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Rh wasn’t the only factor, or maybe even the main factor, but it was one but-for cause—and that was enough. You can call the statute’s but-for causation test what you will—expansive, legalistic, the dissents even dismiss it as wooden or literal. But it is the law.

Trying another angle, the defendants before us suggest that an employer who discriminates based on homosexuality or transgender status doesn’t intentionally discriminate based on sex, as a disparate treatment claim requires. See (, dissenting);  (, dissenting). But, as we’ve seen, an employer who discriminates against homosexual or transgender employees necessarily and intentionally applies sex-based rules. An employer that announces it will not employ anyone who is homosexual, for example, intends to penalize male employees for being attracted to men and female employees for being attracted to women.

What, then, do the employers mean when they insist intentional discrimination based on homosexuality or transgender status isn’t intentional discrimination based on sex? Maybe the employers mean they don’t intend to harm one sex or the other as a class. But as should be clear by now, the statute focuses on discrimination against individuals, not groups. Alternatively, the employers may mean that they don’t perceive themselves as motivated by a desire to discriminate based on sex. But nothing in Title VII turns on the employer’s labels or any further intentions (or motivations) for its conduct beyond sex discrimination. In Manhart, the employer intentionally required women to make higher pension contributions only to fulfill the further purpose of making things more equitable between men and women as groups. In Phillips, the employer may have perceived itself as discriminating based on motherhood, not sex, given that its hiring policies as a whole favored women. But in both cases, the Court set all this aside as irrelevant. The employers’ policies involved intentional discrimination


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 332 To replace the 101st Airborne Division and the 11th Infantry Brigade in the Army strategic contingency forces, the Army activated the 6th Infantry Division, with nine infantry battalions, on 24 November 1967, Initially all units of the division were to be organized at Fort Campbell, Kentucky, but U.S. Army, Pacific, requested that one brigade be transferred to Hawaii to take over the property and nondeployable personnel of the 11th Infantry Brigade. Accordingly, the 6th Infantry Division was split between Fort Campbell (the division base and two brigades) and Schofield Barracks (one brigade), Hawaii.

With the attachment of the 11th Infantry Brigade, originally a component of the 6th Infantry Division, to the 23d Infantry Division in Vietnam, a new designation was needed for the 6th Infantry Division's third brigade headquarters. The staff, in an unprecedented move, decided to use the designation 4th Brigade, 6th Infantry Division, until the 11th could be returned to the division.

January 1968 turned into a month of crises for the nation. On 23 January, after a series of incidents in Korea, the North Koreans seized the intelligence ship Pueblo in the Sea of Japan and incarcerated the crew. This resulted in the strengthening of United States air and naval forces there and the authorization of hazardous duty pay for elements of the 2d Infantry Division in Korea. Shortly thereafter the North Vietnamese began their expected offensive during the Tet holiday in Vietnam, shocking both Westmoreland and the nation with its intensity. President Johnson ordered additional forces to Vietnam, including the 3d Brigade (three airborne infantry battalions) of the 82d Airborne Division and a Marine Corps unit. Those units arrived in February, and eventually the 82d's 3d Brigade, organized as a separate brigade, became a part of the standing forces in Vietnam.

Because of other contingency plans the Marine unit had to return to the United States, and Westmoreland asked for a mechanized infantry brigade to replace it. Army Chief of Staff Johnson approved the 1st Brigade, 5th Infantry Division, as the replacement. The unit, reorganized as a separate brigade fielding one battalion each of infantry, mechanized infantry, and armor, arrived in Vietnam in July 1968 and was the last large Army unit to be sent to Southeast Asia (Table 27).

The seizure of the Pueblo, the Tet offensive, and the need to maintain the strategic force prompted the president to call a limited number of National Guard and Army Reserve units to active duty in the spring of 1968. The call included two brigades from the National Guard, the 29th Infantry Brigade (Hawaii), which reported to Schofield Barracks on 13 May, and the 69th Infantry Brigade (Mechanized) (Kansas), which took up station at Fort Carson. To ease the burden of mobilization, the brigades acquired elements not previously associated with them. The 29th got the 100th Battalion, 442d Infantry, from the Army Reserve, and the 69th included the 2d Battalion, 133d Infantry, from the Iowa National Guard.

Following the Tet offensive and the limited reserve mobilization, the Department of Defense ended the buildup of divisional and brigade units in the

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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104 and so brave, did not either seize this slight stripling, whom you see before you, where he stood, or overtake him when he fled? They will hardly be able to explain themselves, I fancy, if they get into that witness-box, however clever and witty they may be at the banquet,―nay, even eloquent occasionally, no doubt, over their wine. But the air of a court of justice is somewhat different from that of the banquet-hall; the benches of this court are not like the couches of a supper-table; the array of this jury presents a different spectacle from a company of revellers; nay, the broad glare of sunshine is harder to face than the glitter of the lamps. If they venture into it, I shall have to strip them of their pretty conceits and fools' gear. But, if they will be ruled by me, they will betake themselves to another trade, win favour in another quarter, flaunt themselves elsewhere than in this court. Let them carry their brave looks to their lady there; let them lord it at her expense, cling to her, lie at her feet, be her slaves; only let them make no attempt upon the life and honour of an innocent man."

The satellites of Clodia could scarcely have felt comfortable under this withering fire of sarcasm. The speaker concluded with an apology—much required—for his client's faults, as those of a young man, and a promise on his behalf—on the faith of an advocate—that he would behave better for the future. He wound up the whole with a point of sensational rhetoric which was common, as has been said, to the Roman bar as to our own—an appeal to the jurymen as fathers. He pointed to the aged father of

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Rh the defendant, leaning in the most approved attitude upon the shoulder of his son. Either this, or the want of evidence, or the eloquence of the pleader, had its due effect. Cælius was triumphantly acquitted; and it is a proof that the young man was not wholly graceless, that he rose afterwards to high public office, and never forgot his obligations to his eloquent counsel, to whom he continued a stanch friend. He must have had good abilities, for he was honoured with frequent letters from Cicero when the latter was governor of Cilicia. He kept up some of his extravagant tastes; for when he was Ædile (which involved the taking upon him the expense of certain gladiatorial and wild-beast exhibitions), he wrote to beg his friend to send him out of his province some panthers for his show. Cicero complied with the request, and took the opportunity, so characteristic of him, of lauding his own administration of Cilicia, and making a kind of pun at the same time. "I have given orders to the hunters to see about the panthers; but panthers are very scarce, and the few there are complain, people say, that in the whole province there are no traps laid for anybody but for them." Catching and skinning the unfortunate provincials, which had been a favourite sport with governors like Verres, had been quite done away with in Cilicia, we are to understand, under Cicero's rule.

His defence of Ligarius, who was impeached of treason against the state in the person of Cæsar, as having borne arms against him in his African campaign, has also been deservedly admired. There was some courage in Cicero's undertaking his defence; as a known parti-

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, Third Edition *June 23, 1789: First federal bill relating to copyrights (H.R.10) presented to the first Congress. Chapter 100 : 17
 * May 31, 1790: Congress enacts the first federal copyright law, “An act forfor the [sic] encouragement of learning by securing copies of maps, charts, and books to the authors and proprietors of such copies during the times therein mentioned.” This law provided for a term of fourteen years with the option of renewing the registration for another fourteen-year term. The law only applied to books, maps, and charts. It also noted that a copyright should be registered in the U.S. district court where the author or proprietor resided (not the U.S. Copyright Office, which had not yet been created).
 * April 29, 1802: Congress adds prints to works protected by copyright law.
 * February 3, 1831: First general revision of the copyright law. Music added to works protected against unauthorized printing and vending. First term of copyright extended to twenty-eight years with the option of renewal for another fourteen-year term.
 * August 18, 1856: Congress passes a supplementary law to protect dramatic compositions.
 * December 31, 1864: President Abraham Lincoln appoints Ainsworth Rand Spofford to be the sixth Librarian of Congress. Spofford served as the de facto Register of Copyrights until the formal position of Register was created in 1897.
 * March 3, 1865: Congress enacts “An Act to amend the several Acts respecting Copyright,” which added protections for photographs and photographic negatives.
 * July 8, 1870: In this second major revision of copyright law, Congress centralized copyright activities (including registration and deposit) in the Library of Congress. The law added “works of art” to the list of protected works and reserved to authors the right to create certain derivative works, including translations and dramatizations.
 * March 3, 1891: With the passage of the International Copyright Act, Congress extended copyright protection to certain works by foreign authors. This was the first U.S. copyright law authorizing establishment of copyright relations with foreign countries.
 * July 1891: The Catalog of Copyright Entries, which includes records of registered works, is published in book form for the first time.
 * 1895: Congress mandates that U.S. government works are not subject to copyright protection.
 * January 6, 1897: Congress enacts a law to protect music against unauthorized public performance.


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106 san of Pompey, he was treading on dangerous and delicate ground. Cæsar was dictator at the time; and the case seems to have been tried before him as the sole judicial authority, without pretence of the intervention of anything like a jury. The defence—if defence it may be called—is a remarkable instance of the common appeal, not to the merits of the case, but to the feelings of the court. After making out what case he could for his client, the advocate as it were throws up his brief, and rests upon the clemency of the judge. Cæsar himself, it must be remembered, had begun public life, like Cicero, as a pleader: and, in the opinion of some competent judges, such as Tacitus and Quintilian, had bid fair to be a close rival.

"I have pleaded many causes, Cæsar—some, indeed, in association with yourself, while your public career spared you to the courts; but surely I never yet used language of this sort,—'Pardon him, sirs, he has offended: he has made a false step: he did not think to do it; he never will again.' This is language we use to a father. To the court it must be,—'He did not do it: he never contemplated it: the evidence is false; the charge is fabricated.' If you tell me you sit but as the judge of the fact in this case, Cæsar,—if you ask me where and when he served against you,—I am silent; I will not now dwell on the extenuating circumstances, which even before a judicial tribunal might have their weight. We take this course before a judge, but I am here pleading to a father. 'I have erred—I have done wrong, I am sorry: I take refuge in your clemency; I ask forgiveness for my fault; I pray you,

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 Rh ple, her possessions remained few and comparatively valueless. Man's "house" became the powerful one and begat the attractive power. Gradually woman had to leave her family at marriage and go to the home of her husband. She became absorbed by his family and assumed its name.

As man accumulated private property and assumed economic power, he naturally desired to perpetuate both in his own family instead of leaving it as formerly to be partitioned among his wife's kindred. Thus arose inheritance in the male line. Later on primogeniture was inaugurated to further assure the concentration of wealth and power within man's "house" and the predominance of the male line.

Man's rule had been established in society. Woman's possessions had no economic value. The division between the sexes had become complete. Property was man's, and women were even excluded from the inheritance thereof unless no male children existed.

In the ancient nations, the circle of the wife was narrow and miserable. The freemen owned the wealth and_ the slaves and held mastery over land and sea. The slaves did the work on land and sea and also in the household. The "free" woman's economic pedestal was knocked from under her by the slave and therefore she was often less considered. She was tolerated only as the breeder of the race of freemen. In the more warlike nations, such as Sparta and Rome, where many free citizens of strength and courage were highly valued for martial operations, women held a higher position as mother and wife than in the purely agricultural and trading nations such as Athens and Phoenicia.

With the establishment of class rule in society, woman lost her prestige. The women of the ruling class were probably the part of humanity that first became wholly and totally parasitic. Theirs, therefore, was the lot, and to them clung the stigma, of the parasite. They were tolerated only as necessary evils, were below consideration, treated as objects of scorn and often subjected to actual degradation.


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Rh pardon me.' There is nothing so popular, believe me, sir, as kindness; of all your many virtues none wins men's admiration and their love like mercy. In nothing do men reach so near the gods, as when they can give life and safety to mankind. Fortune has given you nothing more glorious than the power, your own nature can supply nothing more noble than the will, to spare and pardon wherever you can. The case perhaps demands a longer advocacy—your gracious disposition feels it too long already. So I make an end, preferring for my cause that you should argue with your own heart, than that I or any other should argue with you. I will urge nothing more than this,—the grace which you shall extend to my client in his absence, will be felt as a boon by all here present."

The great conqueror was, it is said, visibly affected by the appeal, and Ligarius was pardoned.

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, Third Edition *February 19, 1897: The U.S. Copyright Office is established as a separate department of the Library of Congress. Position of Register of Copyrights created. Chapter 100 : 18
 * July 1, 1909: Effective date of third general revision of the copyright law. Certain classes of unpublished works now eligible for registration. Term of statutory protection for a work copyrighted in published form measured from the date of publication of the work. Renewal term extended from fourteen to twenty-eight years.
 * August 24, 1912: Motion pictures, previously allowed to be registered only as a series of still photographs, added as a class of protected works.
 * July 13, 1914: President Woodrow Wilson proclaims U.S. adherence to the Buenos Aires Copyright Convention of 1910, which established copyright protection between the United States and certain Latin American nations.
 * July 1, 1940: Effective date of transfer of jurisdiction for the registration of commercial prints and labels from the U.S. Patent Office to the U.S. Copyright Office.
 * July 30, 1947: The copyright law codified as Title 17 of the U.S. Code.
 * January 1, 1953: Recording and performing rights extended to nondramatic literary works.
 * September 16, 1955: United States becomes party to the 1952 Universal Copyright Convention as revised in Geneva, Switzerland.
 * September 19, 1962: First of nine special acts extending terms of subsisting renewal copyrights pending congressional action on general copyright law revision.
 * February 15, 1972: Effective date of the act extending limited copyright protection to sound recordings fixed and first published on or after this date.
 * March 10, 1974: United States becomes a member of the Convention for the Protection of Producers of Phonograms Against Unauthorized Duplication of Their Phonograms.
 * July 10, 1974: United States becomes party to the 1971 revision of the Universal Copyright Convention as revised at Paris, France.
 * October 19, 1976: Fourth general revision of the copyright law signed by President Gerald Ford. This extensive revision included numerous provisions that modernized copyright law, as described in above.
 * January 1, 1978: Effective date of principal provisions of the 1976 copyright law.
 * December 12, 1980: Copyright law amended to address computer programs.


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, Third Edition *May 24, 1982: Section 506(a) amended to provide that persons who infringe copyright willfully and for purposes of commercial advantage or private financial gain shall be subject to criminal penalties. Chapter 100 : 19
 * October 4, 1984: Effective date of Record Rental Amendments of 1984, which granted the owner of copyright in a sound recording the right to authorize or prohibit the rental, lease, or lending of phonorecords for direct or indirect commercial purposes.
 * November 8, 1984: Federal statutory protection for mask works became available under the Semiconductor Chip Protection Act, with the U.S. Copyright Office assuming administrative responsibility. The Office began registering claims in mask works on January 7, 1985.
 * June 30, 1986: Expiration of the of the Copyright Act of 1976, which required that certain types of works be typeset, printed, and bound in the United States. For more information about the manufacturing clause under the 1909 Act, see  of this Compendium.
 * March 1, 1989: The effective date of United States adherence to the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, as revised in Paris, France in 1971.
 * December 1, 1990: Copyright protection extended to architectural works. Section 106A added to copyright law by the Visual Artists Rights Act, which allows authors of certain types of visual works of art certain moral rights of attribution and integrity.
 * December 1, 1990: Effective date of the Computer Software Rental Amendments Act. Grants the owner of copyright in the exclusive right to authorize or prohibit the rental, lease, or lending of a program for direct or indirect commercial purposes.
 * June 26, 1992: registration becomes optional on a prospective basis. Any work in its twenty-eighth year of copyright protection no longer requires a renewal application with the U.S. Copyright Office in order for the copyright to extend into and through the renewal term. As such, all works initially copyrighted between January 1, 1964 and December 31, 1977 were renewed automatically, even if the party entitled to claim the renewal copyright failed to file a timely renewal with the Office.
 * October 28, 1992: Effective date of the Audio Home Recording Act. The Act requires the placement of serial copy management systems in digital audio recorders and imposes royalties on the sale of digital audio recording devices and media that are distributed to the copyright owners.
 * December 17, 1993: Copyright Royalty Tribunal Reform Act of 1993 eliminates the existing Copyright Royalty Tribunal and replaces it with ad hoc Copyright


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March, 1885. tion to take their use of his fields of fifty acres, and were firmly decided to carry their resolution into effect. An identical intimation was made to the colonel of the Body Guard, M. Tevkeleff. And the proprietor cannot but resign himself to his fate—the attacks and intrusions being repeated “every day,” as one of the nobleman's representatives declared. The landlords were driven to despair—many of them have abandoned their property to its fate and fled to the towns, awaiting better times and laying complaint of these outrages before the government.

Better times will come to the Uffa nobility; there can be no doubt of it. Stirred by their laments the government will send a number of troops that will put all things right. But will it be for long? Will the peasants desist from attacks after the soldiers retire? And what is much more serious, are not those small disorders merely forerunners of general disorders on the part of peasants who stand face to face with the dilemma of either starving or taking the law into their own hands. Last summer outrages of a similar character occurred in the Don province. They were suppressed by the troops; now they are repeated much more strongly and in quite spontaneous fashion at the other end of Russia. One need not be a prophet to say that if the present conditions of Russia are not changed, they will be repeated again and again.

Russia is marching towards a general revolution, a complete re-organisation of her social conditions. No opposition, no amount of obstinacy or cruelty can prevent it. But a partial revolution has taken the lead; a revolution which we may call a town revolution, a revolution of instructed classes—a political revolution, in a word. Upon the success or unsuccess of this partial revolution, it depends whether the general Russian revolution will be a pacific and humanitarian one, having at its head the most enlightened part of the working classes and the intellectual proletariat—or will be a violent, barbarous, sanguinary one, made by the outburst of despair, which knows no mercy and no laws.STEPNIAK.

police are preparing and contriving plots just as if the Republic and the Monarchy were one and the same thing. It is the Gambettists who have lately in France driven the police into the profession of conspirators. Their first stroke was a master-stroke. The International was suppressed here by the law of the strongest; but the police re-established an imaginary International. They published in the Gambettist journal, the Paris, lists of adherents, rules, etc., which enabled them to arrest Krapotkine, Bernard, and other Anarchists. On the Anarchist journal of Lyons, the Droit Social, they then placed one of their own men, and it was his articles, that breathed nothing but blood and thunder which, read at the trials, contributed to the condemnation of the accused Anarchists, many of whom were sentenced to five years' imprisonment. Proud of their success, they thought they would succeed in insinuating members into Socialist organisations, so as to catch them in its snares. In point of fact they have succeeded in getting agents into all the organisations, men who have had to limit themselves to the simple rôle of informers, having never acquired enough influence to provoke any overt action. It is only in the Anarchist party that these agents can get any influence, as is proved by the case of the policeman Druelle, denounced and exposed publicly some weeks ago: he was one of the Anarchist leaders, and was amongst those who openly preached riot and the pillaging of shops.

But an event has happened which shows that the police no longer hope to reckon on the Anarchists, but intend to get up plots themselves. On very vague information an agent of the police named Br*** was sent to Montceau-les-Mines to discover there a plot which would have just suited the Government for the coming elections. After a week's inquiries on the spot, the policeman was clear that there was no plot. But as they had promised him 5000 frames reward for the discovery of a plot, he found nothing simpler than to organise a plot himself, that he might have the merit of denouncing it. The procured dynamite, daggers and revolvers, enrolled some simple miners, blew up a chapel, and killed a gendarme with a revolver-shot. Twenty-seven persons were arrested on the denunciation of this police conspirator; but he had not taken his measures cleverly enough to escape suspicion of guilt, and Justice had him arrested. Then the police claimed their man. Even the Minister of the Interior, Waldeck-Rousseau, came forward to have him released in the interests of order and the police. But the matter was so serious that the Minister of Justice, Martin Feuilet, had to refuse this satisfaction to his colleague, declaring to him that if the policeman were released it would be impossible to keep under arrest the duped fellow-conspirators of the policeman. So that the man of the police will pay dearly for his plot, to the great despair of the whole French police, which for some time past has seen all its infamies laid bare by the Socialists. Our new Minister of War, General Lewal, who seems, happily, to have had more to do with leaden soldiers than soldiers of flesh and blood, did, however, utter a great truth in his maiden speech. He said that the army could not be kept inactive, and that for this good reason it was absolutely necessary from time to time to make little spurts of war. The police take just the same view as the general: it organises plots from time to time to show that the police is indispensable. If this goes on, the bourgeois order will be menaced not by the revolutionists, but by the official defenders of order themselves. Thus people are beginning seriously to ask if it would not be very useful to organise a counter-police.Author:Paul Lafargue.

“The statement that. . . a ship. . . may. . . be capsized with ease or with difficulty, according to the character or degree of stability it may possess is the veriest scientific truism. . . Yet. . . it has been strangely, almost culpably ignored by many who are responsible for the safety of ships.”—Nature.

church bells were chiming their summons to Sunday worship as your correspondent issued forth on a mission to make a few random notes on how the “day of rest” is passed by the various classes of the population.

My first steps brought me to the belt of squares which constitutes the nucleus of his Grace of Bedford's property east of Tottenham Court Road. This neighborhood is a decayed Belgravia, and although outwardly the houses are hideous, inwardly they are handsome and commodious, faced by broad gardens and backed by trees, and possessing all those hygenic and sanitary conditions which make town life bearable.

Here are some of the inhabitants of this middle-class region wending their way to church. Notice this group of befurred and beflowetred misses, whose attempts to keep up to every latest fashion have resulted in distorting their bodies and imparting to their gait a camel-like waddle. And see, here come Pater and Materfamilias; evidently the world has used them well, if plumpness is a sign of contentment. These are soon joined by a specimen of the petrified maiden lady type, who carries, in addition to their Church-service, a small pug dog; and judging from the care she bestows upon it, she would not wish to enter the state of heavenly beatitude unaccompanied by her pet.

They merge at the church portals into a well-fed and well-clothed crowd containing many similar types, and settle down in their rented pews to listen to their favourite preacher expatiating on the blessings of poverty. I had noticed the heartless stare or shuddering averted gaze with which these lip-servants of the Nazarene Carpenter greeted the advent of a begaar or tramp if one chanced across their path, and my became filled with indignant thoughts on the condition of things which produces this contrast. I peered down into the kitchen and and saw my class busily preparing the midday meal for the return of these Pharisaical parasites, and I bethought me that whilst in their comfort and affluence they employ a whole army of our brothers and sisters as helots, to minister to their wants and drive them in carriages to the scenes of their mock worship, they insultingly deny the right of the working class to a brighter of better existence even on the seventh day. Where not wholly indifferent to the misery of those who produce their wealth, and to the pressing social questions around, they are feebly and futilely endeavouring to patch the system up by soup-tickets and tract distribution, and the insulting cant of the mission-hall, As I passed through the gates which an aristocratic landlord is allowed to maintain across our public thoroughfares in order that the common herd shall not disturb the quietude of those whom I have just described, I though the Social Revolution will find these people, and their more aristocratic congeners of Belgravia, unready, and overwhelm them.

A short, quick walk soon changes the scene, and I am in the midst of the narrow courts and streets which lie behind the deceptive frontages of Holborn. The narrow street through which I pass is filled with a choking, sooty atmosphere, which seems to begrime all it touches. On my left hand is a succession of courts, all ending in cul-de-sacs. In the centre of some and at the side of others are placed common dustbins, all overflowing with evil-smelling refuse. Barrow-boards and barrows lie about the entrance of the houses, and along the filthy, darksome passages, and on the flags of the narrow and horrible back-yards, is stored in the unsold greenstuff belonging to the costers who rent the lower part of the houses. The intended in close proximity to the sink-hole, down which ever and anon is poured  of odourous slops. In the upper portions of these places there exists— about to write lives—a class of hand vegetable-sellers, too poor to barrows, and their wares are stored in the most convenient place to  as the bedstead covers the largest place in these confined dens, the reader's imagination can supply the rest. These bedstead, by the way, are, like the wooden partitions compromising the rooms, swarming in summer with disgusting vermin. All the efforts which the unfortunate tenants, between their struggles for a hand-to-mouth existence, make for the extirpation of those pests are unavailing, on account of the dilapidated character of the property; and to get drunk in order that they may not be disturbed by these horrible companions is their frequent expedient.

A philanthropist who has dabbled in matters pertaining to the housing of the poor, and been able to reap five per cent. from her efforts, said recently that, after all, the one-room life was not so intolerable as it seemed. The one room here is shared in many cases by two and three families the honest amongst whom strive to maintain an existence by hand-selling and market-jobbing—a class who, when the fight becomes too severe, die by the roadside of want rather than enter the bastiles erected for the punishment of poverty; a class, moreover, whom no efforts of the Trades' Unions as such can affect, and to whom the utterances of a Brassey or Levi as to increased prosperity are a mockery, which some day they may reward as it deserves, if the rich will persist in shutting their eyes to these horrors, and make up their minds to defend what they know to be an iniquity. Amongst, and inextricably mixed with, them are those whose rebellion against the law and order of Society takes the form of prostitution, theft, and violence. And last, but not least, in these places are the stunted and weazened forms of the child-victims of the state of modern civilisation into which, according to religions cant, it has pleased God to call them. Unfortunate children! their homes in these filthy, reeking stones. The full weight of Society's injustice, of man's inhumanity to man, is endured by them; they are foredoomed to the cell, the dock, and the hospital and pauper wards; for Society will not relinquish its right to punish, though the irreparable wrong is committed by society itself.

If you ask who are those who week and maintain these human sites for the rents they produce, whose monopoly of the means of production and financial juggling are responsible for this horrible condition of things, search among the sleek churchgoers I have just left, pretending to be the followers of Him who whipped the money-changers from the temple. They are the comfortabilists whose comfort is purchased at the expense of the misery and degradation I have so inadequately described. How long they will enjoy their comfort so bought is a question for Revolutionary Socialists to answer.

“In the opinion of Mr. George Richardson, the chairman of the North Metropolitan Tramways Company, about sixteen hours a day, with no day of rest in the week, is fair service to exact from a tramway conductor, and about fourpence an hour is a very good wage to pay him. But according to one of two more humane shareholders such hours are intolerable slavery and a reproach to the company. One shareholder, indeed, ventured, in the interests of humanity, to hint that men could not last long, at that rate, and that the hours really worked were eighteen per day, which would give a man about four hours rest per night. No wonder the North Metropolitan Tramways Company pays 9$1⁄2$ per cent.; no wonder Mr. George Richardson thought the discussion of such matters should be avoided at their public meetings.”—Pall Mall Gazette.


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, Third Edition : Arbitration Royalty Panels administered by the Librarian of Congress and the U.S. Copyright Office. Chapter 100 : 20
 * December 8, 1994: The Uruguay Round Agreements Act restores copyright to certain foreign works under protection in the source country but in the public domain in the United States. It also repeals the sunset of the Software Rental Amendments Act and creates legal measures to prohibit the unauthorized fixation and trafficking in sound recordings of live musical performances and music videos.
 * November 16, 1997: The No Electronic Theft (NET) Act defines “financial gain” in relation to copyright infringement and sets penalties for willfully infringing a copyright either for the purposes of commercial advantage or private financial gain or by reproducing or distributing (including by electronic means) phonorecords of a certain value.
 * October 27, 1998: The Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act extends the term of copyright for most works by twenty years.
 * October 28, 1998: The Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998 (“DMCA”) adds several major provisions to the Copyright Act. It provides for the implementation of the World Intellectual Property Organization (“WIPO”) Copyright Treaty (“WCT”) and the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty (“WPPT”), by adding prohibitions against circumventing technological measures protecting copyrighted works and removing or altering copyright management information. It also creates the Section 512 safe harbors from liability for internet service providers; provides an exemption in Section 117 of the Act permitting the temporary reproduction of computer programs made in the course of maintenance or repair; clarifies the policy role of the U.S. Copyright Office; and creates a new form of protection for.
 * November 2, 2002: The Technology, Education, and Copyright Harmonization (“TEACH”) Act provides for the use of copyrighted works by accredited nonprofit educational institutions in distance education.
 * November 30, 2004: The Copyright Royalty and Distribution Reform Act phases out the Copyright Arbitration Royalty Panel system and replaces it with the Copyright Royalty Board.
 * April 27, 2005: The Artists’ Rights and Theft Prevention Act (“ART Act”) allows for of certain works being prepared for commercial distribution.
 * October 13, 2008: The Prioritizing Resources and Organization for Intellectual Property Act of 2008 (“PRO-IP Act”) is enacted. Among other things, the PRO-IP Act established the new government position of the Intellectual Properly Enforcement Coordinator, codified case law regarding the effect of inaccurate information knowingly included in an application for copyright registration, and prohibited the export and import of infringing copies of works that are or would be protected under the U.S. Copyright Act.


text:
Page:Bostock v. Clayton County (2020).pdf/22

18 because of sex, and Title VII liability necessarily followed.

Aren’t these cases different, the employers ask, given that an employer could refuse to hire a gay or transgender individual without ever learning the applicant’s sex? Suppose an employer asked homosexual or transgender applicants to tick a box on its application form. The employer then had someone else redact any information that could be used to discern sex. The resulting applications would disclose which individuals are homosexual or transgender without revealing whether they also happen to be men or women. Doesn’t that possibility indicate that the employer’s discrimination against homosexual or transgender persons cannot be sex discrimination?

No, it doesn’t. Even in this example, the individual applicant’s sex still weighs as a factor in the employer’s decision. Change the hypothetical ever so slightly and its flaws become apparent. Suppose an employer’s application form offered a single box to check if the applicant is either black or Catholic. If the employer refuses to hire anyone who checks that box, would we conclude the employer has complied with Title VII, so long as it studiously avoids learning any particular applicant’s race or religion? Of course not: By intentionally setting out a rule that makes hiring turn on race or religion, the employer violates the law, whatever he might know or not know about individual applicants.

The same holds here. There is no way for an applicant to decide whether to check the homosexual or transgender box without considering sex. To see why, imagine an applicant doesn’t know what the words homosexual or transgender mean. Then try writing out instructions for who should check the box without using the words man, woman, or sex (or some synonym). It can’t be done. Likewise, there is no way an employer can discriminate against those who check the homosexual or transgender box without discriminating in part because of an applicant’s sex. By discriminating against homosexuals, the employer intentionally penalizes


text: Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices (3d ed. 2014)/Chapter 100


text: The Commonweal/Volume 1/Number 2/The Actual Position of Russia


text: The Commonweal/Volume 1/Number 2/The Political Game of the Police in France


text: Category:Politics of France

title: Category:Politics of France


text: Category:Law enforcement

title: Category:Law enforcement


text:
Page:The chemistry of paints and painting.djvu/63

PANEL

, as a backing for the painting-ground of works in tempera and oil, presents some advantages over plaster and canvas. Its chief merit lies, perhaps, in its comparative immunity from mechanical injuries. The wood selected must be hard, that its surface may resist blows and abrasion; and it must not contain much resin, gum, colouring-matter, or other 'extractives,' as they are called, or else discoloration of the painting-ground, or priming, may occur. Wood grown in poor soils, in temperate climates, and felled in winter, is the best. The Flemings used oak; the Italians white poplar. But oak often proves treacherous, through irregular sh mkage; while poplar is too soft. Italian painters employed, also, the wood of the stone pine and chestnut. Leonardo da Vinci recommended cypress, pear, and service-tree. Mahogany, which was unknown to the old painters, is now generally employed. Teak and cedar, and also American or black walnut, deserve further trial.

The specific gravity of wood varies from 0-3 to 1-3; the lighter kinds contain large volumes of interstitial air. The longitudinal contraction of wood is much less than the transverse; the distribution, form, and number of the cracks in old panel-pictures is often to be traced to this cause.


text:
Page:Bostock v. Clayton County (2020).pdf/23

Rh men for being attracted to men and women for being attracted to women. By discriminating against transgender persons, the employer unavoidably discriminates against persons with one sex identified at birth and another today. Any way you slice it, the employer intentionally refuses to hire applicants in part because of the affected individuals’ sex, even if it never learns any applicant’s sex.

Next, the employers turn to Title VII’s list of protected characteristics—race, color, religion, sex, and national origin. Because homosexuality and transgender status can’t be found on that list and because they are conceptually distinct from sex, the employers reason, they are implicitly excluded from Title VII’s reach. Put another way, if Congress had wanted to address these matters in Title VII, it would have referenced them specifically. Cf. (, dissenting); (, dissenting).

But that much does not follow. We agree that homosexuality and transgender status are distinct concepts from sex. But, as we’ve seen, discrimination based on homosexuality or transgender status necessarily entails discrimination based on sex; the first cannot happen without the second. Nor is there any such thing as a “canon of donut holes,” in which Congress’s failure to speak directly to a specific case that falls within a more general statutory rule creates a tacit exception. Instead, when Congress chooses not to include any exceptions to a broad rule, courts apply the broad rule. And that is exactly how this Court has always approached Title VII. “Sexual harassment” is conceptually distinct from sex discrimination, but it can fall within Title VII’s sweep. Oncale, 523 U. S., at 79–80. Same with “motherhood discrimination.” See Phillips, 400 U. S., at 544. Would the employers have us reverse those cases on the theory that Congress could have spoken to those problems more specifically? Of course not. As enacted, Title VII prohibits all forms of discrimination because of sex, however


text:
Page:Bostock v. Clayton County (2020).pdf/24

20 they may manifest themselves or whatever other labels might attach to them.

The employers try the same point another way. Since 1964, they observe, Congress has considered several proposals to add sexual orientation to Title VII’s list of protected characteristics, but no such amendment has become law. Meanwhile, Congress has enacted other statutes addressing other topics that do discuss sexual orientation. This postenactment legislative history, they urge, should tell us something. Cf. , (, dissenting);,  (, dissenting).

But what? There’s no authoritative evidence explaining why later Congresses adopted other laws referencing sexual orientation but didn’t amend this one. Maybe some in the later legislatures understood the impact Title VII’s broad language already promised for cases like ours and didn’t think a revision needed. Maybe others knew about its impact but hoped no one else would notice. Maybe still others, occupied by other concerns, didn’t consider the issue at all. All we can know for certain is that speculation about why a later Congress declined to adopt new legislation offers a “particularly dangerous” basis on which to rest an interpretation of an existing law a different and earlier Congress did adopt. Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation v. LTV Corp., 496 U. S. 633, 650 (1990); see also United States v. Wells, 519 U. S. 482, 496 (1997); Sullivan v. Finkelstein, 496 U. S. 617, 632 (1990) (Scalia, J., concurring) (“Arguments based on subsequent legislative history ... should not be taken seriously, not even in a footnote”).

That leaves the employers to seek a different sort of exception. Maybe the traditional and simple but-for causation test should apply in all other Title VII cases, but it just doesn’t work when it comes to cases involving homosexual and transgender employees. The test is too blunt to capture the nuances here. The employers illustrate their concern with an example. When we apply the simple test to Mr.


text:
Page:United States Statutes at Large Volume 128.pdf/3196

128 STAT. 3172 :(1) All proceeds (except so much thereof as may be otherwise obligated, credited, or paid under authority of the provisions of law set forth in section 572(a) or 574(a) to (c) of title 40 or under authority of any appropriation Act that appropriates an amount, to be derived from proceeds from the transfer of excess property and the disposal of surplus property, for necessary expenses, not otherwise provided for, incident to the utilization and disposal of excess and surplus property) received from any disposal of surplus real property and related personal property under chapter 5 of title 40, notwithstanding any provision of law that such proceeds shall be credited to miscellaneous receipts of the Treasury. Nothing in this chapter shall affect existing laws or regulations concerning disposal of real or personal surplus property to schools, hospitals, and States and their political subdivisions.
 * (2) The amounts provided for in of this title.

(c) —
 * (1) —In addition to the sum of the revenues and collections estimated by the Secretary to be deposited in the Fund pursuant to this section, there are authorized to be appropriated annually to the Fund out of any money in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated such amounts as are necessary to make the income of the Fund not less than $900,000,000 for each fiscal year through September 30, 2015.
 * (2) —To the extent that amounts appropriated under paragraph (1) are not sufficient to make the total annual income of the Fund equivalent to the amounts provided in paragraph (1), an amount sufficient to cover the remainder shall be credited to the Fund from revenues due and payable to the United States for deposit in the Treasury as miscellaneous receipts under the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act (43 U.S.C. 1331 et seq.).
 * (3) —Notwithstanding section 200303 of this title, money deposited in the Fund under this subsection shall remain in the Fund until appropriated by Congress to carry out this chapter.

§ 200303. Appropriations for expenditure of Fund amounts

Amounts deposited in the Fund shall be available for expenditure for the purposes of this chapter only when appropriated for those purposes. The appropriations may be made without fiscal-year limitation. Amounts made available for obligation or expenditure from the Fund may be obligated or expended only as provided in this chapter.

§ 200304. Statement of estimated requirements

There shall be submitted with the annual budget of the United States a comprehensive statement of estimated requirements during the ensuing fiscal year for appropriations from the Fund. Not less than 40 percent of such appropriations shall be available for Federal purposes.

§ 200305. Financial assistance to States

(a) —The Secretary may provide financial assistance to the States from amounts available for State purposes. Payments may be made to the States


text: The Commonweal/Volume 1/Number 2/quotation from Nature


text:
Page:United States Statutes at Large Volume 128.pdf/3197

Rh by the Secretary as provided in this section, subject to such terms and conditions as the Secretary considers appropriate and in the public interest to carry out the purposes of this chapter, for outdoor recreation:
 * (1) Planning.
 * (2) Acquisition of land, water, or interests in land or water.
 * (3) Development.

(b) —Amounts appropriated and available for State purposes for each fiscal year shall be apportioned among the States by the Secretary, whose determination shall be final, in accordance with the following formula:
 * (1) Forty percent of the 1st $225,000,000; 30 percent of the next $275,000,000; and 20 percent of all additional appropriations shall be apportioned equally among the States.
 * (2) At any time, the remaining appropriation shall be apportioned on the basis of need to individual States by the Secretary in such amounts as in the Secretary’s judgment will best accomplish the purposes of this chapter. The determination of need shall include consideration of—
 * (A) the proportion that the population of each State bears to the total population of the United States;
 * (B) the use of outdoor recreation resources of each State by persons from outside the State; and
 * (C) the Federal resources and programs in each State.
 * (3) The total allocation to a State under paragraphs (1) and (2) shall not exceed 10 percent of the total amount allocated to all of the States in any one year.
 * (4) The Secretary shall notify each State of its apportionments. The amounts shall be available for payment to the State for planning, acquisition, or development projects as prescribed. Any amount of any apportionment that has not been paid or obligated by the Secretary during the fiscal year in which the notification is given and for 2 fiscal years thereafter shall be reapportioned by the Secretary in accordance with paragraph (2) without regard to the 10 percent limitation to an individual State specified in this subsection.
 * (5) For the purposes of paragraph (1), the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, Guam, American Samoa, the Virgin Islands, and the Northern Mariana Islands shall be deemed to be one State, and shall receive shares of the apportionment in proportion to their populations.

(c) —Payments to any State shall cover not more than 50 percent of the cost of planning, acquisition, or development projects that are undertaken by the State. The remaining share of the cost shall be borne by the State in a manner and with funds or services as shall be satisfactory to the Secretary.

(d) —
 * (1) —A comprehensive statewide outdoor recreation plan shall be required prior to the consideration by the Secretary of financial assistance for acquisition or development projects. The plan shall be adequate if, in the judgment of the Secretary, it encompasses and will promote the purposes of this chapter. No plan shall be approved unless the chief executive official of the State certifies that ample opportunity for public participation in plan development and revision has been accorded. The


text:
Author:George Lawrence Pilkington

Works

 * A Hand-book of Luganda (1911)

title: Author:George Lawrence Pilkington


text: The Commonweal/Volume 1/Number 2/Our Civilisation


text:
Page:History of the Literature of the Scandinavian North.djvu/521

Rh Frey, 24.

Freyja, 24.

Fridthjofs Saga, 165 (See Tegnér).

Fries, E., 410.

Frimann, C., 222.

Frimann, P. H., 222.

Fritzner, J., 310.

Frode, 25.

Frostathings Law, 72.

Fryxell, A., 409.

De Geer, K., 351.

Geibel, E., 67.

Geijer, E. G., 320, 382.

Gheysmer, T., 102.

Girs, Æ., 325.

Gislason, K., 84.

Gisla Saga Sursons, 53.

Gissur, 20, 48.

Gjessing, G., 59.

Goiske, R., 218.

Goldschmidt, M. A., 279.

Göthe, G., 348.

Gothic School, 382.

Grafström, A. A., 379.

Grágás, 70.

Gram, H., 201.

Gram, H., 201.

Grane, 42.

Grettis Saga, 54.

Grimm, W., 126.

Grimnismál, 23.

Gripenhjelm, C., 335.

Grundtvig, N. P. S., 242.

Grundtvig, S., 29, 68, 126.

Gudiskalksson, Odd, 76.

Gudrun, 25.

Gulathings Law, 72.

Gumalius, G. W.. 397.

Gungner, 36.

Gunhild, 40.

Gunlaug Leifsson, 69.

Gunlaug Serpent-tongue, 37, 42, 52.

Gustavus, III, 354.

Gylfaginning, 33.

Gyllembourg-Ehrensvärd, T. C., 269.

Gyllenbourg, G. F., 349.

Hadorph, J., 342.

Hænsathoris Saga, 54.

Hagberg, K. A., 408.

Hagen, F. H., 67.

Hakonarbók, 71.

Hakonarmál, 40.

Haldorson, B., 84.

Halfred Vandrædaskald, 43, 54.

Halfs Saga, 65.

Hallbäck, H., 212.

Hallmann, K. I. 365.

Hammarsköld, L., 376.

Hammerich, F., 319.

Hanselli, P., 337.

Hansen C., 153.

Hansen, F. J., 273.

Hansen, H. P. K., 273.

Hansen, M. C., 294.

Hansteen, C., 308.

Harbardsljód, 24.

Harpestreng, H., 109.

Harald Fairhair, 16-41

Háttatal, 33, 35.

Hauch, J. C., 251.

Hávamál, 24.

Havardar Saga Isfirdings, 53

Hedberg, F., 408.

Hedborn, S. J., 379.

Hegelund, P., 154.

Heiberg, J. L., 165, 260.

Heiberg, P. A., 209, 223.

Heimskringla, 40, 56.

Helgason, A., 77.

Hemmingsen, N., 159.

Hermanni, N., 320.

Herre, B., 302.

Hertz, H., 263.

Hervarar Saga, 65.

Hildebrand, B. E., 410.

Hirdskrá, 73.

Hjärne, U., 338, 342.

Hof, S., 352.

Höjer, B. K. H., 410.

Holberg, L., 7, 183.

Holm, T., 90.

Holmberg, 410.

Holmström, I., 336.

Holst, H. P., 272.

Höjsgaard, J., 200.

Höpken, 352.

Hörd Grimkelssons Saga, 54.

Horn, F. W., 177, 241.


text: The Commonweal/Volume 1/Number 2/quotation from Pall Mall Gazette


text:
Page:United States Statutes at Large Volume 128.pdf/3198

128 STAT. 3174 : Secretary shall develop, in consultation with others, criteria for public participation, which criteria shall constitute the basis for the certification by the chief executive official. The plan shall contain—
 * (A) the name of the State agency that will have authority to represent and act for the State in dealing with the Secretary for purposes of this chapter;
 * (B) an evaluation of the demand for and supply of outdoor recreation resources and facilities in the State;
 * (C) a program for the implementation of the plan; and
 * (D) other necessary information, as determined by the Secretary.
 * (2) —The plan shall take into account relevant Federal resources and programs and shall be correlated so far as practicable with other State, regional, and local plans. Where there exists or is in preparation for any particular State a comprehensive plan financed in part with funds supplied by the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, any statewide outdoor recreation plan prepared for purposes of this part shall be based on the same population, growth, and other pertinent factors as are used in formulating plans financed by the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development.
 * (3) —The Secretary may provide financial assistance to any State for projects for the preparation of a comprehensive statewide outdoor recreation plan when the plan is not otherwise available or for the maintenance of the plan.
 * (4) —A comprehensive statewide outdoor recreation plan shall specifically address wetlands within the State as an important outdoor recreation resource as a prerequisite to approval, except that a revised comprehensive statewide outdoor recreation plan shall not be required by the Secretary, if a State submits, and the Secretary, acting through the Director, approves, as a part of and as an addendum to the existing comprehensive statewide outdoor recreation plan, a wetlands priority plan developed in consultation with the State agency with responsibility for fish and wildlife resources and consistent with the national wetlands priority conservation plan developed under section 301 of the Emergency Wetlands Resources Act of 1986 (16 U.S.C. 3921) or, if the national plan has not been completed, consistent with the provisions of that section.

(e) —
 * (1) —In addition to assistance for planning projects, the Secretary may provide financial assistance to any State for the types of projects described in paragraphs (2) and (3), or combinations of those projects, if the projects are in accordance with the State comprehensive plan.
 * (2) —
 * (A) —Under paragraph (1), the Secretary may provide financial assistance for a project for the acquisition of land, water, or an interest in land or water, or a wetland area or an interest in a wetland area, as identified in the wetlands provisions of the comprehensive


text:
Page:History of the Literature of the Scandinavian North.djvu/522

504 Horrebow, O., 205.

Hostrup, J. C., 275.

Hrafnkel Freysgodis Saga, 54.

Hrolf Krakes Saga, 65.

Huitfeldt, A., 172.

Hyltén-Cavallius, 68, 320, 410.

Hyndluljód, 25.

Ivar Vidfadme, 66.

Ibsen, H., 7, 304.

Ihre, J., 352.

Ingelius, G. E., 328.

Ingemann, B. S., 248.

Isleif, Bishop, 20.

Islendingabok, 49.

Jacobsen, I. P., 284.

Jæger, H., 212, 294.

Jansen, K., 303.

Jarnsida, 71.

Jessen, E., 54.

Jean Pierre, 272.

Jockumsson, M., 90.

Jolin, J., 401.

Jomsvikinga Saga, 60.

Jón Einarsson, 71.

Jón Loptsson, 49.

Jón Raudi, 73.

Jónsbók, 71.

Jónsson, A., 78.

Jónsson, B., 79.

Jónsson, E., 84.

Jónsson, F., 84.

Jónsson, K., 58.

Jónsson, R., 80.

Jónsson, T., 33.

Kaalund, H. W., 276.

Kalevala, 403.

Kamma (Karen Margarethe Rahbek), 208.

Karlamagnus Saga, 69.

Kellgren, J. H., 356.

Kexél, O., 364.

Keyser, R., 48, 69, 73, 309.

Kierkegaard, S. A., 286.

Kingo, T., 179.

Klemming, G. E., 319, 325, 328.

Klopstock, 89, 211.

Knorring, S. M., 395.

Knud the Great, 18, 125

Knytlinga Saga, 60.

Kok, L., 182.

Kölbing, 69.

Konungs Skuggsjá, 72.

Kormak, 42, 54.

Kraft, J., 207.

Krag, Niels, 171.

Krákumál, 25.

Kullberg, K. A., 398, 408.

Laale, P., 131.

Lagerbring, S., 351.

Lagerlöf, P., 334.

Landstad, M. B., 126, 301.

Lange, G., 29.

Lange, T., 280.

Langebek, J., 202.

Lannerstjerna, J. M., 366.

Larsen, H., 299.

Laxdæla Saga, 53.

Lejoncrona, C, 335.

Lembcke, 278.

Lenngren, A. M., 369.

Leopold, K. G., 357.

Lidner, B., 366.

Lie, J., 307.

Liebenberg, F. L., 195, 217, 241, 255

Lindblad, A. F., 400.

Lindblad, E. W., 347.

Lindeblad, A., 391.

Ling, P. H., 385.

Linné, C., 351.

Ljósvetninga Saga, 54.

Ljunggren, G. H., 328, 364, 410.

Lokasenna, 23.

Loke, 23.

Longberg, C., 165.

Longfellow, H. W., 216.

Lönnrot, E., 403.

Lopt Guttormsson, 56.

Lovén, N., 408.

Lucidarius, 70, 130.

Lucidor, L., 336.

Lyskander, K., 173.

Madvig, J. N., 292.

Magnus, J., 325.

Magnus, P., 223.

Magnusson, A., 81, 201.

Magnusson, F., 84, 290.

Malmström, B. E., 400.

Malmström, K. G., 410.

Månsson, P., 318.


text:
Page:The Music of the Spheres.djvu/265

 its surface, for high air currents on the light torrid side probably flow rapidly to the dark, cold side, with the cold air near the surface of the dark, cold side flowing with equal rapidity to the torrid side. This state of affairs may tend to equalize the intensity of the two extremes of climate. Being almost 30 million miles closer to the sun than the earth, Venus may have a higher temperature than the earth, although the heat may be somewhat modified by the clouds which are always in the sky.

Sometimes a faint, grayish light has been observed on the dark side of the planet when it is nearest the earth. This was at one time thought to be a reflection from a cold and frozen hemisphere, but a more likely suggestion hints that it may be an electrical manifestation in the planet's atmosphere, similar to our Aurora.

Venus completes its orbit in 7½ months, its year being rather shorter than ours.

The question of the existence of life not only on Venus, but on the other planets, is always a subject of general interest. Professor Barnard of the Yerkes Observatory had the following convictions on the subject:

Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune are considered, he says, to be worlds of the future, their low density and other considerations leaving little doubt of their unripeness for life. Perhaps millions

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text: Page:Leo Tolstoi - Life Is Worth Living and Other Stories - tr. Adolphus Norraikow (1892).djvu/9


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Page:History of the Literature of the Scandinavian North.djvu/523

505 Martensen, H. L., 286.

Matthias, Canon, 319.

Maurer, K., 29, 48, 55, 72, 73, 319.

Mellin, H., 397.

Meltzer, H., 302.

Messenius, J., 325.

Milton, 89.

Mobius, T., 48, 55, 59.

Moe, J., 68, 300.

Mohnike, C. C. F., 39, 48.

Molbech, C., 109, 129, 177, 291, 292

Molbech, C. K. F., 277.

Möller, J., 162.

Möller, P. M., 256.

Möller, P. L., 274.

Monrad, M. J., 308.

Montelius. O., 410.

Mörk, J. H., 350.

Morkinskinna, 59.

Moth, M., 177.

Müller, P. E., 29, 48, 59, 106, 290.

Munch, P. A., 59, 73, 309.

Munch, A., 299.

Mynster, C. L. N., 241.

Mynster, J. P., 285.

Nervander, 406.

Nibelungen Lied 25, 29.

Njáls Saga, 52.

Nicander, K. A., 390.

Niels, Monk of Sorö, 128.

Nielsen, R., 288.

Nilsson, S., 411.

Nordenflycht, H. C., 347.

Nornagests Saga, 66.

Norwegian Society, 220.

Nyberg, J. K., 379.

Nybom, J., 400.

Nybläus, J. A., 410.

Nyblom, K. R., 408.

Nyerup, R., 132, 208.

Odel, A., 350.

Odhner, K. T., 410.

Odin, 24, 36, 42.

Ödmann, S., 410.

Oehlenschläger, A. G., 116, 229.

Olaf, Saint, 18, 39, 41.

Olaf, Hvitaskald, 45.

Olaf, Thordsson, 33.

Olafsson, E., 83.

Olafsson, J., 39, 83.

Olafsson, M., 80.

Olafsson, M., 89.

Olai, E., 318.

Olai, P., 319.

Olafson, O. C, 224.

Öman, E., 408.

Opitz, M., 332.

Orkneyinga, Saga, 60.

Örsted, A. S., 230.

Örsted, H. C., 230, 289.

Orvar Odd, 401.

Oscar II., 407.

Östgaard, N., 302.

Overskou, T., 273.

Oxenstjerna, A., 325.

Oxenstjerna, J. G., 358.

Paladius, N., 144.

Paladius, P., 144.

Palmblad, W. F., 379.

Pálsson, B., 86.

Paludan-Müller, C. P., 291.

Paludan-Müller, F., 7, 265.

Pedersen, C., 137.

Peringskjöld, J., 341.

Petersen, N. M., 290, 292.

Petri, O., 322, 324.

Petri, L., 322, 323.

Pjetursson, H., 76.

Pjetursson, S., 90.

Ploug, P. K., 274.

Pontoppidan, E., 176, 200.

Porthan, 403.

Pram, K. H., 207.

Prytz, A., 328.

Pufendorf, 341.

Rafn, C. C., 67.

Ragnar Lodbrok, 25, 48, 64.

Rahbek, K. L., 195, 208, 221.

Ranch, H., 154.

Ravn, H. M., 181.

Rask, R. C., 39, 200, 292.

Recke, E., 281.

Reenberg, T., 196.

Rein, J., 222.

Resen, P., 173.

Retzius, A. A., 411.

Reuterdahl, 410.

Richardt, C., 276.


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 do you think I saw yesterday in a hackney-coach? I wonder where she could be driving alone down those narrow streets?' If I walked with a footman behind me, there are so many women of the town now who flaunt about with a smart footman, that I ran the hazard of being taken for one of them; and, if I went alone, either there would be some good-natured friend who would hint that Lady Hester did not walk out alone for nothing; or else I should be met in the street by some gentleman of my acquaintance, who would say, ‘God bless me, Lady Hester! where are you going alone?—do let me accompany you:' and then it would be said, ‘Did you see Lady Hester crossing Hanover Square with such a one? he looked monstrous foolish: I wonder where they had been.’ So that, from one thing to another, I was obliged to stop at home entirely: and this it was that hurt my health so much, until Lord Temple, at last, remarked it. For he said to me one day, ‘How comes it that a person like you, who used to be always on horseback, never rides out?'—‘Because I have no horse.'—'Oh! if that is all, you shall have one to-morrow.'—'Thank you, my lord; but, if I have a horse, I must have two; and, if I have two, I must have a groom; and, as I do not choose to borrow, if you please, we will say no more about it.’—‘ Oh! but I will send my horses, and come and ride out with you every day.’


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compiling this second volume of our translation of Count Tolstoï's works we have endeavored to select only such stories as have a direct bearing upon the great problems of life and death, religion and morality, time and eternity. While it is not assumed that the author's religious views, in their entirety, are to be found between the covers of this little book, yet herein those fundamental doctrines of Christianity upon which we all agree are given an application that is unique. These stories are based upon the simple teachings of Christ—not one of them containing a line that is calculated to infringe upon the sensitive distinctions of sectarianism, or to controvert in the slightest degree the principles of any Christian denomination. This volume is peculiarly adapted, therefore, to the use of Sabbath-schools, both Protestant and Catholic—though it may be read with equal profit by adults in all walks of life:


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 of years will pass before these giant worlds are in a condition to welcome life of any description.

Many astronomers believe that the conditions for life such as we know it on earth, are more likely to be found on Venus than on any other planet; others think that Mars, being evolutionally older, may have even passed the stage in which we now find ourselves, or that it may have developed, to suit the conditions on Mars, along quite a different line. Life adapts itself to many extremes, it may live in intense heat and freezing cold, in the air, in the water and under the ground. Speculation on this subject has disclosed the most interesting data, but as yet we do not know, and may never know, if there is life on any of the planets.

Jupiter is the largest planet in our solar system. With high magnifying power it is seen to be a great "orange-shaped" globe, larger than the full moon to the unaided eye, with a bulging equator and flattened poles. This polar depression is th of its diameter causing the polar diameter of 84,400 miles to be several thousand miles less than its equatorial diameter, which is 90,200 miles.

This colossal world is favorably situated for observation three months out of every year, traveling eastward along the zodiac, and spending around twelve months in each zodiacal constellation. It requires twelve of our years for Jupiter to complete a revolution around the sun.

Even an opera-glass will give a view of Jupiter as a minute disk with two bands across its center and four luminous points on either side. These luminous points are satellites, three of which are larger than our moon and one almost as large. Jupiter has

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6 by those who believe in the reality of a Divine Providence; that if a man die he shall live again; and that, aside from all theological controversy, the saving of our souls in this present world is but a simple matter after all.

The story, "Life Is Worth Living," is an allegory. It describes the experiences of a poor cobbler and his wife who "entertained an angel unawares." Through the presence of their celestial visitor they learned the three great truths which constitute the basis of man's existence—of what we are made, and what is essential and what is non-essential to our human life. During the course of this very strange narrative Count Tolstoï gives incidentally some excellent pictures of Russian life and of the hardships endured by the peasantry in winter.

"Two Old Men" is a most entertaining and instructive tale of a couple of aged comrades who undertook a pilgrimage to Jerusalem. Their object in taking the long journey was to pay their devotions to God in that Mecca for pilgrims, and was the outcome of a long-standing agreement between them. The old men were bosom friends, though they differed materially from each other in manner and tem-


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Rh perament. It is interesting to follow the differences also in their respective methods of putting their Christian principles into practice, while much information concerning the sights to be seen in the ancient city gives an added value to the story. The author's description of a terrible famine in Little Russia is especially interesting in view of the present starving condition of the peasantry throughout the Czar's empire.

Translated literally, the title of the third tale might be rendered thus: "Where Love Is There God Is Also;" but I have condensed it into "God Is Love" to meet the requirements of English usage. It tells of a poor shoemaker who, in his humble way, found many opportunities for doing good to others, and illustrates the certainty of the heavenly reward that awaits those who, according to their means, give effective expression to the Golden Rule.

"The Candle," the concluding story of the volume, is one of those pathetic little touches of nature which we find among Tolstoï's earlier writings. It illustrates the superstitious awe with which the lighted candle is regarded by every devout adherent of the Greek Church, and tells with deep pathos of that perversity of


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CHAPTER I

Angkor, the capital of the mighty Khmer Empire, the hush of afternoon had fallen. All nature, spent by the long hours of heat, lay prostrate, awaiting breathlessly the first touch of coolness that would come with the setting of the sun. Only man—the tireless fashioner of beautiful, useless things—stared through the glare under burdened eyelids and, at the ruthless behest of man, still toiled and sweated in the dust.

Beneath the drenching flood of sunlight pouring down out of the colourless sky, Angkor Wat stood forth in all its majesty, dominating the featureless landscape.

From the margin of the Great Lake an immense expanse of alluvial flat spread inshore as far as the eye could carry. The turbid waters and the jungle-smothered land merged


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 the one into the other; little creeks and inlets clinging to the ragged skirts of the vegetation, and mud-stained amphibious trees wading out into the shallows, or standing ankle-deep in the slime and ooze.

The forest—an endless sea of tree-tops—inundated the plain, the sombre waves of colour fading as they receded to melt at last into a misty blur of delicate, elusive tints low down about the fretted skyline. Here and there the sombre monotony of the jungle was relieved by wide washes of vivid green, where the rice stood ripening in the irrigated fields; and in places the surface of the earth was stained, as by some parasitic growth, by the dusty greys and browns of thatch, and the raw reds of tiled roofs visible beneath their canopies of palm-fronds. For the rest the forest—forest indescribably dingy, squalid, and melancholy—draped itself like a death-cloth over the face of the plain.

Nowhere else in all the wondrous fairyland of tropical Asia could a landscape be found more dreary to the eye, more depressing to the spirit, than this spot on the shores of Tonlé-Sap in the lower valley of the Mekong. The sparse hillocks served but to emphasise its flatness. The very trees of the jungle had the air of having slunk out of the muddy waters and of huddling together shamefully, like a host of woebegone waifs, on the parched and thirsty soil. In their colouring there was no richness; and the thin heat-haze that shimmered so


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 8 humankind indicated in the adage of "the beggar on horseback." A man having arisen from the level of a serf to the dignity of superintendent of a noble's estate becomes even more cruel and tyrannical in his treatment of the unfortunate slaves than those masters who had experienced no other condition than that of being born into the Russian nobility. The alleged efficacy of the burning candle in exorcising evil spirits is shown in the conquest of this man's wickedness by the religious act of a humble peasant.

It is hoped that this little book will do much toward dissipating the many aspersions which, by some writers, have been cast against the alleged religious convictions of Count Tolstoï, for it shows that the author is a man whose interpretation of the Gospel is based upon common sense and human experience—rather than upon any spiritual revelation or the ritualism of ecclesiastics.

For the charming literary flavor that pervades these stories thanks are due to my accomplished wife, whose bright editorial skill in the revision of the manuscripts has been of invaluable service.

2em


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 nine satellites in all but only four are visible in any but the most powerful telescope and three cannot be seen except in photographs. The four large satellites may be seen to change their positions from hour to hour, occasionally disappearing in the shadow behind Jupiter, and then reappearing with startling abruptness on the other side. With a stronger glass they may be seen moving as bright spots across the face of the planet, followed or preceded by the dark disks of their shadows.

With a large telescope, various colored belts are seen to streak this globe like dark stripes from east to west, the most prominent ones being the two deep red bands some 7000 miles broad which lie on either side of a faint golden equatorial belt, some 6000 miles across. Besides these, there are lesser belts to the north and

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 above them seemed an emanation from the dust with which they were powdered. Even the brilliant green of the rice-fields failed to strike a note of gaiety amid the dull blues and blacks that enveloped and swamped it. Though Nature had worked unnumbered miracles, clothing the earth with vegetation and filling with teeming life the water and the land, she seemed, in some obscure fashion, to suffer here an eternal defeat. The featureless aspect of the plain and the monotony of sad colouring combined to belittle its immensity. They made of it a thing paltry and mean—a mere background fitted only to throw into added prominence the Titanic works of man.

Of these the most stupendous was the great Wat.

From the day, more than five hundred years earlier, when the Brahman conquerors had stayed at last their wandering feet, and here, in this wilderness of Kambodia, had elected to consolidate their empire, they had wrought strenuously for their own honour and aggrandisement, but more strenuously still for the glory and the propitiation of the gods of their worship.

Quitting the banks of the sacred Ganges in about the fifth century of our era, and striking out recklessly into the Unknown, they had driven irresistibly forward across the great peninsula of Further India, fiery and impetuous as some tremendous conflagration that licks


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 up in its passage all with which it meets. They had poured down through Assam and Manipur; had invaded, ravaged, and abandoned the gracious garden-lands of Asia, which to-day are Burma and northern Siam; had subdued, spoiled, and enslaved its peoples, and had lashed whole populations to their victorious chariot-wheels. Nor, while the force of the inexplicable impulse that goaded them to wander remained unexpended, had any wealth or charm or natural beauty of the lands they traversed and ruined prevailed to turn or stay them; yet, in the end, like some mighty river that loses itself ingloriously amid stagnant marshes, they had found a final resting-place among the dreary forests of Kambodia, and on the shores of its mud-stained lake.

But the genius and the energy which had borne them triumphantly across half a continent, still demanded outlets; and the men who had conquered and destroyed upon so gigantic a scale set themselves now, no less greatly, to fashion and to create.

From the comfortless forest-lands they carved out for themselves an immense empire, and peopled it with the hosts they had reduced to bondage. They exacted tribute and allegiance from more than half the princes who ruled the petty kingdoms of south-eastern Asia. They converted the jungles about the margin of their lake into irrigated fields, whence annually they might draw enormous supplies of grain. They


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 gutted the earth of its mineral wealth as far south as the Golden Chersonese. They made Angkor Thom—their capital city—the centre of a world. Thither many a crestfallen embassy made humiliating pilgrimage. To its loud mart flocked the merchants of India and of China, and the spice-bearers from the rich islands of the southern seas. A place dedicated beyond all others to the service of the ancient gods, it attracted the saintly and the learned of many Hindu lands. It became the chosen resort of the scholarly and the skilful, of the pandit and the artisan, of the cunning carver of wood and stone. In its crowded treasuries the Brahmans had accumulated all the wealth that greed and tyranny could clutch, that ingenuity could make accessible, that the patient toil of thousands could be forced to produce, until Angkor had become like the unnaturally inflated limb of one sick of elephantiasis, into which had drained all the strength and all the nutriment that should have maintained the whole shrunken body.

Always, too, the Brahmans—the twice-born demigods—had achieved their successes at the expense of the folk they ruled. They had been the brain—the guiding, inspiring, subduing influence. The thews and sinews had been supplied by the low-caste peoples who served and worshipped them, to whose lot had fallen ever the heat and the burden of the day, the unending travail, the labour unto death.

For in the universal belief in their divinity,


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 abode the power of the Brahmans—a power that enslaved the souls of low-caste men. These latter, descendants of the conquered peoples, raised awed eyes from the dust in adoration of the priest-princes, at whose bidding they toiled, and who ordered for them their lives. They existed only in the shadow cast upon the earth by these demigods who, to them, were a divine mystery made manifest to human sight. By serving, obeying, and honouring them, thus, and thus only, might they do distant and vicarious reverence to the Shining Ones and so, acquiring merit, might win at last, in some yet far-off incarnation, to more honourable estate. The supreme patience, which is the very soul of Asia—the patience which so unwearyingly awaits the fulfilment of a promise vain and remote-steeled them to endure. Wherefore, like cattle, they bowed unresisting necks to the Brahman's yoke, and their backs to ever-increasing burdens.

And the burdens increased apace.

The people prostrated themselves in adoration before the demigods who ruled them; what time the demigods themselves rested not from their frantic efforts to propitiate the Deities from whom their divinity was derived.

Ere ever the straggling mass of wooden buildings with roofs of thatch and tiles—which was their capital city—had taken form, already they had begun to construct, in honour of the High Gods, temples of enduring stone. One by one


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 south which are red, green, brown, black and brilliant white. The spots on the equatorial belt move rapidly toward the west with a speed of over 270 miles an hour, with respect to the other markings on the planet. By watching these impressive colorings and markings the gigantic globe may actually be seen to turn around on its axis! It does this in only 9 hours and 50 minutes—less than half the time that it takes the earth to rotate.

With a still larger telescope, however, it was discovered that 9 hours and 50 minutes was only the average time that it takes Jupiter to rotate and that the day varies according to the location on the planet. Thus, like the sun, its surface is not a fixed one, for at the equator the rate of rotation is 9 hours and 47 minutes, a little distance at either side 9 hours and 56 minutes, and in higher latitudes over 10 hours. But Jupiter is not as hot a globe as the sun, which has been described as somewhat resembling "thick molasses," for if it shone by its own light it would not cast a shadow, nor would the shadows of its satellites be dark spots upon its surface.

Such facts have led to the general belief that Jupiter is still in an early stage of development with its globe probably in a semi-fluid condition so hot that the gases which will some day form its waters and be cradled in the hollows of its crust, now rise as hot vapor into its thick, warm atmosphere and fall as incessant rains. The surface visible to us on earth must therefore be in the nature of dense clouds and vapors while its real surface is probably in a "hot, muddy thickish liquid" condition, quite unattractive to think about.

Yet there are some considerations that tend to disprove the cloud theory. Barnard mentions that the semi-permanent nature often shown by the markings is against it. The great Red Spot has been visible at intervals for a hundred years or more, and other markings may be traced with but little change of form for

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 the thirty shrines of Tha Phrom had come into being, with their domes and columns and labyrinthine cloisters, decked with delicate sculpture. Every hillock in the plain had been crowned by its sacred edifice; and from these little, perfect buildings the Brahmans had passed on to greater and greater achievements. The Ba Phun and the Ba Yon—the two splendid sanctuaries or Angkor Thom—had in turn been designed and executed; and each successive effort of the Brahmans' genius had displayed ever widening conceptions, a more scornful contempt of difficulty, a more complete obsession by the spell of the magnificent and the grandiose, and a more lavish and wanton prodigality of human toil. Drunken with power, indifferent to the needs or the sufferings of their people, goaded onward by a tremendous and augmenting ambition, and urged, moreover, to still greater efforts by their awful fear of the Gods, the Brahmans, through the centuries, had piled monolith on monolith, carving and fashioning them wonderfully, and still had found their fierce lust for architectural achievement unappeased; till, in the fulness of time, the vast scheme of Angkor Wat had burst, in all the splendour of its inspiration, upon the imaginations of these dreamers in stone.

Now, during three hundred years, men had laboured ceaselessly in bitter travail, under the pitiless sun-glare, to give that idea form; but the end of their toiling was not yet.


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 The Wat, cruel and inexorable as Fate, had bounded and dominated the lives of thousands. To the men of Angkor—the casteless ones dedicated to its service—it had a monstrous personality of its own. It was eternal. It had always been there, claiming the strength and vigour of their manhood, grinding them slowly and mercilessly back into the dust whence they had emerged. Men, whose fathers and grandfathers had grown grey in its slavery, had been born beneath the shadow that it cast; had attained to maturity and had decayed with age, still spending themselves in labour upon it; and had been carried to the burning-ghat under a shadow imperceptibly lengthened. It brooded over their imaginations, menacing and insatiable. It paralysed their thought. They were blind to the beauty of the marvel at which they wrought. They knew only the measure of the toil and pain which were the heavy price of it. They looked at it with eyes sad and hopeless, spoke of it furtively in fearful whispers.

Now, in the hush of afternoon, the Wat stood forth in all the glory of its symmetry, dwarfing the landscape.

Though much remained to be done, the labour of three centuries had sufficed to give full shape to the vision of the dreamer who designed it. The immense outer cloister, some three miles in girth, was completed only on two flanks. Of the four flagged and raised causeways, destined to lead to the threshold of the Wat from each of


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 the cardinal points of the compass, only one, that from the west, had been constructed in its entirety; and in the temple itself, many stones still awaited the chisel of the sculptor. But the five immense conical domes, rugged with external carving and ornamentation, soared triumphantly into the pale sky; and the eye was led up to them, from the basic platform with its noble stairways, by the sculptured roofs of two tiers of cloisters grouped around the great, cliff-like mass of solid masonry that supported the portals and courts and shrines of the upper temple. And the colour of it was wonderful. Grey for the most part—every tint and shade of grey—golden greys where the sunlight smote the stones; silver greys in the lighter shadows; deeper greys, merging into blues and purples and blacks, where the shadows were heavy; and ruddy browns with violet tints in them where the lichen had rusted the stones.

The sheer vastness of it, in design and execution, reduced all that surrounded it to utter insignificance; and the ant-like men who swarmed, toiling about it, were lost in its immensity, just as the faint clash and tinkle of their tools was swallowed up by the heavy stillness of the afternoon.

On the brink of the great moat at the spot where, on the east, it skirted the limits of the sacred precincts, a small, nearly naked boy was seated, shaken by sobs.


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 Behind him the forest crept up almost to the edge of the water, and before him rose the Wat, outlined sharply against the sky, and casting a shadow that, enveloping him, traced a huddle of grotesque shapes against the serried ranks of trunks and branches. Between the child and the threshold of the temple lay the moat, placid and shining as a shield of bronze, reflecting with startling vividness the inverted cones and curiously wrought gables of the topmost shrines; and beyond it again was an open space, grown upon sparsely by grass and weed and underwood, and littered with big fragments of grey sandstone. No work was going forward on this side of the building, and the boy was utterly alone, with the mysterious, still forest, lapped in slumber, behind him, and the immense, silent bulk of the Wat rising in front to face and overshadow him.

He was a daintily fashioned little creature, and the skin of his body was an even, pale brown, without spot or blemish. His head, small and shapely, set erect upon the slender column of his throat, was covered by a shock of fine, black hair, that hung curtain-wise across his brows, about his ears, and to the nape of his neck. His forehead was high and cleanly cut, his nose straight with slightly drooping nostrils, his cheek-bones rather prominent, his chin firm and beautifully modelled, and the thin lips pouted prettily. His hands and feet were at once strong and delicate, though the palms of


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 the former were thick with callosities, and the soles of the latter horny with use.

But the most arresting feature of the child were his eyes. They were large and very dark, full of dreams and shadows, and they looked out from under heavily marked eyebrows, black as his hair. They gave to him, at all times, an air of solemn, unchildlike wisdom, and at this moment they were full of trouble and swimming in tears.

The actual cause of his grief was felt rather than realised. He had come hither, seeking solitude and refuge, from his parents' hut, and shaken to the very depths of his being by the storm of elemental passions which of a sudden had burst above his head. Dimly he understood that he, in some inexplicable fashion, had been used as a missile in the fray, from the din of which he had escaped.

There had been shrill word-battle between his mother and a neighbour, over a matter of a broken cooking-pot—warfare that dredged up from the slime of two angry women's souls vile thoughts, and viler words in which to clothe them. Without warning, the panic-stricken little boy had found himself in the heart of an emotional cataclysm whose fury tortured his nerves, while the very intensity of his distress numbed and paralysed his understanding.

He had fled—pursued by he knew not what, phantoms of horror and suggestion—and following some obscure primordial instinct, had headed


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 for the forest; and now, by the edge of the moat, he had thrown himself down in the shade, to recover his breath, and still the frantic beating of his heart.

His mother had always been to him a creature vaguely mysterious. Sometimes, when he and she were alone together, she would suddenly fling soft arms around him and draw his head down against her breasts-bruising him with her violence, it might be—while she crooned over him with words of extravagant affection. But when the man, his father, was at hand—home from the quarries or the rice-fields—her spasmodic love seemed instantly to evaporate, leaving her the cold, silent, passionless drudge of every day.

Childlike, he had never spoken to her or to others of these strange outbursts of a love that seemed to have in it something at once fierce, hungry, and ashamed; but often as he sat watching her, busied over household tasks, or emitting monosyllabic replies to the discontented grumblings of her man, their master, he would fall to wondering whether his memory and his imagination were not playing the cheat, whether, in truth, this immobile woman was one with the raving, passion-torn creature who on occasion usurped her place.

And as he had grown older, and his features had begun to emerge from the rounded shapelessness of childhood into their present clean-cut beauty, his mother's carefully concealed love and adoration of him had become more intense,


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Rh There was of oats enough to pay all the taxes and provide for all wants. Ivan and his children had only to live happily together and be content. But they had a neighbour—a next-door neighbour, Gabriel Khromoi, the son of Gordy Ivanov, and enmity arose between him and Ivan.

So long as old Gordy was alive, and Ivan's father managed affairs, the muzhiks lived friendly together. If the women wanted a sieve or a tub, if the, men wanted to borrow a sack or a wheel from time to time, they used to send these things from one house to the other; they were neighbours, always ready with a helping hand. If the calf ran into the threshing-floor they drove him off, and simply said: "Don't come to us, pray; the corn-heaps are not yet stacked." But as for locking up the barns or out-houses, or hiding anything away therein, or tale-bearing one against the other, all such things never once entered into their heads.

Thus they lived in the days of the old people. But the young people now began to keep house, and—things were otherwise.

The veriest trifle was the cause of it all. Ivan's daughter-in-law had a hen which was a good layer. The young women was collecting the eggs for Easter. Every day she went for the new-laid egg to the shed of the cart-house.

One day, however, scared perhaps by the cries of the children, the hen flew across the hurdle fence into the neighbour's grounds, and there settled down to

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 their manifestations more frequent; what time, the open distaste for him, which his father had always evinced, had grown more and more marked. Little by little, and so gradually that he knew not when the understanding of these things first dawned upon him, it had been borne in upon his mind that he occupied in the household a place apart, an alien place; that his two small, snub-nosed, broad-faced brethren, who followed him like dogs, were as unlike him in mind as in body; that his mother loved him above all things, but with an affection which she dared not show in the presence of others; that his father hated him. He gave back hate for hate.

Vaguely all these memories were present with him now, as he sat, sobbing and shaken, on the grass by the moat's brink; and nebulous as a mist, the conviction that they had some intimate connection with the tumult from which he had fled, stole up and enveloped him. Certain words and phrases which had poured through the lips of the woman while she abused his mother—words which had lost themselves amid the excitement and the terrors with which the quarrel had smitten him—recurred now to his mind. Many of them still were meaningless to the child; but through the foul murk of them an idea seemed to loom. The mother who had borne him, and whom for all her waywardness he loved, was a wanton, and he a bastard. More. She was mocked for pride—pride in her sin—pride in him, who was the flaming badge of it.


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 The horror of this thought, and of the recollection of his mother's face distorted by a passionate despair, as of some wild beast brought to bay, shook him with a fresh tremor; and seizing his head between his hands, and resting his elbows on his knees, he broke into a renewed burst of sobs.

The moat was at his feet, and his face was bent above it; and as he stared downward at his reflection mirrored there, by the still water, a fateful secret was revealed.

The afternoon was waning, and the jungle was beginning to stir in the heavy sleep in which, during all the long, hot hours of the day it had been lapped. It was as though, with faint rustlings, the warm earth was stretching its limbs, very languidly, ere it awoke. Somewhere, far off, a woodpecker was tapping. From homing bees, their hives high in the tree-tops, there came a droning hum that was like a delicate background to the forest silence. A flock of paroquets burst out of the woodland, circled, flashing like a kaleidoscope above the moat, and instantly was gone. A big blue kingfisher flew headlong down the bank, sounding his discordant note. In the forest close at hand arose for a moment a little flirt of feathers, and a cicada overhead broke abruptly into his strident love-song. Then once more the hush fell heavily; and through the silence, the water, lapping about the feet of the sacred places, whispered to the gazing boy its tremendous revelation.


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 CHAPTER II

moon, surrounded by fleecy clouds, was climbing the eastern sky, as a man drew his body slowly out of the water of the tank that lay over against the main portals of Angkor Wat.

He clambered to the summit of the causeway.

Before him, the temple rose a huge, shapeless bulk of shadows, out of which its gigantic cones sprang heavenward, with outlines sharply defined. Behind him, emerging from the obscurity, the causeway, its flags white in the moonlight, lay like an immense prostrate column.

Stepping deftly, one foot at a time, into the loop of a cotton waist-skirt, he pulled the dry garment upward to shield his nakedness, and let slip his dripping loin-clout. Next, by means of a few practised turns and twists, he converted the cloth into the likeness of a pair of short, baggy pants; and standing erect, stretched himself luxuriously, and brushed the drops of moisture from his eyes and hair.

The years which had passed since that fateful


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Tales from Tolstoi lay. The young woman heard the hen cackling, and thought, "I have no time now, I have to get things ready against the feast; I'll come a little later, and fetch the egg away then."

She came in the evening to the shed in the cart-house, plunged in her hand—no egg was there. The young woman asked her mother-in-law and her brother-in-law,

"Have you taken it?"

"No," they said, "we have not taken it."

But Taraska, her younger brother-in-law, said:

"Your cackler has settled down in our neighbour's yard, there has been a great clucking there, and from thence she has flown back again."

The young woman looked and saw her clucker; it was sitting beside the cock on the harness of the horses, and had just closed its eyes, it was going to sleep. She would have liked to have asked it where it had been, but it would not have answered. Then the young woman went to the neighbour's. The old woman of the house came to meet her.

"What do you want, young woman?"

"Why, granny," said she, "my hen has flown over to you; hasn't she laid her egg somewhere there?"

"We have seen nothing at all. We have our own. God has given us what we have, and for a long time our hens have laid well. We gather our own; we want not other people's things. My girl, we don't go seeking eggs in other people's barns."

The young woman was much put out. She was saucy. Her neighbour paid her back in her own coin; and so the women fell a-wrangling. Ivan's 142