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2 ulate to honorable deeds in the young,—teach firmness under defeat and vicissitude, and hold forth a promise of ultimate and complete success to well directed perseverance. By exhibiting, at the same time, the injurious consequences directly flowing from each adn every aberration from the standard of a scrupulous morality, they enjoy the strictest and most jealous conscientiousness. The character of Martin Faber, not less than that of William Hardig, may be found hourly in real life. The close observer may often meet with them. They are here put in direct opposition, not less with the view to contrast and comparison, than incident and interest. They will be found to develop of themselves, and by their results, the nature of the education which had been severally given them. When the author speaks of education he does not so much refer to that received at the school and the academy. He would be understood to indicate that which the young acquire at home in the parental dwelling—under the parental


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Rh eye—in the domestic circle—at the family fireside, from those who, by nature, are best calculated to lay the guiding and the governing principles. It is not at the university that the affections and the moral faculties are to be tutored. The heart, and—les petit morales—the manners, have quire another school and other teachers, all of which are but too little considered by the guardians of the young. These are—the father and the mother and the friends—the play-mates and the play-places.


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 "La miséricorde de Dieu est infinie: elle sauvera mème un riche."

, Le Puits de Sainte Claire.


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God hath given you one face, and you make yourself another; you jig, you amble, you lisp.

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 " pourrions-nous gagner," once wrote a celebrated economist, "à recueillir des opinions absurdes, des doctrines décréesm et qui méritent de l'être? Il serait à la fois inutile et fastidieux de les exhumer." One who studies the development of social theory can hardly hope to avoid the criticism which is brought against those who disturb the dust in forgotten lumber-rooms. If he seeks an excuse beyond his own curiosity, he may find it, perhaps, in the reflection that the past reveals to the present what the present is capable of seeing, and that the face which to one age is a blank may to another be pregnant with meaning. Writing when economic science was in the first flush of its dogmatic youth, it was natural that Say should dismiss as an unprofitable dilettantism an interest in the speculations of ages unillumined by the radiance of the new Gospel. But to determine the significant of opinion is, perhaps, not altogether so simple a matter as he supposed. Since the brave days when Torrens could say of Political Economy, "Twenty years hence there will scarcely exist a doubt respecting any of its fundamental principles," how many confident certainties have been undermined! How many doctrines once dismissed as the emptiest of superstitions have revealed an unsuspected vitality!

The attempt to judge economic activity and social organization by ethical criteria raises problems which are eternal, and it is possible that a study of the thought of an age when that attempt was made, if with little success, at least with conviction and persistence, may prove, even today, not


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 Rh It is particularly interesting to note, in these days when prominent men go about denouncing the doctrine of organic evolution as foul, repulsive, and contrary to the will of God, that the early churchmen were not troubled by such narrowness. Augustine not only gave up the orthodox statement of special creation; he modified the conception of time. To him the "days" of Genesis did not mean days of astronomy; they meant long and indeterminable periods of time. And it is particularly interesting to find him rebuking those who, ignorant of the principles underlying nature, seek to explain things according to the letter of the scriptures. "It is very disgraceful and mischievous," says he, "that a Christian speaking of such matters as being according to the Christian Scriptures should be heard by an unbeliever talking such nonsense that the unbeliever, perceiving him to be as wide from the mark as east from west, can hardly restrain himself from laughing."

Augustine was followed by some of the later church authorities, most notably Thomas Aquinas, who lived in the latter part of the thirteenth century. He did not add to the evolution idea, but rather expounded the ideas of Augustine. His importance was due to his high rank as a church authority, not to any ideas which he produced.

During the period between Augustine and Aquinas, however, science almost died out in Europe, and leadership in philosophy went into the hands of the Arabs. Between 813 and 833 the works of Aristotle were translated into Arabic, and they form the basis of the nat-


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 18 ural philosophies of the Arabians. Avicenna (980–1037) probably held a naturalistic theory of evolution, and is known to have been fundamentally modern in his conceptions of geology. During the tenth century scientific books were imported into Spain in considerable numbers, and the Spanish scientific movement culminated in the works of Avempace and Abubacer (Abn-Badja and Ibn-Tophail). The former held that there were strong relationships between men, animals, plants, and minerals, which made them into a closely united whole. Abubacer, a poet, believed in the spontaneous generation of life, and sketched in a highly imaginative fashion the development of human thought and civilization.

But the reactionary trend of church thought during the dark ages finally attacked and conquered Arabic progress. In 1209 the Church Provincial Council of Paris forbade the study of Arabic writers, and even declared against the reading of Aristotle's "Natural Philosophy." During the middle ages the progress backward was carried to an even greater degree. Men no longer cared to think, or to discover things; they preferred to be told what they should believe. This attitude was encouraged by the authorities of the church, who represented power, and who depended for their easy existence upon the servility of the people at large. Obedience to authority in intellectual as well as in political affairs was demanded of everyone, and by almost everyone was rendered as a matter of course. Those who by chance made real discoveries, and found that they contra-


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 Rh dicted the established authorities, either refused to believe their Own senses, or else feared to publish their information because of the almost certain prosecution that would follow. To believe blindly, without analysis or question, was considered right and proper; to seek knowledge for oneself was a crime that the medieval church, and her governmental allies, stood ever ready to punish.

But the autocratic enforcement of antiquated dogma, and the serf-like submission to authority, could not go on forever. A revolution came, even within the ranks of the theologians themselves. Giordano Bruno (1548–1600) revived the teachings of Aristotle, and combined them with theories, and combined them with ideas secured by omnivorous reading of Greek, Arabic, and Oriental writings. He undoubtedly had some conception of evolution, compares the intelligence of man and various of the lower animals, and recognizes a physical relationship between them. In geology he was essentially modern, arguing against the six thousand years of Bible chronology, and maintaining that conditions of his day were the same, fundamentally, as those during ancient periods of the earth's history–a doctrine which he probably borrowed from the Arabian, Avicenna.

Before considering others of the philosophers who became, during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the sponsors of the evolution idea, we may well pause to glance at the general state of learning throughout Europe at the beginning of that period. Just as any idea is a product of the men who advocate it, so


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 20 is its development dependant upon the state of culture in the regions where it is being fostered. We must, therefore, consider the outstanding features of that environment in order to understand the true significance of the progress made along the line in which we are principally interested.

Universities in Europe were founded at the beginning of the twelfth century, following those established by the Arabs, Oxford, the most noted university of England, was founded about a century later. For a long time after this, authority still held almost unchallenged sway. Naturalists were mainly compilers, repeating what had been said and done before them, and carefully avoiding anything new. But in the first half of the sixteenth century there sprang up, in the Italian university town of Padua, an important school of anatomy. In 1619 Harvey, an English physiologist, discovered the circulation of blood, and applied the method of experimental study in zoology. This one piece of work was of far more importance than all of his contributions to physiology—of which he is usually considered the real founder—for it gave to scientists the one almost infallible method of securing information. In the latter half of the seventeenth century the study of microscopic organisms was begun, and the foundations of a logical classification of animals was laid by Ray.


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 Rh It was during these two centuries of progress that the basis of our modern methods of evolutionary investigation was laid. Oddly enough, this was done, not by the naturalists of the time, but by the natural philosophers, such as Bacon and Leibnitz. They found their source of inspiration in the Greek literature, especially the writings of Aristotle, incorporating material offered by the leading naturalists of their times. Probably their biggest contribution was in giving a proper direction to evolutionary research; they saw clearly that the important thing was not what had taken place among animals, but what changes and variations were going on under the very eyes of the investigators. By establishing the fact that evolution was nothing more than individual variations on a stupendously large scale, they brought variation into prominence and laid the foundation for Darwin's final triumph.

The second great achievement of the philosophers was their proof of the principle of natural causation. From Bacon, the earliest, to Kant, one of the last of these workers, this principle was the object of continued study and enthusiasm. Each of them believed that the world, and in fact, the universe was governed by natural causes instead of by the constant interference of a man-like Creator. Of course, this attitude was hailed as the rankest heterodoxy, and was under the ban of the church. Nevertheless, it prevailed, and has stood as a pillar of all natural philosophy of the present day.

Francis Bacon (1561–1626) was the first of


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 22 the natural philosophers of later-day Europe. He was familiar with the Greek science, but revolted strongly against the authority given it. So radical was his attitude that he went to wholly unjustifiable lengths in attacking the Greeks, calling them "children … prone to talking and incapable of generation." This enmity may partly explain Bacon's failure to put into practice the excellent ideas which he voiced in his epigrams, maxims, and aphorisms. He did, it is true, suggest the means whereby the natural causes of which he wrote might be discovered, but he did little investigation himself. Bacon was too near the reactionarism of the middle ages to consistently practice the inductive method of study, and as a result his work was not of lasting value.

The rebellion of Bacon in England was followed by that of Descartes in France, and Leibnitz in Germany. The latter philosopher did much to revive the teachings of Aristotle, likening the series of animals to a chain, each form representing a link. This conception, while good enough in Aristotle's time, was out of date when revived by Leibnitz, and did much to hamper a true interpretation of the evolutionary sequence. As we shall see more than once in this study, scientific ideas are not like statues or paintings, things of permanent and immutable value. An idea that was good, and valuable, a hundred years ago may be neither today, and its revival would work distinct harm to knowledge. The "faddism" against which enemies of science complain is


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 Rh neither harmful nor iniquitous. An idea should be used to its utmost as long as it represents the height of our knowledge; then, when it has been replaced by new information which is an outgrowth of itself, should be relegated to the museum of scientific antiquities. An ancient, worn-out idea is just as harmful in science as it is in politics; the sooner it is done away with, the better for all concerned.

One of the most important, and at the same time, most puzzling, of the German natural philosophers was Emmanuel Kant (1724–1804). When thirty-one years of age Kant published a book entitled, "The General History of Nature and Theory of the Heavens," in which he attempted to harmonize the mechanical and teleological views of nature. He considered nature as being under the guidance of exclusively natural causes, a very advanced position when compared with the teological conceptions of other Germans. But in his critical work, "The Teological Faculty of Judgment," published in 1790, he abandoned his progressive views on causation, dividing nature into the 'inorganic,' in which natural causes hold good, and the 'organic,' in which the teleological principle prevails. He called to the support of this conception the discoveries of the then new science of paleontology, saying that the student of fossils must of necessity admit the existence of a careful, purposive organization throughout both the plant and animal kingdoms. That this assertion was unfounded is shown by the fact that not a few modern paleontologists are strong defenders of ration-


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 24 alism and the mechanistic conception of all life activities.

But in spite of the fact that Kant was so awed by the immensity of the problem of organic evolution that he declared it impossible of solution, he nevertheless declared himself in favor of the careful study of all evidence bearing upon it. In a most striking passage, quoted by Schultze and Osborn, he says:

"It is desirable to examine the great domain of organized beings by means of a methodical comparative anatomy, or order to discover whether we may not find in them something resembling a system, and that too in connection with their mode of generation, so that we may not be compelled to stope short with a mere consideration of forms as they are … and need not despair of gaining a full insight into this department of nature. The agreement of so many kinds of animals in a certain common plan of structure, which seems to be visible not only in their skeletons, but also in the arrangement of the other parts … gives us a ray of hope, though feeble, that here perhaps some results may be obtained by the application of the principle of the mechanism of Nature, without which, in fact, no science can exist. This analogy of forms strengthens the supposition that they have an actual blood relationship, due to derivation from a common parent; a supposition which is arrived at by observation of the graduated approximation of one class of animals to an-


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 Rh other." He goes on to say that there is an unbroken chain extending from man to the lowest animals, from animals to plants, and from plants to the inorganic matter of which the earth is composed. And yet the man who, in 1790, could give so clear an outline of the basic facts of evolution, was unable to believe that the sequence which he perceived would ever be understood! For in another passage he says:

"It is quite certain that we cannot become sufficiently acquainted with organized creatures and their hidden potentialities by aid of purely mechanical natural principles, much less can we explain them; and this is so certain, that we may boldly assert that it is absurd for man even to conceive such an idea, or to hope that a Newton may one day arise to make even the production of a blade of grass comprehensible, according to natural laws ordained by no intention; such an insight we must absolutely deny to man ."

Perhaps the production of a blade of grass is not yet thoroughly comprehensible to us, but certainly the essential steps leading to that production are now well known. Even at the time Kant wrote there lived a man who did much to render the explanation possible, and another who, though disbelieving in evolution of any sort, perfected the means by which evolutionists were to arrange and label the members of the animal and plant king-


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 26 doms in order to make the study of them orderly and comprehensible. The great philosopher's passion for accuracy, although an unusual and most creditable character in an age noted for its loose thought and wild speculation, prevented him from seeing the great significance of his own work. When man is able to comprehend a problem, and to state it in clear, accurate language, the solution of that problem is almost assured. The final triumph may be years, or even centuries away, but its eventual coming need hardly be questioned.

Henry Fairfield Osborn, noted evolutionist and paleontologist, divides the evolutionists of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries into three groups—the natural philosophers, the speculative writers, and the great naturalists.

The speculative writers were a heterogenous group of men, partly philosophers, partly naturalists, and partly of various other professions. They were, in the main, untrained in accurate, inductive, scientific investigation, and depended upon the Greeks for most of their theory. They differed from the philosophers, some of whom we have already studied, in that their ideas were boldly advanced without any support of observation, or the slightest regard for scientific methods. Some of them were, for their day, immensely popular writers, and their


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 POSTHUMOUS PAPERS

THE PICKWICK CLUB.

", Sam," said Mr. Pickwick as that favoured servitor entered his bed-chamber with his warm water, on the morning of Christmas Day, "Still frosty?"

"Water in the wash-hand basin's a mask o' ice, sir," responded Sam.

"Severe weather, Sam," observed Mr. Pickwick.

"Fine time for them as is well wropped up, as the Polar Bear said to himself, ven he was practising his skating," replied Mr. Weller.

"I shall be down in a quarter of an hour, Sam," said Mr. Pickwick, untying his nightcap.

"Wery good, sir," replied Sam. "There's a couple o' Sawbones down stairs."

"A couple of what!" exclaimed Mr. Pickwick, sitting up in bed.

"A couple o' Sawbones," said Sam.


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about, in various holes and corners of the Temple, are certain dark and dirty chambers, in and out of which, all the morning in Vacation, and half the evening too in Term time, there may be seen constantly hurrying with bundles of papers under their arms, and protruding from their pockets, an almost uninterrupted succession of Lawyers' Clerks. There are several grades of Lawyers' Clerks. There is the Articled Clerk, who has paid a premium, and is an attorney in perspective, who runs a tailor's bill, receives invitations to parties, knows a family in Gower Street, and another in Tavistock Square: who goes out of town every Long Vacation to see his father, who keeps live horses innumerable; and who is, in short, the very aristocrat of clerks. There is the salaried clerk—out of door, or in door, as the case may be—who devotes the major part of his thirty shillings a week to his personal pleasure and adornment, repairs half-price to the Adelphi Theatre at least three times a week, dissipates majestically at the cider cellars afterwards, and is a dirty caricature of the fashion which expired six months ago. There is the middle-aged copying clerk, with a large family, who is always shabby, and often drunk. And there are the office lads in their first surtouts, who feel a befitting contempt for boys at day-schools: club as they go home at night, for


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XI V. It will be useful to commit to memory the following adverbs:

 * Ditu, here. Din, there.

 * Dini, where ? Kini ? whither ?

 * Semak, damping, or dampi, near.

 * Di tanah, or, di tengah laman, outside.

 * Dalam, inside.

 * Sebrai, across, across river.

 * Jauh, far.

 * Atas, above. Baroh, below.

 * Berimbai, beside, alongside.

 * Blakang, behind.

 * Kamaiatu, dia-iya, dia-tu, now.

 * Tadi, just now.

 * Dulu, kalia, menya or agi kalia, before, formerly.

 * Lagi, ila, presently.

 * Empai, bedau, apin, not yet.

 * Tumu, early.

 * Pagila, ila, to-morrow.

 * Kamari, yesterday.

 * Ensanus, ensana, the day before yesterday.

 * Lusa, the day after to-morrow.

 * Tulat, the third day from this.

 * Lupit, the fourth day from this.

 * Lanit, the fifth day from this.

 * Leboh, mai, when.

 * Udah nya, afterwards.

 * Kala, ever.

 * Enda kala, never.

 * Sekumbang, leboh, whilst.

 * Ama, sometimes.

 * Kamaia? maia ni? when ?

 * Adaipen, indeed, because.

 * Engka, perhaps.

 * Baka nya, like that.

 * Baka tu, like this.

 * Baka ni? kati ko? how?

 * Au, yes. Ukai, no, not. Enda, no.

 * Mina, saja, only.

 * Lebih agi, so much the more.

 * Amat, amai, bendar, certainly.

 * Au me, indeed (assent).

 * Salalu, semampai, seruran, always.

 * Enti, if. Jangka (nyangka), perhaps. Agi, again.

 * Awak ka, ngambi ka, in order that.

 * Sa bengka agi, agi mega, tambah mega, furthermore.

 * Sebab, laban, kra, olih, because.

 * Skalika, or. Utang (or tang), amai, but.

 * Mega, also. Sabaka, pia mega, as, like.

 * Agi pen, besides, also.

 * Saja, although.

 * Empai pia, notwithstanding.

VI. The numerals are the same as the Malay.


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 Rh What will you have? quoth God; pay for it and take it.—Nothing venture, nothing have.—Thou shalt be paid exactly for what thou hast done, no more, no less.—Who doth not work shall not eat.—Harm watch, harm catch.—Curses always recoil on the head of him who imprecates them.—If you put a chain around the neck of a slave, the other end fastens itself around your own.—Bad counsel confounds the adviser.—The Devil is an ass. It is thus written, because it is thus in life.

"You cannot do wrong without suffering wrong. 'No man has ever a point of pride that was not injurious to him,' said Burke. The exclusive in fashionable life does not see that he excludes himself from enjoyment in the attempt to appropriate it. The exclusionist in religion does not see that he shuts the door of heaven on himself in striving to shut out others. Treat men as pawns and ninepins, and you shall suffer as well as they. If you leave out their heart, you shall l»se your own.

"All the old abuses in society, universal and particular, all unjust accumulations of property and power, are avenged in the same manner. Fear is an instructor of great sagacity, and the herald of all revolutions. One thing he teaches, that there is rottenness where he appears. He is a carrion crow, and though you see not well what he hovers for, there is death somewhere. Our property is timid, our laws are timid, our cultivated classes are timid. Fear for ages has boded and mowed and gibbered over government and property. That obscene


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Beauty has corrupted thy heart. That little face! shame on thee! In the morning its splendor dies, its rose sheds its leaves. Swallows that love in the spring-time fly when the north-wind blows. Thine autumn will frighten away thy lovers.

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 Rh trashy books, filled with myriads of impossible "facts," undoubtedly did a great deal to block the progress of true evolutionary studies. Just as the public today does not distinguish between the would-be orator who talks of the "facts" of natural selection, and the true evolutionist, and ridicules both, so the public the eighteenth century linked the speculators with the sincere, hard-working naturalists, and declared the ideas of both to be foolish and blasphemous.

One of the most amusing of the speculators was Claude Duret, mayor of a small French town. In his "Histoire Admirable des Plantes," published in 1609, he described and illustrated a tree which he said was rare in France, but "frequently observed in Scotland ." From this tree, as pictured by the mayor, leaves are falling; on one side they reach water, and are slowly transformed into fishes; upon the other


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 28 they strike dry land and change themselves into birds. Fathers Bonnami and Kircher were lovers of the same kind of natural history; the latter describes orchids which give birth to birds and tiny men. Other writers of the time described and figured such creatures as centaurs, sea-serpents, ship-swallowing devil-fish, unicorns, and so on, solemnly assuring the readers that they had seen, and sometimes even killed these creatures. And all of this nonsense was greedily read and believed by people who refused to admit that one species might, in the course of thousands of years, change into something distinguishably different from the original form! One wonders if there has been a greater paradox in the world than a public which denied the existence of links between one species and another, yet believed in centaurs which were half man and half horse. Is it any wonder that, amid such an environment, science was almost stifled, and philosophy was largely a matter of deduction and imagination?


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 Rh

One of the outstanding figures of zoology, and for that matter, of all natural science is Carl von Linne, more commonly known as Carolus Linnaeus. For many years naturalists had been struggling to establish a satisfactory system of naming and arranging the various forms of animals, plants and fossils, but without very definite or satisfactory results. Linnaeus devised a very simple method of naming organisms—one that is followed almost without modification even today. He chose Latin and ancient Greek as the languages in which the names should be cast, primarily because both of them were more or less familiar to all students of his day, and neither was an important language of modern times. The name itself was in two parts, one denoting the particular species, the other the group to which that species belonged. Thus the common chipping sparrow is Spizella socialis, just as a man is William Jones, or James Thompson. The only difference is that in Linnaeus' system of naming, the family name comes first; if the same plan were used in human names William Jones would become Jones William. This may sound awkward, but as a matter


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 30 of fact it is extremely convenient, just as in a directory or telephone book it is convenient to have the family name given first.

In the early editions of Linnaeus' great work, the "Systema Naturae" (System of Nature), published from 1735 to 1751, the great naturalist stated specifically that he believed in the absolute fixity of species from the time of their creation, according to the literal interpretation of Genesis. But Linnaeus was too close a student to hold this idea for long, and in his edition of 1762 we find him expressing the opinion that many new species arose from the interbreeding of those originally created. However, he maintained that only species originated in this manner, and attributed the more general resemblances of animals and plants to similarities of form implanted by the Creator. Plainly, therefore, Linnaeus was at heart a believer in special creation in a very slightly restricted sense, and was by no means as progressive in this respect as the old Greek philosopher Aristotle.

Foremost among the contemporaries of Linnaeus was George Buffon, (1707–1788), the Frenchman whom Osborn has called the "naturalist founder of the modern applied form of the evolutionary theory." During his early work Buffon held essentially the same views as his contemporary, Linnaeus, stating that the species of animals were separated by a gap which could not be bridged, and that everywhere were evidences of "the Creator, dictating his simple but beautiful laws and impress-


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 30 bird is not there for nothing. He indicates great wrongs which must be revised.

"The history of persecution is a history of endeavors to cheat Nature, to make water run up hill, to twist a rope of sand. It makes no difference whether the actors be many or one, a tyrant or a mob. A mob is a society of bodies voluntarily bereaving themselves of reason, and traversing its work. The mob is man voluntarily descending to the nature of the beast. Its fit hours of activity is night. Its actions are insane like its whole constitution. It persecutes a principle; it would whip a right; it would tar and feather justice, by inflicting fire and outrage upon the houses and persons of those who have theseThe martyr cannot be dishonored. Every lash inflicted is a tongue of fame; every prison a more illustrious abode; every burned book or house enlightens the world; every suppressed or expunged word reverberates through the earth from side to side."

To Emerson, the universe is guided by a higher will than the human—by Spiritual Laws. Emerson is a deist. He writes: "A little consideration of what takes place around us every day would show us that a higher law than that of our will regulates events; that our painful labors are unnecessary and fruitless; that only in our easy, simple, spontaneous action are we strong, and by contenting ourselves with obedience we become divine. Belief and love—a believing love will relieve us of a vast load of care. O my brothers, God exists. There is a Soul at the center of Nature, and over the will


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. Yes, I appreciate your coming very much. Won't you sit down?

. The maid tells me Luisa is not well.

. Her nerves, as usual. I am in despair over that child. The best physicians have examined her, and you know what that means to people in our circumstances in the way of sacrifices, with only my son's salary and what I had from my husband to depend upon. The cost of living in Madrid was never so high.

. No, never, Doña Carmen. Everything nowadays is going up, prices are in the sky.

. Although apparently you get along very comfortably. Your salary is the same as my Julio's, but you are alone. Besides, you have had experience; you have no idea of getting married.

. None whatever, Doña Carmen, none whatever. Why! Why should I?

. A man is always in his best years, as I tell my . He has plenty of opportunities. But what is the use of talking? That is the reason I wanted to see you. You are his most intimate friend; you were inseparable.

. We were, yes, indeed. Doña Carmen, until this complication.

. What do you think? Is he in love? I never ask any questions; we never mention the subject without ending in a quarrel. But you must know something. What is he doing? Has he any idea of getting married?

. Well, frankly, he has gone pretty far. I tell him he is becoming more deeply mired every day. The girl is goodlooking; that is some consolation.

. But if he marries, what has he to look forward to? He is just in his prime. Now, with his modest salary—I ask


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198

If you will not tell me truly

Where you mean to take your journey,

If the truth you will not tell me,

And at last will end your lying!”

Then the aged Väinämöinen,

Answered in the words which follow:

“All the truth I now will tell you,

Though at first I lied a little.

Forth I fare to woo a maiden,

Seek the favour of a maiden,

In the gloomy land of Pohja,

Sariola, for ever misty,

In the land where men are eaten,

Where they even drown the heroes.”

Annikki, the ever-famous,

Night’s fair daughter, maid of twilight,

When she knew the truth for certain.

All the truth, without evasion,

Down she threw her caps unwashen,

And unrinsed she left the clothing,

On the bench she left them lying,

Where the red bridge has its ending,

In her hand her gown she gathered,

In her hand the folds collecting,

And began from thence to hasten,

And with rapid pace she hurried,

Till at length she reached the smithy.

To the forge at once she hastened.

There she found smith Ilmarinen,

He the great primeval craftsman.

And he forged a bench of iron,

And adorned it all with silver.

Cubit-high his head was sooted,

On his shoulders ash by fathoms.

Annikki the door then entered,

And she spoke the words which follow:

“Smith and brother Ilmarinen,

Thou the great primeval craftsman,

Forge me now a weaver’s shuttle,

Pretty rings to deck my fingers,

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 you how far it will go in Madrid? Of course you don't know what it means to support a family.

. Oh, yes, I do; perfectly. There were five of us at home. I never was able to understand how anybody could support us.

. Julio has no conception of what his poor sister and I have been through so that he might not want. We sew, we cook, we wash, we iron, and on top of that my poor Luisa takes in sewing to help out with her pocket-money, at the cost of her health. Naturally, as he always finds things in their places, his clothes cared for, his shirts done up more neatly than if they had been sent out to a laundry, and all his favorite dishes on the table, such as he could not possibly expect from any hired cook, he takes it as a matter of course. How could we do all this if we didn't tend to everything ourselves? He will find a great difference when he marries a young lady who is no better off than he is, because the girl simply will not bring him one penny. Her mother's income is as modest as mine, although she has relatives who have means, and they help out occasionally, but what does that amount to? On the other hand, she is not accustomed to this life, as I am, or my daughter. Anybody can see it. Isn't it pure madness to marry under such circumstances?

. Yes, Doña Carmen, pure madness; to marry without money is always pure madness. When a man is in Julio's position and can live at home with you and be comfortable, it is unthinkable. Take me, after years of landladies, buffeted about from boarding-house to boarding-house, and yet even I have never considered it. You can make up your mind when I do, that it will be with my eyes open, and in full possession of my faculties.

. You have common sense, you understand life;


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Page:Kalevala (Kirby 1907) v1.djvu/219

Runo XVIII]

Golden earrings, two or three pairs,

Five or six linked girdles make me,

For most weighty truth I’ll tell you,

All the truth without evasion.”

Said the smith, said Ilmarinen,

“If you tell me news important,

Then a shuttle will I forge you,

Pretty rings to deck your fingers,

And a cross upon your bosom,

And the finest head-dress forge you.

If the words you speak are evil,

All your ornaments I’ll shatter,

Tear them off to feed the furnace,

And beneath the forge will thrust them.”

Annikki, the ever-famous,

Answered in the words which follow:

“O thou smith, O Ilmarinen,

Do you still propose to marry

Her, the bride who once was promised,

And as wife was pledged unto you?

“While you weld and hammer always,

Ever working with your hammer,

Making horseshoes in the summer,

Iron horseshoes for the winter,

Working at your sledge at night-time,

And its frame in daytime shaping,

Forth to journey to your wooing,

And to Pohjola to travel,

One more cunning goes before you,

And another speeds beyond you,

And your own will capture from you,

And your love will ravish from you,

Whom two years ago thou sawest,

Whom two years agone thou wooed’st.

Know that Väinämöinen journeys

O’er the blue waves of the ocean,

In a boat with prow all golden,

Steering with his copper rudder,

To the gloomy land of Pohja,

Sariola, for ever misty.”

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A gentleman that loves to hear himself talk, and will speak more in a minute than he can stand to in a month.

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 but my son! Do you suppose he intends to marry very shortly?

. He has some such idea.

. God bless us!

. I have done what I could to discourage him, but he takes no interest. Some girls who are friends of mine entertain, don't you know, and everybody enjoys themselves there—girls from the country, who are not serious, because they haven't any idea of getting married; they have figured it out, don't you see, and can do better… Well, he won't look at them. He doesn't care for the theatre, either. The chorus at the Eslava is nothing to him.

. Oh, mamma!

. What is it, my dear? Are you more comfortable?

. Yes… much… thank you.—Hello, Pepe!

. How is this, Luisita?

. I heard you talking… I wanted to be sure not to miss anything.

. I appreciate it.

. We don't see as much of you as we did.

. Julio is never home; besides, you are busy…

. Yes, and you are busy yourself. We know where.

. Oh, here and there!

. That is not what I mean; you are in love.

. Not a bit of it! Pepe has more sense than your brother Julio.

. No, Pepe aims higher. I don't need to mention names; her father made a fortune in Cuba.

. In the Philippines; but it makes no difference. The point is that he made it.

. Well, you amaze me. I certainly wish you luck.


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200

To the smith came grievous trouble,

To the iron-worker sorrow.

From his grasp the tongs slid downward,

From his hand he dropped the hammer.

Said the smith, said Ilmarinen,

“Annikki, my little sister.

I will forge you now a shuttle,

Pretty rings to deck your fingers,

Golden earrings, two or three pairs,

Five or six linked girdles make you.

Warm for me the pleasant bathroom,

Fill the room with fragrant vapour,

Let the logs you burn be small ones,

And the fire with chips be kindled,

And prepare me too some ashes,

And some soap in haste provide me,

That I wash my head and cleanse it,

And I may make white my body

From the coal-dust of the autumn,

From the forge throughout the winter.”

Annikki, whose name was famous,

Heated secretly the bathroom,

With the boughs the wind had broken,

And the thunderbolt had shattered.

Stones she gathered from the river,

Heated them till they were ready,

Cheerfully she fetched the water,

From the holy well she brought it,

Broke some bath-whisks from the bushes,

Charming bath-whisks from the thickets,

And she warmed the honeyed bath-whisks,

On the honeyed stones she warmed them,

Then with milk she mixed the ashes,

And she made him soap of marrow,

And she worked the soap to lather,

Kneaded then the soap to lather,

That his head might cleanse the bridegroom,

And might cleanse himself completely.

Then the smith, e’en Ilmarinen,

He the great primeval craftsman,

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Runo XVIII]

Wrought the maiden what she wished for,

And he wrought a splendid head-dress,

While she made the bathroom ready,

And she put the bath in order.

In her hands he placed the trinkets,

And the maiden thus addressed him:

“Now the bathroom’s filled with vapour,

And the vapour-bath I’ve heated,

And have steeped the bath-whisks nicely,

Choosing out the best among them.

Bathe, O brother, at your pleasure,

Pouring water as you need it,

Wash your head to flaxen colour,

Till your eyes shine out like snowflakes.”

Then the smith, e’en Ilmarinen,

Went to take the bath he needed,

There he bathed himself at pleasure,

And he washed himself to whiteness,

Washed his eyes until they sparkled,

And his temples till they glistened,

And his neck to hen’s-egg whiteness,

And his body all was shining.

From the bath the room he entered,

Changed so much they scarcely knew him,

For his face it shone with beauty,

And his cheeks were cleansed and rosy.

Then he spoke the words which follow:

“Annikki, my little sister,

Bring me now a shirt of linen,

And the best of raiment bring me,

That I robe myself completely,

And may deck me like a bridegroom.”

Annikki, the ever-famous,

Brought him then a shirt of linen,

For his limbs no longer sweating,

For his body all uncovered.

Then she brought well-fitting trousers,

Which his mother had been sewing,

For his hips, no longer sooty,

And his legs were fully covered.

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User talk:Katekevins128

Welcome
Welcome

Hello, Katekevins128, and welcome to Wikisource! Thank you for joining the project. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers:
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I hope you enjoy contributing to Wikisource, the library that is free for everyone to use! In discussions, please "sign" your comments using four tildes ( ~ ); this will automatically produce your username if you're logged in (or IP address if you are not) and the date. If you need help, ask me on my talk page, or ask your question here (click  [//en.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Katekevins128&action=edit&section=new edit] ) and place  before your question.

Again, welcome! —Justin ( koavf ) ❤T☮C☺M☯ 15:39, 16 January 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:Katekevins128


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. Don't take it too seriously. What have I to look forward to—a clerk upon starvation wages? To appear decently in the circles in which she moves would be beyond the reach of my salary. There are men who can borrow on the strength of a fiancée's property, but I never could. Besides, if I could… Well, the girl is fond of me. Why should I tell you anything else? And her father is not unfavorable; neither are her sisters—so much so that there is one who is more taken with me than the one I am taken with, but the mother—the mother is terrific! Whenever she sees me coming, she turns her head the other way, and then I know she is watching us, for the darn thing is cross-eyed.

. The daughter is pretty, though.

. That depends upon which you call the daughter; there are three of them, and a wide variety. Mine—I call her mine to distinguish her—is fair, only fair. They dress well, they follow the styles, and are tighter about the waist than a pass by the bull-fighter Machaco. I never know whether I have hold of a woman or a rolled-up umbrella.

. You must think you are smart.

. I do my best to keep my end up. There are so many young fellows about town with plenty of money and plenty of automobiles, and so little else besides, that I see no reason why I shouldn't compete. I shall never marry except for money; I have made myself that promise.

. But how mercenary!

. Am I? No, other people are. Money is nothing to me. Others appear to want it—the landlady, the tailor, the tobacconist. When they stop asking it, I shall stop making it, and lose no time about it, either. Marriage, it seems to me, was designed to make a man more complete; it is a means of acquiring what a person has not. I don't need a wife, thank God, not every day; what I need is money. Now,


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A lady of most confirmed honor, of an unmatchable spirit, and determinable in all virtuous resolutions; not hasty to anticipate an affront, nor slow to feel, where just provocation is given.

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 on the other hand, if there is a woman anywhere who has a daily income, and requires a husband, although it may be only on part time, here I am. We can complete each other.

. How could you sacrifice yourself, living forever with a person that you did not love?

. Marriage with money is like a formal call. If I had money, do you suppose I would trouble my wife with my society, any more than I do now my chief at the office? However disagreeable a wife may be, there is no comparison between her and an employer. When you have money, you are enjoying yourselves while you are together, at the theatre, at dinner, riding out in the motor, or travelling. Believe me, it is safe to laugh at all this talk about incompatibility of temper among married people. What you actually find is incompatibility of expense.

. It is dreadful for a young man to talk like that. You are not the only one, either; there are many. What is a poor girl to do?

. If she is good-looking, marry a rich husband, as I just said. Complete yourself.

. But if she is ugly and insignificant?

. I should advise you not to be too modest.

. If she is merely honest and humble and industrious?—to prove to you that I am not too modest.

. Not all men feel as I do, or as I say that I do, to keep my courage up. I am more romantic at bottom than a lake in full moonlight. The truth is that I am afraid of life, of love, of the want of means. At home, I have witnessed many a harrowing scene, although my parents loved each other, and they loved their children dearly. But demands were many and resources few. It is cruel that love should depend upon anything but love. I recall an incident which I shall never forget as long as I live. There were five of us


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Young Grigor's Ghost

 * Young Gregor's Ghost (1800)
 * Young Grigor's Ghost (1804-1819)
 * Young Gregor's Ghost (c. 1820)
 * Grigor's Ghost (1835)
 * Young Grigor's Ghost (1840s)
 * Young Grigor's Ghost (1870-1885)

title: Young Grigor's Ghost


text:
Page:Kalevala (Kirby 1907) v1.djvu/222

202

Then she brought him finest stockings,

Which, as maid, had wove his mother,

And with these his shins he covered,

And his calves were hidden by them.

Then she brought him shoes that fitted,

Best of Saxon boots she brought him,

And with these the stockings covered

Which his mother sewed as maiden;

Then a coat of blue she chose him,

With a liver-coloured lining,

Covering thus the shirt of linen,

Which of finest flax was fashioned,

Then an overcoat of woollen,

Of four kinds of cloth constructed,

O’er the coat of bluish colour,

Of the very latest fashion,

And a new fur, thousand-buttoned,

And a hundred-fold more splendid,

O’er the overcoat of woollen,

And the cloth completely hiding;

Round his waist a belt she fastened,

And the belt was gold-embroidered,

Which his mother wrought as maiden,

Wrought it when a fair-haired maiden,

Brightly-coloured gloves she brought him,

Gold-embroidered, for his fingers,

Which the Lapland children fashioned;

On his handsome hands he drew them,

Then a high-crowned hat she brought him

(On his golden locks she placed it)

Which his father once had purchased,

When as bridegroom he adorned him.

Thus the smith, e’en Ilmarinen,

Clothed himself, and made him ready,

Robed himself, and made him handsome,

And his servant he commanded:

“Yoke me now a rapid courser,

In the sledge adorned so finely,

That I start upon my journey,

And to Pohjola may travel.”

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Runo XVIII]

Thereupon the servant answered,

“Horses six are in the stable,

Horses six, on oats that fatten;

Which among them shall I yoke you?”

Said the smith, e’en Ilmarinen,

“Take the best of all the stallions,

Put the foal into the harness,

Yoke before the sledge the chestnut,

Then provide me with six cuckoos,

Seven blue birds at once provide me,

That upon the frame they perch them,

And may sing their cheerful music,

That the fair ones may behold them,

And the maidens be delighted.

Then provide me with a bearskin,

That I seat myself upon it,

And a second hide of walrus,

That the bright-hued sledge is covered.”

Thereupon the skilful servant,

He the servant paid with wages,

Put the colt into the harness,

Yoked before the sledge the chestnut,

And provided six fine cuckoos,

Seven blue birds at once provided,

That upon the frame should perch them,

And should sing their cheerful music;

And a bearskin next provided,

That his lord should sit upon it,

And another hide of walrus,

And with this the sledge he covered.

Then the smith, e’en Ilmarinen,

He the great primeval craftsman,

Sent aloft his prayer to Ukko,

And he thus besought the Thunderer:

“Scatter forth thy snow, O Ukko,

Let the snowflakes soft be drifted,

That the sledge may glide o’er snowfields,

O’er the snow-drifts gliding swiftly.”

Then the snow did Ukko scatter.

And the snowflakes soft were drifted,

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Till the heath-stems all were covered,

On the ground the berry-bushes.

Then the smith, e’en Ilmarinen,

In his sledge of iron sat him,

And he spoke the words which follow,

And in words like these expressed him:

“On my reins attend good fortune,

Jumala my sledge protecting,

That my reins good fortune fail not,

Nor my sledge may break, O Jumala!”

In one hand the reins he gathered,

And the whip he grasped with other,

O’er the horse the whip he brandished,

And he spoke the words which follow:

“Whitebrow, speed thou quickly onward,

Haste away, O flaxen-maned one.”

On the way the horse sprang forward,

On the water’s sandy margin,

By the shores of Sound of Sima,

Past the hills with alders covered.

On the shore the sledge went rattling,

On the beach the shingle clattered.

In his eyes the sand was flying,

To his breast splashed up the water.

Thus he drove one day, a second,

Drove upon the third day likewise,

And at length upon the third day,

Overtook old Väinämöinen,

And he spoke the words which follow,

And in words like these expressed him:

“O thou aged Väinämöinen,

Let us make a friendly compact,

That although we both are seeking,

And we both would woo the maiden,

Yet by force we will not seize her,

Nor against her will shall wed her.”

Said the aged Väinämöinen,

“I will make a friendly compact,

That we will not seize the maiden,

Nor against her will shall wed her.

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 Why did the Egyptians reverence this star and hold it sacred while the ancient Greeks watched the same heliacal rising and vehemently denounced it for journeying so close to the sun at a season when additional heat was least desired? The Egyptians thought little about the heat, but with the appearance of this star just before the rising of the sun they knew that the season had arrived for the annual overflow of the Nile.

This heliacal rising of Sirius, which the Egyptians called Sothis, was an event which needs must be heeded, for, having no calendars in those ancient days, it served as a warning that the river would soon overflow its banks and make a vast sea of the lowlands. It then behooved the husbandmen and gardeners to act quickly, and move themselves and their herds and flocks up to the dykes in a place of safety.

During the inundation the lowlands are so completely covered with water that towns and villages rise like islands, while here and there are seen the tops of groves and fruit-trees like shrubs on the surface of the sea. This "yearly tribute of rains" which the Nile brings from other countries, gives new life to the parched land of the Egyptians. Herodotus, centuries ago, said that Egypt was the gift of this river, for without it their country would be a

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Runo XVIII]

Let the maiden now be given

To the husband whom she chooses,

That we nurse not long vexation,

Nor a lasting feud be fostered.”

Further on their way they travelled,

On the path that each had chosen;

Sped the boat, the shore re-echoed,

Ran the horse, the earth resounded.

But a short time passed thereafter,

Very short the time elapsing,

Ere the grey-brown dog was barking,

And the house-dog loudly baying,

In the gloomy land of Pohja,

Sariola, for ever cloudy,

Sooner still the dog was growling,

But with less-continued growling,

By the borders of the cornfield,

’Gainst the ground his tail was wagging.

Then exclaimed the Lord of Pohja,

“Go, my daughter, to discover

Why the grey-brown dog is barking,

And the long-eared dog is baying.”

But the daughter made him answer:

“I have not the time, my father,

I must clean the largest cowshed,

Tend our herd of many cattle,

Grind the corn between the millstones,

Through the sieve must sift the flour,

Grind the corn to finest flour,

And the grinder is but feeble.”

Gently barked the castle’s Hiisi,

And again the dog was growling,

And again said Pohja’s Master:

“Go, old dame, and look about you,

See why barks the grey-brown house-dog,

Why the castle-dog is growling.”

But the old dame made him answer:

“This is not a time for talking,

For my household cares are heavy,

And I must prepare the dinner,

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And must bake a loaf enormous,

And for this the dough be kneading,

Bake the loaf of finest flour,

And the baker is but feeble.”

Thereupon said Pohja’s Master:

“Women they are always hurried,

And the maidens always busy,

When before the stove they roast them,

When they in their beds are lying;

Son, go you, and look around you.”

Thereupon the son made answer:

“I’ve no time to look about me;

I must grind the blunted hatchet,

Chop a log of wood to pieces,

Chop to bits the largest wood-pile,

And to faggots small reduce it.

Large the pile, and small the faggots,

And the workman of the weakest.”

Still the castle-dog was barking,

And the yard-dog still was barking,

And the furious whelp was baying,

And the island watch-dog howling,

Sitting by the furthest cornfield,

And his tail was briskly wagging.

Then again said Pohja’s Master,

“Not for nought the dog is barking,

Never has he barked for nothing,

Never growls he at the fir-trees.”

So he went to reconnoitre,

And he walked across the courtyard,

To the cornfield’s furthest borders,

To the path beyond the ploughed land.

Gazed he where the dog’s snout pointed,

Where he saw his muzzle pointing,

To the hill where storms are raging,

To the hills where grow the alders,

Then he saw the truth most clearly,

Why the grey-brown dog was barking,

And the pride of earth was baying,

And the woolly-tailed one howling,

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Runo XVIII]

For he saw a red boat sailing

Out amid the Bay of Lempi,

And a handsome sledge was driving

On the shore of Sound of Sima.

After this the Lord of Pohja

To the house returned directly,

And beneath the roof he hastened,

And he spoke the words which follow:

“There are strangers swiftly sailing

O’er the blue lake’s watery surface,

And a gaudy sledge is gliding

On the shore of Sound of Sima;

And a large boat is approaching

To the shore of Bay of Lempi.”

Then said Pohjola’s old Mistress,

“Whence shall we obtain an omen

Why these strangers here are coming?

O my little waiting-maiden,

On the fire lay rowan-faggots,

And the best log in its glowing.

If the log with blood is flowing,

Then the strangers come for battle,

If the log exudes clear water,

Then is peace abiding with us.”

Then the little maid of Pohja,

She, the modest waiting-maiden,

On the fire laid rowan-faggots,

Placed the best log in its glowing.

From the log no blood was trickling,

Nor did water trickle from it;

From the log there oozed forth honey,

From the log dripped down the nectar.

From the corner spoke Suovakko,

Spoke the old dame ’neath the blankets:

“From the log if oozes honey,

From the log if drips the nectar,

Then the strangers who are coming,

May be ranked as noble suitors.”

Then did Pohja’s aged Mistress,

Pohja’s old dame, Pohja’s daughter,

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Kansas

A Cyclopedia of State History, Embracing Events, Institutions, Industries, Counties, Cities, Towns, Prominent Persons, Etc.

Edited by Frank W. Blackmar, A. M. Ph. D.

In Two Volumes

with a supplementary volume devoted to selected personal history and reminiscence

Illustrated

Standard Publishing Company Chicago 1912


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 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIOISrS

Page Agricultural College 34

Steam Plow in Action 48

Display of Agricultural Products 53

Beecher's Island 97

Baker University 130

Battleship Kansas 159

Bethany College 177

State School for the Blind 192

John Brown Monument 242

Campbell College 275

Old Capitol at Pawnee 283

State Capitol at Topeka 285

Council Oak at Council Grove 461

State School for the Deaf 496

Veather Building at Dodge City 524

State Hospital for Epileptics 595

State Home for Feeble Minded 635

Fort Riley 669

Old Guard House at Fort Scott 672

Old Government Building, Fort Scott 673

Geological Section 733

P'awnee Indians — Father and Son 905

Boys' Industrial School 934

Girls' Industrial School 935


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Perhaps no other commonwealth admitted into the Union during the last half of the last century has a greater historical interest than Kansas. Born in the storm and stress period of national political controversy, cradled in the tumult of civil war, and reared to full statehood in an era unparalleled in the arts of peace, the life of Kansas has been one of intense activity. Carved out of territory once known as part of the Great American Desert, by the industry of her people it has become one of the most productive and wealthy states of the Union in proportion to its population. From the political unrest of the early life has sprung a people alive to progressive forms of government. Alert in educational affairs, from the beginning her schools have been monuments of the greatness of her people; interested in the justice and equity of human relationship, her laws for securing human rights in political, industrial and social order are among the most enlightened in the land.

To write a history of such a state, to unravel all of its political entanglements, to carry forward the political and industrial development through border war, civil war, Indian depredations, drought and failure, to final achievement of a great commonwealth is a serious task. To such a task those who have been engaged in the preparation of this work have devoted their best energy and most faithful service.

It would be almost impossible to make such a history of achievement covering such a wide range of subjects in consecutive narration and at the same time make it usable for those for whom it was intended. For this reason the alphabetical order of topics has been chosen. By this method information on any subject from the administration of a governor or the development of a constitution to an historical incident or the founding of a small town may be obtained with facility. And in the presentation of the material in this form it has been necessary to omit all political controversies, to avoid all comparison of judgment and relate the simple facts of how it all came about.

However, all those who wish to have a consecutive history of political events need only to follow the history of the separate administrations of the governors from Reeder to Stubbs and they will find a continued history of the political development of Kansas. And if this be supplemented by the perusal of separate articles such as those of the Louisiana Purchase, the Missouri Compromise, the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, Squatter Sovereignty, the development of constitutional conventions, finance, taxation and the important reform measures under their respective titles


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 he may have a history and philosophy of the building of a state. The value of this may be enhanced by reading the brief biographies of the people who have been most in the limelight as leaders in the building of Kansas. In the preparation of these brief biographies one cannot help but reflect upon the fact that after all the rank and file of the people, each one performing his duty in his proper place, made Kansas. Those men and women who endured the hardships of pioneer days (and Kansas has always had her pioneer days in the progress of civilization from the Missouri border to the Colorado line), subdued the soil, mastered the resources of the country, developed her industries, built her schools, churches and railroads, made a large part of the real history of Kansas which cannot be recorded except in a general way. History seldom portrays the real life of the commonwealth. It is the sociology of the state after all that represents its true greatness.

Indeed the political history of the state represents a small part of what Kansas has wrought and hence a small part of its life. The Kansas Cyclopedia assumes to present every factor in the political, social, and economic development and relate every important event which has had to do with the building of a great commonwealth. And when we pause to think of it, what a great history it is, extending back nearly four hundred years, with its active progress crowded into a little more than half a century! And yet it falls naturally into various periods:

It comprises prehistoric Kansas and the occupation of the native races; the early expeditions of Coronado and other Spanish explorers; the early trappers and traders, followed by the explorations of Pike and Long; the military organization for the protection of the frontier; the history of early trading and transportation trails leading to Santa Fe, Utah, Oregon and California; the period of settlement and the disposal of public land; the struggle that organized Kansas a free state; the organization and development of counties and towns; the mustering of its armies for the preservation of the Union; the expansion of government and the making of internal public improvements; the exploitation of the geology of Kansas and the development of its material resources; development of agriculture, manufacturing and transportation; and through it all the development of schools, colleges and the university, the founding and progress of charitable institutions, the building of churches and the enactment of special laws to enforce the moral conduct of society. Add to this the hundreds of instances of real life told of men and affairs and you have an outline of the real history of Kansas.

The editor of this history, and his able assistants have sought with painstaking exactness to ascertain the truth of Kansas history. They have had at their command the writings of many authorities, the experiences of men and a magnificent body of historical material from the Kansas Historical Society. If the book is entirely free from error it is different from any other history ever written of any country. And while small errors may have crept in even after the most careful scrutiny,


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 as may be expected in so large a work, still for its purpose the present history should be in advance of all other histories of the State of Kansas. If it is not in advance, it is a mistake to have written it. At least it will present in a concise form a large amount of the historical material in the libraries of Kansas, hitherto hidden from view to most people of the state.

It is hoped that its use by students will be large and that it will lead to extended research and an elaboration of special subjects. For such the frequent cross references will be found valuable aids.

Acknowledgment is hereby made to the secretary and assistants of the state historical society for their aid in giving access to the valuable collection in their charge, and recognition is made of the following list of historical writings, manuscripts, etc.:

Official Publications.—Reports of the U. S. Bureau of Ethnology; Congressional Record; U. S. Senate and House Reports; Messages and Documents of the Presidents; Reports of Congressional Investigating and Special Committees; Departmental Reports; Correspondence and Reports of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs; U. S. Treaties and Conventions; Rebellion Records; Reports of U. S. General Land Office; Session Laws of Kansas; Legislative Journals; Reports of State Board of Agriculture, Bank Commissioner, Adjutant-General, Superintendent of Public Instruction, Railroad Commission, etc.; Kansas Historical Society Publications, Governors' Messages, Reports of University Geological Survey, etc.

Histories of Kansas.—Cutler's, Hazelrigg's, Holloway's, Prentis', Spring's, Tuttle's, and Wilder's Annals of Kansas.

Miscellaneous.—Adair's Travels in North America; Adams' Homestead Guide; American Board of Foreign Missions Reports; Annual Register; Appleton's Annual Cyclopedia; Baker's Forestry Report; Bancroft's Historical Works; Bandelier's Gilded Man; Blackmar's Life of Charles Robinson, Spanish Colonization in the Southwest, and Spanish Institutions in the Southwest; Boughton's Kansas Handbook; Brewerton's The War in Kansas; Britton's War on the Border; Bronson's Farmers' Unions, etc.; Canfield's Local Government in Kansas; Chapman's Emigrant's Guide; Child's Kansas Emigrants; Chittenden's American Fur Trade; Connelley's Life of John Brown, Quantrill and the Border Wars, Kansas Territorial Governors, Doniphan's Expedition, and the Provisional Government of Nebraska Territory; Cooke's Scenes and Adventures in the Army; Custer's Wild Life on the Plains; Davidson's Silk Culture; Dodge's Plains of the Great West; Elliott's Notes in Sixty Years; Fowler's Report of Glenn's Expedition; Fremont's Reports of Explorations in the West; Gallatin's Reports of the Transactions of the American Ethnological Society; Gihon's Geary and Kansas; Giles' Thirty Years in Topeka; Gladstone's An Englishman in Kansas; Gleed's From River to Sea; Greeley's American Conflict, and An Overland Journey; Gregg's Commerce of the Prairies; Hale's Kanzas and Nebraska; Harvey's History of the Shawnee Indians; Hinton's Army of the Border;


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 Rh ing upon each species its immutable characters."

As early as 1755, however, Buffon found that his studies in comparative anatomy placed many difficulties in the way of these "simple but beautiful laws" and "immutable characters." He calls attention to the fact that the pig is plainly the "compound of other animals," possessing many parts for which it has no use, and concludes that "Nature is far from subjecting herself to final causes in the formation of her creatures," and that by continually searching for such causes men "deprive philosophy of its true character, and misrepresent its object, which consists in the knowledge of the 'how' of things." In 1761 he acknowledged a belief in the frequent modification of species, but believed that some animals were much more subject to variation than others. He understood the struggle for existence, with its consequent elimination of the species least capable of living under unfavorable circumstances, and stated it very clearly.

One of the most interesting portions of Buffon's evolutionary philosophy was his belief that external conditions could directly modify the structure of animals and plants, and that these modifications were hereditary. This was, in essence, the theory of transmission of acquired characters—a theory which was to be greatly elaborated by one of Buffon's successors, and which was to cause trouble among evolutionists for many decades. Buffon applied it particularly to the animals of the western hem-


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 Humphrey's The Squatter Sovereign; Inman's Stories of the Old Santa Fe Trail; Irving's Adventures of Captain Bonneville, and A Tour of the Prairies; Jenkins' The Northern Tier; Kansas Biographical Register; Kendall's Santa Fe Expedition; Lewis and Clark's Journals; Long's Expedition, Report of; Lowe's Five Years a Dragoon; Margry's Works; Meline's Two Thousand Miles on Horseback; Monette's Discovery and Settlement of the Mississippi Valley; Murray's Travels in North America; Parker's Kansas and Nebraska Handbook; Parkman's Discovery of the Great West; Parrish's Life on the Great Plains; Phillips' Conquest of Kansas; Pierce's Incidents of Western Travel; Pike's Expedition, Accounts of; Redpath's The Roving Editor, and Life of John Brown; Richardson's Beyond the Mississippi; Mrs. Robinson's Kansas, Its Interior and Exterior Life; Shea's Memoir of French Colonies in America, Translation of Charlevoix, and Expedition of Penalosa; Simpson's Smithsonian Reports; Smyth's Heart of the New Kansas; Speer's Life of James H. Lane; Spring's Prelude to the War of '61; Steele's Sons of the Border, and Frontier Army Sketches; Tewksbury's Kansas Picture Book; Thwaites' Early Western Travels; Tomlinson's Kansas in 1858; Victor's American Conspiracies; Von Holst's Constitutional History of the United States; Washburn College Bulletins; Webb's Scrap Books; Wilson's Rise and Fall of the Slave Power; Wilson's Eminent Men of Kansas; County Histories, Magazines, Newspaper Files, Gazetteers, City Directories, etc.

Manuscripts.—The Kansas State Historical Society has a vast collection of manuscripts, consisting of letters, historical sketches, short biographies, etc. Among those consulted may be mentioned Dunbar's Account of the Bourgmont Expedition; Executive Minutes and Correspondence; Journals of the Constitutional Conventions; Letters of John Brown; Letters and Diary of Isaac McCoy; Gov. A. H. Reeder's Diary; Unpublished reports of various Commissions, etc.

.


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208

To the courtyard fencing hasten,

Hurry quick across the courtyard,

And they gazed across the water,

To the south their heads then turning,

And they saw from thence approaching,

Swift a ship of novel fashion,

Of a hundred planks constructed,

Out upon the Bay of Lempi.

Underneath the boat looked bluish,

But the sails of crimson colour.

In the stern there sat a hero,

At the copper rudder’s handle,

And they saw a stallion trotting

With a red sledge strange of aspect,

And the gaudy sledge was speeding

On the shore of Sound of Sima,

And they saw six golden cuckoos,

Perching on the frame, and calling,

Seven blue birds were likewise perching

On the reins, and these were singing;

And a stalwart hero, sitting

In the sledge, the reins was holding.

Then said Pohjola’s old Mistress,

And she spoke the words which follow:

“Whom will you accept as husband,

If they really come to woo you,

As a life-companion woo you,

Dove-like in his arms to nestle?

“He who in the boat is sailing,

In the red boat fast approaching,

Out upon the Bay of Lempi,

Is the aged Väinämöinen.

In the boat he brings provisions,

And of treasures brings a cargo.

“He who in the sledge is driving,

In the gaudy sledge is speeding,

On the shore of Sound of Sima,

Is the smith named Ilmarinen.

He with empty hands is coming;

Filled his sledge with spells of magic.

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Abbott, James B., one of the pioneer settlers of Kansas, was born at Hampton, Conn., Dec. 3, 1818, and grew to manhood in his native state. He was a member of the third party of emigrants from New England, which reached Lawrence on Oct. 10, 1854, and soon become recognized as one of the stalwart advocates of the free-state cause. Maj. Abbott took up a claim about half a mile south of Blanton's bridge, on the road to Hickory Point, and his house was a favorite meeting place of the free-state men in that neighborhood. As the pro-slaveryites grew more and more agressive, one of the crying necessities of the settlers was arms and ammunition with which to defend themselves against the predatory gangs which infested the territory. Maj. Abbott was one of those who went east to procure arms, and through his efforts there were sent to Kansas 117 Sharp's rifles and a 12-pounder howitzer. He was one of the party that rescued Branson from the sheriff of Douglas county; was a lieutenant in command of a company at the first “battle” of Franklin; commanded the Third regiment of free-state infantry during the siege of Lawrence in 1856; fought with John Brown at Black Jack, and was the leader of the expedition that rescued Dr. John Doy. He was a member of the first house of representatives elected under the Topeka constitution, and in 1857 was elected senator. Upon the adoption of the Wyandotte constitution, he was elected a member of the lower house of the first state legislature, which met in March, 1861. In that year he was appointed agent for the Shawnee Indians and removed to De Soto, Johnson county. At the time of the Price raid he led a party of Shawnees against the Confederates. In 1866 he retired from the Indian agency, and in the fall of that year was elected to the state senate. He was influential in securing the establishment of the school for feeble minded youth. Maj. Abbott died at De Soto on March 2, 1879. The howitzer he brought to Kansas in the territorial days is now in the possession of the Kansas Historical Society, of which he was a director for twelve years immediately prior to his death.

 Abbyville, a village of Reno county, is situated in Westminister township, 17 miles southwest of Hutchinson, the county seat. The former name was Nonpariel. It is a station on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R., has a bank, a money order postoffice with two rural routes, express, telegraph and telephone facilities, churches of the leading Protestant denominations, some mercantile and shipping interests, and in 1910 reported a population of 300.


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 Abilene, the judicial seat and largest city of Dickinson county, is located on the north bank of the Smoky Hill river, 96 miles from Topeka, and has an altitude of 1,153 feet. It was first settled in 1858, was first the terminus of and later a station on the stage line. The first store was opened by a man named Jones, usually referred to as “Old Man Jones,” in whose stock of goods whisky was a prominent article. In 1860 the town was surveyed and the following spring it was selected as the county seat by a popular vote. Early in 1867 the Kansas Pacific railroad was completed to Abilene, and the same year the place was selected by Joseph G. McCoy as the most available point for assembling cattle for shipment, the selection being made because of the abundance of grass and water in the neighborhood. Concerning the town at this time, Mr. McCoy says: “Abilene in 1867 was a very small, dead place, consisting of about one dozen log huts, low, small, rude affairs, four-fifths of which were covered with dirt for roofing; indeed, but one shingle roof could be seen in the whole city. The business of the burg was conducted in two small rooms, mere log huts, and of course the inevitable saloon, also in a log hut, was to be found.”

After Mr. McCoy had decided upon Abilene as the best cattle shipping point, circulars were sent all over Texas and before the close of the year 1867 some 35,000 cattle had been driven there for shipment on the new railroad to the eastern markets. This had a tendency to stimulate the growth of the town, but it also brought in many undesirable characters. Gamblers, confidence men, cow boys, etc., came in and practically took possession of the place, much to the chagrin and disgust of the reputable, law-abiding citizens. Shooting affrays were common, and the turbulent element, being in the majority, continued to run things with a high hand until the probate court of Dickinson county, on Sept. 6, 1869, granted a petition to incorporate Abilene, and named J. B. Shane, T. C. Henry, Thomas Sherran, T. F. Hersey and Joseph G. McCoy as trustees. McCoy was chosen the first mayor and the new city government took steps to check the prevailing lawlessness. A stone jail was commenced, but about the time the walls were up a band of cow boys tore them down. Finally, Thomas Smith, who had come to Abilene from Kit Carson, Col., was elected town marshal. It is said that his appearance was against him, but what he lacked in physical strength was more than made up in courage and diplomacy, and in a short time he succeeded in disarming all the desperate characters, thus bringing about a reign of law and order. The Kansas Monthly of Feb., 1879, ten years after Abilene was incorporated, says: “Abilene, from being a Texas cattle town without law, order or society, is now one of the most home-like, orderly and agreeable towns.”

Since that time the growth and development of Abilene has been steadily onward and upward, and in 1910 the city had a population of 4,118. Its location at the junction of the Union Pacific, Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific, and the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe railways makes it an important shipping point, and large quantities of grain, live stock,


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 etc., are annually exported. The city has two banks, an international money order postoffice from which emanate seven rural delivery routes, unsurpassed express, telegraph and telephone facilities, a modern electric lighting plant, a fine system of waterworks, a fire department, a Carnegie library and a well appointed opera house. Mount St. Joseph Academy is located here, which supplements the excellent public school system and affords ample educational opportunities. The manufactures include flour mills, creameries, foundries, an organ factory, planing mills, cigar, carriage and ice factories, etc. The press is well represented by two daily and four weekly newspapers, the Implement Dealers' Bulletin (monthly), and the Kansas State Sunday School Journal (also monthly).

Abilene Trail.—In 1867 Joseph G. McCoy, of Illinois, settled at Abilene to engage in the cattle trade, and he caused to be laid out a cattle trail to connect with the north end of the Chisholm trail, near Wichita, to run northward to Abilene, on the Union Pacific railroad, where the cattle could be marketed in a more expeditious manner. The road from the mouth of the Little Arkansas to Abilene “was not direct but circuitous. In order to straighten up this trail and bring the cattle direct to Abilene, and by shortening the distance, to counteract the exertions of western would-be competing points for the cattle trade, an engineer corps was sent out under the charge of Civil Engineer T. F. Hersey. . . . Mr. Hersey with compass and flag men and detail of laborers with spades and shovels for throwing up mounds of dirt to mark the route located by the engineers, started out and ran almost due south from Abilene until the crossing of the Arkansas was reached, finding good water and abundant grass with suitable camping points the entire distance. Meeting at the Arkansas river the first drove of cattle of the season, the party piloted the herd over the new trail, and thus by use opening it to the many thousand herds of cattle that followed in months and years afterward.”

In 1867 about 35,000 head of cattle were driven from Texas to Abilene over this trail; in 1868 about 75,000; in 1870 about 300,000; and in 1871 about 700,000, being the largest number ever received from Texas in any one year. The country about Abilene was fast settling up about this time, grazing lands were getting scarcer, and these conditions were such that many of the settlers objected to the pasturing of the great herds in the vicinity. Hence the year 1872 found Wichita in possession of the trade that Abilene had for several years enjoyed, the completion of the Santa Fe railroad to that point giving the needed railroad facilities. From 1867 to 1871 about 10,000 cars of live stock were shipped out of Abilene, and in 1872 about 80,000 head of cattle were shipped from Wichita. “The settlement of the valleys of the Arkansas and the Ninnescah rivers rendered it impractical to reach Wichita shipping yards after 1873, and the loading of cattle was transferred to points on the railroad farther west, halting finally at Dodge City, where 1887 saw the end of the use of the famous Abilene cattle trail.”


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 32 isphere, showing how they were changed by climate, food, etc., so that eventually animals coming from the eastern hemisphere to the western would become new species. In this connection he emphasizes the fact, also pointed out by Kant, that man must study the changes taking place in his own period in order to understand those which has been accomplished in the past, and might be accomplished in the future.

Even at the time when he believed most thoroughly in evolution and variation, Buffon was troubled by the Bible account of creation, and wavered between the two. Some time after 1766 he abandoned his advanced stand on evolution, and concluded that species were neither static nor changeable, but instead that "specific types could assume a great variety of forms ," and that no definite assertions might be made regarding the origin of any particular animal or plant.

One cannot but wonder what was the cause for Buffon's confusion and changes of attitude. From special creationist to radical evolutionist, and then to conservative occupying a position


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] The Pimas went on a campaign against the Salt River Apaches soon after a heavy rain. When they reached the Salt river it was too high to be safely forded, so they built a raft and tried to take their saddles and blankets across upon it. The raft sank and they lost all their effects. Some of the party who had not engaged in the raft enterprise found a safe ford and continued on their raid, in which they killed several of the enemy, and near Four Peaks captured an Apache lad.

Gila Crossing. A man trying to catch his pony approached from the rear so that he could reach its tail, which he probably thought it advisable to lay hold on until he could fasten the rope around the animal's neck. One end of the lariat was attached to his waist, the other he tied to the horse's tail. The animal broke away and dragged him to death.

Blackwater. The Apache White Hat killed a Pima.

Gila Crossing. In this year sickness prevailed in the village of Rsânûk, apparently the same as in 1866, when the principal symptom of the disease was shooting pains through the body. Two medicine-men were suspected of having caused the trouble by magic means, and they were killed to stop the plague.

Blackwater. For a short time the Pimas were free from Apache attacks, and they ventured into the mountains to gather mescal. While there, a race took place between a man and a woman, in which the woman won.

Later in the season there was a general gathering of the villages to witness a race with the kicking-ball.

Gila Crossing. There was an Apache village called Hâvany Kâs at the junction of the Gila and Salt rivers while a truce existed between the Pimas and Apaches. During this year an epidemic of smallpox prevailed in that village, as well as in all those of the Pimas and Maricopas.

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 Abolitionists.—In 1831 William Lloyd Garrison began the publication of the “Liberator,” the first newspaper in the United States to take a radical stand for the abolition of slavery. (See Slavery.) Two years later the National Anti-Slavery Society was organized at Philadelphia, Pa., and in a short time the members of the organization became divided to some extent as to the methods to be pursued in the efforts to secure the emancipation of the slaves. Some clung to the theory of gradual manumission, with compensation to the slaveholders as a last resort, while others advocated the immediate and unconditional liberation of every slave, by force if necessary, and without compensating their owners. These extremists in 1835 were nicknamed “abolitionists” by those who favored slavery, and also by the conservative element in the society. Although this name was first applied in a spirit of derision, the extremists accepted it as an honor. In a short time a number of abolitionist orators—speakers of more than ordinary ability—were developed. Among these may be mentioned Wendell Phillips, Gerrit Smith and Charles Sumner, who never lost an opportunity of presenting their views, and the public was kept on the alert, wondering what they would do next.

The society became divided in 1840 on the question of organizing a political party on anti-slavery lines. From that time each branch worked in its own way, and by the time Kansas was organized as a territory the abolitionists—the radical wing of the original society—had become strong enough to attract attention from one end of the country to the other. Among the pro-slavery men there was no distinction between those who were in favor of the gradual, peaceable emancipation of the slave and those who were in favor of immediate emancipation at whatever cost. All were “abolitionists.” The following utterances of pro-slavery orators and extracts from the pro-slavery press will show how the advocates of slavery regarded the free-state men as “abolitionists” indiscriminately:

At a squatter meeting near Leavenworth on June 10, 1854, a resolution was adopted declaring that “We will afford protection to no abolitionist as a settler in Kansas.” A pro-slavery meeting in Lafayette county, Mo., Dec. 15, 1854, denounced the steamboats plying on the Missouri river for carrying abolitionists to Kansas. As a result of this agitation, the Star of the West in the spring of 1856 was allowed to carry about 100 persons from Georgia, Alabama and South Carolina to Kansas unmolested, but on her next trip, with a number of free-state passengers, she was held up at Lexington, where the passengers were disarmed, and upon arriving at Weston was not permitted to land. Other steamers encountered similar opposition.

In Feb., 1855, Lawrence was denounced because it was “the home of about 400 abolitionists,” and at a Law and Order meeting at Leavenworth on the 15th of the following November, John Calhoun said: “You yield and you will have the most infernal government that ever cursed a land. I would rather be a painted slave over in Missouri, or a serf to the Czar of Russia, than have the abolitionists in power.”