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 THE END OF DREAMS. 2gs

Presently they walk down the hill to gether. They cross a little valley, with slow, faltering steps. The lady guides him carefully, until they reach a little grave yard.

"This must be it, Maggie, but the fence is new. There it is Maggie, under the willow, my poor mother s grave!"

The lady weeps.

"Thank you, Madge : you did not know her, but you weep for me : God bless you ! "

The old man is in the midst of his house hold. It is some festive day. He holds feebly his place, at the head of the board. He utters in feeble tones a Thanksgiving.

His married Nelly is there, with two blooming children. Frank is there, with his bride. Madge dearest of all, is seated beside the old man, watchful of his com fort, and assisting him, as, with a shadowy dignity, he essays to do the honors of the board. The children prattle merrily : the elder ones talk of the days gone by ; and the old man enters feebly yet with float ing glimpses of glee, into the cheer, and the rejoicings.

Poor old man, he is near his tomb!

yet his calm eye, looking upward, seem* to snow no fear.


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 IV.

THE END OF DREAMS.

A FEEBLE old man, and a young lady, f who is just now blooming into the maturity of womanhood, are toiling up a gentle slope, where the spring sun lies warmly. The old man totters, though he leans heavily upon his cane ; and he pants, as he seats himself upon a mossy rock, that crowns the summit of the slope. As he recovers breath, he draws the hand of the lady in his, and with a trembling eagerness he points out an old mansion that lies below under the shadow of tall sycamores ; and he says feebly and brok enly, "That is it, Maggie, the old

home, the sycamores, the garret, Charlie, Nelly "

The old man wipes his eyes. Then his hand shifts : he seems groping in darkness ; but soon it rests upon a little cottage below, heavily overshadowed :

"That was it, Maggie: Madge lived there sweet Madge, your mother," &gt;

Again the old man wipes his eyes, and the lady turns away.

(*)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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 GRIEF AND JO Y OF A GE. 993

"He is not looking for such return, father."

" But he has been very kind, Madge ; I "nust show him some strong token of my r egard. What shall it be, Maggie ? "

Madge hesitates ; Madge blushes ; Madge stoops to her father s ear, as if the very walls might catch the secret of her heart ; "Would you give me to him, father?"

"But my dear Madge has he asked this?"

" Eight months ago, papa."

"And you told him "

" That I would never leave you, so long as you lived ! "

"My own dear Madge, come to

me, kiss me ! And you love him, Maggie ? "

" With all my heart, sir."

" So like your mother, the same

figure, the same true honest heart ! It shall be as you wish, dear Madge. Only, you will not leave me in my old age ; En, Maggie?"

" Never, father, never."

And there she leans upon his chair ;

her arm around the old man s neck, her other hand clasped in his ; and her eyes melting with tenderness, as she gazes upon his aged face, all radiant with joy, and with hope.


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Rh esthetic questions. He it was who, partly owing to a desire to destroy the fascination of the false French art, partly owing to his desire to give a greater scope to his own dramatic writing, but chiefly through the agreement of his view of life with Shakespeare's, declared Shakespeare a great poet. When this error was announced by an authority like Goethe, all those esthetic critics who did not understand art threw themselves on it like crows on carrion and began to discover in Shakespeare beauties which did not exist, and to extol them. These men, German esthetic critics, for the most part utterly devoid of esthetic feeling, without that simple, direct artistic sensibility which, for people with a feeling for art, clearly distinguishes esthetic impressions from all others, but believing the authority which had recognized Shakespeare as a great poet, began to praise the whole of Shakespeare indiscriminately, especially distinguishing such passages as struck them by their effects, or which expressed thoughts corresponding to their views of life, imagining that these effects and these thoughts constitute the essence of what is called art. These men acted as blind men

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Rh would act who endeavored to find diamonds by touch among a heap of stones they were fingering. As the blind man would for a long time strenuously handle the stones and in the end would come to no other conclusion than that all stones are precious and especially so the smoothest, so also these esthetic critics, without artistic feeling, could not but come to similar results in relation to Shakespeare. To give the greater force to their praise of the whole of Shakespeare, they invented esthetic theories according to which it appeared that no definite religious view of life was necessary for works of art in general, and especially for the drama; that for the purpose of the drama the representation of human passions and characters was quite sufficient; that not only was an internal religious illumination of what was represented unnecessary, but art should be objective, i.e., should represent events quite independently of any judgment of good and evil. As these theories were founded on Shakespeare's own views of life, it naturally turned out that the works of Shakespeare satisfied these theories and therefore were the height of perfection.

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Rh It is these people who are chiefly responsible for Shakespeare's fame. It was principally owing to their writings that the interaction took place between writers and public which expressed itself, and is still expressing itself, in an insane worship of Shakespeare which has no rational foundation. These esthetic critics have written profound treatises about Shakespeare. Eleven thousand volumes have been written about him, and a whole science of Shakespearology composed; while the public, on the one hand, took more and more inter- est, and the learned critics, on the other hand, gave further and further explanations, adding to the confusion.

So that the first cause of Shakespeare's fame was that the Germans wished to oppose to the cold French drama, of which they had grown weary, and which, no doubt, was tedious enough, a livelier and freer one. The second cause was that the young German writers required a model for writing their own dramas. The third and principal cause was the activity of the learned and zealous esthetic German critics without esthetic feeling, who invented the theory of objective art, deliber

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Rh ately rejecting the religious essence of the drama.

"But," I shall be asked, "what do you understand by the word's religious essence of the drama? May not what you are demanding for the drama, religious instruction, or didactics, be called 'tendency,' a thing incompatible with true art?" I reply that by the religious essence of art I understand not the direct inculcation of any religious truths in an artistic guise, and not an allegorical demonstration of these truths, but the exhibition of a definite view of life corresponding to the highest religious understanding of a given time, which, serving as the motive for the composition of the drama, penetrates, to the knowledge of the author, through all of his work. So it has always been with true art, and so it is with every true artist in general and especially the dramatist. Hence—as it was when the drama was a serious thing, and as it should be according to the essence of the matter—that man alone can write a drama who has something to say to men, and something which is of the greatest importance for them: about man's relation to God, to the Universe, to the All, the Eternal,

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Rh writers. Here are some of the tributes paid to him.

"Poetic truth is the brightest flower in the crown of Shakespeare's merits;" "Shakespeare is the greatest moralist of all times;" "Shakespeare exhibits such many-sidedness and such objectivism that they carry him beyond the limits of time and nationality;" "Shakespeare is the greatest genius that has hitherto existed;" "For the creation of tragedy, comedy, history, idyll, idyllistic comedy, esthetic idyll, for the profoundest presentation, or for any casually thrown off, passing piece of verse, he is the only man. He not only wields an unlimited power over our mirth and our tears, over all the workings of passion, humor, thought, and observation, but he possesses also an infinite region full of the phantasy of fiction, of a horrifying and an amusing character. He possesses penetration both in the world of fiction and of reality, and above this reigns one and the same truthfulness to character and to nature, and the same spirit of humanity;" "To Shakespeare the epithet of Great comes of itself; and if one adds that independently of his greatness he has, further, become the

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Rh reformer of all literature, and, moreover, has in his works not only expressed the phenomenon of life as it was in his day, but also, by the genius of thought which floated in the air has prophetically forestalled the direction that the social spirit was going to take in the future (of which we see a striking example in Hamlet),—one may, without hesitation, say that Shakespeare was not only a great poet, but the greatest of all poets who ever existed, and that in the sphere of poetic creation his only worthy rival was that same life which in his works he expressed to such perfection."

The obvious exaggeration of this estimate proves more conclusively than anything that it is the consequence, not of common sense, but of suggestion. The more trivial, the lower, the emptier a phenomenon is, if only it has become the subject of suggestion, the more supernatural and exaggerated is the significance attributed to it. The Pope is not merely saintly, but most saintly, and so forth. So Shakespeare is not merely a good writer, but the greatest genius, the eternal teacher of man kind.

Suggestion is alwaysa deceit, and every de

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Rh ceit is an evil. In truth, the suggestion that Shakespeare's works are great works of genius, presenting the height of both esthetic and ethical perfection, has caused, and is causing, great injury to men.

This injury is twofold: first, the fall of the drama, and the replacement of this important weapon of progress by an empty and immoral amusement; and secondly, the direct depravation of men by presenting to them false models for imitation.

Human life is perfected only through the development of the religious consciousness, the only element which permanently unites men. The development of the religious consciousness of men is accomplished through all the sides of man's spiritual activity. One direction of this activity is in art. One section of art, perhaps the most influential, is the drama.

Therefore the drama, in order to deserve the importance attributed to it, should serve the development of religious consciousness. Such has the drama always been, and such it was in the Christian world. But upon the appearance of Protestantism in its broader

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Rh sense, i.e., the appearance of a new understanding of Christianity as of a teaching of life, the dramatic art did not find a form corresponding to the new understanding of Christianity, and the men of the Renaissance were carried away by the imitation of classical art. This was most natural, but the tendency was bound to pass, and art had to discover, as indeed it is now beginning to do, its new form corresponding to the change in the understanding of Christianity.

But the discovery of this new form was arrested by the teaching arising among German writers at the end of the eighteenth and beginning of the nineteenth centuries—as to so-called objective art, i.e., art indifferent to good or evil—and therein the exaggerated praise of Shakespeare's dramas, which partly corresponded to the esthetic teaching of the Germans, and partly served as material for it. If there had not been exaggerated praise of Shakespeare's dramas, presenting them as the most perfect models, the men of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries would have had to understand that the drama, to have a right to exist and to be a serious thing, must

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Rh serve, as it always has served and can not but do otherwise, the development of the religious consciousness. And having understood this, they would have searched for a new form of drama corresponding to their religious understanding.

But when it was decided that the height of perfection was Shakespeare's drama, and that we ought to write as he did, not only without any religious, but even without any moral, significance, then all writers of dramas in imitation of him began to compose such empty pieces as are those of Goethe, Schiller, Hugo, and, in Russia, of Pushkin, or the chronicles of Ostrovski, Alexis Tolstoy, and an innumerable number of other more or less celebrated dramatic productions which fill all the theaters, and can be prepared wholesale by any one who happens to have the idea or desire to write a play. It is only thanks to such a low, trivial understanding of the significance of the drama that there appears among us that infinite quantity of dramatic works describing men's actions, positions, characters, and frames of mind, not only void of any spiritual substance, but often of any human sense.

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Rh Let not the reader think that I exclude from this estimate of contemporary drama the theatrical pieces I have myself incidentally written. I recognize them, as well as all the rest, as not having that religious character which must form the foundation of the drama of the future.

The drama, then, the most important branch of art, has, in our time, become the trivial and immoral amusement of a trivial and immoral crowd. The worst of it is, moreover, that to dramatic art, fallen as low as it is possible to fall, is still attributed an elevated significance no longer appropriate to it. Dramatists, actors, theatrical managers, and the press—this last publishing in the most serious tone reports of theaters and operas—and the rest, are all perfectly certain that they are doing something very worthy and important.

The drama in our time is a great man fallen, who has reached the last degree of his degradation, and at the same time continues to pride himself on his past of which nothing now remains. The public of our time is like those who mercilessly amuse themselves over this man once so great and now in the lowest stage of his fall.

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Rh Such is one of the mischievous effects of the epidemic suggestion about the greatness of Shakespeare. Another deplorable result of this worship is the presentation to men of a false model for imitation. If people wrote of Shakespeare that for his time he was a good writer, that he had a fairly good turn for verse, was an intelligent actor and good stage manager—even were this appreciation incorrect and somewhat exaggerated—if only it were moderately true, people of the rising generation might remain free from Shakespeare's influence. But when every young man entering into life in our time has presented to him, as the model of moral perfection, not the religious and moral teachers of mankind, but first of all Shakespeare, concerning whom it has been decided and is handed down by learned men from generation to generation, as an incontestable truth, that he was the greatest poet, the greatest teacher of life, the young man can not remain free from this pernicious influence. When he is reading or listening to Shakespeare the question for him is no longer whether Shakespeare be good or bad, but only: In what consists that extraordinary beauty, both

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Page:CTRL0000034605 - Transcribed Interview of Angela McCallum, (December 8, 2021).pdf/86

86 subpoena cover letter.

Got it.

This MLive thing, I think that—

For the State of Michigan.

Yes. I believe I—that's the only State I know of of a specific email. I don't know if Kerrick or anyone else sent emails into other States. That's the only email I was referring to.

Is it fair to say that, like, there was this basic script and there might've been some small changes over time but it mostly stayed the same, for purposes of calling the elected officials?

I don't recall any edits being made to the script.

So you think, across the different States, it was more or less similar to the script we're looking at behind tab 7? Is that fair to say? Assuming, you know, understanding people might have—

For the most part, I mean, this script, I believe, is different than the one that we've been talking about in the text message with Michael Brown. I believe it differs slightly, because there—it's a different script for different States, because, obviously, I wouldn't be telling a representative in Michigan about what was going on in Georgia at the given moment. So—

So, if you look at the script and if you look at the paragraph, "I wanted to personally reach out to you on behalf of the President," like, do you recall if that sentence usually stayed across the scripts?

I can't recall.

Okay.

I can't speak to the specific differences between States. That's in the


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Rh esthetic and ethical, of which he has been assured by learned men whom he respects, and which he himself neither sees nor feels? And constraining himself, and distorting his esthetic and ethical feeling, he tries to conform to the ruling opinion. He no longer believes in himself, but in what is said by the learned people whom he respects. I have experienced all this. Then reading critical examinations of the dramas and extracts from books with explanatory comments, he begins to imagine that he feels something of the nature of an artistic impression. The longer this continues, the more does his esthetical and ethical feeling become distorted. He ceases to distinguish directly and clearly what is artistic from an artificial imitation of art. But, above all, having assimilated the immoral view of life which penetrates all Shakespeare's writings, he loses the capacity of distinguishing good from evil. And the error of extolling an insignificant, inartistic waiter—not only not moral, but directly immoral—executes its destructive work.

This is why I think that the sooner people free themselves from the false glorification of Shakespeare, the better it will be.

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E. Y. BRECK, Editor.

N. S.

There are three modes in which character might possibly be put in evidence with a view to raise a presumption as to a man being innocent of a crime charged against him; first, by giving testimony as to previous acts of the accused under somewhat similar circumstances to those of the act in question; secondly, by persons who have had opportunities of forming an opinion as to the disposition of the accused, testifying the result of their experience; and, thirdly, by the testimony, not of the witness's own estimate of the accused, but of the estimate in which he is held by the community amongst whom he has lived and with whom he has mingled. The first of these modes, evidence of specific acts, has never been tolerated in our courts. Nothing could be more unfair to prisoners, according to every English idea of criminal jurisprudence, because, on the one hand, the evidence that a man had on one or two occasions not committed a felony, would go a small way to raise a presumption of innocence; and, on the other, if, as would be necessary, similar evidence was to be allowed to the prosecution, proof of one or two previous transgressions would create such a violent prejudice against the prisoner, that in many cases conviction would depend much more on the nature of the antecedents of the accused, than on the proof of the commission of the crime charged. Moreover, the endeavor to substantiate or disprove the various acts alleged, would incumber the issue to be tried with such labyrinths of doubtful and collateral questions, as to insure the hopeless embarrassment of juries and endless prolongation of trials.

Endeavors have been frequent to bring to bear on the question of guilt or innocence the opinion formed by individual witnesses as to the character of the accused. Indeed, such evidence is practically often given in all courts. The questions generally asked of a witness to character are: "How long have you known the prisoner?" "What is his character?" And in reply, nine times out of ten, the witness gives the result of his own experience. Yet it is clearly settled that no such evidence can be given. "Character," said Lord in R. v. Hardy, 24 St. Tr., 1079, "is the slow spreading influence of opinion arising from the deportment of a man in society; as a man's deportment, good or bad, necessarily produces one circle without another, and so extends itself till it unites in one general opinion. That general opinion is allowed to be given in evidence." So in ''Reg. v. Turner'', 10 Cox, C. C., 31, Lord says: "I find it uniformly laid down in the books of authority that the evidence to character must be evidence to general character in the sense of reputation." And in ''Reg. v. Rowton'', 34 L. J., 57 M. C., the point came expressly to be decided under the following circumstances: A schoolmaster was charged with committing an indecent assault upon one of his scholars; evidence was called to character on his behalf, and similar evidence was called against him by the prosecution in the person of a witness who had formerly attended the prisoner's school. In reply to the question as to the character of the accused the witness said: "I know nothing of the neighborhood's opinion, because I was only a boy at school when I knew him; but my own opinion, and the opinions of others who were also pupils of his, is, that his character is that of a man capable of the grossest indecency and the most flagrant immorality." Here, then, the issue between the reception of evidence of the second and third classes into which it has above been divided, was sharply raised. The witness distinctly disclaimed his ability to testify to the general estimate formed of the prisoner's character by the circle in which he moved, but volunteered the opinion which was the outcome of his own acquaintance with him. This evidence the court for Crown Cases Reserved held, by a majority of eleven to two (, C. J., and, J., being the dissentients), could not be received. In giving their judgments, however, the holders of the prevailing opinion emphasized the fact that they felt themselves coerced by the stream of authority, and took care to guard against any expression of approval of the rule which they enunciated; indeed, the


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Rh sheet which will be observed in front of the corpora quadrigemina when the hemispheres are pressed apart.

The paraflocculus projects laterally from the lateral lobe of the cerebellum. Cautiously remove the petrotympanic bone, a bit at a time, and note that the paraflocculus occupies the floccular fossa (see the petrotympanic bone). The paraflocculus resembles a toadstool, the enlarged distal end lying in the fossa. The flattened floccus proper is anteroventral to, and in contact with, the paraflocculus.

Remove the brain from the skull, being careful to preserve the roots of the cranial nerves. Care should be taken to keep the paraflocculus intact. The connections between the cranial nerves and the brain are easily broken. If considerable care is used in dissecting away the bone around the foramina of the nerves, many of them may be removed almost entire on that side of the head where the muscles were taken away. Separate the brain from the spinal cord and immerse it in a weak formalin solution, where it may be studied.

Each olfactory lobe will now be seen to contain two parts — the olfactory bulb, and the olfactory tract. Each bulb is a swelling at the anterior end of the tract, and in a preserved specimen the former is considerably darker than the latter. The tract rests in a depression on the oblique anterior surface of the cerebral hemisphere. By its distinct whiteness each tract may be followed backward and outward to the level of the optic chiasma, where it dis- appears. Two pear-shaped areas darker than the olfactory tracts extend from the olfactory lobes back to the optic chiasma. They meet in the median plane, and each is limited laterally by the olfactory tract.

The optic nerves of mammals cross at the optic chiasma,


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The Publishers beg to announce that in consequence of the occupation of Mr. Dickens's time with the story on which he is at present engaged, and which is now in course of publication, no Christmas Book by Mr. Dickens will be published this year, but that it is purposed to resume the series in December 1848.

1st December, 1847.


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Anthropology, as Professor Wissler points out, is the science of man, but it is a trait of European civilization and its point of view is that of the European observing the rest of mankind. So the growth of the science is intimately bound up with the growth of the knowledge and the outlook of Europe. Though we are aware of the beginnings of a scientific age with Euclid, Eratosthenes and Archimedes of Alexandria, where the scholars lived together in a Museum (a sort of University where they were paid salaries), it is not till the middle of the fifteenth century that we arrive at the close of the mediaeval epoch and the re-birth of the spirit of scholarship. It was the Humanists who devoted their lives to the study of culture humanitas (or as it was then but the study of the literatures of Greece and Rome), that revived the interest in man so beautifully expressed by Terence, the inspiring model of the early Elizabethan drama—Homo sum nihil humani a me alienum puto: I am a man; nothing human do I consider foreign to me. Somehow there are periods, as it were, in the life of human activities en masse when the attention shifts curiously enough from the subjective to the objective and, curiously enough at this time, we find poets in another part of the world quite disconnected singing, "Listen, oh brother man, to this truth from the poet Chandidas, Man is the highest truth, there is nothing higher than he."


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Rh The old fairy then went back to her hut and fell fast asleep. At midnight King Vladimir saddled the sick pony and rode away on it, until he reached the fiery river; he waved the magic handkerchief three times to the right, and immediately a very, very high bridge appeared; he crossed over, and then waving his handkerchief twice to the left, the bridge became very thin, and almost invisible.

In the morning when the fairy awoke, and found that both the king and the mangy pony were missing, she flew into a rage and gave chase.

"What a splendid bridge!" she cried, when she arrived at the fiery river; "just the very thing I want."

She commenced crossing over, but just as she got half way down went the bridge, broken right in two, and the old fairy fell head over heels into the fiery river.

Meanwhile King Vladimir led his pony into the green meadows, and made it drink some water from the silvery brooks, until it became quite well and strong again, seeming to be a wonderfully handsome and powerful horse.

In a very short time King Vladimir arrived at the skeleton's castle, and Marie-Marevna came running out to meet him.

"What have you been doing all this time?" she asked.

King Vladimir explained, and told her all that he had gone through.

"But now," he continued, "I have come to fetch you away."

"I am afraid to go, the skeleton may overtake us again."


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220 "No, I don't think that is at all likely, for you see I have a splendid horse now, which runs quicker than the birds can fly."

They seated themselves on the animal, and away they went.

The skeleton who, of course, was not at home at the time, but had gone out hunting, now turned his horse round and rode back to his palace.

"What is the matter?" he asked, as his horse began stumbling again.

"King Vladimir came to your palace and has carried Marie-Marevna away with him."

"Can we overtake them?"

"Goodness only knows! King Vladimir has got such a splendid horse now, much better than I."

"Well, we can at any rate try our best to overtake them."

After a very, very long ride, the skeleton came in sight of the king and Marie-Marevna riding on a beautiful horse; he quickened his pace, and coming up to King Vladimir's side, he drew his sharp sword, and was about to thrust it into the young king's side, when King Vladimir's horse gave the skeleton such a severe kick that he fell down on to the ground, the animal then rushed at him, and trampling on his head crushed it like an egg. King Vladimir then piled up some wood, and putting the skeleton on it, set it all on fire, and reduced it to ashes, which were carried away by the wind.

Marie-Marevna seated herself on the skeleton's horse, while King Vladimir mounted his own, and they rode away on a visit first to the crow's kingdom;


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Rh then to that of the eagle; and, lastly, the falcon's dominion. And at each place they were received with open arms.

"We never expected to see you any more, dear brother," they said; "not having heard of you for such an age, we had quite given you up. However, we can well understand now why you were so very anxious to get your wife back again; for such a beautiful woman as Marie-Marevna was never seen."

The young couple enjoyed their visits immensely; they stayed a long time in each kingdom, and then returned to King Vladimir's dominions, where they lived happily for many a long year.


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222

a very distant kingdom, a long, long time ago, there were a number of impassable swamps and bogs to be found, round which went a circuitous road. Now this road was so long that it took three years at the least to complete the circuit, and that with very fast riding; but at a slower pace it took five and more!

Near this road there lived a poor old man with his three sons; the first was named Ivan; the second, Vasselie, and the third, Simeon-the-Youthful.

One day it struck the old man that it would be a very grand thing to cleanse the swamps and the bogs, and make a straight road and build little bridges here and there, so that foot-travellers might pass through in three weeks, and those on horseback in three days and nights, travelling without a break. So he set to work with his sons, and after some time everything was ready. They bridged the worst part of the swamps and bogs by means of branches of the elder-tree, and so completed their straight road across. This done, the old man returned to his little hut, and after the lapse of a few days, he said to his eldest son, Ivan,—

"Go, my dear son, and hide yourself behind one of the little bridges, and listen to what the people say about us; whether they abuse us or praise us."


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HERE never was, nor ever will be, a braver life than the life of the whaler. Compared to the game they hunted the mightiest land beast was but a poodle dog. Compared to the crush and crash of the sperm-whale flukes the most direful blow of a mad elephant's trunk

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 was but a playful tap with a fan.

Moby Dick, the mightiest of all sea beasts, was known not only by his island bulk, but by his peculiar snow white forehead and a high white hump like a hill of snow, and the harpoons in his side were stuck there by men now dead.

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Rh Ivan obeyed, and concealed himself in a sheltered place under one of the little bridges. He had not very long to wait before he saw two old magicians coming along the straight road. When they were quite close to where Ivan lay hidden, he heard one say to the other,—

"I wonder who it was that cleansed these swamps and bogs? Whoever it was, he ought to be well rewarded."

"Yes, brother!" said the other. "Whatever he asks for, whatever he wishes, shall be granted him at once."

As soon as Ivan heard these words he came from his hiding-place, and said to the magicians,—

"My father, my brothers, and I made the road and the bridges."

"What do you ask from us?" asked one magician.

"I should like to have sufficient money to last me during the whole of my life."

"Granted. Go to the green field on the other side of the circuitous road; there you will find a rotten old tree, under which is a large cave full of gold and silver and precious stones. Take your spade and dig up the earth. You will then have enough money to last you your lifetime."

Away went Ivan to the green field, and found everything just as the magicians had said. He took some of the gold, silver, and precious stones, leaving the rest in the cave for safety, and went home.

"Well, my son," asked the old man, "did you see any one in the road? What did they say?"

Ivan told his father all about the magicians, what


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224 they had said, and how they had granted his wish.

On the following day the old man sent his second son, Vasselie, to listen to what the people said about them.

Vasselie went, seated himself near the straight road behind some stray branches, and waited. Very soon he saw two magicians coming along.

"Everything that the man who cleansed these swamps may wish for shall be granted him," Vasselie heard one of the magicians say.

"Who is the good man, do you know?" asked the other.

Vasselie at once sprang forward,—

"I did it all, with my father and brothers!" he said.

"What do you want us to give you as a reward?"

"I should like to have sufficient bread to eat all the days of my life."

"Very well, go home, cut down the early ears of corn as they appear, sow them again, and you will have enough bread to last you your lifetime."

Vasselie thanked the magicians and returned home. He told his father what had happened, and then set to work to cut down and sow the corn as he had been told.

On the third day, Simeon-the-Youthful, the youngest of the three brothers, went and hid himself near the road. He had not to wait long before he saw two old magicians coming along, and talking to each other; he listened, and as they came nearer to him he heard them say,—


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 {|width=100%
 * colspan=2 |Primrose Dance
 * colspan=2 |Polka
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Rh "Whoever helped to cleanse these swamps shall be rewarded by having all his wishes fulfilled."

Simeon-the-Youthful came out of his hiding-place, and approaching the two magicians, said to them,—

"I helped my father and brothers to cleanse the swamps and bogs."

"What is your greatest wish?"

"I want to become a soldier, and serve our great king."

"Have you no other wish, good youth? for a soldier's life is a hard one; if you become a soldier you will be taken captive by the King of the Sea, and then you will shed many a tear."

"How odd old people are! Do you not know that if we do not cry in this world sometimes, we are sure to do so in the next."

"Well, if you have made up your mind to become a soldier, go! and receive our blessings."

So saying the magicians put their hands on Simeon's shoulders, but the moment they did so he was changed into a swift-footed stag, and bounded away homewards.

When the old man and his two sons saw the lovely stag run up, they rushed out of the hut to catch it; but the stag was too quick for them, and ran off, far, far away out of sight, and overtook the two magicians, who at once changed him into a hare. And this hare, after jumping about a little, fled home, where the father and his sons stood looking out of window; they ran out of their hut when they saw the little animal and were about to seize it, but before they could do anything the hare had vanished from Q


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Pull shrimp into tiny pieces and mix with the rest. Put in ring mold and refrigerate. May be frozen. Serve with crackers for spreading.

This recipe comes from Phyllis Hart. Carole Frey Anderson '63

Tenderloin should be cubed to bite size, first removing fat from meat. Place in container with above ingredients and marinate not less than 24 hrs, 48 is much better. Turn occasionally. Remove meat with slotted spoon, retaining a little of the liquid. Cook in skillet for two minutes, high heat and serve in chafing dish. Sirloin or top round could be used if sprinkled with a tenderizer, but I have never tried it. Serves 25. Mrs. Ralph Earle

Combine ½ lb, coarsely grated, with 1 4-oz can , ¼ lb , finely chopped and 1 clove. Heat over water in double boiler until melted. Remove garlic. Add ½ beaten. Age for several days in refrigerator. Reheat and serve as dip with crackers Recipe doubled will serve about 30. Mrs. Martin Black

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text: The Sea Beast

title: The Sea Beast


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Author:Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan

Works

 * Joint Statement Following Meeting Between President Biden and President of the UAE Sheikh Mohammed bin Zayed in Jeddah
 * Joint Statement of the Leaders of India, Israel, United Arab Emirates, and the United States (I2U2)

title: Author:Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan


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 other point, the submission of Constantinople to Rome in things ecclesiastical, could not be said to touch the popular sentiment at all. The Pope, however, supplemented his exhortation by bestowing upon the indigent emperor a treasure of indulgences, which he no doubt sold at their marketable value, whatever that was. One fears that it was not much. From England he obtained, after an open insult at Dover, the sum of 700 marks, which, at the purchasing value we have estimated roughly, represents about £12,500, a small contribution towards the maintenance of an empire. Louis IX. of France would have rendered him substantial assistance, but for the more pressing claims of the Holy Land and his project for delivering the Holy Places by a new method. His brother-in-law, Frederick II., excommunicated by the Church, was not likely to manifest any enthusiasm for an ecclesiastical cause; and those allies from whom he might have expected substantial aid, the Venetians, were at war with the Genoese; the Prince of Achaia was in captivity, and the feeble son of Boniface, King of Thessalonica (the sons of all these sturdy Crusaders were feeble, like the Syrian pullani, sons of Godfrey's heroes) had been deposed. Yet money and men must be raised, or the city must be abandoned. A wise man would have handed over the empire to any who dared defend it. Baldwin was not a wise man. He proceeded to sell the remaining lands of Courtenay and the marquisate of Namur, and by this and other expedients managed to return with an army of 30,000 men.


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226 their sight and had overtaken the magicians. This time they changed Simeon into a tiny little bird with a golden head. Away flew the little thing straight home and perched itself on the open window. The moment the father and sons saw it, they rushed to catch it, but before they got to the window the bird was off, and fluttered down upon the two magicians, who now changed it into Simeon-the-Youthful again.

"Now go to the king's court," said the magicians, "and become a soldier. If you are obliged to go anywhere quickly, you can change yourself into a stag, hare, or into a little bird with a golden head; we have taught you how to do it."

Simeon-the-Youthful thanked them, and returned home and asked his father to let him go to the king and become a soldier.

"Become a soldier!" cried the old man. "Why you are not half tall enough, and not over clever; how could you be a soldier?"

"Please let me go, father; I have got the magicians' blessing, so that I am sure to serve the king well."

His father at last gave his consent, and Simeon-the-Youthful dressed himself up in his Sunday best, took leave of his father and brothers, and started off to the king's court.

In due course he arrived at the palace, and was brought before the king, who at once asked him what he wanted.

"Your Majesty," he said, going down on his knees before the king; "I have come to ask you to take me into your royal service as a soldier."


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 What would not Baldwin I., or Henry his uncle, or John de Brienne his father-in-law, have been able to effect with an army of 30,000 soldiers of the West? But Baldwin the Incapable did next to nothing.

By this time the strip of country remaining to the emperor was only that immediately surrounding the city. All the rest was in the hands of Greek or of Bulgarian. When these were at war, the city was safe; when these were united, the city was every moment in danger of falling.

Baldwin used his new recruits in gaining possession of the country for a distance of three days' journey round his capital—about sixty miles in all—which was something. But how was the position to be maintained, or to be improved? There were no revenues in that bankrupt city, from whose port the trade had passed away, and which had lost the command of the narrow seas. What was the condition of the citizens, we know not. That of the imperial household was such, that the emperor's servants were fain to demolish empty houses for fuel, and to strip churches of the lead upon their roofs to supply the daily wants of his family. He sent his son Philip to Venice as security for a debt; he borrowed at enormous interest of the merchants of Italy; and when all else failed, and the money which he had raised at such ruinous sacrifices had melted away, and his soldiers were clamouring for pay, he remembered the holy relics yet remaining to the city, in spite of the cartloads carried off during the great sack of 1204, and resolved to raise more money upon them.


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Ambassador Gilad Erdan’s remarks to the UNSC (2020)

Mr. President,

It is an honor to speak before the Security Council for the first time since assuming my role as the Permanent Representative of the State of Israel.

I come to this position after nearly two decades in the Israeli Knesset and government. I have served on Israel’s security cabinet and in several ministerial positions dealing with issues such as counter-terrorism and the ongoing attempts to delegitimize my country.

I believe that the UN as a whole and the Security Council in particular can be a force for good in the world, especially today when the world is facing extenuating health and economic challenges.

In my view, the council should serve as a model for how nations can set aside their differences and unite to tackle international problems and promote peace and security.

In the two months since I arrived in New York, I have witnessed a jarring dissonance between what this council chooses to focus on and what is actually happening in the Middle East. During this short period, I witnessed the council ignoring opportunities to promote peace while simultaneously choosing not to act in the face of grave threats.

I was told by many that the council holds an institutional bias against Israel. Despite these criticisms, I want to keep an open mind. I want to prove wrong all those who tell me that this council is a lost cause.

Yet, I have a few considerations I would like to pose to the council in order to better understand the council’s priorities in the Middle East.

In a debate titled “The Situation in the Middle East, Including the Palestinian Question,” one would expect the council to focus on the most important issues facing the Middle East.

However, once a month, for 20 years – over hundreds of debates – members of this council routinely overlook critical issues and focus only on the "Palestinian Question".

Today's debate is a perfect example. Shouldn’t we be discussing the momentum of peace between four countries in a turbulent region?

As the UN body entrusted with developing friendly relations among nations, surely the council should discuss the Abraham Accords, and the most recent peace agreement between Israel and Sudan. And yet, the only debate this council held on the historic peace agreements between Israel and the UAE and Bahrain was an informal one.

To understand how significant these agreements are, consider that it was in Khartoum in 1967 that the Arab League adopted the Khartoum Resolution and the infamous "Three Nos": No peace with Israel, no recognition of Israel and no negotiations with Israel.

On Friday, Sudan replaced three "nos" with three yeses: Yes to peace with Israel, yes to a new Middle East and yes to a brighter future for our children. 53 years ago, Sudan symbolized the Arab world's refusal to accept the Jewish state's legitimacy. Today, it symbolizes the Arab world’s growing acceptance of the Jewish state.

I look forward to hearing the council members’ insights on this unprecedented paradigm shift and how we can build on these agreements.

Perhaps we could discuss today how the Abraham Accords and the new Israeli-Sudanese alliance presents new opportunities for dialogue and prosperity. How these agreements will enhance cooperation in the fields of security, sustainability, technology, innovation, health and more.

These Accords are an important milestone that will serve to advance further agreements with other Arab and Muslim countries. They disprove pre-conceived notions of peacemaking in the Middle East and represent a new, pragmatic approach, that is not held hostage by unrealistic demands of one side.

Maybe that is exactly why the Palestinian leadership opposes them. Instead of viewing the Accords as a new opportunity to kick-start negotiations, the Palestinians have attacked the Emirates, Bahrainis and Sudanese calling their decision to have relations with Israel a “betrayal” and a “stab in the back”.

Minister al-Maliki, now everyone can see that the Palestinians incite against any country that seeks peace in the region, even its fellow Arab League members. The fact that the Palestinians attack those who make peace with Israel, demonstrates that, for years, the council has been applying pressure to the wrong side.

It isn't surprising that the Palestinians refuse to see the agreements as an opportunity for peace. President Abbas has refused every peace offer made by the State of Israel. Actually, to be more precise: he has refused every offer that he has bothered responding to. Former Prime Minister Ehud Olmert is still waiting for a response to the generous offer he made in 2008.

Instead, the Palestinian representative here calls for a peace conference. Don’t be fooled by this; it is only another distraction. Abbas knows a conference will not bring peace. The only way to achieve real peace is through direct, bilateral negotiations.

Prime Minister Netanyahu has invited President Abbas to Jerusalem many times. He has even offered to go to Ramallah, but Abbas wastes time calling for another useless conference. Instead this council should call on the Palestinians to begin negotiations based on the American vision for peace, which is a good starting point for realistic, sustainable peace.

Mr. President,

In a debate titled “The Situation in the Middle East, Including the Palestinian Question,” shouldn’t this new era of peace, which has a huge impact on the region, be discussed?

In addition to discussing opportunities for peace, the council must also discuss the destabilizing forces in the region. Namely, Iran. It's surprising, but I actually want to thank Iran. I want to thank the regime for the role it has played in bringing the moderate forces in the region closer together. Ironically, Iran's extreme and murderous ways have contributed to the historic agreements.

Nevertheless, Iran and its terrorist proxies remain the biggest threats to peace and security in the region. Its stated aim of using violence to create a Shia hegemony in the region, should top the agenda in all debates on the Middle East. Iran’s continued aggression threatens to take many more innocent lives: Muslims, Jews, Christians.

Opposing Iran’s nuclear ambitions, while allowing it to buy and sell other lethal weapons, puts the entire region in grave danger. The fact that almost all members of this council were willing to let the arms embargo expire, calls into question this body’s commitment to international peace and security.

The sanctions on Iran, which were reinitiated by the US-triggered snapback, remain in full effect. We fully support the American initiatives in this regard.

Iran is also one of the biggest human rights violators in the world. One example is its excessive and illegal use of executions. During President Rouhani's tenure, Iran has executed over 4,300 people, including minors, women, members of the LGBT community, journalists, and antigovernment protesters.

Should this not be discussed in a debate on the situation in the Middle East? This council must unite in a maximum pressure campaign against Iran. It must prevent the regime in Tehran from continuing to develop its nuclear capabilities, obtaining advanced weapons and violating human rights. For Israel and other Arab countries, this is an existential threat. One day many more countries will realize it threatens them, too. Let's hope it isn’t too late.

Mr. President,

When discussing security in the Middle East, there is another Iran-related threat that is barely discussed by the council. It has been nearly a month since Prime Minister Netanyahu revealed new intelligence about a Hezbollah arms depot embedded in Beirut’s Janah neighborhood. The terrible explosion last August at the city’s port killed two hundred people and injured thousands. This has not stopped Hezbollah from putting Lebanese lives at risk of another, similar disaster.

This is not the first time that Hezbollah has used Lebanese civilians as human shields. Hezbollah acts in complete disregard of human life and of UN Security Council Resolutions 1559, 1680, and 1701.

If the council truly cares about the future of the Middle East, how is it possible that not all council members have designated Hezbollah in its entirety as a terrorist organization? Should this not be discussed in a debate on the situation in the Middle East?

Mr. President,

The Israeli-Palestinian conflict is also, of course, an important issue and should be a part of the debate. Yet, while discussing it every month for the last 20 years, key elements have been neglected. If you are looking for the real obstacle to peace, look at the Palestinian's long record of incitement and hate. PA textbooks incite to violence and promote terrorism and antisemitism. Through its “Pay to Slay” program, the PA rewards terror attacks against Israeli civilians. Maybe part of the answer to the Palestinian question can be found here.

The PA spends hundreds of millions of dollars a year on its "pay to slay" program. Just think how that money could have been spent this year fighting COVID-19.

The UN regularly produces one-sided, distorted reports about alleged Israeli violation of Palestinian rights. Perhaps a discussion should be held about the Palestinian Authority’s violation of its own people’s rights, including the basic right to choose their own leaders. Israel, as you know, has held more elections in a year than the PA has held in the last 15.

For decades, many in the international community have fixated on a single solution to the conflict. They vote for the same anti-Israel resolutions, recycle old talking points and ignore issues that are crucial for ending the conflict. They also ignore the fact that this approach has only emboldened Palestinian rejectionism.

Perhaps the council members are too accustomed to the ritual of these debates to see that they have been completely ineffective in answering the Palestinian question. We all know what Einstein said about trying the same thing over and over and expecting different results.

Mr. President,

While the council's talking points have not changed for decades, the Middle East has. Three historic agreements considered impossible to achieve were reached in just two months. This council should embrace the Accords and use them as a catalyst to promote peace and security in the region. It can facilitate the next round of agreements.

I am committed to proving wrong all those who say that the Security Council is a lost cause. However, ignoring the most pressing issues in the Middle East and expressing bias when discussing the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, makes it hard to do.

The council must recommit itself to pursuing peace and security, and not let politics dictate its actions in the Middle East.

I remain optimistic that the council can fulfill its mandate and I look forward to working with you all in that noble pursuit.

Thank you.


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 There was, first of all, the Crown of Thorns. This had been already pledged in Venice for the sum of 13,134 pieces of gold to the Venetians. As the money was spent and the relic could not be redeemed within the time, the Venetians were preparing to seize it. They would have been within their right. But Baldwin conceived an idea, so clever that it must have been suggested by a Greek, which, if successfully carried out, would result in the attainment of much more money by its means. He would give it to Louis IX. of France. A relic of such importance might be pawned, it might be given, but it could not be sold. Therefore Baldwin gave it to King Louis. By this plan the Venetians were tricked of their relic, on which they had counted; the debt was transferred to France, which easily paid it; the precious object itself, to which Frederick II. granted a free passage through his dominions, was conveyed by Dominican friars to Troyes, whither the French court advanced to receive it, and a gift of 10,000 marks reconciled Baldwin and his barons to their loss. After all, as the prospects of the State were so gloomy, it might be some consolation to them to reflect that so sacred a relic—which had this great advantage over the wood of the True Cross, that it had not been and could not be multiplied until it became equal in bulk to the wood of a three-decker—was consigned to the safe custody of the most Christian King of France.

This kind of traffic once begun, and proving profitable, there was no reason why it should not continue. Accordingly, the Crown of Thorns was followed by a


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Rh "But you are not tall enough, young man! How can you become a soldier?"

"Though I am not so tall as I should like to be, Your Majesty, I will serve you as well as the tallest of your court, if you will but try me."

The king at last agreed, and took him as a soldier, and told him always to be near him.

After some time of peace and quiet a king of a neighbouring kingdom declared war against Simeon's master, who began to equip himself for the campaign and get his forces ready. Simeon begged the king to let him join the army and accompany him to the war. At first the king was reluctant, but Simeon begged so very hard that he at last consented.

The whole army assembled and started on the march; they passed through many lands, and went on and on until they were very near to the enemy's camp. Suddenly the king found that both his sharp-edged sword and mace were missing. What could he have done with them? Had he left them at the palace? If so, what was he to do? How was he to get them? The palace was many, many thousand miles away; he had nothing to defend himself with, and nothing with which he could beat down the enemy. He called to his army to halt, and asked his men whether any of them would undertake to go with all possible speed to the palace and bring him his sword and mace; whoever would do this service for him, to him he would give his daughter, the lovely Princess Nastasia, for a bride, and half of his kingdom besides.

Some of the men said they could do it in a year,


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228 some in six months, some in three months. At last Simeon-the-Youthful came up to the king, saying,—

"I can go to the palace, your Majesty, and bring you your sword and mace in three days."

The king was delighted, and taking Simeon by the hand he embraced him, and wrote a note for him to give to Princess Nastasia, in which he told her to give the bearer his sword and mace, which he had forgotten. Simeon took the note and went on his journey.

As soon as he was out of sight, and was sure that no one saw him, he quickly changed himself into a swift-footed stag, and bounded away over stock and stone, up hill and down dale, until he grew tired; he then changed himself into a hare, and away he went until his little feet became so tired that he changed himself into a pretty little bird with a golden head. He flew and flew, and at about noon the next day he reached the palace. He changed himself into his proper shape again, and entering the palace, gave the princess the note.

Princess Nastasia broke open the seal, and after reading the note, turned to Simeon, and said,—

"How did you manage to get over so much ground in so short a time?"

Simeon explained how he had changed himself first into a stag, then into a hare, and lastly into a little bird with a golden head; and so that she might believe him, he changed himself into a stag and ran about in the princess's chamber, and then came up to her and rested his pretty head on her lap. The princess took her little silver knife and cut off


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Rh a tuft of the fur; this done, the stag changed into a hare, and jumped about the room for a little while, and then sprang up on to the princess's lap. She again took her little knife and cut off a little of the fur. The hare then changed into a little bird with a golden head, and flew about in the room, and then perched itself on the princess's shoulder. Princess Nastasia cut one of the little golden feathers off the bird's head, and then tied the two tufts of fur and the feather up in her handkerchief, and hid them in her dress, while Simeon became himself again.

The princess ordered food and wine to be brought him, and then gave him her father's sharp-edged sword and mace. After that they embraced each other and parted. Simeon changed himself into a stag again, and started off on his journey back to the king; transforming himself, when tired, into a hare, and then into a bird. Towards the end of the third day he came in sight of the king's encampment. When he came within thirty paces of the army he lay down under some bushes near the sea-shore to rest his weary limbs, and putting the sword and the mace by his side, he soon fell fast asleep.

Just at that time a general happened to be passing by the bushes, and on seeing the sleeping Simeon, he stopped, and pushing him into the sea with his foot, took the sword and mace, and went to the king.

"Your Majesty," he said, "I have brought you the sword and mace myself, for that stupid fellow Simeon is not likely to return for at least three years."

The king thanked the general, and the battle


text: Index:The Criminal Procedure Rules 2020 (UKSI 2020-759 qp).pdf


text: Lucian (Collins)

title: Lucian (Collins)


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title: Lucian (Collins)/Chapter 1


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 processes the perception of sense graduated towards the higher forms of intelligence cannot now be discerned; but when mind began to exercise its prerogative of subduing the earth, it obviously brought the subject of it under a new law of existence. The out- ward agencies which in the beginning had co-operated to produce mechanical results upon our frame, were now opposed and hin- dered by the operations of mind, and the equilibrium of our physical condition was maintained in spite of circumstances the most variable. Art controlling nature is but a partial expression of the law of man's ex- istence; but even this separates him from creatures next to him by what I have said is an immeasurable and impassable gulf-im- measurable, because there is no known increment which could multiply knowledge according to sense into knowledge according to reason; impassable, because in the on- ward course of nature those primeval condi- tions which have culminated in man cannot be supposed ever to recur. Though, there- D


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 fore, our outward forms remain, like geologic strata in the earth, to indicate the forces by which they were originally moulded, they can be considered no measure of the relation we at present stand in to the lower animals. "Man is," to use the words of the writer* to whom I am indebted for these suggestions, "a being apart, since he is not influenced by the great laws which irresistibly modify all other organic beings." He is a being who is, in some degree, superior to nature, inas- much as he knows how to control and regu- late her actions, and to keep himself in har- mony with her, not by a change in his body, but by an advance in his mind.

The lower law of nature advances in man to a higher form. It ceases to be mechanical, and becomes intellectual and moral. Force does not now properly balance force, as of individual against individual, and kind against kind, as in the lower natures; but force is properly balanced by right, and

"Anthropological Review," May, 1864.
 * Alfred R. Wallace on the Origin of Iluman Races,


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 right modified by duty. Man is social, as distinct from gregarious; and, in the highest conceptions of that state, would be governed by love rather than by law; for, as we are taught, "Love is the fulfilling of the law," which latter, to use the expression of a friend, * "is as it were latent in love, like an inscrip- tion in a fountain, becoming visible only when the stream is dry."

And this brings me to speak of a subject now much under discussion, and which touches our duty to society.

We cannot, I think, agree to neglect any means which lie within our power of pre- venting discase. If a rigid scientific method excludes the consideration of final causes where they are so patent, and I may say prominently set forward, as they seem to us, in organic structures; and if it teaches. us that this appearance may be more to human eyes than in the sight of Him who ordereth all things by a wisdom transcend-

"Man and his Dwelling-place," chap. vii. D 2


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 The Harveian Oration. and vice work ruin and infect the very fountains of life.

In what way society should work thus to protect itself may involve considerations of the most delicate and difficult kind; but the object no less remains, and the duty of striving to attain it becomes daily more and more imperative. These remarks apply to all diseases which are common to the social state.

It is now universally acknowledged that the art of medicine is all but powerless in controlling the morbid actions set up in the large class of diseases called zymotic. Spe- cifics will no doubt continue to be sought after, but preventive medicine will more largely obtain the suffrages of the best- informed members of our profession.

There can be no more saddening task allotted to the physician than that of having to prescribe drugs against agents which he knows will work out their destructive effects to the end, in spite of such means. It may be that there do not exist, nor may


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 ever be formed by art, antidotes to these poisons. But should it be otherwise, my duty at this moment still seems to be clear, that I ought not to stir up your minds to search out such secrets of nature. Upon this search already too much time has been wasted, and an incalculable amount of life has been lost. On the contrary, I ought to urge upon the profession the most strenu- ous and united exertions for limiting the spread of these diseases, if it be not possible to altogether stamp them out; and then, if hereafter antidotes should be discovered, we may hope the cases will be rare upon which their operation could be tried.

I cannot pass from this subject without congratulating the College that we number amongst ourselves many distinguished la- bourers in this department of medicine, or without acknowledging the debt we owe to the late Sir James Simpson. No one more earnestly drew attention to the demands of preventive medicine than he did; and amongst the many claims his memory has


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 large and very authentic piece of the True Cross. St. Louis gave Baldwin 20,000 marks as an honorarium for the gift of this treasure, which he deposited in the Sainte Chapelle. Here it remained, occasionally working miracles, as every bit of the True Cross was bound to do, until the troubles of the League, when it was mysteriously stolen. Most likely some Huguenot laid hands upon it, and took the same kind of delight in burning it that he took in throwing the consecrated wafer to the pigs.

And then more relics were found and disposed of. There was the baby linen of our Lord; there was the lance which pierced His side; there was the sponge with which they gave Him to drink; there was the chain with which His hands had been fettered; all these things, priceless, inestimable, wonder-working, Baldwin sent to Paris in exchange for marks of silver. And then there were relics of less holiness, but still commanding the respect and adoration of Christians—these also were hunted up and sent. Among them were the rod of Moses, and a portion—alas! a portion only—of the skull of John the Baptist. Thirty or forty thousand marks for all these treasures. And it seems but a poor result of the conquest of Constantinople by the Latins that all which came of it was the transference of relics from the East to the West. Nothing else. Such order as the later Greek emperors had preserved, changed into anarchy and misrule; such commerce as naturally flowed from Asia into the Golden Horn, diverted and lost; a strange religion imposed upon an unwilling people; the break up of the old Roman forms; the destruction by


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 upon posterity, there is perhaps none higher than this, that his mind was intent upon the means which might be best calculated to extinguish contagious diseases. It might seem Utopian were I to attempt to fore- shadow the results of a perfect preventive medicine and hygiene; but I may at least say that, followed to their conclusions, they would leave us with a greatly reduced nomenclature of disease.

By drainage of the soil alone, the mor- tality from pulmonary consumption has been in several places largely reduced. By drainage, as it affects the purity of water- supply, the prevalence of enteric fever has also been greatly limited. And whatever may be the ultimate value of the germ theory of disease, had it done no more than promote the purity of the water-supply to large towns, its good results would have been incalculable. We already owe to it the Metropolitan Drainage Works, the Thames Embankment, the Royal Commis- sion on the Water-supply of large Towns,


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 the purification of the Thames, and such partial filtration of our drinking water as the public waterworks-companies cannot avoid.

We have lately been rather blamed for not gratefully and more fully accepting the germ theory of disease; but to this College. the theory is not new, and, I think I may add, has not been proved to be true to the extent its more zealous supporters believe. It will be in the remembrance of many present that in the year 1849 a theory was put forth that epidemic cholera was due to fungi and their germs. Peculiar bodies, it was said, had been found in the rice-water evacuations, and also in the air and drinking waters of the infected localities.

It was confidently asserted that we had substantial facts in support of the theory, and that it fulfilled the conditions required of being both true and sufficient. This College thought the subject of such moment that a sub-committee was formed from the Cholera Committee of that day for its inves- tigation. The drinking water of infected


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 fire of a third of the city; the disappearance of the ancient Byzantine families; the ruin of the wealthy; the depression of the middle classes; the impoverishment of the already poor; the decay and loss of learning; these were the things which the craft and subtlety of Dandolo, working on the Franks' lust of conquest, had brought about for the proud city of the East.

But the end was drawing daily nearer.

Vatatces of Nicæa died. He was succeeded by his son Theodore, on whose death the crown of Nicæa devolved upon an infant. The child was speedily, though not immediately, openly dethroned by the regent, Michael Palæologus. When at length the imperial title was assumed by the latter, Baldwin thought it advisable to attempt negotiations with him. His ambassadors were received with open contumely. Michael would give the Latins nothing. "Tell your master," he said, "that if he be desirous of peace, he must pay me, as an annual tribute, the sum which he receives from the trade and customs of Constantinople. On these terms I may allow him to reign. If he refuses, it will be war."

That was in the year 1259.

Michael, no putter forth of empty and boastful words, prepared immediately for the coming war. So in his feeble way did Baldwin. But his money was spent, his recruits were melting away, the Venetians alone were his allies, and the Genoese had joined the Greeks. And yet Michael did not know—so great was the terror of the Frank and Flemish name which the great Bald-


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 win, Henry of Flanders, and John de Brienne had left behind them—how weak was the Latin empire, how unstable were the defences of the city.

Michael ( 1260) marched into Thrace, strengthened the garrisons, and expelled the Latins yet remaining in the country. Had he, the same year, marched upon Constantinople, the city would have been his. But the glory of taking the city was destined for one of his generals.

The Greek emperor, returning to Nicæa, sent Alexis Strategopoulos, his most trusted general, on whom he had conferred the title of Cæsar, to take the command of his armies in Europe. He laid strict orders upon him to enter the Latin territory as soon as the existing truce was concluded; to watch, report, act upon the defensive, if necessary, but nothing more.

Now the lands round Constantinople had been sold by their Latin seigneurs to Greek cultivators, who, to defend their property, formed themselves into an armed militia, called voluntaries. With these voluntaries Alexis opened communications, and was by their aid enabled to get accurate information of all that went on among the Latins. As soon as the truce expired, he marched his troops across the frontier, and approached the city. His force—doubtless the Latins were badly served by their spies—seemed too small to inspire any serious alarm, and the Latins, who had recently received succour from Venice which made them confident, resolved on striking the first blow by an attack on the port of Daphnusia. They accordingly despatched a


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 impounding of run-off gully water in grain and alfalfa fields to the great improvement of the crop.

This device, however, has much wider possibilities with trees than with grain and hay for the reason that grain and hay require wide areas, while a tree can stand at the bottom of a gully in a ravine.

Here is an interesting possibility for the million or more square miles of arid lands between Kansas and California, and between northern Alberta and southern Mexico. At present millions of arroyos (gullies) waste their rushing waters at the time of occasional rains. These gullies might become rows of useful trees fed and watered by the gully itself.

Perhaps the water of gullies could be led into long horizontal trenches or field reservoirs reaching long distances across the face of the slope and lined with the fruit-yielding trees which would be watered every time the gully flowed. This practice would be closely akin to the one common in parts of Shansi, a Chinese province southwest of Peking with scanty rain. There in the agricultural villages one of the common sounds of summer nights is the booming of the temple gong as the priests walk through the streets awaking the people to the fact that there has been a shower on the hills and the gullies are running. The population scurries out armed with shovels and diverts water from gully to field.

I have seen these fields months in advance all prepared, the field banked around, and gullies with dams so that when the first rain came it would irrigate field number one. Shovel out the dam, and the water would flow down and irrigate field number two; and so on.

May not the use of cement, accurate leveling devices, roadscraping machines, tractors, and dynamite in America put rain-catching devices on a basis that is not only mechanized but almost automatic, so that the gully water might fill our field reservoirs while we slept?

Plant breeders might produce hardy and productive strains


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230 commenced. In a very short time the king defeated his enemy, and gained a splendid victory.

We have already said that Simeon-the-Youthful fell into the deep blue sea. As he was falling the King of the Sea caught him in his arms and took him down into the very depths below. He lived with that king for about a year, and then growing very dull and miserable, began to cry bitterly.

"What is the matter, Simeon-the-Youthful?" asked the King of the Sea. "Do you find it dull down here?"

"Yes, Your Majesty, I am beginning to feel dull."

"Would you like to have a look at the Russian world?"

"I should like nothing better, if Your Majesty will allow me."

The King of the Sea took him up at midnight, and left him on the shore, while he vanished in the sea.

Simeon-the-Youthful, when left to himself, began to pray to the saints for sun. His wish was granted, but just as the sun rose, the King of the Sea appeared, and seizing Simeon carried him off once more into the depths below.

Simeon-the-Youthful lived with the King of the Sea for another whole year, and again became very dull and miserable, and shed many a tear.

"What, are you beginning to feel dull again?" asked the King of the Sea.

"Yes, Your Majesty," replied Simeon.

"Would you like to have another look at the Russian world?"

"I should very much, Your Majesty."


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Rh At midnight the King of the Sea took Simeon, and putting him again on the shore, left him there.

Simeon-the-Youthful began at once to pray to the saints for sunlight.

This time the rays of the sun shed so powerful a light over the whole earth that the King of the Sea was unable to show himself, and take Simeon captive.

Simeon-the-Youthful then changed himself into a stag, and bounded away with all possible speed to his master's kingdom; on, on he ran, changing himself into a hare and then into a bird, until he at last reached the palace.

While all this had been taking place with Simeon, the king had returned from the war, and had given his lovely daughter, the Princess Nastasia, in marriage to the deceitful general.

When Simeon-the-Youthful came to the palace, he walked into the very hall where the king, his daughter, the general, and some of the courtiers were seated at table, dining. The moment Princess Nastasia beheld Simeon, she rose from the table, and turning to the king, her father, said,—

"Father, I should like to be allowed to speak."

"Speak out, my darling daughter. What is it you wish to say?"

"That man who has just entered is my bride-groom, and not the one who is seated at table!"

Then turning to Simeon, she said,—

"Show my father how you managed to get here in three days from the battlefield, to fetch his sword and mace."


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232 Simeon-the-Youthful at once obeyed; he changed himself into a swift-footed stag, and ran about the hall, and then stopped before the princess, who took out the tuft of fur from her handkerchief and showed the king the place from whence she had cut it.

"Look, father," she said, "behold the proof!"

The stag then changed into a hare, and after jumping about the room, came to a standstill before the princess, who took out the bit of fur which she had cut off, and showed it to her father.

The hare then changed into a little bird and flew about in the room, and then perched on the princess's arm. Princess Nastasia brought out the little golden feather and showed that also.

The king then understood the whole thing, and ordered the wicked general to be thrown into prison, and gave Princess Nastasia in marriage to Simeon-the-Youthful, whom he made his heir; and they all lived happily ever after.