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392 Seed was collected by Wilson in 1904, and plants have been raised, which are growing well at Veitch's nursery, Coombe Wood.

This species, being a purely alpine tree of no great size, will probably be of no value as a forest tree, resembling in that respect its immediate allies L. Griffithii and L. Lyallii, between which it occupies an intermediate position as regards botanical characters.

A tree attaining in America about 80 feet in height and 6 feet in girth. Bark separating in thin small polygonal or roundish scales about an inch in diameter, which are closely appressed, and show when they fall off the reddish cortex beneath. Young branchlets slender, often glaucous, glabrous, or with a few scattered hairs in the grooves between the pulvini; older branchlets glabrous, shining brown. Base of the shoot girt with a short sheath of the previous season's bud-scales, no ring of pubescence being visible. Short shoots small, blackish, glabrous. Terminal buds globose, slightly resinous, glabrous, with the basal scales subulately pointed. Lateral buds hemispherical, resinous, dark brown. Apical buds of the short shoots broadly conical, surrounded at the base by a ring of brown pubescence.

Leaves short and slender, not exceeding 1¼ inch in length, rounded at the apex, light green; upper surface flat or rounded, without stomata, except two broken lines near the tip; lower surface deeply keeled with two bands of stomata, each of one to two lines.

Staminate flowers sessile, shorter than in L. europæa. Pistillate flowers ovoid, reddish, very small; bracts pointing upwards and outwards, not reflected or recurved, $1/8$ to $1/6$ inch long, oblong, scarcely emarginate at the apex, reddish with a green midrib and mucro, the latter cuspidate and very short, about $1/30$ inch long.

Cones small, globose, consisting of three to four spiral rows of five scales each, reddish brown when ripe, $1/2$ to $2/3$ inch long. Scales gaping widely at the apex of the cone, longer than broad, about $2/5$ inch long; upper margin rounded, bevelled, slightly crenulate, not recurved or reflected. Bract concealed, minute, about $1/6$ inch long.


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394 those of the spruce balsam fir, and Thuya, which often grow with it, and it was only where clearings had been made, or in wet places on the edge of the groves, that they seemed able to thrive. Their growth is slow at first, but when established may be as much as two feet annually.

Dr. Bell gives the probable life of the white spruce in Canada as from 100 to 140 years, that of the black spruce 150 to 175 years, and that of tamara 175 or 200 years. Of the latter he says: About 1893 or 1894 the imported sawfly came up from the direction of New York and got into the forests north of the Ottawa river. Ina year or two it reached James bay and killed the tamarack throughout that district, which was only able to live three or four years after it was first attacked by the larva. This destruction continued to spread to the centre of Labrador, and now it has gone pretty well all over that great peninsula. But Mr. J.C. Langelier (loc. cit. p. 65); speaking of the same attack in the northern part of the province of Quebec, says that a great portion of the young trees were spared, and that the dead trees which remain standing are not attacked by rot, and would supply excellent railway ties.

In this country there are not many large trees of this species, though it was introduced, according to Loudon, by the Duke of Argyll in 1760 at Whitton, near Hounslow. It has been entirely neglected by modern arboriculturists, and is seldom or never procurable in English nurseries. The largest trees that I know of are at Dropmore, where there is a well-grown tree 78 feet by 5 feet (Plate 110), and at Arley Castle, where there are three trees of nearly the same size standing together, of which the best measures 71 feet by 4 feet 8 inches. A fourth is nearly as large, and differs in having larger cones.

At Boynton, Yorkshire, there are two in a wet situation among other trees, about 50 feet high and sixty years old, which were raised by Sir Charles Strickland from seed produced by trees planted by his grandfather. These again have produced fertile seeds, from which seedlings are growing vigorously in a low frosty situation at Colesborne and have never suffered from frost or bug, though one of them in 1906 was attacked by Peziza. Sir Charles adds that on dry soil they have grown very badly.

At Beauport there are three rather stunted specimens of American larch, one of which, however, is 5 feet 10 inches in girth, and has the bark very smooth in comparison with the common larch. No specimen seems to have been sent to the Conifer Conference, but one is mentioned as growing in the grounds of Dalkeith Palace, which we have identified with L. dahurica. Several trees mentioned by Loudon are either not now in existence or were not correctly named.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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396 trees in England, two distinct forms are apparent. Certain trees have pubescent branchlets and bear large cones, up to two inches in length, which have large scales purplish in colour before ripening, long exserted bracts and long-winged seeds. Other trees with glabrous branchlets bear small cones, about 14 inch in length, with scales green before ripening, shorter exserted bracts and small seeds with short wings. The former trees are more narrowly pyramidal in habit.

This splendid tree is the largest of the genus, and though it has been known to botanists for many years, it was till quite recently, on account of its being neglected by the early explorers of the limited region which it inhabits, one of the rarest exotic conifers in cultivation.

It was first discovered by David Douglas in 1826 near Fort Colville on the Upper Columbia river; but was mistaken by him for the European larch. His specimens in the Kew Herbarium are labelled "in aqueous flats on the mountain valleys near Kettle Falls and in the Rocky Mountains, 1826." The tree was first described in 1849 by Nuttall, who found it on the Blue Mountains of Oregon in 1834.

It was introduced into cultivation in the Arnold Arboretum in 1881, seedlings having been imported from Oregon; but in the climate of New England these have remained small and stunted, though branches grafted on the Japanese larch have grown vigorously. Forty plants were sent from the Arnold Arboretum to Kew in 1881, and one tree survives (the fate of the other plants being unknown), which is remarkable for its beautiful straight stem and narrow, almost columnar habit. This tree bears large purplish cones, and is now (1906) 33 feet in height and 17 inches in girth.

Ten plants were subsequently sent in 1889 from the Arnold Arboretum to Kew, of which two survive. One of these trees is, however, identical in cones and pubescent branchlets with the tree of 1881, and may be erroneously labelled 1889; it has suffered damage at the top. The other tree, which has glabrous branchlets and bears small green cones, is not quite so narrow in habit, and measured in 1906 29 feet in height and 17½ inches in girth.

The only other large tree in Britain with which we are acquainted is growing at Grayswood Hill, Haslemere; and measured in 1906 28 feet high by 19 inches in girth. It has pubescent branchlets, and bears purple cones, which are, however, smaller than those of the Kew tree, labelled 1881. Mr. Chambers informs us that this tree was obtained from Messrs. Dickson of Chester in 1889.

The western larch is confined to the more humid parts of the region, which extends from the western slope of the Rocky Mountains in British Columbia and


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 than.” The dolphins are half man and half fish; they even have sexual intercourse with human beings; therefore they are called also “sons of the sea,” for in a sense they represent the human kind in the waters.

Though every species in the animal world was created during the last two days of the six of creation, yet many characteristics of certain animals appeared later. Cats and mice, foes now, were friends originally. Their later enmity had a distinct cause. On one occasion the mouse appeared before God and spoke: “I and the cat are partners, but now we have nothing to eat.” The Lord answered: “Thou art intriguing against thy companion, only that thou mayest devour her. As a punishment, she shall devour thee.”

Thereupon the mouse: “O Lord of the world, wherein have I done wrong?” God replied: “O thou unclean reptile, thou shouldst have been warned by the example of the moon, who lost a part of her light, because she spake ill of the sun, and what she lost was given to her opponent. The evil intentions thou didst harbor against thy companion shall be punished in the same way. Instead of thy devouring her, she shall devour thee.” The mouse: “O Lord of the world! Shall my whole kind be destroyed?” God: “I will take care that a remnant of thee is spared.” In her rage the mouse bit the cat, and the cat in turn threw herself upon the mouse, and hacked into her with her teeth until she lay dead. Since that moment the mouse stands in such awe of the cat that she does not even attempt to defend herself against her enemy’s attacks, and always keeps herself in hiding.

Similarly dogs and cats maintained a friendly relation to each other, and only later on became enemies. A dog and a


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 to the Château. That young lady's remarks, however, could hardly be called exactly comforting.

"I always thought you'd put your foot in it some day, Mayor," she said. "You are so hopelessly wanting in system and method. Really, under the present happy-go-lucky police arrangements, I never know whom I may not be called upon to execute. Between you and my cousin Enguerrand, life is hardly safe in this town. And the worst of it is, that we other officials on the staff have to share in the discredit."

"What do you think they'll do to me, Jeanne?" whimpered the Mayor, perspiring freely.

"Can't say, I'm sure," pursued the candid Jeanne. "Of course, if it's anything in the rack line of business, I shall have to superintend the arrangements, and then you can feel sure you're in capable hands. But probably they'll only fine you pretty smartly, give you a month or two in the dungeons, and dismiss you from your post; and you will hardly grudge any slight personal inconvenience resulting from an arrangement so much to the advantage of the town."

This was hardly reassuring, but the Mayor's official reprimand of the previous day still rankled in this unforgiving young person's mind.

On their reaching the Château, the Mayor was conducted aside, to be dealt with by Thibault; and from the sounds of agonised protestation and lament which shortly reached Jeanne's ears, it was evident that he was having a mauvais quart d'heure. The young lady was shown respectfully into a chamber apart, where she had hardly had time to admire sufficiently the good taste of the furniture and the magnificence of the tapestry with which the walls were hung, when the Seigneur entered and welcomed her with a cordial grace that put her entirely at her ease.

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664 Flowers small or large, solitary, spiked or racemed on a peduncle arising from the base of the pseudobulbs. Sepals nearly equal, the lateral ones adnate to the foot of the column. Petals usually smaller than the sepals. Lip contracted at the base and jointed on to the produced foot of the column, usually small and recurved, generally mobile. Column short, erect, produced at the base, often 2-aristate at the top. Anther terminal, lid-like, 2-celled; pollinia 4 (rarely 2), free, in pairs in each cell.

1. B. tuberculatum, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvi. (1884) 336, and xxii. (1890) 488.—Forming densely matted patches on the trunks or branches of trees. Pseudobulbs ¼–⅓ in. long, broadly oblong or nearly orbicular, almost smooth and unwrinkled when fresh, deeply rugose when dry, more or less clothed with white bullate scales. Leaves solitary on the pseudobulbs, ½–1 in. long, linear-oblong, acute at both ends, thick and fleshy, slightly concave above, midrib prominent beneath, striate, under-surface with minute whitish dots. Peduncles very slender, almost filiform, ½–¾ in. long, 2–4-flowered; pedicels short; bracts minute. Flowers ⅙ in. long, white with a bright reddish-orange lip. Upper sepal oblong-lanceolate, subacute; lateral larger, triangular, broad at the base. Petals triangular, much smaller than the sepals. Lip almost as long as the sepals, hinged on to the produced base of the column; lamina oblong-ovate or subhastate, truncate at the base, concave, very thick and fleshy, lower part of disc with 2 minute raised ridges. Column very short, stout, 2-winged at the top. Capsule broadly oblong, ⅙$1⁄6$ in. long.—B. exiguum, ''Buch. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvi. (1884) 397 (not of F. Muell.)''.

2. B. pygmæum, ''Lindl. Gen. et Sp. Orch.'' 58.—Minute, forming densely matted carpets on the trunks of trees or on rocks. Pseudobulbs ⅛–⅙ in. diam., globose or globose-depressed, glabrous, much wrinkled when dry. Leaves solitary on the pseudobulbs, springing from a minute circular sheath, ¼–⅓ in. long, linear-oblong, obtuse, very thick and coriaceous, grooved down the middle and


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Rh *15 U. S. C. §1691(a)(1) (Equal Credit Opportunity Act)
 * 15 U. S. C. §1691d(a) (Equal Credit Opportunity Act)
 * 15 U. S. C. §3151(a) (Full Employment and Balanced Growth; Nondiscrimination)
 * 18 U. S. C. §246 (Deprivation of Relief Benefits)
 * 18 U. S. C. §3593(f) (Special Hearing To Determine Whether a Sentence of Death Is Justified)
 * 20 U. S. C. §1011(a) (Higher Education Resources and Student Assistance; Antidiscrimination)
 * 20 U. S. C. §1011f(h)(5)(D) (Disclosures of Foreign Gifts)
 * 20 U. S. C. §1066c(d) (Historically Black College and University Capital Financing; Limitations on Federal Insurance Bonds Issued by Designated Bonding Authority)
 * 20 U. S. C. §1071(a)(2) (Federal Family Education Loan Program)
 * 20 U. S. C. §1078(c)(2)(F) (Federal Payments To Reduce Student Interest Costs)
 * 20 U. S. C. §1087–1(e) (Federal Family Education Loan Program; Special Allowances)


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398

Average precipitation for ten years 21.70 inches.

Rain or snow fell on 76 days; 91 days were cloudy; 49 days were partially cloudy; and the sky was clear on 149 days.

The above figures show that the climate is an extreme one, the winter season being cold and severe and lasting five months, while in summer a high temperature is often reached.

The western larch grows usually mixed with other conifers; and the number of accompanying species and the proportions of the admixture are very variable, being dependent on the climate and altitude, and on the quantity of moisture in the soil. Douglas fir is the most common companion of the larch, and Pinus ponderosa steps in where the soil is dry. Engelmann's spruce and Abies lasiocarpa descend into the larch forests, but never constitute any large element of it. Pinus monticola, Tsuga albertiana, and Abies grandis are often met with in small quantity at low altitudes in the larch forests of Montana; farther west, in the Priest River Forest Reserve, Pinus monticola is more abundant than the larch itself between 2400 and 4800 feet. Thuya plicata, in regions with a moist climate, forms a notable part of certain larch stands, often to the exclusion of the other species which usually accompany the larch.

The following notes on a few of the larch forests visited by me will illustrate some different types in Montana.

Near Missoula, in Pattie Cañon, which is a very dry valley at 3500 feet elevation in a rather arid climate, the larch only grows on the cool northern aspect, and is mixed with Douglas fir and Pinus ponderosa. An acre contained, of trees over a foot in diameter, twenty larches, four firs, and three pines. An average good larch tree measured 143 feet by 9 feet 7 inches; and a tree which we cut down, 14 inches in diameter, showed 211 annual rings, the sapwood being 1¼ inch in thickness and containing thirty-one rings.

On the southern end of Lake Macdonald, at 3500 feet altitude in a humid climate, I saw a fine stand composed almost exclusively of larch and Thuya plicata. The soil was glacial clay, very deep, and covered with a thick layer of humus. The


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 cat were partners, and they shared with each other whatever they had. It once happened that neither could find anything to eat for three days. Thereupon the dog proposed that they dissolve their partnership. The cat should go to Adam, in whose house there would surely be enough for her to eat, while the dog should seek his fortune elsewhere. Before they separated, they took an oath never to go to the same master. The cat took up her abode with Adam, and she found sufficient mice in his house to satisfy her appetite. Seeing how useful she was in driving away and extirpating mice, Adam treated her most kindly. The dog, on the other hand, saw bad times. The first night after their separation he spent in the cave of the wolf, who had granted him a night’s lodging. At night the dog caught the sound of steps, and he reported it to his host, who bade him repulse the intruders. They were wild animals. Little lacked and the dog would have lost his life. Dismayed, the dog fled from the house of the wolf, and took refuge with the monkey. But he would not grant him even a single night’s lodging; and the fugitive was forced to appeal to the hospitality of the sheep. Again the dog heard steps in the middle of the night. Obeying the bidding of his host, he arose to chase away the marauders, who turned out to be wolves. The barking of the dog apprised the wolves of the presence of sheep, so that the dog innocently caused the sheep’s death. Now he had lost his last friend. Night after night he begged for shelter, without ever finding a home. Finally, he decided to repair to the house of Adam, who also granted him refuge for one night. When wild animals approached the house under cover of darkness, the dog began


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 "Your punctuality puts me to shame, fair mistress," he said, "considering how unwarrantably I kept you waiting this morning, and how I tested your patience by my ignorance and awkwardness."

He had changed his dress, and the lace round his neck was even richer than before. Jeanne had always considered one of the chief marks of a well-bred man to be a fine disregard for the amount of his washing-bill; and then with what good taste he referred to recent events—putting himself in the wrong, as a gentleman should!

"Indeed, my lord," she replied modestly, "I was only too anxious to hear from your own lips that you bore me no ill-will for the part forced on me by circumstances in our recent interview. Your lordship has sufficient critical good sense, I feel sure, to distinguish between the woman and the official."

"True, Jeanne," he replied, drawing nearer; "and while I shrink from expressing, in their fulness, all the feelings that the woman inspires in me, I have no hesitation—for I know it will give you pleasure—in acquainting you with the entire artistic satisfaction with which I watched you at your task!"

"But, indeed" said Jeanne, "you did not see me at my best. In fact, I can't help wishing—it's ridiculous, I know, because the thing is hardly practicable—but if I could only have carried my performance quite through, and put the last finishing touches to it, you would not have been judging me now by the mere 'blocking-in' of what promised to be a masterpiece!"

"Yes, I wish it could have been arranged somehow," said the Seigneur reflectively; "but perhaps it's better as it is. I am content to let the artist remain for the present on trust, if I may only take over, fully paid up, the woman I adore!"

Jeanne felt strangely weak. The official seemed oozing out at

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Page:The Pima Indians.pdf/126

] handle of convenient size for grasping. The handle is slightly concave on the side next to the shield. It is attached by means of thongs, which pass through two holes for each end of the handle, at the center of the disk. When not in use, it was carried by a sling strap that passed through two holes at the border 24 cm. apart. It is ornamented by an ogee swastika in blue, red, and white.

There are also two models of Pima shields in the National Museum. One is a small painted disk of rawhide; the other is a hoop with muslin stretched over it. The former, no. 76073 (fig. 46, b), is ornamented with a cross in white, blue, red, and yellow. The latter, no. 76028 (fig. 46, a), is 225 mm. in diameter, or about one-third the full size. The design in red and yellow is also in the form of a cross.

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400 ground and grows rapidly. The thickets become so dense that it is impossible to travel through them. In time only the fittest survive, and there remains a thrifty, vigorous stand of this valuable timber." In Montana the lodge-pole pine usually takes possession of burnt areas; but I saw near Belton on the Great Northern Railway a hillside which had been swept by a fire, leaving a good number of larch trees unharmed, all the trees of other species being destroyed, and larch seedlings were coming up in profusion. On the Stillwater Creek farther west I noticed a burnt area on which the lodge-pole pines were about 30 feet high; and amongst them larch seedlings were growing in openings exposed to sunlight during at least a part of the day. Here in time the lodge-pole pine will be supplanted by the larch. Sargent's statement, that young seedlings of the western larch are able to grow up under the shade of other trees, which they finally overtop and subdue, requires modification. Seedlings never occur in the shade of the forest, and are most numerous in open places exposed to full sunlight; but on good soil, as on a recently burnt area, they will spring up in the partial shade of small pine trees. The western larch is not a fast grower in the young stage; at Belton seedlings twelve years old, growing on rather poor rocky ground, were from 7 to 12 feet high.

As the seed of the western larch had never been collected, so far as we knew, by any one except Mr. Carl Purdy's collector in 1903, I visited Montana in 1906, with the object of collecting a large quantity for Sir John Stirling Maxwell and Lord Kesteven. In the common larch the seeds do not fall out of the cones until spring, and their collection during winter is an easy matter. The western larch behaves very differently, as will be seen by the following notes of my observations in Montana. About the middle of August the squirrels begin to throw down cones, a sign that the seeds are nearly ripe. About the 10th September the leaves, which form a tuft at the base of the cone, begin to turn yellow, and in a day or two become brown and withered, showing that the supply of nutrition to the cone is stopped. The cones, which until now were purplish in colour, become brown, and the scales gape open widely, allowing the seeds to escape. By the 20th September all the cones on the trees have become quite brown, and have emptied all their seeds. The empty cones remain on the branches till the autumn of the following year, by which time their peduncles have rotted and the cones are ready to fall. For collecting seed the larch forests must be visited during the first three weeks of September; and localities where felling is being carried on should be chosen, as the cones occur only at the summit of very tall trees, which are troublesome to cut down, even if permission to do so has been obtained from their owners. The western larch appears to produce a good crop of seed once every two or three years, and this is general over the whole region. 1906 was a remarkably poor year, scarcely any cones having been formed. In 1905, judging from the old cones of that year still remaining on the trees, the crop of seed was very abundant.

As I had long been trying to find a larch that would in England be less liable to the attacks of Peziza Willkommii than the common larch, I made inquiries as


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 to bark, Adam awoke, and with his bow and arrow he drove them away. Recognizing the dog’s usefulness, he bade him remain with him always. But as soon as the cat espied the dog in Adam’s house, she began to quarrel with him, and reproach him with having broken his oath to her. Adam did his best to pacify the cat. He told her he had himself invited the dog to make his home there, and he assured her she would in no wise be the loser by the dog’s presence; he wanted both to stay with him. But it was impossible to appease the cat. The dog promised her not to touch anything intended for her. She insisted that she could not live in one and the same house with a thief like the dog. Bickerings between the dog and the cat became the order of the day. Finally the dog could stand it no longer, and he left Adam’s house, and betook himself to Seth’s. By Seth he was welcomed kindly, and from Seth’s house, he continued to make efforts at reconciliation with the cat. In vain. Yes, the enmity between the first dog and the first cat was transmitted to all their descendants until this very day.

Even the physical peculiarities of certain animals were not original features with them, but owed their existence to something that occurred subsequent to the days of creation. The mouse at first had quite a different mouth from its present mouth. In Noah’s ark, in which all animals, to ensure the preservation of every kind, lived together peaceably, the pair of mice were once sitting next to the cat. Suddenly the latter remembered that her father was in the habit of devouring mice, and thinking there was no harm in following his example, she jumped at the mouse, who vainly looked for a hole into which to slip out of sight.


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 her fingers and toes, while the woman's heart beat even more distressingly.

"I have one little question to ask," he murmured (his arm was about her now). "Do I understand that you still claim your bonus?"

Jeanne felt like water in his strong embrace; but she nerved herself to answer faintly but firmly: "Yes!"

"Then so do I," he replied, as his lips met hers.

Executions continued to occur in St. Radegonde; the Radegundians being conservative and very human. But much of the innocent enjoyment that formerly attended them departed after the fair Chatelaine had ceased to officiate. Enguerrand, on succeeding to the post, wedded Clairette, she being (he was heard to say) a more suitable match in mind and temper than others of whom he would name no names. Rumour had it, that he found his match and something over; while as for temper—and mind (which she gave him in bits) But the domestic trials of high-placed officials have a right to be held sacred. The profession, in spite of his best endeavours, languished nevertheless. Some said that the scaffold lacked its old attraction for criminals of spirit; others, more unkindly, that the headsman was the innocent cause, and that Enguerrand was less fatal in his new sphere than formerly, when practising in the criminal court as advocate for the defence.

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122 A similar shield decorated with swastika in red and white (fig. 47) was collected in 1887 by Mr F.W. Hodge, of the Hemenway Expedition, and by him presented to the Free Museum of the University of Pennsylvania.

Some protection for the feet was necessary when on journeys across the stony mesas and mountains that surround the Pima villages. Rawhide was the most widely used material and the sandal was the form of foot gear. It was kept in place by a single thong, which passed through two holes in the front of the sandal, so as to go between the first and second and the fourth and fifth toes, then backward obliquely across the foot, so that the two parts crossed each other over the instep, down through a hole in the end of a heel plate and around behind the heel, where it was doubled back through the hole in the opposite end of the heel plate, and so on forward again. The heel plate passes transversely through two longitudinal slits in the heel of the sandal and is of the same hard and stiff rawhide. The doubled thongs behind the heel are usually wound with softer material to prevent chafing (fig. 48).

Ox yokes were bound to the horns of the animals by long strips of hide that had been roughly dressed without removing the hair. The two straps collected were the only ones seen. It is some years since they were last used for this purpose, and it is not surprising that most such straps should have been employed for other needs (fig. 49).

The use of the lariat was, of course, learned from the whites and was developed gradually with the tardy introduction of live stock. The "rope," as it is universally known in the Southwest, is of rawhide

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 Then a miracle happened; a hole appeared where none had been before, and the mouse sought refuge in it. The cat pursued the mouse, and though she could not follow her into the hole, she could insert her paw and try to pull the mouse out of her covert. Quickly the mouse opened her mouth in the hope that the paw would go into it, and the cat would be prevented from fastening her claws in her flesh. But as the cavity of the mouth was not big enough, the cat succeeded in clawing the cheeks of the mouse. Not that this helped her much, it merely widened the mouth of the mouse, and her prey after all escaped the cat. After her happy escape, the mouse betook herself to Noah and said to him, “O pious man, be good enough to sew up my cheek where my enemy, the cat, has torn a rent in it.” Noah bade her fetch a hair out of the tail of the swine, and with this he repaired the damage. Thence the little seam-like line next to the mouth of every mouse to this very day.

The raven is another animal that changed its appearance during its sojourn in the ark. When Noah desired to send him forth to find out about the state of the waters, he hid under the wings of the eagle. Noah found him, however, and said to him, “Go and see whether the waters have diminished.” The raven pleaded: “Hast thou none other among all the birds to send on this errand?” Noah: “My power extends no further than over thee and the dove.” But the raven was not satisfied. He said to Noah with great insolence: “Thou sendest me forth only that I may meet my death, and thou wishest my death that my wife may be at thy service.” Thereupon Noah cursed the raven thus: “May thy mouth, which has spoken evil against me, be ac-


text: The Yellow Book/Volume 3/The Headswoman

title: The Yellow Book/Volume 3/The Headswoman


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101 Is that what Chairman Milley said?

That is what Chairman Milley said.

Okay. Well, I don't recall ever doing that.

Okay.

So, if you showed me this memo, you keep talking about this memo and if Chairman—

We do not—as I mentioned, we do not—

But hang on. But, if Chairman Milley said that, and I take your word that that's what he said, you could've asked him to produce this memo that I handed him, and I'm sure General Milley is not in the habit of throwing things out that are especially improper, and you could've shown me that production today. You chose not to do that.

I'm answering to the best of my recollection about a memo that may or may not exist. What happens if the memo that Chairman Milley had talks about something entirely different? I don't know. I've handed Chairman Milley, as I said, a ton of memos, lots of memos.

Were any of them unlawful or improper directives from the White House?

I would not ask Chairman Milley to follow any improper or unlawful activity—

That's not the question.

—activities.

That's not the question. I'm not asking you that. My question is, do you have any memory of handing this particular memo, directive, piece of paper to General Milley?

I do not have any memory of that.

 * BY :


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102 Let me just read you what General Milley said in discussing—

Which you could've provided to us ahead of time but chose not to, but go ahead.

It's a November 11th memo directing the withdrawal from Somalia and Afghanistan. And General Milley said: When he—Mr. Patel—slid the paper across the desk for me, I said, "Are you behind this?" He said, "No, no. I just saw it. It just came into my inbox. I just saw it."

Okay.

And that doesn't jog your memory or refresh your recollection about giving General Milley—

Me sliding something to the general across the desk, probably happened 150 times.

A November 11th memo purporting to order the withdrawal of troops from Somalia and Afghanistan by January—a date certain before the end of the administration?

I don't remember that occurring.

Is the improper order that we've been discussing—and, again, I think "improper" was your word—is that something having to do with the withdrawal of troops from Somalia and Afghanistan? Is that what triggered this conversation in which you were in and out with Mr. O'Brien, General Milley, and Secretary Miller?

At the White House?

Yes.

Is that what triggered it? I'm not sure what triggered it. We were over there for a number of matters.

What was it that was improper that you—that was being discussed when


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103 you were in and out of this meeting?

No, I think what I said was, and I'll let the record reflect, that it would have been improper and unlawful for us to follow any improper or unlawful order from the chain of command. And these gentlemen, decidedly so, made the decision not to follow any improper orders, and you can ask them—

Right.

—what they talked about in that room.

So we have, and that's what I'm asking about.

Yeah, you've asked one gentleman about some memo that no one's ever seen. I'm not—I'm telling you, from the best of my memory, I don't remember that. If you have the memo, I would take a look at it.

Okay.

You don't. You could've asked Chairman Milley for the memorandum. You are the United States Congress. You have access to all these memorandums. You apparently interviewed him, so he could've provided it to you had you asked, and you could have provided it to me.

He told us—

You chose not to.

—he got it from you. You're saying you don't remember?

I don't remember that.

Okay. I just wanted to be clear that you don't remember Chairman Milley handing you this illegal or unlawful memo about withdrawing troops from—

You keep saying, you know, that—that's your characterization. I'm telling you, I don't remember this incident with the memo you're characterizing. I'm telling you I remember many incidents where I handed Chairman Milley memorandum.


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104 Okay. I think we've established the record. Thank you.

 * BY :

Did you have any discussion—before this incident happened, whether you handed it over, you do remember going to Robert O'Brien's office and discussing this in and out; they discussed it in and out. But the bottom line is it was improper; you weren't going to follow it?

Yeah, other than what I've testified, no.

Prior to that conversation, did you have any conversation with anyone at the White House that this type of improper order, any discussion from Somalia or Afghanistan was coming over to DOD?

Not that I recall.

Not that you recall?

Uh-huh.

Does that mean, no, you did not have any conversations with anyone at the White House?

No, it means not that I recall.

Mr. Glabe. Wait, any conversations with the White House about what?

 * BY :

About the improper order, as he's described it.

You keep saying I've described it as an improper order.

Mr. Glabe. I believe—

 * BY :

Whatever it is.

What would make this easier—

Improper withdrawal.


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105 —is if you produced it, but you failed to produce it. And I want the record to be abundantly clear you're asking me about a document you say exists based on a book that I don't know and haven't seen.

Well, it's not just a book, Mr. Patel, but let me just—

No, don't cut me off. Let me finish my answer. I want the record to be abundantly clear what you're trying to do is say I may or may not have had my hands on an order that may or may have never existed. If you can show it to me, I can answer the question better. I'm doing the best to answer the question from the memory I have about something that happened over 1 year ago.

So, if you have other lines of question—we can do this, but if you want to talk about the truth about what happened on January 6th, as is your directive, or do you want to talk about Afghanistan and Somalia, you choose. But we're leaving at 4 o'clock because my counsel has a flight to catch.

Mr. Glabe. Let me just say two things for the record on this topic. One, we talk about the memo, a memo. I want the record to be clear that my—I want—I want the record to be clear that my client has testified that he was involved in many discussions about Afghanistan, including Afghanistan withdrawal, with General Milley and others, but doesn't have the specific recollection of the purported memo referenced in the Woodward book.

Two, I believe, and we can pause and go back—read back the record if we need to, I believe that improper or unlawful was originally your characterization, counsel, and that jogged my client's memory that he recalled Ambassador O'Brien, General Milley, and Acting Secretary of Defense Miller discussing something that they might have thought was improper or unlawful. I do not believe that it is my client's testimony that he has made a judgment as to whether this purported memo was unlawful or improper insofar


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108 you get that position?

It's not a position one seeks. The Department of Defense regulations, as I understand it, have been in place for many, many years, and the Department of Defense's regulations designate as a head the chief of staff for all administrations for any Presidential transition. So I was designated the head of the transition, but the operational work was done completely separately.

And who did the operational work?

So Mr. Muir, Tom Muir, a decorated Army officer and civilian now at the Pentagon, led what we call the Washington Headquarters Services. He was designated by the Acting Secretary of Defense, I believe, to be the ART, the transition director.

So his team is a group of career staffers that work on Presidential transitions and transitions time and time again, and they are they were responsible to interact with the Biden transition team, the beachhead team as we call it, to come in and provide all of the transition work.

Me as the—I don't know what the right word is—quote/unquote, head was not involved in the day-to-day operations. We entrusted that to Tom Muir because he was excellent at that job, had been doing it for some time.

When is it supposed to begin, the transition from the old administration to the new?

So, as best as I understand it from—and, again, I just need to add for the record, we reviewed many, many documents in which I had conversations with general counsel at the Department of Defense, and they were all completely redacted. So we asked for those redactions to be lifted, but I believe you also haven't been able to see them. So—

That's correct.


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109 —a lot of conversations that would help—a lot of the material that would help me recollect details on this may be contained in those materials as well because it involved transition, because they were answering the legal questions of, as you said, when does a transition begin. My understanding is a transition begins, my understanding, is when the GSA memorandum was issued for the transition to begin, and I believe we cited that earlier happening on or around November 23, 2020.

Right. So I believe it's November 24th. Did you have any conversations with the White House from the time period of your appointment, November 10th, until GSA green lit the transition about the—

My general recollection from Chief of Staff Meadows is pretty clear. I'm uncertain of the exact date, but he said: You at the Department of Defense are to conduct a full-scale transition to the Biden team immediately and forthright and give them the access that they need and the documents that they need to prepare so we can hand off the national security mission to the incoming administration.

But what was the delay from the November 7th declaration until November 24th, if you know?

Well, so you say declaration on November 7th. I'm not sure entirely what you're referring to, whose declaration. We, the Department of Defense, as best as I recall, could prepare for the transition pursuant to the decisions that would have been made by the Office of General Counsel at DOD once the order from GSA came in to do the transition. I don't know if—I wouldn't characterize in any way, shape, or form that we delayed the transition material, I think, quite the opposite.

That wasn't my question. My question was if you had any insight as to what was going on for that period.

Oh, I don't—yeah, sorry, I don't have insight on that.


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110 Was Mark Meadows your only point of contact at the White House concerning the transition, or did you have others?

I would say he was my main point of contact for the transition.

Were you in contact with anyone at GSA about the ascertainment, I think is the word?

I don't think I've ever contacted anyone at GSA regarding this. I just don't believe I have. Maybe OGC, general counsel, did and we were there, but, again, I wasn't able to review those records.

Who was the Biden-Harris lead that you were in contact with?

The appointed lead changed a couple of times, but the day that they named Kat Hicks—Ms. Hicks is currently, I believe, the Deputy Secretary of Defense. At the time, she was named the head of the Biden ART transition team, and her point of contact would have been Mr. Muir.

As I recall, as best I recall, as soon as that appointment was made—I don't know the date; we were visiting a Fifth Fleet in Bahrain to feed them for Thanksgiving. I called Ms. Hicks on my phone. I believe it was my work phone, because that was the one that would've worked over there, and said—I welcomed her, and I said: Congratulations. This is my cell phone. This is my email. Please let me know if you are not getting anything you need. Our instructions for transition are very clear. We are to help you with transition. And I never heard from Ms. Hicks again.

So that would have been around the November 23rd, 24th timeline?

Yeah, right around Thanksgiving because I remember us going there to feed the troops.

There's a couple of exhibits where there's a—the Pentagon—there's reporting about the Pentagon blocking visits to military spy agencies by the Biden


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112 Mr. Sofer. Okay.

 * BY :

And apparently it's you going—asking has someone called Kath—I'm assuming that's Kath Hicks—

Yes.

—about it.

Uh-huh.

And, at the top of that page, "Tell Kath that if her or any ART team continues these total fake narratives, I will shut it all down." What does that mean?

Yeah, thank you. So this was, in my exceedingly large frustration to see damaging, false information publicized in the media that would hurt the mission of the Department of Defense and the transition, so I took great umbrage to seeing false information leaked out to the media and the media reporting that.

So my team, knowing me and my—and how I operate, I wanted to express to them the severity and the impact of such fake narratives in the media because the world was watching our transition process, and our instructions were to do it as smoothly as possible. So, when I said that, it was in part hyperbolic statement to make sure my team understood the severity in which I wanted this matter adjudicated and the record corrected.

You mentioned some emails back with the general counsel. What was the role of the general counsel during the transition?

A lot. The general counsel would have been in each—a member of the general counsel would have been in each interview of the hundreds if not thousands we gave—I don't remember off the top of my head—to protect the equities of the Department and also protect classified information, make sure the right people were


text:
Page:The Yellow Book - 03.djvu/58

 Credo By Arthur Symons

title: Page:The Yellow Book - 03.djvu/58


text:
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113 there and the right people were getting the right subject matter.

They would also be in contact with the incoming counsel throughout government to address matters that they needed to address. So Mr. Ney's role was extensive and his team—I think there's, I don't know, I'm guessing 300-plus lawyers at the Department of Defense who were involved in the transition in some way.

And Mr. Ney was an appointee for—at DOD general counsel?

He was the general counsel. I don't know that process, but I think he's an appointee.

Was it a typical process for the GC to be present at every interview that's—

Well, the—he, the GC, was not, right. A representative from the General Counsel's Office would be present to make sure there was no spillage of classified information, the people were coming in had the right clearances, and there was nothing shared that should not be shared with people who didn't have the subject matter requirements.

Were you familiar that the GC or the representative from the GC's Office would read a card establishing the guidelines at the start of every one of those interviews with the Biden-Harris transition team?

That sounds familiar. In my recollection with Mr. Muir and his team and the general counsel's team, they wanted to, in the interest to protect the Department, sort of lay out the parameters of what the discussion would be about, and if there were any things that the folks who were meeting wanted other information, those requests were brought back to Mr. Muir.

Were you involved in establishing those guidelines that were set forth at the beginning?

I think, generally, I was—you know, we had meetings regularly about how to


text:
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 cursed, and thy intercourse with thy wife be only through it.” All the animals in the ark said Amen. And this is the reason why a mass of spittle runs from the mouth of the male raven into the mouth of the female during the act of copulation, and only thus the female is impregnated.

Altogether the raven is an unattractive animal. He is unkind toward his own young so long as their bodies are not covered with black feathers, though as a rule ravens love one another. God therefore takes the young ravens under His special protection. From their own excrement maggots come forth, which serve as their food during the three days that elapse after their birth, until their white feathers turn black and their parents recognize them as their offspring and care for them.

The raven has himself to blame also for the awkward hop in his gait. He observed the graceful step of the dove, and envious of her tried to emulate it. The outcome was that he almost broke his bones without in the least succeeding in making himself resemble the dove, not to mention that he brought the scorn of the other animals down upon himself. His failure excited their ridicule. Then he decided to return to his own original gait, but in the interval he had unlearnt it, and he could walk neither the one way nor the other properly. His step had become a hop betwixt and between. Thus we see how true it is, that he who is dissatisfied with his small portion loses the little he has in striving for more and better things.

The steer is also one of the animals that has suffered a change in the course of time. Originally his face was entirely overgrown with hair, but now there is none on his nose,


text:
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114 conduct the transition process. And this was a team of, you know, 25 high-level DOD leadership folks including the Deputy Secretary of Defense, who was more the day-to-day lead on the transition than myself. And so we had many, many, many SVTCs and meetings on this—sorry, video teleconferences, on this. So I probably shaped some of those when the discussions came up.

But as this part of kind of investigating kind of the transition aspect that happened at this agency and others, this presence of the general counsel and this card being read by general counsel's representative was viewed as not was viewed as unusual requirement as part of a transition process.

So I'm not familiar in that level of detail, whether or not it was or wasn't unusual. The recommendation was made that that was appropriate, given the amount of information and people we were dealing with. We gave, from my understanding, the largest Presidential transition in DOD history was conducted under our watch. And so, you know, I relied on the career officials to make recommendations, and I usually went with them.

So, just so I'm clear, it wasn't your recommendation to have this presence or this card—

No, I'm not saying that. I'm saying if it was—you know, I'm saying there was many discussions on this and other matters, and what happened was we usually just came to an agreement. Whether it was my independent recommendation or somebody at OGC first say said, "Hey, maybe we want to do this," I don't know what instigated the matter, but I do remember it being a part of the transition.

But it wasn't relayed to you at any time that this was a challenge in terms of—from the perspective of the Biden-Harris team, that the presence of the GC during each of these interviews or a GC representative—


text:
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115 That wasn't relayed to me, and I don't think the premise of your question is entirely accurate. We didn't require it for high-level folks, such as the Chairman. The Chairman and others were allowed to meet and talk with their representatives after discussing the matter with the General Counsel's Office because we didn't want to hold the high-level folks up because of their scheduling requirements.

How about the budget? When was the budget shared with the Biden-Harris team?

That would be entirely Deputy Secretary—former Deputy Secretary Norquist's lane. He is the budget guru of the Department of Defense, and we left that to him.

So you didn't have any role in when the budget was shared with the Biden-Harris team?

We—it probably came up in the many conversations we had, but I don't have an independent recollection of saying, "This is the date we're going to do the budget," or—I don't even remember when the Biden-Harris team asked for, quote/unquote, the first.

And, when we do budgets, just as a caveat, at the Department of Defense, we don't just present the DOD budget. Each respective budget is broken down into the separate Under Secretaries and their Deputy Secretaries so that the right people can consume those budgets.

You'd agree this is a huge part of the transition, is understanding the budget?

Yeah, the budget was.

The budget, as we understand it, wasn't shared until well into January with the Biden-Harris team.


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116 As I sit here today, I don't know if that's the case. I'm not sure what the interactions were regarding when to and not to share the budget and who made those decisions. I'd have to go back and look at a whole host of documents to figure it out.

But who, other than you, as the head of transition would've made those decisions?

No. So, when you say I'm the head and I'm making sort of the balls and strikes call, I was not. We left that in place for Washington Headquarters Services and Tom Muir and his team to make those calls. They would inform me and keep me up to date, and a lot of the decisions were adjudicated by Deputy Secretary Norquist because, especially with the budget, he was the guru. I was far from the budget guy, and when they felt it was prepared enough to present, I left it to them to make that decision.

So did you respond to any request to have the budget provided to the Biden-Harris team earlier?

Did I personally?

Correct.

Not that I can remember.

Were you involved in the decisionmaking regarding the—kind of the ceasing of engaging with the Biden-Harris team in mid-December?

So I think I know what you're talking about, and I appreciate you providing that document. I forget what number it is, but—

Mr. Glabe. Can you point us to a particular exhibit to—

The Witness. They can look for it, but let me just try to answer your question—

 * BY :

Uh-huh.

—in the interest of time here. What I think you're referring to is there was


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106 as he doesn't recall ever seeing it.

And I guess, just as an addendum, remarkable to me that the testimony—how close the testimony of General Milley is to what was in Bob Woodward and Robert Costa's book, which makes one wonder whether he was speaking to those authors, but I'll stop at that.

Mr. Sofer. Yeah, I think the most important point, the general point I think we all can agree on is this would be a lot easier if someone had provided us with the actual memo that could help our client. He's made very clear he doesn't recall, and since it's not around, it's very difficult for us to have a conversation about something that we can't see.

. Yeah, you're right, Mr. Sofer, it is, and we don't have it either, as we've said. This is not—

Mr. Sofer. I'm not suggesting the committee is holding it back. I just think it makes the conversation exceedingly difficult.

To be clear, the point of the—the basis of the question is not simply the Woodward book. It is the testimony of General Milley and evidence developed from other witnesses about a memo, as we have described, that is directing the withdrawal of troops from Iraq and—excuse me, from Somalia and Afghanistan, and the testimony about your client's direct involvement in that—passing that memo along to the people who would be in a position to act on it. That's the basis of the question. I wish I had the memo to give you and show you; I do not.

Mr. Sofer. As do we. I'm just saying, and, again, I think the record is clear, he doesn't recall.

Okay.

Mr. Sofer. It would be very helpful to his recollection obviously—


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107 I understand.

Mr. Sofer. —if someone could present to him the critical piece of data or evidence, if you will, that we're talking about. Without doing it, we're stuck in this world where everybody is speculating.

Mr. Glabe. And it's not his testimony, as I've heard it, that he did not pass along a purported memo in the manner that other witnesses may have described. I believe it is his testimony that he does not have a specific recollection of doing so.

We're hopeful that there will be some documents coming from the National Archives that would include this memo, and, at some point, we may very well want to bring Mr. Patel back and ask him about that. As of now, we are showing our cards and telling you exactly the basis of the question.

Mr. Sofer. Understood. The last thing we want to do is come back.

I understand.

Mr. Sofer. And we want to get this done today, so—

Mr. Glabe. There's no question—

Mr. Sofer. —I would hope that that wouldn't happen.

Mr. Glabe. Yeah, there's no questions we haven't answered, and it is our intent to answer all of your questions.

It's hard to finish when we keep getting speeches from counsel as opposed to testimony from the witness.

The Witness. Carry on.

Mr. Sofer. Well, then let's go on.

Okay.

 * BY :

I want to shift towards your role for the transition team at DOD. How did


text: Page:The Yellow Book - 03.djvu/59

title: Page:The Yellow Book - 03.djvu/59


text:
Page:The Pima Indians.pdf/128

] made in a 4-ply braid, rounded by pounding when wet. The slip noose at the outer end is supplied with an ingenious loop made by folding a heavy piece of rawhide three or four times and bringing the ends together to form an oval ring. The end of the rope is passed through a longitudinal slit in one end of the ring and by a braided enlargement prevented from being pulled out again. A strip of rawhide about 1 cm. in width is rolled in the interior of the ring, and passing through a transverse cut close to one end it is continued around the outside, being itself slit where the rope enters the ring, and also passing under two loops made by catching up the outer layer of hide on the ring it then passes through a transverse slit in the outer and overlapping end of the ring and is knotted. It therefore passes twice around the ring and is the only means of uniting the ends of it. When hardened the ring is large enough to permit free play of the rope through it.

Among the most highly prized objects made of leather by the Pimas, found by the writer, was a life-sized effigy of a horned toad. It is of deerskin, ornamented with white beads, as shown in figure 50, a. It was used in the cure of the toad disease by being passed over the affected part. This act and the singing of the toad songs effected a complete cure, our informant believed. Figure 50, b, is a photograph of a living horned toad.

title: Page:The Pima Indians.pdf/128


text:
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111 transition team, and your reaction to those press reports is exhibits 3 and 4. Was there any accuracy in the reporting that there were any challenges posed to the Biden-Harris transition team?

I don't believe so.

So did you ever learn of any complaints during your time as the head of transition from Biden-Harris folks?

So, Ms. Hicks, later Ms. Magsamen—sorry, the current chief of staff; I'm unsure how her last name is pronounced—were the people I attempted to communicate with. As I said, I called, I believe, Ms. Hicks. I tried to call the—my successor, the current chief of staff, and I emailed them continuously when things were needed. But I never heard back from them, and Mr. Muir kept me up to date to make sure that the transition process was going as smoothly as possible.

Did Ezra Cohen have a role during the transition process?

Most every member at Mr. Watnick's level would have a role in the transition process. He would have been instructed through Mr. Muir to meet with his counterpart or the person the Biden transition team had designated as the incoming individual into that role or into that section of the Department of Defense. So I don't have any particular insight into what that was, but he should have, I believe, just given his position.

I just wanted to ask you about exhibit 4 there. Again, this is about the response to the press story.

Mr. Sofer. Can you give us a page number, please?

Sure. This is going to be Bates No. 2376. It's a whole email string.

The Witness. Yeah.


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117 a half-day, 1-day pause on transition. And what happened was the Acting Secretary of Defense and I felt that the transition team was working crazy hours, 24/7 to make the transition happen, and I believe what we decided, what the Acting Secretary and others decided was to give the team a night off and return to their duties either in the next day or so, because we thought it was the holidays and people needed a break. If you're not referring to that, I'm sorry, but that's my recollection of this break.

So your recollection it was a 1-day break?

I believe it was like, yeah, it was a night, morning, something. That's what we were trying to give our team just a breather, and I believe it was misconstrued in the media as a halting to the transition process. That was not our take—

So—

—but I talked about it in my op-ed, which I think we're going to enter, right?

Mr. Glabe. Yeah. So, for the record, we have K. Patel Exhibit 4, "Kash Patel: Defense Department Fully Cooperating With Transition to Biden Administration," published January 13—

The Witness. And I think it's addressed in there.

I'll take a look at it, but I'm just curious, your recollection is it is about a day. The Biden-Harris folks' recollection is it was a 3-week stoppage of any transition occurring from mid-December and not reengaging until after January.

The Witness. So if there's a—

Ms. Lomax. What was the question?

The Witness. Sorry. Yeah, if there's something you could show me, point me to to talk about that?

 * BY :

I have nothing to point to you. So what—


text: Poems (Cromwell)

title: Poems (Cromwell)


text:
Page:Ginzburg - The Legends of the Jews - Volume 1.djvu/63

 and that is because Joshua kissed him on his nose during the siege of Jericho. Joshua was an exceedingly heavy man. Horses, donkeys, and mules, none could bear him, they all broke down under his weight. What they could not do, the steer accomplished. On his back Joshua rode to the siege of Jericho, and in gratitude he bestowed a kiss upon his nose.

The serpent, too, is other than it was at first. Before the fall of man it was the cleverest of all animals created, and in form it resembled man closely. It stood upright, and was of extraordinary size. Afterward, it lost the mental advantages it had possessed as compared with other animals, and it degenerated physically, too; it was deprived of its feet, so that it could not pursue other animals and kill them. The mole and the frog had to be made harmless in similar ways; the former has no eyes, else it were irresistible, and the frog has no teeth, else no animal in the water were sure of its life.

While the cunning of the serpent wrought its own undoing, the cunning of the fox stood him in good stead in many an embarrassing situation. After Adam had committed the sin of disobedience, God delivered the whole of the animal world into the power of the Angel of Death, and He ordered him to cast one pair of each kind into the water. He and leviathan together thus have dominion over all that has life. When the Angel of Death was in the act of executing the Divine command upon the fox, he began to weep bitterly. The Angel of Death asked him the reason of his tears, and the fox replied that he was mourning the sad fate of his friend. At the same time he pointed to the figure of


text: The Yellow Book/Volume 3/Credo

title: The Yellow Book/Volume 3/Credo


text:
Page:Ginzburg - The Legends of the Jews - Volume 1.djvu/64

 a fox in the sea, which was nothing but his own reflection. The Angel of Death, persuaded that a representative of the fox family had been cast into the water, let him go free. The fox told his trick to the cat, and she in turn played it on the Angel of Death. So it happened that neither cats nor foxes are represented in the water, while all other animals are.

When leviathan passed the animals in review, and missing the fox was informed of the sly way in which he had eluded his authority, he dispatched great and powerful fish on the errand of enticing the truant into the water. The fox walking along the shore espied the large number of fish, and he exclaimed, “How happy he who may always satisfy his hunger with the flesh of such as these.” The fish told him, if he would but follow them, his appetite could easily be appeased. At the same time they informed him that a great honor awaited him. Leviathan, they said, was at death’s door, and he had commissioned them to install the fox as his successor. They were ready to carry him on their backs, so that he had no need to fear the water, and thus they would convey him to the throne, which stood upon a huge rock. The fox yielded to these persuasions, and descended into the water. Presently an uncomfortable feeling took possession of him. He began to suspect that the tables were turned; he was being made game of instead of making game of others as usual. He urged the fish to tell him the truth, and they admitted that they had been sent out to secure his person for leviathan, who wanted his heart, that he might become as knowing as the fox, whose wisdom he had heard many extol. The fox said reproachfully: “Why did


text:
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124

As a tribe the Pimas are not skillful potters. Their work is decidedly inferior to that of the Kwahadkʽs, which in turn appears to be improving as a result of a moderm demand for it. It is probable that the best potters among the Pimas are of Kwahadkʽ descent, or have learned the art from that tribe. A great part of the Pima ceramic ware is plain and undecorated. The cooling ollas in which water is kept about their homes are the only vessels that are generally decorated. The potters aver that the designs are copied from the Hohokam potsherds that bestrew the mesas and that the symbolism is absolutely unknown to them. Furthermore, many of the smaller decorated pieces are traded from both the Kwahadkʽs and the Papagos, the. latter bringing them filled with cactus sirup to exchange for grain. The vessels here illustrated were made by Sala Hina (fig. 51), one of the best potters on the Gila.

The common ware that is intended to be subjected to heat is generally made from clay obtained among the Skâsŏwalĭk hills, which lie on the southern border of the Gila River reservation. The material is a dry granular clay combined with quartz pebbles and feldspathic detritus. The place where it occurs looks much more like a stone quarry than like a clay pit (pl., a). Indeed, a great part of the mass is sharp, angular stone, which must be winnowed out by hand in the shallow baskets.

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is the only activity in which almost all ages and both sexes participate and it therefore offers a unique opportunity for an analysis of education.

In the dance there are virtuosos but no formal teachers. It is a highly individual activity set in a social framework. This framework varies from a small dancing party at which twelve to twenty people are present to the major festivities of a malaga (travelling party) or a wedding when the largest guest house in the village is crowded within and encircled by spectators without. With the size and importance of the festivity, the formality of the arrangements varies also. Usually the occasion of even a small siva (dance) is the presence of at least two or three strange young people from another village. The pattern entertainment is a division of the performers into visitors and hosts, the two sides taking turns in providing the music and dancing. This pattern is still followed even when the malaga numbers only two individuals, a number of hosts going over to swell the visitors' ranks.

It is at these small informal dances that the children learn to dance. In the front of the house sit the young people who are the centre and arbiters of the occasion.


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 The matai and his wife and possibly a related matai and the other elders of the household sit at the back of the house, in direct reversal of the customary procedure according to which the place of the young people is in the background. Around the ends cluster women and children, and outside lurk the boys and girls who are not participating in the dancing, although at any moment they may be drawn into it. On such occasions the dancing is usually started by the small children, beginning possibly with seven- and eight-year-olds. The chief's wife or one of the young men will call out the names of the children and they are stood up in a group of three, sometimes all boys or girls, sometimes with a girl between two boys, which is the conventional adult grouping for the taupo and her two talking chiefs. The young men, sitting in a group near the centre of the house, provide the music, one of them standing and leading the singing to the accompaniment of an imported stringed instrument which has taken the place of the rude bamboo drum of earlier times. The leader sets the key and the whole company join in either in the song, or by clapping, or by beating on the floor with their knuckles. The dancers themselves are the final arbiters of the excellence of the music and it is not counted as petulance for a dancer to stop in the middle and demand better music as the price of continuing. The songs sung are few in number; the young people of one village seldom know more than a dozen airs; and perhaps twice as many sets of words which are sung now


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 to one air, now to another. The verse pattern is simply based upon the number of syllables; a change in stress is permitted and rhyme is not demanded so that any new event is easily set in the old pattern, and names of villages and of individuals are inserted with great freedom. The content of the songs is likely to take on an extremely personal character containing many quips at the expense of individuals and their villages.

The form of the participation of the audience changes according to the age of the dancers. In the case of the smaller children, it consists of an endless stream of good-natured comment: "Faster!" "Down lower! Lower!" "Do it again!" "Fasten your lavalava." In the dancing of the more expert boys and girls the group takes part by a steady murmur of "Thank you, thank you, for your dancing!" "Beautiful! Engaging! Charming! Bravo!" which gives very much the effect of the irregular stream of "Amens" at an evangelistic revival. This articulate courtesy becomes almost lyric in quality when the dancer is a person of rank for whom dancing at all is a condescension.

The little children are put out upon these public floors with a minimum of preliminary instruction. As babies in their mothers' arms at just such a party as this, they learned to clap before they learned to walk, so that the beat is indelibly fixed in their minds. As two- and three-year-olds they have stood on a mat at home and clapped their hands in time to their elders' singing. Now they are called upon to perform before a group.


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 Wide-eyed, terrified babies stand beside some slightly older child, clapping in desperation and trying to add new steps borrowed on the spur of the moment from their companions. Every improvement is greeted with loud applause. The child who performed best at the last party is haled forward at the next, for the group is primarily interested in its own amusement rather than in distributing an equal amount of practice among the children. Hence some children rapidly outdistance the rest, through interest and increased opportunity as well as superior gift. This tendency to give the talented child another and another chance is offset somewhat by rivalry between relatives who wish to thrust their little ones forward.

While the children are dancing, the older boys and girls are refurbishing their costumes with flowers, shell necklaces, anklets and bracelets of leaves. One or two will probably slip off home and return dressed in elaborate bark skirts. A bottle of cocoanut oil is produced from the family chest and rubbed on the bodies of the older dancers. Should a person of rank be present and consent to dance, the hostess family bring out their finest mats and tapas as costume. Sometimes this impromptu dressing assumes such importance that an adjoining house is taken over as a dressing room; at others it is of so informal a nature that spectators, who have gathered outside arrayed only in sheets, have to borrow a dress or a lavalava from some other spectator before they can appear on the dance floor.


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 you not tell me the truth at once? Then I could have brought my heart along with me for King Leviathan, who would have showered honors upon me. As it is, you will surely suffer punishment for bringing me without my heart. The foxes, you see,” he continued, “do not carry their hearts around with them. They keep them in a safe place, and when they have need of them, they fetch them thence.” The fish quickly swam to shore, and landed the fox, so that he might go for his heart. No sooner did he feel dry land under his feet than he began to jump and shout, and when they urged him to go in search of his heart, and follow them, he said: “O ye fools, could I have followed you into the water, if I had not had my heart with me? Or exists there a creature able to go abroad without his heart?” The fish replied: “Come, come, thou art fooling us.” Whereupon the fox: “O ye fools, if I could play a trick on the Angel of Death, how much easier was it to make game of you?” So they had to return, their errand undone, and leviathan could not but confirm the taunting judgment of the fox: “In very truth, the fox is wise of heart, and ye are fools.”

“Whatever God created has value.” Even the animals and the insects that seem useless and noxious at first sight have a vocation to fulfilfulfill [sic]. The snail trailing a moist streak after it as it crawls, and so using up its vitality, serves as a remedy for boils. The sting of a hornet is healed by the house-fly crushed and applied to the wound. The gnat, feeble creature, taking in food but never secreting it, is a specific against the poison of a viper, and this venomous rep-


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 Four Drawings By Aubrey Beardsley

I. Portrait of Himself

II. Lady Gold's Escort

III. The Wagnerites

IV. La Dame aux Camelias

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The scene of this study was the little island of Taū. Along one coast of the island, which rises precipitately to a mountain peak in the centre, cluster three little villages, Lumā and Siufaga, side by side, and Faleasao, half a mile away. On the other end of the island is the isolated village of Fitiuta, separated from the other three villages by a long and arduous trail. Many of the people from the other villages have never been to Fitiuta, eight miles away. Twelve miles across the open sea are the two islands of Ofu and Olesega, which with Taū, make up the Manu'a Archipelago, the most primitive part of Samoa. Journeys in slender outrigger canoes from one of these three little islands to another are frequent, and the inhabitants of Manu'a think of themselves as a unit as over against the inhabitants of Tutuila, the large island where the Naval Station is situated. The three islands have a population of a little over two thousand people, with constant visiting, inter-marrying, adoption going on between the seven villages of the Archipelago.

The natives still live in their beehive-shaped houses with floors of coral rubble, no walls except perishable woven blinds which are lowered in bad weather, and a roof of sugar-cane thatch over which it is necessary to bind palm branches in every storm. They have substituted cotton cloth for their laboriously manufactured bark cloth for use as everyday clothing, native costume being reserved for ceremonial occasions. But the men content themselves with a wide cotton loin cloth, the lavalava, fastened at the waist with a dexterous


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 twist of the material. This costume permits a little of the tattooing which covers their bodies from knee to the small of the back, to appear above and below the folds of the lavalava. Tattooing has been taboo on Manu'a for two generations, so only a part of the population have made the necessary journey to another island in search of a tattooer. Women wear a longer lavalava and a short cotton dress falling to their knees. Both sexes go barefoot and hats are worn only to Church, on which occasions the men don white shirts and white coats, ingeniously tailored by the native women in imitation of Palm Beach coats which have fallen into their hands. The women's tattooing is much sparser than the men's, a mere matter of dots and crosses on arms, hands, and thighs. Garlands of flowers, flowers in the hair, and flowers twisted about the ankles, serve to relieve the drabness of the faded cotton clothing, and on gala days, beautifully patterned bark cloth, fine mats, gaily bordered with red parrot feathers, headdresses of human hair decorated with plumes and feathers, recall the more picturesque attire of pre-Christian days.

Sewing-machines have been in use for many years, although the natives are still dependent upon some deft-handed sailor for repairs. Scissors have also been added to the household equipment, but wherever possible a Samoan woman still uses her teeth or a piece of bamboo. At the Missionary boarding-schools a few of the women have learned to crochet and embroider, using their skill particularly to ornament the plump, hard pillows which are rapidly displacing the little bamboo head rests. Sheets of white cotton have taken the place of sheets of firmly woven mats or of bark cloth. Mosquito nets of cotton netting make a native house much more endurable than must have been the case when bark cloth tents were the only defence against insects. The netting is suspended at night from stout cords hung across the house, and the edges weighted down with stones, so that prowling dogs,


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 lence have worked like a yeast in giving greater personal freedom. As many of the crimes which were formerly punished in this fashion are not recognised as crimes by the new authorities, no new mechanism of punishment has been devised for the man who marries the divorced wife of a man of higher rank, the miscreant who gossips outside his village and so brings his village into disrepute, the insolent detractor who recites another's genealogy, or the naughty boy who removes the straws from the pierced cocoanuts and thus offers an unspeakable affront to visitors. And the Samoan is not in the habit of committing many of the crimes listed in our legal code. He steals and is fined by the government as he was formerly fined by the village. But he comes into very slight conflict with the central authorities. He is too accustomed to taboos to mind a quarantine prohibition which parades under the same guise; too accustomed to the exactions of his relations to fret under the small taxation demands of the government. Even the stern attitude formerly taken by the adults towards precocity has now been subdued, for what is a sin at home becomes a virtue at school.

The new influences have drawn the teeth of the old culture. Cannibalism, war, blood revenge, the life and death power of the matai, the punishment of a man who broke a village edict by burning his house, cutting down his trees, killing his pigs, and banishing his family, the cruel defloration ceremony, the custom of laying waste plantations on the way to a funeral, the enormous loss of life in making long voyages in small canoes, the discomfort due to widespread disease—all these have vanished. And as yet their counterparts in producing misery have not appeared.

Economic instability, poverty, the wage system, the separation of the worker from his land and from his tools, modern warfare, industrial disease, the abolition of leisure, the irksomeness of a bureaucratic government—these have not yet


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 invaded an island without resources worth exploiting. Nor have the subtler penalties of civilisation, neuroses, philosophical perplexities, the individual tragedies due to an increased consciousness of personality and to a greater specialisation of sex feeling, or conflicts between religion and other ideals, reached the natives. The Samoans have only taken such parts of our culture as made their life more comfortable, their culture more flexible, the concept of the mercy of God without the doctrine of original sin.


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 tile itself cures eruptions, while the lizard is the antidote to the scorpion.

Not only do all creatures serve man, and contribute to his comfort, but also God “teacheth us through the beasts of the earth, and maketh us wise through the fowls of heaven.” He endowed many animals with admirable moral qualities as a pattern for man. If the Torah had not been revealed to us, we might have learnt regard for the decencies of life from the cat, who covers her excrement with earth; regard for the property of others from the ants, who never encroach upon one another’s stores; and regard for decorous conduct from the cock, who, when he desires to unite with the hen, promises to buy her a cloak long enough to reach to the ground, and when the hen reminds him of his promise, he shakes his comb and says, “May I be deprived of my comb, if I do not buy it when I have the means.” The grasshopper also has a lesson to teach to man. All the summer through it sings, until its belly bursts, and death claims it. Though it knows the fate that awaits it, yet it sings on. So man should do his duty toward God, no matter what the consequences. The stork should be taken as a model in two respects. He guards the purity of his family life zealously, and toward his fellows he is compassionate and merciful. Even the frog can be the teacher of man. By the side of the water there lives a species of animals which subsist off aquatic creatures alone. When the frog notices that one of them is hungry, he goes to it of his own accord, and offers himself as food, thus fulfilling the injunction, “If thine enemy be hungry, give him bread to eat; and if he be thirsty, give him water to drink.”


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Spectral Chroma Scale

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 The form of the dance itself is eminently individualistic. No figures are prescribed except the half dozen formal little claps which open the dance and the use of one of a few set endings. There are twenty-five or thirty figures, two or three set transitional positions, and at least three definite styles, the dance of the taupo, the dance of the boys, and the dance of the jesters. These three styles relate definitely to the kind of dance and not to the status of the dancer. The taupo's dance is grave, aloof, beautiful. She is required to preserve a set, dreamy, nonchalant expression of infinite hauteur and detachment. The only permissible alternative to this expression is a series of grimaces, impudent rather than comic in nature and deriving their principal appeal from the strong contrast which they present to the more customary gravity. The manaia also when he dances in his manaia rôle is required to follow this same decorous and dignified pattern. Most little girls and a few little boys pattern their dancing on this convention. Chiefs, on the rare occasions when they consent to dance, and older women of rank have the privilege of choosing between this style and the adoption of a comedian's rôle. The boys' dance is much jollier than the girls'. There is much greater freedom of movement and a great deal of emphasis on the noise made by giving rapid rhythmical slaps to the unclothed portions of the body which produce a crackling tattoo of sound. This style is neither salacious nor languorous although the taupo's dance is often both. It is athletic, slightly


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 rowdy, exuberant, and owes much of its appeal to the feats of rapid and difficult co-ordination which the slapping involves. The jester's dance is peculiarly the dance of those who dance upon either side of the taupo, or the manaia, and honour them by mocking them. It is primarily the prerogative of talking chiefs and old men and old women in general. The original motive is contrast; the jester provides comic relief for the stately dance of the taupo, and the higher the rank of the taupo, the higher the rank of the men and women who will condescend to act as clownish foils to her ability. The dancing of these jesters is characterised by burlesque, horseplay, exaggeration of the stereotyped figures, a great deal of noise made by hammering on the open mouth with spread palm, and a large amount of leaping about and pounding on the floor. The clown is occasionally so proficient that he takes the centre of the floor on these ceremonious occasions.

The little girl who is learning to dance has these three styles from which to choose, she has twenty-five or thirty figures from which to compose her dance and most important of all she has the individual dancers to watch. My first interpretation of the skill of the younger children was that they each took an older boy or girl as a model and sedulously and slavishly copied the whole dance. But I was not able to find a single instance in which a child would admit or seemed in any way conscious of having copied another; nor did I find, after closer familiarity with the group, any


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 The whole of creation was called into existence by God unto His glory, and each creature has its own hymn of praise wherewith to extol the Creator. Heaven and earth, Paradise and hell, desert and field, rivers and seas—all have their own way of paying homage to God. The hymn of the earth is, “From the uttermost part of the earth have we heard songs, glory to the Righteous.” The sea exclaims, “Above the voices of many waters, the mighty breakers of the sea, the Lord on high is mighty.”

Also the celestial bodies and the elements proclaim the praise of their Creator—the sun, moon, and stars, the clouds and the winds, lightning and dew. The sun says, “The sun and moon stood still in their habitation, at the light of Thine arrows as they went, at the shining of Thy glittering spear”; and the stars sing, “Thou art the Lord, even Thou alone; Thou hast made heaven, the heaven of heavens, with all their host, the earth and all things that are thereon, the seas and all that is in them, and Thou preservest them all; and the host of heaven worshippeth Thee.”

Every plant, furthermore, has a song of praise. The fruitful tree sings, “Then shall all the trees of the wood sing for joy, before the Lord, for He cometh; for He cometh to judge the earth”; and the ears of grain on the field sing, “The pastures are covered with flocks; the valleys also are covered over with corn; they shout for joy, they also sing.”

Great among singers of praise are the birds, and greatest among them is the cock. When God at midnight goes to the pious in Paradise, all the trees therein break out into adoration, and their songs awaken the cock, who begins in turn to praise God. Seven times he crows, each time reciting a


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 younger child whose style of dancing could definitely be referred to the imitation of another dancer. The style of every dancer of any virtuosity is known to every one in the village and when it is copied, it is copied conspicuously so that Vaitogi, the little girl who places her forearms parallel with the top of her head, her palms flat on her head, and advances in a stooping position, uttering hissing sounds, will be said to be dancing a la Sina. There is no stigma upon such imitation; the author does not resent it nor particularly glory in it; the crowd does not upbraid it; but so strong is the feeling for individualisation that a dancer will seldom introduce more than one such feature into an evening's performance; and when the dancing of two girls is similar, it is similar in spite of the efforts of both, rather than because of any attempt at imitation. Naturally, the dancing of the young children is much more similar than the dancing of the young men and girls who had had time and opportunity really to perfect a style.

The attitude of the elders towards precocity in singing, leading the singing or dancing, is in striking contrast to their attitude towards every other form of precocity. On the dance floor the dreaded accusation, "You are presuming above your age," is never heard. Little boys who would be rebuked and possibly whipped for such behaviour on any other occasion are allowed to preen themselves, to swagger and bluster and take the limelight without a word of reproach. The relatives crow with delight over a precocity for which they


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 would hide their heads in shame were it displayed in any other sphere.

It is on these semi-formal occasions that the dance really serves as an educational factor. The highly ceremonious dance of the taupo or manaia and their talking chiefs at a wedding or a malaga, with its elaborate costuming, compulsory distribution of gifts, and its vigilant attention to precedent and prerogative, offers no opportunities to the amateur or the child. They may only cluster outside the guest house and watch the proceedings. The existence of such a heavily stylized and elaborate archetype of course serves an additional function in giving zest as well as precedent to the informal occasions which partially ape its grandeur.

The significance of the dance in the education and socialisation of Samoan children is two-fold. In the first place it effectively offsets the rigorous subordination in which children are habitually kept. Here the admonitions of the elders change from "Sit down and keep still!" to "Stand up and dance!" The children are actually the centre of the group instead of its barely tolerated fringes. The parents and relatives distribute generous praise by way of emphasising their children's superiority over the children of their neighbours or their visitors. The ubiquitous ascendency of age is somewhat relaxed in the interests of greater proficiency. Each child is a person with a definite contribution to make regardless of sex and age. This emphasis on individuality is carried to limits which seriously mar the


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 dance as an æsthetic performance. The formal adult dance with its row of dancers, the taupo in the centre and an even number of dancers on each side focussed upon her with every movement directed towards accentuating her dancing, loses both symmetry and unity in the hands of the ambitious youngsters. Each dancer moves in a glorious individualistic oblivion of the others, there is no pretence of co-ordination or of subordinating the wings to the centre of the line. Often a dancer does not pay enough attention to her fellow dancers to avoid continually colliding with them. It is a genuine orgy of aggressive individualistic exhibitionism. This tendency, so blatantly displayed on these informal occasions, does not mar the perfection of the occasional formal dance when the solemnity of the occasion becomes a sufficient check upon the participants' aggressiveness. The formal dance is of personal significance only to people of rank or to the virtuoso to whom it presents a perfect occasion for display.

The second influence of the dance is its reduction of the threshold of shyness. There is as much difference between one Samoan child and another in the matter of shyness and self-consciousness as is apparent among our children, but where our shyest children avoid the limelight altogether, the Samoan child looks pained and anxious but dances just the same. The limelight is regarded as inevitable and the child makes at least a minimum of effort to meet its requirements by standing up and going through a certain number of motions. The


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 beneficial effects of this early habituation to the public eye and the resulting control of the body are more noticeable in the case of boys than of girls. Fifteen- and sixteen-year-old boys dance with a charm and a complete lack of self-consciousness which is a joy to watch. The adolescent girl whose gawky, awkward gait and lack of co-ordination may be appalling, becomes a graceful, self-possessed person upon the dance floor. But this ease and poise does not seem to be carried over into everyday life with the same facility as it is in the case of young boys.

In one way this informal dance floor approximates more closely to our educational methods than does any other aspect of Samoan education. For here the precocious child is applauded, made much of, given more and more opportunities to show its proficiency while the stupid child is rebuked, neglected and pushed to the wall. This difference in permitted practice is reflected in increasing differences in the skill of the children as they grow older. Inferiority feeling in the classic picture which is so frequent in our society is rare in Samoa. Inferiority there seems to be derived from two sources, clumsiness in sex relations which affects the young men after they are grown and produces the moetotolo, and clumsiness upon the dance floor. I have already told the story of the little girl, shy beyond her fellows, whom prospective high rank had forced into the limelight and made miserably diffident and self-conscious.

And the most unhappy of the older girls was Masina,


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 a girl about three years past puberty. Masina could not dance. Every one in the village knew that she could not dance. Her contemporaries deplored it; the younger children made fun of her. She had little. charm, was deprecating in her manner, awkward, shy and ill at ease. All of her five lovers had been casual, all temporary, all unimportant. She associated with girls much younger than herself. She had no self-confidence. No one sought her hand in marriage and she would not marry until her family needed the kind of property which forms a bride price.

It is interesting to notice that the one aspect of life in which the elders actively discriminate against the less proficient children seems to be the most powerful determinant in giving the children a feeling of inferiority.

The strong emphasis upon dancing does not discriminate against the physically defective. Instead every defect is capitalised in the form of the dance or compensated for by the perfection of the dance. I saw one badly hunchbacked boy who had worked out a most ingenious imitation of a turtle and also a combination dance with another boy in which the other supported him on his back. Ipu, the little albino, danced with aggressive facility and with much applause, while mad Laki, who suffered from a delusion that he was the high chief of the island, was only too delighted to dance for any one who addressed him with the elaborate courtesy phrases suitable to his rank. The dumb brother of the high chief of one village utilised his


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 deaf mute gutturals as a running accompaniment to his dance, while the brothers of a fourteen-year-old feeble-minded mad boy were accustomed to deck his head with branches which excited him to a frenzied rhythmical activity, suggesting a stag whose antlers had been caught in the bush. The most precocious girl dancer in Tau was almost blind. So every defect, every handicap was included in this universal, specialised exploitation of personality.

The dancing child is almost always a very different person from her everyday self. After long acquaintance it is sometimes possible to guess the type of dance which a particular girl will do. This is particularly easy in the case of obviously tom-boy girls, but one is continually fooled by the depths of sophistication in the dancing of some pensive, dull child, or the lazy grace of some noisy little hoodlum.

Formal dancing displays are a recognised social entertainment and the highest courtesy a chief can offer his guest is to have his taupo dance for him. So likewise the boys dance after they have been tattooed, the manaia dances when he goes to woo his bride, the bride dances at her wedding. In the midnight conviviality of a malaga the dance often becomes flagrantly obscene and definitely provocative in character, but both of these are special developments of less importance than the function of informal dancing in the development of individuality and the compensation for repression of personality in other spheres of life.