text:
Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration

The Government of the Portuguese Republic and the Government of the People's Republic of China, having reviewed with satisfaction the friendly relations existing between the two Governments and peoples since the establishment of diplomatic relations between the two countries, have agreed that a proper settlement of the question of Macau, which is left over from the past, through negotiation between the two Governments would be conducive to economic development and social stability in Macau and the further strengthening of friendly relations and co-operation between the two countries. To this end, the two Governments have, following talks between their delegations, agreed to make the following declaration:

1. The Government of the Portuguese Republic and the Government of the People's Republic of China declare that the Macau region (including the Macau Peninsula, Taipa Island and Coloane Island, hereinafter referred to as Macau) form part of Chinese territory and that the Government of the People's Republic of China will resume the exercise of sovereignty over Macau with effect from 20 December 1999.

2. The Government of the People's Republic of China declares that, in accordance with the principle of "one country, two systems", the People's Republic of China will pursue, as regards Macau, the following basic policies:

(1) In accordance with the provisions of article 31 of the Constitution of the People's Republic of China, upon resuming the exercise of sovereignty over Macau, the People's Republic of China will establish the Macau Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China.

(2) The Macau Special Administrative Region will be directly under the authority of the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China and will enjoy a high degree of autonomy, except in matters of external relations and defence, which are the responsibilities of the Central People's Government. The Macau Special Administrative Region will be vested with executive, legislative and independent judicial power, including that of final adjudication.

(3) The Government of the Macau Special Administrative Region and the legislative body of the Macau Special Administrative Region will be composed of local inhabitants. The chief executive will be appointed by the Central People's Government on the basis of the results of elections or consultations held in Macau. Principal officials will be nominated by the chief executive of the Macau Special Administrative Region for appointment by the Central People's Government. Chinese and Portuguese nationals and foreign nationals previously working in the public services of Macau (including the police), may remain in employment. Portuguese nationals and nationals of other countries may be appointed or recruited under contract to hold certain public posts in the Macau Special Administrative Region.

(4) The current social and economic systems in Macau will remain unchanged, as shall the existing way of life. The laws in force will remain basically unchanged. The Macau Special Administrative Region will, in accordance with the law, ensure all the rights and freedoms of the inhabitants and other individuals in Macau, specifically those of the person, of speech, of the press, of assembly, of association, of movement and travel, the right to strike, the right of choice of occupation, of academic research, of religion and belief, of communications and of private property.

(5) The Macau Special Administrative Region will on its own freely decide Macau's policies in the fields of culture, education, science and technology and will protect the cultural heritage of Macau in accordance with the law.

In addition to Chinese, the Portuguese language may be used in government agencies, in the legislative body and in the courts of the Macau Special Administrative Region.

(6) The Macau Special Administrative Region may establish mutually advantageous economic relations with Portugal and other countries. The economic interests of Portugal and other countries in Macau will be given due regard. The interests of inhabitants of Portuguese descent in Macau will be protected in accordance with the law.

(7) Using the name of "Macau, China", the Macau Special Administrative Region may on its own maintain and develop economic and cultural relations and conclude agreements with interested countries, regions and international organizations.

The Government of the Macau Special Administrative Region may on its own issue travel documents for entry into and exit from Macau.

(8) The Macau Special Administrative Region will be maintained as a free port and a separate customs territory for the purposes of its economic activities. The free flow of capital will be maintained. The Macau pataca, as the local legal tender of the Macau Special Administrative Region, will continue to circulate and remain freely convertible.

(9) The Macau Special Administrative Region will have independent finances. The Central People's Government will not levy taxes in the Macau Special Administrative Region.

(10) The maintenance of public order in the Macau Special Administrative Region will be the responsibility of the Government of the Macau Special Administrative Region.

(11) In addition to the national flag and the national emblem of the People's Republic of China, the Macau Special Administrative Region may use its own regional flag and emblem.

(12) The above-stated basic policies and the related clarifications set forth in annex I to this Joint Declaration will be stipulated, in a Basic Law of the Macau Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China, by the National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China and will remain unchanged for 50 years.

3. The Government of the Portuguese Republic and the Government of the People's Republic of China declare that during the transition period between the date of the entry into force of this Joint Declaration and 19 December 1999, the Government of the Portuguese Republic will be responsible for the administration of Macau. The Government of the Portuguese Republic will continue to promote the economic development of Macau and preserve social stability and the Government of the People's Republic of China will give its co-operation in this connection.

4. The Government of the Portuguese Republic and the Government of the People's Republic of China declare that, in order to ensure the effective implementation of this Joint Declaration and create appropriate conditions for the transfer of power in 1999, a Sino-Portuguese Joint Liaison Group will be set up when this Joint Declaration enters into force and will function in accordance with the provisions of annex II to this Joint Declaration.

5. The Government of the Portuguese Republic and the Government of the People's Republic of China declare that land leases in Macau and other related matters will be dealt with in accordance with the provisions of the annexes to this Joint Declaration.

6. The Government of the Portuguese Republic and the Government of the People's Republic of China agree to implement the preceding declarations and the annexes to this Joint Declaration, of which they are an integral part.

7. This Joint Declaration and its annexes will enter into force on the date of the exchange of instruments of ratification, which shall take place at Beijing. This Joint Declaration and its annexes shall be equally binding.

at Beijing on 13 April 1987 in duplicate, in the Portuguese and Chinese languages, both texts being equally authentic.

The Government of the People's Republic of China elaborates the basic policies of the People's Republic of China regarding Macau as set out in article 2 of the Joint Declaration of the Government of the Portuguese Republic and the Government of the People's Republic of China on the question of Macau as follows:

The Constitution of the People's Republic of China provides in article 31 that "the State may establish special administrative regions when necessary. The systems to be instituted in special administrative regions shall be prescribed by laws enacted by the National People's Congress in the light of the specific conditions". In accordance with this article, the People's Republic of China shall, upon the resumption of the exercise of sovereignty over Macau on 20 December 1999, establish the Macau Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China. The National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China shall enact and promulgate a Basic Law of the Macau Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China (hereinafter referred to as the Basic Law) in accordance with the Constitution of the People's Republic of China, which shall provide that after the establishment of the Macau Special Administrative Region the socialist system and socialist policies shall not be practised in the Macau Special Administrative Region and that the existing social and economic systems and way of life shall remain unchanged for 50 years.

The Macau Special Administrative Region shall be directly under the authority of the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China and shall enjoy a high degree of autonomy, except for in matters of external relations and defence, which shall be responsibilities of the Central People's Government. The Macau Special Administrative Region shall be vested with executive, legislative and independent judicial power, including that of final adjudication. The Central People's Government shall authorize the Macau Special Administrative Region to conduct on its own those external affairs specified in article VIII of this annex.

The executive power of the Macau Special Administrative Region shall be vested in the Government of the Macau Special Administrative Region. The Government of the Macau Special Administrative Region shall be composed of local inhabitants. The chief executive of the Macau Special Administrative Region shall be appointed by the Central People's Government on the basis of the results of elections or consultations held in Macau. Principal officials (equivalent to the existing under-secretaries, the Chief Public Prosecutor and the senior official in charge of the police) shall be nominated by the chief executive of the Macau Special Administrative Region and appointed by the Central People's Government.

The executive authorities shall abide by the law and shall be accountable to the legislature.

The legislative power shall be vested in the legislature of the Macau Special Administrative Region. The legislature of the Macau Special Administrative Region shall be composed of local inhabitants and a majority of its members shall be chosen by election.

After the establishment of the Macau Special Administrative Region, the laws, decree-laws, administrative regulations and other provisions previously in force in Macau shall be maintained, save for any that contravene the Basic Law and subject to any amendment by the Macau Special Administrative Region legislature.

The Macau Special Administrative Region legislature may on its own authority enact laws in accordance with the provisions of the Basic Law and legal procedures. Laws enacted by the legislature which are in accordance with the Basic Law and legal procedures shall be regarded as valid.

The laws of the Macau Special Administrative Region shall comprise the Basic Law, the laws previously in force in Macau and laws enacted by the Macau Special Administrative Region legislature as above.

The judicial power of the Macau Special Administrative Region shall be vested in the courts of the Macau Special Administrative Region. The power of final adjudication in the Macau Special Administrative Region shall be exercised by the Court of final adjudication of the Macau Special Administrative Region. The courts shall exercise judicial power independently and free from any interference; they shall be subject only to the law. Judges shall enjoy appropriate immunity in respect of their judicial functions.

Judges of the Macau Special Administrative Region courts shall be appointed by the chief executive acting in accordance with the recommendation of an independent commission composed of local judges, lawyers and other eminent persons. Judges shall be chosen on the basis of their professional qualifications and may be recruited from among foreign judges who possess the requisite qualifications. A judge may be removed only for inability to dis charge the functions of his office or for conduct inconsistent with the discharge of judicial functions, by the chief executive, acting in accordance with the recommendation of a judicial body appointed by the chief judge of the court of final appeal, consisting of not fewer than three local judges. The removal of judges of the court of final appeal shall be made by the chief executive acting on the recommendation of a commission made up of members of the legislature of the Macau Special Administrative Region. The appointment or removal of judges of the court of final appeal of the Macau Special Administrative Region shall be reported to the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress for the record.

The office of the public prosecutor of the Macau Special Administrative Region shall independently carry out the functions entrusted to it by the law and shall be free from any interference.

The existing system in Macau for the appointment and removal of judicial officers shall be maintained.

On the basis of the system previously operating in Macau, the Macau Special Administrative Region Government shall on its own make provision for local lawyers and lawyers from outside the Macau Special Administrative Region to work and practise in the Macau Special Administrative Region.

The Central People's Government shall assist or authorize the Government of the Macau Special Administrative Region to make appropriate arrangements for reciprocal juridical assistance with foreign States.

The Macau Special Administrative Region shall ensure, in accordance with the law, all the rights and freedoms provided for in the laws previously in force in Macau, including freedom of the person, freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of assembly, freedom of demonstration, freedom of association, (specifically the right to form and participate in civic associations), the freedom to form and join trade unions, freedom of movement, freedom of travel, the right to choose one's occupation and employment, the right to strike, the right to practise one's religion, freedom of belief, the inviolability of the home, the right to access to the courts and the right to justice; the right to own private property, including business undertakings, rights relating to the transfer and inheritance of property and compensation for lawful expropriation; freedom to marry, the right to found a family and reproductive freedom.

The inhabitants of the Macau Special Administrative Region and other individuals in Macau shall be equal before the law without discrimination as to nationality, descent, gender, race, language, religion, political or ideological belief, education, economic situation or social status.

The Macau Special Administrative Region shall, in accordance with the law, protect the interests of inhabitants of Macau who are of Portuguese descent and shall respect their customs and cultural traditions.

Religious organizations and believers in the Macau Special Administrative Region may continue to carry out their activities as before provided that such activities are consistent with their purposes and the provisions of law, and may maintain their relations with religious organizations and believers outside Macau. Schools, hospitals and welfare institutions may continue to operate. The relationship between religious organizations in the Macau Special Administrative Region and those in other parts of the People's Republic of China shall be based on the principles of non-subordination, non-interference and mutual respect.

After the establishment of the Macau Special Administrative Region, Chinese and Portuguese nationals and other foreign nationals previously serving in the public service of Macau (including the police) may remain in employment and continue their service with pay, allowances and benefits no less favourable than before. Such persons who retire before the establishment of the Macau Special Administrative Region shall be entitled, in accordance with the applicable rules, to retirement and survivor's benefits on terms no less favourable than before, irrespective of their nationality or place of residence.

The Macau Special Administrative Region may appoint Portuguese and other foreign nationals previously serving in the public service of Macau or holding permanent identity cards of the Macau Special Administrative Region to serve as public servants (except as heads of major government departments). The Macau Special Administrative Region may also employ Portuguese and other foreign nationals to serve as advisers or in specialized technical posts. Portuguese nationals and other foreign nationals appointed or recruited for the public service in the Macau Special Administrative Region shall be admitted only in their individual capacities and shall be responsible solely to the Macau Special Administrative Region.

The appointment and promotion of public servants shall be on the basis of qualifications, experience and ability. Macau's previous system of recruitment, discipline, promotion and normal advancement of public servants shall remain basically unchanged.

The Macau Special Administrative Region shall on its own decide policies in the fields of culture, education, science and technology, including policies regarding languages of instruction, including Portuguese, the system of academic awards and recognition of academic degrees. Institutions of all kinds may continue to operate and retain their autonomy, and may continue to recruit teaching staff and procure and use teaching materials from outside Macau. Students shall enjoy freedom to pursue their education outside the Macau Special Administrative Region. The Macau Special Administrative Region shall protect the cultural heritage of Macau in accordance with the law.

Subject to the principle that foreign affairs are the responsibility of the Central People's Government, the Macau Special Administrative Region may, on its own, using the name "Macau, China", maintain and develop relations and conclude and implement agreements with States, regions and relevant international organizations in the appropriate fields, including the economic, trade, financial, shipping, communications, tourism, cultural, scientific, technological and sporting fields. Representatives of the Macau Special Administrative Region Government may participate, as members of delegations of the Government of the People's Republic of China, in international organizations or conferences in appropriate fields limited to States and affecting the Macau Special Administrative Region, or may attend in such other capacity as may be permitted by the Central People's Government and the organization or conference concerned, and may express their views in the name of "Macau, China". The Macau Special Administrative Region may, using the name "Macau, China", participate in international organizations and conferences not limited to States.

Representatives of the Macau Special Administrative Region Government may participate, as members of delegations of the Government of the People's Republic of China, in negotiations at the diplomatic level directly affecting the Macau Special Administrative Region conducted by the Central People's Government. The application to the Macau Special Administrative Region of international agreements to which the People's Republic of China is a party shall be decided by the Central People's Government in accordance with the circumstances and needs of the Macau Special Administrative Region and after seeking the views of the Macau Special Administrative Region Government. International agreements to which the Government of the People's Republic of China is not a party but which are implemented in Macau may continue to be implemented. The Central People's Government shall, as necessary, authorize or assist the Macau Special Administrative Region Government to make appropriate arrangements for the application to the Macau Special Administrative Region of other relevant international agreements.

According to the circumstances and the needs of the Macau Special Administrative Region, the Central People's Government shall take the necessary steps to ensure that the Macau Special Administrative Region continues to retain its status in an appropriate capacity in those international organizations of which the People's Republic of China is a member and in which Macau participates in one capacity or another. The Central People's Government shall, where necessary, facilitate the continued participation of the Macau Special Administrative Region in an appropriate capacity in those international organizations in which Macau participates in one capacity or another but of which the People's Republic of China is not a member.

Foreign, consular and other official or semi-official missions may be established in the Macau Special Administrative Region with the approval of the Central People's Government. Consular and other official missions of States which have diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China may be maintained in Macau. According to the circumstances of each case, consular and other official missions of States having no diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China may either be maintained or changed to quasi-official missions. States not recognized by the People's Republic of China may establish non-governmental institutions only.

The Portuguese Republic may establish a Consulate-General in the Macau Special Administrative Region.

The following categories of persons shall have the right of abode in the Macau Special Administrative Region and the right to obtain permanent identity cards issued by the Macau Special Administrative Region:

 * ―Chinese nationals who were born in Macau or who have ordinarily resided in Macau for a continuous period of seven years or more before or after the establishment of the Macau Special Administrative Region, and children of such individuals who are Chinese nationals and were born outside Macau;

 * ―Portuguese nationals who were born in Macau or who have resided in Macau before or after the establishment of the Macau Special Administrative Region for a continuous period of seven years or more and, in either case, who have taken Macau as their place of permanent residence;

 * ―Any other persons who have ordinarily resided in Macau before or after the establishment of the Macau Special Administrative Region for a continuous period of seven years or more and who have taken Macau as their place of permanent residence, and the children of such persons who are under the age of 18 and were born in Macau before or after the establishment of the Macau Special Administrative Region.

The Central People's Government shall authorize the Government of the Macau Special Administrative Region to issue, in accordance with the law, passports of the Macau Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China to all Chinese nationals who hold permanent identity cards of the Macau Special Administrative Region, and other travel documents of the Macau Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China to all other persons lawfully residing in the Macau Special Administrative Region.

Passports and travel documents of the Macau Special Administrative Region shall be valid for all States and regions and shall record the holder's right to return to the Macau Special Administrative Region.

For the purpose of travelling to and from the Macau Special Administrative Region, residents of the Macau Special Administrative Region may use travel documents issued by the Macau Special Administrative Region Government or by other competent authorities of the People's Republic of China, or of other States. Holders of permanent identity cards of the Macau Special Administrative Region shall have this fact stated in their travel documents as evidence that the holders have the right of abode in the Macau Special Administrative Region.

Appropriate measures shall be taken to regulate the entry into the Macau Special Administrative Region of persons from other parts of China.

The Macau Special Administrative Region may apply immigration controls on entry, stay and departure by persons from foreign States or regions.

Unless restrained by law, holders of valid travel documents shall be free to leave the Macau Special Administrative Region without special authorization.

The Central People's Government shall assist or authorize the Macau Special Administrative Region Government to conclude visa abolition agreements with interested States or regions.

The Macau Special Administrative Region shall on its own decide on its economic and trade policies and, as a free port and separate customs territory, shall maintain and develop its economic and trade relations with all States and regions and shall continue to participate in relevant international organizations and international trade agreements, such as the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and arrangements regarding international trade in textiles. Export quotas, tariff preferences and other similar arrangements obtained by the Macau Special Administrative Region shall be enjoyed exclusively by the Macau Special Administrative Region. The Macau Special Administrative Region shall have authority to issue its own certificates of origin for products manufactured locally, in accordance with prevailing rules of origin.

The Macau Special Administrative Region shall protect foreign investment in accordance with the law.

The Macau Special Administrative Region may, as necessary, establish official or semi-official economic and trade missions in foreign countries, and shall report the establishment of such missions to the Central People's Government for the record.

After the establishment of the Macau Special Administrative Region, the monetary and financial systems previously practised in Macau shall remain basically unchanged. The Macau Special Administrative Region shall decide its monetary and financial policies on its own and shall safeguard the free operation of financial business and the free flow of capital, including into and out of the Macau Special Administrative Region. No exchange control policy shall be applied in the Macau Special Administrative Region.

The Macau pataca, as the local legal tender, shall continue to circulate and remain freely convertible. The authority to issue Macau currency shall be vested in the Macau Special Administrative Region Government. The Macau Special Administrative Region Government may authorize designated banks to issue, or to continue to serve as its agent for the issue of, Macau currency. Macau coins and bank notes bearing references inappropriate to the status of Macau as a Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China shall be progressively replaced and withdrawn from circulation.

The Macau Special Administrative Region shall on its own decide its budgetary and fiscal policies. The Macau Special Administrative Region shall report its budgets and final accounts to the Central People's Government for the record. The Macau Special Administrative Region shall use its financial revenues for its own purposes and they shall not be handed over to the Central People's Government. The Central People's Government shall not levy any taxes whatsoever in the Macau Special Administrative Region.

The defence of the Macau Special Administrative Region shall be the responsibility of the Central People's Government.

The maintenance of public order in the Macau Special Administrative Region shall be the responsibility of the Macau Special Administrative Region Government.

The Macau Special Administrative Region shall recognize and protect, in accordance with the law, land leases lawfully concluded or approved before the establishment of the Macau Special Administrative Region which extend beyond 19 December 1999 and all rights in relation to such leases. Land leases granted or renewed after the establishment of the Macau Special Administrative Region shall be governed by the land-tenure laws and policies of the Macau Special Administrative Region.

With a view to ensuring the application of the Joint Declaration of the Government of the Portuguese Republic and the Government of the People's Republic of China on the question of Macau and in order to create appropriate conditions for the transfer of power in Macau, the Government of the Portuguese Republic and the Government of the People's Republic of China have agreed to continue to co-operate in a friendly spirit during the transitional period, which shall begin on the date of the entry into force of the Joint Declaration and end on 19 December 1999.

To this end, the Government of the Portuguese Republic and the Government of the People's Republic of China have agreed, in accordance with the provisions of articles 3, 4 and 5 of the Joint Declaration, to establish a Sino-Portuguese Joint Liaison Group and a Sino-Portuguese Land Commission.

1. The Joint Liaison Group shall be a mechanism for liaison, consultation and the exchange of information between the two Governments. The Joint Liaison Group shall play no part in the administration of Macau, nor shall it have any supervisory role over that administration.

2. The functions of the Joint Liaison Group shall be:

 * (a) To conduct consultations on the implementation of the Joint Declaration and the annexes thereto;

 * (b) To exchange information and conduct consultations on matters relating to the transfer of power in Macau in 1999;

 * (c) To conduct consultations on the steps which need to be taken by the two Governments in order to maintain and develop the external economic, cultural and other relations of the Macau Special Administrative Region;

 * (d) To exchange information and conduct consultations on such other matters as may be agreed by the two Parties.

Matters on which there is disagreement in the Joint Liaison Group shall be referred to the two Governments for solution through consultations.

3. Each Party shall designate a senior representative, who shall be of ambassadorial rank, and four other members of the Joint Liaison Group. Each Party may also designate experts and supporting staff, as necessary, the number of which shall be decided by consultation.

4. The Joint Liaison Group shall be established on the date of the entry into force of the Joint Declaration and shall begin its work within three months after its establishment, meeting in turn at Beijing, Lisbon and Macau during the first year of its operation and, thereafter, establishing its principal base in Macau. The Joint Liaison Group shall continue its work until 1 January 2000.

5. The members, experts and supporting staff of the Joint Liaison Group shall enjoy diplomatic privileges and immunities commensurate with their status.

6. The working procedures and organization of the Joint Liaison Group shall be decided upon by the two Parties by consultation within the guidelines laid down in this annex. The proceedings of the Joint Liaison Group shall be confidential unless otherwise agreed.

1. The two Governments agree that, beginning on the date of the entry into force of the Joint Declaration, land leases in Macau and related matters shall be dealt with in accordance with the following provisions:

 * (a) All leases of land granted by the Portuguese Government of Macau, except short-term tenancies and leases for special purposes, which expire before 19 December 1999 may be extended in accordance with the laws in force for a period expiring not later than 19 December 2049, subject to payment of the relevant premiums.

 * (b) From the entry into force of the Joint Declaration until 19 December 1999, the Portuguese Government of Macau may, in accordance with the relevant laws in force, grant land leases for periods expiring not later than 19 December 2049, subject to payment of the relevant premiums.

 * (c) The total area of new land to be granted (including reclaimed and undeveloped land) in accordance with the provisions of article 1 (b) of section II of this annex shall be limited to 20 hectares a year. The Land Commission may, on the recommendation of the Portuguese Government of Macau, consider and decide on modifications to this limit.

 * (d) From the entry into force of the Joint Declaration until 19 December 1999, all income obtained by the Portuguese Government of Macau from land leases and renewals of land leases shall be shared equally between the Portuguese Government of Macau and the future Macau Special Administrative Region Government, after deduction of the average land production cost. All the income obtained from land belonging to the Portuguese Government of Macau, including the amount of the above-mentioned deduction, shall be used for land development and public works in Macau. Income from lands belonging to the Macau Special Administrative Region Government shall be put into a reserve fund of the Macau Special Administrative Region Government and deposited with banks registered in Macau, and may be used as necessary, with the approval of the Chinese Party, by the Portuguese Government of Macau for land development and public works in Macau during the transitional period.

2. As a body representing the two Governments, the Sino-Portuguese Land Commission shall deal with land leases in Macau and other related matters.

3. The functions of the Land Commission shall be:

 * (a) To conduct consultations on the implementation of section II of this annex;

 * (b) To monitor observance of the limit on the area and the time periods of land leases and the sharing of the income obtained from land leases in accordance with the provisions of section II, article 1, of this annex;

 * (c) To consider proposals from the Portuguese Government of Macau on the use of income from land belonging to the Macau Special Administrative Region Government and submitting its views to the Chinese Party for decision.

Matters on which there is disagreement in the Land Commission shall be referred to the two Governments for solution through consultations.

4. Each Party shall designate three members of the Land Commission. Each Party may also designate experts and supporting staff, the number of which shall be decided through consultations.

5. The Land Commission shall be established on the date of the entry into force of the Joint Declaration and shall have its principal base in Macau. The Land Commission shall continue its work until 19 December 1999.

6. The members, experts and supporting staff of the Land Commission shall enjoy diplomatic privileges and immunities commensurate with their status.

7. The working procedures and organization of the Land Commission shall be decided upon by the two Parties through consultations within the guidelines laid down in this annex.

Declaração Conjunta do Governo da República Portuguesa e do Governo da República Popular da China sobre a Questão de Macau

中华人民共和国政府和葡萄牙共和国政府关于澳门问题的联合声明

title: Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration


text:
Page:The Galvanic Circuit Investigated Mathematically.pdf/29

 22

dition, originating from the point of excitation, proceeding uniformly through the whole ring, and finally again returning to the place of excitation; whilst at this place itself, a sudden spring in the electric condition, constituting the tension, is, as was previously stated, constantly perceptible. In this simple separation or division of the electricity lies the key to the most varied phenomena.

The mode of separation of the electricity has been completely determined by the preceding observation; but the absolute force of the electricity at the various parts of the ring still remains uncertain. This property may best be conceived by imagining the ring, its nature remaining otherwise unaltered, opened at the point of excitation and extended in a straight line, and representing the force of the electricity at such point by the length of a perpendicular line erected upon it; that directed upwards may represent a positive, but that downwards, a negative electrical state of the point.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text: The Keepsake for 1838/The First and The Last


text: Category:Unitas Fratrum

title: Category:Unitas Fratrum


text: The Moravian Episcopate

title: The Moravian Episcopate


text:
User talk:Dmikusii

--EncycloPetey (talk) 19:49, 23 December 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dmikusii


text:
Author:Edmund Alexander de Schweinitz

Works

 * The Moravian Episcopate (1865)

Works about Schweinitz

 * , part Edmund Alexander

title: Author:Edmund Alexander de Schweinitz


text:
Page:Hundredversesfro00fujiuoft.djvu/107

HE fishing-boats are tossed about, When stormy winds blow strong; With rudder lost, how can they reach The port for which they long? So runs the old love-song.

Nothing is known of the writer of this verse, but he is said to have lived in the tenth century. The meaning, not very clearly expressed in the translation, is that the course of true love is as uncertain as the course of the rudderless fishing-boats. In the illustration we see the fishing-boat tossing about on a rough sea and the rudder duly floating away astern.


text:
Page:Hundredversesfro00fujiuoft.djvu/109

Y little temple stands alone, No other hut is near; No one will pass to stop and praise Its vine-grown roof, I fear, Now that the autumn ’s here.

The Priest Ye-kei lived about the end of the tenth century, but nothing is known about him. In the picture he is shown outside his humble little temple with its patched roof and the vine growing up the wall.


text:
Page:Hundredversesfro00fujiuoft.djvu/111

HE waves that dash against the rocks Are broken by the wind And turned to spray; my loving heart Is broken too, I find, Since thou art so unkind.

The writer of this verse is said to have died in the year 963; for a note about the great Minamoto family, see. In the picture we see Shige-yuki, with an attendant carrying his sword, walking on the shore, while the waves break into spray at his feet.


text:
Page:Hundredversesfro00fujiuoft.djvu/113

Y constancy to her I love I never will forsake; As surely as the Palace Guards Each night their watch-fire make And guard it till daybreak.

The author was the son of the Minister Yorimoto, and he lived during the latter part of the tenth century. The illustration shows the watchman outside the Palace tending his fire.


text:
Page:The spirit of the Hebrew poetry 1861.djvu/32

 No alternative that is at once intelligible and admissible has ever yet been brought forward. God may be known and His attributes may be discoursed of, as related to the needs of the human spirit;—but not otherwise:—not a span beyond this limit has ever been attained.

"Do not I fill heaven and earth? saith the Lord. Can any hide himself in secret places that I shall not see him? Am I a God nigh at hand, and not a God afar off?" We may read the 139th Psalm throughout, and be convinced that what is inconceivable as an abstraction, or as an axiom in speculative theism, has, by the Hebrew writers, been firmly lodged in the beliefs of men in the only mode in which such a lodgment could be possible. This element of the Infinite finds a coalescent surface—a point of adhesion in the individual consciousness; a consciousness towards God which removes all other beings from our view, and which leaves us, each for himself, alone with his Creator and Judge.

In the place of interminable and abstruse definitions—defining nothing, propounding doubts and solving none—in the place of this laborious emptiness, the writer of the ode above referred to so affirms the doctrine of the omniscience and the omnipresence of God as at once to expand our belief of it to the utmost, and to concentrate it also upon the experiences of the spiritual life. God is everywhere present—in the vastness of the upper heavens—in the remotest recesses of Sheol (not Gehenna) every-


text:
Page:Uighur romanization table.pdf/1

Letters of the Alphabet

title: Page:Uighur romanization table.pdf/1


text:
Page:Peterson Magazine 1869B.pdf/473

 430 THE SONG OF LADIES' EYES.- INTO REST.

her. She returned to them, she wrote, that she had small pleasure in keeping, and was too unhappy to enjoy. A few days afterward a deed, properly signed and witnessed, was forwarded from the lawyers whom Charles Dean had recommended to her. With this deed came another letter explaining the firmness of her intentions. After that she disappeared as utterly as if no trace of her presence had ever existed.

But Mr. Dean and his mother were incapable of profiting by her generosity. All their efforts were now directed to finding and cherishing the sweet little creature who had suffered by their rigid justice, and sense of wrong. Now that she seemed irrevocably lost she was dearer to both, and rose in their estimation to the height her noble unselfishness deserved. But the one had keener regrets, more painful reminiscences, deeper cause for sorrow than the other—and his own heart, robbed and reproachful, condemned him day and night. Ever present to his memory was the girlish, gentle face as -he had seen it, with the new light upon it that his kindness had kindled there; then sad, humble, disappointed, as it had grown in later dags, beneath the strict constraint he fancied was his duty. Now, by a sudden return of sense or reason, he saw how he should have dealt with the love he felt, and the love he had won.

The great house at Riverview remained closed and desolate through all the varying seasons of another year. Storms and sunshines crept over it, fruits ripened and flowers bloomed in vain, while Charles Dean sought, far and wide, by letter, and advertisement, and personal search, for its little mistress. He spent all the time he could command, and all the means he could spare from a now narrow income, in this pursuit. At last, as the year had nearly drawn to its close, he found her.

When another Christmas-eve returned, Annette Lyle was no longer a helpless, friendless girl, but a rich and happy woman. She had received back her fortune to endow with it the  man she loved, and who loved her beyond her utmost hope. Sorrow had strengthened, and suffering ennobled her sweet nature; it seemed to him that her new experiences had set her  above him; there was something almost pathetic in the tenderness of his reverence, the devotion of his love.

And in that love she said, beyond all changing fortune, was her best CHRISTMAS GIFT.

THE SONG OF LADIES' EYES.

BY D. K. A. A SONG of ladies' eyes— Which bear the bell From blue of Summer skies? I know thou can'st not tell.

Of mirth the hazel tells, Of pride the gray, And love in brown revels; But still I say,

That blue alone of eyes Shall bear the bell; Who this plain truth denies, Is beauty's infidel.

Indeed, it is no whim; A lover will divine, Those eyes were blue that long ago Love-lighted mine.

Alas! alas! in vain I picture them anew; And as I write I sigh again— Her eyes were blue.

INTO REST.

BY EBEN E. REXFORD. "LET me rest," she whispered softly, And we hushed our busy breath; For we knew the rest she sighed for, Was the endless peace of death.

And we gatherd softly round her, In the twilight's holy calm; And the whispers of the breezes Seemed the echo of a psalm.

Gently fell the moonbeams o'er her, With her white hands on her breast; And her face grew strangely brilliant With the dawn of endless rest.

Fell her golden-fringed eyelids O'er her eyes, as though in sleep; In the silence of the twilight, We could hear each other weep.

Once her white hands fluttered gently, As they lay upon her breast; Then a quiet fell upon her, And we knew she was at rest.

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Page:The spirit of the Hebrew poetry 1861.djvu/33

 where, to the utmost borders of the material universe; but these affirmations of a universal truth are advanced in apposition to a truth which is more affecting, or which is of more intimate concernment to the devout spirit:—this spirit, its faults, its terrors, its aspirations; and this animal frame, of which it is the tenant, is in the hand of God, and is dependent upon His bounty, and is cared for in whatever relates to its precarious welfare; and thus is so great a theme—the Divine omniscience—brought home to its due culmination in an outburst of religious feeling: "How precious also are thy thoughts unto me, O God! how great is the sum of them! If I should count them, they are more in number than the sand: when I awake, I am still with Thee."

A problem absolutely insoluble, as an abstraction, and which in fact is not susceptible of any verbal enunciation in a scientific form, is that of the Divine Eternity;—or, as we are wont to say—using terms to which perhaps an attenuated meaning may be attached—the non-relationship of God to Time, and His existence otherwise than through successive instants. This is a belief which the human mind demands as a necessary condition of religious thought, and of which it finds the need at every step of the way in systematic theism, which yet is equally inconceivable, and inexpressible. In the Mosaic Ode (the 90th Psalm) the theistic axiom is so placed in apposition with the brevity and the precarious tenure of human life that the inconceivable belief becomes,


text:
Author:Daniel Ernst Jablonsky

Works

 * In the name of the Triune God blessed forever (certificate of consecration of Moravian Bishop David Nitschmann, 1737)

title: Author:Daniel Ernst Jablonsky


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Page:The Art of War in the Middle Ages (Chadwick, 1885, artofwarinmiddle00omanuoft).pdf/21

-A.D. 582.] unable to deploy or to fly, they had to stand to be cut down. It was a sight such as had been seen once before at Cannæ, and was to be seen once after at Rosbecque. Men could not raise their arms to strike a blow, so closely were they packed; spears snapped right and left, their bearers being unable to lift them to a vertical position: many soldiers were stifled in the press. Into this quivering mass the Goths rode, playing lance and sword against the helpless enemy. It was not till two-thirds of the Roman army had fallen that the thinning of the ranks enabled a few thousand men to beak out, and follow their right wing and cavalry in a headlong flight.

Such was the battle of Adrianople, the first great victory gained by that heavy cavalry which had now shown its ability to supplant the heavy infantry of Rome as the ruling power of war. During their sojourn in the steppes of South Russia the Goths, first of all Teutonic races, had become a nation of horsemen. Dwelling in the Ukraine, they had felt the influence of that land, ever the nurse of cavalry, from the day of the Scythian to that of the Tartar and Cossack. They had come to 'consider it more honourable to fight on horse than on foot ,' and every chief was followed by his war-band of mounted men. Driven against their will into conflict with the empire, they found themselves face to face with the army that had so long held the world in fear. The shock came, and, probably to his own surprise, the Goth found that his stout lance and good steed would carry him through the serried ranks of the legion. He had become the arbiter of war, the lineal ancestor of all the knights of the middle ages, the inaugurator of that ascendancy of the horseman which was to endure for a thousand years.

Theodosius, on whom developed the task of reorganizing the troops of the Eastern empire, appears to have appreciated to its fullest extent the military meaning of the fight of Adrianople. Abandoning the old Roman theory of war, he decided that the


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Page:Uighur romanization table.pdf/2

 RULES OF APPLICATION

1. Use the single prime ( ʹ ) to separate two letters representing two distinct consonantal sounds when the combination might be read as a digraph.

2. Romanize foreign words that occur in a Uighur context and are written in Uighur letters according to these rules for romanizing Uighur.

3. When hamzah is initial it is not represented in romanization. When medial it is romanized ʼ (alif).

4. Follow the rules for the capitalization of English.

NOTE: The following examples from the old Uighur romanization table are romanized differently in the new table.

title: Page:Uighur romanization table.pdf/2


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Page:On the Influence of Carbonic Acid in the Air upon the Temperature of the Ground.pdf/28

Rh

We now possess all the necessary data for an estimation of the effect on the earth's temperature which would be the result of a given variation of the aërial carbonic acid. We only need to determine the absorption-coefficient for a certain place with the help of if we know the quantity of carbonic acid ($\text{K}=1$ now) and water-vapour ($\text{W}$) of this place. By the aid of we at first determine the factor $$\rho$$ that gives the mean path of the radiation from the earth through the air and multiply the given $\text{K}$- and $\text{W}$-values by this factor. Then we determine the value of $$\beta$$ which corresponds to $$\rho\text{K}$$ and $\rho\text{W}$. Suppose now that the carbonic acid had another concentration $$\text{K}_1$$ (e. g. $\text{K}_1=1.5$). Then we at first suppose $$\text{W}$$ unaltered and seek the new value of $$\rho$$, say $\rho_1$, that is valid on this supposition. Next we have to seek $\beta$, which corresponds to $$\rho_1\text{K}_1$$ ($1.5\rho_1$) and $\rho_1\text{W}$. From we can then easily calculate the alteration ($t$) (here increase) in the temperature at the given place which will accompany the variation of $$\beta$$ from $$\beta$$ to $\beta_1$. In consequence of the variation ($t$) in the temperature, $$\text{W}$$ must also undergo a variation. As the relative humidity does not vary much, unless the distribution of land and water changes (see table 8 of my original memoir), I have supposed that this quantity remains constant, and thereby determined the new value $$\text{W}_1$$ of $\text{W}$. A fresh approximation gives in most cases values of $$\text{W}_1$$ and $$\beta_1$$ which may be regarded as definitive. In this way, therefore, we get the variation of temperature as soon as we know the actual temperature and humidity at the given place.

In order to obtain values for the temperature for the whole earth, I have calculated from Dr. Buchan's charts of the mean temperature at different places in every month the mean temperature in every district that is contained between two parallels differing by 10 and two meridians differing by 20 degrees, (e. g., between 0° and 10° N. and 160° and 180° W.). The humidity has not as yet been sufficiently examined for the whole earth; and I have therefore collected a great many measurements of the relative humidity at different places (about 780) on the earth and marked them down in maps of the world, and thereafter estimated the mean values for every district. These quantities I have tabulated for the four seasons, Dec.–Feb., March–May, June–Aug., and Sept.–Nov. The detailed table and the observations used are to be found in my original memoir: here I reproduce only the mean values for every tenth parallel.


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Page:Hundredversesfro00fujiuoft.djvu/96

Koi su tefu Waga na wa madaki Tachi ni keri Hito shirezu koso Omoi-someshi ga.

title: Page:Hundredversesfro00fujiuoft.djvu/96


text: Uighur romanization table

title: Uighur romanization table


text:
Page:Hundredversesfro00fujiuoft.djvu/98

Chigiriki na Katami-ni sode wo Shibori-tsutsu Sue no Matsu-yama Nami kosaji to wa.

title: Page:Hundredversesfro00fujiuoft.djvu/98


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Page:Hundredversesfro00fujiuoft.djvu/100

Ai-mite no Nochi no kokoro ni Kurabureba Mukashi wa mono wo Omowazari keri.


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Au koto no Taete shi nakuba Naka naka ni Hito wo mo mi wo mo Uramizaramashi.


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My principal objects in this journey were to travel northward in the direction of Lake Inawashiro; thence to pass through the province of Aidzu; to reach Niigata by the course of the river which flows from Lake Inawashiro; and to descend the West coast southwards to a point favourable for reaching Fusiyama through the mountainous province of Shinano to Kofu, and from Fusiyama to reach Tokio by one of the well-known roads.

The 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th and 9th days were dedicated to Nikko, the itinerary and features of which are well known.

From the 10th the itinerary may offer some interest to those who may wish to visit less frequented parts of the country.

10th August.—From Nikko to Imaichi—a well-known road. From Imaichi the path tends northward towards Owatari (2 ri) through a picturesque country. The river Daiyagawa (the torrent of Nikko) is passed, afterwards that of Kinagawa, which is much ravined,

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text:
Constitution of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic

Preamble
We, the working people of Czechoslovakia, solemnly declare that:

The social system for which whole generations of our workers and other working people have fought and which, since the victory of the Great October Revolution, they have had as an example before their eyes, has now under the leadership of the Czechoslovakia Communist Party also come into being in this country.

Socialism has become victorious in our homeland.

We have entered a new era in our history and we are resolved to march on towards new and still higher goals. In completing Socialist construction, we are moving on to the construction of an advanced Socialist society and we are gathering our forces for the transition to Communism.

On this road we shall march hand in hand with our great ally, the fraternal Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, and with all the other friendly countries of the world Socialist system, of which our Republic is a firm link.

We want to live in peace and friendship with all nations of the world, to contribute to peaceful coexistence and good relations between States with different social systems. By a consistent peace policy and by the general advancement of our country we shall help all nations to realise the advantages of Socialism, which is the only road to the welfare of all humanity.

Fifteen years ago, in the year 1945, our working people, liberated by the heroic Soviet Army from the chains of the Fascist occupation, decided, in view of their experience with the bourgeois Republic, to organisme their liberated country as a People's Democracy, the mission of which was to ensure peaceful development towards Socialism. The Czechoslovak Communist Party, the well-tried vanguard of the working class, which had been tempered in struggles during the bourgeois Republic and the occupation took up its place at the head of the Republic. The last large-scale attempt by international and internal reaction to thwart this development was warded off by the resolute action of the working people in February 1948.

Thus our working people first rid themselves of alien rule and then also of capitalist exploitation and became masters in their own land. During these fifteen years they have succeeded in achieving through their work and their consistent efforts successes of a kind which were unthinkable under capitalism. The advantages of the Socialist system have manifested themselves in this country quite clearly and convincingly.

The appearance of the whole country has been basically changed. Our national economy is developing and strengthening as never before. Production is growing year after year, and the living standard of all working people is constantly improving. There are no longer any exploiting classes in this country of ours, the exploitation of man by man has been eliminated forever. There are no economic crises, there is no unemployment. Education and culture are becoming the common property of all working people.

Both nations, the Czechs and the Slovaks, who established the Czechoslovak Republic, are living in fraternal harmony. The joint construction of Socialism has enabled Slovakia rapidly to overcome her former backwardness and advance to a high level in industry and agriculture.

The Czechoslovak State, in which the working people headed by the working class organised themselves, has become a people's organisation in the most genuine sense of the word — a Socialist State.

In our country all fundamental tasks of the transition from a capitalist society to a Socialist society have already been fulfilled. Human labour, set free, has become the fundamental factor in the whole of our community. It is now not only a duty, but also a matter of honour for every citizen. Now the principle of Socialism is being put into effect:—

« From each according to his abilities, to each according to his work. »

People's Democracy — as the road to Socialism — has fully justified itself: it has brought us to the victory of Socialism.

All our efforts are directed towards the creation of the material and spiritual conditions for the transition of our society to Communism.

By developing Socialist statehood we shall continue to improve our Socialist democracy, to expand the participation of our working people in State administration and economic management, to consolidate the political and moral unity of our society, to safeguard the defence of the country, to guard the revolutionary achievements of the people, and to create conditions for the development of all their creative abilities.

In the course of the further development when work will become the primary necessity of men, we intend to achieve a development of production forces and an augmentation of the richness of the society which would make it possible to satisfy all the increasing demands of the community and the general advancement of its members. It will then be possible to pass on to the accomplishment of the highest principal of distribution the Communist principle:—

« From each according to his abilities, to each according to his needs. »

To reaffirm all the present results of the struggles and work of our people and at the same time to manifest our determined will to attain still higher aims, we today enact this Socialist Constitution of our Republic.

CHAPTER I Social System

 * Article 1.

 * Article 2.

 * Article 3.

 * Article 4.
 * The vanguard of the working class, the Czechoslovak Communist Party, which is a voluntary and militant union of the most active and politically mature citizens from the ranks of the workers, peasants, and intelligentsia, shall be the governing influence in the community and in the State.

 * Article 5.
 * For the purpose of common work, of universal and active participation in the life of the community and the State, and the exercise of their rights, the working people shall associate in voluntary social organisations, in particular the Revolutionary Trade Union Movement, as well as cooperative, Youth Union, cultural, physical-training and other organisations. Certain duties of the State organs are being gradually transferred to the social organisations.

 * Article 6.
 * The National Front of Czechs and Slovaks, which incorporates the social organisations, shall be the political expression of the unity of the working people of the towns and villages, led by the Czechoslovak Communist Party.

 * Article 7.

 * Article 8.

 * Article 9.
 * Within the Socialist economic system, small-scale private enterprise based on personal work and excluding the exploitation of the labour of another shall be permissible.

 * Article 10.

 * Article 11.

 * Article 12.

 * Article 13.

 * Article 14.

 * Article 15.

 * Article 16.

 * Article 17.

 * Article 18.

CHAPTER II Rights and Duties of Citizens

 * Article 19.

 * Article 20.

 * Article 21.

 * Article 22.

 * Article 23.

 * Article 24.

 * Article 25.
 * The State shall guarantee to the citizens of Hungarian, Ukrainian and Polish nationalities the opportunities and means for education in their mother tongue and for their cultural development.

 * Article 26.

 * Article 27.
 * The equal status of the woman in the family, at work and in public activities shall be protected by a special adjustment of working conditions and by special health care in pregnancy and motherhood, and by establishments and facilities which make it possible for women to play a full part in the life of the community.

 * Article 28.

 * Article 29.
 * Citizens and organisations shall have the right to submit proposals, recommendations, and complaints to representative and other public bodies. Such bodies shall accord them attention in a responsible manner and in good time.

 * Article 30.

 * Article 31.
 * The inviolability of the home, the privacy of mail and all other communications and the freedom of domicile shall be guaranteed.

 * Article 32.

 * Article 33.
 * The Czechoslovak Socialist Republic shall grant the right of asylum to foreign nationals persecuted for advocating the interests of the working people, for the participation in the struggle for national liberation, for scientific and artistic work, or for activities in defence of peace.

 * Article 34.
 * Citizens shall observe the Constitution and other laws and in all their actions bear in mind the interests of the Socialist State and the community of the working people.

 * Article 35.
 * Citizens shall protect and consolidate Socialist property as the inviolable basis of the Socialist system and the source of the well-being of the working people and of the wealth and strength of the country.

 * Article 36.
 * Citizens shall carry out conscientiously and honestly the public functions to which they have been called by the working people and regard their fulfilment to the benefit of the community as a matter of honour.

 * Article 37.

 * Article 38.
 * Respect for the rights of fellow citizens, and the conscientious observance of the rules of Socialist co-existence shall form an inseparable part of a citizen's duties.

CHAPTER III The National Assembly

 * Article 39.

 * Article 40.

 * Article 41.

 * Article 42.
 * International political treaties, economic treaties of a general nature and those agreements whose terms must be confirmed by Law shall be submitted to the National Assembly for approval.

 * Article 43.

 * Article 44.

 * Article 45.

 * Article 46.

 * Article 47.
 * The National Assembly shall set up by Law Ministries and the other central organs of Government.

 * Article 48.
 * The National Assembly, as the supreme representative body of the Republic, shall review proposals made by the National Committees, discuss their work, make use of their experience and take steps to improve their organisation and work.

 * Article 49.
 * The National Assembly shall decide on the declaration of war if the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic is attacked or if it is necessary to comply with international agreements on joint defence against attack.

 * Article 50.

 * Article 51.

 * Article 52.

 * Article 53.

 * Article 54.

 * Article 55.
 * The National Assembly shall be responsible for the validity of the election of its Members. It shall appoint a committee on elections to give advice on such matters.

 * Article 56.
 * A Member of the National Assembly shall take the following oath at the first meeting of the National Assembly which he attends: « I hereby declare upon my honour and conscience that I shall be loyal to the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic and the cause of Socialism. I shall respect the will and interests of the people, uphold the Constitution and the other laws of the Republic and work to ensure that their provisions are carried into effect ».

 * Article 57.

 * Article 58.
 * Without the consent of the National Assembly, no member may be subject to criminal or disciplinary prosecution nor be taken into custody.

 * Article 59.

 * Article 60.

CHAPTER IV The President of the Republic

 * Article 61.

 * Article 62.

 * Article 63.

 * Article 64.
 * The President of the Republic shall take the following oath before the National Assembly: « I promise on my honour and conscience that I shall be loyal to the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic and the cause of Socialism. I shall exercise my duties in accordance with the will of the people and in the interests of the people. I shall maintain and uphold the welfare of the Republic, and observe the Constitution and other laws of the Socialist State. »

 * Article 65.
 * If the office of the President of the Republic is vacated and a new President is not yet elected or has not yet been sworn in, or if the President is unable for serious reasons to perform his duties, those duties shall be performed by the Government. In that event the Government may entrust the Prime Minister with some of the duties of the President of the Republic. The supreme command of the armed forces shall be held by the Prime Minister during that period.

CHAPTER V The Government

 * Article 66.

 * Article 67.
 * The Government shall consist of the Prime Minister, Deputy Prime Ministers, and Ministers.

 * Article 68.
 * The Government shall organise and ensure the fulfilment of the tasks of the Socialist State in the sphere of economic and cultural construction and in the improvement of the standard of living of the working people. It shall consolidate the security of the country and develop a peaceful foreign policy. For this purpose it shall in particular:— (a) unify, direct and control the work of Ministries and other central authorities of the State. (b) direct and control the work of the National Committees; (c) prepare long-term plans for the development of the national economy and the State budget and ensure and control their implementation. In carrying out long-term plans for the development of the national economy, it shall prepare annual plans and submit reports to the National Assembly on their fulfilment; (d) ensure the application of the Law, the observance of public discipline, the protection of the rights of citizens and the interests of the State; (e) make decisions and decrees in pursuance of the Law and ensure its application; (f) have the right to present bills for enactment by the National Assembly and draft regulations to its Praesidium; (g) appoint public officials and heads of economic organisations in pursuance of the Law, and nominate officials who are appointed by the President of the Republic.

 * Article 69.
 * Ministers shall be sworn in by the President of the Republic. The text of their oath shall be as follows: « I promise on my honour and conscience to be loyal to the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic and the cause of Socialism. I shall fulfil my duties according to the will of the people and in the interests of the people. I shall observe the Constitution and other laws and work to ensure that their provisions are carried into effect. »

 * Article 70.

 * Article 71.
 * On being appointed by the President of the Republic, the Government shall submit a statement of its policy to the National Assembly and seek its approval.

 * Article 72.
 * The Ministries and other central public bodies may make regulations with binding force, in pursuance of Laws and Government decrees and with a view to their application.

CHAPTER VI The Slovak National Council

 * Article 73.

 * Article 74.
 * The Slovak National Council shall have power, interalia:— (a) to enact, in harmony with national legislation — Slovak National Council laws in matters of national or regional nature, so far as special adjustments are necessary for the economic and cultural development of Slovakia; (b) to pass Slovak National Council laws wherever the Council is empowered by a law passed by the National Assembly to do so; (c) to take part in preparing the State Plan for the Development of the National Economy and within its framework to discuss the overall trend of the national economy and culture in Slovakia; (d) to discuss and approve the Budget of the Slovak National Council, its organs, and the institutions in Slovakia directly subordinated to it; (e) to submit Bills for enactment by the National Assembly; (f) to exercise controls within its own jurisdiction; (g) in the spirit of equality, to ensure favourable conditions for improving the welfare of citizens of Hungarian and Ukrainian nationality; (h) to elect the Praesidium of the Slovak National Council and from among its members the Commissioners of the Slovak National Council; (i) to discuss reports from the Praesidium, commissions, and Commissioners of the Slovak National Council.

 * Article 75.

 * Article 76.

 * Article 77.

 * Article 78.

 * Article 79.
 * The Slovak National Council shall be responsible for the validity of the election of its members. It shall appoint a committee on elections to give advice on such matters.

 * Article 80.
 * A member of the Slovak National Council shall take the following oath at the first meeting of the Slovak National Council which he attends: « I promise on my honour and conscience that I shall be loyal to the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic, to the cause of Socialism, and to the heritage of the Slovak National Rising. I shall respect the will and interests of the people, I shall be guided by the Constitution and the other laws of the Republic, and I shall work to ensure that their provisions are carried into effect. »

 * Article 81.

 * Article 82.
 * Without the consent of the Slovak National Council, no Member may be subject to criminal or disciplinary prosecution nor be taken into custody.

 * Article 83.

 * Article 84.

 * Article 85.

CHAPTER VII National Committees

 * Article 86.

 * Article 87.

 * Article 88.

 * Article 89.

 * Article 90.

 * Article 91.
 * National Committees shall be appointed for Regions, Districts, and, in the Communes, Municipalities or Localities. In Prague there shall be a National Committee for the Capital of Prague. In the boroughs of Prague and some other cities there shall be Borough National Committees.

 * Article 92.
 * The powers and responsibilities of the National Committees at their respective levels shall be determined so that the National Committee may, with the extensive participation of the working people, most effectively safeguard the economic and cultural development and the general needs of the citizens in its area.

 * Article 93.

 * Article 94.
 * In order to discharge their functions, National Committees may make binding regulations of a general character for their areas.

 * Article 95.

 * Article 96.

CHAPTER VIII Courts of Law and Office of the Procurator

 * Article 97.

 * Article 98.

 * Article 99.

 * Article 100.

 * Article 101.

 * Article 102.

 * Article 103.

 * Article 104.
 * The Office of the Procurator shall supervise the uniform application and observance of laws and other regulations by the Ministries and other organs of the State administration, by the National Committees, by the courts of justice, by economic and other organisations and also by the people. The office of the Procurator shall be in charge of the Procurator-General.

 * Article 105.

 * Article 106.
 * Subsidiary offices of the Procurator-General shall be responsible only to the Procurator-General and shall operate independently of local bodies. They shall be assisted in their work by the working people and their organisations.

CHAPTER IX General and Final Provisions

 * Article 107.

 * Article 108.
 * State citizenship shall be acquired and forfeited under conditions laid down by Law.

 * Article 109.
 * The capital city of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic shall be Prague.

 * Article 110.

 * Article 111.

 * Article 112.


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Aware to mo Iu beki hito wa Omohoede Mi no itazura ni Narinu beki kana.


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 deep and rapid, and abounds with a fish called ai. Pack-horses cannot pass this stream, and the next station on the left bank being 30 chô from the river a considerable delay in the journey takes place. Halt for the night at Funania, a village of small importance.

11th August.—From Funania to Ishigami.

From Funania to Tamania (1 ri 28 chô) about 8 chô past Tamania is a rapid torrent which can only he passed by fording. It is about 30 metres broad, and is often impassable. It is called by the country people the Arakawa. From this torrent to Takauchi (2 ri 10 chô) the road is wooded, picturesque, and the stream swift; the general direction East.

From Takauchi to Ishigami 3 ri. Two unimportant streams may be forded, and just before reaching Ishigami, a considerable stream, often impassable, named Hokigawa, running from N. to S., has to be crossed. The general direction of the road is N.

From Ishigama to Kiwattahada, 5 ri. The last three ri traverse the great plain of Nasunohara. This plain appears about ten to fifteen ri long and from three to five broad, and is covered with grass and fern, like all the hara in Japan. There are few or no trees, and little water or trace of cultivation. No house is to be met with until Kiwattahada, a village consisting of a few cottages. One ri before arriving there the traveller is still among the mountains. Beautiful streams of fresh water are to be met with, and vast dry beds of torrents, indicative of terrible storms, and bearing enormous blocks of stone and uprooted trees. From the plain of Nasunohara Mount Tsukubsan may be seen towards the S.E., and the vast chain of the Nasusan running from S.W. to N.E.

From Kiwattahada to Muronoi, three ri, over a very bad road, and with a second hara to traverse. Before reaching the village of Murunoi, a considerable torrent named Nakagawa is reached and must be forded. From Muronoi to Yamoto, 2 ri. Leaving Muronoi the gorge of the Nasusan is reached. The road becomes extremely difficult, in some places very muddy, sometimes steep and

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Page:Peterson Magazine 1869B.pdf/474

 KATE'S WINTER IN WASHINGTON.

BY FRANK LEE BENEDICT.

CONCLUDED FROM PAGE 350.

CHAPTER VII.

The next morning the first thought in Kate's! mind was the promise she had made Lily to go to her. She had fallen asleep toward daylight, and as nobody disturbed her, it was long after the breakfast hour when she woke.

She felt more of ber old spirit and courage come back, and determined to have a definite understanding with her uncle—to a temperament like hers anything was preferable to suspense. She would tell him frankly that she had agreed to seo Mrs. Marsden during the day; he could not be unreasonable enough to object. One thing she was determined on, she would not give up her friends without good cause, and she was certain there could be none. Somebody had been gossiping to her uncle—she would not be mean enough to listen to any reports.

The very fact that the Marsdens should have been in any way assailed made them show still fairer in her eyes; and she was the last person in the world to shrink from protecting those she cared for by any means in her power.

But when she got downstairs breakfast had been for some time over, and her uncle had gone out before his usual time. Mrs. Fairfield sat at the table with Kate, and poured out her coffee and pressed her to eat, and was sorry to see her so pale, and was as unpleasantly officious as one's friends are wont to be when one wishes to be let alone. At last she crowned her success by telling Kate that, in some way, she had mentioned the Marsdens, and that Mr. Wallingford had looked up from his paper.

“Just like this, my dear—you know his severe manner;" and the dear old lady squeezed her good-natured face into an expression eo ludicrous, that at any other time Kate would have screamed.

“Never mind the look, Mrs. Fairfield—tell me what he said.”

“He just muttered, ‘Bad style of people; all wrong, all wrong.’ Then louder, for me to hear, ‘Kate must recollect she is only a child— all wrong,’

Kate began to get angry; but it was of no use to vent her spleen on poor Mrs. Fairfield. She Would go to Lily, that was the one thought clear in her mind. At any cost to herself she would prove herself true to her friendship.

She left the old lady in undisturbed possession of the morning room fire, and went off to dress, and order the carriage punctually at twelve. She was sufficiently well acquainted with Madam Lily's indolent habits to know that it was very doubtful if she found her out of bed before that hour.

When she reached the house, the servant said Mrs. Marsden was in, and showed her straight into a little room dignified by the name of library; and by the time she had seated herself, the door opened and Philip appeared.

As soon as she could reply to his eager salutations, she asked,

“Where is Lily?”

He looked at her in astonishment,

“Did you not get her note?”

“What note?” demanded Kate, impatiently. “I have had no note, or heard of one.”

“Very strange,” said Marsden. “She found that she had to go out, and so wrote to you.”

“The servant said she was in,” returned Kate,

“No,” said Philip; “she came and said you wanted to speak to Mr. Marsden. I supposed there was something you wanted to tell me for Lily, that would not wait, your feminine secrets are always of such importance, and so came in at once, which must be excuse for my coat.”

It was a very becoming one, as he knew well enough —a black velvet breakfast-coat, wonderfully braided with crimson, that made him as handsome end picturesque as a troubadour. He had been gambling and drinking all night, and excess only told just enough on his magnificent physical organization to make him handsomer than usual, giving him a becoming pallor, making darker circles under his eyes. He looked all soul and intellect, and everything that was fascinating.

“I am very sorry,” Kate said, more annoyed at finding herself there than she could have given a good renson for. “Who took the note?”

“A boy who comes every morning to do all sorts of errands for us. I am sure he went, because I saw him start; perhaps the careless little rascal waited to go somewhere else first.” �

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Yura no to wo Wataru funabito Kaji wo tae Yukue mo shiranu Koi no michi kana.


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Yaemugura Shigereru yado no Sabishiki ni Hito koso miene Aki wa ki ni keri.


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Kaze wo itami Iwa utsu nami no Onore nomi Kudakete mono wo Omou koro kana.


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Mikaki mori Eji no taku hi no Yo wa moete Him wa kie-tsutsu Mono wo koso omoe.


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Kimi ga tame Oshikarazarishi Inochi sae Nagaku mogana to Omoi keru kana.


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 covered with rocks. The gradients are very sharp. In fine weather the neighbouring summit of the Nasusan may be seen with fine effect, the view embracing a vast expanse towards the S. W. and E. and presenting a magnificent ensemble.

13th August.—Halt at Yumoto.

The village of Yumoto consists of some 30 houses built solely to receive the bathers of the summer season. A torrent of mineral water runs through this open gorge from SS. [sic] to N. at the foot of mount Nasu. The only street of the village is in this gorge and runs parallel with the stream. Wooden pipes convey the water into the middle of the street by two conduits, the one bringing cold, the other, hot, water. Five square tanks of two compartments occupy about 30 metres of the road between these two streams. The mineral water contains sulphur in small quantities and alum. The temperature is very high (from 60° to 62° C.) but it can be reduced in the tanks in a few minutes to a more moderate level by a simple and ingenious system of cocks, by which the streams of hot and cold water can be regulated at will. These mineral waters are called the Shikano yu (the waters of the stag.) Tradition relates that the first persons who made use of them were led thither by observing a deer which had been wounded by hunters, its instinct leading it to resort to the waters.

The village was formerly much larger than at present. It is overlooked, in front, by several temples sufficiently well preserved, at least externally. Tt was built at about 800 metres distant from its present site. But a terrible flood in 1857-58 destroyed the whole village, and in order to avoid the repetition of a similar catastrophe, it was rebuilt higher up the valley. It contains only about a hundred inhabitants; its sole trade consisting in a little sulphur and some vegetable products used in dyeing. In winter a few deer are killed, and, though rarely, bears of a small species. It is a good game country, and possesses wood-cock and pheasants. In the neighbouring stream ai and yamame (trout) are caught.

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 To the north of the village, and after an ascent of a few minutes, the tourist is brought face to free with Nasa, a beautiful and imposing mountain. It consists of three principal peaks, one of which, called Chansugatake, is an extinct volcano. The Nasusan is properly speaking a well-defined volcano. It still emits smoke and subterranean sounds. The crater appears to be about 200 metres in diameter. The sides are arid and bear traces of eruptions of lava. The last eruption is said to have taken place in the year 1730. The ascent to the crater is easy; and that of the neighbouring peak, Bishamon, can also be made. This station would afford an agreeable resort in summer; the air is fresh and the nights are cool; but the bad state of the roads would for a long time render access to it difficult for the majority of travellers, and almost impossible for European ladies.

Another hot spring station is to be found at a place called Shiwobara, towards the West of Nasu, and to the N. E. of the road from Nikko to Aidzu, which passes not far from here. It is possible to go direct from Nasa to Aidzu by the neck of the Santagré, but the roads are very bad by the confession even of the natives.

14th August.—From Yumoto to Idoyo.

Leaving Yumoto, the left bank of the river is passed, and the traveller descends the slopes E. of the Nasu. For 4 ri these slopes are well wooded, but the roads are muddy, full of ruts and impracticable after rain. Not a house is to be met with until the miserable hamlet of Tsunago is reached, consisting at most of 70 souls, and absolutely destitute of resources. From this point to Shirakawa, a great uncultivated plain must be passed marked with the peculiar characteristics of the hara: the distance is 2 ri 15 chô.

At Shirakawa the great northern road from Tokio to Sendai in Aidzu is regained. Shirakawa is a large town of about 2 kilometres in circumference, with a large trade in silk. It is the ancient Shiro. At some distance to the West the road branches off to the N.E. towards Sendai, and N.W. towards Aidzu. In this latter direction, and at

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 in a measure, conceivable, just by help of its coalescence with an element of every one's sense of the brevity and frailty of life. So it is that the theology and the human consciousness are made to constitute a one article of belief in that spiritual economy under which man, as mortal, is in training for immortality;—as thus—"Before the mountains were brought forth, or ever Thou hadst formed the earth and the world, even from everlasting to everlasting, Thou art God." But now, in the immediate context of an affirmation which approaches the abstract style, there is found what serves to bring the higher truth into a near-at-hand bearing upon the vivid experiences of our mortal condition. "Thou turnest man to destruction, and sayest. Return, ye children of men; for a thousand years in thy sight are but as yesterday when it is passed, and as a watch in the night." Then there is conjoined with this doctrine a cautionary provision against the oriental error of so musing upon vast theologic conceptions as that the individual man forgets himself, and becomes unconscious of his own spiritual condition. It is not so with the writer of this Psalm:—"Thou hast set our iniquities before Thee; our secret sins in the light of Thy countenance.…So teach us to number our days that we may apply our hearts unto wisdom."

For making sure of this amalgamation of theologic elements with those emotions and sentiments that constitute the religious life there is found, in several


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 of the Psalms, a formal alternation of the two classes of utterances. An instance of this interchange occurs in the 147th Psalm, just above referred to; for in this Psalm, with its strophe and its antistrophe, there is first a challenge to the worship of God, as a delightful employment—then an evoking of religious national sentiment—then a message of comfort and hope, addressed to the destitute, the oppressed, the sorrowful; and last, there is the interwoven theologic element in affirmation of the Providence, Power, and bounty of God; for it is said of Him who "healeth the broken in heart, and bindeth up their wounds," that "He telleth the number of the stars, and calleth them all by their names; for great is our Lord, and of great power:—His understanding is infinite."

So it is throughout the devotional and poetic portions of the Hebrew Scriptures, that the theologic and the emotional elements are counterpoised—not as if the two diverse elements might be logically compacted into a scheme of theism; nor as if they were contradictory, the one of the other; but they are so placed as to be counteractive the one of the other, in their influence upon the human spirit. Lest the devout affections should pass off into a feeble sentimentalism (as it is their tendency to do) there is conjoined with the expression of pious emotion some reference to those attributes of the Divine Nature which inspire awe and fear; and again, lest the meditation of infinite power and purity should


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 lead the way (as it has so often done) into pantheistic mysticism, the worshipper is quickly reminded of his individual frailty—his dependence and his unworthiness. A structure, simple in its principle, and in its intention, may be traced throughout these Scriptures as a method that is always adhered to, whatever those diversities of style may be which attach to the writer—whether it be Moses, or David, or one of the later prophets.

The reading and hearing of the Old Testament from the earliest childhood—at home and in church—in these Bible-reading lands, has brought us to imagine that the belief of the Personality of God—God, the Creator, the Father of Spirits—is a belief which all men, unless argued out of it by sophistry, would accept spontaneously. These early and continuous lessons in Bible learning have imbued our minds with the conception of the Infinite Being—the Creator of all things, who, in making man in His own likeness, has opened for us a ground of intercourse—warranting, on our part, the assurance that He with whom we have to do is conscious as we are conscious, and that—so far as the finite may resemble the Infinite, He is, as we are—is one with us, is communionable, and is open to a correspondence which is properly likened to that of a father with his children.

But now, whether we look abroad in antiquity—Asiatic and European—or look to the now prevalent beliefs of eastern races, or look near at hand to recent


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 schemes of metaphysic theism, we must admit it to be true, in fact, that whatever the unsophisticated instincts of the human mind (if such could anywhere be found) might prompt men to accept and profess, their actual dispositions—perverted as these are—impel them to put, in the place of this belief, either a sensuous and debasing polytheism, or a vapid pantheism. So it has been in all time past, and so at the moment now passing:—so it has been among brutalized troglodytes;—and so is it among "the most advanced thinkers" of modern literature.

Always, and now, it is true that the Hebrew writers stand possessed of an unrivalled prerogative as the Teachers—not merely of monotheism, but of the spirit-stirring belief of God—as near to man by the nearness or homogeneousness of the moral consciousness. Near to us is He, not only because in Him "we live and move and have our being," but because He—infinite in power and intelligence—is in so true a sense one with us that the unabated terms of human emotion are a proper and genuine medium of intercourse between Him and ourselves.

To remove this Bible belief to as great a distance as possible from daily life and feeling, has been the intention of all superstitions, whether gay or terrific; and it has been the aim also of abstract speculation, and, not less so, of Art and of Poetry, with their manifold fascinations; and therefore it is that the Hebrew Scriptures are so specially distasteful


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 2$1⁄2$ ri from Shirakawa, is to be found the village of Idoyo—18 to 20 houses.

Leaving Idoyo the road takes a general direction northward. The country is very undulating and well wooded, and the following villages are passed:

At the latter point you leave the Oukaido (or great road) if it is desired to go direct to the Lake Inawashiro. Formerly a shira was standing in this important place which is one of the gates of the province of Aidzu, either by the direct road or by the defile which leads to the Luke Inawashiro. To reach the latter point it is necessary to proceed by way of Takinohara (1 ri) with one relay of horses, passing through a pretty valley variously cultivated, bounded on the N.E. by the mountains of Iwaki. On dismounting, the defile or neck of Oyuwake is entered. The road follows, at a rounded angle, a stream which runs from N. to S. Both banks are covered with thick wood rendered useless by want of roads. The right bank is formed by a somewhat remarkable mountain, Achimangatake, the ascent of which is prolonged for about 2 ri. Nearly at the summit a single post-house is be found, called Oyawake, and at 1,000 m. above this point one of the finest views in Japan may be enjoyed. It extends towards the South and South-east, with an immense horizon bounded by the lofty mountains of Sendai and Oshiu.

Still contianing to climb these steep slopes, the traveller leaves, with many regrets, this magnificent country and arrives at the boundary which divides the waters of the Pacific from those of the Sea of Japan, a venerable gate and a feudal barrier informiug him of his entrance into the province of Aidzu. This boundary is hardly reached before a rapid descent towards the north is commenced, and a view is gained as superb as that which has just been left behind. A succession of the mountain-chains of Aidzu and Sendai extends to the North. At a

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 to those whose convictions they have not secured, and whose faith they do not command. It is the clearness—it is the fulness—it is the unfaltering decisiveness of the Hebrew writers, from the earliest of them to the latest, on this ground, that constitutes the broad characteristic of the Old Testament Scriptures, when brought into comparison with any other literature—ancient or modern. We may reject the anthropomorphic symbolism of these writings, as repugnant to our abstract notions of the Divine Nature; but this we must grant to be their distinction—namely, a uniform consistency in the use they make of the vocabulary of human sentiment, passion, emotion, so as to bring the conception of the Personal God into the nearest possible alliance with the human consciousness, on that side of it where a return to virtue, if ever it is brought about, must take place. God is near to man—and one with him for his recovery to wisdom and goodness. The instances are trite;—and they will occur to the recollection of every Bible reader; yet let one or two be here adduced.

The Hebrew prophet, and poet, meets and satisfies the first requirement of the awakened human spirit, which is an assured communion with God on terms of hopefulness and amity, as well as of the profoundest awe, and of unaffected humiliation. And this assurance is so conveyed as shall intimately blend the highest theistic conceptions with the health-giving consciousness of unmerited favour.


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 —"Thus saith the High and Lofty One that inhabiteth eternity, whose name is Holy; I dwell in the high and holy place, with him also that is of a contrite and humble spirit, to revive the spirit of the humble, and to revive the heart of the contrite ones: for I will not contend for ever, neither will I be always wrath; for the spirit should fail before me, and the souls which I have made."

The same conditions are observed—and they should be noted—in this parallel passage—"Thus saith the Lord, The heaven is my throne, and the earth is my footstool. Where is the house that ye build me? and where is the place of my rest? For all these things hath my hand made; and all these things have been, saith the Lord: but to this man will I look, even to him that is poor and of a contrite spirit, and that trembleth at my word."

These familiar passages are illustrations, and they are demonstrations, of that mode of teaching "the things of God" which distinguishes the Hebrew Scriptures from all other writings—professedly religious—ancient or modern (those of course excepted which follow this same guidance). The terms are symbolic, or figurative purely; and the Divine attributes are not otherwise affirmed than in their bearing upon the spiritual welfare of that one class of minds that needs, and that will rightly avail itself of, this kind of teaching. To minds of the metaphysic class there is no conveyance of theistic axioms:—to minds of the captious temperament there is none:


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 to the sensual and sordid, or the contumacious and impious, there is none. These passages are as a stream of the effulgence of the upper heavens, sent down through an aperture in a dense cloud, to rest with a life-giving power of light and heat upon the dwelling of the humble worshipper. Whether this humble worshipper be one who turns the soil for his daily bread, or be the occupant of a professor's chair, it shall be the same theology that he hence derives: the former will not think to ask—and the latter will be better trained than to ask—how it is that the Omnipresent can be said, either to be seated on a throne in an upper heaven, or to make earth His footstool:—neither the one nor the other will take offence at the solecism of "inhabiting eternity." A solecism if it be;—nevertheless it is probable that no compact of words coming within the range of language has better conveyed than this does the inconceivable idea of the Divine Existence—irrespective of Time.

Biblical utterances of the first truths in Theology possess the grandeur of the loftiest poetry, as well as a rhythmical or artificial structure; and they hold off from entanglement with metaphysic perplexities—was it because the writers were men of a nation incapable of abstract thought? If this were granted, then, on merely natural principles, we ought to find them sometimes forgetful of their purpose as religious teachers, while they wander forth, in oriental style, upon grounds of gorgeous imagination. Never


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 do they do this. Poets as they were in soul, and in phrase too, they are strictly mindful of their function as teachers of spiritual and ethical principles. David says—as our version has it—"The Lord is in His holy temple: the Lord's throne is in heaven: His eyes behold, His eyelids try the children of men." Four affirmations meet us within the compass of these few words, and each of them has a specific meaning—inviting the religious teacher to open it out, and bring it to bear with effect upon the religious life; and in the third and the fourth of these clauses a meaning of peculiar significance is conveyed, which, instead of a vague averment of the Divine omniscience, turns this doctrine in upon the conscience with a burning intensity. No phrases could more vividly than do these, give force to the conception of this critical observation of the characters and conduct of men—singly; for in relation to a process of moral discipline, He who is the Father of spirits "beholds the children of men, and His eyelids try them." It is true of the Creator, that He "knoweth all the fowls of the mountains, and the wild beasts of the forest, and that the cattle upon a thousand hills are His;" but it is a truth of another order that is affirmed—it is a truth penetrative of the conscience—it is a truth, not metaphysic or poetic, but sternly ethical, that is here presented in metaphor. A keen scrutiny of the concealed motives and of the undeveloped tendencies of the heart on the part of One who is firmly-purposed, and who is severely exact


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48 cavalier, when the traditions of old Roman organization gave place to mere centralization, then no amount of the inherited mechanical skill of past ages could save the Byzantine empire from its fall. The rude vigour of the Western knight accomplished the task Chosroes and Crumn, Moslemah and Sviatoslaf, had found too hard for them. But it was not the empire of Heraclius of John Zimisces, of Leo the Isaurian, or Leo the Armenian, that was subdued by the piratical Crusaders, it was only the dimished and disorganized realm of the miserable Alexius Angelus.