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 November 23: Aeromarine all-metal flying boat launched at Keyport, N.J.

December 18: Christmas aileron patent claim was settled when U.S. Government bought the patent rights for $100,000.

End of 1923: Die Rakete zu den Planetenräumen (The Rocket Into Interpanetary Space) by Hermann Oberth was published in Germany, and was the genesis for considerable discussion of rocket propulsion.

During 1923: Turbine-type supercharger with a gear drive under development at McCook Field.

 * Navy Bureau of Aeronautics abandoned water-cooled engines of less than 300 hp with the development of the Lawrance direct air-cooled J-1, 200-hp engine. Weight of water-cooling system was usually in excess of 25 percent of the total weight of the engine.

January 16: President Coolidge canceled all preparations for Navy Arctic expedition in which it was intended to use airplanes and the dirigible Shenandoah.

February 27: Corp. C. E. Conrad (USAS) successfully parachuted from 21,500 feet, from DH-4B over Kelly Field, Tex.

March 4: Two Martin bombers and two DH-4's broke up an icejam on the Platte River at North Bend, Nebr., by bombing.

March 7: Lt. E. H. Barksdale and B. Jones (USAS) flew DH-4B Liberty 400 on instruments from McCook Field, Dayton, Ohio, to Mitchel Field, N.Y.

During March: Apparatus developed at Wright Field for scattering insecticide from the air, for use in checking spread of gypsy moth in New England.

April 6-September 28: The first round-the-world flight, the first transpacific flight, and the first westbound Atlantic crossing, from and returning to Seattle, by two Army Douglas "World Cruiser" biplanes, flying 26,345 miles in 363 hours' flying time, with an elapsed time of 175 days.

During April: Central Committee for the Study of Rocket Propulsion established in the Soviet Union.

May 2: Unofficial two-man altitude record of 31,540 feet set by Lts. John A. Macready and A. W. Stevens (USAS) on a flight during which an aerial photograph covering the greatest area of the earth's surface to date was obtained.

May 19: Lt. J. A. Macready (USAS) established new American altitude record of 35,239 feet at Dayton, in Le Pere Liberty 400.

June 2: Dr. C. L. Meisinger of the Weather Bureau and Lt. James T. Neely were killed by lightning in storm-riding balloon flight, near Monticello, Ill.

June 23: First "dawn-to-dusk" flight from New York to San Francisco, by Lt. R. L. Maugham in Curtis Pursuit (PW-8), with five stops en route.

July 1: Dr. George W. Lewis appointed Director of Aeronautical Research of NACA, a post he held until 1947.

 * First continuous night-and-day transcontinental airmail service initiated between New York and San Francisco by Post Office Department pilots, a service which was first instituted on September 8, 1920, but had stopped.

September 14: French helicopter flown by its designer, Oehmichen, established world helicopter altitude record of 3.28 feet carrying 440.92-pound useful load.

September 15: Unmanned N-9 seaplane equipped with radio control successfully flown on 40-minute flight from Naval Proving Grounds, Dahlgren, and sank from damage sustained on landing.

October 15: ZR-3 (later renamed Los Angeles), a German dirigible constructed for the U.S. Navy under a reparations agreement, arrived at Lakehurst, N.J., after flying the Atlantic, by German crew under Dr. Hugo Eckener.

October 24: When all foreign entrants withdrew from Schneider Cup Race to be held at Bayshore Park, Md., the United States agreed to cancel race rather than win by a flyaway. Instead, Navy scheduled contestants and other naval aircraft placed 17 world records in the book for class C seaplanes.

October 25: Lt. R. A. Ofstie (USN) established new world seaplane speed record of 178.25 mph for 100 km.

October 28: Cloud formations at 13,000 feet were broken up over Bolling Field, D.C., by "blasting" with electrified silica in a fog-dispersal demonstration by Army aircraft.

November 24: NACA Committee on Aerodynamics summarized in its annual report that it had direct control of aerodynamic research conducted at Langley, the propeller research conducted at Standford University under W. F. Durand, and some special investigation at the Bureau of Standards and at a number of Universities. Investigation undertaken at the Washington Navy Yard Aerodynamic Laboratory, the Engineering Division of the Army Air Service, the Bureau of Standards, and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology were reported to this Committee. Thus, it was "in close contact with all aerodynamical work being carried out in the United States."

 * NACA Subcommittee on metals concluded that duralumin girders which formed framework of the Shenandoah "will not fail by 'fatigue' in less than 40 years under service conditions" as a result of the "most extensive investigation of the properties of sheet metal which has been undertaken in this country," by the Bureau of Standards.

December 2: "Standard Atmosphere," after careful coordination, approved by Executive Committee of NACA, later adopted for use in aeronautical calculations by the War and Navy Departments, the Weather Bureau, and the Bureau of Standards; described by Lt. Walter S. Diehl of BuAer in NACA Technical Report No. 218. It gave pressures and densities for altitudes up to 20,000 meters and to 65,000 feet.

December 9: The Civil Aeronautics Act, proposing to establish a Bureau of Civil Aeronautics in the Department of Commerce, was reintroduced in Congress.

During 1924: High-speed wind tunnel (5 foot, 1,000 hp, 260 mph) at McCook Field used continuously, handling 150 tests of 17 airfoil, 24 model, and 15 fuselage tests.

 * High-speed photography of sprays produced by fuel injection valves successfully developed, and flight study of Roots-type supercharger with DH-4 and DT-2 aircraft conducted, at Langley Laboratory. Supercharging increased practical ceiling of DH-4 from 14,500 feet to 31,000 feet, and of the DT-2 from 18,500 feet to 28,000 feet.

 * NACA Report No. 207 by L. J. Briggs, G. F. Hull, and H. L. Dryden of the National Bureau of Standards, "Aerodynamic Characteristics of Airfoils at High Speeds," was major contribution reporting on tests of airfoils at near supersonic speeds.

January 24-25: Twenty-five aircraft carried scientists and other observers above clouds in Connecticut to view total eclipse of the sun, while airship Los Angeles carried Naval Observatory scientists over Block Island, R.I.

February 2: President Coolidge signed the Kelly bill authorizing contract air transport of mail.

February 18: "Standard Altimeter Calibration" worked out by Bureau of Standards, and approved by all interested agencies, was approved by the NACA.

April 13: Henry Ford started an airfreight line between Detroit and Chicago, the first such commercial flights on a regular schedule. 18


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THE DEVIL'S ROSARY nance on the books in the course of our ride, cutting corners on two wheels, racing madly in the wrong direction through one-way streets, taking more than one chance of fatal collision with passing vehicles.

The floodgates of the clouds were just opening, and great torrents of water were cataracting down when we drew up beneath the Arkwright porte-cochère and de Grandin handed Haroldine from the cab with a ceremonious bow, then turned to pay the taxi-man his well-earned bonus.

"Mordieu, our luck holds excellently well—" he began as we turned toward the door, but a blaze of lightning more savage than any we had seen thus far and the roaring detonation of a thunderclap which seemed fairly to split the heavens blotted out the remainder of his sentence.

The girl shrank against me with a frightened little cry as the lighting seared our eyes, and I sympathized with her terror, for it seemed to me the flash must have struck almost at our feet, so nearly simultaneous were fire and thunder, but a wild, half hysterical laugh from de Grandin brought me round with an astonished exclamation.

The little Frenchman had rushed from the shelter of the mansion's porch and pointed dramatically toward the big stone pillars flanking the entrance to the grounds. there, toppled on its side as though struck fairly by a high-explosive shell, lay the victoria we had ordered to follow us, the horses kicking wildly at their shattered harness, the coachman thrown a clear dozen feet form his vehicle, and the carriage itself reduced to splinters scarcely larger than match-staves.

Heedless of the drenching rain, we raced across the lawn and halted by the prostrate postilion. Miraculously, the man was not only living, but regaining consciousness as we reached him. "Glory be to God!" he exclaimed piously as we helped him to his feet. "'Tis only by th' mercy o' heaven i'm still a livin' man!"

"Eh bien, my friend"—de Grandin gave his little blond mustache a sharp twist as he surveyed the ruined carriage—"perhapsly the stupidity of hell may have something to do with it. Look at your horses; they seem scarcely worse off than yourself, but they may be up to mischief if they remain unchaperoned."

Once more beneath the shelter of the porte-cochère, as calmly as though discussing the probability of the storm's abatement, he proposed: "Let us go in, my friends. The horses and coachman will soon be all right. As for the carriage"—he raised his narrow shoulders in a fatalistic shrug—"Mademoiselle, I hope Monsieur your father carried adequate insurance on it."

HE little Frenchman laid his hand on the polished brass handle of the big oak door, but the portal held its place unyieldingly, and it was not till the girl had pressed the bell button several times that a butler who looked as if his early training had been acquired while serving as guard in a penitentiary appeared and paid us the compliment of a searching inspection before standing aside to admit us.

"Your father's in the living-room, Miss Haroldine," he answered the girl's quick question, then followed us half-way down the hall, as though reluctant o let us out of sight.

Heavy draperies of mulberry and gold brocade were drawn across the living-room windows, shutting out the lightening flashes and muffling the rumble of the thunder. A fire of resined logs burned cheerfully in the marble-arched fireplace, taking the edge from the early-spring chill; electric lamps under painted shades spilled pools of light on Turkey carpets, mahogany shelves loaded with ranks of morocco-bound volumes and

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Page:Weird Tales v13n04.djvu/11


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 April 15: Daily flights to an altitude of 10,000 feet to obtain weather data and to test upper-air-sounding equipment begun at NAS Anacostia. In the following February, the schedule was extended by the Navy to include weekends and holidays, with the altitude being increased to 15,000 feet.

April 27: First trial flight of new Wright Cyclone 450-hp air-cooled engine in DT-6 torpedo plane, at Muchio's Field, N.J.

During April: Oleo landing gear tested by Navy on NB-1 at Seattle.

May 20: Air Service Technical School at Rantoul, Ill., carried on radio conversations from planes in the air, reaching Chicago 115 miles distant.

June 12: Daniel Guggenheim donated $500,000 toward establishment of a School of Aeronautics at New York University.

June 25: Construction of full-scale propeller research wind tunnel at Langley Aeronautical Laboratory was initiated, which was completed in 1927.

During July: First radiobeacon, one developed at McCook Field, installed in airmail plane for the Department of Commerce.

 * Small car moving on ground controlled by radio from an airplane at 2,000 feet, by Air Service at Wright Field, Dayton.

August 1: Naval Air Detail, under Lt. Comdr. R. E. Byrd, began aerial exploration of 30,000-square-mile area near Etah, North Greenland, with three Loening amphibians, as part of the MacMillan expedition.

 * Curtiss Condor, first of new series of night bombers, made first flight at Garden City, Long Island.

September 3: Navy dirigible Shenandoah crashed near Ava, Ohio, killing 14 of 43 persons aboard.

September 12: Morrow Board was appointed by President Coolidge to recommend U.S. air policy.

October 7: Post Office Department awarded first five contracts under the Kelly Air Mail Act for the flying of mail to private contractors on a bid basis.

October 26: Lt. James H. Doolittle, U.S. Air Service, won Schneider Cup Race flying Curtiss-R3 C-2 seaplane Racer, and also broke speed record for seaplanes attaining 245.7 mph, at Baltimore, Md.

November 20: Night photographs using 50-pound magnesium flares taken from Army Martin bomber by Lt. George W. Goddard, over Rochester, N.Y.

November 30: The President's Aircraft Board, better known for its senior member as the Morrow Board, submitted its report to President Coolidge. Recommendations of the NACA to the Morrow Board were important in decisions leading to the passage of the Air Commerce Act of 1926 and the appropriation of funds for the long-range development of Army and Navy aviation. With its recommendations inaugurated, NACA thereafter followed a policy of avoiding entanglement in matters not related to research.

December 17: Col. William Mitchell found guilty by Army General Court-Martial, in session since October 28.

December 27: Daniel Guggenheim created the $2,500,000 Daniel Guggenheim Fund for the Promotion of Aeronautics to speed development of civil aviation in the United States.

During 1925: School of Aviation Medicine began study on an objective aptitude test for flyers.

During 1925: Goeffrey de Havilland of Britain first produced two-seat biplane, the Moth, a small popular light airplane. War-surplus Curtis JN4D airplanes had earlier been popular in the United States, while Taylor Cub monoplane appeared in 1931.

January 1: Henry J. E. Reid appointed Engineer-in-Charge of NACA Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory, a post held until July 1960, when he retired as Director of NASA's Langley Research Center.

January 16: Daniel Guggenheim Fund for the Promotion of Aeronautics formally established.

January 29: An American altitude record of 38,704 feet was set by Lt. J. A. Macready (USAS) in an XCO5-A Liberty 400 at Dayton, Ohio.

February 6: Pratt & Whitney produced first Wasp engine, a nine-cylinder radial air-cooled engine of about 400 hp at 1,800 rpm.

March 16: Robert H. Goddard launched the world's first liquid-fueled rocket at Auburn, Mass., which traveled 184 feet in 21/2 seconds. This event was the "Kitty Hawk" of rocketry.

March 23: Inventor of sodium-filled valves for internal combustion engines, S. D. Heron, granted exclusive license for manufacture to Rick Tool Co., later part of Eaton Manufacturing Co.

April 16: The Department of Agriculture purchased its first cotton-dusting plane.

During April: The NACA analysis of basic aeronautical legislation was accepted by Joint Senate-House conferees, leading to the Air Commerce Act of May 20, 1926. This freed NACA of responsibility for regulation of civil aviation and permitted it to concentrate upon the conduct of aeronautical research.

May 5: Robert H. Goddard communicated the results of his successful liquid-propellant rocket flight of March 16 to the Smithsonian Institution.

May 9: First flight over the North Pole, by Richard Byrd, navigator, and Floyd Bennett, pilot, in a Fokker Monoplane, from Spitsbergen.

May 12: Lincoln Ellsworth, American explorer, flew across the North Pole in the dirigible Norge, commanded by Roald Amundsen.

May 20: President Coolidge signed the Air Commerce Act, the first Federal legislation regulating civil aeronautics.

May 24: First annual inspection and conference for industrial and other governmental aeronautical persons held at NACA's Langley Laboratory. These annual events were of high importance in promoting aeronautical research in the United States.

June 6: Last elements of Navy Alaskan Aerial Survey Expedition departed Seattle for Alaska. Three Loening amphibians operating from tender U.S.S. Gannet made aerial mapping of Alaska throughout the summer and into September with the cooperation of the Department of the Interior.

June 25: Largest wind tunnel in the world (20-foot throat), the Propeller Research Tunnel, constructed at Langley.

July 1: Edward P. Warner, professor of aeronautics at MIT, nominated by President Coolidge to become Assistant Secretary of Navy in Charge of Aviation. Dr. Warner served on the NACA, 1929-46.

July 2: First known reforesting by airplane was carried out in Hawaii.

 * The Army Air Corps Act became law and the Air Service was redesignated the Air Corps. It also made provision for an Assistant Secretary of War for Air and for a 5-year Air Corps expansion program.

 * By act of Congress, the NACA was required to review aeronautical inventions and designs submitted to any branch of Government and submit reports to the Aeronautics Patents and Design Board.

July 28: Submarine S-1 surfaced and launched a Cox-Klemin XS-2 seaplane piloted by Lt. D. C. Allen. It later recovered airplane and submerged, thus carrying out first complete cycle in this series of feasibility experiments. 20


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The two tiny creatures, taken by surprise, turned upside down and fell to the ground.

— Didn't I tell you?" exclaimed the beetle, standing up and wiping his dirt-smeared hat with his sleeve. Didn't I say there was "something" in there? It's the Black Scorpion's lair, there's no doubt about that, and I don't want any stories about poisonous stinging breeds! See you later, my friend Scaly, have a good day and be very happy. Goodbye!

And off he went through the air, buzzing like an airplane...

he little fish, however, was a brave dusky millions fish who was never afraid of cucas, and so he remained there, increasingly interested in deciphering the riddle. He thought for a long time, with his hands on his chin, and suddenly, seeing the doll next to the girl, he slapped his forehead in great joy:

— And this! Well, isn't that Narizinho Rebitado, our little friend who always shows up? What a nice meeting! I'm going to invite her to visit the Clear Waters


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Rh until the time of Sir John Hill's satire, in 1751. This once well-known work is, in my judgment, the greatest compliment the Royal Society ever received. It brought forward a number of what are now feeble and childish researches in the Philosophical Transactions. It showed that the inquirers had actually been inquiring; and that they did not pronounce decision about 'natural knowledge by help of natural knowledge.' But for this, Hill would neither have known what to assail, nor how. Matters are now entirely changed. The scientific bodies are far too well established to risk themselves. Ibit qui zonam perdidit—

These great institutions are now without any collective purpose, except that of promoting individual energy; they print for their contributors, and guard themselves by a general declaration that they will not be answerable for the things they print. Of course they will not put forward anything for everybody; but a writer of a certain reputation, or matter of a certain look of plausibility and safety, will find admission. This is as it should be; the pasturer of flocks and herds and the hunters of wild beasts are two very different bodies, with very different policies. The scientific academies are what a spiritualist might call 'publishing mediums,' and their spirits fall occasionally into writing which looks as if minds in the higher state were not always impervious to nonsense.

The following joke is attributed to Sir John Hill. I cannot honestly say I believe it; but it shows that his contemporaries did not believe he had no humour. Good stories are always in some sort of keeping with the characters on which they are fastened. Sir John Hill contrived a communication to the Royal Society from Portsmouth, to the effect that a sailor had broken his leg in a fall from the mast-head; that bandages and a plentiful application of tarwater had made him, in three days, able to use his leg as well as ever. While this communication was under grave discussion—it must be remembered that many then thought tarwater had extraordinary remedial properties—the joker contrived that a second letter should be delivered, which stated that the writer had forgotten, in his previous communication, to mention that the leg was a wooden leg! Horace Walpole told this story, I suppose for the first time; he is good authority for the fact of circulation, but for nothing more.

Sir John Hill's book is droll and cutting satire. Dr. Maty, (Sec. Royal Society) wrote thus of it in the Journal Britannique (Feb. 1751), of which he was editor:


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 August 25: JN training plane with large parachute floated deadstick down to a rough landing and some damage, at San Diego Naval Air Station.

During August: Air Corps School of Aviation Medicine moved from Mitchel Field to Brooks Field, Tex., and was subsequently moved to Randolph Field in October 1931.

October 1: Daniel Guggenheim Fund for the Promotion of Aeronautics made a grant to the University of Michigan for the completion of a wind tunnel and a Chair of Aeronautics.

November 13: Lt. C. F. Schilt (USMC) took second place in the Schneider Cup Race at Hampton Roads, Va., flying an R3C-2 with an average speed of 231 mph. This was last U.S. Navy participation in international racing competition.

December 10-11: Financed by the Daniel Guggenheim Fund for the Promotion of Aeronautics, a conference of representatives of MIT, New York University, Stanford University, California Institute of Technology, University of Michigan, and University of Washington was held at NACA to interchange ideas on educational methods, coordinating research work, and developing special courses in aeronautical education.

During 1926: Dr. Louis H. Bauer, former Commandant of the School of Aviation Medicine (1919-25), established a medical section in the Bureau of Air Commerce, Department of Commerce.

 * Lt. Col. D. A. Myers at the School of Aviation Medicine developed basic physiological principles necessary to the development and use of blind-flying instruments, work done in conjunction with research by Lt. Col. W. A. Ocker. This study was regarded as one of the greatest contributions of medicine to the technical advancement of aviation.

During February: Army Air Corps completed aerial photographic survey of east and west coasts of Florida (1,284 square miles) for the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey.

March 9: Capt. H. C. Gray (AAC) ascended to 28,910 feet in a free balloon for an American altitude record. (World record held by Suring and Berson of Germany who ascended to 35,433 feet on June 30, 1901.)

April 4: Regular commercial airline passenger service initiated by Colonial Air Transport between New York and Boston.

April 21: Dr. Joseph S. Ames was elected Chairman of the NACA, to replace Dr. Charles Walcott, one of the original 12 members, who died in February.

May 4: Record balloon flight by Capt. H. C. Gray (AAC) reached 42,470 feet over Scott Field, Ill., but he was forced to bail out successfully so that record was not official.

May 20-21: The first solo nonstop transatlantic flight, New York to Paris, was completed by Charles A. Lindbergh. This was a major milestone in awakening the Nation to the full potentialities of aviation.

May 25: Lt. James H. Doolittle (AAC) flew the first successful outside loop.

June 4: Daniel Guggenheim School of Aeronautics officially opened at New York University. Daniel Guggenheim Fund for the Promotion of Aeronautics also made gifts to MIT, University of Michigan, Stanford University, and the California Institute of Technology in this time period.

June 4-5: Clarence D. Chamberlain and Charles A. Levine flew nonstop from New York to Eisleben, Germany, in Bellanca monoplane Columbia.

June 5: Society for Space Travel (Verein fuer Raumschiffahrt), known as "VfR," formed in Breslau, Germany.

June 8: Astronautics Committee of the Société Astronomique Française established in France.

June 22: John F. Victory, the first employee of NACA in 1915, who had served as Assitant Secretary since 1917, was appointed Secretary of the NACA.

June 29-30: Cdr. Richard Byrd, Bertram B. Acosta, Noville, and B. Balchen flew Fokker monoplane America from New York to a crash landing in the sea off the French coast.

July 25: A world airplane altitude record of 38,484 feet was established by Lt. C. C. Champion (USN) in a Wright Apache P&W 425.

August 1: Fire damaged interior of variable-density wind tunnel at Langley Laboratory, which when reconstructed was used in conjunction with jet-type wind tunnel produced airflow in 12-inch chamber in excess of 800 mph.

October 12: Wright Field, Dayton, Ohio, was formally dedicated.

November 4: Capt. H. C. Gray (AAC) ascended to 42,470 feet, the identical altitude of his May flight, but he did not survive the flight and thereby failed again to achieve official world record.

November 6: Lt. "Al" Williams (USN) flew Kirkham racing plane powered with 1,250-hp 24-cylinder Packard engine at unofficial speed of 322.6 mph.

November 16: U.S.S. Saratoga (CV-3) was placed in commission by the Navy.

December 14: U.S.S. Lexington (CV-2) was placed in commission.

During 1927: Air Corps sponsored development of Allison "X" type engine of 24 cylinders expected to develop 1,400 hp; while Navy flight tested radial air-cooled Wright R-1750, and used Pratt & Whitney Wasp in a number of service aircraft.

 * Coordination between NACA and British Aeronautical Research Committee included exchange of views at joint meetings and a program of comparative research for standardization of wind tunnel data.

 * Operation of Materiel Division wind tunnels at McCook Field handicapped by move to the new Wright Field. During the year, the new full-scale Propeller-Research Tunnel at Langley Laboratory became operational, while the Bureau of Standards tested 24 airfoil sections at various speeds up to 1.08 times the speed of sound.

 * Superchargers passed from experimental development stage to active service use on radial air-cooled engines, while both Roots-type and centrifugal-type superchargers were being tested on water-cooled engines.

 * Appearance of Lockheed Vega set pace for general-purpose aircraft, a high cantilever wing and wooden stressed-skin fuselage which permitted large interior structure for passengers as well as reducing weight and drag.

February 3: At Wright Field, Lt. H. A. Sutton began a series of tests to study the spinning characteristics of planes, for which he was awarded the Mackay Trophy. (See Appendix D)

February 28: Navy issued contract for XPY-1 flying boat to Consolidated Aircraft, the first large monoplane flying boat procured and the initial configuration which evolved into the PBY Catalina.

March 10: $900,000 authorized for completion of the Wright Field Experimental Laboratory.

March 28: Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Aeronautics called conference of representatives of Army, Navy, 22


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 Kingdom. He stood up straight, fixed his tie and shouted in her ear:

— Anyone at home!?

— Who is this? replied Narizinho, pretending not to know anything.

— It's me, Prince Scaly, silver dusky millions fish at your service.

— And what do you want, little fish?

— I would like to invite you to my domains in the city of Round Stones, in the Clear Waters Kingdom.

Narizinho, who wanted nothing more, clapped his hands with joy and exclaimed: — With pleasure! I'm at your service, kind Silver Scamy Prince.

Saying this, he stood up, gave her his arm, and followed by Emilia, who, very teary, was following the girl like a maid, the two of them set off, like a pair of sweethearts, in the direction of Clear Waters Kingdom.

After a long walk, they came to a large quarry at a bend in the stream.

— The entrance to my kingdom is this way, said Scaly, pointing to a hole between the rocks and giving the girl his hand to help her up. They entered. But the darkness was worse than a


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90 protect itself and its cattle from Bushmen and ravenous animals. For a. single family, or even two or three families together, to settle separately on the pasture of a tribe and to keep up connection with the main body was not possible. Each Hottentot community was thus compact, but limited in number to a few hundred or at most to a couple of thousand souls. It occupied a single village, or kraal as now generally termed.

From the neighbourhood of the kraal the Bushmen were cleared off as far as possible, but in many instances they still occupied the mountains and seized every opportunity to plunder cattle from the intruders and to put any stray individual of either sex to death. The feeling between the two peoples was in general one of intense animosity, though there were occasional instances of a compact between a Hottentot tribe and the Bushmen in its neighbourhood, under which the former provided food in times of great distress, and the latter acted as scouts and gave warning of any approaching danger. This was only the case, however, when the Bushmen were so reduced in number as to be incapable of carrying on war.

The great interior of the country was undisturbed by the intruders, but it did not always offer an asylum to the dispossessed people. Each little band of Bushmen had there its own hunting grounds, and resented intrusion upon them as much by individuals of kindred blood as by strangers. Then they were strongly attached to the localities in which they had lived from childhood, and in many instances preferred to die rather than abandon them. Still there were some who, under exceptional circumstances, made their wav to localities far distant from the tracts they had lost, and established themselves anew on a wild mountain or an arid plain, dispossessing previous occupants as they had themselves been dispossessed of their former abode.

Such was the manner of the occupation of the South African coast by the Hottentots, and such were the effects of the invasion upon the earlier inhabitants.

The Hottentots termed themselves Khoikhoi, men of men, as they prided themselves upon their superiority over the savage hunters, and in fact they were considerably more advanced


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 Weather Bureau, Bureau of Standards, NACA, and Commerce Department to study cause and prevention of ice formation on aircraft.

April 11: First manned rocket automobile tested by Fritz von Opel, Max Valier, and others, at Berlin, Germany.

April 12-13: German pilots Köchl and Huenefeld, and J. Fitzmaurice made first westbound transatlantic airplane flight in Junkers Bremen.

May 5: Lt. C. C. Champion flew a Wright Apache equipped with P&W Wasp engine and NACA supercharger to new world altitude record for seaplanes of 33,455 feet.

May 15: NACA held third annual Engineering Research Conference at Langley Field, Va.

May 22: First patent on sodium-filled valves for combustion engines issued to S. D. Heron, engineer of the Materiel Division at Wright Field.

During May: Aeronautics Branch of Department of Commerce created Board to determine original causes of aircraft accidents.

June 11: Friedrich Stamer made first manned rocket-powered flight in a tailless glider from the Wasserkuppe in the Rhön Mountains of Germany. Takeoff was made by elastic launching rope assisted by 44-pound thrust rocket, another rocket was fired while airborne, and a flight of about 1 mile was achieved. This flight was a part of experimentation directed by A. Lippisch.

June 16: Successful tests were made of superchargers designed to give sea level pressure at 30,000 feet and a new liquid-oxygen system for high-altitude flying, at Wright Field. Lt. William H. Bleakly in XCO-5 made flight to 36,509 feet and remained there 18 minutes.

During September: The NACA undertook coordination of research programs in universities to promote the study of aeronautics and meteorology.

September 19: First diesel engine to power heavier-than-air aircraft, manufactured by Packard Motor Car Co., was flight tested at Utica, Mich.

September 23: Lt. James H. Doolittle accompanied by Capt. A. Stevens made altitude flight of 37,200 feet to obtain aerial photograph covering 33 square miles.

October 4-5: First Aeronautical Safety Conference held in New York under auspices of the Daniel Guggenheim Fund for the Promotion of Aeronautics.

October 10: Capts. St. Clair Streett and A. W. Stevens (USA) flew to 37,854 feet, less than 1,000 feet short of the official world record for single-occupant flight.

During October: At the request of the Air Coordination Committee, NACA prepared a report on "Aircraft Accident Analysis" for use by the War, Navy, and Commerce Departments.

 * Air Corps developed 84-foot-in-diameter parachute of sufficient strength to support weight of an airplane and its passengers.

December 17: International pilgrimage made to Kitty Hawk, N.C., to commemorate the 25th anniversary of the first airplane flight.

December 19: First autogiro flight in the United States was made by Haold F. Pitcairn, Willow Grove, Pa.

During December: Air Medical Association formed at International Aeronautics Conference.

During 1928: NACA developed cowling for radial air-cooled engines which increased speed of Curtis AT-5A airplane from 118 to 137 mph with no increase in engine horsepower, Fred E. Weick and associates contributing to this development.

 * NACA's Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory demonstrated high lift by boundary-layer control by means of pressure or suction slots in an airfoil in the atmospheric wind tunnel.

 * First refrigerated wind tunnel for research on prevention of icing of wings and propellers placed in operation at Langley Laboratory.

 * First of nine volumes of an encyclopedia on interplanetary travel by Prof. Nikolai A. Rynin published in the Soviet Union, the final volume of which appeared in 1932.

January 1-7: An unofficial endurance record for refueled airplane flight was set by Maj. Carl Spaatz, Capt. Ira C. Eaker, and Lt. Elwood Quesada in the Question Mark, Fokker C2-3 Wright 220, over Los Angeles Airport, with flying time of 150 hours 40 minutes 15 seconds.

January 23-27: Modern aircraft carriers Lexington and Saratoga participated in fleet exercises for the first time.

February 4-5: Capt. Frank Hawks and O. E. Grubb established new nonstop transcontinental West-East record of 18 hours 22 minutes, in a single-engine Lockheed Air Express, the first practical application of NACA cowling for radial air-cooled engines.

February 23: Successful development of special goggles, heated gloves, and a device for warming oxgyen before use announced by Wright Field.

March 2: Membership of the NACA increased from 12 to 15 members by act of Congress.

May 8: Lt. A. Soucek (USN) established world's altitude record of 39,140 feet, flying the Wright Apache over Anacostia, D.C.

June 21: NACA special subcommittee held initial meeting at Langley on aeronautical research in universities.

June 27-29: Capt. Frank Hawks broke transcontinental speed records from East to West and West to East flying the Lockheed Air Express.

July 17: A liquid-fueled, 11-foot rocket, fired by Robert Goddard at Auburn, Mass., carried a small camera, thermometer, and a barometer which were recovered intact after the flight. Much "moon rocket" publicity made of this flight.

August 8-29: Round-the-world flight of the German rigid airship Graf Zeppelin.

August 23-October 31: Russian plane, Land of the Soviets, flown on good-will tour of the United States from Moscow to Seattle, thence to New York, having covered 13,300 miles in 142 flying-hours.

During August: Use of a battery of solid-propellant rockets on Junkers-33 seaplane, the first recorded jet-assisted take-off of an airplane, made in tests near Dessau, Germany.

September 22: Second Alaska Aerial Survey completed by Navy, mapping 13,000 square miles in southeastern Alaska.

September 24: Lt. James H. Doolittle made the first public all-blind flight at Mitchel Field, Long Island, accompanied by a check pilot.

September 30: Opel Sander Rak. 1, a glider powered with 16 rockets of 50 pounds of thrust each, made successful flight of 75 seconds, covering almost 2 miles near Frankfort-am-Main, Germany, Von Opel as pilot.

October 7: Aero Medical Association of the United States founded by Louis H. Bauer, and the first issue of the Journal of Aviation Medicine was published in March 1930.

October 15: Premier of German movie film, Frau im Mond (The Girl in the Moon) directed by Fritz Lange, which assisted popular awareness of rocket potentials in Germany.

October 21: German Dornier DO-X flying boat carried 169 passengers in hour flight over Lake Constance, Switzerland, the largest number of individuals ever carried in a single aircraft.

November 28-29: First flight over South Pole, by Comdr. Richard E. Byrd, in a 24


text:
Page:A budget of paradoxes (IA cu31924103990507).pdf/32

18 Il est fâcheux que cet ingénieux Naturaliste, qui nous a déjà donné et qui nous prépare encore des ouvrages plus utiles, emploie à cette odieuse tâche une plume qu'il trempe dans le fiel et dans l'absinthe. Il est vrai que plusieurs de ses remarques sont fondées, et qu'à l'erreur qu'il indique, il joint en même tems la correction. Mais il n'est pas toujours équitable, et ne manque jamais d'insulter. Que peut après tout prouver son livre, si ce n'est que la quarante-cinquième partie d'un très-ample et très-utile Recueil n'est pas exempte d'erreurs? Devoit-il confondre avec des Ecrivains superficiels, dont la Liberté du Corps ne permet pas de restreindre la fertilité, cette foule de savans du Premier ordre, dont les Ecrits ont orné et ornent encore les Transactions? A-t-il oublié qu'on y a vu fréquemment les noms des Boyle, des Newton, des Halley, des De Moivres, des Hans Sloane, etc.? Et qu'on y trouve encore ceux des Ward, des Bradley, des Graham, des Ellicot, des Watson, et d'un Auteur que Mr. Hill préfère à tous les autres, je veux dire de Mr. Hill lui-même?"

This was the only answer; but it was no answer at all. Hill's object was to expose the absurdities; he therefore collected the absurdities. I feel sure that Hill was a benefactor of the Royal Society; and much more than he would have been if he had softened their errors and enhanced their praises. No reviewer will object to me that I have omitted Young, Laplace, &c. But then my book has a true title. Hill should not have called his a review of the 'Works.'

It was charged against Sir John Hill that he had tried to become a Fellow of the Royal Society and had failed. This he denied, and challenged the production of the certificate which a candidate always sends in, and which is preserved. But perhaps he could not get so far as a certificate—that is, could not find any one to recommend him; he was a likely man to be in such a predicament. As I have myself run foul of the Society on some little points, I conceive it possible that I may fall under a like suspicion. Whether I could have been a Fellow, I cannot know; as the gentleman said who was asked if he could play the violin, I never tried. I have always had a high opinion of the Society upon its whole history. A person used to historical inquiry learns to look at wholes; the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge, the College of Physicians, &c. are taken in all their duration. But those who are not historians—I mean not possessed of the habit of history—hold a mass of opinions about current things which lead them into all kinds of confusion when they try to look back. Not to give an instance which will offend any set of existing men—this merely because I can do without it—let us take the country at large. Magna Charta for ever!


text:
Page:A Menina do Narizinho Arrebitado (1920).pdf/14

 starless night, and Narizinho stopped, full of fear. The little fish smiled and said:

— The children of humankind can only see when there is light, but the children of the waters are like owls: they can see as well in the light as in the dark. And he pulled out of his pocket a bright-eyed firefly, hanging from a little wire. The cave lit up in the light of the lantern, and Narizinho could see that she was in a long corridor, like a tunnel, with a closed door at the end. Leaning against this door was a striped toad, with a sword at his waist, a helmet on his head and a spear in his hand. He was the palace guard. But he was sleeping soundly, happily!

— This is it! exclaimed the prince, furious. I pay Master "Grab - and - Don't - Let - Go" five hundred flies a day to watch this door for me and as soon as I leave, the thief falls asleep! But this time he'll pay me! he said, preparing to wake him up with a kick.

— No! No! intervened Narizinho. Let's play a good trick on him instead. We'll take away the sleeper's weapons and dress him in Emilia's clothes. Imagine his astonishment when he wakes up!

Scaly thought it was a great idea and, both of them jumping for joy, they


text:
Page:A Menina do Narizinho Arrebitado (1920).pdf/15

 undressed the frog very slowly: then they tied Emilia's red dotted petticoat around his waist, put the doll's cap on his head and, in place of the spear, an umbrella. The poor frog was so funny that the little girl couldn't stop laughing.

— Let's wake him up now," said Scaly, giving him a formidable kick in the stomach.

— Hum! moaned the frog, his eyes widening and his mouth dropping open, astonished to see the prince in the company of an unknown girl and a doll lady who was very embarrassed to find herself in diapers. Scaly, very tense, he thickened his voice and grunted:

— What a beauty, Master Grab. Dressed as a woman, you, the palace guard!

— Dressed as a woman? Me? said the astonished frog.

— Look in this mirror, said the prince.

Only then did the frog realize what a mockery he had been the victim of. He looked at the prince, the girl and the mirror, without understanding anything about the whole affair.

— Now, as a punishment," said the prince, "instead of the five


text:
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 hundred flies in our deal, you're going to swallow five hundred round pebbles today.

The frog had an extremely sad expression and went to hide in a corner, very unhappy with his life, while Narizinho laughed until she was tired.

Then Scaly opened the door and, taking the girl's hand, led her into a large room where there was a throne.

— This is the hall of government, where I give audiences to my subjects and dispense justice, punishing the bad and rewarding the good.

He sat on the throne and struck a bronze gong with a silver mallet: pom! pom! pom! Immediately a detachment of uniformed crickets appeared under the command of Captain Grasshopper. They all stood as still as if they were made of wood.

— Get up! ordered the prince. The captain stood up and came to stand in front of the throne.


text: Translation:The girl with a turned up nose


text:
Page:The life and opinions of Tristram Shandy (Volume 7).pdf/16

is a great inconvenience to a man in a haste, that there are three distinct roads between Calais and Paris, in behalf of which there is so much to be said by the several deputies from the towns which lie along them, that half a day is easily lost in settling which you'll take.

First, the road by Lisle and Arras, which is the most about—but most interesting, and instructing.

The second that by Amiens, which you may go, if you would see Chantilly

And that by Beauvais, which you may go, if you will.


text:
Page:Notes on lipu pu.pdf/4

 speakers prefer this way. I also personally use lon when talking ‘about’ something: mi toki lon kili. I'm talking about turnips.

For ‘Chinese lady’ (meli Sonko), many people find it clearer to say meli pi ma Sonko or meli tan ma Sonko or meli pi kulupu Sonko. This avoids misunderstanding it as ‘a woman named Sonko’, because the primary interpretation of ‘[noun] [Name]’ is ‘a [noun] named [Name]’.

Correction: jan Epawan Linkan li tan ma Mewika.

Although the particle pi is glossed as ‘of’, it is more accurate to say that pi regroups modifiers. As the examples in lipu pu show, it does not behave exactly the same way as the English word ‘of’. It may be helpful to compare the function of pi to the hyphen in English. For example, compare:

Also, a completely different way to use pi exists in the structure A pi B en C. This is a very old way to use pi, which 8

title: Page:Notes on lipu pu.pdf/4


text:
Page:The Necromancer, or, The Tale of the Black Forest Vol. 1.djvu/159

 "Dost thou expect to prevail on that Necromancer to agree with our wishes?"

"What wouldst thou say," replied I, "if he had already consented to give us his assistance?"

My friend stared again at me, and exclaimed at last, with visible satisfaction,

"Well then, let us see what honest Volkert can do."

Every thing requisite for the accomplishment of our design was now talked over and settled. Two of our brother officers, whose discretion we could rely upon, were chosen to be of the party, and my friend agreed to win them over to our purpose.

I returned to Volkert, and was not a little surprised when I found him less willing than ever to assist us in our undertaking: He pretended to have pondered my proposal, but


text:
Page:Notes on lipu pu.pdf/5

 continues to be used by some people; however, many people dislike using it. For example, linja pi ma en sewi is one way to say horizon, and musi pi kiwen walo en kiwen pimeja is one way to say chess.

The proverbial scholar of Toki Pona also listens to the usage of the community.

For those who yearn for a more sophisticated and robust number system, I personally endorse the kijetesantakalu-based system, innovated by soweli nata in alignment with the values system of Toki Pona. See near the end of this book.

Other examples of pre-verbs in usage include alasa, open, pini and tawa:

In my opinion, whether to use a comma before la, after la, or to not use a comma at all is a personal stylistic choice. Rh

title: Page:Notes on lipu pu.pdf/5


text:
Page:The Necromancer, or, The Tale of the Black Forest Vol. 1.djvu/160

 thought it too dangerous to exert his supernatural knowledge in the present case, because the conjuring of a living person could have the most dreadful consequences, which very likely might happen on the present occasion, because the Baron seemed not at all to be over-stocked with courage. Though I could not contradict him, yet I endeavoured once more to dispel his apprehensions, by the repeated assurance to screen him, with the assistance of my friends, against every disagreeable consequence. At length he appeared to be easy in respect to that point; yet he did not think it convenient to execute our design in the apartment of my friend, but when I proposed my room, he consented, after many persuasions, to look at it. Having gained his consent, I left him with rapturous joy.

Volkert came the next day to my lodgings, faithful to his promise, but having looked over my apartments, he raised new objections, telling me that none of my rooms were


text: The Zoologist/3rd series, vol 1 (1877)/Issue 7


text:
Page:Aeronautics and Astronautics Chronology 1915-1960.pdf/20

 Ford trimotor piloted by Bernt Balchen, from Little America.

November 29: First pursuit aircraft powered with high-temperature, liquid-cooling system designed by the Materiel Division, was completed by Curtiss and flown to Wright Field for flight testing.

December 12: Langley Medals were presented to Adm. Richard E. Byrd for his flights over both poles and posthumously to Charles M. Manly for his pioneer development of airplane engines.

December 31: Daniel Guggenheim Fund for the Promotion of Aeronautics ended its activities.

During 1929: J. Jongbloed experimentally recognized the occurrence of a disease like the bends, or caisson disease, at pressures of less than 1 atmosphere.

 * U.S. Bureau of Standards developed the radio-echo altimeter.

 * NACA Annual Report indicated that aerodynamic efficiency may be increased by applying the principle of boundary-layer control to the wings and possibly other parts of an airplane.

January 3: President Hoover made the presentation of the Collier Trophy for 1929 to Dr. Joseph S. Ames, Chairman of the NACA.

January 6: Guggenheim Safe Aircraft Competition prize was awarded to Curtiss Tanager, which featured practical wing flaps and leading-edge Handley-Page slots.

During January: The world's first full-scale wind tunnel under construction at Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory (30 feet high, 60 feet wide).

February 15: Naval Aircraft Factory authorized to begin construction of working models of retractable landing gears because of design progress.

February 17-19: First National Conference on Aeronautical Education held at St. Louis, Mo.

March 21: First Navy dive bomber designed to deliver 1,000-pound bomb, the Martin XT5M-1, met strength and performance requirements in diving tests.

April 4: The American Interplanetary Society, later the American Rocket Society (ARS), founded in New York City by David Lasser, G. Edward Pendray, Fletcher Pratt, and nine others, for the "promotion of interest in and experimentation toward interplanetary expeditions and travel."

April 8: Orville Wright received first Daniel Guggenheim Medal.

April 12: Air Corps set world record for altitude formation flying when 19 planes reached a height of 30,000 feet (old record 17,000 feet).

May 9: Dr. Ludwig Prandtl of Germany received second Daniel Guggenheim Medal.

May 13: Fifth Annual Aircraft Engineering Research Conference held at Langley Laboratory.

June 4: Lt. Apollo Soucek flew Navy Wright Apache landplane equipped with P&W 450-hp engine to height of 43,166 feet over NAS Anacostia, regaining world record he held briefly in 1929.

July 21: Capt. A. H. Page (USMC) piloted an O2U from a sealed hooded cockpit on an instrument flight of near 1,000 miles from Omaha, Nebr., to Anacostia, via Chicago and Cleveland, with safety pilot Lt. V. M. Guymon landing the airplane.

July 23: Hermann Oberth and VfR successfully tested liquid oxygen and gasoline-fueled rocket motor for 90 seconds in Germany, a demonstration made before the Director of the Chemisch-Technische Reichsanstalt to secure financial support.

September 8: German sounding balloon released near Hamburg attained an altitude of 117,750 feet (22.4 miles).

During September: Raketenflugplatze Berlin established by VfR in Germany.

December 17: German Army Ordnance Office, after reviewing work of Goddard and others, decided to establish rocket program and to equip artillery proving ground at Kummersdorff to develop military missiles.

December 30: Robert H. Goddard fired 11-foot liquid fuel rocket to a height of 2,000 feet and a speed near 500 mph near Roswell, N. Mex.

December 31: "Airworthiness Requirements for Aircraft Components and Accessories" of the Department of Commerce became effective.

During December: John J. Ide, NACA technical assistant in Europe, served as U.S. delegate to the First International Congress on Aerial Safety in Paris.

During 1930: NACA made confidential recommendations to industry and military services for best location of engine nacelles, with engines faired into leading edges of the wing, a report based on 1928 research of Donald H. Wood and others which influenced design of all multiengine aircraft thereafter.

 * Sound-locator acoustic system for detection of aircraft in flight was developed.

 * Sperry Gyroscope developed the "Gyro Horizon."

 * An increase of 300 percent in paid passengers on commercial airlines was recorded this year.

 * Frank Whittle, RAF officer and engineer, obtained British patents for turbojet engine.

 * Allison Division of General Motors began development of V-1710 12-cylinder liquid-cooled engine, the only liquid-cooled engine of U.S. design to be produced throughout World War II, which was increased in 17 years from 750 hp to 2,000 hp.

 * First vertical wind tunnel for study of airplane spinning was placed in operation at NACA's Langley Laboratory.

 * Robert Esnault-Pelterie of France published his classic work on L'Astronautique; he had begun his mathematical work on astronautics in 1907.

January 4: William G. Swan stayed aloft for 30 minutes over Atlantic City, N.J., in a glider powered with 10 small rockets.

January 22: Navy ordered its first rotary-wing aircraft, the XOP-1, from Pitcairn Aircraft.

March 4: More than $100 million was appropriated by Congress for military, naval, and commercial aviation for the coming year.

March 14: First liquid-fuel rocket successfully fired in Europe, a methane-liquid oxygen rocket constructed by Johannes Winkler and flown from Dessau, Germany.

April 2: First Navy aircraft with retractable landing gear, the XFF-1 two-seat fighter, ordered from Grumman Aircraft.

April 8: Amelia Earhart established a woman's autogiro altitude record of 18,415 feet in a Whirlwind-powered Pitcairn at Willow Grove, Pa.

April 10: Airship subcloud observation car demonstrated by Lt. Wilfred J. Paul at Langley Field, Va.

During April: RaktenflugplatzRaketenflugplatz [sic] in Germany was visited by Mr. and Mrs. G. Edward Pendray as official representatives of the American Interplanetary Society, 26


text: The Zoologist/3rd series, vol 1 (1877)/Issue 8


text: The Zoologist/3rd series, vol 1 (1877)/Issue 9


text:
Page:The Necromancer, or, The Tale of the Black Forest Vol. 1.djvu/161

 fit for the undertaking. I could not conceal my displeasure, which he, however, did not seem to notice.

At last he made me another proposal before he left me, offering to speak to an honest tradesman, who had an empty room, which would exactly fit his purpose, and, as he hoped, be at our service, if we would but make a reasonable acknowledgment to its owner. I consented to that proposal, Volkert went away, and returned after half an hour with the joyful tidings that he had prevailed on the man to let us have the room, fixing, at the same time, the ensuing night, for the execution of our design. He requested me to repair to the place of rendezvous after nine o'clock, describing the street and the house so minutely that I could not miss it. Having reminded me once more of my promise, he left my room, and I went out to tell my friend and our two associates to resort in good time, to the place of appointment. At eight o'clock they came to my apartment,


text: Category:The Zoologist, 3rd series, vol 1 (1877), issue 7


text: Category:The Zoologist, 3rd series, vol 1 (1877), issue 8


text:
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 who upon their return organized the experimental program of the society.

May 27: First full-scale wind tunnel for testing airplanes was dedicated at the Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory of the NACA, engineer-in-charge of construction and operation, Smith J. De France, explained details to the annual Aircraft Engineering Research Conference.

 * The NACA tank to provide data on water performance of seaplanes was demonstrated by Starr Truscott. Its channel length was enlarged from 2,020 feet to 2,900 feet in October 1937.

 * Auguste Piccard, Swiss physicist, and Charles Knipfer made first balloon flight into stratosphere, reaching a height of 51,777 feet in a 17-hour flight from Augsburg, Germany, to a glacier near Innsbruck, Austria.

May 28: Lt. W. Lees and Ens. F. A. Brossy established world's endurance flight record without refueling of 84 hours 33 minutes, in diesel-powered Bellanca at Jacksonville, Fla.

May 31: A pilotless airplane was successfully flown by radio control from another plane at Houston, Tex.

June 4: Dornier DO-X, 12-engined German flying boat (which carried 169 passengers on its trial flight), arrived in New York after flying the south Atlantic.

June 23-July 1: Wiley Post and Harold Gatty lowered world circling record to 8 days 15 hours 51 minutes in the Lockheed Winnie Mae.

July 24-31: Graf Zeppelin carried 12 scientists on Arctic flight.

July 28: First nonstop flight across the Pacific, begun by Clyde Pangborn and Hugh Herndon in a single-engined Bellanca, who completed flight around the world in October.

July 29-August 26: Colonel and Mrs. Lindbergh made survey flight to Japan in Sirius seaplane, via Alaska and Siberia.

September 4: Maj. James H. Doolittle established a new transcontinental record from Burbank to Newark of 11 hours and 16 minutes elapsed time including three stops, flying Laird Super-Solution.

September 9: Start of official rocket-mail service between two Austrian towns by Friedrich Schmiedl; test flights began in February 1931, while rocket-mail service continued until March 16, 1933.

October 30: School of Aviation Medicine moved from Brooks Field to Randolph Field, Tex.

During 1931: NACA Report 385 presented results showing that maximum lift coefficient of a wing could be increased as much as 96 percent by use of boundary-layer control.

 * Robert Esnault-Pelterie of France demonstrated liquid-fuel rocket propulsion with a rocket motor operated on gasoline and liquid oxygen.

 * Bureau of Standards made a number of experiments to deterine whether thrust reaction of a jet could be increased, and tested combinations of jets.

 * Alexander Lippisch of Germany first produced and demonstrated a practical delta-wing aircraft.

During 1931-32: Taylor Cub Model A, a two-seat, high-wing light airplane, first produced, and helped popularize sports flying in the United States.

March 26: Navy Consolidated P2Y seaplane made first test flight.

April 19: First flight of Goddard rocket with gyroscopically controlled vanes for automatically stabilized flight, near Roswell, N. Mex.

May 4: Daniel Guggenheim Gold Medal for 1932 awarded to Juan de la Cierva for development of the autogiro. (See Appendix D.)

May 9: First blind solo flight (without a check pilot aboard) solely on instruments was made by Capt. A. F. Hegenberger (AAC) at Dayton, Ohio.

June 30: Los Angeles (ZR-3) decommissioned by the Navy for economy reasons after 8 years of service and over 5,000 hours in the air.

July 28: Navy BuAer initiated research program on physiological effects of high acceleration and deceleration encountered in dive-bombing and other violent maneuvers in allocation to Bureau of Medicine and Surgery. Pioneer research pointing to need for anti-g or anti-blackout equipment was subsequently performed at Harvard University School of Public Health under the direction of Dr. C. K. Drinker by Lt. Comdr. John R. Poppen (MC USN).

During July-August: VfR successfully fired Mirak II rocket to height of 200 feet, after which German Army Ordnance Office formalized rocket develoment program by placing Captain-Doctor Walter Dornberger in charge of Research Station West at Kummersdorf.

August 18: Auguste Piccard and Max Cosyns attained an altitude of 53,152 feet on second stratosphere balloon flight, landing on a glacier in the Alps.

August 31: Capt. A. W. Stevens and Lt. C. D. McAllister (AAC) flew 5 miles above earth's surface at Fryeburg, Maine, to photograph eclipse of the sun.

During August: Experimental transmission of weather maps by teletype initiated by Weather Bureau on a special circuit between Cleveland and Washington.

September 3: Maj. James H. Doolittle set a new world speed record for landplanes by averaging 294 mph over 3-km course at Cleveland, Ohio, in Granville Brothers Gee Bee monophane with P&W Wasp engine.

September 16: Altitude record of 43,976 feet for landplanes established by Cyril F. Unwins in Vickers Vespa at Bristol, England.

September 21: Dr. Robert A. Millikan of California Institute of Technology completed series of tests on the intensity of cosmic rays at various altitudes with cooperation of 11th Bombardment Squadron, in a Condor Bomber from March Field, Calif.

October 1: Wernher von Braun joined the German Army Ordnance Office rocket program at Kummersdorf.

October 15: Institute of Aeronautical Sciences was incorporated in New York.

November 12: American Interplanetary Society performed static tests of rocket based on VfR design at Stockton, N.J.

December 1: Teletypewriter Weather Map Service was inaugurated by Aeronautics Branch, Department of Commerce.

During 1932: German engineer, Paul Schmidt, working from design of Lorin 28


text: Category:The Zoologist, 3rd series, vol 1 (1877), issue 9


text:
Page:Notes on lipu pu.pdf/6

 The pu book introduces an oddity with how noka has traditionally been used. It is much more common to use noka as ‘leg, foot’ and anpa as ‘area below or under’.

In pu style, the particle li can introduce a new verb for a third person subject, but in the case of mi or sina, one starts a new sentence. This reflects li’s origins as a third person marker. Many people have expanded the use of li to introduce a new verb, even when the subject is mi or sina.

pu style:

Expanded li style:

jan Melani li kama tawa tomo mi. We can also say: jan Melani li kama lon tomo mi.

This page contains by far the most important message in lipu pu. 10

title: Page:Notes on lipu pu.pdf/6


text:
Page:The Necromancer, or, The Tale of the Black Forest Vol. 1.djvu/162

 burning with impatience to witness the mysterious transaction, and we hastened a quarter before nine o'clock, to the house where our curiosity was to be satisfied.

I knew the owner of the room which Volkert had chosen, as a worthy, honest man: When we entered his house he accosted us with much good nature, requesting leave to be admitted to the experiment, which we the more readily consented to when he cautioned us to be on our guard against the cunning of Volkert, whom he very much suspected to be an artful impostor.

"I, for my part," added he, "have taken all possible care to prevent the Necromancer from imposing upon us, and I would lay any thing that we shall catch him in some foul play or other."

When we told him, that imposition would be impossible, because the gentleman who was to be summoned was still alive, he burst out into


text:
Page:Lorna Doone - a romance of Exmoor (IA lornadooneromanc691blac).pdf/72

 to market now, 'stead of laying banked up over yanner. Maister Jan, thee can zee the grave if thee look alang this here goon-barryel. Buy now, whutt be blubberin' at? Wish I had never told thee."

"John Fry, I am not blubbering; you make a great mistake, John. You are thinking of little Annie. I cough sometimes in the winter-weather, and father gives me lickerish—I mean—I mean—he used to. Now let me have the gun, John."

"Thee have the goon, Jan! Thee isn't fit to putt un to thy zhoulder. What a weight her be, for sure!"

"Me not hold it, John! That shows how much you know about it. Get out of the way, John; you are opposite the mouth of it, and likely it is loaded."

John Fry jumped in a livelier manner than when he was doing daywork; and I rested the mouth on a cross rack-piece, and felt a warm sort of surety that I could hit the door over opposite, or, at least, the cobwall alongside of it, and do no harm in the orchard. But John would not give me link or fuse, and, on the whole, I was glad of it, though carrying on as boys do, because I had heard my father say that the Spanish gun kicked like a horse, and because the load in it came from his hand, and I did not like to undo it. But I never found it kick very hard, when firmly set to the shoulder, unless it was badly loaded. In truth, the thickness of the metal was enough almost to astonish one; and what our people said about it may have been true enough, although most of them are such liars


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 at least, I mean they make mistakes, as all mankind must do. Perchance it was no mistake at all to say that this ancient gun had belonged to a noble Spaniard, the captain of a fine large ship in the "Invincible Armada," which we of England managed to conquer, with God and the weather helping us, a hundred years ago or more—I can't say to a month or so.

After a little while, when John had fired away at a rat the charge I held so sacred, it came to me as a natural thing to practise shooting with that great gun, instead of John Fry's blunderbuss, which looked like a bell with a stalk to it. Perhaps for a boy there is nothing better than a good windmill to shoot at, as I have seen them in flat countries; but we have no windmills upon the great moorland, yet here and there a few barn-doors, where shelter is, and a way up the hollows. And up those hollows you can shoot, with the help of the sides to lead your aim; and there is a fair chance of hitting the door, if you lay your cheek to the barrel, and try not to be afraid of it.

Gradually I won such skill, that I sent nearly all the lead-gutter from the north porch of our little church through our best barn-door—a thing which has often repented me since, especially as churchwarden, and made me pardon many bad boys; but father was not buried on that side of the church.

But all this time, while I was roving over the hills or about the farm, and even listening to John Fry, my mother, being so much older and feeling trouble longer, went about inside the house, or among the maids and


text:
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 Correction: ''2. kulupu pi toki pona li pana e ijo mute.''

Non-ableist language: A sage is a strange person.

Non-ableist language: Women will make men impulsive. (Of course, not all men experience opposite-sex attraction in this way.)

Signed Toki Pona (toki pona luka) was presented as a game to battle Lojbanists. A new and very pona project, luka pona, has since been designed by jan Olipija to be usable as a naturalistic sign language alongside Toki Pona. I recommend learning luka pona.

The community has developed sitelen pona glyphs for many non-pu words. For example, two great font projects include linja sike by lipamanka and linja suwi by jan Ana.

An alternate and secular form of the sewi glyph also exists as an option. It matches the other spatial terms like anpa. For example, search for “sitelen pona la sitelen ante mi pi nimi sewi” by u/neonpixii on Reddit.

Rh

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 morning, at noontide and night; but that they shall have their annual feast over the bones of the dead, and shall yearly rejoice with the joy of victors. I think, sir, that the horrible wickedness of this needs no remark, and therefore I haste to subscribe myself, &c. "July 14, 1829."

It is not unlikely that the foregoing letter may have had some allegorical or political reference, invisible to our eyes, but very clear to the bright little minds for whom it was intended. Politics were evidently their grand interest; the Duke of Wellington their demi-god. All that related to him belonged to the heroic age. Did Charlotte want a knight-errant, or a devoted lover, the Marquis of Douro, or Lord Charles Wellesley, came ready to her hand. There is hardly one of her prose-writings at this time in which they are not the principal personages, and in which their "august father" does not appear as a sort of Jupiter Tonans, or Deus ex Machinâ.

As one evidence how Wellesley haunted her imagination, I copy out a few of the titles to her papers in the various magazines.

"Liffey Castle," a Tale by Lord C. Wellesley.

"Lines to the River Aragna," by the Marquis of Douro.

"An Extraordinary Dream," by Lord C. Wellesley.

"The Green Dwarf, a Tale of the Perfect Tense," by the Lord Charles Albert Florian Wellesley.

"Strange Events," by Lord C. A. F. Wellesley.

Life in an isolated village, or a lonely country-house, presents many little occurrences which sink


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first the idea became widely spread among men that the Word of God, instead of being truly the foundation of all existing institutions, was rather a stone which the builders had rejected, it was but natural that the consequent havoc among received opinions should be accompanied by the generation of many new and lively hopes for the future. Somewhat as in the early days of the French Revolution, men must have looked for an immediate and universal improvement in their condition. Christianity, up to that time, had been somewhat of a failure politically. The reason was now obvious, the capital flaw was detected, the sickness of the body politic traced at last to its efficient cause. It was only necessary to put the Bible thoroughly into practice, to set themselves strenuously to realise in life the Holy Com-


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 These were presented as suggestions and still serve as useful defaults to fall back on. If the community of Toki Pona speakers, especially those with a connection to the place or language in question, agree on a way they would prefer to be called in Toki Pona, please use that form. In Toki Pona, there is a preference for endonyms. Also there is an effort to re-use the same word for the country, the language and the ethnic group. See nimi.tokipona.org

Is the example of ma Sawusi an error or an indication that Toki Pona phonotactics are less strict when transcribing foreign words?

In an effort to minimize the vocabulary for learners, some words were presented as merged: a and kin, sin and namako, lukin and oko. In reality, the community of Toki Pona speakers, both before and after publication of the first book, uses these words with different meanings. See the dictionary part of this book for definitions. 12

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 monwealth, and all abuses and iniquities would surely pass away. Thus, in a pageant played at Geneva in the year 1523, the world was represented as a sick man at the end of his wits for help, to whom his doctor recommends Lutheran specifics.

The Reformers themselves had set their affections in a different world, and professed to look for the finished result of their endeavours on the other side of death. They took no interest in politics as such; they even condemned political action as Antichristian: notably, Luther in the case of the Peasants' War. And yet, as the purely religious question was inseparably complicated with political difficulties, and they had to make opposition, from day to day, against principalities and powers, they were led, one after another, and again and again, to leave the sphere which was more strictly their own, and meddle, for good and evil, with the affairs of State. Not much was to be expected from interference in such a spirit. Whenever a minister found himself galled or hindered, he would be inclined to suppose some contravention of the Bible. Whenever Christian liberty was restrained (and Christian liberty for each individual would be about coextensive with what he wished to do), it was obvious that the State was Antichristian. The


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 great thing, and the one thing, was to push the Gospel and the Reformers' own interpretation of it. Whatever helped was good; whatever hindered was evil; and if this simple classification proved inapplicable over the whole field, it was no business of his to stop and reconcile incongruities. He had more pressing concerns on hand; he had to save souls; he had to be about his Father's business. This short-sighted view resulted in a doctrine that was actually Jesuitical in application. They had no serious ideas upon politics, and they were ready, nay, they seemed almost bound, to adopt and support whichever ensured for the moment the greatest benefit to the souls of their fellow-men. They were dishonest in all sincerity. Thus Labitte, in the introduction to a book in which he exposes the hypocritical democracy of the Catholics under the League, steps aside for a moment to stigmatise the hypocritical democracy of the Protestants. And nowhere was this expediency in political questions more apparent than about the question of female sovereignty. So much was this the case that one James Thomasius, of Leipsic, wrote a little paper about the religious partialities of those who took part in


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Correction:

akesi

NOUN reptile, amphibian

Non-ableist language:

nasa

ADJ unusual, strange; silly; drunk, intoxicated

The examples given for seli are in fact nouns. Rh

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 tube, developed and patented a ramjet engine later modified and used in the V-l Flying Bomb.

During 1932: Robert H. Goddard developed component of modern ramjet engine with construction of a rocket fuel pump at Clark University.

 * Capt. John R. Poppen (MC USN), began experimentation with animals on physiological effects of high acceleration, proposing as a result of his studies that an inflatable abdominal corset be developed for use by fighter pilots.

 * Junkers Ju-52, German trimotor transport of great success, first produced.

 * Control mechanism for variablepitch propellers developed under the direction of Frank Caldwell.

 * NACA published derivation and characteristics of the first systematic family of NACA airfoils.

 * JATO-type rockets first used in the Soviet Union, according to Moscow historians.

January 21: Institute of Aeronautical Sciences (IAS) held its Founders Meeting at Columbia University under Jerome C. Hunsaker, president, and Lester D. Gardner.

February 25: Aircraft carrier U.S.S. Ranger (CV-4) launched at Newport News.

During February: Boeing 247, first "modern-type" airliner, first flew.

March 11: Macon dirigible christened at Akron, Ohio, and made first flight on April 21 with 105 persons aboard.

March 28: Aircraft engine manufacturers granted permission by the Aeronautics Branch, Department of Commerce, to conduct endurance tests on their own equipment.

April 4: Rear Adm. W. A. Moffett, Chief of Navy Bureau of Aeronautics, killed along with 72 others in crash of the dirigible Akron at sea off the coast of New Jersey. He was replaced by Rear Adm. E.J.King (USN).

May 14: American Interplanetary Society Rocket No. 2 successfully fired, attaining 250-foot altitude in 2 seconds, at Marine Park, Staten Island, N.Y.

July 1-August 12: Gen. Italo Balbo of Italian Air Force led flight of 25 Savoia-Marchetti S-55X seaplanes in mass flight from Rome to Chicago and return.

July 9-December 19: Col. and Mrs. Charles A. Lindbergh made 29,000-mile survey flight in their Cyclone-powered Sirius seaplane from New York to Labrador, Greenland, Iceland, Europe, Russia, the Azores, Africa, Brazil, and return.

July 15-22: Lockheed Vega, Winnie Mae, piloted in first round-the-world solo flight by Wiley Post, 15,596 miles in 7 days 18 hours 40½ minutes. Airplane contained new type of radiocompass developed by Wright Field engineers.

During July: Douglas DC-1 first flew, forerunner of the famed DC-3.

August 17: First Soviet liquid-propellant rocket successfully fired.

September 30: Russian stratosphere flight in Army balloon USSR attained a reported altitude of 60,695 feet, G. Prokofiev, K. Godunov, and E. Birnbaum as balloonists.

November 20-21: Lt. Comdr. T. G. W. Settle (USN) and Maj. Chester L. Fordney (USMC) set official world balloon altitude record of 61,237 feet over Akron, Ohio.

During 1933: Collier Trophy for 1933 awarded to Hamilton Standard Propeller Co., with particular credit to Frank W. Caldwell, chief engineer, for development of a controllable-pitch propeller now in general use. (See Appendix D.)

 * NACA assisted Army, Navy, and industry in the development of reliable retractable landing gears, controllable pitch propellers, more efficient wing sections, and wing flaps.

 * Harry W. Bull of Syracuse, N.Y., developed small liquid-propellant rocket engine.

 * Fred E. Weick and his associates at NACA's Langley Laboratory designed and constructed the Weick W-l airplane which incorporated such novel features as tricycle landing gear, pusher propeller, and interconnected ailerons and rudder for simpler and safer flying.

 * Eugen Sanger of Germany published his classic Rakatenflugtechnik, which dealt with rocket motor design and high-speed flight in the atmosphere.

 * British Interplanetary Society organized.

January 10-11: Six Navy Consolidated P2Y-l's flew nonstop from San Francisco to Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, 2,399 miles, in 24 hours 56 minutes.

January 30: Russian balloon reached 73,000 feet, but aeronauts Felosienko, Wasienko, and Vsyskin perished in free fall of gondola.

February 19: Under Presidential order the Army Air Corps started flying domestic airmail.

During February: Lockheed Electra first flew, featuring introduction of twin fins and rudders.

April 6: American Interplanetary Society renamed the American Rocket Society (ARS).

April 11: Comdr. Renato Donati established altitude record of 47,352 feet in Caproni aircraft, at Rome, Italy.

April 18: Baker Board, appointed by the Secretary of War to investigate the Army Air Corps, held its first meeting.

May 1: Lt. Frank Akers (USN) made hooded blind landing in an OJ-2 at College Park, Md., in demonstration of system intended for aircraft carrier use. In subsequent flights, he made takeoffs and landings between Anacostia and College Park under a hood without assistance.

June 12: Air Mail Act of 1934 signed by the President.

During June: Baker Board recommended purchase of War Department aircraft from private manufacturers, instead of building them in Government factories, by means of negotiated contract, by competitive bids, or by purchase after design competition.

July 1: Name of the Aeronautics Branch changed to the Bureau of Air Commerce in the Department of Commerce.

July 24: Air Corps began aerial photographic survey of Alaska under Lt. Col. H. H. Arnold.

July 28: A 60,613-foot altitude was reached in Air Corps-National Geographic Society balloon, Explorer I, by Maj. W. E. Kepner and Capts. A. W. Stevens and Orvil A. Anderson.

August 18: Jeanette and Jean Piccard flew Century of Progress balloon from Dearborn, Mich., to an altitude of 57,579 feet.

During August: Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory expanded with completion of engine research laboratory, a vertical tunnel for testing spinning characteristics, and a 24-inch high-speed tunnel (700 mph).

September 9: ARS Rocket No. 4 launched to 400 feet altitude, at Marine Island, Staten Island, N.T.

September 15: Aeromedical Laboratory founded at Wright Field, Dayton, Ohio. 30


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 the controversy, in which some of these learned disputants cut a very sorry figure.

Now Knox has been from the first a man well hated; and it is somewhat characteristic of his luck that he figures here in the very forefront of the list of partial scribes who trimmed their doctrine with the wind in all good conscience, and were political weathercocks out of conviction. Not only has Thomasius mentioned him, but Bayle has taken the hint from Thomasius, and dedicated a long note to the matter at the end of his article on the Scotch Reformer. This is a little less than fair. If any one among the evangelists of that period showed more serious political sense than another, it was assuredly Knox; and even in this very matter of female rule, although I do not suppose any one nowadays will feel inclined to endorse his sentiments, I confess I can make great allowance for his conduct. The controversy, besides, has an interest of its own, in view of later controversies.

John Knox, from 1556 to 1559, was resident in Geneva, as minister, jointly with Goodman, of a little church of English refugees. He and his congregation were banished from England by one woman, Mary Tudor, and proscribed in Scotland by another, the Regent Mary of Guise. The coincidence was tempting: here were many abuses


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 centring about one abuse; here was Christ's Gospel persecuted in the two kingdoms by one anomalous power. He had not far to go to find the idea that female government was anomalous. It was an age, indeed, in which women, capable and incapable, played a conspicuous part upon the stage of European history; and yet their rule, whatever may have been the opinion of here and there a wise man or enthusiast, was regarded as an anomaly by the great bulk of their contemporaries. It was defended as an anomaly. It, and all that accompanied and sanctioned it, was set aside as a single exception; and no one thought of reasoning down from queens and extending their privileges to ordinary women. Great ladies, as we know, had the privilege of entering into monasteries and cloisters, otherwise forbidden to their sex. As with one thing, so with another. Thus, Margaret of Navarre wrote books with great acclamation, and no one, seemingly, saw fit to call her conduct in question; but Mademoiselle de Gournay, Montaigne's adopted daughter, was in a controversy with the world as to whether a woman might be an author without incongruity. Thus, too, we have Théodore Agrippa d'Aubigné writing to his daughters about the learned women of his century, and cautioning them, in conclusion, that the study of letters was unsuited to ladies of a


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 middling station, and should be reserved for princesses. And once more, if we desire to see the same principle carried to ludicrous extreme, we shall find that Reverend Father in God the Abbot of Brantôme, claiming, on the authority of some lord of his acquaintance, a privilege, or rather a duty, of free love for great princesses, and carefully excluding other ladies from the same gallant dispensation. One sees the spirit in which these immunities were granted; and how they were but the natural consequence of that awe for courts and kings that made the last writer tell us, with simple wonder, how Catherine de Medici would "laugh her fill just like another" over the humours of pantaloons and zanies. And such servility was, of all things, what would touch most nearly the republican spirit of Knox. It was not difficult for him to set aside this weak scruple of loyalty. The lantern of his analysis did not always shine with a very serviceable light; but he had the virtue, at least, to carry it into many places of fictitious holiness, and was not abashed by the tinsel divinity that hedged kings and queens from his contemporaries. And so he could put the proposition in the form already mentioned: there was Christ's Gospel persecuted


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 in the two kingdoms by one anomalous power plainly, then, the "regiment of women" was Antichristian. Early in 1558 he communicated this discovery to the world, by publishing at Geneva his notorious book—The First Blast of the Trumpet against the Monstrous Regiment of Women.

As a whole, it is a dull performance; but the preface, as is usual with Knox, is both interesting and morally fine. Knox was not one of those who are humble in the hour of triumph; he was aggressive even when things were at their worst. He had a grim reliance in himself, or rather in his mission; if he were not sure that he was a great man, he was at least sure that he was one set apart to do great things. And he judged simply that whatever passed in his mind, whatever moved him to flee from persecution instead of constantly facing it out, or, as here, to publish and withhold his name from the title-page of a critical work, would not fail to be of interest, perhaps of benefit, to the world. There may be something more finely sensitive in the modern humour, that tends more and more to withdraw a man's personality from the lessons he inculcates or the cause that he has espoused; but there is a loss herewith of wholesome responsibility; and


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 when we find in the works of Knox, as in the Epistles of Paul, the man himself standing nakedly forward, courting and anticipating criticism, putting his character, as it were, in pledge for the sincerity of his doctrine, we had best waive the question of delicacy, and make our acknowledgments for a lesson of courage, not unnecessary in these days of anonymous criticism, and much light, otherwise unattainable, on the spirit in which great movements were initiated and carried forward. Knox's personal revelations are always interesting; and, in the case of the "First Blast," as I have said, there is no exception to the rule. He begins by stating the solemn responsibility of all who are watchmen over God's flock; and all are watchmen (he goes on to explain, with that fine breadth of spirit that characterises him even when, as here, he shows himself most narrow), all are watchmen "whose eyes God doth open, and whose conscience he pricketh to admonish the ungodly." And with the full consciousness of this great duty before him, he sets himself to answer the scruples of timorous or worldly-minded people. How can a man repent, he asks, unless the nature of his transgression is made plain to him? "And therefore I say," he continues, "that of necessity it is that this monstriferous empire of women (which among all enormities that this day


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 do abound upon the face of the whole earth, is most detestable and damnable) be openly and plainly declared to the world, to the end that some may repent and be saved." To those who think the doctrine useless, because it cannot be expected to amend those princes whom it would dispossess if once accepted, he makes answer in a strain that shows him at his greatest. After having instanced how the rumour of Christ's censures found its way to Herod in his own court, "even so," he continues, "may the sound of our weak trumpet, by the support of some wind (blow it from the south, or blow it from the north, it is of no matter), come to the ears of the chief offenders. But whether it do or not, yet dare we not cease to blow as God will give strength. For we are debtors to more than to princes, to wit, to the great multitude of our brethren, of whom, no doubt, a great number have heretofore offended by error and ignorance."

It is for the multitude, then, he writes; he does not greatly hope that his trumpet will be audible in palaces, or that crowned women will submissively discrown themselves at his appeal; what he does hope, in plain English, is to encourage and justify rebellion; and we shall see, before we have done, that he can put his purpose into words as roundly as I can put it for him. This


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 he sees to be a matter of much hazard; he is not "altogether so brutish and insensible, but that he has laid his account what the finishing of the work may cost." He knows that he will find many adversaries, since "to the most part of men, lawful and godly appeareth whatsoever antiquity hath received." He looks for opposition, "not only of the ignorant multitude, but of the wise, politic, and quiet spirits of the earth." He will be called foolish, curious, despiteful, and a sower of sedition; and one day, perhaps, for all he is now nameless, he may be attainted of treason. Yet he has "determined to obey God, notwithstanding that the world shall rage thereat." Finally, he makes some excuse for the anonymous appearance of this first instalment: it is his purpose thrice to blow the trumpet in this matter, if God so permit; twice he intends to do it without name; but at the last blast to take the odium upon himself, that all others may be purged.

Thus he ends the preface, and enters upon his argument with a secondary title: "The First Blast to awake Women degenerate." We are in the land of assertion without delay. That a woman should bear rule, superiority, dominion or empire over any realm, nation, or city, he tells us, is repugnant to nature, contumely to God, and a subversion of good order. Women are weak, frail,


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 impatient, feeble, and foolish. God has denied to woman wisdom to consider, or providence to foresee, what is profitable to a commonwealth. Women have been ever lightly esteemed; they have been denied the tutory of their own sons, and subjected to the unquestionable sway of their husbands; and surely it is irrational to give the greater where the less has been withheld, and suffer a woman to reign supreme over a great kingdom who would be allowed no authority by her own fireside. He appeals to the Bible; but though he makes much of the first transgression and certain strong texts in Genesis and Paul's Epistles, he does not appeal with entire success. The cases of Deborah and Huldah can be brought into no sort of harmony with his thesis. Indeed, I may say that, logically, he left his bones there; and that it is but the phantom of an argument that he parades thenceforward to the end. Well was it for Knox that he succeeded no better; it is under this very ambiguity about Deborah that we shall find him fain to creep for shelter before he is done with the regiment of women. After having thus exhausted Scripture, and formulated its teaching in the somewhat blasphemous maxim that the man is placed above the woman, even as God above the angels, he goes on triumphantly to adduce the testimonies of Tertullian, Augustine, Ambrose, Basil, Chrysos-


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 tom, and the Pandects; and having gathered this little cloud of witnesses about him, like pursuivants about a herald, he solemnly proclaims all reigning women to be traitoresses and rebels against God; discharges all men thenceforward from holding any office under such monstrous regiment, and calls upon all the lieges with one consent to "study to repress the inordinate pride and tyranny" of queens. If this is not treasonable teaching, one would be glad to know what is; and yet, as if he feared he had not made the case plain enough against himself, he goes on to deduce the startling corollary that all oaths of allegiance must be incontinently broken. If it was sin thus to have sworn even in ignorance, it were obstinate sin to continue to respect them after fuller knowledge. Then comes the peroration, in which he cries aloud against the cruelties of that cursed Jezebel of England—that horrible monster Jezebel of England; and after having predicted sudden destruction to her rule and to the rule of all crowned women, and warned all men that if they presume to defend the same when any "noble heart" shall be raised up to vindicate the liberty of his country, they shall not fail to perish themselves in the ruin, he concludes with a last rhetorical flourish: "And therefore let all men be advertised, for ."


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 The capitals are his own. In writing, he probably felt the want of some such reverberation of the pulpit under strong hands as he was wont to emphasise his spoken utterances withal; there would seem to him a want of passion in the orderly lines of type; and I suppose we may take the capitals as a mere substitute for the great voice with which he would have given it forth, had we heard it from his own lips. Indeed, as it is, in this little strain of rhetoric about the trumpet, this current allusion to the fall of Jericho, that alone distinguishes his bitter and hasty production, he was probably right, according to all artistic canon, thus to support and accentuate in conclusion the sustained metaphor of a hostile proclamation. It is curious, by the way, to note how favourite an image the trumpet was with the Reformer. He returns to it again and again; it is the Alpha and Omega of his rhetoric; it is to him what a ship is to the stage sailor; and one would almost fancy he had begun the world as a trumpeter's apprentice. The partiality is surely characteristic. All his life long he was blowing summonses before various Jerichos, some of which fell duly, but not all. Wherever he appears in history his speech is loud, angry, and hostile; there is no peace in his life, and little tenderness; he is always sounding hopefully to the front for some rough enterprise.


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ERDINAND had now the responsibility of determining his own position in relation to the Bohemian contest. He had hitherto continually complained that the Emperor had neglected the necessary defensive measures, and although, after the abduction of Khlesl, the most important ground of complaint was removed, yet the war preparations did not take on the dimensions of the original plan, and were not in proportion to the means at command. The unfortunate events of the war caused Ferdinand to appear less hostile to the Emperor’s desire to mediate a peace than might have been expected from his first action; he hoped indeed that the Duke of Bavaria would, in the mediation, take care of his interests, both as a Catholic and as a sovereign. Immediately after the death of the Emperor his conduct indicated that he


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 And as his voice had something of the trumpet's hardness, it had something also of the trumpet's warlike inspiration. So Randolph, possibly fresh from the sound of the Reformer's preaching, writes of him to Cecil:—"Where your honour exhorteth us to stoutness, I assure you the voice of one man is able, in an hour, to put more life in us than six hundred trumpets continually blustering in our ears."

Thus was the proclamation made. Nor was it long in wakening all the echoes of Europe. What success might have attended it, had the question decided been a purely abstract question, it is difficult to say. As it was, it was to stand or fall, not by logic, but by political needs and sympathies. Thus, in France, his doctrine was to have some future, because Protestants suffered there under the feeble and treacherous regency of Catherine de Medici; and thus it was to have no future anywhere else, because the Protestant interest was bound up with the prosperity of Queen Elizabeth. This stumbling-block lay at the very threshold of the matter; and Knox, in the text of the "First Blast," had set everybody the wrong example and gone to the ground himself. He finds occasion to regret "the blood of innocent Lady Jane Dudley." But Lady Jane Dudley, or


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 would trust in the support of Spain and in the auxiliary force which Philip III. had given him reason to expect, for he would have no more to do with the Eger mediation, but seek to settle in his own way the contest with the Bohemians. He therefore executed a copy of the articles in regard to the Bohemian privileges, which he had obligated himself at his coronation to conserve, and sent them to Prague, with a notification to the chief functionaries who had carried on the government under Matthias, before the outbreak, confirming them in their places, and accordingly denying the right of existence to the usurpation of the Directors. Knowing, however, that the opposition against him was still on the rise in the other provinces, and that it would be long before the Spanish auxiliaries would arrive, he made use of mild terms and sent a new dispatch to the Bohemian Estates, in which he invited them to send envoys to Vienna to treat of the questions at issue. He thus confessed the existence of a contest and his willingness to enter into negotiations in regard to it, but gave no clue to the manner in which he would conduct these. As appearances upon the theatre of the war were growing still more unfavorable, he went a step further, and consented to the mediation of two men of princely rank, naming the Dukes of Bavaria and Saxony as the persons, which he regarded as a movement of the character of the projected meeting at Eger.

All these overtures were, however, declined in Bohemia, because, after the death of the Emperor, all thought of negotiations had been given up. The plan there was very simple; it was to revolutionize the other lands of the Bohemian crown, together with Austria and Hungary, and the hope was that this would soon be effected. The first step was taken in Silesia. The Silesians had really,


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 Lady Jane Grey, as we call her, was a would-be traitoress and rebel against God, to use his own expressions. If, therefore, political and religious sympathy led Knox himself into so grave a partiality, what was he to expect from his disciples? If the trumpet gave so ambiguous a sound, who could heartily prepare himself for the battle? The question whether Lady Jane Dudley was an innocent martyr, or a traitoress against God, whose inordinate pride and tyranny had been effectually repressed, was thus left altogether in the wind; and it was not, perhaps, wonderful if many of Knox's readers concluded that all right and wrong in the matter turned upon the degree of the sovereign's orthodoxy and possible helpfulness to the Reformation. He should have been the more careful of such an ambiguity of meaning, as he must have known well the lukewarm indifference and dishonesty of his fellow-reformers in political matters. He had already, in 1556 or 1557, talked the matter over with his great master, Calvin, in "a private conversation;" and the interview must have been truly distasteful to both parties. Calvin, indeed, went a far way with him in theory, and owned that the "government of women was a deviation from the original and proper order of nature, to be ranked, no less than