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 is much the same in one case as in the other. Ben Jonson's couplet—

puts them both in a nutshell. A woman never thoroughly cares for her lover until he has ceased to care for her; and it is not until you have snapped your fingers in Fortune's face, and turned on your heel, that she begins to smile upon you.

But, by that time, you do not much care whether she smiles or frowns. Why could she not have smiled when her smiles would have thrilled you with ecstasy? Everything comes too late in this world.

Good people say that it is quite right and proper that it should be so, and that it proves ambition is wicked.

Bosh! Good people are altogether wrong. (They always are, in my opinion. We never agree on any single point.) What would the world do without ambitious people, I should like to know? Why, it would be as flabby as a Norfolk dumpling. Ambitious people are the leaven which raises it into wholesome bread. Without ambitious people, the world would never get up. They are busybodies who are about early in the morning, hammering, shouting and rattling the fire-irons, and rendering it generally impossible for the rest of the house to remain in bed.


text: Page:Urantia Foundation v. Maaherra (D. Ariz. 1995).pdf/12

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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 asms* AN INDEX T O VOLUME the THIRTEENTH. From 17 GEORGII III. to 20 GEORGII III. both inclufive. account#. COmmiffioners appointed and impowered to examine and ftate the public Accounts, 20 Gn. 3. c. 54. acmfraltp. Impowered to grant Commiflions to private Ships to cruize againft the rebellious Colonies, 17 Gn. 3. c. 7. HDtiertifenienw. An additional Duty of fix Pence charged on all Advertifeaaents in Newfpapers or Pamphlets, 10 Gn. 3. c. 28. § t. aggregate funD. See Oatpanu annuities. 1.	The Sum of 5.c«o,ooo/, to be raifed on Annuities, and 500,0cof. by a Lowery, 17 Gn. 3. c- 46. 2.	5,000,0001, to be raifed by Annuities, and 480,002/. by a • Lottery, 18 Gn. 3. c. 22. 3.	7,000,000/. to be railed by Annuities, 308490,000/. by a Lottery, 19 Gn. 3. c. 18. 4.	12,000,coo/, to be raifed by Anqpitiesj and 480,000/. by 1,	All Perfons to whom children are bound Apprentices in purfuance of Adis for the Relief of the Poor, obliged to pro¬ vide for them according to their Indentures, 20 Gn, 3. c. 36. p. 2.	No Perfon compellable to take poor Children Apprentices from Parilhea they do not inhabit, or occupy Lands, &c. in, idna, < 2. Sn #00T, 4. appropriation of Suppiie#. J7 Gn. 3. e. 47. 18 Gn. 3. t. 54. 19 Gn .3. t. 25. § 8. 19 Gn. 3. t. 71. 20 Gn. 3. e. 57. 20 G<«. 3. c. 62. Vol. X1IL Part IV. 3rreft#. 1.	No Perfon to be arrefted or held to fpecial Bail, upon Pro* cefi out of any inferior Court, for lefs than to/. 19 Get. 3, c. 70. $ 1. 2.	So much of all Ads for the Recovery of fmall Debts as autho* rifes Imprifontncat for left than 10/. repealed, iqGn.y t.70, S3- artificer#. Lace Manufacturers to be paid in Money, not in Goods, 19 Gn. 3. t. 49. aiiftion#. r. Auctioneers to take out a Licence, 17 Gn. 3. e, 50. $ I. 2.	Duties laid on Lands, Houfe.*, Goods, Ctfc. fold by Auction, 17 Gn. 3. e. 50. § 5. Exemptions, J 11, 12, 13. 3.	The atove ACt altered and amended, 19 Gn. 3. c. 56. B 25altic. See importation, 2. bankrupt#. The Lord Chancellor impowered to allow Certificates to Bank* rupts who have’conformed themfelves, though not figned by Four-fifths of their Creditors, 18 Gn. 3. c. 32. $76. TBark. The ACt 1 2 Gn. 3. r. 50. lowering the Duty on the Importation of Oak Bark, farther continued, 17 Gn. 3. c. 44, 5 3. OBMorD JLetoel; 1.	The Lands in the Nonh Part of Btdftrd Ltwl, and other Lands in the Manor of Crvulaiid charged with farther Taxea for' difeharging Debts and preferving the Drainage, 19 Gn. 3. c. 24. 2.	To explain and amend the 7 Gn, 3. c. 53. for draining, fjfe, certain Fen Lands in the South Part of Btdftrd Lrutl in the County of Cambridgt, ftfr. and for felling certain Fen Landa called Invtjltd Landt, 19 Gn. 3. t. 34, 4 K Digitized by Google


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Page:The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, vol. 16ss (1855).djvu/225

Rh physical conditions of a district, even small in amount, if rapid, or even gradual, if to a great amount, would be highly unfavourable to the existence of individuals, might cause the extinction of many species, and would probably be equally unfavourable to the creation of new ones. In this too we may find an analogy with the present state of our earth, for it has been shown to be the violent extremes and rapid changes of physical conditions, rather than the actual mean state in the temperate and frigid zones, which renders them less prolific than the tropical regions, as exemplified by the great distance beyond the tropics to which tropical forms penetrate when the climate is equable, and also by the richness in species and forms of tropical mountain regions which principally differ from the temperate zone in the uniformity of their climate. However this may be, it seems a fair assumption that during a period of geological repose the new species which we know to have been created would have appeared, that the creations would then exceed in number the extinctions, and therefore the number of species would increase. In a period of geological activity, on the other hand, it, seems probable that the extinctions might exceed the creations, and the number of species consequently diminish. That such effects did take place in connexion with the causes) to which we have imputed them, is shown in the case of the Coal formation, the faults and contortions of which show a period of great activity and violent convulsions, and it is in the formation immediately succeeding this that the poverty of forms of life is most apparent. We have then only to suppose a long period of somewhat similar action during the vast unknown interval at the termination of the Palæozoic period, and then a decreasing violence or rapidity through the Secondary period, to allow for the gradual repopulation of the earth with varied forms, and the whole of the facts are explained. We thus have a clue to the increase of the forms of life during certain periods, and their decrease during others, without recourse to any causes but those we know to have existed, and to effects fairly deducible from them. The precise manner in which the geological changes of the early formations were effected is so extremely obscure, that when we can explain important facts by a retardation at one time and an acceleration at another of a process) which we know from its nature and from observation to have been; unequal,—a cause so simple may surely be preferred to one so obscure and hypothetical as polarity.

I would also venture to suggest some reasons against the very nature of the theory of Professor Forbes. Our knowledge of the organic world during any geological epoch is necessarily very imperfect. Looking at the vast numbers of species and groups that have been discovered by geologists, this may be


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Gageler CJ Gleeson J Jagot J

penetration did not occur but also that the Crown had to prove that K did not consent if it did occur.

Third, in the course of its deliberations, on 19 October 2020, the jury asked whether a child under 16 years could consent. The trial judge directed the jury that it was possible for a child under 16 years to consent to intercourse and again directed that the jury had to be satisfied beyond reasonable doubt that the appellant penetrated, relevantly, K's vagina, and that K did not consent to that penetration, to convict the appellant of rape. The trial judge said, for example, that whether "in the circumstances, there was a lack of consent is a matter for you to determine".

Fourth, the trial judge returned to the issue of consent arising from another jury question about unlawful carnal knowledge on 20 October 2020, explaining that if the jury did not agree that the Crown had proved beyond reasonable doubt that, relevantly, K did not consent to the penetration, then the appellant could not be convicted of rape and the jury had to consider the unlawful carnal knowledge charges.

What is left then is the undisputed misconduct of juror X in undertaking the internet research about the definitions of and sentences for rape and unlawful carnal knowledge and of the other jurors in not reporting these matters to the trial judge as directed. Might a fair-minded and informed member of the public reasonably apprehend that the jury might not have discharged its function as required? The "objective nature and extent" of this misconduct, which is all that exists in this case, might provide a basis upon which someone might speculate that the jury might not have discharged that function as required. In our opinion, it provides no basis to conclude that a fair-minded and informed member of the public might reasonably apprehend that this jury might not have discharged its function according to law, on the evidence, and in accordance with the directions of the judge.

Conclusion

The appellant's convictions of the six sexual offences have not been demonstrated to involve a miscarriage of justice. The appeal should be dismissed.

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Edelman J Steward J

EDELMAN AND STEWARD JJ. When many or all members of a jury disobey the clear directions of the trial judge on an important matter is it possible to say that the accused person has received a trial "where rules of procedure and evidence are strictly followed"? The disobedience by the jury in this case involved:

1. internet research by one juror, in contravention of the trial judge's directions, concerning sentences for offences with which the appellant was charged;

2. the juror sharing that research with other jurors and, despite at least one juror recognising it to be in "blatant disregard" of the trial judge's directions, the jury nevertheless discussing the sentencing practices, with at least some members reaching conclusions on the sentencing practices; and

3. every member of the jury disobeying the trial judge's direction to report any internet research in a note to the bailiff.

Neither counsel had any opportunity to make submissions to the trial judge about directions on the issues of sentencing that the jury had discussed. Nor did the trial judge have the opportunity to address or inquire of the jury about the issue. The behaviour of the jury members was not merely misconduct which cast a pall over their deliberations. It also involved a serious denial of procedural fairness to both the appellant and the Crown. As senior counsel for the appellant rightly said, if the trial judge had found out about the behaviour of one juror engaging in internet research and the failure of the jury to report it, it is likely that the whole trial would have been aborted. The Director of Public Prosecutions also rightly accepted that this was "almost inevitable". Any remaining doubt would be removed if the trial judge had also discovered that the sentencing matters researched had been discussed by the whole jury, with at least two members of the jury believing that the juror who had engaged in the prohibited research had engaged in discussions with other jurors about sentencing practices and had reached a conclusion that the sentences for two of the offences were not significantly different.

The trial judge did not discover these matters and the trial was not aborted. There is not merely a real chance that the jury did not decide the appellant's guilt or innocence by strictly following the rules of procedure and evidence in accordance with the directions of the trial judge. It is known that the jury did not.

By reason of the behaviour of the jury, a miscarriage of justice took place. Whether or not that miscarriage of justice was "substantial", so as to invite the application of the proviso to the common form criminal appeal statute, is a matter that is appropriate to be considered on remitter to the Court of Appeal of the

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Page:Travels in West Africa, Congo Français, Corisco and Cameroons (IA travelsinwestafr00kingrich).pdf/479

 spirit gave him the medicines, and when he had done so, he said, 'There is one sickness you have forgotten—it is the Krawkraw, and of that you shall die.'

A tribe named Ndiva was then strong but now none remain (Windwood Reade says four remain). They gave Raychow's son a canoe and forty men, to take him back to his father's town, and when he saw his father he did not speak. His father said, 'My son, if you are hungry eat.' He did not answer, and his father said, 'Do you wish me to kill a goat?' He did not answer; his father said, 'Do you wish me to give you new wives?' He did not answer. Then his father said, 'Do you want me to build you a fetish hut?" Then he answered, 'Yes,' and the hut was built, and the medicines he had brought back from the Hole were put into it.

Now,' said the son of King Raychow, 'I go to make the Moondah enter the Orongo' (Gaboon); so he went and dug a canal and when this was finished all his men were dead. Then he said, 'I will go and kill river-horse in the Benito.' He killed four, and as he was killing the fifth, the people descended from the mountains against him. So he made fetish on his great war-spear and sang

and the spear went and killed the people, except a few who got into canoes and flew to Fernando Po. Then said their King, 'My people shall never wear cloth till we have conquered the M'pongwe,' and to this day the Fernando Poians go naked and hate with a special hatred the M'pongwe.

Now this is a noble story—there is a lot of fine confused feeding in it, as the Scotchman said of boiled sheep's head.

You learn from it—. The name of the first man, and also that he was filled with a desire for topographical nomenclature.

. You hear of the Hole Wonga Wonga, and this is most interesting because to this day, apart from the story, you are told by the natives of a hole that emits fire, and Dr. Nassau says it is always said to be north of Gaboon; but so far no white man has any knowledge of an active volcano there,


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Edelman J Steward J

Supreme Court of Queensland. The consideration of the proviso requires the whole of the record to be examined by the court in order to assess whether, notwithstanding the miscarriage of justice, the accused was proved to be guilty beyond reasonable doubt. This Court does not have the whole record before it. This Court has not heard submissions on the whole record. It is, therefore, not appropriate for this Court to attempt to determine the case by reference to the proviso. Nor should this Court attempt to decide the appeal by collapsing the proviso considerations into an assessment of whether a miscarriage of justice occurred.

Miscarriage of justice

It is necessary to commence with explanation of the operation of the concept of "miscarriage of justice". Section 668E(1) of the Criminal Code (Qld) follows a standard form for appeals by which a Court of Appeal must allow an appeal for reasons including "the wrong decision of any question of law" or "that on any ground whatsoever there was a miscarriage of justice". Section 668E(1A) contains the proviso to s 668E(1) in the common form which includes the provision that the Court may nevertheless dismiss the appeal "if it considers that no substantial miscarriage of justice has actually occurred". In Weiss v The Queen, six members of this Court held that a miscarriage of justice was "any departure from trial according to law, regardless of the nature or importance of that departure". A trial according to law required regularity of both the procedure and the substance of the trial. If an irregularity occurred, an appeal could only be dismissed if the Court concluded that the miscarriage was not substantial. The law was thus settled for 16 years.

In Hofer v The Queen, Kiefel CJ, Keane and Gleeson JJ cited Weiss but seemed to place a qualification on the principle by saying that a miscarriage of justice "includes any departure from a trial according to law to the prejudice of the accused". The additional six words present some difficulty. Are they merely an example of one situation that a miscarriage of justice "includes"? Do they introduce a new qualification upon the principle set out in Weiss despite the

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 had done such a thing, except his brother Toby, it would have been looked upon by the world as one of the most refined satyrs upon the parade and prancing manner, in which Lewis XIV. from the beginning of the war, but particularly that very year, had taken the field—But 'tis not my brother Toby's nature, kind soul! my father would add, to insult any one.

—But let us go on.

Must observe, that although in the first year's campaign, the word town is often mentioned,—yet there was no town at that time within the polygon; that addition was not made till the summer following the spring in which the bridges and sentry-box were painted,


text: The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman/Volume 6/Chapter 22


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Edelman J Steward J

footnote citing Weiss? If they introduce a new qualification then is "the prejudice of the accused" to be assessed by reference to what their Honours described as a "real chance" that the departure might have affected the result ? If so, does that approach effectively collapse a substantial miscarriage of justice (which the Crown bears the onus to negate) into a miscarriage of justice (which an appellant bears the onus to show)? Or should a "real chance" be understood in the way Gageler J explained the reasoning of their Honours: a description of only a "meaningful potential or tendency to have affected the result of the trial" ?

In Hofer, Gageler J also appeared to place a qualification on Weiss but in different language. His Honour said that Weiss should not "be taken to mean that an error or irregularity which could not have affected the result of the trial will amount to a miscarriage of justice" and that there would not be a miscarriage of justice by the introduction of inadmissible evidence unless that evidence "might have affected the verdict". At a later point his Honour went so far as to suggest that a miscarriage of justice ordinarily required an appellate court to be satisfied that there was "a significant possibility that the acts or omissions of which complaint is made affected the outcome of the trial", although his Honour also said that all that was required was that "the irregularity had the meaningful potential or tendency to have affected the result of the trial".

The approach taken by Gordon J in Hofer cleaved most closely to the terms of Weiss. The only qualification that her Honour recognised upon when an irregularity would constitute a miscarriage of justice was where the irregularity "could have had no effect on the outcome of the trial". In other words, the focus is only upon whether the irregularity had a capacity to affect the outcome rather than whether it might or might not have actually done so. In short, the irregularity

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 which was the third year of my uncle Toby's campaigns,—when upon his taking Amberg, Bonn, and Rhinberg, and Huy and Limbourg, one after another, a thought came into the corporal's head, that to talk of taking so many towns, without one to show for it,—was a very nonsensical way of going to work, and so proposed to my uncle Toby, that they should have a little model of a town built for them,—to be run up together of slit deals, and then painted, and clapped within the interior polygon to serve for all.

My uncle Toby felt the good of the project instantly, and instantly agreed to it, but with the addition of two singular improvements, of which he was almost as proud, as if he had been the original inventor of the project itself.


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 . will be in vain, and he too mast soon fall. Oh! Publius,” she continued, clasping ber bands, and looking as if she expected his spirit to hear her, “if thou hadst lived, be might have been saved; but now that is impossible: one who hes been so conspicuous in the defence of this fated city, will be among the fret macrificed to the conquerors vengeance, But thou art dead: the waves of the Mediterranean enclose thy form; for, flying before my father’s maledictioa, thou didst perish in a short month from our last mecting. I have borne a widowed heart since then, but s00n this world’s griefs will be over, and our reunion occur in a better and happier state of existence.”

‘As ebe thus spoke, a tumoltuous sbout rose from without, and directing her eyes ia that direction, Miriam saw one of those sights which marked the latter days of Jerusalem; for, ae our readers must ave forescen, thie was tbe period when the long siege undertaken by Titus approached its close. A man, haggard and with excited mien, was seen ruNning wildly along a battiement that overlooked the ‘Roman forces; and the shout was that of the Jewa at the sight of this singular and mysterious being; for this was not the first time be bad appeared.

Woe to Jerusalem,” he cried, in a sheit!, unearthly Yoice—‘‘woe to the Holy City. Woe! woo! woo!”

He rushed swiftly forwerd, as he spoke, deprecating with his hands the vengeance he seemed compelled, by some supernatural power, to invoke; and, as he ‘approached, the crowd made way for him, right and left. He was now close beneath the window of Miriam.

“Woe! woe! woe!” he cried. Woe to the holy House, and to the people! Woe! woe!”

Just then Miriam beheld a vest fragment of rock, which bad been projected (rom one of the Roman engines, whirling in mid wir. Por an instant it almost seemed to darken the light of day, while the whole firmament was dlled with ite hum. Itsoered, a space, on high, and then came hissing down ip the direction of the tower. Miriam shrank back mechanically.

The voice of the mad prophet had for » second stopped, but it now rose agaia more terrible than ever.

"Woe to Jerusalem! it cried. Woe to the home of David! Woe to the Holy of Holies, Woe! woo! woo to myself?”

As he spain these test words, the huge rock rasbed down past the window of Miriam, and, the next instant, she heard a crash anda groan. She rasbed to the casement aad looked below. ‘The prophet lay dead, erusbed beneath the gigantic stone

“Ob! Father above,” said Miriam, dropping oa her knees, ‘‘hoar thou my prayer. The time predicted has come, and the city of my people topples to its apare, if it be thy will, ‘pare my parenve life! Take thou me to Abreham’s bosom, if it consorte with thy ordinances; but leave him, the last prince of his name, leave him yet to Teraet.”

Bhe arose refreshed in heart. Every sign without convinced hier that the crisis was approaching. The death of the myslerious prophet bad spread dismay among the Jews, which the Romans perosiving, they advanced immedistely to the assault. ‘The air was soon darkened with lights of acrowe, and with huge stones throws froin the catapults, ‘The solid hills of Jerusalem shook beneath the treqp of her defenders, who, aroused to repel the eseault, came forth from, every dwelling and poured down to meet the fue. With famished faces and garments stil] bloody from former combats, they crowded 10 the battlements, family gathering to famity, tribe to tribe, aud all to the banner of Israel, each shouting the appropriate war ery, “Glory to Judah—on, men of Zebuioz—ho, tribe of Benjamin.”

Fierce and terrible was the contest which eusued, and for hours Miriam gazed on it, her emotions fluc- tuatiog with the success or repulse of the Jews. Though herself a Christian, and a believer in the fuldlment of propheey whieh foretold the fall of Seru- satem, her heart nevertheless was with her country men. Now she grew pale with fear as the Romans from their wooden towers gained a footing on the walt beoeath the temple: now ste breathed more freely when she beheld the Jews rally and cast the foe down from the battlements. But, as the sun de- clined toward the West, the esailants gradually gained on the defenders, until finally the gates were forced, and the streets filled with the triumphant Romane, From her elevated post, Miriana bebeld ‘women and children rua shrieking before the enemy, who, ruthlessly pursuing the fugitives, spared none. From a wall, immediately beneath her tower, a body of arobers still maintained their poste, while others tore up the battlements and hurled the stones on the invaders below. At lax night ser in. But the fires of conflagration, kindted in different places either by secident or by design, lit up the econe with almost the radiance of day; and this in spite of a tempest whose dark clouds, hovering on the edge of the horizon, added its gloom and horror to the scene.

The temple stood right over against whore Miriam watched, and, for a long time, she breathlessly re- garded the condiiet raging at its gutes. She kuew tbat there ber sire was fighting for his iand and liberty; and this heightened the intensity of her interest. Once the combat paused for a space, as if there was a par- ley, and she began to hope there would be a capitulation. It was when Titus, for the last time, offered terms of surrender. But the Jews scornfully repelling the proferred boon, the conflict soon began anew. The battle now raged fiercer than ever, To and fro along the outer raoke the tide of war surged, but Gnally the defenders were overpowered, the Jegions advanced shouting, and cries of horror rose from the sons of Israel on every hand. Soon a alight thread of smoke issued from tbe highest point of the sacred edifice, just over where the Holy of Holies stood, and immediately afterward » tongue of flame leaped up, disappeared,and lashing forth again burned steadily. The lower courts of the temple were already on fire. It was an awful and terrible spectacle, such as the world perhaps bas never seen; and the whole popt- lation of the city uitered a groan of horror as they beteld it, High in Heaven the moon waded, blood- red, through ominous cloude; the lightnings, om the lower horixon, dashed wildly; and the flames of the

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 The one was to have the town built exactly in the stile of those, of which it was most likely to be the representative:—with grated windows, and the gable ends of the houses, facing the streets, &c. &c.—as those in Ghent and Bruges, and the rest of the towns in Brabant and Flanders.

The other was, not to have the houses run up together, as the corporal proposed, but to have every house independent, to hook on, or off, so as form into the plan of whatever town they pleased. This was put directly into hand, and many and many a look of mutual congratulation was exchanged between my uncle Toby and the corporal, as the carpenter did the work.


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 —It answered prodigiously the next summer—the town was a perfect Proteus—It was Landen, and Trereback, and Santvliet, and Drusen, and Hagenau,—and then it was Ostend and Menin, and Aeth and Dendermond.

—Surely never did any act so many parts, since Sodom and Gomorrah, as my uncle Toby's town did.

In the fourth year, my uncle Toby thinking a town looked foolishly without a church, added a very fine one with a steeple.—Trim was for having bells in it;—my uncle Toby said, the mettle had better be cast into cannon.

This led the way the next campaign for half a dozen brass field pieces,—to be


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 boards, called military commissariats, is subordinate to the military district. Military commissariats in Soviet civil jurisdictions roughly correspond to US civil jurisdictions as follows:

 * Republic, which is a geographic region similar to the US South, West, or New England; there is no exact US counterpart.
 * Kray and oblast, which are provinces similar to US states.
 * Gorod, which is a city.
 * Rayon, which is similar to a US county or city ward.

Military commissariats at the district level function as overall administrators of the system. They provide supervision to all subordinate officers. Those at republic, kray, oblast, and rayon levels perform administrative functions, though not all republics have military commissariats. Each of these levels also serves as a collection point for inductees. The center of the registration and draft process is the rayon military commissariat. It registers draft-age males, issues draft notices, and processes conscripts. It also transports conscripts to the next higher military commissariat for move ment to their assigned units. The rayon offices also have mobilization and reserve management responsibilities. There are about 4,700 military commissariat offices, of which at least 3,600 are at the rayon level.

During February and March of the year in which they reach their seventeenth birthday, young men report to the military commissariat to register. They receive a physical examination and an interview to determine their educational background, family situation, personal interests, attitude toward the military, and special knowledge or skills (if any) that would benefit the military. Each young man receives a booklet as proof of registration. He must report changes in residence, family situation, educational status, or the acquisition of additional skills to the military commissariat so officials can enter the new data in the registration booklet.

Each individual receives a final interview and a physical examination shortly before he is scheduled for conscription. Then the draft commission recommends that the young man be drafted, be deferred for one year because of temporary unfitness for active military service due to illness, be exempted from military service altogether if unfit, or be granted a deferment for family reasons or for continuation of education.

Twice each year—at the end of the spring planting season and at the end of the fall harvestthe military commissariats call males who have reached their eighteenth birthday to active duty. Older men up to age 27 whose periods of deferment have expired also face call-up. In peacetime, women 19 to 40 years of age who have medical or other specialized training may face military service. The 1967 Law on Universal Military Service reduced the required length of active service from three to two years for all except naval personnel.

Within the framework of quotas fixed by the Council of Ministers and the MOD, the commissariats assign inductees to the various branches, arms, and services of the component forces based on their abilities, occupational expertise, or specialties learned in training courses conducted by the Voluntary Society for Cooperation with the Army, Aviation, and Navy (DOSAAPF). The DOSAAF is subordinate to the MOD. It conducts premilitary training in secondary schools. Its programs acquaint students with military life. The programs can include tracked- and wheeled-vehicle driver training, parachuting, radio operation and maintenance, along with drill and rifle training. This training is one of the prime considerations for future soldiers' selection to a particular program, such as a military academy.

Draftees report to their military commissariat on the date set. Inductees go directly to their assigned units for a period of orientation, drill, and some refresher training. This lasts approximately a month, after which the conscripts become young soldiers and young sailors by reciting the military oath in a public ceremony. (See figure on next page.)

The Soviets probably only rarely grant permanent exemption from active or reserve duty except for clearly medical reasons. They usually give deferments for stated periods of time and then review them at the expiration of the period. The 1967 Law on Universal Military Service reduced the number of educational deferments and extended hardship or compassionate deferments.

There are three general categories of criteria for deferment: physical reasons, family circumstances, and continuation of education. The authorities may grant three-year deferments for physical problems or one-year deferments for illnesses. After this time, depending on the deferred citizen's state of health, the government will call him up for active duty, enroll him in the reserves, or acknowledge him to be altogether unfit and thus exempt from military service.


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 against us. But in spite of the ministers, and in spite of the peers, had the poor king lived, we should at least have had the badge," added Sir Vavasour mournfully.

"The badge!"

"It would have satisfied Sir Grosvenor le Draughte." said Sir Vavasour: "and he had a strong party with him; he was for compromise, but d— him, his father was only an accouchewr."

"And you wanted more?' inquired Egremont, with a demure look.

"All, or nothing," said Sir Vavasour'; " principle is ever my motto—no expediency. I made a speech to the order at the Clarendon; there were four hundred of us; the feeling was very strong."

"A powerful party," said Egremont.

"And a military order, sir, if properly understood. What could stand against us? The Reform Bill could never have passed if the baronets had been organized."

"I have no doubt you could bring us in now," said Egremont.

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Page:Travels in West Africa, Congo Français, Corisco and Cameroons (IA travelsinwestafr00kingrich).pdf/480

 although the district is of volcanic origin. The crater of Fernando Po may be referred to in the legend because of the king's son being sent home in a canoe; but I do not think it is, because the Hole is known not to be Fernando Po, and it has got, according to local tradition, a river running from it or close to it.

. The kraw-kraw is a frightfully prevalent disease; no one has a remedy for it, presumably owing to Raychow's son's forgetfulness.

. The silence of the son to the questions is remarkable, because you always find people who have been among spirits lose their power of asking for what they want, for a time, and can only answer to the right question.

. The sudden way in which Raychow's son gets fired with the desire to turn civil engineer just when he has got a magnificent opening in life as a doctor is merely the usual flightiness of young men, who do not see where their true advantages lie—and the conduct of the men in dying, after digging a canal is normal, and modern experiences support it, for men who dig canals down in West Africa die plentifully, be they black, white, or yellow; so you can't help believing in those men, although it is strange a black man should have been so enterprising as to go in for canal digging at all. There is no other case of it extant to my knowledge, and a remarkable fact is, that the Moondah does so nearly connect, by one creek, with the Gaboon estuary that you can drag a boat across the little intervening bit of land.

. Is a sporting story that turns up a little unexpectedly, certainly; but the Benito is within easy distance north of the Moondah, so the geography is all right.

. The inhabitants of Fernando Po have still an especial hatred for the M'pongwe, and both they and the M'pongwe have this account of the one tribe driving the other off the mainland. Then the Bubis —as the inhabitants on Fernando Po are called, from a confusion arising in the minds of the sailors calling at Fernando Po, between their stupidity and their word Bâbi = stranger, which they use as a word of greet-


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 "That is exactly what I told Sir Robert. I want him to be brought in by his own order. It would be a grand thing."

"There is nothing like esprit de corps," said Egremont.

"And such a body!" exclaimed Sir Vavasour, with animation. "Picture us for a moment, to yourself going down in procession to Westminster for example to hold a chapter. Five or six hundred baronets in dark green costume,—the appropriate dress of equites aurati; each not only with his badge, but with his collar of S.S.; belted and scarfed; his star glittering; his pennon flying; his hat white with a plume of white feathers; of course the sword and the gilt spurs. In our hand, the thumb ring and signet not forgotten, we hold our coronet of two balls!"

Egremont stared with irrepressible astonishment at the excited being, who unconsciously pressed his companion's arm, as he drew this rapid sketch of the glories so unconstitutionally withheld from him.

"A magnificent spectacle!" said Egremont.

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 12 sacred edifice, whirling and crackling on high, threw their lurid light on the edges of the clouds above, or danced back from the long marble colonnades of a hundred palaces. The war shouts of the iegions, com- mingling with the agonizing cries of the Jews, who, on seeing the Holy of Holies ia flames, gave up all in despair, added to the sublimity and terror of the hour. Truly it seemed as if an avenging Diety was vindicating his insulted majesty and laws!

Suddenly Miriem beheld a crowd of fugitives, who had been driven from the temple, advancing toward her, pressed hard by the victorious legions. At the head of the pavic-struck multitude, endeavoring to check its mad career, she recognized her father, his grey heirs floating in the night-wind, and the blood streaming from many wounds. She bad been left in her present position for security, and the wisdom of the selection had been proved by her being undisturbed through all the horrors of the day, but now she lost every thought of her own safety, and thinking only of her parent, rushed down staircase after staircase until she reached the street, and, unlocking the door of the deserted tower, passed out. The street was filled with her countrymen, despair written in every face; bul all hurrying to the succor of the fugitive band with which her father fought. She was borne onward in the torrent. Soon she reached the very centre of the tumult, and heard close at hand the tramp of the advancing legions. But fruittess were all her efforts to reach her sire. In vain she strove to pieree to the front, where she caught a glimpse of him fighting: in vain she shrieked his name; in vain abe implored those around her to aid her in her pious wish. The battle thickened; arrows and javelins flew like hail; each men bad to think of himself alone; and, at last, Miriam sank insensible.

‘When she recovered her consciousness the voice of tumult had passed offto. the distance, and she found herself supported by some one in the shadow of a lordly colonnade. A soft, silvery light fell around, ‘The change from the uproar and press of the strife to this quiet made her think, fora moment, that abe had passed from earth; and the illusion resolved itself into conviction when she beheld the face of Publius gazing tenderly down on her.

"Where am I?” she whispered, and smiled faintly. “Oh! Publius, said I not we should meet in Heaven?’ “Nay! dear one," answered the living Publics. ‘You yet survive on earth. Look around you and see! This sweet light is that of the moon, but afar you can behold the glare of conflagration, the tumult of the strife, and all the other horrors attending the fall of this doomed city. 1,1 the bead of my legions, heard your voice in the crowd, and reached you just in time ta save you from being trodden under foot. At once 1 bore you hither, leaving to my lieutenant the command of my brave soldiers.”

Miriam had clung to bim as he spoke, her eyes eagerly perusing every linearaent of his countenance, ag if to ansure herself it was indeed her Publins she saw. When he concluded, he pressed bis hand, and longed to ask him how he still ived, when she had delieved bita desd. But she thought of her sire,

“My father,” she said, “do you know aught of my father?”

Alas! he lies low. I recognized him in the fight and tried to save him; but he spurned every offer; and fell just as I beard your voice.”

Miriam gave a shriek and again swooned away; and all that night lay as one between life and death. When the recovered consciousness in the morning, Jerusalem was a mass of ruins, and the temple, ‘work of a thousand years, no more.

A few months later, and Miriam, leaning on ber husband's arm, for she was now the wife of Publius, was standing on the deck of a vessel destined to bear them to their home in Italy.

“Ah! this was the treacherous tea which I thought had engulphed you,” she said; and, as che epoke, she looked up into her husband’s face, with eyes over: flowing with love.

“The vessel in which I sailed, n hopeless man, to return to Rome, was indeed wrecked, as I have told you,” he replied. ‘But I clung to a spar, and, the next day, was picked up bya trireme. Il is hus you heard of my loss, When, afterward, the subjugation of Jerusalem was reeolved on, I solicited permission to join Titus, trusting to save you and your family by my presence.”

Long and happy wore the subsequent lives of Pub- liun and Miriam, They escaped the many persecutions directed against the Christians, and died at last, within year of each other, happy in their glorious faith.

 By the dark splendor ca thine eyes, Now flashing, beaming wildly bright, Now, veiling 'neath those snowy lids In softened sadness their rich light. “By that sweet mouth, now gently arch’d ‘With smiles, like Cupid's golden bow, And now compress’d, as some chance word

Wakes in thy heart a thought of woe— By every charm that Nature's hand On thee hath lavishty bestow’d, And, by thy pore and noble soul, Fit tenant of its fair abode— By these, dear lady, let me vow To love thee fondly e’er as now. �

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text:
Author:William Paul Cook

Works

 * Willis T. Crossman's Vermont: Stories by W. Paul Cook
 * W. Paul Cook: The Wandering Life of a Yankee Printer, collecting writings by and about Cook

As editor

 * The Recluse (1927)
 * The Vagrant

title: Author:William Paul Cook


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Page:Travels in West Africa, Congo Français, Corisco and Cameroons (IA travelsinwestafr00kingrich).pdf/481

 ing—these Bubis are undoubtedly a very early African race. Their culture, though presenting some remarkable points, is on the whole exceedingly low. They never wear clothes unless compelled to, and their language depends so much on gesture that they cannot talk in it to each other in the dark.

I give this as a sample of African stories. It is far more connected and keeps to the point in a far more business-like way than most of them. They are of great interest when you know the locality and the tribe they come from; but I am sure if you were to bring home a heap of stories like this, and empty them over any distinguished ethnologist's head, without ticketing them with the culture of the tribe they belonged to, the conditions it lives under, and so forth, you would stun him with the seeming inter-contradiction of some, and utter pointlessness of the rest, and he would give up ethnology and hurriedly devote his remaining years to the attempt to collect a million postage stamps, so as to do something definite before he died. Remember, you must always have your original material—carefully noted down at the time of occurrence—with you, so that you may say in answer to his Why? Because of this, and this, and this.

However good may be the outfit for your work that you take with you, you will have, at first, great difficulty in realising that it is possible for the people you are among really to believe things in the way they do. And you cannot associate with them long before you must recognise that these Africans have often a remarkable mental acuteness and a large share of common sense; that there is nothing really "child-like" in their form of mind at all. Observe them further and you will find they are not a flighty-minded, mystical set of people in the least. They are not dreamers, or poets, and you will observe, and I hope observe closely—for to my mind this is the most important difference between their make of mind and our own—that they are notably deficient in all mechanical arts: they have never made, unless under white direction and instruction, a single fourteenth-rate piece of cloth, pottery, a tool or machine, house, road, bridge, picture or statue; that a written language of their own construction they none of them possess. A careful study of the things a man, black or


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 white, fails to do, whether for good or evil, usually gives you a truer knowledge of the man than the things he succeeds in doing. When you fully realise this acuteness on one hand and this mechanical incapacity on the other which exist in the people you are studying, you can go ahead. Only, I beseech you, go ahead carefully. When you have found the easy key that opens the reason underlying a series of facts, as for example, these: a Benga spits on your hand as a greeting; you see a man who has been marching regardless through the broiling sun all the forenoon, with a heavy load, on entering a village and having put down his load, elaborately steal round in the shelter of the houses, instead of crossing the street; you come across a tribe that cuts its dead up into small pieces and scatters them broadcast, and another tribe that thinks a white man's eye-ball is a most desirable thing to be possessed of—do not, when you have found this key, drop your collecting work, and go home with a shriek of "I know all about Fetish," because you don't, for the key to the above facts will not open the reason why it is regarded advisable to kill a person who is making Ikung; or why you should avoid at night a cotton tree that has red earth at its roots; or why combings of hair and paring of nails should be taken care of; or why a speck of blood that may fall from your flesh should be cut out of wood—if it has fallen on that—and destroyed, and if it has fallen on the ground stamped and rubbed into the soil with great care. This set requires another key entirely.

I must warn you also that your own mind requires protection when you send it stalking the savage idea through the tangled forests, the dark caves, the swamps and the fogs of the Ethiopian intellect. The best protection lies in recognising the untrustworthiness of human evidence regarding the unseen, and also the seen, when it is viewed by a person who has in his mind an explanation of the phenomenon before it occurs. For example, take a person who, believing in ghosts, sees a white figure in a churchyard, bolts home, has fits, and on revival states he has seen a ghost, and gives details. He has seen a ghost and therefore he is telling the truth. Another person who does not believe in ghosts sees the thing, flies at it and finds its component parts are boy and bed-sheet.


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 Do not applaud this individual, for he is quite conceited enough to make him comfortable; yet when he says the phenomenon was a boy and a bed-sheet, he is also telling the truth, and not much more of the truth than observer number one, for, after all, inside the boy there is a real ghost that made him go and do the thing. I know many people have doubts as to the existence of souls in small boys of this class, holding that they contain only devils; but devils can become ghosts, according to a mass of testimony. Great as the protection to the mind is, to keep it, as Hans Breitmann says, "still skebdical," I warn you that, with all precaution, the study of African metaphysics is bad for the brain, when you go and carry it on among all the weird, often unaccountable surroundings, and depressing scenery of the Land of the Shadow of Death—a land that stretches from Goree to Loanda.

The fascination of the African point of view is as sure to linger in your mind as the malaria in your body. Never then will you be able to attain to the gay, happy cock-sureness regarding the Deity and the Universe of those people who stay at home, and whom the Saturday so aptly called "the suburban agnostics." You will always feel inclined to ask this class of people, "Yes; well, what is Force? What is Motion; and above all, tell me what is Matter that you talk so glibly of? and if so why?" And the suburban agnostic looks down on you, and says pityingly, "Read Schopenhauer and Clifford," as if he were ordering you pills; which revolts you, and you retort "Read Kant and Darwin," and the conversation disappears into a fog of words.

The truth is, the study of natural phenomena knocks the bottom out of any man's conceit if it is done honestly and not by selecting only those facts that fit in with his pre-conceived or ingrafted notions. And, to my mind, the wisest way is to get into the state of mind of an old marine engineer who oils and sees that every screw and bolt of his engines is clean and well watched, and who loves them as living things, caressing and scolding them himself, defending them, with stormy language, against the aspersions of the silly, uninformed outside world, which persists in regarding them as mere machines, a


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Page:Peterson magazine 1849.pdf/14

 ELSIE GRAY;

OR, THE MINISTER'S DAUGHTER.

BY CLARA MORETON.

Very young was sweet Elsie Gray, when Philip Stewart parted from her in the oak grove which skirted the village of Southton. And Philip—wild Philip, numbered but « few more years than his com- anion, yet he loved ber with most devoted bro- therly affection, aad tbe geutie Elsie repaid it wish a love no leas deep.

Me. Gray was the minister of Sonthton, Elsie wan his only child, « joyous creatare—a per fect sunbeam, irradiating the large gloomy rooms of the old parsonage, aad causing the father’s heart to thrill with pleasure, and the fond mother’s to tremble with delight.

Directly across the way from the personage, stood tho large and airy mansion of Squire Stewar—ihe Groat man of ths village, living upoa the superfluil ‘which his father and bie father's father had accamu- iated for him. Beneath tbe shade of the fine old elms ‘which waved their long branches in “elasping cool ness” about the latticed windows of the parsonsge, ‘tkad Elsio and Philip frolicked for hours, and over the clover meadows, end through the dark pine groves, had they rembied day after day, never dresar fog that a future was to come in which their paths should separate.

Ab! beautifal childbood! loving, trusting chitd- hood! Most blissful period of life, which no after. yearnings can ever restore. Wherefore do we pass eo hastily the pure fountains and vine-olad temples of youth, trampling apon the perfumed blossoms, as ‘we prosa eagerly forward over the greenwood of life, to gather its thisdles and its thorns?

Philip was an only sow, Mr. Stewart was ambi- ‘nous, and in this lay the history of their separation, ‘but the beast of the youth beat strongly and bravely ‘within him, and beneath the shade of the old oak be strove to re-nseure the weeping Elsie.

“Oh, it does not take so long to go through college, isia—four years will soon glide away, and then you will be v0 proud of me, and I shall be 80 proud of my litle wife, ‘00, for that you are bound to be, are you not, Elsie?” But bis companion only blusbed, acd awkerardly twisted the ribbon of her sash, for she ‘was ot quite sure that it wos right for two 80 young to teik about such a serious subject.

“Now don't lose that paper,” coutinved Philip, “for on it is the exaot direction which all your little otes must bear, if you want me to receive them.”

“No danger of my losing it, Philip,” she replied; “but much more danger of your forgetting me when You get to thet beautiful city, and you will fearn to he ashamed of me, perhaps, and to eall our love fool- inh, I am afraid,” and she sighed heavily.

Long and earnestly they talked in the thick shade of the glowy loaves of the old oak, which was yath: ered in massive drapery, fold after fold, above them,

The sound of the fretting, moaning steamboat which wound through the glen, was boras to theit care like the complaiaings of e woubled spirit, while afer off within the mepie grove, beyond the achool- house, came ringing sounds of iaughter from the merry children frolicking beneath tbe shade, and Bisie felt bow lonely and desolate would theee familiar sounds find her on the morrow. Twilight, with ite gray banners and shrouded forms, stole over the lage and its scatiered foreste, and Philip and Elsio retraced their eps, the one with e heart bening high with hope and ambition, the other with pulses lieless and faint, for from out the future misty visions wese looming upon har path, and her young hear! throbbed grievously with thoughts of that evening's

The next morning, ns Philip was whirled from hig father’s door, he caught tho glance of a tearful face through the parted vines, and the wave of a smowy and. It was his last glimpse of the child Elsie.

‘One morning, a few weeks after the departure of Philip, Mr. Stewart croseed the road to the parsonage. In the lie porch Mrs. Gray was sitting slone, busy with her needle, and through the opea window came the sweet round of Elsie Gray's voice, as she recited har morning Jeasons to her faibe

“Good morning, Mex Gray; thia ia very fing ‘weather wo are having now,” he said, 2s he leaned ‘over the little gate at the end of the graveled walk.

“Very,” she enewered, gathering her work {rom Off the seat into hor tap; ‘will you not sit down, sqzire, I will call Mr. Gray directly.”

“Oh, it’s of no consequence,” he said, as ha drow nearer, ‘I only came over to speak to you a-about the children—Philly and Elly, you know. They’ve always bean #0 brother and sister-like, he a-coming over here #0 much to recite his Latin and Greek, we can’t wonder that they tbink 2 deal of each other; Dut Tm moat efeaid that this writin of lowers ba ards and forrards, won't be just the thing for Philip's studies, and they're 60 youcg, I thought mebbe we'd Lotter put a stop to it.”

“Weil, it’s just as yoo my, squire-~if you think it will take Philip's mind from his studiespot cours they'd better stop, by all means.”

“Yes, yes, that’s my opinion, and I’m glad to Gnd you think as I do,” answered the squire, eagerly, “DIL just write a Word to Phil—ho always wana goud doy to mind, although he was @ lectle wild, and you can tell Elly what we think about it.”

‘When Squire Stewart left, Mra. Gray commu nicated to Bleie bis wiehes. A quick, duttoring sigh escaped from her bosom as she answered, “very

�

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Page:Giuseppe Bianchini - The Work of the Fascist Government and the Economic Reconstruction of Italy - tr. Luigi Villari.pdf/3

In order to pass a fair and impartial judgment on the work accomplished by the Fascist Government of Italy, we must begin by comparing the Italian situation of 1922 with that of to-day, for it is only through this comparison that we can realize the extent of the progress achieved.

Let us then see what were the economic, financial and social conditions of Italy in 1921–22. I advisedly include the year 1921, because if the Fascist movement did not come into power until the end of 1922, it had developed its action in the country for some time previously to that date—in fact as early as November 1921 it already comprised over 230.000 registered members. The struggle against Socialism and Bolshevism had been going on for some time, a struggle sanctified by the


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 thing his superior intelligence and experience knows they are not. Even animistic-minded I got awfully sat upon the other day in Cameroon by a superior but kindred spirit, in the form of a First Engineer. I had thoughtlessly repeated some scandalous gossip against the character of a naphtha launch in the river. "Stuff!" said he furiously; "she's all right, and she'd go from June to January if those blithering fools would let her alone." Of course I apologised.

The religious ideas of the Negroes, i.e., the West Africans in the district from the Gambia to the Cameroon region, say roughly to the Rio del Rey (for the Bakwiri appear to have more of the Bantu form of idea than the negro, although physically they seem nearer the latter), differ very considerably from the religious ideas of the Bantu South-West Coast tribes. The Bantu is vague on religious subjects; he gives one accustomed to the negro the impression that he once had the same set of ideas, but has forgotten half of them, and those that he possesses have not got that hold on him that the corresponding or super-imposed Christian ideas have over the true Negro; although he is quite as keen on the subject of witchcraft, and his witchcraft differs far less from the witchcraft of the Negro than his religious ideas do.

Witchcraft is a wonderful thing in its way. In Africa I constantly come upon ideas and methods of procedure in it that are identical with those of Irish, Devonian, and Semitic witchcraft, but this subject is too large to enter upon here.

The god, in the sense we use the word, is in essence the same in all of the Bantu tribes I have met with on the Coast: a non-interfering and therefore a negligeable quantity. He varies his name: Anzambi, Anyambi, Nyambi, Nzambi, Anzam, Nyam, Ukuku, Suku, and Nzam, but a better investigation shows that Nzam of the Fans is practically identical with Suku south of the Congo in the Bihe country, and so on.

They regard their god as the creator of man, plants, animals, and the earth, and they hold that having made them, he takes no further interest in the affair. But not so the crowd of spirits with which the universe is peopled, they take


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Page:Formal Complaints about the Conduct of The Right Honourable Dominic Raab MP, Deputy Prime Minister, Lord Chancellor, and Secretary of State for Justice.pdf/26

 Complaint could not be pursued as if they had themselves been the subject of a complaint.

107. The DExEU Complaint was made after the investigation had been announced. It was promptly added to the Terms of Reference. Some of the same subject-matter had been raised by the individuals concerned with Cabinet Office in March 2019 (after the DPM had ceased to be the relevant Secretary of State and had left the Government) but it was not intended to be pursued and was not pursued. Cabinet Office considered that those matters did not warrant an investigation. There were real difficulties in my investigating matters which were said to have occurred more than four years earlier. No contextual documents were available. The allegations were inevitably less specific and it was more difficult for the DPM to respond.

(3) The different roles of a Minister and a line manager

108. A Minister does not have line management responsibilities for the civil servants who work as policy officials in the relevant department or those who work in the private office. Such line management responsibility resides within the department itself, ultimately with the Permanent Secretary as the department's most senior civil servant.

109. However, a Minister may to a significant extent depend, in order to progress his or her policies and other goals, on the quality of work provided by civil servants, in the form of advice (including written submissions and other papers) and general management and administration.

110. There is an unresolved policy issue of some general relevance, material to some of my findings, as to the extent to which it is appropriate for a Minister to provide comments to civil servants in the nature of performance feedback. In this context, there is of course an important difference between a constructive comment to the effect that a piece of work can be improved by taking a certain step and an unconstructive and unfair general criticism, and there is a range of intermediate possibilities. There can be a degree of real urgency in relation to a Minister's priorities and it may be a source of frustration if those priorities cannot be successfully pursued.

111. Many of the civil servants working in a Minister's private office (engaged in the role of 'Private Secretary' or 'Assistant Private Secretary') are relatively junior in status or grade. The most senior private office official, the 'Principal Private Secretary', would normally be at the level of the Senior Civil Service ("SCS"), but is sometimes at the


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 grade immediately below. Everyone else employed in the private office will be non-SCS.

112. There are a range of grades of policy official. At the apex of any department is the Permanent Secretary. There may be a Second Permanent Secretary. Within the SCS grades, there will then be Director GeneralsDirectors General [sic], Directors and Deputy Directors. A 'grade 7' official is two grades below SCS.

(4) The DPM's style of working as a Minister

113. In light of the nature of the Complaints, which are concerned with the manner in which the DPM interacts with civil servants, it is necessary to make some general findings about the DPM's style of working as a Minister in order to provide context for the findings which follow in relation to the Complaints.

114. In view of the evidence which I received, I find as follows. These findings are relevant for a number of reasons: to set the context for the interactions between the DPM and civil servants; to establish some parameters as to the inherent probabilities of what occurred on particular occasions; and to provide the foundation for certain of my findings as to what the DPM knew or ought reasonably to have known about his conduct. The DPM is highly intelligent, pays close attention to detail and seeks to make decisions based on evidence. He has strong principles and is guided by them in practice. He works assiduously and typically from about 0730 until about 2200, Monday to Thursday. This includes working during the car journey to Westminster and from Westminster to home. Fridays are allocated to constituency work. He usually does extensive work on weekends also. He makes a determined effort to use his working time effectively. He seeks to use meetings with policy officials in order to test the relevant material and make a decision.

115. The DPM's style is, in his own words, inquisitorial, direct, impatient and fastidious. The DPM told me, and I accept, that he tends to prepare extensively for meetings, will typically have read all of the key papers and identified questions in advance. He explained that he does not wish to receive a recitation of papers which he has already read. He will focus on the points of interest to him.

116. An important part of the DPM's general approach as a Minister is, as he explained and I accept, to seek to ensure that responsibility for the performance of any task is allocated


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 heroism of the dead, most of them youths who had sacrificed their lives for a noble and wholly disinterested ideal. In 1921 the battle was being fought not only in the country, but in Parliament, which had so deplorably degenerated through the disastrous strife of intriguing groups. It was the handful of Fascists who first raised the standard of revolt against these deplorable methods, and their leader Benito Mussolini on June 21, 1921, under the Giolitti régime, alone of all those who took part in the debate on the reply to the speech from the Throne, spoke out words of warning from the benches of the Extreme Right where no one then dared to sit.

He thus began:

«My speech will be definitely anti-democratic and and anti-Socialist, and when I say anti-Socialist I also mean anti-Giolittian, for never before has there been such a touching interchange of loving correspondance between Sig. Giolitti and the Parliamentary Socialist group as in these days».

That speech was of peculiar significance, because the Fascist leader undertook, to use his own words, «to


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 to a suitable, identified individual. He will then operate on the basis that the individual is accountable for the performance of the task in question.

117. In the course of his ministerial work, the DPM often encounters what he genuinely sees as frustrations in respect of the quality of work done, its speed of production and the extent to which it implements his policy decisions. It has not been necessary to make any finding as to whether any of those frustrations was well-founded in any particular case. He prefers to receive papers in a set format so that he can quickly assimilate the information in question. If work is not provided to his satisfaction, he will in general say so. If in the course of a meeting an attendee does not in the DPM's view answer a question in a manner which he regards as direct and straightforward, the DPM will likely interrupt. One of the key questions in relation to the MoJ Complaints and, to a lesser extent, the DExEU Complaint is the extent to which the DPM's style of conducting a meeting, and in particular when frustrated, goes beyond what would normally be regarded as acceptable. I have addressed this question in the context of the relevant Complaints.

118. The DPM often operates on the basis that once he has made a policy decision, it should not be revisited subsequently by civil servants. He refers to this, when it occurs, as 'relitigating his steers'. Views can, however, reasonably differ as to whether an earlier policy decision (or 'steer') was truly final, particularly in light of new or additional circumstances which may arise. Civil servants have a duty to give informed and impartial advice and Ministers have an obligation (under paragraph 5.2 of the Ministerial Code) to consider it.

119. The DPM tends to take a clear view of an issue, whatever it may comprise. This applies across the range of matters with which he deals, from policy decisions to the presentational format of papers. In the context of the investigation, this approach manifested itself in what I considered to be a somewhat absolutist approach in his response to certain points, such as whether a particular conversation had occurred, either at all or in a certain way. His responses were frequently put in 'black or white' terms, with no room for nuance even where nuance might reasonably be expected. I did not find this approach persuasive. However, I have in every instance of factual dispute considered what appeared to me to be the inherent probabilities, the evidence as a whole and the overall context before reaching any conclusion.


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 120. I heard from a number of people that the DPM is 'inconsistent' or 'unpredictable', either in the sense that having offered criticism on one occasion, he may offer praise at the next, or vice versa, or in the sense of his 'steer' changing from one occasion to the next (and without any acknowledgment that it had). Having considered these points in light of all the evidence, I do not find that these particular criticisms are well-founded. The available evidence did not enable me to make a finding as to the DPM changing his 'steer'. In relation to the question of variable criticism and praise, while there may be an issue as to the way in which he provides critical feedback, what became apparent to me is that the DPM does not, after an occasion of criticism, then keep track such that on the next occasion the same official will be disadvantaged. The DPM tends to 'wipe the slate clean' from one occasion to the next; he will neither expect to offer criticism nor necessarily offer it. What is, however, also apparent is that some officials, not used to the DPM's approach, may reasonably anticipate that one occasion of criticism from the DPM will necessarily lead to another. The anticipation of criticism may well be inhibiting to good performance.

(5) The use of physical gestures

121. I heard a good deal of evidence about the DPM's use of physical gestures in communication. At the most extreme, and which would have been unacceptable, this was put as extending his hand directly out towards another person's face with a view to making them stop talking. Another example of such an allegation was loud banging of the table to make a point. At the opposite end of the spectrum, which would be regarded as acceptable, suggestions were made of the use of a defensive gesture to suggest that a person should hold off from speaking further, accompanied by a verbal explanation, or the use of a finger extended downwards to make a particular point.

122. It seemed to me that there was, and is, significant scope for misunderstanding in relation to the use of physical gestures as part of communication. I was not convinced that the DPM used physical gestures in a threatening way, although those unused to this style of communication might well have found it disconcerting. I did not consider that there was any basis for legitimate criticism in this respect. The 'hand out' gesture was not in my view nearly as emphatic as the allegation suggested. Nor did I consider that any 'banging' of the table was such as would be likely to cause alarm.


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 only too much interest and the Bantu wishes they would not and is perpetually saying so in his prayers, a large percentage whereof amounts to "Go away, we don't want you." "Come not into this house, this village, or its plantations." He knows from experience that the spirits pay little heed to these objurgations, and as they are the people who must be attended to, he develops a cult whereby they may be managed, used, and understood. This cult is what we call witchcraft.

As I am not here writing a complete work on Fetish I will leave Nzam on one side, and turn to the inferior spirits. These are almost all malevolent; sometimes they can be coaxed into having creditable feelings, like generosity and gratitude, but you can never trust them. No, not even if you are yourself a well-established medicine man. Indeed they are particularly dangerous to medicine men, just as lions are to lion tamers, and many a professional gentleman, in the full bloom of his practice, gets eaten up by his own particular familiar which he has to keep in his own inside whenever he has not sent it off into other people's.

I am indebted to the Reverend Doctor Nassau for a great quantity of valuable information regarding Bantu religious ideas—information which no one is so competent to give as he, for no one else knows the West Coast Bantu tribes with the same thoroughness and sympathy. He has lived among them since 1851, and is perfectly conversant with their languages and culture, and he brings to bear upon the study of them a singularly clear, powerful, and highly-educated intelligence.

I shall therefore carefully ticket the information I have derived from him, so that it may not be mixed with my own. I may be wrong in my deductions, but Dr. Nassau's are above suspicion.

He says the origin of these spirits is vague—some of them come into existence by the authority of Anzam (by which you will understand, please, the same god I have quoted above as having many names), others are self-existent—many are distinctly the souls of departed human beings, "which in the future which is all around them" retain their human wants and feelings, and the Doctor assures me he has heard


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 define certain political, and, if I may say so, historical positions», and it contained a programme inspired by the soundest and most orthodox policy of economic reconstruction. He demanded that the functions of the State be restricted to the creation of those conditions which are necessary for individual activity in economic life, agriculture, industry and trade and are advantageous to the consumer; they should be similarly restricted in the field of science and art. The State should not confer privileges on one class to the detriment of another; it should not be a manufacturer, a farmer, a trader, a shipowner, a railway company, a banker, a co-operative society, a newspaper proprietor; it should abstain from establishing monopolies and a form of censorship through the post office and the schools; it should not support the idle by means of doles, nor enrich the favoured few and impoverish the rest of the community by means of State contracts granted for reasons of political protection or as gifts disguised under the mantle of co-operativism, which claims to be a productive force, whereas it merely squanders the money of the community through tech-


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 (6) No shouting or swearing

123. There was no persuasive evidence that the DPM shouted at individuals. I also conclude that he did not swear at any individual or swear more generally.

(7) Intention and alleged vindictiveness

124. Some of the Complaints included the contention that the DPM intended to conduct himself in the way that he did. I am sure that this is correct. There was no question on the evidence of him losing control.

125. What was sometimes suggested in the context of the MoJ Additional Complaints was that the DPM is vindictive and intended to harm those to whom his conduct was directed. Ultimately, this was presented as a matter of argument by way of inference from the facts. Although I accept that these views were genuinely held, I do not consider that there is any sound basis for such an allegation. I accept, as the DPM contended, that he is focused on delivery of what he regards as important outcomes and he would have no reason to behave in the vindictive manner alleged. There is, however, one specific allegation of vindictiveness in relation to the FCDO Complaint, which I address below.

(8) The communication of warnings about conduct or the effect of conduct

126. I find that at no stage prior to the investigation did anyone communicate to the DPM in terms that his conduct in relation to civil servants was or might amount to a form of bullying, in that there was no evidence that the word 'bullying' (or any cognate) was ever used in any communication to him. However, as I set out below, there were certain communications which sought to alert the DPM to the existence of an issue as to his behaviour.

127. In the context of the FCDO Complaint, there was a factual dispute as to whether, following a particular meeting at which the DPM referred, in the context of the work of the civil servants present, to the question of their compliance with the Civil Service Code, Sir Philip (the Permanent Secretary) communicated to the DPM that he should not do this. The DPM denied that there had been any such communication. The DPM suggested that, in view of media reporting of the allegations against him (the DPM), Sir Philip was under pressure to explain what he had done in respect of the allegations. The DPM also questioned why there were no minutes of the discussion.


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 128. Sir Philip's evidence was convincing and I do not think that he had any good reason to make up such a conversation with a view to protecting himself after the event. None of the details of the FCDO Complaint has been the subject of media reporting and there would therefore have been no reason for Sir Philip to react defensively. Contrary to the DPM's assertion, I did not regard it as plausible that the meeting should have been minuted or the occasion treated as though the DPM were an employee and Sir Philip the representative of his employer.

129. In the context of the MoJ Complaints, there was a similar factual dispute between Antonia Romeo (Permanent Secretary) and the DPM as to whether she had on a number of occasions (said to have been 9 March 2022, 14 July 2022 and 27 October 2022), drawn to his attention concerns about his tone and behaviour in interactions with civil servants, as distinct from matters of work pressure and overall departmental morale. Ms Romeo produced notes of these conversations, which I was satisfied were derived from her contemporaneous records. The DPM sought to challenge the reliability of these notes on various grounds. I was not convinced by those challenges and did not consider that Ms Romeo would have had any reason to manufacture or manipulate the content of these notes. The consequent findings are as follows:

 * (1) On 9 March 2022 Ms Romeo told the DPM that there had been complaints about his behaviour in relation to civil servants, although she did not provide any specific information. She made the point that if he had performance concerns about any particular official, he should not seek to address them in the context of a meeting but should rather address them to her.

 * (2) A similar point was conveyed on 14 July 2022. Ms Romeo acknowledged that the DPM may be frustrated when the department did not deliver what he required, but said that if such an occasion arose, and she was not present, he should speak to her about it afterwards rather than express frustration to the officials in question.

130. The dispute about the 27 October 2022 conversation was in substance a reflection of the dispute about the earlier conversations. None of the Complaints allege any unacceptable conduct in the period following the DPM's reappointment as Secretary of State for Justice. It is not necessary in those circumstances to go further.


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 nical incompetence or peculation. Only thus can the bureaucray be reduced and the State saved from bankruptcy. Only in these conditions can sound intellectual and economic development and the real freedom and equality of citizens be assured. Let the State provide security for life and property and swift justice; let it make contracts safe and not be the first to give the example of dishonesty. Let it protect the interests and dignity of its citizens abroad and not make of our national flag a rag for others may clean their boots with.

This then was the situation. The Constitutional parties were split up into groups and fractions, with more or less leftward of rightward tendencies, more or less democratic or social-democratic, their leaders bitterly squabbling among themselves for personal reasons, but anxious above all to organize plans of campaign to get into power, oblivious of the real and urgent needs of the country. The nation was spiritually divorced from Parliament, alarmed at the apparently inevitable risk of plunging into the abyss, deeply outraged by the fact that the results of its magnificent effort in winning the


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 war had been frittered away and that the country had sunk into such a slough of despond that not a voice was raised to proclaim its needs and aspirations.

Now began the healthy reaction, which sprang forth from the living forces of the country, and from the people arose a man of more spacious views, who realized the danger and saw where salvation lay. He at once took up his position against the mean opportunism of Parliamentary intriguers, and proclaimed his fighting programme with courageous conviction enlightened by a truly Roman ideal of his country's greatness.

Let us not forget the situation as it was before Benito Mussolini became Prime Minister. Gross insults to the national flag went unpunished, the Army, ex-combatants and war-disabled veterans were outraged in the streets, the public services were daily subjected to arbitrary suspensions, the legal organs for the defence of property and order were admittedly impotent; the result was that the economic and financial efficiency of the country were gravely jeopardized, while abroad there was a general and absolute lack of confidence in Italy.


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 Good citizens had to pay their burdensome taxes punctually, but from day to day they did not know what fresh surprises were in store for them, and when they arose in the morning they never knew whether the railways, the tramways, the postal and telegraph services would still be operating, whether light, water and bread would be available. I need not recount the whole history of those days, although it is regrettable that so many people appear to have forgotten it.

I think that a few figures of the prices of securities will help to show how dangerously depressed was our national credit before the advent to power of the Fascist Government and how remarkable has been the subsequent revival. The 3.50 % Government Rente, which after and in spite of the war was quoted in December 1919 at an average of 82.78, had dropped in October 1922 to 72.46; a month after «the taking of Rome» we find that this serious event, far from causing a further decline, brought about an improvement of over 5 points, raising it to 77.92 (average for December 1922); the general restoration of confidence caused it


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 131. The relevance of these findings requires some further explanation. It is not suggested that Ms Romeo told the DPM that any complaints about him were well-founded or conveyed any specific allegation. Nor is it suggested that the DPM was told that his conduct was or might amount to bullying. The relevance of the findings is that the DPM had been told on 9 March 2022, and reminded on 14 July 2022, that he should regulate his behaviour by not communicating frustration directly to individual civil servants in the context of particular meetings. In addition, and in view of the DPM's dispute as to whether these conversations occurred, I infer that he did not accept that there was any legitimate basis for such regulation of his behaviour.

(8) The resilience of officials

132. The DPM did not at any time suggest that any of the Complaints was derived from a so-called 'snowflake' quality or allege that any of the individuals concerned should be so regarded.

133. The DPM made the point, which I accept, that he (and any Minister) is reasonably entitled to expect a certain level of resilience from civil servants, particularly those who are at SCS level. So far as may be relevant, I did not detect any material lack of resilience in those who had made the Complaints. Most of the individuals in question had many years of experience working closely with Ministers.

134. In view of the need to maintain confidentiality, I cannot state detailed findings about the complainants. I can record the following points:

 * (1) There was a general acceptance of the propositions that Ministers are entitled to have high standards and to make constructive criticism of work.

 * (2) It was also accepted that it is the role of the Civil Service to adapt to Ministers' working preferences and in each of the relevant departments, that is what individuals strove to achieve.

 * (3) The individuals involved in private office in each of the departments went to considerable lengths to respond to the DPM's working preferences (by, for example, setting up arrangements to archive submissions and enable them to be retrieved quickly or to calibrate the amount of work provided to the DPM for car journeys).


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 :(4) The DPM recognised the high quality of the performance of many civil servants. Although there were from time to time issues which he sought to address, there were also considerable achievements which he acknowledged and appreciated.

135. Although the merit of each Complaint varied, I find that the complainants were in every case acting in good faith in raising concerns which they genuinely held. In some cases, their experience involved a significant adverse impact on their health. While I have not been able to reach any findings on whether such effects were in fact caused by the DPM's conduct, I recognise and accept that the impacts communicated to me had genuinely been experienced.


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 to rise still further to 82.02 in November last. The 5 % Consolidiated Loan, which is the most widely distributed basic security (in November last there were 35,998 millions of it in circulation, including the 4.50 % and 5 % redeembale bonds), which was quoted in December 1919 at 89.54, had dropped to 81.08 in October 1922; it rosen to 86.84 in December of the same year, and to 99.08 in November last (after having overtopped parity in June 1924). I need not overburden you with figures concerning private securities but shall keep them at the disposal of anyone who wishes to consult them at leisure in order to realize the significant progress which has been achieved also in this field.

There are other features of great significance as indications of the general public tranquillity of the economic and industrial situation, to which I feel I must call your attention, viz. figures for unemployment and strikes. During 1920 there were no less than 189 agricultural strikes with 1,045,000 strikers, involving a loss of 14 million working days, and 1881 industrial strikes with 1,267,000 strikers involving a loss of 16,500,000


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 D.

(1) Introduction

136. Only a limited amount of information can be included in the report in respect of my findings about the DExEU Complaint because confidential information about individuals would otherwise be made public, contrary to their rights.

137. The DExEU Complaint is concerned with interactions between the DPM and civil servants. The DPM was Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union between 13 July 2018 and 15 November 2018 (the "DExEU Period").

(2) Findings of fact

138. The DExEU Complaint was made on 21 November 2022. It followed media reporting and was made in the knowledge that the MoJ Group Complaint and the FCDO Complaint had been made and were to be investigated independently. This timing was approximately four years after the end of the DExEU Period.

139. The DExEU Period was intense and politically fraught. This was the DPM's first experience as a Secretary of State. The DPM considered that some officials were being deliberately unhelpful. It was not possible for me to form any view about such matters, which did not in any event concern the individuals who had made the DExEU Complaint.

140. There were genuine limitations on the DPM's ability to deal fairly with the DExEU Complaint, in view of the significant passage of time and the lack of specificity of most of the allegations (in terms of dates or contextual circumstance). In addition, some of the allegations were based on information provided by individuals who did not wish to participate in the investigation.

141. Although the DExEU Complaint was made with knowledge of the fact (but not the content) of the MoJ Group Complaint and the FCDO Complaint, there was no sign of collusion, advertent or inadvertent, which might have affected the evidence.

142. Some of the content of the DExEU Complaint was communicated by the individuals concerned to the Cabinet Office in March 2019. However, no action was requested or expected and the Cabinet Office considered that an investigation was not necessary.

143. By his own account, the DPM is demanding, driven and focused on detail. He works long hours. He can be impatient and will become frustrated when others do not deliver


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 working days. In 1923 we have only one agricultural strike, with 110 strikers and a loss of 540 working days, and 200 industrial strikes with 66,000 strikers and a loss of 265.000 working days. From millions of strikers and lost working days there is a sudden drop to almost negligeable figures.

As regards unemployment, we find that in December 1921 the unemployed, according to official figures, amounted to not less than 541,000; a year later they were still 381,000; in December 1923 they had dropped to 258,000; and finally in October 1924 (these are the latest official statistics) they were only 117,000. Unemployment is thus reduced to absolutely normal proportions, which existed, even in pre-war periods of the most satisfactory economic prosperity. It is indeed a matter of common knowledge that in many branches of industry there is an actual shortage of labour, and that all branches are working full time.

If you scan the «Bulletin of Economic Information» issued by the Confederation of Industry and the Italian Bankers' Association, you will not fail to receive a most


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 what he requires, either in substance or form, or he perceives that others are obstructing his efforts. Such frustration is likely to have been expressed by the DPM on occasion, particularly in the high-pressure and tense working environment involved.

144. I find that the DPM's conduct in the DExEU Period was not offensive, malicious or insulting. It could reasonably have been and was experienced as intimidating, in the sense of unreasonably demanding. In view of the passage of time and the lack of available evidence, I have not been able to make any finding as to whether his conduct was in fact intimidating in this sense. I found no evidence to suggest any abuse or misuse of power.

145. Certain individuals genuinely believed that they had suffered significant negative impacts on their psychological well-being as a result of their interactions with the DPM. Although they also said that they attributed these impacts to the DPM's conduct, it was not possible in view of the available evidence for me to form any conclusion as to cause and effect.

146. I find that the DPM did not intend any adverse effect on others. Some of his conduct was undoubtedly experienced as abrasive and difficult and that experience was to some extent inevitable, particularly in the unusually tense and high-pressure work environment of the DExEU Period. It appears to me that the DPM was so focused on achieving his desired outcomes, in what he genuinely believed to be the public interest, that there were occasions when he did not take into account, fully or at all, his likely effect on some others.

147. On the basis of the evidence I received, at no stage during the DExEU Period did anyone draw to the DPM's attention that his conduct was in any way problematic. No-one used the term 'bullying' (or anything similar) in discussion with him.

148. The DPM did not know and could not reasonably have been aware of what was said to have been the impact of his conduct on certain individuals. No such matter was brought to his attention prior to the DExEU Complaint itself.


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 favourable impression. No industry is in a state of crisis, all are in full or almost in full activity, many are filled up with orders for many months ahead, internal trade is very active, export trade is expanding in a remarkable degree.

I must now bring this long digression to an end, and say something of the spiritual disturbance with which men's minds were afflicted in Italy before November 1922.

The violent and scandalous street demonstrations were by no means the most serious aspect of the situation; the chief danger lay in the unsound and unwholesome ideas which had so deeply penetrated into the whole administrative organism of the country. Lawlessness could always have been dealt with by means of the law, but the trouble was that the organs whence the orders should have emanated and on whom the execution of the law devolved no longer responded; legislation itself was indeed being deformed to such an extent as to jeopardize the whole economic structure of the country.

The most astounding anti-social proposals were ac-


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 cepted and supported by the very persons who should most strenuosly have resisted them, and we find them brought up for discussion in administrative bodies, proclaimed in the speeches of Cabinet Ministers, in Parliamentary bills, not to mention the Press, in which there was a regular competition, inspired by the most deplorable levity, to keep up with what was described as «the spirit of the times».

The theory of «the land to the peasants», put forward by the extremist parties as a bait to attract the agricultural masses, was seriously considered by the classes who should have made every effort to repel this insidious proposal; and, as a result of constantly talking about it, in many areas regular usurpations of land took place, and the State, i. e. the Government, far from promptly intervening, at first adopted an attitude of culpable tolerance, and subsequently enacted measures (the notorious Visocchi, Falcioni and Micheli decrees), which actually sanctioned and, with the pretext of regulating these violations of the rights of property, legally extended them.