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RV 76 (WORK IN LONDON) article, but I cannot remember its arguments. It was, perhaps, because the ground in front of the Mansion House is worth its area in sovereigns set on edge. Or it may have been that, according to the writer, the mud trodden underfoot was, for some profound chemical reason, worth its weight in gold. In either case a favoured few do undoubtedly possess the secret of alchemy, in that everything they touch—mud, too, no doubt—turns to gold. And the number of that favoured few is very great, because in London there are so many things to touch. Hence the immensity of London's silent appeal. She calls to all the world.

"In the old days," there were, say, The Holy Land, the "Wars" where thousands of mercenaries cut by turns the throats of Ferrarese, of Bolognese, of French, of Burgundians, of Kaiserliks and of each other. There were afterwards the Indies, Peru, Mexico, the Spanish Main; then more Wars of Seven, of Thirty years' duration—then the opening up of the silent East, then goldfields. These things called to the adventurous of succeeding generations for ten centuries. But these appeals were limited. They called only to those who felt able to handle a sword, fire a thatch, cut the rings off a woman's hand, set a sail, shoot in a wood, march a thousand miles or come out of a death of thirst. They were for the valorous alone who could work with their hands.

The appeal of London is far wider. She has seemed for the last century or so to stand on high, offering, like the figure on the Duke of York's column, laurel 76

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192

Extraordinary Occurrence.—A butcher in Newton, Montgomeryshire, was in the act of killing a pig, when, having thrust the knife into its throat, he threw the weapon upon the ground. The enraged animal, though in the conflict of death, took hold of the haft of the knife in its mouth, and by a jerk of its head, inflicted a wound in the leg of the butcher, to the surprise of several bye-standers!

Viscount Bulkeley has presented a church clock and peal of six bells to the town of Beaumaris, in Anglesey.

Births] At Plas Bowman, Caernarvon, the lady of W. P. Lloyd, esq. of a daughter—At Byrnbella, the lady of Sir John Salisbury, of a son.

Married.] At Hawarden, the Rev. T. Pennant to Miss Griffith.

Died.] At Llanrost, Denbighshire, the lady of W. Edwards, esq. 49—At Caernarvon, Z. Jones, esq.—T. R. Charles, of Bala, Merionethshire—At Caernarvon, the Rev. Mr. Owen.

Sagacity of a Hedgehog.—As Mr. Lane, game-keeper to the Earl of Galloway, was passing by the wood of Calscadden, near Garliestown, he fell in with a hedgehog, crossing the road at a small distance before him, carrying on its back six pheasant's eggs, which, upon examination, he found it had pilfered from a pheasant's nest hard by. The ingenuity of the creature was very conspicuous, as several of the remaining eggs were holed, which must have been done by it, when in the act of rolling itself over the nest, in order to make as many adhere to its prickles as possible. After watching the motions of the urchin for a short time longer, Mr. Lane saw it deliberately crawl into a furze bush, where its nest was, and where the shells of several eggs were strewed around, which had at some former period been conveyed thither in the same manner.—Ayr Journal.

Births] Mrs. J. S. Robertson, Pitt street, Edinburgh, of a son—At Stockbridge, Mrs. Currie, of a daughter.

Married.] At Edinburgh, Dr. C. Stewart, to Miss M'Farlane—At Edinburgh, G. G. Munroe, esq. to Miss Mary Kingdom.

Died.] At Strabane, John Dorman, or Diermott. He was born at Boigh, in the parish of Cloulee, county of Donegal, the 24th of August, 1799, and consequently was upwards of 109 years of age. His father was a labourer, and lived to the age of 111. His mother's name was Margaret Sharkey; she lived to be nearly 113 years old.

On the 4th ult. a gentleman in Ireland received a letter from a friend of his, residing at a distance from him of 120 miles, by a half-carrier pigeon. It is supposed the bird was not more than four hours on the wing.

Births.] At Newport, the lady of Pennefather, of a daughter—At Galway, the lady Surgeon Price, of a son.

Married.] At Lamberton Park, Capt W. Penrose, to Eliza, eldest daughter of the Honourable Justice Moore—At Dublin, Sir J. Coghill, to Miss A. M. Busche—At Radthlowing, Captain Remkin, to Miss Monk—At Waterford, T. Barnes, esq. to. Miss Hutchinson.

Died.] At Ennis, Foster Parsons, esq. 65—At Caber House, the Right Hon. R. Butler, Earl of Glengal—At Seaford, county Wexford, Mrs. E. Lett, 100; Charles Lett, esq. her last child, was born in her 59th year.

has been received, but he appears, unfortunately, to have fallen into precisely the same error he so vehemently deprecates in our correspondent "X." If, however, he thinks proper to re-consider his subject,and adduce some sort of arguments in support of his assertions, we shall be happy to find them a place in our pages, though we cannot give currency to his opinions, in their present form.

Mr. has our best thanks for his beautiful Sonnet; it did not arrive until after our poetical department for the present Number was made up, but will certainly appear in our next.

"A Walk Round Florence,"—“"Observations on Campbell's Specimens of the British Poets, No. 1,"—and "Extracts from Letters, written by a Resident at Geneva, containing Anecdotes of Lord Byron, and other Distinguished Characters," in our next.

We thank for his communication; his sentiments, though materially at variance with our own, bear the stamp of liberality, and, on that account, possess a strong claim upon our attention. Although we may not insert his present letter, we shall be happy to hear from him again.

M. ought to be aware that in a court of criticism, as in a court of justice, when sentence is once passed it cannot be repealed. His present verses are better than those he formerly transmitted, but not good enough for the pages of the New Monthly Magazine.

Mr., "On the Dry Rot," and Mr. 's "Plan for an Organised Supply of the Metropolis with Provisions, by Water Carriage," are unavoidably deferred till next month.

We shall have much pleasure in paying early atiention to the request of our friend Bedfordshire, whose letter of the 23d was duly received.


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Feb. 12, 1850. On Thursday, the Secretary of the Navy, accompanied by a number of scientific gentlemen, will visit Norfolk to witness the launch of the U.S., steamer, Powhatan, and to test the machinery. Before starting on her cruise, she will make an experimental trip.

There is to be a large meeting of capitalists next week, for the purpose of considering the plan of establishing a line of steamers between your city and Richmond. Bishop Potter has engaged to deliver a course of lectures at the Smithsonian Institute. He lectured last evening, on the tendency of science to cause superficial philosophers to forget the great “First Cause.” He attempted to controvert many of the positions assumed by the author of the “Vestiges of Creation,” but in the opinion of many the attempt has by no means successful. Beside the author of the “Vestige” all along says that God is ever working, but by and through certain laws. The steam frigate Saranac, which is expected to start on a cruise in a few days, is furnished with two inclined engines of 350 horse power; cylinder 60 inches in diameter, 9 feet stroke; air pumps, 43$1⁄2$ inches in diameter at the neck, connecting rod 18 feet long; weight of centre shaft, 8,000 pounds; journals, 16,000 pounds each; cranks, 3,500 pounds each. The weight of the three boilers is 186,336 pounds; and the cost of the engine and boilers, $24,000.

A hundred thousand yards of cotton were manufactured at Georgetown, in this district, last month, of very superior quality. The proprietors of the factories are chiefly northern men. The Committee of the House to whom was referred the memorial, accompanied by a plan for taking the Yeas and Nays by electricity, will report against it as impracticable. During the past year, the Government has paid $14,000 for altering flint locks to percussion. The number of muskets made at the various armories in 1849 was 23,500. A Dr. Lillie has announced his intention to lecture here on electricity. He has constructed a machine of great power, and claims to have effectually overcome the difficulty in the accumulation of electricity in sufficient quantities so as to make it a main power in the movement of machinery.

An attempt is making to get up an opposition telegraph line between this city and New Orleans. The present line frequently takes 24 hours in transmitting a message, while on the northern lines would be sent in a few minutes. The Naval Committee of the House here reported a bill authorizing the purchase of the patent right of Espy's Ventilator for the use of U.S. vessels. It will not pass without great opposition. The sixth annual report of the South Carolina Railroad Company, shows a profit during the last year of $428,403. The road is 242 miles long. Specimens of the fossilized forest recently discovered beneath the mud deposits in Wallasey Pond, Lancashire, England, are to be sent to our National Institute.

Col. Pratt, President of your Mechanic's Institute, is about to present a block or marble for the Washington Monument in the name of the Mechanics' of New York.

It is reported that the brass statue of Gen. Jackson, will be erected at the east of the President's house, next week.

By a recent official document it appears, that there are 28 million spindles at work in the world, out of which the share of England is 17 millions, and the United States, 2 millions. undefined A Boston medical writer says that it produces chilblains, chapped skin, inflamed eyes, and colds, to go to the fire suddenly when you are very cold. Accustom yourself to the warmth by degrees. undefined

A machine for making segarscigars [sic], some of which are employed in the United States, has been introduced into the Island of Cuba, and patented there.

A foreign missionary thus writes of kite-flying in Canton: “The sky is in a universal flutter of kites. I counted this afternoon from my window ninety-three, which were flown at various heights with great skill. Some represented hawks, and admirably immitatedimitated [sic] their manœuvres in the air, poising themselves, and darting; gaudy butterflies float around; and dragons, formed of alonga long [sic] succession of circular kites, with a fierce head, flew about the sky. The majority were of merely fanciful shape.—Loud noises, like a wind instrument, could be heard from them. The most amusing form was that of a huge fish, which swam through the blue above, moving its tail and fins with a ludicrously natural effect. Those, like animals, are also flown in pairs, and made to fight.” ⁎ undefined

Every farmer should be a scientific man in his line, that is, he should pursue the best methods of doing everything in the best manner, and economy is the root of science. We do not mean by “economy,” stinginess, for that is the worst kind of extravagance but we mean care, wisdom and observation. For example, it is not food to feed cattle on mere straw, but then if we can find something to combine with the straw, to make it good fodder, surely it is wise to use it as such. By cutting straw fine, and immersing it in boiling linseed meal and stirring it up, a most excellent feed is made for oxen and other cattle. Corn stalks are also good, if prepared as follows:—Cut the stalks in a machine and place them in a hogshead, steam them by pouring boiling water upon them and covering them up for sometimesome time [sic] with a blanket. Put some salt among them, and when cold strew over them a little ground meal and a most excellent fodder is the result. undefined

In the town of Williamsburg, Mass, resides Mrs. Aaron Warner, a lady seventy-five years of age. During the summer and autumn of 1848; she spun one hundred runs of woolen yarn; doubled and twisted forty-five of it, knit seventy-six pairpairs [sic] of men's seamed socks and wove sixty yards of rag carpeting, besides doing the ordinary house work for her family.— The past summer, she made four hundred weight of most excellent cheese; wove more than twenty-five yards of flannel; spun and doubled and twisted yarn for 60 pairs of men's socks, besides doing many other kinds of work. She is a perfect pattern of order, neatness and industry, and furnishes an example that all younger ladies would do well to imitate. undefined

A curious fact is mentioned in the Wenaugh (Irish) Guardian in reference to Dr. Laughley, who was confined in hail, and who fasted for forty days. The reason for abstaining was caused by a total loss of appetite, nausea, and a disinclination to eat. All the organs of the body ceased to perform the functions in the animal economy, with the exception of the heart and lungs; and it is a curious coincidence also that during that time the loss he sustained in weight was three stones, less by two pounds, making exactly a loss of forty pounds, being one pound per day for every day he fasted. undefined A Munich periodical relates that a man named Matthias Mangelbacher, being attacked by a severe fit of tooth-ache, stopped up his ears with gun cotton, not knowing but what it was the common cotton he was accustomed to use in such cases. In retiring to his room for the night, he seated himself before a wood fire, from which a spark flew out and struck the tuft of the gun-cotton, which exploded with such violence that it blew the whole top of his head off. undefined Water was let into the new reservoir of the St. Louis Water Works, for the first time, on the 21st ult. The reservoir is of solid masonry, a heavy rock wall without, and brick lining, laid in cement, within. It is two hundred and fifty feet square and fifteen deep, and capable of holding one million gallons of water, or, with the present population of the city, a supply from the river, a distance of 10,000 feet, by steam engines.

A Coroner's Jury composed of eminent men, have examined witnesses and reported on the cause which led to the terrific explosion in Hague Street, this city, last week, whereby 64 of our fellow-men were hurried into eternity, in a few moments, and a great number were severely wounded. It is our intention to review the whole subject next week. In the mean time, we would say, that the evidence is of a most contradictory character, excepting on one point, and that is, there were too high a pressure of steam on the boiler, and culpable recklessness on the part of the owners of the boiler. No one can erase that part of the evidence. It is too strong to be washed out by any process of pleading; interest, or alchemy. undefined

A letter has been received from the American Charge d'Affaires, John P. Brown, Fsq.Esq. [sic], at ConstantinobleConstantinople [sic], by Mr. Samuel Colt, the inventor of the fire-arms which bears his name, announcing that the next European steamer would bring out an elegant snuff box, set indiamondsin diamonds [sic], of the value of $1,300, designed as an evidence of the very high appreciation of his weapon entertained by Mehemet Ali Pacha, Serosbi of the Army. We perceive that Mr. Colt has lately secured a patent in England. undefined

The N. O. Picayune states that the Mississippi is rising rapidly. At Bayou Sara the country is partially submerged, and at Vicksburg the water is only four feet lower than at the highest mark of last year. In the Parish of St. John the Baptist, a hundred houses have been rendered untenantable by the overflow of water. undefined

The Scalpel charges that many physicians of New York are interested in drug stores, to which they send prescriptions, and are credited on all the send a large share of the charges; and that prescriptions are often made out apparently requiring great care in compounding, and for which high charges are made, but which in fact cost little or nothing. undefined We learn from the Jersey City Sentinel that the Directors have given orders to have that part of the Canal from Newark to Jersy CityJersey City [sic] put in complete order on the opening of the navigation season, so that transportation can be made directly from the coal regions to the New-York Bay. undefined

Large fields of peppermint are cultivated in the prariesprairies [sic] of Michigan. It is cultivated for the purpose of making peppermint oil. undefined Throughout the vast empire of Russia—through all Finland, Lapland, Sweden, and Norway—there is no cottage so poor, no hut so destitute, but it possesses its vapor-bath, in which all its inhabitants every Saturday, at least—and every day, in cases of sickness—experience, comfort and salubrity. undefined According to the late accounts from California, it appears that the miners make very little money compared with what the speculators are doing. undefined

A convention will be held at Rust's Hotel, in the city of Syracuse, on Wednesday, the 20th day of February next, for the purpose of taking hethe [sic] necessary measures to procure a repeal or modification of the Act of Congress, passed July 8th, 1845, which, under the appearance of authorizing a reissue of the Woodworth Patent for Planing Machines, gives the present holders of the Letters Patent the exclusive right to combinations of machinery never invented by Wm. Woodworth, nor during his life time claimed as his invention, and which are not found in the original patent of 1828. All persons who are opposed to the odious and oppressive monopoly existing under the provisions of said act, are earnestly invited to attend.

N.B. Papers throughout the States will please to copy and oblige

January 23, 1850.

.—Part 5 of this splendid work is issued by Mr. R. Garrigue, of Barclay street, this city. From it we extracted an article on “Hail ” last week.— The plates in this part are 20 in number, and in a single plate there are about 20 different figures, making about 400 figures, and they are engravings which stand alone for correctness of execution and beauty of finish. They illustrate ornithology, marine animals, and the tribes of serpents, crocodiles, &c., being confined to natural history. The text pages are descriptive of Magnetism, Electricity and Meteorology, being confined to Physics. The text is very clear and plain: we must recommend it on that account as well as for the sake of the useful information it contains. This really is a splendid work—each part is one dollar, and no single parts sold—the subscription must be for the whole work.

.—We have received No. 2 of a new monthly work, edited and published by Joel MunselMunsell [sic], No. 58 State street Albany, N. Y. This relates to the History, Art, and all that is interesting about Printing. It is illustrated with wood engravings, and is got up in what is termed “good style.” Every printer in America should be a subscriber: it is only $1 per annum. Mr. Munsell is one of the best printers in this or any other country. He has long been collecting information on the subject, and we believe that he has the best library of old and new books on the subject in this country. He has long been collecting information on the subject, and we believe that he has the best library of old and new books on the subject in this country. He is an antiquary of a printer, and has a rare taste that way. He knows how to chase up a piece of information out of any book, and how to chase it into a book better than any other man with whom we are acquainted. We believe that this will be one of the most valuable and interesting magazines in the world. undefined

.

Number 2 of this incomparable work by J. W. Griffith, Esq., Marine and Naval Architect, is just issued. This number treats of the Laws of Resistance and Propulsion. It is beautifully illustrated. Each number is 75 cents, and can be furnished at this office. We are positive that no operative ship-carpenter in the United States, can lay out money to better advantage then by purchasing this work.

—No. 9, of Phillip's, Sampson & Co's., splendid edition of these works, is now ready. A careful examination of this and the preceding numbers, warranty the opinion that for beauty of letter press, paper, and general arrangement, it will exceed any other ever offered to the public The present number contains the full play of “Love's Labor Lost,” with a fine engraving of the Princess of France. Dewitt and Davenport have the numbers for sale.

—This is a most splendid little work, by J. S. Skinner, published by Bangs, Platt, & Co., No. 204 Broadway, N. Y. It is a translation of Guenon's French work, to which is added Mr. Skinner's observations. Those who desire to become better acquainted with the milch cow, whereby her qualities of quantity and quality can be known by observing her, should by all means become acquainted with this treatise. The price is only 37 1-2 cents.

Messrs. Hewitt, Tillotson & Co., 59 Beekman St. N. Y., have undertaken to furnish the literary public with the most splendid edition of the Waverly Novels ever issued from the American press, and if the specimen before us is to be the criterion from which we are to base an opinion, we can say that the task will be most faithfully performed. They are in imitation of the celebrated Abbotsford Edition published some time since, in London, and are sold for a much less price. The first of the series introduces the reader to “Ivanhoe,” one of the most famous productions of the author, richly illuminated by Mr. Hewitt. We need not express an opinion concerning Scott's Novels, they are too well known to require it. We can only say that aside from the intellectual food derived from these works, they constitute an ornament to every well selected library. The numbers can be had of booksellers generally.

C. M. Saxton, 123 Fulton Street, N. Y., has for sale a very neat pamphlet of 90 pages, devoted to breeding, rearing, diseases and management of fowels. The information is practical. Price 25 cents. undefined F Hagan, & Co. of Nashville, Tenn., and Samuel Hart, Sen., of Charleston, S.C., are authoizedauthorized [sic] agents for the Scientific American. undefined Gen. Cass will please accept our thanks, for CongreessionalCongressional [sic] documents. undefined Mr. Hale, formerly of this city, has been in Macon, Georgia, exhibiting his steam wheel.


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 654–5] Al-Baṣra, in place of Saʿīd. To welcome him the officers in command of garrisons came from all quarters into Al-Kūfa; and Abu Mūsa received them in the crowded Mosque. He first exacted from the inhabitants a pledge of loyalty to the Caliph, and then installed himself by leading the prayers of the great assembly.

If, instead of thus giving way, ʿOthmān had inflicted on the ringleaders of Al-Kūfa condign punishment, he might haply have weathered the storm. It is true that thus he would in all likelihood have precipitated rebellion, not only in that turbulent City, but in Al-Baṣra and Egypt also. Yet, sooner or later, that was unavoidable; and in the struggle he would now have had a strong support. For here the contention was between Ḳoreish with all the nobility of Islām on the one hand, and the Arab tribes and city rabble on the other; and in this question the great leaders would to a man have rallied round the throne. By his pitiable weakness in yielding to the insurgents, ʿOthmān not only courted contempt, but lost the opportunity of placing the great controversy about to convulse the Muslim world upon its proper issue. It fell, instead, to the level of a quarrel obscured by personal interests, and embittered by charges of tyranny and nepotism against himself. The crisis was now inevitable. Men saw that ʿOthmān lacked the wisdom and strength to meet it, and each looked to his own concern. Seditious letters circulated freely everywhere; and the claims even began to be canvassed of candidates to succeed ʿOthmān, who, it was foreseen, could not long hold the reins of empire in his feeble grasp.

Thus, even at Medīna, sedition spread, and from thence messages reached the provinces far and near that the sword would soon be needed at home, rather than in foreign parts. So general was the contagion that, besides his immediate kindred, but two or three men are named as still faithful to the throne. Moved by the leading Citizens, ʿAlī repaired to ʿOthmān and said:—"The people bid me expostulate with thee. Yet what can I say to thee, who art the son-in-law of the Prophet, as thou wast his bosom friend? The way lieth plain before thee; but thine eyes are blinded that thou. canst not see. Blood once shed, will not cease to flow until the Judgment Day. Right blotted out, treason will rage like foaming waves of the sea." ʿOthmān com-


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 220 plained, and not without reason, of the unfriendly attitude of ʿAlī himself. "For my own part," he said, "I have done my best; and as for the men ye blame me for, did not ʿOmar himself appoint Al-Moghīra to Al-Kūfa; and if Ibn ʿĀmir be my kinsman, is he the worse for that?" "No," replied ʿAlī; "but ʿOmar kept his lieutenants in order, and when they did wrong he punished them; whereas thou treatest them softly because they are thy kinsmen." "And Muʿāwiya, too," continued the Caliph; "it was ʿOmar who appointed him to Syria." "Yes," answered ʿAlī; "yet I swear that even ʿOmar's slaves did not stand so much in awe of him as did Muʿāwiya. And now he doth whatever he pleaseth, saying, It is ʿOthmān. And thou, knowing it all, leavest him alone!" So saying, ʿAlī turned and went his way.

As ʿAlī's message professed to come from the people, ʿOthmān went straightway to the pulpit and addressed the assemblage met for prayer. He reproached them for intemperate speech and subserviency to evil leaders, whose object it was to blacken his name, exaggerate his faults, and hide his virtues. "Ye blame me," he said, "for things ye bore cheerfully from ʿOmar. He trampled on you, beat you with his whip, and abused you. And ye took it patiently from him, both in what ye liked and what ye disliked. I have been gentle with you; bended my back unto you; withheld my tongue from reviling, and my hand from smiting. And now ye rise up against me!" Then, after dwelling on the prosperity of his reign at home and abroad, and the many benefits accruing therefrom, he ended—"Wherefore, refrain, I entreat of you, from abuse of me and of my governors, lest ye kindle the flames of sedition and revolt throughout the empire." The appeal was marred by his cousin Merwān, who at its close exclaimed, "If ye will oppose the Caliph, we shall soon bring it to the issue of the sword." "Be silent!" cried ʿOthmān; "leave me with my fellows alone. Did I not tell thee not to speak?" ʿOthmān then descended from the pulpit. The harangue had no effect. The discontent spread, and the gatherings against the Caliph multiplied.


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 654–5] Thus ended the 11th year of ʿOthmān's reign. Near its close was held a memorable council, of which account will be given in the chapter following. The Caliph performed the Pilgrimage as usual, He had done so every year; this was to be his last.


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In the next ceremony the priest continues the purification of the deceased, and on this occasion he takes in his hand a ball of incense and lifts it up before the face of the mummy, or statue. We may assume that he does this four, or even five, times, and offers four balls of incense, one for Horus, one for Set, one for

Thoth, and one for Sep. Meanwhile the Kher ḥeb says:—

 * "Thou art purified with natron, and Horus is purified with natron.
 * Thou art purified with natron, and Set is purified with natron.
 * Thou art purified with natron, and Thoth is purified with natron.
 * Thou art purified with natron, and Sep is purified with natron.


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 :Thou art purified with natron, and thy is purified with natron.
 * Thou art purified with natron,
 * Thou art purified with natron,
 * Thou art purified with natron,
 * Thou art purified with natron,
 * O thou who art stablished among thy brethren the gods.
 * Thy head hath been censed for thee, thy bones have been cleansed thoroughly for thee, and thou art filled with that which belongeth unto thee. O Osiris, I have given unto thee the Eye of Horus, and thy face is filled therewith, and it spreadeth its odour about thee."


text: Books on Egypt and Chaldaea/Collection 7/Volume 25/Sixth Ceremony


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unhappy Caliph was now hurried on, by the rapid course of events, helplessly to his end. ʿAbd ar-Raḥmān, who, no doubt, felt himself responsible from the share he took in the nomination of ʿOthmān, was about this time removed by death. But even he had been dissatisfied; and one of the first open denunciations of ʿOthmān's unscrupulous disregard of law,—small it might be, but significant,—is attributed to him. A high-bred camel, part of the tithes of a Bedawi tribe, was presented by the Caliph, as a rarity, to one of his kinsfolk. ʿAbd ar-Raḥmān, scandalised at the misappropriation of what belonged to charity, laid hands upon the animal, slaughtered it, and divided the flesh among the poor. The personal reverence attaching heretofore to the "Successor of the Prophet of the Lord," gave place to slight and disregard. In the streets, ʿOthmān was greeted with cries that he should depose Ibn ʿĀmir and the godless Ibn abi Sarḥ, and put away Merwān, his chief adviser and confidant. He had the countenance of none excepting his immediate kinsmen, and reliance upon them only aggravated the hostile clamour.

The conspirators had hitherto burrowed underground. Now their machinations coming to light, rumours of impending treason began to float abroad. The better affected classes throughout the Empire felt uneasy; alarm crept over all hearts. Letters were continually received at Medīna asking what these ominous sounds meant, and what catastrophe was now at hand. The chief men of Medīna kept coming to the Caliph's court for tidings; but, 222


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ceremonies of purification are now ended. The new body in which the is to dwell has been made by means of them. Its bones, and head, and mouth have been brought into a state of ceremonial purity, it contains the fluid of life, and all its humours, and

warmth, and its face is enveloped with an emanation from the Eye of Horus, and the odour of purity has been restored to it. It is not, however, prepared to enjoy the offerings which are about to be presented to it, because its jaw-bones, which have been pressed out


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 655] notwithstanding sullen mutterings of approaching storm, the surface yet was still. At last, by their advice, ʿOthmān despatched a trusty follower to each of the great centres, Damascus, Al-Kūfa, Al-Baṣra, and Fusṭāṭ, to watch and report whether suspicious symptoms anywhere appeared. Three returned saying that they discovered nothing unusual in the aspect of affairs. The fourth, ʿAmmār, was looked for in vain; for he had been gained over by the Egyptian faction. Thereupon ʿOthmān despatched a royal edict to all the provinces as follows:—At the coming Pilgrimage the governors from abroad would, according to custom, present themselves at court; whoever had cause against them, should then come forward and substantiate their grievance, when the wrong would be redressed; else it behoved them to withdraw the baseless calumnies that now were troubling men's minds. Proclamation was made accordingly. The plaintive appeal was understood; and people in many places when they heard it wept and invoked mercy on their Caliph.

The governors repaired to Medīna at the time appointed, but no malcontent came forward to make complaint. Questioned by ʿOthmān, his lieutenants knew not of any grievance, real and substantial. To the outward eye, everything was calm; and even the royal messengers had returned without finding anything amiss. But all knew of the dangerous sore in the body politic, and of its spreading rapidly. The wretched Caliph invoked their pity and their counsel. But they could offer nothing of which he might lay hold. One advised that the conspirators should be arrested and the ringleaders put to death; another, that the stipends of all disloyal men should be forfeited; a third, that the unquiet spirits amongst the people should be diverted by some fresh campaign; others that the governors should amend their ways. ʿOthmān was bewildered; one thing only he declared;—to measures of severity he never would assent; the single remedy he could approve was despatch of fresh armies to fight in foreign parts.

Nothing was settled to avert the crisis, and the Governors departed as they came. When Muʿāwiya made ready to leave, he entreated ʿOthmān to retire with him to Syria, where a loyal people would rally round him. But he


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224 answered: "Even to save my life I will not quit the land wherein the Prophet sojourned, nor the City wherein his sacred body resteth." "Then let me send an army to stand by thee." "Nay, that I will not," responded ʿOthmān firmly; "I never will put force on those who dwell around the Prophet's home, or quarter bands of armed men upon them." "In that case," replied Muʿāwiya, "I see naught but destruction awaiting thee." "Then the Lord be my defence," exclaimed the aged Caliph, "and that sufficeth for me" "Fare thee well!" said Muʿāwiya, as he departed to see his face no more.

Leaving the City by the road for Syria, Muʿāwiya passed a group of Ḳoreish, amongst whom were ʿAlī and Az-Zubeir. He stayed for a moment to drop a warning word into their ears. They were drifting back, he said, into the anarchy of "the days of the Ignorance" before Islām. The Lord was a strong Avenger of the weak and injured ones. "To you"—and these were his last words—"to you I commit this helpless aged man. Help him, and it will be the better for you. Fare ye well." So saying he passed on his way. The company remained some time in silence. At last ʿAlī spoke: "It will be best done as he hath said." "By the Lord!" added Az-Zubeir, "there never lay a burden heavier on thy breast, nor yet on ours, than this burden of ʿOthmān's just now."


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 of their places under the process of mummification, have no freedom of movement. To "establish" the jaw-bones was the next thing. The priest took in his hands the instrument called "," , i.e., "the overcomer of the divisions," the shape of which was  , and presented it before the face of the mummy, or touched it with it. Meanwhile the Kher ḥeb said these words:--

"O Unȧs, thy two jawbones which were separated have been established."

As the result of these words the jawbones resumed their former positions, and power was given to them to masticate food. It is interesting to note that a specimen of this instrument is preserved in the British Museum (Third Egyptian Room, Table-case M, No. 888). It is made of flint, and was found near Abydos with large numbers of flint knives and tools of the Neolithic Period. If the object be a, and there is no reason to doubt it, it forms an important proof which connects this ceremony with the Predynastic Period. Consider another example of this amulet, which is surmounted by the head of a goddess, in the British Museum (Table-case F, Fourth Egyptian Room, No. 505).

The priest next presented before the face of the mummy two objects of the shape , or  , made


text: Books on Egypt and Chaldaea/Collection 7/Volume 25/Seventh Ceremony


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78 and is, indeed, beautiful beyond expression. I should pitch upon the one that hangs in the left corner of the inner room, "making a sunshine in a shady place." And yet, without very well knowing why, unless it be that it pours from every part of it a flood of light and warmth into the very depths of the heart; at once soothing the passions of earth to an unearthly stillness, while it makes the blood seem to dance and sparkle within us to the music of its dancing and sparkling waters. To stand before that picture, is to be happy, whatever one's lot maybe; and to leave it, is to leave looking into the very heart and soul of Nature.

That I may not pass over any pictures of the old masters in this choicest of all collections, I will mention that there are two capital landscapes by Gaspar Poussin, one of which in particular (The Sacrifice of Isaac) possesses all his truth, purity, and richness of effect; a portrait of Philip IV. of Spain and his Queen, by Velasquez, which might be mistaken for Vandyke; one picture by Vandyke himself, of which there is an exact repetition by Rubens, which latter has been engraved—unless the engraving has been made from this very picture, and Rubens's name attached to it; a landscape by Cuyp; and finally, an admirable portrait, by Raphael, of Pope Julius II.—I regret being obliged to pass over these capital productions (for they are all first-rate, particularly the last) by merely naming them; but my limits compel me to bring this paper to a close. Before doing which, if I mention Wilkie's "Alehouse Door," it must be less to admire its miraculous truth, than to express a half-regret at finding it here, among these high and solemn effusions of the mighty dead. There is a place, as well as "a time," for all things; and this is not the place for a work, the merit of which (great as it is) depends solely on its developing the lowest and least ideal of the passions, habits, and accidents to which our nature is subject.—I cannot conclude without adding, that the above objection is in no degree applicable to Hogarth's admirable series of The Marriage à la Mode, which are also here, but which it is not part of my plan to notice in detail. Different as these are in object and character from those works of the old masters which I have described, they are no less intellectual than the latter, and scarcely less ideal.


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plot now rapidly came to a head. A plan of action had been already formed. While the lieutenants of the Caliph were absent from their posts on the occasion just described, the conspirators were to issue from Al-Kūfa, Al-Baṣra, and Fusṭāṭ, and converge upon Medīna in combined and menacing force. There, in answer to the Caliph's challenge, they would present an endless roll of complaints, and cry loudly for redress, reform, and change of Governors. Denied by ʿOthmān, they would demand his abdication, and, in last resort, enforce it by the sword. But as to a successor they were not agreed. Al-Kūfa was for Az-Zubeir; Al-Baṣra for Ṭalḥa; Egypt's favourite was ʿAlī.

The scheme miscarried. But some months later, in the middle of the following year, it was revived and secret preparations made for giving it effect. Under pretext of visiting Mecca for the lesser Pilgrimage, the concerted movement at last took place, two or three months before the annual Pilgrimage. Ibn abi Sarḥ, Governor of Egypt, at once despatched a message to apprise ʿOthmān. In reply he was ordered to pursue the rebels; he did so, but too late; they had already marched beyond his reach. On turning back he found Egypt in the hands of a traitor, and fleeing for his life, took refuge across the border in Palestine. Among the insurgent leaders of Egypt was Moḥammad son of Abu Bekr.

225


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 {| class="crises-emergencies-table" ! Psychological Crises ! Psychological Emergencies
 * + Crises & Emergencies Compared
 * A crisis is a loss of psychological equilibrium.
 * Many emergencies can develop from or involve a crisis.
 * A crisis is longer lasting in duration than an emergency and does not include the risk of danger.
 * An emergency is an abrupt, sudden situation in which there is an imminent risk of harm.
 * In crisis, normal coping responses are insufficient to resolve the situation.
 * rowspan=5|Emergencies can potentially result in harm to self or others in four possible ways:
 * 1) Risk of suicide
 * 2) Risk of physical harm to another
 * 3) Being in a state of seriously impaired judgment in which an individual is endangered (delirium, dementia, acute psychotic episode, severe dissociation, etc.)
 * 4) Risk to a defenseless victim (such as a child or elder)
 * Secondary attempts to cope are unsuccessful and the crisis is activated.
 * There is a marked increase in anxiety, tension, agitation, depression or a sense of defeat.
 * Activities of daily living (eating, sleeping, grooming, daily habits, etc.) become impaired or are impossible to carry out.
 * A person can not remain in crisis permanently.
 * The goal of crisis intervention is brief or short term counseling designed to stabilize and restore the individual’s functioning at a normal and adaptive level as soon as possible.
 * The goal of emergency intervention is to remove lethality and reduce or eliminate danger.
 * } Volunteer Manual/Section 3/REV 07/07/14
 * Activities of daily living (eating, sleeping, grooming, daily habits, etc.) become impaired or are impossible to carry out.
 * A person can not remain in crisis permanently.
 * The goal of crisis intervention is brief or short term counseling designed to stabilize and restore the individual’s functioning at a normal and adaptive level as soon as possible.
 * The goal of emergency intervention is to remove lethality and reduce or eliminate danger.
 * } Volunteer Manual/Section 3/REV 07/07/14
 * The goal of crisis intervention is brief or short term counseling designed to stabilize and restore the individual’s functioning at a normal and adaptive level as soon as possible.
 * The goal of emergency intervention is to remove lethality and reduce or eliminate danger.
 * } Volunteer Manual/Section 3/REV 07/07/14

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 {| class="crises-emergencies-table" ! Crisis Intervention Steps ! Emergency Intervention Steps Engage the caller in telling his or her story. Use open-ended questions. Learn how and why things have built up. Obtain an understanding of the meaning of the crisis for the caller, prior attempts at coping, and availability of support systems  Assess for the presence of a psychological emergency. If yes, suspend crisis intervention and conduct an emergency intervention. If no psychological emergency is present, resume crisis intervention.  Assess functional impairment (activities of daily living) and impulse control, ego strength, quality of relationships, etc. Take a personal history. Has this ever happened before? How did you cope with this before? How do other earlier difficulties spill over into this one? Normalize that feelings are normal for an abnormal buildup of strain and stress. Focus on coping strategies, support systems, referrals, etc.  Contain and define the emotional turmoil of the caller. Use closed-ended questions, avoid reflection of feelings, and focus on facts.
 Determine the degree of risk:

Assess lethality: ask about it in a direct and straightforward manner.

What is the level of intent? For example, on a 1–10 scale…?

What is the viability of the plan? For example, access to a method, etc.

What is the likelihood that the client will act impulsively? (fuse builds up, a prior history of explosive conduct, etc.)

Direct him or her to appropriate care and treatment, such as inpatient or outpatient medical care. Resolve problem and allay crisis.

 * + Steps to Take During Crisis Intervention or Emergency
 * Crisis intervention done well may occur within the next 24 hours and over the next several weeks. Frequent use of stage 1. Stay in Rapport Building for much of the call.
 * Emergencies demand an immediate, personal and flexible type of interview if a tragedy is to be averted. Go pretty quickly to Stage 4, Plan of Action after careful assessment.
 *

 *

 *

 *

 * } Volunteer Manual/Section 3/REV 07/07/14

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RUBY M. AYRES’ NOVELS

May be had wherever books are sold. Ask for Grosset and Dunlap’s (st.

THE MAN WITHOUT A HEART

Why was Barbara held captive in a deserted hermit’s hut for days by a "man without a heart” and in the end how was it that she held the winning cards.

THE ROMANCE OF A ROGUE

ing a most surprising role in a drama of human relationships that sweeps on to a wonderfully emotional climax.

THE MATHERSON MARRIAGE

She married for money. With her own hands she had locked the door on happiness and thrown away the key. But, read the story which is very interesting and well told.

RICHARD CHATTERTON

A fascinating story in which love and jealousy play strange tricks with women's souls.

A BACHELOR HUSBAND

Can a woman love two men at the same time? In its solving of this particular variety of triangle "A Bachelor Husband" will particularly interest, and strangely enough, without one shock to the most conventional minded.

THE SCAR

With fine comprehension and insight the author shows a terrific contrast between the woman whose love was of the flesh and one whose love was of the spirit.

THE MARRIAGE OF BARRY WICKLOW

Here is a man and woman who, marrying for love, yet try to build their wedded life upon a gospel of hate for each other and yet win back to a greater love for each other in the end.

THE UPHILL ROAD

The heroine of this story was a consort of thieves. The man was fine, clean, fresh from the West. It is a story of strength and passion.

WINDS OF THE WORLD

Jill, a poor little typist, marries the great Henry Sturgess and inherits millions, but not happiness. Then at last—but we must leave that to Ruby M. Ayres to tell you as only she can.

THE SECOND HONEYMOON

In this story the author has produced a book which no one who has loved or to love can afford to miss. The story fairly leaps from climax to climax.

THE PHANTOM LOVER

Have you not often heard of someone being in love with love rather than the person they believed the object of their affections? That was Esther! But she passes through the crisis into a deep and profound love.

Grosset & DUNLAP, PUBLISHERS, New YorkK

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Remember, non-directive responding is very much like Stage 1-Rapport building, with active use of reflection, open-ended questions, ear contact, trust-building. Directive responding is used in emergency situations, with active use of emergency assessment, closed-ended questions, and a plan of action.

Decide how you would respond to the following situations. Try to anticipate any problems that might arise in dealing with such issues, including management of your own feelings.

  You receive a call from a young male whose initial comments seem to indicate extreme shyness and sensitivity. He states he feels very awkward around girls and is sexually inexperienced. He asks several informational type questions concerning female sexuality. Gradually you become aware that the caller is breathing more repeatedly and seems distracted. You suspect he is masturbating.

Directive or Non-directive

What would you do?   A 17-year old male, angry with a teacher who he feels humiliated him in front of his classmates, calls to say he's planted a bomb in the high school gymnasium.

Directive or Non-directive

What would you do?   A young girl whose presenting problem is a suspected unwanted pregnancy reveals the father of the baby may be her brother. She refused to give any identifying information.

Directive or Non-directive

What would you do?   A woman calls to say she is certain that her neighbors are physically abusing their children. She is a widow living alone and is fearful of any repercussions if she attempts to intervene by herself or if she reports it to the police.

Directive or Non-directive

What would you do?   The past two calls you have answered have been from the same person—an adult female named Mary who wants to talk about her divorce that happened five years ago. At least one other co-worker on your shift has taken a call today from the same woman. She seems totally uninterested in doing anything about her problems of loneliness and depression but readily agrees to free the line when confronted with the (“Oh, of course—I’m just wasting your time.”) The phone rings again and it is Mary.

Directive or Non-directive   Volunteer Manual/Section 3/REV 07/07/14

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Page:Books on Egypt and Chaldaea, Vol. 25--Liturgy of Funeral Offerings.pdf/35

 5. Great Festival,

6. Festivals of Great Heat and Little Heat,

7. Festivals of the month, 12 in number,

8. Festivals of the half-month, 12 in number,

9. Festival of Āḥā-......,

10. Festivals of Saṭ, 12 in number,

11. Festival of Khen,

12. Festival of the Nile Flood,

13. Festival of the rise of Sothis,

14. Festival of the rise of Sem,

15. Festival of Khet ḳerḥ,

16. Festivals of the 6th day of the month, 12 in number,

17. Festival of [Shetchet] shā,

18. Festivals of the Five Epagomenal Days,

19. Good Festival of him that is on the hill, i.e., Anubis,

20. Festival of Uaḳ,


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 of the obligations of the family toward its children, particularly after it has been relieved also of the greater portion of the material cares involved in having a child, except for the care of a very small baby while it still needs its mother's attention, while it is still learning to walk, clinging to its mother's skirts? Here again the Communist State hastens to the aid of the working mother. No longer shall the child-mother be bowed down with a baby in her arms! The Workers' State charges itself with the duty of assuring a livelihood to every mother, whether she be legitimately married or not, as long as she is suckling her child, of creating all over maternity houses, of establishing in all the cities and all the villages, day nurseries and other similar institutions in order thus to permit the woman to serve the State in a useful manner and simultaneously to be a mother.

Let the working mothers be re-assured. The Communist Society is not intending to take the children away from the parents nor to tear the baby from the breast of its mother; nor has it any intention of resorting to violence in order to destroy the family as such. No such thing! Such are not the aims of the Communist Society. What do we observe to-day? The outworn family is breaking. It is gradually freeing itself from all the domestic labors which formerly were as so many pillars supporting the family as a social unit. Housekeeping? It also appears to have out-lived its usefulness. The children? The parent-proletarians are already unable to take care of them; they can assure them neither subsistence nor education. This is the situation from which both parents and children suffer in equal measure. Communist Society


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  What would you do?   A 36-year old male caller identifies himself as Joe Smith, a resident of 2345 Park Place. He calmly informs you that he intends to take a gun and shoot his ex-wife who is currently living with another man. He has obviously been drinking.

Directive or Non-directive

What would you do?   You receive a call form an obviously angry woman who says a Crisis Center counselor has mistreated her the night before and she wants to file a complaint with the Executive Director. She demands his home phone number. When you say you will have to take a message and have him return the call in the morning, she becomes furious and is verbally abusive toward you. She says she will call the newspaper and tell them what a shoddy operation this is unless you comply.

Directive or Non-directive

What would you do?   The past three times you've worked your shift, a caller by the name of Ann has requested to speak with you specifically. She is a 16-year old who, according to the Crisis Center records, has occasionally been suicidal. She tells you that you are the only one who really seems to understand and care about her. Whenever you mention anything about other counselors who can help her, she becomes very despondent and starts talking about how nobody loves her.

Directive or Non-directive

What would you do?   A caller whose presenting problem has been loneliness and social isolation begins asking you personal questions, e.g., “Are you married?”, “What do you do for a living?”, “where do you go to church?”

Directive or Non-directive

What would you do?   A caller requests a referral to a therapist for treatment of her depression. After giving her several names, you find out she is already in therapy but feels misunderstood and uncared for—“He only cares about my money. He's just not very warm. All he does is say, ‘uh-huh, that must be very hard for you’ for a solid hour. It's a waste of time!”

Directive or Non-directive

What would you do?

Key:

 Items which would likely result in a Directive response: 1, 2, 4, 5, 6,

Items which would likely result in a Non-Directive response: 3, 7, 8, 9, 10

 Volunteer Manual/Section 3/REV 07/07/14

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 therefore approaches the working woman and the working man and says to them: "You are young, you love each other. Everyone has the right to happiness. Therefore live your life. Do not flee happiness. Do not fear marriage, even though marriage was truly a chain for the working man and woman of capitalist society. Above all, do not fear, young and healthy as you are, to give to your country new workers, new citizen-children. The society of the workers is in need of new working forces; it hails the arrival of every newborn child in the world. Nor should you be concerned because of the future of your child; your child will know neither hunger nor cold. It will not be unhappy nor abandoned to its fate as would have been the case in capitalist society. A subsistence ration and solicitous care are assured to the child and to the mother by the Communist Society, by the Workers' State, as soon as the child arrives in the world The child will be fed, it will be brought up, it will be educated by the care of the Communist Fatherland; but this Fatherland will by no means undertake to tear the child away from such parents as may desire to participate in the education of their little ones. The Communist Society will take upon itself all the duties involved in the education of the child, but the paternal joys, the maternal satisfaction—such will not be taken away from those who show themselves capable of appreciating and understanding these joys." Can this be called a destruction of the family by means of violence? or a forcible separation of child and mother?

There is no escaping the fact: the old type of family has seen its day. It is not the


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 21. Festival of Thoth,

22. Great Festival and Little Festival of ......

23. Great Festival and Little Festival of the Year,

It will be noticed that in the above list some seventy-three festivals are mentioned. The 1st, 6th, 15th, and one other day in each month were fixed festival days, and, if to these we add the other 25 festival days, we find that on an average every fifth day was a day of festival. We are, then, justified in assuming that offerings were made to the dead by well-to-do people about once a week, and at some seasons of the year oftener. In the lists of Festivals given in documents of later periods several other Festivals are mentioned, and during the most flourishing periods of Egyptian history the offerings in the tombs of kings and wealthy folk were renewed, wholly or in part, daily. Thus to feed the spirits of the dead who belonged to him was as much the duty of a pious man as to feed the living who depended upon him, and there is no doubt that, when the country was in a settled state, a regulated portion of the produce of each man’s estate was set apart for the dead.

From several Chapters in the Theban Recension of


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 fault of the Communist State, it is the result of the changed conditions of life. The family is ceasing to be a necessity of the State, as it was in the past; on the contrary, it is worse than useless, since it needlessly holds back the female workers from a more productive and far more serious work. Nor is it any longer necessary to the members of the family themselves, since the task of bringing up the children, which was formerly that of the family, is passing more and more into the hands of the collectivity. But, on the ruins of the former family we shall soon behold rising a new form which will involve altogether different relations between men and women, and which will be a union of affection and comradeship, a union of two equal persons of the Communist Society, both of them free, both of them independent, both of them workers. No more domestic "servitude" for women! No more inequality within the family. No more fear on the part of the woman to remain without support or aid with little ones in her arms if her husband should desert her. The woman in the Communist city no longer depends on her husband but on her work. It is not her husband but her robust arms which will support her. There will be no more anxiety as to the fate of her children. The State of the Workers' will assume responsibility for these. Marriage will be purified of all its material elements, of all money calculations, which constitute a hideous blemish on family life in our days. Marriage is henceforth to be transformed into a sublime union of two souls in love with each other, each having faith in the other; this union promises to each working man and to each working woman simultaneously, the most complete happiness, the maximum of satisfaction which can be the


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The three telephone counseling programs take over 30,000 calls per year, and some of those calls are bound to be difficult. What makes a call difficult? A high intensity crisis, a caller who is very dependent or helpless, a caller whose problems are too close to our own, a caller who needs services from a different type of agency?

Challenging calls (deeds) are sometimes referred to as difficult (do-ers). There’s no denying that, when working with the public, there are bound to be some “customers” who are “difficult.” But crisis centers strive to understand and assist callers who may have problems which test the usual helping responses that we are trained to offer. Sometimes these callers are referred to as repeat callers, consistent callers, chronic callers, or line abusers.

As one experienced staff member stated, “The difficult part of chronicity, is trying to determine if the caller has some form of mental illness and whether frequent contacts with the Center help to keep him or her stabilized, or, if the caller is using us as a “stop-gap” measure instead of getting the therapy or help he or she really needs…Our challenge is to “determine if the repetitive call is productive or harmful to the caller.”

It is important that we as skilled helpers assume the burden of appropriate helping with an “untrained caller.” The caller may have no idea that he or she is inappropriate or mismatched to our services. He or she may have little success with social skills and discernment and is doing the best he or she can when deciding to call the center. We hope that people are able to function as well as possible in the “real world” but when they cannot, we also cannot expect them to screen and refer themselves to more appropriate agencies or helpers. That is part of the thrill of serving a crisis line: one never knows who or what type of problem will be at the end of the line! It is important that we respect the caller, the “do-er”, even if we are struggling with the way he or she uses or abuses (the deed ) the line.

We are urged to provide the same core conditions of helping to each and every caller, no matter how he or she “makes us feel”. Challenging callers arouse our feelings of frustration, irritation, anger, revulsion, inadequate, confused, abused and exhausted. Our challenge (or responsibility) is to extend unconditional positive regard, warmth, empathy, and congruence to each caller, even when we have these types of feelings during the call. Volunteer Manual/Section 3/REV 07/07/14

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 thee with the food of offerings. O Osiris, let him not suffer thirst before his god, let him suffer neither hunger nor thirst, and let the god Aḥa carry them away, and let him do away with his hunger, O thou that fillest, O thou that fillest hearts. O ye Chiefs who dispense cakes, O ye who have charge of the Water-flood (i.e., the Nile), command ye that cakes and ale be given unto the Osiris Nebseni, even as Rā himself commanded this thing. Moreover, Rā hath commanded those who are over the abundance of the year to take handfuls of wheat and barley and to give them unto him for his cakes, for behold, he is a great bull.... They shall give cakes and beer unto the scribe Nebseni, and they shall prepare for him all good and pure things this happy day, things for journeying, and things for travelling, things of the Eye of Horus, things of the Boat, and all things which enter into the sight of the god.... The Eye of Horus hath ordained these things for the scribe Nebseni, and the god Shu hath ordered that whereon he shall subsist, both cakes and beer.... The Company of the gods hath offered incense to the scribe Nebseni, and his mouth is pure, and his tongue which is therein is right and true. That which the scribe Nebseni abominateth is filth, and he hath freed himself therefrom even as Set freed himself in the city of Reḥiu, and he set out with Thoth for heaven.... Sepulchral meals have been given unto him by the lord of eternity, who hath ordered these things for him."


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 * Caller has persistent, even chronic problems.
 * Caller has many problems.
 * Caller may be mentally ill or have protracted psychiatric difficulties.
 * Caller may experience confusion about what the “presenting problem” is.
 * Caller may not know or will express in vague terms the precipitating event.
 * Caller may be in a state of anxiety, low or high.
 * Caller may talk nonstop, or the counselor may feel as if s/he is “pulling teeth”
 * Counselor may feel as if he or she is working harder than the caller is.
 * Caller may shift responsibility to the counselor.
 * Caller may ask for advice.
 * Caller may ask the counselor to self-disclose.
 * Caller may say, “Yes, … but, …” to many of the counselor’s responses or suggestions. The caller may have difficulty in receiving help.
 * Counselor may find it difficult to end the call.
 * The termination of the call may lack a clear plan of action.
 * Counselor may feel as though reflective listening does not seem effective.
 * Counselor may feel frustrated or confused.
 * Caller may become manipulative, or may escalate “symptoms” in order to keep the counselor on the phone.

While we uniformly offer the core conditions of counseling to each caller, we might also handle these difficult calls with more specialized types of responses that are unique to a caller who may be “stuck” in a cycle of chronic problems. With the many stages in a call, keep these sample responses and ideas in mind as you attempt to identify/clarify the presenting problem, assess the situation, set limits, refer to other resources, reframe, intervene, and terminate the call.

 * “What prompted you to call today?”
 * “How can I be helpful to you today during our conversation?”
 * “What specifically is troubling you?”
 * “When you thought about calling the Crisis Center, what was your hope about how the Center could be helpful?”
 * “What issue would you like to discuss today?”
 * “Of all the things that you’ve mentioned, which is one that we could talk about today?”

Volunteer Manual/Section 3/REV 07/07/14
 * “What have you done about your problem since the last time you called the Center?”
 * “Who else might you be able to talk with about your problem (counselor, therapist, doctor)?”
 * “How is your therapy proceeding?”

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 * “What is it that prompted you to call specifically at this time (as contrasted with last week or last month, year)?”
 * “On a scale of 1 to 10, with 10 being ‘horrible’ (or urgent, or panicky, or ) and 1 being great, what number would you say best describes your difficulty?”
 * “What is the obstacle that keeps you from taking charge of things?”

Counselors are urged to “reframe” the helplessness or dependency of a particular caller by using encouragement and intentionality. Accentuate the positive.

 * “Tell me what you’ve done since our last call.”
 * “Tell me which referrals you called following your last call.”
 * “What good things have happened?”
 * “What have you thought of doing?”

 * Support the feelings of the caller, not necessarily behaviors (such as frequent calling, attempts to seem helpless, etc.)
 * “Go with” the caller; avoid trying to convince that he or she is wrong.
 * Beat your caller to the punch in the “yes, but” dance…Caller: “I don’t know what to do.” Counselor: “Yes, but if you did know, what would you want to do?”
 * Help your caller to list pro’s and con’s of choices, consequences, etc.
 * Facilitate your caller to “act as if” they could do something differently, just for one day. Encourage experimentation with new possibilities.
 * Use imagery to help your caller imagine and visualize mental pictures of what certain outcomes might look like.
 * Role-play.
 * Avoid over-processing. Strike while the iron is hot. When the caller seems ready for action, go for it.
 * Be supportive of any effort to change.

 * “I regret to inform you that our agency cannot provide what you need. I’m glad that you felt you could explore this as an option.”
 * “I believe in you and your ability to solve your problems. I fear that if we talk too frequently, (or for too long) that you will get the message that I think you're helpless.”
 * “We have found that we can be most helpful to you and others who share your problems if we focus and work very efficiently to give you the referrals that would best serve you.”
 * “I’d like to honor you by ending our call on time.”

Volunteer Manual/Section 3/REV 07/07/14
 * “Your needs are outside of the services that we can provide to you. I am encouraging you to call (a therapist, hospital, mental health center, etc.) to get further assistance. I have a few phone numbers I could give you.”

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 * “I’m aware that you could be helped by someone other than the volunteers at the Crisis Center. Please take these phone numbers.”
 * “What you are talking about is not covered by our services. Let me give you the numbers of someone who could.”

 * “I’ve enjoyed talking with you, and I hope this conversation has helped you feel a bit better; I need to open up the line again.”
 * “I will need to end the call now. Have a good day.” Or, “I need to hang up now.”
 * “Our time is up. Have a good day.”
 * “It’s time for us to wrap up. I’m glad you're doing better.”
 * “I’m going to have to free up the line for another caller now. Thanks for calling.”

Volunteer Manual/Section 3/REV 07/07/14
 * Short-term, focused crisis intervention model is usually not effective. Reflection, clarification, and open-minded questions do not seem to be effective. It is better to be direct, frank, gentle but firm.
 * It is important to tune into the pattern. There is a theme behind the words, such as loneliness, helplessness, dependency, etc.
 * The work with the caller should focus on specific, reality-oriented, here and now steps.
 * Proceed in small steps; change takes a long time for repeat callers.
 * It is important to set and maintain limits: length of call, call frequency, focus of call, etc. Consult the Frequent Caller bios in the Shift Management binder.
 * It is important to maintain person-to-person interaction, as contrasted with letting the caller talk about other people or other volunteers/staff, etc.
 * Encourage the development of other support systems.
 * Support the caller’s pursuit of therapy. Avoid the caller’s attempts to get you to minimize the importance of therapy or to drag you into conflict with the therapist.
 * Continue assessing for suicide risk.
 * Continue to give a clear definition of what the Crisis Center provides as a service. Resist the urge to provide a service that the caller hopes you will give (friendship, dependency, collusion, etc.)
 * Be comfortable with ending the call, if all of the above have been done, even if the caller is angry about it.

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A “sex caller” is not the same as a prank caller who uses sexual words. A sex caller’s goal is sexual satisfaction, yet he/she still deserves Unconditional Positive Regard, Empathy, and Genuineness. The sex caller needs firm and fair limits, but not rejection or hostility. For KHL and TL, the biggest hint that this may be a sex caller is that the caller is an adult.

 * 1) Voice tone devoid of emotion
 * 2) Hesitation in speaking
 * 3) Gives first name immediately/asks counselor’s name immediately
 * 4) Asks personal questions about the counselor
 * 5) Uses the word “embarrassing” frequently
 * 6) Asks for counselor’s opinion about the “problem.”
 * 7) Gives detailed sexual descriptions
 * 8) Uses formal or anatomical language in describing sex acts
 * 9) Hangs up abruptly before the call is complete.
 * 10) Uses a “whispery” tone of voice

 * Can I talk about anything?
 * I’ve never called before.
 * I have an embarrassing problem.

 * “I’m having trouble accepting what you’re telling me.”
 * “We’ve spoken about this before.”
 * “How did you hope that I could help you with this?”
 * “There’s no need to go into detail. I know what you’re talking about.”
 * “We are not trained to deal with sexual problems. Let me offer you the following referral of those who have training in this area of specialty.”

DO

 * Tell the caller why you are hanging up.
 * Follow through with hanging up immediately after you have said you are going to do this.
 * With care, confront and/or interrupt the caller.
 * Put responsibility for the majority of the talking on the caller.

DON’T

Volunteer Manual/Section 3/REV 07/07/14
 * Debate with the caller after you have said you are hanging up.
 * Give sexual information or advice.
 * Promise caller anything before you know what this promise will entail.

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Page:Alexandra Kollontai - Communism and the Family (1920).djvu/22

 lot of creatures who are conscious of themselves and of the life which surrounds them. This free union, which is strong in the comradeship with which it is inspired, instead of the conjugal slavery of the past—that is what the Communist Society of to-morrow offers to both men and women. Once the conditions of labor have been transformed, and the material security of the working women has been increased, and after marriage such as was performed by the Church—this so-called indissoluble marriage which was at bottom merely a fraud—after this marriage has given place to the free and honest union of men and women who are lovers and comrades, another shameful scourge will also be seen to disappear, another frightful evil which is a stain on humanity and which falls with all its weight on the hungry working woman: prostitution.

This evil we owe to the economic system now in force, to the institution of private property. Once the latter has been abolished, the trade in women will automatically disappear.

Therefore let the woman of the working class cease to worry over the fact that the family as at present constituted is doomed to disappear. They will do much better to hail with joy the dawn of a new society which will liberate the woman from domestic servitude, which will lighten the burden of motherhood for woman, and in which, finally, we shall see disappear the most terrible of the curses weighing upon women, known as prostitution.

The woman who is called upon to struggle in the great cause of the liberation of the


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 {| class="difficult-call" !colspan=2| True or False
 * + Difficult Call Exercise
 * 1.
 * As a telephone counselor, it is OK to become angry with a caller.
 * 2.
 * When you suspect that the caller is masturbating, you should pretend this is not happening.
 * 3.
 * The telephone counselor is responsible for initiating and maintaining conversation with callers.
 * 4.
 * It is OK to transfer a call to another counselor if you find you are unable to listen and respond objectively.
 * 5.
 * Because frequent callers abuse the service we offer, they can be considered fair game for any response the counselor wishes to make.
 * 6.
 * Generally speaking, you should suspect any caller who uses swear words of being a prank caller.
 * 7.
 * If you find yourself consistently exhausted emotionally at the end of your shift, you may be getting burned out.
 * 8.
 * If you begin to feel extremely sad or depressed while counseling, chances are the caller is feeling that way too.
 * } Volunteer Manual/Section 3/REV 07/07/14
 * Generally speaking, you should suspect any caller who uses swear words of being a prank caller.
 * 7.
 * If you find yourself consistently exhausted emotionally at the end of your shift, you may be getting burned out.
 * 8.
 * If you begin to feel extremely sad or depressed while counseling, chances are the caller is feeling that way too.
 * } Volunteer Manual/Section 3/REV 07/07/14
 * If you begin to feel extremely sad or depressed while counseling, chances are the caller is feeling that way too.
 * } Volunteer Manual/Section 3/REV 07/07/14

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 workers—such a woman should know that in the New State there will be no more room for such petty divisions as were formerly understood: "These are my own children; to them I owe all my maternal solicitude, all my affection; those are your children, my neighbour's children; I am not concerned with them. I have enough to do with my own." Henceforth the worker-mother, who is conscious of her social function, will rise to a point where she no longer differentiates between yours and mine; she must remember that there are henceforth only our children, those of the Communist State, the common possession of all the workers.

The Workers' State has need of a new form of relation between the sexes. The narrow and exclusive affection of the mother for her own children must expand until it embraces all the children of the great proletarian family. In place of the indissoluble marriage based on the servitude of woman, we shall see rise the free union, fortified by the love and the mutual respect of the two members of the Workers' State, equal in their rights and in their obligations. In place of the individual and egostistic family, there will arise a great universal family of workers, in which all the workers, men and women, will be, above all, workers, comrades. Such will be the relation between men and women in the Communist Society of to-morrow. This new relation will assure to humanity all the joys of the so-called free love ennobled by a true social equality of the mates, joys which were unknown to the commercial society of the capitalist regime.

Make way for healthy, blossoming children; make way for a vigorous youth that clings


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 to life and to its joys, which is free in its sentiments and in its affections. Such is the watchword of the Communist Society. In the name of equality, of liberty, and of love, we call upon the working women and the working men, peasant women and peasants, courageously and with faith to take up the work of the reconstruction of human society with the object of rendering it more perfect, more just, and more capable of assuring to the individual the happiness which he deserves. The red flag of the social revolution which will shelter, after Russia, other countries of the world also, already proclaims to us the approach of the heaven on earth to which humanity has been aspiring for centuries.


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Page:Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society (IA journalofstrait341879roya).pdf/26

 which provinces the horse-dealers established subordinate Lodges.

(3) The flags of the Five elements; (72 五行) Metal, Wood, Water, Fire, and Earth, White, Green, Black, Red, and Yellow.

(4) The flags of the cardinal points; East, green, West, white, South, red, North, black.

(5) The Four Season flags; Spring, green, Summer, red, Autumn, white, Winter black.

(6) The flags of Heaven, Earth, the Sun and Moon, Azure, Yellow, Red, and White.

(7) The seven stars, (73 七呈) eight diagrams, (74 八卦) Golden Orchid (75 金蘭) fiags, and the standard of the “Victorious brotherhood," green, yellow, red, and scarlet.

(8) The four red flags of;—the elder brother, Ban-hun-leong, (76 萬雲龍) Sien Seng, Tan-kin lam, (77 陳近南) the Sien Hong, Thien-iu-ang, (78 天祜洪) and the General of the main body, Thun-thien-huai (79 敦天懷).

(9) The yellow umbrella; (80 黃涼傘命).

(10) The Warrant Flag for the Leader of the Armies (81 三軍師 [sic]).

(11) The Spirit Tablet of the five ancestors" (82 五祖); on the left of which are inserted, the warrant flags, the precious sword,” (83 寶劍) a pair of scissors, a swan-pan, (84 算盤) and the "precious mirror." (85 寶鏡).

On the right of the Tablet, are the sword-sheath, foot measure, small scales and weights, the "four precious things of the library,"(86 書房四寶), viz. pen, ink, iukstone, and white paper fan,—also, there are five hanks of each colour of silk thread, white, yellow, red, green, and black.

(12) A model of the real, "Ang Hoa Teng" (87 紅花亭), with its three doors; in a kind of turret above the central door is the inscription, "By Imperial, (or Sacred) Command" (88 聖旨)— The side-doors have inscribed on them a pair of parallel sentences, altogether containing 16 characters, each having th radical "sui" or water, added (89 氵).

"Here is the place where "Tat chung, the first Buddhist


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Page:Complete Works of Count Tolstoy - 13.djvu/151

 himself, all-blessed.’ Here it points out to us, in the first place, the incomprehensible essence of God (or nature, or substance), as much as it can be comprehended now by our reason, and, in the second place, the essential attributes by which this essence, or more correctly, God himself, is distinguished from other essences.” (pp. 94 and 95.)

The essence, nature, substance of God is pointed out to us, and so are the attributes by which God is distinguished from other essences. What are we talking about? About a limited being or about God How can God be distinguished from others? How can we distinguish in him substance, nature, and attributes? Is he not incomprehensible? Is not he higher and more perfect than anything? Less and less do I understand the sense of what they are trying to tell me, and it is becoming clearer and clearer to me that for some reason they need inevitably, by rejecting sound reason, the laws of logic, conscience, for some secret purposes they need to do what they have been doing until now: to reduce my conception about God and the conception of all believers to a base, semi-pagan conception. Here is what is said about this nature and about the attributes of him who is here called God:

“17. The conception about the essence of God. God is a spirit. The word ‘spirit,’ indeed, more comprehensibly than anything else signifies for us the incomprehensible essence or substance of God. We know of only two kinds of substances: material, complex substances, which have no consciousness or reason, and immaterial, simple, spiritual substances, which are more or less endowed with consciousness and reason. We can nowise admit that God has in himself the substance of the first kind, since we see in all his acts, both of creation and of foresight, the traces of the greatest reason. On the other hand, we are of necessity forced to assume the substance


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Page:Scientific American - Series 1 - Volume 005 - Issue 22.pdf/3

Rh Americans have deservedly won celebrity by their practical applications of science. As inventors they take already the highest rank. Combining the quick perceptions of the French with the steady practical habits of the English, they merit the double praise which is divided between those rival nations. The French, it has often been said, originate inventions, the English render them available. Americans accomplish both.

Yet Americans labor under one disadvantage to which neither Frenchmen nor Englishmen are equally exposed. In both France and England the journals of scientific societies not only furnish a record of contemporaneous inventions, but also, so far as they extend back, a sort of Retrospective Review of Science. Thus the inventor, learning what has already been attempted in vain or successfully, is saved a great waste of the ingenuity which he might otherwise expend worse than in vain

It would be well if a suggestion we once heard Dr. C. T. Jackson make, should lead some competent persons to undertake a Retrospective Review of science and scientific inventions, that might serve to prevent the waste of ingenuity of which he have spoken. The suggestion was to that purport, and was thrown out, as the distinguished chemist and geologist has thrown out so many invaluable suggestions, in the course of a casual conversation. Genius often scatters its bounties with the carelessness of the ostrich, that drops its eggs on the sands of the desert, without being anxious as to claims of paternity over its own offspring. A Review of this kind mentioned, would infallibly lessen the number of occasions for the statement (if we remember rightly) of Mr,Mr. [sic] Verplanck, that in visiting our National Patent Office and in conversing with the officers of the establishment, it becomes a common subject of remark, how prodigious a waste of ingenuity, in various ways, and particularly in mechanical contrivance, takes place annually in this country, from the want of a more general knowledge of the actual state of improvement in the several departments of invention.

The paper which most nearly meets the wants of our inventors, is the “Scientific American,” of New York. This most excellent scientific and mechanical paper, gives an accurate list of all new inventions, furnishing not only faithful descriptions, but often extensive and accurate drawings. Would it not be desirable for the American to seek to meet the necessity referred to in this article?

[The above is from our excellent contemporary, the Boston Olive Branch. The object to which it directs our attention, has been, we know, suggested by the nest of motives, but as we have, perhaps, the best opportunity of any other periodical in America of judging between the waste of invention in America and Europe, and between the popular modes of spreading correct information about inventions among the people of both countries, we will endeavor briefly to show that there is no more waste of ingenuity, and better means at less expense, of obtaining the information spoken of by our contemporary, in this than any other country.

The first question to be asked is, “how do we know that there is a greater waste of ingenuity in this country than in Europe—what evidence have we that this is so? The only evidence mentioned above is “the number of models in the Patent Office, and the number of applications made to get patents for things which are old.” This is not a true guide to leadslead [sic] us to truth in this investigation. In the British Patent Office there are no models, so that comparison fails to enlighten us; and the nicest point of comparison, “the number of patent,” is surely no criterion. An English patent costs $500, and American only $30. Before a British inventor applies for a patent, he expends more money to get information on the subject of his invention, by examining the rolls, than is paid by an American inventor, for patent fee and patent agent's fee all put together. These are some of the reasons why there are more evidences of a waste of ingenuity in our Patent Office than in the London one, but no evidence at all that there is more waste among the whole people. If the patent fees of Britain were reduced to the level of ours, we firmly believe that more than 50 per cent of waste ingenuity would be displayed there as compared with our Patent Office. A mere review of the progress of invention, that is, such kind of reviews as appears in the foreign magazines, is of no earthly use to inventors. There is not a single foreign journal in existence that can compare with the Scientific American for elaborate and minute information, regarding inventions in every department of Science. We speak this not to boast, but because we cannot say anything else, unless we denied the truth. For example, in Volumes 2 and 3, Sci. Am., we illustrated and described the whole of the mechanical movements, with about 300 wood cuts, and the whole art and practice of Electrotyping and gilding, with about 50 wood cuts; and in Volume 4 we illustrated the history of the rotary engine, with 67 wood cuts. No foreign magazine contains such minute information upon those subjects, and to our knowledge we have saved thousands of dollars to our country, and saved a great waste of ingenuity. We are now illustrating the history of propellers. No foreign magazine has yet done this, and we know that no subject requires it so much. The labor and expense to use is very great, for we have to search through many very rare works for information; but we have the consolation of knowing that already we have saved some individuals hundreds of dollars. We endeavor to keep up with the progress of science on all points, but for all this we know that many men will waste both time, genius and money on things already described in our columns. There is not a week passes over our heads that we have not to refer to at least ten correspondents for a description of new inventions of theirs, describe din our former numbers.

From our knowledge of men and things, we are positive that a review, such as Dr. Jackson spoke of, could only be embraced in an Encyclopedia, and it would require to be as large as that of Rees'.

It is our intention to go on illustrating one art, historically, after another, as we have done the rotary engine, and are now doing with propellers, and in the course of five years more, those who own the whole series of the Scientific American, will possess an Encyclopedia on the Arts and Sciences unequalledunequaled [sic] by any other work. undefined

This want of clearness, however, does not impede the perfect action of the test proposed to be applied; this testing is conducted as follows:—Pour into a part-filtered liquid about ten or a dozen drops of hydro-sulphate of ammonia, or about a fourth part of filtered liquids, one volume of hydro-sulphuric acid solution, and observe the appearance that it assumes; should any tinge of blackness occur from the addition of either test, it will be a proof that the liquid still contains lead in solution, and that it must be still farther gassed; on the contrary, should the result produce no visible charge, it may be presumed that the gasinggassing [sic] process has been continued long enough; but independent of that it is desirable to proceed a step farther in the testing, and for this purpose employ a solution of sugar-of-lead as a counter-test. Supposing the filtered liquor has been tested without any visible effect, or, perhaps, only the producing of a partial whiteness, he now drops, by means of a straw, a small quantity of sugar-of-lead solution, when, if the presumption were correct with regard to the previous tests, a patch of blackness will be observed to ensue; this will, perhaps, remain, or it may change to a greyish colour. But the indication of such counter-test, if so accompanied, will be perfectly satisfactory to the operator that all trace of lead has been effectually removed. The next part of the process is to heat the liquor which has been treated as before explained, for which purpose the heat of steam (and other means may be resorted to); but it must be conducted with considerable rapidity until it attains a temperature of 180° Fahrenheit; a quantity of chalk, powder marble, or other convenient form of carbonate of lime, equal to about one fifth of the lead material used in the previous process, is to be added to the heated liquor, and in order to facilitate the admixture of the chalk or other carbonate therewith, they should be reduced to the form of a paste by mixing them with sufficient water for the purpose; the heat is then to be maintained at 80 degrees for about a quarter of an hour. When the density of the liquor is two of sugar and one of water, animal charcoal is yet to be employed as a filtering agent or otherwise it would be better to use solutions of a lesser density. Having progressed thus the liquor may now be considered in a proper state to be filtered, previous to its being emptied on the charcoal beds. In the application of this invention to the refining of cane-juice, it is preferable to nutralizeneutralize [sic] or render it slightly alkaline before subjecting it to the action of the lead material; test it, therefore, with litmus paper, and should the colour be changed by acid or salts it should be nuetralizedneutralized [sic] by lime or chalk; if lime is to be used, that which is as cream of lime is the proper article; and if chalk be employed, it is to be with water. When the juice is at a heat of about 180 degrees, and chalk is applied, it must be mixed with it by stirring in small quantities till the juice discontinues to indicate the presence of acid, or at least in a trifling degree. In the case of lime being employed, the process is carried on till slight but distinct alkaline solution is indicated to the test. The manner of applying the lead material is as above described: the proportions being that of 150 grains to the imperial gallon of juice, but such proportion being subject to variation according to the character or density of the juice, together with the degree of purity thereof; the liquor is then to be filtered, and subjected to the gasinggassing [sic] process as before described, and also to the action of carbonate of lime, so as to neutralize all acid properties. In the case of the application of these improvements to the juice extracted from beet-root or other material, the opperationoperation [sic] or process is conducted in the same manner as previously described, with respect to cane-juice. After the juice has been treated with lime, as ordinarily practisedpracticed [sic] in operating upon this juice, larger quantities of the lead material will be required, and which is manufactured in the following manner:—Take say 12 gallons or any proportion of vinegar of 5 per cent strength; this is placed in a copper vessel, and heated to 160 degrees; he then mixes with the heated vinegar 40lbs. of litharge, previously reduced to a fine powder; this is performed gradually, taking care to keep the liquor in agitation by stirring while the litharge is added. The temperature must now be raised until the mixture boils, during which a thick crust will be formed on the bottom and sides of the pan, which must be frequently broken, so as to dislodge it therefrom. The ebullition may be continued until it becomes so thick that portions will frequently be blown out of the vessel by the boiling, on arriving at which stage the heat should be gradually decreased, and the moisture remaining dissipated by gentle heat, when the mass will be fit for use. Should vinegar of a greater strength be used than that before mentioned, a proportionably greater amount of litharge must, of course, be employed. The proceed thus obtained is a mixture of two or more basic acetates of lead, of which there are several, as recognised by chemists, and may be prepared by various means; but from cheapness and simplicity, the foregoing is more applicable for the purpose intended. undefined

The following is the plan of making vinegar at present practised in Paria The wine destined for vinegar is mixed in a large ton With a quantity of wine lees, and the whole being put into sacks, placed within a large iron bound the liquid matter is pressed out.

What passes through is put into large casks, set upright, having a small aperture in their top. In these it is exposed to the heat of the sun in summer, or to the heat of a stove in winter.

Fermentation comes on in a few days. If the heat should then rise too high; it is lowered by cool air, and the addition of fresh wine. In summer the process is generally completed in a fortnight; in winter double the time is requisite. The vinegar is then run off into barrels, which contains several chips of beech wood to clarify it: in about a fortnight it is fit for sale.

Almost all of the vinegar of the north of France being prepared at Orleans, the manufactory of that place has acquired such celebrity as to render their process worthy of a separate consideration.

The Orleans casks formerly contained nearly 200 gallons of wine, but at present only about half that quantity. Those which have been already used are preferred. They are placed in three rows one over another, and in the top have an opening of two inches diameter, which has a bung fitting close; there is another spill hole on the side to admit the air.— Wine a year old is preferred for making vinegar, and is kept in adjoining casks, containing beech shavings, to which the lees adhere.

The wine thus clarified is drawn off to make vinegar. At the first setting up of manufactory, so much good vinegar, boiling hot, is first poured into each cask, es to fill it up one-third of its height, and left there for eight days, till the vessels are two-thirds filled. Eight days afterwards, ten gallons of vinegar are drawn off for sale, and the cask or mother yields twice its own admeasurement of vinegar in a year.

It is necessary that a third part of the cask should always be left empty.

In order to judge if the mothers work well, the vinegar makers plunge a spatula into the liquid, and if it brings up a white froth, the making of the vinegar is judged to succeed well; if red, they add more or less wine, or increase the temperature.

In summer the atmospheric heat is sufficient. In winter stoves heated to about 75° Fahrenheit maintain the requisite temperature in the manufactory.

The casks get filled with lees in about ten years, and require to be cleansed; and fresh casks must be mounted every twenty-five years.

If the vinegar is not clear, it is clarified by being put for some time in a cask filled with shavings of beech wood.

In some parts of France private persons keep, in a place where the temperature is mild and equable, a venegarvinegar [sic] cask, into which they pour such wine as they wish to change into vinegar, and it is always kept full, by replacing the vinegar, as fast as it is drawn off, by new wine.

To establish this household manufacture, it is only necessary to buy at first a small cask of good vinegar.

A slight motion is found to favor the fermentation of vinegar, and its decomposition after it is made.

Chaptal thus ascribes to agitation the operation of thunder; though it is well known that when the atmosphere is highly electrified, beer is apt to become suddenly sour, without the concussion of a thunder storm.

In cellar, exposed to the vibration occasioned by the rattling of carriages, vinegar does not keep well. The lees which had been deposited by means of isinglass and repose, are thus jumbled into the liquor, and make the fermentation re-commence. undefined

One of the Sierre Leone Agents of the Church Mission Society of London, the Rev. Mr. Koelle, has discovered a written language existing in the interior of West Africa, in the Vy language. Mr. Koelle says that the alphabet consists of about one hundred letters, each representing a syllable. The new character is said to have no analogy with other known.— Mr. Koelle has taken a passage on board a vessel going to the nearest point from which the Vy nation can be reached, with the resolution to investigate fully this interesting discovery.

[The above we copy from an exchange, and we have noticed it in quite a number. This Vy language must be a curious one, we think, but it is no doubt of Yankee origin, for it looks exactly like some of the characters used by Prof. Morse in his early experiments on telegraphing. undefined At a dinner of the newspaper venders in London, Dickens stated that one hundred and fifty years ago there was not a single daily paper in London and ten years later only one.