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 tend toward the south. A piece of iron touched by the northern parts of a loadstone becomes south at the one end and tends always (if it is near and within the orbe of the loadstone) to the north of the stone, and if it be free and left to itself at some distance from the stone, it tends to the northern part of the earth. The northern pole A of a loadstone turns to G, the south of the earth; a versorium touched at its cusp by the part A follows A, because it has become southern. But the versorium C, placed farther away from the loadstone, turns its cusp to F, the north of the earth, because the cusp has become southern by contact with the boreal part of the stone. So the ends touched by the northern part of the stone are made southern, or are excited with a southern polarity, and tend toward the north of the earth; those touched by the southern pole are made northern, or are excited with a northern force, and turn to the south of the earth. Versoria orientated by the terrella or the earth.

ARS of iron, when touched by a loadstone, have one end north, the other south, and in the middle is the limit of verticity, like the æquinoctial circle on the globe of a terrella or on an iron globe. But when an iron ring is rubbed on one side on a loadstone, then the one pole is on the place that was in contact, whilst the other is at the opposite point; and the magnetick power divides the ring into two parts by a natural distinction which, though not in shape, yet in power and effect is like an æquator. But if a thin straight rod be bent into a ring without any welding or union of the ends, and be touched in the middle by a loadstone, both ends will be of the same verticity. Let a ring be taken which is whole and continuous, and which has been touched by a loadstone at one place, and let it be divided afterward


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Runo XLVIII]

Then the net was soon drawn upward,

And they drew it up and shook it

In the boat of Väinämöinen,

Finding mid the shoal of fishes,

That for which the net was fashioned,

And the hundred floats provided.

Väinämöinen, old and steadfast,

To the land then urged the vessel,

To the blue bridge-side he brought it,

To the red bridge-end he brought it,

There the shoal of fishes sorted,

Turned the heap of bony fishes,

And the grey pike found among them,

Which he long had sought to capture.

Then the aged Väinämöinen

Thus unto himself reflected:

“Is it wise with hands to seize it,

Save with gauntlets made of iron,

Save with gloves of stone constructed,

Save with mittens made of copper?”

And the Sun’s son heard him speaking,

And replied in words that follow:

“I myself would rip the pike up,

Venture in my hand to take him,

If I had my large knife only,

Which my noble father gave me.”

Then from heaven the knife descended,

From the clouds the knife fell downward,

Golden-hafted, silver-bladed,

To the Sun’s son’s belt dropped downward.

Thereupon the Sun’s son seized it,

Firmly in his hand he grasped it,

And with this the pike ripped open,

Cleft the body of the Broad-snout,

And within the grey pike’s belly

There the grey trout he discovered,

And within the grey trout’s belly

There he found the smooth-skinned powan.

Then he split the smooth-skinned powan,

And a blue clew he discovered,

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244

In the powan’s entrails hidden,

In the third fold of the entrails.

Then the blue clew he unwinded;

From the inside of the blue clew

Fell a red clew from within it,

And when he unwound the red clew,

In the middle of the red clew,

There he found a spark of fire

Which had once from heaven descended,

Through the clouds had fallen downward,

From above eight heavens descending,

From the ninth aerial region.

Väinämöinen then considered

How the spark might best be carried,

To the cold and fireless dwellings,

To the rooms so dark and gloomy.

But the fire flashed up most fiercely,

From the Sun’s son’s hands who held it,

Singed the beard of Väinämöinen,

Burned the smith much more severely,

For upon his cheeks it burned him,

And upon his hands it scorched him.

And it hastened quickly onward

O’er the waves of Lake of Alue,

Through the junipers fled onward,

Burnt its way through all the thicket,

Then rushed upward through the fir-trees,

Burning up the stately fir-trees,

Rushing ever further onward,

Burned up half the land of Pohja,

And the furthest bounds of Savo,

Over both halves of Carelia.

Väinämöinen, old and steadfast,

Followed hard upon its traces,

And he hastened through the forest,

Close behind the furious fire,

And at length he overtook it,

’Neath the roots of two great tree-stumps,

In the stumps of alders hidden,

In the rotten stumps he found it.

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Runo XLVIII]

Then the aged Väinämöinen

Spoke aloud the words which follow:

“Fire, whom Jumala created,

Creature of the bright Creator,

Idly to the depths thou goest,

Aimlessly to distant regions.

It were better far to hide thee

In the hearth of stone constructed,

There thy sparks to bind together,

And within the coals enclose them,

That by day thou may’st be flickering

In the kitchen birchen faggots,

And at night thou may’st be hidden

Close within the golden fire-box.”

Then he thrust the spark of fire

In a little piece of tinder,

In the fungus hard of birch-tree,

And among the copper kettles.

Fire he carried to the kettles,

Took it in the bark of birch-tree,

To the end of misty headland,

And the shady island’s summit.

Now was fire within the dwellings,

In the rooms again ’twas shining.

But the smith named Ilmarinen

Quickly hastened to the lakeshore,

Where the rocks the water washes,

And upon the rocks he sat him,

In the pain of burning fire,

In the anguish of its glowing.

There it was he quenched the fire,

There it was he dimmed its lustre,

And he spoke the words which follow,

And in words like these expressed him:

“Fire whom Jumala created

And O thou, the Sun’s son, Panu!

Who has made ye thus so angry,

As to scorch my cheeks in thiswise,

And to burn my hips so badly,

And my sides so much to injure?

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246

“How shall I the fire extinguish,

How shall I reduce its glowing,

Make the fire for evil powerless,

And its lustre render harmless,

That no longer it may pain me,

And may cause me pain no longer?

“Come, thou girl, from land of Turja,

Come, thou maiden, forth from Lapland,

Frosty-stockinged, icy-booted,

And thy skirts all frosted over,

In thy hand the icy kettle,

And the ice-spoon in the kettle.

Sprinkle me with freezing water,

Sprinkle me with icy water,

On the places scorched so badly,

And the burns the fire has caused me.

“But if this is not sufficient,

Come, thou youth, come forth from Pohja,

Come, thou child, from midst of Lapland,

From Pimentola, O tall one,

Tall as is a forest fir-tree,

Tall as pine-tree in the marshes,

On thy hands the gloves of hoarfrost,

On thy feet the boots of hoarfrost,

On thy head the cap of hoarfrost,

Round thy waist the belt of hoarfrost.

“Bring from Pohjola the hoarfrost,

Ice from out the frozen village.

Hoarfrost’s plentiful in Pohja,

Ice enough in frozen village.

Lakes of ice, and frozen rivers,

All the air with ice is laden.

O’er the hoarfrost hares are skipping,

On the ice the bears are sporting,

In the middle of the snow-heaps,

On the edge of the snow mountains,

On the rims the swans are walking,

On the ice the ducks are waddling,

In the midst of snow-filled rivers,

Cornices of icy cataracts.

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Runo XLVIII]

“On thy sledge bring thou the hoarfrost,

On thy sledge the ice convey thou,

From the slopes of rugged mountains,

From the lofty mountains’ borders.

Make them hoary with the hoarfrost,

With the ice, O make them icy,

All the hurts by fire occasioned,

All the burns the fire has caused me.

“But if this is not sufficient,

Ukko, thou of Gods the highest,

Ukko, thou the clouds who leadest,

Thou the scattered clouds who herdest,

Send a cloud from out the eastward,

And a thick cloud from the westward,

Link the edges close together,

Close thou up the gaps between them,

Send thou ice, and send thou hoarfrost,

Send thou, too, the best of ointment,

For the places scorched so badly,

And the hurts by fire occasioned.”

Thus it was smith Ilmarinen

Found a means to quench the fire,

And to dim the brilliant fire.

Thus the smith was healed completely,

And regained his former vigour,

Healed from wounds the fire occasioned.

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 best-known manufacturers and richest men of the town, had been killed by the falling of his own mill-chimney. The condition of the chimney had been doubtful for some little time; experts had been examining it for several days: at the moment of the catastrophe, Mallathorpe himself, some of his principal managers, and a couple of professional steeple-jacks, were gathered at its base, consulting on a report. The great hundred-foot structure above them had collapsed without the slightest warning: Mallathorpe, his principal manager, and his cashier, had been killed on the spot: two other bystanders had subsequently died from injuries received. No such accident had occurred in Barford, nor in the surrounding manufacturing district, for many years, and there had been much interest in it, for according to the expert's conclusions the chimney was in no immediate danger.

Other mill-owners then began to examine their chimneys, and for many weeks Barford folk had talked of little else than the danger of living in the shadows of these great masses of masonry.

But there had soon been something else to talk of. It sprang out of the accident—and it was of particular interest to persons who, like Linford Pratt, were of the legal profession. John Mallathorpe, so far as anybody knew or could ascertain, had died intestate. No solicitor in the town had ever made a will for him. No solicitor elsewhere had ever made a will for him. No one had ever heard that he had made a will for himself. There was no will. Drastic search of his safes, his desks, his drawers revealed nothing—not even a memorandum. No friend of his had ever heard him mention a will.


text: Kalevala (Kirby 1907)/Runo 48

title: Kalevala (Kirby 1907)/Runo 48


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 He had always been something of a queer man. He was a confirmed bachelor. The only relation he had in the world was his sister-in-law, the widow of his deceased younger brother, and her two children—a son and a daughter. And as soon as he was dead, and it was plain that he had died intestate, they put in their claim to his property.

John Mallathorpe had left a handsome property. He had been making money all his life. His business was a considerable one—he employed two thousand workpeople. His average annual profit from his mills was reckoned in thousands—four or five thousands at least. And some years before his death, he had bought one of the finest estates in the neighbourhood, Normandale Grange, a beautiful old house, set amidst charming and romantic scenery in a valley, which, though within twelve miles of Barford, might have been in the heart of the Highlands. Therefore, it was no small thing that Mrs. Richard Mallathorpe and her two children laid claim to. Up to the time of John Mallathorpe's death, they had lived in very humble fashion—lived, indeed, on an allowance from their well-to-do kinsman—for Richard Mallathorpe had been as much of a waster as his brother had been of a money-getter. And there was no withstanding their claim when it was finally decided that John Mallathorpe had died intestate—no withstanding that, at any rate, of the nephew and niece. The nephew had taken all the real estate: he and his sister had shared the personal property. And for some months they and their mother had been safely installed at Normandale Grange, and in full possession of the dead man's wealth and business.


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 Dewas.

1. Senior Branch.

THE Parmars or Pawars of Dewas are Kshatriya Mahrattas and claim their descent from Vikramaditya of Ujjain. Shambhu Singh, the founder of the family, is said to have come from Mewar to the Deccan and founded a village called Sukhawadi or Supa (in Ahmednagar) about the beginning of the seventeenth century. It was about this time (1615 A.D.) that Ahmednagar, one of the five famous Mahomedan kingdoms of the Deccan, was at its lowest ebb, and good many adventurous persons rose to prominence and established their own supremacy in the Nizam-shahi court. Shambhu Singh" who was a brave warrior was killed in an encounter with Shiwaji, the founder of the Mahratta Empire, who being struck with the valour and exploits of this brave soldier, granted a jahagir to his son Krishnaji. This may be called the beginning of the fortunes of this historical and ancient dynasty being tied with those of the Mahratta nation. This happened about 1680 A.D. shortly before the death of the Mahratta King Shiwaji.

In the long struggle that ensued after the death of Shiwaji between Aurangzeb and the Mahrattas, Bubaji, along with his two younger brothers, Rayaji and Keruji, displayed tremendous valour and tried his utmost to keep the Mahomedan army out of the district of Ahmednagar and its environments. Bubaji, who was the eldest son of Krishnaji, received for his great deeds the title of "Sapta^Sahasra^Senapati," (Commandar of 7,000 troops) from the Mahratta King Rajaram Chhatrapati. Bubaji had two sons, the elder being named Kaluji and the younger Sambhaji. Kaluji's rule was one of peace and happiness for his State. He had four sons, the eldest was named Krishnaji who succeeded to Supa jahagir after the death of Kaluji. Manaji, the youngest of the four, remained by Krishnaji's side and served him. The second son Tukoji became conspicuous in the history of the Mahrattas.

Tukoji Rao with his army was deputed by Raja Shahu of Satara along with his younger cousin Udaji Rao (son of Sambhaji, Kaluji's younger brother), to accompany the Peshwa Bajirao I, in his invasion of Northern India in 1738 A.D. In this expedition, it may be noted, were the renowned generals of the Peshwa viz., Ranoji Rao Sindhia and Malhar Rao Holkar. Tukoji Rao Pawar and Udaji Rao Pawar rendered great services in this expedition. It was the army of these two Pawar Chiefs who fought the first battle in Malwa against the forces of the Delhi Emperor in those parts. The Pawar army forming the vanguard of the whole Mahratta army, naturally had to bear the whole brunt of the fight, which took place near the village named Tirala (not far from Dhar and now in the Dhar State). The Mahomedan governor of Malwa was completely routed and shortly after received a crushing defeat at the battle of Bhopal. In this battle also, Tukoji Rao rendered very valuable services to the Mahratta cause, which were, later on, duly recognised by Raja Shahu of Satara and his Prime Minister the Peshwa. After the conquest of Malwa in 1739 A.D. the Raja Shahu granted Dewas and Dhar with their respective districts in jahagir to Tukoji Rao and Udaji Rao respectively. Gwalior and Indore were about the


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118 THE IMPERIAL DURBAR ALBUM. same time given to Ranoji Rao Sindhia and Malhar Rao Holkar. It must be noted here, that Tukoji Rao, the Founder of the Dewas Principality, was accompanied in this campaign by his younger brother Jiwaji Rao, who proved of great help to his elder brother and remained faithful till his death by his elder brother's side. This is how Tukoji Rao 1 carved out the principality of Dewas and his younger cousin Udaji Rao carved out that of Dhar. Tukoji Rao got the title of " Pratinidhi" (viceroy) from Raja Shahu of Satara, and he was generally known in these parts as subhedar (governor). Tukoji Rao added to the prestige and power of his State by levying tribute from some of the Rajput states and thus making them his tributaries. It was in one of these expeditions in Rajputana that he breathed his last. While he was encamped at Ajmer in 1751 A.D., owing to a sudden storm, the pole of the tent fell on his head and thus was the end of the founder of the Dewas State.

He had no son and therefore his widow adopted his nephew (Tukoji Rao's elder brother Krishnaji Rao's son) under the title of Raja Krishnaji Rao 1. Krishnaji Rao spent most of his time in trying to add more to his State by making repeated invasions towards Delhi. For twelve years or so he remained at Muttra and proved of help to the great Mahadji Sindhia of Gwahor who was deeply engaged at this time in Delhi politics. Krishnaji Rao died in 1789 A.D. while on his way to the Deccan, at Burhanpur. He also had no son and was succeeded by his elder brother's (Jahagirdar of Supa) son under the name Tukoji Rao II. Raja Tukoji Rao had to cope with good many difficulties, both internal and external. He, however, succeeded in getting over them. The most historical event in his reign was the conclusion of the Treaty of 1818 with the Hon'ble East India Company which, as is well-known, later on developed into the present Government of India under the Sovereignty of His Majesty the King'Emperor. In consequence of this treaty, Tukoji Rao's younger cousin (descen- dant of Jiwaji Rao mentioned above) became the first ruler of what is known as the Junior Branch of Dewas. Tukoji Rao died in 1828 A.D. and was succeeded by his son Rukmangad Rao. The most important event during his reign was the Mutiny cf 1857 A.D. in which His Highness remained staunchly loyal to the British Government and his services were recognised by them. He died in 1860 A.D.

During the minority of His Highness Krishnaji Rao II, his mother Maharani Yamunabai Saheba conducted the affairs of the State. It was when Krishnaji Rao was on the gadi of Dewas, that the Imperial Durbar was held at Delhi in 1877 A.D. when Her late Majesty Queen Victoria was proclaimed Empress of India. His Highness was married to Her Highness Tara Raja Saheba, the daughter of His Highness Maharaja Jayaji Rao Sindhia of Gwalior. His Highness married a second wife who is still alive and is known as Her Highness Dowager Rani Tara Raja Saheba. His Highness Krishnaji Rao died in 1899 A.D. and was succeeded by the eldest son of his elder brother, Shnmant Anand Rao Nanasaheb Pawar Vishwas Rao Bahadur, under the title of His Highness Maharaja Tukoji Rao III alias Bapusaheb Maharaj, on the 4th of April 1900 A.D.

His Highness Tukoji Rao III was born on the 1st January 1888. He received his education at the Daly College at Indore and the Mayo College at Ajmer. The Government of India invested His Highness with full ruling powers in 1908 A.D.

It is now a little over 3 years since His Highness began personally to govern the State, and in this short period the finances of the State and general condition of the people are jgreatly improved, and there is distinctly a very high tone


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120 THE IMPERIAL DURBAR ALBUM. in the general adm.n.stration. It is sufficient to state here that His Highness* abilities. his high sense of duty, and his keenness in the improvement of the btate and the condition of the subjects are fully recognised in public speeches and »n other ways by the Government of India and their representatives in Central India.

The area of the Dewas (Senior) State is 446 square miles with a population of 74,258 souls, and the annual revenues are about 5 lacs of rupees (exclusive of alienations which yield annually about a lac of rupees).

His Highness Maharaja Saptasahasra-Senapati Pratinidhi Shri Tukoji Rao III alias Bapusaheb Maharaj is a direct Treaty-Chief and is entitled to a salute of 15 guns and a return visit from His Excellency the Viceroy.

2. Junior Branch.

IT has already been stated in the sketch of the Dewas history, that the two brothers, Tukoji Rao and Jiwaji Rao, who came into Malwa with the Peshwa Baji Rao I, established their power about the year 1739 A.D. From this time the brothers were divided and their separate possessions were marked out. By the treaty of 1817 A.D. the two States were distinctly separated and since then they are known as "Dewas Senior Branch" and "Dewas Junior Branch." The Chiefs of both the branches are equal in rank, power and authority.

The present ruler of this State is His Highness Malhar Rao Babasaheb Pawar. He was born on the 10th of August 1877 A.D. and was adopted by his uncle, the late chief Narayan Rao Dadasaheb, on the 8th January 1892 A.D., and installed on the gadi May 1892 A.D. After he had completed his education at the Daly College, Indore, he was invested with ruling powers in 1897 A.D. by the Honourable Col. D. W. K. Barr, the then Agent to the Governor-General for Central India. Since then he has been ruling the State with the help of his minister. The Pawars have been renowned as the lovers and patrons of art and education, and the present Chief has kept up the reputation of his family.'

In accordance with the treaty of 181 8 A.D. the State pays annually to the British Government Rs. 16,000 in commutation of the obligations to provide a quota of troops.

The population of the State according to the last census is 62,957 souls and the gross revenue is Rs. 3,75.000.

The present ruler of the Dewas Junior Branch is His Highness Malhar Rao Babasaheb Pawar who is entitled to a salute of 15 guns and a return visit from His Excellency the Viceroy.


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 Dhar.

THE Mahratta State of Dhar is one of the eleven States of the Central India Agency in direct treaty relation with the British Government, lying in the Bhopawar Political charge, and stands sixth in Central India in order of precedence. The State lies on both sides of the Vindhya range which passes almost centrally through it, dividing it into two distinct portions characterised by difference of configuration of soil and product.

The State takes its name from the chief town of Dhar, one of the most ancient and famous towns of India. The name is supposed to be derived from ' Dhara^nagari,' or 'the City of sword'blades' possibly referring to its acquisition by conquest.

The Pawar rulers of Dhar are Kshatriya Mahrattas, and are descended from the famous Parmars, who ruled in Malwa from the 5th to the 13th century, having their capitals at Ujjain and Dhar. The dynasty rose to prominence during the reigns of the semi-mythological heroes and kings, Munja and Bhoja, the latter of whom is said to have transferred his capital from Ujjain to Dhar, making it renowned in India as a seat of learning and scholarship, where literary men and poets like Kalidas flourished under his patronage. It was from the time of Bhoja that dame Fortune is said to have left riding with the dynasty, and Bhoja suffering reverses at the hands of the Chedi Kings of Gujarath, the Pa wars were driven into the Deccan; and the kingdom began to decline till it was absorbed into the Delhi Empire, when Malwa became its province in the fourteenth century. Dilawar Khan Ghori, the first of its governors, built mosques for his followers with the materials of Hindu temples, and established his capital at Mandoo. The Rajput Pawars who were driven into the Deccan and became absorbed in the population rose again into prominence in the seventeenth century by supplying distinguished generals to Shiwaji and his warlike successors.

In the reign of Shahu and the Peshwaship of Balaji Vishwanath, the two Pawar brothers, Kaluji and Sambhaji, went on a conquering expedition to Malwa, and their sons succeeded in establishing the principalities of Dewas and Dhar. Tukoji and Jiwaji, the two sons of Kaluji, established themselves in the two branches of Dewas, while the haughty and warlike Udaji, son of Sambhaji, conquered Dhar. Anand Rao I, his younger brother, however, is regarded to be the founder of the present principality of Dhar, as he was the first to obtain the sanad of the Peshwa Baji Rao I and to realise the tributes from Rajput chiefs. He was succeeded by his son Yashwant Rao Pawar at the age of 25. He was killed at the battle of Paniput in 1 76 1 A.D. and was succceeded by his minor son Khande Rao. In 1774 A.D. Khande Rao espoused the cause of Raghoba Dada Peshwa and gave shelter to his wife Anandi Bai in the Dhar Fort, where in captivity the Peshwa Baji Rao II was born,

Khande Rao died in 1780 A.D. and after six months a posthumous child was* born, who succeeded him as Anand Rao II. A period of distraction then followed for Dhar and it was subjected to a continued spoliation by Sindhia and Holkar, and was saved from utter ruin by the courage and skill of the heroic Maina Bai, wife of Anand Rao II and adoptive mother of Ramchandra Rao Pawar, who entered into a treaty with


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Rh the British Government in 1819 A.D., thus securing British protection and through them restoration of the lost territories of Dhar. Ramchandra Rao died in 1833 A.D. and his wife Annapurna Bai adopted Malhar Rao, a son of Yashwant Rao of Malthan (Deccan), who succeeded as Yashwant Rao II. He made many improvements by introducing a systematic survey and settlement and a number of economic reforms. He was famous for his piety, generosity and love of learning. He died in 1857 A.D. and his half-brother succeeded him as Anand Rao III. Being a boy of tender age, he was quite unable to cope with the torrent of the Mutiny and dissatisfaction which had spread over the whole country. The Bilaities and Makranies raised the standard of revolt and held the fort for sometime in their possession, till it was taken by the Mhow Column under General Stewart on October 25th, 1857 A.D. This mutinous spirit on the part of the State troops led to the confiscation of the State on 19th January 1858 A.D., but was again restored to the Chief on 1st May 1860 A.D. with the exception of the Bersia pargana. The State continued under British supervision till 1st October 1864 A.D. when the Raja was invested with powers. During his rule many administrative reforms were introduced, and the revenue of the State rose from 5 to 9 lacs. His loyalty was recognised by the grant of a sanad awarding him the right of adoption in 1862 A.D.; while on the occasion of the Delhi Assemblage of 1877A.D., he was granted the title of Maharaja as a personal distinction, and was created a K.C.S.I., and in 1883 A.D. a OLE. was conferred upon him.

His Highness Maharaja Sir Anand Rao Pawar, died on the 15th July 1898 A.D. He was a good administrator, kind and considerate to his subjects,—of him the people say: "He was short of stature but large of heart," and, indeed, no truer thing could be said of him. He was succeeded by his nephew, Bhagoji Rao Pawar, whom he adopted a year previous to his death, under the name of Udaji Rao Pawar.

He was born on the 30th September 1886 A.D. and soon after his succession was sent to the Daly College, Indore; where he received good education till August 1903 A.D. He was invested with ruling powers of his State on the 6th December 1907 A.D.

Since His Highness has assumed the reins of Government, the State has been showing a marked and steady progress in every branch of the administration. Of an amiable and generous disposition, His Highness is very hospitable and liberally contributes to all works of improvement and charity. He is an able administrator, an enthusiastic sportsman, a keen Shikari, an excellent rider and a great lover of horses. He is a bright young scion of the ancient Pawar Family, who, remarkable as he is for his steadfastness of purpose, has always maintained the traditional loyalty of the House when occasion demanded.

The State has an area of 1,775 square miles and a population according to the Census of 1911 A.D. of 1,54,070 souls. The gross revenue of the State is 11 lacs. The State pays no tribute to the British Government or to any other state; on the other hand it receives tribute from its feudatories numbering 22 of whom 13 are guaranteed Thakurs and Bhumias, and the remaining 9 are unguaranteed Thakurs.

His Highness Raja Udaji Rao Saheb Pawar Bahadur, is the present Chief of Dhar and is entitled to a salute of 15 guns.


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 Jaora.

JAORA is a treaty State in the Malwa Agency of Central India. The rulers are called Nawabs. The State was founded by Abdul Gafur Khan, the grandson of Abdul Majid Khan, who came to India during the reign of Mahammad Shah, Emperor of Delhi (171 9-43 A.D.). Abdul Gafur Khan was a man of fortune. He rose to prominence under Amir Khan, the leader of the Pendharees and founder of the Tonk state. He took part in the dispute that arose after the death of Yashwant Rao Holkar regarding the succession of Malhar Rao. After the battle of Mahidpur in 1817 A.D, in which Holkar's army was defeated, Gafur Khan offered his submission to the British, who, on the conclusion of the treaty of Mandasor on 6th January 1818 A.D. guaranteed to him the possession of Jaora and other five tahsils, on condition that he and his heirs should maintain a body of 600 horse to co-operate with the British forces. Gafur Khan died in 1825 A.D. leaving an infant son, Ghaus Mahamad Khan, who was recognised as the Nawab of Jaora by the Holkar Durbar on receiving a nazarana of two lacs of rupees.

Ghaus Mahamad Khan was an efficient ruler and a loyal friend of the British. He rendered most important services to the Government during the Mutiny of 1857 A.D. for which his yearly contribution payable to Government was reduced and an increase of two guns was made in his salute. In 1862 A.D. he received a sanad guaranteeing the succession to the State in accordance with Mahomedah law and custom. He was a very popular ruler and was respected by his subjects, as well as by the British Government. He died in 1865 A.D. and was succeeded by his only son, Ismail Khan, .who ruled from 1865-95 A.D. He, like his predecessor, was most loyal to British' t Government.

v Nawab Iftikhar Ali Khan, the present Chief, was born on 17th January 1883 A.D. and .was installed on the 29th July 1895 A.D. by the Agent to the Governor-General in Central India. He joined the Daly College at Indore, where he remained tilll 1899 A.D. The administration of the State was ably conducted by the minister, Yar Mahamad Khan, wjiose name and good work will be ever remembered by the people of Jaora. The young Nawab was granted full powers of administration in March 1903 A.D. His Highness is taking keen interest in the administration of the State and conducting it on a progressive and constitutional line. In April 1911 A.D. His Highness has formed a State-Council under his own presidency, composed of five members, to consider and dispose of all important matters of the State. As a mark of appreciation the Nawab Saheb has received the Honorary Captaincy in the British Army.

The State has an area of about 568 square miles and a population of 75,000 souls. The annual gross revenue, based on the last five years average, is Rs. 6;50.000.

Captain His Highness Fakhr-ud-daula Nawab Mahammad Iftikhar Ali Khan Bahadur Saulat-i-Jang, Nawab of Jaora, enjoys a salute of 13 guns.


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 Jhabua.

JHABUA is a guaranteed chiefship under the Bhopawar Agency, Central India. The State takes its name Jhabua from the chief town, which was founded by Jhabbu Naik, who was a notorious freebooter in the sixteenth century. The rulers of Jhabua are Rathor Rajputs, descended from Bir Singh, fifth son of Jodha, the founder of Jodhpur state in Rajputana. This branch of the family rose to favour at Delhi and acquired Badnawar in Malwa as a fief in 1584 A.D. Kesho Das, son of Bhim Singh, who then held Badnawar, was in the service of Prince Salim, who, on his accession as Emperor Jahangir employed him to subdue the turbulent freebooters of Malwa. After suppressing them, Kesho Das obtained possession of their lands. In 1607 A.D. he was invested with the insignia of nobility by the Emperor, but died the same year, poisoned by his son and heir. From this time the State was subjected to much internal disturbance and the confusion was greatly increased by the invasion of the Mahrattas on Malwa in 1722 A.D. The next year the state came under the management of Holkar during the minority of the Chief. In 1770 A.D. the revenues were merely nominal owing principally to Mahratta oppression, though singularly enough, Holkar left the collection and payment of the Chauth which was his due, to the Jhabua State.

During the settlement of Malwa by Sir John Malcolm, the State was guaranteed to the family of Kesho Das. Raja Gopal Das ( 1840-94 A.D. ) rendered good service in assisting the fugitives from Bhopawar during the Mutiny of 1857 A.D., in recognition of which he was presented with a Khilat of rupees 12,500. In 1865 A.D., however, he permitted a prisoner, confined under suspicion of theft, to be mutilated, for which a fine of rupees 10,000 was imposed, and his salute was discontinued for one year.

The present Chief, Udai Singh, succeeded by adoption in 1894 A.D. and was invested with administrative powers in 1898 A.D.

The Raja maintains a small military force and pays. rupees 1,474 towards the cost of the Malwa Bhil Corps.

The area of the State is 1,336 square miles with a population of 80,889, principally Bhils.

The Ruler of Jhabua, His Highness Raja Udai Singh Bahadur, is entitled to a salute of 1 1 guns and to be received in a separate Durbar by His Excellency the Viceroy.


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 Khilachipur.

KHILACHIPUR is a small mediatised chiefship in Central India under the Bhopal Political Agency. The State was founded in 1544 A.D. by Diwan Ugrasen, who was forced by family dissensions to migrate from Khichi, capital of Gangron. Formerly the Chief of Khilachipur bore the title of Diwan. In 1873 A.D., Diwan Amar Singh received the hereditary title of 'Rao Bahadur' from the British Government. Since then the Chiefs of Khilachipur are styled as Rao Bahadurs.

The name of the present Chief is Rao Bahadur Durjan Sal Singhji, who succeeded his father, Rao Bahadur Bhawani Singh, in the year 1908 A.D. He was born on the 26th August 1897 A.D. and is now about fourteen years old. He is receiving education at the Daly College, Indore, where he is making good progress. The Chief belongs to Khichi sub-section of the Chowhan clan of Rajputs. He is affianced to the 3rd daughter of His Highness the Raja Saheb of Sailana, -Central India.

The area of the State is 273 square miles and the population is 40,069 souls according to the latest census of 1911 A.D. The average gross revenue of the State is Rs. 1,35,605.

The Chief of Khilachipur bears the hereditary title of ' Rao Bahadur ' and is entitled to a salute of 9 guns.


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 Nagod.

NAGOD is a sanad State in Central India under the Political Agent in Baghelkhand. The chiefs of Nagod are Parihar Rajputs, who migrated into Bundelkhand and Baghelkhand, and in the seventh century drove away the, Gaharwars and established their sway over the tract lying between Mahoba and Mau. In the* ninth century these Parihar Rajputs became subordinate to the great Chandel clan and migrated still farther eastward into Baghelkhand. In 1,478 A. D'. Raja Bhoja obtained Unchehra, which he made his own capital and which remained so until 1720 A.D., when Raja Chain Singh moved his capital to Nagod. Later on the Parihars practically lost all their possessions to the Bundelas and Baghelas; and Nagod with a small territory was preserved as the remnant of the old Parihar rule only by submitting to their adversaries.

When the British became paramount after the treaty of Bassein (1802 A.D.), Nagod was held to be the. tributary to Pahna and was included in the -sanad granted to that state in 1807 A.D. In recognition, however, of the fact that the territory had been in the possession of the family before the establishment of Chhatra Sal's power and had continued to be independent throughout the supremacy of the Bundelas and of Ali-Bahadur, a separate sanad was granted to Lai Sheoraj Singh in 1809 A.D. confirming him in his possessions. He was succeeded in 1818. A.D. by his son, Balbhadra Singh, who was deposed in 1831 A.D. for murdering his .brother. His succeessor Raghavendra Singh, who was then a minor, received powers in 1838 A.D. and obtained a new sanad, succession dues to the value of Rs, 8,000 being paid to the British Government. He involved the State in debt, and it was placed under British management in 1844 A.D.

In the Mutiny of 1857 A.D. the chief behaved most loyally in assisting Europeans and in recognition, of these services received a grant of eleven villages, now forming the pargdna of Dhanwahi, which had belonged to the confiscated state of Bijai Raghogarh. In 1862 A-D. he received a sanad of adoption and in 1865 A.D. again assumed management till his death in 1874 A.D. He was succeeded by his son, the present chief, Raja Jadvendra Singh, who was then nineteen. The Raja began to exercise powers in 1882 A.D. but was deprived of them in 1894 A.D. for mismanage^ ment and retired to Benares, where he lived as a recluse for ten years refusing all inducement to return. In August 1904 A.D., however, he agreed to accept an allowance and to reside at Satna, The State is being managed by the Political Agent assisted by a Diwan.

The area of the State is about 501 square miles with a population of 67,092. The total revenue is Rs. 1,70,000.

The Chief of the State has the title of Raja and is entitled to a salute of 9 guns.


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 Narsingarh.

THE State of Narsingarh is one of the mediatised • and guaranteed chiefships of the Central India Agency urider' the Political' Agent in Bhopal, lying in the livision of Malyva known as Umatwara. It is bounded on the north by Rajgarh, Khilachipur and Indore, on- the south by Gwalior and Bhopal, on the east by Maksudangarh (Gwalior) and Bhopal, and oh the west by Gwalior and Dewas.

The Chiefs of Narsingarh" like those of Rajgarh are Umat Rajputs, descended from Umar Singh or Umaji. They belong to the Parmar or Pawar branch of Agnikul Rajputl Udaji and; Dudaji were two brothers who .flourishd in the time of the Emperor Akbar. They were celebrated warriors and had shown their courage and bravery to the Mogul count. .Dudaji, dne, younger brother, had joined the Delhi Imperial Service in the invasion of the fort of Gagron; and his services were greatly appreciated by the Emperor, who* conferred upon him the title of Diwan and granted him a sanad. From that time Rawat, Udaji <and Diwan Dudaji ruled conjointly. 0udaji used to attend the Imperial <2ourt at Delhi and had an access to the Emperor, Rawat Udaji died in 1638, A.D. while Dudaji was & Delhi. He was followed by Chhatar Singh, his nephew, on the gadi. Dudaji -with -the permission of the Emperor Shah Jahan proceeded to his capital,, and took possession' of the -State, and gave a fixed allowance to Chhatar -Singh. Dudaji was^ killed in a battle at Ujjain and was succeeded by ^ate Sing, and after* him, by his 1 " son, Ajabf Singh, who lost his life in the battle of Nalkhera in 1668 A.D. '-His son, Parashram, succeeded him at Patan. Chhatar Singh, who was the rightful owner of half of .the estate, soon after died, leaving a son, Rawat Mohan Singh, who transferred his capital to Rajgarh. Parashram, the decendant of Dudaji, and Mohaa* Singh, the descendant of Udaji, both were powerful and influential persons in the ^time bf -the Emperor Aurangzeb, who recognised both as joint rulers of the State and granted a sanad in their names. But they did not pull on .Well, and in 1681 A.D. Rawat Mohan Singh requested Parashram to divide trje State in equal parts, which was accordingly done. Parashram thus became the chief of Narsingarh, and Mohan Singh became the ruler of Rajgarh. The rulers of Narsingarh being descended from Dudaji are called "Dadawats," and those of Rajgarh being descended from Udaji are Known as "Udawats".

Sobhag Singh, the sixth in descent from Parashram, was the ruler of Narsingarh during the settlement of Malwa by Sir John, Malcolm. He was, succeeded by Hanmant Singh in 1827 A.D. H. H. Raja Hanmant Singh's grandson, Raja Pratap Singh, went to England in 1887 A.D. and there had the honour of an audience with Her late Majesty Queen Victoria, Empress of India. The University of Edinburgh honoured him by conferring upon him the honorary degree of D.C.L. He died in 1890 A.D. and was succeeded by his uncle, Mehtab Singh, who "was an energetic ruler. He died in 1895 A.D. and was succeeded by Raja Arjun Singh.

H. H. Raja Arjun Singhji Saheb Bahadur, the present Ruler, was born on the 1st day of Magh Samvat 1943 corresponding with January 1 0th, 1887, and succeeded the late Raja Mehtab Singh Saheb in 1896 A.D. being formally installed on the gadi on the 6th January 1897 A.D. by the jHon'ble Colonel Sir David Barr, the then Agent to


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134 Governor-General in Central India. As His Highness was then only 10 years old a long minority ensued, and the State was during a period of about 13 years (1896-1908 A.D.) administered by the Political Agent in Bhopal through a Superintendent.

His Highness received during this period education and training, best calculated to fit him for discharging with ability the high duties of his exalted position, and after a distinguished career at the Mayo College and the Imperial Cadet Corps, was invested with full ruling powers in his State on the 11th March 1909 A.D. The Hon'ble Colonel H. Daly, the Agent to Governor-General in Central India, who had specially come to perform the interesting ceremony, in the course of his speech on the occasion observed:—

"It is now a little more than 12 years since Your Highness was formally installed on the gadi by that good friend of Central India, my distinguished predecessor. Sir David Barr. In the records of the ceremony on that occasion and in the papers connected with your selection for the Chiefship, I find that, even at your then early age, a confident hope was entertained that your character and conduct would fully justify that selection. Looking back now upon your school career, upon your service with the Imperial Cadet Corps, and specially upon the manner in which, during the past year, you have studied ' to qualify yourself for your duties and responsibilities, and to acquire a direct personal knowledge of your State and your subjects it is a great pleasure to your friends to feel how amply the hopes of your first boyhood have been fulfilled. We believe that the record of the coming years will show that you yield to none in devoted loyalty to His Majesty the King Emperor, and in the earnest desire to rule for the happiness and advantage of those who are committed to your charge."

His Highness Raja Arjun Singh has, since his investiture with full ruling powers, carried on the administration of the State personally. That he has amply fulfilled the expectations of Supreme Government is evident from the recent orders of the Government of India conferring plenary powers in the criminal cases upon His Highness.

His Highness is even at this early period of his career showing signs of being a just and benevolent ruler, and is ever indefatigable in devising means to make his State prosperous and his 1 subjects happy and contented.

A son and, heir was born to His Highness in September 1909 A.D. The Prince who is named Maharaj Kunwar Vikram Singhji is now two years old.

The State has an area of 734 square miles and the population of 1,09,854 souls according to the latest Census.' The gross total revenue of the State is about six lacs of rupees.

The present Chief of Narsingarh, His Highness Raja Arjun Singh Bahadur, is entitled to a salute of 11 guns.


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 Maihar.

THIS State was originally a dependency of Rewah. In the year 1708 A.D. Maharaj Hirdasah, the eldest son of Raja Chhatra Sal of Panna, conquered Maihar and incorporated it with his own state. In the year 1 770 A.D. the Maihar State was granted as jahagir to Thakur Beni Singh Hazuri, who was one of the nobles of the Panna Durbar. He in turn left the management of the jahagir to his son, Thakur Durjan Singh, and died in the battle of Gathowra in the year 1788 A.D.

On the occupation of Bundelkhand by the British, Thakur Durjan Singh was confirmed in his possession on his executing a deed of allegiance in 1806 A.D.; and about the year 1814 A.D. a revised sanad was given to him. On the death of Thakur Durjan Singh in 1826 A.D., the State was divided between his two sons, Thakur Bisan Singh and Thakur Prag Das, the former receiving the district of Maihar, and the latter that of Bijai-Raghogarh. The State of Bijai-Raghogarh was confiscated in the year 1858 A.D. on account of the disloyal conduct of its chief, Sarju Prasad, son of Prag Das.

Bisan Singh became deeply involved in debt, and at his own request, the Maihar State was taken under British management in the year 1846 A.D. when an agreement was taken from him. Bisan Singh died in 1850 A.D. and was succeeded by his son, Thakur Mohan Prasad, who died in 1852 A.D. leaving a son, Thakur Raghubir Singh, then about 7 years of age. A promise was given to the young Chief that the State would be restored to his management, if he proved himself fit to be entrusted with the administration. In the meantime, a British officer was deputed to Maihar for the management of the State, and to instruct the young Chief in his duties.

The State was restored to Thakur Raghubir Singh in the year 1865 A.D. He was a man of wonderful genius, and administered his State so well, that the British Government was pleased to confer on him the hereditary title of 'Raja' in the year 1869 A.D., and a salute of 9 guns was also bestowed upon him in 1877 A.D. on the occasion of the Delhi Durbar. In his time the State prospered in every way. Notwith' standing the grants of jahagirs of nearly 20,000 rupees, the revenue increased from 6,200 to nearly a lac of rupees. Almost all the boundary disputes were settled. After a prosperous reign of 43 years. Raja Raghubir Singh breathed his last at Benares on the 4th March 1908 A.D. leaving behind him three sons, Jadubir Singh, Ranadhir Singh and Brajbir Singh, of whom the eldest son, Kumar Jadubir Singh succeeded to the gadi on the 17th June 1908 A.D., but, unfortunately, after a short reign of 2 years he died on the 18th July 1910 A.D. without any issue, and was succeeded by his brother, Kumar Ranadhir Singh, the present Raja, on the 7th July 1911 A.D.

The area of Maihar is about 425 square miles, the population 73,021, and the annual revenue about a lac of rupees.


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 Orchha.

ORCHHA, which is also called Tehri, is the oldest and highest in rank of all the _ Bundela states, the only one in Bundelkhand which was not held in subjection by the Peshwa. Of all its rulers, Bir Singh Deo (1605 to 1625 A.D. ) is the most famous. He was a man of strong personality and without scruples. He was not only a great warrior but a mighty builder, and has left many monuments of his rule at Orchha. He acquired large territories and immense wealth. His son, Pahar Singh, was granted the jahagir of Orchha by the Emperor Shaha Jahan with the hope that he may put down the ravages of Champat- Rai, a powerful Bundela chief. Pahar Singh was followed by Sujan Singh ( 1653 A.D.^ 1672 A.D. ), Indramani ( 1672 A.D.-I675 A.D. ), Jaswant Singh (1675 A.D.-1684 A.D.), and Bhagwant Singh (1684 A.D.-1689 A.D). These chiefs served the Mogul Emperors loyally. During the time of Maharaja Udit Singh (1689 A.D.-1735 A.D. ), the Mahrattas commenced operations in Bundelkhand. In 1729 A.D. Chhatra Sal called in the Peshwas to his assistance, and much territory formerly belonging to the Bundelas was lost to the Mahrattas. His son, Prithwi Singh, was so much reduced that he practically held the town of Orchha only, but never acknowledged the supremacy of the Marhattas. His successor, Sanwant Singh (1752*65 A.D.), received the title of " Mahendra " from Alamgir II.

When the British entered Bundelkhand in 1812 A.D. Raja Bikramajit Mahendra was the ruling chief. A treaty of friendship and defensive alliance was made with him. He died in 1834 A.D. and was succeeded by his brother, Tej Singh, his son, Dharmpal, having predeceased without issue. Tej Singh died in 1842 A.D. having adopted previously his cousin's son, Sujan Singh. This succession was disputed by Larrai Ranee, widow of Dharmpal, and serious disturbances ensued. These were settled by the appointment of the Larrai Ranee as Regent during Sujan Singh's minority. Sujan Singh died in 1854 A.D. after coming of age, and Hamir Singh, a collateral relative succeeded him, the Larrai Ranee continuing to act as Regent until her death in 1868A.D., when the State devolved upon Hamir Singh, the late chief. Tehri under Larrai Ranee's management rendered valuable services to the British Government during the Mutiny of 1857 A.D. As a reward for these services a tribute of Rs. 3,000 was remitted.

Hamir Singh received the sanad of adoption in 1862 A.D. He died in 1874 A.D. and was succeeded by his brother, H.H. Maharaja Sir Pratab Singh, the present Chief. In recognition of his administrative ability, the Government of India have conferred on him the titles of G.C.I.E. and G.C.S.I.

The area of the Orchha State is 2,080 square miles with a population of 3,21,634 souls. The State has a normal revenue of seven lacs exclusive of income of jahagir.

The ruler of the State, His Highness Sarmad^Rajalvi- Bundelkhand Maharaja Sir Pratab Singh Mahendra Sawai Bahadur G.C.I.E., G.C.S.I., receives a salute of 17 guns, 2 being his personal honour.


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 Panna.

THE Panna chiefs are Bundela Rajputs descended from the Orchha house. After the revolt and subsequent death of Raja Jujhar Singh of Orchha in 1635 A.D.. the whole of Bundelkhand was plunged into anarchy. Taking advantage of this state of affairs, Champat Raj, a grandson of Udit Singh, the brother of Madhukar of Orchha. commenced harassing the Moguls in every possible way, and finally established himself as the recognised leader of the Bundela cause. He is supposed to be the founder of the Bundela power in Bundelkhand. He fell into disfavour of Aurangzeb. the Emperor of Delhi, and committed suicide in order to' escape capture and dishonour.

His son, Chhatra Sal, though only a youth, carried on his father's work, and acting more systematically, rapidly acquired possession of the territory east of the Dhasan river, even extending his operations into the country round Gwalior and Eastern Malwa. By 1671 A.D. he was virtually ruler of all Bundelkhand. His dominions extended from Banda in the north to Jubbulpur in the south, and from Rewa in the east to the Betwa river in the west. Orchha and Datia, however, were held by other chiefs of the same clan. Chhatra Sal's first capital was Kalinjar, always the key to this region from the earliest days. After he had consolidated his power, he moved, in 1675 A.D., to Panna, which at various periods shared with Chhatrapur and Jaitpur the honour of being his residence. The death of Aurangzeb in 1707 A.D. gave him increased opportunities for strengthening his position, of which he took every advantage. In 1729 A.D. Emperor Mahammad Shah sent Mahammad Khan Bangash into Bundelkhand to check his growing power; and Chhatra Sal was driven from Jaitpur. Reduced to extremities, he appealed for assistance to Peshwa Bajirao I, who at once responded, and Mahammad Khan Bangash, after a siege of 6 months, was expelled by the allies from Jaitpur. In 1731 A.D. Chhatra Sal divided his vast possessions. The largest share valued at 39 lacs annually, which included Panna, fell to Hirde Sah, his eldest son; the second, in Sagour district, valued at 32 lacs, was granted to the Peshwa in return of his services; the third, including Jaitpur, valued at 31 lacs, went to his third son, Jagat Raj, while numerous smaller grants were made to other vassals. Chhatra Sal died about 1732 A.D. at the age of eighty-nine, leaving 22 legitimate and 30 illegitimate sons, whose descendants now hold Panna, Charkhari, Ajaigarh, Bijawar, Sari la, Jaso, Jigni and Lugasi.

Hirde Sah, the eldest son of Maharaja Chhatra Sal, succeeded his father as the ruler of Bundelkhand in 1732 A.D. He established his capital at Panna, and the State may be said to reckon its existence as a separate chiefship from this date. He died in 1739 A.D. and was succeeded by Sabha Singh, in whose time the famous diamond mines were first worked. He was followed by Aman Singh ( 1752-58 A.D.), Hindupat ( 1758-77 A.D. ) and Anirudha (1777-79 A.D.). The last named ruler being a minor, the State was left in charge of Beni Hazuri and Khemraj Chaube. The jealousies of these two officers plunged the State into a civil war, which resulted in the reduction of the area of Panna State and creation of three new States, Maihar, Paldeo and Chhatarpur. Ultimately Dhokal Singh was able to establish himself on the gadi in 1785 A.D. During his rule, Bundelkhand became an easy prey to the Gosain leader.


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Rh Himmat Bahadur, and his confederate, Ali Bahadur, grandson of Peshwa Bajirao I. Ali Bahadur assumed suzerainty over Bundelkhand and granted sanad to Bundela chiefs including Dhokal Singh. Kishor Singh succeeded Dhokal Singh in the year 1798 A.D. and acknowledged British supremacy. He was reinstated and confirmed in his possessions by sanads granted in 1807 and 1811 A.D. He was succeeded by Harbans Rai (1840-49 A.D.) and Nripat Singh (1849-70 A.D.). During the Mutiny of 1857 A.D. the Raja assisted the British in holding the fort of Kalinjar and clearing Damoh district of rebels. For these good services he was rewarded with a khilat of Rs. 20,000 and the Simaria pargana; and in 1869 A.D. he received the grant of the personal title of 'Mahendra,' which was made hereditary in 1875 A.D. He was succeeded by Rudra Pratap Singh (1880-93 A.D.), who was made a K.C.S.I. in 1876 A.D. and received an addition of two guns to his salute as a personal honour in 1877 A.D. This chief was succeeded by his brother, Lokpal Singh (1893-97 A.D.), who was followed by Madho Singh. The latter was deposed in 1902 A.D. for his complicity in the murder of his uncle, Rao Raja Khuman Singh. The present Chief, Maharaja Jadvendra Singh, son of Rao Raja Khuman Singh, was born in 1893 A.D. and is now being educated at the Mayo College at Ajmer.

Panna is famous for its diamond mines. The State area is 2,492 square miles and its population is 1,92,286; the total revenue of the State is about five lacs of rupees.

The Chief of Panna bears the titles of 'His Highness' and 'Maharaja Mahendra and receives a salute of 11 guns.


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 Rajgarh.

THE Rajgarh chiefs belong to a very ancient family and are said to have descended from the great Vikramaditya, King of Ujjain, who established his own era, which is still current in Northern India and is known as "Samvat" year.

One of the ancestors, Umarji or Umaji, founded the famous fort of Umarkote in Sindh and after him was named the present territory of Rajgarh and Narsingarh, which is still known as "Umatwara." About the year 1681 A.D. when Mohan Singh was the ruler of Umatwara, Diwan Parashram induced the chief to divide the country, and the old Umatwara was made into two States known as Rajgarh and Narsingarh.

Rawat Moti Singh, the seventh in descent, was a wise ruler, who sided with the British in the dark days of the Mutiny of 1 857 A.D. and, for his services, gained the honour of the hereditary salute of 11 guns. He was succeeded in 1880 A.D. by Rawat Bakhtawar Singh, who ruled the State only for two years and died in 1882 A.D. He was a man of ability and of commanding appearance, and is still remembered for his generosity and love of justice. He was succeeded by his son, Bal Bahadur Singh, who managed the State affairs very satisfactorily. In 1885 A.D. during the viceroyalty of H. E. the late Marquis of Dufferin, the hereditary title of " Raja " was conferred on Rawat Bal Bahadur Singh, who died on the 19th January 1902 A.D. without issue. Beni Singh, his uncle, was selected by the Government of India to succeed him to the chiefship of Rajgarh.

H. H. Raja Beni Singh, the present Chief succeeded to the gadi in 1902 A.D. Since His Highness assumed the reins of the administration, the State has made good progress in every branch. All the existing institutions in the Rajgarh State are the outcome of the enlightened rule of the present Chief, who takes a keen interest in the welfare of his subjects and personally looks after the administration.

Raja Beni Singh attended the Coronation Durbar at Delhi in 1903 A.D. and received the gold medal. He was presented in 1905 A.D. to their Royal Highnesses the Prince and Princess of Wales. The Government of India conferred upon the Chief the insignia of K.C.I.E., in 1908 A.D.

The State has an area of 962 square miles and a population according to the census of 1911 A.D. of 1,27,293 souls. The income of the State including the jahagir is about 6 J lacs of rupees.

The present Chief of Rajgarh, His Highness Raja Rawat Sir Beni Singh Bahadur K.C.I.E., enjoys full administrative powers, and is entitled to a salute of 11 guns.


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 shaped silver lanterns, looked more like Fairyland than ever. But each rocket made the Scarecrow wince. Showers of stars and butterflies fell 'round his head, fiery dragons leaped over the trees, and in all the Fourth of July celebrations you could imagine there were never such marvelous fireworks as these. No wonder Happy Toko, gazing in delight, forgot his promises to his Royal Master.

Soon the Scarecrow's fears were realized and his straw stuffing began to smoke.

"Put me out! Put me out!" cried the Scarecrow, as a shower of sparks settled in his lap. The royal band made such a din and the courtiers such a clatter that Happy did not hear.

All of the Silver Islanders were intent on the display, and they forgot all about their unhappy and smoking Emperor.

"Help! Water! Water! Fire!" screamed the Scarecrow, jumping off his throne and knocking Happy head over heels. Thus brought to his senses, Happy hurriedly seized the watering can and sprinkled its contents on the smoking Emperor.

"Am I out?" gasped the Emperor anxiously. "A fine way to celebrate a victory—lighting me up like a Roman candle!"

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248

the sun was never shining,

Neither gleamed the golden moonlight,

Not in Väinöla’s dark dwellings,

Not on Kalevala’s broad heathlands.

Frost upon the crops descended,

And the cattle suffered greatly,

And the birds of air felt strangely,

All mankind felt ever mournful,

For the sunlight shone no longer,

Neither did there shine the moonlight.

Though the pike knew well the pike-deeps,

And the bird-paths knew the eagle,

And the wind the vessel’s journey,

Yet mankind were all unknowing

If the time was really morning,

Or if perhaps it still was night-time,

Out upon the cloudy headland,

And upon the shady island.

And the young men then took counsel,

And the older men considered

How to live without the moonlight,

And exist without the sunlight,

In that miserable country,

In the wretched land of Pohja.

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Runo XLVIX]

And the girls took likewise counsel,

And their cousins too considered;

And they hastened to the smithy,

And they spoke the words which follow:

“Smith, from ’neath the wall arise thou,

From the hearthstone rise, O craftsman,

That a new moon thou may’st forge us,

And a new sun thou may’st make us.

Ill it is without the moonlight,

Strange it is without the sunlight.”

From the hearth arose the craftsman,

From beneath the wall the craftsman,

That a new moon he might forge them,

And a new sun he might make them,

And a moon of gold constructed,

And a sun he made of silver.

Came the aged Väinämöinen,

And beside the door he sat him,

And he spoke the words which follow:

“O thou smith, my dearest brother,

What art thou in smithy forging,

Hammering thus without cessation?”

Thereupon smith Ilmarinen

Answered in the words that follow:

“Out of gold a moon I’m shaping,

And a sun of silver making,

In the sky I then will place them,

Over six of starry heavens.”

Then the aged Väinämöinen

Answered in the words that follow:

“O thou smith, O Ilmarinen,

What you make is wholly useless.

Gold will never shine like moonlight,

Silver will not shine like sunlight.”

Thus the smith a moon constructed,

And a sun completely finished,

Eagerly he raised them upward,

Raised them to the best position,

Raised the moon to fir-tree’s summit,

Set the sun upon a pine-tree.

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 Rutlam.

THE Rulers of Rutlam are Rathor Rajputs and are directly descended from the Jodhapur family. The common ancestor was Udai Singh whose grandson, Mahesh Das, assisted Shah Jahan in the capture of Dowlatabad. Mahesh Das's son, Ratan Singh, displayed daring courage in arresting the destructive course of a wild (mast) elephant in the populous streets of Delhi. His conspicuous services against the Persians in Khorasan and in quelling the rebellion raised by Uzbeks at Kandhar were rewarded by the Emperor by assigning him twelve districts in Malwa. Thus Ratan Singh became the founder of the Rutlam State which he ruled from 1637 to 1647 A.D. This assignment was commuted to a free grant to his successors when Ratan Singh was killed in a battle fighting in support of Shah Jahan against Aurangzeb. Ratan Singh's eldest son. Ram Sirtgh, was superseded by a younger but bolder son, Chhatra Sal, who succeeded at Rutlam, while Ram Singh became chief of Sailana, A dispute between the descendants of Chhatra Sal, led to further disturbances, in the State: and his two grandsons, Man Singh and Jai Singh, became chiefs of Rutlam and Sailana States respectively in the year 1709 A.D.

Parbat Singh was the fourth in descent from Man Singh, in whose favour Sir John Malcolm mediated with Dowlat Rao Sindhia in 1818 A.D. Parbat Singh died without issue, and was under a special arrangement succeeded by Balwant Singh, a cousin of the Chief of Salumbar. Balwant Singh died in 1 857 A.D. having done good service to the British Government, and was succeeded by his adopted son, Bahram Singh, who received a dress of honour from Government in recognition of his father's services in the critical days of the Mutiny.

Captain His Highness Raja Sir Sajjan Singh, K.C.S.I., is the present ruler of Rutlam. His Highness succeeded his father, Sir Ranjit Singh, K.C.I.E., to the gadi in 1893 A.D. and was invested with ruling powers, in 1898 A.D. His Highness Sir Sajjan Singh is a very popular ruler. The following is a happy characterization of His Highness by the highest political authority in Central India, who recently visited Rutlam State: —

"In His Highness we all recognise the best type of a Rajput gentleman, as high "a type as can be found, a thorough sportsman who has never failed to play the game, a capable ruler who works steadily and unostentatiously for the good of his people, a loyal chief second to none in devotion to the Crown, and a brave soldier who, if occasion arose, would not hesitate to show, in the cause of the King' Emperor, the same splendid valour and self-sacrifice that won for his great ancestor, Ratan Singh, undying glory on the fatal field of Fatehabad."

The Rutlam State comprises an area of 1,130 square miles with a population of 85,000 souls. The revenue of the State js Rs. 9,00,000. It is the premier Rajput State in the Malwa political charge of the Central India Agency.

Captain His Highness Raja Sir Sajjan Singh K. C. S. I. is entitled to a salute of 1 1 guns.


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 Sailana.

SAILANA is one of the mediatised states of the Central India Agency, under the Political Agent in Malwa. The State is called after the capital town which stands at the foot (anana* mouth) of the hills {shaila), whence it derives its name "Shailanana" or modern Sailana. Scattered portions of Sailana touch the Gwalior, Indore, Dhar, Jhabua, Jaora, Banswara and Kushalgarh states, of which the last two are in Rajputana.

The chiefs of Sailana are Rathor Rajputs of the Ratanavat branch, an off' shoot of the Rytlam house, and till 1730 A.D., Sailana formed a part of Rutlam. In that year, Jai Singh, a great grandson of Ratan Singh the founder of Rutlam, started an independent State, of which Raoti was the capital. In 1736 A.D. he built the present capital of Sailana. During the settlement of Malwa in 1819 A.D. Raja Lachhman Singh received, through the mediation of Sir John Malcolm, an agreement on behalf of Daulat Rao Sindhia, by which all interference in the administration of the State by the Gwalior Durbar was prohibited and he was secured in his possessions on payment of a tribute of Rs. 23,000. The payment of this tribute was transferred to the British in 1860 A.D. From 1850 A.D. chief Dule Singh being a minor, the State was administered by the British authorities, but during the disturbances of 1857 A.D. it was entrusted to the late chief's widow, who rendered good service. In 1881 A.D. the State abandoned all transit duties on salt, receiving annually from the British Government one hundred maunds of salt free of all costs. In 1883 A.D., however, this compensation was commuted to an annual cash payment of Rs. 4 1 2-8^0.

The present Chief, Raja Jaswant Singh, succeeded by adoption in 1895 A.D. He has done much to improve the financial condition of the State though the famine of 1899' 1900 A.D. caused fresh embarrassment. He received the gold Kaisar^Hind medal in 1901 A.D. and was made a K.C.I.E. in 1904 A.D. The territory, as is usual in Rajput holdings, has been alienated to a considerable extent, ten of the Jahagirdars being Rathor Rajputs connected with the ruling family. For administrative purposes the State is divided into four sections, the chief town and its environs, and the districts of Bhilpank, Bangrod, and Raoti. The Chief administers the State with the help of a Diwan, and in civil matters has complete control. In criminal cases he exercises the powers of a Sessions Court, but submits for confirmation, to the Agent to the Governor^General, all sentences of trasportation, imprisonment for life or capital punishment. The State forces consist of 162 regular cavalry, who form the Chief's body-guard, 278 irregular infantry, five guns and 15 gunners.

The State has an area of about 450 square miles and a population of 25,731 souls. The normal revenue of the State is about one lac and a half.

His Highness Raja Sir Jaswant Singh K.C.I.E. enjoys a salute of 1 1 guns.


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 Plate I


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 Sitamau.

THE chiefs of Sitamau are Rathor Rajputs connected with the Rutlam family, and the early history of this branch of the clan is that of the Rutlam state. They are descended from Maharaja Udai Singh of Jodhapur (1584-95 A.D.). His grandson, Mahesh Das, entered the Imperial army in 1634 A.D. and secured a mansab from the Mogul Emperor. He was a dutiful son and had great affection for his parents. He proceeded with his mother on pilgrimage to the famous shrine of Omkar on the Narmada. On the way, his mother fell seriously ill and died at Sitamau, a small village, then held by the Bhumias of that place. Mahesh Das asked the" Bhumias for a piece of ground to perform the funeral rites and erect a cenotaph to his mother. The Bhumias refused the request, and Mahesh Das had to purchase a plot of land, where he built a memorial to his mother. Mahesh Das revenged himself on the Bhumias, and took Sitamau under his possession. He afterwards rose to great distinction in the Imperial army.

Ratan Singh, the eldest son of Mahesh Das, succeeded to the possession of his father in 1,644 A.D. He distinguished himself at the Court of Delhi by his bravery, and received jahagirs in Malwa from the Emperor, of which Sitamau formed a part. Ratan Singh fell in the battle of Fatehabad near Ujjain in 1658 A.D. fighting with great valour. He was succeeded by Ram Singh, who died at Daulatabad in 1682 A.D. and was followed by his eldest son, Shiv Singh, who ruled for only two years.

After the death of Shiv Singh, Keshav Das succeeded to the gadi of Rutlam ; but he established his capital at Sitamau in 1695 A.D. perceiving the natural advantages which the situation of the town possessed. In fact, he is the founder of the Sitamau State, where he ruled till 1748 A.D. He was followed by Gaj Singh ( 1748-52 A.D. ), Fatteh Singh ( 1752-1802. A.D. ). and Raj Singh ( 1802-67 A.D. ). During this period, the Mahrattas established their sway in this part of Malwa and exacted large tributes from the chiefs of Sitamau. In 1820 A.D. at the advent of the British, an agreement was made between Maharaja Daulat Rao Sindhia and Raja Raj Singh of Sitamau, by which the latter was confirmed in the possession of his territory, on payment of tribute to the Gwalior Durbar under the British guarantee.

Raja Raj Singh of Sitamau ruled for 63 years, and remained faithful to the British Crown during the trying times of the Mutiny of 1857 A.D. In recognition of his fidelity and friendship, a khilat of Rs. 2,000 was presented to him. He was an able ruler noted for his philanthropy and charity. He died in 1867 A.D. and was succeeded by Raja Bhawani Singh (1867-85 A.D.), Bahadur Singh (1885-99 A.D.), and Shardul Singh (1899-1900 A.D.). The last named ruler left no heir; and the Government of India selected the present Chief, Ram Singh, to succeed him, who was invested with ruling powers on the 28th of February 1905 A.D.

The area of the State is 350 square miles with a population of 23,863 persons and the total revenue of three lacs, which includes khalsa, jahagir and muaffi.

The present Chief, His Highness Raja Ram Singh, enjoys a salute of 11 guns.


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 Shivpur-Baroda.

SHIVPUR-BARODA is a jahagir under the Gwalior state, and lies in the Shivpur district. The family of the Rajas of Shivpur-Baroda is very ancient and traces its descent from the Gaurs,- the ancient rulers of Bengal. Maharaja Tilokchand was one of the most celebrated kings of this dynasty, and was married to the sister of Raja Bhartrihari, King of Ujjain. In 1280 A.D. one of his descendants, Raja Bachh Raj, came to Ajmer and showed his bravery and exploits to the Hindu Emperor of Delhi, Raja Prithwi Raj Chawan, who appreciated them by conferring lands in inam, including the territory lying between the rivers Parvati and Kunti, and by giving his daughter in marriage to him.

Raja Gopal Das, ninth in descent, rose to prominence in the time of Humayun and was given the command of his Imperial forces. He won the battle of Thatta Bhakkar by his own prowess, and received a marisab of seven thousand and other honours. Emperor Shaha Jahan favoured Raja Manohar Das with a sanad of Shivpur- Baroda, with twelve hundred villages for its support. The jahagir of Shivpur was enjoyed by his descendants till 1809 A. D., when Raja Radhika Das was forcibly driven away by Daulat Rao Sindhia, and the estate was assigned to his General Jean Baptiste Filose. Radhika Das was allowed to retain a portion of his estate and to live at Baroda, a town about 12 miles south of Shivpur. Raja Balwant Singh succeeded his father and managed his jahagir till his death, which took place in 1865 A.D. He was succeeded by his son. Raja Bijai Singh, who is the present ruler of Shivpur- Baroda. He has been managing his affairs with credit and has two sons, who have received a good education.

The area of this estate is 308 square miles containing 37,443 inhabitants. The income is estimated to be about 45,000 Rupees per annum.


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 Haidargarh-Basoda.

HAIDARGARH is the name of the small State of Basoda under the Bhopal Political Agency, and is one of the guaranteed states under the direct control of the Agent to the Governor-General in Central India. The founder of this small State was Nawab Diler Khan, an Afgan, who came to India in 1713 A.D. and made his fortune by acquiring some territory' from the Rajput princes, who were quarrelling with each other. He died in 1732 A.D*. and was succeeded by his son, Mahammad Izzat Khan, as Nawab of Kurwai, Mahamadgarh, and Basoda. But he did not pull on well with his younger brother, Mahammad Ahsan Ulla Khan, and the territory was divided between the two brothers. Mahammadgarh and Basoda came to the share of Nawab Ahsan Ulla Khan, while Kurwai went into the possession of Nawab Mahammad Izzat Khan. Nawab Ahsan Ulla Khan again distributed his share between his two sons, and Mahammadgarh and Basoda thus became two separate chiefships.

Nawab Ahsan Ulla Khan died in 1790 A.D. and was succeeded by his son, Waka Ulla Khan, who ruled the State for five years, and died in 1795 A.D. He was succeeded by his son, Asud Ali Khan, who was then a minor and the State was managed by his mother. After attaining majority, Nawab Asud Ali Khan took the administration into, his hands and conducted it ably till his death in 1864 A.D.

He was succeeded by his son, Omar Ali Khan, who was a great author and traveller. He visited India, Arabia, Turkey, England, France, Italy, China, Japan, Burma, Africa and America, and wrote the accounts of his travels in the "Urdu language. He generally used to spend 6 months of the year in his State, and 6 months in travelling outside. After a successful career of 32 years, he died on the 7th April 1896 A.D. and was succeeded by his son, Nawab Mahammad Haidar Ali Khan Bahadur, who is the present ruler of Basoda and who has changed the name of the capital to Haidargarh after his own name. The present Nawab has received good education and training from his father, and particularly in state affairs he was taught to be just and independent and not to be led astray by flatterers. He understands Persian, Urdu, Arabic and Hindi and possesses some knowledge of English- He has acquired an insight into the manage- ment of the affairs of his State from his father's time, and is performing his duties efficiently.

The area of the State is about 40 square miles, with a population of 4,897 ; and the income is Rs. 25,427.


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 Kurwai.

KURWAI is one of the mediatised chief ships within the .political charge of the British Agent in Bhopal. In the year 1713 A.D. Mahammad Diler Khan, an Afgan adventurer from Tirah, belonging to the Feroz Khel clan, seized Kurwai and some of the surrounding villages. Later on, in return for certain services he was granted 31 parganas by the Emperor. Diler Khan is said to have been murdered by Dost Mahammad Khan of Bhopal. The chiefship was, during the decline of the Mogul Empire, equal in size and strength to Bhopal, if not larger, but during the Mahratta period it rapidly declined, although it always remained independent. The assistance rendered by the Chief to Colonel Goddard in 1783 A.D. specially marked out Kurwai as an object of Mahratta persecution. In 1818 A.D. the State was hard pressed and the Nawab applied to the Political Agent at Bhopal for aid against the Sindhia, which was granted.

Nawab Mahammad Diler Khan was succeeded by his son, Mahammad Izzat Khan, who died in 1753 A.D., having made over the two parganas of Basoda and Mahammadgarh to his brother, Ahsan Ullah Khan. Mahammad Izzat Khan was succeeded by Mahammad Hurmat Khan, who died in 1784 A.D. and was succeeded by his second son, Mahammad Akbar Khan, who seized the State and allowed an annuity of Rs. 6,000 to his brother, Iradat Mahammad Khan. Mahammad Akbar Khan died in 1839 A.D. and was followed succeessively by his sons, Muzaffar Khan (18394859 A.D.) and Najaf Khan (18594887 A.D. ). The latter was a very successful ruler and enjoyed a personal salute of 9 guns. Nawab Mahammad Najaf Khan died without male issue and his grandson, Munawar Ali Khan, a minor, succeeded him in 1887 A.D. The administration of the State, during his minority, was conducted by his father, Khan Bahadur Mian Mazhar Ali Khan. Munawar Ali Khan was invested with ruling powers in 1 892 A. D., but owing to debts exceeding two lacs of rupees, the State soon had to be again taken under management. Nawab Mahammad Munawar Ali Khan died in 1895 A.D. and was succeeded by his younger brother, Nawab Mahammad Yakub Ali Khan. The latter died in the prime of his life in October 1906 A.D. leaving a son and heir, Nawab Sarwar Ali Khan, who was born on the 1st December 1901 A.D. He was installed on the gadi on the 15th April 1907 A.D. The State again came under British management, and Rai Sahib Munshi Kedar Nath Bhargava, the Superintendent, conducts the administration under the supervision of the Political Agent in Bhopal. The State is independent of any other Durbar and pays no tribute to Government or to any other State. The minor Nawab is 10 years old and has been studying in the Daly College, Indore.

The area of this State is 142.3 square miles. Its population according to the census of 1911 A.D. is 18,354, and the revenue is about one lac of rupees.


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 Mahammadgarh.

MAHAMMADGARH is a petty mediatised State in Central India, in the Bhopal Political Agency. Mahammadgarh was originally included in Kurwai and Basoda. Nawab Mahammad Izzat Khan of Kurwai made over the two parganas of Basoda and Mahammadgarh to his brother, Ahsan Ullah Khan, who in 1753 A.D. divided the two parganas between his two sons, Baka Ullah Khan and Mahammad Khan; the latter founded the town and State of Mahammadgarh. Nawab Mahammad Khan was succeeded by his grandson, Nawab Ahmad Kalu Khan, and who in return was succeeded by his son, Nawab Hafiz Kalu Khan, who died in 1897 A.D. and his son, Nawab Hatim Kalu Khan, was installed on the gadi by the Political Agent in Bhopal in the same year. He continued to occupy the chiefship up to 1909 A.D., when he abdicated in favour of his eldest son. The Government of India accepted his resignation and recognized his son, Nawab Saddiq Kalu Khan, as his successor. The latter was proclaimed Nawab and Chief of Mahammadgarh in a Durbar held by the Political Agent in Bhopal on 1st February 1910 A.D. He is in his 21st year. He received education at the Sehore High School, which he attended till 1910 A.D. On the 20th December, he was sent to Kurwai by the Political Agent in Bhopal to gain an insight into administrative work under the Superintendent, Rai Sahib Munshi Kedar Nath Bhargava, who holds the joint charge of both Kurwai and Maham^ madgarh states. The family belongs to the Feroz Khel clan of Pathans.

This State is situated on the Malwa plateau, with an area of about 29 square miles, and according to the latest census has a population of 2,863. Its revenue amounts to about Rs. 15,000. The town of Mahammadgarh, which is the headquarters of the State, is situated in 23°-39' north and 78*- 10' east, and lies at the foot of a small hill; it has a population of 758 souls. The State is independent of any other Durbar and pays no tribute to Government or to any other State.


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 Akalkot.

THE Chief of Akalkot is a Mahratta belonging to the Bhonsle family, and is a first class Sardar of the Deccan. In the beginning of the 17th century A.D. the principality formed part of the territories of the ruling Kings of Ahmednagar. Shiwaji, the celebrated founder of the Mahratta Empire, died in 1680 A.D., leaving behind him a son, Sambhaji, who was captured and slain by his inveterate foe Emperor Aurangzeb in 1 689 A.D. His son, Shiwaji, better known as Shahu, was thrown into prison by the Emperor; but immediately after his death in 1707 A.D. the Mahratta prince was restored to liberty by his successor Bahadur Shah. During the absence of Shahu at Delhi, the administration at Satara was earned on by Tarabai, the widow of Rajaram. When she learnt that Shahu was returning to the Deccan to regain his lost patrimony, she made strenuous efforts to oppose him and to keep him out of Satara. On his way to the .capital, Shahu was attacked by Sayaji, Patel of Parad, who espoused the cause of Tarabai, and fell upon Shahu with his band of followers. The Patel was defeated and slain in the encounter. His widow threw herself with her three sons on the mercy of Shahu and sought his protection. Naturally of a humane disposition, Shahu was moved with pity at the sight of the innocent and fatherless lads; and expressed his willingness to take Ranoji, the eldest of the three children, with him, and bring him up with fatherly care and affection. This was all that the distressed woman wanted, and Shahu gave her the villages of Parad, Shivn, and Thana in inam. The widow readily gave her consent to the proposed arrangement. Ranoji was a precocious child of ten years, and his fine look beaming with natural intelligence won him the favour of his patron Raja Shahu.

While marching from Parad, Shahu's progress was often hindered by the resistance offered by the aboriginal Bheels. On one of these occasions, the nominal command of the detachment employed to disperse the lawless mob, was entrusted to the boy Ranoji. The Bheels were defeated and put to rout, and the Raja looked upon this victory as a good omen, indicative of the young leader's future career. His name was changed to Fattesingh (the victorious), and he became a constant attendant of Shahu. In 1707 A.D. Shahu Raja conferred on him the family surname of Bhonsle, and began to look upon him as a member of the royal family. Subsequently he was granted the estate of Akalkot, which is still held by his descendants. Fattesingh figured prominently in the subsequent campaigns against Kolhapur, Trichonopoly, Bunded khand, and Bhaganagar; and received the title of 'Raja' and other honours from Raja Shahu for his meritorious services.

After the death of Shahu in 1749 A.D., Fattesingh retired- to take charge of his estate at Akalkot, where he died in 1760 A.D. His two widows Ahilyabai and Gujabai became satis, and he was succeeded by his adopted son, Shahaji Raja I, alias Babasaheb. After his death, the jahagir was held by his elder son, Fattesingh II, alias Abasaheb and the younger Tulaji, the estate of Kurla in the Satara District. The State of Akalkot first came in contact with the British Government in 1820 A.D. when the East India Company restored to Fattesingh his possessions, which had come into the hands of the English along with the other Satara territories. Fattesing II died in 1822 A.D.


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150 and was succeeded by his son, Maloji Raja I alias Babasaheb, who dying in 1828 A.D. was succeeded by his son, Shahaji Raja II alias Appasaheb, a mere boy of eight years. During his minority, the State of Akalkot was managed by the Raja of Satara. In 1830 A.D. a rising took place, headed by Shankar Rao Deshmukh of Borgaon; and a British contingent was despatched from Sholapur to put it down. The rebels mustered strong and offered a stubborn resistance, and refused to yield till a general indemnity was granted by the British Resident. The result of the insurrection was that the management was taken away from the hands of the Raja of Satara, and Captain Jameson, a British Officer, was appointed the Regent of the State.

When Satara was annexed in 1849 A.D. the Chief of Akalkot transferred his allegiance to the British Crown. Shahaji Raja II died in 1857 A.D and was succeeded by Maloji Raja II, alias Buwasaheb, who was born in 1838 A.D. This Chief was deposed in 1 866 A.D. on account of his misrule, and the State was taken under the management of the British Government. Maloji Raja II died in 1870 A.D., leaving the patrimony to his infant son, who was born in 1867 A.D. and named Shahaji Raja III alias Babasaheb. During his minority, the management of the State was carried on by British Officers till 1891 A.D. and several reforms were introduced. The revenue survey and settlement were introduced in 1871 A.D. and revised in 1894 A.D. Shahaji alias Babasaheb was invested with full powers in 1891 A.D. He did not live long but died in 1896 A.D. without male issue. His widow, Shrimati Lakshmibai, with the sanction of the British Government, adopted a boy from the Kurla branch of the Bhonsle family in 1898 A.D. He has been named Fattesingh III alias Bapusaheb. During his minority the management of the State is carried on by an Administrator under the supervision of the Political Agent at Sholapur. The Rajasaheb is now about seventeen years of age. He has finished the course at the Raj Kumar College at Rajkot with distinction, and is now continuing his further studies under a European Political Officer at Kolhapur.

The area of the State is about 500 miles containing 103 Villages having about 90,000 inhabitants. The revenue is Rs. 4,16,000 of which 3,20,000 is derived from land.


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250

From his head the sweat was streaming,

From his forehead sweat was falling,

With the greatness of his efforts,

And the weight that he was lifting.

Thus the moon was now uplifted,

In his place the sun was stationed,

Moon amid the crown of fir-tree,

Sun upon a pine-tree’s summit,

But the moon shed forth no lustre,

And the sun was likewise rayless.

Then the aged Väinämöinen

Spoke aloud the words which follow:

“Time it is the lots to shuffle,

And the signs with care to question

Where the sun is hidden from us,

And the moon has vanished from us.”

Then the aged Väinämöinen,

He the great primeval sorcerer,

Hastened alder-sticks to cut him,

And arranged the sticks in order,

And began the lots to shuffle,

With his fingers to arrange them,

And he spoke the words which follow,

And in words like these expressed him:

“Leave I ask of the Creator,

Seek an answer that misleads not.

Tell me, signs of the Creator,

Lots of Jumala, instruct me,

Where the sun is hidden from us,

And the moon has vanished from us,

Since no more as time elapses,

In the sky do we behold them?

“Speak, O lot, and tell me truly

With man’s reason speak unto me,

Speak thou faithful words unto us,

Make thou faithful compacts with us!

If the lot should lie unto me,

Then its worth I hold as nothing,

And upon the fire will cast it,

And will burn the signs upon it.”

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Rh Hively v. Ivy Tech Community College of Ind., 853 F. 3d 339, 357 (CA7 2017) (Posner, J., concurring). The Court seemingly has the same opinion about our colleagues on the Courts of Appeals, because until 2017, every single Court of Appeals to consider the question interpreted Title VII’s prohibition against sex discrimination to mean discrimination on the basis of biological sex. See Part III–C, infra. And for good measure, the Court’s conclusion that Title VII unambiguously reaches discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity necessarily means that the EEOC failed to see the obvious for the first 48 years after Title VII became law. Day in and day out, the Commission enforced Title VII but did not grasp what discrimination “because of ... sex” unambiguously means. See Part III–C, infra.

The Court’s argument is not only arrogant, it is wrong. It fails on its own terms. “Sex,” “sexual orientation,” and “gender identity” are different concepts, as the Court concedes. Ante, at 19 (“homosexuality and transgender status are distinct concepts from sex”). And neither “sexual orientation” nor “gender identity” is tied to either of the two biological sexes. See ante, at 10 (recognizing that “discrimination on these bases” does not have “some disparate impact on one sex or another”). Both men and women may be attracted to members of the opposite sex, members of the same sex, or members of both sexes. And individuals who are born with


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The History of the Icelandic Discovery of America

EDITED AND TRANSLATED FROM THE EARLIEST RECORDS

ARTHUR MIDDLETON REEVES

HENRY FROWDE OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS WAREHOUSE AMEN CORNER, E.C. 1890


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title in the Codex Frisianus, 'Fundit Vínland goða' [Wineland the Good found], which has been reproduced in enlarged facsimile on the cover, has suggested the title for this book. The chapter which this title heads will be found on page 14. The Icelandic text there cited has been copied directly from the original, and this method has also been pursued in the other cases where citations of strictly historical matter have been made. In printing these citations, accents, punctuation and capital letters have been added, and supplied contractions have been printed in italics. Passages which have not been regarded as clearly historical have also been given in the original, but in this case it has been deemed sufficient to print after the best published texts. Icelandic proper names, where they occur in the translations, have been somewhat altered from their correct form, to the end that they might appear less strange to the English reader. This liberty has been taken with less hesitancy since it has been possible to give these names in their proper forms in the Index.

To the kindness of Dr. Bruun, Librarian of the Royal Library of Copenhagen, I am indebted for the privilege which has made the photographic reproduction of the Wineland History of the Flatey Book possible. I am under like obligation to the Arna-Magnæan Legation for the use, for a similar purpose, of the manuscripts AM. 557 4to and 544 4to. To one member of the Arna-Magnæan Legation, Dr. Kristian Kålund, I am under still further obligation for very many favours, which his profound acquaintance with


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 Icelandic manuscripts, and especially with those in his charge as Librarian of the Arna-Magnæan Library, have rendered particularly valuable. To Professor Gustav Storm I feel myself peculiarly indebted for the kindly help, which he so freely tendered me at a time when the courtesy was extended at the expense of his own personal engagements. My thanks are also due to Dr. Finnur Jónsson, for his supervision of the photographing of the Arna-Magnæan manuscripts, and for other friendly acts. I am likewise under obligation to Captain Holm, of the Danish Navy, and Captain Phythian, of the United States Navy, for help, which finds more particular mention elsewhere. Finally and especially, I owe to Dr. Valtýr Guðmundsson an expression of the appreciation I feel for his frequent and ever ready assistance, and particularly for his review of the proofs of the Icelandic texts.

The kindness which these friends have shown me has contributed in no small degree to the pleasure which the making of these pages has afforded.

A. M. R.

, July, 1890.


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8 the genes and organs of either biological sex may identify with a different gender.

Using slightly different terms, the Court asserts again and again that discrimination because of sexual orientation or gender identity inherently or necessarily entails discrimination because of sex. See ante, at 2 (When an employer “fires an individual for being homosexual or transgender,” “[s]ex plays a necessary and undisguisable role in the decision”); ante, at 9 (“[I]t is impossible to discriminate against a person for being homosexual or transgender without discriminating against that individual based on sex”); ante, at 11 (“[W]hen an employer discriminates against homosexual or transgender employees, [the] employer ... inescapably intends to rely on sex in its decisionmaking”); ante, at 12 (“For an employer to discriminate against employees for being homosexual or transgender, the employer must intentionally discriminate against individual men and women in part because of sex”); ante, at 14 (“When an employer fires an employee for being homosexual or transgender, it necessarily and intentionally discriminates against that individual in part because of sex”); ante, at 19 (“[D]iscrimination based on homosexuality or transgender status necessarily entails discrimination based on sex”). But repetition of an assertion does not make it so, and the Court’s repeated assertion is demonstrably untrue.

Contrary to the Court’s contention, discrimination because of sexual orientation or gender identity does not in