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marriage of which little Johann had been the issue had never lost charm in the town as a subject for conversation. Since both of the parties to it were still felt to have something queer about them, the union itself must partake of that character of the strange and uncanny which they each possessed. To get behind it even a little, to look beneath the scanty outward facts to the bottom of this relation, seemed a difficult, but certainly a stimulating task. And in bedrooms and sitting-rooms, in clubs and casinos, yes, even on ’Change itself, people still talked about Gerda and Thomas Buddenbrook.

How had these two come to marry, and what sort of relationship was theirs? Everybody remembered the sudden resolve of Thomas Buddenbrook eighteen years ago, when he was thirty years old. “This one or no one,” he had said. It must have been something of the same sort with Gerda, for it was well known that she had refused everybody up to her twenty-seventh year, and then forthwith lent an ear to this particular wooer. It must have been a love match, people said: they granted that the three hundred thousand thaler had probably not played much of a role. But of that which any ordinary person would call love, there was very little to be seen between the pair. They had displayed from the very beginning a correct, respectful politeness, quite extraordinary between husband and wife. And what was still more odd it seemed not to proceed out of any inner estrangement, but out of a peculiar, silent, deep mutual knowledge. This had not at all altered with the years. The one change due to the passage of time was an outward one. It was only

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RV 247 (BUDDENBROOKS) this: that the difference in years began to make itself plainly visible.

When you saw them together you felt that here was a rapidly aging man, already a little heavy, with his young wife at his side. Thomas Buddenbrook was going off very much, and this despite the now almost laughable vanity by which he kept himself up. On the other hand, Gerda had scarcely altered in these eighteen years. She seemed to be, as it were, conserved in the nervous coldness which was the essence of her being. Her lovely dark red hair had kept its colour, the white skin its smooth texture, the figure its lofty aristocratic slimness. In the corners of her rather too small and close-set brown eyes were the same blue shadows. You could not trust those eyes. Their look was strange, and what was written in it impossible to decipher. This woman’s personality was so cool, so reserved, so repressed, so distant, she showed so little human warmth for anything but her music—how could one help feeling a vague mistrust? People unearthed wise old saws on the subject of human nature and applied them to Senator Buddenbrook’s wife. Still waters were known to run deep. Some people were slyer than foxes. And as they searched for an explanation, their limited imaginations soon led them to the theory that the lovely Gerda was deceiving her aging husband.

They watched, and before long they felt sure that Gerda’s conduct, to put it mildly, passed the bounds of propriety in her relations with Herr Lieutenant von Throta.

Renée Maria von Throta came from the Rhineland. He was second lieutenant of one of the infantry battalions quartered in the town. The red collar went well with his black hair, which he wore parted on the side and combed back in a high, thick curling crest from his white forehead. He looked big and strong enough, but was most unmilitary in speech and manner. He had a way of running one hand in between the buttons of his half-open undress coat and of sitting with his head supported on the back of his hand. His

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RV 248 (BUDDENBROOKS) bows were devoid of military stiffness, and you could not hear his heels click together as he made them. And he had no more respect for his uniform than for ordinary clothes. Even the slim youthful moustaches that ran slantwise down to the corners of his mouth had neither point nor consistency; they only confirmed the unmartial impression he gave. The most remarkable thing about him was his eyes, so large, black, and extraordinarily brilliant that they seemed like glowing bottomless depths when he visited anything or anybody with his glance which was sparkling, ardent, or languishing by turns.

He had probably gone into the army against his will, or at least without any inclination for it; and despite his physique he was no good in the service. He was unregarded by his comrades, and shared but little in their interests—the interests and pleasures of young officers lately back from a victorious campaign. And they found him a disagreeable oddity, who did not care for horses or hunting or play or women. All his thoughts were bent on music. He was to be seen at all the concerts, with his languishing eyes and his lax, unmilitary, theatrical attitudes; on the other hand he despised the club and the casino and never went near them.

He made the duty calls which his position demanded; but the Buddenbrook house was the only one at which he visited—too much, people thought, and the Senator himself thought so too.

No one dreamed what went on in Thomas Buddenbrook. No one must guess. But it was just this keeping everybody in ignorance of his mortification, his hatred, his powerlessness, that was so cruelly hard! People were beginning to find him a little ludicrous; but perhaps their laugh would have turned to pity if they had even dimly suspected how much he was on his guard against their laughter! He had seen it coming long before, he had felt it beforehand, before any one else had such an idea in his head. His much-carped-at vanity had its source largely in this fear. He had been first to see, with dismay,

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RV 249 (BUDDENBROOKS) the growing disparity between himself and his lovely wife, on whom the years had not laid a finger. And now, since the advent of Herr von Throta, he had to fight with the last remnant of his strength to dissimulate his own misgivings, in order that they might not make him a laughing-stock in the eyes of the community.

Gerda Buddenbrook and the eccentric young officer met each other, naturally, in the world of music. Herr von Throta played the piano, violin, viola, cello, and flute, and played them all unusually well. Often the Senator became aware of an impending visit when Herr von Throta’s man passed the office-door with his master’s cello-case on his back. Thomas Buddenbrook would sit at his desk and watch until he saw his wife’s friend enter the house. Then, overhead in the salon, the harmonies would rise and surge like waves, with singing, lamenting, unearthly jubilation; would lift like clasped hands outstretched toward Heaven; would float in vague ecstasies; would sink and die away into sobbing, into night and silence. But they might roll and seethe, weep and exult, foam up and enfold each other, as unnaturally as they liked! They were not the worst. The worst, the actually torturing thing, was the silence. It would sometimes reign so long, so long, and so profoundly, above there in the salon, that it was impossible not to feel afraid of it. There would he no tread upon the ceiling, not even a chair would move—simply a soundless, speechless, deceiving, secret silence. Thomas Buddenbrook would sit there, and the torture was such that he sometimes softly groaned.

What was it that he feared? Once more people had seen Herr von Throta enter his house. And with their eyes he beheld the picture just as they saw it: Below, an aging man, worn out and crotchety, sat at his window in the office; above, his beautiful wife made music with her lover. And not that alone. Yes, that was the way the thing looked to them. He knew it. He was aware, too, that the word “lover” was not really descriptive of Herr von Throta. It would have

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RV 250 (BUDDENBROOKS) been almost a relief if it were. If he could have understood and despised him as an empty-headed, ordinary youth who worked off his average endowment of high spirits in a little music, and thus beguiled the feminine heart! He tried to think of him like that. He tried to summon up the instincts of his father to meet the case: the instincts of the thrifty merchant against the frivolous, adventurous, unreliable military caste. He called Herr von Throta “the lieutenant,” and tried to think of him as that; but in his heart he was conscious that the name was inappropriate.

What was it that Thomas Buddenbrook feared? Nothing—nothing to put a name to. If there had only been something tangible, some simple, brutal fact, something to defend himself against! He envied people the simplicity of their conceptions. For while he sat there in torments, with his head in his hands, he knew all too well that “betrayal,” “adultery,” were not words to describe the singing things, the abysmally silent things, that were happening up there.

He looked up sometimes at the grey gables, at the people passing by, at the jubilee present hanging above his desk with the portraits of his forefathers: he thought of the history of his house, and said to himself that this was all that was wanting: that his person should become a byword, his name and family life a scandal among the people. This was all that was lacking to set the crown upon the whole. And the thought, again, almost did him good, because it was a simple, comprehensible, normal thought, that one could think and express—quite another matter from this brooding over a mysterious disgrace, a blot upon his family ’scutcheon.

He could bear it no more. He shoved back his chair, left the office, and went upstairs. Whither should he go? Into the salon, to be greeted with unembarrassed slight condescension by Herr von Throta, to ask him to supper and be refused? For one of the worst features of the case was that the lieutenant avoided him, refused all official invitations

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RV 251 (BUDDENBROOKS) from the head of the house, and confined himself to the free and private intercourse with its mistress.

Should he wait? Sit down somewhere, perhaps in the smoking-room, until the lieutenant went, and then go to Gerda and speak out, and call her to account? Ah, one did not speak out with Gerda, one did not call her to account. Why should one? Their alliance was based on mutual consideration, tact, and silence. To become a laughing-stock before her, too—no, surely he was not called upon to do that. To play the jealous husband would be to grant that outsiders were right, to proclaim a scandal, to cry it aloud. Was he jealous? Of whom? Of what? Alas, no! Jealousy—the word meant action: mistaken, crazy, wrong action, perhaps, but at least action, energetic, fearless, and conclusive. No, he only felt a slight anxiety, a harassing worry, over the whole thing.

He went into his dressing-room and bathed his face with eau-de-cologne. Then he descended to the music-room, determined to break the silence there, cost what it would. He laid his hand on the door-knob—but now the music struck up again with a stormy outburst of sound, and he shrank back.

One day in such an hour, he was leaning over the balcony of the second floor, looking down the well of the staircase. Everything was quite still. Little Johann came out of his room, down the gallery steps, and across the corridor, on his way to Ida Jungmann’s room. He slipped along the wall with his book, and would have passed his father with lowered eyes, and a murmured greeting; but the Senator spoke to him.

“Well, Hanno, and what are you doing?”

“Studying my lessons, Papa. I am going to Ida, to have her hear my translation—”

“Well, and what do you have to-morrow?”

Hanno, still looking down, made an obvious effort to give a prompt, alert, and correct answer to the question. He

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RV 252 (BUDDENBROOKS) swallowed once and said, “We have Cornelius Nepos, some accounts to copy, French grammar, the rivers of North America, German theme-correcting—”

He stopped and felt provoked with himself; he could not remember any more, and wished he had said and and let his voice fall, it sounded so abrupt and unfinished. “Nothing else,” he said as decidedly as he could, without looking up. But his father did not seem to be listening. He held Hanno’s free hand and played with it absently, unconsciously fingering the slim fingers.

And then Hanno heard something that had nothing to do with the lessons at all: his father’s voice, in a tone he had never heard before, low, distressed, almost imploring: “Hanno—the lieutenant has been more than two hours with Mamma—”

Little Hanno opened wide his gold-brown eyes at the sound; and they looked, as never before, clear, large, and loving, straight into his father’s face, with its reddened eyelids under the light brows, its white puffy cheeks and long stiff moustaches. God knows how much he understood. But one thing they both felt: in the long second when their eyes met, all constraint, coldness, and misunderstanding melted away. Hanno might fail his father in all that demanded vitality, energy and strength. But where fear and suffering were in question, there Thomas Buddenbrook could count on the devotion of his son. On that common ground they met as one.

He did not realize this—he tried not to realize it. In the days that followed, he urged Hanno on more sternly than ever to practical preparations for his future career. He tested his mental powers, pressed him to commit himself upon the subject of his calling, and grew irritated at every sign of rebellion or fatigue. For the truth was that Thomas Buddenbrook, at the age of forty-eight, began to feel that his days were numbered, and to reckon with his own approaching death.

His health had failed. Loss of appetite, sleeplessness, diz-

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RV 253 (BUDDENBROOKS) ziness, and the chills to which he had always been subject forced him several times to call in Dr. Langhals. But he did not follow the doctor’s orders. His will-power had grown flabby in these years of idlenesidleness [sic] or petty activity. He slept late in the morning, though every evening he made an angry resolve to rise early and take the prescribed walk before breakfast. Only two or three times did he actually carry out the resolve; and it was the same with everything else. And the constant effort to spur on his will, with the constant failure to do so, consumed his self-respect and made him a prey to despair. He never even tried to give up his cigarettes; he could not do without the pleasant narcotic effect; he had smoked them from his youth up. He told Dr. Langhals to his vapid face: “You see. Doctor, it is your duty to forbid me cigarettes—a very easy and agreeable duty. But I have to obey the order—that is my share, and you can look on at it. No, we will work together over my health; but I find the work unevenly divided—too much of yours falls to me. Don’t laugh; it is no joke. One is so frightfully alone—well, I smoke. Will you have one?” He offered his case.

All his powers were on the decline. What strengthened in him was the conviction that it could not last long, that the end was close at hand. He suffered from strange apprehensive fancies. Sometimes at table it seemed to him that he was no longer sitting with his family, but hovering above them somewhere and looking down upon them from a great distance. “I am going to die,” he said to himself. And he would call Hanno to him repeatedly and say: “My son, I may be taken away from you sooner than you think. And then you will be called upon to take my place. I was called upon very young myself. Can you understand that I am troubled by your indifference? Are you now resolved in your mind? Yes? Oh, ‘yes’ is no answer! Again you won’t answer me! What I ask you is, have you resolved, bravely and joyfully, to take up your burden? Do you imagine that you won’t have to work, that you will have enough

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RV 254 (BUDDENBROOKS) money without? You will have nothing, or very, very little; you will be thrown upon your own resources. If you want to live, and live well, you will have to work hard, harder even than I did.”

But this was not all. It was not only the burden of his son’s future, the future of his house, that weighed him down. There was another thought that took command, that mastered him and spurred on his weary thoughts. And it was this: As soon as he began to think of his mortal end not as an indefinite remote event, almost a contingency, but as something near and tangible for which it behoved him to prepare, he began to investigate himself, to examine his relations to death and questions of another world. And his earliest researches in this kind discovered in himself an irremediable unpreparedness.

His father had united with his hard practical sense a literal faith, a fanatic Bible-Christianity which his mother, in her latter years, had adhered to as well; but to himself it had always been rather repellant. The worldly scepticism of his grandfather had been more nearly his own attitude. But the comfortable superficiality of old Johann could not satisfy his metaphysical and spiritual needs, and he ended by finding in evolution the answer to all his questions about eternity and immortality. He said to himself that he had lived in his forbears and would live on in his descendants. And this line which he had taken coincided not only with his sense of family, his patrician self-consciousness, his ancestor-worship, as it were; it had also strengthened his ambitions and through them the whole course of his existence. But now, before the near and penetrating eye of death, it fell away; it was nothing, it gave him not one single hour of calm, of readiness for the end.

Thomas Buddenbrook had played now and then throughout his life with an inclination to Catholicism. But he was at bottom, none the less, the born Protestant: full of the true Protestant’s passionate, relentless sense of personal responsi-

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RV 255 (BUDDENBROOKS) bility. No, in the ultimate things there was, there could be, no help from outside, no mediation, no absolution, no soothing-syrup, no panacea. Each one of us, alone, unaided, of his own powers, must unravel the riddle before it was too late, must wring for himself a pious readiness before the hour of death, or else part in despair. Thomas Buddenbrook turned away, desperate and hopeless, from his only son, in whom he had once hoped to live on, renewed and strong, and began in fear and haste to seek for the truth which must somewhere exist for him.

It was high summer of the year 1874. Silvery, high-piled clouds drifted across the deep blue sky above the garden’s dainty symmetry. The birds twittered in the boughs of the walnut tree, the fountain splashed among the irises, and the scent of the lilacs floated on the breeze, mingled, alas, with the smell of hot syrup from a sugar-factory nearby. To the astonishment of the staff, the Senator now often left his work during office hours, to pace up and down in the garden with his hands behind his back, or to work about, raking the gravel paths, tying up the rose-bushes, or dredging mud out of the fountain. His face, with its light eyebrows, seemed serious and attentive as he worked; but his thoughts travelled far away in the dark on their lonely, painful path.

Sometimes he seated himself on the little terrace, in the pavilion now entirely overgrown with green, and stared across the garden at the red brick rear wall of the house. The air was warm and sweet; it seemed as though the peaceful sounds about him strove to lull him to sleep. Weary of loneliness and silence and staring into space, he would close his eyes now and then, only to snatch them open and harshly frighten peace away. “I must think,” he said, almost aloud. “I must arrange everything before it is too late.”

He sat here one day, in the pavilion, in the little reed rocking-chair, and read for four hours, with growing absorption, in a book which had, partly by chance, come into his hands. After second breakfast, cigarette in mouth, he had

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RV 256 (BUDDENBROOKS) unearthed it in the smoking-room, from behind some stately volumes in the corner of a bookcase, and recalled that he had bought it at a bargain one day years ago. It was a large volume, poorly printed on cheap' paper and poorly sewed; the second part, only, of a famous philosophical system. He had brought it out with him into the garden, and now he turned the pages, profoundly interested.

He was filled with a great, surpassing satisfaction. It soothed him to see how a master-mind could lay hold on this strong, cruel, mocking thing called life and enforce it and condemn it. His was the gratification of the sufferer who has always had a bad conscience about his sufferings and concealed them from the gaze of a harsh, unsympathetic world, until suddenly, from the hand of an authority, he receives, as it were, justification and license for his suffering—justification before the world, this best of all possible worlds which the master-mind scornfully demonstrates to be the worst of all possible ones!

He did not understand it all. Principles and premises remained unclear, and his mind, unpractised in such readings, was not able to follow certain trains of thought. But this very alternation of vagueness and clarity, of dull incomprehension with sudden bursts of light, kept him enthralled and breathless, and the hours vanished without his looking up from his book or changing his position in his chair.

He had left some pages unread in the beginning of the book, and hurried on, clutching rapidly after the main thesis, reading only this or that section which held his attention. Then he struck on a comprehensive chapter and read it from beginning to end, his lips tightly closed and his brows drawn together with a concentration which had long been strange to him, completely withdrawn from the life about him. The chapter was called “On Death, and its Relation to our Personal Immortality.”

Only a few lines remained when the servant came through the garden at four o’clock to call him to dinner. He nodded,

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RV 257 (BUDDENBROOKS) read the remaining sentences, closed the book, and looked about him. He felt that his whole being had unaccountably expanded, and at the same time there clung about his senses a profound intoxication, a strange, sweet, vague allurement which somehow resembled the feelings of early love and longing. He put away the book in the drawer of the garden table. His hands were cold and unsteady, his head was burning, and he felt in it a strange pressure and strain, as though something were about to snap. He was not capable of consecutive thought.

What was this? He asked himself the question as he mounted the stairs and sat down to table with his family. What is it? Have I had a revelation? What has happened to me, Thomas Buddenbrook, Councillor of this government, head of the grain firm of Johann Buddenbrook? Was this message meant for me? Can I bear it? I don’t know what it was: I only know it is too much for my poor brain.

He remained the rest of the day in this condition, this heavy lethargy and intoxication, overpowered by the heady draught he had drunk, incapable of thought. Evening came. His head was heavy, and since he could hold it up no longer, he went early to bed. He slept for three hours, more profoundly than ever before in his life. And, then, suddenly, abruptly, with a start, he awoke and felt as one feels on realizing, suddenly, a budding love in the heart.

He was alone in the large sleeping chamber; for Gerda slept now in Ida Jungmann’s room, and the latter had moved into one of the three balcony rooms to be nearer little Johann. It was dark, for the curtains of both high windows were tightly closed. He lay on his back, feeling the oppression of the stillness and of the heavy, warm air, and looked up into the darkness.

And behold, it was as though the darkness were rent from before his eyes, as if the whole wall of the night parted wide and disclosed an immeasurable, boundless prospect of light. “I shall live!” said Thomas Buddenbrook, almost aloud, and

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RV 258 (BUDDENBROOKS) felt his breast shaken with inward sobs. “This is the revelation: that I shall live! For it will live—and that this it is not I is only an illusion, an error which death will make plain. This is it, this is it! Why?” But at this question the night closed in again upon him. He saw, he knew, he understood, no least particle more; he let himself sink deep in the pillows, quite blinded and exhausted by the morsel of truth which had been vouchsafed.

He lay still and waited fervently, feeling himself tempted to pray that it would come again and irradiate his darkness. And it came. With folded hands, not daring to move, he lay and looked.

What was Death? The answer came, not in poor, large-sounding words: he felt it within him, he possessed it. Death was a joy, so great, so deep that it could be dreamed of only in moments of revelation like the present. It was the return from an unspeakably painful wandering, the correction of a grave mistake, the loosening of chains, the opening of doors—it put right again a lamentable mischance.

End, dissolution! These were pitiable words, and thrice pitiable he who used them! What would end, what would dissolve? Why, this his body, this heavy, faulty, hateful incumbrance, which prevented him from being something other and better.

Was not every human being a mistake and a blunder? Was he not in painful arrest from the hour of his birth? Prison, prison, bonds and limitations everywhere! The human being stares hopelessly through the barred window of his personality at the high walls of outward circumstance, till Death comes and calls him home to freedom!

Individuality?—All, all that one is, can, and has, seems poor, grey, inadequate, wearisome; what one is not, can not, has not, that is what one looks at with a longing desire that becomes love because it fears to become hate.

I bear in myself the seed, the tendency, the possibility of all capacity and all achievement. Where should I be were

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RV 259 (BUDDENBROOKS) I not here? Who, what, how could I be, if I were not I—if this my external self, my consciousness, did not cut me off from those who are not I? Organism! Blind, thoughtless, pitiful eruption of the urging will! Better, indeed, for the will to float free in spaceless, timeless night than for it to languish in prison, illumined by the feeble, flickering light of the intellect!

Have I hoped to live on in my son? In a personality yet more feeble, flickering, and timorous than my own? Blind, childish folly! What can my son do for me—what need have I of a son? Where shall I be when I am dead? Ah, it is so brilliantly clear, so overwhelmingly simple! I shall be in all those who have ever, do ever, or ever shall say “I”—especially, however, in all those who say it most fully, potently, and gladly!

Somewhere in the world a child is growing up, strong, well-grown, adequate, able to develop its powers, gifted, untroubled, pure, joyous, relentless, one of those beings whose glance heightens the joy of the joyous and drives the unhappy to despair. He is my son. He is I, myself, soon, soon; as soon as Death frees me from the wretched delusion that I am not he as well as myself.

Have I ever hated life—pure, strong, relentless life? Folly and misconception! I have but hated myself, because I could not bear it. I love you, I love you all, you blessed, and soon, soon, I shall cease to be cut off from you all by the narrow bonds of myself; soon will that in me which loves you be free and be in and with you—in and with you all.

He wept, he pressed his face into the pillows and wept, shaken through and through, lifted up in transports by a joy without compare for its exquisite sweetness. This it was which since yesterday had filled him as if with a heady, intoxicating draught, had worked in his heart in the darkness of the night and roused him like a budding love! And in so far as he could now understand and recognize—not in words and consecutive thoughts, but in sudden rapturous illumina-

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RV 260 (BUDDENBROOKS) tions of his inmost being—he was already free, already actually released and free of all natural as well as artificial limitations. The walls of his native town, in which he had wilfully and consciously shut himself up, opened out; they opened and disclosed to his view the entire world, of which he had in his youth seen this or that small portion, and of which Death now promised him the whole. The deceptive perceptions of space, time and history, the preoccupation with a glorious historical continuity of life in the person of his own descendants, the dread of some future final dissolution and decomposition—all this his spirit now put aside. He was no longer prevented from grasping eternity. Nothing began, nothing left off. There was only an endless present; and that power in him which loved life with a love so exquisitely sweet and yearning—the power of which his person was only the unsuccessful expression—that power would always know how to find access to this present.

“I shall live,” he whispered into his pillow. He wept, and in the next moment knew not why. His brain stood still, the vision was quenched. Suddenly there was nothing more—he lay in dumb darkness. “It will come back,” he assured himself. And before sleep inexorably wrapped him round, he swore to himself never to let go this precious treasure, but to read and study, to learn its powers, and to make inalienably his own the whole conception of the universe out of which his vision sprang.

But that could not be. Even the next day, as he woke with a faint feeling of shame at the emotional extravagances of the night, he suspected that it would be hard to put these beautiful designs into practice.

He rose late and had to go at once to take part in the debate at an assembly of burgesses. Public business, the civic life that went on in the gabled narrow streets of this middle-sized trading city, consumed his energies once more. He still planned to take up the wonderful reading again where he had left it off. But he questioned of himself whether the

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RV 261 (BUDDENBROOKS) events of that night had been anything firm and permanent; whether, when Death approached, they would be found to hold their ground.

His middle-class instincts rose against them—and his vanity, too: the fear of being eccentric, of playing a laughable rôle. Had he really seen these things? And did they really become him—him, Thomas Buddenbrook, head of the firm of Johann Buddenbrook?

He never succeeded in looking again into the precious volume—to say nothing of buying its other parts. His days were consumed by nervous pedantry: harassed by a thousand details, all of them unimportant, he was too weak-willed to arrive at a reasonable and fruitful arrangement of his time. Nearly two weeks after that memorable afternoon he gave it up—and ordered the maid-servant to fetch the book from the drawer in the garden table and replace it in the bookcase.

And thus Thomas Buddenbrook, who had held his hands stretched imploringly upward toward the high ultimate truth, sank now weakly back to the images and conceptions of his childhood. He strove to call back that personal God, the Father of all human beings, who had sent a part of Himself upon earth to suffer and bleed for our sins, and who, on the final day, would come to judge the quick and the dead; at whose feet the justified, in the course of the eternity then beginning, would be recompensed for the sorrows they had borne in this vale of tears. Yes, he strove to subscribe to the whole confused unconvincing story, which required no intelligence, only obedient credulity; and which, when the last anguish came, would sustain one in a firm and childlike faith.— But would it, really?

Ah, even here there was no peace. This poor, well-nigh exhausted man, consumed with gnawing fears for the honour of his house, his wife, his child, his name, his family, this man who spent painful effort even to keep his body artificially erect and well-preserved—this poor man tortured himself for days with thoughts upon the moment and manner of death.

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text: A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chu Hou-tsung


text:
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RV 262 (BUDDENBROOKS) How would it really be? Did the soul go to Heaven immediately after death, or did bliss first begin with the resurrection of the flesh? And, if so, where did the soul stay until that time? He did not remember ever having been taught this. Why had he not been told this important fact in school or in church? How was it justifiable for them to leave people in such uncertainty? He considered visiting Pastor Pringsheim and seeking advice and counsel; but he gave it up in the end for fear of being ridiculous.

And finally he gave it all up—he left it all to God. But having come to such an unsatisfactory ending of his attempts to set his spiritual affairs in order, he determined at least to spare no pains over his earthly ones, and to carry out a plan which he had long entertained.

One day little Johann heard his father tell his mother, as they drank their coffee in the living-room after the midday meal, that he expected Lawyer So-and-So to make his will. He really ought not to keep on putting it off. Later, in the afternoon, Hanno practised his music for an hour. When he went down the corridor after that, he met, coming up the stairs, his father and a gentleman in a long black overcoat.

“Hanno,” said the Senator, curtly. And little Johann stopped, swallowed, and said quickly and softly: “Yes, Papa.”

“I have some important business with this gentleman,” his father went on. “Will you stand before the door into the smoking-room and take care that nobody—absolutely nobody, you understand—disturbs us?”

“Yes, Papa,” said little Johann, and took up his post before the door, which closed after the two gentlemen.

He stood there, clutching his sailor’s knot with one hand, felt with his tongue for a doubtful tooth, and listened to the earnest subdued voices which could be heard from inside. His head, with the curling light-brown hair, he held on one side, and his face with the frowning brows and blue-shadowed,

RV 262 (262)


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RV 263 (BUDDENBROOKS) gold-brown eyes, wore that same displeased and brooding look with which he had inhaled the odour of the flowers, and that other strange, yet half-familiar odour, by his grandmother’s bier.

Ida Jungmann passed and said, “Well, little Hanno, why are you hanging about here?”

And the hump-hacked apprentice came out of the office with a telegram, and asked for the Senator.

But, both times, little Johann put his arm in its blue sailor sleeve with the anchor on it horizontally across the door; both times he shook his head and said softly, after a pause, “No one may go in. Papa is making his will.”

RV 263 (263)


text: A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chu Hsi


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the autumn Dr. Langhals said, making play like a woman with his beautiful eyes: “It is the nerves, Senator; the nerves are to blame for everything. And once in a while the circulation is not what it should be. May I venture to make a suggestion? You need another little rest. These few Sundays by the sea, during the summer, haven’t amounted to much, of course. It’s the end of September, Travemünde is still open, there are still a few people there. Drive over, Senator, and sit on the beach a little. Two or three weeks will do you a great deal of good.”

And Thomas Buddenbrook said “yes” and “amen.” But when he told his family of the arrangement, Christian suggested going with him.

“I’ll go with you, Thomas,” he said, quite simply. “You don’t mind, I suppose.” And the Senator, though he did mind very much, said “yes” and “amen” to this arrangement as well.

Christian was now more than ever master of his own time. His fluctuating health had constrained him to give up his last undertaking, the champagne and spirit agency. The man who used to come and sit on his sofa and nod at him in the twilight had happily not recurred of late. But the misery in the side had, if anything, grown worse, and added to this was a whole list of other infirmities of which Christian kept the closest watch, and which he described in all companies, with his nose wrinkled up. He often suffered from that long-standing dread of paralysis of the tongue, throat, and oesophagus, even of the extremities and of the brain—of which there were no actual symptoms, but the fear in

RV 264 (264)


text: A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chu Hsü


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RV 265 (BUDDENBROOKS) itself was almost worse. He told in detail how, one day when he was making tea, he had held the lighted match not over the spirit-lamp, but over the open bottle of methylated spirit instead; so that not only himself, but the people in his own and the adjacent buildings, nearly, went up in flames. And he dwelt in particular detail, straining every resource he had at his command to make himself perfectly clear, upon a certain ghastly anomaly which he had of late observed in himself. It was this: that on certain days, i. e., under certain weather conditions, and in certain states of mind, he could not see an open window without having a horrible and inexplicable impulse to jump out. It was a mad and almost uncontrollable desire, a sort of desperate foolhardiness. The family were dining on Sunday in Fishers’ Lane, and he described how he had to summon all his powers, and crawl on hands and knees to the window to shut it. At this point everybody shrieked; his audience rebelled, and would listen no more.

He told these and similar things with a certain horrible satisfaction. But the thing about himself which he did not know, which he never studied and described, but which none the less grew worse and worse, was his singular lack of tact. He told in the family circle anecdotes of such a nature that the club was the only possible place for them. And even his sense of personal modesty seemed to be breaking down. He was on friendly terms with his sister-in-law, Gerda. But when he displayed to her the beautiful weave and texture of his English socks, he did not stop at that, but rolled up his wide, checkered trouser-leg to far above the knee: “Look,” he said, wrinkling his nose in distress: “Look how thin I’m getting. Isn’t it striking and unusual?” And there he sat, sadly gazing at his crooked, bony leg and the gaunt knee visible through his white woollen drawers.

His mercantile activity then, was a thing of the past. But such hours as he did not spend at the club he liked to fill in with one sort of occupation or another; and he would

RV 265 (265)


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RV 266 (BUDDENBROOKS) proudly point out that he had never actually ceased to work. He extended his knowledge of languages and embarked upon a study of Chinese—though this was for the sake of acquiring knowledge, simply, with no practical purpose in view. He worked at it industriously for two weeks. He was also, just at this time, occupied with a project of enlarging an English-German dictionary which he had found inadequate. But he really needed a little change, and it would be better too for the Senator to have somebody with him; so he did not allow his business to keep him in town.

The two brothers drove out together to the sea along the turnpike, which was nothing but a puddle. The rain drummed on the carriage-top, and they hardly spoke. Christian’s eyes roved hither and yon; he was as if listening to uncanny noises. Thomas sat muffled in his cloak, shivering, gazing with bloodshot eyes, his moustaches stiffly sticking out beyond his white cheeks. They drove up to the Kurhouse in the afternoon, their wheels grating in the wet gravel. Old Broker Gosch sat in the glass verandah, drinking rum punch. He stood up, whistling through his teeth, and they all sat down together to have a little something warm while the trunks were being carried up.

Herr Gosch was a late guest at the cure, and there were a few other people as well: an English family, a Dutch maiden lady, and a Hamburg bachelor, all of them presumably taking their rest before table-d’hôte, for it was like the grave everywhere but for the sound of the rain. Let them sleep! As for Herr Gosch, he was not in the habit of sleeping in the daytime. He was glad enough to get a few hours’ sleep at night. He was far from well; he was taking a late cure for the benefit of this trembling which he suffered from in all his limbs. Hang it, he could hardly hold his glass of grog; and more often than not he could not write at all—so that the translation of Lope da Vega got on but slowly. He was in a very low mood indeed, and even his curses lacked relish. “Let it go hang!” was his constant

RV 266 (266)


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RV 267 (BUDDENBROOKS) phrase, which he repeated on every occasion and often on none at all.

And the Senator? How was he feeling? How long were the gentlemen thinking of stopping?

Oh, Dr. Langhals had sent him out on account of his nerves. He had obeyed orders, of course, despite the frightful weather—what doesn’t one do out of fear of one’s physician? He was really feeling more or less miserable, and they would probably remain till there was a little improvement.

“Yes, I’m pretty wretched too,” said Christian, irritated at Thomas’s speaking only of himself. He was about to fetch out his repertoire—the nodding man, the spirit-bottle, the open window—when the Senator interrupted him by going to engage the rooms.

The rain did not stop. It washed away the earth, it danced upon the sea, which was driven back by the southwest wind and left the beaches bare. Everything was shrouded in grey. The steamers went by like wraiths and vanished on the dim horizon.

They met the strange guests only at table. The Senator, in mackintosh and goloshes, went walking with Gosch; Christian drank Swedish punch with the barmaid in the pastry-shop.

Two or three times in the afternoon it looked as though the sun were coming out; and a few acquaintances from town appeared—people who enjoyed a holiday away from their families: Senator Dr. Gieseke, Christian’s friend, and Consul Peter Döhlmann, who looked very ill indeed, and was killing himself with Hunyadi-Janos water. The gentlemen sat together in their overcoats, under the awnings of the pastry-shop, opposite the empty bandstand, drinking their coffee, digesting their five courses, and talking desultorily as they gazed over the empty garden.

The news of the town—the last high water, which had gone into the cellars and been so deep that in the lower part of the town people had to go about in boats; a fire in the dockyard

RV 267 (267)


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RV 268 (BUDDENBROOKS) sheds; a senatorial election—these were the topics of conversation. Alfred Lauritzen, of the firm of Stürmann & Lauritzen, tea, coffee, and spice merchants, had been elected, and Senator Buddenbrook had not approved of the choice. He sat smoking cigarettes, wrapped in his cloak, almost silent except for a few remarks on this particular subject. One thing was certain, he said, and that was that he had not voted for Herr Lauritzen. Lauritzen was an honest fellow and a good man of business. There was no doubt of that; but he was middle-class, respectable middle-class. His father had fished herrings out of the barrel and handed them across the counter to servant-maids with his own hands—and now they had in the Senate the proprietor of a retail business. His, Thomas Buddenbrook’s father had disowned his eldest son for “marrying a shop”; but that was in the good old days. “The standard is being lowered,” he said. “The social level is not so high as it was; the Senate is being democratized, my dear Gieseke, and that is no good. Business ability is one thing—but it is not everything. In my view we should demand something more. Alfred Lauritzen, with his big feet and his boatswain’s face—it is offensive to me to think of him in the Senate-house. It offends something in me, I don’t know what. It goes against my sense of form—it is a piece of bad taste, in short.”

Senator Gieseke demurred. He was rather piqued by this expression of opinion. After all, he himself was only the son of a Fire Commissioner. No, the labourer was worthy of his hire. That was what being a republican meant. “You ought not to smoke so much, Buddenbrook, he ended. You won’t get any sea air.”

“I’ll stop now,” said Thomas Buddenbrook, flung away the end of his cigarette, and closed his eyes.

The conversation dragged on; the rain set in again and veiled the prospect. They began to talk about the latest town scandal—about P. Philipp Kassbaum, who had been falsifying bills of exchange and now sat behind locks and bars. No

RV 268 (268)


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RV 269 (BUDDENBROOKS) one felt outraged over the dishonesty: they spoke of it as an act of folly, laughed a bit, and shrugged their shoulders. Senator Dr. Gieseke said that the convicted man had not lost his spirits. He had asked for a mirror, it seemed, there being none in his cell. “I’ll need a looking-glass,” he was reported to have said: “I shall be here for some time.” He had been, like Christian and Dr. Gieseke, a pupil of the lamented Marcellus Stengel.

They all laughed again at this, through their noses, without a sign of feeling. Siegismund Gosch ordered another grog in a tone of voice that was as good as saying, “What’s the use of living?” Consul Döhlmann sent for a bottle of brandy. Christian felt inclined to more Swedish punch, so Dr. Gieseke ordered some for both of them. Before long Thomas Buddenbrook began to smoke again.

And the idle, cynical, indifferent talk went on, heavy with the food they had eaten, the wine they drank, and the damp that depressed their spirits. They talked about business, the business of each one of those present; but even this subject roused no great enthusiasm.

“Oh, there’s nothing very good about mine,” said Thomas Buddenbrook heavily, and leaned his head against the back of his chair with an air of disgust.

“Well, and you, Döhlmann,” asked Senator Gieseke, and yawned. “You’ve been devoting yourself entirely to brandy, eh?”

“The chimney can’t smoke, unless there’s a fire, the Consul retorted. “I look into the office every few days. Short hairs are soon combed.”

“And Strunck and Hagenström have all the business in their hands anyhow,” the broker said morosely, with his elbows sprawled out on the table and his wicked old grey head in his hands.

“Oh, nothing can compete with a dung-heap, for smell,” Döhlmann said, with a deliberately coarse pronunciation, which must have depressed everybody’s spirits the more by

RV 269 (269)


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RV 270 (BUDDENBROOKS) its hopeless cynicism. “Well, and you, Buddenbrook—what are you doing now? Nothing, eh?”

“No,” answered Christian, “I can’t, any more.” And without more ado, having perceived the mood of the hour, he proceeded to accentuate it. He began, his hat on one side, to talk about his Valparaiso office and Johnny Thunderstorm. “Well, in that heat—‘Good God! Work, Sir? No, Sir. As you see, Sir.’ And they puffed their cigarette-smoke right in his face. Good God!” It was, as always, an imcomparable expression of dissolute, impudent, lazy good-nature. His brother sat motionless.

Herr Gosch tried to lift his glass to his thin lips, put it back on the table again, cursing through his shut teeth, and struck the offending arm with his fist. Then he lifted the glass once more, and spilled half its contents, draining the remainder furiously at a gulp.

“Oh, you and your shaking, Gosch!” Peter Döhlmann exclaimed. “Why don’t you just let yourself go, like me? I’ll croak if I don’t drink my bottle every day—I’ve got as far as that; and I’ll croak if I do. How would you feel if you couldn’t get rid of your dinner, not a single day—I mean, after you’ve got it in your stomach?” And he favoured them with some repulsive details of his condition, to which Christian listened with dreadful interest, wrinkling his nose as far as it could go and countering with a brief and forcible account of his “misery.”

It rained harder than ever. It came straight down in sheets and filled the silence of the Kurgarden with its ceaseless, forlorn, and desolate murmur.

“Yes, life’s pretty rotten,” said Senator Gieseke. He had been drinking heavily.

“I’d just as lief quit,” said Christian.

“Let it go hang,” said Herr Gosch.

“There comes Fike Dahlbeck,” said Senator Gieseke. The proprietress of the cow-stalls, a heavy, bold-faced woman

RV 270 (270)


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RV 271 (BUDDENBROOKS) in the forties, came by with a pail of milk and smiled at the gentlemen.

Senator Gieseke let his eyes rove after her.

“What a bosom,” he said. Consul Döhlmann added a lewd witticism, with the result that all the gentlemen laughed once more, through their noses.

The waiter was summoned.

“I’ve finished the bottle, Schröder,” said Consul Döhlmann. May as well pay—we have to some time or other. You, Christian? Gieseke pays for you, eh?”

Senator Buddenbrook roused himself at this. He had been sitting there, hardly speaking, wrapped in his cloak, his hands in his lap and his cigarette in the corner of his mouth. Now he suddenly started up and said sharply, “Have you no money with you, Christian? Then I’ll lend it to you.”

They put up their umbrellas and emerged from their shelter to take a little stroll.

Frau Permaneder came out once in a while to see her brother. They would walk as far as Sea-Gull Rock or the little Ocean Temple; and here Tony Buddenbrook, for some reason or other, was always seized by a mood of vague excitement and rebellion. She would repeatedly emphasize the independence and equality of all human beings, summarily repudiate all distinctions of rank or class, use some very strong language on the subject of privilege and arbitrary power, and demand in set terms that merit should receive its just reward. And then she talked about her own life. She talked well, she entertained her brother capitally. This child of fortune, so long as she walked upon this earth, had never once needed to suppress an emotion, to choke down or swallow anything she felt. She had never received in silence either the blows or the caresses of fate. And whatever she had received, of joy or sorrow, she had straightway given forth again, in a flow of childish, self-important trivialities. Her digestion was not perfect, it is true. But her heart—ah, her heart

RV 271 (271)


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RV 272 (BUDDENBROOKS) was light, her spirit was free; freer than she herself comprehended. She was not consumed by the inexpressible. No sorrow weighed her down, or strove to speak but could not. And thus it was that her past left no mark upon her. She knew that she had led a troubled life—she knew it, that is, but at bottom she never believed in it herself. She recognized it as a fact, since everybody else believed it—and she utilized it to her own advantage, talking of it and making herself great with it in her own eyes and those of others. With outraged virtue and dignity she would call by name all those persons who had played havoc with her life and, in consequence, with the prestige of the Buddenbrook family; the list had grown long with time: Teary Trietschke! Grünlich! Permaneder! Tiburtius! Weinschenk! the Hagenströms! the State Attorney! Severin!—“What filoux, all of them, Thomas! God will punish them—that is my firm belief.”

Twilight was falling as they came up to the Ocean Temple, for the autumn was far advanced. They stood in one of the little chambers facing the bay—it smelled of wood, like the bathing cabins at the Kur, and its walls were scribbled over with mottoes, initials, hearts and rhymes. They stood and looked out over the dripping slope across the narrow, stony strip of beach, out to the turbid, restless sea.

“Great waves,” said Thomas Buddenbrook. “How they come on and break, come on and break, one after another, endlessly, idly, empty and vast! And yet, like all the simple, inevitable things, they soothe, they console, after all. I have learned to love the sea more and more. Once, I think, I cared more for the mountains—because they lay farther off. Now I do not long for them. They would only frighten and abash me. They are too capricious, too manifold, too anomalous—I know I should feel myself vanquished in their presence. What sort of men prefer the monotony of the sea? Those, I think, who have looked so long and deeply into the complexities of the spirit, that they ask of outward things merely that they should possess one quality above all: sim-

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RV 273 (BUDDENBROOKS) plicity. It is true that in the mountains one clambers briskly about, while beside the sea one sits quietly on the shore. This is a difference, but a superficial one. The real difference is in the look with which one pays homage to the one and to the other. It is a strong, challenging gaze, full of enterprise, that can soar from peak to peak; but the eyes that rest on the wide ocean and are soothed by the sight of its waves rolling on forever, mystically, relentlessly, are those that are already wearied by looking too deep into the solemn perplexities of life.—Health and illness, that is the difference. The man whose strength is unexhausted climbs boldly up into the lofty multiplicity of the mountain heights. But it is when one is worn out with turning one’s eyes inward upon the bewildering complexity of the human heart, that one finds peace in resting them on the wideness of the sea.”

Frau Permaneder was silent and uncomfortable,—as simple people are when a profound truth is suddenly expressed in the middle of a conventional conversation. People don’t say such things, she thought to herself; and looked out to sea so as not to show her feeling by meeting his eyes. Then, in the silence, to make amends for an embarrassment which she could not help, she drew his arm through hers.

RV 273 (273)


text: A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chu Huan (朱桓, 3th c.)


text: A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chu Huan (朱桓, 18th c.)


text: A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chu I (朱邑)


text:
Translation talk:An das deutsche Volk!

Scan
A scan appears to be available here. SnowyCinema (talk) 03:56, 29 February 2024 (UTC)

 * No, that's a different thing, that Emperor Wilhelm II wrote in 1917, as you can see in the bottom left of the picture Ceedii1234 (talk) 19:08, 3 April 2024 (UTC)
 * I found a source https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kreuz_1914_0708.gif in the top middle there is the text it is written Ceedii1234 (talk) 19:09, 3 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Translation talk:An das deutsche Volk!


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 company with one more so; or when a performer in a concert is embarrassed between the rival claims of the ear, the eye, and the fingers, in executing a part not familiar to him: or, to name an instance precisely in point, when an adult has made just that degree of acquaintance with a new language which exempts him from the necessity of incessantly breaking off from his book, to consult his lexicon; so that he pursues, or endeavours to pursue, the sense of the writer at the ordinary pace at which the eye traverses a printed page. In this case, he finds that the rate of progress to which the eye is habituated, and which it does not readily slacken, greatly exceeds that at which the mind can get through the complicated process of recollecting the meaning of single words, and of analyzing the construction of sentences. There is therefore a perpetual jarâ€”a want of synchronous movement, and a sense of distress, and a strain, which quickly exhaust the power of attention; or, if persisted in, impair the brain.

Those who have made acquirements later than in youth, will remember to have found the second stage of their familiarity with a new language more trying to the mind than the first; or, in other words, they will have been able to spend some hours, with less bodily and mental damage, in conning a book, word by word, in a language barely under-stood, than in attempting to read off an author of whose language they have deemed themselves nearly masters. In reading word by word, the several mental operations are held to time by the mere interruption ; but in reading paragraphs continuously, the eye outstrips the memory, and the mind is wrenched.

Now a child, just after he has become so far familiar with written language as to be able to enunciate sentences without hesitation, is yet far from having acquired an instantaneous recollectionperhaps no knowledge at all, of a large proportion of the words he meets with, and


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 as they are artificially collocated in books. The habit of the eye, and of the voice, is therefore hurrying him on much faster than the mind can follow; and he either abandons altogether the attempt mentally to accompany his own voice, or he suffers harm. And it is manifest that, while children of little or no intelligence will, by adopting the former expedient, escape uninjured; those whose curiosity is keen will not be content with any such vapid practice, and are therefore liable to so much the more damage.

And in another way it is intelligent children who suffer the most from much reading; for, while they shun the nursery nonsense, the cock-robin inanities, that amuse their inferiors, and are always seeking for books a step or two above their comprehension, the stress of the mind is increased. Books of the highest class, totally unintelligible to them, would be less injurious than are such as they usually crave and devour. But when the same book is read to an intelligent child, at a moderate rate, the mind, far more familiar with words by the ear than by the eye, catches the meaning of sentences rapidly enough to prevent the jar between the exterior and interior faculties.

Nevertheless, this ill consequence of much reading, during the period of infancy, is of a kind to wear away by mere habit, and by a constantly extending familiarity with the meaning of words. But it is not so with another injurious effect of reading, which affects the animal system in all its functions; and though little thought of, is, as I have no doubt, a frequent cause of general infirmity of health, and serious diseases of the sensorium.

Adults utterly forget the physical sensations of early life, even if they were distinctly regarded at the time; nor are there any means of ascertaining some very important facts, which the habits of adolescence obliterate, except a very careful observation of children, guided by specific information. Few persons conversant with children, can


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 and musical sounds especially, generate highly complex sensations, as related one to the other, successively, as in melody, or simultaneously, as in harmony.

A second series of exercises may be furnished by producing those terms (belonging to each of the senses,) that express some relation of the qualities of bodies to natural uses, ends, or artificial purposes; such are the wordsductile, malleable, soluble, arid, humid, tenacious, penetrating, ponderable, impalpable, opaque, transparent, refractive, reflecting, radiating, corrosive, stimulating, absorbent, dispersive, sedative.

A third series may consist of those terms, many of them scientific or technical, which express the elementary characteristics of bodies, or their generic or specific adjuncts; such as, siliceous, argillaceous, metallic, vitreous, ligneous, bituminous, saline, gelatinous; orgranivorous, carnivorous, gregarious, predacious, viviparous, oviparous, biped, quadruped, reptile.

A fourth series, embracing a wide variety of terms, would include those designations of the sensible qualities of bodies which indicate, or connote, the feelings, pleasurable or painful, excited in us by them: such as.

First, the more simple and organic, namelytepid, hot, scalding, cold, re-freshing, burning, irritating, glaring, dazzling, stunning, sweet, soothing, thrilling, melodious: or, secondly, the more complicate, and such as involve associations with the intellectual and moral faculties; as the wordsbeautiful, sublime, pleasing, gentle, grand, magnificent, tremendous, terrible, awful, astounding, exhilarating, melancholy, monotonous, invigorating, cheerful, gloomy: orcomplicated, complex, simple, abstruse, recondite, obscure, evanescent, refined, subtile.

Under heads such as these, and which may be varied in many ways, at the pleasure of the teacher, and for the better exercise of the learner, it will be easy to include the entire vocabulary of concrete terms belonging to the


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 English language; and those who have not made the experiment will be surprised when they do so, to find, on the one hand, the readiness and facility that may soon be acquired in going through with them; and on the other, the productive consequence of such methods: for, not only do they confer upon the mind a command of language, and not only do they generate a habit of nice discrimination, as to the sense of words, and their real dependence, but they put it (and this is our immediate purpose) into ready communication with the material universe, in all its innumerable aspects, and store the imagination with vivid conceptions of whatever is cognizable to the senses. It belongs to another department of our educational system to insist upon the fact, which I have already alluded to, and will here again offer to the reader’s consideration, that a comprehensive, well digested, and practised acquaintance with the concrete portion of any one language, amazingly facilitates the acquirement of another, or of several, in conjunction. The well-assorted descriptive terms of our own language, vividly associated with the qualities they 1ndicate, become, as one might say, so many points of concretionof crystallization, around which the equivalent terms of any other language assemble, with the celerity

and certainty, almost, of a chemical process; for, while the abstract terms of a language are open to ambiguities, preventing the fixed convertibility of one language into another, the concrete, expressive as they are of the impressions made upon the human mind, in all times and countries, by the unchanging qualities of the material world are far more constant, and better defined. And it is a circumstance deserving of regard, in this connexion, that the lower we descend toward the nice shades of difference between one quality and another, the more fixed are the terms, in all languages, that are employed to mark them.


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User talk:Sandile Rekhotso

Beeswaxcandle (talk) 05:23, 29 February 2024 (UTC)

Author: Thabiso Rekhotso
I am re-structuring the list of poems to reflect the contents of his collected poems Sandile Rekhotso (talk) 05:24, 29 February 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sandile Rekhotso


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Template:Patches (Hawkes)/Cowboy Songs footnote

From Cowboy Songs collected by John A. Lomax, Macmillan Company


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 appealed to the first experimenters with grafted chestnut trees and chestnut orchards.

Thomas Jefferson grafted some European varieties of chestnut on his Monticello estate in 1775, but an extensive introduction by Irenée duPont de Nemours of Wilmington, Delaware, about the beginning of the 19th century, seems to have been responsible for the rather wide distribution of these nuts and their accidental hybrids, by the year 1900, over southeastern Pennsylvania and the adjacent parts of Delaware and New Jersey. As early as 1891 the late Edwin Satterthwaite at Jenkintown, Pa., ten miles north of Philadelphia, had the roadsides and fence rows of his truck farm lined with a great assortment of chestnut trees. He also had them in regular orchard form, probably several dozen varieties. They were grafted and produced nuts of many different sizes and shapes, some nearly two inches in their largest dimensions; these nuts were sold in Philadelphia markets.

This rich collection of trees seems to have escaped the attention of professional horticulturists. I saw them only with the undiscriminating eyes of a schoolboy. My most vivid memory of them is the delightful speed with which they filled my surreptitious pockets; but I am sure that they were of many sizes and shapes and mostly of European origin. Some, however, seemed to be natives of small size that ripened nearly a month before other natives in the same locality. It is possible that that chestnut planting (and stealing) is responsible for this book. Virtue is not the only thing that has rewards.

The Paragon variety, undoubtedly a hybrid American x European, became the favorite of a young and promising American industry in the Nineties of the last century. This Paragon was very vigorous. I have seen grafts make six feet the first year, when grafted on suckers from a stump. It was not uncommon for the grafts to yield good nuts the second year. Not unnaturally, there was quite a boom for orchards of grafted chestnuts in the Nineties. For example, Mr. John G. Reist, of Mt. Joy, Pennsylvania, together with some associates, had eight hundred acres

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 alone or in combination with string's or pianoforte, or both.

It would, however, be a mistake to suppose that no flute music of this class has been bequeathed to us by the famous composers of the past. Bach, Handel,

Brown having unguardedly confessed to being musical, his friend Wiffles offers to come and bring three other fellows and play some beautiful Flute Quartetts in his rooms. Poor Brown says he never sat for hours in such a thorough draught in his life.(Reproduced from Punch, April 30th, 1870, by the kind permission of the Proprietors.)

Haydn, Beethoven, and Mozart have each contributed two or three items. The last named assigns the leading part in two of his quartetts to the flute, humorously heading the finale to one thus: "Allegretto grazioso,


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 of hill land near the Susquehanna River in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, stump grafted to Paragons. In the year 1908, before this orchard was mature and after the blight had begun to kill trees, it produced thirteen hundred bushels, which netted five and one-half cents per pound. C. K. Sober, of Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, had three hundred or four hundred acres on a nearby mountain ridge. I had twenty-five acres on the Blue Ridge Mountains of Virginia about fifteen miles southwest of Harpers Ferry, West Virginia. These are only a few of the plantings.

Then came the chestnut blight. It came with an importation of some Oriental plants. It spread concentrically from the Brooklyn Botanical Garden, where it first broke out in 1904. In a few years all these commercial orchards were gone. I turned the planting over to the U. S. Department of Agriculture for experimental spraying. They did everything they could think of, but by 1925 every tree was dead on my twenty-five acres save one Japanese tree which sprang up from a seed dropped from a Japanese variety. It is still there.

This blight is a fungus which gets through the bark, lives in the cambium, spreads concentrically, girdles the tree, and kills it. The spores seem to spread by means of birds, winds, and probably commerce in many forms. All attempts to stop it have failed. All attempts to kill it by sprays have failed. It has spread to the outer limit of the chestnut area in the East, the North, the West, and the South and is now finishing off the chestnuts in the southern Appalachians.

No tree has been found completely proof to the blight, but trees differ greatly in their capacity to resist it. A nice chestnut tree that shaded my Virginia mountain porch began to blight in 1908. In five years it was dead, but some trees in the nearby mountain still survive, now in 1950, through the process of throwing up suckers when the tree is girdled. The sucker thrives until it gets to be the size of a baseball bat; then the smooth bark begins to crack, the spores enter, and the blight starts. These shoots often bear a crop of nuts the year they die.

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 ma non troppo presto, pero non troppo adagio, cosi, cosi, con molto gaito ed expressione." He was once commissioned by a Polish Count to write a trio with a flute part; the writing was delayed and Mozart sent the Count the MS. of the pianoforte quintett to pacify him. Meanwhile the composer had received fifty louis from the Count, who, finding that the trio was not forthcoming, demanded back his money, which was duly returned. But the Count held on to the MS. of the quintett nevertheless! Spohr has written several chamber works which included the flute. He favoured large combinations, and his characteristic nonett (op. 31) for five wind instruments and four stringsfirst produced in London by the Philharmonic Society, April 1817, with Ireland as flautistis the finest work of the kind ever written in which the flute participates. Hummel has written a couple of septetts for wind (including flute), strings and pianoforte; one (op. 114) is termed "Military," owing to its introducing the trumpet. In both, the pianoforte has a very brilliant and prominent part; the other instruments being relegated to the position of mere accompanistsa very usual defect in works of the kind.

The works I have mentioned include practically all the chamber music for the flute written by any of the great classical composers; they includewith the possible exception of Spohr's nonettno great work of the highest order. Many minor composers of the past have left trios, quartetts, and quintetts for the


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 Sometimes there is vigor to send up a second crop of shoots, and sometimes a third and a fourth. Thus, these trees that began to blight thirty-five or even forty years ago still live. What is much more important, some of them produce seed.

If I could be granted an extra century or two of life and enough income to employ three or four helpers, I strongly suspect that, with the necessary land and equipment, I could (if I stuck at it) produce an effective blight-resistant strain of the American chestnut. I would do this by planting, generation after generation, the seed of the most resistant descendants of these tough specimens that have already resisted the blight enough to live with it for a third of a century.

Some people think that the American chinkapin, Castanea pumila, a diminutive (bush) species of chestnut, is the survivor of a larger species that was ravaged by some blight in past epochs yet managed to survive in the dwarf form. Chinkapins blight to some degree, but they keep on sending up enough suckers to be prosperously productive, and they keep this up.

This blight came from eastern Asia, where the Chinese and the Japanese chestnuts have been exposed to it for an unknown period of time and have developed varying degrees of blight resistance.

The spectacular Japanese chestnut had been introduced to this country by private individuals several decades before the blight came. However, upon the appearance of the blight, the U. S. Department of Agriculture acted with wisdom and promptness. It imported seed of the Chinese chestnut, raised seedlings, and distributed them far and wide for tests; and now, after nearly forty years of this testing, these trees are growing and producing nuts from southern Alabama to northeastern Massachusetts and in hundreds of localities between, also in many places west of the Alleghenies in scattered locations as far west as Iowa, Missouri, Arkansas, and Texas.

It is but natural that all this should produce a rapidly rising interest in planting these trees. It is also but natural to expect that this species, like almost every other species of tree, varies

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 flute, chiefly with strings; much of which is mere "mechanical" music. Modern writers have tried almost every possible combination of instruments, one of the finest examples is the striking and original Sextett (op. 6) for wind and pianoforte by L. Tuille, a Tyrolese composer. Many interesting works have been written for wind alone. The effect produced is peculiar, and differs muchespecially in homogeneity and "closeness," as it werefrom that produced by strings alone. Each of the wind-instruments has a distinct tone-colour and individuality which cannot be obliterated, whereas with the strings the exact contrary is the case. Each forms a separate entity; and the ensemble, even in the hands of the most skilful performers, never attains the perfection and flexibility that is possible with strings. But a much greater variety is obtainable, and there is a certain attractive quaintness in well-written dialogue passages between the various "winds" not met with in strings. Works for wind alone pall quickly on the ears of the listeners; they fail to satisfy somehow. A critic has remarked concerning a concert entirely composed of wind pieces, "At first I sat in pleasurable thraldom, and then a sense of weariness overcame me. I was conscious of a monotonous iteration of tonal effects, and I found myself gradually succumbing to a gentle melancholy and thinking of life-insurance and wills, wondering whether I should be much missed." Reicha (Beethoven's colleague in the Bonn orchestra) composed twenty-four quintetts for flute, oboe, clarinet,


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 greatly. The Chinese trees have been frozen out in some places, and in other plantings nearby they have not. Local conditions often combine with the natural variation of individual trees to cause this variation in survival. For example, the chestnut is easily injured by wet ground in places where the pecan would rejoice and wax fat and green. In my more than twenty years' experimentation with the Chinese species I have, on two occasions, planted rows of them in places where a portion of the row was in well drained ground and another portion stood in ground only two or three feet lower yet not well drained. Blight ravaged the trees with the wet feet. The trees forty feet away on the well-drained soil missed it almost entirely.

We are now in a rapid process of testing individual trees, any one of which may become a variety such as the Abundance, the Connecticut Yankee, the U. S. Department of Agriculture No. 7930, now christened "Nanking," also the Meiling and Kuling and many others that will follow.

The variation of individual trees within the species is attested to in New Jersey Experiment Station Bulletin No. 717, 1945, which reports the planting of 150 Chinese chestnut seedlings in orchard form, in 1926. The bulletin reads as follows:

A number of distinct tree forms developed, and a few of the trees developed true central leaders and have formed a distinctly upright type. . . . After several crops had been produced, marked differences were noted in the regularity of bearing and in the productiveness of individual trees. . . . The variations were at least as great as among an equal number of apple seedlings. . . . Since the trees have come into bearing, a few produce annually, many biennially, and still others are uncertain as to regularity of bearing and quantity of nuts produced. It thus appears that an orchard of unselected Chinese chestnut seedlings may be very variable in production and consequently may be disappointing to the grower. . ..

The nuts from the different seedling trees in the College Farm plantation vary also in quality. Some are of good quality. . . having thin skins that are readily removed from the kernels. The nuts of other seedlings are more starchy and coarse in texture and have

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 horn, and bassoon, which were once fashionable in Paris, says Berhoz, who terms them "cold." When one of them was performed in London not long ago, it was described in the programme as "one of Reicha's best works," which (said a critic) made one shudder to think what his inferior compositions might be! Taffanel has written a delightful little quintett for these five instruments, and many other modern composers, including Joseph Holbrooke, have adopted this form.

Larger combinations are, however, more effective, especially if composed of both wind and strings, which affords scope for fuller harmonies and greater variety of tone-colour, and also relieves the monotony of wind alone. Spohr, Hoffmeister, Pleyel, Onslow, and Lachner amongst older composers; and Hoffmann, Rheinberger, Reinecke, Novacek, Raff, Dubois, and Richard Strauss amongst the moderns, have all written works for a number of instruments (varying from eight to thirteen), including one or two flutes. Strauss' melodious work (op. 7), in a single movement, shows no sign of his later style of polyphonic writing, and is remarkable as including the contra-fagotto, which unwieldly instrument had already been used in chamber music by Mozart and Dvořák. I have met with the piccolo in only one chamber worknamely, Dubois' Suite for seven wind instruments.

There is a mass of concerted music for two, three, or four flutes, some of which is of a high order of merit.


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 Beethoven wrote a characteristic Allegro and Minuet for two flutes for his friend Degenhart in 1792. Four flautists stand out as the leading composers of music of this kind: Berbiguier, Kummer, Gabrielsky, and Kuhlauwhose quartett for four flutes is the best ever written. It will probably surprise the ordinary reader to learn that over twenty quartetts for four equal-pitched flutes are in existence. The music for flutes alone is lighter in character than that written for strings; though of great interest to flute-players, it is never likely to become popular with the general public. The lack of bass or even tenor tone is an insuperable defect. Several attempts have been made to obviate this objection by using flutes of different pitches. In November 1868 a quartett by S. Laville for an E♭ flute, a concert flute, an alto flute in B♭, and a bass flute in G, was performed with such success that Sir George A. Macfarren said, "A new and glorious era for the flute has commenced, in which the present and future masters of the art will be delighted to embody their inspirations in the flute quartett"a prophecy which, notwithstanding Mr. Fransella's recent revival of a similar quartett, unfortunately still lacks fulfilment.


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 thick pellicles or skins that do not separate readily from the kernels. Such a natural variation in productiveness and quality is to be expected in seedling trees of any species or variety.

You see here the reason for the universal use of budded or grafted trees in the American fruit industry. However, I do not fully agree with the New Jersey bulletin as a description of the whole species, which indeed it does not claim to be. There is evidence that some strains of Chinese chestnut seedlings vary less than do others which may not be strains at all, merely mixtures.

Some plantations of seedlings are producing enough nuts to encourage their owners mightily and to cause the vendors of seedlings perhaps to become overenthusiastic about their wares and to mislead the public. There is no evidence that any hundred seedlings are on the average as good as an orchard of grafted trees.

So much for the Chinese chestnut, which seems securely started toward a rapidly increasing industry, with at least half a million well-watered square miles in the eastern United States as its field, and also a good little corner of the Pacific Coast.

We now have good varieties of Chinese chestnuts, good enough for an industry that is starting. Better trees may be discovered any year among the thousands of seedlings now scattered over more than twenty states. Further than this, there is no reason why we might not easily produce still better trees of the Chinese species by a very simple process of selection. The fact that each chestnut tree is almost self-sterile indicates that we can take two of the best trees we have, plant them side by side a quarter of a mile from any other chestnut trees, and be reasonably sure that almost all of the nuts are produced by a fusion of the strains of these two trees. This is very easy plant breeding, if we may so use the term. Plant these nuts, fruit them, take the best two trees of this generation, and repeat. By this process, we can be on the road to chestnut trees that will

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 CHAPTER XIII.

I.Foreign playersQuantzFrederick the GreatRoyal flautistsEarly French playersHugotBerbiguierTulouDrouetFurstenauDopplerDorusDemerssemauCiardiBriccialdiRibasTerschakAltesTaffanel.

II.British playersEarly performersAsheCharles NicholsonRichardsonClintonPrattenB. WellsHenry NicholsonSvendsenPrincipal living flautists.

A once begged Scarlatti to listen to a flute-player. "My son" (replied the composer), "you know I detest wind instruments; they are never in tune." He did, however, at length consent to listen, and was forced to confess that he did not think the instrument was capable of playing so well in tune or producing such sweet sounds, and he subsequently composed two solos for the performer in question: Johann Joachim Quantz, the first European flautist of whom we have any full details. Born in Oberscheden, near Gottingen, in Hanover, on the 30th of January 1697, the son of the village blacksmith, young Quantz was for a time apprenticed to that trade. His father disliked music, but both his parents died


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 before the boy reached his tenth year; and Johannwho, though not knowing a single note of music, had already played the bass viol at fairswent to live with his uncle Justus, the Stadt-Musikus at Merseberg. Here Quantz learned to play the violin, flute, oboe, trumpet, sackbut, cornet, horn, bassoon, viol-de-gamba, clavecin, and a few other instruments! Trusting to his feet, his fiddle, and his flute, he went about 1714 to Dresden, and thence to Warsaw in 1718, where he was appointed oboist in the Polish Chapel Royal, having refused the post of Court trumpeter. Despairing of attaining perfection on the violin, and finding that oboe-playing injured his embouchure for the flute, he abandoned both these instruments, and henceforth devoted himself solely to the flute, studying under Buffardin, the famous French flautist, who was a member of the King of Poland's band. He visited Italy (1724-6), where he met Vivaldi and Porpora. At Naples he was in the habit of playing daily with a certain handsome Marchioness. One day, whilst so engaged, the Spanish Ambassador, who was a lover of the lady, called and stared at Quantz, but said nothing. A few evenings later Quantz was shot at whilst driving to a concert; and instantly arriving at the just conclusion that he had aroused the jealousy of the Spaniard, forthwith quitted Naples, without even bidding the fair lady farewell! He next visited Pariswhere he was much pleased with Blavet, the flute-player at the Operaand London (1727), where Handel and many others endeavoured to persuade him to remain, but after three


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 months he returned to Dresden. In 1728 he began to give lessons in Berlin to the Crown Prince, who played the flute when only eight years old. Quantz is the only flautist, so far as I know, mentioned in any great historical work. Carlyle tells us that Rentzel, the drill-master of the Prince's miniature soldier company, was a fine flute-player, which probably drew little Fritz's attention to the flute. The Queen arranged and paid for the lessons unknown to the King, as the latter considered music effeminate, classing his Court musicians with lacqueys, and forbade his son under severe penalties to play; "Fritz is a Querpfeifer and Poet, not a soldier," he would growl. At these clandestine lessons the Prince used to change his tight Frederick uniform for a gorgeous scarlet and gold dressing-gown. On one occasion he was nearly caught by his tyrannical father; there was only just time to hurry Quantz, with his music and flutes, into a closet used for firewood. His Majesty, by Heaven's express mercy, omitted to look into the closet, wherein poor Quantz spent a bad quarter of an hour, trembling in every limb. In 1741 he entered the service of Frederick, and spent the remainder of his life as Court Composer at Potsdam. His salary was £300 a year for life, 100 ducats for every flute he made for the King, and also 25 ducats for each of his flute compositions. He lived on terms of the closest intimacy and friendship with Frederick; they only once had a real quarrel, and even on that occasion the King admitted he was in the wrong. Quantz's decision on


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 musical matters was considered final, no new player or singer being ever engaged without his approval. His duties consisted in daily playing flute duets with the King and writing flute concertos for the evening concerts at the palace of Sans Souci. Burney, who was present at one of these concerts, which began at eight and lasted an hour, thus describes it:The concert-room contained pianos by Silbermann and a tortoise-shell desk for his Majesty's use, most richly and elegantly inlaid with silver; also books of difficult flute passages"solfeggi," or preludes: some of these books still exist at Potsdam. Before the concert began Burney could hear Frederick in an adjoining room practising over stiff passages before calling in the band. The programme on the evening in question consisted of three long and difficult concertos for the flute, accompanied by the band. The King (who generally played three, and occasionally five, concertos in a single evening) "played the solo flute parts with great precision, his embouchure was clear and even,


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 his finger brilliant, and his taste pure and simple. I was much pleased and surprised with the neatness of his execution in the allegros, as well as by his expression and feeling in the adagios; in short, his performance surpassed in many particulars anything I had ever heard among dilletanti or even professors. His cadenzas were good, but long and studied. Quantz beat time with his hand at the beginning of each movement, and cried out 'Bravo!' to his royal pupil now and then at the end of solo passages, a privilege permitted to no other member of the band." On one occasion Karl Fasch, the pianist, dared to add a "Bravissimo!" The King stopped playing, and withering poor Fasch with a look, ordered him to depart, and it was only after an explanation to the King that Fasch was a new hand and did not understand etiquette that the sovereign permitted him to return. Sometimes during these concerts the King would sit behind the conductor and follow the score; woe betide any performer who made any mistake. In the morning, on rising from bed, the King often used to walk about his writing-room playing scales and improvising on his flute. He said that while thus employed he was considering all manner of things, and that sometimes the luckiest ideas about business matters occurred to him. He also often played for about half an hour after his early dinner. He allotted four hours daily to music.

Quantz never flattered the King; if he played well, Quantz told him so; if not, Quantz held his tongue,


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ONSTANTLY petitioned; invariably imposed upon; mercilessly laughed at; what a life of torment Mr. Stillwell leads! and all through his incapacity to utter that little word "no." He has tried, and given up in helpless despair; a negative always dies unspoken upon his tongue. Possibly that affirmative smile, which perpetually expands his mouth, is the great drawback. How can lips that are always smiling "yes" contract themselves to form "no?" The expression of Mr. Stillwell's countenance reminds us of a picture of Garrick which represents him wooed by Comedy on one side, and tragedy on the other; or of Byron's poetical simile, "a pendulum betwixt a smile and tear;" for Mr. Stillwell ever wears a look of yielding good humor conflicting with suppressed sadness.

His horror of refusing and fear of offending, have totally annihilated his power of discriminating between individuals. Everybody has, or seems to have, an entrance to his heart, his house, his purse. As a natural consequence, everybody makes use of

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Podocarpus.] 258; Kirk, Forest Fl. t. 4, 5; Pilger, Pflanzenreich, iv. 5, 65. P. Matai, ''Lamb, ex Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl.'' 741. Dacrydium taxifolium, ''Banks and Soland. ex Lamb. Pin.'' ed. ii. 119. D. Mai, ''A. Cunn. Precur.'' n. 329. Prumnopitys spicata, ''Kent in Veitch Man. Conif.'' ed. ii. 157.

7. P. dacrydioides, ''A. Rich. Fl. Nouv. Zel.'' 358, t. 39.—A lofty tree 80–100 ft. or 120 ft. high, in swampy locallties often growing gregariously and forming dense forests; trunk 2–5 ft. diam. Leaves of two forms: those of young trees distichous, ⅙–¼ in. long, linear, falcate, upturned and acuminate at the tip, decurrent at the base, flat, nerveless; of mature trees inserted all round the branch and appressed to it, imbricated, $1⁄12$–$1⁄8$ in. long, subulate-lanceolate, acuminate, keeled. Flowers diœcious. Males solitary, terminal, ⅙–¼ in. long; anthers crowded; connective ovate, acute. Female flowers minute, solitary, terminating the branchlets; peduncle and bracts swollen. Fruit a black ovoid nut about ⅙ in. long, seated on the greatly enlarged bright-red succulent peduncle.—Raoul, Choix, 41; ''Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 233; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 258; Kirk, Forest Fl. t. 31, 32; Pilger, Pflanzenreich,'' iv. 5, 57. P. thuyoides, ''R. Br. in Benn. Pl. Jav. Bar.'' 41. Dacrydium excelsum, ''D. Don. in Lamb. Pin.'' ed. ii. App. D. ferrugineum, ''Van Houtte ex Gord. Pin.'' 590. D. thuyoides, ''Banks and Sol. ex Carr. Conif.'' 479.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves usually dimorphic; of old trees small and scale-like, closely imbricate; of young trees or of the lower branches of old ones longer and narrower, spreading, linear or linearsubulate. Flowers diœcious or more rarely monœcious. Males solitary at the tips of the branchlets and sessile amongst the uppermost leaves. Staminal column oblong or cylindrical; anthers sessile, spirally imbricate; cells 2, globose, contiguous, deflexed; connective prolonged into a terminal claw or spur. Female flowers at or


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RUE greatness," says Rogers, "consists in doing what deserves to be written, and writing what deserves to be read, and in making mankind happier and better for your life" Judged by this pure standard, how few, and yet how many, are great! Few whose deeds the loud clarion of Fame has trumpeted throughout the world—many whose lives have never been chronicled save in the books of recording angels!

Not always the great, and not alone the great, are the "plenipotentiaries of the intellect," though their brows may be circled with undying laurels, and their lyres may sound from age to age. Not alone the great are they who have lashed men's passions into the strife of war, and triumphantly swayed the destinies of nations, overthrown kingdoms, or founded republics. Not alone the great are they who, in the pathless heavens, or beyond the trackless seas, have pointed out new worlds. Not alone the great are they who have wrought the miracles of science into familiar

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E call her Prudentia; not that it is the name written on her brow with holy, baptismal waters, but because the word expresses her individuality. In the hereafter, when we receive new names, as we enter the great eternal land, will not those appellations typify our attributes? It is perhaps some vague, internal prefiguring of that true name-giving which impels certain minds to bestow upon their associates pet names, nick-names, names suggestive of character. And this spontaneous prompting makes us style the wise and thoughtful mother of a certain orderly little household, "Prudentia."

How is it that Prudentia, with a purse so shallow, conducts the affairs of her home department with such seeming ease and comfort? No painfully obvious "managing" is apparent. Her system entails no constant thrusting of her economy in one's face, no holding forth about the necessity of saving, and no parade of poverty, which, by the bye, is just as vulgar as the boast of riches. Parade of poverty? Yes, we use the expression advisedly; for the

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HIGHLY proper, and pious, and thoroughly unexceptionable person is our worthy friend, Mrs. Rueful—but oh! the depressing influence of her presence! Unquestionably she must carry an invisible supply of "low spirits" bottled up and stored in her reticule! The cork is extracted by the first word she utters, and the "blue demons" escape, and complacently light down upon her neighbors' hearts, and grow heavier and heavier, where they sit, until content, and hope, and mirth, are crushed out by their incubus-like weight. Nor do the impish band take their leave when she departs; once introduced they are apt to haunt the new abode until it becomes a familiar resting-place.

Well may one dread the visitations of good Mrs. Rueful, who leaves such enemies to peace behind her! She glides into your home with tread so light that you think, perforce, upon noiseless footfalls in the chambers of sickness and sorrow. The steady gloom of her countenance reminds you of an autumn sky, when the clouds thicken and darken

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652 near the tips of the branchlets, the bracts hardly differing from the foHage leaves. Ovuliferous scale free, at length exceeding the bract; ovule solitary, at first more or less reversed, at length erect. Seeds ovoid, nut-like, seated within a membranous or fleshy cupshaped aril. Cotyledons 2.

1. D. Kirkii, ''F. Muell. ex Parl. in D.C. Prodr.'' xvi. ii. 495.—A tall tree 50–80 ft. high; trunk 2–3 ft. diam.; bark greyish-brown; lower branches spreading, upper more erect. Leaves of two forms: those of young trees and on the lower branches of old ones large, erecto-patent, 1-1½ in. long, linear, subacute, narrowed into a very short twisted petiole, flat, pale-green, coriaceous; midrib distinct; margins slightly cartilaginous. Leaves of the upper and fertile branches small and scale-hke, densely quadrifariously imbricate and appressed to the almost terete branchlets, $1⁄12$–$1⁄8$ in. long, ovate-rhomboid, obtuse, thick and coriaceous, obtusely keeled on the back; margins thin, membranous. Flowers diœcious. Males solitary, terminal, sessile, ⅛–¼ in. long. Females at the tips of the branchlets, forming a short oblong head ¼–½ in. long. Nuts 1–5


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248 Plate XIII

105. Indigofera corcdifolia.

Hair on the leaf.

Oc. 6 Com.; Ob. 8 mm. Ap.

106-107. Indigofera paucifolia.

106. T. S. of the leaf.

Oc. 2 Com.; Ob. 3 mm. Ap.

107. T. S. of the axis.

Oc. 4 Com.; Ob. 8 mm. Ap. 108. Psoralea odorata.

T. S. of the leaf.

Oc. 4 Com.; Ob. 8 mm. Ap.

109-111. Alysicarpus vaginalis.

109. T. S. of the leaf.

Oc. 6 Com.; Ob. 8 mm. Ap.

110. Hair on the leaf.

Oc. 4 Com.; Ob. 3 mm. Ap.

111. T. S. of the axis.

Oc. 6 Com.; Ob. 8 mm. Ap.

112. Phaseolus trilobus.

Hair on the upper side of the mid-rib of the leaf.

Oc. 4 Com.; Ob. 8 mm. Ap. 113-115. Rhyncosia rhombifolia.

113. T. S. of the leaf.

Oc. 6 Com.; Ob. 8 mm. Ap.

114. Glandular hair on the leaf.

Oc. 6. Com.; Ob. 3 mm. Ap.

115. T. S. of the axis.

Oc. 4 Com.; Ob. 8 mm. Ap. 116-117. Rhyncosia arenaria.

116. Hair on the leaf.

Oc. 6 Com.; Ob. 8 mm. Ap.

117. Glandular hair on the axis. Oc. 4 Com.; Ob. 8 mm. Ap.

N.B.—To get the original dimensions multiply by 1·7.