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, Third Edition the registration materials, the Office’s records, or other sources of information that are known by the Office or the general public. Knowingly making a false representation of a material fact in an application for copyright registration, or in any written statement filed in connection with an application, is a crime that is punishable under 17 U.S.C. § 506(e).

Ordinarily, the Office will not conduct its own factual investigation to confirm the truth of the statements made in the application. However, the Office may take administrative notice of facts or matters that are known by the Office or the general public, and may communicate with the if the application appears to contain inaccurate or erroneous information.

309.3 No Precedential Value

The determination of copyrightability will be made on a case-by-case basis. The fact that the U.S. Copyright Office registered a particular work does not necessarily mean that the Office will register similar types of works or works that fall within the same category. A decision to register a particular work has no precedential value and is not binding upon the Office when it examines any other application.

310 Factors That Will Not Be Considered in the Examination of Originality

As a general rule, the U.S. Copyright Office will not consider factors that have no bearing on whether the originality requirement has been met. Examples of such factors are discussed in Sections 310.1 through below.

310.1 Novelty or Ingenuity

The U.S. Copyright Office will examine each work in isolation to determine whether it satisfies the originality requirement. The fact that a work may be novel, distinctive, innovative, or even unique is irrelevant to this analysis. See 94-1476, at 51 (1976), reprinted in 1976 U.S.C.C.A.N. at 5664 (stating “the standard of originality established by the courts … does not include requirements of novelty [or] ingenuity” and that Congress did not intend “to enlarge the standard of copyright protection” to impose these requirements).

As discussed in, “originality requires independent creation plus a modicum of creativity.” Feist, 499 U.S. at 346. The author’s expression does not need to be novel, and it does not need to “be presented in an innovative or surprising way.” Id. at 362; see also L. Batlin & Son v. Snyder, 536 F.2d 486, 490 (2d. Cir. 1976) (“Originality is … distinguished from novelty; there must be independent creation, but it need not be invention in the sense of striking uniqueness, ingeniousness, or novelty”). A work of authorship may be original, even though it is neither new nor inventive or even if “it closely resembles other works.” Feist, 499 U.S. at 345 (explaining that “[o]riginality does not signify novelty”). Conversely, the fact that a work is new, innovative, or even unique does not necessarily mean that it contains a sufficient amount of creative expression to satisfy the originality requirement. Chapter 300 : 12


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 West Africa. For such men are a mere handful whom Imperialism can neglect with impunity, and, even if it has for the moment to excuse itself for so doing, it need only call us "traders." I say us, because I am vain of having been, since my return, classed among the Liverpool traders by a distinguished officer.

This part of Western Africa from Sierra Leone to Cape Palmas was known to the geographers amongst the classics as Leuce Æthiopia: to their successors as the Grain or Pepper or Meleguetta Coast. I will discourse later of the inhabitants, the Kru, from an ethnological standpoint, because they are too interesting and important to be got in here. The true limits of the Grain coast are from the River Sestros to Growy, two leagues east of Cape Palmas according to Barbot, and its name came from the fact that it was hereabouts that the Portuguese, on their early expeditions in the 15th century, first came across grains of paradise, a circumstance that much excited those navigators at the time and encouraged them to pursue their expeditions to this region, for grains of paradise were in those days much valued and had been long known in European markets.

These euphoniously-named spices are the seeds of divers amomums, or in lay language, cardamum—Amomum Meleguetta (Roscoe) or as Pereira has it, Amomum granum Paradisi. Their more decorative appellation "grains of Paradise" is of Italian origin, the Italians having known and valued this spice, bought it, and sold it to the rest of Europe at awful prices long before the Portuguese, under Henry the Navigator, visited the West African Coast. The Italians had bought the spice from the tawny Moors, who brought it, with other products of West Africa across

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 lawyer, recognized him, and determined to recover possession of the slave, again rendered valuable by the restoration of his health. The lawyer employed two of the Lord Mayor's officers to apprehend Strong, and he was lodged in the Compter, until he could be shipped off to the West Indies. The negro, bethinking him in his captivity of the kind services which Granville Sharp had rendered him in his great distress some years before, despatched a letter to him requesting his help. Sharp had forgotten the name of Strong, but he sent a messenger to make inquiries, who returned saying that the keepers denied having any such person in their charge. His suspicions were roused, and he went forthwith to the prison, and insisted upon seeing Jonathan Strong. He was admitted, and recognized the poor negro, now in custody as a recaptured slave. Mr. Sharp charged the master of the prison at his own peril not to deliver up Strong to any person whatever, until he had been carried before the Lord Mayor, to whom Sharp immediately went, and obtained a summons against those persons who had seized and imprisoned Strong without a warrant. The parties appeared before the Lord Mayor accordingly, and it appeared from the proceedings that Strong's former master had already sold him to a new one, who produced the bill of sale and claimed the negro as his property. As no charge of offence was made against Strong, and as the Lord Mayor was incompetent to deal with the legal question of Strong's liberty or otherwise, he discharged him, and the slave followed his benefactor out of court, no one daring to touch him. The man's owner immediately gave Sharp notice of an action to


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 recover possession of his negro slave, of whom he declared he had been robbed.

About that time (1767) the personal liberty of the Englishman, though cherished as a theory, was subject to grievous infringements, and was almost daily violated. The impressment of men for the sea service was constantly practised, and, besides the press-gangs, there were regular bands of kidnappers employed in London and all the large towns of the kingdom, to seize men for the East India Company's service. And when the men were not wanted for India, they were shipped off to the planters in the American colonies. Negro slaves were openly advertised for sale in the London and Liverpool newspapers. Rewards were offered for recovering and securing fugitive slaves, and conveying them down to certain specified ships in the river.

The position of the reputed slave in England was undefined and doubtful. The judgments which had been given in the courts of law were fluctuating and various, resting on no settled principle. Although it was a popular belief that no slave could breathe in England, there were legal men of eminence who expressed a directly contrary opinion. The lawyers to whom Mr. Sharp resorted for advice, in defending himself in the action raised against him in the case of Jonathan Strong, generally concurred in this view, and he was further told by Jonathan Strong's owner, that the eminent Lord Chief Justice Mansfield, and all the leading counsel, were decidedly of opinion that the slave, by coming into England, did not become free, but might legally be compelled to return again to the plantations. Such information would have caused despair in


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, Third Edition 310.2 Aesthetic Value, Artistic Merit, and Intrinsic Quality

In determining whether a work contains a sufficient amount of original authorship, the U.S. Copyright Office does not consider the aesthetic value, artistic merit, or intrinsic quality of a work. 94-1476, at 51 (1976), reprinted in 1976 U.S.C.C.A.N. at 5664. For example, the Office will not look for any particular style of creative expression. Likewise, the Office will not consider whether a work is visually appealing or written in elegant prose.

As the Supreme Court noted, “it would be a dangerous undertaking for persons trained only to the law to constitute themselves final judges of the worth of pictorial illustrations, outside of the narrowest and most obvious limits.” Bleistein v. Donaldson Lithographing Co., 188 U.S. 239, 251 (1903). The legislative history for the Copyright Act recognizes that “the standard of originality established by the courts … does not include requirements of … esthetic merit” and expressly states that Congress did not intend “to enlarge the standard of copyright protection” to impose this requirement. See 94-1476, at 51 (1976), reprinted in 1976 U.S.C.C.A.N. at 5664.

For the same reasons, the Office will not consider the truth or falsity of the facts set forth in a work of authorship. Nor will the Office consider the soundness or the unsoundness of the views espoused in the work. See Belcher v. Tarbox, 486 F.2d 1087, 1088 (9th Cir. 1973) (“The gravity and immensity of the problems, theological, philosophical, economic and scientific, that would confront a court if this view were adopted are staggering to contemplate. It is surely not a task lightly to be assumed, and we decline the invitation to assume it.”) (footnote omitted).

310.3 Symbolic Meaning and Impression

When the U.S. Copyright Office examines a work of authorship, it determines whether the work “possess[es] the minimal creative spark required by the Copyright Act and the Constitution.” Feist, 499 U.S. at 363. The symbolic meaning or impression of a work is irrelevant to this determination.

The Office will use objective criteria to determine whether a work constitutes subject matter and satisfies the originality requirement. In making this determination, the Office will consider the expression that is in the work itself and is perceptible in the. Specifically, the Office will focus only on the actual appearance or sound of the work that has been submitted for registration, but will not consider any meaning or significance that the work may evoke. The fact that creative thought may take place in the mind of the person who encounters a work has no bearing on the issue of originality. See 17 U.S.C. § 102.

310.4 Look and Feel

The U.S. Copyright Office will not consider the so-called “look and feel” of a work. Invoking a work’s “feel” is not a viable substitute for an objective analysis of the work’s and creative elements. See 4, §13.03[A][1][c] (2013) (criticizing the use of “feel” as a “wholly amorphous referent” that “merely invites an abdication of analysis”). Chapter 300 : 13


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 a mind less courageous and earnest than that of Granville Sharp; but it only served to stimulate his resolution to fight the battle of the negroes' freedom, at least in England. "Forsaken," he said, "by my professional defenders, I was compelled, through the want of regular legal assistance, to make a hopeless attempt at self-defence, though I was totally unacquainted either with the practice of the law or the foundations of it, having never opened a law book (except the Bible) in my life, until that time, when I most reluctantly undertook to search the indexes of a law library, which my bookseller had lately purchased."

The whole of his time during the day was occupied with the business of the Ordnance Department, where he held the most laborious post in the office; he was therefore under the necessity of conducting his new studies late at night or early in the morning. He confessed that he was himself becoming a sort of slave. Writing to a clerical friend to excuse himself for delay in replying to a letter, he said, "I profess myself entirely incapable of holding a literary correspondence. What little time I have been able to save from sleep at night, and early in the morning, has been necessarily employed in the examination of some points of law, which admitted of no delay, and yet required the most diligent researches and examination in my study."

Mr. Sharp gave up every leisure moment that he could command during the next two years to the close study of the laws of England affecting personal liberty,—wading through an immense mass of dry and repulsive literature, and making extracts of all the most important Acts of Parlia-


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 ment, decisions of the courts, and opinions of eminent lawyers as he went along. In this tedious and protracted inquiry he had no instructor, nor assistant, nor adviser. He could not find a single lawyer whose opinion was favourable to his undertaking. The results of his inquiries were, however, as gratifying to himself as they were surprising to the gentlemen of the law. "God be thanked," he wrote, "there is nothing in any English law or statute—at least that I am able to find out—that can justify the enslaving of others." He had planted his foot firm, and now he doubted nothing. He drew up the result of his studies in a summary form; it was a plain, clear, and manly statement, entitled, 'On the Injustice of Tolerating Slavery in England'; and numerous copies, made by himself, were circulated by him amongst the most eminent lawyers of the time. Strong's owner, finding the sort of man he had to deal with, invented various pretexts for deferring the suit against Sharp, and at length offered a compromise, which was rejected. Granville went on circulating his manuscript tract among the lawyers, until at length those employed against Jonathan Strong were deterred from proceeding further, and the result was, that the plaintiff was compelled to pay treble costs for not bringing forward his action. The tract was then printed in 1769

In the meantime other cases occurred of the kidnapping of negroes in London, and their shipment to the West Indies for sale. Wherever Sharp could lay hold of any such case, he at once took proceedings to rescue the negro. Thus the wife of one Hylas, an African, was seized, and despatched to Barbadoes; on which Sharp, in the


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120 Intermittent fever, 2 Remittent fever, 1 Small-pox, 1 Erysipelas, 1 Hepatitis, 1 Hydrocephalus, 1 Acute diseases of infants, 8.

Chronic diseases.—Cough and dyspnœa, 46 Pulmonary consumption, 4 Tabes and marasmus, 2 Pleurodyne, 3 Hœmoptoe, 3 Hœmatemesis, 1 Lumbago and sciatica, 8 Chronic rheumatism, 9 Cephalalgia, 4 Asthenia, 6 Jaundice, 2 Gastrodynia, 3 Enterodynia, 2 Diarrhœa, 4 Dysure, 2 Dyspepsia, 4 Dysentery, 4 Chronic opthalmia, 3 Hypochondriasis, 2 Menorrhagia, 2 Amenorrhœa, 3 Chlorosis, 2 Dysmenorrhœa, 3 Dropsy, 2.

This is the season when we are to expect pulmonic complaints to abound. The inhabitants of this island are particularly subject to them; they generally prevail from the end of November to the beginning of May; and after resisting the utmost efforts of medical aid, about that period cease, not from the beneficial effects of medicines, but because the agent which excited them no longer acts. When we consider the admirable structure and delicate organization of the lungs; the exquisite fineness and sensibility of the air-cells upon which such an infinite number of minute vessels ramify; the astonishing changes which the blood undergoes in them, and their vast importance to the system; whilst they are particularly exposed to every vicissitude of temperature—we must rather admire that so many people escape, than that so many are affected with complaints in these organs. It is not a cough alone, or what is vulgarly termed "catching cold," which occasions pulmonary consumption, a disease which annually carries off thousands of the finest of our youth. People continue to cough, almost to suffocation, from childhood to old age: who has not witnessed the convulsive efforts of the asthmatic, or the struggles of old men with their winter companion? yet these attain a comfortable series of years, quitting their obstinate coughs when the summer months approach, as regularly as they cast off their great-coats. Nothing is more absurd and erroneous than the supposition that cough is the cause of consumption; it is indeed one of its most distressing symptoms, but the philosophical enquirer does not mistake a symptom of a disease for its cause: for this we must search deeper into the arcana of nature, and probably we may find it in a peculiar state of constitution. What this state is, how it is generated, and what may be the likeliest means of counteracting it, I shall possibly offer some opinions upon in the course of these reports: it is sufficient at present to declare my conviction, that the alarm sounded through the country by certain individuals, is carried to a ridiculous extent, is calculated to excite dismay in persons of delicate feelings, and actually to produce the complaint which its propagators affect to be so anxious to remove.

The case of small-pox inserted in the list, terminated fatally on the 12th day of eruption. It occurred in a stout young man of middle age, and was of the confluent sort, from which very few adults who are seized with it escape. It affords another melancholy instance of the prejudice and folly of men, in re-


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 remembered, had already been expressed as decidedly opposed to that entertained by Granville Sharp. The judge, however, avoided bringing the question to an issue, or offering any opinion on the legal question as to the slave's personal liberty or otherwise, but discharged the negro because the defendant could bring no evidence that Lewis was even nominally his property.

The question of the personal liberty of the negro in England was therefore still undecided; but in the meantime Mr. Sharp continued steadily in his benevolent course, and by his indefatigable exertions and promptitude of action many more were added to the list of the rescued. At length the important case of James Somerset occurred; a case which is said to have been selected, at the mutual desire of Lord Mansfield and Mr. Sharp, in order to bring the great question involved to a clear legal issue. Somerset had been brought to England by his master, and left there. Afterwards his master sought to apprehend him and send him off to Jamaica for sale. Mr. Sharp, as usual, at once took the negro's case in hand, and employed counsel to defend him. Lord Mansfield intimated that the case was of such general concern, that he should take the opinion of all the judges upon it. Mr. Sharp now felt that he would have to contend with all the force that could be brought against him, but his resolution was in no wise shaken. Fortunately for him, in this severe struggle, his exertions had already begun to tell; increasing interest was taken in the question, and many eminent legal gentlemen openly declared themselves to be upon his side.

The cause of personal liberty, now at stake, was


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 ameliorate the condition of the native Indians in the American colonies. He agitated the enlargement and extension of the political rights of the English people; and he endeavoured to effect the abolition of the impressment of seamen. Granville held that the British seaman, as well as the African negro, was entitled to the protection of the law; and that the fact of his choosing a seafaring life did not in any way cancel his rights and privileges as an Englishman—first amongst which he ranked personal freedom. Mr. Sharp also laboured, but ineffectually, to restore amity between England and her colonies in America; and when the fratricidal war of the American Revolution was entered on, his sense of integrity was so scrupulous that, resolving not in any way to be concerned in so unnatural a business, he resigned his situation at the Ordnance Office.

To the last he held to the great object of his life—the abolition of slavery. To carry on this work, and organize the efforts of the growing friends of the cause, the Society for the Abolition of Slavery was founded, and new men, inspired by Sharp's example and zeal, sprang forward to help him. His energy became theirs, and the self-sacrificing zeal in which he had so long laboured single-handed became at length transfused into the nation itself. His mantle fell upon Clarkson, upon Wilberforce, upon Brougham, and upon Buxton, who laboured as he had done, with like energy and steadfastness of purpose, until at length slavery was abolished throughout the British Dominions. But though the names last mentioned may be more frequently identified with the triumph of this great cause, the chief merit unquestionably belongs to


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, Third Edition 310.5 The Author’s Inspiration and Intent

When examining a work for original authorship, the U.S. Copyright Office will not consider the author’s inspiration for the work, creative intent, or intended meaning. Instead, the Office will focus solely on the appearance or sound of the work that has been submitted for registration to determine whether it is original and creative within the meaning of the statute and the relevant case law. The fact that creative thought may take place in the mind of the person who created a work (or a person viewing or listening to the work) has no bearing on the issue of originality unless the work objectively demonstrates original authorship. Mental processes do not themselves provide an objective basis for evaluating creativity. See 17 U.S.C. § 102(b).

310.6 The Author’s Skill and Experience

The U.S. Copyright Office will not consider the author’s creative skill and experience when evaluating a work for authorship, because the author’s personal or professional history is irrelevant to the determination of copyrightability. Instead, the Office will focus solely on the appearance or sound of the work that has been submitted for registration to determine whether it satisfies the originality requirement. See L. Batlin & Son, 536 F.2d at 491 (finding that “the requirement of originality [cannot] be satisfied simply by the demonstration of ‘physical skill’ or ‘special training’”).

310.7 The Time, Effort, or Expense Required to Create the Work

When examining a work for original authorship, the U.S. Copyright Office will focus on the appearance or sound of the work that the author created but will not consider the amount of time, effort, or expense required to create the work. These issues have no bearing on whether a work possesses the minimum creative spark required by the Copyright Act and the Constitution. See, e.g., Feist, 499 U.S. at 352–354, 364 (rejecting the so-called “sweat of the brow” doctrine that provided copyright protection solely as a “reward for the hard work” of creating a work). As Justice O’Connor observed, “copyright rewards originality, not effort” and “[w]ithout a doubt, the ‘sweat of the brow’ doctrine flouted basic copyright principles.” Id. at 352, 354, 364.

310.8 Design Alternatives

When examining a work for original authorship, the U.S. Copyright Office will focus on the appearance or sound of the work that has been submitted for registration, including its individual elements and the work as a whole, to determine whether it contains a sufficient amount of original and creative authorship.

As a general rule, the Office will not consider possible design alternatives that the author may have considered when he or she created the work. Likewise, the Office will not consider potential variations in the use of the work, such as the fact that a work could be presented in a different color, in a different size, or with a different orientation.

The creative process often requires many choices involving the size, coloring, orientation, proportion, configuration, perspective, or other constituent elements of the work. These types of choices are present in every work of authorship. It is not the Chapter 300 : 14


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 the desert to the Mediterranean port Monte Barca byTripoli.

The reason why this African cardamum received either the name of grains of Paradise or of Meleguetta pepper is, like most African things, wrapt in mystery to a certain extent. Some authorities hold they got the first name on their own merits. Others that the Italian merchants gave it them to improve prices. Others that the Italians gave it them honestly enough on account of their being nice, and no one knowing where on earth exactly they came from, said, therefore, why not say Paradise? It is certain, however, that before the Portuguese went down into the unknown seas and found the Pepper coast that the Italians knew those peppers came from the country of Melli, but as they did not know where that was, beyond that it was somewhere in Africa, this did not take away the sense of romance from the spice.

As for their name Meleguetta, an equal divergence of opinion reigns. I myself think the proper word is meneguetta. The old French name was maneguilia, and the name they are still called by at Cape Palmas in the native tongue is Emanequetta. The French claim to have brought peppers and ivory from the River Sestros as early as 1364, and the River Sestros was on the seaboard of the kingdom of Mene, but the termination quetta is most probably a corruption of the Portuguese name for pepper. But, on the other hand, the native name for them among the Sestros people is Waizanzag. And therefore, the whole name may well be European, and just as well called meleguetta as meneguetta, because the kingdom of Mene was a fief of the Empire of Melli when the Portuguese first called at Sestros. The other possible derivation is that which says mele is a corrup-

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 54 while Matreona was preparing some things to put in the oven and the children were running around the benches, when suddenly one of the latter stopped to look out of the window. Simeon was sewing some boot-legs and his assistant was making heels. As the boy ran around the bench he went to where Michael was sitting, and, leaning his head on his shoulder, he looked out of the window a second time. He had been there but a moment when he said:

"Oh, Uncle Michael! There is the merchant's wife and two little girls with her, and they are surely coming to our house! One of the girls is lame."

As the boy finished speaking Michael threw aside his work, and, turning to the window, he looked out. This movement on his part very much surprised Simeon. He had never seen Michael display such interest in anything before. He was leaning on the window-sill and gazing intently at something or some one outside.

Simeon's curiosity being aroused, he also


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 tion of the Italian name for Turkey millet, Melanga, a thing the grains rather resemble. Another very plausible derivation is that the whole word is Portuguese in origin, but a corruption of mala gens, the Portuguese having found the people they first bought them of a bad lot, and so named the pepper in memory thereof. This however is interestingly erroneous and an early example of the danger of armchairism when dealing with West Africa. For the coast of the malegens was not the coast the Portuguese first got the pepper from, but it was that coast just to the east of the Meleguetta, where all they got was killing and general unpleasantness round by the Rio San Andrew, Drewin way, which coast is now included in the Ivory.

The grains themselves are by no means confined to the Grain Coast, but are the fruit of a plant common in all West African districts, particularly so on Cameroon Mountain, where just above the 3,000 feet level on the east and south-east face you come into a belt of them, and horrid walking ground they make. I have met with them also in great profusion in the Sierra del Crystal; but there is considerable difference in the kinds. The grain of Paradise of commerce is, like that of the East Indian cardamom, enclosed in a fibrous capsule, and the numerous grains in it are surrounded by a pulp having a most pleasant, astringent, aromatic taste. This is pleasant eating, particularly if you do not manage to chew up with it any of the grains, for they are amazingly hot in the mouth, and cause one to wonder why Paradise instead of Hades was reported as their "country of origin."

The natives are very fond of chewing the capsule and the inner bark of the stem of the plant. They are, for the

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Rh looked out of the window and saw a well-dressed woman entering his yard. She had with her two little girls, who were dressed in rich furs and had handsome shawls upon their heads. The children greatly resembled each other. Indeed, they were so much alike that it was difficult to tell them apart, the only difference between them being that the right leg of one was shorter than the other, which caused the girl to walk lame.

They entered the porch, and the woman, finding the knob of the door after a time, turned it, and, pushing the children into the room before her, followed immediately after, saying:

"Bosses, how do you do?"

"You are welcome," answered Simeon; "what can we do for you?"

The woman seated herself by the table while the little girls pressed close to her knees. They were very bashful in the presence of strangers.

"I would like you to make shoes for my little


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 56 ones," the woman said; "something suitable for spring wear."

"Very well, we will do that for you with pleasure," the shoemaker replied. "We have never before made shoes for children, yet I am sure we can do so. Do you wish the shoes made plain or with linings? Here, Michael, you know most about such work."

Simeon, on turning to Michael, saw that he had dropped his work and was looking earnestly and rather anxiously at the little girls. This action on the part of his assistant very much surprised the shoemaker.

The children were remarkably pretty, having large dark eyes and full round faces, in which a healthy color glowed. Their dress was rich and tasteful. Yet with all these attractions Simeon was very much puzzled to understand why Michael displayed such deep interest in them. He was looking at them as if they were old acquaintances.

The shoemaker, on seeing his faithful helper


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 Rh so deeply engrossed, turned to the woman and began arranging about the price of the shoes. That matter being satisfactorily settled, Simeon proceeded to take the children's measures. Taking the lame girl upon her lap, the woman said:

"See here, my man; take your measure from the feet of this child—one shoe for the lame foot and three for the other. Barring this girl's defect, the feet of both are of the same size; for the children are twins."

The shoemaker did as he was directed, meanwhile asking a number of questions.

"How does it happen that she is lame?" he inquired of the woman. "She has such a pretty face! Was she born lame?"

"Not exactly," was the reply. "Soon after her birth her mother lay heavily upon her and accidentally crushed her foot."

At this point the curiosity of Simeon's wife became very much aroused, and she could not withstand the temptation to take part in the


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 58 conversation. She was anxious to learn to whom the children belonged, so she said to the woman, "Are you not their mother?"

"No," said the woman, "I am not their mother, nor yet any relation to them. They were strangers to me, and I have adopted them."

"They are not your children," said Matreona, "and yet you appear to love them so much!"

"How could I help loving them? for it was I myself who nursed them into life. I had a child of my own at the same time, but the good Lord took it away from me. I felt oh! so sorry for it; and yet I had infinitely more pity for these motherless babes."

"But, pray, whose children are they?"


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 matter of that, fond of chewing anything, but the practice in this case seems to me more repaying than when carried on with kola or ordinary twigs.

Two kinds of meleguetta pepper come up from Guinea. That from Accra is the larger, plumper, and tougher skinned, and commands the higher price. The capsule, which is about 2 inches long by 1 inch in breadth, is more oval than that of the other kind, and the grains in it are round and bluntly angular, bright brown outside, but when broken open showing a white inside. The other kind, the ordinary Guinea grain of commerce, comes from Sierra Leone and Liberia. They are devoid of the projecting tuft on the umbilicus. The capsule is like that of the Accra grain. When dry, it is wrinkled, and if soaked does not display the longitudinal frill of the Javan Amomum maximum, which it is sometimes used to adulterate. This common capsule is only about 1 inches long and an inch in diameter, but the grain when broken open is also white like the Accra one. There are, however, any quantity on Cameroons of the winged Javan variety, but these have so far not been exported.

The plants that produce the grains are zingiberaceous, cane-like in appearance, only having broader, blunter leaves than the bamboo. The flower is very pretty, in some kinds a violet pink, but in the most common a violet purple, and they are worn as marks of submission by people in the Oil Rivers suing for peace. These flowers, which grow close to the ground, seeming to belong more to the root of the plant than the stem, or, more properly speaking, looking as if they had nothing to do with the graceful great soft canes round them, but were a crop of lovely crocus-like flowers on their own account, are followed by crimson-

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woman seemed willing to speak, and she told her story as follows:

"It was just about six years ago that inside of a week these poor children lost both of their parents. The father was buried on a Tuesday, and on the following Friday the mother died while bringing these little girls into the world. I was at that time living on a farm with my husband, and our house was not far from their home. The father of the little ones was by trade a woodman, and on that fatal day had gone to the forest to chop down trees. From one tree he could not escape in time, and it fell upon him, injuring him so badly that he expired just as he reached the threshold of his humble home. The poor wife was in despair at the loss of her husband, and on the Friday after his burial the babes first saw the light. The wom-


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made a good soldier. They put him into a machine gun company and he loved it. Officers considered his nerveless coolness under fire remarkable. They didn't know that being under fire was an old story to him, and that he was unaccustomed to having countless thousands of men to help him repel the attack. Trenches, too, were a protection unknown in the street battles back home. All in all, he considered war a rather tame proposition and plunged into it with gusto.

Within six months he was first sergeant of his company. The men, being mostly country boys and therefore having nothing in common with him, didn't like him very well personally but he had that indefinable "it" of the born leader that would have made them unquestionably follow him anywhere. They had to, once. It was a nasty night engagement in the woods. Tony came staggering out of the dark, carrying the unconscious captain on his back, and almost blinded by his own blood, to find all their officers down and the leaderless men

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 60 an was alone at the time and her lot must have been an extremely unhappy one.

"The morning after this event I went to visit my neighbor, to learn if there was anything I could do for her. I was too late to be of any assistance, for I found her body already stiff and cold. In her death-struggle she had turned over on this child [pointing to the lame girl] and crushed her tender little foot.

"On learning the state of affairs I went among the village folk and informed them of the sad occurrence,and between us we obtained a cheap coffin. After washing and dressing the body we gave it decent burial. The helpless babes were still to be cared for, and it was a difficult matter for us to know what to do with them, as we were all poor people struggling for a living. I alone of all the women present had but one child. It was my first—a boy just eight weeks old.

"The men of the village called an assembly of the people to discuss what would be best to do


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 skinned pods enclosing the black and brown seeds wrapped in juicy pulp, quite unlike the appearance they present when dried or withered.

There is only a small trade done in Guinea grains now, George III. (Cap. 58) having declared that no brewer or dealer in wine shall be found in possession of grains of Paradise without paying a fine of £200, and that if any druggist shall sell them to a brewer that druggist shall pay a fine of £500 for each such offence.

The reason of this enactment was the idea that the grains were poisonous, and that the brewers in using them to give fire to their liquors were destroying their consumers, His Majesty's lieges. As far as poison goes this idea was wrong, for Meleguetta pepper or grains of Paradise are quite harmless though hot. Perhaps, however, some consignment may have reached Europe with poisonous seeds in it. I once saw four entirely different sorts of seeds in a single sample. That is the worst of our Ethiopian friends, they adulterate every mortal thing that passes through their hands. I will do them the justice to say they usually do so with the intellectually comprehensible end in view of gaining an equivalent pecuniary advantage by it. Still it is commercially unsound of them; for example for years they sent up the seeds of the Kickia Africana as an adulteration for Strophantus, whereas they would have made more by finding out that the Kickia was a great rubber-producing tree. They will often take as much trouble to put in foreign matter as to get more legitimate raw material. I really fancy if any one were to open up a trade in Kru Coast rocks, adulteration would be found in the third shipment. It is their way, and legislation is useless. All that is necessary is that the traders who buy of them should know their business

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Rh with the children thus suddenly thrown on the mercy of the world. Turning to me, those present said: 'Mary, you have but one child. Will you not take the infants and keep them until we can decide what will be best to do with them?' I willingly agreed to this, and taking the babes in my arms I immediately began to feed the uninjured child—to the neglect of the other, as I did not believe the deformed one would live.

"On second thought I asked myself why that angelic soul should be permitted to pass away, and my sympathy was aroused on behalf of the little waif. I then began to feed it also. I was young, strong, and healthy, and the good Lord enabled me to care for all three of the children. I fed two at a time, and when they were satisfied I fed the third one. Thus it was that through God's will the lives of the children were spared. My little boy lived two years and then he was taken from me, and we have not yet been blessed with any more. We have prospered greatly since that time, and we are


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Rh however, the Constitution contained no declaration of rights, but was simply a working system of government which was constituted out of institutions and laws already operating and familiar. In the one or two points in which the Constitution-makers endeavored to devise something new and clever with which to avert an apprehended danger, as for instance in the case of the Electoral College, their wisdom has all been set at naught. It is noticeable that this was a safeguard against democracy. In another case, when they set no limit to the number of re-elections which a president might obtain, the democratic temper of the country has forced an unwritten law limiting the terms to two. Here I should like to point out a confirmation of one thing which I said at the outset, that the direction of political movement in this country and in Europe has been opposite. According to European usage, which has become current here also, we should want to call the Anti-federalists radicals, and we should call Hamilton, Madison, and the other advocates of the new Constitution conservatives. But if conservative means clinging to the old and if radical means favoring change and innovation, then the Anti-federalists were the conservatives and the Federalists were radicals.

There are people amongst us who are thrown into a flutter of indignation by the suggestion that there are any classes in our American society, yet from time to time we hear blame cast upon the educated and property classes for not taking a due share in politics. The existence of some class differentiation is then recognized. Democracy is in general and by its principles jealous of the interference of any who are distinguished from the mass by anything whatever; as soon as anybody is distinguished in any way he ceases to be one of the


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 and not make infants of themselves by regarding the African as one or expecting the government to dry nurse them.

In private life the native uses and values these Guinea grains highly, using them sometimes internally sometimes externally, pounding them up into a paste with which they beplaster their bodies for various aches and pains. For headache, not the sequelæ of trade gin, but of malaria, the forehead and temples are plastered with a stiff paste made of Guinea grain, hard oil, chalk, or some such suitable medium, and it is a most efficacious treatment for this fearfully common complaint in West Africa. But the careful ethnologist must not mix this medicinal plaster up with the sort of prayerful plaster worn by the West Africans at time for Ju Ju, and go and mistake a person who is merely attending to his body for one who is attending to his soul.

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 62 now living in the mill, having been employed by the merchant. We are well paid and have the best of food, but have no children of our own to gladden our home.

"I could not live now without these dear little girls. I love them very dearly, as I have no one else to love in all the wide world."

As she finished speaking she tenderly pressed the lame girl to her side with one hand, while with the other she dried her tears, which were slowly coursing down her cheeks.

Sighing deeply, Matreona said: "How true is the proverb that 'we can live without father and mother but we cannot live without God!

While they were thus speaking among themselves a brilliant light seemed suddenly to come from the corner where Michael was seated. All eyes were instantly turned in that direction, and this is what they saw: Michael sitting with his hands resting on his knees, his eyes looking heavenward, while a beautiful smile illumined his countenance.


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woman and the children took their departure. When they had gone Michael arose from the bench. Putting his work aside and taking off his apron, he turned and bowed very low to Simeon and his wife, saying:

"I know, my friends, that you will forgive as God has already forgiven me."

As Michael spoke a bright light enveloped him.

Simeon arose and, bowing low before this strange being, said:

"I see, Michael, that you are no ordinary man, and I would not dare to question you or detain you longer under my roof. Only be pleased to tell me one thing: Why were you so despondent when I first found you and brought you home with me? When my wife gave you


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 64 something to eat you smiled on her so sweetly, and at once became brighter. Again, when the nobleman came and ordered the boots, you smiled a second time, and from that time on you became still brighter. Then you smiled for the third time when the woman came bringing the little girls with her, and you were brighter than before, while a beautiful light shone about you. Tell me where the wonderful light came from, and why you smiled those three times."

Michael answered:

"The light that enveloped me was a token from God that he had forgiven me the sin for which he had punished me. I smiled three times, for it was necessary for me to learn three of God's great truths. The first I learned when your wife had pity on me, and therefore I smiled the first time. The second great truth I learned when the rich man ordered the boots, so I smiled the second time. Through the little children I learned the third truth, and I smiled the third time."


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Rh Simeon then said:

"Michael, please tell me the nature of the sin for which God punished you, and also what his three great truths are, that I may understand and follow them."

Michael answered:

"God punished me for my disobedience. I was one of the angels in heaven, and God sent me down to earth to carry from it a woman's soul. I came to this earth and found the woman sick and alone. She had just brought twin girls into the world and she was too feeble to care for them. The woman realized that I was the Angel of Death and that God had sent me for her soul, and she said: 'I know you are an angel sent by God, but please hear me. My husband was buried only last Tuesday. He was killed by a tree falling upon him. I have neither father nor mother, brothers nor sisters, nor relatives of any kind. There will be no one to care for my orphaned children. Do not take my soul from my body, but spare me so


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Rh short work of it so soon as enough power shall have been collected to carry out the projects of certain social sects. Let us, however, give a moment's calm attention to it; the point is worth it, for here is where the tendencies now at work in society are to meet in collision. I do not mean by liberty any power of self-determination which all should allow to each or which each may demand of God, or nature, or society; I mean by it the aggregate of rights, privileges, and prerogatives which the laws and institutions of this country secure to each one of us to-day as conditions under which he may fight out the struggle for existence and the competition of life in this society. I call this liberty a thing which we have a "right" to demand, because, as a fact, the laws give us that right now; when I speak of rights and liberty, therefore, I wish to be understood as standing upon the law of the land and not on any platform of metaphysical or ethical deduction.

Such being the notion of liberty, it is plain that it stands on the line where right and might meet; where war passes over into peace, the guarantees of rights under law taking the place of the domination of might under lawlessness, and the limitation of rights by other rights taking the place of the limitation of powers by other powers. Many of the proposed changes in society aim to alter the demarcation of rights, and they aim to do this, not for a fuller realization of peace, order, liberty, and security, by a nicer adjustment of rights, but they avowedly aim to do it in the interest of certain groups and classes of persons. At this point, therefore, parties must be formed and issues must be joined. On one side is liberty under law, rights and interests being adjusted by the struggle of the parties under the natural laws of the social and industrial order and within


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we got our complement of Krumen on board, we proceeded down Coast with the intention of calling off Accra. I will spare you the description of the scenes which accompany the taking on of Kruboys; they have frequently been described, for they always alarm the new-comer—they are the first bit of real Africa he sees if bound for the Gold Coast or beyond. Sierra Leone, charming, as it is, has a sort of Christy Minstrel air about it for which he is prepared, but the Kruboy as he comes on board looks quite the Boys' Book of Africa sort of thing; though, needless to remark, as innocent as a lamb, bar a tendency to acquire portable property. Nevertheless, Kruboys coming on board for your first time alarm you; at any rate they did me, and they also introduced me to African noise, which like the insects is another most excellent thing, that you should get broken into early.

Woe! to the man in Africa who cannot stand perpetual uproar. Few things surprised me more than the rarity of silence and the intensity of it when you did get it. There

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 66 that I may bring up my little ones and be happy with them. It is impossible that they can live without either father or mother.'

"I listened to the mother's pleadings," continued Michael, "and taking the children from her side I placed them in her arms and forthwith proceeded to heaven, where I said to the good Lord: 'My courage failed me and I could not take the woman's soul, as you directed me to do. Her husband had been killed only a few days before, and two little children had just come into the world, so she begged me for their sakes not to deprive her of her soul, saying: "Please give me a chance to rear my children, for it is impossible that they can live without either father or mother." I therefore granted her request and left her soul in her body.'

"On hearing this the Lord said: 'Go instantly and do asI ordered you. Remove the woman's soul, and you will in time learn three great truths: What people are made of, what they do not need, and what sustains life.' The Lord


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 Rh then said: 'When you shall have learned these three great truths you will be allowed to return to heaven.'

"Hearing these angry words, I flew back to earth to fulfill the Lord's command. I took the woman's soul from her. The babes fell from her arms, and in her struggle with death she crushed the foot of one of the twins. I attempted to soar above the village, wishing to carry the woman's soul to God; but I was seized by a strong wind and my wings were carried away. The soul went alone on its way to heaven, while I dropped to the earth, alighting in the churchyard where you found me."


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 FEDERAL LEGISLATION ON RAILROADS

once said: "A strong conviction that something must be done is the parent of many bad measures." He made the observation early in his career; but it was a sign of his statesmanlike power to detect the common element in heterogeneous incidents of public life that he should have made it; scarcely a year passes which does not give us a new illustration of its truth. The next instance of headlong legislation with which this country is threatened is an act regulating railroads.

Two fallacies are of constant repetition in propositions for more government regulation. The first and widest is to argue that competition is not perfect in its action and does not satisfactorily solve the problem; it is inferred that we must have some form of government regulation. Plainly this inference is a non sequitur, unless it can be shown that government regulation will produce perfect and satisfactory results; or that regulation, although imperfect, will just complement and make up for the imperfections of competition. The second fallacy is illustrated when, after trying for a long time to solve a problem of the social order without success, we declare, in despair, that the state will have to take it in hand and legislate about it. This is a worse non sequitur than the other.

Both these fallacies are involved in the current arguments for the proposed legislation about railroads. Railroads are still new and still in their infancy. It seems reasonable to believe that they are capable of


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was only now that Simeon and Matreona began to understand whom they had fed and clad—that they had been entertaining an angel unawares; and they cried from feelings of mingled fear and joy, while the angel continued:

"I was left alone and naked in the field, without any previous knowledge of human needs. I had never known either cold or hunger, and all at once I became endowed with human attributes. I felt both hungry and cold and did not know what to do. I saw a chapel which had been built and dedicated to the service of God. I went there expecting at least to find a place of shelter; but instead I found the door locked, and that it was impossible to enter. In despair I seated myself at the rear of the chapel, that I


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 on the verge of panic. Tony let the captain carefully to the ground, instructed two men to do what they could for him from their first-aid kits, then dashed the blood out of his eyes and quietly took command of the situation.

Shortly after dawn the amazed colonel discovered Tony in command of three companies, with his position well consolidated and holding his section of the line comfortably. Tony himself was sitting on a little hillock, in deadly peril from snipers, with his automatic lying on his knee and with his keen glance wandering up and down the line in an effort to find some man who seemed disposed to retreat. He was somewhat of a sight with his legs bare and muddy, and his head tied up in bloody handkerchiefs and his puttees; only his eyes and mouth remained uncovered.

"Of all the dashed impudence!" exclaimed the colonel to the officers with him. "Taking command of the whole works and running it better than many a major could have done. If the Heinies had penetrated through here, they'd have wiped us out. "Say," he called to Tony from the shelter of the messy trench through which he was making his way in an effort to gather up his scat-

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 is only that time which comes between 10.30 A.M. and 4.30 P.M., in which you can look for anything like the usual quiet of an English village. We will give Man the first place in the orchestra, he deserves it. I fancy the main body of the lower classes of Africa think externally instead of internally. You will hear them when they are engaged together on some job—each man issuing the fullest directions and prophecies concerning it, in shouts; no one taking the least notice of his neighbours. If the head man really wants them to do something definite he fetches those within his reach an introductory whack; and even when you are sitting alone in the forest you will hear a man or woman coming down the narrow bush path chattering away with such energy and expression that you can hardly believe your eyes when you learn from them that he has no companion.

Some of this talking is, I fancy, an equivalent to our writing. I know many English people who, if they want to gather a clear conception of an affair write it down; the African not having writing, first talks it out. And again more of it is conversation with spirit guardians and familiar spirits, and also with those of their dead relatives and friends, and I have often seen a man, sitting at a bush fire or in a village palaver house, turn round and say, "You remember that, mother?" to the ghost that to him was there.

I remember mentioning this very touching habit of theirs, as it seemed to me, in order to console a sick and irritable friend whose cabin was close to a gangway then in possession of a very lively lot of Sierra Leone Kruboys, and he said, "Oh, I daresay they do, Miss Kingsley; but I'll be hanged if Hell is such a damned way off West Africa that they need shout so loud."

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Copyright, 1918, by The New York Times Company.

Special Cable to.

WITH THE AMERICAN ARMY IN FRANCE, Nov. 10.—The fact that this might be the last day of the war had no recognizable effect on military operations along the American front. The truth of the matter is that the United States fighting men were busy today on the greatest front they ever worked on, for we were fighting over a 115-kilometer line from Sedan east to the Moselle River near Pont-a-Mousson.

Although there seemed to be a fair chance that the armistice would be accepted by the Germans tomorrow at the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month, General Pershing proceeded to show the enemy the real situation by launching an attack by the American Second Army over a fifty-kilometer front. This attack was made with limited objectives for the partial purpose of feeling out the German strength.

We found stubborn resistance at most points, but nothing that stopped us. The objectives reached today included the Bois Cheminot, the Bois Voivrotte, the Bois Warville, the Heights of Etines, St. Hilaire, and Marchéville. We advanced over the whole front according to schedule, gaining at some places five kilometers. The Germans had many machine guns, but weak artillery fire.

The result of the attack by the Second Army shows that they have a considerable number of divisions in front of the Metz region.

The terrific effort of the American First Army in the Meuse sector, while using up some forty-three German divisions, of course taxed us heavily. But now the Second Army has its outfit and it works well, as was shown by the success of its first operation today.

The advance of the Second Army was made from a front approximately the same as that reached following the reduction of the St. Mihiel salient by the First Army in the middle of September. General Bullard's Second Army took over this front when the First Army was shipped north of Verdun for our great drive starting on Sept 26.

The First Army continued to distinguish itself today by capturing the important town of Stenay, lying on the eastern bank of the Meuse, which the Germans had endeavored to hold by hundreds of machine-gun nests and by terrific artillery and machine-gun barrages from the hills beyond Stenay.

Stenay was a town of some three thousand inhabitants before the war. We found 850 civilians there who came out from their cellars and warmly welcomed their Yankee deliverers.

The town was in excellent condition. We reached Laneuville six days ago. Since then the Germans have dropped a considerable number of shells into Stenay, but its condition cannot be called bad.

Further east a division of the First Army occupied Grimaucourt. At various points on the line we pushed the Germans back for good gains. The boche gunners took out some spite on our bridge at Mouzon this morning and knocked it out at two places.

The Germans put up strong resistance today in the vicinity of Grand Chena, Dieppe, and Les Cognons, while at other places they offered very little resistance.

Very heavy traffic was reported by aviators on the roads leading into Montmedy and the north. We kept up a harassing fire all day on these lines of communication. Our day bombers reported that very few German machines attempted to interfere with their work.

Operations of both the First and the Second Army continue and they will keep the boche busy on their long front until called off.

Every one in the American Army is looking forward to tomorrow at 11 o'clock. The army is ready for any turn the war may take.

WITH THE AMERICAN FORCES ON THE MEUSE FRONT, Nov. 10, (Associated Press.)—The First and Second American Armies, in their attacks today extending along the Moselle and the Meuse, advanced on a front of approximately 115 kilometers, (71 1/8 miles.) French troops operating under the American command also advanced at various points.

The captured territory included the German stronghold of Stenay, Grimaucourt, east of Verdun, and numerous villages and fortified positions in Lorraine.

The Second American Army in the morning launched its first attack in Lorraine. Its objectives were limited. The villages of St. Hilaire and Macheville were captured, as also were a number of woods.

The territory west of the Moselle taken by the Americans includes the Heights Etines, the Bois de Wavrille, the Bois Voivrotte, and the Bois Cheminotte.

The Germans offered stiff opposition with machine guns and artillery. More than 100 prisoners were taken by Pershing's men.

Aroused by repeated German raids and local attacks during the last few nights west of the Moselle, the Second American Army in its initial attack crashed down on the Germans early this morning with artillery preparation lasting several hours. Then the infantry forged ahead, advancing at places more than three miles. The Germsn fought desperately, using their machine guns, but were forced to give ground almost everywhere along the entire front.

General Pershing's troops in the afternoon captured Stenay, on the east bank of the Meuse, notwithstanding terrific opposition.

Stenay, which was strongly fortified, was taken in an attack from the south. The Americans swept forward against streams of machine-gun bullets and artillery fire from the hills northeast of the town.

The entire district in the region of Stenay was flooded by the Germans, who dammed the canals and rivers. The Americans, crossing the River Mause from below, took Stenar in a great northward push.

The armistice situation had no apparent effect on the activities on the Americans' Sedan front Sunday morning. Parts of the front were marked by artillery exchanges, with the Germans shelling the Verdun road in the regions of Cesse, Beaumont, Mouzon, and Balaan. The Mouzon bridge was broken in two places.

Along the Mause from the region of Sedan to Stenay the German machine gunners, clinging to the hills overlooking the river, kept flares burning during all Saturday night, preventing the Americans from crossing. Throughout the night the American artillery boomed along the entire front as a signal to the American infantrymen that the war was still on, despite rumors of peace.

In the drive east of the Mause which resulted in the capture of Stenay the Americans extended their lines north-east of Mouzay, reaching the Bois du Chesnois. The Germans defended every foot of the ground over which the advance was made. All the objectives were reached in the day's fighting, and wherever the enemy attempted to make a stand he was beaten back.

Before the war Stenay was a town of about 4,000 inhabitants. It is believed that several thousand of these people remain there. Because of this belief the American artillery did not fire upon the town.

WASHINGTON, Nov. 10.—General Pershing's communiqué for this evening says that a series of local operations by the First and Second Armies between the Mause and Moselle Rivers resulted in considerable gains of ground today. Six villages were captured and the Bois Dommartin cleared. The statement follows:

HEADQUARTERS AMERICAN EXPEDITIONARY FORCES. Nov. 10, (evening.)—"A series of local operations by the First and Second Armies resulted in considerable gains today at many points along the line between the Mause and Moselle.

"Troops of the First Army, with whom French units are operating, reached the southern outskirts of Stenay and occupied Bois du Chesnois, south of Baalon. Beyond the eastern slopes of the heights of the Meuse, the villages of Giberoy, Abaucourt and Grimacout were taken.

"In the Woevre, despite stubborn resistance from machine guns and heavy artillery, troops of the Second Army penetrated the enemy's line and drove him from several well-organized and strongly held positions. The towns of Marcheville and St. Hilaire were taken and the Bois Dommartin was cleared of the enemy."

The communiqué for this morning says:

"Headquarters American Expeditionary Forces in France, Nov. 10, (morning):

"Along the front of the First Army on the west bank of the Mause, from Mouzay to Fresnes-en-Woevre, the night was marked by heavy artillery fire and by sharp machine gun fighting."

LONDON, Nov. 10.—The British sweep through Southern Belgium continued today. The Franco-Belgian frontier was reached south of the Sambre. North of the Mons-Condé Canal the advance beyond the Scheldt was pressed, the town of Lauze being captured, and British cavalry is approaching Ath, (sixteen miles east of Tournai.)

Further north, progress has been made to a point four miles east of Renaix, the capture of which was reported in Field Marshal Haig's day bulletin.

The Faubourg de Bertaimont, on the southern outskirts of Mons, has been occupied.

Following is the night report from British Headquarters:

The text of the day statement follows:

"Our advanced forces are keeping in touch with the retreating enemy on the whole front.

We have occupied the Faubourg de Bertaimont, on the southern outskirts of Mons.

Further north we are approaching Leuze and have taken Renaix. [Renaix is about thirty miles west of Brussels.]

South of the Sambre our advanced troops have reached the Franco-Belgian frontier. North of the Sambre our progress continued against somewhat increased resistance from the enemy rearguards.

North of the Mons-Condé Canal our troops have taken Leuse, and our cavalry is approaching Ath. We have progressed four miles east of Renaix.

Our advanced detachments are pushing forward southeast of Mons, and have reached the line of the canal west and northwest of that town. On the railways east of Maubeuge great quantities of rolling stock have fallen into our hands."

PARIS, Nov. 10.—Further important advanced by the French are reported by the War Office tonight. Heavy German counterattacks against the troops who crossed the Meuse were repulsed, and numerous villages along the whole line have been freed of the enemy.

The troops this morning renewed their pursuit of the Germans. The early official statement issued today says that the retreat of the enemy is becoming more and more precipitate. Everywhere along the line the Germans are abandoning great quantities of war material.

Cannon, numerous vehicles of all description, and in some instances entire railroad trains, have been captured by Foch's forces.

The text of the night bulletin follows:

"In the pursuit of the enemy rearguards our troops have made extensive progress during the course of the day on the whole front. North of the Oise we hold Eppe-Sauvage, seventeen kilometers east of Avesnes, and Moustiere-en-Fagne.

In Belgium we have gone beyond Bailievre and Salles.

Further east our advanced guards, despite the increased German resistance in the wooded zone north of Signy-le-Petit, placed their lines on the northern outskirts of the forest of the same name near Gruerie. We have occupied Maubert-Fontaine and have reached within four kilometers of Rieges de Maubert, as well as the heights to the northeast of Sevigny forest.

The valiant Italian corps, operating further to the right, after having captured Tremblois and Rimogne, penetrated the Potées Wood and Harcy Wood, pushing vigorously in the direction of Bourg Fidèle.

West of the Meuse we have progressed north of the general line of the Renwez, Montcornet, Arreux, Damouzy, and Belair, two and a half kilometers north of Charleville.

East Mézières the Germans violently counterattacked our troops, who had crossed the Meuse in the region of Donchery. After spirited fighting we drove the enemy back, and maintained our lines on the north bank.

The material captured in the course of the pursuit still accumulates. Parks of automobiles, provisions of all sorts in great quantities, and wagons fell into our hands. Numerous villages were freed."

The text of the day statement reads:

"Our pursuit of the enemy was renewed this morning under favorable conditions.

West of Mézières the French passed the Sormonne River and took the village of Sormonne. They reached the Hirson route at Mézières-sur-Renwez.

On the right the French continued to cross the Meuse River between Lumes and Donchery.

In his retreat, which is becoming more and more precipitate, the enemy is abandoning everywhere considerable material. The French have captured, notably between Anor and Momignies (southeastern Belgium), cannon, numerous vehicles of all kinds and whole railroad trains."

The Belgian official communication tonight says:

"The French Army in Belgium continued to force back the enemy today. It reached this afternoon a front comprising the eastern outskirts of Nederzwalm-Hemelgem, Boucle-St. Denis, and Segersem.

On the left American units crossed the Scheldt east of Heuvel. The advance in the south was fifteen kilometers and in the centre opposite Audenarde seven kilometers.

The Belgian army made a crossing of the Scheldt with some of its elements at Boucle-Semmerzacke."

WITH THE FRENCH ARMY IN FRANCE, Nov. 10, (Associated Press.)—The French General Gouraud made his official entry into Sedan at 2 o'clock this afternoon.

Disorder is beginning to show in the ranks of the retreating German Army. French troops, with their cavalry in the lead, are pressing the enemy closely all along the line.

The booty increases in importance as the pursuit goes on. Several railroad trains, batteries of artillery intact, immense munition dumps and stores, and wagon trains fell into the hands of the allied troops yesterday and today, together with a large number of prisoners.

The pursuit of the enemy is being rendered extremely difficult by reason of the shortening front, which makes necessary the withdrawal of materials rendered useless on the diminishing line and the doubling of traffic on roads already congested by the convoys following the advancing troops.

French territory occupied by the enemy along the Belgian frontier is diminishing rapidly in size. Everywhere the French troops are now within a short days march of the border line, and could complete the liberation of French soil in the north before the end of a day if the roads were not becoming more and more incumbered by the increasing traffic and by the booty left behind by the enemy.

At this hour it appears that it will be a close race between the final crossing of the Belgian frontier all along the line and final action on the armistice proposals.

WASHINGTON, Nov. 10.—"It is officially reported that the west front was quiet today," said a wireless message from the German station at Nauen, received tonight by naval radio towers in this country.

BERLIN, Nov. 10. (via London.)—The German official statement issued today regarding military operations on the western front says:

"Yesterday between the Scheldt and the Meuse the enemy followed our movements beyond Ronsse, Leuze, St. Guislain, Maubeuge, Trelow, and over the Sormonne River, west of Charleville.

On the Eastern Meuse Heights and on the plain of the Woevre many attacks of the Americans were repulsed."

Special Cable to.

LONDON, Nov. 10.—The Daily Chronicle editorial on the American election says: "Englishmen are not concerned to express an opinion one way or the other regarding the internal politics of the United States. But they are deeply interested in the continued exercise by President Wilson of his strong personal influence over the various currents of the international crisis, an influence hitherto used with such singular wisdom. It would appear, however, that on international questions no substantial party difference has developed in America and the President should be able to count to the end on his countrymen's support."

AMSTERDAM, Nov. 10.—With respect to the Austrian protest to the German Government against the invasion of Northern Tyrol by Bavarian troops, it is explained in Berlin that the crossing of the frontier was designed to keep disorganized and undisciplined Austrian troops from German territory, and that it will not obstruct the demobilization of the Austrian forces.

The German Field Marshal von Mackensen's troops, it is reported, will force their way through Hungary to Germany with their arms, despite the injunction of the Hungarian Government that arms must be discarded when German troops cross Hungarian soil.

INNSBRUCK, Nov. 9, (via Basle, Nov. 10.)—Bavarian troops have occupied the railroad station here.

Austrian troops are returning from the former front in swarms, clinging to the railway cars wherever they can get a hold. Many have been crushed or decapitated when the trains passed through tunnels. Bodies to the number of 273 were picked up on a single day on the railroad tracks near Innsbruck.

Copyright, 1918, by The New York Times Company.

Special Cable to.

THE HAGUE, Nov. 9.—Commenting on the American election, the Rhenish Gazette says:

"Doubtless there are many pacifists at work today in America, who also support Wilson's League. These are mostly to be found among Democrats; but it is a mistake to believe that all Democrats want peace. The Democrats pursue imperialism under the banner of the protection of small nations and freedom of nations and of the seas, and these ideas are propagated by means of beautiful phrases, which, however, are nevertheless filled with true American strivings for power and force. All the same, it must be admitted that the ideas for a prace of justice and conciliation are more prevalent among the Democrats than the Republicans."

The paper alleges that Roosevelt, Taft and Lodge are the champions of peace by force and want to destroy Germany, and it points out that President Wilson's election message to the people was an appeal to the self-love and vanity of Americans and was an effort to take the wind out of the Republican's sails.

"As Wilson was elected peace President," says the paper, "he must appear as a positive factor in ending the war, and the league is thereby a means to an end. On the other hand, if he wishes to down the Republicans and assure his party victory in Congress, which at present is dubious, then he is forced to make imperialistic chauvinistic concessions.

"All this, however, is incidental for the Germans, and the main question is whether Wilson is an honest peace-bringer, as his admirers believe, or whether he is a disguised imperialist under the mask of pacifism, only desiring Germany's destruction. Only the armistice conditions will show whether Wilson is striving for a just peace or whether he is the slave and spokesman for Lloyd George and Clemenceau. It is possible that delay in the publication of the armistice conditions is connected with the American elections, and only when the results are known will it be clear which way the pendulum swings."

It is evident that the Germans are still banking on discussion among the Allies as to peace conditions and feeling for a weak spot in the allied armament, although, as one paper explains, it is difficult to tell whether these differences can be used for the advantage of the German Empire and whether Wilson's influence on the Allies is not exaggerated.

Judging by quotations from the Tageblatt, the majority party is now clinging to President Wilson as the only peace apostle left in the world, which is somewhat incongruous with the many insults heaped on the President's head in this respect.

BASLE, Nov. 10.—The palace of the Austrian delegation at Budapest has been stormed by a mob, which threw down the Austrian escutcheons, according to a Vienna dispatch received here.

COLUMBUS, Ohio, Nov. 10.—Beginning with Ohio, railroads all over the United States are expected to object to the payment of State excise taxes so long as the Federal Government continues to operate them. Notice already has been served in Ohio that no payment of taxes will be made. Ohio will test the matter in the courts.

Copyright, 1918, by The New York Times Company.

Special Cable to.

NEAR TOMSK, Siberia, Nov. 10, (Via Vladivostok,)—The people of the United States and the allied nations are to have an opportunity to help the Czechoslovaks fighting in Siberia to raise a tobacco fund of $100,000. On behalf of the armies, General Gaida has telegraphed the Red Cross from headquarters:

"Faced by the great handicaps and hardships of a Siberian Winter, the Czechoslovak armies appeal to the generous people of the allied nations to send tobacco to our armies, which, while lacking many necessities and comforts of life, feel the shortage of tobacco most. I suggest that an Interallied Siberian Winter Tobacco Fund be started. Our armies will be happy if there is a generous response from all our allies."

Dr. Teuslor, American Red Cross representative, said that, while the Red Cross could not assume responsibility for the fund, tobacco could be purchased and the Red Cross would distribute it. Tobacco, to be useful, must come within a month, for the Czechoslovaks already have been forced to smoke substitutes made from herbs, dried cork, and a small percentage of tobacco.

Of the proposed fund, $75,000 is expected from the States, the rest from Japan, China, and the Philippines.

HARBIN, Nov. 8, (Associated Press.)—It is reported that a train of forty-two cars carrying ammunition, grenades, and twelve Japanese guns, dispatched from Harbin recently for the Volga front, has been blown up between Irkutsk and Krasnovarsk.

One French officer, two French soldiers, and three Czechs were killed, while eighteen Czechs were wounded. Bolsheviki railroad men are charged with being responsible for the blowing up of the train.

Copyright, 1918, by The New York Times Company.

Special Cable to.

LONDON, Nov. 10.—Efforts made in the House of Commons to extract definite information respecting the Government's intentions relative to a general election failed to do more than to obtain from Bonar Law an assurance that the amount of time given by the Government to the subject was infinitesimal. Various speakers suggested that it was always the Prime Minister's prerogative to decide a question, and that Lloyd George would not be exceeding his privileges if he surprised even his colleagues.

One member of Parliament said that the date had not been fixed, that it hung on the events at the front. To the inquiry if the formula, "no armistice, no election," was correct, he replied that it was not, but that the converse was true: "If an armistice, then an election."

General opinion in the lobbies is that an election in December is a certainty.

Lloyd George is receiving some frank lectures from the Liberal press, which, with most of the provincial papers, is opposed to a snap election. The Westminster Gazette reinforces its arguments that "an election in these times is no mere matter of domestic politics; it will concern all our allies in the war, and may profoundly affect the course of international politics," by referring to what the Washington correspondent of The Morning Post describes as the mishap which has befallen President Wilson in the Congressional election:

"This first important reverse since he entered politics was due unquestionably to his ill-timed appeal to the country urging an election of a Democratic Congress and intimating that the Republicans ought not to be intrusted with the conduct of affairs."

The Westminster Gazette's comment is:

"Great men now and again make serious mistakes, and even President Wilson is human. Is our own Prime Minister quite sure he is not going to repeat the President#s mistake, or that the consequences may not be infinitely more serious to him and to the country than the corresponding consequences in America?"

Outside of political circles, the best opinion seems adverse to a general election, which may take place possibly to the thindering accompaniment of revolution in other countries, which may awaken echoes over here. There is a strong feeling that a Parliament elevated under existing conditions will not be thoroughly representative and consequently will have no mandate to give the real national verdict on the Government's handling of the reconstruction problems.

In that event, it is argued, Lloyd George might find success at the December election a panic victory. His confidence in his star is too full-bodied to be affected by timorous considerations of the more or less distant future.

CHICAGO, Nov. 10.—"Chicago will be given the benefit of the doubt in my decision about the offer of the First Presbyterian Church of New York," the Rev. John Timothy Stone told his congregation today in the Fourth Presbyterian Church. He said he would not make a decision until he had visited New York two weeks from now, and not until he had returned to Chicago and had time to think over the question.

"I received a call yesterday from a committee representing the First Church of New York," he said. "I had hoped I would not be pressed to make a decision. I want to treat you with the same frankness I did when I came here as pastor.

"The matter of remuneration has nothing to do with my decision. I will be taken care of whether I go or stay. I intend to preach in the New York church on Nov. 24, and will look over the situation. If there is the slightest doubt I will give the benefit of that doubt to Chicago."

CAMP MEADE, Md., Nov. 10.—In a sermon today at a memorial mass celebrated in the field for soldiers of this camp who have died in battle, Cardinal Gibbons called on the people of the United States to thank God for the victory of the Allies and to ask Him for grace to "walk the ways of wisdom, obedience, and humanity."

The Cardinal said a critical time has now come, when the peoples of the Allies must use the fruits of victory to good advantage, and when the people of this country must unite behind the authorities.

He spoke from the steps of a field altar and above him was a large American flag. "We have conquered," he said, "because we believe that righteousness exalteth a nation and because we believe in justice and humanity."

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 Rh might protect my naked body from the wintry blasts.

"When evening came I had grown still more hungry and cold and had become utterly sick. Suddenly I heard footsteps, and on looking around I saw a man coming along the road. He was carrying in his hand a pair of old felt shoes and was talking to himself. For the first time since I had become a human being I saw the face of man, and it seemed to me that the sight was horrible to behold. I turned from it in disgust.

"I heard this man talking to himself as to how he should protect his body from the chilly winds of winter, and also how he should manage to feed his wife and children, and I thought: 'Here am I perishing from hunger and cold, and here is this man walking along the road and thinking how he shall feed and clothe his wife and children, and I am powerless to help him.'

"The man glanced upward, and on seeing


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Rh compare the exploitation of the telephone with that of the telegraph fifty years earlier. The latter was, in its day, a far more wonderful invention, but the time and labor required to render it generally available were far greater than what has been required for the telephone, and the fortunes which were won from the former were insignificant in comparison with those which have been won from the latter. Both the public and the promoters acted very differently in the two cases. In these later times promoters seize with avidity upon an enterprise which contains promise, and they push it with energy and ingenuity, while the public is receptive to "improvements"; hence the modem methods offer very great opportunities, and the rewards of those men who can "size up" a situation and develop its controlling elements with sagacity and good judgment, are very great. It is well that they are so, because these rewards stimulate to the utmost all the ambitious and able men, and they make it certain that great and useful inventions will not long remain unexploited as they did formerly. Here comes, then, a new reaction on the economic system; new energy is infused into it, with hope and confidence. We could not spare it and keep up the air of contentment and enthusiastic cheerfulness which characterizes our society. No man can acquire a million without helping a million men to increase their little fortunes all the way down through all the social grades. In some points of view it is an error that we fix our attention so much upon the very rich and overlook the prosperous mass, but the compensating advantage is that the great successes stimulate emulation the most powerfully.

What matters it then that some millionaires are idle, or silly, or vulgar; that their ideas are sometimes futile


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70 me he frowned, the expression of his face becoming still more horrible. He passed me by and I was in despair. Almost immediately I heard the man retrace his steps. He was coming toward me. I looked at him and found him so much changed that I scarcely recognized in him the same man who had passed me but a few moments before. Then his face bore the impress of death, but now I saw that his countenance was transformed and bore the likeness of God.

"He came to me, and taking off his own clothes he put them on me and took me to his home. When we reached his house a woman came toward us and began to speak. The expression of the woman's face was, if possible, still more horrible than that I had seen on the face of the man. Out of her mouth proceeded a spirit of Death, and I could breathe only with difficulty for the terrible odor that oppressed me. She wanted to drive me forth into the cold night, and I knew that if she did so she


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 tered regiment, "come down from there and go back and have your wounds dressed."

"We ain't got any officers," retorted Tony doggedly. "Most of 'em got bumped off during the night but a few only got nicked and I sent them back to get patched up. They wouldn'ta gone, of course, if they'd been conscious but they was all out like a light so I didn't have any trouble with 'em. The men fight grand when there's somebody to see to 'em," he continued, "but they're a little skittish when there ain't. So I'm seein' to 'em till some officers get here."

"Damme!" exclaimed the colonel to his staff. "Can you beat that; argues with me to stay up there and get his head blown off?" Then he raised his voice and called to Tony again: "I'm Colonel Riley. I'll leave Captain Stone here to 'see' to your men. Now you come down from thereat once, do you hear?and go back and have your wounds dressed. I can't afford to have a man like you getting infection and dying on me."

So Tony scrambled down from his observatory but dangerous hillock, saluted the colonel, who silently shook hands with him, and reluctantly started for the rear.

Before the day was over, Colonel Riley was in

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Rh that class. If any one wants to see how weak classes have been treated in all ages of the world, let him note how landlords are treated now.

It is a common opinion that the effect of the extension of capital, especially in the form of machinery, is to displace human labor. That opinion is superficial and erroneous; the more complex the tools or machines, the more dependent the owner is on hired help to work them for him. The railroads do not employ fewer men than the canals and stage coaches which they displaced; the sewing machine does not give work to fewer women than the old hand sewing; a new loom calls for more help at another point or the number of new looms is multiplied until they need as much labor as the old ones. All these changes raise the social organization to higher power. We need more men and can support more men, and the machines set free those who are needed to sustain the higher organization by a more refined division of labor. The greater the power of the machines, the greater is the abundance of means of subsistence which the machines produce, and the greater, therefore, is the demand for productive services.

The effect of our progress in the arts and sciences within a century has, therefore, been:

1. That the civilized part of the earth, to say nothing of the other part, is able to support a greater population than ever before; the improvements in transportation have brought within the reach of civilized man vast areas of the earth's surface which were not available a century ago. This fact in itself, for those who can appreciate its significance, is enough to show what class of the population must be chiefly benefited.

2. It has been made cheap and easy for those who had nothing but strong hands and good will to get away


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 The calm of the hot noontide fades towards evening time, and the noise of things in general revives and increases. Then do the natives call in instrumental aid of diverse and to my ear pleasant kinds. Great is the value of the tom-tom, whether it be of pure native origin or constructed from an old Devos patent paraffin oil tin. Then there is the kitty-katty, so called from its strange scratching-vibrating sound, which you hear down South, and on Fernando Po, of the excruciating mouth harp, and so on, all accompanied by the voice.

If it be play night, you become the auditor to an orchestra as strange and varied as that which played before Shadrach, Meshech, and Abednego. I know I am no musician, so I own to loving African music, bar that Fernandian harp! Like Benedick, I can say, “Give me a horn for my money when all is done," unless it be a tom-tom. The African horn, usually made of a tooth of ivory, and blown from a hole in the side, is an instrument I unfortunately cannot play on. I have not the lung capacity. It requires of you to breathe in at one breath a whole S.W. gale of wind and then to empty it into the horn, which responds with a preliminary root-too-toot before it goes off into its noble dirge bellow. It is a fine instrument and should be introduced into European orchestras, for it is full of colour. But I think that even the horn, and certainly all other instruments, savage and civilised, should bow their heads in homage to the tom-tom, for, as a method of getting at the inner soul of humanity where are they compared with that noble instrument! You doubt it. Well go and hear a military tattoo or any performance on kettle drums up here and I feel you will reconsider the affair; but even then, remember you have not heard all the African tom

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 possession of a complete story of the night's activities and he sent a report into G.H.Q, that would have made Tony's ears ring. They gave Tony the D.S.C and the Croix de Guerre for that night's work and he couldn't see what for; he'd merely done what the situation demanded, the same as he would in a street fight back home.

Eventually came the Armistice and Tony was sent home. He was ready to go home. Being a shrewd gambler he had taken the saps for a ride, running his small capital up to something over six thousand dollars, which he carried in cash in a belt around his waist under his tunic. And there had been many a time in France when he would have given all of it for an hour with Vyvyan.

Having perfected him in every branch of the fine art of murder and having made every effort to readjust his mental processes so that he was willing at any time to translate this knowledge and technique into action, the government, in turning him loose with its blessing in the shape of an honorable discharge, seemed to expect him to forget it all immediately and thereafter be a peaceable, law-abiding citizen. Which was a lot to ask of any man, much less Tony.

He had come home with a new face and a lot of

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172 from the crowded centers of population to acquire almost without cost land which would richly repay their labor, and to send their products to those markets, however distant, which would return them the largest amount of other products in exchange. Hence the accumulation of capital has outstripped the growth of population, great as the latter has been. It certainly would be a strange social phenomenon if the century which has seen the new continents of America, Australia, and Africa opened to the use of civilized man had also seen the mass of civilized men reduced to lower comfort than they previously enjoyed. The economists and social philosophers who have given countenance to this notion have not only made a professional blunder but also incurred a great responsibility.

3. It is said, however, that the gains have all been won by landlords and capitalists. In truth the vast increase in the production of means of subsistence, won at constantly diminishing outlay of labor and capital, has lowered money prices and made money wages worth more, and has, at the same time, lowered the rate of interest on capital and increased the demand for labor. It is not at all astonishing that the results have combined and accumulated so as to produce a crisis.

4. It is the fact, also, that the improvements have lowered the pressure of population at the old centers and have, therefore, lowered the rent of land, so that landlords are in the way of being ruined and the old landed aristocracies seem doomed to extinction.

It seems to be believed that we can have all these changes, and that the non-capitalist class can win all the benefit from them without any correlative inconvenience; but that is impossible in the nature of things. The changes which have come about have made life