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 air once more, would see once again the sky arching above him, would hear the murmur of running water, the sighing of the wind through the fruit trees and its stir among the fronds—would be quit for a space of the horrors and the putrefaction of his surroundings, and would see, smell, hear, and enjoy all the sights, scents, sounds, and familiar things for which he hungered with so sick a longing.

Accordingly, the chief having been communicated with, he was one day taken upriver to the place he had named; but the reek of the cage clung to him, and the fresh air was to him made foul by it. The search was fruitless, of course; he was beaten by the boatmen, who had had their trouble for nothing; and, sore and bleeding, he was placed once more in his cage, with the added pain of heavy chains to complete his sufferings. An iron collar was riveted about his neck, and attached by ponderous links to chains passed about his waist and to rings around his ankles. The fetters galled him, preventing him from lying at ease in any attitude, and they speedily doubled the number of his bed-sores. The noisy, bloated flies buzzed around him now in ever-increasing numbers, feasting horribly upon his rottenness, as he sat all day sunken in stupid, wide-eyed despair.

A Chinese lunatic had been placed in the vacant cage on his left—a poor mindless wretch who cried out to all who visited the prison that he had become a Muhammadan, vainly hoping thereby to meet with some small measure of pity from the worshippers of Allah, the merciful and compassionate God. The


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 bestial habits of this man, whose mental disease was intensified by his misery and by the disgusting character of his environment, imported a new horror into Talib's life; but he himself was fast sinking into the stolid, animal existence of his right-hand neighbour. I saw him, precisely as I have described him. and learned his story, in April, 1895, and since the state in which he was awaiting his lingering death was at that time independent, I was, of course, powerless to effect his deliverance. Of his end I know nothing, but his future held no prospect of release, and the best that one could hope for him was an early death, or failing that, a speedy arrival at the happy condition which is locally called kâleh. To add to the horror of it all, there were two women and one small child confined in the cages at the time of my visit, but upon their sufferings I have refrained from dwelling.

Readers of this true tale will perhaps realize how it comes to pass that some of us men of the outskirts—who have seen things, not merely heard of them—are apt to become rather strong "imperialists," and to find it at times difficult to endure with patience those ardent defenders of the Rights of Man, who bleet their comfortable aphorisms in the British House of Commons, and cry shame upon our "hungry acquisitiveness."

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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 This use of the flute in love-makingprobably owing to its soft and rather effeminate toneis very widespread and of very ancient origin. It is found in Formosa and in Peru, where there is a regular "love-language" for the flute, by which girls can be drawn quite a distance to fall into the arms of the player. Garcilasso mentions how a Spaniard wished to carry off an Indian woman in the streets of Cozco, whereupon she exclaimed: "Let me go, for that pipe which you hear in yonder tower calls me with great passion, and I cannot refuse the summons, for Love constrains me to go, that I may be his wife and he my husband." Among the Shans it is customary for the lover to play short tunes in a minor key, with very melancholy cadences, outside the house of his lady-love before he enters; and if a young girl dies unmarried and has no lover, the young men of the village play tunes to her on their gourd flutes in turn as she lies dead.

Amongst the ancient Greeks the flute was considered rather a "naughty" instrument, probably owing to the character and dressor rather want of dressof many of the ladies who played it, and also to its frequent introduction in scenes of debauch. Horace (Sat. I., ii. 1) calls bands of female flautists "Ambubajarum collegia," a term of contempt, and "flute-player" was often used as equivalent to "courtezan." The Theodosian Code forbade women to adopt the profession of flute-players. Apuleius calls it "the wantonly-sounding flute." Aristotle says the flute was not a


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, Third Edition *The requisite deposit copy(ies) of the work.

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128 STAT. 3180 of 1986 (26 U.S.C. 6412(a)(1)) with respect to gasoline to be used in motorboats.

§ 200501. Definitions

In this chapter:
 * (1) —
 * (A) —The term “at-risk youth recreation grant” means a grant in a neighborhood or community with a high prevalence of crime, particularly violent crime or crime committed by youthful offenders.
 * (B) —The term “at-risk youth recreation grant” includes—
 * (i) a rehabilitation grant;
 * (ii) an innovation grant; and
 * (iii) a matching grant for continuing program support for a program of demonstrated value or success in providing constructive alternatives to youth at risk for engaging in criminal behavior, including a grant for operating, or coordinating, a recreation program or service.
 * (C) —In addition to the purposes specified in paragraph (8), a rehabilitation grant that serves as an at-risk youth recreation grant may be used for the provision of lighting, emergency phones, or any other capital improvement that will improve the security of an urban park.
 * (2) —The term “general purpose local government” means—
 * (A) a city, county, town, township, village, or other general purpose political subdivision of a State; and
 * (B) the District of Columbia.
 * (3) —The term “innovation grant” means a matching grant to a local government to cover costs of personnel, facilities, equipment, supplies, or services designed to demonstrate innovative and cost-effective ways to augment park and recreation opportunities at the neighborhood level and to address common problems related to facility operations and improved delivery of recreation service, not including routine operation and maintenance activities.
 * (4) —The term “maintenance” means all commonly accepted practices necessary to keep recreation areas and facilities operating in a state of good repair and to protect them from deterioration resulting from normal wear and tear.


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 moral instrument, but adapted to enthusiastic and passionate music, such as is improper for the sober purposes of education. Plato banished it from his republic, saying no modest woman could hear the Lydian flute with impunity. Aristonætus attributes to it great power to excite the passions. Perhaps this is why it was such a favourite with Cleopatra, a fact which did not escape the notice of Shakespeare (see p. 231, ante). An ancient Greek hymn to Mercury speaks of "the amorous sighing of the flute." It is to be noticed that the Hebrews employed the pipe or flute very little; that used in Nebuchadnezzar's band (Dan. iii.) was called "Mashrokitha."

Owing to its bad reputation, and also to its connection with Pagan religious ceremonies, the flute (though said to have been used by the early Alexandrian Christians in 150 to accompany the chant of the Last Supper) was tabooed by the early Christian Church. By the Canons of St. Paul (viii. 32), flute-players were refused the rite of baptism, St. Chrysostom calls pipes "the very pomps and hotchpotch of the devil." St. Clement asserted the flute was fit for beasts rather than men, and St. Cyprian goes so far as to say that to strive


text: Public Law 113-287/Chapter 2003

title: Public Law 113-287/Chapter 2003


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 to talk with the fingers (as on a flute) is an act of ingratitude to God, who gave men a tongue; whilst St. Epiphanius says the flute was modelled from the serpent in Eden, and compares the gestures of a flute-player to those of the devil himself when blaspheming. The same view was taken by the early English Puritans. Gosson, in his School of Abuse (1579), terms flute-players "the caterpillars of a Commonwealth." William Prynne, in his Histriomastix (1633), cites with evident gusto the dictum of St. Clement, that if a flute-player turn Christian he must either give up flute-playing or else be rejected (p. 654). Fox, in his Martyrs, tells us that Thomas Bilney (who was afterwards martyred) used to resort straight to his prayers whenever the Rev. Dr. Thurlby, of Cambridge, played on his recorder. This, however, apparently did not prevent Thurlby from becoming a bishop.

Johannes Secundus makes flutes the instrument of Venus, and it is said that Leonardo da Vinci employed flutes as a kind of spell in order to obtain the proper pose for the Mona Lisa countenance in his famous picture, in which a refined sensuality is the main characteristic (Rowbotham). Nothing could please Zubof, the favourite of Catherine of Russia, when in love but the voluptuous strains of the flute.


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text: West African Studies

title: West African Studies


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earliest known book of instructions for the transverse flute is Hotteterre's Principés de la Flute Traversière ou Flute d'Allemagne, de la Flute-à-bec ou Flute Douce, et du Hautbois, first published by Christophe Ballard in Paris in 1707; this was re-issued in 1713, 1720, 1722, and again, with additions, in 1741. Several editions (some pirated) appeared in Amsterdam (1708, 1710, and 1728) and in London. This extremely rare little book gives full instructions, tables of fingerings, directions as to breathing, position of the player (whom he advises to practise before a mirror), and two pictures of flutes, but it contains no music. The author also wrote a number of sonatas or suites, rondos, and other short solos for one or two flutes (see p. 37 ante); trios for flute, violin, and oboe (some of which still exist in the Bibliotheque National in Paris and in Brussels, but none have ever been re-published); and "The Art of Preluding on the Transverse Flute" (1712)probably the earliest book of studies for the instrumentand a Method for the musette (1737). Hotteterre's famous work was copied, with the addition of some music (simple airs and duets, the fingering of each note being given), by Michel Corrette in his Methode pour apprendre aisément a jouer de la Flûte


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, Third Edition *The ability to track the status of the application: After submission, the online system allows the applicant to log in and see whether the online application is still pending or whether it has been registered and closed.

For detailed information on completing an online application, see. For information on completing an online application for a group of, a group of published photographs, or a group of updates or revisions to a database predominantly consisting of photographs, see , , and.

Once the online application has been submitted, the Office automatically issues an email confirming that the application has been received. If there are any issues regarding the claim, a will communicate with the applicant via telephone, email, or mail to address those issues. For more information on communications between the Office and the applicant, see.

204.1(B) Paper Applications

At this time, must use a paper application to apply for some types of registrations, namely:
 * for daily newspapers, daily newsletters, contributions to periodicals, or that do not consist predominantly of photographs.
 * and registrations.
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 * and registrations.

In such cases, the applicant must submit a paper application on the appropriate form by mail, courier, or hand delivery. For detailed information on these types of paper applications, see, through.

In all other cases, the Office strongly discourages applicants from using paper applications for the reasons discussed in.

Applicants may download paper applications from the Office’s website at www.copyright.gov/forms/, or by requesting the forms from the Public Information Office via email, fax, telephone, or in person. Once completed, the applicant may submit the paper application, along with the required and, to the Office by mail, courier, or hand delivery.

For general information on how to complete a paper application, see the instructions provided with each form. For specific information on how to complete each space of a paper application, see. For information on how to submit a paper Chapter 200 : 9


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 Traversière (Paris,? 1710). This book is praised by Hawkins. Corrette had a school of music under the Jesuits in Paris, which Fetis tells us was not a success, his pupils being termed "les anachorétes" (i.e., "les anes á Corrette").

The earliest English instruction book now in existence appeared in 1730-31. It is entitled The Modern Musick-Master or the Universal Musician, containing the Newest Method for Learners in [inter alia] the German Flute as Improved by the Greatest Masters of the age (Peter Prelleur. London: Bow Church Yard). This curious work contains separate parts dealing with the violin, German flute, flute-à-bec, hautboy, and harpsichord, giving a collection of airs from Handel's operas, minuets, rigadoons, etc., and a duet, "Se il cor," from Ptolemy, arranged for two transverse flutes. It is illustrated with artistic pictures of players performing on each instrument, and the frontispiece shows a group of persons performing on them all, including one playing a long transverse flute. This instrument is treated of in vol. ii. The scale given "of all the notes and half-notes" extends from low D to high G, as in Hotteterre's book, the top F♮ being omitted as hopelessly imperfect. A table of beats or shakes is also included. The author recommends the syllables Tu-Ku for tongueing. At the end there is an advertisement of Handel's operas Julius Cæsar, Tamerlane, and Rodelinda transposed for the flute. It was evidently a popular work, as it ran through four editions in a few years.

In the same year Johann Christian Schickhard published Principes de la Flute, etc., in Amsterdam; and in 1759 A. Mahault, of that city, issued a tutor which Fetis describes as "one of the first truly methodical works for the flute." About the same period Francesco Geminiani published in London Rules for Playing in a true taste on the German Flute, etc., as exemplified in a variety of Compositions. This work is mentioned by Burney.


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Any order of the court made under the powers conferred by paragraph (b) of this subsection shall direct by what officer of the Crown the interrogatories are to be answered.

(2) Without prejudice to the proviso to the preceding subsection, any rules made for the purposes of this section shall be such as to secure that the existence of a document will not be disclosed if, in the opinion of a Minister of the Crown, it would be injurious to the public interest to disclose the existence thereof.

29.—(1) Nothing in this Act shall authorise proceedings in rem in respect of any claim against the Crown, or the arrest, detention or sale of any of His Majesty’s ships or aircraft, or of any cargo or other property belonging to the Crown, or give to any person any lien on any such ship, aircraft, cargo or other property.

(2) Where proceedings in rem have been instituted in the High Court or in a county court against any such ship, aircraft, cargo or other property, the court may, if satisfied, either on an application by the plaintiff for an order under this subsection or an application by the Crown to set aside the proceedings, that the proceedings were so instituted by the plaintiff in the reasonable belief that the ship, aircraft, cargo or other property did not belong to the Crown, order that the proceedings shall be treated as if they were duly instituted against the Crown in accordance with the provisions of this Act, or duly instituted against any other person whom the court regards as the proper person to be sued in the circumstances, and that the proceedings shall continue accordingly.

Any such order may be made upon such terms, if any, as the court thinks just; and where the court makes any such order it may make such consequential orders as the court thinks expedient.

30.—(1) Section eight of the Maritime Conventions Act, 1911 (which relates to the limitation of actions in respect of damage or loss caused to or by vessels and the limitation of actions in respect of salvage services) shall except in the case of proceedings in respect of any alleged fault of a ship of war or a ship for the time being appropriated to the service of the armed forces of the Crown or to the service of the Post Office, apply in the case of His Majesty’s ships as it applies in the case of other vessels:

Provided that the said section eight, as applied by this section, shall have effect as if the words from “and shall, if satisfied” to the end of the said section eight were omitted therefrom.

(2) Subject to the provisions of the preceding subsection, nothing in this Act shall prejudice the right of the Crown to

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 thing that the other officers do not feel inclined to, and therefore rarely has time to wash. He in course of time becomes second officer, and the slave of the hatch. During this period of his metamorphosis he feels no compunction whatever in hauling out and dumping on the deck burst bacon barrels or leaking lime casks, actions which, when he reaches the next stage of development, he will regard as undistinguishable in a moral point of view from a compound commission of the seven deadly sins. For the deck, be it known, is to the First officer the most important thing in the cosmogony,and there is probably nothing he would not sacrifice to its complexion. One that I had the pleasure of knowing once lamented to me that he was not allowed by his then owners to spread a layer of ripe pineapples upon his precious idol, and let them be well trampled in and then lie a few hours, for this he assured me gave a most satisfactory bloom to a deck's complexion. Yet when this same man becomes a captain and grows another stripe round his cuffs, he no longer takes an active part in the ship's household affairs, that is his First officer's business, the ship's husband's affair; and should he have an inefficient First the captain expects Men and Nations to sympathise with him, just as a lady expects to be sympathised with over a bad housemaid.

There are, however, two habits which are constant to all the species through each stage of transformation from roust-about to captain. One is a love of painting. I have never known an officer or captain who could pass a paint-pot, with the brush sticking temptingly out, without emotion. While, as for Jack, the happiest hours he knows seemingly are those he spends sitting on a slung plank over the side of his ocean home, with his bare feet dangling a few feet above

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 The year 1752 was marked by the appearance of Quantz's famous Instructions for the Transversa Flute, with twenty-four pages of music. It was originally published in Berlin, and was dedicated to Frederick the Great. This work was at once translated into French, and in 1754 a Dutch translation by J. W. Lustig appeared in Amsterdam. It was reprinted in German in 1780 and in 1789, and has been recently re-edited by Dr. Arnold Schering, of Leipsic (1906). There is also an incomplete English translation. This was much the largest and most complete book of instructions that had as yet appeared, and it obtained a lasting and widespread celebrity. Quantz gives elaborate directions as to improving the tune of the imperfect notes on the old one-keyed flute, and he recommends every flute-player, if possible, to learn how to make a flute himselfwhich was all very well at that time, but would be rather difficult nowadays. His table of fingering is very peculiar: in addition to the use of the alternative D♯ E♭ keys, he often gives different fingerings for the same notee.g, A♯ and B♭, B♯ and C♮, B♮ and C♭, etc. His system of tongueing was attacked by a Danish amateur flautist and composer named Joachim de Moldenit, to whom Quantz replied in Marpurg's essays. The very rare Italian book, A. Lorenzoni's Saggio per ben Sonare il Flauto traverso (Vicenza, 1779), was founded on Quantz, as were also most of the numerous tutors (English and foreign) which appeared towards the end of the eighteenth and beginning of the nineteenth century. To give details of these would be wearisome to my readers; suffice it to say that the principal English ones were those of Wragg (1790), Gunn (1793), and Nicholson (1820).


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rely upon the law relating to the limitation of time for bringing proceedings against public authorities.

(3) In this section the expression “ship” includes any boat or other description of vessel used in navigation, and the expression “His Majesty’s ships” shall be construed accordingly.

31.—(1) This Act shall not prejudice the right of the Crown to take advantage of the provisions of an Act of Parliament although not named therein; and it is hereby declared that in any civil proceedings against the Crown the provisions of any Act of Parliament which could, if the proceedings were between subjects, be relied upon by the defendant as a defence to the proceedings, whether in whole or in part, or otherwise, may, subject to any express provision to the contrary, be so relied upon by the Crown.

(2) Section six of the Debtors Act, 1869 (which empowers the court in certain circumstances to order the arrest of a defendant about to quit England) shall, with any necessary modifications, apply to civil proceedings in the High Court by the Crown.

32. No claim by or against the Crown, and no proceedings for the enforcement of any such claim, shall abate or be affected by the demise of the Crown.

33. No writ of extent or of diem clausit extremum shall issue after the commencement of this Act.

34.—(1) His Majesty may by Order in Council make such provision as appears to him to be expedient with respect to civil proceedings by or against the Crown in any court not being the High Court or a county court.

(2) An Order in Council made under this section may in particular—
 * (a) define the jurisdiction of the court to which the Order relates in civil proceedings by or against the Crown; and
 * (b) apply, in relation to civil proceedings by or against the Crown in the said court, any provisions of this Act which would not otherwise apply in relation to those proceedings with such additions exceptions and modifications as appear to His Majesty to be expedient.

(3) The provisions of any such Order shall have effect notwithstanding any provision made by or under any enactment with respect to the court in question; and any such Order may provide for amending or revoking any provision so made as aforesaid.

(4) An Order in Council made under this section may be varied or revoked by a further Order in Council made by His Majesty thereunder.

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 the water as tempting bait for sharks, and the tropical sun blazing down on him and reflected back at him from the iron ship's side and from the oily ocean beneath. Then he carols forth his amorous lay, and shouts, "Bill, pass that paint-pot" in his jolliest tones. It is very rarely that a black seaman is treated to a paint-pot; all they are allowed to do is to knock off the old stuff, which they do in the nerveless way the African does most handicraft. The greatest dissipation of the black hands department consists in being allowed to knock the old stuff off the steam-pipe covers, donkey, and funnel. This is a delicious occupation, because, firstly, you can usually sit while doing it, and secondly, you can make a deafening din and sing to it.

The other habit and the more widely known is the animistic view your seaman takes of Nature. Every article that is to a landsman an article and nothing more, is to him an individual with a will and mind of his own. I myself believe there is something in it. I feel sure that a certain hawser on board the had a weird influence on the minds of all men who associated with it. It was used at Liverpool coming out of dock, but owing to the absence of harbours on the Coast it was not required again until it tied our ocean liner up to a tree stump at Boma, on the Congo. Nevertheless it didn't suit that hawser's views to be down below in the run and see nothing of life. It insisted on remaining on deck, and the officers gave in to it and said "Well, perhaps it was better so, it would rot if it went down below," so some days it abode on the quarter-deck, some days on the main, and now and again it would condescend to lie on the fo'castle, head in the sun. It had too its varying moods of tidiness, now neat and -

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flutes are made either of wood, silver, or ebonite, a mixture of india-rubber, lead, and sulphur, first used for this purpose about 1850. Our ancestors delighted in a yellow boxwood flute with square silver keys and ivory tips to the joints (I have several made by Astor), but it and all other woods have been superseded by cocus or grenadille. Various metals have been triedtin, copper, brass, pewter, and even iron. In England and America the head-joint of wooden flutes is usually lined with metal, which preserves the exact proportion of the curves. Mr. Welch tells an amusing story of a flautist friend who played an old wooden flute. Having become subject to fancies, and fearing he was about to die, he said to Mr. Welch, "I shall soon be in Heaven, and then I shall play on a golden flute; but mind, it must be lined with wood." Gold flutes are said to produce a very rich and pure tone; but as they cost about £180, are not likely ever to come into general use. Metal flutes are now almost exclusively made of silver or German silver.

Böhm, who tried all kinds of materials, came to the conclusion that, for the majority of players, wood is best. The chief advantages of a silver flute, besides its nice appearance and lightness, are its quick articulation, the facility with which the sound can be produced, especially in the upper


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 notes, and its brilliancy. Its chief disadvantages are its occasional shrillness unless very skilfully played and its slightly metallic sound. It is not so sympathetic or round in tone as the wooden flute, which is fuller and richer, but slower in response. Moreover, it is liable to rapid fluctuations of pitch, caused by the tube getting hot or cold very rapidly, heat causing it to rise and vice versâ. It is admirable as a solo instrument or in the drawing-room, but in the orchestra the tone does not blend so well with the other wood winds (which are never made of metal), and stands out too prominently. It carries farther, however, than wood. Mr. W. S. Broadwood told me that when he last heard Doppler playing in the orchestra at Salzburg he was almost inaudible, playing on an old wooden flute. The same authority mentions how on one occasion he heard the silver flute in an orchestra from the further extremity of a large building, apparently playing isolated phrases without accompaniment; as he approached nearer he heard the double basses, then the violins; it is not so with a wooden or ebonite flute. But no doubt much depends on the individual player: nothing could be more beautiful than Svendsen's tone on a silver flute or Ciardi's on a wooden one.

The question of wood versus silver is in reality a matter of individual taste. Each prefers his own instrument. One who plays wood will tell you that silver is harsh and metallic, and that wood is sweeter; one who plays silver will tell you that it alone produces pure tone, and that wood is "fluffy" and "woolly." A player who has naturally a fine tone will be able to produce it on either material. I fancy that imagination has a good deal to say to it. On one occasion in my own house Mons. F. Brossa and some other flautists tried the experiment of each retiring in turn behind a screen and playing the same piece alternately on a wooden and a silver flute, with the result that we were all as often wrong as right in guessing which instrument was being played.


text: West African Studies/Preface

title: West African Studies/Preface


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 10 & 11

(5) An Order in Council under this section shall be laid before Parliament as soon as may be after it is made, and, if either House of Parliament, within the next twenty-eight days on which that House has sat after such an Order is laid before it, resolves that the Order be annulled, the Order shall thereupon. cease to have effect except as respects things previously done or omitted to be done, without prejudice, however, to the making of a new Order.

Notwithstanding anything in subsection (4) of section one of the Rules Publication Act, 1893, such an Order shall be deemed not to be a statutory rule to which that section applies. Supplemental.

35.—(1) Any power to make rules of court or county court rules shall include power to make rules for the purpose of giving effect to the provisions of this Act, and any such rules may contain provisions to have effect in relation to any proceedings by or against the Crown in substitution for or by way of addition to any of the provisions of the rules applying to proceedings between subjects.

(2) Provision shall be made by rules of court and county court rules with respect to the following matters:—
 * (a) for providing for service of process, or notice thereof, in the case of proceedings by the Crown against persons, whether British subjects or not, who are not resident in in the United Kingdom;
 * (b) for securing that where any civil proceedings are brought against the Crown in accordance with the provisions of this Act the plaintiff shall, before the Crown is required to take any step in the proceedings, provide the Crown with such information as the Crown may reasonably require as to the circumstances in which it is alleged that the liability of the Crown has arisen and as to the departments and officers of the Crown concerned;
 * (c) for providing that in the case of proceedings against the Crown the plaintiff shall not enter judgment against the Crown in default of appearance or pleading without the leave of the court to be obtained on an application of which notice has been given to the Crown;
 * (d) for excepting proceedings brought against the Crown from the operation of any rule of court providing for summary judgment without trial, and for enabling any such proceedings to be put in proper cases into any special list which may be kept for the trial of short causes in which leave to defend is given under any such rule of court as aforesaid;

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without the leave of a court in any proceedings for the enforcement of any right for the enforcement of which proceedings by way of English information might have been taken if this Act had not been passed, so, however, that the Crown shall not be entitled to deliver any third or subsequent interrogatories without the leave of the court;
 * (f) for enabling evidence to be taken on commission in proceedings by or against the Crown;
 * (g) for providing:—
 * (i) that a person shall not be entitled to avail himself of any set-off or counterclaim in any proceedings by the Crown for the recovery of taxes, duties or penalties, or to avail himself in proceedings of any other nature by the Crown of any set-off or counterclaim arising out of a right or claim to repayment in respect of any taxes, duties or penalties;
 * (ii) that a person shall not be entitled without the leave of the court to avail himself of any set-off or counterclaim in any proceedings by the Crown if either the subject matter of the set-off or counterclaim does not relate to the Government department in the name of which the proceedings are brought or the proceedings are brought in the name of the Attorney General;
 * (iii) that the Crown, when sued in the name of a Government department, shall not, without the leave of the court, be entitled to avail itself of any set-off or counterclaim if the subject matter thereof does not relate to that department; and
 * (iv) that the Crown, when sued in the name of the Attorney General, shall not be entitled to avail itself of any set-off or counterclaim without the leave of the court.

(3) Provision may be made by rules of court for regulating any appeals to the High Court, whether by way of case stated or otherwise, under enactments relating to the revenue, and any rules made under this subsection may revoke any enactments or rules in force immediately before the commencement of this Act so far as they regulate any such appeals, and may make provision for any matters for which provision was made by any enactments or rules so in force.

36. Save as otherwise expressly provided, the provisions of this Act shall not affect proceedings by or against the Crown which have been instituted before the commencement of this Act and for the purposes of this section proceedings against

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the Crown by petition of right shall be deemed to have been so instituted if a petition of right with respect to the matter in question has been left with a Secretary of State for submission to His Majesty before the commencement of this Act.

37.—(1) Any expenditure incurred by or on behalf of the Crown in right of His Majesty’s Government in the United Kingdom by reason of the passing of this Act shall be defrayed out of moneys provided by Parliament.

(2) Any sums payable to the Crown in right of His Majesty’s Government in the United Kingdom by reason of the passing of this Act shall be paid into the Exchequer.

38.—(1) Any reference in this Act to the provisions of this Act shall, unless the context otherwise requires, include a reference to rules of court or county court rules made for the purposes of this Act.

(2) In this Act, except in so far as the context otherwise requires or it is otherwise expressly provided, the following expressions have the meanings hereby respectively assigned to them, that is to say:—
 * “Agent”, when used in relation to the Crown, includes an independent contractor employed by the Crown;
 * “Civil proceedings” includes proceedings in the High Court or the county court for the recovery of fines or penalties, but does not include proceedings on the Crown side of the King’s Bench Division;
 * “His Majesty’s aircraft” does not include aircraft belonging to His Majesty otherwise than in right of His Government in the United Kingdom;
 * “His Majesty’s ships” means ships of which the beneficial interest is vested in His Majesty or which are registered as Government ships for the purposes of the Merchant Shipping Acts, 1894 to 1940, or which are for the time being demised or subdemised to or in the exclusive possession of the Crown, except that the said expression does not include any ship in which His Majesty is interested otherwise than in right of His Government in the United Kingdom unless that ship is for the time being demised or subdemised to His Majesty in right of His said Government or in the exclusive possession of His Majesty in that right;
 * “Officer”, in relation to the Crown, includes any servant of His Majesty, and accordingly (but without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing provision) includes a Minister of the Crown;
 * “Order” includes a judgment, decree, rule, award or declaration;

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his life or soule actively to the word. The resurrection of Christ is an essentiall part of our Redemption: but Christ rose not by the propriety of his flesh, but by the power of his Deity. Christ as Mediatour performed many divine acts: but the humanity alone cannot be the beginning of a divine act: as[errata page says to delete an "as" from line 5] [sic] Christ as Mediatour hath authority to forgive sins, to send the holy Spirit not meritoriously alone, as Bellarmine distinguisheth, but efficiently, to conjoyne us unto God, and bring us to salvation. Christ as Mediatour is the King and Head of his Church, which dignity and office cannot agree to him that is meere man. For the Head is to give influence of sence and motion unto the body, and Christ gives supernaturall sence and motion unto his mysticall body, and that both by way of efficiency, and by way of disposition, fitting us that an impression of grace may be made upon us. He prepareth and fitteth men to the receipt of grace by the acts of his humanity, in which he suffered death, and dying satisfied Gods wrath, removed all matter of dislike, procured the favour and acceptation of God, and so made men fit to receive the grace of God, and to enjoy his favour. He imparteth and conferreth grace, by the operation and working of his divine nature, it being the proper worke of God to enlighten the understandings of men, and to soften their hearts.

If it be alleadged, that there is nothing that one person of the Trinity doth towards the creatures, but they all doe it, and consequently, that those things which Christ did in his divine nature, pertained not to the office of a Mediatour, being common to all the Persons.

The answer is, though the action be the same, and the worke done by them, yet they differ in the manner of doing it. For the Father doth all things authoritativè, and the Son subauthoritativè, as the Schoole-men speake; that is, the Father, as he from whom, and of whom are all things; the Son as he by whom are all things, not as by an instrument, but a principall efficient. And in this sort to quicken, give life, and to impart the Spirit of Sanctification to whom he pleaseth, especially with a kind of concurring of the humane nature meriting, desiring, and instrumentally assisting, is proper to the Son of God, manifested in our flesh, and not common to the whole Trinity. As the second person in Trinity did assume our nature, and not the Father or the holy Ghost:


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 * “Proceedings against the Crown” includes a claim by way of set-off or counterclaim raised in proceedings by the Crown;
 * “Ship” has the meaning assigned to it by section seven hundred and forty-two of the Merchant Shipping Act, 1894;
 * “Statutory duty” means any duty imposed by or under any Act of Parliament.

(3) Any reference in this Act to His Majesty in His private capacity shall be construed as including a reference to His Majesty in right of His Duchy of Lancaster and to the Duke of Cornwall.

(4) Any reference in Parts III or IV of this Act to civil proceedings by or against the Crown, or to civil proceedings to which the Crown is a party, shall be construed as including a reference to civil proceedings to which the Attorney General, or any Government department, or any officer of the Crown as such is a party:

Provided that the Crown shall not for the purposes of Parts III and IV of this Act be deemed to be a party to any proceedings by reason only that they are brought by the Attorney General upon the relation of some other person.

(5) Any reference in this Act to the armed forces of the Crown shall be construed as including a reference to the following forces:—
 * (a) the Women’s Royal Naval Service;
 * (b) the Queen Alexandra’s Royal Naval Nursing Service; and
 * (c) any other organisation established under the control of the Admiralty, the Army Council or the Air Council.

(6) References in this Act to any enactment shall be construed as references to that enactment as amended by or under any other enactment, including this Act.

39.—(1) The enactments set out in the Second Schedule to this Act are hereby repealed to the extent specified in the third column of that Schedule.

(2) For subsection (1) of section twenty-six of the Ministry of Transport Act, 1919, there shall be substituted the following subsection:—
 * “(1) The Minister of Transport may for all purposes be described by that name.”

40.—(1) Nothing in this Act shall apply to proceedings by or against, or authorise proceedings in tort to be brought against, His Majesty in His private capacity.

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  An odd Accident which befel Mr. Allworthy'', at his Return home. The decent Behaviour of Mrs. Deborah Wilkins, with ome proper Animadverions on Batards.''

Have told my Reader, in the preceding Chapter, that Mr. Allworthy inherited a large Fortune; that he had a good Heart, and no Family. Hence, doubtles, it will be concluded by many, that he lived like an honet Man, owed no one a Shilling, took nothing but what was his own, kept a good Houe, entertained his Neighbours with a hearty Welcome at his Table, and was charitable to the Poor, i. e. to thoe who had rather beg than work, by giving them the Offals from it; that he dy’d immenely rich, and built a Hopital.

And true it is, that he did many of thee Things; but, had he done nothing more, I hould have left him to have recorded his own Merit on ome fair Free-Stone over the Door of that Hopital. Matters of a much more extraordinary Kind are to be the Subject of this Hitory, or I hould grosly mipend my Time in writing o voluminous


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(2) Except as therein otherwise expressly provided, nothing in this Act shall:—
 * (a) affect the law relating to prize salvage, or apply to proceedings in causes or matters within the jurisdiction of the High Court as a prize court or to any criminal proceedings; or
 * (b) authorise proceedings to be taken against the Crown under or in accordance with this Act in respect of any alleged liability of the Crown arising otherwise than in respect of His Majesty’s Government in the United Kingdom, or affect proceedings against the Crown in respect of any such alleged liability as aforesaid; or
 * (c) affect any proceedings by the Crown otherwise than in right of His Majesty’s Government in the United Kingdom; or
 * (d) subject the Crown to any greater liabilities in respect of the acts or omissions of any independent contractor employed by the Crown than those to which the Crown would be subject in respect of such acts or omissions. if it were a private person; or
 * (e) subject the Crown, in its capacity as a highway authority, to any greater liability than that to which a local authority is subject in that capacity; or
 * (f) affect any rules of evidence or any presumption relating to the extent to which the Crown is bound by any. Act of Parliament; or
 * (g) affect any right of the Crown to demand a trial at bar or to control or otherwise intervene in proceedings affecting its rights, property or profits; or
 * (h) affect any liability imposed on the public trustee or on the Consolidated Fund of the United Kingdom by the Public Trustee Act, 1906;

and, without prejudice to the general effect of the foregoing provisions, Part III of this Act shall not apply to the Crown except in right of His Majesty’s Government in the United Kingdom.

(3) A certificate of a Secretary of State:—
 * (a) to the effect that any alleged liability of the Crown arises otherwise than in respect of His Majesty’s Government in the United Kingdom;
 * (b) to the effect that any proceedings by the Crown are proceedings otherwise than in right of His Majesty’s Government in the United Kingdom;

shall, for the purposes of this Act, be conclusive as to the matter so certified.

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 Böhm, Th.Ueber den Flötenbau. 1847. (Translated into English in 1882 by W. S. Broadwood.) Die Flöte und das Flötenspiel. 1871. (Translated into English by D. C. Millar, 1911.)

Carte, R.Sketch of Improvements made in the Flute. 1851.

Badger, A. GIllustrated History of the Flute. 1861.

Skeffington, Rev. T. C.The Flute in its Transition Stage, 1862.

Quantz, A.Leben und Werke des Flötisten J J. Quantz. 1877.

Carlez, J.Les Hotteterre. 1877.

Thoinan, ELes Hotteterre et les Chedeville. 1894.

Welch, CHistory of the Böhm Flute. 1883-96.

Rockstro, R. SDescription of the Rockstro-Model Flute. 1884. Treatise on the Flute. 1890. Hints to Flute-players.

Italo Piazza.Dissertazione Storia-critica sul Flauto. 1890.

Wysham, H. C.The Evolution of the Bohm Flute. 1898.

Taylor, A. D.The Art of Flute-playing.

Welch, C.The Recorder and other Flutes in relation to Literature. 1912.

MAGAZINE ARTICLES AND PAMPHLETS.

Tromlitz, J. G.Nachricht von Tromlitzischen Flöten. (ib.)


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(4) Where any property vests in the Crown by virtue of any rule of law which operates independently of the acts or the intentions of the Crown, the Crown shall not by virtue of this Act be subject to any liabilities in tort by reason only of the property being so vested; but the provisions of this subsection shall be without prejudice to the liabilities of the Crown under this Act in respect of any period after the Crown or any person acting for the Crown has in fact taken possession or control of any such property, or entered into occupation thereof.

(5) This Act shall not operate to limit the discretion of the court to grant relief by way of mandamus in cases in which such relief might have been granted before the commencement of this Act, notwithstanding that by reason of the provisions of this Act some other and further remedy is available.

41. The provisions of this Part of this Act shall have effect for the purpose of the application of this Act to Scotland.

42. Section one, Part II (except section thirteen so far as relating to proceedings mentioned in the First Schedule and section twenty-one), Part III (except section twenty-six) and section twenty-eight of this Act shall not apply to Scotland.

43. In the application of this Act to Scotland:—
 * (a) for any reference to the High Court (except a reference to that Court as a prize court) there shall be substituted a reference to the Court of Session; for any reference to the county court there shall be substituted a reference to the sheriff court; the expression “plaintiff” means pursuer; the expression “defendant” means defender; the expression “county court rules” means Act of Sederunt applying to the sheriff court; and the expression “injunction” means interdict;
 * (b) the expression “tort” means any wrongful or negligent act or omission giving rise to liability in reparation, and any reference to liability or right or action or proceedings in tort shall be construed accordingly; and for any reference to Part II of the Law Reform (Married Women and Tortfeasors) Act, 1935, there shall be substituted a reference to section three of the Law Reform (Miscellaneous Provisions) (Scotland) Act, 1940.

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Hawaii v. Standard Oil Co./Dissent Brennan

MR. JUSTICE BRENNAN, with whom MR. JUSTICE DOUGLAS joins, dissenting.

The State of Hawaii seeks treble damages and injunctive relief for an alleged conspiracy among respondents to monopolize and fix prices on the sale of petroleum [p271] products in the State. Count one of Hawaii's complaint alleges an economic injury to the State in its proprietary capacity as purchaser of those products. Count two states a claim by the State, as parens patriae, for injury to its "economy and prosperity," including the withdrawal of its citizens' revenues, increased taxes to offset such losses, curtailment of manufacturing, shipping, and commerce, and injury to the competitive position of Hawaiian goods in the national market. Count three alleges a class action on behalf of all purchasers in the State of respondents' petroleum products. The District Court dismissed count three as unmanageable, but denied respondents' motion to dismiss count two, the parens patriae claim. An interlocutory appeal was taken by respondents under 28 U.S.C. § 1292(b), and the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit reversed and ordered dismissal of count two. The Court of Appeals held that even if the State's economy might suffer injury from antitrust violations independent of the injury suffered by private persons, that injury would not be to the State's "business or property" within the meaning of § 4 of the Clayton Act, and in any event would be too remote from respondents' alleged violations to permit the State to recover as parens patriae.

Georgia v. Pennsylvania R. Co., 324 U.S. 439 (1945), in my view, requires reversal. In that case the State of Georgia sought to invoke the original jurisdiction of this Court to remedy a conspiracy by several railroads to fix rates on the transportation of goods to and from the State. As noted by the Court, ante, at 259 n. 13, Georgia sought damages in each of the four counts of its complaint—in its sovereign capacity, as a quasi-sovereign, in its proprietary capacity, and as representative of its citizens. Treating the complaint as a prayer "for damages and for injunctive relief," 324 [p272] U.S., at 445, the Court held that Georgia, both as parens patriae and proprietor, was an appropriate party to bring these claims: "'The enforcement of the criminal sanctions of [the antitrust] acts has been entrusted exclusively to the federal government. See Georgia v. Evans, (316 U.S. 159), 162. But when it came to other sanctions Congress followed a different course and authorized civil suits not only by the United States but by other persons as well. And we find no indication that, when Congress fashioned those civil remedies, it restricted the States to suits to protect their proprietary interests. Suits by a State, parens patriae, have long been recognized. There is no apparent reason why those suits should be excluded from the purview of the antitrust acts.' Id., at 447." Georgia was in fact denied damages, but only because such recovery might operate as an illegal rebate on rates already approved by the Interstate Commerce Commission. See Keogh v. Chicago & Northwestern R. Co., 260 U.S. 156 (1922). Implicit in the decision, however, was the holding that Georgia, as parens patriae, could have recovered damages under the antitrust laws for a conspiracy involving other than agency-approved transportation charges. That holding applies with equal force here. Hawaii is complaining, not of an affront to its abstract sovereignty, but of the economic loss occasioned by respondents' conspiracy. As in Georgia, this can only be characterized as a wrong to the State "which, if proven, limits the opportunities of her people, shackles her industries, retards her development, and relegates her to an inferior economic position among her sister States." 324 U.S., at 451. If that injury would have been a sufficient basis for a damage claim by [p273] Georgia, as we held in that case, then it supports an identical action by Hawaii here.

Even if Georgia were not dispositive, I would still find in Hawaii's parens patriae count a claim of injury to its "business or property" sufficient to state a claim under § 4. There runs through the Court's opinion an assumption that Hawaii's proprietary claims, though concededly sufficient to state a cause of action, are wholly distinct in concept from those raised by the State as parens patriae. While I agree that the two counts represent injuries to the State in separate capacities, the injuries themselves are not so unrelated as to justify a different treatment under the Clayton Act. In Chattanooga Foundry & Pipe Works v. City of Atlanta, 203 U.S. 390 (1906), the city brought a treble-damages action against two pipe companies whose trust and combination had been invalidated in Addison Pipe & Steel Co. v. United States, 175 U.S. 211 (1899). Claiming injury "'in its business or property,'" 203 U.S., at 395, the city sought damages in its capacity as a purchaser of water pipes for the municipal water system. In upholding the right of the city to bring that action, the Court stated: "'It was injured in its property, at least, if not in its business of furnishing water, by being led to pay more than the worth of the pipe. A person whose property is diminished by a payment of money wrongfully induced is injured in his property.' Id., at 396." See also Georgia v. Evans, 316 U.S. 159 (1942).

The determinant, then, is whether "property is diminished by a payment of money wrongfully induced." But what was the nature of the injury to property for which recovery was permitted in Chattanooga? Clearly it was nothing more than the added expense incurred by the city's treasury as the result of the antitrust violation. [p274] While it was incurred in the course of a business transaction, the harm was to the economic wealth of the city's population as a whole, for any savings in public expenditures that ultimately accrued were for their benefit.

This is the same sort of interest sought to be protected here. Hawaii's economy, to which tourism and the tourist trade are important, would be particularly vulnerable to injury from a price conspiracy involving petroleum products. In seeking to preserve the economic opportunities of its people, and the tax revenues generated thereby, Hawaii is asserting an interest not significantly different in concept from that involved in Chattanooga. Whether the injury sought to be remedied consists of additional payments from the public purse, as in that case, or the failure to generate additional wealth, as here, the result in either instance is the same—the government and its population, as entities, have suffered harm to their economic well-being. If that harm is characterized "business or property" in one case, then we stretch no traditional property concepts in applying the same label in the other.

[p275] This conclusion is not undercut by 15 U.S.C. § 15a, which limits recovery by the United States for injury to its "business or property" caused by a violation of the antitrust laws to "actual damages suffered" "solely as a buyer of goods." S. Rep. No. 619, 84th Cong., 1st Sess., 3 (1955). Nothing in the Act similarly restricts a State, suing as parens patriae. As the legislative history of § 15a shows, the major emphasis during passage of the Sherman Act was on the methods of its enforcement. "[I]t was believed that the most effective method, in addition to the imposition of penalties by the United States, was to provide for private treble-damage suits. It was originally hoped that this would encourage private litigants to bear a considerable amount of the burden and expense of enforcement and thus save the Government time and money." Id., at 2. Thus private litigants, encouraged by the hope of triple recovery, were seen as a major instrument of antitrust enforcement, supplemented by criminal prosecutions and civil forfeiture actions brought by the Federal Government. These remedies did not, however, adequately protect the Government as the volume of its procurement grew and collusion among its suppliers became increasingly evident. This was the mischief Congress enacted § 15a to curb: "'The American taxpayer is entitled to full value for his tax dollar. He should be protected against its going into the pockets of wrongdoers in the form of excessive prices and profits gained through violation of the antitrust laws. If he were spending the money himself, he could sue for triple damages. Surely, he is entitled to protection from actual loss where the Government spends it for him. By permitting the United States Government to recover the provable damages resulting from [p276] unlawful practices engaged in by those with whom it does business, [§ 15a] would afford those safeguard necessary to the Public Treasury and at the same time severely deter those who would conspire in their dealings with Federal departments.' H.R. Rep. No. 422, 84th Cong., 1st Sess., 4-5 (1955)." At the same time, however, Congress felt that "unlike the situation with respect to private persons, there is no need to furnish the Government any special incentive to enforce the antitrust laws, a heavy responsibility with which it is already charged," and therefore Congress granted "to the Government the right to recover only actual, as distinguished from treble, damages." Id., at 4. In addition, Congress felt that the United States was "amply equipped with the criminal and civil process with which to enforce the antitrust laws. The proposed legislation, quite properly, treats the United States solely as a buyer of goods and permits the recovery of the actual damages suffered." S. Rep. No. 619, supra, at 3.

Thus § 15a served a narrower purpose than the treble-damages provision of the Sherman and Clayton Acts. The United States was "amply equipped" with "criminal and civil process" for general enforcement, and needed a damage remedy solely to protect itself "as a buyer of goods." On the other hand private litigants, including the States, lacked the Government's "criminal and civil process." Yet they were viewed as primary enforcers of antitrust policy and were armed with the weapon of triple recovery as a means of stimulating their efforts. It is plain from the history of § 15a that Congress did not intend that the States to be denied the treble-damages remedy Hawaii pursues here.

Finally, this result does not necessarily lead to double recovery. Since Hawaii is by definition asserting claims "independent of and behind the titles of its citizens," [p277] Georgia v. Tennessee Cooper Co., 206 U.S. 230, 237 (1907), there may be excluded from its recovery any monetary damages that might be claimed by its citizens individually or as part of a properly constituted class. That problem, like uncertainty of damages, is better answered after trial than on the pleadings.

In sum, I think that since no one questions that Hawaii can maintain a treble-damages action in its proprietary capacity, for analogous reasons, Hawaii may also maintain the action pleaded in count two as parens patriae.


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44. Subject to the provisions of this Act and to any enactment limiting the jurisdiction of the sheriff court (whether by reference to the subject matter of the proceedings or otherwise) civil proceedings against the Crown may be instituted in the sheriff court in like manner as if the proceedings were against a subject:

Provided that where in any proceedings against the Crown in the sheriff court a certificate by the Lord Advocate is produced to the effect that the proceedings may involve an important question of law, or may be decisive of other cases, or are for other reasons more fit for trial in the Court of Session, the proceedings shall be remitted to the Court of Session, and where any proceedings have been so remitted to the Court of Session, and it appears to that Court that the remit has occasioned additional expense to the pursuer, the Court shall take account of the additional expense so occasioned in deciding any question as to expenses.

45.—(1) Where in any civil proceedings by or against the Crown or to which the Crown has been made a party, any order (including an award of expenses) is made by any court in favour of any person against the Crown or against a Government department or against an officer of the Crown as such, the clerk of court shall, on an application in that behalf made by or on behalf of that person at any time after the expiration of twenty-one days from the date of the order, or, in a case where there is an award of expenses and the expenses require to be taxed, at any time after taxation whichever is the later, issue to that person a certified copy of the order of the court.

(2) A copy of any such order may be served by the person in whose favour the order is made upon the person for the time being named in the record as the solicitor, or the person acting as solicitor, for the Crown or for the Government department or officer concerned.

(3) If the order decerns for the payment of any money by way of damages or otherwise or of any expenses, the appropriate Government department shall, subject as hereinafter provided, pay to the person entitled or to his solicitor the amount appearing from the order to be due to him together with the interest, if any, lawfully due thereon:

Provided that the court by which any such order as aforesaid is made or any court to which an appeal against the order lies may direct that pending an appeal or otherwise payment of the whole of any amount so payable, or any part thereof, shall be suspended.

(4) No such order as aforesaid shall warrant any diligence or execution against any person to enforce payment of any such money or expenses as aforesaid, and no person shall be individually liable under any order for the payment by the Crown, or any Government department or any officer of the Crown as such, of any such money or expenses.

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Grenser, HLetters and Articles on same. (Ib. 1800, 1811, and 1824.)

"Weber, Gfr.Klappen fur C′′ and B′ auf der Flöte. (Cæcilia, Band 9, 1828.)

Schafhäutl, C. von.Nachricht. (All. Mus. Zeitung, January 29, 1834.) Letter on Böhm Flute. (Musical World, February 18, 1882.)

The Flute. (Penny Magazine, 1840, p. 170.)

Ward, C.Letter. (Musical World, November 7, 1843.)

Carte, R.Article in The Monthly Lecturer, vol. ii., p. 285.

Mahillon, V. C.On the Fingering of the Böhm Flute. (Musical Opinion, November 1884.)

The Böhm Flute, by "Ebonite." (ib. August-October 1888.)

Böhm's Life and Letters. (ib. March 1890.)

Wysham, H. C.On "Flute," etc., in Groves' Dictionary of Music. (Boston Leader, April 1890.) Evolution of the Böhm Flute. (ib. August 1891.)

Rowbotham, J. F.The Flute. (Musical Opinion, August 1, 1892.) The Flute. (Good Words, 1904, p. 243.)

American-Indian Flutes. (Journal of American Folk-lore, 1894, 1895, and 1896.)


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 dandy coiled, now dishevelled and slummocky after association with the Kru boys.

It is almost unnecessary to remark that the relationship between the First officer and the Chief engineer is rarely amicable. I certainly did once hear a First officer pray especially for a Chief engineer all to himself under his breath at a Sunday service; but I do not feel certain that this was a display of true affection. I am bound to admit that "the engineer is messy," which is magnanimous of me, because I had almost always a row of some kind on with the First officer, owing to other people upsetting my ink on his deck, whereas I have never fallen out with an engineer—on the contrary, two Chief engineers are amongst the most valued friends I possess.

The worst of it is that no amount of experience will drive it into the head of the First officer that the engineer will want coal particularly and exactly when the ship has just been thoroughly scrubbed and painted to go into port. I have not been at sea so long as many officers, yet I know that you might as well try and get a confirmed dipsomaniac past a grog shop as the engineer past, say the Canary Coaling Company; indeed he seems to smell the Dakar coal, and hankers after it when passing it miles out to sea. Then, again, if the engineer is allowed to have a coal deposit in the forehold it is a fresh blow and grief to the First officer to find he likes to take them as Mrs. Gamp did her stimulant, when she "feels dispoged," whether the deck has just been washed down or no.

The cook, although he always has a blood feud on with the engineer concerning coals for the galley fire, which should endear him to the First officer, is morally a greater trial to the First than he is to his other victims. You

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 a Work; and you, my agacious Friend, might, with equal Profit and Pleaure, travel through ome Pages, which certain droll Authors have been facetiouly pleaed to call The Hitory of England.

Mr. Allworthy had been abent a full Quarter of a Year in London, on ome very particular Buines, tho’ I know not what it was; but judge of its Importance, by its having detained him o long from home, whence he had not been abent a Month at a Time during the Space of many Years. He came to his Houe very late in the Evening, and after a hort Supper with his Siter, retired much fatigued to his Chamber. Here, having pent ome Minutes on his Knees, a Cutom which he never broke through on any Account, he was preparing to tep into Bed, when, upon opening the Cloaths, to his great Surprize, he beheld an Infant, wrapt up in ome coare Linnen, in a weet and profound Sleep, between his Sheets. He tood ome Time lot in Atonishment at this Sight; but, as Good-nature always the Acendant in his Mind, he oon began to be touched with Sentiments of Compaion for the little Wretch before him. He then rang his Bell, and ordered an elderly Woman Servant to


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 see the cook has a grease tub, and what that means to the deck in a high sea is too painful to describe. So I leave the First officer with his pathetic and powerful appeals to the immortal gods to be told why it is his fate to be condemned to this "dog's life on a floating Hanwell lunatic asylum," commending him to the sympathetic consideration of all good housewives, for only they can understand what that dear good man goes through.

After we passed Cape Verde we ran into the West African wet season rain sheet. There ought to be some other word than rain for that sort of thing. We have to stiffen this poor substantive up with adjectives, even for use with our own thunderstorms, and as is the morning dew to our heaviest thunder "torrential downpour of rain," so is that to the rain of the wet season in West Africa. For weeks it came down on us that voyage in one swishing, rushing cataract of water. The interspaces between the pipes of water—for it did not go into details with drops—were filled with gray mist, and as this rain struck the sea it kicked up such a water dust that you saw not the surface of the sea round you, but only a mist sea gliding by. It seemed as though we had left the clear cut world and entered into a mist universe. Sky, air, and sea were all the same, as our vessel swept on in one plane, just because she capriciously preferred it. Many days we could not see twenty yards from the ship. Once or twice another vessel would come out of the mist ahead, slogging past us into the mist behind, visible in our little water world for a few minutes only as a misty thing, and then we leisurely tramped on alone "o'er the viewless, hueless deep," with our horizon alongside.

If you cleared your mind of all prejudice the thing was

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The Giorgi Flute. (Musical Courier, November 12, 1896.)

Frederick and his Flute. (ib. April 1899.)

Southgate, T. L.Ancient Egyptian Double Flutes. (Proceedings of the Musical Association, 1890.) The Evolution of the Flute. (ib. 1907.) Flute Music. (ib. 1909.)

Welch, C.The Literature of the Recorder, (ib. 1897.) Hamlet and the Recorder. (ib. 1901.)

Standish, H.The Giorgi Flute. (ib. 1897.)

Bridge, J. C.The Chester Recorders. (ib. 1900.)

FitzGibbon, H. M.Flutes Ancient and Modern. (Leisure Hour, May 1884.) Famous Flautists Past and Present. (Musical World, 1906.) Lady Flautists. (ib.) Frederick the Great and Quantz. (Musical Opinion, March 1893.) The Flute in Chamber Music. (ib. April, June, July, 1905) The Flute in Bach and Handel. (ib. October, December, 1911.) Use of the Piccolo by Great Composers. (ib. October, December, 1912.) The Flute in Early English Poetry and Drama, (ib. September, 1913.)


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 really not uncomfortable, and it seemed restful to the mind. As I used to be sitting on deck every one who came across me would say, "Wet, isn't it? Well, you see this is the wet season on the Coast"—or, "Damp, isn't it? Well, you see this is the wet season on the Coast"—and then they went away, and, I believe slept for hours exhausted by their educational efforts. After this they would come on deck and sit in their respective chairs, smoking, save that irrepressible deaf gentleman, who spent his time squirrel like between vivid activity and complete quiescence. You might pass the smoking room door and observe the soles of his shoes sticking out off the end of the settee with an air of perfect restful calm hovering over them, as if the owner were hibernating for the next six months. Within two minutes after this an uproar on the poop would inform the experienced ear that he was up and about again, and had found some one asleep on a chair and attacked him. It was during one of these days, furnishing reminiscences of Noah's flood, that conversation turned suddenly on Driver ants. One of the silent men, who had been sitting for an hour or so, with a countenance indicative of a contemplative acceptance of the penitential psalms, roused by one of the deaf man's rows, observed, "Paraffin is good for Driver ants." "Oh," said the deaf gentleman as he sat suddenly down on my ink-pot, which, for my convenience, was on a chair, "you wait till you get them up your legs, or sit down among them, as I saw Smith, when he was tired clearing bush. They took the tire out of him, he live for scratch one time. Smith was a pocket circus. You should have seen him get clear of his divided skirt. Oh lor! what price paraffin?"

The conversation on the Driver ant now became general.

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 rie immediately and come to him, and in the mean Time was o eager in contemplating the Beauty of Innocence, appearing in thoe lively Colours with which Infancy and Sleep always diplay it, that his Thoughts were too much engaged to reflect that he was in his Shirt, when the Matron came in. She had indeed given her Mater ufficient Time to dres himelf; for out of Repect to him, and Regard to Decency, he had pent many Minutes in adjuting her Hair at the Looking-glas, notwithtanding all the Hurry in which he had been ummoned by the Servant, and tho’ her Mater, for ought he knew, lay expiring in an Apoplexy, or in ome other Fit.

It will not be wondered at, that a Creature, who had o trict a Regard to Decency in her own Peron, hould be hocked at the leat Deviation from it in another. She therefore no ooner opened the Door, and aw her Mater tanding by the Bedide in his Shirt, with a Candle in his Hand, than he tarted back in a mot terrible Fright, and might perhaps have wooned away, had he not now recollected his being undret, and put an End to her Terrors, by deiring her to tay without the Door


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 As far as I remember, Mr. Burnand, who in Happy Thoughts and My Health, gave much information, curious and interesting, on earwigs and wasps, omitted this interesting insect. So, perhaps, a précis of the information I obtained may be interesting. I learnt that the only thing to do when you have got them on you is to adopt the course of action pursued by Brer Fox on that occasion when he was left to himself enough to go and buy ointment from Brer Rabbit, namely, make "a burst for the creek," water being the quickest thing to make them leave go. Unfortunately, the first time I had occasion to apply this short and easy method with the ant was when I was strolling about by Bell-Town with a white gentleman and his wife, and we strolled into Drivers. There were only two water-barrels in the vicinity, and my companions, being more active than myself, occupied them.

While in West Africa you should always keep an eye lifting for Drivers. You can start doing it as soon as you land, which will postpone the catastrophe, not avoid it; for the song of the West Coaster to his enemy is truly, "Some day, some day, some day I shall meet you ; Love, I know not when nor how." Perhaps, therefore, this being so, and watchfulness a strain when done deliberately, and worrying one of the worst things you can do in West Africa, it may be just as well for you to let things slide down the time-stream until Fate sends a column of the wretches up your legs. This experience will remain "indelibly limned on the tablets of your mind when a yesterday has faded from its page," or, as the modern school of psychologists would have it, "The affair will be brought to the notice of your sublimated consciousness, and that part of your mind will watch for Drivers without

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 worrying you, and an automatic habit will be induced that will cause you never to let more than one eye roam spellbound over the beauties of the African landscape; the other will keep fixed, turned to the soil at your feet."

The Driver is of the species Ponera, and is generally referred to the species anomma arcens. The females and workers of these ants are provided with stings as well as well-developed jaws. They work both for all they are worth, driving the latter into your flesh, enthusiastically up to the hilt; they then remain therein, keeping up irritation when you have hastily torn their owner off in response to a sensation that is like that of red hot pinchers. The full-grown worker is about half an inch long, and without ocelli even. Yet one of the most remarkable among his many crimes is that he will always first attack the eyes of any victim. These creatures seem to have no settled home; no man has seen the beginning or end, as far as I know, of one of their long trains. As you are watching the ground you see a ribbon of glistening black, one portion of it lost in one clump of vegetation, the other in another, and on looking closer you see that it is an acies instituta of Driver ants. If you stir the column up with a stick they make a peculiar fizzing noise, and open out in all directions in search of the enemy, which you take care they don't find.

These ants are sometimes also called "visiting ants," from their habit of calling in quantities at inconvenient hours on humanity. They are fond of marching at night, and drop in on your house usually after you have gone to bed. I fancy, however, they are about in the daytime as well, even in the brightest weather; but it is certain that it is in dull, wet weather, and after dusk, that you come

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 across them most on paths and open spaces. At other times and hours they make their way among the tangled ground vegetation.

Their migrations are infinite, and they create some of the most brilliant sensations that occur in West Africa, replacing to the English exile there his lost burst water pipes of winter, and such like things, while they enforce healthy and brisk exercise upon the African.

I will not enter into particulars about the customary white man's method of receiving a visit of Drivers, those methods being alike ineffective and accompanied by dreadful language. Barricading the house with a rim of red hot ashes, or a river of burning paraffin, merely adds to the inconvenience and endangers the establishment.

The native method with the Driver ant is different: one minute there will be peace in the simple African home, the heavy-scented hot night air broken only by the rhythmic snores and automatic side slaps of the family, accompanied outside by a chorus of cicadas and bull frogs. Enter the Driver—the next moment that night is thick with hurrying black forms, little and big, for the family, accompanied by rats, cockroaches, snakes, scorpions, centipedes, and huge spiders animated by the one desire to get out of the visitors' way, fall helter skelter into the street, where they are joined by the rest of the inhabitants of the village, for the ants when they once start on a village usually make regular house-to-house visitation. I mixed myself up once in a delightful knockabout farce near Kabinda, and possibly made the biggest fool of myself I ever did. I was in a little village, and out of a hut came the owner and his family and all the household parasites pell mell, leaving the Drivers in possession; but the mother and father of the

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 till he had thrown ome Cloaths over his Back, and was become incapable of hocking the pure Eyes of Mrs. Deborah Wilkins, who, tho’ in the 52d Year of her Age, vowed he had never beheld a Man without his Coat. Sneerers and prophane Wits may perhaps laugh at her firt Fright, yet my graver Reader, when he coniders the Time of Night, the Summons from her Bed, and the Situation in which he found her Mater, will highly jutify and applaud her Conduct; unles the Prudence, which mut be uppoed to attend Maidens at that Period of Life at which Mrs. Deborah had arrived, hould a little leen his Admiration.

When Mrs. Deborah returned into the Room, and was acquainted by her Mater with the finding the little Infant, her Conternation was rather greater than his had been; nor could he refrain from crying out with great Horror of Accent as well as Look, ‘My good Sir! what’s to be done?’ Mr. Allworthy anwered, he mut take care of the Child that Evening, and in the Morning he would give Orders to provide it a Nure. ‘Yes, Sir,’ ays, he, ‘and I hope your Worhip will end out your Warrant to take up the Huy its Mother (for he mut be


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 family, when they recovered from this unwonted burst of activity, showed such a lively concern, and such unmistakable signs of anguish at having left something behind them in the hut, that I thought it must be the baby. Although not a family man myself, the idea of that innocent infant perishing in such an appalling manner roused me to action, and I joined the frenzied group, crying, "Where him live?" "In him far corner for floor!" shrieked the distracted parents, and into that hut I charged. Too true! There in the corner lay the poor little thing, a mere inert black mass, with hundreds of cruel Drivers already swarming upon it. To seize it and give it to the distracted mother was, as the reporter would say, "the work of an instant." She gave a cry of joy and dropped it instantly into a water barrel, where her husband held it down with a hoe, chuckling contentedly. Shiver not, my friend, at the callousness of the Ethiopian; that there thing wasn't an infant—it was a ham!

These ants clear a house completely of all its owner's afflictions in the way of vermin, killing and eating all they can get hold of. They will also make short work of any meat they come across, but don't care about flour or biscuits. Like their patron Mephistopheles, however, they do not care for carrion, nor do they destroy furniture or stuffs. Indeed they are typically West African, namely, good and bad mixed. In a few hours they leave the house again on their march through the Ewigkeit, which they enliven with criminal proceedings. Yet in spite of the advantage they confer on humanity, I believe if the matter were put to the human vote, Africa would decide to do without the Driver ant. Mankind has never been sufficiently grateful to its charwomen, like these insect equivalents, who

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 do their tidying up at supremely inconvenient times. I remember an incident at one place in the Lower Congo where I had been informed that "cork fever" was epidemic in a severe form among the white population. I was returning to quarters from a beetle hunt, in pouring rain; it was as it often is, "the wet season," &c., when I saw a European gentleman about twenty yards from his comfortable-looking house seated on a chair, clad in a white cotton suit, umbrellaless, and with the water running off him as if he was in a douche bath. I had never seen a case of cork fever, but I had heard such marvellous and quaint tales of its symptoms that I thought—well, perhaps, anyhow, I would not open up conversation. To my remorse he said, as I passed him, "Drivers." Inwardly apologising, I outwardly commiserated him, and we discoursed. It was on this occasion that I saw a mantis, who is by way of being a very pretty pirate on his own account, surrounded by a mob of the blind hurrying Drivers who, I may remark, always attack like Red Indians in open order. That mantis perfectly well knew his danger, but was as cool as a cucumber, keeping quite quiet and lifting his legs out of the way of the blind enemies around him. But the chances of keeping six legs going clear, for long, among such brutes without any of them happening on one, were small, even though he only kept three on the ground at one time. So, being a devotee of personal courage, I rescued him—whereupon he bit me for my pains. Why didn't he fly? How can you fly, I should like to know, unless you have a jumping off place?

Drivers are indeed dreadful. I was at one place where there had been a white gentleman and a birthday party in the evening; he stumbled on his way home and went

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 one of the Neighbourhood) and I hould be glad to ee her committed too Bridewel, and whipt at the Cart’s Tail. Indeed, uch wicked Sluts cannot be too everely punihed. I’ll warrant ’tis not her firt, by her Impudence in laying it to your Worhip.’ ‘In laying it to me, Deborah,’ anwered Allworthy, ‘I can’t think he hath only taken this Method to provide for her Child; and truly I am glad he hath not done wore.’ ‘I don’t know what is wore,’ cries Deborah, ‘than for uch wicked Strumpets to lay their Sins at honet Mens Doors; and though your Worhip knows your own Innocence, yet the World is cenorious; and it hath been many an honet Man’s Hap to pas for the Father of Children he never begot; and if your Worhip hould provide for the Child, it may make the People the apter to believe: Beides, why hould your Worhip provide for what the Parih is obliged to maintain? For my own Part, if it was an honet Man’s Child indeed; but for my own part, it goes againt me to touch thee mibegotten Wretches, whom I don’t look upon as my Fellow Creatures. Faugh, how it inks! It doth not mell like a Chritian. If I might be o bold to


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122  Quakerly piece, nor is it didactic, and it has no moral that I know of. But it is, I think, natural, simple, and not unpoetical.”]

have opened the door,
 * Once, twice, thrice!

We have swept the floor,
 * We have boiled the rice.

Come hither, come hither! Come from the far lands, Come from the star lands,
 * Come as before!

We lived long together, We loved one another;
 * Come back to our life.

Come father, come mother, Come sister and brother,
 * Child, husband, and wife,

For you we are sighing. Come take your old places, Come look in our faces, The dead on the dying,
 * Come home!


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 to sleep by the path side, and in the morning there was only a white gentleman's skeleton and clothes.

However, I will dwell no more on them now. Wretches that they are, they have even in spirit pursued me to England, causing a critic to observe that brevi spatio interjecto is my only Latin, whereas the matter is this. I was once in distinguished society in West Africa that included other ladies. We had a distinguished native gentleman, who had had an European education, come to tea with us. The conversation turned on Drivers, for one of the ladies had the previous evening had her house invaded by them at midnight. She snatched up a blanket, wrapped herself round with it, unfortunately allowed one corner thereof to trail, whereby it swept up Drivers, and awful scenes followed. Then our visitor gave us many reminiscences of his own, winding up with one wherein he observed "brevi spatio interjecto, ladies; off came my breeches." After this we ladies all naturally used this phrase to describe rapid action.

There is another ant, which is commonly called the red Driver, but it is quite distinct from the above-mentioned black species. It is an unwholesome-looking, watery-red thing with long legs, and it abides among trees and bushes. An easy way of obtaining specimens of this ant is to go under a mango or other fruit tree and throw your cap at the fruit. You promptly get as many of these insects as the most ardent naturalist could desire, its bite being every bit as bad as that of the black Driver.

These red ones build nests with the leaves of the tree they reside on. The leaves are stuck together with what looks like spiders' webs. I have seen these nests the size of an apple, and sent a large one to the British Museum,

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Rh We have opened the door,
 * Once, twice, thrice!

We have kindled the coals,
 * And we boil the rice

For the feast of souls.
 * Come hither, come hither!

Think not we fear you, Whose hearts are so near you. Come tenderly thought on, Come all unforgotten, Come from the shadow-lands, From the dim meadow-lands Where the pale grasses bend
 * Low to our sighing.

Come father, come mother, Come sister and brother, Come husband and friend,
 * The dead to the dying,
 * Come home!

We have opened the door
 * You entered so oft;

For the feast of souls We have kindled the coals,
 * And we boil the rice soft.

Come you who are dearest To us who are nearest, Come hither, come hither, From out the wild weather; The storm clouds are flying, The peepul is sighing;
 * Come in from the rain.

Come father, come mother, Come sister and brother, Come husband and lover, Beneath our roof-cover.
 * Look on us again,

The dead on the dying.
 * Come home!

We have opened the door! For the feast of souls We have kindled the coals We may kindle no more! Snake, fever, and famine, The curse of the Brahmin,
 * The sun and the dew,

They burn us, they bite us, They waste us and smite us;
 * Our days are but few!

In strange lands far yonder To wonder and wander
 * We hasten to you.

List then to our sighing,
 * While yet we are here:

Nor seeing nor hearing, We wait without fearing
 * To feel you draw near.

O dead, to the dying
 * Come home!

Khan came from Bokhara town To Hamza, santon of renown.

“My head is sick, my hands are weak; Thy help, O holy man, I seek.”

In silence marking for a space The Khan’s red eyes and purple face,

Thick voice, and loose, uncertain tread, “Thou hast a devil!” Hamza said.

“Allah forbid!” exclaimed the Khan, “Rid me of him at once, O man!”

“Nay,” Hamza said, “no spell of mine Can slay that cursed thing of thine.

“Leave feast and wine, go forth and drink Water of healing on the brink

“Where clear and cold from mountain snows, The Nahr el Zeben downward flows.

“Six moons remain, then come to me; May Allah’s pity go with thee!”

Awestruck, from feast and wine the Khan Went forth where Nahr el Zeben ran.

Roots were his food, the desert dust His bed, the water quenched his thirst;

And when the sixth moon’s scimitar Curved sharp above the evening star,

He sought again the santon’s door, Not weak and trembling as before,

But strong of limb and clear of brain; “Behold,” he said, “the fiend is slain.”

“Nay,” Hamza answered, “starved and drowned, The curst one lies in death-like swound.


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 give my Advice, I would have it put in a Baket, and ent out and laid at the Church-Warden’s Door. It is a good Night, only a little rainy and windy; and if it was well wrapt up, and put in a warm Baket, it is two to one but it lives ’till it is found in the Morning. But if it hould not, we have dicharged our Duty in taking proper care of it; and it is, perhaps, better for uch Creatures to die in a tate of Innocence, than to grow up and imitate their Mothers; for nothing better can be expected of them.’

There were ome Strokes in this Speech which, perhaps, would have offended Mr. Allworthy, had he trictly attended to it; but he had now got one of his Fingers into the Infant’s Hand, which by its gentle Preure, eeming to implore his Aitance, had certainly out-pleaded the Eloquence of Mrs. Deborah, had it been ten times greater than it was. He now gave Mrs. Deborah poitive Orders to take the Child to her own Bed, and to call up a Maid-ervant to provide it Pap and other things againt it waked. He likewie ordered that proper Clothes hould be procured for it early in the Morning, and that it hould be brought to himelf as oon as he was tirring.


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 but I have been told of many larger nests than I have seen. These ants, unfortunately for me who share the taste, are particularly devoted to the fruit of the rubber vine, and also to that of a poisonous small-leaved creeping plant that bears the most disproportionately-sized spiny, viscid, yellow fruit. It is very difficult to come across specimens of either of these fruits that have not been eaten away by the red Driver.

It is a very fascinating thing to see the strange devices employed by many kinds of young seedlings and saplings to keep off these evidently unpopular tenants. They chiefly consist in having a sheath of exceedingly slippery surface round the lower part of the stem, which the ants slide off when they attempt to climb. I used to spend hours watching these affairs. You would see an ant dash for one of these protected stems as if he were a City man and his morning train on the point of starting from the top of the plant stem. He would get up half an inch or so because of the dust round the bottom helping him a bit, then, getting no holding-ground, off he would slip, and falling on his back, desperately kick himself right side up, and go at it again as if he had heard the bell go, only to meet with a similar rebuff. The plants are most forbearing teachers, and their behaviour in every way a credit to them. I hope that they may in time have a moral and educational effect on this overrated insect, enabling him to realise how wrong it is for him to force himself where he is not welcome; but a few more thousand years, I fear, will elapse before the ant is anything but a chuckleheaded, obstinate wretch. Nothing nowadays but his happening to fall off with his head in the direction of some other vegetable frees the slippery plant from his attempts. To

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 Such was the Dicernment of Mrs. Wilkins, and uch the Repect he bore her Mater, under whom he enjoyed a mot excellent Place, that her Scruples gave way to his peremptory Commands; and he took the Child under her Arms, without any apparent Digut at the Illegality of its Birth; and declaring it was a weet little Infant, walked off with it to her own Chamber.

Allworthy here betook himelf to thoe pleaing Slumbers, which a Heart that hungers after Goodnes, is apt to enjoy, when thoroughly atisfied. As thee are poibly weeter than what are occaioned by any other hearty Meal, I hould take more Pains to diplay them to the Reader, if I knew any Air to recommend him to for the procuring uch an Appetite.


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 this other something off he rushes, and if it happens to be a plant that does not mind him up he goes, and I have no doubt congratulates himself on having carried out his original intentions, understanding the world, not being the man to put up with nonsense and all that sort of thing, whereas it is the plant that manages him. Some plants don't mind ants knocking about among the grown-up leaves, but will not have them with the infants, and so cover their young stuff with a fur or down wherewith the ant can do nothing. Others, again, keep him and feed him with sweetstuff so that he should keep off other enemies from its fruit, &c. But I have not space to sing in full the high intelligence of West African vegetation, and I am no botanist; yet one cannot avoid being struck by it, it is so manifold and masterly.

Before closing these observations I must just mention that tiny, sandy-coloured abomination Myriaica molesta. In South West Africa it swarms, giving a quaint touch to domestic arrangements. No reckless putting down of basin, tin, or jam-pot there, least of all of the sugar-basin, unless the said sugar-basin is one of those commonly used in those parts, of rough, violet-coloured glass, with a similar lid. Since I left South West Africa I have read some interesting observations of Sir John Lubbock's on the dislike of ants to violet colour. I wonder if the Portuguese of Angola observed it long ago and adopted violet glass for basins, or was it merely accidental and empirical. I suspect the latter, or they would use violet glass for other articles. As it is, everything eatable in a house there is completely insulated in water—moats of water with a dash of vinegar in it—to guard it from the ants from below; to guard from the ants from above, the same

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 breed and not a bit better. Eatables are kept in swinging safes at the end of coir rope recently tarred. But when, in spite of these precautions, or from the neglect of them, you find, say your sugar, a brown, busy mass, just stand it in the full glare of the sun. Sun is a thing no ant likes, I believe, and it is particularly distasteful to ants with pale complexions; and so you can see them tear themselves away from their beloved sugar and clear off into a Hyde Park meeting smitten by a thunderstorm.

This kind of ant, or a nearly allied species, is found in houses in England, where it is supposed they have been imported from the Brazils or West Indies in 1828. Possibly the Brazils got it from South West Africa, with which they have had a trade since the sixteenth century, most of the Brazil slaves coming out of Congo. It is unlikely that the importation was the other way about; for exotic things, whether plants or animals, do not catch on in Western Africa as they do in Australia. In the former land everything of the kind requires constant care to keep it going at all, and protect it from the terrific local circumstances. It is no use saying to animal or vegetable, "there is room for all in Africa"—for Africa, that is Africa properly so called—Equatorial West Africa, is full up with its own stuff now, crowded and fighting an internecine battle with the most marvellous adaptations to its environment.

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