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Rh historical material in the possession of Congress. While occupied with this matter Dr. Jameson explained the history and value of the records to the Rhode Island Historical Society, and his address was reviewed in the "Magazine of American History" (vol. 21, January–June, 1889, p. 82).

But meantime some progress had been made with the actual printing of the Court Book. Mr. Conway Robinson had made copious extracts from it, especially of the documentary material which is contained in the second volume. His extracts the Virginia Historical Society published in 1889, under the editorship of Mr. R. A. Brock. Until the present time this edition, in two volumes, has served the purpose of most students. But the requirements of historical study in this country have now reached a point where more complete and critical editions of the sources are needed than have been common in the past. If this need was to be met, it became at once apparent that no body of records was better adapted for a beginning than those which related to the Virginia Company of London. In date and subject: matter they stand at the very threshold of American history. In character they form a distinct and unique group of material. By the issue of a definitive edition of these records the demand which scholars have so long made for their publication would be met and satisfied. It was under the influence of considerations like these that the present work was undertaken.

In the preparation of this body of records for the press critical accuracy and helpfulness have been sought in all possible ways. The spelling of the original has been carefully preserved throughout, for in editing a source of this character and importance any attempt to modernize the text would be properly regarded as unjustifiable. Not only has the spelling been preserved, but also the signs and abbreviations which abound, the use of which the men of the period had inherited from still earlier times. So far as such a thing is possible in print, the text is exactly reproduced in these volumes, while an added element of reality is supplied by the photographs of specimen pages of the original manuscript.

Brief notes have been added where it was necessary to explain or call attention to obscurities, omissions, or other irregularities in the text, the purpose being to enable the reader to gain information of this kind from the printed page with the same certainty as if he were using the manuscript. In the notes. cross references have also been given to the documents of the company and to its publications, when they have been found to reproduce, or to illustrate and make more definite, the statements which are contained in the Court Book. In citations of this kind the number of each document is given as it appears in the List of Records in the Introduction. In this way the unity of the records of the company as a whole receives illustration, and the investigator will be aided in any effort which he may make to learn all which they have to reveal in reference to any subject. Finally, the index completes the invaluable service which Miss Kingsbury has rendered in the editorship of the work.


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The individual effort which had revealed itself at the close of the medieval period in other phases of the economic development and in the military history of the past quarter century was especially prominent in the movement in 1606 for a society of adventurers to trade in Virginia. The commercial advance had been due chiefly to private enterprise, and the naval expeditions into the West Indies against the Spanish had heen fitted out and prosecuted by such adventurous spirits as Sir Francis Drake, while the zeal for exploration and for gold, which inspired John and Sebastian Cabot to search for a passage to Cathay and the East Indies in 191. led Sir Humphrey Gilbert and Sir Walter Raleigh a century later to seek out the resources of the lands from Florida to Newfoundland. It is the same spirit of adventure which inspired the narratives of John Smith and Henry Spelman as they told of their relations with the Indians of America. But it is in the progress of both the commercial and the political life of England that the Virginia Company is important. For the plantation founded and nourished by a private concern as an enterprise purely for gain was the social cause from which developed the colony as a form of government. Its political organization is seen in its relations to the Crown, of which there were two distinct phases. During the first three years it was distinctly a creature of the King, the affairs of which were conducted by the King through a council created by himself and responsible to himself. while to the investors were left the privileges of raising the funds, furnishing the supplies, and sending out the expeditions. It was a modification of this form of management to which the government reverted after the dissolution of the Company in 1624, and again at the end of the century when royal colonies were substituted for proprietary and corporate forms throughout America. In the second phase the undertakers became distinctly proprictary, retaining the commercial responsibilities. but assuming governmental functions in place of the King.

A comparison between the royal grants for discovery in the sixteenth century and those of the Virginia Company shows that there was an increase in the direct territorial relations between King and subject, a limitation upon monopoly 11

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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12 of trade, and a tendency on the part of the Crown to retain directly or indirectly the powers of government. Thus, in the letters patent to Richard Warde, Thomas Ashehurst, and associates in 1501, to Sir Humphrey Gilbert in 1578, and to Sir Walter Raleigh in 1584, the Crown conferred proprietorship of land with the right to grant it out in fee simple at will. But in 1606 the land was held by the undertakers, and again in 1609 by the adventurers and planters in free and common socage, as of the manor of Greenwich of the county of Kent. Under the tirst Virginia charter it was granted by the King to those approved by the council: under the second, by the members of the company to anyone who should have adyentured a eertain sum of money or his person. The fief, distinctly so called in the early charters, for which homage was to be rendered, with no service, however, save that of one-fifth of the gold and silver gained. had disappeared; and the only direct feudal relation with the King which remained arose from the requirement of a per cent of the precious metals. The monopoly of trade by which Warde, Gilbert, and Raleigh were allowed to seize and detain any one who traflicked within two hundred leagues of a settlement was altered in 1606 so that the planters had only the right of collecting a tax from such interlopers. The rights of government which had been surrendered absolutely to the grantees in the sixteenth century charters were reserved to the King by the letters patent of 1606 to be exercised through the couneil. In 1609 these powers were conferred on the company as an open body, it must he remembered, and thus differed from the earlier grants and from the later proprietary grants to Lord Baltimore or to William Penn.

Although the charter emphasizes the government of the plantation, the Virginia Company was purely a commercial enterprise conducted by a private concern, even before the charter of 1609, as is shown by the history of its early years. It was backed by the patronage of the King, but only for the purpose of advancing the trade of the Kingdom in foreign parts and saving the Crown from expense and responsibility, as had been the policy in regard to the other trading companies. Nevertheless, it was a step toward colonial expansion, for, as has well been said, "the explorer is potentially a colonizer," and the army of laborers on the plantation became in time an army of free tenants in a colony. While in the spirit of its commercial life the company was Closely allied to the efforts fer exploration and search for gold, morally supported by Elizabeth in her feudal grants, in its organization, as well as in its purpose, it resembled the private companics for trade based on ancient charters, and in its development is to be understood only through a knowledge of both of these earlier movements.


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180

The next class of schools is that in which the literature, law, philosophy, and religion of the Hindus are taught through the medium of the Sanscrit language; and with reference to the number of seminaries and students, the nature of the influence which learned Hindus possess, and the amount of the population over whom it is exercised, this can be considered inferior in importance only to the class of vernacular schools from which the great body of the people derive the chief part of the instruction they receive.

In twenty thanas of this city and district there are 24 Sanscrit schools with the same number of teachers, whose average age is 46·2 years. All the teachers are Brahmans, 18 being Varendra, 8 Rarhi, and 3 Vaidika Brahmans.

The various sources of income to vernacular teachers, as far as they could be ascertained, were reduced to a monthly rate; but the receipts of learned teachers, although generally larger in amount, are obtained at such uncertain intervals that they found it more convenient to give me an annual estimate. The average of the annual receipts of 24 teachers is 128 rupees, derived principally from the presents received on the occasion of ceremonial invitations, and occasionally from other sources. One teacher receives a pension from Government of five rupees per annum, paid quarterly. I could not ascertain the origin of this payment. Another teacher has a pension of 60 rupees per annum originally bestowed by and paid through the Government. The first order of Government on the subject is dated 12th November 1799; on the 17th July 1822 the Collector reported the institution to be well attended and the pensioner qualified, and on the 10th September of the same year the Board of Revenue authorized the present incumbent to receive the allowance in succession to his father. As far as I could ascertain, the sole object of the endowment is the encouragement of learning without any reference either to religious worship, or hospitality to strangers. A third teacher holds an endowment of ten bighas of land, yielding about one rupee per bigha per annum: it is the remnant of 100 bighas originally granted by Rajah Rama Kanta to his grandfather and subsequently divided and sub-divided amongst descendants who do not belong to the profession of learning, from which it would appear that the object of the endowment has been, in a great measure, defeated. It was stated to me that the original sanad for 100 bighas was lost,


text: The Grey Fairy Book/The Goblin Pony

title: The Grey Fairy Book/The Goblin Pony


text: The Grey Fairy Book

title: The Grey Fairy Book


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 is in prospect. With the children of the lower classes, if they can be snatched by any means, from utter neglect, it is "now or never," in whatever relates either to their moral or intellectual training. To-morrow, those whom we are wishing to reclaim, may be torn from us, never again to come within the precincts of knowledge or virtue. But in our own families, what imaginable motive can there be for attempting this year, what we shall better be able to effect the next? Under ordinary circumstances, the years of infancy are at our command, and so will be the years of childhood when they come, and so the years of ado-lescence.

Moreover, it should be remembered, that the pernicious effects of a hurried and stimulating system of culture, as well upon the moral sentiments as the intellect, are likely to disappear in the case of children with whom the entire process of instruction is early brought to a close, and who, even if they may have sustained some mental or bodily injury, quickly lose every trace of it under the toils of the factory, or the field, where they too soon relapse into apathy and ignorance. Schooling completed at ten or twelve, the animal energy gets ahead of the mind, and as firm an insensibility is acquired as if there had been no infant-school development.

But with children of the upper classes, fully educated, we can calculate upon no pause in the operations of mental culture; on the contrary, one process of excitement is immediately to succeed another: and each, as it comes, is to be more strenuous than that which it displaces: and then, and without an interval, the emulations and the powerful influences of a college course, or of active life, are to follow, with their always increasing demands upon the re-sources of the body and the mind; and thus the latter is constantly kept in advance of the former.

It can hardly be necessary to use arguments in support


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 of the general rule, that, in proportion as an intended system of mental culture is protracted, its commencement should be lenient; and that, in such cases, the spontaneous expansion of the faculties should be waited for, rather than hurried on, and that, looking to the remote issue of our en-deavours, the original stock of intellectual power should be husbanded, more than employed. It should be deemed that enough is done if a healthful vivacity of mind is pre-served, in readiness for the season of actual labour.

The general question concerning the desirableness of early excitement, or the contrary, might be argued on the ground of three probable suppositions; and the practical conclusion we must come to, will, I think, be the same in each. In the first place then, let it be supposed that a child exhibits extraordinary intelligence, and manifests an eager and unusual desire for knowledge; and let it further be assumed that this early manifestation of mind is exempt from all suspicion of its arising from a dangerous activity of the brain; but that, on the contrary, the bodily and mental constitution is thoroughly sound. Now, in this case, if we put aside the foolish ambition of showing off a prodigy of erudition, at seven years, there remains no motive what-ever, such as should impel a parent to hasten that culture which, without a shadow of doubt, will proceed rapidly enough, whenever it may be seriously commenced.

Taking due care that the tastes be not directly thwarted, and that the mind be not broken with restraints, why should we not secure for the bodily system a long morning of animal tranquillity, and gay sunshine? Why not allow the eager spirit a long familiarity with Nature's self, before the time when Learningher interpreter, comes in to be the chief speaker?

But, in the second place, if in any case there be reason to fearand when is there not some reason to fear? that precocious intelligence is the ominous symptom of a morbid


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title: The Next Naval War


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 and assuredly nothing but what is agreeable should at all be presented to the infant mind:this rule excludes not merely objects or ideas positively unpleasing, but all such as are dry, and devoid of attractions.

In the flower-garden, and among the gay, winged, hum-ming tribes that frequent it, Nature opens her school;we have but to lead our infant charge thither, and simply to act as her interpreters; and when this pictured alphabet has been learned, it will be easy to go afield, and thence to mount higher and higher, until we tread the skies, and make some acquaintance with distant worlds. None but the most dronish teachers can need to be told that the ex-acting of volumes of lessons may entirely fail of quicken-ing the mind. There may, however, be many who, from the conscious or supposed want in themselves of various information, and of the requisite fertility of thought, adhere to the stultifying practice of lesson-giving, although they perceive its inutility, and would gladly, if not at too great a cost of mind, adopt a different method.

Hints, intended to facilitate such a better purpose, will hereafter be suggested; at present I would offer some considerations which may serve to confirm the minds of parents in the resolution not to allow more than a very little book-learning to be attempted during the first period of education.

It is not so much the actual process of learning to read, as the consequences of being able to read, during early years, which are to be guarded against; and this period, be it remembered, extends to the time when the organization of the brain is complete, and when its ultimate dimensions are nearly attained. In learning to read, if the process be conducted with a fair degree of discretion, the mind is not taxed by the demand of continuous attention; on the con-trary, its frequent stops and trips, and the consequent inter-position of the teacher, break up the exercise into morsels,


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 and afford respites and turns-off to the brain. Moreover, before that habit of the eye and ear is perfectly formed, which enables an adult to read without a thought of the combination of letters in words, the mind is still occupied with the visible symbols, on the page; nor does the mental operation essentially differ from that which is every hour going on, while the names of familiar objects are becoming associated with them in the memory.

The only inquiry likely to accrue from the mere operation of learning to read, is that which happens when the exercise, each time, is continued a little too long, so as to impair the animal vivacity. But the mental process be-comes altogether of another sort when a good degree of proficiency has been made; for, from that time, and until the connexion between written words and the ideas they stand for has become so familiarly perceived, as that the mind is no longer conscious of any act in passing from the one to the otheruntil that time, there is an ill-adjudged movement going on in the brain, of a kind always more or less hurtful.

This circumstance deserves to be more understood and considered than it usually is. Let it be observed then that the mind, or the brain, and it is of no importance here to inquire which, is, in every instance, perturbed, and ex-posed to injury, when two operations, linked one with the other, are going on, but which do not accurately keep time, or advance precisely at the same rate. It is hence that most cases of confusion of the thoughts arise; and an attention to the simple fact might, in very many instances, greatly aid those who, in the transaction of complicated affairs, are liable to lose the ready command of their faculties.

Instances of this sort are easily named, such as when an unpractised writer is labouring to keep pace with a speaker; or when a clerk, less expert, is collating accounts in


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title: The Next Naval War/Chapter 1


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 stead of allowing him to read to himself, and the whole of the mechanical mischief is avoided:and again, let him be freely conversed with, in a desultory manner, in the midst of active engagements, and out of doors; and then, while an equal amount of information is conveyed, and in a form more readily assimilated by the mind, then nearly all the mischiefs of excitement, as springing from study, are also avoided. In a word, let books in the hand, except as play-things, be, as much as possible, held back during the early period of education; and the later the time at which they are freely allowed the better.

If it were not true that, notwithstanding the improved notions now prevalent, relative to early tasking and lesson-learning, there is always a probability that perfunctory teachers will adhere to the reprobated practice, I should not think it necessary to dwell upon the subject. It is, however, absolutely necessary that parents, who avail themselves of the services of a governess or tutor, as most must do, should have a strong conviction of the injurious consequences attending the method of gorging. children, and especially young children, with the verbiage of tasks. Unfortunately, nothing can supply the place of task-work in education, but the elastic intelligence of the teacher’s own mind; and those who possess no such spring of movement, will always, if allowed to do it, swamp the understandings of children in lessons.

The committing of VERSE to memory is, as I shall have occasion again to say, a facile and altogether unexceptionable exercise of that faculty; and a ready means of fixing the best sentiments in the mind, in connexion with pleasurable emotions; and this mental association is perhaps the most important of any which it is the object of education to form. But I am inclined to doubt if a balance of good is in any case secured by the practice of loading the memory with PROSE, of any kind; and especially with such prose


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 yet learned to quash it! While passing through the terrors of repetition, the agitated and flushed faces of children of this sort, indicate the distressing to-and-fro movement of the faculties:while learning there rôle, they have instinctively endeavoured to connect ideas with the words of the lesson; and not having the benefit of intelligent guidance in doing so, have probably perplexed themselves beyond all hope of extrication, among the crabbed barbarisms of their task:besides, they are now compelled to have recourse to their recollection of mere sounds, and thus are doubly embarrassed between memory and reason, between sounds and ideas; and meantime are scared by the harsh rebukes of their undiscriminating teacher. Through the fine transparent countenance, glowing with fear and shame, and which might so easily have been made to sparkle with the free interchange of a congenial intelligencethrough the countenance, you may look into the very organ of thought, and discern the curdling of the brain under this species of torture. Now, the harassed mind snatches at the mere sounds of the lesson; and now again endeavours to catch the rational clue of its ideas; until at length it becomes totally bewildered.

Intelligent children, so unfortunate as to come under a treatment of this sort, if not at length broken down and stultified, learn, after a while, to rid themselves fairly of their understandings whenever they have to do with their teacher, and get the habit of regarding school hours as so much time spent in the dark. They have found that, in school, THOUGHT was punishable, or was a contraband commodity, and therefore they keep it in their sleeve. Common minded children could lose nothing if their tasks were given them in Chaldee; while by this means intelligent children would be exempted from a serious disadvantage, inasmuch as reason and memory would no longer be set together on the rack.


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title: The Next Naval War/Chapter 3


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 "Oh yes, mamma, I understand that very well; for I know it costs you much trouble to teach me, and unless you were of a very active disposition I am sure you would not be able todo it; and then I am often very tired, and have the head-ache when you have been teaching me; and so I suffer, when I am taught, and therefore being taught, is a passive verb:all this about verbs is very plain."

An intelligent teacher, if, during the early period of education, he aims at all to elicit the abstractive and reasoning faculty (which there is no motive for doing) will at least observe the distinction between presenting such conclusions as are mere statements of known facts, and such as involve a train of inferences, and which must be seen in their dependence, from the first link to the last, as for example.If the see-saw be evenly balanced, and you get upon one end of it, what happens?My end comes to the ground, and the other mounts aloft.Yes, unless there be some one of equal weight at that end, and then?it balances. But if you slip off when your end touches the ground, what then? Whoever is at the other end will descend with a jerk, and perhaps will be hurt.Well then, remember never again to jump off, as you did yesterday, unless your companion is prepared to do so at the same time.

This is at once understood, because the inference, with its practical conclusion, is itself only the statement of a fact as familiarly known as the premises, and in experience, the premises and the conclusion are actually conjoined. But if we were to ask the same child to give the reason, or were ourselves to state it, why, when one sits nearer to the fulcrum than the other, he can no longer counterpoise his antagonist; or why boys of unequal weight may balance each other by placing themselves at proportionate distances from the centre of oscillation, the explanation, in this case, involves the doctrine of the compensations of


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 space and time, or the principle of the lever; and it is a chance if the most expert teacher will succeed in rendering any such abstruse principle really intelligible to a child of the age we are now supposing. This at least is certain, that the comprehension of it will have demanded an effort too great for the unripe brain; it will have occupied time that might have been better employed; and will, in less than an hour, have flown, leaving nothing in the mind but a jumble of crabbed phrases and puzzling diagrams. If a child strives to understand a complicated statement, but fails in his endeavours, his faculties have been perturbed; if he does understand it, by extraordinary intelligence, a rare power, in the bud, has been forced, which, without a doubt, would have expanded, have blossomed, and fructi-fied in due season: what motive can justify the violence we have been doing to nature?

Happily, and by the beneficent constitution of the human system, animal and mental, the mischief done, at any one time, by a too ambitious teacher, may entirely be remedied by half an hour's high sport.Play disperses the dose of logic, and all is right again. This corrective effect of the active gaiety of children, will, in most instances, render the over zeal of a teacher harmless; but it is certain that a brain of fine and rare organization, eager for knowledge, may be permanently injured by such treatment. A mind, thus early curdled by injudicious zeal, might be compared to a marbled paperin the old fashion, the bright colours of which, streaked into fantastic forms, might, if re-served for the pencil of the master, have pictured the beauty of the real world. But to this subject I must return, presently.

In adherence to the general principle which, as I think, should distinguish the slow but comprehensive culture to be pursued at home, from the hurried development, necessarily aimed at where education is to be imparted at a


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 cheap rate, and to large numbersin adherence to this leading principle, I should lightly esteem, or entirely reject various ingenuous devicesthe philosophical pas-times, and games of science, which have indeed a show of utility; and perhaps a little more, when resorted to under the circumstances that attach to frugal education. But children who enjoy ample spaces and means for sheer amusement, and who are out of doors, and at liberty six hours of the day, as they ought, do not need to be amused also during the few hours in which they are receiving in-struction. Besides that such devices will seem very poor pleasure to those whose pleasures, properly so called, are of the most exhilarating sort. Or if considered as means of learning, these devices are circuitous, cumbrous, and fantastic; and tend rather to distract the understanding, than to aid it. A vivacious and intelligent teacher finds no difficulty in conveying the elements of geography, astronomy, and even arithmetic, in a form such as children will attend to with eagerness; and this without the gilding that is contrived with the view of cheating the young mind into knowledge, as babies are beguiled to swallow medicine.

Much also has been said of late, of certain "exercises of the senses," concerning the utility of which I will give no opinion, when brought to bear upon children in infant and parochial schools. In such places it may be well to provoke the sluggish perceptions, as well as to stimulate the dormant reason, by all possible means. But I really do not know what it is that remains to be desired, in regard to the ordinary purposes of life, if the body be sound, and in high health, and the mind be alert. It is to the savage, or it is to men exercising special callings of an inferior sort, that there can be much benefit in having the senses sharpened to an extreme acuteness. A sight like the vulture’s, or the power of descrying a sparrow in a hedge, half a mile distant, or of hearing the creeping of a dormouse in the


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 It is not, in any case, the roots, and trunk, and main branches of philosophy, that should be offered to children; but merely its green leaves and blossoms. Digests, and compendiums, we should come to in education, as we come to the bones in a process of anatomical dissection, last of all. To hang up a grim skeleton before a child, and tell him, This, my dear, is your new acquaintancePhilosophy,is no very auspicious mode of commencing the friendship which we wish to induce.

Most of the modern writers who have laboured (and very commendably,) in providing elementary books for children, appear to have adopted the principle which, at a first glance, offers itself as natural and reasonable, namely, That the axiomatic rudiments, or comprehensive aphorisms of a science (because it is from them that every thing else results) are the first things to be taught to children; or, in other words, that what is last attained by the cultivators of any branch of knowledge, is what we should first impart in teaching it. But this principle, as it stands in contra-riety to the process of discovery, for we first employ our-selves upon unconnected and incidental facts, and, last of all, digest what we have learned in a systematic form, so is it, in practice, opposed to the order of nature, in developing the human faculties.

Generalized abstracts, and synoptical analyses of sciences, highly useful as they are when the learner has al-ready become familiar with a multitude of facts, are not merely useless, but utterly unintelligible beforehand, and while he has few or no stores to be classified. There is nothing the human mind grasps with more delight than generalization, or classification, when it has already made an accumulation of particulars; but nothing from which it turns with more repugnance, in its previous state of inani-tion.

Children will eagerly snatch up the bits and crumbs that


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 fall from the table of philosophy, when they have no appetite that should impel them to take a place at the board. Elementary books, or, to speak more correctly, FIRST books, should consist entirely of dainty morsels, and of well-gathered flowers; but nothing should be seen in them that is comprehensive; there should be no synopses, no bird’s-eye views, no generalization.

The teacher must, unquestionably, himself be master, in a systematic manner, of what he talks about; or he soon becomes bewildered, and falls into positive errors; and by the means also of his own acquaintance with the abstruse principles of a science, he will be able so to select facts as that, while to the eye they are loose and incidental, they may really be the best for preparing the mind to admit what is to follow.

The incidental conveyance of general knowledge, during the early period of education, naturally takes its rise from two kinds of occasions; namely, in the first place, from the occurrence of words and phrases, in reading or conversation, of which a child asks explanation; and, secondly, from the occurrence of phenomenaordinary or rare, which may chance to excite his curiosity. And these two occasions of imparting knowledge easily run one into an-other; as when, for instance, the meaning of a word is askedEvaporation, and the thing is exhibited by the holding a damp newspaper before the fire. On the contrary, if the disappearance of the dew on the window has been observed, the technical term may opportunely be connected with it, in the way of elliptical interrogation:What you see going on is?Evaporation.

Or some advantage may result from allowing an interval of time to pass between the one sort of explanation, and the other; for the mind always holds more firmly that which it seizes by a rebound, as thusWhat does this word evaporation mean?The turning of water or of other


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title: The Next Naval War/Chapter 4


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 fluids into steam, or vapour, by the application of heat.Any thing damp is dried by?Evaporation. After the lapse of some days, the steam arising from a gravel walk, in a sunny aspect, and after a warm shower, is noticed; and the question is briskly putThe rain that is fallen on the path is turning into vapour:what is this called? The answer, if given correctly, at a distance of time, is likely to fix itself indelibly in the memory; and the next step, with an intelligent child, will not improbably be some spontaneous effort of generalization; as when a bottle of wine, brought from the cellar, is seen first to be bedewed, and then to dry, in the heated dining-roomIs not this tooevaporation? And this will lead further:Can nothing but water and liquids be evaporated?Yes, we might say a solid body, such as a lump of metal, or of brimstone, is evaporated, when it is converted into gas, by heat; but then we use another word, and call itsublimation.

Yet in all such incidental conveyances of particles of scientific information, we should keep clearly in view our real intention, which is by no means that of imparting a certain amount of scientific knowledge, at a certain age, for this is a point of no consequence;but we simply mean to make a commencement of intellectuality—to keep the mind in alliance with reason and nature; and if any thing further need be regardedto familiarize a little the terms and the facts of philosophy, so as to facilitate the arduous studies of a later period.

In truth, if this sort of desultory and yet well-directed initiation in science is constantly pursued, the more systematic instruction which must at length follow, may be the longer delayed; and meantime that fresh bloom of the faculties may be preserved, which is always more or less impaired by laborious studies.

A very slender apparatus of amusement is found to be enough, where children are accustomed, on the one hand,


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 to much active sport abroad; and on the other, are intelligently conversed with, at all hours, by their teacher. Munificent grandmammas, and affluent aunts, will, spite of remonstrances, continue to be good customers at the toy-shop; but those who have actually had to do with children, are well aware of the fact that no delight is so brief as that caused by the possession of an elaborate and costly toy; in truth, the pleasure, as to its continuance, seems generally to be in inverse proportion to the sum that has been lavished upon the gift. And often, in consideration of the kind donor’s feelings, a little artifice has been used in order to make it appear that the splendid article has not become an object of indifference or disgust, the very next day after its arrival.

A crooked stick of his own findingthe handle of a broomthe gardener’s cast-off pruning knife, or a tin mug without a bottom, will be hoarded by a child, and be mused over, and converted to twenty whimsical purposes, day after day, perhaps for weeks, and certainly until after the toy which cost what would have fed a poor family as long, has been consigned to the lumber-room.

That principle of the human mind whence springs the pleasure derived by children from toys, has already been casually adverted to when speaking of the happiness of childhood; and it will demand our particular consideration in a following chapter. For the present, let it be observed that while, as we have said, and as every mother knows, this pleasure bears no proportion whatever to the costliness or high finish of a toy, neither can it, by artificial means, be made to connect itself with some appended purpose of instruction. In addition to what has just been said on this point, I must observe that the use of scientific games, and learned toys, has prevailed as part of the mistaken modern principle of early development and early proficiency. If this, that, and the other branch of knowledge must, indeed,


text:
Page:Home Education by Isaac Taylor (1838).djvu/114

 is discarded. When carving, and gilding, and painting have done their best to make it the very image of reality, the mind of the child, unconsciously, but in fact, resents the officiousness of the artist, who has encroached so far upon its own province; and it turns with fondness (often to the wonder of by-standers) to the most misshapen symbol of man, or dog, or house, or horse, or cart, and, by the very means of the glaring imperfections of this image, finds scope for the exercise of its own creative and imaginative powers.

It is confessed that there are some children so vulgar in their tastes, and so inert in mind, as to prefer always what is most staring in colour, and what leaves nothing to be done, or to think of, but vacantly to gaze upon the gorgeous idol of their mindless delight. It is otherwise with those whose natural endowments are such as to render education in any degree hopeful.

The principle of the human mind we are now speaking of, and which, if well understood, may be turned to great account in various ways, is clearly exhibited in the instance of the pleasure taken by children in pictorial representations. Even the most observant children (I am speaking of an early age) take little notice of a highly-finished and deep-toned picture, although the subject may be both familiar and pleasing. Upon the elaborate canvass the child sees only what he can see elsewhere, and with the accompaniment of motion in the objects; and to him, the merit of imitation in the picture is as nothing. Moreover, be-sides the disadvantage of the ambiguous distribution of light and shade in a finished picture, which more or less perplexes the contour of objects, there is, to the child’s eye, an optical inconvenience in looking at a picture, which the adult, by use, has become insensible of, but which, so long as it continues, is very annoying. In looking at objects at various distances, we learn, very early, so to adjust


text:
Page:Agreement relating to Malaysia (1963).djvu/152

by the Prime Minister so to do, but he shall not be obliged to act in this respect in accordance with the advice of the Prime Minister unless he is satisfied that, in tendering that advice, the Prime Minister commands the confidence of a majority of the Members of the Legislative Assembly.

 * (4) The Legislative Assembly unless sooner dissolved shall continue for five years from the date of its first sitting and shall then stand dissolved.

50. There shall be a general election at such time within three months after every dissolution of the Legislative Assembly as the Yang di-Pertuan Negara shall appoint by Proclamation published in the Gazette.

51. The Legislature may by law make provision for the remuneration of Members of the Legislative Assembly.

52. Any law enacted by the Legislature after the coming into operation of this Constitution which is inconsistent with this Constitution shall, to the extent of the inconsistency, be void.

53. (1) There shall be a status known as " citizen of Singapore ".

 * (2) The status of a citizen of Singapore may be acquired—

 * (a) by birth;

 * (b) by descent;

 * (c) by registration or enrolment; or

 * (d) under the provisions of the Federal Constitution by naturalisation.

 * (3) In accordance with the position of the State within the Federation every person who is a citizen of Singapore enjoys by virtue of that citizenship and in accordance with the provisions of the Federal Constitution the status of a citizen of Malaysia.

54. (1) Subject to the provisions of this Article, every person born in the State after the coming into operation of this Constitution shall be a citizen of Singapore by birth.

 * (2) A person shall not be a citizen of Singapore by virtue of clause (1) of this Article if at the time of his birth—

 * (a) his father, not being a citizen of Malaysia, possessed such immunity from suit and legal process as is accorded to an envoy of a sovereign power accredited to the Yang di-Pertuan Agong; or

 * (b) his father was an enemy alien and the birth occurred in a place then under the occupation of the enemy; or


text:
Page:Home Education by Isaac Taylor (1838).djvu/115

 the axes of the two eyes, by an instantaneous and unconscious movement of the orbits, as to make them meet in the same focus:whenever this adjustment does not take place, we see a nearer object double. Now a child, because he has only very recently acquired the habit of so adjusting the axes of the eyes, is conscious of a something wrong, when, in looking at a picture, he finds that the church on a distant hill, to be seen distinctly, instead of requiring an altered inclination of the orbits, must be looked at with the same angular direction of the eyes that serves for the dogs and horses on the foreground. This contradiction of the habit he has so lately acquired, not merely perplexes him, but produces a general confusion of objects, so as to prevent his receiving any vivid pleasure from the representation. It is obvious, moreover, that a good picture, which really looks like nature, will shock the visual habit more than an inferior one. An adult has learned how to look at objects which he knows to lie all on the same surface; nevertheless, the very same inconvenience is felt, even by adults, in looking at a panorama; for in this case the deception, being sometimes very perfect, we forget, for a moment, that it is a picture we are looking at; and, in attempting to adjust the eyes to the horizon, find the sight painfully strained.

It is however on another account, and for a more intellectual reason, that a child derives far more delight from a rude outline of familiar objects, than from a finished picture. As a general rule, drawings or engravings in black and white, are, by intelligent children, preferred to the same coloured; and an outline is preferred to a shaded drawing, and a spirited rough sketch, to a perfect outline. It is not CUYP, or PAUL POTTER, or SNYDERS, or TENIERS, or even WILKIE, or LANDSEER, that enchains the infant eye, or enchants his fancy; but rather the windmills, and Zeal-anders, the ships, and the horses, of a penny broadside.


text: The Next Naval War/Chapter 5

title: The Next Naval War/Chapter 5


text: The Next Naval War/Chapter 6

title: The Next Naval War/Chapter 6


text:
Page:Charles Darwin as a Geologist - 1909.djvu/12

 2 review of his relations to the history of intellectual development may be called for. Nevertheless, I venture to think that there is one branch of his scientific labours, the value and significance of which have scarcely perhaps received the notice and appreciation to which they are entitled. It is apt to be forgotten that Darwin began his active scientific career as a geologist, that it was mainly to geological problems that the earlier years of his life were devoted, and that it was in no small measure from the side of geology that he was led into those evolutional studies which have given him so just a title to our admiration and gratitude, and have placed him so high among the immortals. I have therefore decided to ask your attention to-day to an outline of what he accomplished in geology, and of the relation of his studies in that science to the great problems of evolution with which his. name is indissolubly associated.

In Darwin's younger days geology had hardly as yet completely vindicated for itself


text:
Page:Agreement relating to Malaysia (1963).djvu/153

Provided that paragraph (c) of this clause shall not apply to any person if, as a result of the application of that paragraph, he would not be a citizen of any country.

55. (1) A person born outside the Federation after the coming into operation of this Constitution shall be a citizen of Singapore by descent if at the time of the birth his father is a citizen of Singapore:

Provided that such person shall not be such a citizen unless his birth is registered at a Consulate of the Federation or with the Government in the prescribed manner within one year of its occurrence or with the permission of the Government later.

 * (2) A person born in the Federation outside the State on or after the date of the coming into operation of this Constitution shall be a citizen of Singapore by descent if one at least of his parents is at the time of his birth a citizen of Singapore and he is not born a citizen of Malaysia otherwise than by virtue of this clause.

56. (1) Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, a person of or over the age of twenty-one years, not being a citizen of Singapore, who is a citizen of Malaysia may on making application therefor to the Government in the prescribed form be enrolled as a citizen of Singapore if he satisfies the Government that he—

 * (a) is of good character;

 * (b) has resided in the State throughout the twelve months immediately preceding the date of his application;

 * (c) has during the twelve years immediately preceding the date of his application resided in the State for periods amounting in the aggregate to not less than ten years;

 * (d) intends to reside permanently in the State; and

 * (e) has an elementary knowledge of the national language:

Provided that the Government may exempt an applicant who has attained the age of forty-five years or who is deaf or dumb from compliance with the provisions of paragraph (e) of this clause.

 * (2) In relation to citizens of Malaysia who are not citizens of Singapore, clause (2) of Article 57 and Article 58 of this Constitution shall apply to allow them to be enrolled as citizens of Singapore in the same way as those provisions apply in relation to persons who are not citizens of Malaysia to allow them to be registered as citizens of Singapore.

57. (1) Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, any person of or over the age of twenty-one years, not being a citizen of Malaysia, who was resident in the State on the coming into operation of this Constitution may, on application being made therefor in the prescribed form be registered with the concurrence of the


text:
The Goat-Faced Girl

 * "The Goat-Face" in The Pentamerone, or The Story of Stories, by Giambattista Basile, translated by John Edward Taylor (1850)
 * "The Goat-faced Girl" in The Grey Fairy Book, by Andrew Lang (1900)

title: The Goat-Faced Girl


text:
Page:Vivian Grey, Volume 2.djvu/21

 examined the stranger, divided between them the luxuries of the rug. The reception which Mr. Cleveland gave our hero, was cold and constrained in the extreme, but it did not appear to be purposely uncivil; and Vivian flattered himself that his manner was not unusually stiff.

"I don't know whether I have the honour of addressing the son of the author of?" said Mr. Cleveland, with a frowning countenance, which was intended to be courteous.

"I have the honour of being the son of Mr. Grey."

"Your father, Sir, is a most amiable, and able man. I had the pleasure of his acquaintance when I was in London many years ago, at a time when Mr. Vivian Grey was not entrusted, I rather imagine, with missions 'of importance."—Although Mr. Cleveland smiled when he said this, his smile was anything but a gracious one. The subdued satire of his keen eye

title: Page:Vivian Grey, Volume 2.djvu/21


text:
Page:Vivian Grey, Volume 2.djvu/22

 burst out for an instant, and he looked as if he would have said, "Who is this younker who is trespassing upon my retirement?"

Vivian had, unbidden, seated himself by the side of Mr. Cleveland's library-table; and, not knowing exactly how to proceed, was employing himself by making a calculation, whether there were more black than white spots on the body of the old Newfoundland, who was now apparently most happily slumbering.

"Well, Sir!" continued the Newfoundland's master, "the nature of your communication? I am fond of coming to the point."

Now this was precisely the thing which Vivian had determined not to do; and so he diplomatised, in order to gain time.—"In stating, Mr. Cleveland, that the communication which I had to make was one of importance, I beg it to be understood, that it was with reference merely to my opinion of its nature that that phrase was used, and not as relative to the

title: Page:Vivian Grey, Volume 2.djvu/22


text: Category:Trial speeches

title: Category:Trial speeches


text:
Page:Crotchet Castle - Peacock (1831).djvu/87

 given false characters, both for good and for evil: sticking at no art of misrepresentation, to clear out of the field of literature all who stood in the way of the interests of their own click. They have never allowed their own profound ignorance of any thing, (Greek, for instance,) to throw even an air of hesitation into their oracular decision on the matter. They set an example of profligate contempt for truth, of which the success was in proportion to the effrontery; and when their prosperity had filled the market with competitors, they cried out against their own reflected sin, as if they had never committed it, or were entitled to a monopoly of it. The latter, I rather think, was what they wanted.

Hermitage, doctor?

Nothing better, sir. The father who first


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Page:Crotchet Castle - Peacock (1831).djvu/88

 chose the solitude of that vineyard, knew well how to cultivate his spirit in retirement. Now, Mr. Mac Quedy, Achilles was distinguished above all the Greeks for his inflexible love of truth: could education have made Achilles one of your reviewers?

No doubt of it, even if your character of them were true to the letter.

And I say, sir—chicken and asparagus—Titan had made him of better clay. I hold with Pindar: "All that is most excellent is so by nature." . Education can give purposes, but not powers; and whatever purposes had been given him, he would have gone strait forward to them; strait forward, Mr. Mac Quedy.


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Page:Crotchet Castle - Peacock (1831).djvu/89

 No, sir, education makes the man, powers, purposes, and all.

There is the point, sir, on which we join issue. Several others of the company now chimed in with their opinions, which gave the divine an opportunity to degustate one or two side dishes, and to take a glass of wine with each of the young ladies.


text: Crotchet Castle/Chapter 4

title: Crotchet Castle/Chapter 4


title: Page:Tristram.djvu/17


text:
Page:Crotchet Castle - Peacock (1831).djvu/90

the creature has been listening to all this rigmarole, instead of attending to me. Do you ever expect forgiveness? But now that they are all talking together, and you cannot make out a word they say, nor they hear a word that we say, I will describe the company to you. First, there is the old gentleman on my left hand, at the head of the table, who is now leaning the other way to talk to my brother. He is a


text:
Page:Celtic Stories by Edward Thomas.djvu/125

day Maxen the Roman Emperor, handsomest of men and wisest of emperors, held a council of kings and said to them: 'To-morrow I will hunt.' With two and thirty crowned kings who were his vassals he hunted along the river until mid-day. Then he slept in the great heat and men stood round him and kept off the sun with their shields. In his sleep he had a dream.

Riding along the valley of the river, he came to the highest mountain in the world, and from the summit he saw mighty rivers descending to the sea. Towards the mouths of the rivers he travelled over the fairest of plains. At length his road followed one of these rivers, the broadest he had ever seen, and at its mouth he came to a great city and a castle with many towers of different coloured stone. A fleet, the largest ever seen, was anchored in the river. To the largest and fairest of the ships led a bridge of whalebone, and he went over it into the ship. A sail of the ship was hoisted and he sailed over sea and ocean to the shore of the fairest island of the whole world. He landed and traversed the island to the furthest shore. He saw high mountains and deep valleys and terrible precipices, such as he had never seen before. From the top of one mountain he saw another island and a river flowing from the mountain into the sea. At the mouth of this river was a castle, the fairest that man ever saw, and the gate was open and he went in.

The hall was beautiful, having a roof of gold and walls of glittering gems, and doors also of gold. The tables were silver, the seats of gold. At one of the tables two


text:
Page:CTRL0000034607 - Deposition of Ali Alexander, (Dec. 9, 2021).pdf/51

51 another, I think she's talking about, like, it's going to be blamed on Trump. It's going to be blamed on everybody. I'm concerned about you. You know, you should leave. This looks like it's escalating.

And I really want to point this out for the record. This is extremely important. I'm on the ground. Most of the time my cell phone signal is jammed. I am less aware of the events that are going on than people who are watching TV and getting detailed views of what's going on.


text:
Page:CTRL0000034607 - Deposition of Ali Alexander, (Dec. 9, 2021).pdf/52

52 :BY :

Staying on exhibit 26, if we could go to page 242—and we're just trying to get a better understanding of the events on that day by using these text messages.

I can appreciate that.

So page 242, you text Mr. Thomas Van Flein, who we've already established is Mr. Gosar's chief of staff. "I think you and your staff should maybe leave. This is hell out here." Why did you think Mr. Gosar's staff should leave?

For the same reason that Caroline Wren thought I should leave. Well, she thought I should leave for my safety, and because, you know, people would try to blame me and other activists and the President. But I was very concerned, again, with these text messages that I got that were either tweets or pictures of conflict. I had never seen anything like that. I'd never seen anything like that. People were scaling the wall like Spiderman. I've never seen anything like that. Nothing like that's ever happened at a Stop the Steal rally, still to this day.

And so I was very concerned about my friend. I knew a lot of people in Congress. I wouldn't want them hurt. So I said I think you and your staff should maybe leave. Now in retrospect that's stupid because where were they going to go? But remember I'm seeing one picture, one tweet. I think it's happening on one side, a side that no one's authorized to be on. And I'm just, like, I'm just thinking about lives and people. I'm not thinking about my event. My event's already ruined. I can't have it. I'm concerned about people.

So you thought Mr. Gosar and Mr. Gosar's staff was in danger?

I thought that they could potentially be in danger at some point if this escalated. I was, like, there's no way this escalates because surely police will put


text:
Page:Celtic Stories by Edward Thomas.djvu/126

 youths with auburn hair were playing at chess, and they had a silver board and golden pieces. Their garments were of jet-black satin; their buskins of new Cordovan leather buckled with gold; and their hair was bound with chaplets of ruddy gold and jewels.

Beside one of the pillars of the hall Maxen saw a hoary-headed and mighty-looking man in a chair of ivory with two eagles of ruddy gold upon it. Gold bracelets were upon his arms, and many rings on his hands, and a collar of gold about his neck, and on his head a golden diadem. He had before him a golden chess-board and a rod of gold, and a steel file in his hand; and he was carving chess-men.

Facing the old man sat a maiden in a chair of ruddy gold. It was not more easy to gaze upon her than upon the sun at its brightest, she was so beautiful. She wore a vest of white silk clasped with red gold at her breast, a surcoat of gold tissue and a golden girdle; and a circlet of red gold, rubies and pearls upon her head.

The maiden rose from her chair and Maxen threw his arms about her neck and kissed her, but even while his arms were round her and his cheek against her cheek, the clashing of shields and the neighing of horses awoke the Emperor.

His attendants said to him: 'Lord, is it not past the time for thee to eat?' But he had no life or spirit left in him for love of that maiden. He mounted his horse, the saddest man that ever a man saw, and rode to Rome.

For a week it was vain to offer the Emperor meat or drink. He would hear no songs or tales; he would do nothing but sleep and strive by all possible means to sleep again, because in his dreams he could see that maiden. One day a page came into his room and told him that the people were discontented and speaking ill


text:
Page:CTRL0000034607 - Deposition of Ali Alexander, (Dec. 9, 2021).pdf/53

53 whatever's happening down or whatever. I never got close enough to see what—so, you know, these iconic pictures we see now, I didn't see any of that. But I was, like, if it goes there, if that's actually happening, if people—if what people are saying is true, then, you know, people need to get the heck out of there.

So you just are describing the environment of what you were seeing on the ground.

As best as I can.

As you recall, and I appreciate that. I appreciate it.

Around this time do you recall tweeting, "#occupyDC. Remain peaceful in rally. Sources are telling me we're going to try to use two hours per State."

No, not around that time. In fact, that happened prior.

Okay.

And so we were talking about—we were talking about Senator Ted Cruz and Congressman Paul Gosar and, like, Jody Hice and a couple of others were going to protest Arizona and Georgia and some other States. And what was being communicated to me was that what were the legal legislative rules for this process. Again, this actually—this actually proves that I'm participating in the legislative process, and that I don't desire violence and—but this happened prior.

Okay.

You know, that type of text message would have happened prior to any of this conflict stuff. And Occupy D.C., just for the record, is a reference to a popular far-left, anarcho-left movement in which people set up tents in D.C. and Lafayette Park and they did it in New York and stuff like that. It was legally permissible.

So when you get there on the ground, do you recall, you and Mr. Alex Jones directing individuals to the other side the Capitol, to the east side the Capitol?


text:
Page:CTRL0000034607 - Deposition of Ali Alexander, (Dec. 9, 2021).pdf/54

54 What I recall was seeing, seeing it and being shocked, saying we need to deescalate this—this is in the text messages, and it's verbally on video—and then climbing on a wet stack of metal chairs in which I could have fallen and injured myself, but it was more important to get the outskirts of the crowd. These people were not on the plaza, and they weren't on the building. These people were in a legally permissible area where there was not an event happening.

And we started chanting. We started yelling. We tried all types of tools that speakers use to get attention to say there's no event here. There's no event on the inauguration side. And so, these people were either new to Washington, D.C., new to the event, or had no idea about the Lot 8 event.

And my worst fears about The Ellipse event had happened. It's, like, people look at the scaffolding and they think there's going to be an event here. So I was, like, Okay. This is a simple mistake. Why don't we try to remedy it? Meanwhile there's—there's—there's tear gas in the air.

And I'm, like, okay. We are officially exiting this. We've got as many people as we can get with a megaphone. We need to move them away from the inauguration side. Don't defile the inauguration side. Don't be a part of scaffolding that could fall and hurt people. I was very concerned the scaffolding was going to fall and collapse on people.

On exhibit 26, can you go to page 256, please? And this is going to be around 2:34 at the time. There's an STS Patriots group. I'm assuming STS Patriots stands for Stop the Steal Patriots.

Yes, sir.

And you say in one of these group chats, "Please let me know if anyone gets arrested. Civil War is," and then there's, like, a blank after that.


text:
Page:CTRL0000034607 - Deposition of Ali Alexander, (Dec. 9, 2021).pdf/55

55 What time is this at?

2:56 or 2:34, I mean, 2:34, page 256.

Oh I'm reading here "please also have check-in times with each other. So this is me telling people to make sure that they're safe. I can't possibly text everybody everyone. Everyone needs to make sure that everyone's safe.

There was, in addition to the conflict that happened at the Capitol, which was inappropriate, there were, at night, there were activists in this group called Antifa that used totalitarian force to back up their ideas. And they would beat up. You know, this is in all the D.C. police reports. So at our events at night, we frequently told people stay inside because you're in danger. So I'm saying have check-in times with each other, and then and let me know if anyone gets arrested. There should have been a period there. And civil war is like near.

I'm very concerned that our Nation is irreparably divided. And you can see this not just, like, in what I'm talking about, because I'm not advocating a civil war. I haven't even advocated what's called a national divorce. You can find that in Newsweek on the left. You can find people talking about it on the right. Twitter CEO Jack Dorsey has tweeted an article about this. This is something a lot of intellectuals talk about, and I'm very concerned.

When you watch what you watched at the Capitol happen, you know, I can understand why Democrats say you guys are causing a Civil War. And I understand why Republicans are saying you guys are causing a Civil War. All I'm concerned about is that that threatens to break apart the Nation that I love and that I've worked—I'm fighting for elections, which inherently means I'm opposed to war.

Right above that, right above that text where you say civil war—and we now understand you say is near—you say—


text:
Page:Celtic Stories by Edward Thomas.djvu/127

 of him because he took no notice of anything that was said or done. 'Young man,' said Maxen, 'bring to me the wise men of Rome and I will tell them why I am sorrowful.'

The wise men sat round, and Maxen said:

'Wise men of Rome, I have had a dream. In the dream I saw a maiden, and for thinking of her I have no life or spirit left in me, and I can think of nothing but her.'

'Lord,' answered the wise men, 'since thou judgest us worthy to advise thee, this is our advice: that thou shalt send messengers into the three parts of the world to seek for the maiden of the dream. As thou knowest not what day or night may bring good news of her, the hope will give thee life.'

Messengers travelled for a year, wandering over the earth, seeking news of the island, the castle, and the maiden of Maxen's dream. But at the end of the year, though they had seen many islands, many castles, many maidens, they had discovered nothing about the dream. The Emperor was now more sorrowful than ever; he thought that he should never see the maiden again, and all his hours of sleep were busy with visions as if he had been awake, and his waking hours were all one dream.

Then the King of the Romans advised the Emperor to go forth to hunt as he had done on the day of the dream, and he did so and came to the bank of the river where he had slept. 'This,' said he, 'is where I was lying when I had the dream, and from here I seemed to go westward.'

Thirteen messengers, who had been taught about his dream, set out in search towards the west. They came to the highest mountain in the world, and from the summit they saw mighty rivers descending to the sea. They travelled over the fairest of plains, and came to a great city at the mouth of one of the rivers of the


text:
Page:CTRL0000034607 - Deposition of Ali Alexander, (Dec. 9, 2021).pdf/56

56 I think. I think. I think.

You think. Right.

Yeah.

You think. Thank you for clarifying.

I think there would have been an emoji or something that—

Right.

—meant near or whatever.

Thank you for clarifying.

You say, "And do not text message each other. Start a Signal group." So did you use Signal with the STS Patriots?

I don't know that we ever started one. This was me just giving advice to people, and Signal is a popular app used by politicos and government officials and members of Congress that are, you know, present here, I assume. So it's kind of a standard app. And I just did not think that it was good for people to willy-nilly be texting each other with all of the campaign to frame people and violate our privacy rights.

I don't recall in your production. Please correct me if I'm wrong. Did we get any Signal chats you fromfrom you [sic]?

I provided one with Charlie Kirk. They auto-disappeared. That's like a data retention policy. So I don't—in response to the committee's investigation on the Capitol attack, and then as you guys widened it, in my opinion, to cover legally permissible events that I wanted to cooperate with this committee about like January 5th, I don't recall having any in my possession from Signal. Most of what I did was verbal. Some of what I did is in text message.

And you can—well, you can't. But if you were to ask Google, you know, for my email activity prior to Stop the Steal, it would be 10 times more, because I was just that


text:
Page:Celtic Stories by Edward Thomas.djvu/128

 plain. They knew that this was the land of Maxen's dream, and they saw the fleet anchored in the river-mouth under the many-coloured high towers of the castle. As the Emperor had done, they went on board the fairest of the ships and sailed over sea and ocean till they came to an island. This island was Britain. They traversed it until they came to Snowdon. 'This,' they said, 'is the land of high mountains, deep valleys and terrible precipices that the Emperor saw.' From one of the crests they saw the island of Anglesey, and they knew that that was the other island of Maxen's dream. They saw also Aber Sain and a castle at the river's mouth. The gate was open and they went in. They knew the hall. The two youths with auburn hair were playing chess; the mighty old man was carving chess-men in the chair with the eagles of gold; the maiden was sitting opposite. The messengers fell down upon their knees before her, saying, 'Empress of Rome, all hail!'

'You seem honourable men, wearing the badge of envoys,' said the maiden, 'why then do ye mock me in this manner?'

'We mock thee not, lady. The Emperor of Rome has seen thee in his sleep, and since then he has no life or spirit left in him because of thee. Wilt thou come with us to Rome to be made empress, or wouldest thou rather that the Emperor should come hither to wed thee?'

'Lords,' she answered, 'I cannot deny what ye have said, neither can I believe it. If the Emperor love me let him come hither.'

The messengers hastened day and night back to Rome, and saluted the Emperor, saying: 'We have seen her; Helen is her name; and willingly shall we guide thee to her castle.'


text:
Page:CTRL0000034607 - Deposition of Ali Alexander, (Dec. 9, 2021).pdf/57

57 busy. So I didn't really have time for, you know.

So staying in exhibit 26, can you now go to page 238? And on the bottom half of the page, it appears that you're texting Ms. Kimberly Fletcher.

Yeah.

So at 2:38, or as it's here 1438. Sorry. I am just translating the 24-hour clock there. It looks like you say, "POTUS is not ignorant of what his words will do. Wish it didn't happen, but understand the people and I won't denounce them." So reading this text, is it fair to say that President Trump's words were influential to his supporters?

The short answer is no, because we have a wise Supreme Court that came out with a case called Brandenburg v. Ohio which helped us, you know—and I say "us" as in human civilization—establish jurisprudence about, you know, what is a tool of rhetoric, and then what is incitement. And the Supreme Court, you know, tried to help guide us on that philosophical journey.

What I will tell you about this text is, this text was sent when I didn't know some of the worst that had happened. So I'm specifically referencing, you know, aggressive stuff that was, you know, not good, not good at all. Trespassing stuff, not good at all. Being on the scaffolding, stupid, stupid and reckless.

But I will tell you that, you know, no one has the authority outside of a judge or a jury to determine the answer to your question. I certainly don't. But because this text can be used against what—what did I mean, is I was hurt. I was hurt. I was frustrated. And, you know, at one point, what I want to point out is, if you scroll up on those text messages, you know, it's almost like what happened? Ali, this is a madhouse.

And I'm getting this flurry of text message that spontaneous come in because of the jammers that were put up. And I'm thinking, like, like, I can't possibly be responsible


text:
Page:CTRL0000034607 - Deposition of Ali Alexander, (Dec. 9, 2021).pdf/58

58 for tens of thousands of folks. Why are you texting me? I'm busy trying to remove bystanders from becoming protestors or protestors becoming agitators. That's how I'm thinking. I'm trying to triage people in my brain of who can I save, because nobody needs to be hit with tear gas. Nobody needs to be hit at all.

And Soso [sic] I was very frustrated, very mad. And I'm of the opinion that the President's words without the context of where to go was not helpful. And I've said as much, and I don't care who that pisses off. But, you know, as someone who's done professional events, that's, you know, the agreement should have been honored and we should have had the speeches talking about Lot 8.

What people were you not going to denounce in this text?

Excuse me?

What people were you not going to denounce?

Okay. I'm really excited to take an opportunity to clarify what I meant, because there is a viral video that—where it shows me on top of 101 Constitution Avenue. And I do a video, and I said I don't denounce this. I don't disavow this.People want me to disavow this. And this is kind of a tool of rhetoric and debate that I got from my late friend, Andrew Breitbart. Apologize for what, you know, he said. Apologize for what? And that was to say that you don't owe your enemies an apology. And then my Christian doctrine is, like, but you owe them something when you've done something wrong.

So, first off, I'd like to say I've done nothing wrong. And I did nothing wrong. So asking me to disavow the actions of other adults would be silly. People who didn't attend Lot 8, would be silly. People who disrupted my event from taking place, me to denounce them, that would seem silly.

And then what—the video's cut off but it's gone viral, millions of views, and


text:
Parliamentary Constituencies Act

 * Parliamentary Constituencies Act 1986 (c. 56), an UK Act of Parliament that established the and provides for the redrawing of parliamentary constituencies.
 * Parliamentary Constituencies Act 2020 (c. 25), an UK Act of Parliament that mainly amends the Parliamentary Constituencies Act 1986.

title: Parliamentary Constituencies Act


text:
Page:Celtic Stories by Edward Thomas.djvu/129

 Immediately the Emperor set forth with his army, and as he galloped over the mountains or walked up and down the ship he knew what was the difference between a dream and what is not a dream. He recognized the island far off. He landed, and galloped forward until he saw again the castle at the river's mouth. The gate was open and he entered. There sat Helen, the maiden whom he had seen in his sleep, and he bowed before her, saying, 'Empress of Rome, all hail!' She became his bride, and he gave her as a gift the island of Britain and the three lesser islands, and three castles to be built where she commanded. The highest she had made at Arvon, and the others at Caerlleon and Caermarthen. From one castle to another she made roads over the mountains right across Wales, and these are called to this day the roads of Helen; nor would the men of Britain have made these great roads except for her. To the castle at Arvon men brought Roman earth, so that the Emperor might sleep and sit and walk on native soil. He stayed there seven years, and the men of Rome were tired of waiting and made a new emperor. This man wrote a letter to Maxen containing only these words: 'If thou comest, and if thou ever comest to Rome.' And Maxen sent a letter back containing these words: 'If I come to Rome, and if I come.' Following the letter he led an army to the gates of Rome, and the brothers of Helen, the young men with auburn hair, took possession of the city for Maxen. There he ruled with Helen. As to the brothers they set forth again with a host. They conquered lands and castles and cities, and when their heads were grey they returned to Britain, taking with them some of the beautiful women of the conquered, whose tongues they had cut out lest they should spoil the speech of Britain.


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Page:CTRL0000034607 - Deposition of Ali Alexander, (Dec. 9, 2021).pdf/59

59 people who think that I was saying I support the violence. The video says that I don't. It says, obviously, I denounce the people inside and the agitators. And I still have that position. I've said that we should prosecute the violent actors. I've said it in my opening. I've said it always, but people want to conflate it.

And so what I'm saying here in this text message, I won't denounce them, I'm talking about the people on the ground. I'm not talking about the people in the building. I'm not talking about people who punch cops. I'm not talking about any unjustified violence. There's no evidence. There's no evidence that I've supported violence. There's no text message where I'm celebrating injured people. There's not a single text message that has that.

Mr. I'd just like to note for the record that Ms. Cheney and Ms. Lofgren and Mr. Schiff have left the deposition, and the only remaining members are Mr. Kinzinger and Mr. Aguilar.

 * BY

I believe in the afternoon of January 6th you tweeted, and I quote, "Democrats and media ended the republic and that people responded. Welcome to," in quotes, "duh." What did you mean? Please explain this tweet for us.

What exhibit is this?

It's exhibit 17 actually. Go to exhibit 17, and I'll actually narrow my question here.

Thank you.

When you say that people responded, what are they responding to?

Well, again, I have to say this for the record for anything that's presented to me that either I didn't authenticate, or was does not look like it was pulled from Twitter itself. So this, again, assuming that this is true and out of great respect for the


text: Celtic Stories/The Dream of Maxen

title: Celtic Stories/The Dream of Maxen


text:
Page:CTRL0000034607 - Deposition of Ali Alexander, (Dec. 9, 2021).pdf/60

60 committee, Democrats and media ended the republic. So this is my truly held belief that—and it was 47 percent of America at the time believed that there were election irregularities. Right now 80-something percent, 80-plus-something percent of Republicans still believe that. And we're not going to stop believe that because there's evidence for some.

And I said, you know, people responded. And that's unfortunate. This is not a value-based judgment. This is not one. This is me making some analysis, and it's not good. It's not healthy for you. It's not healthy for me. It's not healthy for either of our parties. And I think that this is a failing of Democrat Party that compromised our election itself, and I think this is a failing of the media which is supposed to speak truth to power, and fight for transparency in elections.

I want to state this: Stop the Steal was not a Trump movement, and that's why I really resent this whole March for Trump stuff and Trump 45 stuff and all of that. That's silly to me. Okay? We support fair elections and transparent counting. We believe that there are election irregularities, and we believe those irregularities favor Joe Biden, who's the current President of the United States.

So that's our stance, and that better describes and adds context to this tweet.

Mr. Kamenar. Excuse me. I didn't mean to interrupt. Is there a date and time of this exhibit?

Mr. Not on the exhibit, no.

Mr. Kamenar. Is there any reason why? We're talking about chronology and so forth. I just thought it might help the witness if he had a date and time.

Mr. It's not in the exhibit, and he provided the analysis that weneeded for this tweet.

Mr. Kamenar. Okay.


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Page:CTRL0000034607 - Deposition of Ali Alexander, (Dec. 9, 2021).pdf/61

61 Mr. Alexander. Okay. Can I—I'd like to clarify on the record then. I thought you just reported that this was a January 6th tweet.

 * BY

It is.

And I'm glad that -- I'm glad that I clarified at the beginning of my tweet, assuming that this is true, okay. But if this was in response to something else, because we're having all kinds of small victories or small defeats at the States, then that's whatever. But, you know, if I was writing this tweet today, that's, you know, what it would mean.

And with this tweet, when you're saying, "duh," are you saying that, you know, the response you just described is the natural and obvious result to those alleged election irregularities that you described?

No, not necessarily.

So you talked about how you went to I believe you said 101 Constitution Avenue. Is that where you went after you left the Capitol complex grounds?

That's where I believe I went. I've since gathered the address from trying to get evidence gathered for y'all. So I'm trying to best represent where I was.

Who did you leave with?

I left with Mr. Jones and his security and camera staff, and if there were other people with us. Michael Coudrey was with me. If there's other people, I don't recall.

And when you say you were talking about the video of you making the speech about you don't disavow this, you don't denounce this, who recorded that video of you?

I don't know.


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Page:CTRL0000034607 - Deposition of Ali Alexander, (Dec. 9, 2021).pdf/62

62 You don't recall?

No. I mean, it could—you know, it could have been Michael. It wouldn't have been Alex, you know. It could have been staff. It could have been security. I was friendly—those guys were protecting me. So I was friendly with everybody. And, obviously, I didn't film it myself.

I'll be honest. Before I had to gather this evidence, my recollection was actually that I shot my own video. And so that's how, you know, in reviewing this evidence, weird it is. And to be deplatformed and not have access to any of that stuff makes me you know, I'm acting in good faith. I'm cooperating and acting in good faith.

So going back to exhibit 26—and I'd like to direct you to page to page 236.

Sorry. Let's go back to the east side of the Capitol. Sorry. When you got to the east side the Capitol, did you give another speech? Or did you and Alex Jones give another speech?

The east side of the Capitol.

 * BY

How about do you just remember, Mr. Alexander, when you were on the pallet, talking next to the stairs? You all left and went to another area on the Capitol. Do you remember that? And can you just walk us through that movement?

I'm actually more confused.

Remember with the—you were talking about statement that, you know, when you climbed up whatever you called it, at risk to your own personal safety?

Yeah. There were chairs.

Right. Sorry. And then you left from there and went somewhere else. Do you remember where you went?

Yes.


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Page:CTRL0000034607 - Deposition of Ali Alexander, (Dec. 9, 2021).pdf/63

63 Okay. Where did you go?

I believe, again—

Without—just the way, what you remember, yeah.

Well in consultation with my attorneys and, again, remember I was stupid. I missed—I was confusing—I was confusing,— I believe, south with east and north with west. And this is reflected in these text message, including a text message that I ended up sending to all kinds of supporters.

So we were walking, I believe, on the south side. We ran into an officer who was, you know, politely but very annoyed, directing people to the east side. And we asked him several times how can we help. What can we do? And he didn't want to engage in that conversation. He's, like, just go to the east side. Just go to the east side.

So we, of course, are walking towards the direction of Lot 8. When you're walking—when you're walking, you know, again from The Ellipse to Freedom Plaza, to the west, past the north I hope I didn't just previously just say south—past the north.

We get it. That's fine.

And then what's directly in front of you, you think it's Lot 8, but it's actually, I believe, Lot 9. But if somebody showed me a map, we cube more accurate about it. What we see then is about six or seven officers, I believe, on the steps closest to us. So this is hard northeast of the Capitol building. We walk up to them, engage them.

And, again, we're—we're escalating our deescalation efforts, myself and Alex Jones and Owen Shroyer and thinking, well, we'll be recognized by part of this crowd. These aren't all our supporter, but a lot of them are. And we engage with those officers. Eventually they tell us, you know, okay. Try to get those people down if you can. We don't think you can. That's my best recollection of that.


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Page:CTRL0000034607 - Deposition of Ali Alexander, (Dec. 9, 2021).pdf/64

64 We go up the steps of, like, I guess the south or, no, the northwest side. And—and we're doing chants that is common to Alex Jones' audience to get people's attention because there's music blaring. And, again, I'm in the state of, you know, I've worked this—I'm working through it, you know, with a therapist and stuff like that. But I'm in a state of, like, shock. Like, like, why are there vehicles on the Capitol Plaza? The cops told us there wouldn't be any vehicles. Why are there vehicles? Why is there loud music playing? Who the hell has a speaker that loud? Because on the Capitol, you're only allowed wound-up speaker, and this speaker's loud and it's playing, like, heavy metal music. It seems like something out of, like, Abu Ghraib.

I mean, it's just—it was just a, frankly, bizarre situation. And there's all these people who some of them think that that's where the rally is, and then other people who are just bystanders. And then some idiots, some real idiots, you know, some bad, nefarious people, I guess, you know, they're up at the front. But I don't see them. I never physically saw these people.

And then, so, we spend, I don't know, 5 to 15 minutes—I don't think it's 15—but 5 to 15 minutes getting people's attention so we can shove them down. This loudspeaker and these vehicles are interrupting our ability to take command of the crowd where we cannot take command of crowd and physically grabbing people and shoving them down the stairs. Okay. That's how desperate I was to deescalate this situation, me, Alex Jones and Owen Shroyer, all deescalating.

And—and, so, then we—so then we exit. And we start talking to people on, like, Lots 10, 11, 9, and 8 and trying—what happened before we got here? Were you here? And what we come—came to learn is that most of those people had never attended The Ellipse rally and heard Trump's speech. Most of those people, you know, certainly weren't at Lot 8.


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Page:CTRL0000034607 - Deposition of Ali Alexander, (Dec. 9, 2021).pdf/65

65 All the people at Lot 8 were peaceful. Lot 8 never erupted into violence. Lot 8 maybe had, like, 10 people on it. But those people, you know, had gotten my tweets.

So maybe I affected 10 people, and that was kind of defeating. And ultimately I was, like, I don't want people to think I'm condoning this. And I don't want people to be attracted here and then accidentally get swept up in all of this. Mob psychology's a real thing.


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Page:CTRL0000034607 - Deposition of Ali Alexander, (Dec. 9, 2021).pdf/66

66 [12:16 p.m.]

The Witness. And so, then I said, let's go. Me and Alex Jones make the decision, the executive decision that we are leaving the entire premises, we've abandoned our event. The police we wish would have given a dispersement order. We wish would have had barricades, we wish we this protection. None of our security is there. It was a failure of epic proportions. And I found myself, you know, just trying to deescalate and then trying to exit, because that's what I've been taught.

 * BY

Right. And as you were moving from where the chairs were around to where you ended up on the stairs, you were with Mr. Jones during that time, walking with him?

I believe so.

Right. And Mr. Shroyer was with you as well?

I believe so. We were all in the same security bubble because we were really scared about ourselves getting hurt. It's like you don't know who is punching who or why they are punching people.

Right.

A Honest to God, at this moment, I'm not thinking it's the stop the certification, that is contrary to our purposes. We are winning our political purpose. Even if we lose, we are winning our political purpose. And we were going to primary bad Republicans, including twoA

I'm just asking—

Well, I really want to answer this.

The answer is who you are with and as you are walking?


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Page:CTRL0000034607 - Deposition of Ali Alexander, (Dec. 9, 2021).pdf/67

67 Can I answer the question?

I'm not trying to be combative. I am just trying to figure out some moves, and that's it. You can get in more as we speak, we are just trying to move this along.

Yeah.

And so, and Shroyer, for the record, is S-h-r-o-y-e-r. And so as you're moving along with Mr. Jones and Mr. Shroyer along the side of the Capitol where you end up, there are times when you come in contact with Capitol police officers or Mr. Jones does. Is that right?

We collectively did.

Right. Okay.

And did you hear Mr. Jones tell the police officers that President Trump was coming?

I don't recall that, but that totally could have happened.

Do you recall when you were on top of the chairs when Mr. Jones had a megaphone, or a bullhorn, whatever you call it, do you remember that?

Do I remember being there? Yes. I've described that event.

I understand you did. Do you remember if he had a megaphone and was speaking to the crowd at that time? Mr. Jones?

Yes.

And you were right next to him at the time?

Yes.

Do you remember him telling the crowd that President Trump was coming?

I didn't—I did not recall that contemporaneously. It was a traumatic event, like I've said. And I apologize if you I are doing a little back and forth. I'm trying to be as detailed and free giving as I can.


text:
Page:Mandatory Provident Fund Schemes Ordinance (Cap. 485).pdf/1

A2136 MANDATORY PROVIDENT FUND SCHEMES ORDINANCE CONTENTS


text:
Page:Ante-Nicene Christian Library Vol 6.djvu/117

Rh [God] framed it an ermaphrodite, and allocated two elements for the upper hemisphere, namely spirit and fire; and this is styled the hemisphere of the monad, [a hemisphere] beneficent, and ascending, and masculine. For, being composed of small particles, the monad soars into the most rarified and purest part of the atmosphere; and the other two elements, earth and water, being more gross, he assigned to the duad; and this is termed the descending hemisphere, both feminine and mischievous. And likewise, again, the upper elements themselves, when compared one with another, comprise in one another both male and female for fruitfulness and increase of the whole creation. And the fire is masculine, and the spirit feminine. And again the water is masculine, and the earth feminine. And so from the beginning fire consorted with spirit, and water with earth. For as the power of spirit is fire, so also that of earth is water; … and the elements themselves, when computed and resolved by subtraction of enneads, terminate properly, some of them in the masculine number, and others of them in the feminine. And, again, the ennead is subtracted for this cause, because the three hundred and sixty parts of the entire [circle] consist of enneads, and for this reason the four regions of the world are circumscribed by ninety perfect parts. And light has been appropriated to the monad, and darkness to the duad, and life to light, according to nature, and death to the duad. And to life [has been appropriated] justice; and to death, injustice. Wherefore everything generated among masculine numbers is beneficent, while that [produced] among feminine [numbers] is mischievous. For instance, they pursue their calculations thus: monad—that we may commence from this—becomes 361, which [numbers] terminate in a monad by the subtraction of the ennead. In like manner, reckon thus: Duad becomes 605; take away the enneads, it ends in a duad, and each reverts into its own peculiar [function].


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A2138


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A2140


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112

For the monad, therefore, as being beneficent, they assert that there are consequently names ascending, and beneficent, and masculine, and carefully observed, terminating in an uneven number; whereas that those terminating in the even number have been supposed to be both descending, and feminine and malicious. For they affirm that nature is made up of contraries, namely bad and good, as right and left, light and darkness, night and day, life and death. And moreover they make this assertion, that they have calculated the word "Deity," [and found that it reverts into a pentad with an ennead subtracted]. Now this name is an even number, and when it is written down [on some material] they attach it to the body, and accomplish cures by it. In this manner, likewise, a certain herb, terminating in this number, being similarly fastened around [the frame], operates by reason of a similar calculation of the number. Nay, even a doctor cures sickly people by a similar calculation. If, however, the calculation is contrary, it does not heal with facility. Persons attending to these numbers reckon as many as are homogeneous according to this principle; some, however, according to vowels alone; whereas others according to the entire number. Such also is the wisdom of the Egyptians, by which, as they boast, they suppose that they cognise the divine nature.


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Rh

It appears, then, that these specdations also have been sufficiently explained by us. But since I think that I have omitted no opinion found in this earthly and grovelling Wisdom, I perceive that the solicitude expended by us on these subjects has not been useless. For we observe that our discourse has been serviceable not only for a refutation of heresies, but also in reference to those who entertain these opinions. Now these, when they encounter the extreme care evinced by us, wall even be struck with admiration of our earnestness, and will not despise our industry and condemn Christians as fools when they discern the opinions to which they themselves have stupidly accorded their belief. And furthermore, those who, desirous of learning, addict themselves to the truth, will be assisted by our discourse to become, when they have learned the fundamental principles of the heresies, more intelligent not only for the easy refutation of those who have attempted to deceive them, but that also, when they have ascertained the avowed opinions of the wise men, and have been made acquainted with them, that they shall neither be confused by them as ignorant persons would, nor become the dupes of certain individuals acting as if from some authority; nay, more than this, they shall be on their guard against those that are allowing themselves to become victims to these delusions.

Having sufficiently explained these opinions, let us next pass on to a consideration of the subject taken in hand, in order that, by proving what we have determined concerning heresies, and by compelling their [champions] to return to these several [speculators] their peculiar tenets, we may show the heresiarchs destitute [of a system]; and by proclaiming the folly of those who are persuaded [by these heterodox


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114 tenets], we shall prevail on them to retrace their course to the serene haven of the truth. In order, however, that the statements about to follow may seem more clear to the readers, it is expedient also to declare the opinions advanced by Aratus concerning the disposition of the stars of the heavens. [And this is necessary], inasmuch as some persons, assimilating these [doctrines] to those declared by the Scriptures, convert [the holy writings] into allegories, and endeavour to seduce the mind of those who give heed to their [tenets], drawing them on by plausible words into the admission of whatever opinions they wish, [and] exhibiting a strange marvel, as if the assertions made by them were fixed among the stars. They, however, gazing intently on the very extraordinary wonder, admirers as they are of trifles, are fascinated like a bird called the owl, which example it is proper to mention, on account of the statements that are about to follow. The animal [I speak of] is, however, not very different from an eagle, either in size or figure, and it is captured in the following way:—The hunter of these birds, when he sees a flock of them lighting anywhere, shaking his hands, at a distance pretends to dance, and so by little and little draws near the birds. But they, struck with amazement at the strange sight, are rendered unobservant of everything passing around them. But others of the party, who have come into the country equipped for such a purpose, coming from behind upon the birds, easily lay hold on them as they are gazing on the dancer.

Wherefore I desire that no one, astonished by similar wonders of those who interpret the [aspect of] heaven, should, like the owl, be taken captive. For the knavery practised by such speculators may be considered dancing and silliness, but not truth. Aratus, therefore, expresses himself thus:


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Rh

Aratus says that there are in the sky revolving, that is, gyrating stars, because from east to west, and west to east, they journey perpetually, [and] in an orbicular figure. And he says that there revolves towards "The Bears" themselves, like some stream of a river, an enormous and prodigious monster, [the] Serpent; and that this is what the devil says in the book of Job to the Deity, when [Satan] uses these words: "I have traversed earth under heaven, and have gone around [it]," that is, that I have been turned around, and thereby have been able to survey the worlds. For they suppose that towards the North Pole is situated the Dragon, the Serpent, from the highest pole looking upon all [the objects], and gazing on all the works of creation, in order that nothing of the things that are being made may escape his notice. For though all the stars in the firmament set, the pole of this [luminary] alone never sets, but, careering high above the horizon, surveys and beholds all things, and none of the works of creation, he says, can escape his notice.

[Here Aratus] says that the head of this [constellation] is placed. For towards the west and east of the two hemispheres is situated the head of the Dragon, in order, he says, that nothing may escape his notice throughout the same quarter, either of objects in the west or those in the east, but that the Beast may know all things at the same time. And near the head itself of the Dragon is the appearance of a man, conspicuous by means of the stars, which Aratus styles a wearied image, and like one oppressed with labour, and he is denominated "Engonasis." Aratus then affirms that he


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116 does not know what this toil is, and what this prodigy is that revolves in heaven. The heretics, however, wishing by means of this account of the stars to establish their own doctrines, [and] with more than ordinary earnestness devoting their attention to these [astronomic systems], assert that Engonasis is Adam, according to the commandment of God as Moses declared, guarding the head of the Dragon, and the Dragon [guarding] his heel. For so Aratus expresses himself:

And [Aratus] says that [the constellations] Lyra and Corona have been placed on both sides near him (now I mean Engonasis), but that he bends the knee, and stretches forth both hands, as if making a confession of sin. And that the lyre is a musical instrument fashioned by Logos while still altogether an infant, and that Logos is the same as he who is denominated Mercury among the Greeks. And Aratus, with regard to the construction of the lyre, observes:

It consists of seven strings, signifying by these seven strings