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The October defeat was no defeat, for there was no fight. It was rather a collapse, a complete rejection of the Party.

When one compares the three reports, one sees that the first report of the Central Executive and Brandler's report belong together. You can judge them as you like, they have a consistent line of policy, and this consistent theory is accompanied by a bad German practice.

What Remmele said amounts to an attempt on the part of certain very good people to depose of things, which they cannot otherwise explain, by regarding them as errors, as the results of a definite, and to them dangerous, policy. And consequently the fact that for a year and a half Remmele had been holding himself back, that he reacted during the Friesland and the Levi crises, and is now again reacting, is an indication that a reaction is setting in within the Party against a very typical liquidationism and revisionism. Comrades, if we oppose this revisionism so vigorously it is because in the development of our Party the Levi and the Friesland crises were the first severe liquidation crises we passed through. In those crises we learned to look behind the masks and formulas for causes and theoretical foundations which must lead to practical consequences.

What was here expressed by the Executive representative and by Brandler, denotes the beginning of a liquidation crisis, not only within the German Communist Party, but within the whole Communist International. There was such a crisis after the Third World Congress. It is to be explained by the backwash of the revolution in Europe, and in Germany particularly by the defeat in the March action.

The Third Congress met the backwash of the revolutionary wave with the slogan for the winning over and rallying of the masses for the seizure of power. And this correct change of position the liquidators of the German Party transformed into the revision of Communism, the rejection of the Communist Party as such; they derived from it such conclusions as that we must return to the methods of the Social-Democratic Party. And, comrades, they did return, and every Berlin worker who reads Vorwarts sees the signature "Ediot, Ernst Reuter," and thinks of the bitter experience we have passed through.

Comrades, the crisis in the Communist International was never completely overcome. It is true that we made certain expulsions, drove out Fossard, or perhaps he left of his own accord; we also expelled a few in Germany. But the theoretical analysis was never made which is essential if our workers are to understand that a breach of discipline is meant not in the sense of organisation but in the sense of policy. An attempt was made to formulate the matter a little more carefully in order to restrain the working class


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C. G. S.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Rh From another point of view, also, the Midrash is a poetical literature. Its function as a species of popular homiletics made it necessary to appeal to the emotions. In its warm and living application of abstract truths to daily ends, in its responsive and hopeful intensification of the nearness of God to Israel, in its idealization of the past and future of the Jews, it employed the poet’s art in essence, though not in form. It will be seen later on that in another sense the Midrash is a poetical literature, using the lore of the folk, the parable, the proverb, the allegory, and the fable, and often using them in the language of poetry.

The oldest Midrash is the actual report of sermons and addresses of the Tannaite age: the latest is a medieval compilation from all extant sources. The works to which the name Midrash is applied are the Mechilta (to Exodus): the Sifra (to Leviticus); the Sifre (to Numbers and Deuter-


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 he had ever permitted himself were these coloured texts, and they cost little.

When I was with him I never felt quite at my ease, and this made me sulky and perpetually on the defensive. I was not more with him than I could help, and as we lived alone together, with only an old woman who came in every day to look after the house and do the cooking, it must have been easy for him to see that I avoided his society. I never pretended to myself to have any particular affection for him, and I don't even know that it would have mended matters if I had.

One night, when I was about fourteen, I woke up in the dark, with the consciousness that it was very late and that I was not alone in my room. The next moment I knew my father was there, kneeling beside my bed. I lay absolutely quiet: I knew he was praying, and praying for me. Presently I heard him sigh, and then rise noiselessly to his feet, but I gave no sign. I heard him move away, I heard my door being softly closed, the faint click of the latch as it slipped into its place. I lay on with my eyes wide open, wondering why he had come in like this. I did not like it. It made me feel uncomfortable, as all emotions do when we are unable to respond to them. I believed my father cared for me far more than for anything else in the world, yet somehow that did not help matters. It was not the sort of love that begets love in return. Though he loved me, I felt he did not trust me, or rather that he believed I had an infinite capacity for yielding to temptation. By this time I understood that when my mother left home she had gone to somebody else. I knew at any rate that she was living, for she had sent a sum of money for my education, which my father had returned, though some scruple of conscience had made him think it right to tell me he had done so. But he explained nothing and I asked no questions. As I lay awake that night I thought of all this, and it occurred to me


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4.3.2004

Quota of controlled substances of group IV that may be used for laboratory and analytical uses, are allocated to:

Quota of controlled substances of group V that may be used for laboratory and analytical uses are allocated to:

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 Rh


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 Lastly this early Chinese account of the tapir is interesting in that it anticipates, by exactly four hundred years, Major Farquhar's discovery of the tapir in Malacca. There will be found in Volume XIII of "Asiatick Researches," published in Calcutta in 1820, a very interesting account of this discovery. Major Farquhar, who was Governor in Malacca, wrote from Malacca on the 29th January 1616 the following letter to the Honourable A. Seton:

My dear Sir,

Conceiving that the accompanying account of an animal of the tapir kind, found in the forests in the vicinity of Malacca; but which I believe is not generally known to exist in any part of the old world, may prove interesting, I have taken the liberty to transmit it to you, for the purpose, (should you consider it as meriting public attention), of being presented to the Asiatic Society: I have likewise the pleasure to send a full length drawing of the animal, and a drawing and skeleton of its head, which is of very singular shape.

 * I remain My Dear Sir,
 * Your much obliged and very faithful servant,
 * W. FARQUHAR.

Malacca, 29th January 1816.

Major Farquhar's account, after a detailed description of the dentition and dimensions of the animal, is as follows:—

"The tapir (called tinnoo by the Malays) is an animal, which I believe has hitherto boon considered, by the naturalists as being peculiar to the New World; it will however appear abundantly evident from the present account, that this is a mistake; and that a species at least of this quadruped is common to many of the forests on the Malay Peninsula, and particularly so in the vicinity of Malacca, being as well known to the natives there as the elephant or rhinoceros. The tapir of Malacca, although differing in some essential points from that of America, cannot, I conceive, be considered but as a variety of the same genus of quadruped.


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 "The manner in which the feet are divided is very peculiar; and is the same in both animals; having four hoofs in the fore, and only three in the hind feet. The general size and shape of the tapir of the old and new world will be found nearly alike, but differing in color; the head of this animal is of a peculiar shape, and forms a sort of ridge at top, the eyes are small, ears roundish and bounded with white, which can be drawn forward at pleasure, the legs are short and very stout, the body large, and in shape somewhat resembling that of the hog. The neck is short and thick, and the skin strong and coarse, like that of a buffalo. The hair is short, and of a black colour, from the proboscis to the extremity of the fore quarters; the body and part of the hind quarters of a light grey, and the rest of the hinder parts and legs are black. The tail is very short, and almost destitute of hair. It has no mane on the neck, in which respect it seems likewise to differ from the American tapir. When young it is beautifully spotted with brown and white.

"The tapir of Malacca is not known to the natives as an amphibious animal; it is perfectly harmless, and of a timid disposition. Indeed it seems destitute of any natural means of offence or defence. It feeds on vegetables, and is said to be particularly fond of sugar-cane. Its flesh is eaten by the natives (with the exception of Muhammadans, who deem it unclean) and considered very good: none of these animals have as yet been domesticated at Malacca, but I have no doubt if taken when young, they might be tamed with equal facility as those of America.

"The drawing which accompanies this will be found a faithful representation of the Malacca Tapir. It is taken from life, and will convey a much better idea of the animal than any description I am able to give.

"It is I think, very possible that the Malacca Tapir may be found to correspond more closely with one of the two fossil species described by Cuvier, in his geological discoveries, as having been met with in different parts of France, Germany, and Italy, the one named the small, the other the gigantic, Tapir."


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 bury themselves in their soft little throats. This impression grew suddenly so sharp that I had to shake myself and sit back in my seat to get rid of it. Then once more she was only Miss McWaters, to whom years ago I had repeated this same verse of poetry in that same shrill sing-song tone which now was going through and through my head

I looked about the room with heavy eyes—at the white walls, the torn, ink-stained maps, the scored desks and forms, the wooden floor—and the whole place seemed to move round and round like a wheel. I saw my father, with a pointer in his hand, indicating differently shaped areas on a large blank map of England, and asking a row of youngsters what counties they represented. That was the kind of lesson I had always detested myself and had never even attempted to learn. I knew from my father's angry, "Next—next—next," that nobody in the class was giving satisfaction. And then they all seemed to shrink and float back, while the room shot out like a telescope, and I watched them from somewhere miles and miles away. And the high, clear voice of Miss McWaters proclaimed:

And a dozen shrill voices replied:

The words seemed mere nonsense in my ears, and I had a sort of delirious vision of a big star, with a red nose and a fringe and large white teeth, pointing out the time on a huge clock, while a lot of little stars stood round in a ring and pulled watches out of their waistcoat pockets and set them to the time told by the big clock. This seemed funny to me, and I began to laugh; and then, next moment, I wanted to lie down somewhere and be quiet. My head was throbbing like a steamboat with a too powerful engine, and there was a dull aching at the back of my eyeballs. I got up and


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 Major Farquhar's discovery of the tapir in the Malay Peninsula was followed in the same year by the discovery of the animal in Sumatra. Mr. Siddons, the British Resident at Bencoolen, wrote on the 6th December, 1816 the following lettrerletter [sic] to the Secretary of the Asiatic Society.

"Sir,

I have sent on board the Ship Claudine, commanded by Captain Welsh, a very rare animal called on this coast the Tannoh which I beg you to present to the Asiatic Society in my name.

It resembles, with extreme closeness the Tapir of Buffon. It was presented to me by the Pangeran of Soongye Lamswe, who informed me that it was caught in a paddy plantation upon his lands in the interior. Search was made for its parents, but no traces of them were discovered the people were attracted by the shrill cry of the animal, which they found at the edge of the paddy ground, close to a thicket, amidst very long grass, the Pangeran himself is, perhaps, the oldest man living in these districts: He says that he never saw but one other animal of this description, which was when he was about ten years old, and that he has never heard of one having been seen since, that which he then saw was of the size of a small cow.

The Tannoh eats boiled rice, after it has got cool, grass, leaves &c. It is of a very lazy habit, but perfectly gentle, and loves to bathe, (remaining a very considerable time under water) and to be rubbed or scratched, which he solicits by throwing himself down on his side. He has been in my possession almost three months, during which period he has grown considerably, and his skin has changed from a dusky brown, streaked and spotted with white, to its present appearance.

I trust the animal will reach Calcutta alive, when no doubt it will gratify the curious in natural history.

 * I remain, Sir,
 * Your very obedient servant
 * G. J. SIDDONS.

Sumatra, Fort Marlborough, 6th December, 1816.


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 The following notes by the Secretary of the Society conclude the article in "Asiatick Researches." and are sufficiently interesting to bear repetition.

"The animal's habits continue of the gentle and indolent character mentioned in the preceding communication, and it agrees with Major Farquhar's description in every respect, except in its evincing a great fondness for water: it constantly seeks a pool in which it remains immersed the greater part of the day; and not unfrequently dives for a very considerable period, presenting in this respect another analogy to the Tapir of South America.

"The following description of a young animal, received subsequently from Major Farquhar, with some interesting communications on subjects of natural history, will complete the information we at present possess regarding the oriental Tapir.

"The drawing which accompanies the following account of a young Tapir, and which I have the pleasure of offering to the acceptance of the Asiatic Society, was taken from an animal about four months old, and represents it as of a reddish brown colour, studded with white spots. It was taken from one I had alive in the house. After it has passed the above period, it begins gradually to change colour until the age of six months, by which time it has lost all its beautiful spots, and attained the general colour of the full grown Tapir as represented in a drawing transmitted from hence to the Asiatic Society in the beginning of last year. The Tapir from which the present drawing was made, I preserved alive in the house for upwards of six months, when it died suddenly. I found it an animal possessed of a most mild and gentle disposition. It became as tame and familiar as any of the dogs about the house, fed indiscriminately on all kinds of vegetables; and was very fond of attending at table to receive bread, cakes, or the like. It seemed very susceptible of cold, notwithstanding the great thickness of its skin, and I think I may venture without safety to affirm that


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 the Tapir of Malacca has nothing amphibious in its nature, a character which appears to attach to those of America. Indeed the one I reared showed rather an aversion to water and in the wild state they are found to frequent high grounds."


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Rh The voyage to Isenstein, Siegfried steering the ship thither, is happily accomplished in twenty days. Gunther admires to a high degree the fine masonry of the place; as indeed he well might, there being some eighty-six towers, three immense palaces and one immense hall, the whole built of “marble green as grass;” farther he sees many fair women looking from the windows down on the bark, and thinks the loveliest is she in the snow-white dress; which, Siegfried informs him, is a worthy choice; the snow-white maiden being no other than Brunhild. It is also to be kept in mind that Siegfried, for reasons known best to himself, had previously stipulated that, though a free king, they should all treat him as vassal of Gunther, for whom accordingly he holds the stirrup, as they mount on the beach; thereby giving rise to a misconception, which in the end led to saddest consequences.

Queen Brunhild, who had called back her maidens from the windows, being a strict disciplinarian, and retired into the interior of her green marble Isenstein, to dress still better, now inquires of some attendant, Who these strangers of such lordly aspect are, and what brings them? The attendant professes himself at a loss to say; one of them looks like Siegfried, the other is evidently by his port a noble king. His notice of Von Troneg Hagen is peculiarly vivid:

The third of those companions He is of aspect stern,

And yet with lovely body, Rich queen, as ye might discern;

From those his rapid glances, For the eyes nought rest in him,

Meseems this foreign Recke Is of temper fierce and grim.

This is one of those little graphic touches, scattered all over our Poem, which do more for picturing out an object, especially a man, than whole pages of enumeration and mensuration. Never after do we hear of this stout indomitable Hagen, in all the wild deeds and sufferings he passes through, but those swinden blicken of his come before us, with the restless, deep, dauntiless spirit that locks through them.


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Rh Here indeed do we read of the birth of all that science and  industry has wrought in present America, the dominant thought in its writings and achievement since John Elliot, Roger Williams, Jefferson, Lewis and Clark, through Cooper and Irving down to the days of the expeditions of Powell and Cushing, to the North Pacific Arctic and Antarctic expeditions of the present day. It was an objective need that evoked the expanding group-spirit and even when the immediate objective need was no more, new mental frontiers were sought out and created in Naga-ed-Dar or Ur, Balearic Isles or Mongolia. Thus, the content of geography, geology and anthropology was developed around concrete objectives co-ordinate with ever-receding barriers.

A far different tale has to be told of another impetus, one which did not fix its eyes on the frontier, but cast longing, lingering looks behind; one in which every step forward was for the consolidation of the ancient Church and not the achievement of something new. The Spanish cultural expansion in the New World may be compared to the sudden, dominant emergence of the titanic reptiles of the Mesozoic age, rapidly developed, the more rapidly to decay. While the springs of this later evolution were lying hidden in the insignificant mammals who, none the less, were preparing for the newer mutations, contemporaneous titanic monarchs of the earth were fast using up all energy.

The cause for this lay in that Spain had conquered well-organized states, simply replacing the machinery at the top by its own. The American Indians, under its control, was a subject people and except for occasional protests from kindhearted Catholic Fathers, Spain's only concern was to keep the system going with the least disturbance. On the other hand, France and the New England colonists were faced with the problem of subduing large masses of unknown people scatter-


text: Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society/Volume 52/Some Early Accounts of the Malay Tapir


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title: Author:William George Maxwell


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xlii Brunhild’s reception of Siegfried is not without tartness; which, however, he, with polished courtesy and the nimblest address, ever at his command, softens down, or hurries over: he is here, without will of his own, and so forth, only as attendant on his master, the renowned King Gunther, who comes to sue for her hand, as the summit and keystone of all earthly blessings. Brunhild, who had determined on fighting Siegfried himself, if so he willed it, makes small account of this King Gunther or his prowess; and instantly clears the ground, and equips her for battle. The royal wooer must have looked a little blank when he saw a shield brought in for his fair one’s handling, “three spans thick with gold and iron,” which four chamberlains could hardly bear, and a spear or javelin she meant to shoot or hurl, which was a burden for three. Hagen, in angry apprehension for his king and nephew, exclaims that they shall all lose their life (lip), and that she is the tiuvels wip, or Devil’s wife. Nevertheless Siegfried is already there in his Cloak of Darkness, twelve men strong, and privily whispers in the ear of royalty to be of comfort; takes the shield to himself, Gunther only affecting to hold it, and so fronts the edge of battle. Brunhild performs prodigies of spear-hurling, of leaping, and stone-pitching; but Gunther, or rather Siegfried, “who does the work, he only acting the gestures,” nay who even snatches him up into the air, and leaps carrying him,—gains a decided victory, and the lovely Amazon must own with surprise and shame that she is fairly won. Siegfried presently appears without Tarnkappe, and asks with a grave face, When the games, then, are to begin?

So far well; yet somewhat still remains to be done. Brunhild will not sail for Worms, to be wedded, till she have assembled a fit train of warriors: wherein the Burgundians, being here without retinue, see symptoms or possibilities of mischief. The deft Siegfried, ablest of men, again knows a resource. In his Tarnkappe he steps on board the bark, which seen from the shore, appears to drift-off of its own accord; and therein, stoutly steering towards Nibelungen-land, he reaches that mysterious country and


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 Rembau, one of the Nine States: its History, Constitution and Customs.

The compilers of this pamphlet were requested by Mr. D. G. Campbell, British Resident of Negri Sembilan, to pre- pare a summary of the Rembau Customs relating to land tenure, marriage, divorce and inheritance.

In view of the absence of any sufficient published ac- count of Rembau, it was subsequently decided to add to the original scheme short historical and constitutional sketches of the State.

The compilers are indebted both for numerous sugges- tions, and for information as to the parallel customs of Naning to Mr. J. L. Humphreys, Acting District Officer, Alor Gajah; and they have to thank Mr. W. L. Conlay, Chief Police Office, Negri Sembilan, for much valuable criticism.


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Out of the background of a humanistic classics-loving Italy, an Arab-oppressed, Arab-emerging Spain, a middle Europe with gunpowder, printing press and alchemy borrowed from the East, to batter down the strongholds of Feudalism, and a North-western Europe wavering between the old and new, comes a new birth, in a new environment far off, by Shakespeare's "still-vexed Bermoothes."

One very important new factor in this development was the ever-present, ever-receding frontier of Western culture in the New World. The significance has been admirably stated by Frederick Johnson Turner in The Frontier in American History (1920). "Since the days when the fleet of Columbus sailed into the waters of the New World, America has been another name for opportunity, and the people of the United States have taken their tone from the incessant expansion which has not only been opened but has ever been forced upon them. He would be a rash prophet who should assert that the expansive character of American life has now entirely ceased......To the frontier the American intellect owes its striking characteristics. That coarseness and strength, combined with acuteness and inquisitiveness; that practical, inventive turn of mind, quick to find expedients; that masterful grasp of material things, lacking in the artistic, but powerful to effect great ends; that restless, nervous energy: that dominant individualism, working for good and for evil: and withal that buoyancy and exuberance which comes with freedom—these are the traits of the frontier, or traits called out elsewhere because of the existence of the frontier."


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Rh the mountain where his Hoard lies, before the second morning; finds Dwarf Alberich and all his giant sentinels at their post, and faithful almost to the death; these soon rouse him thirty thousand Nibelungen Recken, from whom he has only to choose one thousand of the best; equip them splendidly enough; and therewith return to Gunther, simply as if they were that sovereign’s own body-guard, that had been delayed a little by stress of weather.

The final arrival at Worms; the bridal feasts, for there are two, Siegfried also receiving his reward; and the joyance and splendour of man and maid, at this lordliest of high-tides; and the joustings, greater than these at Aspramont or Montauban,—every reader can fancy for himself. Remarkable only is the evil eye with which Queen Brunhild still continues to regard the noble Siegfried. She cannot understand how Gunther, the Landlord of the Rhine, should have bestowed his sister on a vassal: the assurance that Siegfried also is a prince and heir-apparent, the prince namely of Netherland, and little inferior to Burgundian majesty itself, yields no complete satisfaction; and Brunhild hints plainly that, unless the truth be told her, unpleasant consequences may follow. Thus is there ever a ravelled thread in the web of life! But for this little cloud of spleen, these bridal feasts had been all bright and balmy as the month of June. Unluckily too, the cloud is an electric one; spreads itself in time into a general earthquake; nay that very night becomes a thunderstorm, or tornado, unparalleled we may hope in the annals of connubial happiness.

The singer of the “Nibelungen,” unlike the author of “Roderick Random,” cares little for intermeddling with “the chaste mysteries of Hymen.” Could we, in the corrupt ambiguous modern tongue, hope to exhibit any shadow of the old simple, true-hearted, merely historical spirit, with which, in perfect purity of soul, he describes


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 Chapter I. Rembau considered historically.

Tradition has summed up the origin and antecedents of the people of Rembau in the saying, Gagak itam, Gagak semui, turun deri bukit berkaki ĕmpat, bangau puteh datang dari laut berkĕpak sayap.". "The black crows and the grey crows descended on foot from the hills, the white egrets flew over on flapping wings from the sea." The crows from the hills are allegorical of the aboriginal tribes, while the white egrets typify the Menangkabau settlers, whose advent is given by local authority to the year 1388 A.D. (773rd year of the Hegira). To intermarriage between these early Sumatran fathers and the aboriginal inhabitants of the state, the Rembau Waris tribe traces its origin.

The tale of the occupation of Rembau by the "Crows" is contained in three distinct traditions connected only by the extravagant hypotheses of Malay ingenuity. The earliest nomadic band was led by Batin Chap, the younger brother of Batin Saribu Jahia, or Sĕri Bujai, legendary chief of the ab- original settlers in Sungei Ujong. No details have been handed down of this first descent from the hills, but its chrono- logical precedence is supported by the fact that upon this tradi- tion has been grafted the story of the Dato' Raja di Gunong and the marriage of his spirit-child to Jahia Petra, a prince of the royal family of Johor. This second tradition can only be considered as a natural attempt of a false pride to erase the blot on the escutcheon of the Rembau Waris descent on the female side from the hill-tribes. Later tradition, by identify. ing Dato' Raja di Gunong with Batin Saribu Jahia, destroys the whole point of the legend; and whatever its interest as myth or literature, the tale is of little historical value.

The third and best known tradition relates in great detail the settlement in Rembau of Batin Sakudai, also called Benda- hara Sakudai. His three daughters To' Mudik, To' Mĕngkudu


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 HIKAYAT SĔRI RAMA.

Professional story-telling has not yet been quite killed in the East, by the gradual diffusion of printed and lithographed books and newspapers. The old legends and romances are still, especially in places remote from European influences, handed down from father to son, and eagerly listened to by old and young at village festivals or domestic celebrations. To the Malays, the skilful raconteur, who can hold his audience en- thralled with the adventures of his hero and heroine, or with elaborate descriptions of the magnificence of the palaces and courts of mythical Rajas, is the pĕnglipur lara, "the soother of cares," by the magic of whose art all woes are temporarily banished.

Sitting in the balai of a Raja or Chief, or in the verandah of a private house, when the sun has gone down and the even- ing meal is over, the story-teller, very likely a man who can neither read nor write, will commence one of the romances of his repertoire, intoning the words in a monotonous chant as if he were reading aloud from a book. He has very likely been placed purposely near a doorway leading to the women's apart- ment, and the laughter and applause of the male audience without is echoed from behind the curtains, where the women of the household sit eagerly listening to the story. The recita- tion is perhaps prolonged far into the night, and then post- poned, to be continued on the succeeding night. There is no hesitation or failure of memory on the part of the bard; he has been at it from his youth up, and has inherited his romances from his father and ancestors, who told them in days gone by


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 to the forefathers of his present audience. A small reward, a hearty welcome, and a good meal await the Malay rhapsodist wherever he goes, and he wanders among Malay villages as Homer did among the Greek cities.

Being in Perak as Assistant Resident some years ago, I was a witness on one occasion of the talents of one Mir Hassan, a native of Kampar in the south-east of that State, and brought him down to Larut with the intention of having his stock of legendary lore committed to writing. Official occupations interrupted this work, and it is only in this year (1886) that I have been able to have it completed, Mir Hassan having, through the influence of my friend Raja Idris of Perak, been induced to visit me in Singapore. I now offer to the Society the Malay text of a romance called Seri Rama, Like the well known Malay hikayat of that name, it is founded upon the adventures of some of the heroes of the Ramayana, but an oral legend current among the people has, of course, many points of interest, which are wanting in a written version, compiled by a scribe who may have knowingly borrowed from foreign sources. It may not, perhaps, be easy to trace much of the action of the great Hindu Epic in the somewhat childish narrative of the Malay village-singer, but of the profound influence which the Ramayana and Mahabharata have had in the Farther East the India extra Gangem and the islands beyond there can be no doubt. There is not a village-stage in Siam, Malaya or Java, the dramas of which are not directly referable to these sources, while the wrongs of Sita Dewi, the might of the gaint Rawana, and the prowess of the monkey- king Hanuman are household words everywhere.

Mir Hassan's story was taken down verbatim from his lips by native writers, and I have gone carefully over it, getting from him explanations of obscure passages. Here and there the style is diversified by metrical passages in a peculiar rhythm not unlike specimens of Dayak blank-verse. The following sketch to the story, where passages of particular interest occur,


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xliv things unattempted yet in prose or rhyme,—we could a tale unfold! Suffice it to say, King Gunther, Landlord of the Rhine, falling sheer down from the third heaven of hope, finds his spouse the most athletic and intractable of women; and himself, at the close of the adventure, nowise encircled in her arms, but tied hard and fast, hand and foot, in her girdle, and hung thereby, at considerable elevation, on a nail in the wall. Let any reader of sensibility figure the emotions of the royal breast, there as he vibrates suspended on his peg, and his inexorable bride sleeping sound in her bed below! Towards morning he capitulates; engaging to observe the prescribed line of conduct with utmost strictness, so he may but avoid becoming a laughing-stock to all men.

No wonder the dread king looked rather grave next morning, and received the congratulations of mankind in a cold manner. He confesses to Siegfried, who partly suspects how it may be, that he has brought the “evil devil” home to his house in the shape of wife, whereby he is wretched enough. However, there are remedies for all things but death. The ever-serviceable Siegfried undertakes even here to make the crooked straight. What may not an honest friend with Tarnkappe and twelve men’s strength perform? Proud Brunhild, next night, after a fierce contest, owns herself again vanquished; Gunther is there to reap the fruits of another’s victory; the noble Siegfried withdraws, taking nothing with him but the luxury of doing good, and the proud queen’s Ring and Girdle gained from her in that struggle; which small trophies he, with the last infirmity of a noble mind, presents to his own fond wife, little dreaming that they would one day cost him and her, and all of them, so dear. Such readers as take any interest in poor Gunther will be gratified to learn, that from this hour Brunhild’s preternatural faculties quite left her, being all dependent on her maidhood; so that any more spear-hurling, or other the like extraordinary work, is not to be apprehended from her.

If we add, that Siegfried formerly made over to his dear


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 will give those who are unable to read the original an insight into the style of a genuine Malay legendary romance.

The story opens in the kingdom of Tanjong Bunga, the Raja of which is called Sĕri Rama, married to the Princess Sa-kuntum Bunga Sa-tangkai (a single blossom on a stalk). Sĕri Rama's peace of mind is disturbed by the fact that, though he has been married for three years, he has no child, and for three months and ten days he ponders over this want of an heir, An idea occurs to him one night, and on rising in the morning he goes into the outer hall of his palace and ringing the alarm- hell brings all his people together. A metrical passage in which a tropical daybreak is described is not without some beauty of expression. The following is a somewhat free translation:—

Long had past the hour of midnight, Lingered yet the coming day-light; Twice ere now had wakening infants Risen and sunk again in slumber: Wrapped in sleep were all the elders, Far away were pheasants calling, In the woods the shrill cicada, Chirped and dew came dropping earthwards. Now lowed oxen in the meadows, Moaned the buffaloes imprisoned, Cocks, with voice and wings, responded. And with feebler note the murai. Soon the first pale streak of morning, Rose and upwards soared the night birds; Pigeons cooed beneath the roof-tree, Fitful came the quail's low murmur; On the hearth lay last night's embers, Foot-long brands burned down to inches, Heralds all of day's approaching.

The palace is described with the usual oriental exaggeration The length of the outer audience chamber is "as far as the flight of bird, as far as the eye can see, as far as a horse can gallop at a stretch." Part of the art of the story-teller consists in piling up similes and synonymous descriptive phrases in this


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 "Come,” said Mrs Norris.“ Let us go across and have tea.”

The Major excused himself, and took his departure.

Mrs Norris gathered her little shawl round her shoulders and led through a sombre antechamber to a little terrace, where creepers and flowers bloorned thick on the low walls. There was a bell-flower, red and velvety, like blood that is drying: and clusters of white roses: and tufts of bougainvillea, papery magenta colour.

“How lovely it is here!" said Kate. "Having the great dark trees beyond.”

But she stood in a kind of dread.

“Yes it is beautiful,” said Mrs Norris, with the gratification of a possessor. "I have such a time trying to keep these apart.” And going across in her little black shawl, she pushed the bougainvillea away from the rust-scarlet bell-flowers, stroking the little roses to make them intervene.

"I think the two reds together interesting,” said Owen.

"Do you really!" said Mrs Norris, automatically, paying no heed to such a remark.

The sky was blue overhead, but on the lower horizon was a thick, pearl haze. The clouds had gone.

“One never sees Popocatepetl nor Ixtaccihuatl,” said Kate, disappointed.

"No, not at this season. But look, through the trees there, you see Ajusco!"

Kate looked at the sombre-seeming mountain, between the huge dark trees.

On the low stone parapet were Aztec things, obsidian knives, grimacing squatting idols in black lava, and a queer thickish stone stick, or baton. Owen was balancing the latter: it felt murderous even to touch.

Kate turned to the general, who was near her, his face expressionless, yet alert.

“Aztec things oppress me," she said.

"They are oppressive,” he answered, in his beautiful cultured English, that was nevertheless a tiny bit like a parrot talking.

“There is no hope in them,” she said.

“Perhaps the Aztecs never asked for hope,” he said, somewhat automatically.

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Rh Chriemhild the Nibelungen Hoard, by way of Morgengabe (or, as we may say, Jointure); and the high-tide, though not the honeymoon, being past, returned to Netherland with his spouse, to be welcomed there with infinite rejoicings,—we have gone through as it were the First Act of this Tragedy; and may here pause to look round us for a moment. The main characters are now introduced on the scene, the relations that bind them together are dimly sketched out: there is the prompt, cheerfully heroic, invulnerable and invincible Siegfried, now happiest of men; the high Chriemhild, fitly-mated, and if a moon, revolving glorious round her sun, or Friedel (joy and darling); not without pride and female aspirings, yet not prouder than one so gifted and placed is pardonable for being. On the other hand, we have King Gunther, or rather let us say king’s-mantle Gunther, for never except in that one enterprise of courting Brunhild, in which too, without help, he would have cut so poor a figure, does the worthy sovereign show will of his own, or character other than that of good potter’s clay; farther, the suspicious, forecasting, yet stout and reckless Hagen, him with the rapid glances, and these turned not too kindly on Siegfried, whose prowess he has used yet dreads, whose Nibelungen Hoard he perhaps already covets; lastly, the rigorous and vigorous Brunhild, of whom also more is to be feared than hoped. Considering the fierce nature of these now mingled ingredients; and how, except perhaps in the case of Gunther, there is no menstruum of placid stupidity to soften them; except in Siegfried, no element of heroic truth to master them and bind them together,—unquiet fermentation may readily be apprehended.

Meanwhile, for a season all is peace and sunshine. Siegfried reigns in Netherland, of which his father has surrendered him the crown; Chriemhild brings him a son, whom in honour of the uncle he christens Gunther, which courtesy the uncle and Brunhild repay in kind. The Nibelungen Hoard is still open and inexhaustible; Dwarf Alberich and all the Recken there still loyal; outward relations friendly, internal supremely prosperous:


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 Note on the Malay Game 'Jongkak.'

I lately obtained, and sent to the Raffles Museum for exhibition, the playing-board and seeds for the Malay game "Jongkak."

Haji Othman the Visiting Teacher of Province Wellesley, from whom I obtained the board, describes Jongkak as a women's game originally played by the ladies at the courts of the Malay Rajas. The playing board is shaped like a junk or boat, and, according to Haji Othman, the name of the game is derived from "jong" a junk. The board has 7 holes on each side, with a larger hole or compartment at each end.

The game is one for two people and is usually played with Tamarind or other seeds, but marbles are now sometimes used. Each player has one "village" (kampong) or row of holes, and in each side hole she places 7 seeds. The board is then ready for play.

The players start together. Each player taking the 7 seeds from the hole on her right and carrying them from right to left, drops one in each hole, the last seed falling into the large hole at the end. This seed is said to have "entered the house" (naik rumah) and this house belongs to the player on whose left it lies.

Each player then takes all the seeds from any one of the other holes in her "village" and moving as before from right to left around the board again drops a seed into each hole, taking care to drop one into her own 'house' but none into her opponent's.

Should the last seed fall into an empty hole the player is dead (mati), and must wait until the other player is 'dead' before she can again play. If this hole is in the player's own "village" any seeds in the opposite hole on her opponent's side may be taken and put into the "house." This is said to be (?) "a sacrifice" (mati béla).


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 "Surely it is hope that keeps one going?" she said.

“You, maybe. But not the Aztec, nor the Indian to-day.

He spoke like a man who has something in reserve, who is only half attending to what he hears, and even to his own answer,

“What do they have, if they don’t have hope?" she said.

“They have some other strength, perhaps,” he said evasively.

“I would like to give them hope," she said. If they had hope, they wouldn’t be so sad, and they would be cleaner, and not have vermin.”’

"That of course would be good," he said, with a little smile. “But I think they are not so very sad. They laugh a good deal and are gay.”

"No,” she said. "They oppress me, like a weight on my heart. They make me irritable, and I want to go away.”

“From Mexico?"

“Yes. I feel I want to go away from it and never, never see it again. It is so oppressive and gruesome.”

“Try it a little longer,” he said. "Perhaps you will feel differently. But perhaps not,” he ended vaguely, driftngly.

She could feel in him a sort of yearning towards her. As if a sort of appeal came to her from him, from his physical heart in his breast. As if the very heart gave out dark rays of seeking and yearning. She glimpsed this now for the first time, quite apart from the talking, and it made her shy.

“And does everything in Mexico oppress you?" he added, almost shyly, but with a touch of mockery, looking at her with a troubled naive face that had its age heavy and resistant beneath the surface.

“Almost everything!" she said. It makes my heart sink. Like the eyes of the men in the big hats—I call them the peons. Their eyes have no middle to them. Those big handsome men, under their big hats, they aren’t really there. They have no centre, no real . Their middle is a raging black hole, like the middle of a maelstrom."

She looked with her troubled grey eyes into the black, slanting, watchful, calculating eyes of the small man opposite her. He had a pained expression, puzzled, like a child.

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JP/pt 27 (Mr. Al-Ashtal, Yemen) Thirdly, the Republic of Yemen as a matter of principle emphasizes its condemnation and denunciation of all forms of interference in the internal affairs of other countries, and strongly opposes the use of force and calls for the peaceful settlement of disputes.

Fourthly, on that basis, we call on Iraq ad Kuwait to begin immediately negotiations with a view to solving their problems, and we support all efforts by Arab countries, individually and collectively, to contain the crisis. Those efforts are going on now in Caira, where the Foreign Ministers of the Arab countries are meeting to deal with the matter.

The President: I thank the representative of Yemen for his kind words addressed to me.

I shall now put to the vote the draft resolution contained in document S/21425.

A vote was taken by show of hands.

In favour: Canada, China, Colombia, Côte d'Ivoire, Cuba, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Malaysia, Romania, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, United States of America, Zaire

Yemen did not participate in the voting.

The President: The result of the voting is as follows: 14 in favour, none against and no abstentions. One member did not participate in the voting. The draft resolution has been adopted as resolution 660 (1990).

There are no further speakers on my list. The Security Council has thus concluded the present stage of its consideration of the item on its agenda. The Security Council will remain seized of the matter.

The meeting rose at 6.05 a.m.


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 When the last seed falls into a hole in which there are other seeds, these are taken and the player continues in play, and should the last seed fall into the player's "house" she also continues in play, taking the seeds from any hole in her "village."

When no more seeds remain in a player's "village" she is said to be "once defeated" (kalah sa-papan). She may however, take any seeds there may be in her "house" and place them again in the holes in her "village" putting 7 in a hole as before. Should any holes be left empty they are called "ruined wells" (telaga burok) and the player owning "ruined wells" must wait until her opponent is dead before playing again.

The game goes on in this way until a player has lost all her seeds. She is then "utterly destroyed" (mati kena abu). Skeat, who calls the game "chongkak," gives a short descripion of it in his "Malay Magic."


text: Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society/Volume 49/Note on the Malay Game "Jongkak"


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xlvi these are halcyon days. But, alas, they cannot last. Queen Brunhild, retaining with true female tenacity her first notion, right or wrong, reflects one day that Siegfried, who is and shall be nothing but her husband’s vassal, has for a long while paid him no service; and, determined on a remedy, manages that Siegfried and his queen shall be invited to a high-tide at Worms, where opportunity may chance for enforcing that claim. Thither accordingly, after ten years’ absence, we find these illustrious guests returning; Siegfried escorted by a thousand Nibelungen Ritters, and farther by his father Siegemund who leads a train of Netherlanders. Here for eleven days, amid infinite joustings, there is a true heaven-on-earth: but the apple of discord is already lying in the knightly ring, and two Women, the proudest and keenest-tempered of the world, simultaneously stoop to lift it. Aventiure Fourteenth is entitled “How the two queens rated one another.” Never was courtlier Billingsgate uttered, or which came more directly home to the business and bosoms of women. The subject is that old story of Precedence, which indeed, from the time of Cain and Abel downwards, has wrought such effusion of blood and bile both among men and women; lying at the bottom of all armaments and battle-fields, whether Blenheims and Waterloos, or only plate-displays, and tongue-and-eye skirmishes, in the circle of domestic Tea: nay, the very animals have it; and horses, were they but the miserablest Shelties and Welsh ponies, will not graze together till it has been ascertained, by clear fight, who is master of whom, and a proper drawing-room etiquette established.

Brunhild and Chriemhild take to arguing about the merits of their husbands: the latter, fondly expatiating on the preëminence of her Friedel, how he walks “like the moon among stars” before all other men, is reminded by her sister that one man at least must be excepted, the mighty King Gunther of Worms, to whom by his own confession long ago at Isenstein, he is vassal and servant. Chriemhild will sooner admit that clay is above sunbeams, than any such proposition; which therefore she, in all


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 And at the same time something obstinate and mature, a demonish maturity, opposing her in an animal way.

“You mean we aren’t real people, we have nothing of our own, except killing and death," he said, quite matter of fact.

“I don’t know," she said, startled by his interpretation. "I only say how it makes me feel.”

“You are very clever, Mrs Leslie,” came Don Ramón’s quiet, but heavy teasing voice behind her. It is quite true. Whenever a Mexican cries he ends up with When he says he really means  I think of all the Mexican revolutions, and I see a skeleton walking ahead of a great number of people, waving a black banner with written in large white letters. Not but "

Kate looked round. Don Ramón was flashing his knowing brown Spanish eyes, and a little sardonic smile lurked under his moustache. Instantly Kate and he, Europeans in essence, understood one another. He was waving his arm to the last

"But,” said Kate, “I don’t want to say ”

"But when you are real Mexican—" he said, teasing.

"I could be," she said hotly, and he laughed.

“I’m afraid hits the nail on the head,” said Mrs Norris, rather stonily. "But won’t you come to tea! Do!”

She led the way in her black little shawl and neat grey hair, going ahead like a Conquistador herself, and turning to look with her Aztec eyes through her pince-nez, to see if the others were coming.

“We are following," said Don Ramón in Spanish, teasing her. Stately in his black suit, he walked behind her on the narrow terrace, and Kate followed, with the small, strutting Don Cipriano, also in a black suit, lingering oddly near her.

“Do I call you General or Don Cipriano?" she asked, turning to him.

An amused little smile quickly lit his face, though his eyes did not smile. They looked at her with a black, sharp look.

“As you wish,” he said. “You know is a term of disgrace in Mexico. Shall we say Don Cipriano?"

"Yes, I like that much the best," she said.

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JP/pt 26 (The President) It is my understanding that the Council is ready to proceed to the vote on the draft resolution before it. If I hear no objection, I shall take it that that is case.

There being no objection, it is so decided.

Before putting the draft resolution to the vote. I shall first call on those members of the Council who wish to make statements before the voting.

Mr. Al-Ashtal (Yemen) (interpretation from Arabic): At the outset, Sir, allow me to congratulate you on your assumption of the presidency of the Security Council for this month, which seems to be a very difficult time. I wish also to thank Mr. Razali, the representative of Malaysia, who conducted the Council's affairs in an exemplary manner last month.

The delegation of Yemen will not participate in the voting on the draft resolution, because we have not received instructions from Sana, the capital.

However, I should like to make the following points.

First, the delegation of the Republic of Yemen, which has always tried to express the Arab position and to defend Arab interests in the Security Council, feels sorrow and embarrassment over the subject of the discussion here, especially since the problem relates to two Arab countries members of the League of Arab States, the Organization of the Islamic Conference and the Non-Aligned Movement, Iraq and Kuwait, with which we have very brotherly ties.

Secondly, the Republic of Yemen emphasizes its respect for the United Nations Charter and its principles and the right of all States, without exception, to enjoy their sovereignty and their territorial integrity and independence. That applies to Kuwait just as it applies to any other country.