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 EDITOR’S TABLE. EDITORIA L CIIlT-CHAT. Hms on Houss-Cusmao.--Cleaning should be done by rule. Walls in general may be kept clean by sweeping with a clean broom kept for the purpose. or aTurk‘s head. Paper of course cannot be scrubbed. but it may be wiped with a

M ’I/lf/I’ f”/ fIN-IN WIN

It seems an easy task to sweep and dust a room; some people, however, get through it with less difficulty than others. The best way is always to have a good supply of tea-leaves when swooping a carpet. then draw the dust from under the furniture on all sides toward the centre, where it0

soft duster, or rubbed with slices of stale bread, which will

may be swept up into one heap. and without raising great

take oﬂ' the dingy coat that forms upon it, cspccialiy in smoky houses. Paint should be more often swept than scrubbed, for too frequent scrubbing causes it to decay. Use as little soap as possible, and wash it off with plenty of clean water to prevent discoloration. Rubbing off the dirty patches from paint with a soapy ﬂannel as soon as they appear, will, in most cases, save the necessity of ton frequent scrubbing. The same caution is to he observed with regard to floors; if too much soap is used the boards are apt to turn black, for which reason many persons scrub with sand and clean water only. In bed-rooms, those parts should be ﬁrst scrub— bed, early in the morning. which are under the bed and most hidden, so that they may have full time to dry before uight. if the ﬂoor remain at all damp, the room should not be slept in. In frosty weather two days will be needed for the drying, unless there be a brisk ﬁre in the room; because the ntface freezes before the damp has had time to evaporate. and it will look dry though it is not so in reality; a fact to be remembered by people who are liable to take cold. Ir.

clouds of dust if the broom be kept low and moved slowly.

Some people swccp a drawing-room or parlor with as much violence as they would a turnpike road. The window can tains should be tucked up above the ﬂoor while the sweeping is going on, and it is a good plan to cover the best articles of 3 furniture with old sheets kept for the purpose. By observ y ing these precautions, the fresh appearance of a roomand “ the things in it may be preserved for a long time. For dusting. various kinds of brushcs are rcquircd. and wash leather, linen, or silk dusters; and it is important to remem her that the dnstcrs should always be as cican tut possible. In dusting lllllnilP-pit‘Cf'S or furniture standing against a wall, great pains must be taken not to touch the wall with the dustcr. or there will be a dirty stripe made on the paper, growing blackt-r every day, and quite spoiling the appear ance of the room. There is a right and wrong way of doing evcrything. and the wrong one is never to be chosen. inciting-glasses. gilt frames, and most ornamental article! should be dusted with a leather brush. or with a soft silk duster. Gilt will not bcar much rubbing; but ifthe gliding

"JIII /vN I'II Il/ fl/I/f/l ' l‘u' /‘I{J'/‘-_JVf-‘/.JI-‘JI-A’‘.I N/I f/INM

very moist or rainy weather it is best to defer the scrubbing

be really good it may be washed about once a year with 8""?

until favorable weather comes again, especially in nurseries or rooms where a number of children sleep. Spots of grease can be takcn out of ﬂoors by a paste made

and water and a sponge. being wipt-d dry immcdiatrly ni'lcr ward. Strips of yellow gauze ent-cum", prt-aervo pietun frann-s from the attacks of ﬂies and other insects. Looking

ot’ fullcr’s earth and pcarlash—say n quarter-pound of each.

glasses or mirrors should be seldom wcttt-d. as the nppliav

stirred into a quart of boiling water.

tion of water, by altering the temperature, injures tbl

A thick coat of this is

to be laid o'er the min. and MI for ten or twelve hours,

silvering, making it look spotted and dim. Tn.- slightest

and then washed oil“~ with clean water, using sand also if necessary. Or if the spots be well soaked and rubbed with

possible damping should be given, and not more than can be at once wiped off. A little whiting dllh‘it'ti on from a

turpentine, and afterward washed with soap or pearlash. they will disappear. Should the stains be numerous, the coat of paste should be spread all over the ﬂoor and left till

muslin bag gives a bright polish at ﬁnishing. Very large glasses are sonictimcs cleaned byasponge slightlynmistencd with spirits of wine. doing a small patch at n time. The

next day. Ox-gall and fnllcr's earth boiled together is capito] stuff for cleaning floors and carpets; it makes the colors

best possible method. however, of cleaning mirrors is by rubbing them with burnt cnndlo-snuffs. Some pcrsons use

Old ink-

the same for windows; but whatever be the method adopted,

stains are not easily got rid of: tho bcst things for the pur-

of woollen goods come out quite bright and lively.

windows should be cleaned so frequently as ncvcr to lock

pose are salts of lemon. or diluted spirit of salt, or strong dirty, vinegar. Water in which soda is dissolved will sometimes Carpets should be taken up and beatcn at lcast once I remove wine stains, and if this fails chloride of lime may be year. If instead of being nailed down all round tb’! 7001". "1°4—, the cdgcs were left so that the dust could be swept ire Of late years the use of marble for household purposes ‘ quently from underneath, the accumulation of dust would

has greatly increased, but its handsome appearance cannot be greatly diminished. When the ﬂoor is 01¢ 01- m.- boards be preserved without painstaking. Marble mantlc-picccs, 2 have wide cracks between them, it is a good plan to cover it bcarths, tops of sidcboards, tables, wmdistands, &c., should l entirely with paper. before laying down the carpet.

be kept clean with as little Wetting as possible. When washing is really necessary, soap and water only should be uscd. with a sponge and flannel, after which the surface is to be Wiped thoroughly dry with soft linen cloths. Washstand

g. i i

tops are Orton spoiled by the water which is left to lit! on

Old

newspapers pasted together are very suitable: the p89" makes a smooth surface. and prevents the air rising through the cracks, and thereby preserves the carpet. It is only by regular cleaning that carpets, as well as other woollen arti clog, can be preserved from moth,

them every day. Stains of grease, oil, or smoke are removed by covering the spot with a paste made of powdered pipe- i

— nowg‘s Dnitwigm-Roou Diana-This is the title of l

clay and fullcr’s earth mixed with strong soap-lye. A thick 2 quarto volume, containing about one hundred peg"! 6‘ coat is to be laid on. and a moderately warm ﬂat-iron placed music, especially designed for social cvcning parties. “'0 over it until it dries, after which it should be washed oﬂ', observe all the popular and fashionable qundrillcs or will All rvMJ/c" ‘I IJ‘M. w

and the operation must be repeated until the stain has on tirely disappeared. The stone-work about a house should

lions. fancy dances, &c., &c., with every variety of the latest and most approved figures and calls for the different chaugut

be cleaned once a week. or oftener, according to its situm

The music is arranged for the piano-forte.

tion and the use made of it.

B. Peterson 8: Brothers have it for sale in Philadelphia;

The practice is to whiten it

Price $1.00. T

with hearth-stone after the scrubbing, or with a wash made, Hubbard W. Sweet, in Boston; and Firth, Pond & 00" in of whlting)8nd pipe-clay laid on with a ﬂannel. New York.


text: The Lay of the Nibelungs/Chapter 31

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: The Lay of the Nibelungs/Chapter 31


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 312

ORIGINAL PATTERNS IN EMBROIDERY.

second wire running round the face.

317

After ﬁt- § The bonnet is now ready for trimming, which

ting this shield, (n! the covering for the face is é the taste of the maker must suggest.

Flowers

celled) sew it neatly, using a. slip-stitch, that the t and lace for summer, feathers and ribbon for stitches may not be seen. To bind the neck is i winter trimming. the next thing to be done. Cut out the cape; g Quill the 12 yards of blonde for the cape-—

line it with the millinette, which must ﬁrst have s very ﬁne wire run in the outer edge. Bind the cope with a narrow bins fold of the silk; turn in the upper edge, lay in box plaiting, or gather it half inch from the edge. Set it upon the bonnet 1 inch above the binding of the neck.

3 E t g E g

divide it into three equal parts, and bind the three rows together with anarrovv ribbon. Some ﬂower, or knots of ribbon, place across the top or at the sides, as may best suit the taste. Sew on the strings and the bonnet is complete. '

M,,,MM M,M,~”,M,AW

ORIGINAL

PATTERNS BY

H88. JANE

IN

EMBROIDERY.

WEAVER.

TRIMDIING FOR CHILD'S PANTALETTKS.

EDGING.


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 TO

KNIT

A

CHILD’S

HOOD.

BY Mns. JANE wasvzn. colored single zephyr, pair small bone needles, pair large wooden needles. On the small needles, and with the white wool, Cast on 126 stitches. Knit 10 rows plain. Join i the colored wool, knit 11th row plain, 12th purl, i 13th plain, 14th purl, observing to narrow once lat the beginning of every row. Join the white g wool. Knit same as colored stripe just described. , 100 rows completes the head piece. Narrowing once at the beginning of every row will make it

'~

'

4:ﬁn. =

"

1§~_

==U]

‘

the perfect shape.

'kﬂifmuﬁs

FOR 'rns BORDER.—CIISL on 6 stitches. 1st row plain.

Knit

E 2nd Rom—Put the right hand needle into the ‘ 1st stitch, then work the thread four times around i the ﬁrst and second ﬁngers of left hand and right i needle. Knit these loops into the 1st stitch. Re

gpeat to the end of the row.

3rd row plain, 4th

3 same as 2nd. Knit a. piece long enough for the S face of hood, making 4 rows of loops colored, 4 II I/l 1 rows white. Fon rm: Came—Use the large needles, and § with the colored wool cast on 164 stitches. Knit 1st row plain.

2nd row, 1st stitch off without

S knitting. Narrow 5 times, * thread forward knit E l—thread forward knit l—thread forward knit g l—thread forward knit 1—-thrcad forward nar

5 row 5 times *.

Repeat to the end of needle.

53rd row plain. Knit 10 pattern rows—bind oﬂ". i A second cape is to be knit some as the let one,

W! have designed this expressly for the rea- ? to be sewed a little above the other as seen in den of "Peterson."

the drawing.

Finish with ribbon strings.

MATIBIALI.—1 01.. white single zephyr, 2 oz.

and tasscls to draw at the back of hood.

HINTS

MAKING.

ON BY

BONNET

NBS.

JANE

Cord

WEAVER.

MarsnrALs.—Bonnet frame, 1 yard of silk, place, cover the tip of the crown, then the head velvet, craps, or any other material, 12 yards 1 piece from the crown to the wire where the face of blonde footing edged with blonde edging. i of bonnet begins, letting the silk extend over

Strings 1 yard each, 1» yard black or white mil

this wire half inch

Now cut the silk bias § of

linette, lace, feathers, ﬂowers, or whatever the ‘ a‘yard in depth, sew one edge of this bias piece

fancy may suggest, for trimming.

on the inside of the face of bonnet; turn it. over

Select the frame rather small, as the bonnet 5 upon the outside, lay it in plaits to ﬁt the frame; always is much larger when made. In the ﬁrst’ turn in the edge and pin carefully along the


text:
Page:Hindu Gods and Heroes.djvu/13

Rh, "the lore of the Atharvans," by wizards who claim to belong to the old priestly clans of Atharvan and Aṅgiras. But we have not yet come so far, and as yet all that these people can tell us is a great deal about their black and white magic, in which they are hugely interested, and a fair amount about certain valiant men of olden times who are now worshipped by them as helpful spirits, and a little about some vague spirits who are in the sun and the air and the fire and other places, and are very high and great, but are not interesting at all.

This popular religion seems to be a hopeless one, without ideals and symbols of love and hope. Is there nothing better to be found in this place? Yes, there is a priestly religion also; and if we would know something about it we must listen to the chanting of the priests, the brahmans or men of the "holy spirit," as they are called, who are holding a sacrifice now on behalf of the rich lord who lives in the largest house in the village — a service for which they expect to be paid with a handsome fee of oxen and gold. They are priests by heredity, wise in the knowledge of the ways of the gods; some of them understand how to compose ṛiks, or hymns, in the fine speech dear to their order, hymns which are almost sure to win the gods' favour, and all of them know how the sacrifices shall be performed with perfect exactness so that no slip or

title: Page:Hindu Gods and Heroes.djvu/13


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HEAD-DRESSES

r03

SPRING.

315

tern rows to the point; then 4 rows plain and $05 the stitches for the fronts on a thread until purl as at ﬁrst, observing in the let row to nar~ mm by knitting 3 stitches together at the point, which stitches will be the 12th, 13th and 14th of every point. Knit 3 rows of points for the skirt with the ridge between, not forgetting to narrow

Syou have knitted the back. Knit 20 rows to the 3 shoulder, 20 rows to the neck, narrowing the Slast 20 rows 1 stitch at the beginning of every g row. Do the fronts in the same manner, observ 5 ing to narrow only on the shoulder side of the

on the 1st row of every ridge. This must be 3 needle. Observed 0r 6158 the Waist will be too lorge- g Fen. THE SLEEVE —Cast on 108 stitches. Knit After knitting the 3 rows of points, knit 2 rows i to correspond with the waist, narrowing toward plain—l row widen and narrow, making a place r the top to ﬁt the arm. It may he made any

for the cord at. the waist.

Knit the waist either length to suit the taste.

Crochet some little

plain or in blocks, knitting 40 rows to the arm. t circles in single crochet, and cover some wooden

Then divide the number of stitches in 4 equal 5 moulds with the pieces for buttons. parts, reserving two parts for the back. Take ltassels for the waist. VM, ~'»,MW’¢WMW

HEAD—DRESSES

FOR

"MN

SPRING.

Cord and


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314

PATTERN FOR PIN-CUSHION.

join these leaves till there are 11 made and § (this is like a loop;) 9 ch dc u 5 ch of centre. joined together; the centre is put in afterward, gRepent from *. At the end of round fasten (id. thus—Make 11 ch, unite in a circle; 3 ch do in ’ Round the edge of the leaves work thus—Dc

every loop (11 chs of 8.)

Eu 7 ch at point of leaf; * 7 ch do u name; 7 ch

2nd.—-l L 6 ch u each 8 ch. Bid—2 L u each 5 ch 6 ch. Repeat. 4th.-4 do u 5 ch; * do u 11 ch of border

PATTERN BY

FOR

 * do u 5; 11 ch do u 2nd 5 for twice; 7 ch do u

l 2nd 5 in next leaf; 11 ch do 14 2nd 6 for twice; ts 7 ch do u 7 ch at point. Repeat from *. ’

PIN—CUSHION.

MR8. JANE

WEAVER.

WE have selected this from a Paris periodical, ﬂ published abroad. as one of the prettiest affairs of its kind lately l stitch.

It is to be worked in satin~

W,,II,,,-,,,WI”,I,MW,,”IN NIWINW

TO

KNIT BY

A

CHILD’S

MRS.

JANE

Wn have designed this expressly for the readers of “Peterson.” Murmurs—8 oz. colored zephyr, 2 01. white zepllyr, pair small wooden needles. With the colored wool cast on 260 stitches. Knit 4 rows, alternate plain and purl. 5th

BASQUE.

WEAVER.

t row—Knit 2, plain thread forward, knit 11, " ztake off the 12th. Knit 18th and 14th together, bind this over the l‘lth. ll plain. Thread for g ward knit 1--thread forward knit 11 *. Repeat to the end of the needle. 6th row purl, 7th row S pattern like 5th row, 8th purl, 8w. Knit 11 pet


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 TOILET—BOTTLE BY

HRS. JANE

MAT.

WEAVER.

W3 have selected this design from a. London journal, our object being to give the readers of "Peterson," not. only original patterns, but also the best of these published in London, Paris, or

Q 4 times; 5 ch do u 7; 7 ch do u some; now 6 ch, Sand work the other side the some; at the end i make 13 ch do on 1st do on other side of leaf g without turning; now work do on all the do; 3

Berlin.

dcu3ch; Sehdcuﬁforbtimes; Bcl1dcu7;

MATEBXALS.——1 reel cotton, No. 10. No. 3 s 7 ch do 14 same; 6 ch; work the other side the Penelope hook. Ssame; at the end make 9 ch do in 7th loop of Make 30 ch, (turn back) 29 do '1‘, (or turn on E the 13 ch; 11 ch do in some loop; 9 ch do on let

reverse side,) 3 ch 1 do in every 3rd loop for 4 i do on other side of leaf, and fasten otf.

Make

times; 5 ch do in every 3rd loop for 6 times; 6 E another leaf but not fasten off, imd proceed to

Cl do on point; 5 ch dc in some loop at point; 6 g join thus:-—-Plsce the let leaf at the back of the 0h, and work the other side the leaf the same, 3 one just completed; dc into 1st do in back piece: observing to reckon the some number of chs on E 1 ch do in 3rd do in front; 1 ch do in 3rd do in nth side; 1 ch '1‘; 3 do 1 ch u every 3 ch for 4

back; 1 ch do in 3rd do in front; 2 ch do in 8rd

times: 3 ch do u 5: 5 ch do u 5 for 5 times; 5 do at back; 2 ch dc ﬁll do u 7; 7 ch do u 7; then 6 oh, and work the E in 3rd do at back: 3 other side the leaf the some; 1 ch ’1‘, work do on ch do in last of do at the dc; 3 do u 8 ch: 8 ch do I! 5; 5 ch do u 5 for idc in front. Fasten

m. xxxv._20

in 3rd do in front: 8 ch dc ch do in 3rd do in front; 4 back; 4 ch do in last of the 05. Continue to make and

818


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 .NNW/4IN-rra,

312

WM WAN“ Mw1.-¢,M4( ,,,,,,~‘~.~»'l/,~/’<~M-¢1v I l 1 "Ir "I n.

DUCK

IN

vM,,~/,,,”M”

VHITE

CANTON

FLANNEL.

I

m

The skirt-holder, when worn in evening 005— tnnie, is really ornamental: we have seen a white dress with double skirt, the ﬁrst skirt. having a skirt-holder ot' rose-colored taﬂ'ctaa, the ribbons

é ing dress was worn a skirt-holder of sky blue, g gnrlnnded with roses. 3'
 * joined by a full-blown rose. With another even

VM»/,/NMWA.Q,.» ~,,,, ,”,».

DUCK

IN

WHITE 13"

CANTON

MRS. JANE

FLANNEL.

WEAVER.

THIS is made in white cotton ﬂannel. _Cut 5 and covered with a narrow rim of yellow-tinted two pieces of the size of the pattern below; sew 3 paper: the two marks, in the pattern, represent them together strongly;

and

turn

the work, i the nostrils.

The duck is next. sewed to a bit of

leaving an opening. near the hillI by which to § oval pnstobonrd, to represent the earth, which

stuff it, which is to be done with saw-dust or is to be covered with brown mousselnine: the brlm- After this 01036 it securely. The bill is 3 whole to be surrounded with 11. fringe of crimped to be made of pastebonrd, after this pattern, ——'

Zephyr, which is to be done by knitting a strip. two inches wide, in plain garter-stitch: after 3knitting to be pressed with it warm iron, one gedge cut off, and the whole rnveled.


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Page:Bierce - Collected Works - Volume 09.djvu/56

52 but once illustrious co-workers in council and camp, and in no way comparable with Hamilton. He towers above his fellows because he stands upon a pile of books.

The supreme indignity to the memory of this really worthy man has been performed by the Sunday-scholiasts, the pietaries, the truly good, the example-to-American-youth folk. These canting creatures have managed to nake him of his last remaining rag of flesh and drain out his ultimate red corpuscle of human blood. In order that he may be acceptable to themselves they have made him a bore to everyone else. To give him value as an "example" to the unripe intelligences of their following they have whitewashed him an inch thick, draped him, fig-leafed him and gilded him out of all semblance to man. To prepare his character for the juvenile moral tooth they have boned it, and to make it digestible to the juvenile moral paunch, unsalted it by maceration in the milk-and-water of their own minds. And so we have him today. In a single century the great-hearted gentleman of history has become the good boy of literature — the public prig. Washing- ton is the capon of our barnyard Pantheon — revised and edited for the table.


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 v~/~Av_

THE

tween each shell.

SKIRT-HOLDER.

Finish with cord and tasscls

1 1/'1 :

311

Run the cord in the row of d c at top of slipperw

made of Zephyr, or with elastic cord. If elastic make it tight enough to conﬁne the slipper closely cord is used, trim the slipper with a bow of ribs : to the foot. The colors may be varied to suit the

hon.

‘ taste.

’NM v~,”,/ -,,,”,MM~1 ' MW ,~Mu“n

THE

SKIRT—HOLDER. BY

EMILY

II.

MAY.

Tins new article of the toilet, which has just ' to another ribbon or velvet, the pointed end of appeared in London, is us elegant and graceful which is ﬁxed to the waist by a large hook placed as it is convenient. It is made in various 5 underneath; under the rose or how is placed a styles, either extremely simple, as represented buckle, by which the ribbons may be made lon— in our engraving, or to become a decided orna- t ger or shorter according as the dress is required

ment to the dress. The one preferred for general E to be more or less raised.

One of the folds of

use consists of a narrow, circular-shaped sup- t the dress is pa=scd into the circular part, falls port; ribbons are ﬁxed to the extremities of the g down over the support, and forms a natural dra

circle, and are joined by a knot, or velvet rose i pcry which does not crease the dress in the least


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I,

cnocnsr

A

TOILET

SLIPPER.

41-.

I I'.

81

SLEEVE

ww

II!

_-_.__ ~_ DHGRAI 0P RM‘HARL nurse.

TO

CROCHET BY

A

MR8.

TOILET JANE

SLIPPER.

WEAVER.

WE have designed this slipper expressly fortS stitches every row, placing the 3 stitches in the readers of “Peterson.” Minimum—i oz. grey single zephyr, } oz. blne single zephyr, small bone crochet hook. Begin at the too. With the grey wool make a

chain of 13 stitches. 1st Rom—Work in single crochet. working 3 stitches in seventh stitch.

ialternate grey and blue 4 rows each. This com t pletes the toe. For the heel. 25th row.—Work E-in s o 18 stitches. Be careful not. to widen.
 * the centre stitch of every row. Work 24 rows,

Crochet. 11 piece long enough to ﬁt the sole. Join Widen by i it. to the other side of toe. Use a cork sole, sew - the slipper to it: with strong patent thread. Work

2nd Rom—Turn the work-crochet buck, oh-

1 row double crochet. around the upper part of

serving to make the stitch in the under loop of the slipper. chain formed by last row of work.

This is done

to throw the ridge up on the right side.

Edge with 1 row of shell stitch.

which is done by working 5 d c stitches in every

Widen alternate loop of last row with 1 s c stitch he


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Page:New Peterson magazine 1859 Vol. XXXV.pdf/326

 THE

RAPHAEL BY

EMILY

ll.

DRESS.

MAY.

Ox: of the latest novelties, which has appeared 5 shows oi? the lace or embroidery to great advan in Paris, is the Raphael dress, which we give loge, and contrasts well with the dress, which above, accompanied by a diagram on the follow- E may be of either light or dark silk according to

ing page.

It combines the fashionable Raphael the taste of the wearer.

A rich brown, or royal

body withthe double skirt, which latteris rapidly blue, are the favorite colors abroad. But in superseding all other styles of skirt. It will be selecting the color, ladies must be guided, of seen that the upper part of the skirt is looped 3 course, by complexion, &'c. The harmony and up, at regular intervals, with pliase, passing from g ﬁtness of colors has more to do in making a

the hem of the upper skirt to the waist.

An lady look well than the quality of the material,

under body of fullings and insertion, either of Always buy that which suits your style: it gives lace or muslin, with a plain silk lining, which lyou individuality. 80‘ J


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808

ALPHABET

son

MARKING.

black and colored at the four sides. We hope s mntical precision is indispensable in cutting out the arrangement will be perfectly understood by s the paper patterns, or the beauty of the work the illustration. The colors must be regulated ‘ will be entirely destroyed. The silks ought to either by taste or convenience, as the larger the E be sewn with their own colors. The following tlesign is worked the more of each color will he 3 colors have a. very handsome eﬂ'ectz—Crintsou required. For chair-cushions to match the table- 5 and black for the centre, next green and black, cover, this star is particularly handsome andgviolet and black, orange and black, blue and

appropriate.

We need scarcely add that ninthe- ‘ black, and a light claret and black.

>rm

v‘d

7~1

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ALPHABET FOR MARKING: FOR BEGINNERS. BY

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10 Life in the village is simple and rude, but not uneventful, for the village is part of a tribe, and tribes are constantly fighting with one another, as well as with the dark-skinned men who often try to drive back the Aryans, sometimes in small forays and sometimes in massed hordes. But the world in which the village is interested is a small one, and hardly extends beyond the bounds of the land where its tribe dwells. It knows something of the land of the Five Rivers, in one corner of which it lives, and something even of the lands to the north of it, and to the west as far as the mountains and deserts, where live men of its own kind and tongue; but beyond these limits it has no knowledge. Only a few bold spirits have travelled eastward across the high slope that divides the land of the Five Rivers from the strange and mysterious countries around the great rivers Gaṅgā and Yamunā, the unknown land of deep forests and swarming dark-skinned men.

In the matter of religion these Aryans care a good deal about charms and spells, black and white magic, for preventing or curing all kinds of diseases or mishaps, for winning success in love and war and trade and husbandry, for bringing harm upon enemies or rivals — charms which a few centuries later will be dressed up in Ṛigvēdic style, stuffed out with imitations of Ṛigvēdic hymns, and published under the name of

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Rh and whistled to his dog, and followed the road which he knew the fugitives must have taken.

‘Cousin,’ said Dschemila suddenly, and turning round as she spoke.

‘What is it?’ answered he.

‘The ogre is coming after us. I saw him.’

‘But where is he? I don’t see him.’

‘Over there. He only looks about as tall as a needle.’

Then they both began to run as fast as they could,

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Portal:George Banta Publishing Company

Published

 * The Fraternity and the College (1915) by Thomas Arkle Clark

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PREFACE ...Bengal: in which my principal aim has been to comprehend everything necessary to be known, not contenting myself with a superficial or partial view, not confining my observations to the more obvious particularities. A short treatise, when preceded by other more copious and diffusive compilations on the same subject, may perhaps pass for a judicious abstract, or an elegant compendium, but every emission of the writer who hath chosen an unhandled topic will be imputed to ignorance or neglect by those whose subsequent discoveries may have furnished more complete information. The grand Source of Indian Literature, the parent of almost every dialect from the Persian Gulph to the China Seas, is the Shanscrit, a language of the most venerable and unfathomable antiquity; which although at present shut up in the libraries of Bramins and appropriated solely to the records of their Religion, appears to have been current over most of the Oriental World; and traces of its original extent may still be discovered in almost every district of Asia. I have been astonished to find the similitude of Shanscrit words with those of Persian and Arabic, and even of Latin and Greek: and these are not in technical or metaphorical terms, which the mutation of refined arts and improved manners might have occasionally introduced; but...


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 On Board the 2$d$ of April Sailed from Portland the 18 head wind ruff night the Sattedy night before Easter and Easter Settedy night Caut A Shark on the 21$st$ of May A Death the same Day A funeral the 22$nd$ A ship Came up and took Letters the 23 A good Brees of wind 24 A Birth on the 26$th$ Crossed the line the same day 26 wich was Sunday

the outlandicc Ocan the tropic the medary Island the cannary Island the peak of tinereff along the coast of affrecca and other peak mountains

8 days brees + Stedy wind 2 June good wind 3 making prepration for ruff wether 4 opisit Eugener Brasiel out of the tropict 6 fair wind not much of it

7 niggers friday night


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 8 Strong wind boult in the flihg jib broke out 9–10 good sailing 11 Strong not in faver 14 fare wind squaly alberttroses ollegok cape pigen and other Birds 19 wind in faver but very could dail and rain very strong sea rowling dreams very rough night 20 dull with strong swell on 21 Birth died 22 wet miseruble day with fair wind 23 fare wind going well but squalls 24 and 25 changuble 26 ackedent with the Boiler and too men scolded July 1 sailing very fast with squall until the 9 and then calm and dull


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Rh ‘Come next Saturday, and I will give them to you,’ answered the thief. But as he had no intention of giving the liar the money, when Saturday morning came he stretched himself out stiff and stark upon the bed, and told his wife she was to say he was dead. So the wife rubbed her eyes with an onion, and when the liar appeared at the door, she met him in tears, and told him that as her husband was dead he could not be paid the three florins.

But the liar, who knew his partner’s tricks, instantly suspected the truth, and said: ‘As he has not paid me, I will pay him out with three good lashes of my riding whip.’

At these words the thief sprang to his feet, and, appearing at the door, promised his partner that if he would return the following Saturday he would pay him. So the liar went away satisfied with this promise.

But when Saturday morning came the thief got up

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Rh When a few months had passed the king sent a message to say he would like to see how the dogs were getting on. Renzolla, who felt very uncomfortable in her mind at this request, hurried off once more to the

fairy. This time she found an old man at the door of the fairy’s palace, who said to her: ‘Who are you, and what do you want?’

When Renzolla heard his question she answered

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The Fraternity and the College

 * "The Fraternity and the College" (1915), an essay by Thomas Arkle Clark
 * The Fraternity and the College (1915), an essay collection by Thomas Arkle Clark

title: The Fraternity and the College


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Rh kid, or waterman, or Cepheus, or Andromeda, or the spectres that have names given them in Hades, have the stars that are scattered over the firmament (for we must remember that these men, and the titles themselves, came into existence long after the origin of man),—[what I say is in common between the two], that the heretics, astonished at the marvel, should thus strive by means of such discourses to strengthen their own opinions?

But since almost every heresy [that has sprung up] through the arithmetical art has discovered measures of hebdomads and certain projections of Æons, each rending the art differently, while whatever variation prevailed was in the names merely; and [since] Pythagoras became the instructor of these, first introducing numbers of this sort among the Greeks from Egypt, it seems expedient not to omit even this, but, after we have given a compendious elucidation, to approach the demonstration of those things that we propose to investigate.

Arithmeticians and geometers arose, to whom especially Pythagoras first seems to have furnished principles. And from numbers that can continually progress ad infinitum by multiplication, and from figures, these derived their first principles, as capable of being discerned by reason alone; for a principle of geometry, as one may perceive, is an indivisible point. From that point, however, by means of the art, the generation of endless figures from the point is discovered. For the point being drawn into length becomes a line, after being thus continued, having a point for its extremity. And a line flowing out into breadth begets a surface, and the limits of the surface are lines; but a surface


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122 flowing out into breadth becomes body. And when what is solid has in this manner derived existence from, altogether, the smallest point, the nature of a huge body is constituted; and this is wdiat Simon expresses thus: "The little will be great, being as a point, and the great illimitable." Now this coincides with the geometrical doctrine of a point.

But of the arithmetical art, which by composition contains philosophy, number became a first principle, which is an indefinable and incomprehensible [entity], comprising in itself all the numbers that can go on ad infinitum by aggregation. But the first monad became a principle, according to substance, of the numbers, which [principle] is a male monad, procreating paternally all the rest of the numbers. Secondly, the duad is a female number, which by the arithmeticians is also itself denominated even. Thirdly, the triad is a male number; this also it has been the usual custom of arithmeticians to style odd. In addition to all these, the tetrad is a female number; and this same, because it is feminine, is likewise denominated even. All the numbers therefore, taken generically, are four—number, however, as regards genus, is indefinite—from which, according to their system, is formed the perfect number—I mean the decade. For one, two, three, four, become ten—as has been previously proved—if the proper denomination be preserved, according to substance, for each of the numbers. This is the sacred quaternion, according to Pythagoras, having in itself roots of an endless nature, that is, all other numbers; for eleven, and twelve, and the rest, derive the principle of generation from the ten. Of this decade—the perfect number—there are called four parts—number, monad, power, cube—whose connections and mixtures take place for the generation of increase, according to nature completing the productive number. For when the square is multiplied into itself, it becomes a biquadratic; but when the square is multiplied into a cube, it becomes the product of a quadratic and cube; but when a cube


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Rh is multiplied into a cube, it becomes the product of cube multiplied by cube. Wherefore all the numbers are seven; so that the generation of things produced may be from the hebdomad—which is number, monad, power, cube, biquadratic, product of quadratic multiplied by cube, product of cube multiplied by cube.

Of this hebdomad Simon and Valentinus, having altered the names, detailed marvellous stories, from thence hastily adopting a system for themselves. For Simon employs his denominations thus: Mind, Intelligence, Name, Voice, Ratiocination, Reflection; and He who stood, stands, will stand. And Valentinus [enumerates them thus]: Mind, Truth, Word, Life, Man, Church, and the Father, reckoned along with these, according to the same principles as those advanced by the cultivators of arithmetical philosophy. And [heresiarchs] admiring, as if unknown to the multitude, [this philosophy and] following it, have framed heterodox doctrines devised by themselves.

Some indeed, then, attempt likewise to form the hebdomads from the medical [art], being astonished at the dissection of the brain, asserting that the substance of the universe and the power of procreation and the Godhead could be ascertained from the arrangement of the brain. For the brain being the dominant portion of the entire body, reposes calm and unmoved, containing within itself the spirit. Such an account, then, is not incredible, but widely differs from the conclusions which these [heretics] attempt to deduce from it. For the brain, on being dissected, has within it what may be called a vaulted chamber. And on either side of this are thin membranes, which they term little wings. Now these are gently moved by the spirit, and in turn propel towards the cerebellum the spirit, which, careering through a certain blood-vessel like a reed, advances towards the pineal


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 give them—'tis a wonder they get on at all: their suffering is most unchristian, and 'tis evident thereupon to me, that a French post-horse would not know what in the world to do, was it not for the two words * * * * * * and * * * * * * in which there is as much sustenance, as if you gave him a peck of corn: now as these words cost nothing, I long from my soul to tell the reader what they are; but here is the question—they must be told him plainly, and with the most distinct articulation, or it will answer no end—and yet to do it in that plain way—though their reverences may laugh at it in the bed-chamber—full well I wot, they will abuse it in the parlour: for which cause, I have been volving and revolving in my fancy some time, but to no


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124 gland. And near this is situated the entrance of the cerebellum, which admits the current of spirit, and distributes it into what is styled the spinal marrow. But from them the whole frame participates in the spiritual energy, inasmuch as all the arteries, like a branch, are fastened on from this blood-vessel, the extremity of which terminates in the genital blood-vessels, whence all the [animal] seeds proceeding from the brain through the loin are secreted [in the seminal glands]. The form, however, of the brain is like the head of a serpent, respecting which a lengthened discussion is maintained by the professors of knowledge, falsely so named, as we shall prove. Six other coupling ligaments grow out of the brain, which, traversing round the head, and having their termination in [the head] itself, hold bodies together; but the seventh [ligament] proceeds from the cerebellum to the lower parts of the rest of the frame, as we have declared.

And respecting this there is an enlarged discussion, whence both Simon and Valentinus will be found both to have derived from this source starting-points for their opinions, and, though they may not acknowledge it, to be in the first instance liars, then heretics. Since, then, it appears that we have sufficiently explained these tenets likewise, and that all the reputed opinions of this earthly philosophy have been comprised in four books; it seems expedient to proceed to a consideration of the disciples of these men, nay rather, those who have furtively appropriated their doctrines.


text: Ante-Nicene Christian Library/The Refutation of All Heresies/Book 4


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 purpose, by what clean device or facete contrivance I might so modulate them, that whilst I satisfy that ear which the reader chuses to lend me—I might not dissatisfy the other which he keeps to himself.

My ink burns my finger to tryand when I have'twill have a worse consequenceit will burn (I fear) my paper.

No;I dare not

But if you wish to know how the abbess of Andoüillets, and a novice of her convent got over the difficulty (only first wishing myself all imaginable success)—I'll tell you without the least scruple.


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I knew a man once who had never been off the prairies of Illinois who wrote a prize essay on mountain scenery. He got some of his facts from reading and supplied the rest from his imagination. The theories and principles contained in the papers which make up this little book, however, come from an intimate and an almost hourly experience with fraternities and fraternity men covering a period of more than twenty years. For a time my experience was only such as any onlooker with authority or official position might have, but in recent years I have come into relation with these men in a very close official way.

"College Spirit" was printed in the Illinois Magazine; "Fraternity Finances" and "The Brothers who Live in Town" appeared in the Alpha Tau Omega Palm; "The Fraternity and Its Alumni," "The Fraternity and Its Underclassmen," "Horse Play and Rough House at Initiations," and "Extra-fraternity Organizations," have been published in Banta's Greek Exchange. The other papers are new, and they are all presented in this form with the hope that they may help in some way to a better understanding of fraternities and fraternity problems.

Urbana, Illinois,

December, 1915


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When a young fellow asks me to advise him whether or not he should become a fraternity man, or having himself decided that question in a general way wants me to suggest the suitable organization for him, I feel thrust into about the same position as I should be in were I asked to decide whether or not he should marry or were I delegated to choose one from a number of possible candidates for the proposed partnership. Since I have been asked at one time or another to solve both of these matrimonial dilemmas for my student friends, perhaps I should not hesitate to tackle so serious a problem as is that presented by the fraternity.

I believe that the college Greek-letter fraternity is an institution that has come to stay, and that on the whole it is a good one. Some state legislatures are attempting to decide the question as to whether or not Greek-letter fraternities shall be allowed in certain institutions, but this decision is properly a matter entirely for the educational institutions themselves. It is in no small sense an educational matter which belongs distinctly in the hands of the faculties and no more concerns state legislatures than the question as to whether students should be allowed to keep automobiles or bull dogs, or whether they should


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 be allowed to board at lunch counters or to live in private dormitories.

It is a natural tendency for young people, and especially for young men, to join more or less closely into groups for the furtherance and the development of mutual interests, and it is a tendency which we should expect and foster in college as elsewhere. Far back in my youth in the country neighborhood in which I lived it was the habit of a special group of boys with whom I associated to meet at more or less regular intervals under the "Iron Bridge" or up in the hay loft to discuss plans and projects of mutual interest. We, too, had our secrets and our signs almost as serious and as significant as are those of the college fraternity today. I knew by the peculiar note which he uttered as he passed our door when Bill Boys was going home at night, and I learned to convey unwritten volumes across the school room to Taylor Curtis through the mystic symbols of our order. Even today, at middle age, I have my pals, and we meet together at intervals and are bound together by bonds not unlike those which gripped me to those companions of my childhood. In a similar way, though now in a more tangible and a more way, the members of a college fraternity are bound. If the young man can afford it, for like everything else worth while the fraternity costs something, if such an organization


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 appeals to him, if he can fall in with a group of men who are congenial, and if he is willing to make the sacrifice of time and the readjustment of habits necessary to live with such a group successfully, I usually advise him, if he is asked, to join a fraternity.

I am quite familiar through intimate association with my colleagues and through general reading, with the many and serious objections which have been urged against fraternities. Every year I meet fathers and friends of college students, for the most part men who have never been to college or if they have been who know little or nothing first hand about fraternities, who believe these organizations wholly undemocratic and wholly bad, and who give credence to what they hear about fraternities, as they have faith in the stories published in city papers concerning the riot, rapine and wholesale destruction ordinarily supposed to be waged at the usual student celebration. There has been extant for some years, I know, the general impression that the young men being educated at the institution with which I am connected are accustomed to burn down or demolish a theatre or two following each athletic victory of the various teams, when in point of fact the entire destruction caused by the escapades of five thousand students and their followers in twenty years has not exceeded two hundred and fifty dollars,


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 and there is excellent evidence to show that a considerable portion of this was caused by the rabble which is unconnected with the institution but which follows in the wake of these celebrations. So I believe it could be shown if some one would take the pains to investigate that many of the delinquencies which are laid at the doors of fraternities are placed there unjustly and might better be distributed evenly throughout the student body.

Having said so much, however, I am willing to grant that many of the charges which have been urged against fraternities are not without some foundation. Fraternities and fraternity men can easily be found that illustrate the charges of extravagance and dissipation, and snobbishness, and loafing: But the age at which young men go to college is an age when they most easily fall a prey to the temptations to these habits and illustrations are not confined to fraternity men. I could name on any day of the week during the college year men in organizations and out of them and men even in the church of which I am a member who are snobs wasting both their time and their money; but the Presbyterian Church is still a pretty respectable organization. The charges which, a few years ago, were made by Mr. R. T. Crane of Chicago against college men were in no small degree true. Mr. Crane's error was not so much


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 in preferring these charges as in failing to observe that the extravagance, and moral irregularities of which he accused college young men are in a much larger degree true of young men who do not go to college. It is true no doubt that fraternity men have in many cases been extravagant and dissipated and lazy, but it can be shown that in every institution where these fraternity derelicts are found as in every town or community there are plenty of men outside of the fraternities who with an equal amount of money at their disposal and equal opportunity are equally sinners.

The indiscretions of a man who belongs to an organization attract more attention and arouse more comment than do those of the individual not so connected. When a fraternity man errs, the character of all his brothers suffers just as when one man in a group coming home late at night is drunk the whole crowd is said to be "stewed." A good many years ago an alumnus of a fraternity with which I am acquainted, during a summer vacation, planned and carried out a party in the chapter house at which some of the men were disgracefully drunk, and the matter became known. He was the only member of the fraternity present, the affair was contrary to the rules of the organization, it was without the knowledge of any one in the active chapter, and the man was severely disciplined. Wise objectors to fraternities remem-


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 ber the event still, and I think honestly believe that the same sort of orgies yet go on regularly in this house, though it is in fact one of the best conducted at the institution where it is established, and the charges made against it are entirely false. One spendthrift, one gambler, one unclean or intemperate member in a group is likely to give his reputation to the whole fraternity, and the organization and fraternities in general suffer as a result. At a large fraternity gathering which I attended not long ago one representative of a western chapter became intoxicated and made a public fool of himself. The chapter of which he was a member and all the representatives of it suffered in reputation and in influence through the exhibition of the weak character of this one man. On the other hand, one such man unconnected with an organization passes practically without comment and has little effect upon the general reputation of the student body. My experience has been that the faults and dissipations attributed to fraternities exist in much smaller degree than is generally supposed, and not proportionately in any materially greater degree than would on investigation be discovered in the general student body. As a disciplinary officer in an institution which numbers approximately five thousand young men, most of whom I know personally, I have had ample opportunity during the last dozen years to


text: The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman/Volume 7/Chapter 20


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 make daily observations, and I have drawn the conclusions just stated with a good many detailed facts in mind.

So far as I know the irregular conditions which exist in fraternities in one college or another are characteristic of the general student body in which they exist, and may be attributed either to indifference on the part of the members of the faculty, lack of sympathy for student matters, or actual inefficiency as regards student discipline and control. It would not be either good taste or good judgment for me to name specific instances to substantiate these statements, but if I were permitted to do so it would not be difficult to cite many illustrations. Sometime ago I visited one institution, for example, where objectionable fraternity conditions have been widely advertised. The fraternity men are here said to be given generally to drinking and dissipation and perhaps truthfully so; but it is true, also, so far as I could see from a pretty careful observation of conditions covering a period of several days at two or three different times, that members of the general student body are equally given to these irregularities and further than this, that many members of the faculty are not free from criticism. At this institution I was invited freely to the homes of members of the faculty, and I have no recollection of being at any such house where liquor of some


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 sort was not served, and this whether students were present or not. At the faculty club there was general drinking, and at times to such an extent as quite perceptibly to increase the drinker's spirits. I recall having been at a dinner here attended by perhaps seventy-five students and members of the faculty at which drinking was general, and the members of the faculty present showed quite as much color and undue exhilaration as a result as did any student. A considerable amount of drunkenness among the students was evidenced at the end of the week, and when I inquired from a prominent member of the faculty what was done in such cases, I discovered that no one assumed any responsibility for these things, and no official notice was taken of them.

One member of the faculty said that he did not wish to know what students were doing and when business called him to pass through the locality where students were likely to be seen in an intoxicated condition, he managed if possible to take a round-about road. Not only was no intelligent attempt made to regulate these matters in the fraternities, but the general student body followed its own sweet will, and the members of the faculty in their own homes and in their club houses set the students an example of drinking which these same students, being young and without the mature judgment of their elders, followed often neither


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 wisely nor well. For an objectionable custom which, it seemed to me, was quite general, the fraternities got the advertising and the criticism. The only difference which I can see in these cases between the fraternity man who drinks to excess and those outside of such organizations who do the same thing is that the fraternity man goes to destruction with his friends about him, while the other men have perhaps a less sociable but an equally destructive experience. In this institution to which I have referred I believe the faculty was wholly to blame for conditions. It set the students an example publicly and privately, it took no responsibility and exercised no disciplinary control, but weakly allowed to continue a practice which can only be subversive of all that tends to the development of good citizens.

My visit to other prominent institutions where fraternity difficulties have arisen and where there has been general criticism of the habits and life of the men in these organizations has led me to the conclusion that in most if not in all cases the conditions in the fraternities is only a slightly exaggerated instance of what may be found generally—among the student body. For these conditions, whatever they may be, I do not believe the fraternities or any other undergraduate organizations can be or should be wholly blamed. My experience for twenty-five years with thousands of


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 undergraduate men leads me to the conclusion that the undergraduate student is on the whole a fair-minded, reasonable being, who is not beyond control, who wants generally to do right, and who whether in fraternities or out of them, is pretty likely to respect a reasonable college law. If colleges have had difficulties, I believe the trouble lies mainly with the faculty, who have not kept awake to student conditions or exercised control or who have been too weak or too indifferent or ignorant to discipline flagrant offenders. The same reason exists too frequently now as existed in the institution in which I was an undergraduate; those members of the faculty who knew of the devilment which was going on did not care, and those members who cared did not know, and so the difficulties increased and insubordination ran riot.

I have not intended this paper primarily as a defense of fraternities, though I think such a defense could without difficulty be made. I have meant it to show that Greek-letter fraternities are not in themselves more artificial than are the ordinary conditions of living in college; they are the outcome of a tendency of young people and old in all conditions and walks of life to form into groups for mutual pleasure and advancement in one line of endeavor or another. If fraternities have not been a source of strength and help in college, it is not the fault of the fraternities but the fault of


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 the college authorities who have not set the proper example or shown the proper interest, or exercised the proper supervision or control over their undergraduates—who have in short let the student body run away with them, and who are to blame for it.

In the remainder of this paper I want to show how, in an institution of more than five thousand students during a period of nearly fifteen years, fraternities and similar organizations have been a real help to me. As an undergraduate student in the University of Illinois I had no connection with Greek-letter fraternities and no first hand knowledge of them. They were not permitted at that time in the institution, and I was led to believe that they were altogether objectionable. They were later allowed to reorganize in the University, and as an executive officer charged with the supervision of student conduct, student problems, and student activities, I became very intimately associated with these and other similar student organizations. The fact that shortly after leaving college I became a member of a Greek-letter fraternity, I believe has not in any undue degree prejudiced me in their favor.

One of the most practical things which the fraternities have done for the University of Illinois within the last fifteen years is materially to help in taking care of the problems of housing students at a reasonable rate. The fact that eleven of our


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 fraternities have built and own their houses and that most of the others have interested property owners and real estate men to build for them proper homes has helped in a small place where there are no dormitories and where good lodging houses are only too rare, to provide comfortable homes for fully a thousand men. The conditions under which these students in fraternity houses live are on the whole satisfactory. The study rooms are quite as convenient as they could get outside of these houses, the bathing and toilet facilities are more than ordinarily adequate, and such students besides have the run of an entire house. The board furnished is not more expensive than that to be obtained at most regular boarding houses about the campus, and in almost every case it is of better quality, is better cooked and far more carefully served. The opportunities for work and study in these houses are as good for those who really want to work as they are anywhere. All the organizations have definite house rules as to hours of study, and all of these rules prohibit drinking and gambling in the houses. It is a satisfaction to be able to say, also, that in a very large majority of cases these rules are seriously enforced.

With an indifferent landlady and lax house rules or no rules at all the student who lives outside of a fraternity house may have much less careful supervision than does the fraternity man, and his


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 irregularities of life are much less likely to be detected and corrected than are those of the fraternity man. It is a great gratification to me, therefore, to know where all these men live, how they are taken care of, and the conditions under which they do their work. With us at least it is not true that fraternity men live in surroundings more luxurious than those to which they are accustomed at home and those to which they are likely to be accustomed when they leave college. Some of the houses, it is true, are beautiful and a few of them have cost a considerable sum of money, but the rooms in which students live are in no case luxurious, and in most cases are quite as humble in their furnishings as the student has been used to or will find when he leaves college. Usually the first floor rooms of a fraternity house are well furnished, but even these have little of actual luxury. In order that these statements may not be wholly theory, I make a practice of keeping regularly in touch with some of the older men in each one of the organizations, and at some time during the year I manage to visit and take a meal with them. I have been from cellar to garret of most of the fraternity houses of which I have spoken. The total living expenses for each student in these houses, including board, lodging, and the general running expenses of the house, average about thirty-three dollars a month. Some organi-


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 zations who live in small houses keep their expenses below this amount and some run above it, but the variation is not great in either direction, and is little or no more than a student would have to pay for similar accommodations outside of a fraternity house.

The control of students living in fraternities is likely to be more satisfactory than of those living in dormitories controlled either by private individuals or by the University, for the students living in a fraternity house are controlled by officers whom they have elected and are under rules which they have themselves devised and approved. Fraternity freshmen sometimes, it is true, try to evade rules and succeed in deceiving the fraternity officers, but the spirit in which regulations are regarded and discipline is received is altogether more kindly than is true of such things in a private or an institutional dormitory. I have found, also, that these officers ordinarily take their responsibilities more seriously than do the officers in a private dormitory, and get satisfactory results more easily. I generally find that a fraternity officer can enforce the regulations in the chapter without much difficulty, and this is not always equally true in the dormitory. The man in the dormitory can move if he is dissatisfied; the fraternity man cannot, and so learns to take his medicine without serious protest.


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 In the correction of the habits or the conduct of individual students or in the stimulation of lazy or indifferent students to better scholastic work, I have regularly found the fraternities—helpful. I have made it a point to know the men in each chapter, and to coöperate with the officers of the fraternity in every way possible in developing these men in the best way. Our records for some time past have shown that the freshmen living in fraternity houses have a higher standing than have those freshmen who live outside of these houses. If a fraternity man is behind in his college work or is developing into a loafer, in addition to the influence which I as a college officer can have upon him I have learned that if I have a talk with the president of his fraternity and place the situation before him, I can have added to my own influence the influence of the whole fraternity, which in many instances is much more potent than my own. If fraternity men are developing bad moral habits I am always able to find some influential upperclassman in the organization who will take the matter in hand and help to correct it. Over and over again fraternity officers come to me in confidence and ask me to help them to correct the habits or the conduct of erring brothers. Often they tell the man concerned that they are intending to elicit my aid and the whole thing is quite open and frank.


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 Only last spring two fraternity officers came to me and said, "Two of our sophomores are developing bad associations down town; they are learning to drink, and they have more than once come home drunk. We have done what we could, but the conditions are not improved. We want you to help us." I called the men, we talked it over, they promised to break away from their harmful associations, and they have kept their promise. This fraternity was not an unusual one nor was it a particularly "Sunday School" organization; in fact it was quite the contrary, but it had standards of conduct and of scholarship which these men were violating, and they were thus helping to lower the standing of the fraternity. The case of another student is interesting. He is a boy of excellent mind but of weak principles. He had been guilty during his first two years in college of a number of derelictions of which I had talked seriously to him. His influence, I felt, was growing bad. He was a ready promiser who admitted usually more than I accused him of and offered immediate and complete reformation. His reform, however, was usually short lived. I was convinced that he ought to be sent away from college, but before having him dismissed I called the president of his fraternity and put the facts before him. He asked to be given a final chance at the man and I consented, with


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 the understanding with the man and his fraternity officer that if his conduct in the future should prove objectionable, I should be informed and the man should sever his connection with the institution. Only a short time ago the president of the fraternity came to me again and said that he could do nothing with the other man, and expressed a willingness in the interest of the progress and the moral standing of the fraternity, to have him go. The student was given a chance to withdraw and did so. I could multiply these illustrations indefinitely as to the help which fraternities almost daily give to me in their desire to strengthen their individual members and so to raise the standing of their chapter and of the University.

Perhaps no one undergraduate custom has done the University more harm during the last ten or fifteen years than the practice of hazing. It developed rapidly, the student escapades were grossly exaggerated by the newspapers, and it bade fair to injure the institution seriously. During the last three years there has been practically no hazing, and during the present year I do not know of a single case. This changed condition cannot be attributed directly to fraternities, for the college authorities used every effort to stamp out the practice and disciplined severely those men who were detected in it, but it can be said


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 CHRISTIAN FORD’S TROUBLES.

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outer door closed—he was gone! Unﬂinching in her self-martyrdom, she did not even ap- proach the window to catch a last glance as he departed. Then the woman entered with a letter, the pages blotted, and torn, and full of reckless passion. Christian read every word, firm as before, laid it carefully aside, and then her tried strength gave way.

The records of the next three days were best unwritten; no mortal ear ever heard their sufferings; and when Christian Ford descended from that darkened chamber, she was quiet and composed as of old.

CHAPTER II.

A year went by; the long winter passed, the mocking sunshine of midsummer paled, and it was autumn again.

Christian Ford was there in her lonely home, patient and resigned. She had stood by the bedside of the dying relative, whose declining years had been cheered by her love, and was now wholly alone in the world.

Once there had come a letter from Robert Gray, but it only brought renewed pain, and she was glad that the months passed without tidings. Soon after that letter, she had heard his name spoken—he was leading a dissipated life and causing his mother much trouble—that was all she knew.

One bleak, autumn evening, Christian was returning from a visit to a sick woman in the village. The wind blew in chilling gusts, and she hurried on impatient to be at home. As she entered the grove, which was near her house, she caught the flutter of a woman’s garments on the hill above. In a moment they had disappeared—but again and again she saw them as if the person were pursuing her, and yet dared not approach.

She reached her own gate and stood looking back, when through the night a woman’s form appeared, falling at her feet, while a voice of wild anguish cried,

“Save me, Christian Ford, do save me!”

Christian raised the suppliant and looked in her face, so pallid and worn that she did not recognize it.

“You don’t know me,” moaned the girl, ‘‘oh, no wonder—no wonder! Christian, Miss Ford, I am Lucy Dean.”

Christian tottered back in horror and sur- prise; a year before she had seen that face in the glow of girlish loveliness, and now it knelt there pale, haggard with wretchedness and want

“Don’t leave me,” pleaded the girl; ‘‘I went home first, but they drove me away; there was nothing left but the lake, I thought, and then I saw your face. Don’t send me away, Christian, for God’s sake."

Christian Ford did not pause to answer; she raised the shrinking creature and led her into   house. The domestic was absent, and she took her into her own room where a bright fire  was burning. She brought her food, and the girl ate eagerly.

“It’s the first morsel I’ve tasted today,”  said.

‘And take off your shawl, Lucy,” Christian said, ‘‘and when you have slept you shall tell me all.”

No, no; I have no right here, you will drive me away as my father did!” she cried, in her  frenzy. ‘Look at me, Christian Ford, I was so handsome and proud—see where my beauty and pride have led me—I am ruined, lost, with nothing but death before me.” She fell upon the floor and hid her face in Christian’s dress, resisting every effort to raise her.

I am going to tell you all,” she moaned; don’t touch me, don’t look at me! I was tired of living here, and a year ago I left my father and went to New York. My relations weren’t very kind to me, and I wanted to leave them. Then I saw that Mrs. Gray, the lady who lived here once, and she took me to live with her. She had a son—oh, I can’t tell you!”

She broke off abruptly and crouched lower down. Christian Ford sat upright in her chair, her eyes staring wildly, and her hands clenched together.

Mrs. Gray was very kind, and petted me like a child! I was always sewing in her room, and Robert used to come there. He had some great trouble, and I was very sorry for him. It was all my fault—I couldn’t help but show I loved him—and—eh, you know, Christian, you know!”

Christian did not speak—did not stir—but in her excitement the girl did not heed it.

“At last it all came out; Mrs. Gray drove me from the house when Robert was gone. I came home the best way I could and told father everything; but he cursed ms and drove me away— oh, Christian—Christian!"

That plaintive cry roused Christian; a shudder of horror came ever her as she shrunk away from the wretched girl; but when that moan was repeated it passed. “You must go to bed now, Lucy,” she said “I will be your friend, remember that.”

The girl clung to her with passionate tears, but Christian put her gently away—sho could


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 truthfully that only rarely were fraternities seriously mixed up in the custom, and that there grew up in these organizations a general sentiment against it. Even at the outset when fraternities were not actively opposed to hazing they were only to a very limited degree engaged in it, and later they became in a more active manner to frown upon it. Because of their failure as organizations to participate actively in the practice and because of the active work which many of the leading fraternity men did in opposition to hazing, the fraternities have helped us materially in stamping out the practice.

The two towns between which our University is located have had during the past few years some very severe and interesting fights on the local option question. When the towns voted for temperance regulations a few years ago it was virtually the work of the students which brought this condition about, and the men at the head of the organization which accomplished the business were largely fraternity men. Because they were already in organization it was easier for them to organize. It must not be supposed, either, that those who worked the hardest for local option laws were themselves men who never drank. Many men said to me that although they were in no sense total abstainers, they felt that it was for the best interests of the towns that they should go dry,


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 and so they were glad to use their influence to bring this condition about.

In the development of principles of honesty and in the discouraging of cribbing, fraternities have, generally used their influence in the right direction. Here again the influence of leadership counts. I was discussing only recently with one of our freshman fraternity men the question of dishonesty in examinations. "We have had pretty definite directions at our house," he said, "as to what we should do. Our president called us together before examinations began and gave us a straight talk about being square and honest and above board during the examinations." Is it by such methods as this that the fraternities may help and have helped to encourage honesty in classroom work.

The fraternity sets before its members, also, certain standards of manners, the effects of which can be seen everywhere. The fraternity man who is crude, or coarse, or impolite, or ill-trained has some one to correct him, has some one usually to set a good example before him. The man outside must work these things out for himself, as he very frequently does, or remain as he is. Whether one eats with his knife, or sits when a lady comes into the room, or keeps his hat on when he talks to her on the street, or fails to call on the hostess who has entertained him at dinner, or sidesteps the


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 reception line at a dance, may be in themselves trifling, but they may show the difference between good and bad manners. The fraternity man usually finds some one willing to point out to him these errors if he makes them, while the other man may stumble on indefinitely in a condition of ignorance. The real fraternity is a home, and those living in it usually get a good deal of the social training that one may rightfully expect to receive in a home. Careful dress and nice manners are learned largely by example and associations, and this example and these proper associations one is very likely to find in the fraternity house. I do not underestimate the value of sterling worth, but it counts for much more when linked with courtesy and a neat appearance.

The fraternity as an organization helps materially in the training of college leaders. The man who can successfully stand at the head of a group of twenty-five or thirty men, who can manage a household as it were with all the multifarious things that such management implies, is usually well fitted for leadership in other ways. Fraternity men manage their own house servants, oversee the care of their houses, care for the finances of these houses, and take many serious responsibilities which men outside of these organizations may evade. The men at the head of things in our University are for these reasons usually fraternity


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 men, not because they are naturally more capable or more reliable than are other men, and not because fraternities by their political influence put their men at the head of affairs, but because they have had more experience and because they have at the outset an organization to help them in whatever they are undertaking.

Every college or university must depend upon its alumni for the accomplishment of certain work for its advancement. There are of course some alumni whose influence is not all that could be desired, but the live, right-minded alumnus, especially the alumnus of a state university, can do much to keep the institution in a right light before the citizens of the state upon which it must depend for its support. He is in a sense its advertising agent. If he gets out of touch or out of sympathy with his alma mater, she thereby suffers a great loss. The fraternity more than any other agency that I am acquainted with helps to tie a man to his old associations and to anchor him to the college. The fraternity after the undergraduate has finished his course and leaves college furnishes him a place to come back to; when he drops into the fraternity house after an absence of a few years there is still some one there who knows him, there are many more who have heard of him, and all are glad to see him. He still has a home at the old place into which he can fit


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 as easily, usually, as when he was an undergraduate. Of the thousands of men who last fall returned at the time of our annual Home-coming a very large per cent were fraternity men, and this was true because these men had had some very definite interests when they were in college, they had some one on the ground to call them back, and they had a place to go when they got back. Their return even for the pleasure only of renewing old associations still binds them more closely to the University and makes their coöperation more certain when it is needed.

My experience as an executive officer, then, is that Greek-letter fraternities and similar organizations in college have been to me of the greatest service in advancing the best interests of the University as I believe they may be to other college officers in a similar situation, if they will but study how best to utilize them. Instead of working to get rid of these organizations as some college officers seem to desire to do, I am glad to—encourage their development because in them I see an easier control and direction of student enterprises, student activities, and student thought, and an easier development of the right sort of student morals and ideals.


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When I was in college, there used to be living near the campus a half dozen or more kindly souls to whom fate had shown little consideration and who, thrown on their own resources, had chosen to earn their living by keeping a boarding house. Theirs was not the sort of sordid mercenary business which is now generally carried on by those who provide meals for students. It was on the whole a kindly, motherly service which they performed, not half of which we were ever able to pay—for. They took us into their houses and tried to give us a home as well as to see that we were fed. Often when we were living with them we would find that the gaping holes in our hose which our careless feet had torn would be neatly mended; lost buttons would find their way back again, and some evening when we came back to our room tired and hungry from a long tramp we would discover a plate of gingerbread or a bowl of Winesaps waiting. It was almost like living at home with mother.

They did not lose sight of our moral welfare either. There was no indifference to our derelictions, and no overlooking of of our shortcomings; we were guarded and called to account as if we had been their own children. It is: only a few days ago that one of my old classmates was recounting


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 to me an escapade of his undergraduate days which illustrates well the point I have in mind. He was something of a joker, and thought it would be great sport to make his landlady think that he had been drinking. He came stumbling up the stairs one evening before she had gone to bed, simulating all the antics of one intoxicated. An empty whisky bottle found in his room next morning confirmed all her suspicions, and she called young Brown into the parlor that evening for a private talk. It was no berating, however, which she gave him, but a gentle, appealing, motherly talk which so touched him that he never forgot it. He was so taken aback by her kindly interest in him that he did not have the courage to let her know that it was all a practical joke he had been playing; but if he had ever had any thought of doing irregular things, he said, they were by her influence banished from his mind forever.

But these days and these kindly souls are going from our rapidly growing colleges. The relations which exist between the student and his lodging keeper are more strictly than they used to be. There is not often much sentiment wasted by either upon the other. I asked a recent graduate the other day where he lived when he was in college, and he answered that he did not remember. If the young man who goes to


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 college now desires anything that even simulates home life he must make it for himself. No institution has done more in recent years to throw around young fellows just entering college some of the atmosphere and the influences of home than has the fraternity. In fact the chief justification of fraternities in my mind is not that they make for higher scholarship, or greater social prestige, or stronger political influence, but that they aim to furnish for their members a lodging place and associations that are something more than those of a mere boarding house but which have many of the restrictions, and safeguards, and influences of home.

Mr. Norton T. Horr, in a recent address before the eightieth convention of Delta Upsilon, expresses something of this idea when he says: "The college fraternity, aside from its social features, is designed to provide by organization such restraints upon individual conduct as will directly add to the good order, harmony, discipline, and general welfare of the school, but which would otherwise be lacking. The choice of associates for the years of college life may well be the most momentous event of the young man's career. His fraternity is to provide him with playmates, frequently with a home, and his associates, particularly the upperclassmen, become the only active supervisors of his fidelity to the serious business


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 of school. Mutual obligations are thereby created which have a deep and lasting influence upon character, if properly exercised. Not only is the novice bound to give to his new association the best that is in him, but the fraternity chapter is bound to reciprocate, or it fails in its organic purpose. If this be all true, as we believe it to be, colleges should encourage the establishment of more chapters, and more fraternities, to the end that all the students of companionable instincts and decent behavior may find the intimacy and the benefits of close association."

The problem which is before the young fellows who are at the head of a fraternity, and who undertake to establish and to maintain in the chapter house the conditions which surround healthy home life is not an easy one. The undergraduates in a fraternity house are usually inexperienced, they do not differ widely as to their ages, and their time is largely taken up with other things; they are young and do not always take life seriously, and so the responsibilities of managing the house either weigh on them heavily, or they are likely to neglect them. If they succeed it will be because they are closely united in sympathy and because each man does his part to bring about the desired result. Such a home life for them would be impossible if wrangling and jealousies and factions develop. It must be wrought out through diplo-


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 macy and personal interest; by example rather than by autocratic rule. Just as it is impossible to have an agreeable home life without unity of feeling, so it is not to be expected that there will be comradeship in the life of the fraternity unless the men can pull together.

Indifference on the part of individual members is most disorganizing. It is usually better to court open opposition than to endure indifference; for an open opponent can be met and his arguments refuted, but there is little possibility of doing anything with the indifferent member. "I don't care what the fellows do," a fraternity officer said to me not long ago, "just so they don't bother me." It was a selfish attitude and one which is subversive of all good government and all satisfactory home life. Everyone must care, and everyone must work for the best interest of the house. If one man is to do all the work, it will be badly done.

Any successful home life, and to this rule the fraternity is no exception, is founded upon concessions; some one must always be giving up. It is an unselfish life in which one member must be constantly willing to yield his own preferences and desires in deference to the wishes of the other members. It is a life in which even cherished habits are to be broken and chronic practices changed. It is sometimes a pretty hard experience


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 for an only child who has so far yielded to no one and has been used to having every member of the household, from father to the family dog, come when he called; but it is a helpful experience, and it is well if one has it early. I recall a young fellow last year, the only child of a prominent physician, who was pledged to a fraternity—but gave back his pledge button because he could not have his own way in all things. He had from his childhood, if not from infancy, run the household at home, and he was unhappy when he could not do the same thing in college. Later in the year he was pledged to another fraternity, but even yet he was too set in his ways and too selfish to adjust himself to the life, and he got out of it this time by going home and entering another institution. When he gets a home of his own he will very likely browbeat his wife and abuse his children. He has little idea of the sacrifices demanded in a real home. The fraternity home life is a life of adjusting oneself to all sorts of things which are trifling, perhaps, but which may not at the outset seem pleasant. One must learn to eat what he does not like and when he does not like it; he must go to bed and get up and go out to suit the convenience of others; he must sometimes study when he would like to play, and polish the floor or mow the lawn when he would like to be strolling on the back campus, and he must do so willingly and cheer-


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 fully if he contributes his share to the real home life. If at home, as is usually the case, it is mother who is responsible for the details which make an actual home, it is because she makes sacrifices easily, does not think always if ever of her own comfort, is pleased when the others are happy and comfortable.

There can be no real home without a recognized head, as there can be no effective organization without some one whose business it is to manage it, and who attends to this business. We hear a good deal these days in opposition to autocracy in institutions and organization and families, but I have never seen an institution or an organization or a family that was worthy of the name that did not have some one at its head with power to direct it, and with judgment and energy to use that power when necessary. It was that sort of family in which I was brought up, and I have never known a happier or a more harmonious one: and it is that sort of institution in which I have been educated and in which I have worked, and I have no objection to make as to its management; when I want to get something done, I know where to go, just as I knew in my boyhood that when father came to a conclusion the matter was settled. It would be a dangerous situation in any business if everyone connected with it had a right to come and go as he pleased, or to formulate his plans


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 of action in accordance with his own personal wishes. Some one must be in control. The fraternity home must be run in the same way, but the man who is at its head must be broad-minded and sympathetic and strong willed. He must be the head in fact as well as in name. I could give innumerable illustrations of men elected to the head of fraternities because they were popular, because they were good athletes, because they had been the longest in the chapter, because they were good fellows, but without the slightest fitness to be in control of the house. Sometimes the only reason seems to be that the man is "entitled to it," but we shall not get far until we decide that no man is entitled to a position until he can fill it satisfactory. A large percentage of the failures in fraternity management and so in fraternity life come from the fact that there is a weak or inefficient or undiplomatic man at the head of the chapter.

The influence of the size of the chapter upon the possibility of realizing the ideal home life in the chapter house has been variously estimated. There are those fraternity officers who think a chapter roll of twenty is as large as it is ever desirable to allow; others argue for a larger number. With us at the University of Illinois the chapters of those organizations which live in their own houses have sometimes run nearly or quite to forty, the only defensible excuse being that the larger the


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 chapter the lower it was possible to keep living expenses, and that in a community where a majority of the students come from families of moderate means, it is not wise that expenses should be made prohibitive. It is doubtful whether or not it is ever expedient to make a house so large as to require an active chapter of forty in order that the house expenses may be met and yet kept within moderation. The better solution would be to build smaller and less expensive houses. One rather significant fact has been brought out by our investigations of scholarship records at the University of Illinois, however, and that is that scholarship has been affected very little by the size of the chapter, those chapters which have the highest enrollment having ordinarily quite as high scholastic standing as do the smaller chapters. It seems to me quite evident, however, that the possibilities for harmony, and unity, and general good-fellowship are lessened as the chapter roll grows beyond a certain point, and that the difficulties of management may so increase as to be more than one man ought reasonably to be expected to undertake. My experience leads me to the conclusion that it would be better to have more organizations with a smaller enrollment in each than to allow the members to run as high as they have sometimes done with us. One man with whom I spoke not long ago whose chapter has been un-


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 usually large this past year, said that the chapter house had seemed more to him like the headquarters of a convention than a home.

I have never been able to develop any great liking for the young fellow who was disloyal to his father—who evaded duties placed upon him or disregarded regulations which had been mutually agreed upon. I have always felt that a certain respect was due the head of the house which every child should recognize and give willingly. I have in mind a home where the father is a successful indulgent man proud of his sons. He is liberal with money and almost foolishly proud of any of the successes or accomplishments of his boys and girls. The children, however, seldom show him any consideration or respect. If they help in any way about the home or in his business it is a concession on their part they think, and they must be paid liberally; his opinions are ridiculed, his suggestions are ignored; his plans they never help to carry out, and they seldom regard any of his wishes. Their chief desire is to get from him money and privileges and to shirk personal responsibility. It is not a happy home, and there is in it very little that suggests real home life. When added to this disrespect of the younger members of the family there is the lack of coöperation of the older members, the family degenerates into merely a poor boarding house. These things are


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 equally true of the fraternity. Unless there is a real respect by the members for the head of the house and coeperation with his plans and ideals the fraternity home life will go pretty well to destruction. Within the last year I have seen many illustrations of this in our own fraternities. The various factions which develop under these circumstances have their effect upon everyone in the organization. "We have been able to do little with our freshmen this year," an upperclassman said to me at commencement time. "They are disorganized, disrespectful, and unmanageable." I could easily see the reason. They were like a family of children when father and mother are constantly quarrelling. There had been no harmony among the upperclassmen, no respect for the president, no real support of authority, and it was no wonder that the younger members were rebellious. When the upperclassmen develop jealousy and dissension, the freshmen are usually not strong for the spirit of unity.

There must be rules in a well ordered household which every member is under obligation to respect and to observe. These regulations may not necessarily be printed, but they should at least be definitely understood. There have never been any printed regulations in my own household, but I have no doubt but that it might be helpful to the happy conduct of affairs if I could see somewhere


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 a gentle reminder to use the door mat before entering, or to turn off the light when leaving my bedroom or the basement, or to have my laundry ready every Monday morning when the wagon comes. There are a score of practices upon which there should be agreement and uniform proceedure. In the fraternity home life where the members of the family are so numerous, and the head of the family is so frequently changed, it is much safer if the regulations are down in black and white. I presume that most fraternities have some where on the secretary's books a set of definitely devised and specifically phrased house rules just as every benedict has had at some time a marriage certificate, but where these documents are, both the fraternity president and the married man are often in blissful ignorance. Just last fall the president of a prominent fraternity said to me, "Do you have a copy of our house rules? One of our old men said you were given a copy a few years ago, and I don't believe we've ever had them around the house since." I fished them out for him, but they are probably lost again before this time. Unless the rules are definite, and regularly reiterated, and unless they are constantly and seriously enforced they will count for little.

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 ignore a rule of the house he is simply availing himself of a privilege to which his age and his position entitle him. In point of fact youth and thoughtlessness have always been considered the best reasons for leniency in the enforcement of rules, and on this ground the freshman and not the upperclassman should be excused for delinquencies if any one is to claim immunity. There is a common feeling also that at vacation times and during the summer when only a few men are living in the house there should be a more liberal interpretation if not enforcement of rules. I have had really mature fellows whose judgment ordinarily one could depend upon argue, apparently in good faith, that most indiscreet if not immoral things might be done with impunity in a fraternity house just so they were not done during regular term time. Such men are ignoring principle; they fail to see that it is the worst thing done in a house, and not the best, no matter at what time during the year it occurs, that gives it its character. Since I began the writing of this paragraph a fraternity officer has been to see me with regard to certain conduct in his house. All the men living there are mature fellows. "It is pretty hard," he said, in an attempt at the justification of certain irregularities which had been going on, "for mature men to submit to restrictions of any kind." And yet the mature man ought to be the