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 :(b) where the authority empowered to dismiss or remove a person or to reduce him in rank is satisfied that for some reason, to be recorded by that authority in writing, it is not reasonably practicable to hold such inquiry; or
 * (c) where the President or the Governor, as the case may be, is satisfied that in the interest of the security of the State it is not expedient to hold such inquiry.

(3) If, in respect of any such person as aforesaid, a question arises whether it is reasonably practicable to hold such inquiry as is referred to in clause (2), the decision thereon of the authority empowered to dismiss or remove such person or to reduce him in rank shall be final.]

312. All-India services.—(1) Notwithstanding anything in [Chapter VI of Part VI or Part XI], if the Council of States has declared by resolution supported by not less than two-thirds of the members present and voting that it is necessary or expedient in the national interest so to do, Parliament may by law provide for the creation of one or more all India services [(including an all-India judicial service)] common to the Union and the States, and, subject to the other provisions of this Chapter, regulate the recruitment, and the conditions of service of persons appointed, to any such service.

(2) The services known at the commencement of this Constitution as the Indian Administrative Service and the Indian Police Service shall be deemed to be services created by Parliament under this article.

[(3) The all-India judicial service referred to in clause (1) shall not include any post inferior to that of a district judge as defined in article 236.

(4) The law providing for the creation of the all-India judicial service aforesaid may contain such provisions for the amendment of Chapter VI of Part VI as may be necessary for giving effect to the provisions of that law and no such law shall be deemed to be an amendment of this Constitution for the purposes of article 368.]

[312A. Power of Parliament to vary or revoke conditions of service of officers of certain services.—(1) Parliament may by law—
 * (a) vary or revoke, whether prospectively or retrospectively, the conditions of services as respects remuneration, leave and pension and the rights as respects disciplinary matters of persons who, having been appointed by the Secretary of State or Secretary of State in Council to a civil service of the Crown in India before the commencement of this Constitution, continue on and after the commencement of the Constitution (Twenty-eighth Amendment) Act, 1972, to serve under the Government of India or of a State in any service or post;
 * (b) vary or revoke, whether prospectively or retrospectively, the conditions of service as respects pension of persons who, having been appointed by the Secretary of State or Secretary of State in Council to a civil service of the Crown in India before the commencement of this Constitution, retired or otherwise ceased to be in service at any time before the commencement of the Constitution (Twentyeighth Amendment) Act, 1972:

Provided that in the case of any such person who is holding or has held the office of the Chief Justice or other Judge of the Supreme Court or a High Court, the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India, the Chairman or other member of the Union or a State Public Service Commission or the Chief Election Commissioner, nothing in sub-clause (a) or sub-clause (b) shall be construed as empowering Parliament to vary or revoke, after his appointment to such post, the conditions of his service to his disadvantage except in so far as such conditions of service are applicable to him by reason of his being a person appointed by the Secretary of State or Secretary of State in Council to a civil service of the Crown in India.


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 when he heard the chain and bolts withdrawn, and saw the door slowly opening, wider and wider! He retreated into the corner, step by step; but do what he would, the interposition of his own person, prevented its being opened to its utmost width.

"Who's there?" screamed a numerous chorus of treble voices from the staircase inside, consisting of the spinster lady of the establishment, three teachers, five female servants, and thirty boarders, all half-dressed, and in a forest of curl-papers.

Of course Mr. Pickwick didn't say who was there; and then the burden of the chorus changed into—"Lor'! I am so frightened."

"Cook," said the lady abbess, who took care to be on the top stair, the very last of the group-"Cook, why don't you go a little way into the garden?"

"Please, ma'am, I don't like," responded the cook.

"Lor', what a stupid thing that cook is!" said the thirty boarders.

"Cook," said the lady abbess, with great dignity; "don't answer me, if you please. I insist upon your looking into the garden immediately."

Here the cook began to cry, and the house-maid said it was "a shame!" for which partisanship she received a month's warning on the spot.

"Do you hear, cook?" said the lady abbess, stamping her foot impatiently.

"Don't you hear your missis, cook?" cook?" said the three teachers.

"What an impudent thing, that cook is!" said the thirty boarders.

The unfortunate cook, thus strongly urged, advanced a step or two, and holding her candle just where it prevented her from seeing anything at all, declared there was nothing there, and it must have been the wind. The door was just going to be closed in consequence, when an inquisitive boarder, who had been peeping between the hinges, set up a fearful

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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 came the rain, with a force and fury that swept everything before it.

Mr. Pickwick was perfectly aware that a tree is a very dangerous neighbour in a thunder-storm. He had a tree on his right, a tree on his left, a third before him, and a fourth behind. If he remained where he was, he might fall the victim of an accident; if he showed himself in the centre of the garden, he might be consigned to a constable;—once or twice he tried to scale the wall, but having no other legs this time, than those with which Nature had furnished him, the only effect of his struggles was to inflict a variety of very unpleasant gratings on his knees and shins, and to throw him into a state of the most profuse perspiration.

"What a dreadful situation," said Mr. Pickwick, pausing to wipe his brow after this exercise. He looked up at the house—all was dark. They must be gone to bed now. He would try the signal again.

He walked on tip-toe across the moist gravel, and tapped at the door. He held his breath, and listened at the key-hole. No reply: very odd. Another knock. He listened again. There was a low whispering inside, and then a voice cried—

"Who's there?

"That's not Job," thought Mr. Pickwick, hastily drawing himself straight up against the wall again. "It's a woman."

He had scarcely had time to form this conclusion, when a window above stairs was thrown up, and three or four female voices repeated the query—"Who's, there?"

Mr. Pickwick dared not move hand or foot. It was clear that the whole establishment was roused. He made up his mind to remain where he was, until the alarm had subsided: and then by a supernatural effort, to get over the wall, or perish in the attempt.

Like all Mr. Pickwick's determinations, this was the best that could be made under the circumstances; but, unfortunately, it was founded upon the assumption that they would not venture to open the door again. What was his discomfiture,


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International Criminal Court Act 2001 (c. 17) Part 2—Arrest and delivery of persons delivery order) apply in relation to that court as they apply to a competent court in England and Wales which makes a delivery order.

(6) An order for the remand of the arrested person which continues in force under section 8(2) shall cease to have effect if the High Court dismisses the appeal and the Secretary of State does not without delay—
 * (a) apply for permission to appeal to the House of Lords, or
 * (b) inform the High Court that he intends to apply for such permission.

Subject to that, any such order shall have effect so long as the case is pending.

For this purpose a case is pending (unless proceedings are discontinued) until (disregarding any power of a court to allow a step to be taken out of time) there is no step that the Secretary of State can take.

10Appeal against refusal of delivery order: Scotland

(1) If a competent court in Scotland refuses to make a delivery order, the procurator fiscal may appeal against the decision to the High Court of Justiciary by note of appeal.

(2) If the High Court of Justiciary allows the appeal it may -
 * (a) make a delivery order, or
 * (b) remit the case to the competent court to make a delivery order in accordance with the decision of the High Court of Justiciary.

(3) Where a delivery order is made by the High Court of Justiciary, the provisions of section 11(1)(a) and (c), (2) and (3) (procedure where court makes delivery order) apply in relation to that court as they apply to a competent court in Scotland which makes a delivery order.

(4) An order for the remand of the arrested person which continues in force under section 8(2) shall cease to have effect if the High Court of Justiciary dismisses the appeal.

Subject to that, any such order shall have effect so long as the case is pending.

For this purpose a case is pending (unless proceedings are discontinued) until (disregarding any power of a court to allow a step to be taken out of time) there is no step that the procurator fiscal can take.

(5) In relation to an appeal under this section the High Court of Justiciary may make an order providing for the detention of the person to whom it relates or may grant bail.

(6) Section 177(2) of the Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995 (c. 46) (disposal of the application for bail) applies for the purposes of such an appeal as it applies for the purposes of an appeal such as is mentioned in section 176 of that Act. Proceedings where court makes delivery order 11Procedure where court makes order

(1) Where a competent court makes a delivery order in respect of a person, the court shall—
 * (a) commit the person to custody or on bail to await the Secretary of State’s directions as to the execution of the order,


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Page:Kalevala (Kirby 1907) v1.djvu/199

Runo XVII]

Then at once did Väinämöinen,

Draw his sword and free the iron

From the scabbard formed of leather,

From his belt of lambskin fashioned;

Fell the poplar from his shoulders,

Fell the birch-trees from his temples,

From his chin the spreading alders,

From his beard the willow-bushes,

From his brow the firs with squirrels,

From his teeth the branching pine-trees.

Then he thrust his stake of iron

Into Vipunen’s mouth he thrust it,

In his gnashing gums he thrust it,

In his clashing jaws he thrust it,

And he spoke the words which follow:

“Rouse thyself, O slave of mortals,

Where beneath the earth thou restest,

In a sleep that long has lasted.”

Vipunen, in songs most famous,

Suddenly awoke from slumber,

Feeling he was roughly treated,

And with pain severe tormented.

Then he bit the stake of iron,

Bit the outer softer iron,

But the steel he could not sever,

Could not eat the inner iron.

Then the aged Väinämöinen,

Just above his mouth was standing,

And his right foot slipped beneath him,

And his left foot glided onward.

Into Vipunen’s mouth he stumbled,

And within his jaws he glided.

Vipunen, in songs most famous,

Opened then his mouth yet wider,

And his jaws he wide extended,

Gulped the well-beloved hero,

With a shout the hero swallowed,

Him the aged Väinämöinen.

Vipunen, in songs most famous,

Spoke the very words which follow:

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 (2) Except to the extent provided for by Parliament by law under this article, nothing in this article shall affect the power of any Legislature or other authority under any other provision of this Constitution to regulate the conditions of service of persons referred to in clause (1).

(3) Neither the Supreme Court nor any other court shall have jurisdiction in—
 * (a) any dispute arising out of any provision of, or any endorsement on, any covenant, agreement or other similar instrument which was entered into or executed by any person referred to in clause (1), or arising out of any letter issued to such person, in relation to his appointment to any civil service of the Crown in India or his continuance in service under the Government of the Dominion of India or a Province thereof;
 * (b) any dispute in respect of any right, liability or obligation under article 314 as originally enacted.

(4) The provisions of this article shall have effect notwithstanding anything in article 314 as originally enacted or in any other provision of this Constitution.]

313. Transitional provisions.—Until other provision is made in this behalf under this Constitution, all the laws in force immediately before the commencement of this Constitution and applicable to any public service or any post which continues to exist after the commencement of this Constitution, as an all-India service or as service or post under the Union or a State shall continue in force so far as consistent with the provisions of this Constitution.

314. [Provision for protection of existing officers of certain services.].–Omitted by the Constitution (Twenty-eighth Amendment) Act, 1972, s. 3 (w.e.f. 29-8-1972).

315. Public Service Commissions for the Union and for the States.—(1) Subject to the provisions of this article, there shall be a Public Service Commission for the Union and a Public Service Commission for each State.

(2) Two or more States may agree that there shall be one Public Service Commission for that group of States, and if a resolution to that effect is passed by the House or, where there are two Houses, by each House of the Legislature of each of those States, Parliament may by law provide for the appointment of a Joint State Public Service Commission (referred to in this Chapter as Joint Commission) to serve the needs of those States.

(3) Any such law as aforesaid may contain such incidental and consequential provisions as may be necessary or desirable for giving effect to the purposes of the law.

(4) The Public Service Commission for the Union, if requested so to do by the Governor *** of a State, may, with the approval of the President, agree to serve all or any of the needs of the State.

(5) References in this Constitution to the Union Public Service Commission or a State Public Service Commission shall, unless the context otherwise requires, be construed as references to the Commission serving the needs of the Union or, as the case may be, the State as respects the particular matter in question.

316. Appointment and term of office of members.—(1) The Chairman and other members of a Public Service Commission shall be appointed, in the case of the Union Commission or a Joint Commission, by the President, and in the case of a State Commission, by the Governor of the State:

Provided that as nearly as may be one-half of the members of every Public Service Commission shall be persons who at the dates of their respective appointments have held office for at least ten years either under the Government of India or under the Government of a State, and in computing the said period of ten years any period before the commencement of this Constitution during which a person has held office under the Crown in India or under the Government of an Indian State shall be included.

[(1A) If the office of the Chairman of the Commission becomes vacant or if any such Chairman is by


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8 Part 2—Arrest and delivery of persons :(b) inform the person of his rights under section 12 (right to review of delivery order) in ordinary terms and in a language which appears to the court to be one which he fully understands and speaks, and
 * (c) notify the Secretary of State and, in the case of proceedings in Scotland, the Scottish Ministers of its decision.

(2) A person committed to custody under subsection (1)(a) shall be committed to prison or to the custody of a constable.

(3) A court which commits a person to custody under subsection (1)(a) may subsequently grant bail.

12Right to review of delivery order

(1) The Secretary of State shall not give directions for the execution of a delivery order until after the end of the period of 15 days beginning with the date on which the order is made.

This does not apply if the person in respect of whom the order is made—
 * (a) waives his rights under this section (see section 13), or
 * (b) is taken to have done so (see section 7(4)(b)).

(2) If before the end of that period an application for habeas corpus is made by the person in respect of whom the delivery order is made, or on his behalf, directions for the execution of the order shall not be given while proceedings on the application are still pending.

(3) Proceedings on any such application shall be treated as pending until they are discontinued or there is no further possibility of an appeal.For this purpose any power of a court to allow an appeal out of time shall be disregarded.

(4) On an application for habeas corpus to which this section applies—
 * (a) the court shall set aside the delivery order and order the person’s discharge if it is not satisfied of the matters mentioned in section 5(2), and
 * (b) the provisions of section 5(4) to (9) apply in relation to the court to which the application is made as they apply to the court that made the delivery order (but with the substitution in section 5(6) for “makes a delivery order” of “sets aside the delivery order”).

(5) In the application of this section to Scotland references to an application for habeas corpus shall be read as references to the presentation of a Bill of Suspension.

13Waiver of right to review

(1) A person in respect of whom a delivery order has been made may waive his right to review of the order.

(2) Waiver of the right to review may be made—
 * (a) by the person himself, or
 * (b) in circumstances in which it is inappropriate for the person to act for himself, by reason of his physical or mental condition or his youth, by an appropriate person acting on his behalf.


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International Criminal Court Act 2001 (c. 17) Part 2—Arrest and delivery of persons (3) Waiver of the right to review must—
 * (a) be made in writing in the prescribed form or a form to the like effect, and
 * (b) be signed in the presence of a justice of the peace or, in Scotland, a sheriff.The “prescribed form” means that prescribed by rules under section 144 of the Magistrates’ Courts Act 1980 (c. 43) or, in Scotland, by the High Court of Justiciary by Act of Adjournal.

(4) Where a person has waived his right to review of the delivery order—
 * (a) no such application as is mentioned in section 12 may be made, and
 * (b) the order shall be taken for all purposes to be validly made.

(5) Where a person has waived his right to review, notice of that fact shall be given—
 * (a) if the person is in custody, to the prison governor, constable or other person in whose custody he is;
 * (b) if the person is on bail in England and Wales, to the officer in charge of the police station at which he is required to surrender to custody.

(6) For the purposes of subsection (5)(b) notice shall be treated as given if it is sent by registered post, or recorded delivery, addressed to the officer mentioned. Warrants, custody, bail and related matters 14Effect of warrant of arrest

(1) For the purposes of any enactment or rule of law relating to warrants of arrest—
 * (a) a section 2 warrant endorsed or issued in any part of the United Kingdom, or
 * (b) a provisional warrant issued in any part of the United Kingdom,shall be treated as if it were a warrant for the arrest of a person for an offence committed in that part of the United Kingdom.

(2) Any such warrant may be executed in any part of the United Kingdom, and may be so executed by any person to whom it is directed or by any constable.

(3) A person arrested under any such warrant shall be deemed to continue in legal custody until, in accordance with this Part, he is brought before a competent court.

15Effect of delivery order

(1) A delivery order is sufficient authority for any person acting in accordance with the directions of the Secretary of State to receive the person to whom the order relates, keep him in custody and convey him to the place where he is to be delivered up into the custody of the ICC (or, as the case may be, of the state of enforcement) in accordance with arrangements made by the Secretary of State.

(2) A person in respect of whom a delivery order is in force is deemed to be in legal custody at any time when, being—
 * (a) in the United Kingdom, or


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10 Part 2—Arrest and delivery of persons :(b) on board a British ship, a British aircraft or a British hovercraft,he is being taken under the order to or from any place or is being kept in custody pending his delivery up under the order.

(3) A person authorised for the purposes of a delivery order to take the person to whom the order relates to or from any place or, to keep him in custody, has all the powers, authority, protection and privileges—
 * (a) if he is in the United Kingdom, of a constable in that part of the United Kingdom, or
 * (b) if he is outside the United Kingdom, of a constable in the part of the United Kingdom to or from which the other person is to be taken.

(4) If a person in respect of whom a delivery order is in force escapes or is unlawfully at large, he may be arrested without warrant by a constable and taken to any place where or to which, by virtue of this Part, he is required to be or to be taken.

(5) For the purposes of subsection (4) a “constable” means—
 * (a) a person who is a constable in any part of the United Kingdom, and
 * (b) in relation to any place, a person who, at that place, has, under any enactment (including subsection (3)), the powers of a constable in any part of the United Kingdom.

16Bail and custody: general

(1) Where under this Part a court has power to remand a person, the court may—
 * (a) remand him in custody, that is, commit him for the period of the remand to prison or to the custody of a constable, or
 * (b) if an application for bail is made to the court, remand him on bail, that is, direct him to surrender himself into the custody of the officer in charge of a specified police station at the time appointed for him to do so.

(2) The provisions of the Bail Act 1976 (c. 63) apply to proceedings under this Part in England and Wales as to proceedings against a fugitive offender.

(3) The time appointed under subsection (1)(b) for a person to surrender to custody—
 * (a) shall be a time appointed by the officer in charge of the specified police station and notified in writing to the person remanded, and
 * (b) shall not be more than 24 hours before the time at which it appears to that officer that the period of remand is likely to end.

(4) Where under this Part a court in Scotland has power to remand a person and the person makes an application to the court for bail, the court may admit him to bail and shall have the like powers in doing so as it has in proceedings in respect of an offence alleged to have been committed by him.

(5) Nothing in this Part shall be taken as authorising a court to grant bail to a person who is serving a sentence of imprisonment or detention to which he has been sentenced by a national court, or who is in custody awaiting trial or sentence by a national court.


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 reason of absence or for any other reason unable to perform the duties of his office, those duties shall, until some person appointed under clause (1) to the vacant office has entered on the duties thereof or, as the case may be, until the Chairman has resumed his duties, be performed by such one of the other members of the Commission as the President, in the case of the Union Commission or a Joint Commission, and the Governor of the State in the case of a State Commission, may appoint for the purpose.]

(2) A member of a Public Service Commission shall hold office for a term of six years from the date on which he enters upon his office or until he attains, in the case of the Union Commission, the age of sixtyfive years, and in the case of a State Commission or a Joint Commission, the age of [sixty-two years], whichever is earlier:

Provided that—
 * (a) a member of a Public Service Commission may, by writing under his hand addressed, in the case of the Union Commission or a Joint Commission, to the President, and in the case of a State Commission, to the Governor *** of the State, resign his office;
 * (b) a member of a Public Service Commission may be removed from his office in the manner provided in clause (1) or clause (3) of article 317.

(3) A person who holds office as a member of a Public Service Commission shall, on the expiration of his term of office, be ineligible for re-appointment to that office.

317. Removal and suspension of a member of a Public Service Commission.—(1) Subject to the provisions of clause (3), the Chairman or any other member of a Public Service Commission shall only be removed from his office by order of the President on the ground of misbehaviour after the Supreme Court, on reference being made to it by the President, has, on inquiry held in accordance with the procedure prescribed in that behalf under article 145, reported that the Chairman or such other member, as the case may be, ought on any such ground to be removed.

(2) The President, in the case of the Union Commission or a Joint Commission, and the Governor *** in the case of a State Commission, may suspend from office the Chairman or any other member of the Commission in respect of whom a reference has been made to the Supreme Court under clause (1) until the President has passed orders on receipt of the report of the Supreme Court on such reference.

(3) Notwithstanding anything in clause (1), the President may by order remove from office the Chairman or any other member of a Public Service Commission if the Chairman or such other member, as the case may be,—
 * (a) is adjudged an insolvent; or
 * (b) engages during his term of office in any paid employment outside the duties of his office; or
 * (c) is, in the opinion of the President, unfit to continue in office by reason of infirmity of mind or body.

(4) If the Chairman or any other member of a Public Service Commission is or becomes in any way concerned or interested in any contract or agreement made by or on behalf of the Government of India or the Government of a State or participates in any way in the profit thereof or in any benefit or emolument arising therefrom otherwise than as a member and in common with the other members of an incorporated company, he shall, for the purposes of clause (1), be deemed to be guilty of misbehaviour.

318. Power to make regulations as to conditions of service of members and staff of the Commission.—In the case of the Union Commission or a Joint Commission, the President and, in the case of a State Commission, the Governor *** of the State may by regulations—


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International Criminal Court Act 2001 (c. 17) Part 2—Arrest and delivery of persons 17Bail and custody (England and Wales): supplementary

(1) The following provisions apply where a person is granted bail under this Part by a competent court in England and Wales.

(2) Where a court—
 * (a) grants bail but is unable to release the person because no surety or suitable surety is available, and
 * (b) fixes the amount in which the surety is to be bound with a view to the recognizance of the surety being entered into subsequently,the court shall in the meantime commit the person to the custody of a constable.

(3) During the period between the surrender of a person to custody and the end of the period of remand he shall be treated as committed to the custody of the constable to whom he surrenders.

(4) Where it appears to that officer that the end of the period of remand will be unexpectedly delayed, he shall grant the person bail subject to a duty to surrender himself into the custody of the officer in charge of the specified police station at the time appointed for him to do so.The time appointed under this subsection for the person to surrender to custody—
 * (a) shall be a time to be appointed by the officer in charge of the specified police station and notified in writing to the person remanded, and
 * (b) shall not be more than 24 hours before the time at which it appears to that officer that the period of remand is likely to end.

(5) If a person required to surrender to custody in accordance with subsection (4) fails to do so—
 * (a) the court by which he was remanded may issue a warrant for his arrest,
 * (b) provisions of section 14 (effect of warrant of arrest) apply in relation to the warrant, and
 * (c) on his arrest the person shall be brought before the court which shall reconsider the question of bail.

(6) In this section “the specified police station” means the police station specified by the competent court under section 16(1)(b).

18Bail and custody: consultation with the ICC, &c

(1) Where an application for bail is made in proceedings under this Part in England and Wales—
 * (a) the court shall notify the Secretary of State of the application,
 * (b) the Secretary of State shall consult with the ICC, and
 * (c) bail shall not be granted without full consideration of any recommendations made by the ICC.

(2) Where an application for bail is made in proceedings under this Part in Scotland—
 * (a) the court shall notify the Scottish Ministers of the application,
 * (b) the Scottish Ministers shall notify the Secretary of State who shall consult with the ICC and shall notify the Scottish Ministers of any recommendations made by the ICC, and


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180

“I have eaten much already,

And on ewes and goats have feasted,

And have barren heifers eaten,

And have also swine devoured,

But I ne’er had such a dinner,

Such a morsel never tasted.”

But the aged Väinämöinen,

Uttered then the words which follow:

“Now destruction falls upon me,

And an evil day o’ertakes me,

Prisoned here in Hiisi’s stable,

Here in Kalma’s narrow dungeon.”

So he pondered and reflected

How to live and how to struggle.

In his belt a knife had Väinö,

And the haft was formed of maple,

And from this a boat he fashioned,

And a boat he thus constructed,

And he rowed the boat, and urged it

Back and forth throughout the entrails,

Rowing through the narrow channels,

And exploring every passage.

Vipunen the old musician

Was not thus much incommoded;

Then the aged Väinämöinen

As a smith began to labour,

And began to work with iron.

With his shirt he made a smithy,

With his shirt-sleeves made his bellows,

With the fur he made the wind-bag,

With his trousers made the air-pipe,

And the opening with his stockings,

And he used his knee for anvil,

And his elbow for a hammer.

Then he quick began to hammer,

Actively he plied his hammer,

Through the livelong night, unresting,

Through the day without cessation

In the stomach of the wise one,

In the entrails of the mighty.

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 return gift demanded at the earliest opportunity. Nevertheless, in native theory the two acts are separate, each one in turn becoming a “beggar,” a pensioner upon another’s bounty. In olden times, the beggar sometimes wore a special girdle which delicately hinted at the cause of his visit. One old chief gave me a graphic description of the behaviour of some one who had come to ask a favour of a relative. “He will come early in the morning and enter quietly, sitting down in the very back of the house, in the place of least honour. You will say to him, ‘So you have come, be welcome!' and he will answer, ‘I have come indeed, saving your noble presence.' Then you will say, ‘Are you thirsty? Alas for your coming, there is little that is good within the house.’ And he will answer, ‘Let it rest, thank you, for indeed I am not hungry nor would I drink.'  And he will sit and you will sit all day long and no mention is made of the purpose of his coming. All day he will sit and brush the ashes out of the hearth, performing this menial and dirty task with very great care and attention. If some one must go inland to the plantation to fetch food, he is the first to offer to go. If some one must go fishing to fill out the crew of a canoe, surely he is delighted to go, even though the sun is hot and his journey hither has been long. And all day you sit and wonder, ‘What can it be that he has come for? Is it that largest pig that he wants, or has he heard perhaps that my daughter has just finished a large and beautiful


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12 Part 2—Arrest and delivery of persons :(c) bail shall not be granted without full consideration of any such recommendations.

(3) In considering any such application as is mentioned in subsection (1) or (2) the court shall consider—
 * (a) whether, given the gravity of the offence or offences he is alleged to have committed or, as the case may be, of which he has been convicted by the ICC, there are urgent and exceptional circumstances justifying release on bail, and
 * (b) whether any necessary measures have been or will be taken to secure that the person will surrender to custody in accordance with the terms of his bail.

19Discharge of person not delivered up

(1) If the person in respect of whom a delivery order has been made is not delivered up under the order within 40 days after it was made, an application may be made, by him or on his behalf, for his discharge.

(2) The application shall be made—
 * (a) in the case of an order made in England and Wales, to the High Court;
 * (b) in the case of an order made in Scotland, to the High Court of Justiciary.

(3) On an application under this section the court shall order the person’s discharge unless reasonable cause is shown for the delay.

20Discharge of person no longer required to be surrendered

(1) Where the ICC informs the Secretary of State that a person arrested under this Part is no longer required to be surrendered—
 * (a) the Secretary of State shall notify an appropriate judicial officer of that fact, and
 * (b) that officer shall, on receipt of the notification, make an order for his discharge.

(2) Where the person was arrested in Scotland, the Secretary of State shall inform the Scottish Ministers who shall notify an appropriate judicial officer. Request for transit and unscheduled landing 21Request for transit

(1) This section applies where the Secretary of State receives a request from the ICC for transit of a person being surrendered by another state.

(2) If the Secretary of State accedes to the request—
 * (a) the request shall be treated for the purposes of this Part as if it were a request for that person’s arrest and surrender,
 * (b) the warrant accompanying the request shall be deemed to have been endorsed under section 2(3), and
 * (c) the person to whom the request relates shall be treated on arrival in the United Kingdom as if he had been arrested under that warrant.

(3) In relation to a case where this section applies—


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 piece of tapa? Would it perhaps be well to send that tapa, as I had perhaps planned, as a present to my talking chief, to send it now, so that I may refuse him with all good faith?’ And he sits and studies your countenance and wonders if you will be favourable to his request. He plays with the children but refuses the necklace of flowers which they have woven for him and gives it instead to your daughter. Finally night comes. It is time to sleep and still he has not spoken. So finally you say to him, ‘Lo, I would sleep. Will you sleep also or will you be returning whence you have come?' And only then will be speak and tell you the desire in his heart.”

So the intrigue, the needs, the obligations of the larger relationship group which threads its carefully remembered way in and out of many houses and many villages, cuts across the life of the household. One day it is the wife’s relatives who come to spend a month or borrow a fine mat; the next day it is the husband’s; the third, a niece who is a valued worker in the household may be called home by the illness of her father. Very seldom do all of even the small children of a biological family live in one household; and while the claims of the household are paramount, in the routine of everyday life, illness or need on the part of the closer relative in another household will call the wanderers home again.

Obligations either to give general assistance or to give specific traditionally required service, as in a


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International Criminal Court Act 2001 (c. 17) Part 2—Arrest and delivery of persons :(a) the reference in section 5(2)(a)(i) to the warrant having been duly endorsed under section 2(3) shall be read as a reference to the Secretary of State having acceded to the request for transit; and
 * (b) section 12(1) (right to review of delivery order: period for making application) shall have effect as if the reference to 15 days (the period during which directions to execute delivery order are not to be given) were a reference to two days.

(4) A person in transit under this section shall not be granted bail.

22Unscheduled landing

(1) If a person being surrendered by another state makes an unscheduled landing in the United Kingdom, he may be arrested by any constable and shall be brought before a competent court as soon as is practicable.

(2) The court shall remand him in custody pending—
 * (a) receipt by the Secretary of State of a request from the ICC for his transit, and
 * (b) the Secretary of State’s decision whether to accede to the request.

(3) If no such request is received by the Secretary of State before the end of the period of 96 hours beginning with the time of the arrested person’s unscheduled landing—
 * (a) the Secretary of State shall forthwith notify the court of that fact, and
 * (b) the court shall, on receipt of the notification, discharge the arrested person.

(4) If the Secretary of State receives such a request before the end of that period, he shall notify the court without delay of his decision whether to accede to the request.

(5) If the Secretary of State notifies the court that he has decided to accede to the request—
 * (a) the court shall, on receipt of the notification, terminate the period of remand, and
 * (b) the provisions of section 21 (request for transit) apply with the substitution for the reference in subsection (2)(c) to the time of arrival in the United Kingdom of a reference to the time of notification to the court.

(6) If the Secretary of State notifies the court that he has decided not to accede to the request, the court shall, on receipt of the notification, discharge the arrested person.

(7) In the applications of subsections (3) to (6) to proceedings in Scotland, any duty of the Secretary of State to notify the court shall be read as a duty to notify the Scottish Ministers who shall forthwith notify the court accordingly.


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Rh Wahhábis receive the "six correct books of the Sunnis."

The example of Muhammad is just as binding upon the Muslim, as that of Him who said "Learn of me" is upon the Christian, and very many were the injunctions which the "Prophet" gave as to the transmission of his sayings and practice, and very elaborate is the canon whereby Muslims arrive at what they believe to be the example of their Prophet. If, therefore, the grand and elaborate system of morals as expressed in the law of Islám has failed to raise the standard of morality amongst the nations of the earth which have embraced its creed, it is not unreasonable to conclude that its failure rests in the absence of a living example of truth.


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Runo XVII]

Vipunen, in songs most famous,

Spoke aloud the words which follow:

“Who among mankind can this be,

Who among the roll of heroes?

I have gulped a hundred heroes,

And a thousand men devoured,

But his like I never swallowed.

In my mouth the coals are rising,

On my tongue are firebrands resting,

In my throat is slag of iron.

“Go thou forth to wander, strange one,

Pest of earth, at once depart thou,

Ere I go to seek thy mother,

Seek thy very aged mother.

If I told it to thy mother,

Told the aged one the story,

Great would be thy mother’s trouble,

Great the aged woman’s sorrow,

That her son should work such evil,

And her child should act so basely.

“Still I hardly comprehend it,

Do not comprehend the reason,

How thou, Hiisi, here hast wandered,

Why thou cam’st, thou evil creature,

Thus to bite, and thus to torture,

Thus to eat, and thus to gnaw me.

Art thou some disease-created

Death that Jumala ordains me,

Or art thou another creature,

Fashioned and unloosed by others,

Hired beforehand to torment me,

Or hast thou been bribed with money?

“If thou art disease-created,

Death by Jumala ordained me,

Then I trust in my Creator,

And to Jumala resign me;

For the good the Lord rejects not,

Nor does he destroy the righteous.

“If thou art another creature,

And an evil wrought by others,

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 :(a) determine the number of members of the Commission and their conditions of service; and
 * (b) make provision with respect to the number of members of the staff of the Commission and their conditions of service:

Provided that the conditions of service of a member of a Public Service Commission shall not be varied to his disadvantage after his appointment.

319. Prohibition as to the holding of offices by members of Commission on ceasing to be such members.—On ceasing to hold office—
 * (a) the Chairman of the Union Public Service Commission shall be ineligible for further employment either under the Government of India or under the Government of a State;
 * (b) the Chairman of a State Public Service Commission shall be eligible for appointment as the Chairman or any other member of the Union Public Service Commission or as the Chairman of any other State Public Service Commission, but not for any other employment either under the Government of India or under the Government of a State;
 * (c) a member other than the Chairman of the Union Public Service Commission shall be eligible for appointment as the Chairman of the Union Public Service Commission or as the Chairman of a State Public Service Commission, but not for any other employment either under the Government of India or under the Government of a State;
 * (d) a member other than the Chairman of a State Public Service Commission shall be eligible for appointment as the Chairman or any other member of the Union Public Service Commission or as the Chairman of that or any other State Public Service Commission, but not for any other employment either under the Government of India or under the Government of a State.

320. Functions of Public Service Commissions.—(1) It shall be the duty of the Union and the State Public Service Commissions to conduct examinations for appointments to the services of the Union and the services of the State respectively.

(2) It shall also be the duty of the Union Public Service Commission, if requested by any two or more States so to do, to assist those States in framing and operating schemes of joint recruitment for any services for which candidates possessing special qualifications are required.

(3) The Union Public Service Commission or the State Public Service Commission, as the case may be, shall be consulted—
 * (a) on all matters relating to methods of recruitment to civil services and for civil posts;
 * (b) on the principles to be followed in making appointments to civil services and posts and in making promotions and transfers from one service to another and on the suitability of candidates for such appointments, promotions or transfers;
 * (c) on all disciplinary matters affecting a person serving under the Government of India or the Government of a State in a civil capacity, including memorials or petitions relating to such matters;
 * (d) on any claim by or in respect of a person who is serving or has served under the Government of India or the Government of a State or under the Crown in India or under the Government of an Indian State, in a civil capacity, that any costs incurred by him in defending legal proceedings instituted against him in respect of acts done or purporting to be done in the execution of his duty should be paid out of the Consolidated Fund of India, or, as the case may be, out of the Consolidated Fund of the State;
 * (e) on any claim for the award of a pension in respect of injuries sustained by a person while serving under the Government of India or the Government of a State or under the Crown in India or under the Government of an Indian State, in a civil capacity, and any question as to the amount of any such award, and it shall be the duty of a Public Service Commission to advise on any matter so referred to them and on


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216 although, on these occasions, the mandarins tell us that we are quite safe within the precincts of their tribunal. We inform the crowd that, if one of them dares to lay hands on us, we shall shoot him, while the mandarins are told that we shall hold them responsible for any blood shed. This has the desired effect; and it is the same with the future bachelors of letters whom we meet on the road, this being the period for examinations, for although

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word Qurán is derived from the Arabic Qara, which occurs at the commencement of Súra xcv., which is said to have been the first chapter revealed to Muhammad; and has the same meaning as the Hebrew kara, "to read," or "to recite," which is frequently used in Jeremiah xxxvi., as well as in other places in the Old Testament. It is, therefore, equivalent to the Hebrew mikra, rendered in Nehemiah vii. 18. "the reading." It is the title given to the Muhammadan Scriptures which are usually appealed to and quoted from as the "Qurán Majíd," or the "Glorious Qurán"; the "Qurán Sharíf," or the "Noble Qurán"; and is also called the "Fúrqán," or "Distinguisher,"


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 230

ACEOSS THIBET.

Tokta, a village siiiger, I. 118, 119 ; playing

the allah-rabdd, 132, 146; 170. TomtiU, I. 36. Tonquin, Route from Paris to, L 2; 7, 111 ;

reception of the traTeUen at, II. 219. Tools used in an iron manufactory, II. 161. Torgots, The, I. 27, 30, 32 ; their descent,

3.1 ; 36 ; photographed by Prince Henry,

38; 39. 161. Tougrak Woods of, I. 62; sap of, used as

soap, 67. Touia KuiruJt, I. 38.

Tsaidam, The, I. 6, 111, 116, 166: II. 77. Tranitmignition of the soul, I. U, 30; II, 99. Tsakma, Valley of the, I. 19, 23. Tsatang, II. 95.

Triamdo, II. 105, 118, 149, 167, 195. Twng KaU, I. 31 : II. 80. Tsong li Yamon, The, at Pekin, I. 6. T8onk6, II. 173. Tson-ron River, II. 173. Tumblers, Thibetan, II. 135. Turfau, I. 89. Turkestan, Chinese, I. 2. Turkoetan, Russian, I. 4, 52. Turks, Fine specimens of, I. 3. Turnip, or nioumoy II. 115, 143.

Uglint-ss of Thibetans, II. 2, 6.

Ulcers, I. 100.

Urumtsi, Highway of, I. 120.

Tlnicom, Reputed existence of the, II. 68.

Ural Mountains, I. 3.

Uzbegs, The, I. 3, 40.

Valley of bones. A, I. 206.

Valleys of (Tiina, I. 2.

Vase made from a yak's skull, II. 23.

Violets, II. 155.

Volcanoes, The Reclus, 1. 187, 188 ; the Ruys-

bruk, or Rubruquis, 194, 198; cones of

seveml, 198. Volga, The. I. 3, 35. Vultures, II. 35.

Water-canierB, 11. 77, 78.

Water-mill, A Thibetan, II. 191.

Water-fowl, I. 68, 83, 88.

•« Wave* of mountains," I. 204.

WeUs from the Aryk, I. 118.

Wheat at Aktarma, I. 65.

Wild Camels, I. 82, 87.

Wilderness of mountains. A, I. 198-218.

Willows, I. 12, 20, 38; II. 166.

Windmills, Praying, II. 143.

Wives, Abandonment of, by Mussulmans, I. 9.

Wolves, I. 25, 67, 136, 188, 199, 210; II. 31,

93, 101, 163. Women ; their ugliness amongst the Mongols,

I. 19; II. 24, 28; at Kourla, I. 52; of Abdallah, 84, 105 ; amongst shepherd tribes, II. 94; smearing their faces with butter, 96, 117 ; assisting in building, 112; filthiness of, 117; orna- ments of, 124, 139; as beggars, 126; laborious life of, 127, 133; as field labourers, 141, 164; as yak-drivers, 160; near Taro, 173; dancing near Batang, 199, 200.

Yakoob-Bog, the ** blessed one," 1. 40; poisoned at Kourla, 41; 57, 68, 61 ; fortress con- structed by, 72.

Yaks, I. 149, 166, 175, 194 ; enormous speci- mens of, 200 ; 205 ; an ancient specimen, 206; 212, 215; II. 8, 47, 94; breaking through the ice, 95 ; 101 ; falling over a precipice, 103 ; in inaccessible places, 116.

Yandachkak, I. 131.

Yang-tse-Kiang, Probable sources of, I. 208 ;

II. 194, 195.

Y'angi Koul, I. 65 ; characteristics of the in- habitants of, 66.

Y'sntag, I. 36, 38.

" Yourt," Remains of a Thibetan, I. 210.

Youtchap Khan, CTiaracteristics of the inhabit- ants of, 1.91.

Yulduz, The, I. 20. 28, 30.

Yunnan, II. 123, 196, 212.

Wagner, M., French Consul at Shanghai, 11. Zakiste-gol, The, I. 30.

Zamba, II. 26,41.

21i Wagtails, I. 35.

Zetehou River, II. 152.

Prixted bv Cassell & Compaxy, Limitbd, La Belle Saivaoe, Luwiate Hill, London, E.C.

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 INDEX,

229

Stags, I. 212.

Stags at Bougou Bashi, I. 72.

Storm in the defile of Kabchigue-gol, I. 32.

Sugar, its effect on the Thibetans, II. 11, 18.

Swallows, I. 88, 117.

Swans, Wild, I. 88, 107.

Syringas, II. 194.

Ta-Amban, The, II. 66-62, 71-73, 84-87. Ta-Lama, The, II. 56-62, 71-73, 84-87. Talai-Lama, The, II. 3, 8, 11, 37, 80, 147. Talkitchin, I. 71 ; salt at, 71. Tamarisks, I. 12, 38, 62,68, 71, 108, 131. Tambourine accompaniment to prayers, I. 19;

II. 132. Tandi, II. 101. Tarantfihis, The, I. 7, 8 ; their abandonment

of wives, 9 ; at Kourla, 42. Tarim River, The, I. 62, 63, 66; overflow of,

65 ; action of the wind upon the sands of,

67 ; tchiffa plants in the valley of, 68 ;

salt on the banks of, 69 ; breadth of, 79,

90 ; and the ** Lake " of Lob Nor, 90,

109 ; the travellers' descent of, 92 ; ice in,

106. Taro, TI. 172.

Tartars, ITie, and their horses, I. 61. Tash-Dawan Mountain, I. 134, 140 ; crossing

the, 141 ; 217. Tashe-Roua, 11. 74. Tashiline, II. 135. Taahkend, I. 7. TaUhou Kiver, II. 143. Tatsien-Lou, II. 74, 133, 134, 167, 196, 204;

treatment of the travellers at, 209 ; 210. Taxes levied by Chinese, I. 67, 89, 164. Tchai, I. 107. Tchamdo, see Tsiamdo. Tchang (fermented barley), II. 199. Tcharkal, see Tcharkalik. Tcharkalik, I. 74, 99, 111 ; "French party"

created at, 115. Tchersh^ne Darja River, I. 72. Tcherch^ne, I. 164. Tchiffa plants, I. 68 ; woven into garments,

68; 71. Tchigali, Tchiffa plants at, I. 68. Tchimbo-Nara, II. 136. Tchimbo-Tinzi. II. 136. Tchim^ne Tagh, The, I. 113, 149. Tchimene, Plateau of, I. 160. Tchinagi, I. 57; origin of inhabitants, and

their customs, 58, 59. Tchoukour Sai, I. 133. Tchoungo, II. 143. Tchounneu, IL 173. Tchoupalongue. II. 201. Tehouzma, A dish of. I. 197. Tea, the favourite drink of the Mongols and

the Thibetans, I. 16 ; trade between China

and Thibet in, II. 188. Tengri Noj- (the Xamtso), II. 32. Tent of the Amban of Lhassa, II. 50. Tents of Thibetans, II. 23, 113, 172.

Terai, Tint of sky at, I. 76.

Terek-Dawan, The, I. 41.

Thibet Higher table-lands of, I. 2 ; difficul- ties of travelling in, 7 ; tea-drinking in, 16 ; intermixture of the people with the Lobis, 133; pasture-ground of, 217; the first native encoimtered by the travellers, II. 2; ruins of dwellings in, 131 ; electric phenomenon from woollen garments in, 114; general appearance of the mountains, 144 ; fine scenery near Djala Mountains, 147; iron manufactory at Lagoun, 150; no trustworthy history, 165 ; tea trade with China, 188 ; weakness of Chinese authority in, 191.

Thibetans : the first native met by the travel- lers, II. 2; their snuff-taking, 2; native deception, 3 ; a shepherd and a shepherdess, 4, 5; their greediness, 5; their ponies, 6; their wonder at English revolvers, 6; their pigtails, 8; large tongues, 11, 12; meat- vendors, 17; tents, 23; mills and saddles, 23 ; of lAassa, 37-40 ; load- ing yaks, 64 ; cooking, 76 ; their charac- teristics near Lhassa, 78, 79 ; armed horsemen, 80; yak-drivers, 83, 98; ex- change of presents with the chiefs from Lhassa, 84, 86 ; shepherds, 94, 114 ; their dogs, 96; variety of types, 96, 97, 99, 116, 163; signs with the thumbs, 98, 111, 118, 150 ; modes of salutation, 2, 8, 18, 48, 98 ; forma of religion, 99 ; their skill with the sling, 102; houses and people of So, 105- 112; coins, 108; huts, 114; tobacco- smoking, 114; extortions of chiefs, 116; goitres, 116 ; fine specimen of a chief, 122; j flat houses, 121 ; polyandry and poly- I ganay* 124-127; tasks laid upon women, 127; a drunken chief, 136; a domestic scene, 139; vacillation, 140; supei-stition, 140 ; agricultural implements, 143 ; care I for catue, 143 ; veneration for the pagoda I at Djala Pass, 147 ; their kindness of heart contrasted with the unfeeling nature of the Chinese, 164, 165; their insolence at Lendjoune, 166 ; a fight about a yak- , skin, 170; superstitions, 183, 191.

Thomine, Father, II. 195.

Thrushes, I. 36.

Thumb. Signing a treaty with the, I. 124.

Thumbs, Signs with the, II. 98, 111, 118, 150.

Tien Shan, The, I. 7, 10, 19 ; Buddhist in- scriptions on the slopes of, 31.

Tientsin Treaty, The, II. 203.

Tigers, I. 67, 82.

Timour, shepherd and servant to the travel- lers, I. 113, 123, 149, 156; searches for lost horses, 181 ; at the burial of Niaz, 193 ; II. 90.

Timurlik, L 19, 152.

Tiskency Plains of, I. 174.

Tiumen, I. 3, 121.

Tj^ma-Loung, II. 102.

Tobolsk, I. 68.

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182

Then thy race would I discover,

And the place where thou wast nurtured.

“Once before have ills assailed me,

Plagues from somewhere have attacked me,

From the realms of mighty sorcerers,

From the meadows of the soothsayers,

And the homes of evil spirits,

And the plains where dwell the wizards,

From the dreary heaths of Kalma,

From beneath the firm earth’s surface,

From the dwellings of the dead men,

From the realms of the departed,

From the loose earth heaped in hillocks,

From the regions of the landslips,

From the loose and gravelly districts,

From the shaking sandy regions,

From the valleys deeply sunken,

From the moss-grown swampy districts,

From the marshes all unfrozen,

From the billows ever tossing,

From the stalls in Hiisi’s forest,

From five gorges in the mountains,

From the slopes of copper mountains,

From their summits all of copper,

From the ever-rustling pine-trees,

And the rustling of the fir-trees,

From the crowns of rotten pine-trees,

And the tops of rotten fir-trees,

From those spots where yelp the foxes,

Heaths where elk are chased on snowshoes,

From the bear’s own rocky caverns,

From the caves where bears are lurking,

From the furthest bounds of Pohja,

From the distant realms of Lapland,

From the wastes where grow no bushes,

From the lands unploughed for ever,

From the battle-fields extended,

From the slaughter-place of heroes,

From the fields where grass is rustling,

From the blood that there is smoking,

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 228

ACROSS THIBET,

20 ; forest of, 59 : 62. 63 ; at Talkitchin, 71; 108; II. ir>3, 166.

Poptchou Uivor, II. 100.

Porph>T}% I. 168.

Portrait drawn by a lama, II. 130.

Poula, II. 186.

Pratt, Mr., Enf^Ush collector at Tat^iien-Lou, 11.204, 210, 211.

Prayer-miUs, II. 27, 99, 128 ; at Dotou, 170 ; 183.

Prayers of Buddhists, I. 18, 37 ; writtc'n on canvas and on slabs, and left at obos, 31 ; at burials, 101 ; on tents, II. 12 ; engraved on schist, 23, 79; written on stones, 26, 128; chanted by lamait, 51, 141; turned by windmills, 143 ; for rain, 184, 186.

Prjevalsky, the traveller, I. 1, 2, 6, 19, 40, 41, 46, 62', 79, 82, 88 (noU»), 89: and the Lake of Lob Nor, 90; 97 (note) ; 99, 107, 111, 126, 168; and the Columbus Moun- tains, 173; and the Koukou route, 203; II. 95, 195.

Pumpkius, I. 91.

Rachmed, L 3, 4, 6, 28; opinion of the Chinese, 46; 52, 108, 115, 119; beat* a Lobi chief, 122; 125, 142, 144, 149, 165, 167, 171 ; lost on the mountains, 184 ; his sage advice to the travellers, 207 ; stoned by Thibetans, II. 140 ; 220.

Kachmed, Ata, I. 67, 68.

Raft for cro.«*8ing the Kontch6- Darya, I. 61.

Raisins purchased at Kourla, I. 43.

Raspberries, I. 12; II. 155, 173.

Rata of the mountains, I. 199 ; II. 80.

Reclus Volcano, The, I. 188.

Red River, The, II. 219; beauty of, 219.

Red soil near Akker, II. 166.

Reed grass, I. 78.

Reeds in the Tarim, I. 92.

Renou, Father, II. 174, 177, 195, 196.

Rheumatism cured at Archan Buluk spring, I. 35 ; attacking women, 100 ; marmot fat as a cure for, 117.

Rhododendrons, II. 120, 144, 147, 153.

Rhubarb plant. The, I. 212, 217.

Richthofen, the traveller, I. 6.

Ritchimbo, II. 115.

River, Novel mode of fording a, II. 134.

Rivers poisoned by vegetable matter, I. 68.

Rokkill (J-), Mr., American diplomatist, II. 211.

Rout^undo, II. 156.

Routchi, II. 144.

Ruins of dwellings near S6r^8umdo, II. 131 ; in the valley of the Mahtchou, 165.

Ruysbruk Volcano, named after the Flemish traveller, I. 194, 198.

Saia, Meaning of, I. 119. Saklis, or tents for the winter, I. 38. SaksaoHh L 131, 133.

Salt on mountains, I. 30 ; mixed with bread, 43 ; on the roads, 65 on the banks of the

Tarim, 69 ; at Talkitchin, 71 ; on the road

to Lob, 76; ponds, 92; on the Ouzoun

Tchor, 146; in the desert, 174; of

Burben-cho, II. 11. Saltpetre, I. 97, 109. Salutation, Thibetan modes of, II. 2, 8, 18,

48, 98. Samarkand, I. 4, 7. Samda Kansain Mountains, II. 68, 74. Samda-Tchou River, II. 68. Sand, Waves of, I. 174 ; fantastic scene from,

196. Sandhills, I. 62, 63, 67, 72, 175, 196. Sarthiana of Turkestan, I. 58, 66. Sasan, a chief of the Kirghis, I. 20. Satchou, II. 155.

Schist, Prayers engraved on, II. 23, 79. Setchou River; II. 147, 148. Setchouen, I. 151 ; IL 212. Semipalatinsk, I. 3, 58. S^r^umdo, II. 130. Shanghai, I. 6. Shaven heads, II. 165. Sheep, Buying, I. 55 ; of Ili, 71. Shepherds', Thibetan, II. 4, 04. Shdr Agha, I. 97. Shisougoune River> II. 194. Siberia, I. 39. Sibos, I. 9.

Sickness, Desert, I. 131. Sickness, Mountain, I. 141, 142, 143, 166,

183 Silos, II. 23.

Sinin-Fou, I. 159; II. 79, 164, 211. Sling, Skill of Thibetans with the, IL 102. Smallpox in the region of the Tchershfene, L

74, 100. Snipe, II. 144. Snow on the mountains, I. 12, 23 ; on Ning-

ling Tangla, II. 33 ; relieving headache,

116. Snuff-box of a Thibetan, II. 2. SnufP-taking, by natives of Arkan, I. 70 ; by

ambassadors from Lhassa, II. 45. So, II. 93, 103; lama-house at, 106; singular

construction of the houses at, 106; palaco

at, 106. Soap, Sap of tougrak trees used as, I. 67. Sokpou, The, their massacre of Thibetans, II.

165. Solitude of the desert, I. 24. Solons, I. 9.

Songs, Native, I. 97, 118, 132; IL 135. So-tchou River, IL 100, 112. Soubrou, IL 77. Soudjou, Valley of, II. 115. Sougombli, Bridge of, IL 154. Sounds, Peculiar, in high altitudes, I. 202. Souti, IL 115. Sparrows, IL 27, 144. Spinning-wheel of a Thibetan, IL 3. Spring of Archan Buluk, I. 35. , Springs, Hot, I. 205, 211, 217; IL 35, 159. St. Denys, Marquis d'Hervey de, I. 48.

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 INDEX.

227

Chinese territory, 9 ; of Kourla, 44 ;

threatening travellers, 57; from Lhassa,

66;of Changka, II. 178. Mardian Agha, I. 97. Mamage customs, I. 100, 106 ; II. 122-127,

134. Marseilles, II. 219.

Massacre of Thibetans by the Sopkou,II. 165. Mazar, I. 8, 9, 11. Meat, Frozen, I. 211. Mekong River, II. 152. Melons, I. 39, 42, 46, 64. Mendicant lamas, II. 1 32. Mesny, explorer in Thibet, 11. 196. Mienshari, I. 97. Mill, Thibetan, U. 23.

Mirages, due to salt, 1. 76, 108, 126, 168 ; II. 16. Mission, Destruction of the Batang, II. 176,

202. Monastery, Lama, I. 16, 16, 18; at So, II. 93,

106, 112. Money-lender at So, A, II. 108, 111. Mong-tse, II. 219. Mongols, Physiognomy of, I. 10 ; method of

threshing wheat, 12; tea-drinking of, 16 ;

poverty and imcleanliness, and the ugliness

of the women, 19 ; their feuds with the

Kirghis, 28; physical traits, 35, 97; II.

166. Monkeys, I. 210; II, 96, 156. Montcalm Lake, I. 205, 206. Moscow, I. 3. Moula Kourghan, I. 163. Mountain sickness, I. 141, 142, 166; remedy

for, 166, 183. Mountains covered with forests, I. 23 ; with

surfece of salt, 30 ; Buddhist inscription

on, 31; a wilderness of, 198-218; like

waves, 204 ; Dupleix, 206, 207 ; enormous

altitude of, 207. Music and dancing at Tchinagi, I. 59. Musk-deer, II. 120, 147, 154. Mutton, Salted, at Kourla, I. 43.

Nain-Singh, the pundit, II. 34.

Namtso, 1. 158, 218; II. 8, 11, 23 ; description of, 38; arrival of travellers at, 34; the " Heavenly Lake," 54.

Naptchou, The, II. 77, 92.

Natural History Museum, Paris, and the col- lection of M. Bonvalot, I. 206 (note).

Nia, I. 164.

Niaz, Death and burial of, I. 191-193.

Nigan, II. 83.

Nijni-Novgorod, I. 3.

Nilka, The, I. 12.

Ningling Tangla, H. 8, 11^ 12, 27, 32; striking appearance of, 33, 74.

Nioumay or turnip, II. 115; cattle fed with, 143.

Nouniaz Agha, I. 97.

Oak-trees, 11. 172. Obo Pass, I. 143.

Obos, L 31, 32, 168, 210; n. 99, 128, 103;

enormous specimen at Tchoungo, 143; 187. Oil, Sesamum, I. 43.

Ointment on the faces of Thibetans, II. 5. Omdjamtchou River, II. 100. Omsk, I. 3. Omtchou River, II. 99. Opium-smoking, II. 108, 212. OrongoH, I. 178, 188, 194, 201. Orosses (Russians), I. 35. Ouloug Koul, I. 66 ; reception of travellers

by the chief of, 67. Ouoshishoune, II. 159 ; lamas of, 160. Ourga, II. 62. Ouroumitchi, I. 47, 159. Ourtchou River, II. 92, 99. 100. Ouzoun Tchor River, I. 146, 149.

Pa-Lan (i.e., English or Russians), II. 14, 15.

Pashalik, I. 146.

Pagoda of a Lama monastery. Description of a,

I. 18; at Djala Pass, IL 147. Palao-meat, L 28, 144, 163, 211. Pamir, The, I. 2, 41; IL 27, 102. Pansies, 1. 28.

Parasols of Chinese soldiers, II. 178. Paris, Route to Tonquin from, I. 2; exhibi- tion of, 2, 3. Parpa, servant of the travellers, I. 43, 44 ;

beats natives of Arkan, 70; 112; 117; 156;

170; n. 25,90. Partridges, I. 35, 142, 165, 168, 210; IL 113,

154. Passports, I. 6; amongst the Kirghis, 11;

demanded at Kourla, 46; shown to a

Thibetan chief, IL 19 ; for missionaries at

Tatsien-Lou, 204. Peat pits, I. 30. Pekin, L 112.

Pelisse of Thibetan, IT. 2, 18. Pepper-trees, I. 20. Potchili, Gulf of, 1.41. Petzoflf, Russian traveller, I. 73. Pheasants, in the valley of the Kunges, I. 12 ;

67, 153; IL 163. Phenomenon, Electric, 1 1. 114. Photographing a lama, I. 30 ; some Torgots,

38. Pickpockets at Kourla, I. 61. Pigeons, II. 27. Pigtails of Thibetans, II. 8. Pilgrims, L 150, 155: camp of, 195, 196; II.

133. Pine forests, IL 156, 173. Pipes for smoking, Thibetan, II. 114. Pirojki, I. 84.

Ploughing, Methods of, II. 112, 164. Poioundo, IL 120. Poisoned rivers, I. 68. Polyandry-, 1 1. 124. Polygamy, IL 124, 126. Pomeranian landscape, A typical, I. 65. Ponies of Thibetans, II. 5. Poplars in the ^-alley of the Kunges, I. 12;

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 or at a birth, follow relationship lines not household lines. But a marriage of many years’ duration binds the relationship groups of husband and wife so closely together that to all appearances it is the household unit which gives aid and accedes to a request brought by the relative of either one. Only in families of high rank where the distaff side has priority in decisions and in furnishing the taupo, the princess of the house, and the male line priority in holding the title, does the actual blood relationship continue to be a matter of great practical importance; and this importance is lost in the looser household group constituted as it is by the three principles of blood, marriage and adoption, and bound together by common ties of everyday living and mutual economic dependency.

The matai of a household is theoretically exempt from the performance of small-domestic tasks, but he is seldom actually so except in the case of a chief of high rank. However, the leading rôle is always accorded to him in any industrial pursuit; he dresses the pig for the feasts and cuts up the cocoanuts which the boys and women have gathered. The family cooking is done by the men and women both, but the bulk of the work falls upon the boys and young men. The old men spin the cocoanut fibre, and braid it into the native cord which is used for fish lines, fish nets, to sew canoe parts together and to bind all the different parts of a house in place. With the old women who do the bulk of the weaving and making of bark cloth, they


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 226

ACROSS THIBET,

Eabchigu6-gol, Defile of, I. 31 ; meaning of

word, 32. Kala Mountain, II. 155. Kalmucks, llie: their characteristics and harsh treatment by the Kirghis, 1. 10; and the Torgots, 35; and the inhabitants of Aktarma, 64; 103, 148, 176, 194; II. 13. Kama, The, I 3. Kampir plant, The, L 174. Kara Koum, The, I. 62. Karakoutchoun, I. 97, 98. Kara Bourane River, I. 107, 109. Karako3ruk, I. 98. Karashar, Lake of, I. 38; (Governor of, and

the traYollers, 47, 51 ; 103. Kara Shote, I. 146. Kargalik (TcharkaUk), I. 97, 98. Kanmcta, II. 143. Kash, The, I. 8, 11. Kashgar, Emigrants from, I. 8 ; 9 ; governed

by Yakoob-Beg, 40. Kela Mountains, II. 116.

Kemezetiantchd Lake, 1. 107. I

Ken-Si, II. 108, 123. K^r^mata, Abdu, I. 80. Khan of the TorgoU, The, II. 43. Khiva, I. 62. Khotan, I. 98.

Kin-sha-Kian^ River, II. 194. Kirghis, Siberian, 1.9; their depredations on Kalmucks, 10; wearing tablets as pass- ports, 11; formation of their skulls, 14; source of livelihood, and cheerfulness, 20 ; addicted to horse-stealing, 27 ; feuds with the Mongols, 28 ; their broad faces, 58 ; 66. Kissing amongst natives, I. 127. Kitchou River, II. 100. Kizil Sou River, L 111, 116, 121; gold said to

be found at, 136. Kontche-Darya, The, 1. 40, 42, 57, 58 ; raft for

crossing the, 60. Koushou, II. 186, 187. Koukou Nor, I. 203. Koukou Nor River, I. Ill ; II. 77. Koukouiamanes, I. 143. Koul toukmit Koul, Plain of, I. 63. Xoulam, I. 133, 147, 165, 174, 177, 205; IL

27. Koura Da wan Mountain, I. 134, 140. Kountsetinne, II. 191.

Kourla, 1. 40, 41 ; general appearance, and the people of, 42; the travellers threatened with arrest at, 47; start of the caravan from, 52 ; chiefs of, and the travellers, 55- 57; 98; 111. Koushoune, II. 159. Kreitner, explorer in Thibet, II. 196. Kuldja, I. 4 ; Russian consul at, 6; 39, 58,

112, 120. Kumshap Khan, I. 92. Kunges, Valley of the, I. 12, 19. Kunshi Khan Beg, I. 82, 84, 89. Kuntchi Khan, a Lob chief, I, 132.

Lagoun, IT. 149; iron manufactory at, 150. Lake of Cones, I. 203. Lake Montcalm, I. 205, 206. Lama, Qrand, Description of a, and his recep- tion of travellers, I. 15, 16. Lamaism, Supposed derivation of, II. 143. Lamas, Tents of the, L 13, 18, 83; appear- ance of the, II. 42 ; chanting prayers and blowing trumpets, 51, 52; makers of medi- cine, 63; travelling, 101, 102; of the monastery of So, 106 ; training-school for, 117 ; initiation of, 126 ; mendicant, 132 ; of Karimeta, 141 ; female, 142; house of, at Djala Pass, 148; of Ouoshishoune, 160; house at Dzerine, 163; house at Dotou, 167; of Changka, 183. Lamda, II. 152, 163 ; the Giomtchoa River at,

154. Lam6, II. 152.

Lammergeiers, II. 35, 53, 102. Landscape, A typical Pomeranian, I. 65. Lao-kai, II. 219.

Larks, L 67. 178, 182, 199, 211 ; II. 80, 93. Laroze, M., II. 219. Latchou River, II. 169. Leduc, M., French consul at Mong-tse, II.

219. Leindiinne, II. 188. Lendjoune, II. 166. Lepsinsk, I. 20.

Lhassa, Supplications brought from, I. 15 statue of Grand Lama of, 16; 19, 103; route to, by the Kizil Sou, 111; pilgrims from, 155 ; 218 ; II. 6, 7, 8, 18 ; the " city of spirits,*' 33 ; ambassadors from, 36, 37 ; the Amban of, 37-45 ; visit to the travel- lers at Dam of chiefs from, 55 ; a hotbed of intrigue, 69 ; presents for the travellers from, 84 ; reputed resort of countless pil- grims, 188. lilac- trees, II. 155. Liquorice-plants, I. 12, 20, 38. Litang, II. 204.

Lob Nor, The, I. 4, 49, 51, 52, 62, 63, 73 ;

journey to, 76; characteristics of the

people in, 80 ; the great " lake " of, 90,

109; work of the sand at, 99, 110, 206.

Lobi chiefs refuse aid to the travellers, I.

122. Lobis, The, I. 144, 145, 169, 170. Loczi, explorer in Thibet, II. 196. Lolos, The, II. 216. Lorin, Henri, I. 2. Lottery, A singular, near Seresumdo, II. 132.

Macaroni, Chinese, I. 84.

Madman at Bata-Soumdo, The, and the mir- ror, II. 118.

Mahomet, Festival of, at TcharkaUk, I. 115.

Maktchou River, II. 167.

Malthusianism, Religious, II, 155.

Mandnlik, I. 146.

Mandarins, The, and passports for foreigners, I. 6 ; enticing Russian peasants to settle in

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 the younger children who remain at home. The heavy routine agricultural work falls upon the women who are responsible for the weeding, transplanting, gathering and transportation of the food, and the gathering of the paper mulberry wands from which bark will be peeled for making tapa, of the hibiscus bark and pandanus leaves for weaving mats, The older girls and women also do the routine reef fishing for octopuses, sea eggs, jelly fish, crabs, and other small fry. The younger girls carry the water, care for the lamps (to-day except in times of great scarcity when the candle nut and cocoanut oil are resorted to, the natives use kerosene lamps and lanterns), and sweep and arrange the houses. Tasks are all graduated with a fair recognition of abilities which differ with age, and except in the case of individuals of very high rank, a task is rejected because a younger person has skill enough to perform it, rather than because it is beneath an adult’s dignity.

Rank in the village and rank in the household reflect each other, but village rank hardly affects the young children. If a girl’s father is a matai, the matai of the household in which she lives, she has no appeal from his authority. But if some other member of the family is the matai, he and his wife may protect her from her father’s exactions. In the first case, disagreement with her father means leaving the household and going to live with other relatives; in the second case it may mean only a little internal friction. Also in the family


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 INDEX.

225

Fage, Father, II. 177, 195.

Falcons, I. 199.

Fat mixed with bread, I. 43 ; for frost-bitten

foot, 196. Feet, »08t-bitten, I. 196. Ferghana, The, I. 40, 44, 68. Ferrier Mountain, I. 188. Fieldfares, I. 67. Figs, I. 42.

Fir-trees, II. 144 ; forests of, 147. Flour purchased at Kourla, I. 43. Fording a river. Novel mode of, II. 134. Forests on mountains, I. 23. Fossils at 19,000 feet, I. 209. Fou-Un, II. 215. Foxes, I. 135, 188; 11. 163. Frost-bitten feet, 1. 196. Frozen geysers, I. 211, 215. Frozen meat, I. 211.

Gabet, missionary, I. Ill, 203; II. 36, 177,

195. Garments made from the tchiga plant, I. 68;

from wild hemp, 91. Gashar, I. 97. Gatine, II. 92, 93. Gazelles, I. 23, 69, 79, 133, 135. Geese, Wild, I. 78, 88 (note) ; II. 95. G codes J I. 76.

Geographical Society of England, I. 111. Geysers, Frozen, I. 211, 215. Ghadik River, I. 38.

Gill, English explorer in Thibet, II. 195. Giometchou River, II. 152 ; breadth at Lamda,

154 Giraudot, Father, II. 204. Goats of nomads, II. 94. Gobi Desert, Mongolia, The, I. 62, 128. Goitres, II. 116, 156, 215. Gold said to be found at Kizil Sou River, I.

lo6. Gold mines in the neighbourhood of Bokalik,

I. 164. Goumbas, I. 62. Granite in the valley of the Djahan-Sal, I.

133. .Grapes, I. 42. Grass of the highlands. Peculiar character of

the, I. 212; dicing, II. 114. Gratou, unsociability of inhabitants, II. 139. Greediness of Thibetans, II. 6. Grottoes, II. 144. !

Gulls, White, II. 95. I

Haiphong, II. 219.

Hami, Oasis of, I. 44.

Handglasses given to natives, II. 30.

Hannibal crossing the Rhone, I. 61. '

Hanoi, II. 219.

Hares, I. 67, 108, 109, 163, 165, 168, 203,

210. Haschipch, Smoking, I. 114, 149. Hassar, Village of, II. 163 ; a street in, 164. ^ Hastings, Ixird, I. 41. j

57

I Headache relieved by snow, II. 116.

Hemp, I. 20.

Henry, Prince, of Orleans, I. 2, 6; kills a stag, 28 ; photographs a lama, 30 ; photo- graphs some Torgots, 38 ; 46 ; threatened with arrest at Kourla, 49 ; 1 16 ; 1 20 ; peril- ous position of, 1 35 ; 147; 158; 172; 174; 175; 178; finds the track of Kalmuck pilgrims, 194 ; leads the camels, 195, 196; 197; kills two orotigos^ 200; kills a yak, 205 ; 212 ; photographs the fii-st Thibetan native encoimtered by the travellers, II. 2 ; photog^phs a Thibetan dwelling, 24 ; 220. ! Hermit, Dwelling of a, II. 96.

Hone^^noon before marriage, II. 134. I Hong-Kong, II. 219. I Hop-vines, I. 20.

Horso-stealing by the Kirghis, I. 27.

Horses, Fastening up, in the desert, I. 77 ; instinct of, 84, 108; lost on the moun- tains, 181 ; effect of frost on the eyes of, 195; death of, from over-drinking, 206; loss of strength from cold, 212; feeding on raw flesh, II. 67 ; cleverness of, 101 ; of Tsonron, 173.

Hot springs, I. 205, 211, 217; II. 36, 159.

Houmda, II. 149.

Hoimds, I. 125.

Houses, Material used in the construction of, II. 149, 154 ; decorations on, 191.

Hue, Father, his narratives of travel, I. 2, HI; 203; II. 26, 36; and the relics of Catholic ritual in Thibet, 85 ; 177, 195.

Huns, The, and their horses, I. 61.

Huts of Thibetans, II. 114.

Hydromel, II. 122.

la-La Mountain, II. 103, 108.

Iab»han plant. The. I. 174, 211.

I^a, servant to the travellers, I. 114, 149 ; II.

90. Ice, Cones of, I. 211.

Hi, Province of, I. 7 ; fertility of, 7 ; its trans- ference to China, 8 ; emigration from, 9 ;

and the Torsrots, 35, 46; sheep of, 71. Images of Buddha used for healing purposes,

I. 16 ; deposited on obos^ 31 ; given to

Thibetans, II. 140. Imatch, camel-driver, I. 26 ; his reflections

about camels and sheep, 71 ; 112, 141, 196;

his feet frost-bitten, II. 7; illness of, 25;

his death, 31. Inns, Chinese, Filthiness of, II. 192, 212, 215. Instinct of a horse, I. 84. Intchigud-Darya River, The, I. 62. "Invisible horsemen," I. 216. Iron manufactorj- at Lagoun, II. 150. Ithaginis, II. 153*.

Jasmine, II. 194.

Jujube- trees, I. 38, 68.

Junipers, II. 35, 107, 112, 115, 116, 144, 147.

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 of a high chief or a high talking chief there is more emphasis upon ceremonial, more emphasis upon, hospitality. The children are better bred, and also much harder worked. But aside from the general quality of a household which is dependent upon the rank of its head, households of very different rank may seem very similar to young children. They are usually more concerned with the temperament of those in authority than with their rank. An uncle in another village who is a very high chief is of much less significance in a child’s life than some old woman in her own household who has a frightful temper.

Nevertheless, rank not of birth but of title is very important in Samoa. The status of a village depends upon the rank of its high chief, the prestige of a household depends upon the title of its matai. Titles are of two grades, chiefs and talking chiefs; each title carries many other duties and prerogatives besides the headship of a household. And the Samoans find rank a never-failing source of interest. They have invented an elaborate courtesy language which must be used to people of rank; complicated etiquette surrounds each rank in society. Something which concerns their elders so nearly cannot help being indirectly reflected in the lives of some of the children. This is particularly true of the relationship of children to each other in households which hold titles to which some of them will one day attain. How these far-away issues of adult life effect the lives of children and young people can best


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Rh “Kalám Ulláh," or the "Word of God," and "Al kitáb," or "the Book."

Muhammadans believe the Qurán to be the inspired Word of God sent down to the lowest heaven complete, and then revealed from time to time to the Prophet by the Angel Gabriel.

There is, however, only one distinct assertion in the Qurán of Gabriel having been the medium of inspiration, namely, Súra-i-Baqr (ii.), 91; and this occurs in a Medina Súra, revealed about seven years after the Prophet's rule had been established. In the Súra-i-Shura (xxvi.), 192, the Qurán is said to have been given by the "Ráh ul A′mín," or Faithful Spirit; and in the Súra-i-Najm (liii.), 5, Muhammad claims to have been taught by the "Shadíd-ul-Quá,"


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14 Part 2—Arrest and delivery of persons Supplementary provisions 23Provisions as to state or diplomatic immunity

(1) Any state or diplomatic immunity attaching to a person by reason of a connection with a state party to the ICC Statute does not prevent proceedings under this Part in relation to that person.

(2) Where—
 * (a) state or diplomatic immunity attaches to a person by reason of a connection with a state other than a state party to the ICC Statute, and
 * (b) waiver of that immunity is obtained by the ICC in relation to a request for that person’s surrender,the waiver shall be treated as extending to proceedings under this Part in connection with that request.

(3) A certificate by the Secretary of State—
 * (a) that a state is or is not a party to the ICC Statute, or
 * (b) that there has been such a waiver as is mentioned in subsection (2),is conclusive evidence of that fact for the purposes of this Part.

(4) The Secretary of State may in any particular case, after consultation with the ICC and the state concerned, direct that proceedings (or further proceedings) under this Part which, but for subsection (1) or (2), would be prevented by state or diplomatic immunity attaching to a person shall not be taken against that person.

(5) The power conferred by section 1 of the United Nations Act 1946 (c. 45) (power to give effect by Order in Council to measures not involving the use of armed force) includes power to make in relation to any proceedings such provision corresponding to the provision made by this section in relation to the proceedings, but with the omission—
 * (a) in subsection (1), of the words “by reason of a connection with a state party to the ICC Statute”, and
 * (b) of subsections (2) and (3),as appears to Her Majesty to be necessary or expedient in consequence of such a referral as is mentioned in article 13(b) (referral by the United Nations Security Council).

(6) In this section “state or diplomatic immunity” means any privilege or immunity attaching to a person, by reason of the status of that person or another as head of state, or as representative, official or agent of a state, under—
 * (a) the Diplomatic Privileges Act 1964 (c. 81), the Consular Relations Act 1968 (c. 18), the International Organisations Act 1968 (c. 48) or the State Immunity Act 1978 (c. 33),
 * (b) any other legislative provision made for the purpose of implementing an international obligation, or
 * (c) any rule of law derived from customary international law.


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International Criminal Court Act 2001 (c. 17) Part 2—Arrest and delivery of persons 24Delivery up of persons subject to criminal proceedings, &c

Schedule 2 makes provision for cases where the Secretary of State receives a request from the ICC for the arrest and surrender, or provisional arrest, of a person—
 * (a) against whom criminal proceedings are pending or in progress before a national court, or who has been dealt with in such proceedings,
 * (b) against whom extradition proceedings are pending or in progress in the United Kingdom, or in respect of whom a warrant or order has been made in such proceedings, or
 * (c) against whom proceedings are pending or in progress in the United Kingdom for a delivery order under—
 * (i) the United Nations (International Tribunal) (Former Yugoslavia) Order 1996 (S.I. 1996/716), or
 * (ii) the United Nations (International Tribunal) (Rwanda) Order 1996 (S.I. 1996/1296),
 * or against whom a delivery order has been made in such proceedings.

25Documents having effect as warrants, &c

(1) For the purposes of this Part the copy of a warrant issued by the ICC that is transmitted to the Secretary of State shall be treated as if it were the original warrant.

(2) Where facsimile transmission is used—
 * (a) for the making of a request by the ICC or the transmission of any supporting documents, or
 * (b) for the transmission of any document in consequence of such a request,this Part applies as if the documents so sent were the originals of the documents so transmitted.Any such document shall be receivable or, in Scotland, admissible in evidence accordingly.

(3) Where the ICC amends a warrant of arrest, the provisions of this Part apply to the amended warrant as if it were a new warrant.This does not affect the validity of anything done in reliance on the old warrant.

26Meaning of “appropriate judicial officer” and “competent court”

For the purposes of this Part—
 * “appropriate judicial officer” means—
 * (a) the Senior District Judge (Chief Magistrate),
 * (b) a District Judge (Magistrates’ Courts) designated for the purposes of this Act by the Lord Chancellor, or
 * (c) the Sheriff of Lothian and Borders; and
 * “competent court” means a court consisting of an appropriate judicial officer.


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46


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Runo XVII]

From the blue sea’s watery surface,

From the open sea’s broad surface,

From the black mud of the ocean,

From the depth of thousand fathoms,

From the fiercely rushing torrents,

From the seething of the whirlpool,

And from Rutja’s mighty cataract,

Where the waters rush most wildly,

From the further side of heaven,

Where the rainless clouds stretch furthest,

From the pathway of the spring-wind,

From the cradle of the tempests.

“From such regions hast thou journeyed

Thence hast thou proceeded, Torment,

To my heart of evil guiltless,

To my belly likewise sinless,

To devour and to torment me,

And to bite me and to tear me?

“Pine away, O hound of Hiisi,

Dog of Manala the vilest,

O thou demon, quit my body,

Pest of earth, O quit my liver,

Let my heart be undevoured,

Leave thou, too, my spleen uninjured,

Make no stoppage in my belly,

And my lungs forbear to traverse,

Do not pierce me through the navel,

And my loins forbear to injure,

And my backbone do not shatter,

Nor upon my sides torment me.

“If my strength as man should fail me,

Then will I invoke a greater,

Which shall rid me of the evil,

And shall drive away the horror.

“From the earth I call the Earth-Queen,

From the fields, the Lord primeval,

From the earth I call all swordsmen,

From the sands the hero-horsemen,

Call them to my aid and succour,

To my help and aid I call them,

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to Muhammadan theologians, inspiration is of two kinds, Wáhí and Ilhám. Wáhi, is that which was given to the prophets, and is used especially for the Qurán; Ilhám being the inspiration to Walis, or saints.

Ilhám is the word generally used by Christian missionaries for the inspiration of the sacred Scriptures, and we believe it is sometimes used by Arabic divines for a higher form of inspiration, but always in the compound form of Ilhám Rabbáni.

Shaikh Ahmad in his book, the Núr-ul-Anwár, defines inspiration as follows:—"Wáhí, or inspiration, is either Záhir (external), or Bátin (internal). Wáhí Záhir is divided into three classes:—(1) Wáhí Qurán, that which was given by the mouth of the angel Gabriel, and which reached the ear of the Prophet after he knew that it was Gabriel who spoke to


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Rh One of the drivers, a very tall man, got out of the sledge, silently detached his three horses, saddled and bridled one of them, and, crunching the snow beneath him, disappeared in the direction of his comrade. We, with the two other horses, went after the courier's troika, which, ringing its bell, set off in front at full gallop; we just let ourselves go without troubling any more about the road.

"A pretty way of catching them!" said my driver, alluding to the other driver, who had gone off after the horses; "he'll never catch' em, and he's leading the spare horse to a place he'll never get him out of again."

Ever since my driver had begun to go back, he had become in better spirits and more inclined to be talkative, which I, of course, did not fail to take advantage of as, so far, I had no desire to sleep. I began to ask him all about himself and whence he came, and soon found out that he was a fellow-countryman, hailing from Tula country, being a small proprietor in the village of Kirpechny; that their land was of very little good to them and had quite ceased to produce grain since the cholera visitation; that there were two brothers at home, while a third had enlisted as a soldier; that the supply of bread would not hold out till Christmas, and they had to hire themselves out to make more money; that the younger brother was master in the house because he was married, while my friend was a widower; that an artel, or society of drivers, went forth from their village every year; that though he was not a coachman by profession he served at the post-station

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More Tales from Tolstoi in order to be of some help to his brother; that he lived here, thank God, on 120 paper roubles a year, of which he sent a hundred home to his family, and that he had a pretty good time of it, but that couriers were veritable beasts, and that the people he had to do with here were always cursing him.

"That driver, for instance, why should he curse me? my little master! Did I overturn his horses on purpose? Why, I wouldn't do any harm to anyone! And why should he go scurrying after them? They would be sure to come back of their own accord. And now he'll only make the horses starve to death besides coming to grief himself" repeated the God-fearing little muzhik.

"But what is that black thing yonder?" said I, observing some black objects just in front of us.

"A train of wagons!—a nice way of going along, I must say," continued he when we had come abreast with the huge wagons covered with mats, going one after another on wheels. "Look! not a soul to be seen; they are all asleep. The horse is the wisest of them all. He knows very well what he is about. Nothing in the world will make him miss the road. We too will go alongside of them and then we shall be all right," added he, "and know where we are going."

It really was a curious sight. There were those huge wagons covered with snow from the matting atop to the wheels below, moving along absolutely alone. Only in the front corner the snow-covered mat was raised a couple of inches for a moment as our little bells resounded close to the wagons and a hat popped up. The big piebald horse, with

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184

In the tortures that o’erwhelm me,

And amid this dreadful torment.

“If you do not heed their presence,

And you will not shrink before them,

Come, O forest, with thy people,

Junipers, bring all your army,

Come, O pine-woods, with your household,

And thou pond with all thy children,

With their swords a hundred swordsmen,

And a thousand mail-clad heroes,

That they may assail this Hiisi,

And may overwhelm this Juutas!

“If you do not heed their presence,

And you will not shrink before them,

Rise thou up, O Water-Mother,

Raise thy blue cap from the billows,

And thy soft robe from the waters,

From the ooze thy form of beauty,

For a powerless hero’s rescue,

For a weakly man’s protection,

Lest I should be eaten guiltless,

And without disease be slaughtered.

“If you will not heed their presence,

And you will not shrink before them,

Ancient Daughter of Creation,

Come in all thy golden beauty,

Thou the oldest of all women,

Thou the first of all the mothers,

Come to see the pains that rack me,

And the evil days drive from me,

That thy strength may overcome them,

And perchance may free me from them.

“But if this not yet should move you,

And you will not yet draw backwards,

Ukko, in the vault of heaven,

On the thundercloud’s wide border,

Come thou here, where thou art needed,

Hasten here, where I implore thee,

To dispel the works of evil,

And destroy this vile enchantment

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Rh outstretched neck and straining back, deliberately proceeded along the absolutely hidden road, monotonously shaking his shaggy head beneath the whitening shaft and pricking up one snow-covered ear as we came abreast of him.

After we had gone on for another half-hour the driver again turned to me.

"What do you think, sir; we are going nicely along now, eh?"

"I don't know," I replied.

"Before, the wind was anyhow, but now we are going right in the midst of the storm. No, we shall not get there; we too have lost our way," he concluded with the utmost calmness.

Evidently, although a great coward, and afraid of his own shadow, he had become quite tranquil as soon as there were a good many of us together and he was not obliged to be our guide and responsible for us. With the utmost sang froid he criticised the mistakes of the driver in front of us as if it had anything whatever to do with him. I observed indeed that now and then the troika in front was sometimes in profile, from my point of view, to the left and sometimes to the right, and it also seemed to me as if we were encircling a very limited space. However, it might have been an optical delusion, as also the circumstance that, occasionally, it seemed to me as if the troika in front was climbing up a mountain, or going along a declivity, or under the brow of a hill, whereas the steppe was everywhere uniformly level.

After we had proceeded for some time longer I

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Runo XVII]

With thy sword of flame dispel it,

With thy flashing sword-blade smite it.

“Go thou horror, forth to wander,

Curse of earth depart thou quickly,

Here no more shall be thy dwelling,

And if thou such dwelling needest,

Elsewhere shalt thou seek thy dwelling,

Far from here a home shalt find thee,

In the household of thy master,

In the footsteps of thy mistress.

“When you reach your destination,

And your journey you have finished,

In the realms of him who made you,

In the country of your master,

Give a signal of your coming,

Let a lightning flash announce it,

Let them hear the roll of thunder,

Let them see the lightning flashing,

And the yard-gate kick to pieces,

Pull a shutter from the window,

Then the house thou soon canst enter,

Rush into the room like whirlwind,

Plant thy foot within it firmly,

And thy heel where space is narrow,

Push the men into the corner,

And the women to the doorposts,

Scratch the eyes from out the masters,

Smash the heads of all the women,

Curve thou then to hooks thy fingers,

Twist thou then their heads all crooked.

“Or if this is not sufficient,

Fly as cock upon the pathway,

Or as chicken in the farmyard,

With thy breast upon the dunghill,

Drive the horses from the stable,

From the stalls the horned cattle,

Push their horns into the dungheap,

On the ground their tails all scatter,

Twist thou then their eyes all crooked,

And their necks in haste then break thou.

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More Tales from Tolstoi observed, or so it seemed to me, far away, on the very horizon, a long, black, moving strip of something; but in a moment it became quite plain to me that this was the very same train of wagons which we had overtaken and outstripped. Just the same creaking wheels, some of them no longer turning, enveloped in snow; just the same people asleep beneath their mats, and just the same leading piebald horse, with steaming, distended nostrils, smelling out the road and pricking up his ears.

"Look, we have gone round and round and are coming out by this train of wagons again!" said my driver in a sulky tone. "The courier's horses are good ones, though he drives them villainously, but ours are so-so and always stopping, just as if we had been driving all night long."

He coughed a bit.

"Shall we turn off somewhere, sir, for our sins?"

"Why? We are bound to arrive somewhere as it is."

"Arrive somewhere! We shall have to make a night of it in the steppe: that's what we shall do. How it is snowing, my little master!"

Although it did seem strange to me that the driver in front of us, who had obviously lost his road and had no idea of the direction in which he was going, took no trouble to find it again, but continued to drive at full tilt, cheerily shouting to his horses, I did not want to separate from him all the same.

"Follow after them!" I said.

The driver went on, but he drove along even more unwillingly than before and no longer conversed with me.

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 10 is needful to his government within himself." "All real good or evil that can befall him must be from himself." "There is a correspondence between the human soul and everything that exists in the world; more properly, everything that is known to man. Instead of studying things without, the principles of them all may be penetrated into within him." "The purpose of life seems to be to acquaint man with himself." "The highest revelation is that God is in every man."

Like Franklin, Emerson believed that a wise man might often change his mind; that only a fool never did. He said: "I wish to say what I feel and think today, with the proviso that tomorrow perhaps I shall contradict it all." Perhaps this was exemplified in the Abolition days. In 1844 Emerson wrote of the Wise Man, that he "needs no army, fort or navy—he loves men too well." In 1856 he writes, "I think we must get rid of slavery, or we must get rid of freedom." With the outbreak of the Civil War he became an ardent and powerful supporter of the Union. James Russell Lowell says of Emerson during this period: "To him more than to all other causes did the young martyrs of our Civil War owe the sustaining strength: of thoughtful heroism that is so touching in every record of their lives."

Writing of Swendenborg, whose religious ideas made so great an impression upon him, Emerson says:

"He was a scholar from a child, and was educated at Upsala. At the age of twenty-eight he was made Assessor of the Board of Mines