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 and September. By 26 September, Bikini Atoll was cleared of the target fleet and all personnel were evacuated. Eight target ships and two target submarines were subsequently towed from Kwajalein to Pearl Harbor. Six of these were towed to U.S. west coast ports in 1946 and 1947 for further radiological examination (Reference C.9.208, pp. 3.51 and 7.5). The disposition of the target fleet is summarized in Chapter 9.

Bureau of Ordnance Group

The Bureau of Ordnance (BuOrd) Group was responsible for obtaining and exposing naval ordnance equipment and for appraising the damage after each detonation. The group was organized into six sections: fire control, gun mounts, explosives, aviation ordnance, underwater ordnance, and armor metallurgy. The group was berthed on Wharton.

Its personnel left Bikini Lagoon the day before each shot and reentered after each shot. Inspection of equipment after ABLE shot was easily and quickly accomplished, but high levels of radioactivity after BAKER severely restricted activities (Reference C.9.208, pp. 3.52 and 7.10).

Medical Group

The Medical Group was comprised of two sections: Damage Control Safety Section and Medical Research Section. Personnel of the Damage Control Safety Section were to reboard target ships with the initial boarding party and evaluate and reduce nonradiological hazards to boarding parties. Hazards that had to be addressed included falling objects, slippery decks, weak ladders, drowning, fires, steam, electrical shock, chemical hazards, and ammunition hazards. The personnel trained extensively, and in turn trained members of designated boarding parties both on the U.S. west coast and at Bikini. There were no incidents on either test day. This section was berthed on USS Haven (AH-12) (Reference C.9.208, p. 3.52).

The Medical Research Section was responsible for the biological research program, which involved exposing animals, seeds, bacteria, and medical and dental materials, and for studying the resulting damage and injury. Principal animals used were pigs, goats, guinea pigs, rats, and mice.

For ABLE, the animals and other biological samples were placed on USS Geneva (APA-86), USS Niagara (APA-87), USS LST-133, LCI-327, and LCI-329. Goats in exposure position are shown in Figure 15. They were retrieved by section personnel operating from USS Burleson (APA-67) at approximately 1600 on 1 July.

For BAKER, the animals and samples were on USS Gasconade (APA-85), USS Briscoe (APA-65), USS Catron (APA-71), and USS Bracken (APA-64). Section personnel could not retrieve animals and samples from Bracken until 1351 on 28 July (D+3). At 1447 the same day, about one-half of the animals were removed from Catron. Daily radiation tolerances prohibited the personnel from continuing to work on Catron. On 29 July, animals and samples remaining on Catron and Briscoe were recovered. On 30 July, animals and samples on Gasconade were recovered (Reference C.9.206, pp. VI-B-12 and VI-D-30 through D-44; Reference C.9.208, pp. 3.54 and 25.3).

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298 had he made any sound they would have looked up, seen him and necessarily supposed that he had stationed himself there on purpose to spy upon those within. He saw nothing for it but to stand dead still. Even indoors the wind was so violent that screens would not stand up. Those which usually surrounded the high daïs were folded and stacked against the wall. There, in full view of any one who came along the corridor, reclined a lady whose notable dignity of mien and bearing would alone have sufficed to betray her identity. This could be none other than Murasaki. Her beauty flashed upon him as at dawn the blossom of the red flowering cherry flames out of the mist upon the traveller’s still sleepy eye. It was wafted towards him, suddenly imbued him, as though a strong perfume had been dashed against his face. She was more beautiful than any woman he had ever seen. The hangings of her daïs had broken away from the poles and now fluttered in the wind like huge flags. Her ladies made vain attempts to recapture these flapping curtain-ends, and in the course of the struggle (only half-visible to Yūgiri) something very amusing evidently occurred, for Murasaki suddenly burst into peals of laughter. Soon however she became serious again. For here too, though in a lesser degree, the wind was working irreparable havoc, and at each fresh blast he saw her turn a despairing gaze towards her newly-planted beds. Several of her gentlewomen, thought Yūgiri, as his eye accustomed itself to the scene, were noticeably good-looking; but there was not one whose appearance could for more than an instant have distracted his attention from the astonishing creature at whose command they served. Now he understood why it was that Genji had always taken such pains to keep him away from her. His father was wise enough to know that no one could possibly see her thus without losing all control of himself. Genji had indeed, in forbidding him all access

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Rh to her rooms, foreseen just such a contingency as had at this moment occurred. The boy, suddenly realizing the extreme insecurity of his hiding-place and at the same time overwhelmed with shame at the mere thought of being discovered in such a situation, was about to dart into safety, when a door on the left opened and Genji himself entered the room. ‘What a wind!’ he said as he surveyed the exposed condition of her daïs. ‘It would really be better just now if you left all the shutters closed. You probably do not realize that you and your ladies are at this moment exposing yourselves completely to the view of any gentleman who may happen to come this way….’ Yūgiri had already withdrawn his eye from the crack; but the sound of Genji’s voice aroused in him an invincible curiosity, and he returned to his former position. His father was bending over Murasaki and whispering something in her ear; now he was laughing. It seemed to Yūgiri very odd that this high-spirited, handsome, quite young-looking man should really be his father. As for Genji’s companion—he could not imagine that she could ever have been more beautiful than at this moment. He gazed spell-bound, and would certainly have crouched at his chink for hours to come, had not the door on the opposite side of the passage suddenly blown wide open, thus leaving his hiding-place embarrassingly exposed. Reluctantly he withdrew (as was now possible, for Murasaki’s attendants had all retired to the far end of the room), and working his way round to the verandah, he called to Genji as though he had just arrived from the Eastern Wing. His father answered the greeting and presently joined him, saying to Murasaki as he left the room something which evidently referred to the imperfectly fastened passage-door. ‘Look there!’ Genji was saying crossly; ‘is not that just what I told you? You must really be more careful….’

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300 ‘This,’ thought Yūgiri, ‘is indeed a tribute to the devotion of her guards during all these years! Only a tempest capable of hurling rocks through the air and uprooting whole forests can so far disarm their vigilance that for a few seconds she is exposed to the curiosity of the passer-by.’ He was bound to confess that towards him at any rate the dreaded hurricane had done its best to act a benevolent part.

Several retainers now arrived, reporting that the typhoon was assuming a very serious aspect. ‘It is from the north-east,’ they said, ‘so that here you are comparatively protected and have no notion of its real violence. Both the racing-lodge and the fishing-pavilion are in great danger….’ While those people were busy making fast various doors and shutters, and repairing the damage of the previous night, Genji turned to Yūgiri and said: ‘Where did you arrive from just now?’ ‘I spent the night at my grandmother’s,’ he replied. ‘But every one says that we are in for a very bad storm, and I felt I ought to come back here and see if I could be of any use…. But as a matter of fact it is far worse in the Third Ward than here in the Sixth. The mere noise of the wind, quite apart from everything else, is terrifying at my grandmother’s, and if you do not mind I think it would be a good thing if I went back there at once. She is as frightened as though she were a child of two, and it seems unkind to leave her….’ ‘Yes, by all means go back at once,’ answered Genji hastily. ‘One sometimes thinks that the notion of old people slipping back into a second childhood is a mere fable; but I have learnt lately from instances in my own family that it does really happen. Tell her, please, that I have heard how bad things are in the Third Ward and should certainly come myself, were I not satisfied that you will be able to do quite as much for her as I could.’

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Figure 15. Goats in exposure position on target ship deck during CROSSROADS.

Electronics Group

This group and the 013D Electronics Group in the Technical Director's organization (see the section on Nuclear Weapon Phenomena below) were one and the same. They performed a dual function in working for both the DSM and the Technical Director.

As planned initially in January 1946, this group's primary responsibility was to determine the damage to electronic equipment aboard ships after exposure to each detonation. After a series of meetings in February 1946, the group's responsibilities were significantly expanded. It took over electronic equipment responsibilities from BuAer and the Army Signal Corps. It assumed full responsibility for execution of electronics instrumentation projects as specified in the Instrumentation Plan (Annex G, Op Plan 1-46) and the Communications and Electronic Plan (Annex C, Op Plan 1-46). It carried out most of the studies associated with the electromagnetic propagation program and provided support to wave motion, blast pressure, shock, drone boat, and telemetering projects. As a result of all these added responsibilities, the size of the group was expanded and liaison officers from several other groups were assigned. Also because of these added responsibilities, the group became accountable to the Technical Director, although it maintained close liaison with the DSM.

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Rh Yūgiri had a high sense of duty. It was his practice at this time to visit his grandmother at least once a day, and it would have been a ferocious wind indeed that could deter him either from setting out for the Third Ward or returning thence at the hour when his father usually asked for him. There were of course ‘times of observance’ when he was obliged to remain shut up in the Emperor’s Palace for several days on end. But otherwise neither pressure of public business nor attendance at state ceremonies and festivals, however much they might impinge upon his leisure, ever prevented him from calling first at the New Palace and then upon the old Princess, before he dreamt of embarking upon any amusement of his own. Still less upon such a day as this, when, bad as the storm was already, there seemed every prospect that it would soon develop into something more alarming still, could he have brought himself to leave the old lady in solitude.

She was, indeed, delighted that he had not failed her. ‘This is the worst typhoon there has ever been in my lifetime,’ she said; ‘and I can assure you I have seen a good many.’ She was trembling from head to foot. Now and again came a strange and terrifying sound; some huge bough that a single breath of the hurricane had twisted from its trunk, crashed in splinters to the ground. Apart from all other dangers, showers of tiles were falling from every roof. To go into the streets at all on such a day was indeed no very safe undertaking, and for a while she listened with mingled gratitude and alarm to the recital of his perils and escapes.

The old Princess’s lonely and monotonous existence contrasted strangely with the brilliant scenes amid which she had moved during the days of her husband’s remarkable ascendancy. Indeed, that the visits of this staid young grandson should mean so much to her showed only too

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 which we have elsewhere alluded. "Le Mystère du Vieil Testament," for example, "n'est-pas une œuvre personnelle dont il y ait lieu de rechercher l'auteur; c'est une œuvre collective, qui a dû s'elaborer lentement pendant le cours du xvᵉ siècle." Whatever importance the clergy possessed as the first makers of rude plays, both the making and acting, sooner or later, passed into the hands of guilds—either the trade-guilds of the town, or bodies of literary craftsmen who (like the Homêridæ or the Hebrew musician-clans) assumed the familiar organisation of the guild. Thus, the Chester Mysteries, performed for the last time in 1574, were acted by trading companies of that city. In France it was out of the Town-Guilds that the Confrèrie de la Passion was formed—a fraternity which, chiefly composed of tradesmen and citizens of Paris, played Mysteries from 1402 to 1548. At Coventry particular parts of the Mystery were assigned to particular trading companies; thus, the Smiths' Company acted the Trial and Crucifixion, the Cappers' Company acted the Resurrection and the Descent into Hell. In Germany Master-Singer Guilds for the composition and recitation of verse were established at Mayence, Ulm, Nürnberg, and other towns, the old "Singing School" at Nürnberg being maintained as late as 1770. The famous scene of the Tower of Babel in the Mystère du Vieil Testament, in which the carpenter Gaste-Bois (Spoil-wood), the mason Casse-Tuileau (Break-tile), and the rest, are medieval guildsmen doing duty as Nimrod's workmen, graphically illustrates the dramatic workmanship of these literary guilds. But the impersonal view of human character taken by these corporations is a more interesting evidence of communal feeling than this impersonal


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 authorship, just as the gradual disappearance of sacred and allegorical characters before the growth of individualism in the towns is a still more interesting evidence of the dependence of literature on social evolution. Let us take a bird's-eye view of this dramatic evolution from communal to individual life.

I. The sacred spectacle, exhibited by the clergy in town or monastery, either written completely in Latin, or intermixed with French or German, as the case may be, presents divine personages who, like the heroes of the early Attic stage, present at once an abstract and historical character. The first great Miracle-play of German origin (The Rise and Fall of Antichrist, an Easter play of the tenth century, found in the Convent of Tegernsee in the Bavarian Highlands) is in Latin, and contains such personages as Paganism and the Jewish Synagogue (introduced as women), Mercy, Justice, Hypocrisy, Heresy. In the old French Miracle-play, The Wise and Foolish Virgins, "Christ speaks, or rather sings, in the words of the Latin Bible; but he then repeats what he has said in Provençal verse, which is also used by the Virgins." In fact, the Latin Mysteries were easily elaborated out of the Officia of the Church; and old remains of Officia used for this dramatic purpose have been discovered at Freising in Bavaria, at Orleans, Limoges, and Rouen. "From the time of Gregory the Great the Mass itself became an almost dramatic celebration of the world-tragedy of Golgotha. It embraced the whole scale of religious emotion, from the mournful cry of the Miserere to the jubilee of the Gloria in excelsis."

II. Though the personages of the Latin Mysteries were already rather allegorical and abstract than individual and concrete, the use of vernacular languages and the consequent influx of prevalent ideas so much increased


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 this tendency, that in most literary histories attempts are made to distinguish the Mysteries, with their sacred personages, from the Moralities, with their allegorical characters, Virtue, Vice, Pity, and the rest. But we cannot distinguish these spectacles by any fixed line; we can only say that the popularisation of the drama which is marked by the use of the vernacular languages is accompanied by an increased love of abstractions and allegories; and the student of contemporary social life cannot fail to observe how this love of impersonal being reflects that tendency towards corporate or guild life which is the most striking characteristic of the growing towns. It must not be forgotten that nameless characters (such as L'Evesque, Le Prescheur, L'Ermite, in the Miracles de Notre Dame) are not individuals properly so called, but types of classes, and as such deriving their interest from a social life which (like that of the German towns even in the days of Hans Sachs) could be marked off into trades almost as distinct as Eastern castes. The prevalence of allegorical thought and ideas of men in classes or types can, indeed, be illustrated from all kinds of medieval literature as well as the drama; the satirical allegory of Piers Ploughman, or Rabelais, or Das Narrenschiff of Sebastian Brandt, with its hundred and ten classes of fools, might be readily traced to conditions of social life. So, too, in Chaucer's famous tales, Knight and Squire, Prioress and Monk and Friar, the Shipman, the Doctor of Physic, and the rest, in spite of individualising touches, are primarily types of social classes; while in the Haberdasher, Carpenter, Webbe, Dyer, Tapicer, all "clothed in one livery of a solemn and great fraternity," we have the guild directly introduced. Every reader of medieval literature knows the popularity and perpetual allegory of the Roman de la Rose, echoed in the Faux-Dangier,


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 Déplaisir, Espérance, of even the lyric poet Charles d'Orleans; so, too, in the chivalrous allegory of Spenser we may find these corporate modes of thought decked in feudal trappings, and meeting that individualising spirit of the Elizabethan age, which, in the drama of Marlowe and Shakspere, displaced the abstract and typical by the individual and concrete.

III. But the names of Marlowe and Shakspere suggest a third stage of the early European drama, in which we approach the analysis of personal character more closely than in the sacred or allegorical spectacle, yet not so closely as some enthusiastic worshippers of the great English dramatist would have us believe. When we find historical personages in such Miracle-plays as Robert le Diable or Guillaume du Desert side by side with allegorical personages, we may be sure that the historical drama is not so closely connected with profound analysis of individual character as has been sometimes assumed. When it is remembered that the Mysteries were primarily sacred histories (certain English Mysteries, for example, presenting a picture of the world’s progress from the Creation and anticipating its future to the Day of Judgment), the secular history and the sacred spectacle cannot be separated by a very wide gulf. Let it also be remembered that one of the marked features of the Chinese drama—in which analysis of individual character is, as already explained, peculiarly deficient—is the frequent use of historical incidents and personages. The historical drama and subtle analyses of character are, in fact, rather opposed than, as some maintain, closely connected. No doubt there are wide differences between what may be termed an antiquarian historical drama, such as modern dramatists have sometimes attempted, and "histories" in the Shaksperian sense. No doubt Shakspere, in some of


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 his historical plays, was as little hampered in his creative imagination as the Attic dramatists, when they used the heroes of old Greek story as a canvas on which almost any variety of character might be depicted. Still, we must admit that the truly creative conception of dramatic art is opposed to the necessary restrictions-of historic fact, and must look upon the early "histories," with their improprieties of time and place and character, rather as secular imitations of the sacred story detailed in the Mysteries, than as a sign that the drama had now passed out of its religious tutelage and the region of moral abstractions into the sphere of artistic "realism." For dramatic "realism" means something more than the copying of historic fact; it means the putting together of a character in such a way that it shall wear the look of an individual reality without being an exact reproduction of any personage we already know; it means that the dramatic personage must be at once an individual and something more, an abstract type and something less—in a word, a double-faced entity containing both an individual and a general element, and so reproducing in art the most profound truth of human experience—that individual being is only realisable as a contrast between self and not-self.

IV. This dramatic realism is only possible where social conditions foster sufficient personal freedom in action and thought to allow a vivid realisation of personal as distinct from corporate being; it is only possible where socialism is not carried into such an excess as to merge individuality in group life, and where individualism is not carried into such an excess as to make personality insignificant by destroying all bonds of social thought and action. Dramatic realism needs personal freedom from communal restraints, various types of personality, and, coexisting


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 with this freedom and variety, a fund of social sympathies and a belief in the dignity and mysterious greatness of individual being. In Elizabethan England and the Spain of Charles V. and Philip II., a variety of causes had supplied these elements of dramatic art. In both countries the individualism of the feudal lords had been forced to live in peaceful relations with the corporate life of the towns by a strong centralism holding in its hands the reins of local government. In France, too, a like growth of central authority was drawing together these types of ultra-corporate and ultra-individual life. Indeed, it is at this confluence of the feudal with the corporate spirit that we reach the full stream of national literature in each European country; and perhaps the best point from which we may view the meeting of the waters is supplied by a dramatist whose fatherland was destined to bitterly experience the want of a central arbitrator between the nobles and the towns.

§ 92. Hans Sachs, born at Nürnberg in 1494, stands on the borderland which divides the old allegorising drama, with its acting guilds and impersonal authorship, from the drama of personal authorship and individualised character, Sachs, as Dr. Karl Hase observes, "attempts no subjective development of character, but simply causes his personages to translate into action, or more often into dialogue only, the event which he wishes to represent." Like the writers of Mysteries, also, he places Christianity and heathendom closely together. "Next to God the Father and God the Son appear Jupiter and Apollo; at the Last Judgment the bark of Charon bears the departed souls; with the Judgment of Solomon appears the Choice of Paris." But, though proprieties of time and place are


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302 plainly how far she had fallen from the days when her antechambers were thronged by the fashionable world. True, her name was still widely known and even reverenced in the country at large; but this was small consolation for the fact that her own son, Tō no Chūjō, had for some time past been far from cordial in his manner towards her. It was very good of Yūgiri to come on such an evening. But why was it that he looked so thoughtful? Perhaps the noise of the hurricane distracted him. It was certainly very alarming.

If Yūgiri fell into a meditative mood in this house, it was generally with memories of his little playmate that his mind was employed. But to-night he had not, as a matter of fact, thought of her once; nor did the tempest disturb him. It was the face he had seen this morning, in the course of his unintended eavesdropping, which now continually haunted him, till he suddenly checked his imagination and asked himself remorsefully what had come over him that in this of all places another face than Kumoi’s should have filled his thoughts during a whole evening. And if it was a crime in him that he should presume to court Tō no Chūjō’s daughter, what view would his elders take if they should discover that he spent his leisure in thinking of Genji’s wife? He tried hard to think of other things; but after a moment or two the recollection of what he had seen that morning sprang back into his mind. Was all this a mere aberration on his part? He could not believe it; surely her beauty was indisputably of the kind that occurs only once or twice in a century—that a whole epoch may utterly lack? There was nothing to be wondered at in the impression which the sight of her had made upon him; if there was anything strange in the matter at all, it was that Genji, having such a wife as this, could ever have

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Rh taken any interest in such creatures as the lady in the Eastern Wing. That did indeed require some explanation. It was heart-rending that the most beautiful woman of her generation should fall to the lot of one whose other intimacies proved him so completely lacking in discrimination.

It was characteristic of Yūgiri’s high sense of propriety that when in his imaginings he became better acquainted with this lovely creature, it was not with Murasaki herself but with someone in every respect exactly like her that he pictured himself spending hours of enchanted bliss. Yes, that was what he needed; without it life, he had began to discover, was not worth living at all.

Towards dawn the wind became somewhat dank and clammy; before long sheets of rain were being swept onward by the hurricane. News came that many of the outbuildings at the New Palace had been blown to the ground. The main structure was so solidly built as to defy any storm. In the quarters inhabited by Genji there was, too, a continual coming and going, which served to mitigate the strain of those alarming hours. But the side wings of the palace were very sparsely inhabited. Yūgiri’s own neighbour, for example—the Lady from the Village of Falling Flowers—might easily be by this time in a pitiable state of panic. Clearly it was his duty to give her his support, and he set out for home while it was still dark. The rain was blowing crossways, and no sooner had he seated himself in his litter, than an icy douche poured in through the ventilator and drenched his knees. The town wore an inconceivably desolate and stricken air. In his own mind too there was a strange sensation; it was as though there also, just as in the world outside, the wonted landmarks and boundaries had been laid waste by some sudden hurricane. What had happened to him? For a moment he could only remember

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304 that it was something distressing, shameful. … Why, it was hideous! Yesterday morning…. That was it of course. He was mad; nothing more nor less than a raving lunatic. He had fallen in love with Murasaki!

He did indeed find his neighbour in the eastern wing sadly in need of a little support and encouragement. He managed however to convince her that the worst danger was over, and sending for some of his own carpenters had everything put to rights. He felt that he ought now to greet his father. But in the central hall everything was still locked and barred. He went to the end of the passage and leaning on the balustrade looked out into the Southern Garden. Even such trees as still stood were heeling over in the wind so that their tops almost touched the ground. Broken branches were scattered in every direction and what once had been flower-beds were now mere rubbish heaps, strewn with a promiscuous litter of thatch and tiles, with here and there a fragment of trellis-work or the top of a fence. There was now a little pale sunshine, that slanting through a break in the sky gleamed fitfully upon the garden’s woe-begone face; but sullen clouds packed the horizon, and as Yūgiri gazed on the desolate scene his eyes filled with tears. How came it, he asked himself, that he should be doomed time and again to long precisely for what it was impossible for him to obtain. He wiped away his tears, came close to Genji’s door and called. ‘That sounds like Yūgiri’s voice,’ he heard Genji say. ‘I had no notion it was so late….’ He heard his father rise. There was a pause, and then Genji laughed, perhaps at some remark that had been inaudible. ‘No indeed,’ he said. ‘You and I have fared better than most lovers. We have never known what it was to be torn from each other at the first streak of dawn, and I do not think that after all these years we should easily reconcile ourselves to such a fate.’ Even to

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Rh overhear such a conversation as this gave Yūgiri a certain kind of pleasure. He could not make out a word of what Murasaki said in reply and judging from the laughter with which the conversation was constantly interrupted it was not of a very serious description. But he felt he could say to himself ‘That is what happens when they are alone together,’ and he went on listening. Now, however, there was a noise of swift footsteps. Evidently Genji was about to unbolt the door with his own hands. Conscious that he was standing far closer to it than was natural Yūgiri stepped back guiltily into the corridor. ‘Well,’ asked Genji, ‘was the Princess pleased to see you last night?’ ‘Yes, I think she was,’ answered Yūgiri. ‘She seems to be very much upset about something that has happened between her and my uncle Tō no Chūjō. She cried a great deal and I was very sorry for her.’ Genji smiled. ‘Oh, I know all about that business,’ he said. ‘She will soon get over it. You must persuade her not to brood upon such matters. He thinks she has been indiscreet, and is doing his best to make her feel uncomfortable about it. He cares immensely about the impression which his conduct makes on other people; and as regards his mother—he has always gone out of his way to convince the world that he is a paragon of filial devotion. So far as outward show is concerned, this is true enough. But I fancy that it is all done chiefly for the sake of appearances. The truth of the matter is that he has no very deep feelings towards anybody. This may seem a hard thing to say; but, on the other hand, I freely admit his good qualities. He is extremely well-informed and intelligent; he is musical to an extent which has become very rare in these days. In addition to all that, he is good-looking. As I have said, I think his feelings somewhat superficial. But we all have defects of one sort or another…. By the way, I ought to find out how

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6 is a common source of nutrition for the whole body; a single centre of circulation. Hence all parts are immediately dependent, for the means of their nutrition and growth, and for the materials of their various exertions, on the digestive organs and the circulating system. There is a common point, to which all sensations proceed, and from which volitions emanate; the seat of the inferior propensities, of the moral feelings, and of intellect ; the source of nervous energy. The nervous sys- tem, of which the central portion executes these important offices, associates the actions of the va- rious apparently distinct organs, and combines them for the common purposes of the economy. It regulates the combination and succession of movements, making them orderly and harmonious, so that, although the multiplicity and intricacy of parts seem endless, the machinery works silently and imperceptibly. ‘This system is the great in- strument of co-operation and sympathy ; by means of it the various parts work together in health, and suffer together im disease. Hence the expression of Hippocrates, in reference to the human body, is strictly correct, “ Labor unus, consentientia omnia.”

Again, although individual organs are numerous, the elements of organic structure are few. The various proportions, in which they are combined, make the difference; as the various combinations of a few letters produce the infinite variety of �


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 ignored, the life of the great German free towns being transferred to Hebrew and Christian story, though tragedy and comedy are still combined as in the Mysteries or in a Chinese play, the subdivision of labour in towns is, in the theatre of Hans Sachs, individualising the types of the old spectacle, and Sachs' conception of the burghers and the nobles, as divided by God Himself into castes, marks the union of two spirits—that of the hereditary feudal seigneurs and that of the town corporations.

Sachs' comedy, Eve's Unlike Children, introduced by the usual herald of the Mysteries, illustrates this union of town and castle, feudal lord and trading burgher. The division of labour is attributed to God, who, having come down from heaven to examine Cain and Abel in Dr. Luther's Catechism, is shocked by the contemptuous ignorance of Cain, whose time is spent in running wild about the streets (clearly a reminiscence of the German town rather than the plains of Asia), and who, with his wicked brothers, four in number, ranged before the Lord, expresses "a passionate dislike for the examination." The Lord laments their impiety, which is to bring down an inherited curse in the shape of hard labour.

Dr. Hase notices as a remarkable fact that Hans Sachs, not only here but elsewhere, has adopted "the harsh aristocratic theory which would derive the scions of every noble house from a pious and divinely favoured ancestry, and the pith of the nation, which supports the upper


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306 the Empress has been getting on during this appalling hurricane. I wish you would find out if there is anything I can do for her…’ and he gave Yūgiri a note in which he said: ‘I am afraid the wind prevented you from getting much sleep. I myself find it a great strain and am feeling rather shaky; otherwise I should have come round to see you long ago….’

On approaching the Empress’s apartments he saw a little girl with a cage in her hand trip lightly into the garden; she had come to give the tame cicadas their morning sip of dew. Further off several ladies were wandering among the flower-beds with baskets over their arms, searching for such stray blossoms as might chance to have survived the tempest. Now and again they were hidden by great wreaths of storm-cloud that trailed across the garden with strange and lovely effect. Yūgiri called to the flower-gatherers. They did not start or betray the least sign of discomposure, but in an instant they had all disappeared into the house.

Being still a mere boy at the time when Akikonomu came to Genji’s house, he had been allowed to run in and out of her rooms just as he chose, and had thus become very intimate with several of her gentlewomen. While he was waiting for the Empress’s reply, two of these old acquaintances, a certain Saishō no Kimi, and a lady called Naishi, came into view at the end of the passage. He hailed them and had a long conversation. He used to think Lady Akikonomu a very splendid person; and he was still obliged to confess, as he now looked about him, that she lived in very good style and had shown excellent taste in the furnishing of her quarters. But since those days he had learnt to judge by very different standards, and a visit to this part of the palace no longer interested him in the slightest degree.

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 classes, from a race under the divine ban." But when it is remembered how the medieval trades tended to adopt a spirit of caste in their guilds, and how the towns had sprung for the most part out of hereditary serfs, this peculiar version of the old clan ethics of inherited sin need not surprise us. Sachs afterwards rearranged this play under the name How God the Lord blesses the Children of Adam and Eve; and here we again meet the doctrine of a divine fate in the social status of men. Eve brings her four favourite children to Adam as the most likely to please the Lord. Adam praises them, but inquires for the rest of his children who ought also to receive God’s blessing. Eve replies that they are too ugly and dirty to be shown; "some are hidden in the hay in the stable, some are asleep behind the fireplace." Adam thinks differently, but agrees to bring forward the four better-looking children, The Lord comes, and at Eve's request blesses these four children. The first shall be a great king, and as such receives the gift of a sceptre; the next shall be a warrior, and is presented with shield and sword; the third shall be a burgomaster with judicial staff, and the fourth a wealthy merchant, whose portion is a set of weights and measures, Every one shall remain in his own station—an idea thoroughly in keeping with the spirit of medieval guilds. The Lord then takes the children for a walk in Paradise. Meanwhile Eve, left to herself, regrets that she had not brought forward the other children also; and, though the sun has almost set, the Lord waits for Eve to present the four boys whom she now takes out of the hay. They, however, have not learned to pray properly; and Eve receives from the Lord a reprimand in consequence. Still the Lord is not unwilling to bless them. The first shall be a shoemaker, and his gift is a


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expected to be somewhat more protective of workers' rights.

Czechoslovakia ranks high among the Communist countries in hygienic and safe working conditions. The working environment, however, ranges from modern well-equipped factories to obsolescent neglected plants, and the use of such safety devices such as hard hats, steel-tipped workshoes, and protective goggles is minuscule compared to practice in the United States. The inspection of facilities, equipment, and working conditions is the responsibility of the Czechoslovak Bureau of Labor Safety. This agency has reported that some 16,000 workers are absent daily due to work accidents, most of which it ascribes to carelessness and low morale. The Bureau has also documented an increasing number of self-inflicted injuries.

Virtually all of Czechoslovakia's approximately 6 million wage and salary workers are union members, belonging to one of the 18 federations and one nationwide military union which comprise the Revolutionary Trade Union Movement (ROH). In accordance with the federal structure of the country, the Czech and Slovak divisions have separate executive councils. The highest national administrative unit is the Central Council of Trade Unions (URO) whose members are chosen by delegates from each of the unions. The council provides secretariat services and is charged with implementing the policies determined at the ROH's annual congress.

Unions are organized on an industry basis rather than by craft or trade. Thus, there are separate unions for the chemical industry, health services, food, metallurgy, and so forth. There had been separate unions in the Czech Lands and Slovakia but these were merged during the reform era under Dubcek only to be returned to their original status in 1970.

Indifference and apathy characterize the rank and file of Czech trade unions today. From auspicious beginnings in the first half of the 20th century when they had earned an outstanding reputation as champions of the workers' rights, the unions were reduced to "schools of socialism" after the 1948 coup, their main goal being to insure worker support for the regime. In view of the supposed commonality of interests between the state and the workers, it was felt that the workers needed no one but the state to further their interests. The unions' goal was seen as encouraging the workers to fulfill the state's economic goals, mobilizing support for the regime, and implementing existing regulations concerning working conditions. In general, however, there has been a continuing dichotomy between the state's and trade unionists' view of the trade union role.

The unions played a major role in the Communist takeover of 1948, Communist Party members having acquired most of the important positions within the trade union movement by that time. During the 1950's, the unions became large and unwieldy and were frequently divided and merged as the government reorganized its ministries. Control was highly centralized, however, and all dues were turned over to the URO, which then distributed the money according to its own criteria.

During the 1960's reform movement, the unions sought to gain greater independence from their own central committees and from the URO and to reorient the trade union role. Elaborate plans were made to resolve a wide range of social problems affecting the workers and to implement guidelines for collective bargaining for higher wages and better working conditions. The latter was ideally to be achieved through the formation of "worker's councils" in each enterprise, in order to permit worker participation in management. By August 1968, when invasion by the Warsaw Pact forces put an end to further reform, councils had been formed in about one-fourth of the country's 700 enterprises. However, their role was never fully defined and in some cases their actual composition was still being debated. Some of the councils were inactive from the start, while the activities of others ranged from mere advisory bodies to actual economic planning. The fate of workers' councils was uncertain for several months after the August 1968 invasion. In November, Prime Minister Cernik announced his intention to proceed with the idea, but in a reversal of policy, new councils were prohibited in March 1969 and all were abolished in June 1970.

During the reform period, the unions also sought to return to the notion of the trade union as independent of any political party. They deposed the chairman of the URO and gave greater independence to local unions. The existing 12 unions were decentralized and reconstituted as 32 unions. A high percentage of local dues were retained within the union instead of being sent to the URO. The reform period was evidently too brief to allow the previously inactive unions time to gain a solid foothold under the new regulations. New leadership had barely been formed, so there was little opportunity to gear up for resistance to the Soviet invasion. The Soviets, however, were careful not to occupy the factories and face a direct confrontation with the workers.

In the postinvasion purge which lasted from late 1969 to late 1970, almost half of the local trade union officials were replaced by "politically reliable"

19

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5 necessary, in order to avoid misconstruction, that the ineeting should, at all events, be held to-day, whatever course inay be determined on for the future.

A short explanation is here necessary.

Heretofore medical men have been contented to cultivate knowledge of their profession, to practise it diligently, and to prosper by minding their own busi- ness. ‘This simple plan does not seem to suit what is called the spirit of the age, which, at all events, is not a quiet spirit. Hence our profession, during the past year, and indeed for a longer period, instead of enjoy- ing the tranquillity so favourable to its successful cul- tivation, and harmonising so well with the nature of its practical iministrations, has been vexed and disturbed by a clamour for what is called medical reform, by noisy meetings, and angry discussions. Hopes and fears were raised to the highest pitch, by the actual in- troduction into the House of Commons of successive projects, intended, no doubt, to improve, but certainly ealculated to change the organisation of the profession, by introducing into its government strange and start- ling novelties. The violent partisans of change seem to have considered that this college would be a serious impediment to their schemes, and they have spared no pains to remoye or lessen the obstacle, not disdaining the unworthy arts of misrepresentation, falsehood, and abuse. Thus they asserted plainly, a twelvemonth ago, that the oration was not then delivered, because the council were afraid to meet the members of the col- lege; and they did not hesitate to state, that the coun- cil would not dare to assemble the members again in �


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 last; the second receives a weaver's shuttle; the third, a shepherd's pouch; the fourth shall be a peasant, and to him is given a ploughshare. Eve, astonished, asks—

But the Lord replies that each has been selected according to his natural fitness, and points out the dependence of each rank of society on the other.

§ 93. But, while the individualism of the feudal lords and the socialism of corporate life were thus meeting under the shadow of central government, there was one part of Europe in which, from an early date, the conflict of the individual with the group had made its appearance. The Lombard League, victorious in its conflict with the world-empire of Barbarossa, had allowed the city commonwealths of Italy to develop within their walls an individualising spirit which could ill brook the reins of the Christian world-religion. The conflict between this individualising life of the Italian republics and the spiritual brotherhood of Christianity inspires the chant-like song of Dante, on whose inexpressibly mournful face the deadliest struggle of which human nature is capable—the struggle of intensely individual with intensely corporate feeling—seems graven as in scars. But in the Divina Commedia individualism is victorious, and in the Italian cities wealth and faction displaced the social spirit


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Rh On his return to Murasaki’s rooms, he found all the shutters unbarred. Everything had resumed its normal course. He delivered the Empress’s reply, in which she said: ‘It may be very childish, but I own I have been much upset by the storm. I made sure that you would come and see to things here…. It would still be a great help to me if you could spare a moment….’ ‘I remember’, said Genji, ‘that she was always very easily upset by anything of this kind. I can imagine what a panic she and her ladies must have worked themselves up into during the course of the night! It was wrong of me not to see after her…’ and he started off towards the Empress’s apartments. But he found he had forgotten his cloak, and turning back to the high daïs he raised a corner of the curtain and disappeared within. For a moment Yūgiri caught sight of a light-coloured sleeve; his heart began to beat so loud that it seemed to him every one else in the room must be able to hear it, and he quickly averted his eyes from the daïs. There was an interval during which Genji was presumably adjusting his cloak at the mirror. Then Yūgiri heard his father’s voice saying: ‘I cannot help thinking that Yūgiri is really looking quite handsome this morning. No doubt I am partial, and to every one else he looks a mere hobbledehoy; for I know that at the between-stage he has now reached young men are usually far from prepossessing in appearance.’ After this there was a pause during which he was perhaps looking at his own countenance in the mirror, well content that the passage of time had as yet done so little to impair it. Presently Yūgiri heard him say very thoughtfully: ‘It is strange; whenever I am going to see Akikonomu I suddenly begin to feel that I am looking terribly shabby and unpresentable. I cannot think why she should have that effect on one. There is really nothing very remarkable about her, either in intellect

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 The effect has been vastly to increase the power of the padrone, or his ally, the contractor, by giving him exclusive control of the one industry in which the Italian was formerly an independent "dealer," and reducing him literally to the plane of the dump. Whenever the back of the sanitary police is turned, he will make his home in the filthy burrows where he works by day, sleeping and eating his meals under the dump, on the edge of slimy depths and amid surroundings full of unutterable horror. The city did not bargain to house, though it is content to board, him so long as he can make the ash-barrels yield the food to keep him alive, and a vigorous campaign is carried on at intervals against these unlicensed dump settlements; but the temptation of having to pay no rent is too strong, and they are driven from one dump only to find lodgement under another a few blocks farther up or down the river. The fiercest warfare is waged over the patronage of the dumps by rival factions represented by opposing contractors, and it has happened that the defeated party has endeavored to capture by strategy what he failed to carry by assault. It augurs unsuspected adaptability in the Italian to our system of self-government that these rivalries have more than once been suspected of being behind the sharpening of city ordinances, that were apparently made in good faith to prevent meddling with the refuse in the ash-barrels or in transit.

Did the Italian always adapt himself as readily to the operation of the civil law as to the manipulation of political "pull" on occasion, he would save himself a good deal of unnecessary trouble. Ordinarily he is easily enough governed by authority—always excepting Sunday, when he settles down to a game of cards and lets loose all his bad passions. Like the Chinese, the Italian is a born gambler.

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308 or appearance. But one feels, I think, that she is all the while making judgments, which if they ever came to the surface, would seem oddly at variance with the mild femininity of her outward manner….’ With these words Genji re-appeared from behind the curtains. The look of complete detachment with which Yūgiri imagined he met his father’s gaze was perhaps not so successfully assumed as the boy supposed; for Genji suddenly halted and returning to the daïs whispered to Murasaki something about the door which had been left unfastened yesterday morning. ‘No, I am sure he didn’t,’ answered Murasaki indignantly. ‘If he had come along the corridor my people would have noticed. They never heard a sound….’ ‘Very queer, all the same,’ murmured Genji to himself as he left the room. Yūgiri now noticed that a group of gentlemen was waiting for him at the end of the cross-gallery, and he hastened to meet them. He tried to join in their conversation and even in their laughter; but he was feeling in no mood for society, and little as his friends expected of him in the way of gaiety, they found him on this occasion more obdurately low-spirited than ever before.

Soon however his father returned and carried him off to the Eastern Wing. They found the gentlewomen of this quarter engaged in making preparations to meet the sudden cold. A number of grey-haired old ladies were cutting out and stitching, while the young girls were busy hanging out quilts and winter cloaks over lacquered clothes-frames. They had just beaten and pulled a very handsome dark-red underrobe, a garment of magnificent colour, certainly unsurpassed as an example of modern dyeing—and were spreading it out to air. ‘Why, Yūgiri,’ said Genji, ‘that is your coat, is it not? I suppose you would have been wearing it at the Emperor’s Chrysanthemum Feast; but of course

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 His soul is in the game from the moment the cards are on the table, and very frequently his knife is in it too before the game is ended. No Sunday has passed in New York since "the Bend" became a suburb of Naples without one or more of these murderous affrays coming to the notice of the police. As a rule that happens only when the man the game went against is either dead or so badly wounded as to require instant surgical help. As to the other, unless he be caught red-handed, the chances that the police will ever get him are slim indeed. The wounded man can seldom be persuaded to betray him. He wards off all inquiries with a wicked "I fix him myself," and there the matter rests until he either dies or recovers. If the latter, the community hears after a while of another Italian affray, a man stabbed in a quarrel, dead or dying, and the police know that "he" has been fixed, and the account squared.

With all his conspicuous faults, the swarthy Italian immigrant has his redeeming traits. He is as honest as he is hot-headed. There are no Italian burglars in the Rogues' Gallery; the ex-brigand toils peacefully with pickaxe and shovel on American ground. His boy occasionally shows, as a pick-pocket, the results, of his training with the toughs of the Sixth Ward slums. The only criminal business to which the father occasionally lends his hand, outside of murder, is a bunco game, of which his confiding countrymen, returning with their hoard to their native land, are the victims. The women are faithful wives and devoted mothers. Their vivid and picturesque costumes lend a tinge of color to the otherwise dull monotony of the slums they inhabit. The Italian is gay, light-hearted and, if his fur is not stroked the wrong way, inoffensive as a child. His worst offence is that he keeps

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Rh this odious hurricane has put a stop to everything of that sort. What a depressing autumn it is going to be!’

But Yūgiri could not summon up much interest in the round of visits upon which his father had embarked, and slipped away to the rooms of his little sister, the Princess from Akashi. The child was not there. ‘She is still with Madam,’ her nurse said. ‘She went later than usual to-day. She was so frightened of the storm that it was a long time before she got to sleep, and we had a job to get her out of bed at all this morning.’ ‘When things began to be so bad,’ said Yūgiri, ‘I intended to come round here and sit up with her; but then I heard that my grandmother was very much upset, and thought that I had better go to her instead. What about the doll’s house? Has that come to any harm?’ The nurse and her companions laughed. ‘Oh, that doll’s house!’ one of them exclaimed. ‘Why, if I so much as fanned myself the little lady would always cry out to me that I was blowing her dolls to bits. You can imagine, then, what a time we had of it when the whole house was being blown topsy-turvy, and every minute something came down with a crash…. You’d better take charge of that doll’s house. I don’t mind telling you I’m sick to death of it!’

Yūgiri had several letters to write, and as the little girl was still with her step-mother he said to the nurse: ‘Might I have some ordinary paper. Perhaps from the writing-case in your own room….’ The nurse however went straight to the little Princess’s own desk and taking the cover off her lacquered writing-case laid upon it a whole roll of the most elegant paper she could find. Yūgiri at first protested. But after all, was not a rather absurd fuss made about this young lady and her future? There was nothing sacrosanct about her possessions; and accepting the paper, which was of a thin, purple variety, he mixed

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Veronica.] obovate or almost orbicular, obtuse, very coriaceous, concave, not keeled, quite glabrous, nerveless or the midrib very obscure, glaucous; margins smooth and even. Spikes crowded near the ends of the branches, often forming a dense terminal head, short, stout, very dense-flowered; peduncle, rhachis, and bracts pubescent or almost villous; bracts equalling the calyx, ciliolate. Flowers about 1 in. diam., sessile, white. Calyx 4-partite; segments erect, ovate-oblong, obtuse, slightly ciliate. Corolla-tube equalling the calyx or rather shorter than it; limb 4-lobed. Ovary and style glabrous. Capsule ⅙–⅕ in. long, ovate, acute, glabrous, compressed^ about twice as long as the calyx.—''Armstr. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiii. (1881) 350. V. lævis var. carnosula, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel.'' i. 194.

42. V. amplexicaulis, Armstr. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiii. (1881) 352.—An erect or decumbent shrub 1–3 ft. high; branches stout, spreading, ringed with the scars of the fallen leaves; branchlets terete, glabrous or puberulous. Leaves decussate, imbricate, suberect or spreading, sessile, ½–1 in. long, ⅓–⅔ in. broad, broadly oblong or elliptic-oblong, rounded at the tip, subcordate and almost amplexicaul at the base, very coriaceous, glaucous, concave, nerveless, not keeled; margins smooth and even. Spikes 2–4 near the tips of the branches, 1–1½ in. long, stout, oblong, very dense-flowered, simple or trifurcate; peduncles stout, exceeding the leaves, and with the rhachis pubescent with soft spreading hairs; bracts large, equalling the calyx, broadly oblong, concave, obtuse, margins ciliate. Flowers white, ¼ in. diam., sessile. Calyx 4-partite; segments erect, oblong, obtuse, ciliate. Corolla-tube about the length of the calyx; limb 4-lobed; dorsal lobe the broadest, erect; the other three narrow-oblong, obtuse, spreading or decurved. Ovary pubescent. Capsule oblong, rounded at the tip, pubescent, about half as long again as the calyx.—''Hook. f. Bot. Mag.'' t. 7370.

43. V. pinguifolia, ''Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl.'' 210.—An erect or decumbent much-branched glaucous shrub 6 in. to 4 ft. high; branches stout, spreading, ringed with the scars of the fallen leaves, the younger ones bifariously pubescent. Leaves closely


text: Index:Hunterian oration, delivered in the theatre of the Royal College of Surgeons in London on February 14th 1829 (electronic resource) (IA b2148305x).pdf


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Author:John Painter Vincent

Works

 * The Hunterian Oration for 1829

Works about the author

 * Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Vincent, John Painter

title: Author:John Painter Vincent


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526 imbricating, spreading or erecto-patent, sessile, ¼–¾ in. long, ⅙–½ in. broad, broad or narrow obovate-oblong to broadly oblong or suborbicular, obtuse, narrowed to a broad base, concave above, rounded at the back, very coriaceous or almost fleshy, quite glabrous, nerveless, glaucous, margins often edged with red. Spikes crowded near the tips of the branches, short, stout, dense-flowered, exceeding the leaves; peduncle and rhachis pubescent; bracts oblong, concave, as long as the calyx. Flowers white, ¼–⅓ in. diam., sessile. Calyx 4-partite; segments erect, oblong, obtuse, puberulous, margins ciliolate. Corolla-tube short, not exceeding the calyx; limb 4-lobed; lobes ovate-oblong or broadly oblong, obtuse, the anterior one narrower than the others. Ovary pubescent; style usually villous towards the base. Capsule oblong or obovate, obtuse, rounded at the tip, pubescent, from half as long again to nearly twice as long as the calyx.—''Bot. Mag. t. 6147; Armstr. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiii. (1881) 350. V. carnosula, Hook. f. in Bot. Mag. t. 6587 (not of Handh. N.Z. Fl. 210).''

44. V. Buchanani, ''Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl.'' 211.—A small woody shrub 4–12 in. high, much branched from the base; branches stout, terete, spreading or decumbent, sometimes tortuous, closely ringed with the scars of the fallen leaves; bark black; branchlets usually pubescent at the tips. Leaves decussate, closely imbricate, sessile by a broad base, suberect or spreading, rarely deflexed, ⅛–¼ in. long and almost as broad, broadly oblong or almost orbicular, obtuse or more rarely subacute, very thick and coriaceous, concave, rarely obscurely keeled, nerveless, quite glabrous. Spikes 2–4 near the tips of the branches, short and stout but much longer than the leaves, oblong, dense-flowered, shortly peduncled; peduncle and rhachis villous-pubescent; bracts large, concave, ciliate, equalling the calyx or exceeding it. Flowers ⅕ in. diam., white, sessile. Calyx 4-partite; segments erect, oblong, obtuse, ciliolate. Corolla-tube short, included in the calyx or barely equalling it; limb 4-lobed; lobes broadly oblong, obtuse. Ovary and style pubescent. Capsule nearly twice as long as the calyx, oblong or oblong-obovate, obtuse, pubescent.—''Armstr. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiii. (1881) 350; Kirk, l.c.'' xxviii. (1896) 523.


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16 If the advancement of science depend upon the intellectual powers, and mind be the possession of man, how is it that such tardy advances have been made to improve the scientific character of the knowledge of nature? Why have we not oftener Hunters? What obstacles seclude the light of truth, and keep man lingering in his puny exertions? It is owing to the narrow scope he gives to the influence of the powers of the mind. He turns from the brilliant prospect that would open to his view, and only occupies himself with impressions that are derived from that which surrounds him. He fails to discriminate sophistry from wisdom, as he does the visionary phantom of popular opinion, from the less imposing quality of sound judgment.

Bacon saw, that simplicity and singleness were necessary to render minds sufficiently unsophisticated, to receive the luminous


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The character of intellect offers an extensive theme for meditation. But as the pleasure, as well as the utility, of such meditations, may be increased by contemplating the variety and the complexity of the mind, so on the other hand we derive little satisfaction from our reflections on those who only adjust themselves to surrounding circumstances, and who are content with falling in with the popular opinions of their time. We in vain seek among such for that bright feature, originality. But when men are distinguished by the strength, the extent, and the readiness of intellect, —when they


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26 ever broke in upon the mind of man. It is the formal mode of bringing all things, by means of ideas, to the analytical powers of the mind. He who does not understand comparison, and analogy, vainly presumes to be a philosopher. Hunter, by continually exercising this faculty, has verified the position, that he possessed this endowment in an eminent degree.

In the investigation of a proposition, it is necessary to state all the elements that enter into it accurately; for this purpose all the terms required, and all the conditions under which they are to be taken, must be carefully noted. The error in the investigations for advancing the sciences of Physiology, and Pathology, is, that there is too great a readiness to be satisfied with terms, which do not comprehend all the elements that ought to enter into the consideration of the proposition, as well as of admitting conditions not properly defined. Hunter has shewn his


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 “Skvernyj Gorodok!” exclaimed the young Russian lieutenant standing beside me on the deck, and stretched out his hand in the direction of the little town before which we had anchored in the bay of Novorossijsk. “Skvernyj Gorodok!” (actually he pronounced it “Skrjorny”), he repeated, and was sorry for me because I had to spend a week in such an out-of-the-way spot.

Well, certainly, Novorossijsk in itself is an out-of-the-way spot, consisting of about 200 insignificant cottages mostly constructed only of wood and clay, a few unimpressive military buildings and a Russian church painted brown, with a green onion-shaped dome in the company of the inevitable smaller domes at the side, also onion-shaped. The only interesting thing about it to me was its population, a motley mixture of Russian officials, traders, and soldiers, Russian peasants, Cossacks, Greeks, Armenians, Georgians and others.

But then on the other hand, the surrounding landscape! Would you like to accompany me on an imaginary excursion into these regions?

“Today you will have a fine journey” observed the Novorossijsk hotel keeper, an Armenian called Gusikov (probably some Armenian name in a Russian uniform), carefully cutting the nail on the toe of his right foot, which for this purpose he had stretched out before him on the table. The capacious sole of his foot was turned towards me, and thus caused a partial eclipse of the flushed moon, as by a poetical comparison I may call the circular, ruddy countenance of my host with its surrounding decoration of reddish locks.

“Don’t forget to cover your head and neck with a pocket hankerchief; a. hat alone is not enough to protect you against our sun” added the waiter with fatherly concern, as he polished his master’s boots behing the buffet, which in the Russian style invited the guests to the free enjoyment of various dainties, such as crabs, spring onions, small pasties, caviare and so on.

He was a curious waiter: tall and shambling, in a white linen smock, with a fez upon his head, the bald skull of which was covered here and there with a few wisps of light hair which looked more like whitish fibres. But I was also interested by this man’s history. By birth he was an Adige (Circassian) of a war-like stock which formerly inhabited the mountains round Novorossijsk; after the year 1864, when the Circassians were defeated in their obstinate struggle against the Russians, and some of the left their home in the Caucasus for Turkey, while the rest emigrated to Kuban, he came while still a youth to Asia Minor. But he clearly did not make his fortune in foreign parts, for after several years he returned to his native mountains and was satisfied with the above mentioned modest position in the single “hotel” of Novorossijsk. I often used to see him as he stood before this little one-storied inn, and shaded his eyes with his hand, while his gaze wandered across to the mountains near by. Only ten years or so earlier, these mountains had swarmed with war-like Circassians, and he himself as he sat on the threshold of his native hut in one of the numerous auls (Circassian villages), would dream of his future glory as a hero. Now these moutains are bare and deserted far and wide, the auls have disappeared or are overgrown with dense forests, and there is neither sight nor sound of the Circassians here. So instead of a hero he became a waiter, and avenged himself on his former arch-enemies by serving them with flavourless wine from Kachetin and sour beer from Kertch. As he looked at those bare mountains, did he meditate upon the bitter lot of himself and his whole nation? I do not know. But I never saw in him any traces of sentimentality. His face always used to have a contented and kindly expression, and round his lips there often used to play a merry smile, on which occasions two rows of beautiful large white teeth were displayed under his fair long moustache.

I was just about to reply to the remarks of these two people, when the surgeon Pavel Semenovitch Tabunov, in full riding equipment, stepped into the inn. He informed me that the whole party was assembled outside. I followed him.

To the quiet amusement of the company I made use of the stone bench in front of the inn as I mounted the tractable mountain pony, and with one hand seized carefully the long front points of the Tcherkessian saddle with the high-slung stirrup, which forced the legs into a cramped position uncomfortable to the beginner.

But first of all let me here enumerate the heroes and heroines who under the surgeon’s leadership had assembled for this excursion into the mountains. There was the surgeon’s wife, Anna Kirilovna, a talkative brunette of quite respectable proportions, and in the “prime of her years”; she had undertaken to act the part of motherly supervisor and chaperon to the remaining ladies during the hardships of the excursion. But on the journey she herself soon became the centre of continual care and concern to the whole company.

Then there was an old Colonel, Ivan Ivanovitch Revnin, tall, gaunt, with several scars and numberless wrinkles in his lean, striking face through whose expression of military sternness shone his natural kindness of heart. He still carried himself perfectly straight, and his silver grey hair, eyebrows and moustache charmingly completed the picture of a veteran hero.

It did not take me long to see that this old lion had found two powerful and alert tamers in the persons of his young daughters. Being a widower, he devoted his whole life to their interests, and submitted to their fancies and whims


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 with mild grumbling, although he was very glad to do so. It was clear that they had managed to join the present excursion against his will, by employing those delicate little methods which enabled them to overcome his feeble opposition. Moreover, the anxiety about them which he displayed on the journey was quite unnecessary, for they were both thorough daughters of a soldier, and sat upon their mounts as easily and unconcernedly, as if they were sofas in their boudoir. I took Uljana, the elder, to be about seventeen years old; she was a girl of particular beauty. She was slender but not too tall, with an oval face gently tapering toward the chin. Beneath her large, broad forehead and her gracefully arched and delicate eyebrows, her nose, regular and delicately shaped with its small nostrils, advanced to meet the beautifully shaped lips of her small mouth. But the principal charm of this countenance consisted in the extraordinary purity of the features and the texture of the skin, in the grace of the tender and yet vivid red which adorned her mouth and suffused her face, and above all, in the deep blue and sparkling radiance of her eyes, which in their full beauty admitted of no comparison to describe them. In this girl’s appearance there was not a shadow of sensuality to disturb the pure pleasure which arose from the sight of her loveliness. She gave the impression of being something poetically ideal, but at the same time of possessing a maidenly pride, a mysterious power of command which would have led you involuntarily to bow your head before her. I had never before met with girlish beauty of such a type; but in dreams and in meditations it had often hovered before me ever since my childhood, and indeed I confess that she was the image of my ideal. If I had met her ten years earlier, perhaps. But let us not disturb with vain fancies the calm of a spirit which has grown cold and sober.

The younger, whose name was Duňaška, was only about fourteen years old, and was quite different in appearance, resembling more the Russian type. Instead of the radiant dark brown hair which seemed to float upon Uljana’s head, her round and chubby countenance was surrounded with an abundance of Russian curls of a golden tinge. Long lashes of the same golden color shaded her large light brown eyes, and the delicate white skin of her little face also radiated a kind of golden glimmer. For her years Duňaška was well developed, and her figure exhibited promising signs that she would become a full blosomed, plumb, alluring Russian beauty. But otherwise she was still only a romping, chattering, pampered child.

The quartette of feminine members of our company was completed by Aglaja Andrejevna (I did not discover her surname), a young relative of the Moscow surgeon with whom she was staying on a visit. She was rather a pretty girl, but with a cold reserved expression in her pale face and with a fixed smile of contempt upon her full, pink lips. She was supposed to have finished her course at a public school; I should certainly have taken her for a would-be- nihilist, if I had already heard of nihilism in Russia at that time.

To conclude this perhaps rather too conscientious description, I must mention Roman Lvovitch Suslikov, a relative of Ivan Ivanovitch, a beardless youth who spoke in a thin sing-song voice with very active gestures, and was fond of showing off his knowledge and lack of knowledge in matters concerned with western culture.

We were all mounted upon good-tempered little horses, the ladies in the more convenient side-saddles, under broad sunshades. In addition, they were equipped against the glowing sun with thick long veils, which in the meantime fluttered beneath their hats around their foreheads and curls, according to the latest fashion. The armed escort of our caravan consisted of two mounted Cossacks, sturdy fellows with tanned bearded faces. The picturesque costume of the Black Sea Cossacks, which was derived from the Circassians, suited them admirably. A high shaggy cap, a tunic reaching to the ankles and fastened round the waist, with a row of cartridge-pouches on both sides of the chest, high close-fitting boots, a long thin sword in the girdle, and slung across the back a light rifle in a cover of dark fur with long hairs. In front and behind the saddles of these Cossacks, partly tied up and partly deposited with care in the capacious “sumky” (bags), which hung down from both sides of the horse’s back, there were also eatable and uneatable necessaries for a journey, including of course, the indispensable vade mecum of the Russians, a large samovar.

We rode out from Novorossijsk, accompanied by the active curiosity of the motley population, which had partly assembled in the bazaar, and stared partly from the open “pogrebs” and “duchans” (taverns), where they were enlivening themselves with wine or vodka.

It was a beautiful May morning. Over the radiant dark blue sky a few delicate cloudlets could be seen here and there like small scattered feathers. The long bay which cut like an outstretched arm deep into the land, at the extremity of which lies Novorossijsk on the left shore, was gleaming at this moment as blue as a sapphire. Two small Turkish vessels with triangular sails were rocking gently by the shore, where their crews in picturesque attire were idly lounging on the sands. Here and there a white seagull hovered above the waves with long outstreiched wings shaped like our accent over the letter ě,—pardon me for this orthographical comparison.

An unbroken range of picturesque peaks, mostly cone-shaped, these are the smaller advanceguard of the Caucasian giants—extends along both sides of the bay, and behind Novorossijsk


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HERE Mulberry Street crooks like an elbow within hail of the old depravity of the Five Points, is "the Bend," foul core of New York's slums. Long years ago the cows coming home from the pasture trod a path over this hill. Echoes of tinkling bells linger there still, but they do not call up memories of green meadows and summer fields; they proclaim the home-coming of the rag-picker's cart. In the memory of man the old cow-path has never been other than a vast human pig-sty. There is but one "Bend" in the world, and it is enough. The city authorities, moved by the angry protests of ten years of sanitary reform effort, have decided that it is too much and must come down. Another Paradise Park will take its place and let in sunlight and air to work such transformation as at the Five Points, around the corner of the next block. Never was change more urgently needed. Around "the Bend" cluster the bulk of the tenements that are stamped as altogether bad, even by the optimists of the Health Department. Incessant raids cannot keep down the crowds that make them their home. In the scores of back alleys, of stable lanes and hidden byways, of which the rent collector alone can keep track, they share such shelter as the ramshackle structures afford with every kind of abomination rifled from the dumps and ash-barrels of the city. Here, too, shunning the light, skulks the un-

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310 his ink very carefully and, continually inspecting the point of his brush, began writing slowly and cautiously. The air of serious concentration with which he settled down to his task was very impressive; more so, indeed, than the composition itself, for his education had been chiefly upon other lines.

The poem was as follows: ‘Not even on this distracted night when howling winds drive serried hosts of cloud across the sky, do I for an instant forget thee, thou Unforgettable One.’ He tied this to a tattered spray of miscanthus that he had picked up in the porch. At this there was general laughter. ‘It’s clear you haven’t read your Katano no Shōshō’ said one of the nurses, ‘or you would at least choose a flower that matched your paper….’ ‘You are quite right,’ he answered rather sulkily, ‘I have never bothered my head about such matters. No doubt one ought to go tramping about the countryside looking for an appropriate flower; but I have no intention of doing so….’ He had always seemed to the nurses and other such ladies of the household very difficult to get anything out of. Apparently he did not care what impression he made upon them; and as a matter of fact they were beginning to think him rather priggish and stuck-up.

He wrote a second letter, and sending for his retainer Uma no Suké put this and the original note into the man’s hand. But evidently the two letters were to go in quite different directions. For Uma no Suké, having scanned the addresses, entrusted one to a page boy and the other to a discreet, responsible-looking body-servant. These proceedings were accompanied by a great many whispered

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Rh warnings and injunctions. The curiosity of the young nurses knew no bounds; but it remained wholly unsatisfied; for hard though they strained their ears, they could not catch a word.

Yūgiri was now tired of waiting and made his way to his grandmother’s house. He found her quietly pursuing her devotions, surrounded by gentlewomen not all of whom were either old or ill-looking. But in dress and bearing they formed a strange contrast to the chattering, frivolous young creatures from whom he had just parted. The nuns too, who had come to take part in the service, were by no means decrepit or disagreeable in person, a fact which gave an additional pathos to their assumption of this sombre and unbecoming guise.

Later in the day Tō no Chūjō called, and when the great lamp had been brought in, he and the old Princess had a long, quiet talk. At last she screwed up her courage to say: ‘It is a very long time since I saw Kumoi…’ and she burst into tears. ‘I was just going to suggest sending her round here in a day or two,’ said Tō no Chūjō. ‘I am not very happy about her. She is certainly thinner than she used to be, and there is sometimes a peculiar expression in her face…. It is almost as though she had something on her mind. I do not understand how it is that, while I have never had a moment’s anxiety over my boys, with these daughters of mine something goes wrong at every turn. And never through any fault of mine….’ He said this with an intonation that clearly showed he had not entirely forgiven her. She was sorely wounded by this obstinate injustice, but did not attempt to defend herself.

‘Talking of daughters,’ he went on, ‘you have probably heard that I have lately made a very unsuccessful addition to my household. You have no idea what worries I am

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Veronica.]

45. V. pimeleoides, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 195.—A small much-branched prostrate or suberect shrubby plant 3–18 in. high; branches rather slender, straggling, pubescent or almost villous, rarely glabrous. Leaves usually rather laxly placed, rarely closeset, spreading or suberect, sessile, ⅙–⅓ in. long, obovate-oblong or ovate-oblong to elliptic-lanceolate, obtuse or subacute, coriaceous, glaucous, obtusely keeled. Spikes near the tips of the branches, peduncled, exceeding the leaves, ½–1 in. long; rhachis villouspubescent; bracts large, almost or quite equalling the calyx, ciliate. Flowers ¼ in. diam., dark purplish-blue, sessile. Calyx 4-partite; segments ovate, acute, ciliate. Corolla-tube very short, not equalling the calyx; limb broad, spreading, 4-lobed; lobes broad, obtuse, the anterior one narrower than the others. Capsule ⅙ in. long, ovate, acute, turgid, glabrous or slightly pubescent, twice as long as the calyx.—''Handb. N.Z. Fl. 211; Armstr. in Trans. N.Z. Inst.'' xiii. (1881) 350.

46. V. Gilliesiana, T. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxviii. (1896) 519.—Stems prostrate or decumbent, much branched, 3–12 in. long; branches spreading or suberect, densely leafy, tetragonous, with the leaves on ¼–⅓ in. diam., bright-green when fresh, black when dry. Leaves densely imbricating, opposite pairs connate by


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 forms a far-reaching arch around the broad hollow, the greater part of which is covered with a dense growth of leafy forest. We rode from the town in a south-easterly direction towards these peaks. They here stretch quite close up behind the town, and their lower slopes reach as far as the bay itself, along which they are piled in a long row up to the sea, where a dark rock of curious shape projecting sharply into the water, closes this panorama like the remotest background in a piece of theatrical scenery. All the sides of this peak are interlocked with those of its neighbors, and only its rounded breast separated from the others by deep ravines, and its open summits standing out clearly in their manifold shapes against the bright sky, are revealed to the gaze as a range of mountain tops by themselves. They are covered with a growth of low but rank and leafy thickets, in whose fresh and lovely green the gloomy shadows of the cypress tops are here and there mingled.

After we had passed the outermost extremity of the bay, we found ourselves at the foot of one of these peaks. There, by a little Cossack guardhouse, we were stopped for a moment by an interesting sight. On the green meadow at the foot of the montain a company of Cossacks were going through their drill. The Black Sea Cossacks have, it is true, a uniform, as far as the shape of the clothing is concerned, but not at all with regard to its color. The long coat of one is black, of the second white, of the third brown, of the fourth violet, and so on. Their trousers also, and in fact even their boots, are of various colors. As a result, a troop of them seen somewhere from the distance, resembles a many-colored flower-bed. It was really a rare pleasure to watch this motley throng of sturdy bearded men, for the most part duskily sunburnt, galloping to and fro on their small horses across the meadow and filling the air with the hundredfold glitter of their polished weapons, metal belts, and the gold and silves adornments on their attire flashing in the sun,—it was like gazing into a kaleidoscope whose varied pattern changes every moment.

Behind the guardhouse we had to ascend the mountain side gradually. The pathway, which was covered with grass and which bore only scanty traces of wheels, twined itself along the slope with an abundance of curves. At first we could ride only two abreast. In front rode the Colonel with the surgeon, the remainder in no particular order behind them; I brought up the rear with Uljana.

Oh blissful moment of life! Oh sweet power of memory! I recognised the spring in its full enchantment, and ever since, my spirit has been radiant with the delightful lustre of this image, into which I plunged my insatiable gaze that day, until in spite of myself, I felt it grow dim with the moisture of joyful emotion. What more could I say? Am I to describe how the surrounding air was like transparent gold, and how I felt it wafted on my brow like the breath of a maiden in amorous yearning? Am I to describe the freshness of the herbage with its range of manifold shades, the intoxicating fragrance of countless flowers? Everything there was like a single flower. Never before have I seen so many of thein, and such beautiful ones, together at one time. Flora has here scattered a veritable deluge of flowers from her lap, flinging them forth prodigally in lavish handfuls. Here a thorn-bush is hidden by a cluster of glittering white starlets like newly fallen snow; yonder another shrub is red with great wild roses, and next to that others are covered with flowers of varying shapes and colors. Around the shrubberies was thickly heaped a wonderful medley of many-colored calyces and pods. It was a regret to me then that my paltry botanical knowledge did not permit me to recognize, in addition to the plants most familiar to me from home, the rest of the glorious springtide retinue by genus and name. But what use would it be to you, who are not botarists even if I filled up several lines here with long Latin words barbarously patched together?

One flower especially took my fancy; it consisted of little stars of a dark blue color, unusually beautiful and brilliant, which stood out with a double vividness from the grey shadow of the shrubberies, along whose fringe this plant mostly grew, peeping with its tiny blue blossoms through the glossy green foliage of the dense branches.

I remarked to Uljana how much I liked this flower.

“Ah, I am in love with it too,” said Uljana eagerly. “Although I have lived in this region for several years, I always welcome with joyful admiration year by year the blue eyes of the spring flower, whose beautiful color I really do not know what I can compare to.”

At this she questioningly fixed her clear blue eyes on me. Oh, I knew full well what would serve admirably as a comparison with those beautiful blue blossoms, but I kept my thoughts to myself; I am not fond of gallant phrases of that kind, and in any case, even though it were the truth, what would have been the use for me, an uninteresting stranger, to flatter this young and graceful girl?

I had always been somewhat puzzled by the words with which Heine begins a song of his:but at that moment it seemed to me that I fully understood, why the poet had called faith in marvels a blue blossom.

I was dragged away from these thoughts by a scream of terror which resounded in front of us. We rode up quickly with the rest to Anna Kirilovna, who had frightened us with this scream, and who now, with lively gestures of horror, with staring eyes and outstretched finger,


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Author:Alfred Beesley

Works

 * The History of Banbury, including copious historical and antiquarian notices (1841)

title: Author:Alfred Beesley


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 drawing our attention to a sandy spot by the wayside, overgrown here and there with grass.

“Oh, there, there, look—“We looked in the direction which she indicated with her finger, but we could see nothing.

“Well, what has scared you so much, my dear?” Tabunov, who had just galloped up to us with the Colonel, asked of his wife.

“Oh a snake!” announced Anna Kirilovna with a very expressive gesticulation. “A big black ugly snake! It rose up right in front of my horse, ever so high, and how it hissed! Dreadful! Then it darted off like lightning through the grass and disappeared in the thicket over there.”

Tabunov burst into loud laughter at this fearful news, and then exclaimed: “A snake! that is certainly dreadful. You see how right I was when I persuaded you to come on the excursion today. We have benbeen [sic] living for such a long time in this place, and you are still frightened of a snake. Well today, I hope you will make friends with them. Look, there is another one escaping over there, and there again, and yonder, I wager that in each one of these thickets you could find several of their nests. Do you hear that rustling and crackling? They are scuttling away in front of us on all sides. And you are trembling at these poor timid reptiles, even when you are so high up in your saddle? Most of them contain about as much venom as this cigarette of mine, and besides, they haven’t inherited a spark of enterprise from their forefather in Eden.”

In reply to this detailed information Anna Kirilovna could answer nothing, and as she rode on, her expression became more and more vexed as she observed signs of suppressed merriment on the faces of the others.

As a matter of fact, the surrounding brushwood swarmed not only with snakes, but with various other forms of animal life. The sunlit ground between the shrubs was covered with basking snakes of various hues, and beautiful lizards of a glistening green or mottled tint, the greater number of which however, we saw only for a movent like flitting flashes of light, as they vanished with the swiftness of arrows before our caravan into crannies and bushes. Green and brown grasshoppers of various sizes were leaping up high on all sides. Shaggy black spiders, beetles and flies of very beautiful and glistening colors set the grass, the plants and the air astir with their lively movements, while on the ground and in the shrubs could be seen an extraordinary quantity of snails. From time to time a large land-tortoise also came into view, sometimes with an escort of little tortoises, which with their tiny rounded shells beside the huge armor of their male or female parent, afforded a charming and at the same time a comical sight.

But the higher we mounted, the sparser became the bushes and brushwood, until finally the road twined up to the summit of the height only through thick grass. Although we had hitherto ridden only a short part of the journey, and that very much at our ease, yet Anna Kirilovna, at every step taken by her horse, was already complaining of the hardships of the troublesome excursion, and in spite of all the protests of the girls themselves, she announced that these poor creatures could not possibly ride any further without a proper rest. Finally her lips let slip, half to herself, the word “tea”, and the powerful magic of this word can rarely be resisted by the Russian heart.

So we stopped for our rest on a small piece of flat grassy land beneath the top of the mountain, whence a pathway led slopingly to the other side. While Anna Kirilovna attended to the samovar in the centre of this little plain and the horses were grazing round about with the Cossacks in charge of them, we delighted ourselves with the lovely view, which from this spot presented itself to our eyes in all directions. In the west we saw beneath us the blue stretch of the bay merging in the distance with the open sea, and behind it extended a range of green coneshaped peaks, which on the north enclosed a spacious wooded hollow, where could be seen several small villages and a scanty sprinkling of “chutors” (farms). In this valley are to be found the Czech settlements of Kirilovka, Metodějovka and Glěbovka. Directly beneath us at the end of the bay was Novorossijsk.

To the south and the east, the direction in which our journey continued, we could see in front of us a varied and picturesque mountain range, which grew higher and higher in the distance, until, in the background, clouds and mists shut off our view of its highest peaks. The prospect in this direction revealed a glimpse of wildly beautiful and primitive nature. Mountains and hills of varied shapes could be seen there, separated by charming valleys and hollows, nearly all with a dense growth of rank thickets and forests, in some places with dark pine-woods, but for the most part with bright leafage, whose manifold shades of fresh and glittering green were delightfully refreshing to the eyes; in places amid this green, or upon projecting boulders, torrents, and cataracts glittered like silvery flashes, and the mist fluttered here and there through the ravines, or was rended on the sides of the wooded slopes into long trailing girdles and shreds, thus adding to the picturesque and fascinating appearance of the mountains; but nowhere in this broad expanse, as far as we could see, was there any trace of human dwelling or activity; not a single village, not a single farm, not a single cloud of smoke, which would have indicated a solitary hut or a shepherd’s fire. In deep solitude and undisturbed peace rested before our eyes this beautiful mountain region,—the deserted home of the Circassians, who after the Russians had


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528 the dilated bases, spreading above, ⅙–⅓ in. long, linear or linearoblong, obtuse and tumid at the tip, deeply concave in front, convex on the back, rather fleshy; margins ciliate-denticulate along their whole length. Leaves of young plants linear, irregularly lobulate or pinnatifid, glabrous. Flowers small, white, ⅙–¼ in. diam., usually arranged in axillary 2–4-flowered spikes near the tips of the branches, the spikes often forming a subcapitate head, more rarely the flowers are solitary and axillary. Calyx deeply 4-partite; segments linear-oblong, obtuse, margins ciliolate. Corolla-tube short; lobes 4, spreading, orbicular-oblong, obtuse, almost equal, but the dorsal one slightly broader and the anticous one slightly narrower than the others. Stamens 2 or very rarely 4; filaments very short, altogether included. Style included. Capsule exceeding the calyx, ovoid-oblong, subcompressed, seated within a cupular disc.—Logania ciliolata, ''Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl.'' 737. Mitrasacme Hookeri, ''Buch. in Trans. N.Z. Inst.'' xiv. (1882) 348, t. 29, f. 1.

47. V. tetrasticha, ''Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl.'' 212.—A small much-branched shrub forming depressed patches 4–12 in. diam.; branches very numerous, decumbent below, erect or spreading above; branchlets acutely tetragonous with the faces more or less concave, with the leaves on $1⁄12$–$1⁄10$ in. diam., black when dry. Leaves most densely quadrifariously imbricated, opposite pairs connate at the base and forming a short ring clasping the branch, spreading above, $1⁄14$–$1⁄10$ in. long, ovate-deltoid, narrowed into a short subacute tip, thick and coriaceous, concave in front, rounded or flat on the back, not keeled; margins ciliolate. Leaves of young plants linear-spathulate, flat, spreading, ciliolate and sparsely hispid. Flowers in short 2–4-flowered spikes near the ends of the branchlets, small, ⅛–⅙ in. diam., white; rhachis and peduncle villous. Calyx deeply 4-partite; segments linear-oblong, obtuse. Corolla-tube short; limb with four equal spreading rounded lobes. Stamens 2, at first included, but the filaments lengthen before the flower withers. Ovary seated in a cupular disc. Capsule twice as long as the calyx, obovoid, compressed, obtuse.—''Armstr. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiii. (1881) 351; Kirk, l.c. xxviii. (1896) 521; Cockayne, l.c. xxxi. (1899) 377 (development of seedling).''

Nelson—Wairau Mountains, Travers, T. F. C.; Mount Captain, Kirk! Canterbury—Mount Torlesse, Cockayne! Black Range, ''Enys! Kirk! T. F. C., Petrie! Cockayne! Hopkins River, Haast.'' 3000–6000 ft. December–March.


text: Archaeological Journal/Volume 3/Illustrations of Domestic Customs during the Middle Ages. Ornamental Fruit-Trenchers inscribed with Posies


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 THE

TRANSLATED INTO BLANK VERSE

EDWARD RIDLEY, Q.C.

LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO.


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