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 know that my stingy uncle—heaven forgive me calling him so!—would so flatly refuse to advance me money for my purpose—the scheme of travelling with a first-rate tutor costing a formidable sum o' money. You have no idea what it would cost!'

'But I have said that I'll find the money.'

'Ah, there,' he returned, 'you have hit a sore place. To speak truly, dear, I would rather stay unpolished a hundred years than take your money.'

'But why? Men continually use the money of the women they marry.'

'Yes; but not till afterwards. No man would like to touch your money at present, and I should feel very mean if I were to do so in present circumstances. That brings me to what I was going to propose. But no—upon the whole I will not propose it now.'

'Ah! I would guarantee expenses, and you won't let me! The money is my personal possession: it comes to me from my late grandfather, and not from my father at all.'

He laughed forcedly and pressed her hand. 'There are more reasons why I cannot tear myself away,' he added. 'What would become of my uncle's farming? Six hundred acres in this parish, and five hundred in the next—a constant traipsing from one farm to the other; he can't be in two places at once. Still, that might be got over if it were not for the other matters. Besides, dear, I still should be a little uneasy, even though I have your promise, lest somebody should snap you up away from me.'

'Ah, you should have thought of that before. Otherwise I have committed myself for nothing.'

'I should have thought of it,' he answered gravely. 'But I did not. There lies my fault, I admit it freely. Ah, if you would only commit yourself a little more, I might at least get over that difficulty! But I won't ask you. You have no idea how much you are to me still; you could not argue so coolly if you had. What property belongs to you I hate the very

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90 Divide the pelvic girdle along the symphysis pubis, remove the ventral part of this girdle, clear away the adjacent muscles, and expose the urethra. This runs back through the girdle ventral to the rectum. The urethra joins the penis at the posterior end of the pelvic girdle. At this place the two bulbo-urethral (Cowper's) glands pour their secretion into the urethra through a pair of long ducts. Each of these glands is ovoid in shape and about five millimeters long. It lies lateral to the rectum and just behind the posterior border of the ischium. It has been suggested that the secretion protects the spermatozoa against the harmful effects of traces of urine.

Dissect away on one side the tissues surrounding the penis. Note that it has the form of a figure 7, with the angle anteroventral. Carefully insert one blade of the scissors into the genital orifice and slit the integument lengthwise of the body. Press aside the flaps of skin and note that the terminal section of the penis, the glans, lies loose in a chamber surrounded by the prepuce or foreskin. The surface of the glans is slightly rough. Its blunt free end points backward. The two preputial glands, one on either side of the glans penis, discharge their secretion near the posterior edge of the prepuce. Dissect away the surrounding tissue and locate the duct and its opening. Each gland is dorsoventrally flattened, rounded anteriorly, and tapers back to the edge of the foreskin. Insert a fine pair of scissors into the orifice of the duct and slit it lengthwise. Note the relatively very large calibre of the duct beyond the opening, and the soapy character of the contained secretion. It has been claimed that this secretion protects the integument in this region from being injured by the excretions.

The penis is the structure which is used to carry the seminal fluid from the male to the vagina of the female.

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 the infinitive mood. Besides, this was no time to worry about grace of style.)

A crowd gathered round us, attracted by the man's terrified expression. I appealed to them generally. I said:

"My friend B.—head, red—boots, yellow, brown, gold—coat, little squares—nose, much, large! Is he where? Him to see—anybody—where?"

Not a soul moved a hand to help me. There they stood and gaped!

I repeated it all over again louder, in case anybody on the outskirts of the mob had not heard it; and I repeated it in an entirely new accent. I gave them every chance I could.

They chatted excitedly among themselves, and then a bright idea seemed to strike one of them, a little more intelligent-looking than the rest, and he rushed outside and began running up and down, calling out something very loudly, in which the word "Norwegian" kept on occurring.

He returned in a few seconds, evidently exceedingly pleased with himself, accompanied by a kindly-looking old gentleman in a white hat.

Way was made in


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Rh Dissect away the muscle and connective tissue surrounding it, including the preputial glands and foreskin. The body of the penis consists of three parts, the two corpora cavernosa penis, and the corpus cavernosum urethrae. The former comprise the dorsal part of the body when in its normal position, the latter lies in a deep groove on the ventral side of the corpora cavernosa penis. Carefully separate the corpora cavernosa penis from the corpus cavernosum urethrae. Cut the former transversely. Observe that they consist of two lateral spongy masses of tissue, firmly united in the middle, but separated above by a groove carrying a blood vessel, and below by the groove inclosing the corpus cavernosum urethrae. Distally the corpora cavernosa penis terminate in one or two bones. These bones extend to the tip of the glans dorsal to the urethra when the glans is turned forward. The corpora cavernosa penis diverge proximally, forming the two crura penis. Each crus penis is a tough body firmly attached to the posterior border of the innominate bone. The corpus cavernosum urethrae terminates distally at the tip of the glans penis. Proximally it expands into a semilunar structure, probably homologous to the bulb of human anatomy. The ducts of the bulborurethral glands enter the urethra in front of the bulb. The urethra traverses the whole length of the corpus cavernosum urethrae and extrudes the urine or seminal fluid through the external urethral orifice.

Slit the urethra lengthwise from the external urethral orifice to the region of the prostate gland. The incision should be lateral in the vicinity of the bladder to avoid cutting into the neck of the bkdder. Within the penis the lumen of the urethra is of small calibre, but between the penis and urinary bladder it expands and contains a plug of secretion. Note the diverticulum leading off into


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92 the bulb. Remove the plug of secretion and locate the ventral orifice through which urine enters from the bladder, also near this the openings of the ductus deferentia and ureters. Urethral glands occur in the mucous membrane of the urethra.

Exercise XXIII. Make a full page drawing of the entire urogenital system of the male.

Examine the anal region of a female rat and note the three openings. At the base of the tail is the anus, ventral to it the vaginal orifice, and below this the urinary opening at the summit of a prominent elevation. As a rule there is but one external opening for the female urogenital systems in mammals.

Cautiously cut the urinary elevation lengthwise, inserting but one blade of the scissors into the urinary aperture. This elevation is homologous to the prepuce in the male. Note that it surrounds a body resembling the glans of the penis, to which it is probably homologous. One sex among animals frequently possesses rudimentary structures corresponding to functional reproductive organs in the opposite sex. The penis of the male mammal is represented in the female by the diminutive clitoris, which is terminated by the glans clitoridis, the homologue of the glans penis. A pair of prominent glands just beneath the skin correspond in position to the preputial glands of the male. Locate the opening of the duct on the inner surface of the prepuce a short distance in front of the urinary orifice. Insert a bristle into the duct, slit it open, and ex- amine the secretion, which has a waxy feeling when rubbed between the fingers.

Clear away the muscles ventral to the pelvic girdle, slit the symphysis pubis lengthwise, and expose the female ure-


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Rh thra. Trace it forward to the urinary bladder, and back to its entrance on the dorsal side of the preputial cavity. At the latter end insert a bristle and push it forward to the urinary bladder.

The urinary bladder is connected with the ventral wall of the abdomen by the suspensory ligament. As in the male, it temporarily stores urine which it receives through a pair of ureters, one from each kidney.

Remove the prepuce, its glans, and the clitoris. Pull the cut end of the urethra forward. This exposes the vagina. Separate the vagina from the surrounding tissues and observe that it lies immediately below the rectum. With a pair of scissors slit the vagina throughout its length. The margin of the vaginal orifice is thrown into longitudinal folds, as is also the internal surface of the vagina. The mucous membrane of the vagina is said to be without glands. The two horns of the uterus converge and join the anterior end of the vagina. The latter receives the penis of the male during copulation, and is therefore a temporary receptacle for spermatozoa. Slit each horn of the uterus a short distance in front of the vagina. Insert here a blunt probe into the lumen of each horn until the probe emerges through the external orifice (os uterus) into the vagina. There are two external orifices, one for each horn, showing that the fusion of the posterior part of the horns is superficial and does not involve the lumen (uterus duplex). The orifices are very easy to locate in an animal well advanced in pregnancy. They are surrounded by five lobes, one large dorsal lobe, one large ventral, and three smaller ventral lobes.

Each horn of the uterus is suspended from the dorsal side of the abdominal cavity by the broad ligament, which may contain considerable fat. This ligament extends an-


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94 terior to the ovary along the lateral surface of the kidney.

A pair of pockets, corresponding in position to the inguinal canals of the male, extends backward from the abdominal cavity. These pockets are probably the homologues of the male vaginal sacs, and therefore probably correspond to the diverticula of Nuck in man. The mesentery whose attachment runs along the posterior third of the broad ligament's lateral surface, and terminates in this diverticulum, is doubtless the round ligament. Are these diverticula found in all female rats?

Slit the anterior end of the uterus and locate the opening of the uterine (or Fallopian) tube. This tube carries the ova from the ovary to the uterus. The aperture is small but may be found fairly easily, in a uterus containing large fetuses, near the anterior end of the uterine horn, for the tube runs in the wall of the uterus a short distance before opening into it. The ovary, the gonad of the female, is incased in a tough transparent capsule, the bursa ovarica. The periovarial space lies between the bursa and the ovary. Trace the coiled uterine tube. It is said to be from two and a half to three centimeters long, and to contain from eight to ten fairly constant major loops. The tube pierces the bursa ovarica and projects into the periovarial space as the infimdihulum tubae. The epithelial lining of the infundibular section of the tube bears long cilia. This is the only ciliated region of the tube. The wall of the tube contains muscles, which are best developed toward the uterine end. Slit open the ovarial capsule and observe the corpora lutea on the surface of the ovary. Each corpus luteum marks the point at which an egg bursts through the wall of the ovary during ovulation. The ovary is attached dorsally to a strong tendinous band of connective tissue which extends in the broad ligament from


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Anonymous


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Rh the anterior end of the uterine horn to the dorsal body wall near its union with the diaphragm.

The ovary of most mammals is not inclosed in a capsule. The ova which break through the wall of the ovary pass directly to the opening (ostium abdominale) of the uterine tube, and are then carried by cilia in the tube to the uterus. The following events, however, are said to accompany ovulation in the rat. The periovarial cavity is filled with fluid at the time of ovulation. The bursa ovarica exerts pressure upon this fluid as the result of the contraction of the muscles located near the infundibulum tubae and the attachments of the uterine tube. Simultaneously muscular contractions expand the opening (ostium) of the infundibulum tubae. Thus the fluid within the bursa ovarica, with the contained eggs, is forced into the uterine tube, where muscular contractions, possibly assisted to some extent by ciliary action, carry them to the uterus.

The fertilized egg is implanted in the wall of the uterus, where it develops. Examine a female rat with well advanced fetuses in the uterus. Note the large size of the uterus, its abundant blood supply, and segmental character. Each segment contains a fetus. Slit a segment lengthwise along its ventral surface and expose the fetus. This is covered with a thin membrane, the amnion. Carefully open the amnion along the back of the fetus. The fluid in the amniotic cavity protects the embryo from sudden jars. Note the discoidal placenta on the dorsal side of the uterus. The umbilical cord connects the belly of the embryo with the center of the placenta. The blood of the fetus passes through the umbilical cord to and from the placenta, where by osmosis, it receives nutriment from the maternal blood and surrenders waste materials to the mother's blood. The blood of fetus and mother do not mix in the placenta, but are everywhere separated from each


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96 other by thin membranes. Compare the fetus with the adult, with other rat fetuses of different ages, and if possible with fetuses, or models of them, of other mammals.

Exercise XXIV. Make a full-page drawing of the entire urogenital system of the female.


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34 on to the ischium. Its anterior border is the posterior inferior spine. The iliopectineal line on the ventral side of the body connects the sharp anterior border of the pubis with the wing of the ilium. The wing is the broad, flat, anterior part of the ilium. The posterior part of its concave medial surface is the auricular surface, which articulates with the sacrum. Anterior to this surface the ilium bends outward rather abruptly, terminating in a pronounced tuberosity at right angles to the long axis of the bone. The thickened anterodorsal margin of the bone is the iliac crest.

The ischium (os ischium), the most posterior component of the coxal bone, has three parts: a body, a superior ramus, and an inferior ramus. The anterior end of the bone forms the posterior side of the acetabulum. The body expands posteriorly, giving off dorsally the superior and ventrally the inferior ramus. This part of the ischium is concave medially, and convex laterally. The inferior ramus joins the pubis at the ventral extremity of the obturator foramen. There is a longitudinal depression along the dorsolateral surface of the ischium. This depression is bounded ventrally by a longitudinal ridge, terminating posteriorly in a thickening, the sciatic tuber. The upper edge of the ischium is convex, while the posterior edge is nearly a straight line. These two edges meet at almost a right angle.

The pubis (os pubis) is the ventral branch of the coxal bone. Its superior ramus extends ventrally from the acetabulum. The inferior, or symphyseal, ramus passes back along the symphysis pubis to join the inferior ramus of the ischium. The body is located at the region of union of the two rami. The sharp anterior edge of the bone bears the iliopectineal eminence. From this the iliopectineal line passes forward.


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Rh :• • Anonymous

Anonymous

Anonymous

Ōshikōchi no Mitsune (859–907)


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Put up in 1838, "the principal building, the dwelling of the agent" was "of hewed logs framed in the French style, clap-boarded on the outside, and lined and papered on the inside; the windows were from the Old Post at Fort George … … it was something like 50×30 feet, with an L one story high; the main building was two stories high. There were three or four other small dwellings, for different classes of servants … a very large granary 40×100 feet, three stories high…framed of large hewed timber and boarded on the outside…" There were stables,sheds for hogs and sheep, in all "some ten or twelve barns and sheds…a large gang sawmill…" (v. 2, P.S.A. Co. Ev., 27–28, 71, 75).

Valuation of Buildings, Land &c at the Puget Sound Company's Establishment at the Cowelitz:

1 Dwelling House 50 × 30 ft ....... ? 450. 1 Saw Mill & improvements attached, incomplete .............. . 120. 1 Store 100 × 40 ft ....... 1,000. 1 do. 4o × 30 ft ....... 280. 1 do. 40 × 30 ft ....... 280. 1 Granary 25 × 20 ft ....... 125. 1 do.30 × 20ft.......15O. £ 2,405.

I Close Barn 8o x 25 ft ....... ? I6o. IBarnNo.I105x30ft..157.I0. Ido.2I05x20ft..05. Ido3Io5x20ft..I05. Ido4I05X20ft..105. Ido5IO5X20ft..05. Ido6I05x20ft..05. Ido7I05x20ft..los. Ido8I05x20ft..05. Ido9IO5X20ft..05. IdoI0I05x20ft..05. IdoII105X20ft..I05. Ido12Io5X20ft..I05. IdoI3IO5X20ft..05. 2 Piggeries ...... .. 2 Stables ...... 140. 6 Men's Houses ...... I20. ? I,8I2.I0. II8I8yds.fencing72000railssd @ pr. m. 67/6 243 I432 2 Acres of Land under cultivation @ I 00/-. .. £ 7,162.10. £ 7,405.10. £ 11,623.

(From inventory of Hudson's Bay and PSA Company properties south of the 49th parallel made in the winter of 1846–47 by Ogden and Douglas at Simpson's request. See Elliott, "British Values in Oregon, 1847," OHQ, XXXII:36.)


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 stealing them by wholesale in spite of a Watch; they are not ripe yet scar[ce]ly more than half grown. Sent over the river for horses to start three ploughs on the pea field tomorrow. 2 Carts leading out manure.

Tuesday 31st. Very close & smoky, light air from North and West-finished cutting & binding-employed cradlers & carters this afternoon hightening & making a secure fence round the large potatoe field. Women cleaning, collecting & thrashing timothy & clover seeds. Leclair39 & Kamaka40 making up fences round the sheds of grain. 2 Carts leading out manure. Plomondons41 new saw mill commenced operations.

Wednesday 1st. Close smoky weather, unable to see more than a few paces before one. Sent the 4 men who were lately ordered to be kept here to Vancouver that they may have an opportunity [of] getting their little traps here and bring up a batteux with salt, sundries & servants orders-accord ing to directions received from Mr Douglas. Employed much as yesterday, making secure fences round the potatoe fields. Indian harvest women collecting & thrashing clover & tim othy. The three indians at the well fortunately found abun dance of good water at the depth of 27 feet. Louis Leclair & harvest indians thrashing with the machine flax & self sown wheat.

Louis Leclair or Leclaire is listed as a laborer and middleman, Cowlitz Farm employee lists, H.B.C. Arch. He went to work at Nisqually in February, 1850, was fired, June 1850. Nisqually Journal, WHQ, XI:145, 229. A Louis "Lecleine," probably a misreading of census taker Joe Meek's "Leclaire" is in the 1850 census for Lewis County. "Laborer" and "Middle man" were the lowest and next to lowest in the Company classification of employees (see Barker, McLoughlin Letters, 45). 40. Probably a Kanaka or Hawaiian Islander, classified as a laborer, 1847-50, Cowlitz Farm employee lists, H.B .C. Arch. 41. Simon Plomondon (Plamondo, Plomondeau) was an old Company employee (see Barker, McLoughlin Letters, 321). Born in Canada, he retired from Company service in the late 1830s, and took a claim on the Cowlitz, the site of "Plomondon's Landing," located about a mile south of the present town of Toledo. See George F. Plamondon, "Simon Plamon don and the Early Northwest," in Cowlitz County Historical Quarterly, I (August, 1959); also Plomondon's testimony in v. 2, P.S .A. Co. Ev., 11-15.