text: Page:Mary Ann Jackson - The Pictorial Flora; or British Botany Delineated - Books from the Biodiversity Heritage Library (IA pictorialfloraor00henr).pdf/36


text: Page:Mary Ann Jackson - The Pictorial Flora; or British Botany Delineated - Books from the Biodiversity Heritage Library (IA pictorialfloraor00henr).pdf/38

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144 Siegfried’s wife was come to the grave, her faithful heart was rung with grief, so that they must needs oft sprinkle her with water from the spring. Her pain was passing great; a mickle wonder it was that she ever lived. Many a lady helped her in her plaint.

Then spake the queen: “Ye men of Siegfried, by your loyalty must ye prove your love to me. Let me receive this little favor after all my woe, that I may see once more his comely head.”

She begged so long, with griefs strong will, that they must needs break open the lordly casket. Then men brought the lady to where he lay. With her white hand she raised his fair head and kissed the noble knight and good, thus dead. Tears of blood her bright eyes wept from grief. Then there happed a piteous parting. Men bare her hence, she could not walk, and soon they found the high-born lady lying senseless. Fain would the lovely fair have died of grief.

When they had now buried the noble lord, those who were come with him from the Nibelung land were seen to suffer from unmeasured grief. Men found Siegmund full seldom merry then. There were those that for three days would neither eat nor drink for passing grief. Yet might they not so waste away their bodies, but that they recovered from their sorrows, as still happeneth oft enow.


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husband’s father went to where he found her. Unto the queen he spake: “We must unto our land; by the Rhine, I ween, we be unwelcome guests. Kriemhild, dear lady, now journey with me to my lands. Albeit treachery here in these lands hath bereft us of your noble husband, yet should ye not requite this. I will be friendly to you for my dear son’s sake, of this shall ye have no doubt. Ye shall have, my lady, all the power which Siegfried, the bold knight, gave you aforetime. The land and also the crown shall be subject to you. All Siegfried’s men shall serve you gladly.”

Then the squires were told that they must ride away. A mickle hurrying for steeds was seen, for they were loth to stay with their deadly foes. Men bade dames and maidens seek their robes. When that King Siegmund would fain have ridden forth, Kriemhild’s mother gan beg her that she stay there with her kindred.

The royal lady answered: “That might hardly hap. How could I bear the sight of him from whom such great wrong hath happed to me, poor wife?”

Then spake young Giselher: “Dear sister mine, by thy troth thou shouldst stay here with thy mother. Thou dost need no service of them that have grieved thee and saddened thy mood. Live from my goods alone.”


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146 To the warrior she spake: “Certes, it may not hap, for I should die of dole whenever I should gaze on Hagen.”

“I’ll give thee rede for that, dear sister mine. Thou shalt live with thy brother Giselher, and of a truth I’ll comfort thee of thy husband’s death.”

Then answered the hapless wife: “Of that hath Kriemhild need.”

When the youth had made her such kindly offer, then gan Uta and Gernot and her faithful kin entreat. They begged her to tarry there, for but little kith she had among Siegfried’s men.

“They be all strangers to you,” spake Gernot; “none that liveth is so strong but that he must come to die. Consider that, dear sister, and console your mind. Stay with your kinsfolk; ye shall fare well in truth.”

Then she made vow to Giselher that she would stay. The steeds were brought for Siegfried’s men, sith they would ride to the Nibelung land. Also all the trappings of the knights were packed upon the sumpters. Then the Lord Siegmund hied him to Kriemhild’s side. To the lady he spake: “Siegfried’s men are waiting by the steeds. Now must we ride away, for I be ill content in Burgundy.”

The Lady Kriemhild then replied: “All that I have of faithful kin advise me that I stay here with them; I have no kith in the Nibelung land.”

Loth it was to Siegmund, when that he found Kriemhild of this mind. He spake: “Let no one tell you that. Before all my kinsmen ye shall wear the crown with such sovran power as ye did aforetime.


text: Page:Mary Ann Jackson - The Pictorial Flora; or British Botany Delineated - Books from the Biodiversity Heritage Library (IA pictorialfloraor00henr).pdf/40


text: Page:Mary Ann Jackson - The Pictorial Flora; or British Botany Delineated - Books from the Biodiversity Heritage Library (IA pictorialfloraor00henr).pdf/42


text: Index:Peterson's Magazine 1851 Vol. XX.pdf


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 the same results as are obtained at school, but must seek equivalents; and we may often command what is of higher value.

Difficulties such as these scarcely attach to female education; for a mother, possessed of the qualities fitting her superintend that of her daughters, is rarely at a loss in communicating to them such principles as will make it safe to leave them in the enjoyment of as much personal liberty as a daughter at home can wish for.

But a father finds it otherwise with his sons, after they reach their teens; for, the vastly high erenergyenergy [sic], animal and mental, of the male temperament, and for which adequate employment is not always available, must be disciplined, not broken down, by bringing the moral sense into fuller operation. A home-bred youth, not cowed or pinned to the sleeve, needs to be inspired with far more sentiment than would be necessary for him at school. And if these ends can actually be secured, that is to say, if youthful vigour and animation can be preserved unimpaired, along with enough feeling and principle to guarantee mild and discreet conduct, we then gain a real advantage.

Our purpose, in this respect, will be much facilitated, if the tastes of a youth are such as impel him to enter, with eagerness, into literary or scientific pursuits, as his father's companion and assistant. The genuine zest of intellectual labour being generated and kept in activity, this bond of fellowship between a father and a son, on the ground of philosophy or learning, may easily be made to extend its influence on all sides, and thus enable the former the more readily to govern the spirit of the latter. The bare force of paternal authority does not suffice for this end; for if it ensure specious obedience only, little good is done;― if actual obedience then there is a probability that the vivacity of the mind has been too much broken down by the


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 Lawson, (Sir) Wilfrid, s. Wilfrid, of Isell, Cumberland, bart. ., matric. 25 April, 1713, aged 16; 3rd bart., student of Inner Temple 1715, F.R.S. groom of the bedchamber to George I., M.P. Boroughbridge (Feb.), 1718, Cockermouth 1722, until his death 13 July, 1737. See Foster's Inns of Court Reg.  Lawson, William, B.A. from (circa) 1551, M.A. 30 May, 1555; one of these names rector of Sevenoaks, Kent, 1559. See Foster's Index Eccl.  Lawson, William, (Lauson or Lanson) of co. Lincoln, pleb. , matric. entry under date 22 Dec., 1576, aged 19.  Lawson, William, of Yorks, pleb. , matric. 7 Feb., 1583-4, aged 20.  Lawsonn, William, of Yorks, pleb. , matric. 30 May, 1606, aged 17; B.A. 10 Feb., 1609-10; perhaps rector of Hutton in the Forest, Cumberland, 1614, or vicar of Stainton, Yorks, 1622; father of Lancelot 1631. See Foster's Index Eccl.  [5]

Lawson, William, s. William, of Malham, Yorks, pleb. ., matric. 5 Dec., 1671, aged 20; perhaps rector of Southwick, Sussex, 1679. See Foster's Index Eccl.  Lawson, William, s. James, of Kirkham, co. Lancaster, pleb. ., matric. 27 March, 1708, aged 15; B.A. 1711, rector of Radcliffe, co. Lancaster, 1724. See Foster's Index Eccl.  Lawton, Charlwood, s. Ralph, of Egham, Surrey, gent. ., matric. 7 Dec., 1677, aged 17; bar.-at-law, Middle Temple, 1688; father of Henry. See Rawl. vi. 247; & Foster's Judges and Barristers.

Lawton, David and Edward. See, page 885.

Lawton, Henry, s. Charlewright (Charlwood), of Egham, Surrey, arm. ., matric. 4 Oct., 1707, aged 15; bar.-at-law, Lincoln's Inn, 1715. See Foster's Judges and Barristers.
 [10]

Lawton, John; B.A. from 4 July, 1614.

Lawton, Robert; s. Andr., of Myvod, co. Montgomery, pleb. , matric. 30 March, 1666, aged 21.

Lawton, Thomas, of Cheshire, arm. , matric. entry under date 1575, aged 17; bar.-at-law, Inner Temple, 1584, bencher 1597, as 3s. John, of Lawton, Cheshire, gent. See Foster's Judges and Barristers.

Laxton, Samuel, B.A. from 17 Oct., 1682. See.

Laye, Roger, subscribed 16 April, 1613.
 [15]

Layer, Richard, of Devon, pleb. ., matric. 3 June, 1603, aged 16; B.A. 13 Feb., 1606-7 (as Lyer), M.A. 4 June, 1611 (as Leir), rector of Charlton Musgrove, Somerset, 1617, as Leir; father of Thomas Leir 1641. See Foster's Index Eccl.

Layer, William, of London, gent. ., matric. 6 Nov., 1590, aged 17.

Layfield, Charles, s. Edward, of Tewin, Herts, S.T.D. ., matric. 19 Oct., 1666, aged 17; B.A. 1670, M.A. 1674, B.D. 1679, D.D. 1692; born 31 Oct., 1649, admitted to Merchant Taylors' school, 1663, rector of Wrotham, Kent, 1677, and of Croston, co. Lancaster, 1683, canon of Winchester 1687, rector of Buriton, Hants, 1688, and of Chilbolton, Hants, 1699-1715. See Robinson, i. 264; & Foster's Index Eccl.

Layfeild, Edmund, B.A. from ., Cambridge, 1613-14, M.A. 1617, B.D. 1624, incorporated 7 July, 1626; perhaps father of the next. See Fasti, i. 427; & Foster's Graduati Cantab.

Layfield, Edward, of London, cler. fil. ., matric. 28 June, 1620, aged 16; B.A. 20 April, 1624 (incorporated at Cambridge 1625), M.A. 13 May, 1628, incorporated at Cambridge 1633 (D.D.); admitted to Merchant Taylors' school 1617, rector of Ibstock, co. Leicester, 1632, canon residentiary of St. Paul's 1633, archdeacon of Essex 1634, vicar of All Hallows, Barking, 1635, rector of East Horsley, Surrey, 1637, of Wrotham, Kent, 1638, of Chiddingfold, Surrey, 1640, until sequestered by the Westminster assembly in 1645, rector of Colne Wakes, Essex, 1640-66, and of Barnes, Surrey, 1663-80; born 8 Jan., 1604-5, buried at All Hallows, Barking, 10 Aug., 1680. See Robinson, i. 92; Lansdowne MS. 986, f. 244; & ''Add. MSS''. 15,669-71.
 [20]

Layfield, John, B.C.L. from 14 Nov., 1661, rector of Chiddingfold, Surrey, 1663-1704, and of Graffham, Sussex, 1674; father of the next-named. See Foster's Index Eccl.

Layfield, John, s. Jo., of Chiddingfold, Surrey, cler. ., matric. 18 March, 1685-6, aged 17; B.A. 31 Oct., 1689.

Layler, Robert. See 1636.

Layng, Henry, scholar ., Dublin, 1683, B.A. 1686; incorporated from ., cr. M.A. 12 July, 1690, B. and D.D. 10 July, 1713, vicar of Winsham, Somerset, 1692, subdean of Wells 1698, canon of Wells 1700, rector of Wayford, Somerset, 1701, rector of Pottesgrave, and of Battlesden, Beds, 1708, Archdeacon of Wells 1716; father of Robert next-named, and of Henry 1715. See Foster's Index Eccl.

Layng, Robert, s. Henry, of Wells (city), cler. ., matric. 28 March, 1713, aged 16; B.A. from. 1716, M.A. 1719.
 [25]

Layton, Charles, (Laton) equitis fil. nat. min. ., matric. 2 July, 1658, student of Gray's Inn 1657, as son of Sir Thomas, of Layton, Yorks, knight, deceased. See Foster's Gray's Inn Reg.

Layton, Richard (Leyton), B.C.L. 25 June, 1522, an advocate of Doctors' Commons 5 June, 1531, a visitor of the university of Oxford, rector of Stepney, Middlesex, 1522, canon of St. Paul's 1523, archdeacon of Buckingham 1534, rector of Sedgefield, co. Durham, 1536, rector of Harrow-on-the-Hill 1537, and of Eccleston, co. Lancaster, 1541, dean of York 1539; died in 1544. See Coote's Civilians, 27; Lansdowne MS. 980, ff. 38, 41; & Foster's Index Ecclesiasticus.

Layton, Thomas (Laitone) of Yorks, gent. ., matric. entry under date 10 April, 1581, aged 19.

Lea. See.

Leach. See also.
 [30]

Leach, Benjamin (Leeche), B.A. from ., Cambridge, 1610-11; (incorporated 6 July, 1611), M.A. 1614; rector of St. Lawrence Newland, Essex, 1621. See Foster's Index Eccl.

Leach, Humphrey, of Salop, pleb. ., matric. 13 Nov., 1590, aged 19; B.A. from ., Cambridge, 1592-3, incorporated as M.A. 23 June, 1602 (as Leech), born at Ollerton, Salop, vicar of St. Alkmund's, Shrewsbury, chaplain or petty canon of Christ Church, Oxford, suspended in 1608, admitted to the society of Jesus at Rome 1618; died in Cheshire, 8-18 July, 1629. See Foley's Records S. J.; Ath. ii. 462; & Fasti, i. 298.

Le(a)ch, John, fellow of. 1567-77, from Devon, B.A. sup. 14 May, 1567, M.A. 5 Dec., 1570, B.D. 14 Feb., 1575-6, sup. for licence to preach 1576, rector of Washfield, Devon, 1574, of Tallaton 1576, canon and chancellor of Exeter 1583; died 1613. See Foster's Index Eccl.; Vivian's Cornwall, 283; & Boase, 45.
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 means used for giving effect to so strict a sort of government. The same result is attained in a far happier manner when there can be realized between a father and his sons, the spirit and warmth of' intellectual companionship.

I have already said, that, as early as the eleventh year, or at some time during the middle period of the educational course, enough may ordinarily be known of children's natural endowments to enable a parent to assign them, severally, to one or the other of the two classes―the intellectual, who are to receive an elaborate and extended mental culture, or the unintellectual, who are to be fitted for business, or business-like engagements, and whose education, of whatever sort, must, or may well be brought to a close at an early age.

But about the fourteenth year, it may generally be practicable (in relation to those who are destined to a professional course) to determine the particular line that a youth is to pursue. Now if this can be done, two methods of mental treatment appear to be proper, the one of which is very obvious, and would hardly need to be specified: the other might perhaps not occur to the teacher, or might be discarded as not consistent with the former. What I mean is, that if the professional destination of a youth is ascertained, then, in the first place, and as every one will admit, something may be done before professional studies are entered upon, to familiarize them to him a little. Indeed it is probable that, if the choice of a profession has been made on the ground of a youth's personal taste and peculiar talent, he will himself court the studies that bear upon the object of his preference. On this point there can be no need to enlarge.

But while indulgence, to some extent, may be allowed to a boy's predilections for particular pursuits, there is another


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 point, of some importance, to be kept in view during the year or two that may elapse after a profession has been chosen, and until the college course is commenced, and it is to engage the mind with studies that may serve as the correctives of professional pursuits, and which are likely to be discarded, or held in low esteem, when once the professional enthusiasm is kindled. It is not intended that a youth should be compelled to addict himself to studies altogether distasteful to him, or which he has no ability to cope with. To preclude a misunderstanding on this point, I will offer an exemplification of my meaning.

Let it then be premised that a home education supposes always the diffusion of so much liberal and expansive intelligence in a family as must have the effect of excluding exclusiveness of tastes, and so, of bringing all minds, whatever may be their particular preferences, into agreeable sociality with all the muses, and all the sciences. This being supposed, then, if for example, the legal profession were in prospect, a teacher need not be told that his pupil should become conversant with history; or that he should be exercised in the ready use of the faculties of abstraction, analysis, analogy, and ratiocination; or that he should be practised in a fluent, pointed, extemporaneous utterance of his thoughts:―all this is obvious enough; but beyond this, we ought to look out for pursuits, the tendency of which will be to counteract the ill influence of the legal profession upon the mind and the moral sentiments. With this view peculiar attention should be given (let no offence be taken at the suggestion) to that sound moral training which brings the universally applicable logic of inflexible rectitude to bear upon the technical logic of mere pleading to carry a point. History, read under a proper guidance, and especially those more elaborate specimens of modern history, wherein the real motives and private character of public men are exposed in their confidential letters―this sort of


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Author:Frank Norgate

Contributions to The Zoologist

 * Zool 1878: Oc. N. bijv. issue 16, p. 135: Hybernation of the Slow-worm
 * Zool 1897: 'Human Bones at Bromehill' in: The Zoologist, 4th series, vol 1 (1897), p. 164-165 (N&Q)
 * Zool 1897: 'Human Bones at Bromehill' in: The Zoologist, 4th series, vol 1 (1897), p. 164-165 (N&Q)

title: Author:Frank Norgate


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Page:Samuel Gompers - Out of Their Own Mouths (1921).djvu/189

 Rh centralized control. They are equally agreed that Soviet Russia is the only "proletarian" country to-day, that it has led the world in revolutionary tactics, that it has started the world revolution and organized the only genuinely proletarian internationale. They are agreed, too, that the iron dictatorship established in Soviet Russia and within the Russian Communist Party furnishes a model for the international organization.

This is the feeling of the extreme revolutionists and communists of all countries. But Moscow goes much farther. It feels that the fate of Soviet Russia carries with it the fate of the world revolution and that therefore all that pertains to its safety and welfare must be given first consideration. It feels that as the light has come from Soviet Russia the light must continue to come from Soviet Russia. It feels that Russia has already experienced what other countries must experience. Russia is the older sister, the others must follow in her foot-steps. None of these ideas are shared even by the extremists of other countries. Lenin sometimes says, and possibly believes, he is allowing for the divergencies of other countries and treating them as equals. But this is scarcely consonant with his astounding twenty-one points, by which he drove away even such ardent and docile supporters as the leaders of the Italian Socialists. His real state of mind is portrayed in his speech before the All-Russian Political Education Conference (November 5th, 1920), in which he said:

The union of all great capitalist countries of the world against Russia, against Soviet Russia—this is the whole business of the present international political situation, and we must be entirely clear as to the fact that the


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314 Aymara having been given to them. It is, therefore, quite certain that the name of Aymara was absolutely unknown in Colla-suyu, either before the Spanish conquest or for at least forty years after that event.

Whence, then, conies the name of Aymara? The answer is quite conclusive. It is the name of a small province on the upper waters of the Pachachaca river, bordering on the Quichuas. These Aymaras were a Quichua tribe wholly unconnected with Colla-suyu and the basin of Lake Titicaca. This is quite certain, and is proved in the same way as the position of the Quichuas is proved. Places are mentioned, in the course of the Inca conquests in Cunti-suyu, which were said to belong to the Aymaras then, and which are now actually in Aymaras, which is a province in the department of Cuzco.

The word is from AYMA, a harvest song, in the general language which the Spanish grammarians called Quichua. From the same root comes AYMARAY, the 'harvest month'; and AYMURANI, 'I gather the harvest.'

The question arises, why should the priests who first learnt the Colla language have given this name of Aymara, that of a purely Quichua tribe, to the language of the Lupacas which they were diligently learning? The explanation is perhaps to be found by a reference to the work of Fray Alonzo Ramos Gavilan published in 1620, and giving a history of the church of Copacabana,, near Juli. The great Inca Tupac Yupanqui, having conceived a devotion to the Titicaca myth, determined to erect a palace on one of the islands of the lake. Ramos tells us that he transferred a large body of mitimaes, or colonists, from the provinces of Cunti-suyu, that is the valley of the Apurimac and its tributaries, to the provinces of Colla-suyu.

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 164 fate of hundreds of millions of workers in the capitalist countries depends on this fact.

In our country we experienced such a manifold shaping of events in the Kerensky period, among the Social Revolutionists and the Social Democrats, such a variegated color scheme in the various towns of Russia, that we may say that we have been tested more than any other people. If we look toward Western Europe we shall see that ''the same thing is now going on there that happened in our country. We are beholding a repetition of our own history.''

This is nothing less than revolutionary chauvinism, similar to the doctrine of the French revolutionists when they undertook to force their creed on other peoples by the aid of the bayonet. But it is infinitely more crude. For while France was one of the most advanced countries of Europe, Soviet Russia is one of the most backward.

The Communist Internationale is now functioning in the United States and declares as its principal immediate object the destruction of the American Federation of Labor. By methods of secrecy, by its hold upon certain entirely foreign elements who do not understand anything about American conditions or American labor organizations, by the laid of the large sums it receives from Russia and by the sympathy and assistance it secures from our numerous "parlor Bolshevists" this organization is able to give considerable trouble to the American Labor movement.

The danger very largely takes the form of publications supporting the Soviet cause in the United States. Only a few of these are openly Communist. But a large number of publications and writers take the Communist posi-


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 boy or girl has done that?" has not unfrequently the effect of paralyzing the moral feelings for the instant, so that terror gains the ascendency, and the poor little culprit endeavors to conceal its transgressions by a lie, and perhaps by a second or a third in order to conceal the first.

Nor is it at school alone that occasions occur in which the veracity of youth is sorely tried — indeed more tried than it ever can be in after life; because when we have once attained the independence of maturer years, it is not possible, under ordinary circumstances, that any one should have it in their power to place us in a situation so fraught with terror and distress. In mercy, as well as in justice to children, then, we ought to endeavor to fortify them by moral courage against such trials, in order that when they do occur, the dread of punishment may be lost sight of, in a noble ambition to dare to speak the truth.

I am the more earnest on the subject of moral courage, because I believe too much is done, and that often by excellent persons, to humble, crush, and extinguish natural feeling altogether. Personal humility, we certainly cannot err in promoting to almost any extent; but there are some noble aspirations belonging to our nature, which ought, by all means, to be encouraged; and first among these, I would place an ambition directed to the sole object of doing right in the sight of God and man, under the apprehension of no other danger than that of offending against the Divine law by doing wrong.

Without any reference to a future state, or to the will of a Supreme Being, I am not aware by what means moral courage could be inculcated, or blended with the education of a child; but by the help of this reference, a pious mother has always in her power the means of directing the attention of her child from a lesser to a greater good — from the mere chance of escaping chastisement, to the hope of doing what is most pleasing in the sight of God.

Moral courage consists chiefly in daring to choose, at the moment of trial, a great in preference to a little good; even though the former should be remote, and the latter immediately at hand. It consists in disregarding the transient results which must necessarily ensue, for the sake of

title: Page:The Mothers of England.djvu/119


text: Page:Giuseppe Bianchini - The Work of the Fascist Government and the Economic Reconstruction of Italy - tr. Luigi Villari.pdf/1


text: Page:Giuseppe Bianchini - The Work of the Fascist Government and the Economic Reconstruction of Italy - tr. Luigi Villari.pdf/2


text: The Work of the Fascist Government and the Economic Reconstruction of Italy


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Page:The Nibelungenlied - tr. Shumway - 1909.pdf/205

Rh Ye shall not suffer, because we have lost the knight. Ride also with us home again, for the sake of your little child. Lady, ye should not leave him orphaned. When your son groweth up, he will comfort your heart. Meanwhile many bold heroes and good shall serve you.”

“Sir Siegmund,” quoth she, “forsooth I like not for to ride. Whatever fortune, here must I tarry with my kindred, who help me mourn.”

These tales gan now displease the doughty warriors. All spake alike: “We might well aver that now first hath ill befallen us. If ye would stay here with our foes, then have heroes never ridden to court more sorrowfully.”

“Ye shall journey free of care, commended unto God; ye shall be given safe-conduct to Siegmund’s land, I’ll bid them guard you well. To the care of you knights shall my dear child be given.”

When they marked that she would not go hence, then wept all of Siegmund’s men alike. How right sorrowfully Siegmund parted then from Lady Kriemhild! He became acquaint with grief. “Woe worth this courtly feasting,” spake the noble king. “Through pastime will nevermore hap to king or to his kinsmen, what here hath happed to us. Men shall see us nevermore in Burgundy.”

Then Siegfried’s men spake openly: “A journey to this land might still take place, if we discovered aright him who slew our lord. Enow of his kinsmen be their deadly foes.”

He kissed Kriemhild; how sorrowfully he spake, when he perceived aright that she would stay: “Now


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 and Forbes adds the dead-nettle, the avens, the toad-flax, the cross-leaved bedstraw, and a few other plants; but, considering the small extent of the ground, this is not remarkable. One of the bedstraws (Galium verum) is so profuse that the air in July is filled with its perfume. To the relations of the Manx Flora and Fauna we shall again advert hereafter. There is, perhaps, greater affinity of the Flora to that of the nearest Scotch or English lands than to that of North Wiles; thus, one of the few sub-alpine plants assigned to the island, Saxifraga aizoides, is rather an English than a Welsh plant.

Contrary to what we have observed as regards the island flora generally, few spots are more productive in marine productions of the animal kingdom, and the Manx mollusca were especially studied by Forbes, and that as found at different depths, or in what he termed bathymetrical zones—liitoral, laminarian, coralline, infra-medial, and abyssic. The last he had little opportunity of examining, and erroneously concluded that life soon ceased in it, Forbes considered that the Irish Sea is a kind of neutral ground, zoologically speaking, and his own island is somewhat curiously situated in the centre of if; but there are fewer of his Lusitanian species of mollusca than of plants, many Atlantic or western species, and a few of a south-British character; the generality may be said to be rather Celtic especially than European, with a small per-centage of boreal species. Forbes also paid great attention to the animals themselves in contradistinction to their shells. and in his later works to their geological distribution, In 1838 he published his "Malacologia Monensis," and in 1853 the "British Mollusca," in conjunction with Mr. Hanley. In the Malacologia he teaches that "a species is defined, unalterable, original, approaching but never uniting. Varieties are forms depending on local or accidental causes, diverging from the normal type, but often, and with facility, returning to it." Would he have spoken so decidedly in these days?

In Douglas market may often be seen at least a score of different kinds of fish, so bountiful are our seas to the island, set as it were in their centre. Forbes dredged off Ballaugh, where, however, at the present time, there are fewer facilities for doing so than at Ramsey. The Ballaugh scallop-bed is about four miles out, in twenty or thirty fathoms, and with deeper water on each side; similar reefs occur off Maughold Head and Laxey, and these may he easily dredged by the aid of the Ramsey boatmen. The bottom off Douglas is different, being coralline, with beds of Pectunenli. Port Ertu is a good locality for the Naturalist, the fishing lines and lobster pots bringing up many interesting specimens.

Of land and fresh-water shells, Helix aspersa abounds in the island, H. lapicida seems scarce. Limax gagates was found near Peel by Forbes, bot he did not detect the minute Achatina. Many of the larger Lininzel, as well as Anodon, Patludina, and Cyclostoma are absent, as they are mostly from Ireland and the North of Britain, but rather at home in the south, seeming as if they had invaded England.


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 before it had ceased to be continental, but after Ireland and the Isle of Man had become separated from it. Unio Roissyi Forbes found in the river at Kirk Braddon, and we there picked up some fragments of the valves.

The young Naturalist records finding the bone (so called) of the cuttle-fish on the Manx coast, but the animal is in reality somewhat a southern species; we got a large mass of the ova of another cephalopod (Ommastrephes todarus) off the Calf, resembling in everything but size those of Sepiola. To the naked-gilled molluscs which he records in the Malacologia must be added the beautiful Dendronotus arborescens from near the same place, and the fine Doris tuberculata or Argo found on Consastor and elsewhere, as in a cavern at the foot of Peel Castle rock; also Eolis viridis and Aplysia at Douglas, Of the shelled gasteropods we got Capulus Hungaricus, Emarginula fissara, and Fissurella Græca from the Ramsey scallop-bed, as Forbes had already done; Trochus Montagui and timidus, Douglas: Amæa testadinalis, Ramsey; A. virginea, much more common than the last on scallop shells; Trophon clathratus; lastly, Chiton Asellus and cancellatus, F, and H., must be added to the list. Of the common limpets, under the name of flitters, the poorer Manx make their soup.

As regards bivalve molluscs we might expect to meet with Brachiopoda in the deeper water around the island, and our friend found a single specimen of Crania at Ballaugh. Ramsey is rich in bivalves. I found a specimen of Isocardium cor there, many years back, with the valves still united by the ligament; also Pecten tigrinus, living, in the scallop-bed; Tellina incarnata, Douglas; Venus verrucosa, fine living species of this southern species, both at Douglas and Ramsey; Tapes aurea and decussata; Solecurtus candidus; Psammobia Tellinella, Douglas, by the dredge: these, with the exception of the last species, are not in Malaecologia Monensis. We append in a note a List of other species, all of which we have found, but which are generally in that work, also of Crustacea, mostly brought up by the dredge or in the lobster pots.

We dredged Comatula rosacea off Douglas, but get it much finer between Port Erin and the Calf, from the source already alluded to.


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text: The Incas of Peru/Appendix B

title: The Incas of Peru/Appendix B


text: The Incas of Peru/Chapter 16

title: The Incas of Peru/Chapter 16


text: The Incas of Peru/Chapter 17

title: The Incas of Peru/Chapter 17


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 of Egbo and send it against those of his debtors who may be of lower grades, and as the Egbo methods of delivering its orders to pay up consist in placing Egbo at a man’s doorway and until it removes itself from that doorway the man dare not venture outside his house, it is most successful.

Of course the higher a man is in Egbo rank, the greater his power and security, for lower grades cannot proceed against higher ones. Indeed, when a man meets the paraphernalia of a higher grade of Egbo than that to which he belongs, he has to act as if he were lame, and limp along past it humbly, as if the sight of it had taken all the strength out of him, and, needless to remark, higher grade debtors flip their fingers at lower grade creditors.

After talking so much about the secret society spirits, it may be as well to say what they are. They are, one and all, a kind of a sort of a something that usually (the exception is Ikun) lives in the bush. Last February I was making my way back toward Duke Town—late, as usual; I was just by a town on the Qwa River. As I was hurrying onward I heard a terrific uproar accompanied by drums in the thick bush into which, after a brief interval of open ground, the path turned. I became cautious and alarmed, and hid in some dense bush as the men making the noise approached. I saw it was some ju-ju affair. They had a sort of box which they carried on poles, and their dresses were peculiar, and abnormally ample over the upper part of their body. They were prancing about in an ecstatic way round the box, which had one end open, beating their drums and shouting. They were fairly close to me, but fortunately turned their attention to another bit of undergrowth, or that evening they would have landed another kind of thing to what they were after. The bushes they selected they surrounded, and evidently did their best to induce something to come out of them and go into their box arrangement. I was every bit as anxious as they were that they should succeed, and succeed rapidly, for you know there are a nasty lot of snakes and things in general, not to mention driver ants, about that Calabar bush, that do not make it at all pleasant to go sitting about in. However, presently they got this something into their box and rejoiced exceedingly, and


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 departed staggering under the weight. I gave them a good start, and then made the best of my way home; and all that night Duke Town howled, and sang, and thumped its tom-toms unceasingly; for I was told Egbo had come into the town. Egbo is very coy, even for a secret society spirit, and seems to loathe publicity; but when he is ensconced in this ark he utters sententious observations on the subject of current politics, and his word is law. The voice that comes out of the ark is very strange, and unlike a human voice. I heard it shortly after Egbo had been secured. I expect, from what I saw, that there was some person in that ark all the time, but I do not know. It is more than I can do to understand my ju-ju details at present, let alone explain them on rational lines, I hear that there is a tribe on the slave coast who have been proved to keep a small child in the drum that is the residence of their chief spirit, and that when the child grows too large to go in it is killed, and another one that has in the meantime been trained by the priests takes the place of the dead one, until it, in its turn, grows too big and is killed, and so on. I expect this killing of the children is not sacrificial, but arises entirely from the fact that as ex-kings are dangerous to the body politic, therefore still more dangerous would ex-gods be.

Very little is known by outsiders regarding Egbo compared to what there must be to be known, owing to a want of interest or to a sense of inability on the part of most white people to make head or tail out of what seems to them a horrid pagan practice or a farrago of nonsense.

It is still a great power, although its officials in Duke or Creek Town are no longer allowed to go chopping and whipping promiscuous-like, because the Consul-General has a prejudice against this sort of thing, and the Effik is learning that it is nearly as unhealthy to go against his Consul-General as against his ju-ju. So I do not believe you will ever get the truth about it in Duke Town, or Creek Town. If you want to get hold of the underlying idea of these societies you must go round out-of-the-way corners where the natives are not yet afraid of being laughed at or punished. I subjoin a fragment from my Duke Town diaries to demonstrate that I did endeavour to do what I could in the interests of science.


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 "They are at it down in Duke Town to-night, not only rubbing the drum, but singing one of the big tunes. I'll just go down and see to it, though it's inky dark, and Calabar hag not risen to the cultured level of oil street-lamps; still there's lots of sheet lightning, Two and a half hours later. It's a perfect scandal they do not keep those Duke Town paths in a better state. They are nothing in this world but drains, and precious bad at that. There ought to be one fixed light at Mr. Fynn's Ditch, or by the bridge, and then you would know which was which before you were waist-high in water."

Of the South-West Coast secret societies the Ukuku seems the most powerful. The Yasi belonging to those indolent Igalwas, and M'pongwe is now little more than a play. You pretty frequently come upon Yasi dances just round Libreville. You will see stretched across the little street in a cluster of houses, a line from which branches are suspended, making a sort of screen. The women and children keep one side of this screen, the men dancing on the other side to the peculiar monotonous Yasi tune. Poorah I have spoken of elsewhere, but one thing I may remark regarding it which struck me as peculiar. I was in the forest at the back of Victoria, Cameroons. I recognised in a piece of forest a peculiar look about a portion of it. The branches were bent, and the tendrils were tied together in a way I had seen elsewhere, but which I had never noticed among Bantu tribes. I was puzzled, and after having passed this place a couple of hundred yards or so I turned back to look at it again, telling the men to go on. I examined the place closely for some minutes, and then rejoined my men, and said nothing.

Presently said one of my Wei Weis, "How you sabe them thing, ma?"

"What thing?" said I, not wishing to give him the lead.

"You look them thing, ma, when you pass him then you go look him again, you sabe Poorah, ma?" in a tone of accusation.

"Well," said I, "what is it doing here?"

"Them Sa lone (Sierra Leone} boys done bring him, ma," was the answer.


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The Aartists’Artists’ [sic] league of Northern Indiana, of which John F. De Mann, of this city is president, will sponsor a one-man Czecho-Slovakian exhibit of oils, by an artist member, Emanuel Vaclav Nadherny, in the Robertson Tea room galleries Nov. 14–29. Mr. Nadherny is an artist of considerable note, and the story of his chosen profession is most interesting. Born in Bohemia, he made drawings of every conceivable object, at an early age, and when in 1882 some of the drawings were taken to the United States by an aunt and shown to an uncle who was publisher of a Bohemian daily paper in this country, the boy was sent for. He made the journey as an immigrant. Arriving in this country, the uncle sent him to public school, and to a Sunday art school. After a year at school, a position was secured in a lithographing establishment, where he remained six years. Having saved sufficient money to continue his art studies, he went to Paris, where in Jullian’s academy he studied under Jules Lefeore and B. Constant for four years. During this time he illustrated for Le Monde Illustri, then a leading weekly. At the end of four years, he returned to Chicago to do illustrations of the world’s fair for the Le Monde Illustri, and for Harper’s Weekly. After the close of the fair he spent two years in New York city with Harper Bros., publishers and then, returned to Paris for more study.

Again he illustrated for Le Monde Illustri, while painting and studying, and two years later returned to New York to accept a position as illustrator on the New York Herald, which position he held for 23 years. Although illustrating he kept up his painting, and exhibited for three consecutive years at the National Academy of New York.

In 1920 he returned to Czecho-Slovakia, his native land, where he made studies of its picturesque custumescustoms [sic] and costumes, during a four years’ sojourn. Prior to departure for America, Mr. Nadherny held a successful exhibit of paintings at Prague, the capital city, of Czecho-Slovakia.

Mr. Nadherny was recently identified with the Menzinger Clark studios of this city, and will make his home in South Bend. His exhibit, to hang at the Robertson Tea room gallery is brilliantly colorful, depicting the Czecho-Slovakia native costumes. There is a beautiful nude in the exhibited collection, the fine extures and flesh tints of which, prove the versatility of an artist who paints equally well the colorful pictures of his native land, a beautiful landscape, or the human figure.


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 Until this I did not know that secret societies were exported from their own districts.

I believe that these secret societies are always distinct from the leopard societies. I have pretty nearly enough evidence to prove that it is so in some districts, but not in all. So far my evidence only goes to prove the distinction of the two among the negroes, not among the Bantu, and in all cases you will find some men belonging to both. Some men, in fact, go in for all the societies in their district, but not all the men; and in all districts, if you look close, you will find several societies apart from the regular youth-initiating one.

These other societies are practically murder societies, and their practices usually include cannibalism, which is not an essential part of the rites of the great tribal societies, Yasi or Egbo. In the Calabar district I was informed by natives that there was a society of which the last entered member has to provide, for the entertainment of the other members, the body of a relative of his own, and sacrificial cannibalism is always breaking out, or perhaps I should say being discovered, by the white authorities in the Niger Delta. There was the great outburst of it at Brass, early last year, and the one chronicled in the Liverpool Mercury for August 13th, 1893, as occurring at Sierra Leone. This account is worth quoting. It describes the hanging by the authorities of three murderers, and states the incidents, which took place in the Imperi country behind Free Town.

One of the chief murderers was a man named Jowe, who had formerly been a Sunday-school teacher in Sierra Leone. He pleaded in extenuation of his offence that he had been compelled to join the society. The others said they committed the murders in order to obtain certain parts of the body for ju-ju purposes, the leg, the hand, the heart, &c. The Mercury goes on to give the statement of the Reverend Father Bomy of the Roman Catholic Mission, "He said he was at Bromtu, where the St. Joseph Mission has a station, when a man was brought down from the Imperi country in a boat. The poor fellow was in a dreadful state, and was brought to the station for medical treatment. He said he was working on his farm, when he was suddenly pounced upon


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 from behind. A number of sharp instruments were driven into the back of his neck. He presented a fearful sight, having wounds all over his body supposed to have been inflicted by the claws of the leopard, but in reality they were stabs from sharp-pointed knives. The native, who was a powerfully-built man, called out, and his cries attracting the attention of his relations, the leopards made off. The poor fellow died at Bromtu from the injuries. It was only his splendid physique that kept him alive until his arrival at the Mission." The Mercury goes on to quote from the Pall Mall, and I too go on quoting to show that these things are known and acknowledged to have taken place in a colony like Sierra Leone, which has had unequalled opportunities of becoming christianised for more than one hundred years, and now has more than one hundred and thirty places of Christian worship in it. "Some twenty years ago there Was a war between this tribe Taima and the Paramas. The Paramas sent some of their war boys to be ambushed in the intervening country, the Imperi, but the Imperi delivered these war boys to the enemy. In revenge, the Paramas sent the Fetish Boofima into the Imperi country. This Fetish had up to that time been kept active and working by the sacrifice of goats, but the medicine men of the Paramas who introduced it into the Imperi country decreed at the same time that human sacrifices would be required to keep it alive, thereby working their vengeance on the Imperi by leading them to exterminate themselves in sacrifice to the Fetish. The country for years has been terrorised by this secret worship of Boofima and at one time the Imperi started the Tonga dances, at which the medicine men pointed out the supposed worshippers of Boofima—the so-called Human Leopards, because when seizing their victims for sacrifice they covered themselves with leopard skins, and imitating the roars of the leopard, they sprang upon their victim, plunging at the same time two three-pronged forks into each side of the throat. The Government some years ago forbade the Tonga dances, and are now striving to suppress the human leopards. There are also human alligators who, disguised as alligators, swim in the creeks upon the canoes and


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 carry off the crew. Some of them have been brought for trial but no complete case has been made out against them!" In comment upon this account, which is evidently written by some one well versed in the affair, I will only remark that sometimes, instead of the three-pronged forks, there are fixed in the paws of the leopard skin sharp-pointed cutting knives, the skin being made into a sort of glove into which the hand of the human leopard fits. In one skin I saw down south this was most ingeniously done. The knives were shaped like the leopard's claws, curved, sharp-pointed, and with cutting edges underneath, and I am told the American Mendi Mission, which works in the Sierra Leone districts, have got a similar skin in their possession. In Calabar and Libreville, these murders used to be very common right in close to the white settlements; but in Calabar white jurisdiction is now too much feared for them to be carried on near it, and in Libreville the making of the "Boulevard" between that town and Glass has cleared the custom out from its great haunt along by the swamp path that was formerly there. But before the existence of the Boulevard, when the narrow track was intercepted by patches of swamp, and ran between dense bush, it was notoriously unsafe even for a white man to go along it after dark. In the districts I know where human leopardism occurs (from Bonny to Congo Belge) the victims are killed to provide human flesh for certain secret societies who eat it as one of their rites. Sometimes it is used by a man playing a lone hand to kill an enemy.

The human alligator mentioned, is our old friend the witch crocodile—the spirit of the man in the crocodile. I never myself came across a case of a man in his corporeal body swimming about in a crocodile skin, and I doubt whether any native would chance himself inside a crocodile skin and swim about in the river among the genuine articles for fear of their penetrating his disguise mentally and physically.

In Calabar witch crocodiles are still flourishing. There is an immense old brute that sporting Vice-Consuls periodically go after, which is known to contain the spirit of a Duke Town chief who shall be nameless, because they are getting on at such a pace just round Duke Town that haply I


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title: The South Bend Tribune


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 might be had up for libel. When I was in Calabar once, a peculiarly energetic officer had hit that crocodile and the chief was forthwith laid up by a wound in his leg. He said a dog had bit him. They, the chief and the crocodile, are quite well again now, and I will say this in favour of that chief, that nothing on earth would persuade me to believe that he went fooling about in the Calabar River in his corporeal body, either in his own skin or a crocodile's.

The introduction of the Fetish Boofima into the country of the Imperi is an interesting point as it shows that these different tribes have the same big ju-ju. Similarly, Calabar Egbo can go into Okÿon, and will be respected in some of the New Calabar districts, but not at Brass, where the secret society is a distinct cult. Often a neighbouring district will send into Calabar, or Brass, where the big ju-ju is, and ask to have one sent up into their district to keep order, but Egbo will occasionally be sent into a district without that district in the least wanting it; but, as in the Imperi case, when it is there it is supreme, But say, for example, you were to send Egbo round from Calabar to Cameroon. Cameroon might be barely civil to it, but would pay it no homage, for Cameroon has got no end of a ju-ju of its own. It can rise up as high as the Peak, 13,760 feet. I never saw the Cameroon ju-ju do this, but I saw it start up from four feet to quite twelve feet in the twinkling of an eye, and I was assured that it was only modest reticence on its part that made it leave the other 33,748 feet out of the performance.

Cameroon also has its murder societies, but I have never been resident sufficiently long in Cameroon River to speak with any authority regarding them, but when I was in there in May, 1895, the natives of Bell Town were in a state of great anxiety about their children. A week before, two little girls and a boy belonging to one family had gone down among a host of other children to the river-beach by Bell Town, to fill the pots and calabashes for the evening. It was broad daylight at the time, and the place they went to is not a lonely place but right on the beach before the town and plenty of people about in all directions. The children filled the pots and then, after playing about as is usual, the little


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 girls went home with their vessels of water, with a nice piece of palm leaf put on the top of the water to prevent it splashing as they went up the hill side of the bluff on which the town stands. "Where is your brother?" said the mother, and they said they did not know; they thought he was playing with the other children. As the dusk came down and he did not return, the mother went down to the riverside and found all the other children had gone home. She made inquiries but no one knew of him save that he had been playing on the beach. A thorough search was started, but it was five long days before the boy was found, and then his body, decorated with palm leaves, suddenly appeared lying on the beach. It was slit all over longitudinally with long cuts on the face, head, legs, and arms. The crime could not be traced by means convincing to white man's law, but had the witch doctors had the affair in their hands a near relative of the dead boy would have been killed. Those natives who did not share the opinion of this man's guilt said it was the people in the water who had done the thing. These people in the water are much thought of in Cameroon. "They are just the same as people on land, only they live in water."

Doctor Nassau seems to think that the tribal society of the Corisco regions is identical with the leopard societies. He has had considerable experience of the workings of the Ukuku, particularly when he was pioneering in the Benito regions, when it came very near killing him. I will not quote the grand account he gave me of his adventures with it, because I should wish every one to read for themselves the biography he wrote of his first wife, Crowned in Palm Land, for they will find there a series of graphic descriptions of what life really is in the Corisco region, and certainly one of the most powerful and tragic bits of writing in any literature—the description of his wife's death in an open boat out at sea, when he was trying to take her to Gaboon for medical aid.

In reference to Ukuku, he says the name signifies a departed spirit. "It is a secret society into which all the males are initiated at puberty, whose procedure may not be seen by females, nor its laws disobeyed by any one under pain of death,


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 a penalty which is sometimes commuted to a fine, a heavy fine. Its discussions are uttered as an oracle from any secluded spot by some man appointed for the purpose.

"On trivial occasions any initiated man may personate Ukuku or issue commands for the family. On other occasions, as in Shiku, to raise prices, the society lays its commands on foreign traders."

Some cases of Ukuku proceedings against white traders have come under my own observation. A friend of mine, a trader in the Batanga district, in some way incurred the animosity of the society’s local branch. He had, as is usual in the South-West Coast trade, several sub-factories in the bush. He found himself under taboo; no native came in to his yard to buy or sell at the store, not even to sell food. He took no notice and awaited developments. One evening when he was sitting on his verandah, smoking and reading, he thought he heard some one singing softly under the house, this, like most European buildings hereabouts, being elevated just above the earth. He was attracted to the song and listened: it was evidently one of the natives singing, not one of his own Kruboys, and so, knowing the language, and having nothing else particular to do, he attended to the affair.

It was the same thing sung softly over and over again, so softly that he could hardly make out the words. But at last, catching his native name among them, he listened more intently than ever, down at a knot-hole in the wooden floor. The song was—"They are going to attack your factory at … to-morrow. They are going to attack your factory at … to-morrow," over and over again, until it ceased; and then he thought he saw something darker than the darkness round it creep across the yard and disappear in the bush. Very early in the morning he, with his Kruboys and some guns, went and established themselves in that threatened factory in force. The Ukuku Society turned up in the evening, and reconnoitred the situation, and finding there was more in it than they had expected, withdrew.

In the course of the next twenty-four hours he succeeded in talking the palaver successfully with them. He never knew


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 who his singing friend was, but suspected it was a man whom he had known to be grateful for some kindness he had done him. Indeed there were, and are, many natives who have cause to be grateful to him, for he is deservedly popular among his local tribes, but the man who sang to him that night deserves much honour, for he did it at a terrific risk.

Sometimes representatives of the Ukuku fraternity from several tribes meet together and discuss intertribal difficulties, thereby avoiding war.

Dr. Nassau distinctly says that the Bantu region leopard society is identical with the Ukuku, and he says that although the leopards are not very numerous here they are very daring, made so by immunity from punishment by man. "The superstition is that on any man who kills a leopard will fall a curse or evil disease, curable only by ruinously expensive process of three weeks' duration under the direction of Ukuku. So the natives allow the greatest depredations and ravages until their sheep, goats, and dogs are swept away, and are roused to self-defence only when a human being becomes the victim of the daring beast. With this superstition is united another similar to the werewolf of Germany, viz., a belief in the power of human metamorphosis into a leopard. A person so metamorphosed is called 'Uvengwa.' At one time in Benito an intense excitement prevailed in the community. Doors and shutters were rattled at the dead of night, marks of leopard claws were scratched on door-posts. Then tracks lay on every path. Women and children in lonely places saw their flitting forms, or in the dusk were knocked down by their spring, or heard their growl in the thickets. It is difficult to decide in many of these reports whether it is a real leopard or only an Uvengwa—to native fears they are practically the same,—we were certain this time the Uvengwa was the thief disguised in leopard’s skin, as theft is always heard of about such times."

When I was in Gaboon in September, 1895, there was great Ukuku excitement in a district just across the other side of the estuary, mainly at a village that enjoyed the spacious and resounding name of Rumpochembo, from a celebrated chief, and all these phenomena were rife there. Again, when


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 then, the roof of the cavern having fallen in, by gradually widening it, and so converting a cave into a ravine. Similar instances of this kind of action I have also met with at the base of Ingleborough, in Yorkshire.

The district of which Castleton is the centre is one in which the student of the marvels of creation will find much to instruct and interest him. Here he will find a record of some of the changes to which our globe has been subjected at the hands of Him who by His Almighty fiat said "Let the waters under the heavens be gathered into one place and let the dry land appear;" who has settled the bounds of the different animals inhabiting the name, and who has fitted it for the welfare and happiness of man, the last and greatest of His productions.

Since any district or hunting-ground which is appropriated to the study of natural history loses much of its productiveness and interest if it does not embrace a portion of the seaboard, or, at any rate, if there is no occasional excursion made with the object of studying marine zoology and botany, the following paper relating to one portion of the Isle of Man may not he out of place in the "Midland Naturalist," especially as its coasts, together with those of North Wales, are more easily accessible to Midlanders than any others, and the island is especially rich in all marine productions, whether botanical or zoological.

When the writer of this paper saw for the first time the still-regretted Naturalist whose name occurs at the head of it, he could not fail to be struck with his intellectual appearance, juvenile look, expressive eyes, and somewhat truant hair. This was in 1839, as he spoke in his section at the meeting of the British Association at Birmingham, the year and place, we think, which gave birth to the Red Lion Club, consisting of himself and other congenial spirits. His then auditor, who was also his senior, little expected that so many years after his death, (which took place in 1854,) circumstances which may be termed fortuitous would bring it about that himself, with tastes not very different from those of poor Forbes, should become acquainted with the family estate, and be domiciled for a time at the homestead which belonged to him; also hear his praise from the worthy old Manxman who accompanied him in his rambles and dredgings; to whom, as to all with whom ho had intercourse, he became much endeared, The old man recounted, amongst other things, with what glee Forbes found a rare Arca (tetragona) in the mud which filled the valves of a Modiola; his gourmandise in respect to the raw mollusks of the scallops, (called tanrogans by the natives;) his long and lithe fingers allowing nothing to escape them; and the interest he took in a beetle which the narrator brought to him — three-spined, and which burrowed in the roads—probably a Typhews or bull-comber, (Anglice.)


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 historical memoirs, affords opportunities for exercising the moral sense in discriminating between the base and the noble, the cunning and the wise, the specious and the great, in public conduct. What we are aiming at is to train the moral taste, not merely as applicable generally to ordinary conduct in a common lot, but as adapted to the trying and complicated circumstances wherein good and evil are commingled, so often, in the course of public life. Besides those sacred principles of morality which a man's character, as a man, should rest upon, there is a specific feeling of the just and fair, applicable to the difficult occasions of a professional career, and destitute of which, homely honesty and virtue get, unawares, into many a wrong position, and are tripped up. That study of history then which the lawyer needs, as a lawyer, is one thing, but that study of it which the man needs, who is to endure the ordeal of the legal profession, is quite another.

Again: it is desirable to provide against the mental short-sightedness not seldom induced by legal studies and practice; or in other words, to impart a more philosophic expansiveness of understanding, as counteractive of the habit of holding to what is merely technical, and of refusing to look at what is broad or abstract. It is usual to recommend mathematical studies as preparatory to a legal education, under the idea that these pursuits afford a good training to the reasoning faculty. But I am inclined to question whether the one species of logic—the mathematical, be indeed a fit preparation for the other—the legal, differing as do the two in their very principles: but waiving this question, it would appear that Natural Philosophy, and especially as it is now prosecuted, affords precisely the sort of intellectual preparation we need for preventing what might be called the anchylosis of the faculties, or that fixedness of the reason which makes the mind the slave of instances, of precedents, and of technical verbosities.


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 Modern physical science is as regardful of single instances as law itself can be; but it tends always upward to the universal and the abstract; and hence it affords so good a discipline to the higher reason.

With a different immediate object, and yet coming under the same general principle of providing against professional distortions of the mind, it is very desirable to cherish the imaginative tastes in those who are to addict themselves to studies utterly devoid, for the most part, of intrinsic charms, and likely therefore to parch the intellect. For it must be remembered that it is through the medium of these tastes that access is had to some of the noblest emotions; and by these often that such emotions are kept in vitality.

It would lead us too far to pursue the illustration of the point in hand, as related to the other professions: indeed the subject is in itself so important, and has been so little adverted to, that it may claim hereafter a separate consideration. How incalculable, for instance, and beneficial, might be the consequences of an early training of youth, destined to the exercise of the Christian ministry, were it conducted on the principle of furnishing the mind with habits counteractive of certain tendencies of the clerical temper which diminish in fact the beneficent influence of the most momentous of all offices, when brought to bear upon human nature as it is.

Whatever relates, in a specific manner, to the acquirements which should be made, and to the training which should be passed through, during the latter period of Home Education, will find its place in the following chapters, or in another volume. One preliminary topic only now remains to engage our attention, and that it is a consideration of some of those original diversities of mental conformation which demand to be regarded in adapting courses of study to individual tastes and talents.


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text: Home Education (Taylor)/Chapter 6

title: Home Education (Taylor)/Chapter 6


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 Edward Forbes was born at Douglas, in 1815, and was consequently but thirty-nine at his death, His mother was the heiress of Corvallo and Bullabog, near Ballangh, He was of a stock not only adventurous, but speculative, on the male side. In the wreck of the family estates, which had become involved previous to his succession to them, he only succeeded in saving a portion—that above alluded to. The old parish church is close at hand, a mile at least from the village, but is now a disused and picturesque edifice; the surrounding enclosure contains one of the Runic memorial stones so general in the island; but a more interesting stone, at least to the naturalist, many be seen in the otherwise uninteresting modern church, a tablet raised in 1858, principally through the aid, we believe, of Sir R. I. Murchison and other scientific friends, to the memory of the professor, the inscription ending so—

This bust is also placed in the Court House at Peel.

He went up to London, when a young man, with the determination to become an artist, but his friends saw reasons to dissuade him from such a career, and, by so doing, the world may, perhaps, have lost a clever caricaturist, but probably not a painter, His tastes next led him to turn to geology and natural history; but at that time natural science was considered only as an appanage of, or a relaxation in the study of medicine, and, therefore, he had to go through the curriculum of the latter profession, which, however, he had little taste for. In producing his geological and zoological bias it is probable that his residence in Manx-land, and the natural features of that country, had an influence; and to these features we may further advert taking them in connection with himself. For move, perhaps, than any other man be made the natural history of his native island his study, though our late friend, Mr. Cumming, did much.

As regards his geological bias—the southern four-fifths, at the least, of the island are composed of metamorphic and Cambrian slates and other succeeding palæozoic rocks, and are more or less mountainous: the northern and lessor portion is of a very different formation—boulder clays and drifts resting on a foundation which is nowhere visible, and of problematic nature. The surface here is mostly a sandy plain, with an occasional bog or curragh marked by a curious and luxuriant vegetation; in some places, however, the sand forms many rounded hills, and, besides, many ancient mounds and other earth or stone works mark the surface. Thus, on the estate we have especially alluded to is an antiquity combining the stone circle with the earthen barrow—a mound of earth with its periphery supported by large quartz stones. The glacial deposits are found high up amongst the hills, and at a lower level, as displayed along the sea-cliffs, there are truly wonderful accumulations of gravel and fragments of rocks, without any stratified arrangement; larger boulders, too, are washed out of the clays in the valleys, or by


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The first day of May, 1904, the day of Dvořák’s death, brought the first great epoch of modern Czech music to a close. The founder, Bedřich Smetana, died on May 12, 1884. Zdeněk Fibich who gave the finishing touch to the epoch died on October 15, 1900. Now Dvořák who brought it to its climax in symphonies and in chamber music passed.

Dvořák’s life presents a story like a fairy-tale. A naive village boy, with a conjuror’s wand in his hand, conquers the world. This wand is his genius,—whatever he touches, changes into charming melodies, dancing rhythms and great tonal architectures. Dvořák was a genius of spontaneous directness. In this respect he is related to Schubert with whom he has many things in common. Dvořák’s wealth of inspiration is unique in Czech music. Hardly conscious of his wonderful power, he proved that even in this aged world a creative innocence, untainted by scrupulosity and struggles of knowledge, was possible. Smetana and Fibich were fighters,—Dvořák is a Czech musician raised by the gods to the sphere of the highest Art. He goes through life as a herald of the Goddess of Beauty who guides his creative hand. And America is indebted to him forever for the best symphony ever written in this country, the splendid symphony “From the New World.”

Antonín Dvořák was born at Nelahozeves upon Vltava, a small village not far from Prague, on September 8, 1841. His father Frank was the village butcher and


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 innkeeper who when Antonín was 13 years of age moved to Zlonice, a little town three miles from Nelahozeves. At Zlonice Antonín found a good music teacher in the old schoolmaster Antonín Liehmann who taught him elementary theory, violin, viola, piano and organ playing. He called his father’s attention to the great talent of Antonín, but the financial conditions of the inkeeper were so bad that he could not make any other decision than to make the son his successor. So Antonín became a butcher’s apprentice for two years and on November 2, 1856 was declared a regular butcher journeyman. Next year Liehmann renewed his insistence, uncle Zdeněk promised financial support, and the father allowed Antonín to go to Prague.

In the fall of 1857 the 16-year old boy entered the Organ School in Prague. The New York critic H. E. Krehbiel wrote 35 years later: “The fate which gave the world an eminent composer robbed Bohemia of a butcher.” Let us remember that the President-Liberator of the Czechoslovak Republic Thomas Garrigue Masaryk was at the age of fourteen a blacksmith’s apprentice.

In Prague Dvořák earned his livelihood by playing the viola in Komzák’s private band which in 1862 became the nucleus of the Interim Theater orchestra, the conductor of which Smetana became four years later. Thus Dvořák was the first viola player in the orchestra at the first performance of Smetana’s “Bartered Bride” on May 30, 1866.

In 1862 Dvořák began to compose, but he had to wait till 1873 for Fortune’s smile. On March 9, 1873, his first great success was won by a patriotic cantata for mixed chorus and orchestra. The words were supplied by Hálek’s poem “The Heirs of the White Mountain” (site of the battle in which the Czechs lost their independence on November 8, 1620). The same year Dvořák married his pupil Miss Anna Čermák and became organist of St. Adalbert’s church, with a yearly salary of 126 florins ($50.00). In February, 1875, a brighter star appeared in the sky for the striving composer. He received 400 florins ($160.00 at that time) from the governmental fund for the encouragement of talented composers of limited financial means.


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 In 1877, when Dvořák applied for the third time for this state stipend, he enclosed his “Moravian Duets”, delightful little compositions for two sopranos, one of the most characteristic and most poetic works he ever wrote. These 15 duets composed on the words of Moravian folk songs are of an irresistible charm, and no wonder that the great composer Johannes Brahms, one of the jury deciding the stipends, was so fascinated by them that he recommended them to his publisher Simrock in Berlin for publication. Simrock published them in 1878, but simultaneously asked Dvořák to write for him some piano compositions after the manner of Brahms’ “Hungarian Dances.” On March 18, 1878, Dvořák began to write his “Slavonic Dances” without any presentiment that they would mean his world fame. The last of these eight compositions was finished on May 7. Simrock published them at once, and “Slavonic Dances” took the public by storm. These pianoforte duets, full of glittering melody and ravishing rhythm, enraptured Germany and England and in orchestral form found their way into the concert halls of all countries. Theodore Thomas brought them forward in New York in the winter of 1879–1880. Dvořák’s name became known to the entire musical world.

Dvořák was the first of modern Czech composers who became famous abroad. One of the reasons for this success of Dvořák lies in the general situation of European music at the end of the 19th century. Europe was becoming tired of the crushing pathos of Wagner’s music. In France the reaction was led by Debussy, while Germany and England hailed Dvořák who combined the seriousness of his artistic aims with a spontaneous simplicity in music, and who therefore was appreciated as a fresh and sound relief from one-sided Wagnerism. Dvořák was not opposed to Wagner, he was simply different. He formed a welcome complement to the rest of the music of those days, supplying a need unconsciously felt by the public.

Dvořák was a real man of the people, his music has all the vigor and directness of folk-music. Further he had a passionate and lively temperament which had something elemental in its dash. It was the temperament of


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 other means perched on the hill sides: and such as are of white quartz have been used to mark boundary lines, or are often placed round ancient interments as already instanced. On Maughold Head, at about 300 feet of elevation, lies a large "erratic block” of greenstone, strongly marked with grooved and crossed lines, Above, and filling up the ploughed surface of the earlier accumulations, are horizontal deposits of sand, peat, and marine shells, the latter such as now live in the sea close at hand, but deposited higher than its waves can now reach. On this north-western part of the island, the coast is of a nature to disintegrate, the wind redistributing the sand into "broughs" or hills, imperfectly kept together by the growth of lyme-grass and mat-weed; at the extreme north—the Point of Ayre—the sands, probably thrown on shore by currents, are drifted by the same agency into parallel undulations or ridges, much like the waves of the sea—a truly barren waste, adorned with little but gorse, a plant, however, here not wholly despised, but chopped in windmills for fodder. North of Peel there is a narrow tract of old red sandstone forming the sea-cliffs, and of it the venerable cathedral of St. Germain is in part built; it is there strangely pitted and honeycombed, apparently by the action of the winds. The fragments of shells seen in the hardened sands in this part of the island are perhaps due to wind-drifts. It is in what we may term "Forbes's Parish" that the remains of the great deer or elk (Megaceros) principally occur, entombed below the peat of the curragh, and reposing on a bed of shell-marl] of fresh-water formation, not much more than twenty fees above the sea level. These curraghs must be partly of recent and partly of pleistocene formation—to use Forbes's term; the latter, because when the elk lived here, its range could not have been so limited as it must have been if the isle were as we see it now.

The are of interest in other respects, especially to the botanist. The Osmunda is the common fern. Willows, such as Salix pentandra, &c., S. fusca, and its many varieties, the sweetgale, the bog-bean, the marsh cinquefoil, milfoil, and several other rarer plants, also occur in them. Pulegium vulgare is common in wet clay, and on the dry, sandy road I found Silene Anglica, Papaver Argemone. several species of rose and sweetbriar, with, however, but one Rubus (friticosus.) On a dry bank, near Jurby, was a remarkable potentilla, (P. Hirta,) scarcely indigenous, though found also near Perth. How the plant got here it is difficult to conceive.

The landscape is somewhat drear, the church towers the most conspicuous objects. Little streams, originating in the marshes, with difficulty find their way to the sea, and enter it, like the Callaue, between the sand hills, forming little coves, interesting from the numerous marine plants growing about. It was in these streams and in the curragh that Forbes fished for Limnei and Planorbes.


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 the joy and passion of the common people, hence the characteristic rhythms of Dvořák in his “Slavonic Dances” which cannot fail to create an instant interest and impression. Upon urging of the publisher Simrock for whom “Slavonic Dances” became a gold mine, Dvořák wrote another series of eight “Slavonic Dances” in June and July, 1886. All these 16 “Slavonic Dances” (opus 46 and 72) are now available in the authentic interpretation of the Czech Philharmonic Orchestra in Prague, conducted by Václav Talich, RCA Victor Records, albums M-310 and M-345. The Victor commentator says: “Their oppeal is general. To the average music lover they are the quintessence of melodic beauty and infectious rhythms; and to the musical sophisticate they afford added interest in their richness of orchestral color and a style of interweaving of thematic material that is distinctive of Dvořák.”

In 1876–1877 Dvořák wrote his monumental work, the grandiose oratorio “Stabat Mater.” In this composition two tragic experiences (Dvořák’s first son died in September and his second daughter in October, 1877) found their echo. This oratorio, performed at Royal Albert Hall in London on March 13, 1883, Joseph Barnby conducting, won entirely the sympathies of the English public. Dvořák was invited to come to London and to conduct his work personally. This first visit of Dvořák in England was a great triumph. “Stabat Mater” sung by 840 singers at Albert Hall before an audience of 12,000 on March 13, 1884, was followed by two more concerts, March 20 at St. James Hall and March 22 at Crystal Palace, where the overture “Husitská", Symphony in D Major, “Slavonic Rhapsody No. 2” and “Scherzo capriccioso” were performed. Tenor Winch also sang some of the “Gypsy Songs”.

“The Hussite Overture”, a dramatic overture for great orchestra, was written in one month (Aug. 9–Sept. 9, 1883) at Dvořák summer home Vysoká near Příbram. Dvořák’s brother-in-law, Count Václav Kounic, who married Josephine Čermák, sister of Mrs. Dvořák, sold him a piece of land at his estate, and Dvořák who felt very happy at Vysoká wrote there many of his compositions, among others also the famous “Humoresque” (dated


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 “Vysoká, August 16, 1894”). Here Dvořák could also indulge in his hobby: the breeding of pigeons.

Two main themes of the “Husitská” are the opening measures of the Hussite war song “All ye warriors of God” from the 15th century, a doric song of an extraordinary energetic character (Krehbiel says: “A phrase for Cromwell’s Roundheads—each syllable a blow, each blow implacable, merciless”) and an excerpt from the St. Václav chorale, a beautiful phrygian melody from about 1300. This “Hussite Overture” was on the program of the first concert of the Theodore Thomas Chicago Orchestra, Friday, October 16, 1891, and was therefore played at the Golden Jubilee repetition of the first program, January 2, 1941.

“Gypsy Songs” were composed in 1880. Dvořák used for these seven songs the poems which the Czech poet Adolf Heyduk wrote in 1859 after his visit to Slovakia and expressed the love of the gypsies for song and freedom in them. The fourth of these songs, “Songs my mother taught me.” dated February 20, 1880, is immensely popular in this country.

“Stabat Mater” was repeated at the Worcester festival in 1884 by which Gloucester, Worcester and Hereford celebrated the 800th anniversary of the Worcester Cathedral. After this second visit to England (Dvořák conducted his oratorio on Sept. 11, 1884) Dvořák became the idol of the English choral festivals. Next year he spent a whole month in England. On April 22, 1885, he conducted his Symphony in D Minor at St. James Hall in London (Victor Album M-663) at a concert of the London Philharmonic Orchestra. At his fourth sojourn in England Dvořák conducted his new work, “The Spectre’s Bride,” a ballad for soli, chorus and orchestra, based on a beautiful ballad of the Czech poet Karel Jaromír Erben “Svatební košile” (Nuptial Gowns). It was written for the Music Festival in Birmingham where Dvořák conducted it on August 27, 1885. There were 400 singers in the chorus, 150 musicians in the orchestra, solo parts were sung by Mme. Albani soprano), Jos. Maas (tenor) and Charles Santley (baryton). The success was tremendous and was equalled next year when Dvořák conducted at Leeds his oratorio “St. Ludmila” on October


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 The foregoing extract shows something of the kind of reading in which the little Brontës were interested; but their desire for knowledge must have been excited in many directions, for I find a "list of painters whose works I wish to see," drawn up by Charlotte Brontë when she was scarcely thirteen:—

"Guido Reni, Julio Romano, Titian, Raphael, Michael Angelo, Coreggio, Annibal Carracci, Leonardo da Vinci, Fra Bartolomeo, Carlo Cignani, Vandyke, Rubens, Bartolomeo Ramerghi."

Here is this little girl, in a remote Yorkshire parsonage, who has probably never seen anything worthy the name of a painting in her life, studying the names and characteristics of the great old Italian and Flemish masters, whose works she longs to see sometime, in the dim future that lies before her! There is a paper remaining which contains minute studies of, and criticisms upon, the engravings in "Friendship's Offering for 1829;" showing how she had early formed those habits of close observation, and patient analysis of cause and effect, which served so well in after-life as handmaids to her genius.

The way in which Mr. Brontë made his children sympathize with him in his great interest in politics, must have done much to lift them above the chances of their minds being limited or tainted by petty local gossip. I take the only other remaining personal fragment out of "Tales of the Islanders;" it is a sort of apology, contained in the introduction to the second volume, for their not having been continued before; the writers had


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 upon the table, in order to gain the greater credit to it—I swore it should be kept a going at that rate these forty years if it pleased but the fountain of life to bless me so long with health and good spirits.

Now as for my spirits, little have I to lay to their charge—nay so very little (unless the mounting me upon a long stick, and playing the fool with me nineteen hours out of the twenty-four, be accusations) that on the contrary, I have much—much to thank 'em for: cheerily have ye made me tread the path of life with all the burdens of it (except its cares) upon my back; in no one moment of my existence, that I remember, have ye once deserted me, or tinged the objects which came in my way, either with


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 Rh

according to the externall administration, wherein Christ is offered as a sufficient and efficient Mediatour, so that pardon of sin, adoption and eternall happinesse shall redound to all and every one by his death, if they doe believe: and as a Mediatour by merit and saving efficacy to reconcile them actually unto God that be in Covenant effectually.

The word of truth is the foundation of faith, in nature before it, true as it is promised, not made true by faith: but that faith cannot be given to the promise, unlesse the thing promised be truly existent, and made good before faith, is strange in Divinity. One thing is true, because it is promised: another, because it is fore-told, another, because it is simply declared. Those things which are true as related, those things have been whether we believe them or not: and those things which are fore-told as true, those in like manner shall come to passe, whether we believe, or believe not. But those things which are true as promised, it is not necessary that they be, unlesse we believe. For the narration and prediction is absolute, but the promise conditionall, requiring faith in the hearer. There is this mutuall respect betwixt the promise and stipulation, that the promise is as an argument which God useth, that he might obtaine of man what he requireth, and the performance of the thing required is a condition without which man cannot obtaine the promise of God. But leaving further dispute of this matter, faith in Christ and the commandment to believe in him hath a subject word true in it selfe, not made true by faith, whereupon it is builded, as true, firme and certaine, as any ground of faith in Christ can be desired or conceived. There is one act of faith, whereby we believe that sins are pardonable: this is builded upon this ground, that Christ is an all-sufficient and efficient Saviour, in whose name Salvation is freely offered, by faith to be received. There is another act of faith, whereby we rest upon Christ for salvation: this is grounded upon these and such like promises, Come unto me ''all ye that labour, and be heavie laden, and I will refresh you. Hoe, every one that thirsteth, come ye to the waters. Let him that is a thirst, come unto me and drinke.'' There is a third, whereby we believe that our sins are already pardoned: and this is grounded upon these and such like. He that believeth shall be saved.

It is objected, if Christ died not for all men, then a man may


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 sable, or with a sickly green; in dangers ye gilded my horizon with hope, and when himself knocked at my door—ye bad him come again; and in so gay a tone of careless indifference, did ye do it, that he doubted of his commission

"—There must certainly be some mistake in this matter," quoth he.

Now there is nothing in this world I abominate worse, than to be interrupted in a story—and I was that moment telling Eugenius a most tawdry one in my way, of a nun who fancied herself a shell-fish, and of a monk damn'd for eating a muscle, and was shewing him the grounds and justice of the procedure


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Edelman J Steward J

must be an injustice even if it is an insubstantial one. There can be no miscarriage of justice without injustice. We had taken the same approach in Edwards v The Queen, saying that there must be a "capacity for practical injustice" or something "capable of affecting the result of the trial". The concern is the capacity of the irregularity to cause prejudice to the jury's consideration of the defendant's case.

Whether or not all of these verbal formulations can be reconciled is a matter that must be left for another case, and for the consideration of all members of this Court after proper submissions on the point. It suffices for the purpose of this appeal to make four observations.

First, whether or not a literal reading of their Honours' reasons in Hofer might support such a qualification on the Weiss principle, we do not understand Kiefel CJ, Keane and Gleeson JJ or Gageler J to have intended to collapse the test for the proviso into the test for a miscarriage of justice. That would have been a radical, ahistorical step to have taken and one that, with the appellant bearing the onus to establish a miscarriage of justice but not a substantial miscarriage of justice, could be productive of great injustice.

Secondly, and consequentially, in proving a miscarriage of justice the appellant is not required to establish that the result of the trial might have been different or, in the paraphrase of the proviso described in Weiss, to establish that the appellant was deprived of a "chance which was fairly open … of being acquitted" or a "real chance" of acquittal. Any such test would, almost by definition, involve collapsing the test for the proviso into the test for a miscarriage of justice by adopting a paraphrase of the statutory language of the proviso and applying that paraphrase as the test for a miscarriage of justice. The expression of the test for a miscarriage of justice in some cases as whether there was a "'real chance' that [the irregularity] affected the jury's verdict" should not be understood in this way.

Thirdly, the approach that we took in Edwards, and which Gordon J took in Hofer, presently appears to us to be the simplest means of avoiding any perception that the test for the proviso had been collapsed into that for a miscarriage of justice.

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Edelman J Steward J

Any irregularity that, in and of itself, has the capacity to prejudice the jury's consideration of the defendant's case will be a miscarriage of justice irrespective of whether the result might, or might not, have been different. There will generally be an irregularity that has the capacity of prejudicing the jury's consideration of the defendant's case where, as Kiefel CJ, Keane and Gleeson JJ said in Hofer, contrary to the "long tradition of criminal law" there is a failure to ensure that "rules of procedure and evidence are strictly followed".

Fourthly, where the allegation of irregularity is an allegation of apprehended bias by a juror or jurors then it is appropriate to apply a test for apprehended bias to determine whether the allegation is made out. If it is made out, then by virtue of being an instance of apprehended bias, the irregularity would always be a substantial miscarriage of justice. But to apply the test for apprehended bias to other instances of irregularity by jurors (which includes but is not limited to misconduct or misbehaviour) creates a gloss on the meaning of a "miscarriage of justice" in s 668E(1) of the Criminal Code and could be potentially productive of grave injustice, so that in every instance of irregular jury behaviour or misbehaviour the appellant is required to prove that the conduct is so serious that it meets the demands of a substantial miscarriage of justice, failing which an appellate court would have no choice but to conclude that it is no miscarriage of justice at all. The effect of such an approach also would create the very curious result that in instances where the conduct of the jury amounts to a denial of procedural fairness to an accused, there would be no miscarriage of justice unless the appellate court were satisfied that the different test for apprehended bias had also been met.

Like irregularities that do not involve the behaviour of jurors, there is almost an infinite variety of irregular behaviour or misbehaviour by jurors that might occur. Some irregular behaviour or misbehaviour will be so trivial that it will have no capacity to prejudice the jury's consideration of the defendant's case. Some irregular behaviour or misbehaviour will be so serious that it will always constitute a substantial miscarriage of justice. But, in many cases (of which this case is one), the irregular behaviour or misbehaviour will have a capacity to prejudice the jury's consideration of the defendant's case and the onus will fall to the Crown to satisfy

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 MAY 30.

Men at usual work, cutting batterns for sheds. Self clearing out house, looking to provisions & other things; resalting beef, making butter.

MAY 31.

2 men as before. McC & self ploughing. Lewington brought in all horses. Sheep counted. 354 or 5, which is right with 3 dead & nine killed.

JUNE 1.

1 man digging trench to fold. 2 ploughing; 1 clearing bushes.

JUNE 2.

As above.

JUNE 3.

men as above. Self making a harrow. Lewington shot a turkey.

JUNE 4.

All employed. First ewe lambs.

JUNE 5.

Sunday.

JUNE 6.

2 men ploughing (First attempt to grow corn) Self cutting steps & blocks &c.

JUNE 7.

Men as above. Self seeking lost sheep; (not those of the house of Israel) but 2 with lambs. Lewington came home


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 Ford and Germany.

HE process discovered by Henry Ford for reducing his factory costs to really absurd figures is apparently very singular. But only apparently, for if we think about it we shall see that it is the only feasible way.

The current practice in industry is to accept the cost price; that means, to add at a given moment to the price of the raw material the cost of making it up. It seems quite logical – it seems even rigorously scientific – but it is not. Ford demonstrated that that only is certain which besides being logical is psychological. And he demonstrated this with facts, the only kind of demonstration he brings to his aid.

His system is not to accept the cost from the factory but to impose a cost on the factory. A certain product, we’ll say, is turned out to-day for 100 dollars; this cost is already exceptionally low and permits the fixing of the selling price at the level of the purchasing power of an enormous public. This would suffice and has sufficed every manufacturer 21


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 except Henry Ford, but then Ford is a pioneer of industry and not just a factory owner in business for the profit to be made out of it. He goes further and applies his revolutionary system. He rejects the 100-dollar price index and deliberately marks it down, say, to 80 dollars. It is evident that the factory would not be prepared at the moment to produce for that price. But it finds itself obliged to do so, for this is vital. Either produce at 80 or succumb. The instinct of self-preservation of the formidable organism that bears the name of the Ford Motor Company (an organism that surpasses in production an entire country, such as ours) is awakened; every brain in it applies itself to the task of eliminating still further waste, of perfecting labour methods still more – and bit by bit the cost falls until it reaches the level demanded by the presiding genius. And hardly have things settled down at this level – the index of a certain moment of efficiency in the factory – when Ford determines once more a new basis – 70 dollars, for example – and so on consecutively. Thus he contrives to keep the minds of his men in a constant glow of research directed towards the common end in view, namely, to improve unceasingly, to make his business ever greater and more solid, to have it almost absurdly irresistible.

What does this mean but to acknowledge in practice what we all acknowledge in theory – THE OMNIPOTENCE OF MIND? 22


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 In point of fact, the human mind is the only agency with which the word “omnipotent” may be associated. Constrained by pressure from without, as in the case of Germany, or by pressure from within (the pressure of an ideal), as in the case of Mr. Ford, human intelligence performs the most astounding miracles; left alone to itself in repose, it settles down into Oriental brooding.

The case of Germany is the mightiest evidence we have of mind working miracles under external pressure. The men who at Versailles devised fetters for Germany with the fiendishness of medieval inquisitors inventing tortures were only applying to a nation the method Ford applies in his factory in order to increase its efficiency. They were teaching Germany the only way to really attain her “uber alles”. They were raising to the maximum point of productiveness the German constructive genius – the force unconquered in war, because Mind is invincible.

Clemenceau (still a tiger in an age of Fords) produced among the ingenuous offshoots of his old brain a scheme which sought to destroy German aviation prohibiting the use of Diesel motors – motors which Germany had invented and perfected to the point of making aerial navigation possible. This design was a rank infantility: all the other nations were to have Diesel motors and fly; the owner of the invention, forbidden to do likewise, would 23