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304 in the north-west of the Arabian peninsula, and Zoroastrian communities in the neighbourhood of the Persian Gulf.

Among the centres of Arabian paganism, none occupied a more distinguished place than Mecca (in Arabic Makka, or sometimes Bakka) which, thirteen centuries ago, was a small town situated in a barren valley, about 50 miles from the Red Sea coast. In an open space near the middle of the town stood the local sanctuary, a kind of rectangular hut, known as the Ka'ba (i.e. Cube), which contained an image of the Meccan god Hubal and various other sacred objects. A large proportion of the Arabian tribes regarded Mecca with exceptional veneration; all the surrounding district was a sacred territory, within which no blood might be shed. Some miles from the town a yearly festival took place and was attended by crowds of pilgrims from all quarters. Recent investigations have proved that this institution, called in Arabic the Ḥajj, i.e. "festival" or "pilgrimage," originally had no connexion with Mecca itself, and may possibly have been established before Mecca and the Ka'ba had come into existence. However this may be, it is certain that in historical times the pilgrims who attended the festival usually visited the Ka'ba and were treated by the Meccans as their guests; hence the annual Pilgrimage came to be intimately associated with the holy city.

In the sixth century after Christ most of the inhabitants of Mecca belonged to a tribe which bore the name of Ḳuraish. It was well known, however, that the Ḳuraish were recent immigrants. Both the town and the sanctuary had formerly been in the possession of other tribes, but as to the origin of Mecca no credible tradition survived. The Ḳuraish were subdivided into a number of clans, each of which claimed the right of managing its own affairs. On important occasions the chief men of the various clans met to deliberate; but there was no central authority. The sterility of the soil rendered agriculture almost impossible, and the Meccans had long subsisted by trading with distant countries. Every year great caravans were despatched to Syria and returned laden with wares, which the Meccans sold at a large profit to the neighbouring Bedouins. The mercantile population of the town was naturally far superior, in general intelligence and knowledge of the outer world, to the mass of the Arabs. A considerable proportion of the Meccans had learnt the art of writing, but they used it for practical purposes only. Book-learning, as we understand it, was quite unknown to them.

At Mecca, about A.D. 570, Mahomet (properly Muḥammad) was born. The clan to which he belonged, the Banū Hāshim, is commonly represented by Muslim writers as one of the most distinguished branches


text:
Author:Edith Horton

Works

 * The Frozen North (1911)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

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 long red neck, and he had an abundance of parti-coloured hair, red and white, springing from a circle round the crown of his head, from his eyebrows, his face generally, and the backs of his hands. He wore a blue soft shirt with a turn-down collar within a roomy blue serge suit, and that and something about his large loose black tie suggested scholarship and refinement. His manners were elaborately courteous. Mr. Dad was a compacter, keener type, warily alert in his bearing, an industrial fox-terrier from the Midlands, silver-haired and dressed in ordinary morning dress except for a tan vest with a bright brown ribbon border. Mr. Farr was big in a grey flannel Norfolk suit; he had a large, round, white, shiny, clean-shaven face and uneasy hands, and it was apparent that he carried pocket-books and such-like luggage in his breast pocket.

They consumed the lobster appreciatively, and approached in a fragmentary and tentative manner the business that had assembled them: namely, the misfortunes that had overwhelmed Mr. Huss and their bearing upon the future of the school.

"For my part I don't think there is such a thing as misfortune," said Mr. Dad. "I don't hold with it. Miscalculation if you like."

"In a sense," said Mr. Farr ambiguously, glancing at Sir Eliphaz.

"If a man keeps his head screwed on the right way," said Mr. Dad, and attacked a claw with hope and appetite. Mr. Dad affected the parsimony of unfinished sentences.

"I can't help thinking," said Sir Eliphaz, putting


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 down his glass and wiping his moustache and eyebrows with care before resuming his lobster, "that a man who entrusts his affairs to a solicitor, after the fashion of the widow and orphan, must be singularly lacking in judgment. Or reckless. Never in the whole course of my life have I met a solicitor who could invest money safely and profitably. Clergymen I have known, women of all sorts, savages, monomaniacs, criminals, but never solicitors."

"I have known some smart business parsons," said Mr. Dad judicially. "One in particular. Sharp as nails. They are a much underestimated class."

"Perhaps it is natural that a solicitor should be a wild investor," Sir Eliphaz pursued his subject. "He lives out of the ordinary world in a dirty little office in some antiquated inn, his office fittings are fifty years out of date, his habitual scenery consists of tin boxes painted with the names of dead and disreputable clients; he has to take the law courts, filled with horse-boxes and men dressed up in gowns and horsehair wigs, quite seriously; nobody ever goes near him but abnormal people or people in abnormal states: people upset by jealousy, people upset by fear, blackmailed people, cheats trying to dodge the law, lunatics, litigants and legatees. The only investments he ever discusses are queer investments. Naturally he loses all sense of proportion. Naturally he becomes insanely suspicious; and when a client asks for positive action he flounders and gambles."

"Naturally," said Mr. Dad. "And here we find poor Huss giving all his business over"

"Exactly," said Sir Eliphaz, and filled his glass.


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c. 594] of the Ḳuraish, but the evidence which we possess tends to prove that in pre-Muslim times it occupied quite a subordinate place. Of Mahomet's father, 'Abdallāh, son of 'Abd-al-Muṭṭalib, we know scarcely anything except that he died shortly before the Prophet's birth. 'Āmina, the mother of Mahomet, died a very few years later, and the orphan boy afterwards lived for a while in the charge of his grandfather, 'Abd-al-Muṭṭalib, who had a numerous family. On the death of 'Abd-al-Muṭṭalib, one of his sons, Abū Ṭālib, undertook the care of Mahomet, who seems to have been treated kindly but to have endured many hardships, since none of his near relatives were wealthy. When he was about 24 years of age he entered the service of an opulent woman, considerably older than himself, named Khadīja. The antecedents and social position of Khadīja are shrouded in some mystery, but it is certain that she had been twice married and that at the time when she made the acquaintance of Mahomet she was living at Mecca with several of her children, who were still quite young. Mahomet appears to have succeeded at once in gaining her confidence. She entrusted him with the management of her property, and about the year 594 sent him to Syria on a commercial expedition, which he directed with conspicuous success. On his return he became her husband. For a few years he led the life of a prosperous tradesman; several daughters were born to him and two sons, both of whom died in infancy.

The process whereby Mahomet was led to occupy himself with religious questions and finally to believe in his divine mission is altogether obscure. That the doctrines which he afterwards preached did not arise spontaneously in his mind but were mainly derived from older religions seems obvious. It appears certain, however, that he was wholly unacquainted with religious literature. Whether he ever learnt the Arabic alphabet is a question which has been fiercely debated, both among Muslims and Christians; at all events we know that, in his later years, whenever he wished to record anything in writing he employed a secretary. But the question whether he could read is of little practical importance, since no religious books seem to have existed in Arabic at that period, and that he could read any foreign language is utterly incredible. We are therefore obliged to conclude that his information was derived entirely from oral sources; who his informants were we can only conjecture. At Mecca itself there was apparently no permanent colony of Christians, Jews, or Zoroastrians, but isolated adherents of the principal foreign religions doubtless visited the town from time to time. It has often been suggested that Mahomet


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306 acquired some knowledge of Christianity during one of his commercial journeys in Syria. This is possible; but it should be remembered that an Arab trader, ignorant both of Aramaic and of Greek, would have great difficulty in obtaining information on religious subjects from Syrian Christians, since those of them who spoke Arabic usually belonged to the most illiterate class. Moreover another and a very important fact has to be taken into consideration. According to Muslim tradition there were about this time, at Mecca and a few other places in western Arabia, certain individuals who had become dissatisfied with the popular paganism, devoted themselves to religious meditation, and professed a monotheistic belief. These persons were called Ḥanīfs, a term of which the origin and precise meaning are obscure. The Ḥanīfs did not form a sect, for they had no organisation and, it would seem, little communication with one another. Our information about them is naturally very meagre, being derived, for the most part, from scraps of poetry which they are said to have composed; but the authenticity of these pieces is often doubtful. One of the most celebrated Ḥanīfs was the Meccan Zaid ibn 'Amr, who appears to have died during Mahomet's boyhood. Another was Waraḳa ibn Maufal, a cousin of Khadīja. This man died, at a very advanced age, some years after Mahomet's marriage. The relation in which he stood to the Prophet renders him an object of peculiar interest: it is therefore all the more to be regretted that so little can be ascertained concerning him. According to one tradition, he ended by adopting Christianity, which is possibly true; he is also said to have translated part of the Christian Scriptures into Arabic, which is highly improbable. But vague as is our knowledge of the Ḥanīfs in general and of Waraḳa in particular, we are justified in believing that before Mahomet's birth a movement in the direction of spiritual monotheism had already begun among the Arabs. How far this movement was originally due to Christian and other foreign influences we can scarcely hope to determine. Our acquaintance with Oriental Christianity in the sixth century is almost entirely confined to the great official Churches; the smaller Christian communities, and especially the half-Christian sects, with whom the Arabs were likely to come in contact, have, with rare exceptions, left no literary records.

With regard to the beginning of Mahomet's prophetic career, and the circumstances under which he received his earliest revelations, we possess many legends but very little genuine tradition. All accounts


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Rh agree as to the fact that at this period he spent much time in fastings and solitary vigils, a practice which was probably suggested to him by the example of Christian ascetics. He appears to have been naturally of a nervous temperament, with a tendency to hysteria; whether he suffered from epilepsy, as several European writers have believed, may be doubted. In any case he was subject to paroxysms which presented the appearance of a violent fever; these seizures were regarded, both by himself and by his followers, as symptoms of divine inspiration. It is therefore evident that we are here dealing with a psychological problem which no information would enable us to solve.

The Koran (chap. lxxxvii. 6, 7) admits that Mahomet forgot some of the communications made to him by God, and it is possible that even the oldest passages now extant were produced some time after he had become conscious of his divine vocation. One point seems quite clear, namely that during the first few years of his mission he did not come forward as a public preacher but carried on a secret propaganda within the circle of his more intimate companions. Among the earliest converts were his wife Khadīja, his cousin Ali (properly  'Alī), son of Abū Ṭālib, and Abū Bakr, who did not belong to the Prophet's clan but remained to the last his most trusted friend. The passages of the Koran which can with any probability be assigned to this more private period are few in number and invariably very short. Those which belong to the earlier part of his public career are much more numerous. They deal mainly with three subjects, (1) the unity and attributes of God, (2) the moral duties of mankind, and (3) the coming retribution. Mahomet's monotheism, like that of the later Hebrew prophets, necessarily involves the condemnation of idolatry, but it is to be noted that he nowhere describes the religion of his pagan fellow-countrymen as something wholly false. Though he identifies the one true God with the God of the Jews and the Christians, he at the same time assumes that the heathen have some knowledge of God and even that God is, in some special sense, the God of Mecca. In a very early passage of the Koran (chap. cvi) the Ḳuraish are


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 DRESSING-SACQUE. FLANNEL CLOAK FOR INFANT, ETC., ETC., ETC.

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 CHEMISE. SACQUE. INFANT " S DRESS, ETC., ETC.

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 LETTERS FOR MARKING.

CAVENDISHI TOBACCO-POUCH

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 NPDB

MONOGRAM.

INITIALS.

SOMAL

dt back ba ba

indi ba adt bah

BRETON BORDER IN CHAIN-STITCH

ARMENIAN COLLAR

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 SOMETHING

TO

LOVE.

BALLAD.

MUSIC

BY

CLARIBEL.

Published by permission of SEP. WINNER, 926 Spring Garden St., Philadelphia.

6

PIANO

Andante moderato.

1. Something to love when the heart is sad, And the shadows find the soul ; When the 2. Something to love when the clouds grow dark, And the au- tumn winds a rise; When deWhen 3. Something to love when the flow - ers fade, And the joys of our bo - som die ;

earth looks drear, and hope fades out, And the world grows dark and cold. cay is stamped on the weary earth, And the stars grow dim in the skies. those we love grow carelessly cold, And all the worldly pleasures fly.

We may We may We may

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SOMETHING

love the love nourish

TO

LOVE.

the sum mer time, Or flowers in a pet which we've watched and fed, A " the se cret heart, But a hope in

bove...... dove ............. pain,......

the stars that shine li · ly or at last it may be

&ณ a

rit. But we cherish them with a transient de light, "Tis not a ho -ly Yet these are naught but earthlyjoys, And we wantsomethingmoreto For know you not, 0 mor tal child, That the hopes of earth are

rit.

love love,........ vain ?..........

Yes, something to love we all Yes, something to love, etc. Yes, something to love, etc.

of us want- A heart that's all Our

rit.

own ;

A no- ble soul, to whom we can breathe Our se - crets when

rit.

a

lone,

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....

Mari

e

NAME FOR MARKING.

TOU

157 10T

CHILDREN'S FASHIONS FOR JUNE.

g

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Painted by ONeill GH &Pinted by er Br

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PETER

SON'S

MAGAZINE.

1869

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 PETERSON'S MAGAZINE. 1869

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Engraved &Printed by Ullman Brothers

Vise

GOD'S AGRE.

Engraved expressly or feteras

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1869 ,. y Januar Magazine Peterson's

. IR CHA FOR N TER PAT

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 19

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 FIELD FLOWERS.

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 1

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INITIALS FOR MARKING.

CHILDREN'S FASHIONS FOR JANUARY.

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 CLOAK. COLLARS AND CUFFS

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308 exhorted to worship "the Lord of this house," that is, of the Ka'ba. Hence it is evident that Mahomet considered himself rather as a reformer than as a preacher of an altogether new religion. Similarly in dealing with ethical questions he often implies that the pagan notions of justice, honour, and propriety are to some extent valid. Thus, for instance, his repeated denunciations of avarice are quite in the spirit of the ancient Arabs, to whom the "miser" was an object of special abhorrence.

But in contradistinction to the ethical code of the heathen, which was mainly based upon tribal patriotism ('aṣabīya), Mahomet emphasises the universal obligations of morality, and above all the duty of forgiving injuries instead of avenging them. It is in his doctrine of the Judgment and the life to come that he departs most widely from the ordinary beliefs of the time. The heathen Arabs, like other primitive peoples, were familiar with the notion of a ghost, or wraith, which haunts, at least for a while, the resting-place of the dead body; but the idea of a future retribution was quite foreign to their habits of thought. The doctrine of the Resurrection, as it appears in the Koran, seems to be mainly derived from Christianity; that some details were borrowed from Judaism or Zoroastrianism is possible but can scarcely be proved. Mahomet, as we might have expected, conceives the Resurrection after the most crudely materialistic fashion; to him the reconstruction of the physical organism was an essential postulate of the future recompense. The descriptions of the Judgment itself and of the torments of the damned do not differ substantially from those which are found in popular Christian writings of medieval and modern times. On the other hand the delights of Paradise are often painted in colours to which neither Christianity nor Judaism affords any parallel. But what especially characterises the older portions of the Koran is the constant emphasis laid on the nearness of the Resurrection and the Day of Judgment. Although Mahomet nowhere specifies any definite time, and when questioned on this point by his opponents always professed ignorance, it is clear that he lived in daily expectation of the great events which formed the main subject of his preaching. Nor is this at all inconsistent with the fact that some passages of the Koran seem to announce a special calamity which was to befall the Meccans for their unbelief, rather than a world-wide catastrophe. Similarly, it will be remembered, among the early Christians the expectation of the judgment


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 CLOAK. COLLAR. BODY.

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 WALKING- DRESS. HAT. CAPE

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WALKING-DRESS. CAPE. BONNET.

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NEW STYLES OF DRESSING THE HAIR. COMBS. EVENING DRESS.

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 HEAD-DRESSES. COLLAR. WINTER MANTLE. BODY.

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 FADED

LEAVES.

Published by permission of SEP. WINNER, 926 Spring Garden St., Philadelphia.

MUSIC BY ALICE HAWTHORNE.

POEM BY W. T. DODSON.

Dolce. P PIANO. Be

1. Springtime blos

bow'rs

and

col

ors,

ま

grass - es

soms

deck

Flow'r-ets lit

green ;

Join to beau

ti

Leaf- y

the val - leys,

fy

with

the scene.

gold

-

en

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FADED LEAVES. CHORUS. Air. life's

morn

ing Flourish'd beautiful

Fad-ed flow'rs which in life's

morn

ing Flourish'd beau -ti

Fad- ed flcw'rs which in

and

Alto.

Tenor. ful

and

Bass.

PIANO.

cres.

p

f

gay,

Speak to mortals

time

ly warning, Fitting em-blems of de

cay.

gay,

Speak to mortals

time

ly warning, Fitting em blems of de

cay.

唱

3. Charms like these, so bright, so lovely, Glide, alas, too soon from sight : Like the dawn so fraught with glory. Passing into gloom of night.- Chors.

Man, like nature's beauty, fading, Ceases from terrestrial strife ; Like the leaves at frost prevailing Ends the joyous spring of life. - Chorus.

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 INITIALS IN SATIN STITCH.

JANUARY FASHIONS FOR YOUNG MISSES.

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 INSERTION IN TATTING AND CROCHET. BY MRS. JANE WEAVER.

THE middle line is first worked. Make two double knots, eleven picots separated by two double knots, two double knots. Draw up the oval and make a Josephine knot, composed of six times the second part of a double knot ; loop

BRETON

it through the top picot of the oval, and begin another oval. Work as before until the insertion is the requisite length. For the outer lines of scallops, fasten a second thread to the third picot of a center line of ovals, and work eight double knots, one picot, eight double knots, loop to the third picot of the next oval and continue. This line is repeated on the opposite side. Next fasten the cotton to a picot of the last worked row. Work nine chain and one single in the next picot. Then follows a row of treble, with two chain between, passing over two treble above.

BORDER.

THESE pretty designs are worked in two colors & stitched with cordon upon the material to be of cordon upon satin folds. The folds are back- trimmed.

NAMES

FOR

MARKING.

Sarbes

Rosalie $1

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 80

DESIGN FOR LAMP- MAT.

stitch of the same silk. A double line of loops of violet woolen braid surrounds the edge ; violet scallops upon black woolen braid, with a few steel beads, cover the place where the loops are fastened on. This is also worked round a covered pasteboard, as in the first cut.

paper, and only fastened at the edge. When the work is finished, sew it to the pasteboard firmly, and bind it with a woolen braid half an inch broad. Arrange the eyes of the red woolen braid, alternately, outward and inward round the edge. Then, in the middle of this, place a

Our third cut represents a portion of a mat black braid half an inch broad, and separate in the proper size, which would be very suit- steel beads in a slanting direction, so that the able for hot dishes. The simple plaiting begins outer line of eyes only stands out a little. A at the middle, for which the straws, half an second round of pasteboard, with a strong lininch broad, are laid crosswise over each othering, must be sewn on underneath the braid upon a pasteboard round covered with tissue- binding.

INSERTION.

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 DESIGN

FOR

LA M P- MAT.

BY MRS. JANE WEAVER.

We give, here, a design for a lamp-mat in three different arrangements. Our first engraving represents the mat in reduced size, the foundation of which consists of plaited woolen braid, a quarter of an inch broad, in one color of two contrasting shades. For this, fasten one of the braids in lines close together upon a round of covered pasteboard, nine inches in diameter; and for plaiting in the second braid, make use of a thin but not too narrow bar of whalebone, with a little indentation at the ends to receive the braid. According to this engraving, the pattern runs in regular lines, meeting in the middle of the round ; and each end of the braid is firmly fastened at the edge when the work is finished. The separate cross-stitches

are worked in two contrasting colors of silk cordon. The outer edge consists of loops of the lightest shade, which are carried round without cutting the braid. Long, black enamel beads, with a rather large gold or steel bead at their points, are afterward placed between the loops. Our second cut represents a portion of another arrangement in the proper size. The foundation is in Berlin work in squares, each consisting of slanting stitches over a square of six canvas crosses (see design. ) The colors, according to our model, are two shades of violet, alternately. The squares are inclosed in long stitches of maize silk cordon. The corners are ornamented with a little knot, the middle with a little cross79

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 DIAGRAM

78

FOR PANNIER

OVER- SKIRT.

are joined by the corresponding two notches. waist, and a satin rosette added at the side Both sides of the panier are alike ; when thewhere the first two plaits are arranged. A breadths are all joined, the edge of the rounded crinoline bustle should always be worn beneath side breadth is to be laid in plaits from notch this style of skirt. Should the tablier front be to notch ; there are in all five plaits—two at the found unbecoming, we give an illustration (in top, then a space, and three below, and every our second figure) how the front breadth may

33IN

Nº1

N °2

35IN

33IN

5% N

12

N° 3

plait is folded upward. The edge of the panier } be reduced, split up the center, and worn only is then trimmed with a cross-cut band measur- at the sides. ing one inch and a half, and a frill two inches To make the skirt, cut out a paper pattern from and a half in width. Both band and frill are the diagram we give, enlarging it to the proper more effective when piped with satin. The size. For this purpose we give the number of skirt should be gathered at the back of the inches to which each piece should be eniarged.

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 PANNIER

OVER- SKIRT.

BY EMILY H. MAY.

THIS costume is made of claret cashmere, and trimmed with frills of the same and satin piping to match. The paper pattern itself consists of three pieces, and represents one half the panier skirt (see diagram on next page. ) 1. HALF tablier FRONT. 2. ONE ROUNDED SIDE BREADTH. VOL. LV. -5

3. HALF OF BACK BREADTH. The tablier front is to be cut double, and without a seam down the center ; a notch will be found on one side of it, and a corresponding notch on one side of the rounded side breadth, showing how these two pieces are to be joined together. The back breadth and side breadth 77

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 LEATHER CANVAS SEGAR- CASE -APPLIQUE. BY MRS. JANE WEAVER.

MATERIALS. -Leather canvas, cardboard of the same color, brown cloth, brown silk cordon in several shades, small steel beads. This consists of two parts pushed into each

button-hole stitch and initials are worked with brown silk. The branch of flowers is in shades of red-brown. The edge is ornamented with three different shades of brown, which harmonize nicely with the steel beads. One of these medallions is so arranged as to hide the greater part of the seam. The second medallion is placed on the other side of the round. The outer edge is bound with a brown ribbon, three-quarters of an inch broad, and the medal-

other, and rendered firm by a ground of cardboard. The outer part measures five inches in length and seven inches in circumference ; the inner part is a half-inch shorter and a half- inch narrower. Cut these parts out in leather canvas, the holes of which must run quite straight, and sew the long sides together so as to form a lions are ornamented to correspond, as shown round. The two medallions, which ornament in the proper size in these two cuts. The bindthe outer part, are of brown cloth. The outer ing is not fastened inside until the cardboard is 82

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 CROCHET TRIMMING FOR UNDER- CLOTHING, put in, and the edges gummed over, when the binding is gummed inside over the cardboard. Then for the bottom, on one side, cut a piece of the canvas three inches long and about threequarters of an inch broad, rounded at the corners, also a piece of cardboard the same size, and bind them round with a narrow binding of the brown ribbon, ornamented with steel beads,

ETC.

83

and sew it to the binding of the case, and cover the seam with a line of stalk-stitch. The inner case is made in the same manner, but without the ornamental embroidery, and pushed in. Before the bottom is finished, the ribbon loops are placed between the canvas and cardboard, and a button is placed on the under side to close the case.

CROCHET TRIMMING FOR UNDER- CLOTHING, ETC. BY MRS. JANE WEAVER.

If it be considered desirable to run a ribbon through this trimming, it is used double. Work crosswise in rows forward and backward twenty chain, one double-treble in the first chain, * eight chain, one double in the same stitch that took up the treble. Turn round and crochet

NAMES

FOR

ten double in the chain-stitch hole just formed, then eight double in the next eight chain of the large hole. Turn round again and crochet eleven chain, one double-treble in both the threads of the stitch lying over the preceding treble. Continue to repeat from *.

MARKING.

Koourse

Elmbeth

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 SATIN

TRIMMINGS.

BY MRS. JANE WEAVER.

t

THE satin must be laid over cardboard cut the exact shape for the triangles, and fastened upon the wrong side. Two of these triangles are joined together at the corners, and fastened with invisible stitches from the wrong side, exactly according to the design, which is in the proper size.

BORDERS

IN

The satin trimming in No. 1 is also worked separately, and the triangles worked over cardboard, and arranged between the folds, according to design. The loops in No. 2 are put on separately, and have a piping without cord inside. They are made of folds of velvet or satin.

BRETON

WORK.

BY MRS. JANE WEAVER.

No. 1 may be worked with either chain-stitch The triangles and circular dots may be of one or braid, according to taste. The three van- or two colors. This makes a very beautiful dyked lines are intended to be of one color. trimming for chemises Russe, etc. 84

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 EDGINGS ,

INSERTIONS ,

No. 2 is an imitation of peacocks' feathers. The second eye of the feather is an applique of black velvet, surrounded by a light circle of dark blue filoselle silk worked in straight

EMBROIDERIES.

85

close together, also, edged with gold cord as well as the velvet. The delicate outer feather edge, the points of which must always show the light shades, is alternately of green and

B

stitches lengthwise ; both circles are edged with fine gold cord. The oval eye consists of blue velvet in the upper part, the under part of stitches of shaded green silk cordon worked

EDGINGS ,

brown shaded silk, worked in long stalk and fish-bone stitch. Separate gold threads are interspersed, which give the bright, gold-like appearance to the feathers.

INSERTIONS ,

EMBROIDERIES

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 EDITOR'S

TABLE.

THE TRUE SECRET OF DRESS, as we have often said in this EDITORIAL CHIT- CHAT. "PETERSON" FOR 1869.-We call attention to the Pros- Magazine, is first to know what is the prevailing fashion, pectus to be found on the second page of the cover. It is and then to adapt it to your complexion, style, etc., etc. now conceded everywhere that "Peterson" gives more, for Many costumes and materials, for example, which would the money, than any other magazine, and is, therefore, the look well on a tall person require some adaptation for a Magazine, above all others, for the times. Other magazines, shorter one. An instance of this is the panier, which similar in character and quality, charge three or four dollars should always be less pronounced on plump women than a year, where we charge only two. Our club rates are equally on thin ones. So stripes look worse on tall women than low. Our enormous edition, exceeding that ofany monthly on short ones. So, also, subdued colors, especially black, in the world, enables us to offer " Peterson" at these rates ; suit very fat women better than glaring colors do. The for we find by experience that a small profit on a large complexion, and the arrangement of colors to match it, is circulation is more remunerative than a large profit on a likewise to be considered. We might descend to a score of particulars, but we have said enough to show our meaning. small one. The fashion department is admitted, by all conversant In regard to expense, moreover, great latitude should be with such matters, to excel that of any cotemporary. The taken. It does not follow, because we describe a dress as arrangements for " Peterson" are such that all patterns are made in silk, that it cannot be made in poplin, merino, or received in advance. Other magazines continually publish other less costly material. With a reliable magazine to fashions as new which we have published months before. guide her, no lady need go wrong in dress. Without some Our patterns, too, are always the most stylish and beautiful.such assistance, however, she will hardly know how to Ladies, who have been to Paris, all say this. We ask a dress properly. Nobody, not even a milliner or dresscomparison, in this matter, with other magazines. To dress maker, can tell you half as much as you can learn for yourwell, economically, is what ladies learn from "Peterson." self, if you take a magazine. In fact, a magazine, coming And this Magazine never descends to be a merely advertising every month, is a necessity. Without some such aid, you medium for this or that dealer in millinery, cloaks, etc., etc., will waste your money, and yet never be as well dressed as you ought to be. Nothing educates a woman's taste, in as some other magazines do. More attention than ever will be paid, in 1869, to the matters of dress, better than a good ladies' magazine, nor literary department. The original stories in "Peterson" does anything teach true economy in dress so well. have been considered, for years, superior to those to be CHIGNONS AND FALSE CURLS.-A lady takes up the cause found in other magazines. The best of our contributors of false curls in the following fashion. Speaking of those write exclusively for us. We pay more for literary matter who denounce them, especially bachelors, she says: "Does than all the rest of the ladies' magazines together. We be- it ever occur to these prophets of ill that the wearing of lieve we have made "Peterson" the best thing of its kind; false hair is no new fashion? There is a wig in the British and we are determined to keep it so, no matter at what cost. Museum, the date of which, we believe, has never been Our colored patterns in Berlin work are a speciality of fixed, and which might have been worn by Joseph's Pha"Peterson." No other magazine gives these, in every num; it is certainly handsome enough to adorn any potenber, as we do, and never gives such superb ones as that in raoh tate. The Roman Empresses, whose busts abound in all galthis number, and in others to follow. Our patterns in em- leries of sculpture, can never have had their marvelous broidery, braiding, etc., etc., and our patterns for the "WorkTable" generally, are worth two dollars a year alone. Every coiffures built up without additions to the natural material. and eighteenth centuries every Eurolady can save five times that sum by taking " Peterson" and In the seventeenthwho respected himself, wore the most pean gentleman, using the suggestions and patterns in the Work-Table voluminous wig he could buy; nay, only sixty or seventy Now is time the to up get clubs. The inducements for next year, in the way of premiums, are unprecedented. Every- years ago our forefathers adopted one as soon as they began body will subscribe for " Peterson" if its claims are fairly to grow gray or bald, and their wives, at the same time of the brown horror of the ' front,' which many of presen ed. A specimen will be sent, gratis, if written for, life, donned us can remember." to show to acquaintances, so that you need not injure your own copy. Do not lose a moment! BORROWERS TO BE CHECK-MATED.-" I had half a dozen acquaintances, this year," writes a lady, " who borrowed OUR NEW PREMIUM ENGRAVING is the most beautiful one 'Peterson' of me every month. Sometimes they sent for it ever offered. To engrave this plate cost over a thousand before I had time to read it myself. I told them all, before dollars in gold. It is large-sized, for framing ; is called the end of the year, that I should turn over a new leaf in "The Star of Bethlehem ;" and is after a picture by Gerome, 1869 ; that it was not fair to either you or me to have them the celebrated French artist. It represents the wise men borrowing; that they could afford to subscribe quite as well of the East, with their train of camels, traversing the desert, as I could; and that I should not lend one of them a single in the solemn, Oriental night, guided by the star, which, as number of the Magazine in future. This made them, I Scripture them The till itpictur camee is andimpres stood- think, ashamed of themselves, for most of them have joined wheresays, the "went over child was." young before my club." We wish everybody would check-mate borrowers sive and grand beyond description . Any one getting up in this way. A real lady should no more think of borrowclub for "Peterson" will be entitled to a copy of this engrav- ing a magazine than of borrowing a bonnet. ing. See our unprecedented offers in the "Prospectus for THE SUPERIORITY OF WOMEN as teachers arises from their r869," on the second page of the cover. power of individualizing, and taking an interest in the Men A GOOD TEMPER is a great aid to beauty. A cross, ugly separate persons or children who form their class. disposition, sooner or later, stamps its presence permanently take general views, women particular ones ; and herein lies the superiority of women as teachers. in the face. 86

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 REVIEW

OF NEW BOOKS.

HOW TO REMIT.-In remitting for this Magazine, name, at the top of your letter, your post-office, county, and State. If possible, procure a post-office order on Philadelphia. If a post-office order cannot be had, get a draft on New York, or Philadelphia, deducting the exchange: if a draft cannot be had, send greenbacks, or notes of National Banks. Pay the postage on your letter. The United States postal currency, but no other, taken for fractions of a dollar. Be particular to address the letter to CHARLES J. PETERSON, No. 306 Chestnut street, Philadelphia, Pa. "WE MISSED IT EVERYWHERE."—A lady writes :-"I have done, this year, without ' Peterson, ' the first time for several years, and have been completely lost without it. We missed it on the center-table, we missed it in the family, all were wishing that they had ' Peterson.' I now inclose my subscription for 1869."

THE EXTRACT OF MEAT, so much used for making stock for soups, gravies, etc., should be employed cautiously. In large quantities it acts as a poison, and kills with every appearance of paralysis of the heart. "I WOULD NOT do without ' Peterson' for five dollars a year," writes a lady. " I think it superior to any other magazine published." MARRY NOBODY merely for showy accomplishments. It is the solid qualities which bring happiness.

WHERE NO PREMIUM is asked, we will send, for 1869, as we did for 1868, three copies of " Peterson" for $4.50.

REVIEW OF NEW BOOKS. Mabel's Mistake. By Mrs. Ann S. Stephens. 1 vol., 12 mo. Philada: T. B. Peterson & Brothers.- Mrs. Stephens can do what few other authors have ever done, she can write both a novel and aromance, and write each well. Critical readers will understand the distinction. Thackeray and Dickens wrote and write novels, but never romances ; Sir Walter Scott wrote both, and so does Bulwer. " Mabel's Mistake" is a novel. It is one of the best, too, that Mrs. Stephens has written. The heroine is delineated with charming delicacy and naturalness : the secondary characters are drawn with vigor, especially the selfish father, and Laura, and Ralph ; and the incidents are handled so skillfully, that the interest never flags. If we except " Fashion and Famine," and " The Soldier's Orphans," " Mabel's Mistake," will be, perhaps, the most popular of all this author's many novels. But it is in romance writing, strictly speaking, that Mrs. Stephens has won her proudest laurels. It is when the glamour of the Past is upon her; whenher imagination is kindled by heroic deeds; when she moves amid the pomp and tragedy ofcourts ; when she is telling the story of an Anne Boleyn, of a Mary Stuart, of a Queen Elizabeth, or of Marie Antoinette, that her fullest powers seem to be awakened. We should call her the American Mulbach, only she is better, in every way, than Mulbach. She has more imagination : she brings the past more vividly before you. The volume is neatly printed. Five Hundred Employments Adapted to Women. By Virginia Penny. 1 vol., 12 mo. Philada: J. E. Potter & Co.The object of this book is to show women where productive fields oflabor are, to state the average rate of pay, and to assist in enabling every one to find the employment best adapted to her tastes. The Woman's Kingdom. By the author of“John Halifax." } 1 vol., 8 ro. New York: Harper & Brothers.- A very suporior novel, perhaps the best the author has yet written. Edna, the heroine, is a noble character. We cordially commend the work.

87

Under the Willows, and Other Poems. By James Russell Lowell. 1 vol., 16 mo. Boston: Fields, Osgood & Co.- No collection of Lowell's poems, if we except the " Biglow Papers," has been made since 1848. We heartily welcome, therefore, this volume, rich with the ripe fruitage of the last twenty years. We remember well the original volumes, two small duodecimos, bound in gray paper, and how they commended themselves to every reader of taste and imagination ; but the contrast between what would now be considered their rather ordinary appearance, and the refined elegance of the book before us, was hardly greater than between the earlier poems and these. We have always ranked Lowell first among American poets. His imagination is loftier, his genius broader than any cotemporary. In his earlier volumes there were sufficient proofs of this ; but in the present one, the proofs accumulate. A man's genius is shown not by the quantity he writes, but by its quality. Coleridge wrote very little poetry, but there are bits in Christabel and the Ancient Mariner, which no other modern English poet could possibly have written. What Coleridge was to English poets, Lowell is to American ones. "The most Shaksperian mind since Shakspeare," aptly says a late critic. We regret that our limited space forbids our pointing out, in detail, some of the rare beauties of this volume. Sermons by Henry Ward Beecher. 2 vols., 8 vo. New York: Harper & Brothers.-These sermons have all been preached in Plymouth Church, Brooklyn, but have been carefully revised by their author before publication. " Every one," in the words of Mr. Beecher, “ has a real and definite aim." They are not only in theory practical sermons, but they have been drafted from the actual field of work. They are full ofthe fervid eloquence which distinguishes this eminent divine. The volumes are handsomely printed, and have a portrait of the author as an illustration. Theatrical Management in the West and South. By Sol. Smith. 1 vol., 8 ro. New York: Harper & Brothers.- The author of these reminiscences was a favorite actor and manager, chiefly in the south and south-west, for nearly forty years. During his long career, he had many curious adventures, and saw much of many phases of life. His anecdotes are often irresistibly droll and comic. The book is copiously illustrated, by Darley, the best, we think, of our American designers. The Morrisons. By Mrs. Margaret Hosmer. 1 vol., 8 vo. Philada: T. B. Peterson & Brothers.- A new edition of a very creditable novel : a story of domestic life. A Thousand Miles' Walk Across South America. By Nathaniel H. Bishop. 1 vol., 12 mo. Boston: Lee & Shepard.The narrative of a pedestrian-trip, by a young gentleman of Massachusetts , across the Pampas and Cordilleras. A very interesting book. The Philosophy of Domestic Life. By W. H. Byford, M. D. 1 vol., 12 mo. Boston: Lee & Shepard.- Marriage, family government, education, legal and family relations, and management of family affairs are some of the subjects discussed in this little treatise. Major Jones' Scenes in Georgia. With Sixteen Illustrations by Darley. 1 vol., 12 mo. Philada: T. B. Peterson & Brothers.--This volume contains the whole of " The Chronicles of Pineville," one ofthe best collection of comic stories in the language. The illustrations by Darley are capital. Sydnie Adriance. By Amanda M. Douglas. 1 rol, 12 mo. Boston: Lee & Shepard.- A new novel by the author of "In Trust," " Stephen Dane," etc., etc. Changing Base. By William Everett. 1 vol., 16 mo. Boston : Lee & Shepard.—A very nice story for juveniles, well printed and illustrated. Rural Poems. By William Barnes. 1 vol., 16 mo. Boston : Roberts Brothers.-A neat edition of some very beautiful poems. A choice book, handsomely illustrated.

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 88

OUR

ARM-CHAIR.HEALTH DEPARTMENT.

OUR ARM- CHAIR. THE BEST ORGANS AT LOWEST PRICES.-The Mason & Hamlin Organ Company, which has the largest factory for this class of instruments in the world, and enjoys the reputation of making the best instruments, having taken the Medal at the Paris Exposition, and any number at the principal fairs in this country, announce an important reduction of prices on several styles of organs. They now furnish a Four Octave Organ for Fifty Dollars, and a Double Reed Five Octave Organ, with five stops, in carved and paneled case, for One Hundred and Twenty-Five Dollars. This Company have also recently introduced a new invention in several styles of their Organs. It is termed the Mason & Hamlin Improved Vox Humana, and excites much interest among lovers of music, very much enlarging the variety and scope ofthe instrument. At their warerooms, 596 Broadway, New York, may usually be found several hundred of Organs, in all imaginable styles, and great variety in prices. This gives an idea of the extent of the business. They send Orgaus to almost every civilized Nation on the globe, and not a few to Nations regarded as uncivilized. A CHALLENGE FROM A LADY.-Wheeler & Wilson have received the following letter, which speaks for itself: New York, October 20, 1868. MESSRS. WHEELER & WILSON, 625 Broadway-Gentlemen : Referring to the challenge of Mr. Pratt, whose Wheeler & Wilson sewing-machine has been in use ten years without repairing, I beg leave to state that I have used my Wheeler & Wilson sewing-machine, in family sewing, fourteen years without even the most trifling repairs, and it is now in so good condition that I would not exchange it for your latest number (now upward of 350,000.) One needle served me more than a year for fine sewing. Can any one beat this ? Yours truly, MRS. ANNE WARNER. Any one who can give a better report than this will be entitled to one of our new tucking gauges. WHEELER & WILSON MANUFACTURING CO. SPLENDID ENGRAVINGS.- Either of the following engravings will be sent, post-paid, for the annexed prices : Star of Bethlehem, $2.00 Bunyan In Jail, 2.00 2.00 Bunyan On Trial, Washington and His Generals. 2.00 Or the whole four, to one address, for $5.00. Or any two for $3.00. Address, PETERSON'S MAGAZINE, 306 Chestnut street, Philadelphia.

THE BEST CATALOGUE of cheap, yet good books for reading, is that of T. B. Peterson & Brothers. If you wish to buy an entertaining novel, especially, send for their catalogue, in which you will find the titles of some five hundred excellent fictions, by popular authors. Their address is T. B. Peterson & Brothers, No. 306 Chestnut street, Philadelphia, Pa. HOLIDAY JOURNAL.- NEW No.- FREE.-For the Holidays of 1868-9, containing a Christmas Story, Parlor Plays, Magic Sports, Odd Tricks, Queer Experiments, Problems, Puzzles, etc. 16 large pages, illustrated, Sent Free. Address, ADAMS & Co., Publishers, 25 Broomfield street, Boston, Mass. wwwwa wwwwww HEALTH DEPARTMENT. TO PURIFY THE AIR OF AN APARTMENT.-The best method of effecting this will be obvious, if we consider the infinence heat exercises on the atmosphere. Air is expanded and rendered specifically lighter at the ordinary temperature on the application of heat. Hence in every room heated above the temperature of the atmosphere, there is a continual cur-

rent of air in circulation. Hot air in chimneys ascends, and creates a draught toward the fire-place, whilst the hot air in churches, theatres, and other buildings, passes through the gratings in their ceilings, and its place is supplied bythe flow of cold, fresh air through the windows and door-ways in the lower parts of these buildings. The following simple experiment can be easily performed, and is highly instructive: Take a lamp, or candle, and hold it to the top of the door-way of a crowded apartment, or of a room in which there is a fire; the hot air will be found escaping out of the room at the top of the door-way, as will be indicated by the outward direction of the flame. If the lamp be placed on the floor, the cold air will be found to be coming in at the bottom of the door-way. If, now, the lamp be gradually raised from the bottom to the top, the flame at first inflected inwardly, will be seen gradually to become vertical as the lamp approaches the middle of the door-way, and finally it will be again blown outwardly when the lamp reaches its Gummit. It would appear from this, that in the middle of the door-way the temperature of the air is uniform, hence there is no current either in or out of the apartment. The whole experiment is highly interesting and instructive, and proves that a fire is an excellent ventilator. Hence, to ventilate an apartment thoroughly, it is only necessary to kindle a good fire, and let the air have free access through the doorway and windows ; the fire will create a current of fresh air into the apartment, and its atmosphere will be thus kept continually changed. We would remark, in conclusion, that those moving masses of air called winds, are produced in a similar way. The sun is the great cause of winds ; its heat is unequally diffused over the carth's surface, and the air becomes consequently heated in one part to a greater degree than in another. The hot air rises, and its place is supplied by the flow of the colder air from the surrounding parts. When the vacuum thus created is sudden, and the flow of the surrounding air is violent, the meeting of winds from all points ofthe compass produces at sea the phenomena of water-spouts, and on land whirlwinds, caused by the air ascending in a spiral form into the higher regions of the atmosphere. There are a number of causes which produce inequalities of temperature in the atmosphere ; some of the most obvious of which are the alternation of night and day, and the occurrence of cloudy and unclouded skies. The air must be necessarily heated when illumined by the rays of the sun, and cooled when those rays are withdrawn.

HOLIDAY AMUSEMENTS. INSTANTANEOUS FREEZING .-During frosty weather, let a vessel be half filled with water, cover it closely, and place it in the open air, in a situation where it will not experience any commotion ; it will thereby frequently acquire a degree of cold more intense than that of ice, without being frozen. If the vessel, however, be agitated ever so little, or receive even a slight blow, the water will immediately freeze with singular rapidity. The cause of this phenomenon is, that water does not congeal unless its particles uuite together, and assume among themselves a new arrangement. The colder the water becomes, the nearer its particles approach each other; and the fluid which keeps it in fusion gradually escapes; but the shaking of the vessel destroys the equilibrium, and the particles fall one upon another, uniting in a mass ofice. CHARCOAL IN SUGAR.- The elements of sugar are carbon and water, as may be proved by the following experiment: Put into a glass a tablespoonful of powdered sugar, and mix it into a thin paste with a little water, and rather more than its bulk of sulphuric acid ; stir the mixture together, the sugar will soon blacken, froth up, and shoot like a caufiflower out of the glass; and during the separation of the charcoal, a large quantity of steam will also be evolved.

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 OUR NEW COOK- BOOK.

89

Fried Cod is not sufficiently used in this country. Slices two inches thick, done with eggs and crumbs, and fried a light brown, in plenty offat, are delicious. We know of no fried fish more delicate. Fish Sauce.- Take half a pint of milk and cream together, two eggs, well beaten, salt, a little pepper, and the juice of halfa lemon ; put it over the fire, and stir it constantly until it begins to thicken. MEATS, POULTRY, AND GAME. Goose. This requires keeping, the same as fowls, some days before cooking. The goose is best in the autumn and early part of winter, never good in spring. What is called a green goose is four months old. It is insipid after that, although tender. Pick well, and singe the goose, then clean carefully. Put the liver and gizzard on to cook as the turOUR NEW COOK - BOOK. key's. When the goose is washed and ready for stuffing, Every receipt in this Cook- Book has been tested by a have boiled three white potatoes, skin and mash them ; chop practical housekeeper. three onions very fine, throw them into cold water ; stir SOUPS. into the potatoes a spoonful of butter, a little salt, and black Crecy Soup.- Ingredients: Carrots, turnips, celery, an pepper, a tablespoonful of finely-rubbed sage-leaves ; drain onion, a few thin slices of ham and butter. The vegetables off the onions, and mix with the potato, sage, etc. When must be peeled, washed, and cut up small, and put in hot well mixed, stuff the goose with the mixture ; have ready a water for a quarter of an hour. Then drain them and put coarse needle and thread, and sew up the slit made for cleanthem into a sauce-pau, with a good piece of butter, some ing and introducing the stuffing. A full-grown goose rethin slices of ham, and a little sugar, and let it boil gentlyquires one hour and three-quarters. Roast it as a turkey, over a slow fire. Moisten it with beef broth. When all is dredging and basting. The gravy is prepared as for poultry, cooked, put the vegetables into a mortar and pound them. with the liver and gizzard. Apple-sauce' is indispensable for Strain them through a collander with the broth that has roast goose. Dressing Cold Meat.-Cut the meat in pieces, and lay them served to moisten the vegetables. Put them back over the fire, and let the whole boil gently during two hours. Skim in a mould in layers, well seasoned. Then pour over and it, and pour it over some crusts of bread fried in butter, and fill the mould with some clear soup, nearly cold, which, serve it. when left to stand some hours, will turn out to be as firm Monaco Soup.- Ingredients : Bread, sugar, salt, milk or as isinglass, especially if shank bones were boiled in the cream, the yolk of egg. Cut some slices of bread, all of the soup. Should the cold meat be veal or poultry, the addisame size and shape, if possible. Sprinkle them tliicklywith tion of some small pieces of ham or bacon, and of hardpowdered sugar, and grill them until they are a slight boiled eggs, cut in slices, and put between the layers of brown. Put them in a soup-tureen with a little salt. Pour meat, is a great improvement. Another way to dress cold some boiling milk ( or boiling cream) over them ; the yolk meat is to have it minced very fine, well seasoned, and put ofseveral eggs may be mixed with the milk. This soup is in patty-pans, with a thin crust below and above it, and baked in a quick oven. Cold meat, cut in small pieces, and very good for invalids and young children. Cauliflower Soup.- Cauliflower and butter. Peel the put in a pic-dish, with batter poured over it, and baked until cauliflowers, and put them in boiling water. When they the batter rises, is another good way. Potato-pie is a capital are perfectly soft, strain the water off, and put them in the method of using cold meat. The meat should be cut in sauce-pan again with some butter. Moisten them with pieces, and covered with mashed potatoes, then put into the water or beef broth, and finish cooking them. Put some oven to bake until the potatoes are well browned. Beef Stewed with Onions.-Cut some tender beef in small slices offried bread in the soup, and let the whole boil gently until it is thick; then serve it. pieces, and season it with pepper and salt ; slice some onions and add to it, with water enough in the stew-pan to make FISH. With the advent of the cold of winter, codfish comes into a gravy; let it stew slowly till the beef is thoroughly done, season. There are those who like this fish during the then add some pieces of butter rolled in flour to make a rich warmer months; but commend us to a deep sea-cod, caught gravy. Cold beef may be done in the same way, only the in cold weather- one which, when cooked, exhibits the flesh onions must be stewed first, and the meat added. If the separating from the bone in solid flakes that retain their water should stew away too much, put in a little more. Rissables are made with real and ham, chopped very fine, white curvatures as they are distributed by the carver. This desirable firmness of the flesh is increased by the process of or pounded lightly ; add a few bread-crumbs, salt, pepper, crimping, which consists in cutting down to the bone on nutmeg, and a little parsley and lemon-peel or shallot; mix either side before the contractibility of the fibres has ceased, all together with the yolks of eggs, well beaten ; either roll and then plunging the fish into very cold salt-and-water. them into shape like a flat sausage, or into the shape of The cold and the salt cause the fibres to contract, and the pears, sticking a bit of horseradish in the ends to resemble flakes consequently become more firm. the stalks ; egg each over, and grate bread-crumbs ; fry them Browned Cod's Head.- Cod's head, butter, flour, bread- brown, and serve on crisp-fried parsley crumbs Boil the head, and take it up ; take off the skin ; Broiled Partridge.-Cut the bird down the back; break set it before a brisk fire ; dredge it with flour, and baste it the merry-thought, which will allow it to be made quite flat ; with butter. When it begins to froth, sprinkle fine bread- cut off the feet at the joint, and skewer it as a fowl to broil ; crumbs over it, and continue basting it until it is well dry, flour, egg, and sprinkle it with chopped herbs and frothed, and of a fine brown, and serve it. Garnish with bread-crumbs, well seasoned. Broil and serve with a little slices of lemon, and sauce to taste. good gravy, with a mushroom or two chopped up sinall. Crimped Cod is cut into slices, put into boiling water Grouse.-Mix a small lump of butter with a few breadwith salt, boiled very slowly for a quarter of anhour, served crumbs, and put it in the inside of the birds- not in the up, garnished with the boiled liver and parsley, and accom- crop; it keeps them moist. They require to be nicely roasted and well basted. panied with oyster- auce. ATTRACTION IN A GLASS OF WATER.-Pour water into a glass tumbler, perfectly dry, and it may be raised above the edge, in a convex form ; because the particles of the water have more attraction for each other than for the dry glass ; wet the edge, and they will be instantly attracted, and overflow, and the water will sink into a concave form. WATER IN A SLING.-Halffill a mug with water, place it in a sling, and you may whirl it round you without spilling a drop ; for the water tends more away from the center of motion toward the bottom of the mug, than toward the earth by gravity. FLOATING NEEDLES.-Fill a cup with water, gently lay on its surface small, fine needles, and they will float.

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OUR NEW соок - воок.

Excellent Chicken-Pie.-Cover the bottom of a puddingdish with slices of broiled ham ; cut up one or two chickens, and broil or parboil them. Fill the dish even full, sprinkling in here and there small slices of ham. Season well with pepper; the ham will probably make it salt enough. Cover with stock or veal gravy, and lay on a rich crust, at least half an inch thick, with a rim upon the edge. Bake in a moderate oven an hour and a half, covering the paste with paper, if necessary, to prevent burning. Fillet of Veal Boiled.- Bind it round with tape, put it in a floured cloth, and in cold water; boil very gently two hours and a half, or if simmered, which is, perhaps, the better way, four hours will be taken ; it may be sent to table in bechamel or with oyster-sauce. Care should be taken to keep it as white as possible. Breast of Mutton may be stewed in gravy until tender ; bone it, score it, season well with Cayenne, black pepper, and salt ; boil it, and while cooking skim the fat from the gravy in which it had been stewed ; slice a few gherkins, and add with a dessertspoonful of mushroom catchup ; boil it, and pour over the mutton when dished. Venison Steaks.-Cut them from the neck ; season them with pepper and salt. When the gridiron has been well heated over a bed of bright coals, grease the bars, and lay the steaks upon it. Broil them well, turning them once, and taking care to save as much of the gravy as possible. Serve them up with some currant-jelly laid on each steak.

¡

VEGETABLES. Pommes de Terre en Pyramide.-Either steam or boil some very good mealy potatoes, mash them and put them into a stew-pan, together with some butter, a little salt, and milk; as the mixture becomes stiff add more milk, but let it be of the desired consistency to arrange it in the form of a pyramid in a buttered dish. Place it in a hot oven, or brown it with a salamander, and serve. Potatoes Fried with Batter.- Nicely wash and pare some floury potatoes ; cut each into any form you fancy, such as a large lozenge, etc.; then thinly slice them, so that the pieces may be of a uniform shape ; dip them into either a sweet or savory batter, fry them in plenty of butter, and serve them quite hot, with either salt of pounded loaf-sugar strewn upon them. Parsley and Butter.-Wash and tie up a bunch of parsley, Put it into boiling water, and let it boil for five minutes. Drain it, cut off the stalks, and chop the leaves very fine Put it into melted butter, which may be made by smoothly mixing a tablespoonful of flour with half a pint of water and two ounces of butter. Stir all one way. Let it boil about two minutes. Savory Potato-Cakes.-Quarter of a pound of grated ham, one pound ofmashed potatoes, and a little suet, mixed with the yolks of two eggs, pepper, salt, and nutmeg. Roll it into little bails or cakes, and fry it light brown. Sweet herbs may be used in the place of ham. Plain potato-cakes aro made with potatoes and eggs only. To Cook Frosted Potatoes.-Cut them into quarters, dry them well, throw them into thorough boiling fat without salt. When brown and crisp they are done ; but unless the fat is quite boiling they will mash. Take them out on to a piece of clean paper to drain for a short time. Serve them quite hot. They will eat as good as unfrosted ones. To Fry Parsley.-When the parsley has been washed and thoroughly dried, throw it into lard or butter which is on the point of boiling; take it up with a slice the instant it is crisp, and lay it on a sieve before the fire. DESSERTS. Unrivaled Plum-Pudding.-Ingredients : One pound and a half of Muscatal raisins, one pound and three-quarters of currants, one pound of Sultana raisins, two pounds offinest moist sugar, two pounds of bread-crumbs, sixteen eggs,

two pounds of finely-chopped suet, six ounces of mixed candied peel, the rind of two lemons, one ounce of ground nutmeg, one ounce of ground cinnamon, half an ounce of pow dered bitter almonds, quarter of a pint of brandy. Stone and cut up the raisins, but do not chop them, wash and dry the currants, and cut the candied peel into thin slices. Mix all the dry ingredients well together and moisten with the eggs, which should be well beaten and strained ; to the pudding stir in the brandy ; and when all is thoroughly mixed, butter and flour a stout pudding-cloth, put in the pudding, tie it down tightly, boil from six to eight hours, and serve with brandy-sauce. A few sweet almonds blanched and cut in strips, and stuck on the pudding, ornament it prettily. This quantity may be divided for small families, as the above ingredients will make a large pudding. Lemon Mince-Meat.-Eight lemons, one pound of loafsugar, one pound and a half of raisins, one pound of suet, juice of three or four lemons, a teacupful of brandy. Peel the lemons as thickly as possible without cutting into the pulp, boil the peel in plenty of water till soft, then beat it well with the sugar till it becomes a sweetmeat, then mix the raisins and the snet, well minced and chopped very fine, with the sweetmeat ; add the juice of three or four lemons, or more, according to your taste, and a teacupful of brandy. Mix all well together, and tie it down quite close in pots or in a jar. It will keep a year. Hot Pudding-Sauce.-To four large spoonfuls of rolled, clean brown sugar, put two of butter, and stir it together in an earthen dish until white ; then put it into a sauce-pan with a teacup of hot water, and set it upon the coals. Stir it steadily till it boils, and then add a spoonful or two of wine, lemon-juice, or rose-water, and let it boil up again. Pour it into a sauce-tureen, and grate nutmeg over the top. The advantage of stirring the butter and sugar together before melting it is, that it produces a thick, white foam upon the top. The reason for stirring it steadily while on the coals is, that it would otherwise become oily. Tipsy Cake.- Place a sponge-cake in a glass dessert-dish ; prick the cake with a fine fork; pour over it raisin-wine and brandy in equal parts, and when well moistened strew sifted sugar over it, and place round it a very rich custard. Or, simply steep small sponge-cakes in brandy ; stick into them thin slips of blanched almonds, or sprinkle them thickly with candied peel and grated sweet almonds ; heap up the cakes in a glass dish ; surround them with a custard, and add preserved fruit, such as brandy-cherries, etc., divested of syrup. Banbury Mince- Meat.-Three-quarters of a pound of currants, two ounces of beef suet, quarter of a pound of canlied orange-peel, three ounces of ratafias, and a little nutmeg. Wash and dry three-quarters of a pound of currants, and mix them with two ounces of beef suet, chopped as fine as possible, a little nutmeg, the candied orange-peel, shred very fine, the ratafias crushed up, and a slip of lemon-peel. Mix all well together, and when required, use it spread over your paste. Egg Dumplings.-Mako a batter of a pint of milk, two well-beaten eggs, a teaspoonful of salt, and flour enough to make a batter as thick as for pound-cake. Have a clean sauce pan of boiling water; let the water boil fast ; drop in the batter with a tablespoon. Four or five minutes will boil them. Take them with a skimmer on a dish ; put a bit of butter and pepper over them, and serve with boiled er cold meat. To serve sweet, put butter and grated nutmeg, with syrup or sugar over it. Apple Float.- Take six large apples, pare, slice, and stew them in as much water as will cover them. When well done, press them through a sieve, and make very sweet with crushed or loaf-sugar. While cooling, beat the whites of four eggs to a stifffroth, and stir in the apples ; flavor with lemon or vanilla. Serve with sweet cream. Quite as good as peaches and cream.

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 OUR NEW COOK- BOOK. - FASHIONS.

A Cheap Family Pudding.-One pound of flour, one pound of suet, chopped fine, three-quarters of a pound of sugar, one pound each of carrots and potatoes well boiled and mashed together, half a pound of raisins, three-quarters of a pound ofbread-crumbs ; spice, flavoring, and peel, optional. Mix the whole well together with a little water. It must not be too stiff, and certainly not too moist. Rub a basin well with dripping, and boil for eight hours. A Good Plum-Pudding without Eggs-time to boil, four hours.-One pound of raisins, half a pound of suet, one pound of flour, four ounces of bread-crumbs, two tablespoonfuls of molasses, one pint of milk, nutmeg, and grated ginger. Chop the suet very fine, and mix it with the flour. Add the bread-crumbs, ginger, and nutmeg, and the raisins stoned, and mix it all well together with the milk and molasses. Put it into a basin, or floured cloth, and boil it. Sweet Paste.-This is suitable to fruit tarts generally, apples excepted, for which we recommend a puff paste. To three-quarters of a pound of butter put one pound and a half of flour, three or four ounces of sifted loaf-sugar, the yolks of two eggs, and half a pint of new milk. Bake it ,in a moderate oven. Apple Charlotte.- Two pounds of apples, pared and cored ; slice them into a pan ; add one pound of loaf-sugar, the juice of three lemons, and the rind of one finely grated ; boil all together until it becomes thick, which it wiil do in about two hours; turn it into a mould ; serve cold, with either a rich custard or cream. Apple-Cream.- Boil twelve apples in water till soft, take off the peel, and press the pulp through a hair-sieve upon half a pound of pounded sugar ; whip the whites of two eggs, add them to the apples, and beat all together till it becomes very stiff and looks quite white. Serve it heaped up on a dish. Plum-Pudding-time, three hours.-Six ounces of raisins, six ounces of currants, six ounces of bread-crumbs, six ounces of suet, half a nutmeg, a little lemon-peel, five eggs, half a wineglass of brandy. Mix these ingredients together, and put the pudding into a mould, and boil it.

91

bows, very small cape, and loose sleeves over the long, tight ones. FIG. VI.- FRONT VIEW OF CLOAK OF BLACK VELVET, lined with white satin, and trimmed with white satin and white and black silk fringe. FIG. VII.- BACK VIEW of the same cloak. FIG. VIII.-WALKING-COSTUME OF BLUE SILK.-The underskirt is quite plain, and is striped diagonally with claretcolored velvet ribbon. The upper-skirt is short, very much puffed at the back, and trimmed with a deep plaited flounce ; the front is cut in sharp points ; the sleeves and body are ornamented like the lower-skirt. FIG. IX.-WALKING-DRESS OF DARK-BLUE SERGE, trimmed with black gimp and fringe ; the upper-skirt is cut in large points, and is short at the back. The body is made with a basquine lined with flannel, and over it is worn three capes to add to the warmth. FIG. X.-EVENING-DRESS OF PLAIN MUSLIN.-Very low, plain bodice, ornamented with a bouillon, through which a ribbon is run ; large berthe of Spanish lace looped up into a drapery. Under the bodice there is a high chemisette, with small tucks ornamented with insertion. Sleeves of silk tulle. The skirt is looped up at the back, and trimmed with a lace flounce, headed with a narrow cross-strip of silk. Waistband of ribbon, covered with lace insertion, with lapels of embroidered muslin crossed with ribbon. FIG. XI.- WINTER MANTLE.- This mantle is composed of a polonaise fastened at the waist, and looped up on either side with bows of ribbon. A large pelerine with a hood is looped up at the back by a large bow with long lapels. The polonaise and pelerine are both edged with a marquise ruche. The latter mantle is made either of plain or chined cashmere, or of tartan of a large checked pattern, red and black, green and black, or violet and black, with glace silk ribbons. GENERAL REMARKS.-In addition to the articles described above, we give numerous illustrations. Combs play a great part in modern coiffures. We are coming to thelarge combs of the period of the First Empire ; the tortoise-shell comb is asserting its rights again. A very solid comb is, in fact, required to fasten the mass of hair which now forms the chignon. FASHIONS FOR JANUARY. The fashionable comb is not only solid, it is also very FIG. 1.- WALKING-DRESS OF DEEP PINK CASHMERE.- The ornamental and very handsome. We give some new models petticoat is trimmed around the bottom with festoons and ofthem to our readers. For example, a tortoise-shell comb bows of cashmere. The upper-skirt is of gray cashmere, with teeth with hinges, to be placed in front of the chignon , looped up with bows of pink. Over the gray body is worn its movable headings form a sort of bandeau of plain tora tight-fitting body with a full basque of pink cashmere, toise-shell, with raised ornaments, which have a very pretty and a deep cape with a pointed hood. Sash with wide ends effect in the coiffure. We give also another comb, with teeth with hinges, but to be placed within the chignon. of pink cashmere. FIG. II.-MORNING-DRESS OF WHITE ALPACA, trimmed with This comb is made of ivory. Another comb is placed in a pleating of the same between rows of blue velvet. The front of the head, and the upper part forms a bandeau. This under-sleeve is tight to the arm, with a loose, flowing comb is made of one piece of light tortoise-shell, artistically chiseled with open and raised patterns. Fashion has quite sleeve. FIG. III.- EVENING-DRESS OF LIGHT GREEN SILK, trimmed given up fancy combs, gilt and enameled, to come back to with white silk. The green flounce does not extend over handsome tortoise-shell combs. The light-colored tortoisethe front breadth, but the white one does, and is trimmed shell is that most sought after. Our models of coiffures will better make the reader unwith two ornaments in white and green silk, like the one which fastens back the side of the skirt. The body is low derstand how the large tortoise-shell combs are placed in and square, and, like the Marie Antoinette sleeve, is richly the coiffure. We give several of these new styles for dresstrimmed with lace. ing the hair. In one, as will be seen, the front hair is raised Fig. Iv.- House DRESS OF GRAY DOTTED SILK ; five pipings and slightly waved. The chignon is composed of four large loops, with frizzled curls in the middle. The straight torof cherry-colored satin trim the bottom; large buttons ornament the front ; the pannier is held back by the sash ; the toise-shell comb is placed within the chignon, under the upper-loop. Three long Alexandra curls, coming out of the ends of the bretelles, which trim the body, cross at the waist, and are trimmed with cherry-colored satin and chignon, hang on the neck. In another, the front part of the coiffure is composed of slightly waved bandeaux and of fringe; small bows on the shoulders. FIG. V.- WALKING-DRESS OF YELLOWISH FAWN-COLORED small frizzled curls, falling over the forehead. The chignon MERINO. The under-skirt has a very deep flounce plaited is made of loops of hair, headed by a straight tortoise-shell to near the bottom, and ornamented with dark marigold- comb. In still another, four small waved bandeaux comcolored bows of velvet. The elaborate upper-skirt is like- pose the front part of this coiffure. Large chignon, rolled wise ruffled and trimmed with marigold velvet ribbon and and waved, accompanied by two long curls ; large tortoise-

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 92

FASHIONS

FOR JANUARY.

shell combs, the heading of which, edged with small balls, Red may be worn with advantage by blondes ; but only brunettes should venture on yellow. goes round the chignon. Very few ornaments will be worn this winter for ball or Persons who prefer very simple toilets, without bows or evening coiffure, the hair itself forms all the beauty of the any looping up, more willingly wear an under-skirt just head-dress. The flowers or jewels will be placed above the touching the ground, and a second skirt, shorter from twelve to sixteen inches, but not looped up. forehead as a diadem. Almost all dresses are made with double skirts, with a We also give an evening head-dress, made of satin ribbon ornamented with bows, with wide strings tied in front, more or less pronounced tournure. Both skirts are not adapted to a head-dress composed of small puffed bandeaux always of the same material ; the under one is often striped, upon the forehead, and of frizzled curls proceeding from the while the upper one is plain. top of the head and mixed with loops of ribbon, the ends of FLOUNCES AND RUCHES are the trimming preferred. Fashion, which fall upon the chignon. Also a head-dress for the which had given them up for some time, now shows them opera, composed of a wide strip of guipure insertion orna- more favor than ever. mented with narrow velvet ribbon put on plain, divided THE MARIE ANTOINETTE is every day gaining in popularity. into two pieces of equal length, which proceed from the This is exceedingly becoming to a well-shaped arm ; for a forehead, and are crossed over the chignon and fastened in thin arm, the sleeve puffed from the shoulder to the wrist front with small bunches of flowers. is more suitable. With low bodices cut square, or open in the heart-shape In addition to the above we also give some of the new style collars. It will be seen that they are much larger in front, the fashion of necklaces has come in again. Handthan those lately worn, and not fitting so close in the neck. some necklaces are made of precious stones set within small Another style of collar, called marins or matelots, can be made gold medallions. Many are also made of amber beads, garto match any and every dress. They are large collars of nets, or jets ; for jet, though discarded from the trimming fine linen, and the points touch the shoulders. They are of dresses, is still much worn for demi-toilet ; jewels, medalbordered either with a thread or a hem of color ; and a lions, and crosses, are also much worn suspended from black eravat with a large bow, composed of either satin or fou- velvet ; the Chanoinesse necklace has a cross also of velvet. lard, is worn carelessly beneath the collar. These novelties It can be worn as well with high dresses as with low ones. are very stylish; we have so long been accustomed to the THE FASHIONS FOR SACQUES, CLOAKS, ETC., is so varied that narrow, hard, white rim round the throat, which certainly it is impossible to describe them. In addition, however, to has neatness to recommend it ; but, after all, a change is the winter mantelet already illustrated, we give a descrippleasant, and variety is charming. tion of another very easily made, and called the Mac FurAll evening dresses, and what may be termed fete toilettes, lane. Fancy a paletot, ample and loose, buttoned all down will be extremely costly this season, while all short morn- the front, without sleeves, but with slits only for the arms, ing costumes will be the reverse-as simple as it is possible a pelerine begins on either side, at the seams of the shoulto make them. ders and is continued in front, thus forming two streaming The elegantes, for example, are now rarely to be seen on lapels; at the back there is no pelerine, but a round hood, foot, except in costumes made either of cloth or reps. The gathered in by means of a ribbon. BONNETS are as numerous in form as the sacques, and as leaders of fashion wear costumes composed thus : A petticoat trimmed according to the taste of the wearer, either difficult to do justice to on paper. The newest fanchon is with one deep flounce, or with several narrow flounces, or called Mercedes, and it seems to become every one who tries with numerous rows of braid ; the polonaise or redingote is it on- blondes, brunettes, young married women, as well male of the same material as the dress, is trimmed in nc- as those of more mature age. It is made of black velvet cordance with the petticoat, and is looped up on the hips, puffings. A torsade or twist of velvet ornaments the front of This is all. The sleeves are very close fitting, and the polo- the bonnet, whilst the top is trimmed with black lace, which naise is fastened straight down the front. A wide gros grain ( terminates in lappets at the back. At the side there is a pouf waistband; and if the weather is cold, a small paletot to of black feathers, with a yellow aigrette ; wide black velvet match, are added. strings. But to describe a bonnet requires more than GIMPS, with jet beads and bugles intermixed, have almost words ; it should always be seen to be realized. completely disappeared ; they are replaced by dead-looking gimps, and by trimmings which match the dress. Bands of CHILDREN'S FASHIONS. fur are likewise daily becoming very popular trimmings. FIG. 1.- DRESS FOR A GIRL.-The under-dress is of garnetThe Bordeaux or claret color is very popular, and the trimmings consist either of the same material-a flounco colored merino, made high in the neck, and trimmed with headed by a flat ruche- or of bows of black gros grain. { velvet of the same color. Tho upper-dress is of garnetWhen the toilet is quite neglige, no panier is worn, but the colored silk, trimmed with velvet, buttoning diagonally, cut skirt is looped up at the sides simply a la Camargo. For low and square in the neck, and with long sleeves. FIG. II.- DRESS OF GRAY CASHMERE FOR A LITTLE GIRL.-dressy toilets, on the contrary, a panier is always added, It has but one skirt, but that is elaborately trimmed with and underneath the panier a large bow. BOWS OF RIBBON, and of the same material as the dress, blue velvet. Cape and sleeves also trimmed with blue velvet. F10. III - COSTUME FOR A Bor. -The trousers and jacket are now lavished on costumes and toilets of all descriptions, and they are made in every imaginable form. Round bows, are of mulberry-colored cloth, and the vest of a lighter bows with three loops, fan-shaped bows, simple bows, etc., shade of the same color. FIG. IV.- DRESS of BLUE VELVETEEN FOR A YOUNG GIRLetc., are all worn. Besides ornamenting the skirt, they are now frequently to be seen adorning the armholes. When The petticoat is made of blue and black striped cashmere. distributed with taste, they form an exceedingly graceful The dress and paletot are trimmed with gray gimp and chinchilla fur. Gray felt hat, trimmed with chinchilla and trimming. FOR CLOTH COSTUMES, olive, green, and dark blue, are the a blue aigrette. FIG. V.- WALKING-SUIT FOR A YOUNG LADY.- The petticoat, fashionable colors, and dark garnet is sometimes worn. Green and blue plaid cashmere, and flannels, are also very which has a deep box-plaited flounce, is of light claretcolored silk. The black silk over-skirt opens at the back popular. RED, in all its various shades, is very much worn in the and ties low down ; it is ornamented with a narrow gimp fringe and gimp ornaments. The small velvet jacket is house, as well as all shades of yellow, the aurora, which is very light to the bright marigold, dark brown nasturtium. trimmed with the same.

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 Chaved & Trinted by Brann Brothers

LILLY'S PARRIAGE

STIPS TAR WAYN

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PETERSON'S MAGAZINE. 1869.

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 Peterson's

Magazine

February ,

1869

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Rh of the world and the expectation of the overthrow of Jerusalem were sometimes so closely connected as to become indistinguishable.

A great part of the Koran consists of narratives, inserted for purposes of edification. Scarcely any of these can be described as historical; on the other hand, scarcely any is a pure invention of Mahomet's. In almost every case he utilises some legend that he has heard, in order to enforce his doctrines. Thus he repeatedly introduces persons mentioned in the Old Testament and puts into their mouths discourses in favour of monotheism, moral precepts, etc. The opposition which they encountered and the chastisements which overtook their adversaries are likewise described at great length. The allusions to Christ and the early Christian Church present some very curious and hitherto unexplained features. That Christ, or any other being, can be a "son of God" is emphatically denied; at the same time the belief that Christ was born of a virgin is fully accepted, and among the prophets of past ages He occupies a specially prominent place. But of the facts of Christ's life Mahomet appears to have known next to nothing. In one of the later chapters of the Koran (iv. 156) the Jews are condemned for asserting that Christ was put to death and the crucifixion is represented as a deceptive appearance. The fact that Christians believed in the Crucifixion is totally ignored, and we may therefore conclude that on this very important point Mahomet's Christian informants held opinions resembling those which are ascribed to the ancient Docetists.

The disciples of the Prophet called themselves Muslims, but were usually known by the name of "Sabians" (Ṣābi'ūn), Their organisation and rules of life were at first of a very simple kind. They bound themselves to abstain from idolatry and from certain immoral practices, especially fornication and infanticide. The cult consisted mainly of prayers, according to the formulae prescribed by the Prophet; meetings for this purpose were held at stated times, but always in strict privacy. In order to indicate that the God whom he proclaimed was identical with the God of the Jews, Mahomet commanded his followers to adopt the Jewish practice of praying towards Jerusalem. At this time he appears to have had scarcely any notion of the difference between Judaism and Christianity; consequently he was able to regard both Jews and Christians as his brethren in religion.


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 BESIDE THE. STREAM

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 UAFO BRHIO FE RS, NS FAS EN' LDR CHI

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 Constance NAME FOR MARKING.

WALKING DR.SS.

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 Charlotte NAME FOR MARKING.

WALKING DRESS.

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 HOME DRESS. COLLARS.

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 HOME DRESS. CAPE. COLLAR AND SLEEVE

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 HATS. BONNETS. BODY.

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 BONNETS AND HATS. INFANT'S CLOAK. CAPE.

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LADY ,

ART

THOU

SLEEPING ?

SERENADE.

Composed and Arranged for the Piano-Forte.

BY SEP.

WINNER.

Published by permission of SEP. WINNER, 926 Spring Garden St., Philadelphia.

Moderato.

p

1. Oh,

lady, art

thou sleep-ing ?

Si-lence reigns o'er

all;

lone

ly

watch

I'm keeping :

Dew

drops round

me fall.

My

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LADY,

THOU

ART

SLEEPING ?

CHORUS.

AIR.

The night ALTO.

is

gone,

and

morning

Is lighting up the

sky,

The

is

gone, and

morning

Is light-ing up the

sky,

The

TENOR.

The night BASS.

day

at

last

is

dawning,

La -dy

love,

good-bye.

day

at

last

is

dawning,

La -dy

love,

good-bye.

2 Oh, lady, art thou dreaming ? Happy be thy rest ; The silver moon is beaming Down the distant west : Chorus. The night is gone, and morning Is coming with her light ; The day at last is dawning, Lady love, good-night.

3. Oh, lady, art thou sleepingDreaming now of me? The stars above are peeping While I sing to thee. Chorus. Sweet spirits ' round thee hover, Till slumber breaks her spell ; The night at last is over, Lady love, farewell,

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MARKING FOR ALPHABET NO .I.

EF

C B A D

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296 before New Rome. The full story of the heroic defence cannot be related in this place, but one consideration is too important to be omitted. Had the Romans not been masters of the sea, the issue might well have been less favourable; but the small Slav boats were all sunk or overturned in the waters of the Golden Horn, while Sahrbarâz at Chalcedon was doomed to remain inactive, for Persia possessed no transports and the Roman fleet made it impossible for the besiegers to carry their allies across the straits. Thus at the very time that the barbarian attack by sea collapsed in hopeless failure, the citizens had repulsed with heavy loss the assault on the land walls which was directed mainly against that section where the depression of the Lycus valley rendered the defences most vulnerable. At length, on the eleventh day after his appearance before Constantinople, the Khagan destroyed by fire his engines of war and withdrew, vowing a speedy return with forces even more overwhelming. As the suburbs of the city and the churches of Saints Cosmas and Damian and St Nicholas went up in flames, men marked that the shrine of the Mother of God in Blachernae remained inviolate: it was but one more token of her power — her power with God, with her Son, and in the general ordering of the world. The preservation of the city was the Virgin's triumph, it was her answer to the prayers of her servants, and with an annual festival the Church celebrated the memory of the great deliverance. Bonus and Sergius had loyally responded to their Emperor's trust.

This was indeed the furthest advance of the Avars. They had appeared in the Eastern Alps as early as 595-596, and had formally invested Thessalonica in 597; it would seem that the city was only saved through an outbreak of pestilence amongst the besiegers. After 604 there was no Roman army in the Danube provinces, and in the reign of Phocas and the early years of Heraclius must be placed the ravaging of Dalmatia by Avars and Slavs and the fall of Salonae and other towns. At this time fugitives from Salonae founded the city of Spalato, and those from Epidaurus the settlement which afterwards became Ragusa. A contemporary tells how the Slavs in those dark days of confusion and ravage plundered the greater part of Illyricum, all Thessaly, Epirus, Achaia, the Cyclades, and a part of Asia. In another passage the same author relates how Avars and Slavs destroyed the towns in the provinces of Pannonia, Moesia Superior, the two Dacias, Rhodope, Dardania, and Praevalis, carrying off the inhabitants into slavery. Fallmerayer's famous contention that the Greek people was virtually exterminated is certainly an exaggeration, though throughout Hellas there must have been Slav forays, and many a barbarian band


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The Tempest, V. i That swear'st grace o'erboard, not an oath on shore?

Hast thou no mouth by land? What is the news?

Boats. The best news is that we have safely found

Our king and company: the next, our ship,—

Which but three glasses since we gave out split,—

Is tight and yare and bravely rigg'd as when

We first put out to sea.

Ari. [Aside to Pro.] Sir, all this service

Have I done since I went.

Pro. [Aside to Ari.] My tricksy spirit!

Alon. These are not natural events; they strengthen

From strange to stranger—Say, how came you hither?

Boats. If I did think, sir, I were well awake,

I'd strive to tell you. We were dead of sleep,

And,—how we know not,—all clapp'd under hatches,

Where, but even now, with strange and several noises

Of roaring, shrieking, howling, jingling chains,

And mo diversity of sounds, all horrible,

We were awak'd; straightway, at liberty:

Where we, in all her trim, freshly beheld

Our royal, good, and gallant ship; our master

Capering to eye her: on a trice, so please you,

Even in a dream, were we divided from them,

And were brought moping hither.

Ari. [Aside to Pro.] Was 't well done?

Pro. [Aside to Ari.] Bravely, my diligence! Thou shalt be free.

Alon. This is as strange a maze as e'er men trod;

And there is in this business more than nature

Was ever conduct of: some oracle

 224 yare: ready

244 conduct: author

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PETERSON'S MAGAZINE.

VOL LV.

PHILADELPHIA, FEBRUARY , 1869. No. 2.

THE YOUNG RECTOR.

BY ELLA RODMAN.

I MIGHT have known it would rain, because it always did rain when I put on anything new; and my white suit, on which I had expended several days' hard work, had its first airing on the morning of the Sunday to which my story refers.

The present fashions are very hard on a young woman of limited means, with a constitutional aversion to sewing ; but when all those little ruffles were securely attached to their proper places, and the sacque had received its last stitch ; while the hat, of white drawn muslin to match, was really a triumph of art, I twisted up a knot of cherry-colored ribbon for a necktye, and felt assured that even a Frenchwoman would approve of my toilet.

Alec, my favorite brother and coadjutor, who had quite an eye for ladies' dress, was in an ecstasy at my appearance ; and I am afraid that it was owing to this, rather than to any devotional spirit, that he so readily accepted my invitation to go to church in the evening. But how much better was I? If all my feelings had been brought to light, what would have proved the real motive that had taken me to church in the evening, a time when I particularly disliked to go, but that whisper of Sarah Dellert's after morning service ?

"Be sure, " she said, " to come to church this evening, we are to have a change for once, my dear ; Mr. Rale is to preach - think of it !"

This same Sarah Dellert was a black- eyed witch, who had only to look on a man to make him her slave ; and fully aware of this, she usually spoke of every new arrival in advance as her own peculiar property. Mr. Rale had a parish in a neighboring town ; he was young, good-looking, and unmarried ; he had, moreover, the gifts of eloquence and popularity ; and wherever he went, a large number of young girls were always found among the congregation. Miss Sarah, who had lately been on a visit to the town where he lived, drove her admirers almost to despair by her very frank enthusiasm for Mr. Rale ; and when some one suggested that it would require a great deal of courage to marry so popular a man, she exclaimed laughingly,

"If Mr. Rale should suddenly send me word to be at church to-morrow morning at six o'clock, for the purpose of marrying him, I'd be there at five!”

Now this was all very well for Sarah Dellert, whose title to belleship no one could question ; but it might not answer for lesser mortals. So I resolved to keep my emotions to myself, and endeavor, outwardly, at least, to preserve my composure.

It was the last of the season- nearly the middle of September ; but a "warm spell" had revived summer dresses and summer feelings ; and my whole suit looked particularly fresh and pretty, with just a hint of autumn in the bright- colored ribbon. Perhaps I did not walk up the aisle quite unconsciously ; and I waited with much interest for the appearance of the clergymen in the chancel.

The bell stopped tolling, and people looked expectant ; but no Mr. Rale. What could it mean? Neighbors glanced at each other and whispered ; watches were consulted ; and every one knew that it was considerably past the hour for service. Presently Mr. Hydrake, who never lost an opportunity of making himself conspicuous, took his station near the reading- desk and observed,

"It seems, my friends, that we are not likely to have any service this evening, if we depend on the clergy, and I have, therefore, been requested to read——"

At this moment, puffing and blowing from over exertion, our worthy Dr. Short proceeded up the aisle alone, and disappeared through the vestry-door. A general smile passed around

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