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 The rent of houses, though it in some respects resembles the rent of land, is in one respect essentially different from it. The rent of land is paid for the use of a productive subject. The land which pays it produces it. The rent of houses is paid for the use of an unproductive subject. Neither the house nor the ground which it stands upon produce anything. The person who pays the rent, therefore, must draw it from some other source of revenue, distinct from and independent of this subject. A tax upon the rent of houses, so far as it falls upon the inhabitants, must be drawn from the same source as the rent itself, and must be paid from their revenue, whether derived from the wages of labor, the profits of stock, or the rent of land. So far as it falls upon the inhabitants, it is one of those taxes which fall, not upon one only, but indifferently upon ail the three different sources of revenue; and is in every respect of the same nature as a tax upon any other sort of consumable commodities. In general there is not, perhaps, any one article of expense or consumption by which the liberality or narrowness of a man's whole expense can be better judged of than by his house rent. A proportional tax upon this particular article of expense might, perhaps, produce a more considerable revenue than any which has hitherto been drawn from it in any part of Europe. If the tax, indeed, was very high, the greater part of people wuldwould [sic] endeavor to evade it, as much as they could, by contenting themselves with smaller houses, and by turning the greater part of their expense into some other channel.

The rent of houses might easily be ascertained with sufficient accuracy by a policy of the same kind with that which would be necessary for ascertaining the ordinary rent of land. Houses not inhabited ought to pay no tax. A tax


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 have been my father; it may have been my mother.

50.—Ko wa Sangai no kubikase.

A child is a neck-shackle for the Three States of Existence.

51.—Kuchi wa wazawai no kado.

The mouth is the front-gate of all misfortune.

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RV 321 (BUDDENBROOKS) the rules. He overlooked this or that pupil who had brought a book with him into the courtyard to prepare a little at the eleventh hour; he overlooked the fact that one of his boarding-pupils handed money to the porter, Herr Schlemiel, and asked him to get some pastry; he overlooked a small trial of strength between two third-form pupils, which resulted in a beating of one by the other, and around which a ring of connoisseurs was quickly formed; and he overlooked certain sounds behind him which indicated that a pupil who had made himself unpopular by cheating, cowardice, or other weakness was being forcibly escorted to the pump.

It was a lusty, not too gentle race, that of these comrades of Hanno and Kai among whom they walked up and down. The ideals of the victorious, united fatherland were those of a somewhat rude masculinity; its youth talked in a jargon at once brisk and slovenly; the most despised vices were softness and dandyism, the most admired virtues those displayed by prowess in drinking and smoking, bodily strength and skill in athletics. Whoever went out with his coat-collar turned up incurred a visit to the pump; while he who let himself be seen in the streets with a walking-stick must expect a public and ignominious correction administered in the drill-hall.

Hanno’s and Kai’s conversation was in striking contrast to that which went on around them among their fellows. This friendship had been recognized in the school for a long time. The masters suffered it grudgingly, suspecting that it meant disaffection and future trouble. The pupils could not understand it, but had settled down to regarding it with a sort of embarrassed dislike, and to thinking of the two friends as outlaws and eccentrics who must be left to their own devices. They recognized, it is true, the wildness and insubordination of Kai, Count Mölln, and respected him accordingly. As for Hanno Buddenbrook, big Heinricy, who thrashed everybody, could not make up his mind to lay a finger on him by way of chastisement for dandyism or cow-

RV 321 (321)


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 52.—Kwahō wa, nété maté.

If you wish for good luck, sleep and wait.

53.—Makanu tané wa haënu.

Nothing will grow, if the seed be not sown.

54.—Matéba, kanrō no hiyori.

If you wait, ambrosial weather will come.

55.—Meidō no michi ni Ō wa nashi.

There is no King on the Road of Death.

56.—Mekura hebi ni ojizu.

The blind man does not fear the snake.


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 upon them would fall altogether upon the proprietor, who would thus be taxed for a subject which afforded him neither convenience nor revenue. Houses inhabited by the proprietor ought to be rated, not according to the expense which they might have cost in building, but according to the rent which an equitable arbitration might judge them likely to bring, if leased to a tenant. If rated according to the expense which they may have cost in building, a tax of three or four shillings in the pound, joined with other taxes, would ruin almost all the rich and great families of this, and, I believe, of every other civilized country. Whoever will examine, with attention, the different town and country houses of some of the richest and greatest families in this country, will find that, at the rate of only six and a half or seven per cent upon the original expense of building, their house rent is nearly equal to the whole net rent of their estates. It is the accumulated expense of several successive generations laid out upon objects of great beauty and magnificence, indeed; but, in proportion to what they cost, of very small exchangeable value.

Ground rents are a still more proper subject of taxation than the rent of houses. A tax upon ground rents would not raise the rents of houses. It would fall altogether upon the owner of the ground rent, who acts always as a monopolist, and exacts the greatest rent which can be got for the use of his ground. More or less can be got for it according as the competitors happen to be richer or poorer, or can afford to gratify their fancy for a particular spot of ground at a greater or smaller expense. In every country the


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RV 322 (BUDDENBROOKS) ardice. He refrained out of an indefinite respect and awe for the softness of Hanno’s hair, the delicacy of his limbs, and his sad, shy, cold glance.

“I’m scared,” Hanno said to Kai. He leaned against the wall of the school, drawing his jacket closer about him, yawning and shivering, “I’m so scared, Kai, that it hurts me all over my body. Now just tell me this: is Herr Mantelsack the sort of person one ought to be afraid of? Tell me yourself! If this beastly Ovid lesson were only over! If I just had my had mark, in peace, and stopped where I am, and everything was in order! I’m not afraid of that. It is the row that goes beforehand that I hate!”

Kai was still deep in thought. “This Roderick Usher is the most remarkable character ever conceived,” he said suddenly and abruptly. “I have read the whole lesson-hour. If ever I could write a tale like that!”

Kai was absorbed in his writing. It was to this he had referred when he said that he had something better to do than his preparation, and Hanno had understood him. Attempts at composition had developed out of his old propensity for inventing tales; and he had lately completed a composition in the form of a fantastic fairy tale, a narrative of symbolic adventure, which went forward in the depths of the earth among glowing metals and mysterious fires, and at the same time in the souls of men: a tale in which the primeval forces of nature and of the soul were interchanged and mingled, transformed and refined—the whole conceived and written in a vein of extravagant and even sentimental symbolism, fervid with passion and longing.

Hanno knew the tale well, and loved it; but he was not now in a frame of mind to think of Kai’s work or of Edgar Allan Poe. He yawned again, and then sighed, humming to himself a motif he had lately composed on the piano. This was a habit with him. He would often give a long sigh, a deep indrawn breath, from the instinct to calm the fluctuating and irregular action of his heart; and he had accustomed himself

RV 322 (322)


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RV 323 (BUDDENBROOKS) to set the deep breathing to a musical theme of his own or some one else’s invention.

“Look, there comes the Lord God,” said Kai. “He is walking in his garden.”

“Fine garden,” said Hanno. He began to laugh nervously, and could not stop; putting his handkerchief to his mouth the while and looking across the courtyard at him whom Kai called the Lord God.

This was Director Wulicke, the head of the school, who had appeared in the courtyard: an extremely tall man with a slouch hat, a short heavy beard, a prominent abdomen, trousers that were far too short, and very dirty funnel-shaped cuffs. He strode across the flagstones with a face so angry in its expression that he seemed to be actually suffering, and pointed at the pump with outstretched arm. The water was running! A train of pupils ran before him and stumbled in their zeal to repair the damage. Then they stood about, looking first at the pump and then at the Director, their faces pictures of distress; and the Director, meanwhile, had turned to Dr. Goldener, who hurried up with a very red face and spoke to him in a deep hollow voice, fairly babbling with excitement between the words.

This Director Wulicke was a most formidable man. He had succeeded to the headship of the school after the death, soon after 1871, of the genial and benevolent old gentleman under whose guidance Hanno’s father and uncle had pursued their studies. Dr. Wulicke was summoned from a professorship in a Prussian high school; and with his advent an entirely new spirit entered the school. In the old days the classical course had been thought of as an end in itself, to be pursued at one’s ease, with a sense of joyous idealism. But now the leading conceptions were authority, duty, power, service, the career; “the categorical imperative of our philosopher Kant” was inscribed upon the banner which Dr. Wulicke in every official speech unfurled to the breeze. The school became a state within a state, in which not only the

RV 323 (323)


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 57.—Mitsuréba, kakuru.

Having waxed, wanes.

58.—Mon zen no kozō narawanu kyō wo yomu.

The shop-boy in front of the temple-gate repeats the sûtra which he never learned.

59.—Mujō no kazé wa, toki erabazu.

The Wind of Impermanency does not choose a time.


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 greatest number of rich competitors is in the capital, and it is there accordingly that the highest ground rents are always to be found. As the wealth of those competitors would in no respect be increased by a tax upon ground rents, they would not probably be disposed to pay more for the use of the ground. Whether the tax was to be advanced by the inhabitant, or by the owner of the ground, would be of little importance. The more the inhabitant was obliged to pay for the tax, the less he would incline to pay for the ground; so that the final payment of the tax would fall altogether upon the owner of the ground rent. The ground rents of uninhabited houses ought to pay no tax.

Both ground rents and the ordinary rent of land are a species of revenue which the owner, in many cases, enjoys without any care or attention of his own. Though a part of this revenue should be taken from him in order to defray the expenses of the State, no discouragement will thereby be given to any sort of industry. The annual produce of the land and labor of the society, the real wealth and revenue of the great body of the people, might be the same after such a tax as before. Ground rents, and the ordinary rent of land, are, therefore, perhaps, the species of revenue which can best bear to have a peculiar tax imposed upon them.

Ground rents seem, in this respect, a more proper subject of peculiar taxation than even the ordinary rent of land. The ordinary rent of land is, in many cases, owing partly at least to the attention and good management of the landlord. A very heavy tax might discourage too much this attention and good management. Ground rents, so far as they exceed the ordinary rent of land,


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RV 324 (BUDDENBROOKS) masters but the pupils regarded themselves as officials, whose main concern was the advancement they could make, and who must therefore take care to stand well with the authorities. Soon after the new Director was installed in his office the tearing down of the old school began, and the new one was built up on the most approved hygienic and aesthetic principles, and everything went swimmingly. But it remained an open question whether the old school, as an institution, with its smaller endowment of modem comfort and its larger share of gay good nature, courage, charm, and good feeling, had not been more blest and blessing than the new.

As for Dr. Wulicke himself personally, he had all the awful mystery, duplicity, obstinacy, and jealousy of the Old Testament God. He was as frightful in his smiles as in his anger. The result of the enormous authority that lay in his hands was that he grew more and more arbitrary and moody—he was even capable of making a joke and then visiting with his wrath anybody who dared to laugh. Not one of his trembling creatures knew how to act before him. They found it safest to honour him in the dust, and to protect themselves by a frantic abasement from the fate of being whirled up in the cloud of his wrath and crushed for ever under the weight of his righteous displeasure.

The name Kai had given Dr. Wulicke was known only to himself and Hanno, and they took the greatest pains not to let any of the others overhear it, for they could not possibly understand. No, there was not one single point on which those two stood on common ground with their schoolfellows. Even the methods of revenge, of “getting even,” which obtained in the school were foreign to Hanno and Kai; and they utterly distained the current nicknames, which did not in the least appeal to their more subtle sense of humour. It was so poor, it showed such a paucity of invention, to call thin Professor Hückopp “Spider” and Herr Ballerstedt “Cocky.” It was such scant compensation for their compulsory service to the state! No, Kai, Count Mölln, flattered

RV 324 (324)


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RV 325 (BUDDENBROOKS) himself that he was not so feeble as that! He invented, for his own and Hanno’s use, a method of alluding to all their masters by their actual names, with the simple prefix, thus: Herr Ballerstedt, Herr Hückopp. The irony of this, its chilly remoteness and mockery, pleased him very much. He liked to speak of the “teaching body”; and would amuse himself for whole recesses with imagining it as an actual creature, a sort of monster, with a repulsively fantastic form. And they spoke in general of the “Institution” as if it were similar to that which harboured Hanno’s Uncle Christian.

Kai’s mood improved at sight of the Lord God, who still pervaded the playground and put everybody in a pallid fright by pointing, with fearful rumblings, to the wrapping papers from the luncheons which strewed the courtyard. The two lads went off to one of the gates, through which the masters in charge of the second period were now entering. Kai began to make hows of exaggerated respect before the red-eyed, pale, shabby-looking seminarists, who crossed over to go to their sixth and seventh form pupils in the back court. And when the grey-haired mathematics master, Herr Tietge, appeared, holding a bundle of hooks on his back with a shaking hand, bent, yellow, cross-eyed, spitting as he walked along, Kai said, “Good-morning, old dead man.” He said this, in a loud voice and gazed straight up into the air with his bright, sharp gaze.

Then the bell clanged loudly, and the pupils began to stream through the entrances into the building. Hanno could not stop laughing. He was still laughing so hard on the stairs that his classmates looked at him and Kai with wonder and cold hostility, and even with a slight disgust at such frivolity.

There was a sudden hush in the classroom, and everybody stood up, as Herr Professor Mantelsack entered. He was the Professor ordinarius, for whom it was usual to show respect. He pulled the door to after him, bowed, craned his neck to see if all the class were standing up, hung his hat on its

RV 325 (325)


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RV 326 (BUDDENBROOKS) nail, and went quickly to the platform, moving his head rapidly up and down as he went. He took his place and stood for a while looking out the window andv running his forefinger, with a large seal ring on it, around inside his collar. He was a man of medium size, with thin grey hair, a curled Olympian beard, and short-sighted prominent sapphire-blue eyes gleaming behind his spectacles. He was dressed in an open frock-coat of soft grey material, which he habitually settled at the waist with his short-fingered, wrinkled hand. His trousers were, like all the other masters’, even the elegant Dr. Goldener’s, far too short, and showed the legs of a pair of very broad and shiny boots.

He turned sharply away from the window and gave vent to a little good-natured sigh, smiling familiarly at several pupils. His mood was obviously good, and a wave of relief ran through the classroom. So much—everything, in fact—depended on whether Dr. Mantelsack was in a good mood! For the whole form was aware that he gave way to the feeling of the moment, whatever that might happen to he, without the slightest restraint. He was most extraordinarily, boundlessly, naively unjust, and his favour was as inconstant as that of fortune herself. He had always a few favourites—two or three—whom he called by their given names, and these lived in paradise. They might say almost anything they liked; and after the lesson Dr. Mantelsack would talk with them just like a human being. But a day would come—perhaps after the holidays—when for no apparent reason they were dethroned, cast out, rejected, and others elevated to their place. The mistakes of these favourites would be passed over with neat, careful corrections, so that their work retained a respectable appearance, no matter how bad it was; whereas he would attack the other copy-books with heavy, ruthless pen, and fairly flood them with red ink, so that their appearance was shocking indeed. And as he never troubled to count the mistakes, but distributed bad marks in proportion to the red ink he had expended, his favourites always emerged

RV 326 (326)


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Newton drank in his "Optics" that as the water rose inside a capillary tube or between parallel plates and gave an explanation of the law found by Jurin's experiment, according to which the rise is inversely proportional to the tube diameter or the distance between the plates. Newton's explanation is based on considerations whose validity is doubtful, but he did not give them sufficient development. Earliest attempts to construct a mathematical theory of capillary phenomena were undertaken by Daniel Bernoulli and Alexis Clairaut. Bernoulli himself admits that he could not determine the law of the rise. Clairaut did not give an analytical conclusion of Jurin's law, and the conclusions he came to were still too vague. The first successful explanation of the theory capillary phenomena belongs to Seiner, who


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 are altogether owing to the good government of the sovereign, which, by protecting the industry either of the whole people, or of the inhabitants of some particular place, enables them to pay so much more than its real value for the ground which they build their houses upon; or to make to its owner so much more than compensation for the loss which he might sustain by this use of it. Nothing can be more reasonable than that a fund which owes its existence to the good government of the State, should be taxed peculiarly, or should contribute something more than the greater part of other funds toward the support of that government.

Though, in many different countries of Europe, taxes have been imposed upon the rent of houses, I do not know of any in which ground rents have been considered as a separate subject of taxation. The contrivers of taxes have, probably, found some difficulty in ascertaining what part of the rent ought to be considered as ground rent, and what part ought to be considered as building rent. It should not, however, seem very difficult to distinguish those two parts of the rent from one another.

In Great Britain the rent of houses is supposed to be taxed in the same proportion as the rent of land, by what is called the annual land tax. The valuation, according to which each different parish and district is assessed to this tax, is always the same. It was originally extremely unequal, and it still continues to be so. Through the greater part of the kingdom this tax falls still more lightly upon the rent of houses than upon that of land. In some few districts only, which were originally rated high, and in which the rents of houses have fallen considerably, the land tax of three or four shillings in the pound, is said to


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 60.—Neko mo Busshō ari.

In even a cat the Buddha-nature exists.

61.—Néta ma ga Gokuraku.

The interval of sleep is Paradise.

62.—Nijiu-go Bosatsu mo soré-soré no yaku.

Even each of the Twenty-five Bodhisattvas has his own particular duty to perform.

63.—Nin mité, hō toké.

[First] see the person, [then] preach the doctrine.

64.—Ninshin ukégataku Buppō aigatashi.

It is not easy to be born among men, and to meet with [the good fortune of bearing the doctrine of] Buddhism.


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RV 327 (BUDDENBROOKS) with great credit from these exercises. He was not even aware of the rank injustice of this conduct. And if anybody had ever had the temerity to call his attention to it, that person would have been for ever deprived of even the chance of becoming a favourite and being called by his first name. There was nobody who was willing to let slip the chance.

Now Dr. Mantelsack crossed his legs, still standing, and began to turn over the leaves of his notebook. Hanno Buddenbrook wrung his hands under the desk. B, the letter B, came next. Now he would hear his name, he would get up, he would not know a line, and there would be a row, a loud, frightful catastrophe—no matter how good a mood Dr. Mantelsack might be in. The seconds dragged out, each a martrydom. “Buddenbrook”— Now he would say “Buddenbrook.” “Edgar,” said Dr. Mantelsack, closing his notebook with his finger in it. He sat down, as if all were in the best of order.

What? Who? Edgar? That was Lüders, the fat Lüders boy over there by the window. Letter L, which was not next at all! No! Was it possible? Dr. Mantelsack’s mood was so good that he simply selected one of his favourites, without troubling in the least about whose turn it was.

Lüders stood up. He had a face like a pug dog, and dull brown eyes. He had an advantageous seat, and could easily have read it off, but he was too lazy. He felt too secure in his paradise, and answered simply, “I had a headache yesterday, and couldn’t study.”

“Oh, so you are leaving me in the lurch, Edgar,” said Dr. Mantelsack with tender reproach. “You cannot say the lines on the Golden Age? What a shocking pity, my friend! You had a headache? It seems to me you should have told me before the lesson began, instead of waiting till I called you up. Didn’t you have a headache just lately, Edgar? You should do something for them, for otherwise there is danger of your not passing. Timm, will you take his place?” RV 327 (327)


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RV 328 (BUDDENBROOKS) Lüders sat down. At this moment he was the object of universal hatred. It was plain that the master’s mood had altered for the worse, and that Lüders, perhaps in the very next lesson, would be called by his last name. Timm stood up in one of the back seats. He was a blond country-looking lad with a light-brown jacket and short, broad fingers. He held his mouth open,in a funnel shape, and hastily found the place, looking straight ahead the while with the most idiotic expression. Then he put down his head and began to read, in long-drawn-out, monotonous, hesitating accents, like a child with a first lesson-book: “Aurea, prima sata est cetas!”

It was plain that Dr. Mantelsack was calling up quite at random, without reference to the alphabet. And thus it was no longer so imminently likely that Hanno would be called on, though this might happen through unlucky chance. He exchanged a joyful glance with Kai and began to relax somewhat.

But now Timm’s reading was interrupted. Whether Dr. Mantelsack could not hear him, or whether he stood in need of exercise, is not to be known. But he left his platform and walked slowly down through the room. He paused near Timm, with his book in his hand; Timm meanwhile had succeeded in getting his own book out of sight, but was now entirely helpless. His funnel-shaped mouth emitted a gasp, he looked at the Ordinarius with honest, troubled blue eyes, and could not fetch out another syllable.

“Well, Timm,” said Dr. Mantelsack. “Can’t you get on?”

Timm clutched his brow, rolled up his eyes, sighed windily, and said with a dazed smile: “I get all mixed up, Herr Doctor, when you stand so close to me.”

Dr. Mantelsack smiled too. He smiled in a very flattered way and said “Well, pull yourself together and get on.” And he strolled back to his place.

And Timm pulled himself together. He drew out and opened his book again, all the time apparently wrestling to

RV 328 (328)


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 amount to an equal proportion of the real rent of houses. Untenanted houses, though by law subject to the tax, are, in most districts, exempted from it by the favor of the assessors; and this exemption sometimes occasions some little variation in the rate of particular houses, though that of the district is always the same. Improvements of rent, by new buildings, repairs, etc., go to the discharge of the district, which occasion still further variations in the rate of particular houses.

In the province of Holland every house is taxed at two and a half per cent of its value, without any regard either to the rent which it actually pays, or to the circumstance of its being tenanted or untenanted. There seems to be a hardship in obliging the proprietor to pay a tax for an untenanted house, from which he can derive no revenue, especially so very heavy a tax. In Holland, where the market rate of interest does not exceed three per cent, two and a half per cent upon the whole value of the house must, in most cases, amount to more than a third of the building rent, perhaps of the whole rent. The valuation, indeed, according to which the houses are rated, though very unequal, is said to be always below the real value. When a house is rebuilt, improved, or enlarged, there is a new valuation, and the tax is rated accordingly.

The contrivers of the several taxes which in England have, at different times, been imposed upon houses, seem to have imagined that there was some great difficulty in ascertaining, with tolerable exactness, what was the real rent of every house. They have regulated their taxes, therefore, according to some more obvious circumstance,


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RV 329 (BUDDENBROOKS) recover his self-control and staring about the room. Then he dropped his head and was himself again.

“Very good,” said the master, when he had finished. “It is clear that you have studied to some purpose. But you sacrifice the rhythm too much, Timm. You seem to understand the elisions; yet you have not been really reading hexameters at all. I have an impression as if you had learned the whole thing by heart, like prose. But, as I say, you have been diligent, you have done your best—and whoever does his best—; you may sit down.”

Timm sat down, proud and beaming, and Dr. Mantelsack gave him a good mark in his book. And the extraordinary thing was that at this moment not only the master, but also Timm himself and all his classmates, sincerely felt that Timm was a good industrious pupil who had fully deserved the mark he got. Hanno Buddenbrook, even, thought the same, though something within him revolted against the thought. He listened with strained attention to the next name.

“Mumme,” said Dr. Mantelsack. “Again: aurea prima—”

Mumme! Well! Thank Heaven! Hanno was now in probable safety. The lines would hardly be asked for a third time, and in the sight-reading the letter B had just been called up.

Mumme got up. He was tall and pale, with trembling hands and extraordinarily large round glasses. He had trouble with his eyes, and was so short-sighted that he could not possibly read standing up from a book on the desk before him. He had to learn, and he had learned. But to-day he had not expected to he called up; he was, besides, painfully ungifted; and he stuck after the first few words. Dr. Mumme helped him, he helped him again in a sharper tone, and for the third time with intense irritation. But when Mumme came to a final stop, the Ordinarius was mastered by indignation.

“This is entirely insufficient, Mumme. Sit down. You

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 65.—Oni mo jiu-hachi.

Even a devil [is pretty] at eighteen.

66.—Oni mo mi, narétaru ga yoshi.

Even a devil, when you become accustomed to the sight of him, may prove a pleasant acquaintance.

67.—Oni ni kanabō.

An iron club for a demon.


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 such as they had probably imagined would, in most cases, bear some proportion to the rent.

The first tax of this kind was hearth money, or a tax of two shillings upon every hearth. In order to ascertain how many hearths were in the house, it was necessary that the tax-gatherer should enter every room in it. This odious visit rendered the tax odious. Soon after the revolution, therefore, it was abolished as a badge of slavery.

The next tax of this kind was a tax of two shillings upon every dwelling-house inhabited. A house with ten windows to pay four shillings more. A house with twenty windows and upward to pay eight shillings. This tax was afterward so far altered, that houses with twenty windows, and with less than thirty, were ordered to pay ten shillings, and those with thirty windows and upward to pay twenty shillings. The number of windows can, in most cases, be counted from the outside, and, in all cases, without entering every room in the house. The visit of the tax-gatherer, therefore, was less offensive in this tax than in the hearth money.

This tax was afterward repealed, and in the room of it was established the window tax, which has undergone two several alterations and augmentations. The window tax, as it stands at present (January, 1775), over and above the duty of three shillings upon every house in England, and of one shilling upon every house in Scotland, lays a duty upon every window, which in England augments gradually from twopence, the lowest rate, upon houses with not more than seven windows; to two shillings, the highest rate, upon houses with twenty-five windows and upward.

The principal objection to all such taxes is their inequality, an inequality of the worst kind, as they must


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RV 330 (BUDDENBROOKS) cut a disgraceful figure, let me tell you, sir. A cretin! Stupid and lazy both—it is really too much.”

Mumme was overwhelmed. He looked the child of calamity, and at this moment everybody in the room despised him. A sort of disgust, almost like nausea, mounted again in Hanno Buddenbrook’s throat; but at the same time he observed with horrid clarity all that was going forward. Dr. Mantelsack made a mark of sinister meaning after Mumme’s name, and then looked through his notebook with frowning brows. He went over, in his disgust, to the order of the day, and looked to see whose turn it really was. There was no doubt that this was the case: and just as Hanno was overpowered by this knowledge, he heard his name—as if in a bad dream.

“Buddenbrook!” Dr. Mantelsack had said “Buddenbrook.” The scale was in the air again. Hanno could not believe his senses. There was a buzzing in his ears. He sat still.

“Herr Buddenbrook!” said Dr. Mantelsack, and stared at him sharply through his glasses with his prominent sapphire-blue eyes. “Will you have the goodness?”

Very well, then. It was to be. It had to come. It had come differently from his expectations, but still, here it was, and he was none the less lost. But he was calm. Would it be a very big row? He rose in his place and was about to utter some forlorn and absurd excuse to the effect that he had “forgotten” to study the lines, when he became aware that the boy ahead of him was offering him his open book.

This boy, Hans Hermann Kilian, was a small brown lad with oily hair and broad shoulders. He had set his heart on becoming an officer, and was so possessed by an ideal of comradeship that he would not leave in the lurch even little Buddenbrook, whom he did not like. He pointed with his finger to the place.

Hanno gazed down upon it and began to read. With trembling voice, his face working, he read of the Golden Age, when truth and justice flourished of their own free will, with-

RV 330 (330)


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 suggested that the interaction between liquid particles extends only to inaccessible distances. He studied for a clean liquid the type of surface that liquids take on drops and proved that the height of such a surface is inversely proportional to the radius of the curvature.

In 1805 Thomas Young presented to the Royal Society of London a discussion on the cohesion of liquids. Assuming the existence of a special force on the surface layer of the liquid, Young brought out the surface equilibrium, limiting heavy liquid, and found a constant the angle at which this surface meets with the walls of the tube. In addition, he examined many specific questions of this theory, and reached almost all those you conclude; to which scientists were subsequently led further research in this area. I was stopped in my research to give a detailed deveelopment of Young's by the appearance of world of Lalapce's theory of capillarity, to which I limited only some comments.

Laplace explained the capillarity phenomena by the mutaul attaction of particles and therefore created a theory that is completely consistent with the general principles of classical mechanics. But he did not find the constant angle at which the liquid surface meets the surface of the vessel. This gap was filled by Gauss, who retaining the basic assumptions of


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 68.—Oni no nyōbo ni kijin.

A devil takes a goblin to wife.

69.—Onna no ké ni wa dai-zō mo tsunagaru.

With one hair of a woman you can tether even a great elephant.

70.—Onna wa Sangai ni iyé nashi.

Women have no homes of their own in the Three States of Existence.

71.—Oya no ingwa ga ko ni mukuü.

The karma of the parents is visited upon the child.

72.—Rakkwa éda ni kaerazu.

The fallen blossom never returns to the branch.


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RV 331 (BUDDENBROOKS) out laws or compulsions. “Punishment and fear did not exist,” he said, in Latin. “No threats were graven upon the bronze tablets, nor did those who came to petition fear the countenance of the judges.…” He read in fear and trembling, read with design badly and disjointedly, purposely omitted some of the elisions that were marked with pencil in Kilian’s hook, made mistakes in the lines, progressed with apparent difficulty, and constantly expected the master to discover the fraud and pounce upon him. The guilty satisfaction of seeing the open book in front of him gave him a pricking sensation in his skin; but at the same time he had such a feeling of disgust that he intentionally deceived as badly as possible, simply to make the deceit seem less vulgar to himself. He came to the end, and a pause ensued, during which he did not dare look up. He felt convinced that Dr. Mantelsack had seen all, and his lips were perfectly white. But at length the master sighed and said:

“Oh, Buddenbrook! Si tacuisses! You will permit me the classical thou, for this once. Do you know what you have done? You have conducted yourself like a vandal, a barbarian. You are a humourist, Buddenbrook; I can see that by your face. If I ask myself whether you have been coughing or whether you have been reciting this noble verse, I should incline to the former. Timm showed small feeling for rhythm, but compared to you he is a genius, a rhapsodist! Sit down, unhappy wretch! You have studied the lines, I cannot deny it, and I am constrained to give you a good mark. You have probably done your best. But tell me—have I not been told that you are musical, that you play the piano? How is it possible? Well, very well, sit down. You have worked hard—that must suffice.”

He put a good mark down in his book, and Hanno Buddenbrook took his seat. He felt as Timm, the rhapsodist had felt before him—that he really deserved the praise which Dr. Mantelsack gave him. Yes, at the moment he was of the opinion that he was, if rather a dull, yet an industrious

RV 331 (331)


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 frequently fall much heavier upon the poor than upon the rich. A house of ten pounds rent in a country town may sometimes have more windows than a house of five hundred pounds rent in London; and though the inhabitant of the former is likely to be a much poorer man than that of the latter, yet so far as his contribution is regulated by the window tax, he must contribute more to the support of the State. Such taxes are, therefore, directly contrary to the first of the four maxims above mentioned. They do not seem to offend much against any of the other three.

The natural tendency of the window tax, and of all other taxes upon houses, is to lower rents. The more a man pays for the tax, the less, it is evident, he can afford to pay for the rent. Since the imposition of the window tax, however, the rents of houses have upon the whole risen, more or less, in almost every town and village of Great Britain, with which I am acquainted. Such has been almost everywhere the increase of the demand for houses, that it has raised the rents more than the window tax could sink them; one of the many proofs of the great prosperity of the country, and of the increasing revenue of its inhabitants. Had it not been for the tax, rents would probably have risen still higher.

revenue or profit arising from stock naturally divides itself into two parts; that which pays the interest and which belongs to the owner of the stock; and that surplus part which is over and above what is necessary for paying the interest.

This latter part of profit is evidently a subject not tax-


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RV 332 (BUDDENBROOKS) pupil, who had come off with honour, comparatively speaking. He was conscious that all his schoolmates, not excepting Hans Hermann Kilian, had the same view. Yet he felt at the same time somewhat nauseated. Pale, trembling, too exhausted to think about what had happened, he closed his eyes and sank back in lethargy.

Dr. Mantelsack, however, went on with the lesson. He came to the verses that were to have been prepared for today, and called up Petersen. Petersen rose, fresh, lively, sanguine, in a stout attitude, ready for the fray. Yet to-day, even to-day, was destined to see his fall. Yes, the lesson hour was not to pass without a catastrophe far worse than that which had befallen the hapless, short-sighted Mumme.

Petersen translated, glancing now and then at the other page of his book, which should have had nothing on it. He did it quite cleverly: he acted as though something there distracted him—a speck of dust, perhaps, which he brushed with his hand or tried to blow away. And yet—there followed the catastrophe.

Dr. Mantelsack made a sudden violent movement, which was responded to on Petersen’s part by a similar movement. And in the same moment the master left his seat, dashed headlong down from his platform, and approached Petersen with long, impetuous strides.

“You have a crib in your book,” he said as he came up.

“A crib—I—no,” stammered Petersen. He was a charming lad, with a great wave of blond hair on his forehead and lovely blue eyes which now flickered in a frightened way.

“You have no crib in your book?”

“A crib, Herr Doctor? No, really, I haven’t. You are mistaken. You are accusing me falsely.” Petersen betrayed himself by the unnatural correctness of his language, which he used in order to intimidate the master. “I am not deceiving you,” he repeated, in the greatness of his need. “I have always been honourable, my whole life long.”

But Dr. Mantelsack was all too certain of the painful fact. RV 332 (332)


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 73.—Raku wa ku no tané; ku wa raku no tané.

Pleasure is the seed of pain; pain is the seed of pleasure.

74.—Rokudō wa, mé no maë.

The Six Roads are right before your eyes.

75.—Sangai mu-an.

There is no rest within the Three States of Existence.

76.—Sangai ni kaki nashi;—Rokudō ni hotori nashi.

There is no fence to the Three States of Existence;—there is no neighborhood to the Six Roads.


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RV 333 (BUDDENBROOKS) “Give me your book,” he said coldly.

Petersen clung to his book; he raised it up in both hands and went on protesting. He stammered, his tongue grew thick. “Believe me, Herr Doctor. There is nothing in the book—I have no crib—I have not deceived you—I have always been honourable—”

“Give me your book,” repeated the master, stamping his foot.

Then Petersen collapsed, and his face grew grey.

“Very well,” said he, and delivered up his book. “Here it is. Yes, there is a crib in it. You can see for yourself; there it is. But I haven’t used it,” he suddenly shrieked, quite at random.

Dr. Mantelsack ignored this idiotic lie, which was rooted in despair. He drew out the crib, looked at it with an expression of extreme disgust, as if it were a piece of decaying offal, thrust it into his pocket, and threw the volume of Ovid contemptuously back on Petersen’s desk.

“Give me the class register,” he said in a hollow voice. Adolf Todtenhaupt dutifully fetched it, and Petersen received a mark for dishonesty which effectually demolished his chances of being sent up at Easter. “You are the shame of the class,” said Dr. Mantelsack.

Petersen sat down. He was condemned. His neighbour avoided contact with him. Every one looked at him with a mixture of pity, aversion, and disgust. He had fallen, utterly and completely, because he had been found out. There was but one opinion as to Petersen, and that was that he was, in very truth, the shame of the class. They recognized and accepted his fall, as they had the rise of Timm and Buddenbrook and the unhappy Mumme’s mischance. And Petersen did too.

Thus most of this class of twenty-five young folk, being of sound and strong constitution, armed and prepared to wage the battle of life as it is, took things just as they found them, and did not at this moment feel any offence or uneasiness.

RV 333 (333)


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RV 334 (BUDDENBROOKS) Everything seemed to them to be quite in order. But one pair of eyes, little Johann’s, which stared gloomily at a point on Hans Hermann Kilian’s broad back, were filled, in their blue-shadowed depths, with abhorrence, fear, and revulsion. The lesson went on. Dr. Mantelsack called on somebody, anybody—he had lost all desire to test any one. And after Adolf Todtenhaupt, another pupil, who was but moderately prepared, and did not even know what “patula Jovis arbore” meant, had been called on, Buddenbrook had to say it. He said it in a low voice, without looking up, because Dr. Mantelsack asked him, and he received a nod of the head for the answer.

And now that the performance of the pupils was over, the lesson had lost all interest. Dr. Mantelsack had one of the best scholars read at his own sweet will, and listened just as little as the twenty-four others, who began to get ready for the next class. This one was finished, in effect. No one could be marked on it, nor his interest or industry judged. And the bell would soon ring. It did ring. It rang for Hanno, and he had received a nod of approbation. Thus it was.

“Well!” said Kai to Hanno, as they walked down the Gothic corridor with their classmates, to go to the chemistry class, “what do you say now about the brow of Caesar? You had wonderful luck!”

“I feel sick, Kai,” said little Johann, “I don’t like that kind of luck. It makes me sick.” Kai knew he would have felt the same in Hanno’s place.

The chemistry hall was a vaulted chamber like an amphitheatre with benches rising in tiers, a long table for the experiments, and two glass cases of phials. The air in the classroom had grown very hot and heavy again; but here it was saturated with an odour of sulphuretted hydrogen from a just-completed experiment, and smelled abominable. Kai flung up the window and then stole Adolf Todtenhaupt’s copy-book and, began in great haste to copy down the lesson for the day. Hanno and several others did the same. This occupied the entire pause till the bell rang, and Dr. Marotzke came in. RV 334 (334)


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 able directly. It is the compensation, and in most cases it is no more than a very moderate compensation, for the risk and trouble of employing the stock. The employer must have this compensation, otherwise he cannot, consistently with his own interest, continue the employment. If he was taxed directly, therefore, in proportion to the whole profit, he would be obliged either to raise the rate of his profit, or to charge the tax upon the interest of money; that is, to pay less interest. If he raised the rate of his profit in proportion to the tax, the whole tax, though it might be advanced by him, would be finally paid by one or other of two different sets of people, according to the different ways in which he might employ the stock of which he had the management. If he employed it as a farming stock in the cultivation of land, he could raise the rate of his profit only by retaining a greater portion, or, what comes to the same thing, the price of a greater portion of the produce of the land; and as this could be done only by a reduction of rent, the final payment of the tax would fall upon the landlord. If he employed it as a mercantile or manufacturing stock, he could raise the rate of his profit only by raising the price of his goods; in which case the final payment of the tax would fall altogether upon the consumers of those goods. If he did not raise the rate of his profit, he would be obliged to charge the whole tax upon that part of it which was allotted for the interest of money. He could afford less interest for whatever stock he borrowed, and the whole weight of the tax would in this case fall ultimately upon the interest of money. So far as he could not relieve himself from the tax in the one way, he would be obliged to relieve himself in the other.

The interest of money seems at first sight a subject


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 77.—Sangé ni wa sannen no tsumi mo hōrobu.

One confession effaces the sins of even three years.

78.—Sannin yoréba, kugai.

Where even three persons come together, there is a world of pain.

79.—San nin yoréba, Monjū no chié.

Where three persons come together, there is the wisdom of Monjū.

80.—Shaka ni sekkyō.

Preaching to Sâkyamuni.

81.—Shami kara chōrō.

To become an abbot one must begin as a novice.


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RV 335 (BUDDENBROOKS) This was the “deep one,” as Kai and Hanno called him. He was a medium-sized dark man with a very yellow skin, two large lumps on his brow, a stiff smeary beard, and hair of the same kind. He always looked unwashed and unkempt, but his appearance probably belied him. He taught the natural sciences, but his own field was mathematics, in which subject he had the reputation of being an original thinker. He liked to hold forth on the subject of metaphysical passages from the Bible; and when in a good-natured or discursive mood, he would entertain the boys of the first and second forms with marvellous interpretations of mysterious passages. He was, besides all this, a reserve officer, and very enthusiastic over the service. As an official who was also in the army, he stood very well with Director Wulicke. He set more store by discipline than any of the other masters: he would reveiwreview [sic] the ranks of sturdy youngsters with a professional eye, and he insisted on short, brisk answers to questions. This mixture of mysticism and severity was not, on the whole, attractive.

The copy-books were shown, and Dr. Marotzke went around and touched each one with his finger. Some of the pupils who had not done theirs at all, put down other books or turned this one back to an old lesson; but he never noticed.

Then the lesson began, and the twenty-five boys had to display their industry and interest with respect to boric acid, and chlorine, and strontium, as in the previous period they had displayed it with respect to Ovid. Hans Hermann Kilian was commended because he knew that BaSO4, or barytes, was the metal most commonly used in counterfeiting. He was the best in the class, anyhow, because of his desire to be an officer. Kai and Hanno knew nothing at all, and fared very badly in Dr. Marotzke’s notebook.

And when the tests, recitation, and marking were over, the interest in chemistry was about exhausted too. Dr. Marotzke began to make a few experiments; there were a few pops, a few coloured gases; but that was only to fill out the hour. He

RV 335 (335)


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 equally capable of being taxed directly as the rent of land. Like the rent of land, it is a net produce which remains after completely compensating the whole risk and trouble of employing the stock. As a tax upon the rent of land cannot raise rents; because the net produce which remains after replacing the stock of the farmer, together with his reasonable profit, cannot be greater after the tax than before it; so, for the same reason, a tax upon the interest of money could not raise the rate of interest; the quantity of stock or money in the country, like the quantity of land, being supposed to remain the same after the tax as before it. The ordinary rate of profit, it has been shown in the First Book, is everywhere regulated by the quantity of stock to be employed in proportion to the quantity of the employment, or of the business which must be done by it. But the quantity of the employment, or of the business to be done by stock, could neither be increased nor diminished by any tax upon the interest of money. If the quantity of the stock to be employed, therefore, was neither increased nor diminished by it, the ordinary rate of profit would necessarily remain the same. But the portion of this profit necessary for compensating the risk and trouble of the employer, would likewise remain the same; that risk and trouble being in no respect altered. The residue, therefore, that portion which belongs to the owner of the stock, and which pays the interest of money, would necessarily remain the same too. At first sight, therefore, the interest of money seems to be a subject as fit to be taxed directly as the rent of land.

There are, however, two different circumstances which render the interest of money a much less proper subject of direct taxation than the rent of land.


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RV 336 (BUDDENBROOKS) dictated the next lesson; and then the third period, too, was a thing of the past.

Everybody was in good spirits now—even Petersen, despite the blow he had received. For the next hour was likely to be a jolly one. Not a soul felt any qualms before it, and it even promised occasion for entertainment and mischief. This was English, with Candidate Modersohn, a young philologian who had been for a few weeks on trial in the faculty—or, as Kai, Count Mölln, put it, he was filling a limited engagement with the company. There was little prospect, however, of his being re-engaged. His classes were much too entertaining.

Some of the form remained in the chemistry hall, others went up to the classroom; nobody needed to go down and freeze in the courtyard, because Herr Modersohn was in charge up in the corridors, and he never dared send any one down. Moreover, there were preparations to be made for his reception.

The room did not become in the least quieter when it rang for the fourth hour. Everybody chattered and laughed and prepared to see some fun. Count Mölln, his head in his hands, went on reading Roderick Usher. Hanno was audience. Some of the boys imitated the voices of animals; there was the shrill crowing of a cock; and Wasservogel, in the back row, grunted like a pig without anybody’s being able to see that the noise came from his inside. On the blackboard was a huge chalk drawing, a caricature, with squinting eyes, drawn by Timm the rhapsodist. And when Herr Modersohn entered he could not shut the door, even with the most violent efforts, because there was a thick fir-cone in the crack; Adolf Todtenhaupt had to take it away.

Candidate Modersohn was an undersized, insignificant looking man. His face was always contorted with a sour, peevish expression, and he walked with one shoulder thrust forward. He was frightfully self-conscious, blinked, drew in his breath, and kept opening his mouth as if he wanted to say

RV 336 (336)


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RV 337 (BUDDENBROOKS) something if he could only think of it. Three steps from the door he trod on a cracker of such exceptional quality that it made a noise like dynamite. He jumped violently; then, in these straits, he smiled exactly as though nothing had happened and took his place before the middle row of benches, stooping sideways, in his customary attitude, and resting one palm on the desk in front of him. But this posture of his was familiar to everybody; somebody had put some ink on the right spot, and Herr Modersohn’s small clumsy hand got all inky. He acted as though he had not noticed, laid his wet black hand on his back, blinked, and said in a soft, weak voice: “The order in the classroom leaves something to be desired.”

Hanno Buddenbrook loved him in that moment, sat quite still, and looked up into his worried, helpless face. But Wasservogel grunted louder than ever, and a handful of peas went rattling against the window and bounced back into the room.

“It’s hailing,” somebody said, quite loudly. Herr Modersohn appeared to believe this, for he went without more ado to the platform and asked for the register. He needed it to call the names from, for, though he had been teaching the class for five or six weeks, he hardly knew any of them by name.

“Feddermann,” he said, “will you please recite the poem?”

“Absent,” shouted a chorus of voices. And there sat Feddermann, large as life, in his place, shooting peas with great skill and accuracy.

Herr Modersohn blinked again and selected a new name. “Wasservogel,” he said.

“Dead,” shouted Petersen, attacked by a grim humour. And the chorus, grunting, crowing, and with shouts of derision, asseverated that Wasservogel was dead.

Herr Modersohn blinked afresh. He looked about him, drew down his mouth, and put his finger on another name in the register. “Perlemann,” he said, without much confidence. RV 337 (337)


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 First, the quantity and value of the land which any man possesses can never be a secret, and can always be ascertained with great exactness. But the whole amount of the capital stock which he possesses is almost always a secret, and can scarce ever be ascertained with tolerable exactness. It is liable, besides, to almost continual variations. A year seldom passes away, frequently not a month, sometimes scarce a single day, in which it does not rise or fall more or less. An inquisition into every man's private circumstances, and an inquisition which, in order to acccommodateaccommodate [sic] the tax to them, watched over all the fluctuations of his fortune, would be a source of such continual and endless vexation as no people could support.

Secondly, land is a subject which cannot be removed, whereas stock easily may. The proprietor of land is necessarily a citizen of the particular country in which his estate lies. The proprietor of stock is properly a citizen of the world, and is not necessarily attached to any particular country. He would be apt to abandon the country in which he was exposed to a vexatious inquisition in order to be assessed to a burdensome tax, and would remove his stock to some other country where he could either carry on his business, or enjoy his fortune more at his ease. By removing his stock he would put an end to all the industry which it had maintained in the country which he left. Stock cultivates land; stock employs labor. A tax which tended to drive away stock from any particular country, would so far tend to dry up every source of revenue both to the sovereign and to the society. Not only the profits of stock, but the rent of land and the wages of labor, would necessarily be more or less diminished by its removal.

The nations, accordingly, who have attempted to tax


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 82.—Shindaréba, koso ikitaré.

Only by reason of having died does one enter into life.

83.—Shiranu ga, hotoké; minu ga, Gokuraku.

Not to know is to be a Buddha; not to see is Paradise.

84.—Shōbo ni kidoku nashi.

There is no miracle in true doctrine.

85.—Shō-chié wa Bodai no samatagé.

A little wisdom is a stumbling-block on the way to Buddhahood.


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 the revenue arising from stock, instead of any severe inquisition of this kind, have been obliged to content themselves with some very loose, and, therefore, more or less arbitrary estimation. The extreme inequality and uncertainty of a tax assessed in this manner, can be compensated only by its extreme moderation, in consequence of which every man finds himself rated so very much below his real revenue that he gives himself little disturbance though his neighbor should be rated somewhat lower.

By what is called the land tax in England, it was intended that the stock should be taxed in the same proportion as land. When the tax upon land was at four shillings in the pound, or at one-fifth of the supposed rent, it was intended that stock should be taxed at one-fifth of the supposed interest. When the present annual land tax was first imposed, the legal rate of interest was six per cent. Every hundred pounds stock, accordingly, was supposed to be taxed at twenty-four shillings, the fifth part of six pounds. Since the legal rate of interest has been reduced to five per cent, every hundred pounds stock is supposed to be taxed at twenty shillings only. The sum to be raised, by what is called the land tax, was divided between the country and the principal towns. The greater part of it was laid upon the country; and of what was laid upon the towns, the greater part was assessed upon the houses. What remained to be assessed upon the stock or trade of the towns (for the stock upon the land was not meant to be taxed) was very much below the real value of that stock or trade. Whatever inequalities, therefore, there might be in the original assessment, gave little disturbance. Every parish and district still continues to be rated for its land, its houses, and its stock, according to the orig-


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 86.—Shōshi no kukai hetori nashi.

There is no shore to the bitter Sea of Birth and Death.

87.—Sodé no furi-awasé mo tashō no en.

Even the touching of sleeves in passing is caused by some relation in a former life.

88.—Sun zen; shaku ma.

An inch of virtue; a foot of demon.

89.—Tanoshimi wa kanashimi no motoi.

All joy is the source of sorrow.

90.—Tondé hi ni iru natsu no mushi.

So the insects of summer fly to the flame.

91.—Tsuchi-botoké no midzu-asobi.

Clay-Buddha’s water-playing.


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 floor which was carried unanimously, the President was instructed to cast one ballot for Arthur C. Hardy. He thereupon declared Arthur C. Hardy elected Secretary for the term October, 1940 to October, 1941.

The President called attention also to the unusually fine program that had been arranged for this meeting and declared his intention to dispatch letters of appreciation to those who had been responsible for the arrangements. By a motion which was carried unanimously, the President was instructed to send telegrams expressing regrets to the charter members who had been unable to attend the meeting.

Sessions for the reading and discussion of contributed papers continued throughout Saturday, October 5, the authors’ abstracts of these papers being appended.

The total number of members who registered at this meeting was 208. Much of the success of the meeting was due to the efforts of a committee appointed by the Rochester Section and consisting of the following: Leon V. Foster, Chairman, R. E. Burroughs, A. A. Cook, A. Doyle, George Gardner, H. F. Kurtz, R. Miller, B. Noyes, Brian O’Brien, F. H. Perrin, C. M. Tuttle, and T. R. Wilkins.

Among the special events arranged by this committee were trips to the Research Laboratories of the Eastman Kodak Company, to the Bausch & Lomb Optical Company, and to many other places of interest. A complimentary luncheon at the Taylor Instrument Company on Friday was followed by an inspection tour of the plant. An unusually attractive program for the entertainment of the ladies was arranged by a committee under the chairmanship of Mrs. Brian O’Brien.

A meeting of the Board of Directors was held on Wednesday, October 2, 1940. Minutes of the meeting are appended.

ESIDES the transaction of routine business and the receiving of reports from chairmen of committees and representatives, the following items of general interest to members of the Society were taken up.

Announcement by Secretary

Results of Letter Ballots

1. Award of first Adolph Lomb Medal to David L. MacAdam.

2. Appointment of Clifton M. Tuttle as a member of the Committee on Meetings and Programs.

3. Appointment of (Mrs.) Blanche Bellamy to the Colorimetry Committee.

4. Resolution setting time and place of next O. S. A. meeting (to be held jointly with the in Cambridge, Massachusetts, February 21 and 22, 1941).

5. Appointment of Special Committee to Cooperate with A. I. P. in planning the Tenth Anniversary Meeting of the Founder Societies in October, 1941.

Membership

The Secretary reported that since the last meeting of the Board four members had died, forty-two new members had been elected as of January 1, 1940, and eight as of January 1, 1941.

Transfer from Associate to Regular Membership

The following were transferred from associate to regular membership:

Financial Status of the Society

The Treasurer gave an informal report which


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 92.—Tsuki ni murakumo, hana ni kazé.

Cloud-wrack to the moon; wind to flowers.

93.—Tsuyu no inochi.

Human life is like the dew of morning.

94.—U-ki wa, kokoro ni ari.

Joy and sorrow exist only in the mind.

95.—Uri no tsuru ni nasubi wa naranu.

Egg-plants do not grow upon melon-vines.

96.—Uso mo hōben.

Even an untruth may serve as a device.

97.—Waga ya no hotoké tattoshi.

My family ancestors were all excellent Buddhas.


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 98.—Yuki no haté wa, Nehan.

The end of snow is Nirvâna.

99.—Zen ni wa zen no mukui; aku ni wa aku no mukui.

Goodness [or, virtue] is the return for goodness; evil is the return for evil.

100.—Zensé no yakusoku-goto.

Promised [or, destined] from a former birth.


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RV 338 (BUDDENBROOKS) “Unfortunately, gone mad,” uttered Kai, Count Mölln, with great clarity and precision. And this also was confirmed by the chorus amid an ever-increasing tumult.

Then Herr Modersohn stood up and shouted in to the hubbub: “Buddenbrook, you will do me a hundred lines imposition. If you laugh again, I shall be obliged to mark you.”

Then he sat down again. It was true that Hanno had laughed. He had been seized by a quiet but violent spasm of laughter, and went on because he could not stop. He had found Kai’s joke so good—the “unfortunately” had especially appealed to him. But he became quiet when Herr Modersohn attacked him, and sat looking solemnly into the Candidate’s face. He observed at that moment every detail of the man’s appearance: saw every pathetic little hair in his scanty beard, which showed the skin through it; saw his brown, empty, disconsolate eyes; saw that he had on what appeared to be two pairs of cuffs, because the sleeves of his shirt came down so long; saw the whole pathetic, inadequate figure he made. He saw more: he saw into the man’s inner self. Hanno Buddenbrook was almost the only pupil whom Herr Modersohn knew by name, and he availed himself of the knowledge to call him constantly to order, give him impositions, and tyrannize over him. He had distinguished Buddenbrook from the others simply because of his quieter behaviour—and of this he took advantage to make him feel his authority, an authority he did not dare exert upon the real offenders. Hanno looked at him and reflected that Herr Modersohn’s lack of fine feeling made it almost impossible even to pity him! “I don’t bully you,” he addressed the Candidate, in his thoughts: “I don’t share in the general tormenting like the others—and how do you repay me? But so it is, and so will it be, always and everywhere,” he thought; and fear, and that sensation almost amounting to physical nausea, rose again in him. “And the most dreadful thing is that I can’t help seeing through you with such disgusting clearness!”

At last Herr Modersohn found some one who was neither

RV 338 (338)


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RV 339 (BUDDENBROOKS) dead nor crazy, and who would take it upon himself to repeat the English verse. This was a poem called “The Monkey,” a poor childish composition, required to be committed to memory by these growing lads whose thoughts were already mostly bent on business, on the sea, on the coming conflicts of actual life.

“Monkey, little, merry fellow.

Thou art nature’s punchinello…”

There were endless verses—Kassbaum read them, quite simply, out of his book. Nobody needed to trouble himself about what Herr Modersohn thought. The noise grew worse and worse, the feet shuffled and scraped on the dusty floor, the cock crowed, the pig grunted, peas filled the air. The five-and-twenty were drunk with disorder. And the unregulated instincts of their years awoke. They drew obscene pictures on pieces of paper, passed them about, and laughed at them greedily.

All at once everything was still. The pupil who was then reciting interrupted himself; even Herr Modersohn got up and listened. They heard something charming: a pure, bell-like sound, coming from the bottom of the room and flowing sweetly, sensuously, with indescribably tender effect, on the sudden silence. It was a music-box which somebody had brought, playing “Du, du, liegst mir am Herzen” in the middle of the English lesson. But precisely at that moment when the little melody died away, something frightful ensued. It broke like a sudden storm over the heads of the class, unexpected, cruel, overwhelming, paralyzing.

Without anybody’s having knocked, the door opened wide with a great shove, and a presence came in, high and huge, growled, and stood with a single stride in front of the benches. It was the Lord God.

Herr Modersohn grew ashy pale and dragged down the chair from the platform, dusting it with his handkerchief. The pupils had sprung up like one man. They pressed their arms

RV 339 (339)


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RV 340 (BUDDENBROOKS) to their sides, stood on their tip-toes, bent their heads, and bit their tongues in the fervour of their devotion. The deepest silence reigned. Somebody gasped with the effort he made—then all was still again.

Director Wulicke measured the saluting columns for a while with his eye. He lifted his arm with its dirty funnel-shaped cuff, and let it fall with the fingers spread out, as if he were attacking a keyboard. “Sit down,” he said in his double-bass voice.

The pupils sank back into their seats. Herr Modersohn pulled up the chair with trembling hands, and the Director sat down beside the dais. “Please proceed,” he said. That was all, but it sounded as frightful as if the words he uttered had been “Now we shall see, and woe to him who—”

The reason for his coming was clear. Herr Modersohn was to give evidence of his ability to teach, to show what the lower second had learned in the six or seven hours he had been with them. It was a question of Herr Modersohn’s existence and future. The Candidate was a sorry figure as he stood on the platform and called again on somebody to recite “The Monkey.” Up to now it had been only the pupils who were examined, but now it was the master as well. Alas, it went badly on both sides! Herr Director Wulicke’s appearance was entirely unexpected, and only two or three of the pupils were prepared. It was impossible for Herr Modersohn to call up Adolf Todtenhaupt for the whole hour on end; after “The Monkey” had been recited once, it could not be asked for again, and so things were in a bad way. When the reading from Ivanhoe began, young Count Mölln was the only person who could translate it at all, he having a personal interest in the novel. The others hemmed and hawed, stuttered, and got hopelessly stuck. Hanno Buddenbrook was called up and could not do a line. Director Wulicke gave utterance to a sound that was as though the lowest string of his double-bass had been violently plucked, and Herr Modersohn wrung his small, clumsy, inky hands repeating plaintively over

RV 340 (340)


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 showed that the financial condition of the Society continued satisfactory.

Election of Editor

was unanimously elected Editor of the Journal for the term October, 1940, to October, 1944.

Committee Appointments

To Consider and Report Upon New Contract with the American Institute of Physics:

To Report at the February, 1941 meeting on the possibility of awarding an Adolph Lomb Medal in October, 1942:

To report at the February, 1941 meeting on the possibility of awarding an in 1941:

Emeritus Membership

On the basis of a report submitted by a Committee Appointed to Consider the Matter of Emeritus Memberships, it was voted to amend Article I of the By-Laws as follows:

By inserting in Section 1, Classes of Membership: the word “Emeritus.”

By inserting after the third paragraph of Section 3, Eligibility: the paragraph:

“Any person who has retired from active work, has reached the age of 65 years, and has been a member for at least 20 years is eligible for emeritus membership. Other members may, by a two-thirds (2/3) vote of the Board of Directors, be declared eligible for emeritus membership.”

By inserting after the fourth paragraph of Section 5, Election to Membership: the paragraph:

“Any eligible member may, at his own request, be transferred to emeritus membership by the Secretary.”

And by inserting after the second paragraph of Section 6, Duties and Privileges: the paragraph:

“Emeritus members shall have all of the privileges of their former membership status, except the right to receive the Journal and other publications of the Society.”

A.I.P. Representative

Arthur C. Hardy was nominated to succeed himself as O. S. A. representative on the Governing Board of the. , Secretary


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 : Chapter 100

Contents


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RV 341 (BUDDENBROOKS) and over. “And it went so well—it always went so well!”

He was still saying it, half to the pupils and half to the Director, when the bell rang. But the Lord God stood erect with folded arms before his chair and stared in front of him over the heads of the class. Then he commanded that the register he brought, and slowly marked down for laziness all those pupils whose performances of the morning had been deficient—or entirely lacking—six or seven marks at one fell swoop. He could not put down a mark for Herr Modersohn, but he was much worse than the others. He stood there with a face like chalk, broken, done for. Hanno Buddenbrook was among those marked down. And Director Wulicke said besides, “I will spoil all your careers for you.” Then he went.

The bell rang; class was over. It was always like that. When you expected trouble it did not come. When you thought all was well—then, the catastrophe. It was now impossible for Hanno to go up at Easter. He rose from his seat and went drearily out of the room, seeking the aching back tooth with his tongue.

Kai came up to him and put his arm across his shoulders. Together they walked down to the courtyard, among the crowd of excited comrades, all of whom were discussing the extraordinary event. He looked with loving anxiety into Hanno’s face and said, “Please forgive, Hanno, for translating. It would have been better to keep still and get a mark. It’s so cheap—”

“Didn’t I say what ‘patula Jovis arbore’ meant?” answered Hanno. “Don’t mind, Kai. That doesn’t matter. One just mustn’t mind.”

“I suppose that’s true. Well, the Lord God is going to ruin your career. You may as well resign yourself, Hanno, because if it is His inscrutable will—. Career—what a lovely word ‘career’ is! Herr Modersohn’s career is spoilt too. He will never get to be a master, poor chap! There are assistant masters, you may know, and there are head masters; but never

RV 341 (341)


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, Third Edition


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, Third Edition Chapter 100 : 3


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 LESSON CVIII.

腦 náu; brains; head. 袋 * tài; case; cover. 伸 sin; vindicate; redress. 伸 * chun; stretch out. 冤 wn; ill usage; vex. 迷 mî; bewitch; delude.

腮 sai; jaws; jowl. 肝 kuaⁿ; liver. 胵 * kʉ̆n; gizzard; tripe. 膽 táⁿ; the gall; courage. 肺 hùi; the lungs. 嗎 * hēⁿ; interrogative assent.

1 lʉ́ thóiⁿ kìⁿ kúi, hēⁿ. 2 lʉ́ tàⁿ kúi ūe. 3 kúi sîn. īu hɵ́. 4 kúi thâu kúi náu. 5 i khʉt kúi mî tîeh. 6 lʉ́ hɵ́ sin i kâi wn. 7 wn kúi. tōa ûi. 8 kúi húe. saⁿ ki ûi. 9 kúi lîah kúi. 10 lĭ hãi kùe kúi. 11 tōa búe. lîah tŏa. cûn tăi. 12 bɵ̂ thâu náu. 13 náu ău kìⁿ sai. náu tài. 14 chun chíu, chun kha. 15 chun tît kha. 16 chun tn̂g chut lâi. 17 sin wn. īu tōa. 18 wn ke cɵ̀ kú cîaⁿ chin ke, chin ke cɵ̀ kú cîaⁿ wn ke. 19 hàm wn; kìe wn. hẽⁿ. 20 hàn mû m̄ cai nâng. 21 mî sit lō thâu. 22 cip mî. sim kuaⁿ thâu. 23 àiⁿ ní tʉ kuaⁿ sek. 24 kuaⁿ húe. táⁿ cap. 25 táⁿ tōa. bɵ̂ táⁿ.

1 What are you afraid of? 2 You speak empty words. 3 Supernatural beings. Better. 4 To eaves drop, and peep about. 5 He is possessed by a devil. 6 You should redress his wrong. 7 Unavenged spirit. Mainmast. 8 Will-o'-wisp. Three-masted. 9 A rogue catching a rogue. 10 Hatefuler than a devil. 11 The part of the rudder in the water. Steer. Rudder. 12 No head for the matter. 13 See the jaws from behind the head. Pericranium. 14 Stretch out the arm and leg. 15 Stretched out, as dead. 16 Stretch it forth. 17 Obtain redress. Even larger. 18 The estranged at length wed, and the wedded become estranged. 19 Declare a grievance. Yes. 20 Stupefied or dazed. 21 To lose the road. 22 Wilfully dull. The chest. 23 Color it dark brown. 24 Temper. The bile. 25 Courageous. Cowardly.


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 : Chapter 100

101 The U.S. Copyright Office

101.1 History of the U.S. Copyright Office

In May 1790, when Congress enacted the first federal copyright law, the U.S. Copyright Office did not yet exist. Instead, authors and publishers recorded their claims with federal district courts and submitted copies of their works (in those days, book, maps, and charts) in support of their applications. These works, known as deposits, were stored in a variety of places, including in the U.S. Department of State and the U.S. Department of the Interior. As of 1846, the Smithsonian Institution and the Library of Congress shared them. This meant that records of copyright ownership were scattered among different government offices, and despite the federal scheme of protection, there was neither a consolidated tracking system nor centralized plan for preserving or using deposited works.

In 1870, Congress moved registration and deposit functions from the dispersed federal courts to the Library of Congress, which under Ainsworth Spofford advocated for and utilized the deposit copies as a foundation for the Library’s collection. This move helped transform the Library of Congress into a national institution. However, as copyright law evolved in both scope and complexity, the Nation and the Congress began grappling with a variety of policy issues that required leadership and expertise, including, for example, provisions that extended the public performance right to musical compositions and provided corresponding criminal penalties and injunctive relief, and amendments establishing reciprocity with foreign governments. Moreover, the volume of copyright-related work required greater focus and segregation from general Library functions. See Condition of the Library of Congress: Hearings Before the Joint Committee on the Library, 54th Cong. (1897) (statement of Ainsworth Spofford) (“The fruit of [the Copyright Act] has been to enormously enrich the Library of Congress. On the other hand, it has at the same time enormously increased the difficulties of administration in such miserably narrow quarters.”), reprinted in 54-1573, at 28 (1897).

In 1897, Congress established and funded the U.S. Copyright Office as a separate department within the Library and created the position of Register of Copyrights to head it. Since that act, the Register has been appointed by, and works under the general direction of, the Librarian of Congress. This appointment authority, however, required that the Librarian thereafter be appointed with the advice and consent of the Senate. Thus, at the dawn of the twentieth century, Congress had not only created a formal foundation for copyright administration, but also created the Register as the central position of related expertise within the U.S. government, who in turn developed an expert staff. Chapter 100 : 4


text: The Crowne of All Homers Workes/To Venus


text: The Crowne of All Homers Workes/To Pallas


text: The Crowne of All Homers Workes/To Juno

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 LESSON CIX.

純 sûn; unmixed. 釘 tèng; to hail. 釘 teng; a nail. 量 lĭang; capacity. 量 lîang; take counsel. 量 nîe; measure.

商 siang; su̵; kàu; trade. 兩 níe; an ounce. 斤 ku̵n; pound or catty. 升 seng; a pint. 斗 táu; a peck. 畝 bó; Chinese acre.

1 seⁿ kuaⁿ húe. kuaⁿ húe tōa. 2 i sim kuaⁿ m̄ hɵ́. 3 úa tōa táⁿ lâi tàⁿ. 4 hùi húe. sân cĕng. 5 sûn pêh. sûn cheⁿ. 6 sûn o. sûn chŵn. 7 sûn sî. tèng thih teng. 8 cang teng khʉ̀ tèng mûeh. 9 tèng kín. thí lĭang i. 10 khʉt bît phang tèng tîeh. 11 i ŏi tèng nâng. 12 hái lĭang. lât lĭang. 13 cɵ̀ sū̵ tîeh lĭang lât. 14 cʉ̆ lĭang. hɵ́ lĭang. 15 siang lĭang. khì lĭang. 16 nîe thóiⁿ jîeh tn̂g. 17 nîe bí, nîe pò. 18 seng lí. sì hái thong siang. 19 siang lîang; kàu nîe. 20 su̵ nîe. siang kheh. 21 îam siang. cêk seng bí. 22 câp lâk níe ûi cêk ku̵n. 23 câp cîⁿ ûi cêk níe. 24 câp hun ûi cêk cîⁿ. 25 jîeh cõi ku̵n níe? 26 bɵ̂ ku̵n táu. cêk bó chân. 27 nɵ̆ tâng cɵ̀ cêk seng. 28 câp seng cɵ̀ cêk táu.

1 Get angry. High-tempered. 2 His disposition is bad. 3 I venture to come and tell. 4 Fever. All uniform. 5 Pure white. Unmixed green. 6 Plain black. Sincere. 7 Pure silk. Drive a nail. 8 Take a nail and nail a thing. 9 Nail fast. Respect him. 10 Stung by a honey bee. 11 It is apt to sting people. 12 Capacity. Powers. 13 Do things with ability. 14 Self-esteem. Fine abilities. 15 Good feeling. Calibre. 16 Measure and find its length. 17 Measure rice, measure cloth. 18 Business of a merchant. Commerce. 19 Consult about; talk it over. 20 To bargain. A trader. 21 Salt-merchant. Pint of rice. 22 Sixteen ounces are a pound. 23 Ten mace make a tael. 24 Ten candareen make a mace. 25 What is the weight of it? 26 Somersault. Acre of rice-field. 27 Two gills make a pint. 28 Ten pints make a peck.


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United States Code/Title 15/Chapter 107

 * /Section 8101/: Definition

SUBCHAPTER I—COORDINATION AND STRATEGIC PLANNING OF FEDERAL EFFORT AGAINST COUNTERFEITING AND INFRINGEMENT

 * /Section 8111/: Intellectual Property Enforcement Coordinator
 * /Section 8112/: Definition.
 * /Section 8113/: Joint Strategic Plan.
 * /Section 8114/: Reporting.
 * /Section 8115/: Savings and repeals.
 * /Section 8116/: Authorization of appropriations.

SUBCHAPTER II—CYBERSQUATTING PROTECTION

 * /Section 8131/: Cyberpiracy protections for individuals

title: United States Code/Title 15/Chapter 107


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 Hales, Charles, s. Edward, of Tunstall, Kent., bart. ., matric. 28 July, 1668, aged 17; B.C.L. 1673; student of Inner Temple 1678; died unmarried. See Foster's Inns of Court Reg.  Hales, Christopher, 1s. John, of Coventry, co. Warwick, arm. ., matric. 18 March, 1635-6, aged 17; father of the next-named and of John 1643.  Hales, Christopher, s. Christopher, of Coventry, arm. , matric. 24 Sept., 1666, aged 16; brother of John 1643.  Hales, (Sir) Christopher, Bart., s. John of Coventry, co. Warwick. , matric. 28 Feb., 1688-9, aged 18; 2nd bart, M.P. Coventry in 7 parliaments 1698, until unseated in Feb., 1707, April, 1711, until his death 19 Jan., 1717. See Foster's Parliamentary Dictionary.  Hales, (Sir) Edward, 1s. John, of Tunstall, Kent, militis. ., matric. 20 May, 1642, aged 16; 2nd bart. of Woodchurch, took a leading part in the projected rescue of Charles I. from the Isle of Wight, M.P. Maidstone Aug.-Dec., 1660; died in France; father of John 1664. See Foster's Parliamentary Dictionary.  [] Hales, Edward, s. Edw., of Paulers Perry, Northants, Bart. ., matric. 4 July, 1684, aged 14; M.P. Hythe 1679-81, 1689-90; killed at the battle of the Boyne 1 July, 1690. See Foster's Parliamentary Dictionary.  Hales, James, s. James, of Snitterfield, co. Warwick, gent. ., matric. 10 April, 1679, aged 18.  Hales, John, s. Thomas, of Hales Place, Kent; clerk of the hanaper temp. Hen. 8, M.P. Preston 1547-52 and for Lancaster 1563-7, founded a free school at Coventry; died 28 Dec., 1571, or 15 Cals. Jan., 1572; buried in St. Peter-le-Poor, London. See Ath. i. 404; & D.N.B.

Hales, (Sir) John, of co. Warwick, arm. ., matric. 13 Feb., 1600-1, aged 16; student of Gray's Inn 1600 (as son of Charles of Newland in the co. of the city of Coventry), knighted 17 July, 1617, gentleman pensioner to King James, M.P. Queenborough 1628-9. See Foster's Gray's Inn Reg.

Hales, John, s. John, of St. James, Bath; scholar of. 1597, aged 13, B.A. 9 July, 1603; fellow. 1605, M.A. 20 June, 1609, lately of Eton, fellow 1613, regius professor of Greek 1615-19, chaplain to Dr. Laud, archbishop of Canterbury, 1638, canon of Windsor 1639, ejected by the parliament; died at Eton 19 May, 1656. See Ath. iii. 409; Lansdowne MS. 981, f. 120; O.H.S. iv. 277; Walker's Sufferings; & D.N.B.
 []
Hales, John, of co. Warwick, arm. ., matric. 16 June, 1610, aged 18; a student of Gray's Inn 1609, as of Kersley, co. Warwick, gent.; probably son of Christopher and father of Christopher 1636. See Foster's Gray's Inn Reg.

Hales, John, a Londoner born, B.A. from ., Cambridge, 1623-4, M.A. 1627, incorporated at Cambridge 1651 as D.Med. Padua, and at Oxford 14 July, 1663, as of ., Cambridge, fellow college of physicians 1657; dead before Dec., 1676. See Munk's Roll, i. 277.

Hales, (Sir) John, Bart., s. Christopher, of Coventry, co. Warwick. , matric. 3 July, 1663, aged 16; created M.A. 28 Sept., 1663; created a baronet 28 Aug., 1660; died 1677; father of Christopher 1689.

Hales, John, y.s. Edw.of Tunstall, Kent, Bart. ., matric. 25 May, 1664, aged 16; student of Gray's Inn 1664; died unmarried; one of these names M.P. New Shoreham 1679-81. See Foster's Gray's Inn Reg.

Hales, Matthew, of. 1676. See, page 636.
 []

Hales, Pym, s. Tho., of London, Bart. , matric. 8 June, 1709, aged 17; died young; brother of Richard same date and of Thomas 1711.

Hales, Richard (Hayles), monk of St. Barnard, B.D. 31 May, 1538.

Hales, Richard, s. Tho., of London, Bart. , matric. 8 June, 1709, aged 16; student of Inner Temple 16 June, 1709, and died 13 March, 1709-10; brother of Pym same date and of Thomas 1711. See Gutch, i. 514, & Foster's Inns of Court Reg.

Hales, Stephen (Halles), of in or before 1572, B.A. 31 Jan., 1576-7; perhaps a younger brother of Charles 1566.

Hales, Stephen, of co. Warwick, arm. ., matric. 25 May, 1593, aged 17, of Newland, co. Warwick; student of Gray's Inn 1592, as eldest son of Charles, reader. See Foster's Gray's Inn Reg.
 []
Hales, Stephen, y.s. Thomas, 1s. Sir Robert, bart., born at Beakesbourne, Canterbury, 17 Sept., 1677, pensioner ., Cambridge, 19 June, 1696, B.A. 1699-1700, fellow 1702, M.A. 1703, B.D. 1711; D.D. Oxford by diploma 21 June, 1733, F.R.S. 1718, and Copley medallist 1739, served the donative of Teddington, Middlesex, 1709-61, rector of Porlock, Somerset, 1718, and of Faringdon, Hants, 1722, clerk of the closet to the Princess of Wales 1751, and chaplain to her son afterwards George III.; died 4 Jan., 1761. See Rawl. xvii. 199; O.H.S. ix. 177n.; D.N.B.; & Foster's Index Eccl.

Hales, Thomas, of co. Warwick, gent. ., matric. entry under date 9 Nov., 1579, aged 15; student of Middle Temple 1583, as son and heir of Bartholomew, of co. Warwick, esq.; brother of Bartholomew same date. See Foster's Inns of Court Reg.

Hales, Thomas, created M.A. 1 Nov., 1642.

Hales, Thomas, arm. ., matric. 23 July, 1656; possibly student of the Inner Temple 1655, as son of Robert, of Howletts, Kent, esq.; licenced 9 June, 1662, to marry Mary Wood, spinster; father of Stephen 1677. See Foster's Inns of Court Reg. & London Marriage Licences, ed. Foster.

Hales, Thomas (Hailes), s. Richard, of Over Neen, Salop, pleb. ., matric. 17 Dec., 1680, aged 17; B.A. 1684, vicar of Mamble, co. Worcester, 1696, as Hailes. See Foster's Index Ecclesiasticus.
 []

Hales, (Sir) Thomas, s. Tho., of London, bart. ., matric. 15 Dec., 1711, aged 17, 3rd bart., student of Inner Temple 1711, clerk of the board of green cloth, M.P. Minehead 1722-7, Camelford 1727-34, Grampound 1734-41, Hythe Dec., 1744-61, East Grinstead Dec., 1761, until his death, 6 Oct., 1762; brother of Pym and Richard 1709. See Foster's Parliamentary Dict.

Hales, William, of ., 1711. See .

Haley, Richard (Hayley), s. John, of Edgworth Bury, Wilts, gent. ., matric. 13 July, 1666, aged 15, B.A. 8 Feb., 1669-70; perhaps bar.at-law, Gray's Inn, 1678 (his father of Edgware, Middlesex); licenced 29 July, 1684, to marry Mary Justice, of St. Andrew's, Holborn, spinster. See Foster's Judges and Barristers, & London Marriage Licences, ed. Foster.

Halfeyeard, Edmund, s. Edmund, of North Petherton, Somerset, pleb. ., matric. 11 Nov., 1636, aged 17.

Halfhyde, Edmund, fellow ., Cambridge, B.A. 1704, M.A. 1708, incorporated 14 July, 1712, rector of Coton, co. Cambridge, 1719, and of Girton 1723. See Foster's Index Eccl.

[] [ 642 ]


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 Halfhyde, Thomas (Halfheid), pleb. ., matric. 25 Oct., 1659, B.A. 1663 (as Halfhead), student of Gray's Inn 1657 (as 2nd son of George, of Maydbury, Beds, gent.), vicar of Gussage All Saints, Dorset, 1665. See Foster's Index Eccl., & Foster's Gray's Inn Reg.  Halford. See also.  Halford, Charles, 2s. (subs. “fil. min.”) William, of Welham, co. Leicester, eq. aur. ., matric. 3 Feb., 1684-5, aged 18; of Stamford, co. Lincoln, one of the tellers clarks in the exchequer; his father knighted 23 April, 1681.  Halford, John. See.  Halford, Nathaniel, s. J., of Warwick, gent. ., matric. 7 April, 1674, aged 17; B.A. 1677.  []

Halford, Richard, admitted to Merchant Taylors' school 14 Sept., 1687, born 15 Jan., 1678-9; B.A. from ., Cambridge, 1700-1, M.A. 1704, incorporated 8 July, 1704, vicar of Lyminge, Kent, 1713, rector 1715. See Robinson, i. 319; & Foster's Index Eccl.  Halford, Samuel, s. Fr., of Bradley, co. Worcester, pleb. ., matric. 29 Oct., 1669, aged 16.  Halford, Samuel, s. Steph., o f New House, co. Leicester, gent. ., matric. 19 April, 1672, aged 19.

Halford, Thomas, s. Joh., of Armscott, co. Worcester, pp. ., matric. 20 June, 1711, aged 18; B.A. 24 Feb., 1715-16 (as Holford), vicar of Honington, co. Warwick, 1719. See Foster's Index Eccl. Halgh, John, of ., 1660. See Haulgh. [],,  Halhed, Nathaniel, s. Thomas, of Banbury, Oxon, gent. , matric. 16 June, 1629, aged 20; B.A. 25 June, 1629, M.A. 26 April, 1632, rector of Halhead, co. Worcester, 1642. See Foster's Index Eccl. & ''Add. MS''. 15,670, p. 209. Halhed, William, s. Henry, of Banbury, Oxon, pleb. ., matric. 26 Nov., 1624, aged 17. Halke, William, sometime of Cambridge University, created M.A. 1590; incorporated as M.A. 13 July, 1591, B.D. from. 8 July, 1613, rector of Upminster, Essex, 1614 (on the death of Michael Halke), etc. See Foster's Index Eccl. & Fasti, i. 256. Hall, Anthony, of ., 1579. See Hale, page 629. Hall, Anthony, of Hants, arm. ., matric. 14 June, 1594, aged 15; student of Lincoln's Inn 1598. See Foster's Inns of Court Reg. [],,  Hall, Anthony, s. An., of Oxford city, pleb. ., matric. 26 March, 1696, aged 16, B.A. 1699; his father Anthony, of All Saints' parish, Oxford, bookbinder; admon. 15 Oct., 1698. Hall, Anthony, s. Hen., of Kirkbride, Cumberland, cler. ., matric. 18 Nov., 1696, aged 17; B.A. 1701, M.A. 1704, fellow 1706, B. and D.D. 1721, rector of Hampton Poyle, Oxon, 1720-3; died at Garford, Berks; buried at Kingston 6 April, 1723. See Rawl. i. 230, xvii. 200; Foster's Index Eccl.; D.N.B.; Hearne, i. 227; & Ath. i. 203. Hall, Bartholomew, of Dorset, gent. , matric. 14 June, 1611, aged 18, B.A. 7 Nov., 1615; bar.-at-law, Middle Temple, 1623, bencher 1649 (as 2nd son of Thomas, of Kingston Lacy, Dorset, gent.), attorney-general to the duchy of Lancaster. See Foster's Judges and Barristers. Hall, Benjamin, pleb. ., matric. 21 Feb., 1648-9. Hall, Charles, ser. ., matric. 23 July, 1656; B.A. from 16 March, 1659-60, vicar of Fremington, Devon, 1661, etc. See Foster's Index Eccl. [],,  Hall, Christopher, B.A. 3 July, 1514, M.A. (sup. 15 Nov.), 1518. Hall, Edmund, s. Richard, of Worcester city, pleb. ., matric. 8 July, 1636, aged 16; fellow, M.A. 11 March, 1649-50; incorporated at Cambridge 1653, captain in the parliamentary forces, minister at Chipping Norton, Oxon, rector of Abington St. Nicholas, Berks, 1676-86, and of Great Rissington, co. Gloucester, 1680, until his death about Aug., 1687; buried in the chancel of his church; brother of Thomas 1628, and of John 1616. See Ath. iv. 212; D.N.B.; & Foster's Index Eccl. Hall, Edmund, s. George, of Sneyd, co. Montgomery, pleb. , matric. 27 April, 1640, aged 17; B.A. 12 Oct., 1643. See Burrows, 487. Hall, Edward, of Gray's Inn, judge of Sheriffs' Court, London; died 1547. See Ath. i. 164; & D.N.B. Hall, Edward, of co. Worcester, gent. , matric. 23 Nov., 1581, aged 18; student of Inner Temple 1583, as of Wick Episcopi, co. Worcester. See Foster's Inns of Court Reg. [],,  Hall, Edward, born in Essex, 6s. Joseph, bishop of Exeter. ., matric. 13 May, 1635, aged 14; B.A. 9 Nov., 1637, M.A. 11 June, 1640, fellow 1638 until his death 1643; brother of Robert 1628, of John 1635, and of Samuel 1631. Hall, Edward, s. Mich., of Rengh-Abby, co. Denbigh, pp. ., matric. 20 March, 1683-4. Hall, Edward, s. Joh., of London, gent. ., matric. 18 Nov., 1699, aged 16. Hall, Erasmus, s. William, of Warmington, co. Warwick, pleb. ., matric. 28 Feb., 1639-40, aged 19; B.A. 2 Dec., 1643, M.A. 7 July, 1647. Hall, Francis, created B.D. 1 (or 2) Nov., 1642, canon of St. Paul's 1660, and rector of St. Pancras, Soper Lane, London, 1661, and of Bassishaw St. Michael 1662, rector of Market Deeping, St. Guthlac, co. Lincoln, 1669-73. See Foster's Index Eccl. [] Hall, George, s. (Joseph), Bishop of Exeter (and Norwich). ., matric. 9 May, 1631, aged 19 (matric. 1628, aged 16); B.A. 30 April, 1631, fellow 1632-8, M.A. 17 Jan., 1633-4 (incorporated at Cambridge 1635), D.D. 2 Aug., 1660, vicar of Menhenniot, Cornwall, 1637, until sequestered 1645, sequestered from vicarage of Wickhambrook, Suffolk, 1645, prebendary of Exeter 1639-61, archdeacon of Cornwall 1641-60, vicar of Willingdon, Sussex, 1647, canon of Windsor 1660, chaplain to Chas. II., vicar of St. Botolph, Aldersgate, 1655, preacher of St. Bartholomew's Exchange, archdeacon of Canterbury 1660-8, bishop of Chester 1662, and rector of Wigan, co. Lancaster (1662?), until his death 23 Aug., 1668; brother of Edward 1635, etc. See Ath. iii. 812; Boase, 64; Foster's ''Index Eccl.; Add. MSS''. 15,699-70; & D.N.B. Hall, Henry (or Hull), of ., B.A. 9 Feb., 1558-9, M.A. 15 May, 1563; possibly a student of Gray's Inn 1565, but see also Hull. Hall, Henry, of Kent, pleb. ., matric. 10 Oct., 1589, aged 18; demy 1580-5, clerk 1585-99, B.A. 3 May, 1595, M.A. 5 July, 1599, chaplain 1599-1607, preacher at Horspath 1598-1604, vicar of Kennington, Kent, 1605. See Foster's Index Eccl. & Bloxam, ii. 46, 132, iv. 223. Hall, Henry, s. Henry, of Leamington Hastings, co. Warwick, pleb. ., matric 16 Nov., 1627, aged 16.
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 Laplace,derived the theory of capillary phenomena from the principle of possible speeds.

In 1831, Poisson published his Nouvelle theorie del'action capillaire, also based on the assumption of partial interactions. In this work, consideration was given to the rapid change in density that must necessarily exist relative to the liquid particles lying on the surface. Various questions of the theory were examined and studied by Poisson with such completeness that the whole theory seemed exhausted in his labour. All that remained was to connect this theory with the general theory of equilibrium of liquids using the principle of possible speeds. This task was completed by August Yu. Davidov in his dissertation related to this subject. A. Yu. Davidov studied the theory of capillarity with the general rules of analytical mechanics, and also took into account physical circumstances that are significantly related to this subject.

In 1859, Paul du Bois-Reymond defended his dissertation in Berlin, which is also devoted to thermal capillarity. Having laid out with particular care the theory of the potential of capillary forces, he then gave in his dissertation a number of preparatory formulas representing the formation of certain integrals extended to the surface, through integrals extended to its contour. Some of these curious formulas can be


text: The Crowne of All Homers Workes/To Ceres