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Rh Folker’s. The nine thousand foot soldiers mentioned here are a later interpolation, as the Thidreksaga speaks of only a thousand all told.

Eastern Frankland, or East Franconia, is the ancient province of Franconia Orientalis, the region to the east of the Spessart forest, including the towns of Fulda, Würzburg and Bamberg. In Biterolf Dietlieb journeys through Eastern Frankland to the Danube.

Swanfield (M. H. G. Swanevelde) is the ancient province of Sualafeld between the Rezat and the Danube.

Gelfrat is a Bavarian lord and the brother of Else, mentioned below. Their father’s name was also Else.

wise women, a generic name for all supernatural women of German mythology. While it is not specifically mentioned, it is probable that the wise women, or mermaids, as they are also called here, were ‘swan maidens,’ which play an important rôle in many legends and are endowed with the gift of prophecy. They appear in the form of swans, and the strange attire of the wise women mentioned here refers to the so-called swan clothes which they wore and which enabled Hagen to recognize them as supernatural beings. On bathing they lay aside this garment, and he who obtains possession of it has them in his power. This explains their eagerness to give Hagen information, if he will return their garments to them. For an account of them see Grimm’s Mythologie $4$, 355.

Aldrian is not an historical personage; the name is merely a derivative of aldiro, ‘the elder,’ and signifies ‘ancestor,’ just as Uta means ‘ancestress.’ In the Thidreksaga Aldrian is the king of the Nibelung land and the father of Gunther, Giselher, and Gernot, whereas Hagen is the son of an elf by the same mother.

Else appears also in Biterolf; in the Thidreksaga he is called Elsung, the younger, as his father bore the same name. See note to page 206, 1.

Amelrich is the ferryman’s brother.

spear. It was the custom to offer presents on a spear point, perhaps to prevent the recipient from treacherously using his sword. Compare the similar description in the Hildebrandslied, 37, where we are told that gifts should be received with the spear.


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Rh High upon his spear he offered him an arm band, bright and fair it was, of ruddy gold, that one should ferry him over to Gelfrat’s land. The haughty ferryman, the which was newly wed himself, did take the oar in hand. As he would earn Hagen’s gold so red, therefore he died the sword-grim death at the hands of the knight. The greed for great goods doth give an evil end. Speedily the boatman rowed across to the sandy bank. When he found no trace of him whose name he heard, wroth he grew in earnest. When he spied Hagen, with fierce rage he spake to the hero: “Ye may perchance hight Amelrich, but ye are not like him whom I weened here. By father and by mother he was my brother. Sith ye have bewrayed me, ye may stay on this hither shore.”

“No, by the mighty God,” spake then Hagen, “I am a stranger knight and have warriors in my care. Now take ye kindly my meed to-day and ferry me over. I am in truth your friend.”

The ferryman replied: “This may not be. My dear lords have foes, wherefore I never ferry strangers to this land. If ye love your life, step out quickly on the sand.”

“Now do it not,” spake Hagen; “sad is my mind. Take this good gold from me as a token of my love and ferry us across: a thousand horse and just as many men.”

The grim boatman answered: “’T will ne’er be done.” He raised a mighty rudder oar, mickle and broad, and struck at Hagen (full wroth he grew at this), so that he fell upon his knees in the boat. The lord of Troneg had never met so fierce a ferryman.


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 every mind his choice between truth and repose. Take which you please—you can never have both," then Thomas Hardy has forever forsworn the delights of repose and calm. Particularly in his earlier work, the scientific spirit of fearless inquiry which, in its psychological bearings, he applied to his literary creations, often led him to the expression of conclusions concerning the heart of man and the government of the universe that have served to brand him as the arch-pessimist of his time.

This spirit has certain resemblances to the earlier stages of Shelley's revolutionary enthusiasms, in which the doctrines of Necessity, Atheism, and Vegetarianism roughly correspond to Hardy's ideas of Time and Chance, the Unconscious Will, and Pity for all living beings. The Romantic poet, however, later showed that he had scarcely digested the iconoclastic arguments which he advanced with such fervor, and by the time he was writing The Triumph of Life, he had outgrown nearly all of his early and half-baked agnosticism and pessimism. Hardy's early conceptions, derived chiefly from himself, and representing a reaction to the spirit of his time rather than to a reading of exotic literatures as was the case with Shelley, kept growing with him, finding always a wider application to the life of humanity and the world, and means of expression ever increasing in beauty and force.

The extreme unpopularity of the attitude and system of ideas adhered to by Hardy might have made him the leader of a later "Satanic school" of poetry had his early verses been published soon after their writing.


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Rh :Steinschneider—Jewish Literature, pp. 70, 82 seq., 94 seq.
 * Schiller-Szinessy.—Encycl. Brit., Vol. XV, p. 295.

 * Eight Chapters.—B. Spiers in Threefold Cord (1893). English translation in Hebrew Review, Vols. I and II.
 * Strong Hand, selections translated by Soloweycik (London, 1863).
 * Letter to Jehuda Ibn Tibbon, translated by H. Adler (Miscellany of the Society of Hebrew Literature, Vol. I).
 * Guide of the Perplexed, translated by M. Friedländer (1885).

 * I. H. Weiss.—Study of the Talmud in the Thirteenth Century, J. Q. R. I, p. 290.
 * J. Owen.—J. Q. R., I, p. 203.
 * S. Schechter.—Studies in Judaism, p. 161 [197], etc.

On (father of Maimonides), see L. M. Simmons, Letter of Consolation of Maimon ben Joseph, J. Q. R., II, p. 62.

 * Graetz.—IV, pp. 146 [157], 191 [206].

 * Graetz.—IV, 7.
 * English translation of Ikkarim, Hebrew Review, Vols. I, II, III.


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Richard the Third, IV. iv

If yet your gentle souls fly in the air

And be not fix'd in doom perpetual,

Hover about me with your airy wings,

And hear your mother's lamentation.

Q. Mar. Hover about her; say, that right for right

Hath dimm'd your infant morn to aged night.

Duch. So many miseries have craz'd my voice,

That my woe-wearied tongue is still and mute.

Edward Plantagenet, why art thou dead?

Q. Mar. Plantagenet doth quit Plantagenet;

Edward for Edward pays a dying debt.

Q. Eliz. Wilt thou, O God! fly from such gentle lambs,

And throw them in the entrails of the wolf?

When didst thou sleep when such a deed was done?

Q. Mar. When holy Harry died, and my sweet son.

Duch. Dead life, blind sight, poor mortal living ghost,

Woe's scene, world's shame, grave's due by life usurp'd,

Brief abstract and record of tedious days,

Rest thy unrest on England's lawful earth,

Unlawfully made drunk with innocent blood!

Q. Eliz. Ah! that thou wouldst as soon afford a grave

As thou canst yield a melancholy seat;

Then would I hide my bones, not rest them here.

Ah! who hath any cause to mourn but we?

[Sitting down by her.]

Q. Mar. If ancient sorrow be most reverend,

Give mine the benefit of signiory,

 15 right for right; cf. n.

17 craz'd: cracked

20 quit: requite

28 abstract: epitome; cf. n.

31 thou: i.e. the earth

36 signiory: precedence

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210 Still more the boatman would vex the haughty stranger. He smote with an oar, so that it quite to-broke over Hagen’s head (a man of might was he); from this the ferryman of Else took great harm. Hagen, fierce of mood, seized straightway his sheath, wherein he found his sword. His head he struck off and cast it on the ground. Eftsoon these tidings were made known to the proud Burgundians. At the very moment that he slew the boatman, the skiff gan drifting down the stream. Enow that irked him. Weary he grew before he brought it back. King Gunther’s liegeman pulled with might and main. With passing swift strokes the stranger turned it, until the sturdy oar snapped in his hand. He would hence to the knights out upon the shore. None other oar he had. Ho, how quickly he bound it with a shield strap, a narrow band! Towards a wood he floated down the stream, where he found his sovran standing by the shore.

Many a stately man went down to meet him. The doughty knights and good received him with a kindly greeting. When they beheld in the skiff the blood reeking from a gaping wound which he had dealt the ferryman, Hagen was plied enow with questions by the knights. When that King Gunther spied the hot blood swirling in the skiff, how quickly he spake: “Wherefore tell ye me not, Hagen, whither the ferryman be come? I ween your prowess hath bereft him of his life.”

At this he answered craftily: “When I found the skiff hard by a willow tree, I loosed it with my hand. I have seen no ferryman here to-day, nor hath harm happed to any one through fault of mine.”


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 rose, amongst the expansions of the olfactory nerve, I found eight other specimens, all of which were males. I then examined the auditory canals, but no traces of the parasite were to be seen, I immediately prepared same of them as specimens for the microscope, thinking that if 1 could keep the young alive in situ until the next meeting of the Birmingham Natural History and Microscopical Society, when Mr. W. R. Hughes, F.L.S., was to present a paper on an allied subject by Dr. T. Spencer Cobbold, I might, perhaps, assist In throwing light on a matter of considerable difficulty, one which has occupied the minds of some of the most distinguished scientific observers for years past, and which is now bearing fruit in the shape of contributions of a character so important to the medical and non-medical world, that I feel bound to express my personal obligation to Dr. Cobbold for the very complete form in which he is bringing the subject before the Society and general science-loving public. The mounted specimens were exhibited at that meeting, immediately after Dr. Cobhold's paper. The young worms were then alive, as was testified by Mr. Hughes himself and several others, having then been mounted in Canada balsam for four days, showing the extreme vitality of these young minute threads of living matter. I have written to Dr. Cobbold, and sent him specimens for examination, and until I hear from him, with his declaration as to the name of species of this round worm, I must defer my anatomical description. It may turn out to be a well-known form. If it does, no descriptions will he necessary; but way departure from the usual form will be noted and described. The worm, and the skull showing the sinuses, may be seen at Mr, Bolton's Studio, No. 17, Ann Street, Birmingham, where I have placed them for inspection.—Wright Wilson, M.R.C.S., F.L.S., &c.

.—We heave much pleasure in announcing that at the annual meeting of the Woolhope Naturalists’ Field Club at Hereford, on the 23rd April, it was unanimously resolved that the Club join the Midland Union of Natural History Societies.

.—Under this title a valuable book by Mr. Montage Browne, of Birmingham, has recently been published at "The Bazaar" Office, London. In an early number we hope to review it at length.

.—In the March number of the "Journal of Botany" Professor Babington commenced a series of articles "Notes on Rubi." In the March and April numbers are criticisms on little understood forms, which will be read with interest end instruction by all students of this difficult genus.

.—In the "Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science" for April a valuable contribution appears, entitled "Recent Researches into the Nature of Lichens," by Sydney H. Vines, Fellow and Lecturer of Christ's College, Cambridge, in which the more recent speculations for and against the Algoid Nature of Lichens are given, and very ably criticised.

fasciculus of seventy-five specimens, representing sixty species, illustrative of "Carrington's British Hepaticæ," will be ready for distribution on 1st June next. Communications should be addressed to Mr. W. H. Pearson, 145, Church Street, Pendleton, Manchester.
 * —Students of these interesting plants will be glad to see by an announcement on cover of present month's number, that a


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 having received a doctoral degree or equivalent from the University or other advanced education institution recognised by the University Council; or

having received any degree or equivalent from the University or other advanced education institution recognised by the University Council, and having taught at the University or other advanced education institution recognised by the University Council for not less than five years in total, or having held a position of Member of the University Council for not less than four years in total.

The Deputy Rectors must meet the same requirements as those for the Rector, or must be public officials under the law on rules for civil officials in universities, with a qualification not lower than a bachelor's degree and with not less than ten years in public service.

The Assistant Rectors must meet the requirement of having any degree or equivalent from the University or other advanced education institution recognised by the University Council.

In the event that the position of Rector becomes vacant, the University Council shall appoint a person who meets the requirements under section 22 to act as Rector whilst a Rector is pending appointment by His Gracious Majesty.

In the event that the Rector is unable to perform his duties, the Deputy Rector shall act as the Rector. If there are several Deputy Rectors, the Deputy Rector authorised by the Rector shall act. If the Rector has not authorised

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 manipulation of sounds for producing effects of languor and passion being an evident inheritance from the young Keats, one of the few great English lyrists who do not seem to have held the slightest interest for Hardy. The author of the verse that has been here analysed never could have written it with a view to creating a certain kind of measured music that would delight the ear as mere sound when read aloud. The musical effects of his poetry can be sensed by an attuned ear, but they are never felt as the primary purpose of the composition. They are a natural outgrowth of the underlying situation or meditation treated.

It will be observed that the poems of 1865-1870, taken as a whole, present a generally complete and entirely Hardyan attitude towards the world—through the employment of typical Hardy-situations, ideas, images and expressions. The poet has considered the universe and has found it to be lawless; he has thought of a Higher Power, and he has discovered it to be—malignant, or indifferent, or unconscious; he has experienced human emotions and has concluded that good impulses are transitory and that passion is a snare. There is here developed and unified to some degree the whole system of thought presented through the notion of Time, Chance and Circumstance, Destiny, Pessimism, and Pity for humanity, that has become recognizable as characteristic of Hardy's mind through its employment as the intellectual basis for the Wessex novels. The early poems, however, present "Hardy" in much more condensed and characteristic form than either of the first two novels, Desperate Remedies and Under the Greenwood Tree, which im-


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1868.] "It happened," said the Squire, lowering his voice, "because Lawrence wanted to get rid of his life! Till the hour of my death I'll say that. Petres does nothing but reproach himself about it; but I say no man would have ridden at the fence Lawrence did, in cold blood, and with his brain unheated by wine, unless he had been tired of his life."

Upon hearing this Katharine turned and came back a step or two. In the glimmering twilight Mrs. Deering could mark that a shade one degree more livid than before had spread over her face. "Tell me about the accident, papa. I can bear it. Tell me, word for word, what happened, and then—then I will go in and see him."

"Well, you know, Kate, how you bade me ask him to dinner; I asked him; forced him to say yes—there's the folly for which I reproach myself," added the Squire, huskily—"and he came. During dinner, I don't suppose he spoke a dozen words—natural enough he should be constrained—bitter thoughts of old days—his own marriage breakfast held in that very room—overcame him, of course, and I must say received all Petres' attempts at conversation pretty curtly. At last, when the wine came in, he began to thaw—drank glass after glass, not so much like a man enjoying himself as like one resolved to bring up his spirits to a certain point, and by-and-by grew noisy, as I had never seen him in his life. H avers tock was there, and Jack Ducie, and I needn't tell you the talk soon got to horses. Every one had his story to tell of exploits, hair-breadth as all after-dinner exploits are, and at last Steven Lawrence told his. Some story of a leap, you girls won't need to hear the details of—"

"No, no, papa. Oh, go on!" interrupted Mrs. Deering, with agitation.

"A leap that he took years ago on a little mustang of his in Mexico. When the story was told, every one at the table remained silent for a moment. Then Petres turned—he was sitting next to poor Steven. 'Lawrence,' he remarked, in his solemn way, 'this really is a most astonishing fact. Would you mind repeating it again? I should wish to record how many feet this little mustang of yours covered.' 'My Lord!' cried Steven, looking round flushed and excited, 'do you mean to doubt the truth of what I say, then?' 'Not in the least, not in the least,' said Petres. 'I merely want to know, as a fact worthy of record, how many feet this little mustang of yours is said to have covered.' Well," went on the Squire, "I'll make a short story of what followed. Steven lost himself. There's the truth of it! Said he wasn't going to have his word doubted by any man; was ready to take exactly the same leap, measured, on his half-bred Irish mare, and back himself for whatever amount my Lord chose. 'But, my dear sir, I am not a betting man,' said Petres, with admirable temper. 'I am profoundly ignorant of such matters, and only imagined the leap to be an extraordinary one. If anything I said implied a disbelief in your statement, I retract it, or, rather, apologize to you at once.

"So like Lord Petres," murmured Mrs. Deering, in parenthesis.

"Well, you know—no, you don't know—what it is to reason with a man only half sober. 'I want no apologies,' said Steven. 'I want nothing more from any man than that he should hold to what he says. We needn't make the bet a high one, my Lord,' he added, 'if you are really so averse to backing your opinions.' To have argued with him," said the Squire, "would have been worse than to let him have his way. The hour for deciding the bet was fixed for twelve o'clock next day, Haverstock and myself as umpires; and soon afterward the party broke up. Neither I nor any one at the table expected Steven, in cold blood, would

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Page:Catalogue of the Cerambycidae (Col.) of Canada and United States of America. Part I. Subfamilies Parandrinae, Prioninae and Spondylidinae.pdf/3

3 ZMHB - Museum für Naturkunde der Humboldt-Universitat, Berlin, Germany.

ZMUM - Zoological Museum, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.

 * Syntypes locality - Syntypes: Indiis. (ZMUC). Distribution - Eastern half of the United States and southeast Canada. Host plants - Acer rubrum Linnaeus (Aceraceae), Castanea dentata (Marshall) Borkhausen, C. pumila (Linnaeus) Miller, Fagus sp., Quercus velutina Lamarck (Fagaceae), Carya sp., Juglans sp. (Juglandaceae), Liriodendron tulipifera Linnaeus (Magnoliaceae), Pinus rigida Miller (Pinaceae), Prunus cerasus Linnaeus (Rosaceae), Populus nigra Linnaeus, Salix alba Linnaeus (Salicaceae), Ailanthus glandulosa Desfontaines (Simarubaceae) Tilia americana Linnaeus, T. cordata Miller, T. platyphyllos Scopoli (Tiliaceae)


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 mediately followed his first period of poetic activity. One must then be very careful in applying the term "evolution" to the development of Hardy’s ideas and expressions from the beginning of his career as a writer to its close. His experiences throughout his life seem never to have modified to any considerable degree the underlying ideas with which he began to write. Many of the conceptions upon which the philosophy of The Dynasts was built can be found to exist in embryo in his first writings, however much they became enriched and mellowed through the intellectual and real experiences of the writer throughout the thirty-five years of his development as a writer and thinker. The greatest landmark of "Hardyism" in all his work is The Dynasts, the really complete and entirely mature expression of all the aspects of his art and thought. In this crowning work of his career can best be studied the apparent inconsistencies as well as the things that make for unity in all his writings. It is not of very great importance to get the poems subsequent to 1870 dated to any degree of accuracy, inasmuch as foreshadowings of The Dynasts can be found nearly everywhere in Hardy. However, by following the chronological line wherever feasible in an analysis of both his prose and his poetry, it is possible to observe how modifying influences asserted themselves at various times, becoming assimilated into, and enriching, his great and ever-increasing body of ideas, and how they kept supplying new technical and artistic aids to the poet. It is quite safe to add that if Hardy had not in his later years come in contact with the work of Schopenhauer, The Dynasts could never have assumed


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 its present form, largely determined by the characteristic expressions that run through its "Overworld" scenes.

The year 1870 marks Hardy's temporary abandonment of the poetic muse, and his turn to the writing of fiction, equipped with the training of an architect, the reading of an eclectic, and a full-grown philosophy of life. Already thirty years of age, he had not yet found his métier, but was still "feeling his way towards a method." In the period that followed he was destined to win fame as novelist, but kept up the practice of poetry just as he had done during his architectural training. When he finally, in the last twenty-five years of his life, devoted all his energies to his beloved poetic composition, he had behind him an experience and training of such breadth and depth as fall to the lot of but few men while their spirits and faculties are still at their height. His powers of observation and expression seem to have increased rather than diminished with the accumulation of years—and if his last poetry really represents the best that was ever in him, it is only another evidence of the truism that a man does best what he likes best to do.

Towards the end of Hardy’s residence at Weymouth, the economic pinch made itself felt more and more. His poems were unsalable. Yet he had to live—and if possible, by literature. It was really necessary that he make some sort of mark in the world. Emma Gifford expected it of him. Her family possessed at least academic and ecclesiastical distinction; Hardy's, so far as could be


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102

And let my griefs frown on the upper hand,

If sorrow can admit society.

[Tell o'er your woes again by viewing mine:]

I had an Edward, till a Richard kill'd him;

I had a husband, till a Richard kill'd him:

Thou hadst an Edward, till a Richard kill'd him;

Thou hadst a Richard, till a Richard kill'd him.

Duch. I had a Richard too, and thou didst kill him;

I had a Rutland too, thou holp'st to kill him.

Q. Mar. Thou hadst a Clarence too, and Richard kill'd him.

From forth the kennel of thy womb hath crept

A hell-hound that doth hunt us all to death:

That dog, that had his teeth before his eyes,

To worry lambs, and lap their gentle blood,

That foul defacer of God's handiwork,

That reigns in galled eyes of weeping souls,

That excellent grand-tyrant of the earth,

Thy womb let loose, to chase us to our graves.

O upright, just, and true-disposing God!

How do I thank thee that this carnal cur

Preys on the issue of his mother's body,

And makes her pew-fellow with others' moan.

Duch. O, Harry's wife, triumph not in my woes!

God witness with me, I have wept for thine.

Q. Mar. Bear with me; I am hungry for revenge,

And now I cloy me with beholding it.

Thy Edward he is dead, that kill'd my Edward;

The other Edward dead, to quit my Edward;

 37 on hand: in the first place

52, 53 Cf. n.

52 galled: sore from weeping; cf. n.

53 excellent: superlative

56 carnal: bloody

58 pew-fellow: associate

64 The: misprint for 'thy' (?)

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 seen, possessed none whatever. It was a case of the poor man and the lady, both extremely conscious of their relative positions.

In this emotional dilemma, the rising figure of George Meredith loomed up as a timely and useful inspiration. Meredith had also begun as a lyricist, but had as yet failed to awaken any large appreciative response. He had turned to fiction, had created Shagpat and Feverel, and was well on his way to distinction. Novel-writing, in those flat fiction days, seemed the easiest and surest route to success.

In 1869, therefore, Hardy set himself to the composition of a first novel. Into it he wrote his notions of the social structure of the times, a structure in which he personally felt himself to be rather hopelessly enmeshed. From it he rigorously excluded all lyric ecstasy.

It turned out to he a “purpose story,” full of that overheated, unripe revolutionary doctrine which one learns to expect from a powerful but slowly maturing mind. Its general tone was akin to that of Shelley's notes to Queen Mab, which Shelley himself later saw to possess more historical than intrinsic value. Hardy's idolatry of the pure-spirited young Romantic rebel thus showed itself in another aspect.

The story, when completed, was called The Poor Man and the Lady. Hardy himself piquantly described it as "a kind of incoherent manuscript, which fell into the hands of John Morley and George Meredith, who both counseled me strongly to write a novel." As a matter of fact, it was scarcely a real novel, being rather a crude, sentimental recounting of a complex plot of intrigue after


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T was when leaves are large and long, the month y-clepen May, The Lady Florence Percy sang her magic-woven lay; And for the lady's heart was full with woes ye know not of, She sang of dark and gentle Death, the comforter of Love. O fair was Florence Percy, with her eyes of pansied blue, Her face of pale forget-me-not, her soul of love-me-true! And sad and sweet the magic song that plaining from her bower, Remained in air, a spirit voice, that sings this very hour— Sings passionate, lone, aloft, alow, till every heart is stirred, And marvels, is it lady then, or deathful love his bird?

It was the good Sir Public, the gentle old man gray; He loves the lutes of troubadours, or knight's or lady's lay; And though with dire cacophanies his patient ears are sore, He only loves great harmonies, sweet melodies, the more. And hearkening that aërial song, all rapt and passion-pale. He spake—"And is it a lady's voice, or is it the nightingale?— And tell me where she preens her plumes or combs her hair this hour?— And is it in some mournful wood, or in some silken bower? O hie, my messengers, and find or if it lady be!— This singer true and tender must be better known to me."

It was Sir Ball, the enchanter curst, whose carols murder joy For households in the jovial realm of Camden and Amboy:

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Rh Nor Jersey lightning lights their woes who hear his griding strain; Nor Jersey cider balms their brains—they never smile again. "A t'ief of the wurrld," Sir Finnegan bold of Ireland him would call; And said ye, "strike the blasted lyre," Sir Fin would whack Sir Ball, With a double quadrille of toadies true, a gruesome companie, All into the field on donkeys two called Morse and Marsh rode he. He stood on the backs of his brace of hacks, in equitation foul; And either donkey wore what seemed a human jobbernowl. And he in a horse's harness good was blithesomely arrayed, For such he had sold and gotten him gold, and it was his trade! So on he lhad put his equine suit, and said: "Come death or wrack, At least we'll die, like the Thane of Fife, with harness on our back." By the donks' support, their necks athwart, a huge bull-fiddle did show, And rantingly and dauntingly Sir Ball did rosin the bow. O never before on such a sight the bardic sun did shine! "This beats me hollow," said bright Apollo, and stared with all his eyne.

It was the donkeys Morse and Marsh that first the silence broke, And like Sir Balaam's ass the twain not only brayed but spoke. And though an angel stood in their path, and said "Beware this day," They spoke not like that sapient beast, but quite their natural way. With slubberdegullion bribble-brabble, seventy pages long; They said "Sir Ball alone devised and sings the lady's song. Strike up, Sir Ball, thy dulcet voice will deep conviction bring!"— And then with horrible cruelty, Sir Ball did play and sing. Bull-fiddle and leathery-brazen lungs did blare the lady's lay, All intermixt with a song of spooks and Tophet's goblins gay. And with "Mother, O mother!" the dissonant staves were all one mutual cry— "Mother, O mother, my mother, I blubber, I holler, I howl, I sigh— The storm in my breast, mother, won't let me rest, mother; clouded and sabled I weep; Rock me to sleep, mother, rock me to wake, mother, rock me to wake and to sleep!" And have ye heard the love-lorn cat, Sir Tom, when he miauls and meows?— And have ye heard the sleepless dog in the yard, with his wild bow-wows? And have ye heard the cats and dogs convolved in war together? Conceit ye then of the tuneful strain Sir Ball did bellow and blether! Jaw-cracking metrification dire, and rhythm that rends the bowels: Hoarse, horrible mutual massacre of consonants and vowels; Calathumpia's dins and calliope's yells, all sorts of aural wrong, All stridor's mad menagerie let loose, were in that song. And "Go it, go it, noble poet!" the donkey fied did bray; And "Hooray! our pote this pome he wrote!" the toadies all did say. But into his ears at the earliest blast Sir Public jammed his thumbs, And skedaddled as fast as the guiltiest wretch who knows the devil comes. Apollo fled and hid his head in the realm of the dead below— The sweet and silent pallid realm where discords cannot go. The deaf they chuckled; dismay, despair convulsed each thing that hears; The stones were happy; the corn resolved it never would come to ears!

It was the race of Boobies, whom I hate with hatred sore,

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 setting, properly restricted in time and space, was already there, to fulfil the last of the Aristotelian requirements of the prose epic.

Finally, a broad comprehension of all the more important activities of the human mind: this must be examined in a few of its details, as it worked itself out during the quarter-century which followed.

Hardy's independent reading, for instance, was distinguished from the start for its thoroughness and depth. Take the Bible. Hardly any writer of our day has shown as close an acquaintance with the Bible as has Hardy—with both the Old and New Testaments. Not only is this shown in the great frequency of his direct quotation—a kind of pious demonstration of familiarity with the Scriptures considerably cheapened since Satan himself first showed the purposes to which it could be applied—but in many a turn of phrase that could have become ingrained into his own style only through the most enthusiastic and persistent perusal of the King James version. When Hardy was once asked his opinion on the question of the effect of the war upon literature, he referred his questioners to a passage in the Epistle to the Hebrews. In addition to his familiarity with the Bible, he showed at times more than a slight smattering of the methods and materials of ecclesiastical argumentation. In his Memories of Church Restoration he related his own personal experiences with a strict Protestant bishop's objections, on purely church-doctrinal grounds, to the erection of a new rood-screen in a church in which the old one had been removed and destroyed by an ignorant builder. Likewise young George Somerset's acquaint-


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330 And pray their heads may tumble off and roll about the floor; And every one of them patted his paunch, and sleeked his colloppy jowls, And smirked and sighed in ecstacy, and looked as wise as owls; And sleepily said—"We cannot doubt—and proofs are staggering things— The lady's silence looks like guilt—besides, how sweet he sings! Behold his cloud of witnesses!—The Original Jacobs' arisen!"— Whereat the toadies dinned the air with shrieks—"It's his'n—it's his'n!" But pale in latticed southern skies a lady's face did shine, And sad and fiery on the wind a clear voice murmured "Mine." And above, a scowl began to knit the deeps of the inner air; And below, it was a fearsome thing to hear Sir Public swear.

It was the bold Sir Doubleyou (now, Muses, lend your vim! I show a proper self-respect in well-describing him.) A bow-shot from her bower he rode between the barley sheaves; The sun came dazzling through and flamed upon his brazen greaves; A red-cross knight forever knelt to a lady in his shield, That sparkled like a planet bright upon the yellow field; His gemmy bridle glittered, like the branch of stars I've seen Hung in the golden Galaxy, Sir Church's Magazine; Thick-jewelled shone his saddle-leather as he onward came ; His helmet and his helmet plume burned like one burning flame; On burnished hooves his war-horse trod; his brow in sunlight glowed; His coal-black curls from underneath his splendid helmet flowed: Some bearded meteor trailing light, he might be likened to; And "tirra lirra" by the river sang Sir Doubleyou. ("All Tennyson's," the Boobies cry—ye devilish race malign, If ever Sir Ball has laid a lay, these golden eggs are mine!)

It was the bold Sir Doubleyou, the mortal foe of wrong, He heard the lady's injury, he loved the lady's song. Forth from the sheath he flashed his sword, and burst like thunder in; One stroke the bovine fiddle broke and flindered all the din. And then with hilt and mailèd fist, he turned the donkeys sore All to a bloody zebra-stripe and pard-like spots of gore. And Marsh he meekly cluttered off and sought his legal pale; And Morse, all red and black and blue, made tracks for Cherry Vale. Then whirling up his terrible brand, upon Sir Ball he drave, And clear and clean from head to chine, he him asunder clave. "Lie thus," he said, "whom lying thus, no minstrel ever can fear." And the Boobies blinked at the cloven corse, and murmured, "Too severe.' But the gay New Jersey editors did dance within their dens, And gayly wrote those jolly blades the tale with bright steel pens. And Sir Raymond praised the doughty deed of knightly derring-do; And Sir Sedley, Knight of the Round Table, declared it just and true; And Sir Prentice's jests flew out of his beard as only fly they can; And the chill Sir Godkin said, "Ah—hum—a very unfortunate man." And the good Sir Public clapped his hands and bade the joy-bells ring; And spirit-sweet in the air again the lady's song did sing.

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text: Frank Leslie's Illustrated Weekly/Volume 78


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332 Then spat on his palms, and rubbed, and stooped, and gayly clutched Sir Ball, At the instant gripe of his burning claws, Sir Ball did screech and writhe— "My! that's a trifle!" Sir Flatfoot said, with an air both mild and blithe. Then braced, a-stoop, "All aboard!" he cried, with a loud and cheery call; His wings clashed wide and beat and beat, but he couldn't lift Sir Ball. "By George!" he grunted, with violent wafts," he's a hefty cuss, I snore!" And with hurricane blasts of his horny vans he rose a yard, nor more. With added tornade an ell he made—the fiend he sweats and grins— "Why, damme!" roared he, "it never can be the weight of the villain's sins!" In the inky gloom he made simoom, till his wind went out with a belch, And headlong earthward down he flopped a-sprawl with horrid squelch. He paused—he rose ; his tail was droopt, and slow sank either van; And sooty white with amaze and spite, he scanned the ponderous man. "If ever I knew the like of this!" he yelled, dismayed and grim: Then, after a minute, "He'll have to stay—a derrick could never lift him." "No matter," he added, hornet-mad, "Sir Newton was not wrong— I'll have him yet in the natural course, for gravitation's strong." With that he bristled his tail and dealt Sir Ball a savage flick; Sir Ball did screech, for the harpoon edge did slash him to the quick; And, ah, it clave his coat-tail down, and a manuscript out did fall; And the Devil read, "A Christmas Carol. By A. M. W. Ball." Gramercy! but Sir Flatfoot's roars of laughter shook the skies. And he gasped and wheezed, while the sable tears ran out of his wicked old eyes, "Well, Blair is heavy, and Tupper's a ton, and Pollok sells by the pound, But this!—no wonder I couldn't fly—why, it's made a hole in the ground! Well, well! with lessened avoirdupois, I guess we'll lighter ride; So now, my boy,"—he spat on his palms—"come off and be boiled and fried."

It was the good Sir Public then, the gentle old man gray, "Not so," he said, "such sins as his deserve a sterner way." "How now!" retorts Sir Fiend, irate—"I'm rather more than a liar If there's anything worse than the seething lake of brimstone and of fire!" "Not so," Sir Public said, "there's pain compels a bitterer brine— Let him ride, an endless passenger, on the Camden and Amboy line! Let him feel the muscle-destroying racks, the cramps, the jolts, the jars, The Spanish Inquisition-for-one of a seat within those cars. Let him breathe their rank and ropy air that the life of the lungs destroys— Let his brain grow sick with the pobbledy-wob of the tramway's corduroys— Let him pause at the station restaurants and eat with the ravening flies, Those sandwiches, those nightmare cakes, and oh, those nameless pies!— Let him eat till he envies the eaters of clay and the cannibals happy and free— And then let him drink the infernal drinks they call their coffee and tea. Let him enter again to his torture-seat, and ride and ride and ride— Let his feet be chillblained with the draughts while his brains by the stove are fried— uet him joggle with cinders flaying his eyes, till he loathes the night and day— And sharpest torment of all, for all, let him feel there's money to pay! And never for him be the ecstacy that the worst of wretches know, When they leave those cars at the terminus, in a blest relief from wo." "Haw, haw!" the jovial fiend's guffaw up-belched with sulphur spoom— "O bully for you! By George! this beats the Flying Dutchman's doom!"

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 any Deputy Rector to act, the most senior Deputy Rector shall act.

In the event that there is no person to act in accordance with the stipulations of paragraph 1 or there is one who, however, is unable to perform duties, the University Council shall appoint a person who meets the requirements under section 22 to act as the Rector.

The Rector has the following powers and duties:

to administer the affairs of the University in accordance with the law, objectives, policies, rules, and regulations of the University, for which the purpose he shall have the power to issue rules, orders, and announcements;

to control the finance, supplies, places, and other property of the University in accordance with the law, objectives, rules, and regulations of the University;

to represent the University in general affairs;

to produce annual reports on all affairs of the University and submit them to the University Council;

to exercise other powers and duties according to the rules and regulations of the University or as assigned by the University Council.

There shall be a Faculty Senate of the University composed of a President of the Faculty Senate and Members of the Faculty Senate elected from amongst the regular members of the teaching faculty of the University. It shall have the duty to provide counsel and recommendations to the Rector, in addition to other duties assigned by the University Council or Rector.

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text:
Author:Eugenio Hernán Nearns

Works

 * Catalogue of the Cerambycidae (Coleoptera) of Canada and United States of America, with Miguel A. Monné (2023)
 * Part I: Subfamilies Parandrinae, Prioninae and Spondylidinae
 * Part II: Subfamilies Lepturinae and Necydalinae
 * Part III: Subfamily Cerambycinae
 * Part IV: Subfamily Lamiinae

title: Author:Eugenio Hernán Nearns


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Rh "O mercy!" howled Sir Ball—"those cars, that road, I know full well— And O I prefer—I much prefer—to be taken at once to hell!" "Don't quibble on names," Sir Public said ; and Sir Ball he gasped—"I swear! My sins are great, but my punishment is more than I can bear!"

There are waifs of bitter and shapeless fog on the barren Jersey shore; They were once that cloud of witnesses who all so roundly swore. There's a couple of foolish advocates from their foul enchantment freed; They are Morse and Marsh, and they keep them close arid wear the mourner's weed. There's a bloody-eyed visage of yellow bile that glares distort with pain, Through the rattling glass on the many that pass the jumping, joggling train; The saunterer overtaking the cars, on his patron saint doth call, And walks till he leaves them far behind; 'tis the visage of poor Sir Ball. There's a fiend who ponders a similar line for the worst that with him dwell; It is the Very Devil Himself—in sooth, he ponders well. There's a soul who bends, as Issachar bent, between two loads of wrong— New Jersey's huge monopoly and such as Ball their song; He soothes his soul with minstrels' lyres, and waits the better day; It is the good Sir Public, the gentle old man gray. There's a red-cross knight who cares not what the Boobies say or do; He basks in good Sir Public's smile; 'tis bold Sir Doubleyou. There's a noble lady fortressed now in good Sir Public's tower; The air retains the gentle songs that flow from out her bower; 'Tis the Lady Florence Percy—may her garlands never fall! God save ye, gallant gentlemen, and lovely ladies all! W.

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 there can be any national revolutionary movement or any complete arrest in the development of an aristocratic phase in American history. The area of the country is too great and the means of communication between the workers in different parts inadequate for a concerted rising or even for effective political action in mass. In the worst event—and it is only in the worst event that a great insurrectionary movement becomes probable—the newspapers, magazines, telephones and telegraphs, all the apparatus of discussion and popular appeal, the railways, arsenals, guns, flying-machines, and all the material of warfare, will be in the hands of the property owners; and the average of betrayal among the leaders of a class not racially homogeneous, embittered, suspicious, united only by their discomforts and not by any constructive intentions, will necessarily be high. So that, though the intensifying trouble between labour and capital may mean immense social disorganisation and lawlessness, though it may even supply the popular support in new attempts at secession, I do not see in it the possibility and force for that new start which the revolutionary Socialists anticipate; I see it merely as one of several forces making on the whole, and particularly in view of the possible mediatory action of the universities, for construction and reconciliation.

What changes are likely to occur in the more intimate social life of the people of the United States? Two influences are at work that may modify this pro-


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 , reviewed in our last number, has, we learn, been revised, and new editions of Parts 1 and 2 are in the press, and will he ready in a few days.

.—The Sheffield Daily Telegraph says a family recently removed from Dawley, Shropshire, to Nottingham. They took with them a cat which they had had for years. A few days after arrival at Nottingham: she disappeared. The other day the cat walked into the old house at Dawley, to the great surprise of the neighbours. She was very footsore and lame, but otherwise all right. The distance travelled by the cat is over seventy miles. It is strange how the cat traversed the whole distance without being lost or worried.

.—The first part of Vol. I. of the proceedings of this Society, (Session 1876-7,) has just been issued. Its contents are as under:—“New Researches in Contractility and Elasticity,” by Professor R. Norris, M.D., F.R.S.F.; “Vortex Motion,” by J. Hopkinson, D.Sc., M.A.; “The Kinetic Theory of Gases,” by the Rev. H. W. Watson, M.A.; "The Study of Science as an Instrument of Higher Education,” by G. Hookham, M.A.; "The Place of Archæology in Science," by James Kenward, F.S.A.; and "The Evolution of the Sense of Hearing,” by Lawson Tait, F.R.C.S.

, about to be published by the Woolhope Naturalists’ Field Club, is being got on with vigorously. he letterpress of Part I. is quite ready. and its publication will take place as soon as the coloured plates can be finished. Prepared as vis by such competent hands, the Herefordshire Pomona will no doubt he a work of considerable merit, The introductory matter of the first part consists of an elaborate treatise on "The Early History of the Apple and Pear," mythically, mythologically, and historically considered. This is followed by a sketch of "The Life of Thomas Andrew Knight and his Work in the Orchard." The common belief in the limited duration of varieties of apples is here stoutly called in question; and the results of Mr. Knight's experiments in the production of new sorts of apples and pears by hybridisation, is also fully entered into. Tu short, the introduction is the result of much work and much thought; and, what is of still more importance, containing matter In practical physiology that can scarcely fail to make others work and think too. Then will begin the main object of the Pomona—to give beautifully coloured plates of all the best varieties of apples and pears, &c. Communications from intending subscribers should be addressed to Mr. J. R. Symonds, Hereford.

.—Mr. E. Ray Lankester, F.R.S., has contributed a note in the current number of the "Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science," on the agency recently established by Mr. Bolton, at No. 17, Ann Street, Birmingham, for the supply of microscopic organisms to students and class teachers, from which we have much pleasure in copying the following extract:—"If serious students of our pond-fauna and flora will avail themselves of Mr. Bolton's services, and not only purchase from him examples of the specimens he has on hand, but will also send to him supplies of such rarities as they may find, for the purpose of distribution among his correspondents and customers, we shall have started among us an agency which will be of immense service not only to the individual student but also (and perhaps chiefly) to the teacher who requires to be able to obtain supplies of given microscopic organisms for his practical classes, and to feel with absolute certainty that the specimens needed will be forthcoming on the appointed day. Mr. Bolton can, at present, be depended on for certain forms; after a little time he will be able no doubt to enlarge his list."


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Rh "Where, Madame?" inquired the driver.

"To the first telegraph office—quick!"

She had now time to examine the check. It was drawn on the house of Barring Brothers (where it is said the Emperor has an enormous bank-account), and was worded thus

No forgery there. Mrs. Peyton was too familiar with the handwriting of the Emperor to be deceived. Besides his annotation in the " Times' Scrap Book," Napoleon had frequently written hints for "Chronicle" articles, which were given to the political director," and which she had seen.

Mrs. Peyton's telegram to her husband was brief, but pointed:

This would have availed Peyton nothing, however, if a London friend of the wife's, relying implicitly on the truthfulness of her statement, had not advanced him the money on the spot.

This was about the end of Peyton's connection with the "Chronicle." The Emperor, utterly ignoring him, took the matter out of his hands, without a "by-your-leave," and placed it in those of a person who has received the honorary title of "the Emperor's dirty-work English agent"—whose name is Smith, and who lives in the King's Road, London.

Whether the tangled skein was ever successfully unravelled can- not now be known. Peyton was too glad to be rid of the responsibilities of the "Chronicle" ever to care to inquire about its welfare or its illfare. Those persons who are familiar with newspaperism in London, however, will remember that the "Chronicle," after reducing its size, coming out printed on straw paper, and other fallings from its once lofty eminence, finally died an ignominious and unlamented death.

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 foundly. One is that spread of knowledge and that accompanying change in moral attitude which is more and more sterilising the once prolific American home, and the second is the rising standard of feminine education. There has arisen in this age a new consciousness in women. They are entering into the collective thought to a degree unprecedented in the world's history, and with portents at once disquieting and confused.

In § 5 I enumerated what I called the silent factors in the American synthesis, the immigrant European aliens, the Catholics, the coloured blood, and so forth. I would now observe that, in the making of the American tradition, the women also have been to a large extent, and quite remarkably, a silent factor. That tradition is not only fundamentally middle-class and English, but it is also fundamentally masculine. The citizen is the man. The woman belongs to him. He votes for her, works for her, does all the severer thinking for her. She is in the home behind the shop or in the dairy at the farmhouse with her daughters. She gets the meal while the men talk. The American imagination and American feeling centre largely upon the family and upon "mother." American ideals are homely. The social unit is the home; and it is another and a different set of influences and considerations that are never thought of at all when the home sentiment is under discussion, that indeed it would be indelicate to mention at such a time, which are making that social unit the home of one child or of no children at all.

That ideal of a man-owned, mother-revering home


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 ance with the arguments and counter-arguments for infant baptism which he displays in his discussion with the aged Baptist parson in A Laodicean seems to reflect similar encounters on the part of Hardy with the polemic paraphernalia of modern organized religion. Here not only the Bible, but the works of the Church Fathers are handled with a fair degree of familiarity. In dealing with Hardy's attitude on religious questions as encountered in his poems and in his fiction, it will be seen that his equipment for their attack is decidedly not that of a shallow dilettante or of a superficial amateur.

His information was not acquired, nor his opinions developed, in the usual or conventional ways, with the single exception of his study of architecture. Just as his great interest in religion was plainly not fostered by his attentive listening to pious pulpit discourses from the position of an occupant of a pew in church, so was his philosophical reaction to life formed independently of any influence from intellectual books or journals. Throughout his life he seems to have observed or read nothing that would cause him to change materially the viewpoint he instinctively assumed when he began to write—or even before, although there are evidences that he gradually developed a philosophical phraseology for the expression of that viewpoint, in close relationship to the philosophy of Arthur Schopenhauer.

Of great importance to the study of his development is his interest in music, although in this field the technical terms do not flow from his pen with anything like the same frequency and ease as they do when he discusses painting and archæology. The names of composers are


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326 The Emperor had decided to have done with the whole affair—to use his own pleasant words, repeated by Mocquard—to "throw the "Chronicle" out of the window." As for the "political director," he could go to the devil (still quoting), or to the United States, just as he felt inclined.

"You refuse, then, to ask the Emperor for this money?" said the wife.

"Desolé!" cried Mocquard, seeking a pretext, "his Majesty has cabinet of ministers to-day at twelve o'clock; it is almost that now, and I dare not disturb him."

"Very well," said she. "I will wait here until the Emperor passes, and then I shall myself ask him."

So saying she sat down, and picking up a newspaper (which happened to be the hated Independance Belge), she began, coolly and leisurely, to all appearance, to read.

For perhaps a quarter of an hour there was silence. The old man, angry, impatient, kept glancing — nevertheless, with not unkind eyes—at the young woman who sat there braving him—the great him—in his own cabinet. For her, with the newspaper within a hand's length of her eyes, she saw not a letter of the type before her; but heard, with fearful distinctness, every tick of the clock which told her the meridian was waxing apace. In those moments of torture, she reviewed, step by step, the whole history of this seeming good-fortune—the intimacy with the Emperor—and remembered, with that certain satisfaction which always follows the knowledge of a just pre-judgment, that from the very first her instincts had told her that all this would come to no good. Given such a curious and exceptional opportunity, another man might have made himself a power in this Empire; but Peyton was a man of no power, mental, moral or physical. The opportunity had crushed, instead of elevating him—and all had gone ill.

Mocquard seemed to feel that he was not now dealing with Peyton; for, presently, with a hasty and quite unnecessary injunction of "Well, wait a minute," he arose and passed into the Emperor's cabinet.

When he returned he bore in his hands the instrument of Peyton's present salvation—a check for the full amount—three thousand pounds!

The tears came now; the overstrained nerves relaxed, and all the poor woman's firmness disappeared. Poor old Mocquard! He was not so cruel after all! He actually shed tears of sympathy when he saw Mrs. Peyton break down so completely.

Mrs. Peyton expressed her thanks—her gratitude—briefly, but sincerely, for there was now no time to be lost. It lacked ten minutes to the fatal hour—twelve o'clock.

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 seldom invoked to assist in the creation of the proper atmosphere in descriptive passages, while those of painters are often used—with fine effect when the reader is sufficiently acquainted with the styles of art they represent. In Hardy's work art-music is forced to give way to folk-music, just as with many modern composers who find greater inspiration in collecting and arranging popular folk-tunes that still survive in less cultivated and semi-barbarous communities than in the study of classic masterpieces.

The church organ is almost the only modern instrument for which he shows a decided liking. One of his principal characters, Christopher Julian in The Hand of Ethelherta, is an organist and composer, and reflects the knowledge of organ-construction and organ-music gained by Hardy during the period of his study of ecclesiastical architecture. His use of the technical terminology of music is sometimes rather bewildering to a practical musician; yet some of the finest effects in The Dynasts are secured by the invocation of music, tersely but eloquently described for the mind’s ear of the reader. It is difficult to overestimate the importance of a poet's acquaintance with, and love for music, and this is particularly true in the case of Hardy, not only because he, as well as other modern poets, sometimes imitated in his verse the free and natural rhythms of modern music, but also because he has so often been accused of indulging in a total disregard for melody, fluency, and general beauty of sound in his poetry.

Finally, his wide knowledge and great skill in the technique of both metrical and narrative form was picked


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 up and highly developed by him without any outside assistance worth mentioning. Largely self-educated in literature, art, and science, he showed at times the small and characteristic defects of training usual to those who have been thrown back upon their own resources for a higher education; hut these faults were greatly outweighed by the advantages which such conditions usually prove to present to ardent and creative spirits: an imperishable interest in knowledge for its own sake, and a continually fresh desire for the investigation of anything and everything that seems to possess beauty or utility—a desire that was never dulled or oversatiated by the blight of the rigid enforcement of the uncongenial academic point of view.

It is not surprising to find that his tastes ran to Greek tragedy, with which his own work has been compared more often, perhaps than has that of any other modern English author. Of the three great tragic writers of Athens, he showed a marked preference for the earliest and most austere, Æschylus. It is perhaps remarkable that he did not develop a greater enthusiasm for the more unorthodox and revolutionary Euripides, but he must have felt a closer kinship between himself and the oldest member of the illustrious triumvirate, preoccupied as the latter was with the problems of Destiny and the justification of the ways of Providence to man. There is also a decided affinity of poetical style between the two, both having been much criticised by their contemporaries for their harshness, obscurity, and general unconventionality of language. Among Latin authors Hardy found no such heroes or models, although now and then he betrayed


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 has been the prevalent American ideal from the landing of the Mayflower right down to the leader writing of Mr. Arthur Brisbane. And it is clear that a very considerable section among one's educated women contemporaries do not mean to stand this ideal any longer. They do not want to be owned and cherished, and they do not want to be revered. How far they represent their sex in this matter it is very hard to say. In England in the professional and most intellectually active classes it is scarcely an exaggeration to say that all the most able women below five and thirty are workers for the suffrage and the ideal of equal and independent citizenship, and active critics of the conventions under which women live to-day. It is at least plausible to suppose that a day is approaching when the alternatives between celibacy or a life of economic dependence and physical subordination to a man who has chosen her, and upon whose kindness her happiness depends, or prostitution, will no longer be a satisfactory outlook for the great majority of women, and when, with a newly aroused political consciousness, they will be prepared to exert themselves as a class to modify this situation. It may be that this is incorrect, and that in devotion to an accepted male and his children most women do still and will continue to find their greatest satisfaction in life. But it is the writer's impression that so simple and single-hearted a devotion is rare, and that, released from tradition—and education, reading and discussion do mean release from tradition—women are as eager for initiative, freedom and experience as men. In that case they will persist in the present


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 an interest in Horace, whose lyrical odes were certainly models for many of his early poems, it being doubtful whether his erudition had extended so far as to include a reading of the Æolic dialect of the Sapphic fragments or of Alcæus.

The smattering of French picked up from his governess was improved upon by his study in the evening classes at King's College. His knowledge of the language does not seem to have led him to investigate the literature of France very carefully, however. Except for a few scattered expressions, the quotation of the French source of his poem The Peasant's Confession, and a popular Parisian ditty sung by Clym in The Return of the Native, no Gallic influence is traceable in his work. His interpretation of "the French character" he presented in what he termed the "romantic" figures of Francis Troy in Far from the Madding Crowd, of Damon Wildeve in The Return of the Native, and of Felice Charmond in The Woodlanders. His German was picked up while he was engaged upon the writing of fiction, as is shown by the increasing number of allusions to the literature of that language in the later novels. Goethe alone of the poets seems to have attracted him, although the idealistic philosophers greatly fascinated him towards the end of the fiction-episode in his career.

The entire field of English lyrical poetry was familiar ground to him. His third novel, A Pair of Blue Eyes, contains chapter-mottoes drawn from more or less familiar poems ranging from the Earl of Surrey to Tennyson. In his last published novel, The Well-Beloved, the sections are headed by lyrics from Crashaw, Wyatt, and


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 Shakespeare. His comparative indifference to the Euripidean pity for humanity and spirit of revolt was atoned for in his intense admiration for Shelley, more frequently quoted in his writings than any other single poet. His attachment to the youthful and tragic figure of the "master of those that sing" has a certain significance apart from the purely literary influence of the earlier poet on the later. The two temperaments show striking affinities.

With this apparatus at hand, Hardy began to perform the most effective and successful tasks of his career. It will be interesting to observe later how his equipment was enlarged and polished by the time he was approaching the turn of the century and returning to the abandoned embraces of his lyric muse. But meanwhile, there are events of importance to relate.


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 agitation for political rights, and these secured, go on to demand a very considerable reconstruction of our present social order.

It is interesting to point the direction in which this desire for independence will probably take them. They will discover that the dependence of women at the present time is not so much a law-made as an economic dependence due to the economic disadvantages their sex imposes upon them. Maternity and the concomitants of maternity are the circumstances in their lives, exhausting energy and earning nothing, that place them at a discount. From the stage when property ceased to be chiefly the creation of feminine agricultural toil (the so-called primitive matriarchate) to our present stage, women have had to depend upon a man's willingness to keep them, in order to realise the organic purpose of their being. Whether conventionally equal or not, whether voters or not, that necessity for dependence will still remain under our system of private property and free independent competition. There is only one evident way by which women as a class can escape from that dependence each upon an individual man and from all the practical inferiority this dependence entails, and that is by so altering their status as to make maternity and the upbringing of children a charge not upon the husband of the mother but upon the community. The public Endowment of Maternity is the only route by which the mass of women can reach that personal freedom and independent citizenship so many of them desire.

Now, this idea of the Endowment of Maternity—or, as it is frequently phrased, the Endowment of the


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 The cloth being laid we sat down to supper, but none of us did honor to the meal except the Austrian; the wine promised to dispel the clouds of gloominess from our circle; however our host plied us in vain with bumpers, the heart-elevating juice of the grape could not raise our crest-fallen spirits, and the Austrian was the only one who relished it, and experienced "its powers divine."

The farther the night advanced the lower our spirits sunk, in despite of my friend's endeavours to spread the glow of merriment around, and to encourage us to join him heartily in his libations. Though he sounded the praise of the wine's excellence, by words and deeds, yet he kept within the bounds of soberness, and when it struck eleven o'clock, bade us drink a final bumper to good success, and then took up his hat and sword.

I did the same, and our companions followed our example with fear and trembling. We went down stairs in solemn taciturnity,


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 The number of the Members and the criteria and procedure for their elections and for the operation of the Faculty Senate of the University shall be as set our in the regulations of the University.

In a graduate college, there shall be one dean to command and be responsible for the work of the graduate college, and there may be one or several deputy deans to assist in the affairs assigned by the dean.

The University Council shall appoint the dean from amongst persons who meet the requirements under section 28.

The dean shall nominate persons who meet the requirements under section 29 to the University Council for appointment as deputy deans.

The dean shall hold his position for a term of three years and may be reappointed, but he shall not hold the position for more than two consecutive terms.

When the dean retires from his position, the deputy deans shall retire from their positions also.

The dean of a graduate college must meet the following requirements:

having received any degree or equivalent from the University or other advanced education institution recognised by the University Council; and

having taught for not less than three years in total at the University or other advanced education institution recognised by the University Council.

The deputy deans of a graduate college must have received any degree or equivalent from the University or other advanced education institution recognised by the University Council and—

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 est degree; but as citizens of a great world, subject with all the families of earth to the same supreme Head, lovers of truth, with the bible for their guide, and aspirants to an immortality, in which the language of universal love will exclude all reference to sect or party.

If, in our after-intercourse with society, we must unavoidably attach ourselves to one party or another, in almost everything we do, and if in such association it is almost impossible to keep our feelings un warped by prejudice, let us at least endeavor to impress strong characters of truth upon the open and unbiased mind of youth, so that having preoccupied the sphere of thought and feeUng, by those clear facts of pre-eminent importance, respecting which mankind are not able to disagree, there may be less room left for points of minor moment, and especially for those little causes of dispute which call forth so much of the rancor and bitterness of party spirit.

It seems to me that in these important matters, the tendency of the times to obvious and immediate results, operates in an especial manner. It is not now the man who serves his Maker most faithfully, who is most looked up to by his fellow-Christians; but the man who comes forward, and gives largely, who makes speeches, or writes pamphlets, for the support of some particular set of opinions. All these are results — they are what can be seen and heard of men — they strike the attention, rouse into action, and give people something to do. All this kind of excitement, and this advocacy of certain parties and opinions, is particularly agreeable to the young; and could it be conducted without prejudice or animosity, might certainly be advantageous in calling their energies into exercise. But, alas! we forget in those stirring moments, when the young spirit is fired by a high impulse to be doing something in a great and good cause — we forget the contempt which is at the same time inspired for those who are inactive, the pride which swells the bosom of the young aspirant to be foremost in the field; and, worse than all, the bitterness and the rancor which are called into exercise against those who oppose themselves to his career, or who presume even to call in question either its wisdom or its expediency.

I have sometimes imagined a visitant from another

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 have taught for not less than three years in total at the University or other advanced education institution recognised by the University Council; or

have been public officials according to the law on rules for civil officials in universities for not less than five years.

In a graduate college, there shall be a standing committee for the graduate college which has the power and duty to administer the work of the graduate college, and when the University Council finds it appropriate, there may also be other committees as necessary for the carrying out of all work of the graduate college.

The composition, powers and duties, and tenures of the standing committee of the graduate college and other committees shall be as set out in the regulations of the University.

In a faculty or college, there shall be one dean to command and be responsible for the work of the faculty or college, and there may be one or several deputy deans to assist in the affairs assigned by the dean.

In an independent section, there shall be one chief to command and be responsible for the work of the independent section, and there may be one or several deputy chiefs to assist in the affairs assigned by the chief.

As regards the procedure for appointment and removal of, the requirements for, and the tenures of deans, independent section chiefs, deputy deans, or independent section deputy chiefs, section 27, section 28, and section 29 shall apply mutatis mutandis.

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Page:NZYQ v Minister for Immigration, Citizenship and Multicultural Affairs.pdf/10

Gageler CJ Gordon J Edelman J Steward J Gleeson J Jagot J Beech-Jones J

provided with a right to enter or reside in either of those countries. No country in the world has an established practice of offering resettlement to persons in Australia who have been convicted of sexual offences against children and the Department had never successfully removed from Australia any person convicted of a sexual offence against a child to a country other than a country which recognised the person as a citizen.

Against that background, on 5 April 2023 the plaintiff commenced a proceeding against the Minister and the Commonwealth of Australia in the original jurisdiction of the High Court under s 75(v) of the Constitution and s 30 of the Judiciary Act 1903 (Cth). The plaintiff claimed in the proceeding that his continuing detention was not authorised by ss 189(1) and 196(1) of the Migration Act. He claimed that to be the result of the proper construction of those provisions. He claimed in the alternative that those provisions contravened Ch III of the Constitution.

By a Further Amended Special Case ("the special case") in the proceeding pursuant to r 27.08 of the High Court Rules 2004 (Cth), the parties agreed on stating questions of law for the consideration of the Full Court of the High Court. The special case was heard by the Full Court on 7 and 8 November 2023. At the hearing, the position of the plaintiff was supported by the Australian Human Rights Commission, the Human Rights Law Centre, and the Kaldor Centre for International Refugee Law, each of which was granted leave to appear amicus curiae.

At the end of the hearing on 8 November 2023, the Full Court made an order stating answers to each of the questions of law stated for its consideration in the special case. The order was announced as having been agreed to by "at least a majority" because two members of the Court (Gleeson and Jagot JJ) did not agree that the Court should make orders without publishing reasons and, in any event, required further time to consider the matter. Having considered the matter, Gleeson and Jagot JJ agree with the order made on 8 November 2023.

The answers to the questions stated in the order made clear that the plaintiff failed in his claim that his continuing detention was not authorised on the proper construction of ss 189(1) and 196(1) of the Migration Act but succeeded in his claim that his continuing detention contravened Ch III of the Constitution with the result that those provisions lacked valid application to him. The answers went on to specify the relief to which the plaintiff was entitled. The relief included a declaration to the effect that his continuing detention had been unlawful since


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style=font-size: 90%;|hanging-indent=2em|

Ctenopoma multispine, var., Günth Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1867, xx p. 110.

Body almost as oblong as in Ct. multispine, to which this species is closely allied. The height of the body is two sevenths, or less than one third, of the total length (without caudal), the length of the head two sevenths or rather more than two sevenths. The snout equals the diameter of the eye, which is one fifth of the length of the head; interorbital space nearly flat, much wider than the orbit. Mouth moderately wide, the maxillary not extending beyond the vertical from the centre of the eye. The entire margin of the suboperculum is armed with prominent spines; also part of the interopercular margin is spiny. The space between anal and caudal fins is equal to, or even longer than, the diameter of the eye. Ventral fin not reaching the vent. Pores on the head rather small, inconspicuous. Coloration uniform.

Of this species there are two specimens in the British Museum, 140 and 153 millim. long, both from the Gaboon. One was obtained by Mr. R. B. N. Walker, and therefore most probably came from the Ogowé River. Both have twenty dorsal spines, which number does not seem to have been ever observed in Ct. multispine; from the latter


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Gageler CJ Gordon J Edelman J Steward J Gleeson J Jagot J Beech-Jones J

30 May 2023 and continued to be unlawful by reason of there having then been, and continuing to be, no real prospect of his removal from Australia becoming practicable in the reasonably foreseeable future. The relief also included a writ of habeas corpus requiring his immediate release.

These are our reasons for having joined in the order made on 8 November 2023 or, after consideration, for agreeing with the order made.

Al-Kateb

Since they were inserted on 1 September 1994, Divs 7 and 8 of Pt 2 of the Migration Act have provided for the mandatory detention and mandatory removal from Australia of an "unlawful non-citizen", being someone who is not an Australian citizen and who does not hold a valid visa permitting them to travel to and enter Australia or to remain in Australia. The basic structure and the text of the critical provisions of Divs 7 and 8 have not altered since then. The critical provisions operate by imposing duties on "officers", including officers of the Department.

Within Div 7, s 189(1) imposes a duty on an officer to detain a person who the officer "knows or reasonably suspects … is an unlawful non-citizen". Critically, the duration of the detention authorised and required by s 189(1) is governed by s 196(1), which provides that the unlawful non-citizen "must be kept in immigration detention until" the occurrence of one of several specified events. One of those events, specified in s 196(1)(c), is that "he or she is granted a visa". Another, specified in s 196(1)(a), is that "he or she is removed from Australia under [s] 198".

Within Div 8, s 198 imposes duties on an officer to remove an unlawful non-citizen from Australia "as soon as reasonably practicable" in a range of specified circumstances. Section 198(1) imposes such a duty in respect of an


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 Honourable the ' Company, having received from Mr. Samuel Browne, a Phyſician who has liv'd Seventeen Years in their Service at  George, or Madaras, in the ', a very conſiderable Collection of dried Speciments or Samples of Plants, Fruits, and Drugs; together with an Account of his Obſervations of the Uſes of them, by the Natives and others of thoſe Parts, both in Phyſick, Dying, &c. have very generouſly and for the Publick Good, preſented them to the Royal Society of London for impreſented them to the Royal Society of London for improving Natural Knowledge: Who conſidering the great Uſe and Improvement may be made of ſuch Collections, have ordered that the Publick ſhall have the Benefit of this Preſent, by receiving the whole Account that came with them, from time to time in theſe Papers, and by taking care that the things themſelves ſhall be preſerved from Corruption in their Repoſitory, where recourſe may be had to them by the curious, ſo ſoon as they are put into ſuch a Condition, as not to ſuffer by being handled.


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BIRMINGHAM NATURAL HISTORY AND MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY.—March 26th, Geological Section.—Rev. H. W. Crosskey, (President of the section) delivered an address on “Some Problems in Glacial Geology." He described in detail a section wear Glasgow in which the lowest bed was the typical till or boulder clay. This is succeeded by finely laminated clays, probably derived from the first during a slow sinking of the laud, the continuance of which is proved by beds containing shells showing first littoral and then deep sea conditions. Afterwards a gradual rise took place, as shown by gradually altering species of shells, until in the upper portions of the section estuarine and freshwater species prevail. The climate seems to have gradually ameliorated from the time of the land ice, though with some fluctuations. The same series of changes both in level and climate are traceable in Canada and South Norway, Mr, Crosskey believes that the climate changes were due to the alterations of the distribution of the land surface, which interfered with the ocean currents and changed their directions. The address was illustrated by a beautiful and very numerous collection of fossils from the beds described.—Mr. Slatter, of Redditch, showed calamites and Estherii asinuta from the waterstones near Redditch. April 2nd, .—Mr. A. Pumphrey described and exhibited his new process of autographic printing.—Mr. Wright Wilson, F.L.S., exhibited the brain of a shrew mouse, (Lorex vulgaris,) showing apoplectic clot on the right hemisphere—Mr. W. G. Blatch exhibited the angle-shades moth, (Phlogophora meticulosa,) from Knowle. This was found in March. It is generally found in June and later—Mr. J. &. Bagnall exhibited a confervoid alga (Draparnaldia plumosa) and a moss (Orthotrichum leiocarpum,) both from Kingswood, the latter new to Warwickshire—Mr. T. J. Slattery exhibited a countervoid alga belonging to the genus Tynduridia, April 16th, .—Mr. W. R. Hughes, F.L.S., read the third paper by Dr Spencer Cobbald, F.R.S., on "The Parasites of Man."—Mr. Wright Wilson exbibited a nematode worm, found in the air sinuses of the skull of the ordinary weasel, (Mustela vulgaris,) apparently allied to Oxyuris vermicularis, which infests the human intestine.—Mr. T. J. Shutter exhibited Tesracella haliotoides, a slug which feeds on earth worms, also the male of Diaptomus castor. Mr. T. Bolton exhibited one of the microscopic fungi Æcidium Urticre, the golden cluster cup on the leaf of the nettle.

BURTON-UPON-TRENT NATURAL HISTORY AND ARCHÆLOGICAL SOCIETY.—Annual Meeting, March 26th.—The following officers were elected for the year 1878-9:—The Rev. C. F. Thornewill, M.A., President; Mr. H. G. Tomlinson and Mr. J. C. Grinbug, Vice-Presidents; Mr. H. Partridge, Hon. Treasurer; Mr. C. U. Tripp, M.A., and Mr. P. C. Martin, Hon, Secretaries; Committee—Messrs. R. Anty, W. Boden, H. T. Ford, J. T. Harris, A. J. Lyle, P. B. Mason, C. Perks, R. Thornewill, W. C. Owen, and C. J. Crawshaw. The following prizes were awarded to the successful junior members:—Botany: Mr. J. E. Nowers, first prize; Mr. 5. R. Hallam, second prize. Geology: Mr. A. Molyneux, Freshwater Life; Not awarded.

NOTTINGHAM LITERARY AND PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY, NATURAL SCIENCE SECTION.—Papers read before the Section during April:—April 3rd: Microscopical evening. Mrs. Cowen read a paper on "Raphides and Plant Crystals, which will be printed in the "Midland Naturalist" for June. April 17th: Mr. J. J. Harris Teall, M.A., F.G.S., read a paper on "The influence of the Earth movements of different Geological Periods in the Physical Structure of the British Isles.

NOTTINGHAM NATURALISTS' SOCIETY—March 20th: A paper on "A Dead Fly" was communicated by {{nowrap|Mr. R. A. Dilliard. April 3: A lecture on "Optical Illusions," illustrated by numerous experiments, was delivered by {{nowrap|Mr. A. H. Shipson}}, President of the Society.

{{uc|Stroud Natural History and Philosophical Society}}.—The Winter Session closed on 9th April, with a most successful conversazione. {{nowrap|Mr. C. Playne}} was elected President for the ensuing year, and {{nowrap|Mr. J. A. Taunton}} a Vice-President. The following re-elections were also made:—Mr.


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Author talk:E. G. Brown

Edward George Brown?
Edward George Brown, electrician was resident in Wallace Street, Wellington per the 1900 Electoral Roll. An article in the Evening Post stated that "E G Brown AIEE read an interesting paper entitled "Electricity in relation to Fire Insurance" in July 1900. https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/EP19000711.2.19 Evening Post, Volume 11, Issue 9, 11 July 1900, Page 4 Noracrentiss (talk) 22:10, 28 November 2023 (UTC)

 * Edward George Brown was a clever man. https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/EP18980615.2.22
 * I think it is him. Wainuiomartian (talk) 18:05, 6 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Author talk:E. G. Brown


text: Picture Show (Sassoon collection)/Elegy

title: Picture Show (Sassoon collection)/Elegy


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 In a faculty, college, or independent section, there shall be a standing committee for the faculty, college, or independent section composed of the dean or chief of the independent section as president; the deputy deans, deputy heads of the independent section, chiefs of departments, and chiefs of agencies called otherwise which are equivalent to departments, if any, as ex officio members; and members numbering not more than half of the ex officio members, who are appointed by the University Council from amongst the regular members of the teaching faculty, adjunct professors, adjunct instructors, and adjunct lecturers of the faculty, college, or independent section, or other qualified persons.

In the event that there is no department or there are less than four departments, the members appointed by the University Council from amongst the regular members of the teaching faculty, adjunct professors, adjunct instructors, and adjunct lecturers of the faculty, college, or independent section, or other qualified persons, shall be in the number designated in the regulations of the University.

The president shall be the person who appoints and removes the secretary of the committee under paragraph 1. When the president retires from his position, the secretary shall retire from his position also.

Appointment of and requirements for the members appointed by the University Council shall be as set out in the regulations of the University.

Members of the standing committee of a faculty, college, or independent section who are appointed by the University Council according to section 32 shall be in their positions for a term of two years and may be reappointed.

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Page:NZYQ v Minister for Immigration, Citizenship and Multicultural Affairs.pdf/12

Gageler CJ Gordon J Edelman J Steward J Gleeson J Jagot J Beech-Jones J

unlawful non-citizen "who asks the Minister, in writing, to be so removed". Section 198(6) imposes such a duty in respect of an unlawful non-citizen in immigration detention who has applied for a visa which has been refused and whose application has been finally determined. As has been noted, both of those duties were engaged in respect of the plaintiff in 2022. Each of those duties would be compellable by a writ of mandamus under s 75(v) of the Constitution were removal of the plaintiff reasonably practicable. But a writ of mandamus compelling performance of those duties would be futile if there were no real prospect of removal becoming practicable in the reasonably foreseeable future and understandably that remedy has not been sought by the plaintiff in the proceeding.

Ten years after the insertion of Divs 7 and 8 of Pt 2 into the Migration Act, in Al-Kateb v Godwin, the High Court examined the application of ss 189(1) and 196(1) to an unlawful non-citizen in respect of whom there was no real prospect of removal under s 198(1) or s 198(6) becoming practicable in the reasonably foreseeable future. The ratio decidendi comprised two holdings. First, by majority (McHugh, Hayne, Callinan and Heydon JJ, Gleeson CJ, Gummow and Kirby JJ dissenting), the Court held that ss 189(1) and 196(1) on their proper construction applied to require the continuing detention of such a person. Secondly, and also by majority (McHugh, Hayne, Callinan and Heydon JJ, Gummow J dissenting, Gleeson CJ and Kirby J not deciding), the Court held that ss 189(1) and 196(1) as so applied did not contravene Ch III of the Constitution. Al-Kateb was immediately applied to uphold the continuing detention of an unlawful non-citizen in materially identical circumstances in Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs v Al Khafaji.

Unless and except to the extent Al-Kateb was to be reopened and overruled, Al-Kateb stood as an implacable obstacle to the plaintiff's claims. The plaintiff therefore needed leave to reopen Al-Kateb and appropriately sought that leave. The arguments of the parties and of the amici curiae on the hearing of the special case were primarily directed to whether the leave to reopen Al-Kateb sought by the plaintiff should be granted and, if so, whether Al-Kateb should be overruled. It was common ground that leave to reopen Al-Kateb should be considered separately for each of the two holdings of the majority.


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 Home—is at present put forward by the modern Socialists as an integral part of their proposals, and it is interesting to note that there is this convergent possibility which may bring the feminist movement at last altogether into line with constructive Socialism. Obviously, before anything in the direction of family endowment becomes practicable, public bodies and the State organisation will need to display far more integrity and efficiency than they do in America at the present time. Still, that is the trend of things in all contemporary civilised communities, and it is a trend that will find a powerful reinforcement in men's solicitudes as the increasing failure of the unsupported private family to produce offspring adequate to the needs of social development becomes more and more conspicuous. The impassioned appeals of President Roosevelt have already brought home the race-suicide of the native-born to every American intelligence, but mere rhetoric will not in itself suffice to make people, insecurely employed and struggling to maintain a comfortable standard of life against great economic pressure, prolific. Presented as a call to a particularly onerous and quite unpaid social duty the appeal for unrestricted parentage fails. Husband and wife alike dread an excessive burden. Travel, leisure, freedom, comfort, property and increased ability for business competition are the rewards of abstinence from parentage, and even the disapproval of President Roosevelt and the pride of offspring are insufficient counterweights to these inducements. Large families disappear from the states, and more and more couples are childless. Those who have children


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 restrict their number in order to afford those they have some reasonable advantage in life. This, in the presence of the necessary knowledge, is as practically inevitable a consequence of individualist competition and the old American tradition as the appearance of slums and a class of millionaires.

These facts go to the very root of the American problem. I have already pointed out that, in spite of a colossal immigration, the population of the United States was at the end of the nineteenth century over twenty millions short of what it should have been through its own native increase had the birth-rate of the opening of the century been maintained. For a hundred years America has been "fed" by Europe. That feeding process will not go on indefinitely. The immigration came in waves as if reservoir after reservoir was tapped and exhausted. Nowadays England, Scotland, Ireland, France and Scandinavia send hardly any more; they have no more to send. Germany and Switzerland send only a few. The South European and Austrian supply is not as abundant as it was. There may come a time when Europe and Western Asia will have no more surplus population to send, when even Eastern Asia will have passed into a less fecund phase, and when America will have to look to its own natural increase for the continued development of its resources.

If the present isolated family of private competition is still the social unit, it seems improbable that there will be any greater natural increase than there is in France.

Will the growing idea of a closer social organisation


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 If the position of a member appointed by the University Council becomes vacant before his term, the University Council may appoint a replacement. In such event, the appointed person shall hold the position for the remaining term of his predecessor.

In the event that a member has been additionally appointed by the University Council, the appointed person shall hold the position for the remaining term of the members previously appointed.

The standing committee of a faculty, college, or independent section has the following powers and duties:

to lay down policies and plans of the faculty, college, or independent section in line with the policies of the University;

to lay down academic rules and regulations of the faculty, college, or independent section, in so far as they are not contrary to the rules and regulations of the University, and to lay down other rules and regulations as authorised by the University Council;

to consider and lay down curricula and their details for the faculty, college, or independent section to further be submitted to the University Council;

to hold final examinations for the faculty, college, or independent section;

to provide counsel and opinions to the dean or chief of the independent section with respect to affairs of the faculty, college, or independent section.

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 have developed by that time to the possibility of some collective effort in this matter? Or will that only come about after the population of the world has passed through a phase of absolute recession? The peculiar constitution of the United States gives a remarkable freedom of experiment in these matters to each individual state, and local developments do not need to wait upon a national change of opinion; but, on the other hand, the superficial impression of an English visitor is that any such profound interference with domestic autonomy runs counter to all that Americans seem to hold dear at the present time. These are, however, new ideas and new considerations that have still to be brought adequately before the national consciousness, and it is quite unpossible to calculate how a population living under changing conditions and with a rising standard of education and a developing feminine consciousness may not think and feel and behave in a generation's time. At present for all political and collective action America is a democracy of untutored individualist men who will neither tolerate such interference between themselves and the women they choose to marry as the Endowment of Motherhood implies, nor view the "kids" who will at times occur even in the best-regulated families as anything but rather embarrassing, rather amusing by-products of the individual affections.

I find in the London New Age for August 15th, 1908, a description by Mr. Jerome K. Jerome of "John Smith," the average British voter. John Smith might serve in some respects for the common


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 man of all the modern civilisations. Among other things that John Smith thinks and wants, he wants:

That, however, is by the way. Here is the point at issue: