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high and low energies is proceeding at a surprising low rate of effort amounting to only about 10% of the total effort. The remaining interests and activities involve plasma physics, quantum electronics, and acoustics.

The major portion of research in solid-state physics is divided between that being conducted at the laboratories of Charles University and the institute of the CSAV. The work being done at the university represents crystal studies on single crystals and crystalline structures in alloys. Primary interest involves the studies of stress variations and strain-rate changes. The most prominent investigator heading those studies is Dr. M. Saxlova. Other activities on a low level at Charles University involve studies of material mechanical properties, field theories, aluminum oxide-structures, X-ray diffraction of solids, cadmium-telluride rectifier characteristics, and electron correlations and susceptibility of glasses.

At the CSAV institutes in Prague and Brno, a considerable effort is devoted to lattice mechanics and the concepts leading to development of semiconductor devices. Although there are indications that some work is being done with germanium structures, silicon materials are being emphasized. This is shown by the research dealing with tunneling spectroscopy induced by local modes and measurements in In-SiO2 degenerated p-silicon junctions. Metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) structures are also being studied to determine the influence of surface treatment of silicon on the effective impurity charge density. The Czechoslovaks are also conducting a large amount of applied research in connection with semiconductor film structures. Recrystallization and crystal structures of evaporated films and thin film properties of metal and liquid films are being studied. Some good research is underway dealing with control of semiconductor-insulator interface characteristics in metal insulator conductor (MIS) systems. A limited amount of research associated with semiconductor materials is being pursued at the College of Chemical Technology at Pardubice which involves germanium-doped (Sb2Te3) crystals. The small amount of research being conducted in magnetics in Czechoslovakia indicates that the Soviets predominance in assignments of the Council for Economic Mutual Assistance is very effective.

Approximately one-half of the research being done in optics, electrooptics, photometry, spectroscopy, and interferometry occurs at the institutes of the CSAV. Investigations are concerned with the study of electrooptical properties of ferroelectrics from the standpoint of birefringence and temperature dependency. Work along this line is also underway in connection with stress-induced birefringence as related to phase transitions in potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP). Both radio-frequency and solid-state spectroscopy are receiving some attention at the CSAV—the first is being explored to develop instrumentation needed for measurement of electron nuclear double magnetic resonances and the second for development of particle spectrometers. Czechoslovak specialists in the application of spectroscopy appear to be skilled in the use of Auger spectroscopy in their studies of silicon surfaces. Research in photometry is at a low level and shows a casual interest in calibration and photoelectric receivers. The research in interferometry is industry-oriented and involves the use of lasers as a coherent source of light. A limited amount of research, which may be expanded later, is being conducted at the CSAV on optical information storage in potassium chloride and bromide crystals. This latter interest is connected with the development of holographic instruments and techniques.

Czechoslovakia appears to be deemphasizing basic research associated with the nuclear sciences. Since the institutes pursuing research in nuclear physics have undergone reorganization, their activities have been curtailed significantly. At the present time it appears that a limited amount of high-energy research remains under the CSAV, Charles University, and the P.J. Safarik University, Kosice. Much of the research deals with subjects concerning the operation of betatron and accelerator facilities. Some theoretical studies have been reported on pion-nucleon coupling analyses at the CSAV. Some work has been done on the study of noncentral effects of nucleon transfer functions at the CSAV, which indicates that some past work is being reviewed. Models are being formulated that deal with excitation functions and isomer ratios of kaon reactions, with some extension of the subject being earned into studying the interference effects in pionic decay of neural kaons. At Safarikovo University, some contributions have been made in determining particle energies for collisions by using track visualization observed in photographic emulsions. Inelastic scattering by energy radiated from dysprosium isotopes of high-energy deuterons is a subject of research at Charles University. Research in the low-energy phases of nuclear physics is at a low level and generally deals with experimental studies in the use of research reactors.

The remaining sub-branches of physics, those which show very moderate interest and progress, involve magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) and plasma, physics

19

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text:
Page:A Grammar of Modern Indo-European.pdf/2

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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
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 seeming to leave his bedside. At once he said, "You noticed that, did you?" I replied that I had been very much struck by her care of him. "I was blind," he said; "I do not know what happened, but I am very glad you remarked how carefully Sarefa nursed me, and that you have mentioned it, for now you will recognise that she ought to have an allowance."

In the presence of the lady, even though she did not raise her eyes from the floor, it was difficult not to recognise that, if curses come home to roost, blessings sometimes go astray.

After a respite of eighteen months, the evil spirit again took possession of the King, and this time made short work of him.

The scientific explanation, deriding the evil-spirit theory, said that a tumour on the brain, caused by no matter what, accounted for the first attack, and that as sometimes, but rarely, happens, the growth was for a time arrested, the tumour contracted, and the pressure on the brain was removed. But the mischief was there, and a sudden rapid development of the disease brought on a return of the symptoms, a violent but hopeless struggle, and death.

It is the custom in the country of which I now write to, in a manner, canonise its Sultans. At the

title: Page:Malay Sketches.pdf/193


text: Page:Remorse. - A tragedy, in five acts. (IA remorsetragedyin00cole).pdf/23


text:
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 burial, when the moment arrives for carrying the body to the place of sepulture, the dead man is given a new name, by which he is ever afterwards known. That name is chosen with some reference to his earthly life. Thus, there is Al-měrhum or Merhum Pâsir Panjang (that is, "The Sultan who died at Pâsir Panjang"), Měrhum Kahar-Allah ("The late Sultan to whom God gave strength"), and so on.

When this King was buried, the name conferred upon him was Měrhum Rafir-Allah, and the meaning is, "May God pardon him."

NOTE.—Since writing the above, I have read the following in the Home News:

"In the Lord Mayor's Court on Oct. 14, before the Assistant Judge and a jury, the case of 'Fischer v. Brown' was concluded. This (says the Times) was an action brought by Fischer and Co., a firm of Bombay merchants, to recover from Messrs. Brown, Saville, and Co., who carry on business in this country, the sum of £73, money paid by the plaintiffs to the defendants, for which they had received no consideration. It appeared that in July, 1892, the plaintiffs received an order for a special perambulator, which was to be given to His Highness

title: Page:Malay Sketches.pdf/194


text: East European Quarterly/Volume 15/Number 1/Reviews


text: Author:František Kutnar

title: Author:František Kutnar


text:
Page:Diary of a Pilgrimage (1891).pdf/1

JEROME K. JEROME.

ARROWSMITH'S THREE--SIXPENNY SERIES

title: Page:Diary of a Pilgrimage (1891).pdf/1


text: Page:Diary of a Pilgrimage (1891).pdf/2

title: Page:Diary of a Pilgrimage (1891).pdf/2


text:
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 * 1) Get tea.
 * 2) Get dinner (or any meal).
 * 3) Call the coolie.
 * 4) I want a bath.
 * 5) There is no water.
 * 6) Have you had dinner yet?
 * 7) Is there any beef?
 * 8) There is no beef.
 * 9) There is mutton.
 * 10) Bring some bread.
 * 11) Bring some hot water.
 * 12) I don't want wine,
 * 13) Call the cook,
 * 14) He hasn't come back yet.
 * 15) Is there any milk?
 * 16) There is a little.
 * 17) Is it good
 * 18) Not very good.
 * 19) Put it here.
 * 20) These are fowl's eggs,
 * 21) They are not very large.
 * 22) They are nicer than large ones.
 * 23) Is this good to eat?
 * 24) It is (good to eat).
 * 25) Are there any fowls?
 * 26) What is this?
 * 27) Is there any other?
 * 28) The cook has come.
 * 29) Does he smoke opium?
 * 30) That's uncertain.
 * 31) Who is he?
 * 32) He is a Chinaman.


text:
Page:Diary of a Pilgrimage (1891).pdf/3

DIARY OF A PILGRIMAGE.

To every purchaser of which are also given away in this volume

by the same Author.

title: Page:Diary of a Pilgrimage (1891).pdf/3


text:
Page:Handbook of the Swatow Dialect.pdf/14

 * 1) Poo tay.
 * 2) Poo pung.
 * 3) Hahm coolee li.
 * 4) Wah i soy-ek.
 * 5) Baw dzooee.
 * 6) Ler oo cheeah-pung ah-booay?
 * 7) Oo goo-nek al-baw?
 * 8) Baw-me goo-nek.
 * 9) Oo yeay-nek.
 * 10) Kheeay mee-pow-li.
 * 11) Kheeay seeay dzooee-li.
 * 12) M i dzeoo.
 * 13) Hahm hway-t'ow-li.
 * 14) Hwahn booay tung-li.
 * 15) Oo goo-nee ah-baw?
 * 16) Oo lahn-law.
 * 17) Haw m haw?
 * 18) Baw-me haw.
 * 19) Pahng-taw tjee-kaw.
 * 20) Tjee-gi se koy nung.
 * 21) Baw-me tooah.
 * 22) Pee tooah-gi keng haw.
 * 23) Tjee-gi haw-cheeah m haw-cheeah?
 * 24) Haw cheeah.
 * 25) Oo koy ah-baw?
 * 26) Tjee-gi se simmy?
 * 27) Hwahn oo paht-gi ah-baw?
 * 28) Hway-t'ow li-lo.
 * 29) E oo checah ah-p'yen ah-baw?
 * 30) Baw teoah teeay.
 * 31) E se simmy nahng?
 * 32) E se Tung-nahng.


text:
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 * 1) Come here!
 * 2) Who has come?
 * 3) No one has come?
 * 4) Who is that?
 * 5) I don't know.
 * 6) He's not a good man.
 * 7) Tell him to go away.
 * 8) Open the door.
 * 9) Shut the door.
 * 10) Call the boy.
 * 11) Come quickly.
 * 12) Where's the coolie?
 * 13) Has he come?
 * 14) Call him back.
 * 15) Come tomorrow.
 * 16) He needn't come back.
 * 17) He can't come.
 * 18) Get another man.
 * 19) He doesn't wish to come.
 * 20) Come with me.
 * 21) How many men are there?
 * 22) More than ten.
 * 23) Altogether there are sixty men.
 * 24) Are there any children?
 * 25) This is a boy.
 * 26) Is this a boy or a girl?
 * 27) He is in my employ.
 * 28) Who is your master?
 * 29) He is a Chinaman.
 * 30) He is not one of your countrymen.
 * 31) Where does he live?
 * 32) A long way from here.


text:
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 * 1) Li!
 * 2) Oo simmy-nahng li?
 * 3) Baw-nahng li.
 * 4) E se simmy-nahng?
 * 5) M dzi.
 * 6) M seo haw nahng.
 * 7) Hahm e kher.
 * 8) Khooee mung.
 * 9) Kooay mung.
 * 10) Hahm sheedzi li.
 * 11) May-may li.
 * 12) Coolee taw tee-kaw?
 * 13) Oo li ah-baw?
 * 14) Hahm e tung-li.
 * 15) Mah-khee li.
 * 16) E meen-eng tung-li.
 * 17) E boy-tit li.
 * 18) Hahm paht-gi-nahng-li.
 * 19) E m i li.
 * 20) Kahng-wah dzaw-poo li.
 * 21) Oo tjeeay-dzoy-nahing?
 * 22) Oo dzahp-gwah-nahng.
 * 23) Loong-dzoong oo lak-dzahp-nahng.
 * 24) Oo no-keeah ah-baw?
 * 25) Tjee-gi se tah-po.
 * 26) Tjee-gi se tah po ah se dzah-bo?
 * 27) E se wah-gi eng-jeen.
 * 28) Ler-gi t'ow-kay se simmy-nahng?
 * 29) E se Tung-nahng.
 * 30) M se le tzo-kay-gi-nahing.
 * 31) E taw teo-kaw kheeah-khee?
 * 32) Lee tjee-kaw hng-dzi.


text:
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 * 1) What o'clock is it?
 * 2) Half past ten.
 * 3) Come back at four o'clock.
 * 4) Tell him to wait.
 * 5) Come tomorrow morning.
 * 6) At what o'clock do you dine?
 * 7) Near about the time of noon.
 * 8) It's rather hot today.
 * 9) It's not very hot.
 * 10) It was very hot yesterday.
 * 11) Today is hotter than yesterday.
 * 12) Next month will be cold.
 * 13) Tomorrow is the end of the month.
 * 14) It was very cold last night.
 * 15) It's sure to be cold at night.
 * 16) There was a typhoon some days ago.
 * 17) Is there any wind now?
 * 18) It's raining now.
 * 19) Bring me an umbrella.
 * 20) It ought not to be raining at this time.
 * 21) Are there any people in the street?
 * 22) I want to go out in the afternoon.
 * 23) Tell the coolies to come and carry the chair.
 * 24) Are there any horses here?
 * 25) I fancy (lit. reckon) they are not very good.
 * 26) I don't dare go out in the daytime.
 * 27) It's too hot.
 * 28) Call someone to pull the punkah.
 * 29) You needn't pull it.
 * 30) I am in a perspiration.
 * 31) That doesn't matter.
 * 32) I'm afraid I shall catch cold.


text:
Page:Handbook of the Swatow Dialect.pdf/18

 * 1) Oo kway-tiem-dzeng?
 * 2) Oo dzap-tiem-pwah-dzeng.
 * 3) See-tiem-dzeng tung li.
 * 4) Hahm e t'eng how.
 * 5) Mah-mung-khee li.
 * 6) Ler kway-tiem-dzeng cheeah pung?
 * 7) Ts'ah-poo-toa jit-tow-gi-see-how.
 * 8) Kim-jit oo lahn-law dzooah.
 * 9) Baw-me dzooah.
 * 10) Dzah-jit dzooah-dzi.
 * 11) Kim-jit pee dzah-jit keng dzooah.
 * 12) Ow-gi-gway ts'een.
 * 13) Mab-khee kow gway.
 * 14) Dzah-may ta'een-dzi.
 * 15) May-kwah, teeah-teeay ts'een.
 * 16) Soy-jit oo hwong-t'i.
 * 17) Tjee-dzoon oo hwong ah-baw?
 * 18) Tjee-dzoon law-ho.
 * 19) Kheeay ho-swah li.
 * 20) Tjee-gi-see-how m-eng-gi-law-ho.
 * 21) Koy-lo oo nahng ah-baw?
 * 22) A-kwah wah i ch'oot-kher.
 * 23) Hahm coolee li, kung keeay.
 * 24) Tjee-kaw oo bay ah-baw?
 * 25) Wah p'ah-sung baw-me haw.
 * 26) Jit-kwah wah m kah ch'oot-li.
 * 27) Khah dzooah.
 * 28) Hahm-nahng-li tooey-hwong.
 * 29) Meen-eng tooey.
 * 30) Wah low-kwah.
 * 31) Tjee-gi baw yow keen.
 * 32) Khyoong-way seeay hwong.


text:
Page:Diary of a Pilgrimage (1891).pdf/5

(AND SIX ESSAYS.)

JEROME K. JEROME

With upwards of One Hundred and Twenty Illustrations

G. G. FRASER

BRISTOL

title: Page:Diary of a Pilgrimage (1891).pdf/5


text: Page:Handbook of the Swatow Dialect.pdf/67


text: Page:Handbook of the Swatow Dialect.pdf/66


text: Page:Diary of a Pilgrimage (1891).pdf/6

title: Page:Diary of a Pilgrimage (1891).pdf/6


text:
Page:Handbook of the Swatow Dialect.pdf/19

 * 1) What is this?
 * 2) This is butter.
 * 3) Is there any fruit?
 * 4) There are two kinds.
 * 5) What kindst
 * 6) There are plantains and pineapples.
 * 7) Are there any other kinds?
 * 8) There are no other kinds.
 * 9) Bring me a light.
 * 10) Have any letters come?
 * 11) Where did this letter come from?
 * 12) This came from the Tek-kee hong.
 * 13) Is there any answer?
 * 14) There is no answer.
 * 15) Bring me a chair.
 * 16) Put it on the table.
 * 17) When did this come?
 * 18) When did you come?
 * 19) Bring me a pen and ink,
 * 20) There is a pencil up-stairs.
 * 21) Is there anyone down-stairs?
 * 22) This house has seven rooms.
 * 23) Has it a garden?
 * 24) It has a small one.
 * 25) Where is your master?
 * 26) He is out for a walk.
 * 27) When will he be back?
 * 28) He didn't say.
 * 29) Is your mistress at home?
 * 30) She went out with my master.
 * 31) When your master comes, tell him,
 * 32) I will come again tomorrow.


text:
Page:Diary of a Pilgrimage (1891).pdf/7

Said a friend of mine to me some months ago: "Well now, why don't you write a sensible book? I should like to see you make people think."

"Do you believe it can be done, then?" I asked.

"Well, try," he replied.

Accordingly, I have tried. This is a sensible book. I want you to understand that. This is a book to improve your mind. In this book I tell you all about Germany—at all events, all I know about Germany—and the Ober-Ammergau Passion Play. I also tell you about other things. I do not tell you all I know about all these other things, because I do not want to swamp you with knowledge. I wish to teach you gradually. When you have learnt this book, you can come again, and I will tell you some more. I should only be defeating my own object did I, by making you think too much at first, give you a, perhaps, lasting dislike to the exercise. I have purposely put the matter in a light and attractive form, so that I may secure the attention

title: Page:Diary of a Pilgrimage (1891).pdf/7


text:
Author:Joseph Frederick Zacek

As editor

 * East European Quarterly, vol. 15, no. 1

title: Author:Joseph Frederick Zacek


text:
Page:Handbook of the Swatow Dialect.pdf/20

 * 1) Tjee-gi se simmy?
 * 2) Tjee-gi se goo-lah.
 * 3) Oo kway-dzee ah-baw?
 * 4) Oo naw yeay.
 * 5) Oo simmy yeay?
 * 6) Oo keng-dzeeay, oo hwahn-li.
 * 7) Hwahn oo paht-gi-yeay ah baw?
 * 8) Baw paht-gi-yeay.
 * 9) Kheeay hooay li.
 * 10) Oo seen-li ah-baw?
 * 11) Tjee-gi-seen se tee-kaw-li-gi?
 * 12) Tjee-gi se Tek-kee-hahng-li-gi.
 * 13) Oo hooey-jee ah-baw?
 * 14) Baw hooey jee.
 * 15) Tah kow-ee li.
 * 16) Pahng-taw ta'ung-teng.
 * 17) Tjee-gi-mooey se tee-teang kheeay-li.
 * 18) Ler tee-teang-see li.
 * 19) Kheeay pit-baht li.
 * 20) Low-teng oo een-pit.
 * 21) Low-a oo nahng taw ah-baw.
 * 22) Tjee-gi-ts'oo oo ch'it koy pahng.
 * 23) Oo hway-hng ah-baw?
 * 24) Oo soy-gi.
 * 25) Ler-gi t'ow-kay taw tee-kaw?
 * 26) E taw gwap-poy t'it-tawt'aw [sic].
 * 27) Teang-see i tung-li?
 * 28) E baw tah.
 * 29) T'ow-kay-neay oo taw ah-baw?
 * 30) Kahng t'ow-kay dzaw-poo ch'oot-kher.
 * 31) T'ow-kay li, ler kahng e tah.
 * 32) Wah tahn mah-khee li.


text:
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vi of the young and the frivolous. I do not want them to notice, as they go on, that they are being instructed; and I have, therefore, endeavoured to disguise from them, so far as is practicable, that this is either an exceptionally clever or an exceptionally useful work. I want to do them good without their knowing it. I want to do you all good—to improve your minds and to make you think, if I can.

What you will think after you have read the book, I do not want to know; indeed, I would rather not know. It will be sufficient reward for me to feel that I have done my duty, and to receive a percentage on the gross sales.

title: Page:Diary of a Pilgrimage (1891).pdf/8


text:
Page:Handbook of the Swatow Dialect.pdf/21

 * 1) What does he say?
 * 2) He says he has no money.
 * 3) Give him a little.
 * 4) Can you read?
 * 5) I can't read.
 * 6) Request the teacher to come.
 * 7) What is your honourable name?
 * 8) (To an inferior.) What is your name?
 * 9) Can you talk Chinese?
 * 10) I can.
 * 11) I am a Chinaman.
 * 12) He is an Englishman.
 * 13) You are not a native of the place.
 * 14) He is a man from Swatow.
 * 15) There are plenty of Chinaman at Singapore.
 * 16) Do you like this? (lit. is it good?)
 * 17) Do you like being here?
 * 18) I do (like it).
 * 19) Tell him to go back.
 * 20) Seize this man.
 * 21) Has he been doing anything wrong?
 * 22) He is a thief.
 * 23) What has he stolen?
 * 24) He has stolen nothing just now.
 * 25) Has he struck anybody?
 * 26) He has: he's a dangerous man.
 * 27) He has been doing something wrong.
 * 28) He ought to be punished.
 * 29) Take him to prison for a fortnight.
 * 30) Afterwards give him twenty blows.
 * 31) When he has been beaten, let him go.
 * 32) Warn him not to get into trouble (again).


text:
Page:A dissertation on slavery - with a proposal for the gradual abolition of it, in the state of Virginia. (IA dissertationonsl00tuckrich).pdf/78

 acquire property in lands, he cannot exercise the right of suffrage, which such a property would confer on his former master; much less can he assist in making those laws by which he is bound. Yet, even under these disabilities, his present condition bears an enviable pre-eminence over his former state. Possessing the liberty of loco-motion, which was formerly denied him, it is in his choice to submit to that civil inferiority, inseparably attached to his condition in this country, or seek some more favourable climate, where all distinctions between men are either totally abolished, or less regarded than in this.

The extirpation of slavery from the United States, is a talk equally arduous and momentous. To restore the blessings of liberty to near a million of oppressed individuals, who have groaned under the yoke of bondage, and to their descendants, is an object, which those who trust in Providence, will be convinced would not be unaided by the divine Author of our being, should we invoke his blessing upon our endeavours.


text:
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 * 1) E tah simmy way!
 * 2) E tah, e baw dzee.
 * 3) Poon e lahn-law.
 * 4) Ler paht jee, m paht jee?
 * 5) Wah m paht jee.
 * 6) Ts'eeah seen sang li.
 * 7) Kooay sang?
 * 8) Ler sang mee-gi? or Ler mee-gi sang.
 * 9) Ler paht tah Tung-nahng-way?
 * 10) Paht.
 * 11) Wah se Tung-nahng.
 * 12) E se Eng-gok-gi-nahng.
 * 13) Ler m se pung-tee nahng.
 * 14) E se Swah-t'ow-li-gi-nahng.
 * 15) Sit-lak oo dzoy-dzi Tung-nahng.
 * 16) Tjee-gi-tee-hng haw m haw?
 * 17) Ler taw tjee-kaw, hwah-hee m hwah-hee?
 * 18) Hwah-hee.
 * 19) Hahm e tung kher.
 * 20) Leeah tjee-gi-nahng.
 * 21) E o dzaw m-haw-gi-ser ah-baw?
 * 22) E se ta'aht.
 * 23) Oo t'ow-kheeay simmy mooey?
 * 24) Tjee-dzoon baw t'ow-kheeay se-mooey.
 * 25) Oo p'ah-nahng ah-baw?
 * 26) Oo; e se lee-hi-gi-nahng.
 * 27) E oo dzooey.
 * 28) Eng-gi p'oy e-gi-dzooey.
 * 29) Leeah e kher keem, naw-gi loy-pi.
 * 30) Ow-li p'ah e tjee-dzap pey.
 * 31) P'ah leeow, pahng e kher.
 * 32) Keng-gi e; hahm e m i dzwahn-dzaw.


text:
Page:A dissertation on slavery - with a proposal for the gradual abolition of it, in the state of Virginia. (IA dissertationonsl00tuckrich).pdf/79

 Yet human prudence forbids that we should precipitately engage in a work of such hazard as a general and simultaneous emancipation. The mind of man must in some measure be formed for his future condition. The early impressions of obedience and submission, which slaves have received among us, and the no less habitual arrogance and assumption of superiority, among the whites, contribute, equally, to unfit the former for freedom, and the latter for equality. To expel


text: The Diary of a Pilgrimage

title: The Diary of a Pilgrimage


text: Page:The Music of the Spheres.djvu/1

title: Page:The Music of the Spheres.djvu/1


text: The Diary of a Pilgrimage/Preface

title: The Diary of a Pilgrimage/Preface


text:
Page:A dissertation on slavery - with a proposal for the gradual abolition of it, in the state of Virginia. (IA dissertationonsl00tuckrich).pdf/80

 them all at once, from the United States, would in fact be to devote them only to


text:
Page:The Music of the Spheres.djvu/3

A Nature Lover's Astronomy

FLORENCE ARMSTRONG GRONDAL

New York

THE MACMILLAN COMPANY

1926

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 Punishments, was ordered to Kiang Si Province to be in charge of the Commissariat. General arrived, after audience, in March; but the English had already taken the Wáng-tong and Bogue forts on the 5th of the 2nd Moon [the 26th February], when Admiral  was killed. Over 300 guns, together with the 200 or more of foreign guns purchased by, had fallen into the enemy's hands. The thousand or so of men newly arrived from Hu Nan were at once sent by to the front. The Cantonese fled the moment the engagement began; but the Hu Nan men fought as they retreated, and half of them wore drowned, together with their Commander. There were only two places on the Canton River narrow enough to be defended, namely, Líptak and Ishámei (20 li) by the east channel, and Tái-wong Káo (15 li) by the south-west. sent Brigadier with 1,000 men to occupy a temple, about three miles distant south-east from Canton, and two miles inland from the river. Another Brigadier,, was sent to occupy Phoenix Hill, about two miles behind Tái-wong Káo. In neither case were measures taken sufficient to stop the ships. At Líptak and Ishámei, though junks filled with stones had been sunk, there were no soldiers to prevent the ships from removing them. The English


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, 1926,

Set up and printed.

Published April, 1926.

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 were at first rather awed at 's military reputation, and, not knowing what our dispositions were, sent some white foreigners to Phoenix Hill with peace proposals. Some traitorous Chinese were with them, and they took soundings as they came. sent the letter on to Canton, and meanwhile allowed the traitors to show the foreigners all over the camp; when, of course, they reported that there were no defences, and advanced, capturing Phoenix Hill and the forts commanding Líptak and Ishámei. Meanwhile was deprived of his titles and honours, and the Emperor was rendered more furious than ever at receiving from  an English "proclamation," posted at Hongkong [1st February 1841], saying:—"As ye are now subjects of Great England, ye ought in right to obey her." 's family was subjected to a domiciliary visit, and he himself [12th March] was haled [sic] in chains to Peking. The English, perceiving the Emperor's rage, and seeing the pass things had come to, feared that peace was farther off than ever, and were most anxious for trade, in order that they might recoup themselves the great expense of the war: besides, the other countries blamed them for keeping the trade closed for so long. They therefore sent a letter by the American head-man and, saying:—"If you want peace, and do not press other matters, all we ask is trade as before; and


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 any ships smuggling opium may be confiscated with their cargoes:" i.e. they dared not ask for either the opium indemnity or for Hongkong, as had been promised to them by . ordered them back out of the Bogue; to which  replied:—"The ships will retire when the Decree authorizing trade is received;"—which was duly reported to the Throne by  and.

The enemy was now at our gates; our soldiers were routed, the people flying, and we had no arms; and so there was no other way of obtaining a truce and the retirement of the enemy but by temporarily giving way: and, as neither the opium indemnity nor a port was demanded, China could have done so with much better grace than before 's degradation. This is the sixth turning-point in Canton affairs.

, on his way to Canton, had heard that peace was likely to be made; so that, in order to back up in anticipation, and secure his own position, he had separately recommended to the Emperor that a "haven for stowage should be granted," which proposal had considerably shaken the Emperor's confidence in him. And now, as he did not take the ground in his reports that the pirates had since been admitted, that he had been defeated, and that some compromise was necessary to get rid of the foe; nor the ground that the foreigners were by this time awe-stricken, that China's dignity had been


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 vindicated, and that affairs had taken a turn of such importance that further mistakes should be avoided; nor, again, that defensive preparations were now complete, and extermination would at once follow further outrages; but simply indulged in empty and equivocal vapourings; the Emperor put him down as an unsoldierly, undiplomatic individual, and would not agree to his recommendations.

By this time the Ting-hai fleet had come, making a total of fifty large ships, half at Hongkong, and half in the river; and flags stuck up in the boats advertised opium for sale all along the river. remained a while on the Kwang Tung frontier whilst means of attack were being hurried up from the provinces. He,, and the new Viceroy , arrived in Canton on the 14th of April. consulted and  as to what was to be done, and they both said that Canton was entirely defenceless, and that the only thing was. to get the foreign ships by some ruse or other outside Liptak and Tái Wong-káo, and then work day and night to block up the river, fortify the banks, and station bodies of soldiers at suitable places, so as to avoid being at the mercy of the western mon. After re-inforcing and equipping ourselves we could then (they said) resume the offensive, and seize the first favourable opportunity of wind and tide to attack and burn the fleet. This month,


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SAMUEL L. BOOTHROYD

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 however, received orders to proceed to Chê Kiang, the Emperor having now formed changed ideas of the respective merits both of him and of  from the reports received from the Nanking and Foochow authorities; and, Viceroy at Nanking, was ordered to replace  as Commissioner.

At first was sensible enough to listen to 's advice and not risk a second fight until the new forces should have arrived; but, yielding to a desire for glory, he at last secretly ordered a sudden night attack upon the fleet from three different quarters, and only informed  when the men had actually left the city. stamped and swore; but it was too late. The attack was made by 400 braves from Sz Chi'wan and by 300 Cantonese, who, at a signal from a gun, rushed on the fleet in fire-boats carrying stink-pots, fireballs, and long boarding-pikes. A certain amount of injury was done to two ships, and five sampans and several hundred foreign soldiers were drowned. managed to effect his escape from the factory where he was, and after his departure the place was completely rifled by the Hu Nan and Sz Ch'wan soldiery. Several Americans were wounded by mistake. At daylight the fleet made a movement up to Canton, and all the combustible material, which


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 had been brought down at such expense from Kwang Si, was set on fire by the steam-launches of the enemy and by the Chinese traitors. Three days later handed in a missive saying that a general attack would take place the next morning; and next day the city was attacked from the three sides which were surrounded by water. The 8,000 catty [five-ton] guns, which had been newly cast at Fatshan, were much dreaded by the foreigners; but, unfortunately, no suitable positions could be found for aiming them, either on shore or afloat. Our soldiers, who had been detached, regardless of what Province they came from, in such a way that men and officers were strangers to each other, broke and fled, indulged in mutual recriminations, and began to complain about their pay. , moreover, was too stingy to allow more than one tent to fifteen men; so that the troops were all huddled together without discipline, and looted around just as they liked. Add to this, had disposed the greater part of his forces so as to defend the south and east sides, the mud rampart behind the city to the north-west being left undefended, so that the heights were taken in one day. These consisted of the T'ien-tsz Fort under, with 8,000 catty guns,—which were spiked before they had a chance of firing; the mud rampart under Captains and


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is asserted by scientific men that you can take a kettle full of boiling water off the fire, and, placing it on your outstretched hand, carry it round the room without suffering any hurt to yourself whatever, unless, of course, the thing upsets.

It is necessary to be sure that the water actually boils, as otherwise you will burn your hand; and it is also as well to look and see that there are no hot cinders clinging to the bottom of the kettle. These two rules observed, the exercise may be indulged in with much success.

The explanation of the seeming phenomenon is very simple. The heat from the fire passes through the kettle and into the water, and thus, as soon as the water boils, the kettle, as anyone who has studied science and those sort of things will readily understand, becomes cool, and may be carried about in the way I have explained instead of by the handle.

For myself, I generally adopt the handle method, notwithstanding, and take a towel to it. I did try the scientific way once, but I do not think the water could have been boiling; and that, as I have explained, is a very important point, because, except when the water is actually boiling, the kettle is hot, and you are apt to say: "Oh! Damn!" and drop it, and the water splashes out


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 ; and the Square Fort under, which last commanded a view of the whole city, and had resisted the Manchus for six whole months when they invested Canton 200 years ago, and the capture of which enabled them at last to take the city. It ought to have been razed long ago, and all approaches to the hill should have been obstructed. But, again, as it is three miles away from the river, and full of crags, one single man might have done something to defend it; yet, after the mud rampart had fallen, the enemy worked round northeast without meeting with any opposition whatever. Only 100 or so of them had appeared at the foot, when the garrison of the fort made off helter-skelter, several being killed by falls in their hurry; so that this important position fell into the foreigners' hands without a struggle, and was speedily fortified by them so as to dominate the helpless city; which they proceeded to bombard. On the seventh day the Tartar-General and his advisers took refuge in the Governor's palace from the missiles which came raining down on the south-cast quarter of the inner or Tartar city, and, after a consultation, sent the prefect of Canton outside to propose terms. promptly demanded, in addition to the opium-money, a war indemnity of $6,000,000,—the question of Hongkong to remain for discussion. The money was to be paid within five


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 all over the floor. And then all the folks you have invited into the kitchen to witness this triumph of science, they say "Oh! Damn!" too, and skip about in a disorderly manner, and flick their feet in the air, and rush out into the passage, where they sit down on the cool oilcloth, and try to take off both boots at once.

I do not know how it is, but I have generally found a certain amount of variance between theory and practice. I remember they told me, when I was learning swimming, that if I lay flat on my back, with my arms extended, and kept perfectly still, I could not sink—not even if I wanted to. I don't know why they should have thought that I wanted to; but they evidently considered that there was a chance


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 days, and the slips were to retire beyond the Bogue as soon as the Tartar-General and the soldiers from other provinces should have quitted Canton. [The total British losses were seventy killed and wounded.] All this was acceded to; white flags were exhibited on the city walls; the hong merchants were ordered to furnish $2,000,000, and the rest was contributed by the Treasurer's, Salt Commissioner's, and Hoppo's chests. This was reported to the Throne,—omitting all reference to the opium and Hongkong. The foreign soldiers in Square Fort then rejoined the ships, and insisted on the Tartar-General and his advisers leaving the city. Accordingly and  retired with their troops to Kin Shan [Cumshan], a dozen miles or so from the river, and withdrew the Hu Nan troops; but  was left in Canton to maintain order. died of shame and mortification shortly after his arrival at Cumshan.

Now, on their first arrival in Canton, the Tartar-General and his advisers had represented to the Throne that all the Cantonese people were disloyal, and all the Cantonese soldiers marauders, and therefore marines had been brought all the way from Fu Kien, to the exclusion of Cantonese: disloyal persons detected were executed without trial; and thus the Cantonese people suffered from a feeling of injustice. On the other hand, the English did not kill the


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 of my trying to do so, and that it was only kind of them to advise me not to, as the effort could only result in disappointment and loss of time. I might, if I stopped there on the water long enough, die of starvation or old age; or I might, in the case of a fog coming on, be run down by a boat and killed that way; but sink and be drowned, they assured me, I could not be. For a man to sink when lying on his back on the water was an utter impossibility: they worked this out on a slate, and made it quite clear to me, so that I saw it for myself.

And day after day, I would go down to the sea and place myself on the water in that position in which, as I have explained, it was contrary to the laws of nature that I should sink, and invariably and promptly go straight down to the bottom, head foremost!

Then there is that theory of the power of the human eye, and how it will subdue cows and other wild beasts. I tried that once. I was crossing a field near a farmhouse at which I was staying; and, just when I had nearly reached the middle, and was about three hundred yards from the handiest fence, I became aware of the fact that I was being regarded with quite an embarrassing amount of attention by an active and intelligent-looking cow. I took it at first as a compliment, and thought that I had mashed the cow; but when she slewed her head round so as to bring the point of her left horn exactly opposite the pit of my stomach, and began to sling her tail round and round in a circle, and foam at the mouth, I concluded that there must be something more in her mind than a mere passing fancy!


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 Cantonese, and always released any local braves which they had taken prisoners, occasionally even attacking parties of bandits, and prohibiting all looting, so as to gain the people's sympathies. Consequently no response was made to the offers of reward for the enemies' heads. The people had witnessed the attack upon Canton from the walls; and, when several of the city volunteers were unjustly killed by the Hu Nan braves, the former rushed, to the number of several hundred, into the Examination Hall to take revenge, and drove the soldiers helter-skelter to the Tartar-General's palace. Here they were somewhat pacified by Brigadier 's being deprived of his button and feather on the spot. The foreign soldiers also earned the ill-will of the people by giving way to plundering and lust; and as 1,500 of their number did this the day after the peace, on their way down from Square Fort to the Mud Rampart, the exasperated villagers of Sám-yün surrounded and killed 200 of them, including their General,, whose head was as large as a bucket, and whose bâton, orders, and double-barrelled pistol were also taken. The villagers of Sám-shán attacked and killed another hundred of


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 And then it suddenly occurred to me that it was because of this very cow I had been warned not to go near this very field. The poor animal had lately suffered a severe mental strain, owing to having been deprived of her offspring, and had evidently determined to relieve her overburdened feelings on the very first living thing that came fooling around.

Well, there I was, and what was I to do? I paused for a moment, wondering. At first I thought I would lie down and pretend to be dead. I had read somewhere that if you lie down and pretend to be dead, the most savage animal will never touch you. I forget the reason why it will not; I rather think it is supposed to be because it is disappointed at not having had the fun of killing you itself. That makes it sulky, and it will have nothing to do with you. Or else its conscience is touched in some way, and the result of the deed it has been contemplating brought home to it; so that it goes away full of thankfulness at having been kept from a great crime, and determines to be a better beast for the future.

But, as I was preparing to drop down, the thought struck me: Was it all beasts that felt this way when they saw a man shamming dead, or was it only lions and tigers? I could not call to mind any instance of a traveller having escaped from a Jersey cow by this device; and to lie down in front of the animal, if it were merely


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is here presented unto thee (Christian Reader) being a True and Faithful Relation, &c. (as the Title beareth, and will be further cleared by this Preface) though by the carriage of it, in some respects, and by the Nature of it too, it might be deemed and termed, A Work of Darknesse: Yet it is no other then what with great tendernesse and circumspection, was tendered to men of highest Dignity in Europe, Kings and Princes, and by all (England excepted) listned unto for a while with good respect. By some gladly embraced and entertained for a long time; the Fame whereof being carryed unto Rome, it made the Pope to bestir himself, not knowing what the event of it might be, and how much it might concern him. And indeed, filled all men, Learned and Unlearned in most places with great wonder and astonishment: all which things will be shewed and made good (to the utmost of what we have said) in the Contents of this book, by unqueftionable Records and evidences. And therefore I make no question but there will be men enough found in the world whose curiosity will lead them to Read what I think is not to be parallell'd in that Kind by any book that hath been set out in any Age to read: I say, though it be to no other end then to satisfie their curiosity. But whatsoever other men, according to their several inclinations, may propose to themselves in the reading of it, yet I may and must here professe in the first place, in Truth and Sincerity, that the end that I propose to my self (so far as I have contributed to the Publishing of the Work) is not to satisfie curiosity, but to do good, and promote Religion. When we were first acquainted with the Book, and were offered the reading of it, having but lately been conversant in a Subject of much Affinity; to wit, of Mistaken Inspiration and Possession, through ignorance of Natural causes (which labour of ours, as it was our aime at the first in publishing of it, to do good, so we have had good reason since to believe, that we did not altogether misse of what we aimed at) we could not but gladly accept of it. And as we gladly accepted, so we read unto the end with equal eagernesse and Alacrity: Which when we had done, truly it was our Opinion, That the Publishing of it could not but be very Seasonable and Useful, asagainft Atheists at all times, so in these Times especially, when the Spirit of Error and Illusion, not in protest Anabaptists only, even of the worst kind that former Ages have known and abhorred, doth so much prevail, but in many also, who though they disclaim and detest openly (and heartily too, I hope, most of them) the fruits and effects that such causes have produced in others, yet ground themselves neverthelesse upon the same principles of Suppofed Inspiration and immaginary Revalations; and upon that account deem themselves, if not the Only, yet much better Christians then others. And I was much Confirmed in this Judgment when I was told (as indeed I was, at the first, by them that knew very well) that the Most Reverend, Pious and Learned Archbishop of Armagh, lately

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 going to take advantage of your doing so to jump on you, seemed unwise.

Then, too, how about getting up again? In the African desert, of course, you wait until the animal has gone home; but, in this case, the cow lived in the field, and I should have to go on pretending to be dead for perhaps a week!

No; I would try the power of the human eye. The human eye has a very wonderful effect upon animals, so I have been informed. No animal can bear its steady gaze. Under its influence a vague sense of terror gradually steals over the creature's senses; and, after vainly battling for a while against its irresistible power, the animal invariably turns and flies.

So I opened my right eye to its fullest extent, and fixed it hard on that unfortunate cow.

"I will not unduly terrify the poor thing," I said to myself. "I will just frighten her a little, and then let her go; and I will, afterwards, return the way I came, and not needlessly pain her by crossing the field any further."

But what appeared so extraordinary to my mind was, that the cow showed no signs of alarm whatever. "A vague sense of terror" began to gradually—I may say rapidly—steal over one of us, it is certain; but that one was not the cow. I can hardly expect anyone to believe it; but as a matter of fact the cow's eye, fixed with an intensely malevolent expression upon myself, caused more uneasiness to me than did my eye to the cow!

I glared at her harder than ever.


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, 1901,

&


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 All my feelings of kindly consideration towards the brute were gone. I should not have minded now if I had sent her into fits.

But she bore up under it. Nay, she did more. She lowered her head, slung up her tail stiff at right angles to her back, and, roaring, made towards me.

Then I lost all faith in the power of the human eye, and tried the power of the human leg; and reached the other side of the fence with the sixteenth of a second to spare.

No; it is not well to rule oneself by theories. We think, when we are very young, that theories, or "philosophies" as we term them, are guiding lights, held out by Wisdom over the pathway of life; we learn, as we grow older, that, too often, they are mere will-o'


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 the-wisps, hovering over dismal swamps where dead men's bones lie rotting.

We stand with our hand upon the helm of our little bark, and we gather round us in a heap the log-books of the great dead captains that have passed over the sea before us. We note with care their course; and, in our roll of memory, we mark their soundings, and we learn their words of counsel, and their wise maxims, and all the shrewd, deep thoughts that came to them during the long years they sailed upon those same troubled waters that are heaving round us now.

Their experience shall be our compass. Their voices, whispering in our ear, shall be our pilot. By the teaching of their silent lips will we set our sails to the unseen wind.

But the closer we follow the dog's-eared logs, the wilder our poor craft tosses. The wind that filled the sails of those vanished ships blew not as blows the wind that strains our masts this day; and where they rode in safety, we run aground on reefs and banks, and our quivering timbers creak and groan, and we are well-nigh wrecked.

We must close those fading pages. They can teach us to be brave sailors, but they cannot tell us how to sail.

Over the sea of Life each must guide the helm for himself: and none can give us aid or counsel; for no one knows, nor ever has known, the pathway over that trackless ocean. In the Heavens above us shines the sun: and when the night falls, the stars come forth; and by these, looking upward, we must steer, and God be with us on the waters!

For the sea of Life is very deep, and no man knows


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THE JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN ARCHIPELAGO AND EASTERN ASIA. A TRANSLATION OF THE KEDDAH ANNALS TERMED MARONG MAHAWANGSA;

writings of Leyden, Raffles, Marsden and Crawfurd did much to dispel the mist, which shrouded the regions of Eastern Asia and the Eastern Archipelago from the gaze of the inquirer after ethnographical and other interesting pursuits, and of late years considerable light has been thrown on the histories of Indo-china, and China, by various writers, either publishing separately, or in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Calcutta, and we have specimens from the pen of the talented Editor of the Journal in which this paper will appear, which exhibit what may yet be effected by a combination of industry and capacity, when brought to bear on the many barriers which the ignorance and barbarism of the Indo-chinese nations and Eastern islanders, oppose to our progress towards truth.

Much information may now lie concealed in Native manuscripts, but the means for extracting it are but scanty, for few will take the trouble of learning languages for the mere, and doubtful, chance of finding them lead to some desirable literary or antiquarian result. For the examination of the more recondite Pali in all its forms, scarcely any help can be obtained from the Priests or Laity of Indo-china or the


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 authorities in Singapore would only lay before the Legislative council a plain statement of the evils resulting from its use, I feel sure that for the sake of $7,500 a month (the revenue obtained from the sale of the opium farm last year) they would not by its encouragement, physically deteriorate and demoralize so many thousands of the inhabitants of this island. To finish this epistle, I will give the remarks on the trading in opium by a partner in one of the most extensive mercantile houses in China, and which has dealt more than any others in the drug.

R. LITTLE.

The morality or immorality of the opium trade has been much discussed during the last twelve years, and it is undeniable that the question admits of able arguments on both sides, if we take no higher ground than the ordinary morality of the world.

On the one hand, it has been said that opium is a pernicious article of luxury or a poison, and that by smuggling it into China, we break the laws of that Empire and injure our fellowmen; while on the other hand it has been argued, with some show of truth, that opium is only poison to those who abuse it, that the foreign merchant does not smuggle it into China, but merely brings it to its shores, to be purchased by the natives under the very eyes of their own government, with litle [sic] more than a show of objection, and therefore, that it does not deserve the epithet of smuggling, and further that a merchant is a mere agent between supply and demand, and that when these two elements of industry are brought to bear upon one another in any given field of commerce, their consequences concern him no farther than the extent to which he can benefit himself by the interchange of the commodities.

But to those taking a leading management or having a leading interest in the trade, and who believe in the Christian religion, it is submitted for their serious consideration, whether the opium trade to China is not exerting a directly hostile influence on the spread of Christian truth, and whether they are not thereby exposing themselves to the frown of that God whose truth they are engaged in counteracting?

Let it be borne in mind that the importation of opium into China, and its consumption in the country, are really and truly prohibited by the Chinese government, however much its efforts may have been frustrated by the corruption of its


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 officers. And further, that the effects of opium smoking on the population have been ascertained to be most pernicious and ruinous both morally and physically, although the latter point may not be at all times apparent.

Consider now the position of the whole trade as may be shewn prominently in one instance, namely, at the port of Fuhchow. At that port the only foreign influence at work (if we except the Consular officers) consists of a considerable band of Christian missionaries and the contraband opium trade, for no other foreign trade there exists. Christianity and the opium trade are here apparent as conflicting interests on one common field, they are in strong and palpable contrast as principles of good and evil, and their bearing on the whole of China though more complicated, so as to confuse and confound men's minds, is not the less reducible to these two simple elements of good and evil.

Let it be further considered whether any inducement however lucrative would lead us to incur the solemn responsibility of attempting to introduce this insidious scourge of opium smoking into a new and untried field, for, if it would not, the same responsibility rests upon us for participating in an old established evil when time has developed its true character.

But indeed argument is needless. Every Christian who will take the trouble to examine into the matter will find that the opium trade to China cannot for one moment be defended on Christian principles, that by applying such a test it is at once disclosed to view in its true colors as a monster evil which is devastating the east, and which if he have the courage to confess his faith, be can no longer be conscientiously engaged in.

To ascertain the influence of Mahomedanism on the lives and literature of the Malays and other islamised inhabitants of the Archipelago, we shall from time to time draw the attention of our readers to such of the principles, doctrines, habits, traditions and literature of Mahomedanism as appear to us to exercise or illustrate this influence. In this, as in other parts of our miscellaneous contributions and extracts, we shall aim at presenting the impressions made on different orders of minds by the facts observed in connection with the subject, sometimes with and sometimes without comments of our own. This apposition of views will excite more inter-


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 a lingering death by famine, by disease, and other accumulated miseries: “We have in history but one picture of a similar enterprize, and there we see it was necessary not only to open the sea by a miracle, for them to pass, but more necessary to close it again to prevent their return. To retain them among us, would be nothing more than to throw so many of the human race upon the earth without the means of subsistence: they would soon become idle, profligate, and miserable. Unfit for their new condition, and unwilling to return to their former laborious course, they would become the caterpillars of the earth, and the tigers of the human race. The recent history of the French West Indies exhibits a melancholy picture of the probable consequences of a general, and momentary


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 himself and perpetrates by an act of suicide the most horrible of all murders. On the 9th February 1849, an inquest was held on the body of "Oh Chin Sing" a Chinese at Tanjong Pagar. "The body was that of a male Chinese about 25 years of age, yellow, emaciated, and diseased looking, with a wound on the head as by a bruise, and a deep penetrating incision in the upper part of the abdomen, cutting into that cavity, as well as into the chest; with 3 superficial wounds near as if inflicted by a knife" According to the evidence of his friends and those he lived with, the deceased had been sick for 24 days of a pain and craving at his stomach; he had been an opium smoker to a great extent, but being at that time poor he could not obtain his usual supply; mad with a craving he could not satisfy, and a pain he could not allay, he often expressed a wish to die. In the morning he attempted to kill himself by striking his head with an iron pot, which broke and bruised his head, and in the afternoon being surrounded by his friends, and only separated from them by a mat, be laid his abdomen and chest open with a razor, to such an extent that bis bowels protruded on the bed he lay on, yet a slight moan only revealed his agony, and not till his friends saw the blood trickling from his couch, did they suspect what he had done; and done so effectually, that in half an hour after he died, with the razor firmly grasped in his hand. On the 17th of June 1819, an inquest was held on one "Cho-ah-Keow" who was admitted into the Pauper Hospital the day before, with his throat cut by an instrument used as a chopping knife (similar to the large knife used by cooks in England for mincing) and who died some hours after. On the evidence of Lim-ah-Chew "the deceased was a palanquin maker, had been sick with diarrhoea for 20 days, he could not bear the pain and so cut his throat." "The deceased was an opium smoker, and the witness is one when he has money." The deceased frequently mentioned his intention of dying as he "could not bear the pain and had no opium." When he was admitted into the hospital, he had slight or no symptoms of diarrhoea upon him, and as that complaint is known to all not to be attended with much pain, no doubt was left in the Coroner and Jury's mind that the deceased had committed suicide while labouring under the agony induced by the want of the drag. Many cases have lately presented themselves to me, where no other cause could be assigned for death than the want of opium, and the diseases which the former abuse of it created. I understand that new legislative measures are about to be framed in Bengal regarding the revenue from the sale of opium. If the local


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 * The Diary of a Pilgrimage (1891), by Jerome Klapka Jerome
 * by E. Von Wald-Zedtwitz.
 * by E. Von Wald-Zedtwitz.

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Singapore, 11th July, 1849.

To-day a Coroner's Jury of Chinese having brought in a verdict on the body of a poor Chinaman to this effect: "That the deceased "Tan-ah-Sah" died by the visitation of God through age, and sickness, brought on in a great measure by the use of tye tinco" (or the refuse of opium)—reminds me that 18 months ago, through your Journal, I published a short article "on the habitual use of opium in Singapore." During the time that has elapsed since its publication, I have had many opportunities of verifying the conclusions and statements therein advanced "of the great evils resulting from the use of opium," and during my official experience as Coroner, I find that to all the evils resulting from its use, there is one more to be added of no small importance, viz, suicide. A Chinese artizan in health may be said to be in comparatively affluent circumstances—for by ordinary, usually very light, labour he can earn from 5 to 10 dollars a month, and can, according to his economy, save from 1 to 7 dollars a month—but let him take to opium, he at first spends but little, not more than a dollar a month; and small the sum appears for moments of great gratification, when the mind seems to have left the vile body of the work-man, and revels in imaginative transmigrations into great and rich men, in a paradise of feasting and sumptuous living; and this gratification is not confined to the imagination, but extends to the body, throughout the whole frame a thrill of pleasure seems to run, the blood feels as if it galloped through its vessels, the strength of a giant is added to muscles that were puny before, the eye that was dull now sparkles, laziness is followed by activity, inertia by restlessness, and intense desire takes the place of former apathy. This excitement repeated day after day soon diminishes in intensity unless the supply is increased—so that the smoker of 2 years duration requires 2 to 3 dollars a month to procure what one did in his first year's probation, until at last from a fractional part of his wages, say a 6th or an 8th, dedicated to the demoralizing vice to of them are now the sacrifice. To the sacrifice of income, is added that of health—the muscles have lost their tone, the mind its force; lassitude, languor, and debility have now succeeded to that sprightliness, and consciousness of corporeal strength, the strong man's delight, sickness quickly follows with its train of diverse maladies, until exhausted in vital and deranged in physical powers, with an enfeebled mind, the poor wretch lifts his hand against


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 emancipation in any of the states, where slavery has made considerable progress. In Massachusetts the abolition of it was effected by a single stroke; a clause in their constitution: but the whites at that time, were as sixty-five to one, in proportion to the blacks. The whole of free persons in the United States, south of Delaware state, are 1,233,829 and there are 648,439 slaves; the proportion being less than two to one. Of the cultivators of the earth in the same district, it is probable that there are four slaves for one free white man.To discharge the former from their present condition, would be attended with an immediate general famine, in those parts of the United States, from which not all the productions of the other states, could deliver them; similar evils might reasonably be apprehended from the adoption of the measure by any one of the southern states; for in all of them the proportion of slaves is too great, not to be attended with calamitous effects, if they were immediately set free. These are serious, I had


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Rh that under all circumstances of the price of provisions, &c., they could be worked to a profit by slave labour. It is needless to say that such an assumption was unjustifiable.

Boeckh says, that of all the schemes and recommendations of Xenophon for improving the revenues of his country, the only one that is unexceptionable is his exhortation to peace. For the preservation of peace, he has great faith in moral measures. He advises the appointment of "peace-commissioners;" and he recommends that the independence of the temple of Delphi—a question analogous in ancient Greece to the neutrality of Belgium in modern Europe—should be maintained rather by diplomacy than by arms. He adds, "Should any one ask whether I mean that if any power should unjustly attack our state, we must maintain peace with that power?—I should not say I had any such intention; but I may safely assert that we shall retaliate on any aggressors with far greater facility, if we can show that none of our people does wrong to any one, for then our enemies will not have a single supporter." This simple belief in the efficacy of virtue and justice in international relationship, received a rude commentary in the subjugation of Athens to the power of Macedon very shortly after the above sentence was written.

In the 'Œconomicus,' or 'Treatise on Housekeeping,' we have Xenophon's ideas on the management of the house and the farm given under the form of a dialogue,


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 almost said unsurmountable obstacles, to a general, simultaneous emancipation.—There are other considerations not to be disregarded. A great part of the property of individuals consists in slaves. The laws have sanctioned this species of property. Can the laws take away the property of an individual without his own consent, or without a just compensation? Will those who do not hold slaves agree to be taxed to make this compensation? Creditors also, who have trusted their debtors upon the faith of this visible property will be defrauded. If justice demands the emancipation of the slave, she also, under these circumstances, seems to plead for the owner, and for his creditor. The claims of nature, it will be said are stronger than those which arise from social institutions, only. I admit it, but nature also dictates to us to provide for our own safety, and authorizes all necessary


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158 in which Socrates is represented as instructing our old friend Critobulus (see above, page 120), now a family man about forty years old. There is nothing specially Socratic in the instruction—the philosophy is that of Xenophon. The first point in housekeeping, we learn, is to have a good wife. She must be made so by her husband, being married in her fifteenth year. She must be taught by him that her main duty is to have a regard for property. She must learn to stow away things neatly, as on board ship, so that they may take up little room, and may be found when wanted. She must renounce painting and rouging, and must keep up her good looks by taking plenty of exercise within doors in the shape of household duties, such as kneading dough, making the beds, &c., in addition to going about to superintend the work of the slaves. No word is said of her reading, or sharing any intellectual pursuit with her husband; and altogether Xenophon's ideal of an Athenian wife is a flagrant case of "the subjection of women."

After the house comes the farm. Xenophon eloquently sets forth the praises of agriculture, but in the rules of the art he is little explicit. He rather lays it down that agriculture is the easiest of all arts to be learnt; that it is a mere application of common-sense; and that a successful farmer differs from an unsuccessful one, not in knowledge, but in care and diligence. All this has a very dilettante appearance. It contrasts strongly with modern ideas of agricultural chemistry, the application of geology, botany, and physiology to farming, and the constant improvement of machinery


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Rh for lessening human toil in agricultural operations. In lieu of such things, or even of the special processes of the ancients, Xenophon gives us a picture of an ideal gentleman farmer, who keeps his body vigorous by active and temperate habits, who practises his horse across country a good deal, and who is a great "ruler of men," having the desirable qualification of making others work for him cheerfully and efficiently.

Xenophon's three remaining treatises on 'Horsemanship,' on 'Cavalry Management,' and on 'Hunting,' cannot be accused of superficiality. They treat of their respective subjects in a thorough spirit, and are evidently the work of a man writing con amore about his favourite topics. The 'Horsemanship' has been much admired by those who have read it from a professional point of view. It gives rules first for choosing a horse, and afterwards for grooming, mounting, sitting, and managing him. In order to avoid being cheated in the purchase of a horse, Xenophon tells the reader that he must observe the points of the animal, beginning with the feet as the most important of all. He specifies the properties to be approved and condemned in the hoof, and from this ascends to the legs, and all the other points in a horse's body. If a horse is not a mere colt, his age must be looked to, "for a horse that has no longer the marks in his teeth neither delights the buyer with hope, nor is so easy to be exchanged." If he is already broken, sufficient trial must be made of his paces, mouth, and temper; and if a war-horse is wanted, we must try especially his powers of leaping.


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160 When bought, the horse must be placed in a stable which is under the master's eye. It must be made as difficult to steal the horse's food from his stall as the provisions from the master's larder. It must be observed whether the horse scatters his food from the manger—a sure sign that he is off his feed, and for some reason out of sorts. The ground outside the stable should be laid down with round stones, in order to harden the horses' feet. This sort of precaution was especially requisite among the Greeks, as they had not attained the art of shoeing horses with iron. Xenophon's anxiety on this subject leads him to give the mistaken advice that the groom should never wash a horse's legs, but only dry-rub them; for "daily wetting," he says, "does harm to the hoofs." He is far from countenancing the practice adopted in modern times of cropping the ears and tails of horses. On the contrary, he is for stimulating with water the growth of the tail and forelock, in order to give the animal as much defence as possible against flies; and of the mane, in order to give the rider an ample grasp in mounting. This business of mounting must have been a serious one in Xenophon's day, for the simple expedient of stirrups had never been invented. In fact, if we want to form an accurate idea of rider and horse as conceived by Xenophon, we should look at some of the friezes from the Parthenon in the British Museum. Modern sculptors appear to consider stirrups prosaic, and frequently omit them on that account; but Phidias omitted them in his equestrian figures, because in his time they did not exist. And, without them, the only


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Rh ways the ancients had of mounting were either to vault on horseback, or to use as a step a transverse bar affixed to the shaft of the spear, or to have "a leg up," which the Persians managed in a dignified manner, by using the shoulder of a slave. Xenophon gives several directions for the process of mounting, and recommends the reader to practise mounting from the right side as well as the left, as being an accomplishment often useful in war.

All his maxims for the treatment of the horse are of the most judicious description. He gives it as the one golden rule in these matters, "Never approach a horse in a fit of anger; for anger is thoughtless, and will be sure to lead you to do what you will afterwards repent." A horse is never to be struck for shying, as that will only make him associate the pain he feels with the object which before caused him alarm. The rider should touch the object of which the horse was afraid, and then gently lead him up to it, so as to show that it is nothing terrible. Xenophon's system, in short, proceeds on the same humane principles as that of Professor Rarey. He even thinks that a horse may be taught the most showy paces, such as caracolling and rearing, by the use of the bit and by signs and encouragements, without striking him on the legs at all. "It is on horses thus trained that gods and heroes are painted riding, and those who are able to manage them skilfully may truly be said

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 pulled his torn boots off, looked woefully at his blistered feet and said, "I can't run any more, I must rest a day."

"Just another half hour," the other man said comfortingly. "Just to the next railroad station. There we will hide in a freight car and ride until morning. Then it will not be far to the sea."

The Sparrow had listened carefully to their conversation. "So people get tired, too," thot he, "and then they ride. I don't know what that means, but I know that one does not tire oneself that way. If people ride, why shouldn't Sparrows also ride?" He decided to follow the men, and since they left in a short time he flew after them.

They arrived at a house in front of which two shining bands were stretched on the ground. Now night had really come. All was hidden in darkness, only the stars shone faintly in the sky. The Sparrow stayed near the two men and waited.

Suddenly something dreadful appeared. Thru the darkness a gigantic black beast came rattling, its red eyes shining so brightly that one could see them from a great distance, it puffed and panted, the earth shook after it. It shrieked frightfully as it came near, Then suddenly it stopped. It let out clouds of smoke from its long black nose.

20


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 measures for that purpose. And we have shewn that our own security, nay, our very existence, might be endangered by the hasty adoption of any measure for the immediate relief of the whole of this unhappy race. Must we then quit the subject, in despair of the success of any project for the amendment of their, as well as our own, condition! I think not.—Strenuously as I feel my mind opposed to a simultaneous emancipation, for the reasons already mentioned, the abolition of slavery in the United States, and especially in that state, to which I am attached by every tie that nature and society form, is now my first, and will probably be my last, expiring wish. But here let me avoid the imputation of inconsistency, by observing, that the abolition of slavery may be effected without the emancipation of a single slave; without depriving any man of the property which he possesses, and without defrauding a creditor who has trusted him on the faith of that property. The experiment in that mode has already been begun in some of our sister states. Pennsylvania, under the auspices of the immortal Franklin,


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 The Sparrow was astonished that neither of the two men, nor the rest of the people, seemed to be afraid of the monster. On the contrary, they ran up to it, disappearing in its smoke. Then the Sparrow saw that the monster pulled some black houses behind it. He saw the two men sneak into one of these houses and flew on to the roof of the same house. Scarcely had he settled himself when the monster again began to puff and pant and started on its journey.

The poor Sparrow thought he would die of fright. The monster rushed with such speed that the little bird could not hear or see. At home he had often flown with the wind for the sport of it and had enjoyed the swift motion. But this was altogether different. He made himself very small, settled himself firmly, and believed his last hour had come. If men called this rest they surely are strange creatures. Perhaps it wasn't so terrible where the people were. He was a clever Sparrow and when the monster stopped again to take breath, he flew down from the roof of the house and examined it. The door was not quite closed. The Sparrow squeezed thru the crack, entered a dark room where many boxes were piled. He squatted on one of the chests and waited to see what would happen.

The monster began to run again. The Sparrow laughed with joy; now he had guessed right. He sat here quietly, comfortably, and the monster had to slave to carry him further. So this is what people call "to ride." Truly, people are not so stupid as he had thought.

The countless feet of the monster pounded over the earth singing a rattling, rumbling, monotonous song. The Sparrow understood the words to mean "Into the distance! Into the distance!" For a while he listened to the song, then he fell asleep.

He must have slept a long time. When he awoke the sun was high in the sky and its rays came into the dark room thru narrow 21


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540 after marching in the soft snow all day where we have been comparatively restful on ski.

Night position.—Lat. 88° 57′ 25″ S.; Long. 160° 21′ E.; Var. 179° 49′ W. Minimum T. −23·5°.

Only 63 miles (geo.) from the Pole to-night. We ought to do the trick, but oh! for a better surface. It is quite evident this is a comparatively windless area. The sastrugi are few and far between, and all soft. I should imagine occasional blizzards sweep up from the S.E., but none with violence. We have deep tracks in the snow, which is soft as deep as you like to dig down.

Saturday, January 13.—Lunch Height 10,390. Barometer low? lunch Lat. 89° 3′ 18″. Started on some soft snow, very heavy dragging and went slow. We could have supposed nothing but that such conditions would last from now onward, but to our surprise, after two hours we came on a sea of sastrugi, all lying from S. to E., predominant E.S.E. Have had a cold little wind from S.E. and S.S.E., where the sky is overcast. Have done 5·6 miles and are now over the 89th parallel.

Night camp 65.—Height 10,270. T. −22·5°, Minimum −23·5°. Lat. 89° 9′ S. very nearly. We started very well in the afternoon. Thought we were going to make a real good march, but after the first two hours surface crystals became as sandy as ever. Still we did 5·6 miles geo., giving over 11 for the day. Well, another day with double figures and a bit over. The chance holds.

It looks as though we were descending slightly; sastrugi remain as in forenoon. It is wearisome work this tugging and straining to advance a light sledge. Still,


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 begun the work of gradual abolition of slavery in the year 1780, by enlisting nature herself, on the side of humanity. Connecticut followed the example four years after. New-York very lately made an essay which miscarried, by a very inconsiderable majority. Mr. Jefferson informs us, that the committee of revisors, of which he was a member, had prepared a bill for the emancipation of all slaves born after passing that act. This is conformable to the Pennsylvania and Connecticut laws.—Why the measure was not brought forward in the general assembly I have never heard. Possibly because objections were foreseen to that part of the bill which relates to the disposal of the blacks, after they had attained a certain age. It certainly seems


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 people? To travel, to see the world, to spend the winter in warm countries—that is not for common people."

An old blackbird minister, black-frocked and solemn, delivered a sermon to him from a branch. "We must obey God's commandments. God has ordained that Sparrows must spend the winter in the north."

"If God has decreed that all our people shall freeze and starve and that only the aristocrats, the Capitalists, like the Swallows and Starlings, shall fly away to the warm places, I don't want to know anything about him!" cried the Sparrow and his feathers bristled up in anger.

The old blackbird minister primped his shining feathers with his bill and growled senselessly. But the Sparrow was sad. "How cruel the birds are to one another," he thot to himself. "I want to do something that will help all and am just laughed at. Can't anybody understand me?"

"Hark, hark!" called a soft voice from a great height, and a young Lark shot downward as swift as lightning to the side of the sad Sparrow. "I understand you. Everybody jeers at me too, because I don't fly close to the earth like they do, but always seek to fly higher and higher, into the blue sky. Do not be downcast, beloved brother, you will reach your goal."

The young Lark flew quite close to the Sparrow, looked at him and said, "Fly a little for me, brother, so I can see how strong your wings are."

The Sparrow flew up, hovering over the Lark.

As he returned she looked at him sadly and said earnestly, "Your wings cannot carry you over the great ocean, my poor friend. But you must not give up on account of that, you must do as men do, who cannot fly and yet travel all over the world. They 23


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 have invented a sort of house that swims over the water. They call it a ship. You must "

The Sparrow did not wait to hear the end. The two men had left during the conversation, and now the Sparrow saw them in the distance looking like two dark spots. Frightened, he cried. "My two men have left me," and he flew after them as fast as he could.

When it grew dark, the men once again sneaked into a freight train. The Sparrow followed them and slept all night, while the black monster again took him over hills and mountains, past rivers and streams.

As dawn came, the two men crept out of the train and the Sparrow flew after them. They walked for a little while, then the Sparrow saw an immense body of water lying before him. Endless, extending beyond his vision, this blue-gray body of water extended, and on its surface stormed wild, white-capped, monstrously high billows.

So this was the ocean! Never had the Sparrow felt so small and helpless as at the sight of this dreadful water. What was he in comparison to this? A poor, helpless little bird, a tiny something. Deep sighs lifted his little breast, from his bright eyes the tears fell. "If I were only at home, in the safe little nest," cried he to himself. "I could creep under mother's wings as I did when I was little."

The waves roared dismally, threateningly; the white froth squirted upwards. The two men walked unconcernedly on the damp, sandy ground. With beating heart the Sparrow followed them. And then he saw something surprising. In a great bay some strange things tossed. They were something like a house, but had few windows and tall chimneys from which streamed heavy grey smoke; some things that looked like a forest; bare trees without branches seemed to grow in it. Altho these trees bore neither fruit not leaves, the Sparrow was delighted to see them. They gave him confidence. 24


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 to many, both as to the policy and the practicability of it. To establish such a colony in the territory of the United States, would probably lay the foundation of intestine wars, which would terminate only in their extirpation, or final expulsion. To attempt it in any other quarter of the globe would be attended with the utmost cruelty to the colonists, themselves, and the destruction of their whole race. If the plan were at this moment in operation, it would require the annual exportation of 12,000 persons. This requisite number must, for a series of years be considerably increased, in order to keep pace with the increasing population of those people. In twenty years it would amount to upwards of twenty thousand persons; which is half the number which are now supposed to be annually


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He began to feel at home. But how strange it was that these houses with trees on them were tossed up and down by the waves. Suddenly the Sparrow remembered the words of the Lark. "Men call these houses that swim on the water 'ships'." So these were ships! On one of these tossing, swimming houses he would journey to warm lands.

But which should he choose?

It occurred to him that at home the largest trees could best withstand the wind. Evidently the same was true of ships, and so he must choose the largest. 25


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616 leave one behind to follow on foot at leisure. I never did get left the whole of this depôt journey, but I was often very near it and several times had only time to seize a strap or a part of the sledge and be dragged along helter-skelter over everything that came in the way till the team got sick of galloping and one could struggle to one's feet again. One gets very wary and wide awake when one has to manage a team of eleven dogs and a sledge load by oneself, but it was a most interesting experience, and I had a delightful leader, ‘Stareek’ by name—Russian for ‘Old Man,’ and he was the most wise old man. We have to use Russian terms with all our dogs. ‘Ki Ki’ means go to the right, ‘Chui’ means go to the left, ‘Esh to’ means lie down—and the remainder are mostly swear words which mean everything else which one has to say to a dog team. Dog driving like this in the orthodox manner is a very different thing to the beastly dog driving we perpetrated in the Discovery days. I got to love all my team and they got to know me well, and my old leader even now, six months after I have had anything to do with him, never fails to come and speak to me whenever he sees me, and he knows me and my voice ever so far off. He is quite a ridiculous ‘old man’ and quite the nicest, quietest, cleverest old dog I have ever come across. He looks in face as if he knew all the wickedness of all the world and all its cares and as if he were bored to death by them. [Dr. Wilson's Journal.]

Note 13, p. 160.—February 15. There were also innumerable subsidences of the surface—the breaking of crusts over air spaces under them, large areas of dropping a ¼ inch or so with a hushing sort of noise or muffled report. My leader Stareek, the nicest and wisest old dog in both teams, thought there was a rabbit under the crust every time one gave way close by him and he would jump sideways with both feet on the spot and his nose in the snow. The action was like a flash and never checked the team—it was most amusing. I have another funny little dog, Mukáka, small but very game and a good worker. He is paired with a fat, lazy and very greedy black dog, Nugis by name, and in every march this sprightly little Mukáka will once or twice notice that Nugis is not pulling and will jump over the trace, bite Nugis like a snap, and be back again in his own place before the fat dog knows what has happened. [Dr. Wilson's Journal.]

Note 13a, p. 183.—Taking up the story from the point where eleven of the thirteen dogs had been brought to the surface, Mr. Cherry-Garrard's Diary records:

This left the two at the bottom. Scott had several times wanted to go down. Bill said to me that he hoped he wouldn't, but now he insisted. We found the Alpine rope would reach, and then lowered Scott down to the platform, sixty feet below. I thought it very plucky. We then hauled the two dogs up on the rope, leaving Scott below. Scott said the dogs were very glad to see him; they had curled up asleep—it was wonderful they had no bones broken.


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 His two friends went to a small ship, and the Sparrow piped, "Good luck! Good luck!" but they did not hear him.

The Sparrow flew on to an immense ship from whose chimneys streamed great clouds of grey smoke, and hid himself high up at the top of one of the leafless trees.

What noise and excitement there was below. Countless people ran hither and thither, calling and shouting to one another; something rattled, something clattered, the great chimneys shrieked loudly. A bridge that attached the boat to the land flew up into the air, then fell into the boat with a bang. The boat started on its journey. Slowly, solemnly it cut thru the water that bubbled on either side. The large house with the leafless trees, the little bird's new home, swam away from the land.

The Sparrow's mind was quite confused with the noise and hurry. And now another great fright came to him. Suddenly a young fellow climbed up his tree. The Sparrow believed that he wanted to capture him, but the fellow didn't seem to notice him and after a little while climbed back. As it grew dark, the boat became quiet and one could only hear the noise of the waves. The Sparrow flew down from his tree and sat down on the roof, where he soon fell asleep.

When he awoke in the morning, he thot he would die of fear. The land had disappeared. Wherever he looked he saw only water; great grey waves rolled against the ship, shaking it gently as a soft wind shakes the nests in the trees. Nowhere a tree, a shrub, a flower. The boat swam all alone on the great ocean, that would not end.

The poor Sparrow felt quite lonesome and deserted. "If I could just find any bird," sighed he. "Even if it were a haughty Swallow or a strange Blackbird. At least I could speak with some one who knows my world, who speaks my language." Finally he lost all his courage and began to weep bitterly. 26


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 exported from Africa.—Where would a fund to support this expence be found? Five times the present revenue of the state would barely defray the charge of their passage. Where provisions for their support after their arrival? Where those necessaries which must preserve them from perishing?—Where a territory sufficient to support them?—Or where could they be received as friends, and not as invaders? To colonize them in the United States might seem less difficult. If the territory to be assigned them were beyond the settlements of the whites, would they not be put upon a forlorn hope against the Indians? Would not the expence of transporting them thither, and supporting them, at least for the first and second year, be also far beyond the revenues and abilities of the state? The expence attending a small army in that country hath been found enormous. To transport as many colonists, annually, as we have shewn were necessary to eradicate the evil, would probably require five times as much money as the support of such an army. But the expence would not stop there: they must be assisted and supported at least for another year after their arrival in their new settlements. Suppose them


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 "Who are you?" suddenly asked a thin, piping voice, and the Sparrow beheld a little mouse standing before him, who stared at him with large round eyes.

"You are a brave Sparrow," she said, after she had heard his story. "I bid you welcome to my ship."

"To your ship?" exclaimed the Sparrow. "I thot that the ship belongs to the people."

"The people also believe that," replied the Mouse sharply. "But don't you know that people believe that everything belongs to them?"

"That is true. The farmer at home believed that the church-steeple was his, and yet it is quite clear that the church-steeple was made for us Sparrows."

While they were speaking thus, a very old mouse came over and began to speak. "Not all people believe that everything belongs to them," said she learnedly. "There are also people who do not possess anything. You can observe that on the ship. Above live people in large, beautiful rooms, and eat all day long. My mouth waters when I smell the rich foods that are set before them."

"But down below the people are crowded together, so that they can hardly find place to lie down at night, and many have only dry bread along with them to eat on the whole journey. This stupid phrase 'my boat' you have also learned from men," she said scolding the mouse. "You know that the common things are ours. Don't let me hear false words from you."

"Excuse me, grandmother," begged the young Mouse.

"You are a stranger here," said the Grandmother Mouse to the 27


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