page 103. — 2. Combinations of four-syllable padas. Page 111. — 3. Other combinations. Page 115.

5. Stanza formation and mixed hymns. Pages 119-140. Types of stanza formation. Page 119. Mixed hymns. Page 121. Dissections in the ninth Mandala. Page 124. Likewise in the eighth M. Page 132.

6. Songs in different meters. Pages 140-155. Apparent change of meter. Page 140. Change of meter at the end of the song. Page 144. Likewise at the beginning of the song. Page 147. Irregular mixtures. Page 148.

7. Songs from irregularly constructed verses. Pages 155-162. Appendix. Vowels with a disyllabic value. Pages 163-190. The genitive plural in -am. Page 164. The disyllabic vowel equivalent to two shorts. Page 169. Katalexis or disyllabic meter. Page 180. Overview of the related cases. Page 185.

1. The family books (II-VII) and the Soma book (IX). Pages 191-209. Exceptions to the order of songs by decreasing number of verses. Page 193. Exceptions to the metrical order. Page 202. The series order. Page 206.

2. The eighth book. Pages 209-219.

3. The first book. Pages 219-227.

4. The tenth book. Pages 228-249.


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RV 126 (SESSIONAL PAPER No. 41)

For the purpose of Sections III, IV, V and VII, the expression "during the war" means for each Allied or Associated Power the period between the commencement of the state of war between that Power and Germany and the coming into force of the present Treaty.

Within the meaning of Articles 299, 300 and 301, the parties to a contract shall be regarded as enemies when trading between them shall have been prohibited by or otherwise became unlawful under laws, orders or regulations to which one of those parties was subject. They shall be deemed to have become enemies from the date when such trading was prohibited or otherwise became unlawful.

The following classes of contracts are excepted from dissolution by Article 299 and, without prejudice to the rights contained in Article 297 (b) of Section IV, remain in force subject to the application of domestic laws, orders or regulations made during the war by the Allied and Associated Powers and subject to the terms of the contracts:

(a) Contracts having for their object the transfer of estates or of real or personal property where the property therein had passed or the object had been delivered before the parties became enemies;

(b) Leases and agreements for leases of land and houses;

(c) Contracts of mortgage, pledge or lien;

(d) Concessions concerning mines, quarries or deposits;

(e) Contracts between individuals or companies and States, provinces, municipalities, or other similar juridical persons charged with administrative functions, and concession granted by States, provinces, municipalities, or other similar juridical persons charged with administrative functions.

If the provisions of a contract are in part dissolved under Article 299, the remaining provisions of that contract shall, subject to the same application of domestic laws as is provided for in paragraph 2, continue in force if they are severable, but where they are not severable the contract shall be deemed to have been dissolved in its entirety.

(a) Rules made during the war by any recognized Exchange or Commercial Association providing for the closure of contracts entered into before the war by an


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RV 127 (SESSIONAL PAPER No. 41) enemy are confirmed by the High Contracting Parties, as also any action taken thereunder, provided:

(1) That the contract was expressed to be made subject to the rules of the Exchange or Association in question;

(2) That the rules applied to all persons concerned;

(3) That the conditions attaching to the closure were fair and reasonable.

(b) The preceding paragraph shall not apply to rules made during the occupation by Exchanges or Commercial Associations in the districts occupied by the enemy.

(c) The closure of contracts relating to cotton "futures," which were closed as on July 31, 1914, under the decision of the Liverpool Cotton Association, is also confirmed.

The sale of a security held for an unpaid debt owing by an enemy shall be deemed to have been valid irrespective of notice to the owner if the creditor acted in good faith and with reasonable care and prudence, and no claim by the debtor on the ground of such sale shall be admitted.

This stipulation shall not apply to any sale of securities effected by an enemy during the occupation in regions invaded or occupied by the enemy.

As regards Powers which adopt Section III and the Annex thereto the pecuniary obligations existing between enemies and resulting from the issue of negotiable instruments shall be adjusted in conformity with the said Annex by the instrumentality of the Clearing Offices, which shall assume the rights of the holder as regards the various remedies open to him.

If a person has either before or during the war become liable upon a negotiable instrument in accordance with an undertaking given to him by a person who has subsequently become an enemy, the latter shall remain liable to indemnify the former in respect of his liability notwithstanding the outbreak of war.

Contracts of insurance entered into by any person with another person who subsequently became an enemy will be dealt with in accordance with the following paragraphs.

Contracts for the insurance of property against fire entered into by a person interested in such property with another person who subsequently became an enemy shall not be deemed to have been dissolved by the outbreak of war, or by the fact of the person becoming an enemy, or on account of the failure during the war and for a


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Soma in modern days
Can we get to the plant which was the main ingredient of Soma ras? Hardikdubeycorleone (talk) 15:44, 22 October 2023 (UTC)


text: The poetical works of Thomas Campbell/The Harper


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RV 128 (SESSIONAL PAPER No. 41) period of three months thereafter to perform his obligations under the contract, but they shall be dissolved at the date when the annual premium becomes payable for the first time after the expiration of a period of three months after the coming into force of the present Treaty.

A settlement shall be effected of unpaid premiums which became due during the war, or of claims for losses which occurred during the war.

Where by adminstrativeadministrative [sic] or legislative action an insurance against fire effected before the war has been transferred during the war from the original to another insurer, the transfer will be recognized and the liability of the original insurer will be deemed to have ceased as from the date of the transfer. The original insurer will, however, be entitled to receive on demand full information as to the terms of the transfer, and if it should appear that these terms were not equitable they shall be amended so far as may be necessary to render them equitable.

Furthermore, the insured shall, subject to the concurrence of the original insurer, be entitled to retransfer the contract to the original insurer as from the date of demand.

Contracts of life insurance entered into between an insurer and a person who subsequently became an enemy shall not be deemed to have been dissolved by the outbreak of war, or by the fact of the person becoming an enemy.

Any sum which during the war became due upon a contract deemed not to have been disolveddissolved [sic] under the preceding provision shall be recoverable after the war with the addition of interest at five per cent per annum from the date of its becoming due up to the day of payment.

Where the contract has lapsed during the war owing to non-payment of premiums, or has become void from breach of the conditions of the contract, the assured or his representatives or the person entitled shall have the right at any time within twelve months of the coming into force of the present Treaty to claim from the insurer the surrender value of the policy at the date of its lapse or avoidance.

Where the contract has lapsed during the war owing to non-payment of premiums the payment of which has been prevented by the enforcement of measures of war, the assured or his representative or the persons entitled shall have the right to restore the contract on payment of the premiums with interest at five per cent per annum within three months from the coming into force of the present Treaty.

Any Allied or Associated Power may within three months of the coming into force of the present Treaty cancel all the contracts of insurance running between a German insurance company and its nationals under conditions which shall protect its nationals from any prejudice.

To this end the German insurance company will hand over to the Allied or Associated Government concerned the proportion of its assets attributable to the policies so cancelled and will be relieved from all liability in respect of such policies. The assets to be handed over shall be determined by an actuary appointed by the Mixed Arbitral Tribunal.


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RV 47 (Rh)

The Amharic Perfective Stem may end either in a consonant, or in a vowel, e.g.:

Examples:


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 gress of the science, had been, to direct the public attention to these inquiries, by showing their important uses in the affairs of life; and to procure the requisite data for forming tables of mortality, that should illustrate the laws according to which human life wastes under different circumstances, by exciting the curiosity of intelligent men who had the necessary leisure and means of information. The ingenious author had, accordingly, been furnished with the necessary abstracts of mortuary registers which had been kept with these views, by Dr Haygarth at Chester, Dr Aikin at Warrington, and the Rev. Mr Gorsuch at Holy-Cross, near Shrewsbury, since the publication of the first edition; also by Mr Wargentin, with the mean numbers both of the living, and the annual deaths in all Sweden and Finland, for twenty-one successive years, in all of which the sexes were distinguished; and from these data, he constructed tables of mortality that threw great light on the subject. He also inserted in this edition, an improved table of mortality for Northampton; and, what had been so long wanted, a complete set of tables of the values of annuities on single lives, at six rates of interest, and on two joint lives at four, all calculated from the new Northampton table. The combinations of joint lives were sufficiently numerous to admit of all the values not included being easily interpolated. Besides these, he also gave tables of the values of annuities on single lives from the Swedish observations, both with and without distinction of the sexes, and on two joint lives without that distinction.

The values given in these tables are too low for the general average of lives, at all ages under 60; but in the treatise af Mr Baron Maseres on the Principles of the Doctrine of Life-Annuities, which was published in the same year (1783), others were given, calculated from the table of mortality which M. Deparcieux constructed from the lists of the Nominees in the French Tontines. The tables for single lives are calculated at twelve different rates of interest from 2 to 10 per cent.; but these for joint lives, only at 3½ and 4½ per cent.; and the combinations they include are only those of ages that are equal, or that differ by 5 or 10 years, and the multiples of 10.

There is reason to believe that the values in these tables, at all ages under 73 or 80 years, are nearer the truth, for the average of this country, than any others then extant; but certainly for the average of lives on which annuities and reversions depend. After that period of life, however, they are too small; and, in most cases, it is difficult to derive the values of joint lives from them with sufficient accuracy, on account of the contracted scale they have been calculated upon.

It was not Dr Price’s object to deliver the elements of the science systematically; but he treated most parts of it with great judgment, enriched it with a vast collection of valuable facts and observations, and corrected several errors into which some of the most eminent writers upon it had fallen. The mathematical demonstrations (which are given in the notes) are much inferior to the rest of the work.

The values of reversionary sums and annuities, which depend upon some of the lives involved failing according to assigned orders of precedency, had been approximated by Mr Simpson in his Select Exercises, and by Mr Morgan in his Doctrine of Annuities; but the latter gentleman first gave accurate solutions of problems of this kind, in the Philosophical Transactions for the years 1788, 1789, 1791, 1794, and 1800.

Except by the solution of these problems, the science had not been materially advanced, during a period of mere than thirty years that had elapsed since the appearance of the fourth edition of Dr Price’s work, when Mr Milne published his Treatise on the Valuation of Annuities and Assurances, on Lives and Survivorships, in the beginning of last year (1815).

The work consists of two volumes; the first is mathematical, the second entirely popular, except the notes, and a few of the tables. The algebraical part of this article is merely a short abstract of the first volume, and may serve as a specimen of the manner in which the subject has been treated there; but the construction of tables of mortality, which forms the subject of the third chapter, has not been noticed here; neither is the valuation of reversionary sums or annuities depending upon assigned orders of survivorship, treated in the present article; and these are parts of the work, which will not be found the least interesting to mathematicians.

The second volume contains upwards of fifty new tables, with a few others that had been published before, but have been reprinted either on account of their value, or scarcity, or both. Four of the new ones are tables of mortality constructed by the author, from registers kept at Carlisle and Montpellier, and in all Sweden and Finland, since the period of the observations Dr Price made use of; the sexes are distinguished in the tables for Sweden and Montpellier, but not in that for Carlisle. This last is the only table, besides those for Sweden and Finland, that has been formed from the necessary data,—enumerations of the living, as well as registers of the deaths in every interval of age.

Twenty-one of these tables, being the seventeenth to the thirty-seventh inclusive, in the collection at the end of the work, render it easy to apply the algebraical formulæ to practical purposes, and numerous examples of such applications are given. They have all been calculated from the Carlisle table of mortality; those of the values of life-annuities on the same extensive scale, with those which Dr Price derived from the Northampton table. It is the author’s opinion that the values of interests dependent upon the continuance of the failure of life, may be derived from them more correctly than from any others extant, and he has taken considerable pains to assist his readers in judging of this for themselves.

Besides the tables, the principal contents of the second volume, are explanations of their construction and uses; many of them relate to the progress of population,—the comparative mortality of different diseases—of different seasons,—and of the two sexes at every age—the proportion of the sexes at birth—and that of the born alive to the still-born of each sex.


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RV 129 (SESSIONAL PAPER No. 41)

Where contracts of life insurance have been entered into by a local branch of an insurance company established in a country which subsequently became an enemy country, the contract shall, in the absence of any stipulation to the contrary in the contract itself, be governed by the local law, but the insurer shall be entitled to demand from the insured or his representatives the refund of sums paid on claims made or enforced under measures taken during the war, if the making or enforcement of such claims was not in accordance with the terms of the contract itself or was not consistent with the law or treaties existing at the time when it was entered into.

In any case where by the law applicable to the contract the insurer remains bound by the contract notwithstanding the non-payment of premiums until notice is given to the insured of the termination of the contract he shall be entitled where the giving of such notice was prevented by the war to recover the unpaid premiums with interest at five per cent per annum from the insured.

Insurance contracts shall be considered as contracts of life assurance for the purpose of paragraphs 11 to 14 when they depend on the probabilities of human life combined with the rate of interest for the calculation of the reciprocal engagements between the two parties.

Contracts of marine insurance including time policies and voyage policies entered into between an insurer and a person who subsequently became an enemy, shall be deemed to have been dissolved on his becoming an enemy, except in cases where the risk undertaken in the contract had attached before he became an enemy.

Where the risk had not attached, money paid by way of premium or otherwise shall be recoverable from the insurer.

Where the risk had attached effect shall be given to the contract notwithstanding the party becoming an enemy, and sums due under the contract either by way of premiums or in respect of losses shall be recoverable after the coming into force of the present Treaty.

In the event of any agreement being come to for the payment of interest on sums due before the war to or by the nationals of States which have been at war and recovered after the war, such interest shall in the case of losses recoverable under contracts of marine insurance run from the expiration of a period of one year from the date of the loss.

No contract of marine insurance with an insured person who subsequently became an enemy shall be deemed to cover losses due to belligerent action by the Power of which the insurer was a national or by the allies or associates of such Power.

Where it is shown that a person who had before the war entered into a contract of marine insurance with an insurer who subsequently became an enemy entered after the outbreak of war into a new contract covering the same risk with an insurer who


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RV 130 (SESSIONAL PAPER No. 41) was not an enemy, the new contract shall be deemed to be substituted for the original contract as from the date when it was entered into, and the premiums payable shall be adjusted on the basis of the original insurer having remained liable on the contract only up till the time when the new contract was entered into.

Contracts of insurance entered into before the war between an insurer and a person who subsequently became an enemy, other than contracts dealt with in paragraphs 9 to 18, shall be treated in all respects on the same footing as contracts of fire insurance between the same persons would be dealt with under the said paragraphs.

All treaties of re-insurance with a person who became an enemy shall be regarded as having been abrogated by the person becoming an enemy, but without prejudice in the case of life or marine risks which had attached before the war to the right to recover payment after the war for sums due in respect of such risks.

Nevertheless if, owing to invasion, it has been impossible for the re-insured to find another re-insurer, the treaty shall remain in force until three months after the coming into force of the present Treaty.

Where a re-insurance treaty becomes void under this paragraph, there shall be an adjustment of accounts between the parties in respect both of premiums paid and payable and of liabilities for losses in respect of life or marine risks which had attached before the war. In the case of risks other than those mentioned in paragraphs 11 to 18 the adjustment of accounts shall be made as at the date of the parties becoming enemies without regard to claims for losses which may have occurred since that date.

The provisions of the preceding paragraph will extend equally to re-insurance existing at the date of the parties becoming enemies of particular risks undertaken by the insurer in a contract of insurance against any risks other than life or marine risks.

Re-insurance of life risks effected by particular contracts and not under any general treaty remain in force.

The provisions of paragraph 12 apply to treaties of re-insurance of life insurance contracts in which enemy companies are the re-insurers.

In case of a re-insurance effected before the war of a contract of marine insurance, the cession of a risk which had been ceded to the re-insurer shall, if it had attached before the outbreak of war, remain valid and effect be given to the contract notwithstanding the outbreak of war; sums due under the contract of re-insurance in respect either of premiums or of losses shall be recoverable after the war.

The provisions of paragraphs 17 and 18 and the last part of paragraph 16 shall apply to contracts for the re-insurance of marine risks.


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 The Vedic verses are made up of series of eight, eleven or twelve syllables are formed, besides which are used less frequently there is a five-syllable series. These rows (Padas) are the Units with which the ancient Indian metric has to do; within it shows the measurement and distribution of the metric matter to be designed, the long and the short Syllables, not or at least not consistently those sharp and fixed expression, which requires a return to smaller inputs units, on feet like in the Greek metric, possible would do. Only the conclusion of the Pada has a firm one or at least comparatively fixed regulation of the change of lengths and shortenings. It's the last four or five syllables of the series that are attached to a rule in this way are tied in such a way that lengths and shortenings are change. The five-syllable series alone lacks this Given their small size, the opposite is natural unordered input and an ordered output. It is fixed in its entire extent as a relation definitely to watch. The divorce of the ordered and the unordered part, then with the eleven and twelve syllables rows of the caesura form the only divisions of the


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 It will be found that the author has been furnished with facts and observations of great value, and that he has endeavoured to present the information they afford, in the forms best calculated for the further prosecution of these inquiries.

In treating of annuities, we think that it may be useful in a work of this kind, to address ourselves as well to those readers who have not, as to those who have, an acquaintance with Algebra; and we shall, accordingly, divide what follows into two Parts, corresponding to these two views of the subject.  PART I.

shall, in this Part, demonstrate all that is most useful and important in the doctrine of Annuities and Assurances on lives, without using Algebra, or introducing the idea of probability; but the reader is, of course, supposed to understand common Arithmetic. In the first 30 numbers of this Part, Compound Interest and Annuities-certain are treated of; from the 31st to the 76th, the doctrine of Annuities on Lives is delivered; and that of Assurances on Lives, from thence to the 108th, where the popular view terminates.

What is demonstrated in this Part, will be sufficient to give the reader clear and scientific views of the subjects treated; and, with the assistance of the necessary tables, will enable him to solve the more common and simple problems respecting the values of Annuities and Assurances. He will also understand clearly the general principles on which problems of greater difficulty are resolved; but these he cannot undertake with propriety, when the object is, to make a fair valuation of any claims or interests, with a view to an equitable distribution of property, unless he has studied the subject carefully, with the assistance of Algebra; for intricate problems of this kind can hardly be solved without it; and those who are not much exercised in such inquiries, often think they have arrived at a complete solution, when they have overlooked some circumstance or event, or some possible combination of events or circumstances, which materially affect the value sought. Eminent Mathematicians have, in this way, fallen into considerable errors, and it can hardly be doubted, that those who are not mathematicians, must (cæteris paribus) be more liable to them.

I. ON ANNUITIES-CERTAIN.

No. 1. When the rate is 5 per cent., L. 1 improved at simple interest during one year, will amount to L. 1·05; which, improved in the same manner during the second year, will be augmented in the same ratio of 1 to 1·05; the amount then, will therefore be $$1{\cdot}05 \times 1{\cdot}05$$, or $$(1{\cdot}05)^2 = 1{\cdot}1025$$.

In the same manner it appears, that this last amount, improved at interest during the third year, will be increased to $$(1{\cdot}05)^3 = 1{\cdot}157625$$; at the end of the fourth year, it will be $$(1{\cdot}05)^2$$; at the end of the fifth $$(1{\cdot}05)^5$$, and so on; the amount at the end of any number of years being always determined, by raising the number which expresses the amount at the end of the first year, to the power of which the exponent is the number of years. So that when the rate of interest is 5 per cent., L. 1 improved at compound interest, will, in seven years, amount to $$(1{\cdot}05)^7$$, and in 21 years, to $$(1{\cdot}05)^{21}$$.

But if the rate of interest were only 3 per cent., these amounts would only be $$(1{\cdot}03)^7$$, and $$(1{\cdot}03)^{21}$$ respectively.

2. The present value of L. 1 to be received certainly at the end of any assigned term, is such a less sum, as, being improved at compound interest during the term, will just amount to one pound. It must therefore be less than L. 1, in the same ratio as L. 1 is less than its amount in that time; but in three years, at 5 per cent., L. 1 will amount to L. $$(1{\cdot}05)^3$$ (1). And $$(1{\cdot}05)^3 : 1 :: 1 : \frac{1}{(1.05)^3}$$, so that $$\frac{1}{(1.05)^3} = \frac{1}{1{\cdot}157625} = 0{\cdot}863838$$ is the present value of L. 1 to be received at the expiration of three years.

In the same manner it appears that, at 4 per cent. interest, the present value of L. 1 to be received at the end of a year, is $$\frac{1}{1{\cdot}04} = 0{\cdot}961538$$; and if it were not to be received until the expiration of 21 years, its present value would be $$\frac{1}{(1{\cdot}04)^{21}} = (0{\cdot}961538)^{21} = 0{\cdot}438834$$.

Hence it appears, that if unity be divided by the amount of L. 1, improved at compound interest during any number of years, the quotient will be the present value of L. 1 to be received at the expiration af the term: which may also be obtained by raising the number which expresses the present value of L. 1 receivable at the expiration of a year, to the power of which the exponent ts the number of years in the term.

3. When a certain sum of money is receivable annually, it is called an, and its quantum is expressed by saying it is an annuity of so much; thus, according as the annual payment is L. 1, L. 10, or L. 100; it is called an annuity of L. 1, of L. 10, or of L. 100.

4. When the annual payment does not depend upon any contingent event, but is to be made certainly, either in perpetuity or during an assigned term, it is called an Annuity-certain.

5. In calculating the value of an annuity, the first payment is always considered to be made at the end of the first year from the time of the valuation, unless the contrary be expressly stated.

6. The whole number, and part or parts of one annual payment of an annuity, which all the future payments are worth in present money, is called the number of years purchase the annuity is worth; and,  Rh


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 CHAPTER III

NE of the things that served to darken Clyde's mood just about the time when he was seeking some practical solution for himself, to say nothing of its profoundly disheartening effect on the Griffiths family as a whole, was the fact that his sister Esta, in whom he took no little interest (although they really had very little in common), ran away from home with an actor who happened to be playing in Kansas City and who took a passing fancy for her.

The truth in regard to Esta was that in spite of her guarded up-bringing, and the seeming religious and moral fervor which at times appeared to characterize her, she was just a sensuous, weak girl who did not by any means know yet what she thought. Despite the atmosphere in which she moved, essentially she was not of it. Like the large majority of those who profess and daily repeat the dogmas and creeds of the world, she had come into her practices and imagined attitude so insensibly from her earliest childhood on, that up to this time, and even later, she did not know the meaning of it all. For the necessity of thought had been obviated by advice and law, or “revealed” truth, and so long as other theories or situations and impulses of an external, or even internal, character did not arise to clash with these, she was safe enough. Once they did, however, it was a foregone conclusion that her religious notions, not being grounded on any conviction or temperamental bias of her own, were not likely to withstand the shock. So that all the while, and not unlike her brother Clyde, her thoughts as well as her emotions were wandering here and there—to love, to comfort—to things which in the main had little, if anything, to do with any self-abnegating and self-immolating religious theory. Within her was a chemism of dreams which somehow counteracted all they had to say.

Yet she had neither Clyde's force, nor, on the other hand, his resistance. She was in the main a drifter, with a vague yearning toward pretty dresses, hats, shoes, ribbons and the like, and superimposed above this, the religious theory or notion that she should not be. There were the long bright streets of a morning and afternoon after school or of an evening. The charm of certain girls swinging along together, arms locked, secrets a-whispering, 16

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The oldest and strongest emotion of mankind is fear, and the oldest and strongest kind of fear is fear of the unknown. These facts few psychologists will dispute, and their admitted truth must establish for all time the genuineness and dignity of the weirdly horrible tale as a literary form. Against it are discharged all the shafts of a materialistic sophistication which clings to frequently felt emotions and external events, and of a naively insipid idealism which deprecates the æsthetic motive and calls for a didactic literature to “uplift” the reader toward a suitable degree of smirking optimism. But in spite of all this opposition the weird tale has survived, developed, and attained remarkable heights of perfection; founded as it is on a profound and elementary principle whose appeal, if not always universal, must necessarily be poignant and permanent to minds of the requisite sensitiveness.

The appeal of the spectrally macabre is generally narrow because it demands from the reader a certain degree of imagination and a capacity for detachment from everyday life. Relatively few are free enough from the spell of the daily routine to respond to rappings from outside, and tales of ordinary feelings and events, or of common sentimental distortions of such feelings and events, will always take first place in the taste of the majority; rightly, perhaps, since of course these ordinary matters make up the greater part of human experience. But the sensitive are always with us, and sometimes a curious streak of fancy invades an obscure corner of the very hardest head; so that no amount of rationalisation, reform, or Freudian analysis can quite annul the thrill of the chimney-corner whisper or the lonely wood. There is here involved a psychological pattern or tradition as real and as deeply grounded in mental experience as any other pattern or tradition of mankind; coeval with the religious feeling and closely related to many aspects of it, and too much a part of our inmost biological heritage to lose keen potency over a very important, though not numerically great, minority of our species.

Man’s first instincts and emotions formed his response to the environment in which he found himself. Definite feelings based on pleasure and pain grew up around the phenomena whose causes and effects he understood, whilst around those which he did not understand—and the universe teemed with them in the early days—were naturally woven such personifications, marvelous interpretations, and sensations of awe and fear as would be hit upon by a race having few and simple ideas and limited experience. The unknown, being likewise the unpredictable, became for our primitive forefathers a terrible and omnipotent source of boons and calamities visited upon mankind for cryptic and wholly extra-terrestrial reasons, and thus clearly belonging to spheres of existence whereof we know nothing and wherein

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 20 dition to every 1000 versts of railroad; by the 1st November, 1918, the number was 281; by 1st December, 1918, the number was 88; by 1st July, 1920, the number rose to 130. The work of the engine repairs is also improving. According to the plan drawn up by the Commissariat of Ways and Communications, 4,000 damaged engines were to be repaired by January, 1921. According to returns from 27 railways, 745 repairs were done during August; whereas, according to the programme, they were not supposed to do more than 640. Thus the work of repairs is progressing more favourably than expected. Apart from this there are more trains running in every direction than half a year ago. The trains run faster and there is certainly more order on the railways than before. True, we are very far yet from the time when every worker and peasant will be in a position to go without any hindrance by train where-ever he pleases, but we are nevertheless on the right road, and the first most difficult steps have already been taken in this direction.

The water transport, which is of great importance to Russia, is equally improving in spite of the terrible deterioration of our fleet on the Volga and the Kama. Since the beginning of the war and the Revolution about a third of our river fleet passed out of service, partly because there were no proper repairs, and partly because the deteriorated boats were not replaced by the new ones. About a third was burnt or sunk by the Czecho-Slovaks, the Cossacks, and Kolchak. The Soviet Government had to be satisfied with a third of the number of boats which Russia had


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64 succeeded in occupying and fortifying an important position, afterwards known as the “Mamelon.” Tho bombardment was resumed by the Allies in April, and a successful attack made upon Kertsch, from which the supplies of Sebastopol were mainly drawn; while a squadron under Captain Lyons destroyed the Russian magazines and stores in the Sea of Azov. General Canrobert was succeeded in the French command by General Pélissier, and on the 7th of June the Mamelon was taken by the French. A desperate but, as it proved, unsuccessful assault was then made by the Allies on the Redan and Malakhoff batteries; at this juncture Lord Raglan died, and was succeeded in the command by General Simpson.

The Vienna Conference proved abortive, Russia refusing to accept the third point, and though a compromise was proposed by Austria, which was favoured by the British and French Plenipotentiaries, their respective Governments did not ratify their views. The negotiations accordingly broke down, and Lord John Russell, on his return, used language in Parliament quite inconsistent with the view which it afterwards appeared he had urged at Vienna. He was loudly denounced for this, and, to avoid Parliamentary censure, again resigned office.

Among the measures which became law during the session, were those for enabling companies to be formed with limited liability, and for granting self-government to some of the Australasian Colonies. The Committee appointed by the House of Commons held its meetings in public (after a proposal to keep its investigations secret had been rejected), and, by the casting vote of the Chairman, reported that the late Cabinet, when directing the expedition to the Crimea, had had no adequate information as to the force they would have to encounter there; but a motion to “visit with severe reprehension” every member of the Cabinet was parried by carrying the “previous question.”

In August, the Queen and Prince Albert paid a return visit to the French Emperor, and were received with great magnificence in Paris, while later in the year King Victor Emmanuel of Sardinia visited this country, and was made a Knight of the Garter. On the 9th of August, Sweaborg was severely bombarded by the allied fleets in the Baltic, and a forlorn attempt to raise the siege of Sebastopol resulted in another decisive success at the Tchernaya, the Sardinian contingent fighting with great bravery. Sebastopol fell on the 8th of September, after a siege of three hundred and forty-nine days; the citadel of Kinburn was bombarded and surrendered in October, after which General Simpson retired, in favour of Sir William Codrington. On the other hand, the fortress of Kars in Armenia, which had been defended by General Fenwick Williams, had to surrender to the Russian General Mouravieff, in circumstances, however, so honourable, that the officers were allowed to retain their swords, and their General received a Baronetcy and a pension of £1000 a year.


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 Rh before the war. In spite of all this, our river fleet yielded considerably greater results in 1920 than in 1919.

In 1919, 256,000,000 poods of goods were carried during the period of navigation on the Volga–Baltic route; whereas in 1920 up to 28th September, that is before the end of the navigation, 365,000,000 poods were sent out, and 331,000,000 arrived. By the end of the navigation period this will have considerably increased. This shows a very important success. The number of passengers carried in 1919 was 3,189,000; and in 1920 up to 2nd September the number reached already 3,751,000; by the end of the period of navigation this number will probably exceed 4,000,000. It should be noted that, in consequence of the drought, the water level was low and the navigation of 1920 was at a great disadvantage. The boat repairs improved, and deterioration of the fleet is now stopped.

Before the war our textile industry was well organised and produced an enormous quantity of stuff. Under Kerensky the industry rapidly declined; this process of decline continued in the first years of the Soviet Government. The chief cause was the lack of fuel and cotton, which we could not obtain because Turkestan was cut off from us by the Cossack General Doutov and the Czecho-Slovaks. The other cause was that the textile workers, on account of the lack of food in town, fled to the villages. Now, even in this most important branch of industry, the position is beginning to improve. We are getting more fuel now; cotton is coming from Turkestan, and there are already over 2,000,000 poods of cotton, partly


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 we have no part. The phenomenon of dreaming likewise helped to build up the notion of an unreal or spiritual world; and in general, all the conditions of savage dawn-life so strongly conduced toward a feeling of the supernatural, that we need not wonder at the thoroughness with which man’s very hereditary essence has become saturated with religion and superstition. That saturation must, as a matter of plain scientific fact, be regarded as virtually permanent so far as the subconscious mind and inner instincts are concerned; for though the area of the unknown has been steadily contracting for thousands of years, an infinite reservoir of mystery still engulfs most of the outer cosmos, whilst a vast residuum of powerful inherited associations clings round all the objects and processes that were once mysterious, however well they may now be explained. And more than this, there is an actual physiological fixation of the old instincts in our nervous tissue, which would make them obscurely operative even were the conscious mind to be purged of all sources of wonder.

Because we remember pain and the menace of death more vividly than pleasure, and because our feelings toward the beneficent aspects of the unknown have from the first been captured and formalised by conventional religious rituals, it has fallen to the lot of the darker and more maleficent side of cosmic mystery to figure chiefly in our popular supernatural folklore. This tendency, too, is naturally enhanced by the fact that uncertainty and danger are always closely allied; thus making any kind of an unknown world a world of peril and evil possibilities. When to this sense of fear and evil the inevitable fascination of wonder and curiosity is superadded, there is born a composite body of keen emotion and imaginative provocation whose vitality must of necessity endure as long as the human race itself. Children will always be afraid of the dark, and men with minds sensitive to hereditary impulse will always tremble at the thought of the hidden and fathomless worlds of strange life which may pulsate in the gulfs beyond the stars, or press hideously upon our own globe in unholy dimensions which only the dead and the moonstruck can glimpse.

With this foundation, no one need wonder at the existence of a literature of cosmic fear. It has always existed, and always will exist; and no better evidence of its tenacious vigour can be cited than the impulse which now and then drives writers of totally opposite leanings to try their hands at it in isolated tales, as if to discharge from their minds certain phantasmal shapes which would otherwise haunt them. Thus Dickens wrote several eerie narratives; Browning, the hideous poem Childe Roland; Henry James, The Turn Of The Screw; Dr. Holmes, the subtle novel Elsie Venner; F. Marion Crawford, The Upper Berth and a number of other examples; Mrs. Charlotte Perkins Gilman, social worker, The Yellow Wall Paper; whilst the humorist, W. W. Jacobs produced that able melodramatic bit called The Monkey’s Paw.

This type of fear-literature must not be confounded with a type externally similar but psychologically widely different; the literature of mere physical fear and the mundanely gruesome. Such writing, to be sure, has its place, as has the conventional or even whimsical or humorous ghost story where formalism or the author’s knowing wink removes the true sense of the morbidly unnatural; but these things are not the literature of cosmic fear in its purest sense. The true weird tale has something more than secret murder, bloody bones, or a sheeted form clanking chains according to rule. A certain atmosphere of breathless and unexplainable dread of outer, unknown forces must be present; and there must be a hint, expressed with a seriousness and portentousness becoming its subject, of that most terrible conception of the human brain—a malign and particular suspension or defeat of those fixed laws of Nature which are our only safeguard against the assaults of chaos and the demons of unplumbed space.

Naturally we cannot expect all weird tales to conform absolutely to any theoretical model. Creative minds are uneven, and the best of fabrics have their dull spots. Moreover, much of the choicest weird work is unconscious; appearing in memorable fragments scattered through material whose massed effect may be of a very different cast. Atmosphere is the all-important thing, for the final criterion of authenticity is not

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 22 stored and partly under way. The labour problem, however, in the textile industry is more difficult, because the Soviet Government is not in a position as yet to assure the workers full rations in the current year. Still, there is the hope that at least by the autumn of next year considerable improvement will be achieved. The Supreme Council of Public Economy is re-starting one after another the textile works, at first, of course, the largest and those which have a sufficient supply of fuel. When the greater number of our textile works are re-opened we shall be in a position to clothe not only our army but also the workers and peasants.

Much more difficult is the position in the iron industry. The chief centres of our cast iron and steel industry passed several times from hand to hand. Petrograd with its first class metallurgical works had to be evacuated several times. The Urals were for a time in the hands of Kolchak, who before his retreat demolished the works. The South Russian works passed several times from hand to hand, and cannot be re-started even now. The works in Central Russia have been suffering from lack of metal, fuel and food for the workers. Nevertheless, the productivity of labour, in a number of works, rose to one and a half and twice the previous production; a few works which were closed were re-started, and in general the metallurgical industry is gradually reviving.

The peasants of Soviet Russia are suffering immensely from the disorganisation of our industry.


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2 series, with which our investigation can operate, since, as we mentioned and will later explain, the Concept of the Foot in the sense of ancient metrics is not applicable here.

Up to this point, we have only discussed the nature of individual syllables and their arrangement or lack thereof in a series and its parts in terms of the quantitative determination of syllables. However, when we turn our attention from the consideration of long and short syllables to the examination of stressed and unstressed syllables, we take a significant step away from the given information. While tradition provides us with at least a general idea of where long and short syllables appear in the Vedas, it leaves us completely in the dark when it comes to identifying the stressed syllables in Vedic verses. Of course, as long as we are only concerned with the end of those verses, this gap in the tradition can be relatively easily filled. It is unlikely to be doubted that the regular alternation of long and short syllables at the end of a verse is also an alternation of stressed and unstressed metrical elements. The assessment of the beginning of the series or, in the case of eleven-syllable and twelve-syllable series, their middle, is more challenging. Is there a similarly consistent, possibly the same iambic or trochaic rhythm here as at the end, but with the difference that it is more indifferent to the linguistic material here? This means that the stressed and unstressed syllables are more interchangeable than at the end, with every syllable to its place


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Rh can choose? Or does the greater freedom and diversity in the placement of long and short syllables at the beginning of the series also reveal a corresponding greater freedom and diversity in the distribution of rhythmic accents? To decide this, we have no other way than to search for traces of rhythm in the inclinations and disinclinations of the Vedic poets regarding the various possible combinations of short and long syllables, which, as we may expect, play a decisive role in choosing those combinations as the determining agent. We believe that, as subsequent explanations must make clear, we can arrive at understandable results — at least understandable when measured by standards not unreasonably strict, such as those of Greek rhythmics —, we assume that in such long syllables, which could just as easily be short, positions for the ictus can be found, while we consider short syllables or long syllables that are interchangeable with short ones as unstressed. We have no reason to assume artificial constructs, such as dactylic anapests with the measurement [mention of measurement], in Vedic metrics. There is a lack here of all phenomena that would form a homogeneous environment for them, and there is a lack of all signs that would reveal their existence to unbiased thinking. It hardly needs to be noted that short syllables are also capable of bearing the ictus before a pause. What will occupy us more is the phenomenon that here and there, the Vedic poets, perhaps carelessly or influenced by a less than perfect sense of quantity differences, have occasionally contented themselves with a short syllable instead of the customary length at a position that carries the ictus (e.g., so, that "dadhishe" or "vasavah" instead of the customary length


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 Rh In the course of the recent years they received only one-tenth of the agricultural machinery they require, and hardly any nails or iron parts for their vehicles, etc. Their clothing is worn out, and they have to replace it by improvisations. The peasants are therefore asking daily when will there be cotton material, nails, ploughs, scythes, axes, etc. It is therefore necessary that every peasant should understand the economic plan of the Soviet Government. As everyone knows, a house cannot be built without the foundation. Similarly, the regeneration of our industries must commence from the foundation, which means fuel and transport. The works cannot be re-started without fuel; without food for the workers, without raw material. All this must be brought from various parts of Russia; corn from one part, coal from another, cotton and iron from the third, and so on. The railways are the first foundation stones, and our main forces must be directed to them. Our first object is to improve the railways and to re-open the works supplying the needs of such railways; that is, such works as turn out engines, carriages, spare parts, rails, etc., and finally fuel for the railways and these works. This is our starting point. Next comes the re-starting of the textile industry and all that supplies the needs of same. This includes the manufacture of nails, axes, scythes, ploughs and all implements necessary for agriculture. Without engines, rails and carriages we cannot have nails and ploughs. Every intelligent peasant must understand that.

Therefore if the Soviet Government forces the peasants to fell wood and cart it, clear the snow from