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Chinese Interference in UK Academia

don't judge are causing deep damage … there are other cases where we think there is more concerning activity taking place ***.

Engagement with think tanks in order to promote a particular view of the world is not unusual behaviour and would not generally reach the threshold for 'interference'. However, Chinese tactics extend to intimidation and coercion. For example, we were told that staff from at least one European think tank focusing on China are frequently followed by Chinese officials, and others have experienced difficulties obtaining Chinese visas. Charles Parton, Senior Associate Fellow at the Royal United Services Institute (RUSI) told the Committee about one employee who "knows if she wishes to return to China, temporarily or when she retires, she cannot say things that go against the Party, and she has told me, 'I have to clear things with my protector back in Beijing' … that is the way the Party forces [ethnic Chinese academics] to act".

PP. The UK's academic institutions provide a rich feeding ground for China to achieve political influence in the UK and economic advantage over the UK. China exerts influence over institutions, individual UK academics and Chinese students in order to control the narrative of debate about China—including through the use of Confucius Institutes in the UK—and it directs or steals UK academic research to obtain Intellectual Property in order to build, or short-cut to, Chinese expertise. However, the academic sector has not received sufficient advice on, or protection from, either.

QQ. In seeking political influence, there are obvious and repeated examples of Chinese attempts to interfere and stifle debate amongst the academic community in the UK. Universities are reliant on student fees, and the vast number of Chinese students in the UK—it is striking that there are more than five times the number than for any other country—provides China with significant leverage, which it is not afraid to exert. Yet the Government had shown very little interest in warnings from Academia: at the time of drafting, there was no point of contact in the Government for those in the sector to seek advice on these issues.

In addition to influence and interference, Academia also provides China with a means of securing economic advantage over the UK. This can be overt—directing academic research for its own ends domestically, whether in an economic sense or militarily. It can also be covert—using collaborative projects to steal information and IP. In both respects, Academia is an easy option' since the information may be less protected than it might be in the private sector or in the Ministry of Defence, for example. Academic institutions often conduct research on behalf of UK Industry, and we were told that they can be more vulnerable than their Industry counterparts due to a combination of greater need for funding ***.

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CHINA Chinese Talent Programme participants have pleaded guilty or have been convicted of offences, including economic espionage and theft of trade secrets, export-control law violations, and grant and tax fraud.

While the potential theft of IP may have received the most headlines, China's overt use of UK Academia provides it with just as much of an opportunity to gain an economic advantage over the UK. China directs, funds and collaborates on research—in particular that which might benefit the Chinese military.

The risks of this can most clearly be seen in respect of dual-use technologies—defined as "goods, software, technology, documents and diagrams which can be used for both civil and military applications". One of the problems with this is that the potential military use of dual-use technologies is not always apparent at the beginning of the research project and therefore the initial research is often unclassified. In this way, research on technological innovations - which might later be seen to have a clear military use, and perhaps offer a decisive military advantage - can be readily available via academic engagement.

On the issue of diversion of UK-China joint research for military use, we were told that basic research is often open to collaboration, and individual academics and research groups ***. Universities themselves may intend to commercialise IP, but increasingly need Chinese financial support. Moreover, transfer of tangible or intangible goods to China only requires an export licence if they are in the Control List, or where there are specific concerns about military or Weapons of Mass Destruction end use. Emerging technologies without established military use are often not covered. ***.

It appears highly likely therefore that collaboration on joint UK-China research projects is being exploited for military use ***. HMG noted that research related to engineering or physical sciences was most likely to have a defence use (and therefore was at greatest risk). ***.

Shortly after President Xi Jinping visited the University of Manchester in 2015, the university's National Graphene Institute was involved in a five-year collaborative research project with the Aero Engine Corporation of China's Beijing Institute of Aeronautical Materials (BIAM). In a press release, the university stated that this partnership would "accelerate the application of graphene in the aviation industry and other sectors".

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The Government Response and inform the sector. This approach is also driven by an understanding that the threat message is likely to be better received by those involved with research and innovation if it is delivered through a variety of routes, including those responsible for sponsorship, funding and strategic direction.

Project DERWENT also aims to engage directly with Academia to develop protective security guidance and threat briefings, which are tailored for the sector. Given the broad range of academic relationships, the project aims to deliver a core script, in order to ensure a consistent message from those who engage with organisations involved in research and innovation.

While Project DERWENT certainly has worthy aims, we nevertheless must come back to the fact that, from the evidence given to this Inquiry, HMG is still not clear which areas of research and collaboration it is trying to protect from China. That, surely, must be the first step, to communicate to academic institutions a comprehensive list of the areas of greatest research sensitivity. Unless, and until, this is done, then China is able to direct and collaborate on—unfettered—research that provides it with an economic advantage.

Furthermore, it is clear that, even if the areas could be agreed upon, the Intelligence Community acknowledge that the Government has little leverage in this area to prevent Chinese research or collaboration. In July 2019, NCSC told the Committee:

"at the moment Government has no way of stopping a university collaborating with a Chinese Professor or a Chinese company."

This was echoed in December 2020 by the DNSA, who noted that engagement with Academia could be challenging, given that it "highly prizes its independence".

Perhaps the only area that is ahead of this rather bleak picture is those academic posts ***. These posts are subject to more stringent vetting controls than other posts. In 2019, DI told the Committee that it was undertaking a programme of work to *** university degree courses that could potentially be utilised for Weapons of Mass Destruction programmes. The Academic Technology Approval Scheme, which students had to apply to in advance of starting such courses, has now been expanded to cover courses which could potentially be utilised for developing Advanced Conventional Military Technology.

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The Government Response its own ends, at the most basic level—i.e. what it is they are trying to steal. There was still no comprehensive list of the areas of UK research that need protecting from China.

The broad areas would appear to be self-evident—those which the Chinese have themselves identified—as the NCSC told the Committee in 2019:

"if you look at 'Made in China 2025', there are a set of technologies in there that the Chinese wish to dominate where currently the vast majority of academic research is in the UK."

Yet, in October 2020, the Acting National Security Adviser (NSA) and GCHQ suggested that work was still being done by the Government to identify these areas of sensitivity—or at least to agree a comprehensive list amongst departments. The Acting NSA told the Committee: "We are looking at what more we can do ***, so that we can be clear about where we think the areas of greatest sensitivity are for research."

Director GCHQ clearly recognised this lack of clarity and the need for action:

{{quote|''we don't have a joined-up view on the things that we most need to protect ***. So, you know, a particular area of technology that the UK might find or think is very important, linking that to where we are academically the most strong, linking that to how we encourage inward investment, including in research, and then linking that back to our knowledge and understanding of ***, it has to be a whole of system approach and I can see some real positive developments in that, but we are coming from a situation where Chinese involvement at student level and investment level has been welcomed for a number of years ***.'' {{*!/e}}

{{bold block/s}} UU. At present, HMG still seems to be trying to understand the threat from Chinese students stealing Intellectual Property from UK Academia, or the Chinese subverting UK research to its own ends, at the most basic level—i.e. what it is they are trying to steal. There is still no comprehensive list of the areas of sensitive UK research that need protecting from China. Identifying these key areas of research must be a priority, and they must be communicated to Academia as a matter of urgency so that protective action can be taken. Unless and until this is done, then the UK is handing China a clear economic advantage over the UK, and indeed the rest of the world. {{bold block/e}} {{dhr}}

{{ph|class=_h2|How: Taking action on economic advantage}}

{{*!/s|328}} In terms of tackling the manipulation of Academia for economic advantage, we were told that the Government was now talking to Academia about the threat. Director GCHQ noted in July 2019 that part of the reason for its new Manchester office "is because of the preponderance of big academic institutions that need to get closer proximity to some of our advice". NCSC later noted that it was now "talking to those universities to say, as a priority, to make sure that they understand what the risks are". In May 2021, a new {{*!/e}}{{rule|6em|align=left}}{{smallrefs}}{{c|117}}

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CHINA the fact that it provides its information to the BEIS Select Committee and to the Science and Technology Committee. We also note that its response was provided on an email system accredited only to 'Official-Sensitive', yet it referenced information in our more highly classified communication. We are worried that a department charged with security matters would make such a basic error. The BEIS Select Committee may wish to assure itself as to the security processes in place with the department to avoid such errors.

We have previously addressed the lack of oversight resulting from the Fusion Doctrine. The responses from DfE and BEIS in relation to our Inquiry into China—one of the key national security threats facing the UK—are clear examples of the unacceptable nature of the current system, both in terms of the failure of policy departments to be alert to security matters and to take responsibility for tackling them, and the lack of effective oversight if this Committee is not formally given a remit in this area.

In terms of tackling Chinese influence over, and interference in, many of our academic institutions, while the dawning recognition that there is a problem is welcome, the Committee has still not seen any detail as to what action is planned to tackle it—which reinforces our concern that policy departments are not taking it sufficiently seriously.

In the evidence received, the only step that was pointed to was the championing of the importance of freedom of speech and academic freedom in our academic institutions, which, as the (then) Universities Minister noted, "are a huge part of what makes our higher education system so well-respected around the world". The UK Government says that, in order to protect free speech, it has worked with Universities UK on guidelines that provided advice on a wide range of national security issues, including the protection of values (this guidance is discussed further below). In addition, the Higher Education (Freedom of Speech) Bill was introduced in the House of Commons in May 2021 and is making progress. At the time of writing, it was still at Report stage in the House of Commons.

Nevertheless, the scant response from the Government demonstrates there is still a long way to go before we can stem the tide of Chinese political influence in UK academic institutions bought by Chinese money—money that China uses to control and validate its own political narrative and to shut down criticism. The introduction of the Government's Higher Education (Freedom of Speech) Bill is not—in and of itself—going to solve this systemic problem.

As at 2021, HMG still seemed to be at the stage of trying to understand the threat from Chinese students stealing IP from UK Academia, or the Chinese subverting UK research to

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In 2019, the External Expert witnesses we spoke to told the Committee that the Government had shown very little interest in their warnings that China was actively attempting to influence and utilise Academia in the UK for its own purposes: Lord Patten noted that there was not even point of contact in the Government for advice on these issues.

HMG appears now to recognise that Chinese engagement with the UK's academic sector—while yielding many benefits—is not without risk. The Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office noted in 2020:

"in the UK we are aware of cases such as autocratic state actors putting pressure on universities and academics to avoid certain topics or self-censor their research or course content. There are also reports of pressure or influence exerted on overseas students. We are also aware of autocratic state actors targeting research collaboration."

However, as in so many areas, the devolution of responsibility for security to policy departments means that the security aspects are being lost. In July 2019, the DNSA and Senior Responsible Owner for China told us that "the Department for Education and BEIS [the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy] are the ones who we have tasked to be the lead government departments to understand the threat from influence and interference in the academic sector". However, in December 2020, 18 months later, the DNSA told the Committee:

"we need DfE [the Department for Education] to be able to understand that agenda, to have a high level of awareness of the risks of the potential of intelligence and a covert capability to support them in that."

It appears therefore that the policy departments still do not have the understanding needed. This problem can be seen by the lack of engagement we have received during this Inquiry from DfE and the (then) Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS). In April 2021, we contacted both departments to request information on issues on which they are the 'lead' departments. At the time of writing, we were still waiting to receive a response from DfE—despite having chased this request with the Secretary of State's office. No explanation has been provided for the department's failure to engage with this Inquiry. This is particularly concerning when DfE is supposed to play a pivotal role in countering nefarious Chinese activity in academic institutions.

BEIS did respond to our requests—only to refuse them outright. The department refused to provide any information to the Committee, citing commercial sensitivities and

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CHINA

China's theft of IP has often been cited as one of the reasons for its significant growth in technological expertise and market share. In July 2019, the Chief Executive Officer of the National Cyber Security Centre (NCSC) told us:

"In our role trying to defend the UK from cyber-attacks, China's ambitions to steal IP is one of the principal things that we worry about. When we analyse how that whole attack ecosystem works … it's about China … using whatever means they can to attack a range of western organisations for their valuable Intellectual Property and then find use [of that IP] to China."

As such, it is clear that China's pursuit of key emerging technologies poses an increasing threat to UK Itellectual Property, including via UK universities and research institutions. The vast number of Chinese students—particularly post-graduates—in academic institutions in the UK that are involved in cutting-edge research must therefore raise concerns in this respect given the access and opportunities it affords them.

The United States (US) has already recognised this threat and has very publicly taken action to counter it. In 2020, then-President Trump issued a Presidential Proclamation imposing additional entry requirements on post-graduate Chinese students with a demonstrable link to the CCP for study in the US. The Presidential Proclamation notes:

"The PRC [People's Republic of China] authorities use some Chinese students, mostly post-graduate students and post-doctorate researchers, to operate as non-traditional collectors of intellectual property. Thus, students or researchers from the PRC studying or researching beyond the undergraduate level who are or have been associated with the PLA [People's Liberation Army] are at high risk of being exploited or co-opted by the PRC authorities and provide particular cause for concern."

The Presidential Proclamation led to the US Department of State revoking many existing visas for Chinese students and denying other visas to prospective Chinese students. At the time of writing, the Proclamation remains in force under the Biden Administration—meaning the new Administration also recognises the enduring threat posed by Chinese students.

With US Academia becoming an increasingly hard target for Chinese students, it is likely that more Chinese students will seek to study at UK academic institutions—meaning that UK IP and information is increasingly vulnerable. This concern is supported by public research. According to the Australian Strategic Policy Institute, the People's Liberation Army has sent approximately 500 military scientists to UK academic institutions in the period 2007-2017. The author of the document suggested that the UK is a primary destination for Chinese military scientists studying abroad. In some cases, these students

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Chinese Interference in UK Academia obscure their military affiliations, including through the use of misleading historical names for their institutions or even the use of non-existent institutions. A document published by the leading Chinese defence university, the National University of Defence Technology, advises students that military and political courses can be excluded from their academic records when applying to foreign institutions. Once established in academic institutions, these students are in a position to identify and exfiltrate valuable Information Data and IP back to China.

In addition to using students to steal information and IP, China also utilises so-called 'Talent Programmes'. Originally, these programmes were established to attract Chinese research scientists back to China; however, they now recruit Western scientists as well. For instance, the 'Thousand Talents' Programme is made up of a number of schemes that are aimed both at Chinese scientists working abroad, and at foreign scientists, offering very significant remuneration and research budgets to work and/or teach in China.

These programmes are established by the Chinese state and aim to transfer Information Data and IP from the participants to Chinese research entities or government agencies. This is not necessarily illegal and is done overtly—however, it is noteworthy that, in the US, researchers are obliged to disclose funding from foreign governments when applying for government grants. In 2018, Texas Tech University warned its staff that recipients of 'Thousand Talents' grants could, in future, be barred from working on research funded by the US Department of Defense or by federal research grants. The US Congress was told by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in December 2018 that such programmes "encourage theft of intellectual property from US institutions". No such action appears to have been taken in the UK to prevent IP and information being transferred out of the UK, either through 'Talent Programmes' or more generally.

China operates a number of Party- and state-sponsored Talent Programmes to recruit researchers (both Chinese and non-Chinese nationals), who are then incentivised to steal foreign technologies needed to advance China's national, military and economic goals. Participants in Chinese Talent Programmes have been known to go on to register patents in China on behalf of the Chinese government —yet these have been based on research funded by foreign governments. China benefits from this Intellectual Property and associated royalties, at the cost of others.

In one specific case ***.

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Rh neeting after he took the chair. “Some things are roing to be changed in this house,” he said sternly, ‘or I will bring influence to bear that will change ihem.” Every one knew that he referred to the lational president of the fraternity. “There will ,e no more drunken brawls in this house such as ve had at the last house dance. Any one who brings 1 cheap woman into this house at a dance will hear from it. Both my fiancee and my sister were at the last dance. I do not intend that they shall be insulted again. This is not a bawdy-house, and I want some of you to remember that.”

He tried very hard to pass a rule, such as many of the fraternities had, that no one could bring liq¬ uor into the house and that there should be no gam¬ bling. He failed, however. The brothers took his scolding about the dance because most of them were heartily ashamed of that occasion; but they an¬ nounced that they did not intend to have the chapter turned into the S. C. A., which was the Sanford Christian Association. It would have been well for Hugh if the law had been passed. Vinton’s insist¬ ent generosity was rapidly turning him into a steady drinker. He did not get drunk, but he was taking down more high-balls than were good for him.

Outside of his drinking, however, he was leading a virtuous and, on the whole, an industrious 1 e. He was too much in love with Cynthia Day to let his mind dwell on other women, and he had become


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CHINA

In November 2019, a Chinese student was photographed in Edinburgh with a sign supporting Hong Kong citizens' demands for free elections. The following day, he was secretly photographed at Edinburgh Airport while escorting his mother to her flight. Both pictures were circulated on Weibo, the Chinese social media site, by someone who believed he was returning to Chengdu, his hometown. The post—entitled 'Brothers from Chengdu, beat him to death'—contained the flight number and a call for him to be arrested by police or assaulted by citizens. It was shared 10,000 times.

In November 2019, it was reported that the Glasgow CSSA— which acknowledges that "the Chinese embassy is one of the sponsors of our events"—had promoted 'flash mobs' to confront Hong Kong demonstrations. One Hong Kong student who had attended protests in Edinburgh said that "there is Chinese embassy involvement in these demonstrations … They surrounded us in a circle, waving Chinese flags, singing the national anthem and being threatening and hostile." A spokesman for the Chinese consulate in Edinburgh told The Times: "It is totally justifiable and understandable for Chinese students to express their indignation and opposition to words and actions that attempt to split the nation and smear China's image."

A Hong Kong student at the University of Sheffield reported that he and his friends were surrounded by mainland Chinese students when they were handing out pro-democracy leaflets: "A glass was thrown at one of my friends and one of our flags was broken … We were terrified. In Sheffield there are nearly 4,000 Chinese students and only a few hundred Hong Kong students … It's the fear of what they might do that scares us. We are sure we will be on watch lists when we go home." On another occasion, a film screening by Hong Kong students at Aston University, in Birmingham, was interrupted by mainland Chinese students who attempted to video those attending.

In addition to mainstream Academia, China will also seek to influence think tanks and NGOs in the UK—again with the aim of influencing research agendas, making policy recommendations and influencing the narrative on China. MI5 observed that:

think tanks that people are inserting themselves into, or think tanks which are essentially just ***, that is a methodology that we've seen since time immemorial and we certainly see it nowadays, and ***. So there are bits of the think tank activity that go on that we

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CHINA Research Collaboration Advice Team was established within the (then) Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy to "promote government advice on security-related topics, such as export controls, cyber security, and protection of intellectual property".

In December 2020, the DNSA noted the close relationship between the Government and Universities UK in the dissemination of advice to the sector. Universities UK published its guide 'Managing Risks in Internationalisation: Security Related Issues' in October 2020, which drew heavily on resources from the Centre for the Protection of National Infrastructure and NCSC. The guide was designed to be used in conjunction with Project DERWENT —which aims to deliver greater awareness and protective security advice around the threat from Hostile State Activity to UK research and innovation—and provides advice on the protection of reputation and values, people, campuses and partnerships.

Project DERWENT aims to deliver greater awareness and protective security advice around the threat from Hostile State Activity (HSA) to UK research and innovation, particularly presented by joint research ventures and academic collaboration. The work aligns with the Cabinet Office-led 'Trading Safely' pillar.

To increase understanding and awareness of the threat from HSA to research and innovation posed by academic collaboration and joint research ventures. To jointly (between the Centre for the Protection of National Infrastructure and the National Cyber Security Centre) develop a package of proportionate protective security measures to make the UK's cutting-edge research and innovation a harder target for HSA. To identify and deploy levers which encourage good security behaviour within the sector. To enable government departments and other organisations to disseminate advice and guidance products to the sector.

The Government's approach will focus on the departments and private sector organisations that fund and set the strategic direction for research and innovation, in order to influence

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Rh with color. Many of the men wore blue sweaters, some of them brightly colored Mackinaws, all of them knitted toques. As soon as the cold weather arrived, the freshmen had been permitted to substi¬ tute blue toques with orange tassels for their “baby bonnets.” The blue and orange stood out vividly against the white snow-covered hills, and the skates rang sharply as they cut the glare ice.

There was snow-shoeing, skiing, and sliding “to keep a fellow fit so that he could do good work in his exams,” but much as the boys enjoyed the winter sports, a black pall hung over the college as the examination period drew nearer and nearer. The library, which had been virtually deserted all term, suddenly became crowded. Every afternoon and evening its big tables were filled with serious-faced lads earnestly bending over books, making notes, running their fingers through their hair, occasion¬ ally looking up with dazed eyes, or twisting about miserably.

The tension grew greater and greater. The upper-classmen were quiet and businesslike, but most of the freshmen were frankly terrified. A few of them packed their trunks and slunk away, and a few more openly scorned the examinations and their frightened classmates; but they were the exceptions. All the buoyancy seemed gone out of the college; nothing was left but an intense strain. The dormi¬ tories were strangely quiet at night. There was


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Rh llusions plumb to hell I thought, for example, hat all college men were gentlemen; well, most of hem are n t. I thought that all of them were inelligent and hard students.”

The group broke into loud laughter. “Me, 00,” said George Winsor when the noise had bated. “I thought that I was coming to a regular ducational heaven, halls of learning and all that ort of thing. Why, it’s a farce. Here I am porting a Phi Bete key, an honor student if you lease, and all that I really know as a result of my ollege ‘education’ is the fine points of football and ow to play poker. I don’t really know one damn fling about anything.”

The other men were Jack Lawrence and Pudge amieson. Jack was an earnest chap, serious and ard working but without a trace of brilliance, le, too, wore a Phi Beta Kappa key, and so did ’udge. Hugh was the only one of the group who ad not won that honor; the fact that he was the nly one who had won a letter was hardly, he felt, Dmplete justification. His legs no longer seemed lore important than his brains; in fact, when he ad sprained a tendon and been forced to drop
 * ack, he had been genuinely pleased1.

Pudge was quite as plump as he had been as a •eshman and quite as jovial, but he did not tell ) many smutty stories. He still persisted in crossig his knees in spite of the difficulties involved.


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 ==CHAPTER VIII==

THE dormitory initiations had more than angered Hugh; they had completely upset his mental equilibrium: his every ideal of college swayed and wabbled. He was n’t a prig, but he had come to Sanford with very definite ideas about the place, and those ideas were already groggy from the unmerciful pounding they were receiving.

His father was responsible for his illusions, if one may call them illusions. Mr. Carver was a shy, sensitive man well along in his fifties, with a wife twelve years his junior. He pretended to cul¬ tivate his small farm in Merrytown, but as a matter of fact he lived off of a comfortable income left him by his very capable father. He spent most of his time reading the eighteenth-century essayists, John Donne’s poetry, the “Atlantic Monthly,” the “Bos¬ ton Transcript,” and playing Mozart on his violin. He did not understand his wife and was thoroughly afraid of his son; Hugh had an animal vigor that at times almost terrified him.

At his wife’s insistence he had a talk with Hugh the night before the boy left for college. Hugh Rh


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232 right now, and I can afford to play if I want to.”

“I’m a little ahead myself,” said Hugh, “1 don’t play very often, though, except in the house when the fellows insist. I can’t shoot craps at all, and I get tired of cards after a couple of hours.”

“I’m a damn fool to play,” Winsor asserted posi¬ tively, “a plain damn fool. I ought n’t to waste my time at it, but I’m a regular fiend for the game. . 1 get a great kick out of it. How’s to sit in with us? There’s only going to be half a dozen fellows, Two-bit limit.”

“Yeah, it ’ll start with a two-bit limit, but after an hour deuces ’ll be wild all over the place and tht sky will be the limit. I’ve sat in those games before.”

Winsor laughed. “Guess you ’re right, but what’s the odds? Better shoot a few hands.”

“Well, all right, but I can’t stay later than eleven I’ve got a quiz in eccy to-morrow, and I’ve got tc bone up on it some time to-night.”

“I’ve got that quiz, too. I ’ll leave with you a eleven.”

Winsor and Hugh entered the dormitory anc climbed the stairs. Allen’s door was open, and sev eral undergraduates were lolling around the room smoking and chatting. They welcomed the new comers with shouts of “Hi, Hugh,” and “Hi George.”

Allen had a large round table in the center o


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286 flowered plain—and then the abyss. He felt pr pared to do nothing at all, and he was not swept l an overpowering desire to do anything in particula Writing had the greatest appeal for him, bi he doubted his ability. Teach? Perhaps. Bi teaching meant graduate work. Well, he woul see what the next year at college would show. E was going to take a course in composition wil Professor Henley, and if Henley thought his gif warranted it, he would ask his father for a year < two of graduate work at Harvard.

College was pleasant that last year. It w; pleasant to wear a blue sweater with an orange S c it; it was pleasant, too, to wear a small white h that had a blue B on the crown, the insignia of tl Boule and a sign that he was a person to be r spected and obeyed; it was pleasant to be spok< to by the professors as one who had reach< something approaching manhood; life gene ally was pleasant, not so exciting as the thr preceding years but fuller and richer. Eai in the first term he was elected to Helmet, „an hon< society that possessed a granite “tomb,” a snu windowless building in which the members we supposed to discuss questions of great importan and practise secret rites of awe-inspiring wonde As a matter of fact, the monthly meetings we nothing but “bull fests,” or as one cynical memb put it, “We wear a gold helmet on our sweate


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 Matter, which he chode rather to diddemble, than to expode, to the indidcreet Management of meaner Writers. For in the first Line of his great Work the Æneis, every Word is a Monosyllable; add tho' he makes a deeming kind of Apology, yet he cannot forbear awning a decret Pleadure in what he had done. "My first Line in the ÆFneis, says he, ds not harsh.

"But a much better Instance may be given from the last Line of Manilius, made English by our learned and judicious Mr. Creech;

"Where the many liquid Consonants are placed so artfully, that they give a pleasing Sound to the Words, tho’ they are all of one Syllable.

It is plain frome these last Words that the Subject-matter, Monodyllables, is not so much to be complain'd of ; what is chiefly to be reguir'd, is of the Poet, that he be a good Workman, in forming them aright, and that be place them artfully: and, however Mr. Dryden may deisre to disguise himself, yet, as he somewhere says, Nature will prevail. For see with how much Passion he has exprest himself towards these two Verses, in which the Poet has not been sparing of Monosyllables: "I am sure; says he, there are few who make Verses, have observ'd the Sweetness of thesé two Lines in Coopers Hill;

"And


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 =CHAPTER XII=

THE college granted a vacation of three days between terms, but Hugh did not go home, nor did many of the other undergraduates. Phere was excitement in the air; the college was beginning to stew and boil again. Fraternity rush¬ ing was scheduled for the second week of the new term.

The administration strictly prohibited the rush¬ ing of freshmen the first term; and, in general, the fraternities respected the rule. True, the frater¬ nity men were constantly visiting eligible freshmen, chatting with them, discussing everything with them except fraternities. That subject was barred.

Hugh and Carl received a great many calls from upper-classmen the first term, and Hugh had been astonished at Carl’s reticence and silence. Carl, the flippant, the voluble, the “wise-cracker,” lost his tongue the minute a man wearing a fraternity pin entered the room. Hugh was forced to enter¬ tain the all-important guest. Carl never explained how much he wanted to make a good fraternity, not any fraternity, only a good one; nor did he ex¬ plain that his secret studying the first term had been


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earned a scant support for her family by raising vegetables, spinning, and knitting. Once she had worked on board the barges plying up and down the canal and had occasionally been harnessed with other women to the towing rope of a pakschuyt plying between Broek and Amsterdam. But when Hans had grown strong and large, he had insisted on doing all such drudgery in her place. Besides, her husband had become so very helpless of late that he required her constant care. Although not having as much intelligence as a little child, he was yet strong of arm and very hearty, and Dame Brinker had sometimes great trouble in controlling him.

"Ah! children, he was so good and steady," she would sometimes say, "and as wise as a lawyer. Even the burgomaster would stop to ask him a question, and now, alack! he don't know his wife and little ones. You remember the father, Hans, when he was himself—a great brave man—Don't you?"

"Yes, indeed, Mother, he knew everything and could do anything under the sun—and how he would sing! Why, you used to laugh and say it was enough to set the windmills dancing."


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HE college year swept rapidly to its close, so rapidly to the seniors that the days seemed to melt in their grasp. The twenteth of June would bring them their diplomas and the end of their college life. They felt a bit chesty at the thought of that B.S. or A.B., but a little sentimental at the thought of leaving “old Sanford.” suddenly everything about the college became infinitely precious—every tradition; every building, no matter how ugly; even the professors, not just the serving few—all of them.

Hugh took to wandering about the campus, sometimes alone, thinking of Cynthia, sometimes with a favored crony such as George Winsor or Judge Jamieson. He did n’t see very much of sorry the last month or two of college. He was just as fond of him as ever, but Norry was only a nior; he would not understand how a fellow felt about Sanford when he was on the verge of leaving But George and Pudge did understand. The did n’t say much as they wandered around buildings, merely strolled along, occasionally using to laugh over some experience that had Rh


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 "So I did. Bless me! how the boy remembers! Gretel, child, take that knitting needle from your father, quick; he'll get it in his eyes maybe; and put the shoe on him. His poor feet are like ice half the time, but I can't keep 'em covered, all I can do—" And then, half wailing, half humming, Dame Brinker would sit down and fill the low cottage with the whirr of her spinning wheel.

Nearly all the out-door work, as well as the household labor, was performed by Hans and Gretel. At certain seasons of the year the children went out day after day to gather peat, which they would stow away in square, brick-like pieces, for fuel. At other times, when home-work permitted, Hans rode the towing-horses on the canals, earning a few stivers a day; and Gretel tended geese for the neighboring farmers.

Hans was clever at carving in wood, and both he and Gretel were good gardeners. Gretel could sing and sew and run on great, high, home-made stilts better than any other girl for miles around. She could learn a ballad in five minutes and find, in its season, any weed or flower you could name; but she dreaded books, and often the very sight of the figuring board in the old school-house would set her eyes swimming. Hans, on the contrary, was slow and steady. The harder the task, whether in study or daily labor, the better he liked it. Boys who sneered at him out of school, on account of his patched clothes and scant leather breeches, were forced to yield him the post of honor in nearly every class. It was not long before he was the only youngster in the school who had


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 boat on survey duty. Here it was difficult to find quarters, so he carried me to Kampong Illier, where he had hired a bungalow. In the evening he invited me to accompany him to St. John's mount, where, he said, we should enjoy a most glorious sunset. While sitting on the old Dutch ramparts his first hint of a scientific journal was made to me, by his asking my co-operation—not that he seriously intended this, but as an indirect way of letting me know of a somewhat (as it would appear to me) ambitious project. At the time, I personally thought little more of it, but of his seriousness (if I had any doubts on the subject) he gave ample proof in his devotion of every spare mouent to an examination of the geology of Malacca and its neighbourhood, exposing himself in this pursuit the live long day to the full rays of the tropical sun. Few men were gifted with such intense energy. Alas! the spirit was strong, but a delicate constitution denied to him the full exercise of his abilities.

The establishment of the "Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia" duly took place in 1817, as mentioned by Archdeacon, who remarks that it was a bold enterprise for a single individual to undertake. I may also add that, continued as it was for so many years, it was also a most public spirited one, for such a work was necessarily mainly supported at the private expense of the proprietor. And as the Archdeacon justly states, the contiinuance of the Journal evidenced a time of great scientific power and literary activity in the Straits. To is the credit due not only of evoking this power, but of having personally contributed so largely by his papers to its scientific objects.

If my remembrance serves me aright,, while influencing all that were willing to aid, himself engaged first in geological enquiry next in geographical exploration; and then in philological studies: and, to my mind, it is on the latter that his reputation will mainly rest.

During these few recent years, I have given some of my attention to one of the branches coming under the scope of his studies, and in reading the disquisitions of on Asia,  on Africa,  on Polynesia, with others. I find his elucidation of many remote and subtle points in the linguistic peculiarities of nations most respectfully quoted or referred to. Indeed, he is generally known as Dr. —a title too often detained from those who


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 deserve it best. On this subject, it is now many years ago that I had the pleasure of the company of Sir, Chief Justice of New Zealand, when I was surprised to learn of the familiar knowledge which that learned lawyer had of the minute Analysis by of the Polynesian languages.

, in first applying himself to the geology of the Malayan Peninsula, displayed great fortitude and contempt of danger, proceeding as he did in his excursions in a small sempan into coves and crecks notoriously infested with pirates. But even more so did he display these admirable qualities when penetrating the wilds of Johor, Pahang and Kedah. About this period he had removed to Sungei Kallang, near Singapore, while I, bound by my official duty, remained in town.

I remember, after he had been on one of those expeditions for several weeks, I was suddenly aroused late in the evening by what appeared to be his spectre. The next moment I saw him tottering, when I rushed forward and grasped my friend, leading him to a chair.

He had just returned from exploring the Indau, Johor, and Muar, crossing the jungles of the interior, and after many adventures amongst the wild tribes and escapes from flooded rivers, alligators, &c., he found means to return to Singapore. Weak, weary and sick, he made his way to my house, as the nearest one, likely to administer to his immediate wants. In this, I need not say there was no laxity.

In the latter years of our intercourse, I observed him to be principally devoted to philology. On this subject, his range of enquiry was as wide as it was persevering. I finally left the Far East in 1855, before he had entered into the midst of his labours in this direction: yet I had had fair opportunity of seeing his close application to the science of language. All languages were equally attacked by him European, Asian, African, American, and Polynesian—in their glossarial, phonetic and idiomatic phases, and particularly the latter. The extent of the learning evidenced by his papers is surprising, even now after the lapse of a quarter of a century, if we consider that they were published before the present facilities were offered or at hand to the student, which are now so abundantly provided by the publication of the vocabularies and grammars of, , , , and a host of others.


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This index, printed from part of a card-index maintained by the Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh, is a record of certain book reviews appearing in the scientific, technical and trade journals currently received in the Technology Department. It is concerned mainly with books on pure and applied science, but includes a few on allied subjects. Its purpose is primarily to index reviews rather than to compete with any existing booklist by suggesting books on any subject, or by furnishing bibliographic information. In accordance with this plan, the arrangement is by authors, though the form of entry, being determined from the review and not from the book itself, is in some cases doubtless incorrect.

Except for the correction of obvious errors, the bibliographic information is as given in the review, or as combined from two or more reviews when several are indexed. Since many of the reviews are carelessly done, the information given is, in many cases, both inaccurate and incomplete. In general the names of publishers are abbreviated in accordance with the practice in the more important book-trade bibliographies. Titles of journals are as a rule given in full.

Each quotation immediately follows the name of the journal from which it is taken. Obviously these brief extracts, thus detached from the context, must not be accepted as conclusive. Very often a review is so equivocal that there can be no unanimity of opinion as to whether it is favorable or unfavorable. For this reason no estimate is given here. Except for this one omission, this index is an exact copy of cards filed in the book review index of the Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh.

The first volume (1917) of the Technical Book Review Index appeared in six numbers. The first three of these were included in the Monthly Bulletin appearing in the numbers for March, April and May respectively and quarterly numbers were published in July, October and December.

The price of the Index is fifty cents a year.

The "Technical Book Review Index," published in April and July 1915 by the Index Office, Inc., Chicago, consisted of a record of technical book reviews furnished by the Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh.


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 I may mention one incident which occurred at this period as exemplifying his devotion to his favourite pursuit. In the year 1849-50, I was surveying the Johor River, when I asked him to accompany me for change of air. I had at my service a small gunboat not over well provided with kadjangs. Anchoring in the evening, I turned in after the fatigues of the day and fell asleep, but was awoke at midnight by a sudden turmoil. This proved to be a Sumatra, bringing with it the usual squalls and rain. On looking for my friend, I found him perched on the top of the powder canister to save himself from the wet, close by a lamp at which he was, and had been all night, closely analysing the construction of the Dutch language. Such enthusiasm surely deserved unalloyed success and the applause of mankind. But the inscrutable ways of Providence brought not about the reward that his friends would have entirely desired, or which would have been entirely gratifying, to them. Sic transit gloria mundi! is variously and at different times mentioned along with, , , and. For my part, I would class him alone with. But in doing so, even here there is considerable qualification. Both were borderers, both men of intense energy and great powers of application. With all this was a poct, a poet above mediocrity. I am not aware that ever wrote a verse. It is in the science of language that and  aro akin in genius, but 's sphere was translation, 's analysis and comparison. was an antiquarian, an explorer of things as they are, a far more difficult and deeper subject than the former, requiring great and comprehensive knowledge, a highly matured judgment, and close acuteness of critical powers.

Fate was adverse to both; neither brought their labours to full consumation. Under happier circumstances, both would have illuminated the world with best stores of yet dormant mysteries, wherein the complex skein of human races on this earth would have been disentangled and brought within our ken. While I mention and  as being men of much the same genius and power, it would be neglectful not to denote their differences. was born of the humbler classes, of the middle. This is only interesting in so far as it points a moral and illustrates life's antithesis. In India, Jony, the shepherd's son, was the pri-


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 "And there are yet fewer that can find the reason of that Sweetness, I have given it to some of my Friends in Conversation, and they have allow'd the Criticism to be just.

You see, Sir, this great Master had his Reserves, and this was one of the Arcana, to which every No-vice was not admitted to aspire; this was an Entertainment only for his best Friends, such as he thought worthy of his Conversation; and I do not wonder at it, for he was acquainted not only with the Greek and Latin Poets, but with the best of his own Countrey, as well of ancient as of latter times, and knew their Beauties and Defects: and tho' he did not think him- self obliged to be lavish, in disperfing the Fruits of so much Pains and Labour at random, yet was he not wanting in his Generosity to such as deserved his Friendship, and in whom he discern'd a Spirit capable of improving the Hints of so great a Master. To give greater Probability to what I have said concerning Monosyllables, I will give some Instances, as well from such Poets as have gone before him, as those which have succeeded him. It will not be taken amiss by those who value the Judgment of Sir Philip Sydney, and that of Mr. Dryden, if I begin with Father Chaucer.

Again,

Again,


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 vileged companion and favoured protegé of the most illustrious men in power, by whose interest and support he had unstinted facilities given him in his special and peculiar pursuits. , the son of a gentleman, had none of this. What he attained was due solely to his own labour and indomitable perserverance [sic]; these being exercised at the same time under the distracting influences of a laborious profession by which he honourably maintained himself.

Under these circumstances, probably would have accomplished more; indeed he must have done so, but an early death overtook him, as we all know, caused by exposure to the malaria of Batavia.

What accomplished, therefore, was small as compared with. In the science of races and languages, 's grasp was almost universal, enabling him to collate the lexicons, vocabularies and grammars of nations and tribes in the most distant parts of the globe, and clncidate their systems and constructions. Of this vast enquiry, may be said to have had time only to approach the portal.

But, as I have suggested before, 's work was also incomplete. Ten years of learned leisure in his native country would have enabled him to work wonders. But this was not vouchsafed to him. Borne down by weak health, far from his native land, he was taken from us at the age when man's intellect is in its full vigour. And we live to lament unfulfilled hopes, disappointed aspirations, and useful labour ceased, to be no more.

,

20th May, 1881.


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 not stood at least once in the corner of horrors, where hung a dreaded whip, and over it this motto:

It was only in winter that Gretel and Hans could be spared to attend school, and for the past month they had been kept at home because their mother needed their services. Raff Brinker required constant attention, and there was black bread to be made, and the house to be kept clean, and stockings and other things to be knitted and sold in the market place.

While they were busily assisting their mother on this cold December morning, a merry troop of girls and boys came skimming down the canal. There were fine skaters among them, and as the bright medley of costumes flitted by, it looked from a distance as though the ice had suddenly thawed, and some gay tulip-bed were floating along on the current.

There was the rich burgomaster's daughter Hilda van Gleck, with her costly furs and loose-fitting velvet sacque; and, near by, a pretty peasant girl, Annie Bouman, jauntily attired in a coarse scarlet jacket and a blue skirt just short enough to display the gray homespun hose to advantage. Then there was the proud Rychie Korbes, whose father, Mynheer van Korbes, was one of the leading men of Amsterdam; and, flocking closely around her, Carl Schummel, Peter and Ludwig van Holp, Jacob Poot, and a very small boy rejoicing in the tremendous name of Voostenwalbert Schimmelpenninck. There were nearly twenty other boys and girls in the


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Rh


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 Again,

And fince we are a united Nation, and he as great a Poet, confidering his time, as this Island hath produced, I will with due Veneration for his Memory, beg leave to cite the learned and noble Prelate, Gawen Douglas, Bishop of Dunkeld in Scotland, who in his Preface to his judicious and accurate Translation of Virgil, p. 4. says,

Again, p. 5.

But before, at least contemporary with Chaucer, we find Sir John Gower, not baulking Monofyllables;


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 party, and one and all seemed full of excitement and frolic.

Up and down the canal, within the space of a half mile they skated, exerting their racing powers to the utmost. Often the swiftest among them was seen to dodge from under the very nose of some pompous law-giver or doctor who, with folded arms, was skating leisurely toward the town; or a chain of girls would suddenly break at the approach of a fat old burgomaster who, with gold-headed cane poised in air, was puffing his way to Amsterdam. Equipped in skates wonderful to behold, with their superb strappings and dazzling runners curving over the instep and topped with gilt balls, he would open his fat eyes a little if one of the maidens chanced to drop him a curtsy but would not dare to bow in return for fear of losing his balance.

Not only pleasure-seekers and stately men of note were upon the canal. There were work-people, with weary eyes, hastening to their shops and factories; market-women with loads upon their heads; peddlers bending with their packs; barge-men with shaggy hair and bleared faces, jostling roughly on their way; kind-eyed clergymen speeding perhaps to the bedsides of the dying; and, after a while, groups of children, with satchels slung over their shoulders, whizzing past, toward the distant school. One and all wore skates except, indeed, a muffled-up farmer whose queer cart bumped along on the margin of the canal.

Before long our merry boys and girls were almost lost in the confusion of bright colors, the ceaseless motion, and the gleaming of skates flashing back the sunlight. We might have known no more of them had not the whole


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 tion of cantharides and opium; but this is perfectly inconsistent both with its appearance and effects. By no preparation can the smell and taste of opium, if the quantity be sufficient to produce any effect, be concealed, and the acrimony of cantharides is equally connected with its activity. The one of these drugs is highly stimulant, the other a sedative, and neither of them capable of remaining latent in the system, or injuring the constitution. Erndtel, but without any probability, has conjectured that the chief ingredient was lead: Halle (Die deutchen Giftpflanzen, Berlin, 1783) believes, that it was prepared from the frothy saliva gathered round the mouth of a person tortured to death. Garelli, on the contrary, positively asserts it to have been nothing but a solution of crystallized arsenic in a large quantity of water, with the addition, for some unknown reason, of a very innocent herb, the Antirrhinum cymbalaria. The same account is given by Bertholinus, Lobel (Der freymüthige Heilkunstler, Berlin, 1786), Plenk (Toxicologia, p. 335), Haller, Molitor (Commerc. Lit. Noric. 1737, p. 182), and Möhsen, and is received by the most judicious systematic writers, as Gmelin and Hahnemann. (Ueber die Arsenikvergiftung, 8vo, Leipzig, 1786, p. 35.) Wildberg, however, considers its composition to be unknown.

From Italy this poison seems to have found its way to Paris. In 1672 Godin de Sainte Croix, an adventurer, who lived in a scandalous intimacy with the Marchioness Brinvilliers, was suddenly killed by suffocation, as it is said, in consequence of the falling off of a mask of glass, which he wore to protect him from the fumes of certain chemical operations about which he was employed. As he had no known relations, his effects were examined by a public officer, and among them was found a casket, containing many packets of poisonous articles, sealed up in a mysterious manner, together with a kind of last will, directing the whole to be delivered to the Marchioness, and, in case of her having predeceased him, to be burnt unopened. This led to the discovery of his having been instructed in the art of preparing poison, by an Italian, called Exili, with whom he had become acquainted, when confined in the Bastille; and of his having furnished the Marchioness with the means of poisoning her father and her two brothers, besides others on whom she tried the effect of her preparations. One of these afterwards was called from her by the name Eau de Brinvilliers. She is also said to have employed a powder called Poudre de Succession. La Chaussée, who had been valet to Sainte Croix, was convicted of being accessory to these murders, and was broken alive on the wheel. The Marchioness herself, who had escaped to Liege, was also seized, and her execution, which took place on the 17th of July 1676, is described with revolting levity by Mad. de Sevigné in a letter to her daughter of that date.

The practice of poisoning, however, did not seem to terminate with the death of this infamous woman; and a particular court called Chambre des Poisons, or Chambre Ardente, was established in 1679, to endeavour to put an end to it. In consequence of the investigations which took place in it, many persons, some of the highest rank, especially the Duc de Luxembourg, were implicated. More than forty persons were at one time confined in the Bastille; but it was ascertained, that almost all of them had been guilty of no crime, but were merely the dupes of a few impostors, who pretended to raise spirits, foretell future events, and to possess many secrets of a similar nature. Two women, La Vigoureux and La Voisin, with the brother of the former, and a priest called Le Sage, pretended fortune-tellers, were convicted of being dealers in poison, and burnt alive, on the 22d Feb. 1680; some others were hanged, and others acquitted. This closed the proceedings of this inquisitorial court, which has been accused of being a political engine, contrived to serve the purposes of Louvois and the Marchioness de Montespan. Voltaire, however, admits that the crime of poisoning infected Paris from 1676 to 1680.

Concerning the effects of the Eau de Brinvilliers, Pitaval tells us (p. 271.) that the Marchioness’s father experienced violent effects from the poison,—extraordinary vomiting, insupportable pain at stomach, and great heat in the bowels. He died soon after his return from his country-seat to Paris. The brothers, and five other persons, were all taken ill, and affected with vomiting, after partaking of a tart at dinner. On their return from the country to Paris, the brothers had the appearance of persons who had been long ill; and after suffering, the one for two, and the other for three months, from nausea and vomiting, they died extremely emaciated, and as it were dried up, without fever, though experiencing a burning sensation in the stomach. On opening the bodies, the stomach and duodenum were black and tender, and the liver gangrenous and burnt. Mad. Sevigné relates, that the Marchioness often poisoned her husband, that she might marry Sainte Croix, but that the gallant, having no desire for a wife of her disposition, as often gave the poor husband an antidote. She is also said to have attempted to poison her sister; but did not succeed; and that she was in the habit of trying the effects of her poisons on the Rh


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 party suddenly come to a standstill and, grouping themselves out of the way of the passers-by, all talked at once to a pretty little maiden, whom they had drawn from the tide of people flowing toward the town.

"Oh, Katrinka!" they cried in one breath, "have you heard of it? The race—we want you to join!"

"What race?" asked Katrinka, laughing—"Don't all talk at once, please, I can't understand."

Every one panted and looked at Rychie Korbes, who was their acknowledged spokeswoman.

"Why," said Rychie, "we are to have a grand skating match on the twentieth, on Mevrouw van Gleck's birthday. It's all Hilda's work. They are going to give a splendid prize to the best skater."

"Yes," chimed in half-a-dozen voices, "a beautiful pair of silver skates—perfectly magnificent! with, oh! such straps and silver bells and buckles!"

"Who said they had bells?" put in the small voice of the boy with the big name.

"I say so, Master Voost," replied Rychie.

"So they have"" "No, I'm sure they haven't," "Oh, how can you say so?" "it's an arrow" "and Mynheer van Korbes told my mother they had bells" came from sundry of the excited group; but Mynheer Voostenwalbert Schimmelpenninck essayed to settle the matter with a decisive—

"Well, you don't any of you know a single thing about it; they haven't a sign of a bell on them, they—"

"Oh! oh!" and the chorus of conflicting opinion broke forth again.

"The girls' pair is to have bells," interposed Hilda,


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 CONTENTS.

The Maruwi of the Baniak Islands. By J.R. Logan, Esq. ... 1

Notes on Malacca. ... 43

Gambling and Opium Smoking in the Straits of Malacca. ... 66

Journal of a Tour on the Kapuas. ... 84

The Banda Nutmeg Plantations. By T. Oxley, Esq. A.B., Senior Surgeon of the Straits Settlements. ... 127

Notes of Dutch History in the Archipelago. ... 141

Notes on Naning, with a brief notice of the Naning War. By T. Braddell, Esq. ... 194

Bima and Sumbawa. By H. Zollinger. ... 233

Raffles and the Indian Archipelago. ... 266

Notice of Mr Crawfurd's Descriptive Dictionary. ... 291

Map of Malacca. ... 296

Anderson's Considerations. ... 299

The Gamboge Tree. ... 316


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 quietly, "but there is to be another pair for the boys with an arrow engraved upon the sides."

"There! I told you so!" cried nearly all the youngsters in a breath.

Katrinka looked at them with bewildered eyes.

"Who is to try?" she asked.

"All of us," answered Rychie. "It will be such fun! And you must, too, Katrinka. But it's school time now, we will talk it all over at noon. Oh! you will join, of course."

Katrinka, without replying, made a graceful pirouette, and laughing out a coquettish—"Don't you hear the last bell? Catch me!"—darted off toward the school-house, standing half a mile away, on the canal.

All started, pell-mell, at this challenge, but they tried in vain to catch the bright-eyed, laughing creature who, with golden hair streaming in the sunlight, cast back many a sparkling glance of triumph as she floated onward.

Beautiful Katrinka! Flushed with youth and health, all life and mirth and motion, what wonder thine image, ever floating in advance, sped through one boy's dreams that night! What wonder that it seemed his darkest hour when, years afterward, thy presence floated away from him forever.


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 if the case is instituted by a citizen, a preliminary examination shall be conducted, but if a public prosecutor has already charged the accused with the same offence, it shall be proceeded with in accordance with subsection (2);

if the case is instituted by a public prosecutor, no preliminary examination is required, but if it founded appropriate, a preliminary examination may be ordered to be conducted first.

In the event that a preliminary examination has been conducted as said, if the accused replies guilty, the court shall accept the charge for trial.

When there is an appropriate reason, the prosecutor has the power to move to the court for making a revision or addition to the charge before the court of first instance gives the judgment. If finding it appropriate, the court may give permission or may order a preliminary examination to be conducted first. Once permission has been given, a copy of the revised or additional charge shall be served upon the accused for his reply, and the court may order the additional charge to be tried separately.

When there is an appropriate reason, the accused may move for making a revision or addition to his own reply before the court gives the judgment. If the court finds it appropriate to give permission, it shall serve a copy thereof upon the prosecutor.

As regards a motion for making a revision or addition to the charge, if it would prejudice the defence of the accused, the court shall not

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 to the Great House, and let them declare their plans (or, arrangements) fully, for I will go from Nu into the place wherein I brought about my own existence, and let those gods be brought unto me there." Now the gods were drawn up on each side of Rā, and they bowed down before his Majesty until their heads touched the ground, and the maker of men and women, the king of those who have knowledge, spake his words in the presence of the Father of the first-born gods. And the gods spake in the presence of his Majesty, saying:—“Speak unto us, for we are listening to them” (i.e., thy words). Then Rā spake unto Nu, saying:—“O thou first-born god from whom I came into being, O ye gods of ancient time, my ancestors, take ye heed to what men and women [are doing]; for behold, those who were created by my Eye are uttering words of complaint against me. Tell me what ye would do in the matter, and consider this thing for me, and seek out [a plan] for me, for I will not slay them until I have heard what ye shall say to me concerning it.” Then the Majesty of Nu, to son Rā, spake, saying:—“Thou art the god who art greater than he who made thee, thou art the sovereign of those who were created with thee, thy throne is set, and the fear of thee is great; let thine Eye go against those who have uttered blasphemies against thee.” And the Majesty of Rā said:—“Behold, they have betaken themselves to flight into the mountain lands, for their


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I not what species of individuals they were whom MM. de Sartines and Lenoir employed to constitute the police, but I know very well that under their administration thieves were privileged, and there were a great number of them in Paris. Monsieur the lieutenant-general took little care about checking their enterprises, that was not his business; he was not sorry to know them, and from time to time, when he found them to be clever, he amused himself with them.

If a stranger of distinction came to the capital, M. the lieutenant-general soon set the most expert robbers to work upon him, and an honourable recompense was promised to him amongst them who should be sufficiently skilful to rob him of his watch or any valuable trinket.


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RV 9 (Rh) The voiced consonants /b, d, g, z, ž/ are generally devoiced in final position and sound very much like their voiceless counterparts /p, t, k, s, š/. They are, however, more 'lenis', i.e. pronounced with more relaxed muscles of the mouth.

Note 1.3.2

The consonant sounds /C K P S T/ are not like anything in English or any other language in Europe. These sounds are formed almost like /c k p s t/ as far as the tongue (or lips in case of /p/) are concerned. But they are 'exploded' not with air from the lungs but rather with air imprisoned between the vocal cords (which are completely closed) and the tongue (or lips in the case of /P/).


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 hearts are afraid because of the words which they have uttered.” Then the gods spake in the presence of his Majesty, saying:—“Let thine Eye go forth and let it destroy for thee those who revile thee with words of evil, for there is no eye whatsoever that can go before it and resist thee and it when it journeyeth in the form of Hathor.” Thereupon this goddess went forth and slew the men and the women who were on the mountain (or, desert land). And the Majesty of this god said, “Come, come in peace, O Hathor, for the work is accomplished.” Then this goddess said, “Thou hast made me to live, for when I gained the mastery over men and women it was sweet to my heart;” and the Majesty of Rā said, “I myself will be master over them as [their] king, and I will destroy them.” And it came to pass that Sekhet of the offerings waded about in the night season in their blood, beginning at Suten-ḥenen. Then the Majesty of Rā spake [saying], “Cry out, and let there come to me swift and speedy messengers who shall be able to run like the wind....;" and straightaway messengers of this [kind were brought unto him. And the Majesty of this god spake [saying], "Let these messengers go to Ābu, and bring unto me mandrakes in great numbers;" and [when] these


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 In the plurals of oko ‘the eye’ and ucho ‘the ear’ we find dual forms mixed up with the others.

Niebo, ‘the sky,’ has for the nominative plural niebiosa, and for the locative w niebiosach or w niebiesiech, '‘in the skies.’'

Ziele, ‘a herb,’ formerly zioło, changes in all the cases of the plural eł into oł: n. zioła, '‘herbs,’' g. zioł, d. ziołom, &c.

There was also in the old Polish language a dual of the verbs, as is still found in Slovenish and Lusatian-Wendish, but it is now obsolete.

Diminutives are formed in Polish in the following manner:—The final letter of the stem is changed, c into cz, ch into sz, g into ż, k into cz, t into c; thus, ulica, ‘a street,’


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 poor, and even on the patients in the Hotel Dieu, under pretence of charitably supplying them with biscuits. But Voltaire positively denies this horrible imputation, and says, that she never attempted the life of her husband, who overlooked a connection, of which he was the cause.

The information concerning the nature of the Eau de Brinvilliers, derived from the examination of Sainte Croix’s famous casket, is not satisfactory. It contained poisons enough to have killed a whole community; besides opium, lunar caustic, antimony and vitriol, more than 75 lbs. of corrosive sublimate, and two bottles of a liquid, like water, with a sediment in one. The clear liquid was probably his real poison; as none of the other substances could have been given so as to produce death, without instantly being detected, by their abominable taste; but what this liquid was, we can now only conjecture, for its examination, as reported by Pitaval, shows that the physicians, at that time, had not the slightest notion of the mode of detecting arsenic even in substance, much less in solution; and accordingly, although both the liquor and powder killed the animals to which they were given, it is candidly admitted, that the poison of Sainte Croix surpassed the art and capacity of the physicians, and that it baffled all their experiments to discover its composition. We have, however, no doubt, that arsenic was the only active ingredient of all these pretended secret poisons; as it is the only substance capable of explaining all the credible circumstances related of them. From the mode of administering them in small, but repeated and perhaps increased doses, there was some foundation for the belief that they could be given so as to kill in any determinate time, while their failing in any stance to produce death, was easily accounted for by supposing antidotes to have been administered. But although the progress of knowledge has proved, that there is no such thing as such antidotes, it has on the other hand, by rendering the detection of poison easy and certain, put a stop for ever to the trade of poisoner; and what is perhaps of equal importance, to the general alarm and cruel punishment of individuals which have often resulted from natural deaths being ascribed to poison. It is not because we know less, but because we know a great deal more than our forefathers, that the art of secret poisoning seems to be lost.—See in this Supplement.

ARACHNIDES. A class of animals of the type Annulosa. See Index to.  ARÆOMETER (composed of 🇬🇷, levis, tenuis, and 🇬🇷 mensura), a measure of the comparative density and rarity of bodies. The name does not occur in ancient authors; hydroscopium and baryllium being the ancient names of the instrument. This instrument was known in the civilized part of the Roman empire, about the year 400, as appears from the fifteenth epistle of Synesius, addressed to Hypatia, daughter of Theon; and to Hypatia some modern writers have erroneously ascribed its invention. The instrument is also described in some verses annexed to Priscian; and the principles on which its operation is founded, are to be seen in the treatise of Archimedes on floating bodies (De Humido Insidentibus). The term, as used by writers on natural philosophy, is chiefly applied to instruments which are made to float, so as to indicate the specific gravity of the liquids in which they are placed: the pêse liqueur, and hydrometer, in common use for measuring the specific gravity of vinous spirits, are instruments of this kind.

A floating body displaces a portion of the liquid, the weight of which is equal to its own weight, the liquid acting upwards with a force equal to this weight, and the weight of the body acting downwards with the same force, equilibrium takes place. If the body be afterwards placed in a liquid of less density, the part of the body immersed, will be greater than when the body was in the more dense liquid, because it requires a greater volume of this less dense liquid to equal the weight of the floating body. The absolute weights of two bodies being the same, their specific gravities are in the inverse ratio of their volumes $$\frac{G}{g}=\frac{v}{V}$$, when $$G$$ is put for the specific gravity of the first body, $$g$$ for that of the second; $$V$$ for the volume of the first, and $$v$$ for the volume of the second. On this principle the common hydrometer is constructed; the instrument described by Synesius, is also of this kind. In order that a small difference in the volume immersed may be sensible, the part which is intersected by the surface of the fluid is in the form of a very slender cylinder, the great bulk of the instrument being always immersed in the liquid. At the inferior part is a small ball, containing mercury or small load shot, which serves as ballast, bringing the centre of gravity low, so that the instrument may float erect, and without much lateral oscillation. The common hydrometers are made of glass, and sometimes of brass, or tin or pewter, and some have been made of amber as objects of curiosity: when made of glass, a scale, inscribed upon paper, is inserted in the cylindrical stalk; the division of the scale at which the surface of any liquid intersects the stalk, denotes the specific gravity of that liquid. The divisions of the scale should be formed by immersing the instrument in liquids of known specific gravity, and marking a number corresponding to that specific gravity opposite to each division. The specific gravities of water and alcohol mixed in various proportions, have been accurately ascertained by Mr Gilpin (see his Tables, and Dr Blagden’s paper in the Philosophical Transactions); on immersing the instrument in a mixture of known proportions of these two liquids, the point at which the surface intersects the stalk, is to be marked with the number expressing the specific gravity of the mixture taken from the table. Some hydrometers, such as that constructed by the French chemist Beaumè, and which is much used in France under the name of Aréometre de Beaumé, have the


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 Lady Hester's mimicry of the bard was at all close, but it was amusing: she attributed to him a curiously coxcombical lisp.

Another person whose style of speaking the Lady took off very amusingly was one who would scarcely object to suffer by the side of Lord Byron,—I mean Lamartine, who had visited her in the course of his travels; the peculiarity which attracted her ridicule was an over-refinement of manner: according to my Lady's imitation of Lamartine (I have never seen him myself), he had none of the violent grimace of his countrymen, and not even their usual way of talking, but rather bore himself mincingly, like the humbler sort of English Dandy.

Lady Hester seems to have heartily despised everything approaching to exquisiteness; she told me, by the by (and her opinion upon that subject is worth having), that a downright manner, amounting even to brusqueness, is more effective than any other with the Oriental; and that amongst the English, of all ranks, and all classes, there is no man so attractive to the Orientals—no man who can negotiate with them half so effectively, as a good, honest, open-hearted, and positive naval officer of the old school.

I have told you, I think, that Lady Hester could deal fiercely with those she hated; one man above all others (he is now uprooted from society, and cast away for ever) she blasted with her wrath; you would have thought that in the scornfulness of her nature, she must have sprung upon her foe with more of fierceness than of skill, but this was not so, for with all the force and vehemence of her invective, she displayed a sober, patient and minute attention to the details of vituperation, which contributed to its success a thousand times more than mere violence.


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Rh


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RV 10 (Rh)


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Again,

Nor were the French, however more polite they may be thought, than we are said to be, more scrupulous in avoiding them, if these Verses are upon his Monument;

This will be said to be old French, let us see whether Boileau will help us out, who has not long since writ the Art of Poetry; Mais


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To this declension belong the verbal substantives in ie, but, as a rule, they are only used in the singular.

Many other substantives are also used only in the singular, especially when a collective idea is implied; as, żyto, ‘barley;’ jazda, ‘cavalry;’ dziatwa, ‘children.’ Others are only used in the plural; as, chrzciny, ‘ baptism;’ lowy, hunting.' Substantives can also be modified into diminutives and augmentatives; as, krówka, ‘a little cow;’ mieścisko, ‘a great ugly town.’ In some substantives in the last syllable in the locative a and o are changed into e, as gniazdo, ‘the nest,’ w gniezdie; siodło, ‘the saddle,’ w siedle; jezioro, ‘the lake,’ w jezierze; żelazo, ‘the iron,’ w żelazie.

The following substantives are also irregular:-oko, ‘the eye;’ ucho, ‘the ear,’ in the plural; xiąze, ‘prince,’ is irregular in the singular-in the plural it is declined like cielęta, 'calves'.


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“[Those who are in this picture give unto this great god the seasons] and the years which are in their hands. When this great god hath made speech with them, they answer him, and they have life through the voice of this great god, and their throats draw in breath, for when he crieth to them he ordereth them what they are to do, and he appointeth to them green herbs in abundance in their field. And they supply with the green herbs of the gods who are in the following of Rā, and they make offerings of water to the spirits by the command of this great god, and they kindle flames of fire in order to burn up the enemies of Rā, and there is wailing to them, and they lament after this great god hath passed them by. is the guardian of this Field; whosoever knoweth [this] is in the condition of a spirit equipped with [words of power], and [the gods] protect [him].”


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 hidden place of the palace, and if a man hath knowledge of [these] words .... they shall act as magical protectors of a man upon earth, regularly, unfailingly, and eternally. The name of this hour is.


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 give permission. But a revision to the title of an offence or a detail which has to be stated in the charge, or an addition of the title of an offence or a detail which has not been stated in the charge, regardless of whichever stage of the trial before the court of first instance it is made at, shall not be deemed prejudicial to the accused, save where the accused has been misled to defend the incorrect or unstated point.

In a case instituted by a public prosecutor, on the preliminary examination day, the accused shall come or be taken under custody to the court and the court shall serve a copied charge upon them one by one. When the court believes that they are the real accused, it shall read and explain the charge to them and ask if they have actually committed the offence and how they would reply in defence. The replies of the accused shall be docketed. If the accused refuse to reply, the court shall docket this and proceed with the preliminary examination.

The accused have no power to adduce evidence in the preliminary examination instance. But this does not preclude the right of the accused to be assisted by an attorney.

In a case instituted by a citizen, the court has the power to conduct a preliminary examination in absence of the accused. The court shall serve a copied charge upon each of the accused and notify them of the day scheduled for the examination. The accused may attend or dispense with attending the preliminary examination. If they attend it, they may be assisted by an attorney

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 spoken words, and they regarded the power of speech and the gift of the voice as mighty weapons, both for the living and the dead. The, or Doubles, of the dead who had learned to utter words correctly, and who knew the proper tones to employ in uttering them, were in a position to go where they pleased and to do what they liked, for no god, spirit, fiend, or devil, and no inanimate object, could help obeying the commands which they uttered. The order for food or water having been given by them, food or water appeared forthwith.

In the passage translated above are the words “that which floweth forth,” which I have used as the equivalent of the Egyptian word erṭu,  , or. The exact meaning of the word is "effluxes," or "outflowings," and the determinatives show that by erṭu we are to understand the strong-smelling liquid which exudes from a dead body. Several passages in the Book of the Dead support this view, as the following examples will prove. In Chapter LXIII. 2, we have, "I have lifted up the efflux from Osiris," ; in Chapter CXIX., "Pure are the effluxes which are borne away from thee,"  ; in Chapter CXLVII. 6, "I have come unto thee, Osiris, pure one of effluxes,"


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  ; in Chapter CXLIX. (Ȧat XIII.), "Like the stream from the effluxes coming forth from Osiris," ; and in Ȧat XIV. of the same Chapter, "I shall not be destroyed by the effluxes which come forth from Osiris,". The effluxes of Osiris here referred to are undoubtedly the humours which were believed to have drained out of the body of Osiris when Horus and his "sons" were embalming it. From the above passages it is clear that the Egyptians regarded these humours as pure or holy, for they represented the very essence of the god. Now the Egyptians were not the only people in the world who attached mystic power and importance to the fluid which ran out from the dead, but though the texts make it certain that they did, we cannot learn from them exactly why they should do so. The reason is, however, not far to seek. Mr. Crawley tells us ( Mystic Rose, p. 287) that communion with the dead is most exactly reached, and the identity of eating with a person and eating him most clearly shown, in the common Australian practice in which mourners drink the humours of the decaying corpse, or eat its flesh. The Kurnai anoint themselves with decomposed matter from the dead. It is done in the Kingsmills to "re


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 the stairs. She entered the anti-chamber, where no person happened to be. She knocked at the inner door; but the child was crying most lustily, and prevented her knocks from being heard. The old beggar, although she had just come from the church where Mr. Seeheim had been preaching a sermon against mendicity and theft, had not profited by his exhortations. The first she was already committing, and the sight of the pie induced her to commit the other. She seized the masterpiece of pastry with the gilt S upon it, and made the best of her way down stairs. Just as she reached the bottom, she heard some one enter the passage; and thinking the best way of avoiding detection would be to turn back again, she mounted the staircase rapidly, and, passing the tailor’s door, went still further up stairs. The person whom she had heard followed her, and she saw it was Mr. Seeheim, who was all the while congratulating himself on the effect which he thought his sermon would have in diminishing the practices of beggary and theft.

The old woman felt herself already in the hands of the police, when she found that she could not get higher than the second floor, and that Mr. Seeheim was behind her. A sudden thought occurred to her, which, as it promised her safety, she did not hesitate to put in practice. Making up a demure face, she told the preacher that she had been sent with the pie as a present to him and his wife, and begged his acceptance of it with as many compliments as she could invent off hand.

‘But who is it that has sent it, my good woman?’ said the parson, perfectly dazzled by the sight of so handsome a present.

The old woman had her cue here, and said she had been expressly forbidden to tell. Mr. Seeheim believed her; and, seeing the gilded S on the pie, convinced him that it had been made for him, and nobody else. He gave the woman something for bringing the pie, and returned to her the pewter dish on which it had been sent.


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 member him.” So in Timorlaut mourners smear themselves with the fluids of the corpse. The Aru islanders drink them “to effect union with the dead man.” Some of the liquid is kept in order to injure enemies. The object of drinking the liquid is, clearly, to obtain the qualities of the dead man, his strength, and, perhaps, his vital power, and it is possible also that those who indulged in such practices did so with the idea of avoiding injury from the departed spirit. What the Egyptians did with the humours of the dead is unknown, but in the case of great and holy men, that which drained from their bodies was certainly turned to some good account by the living. The custom of draining the dead body of its moisture is common enough among modern peoples of Central Africa, as we may see from the account of a great Baluba chief's death quoted by Sir H. Johnston ( Grenfell and the Congo, ii., p. 655). “When an important Luba chief expires, every one, great and small, must mourn in a subdued tone; the members of all the brotherhoods come before the house where the body lies to perform dances; the women violently strike their hatchet and hoe against each other. This deafening hubbub lasts a day. . . . During this time a young slave is obtained, his neck is broken by a heavy blow, and he is laid by the corpse for two days. He is the chief's boy attendant. His wives, squatting near him, do not cease their lamentations. Some days pass in this way without other incidents, after which the stiffened limbs


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 in cross-examining the prosecution witnesses. The court shall not ask the accused to reply, and before the court accepts the charge, the accused shall not be treated as such.

If the prosecutor fails to appear according to the schedule, the court shall dismiss his charge. But if the court finds that there is an appropriate ground for his failure to appear, it may order the case to be adjourned.

As regards a case in which the charge has been dismissed by the court in the said manner, if, within fifteen days counted from the day the court dismissed the charge, the prosecutor appears and submits a motion by which he successfully demonstrates to the court the appropriate ground for his failure to appear, the court shall take up the preliminary examination of the case again.

As regards a case in which the charge has been dismissed by the court in the said manner, the accused shall not be charged with the same matter again. But if the case so dismissed by the court was solely instituted by a citizen, it does not preclude the power of a public prosecutor to reinstitute such case, save where the case concerns a personal offence.

If the case appears to be well-founded, the court shall accept the charge for further trial in regard to the well-founded counts only. If the case is ill-founded, a judgment dismissing the charge shall be given.

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 are forcibly bent, and the body placed in the wicker coffin. In the house two stages are raised, one above the other; on the upper one is placed the coffin, on the lower one a large earthen pot. The body decomposes; a noxious liquid infested with maggots escapes from it and falls into the receptacle; it is left there for several weeks.” The Belgian missionary who describes the chief's burial does not tell us what was done with the “noxious liquid,” but, as human flesh and bones form an important element in the “medicines” which are prescribed by medicine men in Central Africa, we are probably justified in assuming that the liquid was used in the same way.

The first ceremony removed evil or sin from the body of the deceased, the second gave it warmth, and the third restored to it the humours which had been expressed from it. For the fourth ceremony the priest dissolved five grains of incense made from the salt deposits near the city of Nekheb, i.e., “Incense of the South,” in a libation vase of water, and, having poured it into a vessel, walked with it four times round the mummy or statue, and sprinkled it each time. The name given to this libation water is “Semmȧn,”  and of the five grains of salt, or alum, which it contained, one was for Horus, one for Set, one for Thoth, one for Sep, and one for Osiris, that