text:
Page:The Music of the Spheres.djvu/124

 erecting temples in which he was worshiped. The brightest star in the constellation of Ophiuchus, the Serpent Bearer, is Ras Alhague, although this name has gone entirely out of use and the star is generally designated as α Ophiuchi. This star lies on the head of Ophiuchus which is about three-quarters of the way up from the horizon to the zenith, when on the meridian. It rises a little north of east, appearing When the sun sets on the 14th of May, and requiring 6 hours and 46 minutes to reach the line midway between east and west. Ras Algethi (α Herculis), a beautiful orange colored star on the head of Hercules, is usually noted in connection with Ras Alhague, since they stand rather isolated only about 6 degrees apart. (The distance between the "Pointers" on the outer side of the Big Dipper is equal to 5 degrees.) When Ras Algethi and Ras Alhague are near the meridian, a glance of the eye beyond will meet two stars of the 2nd magnitude also not far apart. These are "The Dragon's Eyes," Alwaid and Etanin. Recalling that Hercules has his foot on the Dragon's head, that the head stars of the two giants' lie almost together, and the feet of the lower giant, Ophiuchus, are crushing down Scorpio, the Scorpion (a conspicuous anchor shaped constellation in the south), one has a fairly good idea of this section of the sky from the Pole Star to the horizon, when Ras Alhague and Ras Algethi are near the meridian. Since both Hercules and Ophiuchus have very large but also very inconspicu-

title: Page:The Music of the Spheres.djvu/124


text: Portal talk:Hyakunin Isshu

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Portal talk:Hyakunin Isshu


text: The Czechoslovak Review/Volume 4/Four Czech doctors studying in America


text:
Page:The Music of the Spheres.djvu/125

 ous constellations, it is well to keep them connected in some such manner.

In modern days the constellation of Hercules has gained in interest through observations made by the telescope. Unfortunately the ancients were not privileged to see its gayly colored double stars and its marvelously beautiful star cluster. Among the double stars, Young mentions an orange and blue, and a white and emerald green; the Rev. T. W. Webb points out one almost appetizingly attractive in its light apple green and cherry red while Serviss notes some charming combinations—orange and green, pale green and purple, light yellow and pale red—which may be seen with such meager assistance as an opera-glass. Serviss, by the way, has written a whole book on what may be seen in the sky with no greater aid than an opera-glass.

The star cluster in Hercules lies on the west side of the constellation, about one-third of the distance from the north end and not far from the figure of the Northern Crown. To the unaided eye, this cluster looks no more than a glimmering speck of light, but if a powerful telescope is trained upon it, it is resolved into a great cluster of stars. These stars, numbering into the thousands, are so packed together toward the center that they have been described as resembling "ice crystals in a snowball." From such a lovely blaze within the center another observer adds that "sprays of stars reach out in all directions like tendrils of a vine."

The stars counted on a photograph of the Hercules cluster which was taken by the great 60-inch reflector on Mount Wilson, number over 50,000! This telescope resolves even the solid glow of light at the center of the cluster into individual stars.

Sir Robert Ball in "Star-land" gives a good illustration of the appearance of a globular cluster of stars as seen in a large telescope. "I take a pepper-castor and on a sheet of white paper I begin

title: Page:The Music of the Spheres.djvu/125


text: Page:The Music of the Spheres.djvu/126

title: Page:The Music of the Spheres.djvu/126


text: The Czechoslovak Review/Volume 4/Slovaks and Czechs in Cleveland


text: Category:Specific portal templates

title: Category:Specific portal templates


text:
Page:The Music of the Spheres.djvu/127

 to shake out pepper until there is a little heap in the center and the other grains of pepper are scattered loosely about. Imagine that every one of those grains of pepper was to be transformed into a tiny electric light, and then you would have some idea of what a cluster of stars would look like when viewed through a telescope of sufficient power."

It was at one time thought that the cluster of Hercules might be a comparatively close cluster of small-sized suns, but Professor Shapley has lately discovered that the cluster is a very distant one; indeed it lies at such an exceedingly remote position in the realms of space that its parallax is slightly inferior to a 10,000th second of arc which corresponds to a little more than 36,000 light years. Thus it takes 36,000 light years for its light to reach us, for this light has to cross the unthinkable space of 220,000 billion miles!

Of the string of constellations twinkling high overhead during the spring and summer months, we have already mentioned Leo, the Lion; Berenice's Hair; Boötes with his golden Arcturus; the Northern Crown and the giant Hercules.

Next to Hercules, on the east, lies the constellation of Lyra, represented in legend as the sweet toned harp which belonged to Orpheus, son of the Muse Calliope. Orpheus inherited the love of music from his mother, and after the Sun-god had presented him with this wonderful harp, he played so delightfully that even trees, rocks and hills gathered around him to listen.

Treasuring the memory of such remarkable talents, the Greeks placed the instrument in the heavens at the edge of the Milky

title: Page:The Music of the Spheres.djvu/127


text:
Page:The Music of the Spheres.djvu/128

 Way, where its framework was adorned by a group of stars, one of which is exceptionally bright, vividly blue and very beautiful. This blue star is called the "Harp Star," or Vega, by astronomers.

Vega rises in the far northeast in the early evenings during the first of May but during July and August it passes almost overhead. When near the rim of the northern horizon yellow and red fires dart out amidst the blue, but when high above in the dome of the sky, its color is pure and coldly blue, a decided contrast to the golden warmth of Arcturus, which lies not far to the west of it.

In consequence of the precession of the equinoxes, in less than 12,000 years Vega will be the nearest bright star to the pole; in-

title: Page:The Music of the Spheres.djvu/128


text:
Template:Hyakunin Isshu TOC

 Hyakunin Isshu poem navigation

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

title: Template:Hyakunin Isshu TOC


text: The Czechoslovak Review/Volume 4/Albert Mamatey, president of the Slovak League of America, has returned


text: The Czechoslovak Review/Volume 4/Announcement (1)


text: User:EncycloPetey/Sandbox

title: User:EncycloPetey/Sandbox


text:
Template:Hyakunin Isshu link

"Portal:Hyakunin Isshu", poem in Hyakunin Isshu, (ed.) by Fujiwara no Teika (13th c.)

title: Template:Hyakunin Isshu link


text:
Page:Scott's Last Expedition, Volume 1.djvu/654

426 of difficulty; he improves rapidly in spirits as well as towards immunity from pain. The fiction of his preparation to join the motor sledge party is still kept up, but Atkinson says there is not the smallest chance of his being ready. I shall have to be satisfied if he practically recovers by the time we leave with the ponies.

Forde's hand took a turn for the better two days ago and he maintains this progress. Atkinson thinks he will be ready to start in ten days' time, but the hand must be carefully nursed till the weather becomes really summery.

The weather has continued bad till to-day, which has been perfectly beautiful. A fine warm sun all day—so warm that one could sit about outside in the afternoon, and photographic work was a real pleasure.

The ponies have been behaving well, with exceptions. Victor is now quite easy to manage, thanks to Bowers' patience. Chinaman goes along very steadily and is not going to be the crock we expected. He has a slow pace which may be troublesome, but when the weather is fine that won't matter if he can get along steadily.

The most troublesome animal is Christopher. He is only a source of amusement as long as there is no accident, but I am always a little anxious that he will kick or bite someone. The curious thing is that he is quiet enough to handle for walking or riding exercise or in the stable, but as soon as a sledge comes into the programme he is seized with a very demon of viciousness, and bites and kicks with every intent to do injury. It seems to be getting harder rather than easier to get him into the traces; the last two turns, he has had to be thrown, as


text:
Page talk:The spirit of the Hebrew poetry 1861.djvu/96

Note for Page 76
On page 320 (djvu 340), there is a note for this page, however, it appears that the note in the text is missing. I have formatted this like page 38 (djvu 58). XuZheng958 (talk) 23:33, 27 December 2023 (UTC)


text:
Talk:What We Learned about Wood

Source: https://archive.org/details/sim_saturday-evening-post_1919-05-03_191_44/page/36/mode/2up --Jan Kameníček (talk) 23:37, 27 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:What We Learned about Wood


text:
User talk:2003:C9:2F44:1B00:61BA:9D66:2DC5:D30

Welcome

Hello, and welcome to Wikisource! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers:

 * Help pages
 * Style Guide
 * Inclusion policy
 * For Wikipedians

You are welcome to continue editing articles without logging in, but you may wish to  [//en.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Userlogin&type=signup create an account] . Doing so is free, requires no personal information, and provides several benefits. Creating an account on Wikisource has many of the same benefits as creating an account on Wikipedia. For one thing, if you continue to edit without a username, your IP address is used to publicly identify you.

In any case, I hope you enjoy donating your time to grow the Wikisource library that is free for everyone to use! In discussions, please sign your comments using four tildes ( ~ ); this will automatically produce your IP address (or username if you're logged in) and the date. If you need help, ask me on my talk page, or ask your question here (click  [//en.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:2003:C9:2F44:1B00:61BA:9D66:2DC5:D30&action=edit&section=new edit] ) and place  before your question. Again, welcome! --Jan Kameníček (talk) 23:41, 27 December 2023 (UTC)


text:
Template:Hyakunin Isshu link/doc

Purpose
This template facilitates linking from Wikisource pages (usually Author pages) to poems in the Hyakunin Isshu.

Usage
An author can be added with the optional  parameter.

Typical
displays as:

Author
displays as:

Author_display
displays as:

title: Template:Hyakunin Isshu link/doc


text:
Page:The spirit of the Hebrew poetry 1861.djvu/96

 brevity of ancient authors, who touch for a moment only upon subjects the most exciting to modern curiosity, is indeed an exercise of patience to those who, for the first time, come to acquaint themselves with the mortifying fact that where pages of description are eagerly looked for—five words, or, at the most, as many lines, are what we must be content to accept at their hands. Why did not Herodotus describe to us the Al-Kuds—the Holy city which he visited? Why not tell us something of the secluded people and their singular worship? So it is as to Diodorus, and Strabo, and Pliny; and so, in many instances, is it with the prolix Josephus; who gives us so often more than we care to read; but fails to impart the very information which we are in need of, on points of importance. The Jordan—which, physically and historically alike, is the most remarkable river in the world—is mentioned by ancient authors only in the most cursory manner, as dividing the countries on its right and left bank—or as emptying itself into the Asphaltic Lake. Even the Biblical writers, although the river is mentioned by them very often, say little that implies their acquaintance with the facts of its physical peculiarities. And yet, unconscious as they seem to have been of these facts, they drew from this source very many of their images. Has there ever been poetry where there is not a river? This Jordan—rich in aspects alternately of gloom, and of gay luxuriance, sometimes leaping adown rapids, and then spreading


text:
Page:The spirit of the Hebrew poetry 1861.djvu/97

 itself quietly into basins—reaches a prison-house whence there is no escape for its waters but—upward to the skies! Within a less direct distance than is measured by the Thames from Oxford to the Nore, or by the Severn from Shrewsbury to the Estuary of the Bristol Channel, or by the Humber, or the Trent, or the Tweed, in their main breadths, the waters of the Jordan break themselves away from the arctic glaciers of Hermon, and within the compass of one degree of latitude give a tropical verdure to the plains of Jericho, where the summer's heat is more intense than anywhere else on earth—unless it be Aden. To conceive of these extraordinary facts aright, we should imagine a parallel instance, as if it were so that, in the midland counties—or between London and Litchfield—perpetual snow surrounded the one, while the valley of the Thames should be a forest of palm-trees, with an African climate!

When the traveller crosses the Ghor, and ascends the wall of the Eastern table-land, that illimitable desert spreads itself out before him in traversing which meditative minds indulge in thoughts that break away from earth, and converse with whatever is great and unchanging in an upper world. If we retrace our steps in returning from the Eastern desert, and recross the Jordan, travelling southward, we come upon that region of bladeless desolation which constitutes the wall of the Asphaltic Lake, on its western side; yet from this land of gloom a few hours' journey suffices to bring into contrast the


text:
Category:Poets of classical Japan

The classical period of Japan lasted from 538–1185 A.D., and was followed by the Feudal period.

title: Category:Poets of classical Japan


text:
Page:The spirit of the Hebrew poetry 1861.djvu/98

 vineyards, the olive-groves, the orangeries, of a luxuriant district—and a theatre of peaks, ravines, gorges, and broken precipices, within the circle of which the summers and the winters of all time have effected no change: it is now, as it was thousands of years ago, the land of the Shadow of Death—a land where the lot of man presents itself under the saddest aspects;—for the Earth is there a prison-house, and the sun overhead is the inflicter of torment.

Yet, near to the abodes of a people among whom powerful emotions are to find symbols for their utterance, there is found one other natural prodigy, and such as is unmatched upon the surface of the Earth;—for nowhere else is there a hollow so deep as is this hollow: there is no expanse of water that sends its exhalations into the open sky, resembling at all this lake of bitumen and sulphur. And what might that chasm show itself to be, if the caldron were quite emptied out, or if the waters of the Jordan could be turned aside for a while into the Great Sea, leaving evaporation to go on until the lowest rent were exposed to view! Unfathomed, unfathomable, is this lake at its southern end:—its mysteries, be they what they may, are veiled by these dense waters:—but the traveller, conscious as now he is of the actual depth of the surface—so far below the level of the busy world as it is—needs little aid of the imagination to persuade himself that


text:
Page:Weird Tales Volume 10 Number 5 (1927-11).djvu/41

MET Lee Clayton in Rome. The attraction was a mutual one, for we discovered that we had much in common; both students of history, fond of travel, and possessing an insatiable thirst for the uncovering of forgotten and apparently insignificant historical data that might throw light upon questions of dispute.

At the end of three weeks we had covered the city of the seven hills from the Flaminian to the Appian Way, reveling especially in those relics that gave us any knowledge of the dead past. Dead? Can the past ever really die? I believed, and I think my friend Clayton agreed with me, that the past lives today. It is immortal, but in its changed form it is manifest in influence and posterity. These two in a stream of continuity render the antiquity of Rome a vital fact in the Twentieth Century A. D.

One warm evening Clayton and I returned to the hotel veranda after an interesting day among the ruins of the Roman Forum. To our ears came the characteristic sounds of Italian life; a snatch of song in melodious tenor, a sharp staccato exclamation, the rumble of cab wheels over cobblestones, and the occasional 615


text:
Page:The problem of China - Russell 1922.pdf/183

Rh has succeeded in diminishing competition among wage-earners within the advanced industrial countries; but it has only intensified the conflict between workers of different races, particularly between the white and yellow races. Under the existing economic system, the competition of cheap Asiatic labour in America, Canada or Australia might well be harmful to white labour in those countries. But under Socialism an influx of industrious, skilled workers in sparsely populated countries would be an obvious gain to everybody. Under Socialism, the immigration of any person who produces more than he or she consumes will be a gain to every other individual in the community, since it increases the wealth per head. But under capitalism, owing to competition for jobs, a worker who either produces much or consumes little is the natural enemy of the others; thus the system makes for inefficient work, and creates an opposition between the general interest and the individual interest of the wage-earner. The case of yellow labour in America and the British Dominions is one of the most unfortunate instances of the artificial conflicts of interest produced by the capitalist system. This whole question of Asiatic immigration, which


text:
Page:The problem of China - Russell 1922.pdf/184

182Rh is liable to cause trouble for centuries to come, can only be radically solved by Socialism, since Socialism alone can bring the private interests of workers in this matter into harmony with the interests of their nation and of the world.

The concentration of the world's capital in a few nations, which, by means of it, are able to drain all other nations of their wealth, is obviously not a system by which permanent peace can be secured except through the complete subjection of the poorer nations. In the long run, China will see no reason to leave the profits of industry in the hands of foreigners. If, for the present, Russia is successfully starved into submission to foreign capital, Russia also will, when the time is ripe, attempt a new rebellion against the world-empire of finance. I cannot see, therefore, any establishment of a stable world-system as a result of the syndicate formed at Washington. On the contrary, we may expect that, when Asia has thoroughly assimilated our economic system, the Marxian class-war will break out in the form of a war between Asia and the West, with America as the protagonist of capitalism, and Russia as the champion of Asia and Socialism. In such a war, Asia would be fighting for freedom, but probably too late to preserve the distinctive civilizations which now make Asia valuable to the human family. Indeed, the war would probably be so devastating that no civilization of any sort would survive it.

To sum up: the real government of the world is in the hands of the big financiers, except on questions which rouse passionate public interest. No doubt the exclusion of Asiatics from America and the Dominions is due to popular pressure, and is against


text:
Index:The Story of Philosophy.pdf/styles.css

.printing-table { margin:auto; border-collapse:collapse; text-align:left; padding:1em; } .printing-table td:last-child { text-align:right; } .wst-toc-table th { font-size:83%; font-variant:all-small-caps; }


text: Author:Sarumaru no Dayū

title: Author:Sarumaru no Dayū


title: Page:Tristram.djvu/94


title: Page:Tristram.djvu/95


text:
Page:Scott's Last Expedition, Volume 1.djvu/712

462 happening to the weather—it is all part of the general warming up, but I wish the sky would clear. In spite of the surface, the dogs ran up from the camp before last, over 20 miles, in the night. They are working splendidly so far.

Sunday, November 12.—Camp 9. Our marches are uniformly horrid just at present. The surface remains wretched, not quite so heavy as yesterday, perhaps, but very near it at times. Five miles out the advance party came straight and true on our last year's Bluff depôt marked with a flagstaff. Here following I found a note from E. Evans, cheerful in tone, dated 7 7th inst. He is, therefore, the best part of five days ahead of us, which is good. Atkinson camped a mile beyond this cairn and had a very gloomy account of Chinaman. Said he couldn't last more than a mile or two. The weather was horrid, overcast, gloomy, snowy. One's spirits became very low. However, the crocks set off again, the rearguard came up, passed us in camp, and then on the march about 3 miles on, so that they camped about the same time. The Soldier thinks Chinaman will last for a good many days yet, an extraordinary confession of hope for him. The rest of the animals are as well as can be expected—Jehu rather better. These weather appearances change every minute. When we camped there was a chill northerly breeze, a black sky, and light falling snow. Now the sky is clearing and the sun shining an hour later. The temperature remains about −10° in the daytime.

Monday, November 13.—Camp 10. Another horrid march in a terrible light, surface very bad. Ponies came


title: Page:Tristram.djvu/96


title: Page:Tristram.djvu/97


title: Page:Tristram.djvu/98


title: Page:Tristram.djvu/99


title: Page:Tristram.djvu/100


text:
Author:Ōtomo no Yakamochi

Works

 * ten tanka, in A History of Japanese Literature, by W. G. Aston (1899)
 * Man'yōshū, as compiler and author of several poems
 * Man'yōshū, as compiler and author of several poems

title: Author:Ōtomo no Yakamochi


text:
Page:Operation Crossroads 1946.pdf/63

 officers with technical or scientific backgrounds to be assigned to radsafe work. The officers were to be available by 1 September to begin intensive training designed to prepare them to replace the existing monitor personnel no later than 1 November so that study of the BAKER results and decontamination of the ships for test CHARLIE would not be delayed (Reference C.10.10). On 10 August, CJTF 1 ordered his rear echelon element in Washington to secure approval from the Chief of Naval Operations, Navy Bureau of Personnel, and the Navy Surgeon-General for a program to be set up by JTF 1 to train 100 new monitors. He also indicated that these new radsafe personnel might be needed to help monitor the drydocking of task force ships returning to the United States (Reference C.10.12). Most radsafe personnel left Bikini for the United States on 16 August aboard USS Henrico (APA-45), leaving a much reduced radsafe organization on Haven to continue radsafe work at Bikini (Reference C.9.206, p. VII-(C)-24). Personnel traveling on Henrico probably were mostly civilians returning to their campuses and laboratories or military officers at the end of their terms of service. Under discussion by 20 August was a proposal to add 25 members from West Point's class of 1946 to the group to undergo monitor training (Reference C.10.13). The training program was to start on 9 September at the Navy Department in Washington, with field work at Alamogordo and on the target ships at Kwajalein or Bikini. After their training, the new monitors would be assigned to JTF 1 (Reference C.0.2). One attendee wrote he received 4 weeks of instruction in "basic radiology" in Washington D.C., and did laboratory work at the Radiation Safety Laboratory, San Francisco Naval Shipyard, Hunters Point, California, before reporting to the Radiological Safety Section at Kwajalein (Reference B.0.8).

The potential radsafe needs created by Test CHARLIE disappeared, however, when President Truman cancelled that test on 7 September.

OCEANOGRAPHIC SURVEY

While radsafe planning and organization of the Radiological Safety Section went forward in the United States, important radsafe preparations also took place at Bikini. Beginning on 10 March 1946, civilian and military scientists at Bikini aboard USS Bowditch (AGS-4) conducted detailed oceanographic, biological, and geological surveys of the atoll. From the radsafe perspective, their most important work was an effort to chart the currents in the atoll's lagoon. This information was needed to estimate what might happen after BAKER when a large amount of radioactive contamination would be dispersed in the lagoon and perhaps into the surrounding ocean. The safety of the task force and the ability of its recovery teams to reenter the target area were involved (Reference A.1, p. 92).

After the shorts, the radsafe section monitored the radiation level in the lagoon water through the use of drone boats, PGMs, and LCPLs (Reference A.2, p. 100). Monitors accompanied scientists collecting fish, coral, and samples of the bottom. ON 9 August, a monitor with a collection party found the first bottom sample so radioactive he ordered it pitched over the side (Reference A.2, p. 108). Highest recorded activity on a bottom core sample was 0.929 microcuries/gram in newly deposited sand and mud from the first 6 inches of the core (Reference C.9.209, Annex J, Figure 7).

58

title: Page:Operation Crossroads 1946.pdf/63


title: Page:Tristram.djvu/101


text:
Page:The Music of the Spheres.djvu/144

 ever, places less strain on the imagination than in the case of Pegasus (whose nose starred by Enif lies 10 degrees southeast of Delphinus), where the four principal stars form a "square" and are called a "Flying Horse." But the name of Job's Coffin, as mentioned before, is merely a popular name while Delphinus, the constellation known as the Dolphin, was named in honor of a dolphin connected with the adventures of Arion, far-famed as a musician of Corinth about 700

The dolphin which the map-makers drew on the star-maps is an exceedingly plump and queer-looking animal. As Admiral Smith comically remarks, it looks more "like a huge periwinkle pulled out of its shell." In reality dolphins are anything but periwinklian, for they belong to the whale family. They grow to be from six to eight feet in length and travel in herds, and have been seen by the writer gamboling and playing on the surface of the sea in the most remarkable manner. They are supposed to be strongly attracted toward harmonious sounds such as music, delight in racing with passing ships and seem to be of an exceptionally friendly nature toward man. On this foundation was based the legend of Arion, first given by Herodotus and afterwards decorated by the poets.

Arion had been sent by Periander, ruler of Corinth, to Sicily and Italy, and at Tarentum had won the prize in a musical contest. As he returned laden with gifts in a Corinthian ship, the musician was attacked by avaricious sailors determined to do away with him and take possession of his goods. Warned by Apollo in a dream, Arion lured close a troop of friendly dolphins by the sweet strains of his cithara. Leaping to the back of an admiring one, he was carried to the promontory of Tænarus, where he landed and journeyed on to Corinth. For this praiseworthy deed, the gods raised the dolphin among the constellations.

Another legend tells us that when Neptune, Ruler of the Sea,

title: Page:The Music of the Spheres.djvu/144


title: Page:Tristram.djvu/102


title: Page:Tristram.djvu/103


title: Page:Tristram.djvu/104


title: Page:Tristram.djvu/105


title: Page:Tristram.djvu/106


text: Tristram (Robinson)/Canto 5

title: Tristram (Robinson)/Canto 5


text: Author:Abe no Nakamaro

title: Author:Abe no Nakamaro


text:
Page:The American journal of science, series 3, volume 49.djvu/19

accompanying map (Plate I) shows the maximum area covered by the ice-sheet in the St. Lawrence basin and adjoining portions of the United States and southern Canada, with approximate outlines of the glacial boundary at successive stages of its retreat. The Champlain epoch or part of the Pleistocene period including these stages of glacial recession was begun and ended, respectively, by downward and upward epeirogenic movements. It comprised the time of departure of the ice-sheet, with many small and large glacial lakes temporarily formed by its receding barrier, and with marine submergence to hundreds of feet above the present shore lines. The Late Glacial subsidence appears to have been principally completed before the retreat of the ice and deposition of the Champlain lacustrine and marine beds; but the following uplift was in progress, advancing as fast as the ice receded, from the beginning to the end of Champlain time. Indeed, considerable parts of the glaciated areas of North America and Scandinavia are still undergoing small and slow oscillatory movements, not having yet, during the short Postglacial period, fully reached isostatic repose.


text:
Page:The Story of Philosophy.pdf/13

Rh

!colspan=2| !Page

title: Page:The Story of Philosophy.pdf/13


text:
Page:Amazing Stories Volume 16 Number 11.djvu/147

Rh haps it was—half a million years ago. Man was gone from the Earth. Glacial ages, war, decadence, disease, and a final scattering of those ultimate superhumans to newer worlds in other solar systems, had done that.

"Kaalleee! Tik, tik, tik! " The sounds were not human. They were more like the chatter and wail of small desert animals.

But there was a seeming paradox here in the depths of that gulch, too. The glint of metal, sharp and burn- ished. The flat, streamlined bulk of a flying machine, shiny and new. The bell-like muzzle of a strange excavator-apparatus, which seemed to depend on a blast of atoms to clear away rock and soil. Thus the gulch had been cleared of the accumulated rubbish of antiquity. Man, it seemed, had a successor, as ruler of the Earth.

Loy Chuk had flown his geological expedition out from the far lowlands to the east, out from the city of Kar-Rah. And he was very happy now—flushed with a vast and unlooked-for success.

He crouched there on his haunches, at the dry bottom of the Pit. The breeze rumpled his long, brown fur. He wasn't very different in appearance from his ancestors. A foot tall, perhaps, as he squatted there in that antique stance of his kind. His tail was short and furred, his undersides creamy. White whiskers spread around his inquisitive, pink-tipped snout.

But his cranium bulged up and forward between shrewd, beady eyes, betraying the slow heritage of time, of survival of the fittest, of evolution. He could think and dream and invent, and the civilization of his kind was already far beyond that of the ancient Twentieth Century.

Loy Chuk and his fellow workers were gathered, tense and gleeful, around the things their digging had exposed to the daylight. There was a gob of junk—scarcely more than an irregular formation of flaky rust. But imbedded in it was a huddled form, brown and hard as old wood. The dry mud that had encased it like an air-tight coffin, had by now been chipped away by the tiny investigators; but soiled clothing still clung to it, after perhaps a million years. Metal had gone into decay—yes. But not this body. The answer to this was simple—alkali. A mineral saturation that had held time and change in stasis. A perfect preservative for organic tissue, aided probably during most of those passing eras by desert dryness. The Dakotas had turned arid very swiftly. This body was not a mere fossil. It was a mummy.

AALLEEE!" Man, that meant. Not the star-conquering demi-gods, but the ancestral stock that had built the first machines on Earth, and in the early Twenty-first Century, the first interplanetary rockets. No wonder Loy Chuk and his co-workers were happy in their paleontological enthusiasm! A strange accident, happening in a legendary antiquity, had aided them in their quest for knowledge.

At last Loy Chult gave a soft, chirping signal. The chant of triumph ended, while instruments flicked in his tiny hands. The final instrument he used to test the mummy, looked like a miniature stereoscope, with complicated details. He held it over his eyes. On the tiny screen within, through the agency of focussed X-rays, he saw magnified images of the internal organs of this ancient human corpse.

What his probing gaze revealed to him, made his pleasure even greater than before. In twittering, chattering sounds, he communicated his further


text:
Page:Amazing Stories Volume 16 Number 11.djvu/148

148 knowledge to his henchmen. Though devoid of moisture, the mummy was perfectly preserved, even to its brain cells! Medical and biological sciences were far advanced among Loy Chuk's kind. Perhaps, by the application of principles long known to them, this long-dead body could be made to live again! It might move, speak, remember its past! What a marvelous subject for study it would make, back there in the museums of Kar-Rah!

"Tik, tik, tik! "

But Loy silenced this fresh, eager chattering with a command. Work was always more substantial than cheering.

With infinite care—small, sharp hand-tools were used, now—the mummy of Ned Vince was disengaged from the worthless rust of his primitive automobile. With infinite care it was crated in a metal case, and hauled into the flying machine.

Flashing flame, the latter arose, bearing the entire hundred members of the expedition. The craft shot eastward at bullet-like speed. The spreading continental plateau of North America seemed to crawl backward, beneath. A tremendous, sad desert, marked with low, washed-down mountains, and the vague, angular, geometric mounds of human cities that were gone forever.

Beyond the eastern rim of the continent, the plain dipped downward steeply. The white of dried salt was on the hills, but there was a little green growth here, too. Ihe dead sea-bottom of the vanished Atlantic was not as dead as the highlands.

Far out in a deep valley, Kar-Rah, the city of the rodents, came into view—a crystalline maze of low, bubble-like structures, glinting in the red sunshine. But this was only its surface aspect. Loy Chuk's people had built their homes mostly underground, since the beginning of their foggy evolution. Besides, in this latter day, the nights were very cold, the shelter of subterranean passages and rooms was welcome.

The mummy was taken to Loy Chuk's laboratory, a short distance below the surface. Here at once, the scientist began his work. The body of the ancient man was put in a large vat. Fluids submerged it, slowly soaking from that hardened flesh the alkali that had preserved it for so long. The fluid was changed often, until woody muscles and other tissues became pliable once more.

Then the more delicate processes began. Still submerged in liquid, the corpse was submitted to a flow of restorative energy, passing between complicated electrodes. The cells of antique flesh and brain gradually took on a chemical composition nearer to that of the life that they had once known.

T LAST the final liquid was drained away, and the mummy lay there, a mummy no more, but a pale, silent figure in its tatters of clothing. Loy Chuk put an odd, metal-fabric helmet on its head, and a second, much smaller helmet on his own. Connected with this arrangement, was a black box of many uses. For hours he worked with his apparatus, studying, and guiding the recording instruments.

At last, eager and ready for whatever might happen now, Loy Chuk pushed another switch. With a cold, rosy flare, energy blazed around that moveless form.

For Ned Vince, timeless eternity ended like a gradually fading mist. When he could see clearly again, he experienced that inevitable shock of vast change around him. Though it had been dehydrated, his brain had been kept perfectly intact through the ages, and now it was restored. So his memories were as vivid as yesterday.


text:
Page:The problem of China - Russell 1922.pdf/185

183Rh against the interests of big finance. But not many questions rouse so much popular feeling, and among them only a few are sufficiently simple to be incapable of misrepresentation in the interests of the capitalists. Even in such a case as Asiatic immigration, it is the capitalist system which causes the anti-social interests of wage-earners and makes them illiberal. The existing system makes each man's individual interest opposed, in some vital point, to the interest of the whole. And what applies to individuals applies also to nations; under the existing economic system, a nation's interest is seldom the same as that of the world at large, and then only by accident. International peace might conceivably be secured under the present system, but only by a combination of the strong to exploit the weak. Such a combination is being attempted as the outcome of Washington; but it can only diminish, in the long run, the little freedom now enjoyed by the weaker nations.

The essential evil of the present system, as Socialists have pointed out over and over again, is production for profit instead of for use. A man or a company or a nation produces goods, not in order to consume them, but in order to sell them. Hence arise competition and exploitation and all the evils, both in internal labour problems and in international relations. The development of Chinese commerce by capitalistic methods means an increase, for the Chinese, in the prices of the things they export, which are also the things they chiefly consume, and the artificial stimulation of new needs for foreign goods, which places China at the mercy of those who supply these goods, destroys the existing contentment, and generates a feverish pursuit of purely material ends. In a socialistic world, production will be regulated by


text:
Page:Amazing Stories Volume 16 Number 11.djvu/149

Rh Yet, through that crystalline vat in which he lay, he could see a broad, low room, in which he could barely have stood erect. He saw instruments and equipment whose weird shapes suggested alienness, and knowledge beyond the era he had known! The walls were lavender and phosphorescent. Fossil bone-fragments were mounted in shallow cases. Dinosaur bones, some of them seemed, from their size. But there was a complete skeleton of a dog, too, and the skeleton of a man, and a second man-skeleton that was not quite human. Its neck-vertebrae were very thick and solid, its shoulders were wide, and its skull was gigantic.

All this weirdness had a violent effect on Ned Vince—a sudden, nostalgic panic. Something was fearfully wrong!

The nervous terror of the unknown was on him. Feeble and dizzy after his weird resurrection, which he could not understand, remembering as he did that moment of sinking to certain death in the pool at Pit Bend, he caught the edge of the transparent vat, and pulled himself to a sitting posture. There was a muffled murmur around him, as of some vast, un-Earthly metropolis.

"Take it easy, Ned Vince"

The words themselves, and the way they were assembled, were old, familiar friends. But the tone was wrong. It was high, shrill, parrot-like, and mechanical. Ned's gaze searched for the source of the voice—located the black box just outside of his crystal vat. From that box the voice seemed to have originated. Before it crouched a small, brownish animal with a bulging head. The animal's tiny-fingered paws—hands they were, really—were touching rows of keys.

To Ned Vince, it was all utterly insane and incomprehensible. A rodent, looking like a prairie-dog, a little; but plainly possessing a high order of intelligence. And a voice whose soothingly familiar words were more repugnant somehow, simply because they could never belong in a place as eerie as this.

Ned Vince did not know how Loy Chuk had probed his brain, with the aid of a pair of helmets, and the black box apparatus. He did not know that in the latter, his language, taken from his own revitalized mind, was recorded, and that Loy Chuk had only to press certain buttons to make the instrument express his thoughts in common, long-dead English. Loy, whose vocal organs were not human, would have had great difficulty speaking English words, anyway.

Ned's dark hair was wildly awry. His gaunt, young face held befuddled terror. He gasped in the thin atmosphere. "I've gone nuts," he pronounced with a curious calm. "Stark—starin'—nuts"

OY'S box, with its recorded English words and its sonic detectors, could translate for its master, too. As the man spoke, Loy read the illuminated symbols in his own language, flashed on a frosted crystal plate before him. Thus he knew what Ned Vince was saying.

Loy Chuk pressed more keys, and the box reproduced his answer: "No, Ned, not nuts. Not a bit of it! There are just a lot of things that you've got to get used to, that's all. You drowned about a million years ago. I discovered your body. I brought you back to life. We have science that can do that. I'm Loy Chuk"

It took only a moment for the box to tell the full story in clear, bold, friendly terms. Thus Loy sought, with calm, human logic, to make his charge feel at home. Probably, though, he was a fool, to suppose that he could succeed, thus.


text:
Page:Amazing Stories Volume 16 Number 11.djvu/150

150 Vince started to mutter, struggling desperately to reason it out. "A prairie dog," he said. "Speaking to me. One million years. Evolution. The scientists say that people grew up from fishes in the sea. Prairie dogs are smart. So maybe super-prairie-dogs could come from them. A lot easier than men from fish"

It was all sound logic. Even Ned Vince knew that. Still, his mind, tuned to ordinary, simple things, couldn't quite realize all the vast things that had happened to himself, and to the world. The scope of it all was too staggeringly big. One million years. God

Ned Vince made a last effort to control himself. His knuckles tightened on the edge of the vat. "I don't know what you've been talking about," he grated wildly. "But I want to get out of here! I want to go back where I came from! Do you understand—whoever, or whatever you are?"

Loy Chuk pressed more keys. "But you can't go back to the Twentieth Century," said the box. "Nor is there any better place for you to be now, than Kar-Rah. You are the only man left on Earth. Those men that exist in other star systems are not really your kind anymore, though their forefathers originated on this planet. They have gone far beyond you in evolution. To them you would be only a senseless curiosity. You are much better off with my people—our minds are much more like yours. We will take care of you, and make you comfortable"

But Ned Vince wasn't listening, now. "You are the only man left on Earth." That had been enough for him to hear. He didn't more than half believe it. His mind was too confused for conviction about anything. Everything he saw and felt and heard might be some kind of nightmare. But then it might all be real instead, and that was abysmal horror. Ned was no coward—death and danger of any ordinary Earthly kind, he could have faced bravely. But the loneliness here, and the utter strangeness, were hideous, like being stranded alone on another world!

His heart was pounding heavily, and his eyes were wide. He looked across this eerie room. There was a ramp there at the other side, leading upward in place of a stairway. Fierce impulse to escape this nameless lair, and to try to learn the facts for himself, possessed him. He bounded out of the vat, and with head down, dashed for the ramp.

E had to go most of the way on his hands and knees, for the up-slanting passage was low. Excited animal chucklings around him, and the occasional touch of a furry body, hurried his feverish scrambling. But he emerged at last at the surface.

He stood there panting in that frigid, rarefied air. It was night. The Moon was a gigantic, pockmarked bulk. The constellations were unrecognizable. The rodent city was a glowing expanse of shallow, crystalline domes, set among odd, scrub trees and bushes. The crags loomed on all sides, all their jaggedness lost after a million years of erosion under an ocean that was gone. In that ghastly moonlight, the ground glistened with dry salt.

"Well, I guess it's all true, huh?" Ned Vince muttered in a flat tone.

Behind him he heard an excited, squeaky chattering. Rodents in pursuit. Looking back, he saw the pinpoint gleams of countless little eyes. Yes, he might as well be an exile on another planet—so changed had the Earth become.

A wave of intolerable homesickness came over him as he sensed the distances of time that had passed—those


text:
Page:The Story of Philosophy.pdf/14

viii

!colspan=2| !Page

title: Page:The Story of Philosophy.pdf/14


text:
Page:Amazing Stories Volume 16 Number 11.djvu/151

Rh inconceivable eons, separating himself from his friends, from Betty, from almost everything that was familiar. He started to run, away from those glittering rodent eyes. He sensed death in that cold sea-bottom, but what of it? What reason did he have left to live? He'd be only a museum piece here, a thing to be caged and studied

Prison or a madhouse would be far better. He tried to get hold of his courage. But what was there to inspire it? Nothing! He laughed harshly as he ran, welcoming that bitter, killing cold. Nostalgia had him in its clutch, and there was no answer in this hell-world, lost beyond the barrier of the years

OY CHUK and his following presently came upon Ned Vince's unconscious form, a mile from the city of Kar-Rah. In a flying machine they took him back, and applied stimulants. He came to, in the same laboratory room as before. But he was firmly strapped to a low platform this time, so that he could not escape again. There he lay, helpless, until presently an idea occurred to him. It gave him a few crumbs of hope.

"Hey, somebody!" he called.

"You'd better get some rest, Ned Vince," came the answer from the black box. It was Loy Chuk speaking again.

"But listen!" Ned protested. "You know a lot more than we did in the Twentieth Century. And—well—there's that thing called time-travel, that I used to read about. Maybe you know how to make it work! Maybe you could send me back to my own time after all!"

Little Loy Chuk was in a black, discouraged mood, himself. He could understand the utter, sick dejection of this giant from the past, lost from his own kind. Probable insanity looming. In far less extreme circumstances than this, death from homesickness had come.

Loy Chuk was a scientist. In common with all real scientists, regardless of the species from which they spring, he loved the subjects of his researches. He wanted this ancient man to live and to be happy. Or this creature would be of scant value for study.

So Loy considered carefully what Ned Vince had suggested. Time-travel. Almost a legend. An assault upon an intangible wall that had baffled far keener wits than Loy's. But he was bent, now, on the well-being of this anachronism he had so miraculously resurrected—this human, this Kaalleee

Loy jabbed buttons on the black box. "Yes, Ned Vince," said the sonic apparatus. "Time-travel. Perhaps that is the only thing to do—to send you back to your own period of history. For I see that you will never be yourself, here. It will be hard to accomplish, but we'll try. Now I shall put you under an anesthetic"

Ned felt better immediately, for there was real hope now, where there had been none before. Maybe he'd be back in his home-town of Harwich again. Maybe he'd see the old machine-shop, there. And the trees greening out in Spring, Maybe he'd be seeing Betty Moore in Hurley, soon Ned relaxed, as a tiny hypo-needle bit into his arm

As soon as Ned Vince passed into unconsciousness, Loy Chuk went to work once more, using that pair of brain-helmets again, exploring carefully the man's mind. After hours of research, he proceeded to prepare his plans. The government of Kar-Rah was a scientific oligarchy, of which Loy was a prime member. It would be easy to get the help he needed.


text:
Page:Amazing Stories Volume 16 Number 11.djvu/152

152 A horde of small, grey-furred beings and their machines, toiled for many days, on a level area just outside the city.

ED VINCE'S mind swam gradually out of the blur that had enveloped it. He was wandering aimlessly about in a familiar room. The girders of the roof above were of red-painted steel. His tool-benches were there, greasy and littered with metal filings, just as they had always been. He had a tractor to repair, and a seed-drill. Outside of the machine-shop, the old, familiar yellow sun was shining. Across the street was the small brown house, where he lived.

With a sudden startlement, he saw Betty Moore in the doorway. She wore h blue dress, and a mischievous smile curved her lips. As though she had succeeded in creeping up on him, for a surprise.

"Why, Ned," she chuckled. "You look as though you've been dreaming, and just woke up!"

He grimaced ruefully as she approached. With a kind of fierce gratitude, he took her in his arms. Yes, she was just like always.

"I guess I was dreaming, Betty," he whispered, feeling that mighty sense of relief. "I must have fallen asleep at the bench, here, and had a nightmare. I thought I had an accident at Pit Bend—and that a lot of worse things happened But it wasn't true"

Ned Vince's mind, over which there was still an elusive fog that he did not try to shake off, accepted apparent facts simply.

He did not know anything about the invisible radiations beating down upon him, soothing and dimming his brain, so that it would never question or doubt, or observe too closely the incongruous circumstances that must often appear. The lack of traffic in the street without, for instance—and the lack of people besides himself and Betty.

He didn't know that this machine-shop was built from his own memories of the original. He didn't know that this Betty was of the same origin—a miraculous fabrication of metal and energy-units and soft plastic. The trees outside were only lantern-slide illusions.

It was all built inside a great, opaque dome. But there were hidden television systems, too. Thus Loy Chuk's kind could study this ancient man—this Kaalleee. Thus, their motives were mostly selfish.

Loy, though, was not observing, now. He had wandered far out into the cold, sad sea-bottom, to ponder. He squeaked and chattered to himself, contemplating the magnificent, inexorable march of the ages. He remembered the ancient ruins, left by the final supermen.

"The Kaalleee believes himself home," Loy was thinking. "He will survive and be happy. But there was no other way. Time is an Eternal Wall. Our archeological researches among the cities of the supermen show the truth. Even they, who once ruled Earth, never escaped from the present by so much as an instant"


text:
Page:The American journal of science, series 3, volume 49.djvu/20

2

Well marked old channels of outflow are found extending southward, at the levels of the deserted beaches, from Lake Agassiz and from the glacial lakes which are now represented by the diminished, but still large, modern lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, Ontario, and Champlain. The outlets prove that the great Pleistocene water bodies which occupied these basins were lakes, not gulfs or arms of the sea; and the differential uplifts of the basins, increasing toward the central part of the area of the continental ice-sheet, show that no land barriers, but the ice itself in its retreat, held in these lakes on their northward sides.

The basin of the St. Lawrence during the glacial recession held successively, and in part contemporaneously, no less than eight important glacial lakes, distinguished by their different areas, heights, and places of outlet. They are named the Western Superior and Western Erie glacial lakes; Lake Warren, the most extensive, into which the two foregoing were merged; Lake Algonquin, the successor of Lake Warren in the basins of Lakes Huron, Michigan, and Superior; Lake Lundy, the glacial representative of Lake Erie; Lake Iroquois, in the basin of Lake Ontario; Lake Hudson-Champlain; and Lake St. Lawrence, into which the two last named became merged. The glacial Lake St. Lawrence, which is the only one of the series hitherto unnamed, extended over the Ottawa, Champlain, and St. Lawrence valleys previous to the melting away of the ice barrier, remaining latest in the vicinity of Quebec, by which event the sea, at a lower level than the former lake, was admitted to these valleys.

The Western Superior glacial lake. —In the west part of the basin of Lake Superior the receding ice-sheet held a lake which outflowed southward through northwestern Wisconsin, across the present watershed between the Bois Brulé and St. Croix rivers. The highest shore line of this lake at Duluth is 535 feet above Lake Superior (which has a mean level 602 feet above the sea); on Mt. Josephine, about 130 miles northeast from Duluth, its height, according to leveling by Dr. A. C. Lawson, is 607 feet; and at L'Anse and Marquette, Mich., 175 and 225 miles east of Duluth, it is found by Mr. F. B. Taylor about 590 feet above the lake. The northeastward


text:
Page:The American journal of science, series 3, volume 49.djvu/22

4 4 W. Upham — Champlain Subsidence and

Cleveland. Northeast and north from the old outlet the Leipsic beach reaches about 165 miles, past Adrian and Ypsi- lanti to Imlay, Mich., being nearly level to Ypsilanti, but thence in the 60 miles onward to Imlay having a rise of about 65 feet, to an altitude 849 feet above the sea. "With the reces- sion of the ice-sheet and the extension of this lake to Imlay, a lower outlet was opened over the watershed between the Shiawassee and Grand rivers in Michigan, 729 feet above the sea or 148 feet above Lakes Huron and Michigan, where the Western Erie glacial lake became confluent with Lake Warren and was thus reduced about 30 feet, falling from the Leipsic or lower Western Erie beach to the Belmore or earliest beach of Lake Warren in the Erie basin.

Upon a large area, extending from Ft. Wayne east to Cleve land and northward to Ypsilanti and Detroit, the attitude or general slopes and levels of the land have remained unchanged since the departure of the ice-sheet, for these earliest beaches and the lower beaches of Lake Warren in the same area are still nearly horizontal. The whole country there, however, has been uplifted, without tilting, about 110 feet, after the end of the separate existence of the Western Erie lake, for this is the height of the Belmore beach around the west end of Lake Erie above the highest and earliest beach of Lake Warren at Chicago. A greater and differential uplift, with rapid tilting of northward ascent, was taking place north and northeast of Detroit during the Belmore and lower stages of Lake Warren, simultaneous with the uniform elevation of the Western Erie glacial lake area. Further we learn that about half of the up- lift of 110 feet for this region had occurred before the begin- ning of Lake Algonquin and the date of the Algonquin beach, since that beach has a height of 602 feet near the south end of Lake Huron, being 60 feet higher than the correlative subla- custrine terrace plane beneath the surface of Lake Michigan near Chicago, which marks the old Algonquin shore there.

Lake Warren* — Like the Western Superior and Western

honor of Gen. G. K. Warren); Proc. A. A. A. S., vol. xxxvii, for 1888, pp. 197- 199 ; Trans. Roy. Soc. of Canada, vol. vii, for 1889, sec. iv, p. 122 ; this Journal, III, vol. xli, pp. 201-211, with map, March, 1891; Bulletin, Geol. Soc. Am., vol. ii, pp. 465-476, with map, April, 1891 ; " A Review of the History of the Great Lakes," Am. Geologist, vol. xiv, pp. 289-301, Nov., 1894 (containing citations of many additional papers by Prof. Spencer and others). G. K. Gilbert, " Changes of Level of the Great Lakes," in The Forum, vol. v, pp. 417-428, June, 1888; "History of the Niagara River," in Sixth Annual Report of the Commissioners of the State Reservation at Niagara, for 1889, pp. 61-84, with eight plates (also in the Smithsonian An. Rep. for 1890, pp. 231-257); Geology of Ohio, vols, i and ii. Frank Leverett, paper before cited ; " Raised Beaches of Lake Michigan," Trans. Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters, vol. vii, pp. 177-192 (read Dec. 30, 1887). A. C. Lawson, " Sketch of the Coastal Topography of the North Side of Lake Superior, with Special Reference to the
 * J. W. Spencer, Science, vol. xi. p. 49, Jan. 27, 1888 (proposing this name in


text:
Page:The American journal of science, series 3, volume 49.djvu/24

6 6 W. Upham — Champlain Subsidence and

beach at 30 feet was formed after that at 15 feet is shown by the occurrence in some places of a peat deposit, described by Andrews and Leverett, which passes underneath the 30 feet beach and is continuous from its upper side down to the lower beach. The peat marks a land surface over which the lake rose to form the middle or third beach, after having stood at the lower or second beach for some time. Still later, however, it probably again stood at the lower level, corre- sponding to the present watershed in the abandoned outlet. This old channel of outflow, at its summit, as I am informed by Mr. Ossian Guthrie from the canal survey, is now 11 feet above the mean level of Lake Michigan, but the surface there is postglacial silt ; at another point, where the channel bed consists of till, and at a third place where the bed is rock, its height in each case is only eight feet above the present lake, or 590 feet above the sea. The mouth of Lake Warren appears to have been at first near Lemont, on the Des Plaines river about 25 miles from the lake, where the river valley was obstructed by drift which suffered erosion, allowing the mouth of the lake to be transferred gradually upstream, at the same time being lowered, to its final position ten miles from the lake shore in Chicago. Epeirogenic movements, between the times of formation of the second and third beaches, slightly lifted the outlet and adjacent portion of the course of the Des Plaines river, as compared with the southern and southwestern part of the Lake Michigan basin, causing the old lake to extend a little farther on that side than before. Toward the north and east, however, this change was doubt- less more than counteracted by the rapid differential rise of the land.

Fresh-water shells are found abundant in the 15 feet beach at Evanston and elsewhere southward through Chicago. All the species obtained, representing ten or more genera, are still living in this region. Wood of oak and cedar, and the thigh bone of a deer, have been also found in the same beach at Evanston.*

For the distance of about 185 miles from Chicago north to the south end of Green bay, the highest shore of Lake Warren appears to be now nearly level, for Mr. Taylor finds evidence of submergence only to a height of some 20 feet above that part of Green bay and the neighboring lake shore. Thence northward, however, the beach rises about 14 feet per mile for 110 miles to Cook's Hill, near the north end of this bay ; in 60 miles from that latitude north to Houghton, it has an ascent of 260 feet, or 4-J feet per mile ; but in about 90

" Eaised Beaches of Lake Michigan," before cited, p. 189.
 * H. M. Bannister, Geology of Illinois, vol. iii, 1868, pp. 241, 242. F. Leverett,


text:
Page:Amazing Stories Volume 16 Number 11.djvu/146

146 arced outward, falling as gracefully as a swan-diver toward the inky waters of the Pit, fifty feet beneath

Ned Vince was still dimly conscious when that black, quiet pool gysered around him in a mighty splash. He had only a dazing welt on his forehead, and a gag of terror in his throat.

Movement was slower now, as he began to sink, trapped inside his wrecked car. Nothing that he could imagine could mean doom more certainly than this. The Pit was a tremendously deep pocket in the ground, spring-fed. The edges of that almost bottomless pool were caked with a rim of white—for the water, on which dead birds so often floated, was surcharged with alkali. As that heavy, natronous liquid rushed up through the openings and cracks beneath his feet, Ned Vince knew that his friends and his family would never even see his body again, lost beyond recovery in this abyss.

The car was deeply submerged. The light had blinked out on the dash-panel, leaving Ned in absolute darkness. A flood rushed in at the shattered window. He clawed at the door, trying to open it, but it was jammed in the crash-bent frame, and he couldn't fight against the force of that incoming water. The welt, left by the blow he had received on his forehead, put a thickening mist over his brain, so that he could not think clearly. Presently, when he could no longer hold his breath, bitter liquid was sucked into his lungs.

His last thoughts were those of a drowning man. The machine-shop he and his dad had had in Harwich. Betty Moore, with the smiling Irish eyes—like in the song. Betty and he had planned to go to the State University this Fall. They'd planned to be married sometime Goodbye, Betty—

The ripples that had ruffled the surface waters in the Pit, quieted again to glassy smoothness. The eternal stars shone calmly. The geologic Dakota hills, which might have seen the dinosaurs, still bulked along the highway. Time, the Brother of Death, and the Father of Change, seemed to wait

AALLEEE! Tik! Tik, tik, tik! Kaalleee"

The excited cry, which no human throat could quite have duplicated accurately, arose thinly from the depths of a powder-dry gulch, water-scarred from an inconceivable antiquity. The noonday Sun was red and huge. The air was tenuous, dehydrated, chill.

"Kaalleee! Tik, tik, tik"

At first there was only one voice uttering those weird, triumphant sounds. Then other vocal organs took up that trilling wail, and those short, sharp chuckles of eagerness. Other questioning, wondering notes mixed with the cadence. Lacking qualities identifiable as human, the disturbance was still like the babble of a group of workmen who have discovered something remarkable.

The desolate expanse around the gulch, was all but without motion. The icy breeze tore tiny puffs of dust from grotesque, angling drifts of soil, nearly waterless for eons. Patches of drab lichen grew here and there on the up-jutting rocks, but in the desert itself, no other life was visible. Even the hills had sagged away, flattened by incalculable ages of erosion.

At a mile distance, a crumbling heap of rubble arose. Once it had been a building. A gieantic, jagged mass of detritus slanted upward from its crest—red debris that had once been steel. A launching catapult for the last space ships built by the gods in exodus, per-


text:
Page:The American journal of science, series 3, volume 49.djvu/26

8 8 W. Zfpham — Champlain Subsidence and

Lake Algonquin* — When the glacial melting and retreat at length permitted an outflow from the St. Lawrence basin over a lower pass, which was through central New York to the Mohawk and Hudson, the water surface of the basins of Lakes Michigan, Huron, and Superior, fell only some 50 or 75 feet, from the latest and lowest stage of Lake Warren to its short- lived successor, Lake Algonquin. This lake appears to have been ice-dammed only at low places on its east end, as at or near the heads of the Trent and Mattawa rivers, lying respect- ively east of Lakes Simcoe and Nipissing, where otherwise its w T aters must have been somewhat further lowered to outflow by these passes. Careful study and comparison of the work of Spencer in tracing the Algonquin beach about the southern part of Lake Huron and Georgian bay, and of Taylor in ex- ploration of his " Nipissing beach " from Duluth east along the south coast of Lake Superior and the north side of Lake Huron and Georgian bay to Lake Nipissing, convince me that these beaches were of contemporaneous formation, marking respect- ively the southern and northern shores of Lake Algonquin, and therefore both to be known by the name Algonquin beach of Spencer, according to the law of priority. The earliest and principal stage of Lake Algonquin is shown by these beaches to have coincided closely in area w T ith Lakes Michigan and Superior, but to have been considerably more extensive east- ward than the present Lake Huron and Georgian bay. It held a level which now by subsequent differential epeirogenic movements is left probably wholly below the level of Lake Michigan by a vertical amount ranging from almost nothing to about 40 feet. Its shores were nearly coincident with the western shore of Lake Huron, but eastward they are now elevated mostly 150 to 200 feet above that lake and Georgian bay ; and in the Lake Superior basin they vary from about 50 feet above Lake Superior at its mouth, and along its north- eastern and northern shores, to 25 feet at Houghton, and to a few feet or none at Duluth.

The Algonquin beach at the south end of Lake Huron coin- cides very closely with the land surface there and with the

Chicago to the Des Plaines and Mississippi rivers so lately as about 1,500 years ago, when the Niagara river had cut back its gorge to the Johnson ridge, about a mile north of the present site of the falls. This would have formed a beach 10 to 15 feet above Lakes Michigan and Huron, and about 20 to 25 feet above Lake Erie, around all their shores; and the absence of such a modern and still horizon- tal shore line, slightly higher than the present lake levels, upon all this large area, forbids an acceptance of this hypothesis.

Huron," this Journal, III, vol. xli, pp. 12-21, with map, Jan.. 1891; and other papers before cited. G. K. Gilbert, F. B. Taylor, and Warren Upham, as before cited for Lake Warren. G. F. Wright, Bulletin Geol. Soc. Am., vol. iv, pp. 423- 5 ; with ensuing discussion by Dr. Robert Bell, pp. 425-7.
 * J. W. Spencer, "Deformation of the Algonquin Beach, and Birth of Lake


text:
Page:The American journal of science, series 3, volume 49.djvu/28

10 10 W. UpKam — Chamjplain Subsidence and

about 135 miles north to Lake Nipissing it descends at an average rate of about eight inches per mile.

While the eastern part of the Lake Algonquin area was being much uplifted, with the formation of other beaches be- low the first, probably the southern part of the Lake Michigan basin remained with a very slight change of attitude or none, having previously risen to approximately its present height, which it has since held with little or no change. But the northeastward elevation raising the country where Lake Al- gonquin and now Lake Huron have outflowed, gradually caused the water level at Chicago to rise some 40 feet above its old Algonquin level, which is shown by a sublacustrine terrace formed by the Algonquin wave erosion and beach accumulation.

On the Saugeen river, Ontario, and near the south end of Georgian bay, fresh-water shells are found in beds belonging to stages of Lake Algonquin respectively about 40 and 100 feet below the main and earliest Algonquin beach, or 90 and 78 feet above the present lake and bay.

Lake Lundy* — From the Forest beach at Crittenden, Erie county, N. Y., marking the latest level of Lake Warren, there is a descent of 125 feet between 860 and 735 feet above the sea to the earliest strand of the glacial Lake Lundy, which for a time occupied the northeastern three-fourths of the Lake Erie basin. A more conspicuous principal Lundy beach, 30 feet lower, on which is the "ridge road" named Lundy lane, near Niagara Falls, has an eastward ascent of 30 feet in about 40 miles from Font-hill, Ont., to Akron, N. Y., live miles north of Crittenden. Lake Lundy opened through a strait about 30 miles wide into the Lake Ontario basin. Its outflow passed eastward, across the country close north of the Finger lakes, to the Mohawk and Hudson valleys, still partly tilled by the receding ice-sheet and permitting a series of mouths of Lake Lundy to be found at successively lower levels, until as the ice-border withdrew the water soon sank to the lowest point of the Ontario-Mohawk watershed at Rome, ~N. Y., where its level long remained, forming the Iroquois beach. One of the stages of the sinking Lake Lundy or incipient Lake Iro- quois, probably nearly midway in altitude between the Lundy and Iroquois beaches, I find to be indicated by my studies of eskers in Rochester and Pittsford, N. Y.f

this Journal, III, vol. xlvii, pp. 207-211, with map, March, 1894.
 * J. W. Spencer, " Deformation of the Lundy Beach and Birth of Lake Erie,"

f Proceedings of the Rochester Academy of Science, vol. ii, pp. 196-198, Jan., 1893.


text: Page:Amazing Stories Volume 16 Number 11.djvu/145


text:
Page:The American journal of science, series 3, volume 49.djvu/30

12 12 W. Upham — Champlain Subsidence and

the richly fossiliferous Leda clays, which last overlie the latest glacial drift in the St. Lawrence, Ottawa, and Cham plain valleys, may be referred to the closing stage or Champlain epoch of the Ice age ; and they both testify, like the partially forest-covered Malaspina ice-sheet in Alaska, of the close sequence of a warm climate, with luxuriant plant and animal life, during and immediately after the recession of the ice- sheet. The transition from the GTlacial to the Champlain climate seems readily explained by the epeirogenic depression which ended the Glacial period.*

The height of Lake Ontario is 247 feet ; and that of the old Iroquois outlet crossing the water-shed at Rome is 440 feet, above the sea level. Thence the Iroquois beach in its course northward adjacent to the eastern end of Lake Ontario has a gradual ascent of about five feet per mile along a distance of 55 miles to the latitude of Watertown, where the highest beach is 730 feet above the sea, showing that a differential up- lift of about 290 feet has taken place, in comparison with the Rome outlet. From Rome westward to Rochester, the beach has nearly the same height with the outlet ; but farther west- ward it descends to 385 feet above the sea at Lewiston and 363 feet at Hamilton, at the western end of Lake Ontario. Con- tinuing along the beach north of the lake, the same elevation as the Rome outlet is reached near Toronto, and thence east- northeastward an uplift is found, similar to that before described east of the lake, its amount near Trenton and Belle- ville above Rome being about 240 feet It is to be added that northward from Rome the Iroquois beach becomes divided into a series of distinct beaches, marking stages in the north- eastward rise of the land and having near Watertown a verti- cal range of 80 feet below the highest and oldest, which was before noted ; and that westward a similar series of strand lines also lies below the highest, likewise before noted, which there, however, contrary to the order northeastward, was the newest. The highest beach near Watertown was probably contemporaneous with the fossiliferous beds of Toronto ; some of the intermediate northeastern beaches corresponded to the delta deposits of Scarboro ; and the lowest northeastward lake level was continuous with the highest at Toronto, Hamilton^ Lewiston, and east to Rome.

Between Lakes Warren and Lundy the old water level near the west end of Lake Ontario fell 125 feet, minus some amount to be subtracted for the progressing northeastward elevation of the land. The two Lundy shores are 30 feet apart verti-

this Journal, III, vol. x, pp. 168-183, Sept., 1875. Warren Upham, G-lacialists' Magazine, vol. i, pp. 236-240, June, 1894.
 * J. D. Dana, Trans. Conn. Acad, of Arts and Sciences, vol. ii, 1870, p. 67;


text:
Page:The American journal of science, series 3, volume 49.djvu/32

14 14. W. TJpham — Champlain Subsidence and

in beds overlying the glacial drift on the shores of southern New England, Long Island, and New Jersey, and the water- courses which extend from the terminal moraine on Long Is- land southward across the adjacent modified drift plain and continue beneath the sea level of the Great South bay and other bays between the shore and its bordering long beaches, prove that this coast stood higher than now when the ice-sheet extended to its farthest limit. A measure of this elevation of the seaboard in the vicinity of New York during the Cham- plain epoch is supplied, as I believe, by the shallow submarine channel of the Hudson, which has been traced by the soundings of the U. S. Coast Survey from about 12 miles off Sandy Hook to a distance of about 90 miles southeastward. This submerged channel, lying between the present mouth of the Hudson and the very deep submarine fjord of this river, ranges from 10 to 15 fathoms in depth, with an average width of 1J miles, along its extent of 80 miles, the depth being measured from the top of its banks, which, with the adjacent sea-bed, are covered by 15 to 40 fathoms of water, increasing southeastward with the slope of this margin of the continental plateau. During the whole or a considerable part of the time of the glacial Lake Iroquois, this area stretching 100 miles southeastward from New York was probably a land surface, across which the Hudson flowed with a slight descent to the sea. But northward from the present mouth of the Hudson the land at that time stood lower than now ; and the amount of its depression, beginning near the city of New York and in- creasing from south to north, as shown by terraces and deltas of the glacial Lake Hudson-Champlain, which were formed before this long and narrow lake became merged in the glacial Lake St. Lawrence, was nearly 180 feet at West Point, 275 feet at Catskill, and 340 feet at Albany and Schenectady. From these figures, however, we must subtract the amount of de- scent of the Hudson river, which in its channel outside the present harbor of New York may probably have been once 50 or 60 feet in its length of about 100 miles.

Before the time of disappearance of the ice-barrier from the St. Lawrence valley at Quebec, the descent of the Hudson river beyond New York city may have diminished, or the sea- board at New York may have sunk so as to bring the shore line nearly to its present position ; but the Hudson valley meanwhile had been uplifted, so that the outflow from the Lake St. Lawrence crossed the low divide, now about 150 feet above the sea, between Lake Cham plain and the Hudson. This is known by the extension of fossiliferous marine deposits along the Lake Champlain basin nearly to its southern end, while they are wholly wanting along all the Hudson valley.


text:
Page:The problem of China - Russell 1922.pdf/186

184Rh the same authority which represents the needs of the consumers, and the whole business of competitive buying and selling will cease. Until then, it is possible to have peace by submission to exploitation, or some degree of freedom by continual war, but it is not possible to have both peace and freedom. The success of the present American policy may, for a time, secure peace, but will certainly not secure freedom for the weaker nations, such as Chinese. Only international Socialism can secure both owing to the stimulation of revolt by capitalist oppression, even peace alone can never be secure until international Socialism is established throughout the world.


text:
Page:The American journal of science, series 3, volume 49.djvu/34

16 16 W. Ujpham — Champlain Subsidence and

mum height at Montreal somewhat exceeding 500 feet above the present sea level. Earlier than that time of occupa- tion of the depressed broad valley by the sea, it was filled from Lake Ontario to near Quebec, by a great glacial lake, held on its northeast side by the receding continental ice-sheet. The directions of the glacial striae and transporta- tion of the drift in the St. Lawrence valley, running south- westward at Montreal and onward to the great lakes, but east- ward from Quebec down the shores of the Gulf of St. Law- rence, and southeast across Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, show that the latest remnant of the ice barrier blockading this valley was melted away in the neighborhood of Quebec, then admitting the sea to a large, low region westward. Until this barrier was removed, a glacial lake, which here for convenience of description and citation is designated as the Lake St. Law- rence, dating from the confluence of Lakes Iroquois and Hud- son-Champlain and growing northward and eastward, spread over the Ottawa valley probably to the mouth of the Mattawa, and down the St. Lawrence, as fast as the ice-front was melted back.

When Lake Iroquois ceased to outflow at Eome and, after intervening stages of outlets existing for a short time at suc- cessively lower levels north of the Adirondacks, began to oc- cupy the Champlain basin and the St. Lawrence valley north- ward, changing thus to the Lake St. Lawrence, its surface fell by these stages about 250 feet to the glacial Lake Hudson- Champlain, which had doubtless reached northward nearly to the St. Lawrence. After this reduction of the water body in the Ontario basin, it still had a dqpth of about 150 feet over the present mouth of Lake Ontario, as shown by a beach traced by Gilbert, which thence rises northeastward but declines toward the south and southwest. Its plane, which is nearly parallel with the higher Iroquois beaches, sinks to the present lake level near Oswego, N. Y. Farther southwestward the shore of the glacial lake at this lower stage has been since submerged by Lake Ontario. The Niagara river was then longer than now, and the lower part of its extent has become covered by the present lake. From the time of the union of Lakes Iroquois and Hudson-Champlain, a strait, at first about 150 feet deep, but later probably diminished on account of the rise of the land to a depth of about 50 feet, joined the broad expanse of water in the Ontario basin with the larger expanse in the St. Lawrence and Ottawa valleys and the basin of Lake Cham- plain. At the subsequent time of ingress of the sea past Que- bec the level of Lake St. Lawrence fell probably 50 feet or less to the ocean level. The place of the glacial lake so far westward as the Thousand Islands was then taken by the sea,


text:
Page:The Story of Philosophy.pdf/15

Rh

!colspan=2| !Page

title: Page:The Story of Philosophy.pdf/15


text:
Page:The American journal of science, series 3, volume 49.djvu/36

18 18 W. ZTpham — Cham/plain Subsidence, etc.

extent inward to the areas on which its waning remnants lingered the latest.

On the Green Mountains of Vermont, the White Mountains region, and indeed probably over a large part of New England, a tract of the departing ice-sheet remained after the access 'of the sea to the St. Lawrence basin left the New England ice as an isolated mass. This is known by the large tribute of strati- fied drift quickly brought by streams from the melting ice of the Green Mountains area and deposited as gravel and sand deltas and offshore clays of the Winooski, LaMoille, and Mis- sisquoi rivers, described by Hitchcock and Baldwin, in the east border of the Champlain arm of the sea. On the west, too, a considerable remnant of the ice-sheet seems to have remained unmelted until this time on the Adirondacks, and to have likewise supplied the deltas and marine clays of the An Sable, Saranac, and Chazy rivers in New York. Deflections of glacial striation down the valleys, with corresponding drift transportation and formation of local moraines across some of the mountain valleys, have been recorded by Hitchcock, Stone, and others, in Vermont and New Hampshire ; but the time allowed for such glacial action, under the warm Champlain climate, was very short. The earlier melting of the ice along the St. Lawrence valley than on these mountain tracts was due on one side to the laving action of the waves of Lakes Iroquois and St. Lawrence, and on the other side to the washing of the ice-cliffs by the fast encroaching sea in the Gulf of St. Law- rence, until at last near Quebec the barrier was severed.

From the Champlain submergence our Atlantic coast was raised somewhat higher than now ; and its latest movement from New Jersey to southern Greenland has been a moderate depression. The vertical amount of this postglacial elevation above the present height, and of the recent subsidence, on all the coast of New Jersey, New England, and the eastern prov- inces of Canada, is known to have ranged from 10 feet to a maximum of at least 80 feet at the head of the Bay of Fundy, as is attested in many places by stumps of forests, rooted where they grew, and by peat beds now submerged by the sea. As in Scandinavia, the restoration of isostatic equilibrium is at- tended by minor oscillations, the conditions requisite for repose having been overpassed by the early reelevation of outer por- tions of each of these great glaciated areas. The close of the Ice age was not long ago, geologically speaking, for equilibrium of the disturbed areas has not yet been restored.


text:
Page:The American journal of science, series 3, volume 49.djvu/35

Rh Reelevation of the St. Lawrence river basin. 17

with the marine fauna which is preserved in the Leda clays and Saxicava sands.

The Champlain Marine Submergence.

That the land northward from Boston was lower than now while the ice-sheet was being melted away, is proved by the occurrence of fossil mollusks of far northern range, including Leda arctica Gray, which is now found living only in the Arctic seas, preferring localities which receive muddy streams from existing glaciers and from the Greenland ice-sheet. This species is plentiful in the stratified clays resting on the till in the St. Lawrence valley and in New Brunswick and Maine, extending southward to Portsmouth, N. H. But it is known that the land was elevated from this depression to about its present height before the sea here became warm and the southern mollusks, which exist as colonies in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, migrated thither, for these southern species are not included in the extensive lists of the fossil fauna found in the beds overlying the till.

In the St. Lawrence basin these marine deposits reach to the southern end of Lake Champlain, to Ogdensburgh and Brock- ville, and at least to Pembroke and Allumette island, in the Ottawa river, about 75 miles above the city of Ottawa. The isthmus of Chiegnecto, connecting Nova Scotia with New Brunswick, was submerged, and the sea extended 50 to 100 miles up the valleys of the chief rivers of Maine and New Brunswick. The uplift of this region from the Champlain sea level was 10 to 25 feet in the vicinity of Boston and northeast- ward to Cape Ann ; about 150 feet near Portsmouth, N. H. ; from 150 to about 300 feet along the coast of Maine and southern New Brunswick ; about 40 feet on the northwestern shore of Nova Scotia ; thence increasing westward to 200 feet in the Bay of Chaleurs, 375 feet in the St. Lawrence valley opposite the Saguenay, and about 560 feet at Montreal ; 150 to 400 or 500 feet, increasing from south to north, along the basin of Lake Champlain ; about 275 feet at Ogdensburgh, and 450 feet near the city of Ottawa. The differential elevation was practically completed, as we have seen from the boreal charac- ter of the Champlain marine molluscan fauna, shortly after the departure of the ice sheet. With the areas of the glacial Lakes Agassiz, Warren, and Iroquois, in the interior of the continent, this coastal region gives testimony of a wave-like epeirogenic elevation of the formerly ice-laden portion of the earth's crust, proportionate with the glacial melting and closely following the retreat of the ice from its boundaries of greatest

Am. Jour. Sci.— Third Series, Vol. XLIX, No. 289.— Jan., 1895. 2


text:
Page:Amazing Stories Volume 16 Number 11.djvu/144

EE you in half an hour, Betty," said Ned Vince over the party telephone. "We'll be out at the Silver Basket before ten-thirty"

Ned Vince was eager for the company of the girl he loved. That was why he was in a hurry to get to the neighboring town of Hurley, where she lived. His old car rattled and roared as he swung it recklessly around Pit Bend.

There was where Death tapped him on the shoulder. Another car leaped suddenly into view, its lights glaring blindingly past a high, upjutting mass of Jurassic rock at the turn of the road.

Dazzled, and befuddled by his own rash speed, Ned Vince had only swift young reflexes to rely on to avoid a fearful, telescoping collision. He flicked his wheel smoothly to the right; but the County Highway Commission hadn't yet tarred the traffic-loosened gravel at the Bend.

Ned could scarcely have chosen a worse place to start sliding and spinning. His car hit the white-painted wooden rail sideways, crashed through, tumbled down a steep slope, struck a huge boulder, bounced up a little, and


text:
Page:The American journal of science, series 3, volume 49.djvu/33

Rh Lteelevation of the St. Lawrence river basin. 15

Indeed, the outflowing river from Lakes Iroquois, Hudson- Champlain, and St. Lawrence, or the Hudson during the Post- glacial period, channeled the lower part of this valley to a depth of about 100 feet below the present sea level, proving that the land there, as Merrill points out, stood so much higher than now at some time after the ice retreated.

According to the observations of Davis, Baldwin, and Baron de Geer, the highest shore line of the Lake Hndson-Cham plain is now elevated to about 275 feet above the sea at Catskill, 1ST. Y. : 550 feet in Chesterfield, N. Y., on the west side of Lake Champlain opposite to Burlington ; and 658 feet at St. Albans, Vt. Assuming that the mouth of the lake, near New York city, was 50 feet above the sea, the differential northward up- lift of the originally level shore has been at the rate of about two feet per mile for the 100 miles from the present mouth of the Hudson to Catskill ; 1*7 feet per mile for the next 160 miles north to Chesterlield ; and about three and a half feet per mile in the next 30 miles north-northeastward to St. Albans. Perhaps a higher beach may exist in Chesterfield, which would bring these gradients nearer to uniformity. The series noted there by Baldwin comprises eight beaches refera- ble to the successive water levels of Lake Hudson-Champlain, Lake St. Lawrence, and the sea in the Champlain basin, their heights above the sea level of to-day beino; 550 feet, 530, 470, 423, 386, 365, 335, and 290 feet The mean level of Lake Champlain is 97 feet above the sea, and its maximum depth 402 feet. The lower four of these beaches belonged to the Champlain arm of the enlarged Gulf of St. Lawrence, as shown by the height of its sand deltas and associated fossiliferous clays ; but the higher four represent stages of the Lakes Hud- son-Champlain and St. Lawrence. These shore lines, like those of the glacial lakes farther west to Lake Agassiz, were probably formed during times of rest or slackening in the somewhat intermittent epeirogenic elevation of the land.

Lake St. Laiorence* — The records of the Glacial and Cham- plain epochs in the St. Lawrence valley have been most fully studied during many years by Sir William Dawson, to whose work chiefly we are indebted for detailed descriptions of the evidences of the marine submergence of that region to a maxi-

maps and sections, views of scenery, and nine plates of Pleistocene fossils. This volume sums up the author's work since 1855 on the glacial drift and associated lacustrine and Champlain marine formations of the St. Lawrence valley, embody- ing the studies which had been published in many papers in the "Canadian Naturalist and Geologist " and elsewhere. He had given a similar summary in a pamphlet of 112 pages, " Notes on the Post-pliocene of Canada." in 1872. J. W. SpeDcer. G-. K. Gilbert, Baron de Geer, S. Prentiss Baldwin, and Warren Upham, as before cited for Lakes Warren, Algonquin, Iroquois, and Hudson-Champlain.
 * Sir J. William Dawson, The Canadian Ice Age (Montreal, ]893), p. 301, with


text:
Page:The American journal of science, series 3, volume 49.djvu/31

Rh Reelevation of the St. Lawrence river basin. 13

cally. From the lower and mam Lundy beach the water fell about 4S0 feet to the earliest stage of Lake Iroquois when the Toronto fossil shells lived in the edge of that lake, excepting that here again some undetermined amount must be subtracted to compensate the concurrent rise of the land. Adding these vertical intervals together, we have 635 feet, which probably may be reduced 100 feet, more or less, for the effects of the accompanying epeirogenic uplift. We have left some 500 or 550 feet, to be subtracted from the altitude of the old Chicago outlet of Lake Warren, believed to have been then approxi- mately as now, 590 feet above the sea, to give the earliest alti- tude of the Koine outlet. It thus appears, as I concluded from a similar computation four years ago, that the Rome outlet was at first only 50 or 100 feet above the sea level.* It was gradually uplifted, participating in the differential rise of the whole Ontario basin, to about 300 feet above the sea while the outflow continued here, and to probably 350 feet or more, lack- ing less than 100 feet of its present height, by the time when the much farther retreat of the ice permitted the extension of the sea to Ogdensburgh and Brockville, on the St. Lawrence river near the mouth of Lake Ontario. Intermediate between Lake Iroquois and the Cham plain incursion of the sea, the glacial Lake St. Lawrence, into which Lake Iroquois was merged by the retreat of the ice-sheet from the northern side of the Adirondacks, filled the Lake Ontario basin for a con- siderable time at levels below the Iroquois beaches.

As the area of Lake Warren was being differentially much elevated during the earlier existence of that lake, and as the area of Lake Algonquin was similarly uplifted in part or wholly contemporaneously with the Iroquois basin, so this region was being rapidly raised and tilted upward to the north and east while the lake level, held constantly without import- ant downward cutting at the Rome outlet, inscribed many shore lines on the slowly moving land. All the movement throughout the whole region probably was upward ; but the position of Rome, and its greater rise than western parts of the basin during the existence of Lake Iroquois, caused the old beaches westward to have now declining gradients.

Lake Hudson- Charwplain. — The absence of marine fossils

 * Bulletin Geol. Soc. Am., vol, ii, pp. 260-r262.

f Warren T7pham. Bulletin Geol. Soc. Am., vol. i. p. 566; vol. ii, p. 265; vol. iii, pp. 484-487 (first using this name). C. H. Hitchcock, Geology of Vermont, 1861. vol. i, pp. 93-167, with map. J. S. Xewoerry, Pop. Sci. Monthly, vol. xiii, 1879, pp. 641-660. F. J. H. Merrill, this Journal. Ill, vol. xli, pp. 460-466, June, 1891. W. M. Davis. Proc. Boston Soc. Xat. Hist., vol. xxv, 1891, pp. 318-334. S. Prentiss Baldwin, " Pleistocene History of the Champlain Valley," Am. Geolo- gist, vol. xiii, pp. 170-184, with map, March, 1894. Baron de Geer, as cited for Lake Iroquois.


text:
Page:The American journal of science, series 3, volume 49.djvu/29

Rh Reelevation of the St. Lawrence river basin. 11

Lake Lroquois* — This glacial lake, outflowing at Rome to the Mohawk and Hudson, occupied less area in the west part of the Lake Ontario basin during its earliest stage than during the later and probably longer enduring lake stage by which the high Iroquois beach in that region was formed. Previous to the date of the western development of the Iroquois beach, the early water level stood at one time only a little higher than the present Lake Ontario at Toronto and Scarboro Heights, 6 to 15 miles east of Toronto, as compared with the altitude, doubtless absolutely lower than now with regard to the sea, which the land then held in that part of the lake basin. This is shown by the occurrence of fossil fresh-water mollusks of lourteen species, and wood of ash, oak, and American yew, in beds at Toronto, described by Coleman, which now are 33 to 51 feet above Lake Ontario, or 280 to 298 feet above the sea. All the mollusk species are now living; but four are restricted, so far as known, to waters tributary to the Mississippi. A boulder-bearing surface deposit above these beds proves that the front of the ice-sheet was not far distant ; but the climatic conditions of that time, clearly indicated by the fauna and flora, were as mild as now. There next ensued, probably, a gradual rise of the lake, due to an uplifting of the country about its outlet at Rome, until it stood at the level of the well defined Iroquois beach, which has a height at Toronto of about 200 feet above Lake Ontario. Thick fossiliferous delta deposits had been, meanwhile, brought into the north edge of the lake at Toronto and several miles eastward along the lake- cliif section of Scarboro Heights, described by Hinde ; and re- peated re-advances of the ice-front, one during, and another after, the delta accumulation, formed, at the locality last noted, two deposits of till or boulder-clay.

In a limited sense the Toronto and Scarboro fossils may be called Interglacial, since they lie between deposits of glacial drift ; but they seem better referred to moderate oscillations of the ice boundary than to the distinct glacial epochs which Coleman and Hinde infer from them. Both these beds and

Ontario," this Journal. Ill, vol. xl, pp. 443-451, with map, Dec, 1890 ; and papers previously cited. Thomas Roy (in paper by Sir Charles Lyell), Proceed- ings Geol. Soc, London, vol. ii. 1837, pp. 537, 538. Sir Charles Lyell, Travels in N. A., in 1841-42. vol. ii, chapter xx. E. J. Chapman, Canadian Journal, new series, vol. vi, 1861, pp. 221-22y, and 497, 498. Sand ford Fleming, Can. Jour., same vol. vi. pp. 247-253. GTeorge J. Hinde, Can. Jour., vol. xv, 1877. pp. 388- 413. A. P. Coleman, Am. Geologist, vol. xiii, pp. 85-95, Feb. 1894. Geol. Sur- vey of Canada, Report of Progress to 1863, pp. 912, 913. James Hall, Geology of New York. Partiv, 1843, pp. 348-351. Baron Gerard de Geer, "On Pleistocene Changes of Level in eastern North America." Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. xxv, 1892, pp. 454-477, with map; also (excepting the map) in Am. Geologist, vol. xi, pp. 22-44, Jan., 1893. G. K. Gilbert, F. B. Taylor, B. W. Claypole, G. F. Wright, and Warren Upham, as cited for Lakes Warren and Algonquin.
 * J. W. Spencer, "The Deformation of the Iroquois Beach and Birth of Lake


text:
Page:The American journal of science, series 3, volume 49.djvu/27

Rh Beelevation of the St. Lawrence river hasm. 9

present St. Clair and Detroit rivers, by which the earliest out- flow of the old glacial lake probably passed southward and thence ran east as a glacial River Erie, at first tributary to Lake Lundy. As soon as that very briefly existing glacial lake was drained away, the river followed the lowest part of the shallow bed of the present Lake Erie along all its extent, which then had an eastward descent of probably 200 feet, allowing no lake or only a very small one to exist in the deepest depression of the basin ; and north of Buffalo it coin- cided with the course of the Niagara river.

Gilbert, Wright, and Spencer, have thought that for a long time the outflow of the three great lakes above Lake Erie passed by the way of Lake Nipissing to the Mattawa and Ot- tawa rivers. It seems to me far more probable, however, that the epeirogenic uplift of the Nipissing region, which had ele- vated it already about 400 feet during the existence of Lake Warren, continued so fast that both the Trent and JNipissing- Mattawa passes were raised the additional 50 feet needed to place them above the level of Lake Algonquin before the glacial retreat uncovered the country east of them so that out- lets could be obtained there.

With the continuance of the uplift of the Lake Superior basin after the formation of the Algonquin beach, the mouth of Lake Superior and the Sault Ste. Marie came into existence ; and this movement allowed the lake level at Duluth to fall probably 40 or 50 feet beneath the Algonquin and present shore line. Subsequent differential elevation of the eastern and northern parts of the basin, as compared with Duluth, has again brought the west end of the lake up to the Algonquin shore, but not until the St. Louis river, while the water sur- face stood considerably lower than now, had deeply eroded its broad channel through the very gently sloping expanse of till from Fond du Lac to the harbor of Duluth and Superior.

The differential uplift of the Algonquin beach, as compared with Chicago and the previous mouth of Lake Warren, has been about 60 feet near the mouth of Lake Huron and at Duluth ; 110 feet at the mouth of Lake Superior ; 200 feet at Lake Xipissing ; and 240 to 290 feet at Barrie, Lorneville, and Orillia, on Lake Simcoe. A broad lobe of the waning ice sheet, terminating on the highland area between the south end of Georgian bay and the west end of Lake Ontario, appears to have delayed the elevation of that district, so that subsequent to the formation of the Algonquin beach more uplifting took place there than at the north side of Georgian bay and about Lake Xipissing. The ascent of the Algonquin beach in nearly 200 miles from the mouth' of Lake Huron northeasterly to Lake Simcoe averages about a foot per mile ; and thence in