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Author:Harold Clayton Lloyd

Cast member

 * Safety Last! (1923)
 * Girl Shy (1924)
 * The Freshman (1925)
 * Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ (1925), as extra
 * The Kid Brother (1927)
 * Speedy (1928)

Director

 * The Kid Brother (1925), co-director

Producer

 * Girl Shy (1924)
 * The Freshman (1925)
 * The Kid Brother (1927)
 * Speedy (1928)

Screenwriter

 * Safety Last! (1923)

title: Author:Harold Clayton Lloyd


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 THE REPUBLICS OF LATIN AMERICA

CHAPTER I

THE EUROPEAN BACKGROUND. THE NATIVE RACES.

DISCOVERY AND SETTLEMENT

Purpose of the Chapter. The present chapter of our text is designed to serve as an approach to the somewhat detailed study of the history and institutions of Latin America. It includes such topics as a survey of the Spanish and Portuguese background, a brief discussion of the distribution and civilization of the most important pre-Columbian people with whom the Spanish and Portuguese explorers and colonists came into contact, and a summary of the period of discovery and exploration. Particular attention is devoted to those Iberian institutions which were transplanted to and took root in the New World.

The Physiography of the Iberian Peninsula: Its Historic Importance. Although the existence within the Iberian peninsula of two distinct nationalities is due, not to physiographic, but to historic causes the Spanish and Portuguese peoples have in the main been moulded by the same geographical influences. The very location of the peninsula has acted as such an influence. The Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea which all but surround it would naturally make for maritime expansion. On the other hand the lofty ranges of the Pyrenees on the north would tend to isolate the Iberian peoples from contact not only with France but also with the rest of Europe. Within the peninsula itself the most striking geographical features are the number and configuration of the mountain ranges and the vast expanses of dreary uniformity. The whole north central portion of the 1

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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 THE REPUBLICS

OF LATIN AMERICA

Copyright, 1923

By Harper & Brothers

Printed in the U.S.A.


text:
Author:Rudolph Valentino

Cast member

 * The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (1921), as Julio
 * The Son of the Sheik (1926), as Ahmed and the Sheik

title: Author:Rudolph Valentino


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 THE REPUBLICS OF LATIN AMERICA


text:
Author:Greta Garbo

Cast member

 * Flesh and the Devil (1926), as Felicitas von Rhaden
 * Torrent (1926), as Leonora Moreno

title: Author:Greta Garbo


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BIBLIOGRAPHY


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Author:Clara Gordon Bow

Cast member

 * Kid Boots (1926), as Clara McCoy
 * It (1927), as Betty Lou
 * Wings (1927), as Mary Preston

title: Author:Clara Gordon Bow


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INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS scope of the Pan-American Union in relation to the peace and progress of the Western Hemisphere.

On the practical obstacles to the realization of the projects, broached by President Brum at Montevideo and President Wilson at the Second Pan-American Scientific Congress, for the merging of the Monroe Doctrine into a Pan-American Doctrine it is not necessary to dwell. At the present time there is apparently little disposition on the part of the United States government or the American people to share the responsibilities for upholding or enforcing the Monroe Doctrine with even the more advanced of the Latin-American nations. And since these nations feel they no longer need or desire the protection of the United States, there is little disposition on their part—save possibly in the case of Brazil and Uruguay—to assume such obligations and responsibilities. Again—and this point cannot be overemphasized—the essence of Pan-Americanism at least in the eyes of Latin-Americans, is the doctrine of equality and the respect for the sovereignty of even the smallest and weakest of the American republics. Without such equality there can be little mutual confidence, respect, or co-operation. Unfortunately the United States, in spite of the eloquent assurances of some of her most distinguished public men, in spite, too, of her disinterested role in the Great War, has failed entirely to convince Latin America of her sincere belief in two of the fundamentals of Pan-Americanism—political equality, and the efficacy of the principle of co-operation as contrasted with the principle of force. As has already been pointed out, one of the greatest obstacles to the growth of the spirit of solidarity is the peculiar relation between the United States and certain of the states in the Caribbean zone. As long as the United States continues to exercise a protectorate or quasi protectorate over these states, the great northern republic will be charged by her sister nations to the south with harboring imperialistic designs on her weaker neighbors. Not until the United States is willing or able to relinquish all idea of hegemony in Central America or the Caribbean will it be possible to convert the Monroe Doctrine into a truly Pan-American Doctrine. 493


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Author:Amabel Ethelreid Normand

Cast member

 * Mickey (1918), as Mickey
 * Raggedy Rose (1926), as Raggedy Rose

Producer

 * Mickey (1918)

title: Author:Amabel Ethelreid Normand


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SELECTED READINGS

Bibliographical Material.—In recent years a number of excellent bibliographies covering all or a portion of the Latin-American field have appeared. The following will be found most useful: C. K. Jones, Hispanic- American Bibliographies (Baltimore, 1922). This work, prepared by an expert bibliographer, contains comprehensive lists of bibliographies, collective biographies, histories of literature, and general and miscellaneous works useful for reference purposes. It is invaluable for the teacher and advanced student. H. Keniston, List of Works for the Study of Hispanic-American History (New York, 1920). This work contains both a list of bibliographies and a considerable number of titles of books on individual countries and special topics. It is especially useful for the colonial period. H. L. Hoskins, Guide to Latin-American History (Boston, 1922). This little book contains a detailed syllabus together with abundant references, confined, however, to works in English. W. W. Pierson, Jr., A Syllabus of Latin-American History (Durham, N. C, 1917) and Hispanic-American History, 1826-1920 (Institute of International Education; International Relations Clubs, Syllabus, no. vii, New York, 1921). These two syllabi contain a comprehensive list of references, especially serviceable for the period since independence. P. H. Goldsmith, A Brief Bibliography of the Books in English, Spanish and Portuguese Relating to the Republics Commonly Called Latin American, with Comments (New York, 1915). A selected list of books with brief critical comments. The revision of C. K. Adams's Manual of Historical Literature being made by the American Historical Association (announced for publication in 1923) will contain one section devoted to Latin America. Under the auspices of the Pan-American Union has been issued 497


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 of the said islands—Chinese, Portuguese, Japonese, Çianese, Borneans, or any others—shall pay duties, especially on food, ammunition, and materials for making ammunition. Inasmuch as my will is that the said collection be set aside, you shall not allow them to demand or levy the said duties on the said articles, until such time as I order the contrary. In order that all people may know that they may go thither with the said articles, and that they may enjoy the said exemption, you shall cause to be proclaimed the decree regarding this matter that will be given you. You shall advise me of the general benefit that shall result from this, as well as the advantage which, without causing injury thereto, might be drawn from these goods for my treasury.

Inasmuch as the good administration of distributive justice is one of the things on which principally depends the good government of the community, and the happiness of its people and of the districts composing it, I order you to grant what offices and posts of the country are at your disposal to meritorious men, and for services and capacity. You shall grant the offices in such a way that they be filled by the old inhabitants who have lived in the country at least three years, and have become citizens of it. You shall grant the encomiendas to soldiers who shall have lived in the islands in actual military service and duty, always giving the preference to those who merit it with most cause. You shall take into consideration their length of residence, the quality of their services, and all other circumstances of their services, greater and lesser, in the country. These men must not be sons, brothers, relatives, servants, or friends of yours, or of the auditors or other officials of the


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 by so doing will their end be more certainly attained.

Great annoyances and troubles have resulted from the expressed opinions of the religious, which have been uttered in the pulpit and spoken in public. As is notorious, this has been the cause of disturbing and offending the town, and the Spaniards have become confused with doubts; and some have died without any hope, and without receiving from the religious any consolation to satisfy their consciences. For the religious demand nothing less from them than the restoration of everything acquired in the discovery and pacification—an impossibility for them. Then too, the religious impose difficulties in the collection of the tributes in the encomiendas, saying that some of the encomiendas do not have the adequate instruction, and assigning other reasons for other encomiendas. Thus the religious meddle in nearly everything, just as they did in opposing the pancada and the assessment that was levied for the walls and fortifications of Manila. The bishop took part in some of these matters by declaring the governor excommunicated. This has caused all to live, and they still live, with no hope. Inasmuch as great moderation and consideration must be shown in all actions, without allowing the people to live in so great anxiety and embarrassment, you shall confer with the secular and regular superiors, so that they may advise their subordinates—the preachers and confessors—not to offend the people with such propositions; and that whenever the latter think it advisable to make any reform, they shall confer with the same superiors, as these are men of learning, who by right should discuss and procure the reform. They shall com-


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 municate this matter to you, in order that you may enact whatever reform is advisable and possible. You shall advise me of what is most suitable for reform, in order that the matter may be examined and determined here. If any of the said preachers or confessors shall not observe this order, or shall offend people by any new proposition of doubts, or in matters of government, you shall advise their superior thereof, in order that he may correct and reform it. Should the latter not attend to this, then you shall enact what you think advisable for the welfare and tranquillity of the country. You shall discuss such matters with the archbishop and Audiencia, in order that success, as is so important, may be more surely obtained. You shall advise me of whatever is done.

Gomez Perez was also ordered to enact and provide that the encomenderos pay tithes according to the method, habit, and custom in Mexico; for, inasmuch as the church did not have any bishop, curate, or organized government before that time, the tithes were not paid. Inasmuch as it is proper that this be determined, executed, and observed according to the precepts of the church, you shall order all the Spaniards to pay tithes on their farm and stock products. You shall proceed rather with care and prudence than with rigor, and also with the knowledge and opinion of the archbishop and Audiencia. As I have been petitioned, in the name of the said city of Manila, to order that the three per cent duty imposed by Don Gonzalo Rronquillo be not paid in the city, because the country is very poor and needy, and the citizens have many other expenses for the city, I answered that I should be very glad to relieve them of it, but that, on account of the very heavy expenses that


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 were requisite for the preservation of those islands, I was forced to avail myself of what could be reasonably obtained therefrom. Accordingly I charged the said Gomez Perez to order the collection of the said three per cent, and directed that the proceeds therefrom be kept separate, for the purpose of paying the military forces. You shall exercise the same care, and shall attend to the matter with the mildness and efficient means that I expect from you. While en route through Nueva Spaña, you shall request the viceroy to order that the speedy and efficient collection of the duties at Acapulco be attended to, and that he send the proceeds from them to those islands with the least possible delay—because of the need there of whatever duties are at Acapulco—in accordance with the terms of the separate decree that will be handed you with these instructions, so that you may give it to the viceroy, and take the requisite action in this.

I was petitioned, in behalf of the said city, to have some public property assigned to it, in order that it might attend to matters of peace, war, government, and other things touching its preservation, defense, and any suits that might be brought against it. I assigned the city for six years one-half of the fines and penalties applied to my treasury, and the revenues from the warehouses and shops wherein the Chinese merchandise is traded. When Gomez Perez arrived there, he wrote me that the fines adjudged to the treasury had been assigned to the city; but that the sum raised by this means amounted to very little, and that there were no warehouses. He wrote, however, that there were a number of Sangley shops in the Parian, the rent from which was given to the judge who governed the Sangleys. Now, inasmuch


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 as I purpose to bestow favor upon the said city, I have continued the said fines from the treasury for another ten years. In the matter of the shops, you shall manage and try to procure by gentle means that the Sangleys may voluntarily pay the salary of their judge. If this be done, then you shall also assign the rents from the shops as public property to the said city. Failing in this, then, together with the Audiencia, you shall investigate and determine what other thing can be given in its place as said public property, without encroaching on my treasury. You shall try to arrange this as conveniently as possible, and I shall consider myself well served in this matter.

I have been told that the said Sangleys formerly lived in the city, but that Gomez Perez removed them from it; and that recently they left the location that he had assigned them, and returned to the city. There they carry on trade in private houses. It does not seem advisable to allow this, for, as I have been told, not any of them are Christians, and therefore it would be advisable to assign them another separate settlement near the city. This matter requires careful consideration, and immediately upon your arrival at those islands, you, the archbishop, and the Audiencia shall investigate and determine what site outside of the city can be assigned them as a lodging with the best security against the troubles that might result from a race in whom, at present, we can place but little confidence. You shall take into consideration also their comfort, and shall assign them the site that you think most suitable, with the ratification of the city itself, and without any prejudice to anyone else.

On petition of the said city of Manila, I enacted and ordered that no foreigners who come to the ports


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 Audiencia; for you are warned not to grant encomiendas of Indians to such men, or appoint them to offices—and to this end a sufficient salary is paid you to enable you to support them—and also it is not right that those who go last should profit by the sweat of another's labor. Moreover, if rewards are dealt out where they are due, all will serve assiduously, as they will hope to attain like rewards. My will is that this order be observed, and that it be kept so rigidly, that, now and henceforth, the said sons, brothers, and servants of yours are declared incapable of holding the said encomiendas and offices. Inasmuch as certain men who already hold encomiendas in the said islands and have therein a sufficiency of what they need, are begging for further bounty, you are advised not to grant them anything more, until many others have been provided and rewarded with encomiendas and other posts and rewards. These others, as I have been informed, are as old residents, and as meritorious as they, and have performed many more services in conquering and maintaining the country than those who are begging now; and yet they have not been rewarded. On this account they are poor, irritated, and querulous. However, if when any good repartimiento falls vacant, you think it advisable to grant it to one who, because he has an encomienda already, deserves it less, you may do it, providing you deprive him of the one he had before, so that you may grant it in the form above stated.

You shall provide for and reward all these men, according to the seniority, merits, and capacity of each one. You shall prefer such men to any others who do not possess these requisites, in the said allotment of encomiendas and governmental and military posi-


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 tions, and all other rewards of the country. I charge and order you to observe the same in regard to commissions and appointments on land and sea, particularly in the appointment of masters and officials of vessels; for, the grant will be made to those who have worked, and deserve the appointment, and will give hope to the others, and will persuade those who are absent to return. Thus the country will be settled and will grow, your government will be so much more mild and easy, and a condition of general and individual happiness will exist.

As I was informed that it would be desirable not to allow Chinese or other foreign vessels to sell at retail the merchandise that they might bring to the said islands, or those of the country to buy them, publicly or secretly, under heavy penalties, it was resolved that as many persons of the requisite qualifications as were necessary should be deputed and chosen to purchase the said merchandise in the bulk. They were to buy at wholesale all the goods brought in the ships, and afterward to distribute them to the Spanish, Chinese, and Indian inhabitants justly and fairly, at the cost price. Now, since in regard to this matter, I ordered the said Gomez Perez, in his instructions, to enact what he judged fitting, without allowing anyone except those assigned by his orders, to go to the vessels, notwithstanding that he wrote me afterward that many difficulties stood in the way of the execution of this plan, since the religious opposed it, I caused him to be ordered by my decree, dated June 11, of last year—the duplicate of which will be given you—that in spite of that he should continue the plan, according to instructions, of selling by wholesale. This is what is termed pancada there. And inas-


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166

, old and steadfast,

He the great primeval sorcerer,

Set to work a boat to build him,

And upon a boat to labour,

There upon the cloudy headland,

On the shady island’s summit.

But the workman found no timber,

Boards to build the boat he found not.

Who shall seek for timber for him,

And shall seek an oak-tree for him,

For the boat of Väinämöinen,

And a keel to suit the minstrel?

Pellervoinen, earth-begotten,

Sampsa, youth of smallest stature,

He shall seek for timber for him,

And shall seek an oak-tree for him,

For the boat of Väinämöinen,

And a keel to suit the minstrel.

So upon his path he wandered

Through the regions to the north-east,

Through one district, then another,

Journeyed after through a third one,

With his gold axe on his shoulder,

With his axe, with copper handle,

Till he found an aspen standing,

Which in height three fathoms measured.

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 much as it appears advisable now, you shall continue the same order. You shall endeavor to traffic for the said merchandise with other products of the islands, so that the exportation of so much coin as is taken to foreign kingdoms may be avoided as far as possible. However, since it is my royal purpose and will to have the government of the islands adjusted in this, as in all else, in the manner most conducive to their sure conservation, and desired advancement, I charge you to discuss this matter with the Audiencia and those persons who possess the greatest prudence and experience in those islands. The latter must be quite disinterested, and anxious to serve God and myself. After their opinions and yours shall have been heard and considered, you shall advise me specifically of them, so that the most advisable steps may be taken.

This plan in regard to the pancada seems so much more fitting and to be desired, as by means of it, the stay there of Indian retailers who store and retail the goods, will be avoided. Also many other injuries, expenses, scarcities, secret sins, and witchcrafts, will be avoided, which, as I have been told, are taught there, especially in their shops. It is said that these shops are necessary for retail trade, and from year to year. They could be handed over to Spaniards, in order that the profits therefrom may remain among the Spaniards, and in order that the latter may be led to become citizens there in greater numbers. The Chinese Christians who live there, and other old inhabitants, who are not transients, nor primarily traders, but workmen—mechanics, carpenters, gardeners, farmers, or other producers of food—might be allowed to remain. Altogether this seems worthy of consideration, and hence you are advised to fulfil


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Author talk:P. Eberhardt

Identifications
"The Bet" was attributed to: Both seem quite speculative: J. A. Eberhard died before the story was published, and I don't think the story was included in C. A. G. Eberhard's collected works (though it might be worth checking this in more detail). -- Yodin T 12:14, 14 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Christian August Gottlob Eberhard (1769–1845) in The Masterpiece Library of Short Stories: Old German (vol 17, 1920?)
 * Johann Augustus Eberhard (1739–1809) in Great German Short Stories (1929)

title: Author talk:P. Eberhardt


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 carefully the decree in regard to the heathen Chinese traders who go there for purposes of trade, not remaining there; and to take care that not so many of them become citizens in those islands. This latter might be the cause of some trouble. If you deem it advisable to grant permission and leave to the inhabitants of those islands to go to Japon, Macan, and the other Portuguese or pagan kingdoms and posts, in order to engage in commerce, you may do so, with the opinion and advice of the Audiencia. You shall be very careful, so that those to whom you grant the said permission be such persons that no trouble or danger is caused to the said trades by their departure.

You shall endeavor to have the Indian chiefs and timaguas make just contracts and divisions with the farmers in order that they may become fond of, and learn our method of farming; and that the Spaniards may have those who can aid them with men and other necessities. Those Indians are shrewd, and will know how to keep their contracts with the farmers, especially if the latter are simple men, as has been said. You shall be very careful to procure the introduction of tilling and cultivation of the soil.

Upon the departure of Gomez Perez from this country, he took my decree to hand to the viceroy of Nueva España, in which I ordered the latter to send to the islands twelve mares, two stallions, twenty-four cows, and two bulls. Inasmuch as I do not know yet whether or not they have been taken there, you shall investigate the matter in the said Nueva España. If it has not been done, you shall request the viceroy, as I write him, to have those animals taken in the vessels in which you sail from Acapulco to the said islands.


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Runo XVI]

So he went to fell the aspen,

With his axe the tree to sever,

And the aspen spoke and asked him,

With its tongue it spoke in thiswise:

“What, O man, desire you from me?

Tell your need, as far as may be.”

Youthful Sampsa Pellervoinen,

Answered in the words which follow:

“This is what I wish for from thee,

This I need, and this require I,

’Tis a boat for Väinämöinen;

For the minstrel’s boat the timber.”

And the aspen said astounded,

Answered with its hundred branches:

“As a boat I should be leaking,

And would only sink beneath you,

For my branches they are hollow.

Thrice already in this summer,

Has a grub my heart devoured,

In my roots a worm has nestled.”

Youthful Sampsa Pellervoinen

Wandered further on his journey,

And he wandered, deeply pondering,

In the region to the northward.

There he found a pine-tree standing,

And its height was full six fathoms,

And he struck it with his hatchet,

On the trunk with axe-blade smote it,

And he spoke the words which follow:

“O thou pine-tree, shall I take thee,

For the boat of Väinämöinen,

And as boatwood for the minstrel?”

But the pine-tree answered quickly,

And it cried in answer loudly,

“For a boat you cannot use me,

Nor a six-ribbed boat can fashion,

Full of knots you’ll find the pine-tree.

Thrice already in this summer,

In my summit croaked a raven,

Croaked a crow among my branches.”

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168

Youthful Sampsa Pellervoinen

Further yet pursued his journey,

And he wandered, deeply pondering,

In the region to the southward,

Till he found an oak-tree standing,

Fathoms nine its boughs extended.

And he thus addressed and asked it:

“O thou oak-tree, shall I take thee,

For the keel to make a vessel,

The foundation of a warship?”

And the oak-tree answered wisely,

Answered thus the acorn-bearer:

“Yes, indeed, my wood is suited

For the keel to make a vessel,

Neither slender ’tis, nor knotted,

Nor within its substance hollow.

Thrice already in this summer,

In the brightest days of summer,

Through my midst the sunbeams wandered.

On my crown the moon was shining,

In my branches cried the cuckoos,

In my boughs the birds were resting.”

Youthful Sampsa Pellervoinen

Took the axe from off his shoulder,

With his axe he smote the tree-trunk,

With the blade he smote the oak-tree,

Speedily he felled the oak-tree,

And the beauteous tree had fallen.

First he hewed it through the summit,

All the trunk he cleft in pieces,

After this the keel he fashioned,

Planks so many none could count them,

For the vessel of the minstrel,

For the boat of Väinämöinen.

Then the aged Väinämöinen,

He the great primeval sorcerer,

Fashioned then the boat with wisdom,

Built with magic songs the vessel,

From the fragments of an oak-tree,

Fragments of the shattered oak-tree.

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text: Index:Royal Styles and Titles Act 1973.pdf


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 I was petitioned, on behalf of the said islands, to order that encomiendas be granted with the condition and obligation upon the encomenderos that some patch of ground should be cultivated, and that the farmers and Indians should be aided so that they also may till and cultivate. I charged Gomez Perez straitly in his instructions with this, and now I charge you too. You shall grant lands and homesteads, cattle and horses for breeding and farming, both to the Indians, and to the settlers and farmers. Inasmuch as the execution of this is important, you shall advise me of the condition of former days and what ordinances you shall enact, so that what is advisable may be done during your term.

The said Gomez Perez Dasmarinas was advised urgently in his instructions to endeavor to establish a convent for the shelter of girls, as soon as he should arrive at those islands, in order that both those who should sail from this country, and those born in the islands, might be kept therein. There they would live respectably, and be well instructed. They would leave the convent in order to marry, so that the necessary increase in population might be assured. The said Gomez Perez wrote me in his last letters that he had established the said convent in a parish of the city called San Andres, quite to the liking and satisfaction of the cabildo and citizens. He said that one citizen had granted the convent a certain estate, with which, together with other alms, a few girls were being supported. He reported that the convent was beginning to show good results, in accordance with the purpose of its foundation. Since this matter is so important to our Lord's service and the welfare of that country, I charge you to prosecute what has been


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 commenced. You shall procure its further progress, strengthening it and aiding it as far as possible. You shall examine and cause its rules to be observed. These rules were sent, and declare the method of governing and controlling the girls of that retreat. You shall advise me of the condition in which you find the retreat, and hereafter shall do the same on all occasions that might arise. You shall act in this with the care that I expect from you.

You shall fill the vacant posts of the said islands, as aforesaid, with the most worthy men, and those who have served me best. They shall be appointed with the obligation to send within a certain period, fixed by you, to obtain my confirmation. Then you shall advise me of the nature and character of the offices filled. For, although the said offices be of such a nature that they could be sold, as is done in the other parts of the Yndias, yet I consider it best not to discuss this at present, but only to have you dispose of them freely, in my name, to those who deserve them most, and who will prove of the greatest utility for the public benefit.

I have received a report from the said islands, that in so far as the nature of the country and the settlement of the Indians may permit, it would be advisable to order that no encomiendas of less than eight hundred or one thousand Indians be granted, in order that they might furnish tithes for religious instruction and a livelihood for their owners; and that those having but few Indians be allowed, if they so wish, to transfer or sell them to a neighboring encomendero, so that by uniting the two encomiendas a greater one would result, from which it would be possible to furnish the tithes and a livelihood. I ordered


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 Gomez Perez in his instructions that, in matters touching the sale, exchange, or transfer of the said repartimientos, he should not permit this, as it is contrary to my laws. I ordered him, however, to exercise great care, so that the repartimientos might prove sufficient for the instruction and the livelihood of the said encomenderos; and also to continue the endeavor to settle the said Indians in fixed abodes, where they should be provided with ample instruction. Inasmuch as this is the most important matter there, and one to which you must attend with special care and attention, as it concerns the welfare of souls and the christianity of the Indians—and it is fitting that you give it preference over all other things—you shall note that when these small encomiendas fall vacant, you shall unite them, if possible, in order that the above petition may have effect. Whenever the products and revenues of any encomienda do not suffice for the encomendero and for the instruction, you shall give the preference to the instruction, even though the encomendero be left without resource. In accordance with the above, I have sent my decree, of which a duplicate will be given you. This decree provides carefully and assiduously for the reduction of the said Indians in settlements in very convenient districts, hamlets, and localities, as has been done in those of Peru, and as in being done in those of Nueva España.

As the suits and controversies between the citizens and between the Indians themselves constitute one of the things most conducive to the waste of property, cause difficulties, and may cause harm in a country so new, because of the ill-will and anger resulting from them, I charged the said Gomez Perez, in his


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 instructions, that although my will was to preserve full justice for both classes, yet that he should, as far as he could do so in a proper manner, endeavor to settle the controversies and suits that should arise, without recourse to law, or proceeding by the ordinary terms, or penalizing the parties with money fines. Now in order that all may enjoy the blessings which must follow from a government so mild; so that all may live in tranquillity and ease; and so that the great purposes that, God willing, are to be attained hereafter, may not be hindered or disturbed—I charge you and the Audiencia that, in all that you shall do, you shall act with the prudence advisable in the cases and affairs, and bring about results that can end only in the happiness and welfare of my vassals, together with the spread and knowledge of the faith and gospel that I desire.

As I was informed that the said islands had but little instruction, and that great difficulty was encountered in providing it—a difficulty that was rendered much greater because of the nature of the country, as it consists entirely of islands, most of which are so small that they contain from three to five hundred islanders and above, while some contain but one or two hundred; and likewise it is hindered by the long and dangerous voyage, the heat, rains, and poor roads of the country—I ordered and commanded the said Gomez Perez in his instructions that, upon his arrival at the said islands, he should investigate very carefully matters in regard to the outlook for instruction. I ordered him to confer with the bishop (whom he should charge in my name to aid him on his part), and, in accordance with his advice, to provide what was most advisable, so that the instruction might be


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 distributed even to the bounds of the sea, to the extent possible in all parts. I charge you likewise that this be accomplished with all the promptness and security demanded by its importance. You shall endeavor to secure the reduction of the Indians into settlements, as well as possible, in the manner aforesaid. You shall confer with the superiors, whom this matter concerns chiefly, so that—as I am writing to them—they may apportion the instruction where it is lacking. In the meantime, more men shall be sent for this purpose, as has been done, and will be done, in accordance with the advices that are received from you, and from them, of the number needed and required. Inasmuch as I have done for my part the utmost possible, as I shall continue to do, there is no room or plausible reason for the scruples that certain religious have raised about the tributes which are levied. You shall endeavor, with the requisite prudence, to put an end to the past scruples; and if occasion arises for like scruples, or others, you shall order that, without any public offense or disputing, they advise me of their causes, in so far as they know them. If these causes are just, then they shall be set right, in order that God our Lord may be served, as I desire.

You shall take most especial care for the wellbeing of the soldiers, and see that they are well paid, employed, and disciplined. You shall endeavor to keep them useful and of service. Those holding offices or other means of gain you shall not permit to draw pay. You shall observe and cause to be observed for the said captains, officers, and soldiers, their exemption from arrest for debts contracted during the period of their service. Nor shall execution


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 be taken against the weapons, horses, or anything else needful and peculiar to the military.

Whenever you shall send any captain with men upon any commission or duty that may arise, you shall order that his privileges be observed also—namely, what pertains to his ordinary power and requisite authority to order and punish inferiors, and to regulate all other military matters. You shall see that these privileges are conceded to them, and that they exercise them, but shall declare that their jurisdiction extends solely to their soldiers. You shall charge them to treat the Indians well, and to fulfil their command in such a way that the Indians receive no injury. You shall exercise great care to punish openly any excess in this direction.

It is my will that you have a retinue of twelve halberdiers as a bodyguard; the said halberdiers shall draw the same pay as soldiers, and shall have a chief or captain, who shall draw fifteen pesos monthly. Although their principal duty must be to act as a retinue, and this is done and ordered on account of what pertains to the authority and dignity of your offices, you are advised that they must likewise perform military service whenever occasion demands.

Inasmuch as I have been informed that many of the soldiers sent from Nueva España to the said islands are lads, mestizos, and some Indians; that they have no weapons; and that a portion of them are pages and servants to the captains and other persons, who, together with their masters, under the pretext and name of soldiers draw their pay—I charge and order you, now and henceforth, not to receive or admit as soldiers any Indians from Nueva España. On the contrary, the viceroy [of New Spain] must be in-


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Page:Royal Styles and Titles Act 1973.pdf/1

 [Reserved for Her Majesty's pleasure, 14 September 1973] [Queen's Assent, 19 October 1973] [Queen's Assent proclaimed, 19 October 1973]

WHEREAS, in accordance with the Royal Style and Titles Act 1953, Her Majesty, by Proclamation dated 28th May, 1953, adopted, as the Royal Style and Titles to be used in relation to the Commonwealth of Australia and its Territories, the Style and Titles set forth in the Schedule to that Act:

the Government of Australia considers it desirable to propose to Her Majesty a change in the form of the Royal Style and Titles to be used in relation to Australia and its Territories:

the proposed new Style and Titles, being the Style and Titles set forth in the Schedule to this Act, retains the common element referred to in the preamble to the Royal Style and Titles Act 1953:

enacted by the Queen, the Senate and the House of Representatives of Australia, as follows:—

1. This Act may be cited as the Royal Style and Titles Act 1973.


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 formed that he is not to send them; and the Indians, that they shall not be received or admitted; and of the mestizos only those who merit it, and whom you think very well fitted for it. None of the others shall be sent who has not attained the age of sixteen years and over, and a soldier shall not be the page or servant of any person; for while he acts in such capacity, he shall not receive soldier's pay. In all of the above, I charge you to take strict account, so that nothing may be done, nor shall you permit it, to the contrary.

Gomez Perez Dasmarinas left the city of Manila walled with stone wherever it was necessary, and constructed a fort and tower in those parts where he was ordered. Because of the importance of keeping that citadel well defended, you shall, as soon as you shall arrive, inspect the said forts and wall, and shall see that they are kept in order and well maintained. If they are incomplete, you shall finish them, and advise me of everything.

The said Gomez Perez was likewise ordered to construct another fort in Yllocos or Cagayan as a protection against the Indian, Japanese, and Chinese robbers; another in Çebu, as a protection against the Borneans and Malucos; and another in Panpanga, as a protection against the Çambales. He was instructed to maintain the continual care and vigilance required for the preservation of lands so new, remote, and surrounded by enemies. He was ordered especially to beware of the natives of the country, who are numerous, and have but little endurance and permanence in the faith; of four or five thousand Chinese who live there, and go to and fro upon their trading voyages; of the Japanese who resort there regularly; of the Malucos and Borneans, who are irritated, and


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 have vaunted themselves boldly and openly; and most especially of the English Lutherans, who go to those coasts. Although I have been told that the said Gomez Perez had constructed the said forts, whereby to check the incursions of those nations, I charge you that, if they have been constructed, you look carefully to their maintenance. If they need anything for their completion, you shall complete them. You shall proceed cautiously, and keep ever on the watch, since you see what happened to the said Gomez Perez by trusting to the apparent good faith of the Sangleys.

The said Gomez Perez was charged also to construct a moderate-sized coasting fleet of a few galleys or fragatas to guard and cruise along the coasts, and prevent the thefts and damages that the Japanese were wont to inflict throughout them, especially in the districts of Gagaian and Yllocos. There they were wont to capture the Chinese vessels that bring food and merchandise to the said islands. This was the cause of great loss, and an impediment to commerce and plenty. Likewise the fleet could be used to prevent the Chinese, on their return to their country, from harming the natives of the above-mentioned islands, to afford protection against Chinese and Bornean pirates, and to oppose any other acts or attempts of foreigners. In conformity with this order, the said Gomez Perez had eight galleys built, which he had well manned. They were of great use for the protection and defense of those lands. Therefore it is desirable that they be maintained. Hence I order you to see that they are well manned and provisioned. You must keep close watch over the conscripts, so that the fate of Gomez Perez may not occur again. You shall have another galley built to


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Runo XVI]

With a song the keel he fashioned,

With another, sides he fashioned,

And he sang again a third time,

And the rudder he constructed,

Bound the rib-ends firm together,

And the joints he fixed together.

When the boat’s ribs were constructed,

And the sides were fixed together,

Still he found three words were wanting,

Which the sides should fix securely,

Fix the prow in right position,

And the stern should likewise finish.

Väinämöinen, old and steadfast,

He the great primeval minstrel,

Uttered then the words which follow:

“Woe to me, my life is wretched,

For my boat unlaunched remaineth,

On the waves the new boat floats not!”

So he pondered and reflected

How to find the words he needed,

And obtain the spells of magic,

From among the brains of swallows,

From the heads of flocks of wild swans,

From the shoulders of the goose-flocks.

Then he went the words to gather,

And a flock of swans he slaughtered.

And a flock of geese he slaughtered,

And beheaded many swallows,

But the spells he needed found not,

Not a word, not e’en a half one.

So he pondered and reflected,

“I shall find such words by hundreds,

’Neath the tongue of summer reindeer,

In the mouth of whitest squirrel.”

So he went the words to gather,

That the spells he might discover,

And a field he spread with reindeer,

Loaded benches high with squirrels,

Many words he thus discovered,

But they all were useless to him.

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Page:Royal Styles and Titles Act 1973.pdf/2

No. 114 2. (1) The assent of the Parliament is hereby given to the adoption by Her Majesty, for use in relation to Australia and its Territories, in lieu of the Style and Titles set forth in the Schedule to the Royal Style and Titles Act 1953, of the Style and Titles set forth in the Schedule to this Act, and Australia to the issue for that purpose by Her Majesty of Her Royal Proclamation under such seal as Her Majesty by Warrant appoints.

(2) The Proclamation referred to in sub-section (1) shall be published in the Gazette and shall have effect on the date upon which it is so published.

Rh

Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God Queen of Australia and Her other Realms and Territories, Head of the Commonwealth.


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170

So he pondered and reflected,

“I should find such words by hundreds

In the dark abodes of Tuoni,

In the eternal home of Mana.”

Then to Tuonela he journeyed,

Sought the words in Mana’s kingdom,

And with rapid steps he hastened,

Wandered for a week through bushes,

Through bird-cherry for a second,

And through juniper the third week,

Straight to Manala’s dread island,

And the gleaming hills of Tuoni.

Väinämöinen, old and steadfast,

Raised his voice, and shouted loudly

There by Tuonela’s deep river,

There in Manala’s abysses:

“Bring a boat, O Tuoni’s daughter,

Row across, O child of Mana,

That the stream I may pass over,

And that I may cross the river.”

Tuoni’s short and stunted daughter,

She the dwarfish maid of Mana,

At the time her clothes was washing,

And her clothes she there was beating,

At the river dark of Tuoni,

And in Manala’s deep waters.

And she answered him in thiswise,

And she spoke the words which follow:

“Hence a boat shall come to fetch you,

When you shall explain the reason

Why to Manala you travel,

Though disease has not subdued you,

Nor has death thus overcome you,

Nor some other fate o’erwhelmed you.”

Väinämöinen, old and steadfast,

Answered in the words which follow:

“It was Tuoni brought me hither,

Mana dragged me from my country.”

Tuoni’s short and stunted daughter,

She the dwarfish maid of Mana,

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717–20] relatives. When a schoolboy at Medīna, the practice had been denounced to him by a holy man, whose teaching he adopted, and never departed from. ʿOmar had urged his father to discontinue it when Governor of Egypt; but he replied that the cessation, however otherwise right and proper, would damage the Umeiyad reign, and favour transfer of the Caliphate to the house of ʿAlī. The imprecation was resumed after ʿOmar's death. But its temporary abolition, whilst conciliating the feelings of the adherents of the house of ʿAlī towards ʿOmar himself, did no doubt stimulate the movement now taking shape against the ruling dynasty.

It says much for ʿOmar’s government that the Khawārij under his Caliphate did not unsheathe the sword. Sending for their leaders to argue their grievances and traitorous tenets with them, he heard their scruples patiently and answered them as far as he could. What troubled him most was their plea that, though he himself was orthodox and saintly, yet the godless Yezīd would succeed him. ʿOmar could only answer that with succession to the throne he could not interfere, as it had been so provided by the same authority from which his own title was derived. The faction was stimulated by ʿOmar's concessions to their prejudices; and equally so were the Umeiyad family troubled at his attitude, as dangerous to their dynasty.

There is not much to record of adventure, military or administrative, in the reign of ʿOmar. His first concern was to bring safely back what remained of the armament so bootlessly launched by his predecessors against Constantinople. Large supplies of food and carriage were sent to Maslama, and the withdrawal was thus successfully carried out. Elsewhere the efforts of ʿOmar were mainly marked by endeavours to convert the nations to Islām. Among the Berbers these were most successful. But in Spain the task was not so easy; and therefore, to reduce ‘the influence of the Christians, their lands were divided amongst the conquerors. A royal Mosque was also


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X I. In arranging words in this Dictionary we have thought best to give first, the root form, which may be substantive, adjective, adverb, etc., etc., or the imperative mood of a verb, and after it, in a bracket, the verb form (v.f.), showing the change a verb undergoes when it assumes the mutilated prefix (of which the Malay forms would be me—, men—, meng—). The only other forms a verb possesses are (I) the passive, and sometimes, (II) the intransitive. Both of these would be formed from the root. In the former case (I) by prefixing di, in the later (II) by prefixing b, be—(bet—); examples of the latter are occasionally included in the v. f. bracket, thus: ban(v. f. man; beban), and gawai (begawai).

II. The following table shews the usual changes that occur to the root forms of verbs when they assume a prefix (v. f.).

[.—There are certain few exceptions].

Verbs WHOSE root forms COMMENCE WITH—

 * A prefix ng, as adar, ngadar.

 * B change b into m, as bangkit, mangkit.

 * Ch change ch into ny, as chenaga, nyenaga.

 * D change d into n, as diang, niang.

 * E prefix ng, as empong, ngempong.

 * G prefix n, as gali, ngali.

 * I prefix ng, as insur, nginsur.

 * J change j into ny, as jeluta, nyeluta.

 * K change k into nge, as krat, ngerat.

 * L prefix nge, as lalu, ngelalu.

 * M prefix me, as mut, memut.

 * N undergo no change.

 * P change p into m, as pangkong, mangkong.

 * R prefix nge, as ruboh, ngeruboh.

 * S change s into ny, as sagi, nyagi.

 * T change t into n, as turun, nurun.

 * U prefix ng, as unsut, ngunsut.

III. Tense is expressed by the addition of the following auxiliary verbs : ndah, nyan, deka or ka, and bisi. The present tense, Aku makai, I eat. The past tense, Aka udah makai, I have eaten. The future tense, Aku deka (or ka) makai, I shall eat. Bisi is the past emphatic: Aka bisi makai, I did eat.

[.—This however is only the case when bisi precedes a verb; when it precedes a substantive it signifies to have. Thus, aku bisi pemakai, I have food].

IV. There are some nouns formed from verbs by prefixing the syllables pe, pen or peng to the root form of the verb, as pemakai from makai to eat; pendiau, an abode, from diau to stay, etc., etc., but the student should be cautious about forming such nouns without authority.


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Runo XVI]

Answered in the words which follow:

“Ay, indeed, I know the liar!

If ’twas Tuoni brought you hither,

Mana dragged you from your country,

Then would Tuoni’s self be with you,

Manalainen’s self conduct you,

Tuoni’s hat upon your shoulders,

On your hands the gloves of Mana.

Speak the truth, O Väinämöinen;

What to Manala has brought you?”

Väinämöinen, old and steadfast,

Answered in the words which follow:

“Iron to Manala has brought me,

Steel to Tuonela has dragged me.”

Tuoni’s short and stunted daughter,

She the dwarfish maid of Mana,

Answered in the words which follow:

“Now, indeed, I know the liar!

For if iron to Mana brought you,

Steel to Tuonela had dragged you,

From your clothes the blood would trickle,

And the blood would forth be flowing.

Speak the truth, O Väinämöinen,

For the second time speak truly.”

Väinämöinen, old and steadfast,

Answered in the words which follow:

“Water has to Mana brought me,

Waves to Tuonela have brought me.”

Tuoni’s short and stunted daughter,

She the dwarfish maid of Mana,

Answered in the words which follow:

“Ay, indeed, I know the liar!

If to Mana water brought you,

Waves to Manala had floated,

From your clothes would water trickle,

From the borders streaming downward.

Tell me true, without evasion,

What to Manala has brought you?”

Then the aged Väinämöinen,

Gave again a lying answer.

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 372 founded, in this reign, at Saragossa. To promote conversion in the East, ʿOmar addressed a rescript to the kings of Sind, inviting them to embrace Islām, with the promise of thereby enjoying all the privileges and immunities of the Arab race. This they did, and obtained Arabian names, but again, in the reign of Hishām, apostatised.

ʿOmar II. appointed his governors, not for the party to which they belonged, but for their honesty and trustworthiness. His governors in Al-Baṣra, ʿAdī ibn Arṭāt, and in Mesopotamia, ʿOmar ibn Hubeira, both of Fezāra, were of Ḳeis; whilst his governor in Spain was a Yemeni, Samḥ ibn Mālik, and in India a brother of Ḳoteiba. He considered the Ḳāḍi or judge a more important official than the governor. His Ḳāḍi in Al-Baṣra was the famous Al-Ḥasan. Unlike his predecessors he did not leave his governors a free hand so long as the taxes came in regularly, but considered himself as responsible for them.

One instance of this conscientiousness was the arraignment of Yezīd, son of Al-Muhallab, Even Suleimān is said to have become dissatisfied with his favourite; and ʿOmar, regarding him now as a tyrant, summoned him to give an account of his stewardship in Khorāsān. Yezīd no sooner set foot in Al-ʿIrāḳ than he was put in chains, and so conducted to Damascus. ʿOmar held him to the letter of his reported victories and prize in Central Asia. In vain Yezīd protested that the report was made to magnify the achievement in the people's eyes, and that he had never thought of being called to account for the exact amount which he had named. ʿOmar would none of the excuse; Yezīd must produce a reckoning of the whole, and make good what was due. Finally, he was banished in coarse prison dress to an island in the Red Sea. But warned of his dangerous aims even in that isolated place, the Caliph removed him to Aleppo, where he was kept in strict confinement. His son, whom he had left to take his place at Merv, came to intercede for him, but in vain; and dying shortly after, ʿOmar performed the funeral service over him, saying that he was a better man than his father. Yezīd had fancied ʿOmar to be but a sanctimonious hypocrite; he now found him terribly in earnest; but he had reason to fear his successor even more. On hearing that ʿOmar had sickened,


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172

“Fire to Tuonela has brought me,

Flame to Manala conveyed me.”

Tuoni’s short and stunted daughter,

She the dwarfish maid of Mana,

Once again replied in answer:

“Well indeed I know the liar!

Had the fire to Tuoni brought you,

Flame to Manala conveyed you,

Would your hair be singed and frizzled,

And your beard be scorched severely.

“O thou aged Väinämöinen,

If you wish the boat to fetch you,

Tell me true, without evasion,

Make an end at last of lying,

Why to Manala you travel,

Though disease has not subdued you,

Nor has death thus overcome you,

Nor some other fate o’erwhelmed you.”

Said the aged Väinämöinen,

”True it is I lied a little,

And again I spoke a falsehood,

But at length I answer truly.

By my art a boat I fashioned,

By my songs a boat I builded,

And I sang one day, a second,

And at length upon the third day,

Broke my sledge as I was singing,

Broke the shaft as I was singing,

So I came for Tuoni’s gimlet,

Sought in Manala a borer,

That my sledge I thus might finish,

And with this might form my song-sledge.

Therefore bring your boat to this side,

Ferry me across the water,

And across the straight convey me,

Let me come across the river.”

Tuonetar abused him roundly,

Mana’s maiden scolded loudly:

“O thou fool, of all most foolish,

Man devoid of understanding.

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 717–20] he bribed the guard, and effected his escape to Al-Baṣra, where he raised a dangerous rebellion, as we shall in the sequel see.

The policy pursued in Khorāsān and Central Asia after the recall of Yezīd is another evidence that the Caliph was more intent on the spread of the Faith than on temporal aggrandisement. There were loud cries of harshness and exaction from the professed converts of Khorāsān. ʿOmar sent for a deputation of these to represent their grievances, and finding their complaint well-founded, deposed Al-Jarrāḥ the viceroy, and insisted that all who said the creed, and joined in the religious services, should be exempt from burdens, and placed on the same footing as themselves. To consolidate his rule, he stayed the sword against outlying countries, and called in the garrisons and columns that had been settled in those heathen parts. Throughout all the provinces retained, the people, finding now the comfort and advantages of conversion, began to flock in multitudes to the Faith. At first they were tested by their willingness to be circumcised; but ʿOmar hearing of it, forbade a test nowhere enjoined in the Ḳorʾān; "for Moḥammad," said he, "was sent to call men to the faith, not to circumcise them." To the warning of an Egyptian official that the number of conversions was seriously affecting the revenue, he replied that "God sent His Prophet as a missionary, not a tax-gatherer." At the same time burdens on unbelievers were imposed, as elsewhere, to the utmost, but justice towards them must also be observed. No churches, synagogues, or fire-temples were to be destroyed: but the erection of new ones was forbidden. The policy of ʿOmar was thus to fill Khorāsān and the adjoining districts with a population of contented believers; to consolidate the Faith and cast the sword aside. And in this policy so far as his short and transient reign allowed, he was successful.

In spite of his reply to the Egyptian official, ʿOmar had to take steps to put a stop to the falling off in the land-tax due to the migration of the peasantry into the towns. His measures were wiser and less violent than those of Al-Ḥajjāj. After consulting the lawyers of Medīna, he apparently forbade the sale of taxable land by non-Muslims to Muslims (who paid no tax) after the year 100 This measure held good


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CHAPTER 17


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Runo XVI]

Tuonela, thou seekest causeless,

Com’st to Mana free from sickness!

Better surely would you find it

Quickly to regain your country,

Many truly wander hither,

Few return to where they came from!”

Said the aged Väinämöinen,

“This might perhaps deter old women,

Not a man, how weak soever,

Not the laziest of heroes!

Bring the boat, O Tuoni’s daughter,

Row across, O child of Mana!”

Brought the boat then, Tuoni’s daughter,

And the aged Väinämöinen

Quickly o’er the straight she ferried,

And across the river rowed him,

And she spoke the words which follow:

“Woe to thee, O Väinämöinen,

For thou com’st to Mana living,

Com’st to Tuonela undying!”

Tuonetar the noble matron,

Manalatar, aged woman,

Fetched some beer within a tankard,

And in both her hands she held it,

And she spoke the words which follow:

“Drink, O aged Väinämöinen!”

Väinämöinen, old and steadfast,

Looked for long within the tankard,

And within it frogs were spawning,

At the sides the worms were wriggling,

And he spoke the words which follow:

“Surely I have not come hither,

Thus to drink from Mana’s goblets,

Or to drink from Tuoni’s tankards.

Those who drink this beer are drunken,

Drinking from such cans they perish.”

Then said Tuonela’s great mistress,

“O thou aged Väinämöinen,

Why to Manala dost travel,

Why to Tuonela hast ventured,

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 374 under the next two Caliphs and then became a dead letter, and at a later period a third expedient was adopted, which still holds good. A difference was declared between Kharāj and Jizya. The former was said by a legal fiction to be paid by the land, and so both Muslims and non-Muslims were liable for it; but the latter was a poll-tax payable only by non-Muslims in return for the protection afforded them by the Muslims. Thus the Muslims were made to contribute to the revenue, and the State did not suffer loss.

A son of seventeen died before him. Some touching passages are related of ʿOmar's conversation with this youth, who was like-minded with him in high religious aspiration. He urged his father to enforce reform and bring back society to the primitive practice of what was right. ʿOmar replied that he had done what he could by gentle means, but if Muslim rule were to be regenerated as his son desired, it must be accomplished by force; and "there is no good," said he, "in that reform which can be enforced by the sword alone."

Though devoid of stirring events, there is much that is attractive in the reign of ʿOmar. It is a relief, amidst bloodshed, intrigue, and treachery, to find a Caliph devoted to what he believed the highest good both for himself and for his people. The saint might be morbid, over-scrupulous, and bigoted; but there are few, if any, throughout this history whose life leaves a more pleasing impression on the reader's mind than that of ʿOmar.

It was the middle of 101, after a reign of two vears and a half, that ʿOmar sickened. In a few weeks he died, at the age of thirty-nine, and was buried at Dair Simʿān, in the province of Ḥimṣ. He was succeeded, according to his brother Suleimān's last will, by his cousin Yezīd, son of ʿAbd al-Melik, and of ʿĀtika, daughter of Yezīd I.


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first event in the reign of Yezīd II. was a serious rising in Al-ʿIrāḳ—the rebellion, namely, of his namesake, Yezīd son of Al-Muhallab. The accession of the new ruler revived tribal jealousies; for his wife was niece to Al-Ḥajjāj; and so throwing over the Yemeni faction, Yezīd II. took up the cause of the family and adherents of Al-Ḥajjāj, all of whom, as we have seen, had been sorely pursued by Suleimān. Yezīd, Al-Muhallab's son, had, as the favourite of Suleimān, unfortunately as it now turned out for himself, carried out the orders of his patron with great severity; and turning a deaf ear to her cry, had confiscated to a vast amount the wealth which the present Caliph's wife inherited from her father; and so her husband had threatened that if he ever came to power, he would cut him into a thousand pieces. For this reason Yezīd, when he heard of ʿOmar's last sickness, and knew that his enemy Yezīd II. must succeed, escaped from prison, and fled to Al-Baṣra. But he rallied numerous friends around him, for with all his failings Yezīd was free and open-handed ; so having attacked the palace, he slew the governor, seized the treasury, and by profuse largesses raised a threatening force. He had the support of the Yemeni faction, especially of his own tribe the Azd, who here as in Khorāsān were allied to Rabīʿa; whilst the Ḳeis and Temīm took the other side. His chief opponent, however, was the man of religion, the friend of ʿOmar II., Al-Ḥasan al-Baṣri. The Caliph, now alarmed, sent to offer a free pardon; but Yezīd had too deeply compromised himself, and must fight it out to the bitter end. The 375


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International Criminal Court Act 2001 (c. 17)


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 THE SKIN. 51 '

the quantity and temperature of the water, may be regulated at pleasure. It would, however, be judicious in using the shower bath to commence with warm water, for which, by degrees, cold may be substituted. In this way the system may be trained to the free use of cold water. After bathing, the skin should be wiped dry and briskly rubbed. Another form of bathing, is that in which the body, or a portion of it, is immersed in water. The temperature of the water may be modified to suit the sensations of the bather. This mode of bathing is designated according to the heat of the water. When the temperature is below 75 degrees, it is termed a cold bath; when from 75 to 85 degrees, a temperate bath; from 85 to 95 degrees, a tepid bath; from 95 to 98 degrees, a warm bath; from 98 to 105 degrees, a hot bath. In using this kind of bathing, the skin should be wiped dry and briskly rubbed. The length of time that a person may remain in a cold bath, with benefit, varies from two to ten minutes; while a person may remain in a temperate, tepid, or warm bath from ten to thirty minutes, or until special indications are exhibited. In order to increase and promote a re-action of the skin, various processes are resorted to, some of which are practised in the bath, and others after quitting it. The process of rubbing and brushing the skin are most common and important. The friction of the skin with flesh brushes or hair gloves, before taking the bath, will be found of great practical benefit, as well as friction on quitting the bath. In short, this friction with flesh brushes should never be omitted. Bathing preserves and promotes health by its immediate and remote physiological effects on the system. When the body is wetted with cold water from the sponge or shower bath, the skin instantly shrinks, and the whole of its tissue contracts. This contraction diminishes the capacity of the cutaneous


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 “Come along,” called Christopher Robin. “You’ll be all right.”

“Just wait a moment,” said Tigger nervously. “Small piece of bark in my eye.” And he moved slowly along his branch.

“Come on, it’s easy!” squeaked Roo. And suddenly Tigger found how easy it was.

“Ow!” he shouted as the tree flew past him.

“Look out!” cried Christopher Robin to the others.

There was a crash, and a tearing noise, and a confused heap of everybody on the ground.

Christopher Robin and Pooh and Piglet picked themselves up first, and then they picked Tigger up, and underneath everybody else was Eeyore.

“Oh, Eeyore!” cried Christopher Robin. “Are you hurt?” And he felt him rather anxiously, and dusted him and helped him to stand up again.

Eeyore said nothing for a long time. And then he said: “Is Tigger there?”

Tigger was there, feeling Bouncy again already.

“Yes,” said Christopher Robin. “Tigger’s here.”

“Well, just thank him for me,” said Eeyore.


text: The Caliphate: Its Rise, Decline, and Fall/Chapter 52


text: The Caliphate: Its Rise, Decline, and Fall/Chapter 53


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iv


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favourable reception which has been accorded to the first edition of these outlines of the Muhammadan system has encouraged me to put forth a revised and enlarged edition. I am glad of the opportunity; for, the first edition contained numerous errors, consequent upon my bringing it out during a short and hurried visit to England, in the summer of 1875. Still, notwithstanding its numerous and manifest short-comings, it has been pronounced, by an eminent Arabic scholar, as not only


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Prescribed Courses or Elective Studies?

Intimately connected with the subject of the last chapter is a question now much discussed in pedagogical circles, namely, whether the "old-fashioned" prescribed courses are the best way of attaining the object of education, the training of the mind, or whether: the elective system should claim the monopoly in the education of our nation.

Not many years ago the secondary school programmes offered a single course of study, or at most two courses which were to be pursued in order to obtain the diploma of the school. The principal course consisted of Latin, Greek, history and mathematics. At present we find in most secondary schools a number of parallel courses, and the disposition is growing to regard the different courses as of equal value and dignity. It has been said by advocates of the new system that "the old narrow course, with its formal contents and mechanical routine, is doomed; and a richer course of study, with a broader and more inspiring conception of the elementary school-teacher's responsibilities and opportunities, is taking its place."

Whence these changes? Not from the conviction of teachers that the old system was bad and inefficient; but, as Professor Hanus says, these changes are chiefly the result of external demands of parents and

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Rh

2001 CHAPTER 17 An Act to give effect to the Statute of the International Criminal Court; to provide for offences under the law of England and Wales and Northern Ireland corresponding to offences within the jurisdiction of that Court; and for connected purposes.

by the Queen’s most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:—

1The ICC and the ICC Statute

(1) In this Act—
 * “the ICC” means the International Criminal Court established by the Statute of the International Criminal Court, done at Rome on 17th July 1998;
 * “the ICC Statute” means that Statute; and
 * “ICC crime” means a crime (other than the crime of aggression) over which the ICC has jurisdiction in accordance with the ICC Statute.

(2) References in this Act to articles are, unless otherwise indicated, to articles of the ICC Statute.

(3) Schedule 1 to this Act contains supplementary provisions relating to the ICC.


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vi "about the best outlines of Muslim faith he had seen"; but as having "the rare merit of being accurate."

2em

Peshawar, 16th August 1877.


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174

Though by Tuoni never summoned,

To the land of Mana called not?”

Said the aged Väinämöinen,

“At my boat as I was working,

While my new boat I was shaping,

Then I found three words were wanting,

Ere the stern could be completed,

And the prow could be constructed,

But as I could find them nowhere,

In the world where’er I sought them,

Then to Tuonela I travelled,

Journeyed to the land of Mana,

There to find the words I needed,

There the magic words to study.”

Then said Tuonela’s great mistress,

And she spoke the words which follow:

“Ne’er the words will Tuoni give you,

Nor his spells will Mana teach you.

Never shall you leave these regions,

Never while your life remaineth,

Shall you ever journey homeward,

To your country home returning.”

Sank the weary man in slumber,

And the traveller lay and slumbered,

On the bed prepared by Tuoni,

There outstretched himself in slumber,

And the hero thus was captured,

Lay outstretched, but quickly wakened.

There’s in Tuonela a witch-wife,

Aged crone with chin projecting,

And she spins her thread of iron,

And she draws out wire of copper,

And she spun of nets a hundred,

And she wove herself a thousand,

In a single night of summer,

On the rock amid the waters.

There’s in Tuonela a wizard,

And three fingers has the old man,

And he weaves his nets of iron,

And he makes his nets of copper,

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is a general impression amongst European students of Islám, that it is a simple system of Deism unfettered by numerous dogmas and creeds, which are supposed to be such an insuperable hindrance to an acceptance of Christianity. Such was the opinion of the historian Gibbon, and it is also the view taken by some who seek to weaken the authority of the Christian system by extolling the merit of its great rival creed. But even amongst the advocates of Christianity there is altogether an erroneous impression as to what Muhammadanism really is. Dean Stanley has an admirable chapter on the subject of Islám in his


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2 Part 2—Arrest and delivery of persons Proceedings on request 2Request for arrest and surrender

(1) Where the Secretary of State receives a request from the ICC for the arrest and surrender of a person alleged to have committed an ICC crime, or to have been convicted by the ICC, he shall transmit the request and the documents accompanying it to an appropriate judicial officer.

(2) If it appears to the Secretary of State that the request should be considered by an appropriate judicial officer in Scotland, he shall transmit the request and the documents accompanying it to the Scottish Ministers who shall transmit them to an appropriate judicial officer.

(3) If the request is accompanied by a warrant of arrest and the appropriate judicial officer is satisfied that the warrant appears to have been issued by the ICC, he shall endorse the warrant for execution in the United Kingdom.

(4) If in the case of a person convicted by the ICC the request is not accompanied by a warrant of arrest, but is accompanied by—
 * (a) a copy of the judgment of conviction,
 * (b) information to demonstrate that the person sought is the one referred to in the judgment of conviction, and
 * (c) where the person sought has been sentenced, a copy of the sentence imposed and a statement of any time already served and the time remaining to be served,

the officer shall issue a warrant for the arrest of the person to whom the request relates.

(5) In this part a warrant endorsed or issued under this section is referred to as a “section 2 warrant”.

3Request for provisional arrest

(1) This section applies where the Secretary of State receives from the ICC a request for the provisional arrest of a person alleged to have committed an ICC crime or to have been convicted by the ICC.

(2) If it appears to the Secretary of State that application for a warrant should be made in England and Wales—
 * (a) he shall transmit the request to a constable and direct the constable to apply for a warrant for the arrest of that person, and
 * (b) on an application by a constable stating on oath that he has reason to believe—
 * (i) that a request has been made on grounds of urgency by the ICC for the arrest of a person, and
 * (ii) that the person is in, or on his way to, the United Kingdom, an appropriate judicial officer shall issue a warrant for the arrest of that person.


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Runo XVI]

And a hundred nets he wove him,

And a thousand nets he plaited,

In the selfsame night of summer,

On the same stone in the water.

Tuoni’s son with crooked fingers,

Crooked fingers hard as iron,

Took the hundred nets, and spread them

Right across the stream of Tuoni,

Both across and also lengthwise,

And in an oblique direction,

So that Väinö should not ’scape him,

Nor should flee Uvantolainen,

In the course of all his lifetime,

While the golden moon is shining,

From the dread abode of Tuoni,

From the eternal home of Mana.

Väinämöinen, old and steadfast,

Uttered then the words which follow:

“May not ruin overtake me,

And an evil fate await me,

Here in Tuonela’s dark dwellings,

In the foul abode of Mana?”

Quickly then his shape transforming,

And another shape assuming,

To the gloomy lake he hastened,

Like an otter in the reed-beds,

Like an iron snake he wriggled,

Like a little adder hastened

Straight across the stream of Tuoni,

Safely through the nets of Tuoni.

Tuoni’s son with crooked fingers,

Crooked fingers, hard as iron,

Wandered early in the morning

To survey the nets extended,

Found of salmon-trout a hundred,

Smaller fry he found by thousands,

But he found not Väinämöinen,

Not the old Uvantolainen.

Thus the aged Väinämöinen

Made his way from Tuoni’s kingdom,

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International Criminal Court Act 2001 (c. 17) Part 2—Arrest and delivery of persons (3) If it appears to the Secretary of State that application for a warrant should be made in Scotland—
 * (a) he shall transmit the request to the Scottish Ministers who shall instruct the procurator fiscal to apply for a warrant for the arrest of that person, and
 * (b) on the application by the procurator fiscal, which shall state—
 * (i) that a request has been made on grounds of urgency by the ICC for the arrest of a person, and
 * (ii) that the person is in, or on his way to, Scotland,
 * an appropriate judicial officer shall issue a warrant for the arrest of that person.

(4) Where an appropriate judicial officer issues a warrant under this section, he shall notify the Secretary of State and, where the proceedings are in Scotland, the Scottish Ministers that he has done so.

(5) In this part a warrant issued under this section is referred to as a “provisional warrant”.

4Dealing with person arrested under provisional warrant

(1) A person arrested under a provisional warrant shall be brought before a competent court as soon as is practicable.

(2) If there is produced to the court a section 2 warrant in respect of that person, the court shall proceed as if he had been arrested under that warrant.

(3) If no such warrant is produced, the court shall remand him pending the production of such a warrant.

(4) Provision shall be made by Order in Council under paragraph 3 of Schedule 1 (power to make provision to give effect to Rules of Evidence and Procedure) specifying—
 * (a) the period for which a person may be so remanded at any time, and
 * (b) the total period for which a person may be so remanded,

having regard to the time limits specified in Rules of Evidence and Procedure for the purposes of article 92.3.

(5) If at any time when the person is so remanded there is produced to the court a section 2 warrant in respect of him—
 * (a) the court shall terminate the period of remand, and
 * (b) he shall be treated as if arrested under that warrant—
 * (i) if he was remanded in custody, at the time the warrant was produced to the court;
 * (ii) if he was remanded on bail, when he surrenders to his bail.

(6) If no such warrant is produced to the court before the end of the period of the remand (including any extension of that period), the court shall discharge him.

(7) The fact that a person has been discharged under this section does not prevent his subsequent arrest under a section 2 warrant.


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viii "Eastern Church"; but he tells his readers that "the Qurán contains the whole of the religion of Muhammad"; and Mr. Zincke, in his exceedingly interesting book, "Egypt of the Pharaohs and the Khedive," appears to be under the same impression; for he says, "the Qurán is an all embracing and sufficient code, regulating everything." Whereas the true state of the case is, that whilst the Qurán is the highest authority for Muslim doctrine, still, the "faithful," whether Sunní, Shíaʾh, or Wahhábí, must receive the sayings and practices of their Prophet as of divine obligation; for, in Islám, the teachings of the "Sacred Traditions" must be received side by side with that of the Qurán itself; and the Muslim who would escape the suspicion of heresy must not dare to question the teaching of the learned doctors, whose opinions have been handed down in numerous commentaries and ponderous volume divinityof divinity [sic].

In publishing these "Notes on Muham-


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Rh madanism," the author is fully conscious of their imperfections, but he ventures to hope that they will contain information which may be suggestive to Missionaries and others interested in the study of Islám.

Upon a thoughtful study of the present work, the reader cannot fail to observe what an important place dogmatic teaching occupies in the system under consideration. There are those amongst English and Continental writers who regard all dogmatic teaching as antiquated, and who would recommend the Christian Missionary to keep dogma in the back-ground, when dealing with such a religious system as Muhammadanism. But Muslim divines would spurn such teaching as unworthy of theologians, whether of Islám or of Christianity. The trumpet must give no uncertain sound. It is a solemn thing for a Christian Missionary to be engaged day by day in unsettling the


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x religious opinions of immortal beings, unless he feels that he has something good and true to offer in the place of opinions renounced. If we call upon the millions of Islám to loose from their moorings amidst the reefs and shoals cf a false system, and to steer forth into the wide ocean of religious inquiry, we must surely direct them to some fair haven of refuge where they will find rest and peace. It has been well said by Dr. Martensen that "a mind starved by doubt has never been able to produce a dogmatic system"; and we are quite sure that all who have had practical experience of Muhammadanism, will agree that none could "be so helpless in dealing with Muslim doctors, as those who are wandering about in the uncertainty of doubt, and cannot stand firm in the certainty of faith.

On the other hand, Muhammadanism may be used as a schoolmaster to bring men to


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176

And he said the words which follow,

And in words like these expressed him:

“Never, Jumala the mighty,

Never let another mortal, 390

Make his way to Mana’s country,

Penetrate to Tuoni’s kingdom!

Many there indeed have ventured,

Few indeed have wandered homeward,

From the dread abode of Tuoni,

From the eternal home of Mana.’

Afterwards these words he added,

And expressed himself in thiswise,

To the rising generation,

And to the courageous people:

“Sons of men, O never venture

In the course of all your lifetime,

Wrong to work against the guiltless,

Guilt to work against the sinless,

Lest your just reward is paid you

In the dismal realms of Tuoni!

There’s the dwelling of the guilty,

And the resting-place of sinners,

Under stones to redness heated,

Under slabs of stone all glowing,

’Neath a coverlet of vipers,

Of the loathsome snakes of Tuoni.”

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text: Kalevala (Kirby 1907)/Runo 16

title: Kalevala (Kirby 1907)/Runo 16


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Rh Christ, for much which is contained in its elaborate system is expressive of man's great and exceeding need. The Christian controversialist, in dealing with Muhammadanism, must ever remember that it contains a two-fold element of truth. The Founder of Islám derived much of his system from that great unwritten law of God which is ever speaking to men of every nation and of every clime; and he was also greatly indebted to the written law of the Holy One of Israel, although he received it from Talmudic sources. To quote the words of Bengel, the commentator, ""the Law"—whether it be that written on the conscience, or in the pages of the Qurán, or in God's revealed word—"the law hounds a man till he betake himself to Christ; then it says to him, 'Thou hast found an asylum; I pursue thee no more; thou art wise, thou art safe.'"

Notwithstanding its fair show of outward observance, and its severe legal enactments, there is something in Islám which strikes at the


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xii very root of morals, poisons domestic life, and (in its truest sense) disorganizes society. Freedom of judgment is crushed, and a barrier has been raised not merely against the advance of Christianity, but against the progress of Civilization itself. It is impossible to account for this peculiar feature in Muhammadan nations by attributing it to the peculiarities of Oriental races, or other accidental circumstances. The great cause lies in the religious system which they profess, which binds them hand and foot. For everything in religion, in law, in life, and in thought, has been measured for all time. Muhammadanism admits of no progress in morals, law, or commerce. It fails to regenerate the man, and it is equally powerless in regenerating the nation.

Putney, 17th August 1875.


text:
Author:Lillian Diana Gish

Cast member

 * The Birth of a Nation (1915), as Elsie
 * Intolerance (1916), as the Eternal Motherhood
 * Broken Blossoms (1919), as Lucy, the Girl
 * The Scarlet Letter (1926), as Hester Prynne

title: Author:Lillian Diana Gish


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xiv


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Rh


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xvi


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text:
Author:Leonidas Frank Chaney

Cast member

 * Suspense (1913), a hobo (uncredited)
 * The Penalty (1920), as Blizzard
 * Oliver Twist (1922), as Fagin
 * The Shock (1923), as Wilse Dilling
 * The Phantom of the Opera (1925), as the Phantom
 * The Unholy Three (1925), as Echo, the ventriloquist

title: Author:Leonidas Frank Chaney


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More Tales from Tolstoi we went at the same jig-trot, obviously across country, sometimes over snow piled up bushels high, sometimes over brittle, naked ice.

Notwithstanding the cold, the snow on our collars thawed very quickly; the snow drift below increased continually, and fine dry flakes began to fall from above.

It was plain we were going God only knew whither, for after going along for another quarter of an hour we did not see a single verst post.

"What do you think, eh?" I said again to the driver; "do you think we shall get to the station?"

"To which station? We may get back, if the horses take it into their heads to try, they'll take us right enough, but as to reaching the other station, scarcely, we might perish, that's all."

"Then turn back by all means," said I, "at any rate…"

"Turn the horses round, do you mean?"

"Yes, turn 'em round!"

The driver let go the reins. The horses began to run more quickly, and although I observed that we had turned round, yet the wind had changed too, and soon, through the snow the windmills were visible. The driver took heart again and began to be loquacious.

"The Anudiuses got into the drifts and turned back just in the same way when they came from this station," said he, "and passed the night by the haystacks; they only got in by morning. They were only too thankful for the shelter of the

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Rh haystacks; they might have easily frozen to death. It was cold, and one of them did have his legs frost-bitten, so that he died of it three weeks later."

"But now you see it is not so cold, and it has grown quieter; might not we drive on now, eh?"

"It's fairly warm, warm, oh yes! and the snow's coming down. Now we'll turn back, as it seems easier going and the snow comes down thicker. You might drive if you had a courier, but you'll do it at your own risk. Are you joking? Why, you'd be frozen! And what should I say who am responsible for your honour?"

Just then there was a sound of little bells behind us, the bells of some troika, a three-horse sledge, which was rapidly overtaking us.

"That is a courier's bell," said my driver; "there's one such courier at every post-station."

And, indeed, the little bell of the front troika, the sound of which was now plainly borne to us by the wind, was an extraordinarily welcome sound to hear: a pure, musical, sonorous, and slightly droning sound. As I afterwards ascertained, it was a hunter's arrangement of three little bells—one big one in the centre and two little ones adjusted to tierce. The sound of this tierce and the droning quinte, resounding through the air, was extraordinarily penetrating and strangely pleasant in that vast and voiceless steppe.

"The post is in haste," said my driver when the foremost of the three horses was level with us.

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when Pooh was thinking, he thought he would go and see Eeyore, because he hadn’t seen him since yesterday. And as he walked through the heather, singing to himself, he suddenly remembered that he hadn’t seen Owl since the day before yesterday, so he thought that he would just look in at the Hundred Acre Wood on the way and see if Owl was at home.

Well, he went on singing, until he came to the part of the stream where the stepping-stones were, and when he was in the middle of the third stone he began to wonder how Kanga and Roo and Tigger were getting on, because they all lived together in a different part of the Forest. And he thought, “I haven’t seen Roo for a long time, and if I don’t see him today it will be a still longer time.” So he sat down on the stone in the middle of the stream, and


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And as they went, Tigger told Roo (who wanted to know) all about the things that Tiggers could do.

“Can they fly?” asked Roo.

“Yes,” said Tigger, “they’re very good flyers, Tiggers are. Stornry good flyers.”

“Oo!” said Roo. “Can they fly as well as Owl?”

“Yes,” said Tigger. “Only they don’t want to.”

“Why don’t they want to?”

“Well, they just don’t like it, somehow.”

Roo couldn’t understand this, because he thought it would be lovely to be able to fly, but Tigger said it was difficult to explain to anybody who wasn’t a Tigger himself.

“Well,” said Roo, “can they jump as far as Kangas?”


text:
Author:Henry Philmore Langdon

Cast member

 * The Strong Man (1926), as Paul Bergot

title: Author:Henry Philmore Langdon


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More Tales from Tolstoi "What sort of a road, eh? Can one get through?" cried he to the hindmost driver; but the fellow only shouted to his horses and didn't answer him.

The sound of the little bells quickly died away on the wind as soon as the post-car had passed us.

My driver must now have felt a bit ashamed, I fancy.

"We'll go on, sir," said he; "these people have gone on before us and have left a fresh track, which we can now follow."

I agreed, and again we turned towards the wind and crawled along a bit through the deep snow. I kept a side-long glance upon the road so as to see that we did not wander away from the track made by the sledge. For two versts the track was plainly visible, after that the only thing observable was a very slight unevenness under the curved sides of the sledge, and I began to look straight in front of me. The third verst pole we could still make out, but the fourth we could not find at all. As before, we were driving both against and with the wind, both left and right, and at last it got to such a pass that the driver said we had deviated to the right. I said we had gone to the left, while Alec proved that we were absolutely going back again. Once more we stopped for a while, the driver extricated his big feet and crawled out to find the road; but it was all in vain. I also made up my mind to get out for once and see for myself whether that was not the road which I saw glimmering indistinctly; but scarcely had I taken six steps forward, with the utmost difficulty, against the wind and persuaded myself that everywhere were

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 Rh

It is a strange thing that Darwin, whose work has exerted the most profound influence on religious thought, neither wrote or said much on the subject. This was true in spite of the fact that, like most thoughtful people, he had religion often in mind, and had definite ideas regarding it. Darwin saw himself as a scientist, and a scientist only; he felt wholly at sea in matters of technical philosophy and theology. Apparently it did not occur to him that religion really had no need of high-sounding technicalities, and that a man could get quite as far by using common sense alone as by using common sense wrapped up in big words, and hollow formulæ. He knew that he lacked specialized training in fields of abstract thought, and therefore he considered his views on religion as being "of no real consequence" to anyone but himself.

That was a safe position, and perhaps a very just one, yet we are in no way obliged to adopt it. If for no other reason than to form a correct picture of the man, we should inquire as to his attitude on such subjects as gods, revelation, and teleology. Probably there is no better way to conduct this inquiry than to trace, as well as we can, the development of Darwin's opinion, from the time when he first began to analyze his belief to the time when he last stated it.


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 42 Darwin began, as did most of us, by accepting literally the English Bible, placing a child's faith in an all-powerful and all-seeing God, who could create worlds or help small boys get to school on time, just as the occasion demanded. By the time he left Edinburgh he had progressed far enough to question some things in the creed of the Church of England, and this caused some hesitation when his father urged him to go to Cambridge and become a preacher. But even then he did not question a word of the Bible, so that when he found an admirably written book, which showed, quite skillfully, that the dogmas of the church also were the "everlasting truths" of Christianity, his doubts were settled. That placid orthodoxy lasted almost throughout the Beagle voyage; the young man even got himself laughed at by the ship's officers for quoting the Bible as infallible evidence in argument.

But the large number of things seen on the world-trip could not fail to undermine orthodox faith, and particularly the orthodox faith of a young man fond of thinking things out for himself. Less than three years after his return to England he had come to the conclusion that the Old Testament was no more reliable than the sacred books of the Hindus. That admission brought another flood of doubts, this time about the New Testament. If there was a god, interested in the good of the Hindus, would he make a new revelation and permit it to be linked up with the old Hindu gods and heroes, as the revelation of Jesus is connected with the Old Testament and its obvious falsehoods. Would the bearer of this new revelation


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 Rh believe in those ancient mythological characters? Such a condition was incredible, and so Christianity as well as Judaism went by the board.

"By further reflecting," says Darwin in his autobiography, "that the clearest evidence would be requisite to make any sane man believe in the miracles by which Christianity is supported—and that the more we know of the fixed laws of nature the more incredible do miracles become—that the men at that time were ignorant and credulous to a degree almost incomprehensible by us—that the Gospels cannot be proved to have been written simultaneously with the events—that they differ in many important details, far too important, as it seemed to me, to be admitted as the usual inaccuracies of eye-witnesses; by such reflections as these, which I give not as having the least novelty or value, but as they influenced me, I gradually came to disbelieve in Christianity as a divine revelation. The fact that many false religions have spread over large portions of the earth like wild-fire had some weight with me.

"But I was very unwilling to give up my belief; I feel sure of this, for I can well re-


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 44 member often and often inventing day-dreams of old letters between distinguished Romans, and manuscripts being discovered at Pompeii or elsewhere, which confirmed in the most striking manner all that was written in the Gospels. But I found it more and more difficult, with free scope given to my imagination, to invent evidences which would suffice to convince me. Thus disbelief crept over me at a very slow rate, but was at last complete. The rate was so slow that I felt no distress.

"Although I did not think much about the existence of a personal God until a considerably later period of my life, I will here give the vague conclusions to which I have been driven. The old argument from design in Nature, as given by Paley, which formerly seemed to me so conclusive, fails, now that the law of natural selection has been discovered. We can no longer argue that, for instance, the beautiful hinge of a bivalve shell must have been made by an intelligent being, like the hinge of a door by man. There seems to be no more design in the variability of organic beings, and in the action of natural selection, than in the course the wind blows