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 contributions of the two islands and the towns and villages adjacent. All the other places of worship in the whole world do not equal St. Sophia in riches. It is ornamented with pillars of gold and silver, and with innumerable lamps of the same materials. The hippodrome is a public place near the wall of the palace, set aside for the royal sports. Every year the birthday of Jesus of Nazareth is celebrated there with public rejoicings. On these occasions there may be seen there representations of all the nations, with surprising feats of jugglery. Lions, bears, leopards, and wild asses, trained to fight, are also exhibited. All these sports, the equal of which can nowhere be seen, are carried on in the royal presence.

Manuel has built a large palace for his residence on the seashore, near that built by his predecessors, and to this edifice is given the name of Blachernes. The pillars and walls are covered with pure gold, and all the wars, the ancient as well as his own, are represented in paintings. The throne in this palace is of gold, ornamented with precious stones: a golden crown hangs over it, suspended by a chain of the same material, so as to admit the emperor to sit beneath it. This crown is ornamented with precious stones of inestimable value. The diamonds are of such lustre that they illumine the room. Other objects of curiosity are also here, the which it would be impossible to describe adequately. The tribute brought to Constantinople every year from all parts of Greece consists of silks, purple cloths, and gold, and it fills many treasuries. These buildings are equalled nowhere else in the world. It is computed that the tribute of the city alone amounts every day to twenty thousand florins, arising from hostelries and bazaars, and the duties paid by merchandise arriving by land and by sea. The Greeks who inhabit the country are exceedingly rich, possessing great wealth in gold and precious stones. They dress in garments of silk, ornamented with gold and other valuable decorations. They ride on horses, and appear like princes. The country is rich, producing all sorts of delicacies, as well as abundance of corn and meat and wine. The people are skilled in the Greek sciences, and live in comfort, every man "under his vine and under his fig-tree." They hire soldiers, whom they call barbarians, out of all nations, for their wars with the sultan of the


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 Zogarmion, or Turks. They have no martial spirit themselves, but, like women, are unfit for warlike enterprises.

The long reign (thirty-seven years) of Manuel, which terminated, however, in the emperor's death at the comparatively early age of fifty-eight, was chiefly occupied with wars and campaigns. Few of these have much to do with Constantinople itself, except in so far that to find money to satisfy the claims of his soldiers as well as the extravagant expenditure of the court, Manuel was compelled to have recourse to every kind of fiscal oppression and rapacity. And while the external policy of the emperor was guided by a desire to ensure safety and to gain renown, the internal was actuated solely by the necessity to maintain the imperial revenue. It was with this view that he made the treaties with Pisa and Genoa, which partly counteracted the effect of the concessions granted to Venice. It is a curious chapter in the history of Constantinople.

Partly in gratitude for their help in the Norman War, partly from some idea of policy, Alexius I. had conceded to the Venetians privileges which promised to place in their hands the principal trade of the capital. Certain merchants of Amalfi, when their city was taken by the Normans, went to Constantinople and formed a sort of colony there. Alexius compelled these Amalfi people to pay tribute to the Venetians; he gave them a whole street of warehouses; he exempted their merchandise from custom duties; and he permitted them to trade throughout the whole empire as far as Constantinople and the

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 Black Sea. In other words, it would seem as if, for some purpose of his own, Alexius favoured the Venetians at the expense of his own subjects. But the interests of the emperor were rather those of the court than of the capital. The concessions to Venice were not altogether ruinous. The emperor excluded all foreign ships from the Black Sea; he retained the monopoly of the grain trade, and he exercised control over the rents of shops and warehouses. It may be that Alexius, who certainly would give nothing unless a more than fair equivalent was ensured him, saw in these concessions the introduction of greater enterprise, more activity, and a larger trade. Towards the end of his reign he concluded a commercial treaty with Pisa also. This was renewed by Manuel, who also made a treaty with Genoa. These treaties were doubtless designed to check the growing arrogance of the Venetians, who began to think themselves entitled to the whole of the trade of Constantinople. Manuel granted his allies the right of establishing a factory, erecting a quay, and building a church. He fixed a duty of four per cent, on all goods exported or imported; both Pisans and Genoese were excluded from the Black Sea; and in case of shipwreck, property and sailors were to be protected. The conclusion of new alliances was a wise and prudent step; other steps taken by Manuel were neither wise nor prudent. The islands had hitherto maintained their own fleets for the suppression of Saracenic pirates. The emperor ordered the money hitherto raised for this purpose to be paid into the imperial treasury, and undertook the maintenance of


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 the fleet himself. When he had got the money, he allowed the ships to rot in harbour. Not content with ruining his navy, he proceeded to abandon the central system of army administration, by means of which his father had rendered the military force of the Eastern empire the strongest in the world. He distributed his troops in cities and provinces far apart, where they lost their discipline and their confidence. We need not attempt to follow this prince through a career full of strange vicissitudes. He fought with Raymond of Antioch, with Roger of Sicily, with the Venetians, with the Slavonian princes of Servia and Dalmatia, and with the Hungarians. He joined King Amaury of Jerusalem in his mad project to realise a Christian caliphate in Cairo. He was totally and shamefully defeated by the Turks at Myriokephalon, near Laodicea.

The great defect of his reign is that to which all despots and monarchies are especially liable. It was impossible for him personally to superintend everything. His servants were corrupt; the prodigality of his court, which he did not create, but inherited, was far beyond the resources of the empire; and Manuel was unable to see that by immediate and sweeping reforms alone could this great unwieldy structure, already tottering, be saved from failing.

Manuel's son, Alexius II., was only thirteen years of age when his father died. For the first two years of his reign the court was troubled by the perpetual intrigues of the cousins and relations of the emperor for the post of protosebastos. Nor were the intrigues confined only


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i82 FOOTFALLS OF INDIAN HISTORY reads, is the curious position held by the Brahman. It is very evident that this is as yet by no means fixed. No duty with which an audience was already familiar would be so harped upon as is that of gifts to and respect for the Brahmans here. We notice too that the caste is not yet even fixed, for Draupadi is represented at her swayamvara as following the five brothers, when she and everyone else imagine them to be Brahmans. Nor is this a detail which requires explanation or apology, as does the marriage of one woman to five men. No, at the date of the last recension of the Mahabharata, a marriage between Brahman and Kshatriya is well within the understanding and sympathy of an audience. It is however fairly clear that the promulgation of the work is bound up with the success of the Brahmans in impressing themselves and it on the public mind. It was entrusted to them, perhaps by royal warrant—even as in the story of Damayanti another story is given to them to carry forth of her father's capital—to spread far and wide, depending on the alms of the faithful for payment. And we are constrained at this point to ask. What up to this moment had been the characteristic work of the Brahmans as a caste?

But there are notable exceptions to this constant commendation of the Brahmans to the consideration and charity of their hearers. On looking closer, we find that there are many passages of no inconsiderable size in which the Brahmans are never


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1947 Amendment to the Constitution of the Philippines

Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Philippines in joint session assembled, by a vote of not less than three-fourths of all the Members of each House voting separately, To propose, as they do hereby propose, the following amendment to the Constitution of the Philippines to be appended as an Ordinance thereto:

"Notwithstanding the provisions of section one, Article Thirteen, and section eight, Article Fourteen, of the foregoing Constitution, during the effectivity of the Executive Agreement entered into by the President of the Philippines with the President of the United States on the fourth of July, nineteen hundred and forty-six, pursuant to the provisions of Commonwealth Act Numbered Seven hundred and thirty-three, but in no case to extend beyond the third of July, nineteen hundred and seventy-four, the disposition, exploitation, development, and utilization of all agricultural, timber, and mineral lands of the public domain, waters, minerals, coal, petroleum, and other mineral oils, all forces and sources of potential energy, and other natural resources of the Philippines, and the operation of public utilities, shall, if open to any person, be open to citizens of the United States and to all forms of business enterprise owned or controlled, directly or indirectly, by citizens of the United States in the same manner as to, and under the same conditions imposed upon, citizens of the Philippines or corporations or associations owned or controlled by citizens of the Philippines."

This amendment shall be valid as a part of the Constitution when approved by a majority of the votes cast in an election at which it is submitted to the people for their ratification pursuant to Article XV of the Constitution.

Adopted, September 18, 1946.


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 to the court. Factions were formed, and faction fights in the streets of the city brought with them their usual train of plunder and outrage. Looking about for a strong man, the Greeks could find no one but Andronicus, whom they invited to become prime minister, and who speedily made himself emperor.

The life of Andronicus has been drawn by every writer who has treated of the Eastern empire. In the whole of history there is no more romantic story of adventure, daring, danger, ambition, and strength. No Norman conqueror, no crusading hero, no Spanish invader, can show a more astonishing record. It may be found detailed at length in Finlay, Gibbon, and Le Beau. An abridgment of his story may be given here. He was the son of Isaac Comnenus, and the grandson of Alexius I. Like most of his race, he was tall, strong, and athletic; his personal habits were temperate; he was dexterous in arms; he was persuasive and eloquent; he owned no restraint of principle, though he was ready with quotations on occasion from St. Paul; his bravery and skill recommended him to Manuel, his cousin, whose vices as well as his courage Andronicus shared. While the emperor scandalised the Church by his connection with Theodora, his niece, Andronicus openly carried about with him Eudocia, her sister. She shared his campaigns, and the hard fighting of the day was followed by feasting and singing at night. Early In Manuel's reign Andronicus was taken prisoner by the Turks, and taken to the court of Sultan Massoud, where he learned the Turkish language, and showed no un-


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 willingness to cast in his lot with his captors. His brother, indeed, who had become a Mohammedan, was already at the court.

On his return he was twice entrusted with the command of the army in Cilicia, and twice defeated. Subsequently he was appointed governor of the two principal fortresses on the Hungarian frontier, and again he brought disaster upon the empire. Then Manuel ceased to employ him. He returned to Constantinople, and lived aloof from the court, with Eudocia, and a crowd of actresses and dancing-girls. After a time he was suspected of a treasonable correspondence with the sultan of Iconium and the king of Hungary. There can be small doubt that he had read the annals of his country, and knew that an emperor might be dethroned. But this emperor was too strong. He might, however, be assassinated. Andronicus presented himself at an imperial hunting party, uninvited, with a numerous train of armed followers. The emperor's escort was too strong for open violence; but he was watched, and during the night Andronicus was found lurking near the emperor's tent, disguised as a Latin soldier, and armed with a dagger.

He was thrown into prison, where he remained in solitary confinement for nine years. At the end of this time he discovered some secret recess in the tower, the entrance to which he found means to close after he himself should be within it, so that it could not be suspected. Then he saved up provisions, got into his cell, and shut himself in. The prisoner had escaped. There was no apparent way out of the tower; the guards had seen no one


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 escaping; it was impossible to find any trace of him in the neighbourhood. But he was gone. They suspected everybody, his wife among them, and they carried their suspicion so far as to lock her up in what had been her husband's cell. This was not exactly what Andronicus wanted. Probably he looked for a relaxation of the guard, or their withdrawal, now that the bird had escaped. However, things might have been worse. There was now no chance of starving, at least. In the night his wife was awakened by the spectre, as she thought, of her husband. He told her all, and after a short period, during which she managed to save food for him, the guard became neglectful, and an opportunity was found for escape.

He was caught, however, and again taken to prison, where he was loaded with chains. A second time he escaped, being able to get a model of the keys in wax, and being provided by his son Manuel with a coil of rope and new keys, conveyed to him in an amphora of wine. Again he was caught, and again by a dexterous pretence he managed to escape. This time he found himself at the court of Yaroslef, prince of Russian Galicia. Manuel was persuaded to grant him a full pardon, and he returned to the capital. He was again entrusted with the chief command in Cilicia, and he disgraced himself by another defeat. After this he thought it prudent to seek refuge in Antioch, where Raymond received him, and where he fell in love with Philippa, sister of the empress Maria. One supposes that his first wife was dead, because Philippa consented to marry him. He would not


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 remain long in Antioch, however, lest Manuel should order his arrest. He fled to Jerusalem, and finding shelter there, showed his gratitude by falling in love with Theodora, the widow of Baldwin III., who returned his passion with equal ardour. She was thus the third princess who fell a victim to this Byzantine Don Giovanni. And when Manuel offered large rewards to any Syrian noble who should arrest Andronicus and put out his eyes, it was Theodora who warned him of the danger, and consented to take refuge with him among the Turks. A very curious chapter might be written on the renegades of the Eastern empire as well as on those of Spain. The Mohammedan service, indeed, has always attracted a certain class of adventurer. Its prizes, great and splendid, have always been open to the ready eye, the strong hand, and the quick brain; its religion is tolerant in practice if not in theory; its customs offer an apparent freedom from those bonds of morality which fetter and fatigue the piratic mind. As for Andronicus, he came of a family of renegades. With Theodora he wandered about for a time in Mesopotamia and Iberia, till he had collected a small army of refugees and Turkish mercenaries, with which, because every free and independent soldier must have money, he began to harass the frontier and capture live stock among the Christians for the slave market. He held strong forts among the mountains, to which he would retire one after the other, eluding pursuit like another Rob Roy. Nor was it until Theodora was taken prisoner that he opened negotiations with the emperor. He succeeded in gaining permission to be


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 brought before him. Probably the permission contained a promise of freedom and forgiveness. This act was the greatest of all Manuel's mistakes. It should have been war to the knife with one so desperate and so dangerous.

Andronicus was an excellent actor. On being brought before the emperor he opened his cloak, and showed a heavy iron chain fastened to a collar round his neck. He burst into tears, quoted Scripture, and implored the pardon of his offended emperor. The pardon was promised, but that was not enough. He insisted that some one should drag him by the neck to the emperor's footstool. This kind action was performed for him by his cousin Isaac Angelus. Afterwards, when Isaac mounted the throne, the thing was remembered.

We have seen that he was chosen protosebastos. We have already stated that he murdered Alexius II. and made himself emperor. That was to be expected.

Once on the throne, the monster showed his real character again. He murdered some among the aristocracy for their wealth and influence, and put out the eyes of others—those who had helped him to his throne. Some who revolted, he punished with the greatest cruelties; and even while he made a bid for popularity by lightening the burden of taxation, he became hateful by neglecting and diminishing the public amusements.

Hated on all sides, the old man, now seventy years of age, began to be tormented by fears and anxieties. The astrologers told him that he would lose his kingdom by a man whose name began with the letter I, so that when


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 one Isaac, who assumed the name of Comnenus, revolted and took possession of Cyprus, he thought of the prediction and awaited the end.

It was not, however, that Isaac who was to accomplish the prophecy. Among the kinsfolk of the imperial dynasty was one Isaac Angelus, a weak, harmless, and incapable man, who had hitherto excited no suspicion. It was determined, however, to arrest him, though the emperor had so low an opinion of his capacity that he refused to sign the order. The minister Agiochristophorites undertook the responsibility, and went in person to make the arrest. When Isaac heard that he was in the court of the palace, his natural cowardice turned to the fury of despair; he rushed upon the minister with his drawn sword, slew him on the spot, and sought sanctuary in the Church of St. Sophia. There his friends joined him; hither the people flocked with cries, and against his will Isaac found himself crowned.

Andronicus tried to escape, but they caught him and brought him back to the city, and before the new emperor. One loses pity for the subsequent misfortunes of Isaac when we read how he ordered one eye to be put out, one hand to be struck off, thrust him into a dungeon without food or attendance, and finally abandoned him to the brutalities of the people, who for two days subjected him to tortures which may be read in the contemporary histories, but are best not set forth in detail. For two days the wretched man thus expiated his sins, bearing his torments with fortitude, and only groaning at intervals, "Bruise not a broken reed." At last two


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 Latin soldiers, more humane than the Greeks, drove their swords into his heart, and ended the long life of a man who was the most remarkable outcome of the time; such a man as is only produced when the greatest courage and the finest physique belong to one who has ambition, want of principle, and strength of will, and when that man is born, like Andronicus, in a time of universal and profound corruption.

The downward course of the empire was not likely to be arrested by the accession of such a man as Isaac Angelus. Amid the anarchy, the confusion, the bribery, the impotent rage of the people, which lasted during the ten years of his feeble rule, the Vallachians established themselves on an independent footing in Thessaly. The general sent to defeat them was driven back, and in despair of conquering the barbarians, himself assumed the title of emperor and laid siege to the capital. Isaac and the city were saved by the accidental presence of Conrad of Montferrat. He told the emperor that priests and processions were very well in proper time and place, but that the present emergency demanded men; and putting himself at the head of two hundred and fifty valiant knights, with five hundred veterans, and such other forces as could be raised, he took the field and defeated the rebels. The victory brought very little benefit to the people of Constantinople, because the troops took advantage of the general rejoicing to pillage the town. Isaac was deposed, and his eyes put out by his elder brother Alexius. His son, afterwards Alexius IV., escaped.


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 Except that he was more treacherous, Alexius III. proved no better than Isaac II. His wife Euphrosyne conducted the business of the administration, if the sale of places, the receiving of bribes, and the farming of revenues on ruinous terms, can be called by that name. Thrace was left in the hands of the Vallachians; the admiral of the fleet sold without concealment the stores of the navy; the seas were crowded with pirates; even the emperor condescended to become a pirate, and sent six vessels into the Euxine, with private instructions to pick up what they could. Rich men were seized by parties of courtiers, and held captive until they had paid ransom. The patriarch refused to interfere; at last the people assembled before his palace and threatened to throw him out of the windows; the Venetians and Pisans fought battles in the streets; the Turks were shamefully bought off; the Bulgarians and Sclavonians were in arms; and the empire, despite the splendour and magnificence of the court, seemed on the point of falling to pieces.

The conquest of Constantinople by the Flemings and Venetians finished at a blow what the bad rule of the Comnenans was destroying rapidly and surely.


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tales in the Grey Fairy Book are derived from many countries—Lithuania, various parts of Africa, Germany, France, Greece, and other regions of the world. They have been translated and adapted by Mrs. Dent, Mrs. Lang, Miss Eleanor Sellar, Miss Blackley, and Miss Lang. ‘The Three Sons of Hali’ is from the last century ‘Cabinet des Fées,’ a very large collection. The French author may have had some Oriental original before him in parts; at all events he copied the Eastern method of putting tale within tale, like the Eastern balls of carved ivory. The stories, as usual, illustrate the method of popular fiction. A certain number of incidents are shaken into many varying combinations, like the fragments of coloured glass in the kaleidoscope. Probably the possible combinations, like possible musical combinations, are not unlimited in number, but children may be less sensitive in the matter of fairies than Mr. John Stuart Mill was as regards music.

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Rh 1. That those who are wise and good do ordinarily prosper in this world. This he only hints at, v. 19. That those of whose mind he was, were such as had the earth given to them, and to them only; they enjoyed it entirely and peaceably, and no stranger passed among them, either to share with them, or to give disturbance to them. Job had said, The earth is given into the hand of the wicked, ch. ix. 24. "No," says Eliphaz, "it is given into the hands of the saints, and runs along with the faith committed unto them. And they are not robbed and plundered by strangers and enemies making inroads upon them, as thou art by the Sabeans and Chaldeans." But because many of God's people have remarkably prospered in this world, as Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, it does not therefore follow, that those who are crossed and impoverished, as Job, are not God's people.

2. That wicked people, and particularly oppressors, and tyrannizing rulers, are subject to continual terrors, live very uncomfortably, and perish very miserably. On this head he enlarges, showing that even they who impiously dare God's judgments, yet cannot but dread them, and will feel them at last. He speaks in the singular number, the wicked man, meaning, as some think, Nimrod, or perhaps Chedorlaomer, or some such mighty hunter before the Lord. I fear he meant Job himself, whom he expressly charges both with the tyranny, and with the timorousness, here described, ch. xxii. 9, 10. Here he thinks the application easy, and that Job might, in this description, as in a glass, see his own face. Now,

(1.) Let us see how he describes the sinner who lives thus miserably. He does not begin with that, but brings it in as a reason of his doom, v. 25··28. It is no ordinary sinner, but one of the first rate, an oppressor, (v. 20.) a blasphemer, and a persecutor, one that neither fears God, nor regards man.

[1.] He bids defiance to God, and to his authority and power, v. 25. Tell him of the divine law, and its obligations; he breaks those bonds asunder, and will not have, no not him that made him, to restrain him or rule over him. Tell him of the divine wrath, and its terrors; he bids the Almighty do his worst, he will have his will, he will have his way, in spite of him, and will not be controlled by law, or conscience, or the notices of a judgment to come. He stretches out his hand against God, in defiance of him, and of the power of his wrath. God is indeed out of his reach, but he stretches out his hand against him, to show, that, if it were in his power, he would ungod him.

This applies to the audacious impiety of some sinners, who are really haters of God, (Rom. i. 30.) and whose carnal mind is not only an enemy to him, but enmity itself, Rom. viii. 7. But, alas! the sinner's malice is as impotent as it is impudent; what can he do? He strengthens himself (he would be valiant, so some read it) against the Almighty; he thinks with his exorbitant despotic power to change times and laws, (Dan. vii. 25.) and, in spite of Providence, to carry the day for rapine and wrong, clear of the check of conscience. Note, It is the prodigious madness of presumptuous sinners, that they enter the lists with Omnipotence. Woe unto him that strives with his Maker. That is generally taken for a further description of the sinner's daring presumption; (v. 26.) He runs upon him, upon God himself, in a direct opposition to him, to his precepts and providences, even upon his neck, as a desperate combatant, when he finds himself an unequal match for his adversary, flies in his face, though, at the same time, he falls on his sword's point, or the sharp spike of his buckler. Sinners, in general, run from God; but the presumptuous sinner, who sins with a high hand, runs upon him, fights against him, and bids defiance to him; and it is easy to foretell what will be the issue.

[2.] He wraps himself up in security and sensuality; (v. 27.) He covers his face with his fatness. This signifies both the pampering of his flesh with daily delicious fare, and the hardening of his heart thereby against the judgments of God. Note, The gratifying of the appetites of the body, feeding and feasting that to the full, often turns to the damage of the soul and its interests. Why is God forgotten and slighted, but because the belly is made a god of, and happiness placed in the delights of sense? They that fill themselves with wine and strong drink, abandon all that is serious, and flatter themselves with hopes that to-morrow shall be as this day, Isa. lvi. 12. Woe to them that are thus at ease in Zion, Amos vi. 1, 3, 4. Luke xii. 19. The fat that covers his face, makes him look bold and haughty, and that which covers his flanks, makes him lie easy and soft, and feel little; but this will prove poor shelter against the darts of God's wrath.

[3.] He enriches himself with the spoils of all about him, v. 28. He dwells in cities which he himself has made desolate by expelling the inhabitants out of them, that he might be placed alone in them, Isa. v. 8. Proud and cruel men take a strange pleasure in ruins, when they are of their own making; in destroying cities, (Ps. ix. 6. ) and triumphing in the destruction, since they cannot make them their own, but by making them ready to become heaps, and frightening the inhabitants out of them. Note, Those that aim to engross the world to themselves, and grasp at all, lose the comfort of all, and make themselves miserable in the midst of all. How does this tyrant gain his point, and make himself master of cities that have all the marks of antiquity upon them? We are told, (v. 35.) he does it by malice and falsehood, the two chief ingredients of his wickedness, who was a liar and a murderer from the beginning; they, conceive mischief, and then they effect it by preparing deceit, pretending to protect those whom they design to subdue, and making leagues of peace, the more effectually to carry on the operations of war. From such wicked men God deliver all good men.

(2.) Let us see now what is the miserable condition of this wicked man, both in spiritual and temporal judgments.

[1.] His inward peace is continually disturbed. He seems to those about him to be easy, who, therefore, envy him, and wish themselves in his condition; but He who knows what is in men, tells us that a wicked man has so little comfort and satisfaction in his own breast, that he is rather to be pitied than envied.

First, His own conscience accuses him, and, with the pangs and throes of that, he travaileth in pain all his days, v. 20. He is continually uneasy at the thought of the cruelties he has been guilty of, and the blood in which he has imbued his hands; his sins stare him in the face at every turn. Diri conscia facti mens habet attonitos—Conscious guilt astonishes and confounds.

Secondly, He is vexed at the uncertainty of the continuance of his wealth and power; the number of years is hidden to the oppressor. He knows, whatever he pretends, that it will not last always, and has reason to fear that it will not last long, and this he frets at.

Thirdly, He is under a certain fearful expectation of judgment and fiery indignation, (Heb. x. 27.) which puts him into, and keeps him in, a continual terror and consternation, so that he dwells with Cain in the land of Nod, or commotion, (Gen. iv. 16.) and is made like Pashur, Magor-missabib—A terror round about, Jer. xx. 3, 4. A dreadful sound is in his ears, v. 21. He knows that both Heaven


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Rh

(2) Once a decision as to government policy has been taken, any statistical information used to provide an informed background to the taking of the decision is not to be regarded—
 * (a) for the purposes of subsection (1)(a), as relating to the formulation or development of government policy, or
 * (b) for the purposes of subsection (1)(b), as relating to Ministerial communications.

(3) The duty to confirm or deny does not arise in relation to information which is (or if it were held by the public authority would be) exempt information by virtue of subsection (1).

(4) In making any determination required by section 2(1)(b) or (2)(b) in relation to information which is exempt information by virtue of subsection (1)(a), regard shall be had to the particular public interest in the disclosure of factual information which has been used, or is intended to be used, to provide an informed background to decision-taking.

(5) In this section—
 * “government policy” includes the policy of the Executive Committee of the Northern Ireland Assembly and the policy of the National Assembly for Wales;
 * “the Law Officers” means the Attorney General, the Solicitor General, the Advocate General for Scotland, the Lord Advocate, the Solicitor General for Scotland and the Attorney General for Northern Ireland;
 * “Ministerial communications” means any communications—
 * (a) between Ministers of the Crown,
 * (b) between Northern Ireland Ministers, including Northern Ireland junior Ministers, or
 * (c) between Assembly Secretaries, including the Assembly First Secretary,
 * and includes, in particular, proceedings of the Cabinet or of any committee of the Cabinet, proceedings of the Executive Committee of the Northern Ireland Assembly, and proceedings of the executive committee of the National Assembly for Wales;
 * “Ministerial private office” means any part of a government department which provides personal administrative support to a Minister of the Crown, to a Northern Ireland Minister or a Northern Ireland junior Minister or any part of the administration of the National Assembly for Wales providing personal administrative support to the Assembly First Secretary or an Assembly Secretary;
 * “Northern Ireland junior Minister” means a member of the Northern Ireland Assembly appointed as a junior Minister under section 19 of the Northern Ireland Act 1998.

36.—(1) This section applies to—
 * (a) information which is held by a government department or by the National Assembly for Wales and is not exempt information by virtue of section 35, and
 * (b) information which is held by any other public authority.

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22c. 36

(2) Information to which this section applies is exempt information if, in the reasonable opinion of a qualified person, disclosure of the information under this Act—
 * (a) would, or would be likely to, prejudice—
 * (i) the maintenance of the convention of the collective responsibility of Ministers of the Crown, or
 * (ii) the work of the Executive Committee of the Northern Ireland Assembly, or
 * (iii) the work of the executive committee of the National Assembly for Wales,
 * (b) would, or would be likely to, inhibit—
 * (i) the free and frank provision of advice, or
 * (ii) the free and frank exchange of views for the purposes of deliberation, or
 * (c) would otherwise prejudice, or would be likely otherwise to prejudice, the effective conduct of public affairs.

(3) The duty to confirm or deny does not arise in relation to information to which this section applies (or would apply if held by the public authority) if, or to the extent that, in the reasonable opinion of a qualified person, compliance with section 1(1)(a) would, or would be likely to, have any of the effects mentioned in subsection (2).

(4) In relation to statistical information, subsections (2) and (3) shall have effect with the omission of the words “in the reasonable opinion of a qualified person”.

(5) In subsections (2) and (3) “qualified person”—
 * (a) in relation to information held by a government department in the charge of a Minister of the Crown, means any Minister of the Crown,
 * (b) in relation to information held by a Northern Ireland department, means the Northern Ireland Minister in charge of the department,
 * (c) in relation to information held by any other government department, means the commissioners or other person in charge of that department,
 * (d) in relation to information held by the House of Commons, means the Speaker of that House,
 * (e) in relation to information held by the House of Lords, means the Clerk of the Parliaments,
 * (f) in relation to information held by the Northern Ireland Assembly, means the Presiding Officer,
 * (g) in relation to information held by the National Assembly for Wales, means the Assembly First Secretary,
 * (h) in relation to information held by any Welsh public authority other than the Auditor General for Wales, means—
 * (i) the public authority, or
 * (ii) any officer or employee of the authority authorised by the Assembly First Secretary,
 * (i) in relation to information held by the National Audit Office, means the Comptroller and Auditor General,

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1981 Amendments to the Constitution of the Philippines

Be it resolved by the Batasang Pambansa, sitting as a Constituent Assembly, by a majority vote of all its Members, to propose, as it hereby proposes, the following amendments to the Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines:

" Article VII of the Constitution of the Philippines is hereby amended to read as follows:

" The President shall be the head of state and chief executive of the Republic of the Philippines.

" No person may be elected President unless he is a natural-born citizen of the Philippines, a registered voter, able to read and write, at least fifty years of age on the day of election for President, and a resident of the Philippines for at least ten years immediately preceding such election.

The President shall be elected by direct vote of the people for a term of six years which shall begin at noon on the thirtieth day of June following the day of the election and shall end at noon of the same date six years thereafter when the term of his successor shall begin.

"The returns of every election for President, duly certified by the board of canvassers of each province or city, shall be transmitted to the Speaker at the Batasang Pambansa, who shall, not later than thirty days after the day of the election, and in the presence of the Batasang Pambansa open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted.

"The person having the highest number of votes shall be proclaimed elected; but in case two or more shall have an equal and the highest number of votes, one of them shall forthwith be chosen by a majority of all the Members of the Batasang Pambansa in session assembled.

" If, at the time fixed for the beginning of his term, the President-elect shall have died or shall have failed to qualify or if the President shall not have been chosen, the Executive Committee, headed by the Prime Minister, as hereinafter provided, shall exercise the powers and discharge the duties of the President until a President shall have been elected and qualified. If the Batasang Pambansa withdraws its confidence in the Prime Minister, the Speaker shall preside over the Executive Committee. In the absence of an Executive Committee, the Speaker of the Batasang Pambansa shall act as President until a President shall have been elected and qualified.

"In the event of death or failure to qualify as herein provided, the Batasang Pambansa shall call a special election in the manner prescribed in Section 7 hereof.

" The President, on assuming office, shall take the following oath or affirmation:

 * 'I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully and conscientiously fulfill my duties as President of the Philippines, preserve and defend its Constitution, execute its laws, do justice to every man and consecrate myself to the service of the Nation. So help me God.' (In case of affirmation, the last sentence is omitted.)

" (1) The President shall have an official residence and shall receive a compensation to be fixed by law, which shall not be increased or decreased during his term of office. He shall not receive during his tenure any other emolument from the Government or any other source. Until the Batasang Pambansa shall provide otherwise, the President shall receive an annual salary of one hundred thousand pesos.

"(2) The President shall not, during his tenure, hold any other office, practice any profession, participate directly or indirectly in the management of any business, or be financially interested directly or indirectly in any contract with, or in any franchise or special privilege granted by, the Government or any subdivision, agency or instrumentality thereof, including any government-owned or controlled corporation.

" In case of permanent disability, death, removal from office or resignation of the President, the Executive Committee headed by the Prime Minister as hereinafter provided shall exercise the powers of the President until a President shall have been elected and qualified. If the permanent disability, death, removal from office or resignation of the President occurs earlier than eighteen (18) months before the expiration of his term, the Batasang Pambansa shall, within thirty days from the time the vacancy occurs, call a special election to be held not earlier than forty-five days nor later than sixty days from the time of such call, to elect a President to serve the unexpired term.

"In the absence of an Executive Committee, the Speaker shall act as President until the President shall have been elected and qualified.

" The President shall have control of the ministries.

" The President shall be commander-in-chief of all armed forces of the Philippines and, whenever it becomes necessary, he may call out such armed forces to prevent or suppress lawless violence, invasion, insurrection, or rebellion. In case of invasion, insurrection, or rebellion, or imminent danger thereof, when the public safety requires it, he may suspend the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus, or place the Philippines or any part thereof under martial law.

" The President shall appoint the heads of bureaus and offices, the officers of the armed forces of the Philippines from the rank of brigadier general or commodore, and all other officers of the Government whose appointments are not otherwise provided for, and those whom he may be authorized by law to appoint. However, the Batasang Pambansa may by law vest in the Prime Minister, members of the Cabinet, the Executive Committee, courts, heads of agencies, commissions, and boards the power to appoint inferior officers.

" The President may, except in cases of impeachment, grant reprieves, commutations and pardons, remit fines and forfeitures and, with the concurrence of the Batasang Pambansa, grant amnesty.

" The President may contract and guarantee foreign and domestic loans on behalf of the Republic of the Philippines, subject to such limitations as may be provided by law.

" The President shall formulate the guidelines of national policy.

" The President shall address the Batasang Pambansa at the opening of its regular session. He may also appear before it at any other time.

" The President shall be immune from suit during his tenure. Thereafter, no suit whatsoever shall lie for official acts done by him or by others pursuant to his specific orders during his tenure.

"The immunities herein provided shall apply to the incumbent President referred to in Article XVII of this Constitution.

" All powers vested in the President of the Philippines under the 1935 Constitution and the laws of the land which are not herein provided for or conferred upon any official shall be deemed and are hereby vested in the President unless the Batasang Pambansa provides otherwise."

Article VIII of the Constitution of the Philippines is hereby amended to read as follows:

" The Legislative power shall be vested in a Batasang Pambansa.

" The Batasang Pambansa which shall be composed of not more than 200 Members unless otherwise provided by law, shall include representatives elected from the different regions of the Philippines, those elected or selected from various sectors as may be provided by law, and those chosen by the President from the members of the Cabinet. Regional representatives shall be apportioned among the regions in accordance with the number of their respective inhabitants and on the basis of a uniform and progressive ratio.

"The number of representatives from each region and the manner of their election shall be prescribed by law. The number of representatives from each sector and the manner of their election or selection shall be prescribed by law.

" (1) The Members of the Batasang Pambansa shall have a term of six years which shall begin, unless otherwise provided by law, at noon on the thirtieth day of June next following their election.

"(2) In case the Batasang Pambansa is dissolved, the newly elected Members shall serve the unexpired portion of the term from the time the President convokes the Assembly, which shall not be later than thirty days immediately following their election.

" No person shall be a Member of the Batasang Pambansa as a regional representative unless he is a natural-born citizen of the Philippines and, on the day of the election, is at least twenty-five years of age, able to read and write, a registered voter in the Region in which he shall be elected, and a resident thereof for a period of not less than one year immediately preceding the day of the election.

"A sectoral representative shall be a natural-born citizen, able to read and write, and shall have such other qualifications as may be provided by law.

" (1) The regular election of the Members of the Batasang Pambansa shall be held on the second Monday of May 1984 and every six years thereafter.

"(2) In case a vacancy arises in the Batasang Pambansa eighteen months or more before a regular election, the Commission on Elections shall call a special election to be held within sixty days after the vacancy occurs to elect the Member to serve the unexpired term.

" The Batasang Pambansa shall convene once every year on the fourth Monday of July for its regular session, unless a different date is fixed by law, and shall continue to be in session for such number of days as it may determine. However, it may be called to session at any time by the President to consider such subjects or legislation as he may designate.

" (1) The Batasang Pambansa shall, by a majority vote of all its Members, elect its Speaker from the Members thereof. It shall choose such other officers as it may deem necessary.

"(2) A majority of all the Members of the Batasang Pambansa shall constitute a quorum to do business, but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day and may compel the attendance of absent Members in such manner, and under such penalties, as the Batasang Pambansa may provide.

"(3) The Batasang Pambansa may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its Members for disorderly behavior, and with the concurrence of two-thirds of all its Members, suspend or expel a Member, but if the penalty is suspension, this shall not exceed sixty days.

"(4) The Batasang Pambansa shall keep a Journal of its proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may, in its judgment, affect national security; and the years and nays on any question shall, at the request of one-fifth of the Members present, be entered in the Journal.

" (1) Unless otherwise provided by law, each Member of the Batasang Pambansa shall receive an annual salary of sixty thousand pesos. The Speaker of the Batasang Pambansa shall receive an annual salary of seventy-five thousand pesos. No increase in salary shall take effect until after the expiration of the term of the Members of the Batasang Pambansa approving such increase.

"(2) The records and books of accounts of the Batasang Pambansa shall be open to the public in accordance with law, and such books shall be audited by the Commission on Audit which shall publish annually the itemized expenditures for each Member.

" A Member of the Batasang Pambansa shall, in all offenses punishable by not more than six years imprisonment, be privileged from arrest during his attendance at its sessions, and in going to and returning from the same; but the Batasang Pambansa shall surrender the Member involved to the custody of the law within twenty-four hours after its adjournment for a recess or for its next session, otherwise such privilege shall cease upon its failure to do so. A Member shall not be questioned nor be held liable in any other place for any speech or debate in the Batasan or in any committee thereof.

" A Member of the Batasang Pambansa shall not hold any other office or employment in the Government, or any subdivision, agency, or instrumentality thereof, including government-owned or controlled corporations, during his tenure except that of Prime Minister, Deputy Prime Minister, Member of the Cabinet or the Executive Committee, or Deputy Minister. Neither shall he, during the term for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office which may have been created or the emoluments thereof increased while he was a Member of the Batasang Pambansa.

" No Member of the Batasang Pambansa shall appear as counsel before any court without appellate jurisdiction, before any court in any civil case wherein the Government, or any subdivision, agency, or instrumentality thereof is the adverse party, or in any criminal case wherein any officer or employee of the Government is accused of an offense committed in relation to his office, or before any administrative body. Neither shall he, directly or indirectly, be interested financially in any contract with, or in any franchise or special privilege granted by the Government, or any subdivision, agency or instrumentality thereof, including any government-owned or controlled corporation, during his term of office. He shall not accept employment to intervene in any cause or matter where he may be called upon to act on account of his office.

" (1) There shall be a question hour at least once a month or as often as the Rules of the Batasang Pambansa may provide, which shall be included in its agenda, during which the Prime Minister, the Deputy Prime Minister or any Minister may be required to appear and answer questions and interpellations by Members of the Batasang Pambansa. Written questions shall be submitted to the Speaker at least three days before a scheduled question hour. Interpellations shall not be limited to the written questions, but may cover matters related thereto. The agenda shall specify the subjects of the question hour. When the security of the State so requires and the President so states in writing, the question hour shall be conducted in executive session.

"(2) The Batasang Pambansa or any of its committees may conduct inquiries in aid of legislation in accordance with its duly published rules of procedure. The rights of persons appearing in or affected by such inquiries shall be respected.

" (1) The Batasang Pambansa may withdraw its confidence from the Prime Minister by a majority vote of all its Members. The motion for a vote of no confidence shall be calendared for debate if it is signed by at least one-fifth of the Members of the Batasang Pambansa. No such motion shall be debated and voted upon until after the lapse of seven days after its submission.

"Within ten days from receipt of the written advice of the approval of the motion of no confidence, the President may submit a nominee for a Prime Minister to be elected by the Batasang Pambansa.

"(2) The Prime Minister may advise the President in writing to dissolve the Batasang Pambansa whenever the need arises for a popular vote of confidence on fundamental issues, but not on a matter involving his own personal integrity. Whereupon, the President may dissolve the Batasang Pambansa not earlier than seven nor later than fourteen days from his receipt of the advice, and call for an election on a date set by him which shall not be earlier than forty-five nor later than sixty days from the date of such dissolution. However, no dissolution of the Batasang Pambansa shall take place within eighteen months immediately preceding a regular election of the Batasang Pambansa or within eighteen months immediately following such election, or during the pendency of impeachment proceedings against the President, or when the powers of the President are exercised by the Executive Committee or the Speaker. The Batasang Pambansa shall not be dissolved oftener than once every twelve (12) months.

" (1) Except as otherwise provided in this Constitution, no treaty shall be valid and effective unless concurred in by a majority of all the Members of the Batasang Pambansa.

"(2) The Batasang Pambansa, by a vote of two-thirds of all its Members, shall have the sole power to declare the existence of a state of war.

" In times of war or other national emergency, the Batasang Pambansa may by law authorize the President for a limited period and subject to such restrictions as it may prescribe, to exercise powers necessary and proper to carry out a declared national policy. Unless sooner withdrawn by resolution of the Batasang Pambansa, such powers shall cease upon its next adjournment.

" (1) The Prime Minister shall submit to the Batasang Pambansa within thirty days from the opening of each regular session, as the basis of the general appropriations bill, a budget of receipts based on existing and proposed revenue measures, and of expenditures. The form, content, and manner of preparation of the budget shall be prescribed by law.

"(2) No provision or enactment shall be embraced in the general appropriations bill unless it relates specifically to some particular appropriation therein. Any such provision or enactment shall be limited in its operation to the appropriation to which it relates.

"(3) The procedure in approving appropriations for the Batasang Pambansa shall strictly follow the procedure for approving appropriations for other departments and agencies.

"(4) A special appropriations bill shall specify the purpose for which it is intended, and shall be supported by funds actually available as certified to by the National Treasurer, or to be raised by a corresponding revenue proposal included therein.

"(5) No law shall be passed authorizing any transfer of appropriations; however, the President, the Prime Minister, the Speaker, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, and the heads of Constitutional Commissions may by law be authorized to augment any item in the general appropriations law for their respective offices from savings in other items of their respective appropriations.

"(6) If, by the end of any fiscal year, the Batasang Pambansa shall have failed to pass the general appropriations bill for the ensuing fiscal year, the general appropriations law for the preceding fiscal year shall be deemed re-enacted and shall remain in force and effect until the general appropriations bill is passed by the Batasang Pambansa.

" (1) The rule of taxation shall be uniform and equitable. The Batasang Pambansa shall evolve a progressive system of taxation.

"(2) The Batasang Pambansa may by law authorize the President to fix within specified limits, and subject to such limitations and restrictions as it may impose, tariff rates, import and export quotas, tonnage and wharfage dues, and other duties or imposts.

(3) Charitable institutions, churches, personages or convents appurtenant thereto, mosques, and non-profit cemeteries, and all lands, buildings, and improvements actually, directly, and exclusively used for religious or charitable purposes shall be exempt from taxation.

"(4) No law granting any tax exemption shall be passed without the concurrence of a majority of all the Members of the Batasang Pambansa.

" (1) No money shall be paid out of the Treasury except in pursuance of an appropriation made by law.

"(2) No public money or property shall ever be appropriated, applied, paid, or used, directly or indirectly, for the use, benefit, or support of any sect, church, denomination, sectarian institution, or system of religion, or for the use, benefit, or support of any priest, preacher, minister, or other religious teacher or dignitary as such, except when such priest, preacher, minister, or dignitary is assigned to the armed forces, or to any penal institution, or government orphanage or leprosarium.

" (1) Every bill shall embrace only one subject which shall be expressed in the title thereof.

"(2) No bill shall become a law unless it has passed three readings on separate days, and printed copies thereof in its final form have been distributed to the Members three days before its passage, except when the Prime Minister certifies to the necessity of its immediate enactment to meet a public calamity or emergency. Upon the last reading of a bill, no amendment thereto shall be allowed, and the vote thereon shall be taken immediately thereafter, and the yeas and nays entered in the Journal.

" (1) Every bill passed by the Batasang Pambansa shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the President. If he approves the same, he shall sign it; otherwise, he shall veto it and return the same with his objections to the Batasang Pambansa. The bill may be reconsidered by the Batasang Pambansa and, if approved by two-thirds of all its Members, shall become a law. The President shall act on every bill passed by the Batasang Pambansa within thirty days after the date of receipt thereof; otherwise, it shall become a law as if he had signed it.

"(2) The President shall have the power to veto any particular item or items in an appropriation, revenue, or tariff bill, but the veto shall not affect the item or items to which he does not object."

Article IX of the Constitution of the Philippines is hereby amended to read as follows:

" There shall be a Cabinet which shall be composed of Ministers with or without portfolio appointed by the President. At least a majority of the Members of the Cabinet who are heads of ministries shall come from the Regional Representatives of the Batasang Pambansa.

"The Prime Minister shall be the head of the Cabinet. He shall, upon the nomination of the President from among the Members of the Batasang Pambansa, be elected by a majority of all the Members thereof.

" The Prime Minister and the Cabinet shall be responsible to the Batasang Pambansa for the program of government approved by the President.

" There shall be an Executive Committee to be designated by the President, composed of the Prime Minister as Chairman, and not more than fourteen other members, at least half of whom shall be Members of the Batasang Pambansa. The Executive Committee shall assist the President in the exercise of his powers and functions and in the performance of his duties as he may prescribe.

"The Members of the Executive Committee shall have the same qualifications as those of the Members of the Batasang Pambansa.

" The term of office of the Prime Minister shall commence from the date of his election by the Batasang Pambansa and shall end on the date that the nomination of his successor is submitted by the President to the Batasang Pambansa. Any other member of the Cabinet or the Executive Committee may be removed at the discretion of the President.

" (1) The President may nominate from among the Members of the Batasang Pambansa a Deputy Prime Minister who shall be elected by a majority of the Members thereof. The Deputy Prime Minister shall perform such functions as may be assigned to him by the Prime Minister.

"(2) The President shall also appoint the Deputy Ministers who shall perform such functions as may be assigned to them by law or by the respective heads of ministries.

" The Prime Minister, Deputy Prime Minister, the Members of the Cabinet, and the Members of the Executive Committee, on assuming office, shall take the following oath or affirmation:

 * 'I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully and conscientiously fulfill my duties as (name of position) of the Philippines, preserve and defend its Constitution, execute its laws, do justice to every man and consecrate myself to the service of the Nation. So help me God.' (In case of affirmation, the last sentence will be omitted.)

" The salaries and emoluments of the Prime Minister, Deputy Prime Minister, Members of the Cabinet and of the Executive Committee shall be fixed by law which shall not be increased or decreased during their tenure of office. Until otherwise provided by law, the Prime Minister shall receive the same salary as that of the President.

" The Prime Minister, the Members of the Cabinet and the Members of the Executive Committee shall be subject to the provisions of Section 11, Article VIII hereof and may not appear as counsel before any court or administrative body, or manage any business, or practice any profession, and shall also be subject to such other disqualifications as may be provided by law.

" The Prime Minister, Deputy Prime Minister, any Member of the Cabinet or the Executive Committee may resign for any cause without vacating his seat as Regional or Sectoral Representative in the Batasang Pambansa, or any other government position.

" The Prime Minister shall have supervision of all ministries."

Sections 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 and 16 of Article IX of the Constitution are hereby deleted.

The term "Prime Minister" appearing in Section four of Article X; paragraph (1), Section one of Article XII-B; paragraph (2) of Section one, paragraph 4 of Section two, and Section four of Article XII-C; paragraph (2), Section one of Article XII-D; and Sections one and fifteen of Article XIV of the Constitution shall read as "President".

The term "National Assembly" appearing in Articles XII, XIII, XIV, XV and XVI shall read as "Batasang Pambansa".

Amendment 2 of the Constitution is hereby further amended to read as follows:

 * "2. The interim Batasang Panıbansa shall have the same powers and its Members shall have the same functions, responsibilities, rights, privileges, and disqualifications as the interim National Assembly and the regular National Assembly and the Members thereof."

These amendments shall be valid as part of the Constitution of the Philippines when approved by a majority of the votes cast in a plebiscite to be held pursuant to Section two, Article XVI of the Constitution.

Be it resolved by the Batasang Pambansa, in session assembled as a Constituent Assembly:

Paragraph (1), Section 4 of Subdivision B of Article XII of the Constitution is hereby amended to read as follows:

" (1) Unless otherwise provided by law, no elective official shall be eligible for appointment to any office or position during his tenure, except as Member of the Executive Committee referred to in Section 3, Article IX hereof."

Sections 8, 9, and 10 of Subdivision C of Article XII of the Constitution are hereby amended to read as follows:

" The political parties whose respective candidates for President have obtained the first and second highest number of votes in the last preceding election for President under this Constitution shall be entitled to accreditation if each has obtained at least ten percent (10%) of the total number of votes cast in such election. If the candidates for President obtaining the two highest number of votes do not each obtain at least ten percent (10%) of the total number of votes cast, or in case no election for President shall as yet have been held, the Commission on Elections shall grant accreditation to political parties as may be provided by law.

"No religious sect shall be registered as a political party, and no political party which seeks to achieve its goal through violence shall be entitled to accreditation."

" (1) Bona fide candidates for any public office shall be free from any form of harassment and discrimination.

"(2) Accredited political parties shall be represented in the registration board, board of election inspectors, board of canvassers, or other similar bodies as may be provided by law.

"Accredited political parties may by law be granted other rights or privileges."

" No elective public officer may change his political party affiliation during his term of office, and no candidate for any elective office may change his political party affiliation within six months immediately preceding or following an election, unless otherwise provided by law."


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 * (k) in relation to information held by the Auditor General for Wales, means the Auditor General for Wales,
 * (l) in relation to information held by any Northern Ireland public authority other than the Northern Ireland Audit Office, means—
 * (i) the public authority, or
 * (ii) any officer or employee of the authority authorised by the First Minister and deputy First Minister in Northern Ireland acting jointly,
 * (m) in relation to information held by the Greater London Authority, means the Mayor of London,
 * (n) in relation to information held by a functional body within the meaning of the Greater London Authority Act 1999, means the chairman of that functional body, and
 * (o) in relation to information held by any public authority not falling within any of paragraphs (a) to (n), means—
 * (i) a Minister of the Crown,
 * (ii) the public authority, if authorised for the purposes of this section by a Minister of the Crown, or
 * (iii) any officer or employee of the public authority who is authorised for the purposes of this section by a Minister of the Crown.

(6) Any authorisation for the purposes of this section—
 * (a) may relate to a specified person or to persons falling within a specified class,
 * (b) may be general or limited to particular classes of case, and
 * (c) may be granted subject to conditions.

(7) A certificate signed by the qualified person referred to in subsection (5)(d) or (e) above certifying that in his reasonable opinion—
 * (a) disclosure of information held by either House of Parliament, or
 * (b) compliance with section 1(1)(a) by either House,

would, or would be likely to, have any of the effects mentioned in subsection (2) shall be conclusive evidence of that fact.

37.—(1) Information is exempt information if it relates to—
 * (a) communications with Her Majesty, with other members of the Royal Family or with the Royal Household, or
 * (b) the conferring by the Crown of any honour or dignity.

(2) The duty to confirm or deny does not arise in relation to information which is (or if it were held by the public authority would be) exempt information by virtue of subsection (1).

38.—(1) Information is exempt information if its disclosure under this Act would, or would be likely to—
 * (a) endanger the physical or mental health of any individual, or

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(2) The duty to confirm or deny does not arise if, or to the extent that, compliance with section 1(1)(a) would, or would be likely to, have either of the effects mentioned in subsection (1).

39.—(1) Information is exempt information if the public authority holding it—
 * (a) is obliged by regulations under section 74 to make the information available to the public in accordance with the regulations, or
 * (b) would be so obliged but for any exemption contained in the regulations.

(2) The duty to confirm or deny does not arise in relation to information which is (or if it were held by the public authority would be) exempt information by virtue of subsection (1).

(3) Subsection (1)(a) does not limit the generality of section 21(1).

40.—(1) Any information to which a request for information relates is exempt information if it constitutes personal data of which the applicant is the data subject.

(2) Any information to which a request for information relates is also exempt information if—
 * (a) it constitutes personal data which do not fall within subsection (1), and
 * (b) either the first or the second condition below is satisfied.

(3) The first condition is—
 * (a) in a case where the information falls within any of paragraphs (a) to (d) of the definition of “data” in section 1(1) of the Data Protection Act 1998, that the disclosure of the information to a member of the public otherwise than under this Act would contravene—
 * (i) any of the data protection principles, or
 * (ii) section 10 of that Act (right to prevent processing likely to cause damage or distress), and
 * (b) in any other case, that the disclosure of the information to a member of the public otherwise than under this Act would contravene any of the data protection principles if the exemptions in section 33A(1) of the Data Protection Act 1998 (which relate to manual data held by public authorities) were disregarded.

(4) The second condition is that by virtue of any provision of Part IV of the Data Protection Act 1998 the information is exempt from section 7(1)(c) of that Act (data subject’s right of access to personal data).

(5) The duty to confirm or deny—
 * (a) does not arise in relation to information which is (or if it were held by the public authority would be) exempt information by virtue of subsection (1), and
 * (b) does not arise in relation to other information if or to the extent that either—

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 * (ii) by virtue of any provision of Part IV of the Data Protection Act 1998 the information is exempt from section 7(1)(a) of that Act (data subject’s right to be informed whether personal data being processed).

(6) In determining for the purposes of this section whether anything done before 24th October 2007 would contravene any of the data protection principles, the exemptions in Part III of Schedule 8 to the Data Protection Act 1998 shall be disregarded.

(7) In this section—
 * “the data protection principles” means the principles set out in Part I of Schedule 1 to the Data Protection Act 1998, as read subject to Part II of that Schedule and section 27(1) of that Act;
 * “data subject” has the same meaning as in section 1(1) of that Act;
 * “personal data” has the same meaning as in section 1(1) of that Act.

41.—(1) Information is exempt information if—
 * (a) it was obtained by the public authority from any other person (including another public authority), and
 * (b) the disclosure of the information to the public (otherwise than under this Act) by the public authority holding it would constitute a breach of confidence actionable by that or any other person.

(2) The duty to confirm or deny does not arise if, or to the extent that, the confirmation or denial that would have to be given to comply with section 1(1)(a) would (apart from this Act) constitute an actionable breach of confidence.

42.—(1) Information in respect of which a claim to legal professional privilege or, in Scotland, to confidentiality of communications could be maintained in legal proceedings is exempt information.

(2) The duty to confirm or deny does not arise if, or to the extent that, compliance with section 1(1)(a) would involve the disclosure of any information (whether or not already recorded) in respect of which such a claim could be maintained in legal proceedings.

43.—(1) Information is exempt information if it constitutes a trade secret.

(2) Information is exempt information if its disclosure under this Act would, or would be likely to, prejudice the commercial interests of any person (including the public authority holding it).

(3) The duty to confirm or deny does not arise if, or to the extent that, compliance with section 1(1)(a) would, or would be likely to, prejudice the interests mentioned in subsection (2).

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Rh

was once a woman who had three daughters whom she loved very much. One day the eldest was walking in a water-meadow, when she saw a pink growing in the stream. She stooped to pick the flower, but her hand had scarcely touched it, when she vanished altogether. The next morning the second sister went out into the meadow, to see if she could find any traces of the lost girl, and as a branch of lovely roses lay trailing across her path, she bent down to move it away, and in so doing, could not resist plucking one of the roses. In a moment she too had disappeared. Wondering what could have become of her two sisters, the youngest followed in their footsteps, and fell a victim to a branch of delicious white jessamine. So the old woman was left without any daughters at all.

She wept, and wept, and wept, all day and all night, and went on weeping so long, that her son, who had been a little boy when his sisters disappeared, grew up to be a tall youth. Then one night he asked his mother to tell him what was the matter.

When he had heard the whole story, he said, ‘Give me your blessing, mother, and I will go and search the world till I find them.’

So he set forth, and after he had travelled several miles without any adventures, he came upon three big boys fighting in the road. He stopped and inquired what they were fighting about, and one of them answered:

‘My lord! our father left to us, when he died, a pair of

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Page:Memoirs of the archaeological survey of India no.8.pdf/9

 2 SIX SCULTURES FROM MAHOBA

latter part of the eleventh century and who built the Kirat Sagar lake, in the vicinity of which the sculptures were discovered. Unlike the black marble used in most of the sculptures from Mahoba, the stone used in this case is the buff-coloured sandstone, of slightly different shades, which comes from the Vindhyas, similar in appearance to the familiar variety from the quarries of Chunar, used by the Sārnāth sculptors, but in this case most probably coming from one of the isolated offshoots of the Vindhyas, so common in Bundel- khand. The stone is capable of receiving a fine polish, as may be seen from the statue of Siṅhanāda-Avalōkitēśvara.


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 boots, a key, and a cap. Whoever puts on the boots and wishes himself in any place, will find himself there. The key will open every door in the world, and with the cap on your head no one can see you. Now our eldest brother wants to have all three things for himself, and we wish to draw lots for them.’

‘Oh, that is easily settled,’ said the youth. ‘I will throw this stone as far as I can, and the one who picks it up first, shall have the three things.’ So he took the stone and flung it, and while the three brothers were running after it, he drew hastily on the boots, and said, ‘Boots, take me to the place where I shall find my eldest sister.’

The next moment the young man was standing on a steep mountain before the gates of a strong castle guarded by bolts and bars and iron chains. The key, which he had not forgotten to put in his pocket, opened the doors one by one, and he walked through a number of halls and corridors, till he met a beautiful and richly-dressed young lady who started back in surprise at the sight of him, and exclaimed, ‘Oh, sir, how did you contrive te get in here?’ The young man replied that he was her brother, and told her by what means he had been able to pass through the doors. In return, she told him how happy she was, except for one thing, and that was, her husband lay under a spell, and could never break it till there should be put to death a man who could not die.

They talked together for a long time, and then the lady said he had better leave her as she expected her husband back at any moment, and he might not like him to be there; but the young man assured her she need not be afraid, as he had with him a cap which would make him invisible. They were still deep in conversation when the door suddenly opened, and a bird flew in, but he saw nothing unusual, for, at the first noise, the youth had put on his cap. The lady jumped up and brought a large golden basin, into which the bird flew,

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text:
A revision of subspecies structure of Dorcadion (Cribridorcadion) scabricolle (Dalman, 1817) (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae)

The species includes 39 subspecies. The type locality is Georgia. Seven populations of D. (C.) s. scabricolle are known from the republic.

One population of the type subspecies is situated in north Armenia.

D. (C.) s. shirakense, ssp. n. (type locality Lernavan environs, 40°48΄10.57΄΄N 44°09΄58.10΄΄E, 1893 m) is distributed all over west part of Armenia and in north-east Turkey.

Seven more subspecies are recognized in Armenia: D. (C.) s. tavushense, ssp. n. (type locality – Idzhevan environs, Acharkut, about 41°2΄9΄΄N, 45°5΄6΄΄E, 800 m) in north Armenia, D. (C.) s. gegarkunicum, ssp. n. (type locality – Akhberk environs, 40°32΄58΄΄N, 45°17΄09΄΄E, 2280 m) around north part of Sevan Lake, D. (C.) s. sevangense Reitter, 1889 (type locality – environs of Sevan-city ) - high mountains all acrros cenral part of Armenia, D. (C.) s. pseudosevangense, ssp. n. (type locality – Noravan environs, 39°32΄15΄΄N, 46°07΄56΄΄E, 2000 m) at the east part of D. (C.) s. sevangense area, D. (C.) s. vaykense, ssp. n. (type locality – Vayk environs, 3.6 km northwards Zaritap, 39°40΄11΄΄N, 45°30΄28΄΄E, 1300 m) – south of Marz Vayots Dzor, D. (C.) s. tekhense, ssp. n. (type locality – Tekh, 39°34΄6΄΄N, 46°25΄52΄΄E, 1600 m) – north-east of Marz Syunik, D. (C.) s. tuzovi, ssp. n. (type locality – Megri environs) – south-east part of Armenia with penetration to Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic; a new subspecies is described from Nagorno-Karabakh Republic: D. (C.) s. artsakhense, ssp. n. (type locality – Shishkend environs, 39°45΄52΄΄N, 46°48΄09΄΄E, 1190 m).

Six subspecies are accepted for Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic including D. (C.) s. buzgoviense, ssp. n. (type locality – Buzgov environs, about 39°31΄7΄΄N, 45°23΄23΄΄E, 1700 m), D. (C.) s. shakhbuzum, ssp. n. (type locality – Shakhbuz District, Bichenek environs, 39°30΄50΄΄N, 45°46΄28΄΄E, 1940 m), D. (C.) s. araxense, ssp. n. (type locality – Negram environs, 39°5΄N, 45°24΄13΄΄E, 790 m), D. (C.) s. paiz Danilevsky, 1999 (type locality – Paiz env., 39°25΄30΄΄N, 45°23΄14΄΄E, 1300 m), D. (C.) s. nakhiczevanum Danilevsky, 1999 (type locality - south slope of Bichenek pass, 39°31΄58΄΄N, 45°47΄51΄΄E, 2100 m), D. (C.) s. dobrovljanskii Suvorov, 1915 (type locality – Kyukyu village, about 39°31΄27΄΄N, 45°37΄18΄΄E).

Two subspecies are distributed in Azerbaijan: D. (C.) s. modestum Tournier, 1872, nom. rest. (type locality – Azerbaijan, Shamkir [before Annenfeld], 40°50΄83΄΄N, 46°01΄02΄΄E) – from north-west Azerbaijan and D. (C.) s. corpulentum Ménétriés, 1832 from Talysh mountains (including Iranian part).

Six subspecies are distributed in Iran: D. (C.) s. babakkalense, ssp. n. (type locality – Āzarbāijān-e Sharqi province, Babak-Kale environs, 38°50΄48.48΄΄N, 46°59΄2.40΄΄E, 2100 m) – Karadag Ridge in north-west Iran, D. (C.) s. subcorpulentum Breuning, 1946 (type locality – Khoy [about 38°33΄N, 44°57΄E]) – eastwards Urmia lake, D. (C.) s. sagezense Lazarev, 2013 (type locality – Kordestan, 6 km N Sagez) east- and southwards Urmia lake, D. (C.) s. sahandum, ssp. n. (type locality – Āzarbāijān-e Sharqi province, Kandovan environs, southwards Tabriz, 37°48΄21.96΄΄N, 46°18΄27.72΄΄E, 2350 m) – Sahand Mts. environs and eastwards, D. (C.) s. skoupyi Lazarev, 2013 (type locality – eastwards Khalkhal, 37°35΄ N 48°38΄E, 2068 m) – Ardabil province, D. (C.) s. gilanense Lazarev, 2013 (type locality – Gilan, Kharpu env.) – mountains south-westwards Caspean see.

Sixteen subspecies are distributed in Turkey: D. (C.) s. crassofasciatum Özdikmen, 2013 (type locality – Balikesir province, Edremit, Sarikiz hill, 39°42΄N, 26°49΄E”) – the most north-western area of Turkey, D. (C.) s. balikesirense Breuning, 1962 (type locality – Balikesir environs [about 39°38΄N, 27°52΄E]) – central part of Balikesir prov., D. (C.) s. uludaghicum Breuning, 1970 (type locality – Ulu-Dagh Mountain near Bursa [about 40°06΄N, 29°10΄E]) – Bursa province, D. (C.) s. inonuense, ssp. n. (type locality – northwards Inönü westwards Eskişehir, about 39°48΄N, 30°08΄E) – Eskişehir province, D. (C.) s. apakoyense, ssp. n. (type locality – Apaköy environs southwards Denizli, about 37°30΄29΄΄N, 29°21΄19΄΄E) – Denizli province, D. (C.) s. paphlagonicum Breuning, 1962 (type locality – Kastamonu env. [about 41°23΄N, 33°46΄E].) – Kastamonu, Çankiri, Ankara and probably Çorum provinces, D. (C.) s. yahyaliense Bernhauer & Peks, 2011 (type locality – Kayseri province, 38 km eastwards Yahyali (120 km eastwards Niğde) [about 38°5΄24΄΄N, 35°45΄34΄΄E] 1900 m.) – Kayseri, Niğde and Adana provinces, D. (C.) s. antonkozlovi Danilevsky, 2017 (type locality – Güney village environs, 37°36΄57΄΄N, 34°29΄50΄΄E) – Niğde province, D. (C.) s. caramanicum K. Daniel & J. Daniel, 1903 (type locality – Bulghar Maaden [about 37°27΄N, 34°37΄26΄΄E]) – Niğde province, D. (C.) s. salhanum, ssp. n. (type locality - Bingöl province, 6 km south-eastwards Salhan, Buglan Pass, 38°56΄9΄΄N, 41°6΄42΄΄E, 1800 m) – from Kahramanmaraş to Bitlis, D. (C.) s. alucranum, ssp. n. (type locality – Alucra environs, about 40°19΄7΄΄N, 38°45΄56΄΄E) – Girezun province, D. (C.) s. lazistanum, ssp. n. (type locality – Gümüşhane environs, 40°27΄26΄΄N, 39°28΄14΄΄E, 1300 m) – Gümüşhane province; D. (C.) s. hajdajorum, ssp. n. (type locality - Başören environs [about 38°28΄N, 30°27΄E], 1800-2000 m) – Afyonkarahisar province, D. (C.) s. korbianum, ssp. n. (type locality - Akşehir environs [about 38°21΄N, 31°25΄E]) – Konya province; D. (C.) s. gazii, ssp. n. (type locality – Seyitgazi environs [about 39°26΄44΄΄N 30°41΄38΄΄E]) – Eskişehir province.


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Page:Memoirs of the archaeological survey of India no.8.pdf/8

 SIX SCULPTURES FROM MAHOBA.

THE sculptures described in this article were found near the Kirat Sagar tank, at Mahoba in the Hamipur district of British Bundelkhand by some labourers, while digging on an isolated little mound in the midst of low-lying fields, owned by Rai Bahadur Pandir Sheo Charan Tewari, one of the richest landholders in the neighbourhood. The discovery was reported to Government by the Collector of Hamirpur and the sculptures were subsequently acquired for the Provincial Museum at Lucknow on the recommendation of the Superintendent, Hindu and Buddhist Monuments, who has also kindly supplied to me some of the photographs reproduced in this note. Mahoba, originally known as Mahotsavanagara, is associated in its rise and fall with the well-known dynasty of the Chandellas of Jejakabhukti. Brahmanical and Jaina sculptures have long been known among the ruined shrines of Mahoba, but the first clue to the fact that Buddhism also flourished here until the 11th or 12th century, was supplied by the discovery of a stone pedestal inscribed with the Buddhist formula in letters of that period. (Cunningham, Archl. Survey Report, Vol. II, p. 445.) The present find gives still more tangible data for the study of medieval Buddhism in Bundelkhand. These sculptures are some of the best specimens of later medieval art and offer a vivid contrast with the lifeless productions of the contemporary Buddhist school of Magadha, as also with the numerous stereotyped examples of local Jaina artists. In some respects, the artists prove themselves superior to the older artists of the Sarnath of Mathuni schools. for example, in the delineation of the perfectly placid features of the face, of the graceful pose of the body, and in the faultless mechanical execution. Indeed the statue of Siṅhanāda-Avolōkitēśvara is likely to take a rank among the finest examples of Indian sculpture.

The inscriptions on the pedestals of two of the images, though undated, can be assigned on the palaeographic grounds to about the 11-12th century A.D. It is evident, that the artists mentioned in the inscriptions on two of the images are not only the donors of them but also the sculptors who carved them; and it is likely that these sculptors lived in the time of Kirtivarmman, one of the greatest of the Chandella rulers, who reigned at Mahoba during the


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 PREFACE TO

VOL. II

both religion and civilization and urges that he should be aided in his colonial enterprise, as a necessary basis for religious work in this portion of the New World. He gives a list of the sponsors of the baptized Indians, who included many of the French nobility and clergy. The life at Port Royal is pic- tured in some detail its labors and privations are dwelt upon and the customs of the natives described. Lescarbot does not fail, although cautiously, to exhibit his dislike of the Jesuits, and endeavors to show that their coming to Port Royal involved delay and expense to the colonial enterprise, thereby injuring Poutrincourt. Our author's closing chapter devoutly " Effects of God's Grace in New catalogues the " France he describes how Providence cared for the colonists in their distress, saved them from shipwreck, kindly disposed the savages toward them and the Christian religion, and returned to the Frenchmen their ship, in time to prevent starvation. The rescue of Aubry is also mentioned.

XII. The Relatio Rerum Gestarum {1613 & 1614) opens with a description of New France, its geography, its climate, its peoples and their customs. The experience of the Jesuit fathers at Port Royal is related at length, from their own point of view. A description is given of the settlement of St. Sauveur, on Mount Desert Island, and its destruction by the Then follows an account of the Virginian, Argall. life of the Jesuit prisoners, in Virginia and England. The conclusion is reached that, despite these drawbacks, the Jesuit mission in Canada has made a hopeful beginning.

R. G. T.

Madison, Wis., September, 1896.


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Page:The Jesuit relations and allied documents (Volume 2).pdf/15

 IX

Lettre du P. Biard

au R. P. Provincial à Paris

PORT ROYAL, Janvier 31, 1612

SOURCE: Reprinted from Carayon's Première Mission des Jésuites au Canada, pp. 44-76.


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Page:A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and Sanads relating to India and Neighbouring Countries Vol 3.djvu/4

 A COLLECTION OF

TREATIES ENGAGEMENTS AND SANADS

RELATING TO INDIA AND NEIGHBOURING COUNTRIES

COMPILED BY

C. U. A1TCHISON, B.C.S

UNDER-SECRETAY TO THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA IN THE FOREIGN DEPARTMENT

VOL. III

CONTAINING

THE TREATIES, &C., RELATING TO THE STATES IN RAJPUTANA

Revised and continued up to the 1st June 1906 By the Authority of the Foreign Deportment

CALCUTTA SUPERINTENDENT GOVERNMENT PRINTING, INDIA 1909

Price Six Rupees and Eight Arnas or Nine Shillings and Nine Pence


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 :

—

INTRODUCTION

3

supporters of the doctrine (essentially modern, as everyone will admit) that a corrupt tree brings forth the choicest fruit, and that only a hair divides genius from insanity. It also determines the method of criticizing the author of the Contrat Social by psychological, instead of by historical methods. And that this theory of his personality serves as the foundation of the criticism of Rousseau's life and doctrines accepted as authoritative by the vast majority of English readers at the present hour, is proved by the verse of Victor Hugo's which Mr. John Morley prints on his title page, as an appropriate text and clue to his study of Rousseau.

"Comme

dans

les etangs, assoupis sous les bois

Dans plus d'une Time, on voit deux choses a Le ciel, qui teint les eaux, a peine remuees, Avec tous ses rayons, et toutes ses nuees;

la fois

Et

la vase, fond morne, affreux, sombre, et

Ou

des reptiles noirs, fourmillent vaguement."

dormant, ^

In other words, the starting-point, and raison d'etre, method of criticizing Rousseau is the extraordinary problem his genius and his repulsive personality are supposed to other psychologists. And if this problem have no existence, if there were no reptiles swarming in Rousseau's under-nature, then this criticism is unsatisfactory; because a method that starts with wrong assumptions will not reach right conclusions.

On the other hand, with regard to the study of his books, and a just and clear understanding of his doctrines and influences, these conditions of modern opinion show that the theory of his abominable private life, and detestable personal character, leads to

1" As in still pools, beneath the forest green,

In many a soul, two things at once are seen:

The sky reflected, beauteous to behold,

In sunlit radiance, and clouds touch'd with gold,--

And sullen depths, of stagnant water, sleeping

Where, swarming in black slime, reptiles are vaguely creeping."

(Free translation.)


text: Category:Longhorn beetles

title: Category:Longhorn beetles


text:
Cannetella

 * "Cannetella" in The Pentamerone, or The Story of Stories, by Giambattista Basile, translated by John Edward Taylor (1850)
 * "Cannetella" in The Grey Fairy Book, by Andrew Lang (1900)

title: Cannetella


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Page:Letters to a Friend on the Human Soul.pdf/9

In reply to the question,-“How can you prove to me that there is within me any principle distinct from matter?”

,

In demonstrating to you the important certainty, that, in the constitution of your nature, there exists a principle perfectly distinct from matter, I might be content to require of you to hold up your arm, and then tell me whence you derive the power of thus elevating a large and weighty mass of combined flesh, blood, sinews, and bones; or by what new law it comes to pass, that a lump of mere matter, whilst itself remains at rest, can raise a part of itself above all the other parts, contrary to the known laws of gravitation ? If you say that animate and organized matter has the power of elevating itself, and thus of overcoming the natural force of gravity, and that by this power it is distinguished from inanimate and unorganized matter; I would then ask, What is it you mean by animate and organized matter, or how do you discriminate between it and inanimate and unorganized matter? You will tell me, perhaps, that animate and organized matter differs from inanimate and unorganized matter, by virtue of its possessing a principle of life. It is evident, then, from your own definition, that there is something in you besides ordinary

B


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 reappearing directly after as a handsome man. Turning to his wife, he cried, ‘I am sure someone is in the room!’ She got frightened, and declared that she was quite alone, but her husband persisted, and in the end she had to confess the truth.

‘But if he is really your brother, why did you hide him?’ asked he. ‘I believe you are telling me a lie, and if he comes back I shall kill him!’

At this the youth took off his cap, and came forward. Then the husband saw that he was indeed so like his wife that he doubted her word no longer, and embraced his brother-in-law with delight. Drawing a feather from his bird’s skin, he said, ‘If you are in danger and cry, “Come and help me, King of the Birds,” everything will go well with you.’

The young man thanked him and went away, and after he had left the castle he told the boots that they must take him to the place where his second sister was living. As before, he found himself at the gates of a huge castle, and within was his second sister, very happy with her husband, who loved her dearly, but longing for the moment when he should be set free from the spell that kept him half his life a fish. When he arrived and had been introduced by his wife to her brother, he welcomed him warmly, and gave him a fish-scale, saying, ‘If you are in danger, call to me, “Come and help me, King of the Fishes,” and everything will go well with you.’

The young man thanked him and took his leave, and when he was outside the gates he told the boots to take him to the place where his youngest sister lived. The boots carried him to a dark cavern, with steps of iron leading up to it. Inside she sat, weeping and sobbing, and as she had done nothing else the whole time she had been there, the poor girl had grown very thin. When she saw a man standing before her, she sprang to her feet and exclaimed, ‘Oh, whoever you are, save me and take me from this horrible place!’ Then he told her who he was, and how

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Page:The Works of John Locke - 1823 - vol 03.djvu/364

 ] "Periculosum nobis admodum 14. atque etiam miserabile est, tot nunc fides existere, quot voluntates: et tot nobis doctrinas esse, quot mores; et tot causas blasphemiarum pullulare, quot vitia sunt: dum aut ita fides scribuntur, ut volumus, aut, ita ut volumus, intelliguntur. Et cum secundum unum Deum et unum Dominium, et unum baptisma, etiam fides una sit, excidimus ab eâ fide, quæ sola est: et dum plures fiant, id esse cœperunt, ne ulla sit; conscii enim nobis invicem sumus, post Nicæni conventus synodum, nihil aliud quam fidem scribi. Dum in verbis pugna est, dum de novitatibus quæstio est, dum de ambiguis occasio est, dum de autoribus querela est, dum de studiis certamen est, dum in consensu difficultas est, dum alter alteri anathema esse cœpit, prope jam nemo est Christi, &c. Jam vero proximi anni fides, quid jam de immutatione in se habet? Primum, qua homousion decernit taceri: sequens rursum, qua homousion decernit et prædicat. Tertium deinceps, quæ ousiam simpliciter à patribus præsumptam, per indulgentiam excusat. Postremum quartum, quæ non excusat, sed condemnat, &c. De similitudine autem Filii Dei ad Deum Patrem, quod miserabilis nostri temporis est fides, ne non ex toto, sed tantum ex portione sit similis. Egregii scilicet arbitri cœlestium sacramentorum conquisitores, invisibilium mysteriorum professionibus de fide Dei calumniamur, annuas atque menstruas de Deo fides decernimus, decretis pœnitemus, poenitentes defendimus, defensos anathematizamus, aut in nostri aliena aut in alienis nostra damnamus, et mordentes invicem, jam absumpti sumus invicem." Hilarius, p. 211. in lib. ad Constantium Augustum. Basil. 1550, fol.

"It is a thing equally deplorable and dan-


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 he had seen her sisters, whose happiness was spoilt by the spell under which both their husbands lay, and she, in turn, related her story. She had been carried off in the water-meadow by a horrible monster, who wanted to make her marry him by force, and had kept her a prisoner all these years because she would not submit to his will. Every day he came to beg her to consent to his wishes, and to remind her that there was no hope of her being set free, as he was the most constant man in the world, and besides that he could never die. At these words the youth remembered his two enchanted brothers-in-law, and he advised his sister to promise to marry the old man, if he would tell her why he could never die. Suddenly everything began to tremble, as if it was shaken by a whirlwind, and the old man entered, and flinging himself at the feet of the girl, he said: ‘Are you still determined never to marry me? If so you will have to sit there weeping till the end of the world, for I shall always be faithful to my wish to marry you!’ ‘Well, I will marry you,’ she said, ‘if you will tell me why it is that you can never die.’

Then the old man burst into peals of laughter. ‘Ah, ah, ah! You are thinking how you would be able to kill me? Well, to do that, you would have to find an iron casket which lies at the bottom of the sea, and has a white dove inside, and then you would have to find the egg which the dove laid, and bring it here, and dash it against my head.’ And he laughed again in his certainty that no one had ever got down to the bottom of the sea, and that if they did, they would never find the casket, or be able to open it. When he could speak once more, he said, ‘Now you will be obliged to marry me, as you know my secret.’ But she begged so hard that the wedding might be put off for three days, that he consented, and went away rejoicing at his victory. When he had disappeared, the brother took off the cap which had kept him invisible all this time, and told his sister not to lose heart as he hoped in three days she would be

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Page:Tales and Legends from the Land of the Tzar.djvu/52

36 "Very badly, my boy; I have hardly had anything to eat all the time."

"Well, mother, I shall see that you have plenty of everything now. Will a hundred roubles be enough to start with?"

"A hundred roubles!" cried the old woman. "I never had so much in all my born days; in fact, I never saw so much. Where have you got them?"

"I have not got them yet, but I shall get them for you in a minute. Listen. Do you see those hunters galloping about yonder after a fox? Well, I shall change myself into a hound and catch the fox for them; they will then want to buy me, and ask you how much you want for me. 'A hundred roubles, gentlemen,' you must say. They will, of course, bargain with you, but you must not on any account give me for less. And another thing you must not forget; that is, to be sure and take my collar off before you part with me. The hunters are sure to make a fuss, but no matter; do as I tell you, and all will be right."

As soon as he had finished speaking he changed himself into a beautiful dog, and ran after the fox, which he very soon caught.

The old woman went up to the hunters, who had ridden up to the dog and were now stroking it, wondering whose it was.

"Why do you interrupt our hunting, old woman?" they asked, when they saw her coming up to them.


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