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usage of the language in similar words, is the most proper in this; and if it appears that general usage, in similar words, is in favour of the old pronunciation, it must certainly, for that reason, be allowed to be the best. And first it may be observed, that as our language is almost as averse to the accent on the last syllable as the Latin, it is a general custom with us, when we adopt a word from the Latin, and abridge it of one or two of its syllables, to remove the accent at least a syllable higher than it was in the original language, that the accent, when the word is naturalized, may not rest on the last. Thus, of Homérus we make Hómer; of Virgílius, Vírgil; and of Horátius, Hórace; Hyacínthus, altered to Hy′acinth, removes the accent two syllables higher; and ceremónia, become céremony, does the same; and no law, that I know of, forbids us to accent academia, or if you will Ακαδημία, when turned into academy, on the first syllable, as it was constantly accented by our ancestors, who, receiving Greek through the medium of Latin, generally pronounced Greek words according to the Latin analogy, and therefore necessarily placed the accent of academia on the third syllable, which, when reduced to academy, required the accent to be removed higher.

But how, it will be said, does this account for placing the accent on the first syllable of the English word academy, rather than the second? To this it may be answered, that the numberless instances of preference given by the accent to the first syllable in similar words, such as melancholy, parsimony, dilatory, etc. might be a sufficient authority without any other reason. But, perhaps, it will be pardoned me if I go farther, and hazard a supposition that seems to account for the very common practice of placing the accent of so many of the longer polysyllables from the Latin on the first or second syllable. Though in the Latin there never was more than one accent upon a word, yet, in our pronunciation of Latin, we commonly place an accent on alternate syllables, as in our own words; and when the Latin word, by being anglicised, becomes shorter, the alternate accent becomes the principal. Thus, in pronouncing the Latin word academia, the English naturally place an accent on the first and third syllable, as if divided into ác-a-dé-mi-a; so that when the word becomes anglicised into ác-a-de-my, the first syllable retains the accent it had when the word was Latin. On the other hand, it may be conjectured with some probability, that a fondness for pronouncing like the French has been the occasion of the alteration. As the English ever suppose the French place the accent on the last syllable, in endeavouring to pronounce this word after their manner, the stress must naturally fall on the second and last syllables, as if divided into ae-cád-a-míe; and from an immitation of this, it is probable, the present pronunciation of the word was produced. Thus we have a very probable reason why so many of our longer words from the Latin are accented so near the beginning; as, in this mode of pronouncing them, they seem to retain one of the accents of the original. Hence the long train of words, voluntary, comparable, disputable, admirable, etc. have the accent on the first syllable; because, in pronouncing the words voluntarius, comparabilis, disputabilis, admirablis, etc. we commonly lay a stress upon the first, as well as the third syllable. As to the analogy, as Mr. Sheridan pretends, of pronouncing this word with the accent on the second syllable, because words ending in my have the accent on the antepenultimate, nothing can be more ill-founded. True it is, that words of this termination never have the accent on the penultimate; but that, for this reason, they must necessarily have the accent on the antepenultimate, I cannot well comprehend. If polygamy, economy, astronomy, etc. (513) have their accent on the antepenultimate, it arises from the nature of the terminations; which being, as it were, a species, and applicable to a thousand other words, have, like logy and graphy, the accent always on the preceding syllable; which seems best to unite the compound into one word: but academy being a simple, is subject to no such rule, and seems naturally to incline to a different analogy of pronunciation. Thus Dr. Johnson seems to have decided justly in saying the word academy ought to have the accent on the first syllable; though present usage, it must be confessed, seems to lead to the contrary pronunciation.

, -kn′ths. s. (470). 1em

, -kt--lk′tk. s. 1em

, k-sde′. v. n. 1em

, k-sl′lr-te. v. a. 1em

, k-sl-lr-′shn. s. 1em

, k-snd′. v. a. 1em

, k-sn′shn. s. 1em

, k-snt′. s. (486). 1em

, k-snt′. v. a. (492). 1em

, k-sn′tsh-l. a. 1em

, k-sn′tsh-te. v.a. (461) 1em

, k-sn-tsh-′shn. s. 1em

, k-spt′. v. a. 1em

, k-sp-t-bl′l-t. s. 1em

, k′sp-t-bl. a. 1em

, k′sp-t-bl-nss. s. 1em

, k′sp-t-bl. ad. 1em

, k-sp′tnse. s. 1em

, k-sp-t′shn. s. 1em

, k-sp′tr. s. (98). 1em

, k-sp′shn. s. 1em

, k-sss′. s. 1em

, k′ss-s-r-nss. s. 1em

, k′ss-s-r. s. 1em

, k′ss-s-r. a. 1em

, k-ss′s-bl. a. 1em

, k-ssh′n. s. 1em

, k′ss-s-r-l. ad. 1em

, k′ss-s-r. a. (557) 1em

, k′s-dnse. s. 1em


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Page:The Peterson Magazine 1847.pdf/1

THE

LADIES'

V.

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NATIONAL MAGAZINE,

E D IT E D

BY

M R.S. A N N S. STEP H E N S.

^^^*23:19, 25 November 2023 (UTC)23:19, 25 November 2023 (UTC)23:19, 25 November 2023 (UTC)23:19, 25 November 2023 (UTC)23:19, 25 November 2023 (UTC)23:19, 25 November 2023 (UTC)23:19, 25 November 2023 (UTC)23:19, 25 November 2023 (UTC)23:19, 25 November 2023 (UTC)

W 0 L U M E XI. FROM JANUARY TO JUNE, INCLUSIVE.

PHIL AD EL PHIA:

C H A R L E S J. PETER SON. 1847.

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Page:Everywoman's World, Volume 7, Number 6.djvu/36

 PAGE 34 Knox Sparkling Lemon Jelly

— { ry \

Sonk 1 envelope Knox Sparkling Gelatine in | cup cold water 6 minates and diasalve in 2 cups boiling water. Add * cup sugar and stir ontil dimolved. ‘Then see Strain into molds first: fone water sed eth bes cane, note, berries, oranges, as, fresh fruit — Or canned fruit.

it is added to the jelly it may be mE pal pd a fe eriap lettuce leaves, accompanying with mayonnaise or any salad dressing,

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Our book “Dainty Desserts for Dainty People" senton receiptof your grocer'e name. If you wish a pint sample en+ close 4c in stamps,

Charles B.Knox Gelatine Co., Inc, Dept. F. 180 Se. Pout St. Went Moatreal, Canada

(CL NOK GELATI NE

IO minds sudden showers when the

new Coat or Suit is made of “Cravenette” Regd. showerproof cloth?

Dampness, fog, showers leave no trace on it,

the Trademark shown below.

If your dealer cannot supply

genuine **Cravenette Regd. proofed cloth and garments, writeus. 7

Where You Can Build a Home at Little Cost!

Do you long for and hunger after a teal home of your very own where Fe and your family can be independent and call no man master?

In Northern Ontario

ht here at the door of Old Ontario a home ee you. Will you send for free ilhustra- ted booklets teilii all about millions of acres of virgin soil obtainable at a very fominal coats "Thousands of farmers have

yoded ¢o the call of this fertile coun

gad are belag made comfortable nnd rich. Why not investigate for yourself ?

it send for full information as to a yoreguiations and settlers’ rates?

Wee to H. A. Macdonell, Director of Coloni- zation Parliament Buildings, Toronto, Ont.

Hon Ferguson, Minister Lands,

 * her body.

 * She had not even acknowledged it

 * and a fascination to Hope.

make; the start for that indefinable goal, the heart of life itself.

His disappointment was evident. He lit another cigarette, threw it away, and stood irresolute. She jumped up and ran to him.

"Never mind, never mind," she comforted him. "It was lovely of you. And I have no sense at all," she concluded gravely.

"Not a bit," he agreed. "I think I'll put you in my trunk again and carry you about, and look after you. Oh Hope!" He ruffled her hair. She felt cross, and sorry for him, all at once; aware of a conflict within him, but not alarmed. That beaute du diable which she still possessed in its freshest bloom drew him powerfully, and he suffered more than she could have guessed. It divided his soul and body like a sword, and he himself did not know what shook him. Before now he had sought refuge from his wife's perverse coldness in the companionship of other women, had been carelessly happy, and then had forgotten. But he had never experienced anything exactly like this.

Nor was it solely her youth that drew him.

He knew she did not evade him to enhance her value, as his wife did.

OT that he had these thoughts. Only a part of his brain was active; the part which he used in the making of money. He trained that.

He kissed the crest of her hair, while she sighed ostentatiously and was rigidly unresponsive, repulsing him with her mind rather than with So he let her go. She went out. He heard the soft click of her high heels down the hall, and hoped fervently that no other cars might be listening.

There was no warmth in his heart at the prospect of going home. He finished parking, and locked up his baggage, feeling singularly alone. His wife would probably not be at home; she might be in town, shopping, or visiting; she loved living in huge hotels. Ten days before he had sent her a wonderful sapphire ring for their wedding anniversary. She was not a handsome woman, nor charming, nor brilliant, but her very hardness had given her a long ascendancy over him. Despite himself, he was essentially a faithful man, craving affection, easily rebuffed. And there is something in the name of wife that gives a woman possession of certain keys to a man's inner nature, if he have anything fine in him at all. She was his wife, and in his young manhood he had given her those keys. Nor can any gift be wholly revoked; the period of possession can never be effaced.

His daughter was the only thing he had got out of it all—a jolly little tomboy, slowly changing now into an unusually frank and loveable young woman. Perhaps she could come with him on his next trip. It might save him from—he did not know quite what. From trying, perhaps, to thrust unwelcome gifts on another than his wife.

Now, why would Hope not accept? He could not see that it was, over again, his giving her the dollar. She could not buy anything with it. She wanted chocolates, and could not reach the market. But this time, neither could he buy them for her, And yet, it was a perfectly good dollar he was offering her. If it puzzled her, it puzzled him still more, He thought her exquisitely foolish—a creature at once clever and irrational, the more loveable for her imbecility. He was the acquisitive type. He refused nothing of value, reached out always for more, no matter whether he could buy anything with his dollar or not.

Well, it was train time. With a final thought of her, a fatuous hope that she slept sound, he went out.

Though he could not know it, she was far from sleeping. The car was miraculously recovered of its late affliction. It streamed through the night like a wandering earth-bound star; the pale-grey, dusty road rushed into its devouring radius of light and was instantly swallowed again by the dark, endlessly a delight. She was at the wheel, and Allen, beside her, kept a ready hand to correct the errors of her fearful joy. He must reach his arm about her to do it, but she had grown accustomed to his quiet presence and it did not trouble her. They talked, intermittently, cheek to cheek so they might hear. Once she turned suddenly and felt his long lashes brush her face, and laughed. She liked Allen, and one reason was his forthright honesty, which credited hers, so that they stood on firm ground with each other. He gave her less disquiet than any man she knew. He was not stolid, either; he merely controlled himself as perfectly as he did the big machine. In their expeditions they found themselves in perfect accord, intent on the one thing, the magic of the moment's chance. They talked, with the awful candour of utter, uncalculating youth.

To-night, he knew she had been saying good-bye to Edgerton.

"Kinda mean of me," he meditated, "to sneak the car, his last night. Only a block to the station, though. Did he say anything about it to you?"

"How did you know I was there?" she asked, kidding abruptly into a rut.

"Telephoned—you were out. Waited for you. I followed you home." He laid a restraining finger on the wheel.

"Well, you shouldn't have. That was mean."

"Oh, shucks. I knew you went there sometimes." His drawl accepted the fact without comment, reprobation, or innuendo.

She shook her head, "Never did, before. This is more fun."

"Aren't you his girl?" questioned Allen directly,

"His girl? No—I don't think so. He's been nice to me. I like him, of course. How do you mean?"

"The limit," said Allen,

She took it in presently. It came to her in the light of a problem. Why should he have even in childhood thought so? Not being a hypocrite, she made no pretense of anger. Though she did not realize it, that was because of Allen's acceptance of her right to her own choice. Because he had never made it an excuse to be hatefully presumptuous, to assume her discrowned of authority. But why—?

She asked him.

"Oh, well—he likes you, too. And he doesn't get on with his wife. And he hasn't got a girl here." This was elemental logic with a vengeance. But the force of it could not appeal to any unawakened girl.

"Well, I don't see," she murmured vaguely. "I think he's nice. He is to me. Has he got—"

"Sure, he's all right," Allen interrupted. "He had a girl in St. Paul, I believe. But that was awhile ago.

"I'm not his girl," affirmed Hope.

"All right," said Allen, That was his phrase; Allen played the cards as they fell. "I believe you, if you say so, You can't ever tell. I wish you liked me."

"I do," she said instantly.

"Oh, shucks," said Allen again. 'You're a funny girl, aren't you?" And he retreated into silence for a time.

"You talk," she said finally, with a rather hopeless air, "as though one had to"

"Oh, well, not just exactly that," he interrupted again. "But—life's pretty lonesome. I like a girl, I used to know a lot of chorus girls in Chicago; jolly kids." He was sufficiently explicit, until she mutely signed enough. Yet there was something primitively clean in his confession. She regarded him with utter astonishment.

"I think I rather like being alone, mostly," she said at last.

"Sure, I know," he assented. "I— You're away off. You're a funny girl."

And there was her front gate.

HE dressing-room was uncomfortably crowded; Hope found herself in a corner, remote from a mirror and reluctant to take off her wrap lest her assurance should go with it. The dreadful feeling of being alone in a crowd assailed her; she felt goose flesh rising on her bare shoulders, and looked about despairingly for Mrs. Patten and Mary. They had promised to be there, and were late. Eleanor Travers nodded casually, and went on powdering her nose. Mrs. Shane appraised her with a long, insolently inexpressive look and then turned, with an air of contempt, and adjusted her gown with a slight wriggling movement. Hope decided she would be no more beautiful for seeing her own reflection once more, and made her way to the door.

While she waited, drawing on her gloves, she could see Ned Angell at the door of the other cloak-room, evidently not yet expecting her; he had his hand on the shoulder of another youth, and they were both laughing, but in a confidential manner, as over a private joke. So it was, rather, though of course Hope could not know; they had just returned it to Ned's overcoat pocket. Ned was in flannels, as were many of the younger men; he even had a cummerbund instead of a waistcoat, but he carried off his dandyism extremely well, as a few men can, by appearing unconscious of it. Hope thought she had never seen any one look quite so "finished" as he did; she even forgave him for wearing a seal ring on his little finger, and that his hand was too small for a man's. His mouse-coloured hair, brushed very sleek, had a high light to it, like lacquer. He looked incredibly useless, and gay; and was both. But for a cavalier at a dance, he was all one could ask, and more, Hope felt, than one so country-cousinish as she had a right to. Now he saw her, and came across the room, and carried her off on his arm.

Inside the ballroom, a long bare apartment meagrely festooned with dusty-looking bunting and forlorn strings of Japanese lanterns against a glaring white wall, she hesitated again, not knowing whither Ned was guiding her but aware of some immediate duty on his mind. He was taking her to the patronesses, and she stumbled her way past them in an agony of embarrassment, tearing a flounce on the sharp heel of her slipper as she bowed to them. She got another glance of appraisal there, from Mrs. Dupont, who was Cora Shane's bosom friend, a simile which in that respect implied an amplitude of affection on the part of both. A new girl to them was a thing to be considered. Mrs.


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Page:New Peterson magazine 1848.pdf/1

THE

,

LADIES'

NATIONAL MAGAZINE E I) I T E D

BY

M R. S. A N N S. S. T E P H E N S.

 * 23:22, 25 November 2023 (UTC)GinnevraDubois (talk) 23:22, 25 November 2023 (UTC)

W 0 L U M E XIII. FROM JANUARY TO JUNE, INCLUSIVE. --

PHILADELPHIA:

CHA R L ES J. PETER SON. 1848.

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Page:Richard III (1927) Yale.djvu/101

Richard the Third, III. vii

From the corruption of abusing times,

Unto a lineal true-derived course.

L. May. Do, good my lord; your citizens entreat you.

Buck. Refuse not, mighty lord, this proffer'd love.

Cate. O, make them joyful! grant their lawful suit!

Rich. Alas! why would you heap this care on me?

I am unfit for state and majesty:

I do beseech you, take it not amiss,

I cannot nor I will not yield to you.

Buck. If you refuse it, as, in love and zeal,

Loath to depose the child, your brother's son;

As well we know your tenderness of heart

And gentle, kind, effeminate remorse,

Which we have noted in you to your kindred,

And egally, indeed, to all estates,

Yet know whe'r you accept our suit or no,

Your brother's son shall never reign our king;

But we will plant some other in the throne,

To the disgrace and downfall of your house:

And in this resolution here we leave you.

Come; citizens, we will entreat no more.

Exeunt [Buckingham and Citizens].

Cate. Call him again, sweet prince; accept their suit:

If you deny them, all the land will rue it.

Rich. Will you enforce me to a world of cares?

Call them again: I am not made of stones,

But penetrable to your kind entreaties,

Albeit against my conscience and my soul.

Cousin of Buckingham, and sage, grave men,

 198 abusing times: i.e. the period following Edward's marriage to Elizabeth

210 effeminate remorse: woman-like pity

212 egally: equally

estates: classes of persons

217 in this resolution: with this resolve

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THE LA DIES'

NATIONAL MAGAZINE,

E D IT ED

M. R. S.

ANN

S.

BY

S T E P H E N S.

-

---

v0 LUM E XIV. FROM JULY

To DECEMBER, INCLUSIVE. ---

PHILADELPHIA:

CHA R L E S J. PETER SON. 1848.

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Page:Samuel Gompers - Out of Their Own Mouths (1921).djvu/195

solely in the field of politics, propaganda, and insurrection the Communist Internationale was not a perfect instrument for the purposes of the Soviets. The Communist, or Third Internationale, from its foundation in March, 1919, had directed its operations mainly, not against the bourgeoisie, but against what it calls "bourgeois" labor as represented in the Second or Socialist Internationale. But it soon discovered that the most formidable labor enemies of Bolshevism are not the political Socialists of the Right or of the Center (the orthodox Marxist followers of Kautsky, Longuet, etc.) but the labor unions of the world, from the American Federation of Labor to the British and German unions and even the syndicalistic French Confederation.

At the Congress of the Communist Internationale at Moscow in the summer of 1920, Lenin issued the following declaration of war against organized labor, thinly veiled as a war against leaders:

Our main enemy is title opportunism in the upper ranks of the labor movement. This is not a Socialist or proletarian, but a bourgeois movement. That these leaders of the labor movement are defending the bourgeoisie better than the bourgeoisie itself, and that without their assistance the bourgeoisie could not maintain


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Rh tion will be supposed to be the horoscope, and in another the ascension [will be thought] the horoscope, according as the places come into view, being either lower or higher. Wherefore, also, from this quarter an accurate prediction will not appear, since many may be born throughout the entire world at the same hour, each from a different direction observing the stars.

But the supposed comprehension [of the period of parturition] by means of clepsydras is likewise futile. For the contents of the jar will not flow out in the same time when it is full as when it is half empty; yet, according to their own account, the pole itself by a single impulse is whirled along at an equable velocity. If, however, evading the argument, they should affirm that they do not take the time precisely, but as it happens in any particular latitude, they will be refuted almost by the sidereal influences themselves. For those wlio have been born at the same time do not spend the same life, but some, for example, have been made kings, and others have grown old in fetters. There has been born none equal, at all events, to Alexander the Macedonian, though many were brought forth along with him throughout the earth; [and] none equal to the philosopher Plato. Wherefore the Chaldæan, examining the time of the birth in any particular latitude, will not be able to say accurately, whether a person born at this time will be prosperous. Many, I take it, born at this time, have been unfortunate, so that the similarity according to dispositions is futile.

Having, then, by different reasons and various methods, refuted the ineffectual mode of examination adopted by the Chaldæans, neither shall we omit this, namely, to show that


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 170 itself—is shown not only by the regime of Kerensky, but also by the present democratic republic in Germany, and by the attitude of Albert Thomas and Henderson toward their bourgeois Governments. ''Here is our main enemy; we must triumph over this enemy, and leave this Congress with a unanimous and firm decision to carry this struggle through to the end in all countries. This is our main task.''

If that part of the labor movement which utterly repudiates Bolshevism is to be called "the upper ranks" then recent elections throughout the labor movement of Europe have proven that fully three-fourths of the membership is to be so classified.

Bolshevist enmity makes no distinction between the American Federation of Labor and the European unions adhering to the Amsterdam International Federation of Trade Unions. The fact that this international body was ready to declare not only a general strike but a food blockade of the Polish people and to forcibly interrupt the shipment of food and munitions to Poland, all in order to aid the Soviets to accomplish their declared purpose of conquering the Poles, counted for nothing in the minds of the would-be world dictators at Moscow. In spite of the servile attitude of nearly all the political parties of the Second, or Socialist, Internationale and of the controlling elements in the Amsterdam Trades Union Internationale, the Moscow dictators administer nothing but rebuffs to everybody who refuses to accept their absolute rule and demand that all existing organizations be wholly reshaped according to Moscow's revolutionary specifications.

The Bolshevists therefore decided at Moscow, last


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Richard the Third, IV. i

''Duch. York''. Who meets us here? my niece Plantagenet,

Led in the hand of her kind aunt of Gloucester?

Now, for my life, she's wand'ring to the Tower,

On pure heart's love, to greet the tender prince,

Daughter, well met.

Anne. God give your Graces both

A happy and a joyful time of day!

Q. Eliz. As much to you, good sister! whither away?

Anne. No farther than the Tower; and, as I guess,

Upon the like devotion as yourselves,

To gratulate the gentle princes there.

Q. Eliz. Kind sister, thanks: we'll enter all together:—

And, in good time, here the lieutenant comes.

Master lieutenant, pray you, by your leave,

How doth the prince, and my young son of York?

Brak. Right well, dear madam. By your patience,

I may not suffer you to visit them:

The king hath strictly charg'd the contrary.

Q. Eliz. The king! who's that?

Brak. I mean the Lord Protector.

 1 niece: grandchild

4 On: out of

9 like devotion; ''cf. n.''

10 gratulate: greet

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Rh July, to form a new Internationale of Red Labor Unions. This organization is based upon the fictitious membership of five millions claimed by the official Russian Soviet trade unions, upon the temporary adhesion of the Italian Confederation of Labor with its two million, members—although this organization is at present rather outside than inside the Communist Internationale, and upon lesser but equally doubtful claims in other countries. The Communist Internationale adopted, by an overwhelming majority, the following amendment proposed by Radek in connection with this new Red Internationale:

This Red Internationale is somewhat stronger than at first appears. While it has comparatively little direct support from the labor unions, with the exception of the Latin countries, it has a very strong support from the newly formed Communist parties created during the last six months by the split of the Socialist parties—according to Moscow orders—in several European countries. Thus a majority of the Socialist Party members of France, through the newly created Communist Party, have accepted the dictatorship of the Moscow Communist Internationale, including


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72 their predictions will eventuate in inexplicable difficulties. For if, as the mathematicians assert, it is necessary that one born under the barb of Sagittarius' arrow should meet with a violent death, how was it that so may myriads of the barbarians that fought with the Greeks at Marathon or Salamis were simultaneously slaughtered? For unquestionably there was not the same horoscope in the case, at all events, of them all. And again, it is said that one born under the urn of Aquarius will suffer shipwreck: [yet] how is it that so many of the Greeks that returned from Troy were overwhelmed in the deep around the indented shores of Eubœa? For it is incredible that all, distant from one another by a long interval of duration, should have been born under the urn of Aquarius. For it is not reasonable to say, that frequently, for one whose fate it was to be destroyed in the sea, all who were with him in the same vessel should perish. For why should the doom of this man subdue the [destinies] of all? Nay, but why, on account of one for whom it was allotted to die on land, should not all be preserved?

But since also they frame an account concerning the action of the zodiacal signs, to which they say the creatures that are procreated are assimilated, neither shall we omit this: as,


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 172 the entire twenty-one points. A powerful faction of the Socialists in Germany, now organized as the Communist Party and including a million or two supporters, has taken the same action. And, finally, in Italy both the Communist Party and the Socialist Party adhere to the Third Internationale and accept the twenty-one points, although the latter also claims a certain measure of autonomy. The leadership of all these movements is largely in the hands of "intellectuals" and outsiders, non-members of the labor unions. This is markedly the case with the Italian Communist Party. But the influence on labor is, nevertheless, formidable.

Of Moscow's twenty-one points accepted by all these so-called labor parties, points nine and ten refer to organized labor. They are as follows:

9. Every party which desires to join the Communist Internationale must systematically and constantly develop a communist activity within the trades unions, the workmen's and factory councils, the consumers' societies and other mass organizations of the workmen. Within these organizations it is necessary to organize Communist "cells" which by constant, perseverant work shall win the trades unions, &c., over to the cause of Communism. The "cells" are obliged in their daily work to unmask everywhere the treason of the social-patriots and the fickleness of the "Centre." The Communist "cells" must be completely subordinated to the whole party.

10. Every party belonging to the Third Internationale is obliged to wage a stubborn war against the Amsterdam "Internationale" of the yellow trade unions. They must most emphatically propagate among the unions of organized workmen the necessity of a breach with the yellow Amsterdam Internationale. They must support


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 Rh by all means the rising international unification of red trade unions which join the Communist Internationale.

If it is recalled that the orders of the Moscow Executive Committee are absolute over all Communist organizations and that Moscow is willing to spend the last gold ruble of the heritage of the Russian people for the disruptive purposes it may be seen that the danger threatening the labor union movement of Continental Europe is considerable. Indeed the French C. G. T. was saved for the cause of labor unionism at the last meeting of the Council only by a very narrow margin of votes. The struggle was most unequal. There is no bribery and corruption fund available for the legitimate labor unions to counterbalance the colossal corruption fund of Moscow. For every dollar legitimately raised and expended by organized labor in self-defense, the Communists, from the loot they have taken from Russian workmen and peasants, are able to spend a thousand.

The situation in Great Britain is similar, though somewhat less acute. Because of the absence of any powerful Communist political party, the Soviets are forced in that country to act mainly through the subsidy of the labor press and other propaganda, which Krassin admits obtained for the Communists the signing of the British trade agreement.

The purpose of the new organization was briefly declared by "The International Soviet of Trade Unions," the name which it first assumed. On August 1st, 1920, this body issued a statement from Moscow from which we take the following:

The substance of our activity and of our program:


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Page:A Comprehensive History of India Vol 1.djvu/17

 CONTENTS. IX

CHAPTER VII.

PACE

Marked change in the Company's policy ou the accession of James II. — Hostile

preparations — War with the Mogul — Disastrous results, 340

CHAPTER VIII.

New crown charters — Hostile feeling of tlie House of Coramons — Wholesale bribery and

scandalous disclosures— Rival Company established by act of parliament, i, 351

BOOK III.

CHAPTER I.

Actual position of the United Company— Political state of India — The immediate successors of Aurungzebe — Tlie Mahrattas and other native states — Tlie invasion of Nadir Shah, 382

CHAPTER II.

The ])rogress of the French in India— War between France and England — Naval and

military operations — The capture of Madras, 407

CHAPTER III.

Proceedings of the French at Madras — An attempt of the nabob upon it repulsed — The terms of capitulation shamefully violated — Unsuccessful attempts of the French upon Fort St. David — Proceedings of the English fleet under Admiral Boscawen — Siege of Pondicherry — The peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, 418

CHAPTER IV.

The Carnatic — Its political state — Transactions in Tanjore — Early career of Clive —

Siege of Trichinopoly, 42'.)

CHAPTER V.

Intrigues of Mahomed Ali — Vacillating conduct of the Madras government — Siege of

Trichinopoly — Capture of Arcot, .......... 453

CHAPTER VI.

Continuation of the Siege of Trichinopoly — Arrival of Major Lawrence with a rein- forcement — Mahomed All's toriuous proceedings — Discontent of his allies — Attempts of the French to recover their lost ground — Clive sails for England — Successes of Major Lawrence — New intrigues of Dupleix, 471

CHAPTER VI L

Proceedings of Salabut Jung and Bussy — Great accession of territory to the French — Attempts at negotiation — Dupleix superseded returns to France — New arrange- ments — Arrival of a British fleet— Return of Clive — Destruction of pirates at

Gheriah, oOl

Vol. 1. I,


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 Xll

LIST (>V JLMJSTRATIONS.

(Jfiicral View of Amboyiia 242

Tlic I'owii and Volcano of Tematc, in 1005,. 2415 Java Junk, circa 1000, ..... 240 M cell a, from the Nortli,. . .251

View of Pointdc-Galle,. . . .253

Tomb of tlic Krnpcror Jchangir at Laliore,. 2.07 Anns of East India Company, circ. lCOO-50, 250 Castle of AinboyiKi,. . . . • 201

General View of iMasulipatam,. . . 200

Seal used by Sir William Courteen's Association, 209 Gateway to tlie Fort of Agra,. . . 282

Huins of Old Delhi 284

Interior of the Tiije Mahal at Agra,. . 28y

Tomb of Emperor Shah Jehan in the Taje Mahal, 290 Sevajce, Founder of the Mahratta Empire, on

Horseback, with Attendants,. . . 294 Wagnuck, or Tiger's Claws, .... 295 Tower of Victory, Chittoor,. ., 300

Tombs of the Kings, Golconda,. . . 304 Aurungzebe's Burial-place at Rozah,. . 308

View of the Island of St. Helena,. , .310

Map of Bombay and the Adjacent Coast,. 314

General View of Surat,. . . .317

The English Fort, Bombay, circa 1672,. . 325 Bird's-eye View of Trincomalee,. . 327

General View of Canton, .... 335 Fort of Eaje Ghur, Gingee, .... 338 Patna, on the Ganges, ..... 343 Street of the Fountains, Bejapoor,. . . 347 The Old Eait India House, circa a.d. 1650,, 352 Portrait of Thomas Osborne, first Duke of Leeds, 364 View of Gombroon, or Bender- Abbaz, a.d. 1676 379 Portrait of Sidney, first Earl of (iodolphin, . 380 Garool.uh, a Boat of the Persian Gulf, . . 381 Rajpoots on i'oot and on Horseback, . . 380 Mahrattas on Horseback, .... 390 Jhalledar — Palanquin used by Rajahs, . . 393 View of Boorhanpoor, in the Deccan, . . 395 View of Joodpoor, ..... 395

Portrait of Nadir Shah, Emperor of Persia,. 398

View at Sattarah, 401

Dooranees — Afghans Mounted and on Foot,. 405 Portrait of Labourdounais, .... 409

Eort St. George, Madras, a.d. 1754,. . 415 Peons of ^Mysore, ...... 421

Portrait of Major-General Stringer Lawrence,. 423 Portrait of Robert, Lord Clive,. . .440 The Hill-fort of Amboor, in ^lysore,. 444

Plan of the Fort of Gingee,,. . .446 Caparisoned Elephant with Howdah,. .451 View in the Fort of Madura,. . . 455

Itock und Temple of Tricbioopo^j,. 45'j

Pagoda at Conjcverarii,. , . . . 402

A I'olyger coinpletely Armed,. , 472

Gateway of Pagoda at Scringham,. . . 4*9 View of Aurungabad, ..... 481 View of the Fort of ( hiiij;lcput, . . . 485

.Map of the Environs of Trichiooiwly,. . 489

riie Gnat Pagoda, Tanjore, .... 500 The Fort of Dowjelabad,. . . .503

A Grab— a Vessel of Bombay,. ,510

Mackerey, or Ballot k Cart of Bengal,. .5)8 The Jumma Musjid at Cuttack, . . . 523 Najar Nultoo Sing's Mh'jot at Dacca, on the

Ganges, 531

Ruins of the Rajah's Palace, Rajmahal, on the

Ganges 535

.Map of the Territorj- of Calcutta, A.D. 1757,. 538 View of F'ort William, Calcutta, a.d. 1754,. 543 Monument to those who perished in the Black

Hole, Calcutta, ..... 545

Portrait of Admiral Watson, .... 54S Ghaut at Mocrshedabad, on the Ganges,. . 574 Ghaut at Cutwah, on the Ganges,. . . 576 Portrait of Lieutenant-General Sir Eyre Coote, 577 Gateway at Rajmahal, on the Ganges,. . 587 The Fort of Monghir, on the Gauges,. .589 Portrait of Thomas Arthur, Co.rite de Lally,. 596 Plan of Fort St. Dadd, near Cuddalore,. . 598 View of Mount St. Thome, near Madras,. 606

View of the Black Town, Madras,. . . 607 Peer Musjid, and Hill near the Dolphins, Viza-

gapatam,. . . . . . .611

Plan of the Fort of Masulipatam, a.d. 1759,. 014 Portrait of Admiral Sir George Pococke,. . 619 Plan of the Fort of Waudiwash iu 1759,. . 022 View of Conjeveram, near the Great Pagoda,. 625 Sepoys of the Bengal Army,. . . .631

Plau of Pondicherrj' and its Environs, a.d. 1760, 639 Masula Boat of the Coromandel Coast,. . 644 The Chouk and Husseinee Delauu at Dacca,. 047 Part of the City of Moorshedabad,. . . 649 Feal Charra, or Elepliaut's-head State Boat,. 054 Moor Puukee, or Peacock's-head Pleasure Boat, C54 Wolacks — Grain Boats of Calcutta,. . . 602 View of Chinsurah, on the Hooghly,. . 663

Portrait of the Emperor Shah Alum,. .671 Fort of Chunarghur, near Benares,. . .681

The Palace, Allahabad, 692

Portrait of Sujah Dowlah, .... 693 Fort of Allahabad, ..... 702

Patile — Boat of the Ganges, .... 707


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SUCXtE & SON. (fLA.-!riW. 5DINB0IUIH H WKDOH


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 174 The overthrow of the bourgeoisie by force, the establishment of the dictatorship of the proletariat, a merciless class struggle on an international scale, a close and inseparable union with the Communist International.

From the first moment of its inauguration the newest Red Internationale was met with grave internal problems. A split was immediately threatened between the ultra-State Socialism of the Russians who hoped to extend their absolute authority from the Russian State to other nations, and the ultra-revolutionary labor unions of other countries, all of which tend in the direction of syndicalism or anti-Stateism. Apparently the conflict is insoluble, but the Moscow chiefs of the new Internationale decided to use their accepted Macchiavellian tactics of deception and to "take in" the syndicalist elements—as will be demonstrated by the evidence we shall now reproduce.

Among the reports unanimously adopted at the Congress of the Communist Internationale in July, 1920, was the following:

Another resolution recommended the most "friendly attitude" and "closer connection" with these organiza-


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Rh for instance, that one born in Leo will be brave; and that one born in Virgo will have long straight hair, be of a fair complexion, childless, modest. These statements, however, and others similar to them, are rather deserving of laughter than serious consideration. For, according to them, it is possible for no Æthiopian to be born in Virgo; otherwise he would allow that such a one is white, with long straight hair and the rest. But I am rather of opinion, that the ancients imposed the names of received animals upon certain specified stars, for the purpose of knowing them better, not from any similarity of nature; for what have the seven stars, distant one from another, in common with a bear, or the five stars with the head of a dragon?—in regard of which Aratus says:

In this manner also, that these points are not deserving so much labour, is evident to those who prefer to think correctly, and do not attend to the bombast of the Chaldæans, who consign monarchs to utter obscurity, by perfecting


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74 cowardice in them, and rouse private individuals to dare great exploits. But if any one, surrendering himself to evil, is guilty of delinquency, he who has been thus deceived does not become a teacher to all whom the Chaldæans are disposed to mislead by their mistakes. [Far from it]; [these astrologers] impel the minds [of their dupes, as they would have them], into endless perturbation, [when] they affirm that a configuration of the same stars could not return to a similar position, otherwise than by the renewal of the Great Year, through a space of seven thousand seven hundred and seventy and seven years. How then, I ask, will human observation for one birth be able to harmonize with so many ages; and this not once, [but oftentimes, when a destruction of the world, as some have stated, would intercept the progress of this Great Year; or a terrestrial convulsion, though partial, would utterly break the continuity of the historical tradition]? The Chaldaic art must necessarily be refuted by a greater number of arguments, although we have been reminding [our readers] of it on account of other circumstances, not peculiarly on account of the art itself.

Since, however, we have determined to omit none of the opinions advanced by Gentile philosophers, on account of the notorious knavery of the heretics, let us see what they also


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BtAClUR A SON.aLASOOW.KDNBrRCA & LOSnOS.


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 THE MAHRATTA COUNTRY, AND ADJACENT TERRITORIES

BUAOMB t SON, GLASGOW EBnTBTJKSH t LONDON


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Rh say who have attempted to propound doctrines concerning magnitudes,—who, observing the fruitless labour of the majority [of speculators], where each after a different fashion coined his own falsehoods and attained celebrity, have ventured to make some greater assertion, in order that they might be highly magnified by those who mightily extol their contemptible lies. These suppose the existence of circles, and measures, and triangles, and squares, both in twofold and threefold array. Their argumentation, however, in regard of this matter, is extensive, yet it is not necessary in reference to the subject which we have taken in hand.

I reckon it then sufficient to declare the prodigies detailed by these men. Wherefore, employing condensed accounts of what they affirm, I shall turn my attention to the other points [that remain to be considered]. Now they make the following statements. The Creator communicated preeminent power to the orbital motion of the identical and similar [circle], for He permitted the revolution of it to be one and indivisible; but after dividing this internally into six parts, [and thus having formed] seven unequal circles, according to each interval of a twofold and threefold dimension, He commanded, since there were three of each, that the circles should travel in orbits contrary to one another, three indeed [out of the aggregate of seven] being whirled along with equal velocity, and four of them with a speed dissimilar to each other and to the remaining three, yet [all] according to a definite principle. For he affirms that the mastery was communicated to the orbital motion of the same [circle], not only since it embraces the motion of the other, that is, the


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 6 HISTORY OF INDIA.

land, which in ni;iii> parts, almost efjuals it in li<;ight, its slope is always gradual, and occasionally imperceptible. On both sides it is clothed with iiuig- nificent timbei-, and displays much grand scenery. i:a.<!terii "jj^g Eastem Ghauts is a less elevated and tfimer ran^je. Its loftiest summits

Ohauts. '^

are not above 3000 feet, and its distance from the sea Is so considerable that the descent is seldom abrupt. In its course sfjutliwards, instead of being con- tinued to the extremity, it stops about midway, and turning gra^lually srjuth-we.st, meets with a transverse range called the Neilgiieiry Hills, which have summits exceeding 7000 feet, and by which it becomes linked with the Western Ghauts. oeccan ^^ ^^^^^ Way a ncw triangle, with sides composed of mountain range.s, is formed table ir,id. ^yi^j^jj^ j^^^^ Qf ^q Dcccau, and incloses an elevated table-land, which has a gradual but continuous slope eastward from the Western Ghauts to the sea. In accordance with this slope, all the rivers of any magnitude — the Mahanuddy, the Godavery, the Krishna, the Pennar, the Pelar, and the Coleroon or Cavery, carry the drainage to the Bay of Bengal. This table-land cannot h>oast the fertility of the basin of the Ganges, because, while it is expo.sed to a more scorching heat, it has no streams fed by pei-petual snow. The torrents of rain, however, which periodically descend on the Western Ghauts, compensate in some degree for this defect, and provide the means of a system of irrigation, which, carried on by collecting the supei-fluous water in immense tanks during the rainy season, at one time made many parts of the Deccan proverbial f<jr beauty and productiveness. Unfortunately, in too many districts of the countr}', and more especially in those where native misrule still continues, many of these tanks are in ruins, and sterility has returned. Geology. The geology of India has not been fully investigated, but what is known

seems to show that its leading features are less complicated than those of mo.st other countries. All the great mountain ranges are composed of the rocks usually classified as granitic. In the stupendous heights of the Himalaya gneiss is particularly predominant, and is associated with mica schist, horn- blende-schist, chloride-slate, and primitive limestone. In the chains of the penin- sula the same rocks prevail — granite in the south-west and south, and sienite in the south-east, covering a considerable portion of the surface, and composing some of the highest peaks. One great exception to this predominance of gi'anite and its accompanj'ing schists is in the southern portion of the Western Ghauts, where these rocks disappear beneath the surface, and are overlaid by a peculiar species of iron clay, which, from its being so soft where it lies as to be easily cut by the spade, and hardening on exposure to the air so as to be fit for building, has received the name of laterite or brick-stone. This mineral, instead of being a mere local deposit, almost assumes the dignity of a distinct formation, continu- ing with little interruption to the extremity of the continent, and even re- appearing beyond it in the Island of Ceylon. . Another great exception to the predominance of granitic rocks is in the


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 I

Chap. I.] EXPEDITION OF ALEXANDEE. 29

moment Crateras, who had succeeded in crossing the river, made his appearance, b.c. .■!27. His troops were perfectly fresh, while the Indians, exhausted by fatigue, broken in spirit, and thinned in numbers, had lost all power of resistance. A ch'eadful slaughter ensued, and Porus saw his troops falling by thousands. He still, how- roms

defeated.

ever, kept the field. During the whole day he hatl mingled in the thickest of the fight, and performed prodigies of valour. His stature, which was almost gigantic, and the elephant on which he was mounted, made him a consi)icuous object for the Macedonian archers ; and he must have fallen early had he not worn a coat of mail which no arrow coidd pierce. The right shoulder was the only part exposed, and in it he was severely wounded. His determination seemed to be to perish on the spot, for he was left almost alone before his atten- dants could induce him to minfjle with the fuo^itives. About 12,000 of his troops were slain, and 9000 taken prisoners. The Macedonian loss was trifling, amoimting, at the utmost, according to Diodorus, to 700 infantry and 230 cavalry. According to AiTian, the loss of infantry was only eighty.

Alexander, struck with admiration of the valour which Porus had dis]:)layed, S'»rrender

. of Poms.

was anxious to save his life, and sent Taxiles after him to endeavoiu* to induce him to surrender. The choice was unfortunate, for the two native chiefs had long been at deadly feud; and Porus, when overtaken, was so exasperated at the sight of. his old enemy, whom he probably also regarded as a main cause of the great disaster which had just befallen him, that he aimed a blow which Taxiles narrowly escaped. A second summons, by a more influential messenger, suc- ceeded, and Porus, finding escape impossible, yielded himself a prisoner.

In the midst of his misfortunes, Porus displayed a manliness and dignity which proved him worthy of a better ftite. In one day he had lost his kingilom, and seen three of his sons fall in battle, bit he disdained to assmne the attitude of a suppliant, and, when Alexander, riding up at the head of his officers, a«ked how he wished to be treated, simply answered, " Royally." " That," rejoined Alexander, " I shall do for my own sake, but what am I to do for youre?" " Do just as I have said," was the reply. Soimd policy combined with Alexander's natural magnanimity in making him desirous to secure the friendship of such a

I man. He accordingly heaped favoiu's upon him, not only restoring his former territories, but enlarging them by many new annexations. Porus was not ungi-ateful, and continued faithful to his Macedonian masters. i In commemoration of his victory, Alexander erected a city on the spot, and Alexander •> gave it the name of Nicrea. Another city, which he erected on the site of '""°^'^" his encampment on the right bank of the Hydaspes, he called Bucephala, in honom* of his horse Bucephalus, which, after can-dng him through all his cam- aigns, had recently died of old age or in battle. Neither of these cities has ce been identified. After reposing for a time in the dominions of Porus, he gain set out, and proceeded north-east into the territory of the Glaus?e, which represented as densely peopled and covered with cities, many of them with


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 Chap. IV. ] REIGN OF IBRAHIM. 103

suborned to perjiu*e themselves. It is added that a confession to this effect wits a.d. isiz. afterwards extorted from them.

Sikundur was succeeded iu 1517 by his son Ibrahim. Under his grandfather ibrai.im and father, the Afghans had regarded them.selves as a dominant race, and their sikiuIaMr. chiefs, besides monopolizing all the great offices of the state, sat in the royal presence, while all others were constrained to stand. Ibrahim accordingly gave them mortal offence, when, at the connnencement of his reign, he announced his determination to make no distinction between his officei-s, and said publicly, that "kings should have no relations nor clansmen." He was soon made to feel the weight of their indignation. They did not, indeed, attempt to dethrone him; but endeavoured to partition his temtories by placing his brother, Julal Khan, on the throne of Jounpoor. Jdal accoi'dingly assiuned the title of Afgimn king, appointed his own vizier, and was acknowledged by all the officers of the eastern provinces. The Afghan chiefs soon began to discover that the revenge which thev had taken told as much again.st themselves as against Ibrahim. They and their followers formed a small minority of the population, and nothing but perfect union could enable them to maintain their ascendency. Influenced by this consideration, they would fain have retraced their steps, but Julal Khan had no idea of resigning his newly-acquired honom-s, and a civil war ensued. In the end, Ibrahim, having regained the confidence of the Afghan chiefs, crushed the rebelHon of Julal Khan, who, having fallen into his brother's hand.s, was by his private orders assassinated.

This rebellion was no sooner suppressed than another, still more formidable, broke out. Islam Khan, brother of Futteh Khan, whom Julal had made his vizier, believing that Ibrahim had vowed the ruin of his family, availed himself of his influence as governor of Kurra, to form a strong party, and imme- diately raised the standard of revolt. The first detachment sent against him fell a civii war. into an ambuscade, and suffered a very severe loss. The insurgents, in conse- quence, advanced, flushed with victory, and so reinforced that they mustered 40,000 cavalry, 500 elephants, and a large body of infantry. The armies arrived in sight of each other, but, instead of fighting, came to a i)arley, on the sugges- tion of Sheikh Rajoo Bokhar}', a man in universal esteem for his reputed sanctity. Terras of accommodation were proposed and agreed to; but the king- was only plaj'ing a part. He had sent orders to the collector of Ghazipoor, and the governor of Oude, to advance, and his object was to keep the insurgents amu-sed till he should be able to ovei'power them. They discovered their error when it was too late ; and having no alternative but to flee or fight on unequal terras, chose the latter. The issue was not long doubtful. After a resistance, dictated rather by despair than by any ho]ie of victory, they fled in all directions.

Ibrahim now thought himself secure ; but he had only obtained a short respite. Bahadur Khan, on the death of his father, who was governor of Behar, inunediately declared himself independent, and a.'^sumed the title of king.


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 Chap. V.J BABER INVADES INDIA. 109

great natural buoyancy of s})irits suggested, that some great destiny awaited him ad. ists. In 150i he took the direction of the east, where he saw no field of enterprise so promising as Cabool, which had fallen into a state of anarchy. It had once been ruled by his father, and subsef^uently by his uncle, Ulugh Beg, who had died in 1501, leaving an infant son. The minister took the whole government into his own hands, but soon disgusted the nobles, and was assa-ssinated. Groat convulsions followed, and Cabool became a common pi-ey to dissensions within, and invcision from without. A foreign usurper was on the throne when Baber arrived. He found little ditiiculty in displacing him ; and though his cousin, the above son of Ulugh Beg, was still alive, he regarded the kingdom as a lai"ul conquest, and ruled it in his own name. His ambition was n(jt yet satisfied, and, taking advantage of favourable circmnstances, he made himself master of Kandahar. It would seem that at this early period his thoughts were turned to Hindoostan, and the invasion of it was openly talked of and discussed in his court. Various circum.stances, however, concurred to po.stpone any actual preparations.

The earliest of these was the appeai'ance of the restless and im[)lacable n;i'«>- •'"•'"^ Sheebani Khan, who drove Baber from Kandahar, and re-seated the former ruler. «itii tiie Siieebani Khan, having ultimately met his master in Shah Ismael Sophi of perel,,' Persia, was defeated and slain. Baber immediately proposed an alliance with the shah, Ijy whose aid he hoped to regain his former dominions. Nor was he disappointed. With an army of 60,000 hoi-se, partly furnished by the Persian monarch, he took Khoondooz, subdued Bokhara, and in 1511 was seated for the third time on the throne of Samarcand. Here he fixed his residence, and left Cabool to be governed under him by his brother, Nasir Mirza. This return of prosperity was short-lived; for he was inmiediately engaged in a series of sanguinary struggles with the Usbeks. These were generally to his disad- vantage; and in 1518 he arrived, shorn of all his new conquests, to resume the government of Cabool. His brother Nasir Mirza returned to his government of Glniznee.

Baber had now been nearly twenty yeai's King of Cabool, and during that Pie|vir.» long period had often turned a wistful eye to India. Other objects of ambition imUa. had rejieatedly started up and tempted him to try his fortune in the west ; but the ditticulties had proved insurmountable, and the conviction had been forced ipon him, that if his name was to descend to posterity as a great conqueror and mighty monarch, the east was the quarter in which he must gain iiis laurels. The times were favourable. The throne of Delhi had been occupied by a series of Afghan chiefs, who had never gained the affections of the people, and ruled only by the sword. While thus requiring all the aid which union could give, interminable feuds prevailed, and the succession was regulated not so much by the ordinary rules of relationship, as by court intrigue, ftxction, and assassination. Under this wretched system the kingdom had been broken up into fragments,


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 218 HISTORY OB^ INDIA. [Book I.

A.D. 1504. was so stormy that four weeks were spent in doubling the Cape. In April they arrived at St. Helena. On leaving it they were carried westward tr> the wajst of Brazil, and kept wandering for a time under great hardships, first in the Gulf of Paria, and afterward among the West India Islands. The crew, having tlirown off all subordination, did as they pleased. At last, on the 15th of November, 1593, while the captain and sixteen of the crew were ashore search- ing for provisions, the car[)enter cut the ship's cable, and she drifted away with only five men and a boy in her. Lancaster and his peo[)le separated into parties, as the only means of obtaining even a scanty su-stenance. Ultimately, he and six others got off in a French vessel, which took them to St. Domingo.* Here, leaving the rest to follow, he embarked with his lieutenant in another French vessel for Diejjpe. Having reached it in safety, he crossed over to Rye, where he landed, 24)th May, 1594. He had been absent three years and six weeks. Expedition The Dutch, though they did not attempt the passage by the Cape of Good

Houtmann. Hope SO early as the English, appear to have been more careful in preparing for it, and were accordingly rewarded with more abundant success. Their first voyage, undertaken by a number of merchants, who had assumed tlie name of the Company for Distant Countries, sailed from the Texel on the 2d of April, 1595. The expedition consisted of four vessels — the Maurice, of 400 tons, carrying twenty cannon and eighty-four men; the Holland, nearly of the same size and strength as the Maurice; the Amsterdam, of about 200 tons, carrying sixteen cannon and fifty-nine men ; and a pinnace, of about 30 tons, carrying eight cannon and twenty men. The command of the vessels was given to captains of high naval reputation; but the general commercial superintendence was intrusted to Cornelius Houtmann, at whose suggestion, and on whose infor- mation, the voyage is said to have been luidertaken. He had spent some time in Lisbon acquainting himself with the nature of the Portuguese traffic to the East; and, in the course of his inquiries, had incurred the saspicion of the Portuguese government, who imposed a heavy fine upon him, and imprisoned him till it should be paid. He had no means of doing so ; but, hadng managed to communicate with some merchants of Amsterdam, induced them to pay the fine and obtain his release, in consideration of the valuable information which he would be able to communicate. Its pro- On the 19th of April, the four vessels reached the Canaries, and on the 14th

ceedings,

of June they crossed the line. They had previously fallen in mth several Portuguese vessels, which they might have taken as lawful prizes; but, with a moderation in which much good policy was combined, they met and parted like friends. They now began to long anxiously for land, as the crews were suffering much by scurvy, and reached it on the 4th of Augiist. They had passed the Cape of Good Hope without seeing it, and had anchored in a bay called the Aguada de San Bras, situated about forty-five leagues beyond it. After some intercourse with the natives, they continued their voyage on the


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 2^)2 IIISTOItV OF INlJlA. [Book II.

A.D. 1623. purpose of wresting the i.slaiid from them, the Dutch autliorities proceeded, in the name of law and justice, but in gro.s.s and manifest violation of Loth, Ut perpetrate an atrocity which has left a stain on the national character.

A massacre. According to their own acccjunt, part of their garri.son in the castle of AniLoyna consisted of natives of Japan. One of these, having incurred susjjicion hy the minuteness of his inquiries as to the state and defences of the place, was apprehended, and on examination divulged a plot, into which other eight of his countrymen and the English in the service of the London East India Company had entered, for the puipose of seizing the castle of Amhoyna, and thereby making themselves masters of the island, The Jajtanese, whose names their countrjTnan had mentioned while under torture, were first apprehended, and being subjected to the same horrible process, not only confessed their own guilt, but implicated the leading members of the English factory. After a short- interval the English thus denounced were seized ; and, partly under the terror of being tortured, and partly under the actual application of it, confirmed the statements of the Japanese. On the evidence thus extorted, a conviction was obtained ; and sentence of death was not only pronounced, but actually inflicted on nine natives of Japan, one Portuguese, and twelve Englishmen. Among the last were Captain Gabriel Towerson, the English agent at Amboyna, and several of his factors and assistants.

Confession j^ endcavouring to defend this proceeding, the Dutch dwell particularly on

by tortme. tlic Uniformity of the confession made by the unhappy sufierers ; but they omit to mention that, at the time when tortm-e was inflicted, the answers desired to be obtained were actually suggested, and the accused, instead of being simply called upon to state the truth, were asked, while wi-ithing in agony or threa- tened with it, whether they had not entered into the plot with which they were charged — whether such and such proposals had not been made — whether such and such plans had not been arranged — and whether a particiilar day, also named, had not been fixed for carrying them into execution. In this way, not by fair interrogatories, but by a series of leading questions, the answers were made to assume a degree of consistency well calculated to conceal or disguise the monstrous absurdities which the whole charge carried on the face of it. It ousfht also to be borne in mind, that the confessions which had been extorted were afterwards solemnly retracted in the interval between the sentence and the execution, and that all the victims died protesting their innocence.

Iniquity of Evcn admitting that the suspicion of some kind of plot was not altogether

the sentence. tiitai ^ • • j.j.1

groundless, the extreme measures adopted by the Dutch authorities are utterly incapable of vindication. The danger, if it ever existed, vanished the moment it was discovered. Where, then, was the necessity of hurrying on the trial while the accused remained without the means of providing a proper defence; or of executing it, without allowing them the opportunity of bringing a sentence which they held to be iniquitous under review ? The Council of Defence, to


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Page:Strategy of the Communists - A letter from the Communist International to the Mexican Communist Party.pdf/3

The letter which appears in the following pages was addressed to the Communist Party of Mexico by the Executive Committee of the Communist International.

Under ordinary circumstances a communication to a party in another country, dealing with the problems of that country, would not be of sufficient interest for publication, but this is not true of the document contained in the following pages.

In advising the Communist Party of Mexico as to the policy it should adopt in the class struggle in that country the Communist International has outlined the strategy of the Communists in all countries.

The united front policy explained in detail to the Mexican party is a problem of the Communists in this country as well. In the form of the struggle for a labor party this question presents itself as one of the most important questions of policy of the Workers Party.

How Communists must make use of the different interests of groups within the capitalist class and the clashing interests of big capitalists and the small business men and professional groups is another problem which is dealt with at length in this letter. This question is of particular interest to Communists in this country in view of the developing third party movement in the United States. What shall be the policy of the Communists if the small business men and well-to-do farmers form a third party to fight the old capitalist parties? The Communist International answers the question in advising the Mexican party what it shall do in a similar situation.

American imperialism has reached out into the West Indies, Central and South America and is subjugating the countries of these parts of the Western Hemisphere in the interest of Wall Street. How the workers shall fight against American imperialism is outlined by the Comintern.

Since this letter deals with the actualities of the struggle rather than a theoretical situation the policies laid down are all the more illuminating. No worker who wishes to understand the fundamental strategy of the Communists should omit it from his reading.

2em


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 186

mSTOilY OF INDIA

[Book 1

A.I), i&i.":

Albuquer- que's Ul- 1163:;.

His death.

Lope Soarez succeeds.

ready to eclio their acc-lamations His greatness, however, was now drawing to a close.

While at Ormuz lie had suffered much from sickness, and the sympUjms had become sufficiently serious to make him hasten his departure. There was no reason, however, to suspect a fatal termination. He had only passed his sixtieth year, and seemed unbroken in constitution. In ti-uth, it was not disease but grief that killed iiim. It is said that he had applied to his sovereign for the title of Duke of Goa. His enemies took advantage of the circum.stance to insinuate that he was cherishing schemes of ambition, and had manifested, by the arrogance of his application, the treasonable purpose which he had at heart. Once Duke of Goa, he would establish him.self in that Eastern metropolis, and rule the whole East as ab-solute master. There was little plausibility in these insinuations; but there was enough to form the groundwork of a successful court intrigue. Albuquerque, wliile oppressed by sickneas, was yet dreaming of a ducal title, when he received the mortifying intelligence that the only reward which he was to obtain for all his services was a summarj' dLsmis-sal. He was no longer viceroy ; and as if this was not enough, he had been super- seded to make way for his mortal enemy, Lope Soarez. The shock was more than he could bear ; and when the vessel in which he sailed arrived off Goa, he was in a dying state. On the first news of his dismis.sal, he is said to have exclaimed, " See how it is ! Love to my fellow-men has brought me into bad odour with the king, and love to the king into bad odour with my fellow-men. To the grave, then, old man, for it is now high time : to the grave ! " One of his last acts was to write a touching letter to King Emanuel in which, recom- mending his son to his protection, he says: "I bec^ueath to liim my property, which is of small amount ; but I also leave Mm the obligation which my serdces impose, and this is great. In regard to the affairs of India, they will speak for him and for me." It was thought he micrht be able to reach Goa, but death advanced with such rapid strides, that he breathed his last almost immediately after the vessel had crossed the bar, on the 16th of December, 1515. He was buried with great pomp at Goa ; but in accordance with a request in his will. his remains, in 1566, v/ere transported to Lisbon.

After the death of Albuquerque, the Portuguese power began visibly to decline. "Up to this time," says Faria y Sousa, "the gentlemen had followed the dictates of true honour, esteeming their arms the greatest riches ; from this time forward, they so wholly gave themselves up to trading, that those who ought to have been captains became merchants." There was, in short, a general and eager scramble for riches, from the highest to the lowest class of officials : and public was held subordinate and made subservient to private interest. The very first proceedings of Soarez gave evidence of his incapacity. He had brought with him a fleet of thirteen sail, and, ha'ing increased it by reinforce- ments to twenty-seven sail, proceeded, in accordance with the orders which he


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 188

HLSTORY OF INDIA,

[Book I.

A.I). l.Vil

Xative coin- )>iii:it.i(>us
 * i(?iiiii«t tlie

I'ortugueso.

Naval fight off Choul.

Kxpeditioii against Diu.

Its faUure.

coui'se of the same year tin; Purtuji^uese .saw .several foniiiflahle conibination.s formed against them. Mullik. Eiaz deemed it unnecessary any longer it) seek the protection of his batterie.s at Diu, and, sailing out, converted the Portuguese retreat into a Hight, taking one of their ships and disperaing the rest. Not satisfied with this success, he continued his course to (Jlioul, where the Portu- guese were engaged in building a factory, again defeated them, and remained off the port fni- twenty days, cutting ott' all communication Vjetween the fact^jry and the Portuguese fleet, which kept iiovering outside, without offering battle, or attemi)ting to force a pa.s.sage. In ])roportion as Portuguese pasillanimit increased, their assailants became emboldened, and Adel Khan, in 1522, ma«L' his appearance once more in the vicinity of Goa. The city was too well fortifier 1 to run much risk, but all the adjoining territory was occupied, and once more acknowledged the supremacy of the King of Bejapoor.

In 1 527 the hopes of the Portuguese were much revived by a decisive victors' gained at Ohoid over the Gujerat fieet, which consisted of eighty-three ve.ssel.-s Of these, seventy-three were burned, destroyed, or driven ashore. Hector de Silveira, the victor, following his advantage, proceeded up to the head of the bay, where Bombay now stands, to Tannah, and then northwards to Bas.sein, levying contributions from both places, and compelling both to become tributary. Three years after, his brother, Antonio de Silveira, with a fleet of fifty-one vessels, crossed the bar of the river Taptee, and, forcing his way up to Surat. sacked and burned it. In the following year Daman, a large town situated on the same coast, shared the same fate.

These, however, were only desultory attacks, preparatory to a gi-eat effcjrt about to be made for the capture of Diu. The King of Portugal, iiTitated at having been so often baffled in his attempts to take it, sent out peremptory orders to obtain possession of it on any terms! The preparations were on a scale far exceeding in magnitude anything that the Portuguese had ever before attempted. The expedition had its rendezvous in Bombay harbour, where it mustered 400 vessels of aU descriptions, having on board 22,200 men. Of these, 3600 soldiers and 1400 sailors were Europeans. On the 16th February, 1531, the expedition, commanded by Nmino de Cunha, governor of India, arrived off" Diu. Nine days before, it had attacked the town and island of Bet, or Be}t, which lies not far from the south side of the entrance to the Gulf of Cutch. and was strongly fortified both by nature and art. It was taken with a loss of 18,000 men and sixty cannon to the enemy, and with the loss of only twelve men to the Portuguese. The victory, however, great as it seemed, was in fact a disaster. Among the twelve slain was Hector de Silveira, the hero of the fleet ; while the time lost was so diligently improved by the enemy, that Diu was rendered all but impregnable. The defence was conducted by Mustapha Khan, an European Turk, with so much courage and ability, that all the efforts of the besiegers proved fruitless, and they found it necessary, at the end of a month,

4


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 1:20 II1S'J'IIV or INIJIA. [Hook F.

A I). I'lM lor 170 years. WliiN; the II'iikIoo mjaliM roinaincd iinitx'fl. the Maljoinetans strove in vain to regain what they had lost, and maut wJKin they began again to indulge in internal dissensions, the Mahcnnetans again extended their conquests, subdued Wurungole, and oljtfiined jx^ssession of the country between the Krishna and the Toombudra, ii.dupcna.jnt In Hindoostan and the adjoining territories, various kingdoms independent

sdViM'eign- x»Tvii" 11*11* 1 /'i • 1111

ties in uiii- <>i Uellii wcrc established. Among these, one 01 the mo.st exteiLSive and  the teiritor}^ which bore that name, extended over Malwah, which wa.s twice concjuered, and finally annexed to it. The Rajpoots of Mewar also repeatedly bent Ijefore it, and Candeisii acknowledged its supremacy. Hoomayoon occupied it for a short time, but it soon recovered itself, and was inde[)endent at the acceasion of his son Akber. Malwah, before it fell under the power of Gujerat, had long maintained a separate independence, and for some time was under the domination of a Hindoo, who, though not the nominal, was virtually the real sovereign, and filled all the highest offices wath his own countrymen. Bengal ha.s been already mentioned ; and, besides it, Candeish, Jounpoor, Scinde, and Mooltan were all independent at Akber's succession. Of the Rajpoot states, the most important which were independent at the same period, are Mewar, ruled by the Ranas of Odeypoor, though at one time reduced to a kind of vassalage under Gujerat — ^larwar, held by the Rhahtors, who, after being driven out of Canouge, vv^here they had early established themselves, retired to the desert between the table-land and the Indus, subdued the Juts, the onginal inliabitants, and extended then- dominion over a large teriitory, throwing off a younger branch, which afterwards formed the separate state of Bicanere — Jessulmeer, where the BhattLs had made their settlement in the western part of the desert, at so early a period that their history is lost in fable — and Amber, or Jeq)oor, possessed by the tribe of Cach- waha, who do not figure much in early times, but have a proof of their impor- tance in the fact that Akber married their rajah's daughter. Besides these are many minor states in the desert and along the east of the table-land In the north, along the slopes of the Himalaya, fi-om Cashmere east to the highlands which overlook the delta of the Ganges, all the petty states were i-uled by their own independent sovereigns.

coiiinieucc- Sucli was the state of matters when Akber came to the throne in 1 556.

His long and prosperous reign forms a new era in the history of India. It is of importance, however, to remember that before it commenced, another event, in which the future destiny of India was more deeply involved, had occurred. The route to the East by the Cape of Good Hope had been discovered moi-e than half a century before; and the Portuguese had set the first example of those European settlements which, imitated and improved upon, were afterwards to expand, under British energy and prowess, into a magnificent empire. To this great event, therefore, were we now to give om- first attention we should only be

ment of a new era.


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 CiiAP VI.] REIGN OF AKBER. 125

enlightened administration. When he succeeded lie possessed little more than a.d. i56i. the territory aroimd Delhi and Agra, together with an imperfect and precarious hold of the Punjab. During Behram's regency Ajmeer was added to his Akber's

vigorous

dominions without a contest, the strong fort of Gwalior wjis captured, and the ana success- Afghans were driven as far enst as Juanpoor, after being dispossessed of Lucknow and a large tract of country on the Ganges. In loGO, shortly after the dismissal of Behram Khan, Akber, from a desire perhaps to signalize his full assumi)tion of the reins of government, resolved to attempt the contjuest of Malwah, and with that view despatched an army under the connnand of Adam Khan Atka. The princi[)ality was then in the possession of Baz Bahadur, who kept his court at Sarungpoor, where he had become so much the slave of indo- lence and pleasure, that the Moguls were within twenty miles of his capital before he could be roused to action. Even then his resistance was feeble ; and his troops having been routed at the first onset, be fled for Boorhanpoor, leaving his propert}' and family behind. These immediately fell into the hands of Adam Khan. He at once disposed of them as if he had been absolute master, sending only a few elephants to Akber, who was so much dissatisfied that he set out without delay to call liim to account. Adam Khan, if he really entertained treasonable designs, found them completely frustrated by Akber's ex])edition, and hastened to make his peace. He had previously, by the indulgence of unbridled passion, been the cause of an aft'ecting catastrophe.

One of the inmates of the harem wtis a Hindoo of surpassing beauty, highly a tivigiciU accomplished, and celebrated as a poetess. After endeavouring in vain to resist the importunities and violence of Adam Khan, she pretended to yield, and fixed the hour of meeting. When he arrived it Wcis only to behold her corpse. Immediately after the appointment she had retired to lier chamber, put on her most splendid dress, sprinkled the richest perfumes, and taken poison. Her attendants, seeing her lie down on her couch and cover lier face with her mantle, thought she had fallen asleej), and did not become aware of the real fact till, on the khan s a))proach, they attempted to waken her.

Akber retm-ned to Agi-a, and shortly after made Mahomed Khan Atka. Aki>er governor of the Punjab, his prime minister, and confeired the government of niiuioo. Malwah on his old preceptor, Peer Mahomed Khan, whom Behraiu Khan had, in a fit of jealou.sy, driven into exile. In 1561, while on a visit to a celebrated shrine in Ajmeer, Akber married the daughter of Poorunmul, Rajah of Je^qwor, and enrolled botli the rajah and his son among the nobles of his court This is said to be the first instance in which a Hindoo chief was ennobled or ])laced in any position of high ti-ust under the government of the Great Mogul. Akber, before (putting Ajmeer, despatched Mirza Shurf-u-din Hoossein to invest the fort of Merta, belonging to Maldo, Rajah of Marwar; and then set out for Agra with such ex])edition that, by taking only six attendants, and travelling without interruptitni. he pei-foi-med the distance of above 200 miles in three da>'S.


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 Chap. IX.] FENTON'S VOYAGE TO THE EAST. 213

named, "with whom you shall consult and conferre in all causes, matters, and actions of ira- ad. 15s-j. portance, not provided for in these Instructions, touching this service now in hand. And in all such matters so handled, argued, and debated, wee thiuke that convenyent alwayes to be executed which you shall think meetest, with the assent also of any four of them, the matter iiaving bene debated and so assented unto in the presence of your saitl assi.stauts."

The sixtli Instruction proceeds in the same peremptory style : —

" Item, you shall not remoove Captaiue William Hawkins, your lieutenant; Mastei'-cap- taine Luke Ward, your vice-admiral, or captaine of the Edxoard Bonaventure ; nor Caj)taine Carlile from his charge by land, whom we will not to refuse any such service as shall be appointed to him by the generall and the councill ; nor any captaine of other vessels from these charges, but upon just cause duely pi'ooved, and by consent of your assistants, or of four of them at the least."

From tlie appointment of a military uHicer, of course having soldiers under instnictions

... partly

him, and in regard to whom it is added (Instruction 23), "in all occasions miiitiir>-, and enterprises that maj'^fall out to bee upon the lande, wee will that Captaine Carlile shall have the generall and cliief charge thereof," it might be supposed that the government had undertaken the entire responsibility of the expedition. This impression is strengthened by Instruction 24, which shows tlijit chaj)- lains had been appointed by public authority. With reference to them, it is said: —

"And to the end God may blesse this voyage with happie and prosperous successe ; you shall have an especiall care to see that reverence and respect bee had to the ministers ajjpointed to accompanie you in this voyage as appertaineth to their place and calling ; and to see such good order as by them shall be set downe for reformation of life and manners duely obeyed and perfourmed, by causing the transgressours and contemners of the same to be severely punished ; and the ministers to remove sometime from one vessell to another."

It is plain, liowever, from other Instructions, that the expedition partook paniy

of the character of a mercantile adventure. Tims it is said (Instruction 8) : —

" You shall make a just and true enventorie, in every ship and vessell appointed for this voyage, of all the tackle, munition, and furniture belonging to them, at their setting foorth hence, and of all the provisions whatsoever ; and one copie thereof under your hand, and luidcr the hands of your vice-admirall and lieutenant, to be delivered to the Earle of Leicester, and the other to the governour of the companie for them, before your departure hence ; .and the like to be done at your returne home of all things then remaining in the sayd ships and vessels, with a true certificate how and by what meanes any parcell of the same shall have bene spent or lost."

The mercantile character is still more fully brought out both by inci- dental mention of merchants and factors in various passages, and particularly in the following Instructions, in which equity, soimd policy, and worldly prudence are so happily combined, that they seem not unworthy of being (quoted entire: —

" 12. Item, we do straightly enjoin you, and consequently all the rest employed in this voyage in any wise, and as you and they will answere the contrary at your comming home by the lawes of this realme, that neither going, tarrying abroad, nor returning, you doe spoyle or take anything from any of the queen's majestie's friends or allies, or any Christians, without ]iaying justly for the same ; nor that you use any maner of violence or force against any such, excei)t in your owne defence, if you shall be set upon, or otherwise be forced for your owne safegard to do it.


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 2;32

IliSTOKY OF INDIA.

[liOOK i

A.D. 1600.

Mode of ma- nagement

ture and set forth one or more voyages, with convenient number of ships anrl pirmaces, by way of trafHc and merchandize to the East Indies, in the countries and parts of Asia and Africa, and to as many of tiie islands, ports and cities, towns and places, thereabouts, as where trade and traffick may by all likelihood be discovered, establi.shed, or had ; divers of which countries, and many of the

islands, cities, and ports thereof, have long since been discovered by others of our subjects, albeit not frequented in trade of merchandize."

In accordance with this petition, her majesty, 'greatly tendering the honour of our nation, the wealth of our people, and the encouragement of them, and others of our loving sub- jects in their good enterprises, for the increase of oiu- na'io:ation, and the advancement of la%vful traffic, to the benefit of oiir commonwealth," constitutes the petitioners a "body corporate and politick, in deed and in name, by the name of The Gover- nor and Company of the Merchants of London, trading into the East Indies," empowering them and their successors, in that name and capacity, to possess or dispose of land, tenements, and hereditaments, to have a common seal, to sue and be sued; and, in general "to do and execute all and singular other things by the same name," as fully and freely as "any other our liege people."

The charter then goes on to prescribe the mode of management of the affairs of the company, fixing it in a governor, and twenty-four other members called committees, who are to have "the direction of the voyages of or for the said company, and the provision of the shipping and merchandizes thereto belonging, and also the sale of all merchandizes retm-ned in the voyages ; ' and, in general, " the managing and handling of all other things belonging to the said company." Thomas Smith, alderman of the city of London, is nominated as the " first and present governor," and twenty-four other members as the " first and present committees" of the company; but as these nominations were to continue in force only for a year from the date of the charter, the mode (^f electing their successors in office is next pointed out. For this purpose the company, or a majority of those "present at any public assembly, com- monly called the court, holden for the said company," the governor always being one, are empowered to elect a deputy to act in the governor's absence ;

George, Earl of Cumberland. — Lodge's Portraits.


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 Chap. X.| THE QUEEN'S LETTER. 237

fii"st repaire of our merchauuts unto your countrie, resortinge thether in i)eaceable traftique, a d igoo. and shall entertaiue this their first voiage, as an iutroducion to a further contiuewaunee of friendshippe betvveeiie your majestie and us, for oomniorce and intercourse betweene your subjects and ours, wee have geaven order to this, our principall merchaunt (yf your niajestie shall be j^leased therwith) to leave in your countrie some such of our said merchaunts as he shall make choice of, to reside in your domminons, under your j)rincelie and safe proteciou, untill the retourne of another fleete, which wee shall send unto you, who may, in the meane tyme, learne the language of your countrie, and apjilie their behavior, as it may best sorte, to converse with your majestie's subjects, to the end that amitie and friendshii)p beinge entertayned and begun, the same may the better be continewed, when our people shall be instructed how to direct themselves accordinge to the fashions of your countrie.

" And becawse, in the consideraciou of the enterteyninge of amytie and friendshipp, and in the establishinge of an intercoui-se to be continewed betweene us, ther may be required, on your majestie's behaulfe, such promise or capitulacions to be ])erformed by us, which wee cannot, in theise our lettres, take knowledge of, wee therefore pray your niajestie to geave eare tlierein unto this bearer, and to geave liim creditt, in whatsoever he shall promise or undertake in our name, concerniiige our aniitye and eiitercourse, which jiromise, wee (for our parte), in the word of a prince, will see performed, and wilbe readie gratefullie to requite anie love, kindness, or favour, that our said subjects shall receive at your majestie's handes ; Itrayinge your niajestie that, for our better satisfaciou of your kinde acceptauuce of this our i)ve and amytie offered your highenes, you would, by this bearer, give te.stymonie thereof, by your iiriiicelie lettres, directed unto us, in which wee shall receive very great contente- nient. And thus," &c.

.Manche of Caucut,

A boat U9<->I on ttu' M t.:vl>ar c^&st, having a tlat bottom, renderinit it suitable for croii:ng tlip biri at thf mouths of rlvi-rs.


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 Chap. I.]

PROCEEDINGS IN THE RED SEA.

2ol

Turkish firman.

US — wee to take their indicoes and other goods of theirs as they were worth, ad. icu. and they to take ours in lieu thereof." The latter proposal, though carrying injustice and spoliation on the very face of it, was unanimously preferred by the violent

proceedings.

council; and the ships of a Company, invested by the crown with exclusive privileges for the purpose of carrying on a legitimate trade, deliberately set out on a marauding expedition which virtually made every man connected with it a pirate.

While Sir Henry Middleton was thus detaining and rifling all the vessels from India which were so unfortunate as to fall into his hands, other three vessels — the Clove, Hector, and Thomas — fitted out under the auspices of the Company, sailed from England on the 18th of April, 1611, under the command of Captain John Saris. Like those which Sir Henry commanded, their first destination was the Red Sea. As a means of securing a favourable reception at the different ports with which trade might be attem})ted, a firman or pass had Captain been obtained from the sultan at Constantinople, by the intervention of the witim English ambassador there. In this document, addressed to all the " great vice- roys and beglerbegs who are on the way (both by sea and land), from my most happy and imperial throne, to the confines of the East Indies," they are strictly enjoined " kindly and courteously to entertain and receive the merchants and subjects of Great Britain, coming or passing through or by any of our dominions, with a view to trade to the territories of Yemen, Aden, and Mocha, and the parts adjoining, by assisting and relieving them with all things necessary for them- selves, their men, and ships ;" and, in general, by yielding unto them " such offices of benevolence and

humanity as shall be -^^^ir.y^L-

meet and convenient to be yielded unto honest men and stran- gers undertaking so long and painful a voyage."

Foitified with this recommendation, Cap- tain Saris had antici- pated little difficulty in opening a traffic with the subjects of the sultan in the Red

Sea, and was therefore mortified when, on arriving at the island of Socotra, he niBdiBaii- received a letter which had been left by Sir Henry Middleton, acquainting him ^IT l^^',*' with his proceedings and warning him against Turkish treachery. Though his ^g^,f "^' hopes of peaceful trade were now faint, he determined to test the efficacy of his

— « -iti _^;»-

^1^

Mocha, from the North.— From Capt. C. F. Head's Eastern and Egyptian Scenery.