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94 acquainted with their powers and obligations. At present they produce chiefly a mechanical effect upon the intellect of their pupils which is worked upon and chiseled out, and that in a very rough style but which remains nearly passive in their hands, and is seldom taught or encouraged to put forth its self-acting and self-judging capacities. As to any moral influence of the teachers over the pupils—any attempt to form the sentiments and habits, and to control and guide the passions and emotions—such a notion never enters into their conceptions, and the formation of the moral character of the young is consequently wholly left to the influence of the casual associations amidst which they are placed, without any endeavour to modify or direct them. Any measures that may be adopted to improve education in this country will be greatly inadequate if they are not directed to increase the attainments of the teachers, and to elevate and extend their views of the duties belonging to their vocation.

The remuneration of the teachers is derived from various sources. Two teachers have their salaries wholly, and another receives his in part, from benevolent individuals who appear to be influenced only by philanthropic motives; a fourth is remunerated solely in the form of fees; and the remaining six are paid partly by fees and partly by perquisites. There are in general four stages or gradations in the course of instruction indicated by the nature of the materials employed for writing on, viz., the ground, the palm-leaf, the plantain-leaf, and paper; and at the commencement of each stage after the first a higher fee is charged. In one instance the first and second stages are merged into one; in another instance the same fee is charged for the third and fourth and in a third, the first, second, and third stages are equally charged; but the rule I have stated is observed in a majority of cases, and partially even in those exceptions. Another mode, adopted in two instances, of regulating the fees is according to the means of the parents whose children are instructed; a half, a third, or a fourth less being charged to the children of poor than to the children of rich parents in the successive stages of instruction. The perquisites of the teachers vary from four annas to five rupees a month; in the former case consisting of a piece of cloth or other occasional voluntary gift from the parents; and in the latter, or in similar cases, of food alone, or of food, washing, and all personal expenses, together with occasional presents. Those who receive food as a perquisite either live in the house of one of the principal supporters of the school, or visit the houses of the different parents by turns at meal-times. The total income of the teachers from fixed salaries and fluctuating fees and perquisites varies from three rupees eight annas to seven rupees eight annas per month, the average being rather more than five rupees per month.


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 direction, since the infinity of nature may well include facts which at first seem to be antagonistic.

But here, as in all search after truth, we pass between Scylla and Charybdis. On the one hand, we may not incline to those casy systems which satisfy the intellect by ex- planations which the imagination supposes; neither may we, on the other, give ourselves over to systems of immature science, which, whilst they seem to be carrying us forward, are but revolving us in the narrowest circles. of knowledge, for mind is not mechanical, life is not chemistry, anatomy is not physiology; and I think, as the poet says, that we are not altogether magnetic mockeries. Still, as it has been stated elsewhere, the student of medicine would gladly yield up the de- partment of knowledge in which he labours, to be partitioned amongst the claimants of the collateral sciences, of physics and che- mistry, if their claim was fairly made out; but, however much we may congratulate our fellow-labourers on the work they have C


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 The dogma "omne vivum ex ovo," for the truth of which Harvey so justly con- tended against the fanciful notions of his age, cannot, perhaps, be now maintained in its integrity. Whether, to use an expres- sion of that day, living things are ever pro- duced automatically-that is, de novo- through putrefaction or otherwise, is, like the question of the limitation or universality of the germ power, still a matter upon which opinion is divided; and if it is my duty on this occasion to exhort you to investigate nature by way of experiment, I must ask you not readily to accept negative conclu- sions, which impose limits where none may really exist.

Still, it must be admitted that it is under the strictest and severest limits that nature does operate. If organization be automatic, it is so in a deeper and higher, in a wider and stricter sense than the mind of man hath as yet conceived. It is a process of whose beginning we have no knowledge or concep- tion, and the present facts of which must


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 accomplished, we cannot admit that their investigations have as yet approached even the confines of the organic kingdom.

Physiology, in the range of animal and vegetable morphology, has done much to give us the assurance that the infinite variety of organic forms will be traced to their secondary causes. It may seem but trifling to note how vegetable symmetry is dependent upon the relations of light and moisture, and the circumambient fluids, air or water; or that leaves and flowers will be regular or not, according to the varying firmness of the stem on which they are supported. But if from these observations we can be carried on to those elaborate arrangements which have been described as so admirable in their intentions as to surpass the utmost inge- nuity of man to conceive, we cannot believe that there is a limit to our progress but that which our supineness or pride of intellect im- Whilst we accept this en- poses upon us. couragement, it is to be remarked that the explanations afforded are chiefly statical or


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 mechanical-that they do not approach the conditions which we are accustomed to re- gard as in a higher sense vital. Yet, even with respect to these, as was brought before you on a former occasion, science does not shrink from the task of ultimately unveiling their mystery. "To suppose," says Darwin,* that the eye, with all its inimitable con- trivances for adjusting the focus to different distances, for admitting different amounts of light, and for the correction of spherical and chromatic aberration, could have been formed by natural selection, scems, I freely confess, absurd in the highest possible de- gree. Yet reason tells me, that if numerous gradations, from a perfect and complex eye to one very imperfect and simple, each grade being useful to its possessor, can be shown to exist; if, further, the eye does vary ever so slightly, and the variation be inherited, which is certainly the case; and if any variation or modification in the organ be ever useful to an animal under changing 23

 * Darwin on the Origin of Species, p. 186.


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 conditions of life, then the difficulty of be- lieving that a perfect and complex eye could be formed by natural selection, though. insuperable by our imagination, can hardly be considered real."

Admitting the full force of this reason- ing, and though anatomy shows that the elementary eye arises by a simple involution of the integument, the difficulty is, that the same, or nearly the same, occurs for the ear; and we have no knowledge which would enable us to predict from such beginning the formation of organs so elaborate as these ultimately become, for that can hardly be called knowledge which but deals with facts by contemplation alone. We cannot be said to have acquired a clue to the idea of organic operations until we are able to try our knowledge by prediction, and to foretell what must arise under given conditions. Although, however, physiology is obliged to assume the unit of each organ, we cannot survey the relations of organic beings throughout their whole extent without the conviction that we have before us the varied


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 The Harveian Oration. illustrations of one pervading law, reaching from the simple elements to the highest tissues and organs.

Not to occupy time by recapitulating the arguments of the Bridgewater Treatises, which, although written from another point of view, would equally prove this unity, I cannot forbear asking you for one moment to consider again this organization of our own bodies in relation to the earth we in- habit, and then say if it be otherwise con- ceivable but as the expression of the highest correlation of these external conditions. But some will reply, this is admitted, and explained by the direct operation of a Divine. Power upon the material, fitting one thing to another-the organ to its function, the sense to its object.' Accepting to the full all that could properly be contained in this assertion, it is still to be asked, in the in- terests of science, that, instead of closing the inquiry, it should, on the contrary, but open it, and quicken and make patient the understanding in our search after the facts by which such results are obtained; for the


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 operation of an infinite wisdom and power in nature does not obviate secondary causes or explain the processes which lie between the extremes of existence. I admit that, as Darwin says, the imagination fails to con- ceive the means in their operation, and that it would rather avoid the labour of inquiry. But if, in the study of natural phenomena, our choice lies between the inconceivable and the miraculous, there can be no doubt where it must be made. That which is only inconceivable may be made clear by advancement of knowledge; but that which is miraculous supposes agencies above and beyond human knowledge, and therefore makes all labour to investigate it useless and vain.

The feebleness and impatience of the in- tellect will ever incline us to believe that each advance of knowledge is bringing us near to the point of its consummation. It is so with every discovery; and it is well it should be so, otherwise the ardent inquirer might sit down hopeless at the extent and difficulties of the route to be traversed and


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 of the ascent to be made; still we must be- ware of accepting any conclusions as final. As I had to remark upon chemistry, that when it reaches the confines of organization, it probably ceases in our living tissues under that form, to appear under some higher correlative-so, no doubt, the same may be said of those molecular conditions with which we are now becoming ac- quainted. The investigation of the reac- tions of colloids is doing for organic tissues and functions what chemistry has done for elements and elementary composition; but how far the explanations thus afforded extend can be determined only by the further progress of knowledge. Whether we are justified in speaking of muscle and nerve as if they had any relation to mere colloid substances, or whether by a knowledge of these we approach nearer to an explanation of nerve force and its trans- mission, or to the contraction of muscle, is at least doubtful; for, notwithstanding the admitted instability of homogeneous sub- stances of complex composition, and the


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 tendency to differentiate in various ways, our knowledge of the evolution of the various tissues and organs of the body from the apparently homogeneous ovum is almost as much beyond scientific comprehension as it was when this oration was instituted. It is still, as Harvey remarked, "as if the whole body (chick) was created by a com- mand to this effect of the Divine Architect: "Let there be a similar colourless mass, and let it be divided into parts and made to in- crease; and in the meantime, while it is growing, let there be a separation and deli- neation of parts; and let this be harder and denser and more glistening-that be softer and more coloured: and it was so."" Yet let it be remembered that Harvey felt the same difficulty when he began the study of the motion of the heart. "I found the task," he says, "so truly arduous, so full of difficulties, that I was almost tempted to think.... that the motion of the heart was only to be comprehended by God. For I could neither rightly perceive at first when the systole and when the diastole took


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 place, nor when and where dilatation and contraction occurred, by reason of the ra- pidity of the motion, which in many animals is accomplished in the twinkling of an eye, coming and going like a flash of lightning: so that the systole presented itself to me now from this point, now from that; the diastole the same; and then everything was reversed, the motions occurring, as it seemed, variously and confusedly together. My mind was, therefore, greatly unsettled; nor did I know what I should myself con- clude, nor what believe from others." Yet if Harvey's immortal labours overcame the apparently superhuman difficulties of the cir- culation, who can doubt that some kindred genius shall hereafter lay open before us the springs of development (evolution). That this will be done cannot be doubted; for who can draw a limit either in nature or in the understanding, after contemplating the greatness of results, and the simplicity of the factors presented to us in the history of generation? Prior to experience, what could have made such demands upon our


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 how, under appropriate conditions, a cell may, in the course of untold years, from the same simple beginning, give origin to the human race." Biology teaches us that apparently insignificant forces may work large increments of change, when the time of their operation is unlimited. It teaches us that there is a simplicity in nature, greater than the untutored mind could suggest; that the agents are so apparently simple and in- significant that the common sense-or, as remarked, the common ignorance"-of mankind passes by them without thinking them worthy of attention. But, says Cole- ridge, to whom I have already referred, "the positions of science must be tried in the jeweller's scales, not like the mixed commodities of the market on the weigh- bridge of common opinion and vulgar usage.'

Every advancement of science exhibits to us new illustrations of great results from causes apparently the most inefficient. Tyn- dall has lately shown the probability that the green parts of plants may be formed by the decomposition of carbonic acid, through


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 the mechanical action of light, under favourable conditions; yet what imagination can picture to itself the force of a single vibration of such light, millions of millions of which strike in a second upon the retina, without causing even a sensation, or only the feeblest. But if Tyndall be right, such force repeated, inconceivably small as it is, is sufficient to clothe our forests from spring to spring, and to fill our fields and vineyards with ample store of food. If we cannot as yet dogmatically assert "ubi vero lumen, ibi quoque vita," we do thus by every advance of knowledge more clearly perceive that the physical existence, as well as the intellectual development of living things, was involved in the first fiat, "Let there be light."

To turn from these considerations to such as more immediately concern us, let me speak now of the progress which has been made in our knowledge of the nervous system.

Since the discovery of the circulation, no greater work has probably been done in phy-


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 50 DREAM-LIFE.

Hungarian Brothers, and muse about it for hours afterward to the great detriment of your ciphering ; or, deeply lost in the story of the Scottish Chiefs, you fall to comparing such villains as Monteith with the stout boys who tease you ; and you only wish they could come within reach of the fierce Kirkpatrick s claymore.

But you are frighted out of this stolen reading by a circumstance that stirs your young blood very strangely. The master is looking very sourly on a certain morning, and has caught sight of the little weak-eyed boy over beyond you, reading Roderick Random. He sends out for a long birch rod, and having trimmed off the leaves carefully, with a glance or two in your direction, he marches up behind the bench of the poor culprit, who turns deathly pale, grapples him by the collar, drags him out over the desks, his limbs dangling in a shocking way against the sharp angles, and having him fairly in the middle of the room, clinches his rod with a new, and, as it seems to you, a very sportive grip.

You shudder fearfully.

"Please don t whip me," says the boy whimpering.

"Aha!" says the smirking pedagogue, bringing down the stick with a quick, sharp cut, "you don t like it, eh ? "


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The poor fellow screams, and struggles to escape ; but the blows come faster and thicker. The blood tingles in your finger ends with indignation.

" Please don t strike me again," says the boy sobbing and taking breath, as he writhes about the legs of the master; " I won t read another time."

" Ah, you won t, sir won t you ? I don't mean you shall, sir," and the blows fall thick and fast, until the poor fellow crawls back, utterly crest-fallen and heart-sick, to sob over his books.

You grow into a sudden boldness : you wish you were only large enough to beat the master : you know such treatment would make you miserable : you shudder at the thought of it : you do not believe he would dare : you know the other boy has got no father. This seems to throw a new light upon the matter, but it only intensifies your indignation. You are sure that no father would suffer it; or if you thought so, it would sadly weaken your love for him. You pray Heaven that it may never be brought to such proof.

Let a boy once distrust the love or the tenderness of his parents, and the last resort of his yearning affections so far as the world goes is utterly gone. He is in the sure road to a bitter fate. His heart


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 52 DREAM-LIFE.

will take on a hard iron covering, that will flash out plenty of fire in his after contact with the world, but it will never never melt!

There are some tall trees that over shadow an angle of the school-house ; and the larger scholars play some very surprising gymnastic tricks upon their lower limbs; one boy for instance, will hang for an incredible length of time by his feet, with his head down ; and when you tell Charlie of it at night, with such additions as your boyish imagination can contrive, the old nurse is shocked, and states very gravely that it is dangerous ; and that the blood all runs to the head, and sometimes bursts out of the eyes and mouth. You look at that particular boy with astonishment afterward ; and expect to see him some day burst into bleeding from the nose and ears, and flood the school-room benches.

In time, however, you get to performing some modest experiments yourself upon the very lowest limbs, taking care to avoid the observation of the larger boys, who else might laugh at you : you especially avoid the notice of one stout fellow in pea-green breeches, who is a sort of bully among the small boys, and who delights in kicking your marbles about, very accidentally. He has a fashion too of twisting his


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7 and the inner and middle ears. It offers some protection to the eyes also. The ventral part is modified to form the upper and lower jaws which are used in grasping, killing, and chewing the food. The skull may be divided into two parts, the cranium, which surrounds the brain, and the visceral skeleton. The latter includes some of the bones of the face, of the upper and lower jaws, some of the bones on the lateral surface of the head in the ear region, and the small sound transmitting bones of the middle ear. The visceral skeleton of the rat is doubtless a highly modified heritage from the fish-like ancestors of the mammals. The chief function of the visceral skeleton of the fishes is to support the gills and lend strength to the jaws. The student should familiarize himself, either through works on evolution, or with the aid of the instructor, with the probable changes by which the visceral skeleton, epiglottis, and the laryngeal and tracheal cartilages of the mammals have evolved from the visceral arches of fishes. Wilder's "History of the Human Body" discusses this question.

The parts of the skull develop in two ways. The floor, and a portion of the sides and back of the cranium consist of bones which have developed from centers of ossification in the embryonic cartilage of these regions. These are the cartilage bones. The roof of the cranium, the remainder of the sides, the hard palate, and the bones of both jaws are intramembranous in origin. They are therefore called membrane bones.

Dorsal aspect of skull. The skull is long and narrow, gradually decreasing in width from the posterior to the anterior end. The width of the human skull is relatively greater, as compared with the length, than the width of the rat skull. The ratio of cranial width to length, or the cephalic index, is an important characteristic in the classification of the races of man. The irregular lines on the


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 SCHOOL DREAMS. 53

handkerchief into what he calls a snapper, with a knot at the end, and cracking at you with it, very much to the irritation of your spirits, and of your legs.

Sometimes, when he has brought you to an angry burst of tears, he will very graciously force upon you the handkerchief, and insist upon your cracking him in return ; which, as you know nothing about his effective method of making the knot bite, is a very harmless proposal on his part.

But you have still stronger reason to remember that boy. There are trees, as I said, near the school ; and you get the reputation after a time of a good climber. One day you are well in the tops of the trees, and being dared by the boys below, you venture higher higher than any boy has ever gone before. You feel very proudly ; but just then catch sight of the sneering face of your old enemy of the snapper ; and he dares you to go upon a limb that he points out.

The rest say, for you hear them plainly " It won t bear him." And Frank, a great friend of yours, shouts loudly to you, not to try.

" Pho," says your tormentor, "the little coward !"

If you could whip him, you would go


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8 surface of the rat's skull are the sutures where the adjacent bones are joined to one another.

The extreme posterior, or nuchal, surface of the skull is nearly perpendicular to the long axis of the animal, and joins the dorsal surface almost at a right angle. The lambdoidal ridge occupies the region of union of these two surfaces. It is semicircular in form. Anterior to the lambdoidal ridge is a second ridge extending ventrally to the region of the ear. Dorsally this second ridge joins the temporal line at right angles. This line extends forward laterally on the dorsal surface of the cranium to the orbit, where it turns medially and disappears. Compare the rat with the horse and cat, for instance, where the lambdoidal ridge is well developed, and with the human skull where it is absent.

The orbito-temporal fossa is a deep depression on each side of the mid-region of the cranium, about one-third as long as the whole cranium. It contains the eye, eye muscles, and muscles, which help close the jaw. The zygomatic arch bounds it laterally. This arch is a bow-shaped bar of bone which extends forward from the articulation of the lower jaw. At its anterior end this arch broadens and is pierced by the large infraorbital fissure. Viewed from the anterior end this fissure is shaped somewhat like a palm-leaf fan, broad dorsally and narrow ventrally. In other vertebrates the orbito-temporal fossa is more or less completely separated by bony processes into two distinct cavities, the orbit for the eye and its muscles, and the temporal fossa.

The anterior nares [piriform aperture in man] are located at the anterior extremity of the cranium. Air enters through these openings and is conveyed through the nasal passages to the lungs.

The following bones may be seen from the dorsal side:


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 54 DREAM-LIFE.

down the tree and do it willingly : as it is, you cannot let him triumph : so you advance cautiously out upon the limb : it bends and sways fearfully with your weight : presently it cracks : you try to return, but it is too late : you feel yourself going : your mind flashes home over your life your hope your fate, like lightning : then comes a sense of dizziness, a succession of quick blows, and a dull, heavy crash !

You are conscious of nothing again, until you find yourself in the great hall of the school, covered with blood, the old Doctor standing over you with a phial, and Frank kneeling by you, and holding your shattered arm, which has been broken by the fall.

After this, come those long, weary days of confinement, when you lie still, through all the hours of noon, looking out upon the cheerful sunshine, only through the windows of your little room. Yet it seems a grand thing to have the whole household attendant upon you. The doors are opened and shut softly, and they all step noiselessly about your chamber ; and when you groan with pain, you are sure of meeting sad, sympathizing looks. Your mother will step gently to your side and lay her cool, white hand upon your forehead ; and little Nelly will gaze at you from the foot of your bed with a sad earnestness, and with tears of


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Rh the occipital, interparietal, parietals, frontals, nasals, pre-maxillaries, maxillaries, zygomatics, squamosals, and lacrimals. The position and structure of each of these bones will be described in detail later.

Exercise I. Draw and label the dorsal view of the skull.

Lateral aspect of the cranium. The nuchal plate bears ventrally the occipital condyle, by which the skull articulates with the backbone. The jugular process is a long, pointed, triangular structure lateral to and slightly in front of the occipital condyle. Between the two is a semi-circular depression, the jugular fossa. The mastoid portion of the petrosal bone is immediately anterior to the jugular process, and is located in a pronounced depression of the lateral part of the occipital bone. The tympanic bulla is a hollow spheroidal capsule anterior to the jugular process, opening to the outside through the external acoustic meatus. This opening is closed in life by the tympanic membrane, which transmits sound waves from the outer ear to the three small bones of the middle ear.

Where the mastoid portion connects anteriorly with the squamosal bone there is a ventral extension of the latter, the post-tympanic hook, which helps to hold the tympanic bulla in place.

The orbito-temporal fossa and zygomatic arch are seen from the lateral side also. Within the fossa are foramina through which the nerves emerge from the brain. The foramen ovale is located directly ventral to the posterior end of the zygomatic arch, and anterior to the tympanic bulla. A branch of the fifth cranial nerve emerges here. The foramen communicates by a perforation of the external pterygoid process with the ventral surface of the skull. Another small foramen is immediately in front of the foramen ovale. A few millimeters anterior to the foramen


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 SCHOOL DREAMS. 55

pity in her soft hazel eyes. And afterward, as your pain passes away, she will bring you her prettiest books, and fresh flowers, and whatever she knows you will love.

But it is dreadful, when you wake at night, from your feverish slumber, and see nothing but the spectral shadows that the sick-lamp upon the hearth throws aslant the walls ; and hear nothing but the heavy breathing of the old nurse in the easy chair, and the ticking of the clock upon the mantel ! Then, silence and the night crowd upon your soul drearily. But your thought is active. It shapes at your bed-side the loved figure of your mother, or it calls up the whole company of Dr. Bidlow's boys; and weeks of study or of play, group like magic on your quickened vision : then, a twinge of pain will call again the dreariness, and your head tosses upon the pillow, and your eye searches the gloom vainly for pleasant faces ; and your fears brood on that drearier, coming night of Death far longer, and far more cheerless than this.

But even here, the memory of some little prayer you have been taught, which promises a Morning after the Night, comes to your throbbing brain ; and its murmur on your fevered lips, as you breathe it, soothes like a caress of angels, and wooes you to smiles and sleep.

As the days pass, you grow stronger;


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10 ovale is the large anterior lacerated foramen. The optic foramen for the passage of the second cranial nerve is anterodorsal to the anterior lacerated foramen.

There is a pronounced groove along the ventral side of the orbito-temporal fossa. The small postpalatine foramen communicates near the center of this groove with the ventral surface of the palatine bone. Anterior to this foramen another foramen establishes a connection between the orbit and the nasal cavity. A small foramen dorsal to these openings perforates the cranium just posterior to the cribriform plate, which is described later.

The maxillary bone is incompletely ossified medial to the infraorbital fissure. Consequently in cleaning the skull the nasal cavity is usually opened at this place.

The convex lateral surface of the premaxillary bone reveals the course of the root of the enormous curved incisor tooth. The root occupies a semicircular canal (alveolus) which extends back to the level of the infraorbital fissure. Compare the arrangement of the rat's teeth with that of the cat, dog, and man, for instance. The rat has no canine teeth, which are so prominent in carnivores, and no premolars. The three molar teeth are inserted in the maxillary bone a considerable distance posterior to the incisors. The toothless space between the incisor and molar teeth is the diastema. A similar arrangement occurs in the horse, for instance.

Exercise II. Draw and label the lateral view of the cranium.

Ventral view of the skull. The following bones are seen from this view: the occipital, which is flanked on either side by the petrosal bone and the tympanic bulla, the basisphenoid with an alisphenoid fused to each side, the presphenoid and the paired squamosals, palatines, maxillaries, and premaxillaries.


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 SS DREAM-LIFE.

and Frank comes in to tell you of the school, and that your old tormentor has been expelled : and you grow into a strong friendship with Frank, and you think of yourselves as a new Damon and Pythias and that you will some day live together in a fine house, with plenty of horses, and plenty of chestnut trees. Alas, the boy counts little on those later and bitter fates of life, which sever his early friendships, like wisps of straw !

At other times, with your eye upon the sleek, trim figure of the Doctor, and upon his huge bunch of watch seals, you think you will some day be a Doctor ; and that with a wife and children, and a respectable gig, and gold watch, with seals to match, you would needs be a very happy fellow.

And with such fancies drifting on your thought, you count for the hundredth time the figures upon the curtains of your bed, you trace out the flower wreaths upon the paper-hangings of your room ; your eyes rest idly on the cat playing with the fringe of the curtain ; you see your mother sitting with her needle-work beside the fire; you watch the sunbeams as they drift along the carpet, from morning until noon; and from noon till night, you watch them playing on the leaves, and dropping spangles on the lawn ; and as you watch you dream.


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 The Harveian Oration. 33 siology than that by Marshall Hall when he established the conditions of a reflex nervous aetion. This unit appears to be the key of the most complex nervous phenomena, if it be not, indeed, an expression of the law which determines the form of the whole. From it physiologists have obtained a elue whereby to track the labyrinths of instinet. and habit; for, assuming, as we must, that the mechanical arrangements in the nervous system, at periphery and centre, are, in their way, as artificial as the optical arrangements of the eye, or the acoustic arrangements in the ear, we can recognise how the instinctive. and volitional acts are performed indepen- dently of the conseious determination of the individual.

Physiologists have long pointed out that the basis of our volitional acts is instinetive. That the most instructed anatomist has no advantage over the ignorant in direeting his voluntary movements, caeli being guided by the objective intention, and both equally in- tellectually uneoncerned in the steps whereby


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 that intention is fulfilled. Together with these innate arrangements, it would appear that habit and education can induce new capacities of a similar kind upon us. From anatomical proof, as well as from actual ex- perience, it would seem that the nervous tissue is highly plastic. Not only is it capable of receiving and registering the im- pressions made upon it, but of acquiring an instinct for complicated acts.

This, the physical basis of education, and even of morals, though not overlooked, is too little regarded in daily practice. We may therefore congratulate the College that the Gulstonian lecturer of this year has taken up this difficult and important subject, and treated it so ably.

By quitting all abstract considerations, and limiting the inquiry to the secondary conditions upon which depend the mental operations, we open a mine rich in practical wealth. Medicine yet owes it to society to demonstrate more fully those secondary con- ditions whereby a healthy mental activity


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 III.

BOY SENTIMENT.

WEEKS, and even years of your boyhood roll on, in the which your dreams are growing wider and grander, even as the Spring, which I have made the type of the boy-age, is stretching its foliage farther and farther, and dropping longer and heavier shadows on the land.

Nelly, that sweet sister, has grown into your heart strangely ; and you think that all they write in their books about love, cannot equal your fondness for little Nelly. She is pretty, they say ; but what do you care for her prettiness ? She is so good, so kind so watchful of all your wants, so willing to yield to your haughty claims !

But, alas, it is only when this sisterly love is lost forever, only when the inexorable world separates a family and tosses it upon the waves of fate to wide-lying distances perhaps to graves! that a man (37)


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 may be secured and advanced; for of nothing can we be more certain than that the laws of life, in their unimpeded operation, culmi- nate in the advancing perfection of man, corporeally, intellectually, and morally. But the operation of these laws depends upon common things. Whilst the ignorant have recourse to the supernatural, science asserts that everything, if not traced, is yet trace- able to its antecedents; and thus, as the handmaid of religion, proves that what a man soweth that shall he also reap.

But to return. Whilst lower natures in the organic scale are the immediate subjects of ex- ternal influences, which act upon and mould them with but little resistance, the reflex ner- vous actions institute a new order of pheno- inena, culminating in the intellect and the use of means. As feeling dawns into sensation, the sentient being directs its movements so as to avoid what is injurious, and to attain what is useful, and in that degree resists those disturbances which would modify the equilibrium of non-sentient natures. As


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 sensation grows into perception, wider rela- tions for good and for evil disclose them- selves, and these higher creatures, in the same proportion, avoid what is unfavourable, or seek, on the contrary, by wider move- ments, the necessary conditions for their existence. As perception leads to know. ledge, and mind developes, means of a higher kind are used, and the intellect obviates or regulates the disturbing conditions, until man becomes cosmopolitan, and greatly in- dependent of the varying forces around him.

He stands, as it has been remarked, at the beginning of a new epoch of existence. His body, moulded by those conditions which have equally acted upon other forms, retains a natural alliance to them, so that the com- parative anatomist finds it difficult to place him in a group distinct from quadrumana; but the inner developments of his nature have fixed a gulf between him and the crea- tures outwardly allied to him which is immea- surable and impassable. By what steps or


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 58 DREAM-LIFE.

feels, what a boy can never know, the dis interested and abiding affection of a sister.

All this, that I have set down, comes back to you long afterward, when you recall with tears of regret, your reproachful words, or some swift outbreak of passion.

Little Madge is a friend of Nelly's a mischievous, blue-eyed hoyden. They tease you about Madge. You do not of course care one straw for her, but yet it is rather pleasant to be teased thus. Nelly never does this ; oh no, not she. I do not know but in the age of childhood, the sister is jealous of the affections of a brother, and would keep his heart wholly at home, until suddenly, and strangely, she finds her own wandering.

But after all, Madge is pretty ; and there is something taking in her name. Old people, and very precise people, call her Margaret Boyne. But you do not : it is only plain Madge ; it sounds like her very rapid and mischievous. It would be the most absurd thing in the world for you to like her, for she teases you in innumerable ways : she laughs at your big shoes ; (such a sweet little foot as she has !) and she pins strips of paper on your coat collar; and time and again she has worn off your hat in triumph, very well knowing that you, such a quiet body, and so much


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Rh At the posterior end of the skull is the foramen magnum, through which the brain connects with the spinal cord. On each side of this foramen is the occipital condyle. Two pairs of bony plates, the pterygoid processes, arise at the base of each alisphenoid bone. The outer plates are nearly horizontal in position. They extend from the posterior end of the maxillary bone caudad and laterad to the lateral surface of the tympanic bulla. The two inner pterygoid processes are vertical to the base of the cranium. Each extends posteriorly to the opening of the bony canal through which the Eustachian tube passes from the cavity of the middle ear (within the tympanic bulla) to the pharynx. The single posterior naris, or choana lies between the anterior extremities of the inner pterygoid processes. It leads forward into the nasal cavity, which opens at the anterior end of the head through the two anterior nares.

The roof of the mouth in front of the choana consists of three pairs of bones (palatines, maxillaries, and premaxillaries), which taken together constitute the hard palate. At the extreme posterior end of the hard palate are the two small palatine bones, which form the ventral boundary of the choana. The maxillary bones are considerably larger than the palatines and are located laterally and anteriorly to the latter. The lateral, or alveolar, portion of the maxillary bears the three molar teeth, which are used for grinding food. The maxillaries articulate in front with the pre-maxillaries. These bear the two large curved incisor teeth. Canine and premolar teeth are absent in the rat.

Several pairs of foramina appear on the ventral surface. The twelfth (hypoglossal) cranial nerve emerges through the hypoglossal canal at the base of the occipital condyle. The posterior lacerated foramen lies immediately in front of the hypoglossal canal, at the boundary between the


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 BOY SENTIMENT. 59

afraid of her, will never venture upon any liberties with her gipsy bonnet.

You sometimes wish, in your vexation, as you see her running, that she would fall and hurt herself badly ; but the next moment, it seems a very wicked wish, and you renounce it. Once, she did come very near it. You were all playing together by the big swing (how plainly it swings in your memory now !) Madge had the seat, and you were famous for running under with a long push, which Madge liked better than anything else : well, you have half run over the ground, when crash comes the swing, and poor Madge with it ! You fairly scream as you catch her up. But she is not hurt only a cry of fright, and a little sprain of that fairy ankle ; and as she brushes away the tears, and those flaxen curls, and breaks into a merry laugh, half at your woe-worn face, and half in vexation at herself; and leans her hand (such a hand !) upon your shoulder, to limp away into the shade, you dream your first dream of love.

But it is only a dream, not at all acknowledged by you : she is three or four years your junior, too young altogether. It is very absurd to talk about it. There is nothing to be said of Madge only Madge ! The name does it.


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 He pointed to Miss Lethwait. Jane withdrew her eyes in aversion, and they fell on Lucy. She made a sign to the child, and Lucy ran up, her brown eyes sparkling, her dark hair flowing, the bright rose shining in her damask cheeks.

“There is a resemblance in this young lady’s face to the one I have been speaking of, Mr. Vaughan. The eyes and hair and complexion are just alike.”

“Is there? Why that’s—somebody told me that was little Lady Lucy Chesney—your sister, of course, Lady Jane. She’s very pretty, but she’s not a bit like Miss Beauchamp.”

Was it to be ever so? Should they come seemingly on the very track of Clarice, only to find their hopes mocked? Things seemed to be going all the wrong way to-night with Jane Chesney.

sat in the small drawing-room. It was nearly the only room that the servants had put into habitable order since the revelry of the previous night. Possibly Miss Lethwait may have deemed that to be the reason why her breakfast was that morning served apart. In the simple-mannered household, the governess had hitherto taken her meals with the family; but Jane would not again sit down to the same board with one who had so forgotten herself. Lucy, by Jane’s orders, was allowed to remain later in bed.

Lord Oakburn had taken his breakfast with Jane in this same small drawing-room. Every thing in the house seemed at sixes and sevens, and he made no remark upon the absence of the governess and Lucy. He had risen somewhat later than usual, and it may be that he supposed they had already breakfasted. His lordship was expending all his superfluous breath in a tirade against party-giving.

“Where’s the use of it, after all?” he asked of Jane. “What end does it answer? Here we have got the house turned topsy-turvy just for the sake of two or three hours’ crush! Two or three hours! All that trouble for just two or three hours! There’s no sense in it, Jane. What good does it do? Who benefits by it? The folks have the trouble of dressing themselves, and they come out for an hour, and then go back and undress!—wishing themselves quiet at home all the while. We shall be two days getting straight. The thing’s just this, Jane: it may be all very well for those people who keep a full set of servants in each department to enter on the folly, but it’s an awful bother to those who don’t. Catch me giving one next year! If you must give it on your own score, my Lady Jane, I shall go out the while.”

Did the thought cross the earl’s mind as he spoke, that ere the next year should dawn, Lady Jane would no longer be his house’s mistress? Most probably: for he suddenly ceased in his grumbling, drank down his tea at a gulp, and quitted the room, Jane vainly reminding him that he had made less breakfast than usual.

She had the things taken away, and she got her housekeeping book—for Jane was an exact account-keeper still—and made out what was due to Miss Lethwait. She had not been with them three months yet, but Jane would pay her as though she had. Ringing the bell, Pompey came in answer to it.

“Desire Miss Lethwait to step here,” said Jane.

Miss Lethwait came in at once. It was an idle hour with her, Lucy being yet in her room. She was dressed rather more than usual, in a handsome gown that she generally wore to church on a Sunday: a sort of fancy material with rich colours in it. Had she put it on in consequence of her new position in relation to Lord Oakburn?—to look well in his eye? There was little doubt of it. All night long she had lain awake: her brain, her mind, her thoughts in a tumult; the hot blood coursing fiercely through her veins at the glories that awaited her. One moment these glories seemed very near; real, tangible, sure: the next, they faded away to darkness, and she said to herself that probably Lord Oakburn had only spoken in the passing moment’s delusion: a delusion which would fade away with the morning light.

The torment, the uncertainty did not cease with the day, and it brought a rich colour to her pale face, rarely seen there; never save in moments of deep emotion. As she entered Lady Jane’s presence with this bloom on her cheeks and the purple light shining from her magnificent hair, her handsome gown rustling behind her and her fine figure drawn to its full height, even Jane, with all her prejudice, was struck with her real grandeur.

It did not soften Jane one bit; nay, it had the opposite effect. How haughty Jane could be when she chose, this moment proved. She was sitting herself, but she did not invite the governess to sit: she pointed imperiously with her hand for her to stand, there, on the other side the table, as she might have pointed to a servant. In her condemnation of wrong-doing, Jane Chesney did not deem the governess fit to sit in her presence.

“Miss Lethwait, I find it inexpedient to retain you in my household,” began Jane, in a


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 have cognizance of all causes in which the citizens of other countries are concerned. This is not less essential to the preservation of the public faith, than to the security of the public tranquillity. A distinction may perhaps be imagined, between cases arising upon treaties and the laws of nations, and those which may stand merely on the footing of the municipal law. The former kind may be supposed proper for the federal jurisdiction; the latter for that of the states. But it is at least problematical, whether an unjust sentence against a foreigner, where the subject of controversy was wholly relative to the lex loci, would not, if unredressed, be an aggression upon his sovereign, as well as one which violated the stipulations of a treaty, or the general law of nations. And a still greater objection to the distinction would result from the immense difficulty, if not impossibility, of a practical discrimination between the cases of one complexion and those of the other. So great a proportion of the controversies in which foreigners are parties, involve national questions, that it is by far most safe, and most expedient, to refer all those in which they are concerned to the national tribunals.

The power of determining causes between two states, between one state and the citizens of another, and between the citizens of different states, is perhaps not less essential to the peace of the union, than that which has been just examined. History gives us a horrid picture of the dissentions and private wars which distracted and desolated Germany, prior to the institution of the by Maximilian, towards the close of the fifteenth century; and informs us, at the same time, of the vast influence of that institution, in appeasing the disorders, and establishing the tranquillity of the empire. This was a court invested with authority to decide finally all differences among the members of the Germanic body.

A method of terminating territorial disputes between the states, under the authority of the federal head, was not unattended to, even in the imperfect system by which they have been hitherto held together. But there

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Rh Is all too small to match her sufferings? Oh, would that, ere I brought thee forth to light, And suckled thee, my vitals had been rent By savage beasts! Then senseless, innocent, And mine wouldst thou have perished; joined to me Wouldst thou forever see the quiet seats Of this abode of souls, thy mighty sire, And grandsires too, those men of glorious name, Whom now perpetual shame and grief await Because of thee, thou monster, and of me. But why delay in hell to hide my face, Since I have proved a curse to all my race? [Vanishes.] Octavia [to the Chorus in deprecation of their grief because of her divorce]: Restrain your tears; put on a face of joy, As on a festal day, lest this your love And care for me should stir the royal wrath, And I be cause of suffering to you. This wound is not the first my heart has felt; Far worse have I endured; but all shall end, Perchance in death, before this day is done. No more upon my brutal husband's face Shall I be forced to look; that hateful couch, Long since consigned to slavish uses, base, I shall behold no more. For now Augustus' sister shall I be, And not his wife. But Oh, be far from me All cruel punishments and fear of death. Poor, foolish girl! and canst thou hope for this? Bethink thee of his former sins—and hope. Nay, he has spared thy wretched life till now, That thou mayst at his marriage altars fall. But why so often turn thy streaming eyes Upon thy home? Now speed thy steps away, And leave this bloody prince's hall for aye. Chorus: Now dawns at last the day we long have feared And talked of. Lo, our Claudia, driven forth By cruel Nero's threats, leaves that abode Which even now Poppaea calls her own;


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444 While we must sit and grieve with sluggish woe, By heavy fear oppressed. Where is that Roman people's manhood now, Which once the pride of mighty leaders crushed, Gave righteous laws to an unconquered land, Gave powers at will to worthy citizens, Made peace and war, fierce nations overcame, And held in dungeons dark their captive kings? Behold, on every side our eyes are grieved By this Poppaea's gleaming statues joined With Nero's images—a shameful sight. Come, overturn them with indignant hands, Too like in feature to her living face. And her we'll drag from off that royal couch; And then, with flaming brand and deadly sword, Attack the princely palace of her lord.

Nurse [to Poppaea, who appears, distraught, coming out of her chamber]: Why dost thou from thy husband's chamber come, Why dost thou seek a lonely place to weep? For surely has the day we long have sought With prayers and promised victims come at last. Thou hast thy Caesar, firmly joined to thee By ties of marriage, whom thy beauty won, Whom Venus gave to thee in bonds of love, Though Seneca despised and flouted her. How beautiful, upon the banquet couch Reclining in the palace, didst thou seem! The senate viewed thy beauty in amaze When thou didst offer incense to the gods, And sprinkle wine upon the sacred shrines, Thy head the while with gauzy purple veiled. And close beside thee was thy lord himself; Amid the favoring plaudits of the crowd He walked majestic, in his look and mien Proclaiming all his pride and joy in thee. So did the noble Peleus lead his bride


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 60 DREAM-LIFE.

It is rather a pretty name to write. You are fond of making capital M's; and sometimes you follow it with a capital A. Then you practise a little upon a D, and perhaps back it up with a G. Of course it is the merest accident that these letters come together. It seems funny to you very. And as a proof that they are made at random, you make a T or an R before them, and some other quite irrelevant letters after it.

Finally, as a sort of security against all suspicion, you cross it out cross it a great many ways ; even holding it up to the light, to see that there should be no air of intention about it.

You need have no fear, Clarence, that your hieroglyphics will be studied so closely. Accidental as they are, you are very much more interested in them than any one else !

It is a common fallacy of this dream in most stages of life, that a vast number of persons employ their time chiefly in spying out its operations.

Yet Madge cares nothing about you, that you know of. Perhaps it is the very reason, though you do not suspect it then, why you care so much for her. At any rate, she is a friend of Nelly s; and it is your duty not to dislike her. Nelly too, sweet Nelly, gets an inkling of matters ; for sis-


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Rh Emerging from the ocean's snowy foam, Whose wedding feast the heavenly gods adorned, With equal joy the sea divinities. What sudden cause has clouded o'er thy face? Tell me, what mean thy pallor and thy tears! Poppaea: Dear nurse, this night I had a dreadful dream; And even now, as I remember it, My mind is troubled and my senses fail. For when the joyful day had sunk to rest, And in the darkened sky the stars appeared, I lay asleep within my Nero's arms. But that sweet sleep I could not long enjoy; For suddenly a grieving crowd appeared To throng my chamber—Roman matrons they, With hair disheveled and loud cries of woe. Then 'midst the oft-repeated, strident blasts Of trumpets, there appeared my husband's mother, And shook before my face with threat'ning mien A bloody torch. Compelled by present fear, I followed her; when suddenly the earth Seemed rent asunder to its lowest depths. Headlong to these I plunged, and even there In wonder I beheld my wedding couch, Whereon I sank in utter weariness. Then with a throng of followers I saw My son and former husband drawing near. Straightway Crispinus hastened to my arms, And on my lips his eager kisses fell: When suddenly within that chamber burst My lord the king with frantic, hurrying steps, And plunged his sword into that other's throat. A mighty terror siezed me, and at last It roused me from my sleep. I started up With trembling limbs and wildly beating heart. Long was I speechless from that haunting fear, Until thy fond affection gave me tongue. Why do the ghosts of hades threaten me? Or why did I behold my husband's blood? Nurse: All things which occupy the waking mind,


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446 Some subtle power, swift working, weaves again Into our web of dreams. Small wonder then, Thy sleeping thoughts were filled with marriage beds And husbands, when thy newly mated lord. Held thee in his embrace. Does it seem strange That thou shouldst dream tonight of sounds of woe, Of breasts hard beaten and of streaming hair? Octavia's departure did they mourn Within her brother's and her father's house. The torch which thou didst follow, borne aloft By Agrippina's hand, is but a sign That hate shall win for thee a mighty name. Thy marriage couch, in realms infernal seen, Portends a lasting state of wedded joy. Since in Crispinus' neck the sword was sheathed, Believe that no more wars thy lord shall wage, But hide his sword within the breast of peace. Take heart again, recall thy joys, I pray, Throw off thy fears, and to thy couch return. Poppaea: Nay, rather will I seek the sacred shrines, And there make sacrifice unto the gods, That they avert these threats of night and sleep, And turn my terrors all upon my foes. Do thou pray for me and the gods implore That in this happy state I may endure. [Exeunt Poppaea and Nurse.]

Chorus [of Roman women in sympathy with Poppaea]: If babbling rumor's tales of Jove, His secret joys in mortal love, Are true, he once, in plumage dressed, Was to the lovely Leda pressed; And as a savage bull he bore Europa from her native shore: But should he once thy form, Poppaea, see, He would leave his shining stars to dwell with thee. For thou than Leda many fold Art fairer, or that maid of old Whom Jove embraced in showers of gold. Let Sparta boast her lovely dame,


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Rh Who, as his prize, to Paris came: Though Helen's beauty drove the world to arms, She still must yield to our Poppaea's charms.

[Enter Messenger.] But who comes here with hurried step and wild? What tidings bears he in his heaving breast? Messenger: Whoever guards our noble prince's house, Let him defend it from the people's rage. Behold, the prefects lead their men in haste, To save the city from the furious mob Whose reckless passion grows, unchecked by fear. Chorus: What is the madness that inflames their hearts? Messenger: The people for their loved Octavia Are wild with rage and grief; and now in throngs Are rushing forth in mood for any deed. Chorus: What are they bent to do, or with what plan? Messenger: To give Octavia back her father's house, Her brother's bed, and her due share of empire. Chorus: But these Poppaea holds as Nero's wife. Messenger: 'Tis even she 'gainst whom the people's rage Burns most persistent, and to reckless deeds Is driven headlong on. Whate'er they see, Of noble marble wrought, or gleaming bronze, The hated image of Poppaea's face, They cast it to the earth with wanton hands And crushing bars. The shattered parts they drag Along the streets, and with insulting heel Deep in the filthy mud they trample them. These savage deeds are mingled with such words As I should fear to utter in your ears. Soon will they hedge the royal house with flames, Unless the prince his new-made wife give up To sate the people's wrath, and then restore To noble Claudia her father's house. That he himself may know these threatened deeds, I'll haste to tell him as the prefect bade. [Exit.] Chorus: Why vainly strive against the powers above? For Cupid's weapons are invincible.


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 BOY SENTIMENT. 61

ters are very shrewd in suspicions of this sort shrewder than brothers or fathers ; and like the good kind girl that she is, she wishes to humor even your weakness.

Madge drops into tea quite often: Nelly has something in particular to show, her, two or three times a week. Good Nelly, i perhaps she is making your troubles all j the greater! You gather large bunches ot grapes for Madge because she is a friend of Nelly s which she doesn t want at all, and very pretty bouquets, which she either drops, or pulls to pieces.

In the presence of your father one day, you drop some hint about Madge, in a very careless way a way shrewdly calculated to lay all suspicion ; at which your father laughs. This is odd : it makes you wonder if your father was ever in love himself.

You rather think that he has been.

Madge s father is dead and her mother is poor ; and you sometimes dream, how- whatever your father may think or f eel you will some day make a large fortune, in some very easy way, and build a snug cot tage, -and have one horse for your carriage, and one for your wife, (not Madge, of course that is absurd) and a turtle shell cat for your wife s mother, and a pretty gate to the front yard, and plenty of shrubbery, and how your wife will come dancing down the


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448 Your puny fires by those fierce flames he'll dim By which he oft has quenched the bolts of Jove, And brought the Thunderer captive from the sky. For this offense you shall dire forfeit pay, E'en with your blood; for hot of wrath is he, And may not be o'ercome. At his command Did fierce Achilles strike the peaceful lyre; He forced the Greeks and Agamemnon proud To do his will. Illustrious cities, too, And Priam's realm he utterly destroyed. And now my mind in fear awaits to see What Cupid's cruel penalties will be.

Nero [seated in a room of his palace]: Too slow my soldiers' hands, too mild my wrath, When citizens have dared such crimes as these. Those torches that they kindled 'gainst their prince Their blood shall quench; and Rome, who bore such men, Shall be bespattered with her people's gore. Yet death is far too light a punishment For such atrocities; this impious mob Shall suffer worse than death. But she, my wife And sister, whom I hate with deadly fear, For whose sole sake the people rage at me, Shall give her life at last to sate my grief, And quench my anger in her flowing blood. Soon shall my flames enwrap the city's walls, And in the ruins of her falling homes The people shall be buried; squalid want, Dire hunger, grief—all these shall they endure. Too fat upon the blessings of our age Has this vile mob become, and know not how To bear our clemency and relish peace; But, rash and reckless, are they ever borne By shifting tides of passion to their hurt. They must be held in check by suffering, Be ever pressed beneath the heavy yoke, Lest once again they dare assail the throne,


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 63 DREAM-LIFE.

path to meet you, as the Wife does in Mr. Irving s Sketch Book, and how she will have a harp inside, and will wear white dresses, with a blue sash.

Poor Clarence, it never once occurs to you, that even Madge may grow fat, and wear check aprons, and snuffy-brown dresses of woollen stuff, and twist her hair in yellow papers ! Oh no, boyhood has no such dreams as that !

I shall leave you here in the middle of your first foray into the world of sentiment, with those wicked blue eyes chasing rain bows over your heart, and those little feet walking every day into your affections. I shall leave you before the affair has ripened into any overtures, and while there is only a sixpence split in halves, and tied about your neck, and Maggie s neck, to bind your destinies together.

If I even hinted at any probability of your marrying her, or of your not marrying ner, you would be very likely to dispute me, One knows his own feelings, or thinks he does, so much better than any one can tell (him!


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 coldly civil tone. “It will not inconvenience you, I hope, to leave to-day.”

To say that Miss Lethwait gazed at Lady Jane in consternation, would be saying little. Never for a moment had she feared her to have been in any way cognisant of the previous night’s little episode in the smoking-room; she had but supposed this present summons had reference to some matter or other connected with Lucy. The words fell upon her like a shock, and she could only stand in astonishment.

“I beg your pardon, Lady Jane,” she said, when she found her tongue. "Leave, did you say? Leave to-day!”

“You will oblige me by so doing,” calmly replied Jane.

Miss Lethwait stood before Lady Jane in silence. That calmness is so difficult to contend against! She might have met it better had her ladyship only been in a passion.

“May I ask the reason of this sudden dismissal?” she at length murmured, with a rush of fear that Lady Jane must have been in some obscure corner of the smoking-room and seen the kiss.

“I would prefer that you did not ask me the reason,” replied Jane.

“Possibly you might find it in your own conscience if you searched. There are things which to the refined mind are derogatory even to think of, utterly obnoxious to speak upon. I had deemed you a gentlewoman, Miss Lethwait. I am grieved that I was mistaken and I bitterly regret having placed you in charge of Lady Lucy Chesney.”

All that Miss Lethwait possessed of fiery anger rose up to boiling heat. Lady Jane’s tone was so stinging, so quietly contemptuous: as if she, the governess, were no longer worthy of any other. The taunt as to the gentlewoman told home.

Retorting words rose to her tongue; but ere the lips gave utterance to them, prudence came to her, and they were choked down. A scene now with Lady Jane, and she might never be the Countess of Oakburn. The scarlet hue of emotion tinged her cheek, deep and glowing, as it had on the previous night; but she compelled herself to endure, and stood in silence.

“There is due to you a balance of six pounds,” resumed Jane; “and five pounds in lieu of the customary month’s warning will make it eleven. In justice I believe I ought also to advance to you money for the month’s board if you will name any sum you may deem suitable, I”

“I beg your pardon, that is not customary,” passionately interrupted Miss Lethwait. “I could not accept anything of the kind.”

“Then I believe you will find this correct,” said Jane, placing a ten-pound note and a sovereign on the table. And Miss Lethwait after a moment’s hesitation took them up.

“I am sorry to have incurred your displeasure, Lady Jane,” she said, her anger subsiding. “Perhaps you will think better of me sometime.”

The tone in spite of herself was one of deprecation. It grated on Jane Chesney’s ear. She raised her haughty eyelids and bent on the governess one long look of condemnation.

“Never,” she answered, with more temper than she had hitherto shown. “Your duties in this house are finished, Miss Lethwait. Any assistance that you may require in packing, I beg you will ring for. And I would prefer—I would very much prefer that you should not see Lady Lucy previous to your departure.”

“Put out of the house like a dog!” murmured the unlucky governess to her own rebellious spirit. “But the tables may be turned; yes, they may be turned ere many months shall have gone by!”

Jane moved her hand and bowed her from her presence, coldly civil, grandly courteous. She vouchsafed no other leave-taking, and the governess went forth from her presence, her cheeks hot with their scarlet tinge. Not many times in her life had that scarlet dyed the face of Eliza Lethwait.

Outside the door she paused in indecision. In spite of all that had passed, she was not deficient in maidenly reticence, and to search out Lord Oakburn went against her. But it was necessary he should know of this dismissal, if the past night’s offer were to be regarded as an earnest one.

She went swiftly down the stairs and found the earl in the small apartment that Lucy had called his smoking-room. He would go there sometimes in a morning if he had letters to write. The earl was seated leaning over an open letter, his stick lying on the table beside it. He looked up when she entered.

“Lady Jane has dismissed me, Lord Oakburn.”

She spoke in no complaining tone, in no voice of anger. Rather in sadness, as if she had merited the dismissal. The earl did not take in the sense of the words; he had been buried in a reverie, and it seemed that he could not at once awake from it.

“What?” cried he.

“I am sorry to say that Lady Jane has dismissed me,” she repeated.

“What’s that for?” he demanded, awaking fully to the words now, and his voice and his stick were alike raised.


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Page:Dream Life - Mitchell - 1899? Altemus.djvu/321

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 Altemus New Illustrated Vademecum Series. Continued

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12 petrosal and occipital bones. This foramen transmits the ninth (glossopharyngeal), tenth (vagus), and eleventh (accessory) cranial nerves. The carotid foramen is anterior to the jugular foramen, between the tympanic bulla and the basioccipital bone. Near the posterior ends of the pterygoid processes is a pair of foramina which communicate with one another by a horizontal space in the basisphenoid bone. A large oval foramen lies immediately anterior to the one just mentioned. Note the communication of this oval foramen with the superior orbital fissure. Ventral to the foramen ovale another large oval foramen perforates the posterior part of the lateral pterygoid process. Note the two slits in the cranium, dorsal and posterior to the choana, communicating with the anterior lacerated foramen.

The prepalatine foramina are two conspicuous slits on the roof of the mouth in the region of the diastema. They are surrounded by the maxillary and premaxillary bones. The postpalatine foramina perforate the roof of the mouth near the lateral margin of each palatine bone. A bristle inserted through the foramen will show its communication with the groove on the floor of the orbito-temporal fossa.

Exercise III. Draw and label the ventral view of the cranium.

Interior of the cranium. Bisect the skull vertically in a plane slightly at one side of the sagittal plane. Use a sharp bone saw with small teeth. Care should be exercised to injure the bones as little as possible.

Two cavities will be observed, the cranial cavity for the brain, and the nasal cavity. The cranial cavity is subdivided further into the cerebellar, cerebral, and olfactory fossae.

The cerebellar fossa holds the cerebellum. It occupies the posterior part of the cranium and is partially sepa-


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Rh rated from the cerebral fossa by an incompletely ossified lateral partition, the tentorium. The ossified portion of the tentorium is a dorsal extension of the petrosal bone, which forms a part of the lateral wall of the cerebellar fossa. The floccular fossa is a relatively large cavity occupying the posterodorsal region of the petrosal bone. Its opening into the cranial cavity is an oval aperture considerably narrower than the cavity itself. The cerebral fossa is the largest division of the cranial cavity. It incloses the cerebrum. The foramina observed in the study of the lateral view may be identified easily by thrusting a bristle through each foramen from the outside. The olfactory fossa is a laterally compressed cavity opening behind into the cerebral fossa and bounded in front by the cribriform plate. This cavity contains the olfactory lobes of the brain. The branches of the olfactory nerve enter the nasal cavity through the numerous foramina in the cribriform plate. In a cranium from which the roof has been removed, the cribriform plate will be seen to be heart-shaped.

Though the nasal cavity can be satisfactorily studied in a longitudinal section of the skull, it can be seen to the best advantage if the dorsal and lateral bony wall of the cavity be removed. In doing this care should be taken to preserve intact the nasal bones and their delicate ventral processes, and while chipping away the lateral wall to injure as little as possible the delicate turbinal bones at the back and sides of the nasal cavity. The nasal cavity is tubular in form posteriorly (naso-pharyngeal duct), and terminates at the single posterior naris, or choana. Its external opening is through the two anterior nares at the anterior end of the snout. The nasal cavity is bounded dorsally by the nasal bones, posteriorly by the cribriform plate and maxillary bones, ventrally by the premaxillary,


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Rh And to the august features of my wife Dare lift again their vulgar eyes. O'erawed By fear of punishment must they be taught To yield obedience to their prince's nod. But here I see the man whose loyalty Has made him captain of my royal guards. [Enter Prefect.] Prefect: The people's rage by slaughter of a few, Who most resistance made is overcome. Nero: Is that enough? Was that my word to thee "Is overcome?" Where then is my revenge? Prefect: The guilty leaders of the mob are dead. Nero: Nay, but the mob itself, which dared to assail My house with flames, to dictate laws to me, To drag my noble wife from off my bed, And with unhallowed hands and angry threats To affront her majesty—are they unscathed? Prefect: Shall angry grief decide their punishment? Nero: It shall—whose fame no future age shall dim. Prefect: Which neither wrath nor fear shall moderate? Nero: She first shall feel my wrath who merits it. Prefect: Tell whom thou mean'st. My hand shall spare her not. Nero: My wrath demands my guilty sister's death. Prefect: Benumbing horror holds me in its grasp. Nero: Wilt not obey my word? Prefect: Why question that? Nero: Because thou spar'st my foe Prefect: A woman, foe? Nero: If she be criminal. Prefect: But what her crime? Nero: The people's rage. Prefect: But who can check their rage? Nero: The one who fanned its flame. Prefect: But who that one? Nero: A woman she, to whom an evil heart Hath nature given, a soul to fraud inclined. Prefect: But not the power to act. Nero: That she may be


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14 maxillary, and palatine bones. The two long prepalatine foramina lie in its floor, and it communicates by a foramen with each orbito-temporal fossa. A perpendicular median partition, the nasal septum, divides the nasal cavity into two nasal fossae. The septum is partly cartilaginous.

Each nasal fossa contains three very delicate, folded turbinal bones, which probably correspond to the maxillo-turbinal, nasoturbinal, and ethmoturbinal bones of other mammals. The first of these is an elongated thin sheet of bone attached ventrally to the inner surface of the pre-maxillary bone. The second is a process of the nasal bone. Its ventral edge turns outward and upward like the rolled edge of a stiff piece of paper. The ethmoturbinal bone is much more extensively convoluted than the other turbinals. The convolutions inclose spaces known as ethmoidal cells, whose long axes are, in general, directed antero-posteriorly. The ethmoturbinals are attached posteriorly to the cribriform plate. Examination of a skull in which the bone has been removed from the side of the nasal fossa shows that in the posterior part of the fossa the turbinal bones extend from the top to the bottom of the cavity and posteriorly almost to the optic foramen. The convolutions of the turbinal bones, together with the flesh covering them, are sometimes called the nasal labyrinth. In mammals the folds supported by the turbinals warm the air and extract foreign bodies from it. The epithelium covering the ethmoturbinals contains olfactory cells which are stimulated by odorous substances in the air.

Consult a text on comparative anatomy to determine the variations among vertebrates in the bones of the nasal cavity. Compare the nasal cavity of the rat with the same part in the turtle, frog, dogfish, etc. Assisted by a text on embryology outline the stages in the evolution of the nasal cavity.


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Rh

Having examined the general topography of the skull, the structure of each bone should be studied in greater detail.

This bone first appears in the mammalian embryo as four centers of ossification in the chondrocranium (cartilaginous cranium). One of these centers is dorsal (supraoccipital), one ventral (basioccipital), and two are lateral (exoccipitals) to the foramen magnum. These four bones fuse in mammals to form the occipital. The supra- and ex-occipital regions in the rat are the posterior wall of the cranium. The basioccipital is the floor of the cerebellar fossa.

The basioccipital region is trapezoidal in shape, broader behind than in front. Anteriorly it joins the basisphenoid bone by a suture at right angles to the long axis of the skull. Posteriorly it forms the ventral boundary of the foramen magnum. Laterally it comes in contact with, but is not fused to, the tympanic bulla and the petrosal bone. Note the two marked depressions on the ventral surface of the bone which are separated from one another by a median ridge. The inner surface of the basioccipital, where it comes in contact with the brain, is concave.

The occipital condyles and the triangular jugular processes previously mentioned, are parts of the exoccipital regions. The condyles bound the foramen magnum ventrolaterally. They articulate with the atlas, or first neck vertebra. This articulation permits the head to be raised


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16 and lowered vertically without a corresponding movement of the neck. The hypoglossal canal is anterior to the condyle. The exoccipitals are fused dorsally with the supraoccipital, ventrally with the basioccipital, and are in contact anteriorly with the mastoid process of the petrosal bone.

Viewed from above the dorsal edge of the supraoccipital region resembles the segment of a circle with its center anterior to the bone. The ends of the segment terminate in a dorsoventral ridge where the supraoccipital connects with the squamosal bone. This ridge is continuous with the post-tympanic hook. A median vertical ridge (the posterior occipital protuberance) bisects the nuchal surface.

The sphenoid is a complicated structure consisting of two distinct parts, the anterior sphenoid and posterior sphenoid. Each of these, in turn, consists of three elements, separated in some of the lower vertebrates, but fused in the higher.

The three fused elements forming the posterior sphenoid are the single median basisphenoid (post-sphenoid) and the two lateral alisphenoids. The basisphenoid is bounded caudally by the basioccipital, anteriorly by the anterior sphenoid, and laterally is fused with the alisphenoid bones. Anterior to its union with the alisphenoids, the basisphenoid increases slightly in width up to its attachment with the presphenoid. The pterygoid processes (one pair on each side), described in the discussion of the ventral view of the skull, are attached to the ventral surface of each alisphenoid bone. Dorsal to the lateral pterygoid process is a depression into which the foramen ovale and two other foramina open. The alisphenoid expands, dorsal


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450 Without the power to act, that present fear May break her strength, let punishment at once, Too long delayed, crush out her guilty life. Have done at once with arguments and prayers, And do my royal bidding: let her sail To some far distant shore and there be slain, That thus at last my fears may be at rest. [Exeunt.] Chorus [attached to Octavia]: Oh, dire and deadly has the people's love To many proved, which fills their swelling sails With favoring breeze, and bears them out to sea; But soon its vigor languishes and dies, And leaves them to the mercy of the deep. The wretched mother of the Gracchi wept Her murdered sons, who, though of noble blood, Far famed for eloquence and piety, Stout-hearted, learnéd in defense of law, Were brought to ruin by the people's love And popular renown. And Livius, thee To equal fate did fickle fortune give, Who found no safety in thy lictors' rods, No refuge in thy home. But grief forbids To tell more instances. This hapless girl, To whom but now the citizens decreed The restoration of her fatherland, Her home, her brother's couch, is dragged away In tears and misery to punishment, With citizens consenting to her death! Oh, blesséd poverty, content to hide Beneath the refuge of a lowly roof! For lofty homes, to fame and fortune known, By storms are blasted and by fate o'erthrown! [Enter Octavia in the custody of the palace guards, who are dragging her roughly out into the street.] Octavia: Oh, whither do ye hurry me? What fate Has that vile tyrant or his queen ordained? Does she, subdued and softened by my woes, Grant me to live in exile? Or, if not, If she intends to crown my sufferings


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Rh With death, why does her savage heart begrudge That I should die at home? But now, alas, I can no longer hope for life; behold, My brother's bark, within whose treacherous hold His mother once was borne; and now for me, Poor wretch, his slighted sister-wife, it waits. No more has right a place upon the earth, Nor heavenly gods. Grim Fury reigns supreme. Oh, who can fitly weep my evil plight? What nightingale has tongue to sing my woes? Would that the fates would grant her wings to me! Then would I speed away on pinions swift, And leave my grievous troubles far behind, Leave these unholy haunts of savage men. There, all alone, within some forest wide, Among the swaying branches would I sit, And let my grieving spirit weep its fill. Chorus: The race of men is by the fates controlled, And none may hope to make his own secure; And o'er the ever-shifting ways of life The day which most we fear shall come to us. But comfort now thy heart with thought of those Of thine own house who suffered ill, and ask: In what has fortune been more harsh to thee? Thee first I name, Agrippa's noble child, The famous mother of so many sons, Great Caesar's wife, whose name throughout the world In flaming glory shone, whose teeming womb Brought forth so many hostages of peace: E'en thee did exile wait, and cruel chains, Blows, bitter anguish, and at last a death Of lingering agony. And Livia, thou, Though fortunate in husband and in sons, Didst walk the way of sin—and punishment. And Julia, too, endured her mother's fate; For, though no evil deed was charged to her, She fell a victim to the sword at last. What could not once thy mighty mother do Who ruled supreme the house of Claudius,


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452 By him beloved, and in her son secure? Yet she at last was subject to a slave, And fell beneath a brutal soldier's sword. For what exalted heights of royalty Might not our Nero's mother once have hoped? Mishandled first by vulgar sailors' hands Then slain and mangled by the bungling sword, She lay the victim of her cruel son. Octavia: Me, too, the tyrant to the world of shades Is sending. Why delay? Then speed my death, For fate hath made me subject to your power. I pray the heavenly gods—what wouldst thou, fool? Pray not to gods who show their scorn of thee. But, O ye gods of hell, ye furies dire, Who work your vengeance on the crimes of men, And thou, my father's restless spirit, come And bring this tyrant fitting punishment. [To her guards.] The death you threaten has no terrors now For me. Go, set your ship in readiness, Unfurl your sails, and let your pilot seek The barren shores of Pandataria. [Exit Octavia with guards.] Chorus: Ye gentle breezes and ye zephyrs mild, Which once from savage Dian's altar bore Atrides' daughter in a cloud concealed, This child of ours, Octavia too, we pray, Bear far away from these too cruel woes, And set her in the fane of Trivia. For Aulis is more merciful than Rome, The savage Taurian land more mild than this: There hapless strangers to their gods they feed, But Rome delights to see her children bleed.


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Rh to these foramina, into a flat process which extends toward the base of the zygomatic arch. This process runs posteriorly to the tympanic bulla but does not fuse with it. The process joins dorsally the squamosal and frontal bones. It forms a part of the posterior wall of the orbito-temporal fossa, sending a process forward to the palatine bone and alveolar process of the maxillary. The failure of the alisphenoid bones to fuse with the presphenoid and anterior part of the basisphenoid, leaves a pair of long slits dorsal to the choana. Observe the position of the anterior lacerated foramen.

The three fused constituents of the anterior sphenoid bone are the single median presphenoid and the two lateral orbitosphenoids. The presphenoid bone extends anteriorly from the basisphenoid. In the cerebral fossa its smooth surface decreases in width anteriorly until it is reduced to a thin septum between the two optic foramina. The ventral surface bears a keel which appears as a low ridge on the roof of the naso-pharyngeal duct. Each optic foramen is bounded medially by the presphenoid, laterally by the wedge shaped orbitosphenoid bone. The base of the latter is fused with the presphenoid. Its apex is thrust outward between the alisphenoid bone, posteriorly, and the orbital process of the frontal bone, anteriorly. The shape and size of the orbitosphenoid can be readily observed from the inside of the cranial cavity.

The squamosal bone resembles a very short-handled claw hammer if viewed from the lateral surface of the skull. The "handle" widens posteriorly, and with a spur from the occipital bone forms the posttympanic hook. The "handle" is bordered dorsaUy by the parietal bone,


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18 ventrally by the petrous and tympanic bones, and by an unossified region of the skull. The "claw" of the hammer is bounded ventroanteriorly by the alisphenoid bone; posteriorly its tip approaches the tympanic bone. Dorsally the "hammer" joins the frontal and parietal bones; it is bounded anteriorly by the orbital process of the frontal bone.

The squamosal bone bears a pronounced longitudinal ridge which runs nearly its whole length. Dorsal to the "claw" the ridge is extended anteroventrally as a curved spur, the zygomatic process. This process forms a part of the zygomatic arch. The mandibular fossa, for the articulation of the lower jaw, lies ventral to the base of the zygomatic process.

The tympanic bulla contains the tympanic cavity, or cavity of the middle ear, which opens laterally through the external acoustic meatus.

The petrosal bone incloses the inner ear, and is seen on the inner surface of the skull. The mastoid portion of the petrosal is inserted into the notch at the side of the occipital bone.

The interparietal is an ovoid bone of membranous origin inserted between the supraoccipital and the paired parietals. It meets the nuchal surface nearly at right angles.


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Rh

The paired parietal bones are of membranous origin. They constitute the greater part of the roof and a considerable part of the sides of the cerebral fossa. Each bone, were it flattened out, would be nearly rectangular. The true shape is obscured externally by a process of the squamosal bone which covers the anteroventral part of the parietal. Note the connections, posteriorly with the interparietal, anteriorly with the frontal, and laterally with the squamosal bones. The curved inner surface is smooth, but externally the temporal line separates the dorsal from the lateral region of each bone.

The two frontal bones are of membranous origin. They are united in the mid-dorsal line by the frontal suture. Each bone consists of a frontal and an orbital part. The former roofs the skull in front of the parietals, the latter forms the greater part of the side wall of the orbito-temporal fossa. The temporal line sharply separates these two portions of the bone externally. The frontal part joins the parietal bone posteriorly at the coronal suture. This part decreases in width anteriorly and articulates with the nasal and premaxillary bones. The orbital part is concave. Its posterior region, partly overlaid by the squamosal bone, forms a portion of the back wall of the orbit. Ventrally it joins the alisphenoid, orbitosphenoid, and maxillary bones—anteriorly the lacrimal and maxillary bones.

The frontal bones, internally, are the anterior wall of the cerebral fossa, the lateral wall of the olfactory fossa, and they partly inclose the nasal cavity posteriorly. An


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20 internal ridge marks the boundary between the cerebral and olfactory fossae. The cribriform plate is attached to the frontal bones between the olfactory fossa and nasal cavity.

This highly complicated bone, of cartilaginous origin, is the chief representative of the embryonic nasal capsule. It includes the perpendicular plate of the nasal septum, the cribriform plate, and the ethmoturbinal bones.

The maxillary bone consists chiefly of five processes—the frontal, zygomatic, alveolar, palatine, and orbital. It is a membrane bone. The frontal process is divided by the large infraorbital foramen into a lateral and median portion. The latter forms part of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity and is comparatively thin. The skull is unossified posterior to this part of the frontal process, which joins the premaxillary bone dorsally and anteriorly. The lateral portion of the frontal process is a laterally concave plate connected with the dorsal surface of the cranium by a bony arch. To the dorsal end of this plate is attached the zygomatic process, which forms the anterior half of the zygomatic arch. The alveolar process (so called because it contains the alveoli of the teeth) is a strong bony mass holding the three molar teeth. It is bounded posteriorly and dorsomedially by the sphenoid bones, medially by the palatine process and palatine bone. The palatine process joins its fellow on the opposite side by a median suture in the roof of the mouth. It forms part of the hard palate. In front it surrounds the posterior half of the prepalatine foramen. It joins the pala-


text: Tragedies of Seneca (1907) Miller/Octavia


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 might throw stones, it was protected by an outside shelter, and was oddly festooned with all manner of hedge-row, ditch, and field plants, which we are accustomed to call valueless, but which have a powerful effect either for good or for evil, and are consequently much used among the poor. The room was strewed, hung, and darkened with these bunches, which emitted no very fragrant odour in their process of drying. In one corner was a sort of broad hanging shelf, made of old planks, where some old hoards of Alice's were kept. Her little bit of crockery ware was ranged on the mantelpiece, where also stood her candlestick and box of matches. A small cupboard contained at the bottom coals, and at the top her bread and basin of oatmeal, her frying pan, tea-pot, and a small tin saucepan, which served as a bottle, as well as for cooking the delicate little messes of broth which Alice sometimes was able to manufacture for a sick neighbour.

After her walk she felt chilly and weary, and was busy trying to light her fire with the damp coals, and half green sticks, when Mary knocked.

"Come in," said Alice, remembering, however, that she had barred the door for the night, and hastening to make it possible for any one to come in.

"Is that you, Mary Barton?" exclaimed she, as the light from her candle streamed on the girl's face. "How you are grown since I used to see you at my brother's! Come in, lass, come in."

"Please," said Mary, almost breathless, "mother says you're to come to tea, and bring your cup and saucer,


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 for George and Jane Wilson is with us, and the twins, and Jem. And you're to make haste, please."

"I'm sure it's very neighbourly and kind in your mother, and I'll come, with many thanks. Stay, Mary, has your mother got any nettles for spring drink? If she hasn't I'll take her some."

"No, I don't think she has."

Mary ran off like a hare to fulfil what, to a girl of thirteen, fond of power, was the more interesting part of her errand—the money-spending part. And well and ably did she perform her business, returning home with a little bottle of rum, and the eggs in one hand, while her other was filled with some excellent red-and-white smoke-flavoured, Cumberland ham, wrapped up in paper.

She was at home, and frying ham, before Alice had chosen her nettles, put out her candle, locked her door, and walked in a very foot-sore manner as far as John Barton's. What an aspect of comfort did his houseplace present, after her humble cellar. She did not think of comparing; but for all that she felt the delicious glow of the fire, the bright light that revelled in every corner of the room, the savoury smells, the comfortable sounds of a boiling kettle, and the hissing, frizzling ham. With a little old-fashioned curtsey she shut the door, and replied with a loving heart to the boisterous and surprised greeting of her brother.

And now all preparations being made, the party sat down. Mrs. Wilson in the post of honour, the rocking chair on the right hand side of the fire, nursing her


text: Weird Tales/Volume 2/Issue 1/The Outcasts


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