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 The Government will review and redraft aspects of the Legal Services Directions 2017 with a view to ensuring the Directions are fit-for-purpose in supporting agencies to undertake Commonwealth legal work and manage legal risk in an effective, consistent and whole-of-Commonwealth manner.

The Attorney-General's Department will lead implementation of this recommendation.

The Government accepts this recommendation.

The Government recognises the important function that the Office of Legal Services Coordination performs for the APS and supports the provision of any guidance that would further strengthen the reporting of significant legal issues.

The significant issues reporting and settlement regime in the Legal Services Directions 2017 allows the Attorney-General as First Law Officer to have visibility of, and the ability to influence, key legal matters across the Commonwealth. The Attorney-General's Department will review its practices to provide improved guidance and support to better enable agencies to identify significant issues arising in their legal work, and to provide the relevant information at the appropriate time to support the Attorney-General perform the functions of the First Law Officer.

The Government is providing $5.2 million over the forward estimates and $1.1 million per year, ongoing, including additional ongoing staff for the Attorney-General's Department, to provide improved support and guidance on the significant legal issues regime.

The Government accepts this recommendation.

The Attorney-General's Department will build on existing work to ensure it has appropriate processes to document and record all inquiries with agencies on whether a legal issue is required to be reported.


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The Government accepts this recommendation.

The Government recognises the important function that the Office of Legal Services Coordination performs for the Australian Public Service and supports the provision of any guidance that would further strengthen the reporting of significant legal issues. The Attorney-General's Department will develop new guidance material to support agencies' understanding of and compliance with the obligations in paragraph 10 of the Legal Services Directions 2017 on the consultation on and sharing of legal advices.

The Government accepts this recommendation.

The Government recognises the important function that the Office of Legal Services Coordination performs for the Australian Public Service and that it be properly resourced. The Office of Legal Services Coordination in the Attorney-General's Department performs a critical function in supporting the Attorney-General as First Law Officer in having overarching responsibility for all Commonwealth legal work, and supporting agencies to manage legal risk in a collaborative and whole-of-Commonwealth manner. The Government will ensure that OLSC is adequately resourced to perform its functions, which will enable it to provide the support necessary for agencies to manage legal issues effectively.

The Government accepts this recommendation.

The Government recognises that the General Counsel or Chief Counsel in a government agency plays an important role in the management of Commonwealth legal risk. The General Counsel Charter, established in January 2022, establishes a set of common expectations for General Counsel, and creates a relationship between General Counsel and the Attorney-General's Department Secretary as the head of the Australian Government Legal Service (AGLS).


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 The Attorney-General's Department, in consultation with the AGLS Board and General Counsel, will review and update the General Counsel Charter in light of the recommendations and observations of the Royal Commission.

The Government accepts this recommendation.

In April 2023, the Secretary of the Department of Social Services and the Chief Executive Officer of Services Australia executed a new Head Agreement to support the Bilateral Management Arrangement. Under that agreement both committed to reviewing all Protocols, Service Arrangements and Service Schedules entered into under the former Head Agreement.

Work is underway by both agencies to include the requirement to consult on and disclose relevant legal advices in an updated Protocol. In conjunction, Chief Counsels within the social services portfolio have updated the advice-sharing arrangements agreed in 2021. Chief Counsels also have regular dialogue on significant legal issues and portfolio-level responses, including through a regular Chief Counsel Forum.

The Government accepts this recommendation.

The Government recognises the importance of this recommendation and supports the work underway within the Department of Social Services (DSS) and Services Australia to strengthen their processes and ensure greater transparency in the reporting of information relating to Administrative Appeals Tribunal (AAT) cases to senior officers of both agencies.

Services Australia and DSS legal areas are updating their Standing Operational Statement which prescribes arrangements to ensure matters which raise significant legal and policy issues are brought to the attention of senior officials, and are also raised with the Office of Legal Services Coordination when required.

Services Australia will also review any revised settings and approaches required, including systems implementation, to support the establishment of the new federal administrative review body, and its procedures, once established.


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 Rh next spring entirely be laid aside. Nor did he alone make these moving remonstrances to the Czar; seconded the same also in a very pressing manner;  endeavoured to bring the Czar into their opinion, and to persuade him to go on with the descent; but his Czarish Majesty declared by his answer, that he would adhere to the resolution that he had once taken concerning this delay of making the descent; but if his Danish Majesty was resolved to venture on the descent, that he then, according to the treaty made near Straelsund, would assist him only with the 15 battalions and 1,000 horse therein stipulated; that next spring he would comply with everything else, and neither could or would declare himself farther in this affair. Since then, his Danish Majesty could not, without running so great a hazard, undertake so great a work alone with his own army and the said 15 battalions; he desired, in another letter of the 23rd September, his Czarish Majesty would be pleased to add 13 battalions of his troops, in which case his Danish Majesty would still this year attempt the descent; but even this could not be obtained from his Czarish Majesty, who absolutely refused it by his ambassador on the 24th ditto: whereupon his Danish Majesty, in his letter of the 26th, declared to the Czar, that since things stood thus, he desired none of his troops, but that they might be all speedily transported out of his dominions; that so the transport, whose freight stood him in 40,000 rix dollars per month, might be discharged, and his subjects eased of the intolerable contributions they now underwent. This he could not do less than agree to; and accordingly, all the Russian troops are already embarked, and intend for certain to go from here with the first favourable wind. It must be left to Providence and time, to, discover what may have induced the Czar to a resolution so prejudicial to the Northern Alliance, and most advantageous to the common enemy.

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 32 first consider their natures and then their ends; and by this method of examination, though their conduct is, seemingly, full of intricate mazes and perplexities, and winding round with infinite meanders of state-craft, we shall be able to dive into the deepest recesses, make our way through the most puzzling labyrinths, and at length come to the most abstruse means of bringing about the master secrets of their minds, and to unriddle their utmost mysteries. … The Czar … is, by nature, of a great and enterprising spirit, and of a genius thoroughly politic; and as for his ends, the manner of his own Government, where he sways arbitrary lord over the estates and honours of his people, must make him, if all the policies in the world could by far-distant aims promise him accession and accumulation of empire and wealth, be everlastingly laying schemes for the achieving of both with the extremest cupidity and ambition. Whatever ends an insatiate desire of opulency, and a boundless thirst for dominion, can ever put him upon, to satisfy their craving and voracious appetites, those must, most undoubtedly, be his.

The next questions we are to put to ourselves are these three:

1. By what means can he gain these ends?

2. How far from him, and in what place, can these ends be best obtained?

3. And by what time, using all proper methods and succeeding in them, may he obtain these ends?

The possessions of the Czar were prodigious, vast in extent; the people all at his nod, all his downright arrant slaves, and all the wealth of the country his own at a word's command. But then the country, though large in ground, was not quite so in produce. Every vassal had his gun, and was to be a soldier upon call; but there was never a soldier among them, nor a man that understood the calling; and though he had all their wealth, they had no commerce of consequence, and little ready money; and consequently his treasury, when he had amassed all he could, very bare and empty. He was then but in an indifferent condition to satisfy those two natural appetites, when he


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 that seems on this fair morning to have brought the spring out of the sea; and that is why they strain grimly to have her safe on the storm-strewn shore. She is laden with flowers, with anemones and primroses for the woods, violets for the banks, marigolds for the brooks and the ungrazed, rushy corners of long fields, daffodils for the stone walls and the short turf at the edges of copses, stitchwort for the hedgerows, bittersweet may for the hawthorns, gold for the willows, white and rosy blossom for the old orchards among the hills, mezereon, jonquils, rockets, plume poppies and snapdragons and roses for the gardens; and the men heave and groan as if they feared lest the sea should still rob them of some.

All the leaves are there—the sweet hawthorn green which the children chew, the dewy, pensile leaves of hazel and beech and lime, the palmy ash leaves still misty with purple flower, the oak leaves bronzed or gilded among their rosy galls, and the streamers of the willow, and all the grasses and reeds, and the tall young adder-headed bracken for the moor, and ferns for the dripping ledges of the waterfall; and the men heave without resting, lest any should escape and so cheat them of shaded ways for rest and sport and love.

There also are the birds—the gentle martins, swallows that will seem the perfect flower of the home sweetness in stern cottages on the heights and warm farmhouses in the valleys, the chiffchafFs that shall sing in the ash and the larch, the delicate wrens of the woodland crests and the tempestuous nightingales of the thick-budded copses, silent fly-catchers for the plum trees on southern walls, cuckoos to shout over the dim water-meadows and in the

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 pearly lichened oak woods, ousels to flash on the moors, skiey swifts, doves to fill the green caverns of the beeches, and all the chatterers that hide in blackthorn and cornel thickets when it is best to walk among them; and the men heave, for they are coming to the land even now.

Very near now are the lizards of the drowsy nettle-beds, snakes to curl and uncurl upon the sunlit moss, and blue sylphs for the rivulets. All are coming in from this placid sea; and so the men heave, and the white houses begin to glitter, and the golden mist over the sea promises that days shall again be long, and men shall sit carelessly on gates and sleep under the hedge at noon and adventure and make plans in the pure mornings that are at hand.

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 thought. We could see the shores almost as plain as if it were but an English lake. We mounted the coach, and arrived in London at six, the 30th August. It was misty, and we could see nothing. We stayed in London till Wednesday the 22nd of September, and arrived at Gallow Hill on Friday.

September 24th.—Mary first met us in the avenue. She looked so fat and well that we were made very happy by the sight of her; then came Sara, and last of all Joanna. Tom was forking corn, standing upon the corn cart. We dressed ourselves immediately and got tea. The garden looked gay with asters and sweet peas. Jack and George came on Friday evening, 1st October. On Saturday, 2nd, we rode to Hackness, William, Jack, George, and Sara single. I behind Tom. On Sunday 3rd, Mary and Sara were busy packing.

On Monday, 4th October 1802, my brother William was married to Mary Hutchinson. I slept a good deal of the night, and rose fresh and well in the morning. At a little after eight o'clock, I saw them go down the avenue towards the church. William had parted from me upstairs. When they were absent, my dear little Sara prepared the breakfast. I kept myself as quiet as I could, but when I saw the two men running up the walk, coming to tell us it was over, I could stand it no longer, and threw myself on the bed, where I lay in stillness, neither hearing nor seeing anything till Sara came upstairs to me, and said, "They are coming." This forced me from the bed where I lay, and I moved, I knew not how, straight forward, faster than my strength could carry me, till I met my beloved William, and fell upon his bosom. He and John Hutchinson led me to the house, and there I stayed to welcome my dear Mary. As soon as we had breakfasted, we departed. It rained when we set off. Poor Mary was much agitated, when


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User talk:Drunk501

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title: User talk:Drunk501


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50 won't you begin—as a first course—with tea after your ride? If the other, that is—for there has been an ogre before you—has left any."

"Some tea, with pleasure"—he looked all his longing; "though when you talk of a fellow-feaster I should have supposed that, on such a day as this especially, you'd find yourselves running a continuous table'd'hôte."

"Ah, we can't work sports in our gallery and saloon—the banging or whacking and shoving amusements that are all most people care for; unless, perhaps," Lady Grace went on, "your own peculiar one, as I understand you, of playing football with the old benighted traditions and attributions you everywhere meet: in fact I think you said the old idiotic superstitions."

Hugh Crimble went more than half-way to meet this description of his fondest activity; he indeed even beckoned it on. "The names and stories and styles—the so often vain legend, not to be too invidious—of author or subject or school?" But he had a drop, no less, as from the sense of a cause sometimes lost. "Ah, that's a game at which we all can play!"


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Rh "Though scarcely," Lady Grace suggested, "at which we all can score."

The words appeared indeed to take meaning from his growing impression of the place and its charm—of the number of objects, treasures of art, that pressed for appreciation of their importance. "Certainly," he said, "no one can ever have scored much on sacred spots of this order—which express so the grand impunity of their pride, their claims, their assurance!"

"We've had great luck," she granted—"as I've just been reminded; but ever since those terrible things you told me in town—about the tremendous tricks of the whirligig of time and the æsthetic fools' paradise in which so many of us live—I've gone about with my heart in my mouth. Who knows that while I talk Mr. Bender mayn't be pulling us to pieces?"

Hugh Crimble had a shudder of remembrance. "Mr. Bender?"

"The rich American who's going round."

It gave him a sharper shock. "The wretch who bagged Lady Lappington's Longhi?"

Lady Grace showed surprise. "Is he a wretch?"


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52 Her visitor but asked to be extravagant. "Rather—the scoundrel. He offered his infernal eight thousand down."

"Oh, I thought you meant he had played some trick!"

"I wish he had—he could then have been collared."

"Well," Lady Grace peacefully smiled, "it's no use his offering us eight thousand—or eighteen or even eighty!"

Hugh Crimble stared as at the odd superfluity of this reassurance, almost crude on exquisite lips and contradicting an imputation no one would indecently have made. "Gracious goodness, I hope not! The man surely doesn't suppose you'd traffic."

She might, while she still smiled at him, have been fairly enjoying the friendly horror she produced. "I don't quite know what he supposes. But people have trafficked; people do; people are trafficking all round."

"Ah," Hugh Crimble cried, "that's what deprives me of my rest and, as a lover of our vast and beneficent art-wealth, poisons my waking hours. That art-wealth is at the mercy of a leak there appears no means of


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Rh stopping." She had tapped a spring in him, clearly, and the consequent flood might almost at any moment become copious. "Precious things are going out of our distracted country at a quicker rate than the very quickest—a century and more ago—of their ever coming in."

She was sharply struck, but was also unmistakably a person in whom stirred thought soon found connections and relations. "Well, I suppose our art-wealth came in—save for those awkward Elgin Marbles!—mainly by purchase too, didn't it? We ourselves largely took it away from somewhere, didn't we? We didn't grow it all."

"We grew some of the loveliest flowers—and on the whole to-day the most exposed." He had been pulled up but for an instant. "Great Gainsboroughs and Sir Joshuas and Romneys and Sargents, great Turners and Constables and old Cromes and Brabazons, form, you'll recognise, a vast garden in themselves. What have we ever for instance more successfully grown than your splendid 'Duchess of Waterbridge'?"

The girl showed herself ready at once to


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54 recognise under his eloquence anything he would. "Yes—it's our Sir Joshua, I believe, that Mr. Bender has proclaimed himself particularly 'after.'"

It brought a cloud to her friend's face. "Then he'll be capable of anything."

"Of anything, no doubt, but of making my father capable—! And you haven't at any rate," she said, "so much as seen the picture."

"I beg your pardon—I saw it at the Guildhall three years ago; and am almost afraid of getting again, with a fresh sense of its beauty, a livelier sense of its danger."

Lady Grace, however, was so far from fear that she could even afford pity. "Poor baffled Mr. Bender!"

"Oh, rich and confident Mr. Bender!" Crimble cried. "Once given his money, his confidence is a horrid engine in itself—there's the rub! I dare say"—the young man saw it all—"he has brought his poisonous cheque."

She gave it her less exasperated wonder. "One has heard of that, but only in the case of some particularly pushing dealer."

"And Mr. Bender, to do him justice, isn't a particularly pushing dealer?"


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Rh "No," Lady Grace judiciously returned; "I think he's not a dealer at all, but just what you a moment ago spoke of yourself as being."

He gave a glance at his possibly wild recent past. "A fond true lover?"

"As we all were in our lucky time—when we rummaged Italy and Spain."

He appeared to recognise this complication—of Bender's voracious integrity; but only to push it away. "Well, I don't know whether the best lovers are, or ever were, the best buyers—but I feel to-day that they're the best keepers."

The breath of his emphasis blew, as her eyes showed, on the girl's dimmer fire. "It's as if it were suddenly in the air that you've brought us some light or some help—that you may do something really good for us."

"Do you mean 'mark down,' as they say at the shops, all your greatest claims?"

His chord of sensibility had trembled all gratefully into derision, and not to seem to swagger he had put his possible virtue at its lowest. This she beautifully showed that she beautifully saw. "I dare say that if you did even that we should have to take it from you."


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56 "Then it may very well be," he laughed back, "the reason why I feel, under my delightful, wonderful impression, a bit anxious and nervous and afraid."

"That shows," she returned, "that you suspect us of horrors hiding from justice, and that your natural kindness yet shrinks from handing us over!"

Well, clearly, she might put it as she liked—it all came back to his being more charmed. "Heaven knows I've wanted a chance at you, but what should you say if, having then at last just taken you in in your so apparent perfection, I should feel it the better part of valour simply to mount my 'bike' again and spin away?"

"I should be sure that at the end of the avenue you'd turn right round and come back. You'd think again of Mr. Bender."

"Whom I don't, however, you see—if he's prowling off there—in the least want to meet."

Crimble made the point with gaiety. "I don't know what I mightn't do to him—and yet it's not of my temptation to violence, after all, that I'm most afraid. It's of the brutal mistake of one's breaking—with one's priggish, precious modernity and one's possibly futile


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sun has gone down. Except on one hand, the immense empty marshland expands to the sea, and where it mingles with the grey water would be uncertain, but for the clamour of the wading birds and the gleam, now and then, of a white wing. The low bent thorns, inland, now take on a strange humanity, as of men who have ventured out into the solitude and pitched their tents there and none has followed them; they are bent in alarmed and hurrying attitudes away from the sea, but cannot leave it. The sea rises steeply up like a vast ploughed field to an uncertain sky of the same hue. All that greyness takes hold upon the mind like autumn rain and lures it to we know not what desperate carelessness; and the siren, that sweet evil of the sea, chants such dissolving melodies as this:—

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Rh —into a general situation or composition, as we say, so serene and sound and right. What should one do here, out of respect for that felicity, but hold one's breath and walk on tip-toe? The very celebrations and consecrations, as you tell me, instinctively stay outside. I saw that all," the young man went on with more weight in his ardour, "I saw it, while we talked in London, as your natural setting and your native air—and now ten minutes on the spot have made it sink into my spirit. You're a case, all together, of enchanted harmony, of perfect equilibrium—there's nothing to be done or said."

His friend listened to this eloquence with her eyes lowered, then raising them to meet, with a vague insistence, his own; after which something she had seen there appeared to determine in her another motion. She indicated the small landscape that Mr. Bender had, by Lady Sandgate's report, rapidly studied and denounced. "For what do you take that little picture?"

Hugh Crimble went over and looked. "Why, don't you know? It's a jolly little Vandermeer of Delft."


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58 "It's not a base imitation?"

He looked again, but appeared at a loss. "An imitation of Vandermeer?"

"Mr. Bender thinks of Cuyp."

It made the young man ring out: "Then Mr. Bender's doubly dangerous!"

"Singly is enough!" Lady Grace laughed. "But you see you have to speak."

"Oh, to him, rather, after that—if you'll just take me to him."

"Yes then," she said; but even while she spoke Lord John, who had returned, by the terrace, from his quarter of an hour passed with Lady Imber, was there practically between them; a fact that she had to notice for her other visitor, to whom she was hastily reduced to naming him.

His lordship eagerly made the most of this tribute of her attention, which had reached his ear; he treated it—her "Oh Lord John!"—as a direct greeting. "Ah Lady Grace! I came back particularly to find you."

She could but explain her predicament. "I was taking Mr. Crimble to see the pictures." And then more pointedly, as her manner had been virtually an introduction of that


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But at one hand lies the first house in the world, a little ark of grey stone, pierced by windows behind which a velvet darkness weaves a spell and by a gloomy doorway; knock there and at once you will be barricaded again against the annihilating sea and night. All about it a trim garden of white and gold and dying red sends up a thin tower of scent that stands bravely in the salt wind. A tower!—at such an hour, when the casements of all the senses are opened wide upon eternity, this perfume not only satisfies the desiring and aspiring sense, but, with all its unsearched, undiscovered powers, builds for us here upon the shore a specular tower and, more, a palace lovely and shadowy, where the mind roves slowly and at ease, saluting vaguely apprehended shapes, finding now long lost memories of men and things which time has locked against a thousand keys, and now bold hopes and unexpected consolations. Content herself lurks here and many a pleasant ghost that seems immortal because it has died many times, and they may be enjoyed, until suddenly the night wind, without mercy, overturns the tower and desolates the palace and leaves us forsaken. Yonder the

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Rh, an introduction which Lord John's mere noncommittal stare was as little as possible a response to: "Mr. Crimble's one of the quite new connoisseurs."

"Oh, I'm at the very lowest round of the ladder. But I aspire!" Hugh laughed.

"You'll mount!" said Lady Grace with friendly confidence.

He took it again with gay deprecation. "Ah, if by that time there's anything left here to mount on!"

"Let us hope there will be at least what Mr. Bender, poor man, won't have been able to carry off." To which Lady Grace added, as to strike a helpful spark from the personage who had just joined them, but who had the air of wishing to preserve his detachment: "It's to Lord John that we owe Mr. Bender's acquaintance."

Hugh looked at the gentleman to whom they were so indebted. "Then do you happen to know, sir, what your friend means to do with his spoil?"

The question got itself but dryly treated, as if it might be a commercially calculating or interested one. "Oh, not sell it again."


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 lighthouse flashes. The ships go out with wings as of a moth that cannot leave its chrysalis behind. The church bells moan; the sea birds whimper and shriek, and the road that goes on so long as we can walk lengthens out along the marsh and up the hill.

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60 "Then ship it to New York?" the inquirer pursued, defining himself somehow as not snubbed and, from this point, not snubbable.

That appearance failed none the less to deprive Lord John of a betrayed relish for being able to displease Lady Grace's odd guest by large assent. "As fast as ever he can—and you can land things there now, can't you?—in three or four days."

"I dare say. But can't he be induced to have a little mercy?" Hugh sturdily pursued.

Lord John pushed out his lips. "A 'little'? How much do you want?"

"Well, one wants to be able somehow to stay his hand."

"I doubt if you can any more stay Mr Bender's hand than you can empty his purse."

"Ah, the Despoilers!" said Crimble with strong expression. "But it's we," he added, "who are base."

"'Base'?"—and Lord John's surprise was apparently genuine.

"To want only to 'do business,' I mean, with our treasures, with our glories."

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Rh as to draw at once Lady Grace. "Ah, but if we're above that here, as you know!"

He stood smilingly corrected and contrite. "Of course I know—but you must forgive me if I have it on the brain. And show me first of all, won't you? the Moretto of Brescia."

"You know then about the Moretto of Brescia?"

"Why, didn't you tell me yourself?" It went on between them for the moment quite as if there had been no Lord John.

"Probably, yes," she recalled; "so how I must have swaggered!" After which she turned to the other visitor with a kindness strained clear of urgency. "Will you also come?"

He confessed to a difficulty—which his whole face begged her also to take account of. "I hoped you'd be at leisure—for something I've so at heart!"

This had its effect; she took a rapid decision and turned persuasively to Crimble—for whom, in like manner, there must have been something in her face. "Let Mr. Bender himself then show you. And there are things in the library too."


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62 "Oh yes, there are things in the library." Lord John, happy in his gained advantage and addressing Hugh from the strong ground of an initiation already complete, quite sped him on the way.

Hugh clearly made no attempt to veil the penetration with which he was moved to look from one of these counsellors to the other, though with a ready "Thank you!" for Lady Grace he the next instant started in pursuit of Mr. Bender.

 V

" friend seems remarkably hot!" Lord John remarked to his young hostess as soon as they had been left together.

"He has cycled twenty miles. And indeed," she smiled, "he does appear to care for what he cares for!"

Her companion then, during a moment's silence, might have been noting the emphasis of her assent. "Have you known him long?"

"No—not long."

"Nor seen him often?"


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72

God is our refuge and strength, a very present help in trouble. Therefore will not we fear, though the earth do change, and though the mountains be moved in the heart of the seas; though the waters thereof roar and be troubled, though the mountains shake with the swelling thereof.

There is a river, the streams whereof make glad the city of God, the holy place of the tabernacles of the Most High. God is in the midst of her, she shall not be moved: God shall help her, and that right early.

The nations raged, the kingdoms were moved: he uttered his voice, the earth melted.

The Lord of hosts is with us; the God of Jacob is our refuge.

Come behold the works of the Lord. What desolations he hath made in the earth. 神係我哋避難之所，與及我哋之力量. 當患難時，極力嚟帮助. 所以地雖移動. 山雖離位倒在海心. 我亦唔慌，任從波浪大聲湧起. 湧到山都搖動.

有一條河，佢分支流出嚟，令神之邑歡喜，卽係至上者所居之聖地. 神住在其中，呢個邑是必唔郁動，天一光，神必嚟帮助佢.

列邦發怒，列國搖動，主一發聲，地就消鎔.

萬軍之主耶和華同我哋，雅各之神，係我之堅城.

你哋嚟睇吓耶和華所行之事. 睇佢點樣降災世間.


text:
Page:Readings in Cantonese colloquial, being selections from books in the Cantonese vernacular with free and literal translations of the Chinese character and romanized spelling (IA cu31924023427572).pdf/46

2

You have seen the sun in the sky.

Who put the sun in the sky?

God.

Can you reach up so high? No.

God lives in heaven; heaven is much higher than the sun.

Can you see God?

No.

Yet he can see you, for God sees every thing.

God made every thing at first, and God takes care of every thing.

God made you and takes care of you always.—‘Peep of Day,’ pp. 1. & 2. 你睇見天上個熱頭.

係乜誰擠佢喺個處嘅呢.

係上帝咯.

你噲舉個隻手到熱頭咁高唔呢，唔噲呀.

上帝喺天堂處住，天堂高過熱頭多.

你睇得見上帝唔呢.

唔睇得見.

上帝睇見你𡃓，因上帝樣樣都見嘅.

上帝始初造化各樣物件，到而家都保佑佢.

上帝造化你亦時常保佑你.

Who is it that dresses you and feeds you? Your dear mother.

But how does your mother get money to buy the clothes, and the food? Father gives it her.

How does your father get money? 乜誰俾飯你食，俾衫你着呢，係老母咯.

你老母點樣有錢買過你食，買過你着呢，係父親揾翻嚟嘅｡

你父親點樣搵翻嚟呢｡


text: Page:Readings in Cantonese colloquial, being selections from books in the Cantonese vernacular with free and literal translations of the Chinese character and romanized spelling (IA cu31924023427572).pdf/10


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Page:George McCall Theal, Ethnography and condition of South Africa before A.D. 1505 (2nd ed, 1919).djvu/73

with its front protected from the wind and stormy weather by a few branches of trees, or the centre of a small circle of bushes over which mats or skins of wild animals were stretched, was the best dwelling that they aspired to possess. Failing either of these, they scooped a hole in the ground, placed a few stones round it or bent a few sticks over it, and spread a mat or skin above to serve as a roof. A little grass at the bottom of the hole formed a bed, and though it was not much larger than the nest of an ostrich, an individual by bending the body into a curve could lie down in it. Each person, male or female, except young children, in such circumstances thus required a separate reposing place. Of furniture or implements of any kind except ostrich egg shells for holding water, digging sticks, and bows and arrows with quivers, their abodes were absolutely destitute.

The ordinary food of these people consisted of roots, berries, wild plants, grass seed, locusts, larvae of ants—now commonly called Bushman rice by European colonists,—honey, gum, fish, reptiles, birds, and mammalia of all kinds. Those who lived on the sea shore gathered oysters, mussels, cockles, and salt water fish for their subsistence. They did not know how to make any kind of boat or raft that could be used on the sea, but gathered all the small fish left in pools among rocks when the tide was low. No chance of plundering the intruding tribes of domestic cattle was allowed to escape them. They were capable of remaining a long time without food, and could then devour immense Rh


text: Ethnography and Condition of South Africa before A.D. 1505/Chapter 3


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Rh with many words, and confirmed them. 33. And after they had tarried there a space, they were let go in peace from the brethren unto the apostles. 34. Notwithstanding it pleased Silas to abide there still. 35. Paul also and Barnabas continued in Antioch, teaching and preaching the word of the Lord, with many others also.

We have here the result of the consultation that was had at Jerusalem about the imposing of the ceremonial law upon the Gentiles. Much more, it is likely, was said about it than is here recorded; but at length it was brought to a head, and the advice which James gave, was universally approved of, and agreed to nemine contradicente—unanimously; and letters were accordingly sent by messengers of their own to the Gentile converts, acquainting them with their sentiments in this matter; which would be a great confirmation to them against the false teachers. Now observe here,

I. The choice of the delegates that were to be sent with Paul and Barnabas on this errand; not as if they had any suspicion of the fidelity of these great men, and could not trust them with their letters; or as if they thought those to whom they sent them, would suspect them to have altered any thing in their letter; no, their charity thought no such evil concerning men of such tried integrity; but,

1. They thought fit to send men of their own company to Antioch, with Paul and Barnabas, v. 22. This was agreed to by the apostles and elders, with the whole church, who, it is likely, undertook to bear their charges, 1 Cor. 9. 7. They sent these messengers, (1.) To shew their respect to the church at Antioch, as a sister-church, though a younger sister, and that they looked upon it as upon the same level with them; as also that they were desirous further to know their state. (2.) To encourage Paul and Barnabas, and to make their journey home the more pleasant, (for it is likely they travelled on foot,) by sending such excellent men to bear them company; amicus pro vehiculo—a friend instead of a carriage. (3.) To put a reputation upon the letters they carried, that it might appear a solemn embassy, and so much the more regard might be had to the message, which was likely to meet with opposition from some. (4.) To keep up the communion of saints, and cultivate an acquaintance between churches and ministers that were at a distance from each other, and to shew, that though they were many, yet they were one.

2. Those they sent were not inferior persons, who might serve to carry the letters, and attest the receipt of them from the apostles; but they were chosen men, and chief men among the brethren, men of eminent gifts, graces, and usefulness; for those are the things which denominate men chief among the brethren, and qualify them to be the messengers of the churches. They are here named, Judas, who was called Barsabas, probably the brother of that Joseph who was called Barsabas, that was a candidate for the apostleship, ch. 1. 23, The character which these men had in the church at Jerusalem, would have some influence upon them that came from Judea, as those false teachers did, and engage them to pay the more deference to the message that was sent by them.

II. The drawing up of the letters, circular letters, that were to be sent to the churches, to notify the sense of the synod in this matter.

1. Here is a very condescending obliging preamble to this decree, v. 23. Here is nothing in it haughty or assuming, but, (1.) That which speaks the humility of the apostles, that they join the elders and brethren in commission with them, the ministers, the ordinary christians, whom they had advised with in this case, as they used to do in other cases. Though never men were so qualified as they were for a monarchical power and conduct in the church, nor had such a commission as they had, yet their decrees run not, "We, the apostles, Christ's vicars upon earth, and pastors of all the pastors of the churches," (as the Pope styles himself,) "and sole judges in all matters of faith;" but the apostles, and elders, and brethren, agree in their orders; herein they remembered the instructions their Master gave them, (Matt 23. 8.) Be not ye called Rabbi; for all ye are brethren. (2.) That which speaks their respect to the churches they wrote to; they send them greeting, wish them health and happiness and joy, and call them brethren of the Gentiles; thereby owning their admission into the church, and giving them the right hand of fellowship; "You are our brethren though Gentiles; for we meet in Christ, the first-born among many brethren, in God our common father." Now that the Gentiles are fellow-heirs and of the same body, they are to be countenanced and encouraged, and called brethren.

2. Here is a just and severe rebuke to the judaizing teachers; (v. 24.) "We have heard, that certain which went out from us, have troubled you with words, and we are very much concerned to hear it; how this is to let them know, that those who preached this doctrine were false teachers, both as they produced a false commission, and as they taught a false doctrine."

(1.) They did a great deal of wrong to the apostles and ministers at Jerusalem, in pretending that they had instructions from them, to impose the ceremonial law upon the Gentiles, when there was no colour for such a pretension. "They went out from us indeed, they were such as belonged to our church, which, when they had a mind to travel, we gave them perhaps a testimonial of; but, as for their urging the law of Moses upon you, we gave them no such commandment, nor had we ever thought of such a thing, nor given them the least occasion to use our names in it." It is no new thing for apostolical authority to be pleaded in defence of those doctrines and practices which yet the apostles gave neither command nor encouragement for.

(2.) They did a great deal of wrong to the Gentile converts, in saying, Ye must be circumcised, and must keep the law. [1.] It perplexed them; "They have troubled you with words, have occasioned disturbance and disquietment to you; you depended upon those who told you, "If you believe in the Lord Jesus Christ, you shall be saved; and now you are startled by those that tell you, You must keep the law of Moses, or you cannot be saved; by which you see yourselves drawn into a snare. They trouble you with words; words, and nothing else; very words; sound, but no substance." How has the church been troubled with words, by the pride of men that loved to hear themselves talk! [2.] It endangered them; they subverted their souls, put them into disorder, and pulled down that which had been built up. They took them off from pursuing pure Christianity, and minding the business of that, by filling their heads with the necessity of circumcision, and the law of Moses, which were nothing to the purpose.

3. Here is an honourable testimony given of the messengers by whom these letters were sent.

(1.) Of Paul and Barnabas, whom these judaizing teachers had opposed and censured as having done their work by the halves, because they had brought the Gentile converts to Christianity only, and not to Judaism. Let them say what they will of these men, [1.] "They are men that are dear to us, they are our beloved Barnabas and Paul; men whom


text:
Author:Alfred Macdonald Bulteel Irwin

Works

 * The Burmese Calendar (1901)
 * The Burmese and Arakanese Calendars (1909)

title: Author:Alfred Macdonald Bulteel Irwin


text: Author:Hermann Hugo Paul Haupt

title: Author:Hermann Hugo Paul Haupt


text:
Talk:The Rosciad

Transcription of dashes
In the work, dashes of various lengths are represented by single or multiple hyphens. Unless an actual hyphen is required, these dashes have been transcribed as follows: One dash = – ('en' dash) Two dashes = — ('em' dash) Three or more =   Chrisguise (talk) 11:10, 13 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Rosciad


text: Category:Biographies of assyriologists

title: Category:Biographies of assyriologists


text:
Page:Memoirs of Vidocq, Volume 3.djvu/112

 possession of the shoes, which was the main point in the affair, I saw I could not induce him to leave the place until he had had his share of the eatables. I hastened, therefore, to cut up the bird, and when the wine arrived, "Come to table," I cried to my gastronomist, "make haste, and cram your fill."

Hotot's bed was his table, and without any forks but those of father Adam, we made to the god who is within us, that is the god of Ventrus, a sacrifice in the manner of the ancients. We ate like ogres, and the repast was quickly terminated. "Now," said Gaffré, "I can toddle. I know not if you are like me, but when the sun shines in my stomach, I am good for nothing; when the chest is full it is a different matter."

"Well, then, mizzle."

"D. I. O."

He took his hat, and disappeared.

"Now he is gone," said Hotot, with the tone of a man who is not sorry to be left alone with another for some time. "Well, my friend Jules, is there never to be a vacancy for Hotot?"

"Patience, patience, all will come in good time."

"It is only for you to say a good word for me, and M. Henry would listen, if you would ."

"It must not be to-day, then, for I expect a good rowing; Gaffré will not escape, for we have not sent in our report these two days."

This lie was not without its purpose; it was not necessary that Hotot should think I had been informed of the robbery in which I believed him a participator; he was without mistrust, and I kept him in that security; and, for fear he should think of getting up, I led the conversation to those points which most interested him. He spoke to me successively of many affairs. "Ah!" he said, sighing, "if I were certain of entering the police again, with a pay of twelve or fifteen bob a day, I could give such information! I know now of a burglary, which would be a welcome disclosure to M. Henry."


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88 Then spake stout Siegfried: “That rueth me in truth. I’ll do you this to wit; and ye allow me without distrust, I’ll contrive that she lie by you so near this night, that she’ll nevermore withhold from you her love.”

After all his hardships Gunther liked well this speech. Sir Siegfried spake again: “Thou mayst well be of good cheer. I ween we fared unlike last night. Thy sister Kriemhild is dearer to me than life; the Lady Brunhild must become thy wife to-night. I’ll come to thy chamber this night, so secretly in my Cloud Cloak, that none may note at all my arts. Then let the chamberlains betake them to their lodgings and I’ll put out the lights in the pages’ hands, whereby thou mayst know that I be within and that I’ll gladly serve thee. I’ll tame for time thy wife, that thou mayst have her love to-night, or else I’ll lose my life.”

“Unless be thou embrace my dear lady,” spake then the king, “I shall be glad, if thou do to her as thou dost list. I could endure it well, an’ thou didst take her life. In sooth she is a fearful wife.”

“I pledge upon my troth,” quoth Siegfried, “that I will not embrace her. The fair sister of thine, she is to me above all maids that I have ever seen.”

Gunther believed full well what Siegfried spake.

From the knightly sports there came both joy and woe; but men forbade the hurtling and the shouting, since now the ladies were to hie them to the hall. The grooms-in-waiting bade the people stand aside; the court was cleared of steeds and folk. A bishop led each of the ladies, as they should go to table in the presence of the kings. Many a stately warrior fol-


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Page:The life and opinions of Tristram Shandy (Volume 6).pdf/75

 to their state, twice; that is,—once drunk, and once sober:—Drunk—that their counsels might not want vigour;—and sober—that they might not want discretion.

Now my father being entirely a water-drinker,—was a long time gravelled almost to death, in turning this as much to his advantage, as he did every other thing, which the ancients did or said; and it was not till the seventh year of his marriage, after a thousand fruitless experiments and devices, that he hit upon an expedient which answered the purpose;—and that was when any difficult and momentous point was to be settled in the family, which required great sobriety, and great spirit too, in its determination,—he fixed and set apart the first Sunday night in the month, and


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 the Saturday night which immediately preceded it, to argue it over, in bed with my mother: By which contrivance, if you consider, Sir, with yourself, *****************************************

These my father, humourously enough, called his beds of justice;—for from the two different counsels taken in these two different humours, a middle one was generally found out, which touched the point of wisdom as well, as if he had got drunk and sober a hundred times.

It must not be made a secret of to the world, that this answers full as well in literary discussions, as either in military


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Rh lowed to the seats. In fair hope the king sate now full merrily; well he thought on that which Siegfried had vowed to do. This one day thought him as long as thirty days, for all his thoughts were bent upon his lady’s love. He could scarce abide the time to leave the board. Now men let fair Brunhild and Kriemhild, too, both go to their rest. Ho, what doughty knights were seen to walk before the queens!

The Lord Siegfried sate in loving wise by his fair wife, in bliss without alloy. With her snow-white hands she fondled his, till that he vanished from before her eyes, she wist not when. When now she no longer spied him, as she toyed, the queen spake to his followers: “Much this wondereth me, whither the king be gone. Who hath taken his hands from mine?”

She spake no other word, but he was gone to where he found many grooms of the chamber stand with lights. These he gan snuff out in the pages’ hands. Thus Gunther knew that it was Siegfried. Well wist he what he would; he bade the maids and ladies now withdraw. When that was done, the mighty king himself made fast the door and nimbly shoved in place two sturdy bolts. Quickly then he hid the lights behind the hangings of the bed. Stout Siegfried and the maiden now began a play (for this there was no help) which was both lief and loth to Gunther. Siegfried laid him close by the high-born maid. She spake: “Now, Gunther, let that be, and it be lief to you, that ye suffer not hardship as afore.“

Then the lady hurt bold Siegfried sore. He held his peace and answered not a whit. Gunther heard well, though he could not see his friend a bit, that


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 or conjugal; but it is not every author that can try the experiment as the Goths and Vandals did it—or if he can, may it be always for his body's health; and to do it, as my father did it,—am I sure it would be always for his soul's.

My way is this:

In all nice and ticklish discussions,—(of which, heaven knows, there are but too many in my book)—where I find I cannot take a step without the danger of having either their worships or their reverences upon my back—I write one half full,—and t'other fasting;—or write it all full,—and correct it fasting;—or write it fasting,—and correct it full, for they all come to the same thing:—So that with a less


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 variation from my father's plan, than my father's from the Gothick—I feel myself upon a par with him in his first bed of justice,—and no way inferior to him in his second.—These different and almost irreconcileable effects, flow uniformly from the wise and wonderful mechanism of nature,—of which,—be her's the honour.—All that we can do, is to turn and work the machine to the improvement and better manufactury of the arts and sciences.

Now, when I write full,—I write as if I was never to write fasting again as long as I live;—that is, I write free from the cares, as well as the terrors of the world.—I count not the number of my scars,—nor does my fancy go forth into dark entries and bye corners to antedate my stabs.—In a word, my pen


text: Page:Peterson's Magazine 1842, Volume I.pdf/232


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90 they plied not secret things, for little ease they had upon the bed. Siegfried bare him as though he were Gunther, the mighty king. In his arms he clasped the lovely maid. She cast him from the bed upon a bench near by, so that his head struck loudly against the stool. Up sprang the valiant man with all his might; fain would he try again. When he thought now to subdue her, she hurt him sore. Such defense, I ween, might nevermore be made by any wife.

When he would not desist, up sprang the maid. “Ye shall not rumple thus my shift so white. Ye are a clumsy churl and it shall rue you sore, I’ll have you to know fall well,” spake the comely maid. In her arms she grasped the peerless knight; she weened to bind him, as she had done the king, that she might have her case upon the bed. The lady avenged full sore, that he had rumpled thus her clothes. What availed his mickle force and his giant strength? She showed the knight her masterly strength of limb; she carried him by force (and that must needs be) and pressed him rudely ’twixt a clothes-press and the wall.

“Alas,” so thought the knight, “if now I lose my life at a maiden’s hands, then may all wives hereafter bear towards their husbands haughty mien, who would never do it else.”

The king heard it well and feared him for his liegeman’s life. Siegfried was sore ashamed; wrathful he waxed and with surpassing strength he set himself against her and tried it again with Lady Brunhild in fearful wise. It thought the king full long, before he conquered her. She pressed his hands, till from her strength the blood gushed forth from out the nails:


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 takes its course; and I write on as much from the fullness of my heart, as my stomach.

But when, an' please your honours, I indite fasting, 'tis a different history.—I pay the world all possible attention and respect,—and have as great a share (whilst it lasts) of that understrapping virtue of discretion, as the best of you.—So that betwixt both, I write a careless kind of civil, nonsensical, good humoured Shandean book, which will do all your hearts good

—And all your heads too,—provided you understand it.


text: The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman/Volume 6/Chapter 17


text:
Page:Peterson's Magazine 1842, Volume I.pdf/233

LADY'S WORLD Fashion 1842

The Latest

Fashions, July 1842 .

Engraved for the Lady's World

Fashion.


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Page:The Nibelungenlied - tr. Shumway - 1909.pdf/149

Rh this irked the hero. Therefore he brought the highborn maiden to the pass that she gave over her unruly will, which she asserted there afore. The king heard all, albeit not a word he spake. Siegfried pressed her against the bed, so that she shrieked aloud. Passing sore his strength did hurt her. She grasped the girdle around her waist and would fain have bound him, but his hand prevented it in such a wise that her limbs and all her body cracked. Thus the strife was parted and she became King Gunther’s wife.

She spake: “Most noble king, pray spare my life. I’ll do thee remedy for whatso I have done thee. I’ll no longer struggle against thy noble love, for I have learned full well that thou canst make thee master over women.”

Siegfried let the maiden be and stepped away, as though he would do off his clothes. From her hand he drew a golden finger ring, without that she wist it, the noble queen. Thereto he took her girdle, a good stout band. I know not if he did that for very haughtiness. He gave it to his wife and rued it sore in after time.

Then lay Gunther and the fair maid side by side. He played the lover, as beseemed him, and thus she must needs give over wrath and shame. From his embrace a little pale she grew. Ho, how her great strength failed through love! Now was she no stronger than any other wife. He caressed her lovely form in lover’s wise. Had she tried her strength again, what had that availed? All this had Gunther wrought in her by his love. How right lovingly she lay beside him in bridal joy until the dawn of day!

Now was Sir Siegfried gone again to where he was


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INDEX

TO THE

SECOND

VOLUME.

FROM JULY TO DECEMBER, 1842 , INCLUSIVE.

Ambition- By John S. Jenkins, America, the Song Writers of · Annette By Harriet J. Bowles, August, Fashions for (Illustrated,) Bentley, Kate- By Ellen Ashton, Bridals, the Rival- By S. D. Anderson,

·

9 20 28 33

Hooper, Poetry of Lucy Hall, the Magician's-By Frank Elmore, Hafiz, the Poet-By John S. Read, · Hargrave, Monmouth

6 142

Incognito, the Unlucky-By B. B. Thom,

-

41

1

July, Fashions for (Illustrated,) Cousins, the-By Ellen Ashton, Coach, Love in a Stage · Cousin, Winning a-By A. W. Noney, Cavalier, the Strange- By H. Symmes, Cell, the Nun's-By H. Symmes, · Cain-By J. Tomlin,

·

39 54 57 117 150 159

Clara, the Lady—By J. H. Dana, (Illustrated,)

186

Doom, the Nun's- By H. Symmes, Dream, Lord Percy's Duty, What is By Ellen Ashton, December, Fashions for (Illustrated,)

·

63 73 95 161

Elopement, Velasco, or the-By A. W. Noney, Eve, the Bridal- By Harriet J. Bowles, ·

·

67 83

Forge, the Old- By D. M. Elwood , Ferry, Gray's - By Percie H.Selton, (Illustrated,) · Fate, the Convict's Fever of '93, a Sketch of the-By H. J. Vandyke, · Foundling, the Florence-By A. W. Noney,

14 62 99 127 136 164

·

31 45

Gowen, Mr. Henry- By Mrs. C. K. Pownell, Grave, my Sister's

36 133 163 178

76

Knell, the Baron's- By J. H. Dana, Lovers, the Prison-By Harriet J. Bowles, Love, True- By Ellen Ashton, Lover, the Infidel- By A. W. Noney, Love, Secret- By Ellen Ashton, Lot, the Heir by- By B. F. Dewees,

50 101 137 153 · 156

·

78 Mordaunt, Herbert- By George Haydn, Member, the Young-By Mrs. M. V. Spencer, 90, 120 · 106 Maid, the Castilian--By H. J. Bowles,

Nuptials, the Fatal-By M. Davenport, November, Fashions for ( Illustrated,)

·

105 129

October, Fashions for (Illustrated,)

97

Prophecy, the Sibyl's- By Mrs. Sarah H. Hays, Portrait, the Unknown- By Mrs. M. V. Spencer, Princess, the Eastern- By Mrs. Anne Ford, · (Illustrated,) Petition, the Beggar's (Illustrated,) Poems, Tennyson's Poet's, our Female ·

4 25 71 99 114 174


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INDEX

TO THE

FIRST

VOLUME.

FROM JANUARY TO JUNE, 1842 , INCLUSIVE.

38 19 an s, rmj er 5 Wo

April, Fashions for ·

97

Beatrice, the Lady- By Mrs. Mary V. Spencer, 3, 61, 84 (Illustrated,) 15 Bridal, the Fairy's 35 - Benson, Emma- By a Lady, · 51 Bride, the Royal 81 Baronet, the Blind-By H. Symmes, Bride, the Indian- By Mrs. C. H. Ford, (Illus· 99 trated,) - 116 Brainard, the Genius of · · 120 Bride, the Lieutenant's- By Ellen Ashton, · 123 Bridesmaid, the Beauty, the Stage Box- By M. V. Spencer, 137 148 Bucklesbury, the Old Standards of · Coquette, the- By Ellen Ashton, Counsel, the Wife's-By Ellen Ashton, Child, the Soldier's-By H. Symmes, Christian, the Jewess and the- By J. T. Evans, Castle, the Beleaguered-By H. J. Vernon, Courtship, the Long-By Ellen Ashton, · Capuchin, the Dinner, the Minister's- By Lydia J. Pierson, Duellist, the- By H. Symmes, · Doom, the Equal · Education, Female -By L. F. Tasistro,

February, Fashions for · Flirt, the Male-By Ellen Ashton,

49 89 105 110

Grave, the Widow's- By Edward Woolf, Girl, the Gipsy- By Percie H. Selton, ( Illus· trated,) · Gertrude,

· 53 · 57 · 134 55

33 145

67 124

Heiress, Marrying an-By B. B. Thom,

73

Ilderton, Ida- By H. J. Bowles,

91

January, Fashions for June, Fashions for -

· ·

Minister, the Young -By Emma St. Clair, March, Fashions for Meeting, the- By S. H. Anderson, Murder, the- By W. Wallace, May, Fashions for ·

Nun, the Sister Noina- By Ella of Wyoming,

1 161 113 153 181

Love, Woman's Lover, Curing a-By B. B. Thom, Llewellyn, Kate- By H. Symmes, · · ·

9 65 95 107 129 163

-

31 79

Midshipman, the Lost (Illustrated) 171 185

25

Outcast, the-By G. W. Burch, Officer, the Polish-By J. Thornton,

103 174

Peril, the Hour of-By Percie H. Selton, Poems, Motherwell's Poems, Longfellow's Portraits, the Two- By H. Symmes,

17 41 76 131


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92 given fair greetings by a woman fashioned fair. He turned aside the question she had thought to put and hid long time from her what he had brought, until she ruled as queen within his land. How little he refused to give her what he should!

On the morn the host was far cheerier of mood than he had been afore. Through this the joy of many a noble man was great in all his lands, whom he had bidden to his court, and to whom he proffered much of service. The wedding feast now lasted till the fourteenth day, so that in all this while the sound never died away of the many joys which there they plied. The cost to the king was rated high. The kinsmen of the noble host gave gifts in his honor to the strolling folk, as the king commanded: vesture and ruddy gold, steeds and silver, too. Those who there craved gifts departed hence full merrily. Siegfried, the lord from Netherland, with a thousand of his men, gave quite away the garments they had brought with them to the Rhine and steeds and saddles, too. Full well they wot how to live in lordly wise. Those who would home again thought the time too long till the rich gifts had all been made. Nevermore have guests been better eased. Thus ended the wedding feast; Gunther, the knight, would have it so.


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now the strangers had all ridden hence, Siegmund’s son spake to his fellowship: “We must make us ready, too, to journey to my lands.”

Lief was it to his wife, when the lady heard the tale aright. She spake to her husband: “When shall we ride? I pray thee, make me not haste too sore. First must my brothers share their lands with me.”

It was loth to Siegfried, when he heard this from Kriemhild. The lordings hied them to him and all three spake: “Now may ye know, Sir Siegfried, that our true service be ever at your bidding till our death.”

Then he made obeisance to the knights, as it was proffered him in such kindly wise. “We shall share with you,” spake Giselher, the youth, “both land and castles which we do own and whatever broad realms be subject to our power. Of these ye and Kriemhild shall have a goodly share.”

The son of Siegmund spake to the princes, as he heard and saw the lordings’ will: “God grant that ye be ever happy with your heritage and the folk therein. My dear bride can well forego in truth the share which ye would give. There where she shall wear a crown, she shall be mightier than any one alive, and live to see the day. For whatsoever else ye do command, I stand ready to your bidding.”


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Rh

"I WISH Mary Elcott was richer," exclaimed Charles Masters, as if thinking aloud, breaking the silence which had now lasted for more than five minutes at his friend's dinner table.

"And I second your wish, Masters," answered his companion, coolly cracking an almond, and drawing the wine toward him, "since you seem so heartily in earnest —although I cannot see why you should desire it so much. Is there not something more than a mere interest there, eh! Masters?"

"To be candid with you there is, or rather would be if Mary was but rich. I have often been on the point of telling you my sentiments, but something has always intervened to prevent me. Now, however, I will put off my confession no longer. I admire; ardently admire Miss Elcott, and I am satisfied I could love her, provided she were only wealthy. You needn't smile. I am not, as you would suppose, a fortune—hunter—that is I do not consider a fortune the ne plus ultra in a wife—but as my means at present are just equal to my own wants, I cannot afford to get married unless I wed a bride who has some money at least."

"Stop—let me understand you. You say you cannot afford to get married because your income is only sufficient for your own wants. Now it is but the other day that you told me your profession yielded you two thousand dollars a year—surely it is not impossible to live, even when married, on such an income. I make but a bare fifteen hundred, and yet I should not be afraid to venture matrimony tomorrow, although it is true I should calculate on increasing my income in a year or two."

"Exactly; but you were always a saving fellow, even with your pocket money at school, when I have always liked to live a little more expensively. Now two thousand dollars will just allow me to live as I wish, but even then it must be as a bachelor. There is my horse, and then my private parlor, and there is my annual trip to the springs—all these I must have, and to have them, I must spend my two thousand. Now if I get married, without I wed an heiress, I should have to give up all these—in other words I must surrender my tilbury and walk on foot, while my wife must patronize the omnibus or stay at home. Egad! just think of it—the lady of Charles Masters, Esq. Attorney at Law, running after a Chesnut street omnibus whenever she is tired and wishes to return home."

"All very humorous, my dear fellow—join me in a glass—but still it has little to do with the question; and since you have consulted me I will," he continued smiling, " give you, as the old women say, a bit of my mind. I dislike, as much as you, to deprive a wife of the comforts of life, but with your income, or even mine, there is little danger of doing that. The very thing which you cling to so perversely are luxuries, mere luxuries, nothing else under the sun. Possessed of the love of some virtuous woman you would soon learn to do without them—aye! and enjoy ten-fold more happiness than you do now. Believe me, my dear fellow, you are misleading yourself on this important subject. It is not necessary that you should marry an heiress. You can live, and respectably too, for the first year or two, on your present income; and after that, with your talents, and the standing marriage will give you, you need fear nothing. I do not speak what I am not willing to practice. You are a lawyer and I am a physician. Your profession can be made available sooner than mine. You have two thousand a year and I have but fifteen hundred; and yet I am about to be married , and that to, I may as well tell you, Mary's younger sister. You have seen her, I believe, but once, for she returned only last week from New York, where, however, I met her last summer during my three months sojourn there. I have every reason to believe we shall be happy, even," and again he smiled, "on a bare fifteen hundred a year."

"You surprise me," said Masters, after a pause, "but still there is a difference betwixt your case and mine. Mary has high views of things, and as she could not, if married to me, live, at least for some years, in the style in which her father lives, she would—you may depend on it—grow discontented and peevish. You shake your head, but it would, I am certain, be so. Even if I could give up these comforts, which you call luxuries, she could not

"Stop, my dear fellow, you misrepresent Mary. I know her well. She is not the kind of girl you pretend she is. I will not enter into details, but of this I can assure you," and here he emphasised his words, "that if Mary could love a man she would cheerfully give up every thing but the bare necessaries of life, to follow his fortunes."

"Well—well, it may be. She is at any rate an angel. I have had hard work to keep myself from falling in love with her, although conscious of the folly of uniting my lot to hers in the present state of my finances. Confound this money—why had she not a few thousands, or why am I not richer? —I must stop thinking of her, or going there so often, for," and here he paused and added, " it cannot be. There is Charlotte Spencer, whom all my relatives wish me to marry— she is rich, pretty, accomplished—I suppose I shall have to propose to her, though, heaven knows! if Mary had but half her money I would prefer her. Well, after all


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330 Eckewart, see note 7 to page 2.

Xanten, see note 3 to page 4.

cognizance, ‘jurisdiction.’

dames, i. e., Siegelind and Kriemhild.

Norway. The interpolated character of the adventures XI to XIII, which are not found in the earlier versions, is shown by the confusion in the location of Siegfried’s court. The poet has forgotten that Xanten is his capital, and locates it in Norway. No mention is made, however, of the messengers crossing the sea; on the contrary, Kriemhild speaks of their being sent down the Rhine.

meiny (M. E. meiny, O. F. mesnee), ‘courtiers,’ ‘serving folk.’

housings, ‘saddle cloths.’

leman (M. E. lemman, O. E. léof mann, ‘lief man,’ i. e., ‘dear one’), ‘mistress’ in a bad sense.

brach, ‘hunting dog,’ cognate with M. H. G. bracke, used here.

lion. It is hardly necessary to state that lions did not roam at large in the forests of Germany. They were, however, frequently exhibited in the Middle Ages, and the poet introduced one here to enhance Siegfried’s fame as a hunter.

ure-oxen, the auerochs, or European bison, now practically extinct.

shelk (M. H. G. schelch), probably a species of giant deer.

fragrance. It was believed that the odor of the panther attracted the game. Compare the description of the panther in the older Physiologus, where the odor is said to surpass that of all ointments.

otter translates here M. H. G. ludem, whose exact connotation is not known. Some interpret it to mean the fish otter, others the Waldschrat, a kind of faun.

Balmung, see note 2 to page 14.

Spessart wood lies forty to fifty miles east of Worms and is therefore too distant for a day’s hunt, but such trifles did not disturb the poet.

mulled wine, see note 2 to page 67.

feet. This was probably done as a handi-


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94 Then spake the Lady Kriemhild: “Though ye forego my heritage, yet is it not so light a matter with the Burgundian men-at-arms. A king might gladly lead them to his land. Forsooth my brothers’ hands must share them with me.”

Then spake the Lord Gernot: “Now take whomsoever thou dost wish. Thou wilt find here really a one who’ll gladly ride with thee. We will give thee a thousand of our thirty hundred warriors; be they thy court retainers.”

Kriemhild then gan send for Hagen of Troneg and also for Ortwin, to ask if they and their kinsfolk would be Kriemhild’s men.

At this Hagen waxed wonderly wroth. He spake: “Certes, Gunther may not give us to any in the world. Let others follow as your train. Ye know full well the custom of the men of Troneg: we must in duty bound remain here with the kings at court. We must serve them longer, whom we till now have followed.”

They gave that over and made them ready to ride away. Lady Kriemhild gained for herself two and thirty maids and five hundred men, a noble train. The Margrave Eckewart followed Kriemhild hence. They all took leave, both knights and squires and maids and ladies, as was mickle right. Anon they parted with a kiss and voided merrily King Gunther’s land. Their kinsmen bare them company far upon the way and bade them pitch their quarters for the night, whereso they listed, throughout the princes’ land.

Then messengers were sent eftsoon to Siegmund, that he might know, and Siegelind, too, that his son would come with Lady Uta’s child, Kriemhild, the


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Rh fair, from Worms beyond the Rhine. Liefer tidings might they never have. “Well for me,” spake then Siegmund, “that I have lived to see fair Kriemhild here as queen. My heritage will be thereby enhanced. My son, the noble Siegfried, shall himself be king.”

Then the Lady Siegelind gave much red velvet, silver, and heavy gold; this was the envoy’s meed. The tale well liked her, which then she heard. She clad her and her handmaids with care, as did beseem them. Men told who was to come with Siegfried to the land. Anon they bade seats be raised, where he should walk crowned before his friends. King Siegmund’s liegemen then rode forth to meet him. Hath any been ever better greeted than the famous hero in Siegmund’s land, I know not. Siegelind, the fair, rode forth to meet Kriemhild with many a comely dame (lusty knights did follow on behind), a full day’s journey, till one espied the guests. Home-folk and the strangers had little easement till they were come to a spacious castle, hight Xanten, where they later reigned.

Smilingly Siegelind and Siegmund kissed Kriemhild many times for joy and Siegfried, too; their sorrow was taken from them. All their fellowship received great welcome. One bade now bring the guests to Siegmund’s hall, and lifted the fair young maids down from the palfreys. Many a knight gan serve the comely dames with zeal. However great the feasting at the Rhine was known to be, here one gave the heroes much better robes than they had worn in all their days. Of their splender great marvels might be told. When now they sate in lofty honors and had enow of all, what gold-hued clothes their courtiers wore with precious


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Hallow-E’en (Mayne)

 * "Hallow-E’en", in The Weekly Magazine, or Edinburgh Amusement (23 November 1780)
 * "Hallow-E’en", in Two Scots Poems (1783)

title: Hallow-E’en (Mayne)


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should begin, said my father, turning himself half round in bed, and shifting his pillow a little towards my mother's, as he opened the debate—We should begin to think, Mrs. Shandy, of putting this boy into breeches.

We should so,—said my mother.—We defer it, my dear, quoth my father, shamefully.

I think we do, Mr. Shandy,—said my mother.

—Not but the child looks extremely well, said my father, in his vests and tunicks.


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136 ill or obtaining good; and as mendicant visitors at the houses of the great. The number of such persons in Nattore is eighty- seven, all Hindus, to whom as belonging to the same general class must be added a learned Musalman, making in all 88. The third class consists of the students at Hindu schools of learning, in number amounting to 397, to whom as already stated I shall rank without exception as adults, although there may be a very few amongst them who are under fourteen years of age. At present their attainments in Hindu learning are in many instances respectable, and they are growing up to occupy the places of the two preceding classes. The fourth class consists of those without being, or claiming to be, learned in the technical sense of the term, have acquired a degree of knowledge superior to mere reading and writing, such as a knowledge of Bengali accounts, sometimes an acquaintance with Persian as a written language, often an acquaintance with Hindustani as a spoken language, and in three or four instances a smattering of English. They are for the most part persons having some landed property, retainers of wealthy families, officers of Government, servants of merchants and planters, money-lenders and their agents, shop-keepers, teachers of Persian and Bengali schools, &c. Their number in 3,255. The fifth class consists of those who can either sign their names or read imperfectly, or perhaps can do both, but the power to do either has obtained admission into this class. It is proper to note this distinction, because the power of reading and writing is in general acquired at school at the same time; but sometimes a person has had only a few months’ or perhaps weeks’ instruction at school and is just able to sign his name without pretending to read any other writing; and in other cases persons have by self-instruction at home acquired the power to sign their names without making any further advances. On the other hand, some can read without being able to write or pretending to understand even what they read. This class, therefore, includes all who have made any attainment whatever, however humble, in reading or writing, and the individuals composing it consist of the lowest description of Musalman priests, some of whom teach the formal reading of the Koran; the lowest descriptions of dealers or mechanics such as oilmen, flowermen, smiths, manufacturers of earthen-ware, &c.; and the lowest descriptions of brahmans who employ themselves in fomenting disputes in villages about caste and making the conciliation of parties a source of gain to themselves, or who act as cooks, messengers, attendants on idols for hire, &c., &c. The persons of this class are 2,342 in number. These five classes, embracing as far as I can ascertain the entire literary attainments of Nattore, both real and nominal, contain in all 6,121 individuals, leaving, out of the male adult population (59,500), not less than 53,379 who have received not even a single ray of knowledge into their minds


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96 stones well worked thereon! Thus did Siegelind, the noble queen, purvey them well.

Then to his friends Lord Siegmund spake: “I do all Siegfried’s kin to wit, that he shall wear my crown before these knights.” Those of Netherland heard full fain the tale. He gave his son the crown, the cognizance, and lands, so that he then was master of them all. When that men went to law and Siegfried uttered judgment, that was done in such a wise that men feared sore fair Kriemhild’s husband.

In these high honors Siegfried lived, of a truth, and judged as king, till the tenth year was come, when his fair lady bare a son. This was come to pass after the wish of the kinsmen of the king. They hastened to baptize and name him Gunther for his uncle; nor had he need to be ashamed of this. Should he grow like to his kinsman, he would fare full well. They brought him up with care, as was but due. In these same times the Lady Siegelind died, and men enow made wail when death bereft them of her. Then the child of the noble Uta held withal the power over the lands, which well beseemed such high-born dames.

Now also by the Rhine, as we hear tell, at mighty Gunther’s court, in the Burgundian land, Brunhild, the fair, had born a son. For the hero’s sake they named him Siegfried. With what great care they bade attend him! The noble Gunther gave him masters who well wot how to bring him up to be a doughty man. Alas, what great loss of kin he later suffered through misfortune!

Many tales were told all time, of how right worshipfully the lusty knights dwelt alway in Siegmund’s land.


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 —He does look very well in them,—replied my mother.

—And for that reason it would be almost a sin, added my father, to take him out of 'em.

—It would so,—said my mother:—But indeed he is growing a very tall lad,—rejoin'd my father.

—He is very tall for his age, indeed,—said my mother.

—I can not (making two syllables of it) imagine, quoth my father, who the duce he takes after.

I cannot conceive, for my life,—said my mother.


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 Humph!—said my father.

(The dialogue ceased for a moment.)

—I am very short myself,—continued my father, gravely.

You are very short, Mr. Shandy,—said my mother.

Humph! quoth my father to himself, a second time: in muttering which, he plucked his pillow a little further from my mother's,—and turning about again, there was an end of the debate for three minutes and a half.

—When he gets these breeches made, cried my father in a higher tone, he'll look like a beast in 'em.


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Rh Gunther dealt the same with his distinguished kin. The Nibelung land and Schilbung’s knights and the goods of both served Siegfried here (none of his kinsmen ever waxed mightier than he). So much the higher rose the mood of the valiant man. The very greatest heard that any hero ever gained, save those who owned it aforetime, the bold man had, the which he had won by his own hand hard by a hill, and for which he did many a lusty knight to death. He had honors to his heart’s desire, and had this not been so, yet one must rightly aver of the noble champion, that he was one of the best that ever mounted horse. Men feared his might and justly, too.


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 He will be very aukward in them at first, replied my mother.

—And 'twill be lucky, if that's the worst on't, added my father.

It will be very lucky, answered my mother.

I suppose, replied my father,—making some pause first,—he'll be exactly like other people's children.

Exactly, said my mother.

—Though I should be sorry for that, added my father: and so the debate stopped again.

—They should be of leather, said my father, turning him about again.


text: Index:Dear Colleague Letter - Sexual Violence.pdf


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138 collected tend additionally to illustrate their character and condition, it would be improper to omit them. They are submitted with deference to those who may have made professional inquiries, and can form a professional judgment on the subject.

The number of those who may be called general practitioners and who rank highest in the native medical profession in Nattore, is 123, of whom 89 are Hindus and 34 are Mahomedans. The Medical School at Vaidya Belghariya possesses considerable interest, since it is, as far as I can ascertain, the only institution of the kind in the district, and the number of such institutions throughout Bengal is, I believe, very limited. The two medical teachers of this school are employed as domestic physicians by two wealthy families, and they have eaeheach [sic] also a respectable general practice. As a domestic physician, the junior teacher has a fixed salary of twenty-five rupees a month; while the senior teacher in the same capacity has only fifteen rupees a month, and that only as long as his attendance may be required during periods of sickness in the family that employs him. I have spoken of that family as wealthy, but it is only comparatively so, being in very reduced circumstances; and to that cause rather than to the low estimation in which the physician is held, we must ascribe the scanty remuneration he receives. At another place, Hajra Nattore, No. 26, there are three educated Hindu practitioners, all three brahmans and brothers and more or less acquainted with Sanscrit, having acquired the grammar of the language at Bejpara Amhatti, and subsequently applied their knowledge of it to the study of the medical works in that language. The eldest has practised since he was eighteen, and he is now sixty-two years of age, and employs his leisure in instructing his two nephews. On an average of the year he estimates the income derived from his practice at five rupees a month, while one of his brothers who is in less repute estimates his own income at three rupees. At a third place, Haridev Khalasi, No. 100, there are four educated Hindu practitioners, three of whom appeared to be in considerable repute for skill and learning. They were all absent, and I had not an opportunity of conversing with them; but their neighbours and friends estimated their monthly professional income at eight, ten, and twelve rupees, respectively. There are at most two or three other educated Hindu physicians in Nattore, and all the rest are professionally uneducated, the only knowledge they possess of medicine being derived from Bengali translations of Sanscrit works which describe the symptoms of the principal diseases and prescribe the articles of the native materia medica that should be employed for their cure, and the proportions in which they should be compounded. I have not been able to ascertain that there is a single educated Musalman physician in Nattore, and consequently the 34 Mahomedan practitioners I have mentioned, rank with the uneducated class of Hindu practitioners, deriving all their knowledge of medicine from Bengali


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Rh translations of Sanskrit works to the prescriptions of which they servilely adhere.

The only difference that I have been able to discover between the educated and uneducated classes of native practitioners is that the former prescribe with greater confidence and precision from the original authorities, and the latter with greater doubt and uncertainty from loose and imperfect translations. The mode of treatment is substantially the same, and in each case is fixed and invariable. Great attention is paid to the symptoms of disease, a careful and strict comparison being made between the descriptions of the supposed disease in the standard medical works and the actual symptoms in the case of the patient. When the identity is satisfactorily ascertained, there is then no doubt as to the practice to be adopted, for each disease has its peculiar remedy in the works of established repute, and to depart from their prescriptions would be an act of unheard-of presumption. If, with a general resemblance, there should be some slight difference of symptoms, a corresponding departure from the authorized prescription is permitted, but only as regards the medium or vehicle through which it is administered. The medicines administered are both vegetable and mineral. The former are divided into those which are employed in the crude state, as barks, leaves, common or wild roots, and fruits, &c.; and those which are sold in the druggist’s shop as camphor, cloves, cardamums, &c. They are administered either externally or in the forms of pill, powder, electuary, and decoction.

The preceding class of practitioners consists of individuals who at best know nothing of medicine as a science, but practice it as an art according to a prescribed routine, and it may well be supposed that many, especially of the uneducated class, are nothing but quacks. Still as a class they rank higher both in general estimation and in usefulness than the village doctors. Of these there are not fewer than 205 in Nattore. They have not the least semblance of medical knowledge, and they in general limit their prescriptions to the simplest vegetable preparations, either preceded or followed by the pronouncing of an incantation and by striking and blowing upon the body. Their number proves that they are in repute in the villages; and the fact is ascribable to the influence which they exercise upon the minds of the superstitious by their incantations. The village doctors are both men and women; and most of them are Mahomedans, like the class to which they principally address themselves.

The small-pox inoculators in point of information and respectability come next to the class of general practitioners. There are 21 of them in Nattore, for the most part brahmans, but uninstructed and ignorant, exercising merely the manual art of inoculation. One man sometimes inoculates from 100 to 500 children in a day, receiving, for each operation a fixed rate of payment


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140 varying from one to two annnsannas [sic]; the less amount if the number of children is great, the greater amount if the number is small. The cow-pox has not, I believe, been introduced into this district amongst the natives, except at the head station. Elsewhere the small-pox inoculators have been found its opponents; but, as far as I can understand, their opposition does not arise from interested motives, for the cow-pox inoculation would give them as much labour and profit as they now have. Their opposition arises, I am assured, from the prejudice against using cow-pox. The veneration in which the cow is held is well known, and they fear to participate in a practice which seems to be founded on some injury done to that animal when the matter was originally extracted. The spread of the cow-pox would probably be most effectually accomplished by the employment of Musalman inoculators, whose success might in due time convince the brahman inoculators of their mistake.

Midwives are another class of practitioners that may be noticed, although it has been denied that Hindus have any. An eminent London physician, in his examination before the Medical Committee of the House of Commons, is stated to have affirmed that the inhabitants of China have no women-midwives, and no practitioners in midwifery at all. “Of course,” it is added, “the African nations and the Hindus are the same.” I enquired and noted the number of women-midwives (there is not a man-midwife in the country) in the villages of Nattore, and find that they amount to 297. They are no doubt sufficiently ignorant, as are probably the majority of women-midwives at home.

Still lower than the village doctors there is a nmerousnumerous [sic] class of pretenders who go under the general name of conjurors or charmers. The largest division of this class are the snake-conjurors; their number in the single police sub-division of Nattore being not less than 722. There are few villages without one, and in some villages there are as many as ten. I could, if it were required, indicate the villages and the number in each; but instead of incumbering Table I. with such details, I have judged it sufficient to state the total number in this place. They profess to cure the bites of poisonous snakes by incantations or charms. In this district, particularly during the rainy season, snakes are numerous and excite much terror among the villagers. Nearly the whole district forming, it is believed, an old bed of the Ganges, lies very low; and the rapid increase of the waters during the rainy season drives the land-snakes from their holes, and they seek refuge in the houses of the inhabitants, who hope to obtain relief from their bites by the incantations of the conjurors. These take nothing for the performance of their rites, or for the cures they pretend to have performed. All is pecuniarily gratuitous to the individual, but they have substantial advantages which enable them to be thus liberal. When the inhabitants of a village hitherto without


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 Old man. "How darest thou claim it, reprobate villain? Return to thy damned companions in hell. Respect this seal, respect these characters."

"Here the old man pointed at the door of the vault which had been sealed up: The phantom staggered towards it but suddenly shuddered back, and sunk groaning on the ground; a flash of lightning illuminated the cellar, and a tremendous peal of thunder resounded through the lofty vault; all the doors were shut again with a terrible noise, a frightful howling filled our ears, and horrid phantoms hovered before our eyes; flashes of lightning hissed through the vault, and roaring claps of thunder threatened to overturn the whole fabric."

"The lightning ceased by degrees, and the roaring of thunder died away, a blue flame was still glimmering on the staircase, but it soon died away, and we were surrounded with darkness; groans and dreadful lamentations


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Rh a conjuror think that they can afford to have one, they invite a professor of the art from a neighbouring village where there happens to be one to spare, and give him a piece of land and various privileges and immunities. He possesses great influence over the inhabitants. If a quarrel takes place, his interference will quell it sooner than that of any one else; and when he requires the aid of his neighbours in cultivating his plot of ground or in reaping its produce, it is always more readily given to him than to others. The art is not hereditary in a family or peculiar to any caste. One I met with was a boatman, another a chowkidar, and a third a weaver. Whoever learns the charm may practice it, but it is believed that those practice it most successfully who are “to the manner born,” that is, who have been born under a favorable conjunction of the planets. Every conjuror seems to have a separate charm, for I have found no two the same. They do not object to repeat it merely for the gratification of curiosity, and they allow it to be taken down in writing. Neither do they appear to have any mutual jealousy, each readily allowing the virtue of other incantations than his own. Sometimes the pretended curer of snake-bites by charms professes also to possess the power of expelling demons, and in other cases the expeller of demons disclaims being a snake-conjuror. Demon-conjurors are not numerous in Nattore; and tiger-conjurors who profess to cure the bites of tigers, although scarcely heard of in that thana, are more numerous in those parts of the district where there is a considerable space covered by jungle inhabited by wild beasts. Distinct from these three kinds of conjurors and called by a different name is a class of gifted (guni) persons who are believed to possess the power of preventing the fall of hail which would destroy or injure the crops of the villages. For this purpose when there is a prospect of a hail-storm, one of them goes out into the fields belonging to the village with a trident and a buffaloe’s horn. The trident is fixed in the ground and the Gifted makes a wide circuit around it, running naked, blowing the horn, and pronouncing incantations. It is the firm belief of the villagers that their crops are by this means protected from hail-storms. Both men and women practice this business. There are about a dozen in Nattore, and they are provided for in the same way as the conjurors.

Some of these details may appear, and in themselves probably are, unimportant, but they help to afford an insight into the character of the humblest classes of native society who constitute the great mass of the people, and whose happiness and improvement are identical with the prosperity of the country; and although they exhibit the proofs of a most imbecile superstition, yet it is a superstition which does not appear to have its origin or support in vice or depravity, but in a childish ignorance of the common laws of nature which the most imperfect education


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 resounded still through the winding caverns, but soon all around was hushed in profound silence. After a short pause of horrid stillness, the trampling of horses and the sound of horns was heard again; yet that noise died also away before we recovered our recollection."

"When our astonishment began to sub- side, we perceived that we were standing in a dark cellar, without knowing whether any one of us was missing. A disagreeable sul- phurous odour affected our smelling organs, and bereft us almost of the power of respi- ration; not a whisper interrupted the dead midnight silence which surrounded us. At length somebody took me by the hand, I shuddered back, my imagination being still the wrestling place of horrid wild phantoms, and my soul divining a thousand dreadful thoughts."

"It is I," said the Lieutenant, and I felt at once as if an heavy load had been taken from my breast. Now the Baron began also


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Rh in order to complete with another teacher a course of study in general literature. The majority of law-students, however, begin and end their studies in general literature to whatever extent they may desire to proceed with a professor of that branch of learning, and afterwards resort to a teacher of law for instruction in his peculiar department. On those occasions on which the study of the law is specially directed to be suspended as on the first, eighth, and thirtieth of the waxing and waning of the moon, when it thunders, &c., &c., the students most commonly revert to their studies in general literature which at such times are not prohibited.

The compilation of  on every branch of Hindu law, comprised in twenty-eight books, is almost exclusively studied in this district. It consists, according to Mr., of texts collected from the institutes attributed to ancient legislators, with a gloss explanatory of the sense, and reconciling seeming contradictions. Of the twenty-eight books those are almost exclusively read which prescribe and explain the ritual of Hinduism. The first book invariably read is that on lunar days; and this is followed by the others without any fixed order of succession, such as those on marriage, on penance, on purification, on obsequies, on the intercalary month of the Hindu calendar, &c.; but the number of books read is seldom more than ten and never exceeds twelve, and is sometimes not more than four, three, and even two Raghunandana’s treaties on inheritance and on the same subject, are also taught by one or two Pundits.

3. The two schools of logic are 9 (b), and 86 (b), of Table III., containing each four students, of whom two are Natives and six strangers to the villages in which the schools are situated. The age of commencing study is ten or twelve and that of leaving college twenty-four or thirty-two, the course of study taking up from twelve to twenty-two years which must be understood, as in the preceding case of law-schools, to include the preliminary studies in grammar, &c. Of these schools the teacher of one receives about twenty-five rupees a month in presents and his pupils two rupees; and the teacher of the other eight rupees a month and his pupils one. The expenditure of a student in the former for books during the whole course is stated to be about fourteen rupees, and that of a student in the latter about fifty rupees; the difference being probably occasioned by the circumstance that in the one case family-copies of books are used which are not possessed in the other.

The course of instruction in logic embraces the reading and explanation of the following works, viz., Bhasha Parichheda; an introduction to the system of logic, with definitions of terms, qualities, and objects; Vyapti Panchaka on the necessary or inherent qualities of objects; Sinha Vyaghra, a supplement to the preceding; Vyaddhikaranadharmabachinabhaba on the same subject;