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 Equally close contact is established between the union and what is known as the "Proletcult," i.e., an organisation engaged in the development of the elements of proletarian art and science. Many factory committees have an educational committee attached to them working with the close co-operation of the "Proletcult." These committees organise clubs, theatres, local libraries, etc., in connection with the factories.

Concluding its work in the beginning of April of the year the third All-Russian conference of the metal workers' union worked out a plan of work covering all the spheres of the union's activity. This conference has considerable importance for the union as it formulated problems for the current year. The union decided to take up the work of reviving the metal industry with the same energy that it has hitherto shown in assisting the proletarian State on the military fronts.

The preceding years were the most difficult in the life of our union. The basic spheres of the metal industry, the Don Basin and the Ural were outside the sphere of influence of the union and lay under the brutal heel of the Russian and international counter-revolution. The blockade and the isolation from the largest sources of fuel, raw material and food created a particularly critical situation in the metal industry. More than once the difficult situation drove the pusillanimous to desperation and befogged the minds of those who had less class consciousness. At times even hunger with its vice-like grip paralysed the muscles of the warriors. But on each occasion the union appealed to proletarian discipline and rallied the workers to each struggle for the triumph of the dictatorship of the proletariat. Such was the position at the beginning of 1918 during the advance of German imperialism, when the central committee of the union placed itself and the whole apparatus of the union completely at the disposal of the Council of Peoples' Commissaries. Such was also the position in the summer of the same year during the Czecho-Slovak revolt when the central Committee mobilised new forces. The Koltchak offensive and later the advance of Denikin compelled us to throw new forces on the front. The workers of the Ural factories almost entirely left the factories for the front. The union mobilised tens of thousands of its members in Central Russia. Many responsible leaders of the union entered the ranks of the Red Army. Many of these are no more. This tremendous concentration of effort naturally reflected itself upon the state of production, but the results of it made it possible for a third conference of the union with tremendous energy to take up the work of reconstruction. Even in these difficult years the metal workers' union acquired considerable experience in organising socialist economic life, and this experience as well as the experience of comrades returning from the front is of decisive importance.

The union follows with particular attention and interest the development of the Labour Movement in Western Europe and America and particularly the work of the metal workers' unions related to it.


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 an hour just previous to this catastrophe, and in answer to his agonized trumpet came crashing through the underbrush. The leopard saw her before Baby Elephant did, and made its escape, while the young elephant ran trembling to his mother. For several days after that mishap he fairly hugged his mother's side, and he never again wandered away from the hiding-place.

One other mishap he had during that first summer, but this was not very serious. His mother had been feeding near the water-hole and supposed that Baby Elephant was tagging after her, but instead he was exploring the water-hole. He waded around and around in several new places where his mother had never taken him, and finally became mired and caught in a sort of quicksand. Struggle as he

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 would, he could not get out, so he lifted up his trunk and trumpeted pitifully. His mountainous mother, whose maternal love seemed just as tender notwithstanding her great bulk, came running to his assistance. She waded in and wrapping her trunk about him pulled him from the quicksand and brought him back to safety.

During the latter part of the summer when Baby Elephant's first set of teeth were forming, he learned to nibble at the tender shoots on sugar-cane and bamboo tops and also at the plantain. Bamboo, sugar-cane, plantain, and certain tree-roots form most of the diet of the full-grown elephant, and in time they became that of Baby Elephant.

The young elephant early learned that his trunk was the most valuable member that he had. The end of the trunk is so


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 fashioned that an elephant can reach down with the upper side and up with the lower side and use it as a hand. But the elephant is very careful of his trunk and when fighting holds it straight up. Most of his fighting he does with his tusks. Baby Elephant was the cause of a striking example of what a male elephant can do with his tusks when opportunity offers. Baby Elephant's mother and his sire were one day making their way through the jungle when they came upon a mighty Bengal tiger. The tiger had just killed a deer and was eating it directly in the pathway of the elephants. As the big bull elephant that was leading the little band approached, the tiger bared its fangs and snarled and refused to give way to the lord of the jungle. This so infuriated the elephant that he charged, head down, and


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 caught the tiger fairly on his tusks. With a mighty upward movement of his head, he sent the tiger thirty feet into the tree-tops, and when this tiger came down, the fight had all gone out of him, and he slunk away in great haste.

Thus it was, sleeping in the jungle by day, and staying in hiding at night while the adult elephants fed on the plains, that Baby Elephant spent his first summer. But as the weeks passed and he grew larger and was weaned, he finally went with the herd when they fed at night, and this made him feel that he was really one of them. He had never quite outgrown his curiosity or his playfulness, however, for he was still a baby elephant.


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jungle folk were a strange and varied company, ranging all the way from the black langur, the small monkey that swung, chattered, scolded, and swore in the tree-tops, to the great Bengal tiger that skulked in the underbrush and sought his meat wherever he could find it. The black langur was a noisy mischievous fellow, and his cry of "Wah! wah! wah!" followed by a "Hoo-oo, hoo-oo, hoo-oo!" was always ringing through the jungle. He tormented the birds and even followed after the great tiger, hooting and swearing at him from the tree-tops whenever he appeared in the jungle. But as all the jungle folk hated the tiger, no one cared.


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 There are three sorts of tiger, all belonging to the same species, the game-killer, the cattle-killer, and the man-eater. The tiger most often seen in Baby Elephant's jungle was an enormous man-eater.

Baby Elephant, in time, learned to know all the jungle folk, some of whom he liked and some he hated, but he was curious about them all. His inquisitive trunk went poking about in many strange places and often got its owner into sad adventures. But, as Baby Elephant's hide was very thick, he could not be badly bitten, and as his bones were well covered with flesh, they did not break easily, and so he survived all his adventures. Besides, the fact that he was an elephant was in itself partial protection for him.

You have already heard of Baby Elephant's sorry adventure when he ran away


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 from the spot where his mother had hidden him and was clawed by a young leopard. From that hour Baby Elephant hated all leopards, both spotted and black.

The leopard is a sleek and beautiful member of the cat family, about two-thirds the size of the American mountain lion. He is a great hunter, and is fond of lying upon an overhanging limb and falling like a thunderbolt upon his prey when it passes beneath. Woe to the black buck that comes within striking distance of this dread hunter!

Baby Elephant and his mother witnessed a thrilling battle one morning when Baby Elephant was about three months old. They had just come back from the plains where they had been feeding the night before and were lying in a dense portion of the jungle, sleeping with the


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 rest of the herd, when they were aroused by a mighty commotion from Black Langur and his noisy company. Birds were also joining in the general alarm, so Baby Elephant's mother arose silently and stole away noiselessly through the jungle to see what it was all about. She did not intend that Baby Elephant should follow her, but he did. Presently they came to an open spot in the jungle which was quite free from trees, and there in the centre of this amphitheatre a terrible battle was going on. Baby Elephant's mother thrust her head out through the overhanging branches so she could see it and Baby Elephant himself watched from between her forelegs. The trees surrounding the battle-ground were fairly alive with monkeys, screaming and shouting and seemingly urging on the combatants.


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 Right in the middle of the amphitheatre Spotted Leopard and Baba-rusa, the wild boar, were engaged in deadly battle. This wild pig was quite different from the domestic pig. He was taller, rangier, and without any superfluous fat. His tusks were more fully developed, and his movements were like lightning. Altogether he is a desperate fighter and a match for any tiger. Spotted Leopard and Wild Boar were facing each other, sparring for position. The big cat would suddenly spring and seek to rake the boar across the face with deadly claws, but instead would meet Wild Boar's broad shoulder and perhaps get a rip in her side from his sharp tusks. Again and again the infuriated cat sprang but did little damage. Around and around Wild Boar she circled, trying to get behind him and jump upon his back, but


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 he always faced her with his gleaming tusks. Faster and more furious the battle raged, while the monkeys screamed with delight. Twice the great cat got in a raking blow in Baba-rusa's face, but he slashed her in return each time. Finally the leopard became furious and sprang full upon Wild Boar's head. There was a wild squeal from the pig, and a yell of pain from the great cat, as the two combatants rolled upon the ground. Finally, with great agility, Wild Boar sprang to his feet and ripped the still prostrate leopard half the length of her belly. She struggled feebly for a few moments and then stretched out dead, while the badly lacerated boar limped away into the deep jungle, grunting with satisfaction.

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 In spite of the great obstacles separating us at the present moment from other countries and the struggle of our foreign comrades, we are pleased above all with the fact that they too are raising the same questions of production that we raised previous to the October revolution. The greatest desire of our union is to share our experiences with our comrades and to relate to them the story of our struggle.

The Central Committee of the union in January of this year sent out an invitation by radio to all the metal workers' unions in other countries to our third congress. We received a number of replies and greetings from metal workers' unions of Switzerland, Germany, Holland, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, and Finland, from whom we learned of the forthcoming international congress of Metal Workers. Our union pictures an international federation of metal unions based only on a revolutionary struggle for the demands of the Third International. The opportunist international bureau of metal workers' unions, headed by Alexander Schlick, sufficiently exposed during the war the vapid schemes of the old trade unionists, who were unable to throw off their craft ideas and raise themselves to the level of the great class problem of the revolutionary international.

The revolutionary struggle is unfolding in all countries, and the metal workers as the section of the proletariat with the greatest class training is everywhere at the head of the revolutionary struggle. Our union is therefore confident of the early possibility of the revolutionary international organisation of metal workers. The third conference of the union instructed the Central Committee to take steps towards the establishment of such a union.

The Russian Metal Workers' Union is awaiting with eager attention the news of the onward march of their foreign comrades. On the basis of its historical experience it is convinced that the only path to the revival of humanity is the dictatorship of the proletariat. The Russian Metal Workers' Union says to its foreign comrades—"see, we experienced the rule of the bourgeoisie, the rule of a coalition, we thought to improve our position by fighting for higher wages, but our experiences compelled us to take the path of socialist revolution. The first years were indescribably difficult, but we are winning and will conquer and with our own hands will establish the reign of labour, and we look forward with full confidence to the victory of the workers of Western Europe."


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 guage, also frequented Baby Elephant's jungle, although he is a native of Borneo, but he usually kept well to the swampy part down by the great river, for he lived in the water spruces which stood knee deep in the river. When Mrs. Wild Man was about to give birth to the young, the Orang-outangs built themselves a platform high up in the tree-tops. This was made by putting boughs across convenient crotches in the tree, and then covering the platform with fine twigs, making a comfortable nest. Here, the little Orang-outangs were born. Mr. Wild Man was a dangerous fellow. He had a broad back and chest like a prize-fighter; his arms, when spread out, measured ten feet, six inches, from finger-tip to finger-tip. They were so long that his hands hung down well below his knees. His legs were


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 short and thick; his head was rather small, but his jaws were heavy and armed with very strong canine teeth. He was covered with coarse reddish-brown hair. The orang-outangOrang-outang [sic] is so strong that he can bend the ordinary inch iron bars in a wild-animal cage like jackstraws. Baby Elephant saw the Orang-outangs frequently when he and his mother came down to the great river to drink.

There were other creatures that came occasionally to Baby Elephant's jungle, but they were more often seen upon the great plains. These creatures always walked upon their hind legs, and some of them even carried the dreadful thunder-stick which could speak to the jungle people in such a terrible voice that they would lie down at its command and die. Most of these Malays were armed with


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 spears and bows, which were not so deadly as the thunder-stick. But occasionally a sahib or white man came among them and he always carried a thunder-stick. Even the natives were very cunning in setting traps for the jungle folk, but it was not until Sahib Anderson from the United States came with fifty natives to Baby Elephant's jungle to capture wild animals for the dealers at Singapore that the real troubles for the jungle folk began.

When Sahib Anderson and his fifty jungle-beaters finally descended upon the jungle where the elephant herd usually spent the day resting and sleeping, great consternation reigned among the jungle folk.

Baby Elephant's mother, the leader of the herd and always on the watch, was the first to discover their coming. She arose


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 and stood listening for several minutes. Baby Elephant himself followed her example. He usually did most of the things he saw his mother do. He did not detect the faint, far-away sounds, but the old elephant did. Her command to the herd for a silent and noiseless retreat was not given by any audible sound.

Probably the command was communicated from elephant to elephant by signs, or perhaps it was telepathic, but I think the former was the case. But certain it was that the great herd of perhaps sixty head began moving silently through the thick jungle, all going in the same direction, although they could not see each other. The silence with which this movement can be executed is astonishing to even a hunter who is versed in the ways of the wild. The adult elephants were ten


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 feet in height and weighed around five tons each, yet they went almost without the breaking of a twig. This was partly due to the fact that their large feet are well cushioned, and all sounds smothered under them.

Mr. William T. Hornaday tells of coming upon a large herd in India. He was within fifty yards of the herd before he was discovered by a female elephant, one of the outposts. This elephant stood perfectly still watching the hunter for several minutes, while he in turn watched her. Finally she turned and slowly walked away into the jungle. The hunter found to his great astonishment that while she had been watching him she had probably given the command to the herd to retreat, and all had disappeared without making an audible sound.


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 With the coming of Sahib Anderson, the elephant herd moved five miles down the bank of the great river to a still more dense portion of the jungle.

Baba-rusa, the wild boar, next discovered the coming of the jungle hunters, and led his herd of twenty-five members five miles up the river.

The leopards, both the spotted and the black, skulked away and hid in the deepest portions of the jungle where they were comparatively safe. The black bear also fled, but Black Langur held his ground, although he kept at a safe distance in the tree-tops. Yet he did not disguise his presence, but set up a great din from time to time, so that the forest fairly rang with his "Wah! wah! wah! Hoo-oo, hoo-oo!"

Finally it became apparent to the mon-


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 keys that the hunters were pursuing Man-Eater, the great tiger, and followed him from one portion of the jungle to another. Ali hated the tiger, so this was well.

Soon Black Langur lost his fear of the men creatures and followed along in the tree-tops, watching the progress of the hunt. He also joined in it himself. He was too worthless for a native to waste a spear or a poisoned arrow upon, so he grinned down at them through the branches, his white-whiskered face screwed up into a diabolical grimace.

But Black Langur and his people were perfectly willing to follow along in the tree-tops and help the men rout out the tiger. So no matter where the tiger hid, these chattering, howling imps always spied him out and soon with their yell of


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 "Wah! wah! wah! Hoo-oo, hoo-oo!" brought the hunters.

The truth was that the great man-eater had committed several terrible attacks upon a native village near by in open daylight. His ravages had become so bad that the Malays had besought Sahib Anderson to help them in the hunt. This he had consented to do. So all were after the great tiger. Several of the natives carried the deadly thunder-stick, although most were armed with spears or bows and arrows. But all were furious at the tiger and determined to get him at any cost.

Finally the great man-eater was driven from the jungle and took refuge upon a hillock on the plains. This particular hillock was thickly covered with small trees, so that he was well screened, and the jungle-beaters did not dare to go in


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 after him. So the Sahib gave orders for the party to encamp in a circle around the hill. Very soon the men creatures started a circle of the red flower which they call fire.

The mighty tiger glaring at his pursuers from his stronghold saw the circle of the red flower dancing and leaping all about him, and a great fear filled him. For three days and nights they drove him deeper and deeper into his retreat. The men creatures constantly threw brands from the camp-fires into the unkindled circle where the great beast cowered.

Finally he was driven to his last hiding-place. He was gasping and choking with the smoke. His whiskers were singed off and he was tormented with thirst. At last the flames came so close that he made a break for freedom. But he had not taken


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 two bounds when the thunder-stick of the Sahib spoke to him in terrible tones and he stretched out dead. His killing of men, women, and children was over, and the other animals also felt relieved.

Then the Sahib and the natives brought very heavy steel traps and set them in the favorite lair of his mate, and three days later she was caught. They let her stay in the traps for three days until she was very hungry, then brought a heavy cage and placed it close to her and threw a dead chicken in the farther end. The tigress dragged her traps into the cage. Then the hunters slipped up and secured her, and she was ready for her long trip to the American zoo or circus. As she was soon to have baby tigers, her capture was hailed with joy.

The next of the jungle folk to fall cap-


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 tive at the hands of the Sahib was Orang-outang, or Wild Man.

This Wild Man was walking along by the great river very early one morning, looking for his breakfast, when he espied a generous bunch of plantains dangling from a bush. He had never noticed any plantains there before, but suspicion did not even enter his mind. All the jungle folk were entirely unsuspicious of traps. So Orang-outang reached out greedily with his long arm. He had not noticed that a small tree four or five inches in diameter had been bent down above the plantains. Even if he had, this probably would not have frightened him. He had never had any experience with the tricks of men.

He seized the fruit and pulled vigorously upon it, when snap, swish, up sprang


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 the tree, and a treacherous copper-wire noose which had been hidden in the bush caught Mr. Wild Man around his middle and swung him aloft. He was left ten feet from the ground, dangling, thrashing, and howling with rage. Even this would not have been final had it not been for the peculiar way in which he had been caught. For as luck would have it, the noose pinioned one of his strong arms to his side when he swung up. Otherwise he would have climbed the noose to the tree above and been free in ten seconds. But here he was held powerless with his strong right arm pinned to his side.

His roars of rage soon brought Black Langur chattering in the tops of the trees near by.

Wild Man's rage was terrible, but all he could do was to roar and thrash.


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 Finally, after half an hour, he wore out his great strength and the jungle folk thought him dead. A few hours later, the Sahib and his men took him down and put him in a small rattan cage.

The cage was made so small that Wild Man could not get a purchase on its bars, otherwise he would have torn it to bits, and he was a prisoner. He was then used as a decoy and his mate was caught in the same manner.

Some of the traps which Sahib Anderson and his Malay hunters used were very simple, but very effective. For who of the jungle folk has ever heard of birdlime? This is a very sticky substance, a sort of gum, from a tree. It is more sticky than mucilage and more adhesive than glue.

But it is very effective, if the poor jun-


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 It is appropriate to identify the point of departure between our reasoning and the reasoning of the majority in Al-Kateb in support of the constitutional holding. In Al-Kateb, McHugh J observed:

"A law requiring the detention of the alien takes its character from the purpose of the detention. As long as the purpose of the detention is to make the alien available for deportation or to prevent the alien from entering Australia or the Australian community, the detention is non-punitive."

This Court is unanimous in concluding that this is an incomplete and, accordingly, inaccurate statement of the applicable principle. Two different approaches are taken to that conclusion. The first approach is taken by six of us and set out below. The second approach is taken by Edelman J.

The approach of six members of the Court

This statement of the scope of the power to detain aliens differs from that in Lim, which, as noted, has become authoritative. The application of the principle in Lim, although ultimately directed to a single question of characterisation (whether the power is properly characterised as punitive), requires an assessment of both means and ends, and the relationship between the two. Applying that principle in circumstances where there is no real prospect of the removal of the alien from Australia becoming practicable in the reasonably foreseeable future, it cannot be said that, objectively determined, the "purpose of the detention is to make the alien available for deportation" or "to prevent the alien from entering Australia or the Australian community" pending the making of a decision as to whether or not they will be allowed entry.

Therein lies the reason why the constitutional holding in Al-Kateb, having been reopened, must be overruled. The Lim principle would be devoid of substance were it enough to justify detention, other than through the exercise of judicial power in the adjudgment and punishment of guilt, that the detention be designed


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 gle folk get into it. Even large animals are captured by its use.

Baby Elephant and his mother were feeding one day in the very heart of the jungle when Black Leopard came walking stealthily down one of the jungle trails. As Baby Elephant was with his mother he was not afraid. So he stood watching Black Leopard curiously as he came.

Presently the great cat began stepping very daintily. Then it gave vent to a series of spits and sprang into the air with a loud yowl, and it rolled over and over on the ground.

Baby Elephant was very curious about Black Leopard, and he instinctively knew that he was in trouble. But a very queer thing had happened to the leopard. When he had first begun to step daintily, it was


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 because the leaves and dirt upon the ground were sticking to his paws. Now as he rolled over and over on the ground he was covered with leaves and small twigs.

The faster he spun, the worse his plight became. Presently he stopped and began licking his paws, but his tongue stuck to his paws, so that he could hardly pull it off. This made him frantic, and he began whirling about again. For hours he alternately licked himself and rolled and leapt. Finally he lay down utterly exhausted. So when the Sahib came by he could rope him without much difficulty and put him in a strong cage. Thus it was, one by one, that the jungle folk found their way into the Sahib's cages.

Strange and beautifully colored tropical birds were also caught with the fatal bird


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] shoots to sprout from the places cut in this manner. They always choose the rainy season for performing this operation, as it succeeds with most certainty at that period. Vegetation is then so rapid in this climate, that a very short time after the incisions had been made, I saw them filled with a vast number of young buds. The inhabitants of this island are, however, in general, but little skilled in the agricultural arts.

On the 12th of, those of us who were engaged in the pursuit of natural history, obtained permission from the Governor of Sourabaya to visit the mountains of Prau, situated at the distance of about 30,000 toises west-southwest of the town.

On the following day we set out for the village of Poron, situated near the foot of the mountains. The Javanese who carried our baggage, suspended it to long poles of bamboo, each borne between the shoulders of two men.

Having proceeded about 20,000 toises, we arrived at Sonde Kari, where we dined after the Javanese fashion with the chief of the village, who had ordered a sumptuous repast to be prepared for us. It consisted of several dishes of broiled fish, and the flesh of buffaloes and horses that had been preserved, as we were told, for six months, by being cut into thin slices, and dried in the sun.


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 lime which was smeared upon their favorite roosts.

A bird would alight upon a harmless-looking branch only to find when he tried to fly away that his feet stuck to it. He would struggle and flap, and his cries soon brought others. These in turn alighted by his side and were also caught and held fast. There they stayed flapping miserably until the Sahib or some of his helpers took them away.

Black Langur had thought he was immune. No one could capture him.

Yet he guessed wrong. For soon a number of large-mouthed bottles appeared in the jungle. Each bottle held a rag which had been soaked with sugar. We know that monkeys are very fond of sugar, so soon a black imp would put his small hand into the mouth of the bottle for the


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 sugar-soaked rag. When he had seized the rag he could not pull out his hand. He did not have sense enough to let go the rag, so there he stuck till the Sahib's men came for him. The bottle was securely tied to a tree.

Then the men would tickle a large nerve on the monkey's elbow, or as the children say, would touch his crazy-bone, and he would let go the rag and his hand would come out of the bottle. But he was then a prisoner.

And, strange to say, the monkey did not learn the secret of this simple trap.

But it was not until the Sahib made his mesh corrals and made drives of the jungles that he secured large numbers of the jungle folk.

These corrals were made of rattan, which was woven in and out at some point


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 where the jungle was very dense. The rattans were woven in this manner until they had made a network perhaps fifty feet in diameter, with two wings extending out from it. It was much like a seine net in which fish are caught. When everything was in readiness, the jungle-beaters would form in a half—circle and beat the jungle for a mile, driving all before them. In this way they caught Black Buck and his mate, two beautiful plain antelopes. They also caught a baby tapir and its mother. This is a peculiar animal with a strange snout, something like the elephant's. It is dark above and light below, and the baby tapir had stripes on his sides.

Civet-cats and other small animals were caught. These were taken from the corrals in a very clever manner. A piece of bamboo was cut six feet long. This was


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 hollow, and a long piece of doubled rattan was passed through it. The man held the two ends of the rattan in his right hand, and the end of the bamboo in his left. He let the loop upon the rattan stick through the end of the bamboo for a foot or so. Just enough to slip over the head of the civet-cat. It was then drawn tight over the small cat's neck and its head held against the end of the bamboo while it was lifted from the corral and put into a cage.

Thus it was that one by one the jungle folk saw their numbers diminish and their companions go away in Sahib Anderson's strong cages. But where they went or what became of them they did not know. All they knew was that they never saw them again.

Nearly all came under the Sahib's spell


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 but the great elephant herd, and this mighty herd was composed of such giants that no one would have even dreamed that Sahib could capture them. But who can tell what a Sahib can do, when he has such strange powers with the thunder-stick! Although Baby Elephant and his mother and all the rest of the great herd of sixty elephants felt very secure, yet their turn was to come. The Sahib was making his plans. Soon he would reach out with his mighty arm, which seems so weak, yet is so terrible, and capture nearly all the herd. For elephants were no more to the Sahib than were the rest of the jungle folk. He was the master of them all. When he said, "Come," they came, even from the heart of the jungle. Yes, the power of the Sahib was terrible!


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laid his plans for the famous elephant-drive with great care and skill. Full well he knew the hazard to both life and limb that the enterprise held. The Malays who helped him were not so well versed in the sport as he, but even if they had known the danger they would probably have taken the risk, for life is held of small worth in the Orient.

The Sahib's greatest difficulty was in getting the natives to work, for the average Malay is probably the laziest person in the whole world. This is especially true when his stomach is full. If he has just eaten he will say, "I have eaten! I am


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 satisfied. Why should I work for to-morrow? I may die to-night. If Allah allows me to live through the night, I will work for to-morrow's food when to-morrow comes."

His needs are very few. Just a small patch of rice and the fish that swarm in the great rivers suffice for him. Even his fishing he does in the laziest manner, usually putting lime into the river and causing the fish to rise to the top of the water and die. Then he paddles about and picks them up at his leisure.

It was only by representing to the natives that elephant-driving was a great game, a wonderful sport, that the Sahib was finally enabled to get the desired hundred men. In this work he was much aided by Omar, a petty Malay prince, who drafted some of his own followers.


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 Always conspicuous among the elephant-drivers was little Ali, the Prince's eighty-ear-old son. Vainly the Sahib protested that it was no sort of a place for a small boy. The Prince always shook his head. "He my shadow," he would exclaim laconically. "You cannot keep your shadow at home. He go where I go."

"But it is very dangerous work," persisted the Sahib. "The boy might get killed."

Again the Prince shook his head. "He not get killed. No animal touch him. He got a charm. He swim in the river and the crocodile come up and smell him and no bite him. He all right."

The small boy fairly worshipped the Sahib. He was always standing by watching the white man whenever he was allowed to. He and his father Omar could


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 both speak a little English which they had picked up from an Englishman who had hunted tigers in the vicinity the year before and lived with the Prince's family. So Sahib Anderson and the small boy got on famously.

Ali was filled with wonder at the power of the Sahib's thunder-stick. His compass, his maps, his watch, and his books all spelled magic to the eyes of the Malay youth. Ali was always asking questions, many of which made the Sahib laugh, and as he was in need of laughter at the time he was usually glad to see the lad.

The Sahib first had fifty of his drivers locate the great elephant herd which was led by Baby Elephant's mother. When they had done this, they took great care not to frighten them, but drove them around in a circle, so that they did not


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 stray far from the locality. This driving they did by merely shouting and beating on tom-toms, but always keeping out of sight. If an elephant herd either sees or smells a man it will always stampede, and a stampeding herd of elephants is just a little short of a passing tornado; nearly everything in its path is broken down and trodden into bits.

So while the fifty drivers kept the elephants going around in a circle, the other fifty set to work to build the corral into which they were to be driven. This was most arduous work, as they had to cut a lot of trees fifteen inches through, and had only their parangs or great knives with which to cut them.

When the requisite number of trees had been cut, the Sahib selected a place in the jungle where it was very heavily timbered.


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 and here he marked out a circle of seventy-five feet in diameter and then began setting five feet apart in this circle the trees which he had cut, taking care to include as many of the standing trees as possible.

The posts were set five feet deep and the dirt tamped very thoroughly about them. The Sahib also took great pains not to disturb the appearance of the jungle. When the trees had been set, each was braced with three smaller trees on the outside. Bamboo was then laced between the posts and they were securely lashed together with large ropes made of twisted rattan. Then leaves were woven all through the structure so as to make it look natural.

At the entrance a great drop-gate was made, and it was held aloft by rattan ropes. Two wings were then built run-


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 ming from the entrance, being fifty feet apart at the farther end and converging at the gate.

When all was in readiness, several Malay priests dedicated the corral with an odd ceremony. They went several hundred yards into the jungle and advanced towards the corral singing a strange chant. When they arrived at the enclosure they entered and killed a cock and sprinkled his blood upon the ground inside. This was to insure the success of the drive.

When everything was in readiness, the Sahib posted the fifty men who had been at work upon the corral in trees forming a double avenue from the herd, which by this time was rather restless. This double avenue led from the herd towards the corral. These men were to guide the drive by their shouts to the fifty men who were


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 doing the driving, as the drive was to be made in utter darkness. The jungle was as dense as thick standing trees and interlacing vines could make it. It was full of pitfalls and bog-holes.

Presently from the very depths of the jungle there floated out on the stillness the solemn hoot of a great owl. It was an eerie sound and a call of great import to the jungle-drivers, for it was the Sahib's signal to begin the drive. The call was taken up by the natives in the tree-tops, and it passed down the avenue of waiting men and along the half—circle that partly inclosed the restless elephant herd. Then from behind the herd and to the right and the left came strange sounds. They were made by the Malays beating on tom-toms and uttering wild, fantastic cries, but to Baby Elephant's mother, the leader and


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 guardian of the herd, they were inexplicable, and they filled her with uneasiness.

The elephant's sense of smell and eyesight are not of the keenest, but his hearing is very keen and he dislikes noises of all sorts. So, when the sounds from behind became a pandemonium, the elephant herd moved slowly forward. Baby Elephant's mother leading the way and Baby Elephant keeping close to her side. Whenever the herd veered to the right or left from a straight line towards the corral, the sounds on that side were increased and the herd swung back to avoid the noise. Thus it was that the drive went forward, a few yards or rods at a time in the inky darkness. At times the natives had to cut their way through the jungle with their parangs or great knives, the


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 tangle was so thick. Mosquitoes and flies that stung like hornets bit them at every step. Nettles and thorny vines and bushes tore their clothing, their hands, and their faces. Soon every man in the drive was bleeding from a dozen small wounds, and still the drive went forward.

Nor were the elephants and the Malay drivers the only dwellers in the jungle that night. Baba-rusa and his troop scurried away through the jungle at the oncoming of the great herd. Spotted Leopard slunk away to distant cover; while monkeys peered curiously down from their perches in the tree-tops above, and startled night-birds uttering their eerie calls whirred away in the darkness. And still the drive went on. Baby Elephant's mother and the rest of the elephant herd were all unconscious that they were being driven.


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 They just knew that strange sounds and strange impulses were abroad in the night about them, and that they were moving steadily forward.

The herd had been in motion nearly half the night but had covered only a mile when the tragedy that Sahib Anderson had feared occurred. There are always small elephants on the outskirts of the herd who wander about as sentinels or outposts, looking for danger. At about two o'clock in the morning, one of these sentinels sighted one of the Malay drivers and gave the alarm in a shrill, wild trumpet. His call was taken up by the entire herd, and in ten seconds' time all were trumpeting, bellowing, and squeaking. But that was not all, for with one impulse, led by Baby Elephant's mother, they started in a mad stampede through the


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 jungle. Imagine, if you can, a herd of sixty elephants, each weighing from four to five tons, mad with fear, rushing blindly through the jungle. Small trees went down like ninepins. They cut a swath like that of a cyclone, and the solid earth shook with the thunder of their mighty feet. There were cries of fear and alarm from the Malay drivers, barely heard amid the thunder and trumpeting of the stampeding herd, which turned sharply in its tracks and rushed back along the way it had come, not only one mile but five.

When the thunder of the stampeding herd had died away in the distance. Sahib Anderson and his men lit torches and searched the trail of the elephant herd for their comrades.

One of the first whom they discovered


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 was Prince Omar, the father of little Ali. He was lying at the foot of a great tree, with his life crushed out of him. Ali himself stood behind the tree looking wistfully down at his father, but there were no tears in his eyes and he showed no signs of sorrow.

The Sahib hurried to his side and caught the lad up in his arms. "You poor boy," he said. "How did it happen?"

"When the herd rush by, a great bull see Omar and Ali behind the tree. He pick up Omar in his trunk and beat him against the tree, and he sleep. Allah is good."

At these simple and beautiful words from the lad, tears filled the Sahib's eyes. "Where did you ever hear that, boy?" he asked.

"It is what the old priest said when my


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 mother died," returned Ali. "He said Allah was always good."

"But didn't the bull try to hurt you, Ali?" inquired the Sahib.

"He look at me like he strike me with his trunk, but I say to him, 'Peace, brother, peace,' and he go away. For that was what the priest told me to say to the cobra."

"Well, I'll be blessed," was all the Sahib could say, but he remembered what Omar had said about the boy swimming in the river, and that the crocodiles would not eat him.

Farther on they found still another dead Malay and six wounded. So, the jungle-beaters went to the Sahib's camp and gave up the drive for that night. But the following night they were surrounding the herd again. All through this night they


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 drove and were more successful, for they recovered three of the five lost miles. The following night they gained two more and on the third night, to the great joy of all, the mighty herd slowly approached the entrance of the wings that led to the corral. All unsuspecting. Baby Elephant's mother led her great herd down the converging wings and into the corral, while one after another the herd streamed after her. As they began to jam in the wings, the drivers increased the noise and the elephants behind shoved those ahead forward. In fifteen minutes from the time when Baby Elephant's mother entered the corral, fifty-two of the fifty-six elephants were inside and the ropes holding up the heavy gate loosed, and the gate fell with a mighty thud, spelling the doom of the elephant herd. Then the jubilant Malays


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322 All the dishes were seasoned very highly with pepper, pimento and ginger. Rice served us in the place of bread, and the entertainment concluded with a plentiful desert of excellent fruit.

We soon set forward on our journey, and were overtaken by a heavy rain, which put us to great inconvenience. A serjeant of the Dutch troop gave us a proof of his authority over the Javanese, who returned to the village we had left, by taking out of their hands the umbrellas which they had brought with them; none of them daring to resist. We did not know what he intended to do with them, till he came up and offered them to us, saying, that he thought it very presumptuous in these men to shelter themselves from the rain, while they saw us exposed to it; but to his great surprise, none of us would make use of the umbrellas, but desired him to return them to the owners.

At length we arrived at the village of Poron, where we were received by the chief, who bears the title of Deman. His principal office is to apportion to the natives their daily tasks of labour.

The country through which we had passed is a vast plain, in which rice is principally cultivated. The plantations were already covered with six or eight inches of water, retained by the earthen mounds with which they were surrounded.


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 ascended with the Sahib to the platform which had been erected at the top of the posts and looked down upon such a sight as they had never seen before. Fifty-six mountainous animals wedged together and helpless in an enclosure only seventy-five feet in diameter, where they had been trapped, through the great cunning of the Sahib and the courage of his men.

It was a time of great rejoicing for the natives, and they feasted and danced for a week before the Sahib could get them to do any more work. Such an elephant-drive had never been seen or even dreamed of in their country before, and they intended to make the most of it. It had cost them bloodshed and heart-breaking toil, and there was every reason why they should rejoice now.


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the capture of the great herd, the real work of Sahib Anderson and his native helpers had just begun. Capturing the elephants had been hard and dangerous work, costing them two lives and six wounded men, but the breaking would take months. While it might not be so dangerous as the capture, yet it was full of thrills.

This will be realized when we consider the great size of these elephants and that they were furious at being taken in this way.

The very first thing that the Sahib and his men did was to cut some holes in the bamboo between the posts and coax out


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Gageler CJ Gordon J Edelman J Steward J Gleeson J Jagot J Beech-Jones J

to achieve an identified legislative objective that there is no real prospect of achieving in the reasonably foreseeable future.

Translated to the case at hand, if the only purposes peculiarly capable of justifying executive detention of an alien are, as was said in Lim, removal from Australia or enabling an application for permission to remain in Australia to be made and considered, then the absence of any real prospect of achieving removal of the alien from Australia in the reasonably foreseeable future refutes the existence of the first of those purposes.

Faced with that fundamental difficulty, the primary submission of the defendants was that a legitimate and non-punitive purpose of detention of an alien can be properly identified as separation from the Australian community pending removal (if ever). The defendants sought to support that submission by reference to passages in the reasoning of the majority in AJL20. Recalling that the majority in AJL20 specifically recorded that the correctness of the constitutional holding in Al-Kateb did not arise for consideration, none of those passages can be read as having been directed to that constitutional issue.

The purpose of separation of an alien from the Australian community is outside the limited range of legitimate purposes identified in Lim, and repeatedly affirmed in cases following Lim. The separation of an alien from the Australian community by means of executive detention was identified in Lim as permissible not as an element of some more expansive purpose but only as an "incident" of the implementation of one or other of the two legitimate purposes of considering whether to grant the alien permission to remain in Australia and deporting or removing the alien if permission is not granted. To the extent that reasoning of the


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The All-Russia Union of Agricultural Workers as present constituted is of recent origin and growth. It was not until after the revolution of October, 1917, that they saw the necessity of allying themselves with the city workers; the Land workers were also carried away with the general revolutionary enthusiasm prevailing at that time. Until the revolution of 1917 the agricultural workers of Russia had no union of their own, neither during the time of the old Russian feudal system nor during the period of the growth of the capitalist regime. Some attempts to organise the Agricultural workers were made during the revolutionary movement of 1904–5; the union of the workers of Boutirsky Farm, in Moscow, can be quoted as example, but these were of a scattered improvised character without any general plan or aim; they had no serious influence upon the development of the Agricultural workers' organisation. But those attempts were soon given up owing to the reaction, which suppressed the revolutionary movement.

Only after the February revolution of 1917 were small unions of agricultural workers started, chiefly in the neighbourhood of the capital and near industrial centre. This fact can only be explained by the influence of the industrial proletarians of the Trade Unions who were constantly increasing in numbers, and acquiring a strong revolutionary spirit. But all these unions were of a very primitive character both in their form of organisation and in the aims they pursued. In the first place their lack of experience in organisation was very marked, and secondly there was the influence of the compromising leaders, who were mostly of the socialist revolutionary party with narrow bourgeois ideals and an agrarian programme full of contradictions and omissions.

These unions in the period of their development during the February revolution aimed mainly at protecting their craft interests, and did not realise that the problem confronting agricultural workers was the ownership and organisation of production.


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 the little elephants, that is, those that had been born that year, as there was much danger that they would be crushed or trodden to death in the wild melee inside the corral.

The very first of these youngsters to escape from the corral was Baby Elephant, whose fortunes we have been following. He had been separated from his mother, wedged in at the very centre of the corral, and he was quite frantic at the loss of his mother and the great crowding and pushing. Never in all his life had he seen such confusion, and he did not know what it was all about. He did not seem at all afraid of the Sahib and his men. In fact, he was quite curious about them and went up to them freely.

Little Ali was delighted to have a young elephant where he could see it and put


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 his hands on it, and the boy's heart went out at once to the small elephant, and to humor him, and because he felt sorry for the lad who had so recently lost his father, the Sahib told Ali that he could call Baby Elephant his own, so the Malay boy took the small elephant to his heart and the two became as good companions as a boy and a pony might have been.

The first thing that the men did was to try to feed the baby elephants. They secured some cows' milk, and then held Baby Elephant and put his trunk into the milk. At the same time. Sahib Anderson squirted milk into his mouth with a squirtgun. This gave Baby Elephant to understand that the milk came, when his trunk was first put into the milk and then into his own mouth.

Little by little they taught the small


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 elephant to suck up the milk into his trunk and then to squirt it into his mouth. They finally coaxed out nine other baby elephants from the corral. But to Ali, Baby Elephant was the best of them all. He would play with him by the hour. In fact, all the baby elephants were very playful, inquisitive little chaps.

They poked about into everything in the camp with their inquiring trunks. Baby Elephant finally got so he would follow Ali about like a dog, and would go with him far from camp. This filled the boy with childish delight.

"He know me, he love me! He know I am his master," the boy would say excitedly to the Sahib, at which the white man would smile and encourage the play.

The mature elephants were allowed to remain in the corral for nearly a week


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 without any food in order that they might be reduced in strength and fierceness so that they could be handled more easily. It was rather harsh treatment, but the training and the breaking of all wild animals is usually harsh. Few people realize the harsh lessons which go into the making of a trick animal, with the possible exception of a dog or a horse. Most of the large animals have to be coerced, and handled through fear.

Finally a small pen which would hold just one elephant was built up against the gate, and one by one the elephants were allowed to enter it, food having been placed to toll them inside. In this small stall the elephant could not turn about or even move. So while he ate ravenously of the bamboo tips which had been provided for him, the knee and the foot hob-


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 bles were put on him. These were strong bands which went about the legs, with ropes running from the fore to the hind legs. If he started to run, he would tumble down. In fact he could not run with the hobbles on. He could just scuff along miserably. From this small pen, the elephants were led one at a time to the stocks which the men had been two weeks in building. This was a large enclosure with thirty or forty individual stalls.

The method of leading an elephant to the stocks was most interesting. Ropes were tied to his forelegs and his hind legs, and also to his trunk, and six men were put on each rope to hold on for dear life. For it might mean some of their lives if the elephant got away.

Even so, the Sahib's deadly thunder


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 stick was always in readiness if the great beast got to killing the men and could not be controlled. Before they started with the first elephant, a double row of stakes was driven in the ground along the way the elephant should be led, and he went between the stakes. The ropes which the men held were passed over these stakes, in the same way a derrick is staked down by guy-ropes. So the men had to furnish only half the pull upon the elephant, and the stake did the rest.

This was the only way that the twenty-four men could hold the elephant, and even so, some of them got away. Arrived at the stocks, the elephant was guided to his particular stall and his head secured between two large posts whieh had been set in the ground for that purpose. A pole was later set up on either side of him, and


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 one behind his hind legs and in front of his hind legs, so that he was quite secure.

The elephants were kept in the stocks for about two weeks before any effort was made to take them out or to break them. During this time they were fed those things that they best like, and petted very freely by the men. They were given to understand that good behavior on their part brought rewards, while disobedience or temper brought swift and terrible punishment. These great beasts are very clever, and quick to learn from object-lessons like these.

The first one of the elephants to be brought forth for breaking was Baby Elephant's mother. She was first hobbled with only the knee-hobbles. That would give her more chance to move about.

Ropes were fastened to both her legs


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 and trunk, as they had been when she was guided to the stocks, but this time, the men did not pass the ropes over the stakes in the ground, but relied upon their strength to hold her. For a few minutes after the old elephant, one of the largest the Sahib had ever seen, came out of the stocks there was a most lively time. She rushed first this way and then that, trying to get at her trainers, and also to break away from the ropes.

Her strength was titanic, and the men stumbled and slid, and the rattan ropes slipped through their hands. Once she nearly trampled several men to death and they were obliged to take a turn around a near-by tree with the rope. Just as the training was going on most furiously and the old elephant was trumpeting and bellowing with rage, a terrified little figure


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 appeared on the scene. It was Baby Elephant himself, and he was frantic at what was happening to his mother. He trumpeted and squeaked continuously, and constantly got in the way. Finally the Sahib had one of the men catch him and lead him away into the jungle and little Ali followed and tried to comfort the small elephant, but it was some time before he would be consoled.

Baby Elephant's mother was the very hardest of all the herd to break. She had been the leader of the herd for so long, and had so enjoyed her own way about everything, that she could not get it into her head that she in turn must submit and must be governed.

Half a dozen men always followed after her, beating her with rattans. It was rather cruel, and made her frantic, but this


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 was a part of the training that should break her stubborn spirit. Finally when Sahib Anderson had become discouraged, and had thought he would have to resort to the thunder-stick, Baby Elephant's mother gave in. She announced her surrender by a pathetic bellow, and from that time on she was a changed creature, always trying to understand her breakers, and to do their bidding.

If an elephant still refused to continue to give in after many severe lessons, it was taken away into the jungle and shot. The Sahib knew if the elephant would not submit, it would always be a menace and never would be well trained. It was not deemed wise to let any of the elephants which had been captured go, as they did so much damage in the rice-fields.

So day after day and week after week


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 the breaking of the elephant herd went on. Most of the tuskers, that is, the male elephants with heavy tusks, were shot. Their tusks were worth hundreds of dollars, more than the elephants were worth alive for show purposes, so this was the easiest way. But nearly all the female elephants and some of the small males were finally broken.

They were taught to go ahead, to stop, to turn to the right and left, and to back, as well as to kneel down. This was so that men could get upon their backs, or so a howdah or any other load could be placed upon them.

Finally, after eight months of the most arduous work that the men had ever experienced, the herd was all broken, and the Sahib began making preparations for the trip to Singapore, where he would ship all


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 his captives either to Germany or to America.

As the preparations went forward, a great sense of sadness came over little Ali. He had come fairly to worship the Sahib. He followed his every movement and listened breathlessly for his every word. To the small brown boy, the white man was as a god. Finally Ali was allowed to sleep at the Sahib's camp as the time for departure drew near.

One evening about a week before the time set for the journey, Ali very much surprised and distressed the Sahib by a strange announcement. He went up to the white man and put his small hand on his with the greatest confidence and said simply, "When the Sahib go, Ali will go. Ali has no father. Ali's father is dead. Sahib will be Ali's father. Ali will


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 go with Sahib to America. He be Ali's father."

The words were so simple and so trustful and the boy had such an assurance that the Sahib was speechless for several seconds. Then he drew the boy close to him and said kindly, "I would like to take you, Ali, if I could. You are a good boy and I like you much. But I can't. You see America is different from this country. You would be lonesome. You would not be happy."

"I not be lonesome where the Sahib is," said Ali. "I would be happy. I cannot be happy again where he is not. I have no father. You are my father."

Vainly the Sahib tried to think of some way out of the difficulty but there seemed to be none. At last he was obliged to tell Ali firmly that he could not go with him.


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 At these words from his god all the joy and life seemed to go out of the little brown boy. Do what Sahib Anderson would to cheer him up, he could not rally his spirits. Finally in sheer desperation, because he really felt some responsibility for Ali, because his father had been killed in his service, the Sahib hit upon a novel plan. It would cost him a lot of money, but he was a generous man and he dearly loved children, so he determined to make this sacrifice. He would give Ali Baby Elephant for his very own. The small elephant would be worth several hundred dollars in the United States, but he could not bear to see the boy who had been his boon companion so broken-hearted.

When the Sahib finally made the proposition to Ali, he was delighted with the way in which the boy regained his spirits.


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 The loss of Baby Elephant had weighed almost as much upon his young mind as had the loss of the Sahib. So he thanked the white man with tears in his eyes.

The evening before the great cavalcade started Sahib Anderson said good-bye to both Ali and Baby Elephant and sent one of his men with them to the Malay village near by, where Ali was to live with his uncle. This seemed to be a fine arrangement, but they had not consulted Baby Elephant himself.

He had very strong ideas as to whom he belonged and where his place was in the world. He went along all right and seemed well satisfied to stay with Ali in the Malay village. All through the evening Ali petted and played with him and fed him sugar-cane tips and other dainties that he liked. Finally he tied him with a


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 rattan rope and fastened the rope to a strong stake, near the bamboo hut where he was to sleep himself. He said goodnight to Baby Elephant about eight o'clock and went to his own bed, thinking what a fine time he would have on the morrow playing with his chum.

But about midnight Baby Elephant, having been sleeping rather restlessly, awoke and suddenly realized that he was alone. His mother by whose side he had always slept was not there. He had been so taken up playing with Ali that he had not thought of it before. But now it grew upon him with alarming rapidity and finally settled into a sense of panic and fear.

At first he went up and down the length of his rope several times, then he began straining at it. Finally he put all his


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 strength against it and it did not give. Then he became very angry, and pulled still more desperately. After finding that it did no good to strain suddenly on the rope, he settled down for business and braced his sturdy little legs and laid his full weight against the rope. For five minutes he strained, bending lower and lower to the ground. Finally the stake pulled up so suddenly that he went over on his head. But this was nothing, for he picked himself up hurriedly and without even looking towards the hut where Ali slept, he started at his shambling pace towards the Sahib's camp. He knew the way back as well as a dog would have known it tie arrived at the camp about an hour after daylight. Here he found that all were gone. The Sahib's cavalcade had started two hours before to avoid the


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 heat. But Baby Elephant was not dismayed, for he soon found the tracks of the elephant herd, and he shuffled away after them determined to find his mother if he had to run his legs off.

About an hour after Baby Elephant left the Malay village, Ali awoke and crept carefully outside the hut to see that Baby Elephant was all right. At first, when he saw he was missing he thought he must be dreaming and rubbed his eyes and looked again. But it was true, for he finally found the stake-hole. His chum was gone.

Little Ali did not cry out. Instead he went silently into the hut and got his sandals and his clothes, and dressing hurriedly outside he started at a dog-trot towards the Sahib's camp. He knew full well that Baby Elephant had gone back


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 home, so he followed like a brown shadow. The rhythmic spat of his sandals kept time to his impatient thoughts. He would find Baby Elephant or drop by the way.


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was a rather imposing cavalcade which Sahib Anderson finally assembled for the trip to Singapore. Most of these wild animals had been kept in his animalhouses close to the Malay village near the Sahib's camp, the elephants alone being kept at camp.

All the bullock teams for twenty miles around had been pressed into service. They were not very much to look at, consisting of rude carts drawn by slow-moving bullocks, but this was the only mode of conveyance in that country, so the Sahib had to make the best of it.

The large wooden cages which were finally loaded upon the bullock-carts con-


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 tained the female tigress, the mate of terrible Man-Eater, Orang-outang, Wild Man and his mate, Spotted and Black Leopard and their mates, Baba-rusa and his mate, Black Buck and his mate. Baby Tapir and his mother, and a score of smaller animals; not to mention six cages of tropical birds. This showing of about twenty bullock-carts was preceded by the elephants, forty in number. There were twenty female elephants, many of them having baby elephants, and ten young bulls.

Sahib Anderson's wild-animal procession was almost a circus street-parade in itself. Never had such a procession of wild animals been taken out of the Malay Jungle by one man at one time. So the excitement among the natives ran high.

Nearly two hundred Malay helpers


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 were required to manage the cavalcade, and that added to the imposing line.

Each elephant had a driver, either walking by his side, or riding complacently upon the elephant's head, while each bullock-cart had a driver, and some of them two. Then there were camp-attendants and cooks, for this great company would consume much food on the journey. It was two hundred miles to Singapore, and most of the journey was to be made on foot.

As the strange procession finally got under way, nearly all the Malay inhabitants for twenty miles around had assembled to see them off.

There was silence among all the wild animals, save in the cages of Black Langur and the tropical birds. The monkeys chattered, screamed, and swore, and every


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 now and then uttered their characteristic cry of "Wah, wah, wah! Hoo, hoo, hoo!" while the wild tropical birds voiced strange cries of alarm, or sang hysterically.

The tigress and the leopards looked on indifferently, gazing at the scene with their yellow, gleaming eyes, and yawning as though it made them tired. Finally they stretched and yawned some more, and then went to sleep. But Black Langur was very wide-awake. Nothing by the roadside escaped him. He screamed and chattered at each new scene, but at last even he settled down to the monotony of the long, hard march.

The cavalcade travelled rather slowly, about three miles an hour, the elephants at the head setting the pace.

When little Ali arrived at the Sahib's camp, to his great astonishment he found


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 it deserted. He had not thought that his friend the Sahib would break camp so early. But he was not dismayed. The way that they had gone was very apparent to his jungletrained eyes. This Malay boy was as good a tracker as there was in the whole Malay Peninsula, and it was as easy for him to follow a trail like that of the caravan as it would have been for a hound, so he took the trail and scuffed along after the Sahib's wild-animal procession. He did not know just what he would do when he caught up with them, but he must find the Sahib. The white man must listen to him, for the loss of Baby Elephant was not the only thing that troubled the small brown boy.

While he had been sleeping the evening before, he had heard his uncle. Prince Bahi, and another Malay talking over a


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 despicable and cruel plan to sell Baby Elephant when the Sahib should be out of the country. Baby Elephants like this one were quite valuable, and the greedy uncle wanted what money he could get from the sale of this one. Not only had little Ali faced the probability of losing his beloved small elephant, if he stayed with his cruel uncle, but he had also heard them talking of killing him if he objected to the selling of the elephant. So not only was he in danger of losing his pet, but also his life. Ali knew that the Sahib was a good man with a kind heart. If he really understood all his troubles, he would surely help. He was a great man, was the Sahib. He would know how to straighten things out. Then the thought would come to Ali that perhaps the Sahib would not listen to him; perhaps he would


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 send him back. At this thought the boy's heart would almost stand still with fear.

Such were his thoughts as Ali scuffed after the wild animal cavalcade. He knew full well that they would travel five or six hours and then stop in the middle of the day and then resume the trip in the middle of the afternoon.

But Ali had not appreciated how long the way would be, or how fast the procession would move. He arrived at their noon camp an hour or two after they had left. So he resolutely scuffed on after them.

That evening he still followed wearily until ten o'clock, when to his great joy, he came in sight of the camp. Even then he did not dare to show himself, or make his presence known. Perhaps the Sahib would send him back if he appeared too


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 soon. His plan was to follow day after day and then appear, when it was too late to send him back.

That night at about midnight, when the elephants were all peacefully sleeping and the bullocks chewing their cuds, and the camp sentry sleeping also, just as Ali had known he would be, a quiet little figure stole cautiously towards the camp, keeping in the shadows, and moving as silently as a shadow itself. It made its way from tree to bush till it reached the outskirts of the camp, and then slipped noiselessly into the shadows caused by the long line of carts and the large cages containing the wild animals and the birds. After some time, the line of ruminating bullocks was reached, and then the long line of elephants, each secured by a stake. Carefully the figure crept from elephant to elephant


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 until at last it came to the head of the long line where Baby Elephant and his mother was secured.

The old elephant was sleeping soundly, but Baby Elephant himself was quite wide-awake. Perhaps he was thinking of his young master and wondering what had become of him. Certain it was that he greeted him with squeaks of delight, and fondled his hands and face with his expressive trunk.

As for Ali himself, he was overjoyed to find his chum, and to know that he had found his way safely to the Sahib's camp, although he had never doubted that he would.

Ali did not dare talk aloud to Babv Elephant, so he whispered in his great ear, telling him all his boyish sorrows, and they were real sorrows, fraught with very grave


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 danger to the boy. And Baby Elephant was as sympathetic and loving as a small elephant could possibly have been. He squeaked and nuzzled with his trunk, and rubbed against Ali, until the little brown boy was greatly comforted.

Finally Ali had to take a heart-breaking farewell of his, chum, but this was not until he had buried his face upon Baby Elephant's shoulder and poured out his grief in great sobs.

Then the elephants began waking one by one and shaking their great ears, and Ali knew that it would soon be daylight, so he crept away as silently as he had come.

That morning when Sahib Anderson made his round of the camp, he pulled Baby Elephant's big ear playfully and asked him where Ali was. But he little dreamed of the tale that the small ele-


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 phant could tell if he had the power of speech.

After breakfast, the bullock-teams were again yoked up, and Baby Elephant and his mother swung into the wagon-trail and the long day's march again began.

The roads were little more than wagon-trails, with the two tracks made by the wheels barely showing. Often the way was rough, and the going very hard.

To little Ali trudging a mile or two behind the animal cavalcade, the way seemed endless. Those in the procession joked and chatted by the way, and that helped the tedium, but Ali was all alone. Besides he had to provide for his food and look out for water while he travelled.

He subsisted largely upon fruit and berries, but occasionally he stopped at a Malay hut to beg some rice, or rice-cakes,


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 and other plain food, or perhaps some dry fish if he was lucky. But he often went hungry, aside from the fruit.

The Malay villagers looked askance at him. So at the end of the second day when forty miles in all had been covered Ali was footsore, stiff, and weary-hearted. But he did not give up, for his only salvation was in "carrying on." If he lost the Sahib and the animal caravan, he lost everything.

So again that night he crept into camp and poured his grief into the large, sympathetic ear of Baby Elephant and was much comforted.

The following morning when Sahib Anderson made the round of his camp to inspect the animals, he again stopped at Baby Elephant and his mother to pay his respects to Baby Elephant, as he was very


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 fond of him. The small elephant also liked the Sahib, as did all the animals. He had even partly subdued the hatred of Orang-outang, or Wild Man, simply by talking to him in a gentle, kind manner. When one of the magpies had first seen Wild Man, she had gone up to the bars of her cage and chattered at the Sahib for ten minutes, even screaming and scolding at the top of her voice. Of course the Sahib knew not a word of her conversation, but he felt perfectly sure that she was telling him what a terrible fellow Orang-outang was, and advising the Sahib to get rid of him. He also talked to the infuriated bird, just as he did to all the animals, so that she was finally pacified.

In the same manner he now stroked Baby Elephant's ears, and pulled his trunk and talked to him. All this pleased


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 the small elephant greatly, so that he squeaked with delight.

"Well, well, little chap," said the Sahib, "I wonder where your small master is, and what he is doing this fine morning. I guess he misses you. We should like to see him, wouldn't we, little chap?"

If Baby Elephant could have talked English, he might have told a strange tale, for he of all the large company knew that Ali had been in camp the night before. Even at that very moment the Malay lad was hiding in a bamboo thicket not a mile away, watching from the top of a bamboo for the starting of the cavalcade.

Finally he saw the long snake-like caravan take the road, and he climbed wearily down the tree and pattered after them, for the long day's hike over the sun-baked trail.


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 Only in October, 1917, was an end put to this position; the illusions of craft unionism were thrown aside, and first place was given to the problem of securing working class ownership and organisation of the industry on communist principles. From this moment a revival took place in the various Agricultural Workers' Unions which were in existence. The organisation of new unions was soon started in districts populated by an agricultural proletariat.

The development of the unions was assisted by the organisation of Soviet Farms on the nationalised estates. The best organised of these Agricultural Labour Unions were the Luthvanian and White Russian Agricultural Labour Union, the Moscow Union of Orchard Workers, the Petrograd, Tver and Vladimir organisations. In all these organisations the need was felt for a common centre and a common directing head. In order to meet this, an attempt was made to organise a Moscow district Union, which coincided with the division of Central Russia into districts (first half of 1918); but as a consequence of the abolition of the district system, this scheme fell through too.

The All-Russia Agricultural Workers' Union was called into existence in the first half of the year 1919. It was initiated by a Conference of Land workers in Moscow, on February 20, 1919; the latter was convened mainly on the initiative of the land surveyors who had their National Union and whose aim was to unite with the mass of land workers as well as with the groups of agricultural specialists and experts in peasantry. But this first conference, owing to the lack of information, was not a success. Only 69 delegates arrived at the conference, 49 were specialists, land surveyors and agriculturalists, and only twenty represented the workers (17 from the Moscow Landowners' Union and from the Elets, Jula and Shisk Agricultural Workers' Union). The Conference worked out rules and elected an executive committee. But owing to the non-proletarian character and small number of its members present, the union was not registered in the All-Russia Central Council of Trade Unions. The conference was recognised as a preliminary conference of the executive, as the organising bureau for preparing for the convocation of a new conference.

The first All-Russian conference of landholders, convened by this bureau, assembled in Moscow on June 16, 1919. There were present 142 delegates from 30 districts, representing, 48,000 organised in the Landholders' Union.

But owing to the non-revolutionary and non-proletarian character of the organising bureau which convened the conference, and the absence of connection with the localities, this conference also proved unsatisfactory. Out of 142 delegates little more than half represented the proletariat; the rest represented agricultural experts and land surveyors, who numbered in all only 5,000 members. Nevertheless this conference was the turning point in the organisation of the Agricultural workers of Russia.

The leading part at the conference, was taken by the communists and labour fractions, who in spite of the large number of non-party delegates present, succeeded in getting all their


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 Little Ali had several problems to meet. He dared not go too near the caravan for fear that Sahib would discover him and send him back home, and he dared not lag too far behind, for fear that he would lose the way. He knew only in a general fashion where they were going. He had been over the trail but once before and was not sure of it.

Then there was another dark danger coming up swiftly upon his trail from behind, but he knew it not.

His grasping uncle. Prince Bahi, had been furious when he had discovered the flight of the boy and the elephant, for he supposed they had gone together. He suspected that it was a trick of the Sahib's to get back the elephant and also to get the boy. So he followed on the trail of the wild-animal caravan, determined to


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 secure both boy and elephant. He did not want Ali, but he did want the baby elephant, which he knew was valuable.

All through the day little Ali trotted after the Sahib's wild-animal procession. At noon, when they halted, he halted. His feet were by this time blistered, and he was sore and lame in every joint. The hot tropical sun beat down upon him, but he kept doggedly on. All that he loved in the whole world was ahead in the caravan, Baby Elephant and the Sahib. He did not even know whether the Sahib would let him stay or not when he should finally make his presence known, but he must trust to luck. He would say, "Peace, brother," to the Sahib. Perhaps that would help.

He did not intend to make himself known until just before they reached the


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 port from where the animals were to be shipped to Singapore. He knew just how it was to be done, for he had heard the Sahib talk the trip over with his men.

On the fourth morning of little Ali's desperate pursuit of the caravan, just at dawn, the Malay boy was about to crawl out of the bamboo thicket by the side of the road where he had spent the night, and reconnoitre the camp, when he heard voices coming down the road. As he was ever on the watch, and suspicious of every sound, he drew quickly back and peered anxiously out of the thicket.

His precaution was well taken, for presently his sinister uncle. Prince Bahi, and another Malay came running along the road. They seemed in a great hurry and were much excited, as well as very angry.


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 Ali could only catch a word or two, but he felt sure that he was the object of their wrath, and that they were bound for the camp to have it out with Sahib Anderson. Would he give up Baby Elephant? At the thought the Malay boy's heart went sick. If he lost the small elephant, he would not care to live any longer, now that he had lost the Sahib.

Fifteen minutes later a heated interview took place between the white man and the infuriated Malay.

Bahi came straight to the point, as was his custom.

"You bad man. Sahib Anderson," he said. "You get Ali to run away, and take small elephant back to your camp with him."

"You are mistaken, Bahi," said the Sahib, for he knew what children these


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 Malays were, and he did not believe in getting angry with them.

"You are mistaken. I have not persuaded Ali to run away. On the contrary, I told him to stay with you and be a good boy."

"Where is he?" asked Bahi pointedly.

"I don't know," returned the Sahib. "If he is missing, I wish I did know. If you do not believe me, you may search my camp."

With this permission the two suspicious Malays went hurriedly through the camp. Finally they returned to the Sahib, exultant, yet partly defeated.

"Small elephant is here and you have hidden Ali. You saw us coming," said Prince Bahi.

At this direct accusation, the Sahib's temper began to rise. He turned his eyes,


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 which were of a steely blue, full upon the two brown men.

"Bahi," he said, "the Sahib never lies, and he never cheats. He leaves that to his brown brother.

"Ali is not here, and I have not seen him since I broke camp. The baby elephant came to us the night after we left camp. I think he broke away for he was dragging a rope."

"The Sahib lies," said Bahi doggedly, "I will take the small elephant and then the boy will come home when he gets ready."

"You will do nothing of the kind. The elephant belongs to Ali, and he alone can claim him. I shall keep him until I see Ali. Now you get out of my camp."

For a few minutes the dark men hesitated, but finally the Sahib turned upon


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 them with such fury that they left the camp in great haste, vowing vengeance upon the white man and all his outfit.

All that day little Ali trailed the animal caravan, but he went parallel to the trail, half a mile to one side. He did not know what had become of his uncle, but he felt sure that if he fell into his clutches his uncle would bring him back home, and great punishment would be his.

By the fifth night they had reached a point where the trail ran parallel to the sea, with only half a mile between them and salt water.

Sahib Anderson found that the Malay village where he was camped was in a great terror, for a mighty cave-tiger had been killing the villagers for weeks, and the natives hardly dared venture out-of-doors at night.


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1911] Demetri had only five or six dogs left in charge, but these looked fairly fit, all things considered, and it was evident the boy was bent on taking every care of them, for he had not only provided shelters, but had built a small 'lean-to' which would serve as a hospital for any animal whose stomach or coat needed nursing.

Such were in broad outline the impressions I received on my first return to our home station; they were almost wholly pleasant and, as I have shown, in happy contrast with the fears that had assailed me on the homeward route. As the days went by I was able to fill in the detail in equally pleasant fashion, to watch the development of fresh arrangements and the improvement of old ones. Finally, in this way I was brought to realise what an extensive and intricate but eminently satisfactory organisation I had made myself responsible for.

Genus Homo, Species Sapiens!

Win. Barents' house in Novaya Zemlya built 1596. Found by Capt. Carlsen 1871 (275 years later) intact, everything inside as left! What of this hut?

The ocean girt continent.

‘Might have seemed almost heroic if any higher end than excessive love of gain and traffic had animated the design.’—.

‘He is not worthy to live at all, who, for fear and danger of death shunneth his country's service or his own honour, since death is inevitable and the fame of virtue immortal.’—.

There is no part of the world that can not be reached by man. When the ‘can be’ is turned to ‘has been’ the Geographical Society will have altered its status.

At the whirring loom of time unawed

I weave the living garment of God.’—.


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 They besought the Sahib to stop and hunt the tiger, but he could not halt his march, as his animals would suffer. So, all unconscious of his great danger, little Ali lay down to sleep on that fifth night of his long, hard journey, almost in the very heart of the lair of the great man-eating tiger. But he was a child of nature and had perfect trust. He had talked much with the old priest, and that good man had instilled into him the idea that all God's creatures are good and harmless, so he did not fear.

He lay awake for several minutes listening to the soft sighing of the wind in the bamboo thicket, and to the far cries of night-birds, but finally the fatigue of the long, hard day's march overcame him and he slept soundly.

After a while there came into his sleep


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 a strange sense of a great danger which was creeping steadily upon him. In his dream he seemed to feel this danger rather than see it and that made it even more terrible.

He could feel it creeping, creeping, creeping, foot by foot, yet he could see nothing. Finally this sense became so strong that he awoke with a half—smothered cry upon his lips. With his awakening, the sense that the danger was hidden gave place to a very real sense that the danger was very close at hand, and that he would immediately discover it. He looked this way and that with his narrow Malay eyes. It was rather dark in his thicket, so he could not see well until his eyes became accustomed to the darkness. But presently he thought he made out a long, lithe, sinuous figure about thirty


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 feet away creeping slowly towards him. Like a flash, the thought of tigers rushed through his mind.

Then that which he had thought the shape of a tiger came out into a patch of moonlight, about twenty-five feet away, and he was certain.

It was a tiger and the king of all tigers. Ali could plainly see the mighty shoulder, with the tense muscles under the beautiful coat, the great head, the slowly lashing tail, and worst of all, the phosphorescent eyes, that gleamed like two great coals. The mighty beast had one forepaw advanced and partly raised. Whether he was about to spring or not, Ali could not tell.

Ali's first thought as the king of tigers came so plainly into view within springing distance of him was one of great fear.


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 It seemed to him that his blood froze in his veins, and his heart stood still. Then of a sudden, he remembered the old priest, and his wonderful words about wild animals.

"Ali," he had said one day, "never forget that all the wild beasts are your brothers. If you ever meet them face to face, and are seemingly threatened with great danger, just know in your heart that they are your brothers. If they seem ferocious, remember that they are harmless.

"If they show great ferocity towards you, see them as gentle and harmless in your own mind. The mind of man has perfect control over wild beasts, if he only knew it. He can melt away their ferocity with loving thoughts just as the sunshine melts the snow.


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 "If your wild brother would kill you, say to him, 'Peace, brother, peace. So as the mighty tiger stood in the half moonlight glaring with eyes of burning fire at little Ali, he began saying slowly to himself, "Peace, brother, peace." Then, as the tiger seemed to make no further move to advance, "he said it aloud, but it was almost a whisper because of his fear.

"Peace, brother, peace."

At the sound the tiger uttered an angry growl, deep like distant thunder.

But Ali repeated the command.

"Peace, brother, peace."

Again the tiger growled, though not so loud as before, but to Ali's great consternation, he began creeping slowly forward, and with each stealthy step he would stop and look intently at the half-reclining boy.


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 Each time he stopped Ali would say, "Peace, brother, peace."

Presently Ali noted that the lashing of the tail had ceased, and the eyes did not seem to glow so fiercely.

When about ten feet away, the great beast lay gently down upon his belly and watched the boy intently for at least five minutes.

It seemed to Ali that these five minutes were at least a day, or a year, but he never let go of his thought that the great tiger was his brother, and would not hurt him, and at regular intervals he would say softly with caressing tones:

"Peace, brother, peace."

At last, to Ali's great astonishment, the mighty beast slowly arose, stretched himself deliberately, and turning, made his way cautiously out of the thicket. But


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