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Rh mandment to any one? Or is He the God who is proclaimed in the Scriptures, to whom we were debtors, having transgressed His commandment? Now the commandment was given to man by the Word. For Adam, it is said, "heard the voice of the Lord God." Rightly then does His Word say to man, "Thy sins are forgiven thee;" He, the same against whom we had sinned in the beginning, grants forgiveness of sins in the end. But if indeed we had disobeyed the command of any other, while it was a different being who said, "Thy sins are forgiven thee;" such an one is neither good, nor true, nor just. For how can he be good, who does not give from what belongs to himself? Or how can he be just, who snatches away the goods of another? And in what way can sins be truly remitted, unless that He against whom we have sinned has Himself granted remission "through the bowels of mercy of our God," in which "He has visited us" through His Son?

2. And therefore, when He had healed the man sick of the palsy, [the evangelist] says: "The people upon seeing it glorified God, who gave such power unto men." What God, then, did the bystanders glorify? Was it indeed that unknown Father invented by the heretics? And how could they glorify him who was altogether unknown to them? It is evident, therefore, that the Israelites glorified Him who has been proclaimed as God by the law and the prophets, who is also the Father of our Lord; and therefore He taught men, by the evidence of their senses through those signs which He accomplished, to give glory to God. If, however, He Himself had come from another Father, and men glorified a different Father when they beheld His miracles. He [in that case] rendered them ungrateful to that Father who had sent the gift of healing. But as the only-begotten Son had come for man's salvation from Him who is God, He did both stir up the incredulous by the miracles which He was in the habit of working, to give glory to the Father; and to the Pharisees, who did not admit the advent of His Son, and who

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Whereas the House of Representatives has resolved that it is appropriate to repeal all the laws dealing with the Charter of the Courts of Justice which are in force at present and replace them with the Charter of the Courts of Justice annexed to this Act;

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102 consequently did not believe in the remission [of sins] which was conferred by Him, He said, "That ye may know that the Son of man hath power to forgive sins." And when He had said this, He commanded the paralytic man to take up the pallet upon which he was lying, and go into his house. By this work of His He confounded the unbelievers, and showed that He is Himself the voice of God, by which man received commandments, which he broke, and became a sinner; for the paralysis followed as a consequence of sins.

3. Therefore, by remitting sins, He did indeed heal man, while He also manifested Himself who He was. For if no one can forgive sins but God alone, while the Lord remitted them and healed men, it is plain that He was Himself the Word of God made the Son of man, receiving from the Father the power of remission of sins; since He was man, and since He was God, in order that since as man He suffered for us, so as God He might have compassion on us, and forgive us our debts, in which we were made debtors to God our Creator. And therefore David said beforehand, "Blessed are they whose iniquities are forgiven, and whose sins are covered. Blessed is the man to whom the Lord has not imputed sin;" pointing out thus that remission of sins which follows upon His advent, by which "He has destroyed the handwriting" of our debt, and "fastened it to the cross;" so that as by means of a tree we were made debtors to God, [so also] by means of a tree we may obtain the remission of our debt.

4. This fact has been strikingly set forth by many others, and especially through means of Elisha the prophet. For when his fellow-prophets were hewing wood for the construction of a tabernacle, and when the iron [head], shaken loose from the axe, had fallen into the Jordan and could not be found by them, upon Elisha's coming to the place, and learning what had happened, he threw some wood into the water. Then, when he had done this, the iron part of the axe floated up, and they took up from the surface of the water what they had previously lost. By this action the, prophet pointed out


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 Therefore, by and with the advice and consent of the House of Representatives, a great royal command is given that the following Act be enacted:

This Act shall be called the "Charter of the Courts of Justice Promulgation Act, 2477 Buddhist Era".

This Act shall come into force from the day of its publication in the Royal Gazette onwards.

The Charter of the Courts of Justice enacted at the end of this Act shall come into force from the 1st day of October 2478 Buddhist Era onwards.

The provisions of this Charter of the Courts of Justice shall apply to all cases instituted after the day of coming into force of this Charter of the Courts of Justice, whether their causes occurred before or occur after the day of coming into force of this Charter of the Courts of Justice.

All the cases instituted before the day of coming into force of this Charter of the Courts of Justice shall be governed by the laws in force before the day of coming into force of this Charter of the Courts of Justice, until they reach their finality.

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 masters, and a relaxation of the rigid laws, which have heretofore existed to prevent emancipation. Thither, also, delinquents, whose lives may be forfeited to the considerations of self-preservation, may be banished for attempts to regain their native freedom. The distance of that part of Louisiana from the United States might recommend it as a place of exile, also for other criminals.—There they might form settlements, and perhaps repent, and become useful members of society among each other: but I am not more sanguine upon this subject, than the former. Time and experiment may enable us to judge better.

It formed no part of my plan in this essay to consider what temporary arrangements it might be necessary to adopt on this truly important occasion: many will no doubt be necessary.—But if what I have offered against the settlement of Louisiana be worthy of attention, I would beg leave to hint, that a measure intimately connected with those already mentioned, would be to invite those, who are now settled in Louisiana, to remove into the United States, by proposing to them an advantageous exchange of lands. Thus should we make them a full recompense for whatever they might abandon on the other side of the Mississippi, and gain an accession of population in the United States, and at the same time relieve ourselves from any expence necessary for the preservation of civil government among them. This, if it can be effected, will be a happy counterpart of the proposed exchange with the Indian tribes.

The island of New-Orleans will no doubt claim the immediate attention of Congress. If we can obtain from Spain a cession of that part of West Florida which lies to the west of the Mobille, or even of the Pearl river, or of the river Amitie, it might be worthy of an amendment of the constitution to incorporate that territory, together with the territory of New-Orleans, with the present


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Rh that the sure word of God, which we had negligently lost by means of a tree, and were not in the way of finding again, we should receive anew by the dispensation of a tree, [viz. the cross of Christ]. For that the word of God is likened to an axe, John the Baptist declares [when he says] in reference to it, "But now also is the axe laid to the root of the trees." Jeremiah also says to the same purport: "The word of God cleaveth the rock as an axe." This word, then, what was hidden from us, did the dispensation of the tree make manifest, as I have already remarked. For as we lost it by means of a tree, by means of a tree again was it made manifest to all, showing the height, the length, the breadth, the depth in itself; and, as a certain man among our predecessors observed, "Through the extension of the hands of a divine person, gathering together the two peoples to one God." For these were two hands, because there were two peoples scattered to the ends of the earth; but there was one head in the middle, as there is but one God, who is above all, and through all, and in us all.

1. And such or so important a dispensation He did not bring about by means of the creations of others, but by His own; neither by those things which were created out of ignorance and defect, but by those which had their substance from the wisdom and power of His Father. For He was neither unrighteous, so that He should covet the property of another; nor needy, that He could not by His own means impart life to His own, and make use of His own creation for


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 United States government upon the Mississippi; and admit the whole into the Union as anew state, as soon as the population of it may entitle it to such admission. Such an arrangement would probably immediately conciliate the affections of the people of the ceded territory, and prove an additional motive to those beyond the Mississippi to remove to this side, where they might at once experience all the benefits of civil government, and the participation of the freest and happiest constitution upon the face of the globe.

Homer tells us that Ulysses on his return from Troy paid a visit to Eolus, the God of the winds; who, out of his great favor to that illustrious chief presented him with a bag, in which all the adverse winds and storms, which might retard or endanger his passage to his native kingdom, were tied up: his companions, fancying that this bag contained some precious treasure, took the first opportunity, whilst the Ithacan sage was asleep, to open it;—upon which, the winds and storms instantly making their escape, the ship with all his indiscreet companions was immediately swallowed up in the ocean.

May no imprudent use of our late successful negotiation with France induce the application of this fable to the people of the United States!

August 10, 1803.


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 Subject to the provisions of section 3, from the day of coming into force of this Charter of the Courts of Justice onwards, all other laws, regulations, and rules which have already been incorporated into this Charter of the Courts of Justice or which are inconsistent with the provisions of this Charter of the Courts of Justice shall be repealed.

The Minister of Justice shall have the duty to be in charge of the execution of this Act and, for such purpose, shall have the power to issue ministerial regulations laying down specific rules governing the administrative business of the courts, in order that it shall proceed in a uniform manner throughout the Kingdom.

Those ministerial regulations shall come into force upon publication in the Royal Gazette.

Countersignatory:

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104 the salvation of man. For indeed the creation could not have sustained Him [on the cross], if He had sent forth [simply by commission] what was the fruit of ignorance and defect. Now we have repeatedly shown that the incarnate Word of God was suspended upon a tree, and even the very heretics do acknowledge that He was crucified. How, then, could the fruit of ignorance and defect sustain Him who contains the knowledge of all things, and is true and perfect? Or how could that creation which was concealed from the Father, and far removed from Him, have sustained His Word? And if this world were made by the angels (it matters not whether we suppose their ignorance or their cognizance of the Supreme God), when the Lord declared, "For I am in the Father, and the Father in me," how could this workmanship of the angels have borne to be burdened at once with the Father and the Son? How, again, could that creation which is beyond the Pleroma have contained Him who contains the entire Pleroma? Inasmuch, then, as all these things are impossible and incapable of proof, that preaching of the church is alone true [which proclaims] that His own creation bare Him, which subsists by the power, the skill, and the wisdom of God; which is sustained, indeed, after an invisible manner by the Father, but, on the contrary, after a visible manner it bore His Word: and this is the true [Word].

2. For the Father bears the creation and His own Word simultaneously, and the Word borne by the Father grants the Spirit to all as the Father wills. To some He gives after the manner of creation what is made; but to others [He gives] after the manner of adoption, that is, what is from God, namely generation. And thus one God the Father is declared, who is above all, and through all, and in all. The Father is indeed above all, and He is the Head of


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 means of propagating the Sene of God and of Religion, which Mankind brought into the World with them, and how it came to be corrupted.

There have been thoe who have taken the liberty to ay, That is is impoible to give any tolerable Account of the Creation of the World, in Six Days; of the Situation of Paradie; the Fall of our firt Parents, by the eduction of a Serpent, ''&c. But, I hope, I have made it appear, there is no ground for uch preumptuous Words: But very good reaon to believe in every thing that Moes hath related, without foraking the literal Sence, and betaking our elves to, I do not know what, Allegorical Interpretations, Particularly, I find the Truth of what I have noted concerning Paradie, very much confirmed by a Learned and Judicious Dicoure of'' Mon. Huetius; which I did not meet withal, till I had made an end of thee Commentaries:  But then took a review of what I had written, and found caue to correct what I had noted out of Mr. Carver, concerning the Spring of Tigris and Euphrates. I might alo have given a clearer Account of the Deluge, if I had oberved ome things, which are come to my notice ince thee Papers went to the Pres: But, I hope, I Rh


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Rh Christ; but the Word is through all things, and is Himself the Head of the Church; while the Spirit is in us all, and He is the living water, which the Lord grants to those who rightly believe in Him, and love Him, and who know that "there is one Father, who is above all, and through all, and in us all." And to these things does John also, the disciple of the Lord, bear witness, when he speaks thus in the Gospel: "In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. This was in the beginning with God. All things were made by Him, and without Him was nothing made." And then he said of the Word Himself: "He was in the world, and the world was made by Him, and the world knew Him not. To His own things He came, and His own people received Him not. However, as many as did receive Him, to these gave He power to become the sons of God, to those that believe in His name." And again, showing the dispensation with regard to His human nature, John said: "And the Word was made flesh, and dwelt among us." And in continuation he says, "And we beheld His glory, the glory as of the Only-begotten by the Father, full of grace and truth." He thus plainly points out to those willing to hear, that is, to those having ears, that there is one God, the Father over all, and one Word of God, who is through all, by whom all things have been made; and that this world belongs to Him, and was made by Him, according to the Father's will, and not by angels; nor by apostasy, defect, and ignorance; nor by any power of Prunicus, whom certain of them also call "the Mother;" nor by any other maker of the world ignorant of the Father.

3. For the Creator of the world is truly the Word of God: and this is our Lord, who in the last times was made man, existing in this world, and who in an invisible manner contains all things created, and is inherent in the entire creation, since the Word of God governs and arranges all things; and


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All the courts of justice under this Charter shall be affiliated to the Ministry of Justice.

The Minister of Justice shall be responsible for the administrative work of all the affiliated courts in order that it shall proceed in a smooth manner. However, the conduct of trials, as well as the passing of orders or judgments to conclude cases, shall specifically be subject to the discretion of the courts.

The courts of justice under this Charter are divided into three tiers, namely—

courts of first instance;

appellate courts;

Supreme Court of Justice (highest court).

The courts of first instance—

for Phra Nakhon Province and Thon Buri Province, are—

municipal courts;

the Civil Court and the Criminal Court;

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106 therefore He came to His own in a visible manner, and was made flesh, and hung upon the tree, that He might sum up all things in Himself. "And His own peculiar people did not receive Him," as Moses declared this very thing among the people: "And thy life shall be hanging before thine eyes, and thou wilt not believe thy life." Those therefore who did not receive Him did not receive life. "But to as many as received Him, to them gave He power to become the sons of God." For it is He who has power from the Father over all things, since He is the Word of God, and very man, communicating with invisible beings after the manner of the intellect, and appointing a law observable to the outward senses, that all things should continue each in its own order; and He reigns manifestly over things visible and pertaining to men; and brings in just judgment and worthy upon all; as David also, clearly pointing to this, says, "Our God shall openly come, and will not keep silence." Then he shows also the judgment which is brought in by Him, saying, "A fire shall burn in His sight, and a strong tempest shall rage round about Him. He shall call upon the heaven from above, and the earth, to judge His people."

1. That the Lord then was manifestly coming to His own things, and was sustaining them by means of that creation which is supported by Himself, and was making a recapitulation of that disobedience which had occurred in connection with a tree, through the obedience which was [exhibited by Himself when He hung] upon a tree, [the effects] also of that deception being done away with, by which that virgin Eve, who was already espoused to a man, was unhappily misled,—was happily announced, through means of the truth [spoken] by the angel to the Virgin Mary, who was [also espoused] to


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Rh a man. For just as the former was led astray by the word of an angel, so that she fled from God when she had transgressed His word; so did the latter, by an angelic communication, receive the glad tidings that she should sustain (portaret) God, being obedient to His word. And if the former did disobey God, yet the latter was persuaded to be obedient to God, in order that the Virgin Mary might become the patroness (advocata) of the virgin Eve. And thus, as the human race fell into bondage to death by means of a virgin, so is it rescued by a virgin; virginal disobedience having been balanced in the opposite scale by virginal obedience. For in the same way the sin of the first created man (protoplasti) receives amendment by the correction of the First-begotten, and the cunning of the serpent is conquered by the harmlessness of the dove, those bonds being unloosed by which we had been fast bound to death.

2. The heretics being all unlearned and ignorant of God's arrangements, and not acquainted with that dispensation by which He took upon Him human nature (inscii ejus quæ est secundum hominem dispensationis), inasmuch as they blind themselves with regard to the truth, do in fact speak against their own salvation. Some of them introduce another Father besides the Creator; some, again, say that the world and its substance was made by certain angels; certain others [maintain] that it was widely separated by Horos from him whom they represent as being the Father—that it sprang forth (floruisse) of itself, and from itself was born. Then, again, others [of them assert] that it obtained substance in those things which are contained by the Father, from defect and ignorance; others still, despise the advent of the Lord manifest [to the senses], for they do not admit His incarnation; while others, ignoring the arrangement [that He should be born] of a virgin, maintain that He was begotten by Joseph. And still further, some affirm that neither their soul nor their body can receive eternal life, but merely the inner man.


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 for outer towns, are—

municipal courts;

provincial courts.

Any of the Supreme Court of Justice, appellate courts, and courts of first instance may be divided into divisions and each division may be given the power over any specific types of cases. This shall be effected by issuance of ministerial regulations.

When finding it appropriate, the Minister of Justice has the power to order a judge to participate in sittings with judges of a municipal court for a period of time specified in the order. In this event, the municipal court shall temporarily have the same powers as a provincial court with respect to cases under its territorial jurisdiction.

If any locality has no municipal court yet, the Minister of Justice, when finding it appropriate, has the power to order one or several judges of a provincial court to sit as a temporary court at the district administration office of such locality in order to try and adjudicate upon cases which occur in that locality and which, if without [such a temporary court], would come under the power of a municipal court or provincial court.

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108 Moreover, they will have it that this [inner man] is that which is the understanding (sensum) in them, and which they decree as being the only thing to ascend to "the perfect." Others [maintain], as I have said in the first book, that while the soul is saved, their body does not participate in the salvation which comes from God; in which [book] I have also set forward the hypotheses of all these men, and in the second have pointed out their weakness and inconsistency.

1. Now all these [heretics] are of much later date than the bishops to whom the apostles committed the churches; which fact I have in the third book taken all pains to demonstrate. It follows, then, as a matter of course, that these heretics aforementioned, since they are blind to the truth, and deviate from the [right] way, will walk in various roads; and therefore the footsteps of their doctrine are scattered here and there without agreement or connection. But the path of those belonging to the church circumscribes the whole world, as possessing the sure tradition from the apostles, and gives unto us to see that the faith of all is one and the same, since all receive one and the same God the Father, and believe in the same dispensation regarding the incarnation of the Son of God, and are cognizant of the same gift of the Spirit, and are conversant with the same commandments, and preserve the same form of ecclesiastical constitution, and expect the same advent of the Lord, and await the same salvation of the complete man, that is, of the soul and body. And undoubtedly the preaching of the church is true and


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 fear, was the means of hastening him out of it;—so that no one was able to set out with so full a sail, and in so swelling a tide of heroic loftiness upon the occasion, as my father was. Not a period in Socratess oration, which closed with a shorter word than transmigration, or annihilation,—or a worse thought in the middle of it than to be—or not to be,—the entering upon a new and untried state of things,—or, upon a long, a profound and peaceful sleep, without dreams, without disturbance;—That we and our children were born to die,—but neither of us born to be slaves.—No—there I mistake; that was part of Eleazers oration, as recorded by Josephus (de Bell. Judaic.)—Eleazer owns he had it from the philosophers of India; in all likelihood Alexander the Great, in his irruption into India, after he had


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Author:Charles Francis Phillips

Works

 * Poems for Workers (1925)
 * It Had to be Revolution (1993)

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Rh


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36


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 In establishing or dissolving courts of justice, it shall be duty of the Minister of Justice to report the number, conditions, locations, and jurisdiction of the courts to His Majesty's Government as necessary for enabling the justice to be administered in a smooth manner throughout the Kingdom.

There shall be judges for every court in the number designated by the Minister of Justice in line with the necessity of the public service.

The shall be one chief judge for each of the following courts, namely, the Supreme Court of Justice, appellate courts, Civil Court, and Criminal Court.

When the position of the chief judge of any court becomes vacant or when the chief judge is not present for the performance of duties, the Minister of Justice may designate a senior judge as a temporary substitute for the chief judge.

In every court of first instance, save the Civil Court and the Criminal Court, the Minister of Justice shall

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 over-run Persia, amongst the many things he stole,—stole that sentiment also; by which means it was carried, if not all the way by himself, (for we all know he died at Babylon) at least by some of his maroders, into Greece,—from Greece it got to Rome,—from Rome to France,—and from France to England:—So things come round.

By land carriage I can conceive no other way.

By water the sentiment might easily have come down the Ganges into the Sinus Gangeticus, or Bay of Bengal, and so into the Indian Sea; and following the course of trade, (the way from India by the Cape of Good Hope being then unknown) might be carried with other drugs and spices up the Red Sea to Jod-


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 attracted the notice of scholars to a literature which, being unwritten, is all the more likely to perish. It is noticeable in this respect that the fourth tale alluded to by Sir W. Maxwell, but never published by him, has been placed on record by Mr. Clifford, and published by the Society. It is however by his "Manual" that he is likely to have exercised bis widest influence, in that he introduces every learner of Malay to a scholarly appreciation of Malay style and language, when all the learner's surroundings tend to degrade that language in his eyes. In his inaugural address on the foundation of the Straits Asiatic Society, the President, speaking of Logan's Journal, remarked that the weak point in that brave attempt was that the Editor was alone responsible for the management of his Journal, and that he was forced to give up, for want of sufficient co-operation, a work which was beyond the power of a single man to sustain. Is this to be true of the work of the Straits Asiatic Society? The President expressed a hope that the work of a Society might possess more permanence than that of an individual. "Individuals," said he, "are removed, but others remain." Nevertheless bearing in mind the limited range of interest in the Society's work, and the difficulty of securing contributors, any one who has been familiar with the Society's history from the first must feel how much depends on one man, and how much must have fallen on Sir William Maxwell in the past. The work done has been in a great measure his own work; and although there is fortunately no need to anticipate any abandonment of the aims which he did so much to forward, it is impossible either to minimize the extent of the Society's loss, or to believe that without increased effort on the part of members it will be possible to maintain in future numbers of the Journal the standard which the late Sir William Maxwell set.

C. W. S. K.

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 of the Malays with reference to the Tenure of Land." He also edited three Malay Fairy Tales, "Sri Rama," "Raja Donan," and "Raja Ambong," taken down by him from the lips of Malay rhapsodists, and published with a translation and with notes from his pen. In 1893 he was elected Vice President of the Society, and his official duties as Colonial Secretary from this time forward prevented his contributing to the Journal, though he continued to take the liveliest interest in the Society's work, and was able in many ways to give it material assistance.

The work he did for the Society is not, however, to be only judged by what he did under its auspices and in its name. He contributed to the Royal Asiatic Society's journal some interesting notes on Malay legends, and he wrote a Manual of the Malay Language which has done much to facilitate a scholarly acquisition of the idioms in which he took so deep an interest. He was in some measure acquainted with Arabic and Sanskrit, but will best be remembered for his work in connection with the indigenous elements of the Malay Language, its traditions and folk-lore. He collected a fine library of Malay MSS., which he has bequeathed to the Royal Asiatic Society. A great. advocate of scholarly method, he did much to draw attention to the material that exists, in Dutch and other foreign languages, for the proper study of Malay. Indeed it was his view that an intending student of Malay should commence by learning Dutch; and there is no doubt that, with our limited literature on local subjects, his advice is worthy of consideration. That he was much influenced by Dutch scholars is often clearly traceable in his writings; and he had frequently to fight single-handed in defence of views which anyone acquainted with Dutch studies en the subjects would have at once admitted to be sound.

It is most difficult to exactly measure the extent of Sir William Maxwell's influence, as a scholar, upon his contemporaries and successors. He is constantly referred to by Dutch writers, and (except on one point) always with authority. His work on Malay Proverbs drew attention to the possibilities of a most interesting study, and led to the publication of at least one other valuable contribution on the same subject, from the pen of Mr. H. Clifford. His edition of Malay Rhapsodist tales also

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 such success in the Federated Malay States. After acting 88 Resident Councillor, Penang, from 1884 to 1889, Mr. Maxwell (who for his services in connection with the Nisero affair had been created a C. M. G.) was appointed in 1889 British Resident, Selangor, and in 1892 Colonial Secretary, S. S. After administering the Government here for some months, he was appointed Governor of the Gold Coast, where, after distinguished services in the Ashanti Expedition, he was made a K. C. M. G. His iron constitution was not proof against the deadly climate of the Coast, and he was cut off in the prime of life. The news of his death came as a great shock to his many friends in the Straits.

During his long career in the Colony and in the Native States, Sir W. Maxwell enjoyed exceptional opportunities of acquiring large stores of information on subjects of special interest to the Society. Of these opportunities he readily availed himself. A facile writer, his pen was never idle, and the hours which he could snatch from his all-absorbing official duties were devoted to literary work. His first contribution to the Society's journal was a paper on Malay Proverbs, written when he was Assistant Resident of Perak, and read at a meeting of the Society in May 1878. The second number of the Journal contained a further paper on the same subject, as well as "Notes on two Perak MSS." To the third number he contributed more work on Malay Proverbs, and on the Sakais and other aboriginal tribes of Perak, Soon after this, Sir W. Maxwell went home on leave; and his next contribution is to be found in the ninth number of the Society's Journal, which contains a most interesting paper, historical and geographical, entitled, "A journey on foot to the Patani Frontier in 1876" (67 pages), and another on the "History of Perak from native sources."

In 1883 he was unanimously elected to the honorary Secretaryship of the Society, and continued to hold that office till 1887, when, owing to absence from Singapore, he asked to be relieved of the arduous duties which it involved. During this period the Society owed its existence in a great measure to the energy of its Secretary, as it received but scanty support in the way of contributions from members. Sir William contributed papers on "The Dutch in Perak," on more "Malay Proverbs," and on "Shamanism in Perak," and on "The Laws and Customs

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 IN MEMORIAM.

Since its foundation in 1877, the Society has never sustained such a severe loss as that caused by the death of Sir William Maxwell, late governor of the Gold Coast.

Of his distinguished official career in this colony a very brief sketch will here suffice. From 1855 to 1869, he was employed in the Supreme Court, his father, Sir P. Benson Maxwell, being Chief Justice of the Colony. In 1867 he qualified as an advocate of the local bar, and for some years was a magistrate and commissioner of the Court of Request, acting for a short time As a judge of the Supreme Court of Penang. His legal attainments were of a high order, and qualified him to take the important part he did in the work of legislation, especially with regard to the Land question, to which he devoted his great abilities.

Appointed in 1874 Assistant Government Agent, Province Wellesley, he had his first opportunity of improving District administration. In the following year the Perak war took place, Mr. Maxwell serving as District commissioner with the Larut field force and being specially mentioned in despatches and receiving the Perak Medal. In 1878 he was appointed Assistant Resident, Perak, and it was during this period he gained his intimate knowledge of the Malays of the country—their language and folklore. In 1881 he was called to the bar (Inner Temple), and for some years after this, as Commissioner of land titles, he devoted himself to improving the land system in the Colony. The debates in the Legislative Council of this period and Reports on the Land Question shew what a complete mastery he had of the intricacies of land administration and legislation. In spite of determined opposition, he was able to carry out his policy, the good effects of which must now be admitted by his former critics. To him is due the system of District Administration which, started first in the Colony, has been reproduced with

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38


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 designate one of the judges of such court as the presiding judge of the court.

If any of the Supreme Court of Justice, appellate courts, or courts of first instance is divided into two or more divisions, the Minister of Justice may designate one of the senior judges of any division as the presiding judge of such division.

Whenever the position of the presiding judge of a court or presiding judge of a division becomes vacant or the presiding judge of a court or presiding judge of a division is not present for the performance of duties, a senior judge in such court or division shall become a temporary substitute.

The chief judge or presiding judge of a court or his substitute must be responsible for the work of the court to ensure that it proceeds in a smooth manner, and has the following duties:

to oversee the correct application of rules and procedures established by the law or by other means, in order that the trial and adjudication of cases be concluded in an expeditious manner;

to give advice to judges in his own court regarding the obstruction the judges meet in the performance of their duties;

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Rh


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 THE MARITIME CODE OF THE MALAYS.

[The following Paper comprises a translation by Sir S. Raffles of the more important passages of the Malacca Maritime Codes, interpolated with notes by the Translator. The manner in which this valuable contribution came into the Society's bands is sufficiently explained in a note which appears at the end of the Miscellaneous Notices. The reprint of this Translation, except for a few necessary corrections, appears in the exact form of Sir S. Raffles' original Paper as printed in the Malacca Weekly Register. A few foot notes under the initials above referred to are appended in explanation of certain obscure phrases.]

In the following Sketch, which defines the Laws and usages of the Malays at Sea, the Malacca Code has been selected for the text, as well on account of the admitted superiority of that once flourishing kingdom among the Malay states in general, as from the circumstance of this Code having, with some slight modifications, been adopted by several of the ancient and powerful states on the Island of Celebes, and still continuing in force among many of the Bugis and Macassar Traders from that Island. The Bugis and Macassar states, which are nations radically distinct from the Malays, possess a Maritime Code of still greater antiquity, but in better times they appear to have, in many instances, adopted the Sea Laws of Malacca, nearly in the same manner as the Romans adopted the celebrated Rhodian code.

The Malacca code appears to have been compiled during the reign of Sultan Mahmud Shab, the first Malacca mentioned in the Malayan annals to the Mahomedan faith. The circumstance is under taken place about the year of the Hajirah, corresp the Christian Era 1296.—The origin of the Mal therefore, be considered as nearly coeval with blishment of Islamism among the Malays. The the code is thus stated in the preamble.


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 NOTES ON THE RAINFALL OF SINGAPORE.

The amount of Rainfall in Singapore having been a topic very frequently discussed, it is with some diffidence the accompanying tables are submitted. Any one who applies himself to the study of this subject, cannot but feel, at the very threshold of his labours, how little he has to help him, and how difficult it is to arrive at any definite conclusion.

For some years back, I have tried to collect as much information as was possible on the rainfall of this Settlement, but find that very little indeed can be done in this matter. Whatever records of rainfall may have been kept in times past, all that are at pre- sent available, are:—

 * 1) Statements of the number of rainy days in each year, from 1820 to 1823.
 * 2) A Statement of Rainfall for the year 1835.
 * 3) Observations made at the Singapore Observatory, for the years 1841 to 1844, and for the first nine months of 1845.
 * 4) After a large gap of seventeen years, Mr. J. D. VAUGHAN'S Observations, from 1862 to 1866, whose returns were published quarterly in the local Government Gazette.
 * 5) Meteorological Observations, which were commenced by the late Dr. RANDELL, Principal Civil Medical Officer, Straits Settlements, in 1860, and which are maintained to the present time. The Monthly Returns of these were published for many years in the Government Gazette, but of late years they have been discontinued. The P. C. M. O., however, supplies the press, public institutions, &c., with a yearly copy of Monthly Returns, both of Meteorological Observa-


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 tions, and of the Rainfall, which is now registered at seven stations. Annual Returns are also to be found in the Blue Books.
 * 1) Lastly, but not least, a Register of Rainfall kept by Mr. A. KNIGHT, since 1864, at Mount Pleasant, Thompson Road (about three miles distant from Town), and I must here express my deep obligation to him for his kindness in supplying me with the required information, and for revising the Tables of his range.

Though the rainfall at Singapore is now registered at seven stations, it is not intended to notice the whole of them, nor to act on the means of the total registered rainfall, but only to take the returns of the Criminal Prison, extending over a period of twelve years, as a register of rainfall in the town; and Mr. KNIGHT'S returns, extending over a period of seventeen years, as a register of rainfall in the country, as they are the two best sources of information for the consideration of this question.

From time to time, letters have appeared in the local newspaper, asserting that the extensive clearing of forests in Singapore, and the adjoining mainland of Johor has materially affected the rain. fall. In proof of this, the experience of the "oldest inhabitant" is appealed to, to bear testimony to the incessant daily fall of rain of former years, and the conclusion is hence drawn, that the rainfall will be altogether suspended if something be not, without delay, undertaken to stop this disafforestment of the island and peninsula. It is not the object of the writer to enter into any lengthy discussion on this point. The sole object of this compilation of tables is, to bring together sources of information on this subject which are of value, but are now scattered, extending over many books and Gazettes, buried out of sight, and thus practically lost for convenient reference and research under this head in the future.

But, it may be safely advanced, that Singapore is not dependent on its extent of forests, or contiguity to forests, for its rain supply, but to its geographical position. In the Journal of the Indian Archipelago, vol. 2, page 457, Dr. LITTLE, writing on the Medical Topography of Singapore so far back as 1848—thirty-three years ago,—gives the average annual rainfall as being 92.697 inches; arriving at this conclusion from the records of the Singapore


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 Observatory during 1841 to 1844—a period of four consecutive years; and the average annual number of wet days was set down at 185 days, or a little over one-half the year, this last conclusion being drawn from the observations of broken periods as below : —

but searching for information on this point, I am enabled to fill up the break, and we have:—

It would appear, that during the early days of the Settlement, which only dates from 1819, from want of a rain guage [sic] (due to the difficulties attendant on first occupation, and of getting things from India), all that was attempted, was, to keep a register of the readings of the thermometer and barometer (which every ship carried), and a note only made of the number of fair days and wet days. The earliest record of a register of rainfall that can be traced is that of 1835.

It is, however, interesting to note that the accepted average annual rainfall of 1841 to 1814, has not been affected notwithstanding the extensive clearing of forest that must have taken place during the past forty years, for the average of Mr. KNIGHT's register (Table III.) keeps a little above it, viz., 93.91 inches, while the


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Rh that we shall not escape drowning. What do you think?"

"I don't know, your honour, what must be—will be."

"My death is now approaching," thought the captain to himself, and, falling down upon his knees, began to pray.

Suddenly a little boat came floating by, and stuck on the corner of the roof.

"Your honour," said the sailor, "get into the little boat as quickly as you can, and let us float away in it. We may escape, and be saved, after all. Perhaps the waters may subside in time."

They seated themselves in the little boat, and were driven along in it by the wind. They drifted away for two whole days, and on the third day the water began to subside, and very rapidly too; but where did it all go to? All round them dry land appeared. On drifted the little boat until it came to a full stop by the strand of an unknown country. The captain and his companion got out, and asked some of the inhabitants—who had evidently not been drowned—where they were, and how far they had drifted? and were greatly astonished to hear that they had arrived at the Twenty-seventh kingdom. What were they to do? How were they to get back to their own country? They had no money with them, not a penny; they could do nothing.

"We must become workmen," said the sailor, "and earn our money, for without money we need not think of living at all. As for returning to our own country, that is quite impossible."


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270 "It is all very well for you, little brother, to talk of working. You are used to that sort of thing; but I, as you yourself know, am a captain in the king's service, and am not accustomed to labour."

"Never mind, your honour; I shall find you something which will not prove so very difficult."

They went into the village, and hired themselves out as shepherds; the sailor passing himself off as a real shepherd, and the captain as only his man. Thus they worked on through the whole summer, looking after the village cattle, and in the autumn they went and collected their money from the peasants, after which the sailor began dividing it between them, giving the captain half, and keeping the other half for himself. But the captain, when he saw that the sailor divided the money equally, was offended at being put on a level with a common sailor.

"Why do you put me on an equality with yourself?" he asked. "Do you not know that I am a captain, while you are only a—common sailor?"

"Yes, I know! I ought to divide the money into three parts, keeping two for myself, and giving you the third; for I was a real shepherd, and worked hard, while you were only—my helper, and did not do much!"

The captain became very angry, and began scolding the sailor, who seemed to be growing stronger and stronger, and did not care what the captain was saying. Then he suddenly waved his hand, and struck the captain in the side. The captain jumped up and—awoke! He looked around him—everything


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Rh was just as it always had been; he was in his own room in his comfortable arm-chair, for he had never left it; but while the sailor and traktirshik were explaining everything he had fallen asleep. He now did not wish to judge the sailor any more, but only told him to leave his presence, while the traktirshik went back without getting any satisfaction.


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272

years ago, in a certain kingdom, there was a small village, in which lived a man whose brother had died a little while before, leaving behind him a son called Senka the Little, who was an arrant thief. Though his father had placed him in many a school and many a place of business, Senka would learn and do nothing.

"Why do you not try and learn?" his father and mother would ask him. "Do you wish to remain a fool all your life?"

"If you wish to see me earn my bread and salt," Senka would reply; "you must let me go somewhere to learn the art of theft properly. I will look at no other science. I shall do nothing but steal; I have no talent for anything else."

So Senka the Little stayed at home doing nothing until his father died, and then he did not stop to think, but went straight to his uncle, his father's brother, saying,—

"Come, uncle, I want to learn the art of theft now. While you do the stealing, I will look on and see how you do it, and also help you when necessary."

"All right, come along!" said the uncle; and they started off on their journey.

They went on and on until they came to a marshy


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 way to get honourably mentioned in this neighbourhood," replied my aunt, with bitterness: "he's just finished killing poor Mrs. McSlanger's cat, if you want to know what he has been doing. And a pretty row there'll be about it, too!"

"Can't we hush it up?" said my uncle.

"Hush it up!" retorted my aunt. "If you'd heard the row, you wouldn't sit there and talk like a fool."

"And if you'll take my advice," added my aunt, "you'll set to work on this 'training,' or whatever it is, that has got to be done to the dog, before any human life is lost."

My uncle was too busy to devote any time to the dog for the next day or so, and all that could be done was to keep the animal carefully confined to the house.

And a nice time we had with him! It was not that the animal was bad-hearted. He meant well: he tried to do his duty. What was wrong with him was that he was too hard-working. He wanted to do too much. He started with an exaggerated and totally erroneous notion of his duties and responsibilities. His idea was that he had been brought into the house for the purpose of preventing any living human soul from coming near it, and of preventing any person who might by chance have managed to slip in from ever again leaving it.

We endeavoured to induce him to take a less exalted view of his position, but in vain. That was the conception he had formed in his own mind concerning his earthly task, and that conception he insisted on living up to with, what appeared to us to be, unnecessary conscientiousness.

He so effectually frightened away all the tradespeople, that they at last refused to even enter the gate. All that


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 to cooperate with local administration officials on all affairs relating to the organisation and carrying out of the administrative business of the court;

to make reports on cases and affairs of the court to be sent in accordance with rules;

and shall have the following powers:

to participate in sittings for trying and adjudicating upon cases any cases of that court or, after inspecting the file of any case, to sign a judgment or express a dissenting opinion thereon;

to give orders on all motions and applications submitted to him in accordance with the provisions of procedural laws.

In controlling and commanding the administrative staff of their courts, the chief judge shall have the same powers as a director general and the presiding judge shall have the same powers as the head of a division according to the Act on Rules for Civil Officials.

The presiding judge of a division shall be responsible for the work of the division to ensure that it proceeds in a smooth manner, as designated in

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 they would do was to bring their goods and drop them over the fence into the front garden, from where we had to go and fetch them as we wanted them.

"I wish you'd run into the garden," my aunt would say to me—I was stopping with them at the time,—"and see if you can find any sugar; I think there's some under the big rose-bush. If not, you'd better go to Jones's and order some."

And, on the cook's inquiring what she should get ready for lunch, my aunt would say:

"Well, I'm sure, Jane, I hardly know. What have we? Are there any chops in the garden, or was it a bit of steak that I noticed on the lawn?"

On the second afternoon the plumbers came to do a little job to the kitchen boiler. The dog, being engaged at the time in the front of the house, driving away the postman, did not notice their arrival. He was broken-hearted at finding them there when he got downstairs, and evidently blamed himself most bitterly. Still, there they were, all owing to his carelessness, and the only thing to be done now was to see that they did not escape.

There were three plumbers (it always takes three plumbers to do a job: the first man comes on ahead to tell you that the second man will be there soon, the second


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 man comes to say that he can't stop, and the third man follows to ask if the first man has been there); and that faithful, dumb animal kept them pinned up in the kitchen—fancy wanting to keep plumbers in a house longer than is absolutely necessary!—for five hours, until my uncle came home; and the bill ran: "Self and two men engaged six hours, repairing boiler-tap, 18s.; materials, 2d.—total 18s. 2d."

He took a dislike to the cook from the very first. We did not blame him for this. She was a disagreeable old woman, and we did not think much of her ourselves. But when it came to keeping her out of the kitchen, so that she could not do her work, and my aunt and uncle had to


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 and bring him home always thoroughly exhausted. You stick to that for a month or two, regular, and you'll have him like a little child."

"Um!—seems to me that I'm going to get more training over this job than anybody else," muttered my uncle, as he thanked the man and left the shop; "but I suppose it's got to be done. Wish I'd never had the d dog now!"

So religiously every evening, my uncle would fasten a long chain to that poor dog, and drag him away from his happy home with the idea of exhausting him; and the dog would come back as fresh as paint, my uncle behind him, panting and clamouring for brandy.

My uncle said he should never have dreamed there could have been such stirring times in this prosaic nineteenth century as he had experienced, training that dog.

Oh, the wild, wild scamperings over the breezy common, the dog trying to catch a swallow, and my uncle, unable


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 hese (the Allies’) war aims imply the reorganization of Europe, guaranteed by a stable régime and based at once on respect for nationalities and on the right to full security and liberty of economic development possessed by all peoples, small and great  the liberation of the Italians, as also of the Slavs, Roumanians and Czecho-Slovaks from foreign domination.

Entente Reply to President Wilson's Peace Note, January 10, 1917 To President Wilson, Jan. 10, 1917

No nation should seek to extend its policy over any other nation or


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 the ministerial regulations establishing the division or an order of the chief judge or presiding judge of the court.

There shall be appointed justice commissioners, whose number and places of stationing, as well as the extent of whose jurisdiction, shall be as designated in a royal decree appointing them. The persons to become justice commissioners shall be selected from judges.

Justice commissioners shall have the same powers and duties as chief judges as specified in sections 10 and 11 and shall have the powers—

to order judges and judicial clerks to report about any cases or report about other affairs of the courts which are under their jurisdiction;

to participate in sittings for trying and adjudicating upon cases at every court which is under their jurisdiction or, after inspecting the file of any case, to sign a judgment or express a dissenting opinion thereon;

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 to hold him back, following at the other end of the chain!

Oh, the merry frolics in the fields, when the dog wanted to kill a cow, and the cow wanted to kill the dog, and they each dodged round my uncle, trying to do it!

And, oh, the pleasant chats with the old ladies when the dog wound the chain into a knot round their legs, and upset them, and my uncle had to sit down in the road beside them, and untie them before they could get up again!

But a crisis came at last. It was a Saturday afternoon,—uncle being exercised by dog in usual way,—nervous children, playing in road, see dog, scream and run,—playful young dog thinks it a game, jerks chain out of uncle's grasp, and flies after them,—uncle flies after dog, calling it names,—fond parent in front garden, seeing beloved children chased by savage dog, followed by careless owner, flies after uncle, calling him names,—householders come to doors and cry, "Shame!"—also throw things at dog,—things that don't hit dog, hit uncle,—things that don't hit uncle, hit fond parent,—through the village and up the hill, over the bridge and round by the green,—grand run, mile and a half without a break! Children sink exhausted,—dog gambols up among them,—children go into fits,—fond parent and uncle come up together, both breathless.


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This anthology of poems for workers is, I think, the only one of its kind in the English language. Symposiums have been made of poems "about workers" and there have been a number of collections of poetry and prose gathered together under the general all-embracing head of "literature and art of the humanist thinkers of the world"—notably the well-known volume entitled "The Cry for Social Justice," edited by Upton Sinclair, which includes the chance writings on social justice of such anti-proletarian figures as Bismarck, John Stuart Mill, Thomas Carlyle, John D. Rockefeller, Rudyard Kipling and even Hall Caine. The poems in the present booklet center upon the life, struggles and revolutionary movement of the working class. They are in fact an indivisible part of the working class struggle. Originally written for and directed to the working class, they are here collected for working class readers.

For the most part, the anthology consists of poems which I have seen here and there in labor periodicals and which I have cut out and saved over a period of years. The selection is therefore


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 quite arbitrary. It is, of course, by no means exhaustive. Readers will notice many omissions, some of which—like "The International"—were left out to make room for less familiar poems and others—like Arturo Giovanitti's "The Walker"—because they were too long to be included. It is true that Giovanitti's "When the Cock Crows" is even longer than "The Walker" but I do not think anyone will be sorry for its inclusion.

As already stated, I have thought it best to limit the selection to poems which belong directly to the class struggle. The majority of the authors have been themselves active in the revolutionary proletarian movement in some capacity or other, and many of them are active in the struggle at the present time. The following pages are thus commended to working class readers as a product of their own movement. Workers will see in these poems an earnest of the invincible sweep, the elemental necessity, the suffering and heroism, the sacrifice and courage, the bitterness and devotion, the steady persistence, the already dawning triumph, of the class struggle of the proletarians of all nations for the overthrow of wage-slavery and the establishment of a new society.

—M. G.


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 ''Acknowledgement is made to the periodicals in which the poems originally appeared: International Socialist Review, The Masses, Liberator, Solidarity, Industrial Worker, Industrial Pioneer, New York Call, Daily Herald (London), Workers Monthly. Also to the Century Company, for permission to reprint Louis Untermeyer's "Caliban in the Coal Mines"; to Henry Holt & Co., for some of Sandburg's poems; to Alfred A. Knopf, for poems by James Oppenheim, and to the Leonard Press, for poems by Ralph Chaplin.''


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 self. It was a tremendously big one, as stiff as a wire-fence; and it "set" beautifully.

They were standing in front of Jenkins's, the draper's; and my aunt thinks that it—the crinoline—must have got caught up in something, and an opening thus left between it and the ground. However this may be, certain it is that an absurdly large and powerful bull-dog, who was fooling round about there at the time, managed, somehow or other, to squirm in under my aunt's crinoline, and effectually imprison himself beneath it.

Finding himself suddenly in a dark and gloomy chamber, the dog, naturally enough, got frightened, and made frantic rushes to get out. But whichever way he charged, there was the crinoline in front of him. As he flew, he,


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 to order any judge of one court which is under their jurisdiction to go assist another court temporarily in an event of emergency, following which a report shall be made to the Ministry of Justice with dispatch.

The courts of justice have the following territorial jurisdiction:

municipal courts have the territorial jurisdiction as designated by the acts establishing them;

provincial courts have the territorial jurisdiction as designated by the acts establishing them; however, as for all the cases which have occurred in the territorial jurisdiction of a municipal court, if they are instituted before a provincial court, the provincial court may exercise discretion as to whether it should refuse to try and adjudicate upon any of the cases so instituted;

the Civil Court and the Criminal Court have the territorial jurisdiction throughout Phra Nakhon Province and Thon Buri Province; however, as for all the cases which have occurred outside the territories of Phra Nakhon Province and Thon Buri Province, they may be instituted before the Civil Court and the Criminal Court, but such court may exercise discretion as to whether it should refuse to try and adjudicate upon any of the cases so instituted,

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 save where the case is transferred in accordance with the provisions of a procedural code of law.

Municipal courts have the power to try and adjudicate upon cases over which a single judge has the power as specified in sections 21 and 22.

Provincial courts have the power to try and adjudicate upon all civil and criminal cases.

The Civil Court has the power to try and adjudicate upon all civil cases and the Criminal Court has the power to try and adjudicate upon all criminal cases.

No court shall accept for trial and adjudication a case which another court has duly accepted, save where the case is transferred in accordance with the provisions of a procedural code of law.

An appellate court has the power to try and adjudicate upon all cases in which judgments or orders of courts of first instance are appealed according to the provisions of the laws dealing with appeals.

Apart from this, it shall have the powers—

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 to reaffirm, revise, or reverse judgments of courts of first instance which sentence persons to death or life imprisonment, when the cases have been sent up to it as prescribed in the Criminal Procedure Code;

to give decisive rulings upon motions legally submitted to it to challenge orders of the courts of first instance;

to give decisive rulings upon cases which it has the power to rule upon in accordance with other laws.

The Supreme Court of Justice has the power to try and adjudicate upon all cases in which judgments or orders of appellate courts are appealed according to the provisions of the laws dealing with final appeals.

Apart from this, the Supreme Court of Justice shall have the powers—

to give decisive rulings upon cases of which the retrial has been applied for in accordance with the law thereon;

to give decisive rulings upon cases which the Supreme Court of Justice has the power to rule upon in accordance with other laws.

As regards the cases which the Supreme Court of Justice has already tried and adjudicated upon, no party has the right to further file a petition against them with the Crown.

title: Page:กม ร ๘ - ๒๔๗๘ fixed.pdf/1255


text: Talk:A Sabbath Scene

title: Talk:A Sabbath Scene


text:
Keeping the Peace

 * The United States Navy: Keeping the Peace (1966), a US Navy pamphlet
 * Keeping the Peace (1924), a novel by Gouverner Morris

title: Keeping the Peace


text:
Page:กม ร ๘ - ๒๔๗๘ fixed.pdf/1256

A single judge has the powers—

to issue summons, issue criminal warrants, or issue writs requiring persons to be sent from or to other provinces;

to issue any order which does not constitute a decisive ruling upon a dispute in a case.

In a court of first instance, a mere single judge has the power to try and adjudicate upon cases which are under the competency of such court, when—

they are civil cases in which the amount of the property in dispute or the amount of the money claimed is not over two hundred baht or no monetary claim is involved, save where they contain disputes relating to personal status and family rights;

they are criminal cases for which the maximum rate of punishment designated by the law is imprisonment of not over three years, or a fine of not over two thousand baht, or both the imprisonment and fine; however, the imprisonment cannot be imposed in excess of six months, or a fine in excess of two hundred baht;

title: Page:กม ร ๘ - ๒๔๗๘ fixed.pdf/1256


text:
User:Brad606/TUB08

Papers 136 through 144

 * Read carefully and validate

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Edition.djvu/1641 Page:The Urantia Book, 1st Edition.djvu/1642 Page:The Urantia Book, 1st Edition.djvu/1643 Page:The Urantia Book, 1st Edition.djvu/1644 Page:The Urantia Book, 1st Edition.djvu/1645 Page:The Urantia Book, 1st Edition.djvu/1646 Page:The Urantia Book, 1st Edition.djvu/1647 Page:The Urantia Book, 1st Edition.djvu/1648 Page:The Urantia Book, 1st Edition.djvu/1649 Page:The Urantia Book, 1st Edition.djvu/1650 Page:The Urantia Book, 1st Edition.djvu/1651 Page:The Urantia Book, 1st Edition.djvu/1652 Page:The Urantia Book, 1st Edition.djvu/1653 Page:The Urantia Book, 1st Edition.djvu/1654 Page:The Urantia Book, 1st Edition.djvu/1655 Page:The Urantia Book, 1st Edition.djvu/1656 Page:The Urantia Book, 1st Edition.djvu/1657 Page:The Urantia Book, 1st Edition.djvu/1658 Page:The Urantia Book, 1st Edition.djvu/1659 Page:The Urantia Book, 1st Edition.djvu/1660 Page:The Urantia Book, 1st Edition.djvu/1661 Page:The Urantia Book, 1st Edition.djvu/1662 Page:The Urantia Book, 1st 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title: User:Brad606/TUB08


text:
Page:NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE SURVEY 18; CZECHOSLOVAKIA; TRANSPORTATION AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS CIA-RDP01-00707R000200110013-9.pdf/13

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543 million passengers and produced 11.4 billion passenger-miles.

The CSD equipment pool is not adequate in quantity or quality. Equipment conditions are critical during peak traffic periods in spring and autumn when demands are greatest. Freight-car turnaround time, a measure of operating efficiency, increased from 3.8 days in 1967 to 4.0 days in 1971. Much of the equipment is in poor condition and therefore places great strain on the out-of-date repair facilities. Major car and engine repair shops are at Plzen, Vrutky, Nymburk, Zvolen, Kolin, Ceska Trebova, Chomutov, Ceske Velenice, Ostrava, Louny, Decin, Trnava, Ceska Lipa, Krnov, and Sumperk. Maintenance service is provided at principal yards and junctions.

In 1971 the CSD inventory consisted of 4,806 locomotives—1,800 steam, 2,000 diesel, and 1,006 electric. Replacement of the steam units by diesels and electrics has been slow because the major portion of domestic production of diesel switching locomotives and main line electric locomotives is delivered to the U.S.S.R. In 1971 the freight-car inventory consisted of 150,550 cars, most of which had two axles. Data on the breakdown by type of equipment is not available. Czechoslovakia is the largest producer of main line electric locomotives and one of the larger producers of freight cars in Eastern Europe. Main line diesel locomotives are imported from the U.S.S.R.; passenger and freight cars, from Yugoslavia and Hungary.

The Council for Economic Mutual Assistance (CEMA) freight-car pool, designed to achieve more efficient car utilization among the Eastern European Communist countries, was established on 1 July 1964, with 92,700 cars. Czechoslovakia has contributed over 20,000 cars to the pool, which now 236,000 and has provided some relief from the existing car shortage.

In 1972 the CSD had 253,000 employees. The personnel situation of the system continues to be critical because of employee shortages, insufficient training, and lack of discipline. These problems have greatly affected the mechanization and modernization program. Recently the CSD introduced the 5-day workweek, a piece-rate wage, and a new bonus rate in attempts to recruit new employees and to improve operations. Several railroad training schools are situated throughout the country and at higher educational facilities in Prague, Zilina, and Breclav.

D. Highways (S)

Highway transport is used primarily for short-haul movement and local transportation. The highway network has been meeting the minimal requirements of the national economy despite the continuing rise in traffic volume and the marginal condition of many roads. Almost all main highways are paved, but inadequate maintenance limits the effectiveness of the road system as a means of cross-country movement.

The highway network is adequately distributed; the greatest concentrations are in the populous and heavily industrialized western and central areas of the country. The roads form radial patterns around the cities of Prague and Plzen in the west and Brno in central Czechoslovakia. Highway connections between major regions are adequate. In eastern Slovakia, however, there are only two main east-west routes; these converge at Michalovce and continue as a single route to the U.S.S.R. border near Uzhgorod. International border connections are maintained with all adjacent countries. The density of national highways—0.92 mile per square mile—is relatively high and compares favorable with most neighboring countries. The overall quantity of this road network is steadily improving and in this respect is comparable to the highway systems of the adjacent countries.

The Czechoslovak highway network comprises an estimated 45,500 miles of national routes and an undetermined mileage of local roads and tracks. The national road network comes under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Transportation and administratively is classified as follows: primary (5,500 miles), secondary (11,000 miles) and tertiary (29,000 miles). The administrative classification does not signify a particular type of road construction. Primary roads are generally 18 to 30 feet wide and are paved and adequately bridged; most secondary roads are bituminous surfaced, 16 to 20 feet wide, and adequately bridged; and many tertiary roads have been widened and paved recently, but the majority still remain narrow and gravel surfaced with low-capacity bridges.

A typical national route is generally bituminous surfaced (Figure 3) with short sections of cobblestone, stone sett, or concrete. This type of road constitutes 31,580 miles or about 70% of the national network; the remaining portion of the network is crushed-stone or gravel roads. The average thickness of new bituminous surfacing is about 2 to 3 inches. Paved road widths are generally 16 to 30 feet. Bases are crushed stone, gravel, sand or combinations thereof in varying thickness up to 1½ feet for new concrete highways. Shoulders are grass, earth, or gravel and are mainly up to 6 feet wide, though there are some that measure up to 10 feet.

Details on principal highway routes are given in Figure 6.

The estimated 26,500 highway bridges range from old steel through-truss and masonry deck-arch types to

7

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text: Index:Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society (IA journalof283018951897roya).pdf


text:
Page:Midland naturalist (IA midlandnaturalis01lond).pdf/154

132

A method whereby drawings of objects under the microscope, of rare specimens of plants, insects, and other things, may be accurately, easily, and inexpensively multiplied has long been desired. Numerous attempts have been made to meet these requirements, but none with which I am acquainted seems to yield such satisfactory results as that lately perfected by Mr. A. Pumphrey, of Birmingham, which he calls the Autographic Printing process. This is a method, invented and patented by him, by which anything written or drawn with ink on paper can be multiplied to any extent, In absolute facsimile, and in any one colour. It differs from the Papyrograph and other devices of that kind in the fact that fine lines can be reproduced in all their perfection; another and very great advantage is that the original is in no way injured, as is the case in most other methods. A desire having been expressed by members of the Birmingham Natural History and Microscopical Society to see the process in actual work, the inventor attended at the Society's meeting, held on Tuesday, April 2nd, and gave an account of the process, and then proceeded to employ it in reproducing a number of various kinds of drawings. These sketches, prepared beforehand by members, having been given to Mr. Pumphrey, a prepared slab of slate, counted with a special preparation of gelatine, (which can be kept ready for use for an indefinite length of time,) was moistened with a solution of bichromate of potash, the drawing to be copied was placed in contact with the surface for a few seconds, and the ink on the paper, where it touched the gelatine, affected it and made it horny. Without any further operation, an ordinary inking roller was passed over the gelatine, the ink adhering to the slab only where the writing had touched. Clean paper was then laid upon it, and a little pressure produced a perfect copy. After one print was taken, the slab was moistened with clean water, and the operation repeated, With this number of the Magazine will be found a number of plates thus obtained, which reproduce the original drawings with excellent effect.

Is was at first supposed that any ink and paper would suffice, but the materials of which these are made are so various that it is advisable to use only those kinds which have been found to be most satisfactory. The chief requisite of the ink is that it should contain am excess of iron. Ink and paper of the best kind can he obtained from the patentee, Emily Street, Birmingham, and from Mr. T. Bolton, at his Microscopist's and Naturalists' Studio, 17, Ann Street, Birmingham, both of whom supply, at a small charge, a book giving full details how to obtain the best results, and a compact and handy apparatus, by means of which the printing can be done, as has been practically proved, by anyone. The price of this, with every requisite for producing prints similar to these


text:
Page:Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society (IA journalof283018951897roya).pdf/9

 [No. 28.]

JOURNAL

of the

of the

AUGUST, 1895.

Agents of the Society:

London and America ...

Paris ...

Germany ..., Leipzig.

SINGAPORE:


text:
Page:Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society (IA journalof283018951897roya).pdf/131

 [No. 29.]

JOURNAL

of the

of the

JULY, 1896.

SINGAPORE:

London and America ...

Paris ...

Germany ..., Leipzig.


text: User:SnowyCinema/P/Martin Eden

title: User:SnowyCinema/P/Martin Eden


text:
Page:Treaty of Peace - Versailles (1919) Ottawa.djvu/75

RV 75 (SESSIONAL PAPER No. 41) Plant for the manufacture of hydrogen.

Dirigible sheds and shelters of every kind for aircraft.

Pending their delivery, dirigibles will, at the expense of Germany, be maintained inflated with hydrogen; the plant for the manufacture of hydrogen, as well as the sheds for dirigibles, may, at the discretion of the said Powers, be left to Germany until the time when the dirigibles are handed over.

Engines for aircraft.

Nacelles and fuselages.

Armament (guns, machine guns, light machine guns, bomb-dropping apparatus, torpedo-dropping apparatus, synchronization apparatus, aiming apparatus).

Munitions (cartridges, shells, bombs loaded or unloaded, stocks of explosives or of material for their manufacture).

Instruments for use on aircraft.

Wireless apparatus and photographic or cinematograph apparatus for use on aircraft.

Component parts of any of the items under the preceding heads.

The material referred to above shall not be removed without special permission from the said Governments.

All the military, naval and air clauses contained in the present Treaty, for the execution of which a time limit is prescribed, shall be executed by Germany under the control of Inter-Allied Commissions specially appointed for this purpose by the Principal Allied and Associated Powers.

The Inter-allied Commissions of Control will be specially charged with the duty of seeing to the complete execution of the delivery, destruction, demolition and rendering things useless to be carried out at the expense of the German Government in accordance with the present Treaty.

They will communicate to the German authorities the decisions which the Principal Allied and Associated Powers have reserved the right to take, or which the execution of the military, naval and air clauses may necessitate.

The Inter-Allied Commissions of Control may establish their organizations at the seat of the central German Government.

They shall be entitled as often as they think desirable to proceed to any point whatever in German territory, or to send sub-commissions, or to authorize one or more of their members to go, to any such point.

The German Government must give all necessary facilities for the accomplishment of their missions to the Inter-Allied Commissions of Control and to their members.

It shall attach a qualified representative to each Inter-Allied Commission of Control for the purpose of receiving the communications which the Commission may


text:
Page:Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society (IA journalof283018951897roya).pdf/217

 [No. 30.]

JOURNAL

of the

of the

JULY, 1897.

Agents of the Society:

London and America ...

Paris ...

Germany ..., Leipzig.

SINGAPORE:


text: Page:Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society (IA journalof283018951897roya).pdf/10


text:
Page:Treaty of Peace - Versailles (1919) Ottawa.djvu/76

RV 76 (SESSIONAL PAPER No. 41) have to address to the German Government and of supplying or procuring for the Commission all information or documents which may be required.

The German Government must in all cases furnish at its own cost all labour and material required to effect the deliveries and the works of destruction, dismantling, demolition, and of rendering things useless, provided for in the present Treaty.

The upkeep and cost of the Commissions of Control and the expenses involved by their work shall be borne by Germany.

The Military Inter-Allied Commission of Control will represent the Governments of the Principal Allied and Associated Powers in dealing with the German Government in all matters concerning the execution of the military clauses.

In particular it will be its duty to receive from the German Government the notifications relating to the location of the stocks and depots of munitions, the armament of the fortified works, fortresses and forts which Germany is allowed to retain, and the location of the works or factories for the production of arms, munitions and war material and their operations.

It will take delivery of the arms, munitions and war material, will select the points where such delivery is to be effected, and will supervise the works of destruction, demolition, and of rendering things useless, which are to be carried out in accordance with the present Treaty.

The German Government must furnish to the Military Inter-Allied Commission of Control all such information and documents as the latter may deem necessary to ensure the complete execution of the military clauses, and in particular all legislative and administrative documents and regulations.

The Naval Inter-Allied Commission of Control will represent the Governments of the Principal Allied and Associated Powers in dealing with the German Government in all matters concerning the execution of the naval clauses.

In particular it will be its duty to proceed to the building yards and to supervise the breaking-up of the ships which are under construction there, to take delivery of all surface ships or submarines, salvage ships, docks and the tubular dock, and to supervise the destruction and breaking-up provided for.

The German Government must furnish to the Naval Inter-Allied Commission of Control all such information and documents as the Commission may deem necessary to ensure the complete execution of the naval clauses, in particular the designs of the warships, the composition of their armaments, the details and models of the guns, munitions, torpedoes, mines, explosives, wireless telegraphic apparatus and, in general, everything relating to naval war material, as well as all legislative or administrative documents or regulations.

The Aeronautical Inter-Allied Commission of Control will represent the Governments of the Principal Allied and Associated Powers in dealing with the German Government in all matters concerning the execution of the air clauses.

In particular it will be its duty to make an inventory of the aeronautical material existing in German territory, to inspect aeroplane, balloon and motor manufac-