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186 and so builds it up with living stones, 1 Pet. 2. 5. Ye are God's building; and building is a progressive work; the church in this world is but in fieri—in the forming, like a house in the building. It is comfort to all those who wish well to the church, that Christ, who has divine wisdom and power, undertakes to build it.

(2.) The foundation on which it is built is, ''this Rock;Rock. [sic] Let the architect do his part ever so well, if the foundation be rotten, the building will not stand; let us therefore see what the foundation is, and it must be meant of Christ, for other foundation can no man lay''. See Isa. 28. 16.

[1.] The church is built upon a rock; a firm, strong, and lasting foundation, which time will not waste, nor will it sink under the weight of the building. Christ would not build his house upon the sand, for he knew that storms would arise. A rock is high, Ps. 61. 2. Christ's church does not stand upon a level with this world; a rock is large, and extends far, so does the church's foundation; and the more large, the more firm; those are not the church's friends, that narrow its foundations.

[2.] It is built upon this rock; thou art Peter, which signifies a stone or rock;a stone or rock; [sic] Christ gave him that name when he first called him, (John 1. 42.) and here he confirms it; "Peter, thou dost answer thy name, thou art a solid, substantial disciple, fixed and stayed, and one that there is some hold of. Peter is thy name, and strength and stability are with thee. Thou art not shaken with the waves of men's fluctuating opinions concerning me, but established in the present truth," 2 Pet 1. 12. From the mention of this significant name, occasion is taken for this metaphor of building upon a rock.

First, Some by this rock understand Peter himself as an apostle, the chief, though not the prince, of the twelve; senior among them, but not superior over them. The church is built upon the foundation of the apostles, Eph. 2. 20. The first stones of that building were laid in and by their ministry; hence their names are said to be written in the foundations of the new Jerusalem, Rev. 21. 14. Now Peter being that apostle by whose hand the first stones of the church were laid, both in Jewish converts, (Acts 2.) and in the Gentile converts, (Acts 10.) he might in some sense be said to be the rock on which it was built. Cephas was one that seemed to be a pillar, Gal. 2. 9. But it sounds very harsh, to call a man that only lays the first stone of a building, which is a transient act, the foundation on which it is built, which is an abiding thing. Yet if it were so, this would not serve to support the pretensions of the Bishop of Rome; for Peter had no such headship as he claims, much less could derive it to his successors, least of all to the Bishops of Rome, who, whether they are so in place or no, is a question, but that they are not so in the truth of christianity, is past all question.

Secondly, Others by this rock understand Christ; "Thou art Peter, thou hast the name of a stone, but upon this rock, pointing to himself, I build my church." Perhaps he laid his hand on his breast, as when he said, Destroy this temple, (John 2. 19.) when he spake of the temple of his body. Then he took occasion from the temple, where he was, so to speak of himself, and gave occasion to some to misunderstand him of that; so here he took occasion from Peter, to speak of himself as the Rock, and gave occasion to some to misunderstand him of Peter. But this must be explained by those many scriptures which speak of Christ as the only Foundation of the church; see 1 Cor. 3. 11. 1 Pet 2. 6. Christ is both its Founder and its Foundation; he draws souls, and draws them to himself; to him they are united, and on him they rest and have a constant dependence.

Thirdly, Others by this rock understand this confession which Peter made of Christ, and this comes all to one with understanding it of Christ himself. It was a good confession which Peter witnessed, Thou art Christ the Son of the living God; the rest concurred with him in it. "Now," saith Christ, "this is that great truth upon which I will build my church." 1. Take away this truth itself, and the universal church falls to the ground. If Christ be not the Son of God, christianity is a cheat, and the church is a mere chimera; our preaching is vain, your faith is vain, and you are yet in your sins, 1 Cor. 15. 14, 17. If Jesus be not the Christ, these that own him are not of the church, but deceivers and deceived. 2. Take away the faith and confession of this truth from any particular church, and it ceases to be a part of Christ's church, and relapses to the state and character of infidelity. This is articulus stantis et cadentis ecclesiae—that article, with the admission or the denial of which the church either rises or falls; "the main hinge on which the door of salvation turns;" those who let go this, do not hold the foundation; and though they may call themselves christians, they give themselves the lie; for the church is a sacred society, incorporated upon the certainty and assurance of this great truth; and great it is, and has prevailed.

2. Christ here promises to preserve and secure his church, when it is built; The gates of hell shall not prevail against it; neither against this truth, nor against the church which is built upon it.

(1.) This implies that the church has enemies that fight against it, and endeavour its ruin and overthrow, here represented by the gates of hell, that is, the city of hell; (which is directly opposite to this heavenly city, this city of the living God;) the devil's interest among the children of men. The gates of hell are the powers and policies of the devil's kingdom, the dragon's heads and horns, by which he makes war with the Lamb; all that comes out of hell-gates, as being hatched and contrived there. These fight against the church by opposing gospel-truths, corrupting gospel-ordinances, persecuting good ministers and good christians; drawing or driving, persuading by craft or forcing by cruelty, to that which is inconsistent with the purity of religion: this is the design of the gates of hell, to root out the name of christianity, (Ps. 83. 4.) to devour the man child, (Rev. 12. 9.) to raze this city to the ground.

(2.) This assures us that the enemies of the church shall not gain their point. While the world stands, Christ will have a church in it, in which his truths and ordinances shall be owned and kept up, in spite of all the opposition of the powers of darkness; They shall not prevail against it, Ps. 129. 1, 2. This gives no security to any particular church, or church-governors, that they shall never err, never apostatize or be destroyed; but that somewhere or other the christian religion shall have a being, though not always in the same degree of purity and splendour, yet so as that the entail of it shall never be quite cut off. The woman lives, though in a wilderness, (Rev. 12. 14.) cast down, but not destroyed, (2 Cor. 4. 9.) as dying, and behold we live, 2 Cor. 6. 9. Corruptions grieving, persecutions grievous, but neither fatal. The church may be foiled in particular encounters, but in the main battle it shall come off more than a conqueror. Particular believers are kept by the power of God, through faith, unto salvation, 1 Pet. 1. 5.

Secondly, The other part of this charter is, to settle the order and government of the church, v. 19. When a city or society is incorporated, officers are appointed and empowered to act for the common good. A city without government is a chaos. Now this constituting of the government of the church, is here expressed by the delivering of the keys, and, with them, a power to bind and loose. This is not to be understood of any peculiar power that Peter


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4 densely populated than any other part of the Wampanoag country. Its principal settlement was the village of Sowams, where Massasoit maintained his headquarters, and where, without doubt, the greater portion of his life was passed.

For many years the exact location of this village was a disputed point, authorities variously fixing it at Bristol, Barrington, and Warren. The late Gen. Guy M. Fessenden was the first to demonstrate, conclusively, that Sowams occupied the site of the last mentioned place. The results of his careful and painstaking investigation of the claims of the three towns may be found in the short but valuable historical sketch of Warren published by General Fessenden in 1845.

One familiar with the Pokanoket region readily perceives why Massasoit placed his capital where he did. Warren is situated midway between Barrington and Bristol, on an arm of Narragansett Bay, and is bounded on the north and east by the State of Massachusetts. A glance at the map of Rhode Island will show the reader that, at Warren, which is farther inland than either of its sister towns, the Wampanoags were, in a great measure, protected from the danger of sudden attack by their enemies, the Narragansetts who dwelt upon the opposite shore of the bay, and that, in case of hostile invasion, they were easily able to retire to less exposed portions of their domains.

The Indians were always particular to locate their permanent villages in the vicinity of springs of running water. Warren abounds in such springs. Its soil is generally fertile and its climate agreeable and healthy, as, owing to its somewhat inland position, it escapes the full rigor of the fierce

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Rh (Little Compton), Namasket (Middleborough), Nobsquasset (Yarmouth), Monamoit (Chatham), Nauset (Eastham), Patuxet (Plymouth), and other places, together with the headmen of some of the Nipmuc nation, were tributary to him. Undoubtedly some of these chiefs were allied to Massasoit by ties of consanguinity or mutual interests; others, probably, rendered homage as conquered to conqueror.

Like the Narragansetts, the Wampanoags were considerably advanced in civilization. They built permanent villages, and cultivated corn, beans, pumpkins, and squashes. They manufactured cooking utensils of stone and clay, and rude implements for domestic and war-like purposes from shells, stone, and bone. They prepared the greater part of their food by the aid of fire and their cookery was, by no means, unpalatable. The famed Rhode Island Johnny cake and still more famous Rhode Island clam bake each claim an Indian origin. They understood how to dress birch and chestnut bark which they used for covering their wigwams, and they constructed canoes by hollowing out the trunks of large trees. Of rushes and grasses they wove mats and baskets, and the}' fashioned moccasins, leggings, and other articles of apparel from the skins of wild beasts. They were very accurate in their observations of the weather, and spent much time in studying the heavens, being familiar with the motions of the stars, and having names for many of the constellations. In common with the other native tribes of North America, they worshipped various gods, peopling earth, air, sky, and sea with deities; yet they acknowledged one supreme being, and believed in the immortality of the soul.

It is obvious that Massasoit possessed mental endowments of no mean order, and it is equally obvious that his environ-


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6 This tribe, properly speaking, was a confederation of clans each clan having its own headman who was, however, subservient to a chief sachem. The Wampanoags, or Pokanokets as they were also called, were originally a populous and powerful people and it is said that, at one period, their chief was able to rally around him no less than 3,000 warriors. The father of Massasoit, according to the testimony of his illustrious son, waged war successfully against the Narragansetts; and Annawon, King Philip's great captain, boasted to his captor, Church, of the "mighty success he had formerly in wars against many nations of Indians, when he served Asuhmequin, Philip's father." About three years before the settlement of Plymouth, however, a terrible plague devastated the country of the Wampanoags and greatly diminished their numbers. Governor Bradford, alluding to this pestilence, states that "thousands of them dyed, they not being able to burie one another," and that "their sculs and bones were found in many places lying still above ground, where their houses and dwellings had been; a very sad specktacle to behould." The Narragansetts who were so fortunate as to escape the plague, took advantage of the weakness of their ancient foes, wrested from them one of the fairest portions of their domain the island of Aquidneck, (Rhode Island) and compelled Massasoit to subject "himself and his lands," to their great sachem Canonicus. In 1620, the Pokanoket chieftain could summon to his aid only about 300 fighting men, sixty of whom were his immediate followers. Yet Massasoit, despite his weakness, contrived to maintain his supremacy over the petty sachems of the various clans of the Wampanoag confederacy. The sagamores of the Islands of Nantucket and Nope or Capawack (Martha's Vineyard), of Pocasset, (Tiverton), Saconet


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252 separating from one another. The pollen then falls into a depression on the side of the neighbouring flower below, from which it is shaken out by the wind and carried to neighbouring branches of the tree, where it alights on the stigmas of the female flowers.

The cotyledons are large, fleshy, obovate, bi-lobed and crumpled, filling the cavity of the seed, from which they do not emerge on germination, but remain underground. The primary root makes its exit by the apex of the nut, and becomes stout and flexuose, giving off a few lateral fibres. The caulicle is very short, stout, and woody. Young stem, erect, compressed, glabrous, greenish, and covered with lenticels. The first four pairs of leaves are mere scales, opposite or sub-opposite on the stem. The ninth leaf is foliaceous, and consists of three leaflets, the terminal one large, obovate or elliptical, and cuspidate, the lateral ones small, oblong and alternate. The next leaf is five-foliolate; the terminal leaflet, oblong-obovate; the middle pair ovate, acuminate, oblique at the base, unequal, and sub-opposite; the basal pair small, ovate, oblique, and unequal. The last leaf is like it, or bears only four leaflets. All these primary leaflets are serrate in margin, and more acuminate than those of the adult plant, which are entire. In these respects they resemble the adult leaves of Carya or other species of Juglans.

The common walnut is distinguishable in summer from all the other species by its glabrous, entire, few leaflets. In winter the following characters are available:— Twigs stout, glabrous, shining, greenish or grey, with scattered longitudinal lenticels. Leaf-scars on prominent pulvini, broadly obcordate, the upper margin deeply notched in the centre and not surmounted by a band of pubescence; bundle-dots in three groups. Pith large, white or buff in colour, with wide chambers. Terminal bud ovoid, obtuse at the apex, with four external grey tomentose scales in two valvate pairs, the scales not lobed at their apex and merely representing leaf-bases. In many cases, as in slow-growing old trees, the true terminal bud is aborted on most of the branchlets, and its scar marks the end of the twigs. Lateral buds small, arising at an angle of 45°, globose, the two outer scales usually concealing the inner ones, pubescent at first, but ultimately becoming glabrous. Superposed lateral buds occur only rarely.

Two distinct geographical forms are known:—

(a) typica, in Europe, Asia Minor, Persia, and the Himalayas. Leaves elliptic; nuts ovoid-globose with thin septa.

(b) sinensis, C. DC. in Ann. Sc. Nat. 4 Sér. xviii. 33, figs. 38, 39. North


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. Oh! Some old admirer. Adela! I beg your pardon… Here is Don Paco.

. Ah, Don Paco! What news?

. Good. The best! Nothing could be better.

. Which?

. Nothing could be better than best.

. [To ] Let me embrace you.

. Woman! Not on the public street! You mustn't let people see you embracing Don Paco, not if we are to appear here in that scandalous play. Have a little reserve.

. What difference does it make? He's our manager. A manager isn't a man; he's like an author on a first night. You embrace him without meaning anything by it. [To ] This gentleman is our manager.

. Delighted to meet you.

. You must be a bold man, sir, to come here to present this objectionable play.

. "Obscurantismo." We are anxious to see what it is like.

. Why? Don't you think?…

. I am afraid you are going to be disappointed and lose your money.

. Ah, Don Paco! But you said you brought good news.

. So I did. For the present the Governor will not prohibit the performance, as we feared.

. But have you seen the Governor's wife? Wait till she hears of it.

. Nothing is done here without her approval. She belongs to everything—all the ladies' clubs and all the church societies. She will never consent to her husband's prejudicing himself by permitting the performance of an objectionable play.


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Sowams in Poanoket in Spain. Had the English attempted a settlement at Plymouth when the Pokanokets were at the zenith of their power, they would, probably, have been either exterminated or driven from the country. But, in 1620, Massasoit, whose fortunes were at the ebb, stood ready to extend the right-hand of fellowship to the pale-faced strangers, in whom he perceived the possible deliverers of his nation. The treaty with the Pilgrims into which he entered at Plymouth in March, 1621, was the bold stroke of a wise statesman and an experienced politician. The article in the treaty which stipulated that the English should aid him if "any did unjustly war against him" makes his position plain. "We cannot yet conceive but that he is willing to have peace with us," writes Winslow, alluding to this treaty. "And especially because he hath a potent adversary, the Narrowhigansets that are at war with him; against whom, he thinks, we may be some strength to him; for our pieces are terrible unto them." Subsequent events proved that Massasoit's policy was not at fault for, with the assistance of his white allies, he was finally enabled to throw off the galling yoke of Canonicus, and to restore the Wampanoags to their old-time position of independence and power.

In July, 1621, Governor William Bradford decided to send a deputation to Pokanoket, to "discover the country," to "continue the league of peace and friendship" which had been entered into a few months previous at Plymouth, and to procure corn for planting. Provided with gifts, a horseman's laced coat of red cotton and a chain, Edward Winslow and Stephen Hopkins set out from Plymouth on Monday, July 2d, having for a guide Tisquantum, or Squanto, the friendly Indian whose name appears so conspicuously in the early annals of Plymouth. The trail followed led the travellers through Titicut in the north-west part of Middle borough, where they spent the night, to Taunton, thence to Mattapoiset


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8 ments were precisely those best calculated to develop a character naturally strong. He dwelt in a land which, if not literally flowing with milk and honey, abounded with everything needful to supply the simple wants of savage life, and thus he escaped those demoralizing influences which attend the struggle for mere existence. The proximity of a powerful enemy rendered him, cautious, alert, and vigilant. His position as the chief of a considerable confederacy invested him with dignity, and called into activity all those statesman-like qualities for which he was so justly famed. Winslow describes him as "grave of countenance, spare of speech," and this description tallies exactly with our ideal of the man. General Fessenden remarks: "This chief has never had full justice done to his character." Certainly it was no ordinary man who, conquered himself, still retained the respect and allegiance of several clans, differing in thought, mode of life, and interests. It was no ordinary man who, undaunted by misfortune, endured the yoke patiently till the opportunity to throw it off presented itself, and then quietly taking advantage of the auspicious moment accomplished the liberation of himself and his people from a servitude more bitter than death itself.

Massasoit was familiar with the appearance of white men before the arrival of the Pilgrims at Plymouth. In 1619, Captain Thomas Dermer, an Englishman, visited the Massachusetts coast and held an interview at Namasket with "two kings" of Pokanoket, undoubtedly Massasoit and his brother Quadequina. The English were regarded with suspicion and dislike by some of the tribes of the Wampanoag confederacy, owing to the fact that a certain unscrupulous trader had kidnapped some of the natives and sold them into slavery


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. If you do give it, nobody will come to see you. Not even the official element.

. You cannot count upon the ladies, and without the ladies you cannot count upon the men. A theatre without women is like—what shall I say?—like a jail without birds.

. An excellent comparison.

. But the Governor cannot disobey the laws.

. It is not necessary to disobey the laws. All he need do is to enforce all of them. The theatre has no fire protection, the gallery is falling down…

. Ay! Don Paco! It's a death-trap!

. Who asked you to come here with this "Obscurantismo," anyway?

. Well, sir, all I have to say then is that this town must have changed a great deal. I played an engagement here during the revolution when we had the republic, and there were a great many liberals here in those days. I remember particularly one Baldomero Remolinos—he was called Baldomero after General Espartero.

. [Laughing] Will you listen to that?

. Ha! Ha!

. What is the matter?

. Nothing is the matter. Why, this Baldomero to-day is the greatest magnate in Moraleda—he is the grand seignior. He pays what taxes he likes, holds mortgages on one-half of the province, has notes on the other half, and he would go into an apoplexy if he should so much as hear the sound of the revolutionary hymn.

. The "Hymn of Riego"? Is it possible.?

. He must be the man they were telling us about. Is he the father of a very spoiled girl?

. Named Esperanza.


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254 colour, and other qualities of the fruit, is very great; but a detailed description of these does not come within the scope of our work. The most remarkable is the huskless walnut of North China, which is cultivated in the mountains to the northwest of Peking. In this curious form the husk is almost wanting, being very thin and irregular. In var. racemosa the fruits are numerous, fifteen to twenty-four, and are set close together on the peduncle. In var. maxima, Loudon (var. macrocarpa), the fruits are very large. The nuts are elongated and very narrow in var. elongata (var. Bartheriana ); very sharp-pointed at both ends in var. rostrata; and have very thin shells in var. tenera, Loudon (var. fragilis). The kernel of the nut is bright red in var. rubra (var. rubrocarpa).

I. Juglans regia x nigra. Two forms of this are well known in cultivation; they differ mainly in the character of the fruit.

1. Juglans Vilmoriniana, Carrière, Rev. Hort. 1863, p. 30. Young shoots glabrous. Leaf-scars obcordate, three-lobed, deeply notched above. Leaflets eleven to thirteen, ovate-lanceolate, sub-sessile, apex acuminate, base rounded or tapering; serrations fine and shallow, directed forwards; lower surface green and glabrous, except for conspicuous tufts of pubescence in the axils of the main veins. Rachis glabrous in the upper leaves of the shoot, pubescent towards its base in the lower leaves. Fruit with the thick husk of J. nigra. Nut smooth, globose, thicker shelled and more deeply furrowed than that of the common walnut.

In Garden and Forest, iv. 51 (1891), M.M. de Vilmorin gives particulars of the original tree in his garden at Verrières les Buisson, near Paris, and an excellent illustration of it in winter. He says that it was planted about 86 years previously as a young seedling by his grandfather as a memorial of the birth of his eldest son. Nothing certain is known of its origin, though it was supposed by Dr. Engelmann to be a hybrid, between the European and the black walnut. The characters of the bark, branchlets, and buds are intermediate; the leaves resemble those of J. regia more than those of J. nigra. The fruit, which is not produced every year, and never in quantity, is figured, and resembles most that of the black walnut. Of the few seedlings which have been raised from it one is growing beautifully in the Arboretum at Segrez, and produces fertile nuts. All the seedlings have grown well when planted in deep sandy soil mixed with clay. The tree at Verrières was seen by Elwes in 1905, and measured 95 feet high by 10 feet in girth, with a bole about 16 feet long, The habit of the tree was considered by him to resemble the black walnut rather than the common species.

There are young trees of J. Vilmoriniana growing at Kew, and one has been recently sent to Colesborne by M. de Vilmorin.

2. Juglans pyriformis, Carrière, ''loc. cit.'' 28, figs. 4 to 9. Garden, L. 478, fig. (1896).


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. Who is madly in love with the Governor's secretary? And her parents won't let them marry?

. Exactly.

. In love with the Governor's secretary. With Don Manolo?

. Yes. Do you know him? Keen as a razor—a young chap from Madrid?

. Do I know him? Well, I should say so. Do I? Adela, Garcés, give me your hands. We are saved! We are the masters of Moraleda—yes, as much as Don Baldomero, more than the Governor, as much even as the Governor's wife.

. Goodness! What has happened?

. Don't stop!

. Nothing has happened, but Manolo, the Governor's secretary, is my brother.

. Your brother?

. Bastard or legitimate?

. How bastard? Leave off with your plays.

. Well, upon my word!

. And to think we were innocent! What a coincidence!

. The early bird! It pays.

. Imagine my surprise when I heard the name of my brother at the Palace—the last place I ever expected to find him. It is five years since we have seen each other—not since I sailed for Buenos Aires. We began earning our living so young.

. But didn't you see him?

. No, he was at the cathedral. But I dropped him a few lines, and I am expecting an answer.

. You parted good friends?

. Naturally. If we haven't written for so long it was


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256 in the moister valleys and ravines up to the region of the silver fir, at altitudes varying between 2200 and 4300 feet. Small woods of walnut, undoubtedly wild, occur in Bosnia and Servia, especially on the north slopes of mountains rich in springs. It ascends in Herzegovina to 2400 feet, in southern Servia to 1400 feet, and in Albania to 2200 feet. Velenovsky considers it to be truly wild in the Rhodope mountains. According to Radde it occurs in the Caucasus, from the sea-level to 4500 feet altitude; also in Ghilan in North Persia. According to Meakin, it is met with wild in the mountains not far from Bokhara. There are wild specimens at Kew from Armenia. According to Aitchison it is wild in Afghanistan, at 7000 to 9000 feet, and also in the Kuram valley. It occurs in the temperate Himalayas and Ladak, at altitudes of 3000 to 10,000 feet from Kashmir and Nubra eastward. Kurz met with it in the Shan Hills in Burma. It is cultivated throughout China, and appears to be indigenous in North China and Japan; but other species of Juglans are much commoner in the wild state throughout China and Japan.

We are indebted to Sir W. Thiselton Dyer for the following:—

"The walnut found its western natural limit in Greece, but early made its way into Italy. Its classical name Juglans is Jovis glans, but in poetry it is always Nux. Virgil's ramos curvabit olentes hits off the acrid smell of the foliage. 'The nuts were thrown at weddings, as Virgil tells us, sparge marite nuces, because, amongst other reasons, Pliny says, they made the maximum of noise.

"Relinquere nuces was to put away childish things: so Catullus, da nuces pueris iners. The green rind enclosing the nut contains a dye used to darken the hair, the viridi tincta cortice nucis of Tibullus, in modern times more often the skin."

The walnut is extensively cultivated in France, Germany (except in the north where it ripens fruit rarely), and throughout southern Europe. It is cultivated chiefly in the region of the beech, as in Hungary up to 2160 feet, on the southern slopes of the Alps up to 3800 feet, in the Vosges up to 2200 feet. In Norway it is grown on the west coast as far north as Trondhjem, where it has reached a height of 30 feet, and in very favourable summers ripens fruit. Many other localities are mentioned by Schubeler, vol. ii. pp. 429–431. In Sweden it exists near Stockholm, and in Scania, at Cimbrishamn (55° 30'), Linnæus measured, in 1749, a tree 60 feet high.

If the walnut is wanted as a fruit-bearing tree it is better to procure from a nurseryman grafted or budded trees of some of the large-fruited, thin-shelled sorts, which have been raised in France; and which grow best in the south and east of


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 … it was… well, why was it? Because that is the way we are made. When a man has to grapple with life for his bread, he forgets everything. Affection becomes a burden that bears him down.

. Talk of the theatre! There is a drama in this.

. This puts another face on the matter. Now, with the support of your brother, you will make money.

. [To ] God bless you!

. Nothing can stop you. With Esperanza, the daughter of Don Baldomero, backed by her father and his money on the one hand, and the Governor's wife with her influence—for she has influence—and all the ladies' societies on the other, how can you help making money? Eh, Guillermo?

. How can they help it?

. Especially since your brother is so popular with the ladies—without offense to you, sir. He can do whatever he pleases.

. No, no! No offense to me! Believe me, if I leave here with my pockets full of pesetas, there'll be no offense to me.

. Nor to any of us.

. Then don't trouble yourselves. If your brother protects you, you are sure to make money.

. In this world and the next, so much is a question of skirts.

.

. No more of your vaudeville stuff!

. Adela, Garcés, I invite you to lunch to celebrate our good fortune. Gentlemen, will you join us?

. Thank you, success. Good luck in Moraleda!


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258

Though there are many very fine walnuts scattered through the southern half of England I cannot say where the largest tree actually is. Nothing that I know of now living equals a tree recorded by Mr. W. Forbes, which grew on the estate of Sir Charles Isham at Lamport Hall, Northamptonshire, and was sold to Messrs. Westley Richards, gunmakers of Birmingham. According to the measurements given, this tree contained 816 cubic feet of sound wood, of which the butt, measuring 12 feet by 18 feet in girth, contained 243 feet and one limb 108 feet.

A magnificent tree, said to have been the largest in England, grew at Cothelstone, near Bishops Lydeard, Somersetshire, which Loudon records as being 64 feet high and 6½ feet in diameter, but I am informed by Mr. E.V. Trepplin, agent to Viscount Portman, that it was blown down some years ago.

No tree mentioned by Loudon equals the one of which I give a figure (Plate 74), which grows in front of the house at Barrington Park, near Burford, Oxfordshire, the property of Mr. E. C. Wingfield, on an oolite formation. This tree measured in 1903, 80 to 85 feet in height by 17 feet in girth, and has a fine bole and a very burry trunk. There are two other splendid walnuts in this park nearly as tall and over 15 feet in girth, and others have been cut down of which the timber, when cut up in London, was considered by Mr. A. Howard equal in colour and figure to Italian walnut. At the Moot, Downton, Wilts, the residence of my old friend Mr. Elias P. Squarey, are four fine walnut trees, one of which was said by Mr. D. Watney to be the largest he had seen during his long experience as a valuer, and estimated to contain over 400 feet. It measures 17 feet 2 inches in girth, with a short butt dividing into four big limbs which run up to about 80 feet in height. Another is the tallest walnut I have ever seen or heard of, and measured in 1903 about 100 (perhaps more) feet high by 13 feet in girth.

In the village street of Bossington, Somersetshire, I was shown by Mr. S.F. Luttrell of Dunster Castle, a very picturesque old gnarled walnut tree which at 5 feet is 17 feet in girth, but the roots are so spreading that the trunk, measured close to the ground and following the sinuosities, is 35 feet round. A walnut of apparently no great age in a field at Cobham village in Kent measured in 1905 about 70 feet by 13 feet, and the branches spread over a circumference of 99 paces.

An avenue of walnuts is seldom planted in England, but at Moor Court, Herefordshire, there is a short one which from an illustration in the Gardeners' Chronicle of February 6, 1875, seems very effective. They are 60 to 70 feet high and 10 to 12 in girth.

At Sudeley, Gloucestershire, the seat of Mr. H. Dent Brocklehurst, there are in a line before the Castle four beautiful trees of great age, the largest measuring go feet by 14 feet, and in Rendcombe Park near the Temple there is a fine old tree about 80 feet by 15 feet whose branches cover an area 105 paces in circumference.


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. Happy to have met you, I am sure. [To and ] Pass into the restaurant.

. They are waiting for us at our boarding-house.

. Oh, let them wait! What difference does it make? They will get used to it. Don Paco, I am hungry.

. Not on top of what you have just had?

. What?

. And the sherry.?

. Yes, but after the bicarbonate…

. We might sit by the window and enjoy the paseo. In this town it begins after high mass.

. [To ] Do you think we fooled him with those sandwiches?

. What sandwiches?

. Go on and eat! Adios, Don Teodoro.

. Adios, Luisa—I mean Adela.

. That was a discovery. We are in luck.

. Nothing was wanting except the family portrait. The Governor's secretary, brother of a theatrical manager of a travelling troupe! What a scandal!

. If the play is not performed, all the proprietors of the gambling-houses which have been closed by the Governor's order, will set up a howl in the name of liberty. If what they say about favoritism is true

. Of course it is. There is no playing anywhere except at Pedrosa's. And do you know why? Because Don Baldomero makes a fortune out of the rent, and he uses his influence with the Governor to prevent them from playing anywhere else. Haven't you seen the Abejorro? Here is the last number. It's tremendous!


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260

Until mahogany became common in England about the middle of the eighteenth century, walnut was considered the most valuable wood for furniture, carving, and inside work, and on the Continent most of the best old furniture was made from it. Later it became very valuable for gun-stocks, and is still almost the only wood used, for all except cheap guns. Loudon states that during the long wars at the beginning of the last century in France no less than 12,000 trees were cut annually for gun-stocks, which caused it to become very scarce, and in England as much as £600 was paid for the wood of one tree.

Sir W. Thiselton Dyer informs me that when for political reasons the War Office thought it no longer desirable to depend on walnut, which was mostly imported from the Black Sea, he was consulted as to what other wood might be found as a substitute; but though some twenty sorts of colonial woods were sent for trial from the Museum at Kew to the Small Arms Factory at Enfield, none except the black walnut was found to be at all suitable.

The reason for this is that walnut wood does not warp, and can be cut cleanly in any direction to fit the locks and mechanism of the magazine rifle, and is not liable to swell and bind the lock when wet. But it requires a good deal of care in selection and in cutting out the stocks, so that they are not liable to break at the grip; and the best gunmakers in England obtain their stocks ready cut to specified sizes from French merchants who make a spécialité of this trade.

Maple wood has been found suitable in Japan, for when I was there during the late war, I saw numbers of roughly shaped gun-stocks of that wood being cut in the forest near Koyasan, and carried out on men's backs to supply the immense demand of the arsenal. But in England it was found to make a rifle stock 4 ounces heavier than walnut, and is also liable to warp.

The late Mr. J. East told me that, in the year 1838, at Missenden in Bucks, four walnut trees were sold in one lot for £200, and about the same time two other trees were sold for £100 each, but the demand is now so much lessened by foreign importations, and by the substitution of other woods, such as mahogany and American walnut, that its average price now is not more than from 1s. 6d. to 3s. per foot.

The wood requires a long time to season thoroughly, and should not be used for good work until three to six years after felling, as it is liable to shrink considerably. It is also liable to be ring shaken, and has another great defect in the fact that the sapwood, which forms a large proportion of most trees, is pale in colour and very liable to be attacked by wood-eating beetles. Almost all the old Italian furniture which I have seen is more or less damaged in this way, and though the sapwood is often stained so as to look like the heartwood, it is better in first-class work only to use the latter.

As a rule English walnut does not show so much of the dark markings as is found in the logs imported from Italy and the Black Sea, and Italian walnut is usually specified by English architects. But I have seen such fine panelling made from English wood alone that I have no hesitation in saying that with careful


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. Letters, eh?

. Yes. You could never guess… Here is the Abejorro.

. Who the devil is behind this?

. Reinosa, the proprietor of the Recreo. They have shut up his house. Listen: "In preparation for the feria several large candelabra have been placed in front of the Governor's Palace, in the worst possible taste. In view of the circumstances, it would seem that His Excellency might have chosen a less public occasion on which to turn on the light."

. The devil you say! To turn on the light!

. Wait! "In order to insure the greater success of the Bull-fight to-morrow, the Governor is to preside over the Plaza. In the interest of sport, it is to be hoped that the ignorance of His Excellency does not extend to all matters which take place under his eye." What do you think of that?

. No, no, that is his business. I don't see the connection. A man may be a good governor…

. And yet be afraid to turn on the light? It's not in the oath of office.

. Hello! What's the crowd?

. Campos, the bull-fighter, and the people shouting after him.

. Here comes Campos!

. [Rising in her seat in the window] What a figure! What jewels!

. Don't be a fool staring at that pocket gladiator. The brute has no soul.

. Garcés, don't preach. Life is no old morality.


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. No, this is art… When we arrived, not even a beggar turned to look.

. What sauce will you have? Mayonnaise?

. Mayonnaise or… Bordelaise…

. [Bowing to the people] Thank you! To-morrow in the arena! Thank you, gentlemen. Adios!…

. Make room, boys.

. Hello, Polito.

. Hello! Together again, eh? The combination?

. We are waiting for the music.

. Won't you join us? Gentlemen, allow me to present my friends. [To ] There is no need to present you.

. Everybody knows Campos.

. Two inseparable companions—Don Teodoro Andújar and Don Guillermo Juncales, the Don Juan and Don Luis of Moraleda.

. This Polito!

. You must not libel us before these strangers.

. The Marquis of Torrelodones; Señor Reguera, a great lover of sport, who comes from Madrid especially to see Campos wipe out the impression he left here two years ago.

. You are joking, Don Leopoldo.

. I should be sorry if he was not.

. Pay no attention to him.

. We shall have fine sport this year.

. Won't you take something? A cigar?

. He doesn't smoke.


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. No, he doesn't smoke. It is bad for him.

. I don't smoke.

. Well, what will it be?

. What will you have? [To ] A drink?

. He doesn't drink.

. No, he doesn't drink.

. I don't drink. You might bring me something mild.

. Something mild? [To ] What do you say to something mild? Will it hurt him?

. Something mild? What do you think?

. I wonder.

. I am in your hands, gentlemen.

. We have lemon, sarsaparilla, fresh currant…

. How about a little fresh currant?

. But at the normal temperature, without ice.

. You are in the hands of your friends.

. Beer and lime for us. And you, Marquis?

. The same.

. Bring me a glass of rose-water.

. [To ] Epicures, these bull-fighters. Currant, rose…

. We shall have good bulls this year.

. A novelty in the plaza.

. From the herd of the Marquis here present.

. But hereafter?…

. He comes with his eyes open to see the corrida.

. Oh, we all do that!

. What do you think of the little spotted fellow? I noticed you looking him over.

. I'd like to see you get after him.

. The Señor Marquis knows what I can do. I


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 am a good picador, eh, Señor Marquis? I do well by my friends. You have no reason to complain.

. No.

. Devil of a time we had with those bulls last year, pushing the horses up to them from behind, and then holding the damn beasts with one hand while we stuck the prod into them with the other. What more do you want? I know this isn't the same herd, but it belongs to the Señor Marquis. Well, what is there in it? When you want to make a herd look good, you know what you've got to do.

. And we know what you do.

. Yes, and that will do, too.

. I was answering the Señor Marquis.

. [To ] By the way, that reminds me; is it nothing but bulls in these days of fiesta? How about the seven suits and twenty-two ties you promised to show us? What does Esperanza say? How goes your affair with the lady?

. The same as ever. The mother receives me very well, the father neither well nor ill, keeping an eye on the state of my bank-account, which he knows better than I do; but the girl cannot bear the sight of me even in a picture.

. Is it true that she is in love with Don Manolito?

. Daft over him entirely. And since the Governor's wife has set herself to promote the match

. Then you don't believe what they say about her and…

. I believe that there exist between the Governor's wife and Don Manolito merely relations of—interest.

. Don Rosendo's shop is closed.

. Do you need anything?

. Only some white ties. Joseliyo left mine out of my grip. He'll be forgetting my dinner-coat next.


text: The Beauties of Burn's Poems/Address to a Mouse


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Format of table of contents
A number of lines in the printed ToC contain more than one entry, presumably to squeeze the whole thing on to one page. Where multiple entries occur, they have been split out into separate lines. Chrisguise (talk) 11:59, 26 February 2024 (UTC)


text: The Beauties of Burn's Poems

title: The Beauties of Burn's Poems


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 to say the truth, every part of the house seemed to sympathise admirably with the unclean habits of it’sits [sic] patron image, nevertheless, Mr. Jeremiah thought proper to comply with the instincts of his horse; and, as nobody in the street, or in the yard, came forward to answer his call, he gave himself no further trouble, but rode on through the open door right forwards into the bar.

“The Lord, and his angels, protect us!—As I live, here comes the late governor!” ejaculated the hostess, Mrs. Bridget Sweetbread; suddenly startled out of her afternoon’s nap by the horse’s hoofs—and seeing right before her what she took for the apparition of Don Juan; whom, as it afterwards appeared, she had seen in a pantomime the night before.

“Thunder and lightning! my good woman,” said the student laughing, “would you dispute the reality of my flesh and blood?”

Mrs. Bridget, however, on perceiving her mistake, cared neither for the sword nor for the dog, but exclaimed, “Why then, let me tell you, Sir, it’s not the custom in this country to ride into parlours, and disturb honest folks when they’re taking their rest. Innkeeping’s not the trade it has been to me, God he knows: but, for all that, I’ll not put up with such work from nobody.”

“Good, my dear creature; what you say is good—very good: but let me tell you, it’s not good that I must be kept waiting in the street, and no soul in attendance to take my horse and feed him.”

“Oh that base villain of a hostler!” said the landlady, immediately begging pardon, and taking hold of the bridle, whilst Mr. Schnackenberger dismounted.

“That’s a good creature,” said he; “I love you for this: and I don’t care if I take up my quarters here, which at first was not my intention. Have you room for me?”

“Room!” answered Mrs. Sweetbread; “Ah! now there’s just the whole Golden Sow at your service; the more’s the pity.”

On Mr. Jeremiah’s asking the reason for this superfluity of room, she poured out a torrent of abuse against the landlord of The Double-barreled Gun, who—not content with having at all times done justice to his sign—had latterly succeeded, with the help of vicious coachmen and unprincipled postillions, in drawing away her whole business, and had at length utterly ruined the once famous inn of The Golden Sow. And true it was that the apartment, into which she now introduced her guest, showed some vestiges of ancient splendour, in the pictures of six gigantic sows. The late landlord had been a butcher, and had christened his inn from his practice of slaughtering a pig every week; and the six swine, as large as life, and each bearing a separate name, were designed to record his eminent skill in the art of fattening.

His widow, who was still in mourning for him, must certainly have understood Mr. Schnackenberger’s words, “I love you for this,” in a sense very little intended by the student. For she brought up supper herself; and, with her own hand, unarmed with spoon or other implement, dived after and secured a little insect which was floundering about in the soup. So much the greater was her surprise on observing, that, after such flattering proofs of attention, her guest left the soup untouched; and made no particular application to the other dishes—so well harmonising with the general character of the Golden Sow. At last, however, she explained his want of appetite into the excess of his passion for herself; and, on that consideration, failed not to lay before him a statement of her flourishing circumstances, and placed in a proper light the benefits of a marriage with a woman somewhat older than himself.

Mr. Schnackenberger, whose good-nature was infinite, occasionally interrupted his own conversation with Juno, the great dog, who meantime was dispatching the supper without any of her master’s scruples, to throw in a “Yes,” or a “No,”—a “Well,” or a “So, so.” But at length his patience gave way, and he started up—saying, “Well: Sufficit: Now


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14 gathered a handful and put them in the pot with the corn with a slice of "saxifrax root" to give the mixture a "good relish." When this gruel was sufficiently boiled, he strained it through his handkerchief and gave Massasoit "at least a pint, which he drank and liked it very well." After this the sachem's sight "mended more and more," indeed, so rapid was his improvement that, says Winslow, "we with admiration blessed God for giving His blessing to such raw and ignorant means, * * * himself and all of them acknowledging us the instruments of his preservation."

assasoit finding himself so far recovered, now besought Winslow to visit all that were ill in the town and to give them the same treatment that had proved so beneficial in his own case, saying that his people were "good folk." Winslow acceeded to the sachem's request though it was "much offensive to him," he "not being accustomed to such poisonous savours." An entire morning was spent in going from wigwam to wigwam, and one can imagine the commingled awe and gratitude with which the simple children of nature regarded the man who, to them, must have seemed gifted with divine powers. Doubtless that wondrous season of healing was long remembered in Sowarns, and doubtless the name of Winslow continued to remain a household word in the Indian village many years after its owner lay slumbering in his grave.

In the afternoon, Winslow again sallied forth, gun in hand, to gratify the desire of the king for more "pottage" of fowl. He shot an "extraordinary fat" duck and with it prepared a broth of which Massasoit, despite all warnings, "ate as much as would well have satisfied a man in health." The result of this "gross meal" was a relapse so severe that even the Englishmen doubted their patients recovery. For the space of four hours the sick man bled profusely at the nose; but, at last, the bleeding ceased and he fell into a profound


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Rh against whom he seemed to feel a particular aversion. "Late it grew," states Winslow in his narrative of this journey to Pokanoket, "but victuals he offered none: for indeed he had not any; being he came so newly home, so we desired to go to rest."

Upon the following day many petty sachems came to Sowams to pay their respects to their white allies. They entertained the strangers by playing various games, the stakes being skins and knives. The Englishmen challenged them to a shooting match for skins, but they "durst not" accept the challenge. They, however, desired one of the two to shoot at a mark, "who shooting with hail shot (bird shot) they wondered to see the mark so full of holes." This "shooting at a mark" is the first instance of target practice by a white man within the limits of Rhode Island of which we have any record.

On Friday morning Winslow and Hopkins took their departure from Sowams, carrying with them some seed corn which Massasoit had given them. The sachem earnestly entreated them to prolong their stay; but the Englishmen "desired to keep the Sabbath at home," so declined the invitation. They reached Plymouth, on Saturday night, "wet, weary, and surbated," indeed, yet with the satisfaction of feeling that the object of their mission had been attained.

In March, 1623, "news came to Plymouth that Massasoit was like to die; and that, at the same time, there was a Dutch ship driven so high on the shore by stress of weather, right before his dwelling that, till the tides increased she could not be got off." Upon receipt of this intelligence Governor Bradford deemed it expedient to dispatch a second expedition to Sowams for the two-fold purpose of expressing his friendship for the Wampanoag chief and obtaining "some conference with the Dutch." Edward Winslow was again selected as the government's messenger, having for a "consort" a


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 a collation, the mere sight of which was enough to create an appetite in the least hungry.

The Princess stood for a while in mute amazement, hardly trusting her eyes at first, and then uncertain whether to advance into the charmed circle or to fly. But she was a true daughter of Eve, and could not long withstand the eager curiosity that seized her to examine more closely the wonders of the place, and to taste the exquisite fruits and confections she caught sight of through the open portals, and which she instinctively felt were destined for her. She accordingly ventured in, followed by the no less astonished maidens; and, after they had all thoroughly satisfied the senses of sight and taste, the Princess fancied she should like to try the new bath that had been prepared for her. She accordingly proceeded to undress for that purpose, having first stationed two of her attendants at the trelliced entrance, to take care that no prying eye of passing huntsman, or cotter or courtier, should intrude upon her privacy.

Scarcely, however, had the beauteous nymph passed over the polished brink of the bath ere she felt herself sinking down, down to a depthless deep, though just before, the silver sand which shone through the placid waves seemed to lay but some two or three feet beneath their surface, giving no indication whatsoever of danger. Before any one of the attendants, who rushed up on hearing her cries, could catch hold


text: Index:Clermont - Roche (1798, volume 1).djvu


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Rh compelled to constantly cross and recross in their traffic with the Indians. Moreover, as early as 1652, an English settlement had been planted in what now constitutes the north-easterly porlion of Warren on the banks of the Kickemuit River, and it seems only reasonable to suppose that the colonists placed their homes in close proximity to the trading house, which, probably, was also a fort.

Governor Winthrop of Massachusetts states in his "Journal," under the date, April 12, 1632; "The Governor received letters from Plymouth signifying that there had been a broil between their men at Sowamset and the Narragansett Indians who set upon the English house there to have taken Owsamequin the Sagamore of Packanocott, who fled thither, with all the people, for refuge; and that Captain Standish being gone thither, to relieve the three English which were in the house, sent home in all haste for more men and other provisions, upon intelligence that Canonicus, with a great army, was coming against them; on that they wrote to our Governor for some powder, to be sent with all possible speed; for it seemed they were unfurnished. Upon this, the Governor presently despatched away the messenger with so much powder as he could carry, viz., 27 pounds. The messenger returned and brought a letter from the Governor (Bradford) signifying that the Indians were retired from Sowamsett to fight the Pequots."

The Narragansetts feared and disliked the white men. The Old Indian Chronicle states that they were jealous of Massasoit "because he had, from the first, been in high favor with the English." Naturally they would have viewed the establishment of an English trading post at Sowams with displeasure. Whether their hostility to the whites led to the "broil" at Sowams, or whether, as has been suggested,


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390 its most gaudy splendor and a wealth of gorgeous images. But his dramatical works, "Torkel Knutson," "Erik XIV," and others were received with the greatest favor, as they well deserved, since they are the best that Sweden has produced in this branch of literature. The Swedish drama is wanting in a vigorously sustained action, and from this reproach even Beskow is not free, though his plays are exceedingly interesting as historical pictures. As secretary of the Academy, there devolved on him the duty of writing necrologies of the deceased members of the Academy, and thus we have from his pen a great number of "Minnestekningar," which are most elegant and masterly delineations of character. His biographies of Charles XII and Gustav III are also marked by the same excellence of style, though neither the latter nor his "Minnesteckningar" bear the test of strict historical criticism.

In (1799-1839), though he belonged to the national school, the romantic element of the Phosphorists was prominent, and he particularly showed a dreamy longing for the South. His talent as a poet was not very great or it did not attain its complete development, for like his friend Vitalis he was involved in a constant struggle with want and misery, and was finally snatched away by an early death. His first more ambitious work, the dramatic poem, "Runesvärdet," in which he depicts the conflict between heathenism and Christianity, at once made him very popular, a popularity which was increased by the "Hesperiden," a collection of poems and tales, and by "Minder fra Syden" (Reminscences from a journey to Italy). Upon the whole those of his poems, the materials of which have been taken from Italy, such as "Tassos död" and "Koning Enzio," are the most successful. His last great work, "Lejonet i Örkenen" (the lion in the wilderness), an enthusiastic homage to


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16 presence of two or three of his most trusted counsellors, charged him to acquaint Winslow with the existence of a plot originated by the Massachusetts Indians against Weston's colony at Wessagusset and the settlement at Plymouth. Hobbamock faithfully obeyed his sachem's instructions. What would have been the fate of the Pilgrims had this timely warning not been given, we can only conjecture. Massasoit advised his white allies to "kill the men of Massachuset who were the authors of this intended mischief," and this advice they were constrained to follow.

This second visit of the English to Sowams marks an epoch in the history of both red men and white. It firmly cemented, by mutual gratitude and esteem, the friendship first established on a political basis. Previous to it, Massasoit appears to have cherished some misgivings regarding the good faith of his Christian allies. But his restoration to health by their ministrations removed every doubt from his generous mind. Witness his words, "Now I see that the English love me and are my friends, and whilst I live I will never forget this kindness they have showed me." He never did forget it.

Less than a decade after this eventful visit, an English trading house was established within the limits of Sowams of which at one period, Thomas Prince, afterwards governor of Plymouth colony, was "master." The location of this trading house has caused historians as much perplexity as the location of Sowams village itself. William J. Miller in his "History of the Wampanoag Indians" says (p. 24), "The trading post was supposed to have been located on the Barrington side of the river (Warren River) on the land known as Phebe's Neck." A little thought will convince anyone familiar with the Sowams region that the trading house would never have been placed in Barrington, for the reason that a wide, deep, and unfordable river lay between Phebe's Neck and Massasoit's town which the white men would have been


text: Index:Clermont - Roche (1798, volume 2).djvu


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18 they invaded Pokanoket for the purpose of compelling Massasoit and his warriors to assist them in repulsing the Pequots, may be only conjectured. Standish, perhaps fearing a second incursion, remained at Sowamset until some time in May.

In course of time, the trail leading from Plymouth to Sowarns became a familiar path to the people of the Pilgrim settlement. The Plymouth records show that Edward Winslow made, at least, one more visit to Pokanoket, and that John Alden, Samuel Nash, and others, also journeyed there. All who explored the Sowamset district perceived that it was, like the valley of Eshcol, "a good land," and the idea of establishing a plantation within its limits seems to have been entertained by the Plymouth government for some years before such a settlement was actually begun.

The most famous sojourner at Pokanoket, in those early days, was Roger Williams. Banished from Salem, in January, 1636, he "fled from the savage Christians of Massachusetts Bay to the Christian savages of Narragansett Bay." In "a bitter winter season," he made his way through the wild forests to seek a new home in the domains of Massasoit, the friend of white men. The best authorities believe that Massasoit gave him shelter at Sowams village until the spring broke. Williams himself, writes, "When I came (to the Narragansett) I was welcome to Ousamequin," and "I testify and declare, that, at my first coming into these parts, I obtained the lands of Seekonk of Ousamequin." If circumstantial evidence be of any value, Warren has certainly good grounds on which to base its claim to the honor of having been the first spot in Rhode Island pressed by the foot of the State's illustrious founder. It is a fact worthy of note that, one hundred and twenty-nine years after Roger Williams


text: Index:Clermont - Roche (1798, volume 3).djvu


text: The Beauties of Burn's Poems/To a Louse

title: The Beauties of Burn's Poems/To a Louse


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Rh sought refuge with Massasoit, Rhode Island's great educational institution (Rhode Island College, now Brown University), began its career within a few rods of the site of the royal wigwam which, presumably, sheltered the Salem exile.

On September 25, 1639, Massasoit and his eldest son, then known as Mooanam, "appeared at Court and renewed the ancient league with the Plymouth government," Massasoit "acknowledging himself a subject of the King of England." Thirteen years later, as we find by the records of the colony, an English plantation, "rated" at the value of £01:10:00, existed at Sowams. This settlement was located on the banks of the Kickemuit River in the north-easterty part of the present town of Warren. It was completely destroyed by the Indians during King Philip's war; but, as late as Revolutionary times, the remains of its cellars and hearth stones were still visible. Its northern limit extended to what now constitutes the boundary line separating Warren from North Swansea. Its southern limits approached within less than a mile of the Indian village of the same name. At just what date the first log cabin of a white settler was erected at Sowams we have no means of ascertaining; but it is not unreasonable to suppose that the little hamlet grew up, slowly, around the old trading house.

The Kickemuit River is a picturesque stream which, rising in Swansea, winds along the shores of Warren and Bristol and empties into Mount Hope Bay at a point called by the Indians "Weypoiset," by the English the "Narrows." On the west bank of the river, near the site of the old boundary line of Warren and Bristol, is a living spring still known as Kicke-


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Rh year and, finding its way to the surface, trickles into the river. The water, which never fails, is of excellent quality and even in warm weather remains pure and cold.

When the Englishmen entered the royal wigwam, they found a great crowd of people assembled about the bed of the chief. "There they were," narrates Winslow, "in the midst of their charms for him making such a hellish noise, as it distempered us that were well, and therefore unlike to ease him that was sick." Massasoit, whose sight was gone, greeted Winslow with these mournful words, "Oh Winslow I shall never see thee again!" Winslow answered that Governor Bradford had sent from Plymouth certain things deemed by the English good in illness and, "having a confection of many comfortable conserves etc.," on the point of his penknife, gave the sachem some, the juice of which he swallowed." Whereat those that were about him much rejoiced; saying "he had not swallowed anything in ten days before." Winslow then washed the sick man's mouth and gave him more of the confection dissolved in water and, within half an hour, this treatment "wrought a great alteration in him in the eyes of all that beheld him." His sight began to return which gave both him and his white friends "good encouragement." Winslow then hastily addressed a letter to Governor Bradford describing the "good success" of the expedition, and requesting that some chickens for broth, medicine, and other things might be sent him; and, with this letter, a messenger started for Plymouth at two o'clock in the morning

Massasoit, having expressed a wish for some "English pottage," Winslow, though "unaccustomed and unacquainted in such business," undertook its preparation. He "caused a woman to bruise some corn" which he placed in a pipkin and, as soon as the day broke, he sallied forth with Hamden in search of herbs; and, finding nothing but strawberry leaves


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To a Louse, on seeing one on a Lady's Bonnet at Church

 * "To a Louse", in The Beauties of Burn's Poems (1819), a chapbook printed in Falkirk
 * "To a Louse, on seeing one on a Lady's Bonnet at Church", in The Poetical Works of Robert Burns (1887)


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392 holm, whence, in 1823, together with a few friends, he set out for the province of Värmland, in order to realize in the forests of this region his phantastic dreams of a return to natural life according to the principles of the old Norsemen, dreams which were born of the fundamental principles of the Gothic school. But they soon found the reality rather rough, and Almquist returned to Stockholm, where, in 1827, he became the rector of one of the largest elementary schools. He now began a very comprehensive literary activity, published first a number of school-books in various branches of study, and then entering the field of higher literature. He soon fell into severe collision with other writers, and the result was long and bitter feuds, until Almquist, who in the meantime had become a preacher, was accused of forgery and strongly suspected of an attempt to commit murder by poisoning, sought safety in flight and emigrated to America. After a few years he returned to Europe, and died in Bremen in 1866.

It is extremely difficult to give a general outline of Almquist's character as a writer, for his productions comprise the most glaring contradictions and lack the foundation which only a clear and definitely marked individuality affords. He once said of himself, that he felt within him an "inspiration toward something heavenly and earthly," which must be interpreted to mean that he alternately pursued lofty and base objects. While in some of his works, as for example in the stories "Kapellet" and "Grimstahamns Nybygge," there is a purity and beauty which might almost be called "celestial," there is in others of his works so much that is "earthly," or rather demoniac, that it does not seem possible that both have flowed from the same pen. As his character lacked an ethical basis he gave loose reins to his wonderfully rich and powerful imagination which was everywhere at home. He controlled his fancy only so as not to violate æsthetical laws, not caring whether the ethical laws were respected or not. The claim of the


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12 certain Master John Hamden, "a gentleman of London" (supposed by some to be the famous parliamentarian of that name) and for a guide, the friendly native Hobbamock. The party followed the ancient Indian trail, and, upon nearing Mattapoiset, were informed that Massasoit was "dead and buried." Hobbamock desired the Englishmen to "return with all speed" to Plymouth, but Winslow being anxious, if the king was indeed dead, to enter into friendly relations with his successor, decided to continue the journey. At Mattapoiset, the wife of Corbitant, sachem of the Pocassets, gave the travellers "friendly entertainment," and, as no definite information regarding Massasoit's condition was obtainable, Winslow dispatched a messenger to Pokanoket to ascertain the truth. The messenger returning in a few hours, brought the welcome intelligence that the chief was still living though critically ill. "Much revived" at these tidings, Winslow and his companions "set forward with all speed" and arrived at their destination "late within night." They found Massasoit yet alive, though apparently very near his end. The Dutch ship, however, had departed "about two of the clock that afternoon," so that, as regarded one of its intents, their "journey was frustrate."

This Dutch ship probably visited Sowams for trading purposes. The fact that it grounded " right before " Massasoit's dwelling proves that the sachimo comaro (sachem's house) was situated on the shore of Sowams (Warren) River. Probably it stood not far from the spring still known as Massasoit's Spring. This is located at the foot of Baker Street in the compact part of Warren. In its natural state it was a powerful spring, bubbling from a bed of pure white sand. Many years ago it was excavated to the depth of about eight feet and walled up like a well. At a distance of five feet from the bottom a sluice-way was left, through which a small stream flows during the greater part of the


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 2.―Tristimulus specifications and trilinear coordinates of the Munsell standards for the four illuminants, A, C, "D," and "S," based on spectrophotometric data obtained at the National Bureau of Standards―Continued


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Rh slumber from which he awakened refreshed and strengthened. Meanwhile the messenger returned from Plymouth with the chickens and other things for which Winslow had asked, but Massasoit "finding his stomach come to him," would not have the fowls killed, "but kept them for breed." These historic chickens were the first domesticated fowls ever brought into Rhode Island. So far was the sachem's health restored that the Englishmen dared not give him the medicine sent by the Plymouth surgeon. Massasoit, himself, felt assured of his recovery. "Now I see the English are my friends and love me," he exclaimed, "and whilst I live I will never forget this kindness they have showed me." These were no idle words as subsequent events proved.

During the white men's stay at Sowams many of Massasoit's friends and allies came to visit him, "some by their report from a place not less than a hundred miles." To all comers one of the sachem's chief men related the story of Massasoit's illness, "how near he was spent; how, amongst others his friends the English came to see him; and how suddenly they recovered him to this strength they saw; he being now able to sit upright by himself." But it was not by words alone that the "good folk" of Sowams showed their appreciation of the Englishmen's services to them. "Whilst we were there," writes Winslow, "our entertainment exceeded all other strangers. Divers other things were worth the noting," he adds, "but I fear I have been too tedious." Gladly would we have pardoned the worthy chronicler the most "tedious" description of that primeval entertainment which, doubtless included feasting and dancing and wild aboriginal sports. Of what inestimable value would it have been to the historian!

But it was at the moment of his guests' departure that Massasoit demonstrated the depth of his gratitude to his preservers. Calling Hobbamock, the guide, aside he, in the


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Rh omantic school that no restraints must be put on the imagination was carried out to its last extremity, and in no other poet do we meet with a play of the fancy, so capricious, so arbitrary and so grotesque at times as in Almquist. His own utterance on this point is very characteristic: "I paint thus, because it pleases me to paint thus." The most of his works are captivating in spite of the strange subjects chosen, on account of the gorgeous images which he knows how to conjure forth, on account of the masterly style, and on account of the wealth of new, original thoughts. But few of his works give undivided satisfaction, for in many of them he ruthlessly and in a revolting manner tramples into the dust all that is noble and best, and the circumstance that his geniality always throws a splendid veil over the demon makes him a very dangerous writer. The two stories named above are, however, not of this vicious sort. By his attempt at founding a colony in Värmland, he showed his dissatisfaction with the existing state of things, and thus he also attacks in his writings Christianity, marriage, etc., and these attacks are the more offensive when it is found that in other works he presents opposite views. For this reason the antipathy against him was continually increasing, and when in 1839 he had published his novel "Det går an" (It will do), in which he advocates free love as against marriage, the disgust broke out in open attacks and as a consequence he lost his position. He now threw himself with all his strength into the periodical press and in numerous articles he presented his revolutionary doctrines, and by the force of circumstances he was drawn deeper and deeper into these troubles until he finally was obliged to leave the country.

Almquist's principal work, "Törnrosens bok, eller fria fantasier" is a rich collection of poems of the most varied kind. Among those in epic form, "Arturs jagt" and "Schems-el-Nihar" belong to the best productions in all Swedish literature. Among his dramas we must mention "Remido Marinesco," in which the son of Don Juan is represented as a


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 The appearance of Rhodophil and Claudina at a distance interrupted their conversation. Ferdinand arose, and walked hastily into the forest, unable to meet them in the present perturbed state of his mind. He revolved every thing Ernest had told him; he recollected a thousand little inattentions he had received; the air of protection his brother often assumed, the change in the household, his readiness to lay hold of the little inclination he had shown for the army: In short, the more he reflected, the more he was convinced no real brotherly affection existed in the bosom of Rhodophil: "Yet, (exclaimed he) did he not show us a thousand acts of kindness, when sinking under the displeasure of my father? Did he not often relieve us from want, and labour incessantly to bring about a reconciliation? And is it possible that a sudden change of fortune, being possessed of all, should make such a revolution in his principles? If so, alas! how dangerous is prosperity? What a contractor of the heart is wealth!"


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Talk:The Beauties of Burn's Poems

Title
The wayward apostrophe in the book's title (the works are by Robert Burns, so it should be Burns' or Burns's, instead of Burn's) has been retained, and used in the transclusion. Chrisguise (talk) 12:54, 26 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Beauties of Burn's Poems


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CHAP. II.

years had just been completed when one night I was suddenly awakened by Peter, who conjured me to rise and save myself, for the Castle was in flames. Greatly alarmed, I threw myself out of bed, and found his information but too true, and the principal part of the building was consumed, and my furniture destroyed before assistance could be procured. This event gave a new turn to my thoughts, I resolved to dispose of the remainder of my effects, to leave my ruined Castle without rebuilding of it, and to travel from one principality to another,


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 that by change of place and objects I might amuse my mind. I settled every thing with my vassals, and, accompanied only by Peter, quitted Bavaria. I passed through Italy, France, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and at length came into Suabia, on my return to Bavaria, without deriving much benefit from my tour, either to my mind or body, for I carried in my heart a barbed arrow, which no local circumstances could extract; insensible to pleasure, my eye wandered over every new object with indifference, and Eugenia, the faithless, ungrateful Eugenia, occupied every thought and desire.—Passing through this country, my good genius prompted me to pay some attention to its romantic and picturesque views. Riding about, I had not attended to the sun's decline, and the approach of a heavy storm, which came on suddenly, accompanied with thunder and hail. We were on the skirts of the Black Forest, and distant, as we thought, from any village; finding the storm grew more violent, I sought to get some shelter from the thickest part of


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 Notes


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The Trees of Great Britain & Ireland/Volume 2

Jump to contents


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 of her flowing golden hair, the greedy waters had swallowed up their beauteous mistress. Loud and lamentable were the exclamations of the whole frightened troop. “Woe! woe! Alas! alas!” screamed they, as wringing with anguish their snow-white hands they ran desperately round and round the fatal pool, calling upon the Naiads to take pity and restore to them their lovely lady; but all in vain. No Naiad commiserated their pitiable condition; but, on the contrary, the Nymph of the Fountain, mocking their despair, directed the streams of water so energetically upon them as to wet them every one through and through. Of all the Princess’s attendants, grief-laden as they seemed, not one manifested any readiness to share her fate, except her favourite, Brinhilda, who, when all hope was fled, boldly leaped into the devouring waters; but they were not devouring waters for her. No: despite all her efforts to get beneath their surface, she floated about as light as a cork, and was at last wafted by some unseen agency on to the grassy bank.

There was now nothing else to be done but to make the King acquainted, as soon as possible, with the terrible misadventure that had befallen his daughter. It chanced that his Majesty was at this very moment on his way to hunt in the forest, and the terror-stricken maidens had accordingly proceeded only a short distance when they met him at the head of his


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Should: -- Yodin T 13:36, 26 February 2024 (UTC)
 * "snow-/white" be "snow-white" or "snowwhite"?
 * "grief-/laden" be "grief-laden" or "griefladen"?
 * "terror-/stricken" be "terror-stricken" or "terrorstricken"?

 * "terror-/stricken" should be "terror-stricken", following "Terror-struck" on p. 115. -- Yodin T 01:33, 23 March 2024 (UTC)


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394 person who, whenever he feels love for a maiden and desires to make her his bride, discovers that she is a daughter of his father; "Marjam," in which the apostles appear as lunatics, and "Isidor af Tadmor." The best of his tales are "Araminta May," a masterly work in the form of letters; "Skällnora quarn" (The mill at Skällnora), the two before mentioned, which contain exquisite descriptions from popular life, and which may be compared with Björnson's peasant stories; and "Kolumbine," in which is described how a fallen woman purines herself through her love for a man. Among his numerous romances we may name "Amalie Hillner," "Gabriele Mimanso," and "Tre fruar i Småland."

Since the time of Mörk literature had been almost stagnant in Sweden, and the public had been satisfied with translations from French and German. But in the first half of this century there appeared several writers of original novels, of which the following were the most remarkable: Frederik Cederborgh (1784-1835) furnished in the comical novels, "Urso von Trasenberg" and "Ottar Trailing," humorous sketches from every-day life. The burlesque element is too prominent and the stories lack plots, but still they became very popular, and are still widely read. Of far greater importance were the writings of the three renowned Swedish female novelists. (1801-65) published in 1828 her first book, "Teckningar ur hvardagslifvet" (Sketches from every-day life). It was at once favorably received on account of the fine conception of characters and situations, while the warm religious feeling and the light graceful style, rendered still more attractive by a delicate vein of humor, made it very popular, and the author soon found herself surrounded by a large circle of friends and admirers. Her works


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Rh were spread far beyond the limits of Sweden, and were translated into many foreign tongues. Her special field was to describe every-day life, as she did in her first book, and those of her works which have this for their exclusive purpose are very excellent. In this class we may mention "Presidentens döttrar" and "Grannarne." But in her later works there are found things which decidedly weaken the poetic effect. In her father's house she had suffered much because she was not like the others, and because she would not accommodate herself to the forms which society imperiously demanded of women. Thus was ripened in her mind the idea of the rights of women to be on the same level with men, and in her later novels she advocates the cause of woman. Religious and philanthropical questions were also discussed in her novels, and this was likewise a detriment to them. When we except her books of travel, "Hemmen i nya verlden" (Homes in the New World) and "Lifvet i gamla verlden" (Life in the Old World)), most of her later works, "Syskonlif", "Hertha," etc., rank far below her earlier works in freshness and poetic charm.

While Fredrika Bremer describes the life of the middle classes, (1797-1848) finds the materials for her stories among the higher classes of society. She had a keen eye for their follies and frivolities, but she lacked that discrimination and that vein of satire, which alone could have given her descriptions the highest and permanent value. Her novels are vivid and graceful, but they lack naïve simplicity and frankness, by which Bredrika Bremer makes her sketches so charming. Among her most remarkable works are "Kusinerna," "Axel," "Ståndsparalleler" and "Torparen och hans omgifning," in the last of which she has abandoned her special sphere and


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 Rh the whole of the lowlands of the valley of the Sir, from a little above Khojand to about the Arys tributary, and included such towns as Sháhrukhia, Táshkand and Sairám. Immediately to the east of this level agricultural stretch, rise the hills which separate it from the valley of the Upper Tálás, and it was this line of hills, or uplands, which seems to have stood usually, and in a general way, for the boundary of the Moghuls. To the north of Shásh lay the province of Turkistan, with the Káratau hills between it and the Lower Tálás, and here again the hills appear to have been the western limit of the nomad tribes. Turning towards the north-west, a line drawn from the Káratau to the southern extremity of Lake Balkásh, and continued again from its other extremity to the Tárbágatai mountains, may be taken roughly to have been the frontier in that direction. We hear, at any rate, of no transactions of the Moghuls, as a tribe, anywhere to the north-west of the Balkásh; nor do we trace them anywhere to the north of the Imil river, which is fed from the Tárbágatai mountains, except when flying before Timur's avenging army in 1389 and 1390, they crossed the range into the valley of the Irtish. But this was an occasion when danger led them to seek refuge beyond the bounds of their own country. From the Tárbágatai range, the limiting line would probably bend south-eastward to some point at the northern foot of the Tian Shan, near the present Urumtsi; but this is somewhat uncertain. All that is clear is that the tract now known as "Zungaria" (or the land of the Zungár, or Jungár, Kalmaks) formed a part of the Moghul dominion, but how far precisely, "Zungária" extended towards the east, there is nothing to show. Probably it included Lakes Ebi Nor and Ayar Nor, and had for its central feature the upper course of the Ili river. On the south, the main range of the Tian Shan, as far west as about the head of the Nárin river, divided Moghulistan from Kuchar, Aksu, etc., while westward, again, the water-parting ranges between the Nárin and Lake Issigh-Kul, continued up to the heads of the Tálás, would seem,approximately, to have been the line of separation from Kashghar and Farghána.

The boundaries of Alti-Shahr were better defined by natural features than Moghulistan. It may be said, generally, to have embraced the whole of the system of the Tarim, together with some of the upper waters of the Sir. On the north it marched with the southern limit of Moghulistan, as described above. On


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 54 the east it included the town and district of Kuchar (which was usually a dependency of Aksu), and probably the region of Lake Lob; while it excluded Karashahr—then known as Chálish—and all to the east of it, which constituted, as we shall see, a province that bore the ancient name of 'Uighuristán.' On the south, along the whole length of the country, the mountains forming the scarp of the Tibetan highlands—the Kuen-lun and the Altyn Tágh—shut it off from all beyond. Towards the west the Pamirs, generally speaking, constituted its extreme limit, till these abut northward on the southern confines of the valley of the river Sir; for these uplands, then as now, seem to have divided the Kashghar district from Farghána. What the precise limits in the Pamir region were, there is nothing to indicate, but in speaking of Sárigh-Kul, Mirza Haidar implies that that district, at least, lay within the province of Alti-Shahr, and for a time also, we find Wakhán and Shighnan described as territory dependent on Kashghar, though this was not usually the case.

But if these were approximately and usually the limits, it does not follow that they were, on the one hand, never overstepped, or on the other, that the area they included was always held intact. As a matter of fact, they varied considerably from time to time. Before the rise of Timur, for instance, invasions, by the Moghuls, of Shásh, Turkistan and even Mávará-un-Nahr were of common occurrence, while at times in their later history, they extended their sway over districts in the east which did not properly belong to Alti-Shahr. In the same way, when the affairs of their neighbours were in the hands of strong rulers, portions of Moghulistan were cut off for a time, and numbers of the inhabitants seem to have had no scruple in joining the service of the successful conqueror of the time being.

The section known as Moghulistan differed widely, in most respects, from its companion province on the south. It was a land of mountains, streams and lakes, of upland pastures and steppes, of wooded valleys and even forests; for while it lay north of the regions which can only become productive if reached by the monsoon from the southern seas, or if irrigated by the art of its inhabitants, it was yet far enough from the blighting snows and sunless days of Siberia, to be in most parts clothed with natural verdure of some kind. Its altitudes were moderate, and its climate, therefore, as Mirza Haidar describes


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 Rh it, cool and invigorating, though to Europeans, accustomed to live within the modifying influence of the sea, it would appear to be subject to extremes of temperature. Deserts in the proper sense of the word—sandy or stony wastes, with little or no vegetation or water—nowhere existed, except on the extreme north-western confines, and wherever the word 'desert' occurs in the text, when referring to Moghulistan, it is because the author has used the Persian or Turki equivalent, though the real meaning would be 'the open country,' or the 'country devoid of towns and cultivation'—the 'steppe'—a feature which no English word will describe.

However this may be, it was a land in every way suited to the habits and customs of a sparse population of nomadic graziers and shepherds, and it accordingly evolved, or at least attracted, a race whose requirements it fulfilled. But the peaceable pursuits of raising flocks and attending herds were not the only avocations of a people with the traditions of the Moghuls. Perhaps their chief requirement was a land whence they might raid on their settled and more wealthy neighbours, and whither, if beaten, they could retire and find a refuge—a land, in short, so inaccessible and unproductive to all but themselves, that it formed, at once, a base for their own description of warfare, a secure retreat, and an inhospitable waste for the pursuing enemy; for where they moved, the whole resources of the country—the food supplies, the transport, the shelter—moved with them, and were used to meet their wants alone. There could have been no forts or towns or immovable property, worthy of the name, for an invader to destroy, and no stationary population, left undefended, upon whom he might wreak his vengeance; for the women and children and the aged all formed part of the expedition, and were doubtless employed or disposed of, in much the same way while the tribe was on the march, as while at home in their own encampment. In times of peace—or rather of inactivity—they probably bred, besides the camels and sheep, which were their principal food-producers, large numbers of ponies, for it was on these that all depended, when wars or forays were on hand. Mobility must have been the quality they relied on more than any other, both in attack and retreat, and we find them baffling their enemies more by their movements than by their fighting power. Indeed, fighting in its proper sense must have been with them, as with most of their neighbours, a pursuit very sparingly


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 56 indulged in. We read, it is true, of armies counted by hundreds of thousands, and of pitched battles when thousands were killed on either side, but apart from the facts that populations such as those in question could not have put such masses of fighting men in the field, and that numbers among Orientals are at all times used as mere figures of speech, it is remarkable that where a particular battle or other special incident is described in detail, there are usually indications that the numbers engaged were very small indeed.

This must have been more especially the case with the tribe of Moghuls and the other nomads who allied themselves with them, after the first quarter of the sixteenth century. During Amir Timur's reign, the Moghuls under Kamar-ud-Din, one of their best leaders, seem to have been always beaten when met by the Amir's troops, yet they were never thoroughly repressed until the great conqueror had put forth all his strength and resources in following them up, in separate bodies, to the farthest confines of their territory. His problem was not how to beat the Moghuls in battle or to invade their country, but how to catch their mobile forces in sufficient numbers, to make an impression on the nation at large; while, on their part, the Moghuls never seem to have attempted an incursion into Timur's dominions, except when he and his troops were engaged in prosecuting a war elsewhere. Later, the same difficulty occurred to Ulugh Beg Mirza, who only succeeded in dealing them a heavy blow, through the accident of a piece of treachery on the part of one of their own people, by which he was afforded an unlooked-for opportunity. And later again—within the sixteenth century—when the Kirghiz and Kazáks had to a great extent supplanted the Moghuls in what had been the latter's own land, and the nominal Khans of the country (Sultan Said and his successor) had their headquarters at Kashghar, it seems evident, though Mirza Haidar says little about it, that the tactics of the nomads left them practically masters of the situation. Yet even in those days, when brought to battle, they are said usually to have been beaten. Perhaps the only power which the Moghuls stood in fear of, after the days of Timur, was that of the Uzbegs, when these were first rising to power. Under Shaibáni Khan the confederated tribes of Uzbegs still possessed the characteristics and qualities of nomadic nations, and it is not a little remarkable that the Moghuls, so far from dealing with them as they were accustomed


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 pack. On learning the news, the King rent his garments, and taking the golden crown from his head, covered his face with his purple mantle, weeping and wailing lustily for the loss of his dear Emma.

When he had thus paid the first tribute of fatherly love, he came to himself again, and putting on his golden crown, hastened to the scene of the adventure. When he got there, lo and behold! the enchantment was at an end; there was no mosaic work grotto, no polished marble basin, no alabaster columns, no odoriferous hedge; everything of the sort had utterly disappeared, and nature had resumed all her original wildness. Nevertheless, the Princess’s attendants, though more frightened than ever, stuck to their story, as well they might, since it was the literal truth, and neither threats nor promises could make them deviate from it in one single particular. His Majesty was perfectly at a loss what to think; there were no wandering knights in those days to carry off king’skings’ [sic] daughters, or any body else’s daughters; what could it all mean? At last, in default of any other solution of the mystery, he made up his mind that Thor or Wodin, or some other of the gods, had taken a fancy to the charming Emma, and consoled by this flattering impression, he ordered the weeping ladies to dry up their tears and go home, while he himself proceeded on his excursion.

Meantime the charming Emma, for her part, found


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 Rh to do with others in the low countries, enlisted under Shaibáni in large numbers, and assisted him against the more civilised forces of Baber and the Khorasáni Mirzas. They seem to have feared to measure themselves with those who could use their own tactics against them, or fight them, indeed, with their own weapons.

In many places in Mirza Haidar's history, as well as in the Zafar-Náma and other books, mention is made of the 'cities' or 'towns' of Moghulistan; but as the same words must necessarily be used when speaking of the settled countries of Mávará-un-Nahr, Turkistan, and Alti-Shahr, they are somewhat misleading terms to apply to the auls, or encampments, of a nomadic people. One native writer, whose book dates from the first half of the fourteenth century, presents, in a few words, a telling picture of Moghulistan in his day—or part of Turkistan as it was then still called. "Since the region has been devastated by the arms of the Tatars," he writes, "it is inhabited only by a scanty population. According to what I have been assured by a man who has travelled through the country, there is nothing to be seen in Turkistan but ruins, and more or less obliterated remains. From a distance one sees a well-built village, the environs of which are covered with beautiful verdure; but on approaching, in the hope of meeting with some inhabitants, there are found only houses completely deserted. The population is composed entirely of nomads—that is, of shepherds and graziers who never occupy themselves with cultivating the land or sowing crops. There is no other verdure but that of the steppes, which grows naturally." That towns, in the true sense of the word, had existed in the land is thus correct, but they had been built when others possessed and governed it, and before it had become the home of the Mongolian nomads. The Uighurs, a Turki tribe of considerable cultivation by comparison, had owned the greater part, if not the whole, of the country up to less than a century prior to the rise of the Mongols, and were probably the founders of several towns of more or less importance; while the whole of Moghulistan had, during the interval, been occupied by the Kara Khitai, whose people, although perhaps much mixed with nomad tribesmen, seem also to have been capable of building cities and carrying on cultivation. The advent of the Mon-