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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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W. W. STORY

CHARLES SCRIBNER & CO., NEW YORK WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS


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 dead and gone. The facts of embryology become for him, as Wolff, von Baer and Fritz Müller proclaimed, a record not only of the life-history of the individual but of the annals of its race. The facts of geographical distribution or even of the migration of birds lead on and on to speculations regarding lost continents, sunken islands, or bridges across ancient seas. Every nesting bird, every ant-hill or spider's web displays its psychological problems of instinct or intelligence. Above all, in things both great and small, the naturalist is rightfully impressed, and finally engrossed, by the peculiar beauty which is manifested in apparent fitness or "adaptation,"—the flower for the bee, the berry for the bird.

Time out of mind, it has been by way of the "final cause," by the teleological concept of "end," of "purpose," or of "design," in one or another of its many forms (for its moods are many), that men have been chiefly wont to explain the phenomena of the living world; and it will be so while men have eyes to see and ears to hear withal. With Galen, as with Aristotle, it was the physician's way; with John Ray, as with Aristotle, it was the naturalist's way; with Kant, as with Aristotle, it was the philosopher's way. It was the old Hebrew way, and has its splendid setting in the story that God made "every plant of the field before it was in the earth, and every herb of the field before it grew." It is a common way, and a great way; for it brings with it a glimpse of a great vision, and it lies deep as the love of nature in the hearts of men.

Half overshadowing the "efficient" or physical cause, the argument of the final cause appears in eighteenth century physics, in the hands of such men as Euler and Maupertuis, to whom Leibniz had passed it on. Half overshadowed by the mechanical concept, it runs through Claude Bernard's Leçons sur les


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are two statements to be made in regard to this volume. First: many of the poems have been previously published in various magazines, though they are now for the first time collected. Second: all the poems are intended to be dramatic in their character; and, being the utterances of historical or purely fictitious personages, are not to be understood as expressing the opinions or sentiments of the Author.


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Rh is the current spoken language of the educated Musalmans of Bengal and Behar, it is never employed in the schools as the medium or instrument of written instruction. Bengali school-books are employed by the Hindus of Bengal, and Hindi school-books by the Hindus of Behar; but, although Urdu is more copious and expressive, more cultivated and refined than either, and possesses a richer and more comprehensive literature, Urdu school-books are wholly unknown. It is the language of conversation in the daily intercourse of life and in the business of the world, and it is the language also of oral instruction for the explanation of Persian and Arabic; but it is never taught or learned for its own sake or for what it contains. It is acquired in a written form only indirectly and at second-hand through the medium of the Persian, whose character it has adopted, and from which it has derived almost all its vocables; and it is employed as a written language chiefly in popular poetry and tales and in female correspondence, and often also in the pulpit.” Educated Musalmans, on the other hand, learn to speak and write the Bengali; and even several low castes of Hindus, occupying entire villages in various directions and amounting to several thousand individuals, whose ancestors three or four generations ago emigrated from the western provinces, have found it necessary to combine the use of Bengali with the Hindi, their mother-tongue. It thus appears that in the provinces of Bengal proper, the Bengali may justly be described as the universal language of vernacular instruction.

2. The School-Houses.—The school-house, where there happens to be one, is sometimes built at the expense of the teacher; sometimes at the expense of some comparatively wealthy person whose son attends school; sometimes by general subscription, the teacher contributing a little, the scholars aiding by their labour in bringing material from the jungle, and some benevolent person granting a donation of land, of money, or of materials. Such a house is always thatched; the walls consisting of mud, or of branches and leaves of the palm and sal tree interleaved. And of so humble a description is it, that, in addition to the personal labour of the pupils, it is erected at a cost averaging from rs. 1-4 to 10. But it must be specially noted, that, in the great majority of instances, there is no school-house at all; that is, there are no school-houses built for and exclusively appropriated to these vernacular schools. With some slight additions, taken from other parts of his report, the following is Mr. Adam’s account of the matter:—

“The apartments or buildings in which the scholars assemble would have been erected, and would continue to be applied to other purposes, if there vol. ii.


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Rh


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viii


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 pressing men on board who have never seen a ship before.

Calcutta, July 7.

Here we are on dry land again, and find George and Emily well, and all of you well. Such a pleasure! I found you sailing pleasantly about the Bay of Naples. The overland post is gone, but I am just in time for George’s express. Such a furnace as this Calcutta is after having been cooled! We have been rolled about a little more than has agreed with me the last week. After being becalmed for eight days in the straits, we ran home in ten hours at the rate of ten knots an hour; and, though it was the very easiest ship I ever sailed in, we had more than sufficient rolling in the Bay of Bengal.

I’ve got something pretty for you; I am going to make you a present of it; the first man that goes to England shall take it for you. It is one of the small inlaid tables they make at Penang. I declare I think it quite pretty.

I’m glad the sea-air has taken some of your hair off, for it has taken nearly all mine. I

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 because he pleased to think I do it well.’ It is quite true, and the incredulous uncle is now convinced of it; though very few natives could possibly be brought to believe that any patronage could be given without jobbing, and hardly any without bribery. Our own baboo is very anxious to succeed Setanaut, but we are so near going away that it would be hard to deprive the next dynasty of the only man that knows the moniéed usages of the house; and, indeed, we only suppose he is anxious to go because he, with the other servants, are all growing fidgety about a change of masters, a thing they cannot abide. It is a great object to be on the list of public servants, and the man who paints flowers for me gave Wright an excellent petition yesterday. It was directed to 'Miss Wright, Esquire,' and said that he was quite happy now, but that before we went he should 'like to enlist under the mighty banners of Establishment List,’ and begged her honour to mention it.

And then there is the ‘Tenasserim’ steamer coming up the river, in which there is a silver betel-nut box for me—a curiosity from Ava— sent by Mrs. M——, who says it is to be had for 1507rs.———the mere cost of the silver—and I

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 consolation for those who are booked for many years at Calcutta to know that there is this town growing up within four hundred miles, with its hills and valleys, and snowy range, and waterfalls. It seems to be exactly like Simla, and stands as high, but one is twelve hundred miles off and the other four hundred.

Ever yours most affectionately, E. E.

Barrackpore, Saturday, June 3, 1841.

We came up here on Thursday.

Yesterday morning the Dost and his sons, &c., came up early in the ‘Soonamookie.’ It was the first time he had ever been towed by a steamer, and he was very much pleased with it, but more struck with the fitting up of the pinnace than anything else. It has five or six very pretty cabins, and the furniture is all white and gold and very showy, which delighted him, and the oil-cloth on the floor was a new invention to him, and he thought it beautiful. It is very odd how often the commonest inventions strike them first. George took him out in the afternoon with his sons in another carriage, and the giraffe took his fancy prodigiously. He said it

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 the liberty which Englishwomen have. They told Mr. C—— it was the only foolish thing they had seen in Englishmen, that they could not have believed it, if it had been told to them. 'In fact,' Hyder Khan said, 'it makes up for all the rest. You are the slaves of your women, and we are the masters of ours.' I said that if I could get into their zenana we should hear another version. ‘Oh no,’ he said, ‘you could hear nothing, because our wives could not speak unless we gave leave; and if they did we should beat them. It is the first rule we make, that a - wife is never to speak till she is spoken to; so she can never begin a quarrel.’ They were quite curious to make out from Mr. C—— how it was that Englishwomen began to get their own way at first. I said it must be their own cleverness. ‘No,’ the Jewish nephew said; ‘they were very Clever, and that as Allah made them so, it was all right; but still He had made Englishmen very clever too, and how they who could invent ships, and guns, and steamers, &c., could not invent a way by which they could be masters of their own wives he could not understand.’ My drawing is a very pretty one, and they are pleased with their own likenesses.

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 brilliant picture of flowers, and a peacock made in some mysterious Chinese manner.

Wednesday, 13th.

We all went to the play on Monday except Fanny, who thought it would be tiresome; but, for a wonder, it turned out very amusing. The great actress, Mrs. D, acted the Lady of Lyons. What an interesting play it is! And she did it very well, though a little Miss C, who came out only as the confidante of Mrs. D on half-pay, cut her out completely. She is one of the best comic actresses I have seen, and had great success: the house was for the first time so full that there was not a spare chair. Mrs. D is very handsome, and Miss C—— very ugly, but they were both so applauded that Mrs. L———, who was born in the country, and has for eighteen years been the only professional actress in India, fell into hysterics, rushed into Mrs. D’s room, and said she must have paid people to applaud her, and that she should never act again on her stage. Mrs. D, with considerable majesty, desired her leave the room. Mrs. L—— said it was her room and her theatre. Mrs. D signified that if these were Indian

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 not get seats, standing on their benches reading their Shakspeares, and then looking off at the stage, and then applauding on the backs of their books. At least one-third of the audience were natives, who were hardly admitted to the theatre when first we came, and certainly did not understand what they saw. The native generation who have been brought up at the Hindu College are perfectly mad about Shakspeare. What a triumph it is for him, dear creature! Plays that he wrote nearly 300 years ago acted to a race that were hardly known in his time, and who yet see the truth of his writing just as much as the courtiers of Queen Elizabeth did. I mean to mention it to him when I see him.

Saturday, 18th.

The news from Cabul is very unpleasant all this time, and also, what there is, is very uncertain; for the passes are closed, and the reports that make their way through are alarming.

Sunday, 14th.

We had a real good sermon from the Archdeacon this morning; one of those good

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 sermons with some body in it which one seldom hears. I was tired and did not go in the evening, but went and sat with Mrs. —— while the others were at church.

Thursday, October 2.

There was very bad news from Afghanistan yesterday; General Sale obliged to retreat to Jellalabad, leaving two cannon behind him; some of the Shah’s troops had gone over to the enemy, and General Sale was surrounded by thousands of Afghans and with very few provisions, and it is a country in which retreat is almost impossible, full of mountain passes, and no provisions but what an army can take with it. Our Captain M—— is the political agent there. His father, mother, and sister were all here last night, so proud of him and so pleased with all his exertions. Poor people! they have an anxious time before them, and so have many others.

Friday, 3rd.

The accounts are much worse again this morning. There has been a rebellion in the town of Cabul; poor Sir A. Burnes and his

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 Sunday, 5th.

No more news, and we have had three wearisome days. That this reverse could not have been foreseen is clear from the fact that the very last letter of Sir W. M.’s that has made its way was full of gratification at the state of the country—how prosperous it was becoming, and how much the Afghans were beginning to appreciate our calm, equitable laws after their own harsh rule—and he meant to start five days after for Bombay. This was dated only October 1, and on the 4th the whole country was in insurrection, Sir A. Burnes killed, &c. He, who generally was open to all reports, held exactly the same opinion as Sir W. M’s.

Tuesday, 7th.

Luckily there were rather better accounts. yesterday up to the 14th from Cabul, and the 18th from Jellalabad. At the last place General Sale had made a sortie, and beat off the enemy, and got provisions for a month, and — thought himself safe. At Cabul they had recaptured two guns, and had some hopes, though faint, of negotiating with the rebels. A

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 Captain Ferris had fought his way to the frontier from a small fort, and had brought his wife and children safe. There is not much in this, but at all events no shocking catastrophe.

Friday, 10th. There were accounts three days later from Jellalabad to-day, with a letter from ——, imploring General Sale to march to their relief. This was dated the 14th, the same date as we had heard before, but it gave rather a heightened picture to their state, in order to make General Sale advance. He cannot possibly attempt it, but, with his wife and daughter at Cabul, it must have been a painful thing to feel it a duty to refuse to go to their relief. There are bad bits in life certainly, and this is not a good month.

My chief amusement has been packing. All my curiosities——ivory, china, &c.——are all packed. I thought at first I was going carefully to pack them myself, but, after one day’s work, I found it out of the question, and have left it to the servants. People say that the natives are very apt to steal small things on these occasions, but I have never lost anything yet, and mean to trust them.

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 picnic dinner at the Botanical Gardens last Wednesday, and I sent for my private share, a Twelfth-cake with a little prize pinned to each ‘slice. The schoolmistress says they had never drawn Twelfth-cake before, and were quite delighted. A little French workbox was the great object of ambition.

Sunday, 2nd.

We had one or two gentlemen at dinner yesterday.

We went to the Fort Church this morning; and in the evening George and I went on board the ‘Bucephalus’ to see ——’s cabin and 8. The probability is that we shall go home in one’ of these country ships, as no Queen’s ship seems to be forthcoming; and they are, in fact, nearly as comfortable. ’s cabin looked very comfortable for a cabin; but what a piece of business a ship is. I detest it; and, moreover, I was so giddy I could hardly get back to our boat again.

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 Nothing can seem more hopeless; only three days’ provisions left, and then, as she says very calmly, she believes they are to eat the few ponies and the camels left alive. The enemy had proposed a capitulation—the married men and the women to be left as hostages, the Shah to be given up, and the soldiers to give up their arms and to be escorted to the frontier, which is, in other words, to come out to be massacred. Her letter is wonderfully composed, and indeed very spirited.

Monday, 10th. I have been so unwell the last fortnight, that I thought I would try two or three days on the river; came on board the ‘Soonamookie’ at eight this morning, with Rosina and my jemadar and all my suwarree to take care of me; and we have been floating in a slow manner all day; and the kitmutgar cooked an excellent luncheon, and, except that Zoe is rather unhappy, nothing can do better. This is a beautiful boat to live in; five excellent cabins, and fitted-up with every possible comfort. She cannot sail a bit, but floating about is all that is necessary, and we have plenty of boats to tow her.

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 and it appears the dear ship all of a sudden slid into the water of her own accord; nobody near her to help. I like that ship; she will take her own way so quietly. The ball at night was at Rustomjee’s garden house, three miles off. The female Rustomjees were brought into society for the first time. They are dressed like Rosina, but covered with diamonds and pearls, and the old lady looked very jolly; but they do not speak any English. There was an immense crowd, and a great illumination with George’s arms, and a 'Welcome to E. E. and F. E,' and so on, and, as they let us come away at eleven, it all did very well.

Barrackpore, Saturday, November 14. There has been a cargo of traps and balls sent out by some of the last ships, and we played at trap and ball yesterday evening, which put me so in mind of B  Hall. never played before, and never could hit the ball, and it was new to most of the gentlemen, who borrowed the trap that they may practise a little this morning.

We have the dearest monkey in the mena-

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 Saturday, 21st.

The Loodiana newswriter in his native idiom gave such an interesting account of Noor Mahal’s funeral. Two of his wives burnt: themselves with him; one was fifteen, the other thirteen. He said they were covered with jewels, and, as they walked together round the pyre, they looked like two young peris; then he described, their lying down together and the lighting of the pile. There was a dense cloud of smoke, and, when that dispersed, in a few ashes alone were seen the remains of the young prince and the two beautiful fairies. All the other women happily were excused.

Wednesday, 25th.

anny and I went yesterday to visit the Begum of Moorshedabad, that young Nawab’s mother. She is quite a young woman must have been pretty. Mrs. went with us to interpret. She is a very pretty little thing, and interpreted much better than anyone who ever went with us before. We gave some diamond rings and got some in exchange. The Begum held a large court of female attendants, and seemed passionately fond of her little son, who

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Runo XXIII]

She shall give the maid instruction,

And shall teach the unprotected

How to bear herself with prudence,

And with wisdom to conduct her,

In her husband’s house with prudence,

To his mother most obedient.

So she spoke the words which follow,

And in terms like these addressed her:

“O thou bride, my dearest sister,

Thou my darling, best-beloved,

Listen now to what I tell thee,

For a second time repeated.

Now thou goest, a flower transplanted,

Like a strawberry forward creeping,

Whisked, like shred of cloth, to distance,

Satin-robed, to distance hurried,

From thy home, renowned so greatly,

From thy dwelling-place so beauteous.

To another home thou comest,

To a stranger household goest;

In another house ’tis different;

Otherwise in strangers’ houses.

Walk thou there with circumspection,

And prepare thy duties wisely

Not as on thy father’s acres,

Or the lands of thine own mother.

Where they sing among the valleys,

And upon the pathways shouting.

“When from out this house thou goest,

All thy doings must be different;

Three things leave at home behind thee,

Sleep indulged in in the daytime,

Counsels of thy dearest mother,

And fresh butter from the barrels.

“All thy thoughts must now be altered;

Leave thy sleepiness behind thee,

Leave it for the household maiden,

By the stove so idly sitting.

To the bench-end cast thy singing,

Joyous carols to the windows,

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266

Girlish ways unto the bath-whisks,

And thy pranks to blanket-edges,

Naughtinesses to the stove-bench,

On the floor thy lazy habits,

Or renounce them to thy bridesmaid,

And into her arms unload them,

That she take them to the bushes,

Out upon the heath convey them.

“Other habits wait thy learning,

And the old must be forgotten.

Father’s love you leave behind you;

Learn to love thy husband’s father;

Deeper now must thou incline thee,

Fitting language must thou utter.

“Other habits wait thy learning,

And the old must be forgotten.

Mother’s love thou leav’st behind thee;

Learn to love thy husband’s mother.

Deeper now must thou incline thee;

Fitting language must thou utter.

“Other habits wait thy learning,

And the old must be forgotten.

Brother’s love thou leav’st behind thee;

Learn to love thy husband’s brother;

Deeper now must thou incline thee;

Fitting language must thou utter.

“Other habits wait thy learning,

And the old must be forgotten.

Sister’s love thou leav’st behind thee,

Learn to love thy husband’s sister.

Deeper now must thou incline thee,

Fitting language must thou utter.

“Never may’st thou in thy lifetime,

While the golden moon is shining,

Seek a house of doubtful morals,

With the worthless men consorting,

For a house must needs be moral,

And a house must needs be noble,

And for sense a husband wishes,

And desires the best behaviour.

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 brother murdered, and a Lieutenant Sturt stabbed in five places in the presence of Shah Shooja, who interfered to save him, and succeeded, but seems to have little influence with his wild chiefs. All the news that comes is from a letter of Lady ———, who is in Cabul, to her husband, who was wounded at Jellalabad. She writes very heroically, and always was an active, strong-minded woman. Many people think it impossible that any one man will ever come alive from Cabul. The snow is just beginning to fall, and the passes in the best of times are very dangerous. I never can believe that 3,000 of our troops, Europeans, or sepoys, will allow themselves to be massacred, and, though of course there must be many painful casualties, I cannot see it quite in the despairing line; but the women who are there are a sore subject to think of; the Afghans are such a savage set. We know most of the ladies there; one has seven small children with her, and another two. You may imagine the state George is in, and indeed there is a general gloom in Calcutta; for everybody has friends and relations there, and then the suspense may be so long with the passes all closed.

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 of ten years at least in his look, and I am afraid you will be much struck with his alteration when you see him.

Our ship is meaning to be ready this day week, so Lord Ellenborough may come now as soon as he can.

Ever yours most affectionately,

E. E.

TO THE SAME.

Calcutta, Tuesday, March 1, 1842.

Such a bustle. Lord Ellenborough landed yesterday, after everybody had settled that he | could not be here for ten days; and we have nothing ready.

The reception was very pretty. Fanny and I saw it out of the window; plenty of troops, &c., and George met him at the bottom of the great stairs, and they were really glad to meet. He was sworn in immediately. We did not meet him till dinner-time.

Friday, 4th.

We have been here six years to-day. It would have been so nice to have sailed this morning, that is as far as sailing ever can be nice. The wind blew horribly last night; and

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 may take it or return it. I know I shall want to take it, but then the 15l. is not so pleasant. I hope it will turn out ugly.

Love to all.

Yours most affectionately,

E. E.

TO THE SAME.

Wednesday, September 1, 1841.

I had such a bad headache all yesterday. I could not go down to our party, and it was partly accounted for at night by a most awful | thunderstorm. We are used to a considerable deal of clatter in the way of thunder, but anything like this I never heard; such sharp cracks, and the night as light as day with the lightning; it was really unpleasant, though I do not care much about thunder in general. All Calcutta got up and rushed about their houses, and got under their beds, and into their closets, and all the usual precautions. I prefer lying in bed, not knowing how to die more comfortably; but Wright stalked about with a small night lamp in her hand, followed by the bath woman with another, she saying in English that we should all be killed, and I suppose Jeltom was saying

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 have exactly three hairs left, and two of them — are grey.

ours most affectionately, F. H. Eden.

FROM THE HON. EMILY EDEN TO ——.

Saturday, July 11, 1841.

In despair at the heat, which has prevented my trying to write to you for three days, I have told them to open all the doors and all the windows and the blinds an hour too soon, and have sot myself down in the draught, and, upon the whole, I prefer the blast of the furnace to the furnace itself; it 1s a change at least, and it has invigorated me to writing pitch. Moreover I can see the sky; and don’t you opine that that black cloud is going to end in a torrent? I was i sure that you would say so, but then you are — only just arrived and know nothing; the rains

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 man would do et a country house, and sat talking there very amusingly till the dinner-bell rang.

We ate our Afghan dinner, which was very good; a kid roasted whole and stuffed with pistachio nuts was the chief item, and quantities of sweetmeats.

Resina has improved wonderfully the last two days, and Dr. does not despair of making a complete cure.

I went to church this morning, but was obliged to come out, being nearly blind with the heat. I never will try morning church again in this season.

God bless you, dearest!

You may answer this letter and the next, but — after that there will be no time for answers. Oh, dear! how pleasant it will be, and how clever of us to have brought that immense banishment so near to an end——not much more than six months, and what is that to anybody who has been six years away? It will be too great happiness. I hardly ever can think steadily of it.

Yours most affectionately,

E. E.

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Runo XXIII]

Heedfulness will much be needed

In a house of doubtful morals;

Steadiness will much be wanting

In a man’s of doubtful morals.

“Is the old man a wolf in corner,

By the hearth the crone a she-bear,

Brother-in-law on step a viper,

In the yard like nail the sister,

Equal honour must thou give them,

Deeper must thou then incline thee,

Than thou bowed before thy mother,

In the house of thine own father,

Than thou bowed before thy father,

Or before thy dearest mother.

“Thou wilt always need in future

Ready wit and clear perception,

And thy thoughts must all be prudent,

Firmly fixed thy understanding,

Eyes of keenness in the evening,

That the fire is always brilliant,

Ears of sharpness in the morning,

Thus to listen for the cockcrow.

If the cockcrow once has sounded,

Though the second has not sounded,

It becomes the young to rouse them,

Though the old folk still are resting.

“If the cock should not be crowing,

Nor the master’s bird be crowing,

Let the moon for cockcrow serve thee,

Take the Great Bear for thy guidance.

Often thou should’st seek the open,

Often go the moon to gaxe on,

From the Great Bear seek instruction,

And the distant stars to gaxe on.

“If you see the Great Bear clearly,

With his front to south directed,

And his tail extending northward,

Then ’tis time for thee to rouse thee

From the side of thy young husband,

Leaving him asleep and ruddy,

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Fire to seek among the ashes

Seeking for a spark in firebox,

Blowing then the fire discreetly,

That from carelessness it spread not.

“If no fire is in the ashes,

And no spark is in the firebox,

Coax thou then thy dearest husband,

And cajole thy handsome husband:

‘Light me now the fire, my dearest,

Just a spark, my darling berry!’

“If you have a flint, a small one,

And a little piece of tinder,

Strike a light as quick as may be,

Light the pine-chip in the holder,

Then go out to clear the cowshed,

And the cattle do thou fodder,

For the mother’s cow is lowing,

And the father’s horse is neighing,

And her chain the son’s cow rattles,

And the daughter’s calf is lowing,

That the soft hay should be thrown them,

And the clover laid before them.

“Go thou stooping on the pathway,

Bend thou down among the cattle,

Gently give the cows their fodder,

Give the sheep their food in quiet,

Spread it straight before the cattle,

Drink unto the calves so helpless,

To the foals give straw well-chosen,

To the lambkins hay the softest,

See that on the swine thou tread’st not,

Nor the hogs with foot thou spurnest,

Take thou to the swine the food-trough,

Set before the hogs the food-tray.

“Do not rest thee in the cowshed,

Do not loiter with the sheep-flock;

When thou’st visited the cowshed,

And hast looked to all the cattle,

Do thou quickly hasten homeward,

Home returning like a blizzard,

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Runo XXIII]

For the baby there is crying,

Crying underneath the blanket,

And the poor child still is speechless,

And its tongue no words can utter,

Whether it is cold or hungry,

Or if something else annoys it,

Ere its well-known friend is coming,

And the mother’s voice it heareth.

“When into the room thou comest,

Come thou fourth into the chamber;

In thy hand a water-bucket,

Underneath thy arm a besom,

And between thy teeth a pine-chip;

Thou art then the fourth among them.

“Sweep thou then the floor to cleanness,

Sweep thou carefully the planking,

And upon the floor pour water,

Not upon the heads of babies.

If you see a child there lying,

Though thy sister-in-law’s the infant,

Up upon the bench then lift it,

Wash its eyes, and smooth its hair down,

Put some bread into its handies,

And upon the bread spread butter,

But if bread perchance be wanting,

Put a chip into its handies.

“Then the tables must be scoured,

At the week-end at the latest;

Wash them, and the sides remember,

Let the legs be not forgotten;

Then the benches wash with water,

Sweep thou too the walls to cleanness,

And the boards of all the benches,

And the walls with all their corners.

“If there’s dust upon the tables,

Or there’s dust upon the windows,

Dust them carefully with feathers,

Wipe them with a wetted duster,

That the dust should not be scattered,

Nor should settle on the ceiling.

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Page:Poems of home and travel (IA poemsofhometrave00tayl).pdf/7

 POEMS

OF

HOME AND TRAVEL.

BY

BAYARD TAYLOR.

BOSTON:

TICKNOR AND FIELDS.

M DCCC LV.


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“From the stove scrape all the rust off,

From the ceiling wipe the soot off,

And the ceiling-props remember,

Nor should’st thou forget the rafters,

That the house be all in order,

And a fitting place to live in.

“Hear, O maiden, what I tell thee,

What I say, and what I tell thee,

Do not go without thy clothing,

Nor without thy shift disport thee,

Move about without thy linen,

Or without thy shoes go shuffling:

Greatly shocked would be thy bridegroom,

And thy youthful husband grumble.

“In the yard there grows a rowan,

Thou with reverent care should’st tend it,

Holy is the tree there growing,

Holy likewise are its branches,

On its boughs the leaves are holy,

And its berries yet more holy,

For a damsel may discover,

And an orphan thence learn teaching,

How to please her youthful husband,

To her bridegroom’s heart draw nearer.

“Let thy ears be keen as mouse-ears,

Let thy feet as hare’s be rapid,

And thy young neck proudly arching,

And thy fair neck proudly bending,

Like the juniper uprising,

Or the cherry’s verdant summit.

“Likewise hold thyself discreetly,

Always ponder and consider;

Never venture thou to rest thee

On the bench at length extended,

Nor upon thy bed to rest thee,

There to yield thee to thy slumbers.

“Comes the brother from his ploughing,

Or the father from the storehouse,

Or thy husband from his labour,

He, thy fair one, from the clearing,

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 editions of the "Rhymes of Travel," (published in 1849,) and the "Book of Romances, Lyrics, and Songs," (published in 1851,) having been called for, the author has carefully revised both works, rejecting much that did not appear worthy of republication, and now offers them again to the public, together with a number of new poems, written since the appearance of his "Poems of the Orient." The two volumes, therefore, contain all the poetry which he is willing to acknowledge, up to the present time. He desires a speedy forgetfulness for what he has omitted.

, October, 1855.


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Runo XXIII]

Haste to fetch the water-basin,

Hasten them to bring a towel,

Bowing with respect before them,

Speaking words of fond affection.

“Comes the mother from the storehouse,

In her arms the flour-filled basket,

Run across the yard to meet her,

Bowing with respect before her,

Take thou from her hands the basket,

Quickly to the house to bear it.

“If you do not know your duty,

Do not comprehend it fully,

What the work that waits the doing,

Where you should begin your labours,

Ask the old crone then in thiswise:

‘O my mother-in-law beloved,

How is this work to be managed,

And arranged these household matters?’

“And the old crone thus will answer,

And your mother-in-law will tell you:

‘Thus this work is to be managed,

And arranged these household matters,

Pounding thus, and grinding thiswise,

And the handmill quickly turning.

Likewise do thou fetch the water,

That the dough be fitly kneaded,

Carry logs into the bakehouse,

And the oven heat thou fully,

Set thou then the loaves for baking,

And the large cakes bake thou likewise,

Wash thou then the plates and dishes,

Likewise washing clean the meal-tubs.’

“When thy work she thus has told thee,

And thy mother-in-law has taught thee,

From the stones the parched corn taking,

Hasten to the room for grinding;

But when you at length have reached it,

And the room for grinding entered,

Do not carol as thou goest,

Do not shout thy very loudest,

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272

Leave it to the stones to carol,

Talking through the handmill’s opening,

Neither do thou groan too loudly,

Let the handmill groan unto thee;

Lest thy father-in-law should fancy

Or thy mother-in-law imagine

That with discontent thou groanest,

And art sighing from vexation.

Lift the meal, and sift it quickly,

To the room in dish convey it,

Bake thou there the loaves with pleasure,

After thou with care hast kneaded,

That the flour becomes not lumpy,

But throughout is mixed most smoothly.

“If you see the bucket leaning,

Take the bucket on your shoulder,

On your arm the water-bucket.

Go thou then to fetch the water.

Carry thou the bucket nicely,

On the yoke-end do thou fix it,

Like the wind returning quickly,

Like the wind of springtime rushing,

By the water do not linger,

By the well forbear to rest thee,

Lest thy father-in-law should fancy,

Or thy mother-in-law imagine

That you wished to see your likeness,

And your beauty to admire,

Rosy cheeks in water painted,

In the well your charms reflected.

“When you wander to the wood-pile,

Wander there to fetch the faggots,

Do not split them up at random,

Take some faggots of the aspen,

Lift thou up the faggots gently,

Make as little noise as may be,

Lest thy father-in-law should fancy,

Or thy mother-in-law imagine,

That you pitch them down in crossness,

And in temper make them clatter.

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Runo XXIII]

“When you wander to the storehouse,

Thither go to fetch the flour,

Do not linger in the storehouse,

Do not long remain within it,

Lest thy father-in-law should fancy,

Or thy mother-in-law imagine,

You were doling out the flour,

Sharing with the village women.

“When you go to wash the dishes,

And the pots and pans to scour,

Wash the jugs and wash the handles,

And the rims of mugs for drinking,

Sides of cups with circumspection,

Handles of the spoons remembering.

Mind thou, too, the spoons and count them,

Look thou to the dishes also,

Lest the dogs should steal them from you,

Or the cats should take them from you,

Or the birds away should take them,

Or the children should upset them:

For the village swarms with children,

Many little heads thou findest,

Who might carry off the dishes,

And the spoons about might scatter.

“When the evening bath is wanted,

Fetch the water and the bath-whisks,

Have the bath-whisks warm and ready,

Fill thou full with steam the bathroom.

Do not take too long about it,

Do not loiter in the bathroom,

Lest thy father-in-law should fancy,

Or thy mother-in-law imagine,

You were lying on the bath-boards,

On the bench your head reclining.

“When the room again you enter,

Then announce the bath is ready:

‘O my father-in-law beloved,

Now the bath is fully ready:

Water brought, and likewise bath-whisks,

All the boards are cleanly scoured.

Rh

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.—For the Indian legend embodied in this poem, the author is indebted to the very curious and valuable "Algic Researches" of Mr. Schoolcraft. He has added nothing to the simple and beautiful story of the Origin of Maize, as there related,—a story which charmed him the more, from its unexpected grace and symmetry, in the midst of so many grotesque and exaggerated forms of tradition.


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274

Go and bathe thee at thy pleasure,

Wash thou there as it shall please thee,

I myself will mind the steaming,

Standing underneath the boarding.’

“When the time has come for spinning,

And the time has come for weaving,

In the village seek not counsel,

Do not cross the ditch for teaching,

Seek it not in other households,

Nor the weaver’s comb from strangers.

“Spin thyself the yarn thou needest,

With thy fingers do thou spin it,

Let the yarn be loosely twisted,

But the flaxen thread more closely.

Closely in a ball then wind it,

On the winch securely twist it,

Fix it then upon the warp-beam,

And upon the loom secure it,

Then the shuttle fling thou sharply,

But the yarn do thou draw gently.

Weave the thickest woollen garments,

Woollen gowns construct thou likewise,

From a single fleece prepare them,

From a winter fleece construct them,

From the wool of lamb of springtime,

And the fleece of ewe of summer.

“Listen now to what I tell thee,

And to what again I tell thee.

Thou must brew the ale of barley,

From the malt the sweet drink fashion,

From a single grain of barley,

And by burning half a tree-trunk.

When the malt begins to sweeten,

Take thou up the malt and taste it.

With the rake disturb it never,

Do not use a stick to turn it,

Always use your hands to stir it,

And your open hands to turn it.

Go thou often to the malthouse,

Do not let the sprout be injured,

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Runo XXIII]

Let the cat not sit upon it,

Or the tomcat sleep upon it.

Of the wolves have thou no terror,

Fear thou not the forest monsters,

When thou goest to the bath-house,

Or at midnight forth must wander.

“When a stranger pays a visit,

Be not angry with the stranger,

For a well-appointed household,

Always has for guests provision:

Scraps of meat that are not needed,

Cakes of bread the very nicest.

“Ask the guest to sit and rest him,

With the guest converse in friendship,

With thy talk amuse the stranger,

Till the dinner shall be ready.

“When the house the stranger’s leaving,

And he’s taking his departure,

Do not thou go with the stranger

Any further than the housedoor,

Lest the husband should be angry,

And thy darling should be gloomy.

“If you e’er feel inclination

To the village forth to wander,

Ask permission ere thou goest,

There to gossip with the strangers.

In the time that you are absent,

Speak thy words with heedful caution,

Do not grumble at your household,

Nor thy mother-in-law abuse thou.

“If the village girls should ask you,

Any of the village women,

‘Does your mother-in-law give butter,

As at home your mother gave you?’

Never do thou make the answer,

‘No, she does not give me butter;’

Tell thou always that she gives it,

Gives it to you by the spoonful,

Though ’twas only once in summer,

And another time in winter.

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 My grandfather, Rufus Wyman, was born in Woburn, Massachusetts, July 16, 1778, and died in Roxbury, Massachusetts, June 22, 1842, in his sixty-fifth year. He was descended from Francis Wyman, son of Francis and Elizabeth (Richardson) Wyman, of West Mill, Hertfordshire County, England, a hamlet about a mile south of Buntingford. With his brother John, Francis emigrated to the Massachusetts Bay Colony in or about 1640, and in December of that year signed at Charlestown the first Town Orders for the town of Woburn, set off from Charlestown, the brothers' names appearing under those of their uncles Richardson. They established a small tanning business in Woburn, and their homes were in or about what in after years was called Wyman Lane. Both were first proprietors of extensive lands, and in 1665 the brothers bought the Coytmore Grant. In about 1666 Francis built a house on his portion of the land in that part of Woburn which a century later became Burlington (1799), and this house is yet standing,


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“List again to what I tell thee,

And again impress upon thee.

When at length this house thou leavest,

And thou comest to the other,

Do thou not forget thy mother,

Or despise thy dearest mother,

For it was thy mother reared thee,

And her beauteous breasts that nursed thee,

From her own delightful body,

From her form of perfect whiteness.

Many nights has she lain sleepless,

Many meals has she forgotten,

While she rocked thee in thy cradle,

Watching fondly o’er her infant.

“She who should forget her mother,

Or despise her dearest mother,

Ne’er to Manala should travel,

Nor to Tuonela go cheerful.

There in Manala is anguish,

Hard in Tuonela the reckoning,

If she has forgot her mother,

Or despised her dearest mother.

Tuoni’s daughters come reproaching,

Mana’s maidens all come mocking:

‘Why hast thou forgot thy mother,

Or despised thy dearest mother?

Great the sufferings of thy mother,

Great her sufferings when she bore thee,

Lying groaning in the bathroom,

On a couch of straw extended,

When she gave thee thy existence,

Giving birth to thee, the vile one!”

On the ground there sat an old crone,

Sat an old dame ’neath her mantle,

Wanderer o’er the village threshold,

Wanderer through the country’s footpaths,

And she spoke the words which follow,

And in words like these expressed her:

“To his mate the cock was singing,

Sang the hen’s child to his fair one,

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restored and preserved by the Wyman Family Association as a relic and a place of meetings for the association.

From Francis and John nearly all the Wymans in America to-day trace their lineage. Francis married first, in 1644, Judith Peirce of Woburn. She died without issue. He married second, in 1650, Abigail Reed, daughter of William and Mabel (Kendall) Reed, who first came out, with a family of children, in 1635, and settled in Woburn. A few years later William and Mabel Reed returned to England, and William died there, at Newcastle-on- Tyne. The widow Reed then came back to Woburn, and here in 1660, married second, Henry Summers of Woburn.

My grandfather was in descent from Benjamin, tenth child of Francis and Abigail. Benjamin Wyman married, 1702, Elizabeth Hancock of Cambridge, daughter of Nathaniel 2d and Mary (Prentice) Hancock of Cambridge, and granddaughter of Nathaniel Hancock, founder of the Hancock family in America, who was settled in Cambridge in 1634, when he built a house on Water, now Dunster Street, in which also Nathaniel 2d some- time lived. Zebadiah, the fourth of Benjamin and Elizabeth's twelve children, married, 1733, Abigail Pierce of Woburn, daughter of Samuel and Abigail (Johnson) Pierce, of Mansfield, Connecticut, Abi- gail then residing in Woburn. Zebadiah 2d, their


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Rh son, married first, 1764, the widow of Elijah Brooks, and second, August 6, 1777, Eunice Wyman. Eunice Wyman was his cousin; the daughter of Nathaniel and Mary (Sawyer) Wyman, and granddaughter of Benjamin and Elizabeth (Hancock) Wyman. My grandfather was their first child.

Rufus Wyman received his rudimentary education in the common school of his native town. When he was fourteen years of age his father died, leaving but little property, and it was the family decision that the boy should be prepared for a business life. His inclinations, however, were for a professional career, and his talents disclosed, if cultivated, a fitness for a profession rather than for trade. At this juncture a friend of the family, who had taken a warm interest in him and desired that he should receive a collegiate training, offered his advice and assistance. Both happily being accepted, the plan of an apprenticeship for business life was abandoned, and he was placed under the care of a clergyman in West Cambridge (now Arlington) to prosecute his preparatory studies. After a time under the minister's instruction he went to Westford, Massachusetts, and finished at the academy in that village, in the care of Professor Levi Hedge, later the cultured professor of logic and metaphysics at Harvard. He entered Harvard in 1795. Upon his graduation in 1799 he spent the first year as a school teacher, principally in Worces


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ter, Massachusetts. The next year he began the study of medicine, entering his name as a student with Dr. Samuel Brown of Boston. Under Dr. Brown's direction he attended the town Almshouse, then the new one, in Leverett Street, in that day the only means of obtaining clinical instruction excepting through the private practice of the local physicians. Dr. Brown falling ill, he finished his studies with Dr. John Jeffries. He received the medical degree, and at once began practice in Boston in connection with Dr. Jeffries, who had become warmly attached to his pupil, and had proposed that he remain with him. After a year or more of arduous and successful service in this association his health began to suffer, at times with pulmonary difficulties, and he determined to seek a situation in the country away from the coast. His selection fell upon the town of Chelmsford, near the town of Westford where he had attended the academy. Here he resumed practice, as a country doctor. His professional reputation rapidly increased. He soon acquired the respect and esteem of his fellow townsmen and of those of the neighboring towns to which his practice early extended. As a contemporary remarked, “Besides the duties of a practitioner he was, as every intelligent and upright physician must be, the friend and adviser


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Runo XXIII]

And in March the crow was croaking,

And in days of spring was chattering;

Rather let my singing fail me,

Let me rather check my singing,

Chattering in a house all golden,

Always near to one who loves me;

But no love nor house is left me,

And all love departed from me.

“Hear, O sister, what I tell thee,

When thy husband’s house thou seekest,

Follow not thy husband’s notions,

As was done by me unhappy.

Larks have tongues, and husbands notions;

But a lover’s heart is greater.

“I was as a flower that flourished,

As a wild rose in the thicket,

And I grew as grows a sapling,

Grew into a slender maiden.

I was beauteous as a berry,

Rustling in its golden beauty;

In my father’s yard a duckling,

On my mother’s floor a gosling,

Water-bird unto my brother,

And a goldfinch to my sister.

Flowerlike walked I on the pathway,

As upon the plain the raspberry,

Skipping on the sandy lakeshore,

Dancing on the flower-clad hillocks,

Singing loud in every valley,

Carolling on every hill-top,

Sporting in the leafy forests,

In the charming woods rejoicing.

“As the trap the fox-mouth seizes,

And the tongue entraps the ermine,

Towards a man inclines a maiden,

And the ways of other households.

So created is the maiden,

That the daughter’s inclination

Leads her married, as step-daughter,

As the slave of husband’s mother.

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Rh of the families of his patients. He always acknowledged the confidence thus placed, and felt himself bound to do all that could promote their interest. He received a commission of justice of the peace, and the large number of cases brought before him sufficiently attest the respect in which his decisions were held.”

In 1810 (January 24) he married Anne Morrill, daughter of James and Mary (Glover) Morrill, originally of Wilmington, Massachusetts, then of Boston, where Mr. Morrill was a merchant, and their good life together, which extended over thirty-two eventful years, till his death, which preceded hers by less than a year, was begun in his Chelmsford home. Grandmother also was of early New England lineage on both sides. Her father was in the fourth generation from Abraham Morrill, born in England, who came to America in 1632, perhaps in the “Lyon,” and in 1635 was residing in his house in Cambridge, on the westerly side of Brighton Street near the spot in later years occupied by Porter's Tavern. About 1641 he moved to Salisbury, Massachusetts, and from that time the Morrills were identified with Salisbury through three generations. Abraham Morrill's great grandson, and Anne Morrill's grandfather, was the Rev. Isaac Morrill, minister of Salisbury. The Glovers were among the first settlers at Dorchester, Massachusetts, the first comers being John Glover, from


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As a berry grows in marshland,

And in other waters, cherry.

Like a cranberry sought I sorrow,

Like a strawberry exhortation.

Every tree appeared to bite me,

Every alder seemed to tear me,

Every birch appeared to scold me,

Every aspen to devour me.

“As my husband’s bride they brought me,

To my mother-in-law they led me.

Here there were, as they had told me,

Waiting for the wedded maiden,

Six large rooms of pine constructed,

And of bedrooms twice as many.

Barns along the forest-borders,

By the roadside flowery gardens,

By the ditches fields of barley,

And along the heaths were oatfields,

Chests of corn threshed out already,

Other chests awaiting threshing,

Hundred coins received already.

And a hundred more expected.

“Foolishly had I gone thither,

Recklessly my hand had given,

For six props the house supported,

Seven small poles the house supported,

And the woods were filled with harshness,

And with lovelessness the forests,

By the roadsides dreary deserts,

In the woodlands thoughts of evil,

Chests containing spoilt provisions,

Other chests beside them spoiling:

And a hundred words reproachful,

And a hundred more to look for.

“But I let it not distress me,

Hoping there to live in quiet,

Wishing there to dwell in honour,

And a peaceful life to live there;

But when first the room I entered,

Over chips of wood I stumbled,

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Runo XXIII]

On the door I knocked my forehead,

And my head against the doorposts.

At the door were eyes of strangers:

Darksome eyes were at the entrance,

Squinting eyes in midst of chamber,

In the background eyes most evil.

From the mouths the fire was flashing,

From beneath the tongues shot firebrands,

From the old man’s mouth malicious,

From beneath his tongue unfriendly.

“But I let it not distress me,

In the house I dwelt unheeding,

Hoping still to live in favour,

And I bore myself with meekness,

And with legs of hare went skipping,

With the step of ermine hurried,

Very late to rest retired,

Very early rose to suffering.

But, unhappy, won no honour,

Mildness brought me only sorrow,

Had I tossed away the torrents,

Or the rocks in twain had cloven.

“Vainly did I grind coarse flour,

And with pain I crushed its hardness,

That my mother-in-law should eat it,

And her ravenous throat devour it,

At the table-end while sitting,

From a dish with golden borders.

But I ate, unhappy daughter,

Flour scraped up, to handmill cleaving,

With my ladle from the hearthstone

With my spoon from off the pestle.

“Oft I brought, O me unhappy,

I, the son’s wife, to his dwelling,

Mosses from the swampy places,

And as bread for me I baked it.

Water from the well I carried,

And I drank it up in mouthfuls.

Fish I ate, O me unhappy,

Smelts I ate, O me unhappy,

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280

As above the net I leaned me,

In the boat as I was swaying,

For no fish received I ever

From my mother-in-law neglectful,

Neither in a day of plenty,

Nor a day of double plenty.

“Fodder gathered I in summer,

Winter worked I with the pitchfork,

Even as a labourer toiling,

Even as a hired servant,

And my mother-in-law for ever,

Evermore for me selected,

Worst of all the flails for threshing,

Heaviest mallet from the bathroom,

From the beach the heaviest mallet,

In the stall the largest pitchfork.

Never did they think me weary,

Nor my weakness e’er considered,

Though my work had wearied heroes,

Or the strength of foals exhausted.

“Thus did I, a girl unhappy,

Work at proper time for working,

And my shoulders stooped with weakness;

And at other times they ordered

That the fire should now be kindled,

With my hands that I should stir it.

“To their hearts’ desire they scolded,

With their tongues they heaped reproaches

On my spotless reputation,

On my character, though stainless.

Evil words they heaped upon me,

And abuse they showered upon me,

Like the sparks from furious fire,

Or a very hail of iron.

“Until then despaired I never,

And had spent my life as erstwhile

There to aid the harsh old woman,

To her fiery tongue submitting:

But ’twas this that brought me evil,

This that caused me greatest anguish,

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Runo XXIII]

When to wolf was changed my husband,

To a growling bear converted,

Turned his side to me when eating,

Turned his back asleep or working.

“I myself broke out in weeping,

And I pondered in the storehouse,

And my former life remembering,

And my life in former seasons,

In the homestead of my father,

In my sweetest mother’s dwelling.

“Then in words I spoke my feelings,

And I spoke the words which follow:

‘Well indeed my dearest mother

Understood to rear her apple,

And the tender shoot to cherish,

But she knew not where to plant it,

For the tender shoot is planted

In a very evil station,

In a very bad position,

’Mid the hard roots of a birch-tree,

There to weep while life remaineth,

And to spend the months lamenting.

“‘Surely, surely, I am worthy

Of a home than this much better,

Worthy of a larger homestead,

And a floor more wide-extended,

Worthy of a better partner,

And a husband far more handsome.

With a birchbark shoe I’m fitted,

With a slipshod shoe of birchbark,

Like a very crow’s his body,

With a beak like any raven,

And his mouth like wolfs is greedy,

And his form a bear resembles.

“‘Such a one I might have found me,

If I’d wandered to the mountains,

Picked from off the road a pine-stump,

From the wood a stump of alder,

For his face the turf resembles,

And his beard the moss from tree-trunks,

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[This memorial, addressed to Felipe II by Hernando de los Rios, is prefaced by a letter from Luis Perez Dasmariñas, as follows:]

Sire: In these islands resides a person named Hernando de los Ryos, a colonel, a man of much information concerning important matters, and particularly learned in mathematics and astrology, and possessed of such virtue and such uprightness of life, and so zealous and desirous of the service of God and your Majesty, and of the common welfare, that I know not if there be a man in these parts to exceed him in this; and may it please our Lord to give us many who shall succeed in being so disinterested in worldly things and earthly claims. At any rate, in the secular estate, in my opinion and perhaps that of many good men, I know not if you will find in this country, or even for the most part in others, a man of more learning, respectability, and virtue, accompanied by other good qualities and gifts with which God has graced him, and which are so well employed and profited by, as in himself. For his sole object is to serve God and desire his service and that of your Majesty, and the great good which can be accomplished in these regions; and he is not interested in


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 the occupations and advantages of office, although it would be well indeed if all those who hold them had the qualifications that he has for them. At any rate, he has refused and rejected some of the best offices of this country, particularly an offer to be a royal official of the royal exchequer of your Majesty, when I desired him to be so during my government, as I understood that he was a fit man for the service of God and of your Majesty. It was impossible, however, to persuade him. His intention, as I have understood, is to become a priest. He has made a very peculiar instrument of general usefulness in many curious and important ways, particularly in navigation, for getting bearings and taking measurements, which are rendered very easy. I do not send one to your Majesty, because he has not finished a book of description and explanation of this instrument. I have persuaded him to send one to your Majesty, as I also shall do, as I consider it well that your Majesty should have information of the learning, virtue, and parts which are found in him, as it may be of use and importance for the service of God and your Majesty—whom may our Lord protect many years of life, according to His power and the desire and need of us all. Manyla, June 27, 1597.

Indeed, the desire which possesses me of serving your Majesty and ending my life in your service, as I am a humble vassal of your Majesty, was too mixed with awe to allow of this boldness, if Don Luis Perez de las Marinas, former governor of these islands, had not encouraged me and persuaded me to give infor-


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 they could; and little by little moved the intrenchments forward until they were a hundred and sixty-six paces from the enemy. During this time the enemy defended themselves with a park of small artillery and two large guns. On the twenty-fifth, the general sent to consult Sargento-mayor Diego de Chaves, who was in the fleet; and by his opinion a traverse was built as a half-moon, where were stationed seven pieces of artillery, with which they battered the fort of the enemy.

On the twenty-eighth, when the enemy saw the damage which our artillery was doing them, they rendered obedience and sued for peace; and on the twenty-ninth peace was agreed upon with the following conditions: They were to return the Visayan slaves whom they hold, and pay tribute, and must not receive Terrenatans in their country. They were to give obedience to his Majesty, and the chiefs were to give oath; and in pledge of this they gave a golden chain. They are all going back to their villages, and gathering up the Visayan slaves. It will be well to reënforce the Spaniards with troops and money this year, so that matters may remain settled and they shall not try to create a disturbance again.


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 Mindanao. On the seventeenth, Captain Torivio de Miranda entered the river, where he found that the enemy had drawn a blockade about our friends of Tanpacon, and had killed more than seventy of them; but at his arrival they raised the blockade, and retired to their fort in flight.

On the eighth of January, Captain Chaves arrived with his fragatas at the river, and on the twelfth planned and founded the fort of Tanpacan near this settlement of our friends. On the twenty-fifth, the sargento-mayor sailed for the river of Simay to capture certain vessels belonging to the enemy, in which they were going to seek aid from Terrenate. During a certain battle which they had there with the enemy, he had a leg cut off, well toward the thigh, and recivedreceived [sic] a shot in the helmet above the ear. One of his comrades, who was fighting at his side, had his right leg cut off. On the tenth of March, the master-of-camp arrived; and, on the twenty-first, General Don Juan Ronquillo.

On the tenth of April the enemy's fleet came up, and on the seventeenth they landed, sweeping along the allies in front of them, together with forty arquebusiers, who were escorting them in their line, and on their right wing. A few days ago the enemy made an attack from ambuscade, with more than two thousand men. They came on, closing in until they reached the squadron, where they encountered the resistance of arms to their advance, and retired fleeing. They left some of their bravest dead, together with a few Terrenatans, without doing any damage to us, except killing five Visayans. Accordingly our squadron, which consisted of a hundred and sixty-nine men, on the fourth day intrenched themselves as best


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 ship many years, with the increase of dignities that we your servants desire. Tanpaca, May 10, 97. Your Lordship's most humble servant.

[Endorsed: "Mindanao, 1597. General Don Juan Rronquillo."]

The sargento-mayor of the city of Manila left for Mindanao on the thirtieth of December of ninety-six, and arrived at the city of Zebu on the fourteenth of January. He left there for La Caldera on the twenty-ninth of the said month, and arrived at La Caldera on the second of February, where he found the fleet of Mindanao, which had gone away for lack of supplies. The whole fleet left La Caldera on the sixth of said month, in the direction of Mindanao; and on the eleventh Captain Torivio de Misa was sent forward with a galliot and two lapis, as he suspected that the unfriendly Indians had surrounded the friendly natives from Tanpacon. On the fourteenth he sent Sargento-mayor Diego de Chaves with two galleys, and other light vessels, to follow up Torivio de Miranda; and he remained behind with the three fragatas, which, as they were heavy vessels, could not follow the rest of the fleet.

On the fifteenth of December, Captain Graviel Gonzales, who was on board one of the lapis which accompanied Torivio de Miranda, was drowned while passing Las Flechas, at the edge of the river of


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 any. Your Lordship must have them provided in accordance with the accompanying memorandum.

That it is advisable to send hither the encomenderos, and from there to give the soldiers and captains some gratification and pay. All the captains and soldiers of this camp perform their duties grumblingly, since the encomenderos enjoy the fruits of their labor. Through false representations the encomenderos have remained behind, instead of coming here on this pacification. If each encomendero has to live on his encomienda, and the heirs of Estevan Rodriguez in some part of the island, there is nothing left for the captains and soldiers. The owners should come, therefore, to reduce their encomiendas to subjection, since they take the gain. They do not go very far upon the road, and it is not a good argument to say that each one will pacify his own encomienda; for so long as this river is unpacified, nothing is pacified. Your Lordship should order all of them, without any exception, to come in person, and to bring some soldiers at their own cost, with sufficient food for a year's maintenance. In this way, something will be done; for an encomienda cannot be pacified with only one soldier, paid by an encomendero. I entreat your Lordship to decide quickly upon the course to be taken, and, with the same haste, to send me immediate advice by a birey. The route is open, and the virey can come here any time in June; thus I may be advised in advance of your Lordship's orders as to the course to pursue here, and this needy people may be encouraged with the hope of speedy relief. Your Lordship should write to them, thanking them for their labors, and encouraging them with their pay, to continue their work. May God preserve your Lord-


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 mation to your Majesty of several matters concerning these parts, as a person who has spent nine years here. I could wish that it was with better reason, if time had been given me to finish a book which treats of the use of an astrolabe, very important for the service of your Majesty, for use in the art of navigation. This I would send you this year, with an ample relation of various matters, if Don Francisco Tello, governor of these islands, had not occupied me in ridding them of a great number of Chinese and Japanese Sangleys, who, under pretense of being merchants, were seeking to remain in this country, and with whom there is no manner of safety. They know how to set about so cunningly to gain the good-will of the citizens that it appears almost impossible, if your Majesty does not send and order a remedy, to better the matter here, although I have used all possible diligence in it. The reason for this is that each particular citizen defends those whom he needs, as they are a people who are cunning at all crafts. Accordingly they keep them in their houses, and hide them; so that they sleep inside the city at night, to the number of about two thousand. There are more than five thousand who remain this year with the governor's license in the service of the colony, for they tell the governor that this is expedient. It appears to me that three thousand is enough, and even with this number more care and precaution could be taken than is done here, and there should be no more of the infidels. I give this account as a person who has them in his charge, in other matters touching  that which Don Luis Perez


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282

Head of clay, and mouth all stony,

And his eyes like coals of fire,

Knobs of birch his ears resemble,

And his legs are forking willows.’

“While my song I thus was singing,

Sighing in my grievous trouble,

He, my husband, chanced to hear it,

At the wall as he was standing.

When I heard him then approaching,

At the storehouse gate when standing,

I was conscious of his coming,

For I recognized his footstep.

And his hair in wind was tossing,

And his hair was all disordered,

And his gums with rage were grinning,

And his eyes with fury staring,

In his hand a stick of cherry,

’Neath his arm a club he carried,

And he hurried to attack me,

And upon the head he struck me.

“When the evening came thereafter,

And there came the time for sleeping,

At his side a rod he carried,

Took from nail a whip of leather,

Not designed to flay another,

But alas, for me, unhappy.

“Then when I myself retired,

To my resting-place at evening,

By my husband’s side I stretched me,

By my side my husband rested,

When he seized me by the elbows,

With his wicked hands he grasped me.

And with willow rods he beat me

And the haft of bone of walrus.

“From his cold side then I raised me,

And I left the bed of coldness,

But behind me ran my husband,

From the door came wildly rushing.

In my hair his hands he twisted,

Grasping it in all his fury,

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text: Poems of Home and Travel/Taurus

title: Poems of Home and Travel/Taurus


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Runo XXIII]

In the wind my hair he scattered,

To the winds of spring abandoned.

“What advice should now be followed,

Where had I to look for counsel?

Shoes of steel I put upon me,

Bands of copper put upon me,

As I stood beyond the house-wall.

In the street for long I listened,

Till the wretch should calm his fury,

And his passion had subsided,

But his anger never slumbered,

Neither for a time abated.

“At the last the cold o’ercame me,

In my hiding-place so dismal,

Where I stood beyond the house-wall,

And without the door I waited,

And I pondered and reflected:

‘This I cannot bear for ever,

Nor can bear their hatred longer,

Longer can I not endure it,

In this dreadful house of Lempo,

In this lair of evil demons.’

“From the handsome house I turned me,

And my pleasant home abandoned,

And commenced my weary wanderings,

Through the swamps and through the lowlands,

Past the open sheets of water,

Past the cornfields of my brother.

There the dry pines all were rustling,

And the crowns of fir-trees singing,

All the crows were croaking loudly,

And the magpies all were chattering,

“‘Here for thee no home remaineth,

In the house thy birth which witnessed.’

“But I let it not distress me,

As I neared my brother’s homestead,

But the gates themselves addressed me,

And the cornfields all lamented:

“‘Wherefore hast thou thus come homeward,

What sad news to hear, O wretched?

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 This little Princess gave her name to the continent of Europe and the white bull was placed among the constellations.

Thus a plausible explanation is found for but half of the bull being shown among the stars—he is carrying Europa across the waves—then we look on his starry mane and find—not sweet little Europa clinging there, but seven lithesome maidens! These are represented by a lovely group of stars called the Pleiades. How does this happen? Well, that is another story.

One day, while hunting, Orion came suddenly upon seven graceful sisters dancing on the mossy turf in the woodland. He watched entranced until the happy creatures noticed him, and filled with terror at his gigantic stature, turned and fled. For five long years they ran, with Orion close behind, until weary and distressed they begged the gods for aid.

Then Orion saw the maidens vanish as seven fluttering doves which flew far up into the sunlit sky. That evening Diana saw them, and telling them to keep up heart, drove her moon-chariot past Olympus where she directed Jupiter's attention to the unfortunate plight of the maidens. Jupiter then changed the doves to stars and placed them on the back of Taurus, the Bull. Here they rest protected by a pair of golden horns, secure but still pale, for every winter's evening just as surely as they rise above the horizon,

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 ordinary mechanical genius displayed by its inventor. That a clergyman living in a remote village, whose life had for the most part been spent with books, should contrive a machine of such delicate and complicated movements, and at once advance the art of knitting from the tedious process of linking threads in a chain of loops by three skewers in the fingers of a woman, to the beautiful and rapid process of weaving by the stocking-frame, was indeed an astonishing achievement, which may be pronounced almost unequalled in the history of mechanical invention. Lee's merit was all the greater, as the handicraft arts were then in their infancy, and little attention had as yet been given to the contrivance of machinery for the purposes of manufacture. He was under the necessity of extemporizing the parts of his machine as he best could, and adopting various expedients to overcome difficulties as they arose. His tools were imperfect, and his materials imperfect; and he had no skilled workmen to assist him. According to tradition, the first frame he made was a twelve gauge, without lead sinkers, and it was almost wholly of wood; the needles being also stuck in bits of wood. One of Lee's principal difficulties consisted in the formation of the stitch, for want of needle eyes; but this he eventually overcame by forming eyes to the needles with a three-square file. At length, one difficulty after


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 another was successfully overcome, and after three years' labour the machine was sufficiently complete to be fit for use. The quondam curate, full of enthusiasm for his art, now began stocking-weaving in the village of Calverton, and he continued to work there for several years, instructing his brother James and several of his relations in the practice of the art.

Having brought his frame to a considerable degree of perfection, and being desirous of securing the patronage of Queen Elizabeth, whose partiality for knitted silk stockings was well known, Lee proceeded to London to exhibit the loom before her Majesty. He first showed it to several members of the court, among others to Sir William (afterwards Lord) Hunsdon, whom he taught to work it with success; and Lee was, through their instrumentality, at length admitted to an interview with the Queen, and worked the machine in her presence. Elizabeth, however, did not give him the encouragement that he had expected; and she is said to have opposed the invention on the ground that it was calculated to deprive a large number of poor people of their employment of hand knitting. Lee was no more successful in finding other patrons, and considering himself and his invention treated with contempt, he embraced the offer made to him by Sully, the sagacious minister of Henry IV., to proceed to Rouen and instruct the operatives of that town—then one of the most important manufacturing centres of France—in the construction and use of the stocking-frame. Lee accordingly transferred himself and his machines to France, in, taking with him his brother and seven workmen. He met with a cordial reception at Rouen, and was proceeding with the manufacture


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He speaks three or four languages, word for word, without book, and hath all the good gifts of nature.

When she speaks, is it not an alarum to love? She is, indeed, perfection. So delicate with her needle! An admirable musician! Oh she will sing the savageness out of a bear.

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 The joint agent under paragraph 1 or paragraph 2 must be a natural person.

A participant may revoke the agency at any time, but he must notify the authority in writing and continue to carry out any acts in the administrative proceeding in person.

The joint agent may revoke the agency at any time, but he must notify the authority in writing and must also notify all the participants.

A document filed with an authority must be made in the Thai language. If the document is made in a foreign language, the participant shall provide within a period of time designated by the authority a Thai translation which is certified to be correct. In this case, the said document shall be deemed to be filed with the authority on the day the authority receives the translation, save where the authority accepts the document in the foreign language, in which case the day the document in the foreign language is filed shall be deemed to be the day the authority receives the document.

The certification of the correctness of a Thai translation or the acceptance of a document made in a foreign language shall be subject to the criteria and procedure designated by a ministerial regulation.

The authority shall notify the participants of the rights and duties in the administrative proceeding as necessary for the case.

If an application or statement is defective or contains an illegible or erroneous text which is clearly seen to have been caused by ignorance or negligence of a participant, the authority shall advise the participant to amend it correctly.

In conducting an administrative proceeding, an authority may examine the facts as appropriate for the matters concerned, without being bound by the applications or evidence of the participants.

The authority must consider the evidence which he finds necessary for proving the facts. This shall include following actions:

to search for all the relevant evidence;

to hear evidence, explanations, or opinions from participants or from witnesses or expert witnesses adduced by participants, save where the authority finds that the adduction is unnecessary, beyond necessity, or dilatory;

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284

Long ago has died thy father,

Perished has thy sweetest mother,

All estranged is now thy brother,

And his wife is like a Russian.’

“But I let it not distress me,

And at once the house I entered,

At the door I grasped the handle,

Cold within my hand I felt it.

“After, when the room I entered,

In the doorway I was standing,

And the mistress stood there proudly,

But she did not come to meet me,

Nor to me her hand she offered.

I myself was proud as she was,

And I would not go to meet her,

And my hand I would not offer.

On the stove my hand I rested.

Cold I felt the very hearthstones,

To the burning coals I reached it;

In the stove the coals were frozen.

“On the bench there lay my brother,

Lazy on the bench extended,

On his shoulders soot by fathoms,

And by spans upon his body,

On his head glowed coals a yard high,

And of hard-caked soot a quartful.

“Asked my brother of the stranger,

Of the guest he thus inquired:

‘Stranger, why hast crossed the water?’

“And on this I gave him answer:

‘Dost thou then not know thy sister,

Once the daughter of thy mother?

We are children of one mother,

Of one bird are we the nestlings:

By one goose have we been nurtured,

In one grouse’s nest been fostered.’

“Then my brother broke out weeping,

From his eyes the tears were falling.

“To his wife then said my brother,

And he whispered to his darling,

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 up comes Orion just a little way behind and pursues the Bull across the heavens with his dogs and club.

Æschylus, however, claims that the Pleiades were named after the daughters of Atlas because of their touching sorrow when their father was laden with the weight of the sky. Thus many of the stories of Orion's adventures seem to conflict with other fables. Since the stars of the Pleiades bear the individual names of seven of Atlas's daughters, Æschylus was probably right. The stars outlining the face of Taurus were named after the half-sisters of the Pleiades and are called the Hyades.

The group of five stars which deck the face of the mythological Bull have the individual names of Phaola, Ambrosia, Eudora, Coronis and Pholyxo. However these names are rarely, if ever, used and the bright red star at the top of the V is generally known as Aldebaran, the name given it by the Arabian astronomers.

During ancient times there was a certain amount of ill-feeling directed toward the Hyades, just as in the case of the "mad stars" in Auriga, for it was thought that since this group of stars rose in November when the stormy weather usually began they exerted an unsettling influence on the atmosphere, which caused rain. The word itself is derived from the Greek word meaning rain.

In April when the Hyades set they also "Vext the dim sea" so by watching these stars the ancients were forewarned when the

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 stormy weather and rain was at hand. Hesiod, who gave the ancient world one of its most famous poems, "Works and Days," mentions that when the Hyades are near the horizon they seem to disturb the calm of the waters and when the "Pleiades, Hyades and Orion set, it is time to plow again. But not to go to sea!" Aratus further warned the seamen at this point by reminding them that only a thin plank separates the sailor from Hades.

Kippax remarks that the "watery" or "moist" reputation of the Hyades may be due partly to the legend that the sisters were metamorphosed into stars for immoderately bewailing the fate of their brother Hyas who had been killed by a wild boar. Perhaps the sisters still think of Hyas when near the horizon and their unrestrained tears pour in floods upon the earth. But according to another legend, the Hyades were cloud nymphs and it was their nature to be incessantly weeping.

The beautiful, rose-colored star Aldebaran, "the eye of the Bull," flashes on the end of this V of stars. Like Antares, Betelgeuse and the planet Mars, its rare and colorful light shines like a beacon among the gold and silver of more somber stars.

Aldebaran is a much larger sun than ours and gives 45 times as much light. What a contrast to our sun with its sunflower shade would be this one of a wild-rose pink! But the restful greens of little earth are much to be preferred, with Aldebaran a star in the heavens, 28 light years away.

A little to the west and north of the star, on the tip of the southern horn of Taurus, lies the "Crab Nebula," so-called on account of its resemblance to a crab. This nebula is often mistaken for a comet. The two horns of the Bull reach over into the Milky Way, just below Capella.

The star group of the Hyades rises a little north of east about 12 P. M. in September. By the first of November they are all rising as early as 8 P. M. and by the latter part of January are

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318 were no schools. Some meet in the Chandi Mandop, which is of the nature of a chapel belonging to some one of the principal families in the village, and in which, besides the performance of religious worship on occasion of the great annual festivals, strangers also are sometimes lodged and entertained, and business transacted; others in the Boithakhana, an open hut principally intended as a place of recreation and of concourse for the consideration of any matters relating to the general interests of the village; others in the private dwelling of the chief supporter of the school; and others have no special place of meeting, unless it be the most vacant and protected spot in the neighbourhood of the master’s abode, such as the corner of a shop—the village temple, more particularly that consecrated to, the judge of the departed, the of Hinduism—an out-house of one of the parents—the portico of a mosque—the verandah of a house, or the shade of a tree. Some schools meet in the open air in the dry seasons of the year; and in the rainy season those boys, whose parents can afford it, erect each for himself a small shed of grass and leaves, open at the sides, and barely adequate at the top to cover one person from the rain. There are usually five or six such sheds, more or less, among all the boys; and those who have no protection, if it rain, must either disperse or remain exposed to the storm. It is evident that the general efficiency and regularity of school business, which are promoted by the adaptation of the school-room to the enjoyment of comfort by the scholars, to full inspection on the part of the teacher, and to easy communication on all sides, must here be in a great measure unknown.”

3. The teachers, their caste, means of support, qualifications, and age.—From time immemorial, the teaching of reading, writing, and accounts has been considered the proper duty of the Kayastha or writer caste, and a Brahman, Vaidya or a Kshetriya, is supposed to degrade himself in such occupation; while, on the other hand, any of the castes inferior to the Kayastha acquire by the same means increased respect. Now, it is true that both in Bengal and Behar the business of teaching common schools is left chiefly in the hands of the Kayasthas or writer caste. But it is true, at the same time, that in the Bengal districts, this hereditary privilege has been very largely invaded by other castes both superior and inferior to the Kayastha, but still so as to leave the latter a decided majority in the class of vernacular teachers; while in the Behar districts this privilege is enjoyed in nearly its pristine completeness. Take the districts of Beerbhoom for an example. There are four Musalman teachers and the remainder are Hindus. The following list exhibits the castes of the latter and the number of each:—


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 directly in the south. At such a time, they have been picturesquely likened to a "flock of wild geese flying southward."

Even so small a glass as an opera-glass will disclose a rich field of small stars about Taurus. These stars look as if they had been shuffled and had fallen together in interesting little groups of lights, which are very pleasing to the eye.

The Pleiades are visible from August until May. Five of the stars in this group may be plainly seen although most people can see six and many with keen eyesight can see seven and even nine. The telescope reveals about 3000 more surrounding the group which gives the appearance of mistiness in the vicinity of each star. These stars fill a space in the heavens equal to about 180 millions of millions of miles!

The five more important stars of the Pleiades lie in the form of a short-handled dipper. This is the fourth clearly marked dipper found in the sky—the Big Dipper, the Little Dipper, the Milk Dipper and the Dipper of the Pleiades. These stars are also, with the Hyades, Præsepe, Coma Berenices and the cluster on the Sword Handle of Perseus, among the few clusters visible to the unaided eye.

Seven of the stars in the Pleiad group, named after the daughters of Atlas, are called Alcyone, Merope, Electra, Celæno, Taygeta, Maia and Asterope. Two other stars were named after the father Atlas and the mother Pleione. The Hyades and the Plei-

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Runo XXIII]

‘Bring some food to give my sister!’

But with mocking eyes she brought me

Cabbage-stalks from out the kitchen,

Whence the whelp the fat had eaten,

And the dog had licked the salt from,

And the black dog had his meal of.

“To his wife then said my brother,

And he whispered to his darling,

‘Fetch some ale to give the stranger!’

But with mocking eyes she carried

Water only for the stranger,

But, instead of drinking water,

Water she had washed her face in,

And her sister washed her hands in.

“From my brother’s house I wandered,

Left the house that I was born in,

Hurried forth, O me unhappy,

Wandered on, O me unhappy,

Wretched on the shores to wander,

Toiling on, for ever wretched,

Always to the doors of strangers,

Always to the gates of strangers,

On the beach, with poorest children,

Sufferers of the village poorhouse.

“There were many of the people,

Many were there who abused me,

And with evil words attacked me,

And with sharpest words repulsed me.

Few there are among the people

Who have spoken to me kindly,

And with kindly words received me,

And before the stove who led me,

When I came from out the rainstorm,

Or from out the cold came shrinking,

With my dress with rime all covered,

While the snow my fur cloak covered.

“In my youthful days I never,

I could never have believed it,

Though a hundred told me of it,

And a thousand tongues repeated

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 of stockings on a large scale—having nine of his frames in full work,—when unhappily ill fortune again overtook him. Henry IV., his protector, on whom he had relied for the rewards, honours, and promised grant of privileges, which had induced Lee to settle in France, was murdered by the fanatic Ravaillac; and the encouragement and protection which had heretofore been extended to him were at once withdrawn. To press his claims at court, Lee proceeded to Paris; but being a Protestant as well as a foreigner, his representations were treated with neglect; and worn out with vexation and grief, this distinguished inventor shortly after died at Paris, in a state of extreme poverty and distress.

Lee's brother, with seven of the workmen, succeeded in escaping from France with their frames, leaving two behind. On James Lee's return to Nottinghamshire, he was joined by one Ashton, a miller of Thoroton, who had been instructed in the art of frame-work knitting by the inventor himself before he left England. These two, with the workmen and their frames, began the stocking-manufacture at Thoroton, and carried it on with considerable success. The place was favourably situated for the purpose, as the sheep pastured in the neighbouring district of Sherwood yielded a kind of wool of the longest staple. Ashton is said to have introduced the method of making the frames with lead sinkers, which was a great improvement. The number of looms employed in different parts of England gradually increased; and the machine manufacture of stockings eventually became an important branch of the national industry.


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 One of the most important modifications in the stocking-frame was that which enabled it to be applied to the manufacture of lace on a large scale. In, two workmen, Frost and Holmes, were both engaged in making point-net by means of the modifications they had introduced in the stocking-frame; and in the course of about thirty years, so rapid was the growth of this branch of production that point-net frames were at work, giving employment to upwards of  people. Owing, however, to the war, to change of fashion, and to other circumstances, the Nottingham lace-manufacture rapidly fell off; and it continued in a decaying state until the invention of the bobbin-net machine by John Heathcoat, late M.P. for Tiverton, which had the effect of at once re-establishing the manufacture on solid foundations.

John Heathcoat was the youngest son of a respectable small farmer at Duffield, Derbyshire, where he was born in. When at school he made steady and rapid progress, but was early removed from it to be apprenticed to a frame-smith near Loughborough. The boy soon learnt to handle tools with dexterity, and he acquired a minute knowledge of the parts of which the stocking-frame was composed, as well as of the more intricate warp-machine. At his leisure he studied how to introduce improvements in them, and his friend, Mr. Bazley, M.P., states that as early as the age of sixteen, he conceived the idea of inventing a machine by which lace might be made similar to Buckingham or French lace, then all made by hand. The first practical improvement he succeeded in introducing was in the warp-frame, when, by