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 Kurundwad.

1. Senior Branch.

KURUNDWAD State comes under the Political Agent of Kolhapur and Southern Mahratta Country. This Sate was a saranjam grant made by the Peshwa to Nilkanth Rao Trimbak Patwardhan about the year 1763 A.D. on condition of military service. About the year 1810 A. D., the State was divided into two parts, Kurundwad and Shedbal, of which the latter lapsed to the British Government in 1857 A.D. owing to failure of heirs.

In the year 1817 A.D., treaties were made by Mr. Elphinstone with Keshav Rao of Kurundwad and Ganapat Rao of Shedbal on the lines of the Pandharpur Settlement of 1811 A.D., and the strength of the contingents to be supplied for service was determined.

In 1855 A. D., a further division of Kurundwad into Senior and Junior was effected by the British Government between Raghunath Rao, Ganapat Rao, Vinayak Rao and Trimbak Rao. On the death of Trimbak Rao without issue in 1869 A.D., his share of the jahagir was bestowed upon Ganapat Rao by the British Government, and the share possessed by him in the mam Estate reverted to the Senior Chief, Raghunath Rao, whose descendants rule over the Senior Branch. Chintaman Rao alias Balasaheb, who was a well educated chief, came to the gadi in 1876 A.D. and ruled till 1907 A.D. His son and successor, Bhalchanfra Rao alias Annasaheb, a graduate of the Allahabad University, is the present ruler.

The Senior Chief's Estate contains an area of 185 square miles and a population of 42,474 souls. The estimated annual revenue of the jahagir is nearly two lacs of rupees, of which Rs. 9,612 are paid as tribute to the Paramount Power.

The Chief of Kurundwad Senior ranks as a first class Sirdar in the Southern Mahratta Country, and has power to try his own subjects for capital offences. His family holds a Sanaa of adoption, and succession follows the rule of primogeniture.


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 Kurundwad.

2. Junior Branch.

THIS part of the jahagir is enjoyed by descendants oi hanhar Rao and Vinayak Rao. Ganapat Rao alias Bapusaheb, who died at the close of the last century, was a ripe Sanskrit scholar and a patron of literature. He and his younger brother managed the Estate conjointly in a very harmonious and satisfactory manner. After the death of Ganapat Rao, the management of the Estate was kept in the hands of Hanhar Rao alias Dajisaheb by the British Government, and Madhav Rao alias Bhausaheb, his nephew and son of Ganapat Rao, was directed to work with him.

Hanhar Rao alias Dajisaheb died last year and the management of the Estate has reverted to Madhav Rao, the son of Ganapat Rao.

The tdwn of Kurundwad, situated on the right bank of the river Panchganga near its confluence with the Krishna, is the residence of the Chief along with that of the senior Branch.

The treaty of 1818 A. D. entered into by the senior Chief is considered as binding on the junior branch and the jurisdiction exercised by the younger branch is more by sufferance and delegation from the Paramount Power.

The area of the Estate in the possession of the junior branch is 114 square miles with a population of about 34,500 souls. The average annual revenue is about 1,75,000 rupees.

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 Lakhtar.

THE rulers of this State are Rajputs of the Jhala race, to which the Raj of Dhrangadhra also belongs; in fact, the founder of the principality of Lakhtar, Abhai Singh, was one of the sons of Raj Chandra Singh, the occupant of the gadi of Halwad, between 1584-1628 A.D., Abhai Singh conquered Than and the surrounding country from the Babanya Kolis between 1604' 16 1 5 A.D.

After the death of Abhai Singh, his son, Wajaji I, came to the throne. He was a devout worshipper of Ranchhodji, whose idol he had brought from his maternal home, Dungarpur, and installed it in his palace; for a time Lakhtar was known as Ranchhodpun.

Karan Singh I, the third in succession from Wajaji, led an army against Nawanagar in support of Raj Pratap Singh of Halwad. The allied princes removed Hardholji, who had killed his brother, Jam Raya Singhji, and usurped the gadi in 1718 A.D. and placed his nephew, Jam Tamachi, on the throne in 1727 A.D.

Prithwi Raj, the. fifth in descent from Karan Singh, was on the gadi of Lakhtar, when Col. Walker came to Kathiawar. The State was very badly managed by Prithwi Raj, who was under the influence of a low menial named Hirji Khawas. The Rajput Jahagirdars went to Baroda to lay their grievances before the Caekwar through Gahenabai, a princess of the Lakhtar house and widow of Govind Rao Gaekwar. They got redress, and proper arrangements were made to liquidate the State debt by setting aside a certain portion of the revenue. Prithwi Raj died in 1815 A.D. His successor, Vajeraj II., died in 1846 A.D. and was followed by Karan Singh at the age of only three months. On attaining majority he was duly installed on his ancestral gadi and has been peacefully ruling his State.

The area of the State is 248 square miles, with a population 15,114 persons residing in 51 villages. The average annual revenue during normal years is about Rs. 75,000.

Lakhtar being a third class State in Kathiawar, the Chief has powers to inflict sentence of rigorous imprisonment for a period not exceeding seven years and a fine of Rs. 10,000; while in* civil matters he can dispose of suits to the value of Rs. 20,000.


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 Lathi.

THE rulers of Lathi are Rajputs of the Gohel tribe. They have come from the same family as that of the chiefs of Bhavnagar and Palitana. Their common ancestor was Sejakji. He had three sons, and the descendants of the youngest Sarangji have been the chiefs of Lathi.

Sarangji's grandson, Noghanji, obtained possession of the country surrounding Lathi by sheer force of arms from the Kathi owners, and made Arthila his capital. Dudhoji, the grandson of Noghanji, was plundering the imperial territories and adding them to his possessions, which attracted the notice of the Mogul viceroy of Gujrath, and he ordered Rah Mandlik of Junagarh to bring this 'impudent' Dudhoji to his senses. A pitched battle was fought, in which Dudhoji was killed, and Arthila razed to the ground.

Limshahji alias Jijibawa, a kinsman of Dudhoji, and a Girasia, to whom the twelve villages of Valukhed had been assigned by the founder of the Bhavnagar branch, stepped into the position vacated by the untimely death of Dudhoji, and made Lathi his capital.

For a time he too went on extending his dominions by fresh conquests, but the attacks of their kinsmen from Bhavnagar and Palitana, and from the neighbouring Kathi chiefs brought about almost complete ruination to the Thakor; so much so, that Lakhoji, who was reigning there about the middle of the eighteenth century, was unable to pay his tribute to the Gaekwar. He gave his daughter in marriage to Damaji Gaekwar and granted him in dower the pargana of Chabadia, which afterwards came to be known as Damnagar. This matrimonial alliance contributed to save Lathi from the aggressions of the neighbouring chiefs, and the Gaekwar waived his demand except the nazar of a horse every year. Sur Singhji, the son of Lakhoji, was on the gadi at the time of Colonel Walker's settlement in 1807' 1808 A.D.

The present ruler, Pratap Singhji, was installed on the gadi on the 1st of May 1911 A.D. His father Sur Singhji alias Bapubha, has been recognized as one of the first class poets of Gujrath. •

The area of the State is 418 square miles. It contains 9,249 inhabitants. The revenue of the State is Rs. 1,50,000. It pays no tribute to the Government, but pays Rs. 861 on account of Gaek war's contingencies and Rs. 1,146 towards Junagarh Zortalbi.

Lathi is a fourth class State in Kathiawar, and as such, its Chief is invested with criminal powers entitling him to inflict rigorous imprisonment for a period not exceeding three years, and a fine up to Rs. 5,000; while in civil matters he has power to dispose of suits up to Rs. 10,000.

The ruler of the State is officially styled "Thakor."


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 Limbdi.

THE State of Limbdi is situated in the eastern part of Kathiawar. Its rulers belong to the Jhala family of Rajputs and trace their descent from Manguji, the second son of Harpal. who lived in the times of Karan Vaghela. the last Rajput king of Gujrath, and who received a grant of 1,800 villages from Karan for certain valuable services rendered to him by Harpal. He was succeeded by his son, Hari Singhji.

Han Singhji was a shrewd and far-seeing chief. It was during his time that Col. Walker arrived in Kathiawar about the year 1807A.D. and settled the tributes to be paid by the several Chiefs in the province. The tribute payable by Limbdi was also determined. Moreover, the integrity of Limbdi, as then existing, was recognised by the British Government. Han Singhji died in 1825 A.D. Fourth in succession to Hari Singh>] was Jaswant Singhji, who came to the gadi in 1862 A.D.

During the minority of Jaswant Singhji, the administration was being conducted by his mother. She found it difficult to manage the State and the British Government appointed an officer of theirs in 1867 A.D. to supervise the State during the minority. Jaswant Singhji was sent to the Rajkumar College. On his attaining majority, he was entrusted with the sole management of his State in the year 1876 A.D.

Jaswant Singhji was the first Kathiawar chief, who proceeded to England. On the first occasion his tour was only a short one. After his return he was nominated to a seat in the Legislative Council of the Governor of Bombay. Lord Reay had great confidence in the views and opinions of Jaswant Singhji. He went to England on the occasion of the Golden Jubilee of Her Majesty the Queen'Empress Victoria, as one of the members of deputation of the Kathiawar Chiefs, when he received the distinction of K. C. I. E. at the hands of Her Majesty.

Sir Jaswant Singhji died in 1907 A.D. without issue. A few days before his death, he had fixed upon Daulat Singhji, commonly known as Colonel Dadbha, to be his successor. Another claimant came forward, but the British Government in consideration of the expressed wish of Sir Jaswnat Singhji, installed Daulat Singhji on the gadi of Limbdi in 1908 A.D.

Daulat Singhji is descended from one of the off'shoors of the Limbdi State and is closely related to the chiefs of Jamnagar, and Gondal. He has had special military training at Poona, Deesa, Simla, Muttra, and Meerut as Commanding Officer of the Imperial Service Troops of Jamnagar. During the British management of the State of Jamnagar, Daulat Singhji was practically the right-hand of the Administrator. Thus, he has come to the gadi of Limbdi with a ripe experience of men and matters, and an exceptionally superior training.

The area of this State is 343 square miles with a population of 33,287 inhabitants and the gross total revenue is of Rs. 5,00,000.

His Highness Maharana Shri Daulat Singhji is entitled to a salute of 9 guns.


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 Lunawada.

THE family of the Chief of Lunawada belongs to the Solanki clan of Rajputs, and claims descent from Sidh Raj of Anhilwar Pattan. Vir Bhadraji, an ancestor of the Chief of Lunawada, is said to have established himself at Virpur in 1225 A.D. But in 1434 A.D. the family removed to Lunawada. There is a very interesting legend as to how the town of Lunawada was founded. Rana Bhim Singhji, a descendant of Vir Bhadraji, who was then the ruling prince, once went out hunting and while pursuing a hare in the jungle was separated from his followers. Proceeding further he came across a sage whom he pleased by. his deportment. The sage bid him continue the chase and build a town where he may be able to kill a hare. The Rana did so, and marked the spot where he killed a hare. The sadhu was the devotee of the god Luneshwar in honour of whom the Rana named the town Lunawada.

The first chief of this family, of whom we have any authentic information, was Dayal Singh. He appears to have been ninth in descent from Bhim Singhji. His great-grandson, Nur Singhji, ruled in the beginning of the eighteenth century. During this century the State was overrun by the Mahomedans and the Mahrattas, and for some time Lunawada was tributary both to the Gaekwar and the Sindhia. In 1808 A.D. Fatteh Singh came to the gadi; he was not only troubled by the Mahomedans and the Mahrattas only but also by his brother, Sheo Singh, who rebelled against him and Rana thrice plundered the town of Lunawada.

In the year 1812 A.D. the State entered into an engagement, through the medium of the Political Agent, Mahi'Kantha, to pay to the Gaekwar government a tribute of Siyashaee Rupees 6,001 per annum, without the intervention of the Mulukgin army. In the year 1822 A.D. these engagements were renewed, and made perpetual, and the State became formally entitled to British protection in accordance with the terms of the convention of April 3rd, 1820 A.D. Previous to this, that is, in the year 181 9 A.D. another engagement had been entered into between the British Government and the Sindhia, in which the former guaranteed the punctual payment of tribute by Lunawada to the latter. '

The present Chief of Lunawada is Maharana Shri Sir Wakhat Singhji. He was born in the year i860 A.D. and succeeded to the gadi of Lunawada in 1867 A.D. when he was a minor. He was invested with the administration of his State in 1 880 A.D. and was honoured with the title of K. C. I. E. in 1889 A.D.

The area of the State is 388 square miles with a population of 63,967 according to the census of 1901 A.D. The revenue of the State amounts to about 1 lac of rupees.

His Highness Maharana Shri Sir Wakhat Singhji K.C.l.E. enjoys a salute of 9 guns.


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 Mansa.

THIS small principality is situated in the Mahi-Kantha Agency in the Bombay Presidency. Mulraj, the first Solanki King of Gujrath. having killed Samat Singhii, the last of the Chawada dynasty, and his heirs, ascended the throne in 942 A.D. From this general destruction one infant son of Samat Singh — Ahipata — aged only one year, was saved by his mother, who conveyed him to her paternal home at Jaisalmer There he grew up to manhood and when he was able to wield the sword he went out against Mulraj Solanki, defeated him, and, seizing 900 villages of Cutch made Morgarh his capital.

Punjaji, the fifteenth in descent "from Ahipat, was deprived of Morgarh, and he removed his seat of government to Dharapun ( a village now under Palanpur ) and established a new principality consisting of 84 villages. AlIa-ud-Din Khilji, the Emperor of Delhi, conquered Dharapun; but, pleased with the conduct of the chief he conferred upon him Ambasan with about 250 villages, and Punjaji made Ambasan his capital. Five princes occupied the gadi after him, of whom the fifth, Jaya Singhji, had three sons — Itar Singhji, Surajmalji, and Samat Singhji. They distributed the hereditary estate among themselves each obtaining a share of 84 villages. Itar Singhji got Ambod, Surajmalji got Varsoda, while Samat Singhji received Ambasan and each of them carried on his affairs separately. Sur Singh, the third in succession from Samat Singh, removed his seat of government from Ambasan to Mansa and the principality began to be known by that name.

Thakor Takhat Singhji, the thirteenth in descent from Sur Singh, inherited the paternal estate when he was a minor, on the death of his father Raj Singh, in the year 1889 A.D.

The area of the State is 27 square miles with a population of 14,926 inhabitants, and an average revenue of 55,350 rupees per annum.

The Chief, who is styled Thakor, is ranked among the third class chiefs in the Mahi-Kantha Agency, and as such, has the power of passing sentence of rigorous imprisonment for two years and a fine up to Rs. 1,000 in criminal cases; while in civil matters his jurisdiction extends to hearing and disposing of suits to the value of Rs. 5,000


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 Manawadar.

THIS is a section of the State of Bantwa, and a short account of the latter will give a fairly accurate idea of the position of Manawadar. Though a petty State in Kathiawar it has a certain amount of historical importance inasmuch as it is directly connected with the Junagarh and Radhanpur states. The rulers of these three are the lineal descendants of the Afghan nobleman, Bahadur Khan Babi, who rose to importance at the Mogul Court of Delhi on the strength of his right arm and natural bravery. Salabat Mahammad Khan, the great-grandson of Babi Bahadur Khan. had three sons of whom the two younger, Dalit Khan and Jaman Khan, had territories assigned to them which included the estate of Bantwa.

The descendants of Jaman Khan ruled over Bantwa under great odds, in consequence of their being continuously harassed by the predatory Kathis by whom they were surrounded. On one occasion, in the latter part of the eighteenth century, a bloody strife raged between the Kathis of Visawadar and the troops of the Chief of Bantwa.

Fatteh'ud-Din Khan, the seventh in descent from the orginal holder of the Estate, is the present incumbent of the Manawadar section of the Estate. He has received education at the Rajkumar College, Rajkot, and politically ranks in the third class among the Chiefs of Kathiawar, and, as such, he has power in criminal cases to inflict punishments extending to seven years rigorous imprisonment and a fine of Rs. 10,000, while in civil cases he is empowered to dispose of suits ranging in value up to Rs. 20,000.

The Chief resides at Manawadar which is an inland city, 22 miles to the west of Junagarh. The other two co'sharers are fifth class Sirdars of whom one resides at Bantwa, and the other at Gidad.

The total area of the principality is 221 square miles and contains about 45,000 inhabitants. The revenue of the joint Estate is 4,50,000 Rupees per annum.


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 Miraj.

1 . Senior Branch.

MIRAJ was onginallay a portion of Sangli from which it was detached in 1808 A.D. The fort of Miraj was granted by Madhav Rao Peshwa in 1761 A.D. to Govind Rao, the fourth son of Harbhat, the original founder of the family.

As has already been mentioned elsewhere the several members of the Patwardhan family, though undivided according to law, lived separately, and at the time of the subversion of the Peshwa dynasty the Miraj family was represented by Madhav Rao and Gopal Rao, the sons, and Ganapat Rao and Krishna Rao, the grandsons of Gangadhar Rao, between whom and Chintaman Rao the Miraj and Sangli states had been divided. In 1789 A.D. Madhav Rao on behalf of his nephew, Ganapat Rao, agreed with the British Government to serve it with 300 horse and to keep up such establishment as was necessary for the preservation of order in his limits. Gopal Rao was dissatisfied with the whole arrangement, and demanded a division of the ahagir. It was sanctioned by the Paramount Power. Ganapat Rao being the elder son of Narayan Rao was the head of the family, and, therefore, entitled to the estate of Miraj (senior). He was too young to manage his affairs. Madhav Rao was left in charge of the minor's Estate, and the fort was in his possession, as guardian. With some difficulty Ganapat Rao and his brother, Moroba, got possession of their Estate from the guardian in 1825 A.D. There was not much harmony between the two brothers and a further partition into twain of the senior portion of the Estate was imminent, but for the death of Ganapat Rao in 1 833 A.D., who left behind him two sons, Gangadhar Rao and Narayan Rao.

The Estate was found heavily encumbered and badly managed. By dint of patient investigation on the part of the Political Officer the encumbrances were eschewed of all frauds, and Gangadhar Rao Balasaheb was put in charge of his Estate in 1849 A.D. He rendered excellent help to the British Government during the Mutiny of 1857 A.D. which won him their thanks, and as a special mark of approbation the Paramount Power acceded to his request for permission to adopt a son and successor. He adopted Trimbak Rao Appasaheb, a cousin of his, and named him Ganapat Rao Tatyasaheb. He attained majority in 1871 A.D. when he was entrusted with the full management of his jahagir, and was shortly after appointed member of the Bombay Legislative Council. He expired in 1874 A.D. without issue. His widow, with the sanction of the Paramount Power, adopted the grandson of the chief of Sangli, who was named Gangadhar Rao Balasaheb on his adoption. During his minority the State was under the control of the Political Agent, Kolhapur and Southern ' Mahratta Country. He was educated at the Rajkumar College, Rajkot. The family of the Chief holds a sanad authorising adoption.


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224 THE IMPERIAL DURBAR ALBUM. The area of the State is 3.389 square miles; its population is computed at 88.343 inhabitants, and its income at Rs. 3,50,000 per annum, of which Rs. 12,577 are paid in commutation of military service.

The Chief ranks as a first class Sirdar in the Southern Mahratta Country having power to try his own subjects for capital offences.

2. Junior Branch.

GANGADHAR Rao, the grandson of Harbhat, had two sons, Narayan Rao and Madhav Rao, of whom the latter acted as guardian to his nephew, Ganapat Rao, as has been already mentioned. On Ganapat Rao's attaining majority, he demanded his estate and the fort of Miraj. Madhav Rao tried his utmost to retain the fort to himself, but was compelled to hand it over to his nephew, since the Paramount Power once for all had decided the question. Ganapat Rao demanded accounts from Madhav Rao through the British Political officers. He evaded rendering them on one pretext or another and ultimately turned suddenly silent. In 1831 A.D. a part of his jahagir was sequestrated; this did not produce any effect, and in 1833 A.D. the whole of it was attached; in 1840 A.D. the British Government, with a view to affora relief, offered him a variety of alternative terms of which he took no notice. A full enquiry was made and the amount of debt payable was fixed at Rs. 1,70,798 by the British Political officer.

The jahagir, which had been attached in 1833 A.D., was offered to Lakshman Rao alias Annasaheb, the son of Madhav Rao, in 1848 A.D. on condition he accepted it together with the liability and undertook to pay off the debts in fifteen instalments. Lakshman Rao consented to the arrangement. Madhav Rao passed the remainder of his days in seclusion and died in 1859 A.D.

Annasaheb managed the Estate fairly well, and in course of time freed it of all debt. He earned the thanks of the British Government for his loyal conduct during the Mutiny- He has had several sons, of whom only Harihar Rao survived and succeeded him. After ruling only for the short space of three years he died in 1877 A.D. leaving a minor son, Lakshman Rao II, who, in due time, after completing his education, came in charge of- his Estate. He died in 1908 A.D. and has been succeeded by his son, Madhav Rao Babasaheb.

The estates of the third and fourth branch of Miraj lapsed to the Paramount Power in 1845 and 1842 A.D. respectively for want of heirs.

The area of the State is 211 square miles containing 35,500 inhabitants and yielding a revenue of Rs. 2,25,000 during an average year of which an annual contri^ bution of iRs. 6.412-8-0 is paid to the Paramount Power on account of military service.

The Chief of this branch is, in all respects, on the ■ same footing as the Senior one in point of power, authority and adoption.


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 Morvi.

THE State of Morvi lies in the north-eastern part of the peninsula of Kathiawar stretching up to the southern confines of the Gulf of Cutch, while the cap.tal stands on the banks of the Machchu river.

The Thakors of Morvi belong to the Jadeja clan of Rajputs and are directly descended from the family of the Raos of Cutch. On the death of Rao Rayadhan,i in 1698 A.D. his third son, Pragmalji, seized the gadi leaving his brothers to shift for themselves. One of them, Kanyoji, appropriated to himself the terntory of W *S had ' Morvi, and Kantharia in Cutch, and became independent. He may, therefore, be looked upon as the founder of the Morvi house, although the town had not yet become the seat of government, since he lived at Adhoi in Waghad. He founded the sea-port town of Wawania on the Gulf of Cutch. He died in 1734 A.D. and was succeeded by his eldest son, Aliyoji. There was ill-feeling between him and his brother, Modji, the founder of the principality of Malia. The latter induced the Miyanas of Sindh-a tribe of free-booters-to settle in his vicinity with a view to harass his brother. N«t only was the feud between Morvi and Malia kept up for generations, but the lawless Miyanas proved very troublesome for a long time to the whole province of Kathiawar.

Aliyoji was assassinated at Paddhari in 1740 A.D. and was succeeded by his

son, Rawaji, who died in 1768 A.D. With a view to avenge the murder of his

father, Rawaji attacked and demolished Paddhari, and took possession of seven of the Jam's villages besides. He extended protection to Prince Lakhapatji of Cutch.

Panchaji and his son, Waghaji, the successors of Rawaji, were occupied the whole of their time in the smouldering feud with Malia, and in quarrels with the Rao of Cutch and the Raj of Dhrangadhra. Waghaji died in 1 785 A.D. and was followed by his eldest son, Hamirji. He died without issue and was, therefore, succeeded by his brother, Jiyoji, in 1790 A.D. During his time the contest with Nawanagar blazed afresh. Jam Jasaji married a Dhrangadhra princess, when Vajsur Khachar of Jasdan gave him the village of Atkot as a f dowry. Dado Khachar did not approve of this arrangement and rose in arms against Nawanagar. Meraman Khawas of Nawanagar proposed to him, that he should proceed against Morvi, and that the village of Atkot would be restored to him in compensation for this service. In a sharp hand-to-hand fight in 1792 A.D. Dado and several of his comrades were killed. The ruler of Morvi knew no peace. A Jadeja Rajput of Nagarwas was plundering the territories belonging to the chief of Morvi. Jiyoji, with the help of the Peshwa's troops, took Nagarwas and compelled its owner to fly. This took place in 1795 A.D.

Cutch now came forward. In 1800 A.D. it sent Bhanji Ramji at the head of a large army who besieged the sea-port town of Wawania which was the most important town belonging to Morvi. Jiyoji not only offered a bold resistance but successfully defeated the Cutch army in 1801 A.D.

The chiefs of Morvi were beset with troubles from all sides and had it not been for their tenacity of purpose they would have succumbed. Colonel Walker, the


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Rh Resident of Baroda, arrived in Kathiawar in 1807 A.D. for the permanent settlement of the tribute, and in that connection visited Morvi. From this time dates the connection of Morvi with the British Government, which came in at the right juncture, since the State had come into a miserable plight owing to the continued raids of the Miyanas and the frequent attacks of Cutch and Jamnagar.

In 1820 A.D. the Kolis of Cutch and other Sindhi free-booters began to plunder the northern precincts of the Morvi State. The chief at once applied to the Political Agent, Kathiawar, who wrote to the Rao of Cutch to keep watch over the lawless marauders but he was not able to do so. The British Government posted a small party of armed men at Ghantila and the Rao of Cutch was compelled to pay Rs. 10,700 by way of compensation. Jiyoji died in 1829 A.D. and was succeeded by his son, Prithirajji, who carried on the administration of the State with economy and paid off a portion of the debt under which the State was groaning.

Prithirajji died in, 1846 A.D. His son, Rawaji, came to the gadi. It was in his time that Adhoni was placed under the management of the Cutch Agency. Rawaji was a wise and careful ruler. He established courts of justice in his territory and introduced several reforms in regard to revenue, agriculture, and commerce. By his judicious management all the debts were cleared off.

Rawaji died in 1870 A.D. leaving behind him two sons, Waghaji and Harbhamji, of whom the frist was only twelve years old and the second still younger. Both of them were sent to the Rajkumar College, Rajkot, and the State was placed under a joint administration supervised by the Political Agent, Kathiawar. After a stay of about seven years at the College, Waghaji went on a tour through India and on his return was associated with the Joint Administrator for about a year. He was put in sole charge of his State in 1879 A.D. and he has been, since then, managing the State with credit. He was the first Chief in Kathiawar to introduce electric power and the first to lay a railway line of his own, as also to connect the port of Wawania with the interior by a tramway both for goods and passengers.

In 1887 A.D. the Thakor Saheb was deputed with the Thakor Sahebs of Gondal and Limbdi by the Kathiawar chiefs to present their address to Her Most Gracious Majesty the Queen-Empress on the celebration of Her Majesty's Jubilee. On this occasion the State of Morvi was elevated to the rank of a first class State, and on his return to India, the Thakor Saheb was appointed K.C.I.E. In 1890 A.D. he was granted the sanad of adoption. In 1897 A.D. His Highness Sir Waghaji K.C.I.E. was appointed Grand Commander of the Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire.

H. H. the Thakor Saheb Sir Waghaji is an enlightened ruler who has been silently but steadily working for the moral and material advancement of his subjects in various ways.

The area of the State is about 900 square miles with about a lac of population. The revenue of the State is in a normal year about 7£ lacs of Rupees.

H. H. Thakor Saheb Sir Waghaji K.C.I.E., G.C.I.E. is a first class Chief in Kathiawar and is entitled to a salute of 11 guns.


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 Mudhol.

THE founder of this family was of Rajput origin and was descended from the Rana of Udaipur. This Ghorpade family and the Bhonsle family of Satara trace their descent to a common ancestor, Bapa Rawal of Chitor, through his descendant Bhimis who founded the principality of Dungarpur and Banswara.

This family played an important part in the history of the Deccan. It appears that Mudhol came, into the possession of the family about the year 1551 A.D. At that time they held, an important ' position at the court of the Bahamni kings, and the command of 7,000 horse. It appears that Mudhol along with its five mahals was held in saranjam by this family, even before it was granted in inam by the Adilshahi dynasty along with the 'hereditary title of 'Raja' and privilege of using the morchals and chavaries and the exemption from mujara (the obeisance of a subject).

At this period, Baji- Ghorpade played an important part in the wars with Shiwaji. In the middle of the seventeenth century, Shiwaji raised the standard of revolt in the Maharashtra. In order to bring him under control the Bijapur kings sought the capture of his father, Shahaji, who was also a Sirdar at their court. Shahaji was too sharp for them to be taken unawares. The king was, therefore, obliged, in open Durbar, to seek the help of some one willing to capture Shahaji, and Baji Raje, who was never on good terms with Shahaji, readily undertook the task and was successful in capturing him.

In the year 1660 A.D. the Bijapur kings raised an army to suppress Shiwaji, and Baji Raje was appointed to its command. Baji left Bijapur for Mudhol a couple of days "ahead of the army. Shiwaji who had an eye on him, finding him unattended, took advantage of, the opportunity, left Panhala and was before Mudhol, when everybody thought ,he was engaged in making preparations for his defence. Thinking Shiwaji to be an" advance guard of the Bijapur army, the gates- of Mudhol were thrown opert, ' thus leaving everything to his mercy. He found Baji Raje asleep with his family, and before he could leave his bed, he was killed by Shiwaji. After all the male "members of the family were put to the sword, Shiwaji set fire to the wada, and rushed back to Panhala. Thus the enmity between, the houses of Mudhol and Kolhapur increased until it was finally allayed by the marriage of the paternal aunt of the present Raje Saheb to a nephew of the Maharaja of Kolhapur, in 1862 A.D.

After the downfall of the Bijapur kingdom, the Ghorpades of Mudhol, for a time, joined- the armies of the Mogul, their saranjam and mam territories being; continued to them by Aurangzeb %

After the downfall of the Mogul power in the Deccan, the Peshwa asked Maloji to' join ihe Mahrattas, but he refused to do so. He Was,- however, ultimately obliged to take up their side with the contingent of sawars to be paid for by the Peshwa.

Maloji with his sons, Shankroji and Ranoji, distinguished himself in the operations against the English in 1 779 A.D., when the" latter had to make a disastrous retreat. In the action that took place, after the convention of Wadgaon, Ranoji was filled


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230 and Maloji was wounded. In consequence of this the village of Padsalgi was granted to Ranoji's son, Bahirji Rao. Shankroji, about the same time, received the saranjam comprising the districts of Bilgi, Bidri, and Tikota, yielding an annual income of about 60,000 rupees.

In the battle of Kharda, Maloji and his eldest son. Govind Rao. were on opposite sides, and met in a hand to hand encounter where the latter was dangerously wounded by his father.

During the absence of Maloji, his son, Malhar Rao, used to look after the affairs at Mudhol, where he made himself very disagreeable and unpopular. So the people requested Maloji Rao's grandson to come over to Mudhol. There was a struggle between the two, and Malhar Rao had to run away. He then went to the Maharaja of Kolhapur for help and came to take over Mudhol with the Maharaja's army, but was defeated by Narayan Rao. He then went to Gwalior. where he was received by the Sindhia, since he was the brother of Govind Rao Raje, the son-in-law of the Sindhia. He returned afterwards to Mudhol.

In 1805 A.D. Maloji died and was succeeded by his grandson, Narayan Rao, the son of Govind Rao. He died in 1816 A.D. leaving three sons, Govind Rao, Lakshman Rao, and Venkat Rao. Venkat Rao, though the youngest, succeeded to the gadi, since he was the only son of the eldest wife of Narayan Rao. Lakshman Rao then went to Baroda, where he began to serve under the Gaekwar in place of the substitute appointed by Maloji Rao.

It was in the time of Venkat Rao, that a treaty was concluded with the British Government. In the year 1854 A.D. Venkat Rao died leaving a son, Balwant Rao, then only 14 years of age. Government appointed a Karbhari, who looked after the State, until the powers were handed over to Balwant Rao Raje in 1859 A.D., whose career lasted for only 14 months. He died leaving an infant son, Venkat Rao, heir to the State and there was, thus, a long minority of 20 years, during which period the State affairs were looked after by the British Political Officers. Venkat Rao Raje was given charge of the State in 1882 A.D. with full powers.

His regime, which lasted till 1900 A. D., at the early age of 39 was marked by works of great public utility. Thus during the famine of 1895'96 A.D., which affected the State most, relief works were opened, corn brought by the State from a distance and distributed among the famine-stricken, and in this and various other ways efforts were made to alleviate their sufferings.

The present Raje Saheb was born in 1 8.84 A.D. and invested with full powers in 1904 A.D. Since then he has been taking pains to improve his State. He was the first Chief to make primary education free in his State. The Raje Saheb takes very keen interest in agriculture and has opened extensive farms of his own, where various experiments on modern lines are carried on under his personal supervision. In recognition of all this Government was pleased to confer on him a salute of 9 guns as a mark of personal honour.


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 Muli.

THIS is the only Parmar Rajput State in Kathiawar. The Parmars entered the - peninsula under the leadership of Lagadhirj. between 1470-1475 A.D. They first proceeded from Tharparkar to Than and Chotila, and were afterwards permitted by Visal Deo, the then Waghela chief of Wadhwan, to settle on the banks of the river Bhogao, where they founded a town and named it Muli after a Rabari woman. The Rajputs of the Chabad race, who were closely connected with the chief of Wadhwan, ruled at Sayla. They did not view the settling of the new comers, in their vicinity, with a favourable eye, and on a very paltry pretext went to war with them, but failed in their endeavour to expel them. * The Chabads now tried to gain Visal Deo to their side through his queen, who was their kins-woman. Through her influence, the Parmars were deputed by the Chief of Wadhwan to fight with two Bhils, who were his enemies, and who were looked upon as invincible. The Parmars executed the task most successfully, with the result that they were granted Muli, Than, Chobari, and Chotila parganas. Lagadhirji and his followers were extraordinarily ; brave and chivalrous. They were ever ready to help the weaker in a contest, and showed their in'born bravery, and generosity of heart, on more than one occasion. During the unsettled times, when first the Mahomedan Subhas of Gujrath and then the Mahrattas laid a ruthless hand on Kathiwar, these Parmar chieftains successfully maintained their position against them.

Kalyan Singh I, a direct descendant of Lagadhirji, was on the gadi, when Col. Walker entered Kathiawar and brought about the settlement of the tribute payable by each chief. On the death of Kalyan Singh, his son, Wakhat Singh, succeeded to the gadi. He died without issue and there was some dispute about succession, but his brother, Sarttanji, duly became the Thakor of Muli. He died in 1894 A.D. and was succeeded by his eldest son, Himat Singh. He was a minor when he came to the gadi, and as a consequence, the State was placed under British management, and the young chief was sent to the Rajkumar College at Rajkot. In due course, he was put in charge of his State, but he did not live long, either to enjoy his power or to show to the world how he wielded it. He was succeeded by his son, Harichandraji, who was born in 1899 A.D., and is, therefore, a minor, studying at the Rajkumar College. He is the twentieth in descent from the founder of the State.

The State of Muli is at present under the settled policy in charge of a manager under the supervision of the Assistant Political Agent, Jhalawar State.

Muli is a fourth class State in Kathiawar, and as such, its rulers have limited criminal powers to inflict not more than three years imprisonment and a fine up to Rs. 5,000, and to dispose of civil cases of the value of Rs. 10,000 maximum.

The area of the State is 133 square miles, containing 15,830 inhabitants according to the latent census. Its annual revenue is Rs. 80,000.

The Chief of Muli is officially styled "Thakor."


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 Palanpur.

PALANPUR is a Mahomedan State in the Political Agency of the same name in the Bombay Presidency. The Chief is styled the Diwan- of Palanpur, who is descended from the Lohanis, an Afghan tribe, who were subsequently known in history as Jhaloras. as they captured Jhalore from the Mewar Rajputs in the fourteenth century. On their first arrival, they were vassals of Ahmedabad, and during the disturb- ances which marked the fall of that dynasty Ghazni Khan Jhalore, endeavoured to rouse Northern Gujrath into arms on behalf of Muzfar Shah, the last Sultan of Ahmedabad. For this action he was imprisoned by Akbar, but was subsequently (1589--90 A.D.) reinstated at Jhalore, and seven years 'later, received the title of ' Diwan ' and the government of Lahore for successfully repulsing an invasion of the Afghan tribes. During his rule, his brother, Malik Phiroze Khan, took Palanpur and Deesa making the former his headquarters. Ghazni Khan was succeeded in 1614 A.D. by his son, Pahar Khan, who yielded place in 1616 A.D. to Malik Phiroze Khan, the conqueror of Palanpur. Subsequently in 1699 A.D. Jhalore and Sachor, the possession of which had been confirmed by. Aurangzeb in 1682 A.D., were taken from the family, which thenceforth fixed its seat at Palanpur.

The connection of the British Government with the State dates from 1813 A.D., in which year the chief was murdered by a body of factious nobles known as Jamadars, and his infant son was placed on the throne by the British under the regency of his uncle. He died in 1854 A.D. and his son, Joravar Khan, succeeded him.

During the dark time of the Mutiny of 1857 A.D. Joravar Khan showed unflinching loyalty and devotion to the British Government. He died in 1877 A.D. and was succeeded by the present Nawab Sher Mahammad Khan.

During the last 32 years of his rule, the Chief has been paying full atten- tion to the development of agricultural resources and the promotion of education, the result of which has been very satisfactory. Sixty-eight new villages have been populated and a vast area of uncultivated land has been brought under tillage and several other reforms have been introduced in the State. In appreciation of the good administration and loyalty of the present Chief, the British Government have conferred upon him the insignia of G. C. I. E. and the hereditary title of "Nawab. " An increase of two guns in his salute has also been made. His Highness Nawab Sher Mahammad Khan is considered to be a popular and generous Prince and is respected by his subjects.

The area of the Palanpur State is 1,766 square miles, and its population is 2,22,627. It contains one town Palanpur and 510 villages. The gross revenue of the the State is above 7 J lacs of rupees, and it pays a tribute of rupees 38,461 to the Gaekwar of Baroda.

His Highness Nawab Sir Sher Mahammad Khan G.C.I.E. Diwan of Palanpur is entitled to a salute of 13 guns.


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 Palitana.

PALITANA is in the Kathiawar Political Agency of the Bombay Presidency and ranks as a second class state in Kathiawar. Its rulers are Gohel Rajputs, and are descended from Shahaji, second son of Sejakji, the chief of Bhawnagar being descended from the eldest son, and the chief of Lathi from the third.

The rulers of Palitana were for many years engaged in the dispute with the Jains concerning the control of Shetrunja hill, which rises above the town of Palitana and being covered with Jain temples, is the resort of innumerable pilgrims. From old records it seems that many years before the Gohel chiefs established themselves in Saurashtra, the Jains worshipped in Shetrunja. Prince Murad Baksh, in 1650 A. D. conferred the whole district of Palitana on a Jain jeweller by name Sand Das, who supplied the Mogul Prince with funds when he went with Aurangzeb in 1658 A. D. to fight with Dara at Agra and assumed the throne. On the decay of Mogul power, Palitana fell into the hands of the Gohel chiefs, who were tributaries to the Gaekwar. While, therefore, the whole mountain is regarded as a religious trust, it is under the jurisdiction of the Chief, for whose protection the Shrawakas have long paid a yearl subsidy for its protection.

Thakor Sur Singhji Pratap Singhji of Palitana died at Poona on the 24th November 1885 A.D. mourned and regretted by all classes of society in Western India, especially by his Palitana subjects. His son, Man Singhji, succeeded to the gadi of Palitana, and ruled till 1905 A.D. when he died. Since his death the State has been administered by the British Government owing to the minority of the present Chief.

The area of the State is 289 square miles. The population is 52,856 according to the census of 1901 A.D. The State contains one town Palitana, the capital, and 90 villages. The gross revenue is estimated at six lacs, chiefly derived from land. The State pays a tribute of Rs, 10,364 jointly to the Gaekwar of Baroda and the Nawab of Junagarh.

Palitana possesses the famous Shetrunja hill, which is the most sacred of the five hills of the Jains in India. Mr. Kinloh Forbes, the author of Ras Mala, describes it as the "first of all places of pilgrimages, the bridal hall of those who would win everlasting rest." The entire summit of the hill is covered with temples, which possess a great architectural skill.

The present Chief of Palitana, Thakor Saheb Bahadur Singhji, is entitled to a salute of 9 guns.


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 Phaltan.

THE Chief of Phaltan surnamed Nimbalkar belongs to an ancienr Mahratta family, which attained great distinction in the fourteenth century. Nimbraj, who is said to be the founder of the family, was a brave warrior and distinguished himself in the time of Mahammad Tughlak, the Emperor of Delhi, who granted h.m a jahagir and the tittle of 'Naik.' He died in 1349 A.D., having founded the present town of Phaltan. He was succeeded by his son, Wanang Bhupal. This chief was put to death in 1374 A.D. His son, Wanangpal, retook Phaltan in 1390 A.D. and died in 1394 A.D. After this, a number of chiefs followed in direct succession, but no authentic information about them is available.

In the seventeenth century, Phaltan State was a tributary of the Bijapur kings. In 1630 A.D. Mudhoji Rao became the chief of Phaltan. He was killed by the king •of Bijapur in 1644 A.D. and his son, Banaji Natk, was taken prisoner to Bijapur. He too would have been killed, but owing to the intercession of some Mahratta nobles at the Bijapur Court he was set free and restored to his ancestral jahagir in 1651 A.D. It is said that Shiwaji had given his daughter, Sakhubai, to the son of Banaji Naik, and renewed the ties of relationship with the Nimbalkar family. It is well known that the famous Jagpal Rao Naik Nimbalkar was related to the house of Bhonsles through his sister, Dipabai, wife of Maloji and grandmother of Shiwaji.

With the growth of the Mahratta power, the jahagir of Phaltan became subordinate to the Rajas of Satara and the Peshwas of Poona. After the overthrow of Baji Rao II, the last Peshwa of Poona, this State became allied to the Raja of Satara by the treaty of 1820 A.D. and finally to the British Raj.

The present Chief, Mudhoji Rao alias Bapusaheb was adopted in 1841 A.D. by Sahebji Bai, the widow of Jan Rao Naik Nimbalkar, who concluded a treaty of friendship with the British Government in 1 820 A.D. and died at a very advanced age. Shrirr Ant Bapusaheb was installed on the gadi with full powers in 1 860 A.D. Since that time he has been ruling the State with considerable success. He is a strict disciplinarian and takes great interest in bringing his State into line with the other progressive administrations. He has devised a system of water works for the town of Phaltan, which reflect credit on his administrative capacity. He is much loved and respected by his subjects and has given them the benefit of free education in the State.

The State has an estimated area of 397 square miles and according to the census of 1911 A.D. a population of 55,960 souls. The gross income of the State on the average of the past five years is Rs. 2,05,791, out of which an annual tribute of Rs. 9,600 is paid to the British Government in lieu of a service of 75 horse.

The Chief of Phaltan ranks as a first class Sirdar in the Deccan and holds a sanad permitting adoption.


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 Porbandar.

THE chiefs of Porbandar belong to the Jethwa class of Rajputs, which is one of the oldest races in Western India. Their advent into Kathiawar is approximately put down at 900-1 000 A.D. They claim descent from Makaradhwaj, son of Hanuman, the monkey-god, and of a female alligator. They probably came from the north and first established themselves near Morvi. They held Barda and occupied much cf the adjacent coast region of Halar. After the capture and sack of Ghumli. the Jethwas retired to Ranpur, where they remained for many years, but were finally driven to Chhaya. While there, they acquired Porbandar and Navi from the Mogul Government and reconquered much of their adjacent .possessions from the Jadejas. In 1785 A. D. Sultanji transferred his seat cf rule to Porbandar, which has ever since been the Jethwa capital and has given name to the chiefship. Holoji, son of Sultanji, deposed his father in 1804 A.D., took the State into his own hands, and conducted the affairs in the name of his father. Holoji executed the usual engagements with the British Government in 1809 A.D. and placed himself under their protection. He was followed by Khjmoji ( 1813-1831 A.D. ) and Bhojrajji or Rana Vikmatji ( 1 83 1 -1900 A.D. ).

The State was taken under British management in 1886 A.D. on account of the mismanagement of the late chief, Rana Vikmatji, who died in 1900 A.D.

His heir and grandson, Bhav Singhji, was placed on the gadi on the 15th

September 1900 A.D, with powers of administration. But he died on the 1 0th December

1908 A.D. He was succeeded by his son, Natwar Singhji, who being a minor, the

administration is at present conducted by the British Government.

The capital of the State is Porbandar, which is a famous sea-port, and which is well known for its limestone quarries, which are exported to different parts of India.

The area of the State is 636 square miles and the population is 82,646. The average revenue of the State is about 9| lacs.

Porbandar is a first class State in the Kathiawar Political Agency, Bombay; it is situated in the west of the peninsula a'nd consists of a strip along the shore of the Arabian Sea, nowhere more than 24 miles broad.

The Chief of Porbandar holds the title of 'Rana' and enjoys a salute of 1 1 guns.


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 Radhanpur.

RADHANPUR, now held by a branch of the Babi family, which has always been prominent in the annals of Gujrath, since the time of Emperor Humayun. is said to have once belonged to Vaghelas, and to have been called Lunawada after Vaghela Lunaji of the Sardhara branch of that tribe. Subsequently it was held as a fief under the Sultans of Gujrath by Fatteh Khan Baloch. and is said to have been named Radhanpur after Radhan Khan, a member of that family.

The first Babi, who entered Hindustan in company of Humayun, was Bahadur Khan. He was appointed Fouzadr of Tharad in the reign of Shah Jahan; and his son, Sher Khan Babi, on account of his local knowledge, was sent to aid prince Murad Buksh in the management of Gujrath. In 1693 A.D. his son, Jafar Khan, by his ability and local influence obtained the Fouzdan of Radhanpur, Sawi, Mujpur and Terwada, with the title of 'Safdar Khan'. In 1704 A.D. he was made governor of Bijapur (in Gujrath) and in 1706 A.D. of Patan. His son, Khan Jahan, also styled Khanji Khan, received the title of 'Jawan Marda Khan', and was appointed governor of Radhanpur, Patan, Vadnagar, Visanagar, Bijapur, Kheralu, etc. His son, KamaUud-Din Khan, again usurped the governorship of Ahmedabad after the death of Aurangzeb, during the incursions of the Mahrattas, and the subsequent collapse of the Imperial power. During his rule, one branch of the family was able to establish itself at Junagarh and another at Balasinor.

In 1813 A.D. Radhanpur, through Captain Carnac, the then Resident at Baroda, concluded an engagement with the Gaekwar, whereby the latter, under the advice of the British authorities, was empowered to control the external relations of Radhanpur and assist in defending it from foreign invasions. In 1820 A.D. Major Miles negotiated an agreement with Sher Khan, Nawab of Radhanpur, who bound himself not to harbour outlaws or the enemies of the British Government, to accompany the British troops with all his forces and to pay a tribute, which was, however, remitted in 1825 A.D. and has never again been imposed.

Nawab Sher Khan died in 1825 A»D. and was succeeded by his son, Joravar Khan, who successfully ruled over the State for nearly 50 years. He was a staunch friend of the British and was granted the sanad of adoption in 1862 A.D. He died in 1875 A.D. and was succeeded by his son, Nawab Bismilla Khan, who introduced many salutary reforms in the State in recognition of which he was presented with an Imperial Flag in 1877 A.D. He died in 1895 A.D. and was succeeded by his eldest son, Nawab Sher Khanji, who unfortunately died in 1909 A.D. while on his tour to Europe. His younger brother, Jalal-ud'Din Khan, was. installed on the gadi on the 27th November 1910 A.D. when he was invested with full powers.

The total area of the State is 1,150 square miles with a population of 61,548 souls, and its gross revenue amounts to nearly four lacs of rupees.

The Nawab of Radhanpur is entitled to a salute of II guns.


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 Rajkot.

RAJKOT is a second class State in the Kathiawar Political Agency. The family of the Rajkot chiefs is an off-shoot of that of Nawanagar. It is directly descended from Jam Sataji of Nawanagar. Vibhaji, younger son of Ajoji, great-grandson of the Jam, is the founder of this branch. Vibhaji entered the Imperial service in the time of Emperor Jahangir, from whom he received the title of 'Sirdar' and a dress of honour. Raju Sandi, who had accompained him to Delhi, was allowed, in recognition of his services, to establish a village, in 1610 A.D., which was named Rajkot after him. Vibhaji was succeeded by his eldest son, Meramanji, who assisted Azim Khan of Gujrath against the Kathis at Thangarh.,

In 1720 A.D. Masum Khan, the deputy governor of Junagarh, became very powerful. He took Rajkot from Meramanji, and built a fort there in 1722 A.D. For this act, he got the fouzdar-ship of Rajkot. Sirdar Ranmalji attacked Masum Khan, and regained Rajkot in 1732 A.D. Since then it has been uninterruptedly in the possession of the descendants of Ranmalji. Meramanji III, who came to the gadi in 1759 A.D., was a very powerful prince and a great scholar too. He died in 1794 A.D. and his son, Ranmalji, succeeded to the gadi. He concluded a treaty with the British Government and a permanent tribute of Rs. 21,321 was fixed. A British Camp was established at Rajkot in 1822 A.D. Ranmalji died in 1825 A.D., and was succeeded by his son, Suraji, who made Rajkot the capital of his State.

Thakor Saheb Bawaji Raj, grandson of Suraji, came to the gadi in 1862 A.D. During his rule many important reforms were introduced in the State. Bawaji Raj died in 1889 A.D. and was succeeded by the present Thakor Saheb Lakhaji Raj, who then being a minor, the management of the State was carried on under the supervision of the Political Agent. In 1890 A.D. a sanad of adoption was granted to the Chief of Rajkot.

His Highness Lakhaji Raj was put in charge of his State in 1907 A.D. He has received a good education at the Rajkumar College, and has also spent two years at Dehra Dun in the Imperial Cadet Corps. In April 1908 A.D. the Thakor Saheb visited England. The importance of Rajkot ' is largely due to the fact of its being the head-quarters of the Agent to the Governor — the representative of the Paramount Power — and being the seat of the well-known Rajkumar College, the first institution for the education of the scions of the aristocracy of Western India, which was opened in 1870 A.D.

The area of the State is 282 square miles containing a population of 50,522 souls according to the latest census; and the gross revenue is three lacs of rupees per annum.

The Chief of this State is entitled to a salute of 9 guns.


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 Rajpipla.

RAJPIPLA is a State under the Political Agency of Rewa-Kantha in the Bombay Presidency. The family of the Chief is said to derive its origin from one Chokarana, son of Saidawat, Raja of Ujjain, a Rajput of the Parmar tribe, who having quarrelled with his father left his own country and established himself in the villages of Pipla, in the most inaccessible parts of the hills to the west of the modern town of Nandod. The only daughter of Chokarana married Moker or Mokheraj. a Rajput of the Gohel tribe, who resided in the island of Premgar or Piram in the Gulf of Cambay. Mokheraj had by her two sons, Dungarji and Geman Singhji. The former founded Bhavnagar, and the latter succeeded to Chokarana. Since that time (about 1420 A.D.) the Gohel dynasty has been ruling at Ra/pipla. The Musalman kings of Ahmedabad had, before this, taken an agreement from the Raja to furnish 1,000 foot- soldiers, and 300 horse-men ; and the agreement remained in force until Akbar took Gujrath in 1573 A.D. when he imposed a tribute of Rs. 35,550 on the country in lieu of the contingent. This was paid until the end of the reign of Aurangzeb, when the payments not only became irregular in consequence of the decline of the Imperial authority, but were even altogether evaded whenever it could be done.

Subsequent to the overthrow of the Mahomedan authority, Damaji Gaekwar, in the latter part of the eighteenth century, succeeded in securing a half share of four of the most fertile sub-divisions of the territory. These were afterwards released at the cost of an annual payment of Rs. 40,000 to the Gaekwar, and this sum later on was raised to Rs. 92,000. Such rapid and frequent encroachments on the State and internal quarrels led to the intervention of the British Government. About the close of 1821 A.D., of the two disputants for the gadi, the rightful claimant, Veri Salji, was placed on the throne by the British Government. Under the settlement made in 1823 A.D., the State pays an annual tribute of Rs. 50,001 to the Gaekwar on the understanding that a remission shall be granted in seasons of natural calamity. The State, owing to mismanagement, was placed under the joint administration of an officer of the British Government and the Raja in the year 1884 A.D. From 1 887' 1897 A.D., however, the administration was entrusted solely to a British officer. The present Chief, H. H. Maharana Chhatra Singhji, succeeded to the gadi in 1897 A.D. He is an enlightened Chief and takes a keen interest in the welfare of his subjects. He has travelled over India and Europe, and gained a knowledge of the world. He is considered to be one of the popular chiefs in the Rewa-Kantha Agency.

The area of the State is 1,517 square miles and its population is 1,17,175. The total revenue is about nine lacs of rupees.

His Highness Maharana Chhatra Singhji, the present ruler of Rajpipla, is entitled to a salute of 11 guns and holds a sanad authorising adoption.


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 Ramdurg.

RAMDURG is a small State under the Political Agency of Kolhapur and Southern Mahratta jahagirs. Nargund and Ramdurg were two strong forts in the Carnatac erected by Shiwaji, occupied by the Mahrattas in their early struggles. By the favour of the Peshwas the ancestors of the present Ramdurg family were placed in charge of these forts. Yogi Rao, the son of Ram Rao, surnamed Bhave, was confirmed as subhedar of Ramdurg. About 1753 A.D. the jahagir which was managed by Yogi Rao yielded 2 J lacs of rupees, and its holder was required to furnish a contingent of 350 horse-men. Bhaskar Rao, the grand-nephew of the original founder, was succeeded by his adopted son, Venkat Rao, and the sanad of the Sansthan 'Saranjam' was granted by the Peshwa in 1 773 A.D. in the names of Venkat Rao and Yogi Rao. These arrangements continued till 1784 A.D. when Tipu Sultan made further demands which were resisted, and. in consequence, the fort of Ramdurg was blockaded by him. After a siege of seven months, Venkat Rao of Nargund surrendered, and in violation of the terms of capitulation was carried off, as a prisoner, with his whole family, to Mysore.

On the fall of Shrirangpattan in 1792 A.D. Venkat Rao was released, and the Peshwa restored to him Nargund and lands yielding I J lacs, and granted the fort of Ramdurg with lands yielding Rs. 26,000 to Ram Rao. The two branches of the family continued to enjoy their respective States till 1810 A.D., when the Peshwa made a new division of the lands in equal shares between Venkat Rao and Narayan Rao, the sons of Ram Rao. On the fall of the Peshwa the estates were continued to these two Chiefs by an engagement dated 1821 A.D. Narayan Rao died in 1826 A.D. without, male issue and without having obtained permission to adopt a son. But his widow Radhabai, was afterwards allowed to adopt Harihar Rao, the youngest son of the Chief of Nargund, with the name of Ram Rao, retaining the management of the estate into her own hands during her life-time. Nargund subsequently lapsed in 1858 A.D. to the British Government, and Ramdurg was continued in the family of Ram Rao. Ram Rao was allowed to adopt Balwant Rao, a collateral kinsman, who was named Yogi Rao II. alias Bapusaheb. He succeeded to the chiefship in 1872 A.D. Yogi Rao died in 1 878 A.D. and was succeeded by his son, Venkat Rao.

The present Chief, Ram Rao Venkat Rao, is a minor and is being educated at the Rajkumar College, Rajkot. The State is under the management of an administrator appointed by the British Government.

The area of the State is 169 square miles with a population of 37,848 souls. The revenue of the State amounts to nearly two lacs of Rupees.


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 Sachin.

THIS small State is situated under the Surat Political Agency in the Bombay Presidency. The Nawabs of Sachin are Sidi Mahomedans or Habshis. They were long known on the western coast as the Sidis of Danda-Rajpuri and Janjira. They were also the admirals of the fleets of the kings of Ahmednagar and Bijapur in the Deccan, while these dynasties lasted, and subsequently of the Mogul emperors, being appointed to that office by Aurangzeb about 1660 A.D. with an annual assignment of three lacs of Rupees out of the Surat revenues for their maintenance. On the decline of the Mogul empire, the Sidis became notorious pirates, plundering the ships of all nations except those of the British, whose friendship they appear to have early cultivated.

The branch of the family, who had its headquarters at Janjira, remained chiefs of that place during the wars between Shiwaji and the Moguls, and between the Mahrattas and the British Government. During these wars different members of the family were alternately supported by either party as best suited its own interest. Towards the end of the eighteenth century, Balumia Sidi, the heir to the throne of Janjira, was expelled from his dominion by a younger branch of the family. He appealed for aid to the Mahrattas and the British. The Peshwa being desirous of obtaining Janjira, an agreement was come to in 1791 A.D., by which Balumia ceded Janjira in exchange for Sachin to the Peshwa. Balumia duly took possession of his new State of Sachin; but when the Peshwa claimed Janjira, the Sidis who held it refused to give it up, and succeeded in maintaining their independence. Sachin remained in the hands of Balumia and his descendants ; while Janjira is still held by the younger branch of the family who had ousted Balumia.

Balumia, the founder of the Sachin State fixed his capital at Sachin ; but he afterwards passed the remainder of his life at Lajpur, another village in the territory situated on the river Midhola. Balumia was succeeded by his son, Ibrahim Mahammad Yakut Khan, who died in 1873 A.D. After his death, his son, Nawab Abdul Kadar , Khan, ascended the gadi, but had to abdicate it in favour of his minor son, Ibrahim Khan, who was only three years of age, in 1889 A.D.

ff

The present Nawab Ibrahim Khan was educated at the Rajkumar College at Rajkot and Mayo College at Ajmer. He joined the Imperial Cadet Corps in 1894 A.D. and remained there till 1906 A.D. He was put in charge of his State on 4th May 1907 A.D. He married Fatima Sultanah Jahan Begum, the only daughter of his uncle, Nawab Jada Nasurullah Khan, in the year 1906 A.D. and has a son one year old.

The area of the State is 42 square miles, the population being 20,530. The gross revenue amounts to over two lacs of rupees.

His Highness Nawab Ibrahim Khan is entitled to a salute of 9 guns.


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 Sayla.

THIS is a small State in Kathiawar, and is connected with Dhrangadhra. The Chabad Rajputs held sway during the fifteenth century over the country now under Sayla. It was. conquered by the Kathis of Karpada and Khawad in the fore'part of the eighteenth century and it was wrested from them by the Rajput Sesabhai, second son of Raj Raya Singh of Dhrangadhra.

At one time Sesabhai, in concert with the Kathis and other tribes, removed his elder brother, Gaj Singhji, from Halawad. But he and his heroic wife Jijiba, regained their dominions with the help of Bhagawant Rao, the Peshwa's officer, who was at the time in Kathiawar to collect tribute. Sesabhai now attacked and expelled the Kathis of Sayla who had assisted Gaj Singh and his wife and permanently established himself at that place in 1751 A.D. He got the village of Liya from Jaswat Singh for recovering his cattle that had been plundered by the border Kathis.

^Sesabhai died in 1794 A.D. He had five sons of whom Vikmatji ascended the gadi. He ruled peaceably till 1813 A.D. and was succeeded by Madar Singhji in whose time the whole of Kathiawar had come under the influence of the British Government and peace had been established throughout the province. Madar Singhjfs son, Sesabhai II, otherwise known as " Bapaji ", ruled for only two years and was followed by Kesari Singhji. He was a remarkable personage who had the welfare of his subjects at heart even in preference to his own comforts. He lent every facility to his subjects in regard to agriculture. He gave one of his daughters in marriage to. Jam Vibhaji of Nawanagar, the other to the Rana of Porbandar, and the third to the Thakor of Morvi.

A dispute having arisen between Kesari Singhji and his two cousins in 1866 A.D. with respect to their giras boundaries, the latter went into outlawry and committed depredations on the territories of Sayla. At last they were apprehended and sentenced to transportation for life by the Political Agent, Rajkot.

Kesari Singhji reigned for forty-four years and died in 1882 A.D, He was succeeded by Wakhat Singhji who is the present Thakor. His heir-apparent, Madar Singhji, is studying at the Rajkumar College, Rajkot, and the .other princes are students in the Girasia School, Wadhwan.

Sayla, the capital of the State, is 18 miles from the Wadhwan Railway Station

and contains some relics of antiquarian interest, among which may be mentioned the

" Mana Sarovar " said to have been constructed by Siddhara; Jaya Singh of Anahilwada Pattan.

The area of the State is 226 square miles containing 37 villages. The subjects of the Thakor number about 12,850 according to the latest census. The annual revenue of the State is Rs. 75,000 of which the Chief has to pay Rs. 15,511 per annum as tribute and Zortalbi dues.

The Thakor Saheb of Sayla ranks as a third class Chief in Kathiawar.


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 Sangli.

THE State, of Sangli at one time formed part of the possession of the Patwardhan family which distinguished itself in the latter part of the 18th century. The founder of the family was one Hanbhat, a native of the village of Kotwaden in the Ratnagiri district. He was appointed family-priest to the Chief of Ichalkaranji an office which is still held by the Chief of Sangli. About the year 1717 A. D. Haribhat was brought to the notice of Balajee Vishwanath, the first Peshwa; and from that time began his connection with the Peshwa's family. Haribhat had seven sons, of whom Govind Han at the start occupied certain unimportant positions under the Peshwa, who conferred upon him the command of a body of horse in 1741 A.D. Govind Hari and his son, Gopal Rao, were excellent soldiers, and took part in almost every military operation of note in Balajee Baji Rao's reign. In 1756 A.D. he greatly distinguished himself in certain operations against the Nawab of Savnur, half of whose territory was surrendered to the Peshwa. Subsequently, Gopal Rao fought in the campaigns against Hyder Ali of Mysore and against the Nizam. About this time his command consisted of 5,000 horse. After the death of Balaji Rao Peshwa in 1761 A.D. the fort of Miraj and a saranjam (grant of territory for military service) were bestowed upon Govind Hari, father of Gopal Rao.

From 1 763 A.D. to the end of the century, the Patwardhans waged incessant wars against Kolhapur and Hyder Ali of Mysore. Gopal Rao especially distinguished himself in the campaign against the latter. In 1771 A.D. Gopal Rao died leaving behind him his father, Govind Hari, and one brother, Gangadhar Govind, and a minor nephew named Chintaman Rao, son of another brother, Pandurang Rao, 4 the representative of the senior line, and the progenitor of the present Sangli family, Gangadhar Rao being the representative of the present Miraj family. In 1772 A.D. during the minority of Chintaman Rao his uncle, Gangadhar Rao, acted as regent, but on Chintaman Rao's attaining majority the attachment of the uncle to chiefship had grown so firm that he could not be prevailed upon to let it pass to the rightful holder, Chintaman Rao. Towards the close of the eighteenth century, Chintaman Rao, the first Chief of Sangli, brought about a compro- mise with his uncle, Ganghadhar Rao, in regard to the saranjam possessions of the family and it was agreed to divide them between the uncle and the nephew. The settlement of the respective shares was finally approved of by the Peshwa in 1808 A.D. Chintaman Rao, who possessed a taste for military adventures, passed his early years in a series of campaigns against Mysore, and Kolhapur, and the Nizam of Hyderabad.

On the overthrow of the Peshwa's dynasty, Sangli, along with the other Patwrdhan states, came under the British Government. In 1819 A.D. Government entered into an agreement with Chintaman Rao, the then representative of the Sangli State, under which it was stipulated that he should serve the Government as he did under the Mahratta empire. This treaty practically re-affirmed the provisions of the treaty of 1812 A.D. by which the British Government guaranteed the respective privileges of the Patwardhan Jahagirs on the one hand, and those of the Peshwas on the other as declared by the old Sanads issued by them in favour of the Patwardhan Jahagirdars. In 1826 A.D. he met with a great affliction in the death of his son Ganpaf Rao, and


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THE IMPERIAL DURBAR ALBUM. 255 the widow of the deceased adopted a son, Vinayaka Rao, who was not destined to be the heir of his grandfather, since a son named Dhundi Rao was born to the latter in 1838 A.D. who eventually succeeded to the chief ship.

Chintaman Rao's loyalty to the British Government was strongly displayed from time to time. "In testimony of their respect for his high character and in acknowledge' ment of his unswerving fidelity to Government" a sword of honor was presented to him by the British Government with great ceremony at Belgaum in 1846 A.D. In 1851 A.D. Chintaman Rao died at the age of 77 and was succeeded by his son, Dhundi Rao, a minor, the State being administered by the British Government for him until 1859 A.D., when the latter was formally invested with powers. He, too, like his father rendered substantial services to the British Government during the Mutiny of 1857 A.D. and received the thanks of Government in an open Durbar.

Dhundi Rao died in 1900 A.D. without issue, and the State again came under British managememt. The duty of selecting an heir to the chiefship having devolved upon Government, they sanctioned that the chiefship should be conferred upon Vinayak Rao Bhausaheb, the minor great-grandson of the first mentioned Vinayak Rao, taken in adoption by the widowed daughter-in-law of Chintaman Rao, the first chief of Sangli, He was renamed as Chintaman Rao Appasaheb and was formally invested with full powers of administration on the 2nd June, 1910 A.D.

Sangli has a considerable export and import trade. The State owns a railway line of about six miles, constructed at its own cost, which connects Sangli with Miraj on the Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway line. The construction of the Railway has demonstrated the truth of the principle that railway follows trade and the trade follows railway. New. factories are springing into existence in Sangli every year. A scheme of water works has been recently carried out at Sangli, the headquarter station. Primary education has been made free throughout the State and compulsory in select areas. A splendid programme of public works has been carried out throughout the State. A respresentative Ryot assembly pr Ryot Sabha lias been established, and the agriculturists are empowered to send in their representatives at State cost to sit in the assembly, and to ventilate their grievances, and to offer suggesstions for remedying them. The codes of law in force in British India have been- introduced in the State. Transit duties and other objectionable taxes have been abolished. The British Municipal and Local Board system has been introduced in the State and on the whole a very high degree of administrative efficiency is being attempted to be achieved by the intelligent and estimable young Chief of Sangli.

The area of the Sangli State is 1,112 square miles; its population 2,12,390 and its revenue over 1 1 J lacs of rupees.

The Chief maintains a military force of 54 cavalry, 433 infantry and 4 guns.


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 Sawantwadi.

SAWANTWADI is a State in the Bombay Presidency. The rulers of the State are Mahrattas, surnamed Sawant Bhonsle. At the close of the fifteenth century, Sawantwadi became a part of the territory of the Bijapur kings. Mang Sawant of the Bhonsle family, however, revolted from Bijapur. and established his capital at Hadowra, a small village nine miles from Wadi. He is reputed to be the founder of the Sawants of Wadi.

The Chief who finally freed his country from Mahomedan yoke was Khem Sawant Bhonsle. He ruled from 1627 A.D. to 1640 A.D. He was succeeded by his son, Som Sawant, who ruled for only eighteen months, and was followed by his brother, Lakhman Sawant. When the power of Shiwaji seemed in the ascendant (1650 A.D.), Lakhman Sawant tendered allegiance to him, and was confirmed as Sar Desai of the whole Southern Konkan. He died in 1 665 A.D. and was succeeded by his brother, Phond Sawant, who, after ruling for ten years was succeeded by his son, Khem Sawant II; and he was confirmed in his possessions by Shahu. It was during the time of Khem's successor ( 1707-1737 A.D.) that the Sawantwadi State first entered into treaty relations with the British Government against the piratical chieftain, Kanhoji Angria of Kolaba.

The Chief, who ruled from 1755 to 1803 A.D. under the name of Khem Sawant the Great, married the daughter of Jayaji Sindhia in 1 703 A.D. and gained the title of 'Raja Bahadur' from the Emperor of Delhi. Khem Sawant, not content with wars on land, took to piracy. His rule was a continuous contest with Kolhapur, the Peshwa, the Portuguese, and the British. He died childless in 1803 A.D. and the question of succession was not decided till 1805 A. D., when Khem Sawant's widow, Lakshmi Bai, adopted a child, Ramchandra Sawant alias Bhausaheb. This child lived for three years, when it was strangled in bed. Phond Sawant, a minor, was chosen to fill his place. During these years of disorder, the ports swarmed with pirates. So severely did British commerce suffer, that in 1812 A.D. Phoad Sawant was forced to enter into a treaty with the British, ceding the port of Vengurla to them, and engaging to give up all his vessels of war. Soon after the conclusion of this treaty, Phond Sawant HI died, and was succeeded by his brother, Khem Sawant IV., a child of eight. This Chief, when he came of age was found to be unable to manage his State, and at last in 1838 A.D. he agreed to make over the administration to the British Government. The State was eventually restored in 1861 A.D. to the Chief on his undertaking to defray the expenses of the last rebellion, to pay one year's revenue as succession-fee, to protect his subjects, and to meet the expenses of a British Resident and his establishment.

The area of the State is 925 square miles with a population of 2,17,732 inhabitants and a revenue of about Rs. 4 J lacs.

The present ruler of Sawantwadi is Shri Raw Sawant Bhonsle Raje Bahadur Sar Desai and is entitled to a salute of 9 guns.


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 Savnur.

SAVNUR is a native State situated within the Dharwar District, Bombay Presidency. The reigning family are Musalmans of Pathan origin. The founder of the family, Abdul Rauf Khan, obtained in 1 680 A.D. from the Emperor Aurangzeb, the grant of a jahagir comprising Bankapur, Tordal, and Azamnagar or Belgaum, with a command of 7,000 horse. In 1730 A.D. the family, as deputies of the Nizam, received additional territory, which the Peshwa seized in 1747 A.D. In 1786 A.D., Tipu Sultan with whom the Nawab was connected by marriage, stripped him of much territory ; but the Nawab, allying himself with the Mahrattas, regained some part of it, and obtained from the Peshwa a pension of Rs. 10,000 a month. At the close of the last Mahratta war, the Nawab whose conduct had been exceptionally loyal was confirmed in his original possessions by the British Government, and received during his life'time an additional yearly grant of Rs. 6,000.

The State pays no tribute. The family holds a sanad authorising adoption, and the succession follows the rule of primogeniture.

The Collector of Dharwar is the Political Agent for the State; his senior Assistant being Assistant Political Agent. There are three criminal and two civil courts in the State and the Political Agent has the powers of Sessions and District Judge. The Nawab, when on the gadi, exercises full powers in civil and criminal matters. The State laws* are modelled on those of the British territory.

The State of Savnur has an estimated area of 70 square miles. It consists of about 25 villages with the town, of Savnur as its capital. The population of the State according to the census of 1911 A.D. is 17,908, which shows a considerable decrease in the number obtained at the census of 1901 A.D. The gross revenue of the State is Rs. 1,28,128. The present Nawab Abdul Majid Khan Diler Jung Bahadur is about nineteen years of age, and is serving with the Imperial cadet Corps at Dehra Dun.


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 Sunth-Rampur.

SUNTH-RAMPUR is a second class State in the Rewa^Kantha Agency in the Bombay Presidency. Its rulers belong to the Parmar caste of Rajputs who originally came from Malwa. Jhalam Singh established his power at Jhalod in the Panch Mahals and gave his name to the town. There is a legend that the Emperor hearing the exceeding beauty of the daughter of Jhalam Singh, Rana of Jhalod (the fifth in succession from the founder), demanded her in marriage; and that on Jhalam Singh's declining the alliance he was attacked by the Mogul army, defeated and killed. His son, Rana Sunth, fled for safety to the Sunth jungle, then under the sway of a Bhill chief by name Sutta.

In the year 1 255 A.D. Sunth, defeated Sutta and took possession of his capital called Bhrahmapuri. He changed its name to Sunth and established his own dynasty.

According to another tradition, the Sunth family is said to have come from Dhar in Malwa, when that principality was conquered by the Mahomedans. From 1443 A.D. the State was tributary to the Ahmedabad Sultans, and on their decline received some additions of the territory.

In 1819 A.D. Sunth was overrun by Sindhia's troops, and would have been either annexed or laid waste, had not the British Government interfered. Through the medium of Sir John Malcolm, it was arranged that on condition of Sindhia withdrawing his troops, Sunth should pay a tribute of Rs. 6,000.

The present ruler of Sunth State is Joravar Singhji who was adopted in 1 896 A.D. by the late Maharana Pratap Singhji from Babral Bhyat family and was sent for education to the Rajkumar College at Rajkot. After attaining majority, he was invested with full powers in 1902 A.D. He is an intelligent Chief who keenly supervises the administration of the State.

The area of the State is 394 square miles containing a population of 59,351 souls according to the census of 191 1 A. D. The gross revenue of the State is 1,66,582 rupees and it pays a tribute of Rs. 5,855 to the British Government

The present Chief, Maharana Shri Joravar Singhji, receives a salute of 9 guns.


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 Vishalgarh.

VISHALGARH is. a feudatory State under Kolhapur. It takes its name from the historical fort of Vishalgarh which lies on the extreme west overlooking the Konkan. It is at a height of about- 3,350 feet from sea>level, and commands a beautiful view of, nearly. half the Konkan. Till 1844 A.D: the chiefs of Vishalgarh used to reside in the fort, b&t since then they have been residing at Malkapur, the principal town" of the State, about 30 miles to the ndrtlvwesf of Kolhapur.

The celebrated historical personage ParShuram" Trimhak Pratinidhi may be said to be the founder of both Y'shalgarh .and Aundh families. He distinguished himself during the latter haff ^of, the seventeenth century, and secured the' high rank of 'Pratinidhi' or, the viceroy, in, the -time of Rajaram. -

The Kolfiapur and Satara principalities were finally separated in 1740 A.D. by the treaty between Raja Shahu of Satara arid Sambhaji Raja of Kolhapur. Since then the Pratinidhi family of Vishalgarh became permanently connected with the Kolhapur State. The British Government, in their treaty with the Kolhapur State, in the year 1862 A.D., have guaranteed the protection of rights and privileges the Vishalgarh State, along with those ,of the states,- ojF Bawda, Vagal, and Ichalkaranji.

The present ruling Cniefi Shrimant Abasaheb, is the eleventh Pratinidhi in the Vishalgarh family founded ' by "Krishnajt, ihe eldest^ sbn of Parshuram Trimbak. Shrimant Abasaheb is the - son* of Krishna Rao HI and- succeeded him in 1871 A.D. He was invested with full powers over his State on -the 24th of November 1891 A.D. by the then Political Agent, Col. Wpdehouse 1 . .Since he assumed the reins of the State, the administration has been carried on to the -satisfaction of the Kolhapur State as well as

the ' British Government. ,

• > . •**

Shrimant Abasaheb has three sons, the eldest of whom Shrimant Bhawan Rao

is an ■ undergraduate of the Bombay University, -and "as prosecuting his further studies

in the Deccari College JM Poona...

The VishalgarJv State ^contains in all 66 villages, with an area of 235 square

miles... The population of the State" is 35,258, and its revenue is about 1,77,000 rupees.


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 Wadhwan.

WADHWAN ranks as a second class State in Kathiawar. The ruler of Wadhwan is a Rajput of the Jhala family. Harpal, of the members of the family already mentioned elsewhere, gained from Raja Karan of Anhilpattan, a number of villages of which Patdi, the first one selected by Harpal, was made his capital. In 1634 A.D. Jet Singhji removed the capital from Patdi to Kanakawati, which was later on invaded by the Mahomedan kings of Ahmedabad, when Waghji, a descendant of Jet Singhji was killed.

Raidharji, the eldest son of Waghji, removed the capital to Halwad. Pnthwi Raj, the eldest son of Rajchandra Singhji of Dhrangadhra, left Halwad about 1603 A.D. and established the separate principality of Wadhwan. Owing to his turbulent conduct, he was imprisoned by the Moguls and sent to Ahmedabad where he died a prisoner. He had two sons, Sartanji and Rajoji, who wrested Wankaner from the Babanya ruling family. These two brothers became the founders of two different states, Wadhwan and Wankaner. Rajoji established himself at Wadhwan about 1613 A.D.

Madho Singh, grandson of Rajoji, was a capable statesman and a brave warrior, who helped Sawargar Kotah and Bundi chiefs. A later descendant, Prithwi Singhji, got a third part of Kotah, with its capital at Pattan, which is now known as Jahlra Pattan. Wadhwan did not enjoy peace till the latter part of the nineteenth century, as there were constant struggles going on in the Slate between the various aspirants and claimants for power and money.

Daji Raj came to the gadi of Wadhwan in 1 §75 A.D. During his minority the State was administered by the chief Karbhari, under the supervision of the Political Agent. In 1881 A.D. Daji Raj was invested with full powers. He was a very enlightened chief and had he been spared he would have proved, a beneficent and able ruler. He died in 1885 A.D. and was succeeded by his brother, Bal Singhji.

Bal Singhji ruled the State from 1885 A.D. to 1910 A.D. He was fond of old institutions and was known as a supporter of the orthodox principles of Rajput dignity and manners. Famine, successive bad seasons, and several other causes handicapped Bal Singhji's rule, which was embarrassd by financial difficulties. He died on the 25th of May 1910 A.D. leaving behind him an only daughter- who was married to Raja Bahadur Bhagwat Singhji, the • heir'apparent of Orchha ( Bundelkhand ). The Government of India have recognised Jaswant Singhji, son of Raj Singhji, as successor to the gadi of Wadhwan. The State is at present under British administration under the direct control of the Agent to the Governor, Kathiawar, who has been invested by Government with the full powers of a second class chief.

The area of the State is 242 square miles with a population of 35,831 souls. The gross revenue of the State is rupees 4,75,000.

The Thakor Saheb of Wadhwan, is entitled to a salute of 9 guns.


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 Wankaner.

WANKANER is a second class State in the Kathiawar Political Agency. Its rulers belong to the Jhala branch of the Kshatrias who are respected very much in that province. The founder of the Wankaner house was Sartanji, son of Prithwi Raj, the eldest son of Raja Chandra Singhji of Qhrangadhra (1584-1628 A.D.). The ruler entered into the usual engagements with the British Government in 1807 A.D.

The present ruler, His Highness Maharana Shri Amar Singhji Raj Saheb of of Wankaner, ascended the throne in 1881 A.D., when he was a minor, and on his attaining majority assumed the full powers of the State in 1899 A.D. But soon after his assumption the State found itself confronted with a severe and unprecedented famine in the year 1900 A.D., when it rose equal to the emergency, and by liberal and judicious relief works saved the ryots from starvation and ruin. Several public works of utility were constructed by the Raj Saheb, notable among which are the two irrigation tanks known as Jaswatsar tank and Vinaysagar tank, named after his grand-father and father respectively. His Highness takes a keen and lively interest in all the affairs of the State and particularly in education.

Wankaner is a most picturesque town situated in a small valley formed at the junction of the rivulet Patalio with the river Machu, set off in the rear by a pretty high range of hills which in turn are adorned by the palaces and bungalows of His Highness the Raj Saheb. The territory of the State is mostly hilly and abounds in stone quarries. The climate is generally dry and invigorating. Under the steady and progreessive rule of H. H. the Raj Saheb, Wankaner has come to be recognised as one of the best administered states in Kathiawar.

The area of the State is 425 square miles with a population of 32,261 ; and a revenue of Rs. 4,00,000 per annum.

His Highness Maharana Shri Amar Singhji, the present Raj Saheb of Wankaner, ranks among the second class chiefs of Kathiawar, and has plenary jurisdiction over his subjects. He enjoys full civil powers and is entitled to a salute- of 9 guns.


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THE IMPERIAL DURBAR ALBUM. 53 The artistic taste in the workmanship of Cutch and the present reputation of its silver-ware owes its development to Rao Lakhapatji. He entertained in his service a vaghela by name Ram Singh Malam, who had undertaken several voyages to Europe and picked up the rudiments of several arts, and under his guidance a school of industry was established. The Rao was also a patron of letters. He is said to have established a school to impart to his subjects a knowledge of the Brij dialect, of which he himself was a good student. He died in 1760 A.D. and was succeeded by his son Godhaji. On his death in 1778 A.D., his eldest son, Rayadhanji, came to the gadi. He embraced the Moslem religion much to the consternation of his relatives and Hindu subjects, and gave rise to a series of feuds and unrest. At this Jamadar Fatteh Mahomad made ■ himself all powerful in the State, and, being very ambitious, he turned his arms against Nawanagar. The British Government intervened and deputed Captain MacMurdo with a kharita. Before any terms could be settled upon, Fatteh Mahomad and Rao Rayadhanji died at an interval of. twenty days in 1813 A.D. The successor, Rao Bharmalji, was an incompetent ruler. He was therefore dethroned, and his infant son, Deshaji, was proclaimed Rao of Cutch.

The British Government appointed a Council consisting of the Resident, the Diwan, and four other chief nobles of the State. Rao Deshaji received a liberal education and was put in charge of the administration of his State in 1833 A.D. He died in 1 860 A.D. and was succeeded by his eldest son Pragmalji II. Rao Shri Pragmalji was a highly educated * Prince like his father. He was a wise and bene- ficent ruler, and much of what is now seen in Cutch was begun during his regime. He died in 1876 A.D. and his son. Prince Khengarji, who was only 9 years old, was duly installed on the gadi. According to his father's will, a Council of Regency was formed, which carried on the administration of the State till 1886A.D., when the State was entrusted to the young Rao. The Imperial Government conferred the title of 'Sawai Bahadur' on the Rao. In 1887 A.D. the Rao proceeded to England to represent the Princes of the Bombay Presidency on the occasion of the Jubilee of the late Queen-Empress Victoria, and was created a G. C. 1. E. there. The Rao is a cautious but very progressive ruler, taking great interest in the welfare of his subjects. He takes keen interest in the cause of education and works of public utility.

The military force of the State consists of 853 foot-soldiers including 281 Arabs and 254 cavalry. The State is bound by treaty to defray the expenses of the subsidiary force stationed at Bhuj by the British Government for the protection of the country.

The area of the State is 7,616 square miles (exclusive of the Runn) containing eight towns and 940 villages having 4,99,000 inhabitants, and has a total revenue of a little over 36 lacs of Rupees per annum.

The ruling Chief, His Highness Maharajadhiraj Mirza Maharao Sawai Sir Khengarji Bahadur G.C.I.E., enjoys full civil and criminal powers in his territory, and is entitled to a salute of 17 guns.


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Table of Content
Please help me in preparing the Table of contents and in verifying the order of all the pages. Thank you. Rajasekhar1961 (talk) 01:49, 23 February 2024 (UTC)
 * I suggest to ask at Scriptorium/Help where the request is much more likely to be addressed. --Jan Kameníček (talk) 10:41, 24 February 2024 (UTC)


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 deceased left Roebourne at 2 p.m. in heavy rain. Owing to the bad state of the road to Cossack, no suitable conveyance could be procured to take the body to the cemetery The difficulty was soon surmounted by the ready offers from friends to carry the coffin by relays; (one old friend of the pearling days ).Midst the pouring rain which never ceased for a moment, the volunteers carried their esteemed friend's remains to their last resting place, several stoppages having to be made to ring in the changes, as their burden was heavy. Had it not been for the universal esteem and respect in which the deceased was held when in life, we do not think that such devout veneration for his departed spirit would have been displayed. At the graveside there was many a sorrowful face, which spoke the loss all those present had sustained (Two pathetic figures an old Malay diver, named Sintal: and a native who had been in his domestic life Whalebone). The impressive Anglican service was read by Mr. W.D. Cowan, J.P.

William Shakespeare Hall was the second son of Henry Edward Hall, firstly of Shakerstone Manor, and Newton Burgolands, Leicestershire, England, and afterwards of Mandurah, W.A. He was born in London. His father having disposed of his life interest in his property, about the time of Governor Stirling landing at Swan River, proceeded with his wife and young family to W.A., where they landed among some of the earliest colonists in 1829, the year of


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Rh

The discharged employees have one thing in common. It is not biological sex, attraction to men, or attraction to women. It is attraction to members of their own sex—in a word, sexual orientation. And that, we can infer, is the employer’s real motive.

In sum, the Court’s textual arguments fail on their own terms. The Court tries to prove that “it is impossible to discriminate against a person for being homosexual or transgender without discriminating against that individual based on sex,”, but as has been shown, it is entirely possible for an employer to do just that. “[H]omosexuality and transgender status are distinct concepts from sex,”, and discrimination because of sexual orientation or transgender status does not inherently or necessarily constitute discrimination because of sex. The Court’s arguments are squarely contrary to the statutory text.

But even if the words of Title VII did not definitively refute the Court’s interpretation, that would not justify the Court’s refusal to consider alternative interpretations. The Court’s excuse for ignoring everything other than the bare statutory text is that the text is unambiguous and therefore no one can reasonably interpret the text in any way other than the Court does. Unless the Court has met that high standard, it has no justification for its blinkered approach. And to say that the Court’s interpretation is the only possible reading is indefensible.

Although the Court relies solely on the arguments discussed above, several other arguments figure prominently in the decisions of the lower courts and in briefs submitted


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18 by or in support of the employees. The Court apparently finds these arguments unpersuasive, and so do I, but for the sake of completeness, I will address them briefly.

One argument, which relies on our decision in Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins, 490 U. S. 228 (1989) (plurality opinion), is that discrimination because of sexual orientation or gender identity violates Title VII because it constitutes prohibited discrimination on the basis of sex stereotypes. See 883 F. 3d, at 119–123; Hively, 853 F. 3d, at 346; 884 F. 3d 560, 576–577 (CA6 2018). The argument goes like this. Title VII prohibits discrimination based on stereotypes about the way men and women should behave; the belief that a person should be attracted only to persons of the opposite sex and the belief that a person should identify with his or her biological sex are examples of such stereotypes; therefore, discrimination on either of these grounds is unlawful.

This argument fails because it is based on a faulty premise, namely, that Title VII forbids discrimination based on sex stereotypes. It does not. It prohibits discrimination because of “sex,” and the two concepts are not the same. See Price Waterhouse, 490 U. S., at 251. That does not mean, however, that an employee or applicant for employment cannot prevail by showing that a challenged decision was based on a sex stereotype. Such evidence is relevant to prove discrimination because of sex, and it may be convincing where the trait that is inconsistent with the stereotype is one that would be tolerated and perhaps even valued in a person of the opposite sex. See ibid.

Much of the plaintiff’s evidence in Price Waterhouse was of this nature. The plaintiff was a woman who was passed over for partnership at an accounting firm, and some of the adverse comments about her work appeared to criticize her for being forceful and insufficiently “feminin[e].” Id., at 235–236.