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 exploration of those parts of this region, which, being far from the coast, have been seldom or never visited by any European. And if we look at the question from the utilitarian side, the strong opinion which has been recently arrived at by practical agriculturists, that the slopes of hills in this Peninsula are admirably adapted to the growth of both tea and coffee, added to the actual successes of the Dutch and other planters of tobacco on the other side of the Straits, gives one a very high idea of what might be done by capital and enterprise in so vast an extent of country, which has hitherto been profitless, for want of human inhabitants possessed of those resources by which alone the tyranny of nature can be overcome.

And this brings us to another set of subjects upon which accurate knowledge is very much needed. I mean the present human inhabitants of Malaya, their history, their manners and customs, their religion, and their language and literature. I shall however treat the whole subject very generally.

I think no one who has lived among them can be satisfied with what is generally said in books about the character and habits of the Malays. For instance, they are constantly spoken of as if, throughout the length and breadth of the countries where they are to be found, they were, in character and disposition, and in their ways of living and thinking, one and the same. But we know that this is very far from being the case. The Malay of the coast, who is best known to travellers, is quite a different being, in a hundred respects, from the Malay of the interior. And again, the inhabitants of one island, both the dwellers on the sea board, and the peasants inland, differ from those in another island, or in a distant part of the same island. Take as an example a ease in which most of us can make the comparison from our own experience, and appreciate the points of difference. Contrast a peasant of Malacca or Johor with one of the Boyans, who enter our service in various capacities in Singapore; they are both Malays, but they are almost as unlike one another as a Hindoo and a Chinaman. The one is lively, courteous, and communicative; the other is dull, boorish, and shy. The one is idle and fond of sport, tho other is plodding and methodical; the one is very fond of talking, and little given to reading; the other has not much to say even to his own people, but keeps his master awake at night by reading or reciting, in a loud monotonous voice, long poems or stories, or chanting chapters of the Koran, which as a child be learned to read, but of which he does not understand a word. If it is said that we only see the Beyan out of his natural sphere, as an


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 emigrant, and a servant to a foreign master, I should reply that that is another strange mark of difference between him and the peasant of the Peninsula, whom it is very difficult to persuade either to leave his house, or to become a servant. I think it is important that these differences between the several Malayan races should be more clearly noted than they have been hitherto.

Then again in the matter of Religion there is the same want of accurate observation. Nearly all Malays are Mohamedans, and people seem to consider that when they have said that, they have said all that need be said on the subject, and that they have told you all there is to be told. But there are Mohamedans and Mohamedans; and I expect there is as much difference in the ideas of Religion held by a Mussulman of the West and an average Malay, as between those held by Mr. Spurgeon and the Pope of Rome. There could hardly be a more interesting study, than that of the special developments of Islam that are to be met with among the Malay race, both as to religious belief and moral practice. I remember that some years ago at Malacca, I was much interested in listening to a Malay relating to me the traditions of the Patriarchs, which had come down through many generations of Malays, having, doubtless, originated from Arab sources. It was quite evident, in many cases, that the narrative had in course of time assumed a distinctly local form and colouring. I intended to have made a collection of such traditions, but my removal to Singapore interrupted the study, and I have never had leisure or opportunity to return to it.

A careful study of the religious opinions and practices of the people would be not interesting only, but directly useful. Useful of course to the Missionary, as shewing him what ground he has in common with the man whose spiritual life he hopes to benefit, what are the real errors to be eradicated, and the real defects in faith and morals that have to be supplied. And useful to the governing class too, as discovering the true character and nature of the people to be governed, for as Carlyle say's, "A man's religion is the chief fact with regard to him; a man's or a nation of men's." And he goes on to explain: "By religion I do not mean the Church-creed which he professes, the articles of faith which he will sign, and, in words or otherwise, assert; not this wholly; in many cases not this at all, * * * * * But the thing a man does practically believe; the thing a man does practically lay to heart concerning his vital relations to this mysterious universe, and his

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 duty and destiny there, that is in all cases the primary thing for him, and creatively, determines all the rest. That is, his religion; and I say, if you tell me what that is, you tell me to a very great extent what the man is, what the kind of things he will do is."

Then there is a great want of a good account of Malayan Literature. And ii order that that may be given, it will be necessary to make a good collection of Malay writings. Great help may be rendered in this matter by persons possessing Malay manuscripts sending them in to the Library which this Society proposes to form, either as gifts, or as loans to be copied. I suppose there is no really good collection of Malay books in existence. We all know how the large one which Sir Stamford Raffles made was unfortunately burnt at sea on the way home. I know of none out here. I thought it likely that there might be such a thing in the British Museum; and when I was in England the year before last I went to see. They told me that there were Malay books but they were undescribed, and their contents and value were unknown. However the LibrarainLibrarian [sic] kindly gave me every facility for examining them myself. I found that the whole collection amounted so some thirty volumes most of them purchased from Mr. Crawford in 1812. I hope that the Museum did not pay a very large price for them. The manuscripts were chiefly Shair and Hikayat, poems and romances, many of them incomplete, some bearing evident marks of having been copied for European reading, and more or less adapted to European ideas. There were several examples of the Sual Jawab, or Religious Catechism, and some printed books in the inferior style of typography, which may be seen any day by the curious in the book-shops in Kampong Glam. One cannot call this a good collection, but I rather doubt if there is a much better one to be found. If one is ever to be made it should be done at once. For Malay manuscripts are becoming more and more difficult to obtain. The introduction of printed books has not at present tended to preserve the older literature. The Educational works which have been published for the use of schools, and the weekly newspapers, will probably, for some time to come satisfy a not too keen appetite for reading; and the manuscripts (never very numerous) are likely to be less prized, and more rarely copied; and many will no doubt be lost for ever, unless an effort is made to discover and preserve them.

About the non-Malayan aboriginal races I will only say that, though much has been written about them, there remains much


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 to be written. Probably they are not all known. Those unexplored regions of which we have been speaking are the very places in which one might expect to find them, driven back into the jungle by the advance of even the Malay notion of civilization. And the fortunate man who discovers anything about them should learn all he can at once, and put it down in writing at once, before an irruption of the "orang putih," or, as I have heard M. Maclay call them, the "semut putih," coming into their retired haunts has the usual effect of causing them to dwindle more and more, and get more and more absorbed among the most sympathetic of their native neighbours, till in a little time, they and all their peculiarities of speech, of manners and customs, and ways of thought, disappear from off the face of the earth.

I have only mentioned a very few of those paths along which the Society hopes to go in pursuit of knowledge. There is no doubt about the fact that there is plenty of work to be done. It remains for me just to indicate the means by which we hope that some of it may get done.

The first is by Association. The weak point in Mr. Logan's brave attempt was that he was alone responsible for the management of the Journal. He seems to have been most heartily supported at first, and he had a brilliant success; but any one may see from the table of contents that, as time went on, the burden began to fall on him with a weight which no man out here would be likely to sustain long. I do not know what it was that made him give up the undertaking in 1862, but I should think, from the look of the thing, that the want of sufficient co-operation had something to do with it. And, as must happen to an undertaking which depends, in the main, upon the energy and enthusiasm of a single individual, when he gave up the work it came utterly to an end. It is to be hoped that this danger will be averted by our uniting ourselves in a Society. A Society, if it starts with a good stock of vital power, and has a definite end to accomplish, may expect to be long-lived. Individuals are removed, and some lose the little interest they ever had in the matter and drop away. This is to be looked for. But others remain; and new members are constantly enlisted to fill up the ranks. I think we have every reason to consider that we do make our start with a considerable amount of vitality. The number of members, as we have just heard, is now nearly a hundred; and considering how short a time has elapsed


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 since the matter was first mooted, I think that fact alone shews that a great deal of interest is felt in the objects which those who first moved in it had at heart.

And the time is a propitious one for many reasons. I will only mention one. The opening of the Native States has placed a small band of Englishmen within reach of some of the least known parts of the Peninsula. I am happy to say that every one of the Residents has joined us, and several of the other officers who are stationed with them. Some of these gentlemen are already well known for their extensive research in some of the questions that are most interesting to us. And every one of them has a grand opportunity of acquiring large stores of information, and of facilitating the acquisition of it by others. I should think it must be an encouragement and a solace to men living in the isolated positions in which they are placed, to feel that the results of their labour and observation need not be consigned to the respectable oblivion of blue-books, but may be communicated at once to a sympathizing and appreciative public.

Another means by which the Society is to work is by the monthly General Meetings, of which this is the first. At these meetings some of the papers communicated to the Society will be read, and the subjects of them discussed. Gatherings of this kind, for purely intellectual purposes, are rather a new feature in our Colonial life, and I think a most desirable one; and we may hope that the conversations we shall have here will tend to keep up an interest in the proceedings, and perhaps set some of us upon studying subjects which we have neglected before.

The Journal is of course the chief instrument by the help of which the work we have in hand is to be attempted. It is proposed, for the present, to publish a number every six months, beginning in July next. The number of contributions already promised shews that we are not for the present, at all events, likely to be short of matter; and if the supply should continue as abundant as it promises to be the CommiteeCommittee [sic] may think it right to try a more frequent issue. But that of course must depend very much upon the reception which the first number meets with. For however learned, and however enthusiastic the Society may be, it will not be able to express its learning, or give vent to its ardour in paper and printer's ink without funds.

The last feature of the scheme is the Library. It is proposed to make a small and very special collection of the books which are the best authorities upon these countries, and which will be guides to students, and helps to collectors. It may perhaps be


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 asked whether the Rattles Library is not sufficient. It is in fact a great deal more than sufficient in one way, but insufficient in others. I need not say that a very large number of the attractive looking volumes on those shelves would not be of much use to such a Society as this. And, on the other hand, a great many books, &c., required for the purposes of the Society, would not be necessary in a general collection. As I have said before, I hope that one important feature of the Library will be as complete a collection as possible of the books that have been written in the Malay and kindred languages In the Library, too, will be found, I hope, many M. S. communications to the Society, such as notices of short Journeys, which though not of sufficient importance to be printed, yet deserve to be carefully preserved for reference.

This then is the Society, its work and its modus operandi. I cannot but regret that your choice of a President for this year has not fallen upon some one who would have done better justice to a great subject. But the objects we are aiming at speak for themselves, and I think we have every reason to be sanguine in our expectation that the Society may take a worthy and honoured place among those institutions which are conferring benefits upon mankind, by removing a part of the ignorance and misconception, which hide from our view some of the most wonderful works of God.


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 HYDERABAD, 14th November 1891.

After experiencing the hospitalities of His Highness the Nizam and Sir Asmanjah at the entertainments given by then in his honor, Sir Dennis Fitzpatrick left Hyderabad the day before yesterday morning. He, no doubt, carried away with him many lively recollections of convival gatherings at which he had been treated to an exuberance of oriental civility, and enthusiastic display of high regard by the sleek officialdom; but how few were the occasions on which he tried to do his duty by the people of the land, to secure good Government here which means the well-being of the State? The more one thinks of the many opportunities Sir Dennis had of helping to put the administration on a satisfactory footing, to provide against the oppression and the nepotism of upstarts, alien officials, of the means he possessed in his abilities and keensightedness born of arduous service in the past, whereby he could have cleansed the Augeau stable' here, one is inclined to believe either that there is an irony of fate under which even the best-intentioned become not only useless but positively harmful to the suffering masses, or that the Hyderabad political atmosphere is such that even the best hearts and powerful minds are perverted by its influence. What is worse than anything done by his predecessors, Sir Dennis Fitzpatrick's policy has brought the least capable men into prominence and invested the most unscrupulous with almost unlimited power. This is an unquestionable fact-a fact which anybody with an open mind can see at a glance or testify to. Ask honest, independent men like the Nawah Abdul Lateef Khan of Bengal and Mr. Nelson, the retired civilian of Madras, what they think of the present administration; and they will tell you what I have all along told in these columns, in my own feeble way, that it is the greatest curse that Hyderabad has known for a very long time. Yet this was the administration that the wise Sir Deunis gave his support to, cordially and unstintingly.

It is a far cry from Bombay to Allahabad that the dissapprobation of the Resident's official conduct is restricted to the


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title: Author:George Frederick Hose


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164 massive darkness, due in sooth to the extreme disfavour with which the people look upon the administration, that hung over the city. The most remarkable thing in connection with this forced demonstration of popular approval, was that Sir Asman- jah's palace did not show more than the usual number of lights. This is to be ascribed to oversight and not to want of feeling, to be sure ! There is a wide spread rumour that Abdul Hak who has been here for some time has "made up", has got round the officials, and consequently. The government will not press their claims against him. And the statement in the Government organ that the Government is likely to agree to a compromise, lends colour to it. This means, after spending a lot of money wrung from the poor ryots, overdrawing up the plaint and filing the suit, the Government means to abandon the case against Hak, because the "offender" has made himself agreeable to the powerfuls-that prosecutions are set on foot not so much in the interests of the State as to humble "Shareer Tok" or to satisfy the official whims. When are we to hear the last of this sad state of things? When is the departmental case againt the Nawab Imad Nawaz Jung, Rajah Sreenevas Rao, Sriram Pundit and others to be decided? Is it not hard, not to say unjust, that while the Nawab and the Raja, the really responsible men, are in receipt of their salaries, poor subordinates like Sriram Pundit and others. should be under suspension and made to hang on 'starving' for an indefinite period?


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 To illustrate the way in which this proverb is used I may mention that I once heard it quoted, in a country police court in Province Wellesley, by an old Malay who was asked for his defence to a certain charge. He declared it to be a second attempt on the part of his adversary to injure him, a former one having failed; and he wound up his speech with "telinga la' dapat pulas dia handak pulas tandok", (if he can't wring me by the ear he is determined to have me by the horn).

 * 50. Ter-lepas deri-pada mulut buâya masok mulut harîmau.

"Freed from the mouth of the crocodile only to fall into the jaws of the tiger."

This proverb and the next suggest at once the familiar English one "Out of the frying pan into the fire."

 * 51. Takut-kan hantu pelok-kan bangkei.

"From fear of the ghost, to clasp the corpse."

 * 52. Jangan sangat pilih-nya takut tuan kena buku bulu.

"Do not pick and choose too nicely or you may chance to get a bamboo knot." The knot or joint of the bamboo, or of the sugarcane, is a symbol among the Malays of anything that is quite worthless and can be turned to no good account. The proverb means that a man who is very hard to please may have to put up with an inferior article in the end.

 * 53. Jâras katania râga jârang.

"The creel says that the basket is coarsely plaited." "Yet," as I have heard a Malay say, "halnia jaras pun jarang juga," "the creel, too, has wide interstices," a commentary which fully explains the proverb. It corresponds closely with the familiar English proverb about the pot which called the kettle black.

 * 54. Jangan kamu sangkakan kapal api besi itu pun masok guri juga.

"Do not imagine otherwise, even an iron steamer has to go into dock." A warning not to suppose that anything is so strong and solid as to be beyond the reach of injury or decay.

 * 55. Janganlah tuan-tuan pikir kalau tebu itu bengkok manisan itu pun bengkok juga.

"Do not suppose, my masters, that because a sugar cane is crooked its sweet juice is equally crooked!" A good thing is none the worse for having come from a bad person; or, a repulsive exterior does not prove that there is nothing good within.


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165 HYDERABAD, 22nd November, 1991. Information reaches us from Calcutta that Mr. Garth, Barrrister-at-Law, appeared in behalf of Jacob, before Mr. Justice Wilson, on the 18th instant and applied for summonses being served on Mr. Abid, His Highness the Nizam's Chamberlian, and Sir Asmanjah, requiring the former to produce certain papers and the latter to attend as a witness for the defence when The Diamond case comes on for hearing on the 30th instant, and that his Lordship granted the issue of summons to Abid as he had placed himself under the court's jurisdiction, and refused it in the case of Sir Asmanjah on the score of his being a subject of, and resident in a Native State. The refusal of permission for the serving of summons on Sir Asmanjah, on the part of Mr. Justice Wilson, is very unfortunate for Hyderabad, for the Prime Minister's evidence might-incidentally-throw a flood of light on the secret forces working behind that clumsy blind-the Hyderabad Government. But as His Highness the Nizam has declared, in his now famous manifesto, his willingness to give the defendant the "fullest opportunities" of defending himself," it is to be hoped that he will prevail upon his Minister to place himself under the jurisdiction of the Calcutta Court, as Abid has done, only to see how far what he knows about the affair can be in Jacob's favour. I have heard in connection with the Diamond Case" some- thing which shows how much one in the position of the Nizam, surrounded as he is by the solid phalanx of a clique bent on self-aggrandisement, may be imposed upon. As this comes to me from a very reliable quarter, a quarter from which I have hitherto heard nothing that turned out unfounded, I should like to mention it for the edification of the readers of the "Hindu." Though it is an open secret that but for the influence of the party in power we should never have heard of the prosecution against Jacob, it is not known beyond a very limited circle that the object the party had in bringing about the prosecution was


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 : 56. Jong pechah yu sarat.

"When the junk is wrecked the shark has his fill." It is an ill wind that blows no one any good.

 * 57. Chikil berhabis lapuk bertedoh.

"The last degree of stinginess is to leave the mould (mildew) undisturbed."

 * 55. Diam ubi lagi kintal
 * Diam besi lagi sentil.

"The yam remains still and increases in bulk; iron lies quiet and wastes away the more." Another version of the same proverb is "Diam ubi berisi, diam besi ber-karat-karat."

The meaning is easily gathered from the following passage from the Hikayat Abdlullah (p. 245): "Maka diam-lah iya (Tuan Raffles) bahra bukan-nia diam penggali berkarat, melainkan diam ubi adania berisi." "Mr. Raffles remained silent, but his silence was not that of the spade which lies rusting, but that of the yam which is adding to its contents." Favre in his dictionary (tit. goli) seems to have somewhat misunderstood this passage.

 * 59. Di chobit paha kanan kiri pun sakit juga.

"If the right thigh is pinched pain will also be felt in the left." A man may be made to suffer by something done to a near relation. In Malay countries it is common to influence a man by threats of injury to his family; absconding criminals and slaves are sometimes induced to return and surrender themselves by the knowledge that their wives and children or other near relations have been seized and are undergoing ill treatment.

 * 60. Di tepuk tangan kanan tiada akan membunyi.

"To clap hands with the right hand only will not produce any sound." The combined action of both parties to an agreement is necessary, if it is to be carried out properly. If one is willing, and the other unwilling, no result will be produced.


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after my arrival in Singapore in May last I had the good fortune to make the acquaintance of Mr. Wm. Davidson, Curator of the "A. O. Hume" Museum at Simla and a naturalist of extensive information, who was here on visit. He was He was greatly interested in the prospects of our infant Museu m and in the course of several conversaith him, I mentioned my intention, when time permitted, of studying the Ophiology of the island and peninsula, offering as it does a tempting field to naturalists, inasmuch as as it appears to be is yet almost unworked. Amongst the encouraging remarks which he made was a careful injunction to keep a good look-out for any specimens of Günther's celebrated Hamadryad, the Ophiophagus Elaps, which had the reputation, not only of eating the formidable Cobra di Capello, but of being the fiercest Asiatic reptile known to exist; inasmuch as cases are on record of its having chased men for a distance of a mile or more, moderate-sized rivers even forming no impediment to its revengeful pursuit. I was therefore naturally led to make extensive enquiries both amongst the natives and those friends whom a similar interest in Natural History had led to study the occurrence and habits of our little known Ophidia, and these enquiries have been rewarded by a gratifying success. That I am not "telling a twice-told tale" in bringing this reptile to your notice may be shewn by a quotation from Dr. Oxley who compiled the best existing sketch of the Zoology of the island, and who says "Snakes are not numerous in Singapore, the most common is a dark cobra. I believe this, with a trigonocephalus, are the only well authenticated venomous species in the Island." Meanwhile a slight sketch of all that can be learned on the spot concerning the formidable reptile under notice may be of interest.

The Raffles Library, though fairly provided with popular works on Natural History does not of course pretend to furnish specialists with works bearing on the particular study in which they may be engaged; and I was fortunate in finding on its shelves even three works which gave me some information on the subject I had chosen for enquiry. Two of these—Figuier's "Reptiles and Birds" and Woods' "Reptiles" contain only


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166 the "smashing up" of Jacob, as a political character in Hyderabad, and Abid. Jacob had easy access to the Nizam, and was getting to be more and more influential with him, and it was thought, with good reason no doubt, that he would in course of time rise to be powerful enough to endanger those in authority; and Abid was a political eel and could not be relied upon. In these circumstances it was but natural that the powerful party should seek to nullify Jacob's influence as well as Abid's. The first step by way of accomplishing the object, was easy enough to take, since there was only His Highness to deal with. But as the actual accomplishment of the object depends upon a trial in a British Court, the powers-that-be are low-spirited, but would seem to be prepared to meet any contingency. Even if the object be not realized and there is many a slip between the cup add the lip, you know-and in spite of the blow that will cause to the reputation and diguity of His Highness the Nizam, it seems to be almost certain that they will hold their " position" secure as the following conversation between one of the most influential of those in power and a friend shows "What will you do if the case go against His Highness? Asked the friend. "Wo have a plan cut and dried, which will provide against any harm to us in that case," answered the official. "What is it?" "It is this. We shall tell His Highness that the prosecution was set on foot not so much to get Jacob punished as to put it beyond a shadow of doubt, that His Highness has nothing whatever to do with the Russians. And His Highness, with the confidence he has in us, will surely believe us." "Whoever thought that His Highness had anything to do wit the Russians? And how could this prosecution establish he had nothing to do?


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 we can hardly even blame the interested diplomacy of Dandolo, when we have seen ourselves, in this very year of grace, the noblest eloquence of England's greatest statesman encouraging England's most persistent and most dangerous enemy. Treaties are as the smoke of a tobacco-pipe, when strength and interest point in the same direction. By the persistent breach of sacred treaties Rome destroyed Carthage; and in modern days it seems as if national obligations may be repudiated if only a political opponent can be thwarted and embarrassed.

The Latins in command of Constantinople, it became necessary then to proceed at once to the partition of the Roman empire. It had been agreed by Dandolo on the one hand, and Baldwin, Boniface, and the Counts of Blois and St. Pol on the other, that one full quarter of the whole dominion was to be assigned to the Latin emperor, who was to be elected by Venetians and Crusaders. There remained three-quarters. Of this Venice was to have a moiety, and the rest was to be divided somehow among the Crusaders. Not a word about Jerusalem or the Holy Places. Even the acquisition of that share of the 300,000 marks which fell to each soldier failed to stimulate the Crusaders to the accomplishment of their vows.

First of all, however, they proceeded to elect an emperor.

Venice wanted no dignity of that kind, nor could any dignity be bestowed upon the nonagenarian Dandolo greater than that which he actually enjoyed as Doge of his native Republic. He accepted, however, the title of Despot of Romania. The emperor must


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167 "Abid, who is a trusted servant of His Highness's, went to Persia, you know. And it might have been thought by the Government of India, that he went there to confer with the Russians in behalf of His Highness, and the 40 lakhs, the price of the Diamond, was only an instalment of the sum promised them."

This conversation tells the absurd story that is to vindicate the action of men in authority and keep them secure from harm. And it needs no comment at my hands.

I am told that His Excellency Sir Asmanjal wrote to Sir Dennis Fitzpatrick, on the eve of his departure, begging him to recommend Viearul-mulk and Imadal-mulk to the Government of India so that their titles might be recognised by it, and that Sir Dennis replied that it was "too late" for him to think of doing anything for them. A high Residency official writing on this matter, to the Nizam's Minister is said to have remarked- and in the remarks one hears the cutting tone of the blunt, independent First Assistant that the fact of Mehdi Ali's title being recognized by the British Government was no reason why the titles of the Assistant to the Minister and the Director of Public Instruction should also be recognized. Quite so.

The Hyderabad Races which attract here sporting characters from all parts of India once a year, commenced on Tuesday the 17th instant, and come to a close on Tuesday, the 24th. I shall not trouble you with the event of the race days that have already come and gone for they will have for they will have appeared in the "telegram" columns of the Presidency English papers some days before this communication is in print and, besides, I am not sure that the majority of your readers who are Indians have developed their love for 'sports' to such an extent as to feel interested in them. But I must refer to the exhibition of feeling, because of a remark in one of my letters, by one of the nobleman whom I had before my mind's eye when I wrote the paragraph about the Nizam's birth-day-on the second of the race days, Thursday last, at the


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 therefore be chosen from among the French or Flemings. Two of the chiefs might show strong claims for the choice. Of these two, the Marquis of Montferrat, who at first seemed the most likely to be chosen, was already connected by means of his brother's marriage with the late reigning dynasty of Constantinople. He was, besides, proved to be a valorous soldier and a prudent general. On the other hand, Baldwin, the Count of Flanders, a younger man, had displayed all the prowess of his rival, and was personally more popular. Besides, the larger part of the army consisted of his own people, Flemings. There was therefore no surprise when the council of election announced that their choice had fallen upon Baldwin, and his rival was among the first to acknowledge the validity of the election. The Marquis of Montferrat obtained for his prize Crete and the Asiatic part of the empire. As, however, he discovered that the latter part of the Byzantine realm would require to be conquered, he exchanged it for the kingdom of Thessalonica. The Greek empire had at one blow fallen to pieces. What the Crusaders had conquered was that part of the country now called Roumelia. Across the Dardanelles, Theodore Lascaris established himself as emperor at Nicæa; an Alexis of the Comnenan House, a son of Manuel Comnenus, created an empire for himself at Trebizond; another established himself as Despot of Epirus; and the other two wandering emperors—Alexis III. and Alexis V., the Beetle-browed—joined their forces, in the hope of keeping the Latins out of the north-west provinces. But these two past masters


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Page:A Record of the Buddhist Religion as practised in India and the Malay Archipelago.djvu/6

HENRY FROWDE


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Page:A Record of the Buddhist Religion as practised in India and the Malay Archipelago.djvu/9

 A RECORD

OF

AS PRACTISED IN

INDIA AND THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO

(A.D. 671-695)

By I-TSING

J. TAKAKUSU, B.A., PH.D.

WITH A LETTER FROM THE RIGHT HON. PROFESSOR F. MAX MÜLLER

WITH A MAP

AT THE CLARENDON PRESS

1896


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168 race stand. Meeting me the nobleman deigned to ask what was the hint-he meant 'hit' no doubt-in my remark about some Hindu nobleman more timid than straight-forward" And on my explaining to him, as politely as I could, what was meant, he showed by his manner and words that he was very much annoyed and would "cut" me hereafter. This did not prevent me from enjoying myself on the day, nor does it cause me a regret now. But I wish to tell the nobleman what I had no time to tell on Thursday, that if he thought that because I showed up the men in power, I was a partisan, and could not notice anything objectionable in, or done by those whose cause I feel called upon to advocate, he was very much mistaken, I have ever looked at men and measures from the point of view of the people: and if any one thinks that simply because I happen to agree with him, I am for him and must flatter him, he errs, I cannot say anything more.

The passage that your London correspondent quotes from the narrative relating the experiences of an English traveller in the columns of the San Francisco Chronicle, in his last letter, las surprised us and amused us here not a title. It is one tissue of inventions from beginning to end. The description of the Nizam's person and the splendour and costliness of his dress and surroundings is all a la Madame Potter-and you know that she drew the long bow as much when she spoke of the Nizam as when she talked about how her "pathetic recital" had brought tears to the eyes of ignorant "princessess." A Nizam in a "robe of snow white silk" with buttons of "immense pearls set in dia- monds," glistening with "hundreds of jewels" with "ropes of pearls" about his neck and arms &c. -belongs to a period in the history of Hyderabad long gone by. And to speak of such "a presence" is surely to take one back to semi-savage times in Hyderabad or "the fabulous times of the Arabian Night," and not to speak of one who moves and has his being in the Hyderabad of to-day. I do not think it can be said that "he lives for pleasure alone." Though his giving up so much time to the "Iron man"


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Author:Sydenham Edwards

Works
British ornithology - being the history with a coloured representation of every known species of British birds (1811)

title: Author:Sydenham Edwards


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Page:Hyderabad in 1890 and 1891; comprising all the letters on Hyderabad affairs written to the Madras Hindu by its Hyderabad correspondent during 1890 and 1891 (IA hyderabadin1890100bangrich).pdf/177

169 at the Chadarghat Public Gardens last Friday evening, on the occasion of Miss Jeanette Van Tassel's balloon ascent, might lead one to think that there is much of the Epicurean in him, it is said to be nevertheless true that he has his share of the administrative burden to bear. And to talk of "the degree" of the country forbidding him a wife and his finding "a satisfactory substitute” in five hundred concubines who fill his harem is to 'wrong' the Nizam as well as to write oneself down an ignoramus.


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 CONTENTS.

 * A Record of the Buddhist Religion as practised in India and the Malay Archipelago/Map of I-tsing's Route to India and Back, with some Geographical Names mentioned in his Record
 * [to face title-page]

 * A Record of the Buddhist Religion as practised in India and the Malay Archipelago/Letter from the Right Honourable Professor F. Max Müller to Mr. J. Takakusu

 * A Record of the Buddhist Religion as practised in India and the Malay Archipelago/General Introduction : —
 * Preliminary Remarks
 * The Mûlasarvâstivâda School
 * The Result of I-tsing's Description of the Buddhist Schools
 * The Life and Travels of I-tsing : —
 * I. His Boyhood, to his Departure from China
 * II. His Journey to India
 * III. His Return Home, to his Death
 * Notes on some Geographical Names : —
 * I. The Country of the Naked People
 * II. The Islands of the Southern Sea
 * III. Further India or Indo-China
 * IV. India and Ceylon
 * The Date of I-tsing's Work
 * Tables of several Literary Men and Buddhist Teachers of India, with their dates and successions, made from the Record of Buddhist Practices of I-tsing
 * The Text
 * Additional Notes to the Map
 * II. The Islands of the Southern Sea
 * III. Further India or Indo-China
 * IV. India and Ceylon
 * The Date of I-tsing's Work
 * Tables of several Literary Men and Buddhist Teachers of India, with their dates and successions, made from the Record of Buddhist Practices of I-tsing
 * The Text
 * Additional Notes to the Map
 * Tables of several Literary Men and Buddhist Teachers of India, with their dates and successions, made from the Record of Buddhist Practices of I-tsing
 * The Text
 * Additional Notes to the Map
 * The Text
 * Additional Notes to the Map
 * Additional Notes to the Map


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 ; A Record of the Buddhist Religion as practised in India and the Malay Archipelago/A Record of Buddhist Practices sent Home from the Southern Sea : —

 * Introduction
 * I. Regarding the Non-observance of the Varsha (or Vassa, Summer-Retreat)
 * II. Behaviour towards the Honoured
 * III. On Sitting on a Small Chair at Dinner
 * IV. Distinction between Pure and Impure Food
 * V. Cleansing after Meals
 * VI. Two Jugs for keeping Water
 * VII. The Morning Inspection of Water as to Insects
 * VIII. Use of Tooth-woods
 * IX. Rules about the Reception at the Upavasatha-day
 * X. Necessary Food and Clothing
 * XI. The Mode of Wearing Garments
 * XII. Rules Concerning the Nun's Dress and Funeral
 * XIII. Consecrated Grounds
 * XIV. The Summer-Retreat of the Five Parishads
 * XV. Concerning the Pravârana-day
 * XVI. About Spoons and Chop-sticks
 * XVII. Proper Occasion for Salutation
 * XVIII. Concerning Evacuation
 * XIX. Rules of Ordination
 * XX. Bathing at Proper Times
 * XXI. Concerning the Mat to sit on.
 * XXII. Rules of Sleeping and Resting
 * XXIII. On the Advantage of Proper Exercise to Health
 * XXIV. Worship not Mutually Dependent
 * XXV. Behaviour between Teacher and Pupil
 * XXVI. Conduct towards Strangers or Friends
 * XXVII. On Symptoms of Bodily Illness
 * XXVIII. Rules on Giving Medicine
 * XXIX. Hurtful Medical Treatment must not be practised
 * XXX. On Turning to the Right in Worship
 * XXXI. Rules of Decorum in Cleansing the Sacred Object of Worship
 * XXXII. The Ceremony of Chanting
 * XVII. Proper Occasion for Salutation
 * XVIII. Concerning Evacuation
 * XIX. Rules of Ordination
 * XX. Bathing at Proper Times
 * XXI. Concerning the Mat to sit on.
 * XXII. Rules of Sleeping and Resting
 * XXIII. On the Advantage of Proper Exercise to Health
 * XXIV. Worship not Mutually Dependent
 * XXV. Behaviour between Teacher and Pupil
 * XXVI. Conduct towards Strangers or Friends
 * XXVII. On Symptoms of Bodily Illness
 * XXVIII. Rules on Giving Medicine
 * XXIX. Hurtful Medical Treatment must not be practised
 * XXX. On Turning to the Right in Worship
 * XXXI. Rules of Decorum in Cleansing the Sacred Object of Worship
 * XXXII. The Ceremony of Chanting
 * XXV. Behaviour between Teacher and Pupil
 * XXVI. Conduct towards Strangers or Friends
 * XXVII. On Symptoms of Bodily Illness
 * XXVIII. Rules on Giving Medicine
 * XXIX. Hurtful Medical Treatment must not be practised
 * XXX. On Turning to the Right in Worship
 * XXXI. Rules of Decorum in Cleansing the Sacred Object of Worship
 * XXXII. The Ceremony of Chanting
 * XXIX. Hurtful Medical Treatment must not be practised
 * XXX. On Turning to the Right in Worship
 * XXXI. Rules of Decorum in Cleansing the Sacred Object of Worship
 * XXXII. The Ceremony of Chanting
 * XXXI. Rules of Decorum in Cleansing the Sacred Object of Worship
 * XXXII. The Ceremony of Chanting
 * XXXII. The Ceremony of Chanting
 * XXXII. The Ceremony of Chanting


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 :; XXXIII. An Unlawful Salutation.
 * XXXIV. The Method of Learning in the West
 * XXXV. The Rule as to Hair
 * XXXVI. The Arrangement of Affairs after Death.
 * XXXVII. The Use of the Common Property of the Sangha
 * XXXVIII. The Burning of the Body is Unlawful
 * XXXIX. The Bystanders become Guilty
 * XL. Such Actions were not practised by the Virtuous of Old
 * XXXVII. The Use of the Common Property of the Sangha
 * XXXVIII. The Burning of the Body is Unlawful
 * XXXIX. The Bystanders become Guilty
 * XL. Such Actions were not practised by the Virtuous of Old
 * XXXIX. The Bystanders become Guilty
 * XL. Such Actions were not practised by the Virtuous of Old
 * XL. Such Actions were not practised by the Virtuous of Old

 * Names of the Books which are referred to in I-tsing's Works, but not found in the India Office Collection

 * Additional Notes

 * Corrigenda

 * Index


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In the beginning, as the three thousand worlds were being produced, there appeared a sign of their coming into existence. When all things were created, there was as yet no distinction between animate and inanimate things. The universe was an empty waste, without either sun or moon revolving. While misery and happiness were in an undistinguished state, there was no difference between positive and negative principles. When the Brahman gods (lit. 'pure heaven') came down to the earth, their bodily light naturally followed them. As they derived their nourishment from the fatness of the earth, there sprang up a greedy and grasping nature, and they began to consume one after another the creeping plants of the forest and fragrant grains of rice. When their bodily light gradually faded away, the sun and moon became manifest. The state of marriage and agriculture arose, and the principles relating to sovereign and subject, father and son, were established. Then the inhabitants looked up to the azure firmament above, and saw its heavenly bodies high and majestically floating in their splendour. Looking down they


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 in duplicity could not, even in misfortune, trust one another, and Alexis III., the craftier, if not the stronger of the two vagabond usurpers, seized his ally, put out his eyes, and handed him over to the Latins. They went through the formality of a trial, and found him guilty of the murder of Alexis IV. He was sentenced to death, and after a good deal of discussion it was decided that the manner of his death should be by being hurled from the top of a lofty column, and this was accordingly done.

As for Alexis III., after a great variety of adventures he finally fell into the hands of his son-in-law, Theodore Lascaris, who shut him up in a monastery, where his troubled life came to an end.

Baldwin began his reign by sending a conciliatory letter to the pope. He had not, it is true, attempted to carry out the vows which he and his brother croisés had taken upon themselves. Palestine still groaned under the yoke of the infidel. At the same time, the Pope could not but feel gratified at the extinction of the Greek schism and the restoration of the unity of Christendom. That event was undoubtedly due to him, and the pope acknowledged it in a careful letter, which left him free at any time to express his disapprobation of the course pursued by the Crusaders. To the king of France Baldwin wrote, inviting the French knights to find their way to this new scene of conquest and glory. To Palestine he sent promises of assistance, with, as tokens of his power, the gates of Constantinople, and the chain which barred the port.


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 saw the yellow earth with the water ever moved by the wind, and the earth becoming more and more solid. The statements that the two principles, positive and negative, converted themselves into heaven and earth, and men came into being in the space between them ; that, influenced by impure and pure air, the dualisation of nature came into existence of its own accord ; and that the fashioning power of the two divisions of nature may be compared to the art of casting with its large furnace, and that the production of all things can be likened to the making of clay images ,—all these are only absurd statements resulting from narrow learning. Thereupon the mountains stood firm, the stars were scattered above, and the inanimate beings spread and multiplied. At last their views became different, and they were classed under ninety-six heads; the principles (tattva) were divided into twenty-five classes. The Sânkhya system of philosophy teaches that all things came into existence from One. But the Vaiseshika system declares that the five forms of existence arose from the six categories (padârtha). Some think it necessary, in order to get rid of rebirth, to have their body naked (Digambara) and the hair plucked out; others insist, as the means of securing heaven, on anointing their body with ashes or tying up their locks of hair. Some say life is self-existent, while others believe that the soul becomes extinct on death. There are many who think that existence is a perfect mystery, dark and obscure, and its reality is not to be explored, and it is too minute and complicated for us to know whence we have come into being.

Others say that man always regains human form by recurring births, or that after death men become spirits. 'I do not know,' one says ,


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Rh 'whether a butterfly became myself or whether I became a butterfly.' Once, when gathered together men imagined that they saw wasps in the place, and again coming together they were perplexed on finding caterpillars there. One compares Chaos with a bird's egg (anda), or Darkness with the state of an embryo (or infancy).

These people do not as yet realise that birth is in consequence of the grasping condition of mind and heart (Trishnâ. 'thirst'), and that our present existence is due to our former actions (Karma). Are they not thus plunged and floating in the sea of suffering, borne to and fro, as it were, by the stream of error?

It is only our Great Teacher, the highest of the world (Lokagyeshtha), the Sakya, who has himself pointed out an easy path, teaching an admirable principle, he who has explained the twelve chains of causation (Nidâna) and acquired the eighteen matchless qualities (Dharma), who has called himself the teacher of gods and men (Sâstâ Devamanushyânâm), or the Omniscient One (Sarvagña); he alone has led the four classes of living beings out of the House of Fire (the world), and delivered the three stages of existence from abiding in Darkness. He has crossed over the stream of Klesa (passion), and ascended to the shore of Nirvâna.

When our Sage first attained to Buddhahood on the Dragon River


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, 28th November 1891.

The party in power is, as a friend remarked the other day, "very wise," and the Nawab Vicarul-ul-mulk pre-eminently so among its members. His Highness the Nizam was willing, with his wonted liberality, to give away up to Rs. 30,000 H. S. for the furnishing of the house "presented" to the Nawab. But the Nawab) would not consent to having, for the purpose, more than the small sum of Rs. 6,000. If he could not afford to build for himself a palatial house, he could much less think of spending over furnishing the would-be domicile of his son more than Rs. 6,000 out of His Highness' money. To one at first, this would seem a piece of self-denial on the part of Nawab Vicaral-mulk worth recording for the benefit of sneli as do not think anything of wasting money so long as it comes out of other's pockets. But it is a profitable piece of self-denial-and therein is shown wisdom that calculates upon something more valuable than what the self-denial has cost him now. It will make upon the Nawab's Sovereign au impression of loyal concern-and that, you know, is certainly worth much more than the Rs. 24,000 foregone.

One cannot help smiling at the ingenuous way your contemporary of Mail "butters the bread" for "A fortunate official" our Assistant to the Monster. He conjures up "the green-eyed Minister Jealousy" to account for all that is said as well as thought against the official, Jealousy is the failing of dis-up. pointed aspirants to favour, and can only pervade a very narrow circle. But since the feeling against the Nawab Viearul-mulk is widespread, more popular than relinquish, we must look for the cause of his unpopularity elsewhere The Nawab has done very excellent service as Revenue Secretary, we are told. Yes, I say but only where the interests of his party were not at stake, and the interests of the obnoxious Hindus were not concerned. And that is not saying much. The degradation of some of the oldest Hindu families in the State, the disgrace of some of the best men in the service, the pitch-forking of good-for-nothing favour-


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 And then, the empire being fairly parcelled out, the Marquis of Montferrat took his knights and men-at-arms to establish his own kingdom of Thessalonica. Other chiefs, who had obtained each his own part of the Byzantine territories, went off to conquer them for themselves; and the Greeks began to perceive that they were ruled by a mere handful of Latin adventurers, only to be dreaded when they were together, and now scattered in small garrisons and feeble bands all about the country. When this knowledge was thoroughly acquired, troubles began to befall the new empire.

These troubles were originated, however, not by the Greeks but by the Bulgarians, and were due to the arrogance and pride of Baldwin. John, or Kalo-John, or Joannice, as he is variously called, king of this savage people, was of the Latin Church. Being as orthodox as he was barbarous, he rejoiced mightily at the fall of the Greeks, and sent an embassy of congratulation to the new Latin emperor. Weak as he was upon his unstable throne, Baldwin actually had the folly and impudence to assault these ambassadors, to treat them as rebels, and to send a message to their master, that before his servants could be received at the Byzantine court, he must first deserve pardon by touching with his forehead the footstool of the imperial throne. It was not likely that a high-spirited and independent sovereign would brook such a message. He instantly threw the whole weight of his influence and strength into the cause of the Greeks, and with their leaders concerted a scheme of general and simultaneous massacre, worthy of his


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 see that the herbs and stones are indeed excellent and of rare quality, but the tending and protection of the body, and the inspection of the causes of disease are very much neglected. Therefore I have here described the general methods of medical treatment in order to meet the wants of the time. When fasting does not hurt at all, one should begin medical treatment according to the proper method. The medical decoction prepared from the bitter ginseng specially serves to remove a fever. Ghee, oil, honey, or syrups relieve one from cold. In the country of Lâta in W. India, those who are taken ill abstain from food, sometimes half a month, sometimes a full month. They never eat until the illness from which they are suffering is entirely cured. In Central India the longest period of fasting is a week, whereas in the islands of the Southern Sea two or three days is the limit. This is due to the differences of territory, custom, and the constitution of the body.

I do not know whether or no fasting for curing a disease should be practised in China. But if abstaining from food for a week prove to be fatal, it is because disease does not remain in the body, for while a disease is in the body, fasting even for more days does not cause death. I witnessed some time ago a man who abstained from food for thirty days and recovered again. Why then should we doubt the efficacy of long fasting?

Nor is it good to force a sick person when attacked by a violent fever to drink hot rice-water or to take food, simply noticing that he is ill but not inspecting the cause of his illness. Nay, it is a dangerous thing!

There may be a case of recovery by such treatment, yet it is not after all worth teaching people to follow. Such is strictly prohibited in the science of medicine. Further, in China, people of the present time cat fish and vegetables mostly uncooked; no Indians do this. All vegetables are to be well cooked and to be eaten after mixing with the assafoetida, clarified butter, oil, or any spice.

People (in India) do not eat any kind of onions. I was tempted and ate them sometimes, but they cause pain while taking a religious fast


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 * January, 1896.
 * January, 1896.

,

Ever since I made the acquaintance of Stanislas Julien at Paris, in 1846, being constantly with him while he translated Hiuen Thsang's Travels in India, I felt convinced that the most important help for settling the chronology of mediaeval Sanskrit literature would be found in Chinese writers. I was particularly anxious for a translation of I-tsing's work; and as far back as 1880 I expressed a hope that the Record of that great Chinese traveller's stay in India would soon be rendered accessible to us in an English translation. Some of the contents of his book became known to me through one of my Japanese Buddhist pupils, Kasawara; but he unfortunately died before he could finish his translation of the whole Record. From the fragments of his translation, however, I gathered some important facts, which were published first in the Academy, October 2, 1880, then in the Indian Antiquary, and in the


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Author:Karoline von Woltmann

Works

 * Die weiße Frau, 'The White Woman' (1832)
 * The White Lady translated by Caroline Lavinia Lyttelton (1837)
 * The White Lady translated by James David Haas (1845)

title: Author:Karoline von Woltmann


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 BUDDHIST PRACTICES IN INDIA

TAKAKUSU


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1. 西方記 Si-fang-chi. The 'Record of the West,' i. e. India.

See p. 49, note 2, above, and folio 25b, vol. i, Nan-hai-ki-kwei-nei-fa-kwhan (sic), No. 1492 (India Office copy).

2. 西方十德傳 Si-fang-shih-teh-ch'uan. The 'Lives of the Ten Virtuous Men of the West.'

See P. 181 above, and folio 11b, vol. iv, of Nan-hai-ki-kwei-nei-fa-kwhan (sic), No. 1492 (India Office copy).

3. 中方錄 Chung-fang-lu. The 'Record of the Madhyadesa.'

See Chavannes, Memoirs of the Eminent Priests who visited India during the Tang Dynasty, by I-tsing, p. 88; and folio 18a, vol. i, of Ta-than-si-yu-kin-fa-kao-san-kwhan (sic), No. 1491 (India Office copy).

All the above seem to have been I-tsing's own works. They may be found in some of the Buddhist libraries of China, Korea, or Japan.


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LENTY of iron mines exist everywhere, both those of old time recorded in early ages by the most ancient writers, and the new and modern ones. The earliest and most important seem to me to be those of Asia. For in those countries which abound naturally in iron, governments and the arts flourished exceedingly, and things needful for the use of man were discovered and sought after. It is recorded to have been found about Andria, in the region of the Chalybes near the river Thermodon in Pontus; in the mountains of Palestine which face Arabia; in Carmania: in Africa there was a mine of iron in the Isle of Meroe; in Europe in the hills of Britain, as Strabo writes; in Hither Spain, in Cantabria. Among the Petrocorii and Cubi Biturges (peoples of Gaul), there were worksteads in which iron used to be wrought. In greater Germany near Luna, as recorded by Ptolemy; Gothinian iron is mentioned by Cornelius Tacitus; Noric iron is celebrated in the verses of poets; and Cretan, and that of Eubœa; many other iron mines were passed over by these writers or unknown to them; and yet they were neither poor nor scanty, but most extensive. Pliny says that Hither Spain and all the district from the Pyrenees is ferruginous, and on the part of maritime Cantabria washed by the Ocean (says the same writer) there is (incredible to relate) a precipitously high mountain wholly composed of this material. The most ancient mines were of iron rather than of gold, silver, copper or lead; since mainly this was sought because of the demand; and also because in every district and soil they were easy to find, not so deep-lying, and less beset by difficulties. If, however, I were to enumerate modern iron workings, and those of this age and over Europe only, I should have to write a large and bulky volume, and sheets of paper would run short quicker than the iron, and yet for one sheet they could furnish a thousand worksteads. For amongst minerals, no material is so ample; all metals, and all stones distinct from iron, are outdone by ferric and ferruginous matter. For you will not readily find any region, and scarcely any country district over the whole of Europe (if you search at all deeply), that does not either produce a rich and abundant vein of iron or some soil containing or slightly charged with ferruginous stuff; and that this is


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Author:Caroline Lavinia Lyttelton

As translator

 * The White Lady (1837) by Karoline von Woltmann
 * The White Lady and Undine (1844) by Karoline von Woltmann and Friedrich Heinrich Karl de la Motte Fouqué

title: Author:Caroline Lavinia Lyttelton


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 THE GRASSES AND SEDGES OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.

N publishing this list of the Grasses and Sedges of the Peninsula (Gramineæ and Cyperaceæ), I am well aware that it is by no means complete. From many parts of the Peninsula we have no specimens of these families, and especially is this the case as regards the great mountain region which traverses the Peninsula. From the uplands we shall doubtless procure many interesting kinds when the country is more opened up, and from the northern parts of the Peninsula bordering on Siam we may expect to obtain many Assam and Burmese species not yet met with. This list rather represents the low-land glumaceous flora of the South.

A country which like this is covered with dense forest for the greater part is, as a rule, poorly provided with grasses and sedges, for few of these plants occur in high forest. Yet on the whole there is a considerable variety, and among them not a few very interesting and curious plants are to be met with.

I am much indebted to Professor HACKEL of St. Polten for identifying many of the grasses, and to Mr. C. B. CLARKE for much assistance in the matter of Cyperaceæ.

Habitats.—The most productive localities for grasses and sedges are the damp low swamps and rice-fields, the banks of streams and the sandy shores of rivers and seas. The open country where the jungle has been cleared and secondary forest is returning is very barren of plants of interest, although large tracts are covered with glumaceous plants. Imperata, Ischæmum, Paspalum, Panicum of the Digitaria


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Page:North Dakota Law Review Vol. 1 No. 8 (1924).pdf/7

Rh While the topic was "The Possibility of Disarmament," Judge Clarke naturally dipped into the League of Nations and General Mitchell very forcibly expressed his views on aircraft. The discussion became quite spirited and the speakers came back several times to answer their opponents. On the whole, the speakers seemed to concur in but one proposition, that reduction of armaments would not necessarily lessen the danger of war.

The meeting seemed to make the writer realize the dangerous morass through which Europe is dragging. It is discouraging to realize that civilization is very possibly sinking to a new period of the Dark Ages, and that only the greatest care and foresight will prevent such a catastrophe.

The Bar of Fargo is extremely anxious that its work of months shall

not be nullified by the inactivity or laches of those whose business it is really to formulate the work of the annual meeting.

It is, therefore, urged upon every chairman of a committee to present, in writing, on or before August 5th, a report of the work and recommendations of that committee.

Remember, the report should be in the hands of the Secretary by August 5th, to insure the publication of an outline or summary in the August issue of Bar Briefs.

Reports will be expected from the following chairmen:

Jurisprudence and Law Reform—Hon. Luther E. Birdzell of Bismarck.

Legal Education and Admission to Bar-Hon. S. E. Ellsworth of Jamestown.

Revision of Probate Code—Hon. Horace Bagley of Towner.

Publication of North Dakota Reports—Hon. G. F. Dullam of Bismarck.

Revision of Codes and Laws—Hon. Sveinbjorn Johnson of Bismarck.

Revision of Federal Practice and Procedure-E. T. Conmy of Fargo.

Criminal Law—Wm. C. Green of Fargo.

Constitution and By-Laws-Hon. Chas. M. Pollock of Fargo.

Morgan Memorial—Hon. Tracy R. Bangs of Grand Forks.

Citizenship and Americanization-Hon. John Knauf of Jamestown.

Judicial-Hon. A. G. Burr of Rugby.

Public Utilities—Hon. E. B. Goss of Minot.

Uniform State Laws—Hon. H. A. Bronson of Grand Forks.

Comparative Law—H. A. Bronson of Grand Forks.

Biographies and Memorials—Hon. Chas. A. Pollock of Fargo.

Internal Affairs-W. F. Burnett of Fargo.

Classification and Re-Statement of Law—Hon. A. M. Christianson of Bismarck.

Bench and Bar Ethics—Hon. S. E. Ellsworth of Jamestown.

Legal Aid—H. L. Halvorson of Minot.

Law Enforcement-H. F. Horner of Fargo.

Office Supplies and Printing—J. P. Conmy of Fargo.

Compensation and Fees—F. T. Cuthbert of Devils Lake.

American Law Institute—Hon. Geo. M. McKenna of Napoleon.


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 be stupendous libraries, and a mighty organisation of museums. About these centres will cluster a great swarm of people, and close at hand will be another centre, for I who am an Englishman must needs stipulate that Westminster shall still be a seat of world Empire, one of several seats, if you will—where the ruling council of the world assembles. Then the arts will cluster round this city, as gold gathers about wisdom, and here Englishmen will weave into wonderful prose and beautiful rhythms and subtly atmospheric forms, the intricate, austere and courageous imagination of our race.

One will come into this place as one comes into a noble mansion. They will have flung great arches and domes of glass above the wider spaces of the town, the slender beauty of the perfect metal-work far overhead will be softened to a fairy-like unsubstantiality by the mild London air. It will be the London air we know, clear of filth and all impurity, the same air that gives our October days their unspeakable clarity and makes every London twilight mysteriously beautiful. We shall go along avenues of architecture that will be emancipated from the last memories of the squat temple boxes of the Greek, the buxom curvatures of Rome; the Goth in us will have taken to steel and countless new materials as kindly as once he took to stone. The gay and swiftly moving platforms of the public ways will go past on either hand, carrying sporadic groups of people, and very speedily we shall find ourselves in a sort of central space, rich with palms and flowering bushes and statuary. We shall look along an avenue of trees, down a wide gorge


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 between the cliffs of crowded hotels, the hotels that are still glowing with internal lights, to where the shining morning river streams dawnlit out to sea.

Great multitudes of people will pass softly to and fro in this central space, beautiful girls and youths going to the University classes that are held in the stately palaces about us, grave and capable men and women going to their businesses, children meandering along to their schools, holiday makers, lovers, setting out upon a hundred quests; and here we shall ask for the two we more particularly seek. A graceful little telephone kiosk will put us within reach of them, and with a queer sense of unreality I shall find myself talking to my Utopian twin. He has heard of me, he wants to see me and he gives me clear directions how to come to him.

I wonder if my own voice sounds like that.

"Yes," I say, "then I will come as soon as we have been to our hotel."

We indulge in no eloquence upon this remarkable occasion. Yet I feel an unusual emotional stir. I tremble greatly, and the telephonic mouthpiece rattles as I replace it.

And thence the botanist and I walk on to the apartments that have been set aside for us, and into which the poor little rolls of the property that has accumulated about us in Utopia, our earthly raiment, and a change of linen and the like, have already been delivered. As we go I find I have little to say to my companion, until presently I am struck by a transitory wonder that he should have so little to say to me.


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 "I can still hardly realise," I say, "that I am going to see myself—as I might have been."

"No," he says, and relapses at once into his own preoccupation.

For a moment my wonder as to what he should be thinking about brings me near to a double self-forgetfulness.

I realise we are at the entrance of our hotel before I can formulate any further remark.

"This is the place," I say.


text: Chinese account of the Opium war

title: Chinese account of the Opium war


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 CHAPTER THE EIGHTH

MY UTOPIAN SELF

§ 1

falls to few of us to interview our better selves. My Utopian self is, of course, my better self—according to my best endeavours—and I must confess myself fully alive to the difficulties of the situation. When I came to this Utopia I had no thought of any such intimate self-examination.

The whole fabric of that other universe sways for a moment as I come into his room, into his clear and ordered work-room. I am trembling. A figure rather taller than myself stands against the light.

He comes towards me, and I, as I advance to meet him, stumble against a chair. Then, still without a word, we are clasping hands.

I stand now so that the light falls upon him, and I can see his face better. He is a little taller than I, younger looking and sounder looking; he has missed an illness or so, and there is no scar over his eye. His training has been subtly finer than mine; he has made himself a better face than mine These things I might have counted upon. I can fancy he winces with a twinge of sympathetic understanding at my manifest inferiority. Indeed I come, trailing clouds of earthly confusion and weakness; I bear upon me all the defects of my world. He wears, I see, that white


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 true any expert in the arts of metals and chemistry will easily find. Beside that which has ferruginous nature, and the metallick lode, there is another ferric substance which does not yield the metal in this way because its thin humour is burnt out by fierce fires, and it is changed into an iron slag like that which is separated from the metal in the first furnaces. And of this kind is all clay and argillaceous earth, such as that which apparently forms a large part of the whole of our island of Britain: all of which, if subjected very vehemently to intense heat, exhibits a ferric and metallick body, or passes into ferric vitreous matter, as can be easily seen in buildings in bricks baked from clay, which, when placed next the fires in the open kilns (which our folk call clamps) and burned, present an iron vitrification, black at the other end. Moreover all those earths as prepared are drawn by the magnet, and like iron are attracted by it. So perpetual and ample is the iron offspring of the terrestrial globe. Georgius Agricola says that almost all mountainous regions are full of its ores, while as we know a rich iron lode is frequently dug in the open country and plains over nearly the whole of England and Ireland; in no other wise than as, says he, iron is dug out of the meadows at the town of Saga in pits driven to a two-foot depth. Nor are the West Indies without their iron lodes, as writers tell us; but the Spaniards, intent upon gold, neglect the toilsome work of iron-founding, and do not search for lodes and mines abounding in iron. It is probable that nature and the globe of the earth are not able to hide, and are evermore bringing to the light of day, a great mass of inborn matter, and are not invariably obstructed by the settling of mixtures and efflorescences at the earth's surface. It is not only in the common mother (the terrestrial globe) that iron is produced, but sometimes also in the air from the earth's exhalations, in the highest clouds. It rained iron in Lucania, the year in which M. Crassus was slain. The tale is told, too, that a mass of iron, like slag, fell from the air in the Nethorian forest, near Grina, and they narrate that the mass was many pounds in weight; so that it could neither be conveyed to that place, on account of its weight, nor be brought away by cart, the place being without roads. This happened before the civil war waged between the rival dukes in Saxony. A similar story, too, comes to us from Avicenna. It once rained iron in the Torinese, in various places (Julius Scaliger telling us that he had a piece of it in his house), about three years before that province was taken over by the king. In the year 1510 in the country bordering on the river Abdua (as Cardan writes in his book De Rerum Varietate) there fell from the sky 1200 stones, one weighing 120 pounds, another 30 or 40 pounds, of a rusty iron colour and remarkably hard. These occurrences being rare are regarded as portents, like the showers of earth and stones mentioned in Roman history. But that it ever rained other metals is not re-


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 corded; for it has never been known to rain from the sky gold, silver, lead, tin, or spelter. Copper, however, has been at some time noticed to fall from the sky, and this is not very unlike iron; and in fact cloud-born iron of this sort, or copper, are seen to be imperfectly metallick, incapable of being cast in any way, or wrought with facility. For the earth hath of her store plenty of iron in her highlands, and the globe contains the ferric and magnetick element in rich abundance. The exhalations forcibly derived from such material may well become concreted in the upper air by the help of more powerful causes, and hence some monstrous progeny of iron be begotten.

ROM various substances iron (like all the rest of the metals) is extracted: such substances being stones, earth, and similar concretions which miners call veins because it is in veins, as it were, that they are generated. We have spoken above of the variety of these veins. If a properly coloured ore of iron and a rich one (as miners call it) is placed, as soon as mined, upon water in a bowl or any small vessel (as we have shown before in the case of a loadstone), it is attracted by a similar piece of ore brought near by hand, yet not so powerfully and quickly as one loadstone is drawn by another loadstone, but slowly and feebly. Ores of iron that are stony, cindery, dusky, red, and several more of other colours, do not attract one another mutually, nor are they attracted by the loadstone itself, even by a strong one, no more than wood, or lead, silver, or gold. Take those ores and burn, or rather roast them, in a moderate fire, so that they are not suddenly split up, or fly asunder, keeping up the fire ten or twelve hours, and gently increasing it, then let them grow cold, skill being shown in the direction in which they are placed: These ores thus prepared a loadstone will now draw, and they now show a mutual sympathy, and when skilfully arranged run together by their own forces.


text: The Musical Charmer/Maggie and Wabster Jock


text: The Musical Charmer/The Happy Soldier

title: The Musical Charmer/The Happy Soldier


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 industrial workers to organise, little by little, the whole mass of the proletariat, including the unskilled workers, and to include them in the constructive work of the State. The policy of industrialism, which at first sight appears to be radical, is, in practice, only the opportunist policy of the leaders of the working-class aristocracy. When all is said and done, this policy will be the same as that of the social-traitors.

The All-Russian Trade Unions Congress, in January, 1918, declared its conviction that the process which is taking place in the Trade Unions will lead to their transformation into Departments of the Socialist State, and, at the same time, Trade Union membership will be a State obligation for all the workers who belong to the same branch of industry." (Par. 9 of the resolution.)

This conviction of the All-Russian Congress is based on facts. The Industrial Unions are gradually assuming the attributes of State Departments. They really work as a veritable Department of the State when they mobilise all their members, when they concentrate workers in a given town, when they transfer the workers from one part of Russia to another, when they give their vote on a question of wages, when they exercise, by means of their representatives, a decisive influence on the activity of the Supreme National Economic Council.

And just because this transformation of Industrial Unions into State Departments takes place gradually, and quite normally, there is no present necessity of forcing this process, there is no need to proclaim from one minute to another the transformation of Industrial Unions into State Departments.


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 The Communists who work in the Industrial Unions have every reason for adhering to the resolution of the First and Second All-Russian Trade Unions' Congress in this matter.

In every Industrial Union there should be a Communist section, strongly organised and disciplined in order that each section may propagate the same economic policy as that of the Central Communist group, which is in the All-Russian Trade Unions' Council. No concession to what is called "Localism" should be made. Wages, hours of labour, food questions and so on should all be considered from the all-Russian point of view. Each Communist group within an Industrial Union is merely a kernel of the local branch of the Communist Party. The local committee of the Party completely dominates the Industrial Union branch of the town, whilst the Central Committee of the Party controls, by its dominating influence, the All-Russian, Committee of the Industrial Unions.

The Communist Party is the force to be counted on inf mobilising the workers for industry, and for the Red Army. The Committee of the Party comes to an understanding with the Communist groups in the Industrial Unions. The Communist Party directs all the contructive side of the Trade Union activity, but it takes care that this direction shall never be of a domineering character.

One of the most important tasks of the working-class movement at present in Russia is the organisation of the rural workers. It


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 is necessary to help the already existing organisations of the workers by all possible means. The Communists working in the working-class movement should consider it an honour to organise the rural workers. This task requires a good deal of energy and power.

In consequence of certain peculiarities in the evolution of the working-class movement in Western Europe, a false conception exists about the Trade Unions amongst the German Communists and the Communists of other countries. Our Party believes that we cannot do without the Trade Unions. During the proletarian revolution, the Trade Unions will split up in the same way as the old Social-Democratic Parties have done. The experiences of the German working-class movement showed us that already the Berlin Trade Unions are freeing themselves from the pernicious influence of the social-democracy of Scheidemann.

The Russian Trade Union movement should take the initiative in creating a Red Trade Union International, in the same way as the political party has done in the, political field. At the Congress of the Red International, not only should the organisations of the Party be represented, but also the organisations of the Workers' Councils, the Co-operative Societies, and the Communist Trade Unions which approve of the Dictatorship of the Proletariat and the Soviets. Meantime, it is necessary to create an International Union of the Trade Unions, which already take their stand in the Communist International.


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text:
Portal:Germanic languages

Gothic language

 * "Philological papers comprising notes on the ancient Gothic language, parts I and II, and Sanskrit roots and English derivations; read before the Literary and philosophical society of Liverpool," by James Allanson Picton (1864)

title: Portal:Germanic languages


text: The Communist Party and Industrial Unionism


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Rh

(2) Schedule 7 (which contains amendments relating to information disclosed to ombudsmen under subsection (1) and to the disclosure of information by ombudsmen to the Commissioner) has effect.

77.—(1) Where—
 * (a) a request for information has been made to a public authority, and

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42c. 36

any person to whom this subsection applies is guilty of an offence if he alters, defaces, blocks, erases, destroys or conceals any record held by the public authority, with the intention of preventing the disclosure by that authority of all, or any part, of the information to the communication of which the applicant would have been entitled.

(2) Subsection (1) applies to the public authority and to any person who is employed by, is an officer of, or is subject to the direction of, the public authority.

(3) A person guilty of an offence under this section is liable on summary conviction to a fine not exceeding level 5 on the standard scale.

(4) No proceedings for an offence under this section shall be instituted—
 * (a) in England or Wales, except by the Commissioner or by or with the consent of the Director of Public Prosecutions;
 * (b) in Northern Ireland, except by the Commissioner or by or with the consent of the Director of Public Prosecutions for Northern Ireland.

78. Nothing in this Act is to be taken to limit the powers of a public authority to disclose information held by it.

79. Where any information communicated by a public authority to a person (“the applicant”) under section 1 was supplied to the public authority by a third person, the publication to the applicant of any defamatory matter contained in the information shall be privileged unless the publication is shown to have been made with malice.

80.—(1) No order may be made under section 4(1) or 5 in relation to any of the bodies specified in subsection (2); and the power conferred by section 74(3) does not include power to make provision in relation to information held by any of those bodies.

(2) The bodies referred to in subsection (1) are—
 * (a) the Scottish Parliament,
 * (b) any part of the Scottish Administration,
 * (c) the Scottish Parliamentary Corporate Body, or
 * (d) any Scottish public authority with mixed functions or no reserved functions (within the meaning of the Scotland Act 1998).

81.—(1) For the purposes of this Act each government department is to be treated as a person separate from any other government department.

(2) Subsection (1) does not enable—

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20 home and marry her. He didn't like the idea of dividing with his two pardners, who would drop their roll at the faro table as soon as they got the chance, and so he took and buried his find and worked on as if nothing had happened. That is to say, he tried to; but with a big chunk of gold within easy reach of his hand it don't stand to reason that he could act just as he did before. He was uneasy all the time, and his pardners noticed it and suspected something. He took to visiting his nugget's hiding-place every night, to make sure that no one had dug it up, and his pardners found it out on him; and when at last he grew desperate and tried to carry it away secretly, there was some shooting done, and Morgan and one of his pardners were killed."

"That left the survivor a rich man!" exclaimed Ben, who was deeply interested.

"Now, just wait till I tell you. That left the survivor a tolerable rich man, but his sudden accession of wealth scared him so badly that he buried the nugget in a new place and put for 'Frisco, where he took sick and


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Rh

 * (b) a Northern Ireland department to claim for those purposes that the disclosure of information by it would constitute a breach of confidence actionable by any other Northern Ireland department.

(3) A government department is not liable to prosecution under this Act, but section 77 and paragraph 12 of Schedule 3 apply to a person in the public service of the Crown as they apply to any other person.

(4) The provisions specified in subsection (3) also apply to a person acting on behalf of either House of Parliament or on behalf of the Northern Ireland Assembly as they apply to any other person.

82.—(1) Any power of the Secretary of State to make an order or regulations under this Act shall be exercisable by statutory instrument.

(2) A statutory instrument containing (whether alone or with other provisions)—
 * (a) an order under section 5, 7(3) or (8), 53(1)(a)(iii) or 75, or
 * (b) regulations under section 10(4) or 74(3),

shall not be made unless a draft of the instrument has been laid before, and approved by a resolution of, each House of Parliament.

(3) A statutory instrument which contains (whether alone or with other provisions)—
 * (a) an order under section 4(1), or
 * (b) regulations under any provision of this Act not specified in subsection (2)(b),

and which is not subject to the requirement in subsection (2) that a draft of the instrument be laid before and approved by a resolution of each House of Parliament, shall be subject to annulment in pursuance of a resolution of either House of Parliament.

(4) An order under section 4(5) shall be laid before Parliament after being made.

(5) If a draft of an order under section 5 or 7(8) would, apart from this subsection, be treated for the purposes of the Standing Orders of either House of Parliament as a hybrid instrument, it shall proceed in that House as if it were not such an instrument.

83.—(1) In this Act “Welsh public authority” means—
 * (a) any public authority which is listed in Part II, III, IV or VI of Schedule 1 and whose functions are exercisable only or mainly in or as regards Wales, other than an excluded authority, or
 * (b) any public authority which is an Assembly subsidiary as defined by section 99(4) of the Government of Wales Act 1998.

(2) In paragraph (a) of subsection (1) “excluded authority” means a public authority which is designated by the Secretary of State by order as an excluded authority for the purposes of that paragraph.

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Page:A dissertation on slavery - with a proposal for the gradual abolition of it, in the state of Virginia. (IA dissertationonsl00tuckrich).pdf/53

 degrade them below the rank of human beings, not only politically, but also physically and morally.—The Roman lawyers look upon those only properly as persons, who are free, putting slaves into the rank of goods and chattels; and the policy of our legislature, as well as the practice of slave-holders in America in general, seems conformable to that idea: but surely it is time we should admit the evidence of moral truth, and learn to regard them as our fellow men, and equals, except in those particulars where accident, or perhaps nature, may have given us some advantage; a recompence for which they perhaps enjoy in other respects.

Slavery, says Hargrave, always imports an obligation of perpetual service, which only the concent of the master can dissolve: it also generally gives to the master an arbitrary power of administring every sort of correction, however inhuman, not immediately affecting life or limb, and even these in some countries, as formerly in Rome, and at this day among the Asiatics and Africans, are left exposed to the arbitrary will of a master, or protected only by fines or other slight punishments. The property of the slave