text:
Page:Wikidata as a knowledge graph for the life sciences.pdf/14

 Feature Article

Science Forum Wikidata as a knowledge graph for the life sciences Köhler S, Stupp GS. 2020. SuLab/boqa: release v1.0 2020-01-21. Zenodo. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo. 3620979 Lam C, Ferreira C, Krasnewich D, Toro C, Latham L, Zein WM, Lehky T, Brewer C, Baker EH, Thurm A, Farmer CA, Rosenzweig SD, Lyons JJ, Schreiber JM, Gropman A, Lingala S, Ghany MG, Solomon B, Macnamara E, Davids M, et al. 2017. Prospective phenotyping of NGLY1-CDDG, the first congenital disorder of deglycosylation. Genetics in Medicine 19: 160–168. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/gim.2016.75, PMID: 27388694 Lewis J, Snyder M, Hyatt-Knorr H. 2017. Marking 15 years of the Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center. Translational Science of Rare Diseases 2:77– 88. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3233/TRD-170011, PMID: 2 9152459 Lin XV, Socher R, Xiong C. 2018. Multi-hop knowledge graph reasoning with reward shaping. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/1808.10568. Maiella S, Olry A, Hanauer M, Lanneau V, Lourghi H, Donadille B, Rodwell C, Köhler S, Seelow D, Jupp S, Parkinson H, Groza T, Brudno M, Robinson PN, Rath A. 2018. Harmonising phenomics information for a better interoperability in the rare disease field. European Journal of Medical Genetics 61:706–714. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmg.2018.01.013, PMID: 29425702 Manske M. 2020. Mix’n’match. https://tools.wmflabs. org/mix-n-match/#/ Mayers MD, Su AI. 2020. SuLab/WD-rephetio-analysis: v1.1 release on 2020-01-21. Zenodo. http://doi.org/10. 5281/zenodo.3620811 Mayers MD, Stupp GS, Su AI. 2020. SuLab/ genewikiworld: v1.1 release on 2020-01-21. Zenodo. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3620812 McKusick VA. 2007. Mendelian Inheritance In Man and its online version, OMIM. The American Journal of Human Genetics 80:588–604. DOI: https://doi.org/10. 1086/514346, PMID: 17357067 Mitchell AL, Attwood TK, Babbitt PC, Blum M, Bork P, Bridge A, Brown SD, Chang HY, El-Gebali S, Fraser MI, Gough J, Haft DR, Huang H, Letunic I, Lopez R, Luciani A, Madeira F, Marchler-Bauer A, Mi H, Natale DA, et al. 2019. InterPro in 2019: improving coverage, classification and access to protein sequence annotations. Nucleic Acids Research 47:D351–D360. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gky1100, PMID: 303 98656 Mora-Cantallops M, Sánchez-Alonso S, Garcı́aBarriocanal E. 2019. A systematic literature review on Wikidata. Data Technologies and Applications 53:250– 268. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/DTA-12-2018-0110 Mungall CJ, McMurry JA, Köhler S, Balhoff JP, Borromeo C, Brush M, Carbon S, Conlin T, Dunn N, Engelstad M, Foster E, Gourdine JP, Jacobsen JO, Keith D, Laraway B, Lewis SE, NguyenXuan J, Shefchek K, Vasilevsky N, Yuan Z, et al. 2017. The Monarch Initiative: an integrative data and analytic platform connecting phenotypes to genotypes across species. Nucleic Acids Research 45:D712–D722. DOI: https:// doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkw1128, PMID: 27899636 Nelson SJ, Zeng K, Kilbourne J, Powell T, Moore R. 2011. Normalized names for clinical drugs: RxNorm at 6 years. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 18:441–448. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/ amiajnl-2011-000116, PMID: 21515544

Waagmeester et al. eLife 2020;9:e52614. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.52614

Nielsen FA, Mietchen D, Willighagen E. 2017. Scholia, Scientometrics and Wikidata. In: Blomqvist E, Hose K, Paulheim H, Ławrynowicz A, Ciravegna F, Hartig O (Eds). The Semantic Web: ESWC 2017 Satellite Events, Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer International Publishing. p. 237–259. DOI: https://doi. org/10.1007/978-3-319-70407-4_36 Pawson AJ, Sharman JL, Benson HE, Faccenda E, Alexander SP, Buneman OP, Davenport AP, McGrath JC, Peters JA, Southan C, Spedding M, Yu W, Harmar AJ, NC-IUPHAR. 2014. The IUPHAR/BPS guide to PHARMACOLOGY: an expert-driven knowledgebase of drug targets and their ligands. Nucleic Acids Research 42:D1098–D1106. DOI: https://doi.org/10. 1093/nar/gkt1143, PMID: 24234439 Putman TE, Lelong S, Burgstaller-Muehlbacher S, Waagmeester A, Diesh C, Dunn N, Munoz-Torres M, Stupp GS, Wu C, Su AI, Good BM. 2017. WikiGenomes: an open web application for community consumption and curation of gene annotation data in Wikidata. Database 2017:bax025. DOI: https://doi. org/10.1093/database/bax025 Putman T, Hybiske K, Jow D, Afrasiabi C, Lelong S, Cano MA, Wu C, Su AI. 2019. ChlamBase: a curated model organism database for the Chlamydia research community. Database 2019:baz041. DOI: https://doi. org/10.1093/database/baz041, PMID: 30985891 Reiser L, Berardini TZ, Li D, Muller R, Strait EM, Li Q, Mezheritsky Y, Vetushko A, Huala E. 2016. Sustainable funding for biocuration: The Arabidopsis Information Resource (TAIR) as a case study of a subscriptionbased funding model. Database 2016:baw018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/database/baw018, PMID: 26989150 Sansone SA, McQuilton P, Rocca-Serra P, GonzalezBeltran A, Izzo M, Lister AL, Thurston M, FAIRsharing Community. 2019. FAIRsharing as a community approach to standards, repositories and policies. Nature Biotechnology 37:358–367. DOI: https://doi. org/10.1038/s41587-019-0080-8, PMID: 30940948 Scholia. 2019. Scholia, ACE Inhibitor Pathway. https:// tools.wmflabs.org/scholia/pathway/Q29892242 Schriml LM, Mitraka E, Munro J, Tauber B, Schor M, Nickle L, Felix V, Jeng L, Bearer C, Lichenstein R, Bisordi K, Campion N, Hyman B, Kurland D, Oates CP, Kibbey S, Sreekumar P, Le C, Giglio M, Greene C. 2019. Human Disease Ontology 2018 update: classification, content and workflow expansion. Nucleic Acids Research 47:D955–D962. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.1093/nar/gky1032, PMID: 30407550 Shin J-M. 2004. PDB-Ligand: a ligand database based on PDB for the automated and customized classification of ligand-binding structures. Nucleic Acids Research 33:D238–D241. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.1093/nar/gki059 Slenter DN, Kutmon M, Hanspers K, Riutta A, Windsor J, Nunes N, Mélius J, Cirillo E, Coort SL, Digles D, Ehrhart F, Giesbertz P, Kalafati M, Martens M, Miller R, Nishida K, Rieswijk L, Waagmeester A, Eijssen LMT, Evelo CT, et al. 2018. WikiPathways: a multifaceted pathway database bridging metabolomics to other omics research. Nucleic Acids Research 46:D661– D667. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkx1064, PMID: 29136241 Smedley D, Haider S, Durinck S, Pandini L, Provero P, Allen J, Arnaiz O, Awedh MH, Baldock R, Barbiera G, Bardou P, Beck T, Blake A, Bonierbale M, Brookes AJ,

14 of 15


text:
Page:Wikidata as a knowledge graph for the life sciences.pdf/15

 Feature Article

Science Forum Wikidata as a knowledge graph for the life sciences Bucci G, Buetti I, Burge S, Cabau C, Carlson JW, et al. 2015. The BioMart community portal: an innovative alternative to large, centralized data repositories. Nucleic Acids Research 43:W589–W598. DOI: https:// doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkv350, PMID: 25897122 Southan C, Sharman JL, Benson HE, Faccenda E, Pawson AJ, Alexander SP, Buneman OP, Davenport AP, McGrath JC, Peters JA, Spedding M, Catterall WA, Fabbro D, Davies JA, NC-IUPHAR. 2016. The IUPHAR/BPS guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. Nucleic Acids Research 44:D1054–D1068. DOI: https://doi.org/10. 1093/nar/gkv1037, PMID: 26464438 Sprague ER. 2017. ORCID. Journal of the Medical Library Association 105:207–208. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.5195/jmla.2017.89 Stupp GS, Su AI. 2018. Drug indications extracted from FAERS. Zenodo. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo. 3620977 Stupp GS, Waagmeester A, Tsueng G, Pico AR, Tu R, Ul-Hasan S, Burgstaller-Muehlbacher S, Riutta A, Jacobson M, Su AI. 2020. SuLab/scheduled-bots: release v1.0 2020-01-21. Zenodo. http://doi.org/10. 5281/zenodo.1436000 Sud M, Fahy E, Cotter D, Brown A, Dennis EA, Glass CK, Merrill AH, Murphy RC, Raetz CR, Russell DW, Subramaniam S. 2007. LMSD: LIPID MAPS Structure Database. Nucleic Acids Research 35:D527–D532. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkl838, PMID: 170 98933 Tu R, Stupp GS, Su AI. 2020. SuLab/Wikidataphenomizer: release v1.0 on 2020-01-15. Zenodo. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3609142 Turki H, Shafee T, Hadj Taieb MA, Ben Aouicha M, Vrandečić D, Das D, Hamdi H. 2019. Wikidata: a largescale collaborative ontological medical database. Journal of Biomedical Informatics 99:103292. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbi.2019.103292, PMID: 31557529 UniProt Consortium. 2019. UniProt: a worldwide hub of protein knowledge. Nucleic Acids Research 47: D506–D515. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/ gky1049, PMID: 30395287 Ursu O, Holmes J, Knockel J, Bologa CG, Yang JJ, Mathias SL, Nelson SJ, Oprea TI. 2017. DrugCentral: online drug compendium. Nucleic Acids Research 45: D932–D939. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/ gkw993, PMID: 27789690 van Iersel MP, Pico AR, Kelder T, Gao J, Ho I, Hanspers K, Conklin BR, Evelo CT. 2010. The BridgeDb framework: standardized access to gene, protein and metabolite identifier mapping services. BMC Bioinformatics 11:5. DOI: https://doi.org/10. 1186/1471-2105-11-5, PMID: 20047655 Vrandečić D. 2012. Wikidata: a new platform for collaborative data collection. Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on World Wide Web. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/2187980.2188242 Wang Y, Xiao J, Suzek TO, Zhang J, Wang J, Bryant SH. 2009. PubChem: a public information system for analyzing bioactivities of small molecules. Nucleic Acids Research 37:W623–W633. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.1093/nar/gkp456, PMID: 19498078 Wang M, Carver JJ, Phelan VV, Sanchez LM, Garg N, Peng Y, Nguyen DD, Watrous J, Kapono CA, LuzzattoKnaan T, Porto C, Bouslimani A, Melnik AV, Meehan

Waagmeester et al. eLife 2020;9:e52614. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.52614

MJ, Liu WT, Crüsemann M, Boudreau PD, Esquenazi E, Sandoval-Calderón M, Kersten RD, et al. 2016. Sharing and community curation of mass spectrometry data with global natural products social molecular networking. Nature Biotechnology 34:828–837. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.3597, PMID: 27504778 Wilkinson MD, Dumontier M, Aalbersberg IJ, Appleton G, Axton M, Baak A, Blomberg N, Boiten JW, da Silva Santos LB, Bourne PE, Bouwman J, Brookes AJ, Clark T, Crosas M, Dillo I, Dumon O, Edmunds S, Evelo CT, Finkers R, Gonzalez-Beltran A, et al. 2016. The FAIR guiding principles for scientific data management and stewardship. Scientific Data 3: 160018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2016.18, PMID: 26978244 Wilkinson MD, Dumontier M, Sansone SA, Bonino da Silva Santos LO, Prieto M, Batista D, McQuilton P, Kuhn T, Rocca-Serra P, Crosas M, Schultes E. 2019. Evaluating FAIR maturity through a scalable, automated, community-governed framework. Scientific Data 6:1–12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597019-0184-5, PMID: 31541130 Williams AJ, Grulke CM, Edwards J, McEachran AD, Mansouri K, Baker NC, Patlewicz G, Shah I, Wambaugh JF, Judson RS, Richard AM. 2017. The CompTox chemistry dashboard: a community data resource for environmental chemistry. Journal of Cheminformatics 9:61. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/ s13321-017-0247-6, PMID: 29185060 Willighagen E, Slenter D, Mietchen D, Evelo C, Nielsen F. 2018. Wikidata and scholia as a hub linking chemical knowledge. Figshare. https://figshare.com/ articles/Wikidata_and_Scholia_as_a_hub_linking_ chemical_knowledge/6356027. Wimalaratne SM, Juty N, Kunze J, Janée G, McMurry JA, Beard N, Jimenez R, Grethe JS, Hermjakob H, Martone ME, Clark T. 2018. Uniform resolution of compact identifiers for biomedical data. Scientific Data 5:180029. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2018.29, PMID: 29737976 Wohlgemuth G, Mehta SS, Mejia RF, Neumann S, Pedrosa D, Pluskal T, Schymanski EL, Willighagen EL, Wilson M, Wishart DS, Arita M, Dorrestein PC, Bandeira N, Wang M, Schulze T, Salek RM, Steinbeck C, Nainala VC, Mistrik R, Nishioka T, et al. 2016. SPLASH, a hashed identifier for mass spectra. Nature Biotechnology 34:1099–1101. DOI: https://doi.org/10. 1038/nbt.3689, PMID: 27824832 Xin J, Afrasiabi C, Lelong S, Adesara J, Tsueng G, Su AI, Wu C. 2018. Cross-linking BioThings APIs through JSON-LD to facilitate knowledge exploration. BMC Bioinformatics 19:30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/ s12859-018-2041-5, PMID: 29390967 Xiong W, Hoang T, Wang WY. 2017. DeepPath: a reinforcement learning method for knowledge graph reasoning. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/1707.06690. Zerbino DR, Achuthan P, Akanni W, Amode MR, Barrell D, Bhai J, Billis K, Cummins C, Gall A, Girón CG, Gil L, Gordon L, Haggerty L, Haskell E, Hourlier T, Izuogu OG, Janacek SH, Juettemann T, To JK, Laird MR, et al. 2018. Ensembl 2018. Nucleic Acids Research 46:D754–D761. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/ gkx1098, PMID: 29155950

15 of 15

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Index talk:Wikidata as a knowledge graph for the life sciences.pdf

paper render sources
would you happen to have it handy? Arlo Barnes (talk) 22:05, 8 January 2024 (UTC)


text: Page:Insurgent Mexico 1914.djvu/9

title: Page:Insurgent Mexico 1914.djvu/9


text:
Page:Insurgent Mexico 1914.djvu/11

Dear Copey:

''I remember you thought it strange that my first trip abroad didn’t make me want to write about what I saw there. But since then I have visited a country which stimulated me to express it in words. And as I wrote these impressions of Mexico I couldn’t help but think that I never would have seen what I did see had it not been for your teaching me.''

I can only add my word to what so many who are writing already have told you: That to listen to you is to learn how to see the hidden beauty of the visible world; that to be your friend is to try to be intellectually honest.

So I dedicate this book to you with the understanding that you shall take as your own the parts that please you, and forgive me the rest.

As ever,

Jack.

New York,

July 8, 1914.

title: Page:Insurgent Mexico 1914.djvu/11


text: Page:Insurgent Mexico 1914.djvu/12

title: Page:Insurgent Mexico 1914.djvu/12


text:
Page:Complete Works of Count Tolstoy - 20.djvu/94

 this enormous, tensely active institution, which consists of an army of half a million, costing the nation tens of millions ?

The activity of this church consists in using every possible means for the purpose of instilling in the one hundred millions of the Russian population those obsolete, backward faiths, which now have no justification whatso- ever, and which sometime in the past were professed by people that are alien to our nation, and in which hardly any one now believes, frequently even not those whose duty it is to disseminate these false doctrines.

The inculcation of these alien, obsolete formulas of the Byzantine clergy, which no longer have any meaning for the men of our time, about the Trinity, the Holy Virgin, the sacraments, grace, and so forth, forms one part of the activity of the Eussian Church ; another part of its activity consists in the activity of maintaining idolatry in the direct sense of the word, — worshipping holy relics and images, bringing sacrifices to them, and expecting from them the fulfilment of their wishes. I shall not speak of what is spoken and written by the clergy with a shade of learning and liberalism in the clerical periodicals, but of what actually is done by the clergy over the breadth of the Russian land among a population of one hundred million people. What do they carefully, persistently, tensely, everywhere without exception, teach the people ? What is demanded of them on the strength of the so-called Christian faith ?

I will begin with the beginning, with the birth of a child : at the birth of a child, the clergy teaches that a prayer has to be read over the mother and the child, in order to purify them, since without this prayer the mother who has given birth to a child is accursed. For this purpose the priest takes the child in his hands in front of the representations of the saints, which the masses simply call gods, and pronounces exorcising words, and


text:
Page:History of the Literature of the Scandinavian North.djvu/249

Rh generation, also kindled Oehlenschläger’s enthusiasm, and in a little drama which he wrote on this occasion, we hear for the first time notes, whose pure and deep harmony was full of promise in regard to the author’s future success. He was also already at that time writing extensively for several literary journals. He cultivated his mind by daily intercourse with the most prominent persons of the younger generation, and was, in fact, one of the literary representatives of the period, though but few had any foreboding of the extraordinary powers that lay hidden and only waited for a favorable opportunity to be released. He had himself a strong, though undefined, consciousness that he was destined to fulfil a high mission, but not until he had made the acquaintance of Steffens did it become clear to him wherein this mission consisted, and in what manner it was to be accomplished.

was born in Norway, 1773, but educated in Denmark. From childhood nature had exercised a peculiarly strong influence on him, and as soon as he entered the university, he began to devote himself with great zeal to the study of natural sciences. On a journey to Germany he became a pupil of the naturalist and philosopher Schelling, and in 1802 he returned to Denmark for the purpose of preaching the gospel of the new school, and of being the apostle of its philosophy and romanticism. Being a man of commanding talents and great strength of character, and being, moreover, enthusiastically devoted to his mission, he made an extraordinary impression on the youth by the new doctrines which he was propagating. The barren ideals of the age of enlightenment in which people had rested in sluggish satisfaction, cleared away before the strokes of “the man of the thunderbolt,” and new wide avenues opened on every side, though they were illuminated only by the faint glare of the twilight, for Steffens was not the man who was able to clear away the mist. He remained only one year and a half in Denmark, and it is more than doubtful whether it would have been of any advantage either to himself or to


text:
Page:On growth and form (IA ongrowthform1917thom).pdf/22

2 brings into relation with itself: with every physical law and every mathematical theorem which it learns to take into its employ. Between the physiology of Haller, fine as it was, and that of Helmholtz, Ludwig, Claude Bernard, there was all the difference in the world,

As soon as we adventure on the paths of the physicist, we learn to weigh and to measure, to deal with time and space and mass and their related concepts, and to find more and more our knowledge expressed and our needs satisfied through the concept of number, as in the dreams and visions of Plato and Pythagoras; for modern chemistry would have gladdened the hearts of those great philosophic dreamers.

But the zoologist or morphologist has been slow, where the physiologist has long been eager, to invoke the aid of the physical or mathematical sciences; and the reasons for this difference lie deep, and m part are rooted in old traditions. 'The zoologist has scarce begun to dream of defining, in mathematical language, even the simpler organic forms. When he finds a simple geometrical construction, for instance in the honey-comb, he would fain refer it to psychical instinct or design rather than to the operation of physical forces; when he sees in snail, or nautilus, or tiny foraminiferal or radiolarian shell, a close approach to the perfect sphere or spiral, he is prone, of old habit, to believe that it is alter all something more than a spiral or a sphere, and that in this "something more" there lies what neither physics nor mathematics can explain. In short he is deeply reluctant to compare the living with the dead, or to explain by geometry or by dynamics the things which have their part in the mystery of lite. Moreover he is little inclined to feel the need of such explanations or of such extension of his field of thought. He is not without some justification if he feels that in admiration of nature's handiwork he hag an horizon open before his eyes as wide as any man requires. He has the help of many fascinating theories within the bounds of his own science, which, though a little lacking in precision, serve the purpose of ordering his thoughts and of suggesting new objects of enquiry. His art of classification becomes a ceaseless and an endless search after the blood-relationships of things living, and the pedigrees of things


text:
Page:History of the Literature of the Scandinavian North.djvu/250

232 others if he had prolonged his stay. But during that short time he succeeded in enlarging the intellectual horizon of the nation, and thus, when he returned to Germany, where he remained as a university professor until his death in 1845, he had really accomplished an important work in Denmark. His work was of great benefit to the whole Danish people through the powerful influence which he exercised on the most gifted young men of the time, such as the brothers Oersted, Mynster, Grundtvig, Schack von Staffeldt, Blicher, and others. But his influence on OehlenschägerOehlenschläger [sic] proved to be the most decided and enduring.

When Steffens came to Copenhagen, Oehlenschläger had begun the printing of a Norse tale and had made a contract with a publisher in regard to the publication of a volume of poems. They were doubtless similar in character to those already issued by the author, and which had made the impression on Steffens that they had been written by an old man. Oehlenschläger at once felt himself powerfully drawn toward the enthusiastic philosopher, and Steffens’ robust thoughts, which placed poetry, religion and nature in an altogether new and different light and which did justice to the human spirit in all its relations, found a fertile soil in the heart of the young poet. After a conversation of sixteen hours with Steffens the transformation was complete, and the “old man” was changed into a youth full of romantic poetry. That northern tale and those poems were laid aside, and on the morning following that memorable night he at once took the first step in his new career, and composed a poem on the splendid and very ancient golden horns, which had just then been stolen from the royal cabinet of antiquities. In a most fascinating manner the poet represented the horns as a choice gift of the gods, which they, however, had taken back, because man had failed to appreciate them as the precious relics of a venerable antiquity, but only valued them in proportion to the amount of gold they contained. Oehlenschläger has probably nowhere else struck the romantic key so purely and so deeply as in this


text:
Page:History of the Literature of the Scandinavian North.djvu/251

Rh poem. It had a peculiar ring and rhythm such as had never before been heard in Denmark, and Steffens was at once compelled to acknowledge that the author was a genuine and truly great poet.

What Oehlenschläger now achieved is really astonishing. In the course of a few months he completed a volume of poems, the most of which bear evidence of the intellectual change which had taken place in him. The volume contains a great number of romances and the lyrical drama “St. Hans Aftenspil” (The Play of St. John’s Eve). The latter is one of the most marked of the author’s works; full of romantic passages and at the same time a bold challenge, overflowing with the proud consciousness of certain victory, against the narrow views of poetry and of life on the part of the old school of letters. These poems made the greatest sensation and many were highly enraged at Oehlenschläger, but, like an impetuous, irresistible torrent, they carried the whole young generation with them. All resistance was useless; and with this single daring stroke the poet gained the foremost place in Danish national literature. In 1805 there appeared two new volumes, “Poetiske Skrifter,” which, in addition to a number of poems and cycles of poems (like “Langelandsreisen” and “Jesu Christi gjentagne Liv i den aarlige Natur” ), also contains the deeply significant and symbolical “Vaulunders Saga,” the materials of which were borrowed from the ancient times of the North, and “Aladdin eller den forunderlige Lampe,” in which the legend of A Thousand and One Nights has been dramatized with a master’s hand, and which is one of the greatest masterpieces, not only in Scandinavian, but also in European literature.

In 1805 Oehlenschläger made a journey abroad. He first visited Steffens, in Halle, and thereupon he travelled from place to place in Germany, France, Italy and Switzerland, everywhere visiting the representatives of literature—Goethe, Tieck, Madame de Staël, and others. During this time Oeh-


text:
Page:History of the Literature of the Scandinavian North.djvu/252

234 lenschläger wrote some of his most exquisite works. In Halle he completed “Hakon Jarl,” the most excellent of all his plays. In this tragedy the poet wished to extol Christianity as contrasted with heathendom, though the main interest of the play attaches to the representative of the latter, who, in spite of his savage nature, is a grand character, drawn with great dramatic skill. His tragedy, “Palnatoke,” is the counterpart of “Hakon Jarl,” in so far as the former represents one of the noblest characters from the heathen time, with the shady side of Catholicism as a background. Between these two tragedies he wrote “Balder hin Gode” in the antique style, with the compositions of Sophocles fresh in his mind.

From northern antiquities Oehlenschläger passed over to the romantic middle age, borrowing from its ballad literature the materials for his tragedy “Axel og Valborg.” In Rome he wrote the artistic tragedy “Corregio” in the German language, as he was anxious to be acknowledged as a naturalized German author. Although his drama was played in several theaters and was received with great applause, still he neither then nor later accomplished his aim. The reason for this failure must, indeed, largely be sought in his marked northern spirit and feeling, which found no intelligent response in Germany, but want of appreciation among the Germans is mainly attributable to the fact that the whole pantheon of northern gods and heroes, from which Oehlenschläger borrowed the materials for his most charming works, was at the time when he wrote them, almost entirely unknown in Germany, and thus the Germans lacked the most important conditions for a thorough understanding of his compositions. To this must be added that Oehlenschläger himself did a great deal to hinder a correct estimate of him as a poet in Germany. Instead of causing his works to be translated into German by persons thoroughly familiar with the language, he abandoned himself to the illusion that he had mastered German sufficiently to become a German poet in


text:
Page:Tristan and Iseult (Belloc 1914).djvu/147

HEN Tristan had come back to Orri's hut, and had loosened his heavy pilgrim's cape, he saw clearly in his heart that it was time to keep his oath to King Mark and to fly the land.

Three days yet he tarried, because he could not drag himself away from that earth, but on the fourth day he thanked the woodman, and said to Gorvenal:

"Master, the hour is come."

And he went into Wales, into the land of the great Duke Gilain, who was young, powerful, and frank in spirit, and welcomed him nobly as a God-sent guest.

And he did everything to give him honour and joy; but he found that neither adventure, nor feast could soothe what Tristan suffered.


text:
Page:Tristan and Iseult (Belloc 1914).djvu/148

 One day, as he sat by the young Duke's side, his spirit weighed upon him, so that not knowing it he groaned, and the Duke, to soothe him, ordered into his private room a fairy thing, which pleased his eyes when he was sad and relieved his own heart; it was a dog, and the varlets brought it in to him, and they put it upon a table there. Now this dog was a fairy dog, and came from the Duke of Avalon; for a fairy had given it him as a love-gift, and no one can well describe its kind or beauty. And it bore at its neck, hung to a little chain of gold, a little bell; and that tinkled so gaily, and so clear and so soft, that as Tristan heard it, he was soothed, and his anguish melted away, and he forgot all that he had suffered for the Queen; for such was the virtue of the bell and such its property: that whosoever heard it, he


text:
Page:Tristan and Iseult (Belloc 1914).djvu/149

 lost all pain. And as Tristan stroked the little fairy thing, the dog that took away his sorrow, he saw how delicate it was and fine, and how it had soft hair like samite, and he thought how good a gift it would make for the Queen. But he dared not ask for it right out since he knew that the Duke loved this dog beyond everything in the world, and would yield it to no prayers, nor to wealth, nor to wile; so one day Tristan having made a plan in his mind said this:

"Lord, what would you give to the man who could rid your land of the hairy giant Urgan, that levies such a toll?"

"Truly, the victor might choose what he would, but none will dare."

Then said Tristan:

"Those are strange words, for good comes to no land save by risk and daring,


text:
Page:History of the Literature of the Scandinavian North.djvu/253

Rh the same sense as he was a Danish one. But the language of the works that he either originally wrote in German, or which he translated into that tongue is of such a quality that it is not strange that they are but little read outside of purely literary circles, and that they even here were not thought to be of much account. Good translations of his best works have, however, since then enabled the Germans to form a correct estimate of Oehlenschläger, but these translations came half a century too late to give him his true position, for the romantic period, to which he entirely belonged, is now a thing of the past.

Though he was thus unsuccessful in reaping any great laurels in Germany he secured all the greater recognition in his own country, and when he returned home in 1809 he was greeted as Denmark’s greatest bard. All the works he had sent home from abroad had produced an extraordinary sensation, both on account of their genuine poetic character and on account of Oehlenschläger’s enthusiastic advocacy of the significance of northern antiquities. The people began to grow conscious of their own national peculiarities, and the new era was in full progress.

During the first years after his return home Oehlenschläger published a large number of works, many of which are inferior to his principal works; and now there broke out between him, or rather between his adherents and Baggesen a violent feud that was destined to make a great stir in Danish literature for many years. At first both the poets were on the best of terms and when Baggesen left Denmark in 1800, never to return there again as he believed, he bequeathed to Oehlenschläger “his Danish lyre.” But during his stay abroad Oehlenschläger had frequent occasions to be displeased with Baggesen, while the latter, as the senior poet and enjoying an established reputation in literature, would assume a patronizing attitude toward the gifted beginner, whose superiority he was, however, secretly and reluctantly obliged to admit. Baggesen gave a striking and characteristic illustra-


text:
Page:Tristan and Iseult (Belloc 1914).djvu/150

 and not for all the gold of Milan would I renounce my desire to find him in his wood and bring him down."

Then Tristan went out to find Urgan in his lair, and they fought hard and long, till courage conquered strength, and Tristan, having cut off the giant's hand, bore it back to the Duke.

And "Sire," said he, "since I may choose a reward according to your word, give me the little fairy dog. It was for that I conquered Urgan, and your promise stands."

"Friend," said the Duke, "take it, then, but in taking it you take away also all my joy."

Then Tristan took the little fairy dog and gave it in ward to a Welsh harper, who was cunning and who bore it to Cornwall till he came to Tintagel, and having come there put it secretly into Brangien's hands, and the Queen was


text:
Page:Tristan and Iseult (Belloc 1914).djvu/151

 so pleased that she gave ten marks of gold to the harper, but she put it about that the Queen of Ireland, her mother, had sent the beast. And she had a goldsmith work a little kennel for him, all jewelled, and incrusted with gold and enamel inlaid; and wherever she went she carried the dog with her in memory of her friend, and as she watched it sadness and anguish and regrets melted out of her heart.

At first she did not guess the marvel, but thought her consolation was because the gift was Tristan's, till one day she found that it was fairy, and that it was the little bell that charmed her soul; then she thought: "What have I to do with comfort since he is sorrowing? He could have kept it too and have forgotten his sorrow; but with high courtesy he sent it to me to give me his joy and to take up his pain again.


text:
Page:Tristan and Iseult (Belloc 1914).djvu/152

 Friend, while you suffer, so long will I suffer also."

And she took the magic bell and shook it just a little, and then by the open window she threw it into the sea.


text:
Page:Tristan and Iseult (Belloc 1914).djvu/153

PART the lovers could neither live nor die, for it was life and death together; and Tristan fled his sorrow through seas and islands and many lands.

He fled his sorrow still by seas and islands, till at last he came back to his land of Lyonesse, and there Rohalt, the keeper of faith, welcomed him with happy tears and called him son. But he could not live in the peace of his own land, and he turned again and rode through kingdoms and through baronies, seeking adventure. From the Lyonesse to the Lowlands, from the Lowlands on to the Germanies; through the Germanies and into Spain. And many lords he served, and


text:
Page:Tristan and Iseult (Belloc 1914).djvu/154

 many deeds did, but for two years no news came to him out of Cornwall, nor friend, nor messenger. Then he thought that Iseult had forgotten.

Now it happened one day that, riding with Gorvenal alone, he came into the land of Brittany. They rode through a wasted plain of ruined walls and empty hamlets and burnt fields everywhere, and the earth deserted of men; and Tristan thought:

"I am weary, and my deeds profit me nothing; my lady is far off and I shall never see her again. Or why for two years has she made no sign, or why has she sent no messenger to find me as I wandered? But in Tintagel Mark honours her and she gives him joy, and that little fairy bell has done a thorough work; for little she remembers or cares for the joys and the mourning of old, little for me, as I wander in this desert place. I, too, will forget."


text:
Page:Tacitus and Other Roman Studies.djvu/215

Rh regular performance of their sacred functions. For things of minor note people had not recourse to materials of such costliness. On a board, or simply on a wall whitened with chalk, they wrote in black or red what they wished to advertise: the letting of a suite of rooms 'at the Kalends of July or the Ides of August,' the announcement of a show 'which will take place, weather permitting or without fail,' and, more often still, an election address; the election decided and the candidate returned or rejected, a new coat is put over the tablet, and it will serve for the candidate of the following year; advertisements of this nature are very numerous at Pompeii.

The abundance of placards in the Roman towns is easily accounted for by the very conditions of ancient life. We know that the ancients never had much taste for home life, and spent most of their time in the Forum, enjoying the sights afforded by the public place. In these long promenades the placards naturally attracted their eyes; they stopped to read them, and it was one of the habitual occupations of their idle days. Things have altered very much in our modern societies; we are readier to stay at home, and we have much more to do there. Time and opportunity fail us for sauntering about the streets and surveying the walls; and so it has come about that, as we no longer go to find placards, the placards have come to find us.

This little revolution was accomplished by means of journalism. There was in Paris at the beginning of the seventeenth century a man of singularly active and audacious genius, replete with ideas, very much in advance of his time, who incessantly pondered over some new invention, the physician Théophraste Renaudot. On May 30, 1631, he had published the first in day of French periodicals, the Gazette, which scored a great success from the start. However, this success was far from satisfying him. The Gazette more especially addressed the curious and the politicians, and supplied them with official news of France and abroad. Renaudot wished to undertake a more serviceable than brilliant enterprise, by which every one would profit: in the middle of Paris he estab-


text:
Page:Tristan and Iseult (Belloc 1914).djvu/155

 On the third day, at the hour of noon, Tristan and Gorvenal came near a hill where an old chantry stood and close by a hermitage also; and Tristan asked what wasted land that was, and the hermit answered:

"Lord, it is Breton land which Duke Hoël holds, and once it was rich in pasture and ploughland, but Count Riol of Nantes has wasted it. For you must know that this Count Riol was the Duke's vassal. And the Duke has a daughter, fair among all King's daughters, and Count Riol would have taken her to wife; but her father refused her to a vassal, and Count Riol would have carried her away by force. Many men have died in that quarrel."

And Tristan asked:

"Can the Duke wage his war?"

And the hermit answered:

"Hardly, my lord; yet his last keep of Carhaix holds out still, for the walls


text:
Page:Tristan and Iseult (Belloc 1914).djvu/156

 are strong, and strong is the heart of the Duke's son Kaherdin, a very good knight and bold; but the enemy surrounds them on every side and starves them. Very hardly do they hold their castle."

Then Tristan asked:

"How far is this keep of Carhaix?"

"Sir," said the hermit, "it is but two miles further on this way."

Then Tristan and Gorvenal lay down, for it was evening.

In the morning, when they had slept, and when the hermit had chanted, and had shared his black bread with them, Tristan thanked him and rode hard to Carhaix. And as he halted beneath the fast high walls, he saw a little company of men behind the battlements, and he asked if the Duke were there with his son Kaherdin. Now Hoël was among them; and when he cried "yes," Tristan called up to him and said:


text:
Page:Tristan and Iseult (Belloc 1914).djvu/157

 "I am that Tristan, King of Lyonesse, and Mark of Cornwall is my uncle. I have heard that your vassals do you a wrong, and I have come to offer you my arms."

"Alas, lord Tristan, go you your way alone and God reward you, for here within we have no more food; no wheat, or meat, or any stores but only lentils and a little oats remaining."

But Tristan said:

"For two years I dwelt in a forest, eating nothing save roots and herbs; yet I found it a good life, so open you the door."

They welcomed him with honour, and Kaherdin showed him the wall and the dungeon keep with all their devices, and from the battlements he showed the plain where far away gleamed the tents of Duke Riol. And when they were down in the castle again he said to Tristan:


text:
Page:Tristan and Iseult (Belloc 1914).djvu/158

 "Friend, let us go to the hall where my mother and sister sit."

So, holding each other's hands, they came into the women's room, where the mother and the daughter sat together weaving gold upon English cloth and singing a weaving song. They sang of Doette the fair who sits alone beneath the white-thorn, and round about her blows the wind. She waits for Doon, her friend, but he tarries long and does not come. This was the song they sang. And Tristan bowed to them, and they to him. Then Kaherdin, showing the work his mother did, said:

"See, friend Tristan, what a work-woman is here, and how marvellously she adorns stoles and chasubles for the poor minsters, and how my sister's hands run thread of gold upon this cloth. Of right, good sister, are you called, 'Iseult of the White Hands.


text:
Page:Tristan and Iseult (Belloc 1914).djvu/159

 But Tristan, hearing her name, smiled and looked at her more gently.

And on the morrow, Tristan, Kaherdin, and twelve young knights left the castle and rode to a pinewood near the enemy's tents. And sprang from ambush and captured a waggon of Count Riol's food; and from that day, by escapade and ruse they would carry tents and convoys and kill off men, nor ever come back without some booty; so that Tristan and Kaherdin began to be brothers in arms, and kept faith and tenderness, as history tells. And as they came back from these rides, talking chivalry together, often did Kaherdin praise to his comrade his sister, Iseult of the White Hands, for her simplicity and beauty.

One day, as the dawn broke, a sentinel ran from the tower through the halls crying:

"Lords, you have slept too long; rise, for an assault is on."


text:
Page:Tristan and Iseult (Belloc 1914).djvu/160

 And knights and burgesses armed, and ran to the walls, and saw helmets shining on the plain, and pennons streaming crimson, like flames, and all the host of Riol in its array. Then the Duke and Kaherdin deployed their horsemen before the gates, and from a bow-length off they stooped, and spurred and charged, and they put their lances down together and the arrows fell on them like April rain.

Now Tristan had armed himself among the last of those the sentinel had roused, and he laced his shoes of steel, and put on his mail, and his spurs of gold, his hauberk, and his helm over the gorget, and he mounted and spurred, with shield on breast, crying:

"Carhaix!"

And as he came, he saw Duke Riol charging, rein free, at Kaherdin, but Tristan came in between. So they met, Tristan and Duke Riol. And at the


text:
Page:Tristan and Iseult (Belloc 1914).djvu/161

 shock, Tristan's lance shivered, but Riol's lance struck Tristan's horse just where the breast-piece runs, and laid it on the field.

But Tristan, standing, drew his sword, his burnished sword, and said:

"Coward! Here is death ready for the man that strikes the horse before the rider."

But Riol answered:

"I think you have lied, my lord!"

And he charged him.

And as he passed, Tristan let fall his sword so heavily upon his helm that he carried away the crest and the nasal, but the sword slipped on the mailed shoulder, and glanced on the horse, and killed it, so that of force Duke Riol must slip the stirrup and leap and feel the ground. Then Riol too was on his feet, and they both fought hard in their broken mail, their 'scutcheons torn and their helmets loosened and lashing with


text:
Page:Tristan and Iseult (Belloc 1914).djvu/162

 their dented swords, till Tristan struck Riol just where the helmet buckles, and it yielded and the blow was struck so hard that the baron fell on hands and knees; but when he had risen again, Tristan struck him down once more with a blow that split the helm, and it split the headpiece too, and touched the skull; then Riol cried mercy and begged his life, and Tristan took his sword.

So he promised to enter Duke Hoël's keep and to swear homage again, and to restore what he had wasted; and by his order the battle ceased, and his host went off discomfited.

Now when the victors were returned Kaherdin said to his father:

"Sire, keep you Tristan. There is no better knight, and your land has need of such courage."

So when the Duke had taken counsel with his barons, he said to Tristan:

"Friend, I owe you my land, but I


text:
Page:Tristan and Iseult (Belloc 1914).djvu/163

 shall be quit with you if you will take my daughter, Iseult of the White Hands, who comes of kings and of queens, and of dukes before them in blood."

And Tristan answered:

"I will take her, Sire."

So the day was fixed, and the Duke came with his friends and Tristan with his, and before all, at the gate of the minster, Tristan wed Iseult of the White Hands, according to the Church's law.

But that same night, as Tristan's valets undressed him, it happened that in drawing his arm from the sleeve they drew off and let fall from his finger the ring of green jasper, the ring of Iseult the Fair. It sounded on the stones, and Tristan looked and saw it. Then his heart awoke and he knew that he had done wrong. For he remembered the day when Iseult the Fair had given him the ring. It was in that forest where, for


text:
Page:Tristan and Iseult (Belloc 1914).djvu/164

 his sake, she had led the hard life with him, and that night he saw again the hut in the wood of Morois, and he was bitter with himself that ever he had accused her of treason; for now it was he that had betrayed, and he was bitter with himself also in pity for this new wife and her simplicity and beauty. See how these two Iseults had met him in an evil hour, and to both had he broken faith!

Now Iseult of the White Hands said to him, hearing him sigh:

"Dear lord, have I hurt you in anything? Will you not speak me a single word?"

But Tristan answered: "Friend, do not be angry with me; for once in another land I fought a foul dragon and was near to death, and I thought of the Mother of God, and I made a vow to Her that, should I ever wed, I would


text:
Page:Tristan and Iseult (Belloc 1914).djvu/165

 spend the first holy nights of my wedding in prayer and in silence."

"Why," said Iseult, "that was a good vow."

And Tristan watched through the night.


text: Talk:Treaty of Tripoli

title: Talk:Treaty of Tripoli


text:
Page:Tristan and Iseult (Belloc 1914).djvu/166

ITHIN her room at Tintagel, Iseult the Fair sighed for the sake of Tristan, and named him, her desire, of whom for two years she had had no word, whether he lived or no.

Within her room at Tintagel Iseult the Fair sat singing a song she had made. She sang of Guron taken and killed for his love, and how by guile the Count gave Guron's heart to her to eat, and of her woe. The Queen sang softly, catching the harp's tone; her hands were cunning and her song good; she sang low down and softly.

Then came in Kariado, a rich count from a far-off island, that had fared to Tintagel to offer the Queen his service, and had spoken of love to her, though


text:
Page:Tristan and Iseult (Belloc 1914).djvu/167

 she disdained his folly. He found Iseult as she sang, and laughed to her:

"Lady, how sad a song! as sad as the Osprey's; do they not say he sings for death? and your song means that to me; I die for you."

And Iseult said: "So let it be and may it mean so; for never come you here but to stir in me anger or mourning. Ever were you the screech owl or the Osprey that boded ill when you spoke of Tristan; what news bear you now?"

And Kariado answered:

"You are angered, I know not why, but who heeds your words? Let the Osprey bode me death; here is the evil news the screech owl brings. Lady Iseult, Tristan, your friend is lost to you. He has wed in a far land. So seek you other where, for he mocks your love. He has wed in great pomp Iseult of the White Hands, the King of Brittany's daughter."


text:
Page:Tristan and Iseult (Belloc 1914).djvu/168

 And Kariado went off in anger, but Iseult bowed her head and broke into tears.

Now far from Iseult, Tristan languished, till on a day he must needs see her again. Far from her, death came surely; and he had rather die at once than day by day. And he desired some death, but that the Queen might know it was in finding her; then would death come easily.

So he left Carhaix secretly, telling no man, neither his kindred nor even Kaherdin, his brother in arms. He went in rags afoot (for no one marks the beggar on the high road) till he came to the shore of the sea.

He found in a haven a great ship ready, the sail was up and the anchor-chain short at the bow.

"God save you, my lords," he said, "and send you a good journey. To what land sail you now?"


text:
Page:Tristan and Iseult (Belloc 1914).djvu/169

 "To Tintagel," they said.

Then he cried out:

"Oh, my lords! take me with you thither!"

And he went aboard, and a fair wind filled the sail, and she ran five days and nights for Cornwall, till, on the sixth day, they dropped anchor in Tintagel Haven. The castle stood above, fenced all around. There was but the one armed gate, and two knights watched it night and day. So Tristan went ashore and sat upon the beach, and a man told him that Mark was there and had just held his court.

"But where," said he, "is Iseult, the Queen, and her fair maid, Brangien?"

"In Tintagel too," said the other, "and I saw them lately; the Queen sad, as she always is."

At the hearing of the name, Tristan suffered, and he thought that neither


text:
Page:Tristan and Iseult (Belloc 1914).djvu/170

 by guile nor courage could he see that friend, for Mark would kill him.

And he thought, "Let him kill me and let me die for her, since every day I die. But you, Iseult, even if you knew me here, would you not drive me out?" And he thought, "I will try guile. I will seem mad, but with a madness that shall be great wisdom. And many shall think me a fool that have less wit than I."

Just then a fisherman passed in a rough cloak and cape, and Tristan seeing him, took him aside, and said:

"Friend, will you not change clothes?"

And as the fisherman found it a very good bargain, he said in answer:

"Yes, friend, gladly."

And he changed and ran off at once for fear of losing his gain. Then Tristan shaved his wonderful hair; he shaved it close to his head and left a cross all bald, and he rubbed his face with


text:
Page:Horrid Mysteries Volume 3.djvu/15

 been applied in a more artful manner; all circumstances were in his favour: whatever the rest of the company said, supported and advanced his superiority; and being, in the sequel, convinced of the purity of his passion, by his indefatigable exertions to please me, I could not have avoided being caught in the snare at last, if not a trifling accident had rectified my opinion of him, and restored me to myself and to my plans.

"He had a little French dog; and I grew so foolishly fond of the animal, that I frequently hinted to him, it would give me the greatest pleasure if he would make me a present of it; yet he seemed not to be inclined to part with his little favourite. At length he promised me, one afternoon, to let me have it in the evening. I was walking sometime before the assembly hour in the boscage, and passing the entrance of a bower, saw him in it, seated on a bench, and occupied with his favourite, and concealed myself behind a

title: Page:Horrid Mysteries Volume 3.djvu/15


text:
Page:Tristan and Iseult (Belloc 1914).djvu/171

 magic herbs distilled in his own country, and it changed in colour and skin so that none could know him, and he made him a club from a young tree torn from a hedge-row and hung it to his neck, and went bare-foot towards the castle.

The porter made sure that he had to do with a fool and said:

"Good morrow, fool, where have you been this long while?"

And he answered:

"At the Abbot of St. Michael's wedding, and he wed an abbess, large and veiled. And from the Alps to Mount St. Michael how they came, the priests and abbots, monks and regulars, all dancing on the green with croziers and with staves under the high trees' shade. But I left them all to come hither, for I serve at the King's board to-day."

Then the porter said:

"Come in, lord fool; the Hairy


text:
Page:Tristan and Iseult (Belloc 1914).djvu/172

 Urgan's son, I know, and like your father."

And when he was within the courts the serving men ran after him and cried:

"The fool! the fool!"

But he made play with them though they cast stones and struck him as they laughed, and in the midst of laughter and their cries, as the rout followed him, he came to that hall where, at the Queen's side, King Mark sat under his canopy.

And as he neared the door with his club at his neck, the King said:

"Here is a merry fellow, let him in."

And they brought him in, his club at his neck. And the King said:

"Friend, well come; what seek you here?"

"Iseult," said he, "whom I love so well; I bring my sister with me, Brunehild, the beautiful. Come, take her, you are weary of the Queen. Take


text:
Page:Batman upon Bartolome.djvu/72

 e vertue that is called Virtus animalis, hath ſeate and place in the ouermoſt part of a man, that is to wit, in the brayne, and hath thrée parts. Ordinatiua, ſenſitiua, & motiua. That part that is named Ordinatiua, fulfilleth the brayne by it ſelfe alone. For in the firſt part in the formoſt chamber it ordeineth the fantaſie or imagination: in the middle chamber it ordaineth the vertue eſtimatiue and reaſon. And againe in the vttermoſt chamber, it maketh perfect the memorie, and the memoriall acte: For what the vertue imaginatiue ſhapeth & imagineth, ſhe ſendeth it to the iudgement of reaſon. And what that reaſon taketh of the imagination, as a Iudge, iudgeth & defineth it ſending to the memory: memory receiueth thoſe things that were put in the intelled or vnderſtanding, & kéepeth & ſaueth them ſtedfaſtly, til ſhée bring them foorth in act and in déede. The ſecond vertue that is Senſitiua, is formed in this manner. By meane of ſinewes that be very tender, the ſpirite Animalis paſſeth forth out of the innermoſt chambers of the braine, of whom the ſenſe is formed, and ſome be ſent with the ſpirite Animalis to the eyen, to quicken the ſight, and ſome to the noſethrilles to increaſe the ſmelling, and ſo of the other. Of the wittes, the ſight is moſt ſubtill, for the kinde thereof is firie. The hearing hath much of the ayre, for it is a ſound of aire, ſtriken, & then the more ſubtill is the ſmelling, for the kinde thereof is ſmoakie. Then taaſt, the kinde thereof is watry. And the laſt & moſt boyſtous of all, that is the ſeelyng: for the kinde thereof is earthie, and is néedful to féele hard things, as bones and ſinewes, rough and ſmooth, colde and hot. Of theſe ſenſes, euery one hath his office, to haue likeneſſe and ſhape of the obiects: and what they take of that they féele, they preſent to the inwits. TREVISA. The obiect of the eye, is all that maye bée ſéene: and all that may be heard is obiect to the hearing: and all that maye be ſmelled is obiecte to the ſmelling, and ſo of the other ſenſes.

¶Of the vertue viſible. Cap. 17.
e ſight is moſt ſimple, for it is firie, and diſerueth ſodainely things that are farre off. The ſight is formed after this manner. In the middle of the eye, that is, is. The Philoſophers call it Chriſtalloides, for it taketh ſodainly diuers formes & ſhapes of colours, as Chriſtall doth. The ſight is a wit of perceiuing and knowing of colours, figures, & ſhapes, and vtter properties. Then to make the ſight perfect, theſe things are néedfull, that is to wit, the cauſe efficient, the lymme of the eye conuenient to the thing that ſhall bée ſéene, the aire that bringeth the likeneſſe to the eye and taking héede, & eaſie moouing. The cauſe efficient, is that vertue that is called Animalis. The inſtrument and lymme is the humor lyke Chriſtall in either eye cléere & round. It is cléere that by the cléereneſſe thereof, the eye may ſhine about the ſpirite and aire: It is round, that it be ſtronger to withſtand griefes, for a rounde ſhape hath no ſides or corners, that containeth ſuperfluityes that ſhould grieue it. The vtter thing, helping to worke, is the aire, without which being a meane, the ſight maye not be perfect. In ſome beaſtes to profit the ſight, néedeth the cléerenes of aire, and in ſome the darkneſſe, and in ſome the meane, not too darke nor too cléere. For in Cats néedeth darkneſſe, in Reremice, or Bats and in other flieng beaſts néedeth meane, as it ſhall be ſhewed heereafter. And it néedeth to take héede, for if the ſoule be occupied about other things then belongeth to the ſight, the ſight is the leſſe perfect, for it déemeth not of the thing that is ſéene. And eaſie mouing is néedfull, for if the thing that is ſeene, moueth too ſwiftly, the ſight is combred and diſparced with too ſwifte and continuall mouing, as it is in an oare, that ſéemeth broken in the water, through the ſwifte mouing of the water. Likewiſe alſo an euen long trée moued ſwiftly ſéemeth rounde. How the ſight is made, olde men had diuers opinions. drop initials, small caps.

title: Page:Batman upon Bartolome.djvu/72


text:
Page:Tristan and Iseult (Belloc 1914).djvu/173

 you my sister and give me here Iseult, and I will hold her and serve you for her love."

The King said laughing:

"Fool, if I gave you the Queen, where would you take her, pray?"

"Oh! very high," he said, "between the clouds and heaven, into a fair chamber glazed. The beams of the sun shine through it, yet the winds do not trouble it at all. There would I bear the Queen into that crystal chamber of mine all compact of roses and the morning."

The King and his barons laughed and said:

"Here is a good fool at no loss for words."

But the fool as he sat at their feet gazed at Iseult most fixedly.

"Friend," said King Mark, "what warrant have you that the Queen would heed so foul a fool as you?"

"O! Sire," he answered gravely, "many


text:
Page:Tristan and Iseult (Belloc 1914).djvu/174

 deeds have I done for her, and my madness is from her alone."

"What is your name?" they said, and laughed.

"Tristan," said he, "that loved the Queen so well, and still till death will love her."

But at the name the Queen angered and weakened together, and said: "Get hence for an evil fool!"

But the fool, marking her anger, went on:

"Queen Iseult, do you mind the day, when, poisoned by the Morholt's spear, I took my harp to sea and fell upon your shore? Your mother healed me with strange drugs. Have you no memory, Queen?"

But Iseult answered:

"Out, fool, out! Your folly and you have passed the bounds!"

But the fool, still playing, pushed the barons out, crying:


text:
Page:Tristan and Iseult (Belloc 1914).djvu/175

 "Out! madmen, out! Leave me to counsel with Iseult, since I come here for the love of her!"

And as the King laughed, Iseult blushed and said:

"King, drive me forth this fool!"

But the fool still laughed and cried:

"Queen, do you mind you of the dragon I slew in your land? I hid its tongue in my hose, and, burnt of its venom, I fell by the roadside. Ah! what a knight was I then, and it was you that succoured me."

Iseult replied:

"Silence! You wrong all knighthood by your words, for you are a fool from birth. Cursed be the seamen that brought you hither; rather should they have cast you into the sea!"

"Queen Iseult," he still said on, "do you mind you of your haste when you would have slain me with my own sword? And of the Hair of Gold? And of how I stood up to the seneschal?"


text:
Page:Tristan and Iseult (Belloc 1914).djvu/176

 "Silence!" she said, "you drunkard. You were drunk last night, and so you dreamt these dreams."

"Drunk, and still so am I," said he, "but of such a draught that never can the influence fade. Queen Iseult, do you mind you of that hot and open day on the high seas? We thirsted and we drank together from the same cup, and since that day have I been drunk with an awful wine."

When the Queen heard these words which she alone could understand, she rose and would have gone.

But the King held her by her ermine cloak, and she sat down again.

And as the King had his fill of the fool he called for his falcons and went to hunt; and Iseult said to him:

"Sire, I am weak and sad; let me be go rest in my room; I am tired of these follies."

And she went to her room in thought


text:
Page:Tristan and Iseult (Belloc 1914).djvu/177

 and sat upon her bed and mourned, calling herself a slave and saying:

"Why was I born? Brangien, dear sister, life is so hard to me that death were better! There is a fool without, shaven criss-cross, and come in an evil hour, and he is warlock, for he knows in every part myself and my whole life; he knows what you and I and Tristan only know."

Then Brangien said: "It may be Tristan."

But—"No," said the Queen, "for he was the first of knights, but this fool is foul and made awry. Curse me his hour and the ship that brought him hither."

"My lady!" said Brangien, "soothe you. You curse over much these days. May be he comes from Tristan?"

"I cannot tell. I know him not. But go find him, friend, and see if you know him."

So Brangien went to the hall where


text:
Page:Tristan and Iseult (Belloc 1914).djvu/178

 the fool still sat alone. Tristan knew her and let fall his club and said:

"Brangien, dear Brangien, before God! have pity on me!"

"Foul fool," she answered, "what devil taught you my name?"

"Lady," he said, "I have known it long. By my head, that once was fair, if I am mad the blame is yours, for it was yours to watch over the wine we drank on the high seas. The cup was of silver and I held it to Iseult and she drank. Do you remember, lady?"

"No," she said, and as she trembled and left he called out: "Pity me!"

He followed and saw Iseult. He stretched out his arms, but in her shame, sweating agony she drew back, and Tristan angered and said:

"I have lived too long, for I have seen the day that Iseult will nothing of me. Iseult, how hard love dies! Iseult, a welling water that floods and runs large


text:
Page:Tristan and Iseult (Belloc 1914).djvu/179

 is a mighty thing; on the day that it fails it is nothing; so love that turns."

But she said:

"Brother, I look at you and doubt and tremble, and I know you not for Tristan."

"Queen Iseult, I am Tristan indeed that do love you; mind you for the last time of the dwarf, and of the flower, and of the blood I shed in my leap. Oh! and of that ring I took in kisses and in tears on the day we parted. I have kept that jasper ring and asked it counsel."

Then Iseult knew Tristan for what he was, and she said:

"Heart, you should have broken of sorrow not to have known the man who has suffered so much for you. Pardon, my master and my friend."

And her eyes darkened and she fell; but when the light returned she was held by him who kissed her eyes and her face.

So passed they three full days. But,


text:
Page:Tristan and Iseult (Belloc 1914).djvu/180

 on the third, two maids that watched them told the traitor Andret, and he put spies well-armed before the women's rooms. And when Tristan would enter they cried:

"Back, fool!"

But he brandished his club laughing, and said:

"What! May I not kiss the Queen who loves me and awaits me now?"

And they feared him for a mad fool, and he passed in through the door.

Then, being with the Queen for the last time, he held her in his arms and said:

"Friend, I must fly, for they are wondering. I must fly, and perhaps shall never see you more. My death is near, and far from you my death will come of desire."

"Oh friend," she said, "fold your arms round me close and strain me so that our hearts may break and our souls go free at last. Take me to that happy


text:
Page:Tristan and Iseult (Belloc 1914).djvu/181

 place of which you told me long ago. The fields whence none return, but where great singers sing their songs for ever. Take me now."

"I will take you to the Happy Palace of the living, Queen! The time is near. We have drunk all joy and sorrow. The time is near. When it is finished, if I call you, will you come, my friend?"

"Friend," said she, "call me and you know that I shall come."

"Friend," said he, "God send you His reward."

As he went out the spies would have held him; but he laughed aloud, and flourished his club, and cried:

"Peace, gentlemen, I go and will not stay. My lady sends me to prepare that shining house I vowed her, of crystal, and of rose shot through with morning."

And as they cursed and drave him, the fool went leaping on his way.


text: Page:One Thousand Seven Hundred and Thirty Eight - A dialogue something like Horace - Pope (1738).djvu/10


text: Page:One Thousand Seven Hundred and Thirty Eight - A dialogue something like Horace - Pope (1738).djvu/11


text: Page:One Thousand Seven Hundred and Thirty Eight - A dialogue something like Horace - Pope (1738).djvu/12


text:
Page:Day Camping for the Trainable and Severely Mentally Retarded (1970).djvu/13

"What activities should we include in our day camp?" "What can be done besides arts and crafts, music, and swimming?" "What can we do to broaden the retarded person's life experiences?" "What experiences would the retarded enjoy?" The inevitable questions that arise after the initial work of planning, funding, and hiring of staff has been accomplished may be answered in this manual. The manual will not tell you "why," nor "when," and, in most cases, not even "how." It will tell you "what." It contains no section on philosophy, for it is the authors' belief that readers are already convinced of the worth of day camps for retarded persons.

The manual is intended to be a "lift-off point" for your own imagination. To list and describe every activity which could be suited to the day camp situation would be limiting to your own creativity. Therefore, a small sampling of possible activities has been suggested. It is hoped that these suggestions will launch camp planners into a search for more activities in the many books available in libraries, and from the imaginations and experiences of camp volunteers.

To facilitate organization, application forms, lists of materials, and schedules are included. They will, of course, need to be modified to fit each camping situation.

To insure the success of the camp, two very important points must be kept in mind:

 * (1) A camp will not run smoothly without prior careful planning and organization, months and weeks before the opening of camp, as well as the week, the day, and even the morning before an activity.

 * (2) The success of a camp or activity is as great as the enthusiasm of the staff and volunteers. An activity's success or failure depends upon the efforts of the workers to interest and involve the campers.

A well-planned camp will be an enjoyable experience for all. Campers will be reluctant to leave, and will be anxious for summer and day camp to come again.


text: Page:One Thousand Seven Hundred and Thirty Eight - A dialogue something like Horace - Pope (1738).djvu/13


text: Page:One Thousand Seven Hundred and Thirty Eight - A dialogue something like Horace - Pope (1738).djvu/14


text:
Page:The Mystery of the Blue Train.pdf/30

passed through the revolving doors of the Savoy, and walked to the reception desk. The desk clerk smiled a respectful greeting.

"Pleased to see you back again, Mr. Van Aldin," he said.

The American millionaire nodded his head in a casual greeting.

"Everything all right?" he asked.

"Yes, sir. Major Knighton is upstairs in the suite now."

Van Aldin nodded again.

"Any mail?" he vouchsafed.

"They have all been sent up, Mr. Van Aldin. Oh! wait a minute."

He dived into a pigeon hole, and produced a letter.

"Just come this minute," he explained.

Rufus Van Aldin took the letter from him, and as he saw the handwriting, a woman's flowing hand, his face was suddenly transformed. The harsh contours of it softened, and the hard line of his mouth relaxed. He looked a different man. He walked across to the lift with the letter in his hand and the smile still on his lips.

In the drawing-room of his suite, a young man was sitting at a desk nimbly sorting correspondence with


text: Page:Day Camping for the Trainable and Severely Mentally Retarded (1970).djvu/14


text: Page:Day Camping for the Trainable and Severely Mentally Retarded (1970).djvu/15


text: Index:A SEA Dyak Dictionary in alphabetical parts, with examples and quotations shewing the use and meaning of words.pdf


text: Page:A SEA Dyak Dictionary in alphabetical parts, with examples and quotations shewing the use and meaning of words.pdf/2


text:
Page:Day Camping for the Trainable and Severely Mentally Retarded (1970).djvu/16

Programs for the retarded -- especially younger, more severely retarded -- must be more rigidly structured and the individual actually led into activity. The program should be built upon the conviction that everybody is somebody.

What can day camping do for the retarded child? It will enable the child to enjoy camping experiences in a safe environment which will provide successes rather than failures. It will enable the child to broaden his understanding and abilities in health habits, recreational interests and skills, socialization and understanding of people as well as the world of nature. It will support family relationships by providing a program outside the home which will allow the parent a change from the daily care of the child. It will expand public awareness and knowledge of mental retardation by demonstrating that these children can function and learn in a group situation.

Recreation is education in a very real sense. Day camping provides a real social situation in which the child can practice and use skills he has learned in more formal situations. Although informal in nature, the day camping program should be planned to give each child opportunities for developmental learning. These learning experiences can be classified into four segments:

1.

 * a. To improve general physical health and appearance.

 * b. To develop and improve the basic motor skills and fundamental body movements, i.e., walking, running, grasping, climbing, hanging, etc.

 * c. To increase physical stamina, motor ability, and physical fitness.

 * d. To improve posture, body mechanics, rhythm and grace, and control of movement.

2.

 * a. To develop skills and abilities necessary for successful participation in wholesome recreational activities appropriate for the individual's capacities and to his social situation.

 * b. To develop better self-care skills.

 * c. To offer social experiences that will promote social independence.

 * d. To participate more with the family.

 * e. To adjust to the demands of the group and work as a part of it.


text: Page:A SEA Dyak Dictionary in alphabetical parts, with examples and quotations shewing the use and meaning of words.pdf/4


text:
Page:Day Camping for the Trainable and Severely Mentally Retarded (1970).djvu/17

 :f. To respect the rights of others.

 * g. To become more cooperative; to accept and share responsibility; to learn to take turns and to share equipment and supplies.

3.

 * a. To improve self-image and self-respect.

 * b. To experience greater satisfaction through participation.

 * c. To receive recognition and approval as an individual of worth and dignity through his own accomplishment.

 * d. To develop greater self-discipline.

 * e. To increase personal initiative and resourcefulness.

 * f. To develop self-control and emotional stability.

 * g. To release aggressions in socially acceptable ways.

4.

 * a. To experience spontaneous and meaningful nonverbal ways of self-expression.

 * b. To improve communication skills and language development.

 * c. To improve attention and concentration.

 * d. To develop a sense of curiosity.

 * e. To develop previously untapped talent.

 * £. To become more observant.

 * g. To develop and improve auditory and visual discrimination.

The committee responsible for the operation of the day camp should consist of a chairman and several members chosen for their leadership abilities in areas such as grounds, personnel, transportation, financing, publicity, and recruitment of campers. This committee should work closely with the camp director in all planning and arrangements. Initial planning of a day camp begins from six to eight months before the actual opening. A camp preparation target schedule is provided in the back of this manual.


text: One Thousand Seven Hundred and Thirty Eight. A Dialogue Something Like Horace


text: Concepts for detection of extraterrestrial life


text:
Category:Astrobiology

The search for, and theory concerning, possible life beyond Earth.

title: Category:Astrobiology


text:
Page:Day Camping for the Trainable and Severely Mentally Retarded (1970).djvu/18

Provision for year-to-year program continuity is of great importance. Succeeding directors and staff members should be encouraged to contribute new ideas, but basic philosophy and proven methods of operation should be retained and repeated.

In selecting a site, consideration should be given to the need for: (1) adequate play areas for both small and large group games; (2) a sufficient number of shade trees; (3) adequate toilet facilities; (4) a safe, adequate, and convenient water supply; (5) first aid services and a telephone for emergency calls; (6) a sheltered area for use on rainy days. It is helpful to have a swimming area close by, but good camps have been planned which have not been able to provide swimming facilities.

City parks, industrial recreational parks, and farms with wooded areas have served as day camp sites. When the site is chosen, a written agreement should be made concerning its use, i.e., gift, rent, or lease; dates when the property will be used; equipment and facilities; and liability for accident claims.

Financing a day camp is often a problem. Service groups should be apprised of the contributions they can make to better the camp program and to enable more children to attend. Many groups will contribute funds or volunteer their efforts, alleviating the cost burden.

The Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr., Foundation and similar organizations often provide funds to communities as "stimulation" grants to help them begin recreation programs for the retarded. Local libraries or Department of Mental Health subzone offices have information regarding such grants.

Recreational programs such as day camping could be financed locally through governmental units having funds available for mental health purposes. In Illinois, these funds are made available by the passage of a referendum under the provisions of House Bill 708, or by agreement of the County Board of Supervisors to provide mental retardation services under the provisions of Senate Bill 377. Also, in cooperation with district schools, Title III and Title VI special education funds may be secured.

If a camper fee is charged to help defray expenses, consideration should be given to parents who cannot pay the fee. Some service clubs will provide "camperships" in such cases.

Budgeting should take into consideration the expenses of salaries, insurance, mailing and promotion, transportation, rent and property maintenance, food, equipment, and supplies. If the program is to be continued from year to year, durable equipment should be purchased. Annual replacement of worn equipment and addition of new equipment will help in developing


text: Page:A SEA Dyak Dictionary in alphabetical parts, with examples and quotations shewing the use and meaning of words.pdf/214


text:
Page:A SEA Dyak Dictionary in alphabetical parts, with examples and quotations shewing the use and meaning of words.pdf/212

 v


text: Page:A SEA Dyak Dictionary in alphabetical parts, with examples and quotations shewing the use and meaning of words.pdf/211


text:
Page:Day Camping for the Trainable and Severely Mentally Retarded (1970).djvu/19

 an internal source of supplies. These supplies could be used during the balance of the year in other programs for exceptional children. In some camps, supplies are purchased and resold to campers as they are used. Almost all camps serving the retarded can be reimbursed for milk used in the program through application to the county superintendent of schools. Expenditures for equipment will vary with the facilities being used for the camp, equipment loans from local day centers, and the amount of money available for ongoing program (particularly if this is only one phase of a year-round program). Insurance to cover campers and staff from the time they leave home until they return home may be obtained on a per-camper/per-day basis from many insurance firms. Local agents can supply information.

Effective recruitment of capable staff can be the key to a successful camp. The program is only as good as its staff. The camp director and his staff should be selected for their ability to work with the retarded. If it is difficult to find a director who knows and understands the retarded, and who also is capable in camping skills, the solution may lie in the selection of an assistant whose background and skills complement those of the director.

The number of staff persons needed will depend upon two factors: (1) the number and age of campers, and (2) the degree of their handicaps. The younger the campers and the greater the degree of retardation, the greater the number of staff persons needed. It is usually wise to plan a ratio of two campers to each staff person. This ratio would include volunteer counselors, whose role in camper situations will be discussed later.

If swimming is a part of the camp program, the camp staff must include a qualified lifeguard and a qualified water safety instructor. The lifeguard and the water safety instructor would carry out their individual assignments simultaneously.

Staff may be recruited from local day care centers, public schools, colleges, and employment agencies. College students training in the areas of special education or physical education and recreation are good staff prospects.

Volunteers play an important role in the successful day camp. A large proportion of many camp staffs is competent volunteers who assume varying degrees of responsibility in programming. These volunteers may include high school or college students or other interested persons who wish to help in a program for the retarded.

Volunteers should be screened carefully. Knowledge of a volunteer's interests and special abilities is helpful in the assignment of duties


text: Page:A SEA Dyak Dictionary in alphabetical parts, with examples and quotations shewing the use and meaning of words.pdf/210


text: Concepts for detection of extraterrestrial life/Suggested Reading


text:
Page:Day Camping for the Trainable and Severely Mentally Retarded (1970).djvu/20

 to which he will respond with confidence and loyalty. Work schedules for volunteers will vary among camps. Ideally, volunteers work every day the camp is in session; however, a plan of alternate workdays can be developed to give continuity to the camp program as well as desired free time to the volunteers. Precise work schedules for volunteers are necessary to continuous, adequate staffing.

Orientation and training can make or break the camp. In any camping program -- especially in one planned for the retarded -- it is important that the staff get acquainted not only with each other but with the equipment and facilities. An orientation period of two days to one week, depending upon the knowledge of the staff and the number of volunteers, will insure a successful day camp.

Background information on retardation and the problems it will bring to the camp should be one aspect of the training. It should be presented in a manner that will stimulate and motivate the staff to learn more and to become involved in the program immediately. Lectures are often not the best approach since the professional jargon of lecturers may be over the heads of many staff members or too basic for the ones already acquainted with the field. Movies or slides of a previous camp or a training setting for the retarded could be used to present this background. Such a presentation can be most meaningful when narrated by a person knowledgeable in retardation and recreation. A retarded child could be invited to the orientation workshop to assist in some simple demonstrations. Many young volunteers have had little contact with the retarded. The demonstrations give them an opportunity to observe a retarded child and can serve as a springboard into a question-and-answer session.

Staff members must be skilled in the simple camping skills and crafts which make camp a happy time. Knowledge of wood gathering, simple rules of fire building, nature lore useful on nature hikes, simple leaf identification, and crafts using raw materials found in the natural setting will be necessary to counselors directing camp activities.

Physical activity is another important element in the camp program. Adaptations of familiar group songs and games, the use of relays in developing motor skills and coordination, and the importance of singing in the camp program should be included in a comprehensive orientation. Singing camp songs is fun, and many a difficult moment can be surmounted when the right song is introduced at the right time. Counselors should know several suitable songs, and the training period is an excellent time for counselors to share old and new songs.

The orientation session could take the form of one or two typical program days at camp, with the counselor trainees taking roles of campers. Two typical camp days will illustrate most camp situations. Counselors and volunteers function better if they know the "why" as well as the "what" of the program. Ideally, every activity to be used at camp should be experienced by the staff during training.


text:
Page:Religious Technology Center v. Netcom On-Line Communication Services.pdf/10

 than operate or implement a system that is essential if Usenet messages are to be widely distributed. There is no need to construe the Act to make all of these parties infringers. Although copyright is a strict liability statute, there should still be some element of volition or causation which is lacking where a defendant’s system is merely used to create a copy by a third party.

Plaintiffs point out that the infringing copies resided for eleven days on Netcom’s computer and were sent out from it onto the “Information Superhighway.” However, under plaintiffs’ theory, any storage of a copy that occurs in the process of sending a message to the Usenet is an infringement. While it is possible that less “damage” would have been done if Netcom had heeded plaintiffs’ warnings and acted to prevent Erlich’s message from being forwarded, this is not relevant to its direct liability for copying. The same argument is true of Klemesrud and any Usenet server. Whether a defendant makes a direct copy that constitutes infringement cannot depend on whether it received a warning to delete the message. See D.C. Comics, Inc. v. Mini Gift, 912 F.2d 29, 35 (2d Cir.1990). This distinction may be relevant to contributory infringement, however, where knowledge is an element. See

The court will now consider two district court opinions that have addressed the liability of BBS operators for infringing files uploaded by subscribers.

Playboy Enterprises, Inc. v. Frena involved a suit against the operator of a small BBS whose system contained files of erotic pictures. 839 F.Supp. 1552, 1554 (M.D.Fla.1993). A subscriber of the defendant’s BBS had uploaded files containing digitized pictures copied from the plaintiff’s copyrighted magazine, which files remained on the BBS for other subscribers to download. Id. The court did not conclude, as plaintiffs suggest in this case, that the BBS is itself liable for the unauthorized reproduction of plaintiffs’ work; instead, the court concluded that the BBS operator was liable for violating the plaintiff’s right to publicly distribute and display copies of its work. Id. at 1556–57.

In support of their argument that Netcom is directly liable for copying plaintiffs’ works, plaintiffs cite to the court’s conclusion that “[t]here is no dispute that [the BBS operator] supplied a product containing unauthorized copies of a copyrighted work. It does not matter that [the BBS operator] claims he did not make the copies [him]self.” Id. at 1556. It is clear from the context of this discussion that the Playboy court was looking only at the exclusive right to distribute copies to the public, where liability exists regardless of whether the defendant makes copies. Here, however, plaintiffs do not argue that Netcom is liable for its public distribution of copies. Instead, they claim that Netcom is liable because its computers in fact made copies. Therefore, the above-quoted language has no bearing on the issue of direct liability for unauthorized reproductions. Notwithstanding Playboy’s holding that a BBS operator may be directly liable for distributing or displaying to the public copies of protected works, this court holds


text: Page:A SEA Dyak Dictionary in alphabetical parts, with examples and quotations shewing the use and meaning of words.pdf/230


text: Page:A SEA Dyak Dictionary in alphabetical parts, with examples and quotations shewing the use and meaning of words.pdf/231


text:
Page:Day Camping for the Trainable and Severely Mentally Retarded (1970).djvu/21

 No orientation period is complete without a "lost camper" drill. After the camping area has been divided into zones, assign each counselor and volunteer to duty either with the rest of the children or in a zone. On signal, each staff member should proceed directly to his "alert" assignment. Those so assigned will stay with the campers. Each assigned to search the zones will go directly to his zone. When the camper is found, the alert is rescinded.

If cookouts are to be a part of the camping program, it is important that the orientation period include at least one cookout. During this excellent opportunity for teacher-leaders to help the staff learn to plan with a group of mentally retarded children, the counselors can learn to break down routine tasks into their simplest components so that the cookout can be camper-centered rather than a counselor project. Wood gathering, fire building, menu planning, food preparation, and serving can all be done by the campers, with guidance. Campers must be allowed to be as self-reliant as possible -- don't underestimate their abilities. Discourage counselors from doing too much for the campers.

Camper recruitment should begin before school closes in the spring. Contact public and private schools and day centers for listings of children enrolled in special programs for the mentally retarded. General information and a camper registration blank should be sent to each family represented in these listings. A deadline for camper registration will enable the director to adequately staff the camp with paid personnel and volunteers. Registration and waiver forms are illustrated in Appendix B, page 6l.

Small groupings of campers will make camp more manageable for the staff and much more fun for the campers. Group the boys and girls according to their functional level as nearly as possible. Criteria to be considered are chronological age; mental ability; social adjustment; sex (if there is a preponderance of one sex); and, probably most important in the camping situation, physical ability and stamina. If the camp includes boys and girls from day centers and public schools, age and class placement could be an initial way of grouping the children. As camp progresses, the staff should not hesitate to reassign a child to another group if it is felt he would be happier and could function better there.

Part-time participation in camp activities should be considered for those children who cannot endure the rigors of a full camp day. Very young children who are enrolled in preschool programs seem to benefit from a half-day program. Children with exceptional problems can be included in that part of the program from which they can benefit. By planning for part-time campers, the frustration of long idle periods can be avoided.

All children should be accepted on a trial basis. This practice allows the director more freedom in developing an individual program for each


text:
Page:Religious Technology Center v. Netcom On-Line Communication Services.pdf/11

 that the storage on a defendant’s system of infringing copies and retransmission to other servers is not a direct infringement by the BBS operator of the exclusive right to reproduce the work where such copies are uploaded by an infringing user. Playboy does not hold otherwise.

A court in this district addressed the issue of whether a BBS operator is liable for copyright infringement where it solicited subscribers to upload files containing copyrighted materials to the BBS that were available for others to download. Sega Enterprises Ltd. v. MAPHIA, 857 F.Supp. 679, 683 (N.D.Cal.1994). The defendant’s “MAPHIA” BBS contained copies of plaintiff Sega’s video game programs that were uploaded by users. Id. at 683. The defendant solicited the uploading of such programs and received consideration for the right to download files. Id. Access was given for a fee or to those purchasing the defendant’s hardware device that allowed Sega video game cartridges to be copied. Id. at 683–84. The court granted a preliminary injunction against the defendant, finding that plaintiffs had shown a prima facie case of direct and contributory infringement. Id. at 687. The court found that copies were made by unknown users of the BBS when files were uploaded and downloaded. Id. Further, the court found that the defendant’s knowledge of the infringing activities, encouragement, direction and provision of the facilities through his operation of the BBS constituted contributory infringement, even though the defendant did not know exactly when files were uploaded or downloaded. Id. at 686–87.

This court is not convinced that Sega provides support for a finding of direct infringement where copies are made on a defendant’s BBS by users who upload files. Although there is some language in Sega regarding direct infringement, it is entirely conclusory:

"Sega has established a prima facie case of direct copyright infringement under 17 U.S.C. § 501. Sega has established that unauthorized copies of its games are made when such games are uploaded to the MAPHIA bulletin board, here with the knowledge of Defendant Scherman. These games are thereby placed on the storage media of the electronic bulletin board by unknown users."

Id. at 686 (emphasis added). The court’s reference to the “knowledge of Defendant” indicates that the court was focusing on contributory infringement, as knowledge is not an element of direct infringement. Perhaps, Sega’s references to direct infringement and that “copies … are made” are to the direct liability of the “unknown users,” as there can be no contributory infringement by a defendant without direct infringement by another. See 3 § 12.04[A][3][a], at 12-89. Thus, the court finds that neither Playboy nor Sega requires finding Netcom liable for direct infringement of plaintiffs’ exclusive right to reproduce their works.

Plaintiffs allege that Netcom is directly liable for making copies of their works. See FAC ¶25. They also allege that Netcom violated their exclusive rights to publicly display copies of their works. FAC ¶¶44, 51. There are no allegations that Netcom violated plaintiffs’ exclusive right to publicly distribute their works. However, in their discussion of direct infringement, plaintiffs insist that Netcom is liable for “maintain[ing] copies of [Erlich’s] messages on its server for eleven days for access by its subscribers and ‘USENET neighbors’ ” and they compare this case to the Playboy case, which


text:
Page:Religious Technology Center v. Netcom On-Line Communication Services.pdf/12

 the right of public distribution. Opp’n at 7. Plaintiffs also argued this theory of infringement at oral argument. Tr. 5:22. Because this could be an attempt to argue that Netcom has infringed plaintiffs’ rights of public distribution and display, the court will address these arguments.

Playboy concluded that the defendant infringed the plaintiff’s exclusive rights to publicly distribute and display copies of its works. 839 F.Supp. at 1556–57. The court is not entirely convinced that the mere possession of a digital copy on a BBS that is accessible to some members of the public constitutes direct infringement by the BBS operator. Such a holding suffers from the same problem of causation as the reproduction argument. Only the subscriber should be liable for causing the distribution of plaintiffs’ work, as the contributing actions of the BBS provider are automatic and indiscriminate. Erlich could have posted his messages through countless access providers and the outcome would be the same: anyone with access to Usenet newsgroups would be able to read his messages. There is no logical reason to draw a line around Netcom and Klemesrud and say that they are uniquely responsible for distributing Erlich’s messages. Netcom is not even the first link in the chain of distribution—Erlich had no direct relationship with Netcom but dealt solely with Klemesrud’s BBS, which used Netcom to gain its Internet access. Every Usenet server has a role in the distribution, so plaintiffs’ argument would create unreasonable liability. Where the BBS merely stores and passes along all messages sent by its subscribers and others, the BBS should not be seen as causing these works to be publicly distributed or displayed.

Even accepting the Playboy court’s holding, the case is factually distinguishable. Unlike the BBS in that case, Netcom does not maintain an archive of files for its users. Thus, it cannot be said to be “suppl[ying] a product.” In contrast to some of its larger competitors, Netcom does not create or control the content of the information available to its subscribers; it merely provides access to the Internet, whose content is controlled by no single entity. Although the Internet consists of many different computers networked together, some of which may contain infringing files, it does not make sense to hold the operator of each computer liable as an infringer merely because his or her computer is linked to a computer with an infringing file. It would be especially inappropriate to hold liable a service that acts more like a conduit, in other words, one that does not itself keep an archive of files for more than a short duration. Finding such a service liable would involve an unreasonably broad construction of public distribution and display rights. No purpose would be served by holding liable those who have no ability to control the information to which their subscribers have access, even though they might be in some sense helping to achieve the Internet’s automatic “public distribution” and the users’ “public” display of files.

The court is not persuaded by plaintiffs’ argument that Netcom is directly liable for the copies that are made and stored on its computer. Where the infringing subscriber is clearly directly liable for the same act, it does not make sense to adopt a rule that could lead to the liability of countless parties whose role in the infringement is nothing more than setting up and operating a system that is necessary for the functioning of the Internet. Such a result is unnecessary as there is already a party directly liable for causing the copies to be made. Plaintiffs occasionally claim that they only seek to hold liable a party that refuses to delete infringing files after they have been warned. However, such liability cannot be based on a theory of direct infringement, where knowledge is irrelevant. The court does not find workable a theory of infringement that would hold the entire Internet liable for activities that cannot reasonably be deterred. Billions of bits of data flow through the Internet and are necessarily stored on servers throughout the network and it is thus practically


text: Page:A SEA Dyak Dictionary in alphabetical parts, with examples and quotations shewing the use and meaning of words.pdf/205


text: Page:A SEA Dyak Dictionary in alphabetical parts, with examples and quotations shewing the use and meaning of words.pdf/204


text:
Page:A SEA Dyak Dictionary in alphabetical parts, with examples and quotations shewing the use and meaning of words.pdf/206

 v


text: A Description of Greenland

title: A Description of Greenland


text: Page:A SEA Dyak Dictionary in alphabetical parts, with examples and quotations shewing the use and meaning of words.pdf/208


text: Page:A SEA Dyak Dictionary in alphabetical parts, with examples and quotations shewing the use and meaning of words.pdf/233


text: Page:A SEA Dyak Dictionary in alphabetical parts, with examples and quotations shewing the use and meaning of words.pdf/96


text: A Description of Greenland/Dedication

title: A Description of Greenland/Dedication


text:
Page:The Poems of Oscar Wilde.pdf/81

! what a scroll of History thine has been;

In the first days thy sword republican

Ruled the whole world for many an age's span:

Then of the peoples wert thou royal Queen,

Till in thy streets the bearded Goth was seen;

And now upon thy walls the breezes fan

(Ah, city crowned by God, discrowned by man!)

The hated flag of red and white and green.

When was thy glory! when in search for power

Thine eagles flew to greet the double sun,

And the wild nations shuddered at thy rod?

Nay, but thy glory tarried for this hour,

When pilgrims kneel before the Holy One,

The prisoned shepherd of the Church of God.

67

title: Page:The Poems of Oscar Wilde.pdf/81


text:
Page:The Poems of Oscar Wilde.pdf/82

, Lord, not thus! white lilies in the spring,

Sad olive-groves, or silver-breasted dove,

Teach me more clearly of Thy life and love

Than terrors of red flame and thundering.

The hillside vines dear memories of Thee bring:

A bird at evening flying to its nest

Tells me of One who had no place of rest:

I think it is of Thee the sparrows sing.

Come rather on some autumn afternoon,

When red and brown are burnished on the leaves,

And the fields echo to the gleaner's song,

Come when the splendid fulness of the moon

Looks down upon the rows of golden sheaves,

And reap Thy harvest: we have waited long. 68

title: Page:The Poems of Oscar Wilde.pdf/82


text:
User talk:Jesselogic

Beeswaxcandle (talk) 03:26, 9 January 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jesselogic


text:
Page:The Poems of Oscar Wilde.pdf/83

silver trumpets rang across the Dome:

The people knelt upon the ground with awe:

And borne upon the necks of men I saw,

Like some great God, the Holy Lord of Rome.

Priest-like, he wore a robe more white than foam,

And, king-like, swathed himself in royal red,

Three crowns of gold rose high upon his head:

In splendour and in light the Pope passed home.

My heart stole back across wide wastes of years

To one who wandered by a lonely sea,

And sought in vain for any place of rest:

'Foxes have holes, and every bird its nest.

I, only I, must wander wearily,

And bruise my feet, and drink salt wine with tears.' 69

title: Page:The Poems of Oscar Wilde.pdf/83


text:
Category:Silent films with synchronized soundtracks

Films that employ synchronized soundtracks, but no audible dialogue (outside of some small bits of what can loosely be considered dialogue, such as yelling), and have intertitles displaying dialogue like traditional silent films.


text:
Category:Part-talkies

Movies produced primarily between 1927 and 1929 that had synchronized soundtracks and some scenes with audible dialogue, but partially relied on intertitles like traditional silent films.

title: Category:Part-talkies