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 unions in industrial centres. At the beginning of 1907 there were in the whole of Russia 81 unions of workers working in metals and machine construction, with a total membership of 54,173. These unions were not constructed on a strictly industrial principle. In many localities the unions were narrow craft organisations of moulders, turners, smiths, etc.

New growths of the trade union movement among metal workers became evident in Petersburg during 1912 and 1914. This period, in which the metal workers marched hand in hand with the left wing of the social democrats, is important for the fact that it witnessed the development of groups of active workers in our movement who played an important part in the creation of our union after the revolution of February, 1917.

The war involved the practical dissolution of the scattered metal workers' organisations, so that the metal workers entered the epoch of our great revolution with hardly any trade union organisation. The most powerful weapon of their organisation was that highly developed class consciousness which they were able to forge in the process of the revolutionary struggle.

The Revolution of February, 1917, gave a tremendous impetus to the development of trade union organisations among the metal workers. At the third All-Russian Conference of Trade Unions which took place 20th–28th June, 1917, 400,000 workers organised in metal workers' unions were represented. At that time also a conference of metal workers' delegates was held at which a Provisional Executive Committee of the All-Russia Metal Workers' Union was elected and in this manner the foundation of our national organisation was laid down.

The first inaugural conference of the union took place in Petrograd in January, 1918, at which more than 600,000 workers were represented. This Conference laid down the rules of the All-Russian Union and elected a Central Committee. The organisation was constructed on a democratic centralism in the sphere of management of all the unions' activities, responsibility to constituents, and subordination to the higher organs of the unions. This same conference outlined the functions of the union in the period when the proletariat has taken power; of this we shall speak later.

The ensuing year was not favourable for organising work. The German imperialist offensive and the counter-revolution which took place with the assistance of the latter in the Ukraine and the Don Basin, as well as the Russian counter-revolutionary offensive from Siberia backed by the Czecho-Slovak troops and the Entente, drew all the attention of our union to the defence of the fundamental gains of the revolution. The Ural and the Don Basin were cut off from Central Russia, the metal industry in Petrograd was reduced to a considerable extent, as a consequence of its being dismantled and evacuated to other districts.

All this explains the fact that at our second conference which took place in January, 1919, only 400,000 organised members of the union were represented.

The third conference which took place recently (April 6th, 1920) again had the possibility of gathering representatives from all parts of Russia, and at this conference more than 550,000 were represented.


text:
Page:Trade Unions in Soviet Russia - I.L.P. (1920).djvu/71

The Metal Workers' Union at the present moment is a national organisation which embraces all those engaged in the metal and metal working industry. All workers, engaged in obtaining metal from the mines and working this metal in any form, from smelting to the making of machines and metal implements, are included in our Union. Besides this it includes all occupations in a metallurgical or metal working undertaking irrespective of category or trade. Thus, our members include skilled and unskilled workers, the office staff, technicians and engineers; workers engaged on different crafts in the metal works, as the wood mould makers for instance, are all included in our union.

This principle of industrial organisation was accepted by the union in 1917, and to a considerable degree constituted our strength in the revolutionary class struggle. At the present moment it is an essential condition of the work of the union in organising the metal industry on socialist foundations.

The extraordinary growth of interest of the workers in the industrial organisation even in the middle of 1917 resulted in more than 50 per cent, of all the metal workers becoming members of the union. This gave the opportunity for many local organisations on their own initiative to raise the question, at general labour meetings, of compulsory membership in the unions for all metal workers. The result of this movement, which was supported by the second All-Russian Conference, is that now practically all workers and employees in the metal industry are members of the Union. This to a considerable degree lightens our task in working out rates of wages.

The scheme of organisation of the metal workers' union is based on the following: the primary organisation is the factory committee. This is elected every six months at a general meeting of workers and employees and generally consists of from 5 to 11 members. The main task of the Committee is to carry out all the trade union regulations in the Factory; it deals with the protection of labour, trade union agitation and propaganda, supplies the workers with necessaries, clothes as well as articles of general consumption, and maintains the fundamental basis of trade union and industrial discipline among the members of the union. The Conference of Factory Committees of a given industrial area, usually a territorial area a little smaller than a "government" (gubernia), is the higher directing organ within that area. This conference elects the regional committee which manages these regional branches of the All-Russia Union of Metal Workers.

Usually these committees are in the industrial centres of the regions. As subsidiary machinery the regional Committee may have its agents in the various towns embraced by it, but these are not obligatory; such agents are usually elected at local meetings of the members and carry out the instructions of the higher organ.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Page:Trade Unions in Soviet Russia - I.L.P. (1920).djvu/72

 The congress of the union is held once a year; the representatives at this conference are elected at regional conference on the basis of strict proportion of one delegate to every 2,000 members. The Conference elects the central committee of the union. The regulations of the Congress and, in the interval between congresses, the regulations of the Central Committee are obligatory upon all the organs of the union and upon the members.

The union also allows the organisation of sections for those categories of labour the working conditions of which are to some extent peculiar, or to those who have comparatively recently entered into the organisation. These sections are organised in the form of elected subsidiary organs attached to the general trade union but they have not the right to carry out any independent resolutions without the sanction of the union, nor can they have separate funds. In the whole national union there is only one engineers' section; in some local organisations there are sections of workers working in gold, silver and platinum, or there are also sections of workers working in electrical undertakings. There are no other sections at the present moment. The metal workers' union is in this manner one complete organisation, strongly welded by the common interests of the metal working industry.

This structure of the metal workers' union was developed in the process of prolonged organisation work, and found it expression in the rules of the union organs accepted at the second Congress of the Union.

There are three questions which are of the greatest interest in the development of the organisation; these are: (1) the relations between the factory committees and the union, (2) the regional organisations, (3) the inclusion of engineers in the unions. (Note: the engineers referred to here are the higher engineers and not the mechanics).

The first question stood out very sharply in the period directly after the October Revolution when the factory committees and the unions were faced with the same problem in the sphere of organising production, namely, to replace the overthrown governing authority of capital by a new directing order.

The conditions were too new; there had been no previous experience; therefore hesitation and experimenting were inevitable. But the new problems before the trade unions—problems compelling them to shift the centre of gravity of their labours to the sphere of economic construction—made it essential for all the economic institutions of the proletariat to fuse into a single organisation; a form of organisation was found which fused all the organising forces into one; the factory committees were converted into the embryo of the union, the unit of its organisation. The experience of more than two years' work has sufficiently justified this form.

The second question in the sphere of organisation had both a practical and theoretical significance. Its practical significance lay in the fact that in such a tremendous territory as Russia it was difficult to construct rapidly a centralised union.


text: The Works of H. G. Wells (Atlantic Edition)/Scepticism of the Instrument


text: The Works of H. G. Wells (Atlantic Edition)/A Modern Utopia


text: The Works of H. G. Wells (Atlantic Edition)/A Modern Utopia/The Owner of the Voice


text: The Works of H. G. Wells (Atlantic Edition)/A Modern Utopia/Chapter 1


text:
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title: Page:Peterson's Magazine 1855 B.pdf/11


text: The Works of H. G. Wells (Atlantic Edition)/A Modern Utopia/Chapter 2


text:
Page:Peterson's Magazine 1855 B.pdf/12

CHEMISETTE AND SLEEVE.

LETTERS FORI MARKING.

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title: Page:Peterson's Magazine 1855 B.pdf/12


text: The Works of H. G. Wells (Atlantic Edition)/A Modern Utopia/Chapter 3


text: The Works of H. G. Wells (Atlantic Edition)/A Modern Utopia/Chapter 4


text: The Works of H. G. Wells (Atlantic Edition)/A Modern Utopia/Chapter 5


text: The Works of H. G. Wells (Atlantic Edition)/A Modern Utopia/Chapter 6


text:
Page:Peterson's Magazine 1855 B.pdf/13

PETERSON’S MAGAZINE.

Vol. XXVIII.

A SKETCH "BELOW BLEECKER."

BY MISS ALICE GRAY.

"Died, on the eight instant, of consumption, Francisco Padrilla, aged sixty, a native of Venice." How often does such a notice meet your careless eye as you run over the list of deaths in the evening paper! The fifth act of another life tragedy has just closed in your midst, and surely there is enough on the sur fnce of this brief announcement to form material for imagining the foregoing scenes. It is worded with all possible conciseness—the last clause might perhaps have been omitted, but in that did not the pen follow the home-turnings of the heart that had just ceased to beat? Had" not the gliding gondolas of the "silent city" risen hefore the dying, and the dip of their oars seunded in his ear like echoing music? For sixty years he had buffeted the storms of life, and at least, amid the roar and the rush of the great city whither his steps had strayed, on the eight instant, he died. The fact you read of so coolly is filling some heart with curdling agony.

I used often to watch him go in and out, the poor foreign artist who never seemed to have any orders for the pictures that suoceeded each other on his easel. His black velvet coat grew every day more rusty, his step more spirit less. How lonely he looked amid the jostling crowd in Broadway, and what a lingering, melan chely glance would he cast upon it as he reached bis own corner, and turned down into the chill shadow of the lofty hotel! Once I saw him pause by a stand of oranges, in whose golden gleam he caught a look of sunny Italy—three cents was too much—he shook his head and passed on. With the exercise of a little Yankee guessing I soon learned much about the family. There was a boy with a Murillo head, and large, deep eyes, who, as winter advanced, went and eame with the packages of law-papers which had heen his father's burden. And day by day, in rain and shine, a girl of eighteen wrapped her thin shawl about her, and went to her round of music lessons. I knew her errand by her well-worn port-folio.

But after awhile the daughter's splendid voice attracted the attention of an "artist Lyrigue," and she received an offer for an opera engage ment. The terms proposed would fail to pay for the wear and tear of voice and strength in a most laborious occupation, but the eye of the employe had glanced around the bare room, and rested upon the pale, pinched cheek of Filippa. With a coarse jest about rouging for the stage, he took his leave, and now the lamps of a rickety hack glare at midnight upon the bed-room ceil ings of the neighbors. Filippa still returned at dusk from her music lessons, however, alone and hurriedly, patiently enduring the street impertinences which assail the "shabby-genteel" more than the laboring and even ragged poor.

But one night, while Filippa was singing at the opera, her father died. Did stupified misery keep dry the eyes of those lovely Italian orphans as they bent above the silent lips, or busied themselves in vain endeavors to throw around the rough coffin something of the grace and tenderness of their own loved land? Poverty's iron cuts deep into the soul at such a time. There were all the repulsive accompaniments of death, there was the unmarked grave in Potter's-field staring them in the face. But what is all this to thee, fair dweller in Fourteenth street, stretched on thy velvet lounge, planning a costume for Mrs. T——'s next reception? The remains of poor Francisco Padrilla lie in a low, dreary house far "below Bleecker." It is but a few steps from laughing, glittering Broadway, but your little feet never stumbled over its uneven pavement. There the roar of the near tide of gayety and bustle is a weariness and a mockery, and to you, perhaps, this recital seems the same. What is it all to you ? Let me tell you. You were at the opera last night. From your luxurious box you saw and listened

title: Page:Peterson's Magazine 1855 B.pdf/13


text: The Works of H. G. Wells (Atlantic Edition)/A Modern Utopia/Chapter 7


text: The Works of H. G. Wells (Atlantic Edition)/A Modern Utopia/Chapter 8


text: The Works of H. G. Wells (Atlantic Edition)/A Modern Utopia/Chapter 9


text:
Page:Peterson's Magazine 1855 B.pdf/360

 CHILDREN'S FASHIONS.

RAPHAEL SLEEVE.

EDGING.

GIRL'S DRESS.

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title: Page:Peterson's Magazine 1855 B.pdf/360


text:
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title: Page:Peterson's Magazine 1855 B.pdf/361


text: The Works of H. G. Wells (Atlantic Edition)/A Modern Utopia/Chapter 10


text: Page:Peterson's Magazine 1855 B.pdf/362

title: Page:Peterson's Magazine 1855 B.pdf/362


text: Page:Peterson's Magazine 1855 B.pdf/363

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NAME FOK MARKING.

THE PARODI.

title: Page:Peterson's Magazine 1855 B.pdf/364


text: The Works of H. G. Wells (Atlantic Edition)/A Modern Utopia/Chapter 11


text:
Page:Peterson's Magazine 1855 B.pdf/365

PETERSON’S MAGAZINE.

Vol. XXVIII. THE WIFE'S INFLUENCE.

BY ELLEN ASHTON.

"Hallo! What's the hurry, Ned? Flying off to the conjugal nest again? You are the very fellow I wanted to see. Perkins, and Cald well, and myself are going to Absecom, day after tomorrow, on a gunning expedition; and wish you to make the fourth. Come now, that's a good fellow."

"Thank you, Sanford, but you forget that I am an antiquated family man, of nearly two years' standing. I've given up all my bachelor follies, my dear sir," replied Edward Maurice, laughingly.

"Surely you have played the devoted to Mrs. Maurice long enough. She can certainly spare you for a week," was the answer, with a slight sneer.

"But I don't wish to be spared," retorted Maurice, good-humoredly.

A slight whistle escaped from Mr. Sanford, and he replied. "What a change has come over you! They say there's the finest shooting there that has been for years ; and you used to be such a famous shot too!"

"You can't tempt me."

"I hope you're not becoming a 'sap,' Ned," was the half contemptuous answer.

"No. Only a staid Benedict," said Maurice, who had too much good sense, and loved his wife too dearly, to be laughed out of showing his affection. "But it's my dinner hour, so good bye."

Sanford stood, for a moment, when his friend bad left, gazing after him quite pityingly; and then went on his way, laughing to himself, as he thought of the fun he should have, when showing lp poor, hen-pecked Maurice to his old cronies.

The husband, in the meanwhile, hurried torard bis pleasant home, sure of a glad welcome roxn his wife. On his road, he saw a lad selling ouquets, and as they were the last of the season, o purchased one for Mrs. Maurice, saying, "it ill please her, she loves flowers so." But he was doomed to a disappointment, and one all the more poignant, because it was the first in his married life. When he reached home, no wife came to meet him. He looked for her in the parlor, and then in the sitting-room, but finding her in none of these places, went to the nursery, where he discovered her, in dishabille, holding the infant, while the nursery-maid stood idly by.

Mr. Maurice had one peculiarity. He liked to see a lady dressed for dinner. As his wife had always done this, his first idea, on finding her here, and in such a costume, was that the babe was seriously ill.

"My dear, is he very sick?" he cried, has tening to her.

"Oh! no, I believe not; only a little fretful: he's teething, you know."

The face of Mr. Maurice brightened. He kissed his wife and child, and holding up the bouquet, said,

" How relieved I am ! And here is a bouquet, one of the last of the season, which I have bought you, dearest."

The child extended its hands, attracted by the gay flowers. Without a moment's hesitation, Mrs. Maurice transferred the bouquet to the infant, who began immediately thrashing it about, so that the carpet was soon strewed with the fallen leaves and petals.

The countenance of the husband fell. He could not help recalling the time, when his bouquets had been oarefully preserved, the water being changed daily. Of late several examples of this too exclusive devotion to the infant, this making it first and him secondary, had forced themselves on his notice : but he had never been so much hurt as he was now. He thought of the disabille also.

"If the^child had been really sick, I would not have cared," he said to himself, as he went to his chamber to arrange his toilet a little for

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title: Page:Peterson's Magazine 1855 B.pdf/293


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text:
Page:Trade Unions in Soviet Russia - I.L.P. (1920).djvu/73

 The regional organisations were necessary in the transitional stages toward a centralised union, but they became an obstacle in the path of the creation of such a union after the preliminary organising work had been carried out. The second All-Russian Conference of the Metal Workers' Union therefore dissolved all the regional organisations.

This question was a question of principle in those regions where national peculiarities created special conditions of work. Thus the question of the Ukrainian regional organisations was bound up with the Ukrainian national question. But the long years of joint struggle and identity of economic interests established such unbreakable ties between the Ukrainian metal workers and those of Central Russia, that the inclusion of the Ukrainian metal Workers in the All-Russian Union, after their liberation from Skoropadsky, and later 'from Denikin, was absolutely painless. There was never any tendency among the metal workers in the Ukraine or in the Don basin which necessitated the establishment of the federal principle in the trade union organisation. The Ukraine, like the whole of Russia is divided up into districts, all of which enter into a single centralised metal workers' union.

Finally, the third question of admittance of engineers to membership of the union was of considerable importance to our union as it was for all other unions in Russia.

Under the capitalist regime engineers in the main were outside the working class, and certain sections of them were even hostile. The engineers did not understand the constructive aims of the October Revolution; they only saw in the class which had just come to power, the ability to destroy the forces of production. The inevitable tension of relations in the factories helped to increase the estrangement, but the process of reconstructing the economic life of the country which is now going on, as well as the historical lessons in the Ural and the Ukraine, where capital assumed the most repulsive form of speculation, and plundered the productive wealth of the country, were an impetus to a change in the attitude on the part of the engineers toward the workers. The workers and the engineers first found common ground and one might say a common language in the metal workers' union.

The All-Russian Conference of Metal Engineers which took place in August, 1919, was the first conference in the world where the organised proletariat and the engineers met for the discussion of general questions of the economic revival of the country. Here we have the first step towards the co-operation between the physical and mental workers, and in this connection the Conference has an historical significance. As we have already stated, all engineers are included in the union, form separate sections and participate in the solution of all questions affecting the union.

These are the main features in the present organisation of the All-Russia Metal Workers' Union. Its main work was always determined by the more fundamental problems facing the proletariat as a class.


text:
Page:Peterson's Magazine 1855 B.pdf/299

PETERSON’S MAGAZINE.

Vol. XXVIII. THE "DANDY FROM BOSTON."

BY JAMES H. DANA.

At sixteen, Kate Stanley was the belle of Leicester. She was beautiful as a rose-bud, merry as a Virginia reel, and witty as Sheridan. "So this young dandy from Boston," she said, " boasts that he can have any of us country girls whenever he pleases."

"He has but to throw his handkerchief, Ned tell me he says," answered her cousin, "and the favored one will be his slave thankfully."

Ned Dudley, Jeanie's betrothed husband, knew all the young men of the village, as well as every visitor of note, and was in a way, therefore, to hear everything that passed. There could be no doubt consequently of the aspersion.

"We Bhall see," replied Kate, with a toss of the head. "I never have flirted yet, but I'll do it now, if it's possible. This puppy needs a lesson. Does he think we're Circassian girls, put up at auction, while he sits smoking, half asleep, like a Turk, and bidding off the prettiest?"

Kate had never been so angry in her life. Her whole sex had been insulted, and she determined to avenge them.

In a little while, Harry Nelson, the "dandy from Boston," became a declared admirer of Kate. He was at her father's nearly every evening, sent her bouquets almost daily, and was constantly seen escorting ber through the streets. Every Sunday, he either came to her church to service, or was waiting at the door when she went out. She was his partner at all the picnics of the season. Everybody said that the couple were engaged.

But Kate kept her own counsel. If she persisted in her original intention, she was playing her cards so adroitly, that she seemed, even to her closest friends, to be really in earnest. When Harry was by she had eyes for no one else. She always managed that he should find her dis engaged for the first dance at every party. She sang her best songs for him, dressed in his colors, and even admired his favorite authors, though they happened to be those she had formerly detested most. Harry piqued himself on many things. In his own eyes nobody dressed with such taste as himself, nobody danced as gracefully, nobody used such elegant language in conversation. But he prided himself especially on his guitar playing. The highest compliment he could pay a lady, in his own estimation, was to serenade ber, not, as too many do, through hired musi cians, but with his own voice and instrument : and this compliment he resolved to pay Kate. That night Jeanie was rooming with her cousin. The young men of the town, it was known, were to be out serenading; but as Ned Dudley had gone to Boston, and Jeanie knew there would be no music under her own window, she had come to Kate's. It was a bright moon light evening, and as the serenaders were heard singing, long before they reached Mr. Stanley's, the girls peeped out between the curtains to see if Harry was of the party. "There he is, sure enough," said Kate, "and with his guitar. Now l'sten, cousin mine." Directly footsteps were heard beneath the casement, there was a suppressed murmur of voices, and then deep silence, followed by the "thrum, thrum," of a guitar. In a moment more, Harry began to sing, " Wake, lady, wake." " He looks excessively sentimental," whispered Kate, peeping out from her shelter. "No doubt he thinks he's a Spanish cavalier." And the merriment being infectious, Jeanie laughed with her, till they could scarcely keep from being overheard. The first verse was finished. Harry, turning up his eyes romantically, had begun the second, "Wake, lady, wake," accompanying it with the monotonous "thrum, thrum, thrum," when Kate cried, loud enough for all the serenaders to hear, and in a voice almost choking with merriment,

title: Page:Peterson's Magazine 1855 B.pdf/299


text: Page:Peterson's Magazine 1855 B.pdf/154

title: Page:Peterson's Magazine 1855 B.pdf/154


text:
Author:William James Sidis

Works

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title: Author:William James Sidis


text:
Page:Peterson's Magazine 1855 B.pdf/15

 THE

AWKWARD

MISTAKE.

BY R. W. DEWERS.

Cora B—— was something of a flirt—there is no denying it, though I do not like to admit anything to her disadvantage, for she was a great favorite of mine.

She was a pretty, little brown thing, with cheeks that the rich blood mantled freely through, hough it came from a warm, generous heart. cherry-ripe lips, often parted to reveal two rows of pearly teeth, as the merry laughter burst lingly out—figure rather petite, but full and eful—a foot and hand of fairy-like symmetry, hair dark, and glossy as satin—such were of her outward attractions Add a pretty, coquettish manner, and a temper unspoilably I, and you will have some idea of Cora B—— Cora was only eighteen, but her lovers were Ij so numerous, that, had she cared to count of them, she must have had a notched lite Robinson Crusoe, for surely her giddy head could never have remembered them Kkoot that, or some similar aid. njtiody petted, admired and flattered her; BDike lovo to one so loveable, seemed as md natural as to inhale the fragrance of a mg the newest, and consequently the most 3 other admirers, was Horace Henderson, —, who had recently come to Springfield, native place.

iea being the novelty of the season, he decidedly clever and agreeable fellow— ne and talented ; therefore Cora, without to make a seriouB conquest, would have rtified at her lack of skill, if she had not •d in adding so distinguished an attache ain, her an effort greater than usual to do rer, and even 'when she had so far cons to find him her obedient servant to, she saw, or fancied she saw, that his a were less the result of love than and admiration. s quite content, however, and the intifeen them daily increased. Cora flirted le so much. Horace carried her boue than she did herself—she hardly ever ty one else to fan her after dancing, he asked her to ride with him, she -marts all of high favor.

A beautiful, cool, summer afternoon was se lected for the first ride; and Cora, mounted on a gentle but spirited animal, exhilirated by the exercise, and excited by the lively nonsense her companion was talking to her, had never been in better spirits, or looked more lovely. Their way led them along by the romantic banks of the Connecticut, in the direction of Ames' famous establishment—then, and I sup pose now, a favorite ride with the people of Springfield, on account of the excellence of the road, and the beauty of the scenery. The country was looking most enchantingly. The river gleamed blue and sparkling on their right, and on the left, a very full and complete orchestra of road-side choristers chanted bewitchingly behind their vernal screen Cora's heart, as well as her ears, was filled with music, and her bright cheeks glowed, and her black eyes sparkled with pleasure. The sun was still high when they turned home ward, and after a lively canter, they slackened their pace, to enjoy the quiet loveliness of nature. Coming to an alluring little side-road, which led into a wood, they were tempted by curiosity, and the earliness of the hour, to leave the main road to explore it. It was an enchanting little fairy causeway, carpeted with turf, and canopied with green; Cora was wild with delight. Horace seemed either less pleased, or more occupied with other thoughts, for he was unusually silent. Cora, observing his absent mood, laughingly inquired the reason. Horace rallied himself, and replied with gayety, a little forced, "Ah, Miss Cora, has not a man in love the sanction of Shakspeare, and all the poets, to be merry or sad—absent or whimsical, at his own capricious will? I claim immunity under the laws enacted by the poets in favor of distressed lovers—for do you know, Miss Cora, you see before you a man very much in love?" "It is coming!" said Cora to herself. "Well I'm sorry—perhaps I can laugh it off," and she answered aloud, "Indeed! let me take a good look then, for I should like to see the symptoms of a state, come to be regarded now-a-days as problematical."

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A roar of welkome through the welkin Is certain proof you'll find the Elk in; But if you listen to the shell, In which the Whelk is said to dwell, And hear a roar, beyond a doubt It indicates the Whelk is out.


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The Gander loves to promenade Around the farmer's poultry yard, While as we see, the Oleander Is quite unable to meander: The Gardener tied it up indeed, Fearing that it might run to seed.


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Lichens, regardless of conventions, Exist in only two dimensions, A life restricted to a plane, On rocks and stones a greenish stain, They live upon the simplest fare, A drop of dew, a breath of air. Contrast them with the greedy Hen, And her most careless regimen, She shuns the barren stones and rocks, And thrives upon the garbage box.


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The Panicle and Pelican have often been confused, The letters which spell Pelican, in Panicle are used. If you recognize this Anagram you'll never go astray, Or make the careless blunder that was made by Mr. Gray.


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When you awake at half-past-two, And hear a "Cock-a-doodle-doo," No argument need then ensue, It is the Rooster, not the Rue, Which never thus disturbs our dreams, With ruthless rude nocturnal screams. We sleep less soundly than we used ter And love the Rue but rue the Rooster.


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To recognize this bird-of-prey, The broody hen you should survey: She takes her chicks on daily walks, Among the neighboring Hollyhocks, While with the Hawk association, Is quite beyond her toleration.


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To take the Toucan from the tree, Requires im-mense a-gil-i-tee, While anyone can pick with ease The Pecans from the Pecan trees. It's such an easy thing to do, That even the Toucan he can too.


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The Cat-bird's call resembles that Emitted by the Pussy Cat, While Cat-nip growing by the wall, Is never known to caterwaul: It'sIts [sic] odor though attracts the Kits, And throws them in Cat-nip-tion fits.


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Rh and to turn us in affection and sympathy towards the afflicted Church, which has been the "Mother of our new-birth." They will but lead us to confess that she is in a measure in that position which we fully ascribe to her Latin sister, in captivity; and they will make us understand and duly use the prayers of our wisest doctors and rulers, such as Bishop Andrews, that God would please to "look down upon His holy Catholic and Apostolic Church, in her captivity; to visit her once more with His salvation, and to bring her out to serve Him in the beauty of holiness ."

4. A further antecedent reason for anticipating practical imperfections in the Anglican system, (and to those mainly allusion is here made), arises from the circumstance that our Articles, so far as distinct from the ancient creeds, are scarcely more than protests against specific existing errors of the 16th century, and neither are nor profess to be a system of doctrine. It is not unnatural however that they should have practically superseded that previous Catholic teaching altogether, which they were but modifying in parts, and, though but corrections, should be mistaken for the system corrected.

These reasonings prepare us to acquiesce in much of plausible objection being admissible against our Church, even in the judgment of those who love and defend it. When, however, we proceed to examine what its defects really are, we shall find them to differ from those of Rome in this all-important respect, which indeed has already been in part hinted, that they are but omissions. Rome maintains positive errors, and that under the

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The California Quail is said To have a tail upon his head, While contrary-wise we style the Kale, A cabbage-head upon a tail. It is not hard to tell the two, The Quail commences with a queue.


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We seldom meet, when out to walk, Either the Orchid or the Auk. The awk-ward Auk is only known To dwellers in the Auk-tic zone, While Orchids can be found in legions, Within the equatorial regions. So if by chance you travel on The Lena or the Am-a-zon, Be certain of the tem-pera-ture Or you will make mistakes I'm sure.


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Although the Cow'slips on this plant, Suggest perhaps a ru-min-ant, One never sees the opening bud, Devour the grass or chew its cud. The Cowbird picture, I suspect, Is absolutely incorrect; We make such errors now and then, A sort of cow slip of the pen.


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To tell the Turnip from the Tern, A thing which everyone should learn, Observe the Tern up in the air, See how he turns, and now compare Him with this in-ert veg-et-able, Who thus to turn is quite unable, For he is rooted to the spot,


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32 sanction of an anathema; but nothing can be pointed out in the English Church which is not true, as far as it goes, and even when it opposes Rome, with a truly Apostolical toleration, it utters no ban or condemnation against its adherents. On the other hand the omissions, such as they are, or rather obscurities of Anglican doctrine, may be supplied for the most part by each of us for himself, and thus do not interfere with the perfect development of the Christian temper in the hearts of individuals, which is the charge fairly adducible against Romanism. Such for instance is the phraseology used in speaking of the Holy Eucharist, which though on the whole protected safe through a dangerous time by the cautious Ridley, yet in one or two places was clouded by the interpolations of Bucer, through an anxiety in some quarters to unite all the reformed Churches under episcopal government against Rome. And such is the omission of any direct safeguard in the Articles, against disbelief of the doctrine of the Apostolical Succession.

And again, for specimens of the perverse reception by the nation, as above alluded to, of what was piously intended, I would refer to the popular sense put upon the eleventh article, which, though clearly and soundly explained in the Homily on Justification or Salvation, has been taken to countenance the wildest Antinomian doctrine, and is now so associated in the minds of many with this wrong interpretation, as to render almost hopeless the recovery of the true meaning.

And such again is the mischievous error, in which the Church in her formal documents certainly has no share, that we are but one among many Protestant bodies, and that the differences between Protestants are of little consequence; whereas the English Church, as such, is not Protestant, only politically, that is, externally, or so far as it has been made an establishment, and subjected to national and foreign influences. It claims to be merely Reformed, not Protestant, and it repudiates any fellowship with the mixed multitude which crowd together, whether at home or abroad, under a mere political banner. That this is no novel doctrine, is plain from the emphatic omission of the word Protestant in all our Services, even in that for

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 While as we see, The Tern is not: He is not always doomed to be Thus bound to earth e- tern -ally For "cooked to a tern" may be inferred, To change the Turnip to a bird.

Observe the Turnip in the Pot. The Tern is glad that he is not!


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Rh the fifth of November, as remodelled in the reign of King William; and again from the protest of the Lower House of Convocation at that date, on this very subject, which would have had no force, except as proceeding upon recognized usages. The circumstance here alluded to was as follows. In 1689 the Upper House of Convocation agreed on an address to King William, to thank him "for the grace and goodness expressed in his message, and the zeal shown in it for the Protestant Religion in general, and the Church of England in particular." To this phrase the Lower House objected, as importing, as Birch in his Life of Tillotson says, "their owning common union with the foreign Protestants." A conference between the two Houses ensued, when the Bishops supported their wording of the address, on the ground that the Protestant Religion was the known denomination of the common doctrine of such parts of the West as had separated from Rome. The Lower House proposed, with other alterations of the passage, the words "Protestant Churches," for "Protestant Religion," being unwilling to acknowledge religion as separate from the Church. The Upper House in turn amended thus,—"the interest of the Protestant Religion in this and all other Protestant Churches;" but the Lower House, still jealous of any diminution of the English Church by this comparison with foreign Protestants, persisted in their opposition, and gained at length that the address, after thanking the King for his zeal for the Church of England, should proceed to anticipate, that thereby "the interest of the Protestant Religion in" [not "this and" but] "all other Protestant Churches would be better secured." Birch adds, "the King well understood why this address omitted the thanks which the Bishops had recommended, for .... the zeal which he had shown for the Protestant Religion; and why there was no expression of tenderness to the Dissenters, and hut a cool regard to the Protestant Churches."

Another great practical error of members of our Church, has been their mode of defending its doctrines; and this has arisen, not from any direction of the Church itself, but, as it would appear, from the mistake, already mentioned, of the specific

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34 protests contained in its Articles for that Catholic system, which is the rightful inheritance of it as well as other branches of the Church. We have indeed too often fought the Romanists on wrong grounds, and given up to them the high principles maintained by the early Church. We have tacitly yielded the major premise of our opponents' argument, when we should have denied the fact expressed in the minor. For instance; they have maintained that Transubstantiation was an Apostolical doctrine, as having been ever taught every where in the Church. We instead of denying this fact as regards Transubstantiation, have acted as if it mattered very little whether it were true or not, (whereas the principle is most true and valuable,) and have proceeded to oppose Transubstantiation on supposed grounds of reason. Again, we have argued for the sole Canonicity of the Bible to the exclusion of tradition, not on the ground that the Fathers so held it, (which would be an irrefragable argument,) but on some supposed internal witness of Scripture to the fact, or some abstract and antecedent reasons against the Canonicity of unwritten teaching. Once more, we have argued the unscripturalness of image worship as its only condemnation; a mode of argument, which I am very far indeed from pronouncing untenable, but which opens the door to a multitude of refined distinctions and pleas; whereas the way lay clear before us to appeal to history, to appeal to the usage of the early Church Catholic, to review the circumstances of the introduction of image worship, the Iconoclast controversy, the Council of Frankfort, and the late reception of the corruption in the West.

So much then, on the objections which may be urged against the English Church, which relate either to mere omissions not positive errors, or again to faults in the practical working of the system, and are in these respects dissimilar from those which lie against the Church of Rome, and which relate to clear and direct perversions and corruptions of divine truth. Should it, however, be asked, whence our knowledge of the truth should be derived, since there is so much of meagreness and mistake in our more popular expounders of it, it may be replied, first, that the writings of the Fathers contain abundant directions how to ascertain it;

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The superficial naturalists have often been misled, By failing to discriminate between the tail and head: It really is unfortunate such carelessness prevails, Because the Bunnies have their heads where Tunnies have their tails.


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The Octopus or Cuttle-fish! I'm sure that none of us would wish To have him scuttle 'round the house, Like Puss, when she espies a mouse: When secure your house-hold pet, Be very sure you do not get The Octopus, or there may be Domestic in--ity.


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Rh next, that their directions are distinctly propounded and supported by our Divines of the seventeenth century, though little comparatively at present is known concerning those great authors. Nor could a more acceptable or important service be done to our Church at this present moment, than the publication of some systematic introduction to theology, embodying and illustrating the great and concordant principles and doctrines set forth by Hammond, Taylor, and their brethren before and after them.

Lastly, Should it be inquired whether this admission of incompleteness in our own system does not lead to projects of change and reform, on the part of individuals, it must be answered plainly in the negative. Such an admission has but reference to the question of abstract perfection; as a practical matter, it will be our wisdom as individuals to enjoy what God's good providence has left us, lest, striving to obtain more, we lose what we still possess.

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The marked aversion which we feel, When in the presence of the Eel, Makes many view with consternation, The Elephant's front ele-vation. Such folly must be clearly due To their peculiar point of view.


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The ant is known by his ant-ennae, Where-as the pheas-ant has'nthasn't [sic] any, And that is why he wears instead, A small red cap upon his head: Without his Fez, indeed the pheasant, Would be quite bald and quite un-pleasant.


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The Harrier, harassed by the Hare, Presents a picture of despair; Although as far as I'm concerned, I love to see the tables turned. The Harrier flies with all his might, It is a harum-scare'm flight: I'm not surprised he does not care To meet the fierce pursuing Hare.


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You must not make ad-verse remarks, About my drawing of the Larks. For, by the minor poet's lore The Larks-per-pet-ually soar. While Larkspurs, bordering garden walks, Are perched securely on their stalks.


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 The following Works, all in single volumes, or pamphlets, and recently published, will be found more or less to uphold or elucidate the general doctrines inculcated in these Tracts:—

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Gageler CJ Gordon J Edelman J Steward J Gleeson J Jagot J Beech-Jones J

of an alien must be limited to a period that is "reasonably capable of being seen as necessary" for one or other of two legitimate and non-punitive purposes, identified in terms of removing the alien from Australia or enabling an application by the alien for permission to remain in Australia to be made and considered, is difficult to reconcile with the constitutional holding in Al-Kateb that ss 189(1) and 196(1) of the Migration Act have valid application to an unlawful non-citizen in respect of whom there is no real prospect of removal from Australia becoming practicable in the reasonably foreseeable future. The statements of background principle in the reasoning in Lim are also difficult to reconcile with some passages in the reasoning of the majority in Al-Kateb which can be read as suggesting that Ch III of the Constitution has diminished application to the detention of an alien pursuant to a law of the Commonwealth Parliament enacted under s 51(xix) of the Constitution.

The tension between Al-Kateb and Lim was highlighted by McHugh J in Re Woolley; Ex parte Applicants M276/2003. Addressing the potential for ss 189(1) and 196(1) of the Migration Act to result in indefinite detention, McHugh J nevertheless said in Re Woolley:

"In Lim, Brennan, Deane and Dawson JJ regarded the prescribed maximum time limit on detention for which the Act then provided as one element that rendered the Executive's powers of detention under the Act reasonably capable of being seen as necessary for the purpose of making and considering entry applications … No doubt cases may also arise where the connection between the alleged purpose of detention and the length of detention becomes so tenuous that it is not possible to find that the purpose of the detention is to enable visa applications to be processed pending the grant of a visa. If the law in question has such a tenuous connection, the proper inference will ordinarily be that its purpose is punitive. The fact that the law may also have a non-punitive purpose will not save it from invalidity."


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 WAR AND PEACE 171

Sonya, though generally very timid and shy, now was more urgent than all the others in her entreaties to Luiza Ivanovna not to disappoint them.

Sonya's costume was the best of all. Her mustache and dark brows were extremely becoming to her. All assured her that she was very handsome, and she was keyed up to a state of energy and excitement quite out of her usual manner. Some inner voice told her that now or never her fate was to be decided; and now, in her masculine garb, she seemed like another person. Luiza Ivanovna consented; and in less than half an hour, four troïkas, with jingling bells on shaft-arch1 and harness, swept, creaking and crunching over the frosty snow, up to the front steps.

Natasha was the first to catch the tone of Christmas festivity, and this jollity was perfectly infectious, growing more and more noisy, and reaching the highest pitch as they all came out into the frosty air, and with shouting and calling, and laughing and screaming, took their places in the sledges.

Two of the three spans were unmatched; the third troïka belonged to the old count, with a racer of the Orlof breed between the thills ; the fourth was Nikolaï's own private troïka with a low, shaggy, black shaft-horse. Nikolaï, in his old maid's costume, over which he threw his hussar's riding-cloak, fastened with a belt, took his place in the middle of his sledge, and gathered up the reins. It was so light that he could see the metal of the harness-plates shining in the moonbeams, and the horses' eyes, as they turned them anxiously toward the merry group gathered under the darkness of the porte-cochère.

In Nikolaï's sledge were packed Natasha, Sonya, Madame Schoss, and two of the maid-servants; in the old count's went Dimmler, with his wife and Petya; in theothers, the rest of the household serfs were disposed.

"You lead the way, Zakhar!" cried Nikolaï, to his father's coachman; he wished to have a chance to "beat" him on the road.

The old count's troika, with Dimmler and the other

1 Called duga.


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 "After the death of his father, Sampadi must have declared himself independent, and a struggle probably arose between the three brothers, in which Jaloka was victorious, and obtained the greater part of his father's kingdom. Suyacas secured the eastern, Sampadi the south-western portion. He probably transferred the seat of his sovereignty to Vidica, at any rate this city appears as the capital of the succeeding dynasty of Cunga, kings.

"We possess some information about Pushpamitra the founder of this dynasty in a Buddhist work, and also in the drama Ma1avikagnimitra. The Puranas only inform us that he was the general of the last Maurya Brihadratha, whom he deprived of his throne and his life. In the Bnddhist work we are told that he was the last of the Mauryas, and that his predecessor was called Pushyadharman. The first statement is of course a mistake, the second may be supposed to be correct, as the name could scarcely have been invented. According to the drama the capital of his son Agnimitra was Vidi^a, so we are perhaps justified in supposing that he was originally in the service of Pushyadharman, and that after usurping his throne, he deprived the king of Magadha of his sovereignty. The fact that in another account, which we shall proceed to lay before our readers, he is represented as reigning at Pataliputra need not surprise us, as in this account he is supposed to belong to the Maurya dynasty.

'


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10 services by Dr. Mantell and by Baron Cuvier, and by the public voice in the case of the publications of Sir E. Home. But the highest acknowledgment of the productive labours of Mr. Clift, are to be witnessed in the present efficient condition of the great museum itself, which is a lasting monument of the integrity, and of the activity, as well as the honesty of his stewardship.

It is in no vein of flattery that I advert to a remarkable resemblance both in person and in character between John Hunter and Mr. Clift. Both exhibited the same ardour and devotion to the cause of physiological science, employing however, the force of minds of different calibre; and both exhibited the same single-mindedness.

The personal resemblance between the two, has been the theme of frequent observation, and has elicited the most ill-founded suspicion of a real relationship. This observation having been on one occasion made to Mr. Clift, such was his veneration for Mr. Hunter, that he replied, “He should only be too happy were its truth confirmed.”

This day is also the anniversary of the birth of both Mr. Hunter, and Mr. Clift.

Mr. Clift retired from the College in the year 1842, on an increased salary of £400 per annum. He died on the 20th of last June, having survived his wife, to whom he had been united, and tenderly attached, more than fifty years, a period of six weeks only. His only daughter is married to his successor, in whose expressive words, inscribed on his tomb by his son-in-law, I shall conclude this hasty and imperfect sketch of Mr. Clift:—“He carried a child-like simplicity and single-mindedness to the close of a long, and honoured career.”


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are assembled in this place to do honour to the genius of, a name celebrated throughout the civilised world, and to record the merits of such recently deceased members of our profession, as, imitating his example, and possessed of a single spark of his genius, have claims on the respectful remembrance of their surviving brethren.

The period of Mr. Hunter has formed an epoch in the history of medical science. His wondrous and unceasing ardour, his genius for investigation, and no less his intellectual greatness, while they demand the homage of our veneration, leave competition far behind. In the race of modern physiological science, no one has approached his eminence, to participate in his exaltation, or to share his glory. His mind was the depository of the pure ore of true philosophy, in which neither bigotry nor selfishness could find a momentary resting place. No thoughts of private interest—no aspirations after posthumous fame—no ambition of personal distinction; neither the claims of anxiety, of sickness, nor of professional


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2 occupation, could divert his mind from the one great object of his life,—the pursuit of truth in the investigation of Nature and her laws.

Over the almost untrodden ground of his researches, replete with mental food, intensely interesting to the philosopher of science, his mind revelled in the luxuriance of his intellectual riches, and nobly did he redeem the pledge of industry, and of intellectual as well as moral pre-eminence, that Nature’s own hand had accorded to him. That his mind was imbued with the very spirit of earnest inquiry, his gigantic productions in his museum will amply testify: that his researches were conceived, and planned, and directed, by a superior intelligence, let me point to the philosophy of his written works. Crude they may be, and ill-digested, but they yet form the record of one who deservedly ranks among the highest orders of men.

It was said of Bacon, by Ben Jonson, that his words were so pregnant of meaning, that his hearers could not cough nor look aside from him, without loss. In like manner did Hunter’s reflecting mind teem with original conceptions. With rapid flight he winged his way from the infancy to the mature age of science, discovering, developing, and maturing every subject that engaged his fixed attention. The intellect of Mr. Hunter has been the theme of repeated eulogium in this theatre, and on which my numerous predecessors in this office have expatiated with force and eloquence.

Associated with his high intellect were certain moral qualities which in no less a degree demand our praise, while they fortify and confirm our convictions of his claims to the gratitude, as well as to the admiration, of posterity. The


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3 student of Hunter cannot fail to appreciate qualities which threw a charm over his character.

Ingenuous, disinterested, unreserved in his communication of knowledge, he exhibited many of the excellencies that mark the true philosopher. From his eminence above the world, he surveyed the great book of Nature. His thoughts expanded by a natural elasticity, in proportion as he was elevated above the grovelling passions and influences of the world. With a love of Nature was inseparably interwoven a still stronger love of truth. It is impossible to read the history of his laborious investigations, his personal sacrifice of time, of health, and of property, without believing that to the ardour and enthusiasm which incited him to toil over the great field of Nature, he added with equal force an undeviating adherence to truth.

A spirit of arrogance, of self-esteem,—a disposition to depreciate the works of a competitor or rival, is the characteristic of the pretender to science, and exposes the unsoundness of the motives which carry him on in the pursuit of knowledge. And the cause is obvious; for, if animated by a true love of science, as the primary motive of exertion, any contribution to his favourite study is hailed with gladness; whereas the same contribution would be received by the empiric, with coldness, if not with disapprobation.

How broad is this distinction! how unlike the men! how dissimilar the motives! How often does the desire of distinction, or of notoriety—the ambition of pre-eminence above others, dictate our efforts, and develope an envious and uncharitable interpretation of the exertions of those who venture to compete with us in the struggle for fame!


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4 In the great temple of knowledge, there are no contentions for place, or for personal distinctions, no strivings for pre-eminence. Among its true votaries, a spirit of genuine fraternity prevails, that harmonises the soul. He who would become its occupant must throw aside all sinister and indirect motive, every degrading thought, every selfish passion, as alike derogatory to himself, and injurious to his cause. Between two students of Nature, their common object, their identity of thought and pursuit, maintain an harmonious interchange of kindly intercourse. They have no motives for rivalship or ill-will. They are directed by one common, and by the same high motive; they have neither time nor tendency to step out of the direct path of inquiry, to indulge in angry passions, to deal in personalities, to question motives. On one distant object their eyes are fixed; to reach this goal is their common end; and applying to their journey onward the principle of a mathematical truth, they pursue their course in a straight direction, as the shortest given line between the two points.

The excellence of Mr. Hunter is to be sought in his unwearied efforts to advance the cause of physiological science; in his untiring industry; in his unselfish indifference to riches, which he coveted solely for the purpose of advancing his favourite studies; in the benevolence of his nature, which identified itself with moral and physical suffering; in his earnest desire to communicate knowledge; and in his possession of those homely qualities of the heart, that inspired love in the breasts of his pupils and of his friends.

I hold in my hand an autograph letter of Mr. Hunter’s, written in the year 1786, to the Master, Wardens, and Court


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6 tified with the Hunterian Museum than any other man, living or dead.

It is not intended in this brief memoir to place the name of Clift even in juxta-position with that of Hunter, although fellow-labourers in the same field of industry. I will, however, endeavour to do justice to him who was great, because he was good; who was faithful to a sacred trust, under circumstances of peculiar embarrassment and temptation; whose mind was fortified against betrayal by high principle, strengthened by lasting affection, and engendered by a term of brief companionship with him who first raised in his breast the ardour of a congenial occupation; who was uncontaminated by the world, and the world’s vices; who carried to the grave the same single-mindedness and simplicity of character, that stamped with truth, every act of his past life.

Such was, and such the bond of fidelity that fixed on his character its indelible stamp!

Mr. Clift was born at Burcombe, near Bodmin, in 1775; and he owed his connection with Mr. Hunter to the circumstance of an intimacy subsisting between a lady resident at Bodmin, and Miss Home, who had then become the wife of Mr. Hunter, by whom he was recommended on the ground of his promising abilities, and graphic powers.

He was received into Mr. Hunter’s house as an apprentice, in the year 1792, and devoted to him his services as an amanuensis, anatomist, and artist. Mr. Hunter died in 1793, from which date until 1800, when the Collection was purchased by the Government, it was placed under the exclusive care of Mr. Clift, who, with two gallons of spirit meted out occasionally, and seven shillings a week granted for his own


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5 of Assistants of the Corporation of Surgeons, which affords strong evidence, were any required, of his earnest desire to extend the advantages of medical literature and general knowledge to all who could avail themselves of them*.

One of the last, and perhaps the most interesting link that has connected the great man, whose name and whose labours we are met to-day to celebrate, and the present generation

of Surgeons of England, is broken by the death of Mr. Clift,

whose name, next to its great founder, is more fully iden-

ἃ (ΤῸ THE MASTER, WARDENS, AND COURT OF ASSISTANTS OF THE CORPORATION OF SURGEONS.

 * ¢ GENTLEMEN,

“ At this period in which the Surgeons of Great Britain have deservedly acquired the highest reputation in Europe, both by their practice and publications, it appears to be a reflection upon them that the Corporation of Surgeons of London should not be possessed of a public surgical library ;— a circumstance so extraordinary that foreigners can hardly believe it.

“If a custom had been established at the time the Surgeons were incur- porated, that every member should send a copy of his publications to the Com- pany’s library, it would have at present contained the works of many of the best writers in Surgery, which might have proved a valuable collection of instructions for the improvement of the profession.

“ As the smallest beginnings may in the end lead to the greatest acquisitions, I have done myself the honour of presenting to the Company, through your hands, the few observations on Anatomy and Surgery which I have published; and should the other members of that body be induced to follow my example, and by presenting their works establish a library which shall hereafter become both a public benefit and an honour to the Corporation of Surgeons, I shall consider it as one of the happiest events of my life to have been at all instru- mental in such an establishment.

“ T have the honour to be, “ Gentlemen, “ Your most obedient humble Servant,

“JOHN HUNTER.” “ LEICESTER SQUARE,

“ August 14th, 1786.”

[From the collection of Autographs in the possession of Mr. Strong, Librarian of the College. ]


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Rh [and] wrinkled, fair compact eyebrows, beautiful eyes, dark pupils, long thin ears, bead inclined, wide mouth. The same by nature are intelligent. God-fearing, communicative to one another, traders, toilers, not retaining gain, liars, not of an amiable disposition, in business or principle true, freespoken, beneficent, illiterate, deceivers, friendly, careless, [to whom it is not profitable to do any act of injustice]; they are scorners, scoffers, satirical, illustrious, listeners, and nothing succeeds with these; as regards friendship, useful.

Those born in Scorpio are of the following description: a maidenish countenance, comely, pungent, blackish hair, well-shaped eyes, forehead not broad, and sharp nostril, small contracted ears, wrinkled foreheads, narrow eyebrows, drawn cheeks. The same by nature are crafty, sedulous, liars, communicating their particular designs to no one, of a deceitful spirit, wicked, scorners, victims to adultery, well-grown, docile; as regards friendship, useless.

Those born in Sagittarius will be of the following description: great length, square forehead, profuse eyebrows, indicative of strength, well-arranged projection of hair, reddish [in complexion]. The same by nature are gracious, as educated persons, simple, beneficent; given to unnatural lusts, companionable, toil-worn, lovers, beloved, jovial in their cups, clean, passionate, careless, wicked; as regards friendship, useless; scorners, with noble souls, insolent, crafty; for fellowship, useful.


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92

Those born in Capricorn will be of the following description: reddisli body, projection of greyish hair, round mouth, eyes as of an eagle, contracted brows, open forehead, somewhat bald, in the upper parts of the body endued with more strength. The same by nature are philosophic, scorners, and scoffers at the existing state of things, passionate, persons that can make concessions, honourable, beneficent, lovers of the practice of music, passionate in their cups, mirthful, familiar, talkative, given to unnatural lusts, genial, amiable, quarrelsome lovers, for fellowship well disposed.

Those born in Aquarius will be of the following description: square in size, of a diminutive body; sharp, small, fierce eyes; imperious, ungenial, severe, readily making acquisitions, for friendship and fellowship well disposed; moreover, for maritime enterprises they make voyages, and perish. The same by nature are taciturn, modest, sociable, adulterers, penurious, practised in business, tumultuous, pure, well-disposed, honourable, large eyebrows; frequently they are born in the midst of trifling events, but [in after life] follow a different pursuit; though they may have shown kindness to any one, still no one returns them thanks.

Those born in Pisces will be of the following description: of moderate dimensions, pointed forehead like fishes, shaggy hair, frequently they become soon grey. The same by nature


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Rh are of exalted soul, simple, passionate, penurious, talkative; in the first period of life they will be drowsy; they are desirous of managing business by themselves, of high repute, venturesome, emulous, accusers, changing their locality, lovers, dancers; for friendship, useful.

Since, therefore, we have explained the astonishing wisdom of these men, and have not concealed their overwrought art of divination by means of contemplation, neither shall I be silent as regards [undertakings] in the case of which those that are deceived act foolishly. For, comparing the forms and dispositions of men with names of stars, how impotent their system is! For we know that those originally conversant with such investigations have called the stars by names given in reference to propriety of signification and facility for future recognition. For what similarity is there of these [heavenly bodies] with the likeness of animals, or what community of nature as regards conduct and energy [is there in the two cases], that one should allege that a person born in Leo should be irascible, and one born in Virgo moderate, or one born in Cancer wicked, but that those born in. ..

. . . And [the sorcerer], taking [a paper], directs the inquirer to write down with water whatever questions he may


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Rh a fig, produce a similar result. But when [the sorcerer] has ascertained the question in this mode, he makes provision for the manner in which he ought to give the reply. And next he orders those that are present to enter, holding laurel branches and shaking them, and uttering cries, and invoking the demon Phryn. For also it becomes these to invoke him; and it is worthy that they make this request from demons, which they do not wish of themselves to put forward, having lost their minds. The confused noise, however, and the tumult, prevent them directing attention to those things which it is supposed [the sorcerer] does in secret. But what these are, the present is a fair opportunity for us to declare.

Considerable darkness, then, prevails. For the [sorcerer] affirms that it is impossible for mortal nature to behold divine things, for that to hold converse [with these mysteries] is sufficient. Making, however, the attendant lie down [upon the couch], head foremost, and placing by each side two of those little tablets, upon which had been inscribed in, forsooth, Hebrew characters, as it were names of demons, he says that [a demon] will deposit the rest in their ears. But this [statement] is requisite, in order that some instrument may be placed beside the ears of the attendant, by which it is possible that he signify everything which he chooses. First, however, he produces a sound that the [attendant] youth may be terrified; and secondly, he makes a humming noise; then, thirdly, he speaks through the instrument what he wishes the youth to say, and remains in expectation of the issue of the affair; next, he makes those present remain still, and directs the [attendant] to signify what he has heard from the demons. But the instrument that is placed beside his ears is a natural instrument, viz. the windpipe of long-necked cranes, or storks, or swans. And if none of these is at hand, there are also some different artifi-


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 picion of Edric's fidelity and he answered the call. Immediately Edric descended, followed by the soldier whose former appearance had filled Alleyn with despair, and whom Edric now introduced as his faithful friend and comrade, who like himself, was weary of the oppression of Malcolm, and who had resolved to fly with them, and escape his rigour. This was a moment of happiness too great for thought! Alleyn, in the confusion of his joy, and in his impatience to seize the moment of deliverance, scarcely heard the words of Edric. Edric having returned to fasten the door of the dungeon, to delay pursuit, and given Alleyn a sword which he had brought for him, led the way through the vaults. The profound silence of the place, was interrupted only by the echoes of their footsteps, which running through the dreary chasms in confused whisperings, filled their imaginations with terror. In traversing these gloomy and desolate recesses, they often paused to listen, and often did their fears give them the distant sounds of pursuit. On quitting the vaults, they entered an avenue, winding, and of considerable length, from whence branched several passages into the rock; it was closed by a low and narrow door, which opened upon a flight of steps, that led to the subterraneous way under the ditch of the castle. Edric knew the intricacies of the place; they entered, and closing the door, began to descend, when the lamp which Edric carried in his hand was blown out by the current of the wind, and they were left in total darkness. Their feelings may be more easily imagined than expressed; they had, however, no way but to proceed, and grope with cautious steps the dark abyss. Having continued to descend for some time, their feet reached the bottom, and they found themselves once more on even ground; but Edric knew they had yet another flight to encounter, before they could gain the subterraneous passage under the fossé, and for which it required their utmost caution to search. They were proceeding with slow and wary steps


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 when the foot of Alleyn stumbled upon something which clattered like broken armour, and endeavouring to throw it from him, he felt the weight resist his effort: he stooped to discover what it was, and found in his grasp the cold hand of a dead person. Every nerve thrilled with horror at the touch, and he started back in an agony of terror. They remained for some time in silent dismay, unable to return, yet fearful to proceed, when a faint light which seemed to issue from the bottom of the last descent, gleamed upon the walls, and discovered to them the second staircase, and at their feet the pale and disfigured corpse of a man in armour, while at a distance they could distinguish the figures of men. At this sight their hearts died within them, and they gave themselves up for lost. They doubted not but the men whom they saw were the murderers; that they belonged to the Baron; and were in search of some fugitives from the castle. Their only chance of concealment was to remain where they were; but the light appeared to advance, and the faces of the men to turn towards them. Winged with terror, they sought the first ascent, and flying up the steps, reached the door, which they endeavoured to open, that they might hide themselves from pursuit among the intricacies of the rock; their efforts, however, were vain, for the door was fastened by a spring lock, and the key was on the other side; compelled to give breath to their fears, they ventured to look back, and found themselves again in total darkness; they paused upon the steps,and listening, all was silent. They rested here a considerable time; no footsteps startled them; no ray of light darted through the gloom; every thing seemed hushed in the silence of death: they resolved once more to venture forward; they gained again the bottom of the first descent, and shuddering as they approached the spot where they knew the corpse was laid, they groped to avoid its horrid touch, when suddenly the light again appeared, and in the same place where they had first seen it. They stood petrified


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10 Arabian schools, and hence the Italian physicians became the restorers of surgery in modern Europe.

studied at Lyons, and removed to Paris A.D. 1295. He was opposed to lithotomy and the operations for hernia; and he disapproved the trepan, because more got well without it.

The revival of anatomy is marked by the work of, professor of Bologna, who in 1306 performed the first dissection of a human subject recorded in the Christian era.

, physician to Pope Clement V., the last and best of the reformed school of Albucasis, practised first at Lyons, and afterwards at Avignon. Guido reduced surgery into a system in 1363, and gives a succinct history of the state of the profession in his time. He tells us that there were five sects. The lst, followers of Roger and the ‘‘Quatre Maitres’’ who applied poultices to all wounds indifferently; 2nd, those of Brunus and Theodoric, who in the same cases used wine only; 3rd, those of Guglielmus de Saliceto and Lanfranc, who kept a middle way, and applied ointments and soft plasters; 4th, Germans, who attended the wars, and used charms, potions, oil, and wool; 5th, women, who in all distempers had recourse only to saints.

Guido first speaks of the removal of a portion of

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,

HE duty which I have now to perform, like many others, discovers its real difficulty only on actual approach: for what can appear easier or more inviting than an exposition of the claims of so rare and remarkable a man as to our especial remembrance and gratitude ? Yet, be it recollected that this has been the subject-matter of three-and-twenty anniversaries, and that commonplace eulogies or laureate phrases would be ill suited to the genius of the place, and offensive to the dignity of the subject.

With Mr. Hunter’s biography the world is now as fully acquainted as authentic materials permit, or as inquiry is proper and profitable to survivors. The minutest circumstances are interesting which throw additional light upon the constitution and habits of so

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2 philosophic a mind; but curiosity is a genuine gossip, and seizes with the same impertinent avidity upon the domestic microcosm of an illustrious citizen and of one notorious for his crimes.

The best life of a philosopher is contained in his works; these are his veritable autobiography, by which alone his powers and his place in the history of his species can be determined. The circumstances of Hunter’s life, if we except the direction and example of his justly celebrated brother, presented no richer opportunities than fall to the lot of most hospital surgeons: it was his mind, and not his circumstances, which made him great. His reputation, like his Museum, was the gathering of his own genius and labour. Had we unfortunately been deprived of all Hunter’s writings, or had he never written a line, the Collection which bears his name would have abundantly recorded the scope of his vast design, the originality and the philosophical spirit of his researches. I do not by this observation mean to imply that any mode of transmitting to future ages the most valuable of all our possessions, offers a substitute for that divine art which can so multiply and diffuse its treasures as indeed to constitute a memorial “ære perennius.” “Books,” says a great authority, “are the legacies that genius leaves to mankind, to be delivered down from generation to generation, as

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Rh out of the house of bondage. This rod Moses held up, (1.) To Israel, to animate them; the rod was held up as the banner to encourage the soldiers, who might look up, and say, "Yonder is the rod, and yonder the hand that used it, when, such glorious things were wrought for us." Note, It tends much to the encouragement of faith to reflect upon the great things God has done for us, and review the monuments of his favours. (2.) To God, by way ofappeal to him: "Is not the battle the Lord's? Is not he able to help, and engaged to help? Witness this rod, the voice of which, thus held up, is that, (Isa. 51. 9, 10.) Put on strength, O arm of the Lord; art not thou it that hath cut Rahab?" Moses was not only a standard-bearer, but an intercessor, pleading with God for success and victory. Note, When the host goes forth against the enemy, earnest prayers should be made to the God of hosts, for his presence with them. It is here the praying legion that proves the thundering legion. There, in Salem, in Zion where prayers were made, there, the victory was won, there brake he the arrows of the bow, Ps, 76, 2, 3.

Observe,

[1.] How Moses was tired, (v. 12.) his hands were heavy: the strongest arm will fail with being long extended; it is God only whose hand is stretched out still. We do not find that Joshua's hands were heavy in fighting, but Moses's hands were heavy in praying; the more spiritual any service is, the more apt we are to fail and flag in it; praying work, if done with due intenseness of mind and vigour of affection, will be found hard work, and though the spirit be willing, the flesh will be weak: our great Intercessor in heaven faints not, nor is he weary, though he attends continually to this very thing.

[2.] What influence the rod of Moses had upon the battle; (v. 11.) When Moses held up his hand in prayer, (so the Chaldee explains it,) Israel prevailed, but when he laid down his hand from prayer, Amalek prevailed. To convince Israel that the hand of Moses (with whom they had just now been chiding) contributed more to their safety than their own hands, his rod than their sword, the success rises and falls, as Moses lifts up or lets down his hands. It seems, the scale wavered for some time, before it turned on Israel's side; even the best cause must expect disappointments as an allay to its success; though the battle be the Lord's, Amalek may prevail for a time; the reason was, Moses let down his hands. Note, The church's cause is, commonly, more or less successful, according as the church's friends are more or less strong in faith, and fervent in prayer.

[3.] The care that was taken for the support of Moses. When he could not stand any longer, he sat down, not in a chair of state, but upon a stone; (v. 12.) when he could not hold up his hands, he would have them held up; Moses, the man of God, is glad of the assistance of Aaron his brother, and Hur, who, some think, was his brother-in-law, the husband of Miriam. We should not be shy, either of asking help from others, or giving help to others, for we are members one of another. Moses's hands, thus stayed, were steady till the going down of the sun; and though it was with much ado that he held out, yet his willing mind was accepted. No doubt, it was a great encouragement to the people to see Joshua before them in the field of battle, and Moses above them upon the top of the hill; Christ is both to us; our Joshua, the Captain of our salvation, who fights our battles, and our Moses, who, in the upper world, ever lives, making intercession that our faith fail not.

III. The defeat of Amalek. Victory had hovered awhile between the camp; sometimes Israel prevailed, and sometimes Amalek, but Israel carried the day, v. 13. Though Joshua fought with great disadvantages—his soldiers undisciplined, ill armed, long inured to servitude, and apt to murmur; yet by them God wrought a great salvation, and made Amalek pay dear for his insolence. Note, Weapons, formed against God's Israel, cannot prosper long, and shall be broken at last. The cause of God and his Israel will be victorious. Though God gave the victory, yet it is said, Joshua discomfited Amalek, because Joshua was a type of Christ, and of the same name, and in him it is that we are more than conquerors. It was his arm alone that spoiled principalities and powers, and routed all their force.

IV. The trophies of this victory set up.

1. Moses took care that God should have the glory of it; (v. 15. ) instead of setting up a triumphal arch, to the honour of Joshua, (though it had been a laudable policy to put marks of honour upon him,) he builds an altar to the honour of God; and we may suppose it was not an altar without sacrifice; but that which is most carefully recorded, is, the inscription upon the altar, Jehovah-nissi—The Lord is my banner; which, probably, refers to the lifting up of the rod of God as a banner in this action. The presence and power of Jehovah were the banner under which they enlisted, by which they were animated and kept together, and therefore which they erected in the day of their triumph. In the name of our God we must always lift up our banners, Ps. 10. 5. It is fit that he who does all the work should have all the praise.

2. God took care that posterity should have the comfort and benefit of it; "Write this for a memorial, not in loose papers, but in a book, write it, and then rehearse it in the ears of Judah, let him be intrusted with this memorial, to transmit it to the generations to come." Moses must now begin to keep a diary or journal of occurrences; it is the first mention of writing that we find in scripture; and perhaps the command was not given till after the writing of the law upon the tables of stone; "Write it, in perpetuam rei memoriam—that the event may be had in perpetual remembrance;" that which is written remains. (1.) Write what had been done, what Amalek had done against Israel; write in gall their bitter hatred, write in blood their cruel attempts, let them never be forgotten, nor yet what God had done for Israel in saving them from Amalek. Let ages to come know that God fights for his people, and he that teachestouches - as per 1806 London edition [sic] them, touches the apple of his eye. (2.) Write what should be done. [1.] That in process of time Amalek should be totally ruined and rooted out, (v. 14.) that he should be remembered only in history. Amalek would have cut off the name of Israel, that it might be no more in remembrance, (Ps. 83. 4. 7.) and therefore God not only disappoints him in that, but cuts off his name. Write it for the encouragement of Israel, whenever the Amalekites are an annoyance to them, that Israel will at last undoubtedly triumph in the fall of Amalek. This sentence was executed in part by Saul, (1 Sam. 15.) and completely by David; (ch. 30. 2 Sam. 1. 1.—8. 12.) after this time, we never read so much as of the name of Amalek. [2.] That in the mean time God would have a continual controversy with him; (v. 16.) Because his hand is upon the throne of the Lord, that is, against the camp of Israel, in which the Lord ruled, which was the place of his sanctuary, and is therefore called a glorious high throne from the beginning, (Jer. 17. 12.) therefore the Lord will have war with Amalek from generation to generation. This was written for direction to Israel, never to make any league with the Amalekites, but to look upon them as irreconcilable enemies, doomed to ruin. Amalek's destruction was typical of the


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12 COURT OP BARODA. sport ; and I do not think he understood my mo- tives for declining to be present at it A Mussul- man, however, who sat near him, seemed pleased by my refusal, said it was *' very good,** and asked me if any of the EngUsh Clergy attended such sports. I said it was a maxim with most of us to do no harm to any creature needlessly ; which was, he said, the doctrine of their learned men also. Mr. Williams told me that this sort of conversation, which was very little disturbed by the most strenuous efforts which the poor singers and dancing-girls could make to attract attention, was characteristic of a Maharatta durbar, and that he had known the most serious business carried on by fits and starts in the midst of all this seeming levity. At last, about eight o'clock, the Raja told us that he would keep us firom our dinner no longer ; and the usual presents were brought in, which were, how- ever, much more valueable than any which I had seen, and evidently of a kind, very few of which were within the compass of my redeeming firom the Company. About nine we got back to dinner, hungry enough, and a little tired, but for my own part both amused and interested.

The Raja offered to return my visit next day ; but knowing that Tuesday is, in the estimation of all Hindoos, unlucky, I named Wednesday in pre- ference, telling him my reason. He answered very politely, that he should account every day lucky in which he had the opportunity of cultivating my acquaintance, but was evidently well pleased. He bad already, out of civility, and in consequence of


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 NARRATIVE

OF

A JOURNEY,

&c.

CHAPTER XXV.

BABODA TO BOMBAY.

EnirmeeiiUo Baroda^Namdar Khdn — CantomnetU — Ckmrch — Charac- ter of /A« Gmcwar — Coniecratien of the Church — Vint to the Guic- war — Visit* from Natives — Quicwar returns the Visit — Departure frwnBaroda — Crossing the Mhye — Kholees — Swaame Narain — Hoi Jf^mds — Interview with Swaame Narain — Arrival at Kairah — Insa^ hhrity of Climate — Jain Temple — Departure from Kairah — Difficulty im crossing the Mhye — Broach — Banyan-tree in an Island on the Ner^ budda — Smrat-^Embarkatum — Arrival at Bombay,

March 19, — From Jerrdda to Baroda is thirteen miles over a bare and open country, the roads much cut up. Expecting to meet *' great men" we made our march in regular order, the nagari beating and Maharatta standard flying before us, followed by my chobdars and a chobdar of the re- sident's, who gave the word for marching in a sort of shrill cry, ** Chiilo Maharatta T Forward Ma- harattas! The vakeels and the dewan followed VOL. III.


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32 ADAWLUT COURTS.

The greatest evil of the land here, as elsewhere in India, is the system of the Adawlut Courts, their elaborate and intricate machinery, their into- lerable and expensive delays, and the severity of their debtor and creditor laws. Even in the Adaw- lut, however, a very essential improvement had been introduced by Mr. Elphinstone in discarding the Persian language, and appointing all proceed- ings to be in that of Guzerdt. Still there remained many evils, and in a land so eaten up by poverty on the one hand, and usury on the other, the most calamitous results continually followed, and the most bitter indignation was often excited by the judgements, ejectments, and other acts of the Court, which though intended only to do justice between man and man, yet frequently depopulated villages, undid ancient families, pulled down men's hereditary and long possessed houses over their heads, and made the judges hated and feared by the great body of the people as practising severities in the recovery of private debts, which none of the native governors, however otherwise oppressive, either ventured to do, or thought of doing. One good effect has, indeed, followed, that by making a debt more easy to recover, the rate of interest has been lessened. But this is a poor compensa- tion for the evils of a system which, to pay a debt, no matter how contracted, strips the weaver of his loom, the husbandman of his plough, and puUs the roof from the castle of the feudal chieftain, and which, when a village is once abandoned by its in- habitants in a time of &mine, makes it next to


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70 SERAI. the sober and money-making Boras seem to be not often susceptible of.

The men whom we met here to-day were grave, wealthy-looking burghers, travelUng in covered carts, drawn, each of them, by two of the large and handsome Guzer&ttee oxen, and ornamented and equipped in a style which made them by no means inconvenient or inelegant vehicles. One which was destined to receive the Moullah on his arrival, was a sort of miniature coach or palanquin carriage shaped like a coach, with Venetian blinds, and very handsomely painted dark green. The oxen had all bells round their necks, and the harness of many was plated with massive silver ornaments. The Moullah did not arrive so soon as he was expected, otherwise the Serai would have offered the spec- tacle of a curious mixture of creeds ; as it was, we had Mussulmans of three different sects (Omar, Ali, and Hussun) Hindoos of almost every caste from Brahmins to sweepers, divers worshippers of fire, several Portuguese Roman Catholics, an English Bishop and Archdeacon with one lay-member of their sect, a Scottish Presbyterian, and two poor Greeks from Trebizond, who were on a begging journey to redeem their families from slavery. The whole number of lodgers in and about the Serai, probably, did not fall short of 500 persons. What an admirable scene for eastern romance would such an inn as this afford !

April 13. — From Kim Chowkee to the river Taptee is almost fourteen miles, through a coun- try still wild, and ill-cultivated, though, apparentlyj