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 Chillingworth, 440, n. 4.

Chimæra, 130; fable of, 130, n. 2.

Chineses, lie in, in their ladies' stead, 293 and n. 2.

Chiron, the Centaur, 47, n. 2.

Choused, origin of the word, 214, n. 6; used, 254, n. 3.

Christ, his attestation to the piety of woman, 203 and n. 2. Christmas-day, a fast and feast, 13, n. 3.

Church militant, explained, 12, n. 4.

Church, plunder of the, 380 and n. 3, 4.

Church dignitaries, 399, n. 2.

Church livings, 312 and n. 4.

Clapper-clawing, 175 and n. 1.

Clap-up souls, 321 and n. 2.

Clarendon, Lord, remarks of, 3, n. 2; 62, n. 5; 81, n. 1.

Clarges, Anne, mistress of General Monk, 430, n. 2.

Cleveland, his letter to the Protector, 114, n. 3.

Clotho, Lachesis, and Atropos, the three destinies, 16, n. 1.

Coachman, the, 247 and n. 2

Coals, extracted from wood, 151 and n. 7; exorbitant price of, 340 and n. 4.

Cobler and Vicar of Bray, a poem, 15, n. 5.

Cock-a-hoop, 86 and n. 4.

Cock-crow, superstition respecting it, 322 and n.4.

Colon, the hostler, his character, 60 and n. 1; alluded to, 74, 103.

Columbus, discoveries of, 242.

Comet, supposed to portend some calamity, 14, n. 4; 45, n. 6

Commissions, thrown up, 76.

Committee-men, 7.

Committee of Safety, sneer at the, 336 and n. 2; 337 and n. 3.

Committees, grievances of, 70 and n. 4.

Complexion, man judged by the. 124. n. 2.

Conclave and Conventicle, 382 and n. 4.

Confession-free, 309 and n. 2.

Conscience, liberty of, 34; the wear and tear of, 309 and n. 4; 313 and n. 3; 356 and n. 1.

Conscience-stretchers, 421 and n. 2.

Consciences, kept in cases, 172 and n. 2.

Constellations, called houses, 230 and n. 1.

Constollidation, 125, n. 2.

Consults, 332 and n. 3.

Cook, solicitor, employed against the king, hanged at Tyburn, 387, n. 4.

Cooper, Sir Anthony Ashley, 341, n. 6; 342, n. 1.

Copernicus, 249 and n. 1.

Cordeliere, order of, 15.

Corona Civica, 404 and n. 3.

Coscinomancy, explained, 234, n. 2.

Cossacks of the Don, 52, n. 3.

Coughing and hemming, 7, n. 4.

Coursing, a University-term, 377 and n. 3.

Covenant, taking of the, 218 and n. 7; 260 and n. 4; 363 and n. 1.

Covenanters, declaration of the, 177, n. 3.

Covenanting Trustees, 321 and n. 3.

Covert-Baron, 200 and n. 6.

Covin, a term in law, 443 and n. 1.

Cow, print of, the emblem of the Commonwealth, 39, n. 4.

Cow-itch, 279 and n. 4.

Coy, 301 and n. 2.

Cranfield, his panegyric on Tom Coriate, 6, n. 1.

Crincum-Crancum, 293.

Crisis, 146 and n. 5.

Croft, Herbert, Bishop of Hereford, 400.

Cromwell, Colonel, anecdote of, 33, n. 5.

Cromwell, Oliver, joke upon, 19, n. 7; his conduct to Lord Capel, 81, n. 1; prudence of, 103, n. 3; anecdote of, 177, n. 1; declaration of, 179, n, 1; turns out the Parliament, 179 and n. 6; filthy conduct of, 207, n.4; hurricane at the time of his death, 334 and n. 3.


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roads of Otsego, if we except the principal highways, were, at the early day of our tale, but little better than wood-paths of unusual width. The high trees that were growing on the very verge of the wheel-tracks, excluded the sun's rays, unless at meridian, and the slowness of the evaporation, united with the rich mould of vegetable decomposition, that covered the whole county, to the depth of several inches, occasioned but an indifferent foundation for the footing of travellers. Added to these, there were the inequalities of a natural surface, and the constant recurrence of enormous and slippery roots, that were laid bare by the removal of the light soil, together with stumps of trees, to make a passage not only difficult but dangerous. Yet the riders, among these numerous obstructions, which were such as would terrify an unpractised eye, gave no demonstrations of uneasiness, as their horses toiled through the sloughs, or trotted with uncertain paces along their dark route. In many places, the marks on the trees were the only indications of a road, with,

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Rh trade into Calcutta where occupation for females is most urgently required. Hitherto the manufacture of straw has been confined to the country and to Natives, whilst the lower classes of Christians have abandoned themselves to idleness and begging. Many of the girls educated in the Free school, will now go forth habituated to industry and prepared to fill up the leisure of their domestic hours with an occupation of some profit and little toil.

The Benevolent Institution founded in the year 1810, is supported by voluntary contributions, and is under the management of the Serampore missionaries. The object of the institution is to afford instruction to youth of both sexes, the descendants of indigent Christians of all nations. It was proposed at first to educate only 50 such children, but in 1833 the number in the boys’ school alone had increased to 200, of whom 150 were East-Indians, 45 Hindoos, 8 Europeans, 3 Chinese, and 2 Africans. The absence of the headmaster in 1834 reduced the number to 121, but his subsequent return again brought it into a prosperous condition. In the last mentioned year there were eighty pupils on the list of the girls’ school, and more than fifty in constant attendance. The managers remark that, although a great many of the children are the offspring of Roman Catholic parents, no instance has occurred of any of the children having been taken from school because they were instructed in the Bible. The boys, with a view to fit them for usefulness in life, though it be in the humblest situations, are taught the simple and compound rules of arithmetic, the rules of English grammar, and the reading of the sacred scriptures. The three highest classes, including nearly a third of those in constant attendance, are acquainted with both the simple and compound rules of arithmetic, fractions, vulgar and decimal, and the square and cube root. They are also instructed in geography and the use of the globes, and acquire a familiar acquaintance with the rules of English grammar. Some of them are also taught to draw maps. The girls are taught reading, writing, spelling, grammar, arithmetic, and needle-work, in addition to catechetical and scriptural instruction. Needle-work, which is considered essential in their circumstances, receives a considerable portion of their time and attention. It is estimated by the managers that each child thus educated in the institution, on an average, costs less than two rupees per month, including the expense


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44 of teachers and books of every kind. Notwithstanding this extreme economy and the benevolence of the object of the institution, the funds do not appear to equal the expenditure. In 1826, the managers represented to the Bengal Government, that the average daily attendance of children of both sexes was 250, that more than 1,000 children had been educated in it, and introduced to public life under favourable auspices, and that it still enjoyed the sanction of public patronage; but that owing to the increase of charitable schools and the death or return to Europe of some of the early patrons of this institution, its funds were so materially diminished as to leave a balance against it on the year’s account. Under these circumstances they solicited the aid of the Company, which the Bengal Government consented to grant, and passed an order for the payment of the sum of rupees 13,000 on behalf of this institution. In 1827, in consequence of the continued insufficiency of funds, another application was made by the managers to the Bengal Government, by whom a permanent grant was made to the institution of 200 rupees per month. In 1833, a debt of 4,000 rupees had accumulated against the institution which had not been reduced in 1834.

The European Female Orphan Asylum was established for the reception and education of female European orphans, principally those of the King’s regiments in India. Such children are very seldom reared to maturity, through the ignorance, indolence, or cruelty of those who are entrusted with their management, and being exposed to the scenes and temptations of barracks are nurtured in vice and inured to profligacy. The regimental schools provide instruction for all the children of the regiment, but still leave the orphans in an unprotected state. The asylum was established for the purpose of giving them a suitable education and training them up to the management of a house and care over younger children, free from the corrupting influences to which they would otherwise be exposed. Those children only are admissible who are under ten years of age, whose fathers and mothers were both Europeans, and who have been deprived of both parents. The education given is in conformity with the principles of the church of England. For the purpose of economy and also of bringing up the orphans in habits of useful labour, all the business of the house is conducted, as far as is expedient and practicable, by a number of the senior children who take


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Rh their various departments of labour in rotation under the direction of the head-mistress. It is made an object also that the institution should furnish its own teachers, and the orphans are so trained as to provide a succession of mistresses well qualified by previous discipline to carry on the whole business of the institution. They are made also to contribute by their manual labour to the funds of the institution in subordination to higher objects. The property of the institution is held in trust by a committee of five gentlemen, and the management is confided to a committee of ten ladies. At the date of the last report (1834), the number receiving the benefit of the asylum was 79; and the expenditure of the asylum was a little more than 1,000 rupees per month, including the board, clothing, washing, etc., of the children, and the salaries of the mistress and of the chaplain, servants, etc. The funds to meet the expenditure consist of voluntary contributions, with the exception of 191 sicca rupees per mensem, which is allowed by Government in consideration of the children being taken from the barracks. There is an annual sale of useful and fancy articles for the purpose of aiding the funds, and the work produced by the industry of the orphans in their leisure hours has averaged at the sales not less than between four or five hundred rupees each year. A considerable sum has also been gained for the asylum by needle-work taken in and executed by the wards.

The Calcutta Catholic Society was formed about five years ago, and has established two charity schools, one for boys and the other for girls. The objects of this Society are to rescue the offspring of professed Catholics in Calcutta from the corruption which ignorance and poverty always beget, to instruct that class of Christians in the doctrines and principles of Catholicism, and to purchase and disseminate such works of talented Catholic authors as afford a fair and correct view of the Catholic religion, and are calculated to raise the moral character of its followers. Both schools afford daily instruction to about 150 children, and the total expenditure does not exceed 150 rupees per month. This institution has recently been placed under the patronage of the Vicar Apostolic of Bengal, and under the management of a committee composed of ladies for the female, and gentlemen for the male, department.

There is a small school attached to the principal Roman


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 of things that some people say in defending the war system. Says the medicine man:

"When the medicine man had finished, the warriors


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46 Catholic church, and another to the Catholic church, Boitakhana, but there are no published accounts of them.

The St. James’s district schools are day-schools for the instruction of the children of indigent Christian parents, and are four in number—the boys’ school, the girls’ school, the infant school, and the sabbath school, in which about 160 children of all ages are taught. I have not found any very recent notice of these schools.

During the last four years a district school has existed in connection with the Old Mission Church. There are present 55 boys’ names on the books; but the average attendance during the hot weather is not more than 40. The system pursued is Dr. Bell’s. The school is supported by the contributions of a few of the Old Church congregation, and of late an annual sermon has been preached for it. The monthly cost is about 55 rupees, but no school-rent is paid. The object of the school is quietly and unobtrusively to promote the moral and religious improvement of the scholars, and the expectations formed by its supporters have been answered.

In 1834, a school which appears to have been established by some other means, was taken under the patronage of the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. The school is situated in the Chitpore Road, near the Old China Bazar, in a place called Sukea’s Lane. It is under the care of a master and a mistress, and contains about 100 boys and 30 girls who are principally of Portuguese extraction.

The Martiniere, for the support and education of a prescribed number of indigent Christian children, for the establishment of which large funds were bequeathed by the will of, is at last, after a delay of more than 30 years, about to be carried into operation. A large and commodious building has been erected, a committee of gentlemen of different religious professions has been appointed by Government, and the rules for the management of the institution are now under consideration.

Native Female Schools.—The first attempt to instruct Native girls in Calcutta, in organized schools, was made by the Calcutta Female Juvenile Society, which has subsequently assumed the name of the Calcutta Baptist Female Society for the establishment and support of Native female schools. The


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 strains to another tune, which was but little more scientific than the former. All that she understood of the words, were—

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 shouted their approval. The missionary, on account of this reaction in favor of the ideas he had combatted, feared that he might be made to contribute to a feast of reconciliation, so he took flight. It was to his prudence doubtless that we owe the advantage of having read the argument of the cannibal.

Besides, could he have made a decisive reply?

Nevertheless, the Caribs themselves no longer eat one another."

The application of this parody upon the usual argument for war is obvious. There is no human ideal which vitally involves the welfare and improvement of the human race that cannot be achieved if we will it. As Browning puts it:

This, then, is the program of the new internationalism, in its broad outlines. These are the things that men and women must keep in mind constantly as ideals to attain and things to do. But the ideals must become living ideals, and the deeds must become earnest and effective deeds, or our dreams are naught. From what has been said it is easily apparent that this is no isolated movement, but that it involves the co-operation of all those manifold forces which belong to the sure progress of mankind toward the achievement of the hopes and struggles of the ages.


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Rh thirteenth report, dated 1834, is now before me, from which it appears that there is one school in Calcutta, containing from 60 to 70 scholars; another at Chitpore, containing 110 to 120; and a third at Sibpore, in which 20 children of Native converts are instructed. The schools are superintended by a Committee of Ladies, and the teachers are Native women, formerly in some instances scholars. The girls are taught reading, spelling and geography, and much attention is given to religious instruction. In the Chitpore school writing is also taught, and in the Sibpore school six of the Christian girls have begun to learn English.

An examination of a number of Bengalee girls belonging to the school instituted by the above mentioned Society, on the occasion of a public examination of the Calcutta School Society’s schools, attracted the attention of the last-mentioned Society to the subject of female schools, and in the report of 1820 it is stated that, although attempts to promote female education are highly approved, yet as members of an Association composed jointly of Natives and Europeans, the former cannot be expected to act all at once upon the suggestions of the latter, militating against opposite sentiments of very long standing, and it was, therefore, determined that the time had not yet arrived for direct endeavors by the Society to establish Native girls’ schools under female teachers. The British and Foreign School Society, however, in consultation with the Calcutta School Society’s agent, Mr., and with Mr. Ward of the Serampore Mission, both then in England, opened a subscription for the outfit of a mistress to be sent to India, qualified to instruct females born or bred in this country in the Lancasterian method of mutual instruction, that they might afterwards diffuse the system throughout the country as opportunities offered. Miss Cooke (now Mrs. Wilson) accordingly arrived in November 1821, and as the funds of the Calcutta School Society were inadequate to her support, her services were engaged by the Corresponding Committee of the Church Missionary Society, and in connection with that Committee she gradually extended her labors until she had, in 1824, twenty-four schools under her superintendence, attended on an average by 400 pupils. In that year the Corresponding Committee relinquished the entire management and direction of their female schools to a Committee of Ladies who formed themselves into a Society called the Ladies’ Society for


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48 Native Female Education in Calcutta and its vicinity. Subsequently the number of schools was increased to 30, and that of the pupils to 600, but instead of still further multiplying the number of schools, it was deemed advisable to concentrate them, and a Central School was built for that purpose and occupied in 1828, since which the efforts of the Ladies' Society have been chiefly confined to that sphere of labor. An allowance is made of a pice a head to women under the name of hurkarees, for collecting the children daily and bringing them to school, as no respectable Hindoo will allow his daughters to go into the street except under proper protection. The school numbers 320 day-scholars, besides 70 Christian girls who live on the premises. The latter are orphans, and most of them have been collected from the districts south of Calcutta that have recently suffered from inundation and famine. Together with these, 40 poor women have been admitted by Mrs. Wilson to a temporary asylum, who are all learning to read and receive daily Christian instruction, and are at the same time employed in various ways to earn in whole or in part their own living. In connection with the Ladies’ Society, there is also a girls’ school on the premises belonging to the Church Missionary Society in Calcutta. The number of pupils fluctuates between 50 and 70. Spelling, reading, writing, needle-work, and religion are the subjects in which instruction is given. Many of the scholars have become teachers. Native ladies of the most respectable caste in society have both sent their daughters, and in some instances have themselves expressed anxiety to obtain instruction. The system of instruction pursued is also stated to have met the express concurrence and approbation of some of the most distinguished among the Native gentry and religious instructors. The majority of the more respectable Natives, however, still continue to manifest great apathy concerning the education of their daughters.

The Ladies’ Association for Native female education was originally instituted with a view to establish schools for Native girls, which could not be undertaken by the last-mentioned Society. This Association had at one time ten schools under its management, which, for the purpose of concentration, were reduced to two and afterwards to one. The school is conducted by a Christian master and mistress, with the assistance of an elderly Christian woman and three of the best scholars as


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this time to the close of April, the weather continued to be a succession of great and rapid changes. One day, the soft airs of spring would seem to be stealing along the valley, and, in unison with an invigorating sun, attempting, covertly, to rouse the dormant powers of the vegetable world; while on the next, the surly blasts from the north would sweep across the lake, and erase every impression left by their gentle adversaries. The snow, however, finally disappeared, and the green wheat fields were seen in every direction, spotted with the dark and charred stumps that had, the preceding season, supported some of the proudest trees of the forest. Ploughs were in motion, wherever those useful implements could be used, and the smokes of the sugar-camps were no longer seen issuing from the summits of the woods of maple. The lake had lost all the characteristic beauty of a field of ice, but still a dark and gloomy covering concealed its waters, for the absence of currents left them yet hid under a

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275* Kopal, L., "P.Chelc̄icke̍ho na̍zory o manz̄elstvi̍, c̄istotē a rodinē." (Peter Chelc̄icky̍'s Ideas Concerning Marriage, Chastity, and Family). Besedy casu, vol.XVIII. Prague: 1913.

Krofta, Kamil, "Knēz Jan Protiva z Nove̍ Vsi a Chelc̄icke̍ho Mistr Protiva," (Jan Protiva the Priest of Nova Ves and Chelc̄icky̍'s Master Protiva). , Prague: vol. LXXIV.

, . (Epistles from the Czech Religious History). Prague: 1936.

, . (The Spiritual Legacy of Hussitişm). With a reprint of an earlier study on Chelc̄icky̍ published in Vodniany in 1913 by the Committee to Erect a Memorial to Chelc̄icky̍. (All this material is included in the  etc.) Prague: Svoboda, 1946.

, "N.V.Jastrebova studie o Petru Chelc̄icke̍m a jeho dobē," (N.V. Jastrebov's Study of Peter Chelc̄icky̍ and His Times). , vol. XV.

Kubalkin, S., "Petr Chelc̄icky̍, c̄esky̍ Tolstoj XV. stoleti̍," (Peter Chelc̄icky̍, the Czech Tolstoy of the Fifteenth Century). Prague:, 1909.

Lenz, Ant.,, (Outline of the Teaching of John Amos Comenius and Peter Chelc̄icky̍). Prague: 1895.

, "Papez̄ R̄ehor̄ VII a Petr Chelc̄icky̍," (Pope Gregory VII and Peter Chelc̄icky̍). , vol.XI

, "Petr Chelc̄icky̍ a slovnik nauc̄ny̍," (Peter Chelc̄icky̍ and the Encyclopaedia),, vol.XIII.

, "Petra Chelc̄icke̍ho Uc̄eni̍ a Soustava," (The System of the Teaching or Peter Chelc̄icky̍). Prague:, vol.I.

, "Uc̄eni̍ katolicke̍ o Antikristovi a uc̄eni̍ Petra Chelc̄icke̍ho o tomz̄e, (The Catholic Teaching About the Antichrist and Peter Chelc̄icky̍'s Teaching about the Same). Vlast, vol.XII. (Lenz was Capitular Provost of Vys̄ehrady, and all his writings present the Catholic point of view).

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Rh monitors. The school is situated in the Circular Road, and has about 50 scholars, chiefly Mahomedan, who receive Christian instruction in the Native language. About 30 of the girls read the various school-books, and 20 learn to spell, &c. The monthly expenditure is Rupees 40.

There are three schools connected with the London Missionary Society in Calcutta. In a school situated in the Thunthunnya Road there are 45 scholars; in the Creek Row school 25; and in the Mendee Bagan school 28; in all 108. In these schools the girls are taught reading, writing and arithmetic, besides plain needle-work and marking. In order to assist in supporting the schools, it is intended to receive plain work, to be charged at a very moderate rate.

It has already been mentioned that 70 orphans are lodged and educated in the Central School belonging to the Ladies’ Society for Native Female Education; and it is now proposed to build a suitable separate establishment for the reception of one hundred Native orphan girls. It is intended that these children shall receive a good plain education both in their own and in the English language, be trained to habits of industry and usefulness, and remain in the institution until they marry. A public subscription has been opened, and it is contemplated to purchase ground on the bank of the river, four or five miles north of Calcutta, where land can be bought comparatively cheap.

Infant Schools.—In the account of the Calcutta Free school it was stated that the female department included an infant school in which the rudiments of knowledge are communicated to about 50 very young children.

Another infant school was established in 1830, and in October of that year there were about 48 children in daily attendance from two years old to eight. They attended from nine in the morning till five in the afternoon, and received a meal at one o’clock. This is probably the infant school mentioned already as one of the St. James’s district schools. It appears to have been suspended until the arrival of teachers from England who re-commenced the school in December, 1834, in the neighbourhood of St. James’s church. Measures are in the progress for giving it efficiency as a school for training and preparing masters and mistresses for other schools, and for introducing the system amongst the Natives both in Bengal and the


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 While Edward was assisting Louisa from her horse, the warm-hearted girl caught his hand with fervour, and whispered—

"Now, Mr. Edwards, both father and daughter owe their lives to you."

A driving, north-westerly storm succeeded; and before the sun was set, every vestige of spring had vanished; the lake, the mountains, the village, and the fields, being again hid under one dazzling coat of snow.

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Rh

''the familiar significance of the books. He smiles affectionately and his amused voice recites the words with a rhetorical resonance'']

Sanctum Sanctorum!

[His voice takes on a monotonous musing quality, his eyes stare idly at his drifting thoughts]

How perfectly the Professor’s unique haven!

[He smiles]

Primly classical when New Englander meets Greek!

[Looking at the books now]

He hasn’t added one book in years how old was I when I first came here? six with my father  father  how dim his face has grown! he wanted to speak to me just before he died the hospital  smell of iodoform in the cool halls  hot summer  I bent down  his voice had withdrawn so far away  I couldn’t understand him  what son can ever understand? always too near, too soon, too distant or too late!

[''His face has become sad with a memory of the bewildered suffering of the adolescent boy he had been at the time of his father’s death. Then he shakes his head, flinging off his thoughts, and makes himself walk about the room'']

What memories on such a smiling afternoon! this pleasant old town after three months I won’t go to Europe again  couldn’t write a line there  how answer the fierce question of all those dead and maimed? too big a job for me!

[He sighs—then self-mockingly]

But back here it is the interlude that gently questions  in this town dozing  decorous bodies moving with circumspection through the afternoons  their habits affectionately chronicled  an excuse for weav-

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 Jones," returned Marmaduke, "is to protect the sources of this great mine of comfort and wealth, from the extravagance of the people themselves. When this important point shall be achieved, it will be in season to turn our attention to an improvement in the manufacture of the article. But thou knowest, Richard, that I have already subjected our sugar to the process of the refiner, and that the result has produced loaves as white as the snow on yon fields, and possessing the saccharine quality in its utmost purity."

"Saccharine, or turpentine, or any other 'ine, Judge Temple, you have never made a loaf larger than a good sized sugar-plum," returned the Sheriff. "Now, sir, I assert, that no experiment is fairly tried, until it be reduced to practical purposes. If, sir, I owned a hundred, or, for that matter, two hundred thousand acres of land, as you do, I would build a sugar-house in the village; I would invite learned men to an investigation of the subject,—and such are easily to be found, sir; yes, sir, they are not difficult to find,—men who unite theory with practice; and I would select a wood of young and thrifty trees; and, instead of making loaves of the size of a lump of candy, dam'me, 'duke, but I'd have them as big as a hay-cock."

"And purchase the cargo of one of those ships that, they say, are going to China," cried Elizabeth, "turn your potash-kettles into tea-cups, the scows on the lake into saucers: bake your cake in yonder lime-kiln, and invite the county to a tea-party. How wonderful are the projects of genius! Really, sir, the world is of opinion that Judge Temple has tried the experiment fairly, though he did not cause bis loaves to be cast in moulds of the magnitude that would suit your magnificent conceptions."

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 "You may laugh, cousin Elizabeth-you may laugh, madam," retorted Richard, turning himself so much in his saddle as to face the party, and making extremely dignified gestures with his whip; "but I appeal to common sense, good sense, or, what is of more importance than either, to the sense of taste, which is one of the five natural senses, whether a big loaf of sugar is not likely to contain a better illustration of a proposition, than such a lump as one of your Dutch women puts under her tongue when she drinks her tea. There are two ways of doing every thing; the right way, and the wrong way. You make sugar now, I will admit, and you may, possibly, make loaf-sugar; but I take the question to be, whether you make the best possible sugar, and into the best possible loaves."

"Thou art very right, Richard," observed Marmaduke, with a gravity in his air, that proved how much he was interested in the subject. "It is very true that we manufacture sugar, but the inquiry is quite useful to make, how much? and in what manner? I hope to live to see the day, when farms and plantations shall be devoted to this branch of business. Little is known concerning the properties of the tree itself, the source of all this wealth; how much it may be improved by cultivation, by the use of the hoe and plough."

"Hoe and plough," roared the Sheriff;—would you set a man hoeing round the root of a maple like this,"—pointing to one of those noble trees, that occur so frequently in that part of the country.—"Hoeing trees! are you mad, 'duke? This is next to hunting for coal! Poh! poh! my dear cousin, hear reason, and leave the management of the sugars-bush to me. Here is Mr. Le Quoi, he has been in the West-Indies, and seen sugar made often. Let him give an account

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 in from outside space, perhaps flying back and forth between two stars until it becomes so exhausted that one of the stars is able to capture it. At least we know that the solar system now possesses a great number of comets who bow to the mastery of our star and never wander beyond the orbits of his planets. If these are not true children of the sun they are at least his adopted ones, and there is nothing that will ever lure them from his magnetic personality.

Meteoric showers are popularly called "shooting stars." At least one shooting star may be seen every ten minutes but at certain times of the year they appear in showers. Three of the most profuse of these "star" showers appear from the

The Perseids, radiating from a point in the constellation of Perseus, are best seen about three o'clock in the morning. These meteors are called the "Tears of Saint Lawrence" and are noted in ancient legends as the "fiery tears" of this saint who was cruelly persecuted and burned at the stake. His festival is celebrated on the 10th of August, but his "tears" fall for three whole nights.

The Leonid star shower radiates from the vicinity of the star γ in the Sickle of Leo and rains most thickly in the early morning hours. On an average of every 33 years the earth's orbit seems to cut through a denser portion of this meteoric swarm which causes especially beautiful displays. There is a record of this spectacular performance for a thousand years back, although it was not until after the brilliant displays of 1799, 1833 and 1866 that astronomers began a vigorous investigation of the subject of shooting stars. On the night of November 13th, 1833, "the stars fell like flakes of snow, varying in size from a moving point or

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 of how it is made there, and you will hear the philosophy of the thing.—Well, Monsieur, how is it that you make sugar in the West-Indies; any thing in Judge Temple's fashion?"

The gentleman to whom this query was put, was mounted on a small horse, of no very fiery temperament, and was riding with his stirrups so short, as to bring his knees, while the animal rose a small ascent in the wood-path they were now travelling, into a somewhat hazardous vicinity to his chin. There was no room for gesticulation or grace in the delivery of his reply, for the mountain was steep and slippery; and although the Gaul had an eye of uncommon magnitude on either side of his face, they did not seem to be half competent to forewarn him of the impediments of hushes, twigs, and fallen trees, that were momentarily crossing his path. With one hand employed in averting these dangers, and the other grasping his bridle, to check an untoward speed that his horse was assuming, the native of France responded as follows—

"Sucre! dey do make eet in Martinique: mais—mais eet is not from von tree; eet is from—ah—ah vat you call—Je voudrois que ces chemins fussent au diable—vat you call—von steeck pour le promenade."

"Cane," said Elizabeth, smiling at the imprecation which the wary Frenchman supposed was understood only by himself.

"Oui, Mam'selle, cane."

"Yes, yes," cried Richard, "cane is the vulgar name for it, but the real term is saccharum officinarum: and what we call the sugar, or hard maple, is acer saccharinum. These are the learned names, Monsieur, and are such as, doubtless, you well understand."

"Is this Greek or Latin, Mr. Edwards?" whis-

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 the evening, added their earnest solicitations to his. Soon after breakfast was over the ladies took their departure, and his Lordship attended them on horseback to the boundaries of his domain, where mama and daughters, deeply sensible of the generous reception they had experienced, took a most kind leave of him, and promised to make some stay with him on their return from Carlsbad.

No sooner had the Gnome returned to his castle than Curly Head, who had passed the night in a damp cellar in a most fearful state of anxiety, was brought before him. “Miserable reptile,” said the Spirit, “I know not what keeps me from crushing thee under foot, for having dared to enact a farce so offensive to me in my territories.”—“High and mighty Sovereign of the Giant Mountains,” replied the crafty knave, “I question not your rights of sovereignty; but before you pronounce my doom, deign to inform me where those laws are written, with the violation of which you charge me.” The boldness of this turn led Rubezahl to suspect that he had no common man, but rather a singular original, to deal with. He therefore moderated his anger, and said: “Nature has legibly written my laws in the heart of man; but that thou mayest not accuse me of condemning thee unheard, speak: say frankly who thou art, and what could have tempted thee to play thy tricks in such a guise in my dominions?”


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 pered the heiress to the youth, who was opening a passage for herself and her companion through the bushes—"or perhaps it is a still more learned language, for an interpretation of which we must look to you."

The dark eye of the young man glanced towards the maiden, with a keenness bordering on ferocity; but its expression changed, in a moment, to the smiling playfulness of her own face, as he answered—

"I shall remember your doubts, Miss Temple, when next I visit my old friend Mohegan, and either his skill, or that of Leather-stocking, shall solve them."

"And are you, then, really ignorant of their language?" asked Elizabeth, with an impetuosity that spoke a lively interest in the reply.

"Not absolutely; but the deep learning of Mr. Jones is more familiar to me, or even the polite masquerade of Monsieur Le Quoi."

"Do you speak French?" said the lady, with a quickness that equalled her former interest.

"It is a common language with the Iroquois, and through the Canadas," he answered, with an equivocal smile.

"Ah! but they are Mingoes, and your enemies."

"It will be well for me, if I have no worse," said the youth, dashing ahead with his horse, and thus putting an end to the evasive dialogue.

The discourse, however, was maintained with great vigour by Richard, until they reached an open wood on the summit of the mountain, where the hemlocks and pines totally disappeared, and a grove of the very trees that formed the subject of debate, covered the earth with their tall, straight trunks and spreading branches, in stately pride. The underwood had been entirely removed from

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 this grove, or bush, as, in conjunction with the simple arrangements for boiling, it was called, and a wide space of many acres was cleared, which might be likened to the dome of a mighty temple, to which the maples, with their stems, formed the columns, their tops composing the capitals, and the heavens the arch. A deep and careless incision had been made into each tree, near its root, into which little spouts, formed of the bark of the alder, or of the sumach, were fastened; and a trough, roughly dug out of the linden, or basswood, was lying at the root of each tree, to catch the sap that flowed from this extremely wasteful and inartificial arrangement.

The party paused a moment, on gaining the flat, to breathe their horses, and, as the scene was entirely new to several of their number, to view the manner of collecting the fluid. A fine, powerful voice aroused them from their momentary silence, as it rung under the branches of the trees, singing the following words of that inimitable doggrel, whose verses, if extended, would reach from the waters of the Connecticut to the shores of Ontario. The tune was, of course, that familiar air, which, although it is said to have been first applied to his nation in derision, circumstances have since rendered so glorious, that no American ever hears its jingling cadence, without feeling a thrill at his heart.

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 phosphorescent line to globes of the moon's diameter." A witness of the spectacle wrote for the Christian Advocate and Journal of the following month, 1833, the following enthusiastic description:

This shower was particularly well observed in the eastern part of North America. One eye-witness in the Southern States says that the negroes on the plantations were so unnerved that they "lay prostrate on the ground, some speechless and some with the bitterest cries, but with their hands upraised, imploring God to save the world and them." Another witness of the scene in the vicinity of Niagara Falls says that "no spectacle so terribly grand and sublime was ever before beheld by man as that of the firmament descending in fiery torrents over the dark and roaring cataract." Comstock tells of one illiterate observer being anxious to see how the heavens would appear the next evening, for he believed that there would be no stars left. In 1866 this shower was also a wonderful spectacle commencing "about 11:30 P. M., with the appearance at brief intervals of single meteors; then they came in twos and threes, steadily and rapidly increasing in number till 1 h. 13 min. A. M. on November 14th, when no fewer than 57 appeared in one minute. From this time the intensity of the shower diminished gradually, wholly ceasing about 4 A. M. The total number of meteors which at that time came within the limits of the earth's atmosphere was estimated at about 240,000." This was not as brilliant a spectacle as when in 1833 the meteors fell like snowflakes, but it must have been very fine for, to continue with the description of an observer who witnessed it from Great Britain: "The great majority were white, with a bluish or yel-

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 During the execution of this sonorous ditty, Richard kept time with his whip on the mane of his charger, accompanying the gestures with a corresponding movement of his head and body. Towards the close of the song, he was overheard humming the chorus, and at its last repetition, to strike in at "sweety sap," and carry a second through, with a prodigious addition to the "effect" of the noise, if not to that of the harmony.

"Well done us!" roared the Sheriff, on the same key with the tune; "a very good song, Billy Kirby, and very well sung. Where got you the words, lad? is there more of it, and can you furnish me with a copy?"

The sugar-boiler, who was busy in his "camp," at a short distance from the equestrians, turned his head with great indifference, and surveyed the party, as they approached, with admirable coolness. To each individual, as he or she rode close by him, he gave a nod that was extremely good-natured and affable, but which partook largely of the virtue of equality, for not even to the ladies did he in the least vary his mode of salutation, by touching the apology for a hat that he wore, or by any other motion than the one we have mentioned.

"How goes it, how goes it, Sheriff?" said the wood -chopper; "what's the good word to-day?"

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 "Why, much as usual, Billy," returned Richard. "But how is this! where are your four kettles, and your troughs, and your iron coolers? Do you make sugar in this slovenly way! I thought you were one of the best sugar-boilers in the county."

"I'm all that, Squire Jones," said Kirby, who Continued his occupation; "I'll turn my back to no man in the Otsego hills, for chopping and logging; for boiling down the maple sap: for tending brick-kiln; splitting out rails; making potash, and parling too; or hoeing corn. Though I keep myself, pretty much, to the first business, seeing that the axe comes most nateral to me."

"You be von Jack All-trade, Mister Beel," said Monsieur Le Quoi.

"How?" said Kirby, looking up, with a simplicity which, coupled with his gigantic frame and manly face, was a little ridiculous—"if you be for trade, Mounsher, here is some as good sugar as you'll find the season through. It's as clear from dirt as the Garman Flats is from stumps, and it has the raal maple flavour. Such stuff would sell in York for candy."

The Frenchman approached the place where Kirby had deposited his cakes of sugar, under the cover of a bark roof, and commenced the examination of the article, with the eye of one who well understood its value. Marmaduke had dismounted, and was viewing the works and the trees very closely, and not without frequent expressions of dissatisfaction, at the careless manner in which the manufacture was conducted.

"You have much experience in these things, Kirby," he said; "what is the course you pursue in making your sugar? I see that you have but two kettles."

"Two is as good as two thousand, Judge; I'm

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 none of your polite sugar-makers, that boils for the great folks; but if the raal sweet maple is wanted, I can answer your turn. First, I choose, and then I tap my trees; say along about the last of February, or in these mountains, maybe not afore the middle of March; but any way, just as the sap begins to cleverly run"

"Well, in this choice," interrupted Marmaduke, "are you governed by any outward signs, that prove the quality of the tree?"

"Why, there's judgment in all things," said Kirby, stirring the liquor in his kettles briskly. "There's something in knowing when and how much to stir the pot. It's a thing that must be larnt. Rome wasn't built in a day, nor, for that matter, Templetown 'ither, though it may be said to be a quick-growing place. I never put my axe into a stunty tree, or one that has'nt a good, fresh-looking bark; for trees have disorders just like creaters; and where's the policy of taking a tree that's sickly, any more than you'd choose a foundered horse to ride post, or an overheated ox to do your logging"

"All this is true; but what are your signs of illness? how do you distinguish a tree that is well from one that is diseased?"

"How does the doctor tell who has fever, and who colds?" interrupted Richard—"by examining the skin, and feeling the pulse, to be sure."

"Sartain," continued Billy; "the Squire a'nt far out of the way. It's by the look of the thing, sure enough.—Well, when the sap begins to get a free run, I hang over the kettles, and set up the bush. My first boiling I push pretty smart, till I get the vartoo of the sap; but when it begins to grow of a molasses nater, like this in the kettle, one musn't drive the fires too hard, or you'll burn the sugar; and burny sugar is always bad to the

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 lowish tinge; a considerable number were red and orange; and a few were blue; many surpassed the fixed stars in lustre and some were even brighter than Venus—Most of the meteors left trains of vivid green light 5 degrees to 15 degrees in length, which marked their course through the heavens, and endured for 3 seconds on the average, then became dissipated; though some of the trains were almost 40 degrees in length, and remained in sight for several minutes." The shower of 1899 was quite naturally anticipated with much eagerness but it fell far short of the brilliant displays seen in 1866 and 1833.

The third shower listed, the Andromids, radiate from the orange-gold star on the foot of Andromeda during the last week in November. These are best seen during the evening. They are also called the Biela meteors and bring to mind the interesting history of the late Biela comet.

Many hundreds of these radiant points have now been discovered. The meteors which appear in a direct line to the eye, appear as points or stars; those appearing farthest from the center, other things being equal, appear to have the longest trails but their paths are all parallel. The illustration in perspective of the trains coming forward from a point on the horizon of a desert illustrates this clearly.

Meteors, which represent the wreckage which comets strew along their orbits, are not visible until they strike our atmosphere, which causes them to glow. They "glow" because they become white-hot, and they become white-hot because they have been rushing through space at planetary speed, and striking our atmosphere is like striking a match against a stone wall. The friction thus engendered causes the smaller particles to burst into flame and melt in a streak of fire, although the larger ones only melt on the outside, which is thrown off in a streaming tail of incandescent matter, the remainder of the meteor falling to the earth like a

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 taste, let it be never so sweet. So you ladle out from one kettle into the other, till it gets so, when you put the stirring stick into it, that it will draw into a thread; when it takes a kerful hand to manage it. There is a way to drain it off, after it has grained, by putting clay into the pans; but it is'nt always practysed: some doos, and some doosn't.—Well, Mounsher, be we likely to make a trade?"

"I vill give you, Mister Beel, for von pound—dix sous."

"No; I expect cash for't; I never dicker away my sugar. But, seeing that it's you, Mounsher," said Billy, with a coaxing smile, "I'll agree to take a gallon of rum, and cloth enough for two shirts, if you will take the molasses in the bargain. It's raal good. I wouldn't deceive you or any man; and to my drinking, it's about the best molasses I ever seed come out of a sugar-bush."

"Mr. Le Quoi has offered you ten pence," said young Edwards.

The manufacturer stared at the speaker, with an air of great freedom, but made no reply.

"Oui," said the Frenchman, "ten penny. Je vous remercie, Monsieur; ah! mon Anglois! je l'oublie toujours."

The wood-chopper looked from one to the other, with some displeasure; and evidently imbibed the opinion that they were amusing themselves at his expense. He seized the enormous ladle, which was lying in one of his kettles, and began to stir the boiling liquid with great diligence. After a moment, passed in dipping the ladle full, and then raising it on high, as the thick, rich fluid fell back into the kettle, he suddenly gave it a whirl, as if to cool what yet remained, aad offered the bowl to Mr. Le Quoi, saying—

"Taste that, Mounsher, and I guess you will

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 some too much caution in such calculations can scarcely be observed: amongst this number I must class myself. Nor, in doing so, can I assume an apologetic tone. He does right who does his best.

"Last autumn I got on for a time quickly. I ventured to look forward to spring as the period of publication: my health gave way; I passed such a winter as, having been once experienced, will never be forgotten. The spring proved little better than a protraction of trial. The warm weather and a visit to the sea have done me much good physically; but as yet I have recovered neither elasticity of animal spirits, nor flow of the power of composition. And if it were otherwise, the difference would be of no avail; my time and thoughts are at present taken up with close attendance on my father, whose health is just now in a very critical state, the heat of the weather having produced determination of blood to the head. "I am, yours sincerely, 2em

Before the end of August, Mr. Brontë's convalescence became quite established, and he was anxious to resume his duties for some time before his careful daughter would permit him.

On September the 14th the "great duke" died. He had been, as we have seen, her hero from childhood; but I find no further reference to him at this time than what is given in the following extract from a letter to her friend:—


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 say it is worth more than you offer. The molasses itself would fetch twice the money."

The complaisant Frenchman, after several timid efforts to trust his lips in contact with the bowl of the ladle, got a good swallow of the scalding liquid. He clapped his hand on his breast, and looked most piteously at the ladies, for a single instant, and then, to use the language of Billy, when he afterwards recounted the tale, "no drumsticks ever went faster on the skin of a sheep, than the Frenchman's legs, for a round or two: and then, such, swearing and spitting, in French, you never seen. But it's a knowing one, from the old countries, that thinks to get his jokes smoothly over a Yankee wood-chopper."

The air of innocence with which Kirby resumed the occupation of stirring the contents of his kettle, would have completely deceived the spectators, as to his agency in the temporary suffering of Mr. Le Quoi, had not the reckless fellow thrust his tongue into his cheek, and cast his eyes over the party, with a simplicity of expression that was too exquisite to be true to nature. Mr. Le Quoi soon recovered his presence of mind, and his decorum; he briefly apologized to the ladies for one or two very intemperate expressions, that had escaped him in a moment of extraordinary excitement, and remounting his horse, he continued in the back-ground during the remainder of their visit, the wit of Kirby putting a violent termination, at once, to all negociations on the subject of trade. During all this time, Marmaduke had been wandering about the grove, making his observations on his favourite trees, and the wasteful manner in which the wood-chopper conducted his manufacture.

"It grieves me to witness the extravagance that pervades this country," said the Judge, "where

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 the settlers trifle with the blessings they might enjoy, with the prodigality of successful adventurers. You are not exempt from the censure yourself, Kirby, for you make dreadful wounds in these trees, where a small incision would effect the same object. I earnestly beg you will remember, that they are the growth of centuries, and when once gone, none living will see their loss remedied."

"Why, I don't know, Judge," returned the man he addressed: "It seems to me, if there's a plenty of any thing in this mountaynious country, it's the trees. If there's any sin in chopping them, I've a pretty heavy account to settle; for I've chopped over the best half of a thousand acres, with my own hands, counting both Varmount and York states; and I hope to live to finish the whull, before I lay up my axe. Chopping comes quite nateral to me, and I wish no other empl'yment; but Jared Ransom said that he thought the sugar was likely to be scurce this season, seeing that so many folks was coming into the settlement, and so I concluded to take the 'bush' on sheares, for this one spring. What's the best news, Judge, concarning ashes? do pots hold so that a man can live by them still? I s'pose that they will if they keep on fighting."

"Thou reasonest with judgment, William," returned Marrnaduke. "So long as the old world is to be convulsed with wars, so long will the harvest in America continue."

"Well, it's an ill wind, Judge, that blows nobody any good. I'm sure the country is in a thriving way; and, though I know you calkilate greatly on the trees, setting as much store by them as some men would by their children, yet, to my eyes they are a sore sight at any time, unless I'm privileged to work my will on them; in

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 which case, I can't say but they are more to my liking. I have heern the settlers from the old countries say, that their rich men keep great oaks and elms, that would make a barrel of pots to the tree, standing round their doors and humsteads, and scattered over their farms, just to look on. Now, I call no country much improved, that is pretty well covered with trees. Stumps are a different thing, for they don't shade the land; and besides, if you dig them, they make a fence that will turn any thing bigger than a hog, being grand for breachy cattle."

"Our notions on such subjects vary much, in different countries," said Marmaduke; but it is not as ornaments that I value the noble trees of this country; it is for their usefulness. We are stripping the forests, as if a single year would replace what we destroy. But the hour approaches, when the laws will take notice of not only the woods but the game they contain also."

With this consoling reflection, Marmaduke remounted, and the equestrians passed the sugar-camp, on their way to the promised landscape of Richard. The wood-chopper was left alone, in the bosom of the forest, to pursue his labours. Elizabeth turned her head, when they reached the point where they were to descend the mountain, and thought that the slow fires, that were glimmering under his enormous kettles, his little brush shelter, covered with pieces of hemlock bark, his gigantic size, as he wielded his ladle with a steady and knowing air, aided by the back-ground of stately trees, with their spouts and troughs, formed altogether, no unreal picture of human life in its first stages of civilization. Perhaps whatever the scene possessed of a romantic character was not injured by the powerful tones of Kirby's voice, ringing through the woods, as he again awoke his

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 "I do hope and believe the changes you have been having this summer will do you permanent good, notwithstanding the pain with which they have been too often mingled. Yet I feel glad that you are soon coming home; and I really must not trust myself to say how much I wish the time were come when, without let or hindrance, I could once more welcome you to Haworth. But oh! I don't get on; I feel fretted—incapable—sometimes very low. However, at present, the subject must not be dwelt upon; it presses me too hardly—nearly—and painfully. Less than ever can I taste or know pleasure till this work is wound up. And yet I often sit up in bed at night, thinking of and wishing for you. Thank for the 'Times'; what it said on the mighty and mournful subject was well said. All at once the whole nation seems to take a just view of that great character. There was a review too of an American book, which I was glad to see. Read 'Uncle Tom's Cabin': probably, though, you have read it.

"Papa's health continues satisfactory, thank God! As for me, my wretched liver had been disordered again of late, but I hope it is now going to be on better behaviour; it hinders me in working—depresses both power and tone of feeling. I must expect this derangement from time to time."

Haworth was in an unhealthy state, as usual; and both Miss Brontë and Tabby suffered severely from the prevailing epidemics. The former was long in shaking off the effects of this illness. In vain she resolved


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 on the next opportunity, how far we could rely upon the latter.

"Our common friend received us as well as we could expect, and did every thing in his power to prolong our stay with him, and to give us pleasure. His country seat united all the charms of the Spanish clime, and our rural diversions were seasoned by the pleasant flows of humorous sallies. We played most charming little tricks; and our sociable harmony prevented us from being offended when, now and then, our frolicks degenerated into something more than jest. Our hostess and host soon knew Antonio's weak side as well as we did; and we resolved to repay him with a vengeance, on the first opportunity, all the liberties he had taken with us, and soon were enabled to carry our purpose into execution.

"A sudden noise arose in the castle, one night, while we were at supper in a garden-house. Some of the servants came running, pale and with ghastly looks, to

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 against allowing herself any society or change of scene until she had accomplished her labour. She was too ill to write; and with illness came on the old heaviness of heart, recollections of the past, and anticipations of the future. At last Mr. Brontë expressed so strong a wish that her friend should be asked to visit her, and she felt some little refreshment so absolutely necessary, that on October the 9th she begged her to come to Haworth, just for a single week.

"I thought I would persist in denying myself till I had done my work, but I find it won't do; the matter refuses to progress, and this excessive solitude presses too heavily; so let me see your dear face, E., just for one reviving week."

But she would only accept of the company of her friend for the exact time specified. She thus writes to Miss Wooler on October the 21st:—

"E has only been my companion one little week. I would not have her any longer, for I am disgusted with myself and my delays; and consider it was a weak yielding to temptation in me to send for her at all; but in truth, my spirits were getting low—prostrate sometimes—and she has done me inexpressible good. I wonder when I shall see you at Haworth again; both my father and the servants have again and again insinuated a distinct wish that you should be requested to come in the course of the summer and autumn, but I have always turned rather a deaf ear; 'not yet,' was


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 my thought, 'I want first to be free;' work first, then pleasure."

Miss 's visit had done her much good. Pleasant companionship during the day produced, for the time, the unusual blessing of calm repose at night; and, after her friend's departure, she was well enough to "fall to business," and write away, almost incessantly, at her story of "Villette," now drawing to a conclusion. The following letter to Mr. Smith, seems to have accompanied the first part of the MS.

1em

"My dear Sir,—You must notify honestly what you think of "Villette" when you have read it. I can hardly tell you how I hunger to hear some opinion besides my own, and how I have sometimes desponded, and almost despaired, because there was no one to whom to read a line, or of whom to ask a counsel. 'Jane Eyre' was not written under such circumstances, nor were two-thirds of 'Shirley.' I got so miserable about it, I could bear no allusion to the book. It is not finished yet; but now I hope. As to the anonymous publication, I have this to say: If the withholding of the author's name should tend materially to injure the publisher's interest, to interfere with booksellers' orders, &c., I would not press the point; but if no such detriment is contingent, I should be most thankful for the sheltering shadow of an incognito. I seem to dread the


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 advertisements—the large-lettered 'Currer Bell's New Novel,' or 'New Work, by the Author of Jane Eyre.' These, however, I feel well enough, are the transcendentalisms of a retired wretch; so you must speak frankly I shall be glad to see 'Colonel Esmond.' My objection to the second volume lay here: I thought it contained decidedly too much history—too little story."

In another letter, referring to "Esmond," she uses the following words:—

"The third volume seemed to me to possess the most sparkle, impetus, and interest. Of the first and second my judgment was, that parts of them were admirable; but there was the fault of containing too much History—too little Story. I hold that a work of fiction ought to be a work of creation: that the real should be sparingly introduced in pages dedicated to the ideal. Plain household bread is a far more wholesome and necessary thing than cake; yet who would like to see the brown loaf placed on the table for dessert? In the second volume, the author gives us an ample supply of excellent brown bread; in his third, only such a portion as gives substance, like the crumbs of bread in a well-made, not too rich, plum-pudding."

Her letter to Mr. Smith, containing the allusion to "Esmond," which reminded me of the quotation just given, continues:—


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 "You will see that 'Villette' touches on no matter of public interest. I cannot write books handling the topics of the day; it is of no use trying. Nor can I write a book for its moral. Nor can I take up a philanthropic scheme, though I honour philanthropy; and voluntarily and sincerely veil my face before such a mighty subject as that handled in Mrs. Beecher Stowe's work, 'Uncle Tom's Cabin.' To manage these great matters rightly, they must be long and practically studied—their bearings known intimately, and their evils felt genuinely; they must not be taken up as a business matter, and a trading speculation. I doubt not, Mrs. Stowe had felt the iron of slavery enter into her heart, from childhood upwards, long before she ever thought of writing books. The feeling throughout her work is sincere, and not got up. Remember to be an honest critic of 'Villette,' and tell Mr. Williams to be unsparing: not that I am likely to alter anything, but I want to know his impressions and yours."

1em

"My dear Sir,—I feel very grateful for your letter; it relieved me much, for I was a good deal harassed by doubts as to how 'Villette' might appear in other eyes than my own. I feel in some degree authorised to rely on your favourable impressions, because you are quite right where you hint disapprobation. You have exactly


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 hit two points at least where I was conscious of defect;—the discrepancy, the want of perfect harmony, between Graham's boyhood and manhood,—the angular abruptness of his change of sentiment towards Miss Fanshawe. You must remember, though, that in secret he had for some time appreciated that young lady at a somewhat depressed standard—held her a little lower than the angels. But still the reader ought to have been better made to feel this preparation towards a change of mood. As to the publishing arrangements, I leave them to Cornhill. There is, undoubtedly, a certain force in what you say about the inexpediency of affecting a mystery which cannot be sustained; so you must act as you think is for the best. I submit, also, to the advertisements in large letters, but under protest, and with a kind of ostrich-longing for concealment. Most of the third volume is given to the development of the 'crabbed Professor's' character. Lucy must not marry Dr. John; he is far too youthful, handsome, bright-spirited, and sweet-tempered; he is a 'curled darling' of Nature and of Fortune, and must draw a prize in life's lottery. His wife must be young, rich, pretty; he must be made very happy indeed. If Lucy marries anybody, it must be the Professor—a man in whom there is much to forgive, much to 'put up with.' But I am not leniently disposed towards Miss Frost: from the beginning, I never meant to appoint her lines in pleasant places. The conclusion of this third volume is still a matter of some anxiety: I can but do my best, however. It would speedily be finished, could I ward off certain obnoxious


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 headaches, which, whenever I get into the spirit of my work, are apt to seize and prostrate me

"Colonel Henry Esmond is just arrived. He looks very antique and distinguished in his Queen Anne's garb; the periwig, sword, lace, and ruffles are very well represented by the old 'Spectator' type."

In reference to a sentence towards the close of this letter, I may mention what she told me; that Mr. Brontë was anxious that her new tale should end well, as he disliked novels which left a melancholy impression upon the mind; and he requested her to make her hero and heroine (like the heroes and heroines in fairy-tales) "marry, and live very happily ever after." But the idea of M. Paul Emanuel's death at sea was stamped on her imagination till it assumed the distinct force of reality; and she could no more alter her fictitious ending than if they had been facts which she was relating. All she could do in compliance with her father's wish was so to veil the fate in oracular words, as to leave it to the character and discernment of her readers to interpret her meaning.

1em

"My dear Sir,—I must not delay thanking you for your kind letter, with its candid and able commentary on 'Villette.' With many of your strictures I concur.


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276* Molna̍r, Amedeo,. (Peter Chelc̄icky's Watchful Solitude). A theological study. Z̄elezny̍ Brod: Bratrska̍ s̄kola, 1945.

Müller, Dr. Jos. Th.,. (The History of the Unity of Brethren). Translated from the German original (written by the Director of the Moravian Church Archives in Herrnhut) by Dr. F.M. Bartos̄. Prague: Jednota bratrska̍, 1923.

, "Stary̍ rukopis dvou spisū Petra Chelc̄icke̍ho," (An Old Manuscript of Two Writings of Peter Chelc̄icky̍). , vol.XIII.

Navra̍til, F.O., ,. (Peter Chelc̄icky̍: An Economic and Sociological Analysis of a Religious Personality). Prague: Orbis, 1929.

Novotny̍, V., and R. Urba̍nek, editors,. (Czech History). A monumental work in 3 vols. Particularly III:iii: "The Era of George of Podiebrady." Prague: Laichter, 1930.

Novotny̍, V., "Petr Chelc̄icky̍,", vol.33. Prague: 1925.

Palacky̍, Frantis̄ek,. (History of the Czech Nation). Prague, Bursik & Kohout, 1864.

Pavlensky̍, W.,. (About Peter Chelc̄icky̍). Lwow: Z̄iti̍ a slovo, 1896.

Rys̄a̍nek, Fr., "," (Chelc̄icky̍'s About the Certain and Uncertain Purgatory). . Prague: 1923.

Smeta̍nka, E., "K Postille Chelc̄icke̍ho,", (A Propos Chelc̄icky̍'s Postil), Prague: 1930.

Stēhule, J., "Uc̄eni̍ Petra Chelc̄icke̍ho o la̍sce k bliz̄ni̍mu," (Peter Chelc̄icky̍'s Teaching about Neighbourly Love). , Prague: 1917.

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 The third volume may, perhaps, do away with some of the objections; others still remain in force. I do not think the interest culminates anywhere to the degree you would wish. What climax there is does not come on till near the conclusion; and even then, I doubt whether the regular novel-reader will consider the 'agony piled sufficiently high' (as the Americans say), or the colours dashed on to the canvass with the proper amount of daring. Still, I fear, they must be satisfied with what is offered: my palette affords no brighter tints; were I to attempt to deepen the reds, or burnish the yellows, I should but botch.

"Unless I am mistaken, the emotion of the book will be found to be kept throughout in tolerable subjection. As to the name of the heroine, I can hardly express what subtlety of thought made me decide upon giving her a cold name; but, at first, I called her 'Lucy Snowe' (spelt with an 'e'); which Snowe I afterwards changed to 'Frost.' Subsequently, I rather regretted the change, and wished it 'Snowe' again. If not too late, I should like the alteration to be made now throughout the MS. A cold name she must have; partly, perhaps, on the lucus a non lucendo principle—partly on that of the 'fitness of things,' for she has about her an external coldness.

"You say that she may be thought morbid and weak, unless the history of her life be more fully given. I consider that she is both morbid and weak at times; her character sets up no pretensions to unmixed strength, and anybody living her life would necessarily become


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 morbid. It was no impetus of healthy feeling which urged her to the confessional, for instance; it was the semi-delirium of solitary grief and sickness. If, however, the book does not express all this, there must be a great fault somewhere. I might explain away a few other points, but it would be too much like drawing a picture and then writing underneath the name of the object intended to be represented. We know what sort of a pencil that is which needs an ally in the pen.

"Thanking you again for the clearness and fulness with which you have responded to my request for a statement of impressions, I am, my dear Sir, yours very sincerely, 2em

"I trust the work will be seen in MS. by no one except Mr. Smith and yourself."

1em

"My dear Sir,—I only wished the publication of 'Shirley' to be delayed till 'Villette' was nearly ready; so that there can now be no objection to its being issued whenever you think fit. About putting the MS. into type, I can only say that, should I be able to proceed with the third volume at my average rate of composition, and with no more than the average amount of interruptions, I should hope to have it ready in about three weeks. I leave it to you to decide whether it would be better to delay the printing that space of time, or to commence it immediately. It would certainly be more satisfactory if you were to see the third volume


text:
Module:Person

require('strict')

local getArgs = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs local yesno = require('Module:Yesno') local error_message = require('Module:Error')['error'] local portal_header = require('Module:Portal header')._portal_header

local authorModule = require('Module:Author') local author_dates = authorModule._dates local get_author_image = authorModule._get_image local construct_defaultsort = authorModule._construct_defaultsort

local p = {}

function p._person(args) local name = args.title if not name then if args.firstname and args.lastname then if yesno(args.invert_names) then name = args.lastname .. ' ' .. args.firstname else name = args.firstname .. ' ' .. args.lastname end else name = args.firstname or args.lastname or error_message({'Module:Person error: name needed'}) end end args.image_caption = name args.template_ns = 'Portal' args.nocat = false local image = get_author_image(args) local dates = author_dates(args) if dates then args.title = name .. tostring(mw.html.create('span'):css({['font-weight'] = 'normal'}):wikitext(dates)) else args.title = name end args.class = args.class or 'C'	args.subclass1 = args.subclass1 or 'T'	args.parent = 'People' args.notes = args.notes or args.description args.nocat = true local header = portal_header(args) local defaultsort = construct_defaultsort(args) local cats = {} if args.shortcut then table.insert(cats, '') end if not yesno(args.reviewed) then table.insert(cats, '') end return header .. image .. defaultsort .. table.concat(cats) end

function p.person(frame) return p._person(getArgs(frame)) end

return p

title: Module:Person


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 before printing the first and the second; yet, if delay is likely to prove injurious, I do not think it is indispensable. I have read the third volume of 'Esmond.' I found it both entertaining and exciting to me; it seems to possess an impetus and excitement beyond the other two,—that movement and brilliancy its predecessors sometimes wanted, never fails here. In certain passages, I thought Thackeray used all his powers; their grand, serious force yielded a profound satisfaction. 'At last he puts forth his strength,' I could not help saying to myself. No character in the book strikes me as more masterly than that of Beatrix; its conception is fresh, and its delineation vivid. It is peculiar; it has impressions of a new kind—new, at least, to me. Beatrix is not, in herself, all bad. So much does she sometimes reveal of what is good and great as to suggest this feeling—you would think she was urged by a fate. You would think that some antique doom presses on her house, and that once in so many generations its brightest ornament was to become its greatest disgrace. At times, what is good in her struggles against this terrible destiny, but the Fate conquers. Beatrix cannot be an honest woman and a good man's wife. She 'tries, and she cannot.' Proud, beautiful, and sullied, she was born what she becomes, a king's mistress. I know not whether you have seen the notice in the 'Leader;' I read it just after concluding the book. Can I be wrong in deeming it a notice tame, cold, and insufficient? With all its professed friendliness, it produced on me a most disheartening impression. Surely, another sort of


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 justice than this will be rendered to 'Esmond' from other quarters. One acute remark of the critic is to the effect that Blanche Amory and Beatrix are identical—sketched from the same original! To me they are about as identical as a weazel and a royal tigress of Bengal; both the latter are quadrupeds,—both the former, women. But I must not take up either your time or my own with further remarks. Believe me yours sincerely, 2em

On a Saturday, a little later in this month, Miss Brontë completed "Villette," and sent it off to her publishers. "I said my prayers when I had done it. Whether it is well or ill done, I don't know; D. V., I will now try and wait the issue quietly. The book, I think, will not be considered pretentious; nor is it of a character to excite hostility."

As her labour was ended, she felt at liberty to allow herself a little change. There were several friends anxious to see her and welcome her to their homes: Miss Martineau, Mrs. Smith, and her own faithful E. With the last, in the same letter as that in which she announced the completion of "Villette," she offered to spend a week. She began, also, to consider whether it might not be well to avail herself of Mrs. Smith's kind invitation, with a view to the convenience of being on the spot to correct the proofs.

The following letter is given, not merely on account


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 of her own criticisms on "Villette," but because it shows how she had learned to magnify the meaning of trifles, as all do who live a self-contained and solitary life. Mr. Smith had been unable to write by the same post as that which brought the money for "Villette," and she consequently received it without a line. The friend with whom she was staying says, that she immediately fancied there was some disappointment about "Villette," or that some word or act of hers had given offence; and had not the Sunday intervened, and so allowed time for Mr. Smith's letter to make its appearance, she would certainly have crossed it on her way to London.

1em

"My dear Sir,—The receipts have reached me safely. I received the first on Saturday, enclosed in a cover without a line, and had made up my mind to take the train on Monday, and go up to London to see what was the matter, and what had struck my publisher mute. On Sunday morning your letter came, and you have thus been spared the visitation of the unannounced and unsummoned apparition of Currer Bell in Cornhill. Inexplicable delays should be avoided when possible, for they are apt to urge those subjected to their harassment to sudden and impulsive steps. I must pronounce you right again, in your complaint of the transfer of interest in the third volume, from one set of characters to another. It is not pleasant, and it will probably be found as unwelcome to the reader, as it was, in a sense, compulsory upon the writer. The spirit of romance


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 would have indicated another course, far more flowery and inviting; it would have fashioned a paramount hero, kept faithfully with him, and made him supremely worshipful; he should have been an idol, and not a mute, unresponding idol either; but this would have been unlike real life—inconsistent with truth—at variance with probability. I greatly apprehend, however, that the weakest character in the book is the one I aimed at making the most beautiful; and, if this be the case, the fault lies in its wanting the germ of the real—in its being purely imaginary. I felt that this character lacked substance; I fear that the reader will feel the same. Union with it resembles too much the fate of Ixion, who was mated with a cloud. The childhood of Paulina is, however, I think, pretty well imagined, but her " (the remainder of this interesting sentence is torn off the letter). "A brief visit to London becomes thus more practicable, and if your mother will kindly write, when she has time, and name a day after Christmas which will suit her, I shall have pleasure, papa's health permitting, in availing myself of her invitation. I wish I could come in time to correct some at least of the proofs; it would save trouble."


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difficulty that presented itself most strongly to me, when I first had the honour of being requested to write this biography, was how I could show what a noble, true, and tender woman Charlotte Brontë really was, without mingling up with her life too much of the personal history of her nearest and most intimate friends. After much consideration of this point, I came to the resolution of writing truly, if I wrote at all; of withholding nothing, though some things, from their very nature, could not be spoken of so fully as others.

One of the deepest interests of her life centres naturally round her marriage, and the preceding circumstances; but more than all other events (because of more recent date, and concerning another as intimately as herself), it requires delicate handling on my part, lest I intrude too roughly on what is most sacred to memory. Yet I have two reasons, which seem to me good and valid ones, for giving some particulars of the course of events which led to her few months of wedded life—that short spell of exceeding happiness. The first is my desire to call attention to the fact that Mr. Nicholls was one who had seen her almost


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 daily for years; seen her as a daughter, a sister, a mistress and a friend. He was not a man to be attracted by any kind of literary fame. I imagine that this, by itself, would rather repel him when he saw it in the possession of a woman. He was a grave, reserved, conscientious man, with a deep sense of religion, and of his duties as one of its ministers.

In silence he had watched her, and loved her long. The love of such a man—a daily spectator of her manner of life for years—is a great testimony to her character as a woman.

How deep his affection was I scarcely dare to tell, even if I could in words. She did not know—she had hardly begun to suspect—that she was the object of any peculiar regard on his part, when, in this very December, he came one evening to tea. After tea, she returned from the study to her own sitting-room, as was her custom, leaving her father and his curate together. Presently she heard the study-door open, and expected to hear the succeeding clash of the front door. Instead, came a tap; and, "like lightning, it flashed upon me what was coming. He entered. He stood before me. What his words were you can imagine; his manner you can hardly realise, nor can I forget it. He made me, for the first time, feel what it costs a man to declare affection when he doubts response The spectacle of one, ordinarily so statue-like, thus trembling, stirred, and overcome, gave me a strange shock. I could only entreat him to leave me then, and promise a reply on the morrow. I asked if he had


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 spoken to Papa. He said he dared not. I think I half led, half put him out of the room."

So deep, so fervent, and so enduring was the affection Miss Brontë had inspired in the heart of this good man! It is an honour to her; and, as such, I have thought it my duty to speak thus much, and quote thus fully from her letter about it. And now I pass to my second reason for dwelling on a subject which may possibly be considered by some, at first sight, of too private a nature for publication. When Mr. Nicholls had left her, Charlotte went immediately to her father and told him all. He always disapproved of marriages, and constantly talked against them. But he more than disapproved at this time; he could not bear the idea of this attachment of Mr. Nicholls to his daughter. Fearing the consequences of agitation to one so recently an invalid, she made haste to give her father a promise that, on the morrow, Mr. Nicholls should have a distinct refusal. Thus quietly and modestly did she, on whom such hard judgments had been passed by ignorant reviewers, receive this vehement, passionate declaration of love,—thus thoughtfully for her father, and unselfishly for herself, put aside all consideration of how she should reply, excepting as he wished!

The immediate result of Mr. Nicholls' declaration of attachment was, that he sent in his resignation of the curacy of Haworth; and that Miss Brontë held herself simply passive, as far as words and actions went, while she suffered acute pain from the strong expres-


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 The prisoner was delighted to have obtained permission to speak, trusting as he did that a candid narration of the events of his life would appease the Gnome’s anger, at least so far as to lead to a mitigation of the chastisement he might have to endure. “I formerly,” he commenced, “lived poorly enough, on the fruits of my own labour, in the town of Lauban, where I followed the occupation of a purse maker; they called me poor Kunz, and well they might, for I found honest industry to be an altogether unprofitable business. Although my purses found a good sale, there being a notion current that money did well in them, seeing that I, the maker, was a seventh son, and must therefore have a lucky hand, I experienced no such luck in my own case, for my purse was always as empty as the stomach of a rigid Catholic on a fast day. I would here remark that if my customers really preserved their money so well in purses of my manufacture, this, in my opinion, was in no degree owing to the lucky hand of the maker, nor to the especial goodness of the work, but to the material of which they were made; they were of leather. Your Lordship must know that a purse of leather always preserves and improves money better than one of silk netting; for he who is content with the former is rarely a spendthrift, but one who, as the saying is, draws his purse-strings tight. Open-work silk


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 sions which her father used in speaking of Mr. Nicholls, and from the too evident distress and failure of health on the part of the latter. Under these circumstances she, more gladly than ever, availed herself of Mrs. Smith's proposal, that she should again visit them in London; and thither she accordingly went in the first week of the year 1853.

From thence I received the following letter. It is with a sad, proud pleasure I copy her words of friendship now.

1em

"It is with you the ball rests. I have not heard from you since I wrote last; but I thought I knew the reason of your silence, viz. application to work,—and therefore I accept it, not merely with resignation, but with satisfaction.

"I am now in London, as the date above will show; staying very quietly at my publisher's, and correcting proofs, &c. Before receiving yours, I had felt, and expressed to Mr. Smith, reluctance to come in the way of 'Ruth;' not that I think she would suffer from contact with 'Villette'—we know not but that the damage might be the other way; but I have ever held comparisons to be odious, and would fain that neither I nor my friends should be made subjects for the same. Mr. Smith proposes, accordingly, to defer the publication of my book till the 24th inst.; he says that will give 'Ruth' the start in the papers daily


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 and gold purses, on the contrary, are, for the most part, in the hands of rich and reckless men; is it to be wondered at that the money runs out in all directions, as from a sieve; and that, however frequently replenished, they are ever empty?

“My father had strongly inculcated this maxim upon his seven sons: ‘Whatever you do, my children, do it in earnest.’ I accordingly applied to my business indefatigably, but my condition got none the better. Then war and scarcity came upon the land, and we were inundated with base coin. My fellow tradesmen said: “Light‘Light [sic] money, light wares;’ but I said: ‘Honesty is the best policy,’ and continued to give good purses for bad money; the result of course was, that I was beggared, thrown into gaol, kicked out of my guild by my fellow freemen as a discredit to their mystery; and when my creditors got tired of keeping me in prison, was most handsomely set at liberty, with orders, however, to quit the territory within twelve hours, and not to return on pain of death. When advanced some way on my enforced journey, I knew not, cared not whither, I met one of my former customers, mounted on a very handsome horse. When he saw me he burst out into a scornful laugh: ‘Bungler!’ cried he, ‘stupid ragamuffin! ’tis clear thou dost not know thy business; thou can’st make purses, but not fill them; make pots, and


text:
Module:Person/doc

This module provides the logic for person.

title: Module:Person/doc


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 it. But the constitution of joint stock companies renders them in general more tenacious of established rules than any private copartnery. Such companies, therefore, seem extremely well fitted for this trade. The principal banking companies in Europe, accordingly, are joint stock companies, many of which manage their trade very successfully without any exclusive privilege. The Bank of England has no other exclusive privilege, except that no other banking company in England shall consist of more than six persons. The two banks of Edinburgh are joint stock companies without any exclusive privilege.

The value of the risk, either from fire, or from loss by sea, or by capture, though it cannot, perhaps, be calculated very exactly, admits, however, of such a gross estimation as renders it, in some degree, reducible to strict rule and method. The trade of insurance, therefore, may be carried on successfully by a joint stock company, without any exclusive privilege. Neither the London Assurance, nor the Royal Exchange Assurance companies, have any such privilege.

When a navigable cut or canal has been once made, the management of it becomes quite simple and easy, and it is reducible to strict rule and method. Even the making of it is so, as it may be contracted for with undertakers at so much a mile, and so much a lock. The same thing may be said of a canal, an aqueduct, or a great pipe for bringing water to supply a great city. Such undertakings, therefore, may be, and accordingly frequently are, very successfully managed by joint stock companies without any exclusive privilege.

To establish a joint stock company, however, for any undertaking, merely because such a company might be


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 capable of managing it successfully; or to exempt a particular set of dealers from some of the general laws which take place with regard to all their neighbors, merely because they might be capable of thriving, if they had such an exemption, would certainly not be reasonable. To render such an establishment perfectly reasonable, with the circumstance of being reducible to strict rule and method, two other circumstances ought to concur. First, it ought to appear with the clearest evidence, that the undertaking is of greater and more general utility than the greater part of common trades; and secondly, that it requires a greater capital than can easily be collected into a private copartnery. If a moderate capital were sufficient the great utility of the undertaking would not be a sufficient reason for establishing a joint stock company; because, in this case, the demand for what it was to produce, would readily and easily be supplied by private adventurers. In the four trades above mentioned, both those circumstances concur.

The great and general utility of the banking trade when prudently managed, has been fully explained in the Second Book of this inquiry. But a public bank which is to support public credit, and upon particular emergencies to advance to government the whole produce of a tax, to the amount, perhaps, of several millions, a year or two before it comes in, requires a greater capital than can easily be collected into any private copartnery.

The trade of insurance gives great security to the fortunes of private people, and by dividing among a great many that loss which would ruin an individual, makes it fall light and easy upon the whole society. In order to give this security, however, it is necessary that the in-


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 surers should have a very large capital. Before the establishment of the two joint stock companies for insurance in London, a list, it is said, was laid before the attorney-general, of one hundred and fifty private insurers who had failed in the course of a few years.

That navigable cuts and canals, and the works which are sometimes necessary for supplying a great city with water, are of great and general utility, while at the same time they frequently require a greater expense than suits the fortunes of private people, is sufficiently obvious.

Except the four trades above mentioned, I have not been able to recollect any other in which all the three circumstances, requisite for rendering reasonable the establishment of a joint stock company, concur. The English copper company of London, the lead smelting company, the glass grinding company, have not even the pretext of any great or singular utility in the object which they pursue; nor does the pursuit of that object seem to require any expense unsuitable to the fortunes of many private men. Whether the trade which those companies carry on, is reducible to such strict rule and method as to render it fit for the management of a joint stock company, or whether they have any reason to boast of their extraordinary profits, I do not pretend to know. The mine adventurers company has been long ago bankrupt. A share in the stock of the British Linen Company of Edinburgh sells, at present, very much below par, though less so than it did some years ago. The joint stock companies which are established for the public-spirited purpose of promoting some particular manufacture, over and above managing their own affairs ill. to the diminution of the general stock of the society, can in other respects scarce ever fail to do more harm than


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 good. Notwithstanding the most upright intentions, the unavoidable partiality of their directors to particular branches of the manufacture, of which the undertakers mislead and impose upon them, is a real discouragement to the rest, and necessarily breaks, more or less, that natural proportion which would otherwise establish itself between judicious industry and profit, and which, to the general industry of the country, is of all encouragements the greatest and the most effectual.

institutions for the education of the youth may, in the same manner, furnish a revenue sufficient for defraying their own expense. The fee or honorary which the scholar pays to the master naturally constitutes a revenue of this kind.

Even where the reward of the master does not arise altogether from this natural revenue, it still is not necessary that it should be derived from that general revenue of the society, of which the collection and application are, in most countries, assigned to the executive power. Through the greater part of Europe, accordingly, the endowment of schools and colleges makes either no charge upon that general revenue, or but a very small one. It everywhere arises chiefly from some local or provincial revenue, from the rent of some landed estate, or from the interest of some sum of money allotted and put under the management of trustees for this particular purpose, sometimes by the sovereign himself, and sometimes by some private donor.

Have those public endowments contributed in general