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75206 (g) Within 120 days of the date of this order, the Secretary of Homeland Security, in consultation with the Secretary of State, the Secretary of Commerce, and the Director of OSTP, shall develop and publish informational resources to better attract and retain experts in AI and other critical and emerging technologies, including:
 * (i) a clear and comprehensive guide for experts in AI and other critical and emerging technologies to understand their options for working in the United States, to be published in multiple relevant languages on AI.gov; and
 * (ii) a public report with relevant data on applications, petitions, approvals, and other key indicators of how experts in AI and other critical and emerging technologies have utilized the immigration system through the end of Fiscal Year 2023.

5.2. Promoting Innovation. (a) To develop and strengthen public-private partnerships for advancing innovation, commercialization, and risk-mitigation methods for AI, and to help promote safe, responsible, fair, privacy-protecting, and trustworthy AI systems, the Director of NSF shall take the following steps:
 * (i) Within 90 days of the date of this order, in coordination with the heads of agencies that the Director of NSF deems appropriate, launch a pilot program implementing the National AI Research Resource (NAIRR), consistent with past recommendations of the NAIRR Task Force. The program shall pursue the infrastructure, governance mechanisms, and user interfaces to pilot an initial integration of distributed computational, data, model, and training resources to be made available to the research community in support of AI-related research and development. The Director of NSF shall identify Federal and private sector computational, data, software, and training resources appropriate for inclusion in the NAIRR pilot program. To assist with such work, within 45 days of the date of this order, the heads of agencies whom the Director of NSF identifies for coordination pursuant to this subsection shall each submit to the Director of NSF a report identifying the agency resources that could be developed and integrated into such a pilot program. These reports shall include a description of such resources, including their current status and availability; their format, structure, or technical specifications; associated agency expertise that will be provided; and the benefits and risks associated with their inclusion in the NAIRR pilot program. The heads of independent regulatory agencies are encouraged to take similar steps, as they deem appropriate.
 * (ii) Within 150 days of the date of this order, fund and launch at least one NSF Regional Innovation Engine that prioritizes AI-related work, such as AI-related research, societal, or workforce needs.
 * (iii) Within 540 days of the date of this order, establish at least four new National AI Research Institutes, in addition to the 25 currently funded as of the date of this order.

(b) Within 120 days of the date of this order, to support activities involving high-performance and data-intensive computing, the Secretary of Energy, in coordination with the Director of NSF, shall, in a manner consistent with applicable law and available appropriations, establish a pilot program to enhance existing successful training programs for scientists, with the goal of training 500 new researchers by 2025 capable of meeting the rising demand for AI talent.

(c) To promote innovation and clarify issues related to AI and inventorship of patentable subject matter, the Under Secretary of Commerce for Intellectual Property and Director of the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO Director) shall:
 * (i) within 120 days of the date of this order, publish guidance to USPTO patent examiners and applicants addressing inventorship and the use of AI, including generative AI, in the inventive process, including illustrative

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Rh examples in which AI systems play different roles in inventive processes and how, in each example, inventorship issues ought to be analyzed;
 * (ii) subsequently, within 270 days of the date of this order, issue additional guidance to USPTO patent examiners and applicants to address other considerations at the intersection of AI and IP, which could include, as the USPTO Director deems necessary, updated guidance on patent eligibility to address innovation in AI and critical and emerging technologies; and
 * (iii) within 270 days of the date of this order or 180 days after the United States Copyright Office of the Library of Congress publishes its forthcoming AI study that will address copyright issues raised by AI, whichever comes later, consult with the Director of the United States Copyright Office and issue recommendations to the President on potential executive actions relating to copyright and AI. The recommendations shall address any copyright and related issues discussed in the United States Copyright Office’s study, including the scope of protection for works produced using AI and the treatment of copyrighted works in AI training.

(d) Within 180 days of the date of this order, to assist developers of AI in combatting AI-related IP risks, the Secretary of Homeland Security, acting through the Director of the National Intellectual Property Rights Coordination Center, and in consultation with the Attorney General, shall develop a training, analysis, and evaluation program to mitigate AI-related IP risks. Such a program shall:
 * (i) include appropriate personnel dedicated to collecting and analyzing reports of AI-related IP theft, investigating such incidents with implications for national security, and, where appropriate and consistent with applicable law, pursuing related enforcement actions;
 * (ii) implement a policy of sharing information and coordinating on such work, as appropriate and consistent with applicable law, with the Federal Bureau of Investigation; United States Customs and Border Protection; other agencies; State and local agencies; and appropriate international organizations, including through work-sharing agreements;
 * (iii) develop guidance and other appropriate resources to assist private sector actors with mitigating the risks of AI-related IP theft;
 * (iv) share information and best practices with AI developers and law enforcement personnel to identify incidents, inform stakeholders of current legal requirements, and evaluate AI systems for IP law violations, as well as develop mitigation strategies and resources; and
 * (v) assist the Intellectual Property Enforcement Coordinator in updating the Intellectual Property Enforcement Coordinator Joint Strategic Plan on Intellectual Property Enforcement to address AI-related issues.

(e) To advance responsible AI innovation by a wide range of healthcare technology developers that promotes the welfare of patients and workers in the healthcare sector, the Secretary of HHS shall identify and, as appropriate and consistent with applicable law and the activities directed in section 8 of this order, prioritize grantmaking and other awards, as well as undertake related efforts, to support responsible AI development and use, including:
 * (i) collaborating with appropriate private sector actors through HHS programs that may support the advancement of AI-enabled tools that develop personalized immune-response profiles for patients, consistent with section 4 of this order;
 * (ii) prioritizing the allocation of 2024 Leading Edge Acceleration Project cooperative agreement awards to initiatives that explore ways to improve healthcare-data quality to support the responsible development of AI tools for clinical care, real-world-evidence programs, population health, public health, and related research; and

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Page:Executive Order 14110.pdf/17


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75208 :(iii) accelerating grants awarded through the National Institutes of Health Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning Consortium to Advance Health Equity and Researcher Diversity (AIM–AHEAD) program and showcasing current AIM–AHEAD activities in underserved communities. (f) To advance the development of AI systems that improve the quality of veterans’ healthcare, and in order to support small businesses’ innovative capacity, the Secretary of Veterans Affairs shall:
 * (i) within 365 days of the date of this order, host two 3-month nationwide AI Tech Sprint competitions; and
 * (ii) as part of the AI Tech Sprint competitions and in collaboration with appropriate partners, provide participants access to technical assistance, mentorship opportunities, individualized expert feedback on products under development, potential contract opportunities, and other programming and resources.

(g) Within 180 days of the date of this order, to support the goal of strengthening our Nation’s resilience against climate change impacts and building an equitable clean energy economy for the future, the Secretary of Energy, in consultation with the Chair of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, the Director of OSTP, the Chair of the Council on Environmental Quality, the Assistant to the President and National Climate Advisor, and the heads of other relevant agencies as the Secretary of Energy may deem appropriate, shall:
 * (i) issue a public report describing the potential for AI to improve planning, permitting, investment, and operations for electric grid infrastructure and to enable the provision of clean, affordable, reliable, resilient, and secure electric power to all Americans;
 * (ii) develop tools that facilitate building foundation models useful for basic and applied science, including models that streamline permitting and environmental reviews while improving environmental and social outcomes;
 * (iii) collaborate, as appropriate, with private sector organizations and members of academia to support development of AI tools to mitigate climate change risks;
 * (iv) take steps to expand partnerships with industry, academia, other agencies, and international allies and partners to utilize the Department of Energy’s computing capabilities and AI testbeds to build foundation models that support new applications in science and energy, and for national security, including partnerships that increase community preparedness for climate-related risks, enable clean-energy deployment (including addressing delays in permitting reviews), and enhance grid reliability and resilience; and
 * (v) establish an office to coordinate development of AI and other critical and emerging technologies across Department of Energy programs and the 17 National Laboratories.

(h) Within 180 days of the date of this order, to understand AI’s implications for scientific research, the President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology shall submit to the President and make publicly available a report on the potential role of AI, especially given recent developments in AI, in research aimed at tackling major societal and global challenges. The report shall include a discussion of issues that may hinder the effective use of AI in research and practices needed to ensure that AI is used responsibly for research.

5.3. Promoting Competition. (a) The head of each agency developing policies and regulations related to AI shall use their authorities, as appropriate and consistent with applicable law, to promote competition in AI and related technologies, as well as in other markets. Such actions include addressing risks arising from concentrated control of key inputs, taking steps to stop unlawful collusion and prevent dominant firms from disadvantaging competitors, and working to provide new opportunities for small businesses and

title: Page:Executive Order 14110.pdf/18


text:
Author:Mary Murphy Schroeder

Works

 * Urantia Foundation v. Maaherra (1997)

title: Author:Mary Murphy Schroeder


text:
Page:Travels in West Africa, Congo Français, Corisco and Cameroons (IA travelsinwestafr00kingrich).pdf/362

 more in accordance with European ideas of a legitimate trade. The greater part of this ivory is obtained from dead elephants. There are in this region certain places where the elephants are said to go to die. A locality in one district pointed out to me as such a place, was a great swamp in the forest. A swamp that evidently was deep in the middle, for from out its dark waters no swamp plant, or tree grew, and evidently its shores sloped suddenly, for the band of swamp plants round its edge was narrow. It is just possible that during the rainy season when most of the surrounding country would be under water, elephants might stray into this natural trap and get drowned, and on the drying up of the waters be discovered, and the fact being known, be regularly sought for by the natives cognisant of this. I inquired carefully whether these places where the elephants came to die always had water in them, but they said no, and in one district spoke of a valley or round-shaped depression in among the mountains. But natives were naturally disinclined to take a stranger to these ivory mines, and a white person who has caught—as any one who has been in touch must catch—ivory fever, is naturally equally disinclined to give localities.

A certain percentage of ivory collected by the Fans is from live elephants, but I am bound to admit that their method of hunting elephants is disgracefully unsportsmanlike. A herd of elephants is discovered by rubber hunters or by depredations on plantations, and the whole village, men, women, children, babies and dogs turn out into the forest and stalk the monsters into a suitable ravine, taking care not to scare them. When they have gradually edged the elephants on into a suitable place, they fell trees and wreathe them very roughly together with bush rope, all round an immense enclosure, still taking care not to scare the elephants into a rush. This fence is quite inadequate to stop any elephant in itself, but it is made effective by being smeared with certain things, the smell whereof the elephants detest so much that when they wander up to it, they turn back disgusted. I need hardly remark that this preparation is made by the witch doctors and its constituents a secret of theirs, and I was only able to find out some of them. Then poisoned plantains are placed within


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 tic, round the wharves, in the wake of steamboats, which leave a swell after them delightful to rock upon; I linger under the bridges,—those "caterpillar bridges," as my brother professor so happily called them; rub against the black sides of old wood-schooners; cool down under the overhanging stern of some tall Indiaman; stretch across to the Navy-Yard, where the sentinel warns me off from the Ohio,—just as if I should hurt her by lying in her shadow; then strike out into the harbor, where the water gets clear and the air smells of the ocean,—till all at once I remember, that, if a west wind blows up of a sudden, I shall drift along past the islands, out of sight of the dear old State-house,—plate, tumbler, knife and fork all waiting at home, but no chair drawn up at the table,—all the dear people waiting, waiting, waiting, while the boat is sliding, sliding, sliding into the great desert, where there is no tree and no fountain. As I don't want my wreck to be washed up on one of the beaches in company with devil's-aprons, bladder-weeds, dead horse-shoes, and bleached crab-shells, I turn about and flap my long, narrow wings for home. When the tide is running out swiftly, I have a splendid fight to get through the bridges, but always make it a rule to beat,—though I have been jammed up into pretty tight places at times, and was caught once between a vessel swinging round and the pier, until our bones (the boat's, that is) cracked as if we had


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Rh entrepreneurs. In particular, the Federal Trade Commission is encouraged to consider, as it deems appropriate, whether to exercise the Commission’s existing authorities, including its rulemaking authority under the Federal Trade Commission Act, 15 U.S.C. 41 et seq., to ensure fair competition in the AI marketplace and to ensure that consumers and workers are protected from harms that may be enabled by the use of AI.

(b) To promote competition and innovation in the semiconductor industry, recognizing that semiconductors power AI technologies and that their availability is critical to AI competition, the Secretary of Commerce shall, in implementing division A of Public Law 117–167, known as the Creating Helpful Incentives to Produce Semiconductors (CHIPS) Act of 2022, promote competition by:
 * (i) implementing a flexible membership structure for the National Semiconductor Technology Center that attracts all parts of the semiconductor and microelectronics ecosystem, including startups and small firms;
 * (ii) implementing mentorship programs to increase interest and participation in the semiconductor industry, including from workers in underserved communities;
 * (iii) increasing, where appropriate and to the extent permitted by law, the availability of resources to startups and small businesses, including:
 * (A) funding for physical assets, such as specialty equipment or facilities, to which startups and small businesses may not otherwise have access;
 * (B) datasets—potentially including test and performance data—collected, aggregated, or shared by CHIPS research and development programs;
 * (C) workforce development programs;
 * (D) design and process technology, as well as IP, as appropriate; and
 * (E) other resources, including technical and intellectual property assistance, that could accelerate commercialization of new technologies by startups and small businesses, as appropriate; and
 * (iv) considering the inclusion, to the maximum extent possible, and as consistent with applicable law, of competition-increasing measures in notices of funding availability for commercial research-and-development facilities focused on semiconductors, including measures that increase access to facility capacity for startups or small firms developing semiconductors used to power AI technologies.

(c) To support small businesses innovating and commercializing AI, as well as in responsibly adopting and deploying AI, the Administrator of the Small Business Administration shall:
 * (i) prioritize the allocation of Regional Innovation Cluster program funding for clusters that support planning activities related to the establishment of one or more Small Business AI Innovation and Commercialization Institutes that provide support, technical assistance, and other resources to small businesses seeking to innovate, commercialize, scale, or otherwise advance the development of AI;
 * (ii) prioritize the allocation of up to $2 million in Growth Accelerator Fund Competition bonus prize funds for accelerators that support the incorporation or expansion of AI-related curricula, training, and technical assistance, or other AI-related resources within their programming; and
 * (iii) assess the extent to which the eligibility criteria of existing programs, including the State Trade Expansion Program, Technical and Business Assistance funding, and capital-access programs—such as the 7(a) loan program, 504 loan program, and Small Business Investment Company (SBIC) program—support appropriate expenses by small businesses related to the adoption of AI and, if feasible and appropriate, revise eligibility criteria to improve support for these expenses.

(d) The Administrator of the Small Business Administration, in coordination with resource partners, shall conduct outreach regarding, and raise

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text:
Page:Travels in West Africa, Congo Français, Corisco and Cameroons (IA travelsinwestafr00kingrich).pdf/363

 the enclosure, and the elephants eat these and grow drowsier and drowsier; if the water supply within the enclosure is a pool it is poisoned, but if it is a running stream this cannot be done. During this time the crowd of men and women spend their days round the enclosure, ready to turn back any elephant who may attempt to break out, going to and fro to the village for their food. Their nights they spend in little bough shelters by the enclosure, watching more vigilantly than by day, as the elephants are more active at night, it being their usual feeding time. During the whole time the witch doctor is hard at work making incantations and charms, with a view to finding out the proper time to attack the elephants. In my opinion, his decision fundamentally depends on his knowledge of the state of poisoning the animals are in, but his version is that he gets his information from the forest spirits. When, however, he has settled the day, the best hunters steal into the enclosure and take up safe positions in trees, and the outer crowd set light to the ready-built fires, and make the greatest uproar possible, and fire upon the staggering, terrified elephants as they attempt to break out. The hunters in the trees fire down on them as they rush past, the fatal point at the back of the skull being well exposed to them.

When the animals are nearly exhausted, those men who do not possess guns dash into the enclosure, and the men who do, reload and join them, and the work is then completed. One elephant hunt I chanced upon at the final stage had taken two months' preparation, and although the plan sounds safe enough, there is really a good deal of danger left in it with all the drugging and ju-ju. There were eight elephants killed that day, but three burst through everything, sending energetic spectators flying, and squashing two men and a baby as flat as botanical specimens.

The subsequent proceedings were impressive. The whole of the people gorged themselves on the meat for days, and great chunks of it were smoked over the fires in all directions. A certain portion of the flesh of the hind leg was taken by the witch doctor for ju-ju, and was supposed to be put away by him, with certain suitable incantations in the recesses of


text:
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 Cloaths, whilst he was asking me all the while, whether that was Usage for a Gentleman, and was telling those that flock'd about us how much his Cloaths, which I had spoil'd, had cost him. I confess'd that the Usage I had given him was not at all fit for a Gentleman; and since he was so much troubled about his Cloaths, I would vex him the more. I took him accordingly, and led him to a Ditch full of Water, where I toss'd him in as gently as possible. There I left him to be laugh'd at by the Crowd, which was very merry at his Expence.

next Day I intended to spend in observing the Customs, Manners, and Religion of the People: I had chosen that Day because it was the Anniversary of the King's Nativity. Tckbrff had promised to accompany me, and lay the Truth before me, where I should happen to doubt, or misunderstand any Thing we should see: Accordingly we set out about Ten in the Morning, intending to go to a Place of Worship not very far distant from my Lodging: We were no sooner got into the Street, than I heard the most confus'd and deafening Noise that ever reach'd my Ears. It constantly increas'd, and I thought sometimes that I heard articulate Sounds: I could not but express my Fear and Amazement; for I believ'd it supernatural, and that for the Sins of the People God had suffer'd them to be plagu'd in that Manner. But upon Enquiry, I found that it was by this Means they design'd to persuade their Monarch that they were joyful for his


text:
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 the forest; his idea being apparently either to give rise to more elephants, or to induce the forest spirits to bring more elephants into the district. Meanwhile the carcases were going bad, rapidly bad, and the smell for a mile round was strong enough to have taken the paint off a door. Moreover there were flies, most of the flies in West Africa, I imagine, and—but I will say no more. I thought before this experience that I had touched bottom in smells when once I spent the outside of a week in a village, on the sand bank in front of which a portly hippopotamus, who had been shot up river, got stranded, and proceeded energetically to melt into its elemental gases; but that was a passing whiff to this.

Dr. Nassau tells me that the manner in which the ivory gained by one of these hunts is divided is as follows:—"The witch doctor, the chiefs, and the family on whose ground the enclosure is built, and especially the household whose women first discovered the animals, decide in council as to the division of the tusks and the share of the flesh to be given to the crowd of outsiders. The next day the tusks are removed and each family represented in the assemblage cuts up and distributes the flesh." In the hunt I saw finished, the elephants had not been discovered, as in the case Dr. Nassau above speaks of, in a plantation by women, but by a party of rubber hunters in the forest some four or five miles from any village, and the ivory that would have been allotted to the plantation holder in the former case, went in this case to the young rubber hunters.

Of the method of catching game in traps I have already spoken. Such are the pursuits, sports and pastimes of my friends the Fans. I have been considerably chaffed both by whites and blacks about my partiality for this tribe, but as I like Africans in my way—not à la Sierra Leone—and these Africans have more of the qualities I like than any other tribe I have met, it is but natural that I should prefer them. They are brave and so you can respect them, which is an essential element in a friendly feeling. They are on the whole a fine race, particularly those in the mountain districts of the Sierra del Cristal, where one continually sees magnificent specimens of human beings, both male and


text: A Trip to the Moon/Chapter 6

title: A Trip to the Moon/Chapter 6


text:
Page:Everywoman's World, Volume 7, Number 6.djvu/41

 JUNE 1917

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was not so near me as I had dreamed. Mayhap, 'twas even nearer, "nearer than breathing, closer than hands or feet" but the ideas of childhood are, necessarily, very concrete; and when I once accepted the fact that the gates of pearl and streets of gold were not in the attic of Clifton Church, I felt as though they might as well be beyond the farthest star.

Many of those early memories are connected with visits to Grandfather Montgomery's farm at Park Corner. He and his family live in the "old house" then, a most quaint and delightful old place as I remember it, full of cupboards and nooks, and little, unexpected flights of stair. It was there, when I was about five year old, that I had the only serious illness of my life—an attack of typhoid fever.

HE night before I took ill I was out in the kitchen, with the servants, feeling as well as usual, "wide-awake and full of ginger," as the old cook used to declare. I was sitting before the stove, ans cook was "riddling" the fire with a long, straight bar of iron used for that purpose. She laid it down on the hearth and I promptly caught it up, intending to do some "riddling" myself, an occupation I much liked, loving to see the glowing red embers fall down on the black ashes.

Alas, I picked the poker up by the wrong end! As a result, my hand was terribly burned. It was my first initiation into physical pain, at least, the first one of which I have any recollection.

I suffered horrible and cried bitterly; yet I took considerable satisfaction out of the commotion I had caused. For the time being I was splendidly, satisfyingly important. Grandfather scolded the poor, distracted cook, Father entreated that something be done for me, frenzied folk run about suggesting and applying a score of different remedies. Finally I cried myself to sleep, holding my hand and arm to the elbow in a pail of ice-cold water, the only thing that gave me any relief.

I awoke next morning with a violent headache that grew worse as the day advanced. In a few days the doctor pronounced my illness to be typhoid fever. I do not know how long I was ill, but several times I was very low and nobody thought I could possibly recover.

Grandmother Macneill was sent for at the beginning of my illness. I was so delighted to see her that the excitement increased my fever to an alarming pitch, and after she had gone out, Father, thinking to calm me, told me that she had gone home, He meant well, but it was an unfortunate statement. I believed it implicitly—too implicitly. When Grandmother came in again I could not be convinced that it was she. No! She had gone home. Consequently, this woman must he Mrs. Murphy, a woman who worked at Grandfather's frequently, and who was tall and thin, like Grandmother.

I did bot like Mrs. Murphy and I flatly refused to have her near me at all. Nothing could convince me that it was Grandmother. This was put down to delirium, but I do not think it was. I was quite conscious at the time. It was rather the fixed impression made on my mind in its weak state by what Father had told me. Grandmother had gone home, I reasoned, hence, she could not be there. Therefore, the woman who looked like her must be some one else.

It was not until I was able to sit up that I got over this delusion. One evening it simply dawned on me that it really was Grandmother. I was so happy, and could not bear to be out of her arms. I kept stroking her face constantly and saying in amazement and delight, "Why, you're not Mrs. Murphy, after all; you are Grandma."

Typhoid fever patients were not dieted so strictly during convalescence in those days as they are now. I remember one day, long before I was able to sit up, and only a short time after the fever had left me, that my dinner consisted of fried sausages—rich, pungent, savoury, home made sausages, such as are never found in these degenerate days. It was the first day that I had felt hungry, and I ate ravenously. Of course, by all the rules of the game, those sausages should have killed me, and so cut short that "career" of which I am writing. But they did not. These things are fated. I am sure that nothing short of predestination saved me from the consequences of those sausages.

Two incidents of the following summer stand out in my memory, probably because they were so keenly and so understandably bitter. One day I heard Grandmother reading from a newspaper an item to the effect that the end of the world was to come the following Sunday. At that time I had a most absolute and piteous belief in everything that was "printed." Whatever was in a newspaper must be true. I have lost this touching faith, I regret to say, and life is the poorer by the absence of many thrills of delight and horror.

ROM the time I heard that awesome prediction until Sunday was over I lived in an agony of terror and dread. The grown-up folk laughed at me, and refused to take my questions seriously. Now, I was almost as much afraid of being laughed at as of the Judgment Day. But all through the Saturday before that fateful Sunday I vexed Aunt Emily to distraction by repeatedly asking her if we should go to Sunday-school the next afternoon. Her assurance that of course we should go was a considerable comfort to me. If she really expected that there would be Sunday-school she could not believe that the next day would see the end of the world.

But then—it had been printed. That night was a time of intense wretchedness for me. Sleep was entirely out of the question. Might I not hear "the last trump" at any moment? I can laugh at it now—any one would laugh. But it was real torture (Continued on page 41)

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 female. Their colour is light bronze, many of the men have beards, and albinoes are rare among them. The average height in the mountain districts is five feet six to five feet eight, the difference in stature between men and women not being great. Their countenances are very bright and expressive, and if once you have been among them, you can never mistake a Fan. But it is in their mental characteristics that their difference from the lethargic, dying-out coast tribes is most marked. The Fan is full of fire, temper, intelligence and go; very teachable, rather difficult to manage, quick to take offence, and utterly indifferent to human life. I ought to say that other people, who should know him better than I, say he is a treacherous, thievish, murderous cannibal. I never found him treacherous; but then I never trusted him, remembering one of the aphorisms of my great teacher Captain Boler of Bonny, "It's not safe to go among bush tribes, but if you are such a fool as to go, you needn't go and be a bigger fool still, you've done enough." And Captain Boler's other great aphorism was: "Never be afraid of a black man." "What if I can't help it?" said I. "Don't show it," said he. To these precepts I humbly add another: "Never lose your head." My most favourite form of literature, I may remark, is accounts of mountaineering exploits, though I have never seen a glacier or a permanent snow mountain in my life. I do not care a row of pins how badly they may be written, and what form of bumble-puppy grammar and composition is employed, as long as the writer will walk along the edge of a precipice with a sheer fall of thousands of feet on one side and a sheer wall on the other; or better still crawl up an arête with a precipice on either. Nothing on earth would persuade me to do either of these things myself, but they remind me of bits of country I have been through where you walk along a narrow line of security with gulfs of murder looming on each side, and where in exactly the same way you are as safe as if you were in your easy chair at home, as long as you get sufficient holding ground: not on rock in the bush village inhabited by murderous cannibals, but on ideas in those men's and women's minds; and these ideas, which I think I may say you will always find, give you safety.


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 It is not advisable to play with them, or to attempt to eradicate them, because you regard them as superstitious; and never, never shoot too soon. I have never had to shoot, and hope never to have to; because in such a situation, one white alone with no troops to back him means a clean finish. But this would not discourage me if I had to start, only it makes me more inclined to walk round the obstacle, than to become a mere blood splotch against it, if this can be done without losing your self-respect, which is the mainspring of your power in West Africa.

As for flourishing about a revolver and threatening to fire, I hold it utter idiocy. I have never tried it, however, so I speak from prejudice which arises from the feeling that there is something cowardly in it. Always have your revolver ready loaded in good order, and have your hand on it when things are getting warm, and in addition have an exceedingly good bowie knife, not a hinge knife, because with a hinge knife you have got to get it open—hard work in a country where all things go rusty in the joints—and hinge knives are liable to close on your own fingers. The best form of knife is the bowie, with a shallow half moon cut out of the back at the point end, and this depression sharpened to a cutting edge. A knife is essential, because after wading neck deep in a swamp your revolver is neither use nor ornament until you have had time to clean it. But the chances are you may go across Africa, or live years in it, and require neither. It is just the case of the gentleman who asked if one required a revolver in Carolina? and was answered, "You may be here one year, and you may be here two and never want it; but when you do want it you'll want it very bad."

The cannibalism of the Fans, although a prevalent habit, is no danger, I think, to white people, except as regards the bother it gives one in preventing one's black companions from getting eaten. The Fan is not a cannibal from sacrificial motives like the negro. He does it in his common sense way. Man's flesh, he says, is good to eat, very good, and he wishes you would try it. Oh dear no, he never eats it himself, but the next door town does. He is always very much abused for


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 eating his relations, but he really does not do this. He will eat his next door neighbour's relations and sell his own deceased to his next door neighbour in return but he does not buy slaves and fatten them up for his table as some of


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 the Middle Congo tribes I know of do. He has no slaves, no prisoners of war, no cemeteries, so you must draw your own conclusions. No, my friend, I will not tell you any cannibal stories. I have heard how good M. du Chaillu fared after telling you some beauties, and now you come away from the Fan village and down the Rembwé river.


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532 of your chair, so, to the room, she will not see you.—Is it you, dear little girl? Come in."

He met Rose at the door, and taking away the crutches, carried her to his table, where he sat down, lifting the child to his knee.

"And now what have you been doing?" he asked.

"I have been playing with Delia's beautiful ribbons."

"Not with the pretty box I gave you? Didn't you like it? What's that in your little hand?"

"My box. Feel it—all nice and furry and white. It's velvet, isn't it? And it opens and shuts with a snap. Inside it's all white, too—but not furry. It's satin, I think, inside. But I thought there were to be toys in it?"

"What was in it, dear little girl?"

"The ring—the beautiful ring."

"And where has the ring gone?"

"Delia gave me her ribbons to play with, and she took away my ring. She said it was only a play-ring. She said you wouldn't give me a real ring. You would, wouldn't you? She oughtn't to take my things. Sometimes I don't like Delia. Was it a play-ring?"

"No, dear little girl, it was not a play-ring. But what did Delia do with it?"

"I don't know. I was playing with the ribbons, and so I forgot. But she said she'd give it back to me very soon. She said she just borrowed it for a little while to have some fun with the old maid."

"The old maid?"

"That's what she often calls Catharine, because she scolds her sometimes. Why, there's my ring!"

"So it is. Right under that paper I just moved. You are sure it's the same?"

"Oh yes. Now I want to put it to bed and cover it up. I like to hear my box snap. Will you keep it for me, Mr. Courtney? Put it where Delia can't find it. I'll ask you for it when I want it again. But I wish it was toys. I thought you meant it was toys. Will you play now?"

"Look behind you—look in that big chair by the fire. How can I play? I have company."

Miss Ireland rose and stood by the table.

"I didn't see you, Kitty. Are you going to stay?"

"Yes, she is going to stay a little longer. Suppose we finish our play tomorrow afternoon. Will that do?"

"Yes. For maybe Delia won't lend me her ribbons to-morrow, and I've got them all spread out now."

"Well, go now and play with the ribbons, and come again to-morrow. Don't forget to come. Good night, dear little girl. Good night. You can take that little box from the table as you pass. Yes, that one has toys in it. Good night."

The door closed.

"Oh, Mr. Courtney! What can I say?"

"Nothing. What have you done—except what you always do—the brave, right thing? But perhaps you see now that it is hard to be serious with Delia. Scolding her seems only to lead her on to worse mischief, such as this trick she has played on you to-night. It was rather a neat one. Don't you think so?"

"No! But to do her justice, she did not think I would really speak to you. I took the ring from off her finger and warned her that I would; but I have so often warned her and done nothing, I saw she thought this time it would be the same."

"She must have had a beautiful time. I can imagine nothing more entirely delightful to Delia than the whole of this aifair. I confess I see the joke, if you do not. But she evidently did believe the ring was glass. A good imitation."

"I knew the value of the ring the moment I looked at it; the setting—everything proved it. I felt I must speak to you at once."

"Of course."

"But—oh, Mr. Courtney, I am so sorry for—for everything."

Courtney had opened the box and taken out the ring. He was standing with it in his hand, looking down at it.

"What am I to do with this?" he asked. "What does one do with—these? If it had come back to me at seventeen I should have flung it into the fire. After twenty-five one is less—what shall I call it?—less destructive. But I can't feel this belongs to me. It belongs to no one now, unless it be—"


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Rh He looked up, the color rushing over his face.

"I know to whom it belongs!" he said, eagerly. "This is different from anything else, quite different. A moment ago it was only a pain to me to look at this. It recalled a time—If you could change all that, if you could make it be that I shall only think of this ring with great happiness, you wouldn't deny that to me, would you? The ring belongs to Rose. I gave it to her. To-morrow I shall change it for what will buy for her the greatest gift in the world. You will take it then and manage the rest? You can't refuse—not coming in this way. Think what it will mean to Rose—all her life. No, you can't refuse this to her—or to me."

She stood motionless, looking up at him, moved, shaken, unable to reply. He could feel his heart beating as he waited, watching her gentle, flowerlike face, the soft, changing color, the deep, sweet eyes. How good she was! How fine and strong, and yet so loving, so lovely and girl-like. It seemed to him that he was wandering once more in the glamour of that old garden of simple, sweet flowers—the delicate tinted bloom of the nasturtiums on slender stems about him. He knew that never in his life had he looked into eyes so gravely deep, so soft, so intimately sweet. Her voice, when she spoke, would be as were her eyes—soft, penetrating, deeply moved.

"I—I cannot answer yet—not yet. I must think first, but—Good night—and—God bless you, Mr. Courtney!"

At her motion he opened his door for her, but as she passed near him he saw that she was trembling from head to foot, and with a quick, hopeful impulse he stretched out his hand to her entreatingly. Again she glanced up at him, faltered, stood irresolute, then, her eyes still lifted, for a moment she laid her hand in his. It brushed his palm like soft, warm velvet, but no velvet was ever so informed with life, with unimagined fire, telling him with a touch all she could not speak—her gratitude, her consent. He lifted her hand reverently to his lips, then as gently released it. The next moment he was alone in the room.

Courtney moved slowly back to the table. He lifted the little white velvet ring-box and opened it, absently slipping the ring more closely into the satin slit. He touched both ring and case with slow, careful touches, and then sat motionless, the case still held in his open hand. When he roused at last it was to find that his room was in darkness save for the firelight from his hearth. He looked down wondering at his hand. His fingers had clasped down closely on the soft, warm velvet that touched his palm. His thoughts—where had they been? This strange, vague emotion, this pitying, overmastering tenderness—for what, for whom were they? Pity? No! She would have none of his pity.

He sat upright, startled, staring into the dim spaces of his room, his eyes fixed on the doorway where no one now stood. Again the slender upright figure, the flowerlike face, swayed there before him, the soft gray eyes spoke into his, and suddenly he knew.


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next Thing I went to see was a Coffee-House, where we intended to trifle away our Time till the Play-House was open: We went thither, and took our Seats at a long Table, with a Design to settle the Affairs of the Nation; for I must confess, that upon my entering the Coffee-House I found myself insensibly turn Politician, and become more concern'd to find out the Designs of One a thousand Miles distant from me, than I was about returning to mine own Country, tho' I am sure that my own Affairs were but in a very bad State when I left it.

I had just lighted my Pipe, and read a Paragraph of a Paper, in quest of Truth, where I was certain that there was an hundred to one against my finding it, when my Thoughts were turned another Way by a Company that seated themselves next to us. But before I inform against them, I will set down the Substance of a Fragment which I met with in Tckbrff's Library. It was a philosophical Account of Mens meddling with Affairs that do not belong to them, when they enter Coffer-Houses. It first prov'd that Coffee was of an hot and dry Nature, and took it for granted that it was much us'd in Houses that


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 PRESS REFERENCE LIBRARY PORTRAITS AND BIOGRAPHIES OF MEN OF THE WEST

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Bixby, Jotham, Pioneer Stock Raiser and Capitalist, Long Beach, California, was born at Norridgewock, Maine, January 20, 1831. He comes from the old stock of New Englanders who settled in Maine in the early days and who previously had come from Massachusetts. His father was Amasa Bixby and his mother Fanny (Weston) Bixby.

Mr. Bixby's maternal great-grandfather was Joseph Weston, a pioneer of Maine, who, in the first year of the Revolutionary War, gave his life to the Republic. He volunteered his services as a woodsman guide to lead the ill-fated expedition of Benedict Arnold against Quebec through the path- less forests of Maine and was killed in the dis- charge of his duty.

On December 4, 1862, at San Juan Bautista, California, Mr. Bixby married Margaret Winslow Hathaway, second daughter of the Rev. George W. Hathaway, of Skowhegan, Maine. By this union there have been born seven children-George Hathaway, Mary Hathaway (deceased), Henry Llewellyn (deceased), Margaret Hathaway (deceased), Rosamond Read (deceased), Fanny Weston and Jotham Winslow Bixby.

Mr. Bixby received his education in the common schools of his native State. Being one of ten children, and realizing that there were few opportuni- ties for him in Maine, he determined to go to California, which at that time was attracting the eyes of the civilized world. The gold rush was on. and in 1852, Jotham Bixby found himself aboard the ship Samuel Appleton, California-bound. The ship went around the Horn and Mr. Bixby was landed in San Francisco, the Mecca City for adventurers and gold seekers from all parts of the globe.

In July, of the same year, Mr. Bixby, in com- pany with his elder brother and several others who went out with him from his home village, entered the mining region near Volcano, in Amador County, California. He continued in placer mining for about five years and acquired a small amount of capital.

In 1856, he went into sheep raising and the wool business and the following year moved south to San Luis Obispo County, California, near San Miguel. He remained there in close attention to his growing flocks for about nine years. The name and fame of Southern California had commenced to impress itself on a few of the far-sighted and, in 1866, Mr. Bixby sold his interests in San Obispo County, intent on settling near Los Angeles. A sbort time previous to this he and his equal partner in the well known pioneer firm of Flint, Bixby & Company, of which his elder brother. Llewellyn Bixby, was also a member, had purchased from John Temple the fertile and well-watered Rancho Los Cerritos, containing over 27,000 acres.

This vast tract of land, which lies east of the San Gabriel River and fronts the Pacific Ocean, includes the present townsites of Long Beach and Clearwater, and the Llewellyn or New River district. Mr. Bixby was half owner and in full management of the property and soon became known. as one of the largest and wealthiest stock raisers in Southern California, With his indomitable force of character, he gradually worked his way to the front. He made additional land purchases, financed numerous worthy development projects and became known as one of the most progressive citizens of Southern California.

As their flocks enlarged and their profits increased, Mr. Bixby and his associates purchased 17,000 acres of the Palos Verdes Rancho, and a one- third interest in Los Alamitos Rancho, of 26,000


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 acres. Later he purchased, individually, 6000 acres in the Rancho Santiago de Santa Ana, as well as business properties in and around Los Angeles. With this expansion of holdings his stock was correspondingly increased and at times he had 30,000 head of sheep on his ranges. From this herd 200,000 pounds of wool were obtained yearly. In later years he raised horses and cattle as well as sheep. Now his principal live stock interest is in Holstein- Friesian cattle and in scientific dairying.

Mr. Bixby has been one of the most important factors in the upbuilding of the city of Long Beach, which has been reared on a part of the land formerly owned by him, and stands today one of the most progressive municipalities of the Pacific Coast. He was one of the original incorporators of the town, aided in laying out its streets and avenues, organized various business enterprises, including the first bank, and was instrumental in furthering the city's interests in so many ways that he was given the honorary title of "The Father of Long Beach." The city has a population of approximately 25,000 persons and won distinction among the cities of the Union by showing a growth in population of nearly seven hundred per cent during the decade from 1900 to 1910, the greatest increase of any city in the United States. To Mr. Bixby, who witnessed and aided the transformation of the place, this record was a source of great satisfaction, for in his latter years he is working as eagerly for its growth as he did at the beginning of the task of making a city.

Aside from the practical work of adding to the commercial importance of Long Beach, Mr. Bixby and his family have, by their force of character, had a strong influence on governmental and civic affairs in general, with the result that Long Beach, a city of beautiful homes, is one of the cleanest, physically and otherwise, in the country, and noted as one of the most refined resorts in the West. Despite his prominence in public affairs, Mr. Bixby has never had any political ambitions and consequently has never appeared as a seeker or candidate for any public office, although, as a recognition of his great work for his adopted State he could probably have had any office within the gift of the people of his section. He has always taken an interest in politics to the extent of assuring clean, progressive government, but in the main his work has been that of a developer of resources and his appearances in public affairs have been limited to service on special bodies engaged in the promotion of movements for the benefit of the city. Mr. Bixby has now turned over the management of some of his interests to his sons. At the same time he takes a keen interest in looking after business details, particularly of his farming interests, his confidence in his own judgment therein being fully justified by the fact that farming formed the foundation of his fortune.

He is President of the Bixby Land Company, the Palos Verdes Company, the Jotham Bixby Company, and many smaller corporations; Vice President of the Alamitos Land Company, the Alamitos Water Company, First Vice President of the National Bank of Long Beach, and Vice President of the Long Beach Savings & Trust Company, being associated in some of these enterprises with other members of his family connection and in others with that eminent Pacific Coast financier, Isaias W. Hellman.

In addition to the interests mentioned, Mr. Bixby has been interested in various other enterprises, including orange growing, manufacturing, irrigation and cattle. He was President of the Chino Valley Cattle Company of Arizona for several years, this company being engaged in the sheep raising business at Ash Fork, Arizona, on an extensive scale. The direct management he turned over to his son Harry L. Bixby, who conducted the business until his death in 1902, and since that time it has been in the hands of others. Another important concern which Mr. Bixby helped to organize and push to success was the Pacific Creamery Company, of Buena Park, Orange County, California, engaged in the manufacture of condensed milk and cream, with a monthly output of nine thousand cases of evaporated milk and cream. Several years ago Mr. Bixby resigned from the office of President of the National Bank of Long Beach to take the less confining, though active office of First Vice President of the bank, in which capacity he serves.

On December 4, 1912, Mr. and Mrs. Bixby celebrated the golden anniversary of their wedding in their magnificent home at Long Beach, facing Bixby Park, a beauty spot he presented to the city. They welcomed more than eighty guests, many of whom were their children and grand-children, and, following the wedding luncheon, a great family reunion was held.

On this occasion, Mr. Bixby, strong and alert at the age of eighty-one, received congratulations. from scores of friends in all parts of the country who admire him as a man, and appreciate his work in upbuilding the substantial City of Long Beach, built on the land where formerly his sheep and cattle grazed. The couple received numerous gifts commemorating their fiftieth anniversary of wedded life, one of these being a handsome silver vase three feet in height, sent by the officers and directors of the National Bank of Long Beach, of which he was one of the organizers and the first President, and the Long Beach Savings & Trust Company.

Mr. Bixby long occupied a comfortable, but by no means ostentatious residence overlooking the Pacific Ocean at Long Beach, but in September, 1911, he purchased the magnificent residence built there two years before by A. D. Meyers, a mining man, which is one of the most palatial residences in Southern California, and occupies a commanding position on the bluff above the ocean.

There he is rounding out the evening of a most active life close and happy companionship with his wife and his surviving children and grand- children, who, best of all, know and appreciate the simple, unaffected and generous, but entirely vigorous traits of character which make this stalwart scion of a hardy and conscientious race a true historic representative of the best and most characteristic in the transformation of early California.


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text: The Works of Alexander Pope (1717)/Epilogue to Jane Shore


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Belard and Eloisa ''flourish'd in the twelfth Century; they were two of the most distinguish'd persons of their age in learning and beauty, but for nothing more famous than for their unfortunate passion. After a long course of Calamities, they retired each to a several Convent, and consecrated the remainder of their days to religion. It was many years after this separation, that a letter of Abelard's to a Friend which contain'd the history of his misfortunes, fell into the hands of Eloisa. This awakening all her tenderness, occasion'd those celebrated letters (out of which the following is partly extracted) which give so lively a picture of the struggles of grace and nature, virtue and passion.''


text: The Works of Alexander Pope (1717)/Occasion'd by some Verses of his Grace the Duke of Buckingham


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text: The Works of Alexander Pope (1717)/On Silence, in imitation of the style of the late E. of R.


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Index:The Folk-Lore Record Volume 4 1881.djvu

 * This section was archived on a request by: --Xover (talk) 10:35, 9 November 2023 (UTC)

Pages 102,103,205,206,224,225 are missing from this Index of the the Folk-Lore Record. The PDF scan located at this IA link is higher quality and includes the missing pages, it also is the same batch of scans as the others already uploaded for that Journal. Reboot01 (talk) 15:52, 17 October 2023 (UTC)

 * @Reboot01: ✅. Xover (talk) 09:44, 21 October 2023 (UTC)

File:The Mating of the Blades.djvu

 * This section was archived on a request by: --Xover (talk) 10:35, 9 November 2023 (UTC)

can you please fix the offset images and text in this file? Thanks! Beleg Âlt (talk) 19:11, 17 October 2023 (UTC)

 * @Beleg Âlt: ✅. Xover (talk) 08:19, 21 October 2023 (UTC)

File:Zuleika Dobson.djvu

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this file is missing its text layer for some reason. Would it be possible to add the text layer from the Internet Archive so that the book can be matched and split? —Beleg Tâl (talk) 19:46, 20 October 2023 (UTC)

 * @Beleg Tâl: ✅. Xover (talk) 07:30, 21 October 2023 (UTC)

TASJ, 3
From here. File should be File:TASJ-1-3.djvu. TE(æ)A,ea. (talk) 18:44, 18 November 2023 (UTC)

 * @TE(æ)A,ea.: ✅ Xover (talk) 15:42, 19 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Xover: Thank you! Could you remove DJVU pages 144–147, 168–169, and 243–244, please? TE(æ)A,ea. (talk) 00:11, 20 November 2023 (UTC)
 * @TE(æ)A,ea.: ✅ Xover (talk) 08:52, 20 November 2023 (UTC)
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File:The Scientific Monthly vol. 3.djvu
Appears to be missing some images, for example at page 88 where there should be a nice diagram, and page 204 likely also had an image. I don't know what the best way of fixing this is. Arcorann (talk) 10:38, 8 November 2023 (UTC)

 * Many images are missing from this scan, compare with https://archive.org/details/scientificmonthl03ameruoft/page/88/mode/2up. To fix them one by one is a huge effort. Re-derive the djvu I don't know how easy it is as raw images are rotated 90° in both directions. Maybe the pdf is better? Mpaa (talk) 22:29, 12 November 2023 (UTC)
 * @Arcorann: I replaced the scan with one generated from the one Mpaa linked above, and shifted the pages around accordingly. Please check that the result looks ok. Xover (talk) 16:29, 20 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Looks like all the images are there, thanks. Arcorann (talk) 06:21, 22 November 2023 (UTC)
 * This section was archived on a request by: Arcorann (talk) 09:48, 4 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Wikisource:Scan Lab/Archives/2023-11


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title: Category:Cities in Illinois


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 working class masses for the coming struggles. The differences still remaining in the party must be removed in the process of party organisation and by avoiding the formation of factions; the need of the hour is to obtain the solid co-operation of all party comrades as quickly as possible. It is with this object in view that we voted in favour of the total results of the consultation.

We have voted for the political theses mainly because they confirm fundamentally the tactics hitherto pursued by Comintern and which the so-called Left in Germany wished definitely to break with. We were able all the more easily to vote for them because they were supplemented by correct theses on organisation and on the trade unions which will furnish a decisive reply to certain very important practical questions. Nevertheless, we are aware that the political theses are not clear of certain vaguenesses, and that, in particular, they have quite falsely apportioned responsibility for the errors which have been committed. A part of the responsibility for the October events must fall upon the Executive Committee, which judged the situation too optimistically, and gave the German comrades one-sided directions, without providing for a line of retreat.

For us there can be no doubt that the so-called Right (Clara Zetkin, Brandler, Thalheimer, Walcher, Pieck, &c.), whose errors and omissions have been so fully criticised in the theses, and to some extent with justice, are the oldest, best-tried, and most experienced soldiers in the party. Against this Old Guard of the Party the Left has been for some time carrying on a persistent persecution of leaders, which was in direct contradiction to the spirit of Bolshevism, and was always demagogic and anarchistic. We believe that to discredit this group in the eyes of the German proletariat would be a heavy blow to the German Communist Party. The axiom of Lenin should be remembered by the German Communist Party:

"No revolutionary movement can be a permanent one unless it has a stable organisation of leaders which is able to maintain cohesion when necessary. The broader the masses who are brought into the struggle and who form the basis of the movement, the more urgent becomes the necessity for such an organisation and the more solid must it be."

Therefore, it was the duty of the Executive, when criticising the errors committed, also to condemn the attack upon the leaders, which has broken out with redoubled vigour since the October events, and which is charging the leaders who ordered the retreat with treachery. The inevitability of the retreat in the given situation was admitted by the Chairman of the Executive Com-


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 mittee in his concluding speech to the Presidium. We miss this declaration, a declaration which would give a check to the irresponsible attack, in the theses which are to be published.

We welcome every step which will lead to the actual removal of the split between the organisations of Berlin-Wasserkante, &c., on the one hand, and Merseburg-Halle, Saxony, Thuringia, &c., on the other. But we must openly declare that such a step cannot take the form of an outward agreement between the leaders. The aim desired can be obtained only by a clear and definite policy on the part of the Communist International which will endeavour to put an end not only to the defects and errors of the so-called Right, but also to the infantile sicknesses of the so-called Left.

The second point, which is of more international significance, but which is directly bound up with the fate of the German Party, is the danger arising out of the crisis to the authority both of the Communist International and of the German Communist Party.

Since the time that Lenin, the greatest and most authoritative leader of the world revolutionary proletariat, ceased to take part in the leadership of the Communist International, and since the time that the authority of Trotsky, one of the recognised leaders of the world proletariat, was placed in doubt by the Russian Central Committee, the danger has arisen that the authority of the leadership of the Communist International may be destroyed.

It is therefore our common duty not only to devote all our energies to maintaining the authority of the Executive Committee and of its Presidium, but also to avoid every step that may make this task difficult.

Under these circumstances we regard the charge of opportunism levelled against Radek, a leader who has performed great services for the Communist International, not only as unjustified, but also as in the highest degree harmful to the authority of all the leaders of the Communist International. We can see no ground for such a charge; for however important the question is to as who was victorious in Germany in October, it is clear that no side was guilty of drawing opportunist tactical conclusions. The differences of opinion that have arisen on the German question between some of the best known leaders of the Communist International are such as are inevitable in a live revolutionary Party, particularly when the Party is in so difficult a situation. Such differences of opinion have arisen in the past within the leadership of the Executive Committee without giving rise to mutual accusations of opportunism.

We refuse to see in this the seed of tendencies foreign to Communism.

Since we were repeatedly attacked by Comrade Zinoviey at the last meeting of the Presidium, and did not have the opportunity to reply, we are obliged to reply now in writing.

As regards the letter of the Polish Central Committee, we declare that as far as it deals with German matters, it takes up in essence


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86 impossible, or possible only with such a consumption of time and such a neglect of purposes of practical and immediate utility, as would tend to frustrate the object in view. My instructions state that “the General Committee deem it more important that the information obtained should be complete as far as it goes, clear and specific in its details, and depending upon actual observation or undoubted authority, than that you should hurry over a large space in a short time, and be able to give only a crude and imperfect account of the state of education within that space. With a view to ulterior measures, it is just as necessary to know the extent of the ignorance that prevails where education is wholly or almost wholly neglected, as to know the extent of the acquirements made where some attention is paid to it.” The soundness of these views will not be disputed, but to extend over every sub-division of every district throughout the country, the minute enquiry which they prescribe is not the work of one man or of one life, but of several devoting their whole lives to the duty. Without attempting, therefore, what it would be impossible to accomplish, I have sought to fulfil the instructions of the Committee by thoroughly examining the state of education in one of the sub-divisions of the district which, with such qualifications as will appear to be necessary, may be taken as a sample of the whole; while, at the same time, the state of education generally in the other sub-divisions, and of particular institutions worthy of note, has not been neglected.

Rajshahi was formerly the most extensive district of Bengal, comprehending, according to Major computation in 1784, 12,999 square miles; at which period also the population appears to have been estimated at 1,997,763. After that date several important pergunnahs were detached from it, and joined, it is believed, to the district of Moorshedabad; and in 1801 the population of Rajshahi was estimated at 1,500,000. About twenty-five years ago, two thanas, viz., those of Chapai and Rahanpur, were, in respect of police and fiscal purposes, detached from Rajshahi, and employed with two from Dinajpur and four from Purniya to form the joint magistracy and deputy collectorship of Malda. About ten years after, four other thanas of Rajshahi, viz., those of Adamdighi, Nakhila, Serpur, and Buggoorah, with two from Rangpur and three from Dinajpur, were for the same administrative purposes, employed to form the joint magistracy and deputy collectorship of Buggoorah. Still more recently within the last seven and eight years, five other thanas, viz., those of Shajatpur, Khetapara,


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Rh Raigunge, Mathura, and Pubna, were in like manner separated from Rajshahi to contribute with four from Jessore to form the joint magistracy and deputy collectorship of Pubna. After these large reductions the district still contains ten thanas and three ghatis, in all thirteen police sub-divisions.

These sub-divisions are here enumerated in the order of their estimated relative territorial extent, beginning with the largest; viz., thanas Bhawanigunge, Hariyal, Nattore, Chaugaon, Bauleah, Bilmariya, Tannore, Manda, Dubalhati, and Godagari; and ghatis Puthiya, Surda, and Mirgunge. Of these Nattore is the most central and is that to which the tables in the Appendix refer, being taken as a standard by which to judge of the condition of the remaining sub-divisions. Its greatest length from north to south is estimated by well informed persons in the district at 22 miles, and its greatest breadth from east to west at 20 miles. These are estimated, not measured, distances, and may be a little below or a little above the truth; and even, if taken as strictly correct, they must be understood to express only the distance of the extreme and opposite limits without implying that the same length and breadth will be found at all points. As the different districts run into and dove-tail with one another, so do the different sub-divisions of the same distinct. The space, therefore, contained in the thana of Nattore will not be correctly judged from the extreme length and breadth which would make it equal to 440 square miles, whereas the actual area probably does not amount to more than 350. Comparing the other sub-divisions with Nattore, Bhawanigunge and Hariyal have each a larger extent of surface, but much of the former is occupied by jungle and of the latter by water, the Chalan Bil, the largest lake in Bengal, being principally included within its limits. Chaugaon and Bauleah are about equal in extent, and each rather smaller than Nattore; and Bilmariya and Tannore are one grade smaller, Manda is rather larger than Dubalhati or Godagari, the two latter being the smallest in size of the thanas. The ghatis are still smaller considered merely in reference to territorial extent, and of the three Puthiya is the largest. Besides Bhawanigunge, Manda, Tannore, Dubalhati and Godagari have much jungle in which the wolf and tiger have their haunts. The three ghatis are sections of contiguous thanas, placed under separate Native superintendents, to give greater vigour and efficiency to the administration of the police.

About the end of 1834, Mr. Bury, the magistrate and collector of the district, caused returns to be made to him by the different daroghas, showing the number of families—of men, women, and children—and of chowkidars in each thana. I was permitted to examine them, and the following are the results which they exhibit, omitting the column relating to chowkidars


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92 this respect not an exception to the other thanas. According to the opinions I have been able to collect, the thanas of Bhawanigunge, Hariyal, Chaugaon, Bilmariya, and Bauleah, are considered to have nearly an equal proportion of Musalmans with Nattore, which latter, if any difference exist, is believed to have rather a larger proportion of Hindus than any of the five former; while in Manda, Tannore, Dubalhati, and Godagari, the proportion of Musalmans is alleged to be in excess of what it is in all the others, certainly amounting to not less that three to one Hindu. If we assume that the first-mentioned six thanas have the proportion of two Musalmans to one Hindu, and the four last-mentioned that of three to one, the aggregate average will be that of seven to three, or the proportion of 1,000 Musalmans to 450 Hindus. The returns of 1834 make the proportion to be that of 1,000 to 587, which is the highest proportion of Hindus that can be assumed. It is not difficult to perceive how a contrary impression has gained ground among the European functionaries, and from them has been transferred to the publications of the day. The Hindus, with exceptions of course, are the principal zemindars, talookdars, public officers, men of learning, money-lenders, traders, shop-keepers, &c, engaging in the most active pursuits of life, and coming directly and frequently under the notice of the rulers of the country; while the Musalmans, with exceptions also, form a very large majority of the cultivators of the ground and of day-laborers, and others engage in the very humblest forms of mechanical skill and of buying and selling, as tailors, turban-makers, makers of huqqa-snakes, dyers, wood-polishers, oil sellers, sellers of vegetables, fish, &c.,—in few instances attracting the attention of those who do not mix much with the humbler classes of the people, or make special inquiry into their occupations and circumstances.

Elementary instruction in this district is divisible into two sorts, public and private, according as it is communicated in public schools or private families. The distinction is not always strictly maintained, but it is sufficiently marked, and is in itself so important as to require that these two modes of conveying elementary instruction to the young should be separately considered.

I. Elementary Schools.—These are enumerated and described in the Tables as of two denominations, viz., Hindu and Mahomedan,—there being in Nattore, of the former, 11 schools, containing 192 scholars; and of the latter 16, containing 70 scholars, which gives an average of 17 scholars in each of the one sort, and 4 scholars in each of the other. This was the only division that occurred to me at the commencement of the inquiry; but an


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96 Patwari, the Amin, the Shumarnavis, and the Khamarnavis employed on a native estate. The Patwari, who goes from house to house, and collects the zemindar’s rents, gets from his employer a salary of two rupees eight annas, or three rupees a month, to which may be added numerous presents from the ryots of the first productions of the season, amounting probably to eight annas a month. The Amin, who on behalf of the zemindar decides the disputes that take place among the villagers and measures their grounds, gets from three rupees eight annas to four rupees a month. The Shumarnavis, who keeps accounts of the collection of rents by the different Patwaris, receives about five rupees a month. And the Khamarnavis who is employed to ascertain the state and value of the crops on which the zemindar has claims in kind, receives the same allowance. Persons bearing these designations and discharging these duties sometimes receive higher salaries; but the cases I have supposed are those with which that of the common native school-master may be considered as on a level, he being supposed capable of undertaking their duties, and they of undertaking his. The holders of these offices on a native estate have opportunities of making unauthorised gains, and they enjoy a respectability and influence which the native school-master does not possess; but in other respects they are nearly on an equality; and, to compensate for those disadvantages, the salary of the common school-master is in general rather higher,—none of those whom I met in Nattore receiving in all less than three rupees eight annas, and some receiving as high as seven rupees eight annas a month.

There are no school-houses built for, and exclusively appropriated to, these schools. The apartments or buildings in which the scholars assemble would have been erected, and would continue to be applied to other purposes, if there were no schools. Some meet in the Chandi Mandap, which is of the nature of a chapel belonging to some one of the principal families in the village, and in which, besides the performance of religious worship on occasion of the great annual festivals, strangers also are sometimes lodged and entertained, and business transacted; others in the Baithakkhana, an open hut principally intended as a place of recreation and of concourse for the consideration of any matters relating to the general interests of the village; others in the private dwelling of the chief supporter of the school; and others have no special place of meeting, unless it be the most vacant and protected spot in the neighbourhood of the master’s abode. The school (a) in the village numbered 4 meets in the open air in the dry seasons of the year; and in the rainy season those boys whose parents can afford it erect each for himself a small shed of grass and leaves, open at the sides and barely adequate at the top to cover one person from the rain. There were five or six such sheds among 30 or 40 boys; and those who had no protection, if it rained, must either have


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Rh been dispersed or remained exposed to the storm. It is evident that the general efficiency and regularity of school-business, which are promoted by the adaptation of the school-room to the enjoyment of comfort by the scholars, to full inspection on the part of the teacher, and to easy communication on all sides, must here be in a great measure unknown.

Respecting the nature and amount of the instruction received, the first fact to be mentioned is that the use of printed books in the native language appears hitherto to have been almost wholly unknown to the natives of this district, with the exception of a printed almanac which some official or wealthy native may have procured from Calcutta; or a stray missionary tract which may have found its way across the great river from the neighbouring district of Moorshedabad. A single case of each kind came under observation; but as far as I could ascertain, not one of the schoolmasters had ever before seen a printed book,—those which I presented to them from the Calcutta School Book Society being viewed more as curiosities than as instruments of knowledge. That Society has now established an agency for the sale of its publications at Bauleah, whence works of instruction will probably in time spread over the district.

Not only are printed books not used in these schools, but even manuscript text-books, are unknown. All that the scholars learn is from the oral dictation of the master; and although what is so communicated must have a firm seat in the memory of the teacher, and will probably find an equally firm seat in the memory of the scholar, yet instruction conveyed solely by such means must have a very limited scope. The principal written composition which they learn in this way is the Saraswati Bandana, or salutation to the Goddess of Learning, which is committed to memory by frequent repetitions, and is daily recited by the scholars in a body before they leave school,—all kneeling with their heads bent to the ground, and following a leader or monitor in the pronunciation of the successive lines or couplets. I have before me two versions or forms of this salutation obtained at different places; but they are quite different from each other, although described by the same name, and both are doggrels of the lowest description even amongst Bengali compositions. The only other written composition used in these schools, and that only in the way of oral dictation by the master, consists of a few of the rhyming arithmetical rules of Subhankar a writer whose name is as familiar in Bengal as that of in England, without any one knowing who or what he was or when he lived. It may be inferred that he lived, or if not a real personage that the rhymes bearing that name were composed, before the establishment of the British rule in this country, and during the existence of the Musalman power, for they are full of Hindustani or Persian terms and contain references to Mahomedan usages without


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 the same attitude as our declaration. As far as it deals with the Russian Party, we declare that this so-called whining letter (as Comrade Zinoviev called it) demanded of the Russian Central Committee exactly what it was itself obliged to do, namely, to declare publicly (December 18) that nobody even entertained the thought that Comrade Trotsky would be forced out of leading Party and State posts.

When the Polish Central Committee demanded that the Russian Central Committee should make such a public declaration, it was not aware that this had already been done.

As to the reproaches of Comrade Zinoviev regarding our alleged factional attitude, we declare that Comrade Zinoviey should know that we ourselves are zealous in introducing Bolshevik principles of organisation into the Polish Party. It was self-evident to the Polish comrades that the attack of Comrade Trotsky upon the Party machine was a very serious error.

As regards the repeated assertions of Comrade Zinoviev that Polish comrades took part in various Germany commissions and could have there given expression to their point of view, we declare that, without desiring to deny a part of the responsibility for the October events, it must be placed on record that no Polish comrade took part in a German commission. Comrade Walski was once elected to the commission appointed to draw up the November letter to the German Central Committee, but was never invited to its sessions, and was therefore unable to take part in its work.

Moscow, January 21, 1924.

The present document, which is of extreme importance for the whole of the Comintern, was drawn up at a recent conference of the E.C.C.I. with representatives of the Central Committee of the German Communist Party.

A serious regrouping of political forces within the Central Committee of the German Communist Party has taken place, as the result of the political crisis just passed through.

These groups have crystallised out as follows. A right group (Brandler), which however, received an insignificant minority on the Central Committee (2 votes against 27); then a compact group, which at present represents the main body of the Party (17 votes on the Central Committee); and finally, the old left (Berlin and Hamburg),

In the opinion of the E.C.C.I. it is necessary at present to achieve a complete fusion of the central group with the left group against the opportunist errors of the right. The beginning of this


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75210 awareness of, opportunities for small businesses to use capital-access programs described in subsection 5.3(c) of this section for eligible AI-related purposes, and for eligible investment funds with AI-related expertise—particularly those seeking to serve or with experience serving underserved communities—to apply for an SBIC license.

Sec. 6. Supporting Workers. (a) To advance the Government’s understanding of AI’s implications for workers, the following actions shall be taken within 180 days of the date of this order:
 * (i) The Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers shall prepare and submit a report to the President on the labor-market effects of AI.
 * (ii) To evaluate necessary steps for the Federal Government to address AI-related workforce disruptions, the Secretary of Labor shall submit to the President a report analyzing the abilities of agencies to support workers displaced by the adoption of AI and other technological advancements. The report shall, at a minimum:
 * (A) assess how current or formerly operational Federal programs designed to assist workers facing job disruptions—including unemployment insurance and programs authorized by the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (Public Law 113–128)—could be used to respond to possible future AI-related disruptions; and
 * (B) identify options, including potential legislative measures, to strengthen or develop additional Federal support for workers displaced by AI and, in consultation with the Secretary of Commerce and the Secretary of Education, strengthen and expand education and training opportunities that provide individuals pathways to occupations related to AI.

(b) To help ensure that AI deployed in the workplace advances employees’ well-being:
 * (i) The Secretary of Labor shall, within 180 days of the date of this order and in consultation with other agencies and with outside entities, including labor unions and workers, as the Secretary of Labor deems appropriate, develop and publish principles and best practices for employers that could be used to mitigate AI’s potential harms to employees’ well-being and maximize its potential benefits. The principles and best practices shall include specific steps for employers to take with regard to AI, and shall cover, at a minimum:
 * (A) job-displacement risks and career opportunities related to AI, including effects on job skills and evaluation of applicants and workers;
 * (B) labor standards and job quality, including issues related to the equity, protected-activity, compensation, health, and safety implications of AI in the workplace; and
 * (C) implications for workers of employers’ AI-related collection and use of data about them, including transparency, engagement, management, and activity protected under worker-protection laws.
 * (ii) After principles and best practices are developed pursuant to subsection (b)(i) of this section, the heads of agencies shall consider, in consultation with the Secretary of Labor, encouraging the adoption of these guidelines in their programs to the extent appropriate for each program and consistent with applicable law.
 * (iii) To support employees whose work is monitored or augmented by AI in being compensated appropriately for all of their work time, the Secretary of Labor shall issue guidance to make clear that employers that deploy AI to monitor or augment employees’ work must continue to comply with protections that ensure that workers are compensated for their hours worked, as defined under the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, 29 U.S.C. 201 et seq., and other legal requirements.

(c) To foster a diverse AI-ready workforce, the Director of NSF shall prioritize available resources to support AI-related education and AI-related

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 fusion is marked in the present document, on which—with the assistance of the E.C.C.I.—both these tendencies representing together 99 per cent. of the German Communist Party were united.

All the representatives of the Sections of the Comintern now in Moscow (including the Polish Communists) voted for the resolution.

At the last moment even the followers of Comrade Brandler subscribed in principle to the resolution, making a special declaration.

The E.C.C.I. is convinced that the fusion of the central main body with the left against the opportunist errors of the right will assist the German Communist Party in carrying out correctly the great tasks now confronting it. The E.C.C.I. will take the most severe measures against any manifestation of factionism, from whatever side it comes.

G. Z.

The events which took place in Germany, Poland and Bulgaria in the period from May to November, 1923, marked the beginning of a new chapter in the history of the international movement.

In Germany, along with the development of the crisis in the Ruhr, the proletarian class war passed from the phase of gradual accumulation of revolutionary forces into a new phase concerning the fight for power.

In view of the great significance of the German revolutionary movement, the historical change which took place in August and September and the events of the autumn are of great importance to the Communist International. The lessons and the conclusions to be derived from these experiences must be taken advantage of to the greatest detail by the whole of the Communist International.

Since a tactical estimate of these events must be made almost entirely of the fundamental principles of the Communist International, the Executive desires once more to give a fully concrete exposition of the tactical method of the Communist International, which in the present epoch is both theoretically and principally of extreme importance—the tactics of the United Front.

At the Third World Congress of the Communist International, the tasks of the German Communist Party arising from the March defeat were discussed in the greatest detail and summed up in the slogan: To the Masses! In December of the same year, the method by which the masses were to be won over was embodied concretely in the resolution of the Executive on the tactics of the United Front.

In Germany the Communist Party immediately proceeded to carry out the tactics of the United Front with the greatest earnest-


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98 the remotest allusion to English practices or modes of calculation. A recent native editor has deemed it requisite to remedy this defect by a supplement.

It has been already mentioned that there are four different stages in a course of Bengali instruction. The first period seldom exceeds ten days, which are employed in teaching the young scholars to form the letters of the alphabet on the ground with a small stick or slip of bambu. The sand-board is not used in this district, probably to save expense. The second period, extending from two and a half to four years according to the capacity of the scholar, is distinguished by the use of the palm-leaf as the material on which writing is performed. Hitherto the mere form and sound of the letters have been taught without regard to their size and relative proportion; but the master with an iron-style now writes on the palm-leaf letters of a determinate size and in due proportion to each other, and the scholar is required to trace them on the same leaf with a reed-pen and with charcoal-ink which easily rubs out. This process is repeated over and over again on the same leaf until the scholar no longer requires the use of the copy to guide him in the formation of the letters of a fit size and proportion, and he is consequently next made to write them on another leaf which has no copy to direct him. He is afterwards exercised in writing and pronouncing the compound consonants, the syllables formed by the junction of vowels with consonants, and the most common names of persons. In other parts of the country, the names of castes, rivers, mountains, &c., are written as well as of persons; but here the names of persons only are employed as a school-exercise. The scholar is then taught to write and read, and by frequent repetition he commits to memory the Cowrie Table, the Numeration Table as far as 100, the Katha Table, (a land-measure table,) and the Ser Table, (a dry-measure table.) There are other tables in use elsewhere which are not taught in the schools of this district. The third stage of instruction extends from two to three years which are employed in writing on the plantain-leaf. In some districts the tables just mentioned are postponed to this stage, but in this district they are included in the exercises of the second stage. The first exercise taught on the plantain-leaf is to initiate the scholar into the simplest forms of letter-writing, to instruct him to connect words in composition with each other, and to distinguish the written from the spoken forms of Bengali vocables. The written forms are often abbreviated in speech by the omission of a vowel or a consonant, or by the running of two syllables into one, and the scholar is taught to use in writing the full not the abbreviated forms. The correct orthography of words of Sanscrit origin which abound in the language of the people, is beyond the reach of the ordinary class of teachers. About the same time the scholar is taught the rules of arithmetic, beginning with


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 ness. The whole objective situation in Germany favoured these tactics. As a result of its labours the Party achieved great success: it won the increasing sympathy of the masses, and caused disruption in the ranks of the Social-Democrats.

A number of our sections began to employ the tactics of the United Front only slowly, after overcoming much resistance and along with many errors. In France a considerable section of the Party in 1922 failed to understand the tactics of the United Front, and seriously feared that they would be interpreted as an ideological concession to the Social-Democrats. In England a section of the comrades wrongly interpreted the tactics of the United Front in the sense that Communists were not to criticise the opportunist Labour Party in Parliament. In Finland, similar false conclusions were come to. In Roumania, a section of the comrades honestly believed that the tactics of the United Front meant a parliamentary collaboration with the Social-Democrats. In Italy the Communist Party for a long time committed the exact reversed error, and refrained from giving the tactics of the United Front a wide application for fear that the purity of the theory and programme of the Communist Movement might thereby be compromised. A number of other parties made a too mechanical interpretation of these tactics, and thought it was enough to address a stereotyped open letter to the Social-Democrats once a month and then forget all about it. They were not able to employ the tactics of the United Front for the purpose of carrying on a real political fight.

The mistaken application of the tactics of the United Front made in a number of countries, especially at the beginning, does however, not mean that the tactics themselves are wrong. This conclusion would be just as mistaken as the rejection of the revolutionary exploitation of parliamentarism on the grounds that certain parliamentary fractions are only able to learn to make use of it after many errors. The tactics of the United Front were, and are, in themselves, right, in spite of incidental errors connected with them.

The tactics of the United Front have their strong sides and they have their dangers. Although in October, 1923, we did not possess a safe and certain majority in the German proletariat, nevertheless, the very fact that the young Communist Party at that period could seriously ask itself whether it had not already a reliable majority to proceed to seize power, proves that the tactics of the United Front are capable of bringing about the most essential pre-requisite for the seizure of power, namely, the winning over of a majority of the proletariat for the proletarian revolution. If the Communist Parties have to take into consideration the psychology and the mood of the backward masses still remaining under the influence of the Social Democrats, this does not prove the erroneousness of the tactics but merely points to a source of danger in the application of the tactics.