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 of knowledge (whether in Latin or in their mother-tongue). They also are formed in the image of God, and share in His grace and in the kingdom of the world to come. They are endowed with equal sharpness of mind and capacity for knowledge (often with more than the opposite sex), and they are able to attain the highest positions, since they have often been called by God Himself to rule over nations, to give sound advice to kings and princes, to the study of medicine and of other things which benefit the human race, even to the office of prophesying and of inveighing against priests and bishops. Why, therefore, should we admit them to the alphabet, and afterwards drive them away from books? Do we fear their folly? The more we occupy their thoughts, so much the less will the folly that arises from emptiness of mind find a place.

6. But let not all books be given to them indiscriminately, as they have been given to the young of the other sex (and indeed it is greatly to be deplored that more caution has not been displayed in this matter); but only those from which, by the due observation of God and of His works, true virtue and true piety can be learned.

7. And let none cast in my teeth that saying of the Apostle: “I permit not a woman to teach” (1 Tim. ii. 12), or that of Juvenal in the sixth satire: “See that thy lawful wife be not a chatterbox, that she express not the simplest matter in involved language, nor be deeply versed in history,” or the remark of Hippolytus in Euripides: “I detest a bluestocking. May there never be a woman in my house who knows more than is fitting for a woman to know. For ’tis in the wise especially that Cypris engenders the desire for evil.” These opinions, I opine, stand in no true opposition to our demand. For we are not advising that women be educated in such a way that their tendency to curiosity shall be developed, but so that their sincerity and contentedness may be increased, and this chiefly in those things which it becomes a woman to know and to do; that is to say, all that enables her to look after her household and to promote the welfare of her husband and her family.


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 have said, have declared against; so that I need say nothing more to them.

is also a violence of Importunity, and a violence of Authority; both these also I have spoken to at length, as well as the Violence occasioned by the Person having it in his or her Power to give or with-hold the Fortunes and Portions of the Persons.

there is yet a violence of Treachery; and this is also a Crime which indeed ought to be punished by the Judge. This is generally practis'd upon the Ladies indeed, but sometimes both Sides are engag'd, and it is done with the utmost Cunning and Artifice: First, a Spy, or secret Agent is plac'd in the Family, (or as near it as may be) where the Person lives, and who insinuating into the Acquaintance of the Lady, and perhaps into her Confidence and Favour, fails not to encroach gradually so far, as to bring the Person who desires her Assistance, or employs her for that Purpose, into the Lady's Company; recommends him, gives his Character, sets other People to give his Character; and thus, in a word, the Lady is SET, as a Rook sets a Cully, for a Sharper, that is to say; for, &c.

my Readers may be too sober to understand the Newgate Language, that is suitable to this wicked Work; namely, that the Cully is an innocent or ignorant Person, who a Sharper, that is a Gamester, wants to draw in to Play.

Rook is a third Person, who sets him, as they call it, that is, gets into his Company, insinuates into his Society, scrapes Acquaintance with him, and so gets him to an Alehouse or Tavern, where the Gamester is sure to lie

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 more excitement and pleasure out of them than you can nowadays.

I am by no means a person who hungers for amusement—far from it; but when I had been to see the coals I certainly felt as if I could cram another excitement into that afternoon without any great effort, and I cite this experience as a warning to others of the dangers of being unsatisfied; for although I did discover a far superior and more thrilling thing, high up among the beautiful, blossoming shrubs that make a narrow fringe between the sea and the forest, namely, a large man-o'-war's pinnace, I could not find out how she got there, or why she stayed there. Flushed, however, with this discovery I must needs go on, still along the southern shore, with the grand, densely-forested mountains rising on my left, and the lovely Atlantic on my right,—now and then climbing over rocks, and then paddling across the bar of a tiny river (Munguba) which came creeping out from among the trees, smelling certainly unpleasant, but a joy to the eye. Then I struck a farm, where operations connected with preparing cocoa were proceeding, and the genial natives discoursed with me on the subject for a short time. Going on further I came to another farm, and had more discourse, and a lot of information about Liberia from a native of that country, and then on across other small rivers, the Burapulopu and the Bulabopi, up to a swampy forest, when I turned back at last well satisfied with my afternoon. Just as I passed my first farm I found that what I had regarded as a dry land shrub-belt was nothing of the kind. The tide had come in and taken full possession of it, running up to the forest wall. The forest was far too thick to get through, so there was nothing for it but a hurried waist-high wade. I went in for this remembering that I had been informed that there were very nasty crocodiles on the island, and that I had got to get past the mouth of that largest river—as crocodiley-looking a spot as you could wish for, if you had a gun. I saw none however, and so presume there are none there, for it is the habit of these animals, when they are handy to the sea, to lounge down and meet the in-coming tide. The worst part of the affair was getting round the projecting bits of


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 8. If any ask, “What will be the result if artisans, rustics, porters, and even women become lettered?” I answer, If this universal instruction of youth be brought about by the proper means, none of these will lack the material for thinking, choosing, following, and doing good things. All will know how the actions and endeavours of life should be regulated, within what limits we must progress, and how each man can protect his own position. Not only this, but all will regale themselves, even in the midst of their work and toil, by meditation on the words and works of God, and, by the constant reading of the Bible and other good books, will avoid that idleness which is so dangerous to flesh and blood. To sum up, they will learn to see, to praise, and to recognise God everywhere, and, in this way, to go through this life of care with enjoyment, and to look for the life to come with increased desire and hope. Does not such a condition of the Church represent to us the only paradise that it is possible to realise on this earth?


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38

By general agreement the combat then was stopped,

And many a battered buckler was by the fighters dropped,

And many a helm;—whatever was found upon the land,

Bore on it blood-red traces of some Burgundian hand.

They captured whom they listed: all had they in their power.

And King Gernot and Hagen,— of chivalry the flower,—

Had the sick borne on litters; and, with them, took they then,

As prisoners to the Rhineland, five hundred goodly men.

Meanwhile the vanquished warriors to Denmark rode away,

Nor could the Saxons boast of much better luck than they,

That any one need praise them: sore vexed these heroes were.

The friends, too, of the fallen bewailed them, in despair.

They had their arms and weapons unto the Rhine conveyed.

How well now all had ended! With his brave warriors’ aid

Siegfried the prince had done it, as he did all things, well;

Which even Gunther’s liegemen were bound in truth to tell.

To Worms a message firstly the gallant Gernot sent,

To let his friends and kinsmen know how the matter went,

And what success had crowned them,— him and his lieges all:

For honour had they striven, and gallantly withal.

The young esquires ran quickly, and soon the news was told,

And they for joy exulted,— whom grief before did hold,—

At these all-welcome tidings, which to the city came,

And many were the questions asked by each noble dame:


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 rocky cliff where the sea was breaking; not roughly, or I should not be writing this now.

The history of the English occupation of Fernando Po seems often misunderstood, and now and then one hears our Government reviled for handing it over to the Spaniards. But this was unavoidable, for we had it as a loan from Spain in 1827 as a naval station for our ships, at that time energetically commencing to suppress the slave trade in the Bights; the idea being that this island would afford a more healthy and convenient spot for a naval depot than any port on the coast itself.

More convenient Fernando Po certainly was, but not more healthy, and ever since 1827 it has been accumulating for itself an evil reputation for unhealthiness which is only languishing just at present because there is an interval between its epidemics—fever in Fernando Po, even more than on the mainland, having periodic outbursts of a more serious type than the normal intermittent and remittent of the Coast. Moreover, Fernando Po shares with Senegal the undoubted yet doubtful honour of having had regular yellow fever. In 1862 and 1866 this disease was imported by a ship that had come from Havana. Since then it has not appeared in the definite South American form, and therefore does not seem to have obtained the foothold it has in Senegal, where a few years ago all the money voted for the keeping of the Fête Nationale was in one district devoted by public consent to the purchase of coffins, required by an overwhelming outbreak of Yellow Jack.

In 1858 the Spanish Government thinking, presumably, that the slave trade was suppressed enough, or at any rate to a sufficiently inconvenient extent, reclaimed Fernando Po, to the horror of the Baptist missionaries who had settled in Clarence apparently under the erroneous idea that the island had been definitely taken over by the English. This mission had received from the West African Company a large grant of land, and had collected round it a gathering of Sierra Leonians and other artisan and trading Africans who were attracted to Clarence by the work made by the naval station; and these people, with the English traders who also settled


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 ready, and so draw the poor ignorant Man in to play, and cheat him of his Money.

like manner the Sharper here employs the Rook too, and who, in these Cases, is always a Woman. She is sure to get acquainted with the Lady; and, after some time, and getting into her Confidence, takes care to let the Lady know, that she understands that a certain Gentleman, who lodges in such a Place, is in Love with her; that the came to understand it by a very odd Accident; and then she tells her a formal Story, that being at such a Place visiting, and some Company coming in that were Strangers, they all sat down to drink Tea; that there was a young Gentleman, a pretty modest kind of Gentleman among them, which the Lady of the House call'd Cousin, and that accidentally rising up to make Room for more Company, the Gentleman, says the Spy, happened to be plac'd to sit next to me; upon which, says she, I push'd my Chair back to sit farther off.

what do you mean, says the Lady, (perhaps willing enough to hear of the Thing) of being in Love with me, when he was a Stranger to you?

, my Dear, says she, I never saw the Gentleman before in my Life. But

what—What makes you talk such Stuff? says the Lady; still nettled with what she had said subtilly and slily before.

, he's a clever handsome Gentleman, that I must needs say; and so she passes it off, and talks of something else to see how the Lady would take it.

the thought, so it was; the Lady was touch'd with the first Piece of the Tale, and still


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1. have already shown that every one ought to receive a universal education, and this at school. But do not, therefore, imagine that we demand from all men a knowledge (that is to say, an exact or deep knowledge) of all the arts and sciences. This would neither be useful of itself, nor, on account of the shortness of life, can it be attained by any man. For we see that each science is so vast and so complicated (as are physics, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, or even agriculture and arboriculture) that it would occupy the lifetime of even the strongest intellects if they wished to master it thoroughly by investigation and experiment. Thus did Pythagoras devote himself to arithmetic, Archimedes to mechanics, Agricola to metallurgy, and Longolius (who spent his whole life in endeavouring to acquire a perfect Ciceronian style) to rhetoric. It is the principles, the causes, and the uses of all the most important things in existence that we wish all men to learn; all, that is to say, who are sent into the world to be actors as well as spectators. For we must take strong and vigorous measures that no man, in his journey through life, may encounter anything so unknown to him that he cannot pass sound judgment upon it and turn it to its proper use without serious error.

2. We must, therefore, concentrate our energies on


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 here for a like reason, were the founders of Clarence Town. The declaration of the Spanish Government stating that only Roman Catholic missions would be countenanced caused the Baptists to abandon their possessions and withdraw to the mainland in Ambas Bay, where they have since remained, and nowadays Protestantism is represented by a Methodist Mission which has a sub-branch on the mainland on the Akwayafe River and one on the Qua Ibo.

The Spaniards, on resuming possession of the island, had one of their attacks of activity regarding it, and sent out with Don Carlos Chacon, who was to take over the command, four Jesuit priests, a secretary, a commissariat officer, a custom-house clerk, and a transport, the Santa Maria, with a number of emigrant families. This attempt to colonise Fernando Po should have at least done the good of preventing such experiments ever being tried again with women and children, for of these unfortunate creatures—for whom, in spite of its being the wet season, no houses had been provided—more than 20 per cent. died in the space of five months. Mr. Hutchinson, who was English Consul at the time, tells us that "In a very short time gaunt figures of men, women, and children might be seen crawling through the streets, with scarcely an evidence of life in their faces, save the expression of a sort of torpid carelessness as to how soon it might be their turn to drop off and die. The Portino, a steamer, carried back fifty of them to Cadiz, who looked when they embarked more like living skeletons of skin and bone than animated human beings." I quote this not to cast reproach on the Spanish Government, but merely to give a fact, a case in point, of the deadly failure of endeavours to colonise on the West Coast, a thing which is even now occasionally attempted, always with the same sad results, though in most cases these attempts are now made by religious and misinformed people under Bishop Taylor's mission.

The Spaniards did not entirely confine their attention to planting colonists in a ready-made state on the island. As soon as they had settled themselves and built their barracks


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IV.]

“How had they fared, the warriors of the most noble king?”

One of the squires they, straightway, before Kriemhilda bring:

But this was done in secret, she took no open part,—

Though there was one among them to whom was pledged her heart.

And when she saw the envoy into her chamber led,

Kriemhild, the beauteous maiden, in voice most kindly said:

“Now tell me the dear tidings and gold I’ll give to thee;—

And tell’st thou with no lying, a friend thou hast in me.

“How fared my brother Gernot amid the fight?” she said,

“And other friends and kinsmen? have we left many dead?

And who did best of any? fain would I hear of thee.”

Then outspake that bold herald; “Of cravens none had we!

“Yet, in the thick of battle rode ne’er a man so well,

Oh, Princess high and mighty,— since I the truth must tell,—

As did the noble stranger, who came from Netherland:

Full many a wondrous deed was wrought by bold Siegfried’s hand.

“For what great feats soever in battle may have done

Sir Dankwart and Sir Hagen and many another one;

Howe’er they fought for honour, it all was idle wind

Compared with Siegfried’s doings, the son of Siegelind.

“Though in the strife of battle full many a hero fell,

The wonders wrought by Siegfried no man hath words to tell!

Nor all his deeds of daring when he to battle rode:

Through him, for fallen kinsmen, the women’s tears have flowed.


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 obtaining that, throughout our whole lives, in schools and by the aid of schools: (i) our talents may be cultivated by study of the sciences and of the arts; (ii) languages may be learned; (iii) honest morals may be formed; (iv) God may be sincerely worshipped.

3. He spoke wisely who said that schools were the workshops of humanity, since it is undoubtedly through their agency that man really becomes man, that is to say (to refer to our previous analysis): (i) a rational creature; (ii) a creature which is lord over all creatures and also over himself; (iii) a creature which is the delight of his Creator. This will be the case if schools are able to produce men who are wise in mind, prudent in action, and pious in spirit.

4. These three principles, then, must be implanted in all the young in all schools, and this I shall prove, starting from the following fundamental points:―

From the circumstances by which we are surrounded;

From ourselves;

(iii) From Christ the God-man, the most perfect example of our perfection.

5. Things themselves, as far as they concern us, can be divided into three classes only: (i) objects that we can observe, such as the heavens, the earth, and all that is in them; (ii) objects that we can imitate, such as the marvellous order which pervades all things, and which man ought to imitate in his actions; (iii) objects that we can enjoy, such as the grace of God and His manifold blessing here and for eternity. If man is to acquit himself creditably when brought into contact with this order of nature, he must be trained to know the things that are spread out for his observation in this marvellous amphitheatre, to do the things that it is right for him to do, and, finally, to enjoy those things of which the most benign Creator, treating him as a guest in His house, has, with liberal hand, given him the fruition.

6. If we consider ourselves, we see clearly that learning, virtue, and piety are of importance to all alike; whether we


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of light, 31

Acceleration of the moon, 39

Action, compound and disturbed, of the spheres, 12

Air, elasticity of, 90

Airy, Professor, 218, 225

Algæ, 279

Algol, the star, 388

Alps, the, 273

Amazons, river of the, 117

Andes, the, 134

Arabian science, 108

Arago, M., 135, 219, 266, 341

Arcs of the meridian, measurement of, 54, 56

Asia, north-west basin of, 133

Astronomy, physical, 1; divisions of the science of, 68, 96

Astronomical tables, 68

Atmosphere, the, 123, 129, 130, 137, 163, 296

Attraction, its power universal, 1

and repulsion, electrical, 29 1, 354

, capillary, 123, 125

Aurora Borealis, 172, 299, 323

Axis of the earth, 59

Bacon, 33

Barometer, the, 131

Battery, voltaic, 304, 355

, galvanic, 305

Biot, M., 214, 348

Birds, 283

Black, or Negro, 284

Bradley, Dr., 94

Cæsar, Julius, 100 Caloric, rays independent of light, 228, 232

from all substances, 239

diffusion, 240

combustion, 241

Catalogue of stars by Herschel, 392

Celestial bodies how seen, 164; phenomena of refraction, 167; atmospheres of, 252

Centrifugal force opposed to the law of gravity, 49, 52; its action on the sea, 121

Chaldeans, observations by the, 37, 40


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 itself alongside. (First faith, then works.) Then a confused jumble of roofs, out of which, at last, stand forth individual houses, factories, streets, and we draw up in a sleeping town.

People open the carriage-door, and look in upon us. They do not appear to think much of us, and close the door again quickly, with a bang, and we sleep once more.

As we rumble on, the country slowly wakes. Rude V-shaped carts, drawn by yoked oxen, and even sometimes by cows, wait patiently while we cross the long, straight roads stretching bare for many a mile across the plain. Peasants trudge along the fields to work. Smoke rises from the villages and farm-houses. Passengers are waiting at the wayside stations.

Towards mid-day, on looking out, we see two tiny spires standing side by side against the sky. They seem to be twins, and grow taller as we approach. I describe them to B., and he says they are the steeples of Cologne Cathedral; and we all begin to yawn and stretch, and to collect our bags and coats and umbrellas.


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 look at the essential being of the soul, or at the object of our creation and introduction into the world.

7. The soul in its essential elements consists of three potentialities, which recall the uncreated Trinity, and these are the intellect, the will, and the memory. The province of the intellect is to observe the differences between things, even down to the smallest details. The will concerns itself with choice that is to say, with the choice of things that are advantageous and the rejection of those which are not. The memory stores up for future use all the things with which the intellect and the will have been busied, and reminds the soul of its dependence on God and of its duty; in which aspect it is also called conscience.

In order, then, that these faculties may rightly fulfil their offices, it is necessary that they be furnished with such things as may illumine the intellect, direct the will, and stimulate the conscience, so that the intellect may be acute and penetrating, the will may choose without error, and the conscience may greedily refer all things to God. Therefore, just as these faculties (the intellect, the will, and the conscience) cannot be separated, since they constitute the same soul, so it is impossible to separate those three ornaments of the soul, erudition, virtue, and piety.

8. Now, if we consider why we have been sent into the world, it will be evident from two points of view that the object is threefold, namely, that we may serve God, His creatures, and ourselves, and that we may enjoy the pleasure to be derived from God, from His creatures, and from ourselves.

9. If we wish to serve God, our neighbours, and ourselves, it is necessary for us to possess, with respect to God, piety; with respect to our neighbours, virtue; and with respect to ourselves, knowledge. These principles, however, are intimately connected, and a man, for his own advantage, should be not only learned, but also virtuous and pious; for that of his neighbour, not only virtuous, but also learned and pious; and for the glory of God, not only pious, but also learned and virtuous.


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454 Chimborazo, Mount, 56

China, observations made in, 104

Chladni, experiment of, 147

Christian era, the, 100

Chronology of the visible heavens, 389

Climate, 257, 267, 271

Coal, 83

Cold, 264, 266

Colours, prismatic, 172 et seq.; of the stars, 393

Columbus and Lerius, 280, 314

Comets, theory of, and description of Encke’s and other remarkable comets, 67, 359 to 383

Compass, the mariner’s, 313, 330

Compression, doctrine of, 90

Conductors, electrical, 294, 298

Conjunction of planets, dates of, 46

Connexion of the physical sciences, conclusion, 413

Constellations, motion and revolution of, 391

Crystal, 212

Crystallization, 235, 243, 308

Curvature of the earth, 54

Day, the solar, 97

, divisions of, 98, 107

Dew, phenomenon of, 240

Diameters of the sun and planets, 67

Diaphanous bodies, 213

Distances in the universe calculated, 47, 48, 66

Dynamics, principles of, 81; the theory of, 411

Ear, the, 142, 148

Earth, its rotation uniform, 21, 80; its circumference, 57; its fires, and heat from the sun, 82, 85; eccentricity of orbit, 85; whether cavernous, 90; theories, 95, 370

Earthquakes, the noise of, 151

Echo, 150

Eclipses, comparison of, 37, 40

description of lunar, 44

of Jupiter’s satellites is chronometrical, 30

Ecliptic, the, 94, 103

, variation of the, 20

Egyptians, astronomy of the, 105

Elastic bodies, vibrations of, 153

Electricity, science and phenomena of, 151, 285 et seq. 303, 353

Electrics, Non, 289

Electro-magnetism, 324,330, 340, 343

Elevation of the earth at the equator, 51, 59

‘Ephemeris,’ the, 47

Equator, the, 50, 94, 265, 311

Equinox, vernal and autumnal, 41


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 10. If we consider the happiness to which God has destined mankind, we find that He showed His intention clearly when creating man, since He introduced him into a world furnished with all good things; prepared for him, in addition, a paradise of delights; and, finally, arranged to make him a partner of His eternal happiness.

11. Now, by the term “happiness” we understand not the pleasures of the body (though these, since they consist of the vigour of good health, and of the enjoyment of food and of sleep, can only arise from the virtue of temperance), but those of the soul, which arise either out of the objects around us, or from ourselves, or, finally, from God.

12. The pleasure which arises out of things themselves, is the pleasure that a wise man experiences in speculation. For, wherever he betakes himself, whatever he observes, and whatever he considers, he finds everywhere such attractions, that often, as it were, snatched out of himself, he merges his identity in them. It is to this that the book of Wisdom refers: “The conversation of wisdom hath no bitterness; and to live with her hath no sorrow, but mirth and joy” (viii. 16). And a heathen philosopher says: “There is nothing in life more pleasant than to seek out wisdom.”

13. Pleasure in self is that very sweet delight which arises when a man, who is given over to virtue, rejoices in his own honest disposition, since he sees himself prompt to all things which the order of justice requires. This pleasure is far greater than the former one, according to the proverb “A good conscience is a perpetual feast.”

14. Delight in God is the highest point to which pleasure can attain in this life, and is found when a man, feeling that God is eternally gracious to him, exults in His fatherly and immutable favour to such a degree that his heart melts with the love of God. He desires to know or to do nothing further, but, overwhelmed by God’s mercy, he rests in peace and tastes the joys of eternal life. This is “the peace of God which passeth all understanding” (Phil. iv. 7), than which nothing more sublime can be desired or imagined.


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 These three principles, therefore, learning, virtue, and piety, are the three founts from which all the streams of the most perfect pleasures flow.

15. Lastly, God Himself, manifest in the flesh (that He might exhibit in Himself the perfection of all things), has taught by His example that these three elements must exist in each individual. For the Evangelist testifies that He advanced not only in stature, but also in wisdom and favour with God and man (Luke ii. 52). Here can be seen the blessed Trinity that adorns us. For what is wisdom but the knowledge of things as they are? What is it that brings us favour with men, if not amiability of character? What procures us the grace of God, if not the fear of the Lord, that is to say, inward, serious, and fervid piety? Let us, therefore, realise in ourselves that which we have seen in Jesus Christ, the absolute ideal of all perfection, the standard set up for us to imitate.

16. For this reason He said, “Learn of me” (Matt. xi. 29). And since this same Christ has been given to the human race as the most learned teacher, as the most holy priest, and as the most powerful king, it is evident that Christians should be formed on His model and should be enlightened through their intellects, sanctified through their consciences, and made powerful through their deeds (each in his own calling). Our schools, therefore, will then at length be Christian schools when they make us as like to Christ as is possible.

17. It is, therefore, an unhallowed separation if these three elements be not bound together as if by an adamantine chain. How wretched is the teaching that does not lead to virtue and to piety! For what is literary skill without virtue? He who makes progress in knowledge but not in morality (says an old proverb), recedes rather than advances. And thus, what Solomon said of the beautiful but foolish woman, holds good of the learned man who possesses not virtue: “As a jewel of gold in a swine’s snout, so is a fair woman which is without discretion” (Prov. xi. 22). For, just as gems are set not in


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INDEX. Eras and chronology, 100, 103

Ether, all-pervading, 359

Ethereal medium, the, 192, 217

Eudoxus, 105

Existence, grades of, 234

Faraday, Mr., 325, 336, 340, 356

Figure of the earth, 48, 54, 106

Fire, production of, 241

Flora, reign of, 273, 277

Fluids, properties of, 214, 219, 235, 249

Forests, influence of, 264

Fresnel, M., 216, 218

Frost, hoar, 240

Galvanism, 300 et seq. 345

Galvanometer, 351

Geology, 83

Glass, musical vibrations of, 157; prismatic phenomena, 172, 188; refraction and polarization of light by, 203, 216; impermeable to rays of solar heat, 229, 232

Gravitation, 410

Gravity, variation in, 50 Gymnotus electricus, 357

Heat, the earth’s, 82; solar radiation, 84, 228, 238; of the atmosphere, 132; theory, 244

Herbarium, Tartar, 275

Herschel, Sir William, 79, 228, 236, 384, 392, 397

, Sir John, 147, 195, 386, 391, 398

Herschel, Miss Caroline, 398

Hipparchus, 93

Horizon, its density of atmosphere, 171

Horoscopes, accordance with astronomy, 106

Humboldt, Von, 132, 134, 146, 258, 280, 348

Ice, formation of, 83; thaw, 247, 271

Icebergs, 123

Indians, their lunar tables, 104

Inequalities, secular and periodic, 17

Insects, 283

Interferences, laws of, 152, 157, 184

Iron, 321

Isothermal lines, the, 267, 269

Italy, the north of, 56

Ivory, Mr., investigations by, 49, 56

Jupiter, the revolution of, 17, 24; satellites of, 38, 79; magnitude of, 67; density, 96

Kater, Captain, 106

Kepler, theory of, 7, 18, 64, 74, 362

La Grange on Periodical Inequalities, 21

Language, its vocal articulations imitated by instruments, 162; primitive tongues, 284

La Place, 22, 37, 73, 101, 103, 115, 135


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 lead but in gold, in which combination both are more beautiful, thus should knowledge be joined not to immorality but to virtue, when each will add adornment to the other. For the fear of the Lord, as it is the beginning and the end of wisdom, is also the coping-stone and crown of knowledge. The fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom (Prov. i. and elsewhere).

18. Since, therefore, a man’s whole life depends on the instruction that he has received during boyhood, every opportunity is lost unless the minds of all are then prepared for every emergency that may arise in life. Just as in his mother’s womb each man receives his full complement of limbs,—hands, feet, tongue, etc.—although all men are not to be artificers, runners, scribes, or orators; so at school all men should be taught whatever concerns man, though in after life some things will be of more use to one man, others to another.


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Rh tides of solids and fluids; by this separation the attraction of aggregation is more and more weakened, till at last it is entirely overcome, or even changed into repulsion. By the continual addition of caloric, solids may be made to pass into liquids, and from liquids to the aëriform state, the dilatation increasing with the temperature; but every substance expands according to a law of its own. Metals dilate uniformly from the freezing to the boiling points of the thermometer; the uniform expansion of the gases extends between still wider limits; but as liquidity is a state of transition from the solid to the aëriform condition, the equable dilatation of liquids has not so extensive a range. The rate of expansion of solids varies at their transition to liquidity, and that of liquids is no longer equable near their change to an aëriform state. There are exceptions, however, to the general laws of expansion; some liquids have a maximum density corresponding to a certain temperature, and dilate whether that temperature be increased or diminished. For example,—water expands whether it be heated above or cooled below 40°. The solidification of some liquids, and especially their crystallization, is always accompanied by an increase of bulk. Water dilates rapidly when converted into ice, and with a force sufficient to split the hardest substances. The


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diary is getting mixed. The truth is, I am not living as a man who keeps a diary should live. I ought, of course, to sit down in front of this diary at eleven o'clock at night, and write down all that has occurred to me during the day. But at eleven o'clock at night, I am in the middle of a long railway journey, or have just got up, or am just going to bed for a couple of hours. We go to bed at odd moments, when we happen to come across a bed, and have a few minutes to spare. We have been to bed this afternoon, and are now having another breakfast; and I am not quite sure whether it is yesterday or to-morrow, or what day it is.

I shall not attempt to write up this diary in the orthodox manner, therefore; but shall fix in a few lines whenever I have half-an-hour with nothing better to do.

We washed ourselves in the Rhine at Cologne (we had not had a wash since we had left our happy home in England). We started with the idea of washing ourselves at the hotel; but on seeing the basin and water and towel provided, I decided not to waste my time playing with


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 them. As well might Hercules have attempted to tidy up the Augean stables with a squirt.

We appealed to the chambermaid. We explained to her that we wanted to wash—to clean ourselves—not to blow bubbles. Could we not have bigger basins and more water and more extensive towels? The chambermaid (a staid old lady of about fifty) did not think that anything better could be done for us by the hotel fraternity of Cologne, and seemed to think that the river was more what we wanted.

I fancied that the old soul was speaking sarcastically, but B. said "No;" she was thinking of the baths alongside the river, and suggested that we should go there. I agreed. It seemed to me that the river—the Rhine—would, if anything could, meet the case. There ought to be plenty of water in it now, after the heavy spring rains.

When I saw it, I felt satisfied. I said to B.:

"That's all right, old man; that's the sort of thing we need. That is just the sized river I feel I can get myself clean in this afternoon."

I have heard a good deal in praise of the Rhine, and I am glad to be able to speak well of it myself. I found it most refreshing.


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54 middle of the clavicle to form the subclavian. The subclavian, coursing caudally, receives the blood from the anterior jugular vein, which enters the subclavian just median to the entrance of the external jugular.

Trace the external jugular vein anteriorly to its origin near the occipital region of the head. It receives blood, near its middle point, from the superficial muscles and skin of the occipital region through the posterior external jugular vein.

Cephalad to its union with the posterior external jugular, the external jugular is joined by the anterior facial vein. Trace this vein and its tributaries along the ventral and lateral regions of the head and identify them from the following description. The supraorbital vein, arising on the dorsal side of the head where it joins the superficial temporal (to be described), courses anteriorly and unites with the nasal vein at the base of the nose to form the angular vein. This runs ventrally, unites with the superior labial, and forms the anterior facial. The latter receives the inferior labial vein, continues ventrally, then caudally a short distance along the ventro-median border of the masseter muscle, and finally to its junction with the external jugular.

Carefully dissect the remaining tributaries of the external , jugular vein on the lateral side of the face, neck, and lower jaw. Identify these vessels from the following description. The superficial temporal vein, arising in the supraorbital region, passes ventrally posterior to the eye, receiving the transverse facial, which courses caudally near the zygomatic arch. Crossing the posterior root of the zygomatic arch, the superficial temporal runs posteriorly, is joined by the anterior auricular from the base of the external ear, then unites with the internal maxillary vein (described below) to form the posterior facial. The pos-


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Rh terior facial runs through the parotid gland, and is superficial to the carotid artery. The confluence of the posterior auricular vein and the posterior facial forms the external jugular. The posterior auricular arises behind the external ear.

The internal maxillary will be found superficially on the median surface of the angle of the jaw. Here it curves laterally to join the superficial temporal, thus forming the posterior facial vein.

Exercise XIV. Make a labeled sketch of the veins anterior to the heart. This will be combined later (Exercise XXV) with a similar sketch of the veins posterior to the heart.

The arterial blood leaves the left ventricle of the heart through the aorta. This turns dorsally and to the left, as the aortic arch, and runs caudally through the thoracic and abdominal cavities near the ventral surface of the spinal column. The thoracic and abdominal sections of the aorta are called the thoracic and abdominal aorta, respectively. The aortic arch of mammals is supposed to be homologous to the left fourth aortic arch of lower vertebrates. The branches of the aortic arch in the rat carry blood to the head, neck, fore limbs, and thoracic wall. Named in order from right to left, these branches are the innominate, left common carotid and left subclavian arteries.

The left subclavian artery runs cephalad from the aortic arch, carrying blood to the vessels described below.

Left internal mammary artery. Its origin is the left subclavian artery. It sends branches to the thymus gland, pericardium, and lung. On the inner surface of the ventral thoracic wall it turns medially to the side of the sternum and runs caudally, parallel to the internal mammary


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 I was, however, sorry that we had washed in it afterwards. I have heard from friends who have travelled since in Germany that we completely spoiled that river for the rest of the season. Not for business purposes, I do not mean. The barge traffic has been, comparatively speaking, uninterfered with. But the tourist trade has suffered terribly. Parties who usually go up the Rhine by steamer have, after looking at the river, gone by train this year. The boat agents have tried to persuade them that the Rhine is always that colour: that it gets like that owing to the dirt and refuse washed down into it during its course among the mountains.

But the tourists have refused to accept this explanation. They have said:

"No. Mountains will account for a good deal, we admit, but not for all that. We are acquainted with the ordinary condition of the Rhine, and although muddy, and at times unpleasant, it is passable. As it is this summer, however, we would prefer not to travel upon it. We will wait until after next year's spring-floods."

We went to bed after our wash. To the blasé English bed-goer, accustomed all his life to the same old hackneyed style of bed night after night, there is something very pleasantly piquant about the experience of trying to sleep in a German bed. He does not know it is a bed at first. He thinks that someone has been going round the room, collecting all the sacks and cushions and antimacassars and such articles that he has happened to find about, and has piled them up on a wooden tray ready for moving. He rings for the chambermaid, and explains to her that she has shown him into the wrong room. He wanted a bedroom.


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56 vein, giving off branches to the internal intercostal muscles. Trace it posteriorly along the dorsal surface of the rectus abdominis muscle, to which it sends branches. Several branches perforate the intercostal muscles and supply the pectoral and rectus abdominis muscles. Find the right internal mammary artery. Its branches and course are substantially the same as for the left internal mammary.

The vertebral artery upon leaving the subclavian passes cephalad about half a centimeter and enters the vertebrarterial canal at the sixth cervical vertebra. This canal consists of the transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae. Running forward through this canal, the artery sends off branches between the vertebrae. It traverses the transverse foramen of the atlas, gives off a branch through the large oval foramen on the dorsal side of this vertebra, passes through the atlantal foramen, and enters the cranial cavity by way of the foramen magnum.

Thyro-cervical trunk. It leaves the subclavian artery medial to the first rib and passes anterolaterally to a position dorsal to the proximal end of the clavicle, where it divides into several branches. These branches supply glands on the surface of the neck, and muscles of the neck region.

Costo-cervical trunk. This vessel leaves the subclavian artery at the same level as the internal mammary, courses laterally anterior to the first rib, then sends branches to the lateral muscles of the thorax and deeper muscles of the neck.

The axillary artery is the continuation of the subclavian lateral to the first rib. Its branches are as follows.

(1) Lateral thoracic artery. It proceeds caudally from the axillary artery along the medial surface of the cutaneous maximus muscle.

(2) Subscapular artery. It arises from the axillary artery and divides into branches which supply muscles in the upper arm and thorax.


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Rh (3) Deep artery of the arm. Leaving the distal end of the axillary artery, it sends branches to muscles of the upper arm (triceps), then proceeds distally along a spiral course, and finally sends branches down the anterior and lateral surfaces of the fore arm.

(4) The brachial artery, the continuation of the axillary, passes through the arm pit region, thence down the medial surface of the upper arm in company with the large nerves in this part of the arm. It lies throughout its length close to the posterior edge of the biceps brachii muscle. The artery provides branches for the muscles of the elbow region, but the main trunk passes down the forearm.

The second large arterial trunk leaving the aortic arch is the left common carotid artery. It originates from the aortic arch between the innominate artery and the origin of the left subclavian, and passes forward lateral to the trachea as far as the anterior end of the neck, where it splits into the external and internal carotid arteries.

The internal carotid artery proceeds anterodorsally from its origin and divides into two branches immediately posterior to the tympanic bulla. The dorsal branch of the two enters the tympanic bulla through the posterior lacerated foramen, which is situated on the median surface of the bulla immediately in front of the jugular process. The ventral branch enters the cranium by way of the carotid foramen.

The external carotid artery gives off the following branches.

(1) The occipital artery courses anterodorsally, from its origin immediately anterior to the internal carotid artery, passes around the median surface of the jugular process, thence dorsally to the dorsal musculature of the neck.

(2) The superior thyroid artery runs ventrally from its


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 of certainty and truth, dependent on the essentially correct method by which the facts have been determined. processes.

Concurrently with the growth and diffusion of a scien- Morbid tific knowledge of the cansation of disease, and of its structural manifestations, there has arisen a better under- standing of morbid processes. The condition of inflamma- tion, which has been recognised from the earliest times, and has probably given rise to more discussion than any other subject in pathology, is now regarded in a manner which, whilst it admittedly leaves much to be discovered, is at least in harmony with our knowledge of the functions of normal nutrition. The pathology of Fever also, though not yet complete, may be said to have been scientifically studied only during the last fifty years. The systematic use of the clinical thermometer, the application of chem- ical testing to the secretions, and the improvements in the methods of bedside investigation generally, have revealed to us a vast number of facts which were unknown to observers at the beginning of the century.

Another factor of the greatest importance, both in relation to normal function and to disease, is the direct influence exercised by the nervous system on the tissue metabolism. We have no clear knowledge how this in- fluence is exercised, but the existence of some control is certain; and it is curious to notice how older notions of neural pathology recur in the more accurately defined con- ceptions of to-day. The comprehension of the part played by the blood in disease is also an advance which has been eminently fruitful in results, and which differs widely from the doctrine that at one time attributed every malady to some vitiated condition of the circulating fluid.

But nothing will bring the conviction of recent pro- Parasitic gress more completely home to our minds than a brief re- pathology. trospect of parasitic pathology during the last forty or fifty years. How great a step, though it looked but small at the


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 time, was the discovery of the first vegetable parasite in the skin and hairs, by Gruby (7) and others, about the year 1840! The notion of parasiticism as a cause of disease has clung to pathology in all ages; and the analogy between fermen- tation and the acute specific processes has long possessed the mind of every thoughtful physician. But we ought clearly to bear in mind, in justice to modern medicine, that the Torula cerevisiae itself was not discovered until 1835, by Schwann and others, and that it is only within the last few years that the presence and activity of an organism have been definitely connected with a specific febrile discase-I refer to the discovery of the spirillum of Relapsing Fever by Oberneier in 1873. A new era in pathology, whatever may be its result, has arisen within the last few years with the rise of bacteriology. A host of highly trained and eager observers in Germany, France, England, and other countries, following the teachings of Koch, are now en- gaged in the study of the acute infective diseases; and by ever-improving methods striving to contribute something fresh to the great but still obscure and unsettled subject of the relation of these organisins to pathology. Fallacious no doubt as were some of the earlier conclusions on this subject, there seems to be no question that the study of Bacteria and Bacilli has greatly widened our views of the nature of disease, and that it promises to lead to practical results of the first importance as regards its pre- vention or modification at the hands of Pasteur and others. The value of all this progress has been greatly extended pathology. by the aid of that new line of scientific inquiry which has already done so much, and which promises still more-I mean Experimental Pathology. Of this subject Hunter laid the foundations a hundred years ago; but it was reserved for our own time to see the extension of his method on a large scale in this country to the subjects of fever and infection to the study of artificially produced disease,


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58 origin cephalad to the occipital artery, then posteriorly, sending branches to the thyroid gland, and one small branch to the larynx.

(3) The lingual artery leaves the external carotid anterior to the superior thyroid artery, enters the posterior region of the tongue, and follows a sinuous course nearly to the tip in the ventral part of that organ.

(4) The external maxillary or facial artery leaves the external carotid a short distance anterior to the lingual artery, and passes anteroventrally along the medial surface of the masseter muscle. Anteriorly it occupies the groove between the masseter and digastric muscles. It bifurcates about half a centimeter back of the angle between the upper and lower lips. The dorsal ramus supplies the snout and lateral wall of the mouth. The ventral ramus supplies the lower lip. This artery sends vessels to the lymph and salivary glands of the neck region, to the masseter muscle, the ventral musculature of the lower jaw, and the floor of the posterior region of the buccal cavity.

(5) Posterior auricular artery. The external carotid artery turns abruptly dorsally immediately after giving off the external maxillary. It turns anteriorly again ventrolateral to the tympanic bulla. The posterior auricular artery arises at the latter turn. It courses dorsally along the posterior surface of the external auditory meatus to the pinna of the ear, to which it sends branches. It also supplies the muscles adjoining the pinna. Trace the terminal branches of the external carotid.

The innominate artery is the first arterial trunk leaving the aortic arch. A short distance from its origin the innominate divides into the right common carotid and the right subclavian arteries. The subclavian passes anterolaterally to the anterior surface of the first rib, where, in company with the nerves of the brachial plexus, it leaves


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Rh the thoracic cavity and becomes the right axillary artery.

The right internal mammary artery comes off from the posterior surface of the subclavian just median to the first rib. Its course is described in connection with the branches of the left subclavian.

The branches of the right axillary artery closely resemble those of the left. Verify this by a dissection of the vessels of the right arm.

Exercise XV. Sketch and label the arteries anterior to the heart. This drawing will be combined later (Exercise XXVI) with a similar sketch of the arteries posterior to the heart.

Study the attachments of the pericardium, the transparent membrane which surrounds the heart. If the thorax has been opened with sufficient care the pericardium will be unruptured. Insert a blowpipe through a small incision in the pericardium and inflate it with air. The pericardial cavity the space between the pericardium and heart, is a part of the body cavity or coelom. The two other components of the coelom are the thoracic and abdominal cavities.

Remove the pericardium and study the heart in position. Note the attachments of the aortic arch, pulmonary arteries and veins, the superior venae cavae, and the inferior vena cava. The heart contains four chambers — two anterior 'atria and two posterior ventricles. The atrial and ventricular portions of the organ may be identified easily in a preserved animal. The atria are very dark in color because they contain masses of clotted blood, while the ventricles are decidedly lighter. The coronary sulcus is the deep furrow on the heart's surface which separates the atria from the ventricles. The right and left auricles (au-


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 She says: "This is a bedroom."

He says: "Where's the bed?"

"There!" she says, pointing to the box on which the sacks and anti-macassars and cushions lie piled.

"That!" he cries. "How am I going to sleep in that?"

The chambermaid does not know how he is going to sleep there, never having seen a gentleman go to sleep anywhere, and not knowing how they set about it; but suggests that he might try lying down flat, and shutting his eyes.

"But it is not long enough," he says.

The chambermaid thinks he will be able to manage, if he tucks his legs up.

He sees that he will not get anything better, and that he must put up with it.

"Oh, very well!" he says. "Look sharp and get it made, then."

She says: "It is made."

He turns and regards the girl sternly. Is she taking advantage of his being a lonely stranger, far from home and friends, to mock him? He goes over to what she calls the bed, and snatching off the topmost sack from the pile and holding it up, says:

"Perhaps you will tell me what this is, then?"


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4 but trace, with precision, the operation of his laws; use the globe he inhabits as a base wherewith to measure the magnitude and distance of the sun and planets, and make the diameter of the earth's orbit the first step of a scale by which he may ascend to the starry firmament. Such pursuits, while they ennoble the mind, at the same time inculcate humility, by showing that there is a barrier which no energy, mental or physical, can ever enable us to pass: that however profoundly we may penetrate the depths of space, there still remain innumerable systems, compared with which those apparently so vast must dwindle into insignificance, or even become invisible; and that not only man, but the globe he inhabits,—nay, the whole svstem of which it forms so small a part,—might be annihilated, and its extinction be unperceived in the immensity of creation.

Although it must be acknowledged that a complete acquaintance with physical astronomy can be attained by those only who are well versed in the higher branches of mathematical and mechanical science, and that they alone can appreciate the extreme beauty of the results, and of the means by which these results are obtained, it is nevertheless true that a sufficient skill in analysis to follow the general outline,—to see the mutual dependence of the different parts of the system, and to compre-


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60 ricular appendices) are the ventral extensions of the right and left atria, respectively, which extend ventrally on each side of the pulmonary artery. Notice on the surface of the heart the injected coronary artery, which carries blood to the tissues of the heart, and the coronary veins, which drain the venous blood back into the general circulation.

The heart is a muscular pump which propels the blood throughout the body. Its complete failure to function means almost instant death. Venous blood returning from the capillaries of the muscles, brain, digestive organs, kidneys, etc. of the body enters the right atrium through the superior and inferior venae cavae. Contraction of the right atrium forces the blood into the right ventricle. The two atria contract simultaneously, but their contraction alternates with the simultaneous contraction (systole) of the ventricles. When the right ventricle is full it drives the blood through the pulmonary artery to the lungs, then relaxes (diastole) to receive more blood from the atrium. The excess of carbon dioxide carried by the blood is eliminated in the lung capillaries into the air contained in the minute air sacs (alveoli) of the lung. At the same time oxygen from the alveolar air penetrates the walls of the air sacs and capillaries and unites chemically with the hemoglobin, or red coloring matter of the blood. The blood then traverses the pulmonary veins to the left atrium of the heart, thence to the left ventricle, and finally out through the aorta to the tissues of the body. The internal mechanism of the heart may now be elucidated by an examination of the dissected organ.

Insert one point of the scissors into the severed end of the pulmonary artery, carefully slit it lengthwise, continuing the cut along the lateral wall of the right ventricle. Bend back the cut walls and carefully wash out the coagu-


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44 And for one little short errand. Could that really be the way things went here? It couldn't be, really. It wasn't possible—not always.

And then, his feet sinking in the soft nap of the carpet, his hand in one pocket clutching the money, he felt as if he could squeal or laugh out loud. Why, thirty-five cents—and for a little service like that. This man had given him a quarter and the other a dime and he hadn't done anything at all.

He hurried from the car at the bottom—the strains of the orchestra once more fascinated him, the wonder of so well-dressed a throng thrilling him—and made his way to the bench from which he had first departed.

And following this he had been called to carry the three bags and two umbrellas of an aged farmer-like couple, who had engaged a parlor, bedroom and bath on the fifth floor. Enroute they kept looking at him, as he could see, but said nothing. Yet once in their room, and after he had promptly turned on the lights near the door, lowered the blinds and placed the bags upon the bag racks, the middle-aged and rather awkward husband—a decidedly solemn and bewhiskered person—studied him and finally observed: “Young fella, you seem to be a nice, brisk sort of boy—rather better than most we've seen so far, I must say.”

“I certainly don't think that hotels are any place for boys,” chirped up the wife of his bosom—a large and rotund person, who by this time was busily employed inspecting an adjoining room. “I certainly wouldn't want any of my boys to work in 'em—the way people act.”

“But here, young man,” went on the elder, laying off his overcoat and fishing in his trousers pocket. “You go down and get me three or four evening papers if there are that many and a pitcher of ice-water, and I'll give you fifteen cents when you get back.”

“This hotel's better'n the one in Omaha, Pa,” added the wife sententiously. “It's got nicer carpets and curtains.”

And as green as Clyde was, he could not help smiling secretly. Openly, however, he preserved a masklike solemnity, seemingly effacing all facial evidence of thought, and took the change and went out. And in a few moments he was back with the ice-water and all the evening papers and departed smilingly with his fifteen cents.

But this, in itself, was but a beginning in so far as this particular evening was concerned, for he was scarcely seated upon the bench again, before he was called to room 529, only to be

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 "That," says the girl; "that's the bed!"

He is somewhat nonplussed at the unexpected reply.

"Oh!" he says. "Oh! the bed, is it? I thought it was a pincushion! Well, if it is the bed, then what is it doing out here, on the top of everything else? You think that because I'm only a man, I don't understand a bed!"

"That's the proper place for it," responds the chamber-maid.

"What! on top?"

"Yes, sir."

"Well, then where are the clothes?"

"Underneath, sir."

"Look here, my good girl," he says; "you don't understand me, or I don't understand you, one or the other. When I go to sleep, I lie on a bed and pull the clothes over me. I don't want to lie on the clothes, and cover myself with the bed. This isn't a comic ballet, you know!"

The girl assures him that there is no mistake about the matter at all. There is the bed, made according to German notions of how a bed should be made. He can make the best of it and try to go to sleep upon it, or he can be sulky and go to sleep on the floor.

He is very much surprised. It looks to him the sort of a bed that a man would make for himself on coming home late from a party. But it is no use arguing the matter with the girl.

"All right," he says; "bring me a pillow, and I'll risk it!"

The chambermaid explains that there are two pillows on the bed already, indicating, as she does so, two flat


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Rh hend by what means some of tbe most extraordinary conclusions have been arrived at,—is within the reach of many who shrink from the task, appalled by difficulties, which, perhaps, are not more formidable than those incident to the study of the elements of every branch of knowledge; and who possibly overrate them from disregarding the distinction between the degree of mathematical acquirement necessary for making discoveries, and that which is requisite for understanding what others have done. That the study of mathematics, and their application to astronomy, are full of interest, will be allowed by all who have devoted their time and attention to these pursuits; and they only can estimate the delight of arriving at the truths they disclose, whether it be in the discovery of a world or of a new property of numbers.

It has been proved by Newton, that a particle of matter, placed without the surface of a hollow sphere, is attracted by it in the same manner as if the mass of the hollow sphere, or the whole matter it contains, were collected in its centre. The same is, therefore, true of a solid sphere, which may be supposed to consist of an infinite number of concentric hollow spheres. This, however, is not the


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 cushions, each one a yard square, placed one on top of the other at one end of the mixture.

"These!" exclaims the weary traveller, beginning to feel that he does not want to go to bed at all. "These are not pillows! I want something to put my head on; not a thing that comes down to the middle of my back! Don't tell me that I've got to sleep on these things!"

But the girl does tell him so, and also implies that she has something else to do than to stand there all day talking bed-gossip with him.

"Well, just show me how to start," he says, "which way you get into it, and then I won't keep you any longer; I'll puzzle out the rest for myself."

She explains the trick to him and leaves, and he undresses and crawls in.

The pillows give him a good deal of worry. He does not know whether he is meant to sit on them or merely to lean up against them. In experimenting upon this point, he bumps his head against the top board of the bedstead. At this, he says, "Oh!" and shoots himself down to the bottom of the bed. Here all his ten toes simultaneously come into sharp contact with the board at the bottom.

Nothing irritates a man more than being rapped over the toes, especially if he feels that he has done nothing to deserve it. He says, "Oh, damn!" this time, and spasmodically doubles up his legs, thus giving his knees a violent blow against the board at the side of the bed. (The German bedstead, be it remembered, is built in the form of a shallow, open box, and the victim is thus completely surrounded by solid pieces of wood with sharp edges. I do not know what species of wood it is that is


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Rh lated blood. Observe the shape of the right ventricular cavity. It communicates with the pulmonary artery through the pulmonary orifice, which is surrounded by the three pocket-like segments of the pulmonary valve. Locate these valves and determine how they function. The right atrioventricular, or tricuspid, orifice is the aperture through which blood enters the right ventricle from the right atrium. It is guarded by the tricuspid valve. The inner surface of the ventricle bears muscular protuberances (trahecidae carneae), some of which (the papillary muscles) are attached to the tricuspid valves by slender strands, the chordae tendineae. When the ventricle contracts the blood starts to rush back into the atrium, but in so doing the tricuspid valve is thrust across the aperture by the blood stream. The edges of the valve would be forced up into the atrium were it not for the chordae tendineae and the papillary muscles, which hold the flaps athwart the opening. Thus blood having once entered the right ventricle is unable to retreat into the atrium when the ventricle contracts, but must find its exit through the pulmonary artery. Insert the scissors' point into the severed inferior vena cava and open the right atrium by a cut extending forward to the right superior vena cava along the anterior surface of the atrium. Locate the openings of the superior and inferior venae cavae, and the atrioventricular aperture. Find the membranous valves near the entrance of the superior vena cava.

Slit the ventral wall of the left ventricle lengthwise by inserting one point of the scissors into the cut end of the aorta. Extend the incision to the .apex of the heart. Try not to injure the aortic valve whose semilunar segments surround the opening of the ventricle into the aorta. The muscular wall of the left ventricle is considerably thicker than the wall of the right, for more pressure is required


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62 to send blood throughout the body than through the pulmonary circulation. Observe the trabeculae carneae on the inner surface of the left ventricle's wall. The aortic orifice, surrounded by the aortic valve, is the opening into the aorta. Part of the valve may have been torn in opening the ventricle. The mitral, or bicuspid valve surrounds the mitral orifice, through which blood passes from the left atrium to the left ventricle. Note the chordae tendineae extending from this valve also to the ventricular wall. The ventricular septum is the muscular partition between the cavities of the right and left ventricles. Open the left atrium, wash out the coagulated blood, and find the orifices of the pulmonary veins. How many openings are there? View the partition between the atria (the atrial septum) by strong transmitted light. The fossa ovalis is the translucent area which will be seen in this septum. Ask the instructor to explain its significance.

Exercise XVI. Make a diagrammatic sketch of the internal anatomy of the heart.

The arteries and veins posterior to the heart will be studied after the examination of the respiratory, digestive, and urinogenital systems.


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6 case with a spheroid; but the celestial bodies are so nearly spherical, and at such remote distances from one another, that they attract and are attracted as if each were a dense point situate in its centre of gravity,—a circumstance which greatly facilitates the investigation of their motions.

The attraction of the earth on bodies at its surface in that latitude the square of whose sine is $1⁄3$, is the same as if it were a sphere; and experience shows that bodies there fall through 16·0697 feet in a second. The mean distance of the moon from the earth is about sixty times the mean radius of the earth. When the number 16·0697 is diminished in the ratio of 1 to 3600, which is the square of the moon's distance from the earth's centre, it is found to be exactly the space the moon would fall through in the first second of her descent to the earth, were she not prevented by the centrifugal force arising from the velocity with which she moves in her orbit; so that the moon is retained in lier orbit by a force having the same origin, and regulated by the same law, with that which causes a stone to fall at the earth's surface. The earth may, therefore, be regarded as the centre of a force which extends to the moon; and, as experience shows that the action and re-action of matter are equal and contrary, the moon must attract the earth with an equal and contrary force.


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RV 988 (Rh)


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 sent to the bar for drinks—two ginger ales and two syphons of soda—and this by a group of smartly-dressed young men and girls who were laughing and chattering in the room, one of whom opened the door just wide enough to instruct him as to what was wanted. But because of a mirror over the mantel, he could see the party and one pretty girl in a white suit and cap, sitting on the edge of a chair in which reclined a young man who had his arm about her.

Clyde stared, even while pretending not to. And in his state of mind, this sight was like looking through the gates of Paradise. Here were young fellows and girls in this room, not so much older than himself, laughing and talking and drinking even—not ice-cream sodas and the like, but such drinks no doubt as his mother and father were always speaking against as leading to destruction, and apparently nothing was thought of it.

He bustled down to the bar, and having secured the drinks and a charge slip, returned—and was paid—a dollar and a half for the drinks and a quarter for himself. And once more he had a glimpse of the appealing scene. Only now one of the couples was dancing to a tune sung and whistled by the other two.

But what interested him as much as the visits to and glimpses of individuals in the different rooms, was the moving panorama of the main lobby—the character of the clerks behind the main desk—room clerk, key clerk, mail clerk, cashier and assistant cashier. And the various stands about the place—flower stand, news stand, cigar stand, telegraph office, taxicab office, and all manned by individuals who seemed to him curiously filled with the atmosphere of this place. And then around and between all these young men and girls all so fashionably dressed, all so ruddy and contented looking. And the cars or other vehicles in which some of them appeared about dinner time and later. It was possible for him to see them in the flare of the lights outside. The wraps, furs, and other belongings in which they appeared, or which were often carried by these other boys and himself across the great lobby and into the cars or the dining-room or the several elevators. And they were always of such gorgeous textures, as Clyde saw them. Such grandeur. This, then, most certainly was what it meant to be rich, to be a person of consequence in the world—to have money. It meant that you did what you pleased. That other people, like himself, waited upon you. That you possessed all of these luxuries. That you went how, where and when you pleased.

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Rh Newton proved that a body projected in space will move in a conic section, if it be attracted by a force directed towards a fixed point, and having an intensity inversely as the square of the distance; but that any deviation from that law will cause it to move in a curve of a different nature. Kepler ascertained, by direct observation, that the planets describe ellipses round the sun; and later observations show that comets also move in conic sections: it consequently follows that the sun attracts all the planets and comets inversely as the square of their distances from his centre; the sun, therefore, is the centre of a force extending indefinitely in space, and including all the bodies of the system in its action.

Kepler also deduced from observation, that the squares of the periodic times of the planets, or the times of their revolutions round the sun, are proportional to the cubes of their mean distances from his centre: whence it follows that the intensity of gravitation of all the bodies towards the sun is the same at equal distances; consequently gravitation is proportional to the masses, for, if the planets and comets were at equal distances from the sun, and left to the effects of gravity, they would arrive at his surface at the same time. The satellites also gravitate to their primaries according to the same law that their primaries do to the sun.


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 Crown 8vo, 300 pp., stiff boards, 2/6.

By MAX O'RELL.

Author of "John Bull and His Island," "," &c.

Diary of an Idle Woman in Sicily.

Home Nursing: Lectures on Domestic Hygiene.

Have Patience. By Author:F. Guise

Contains instructions for playing fifty different games of Patience.

Curtain Raisers. For Amateurs and others.


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{|style="width:100%"|
 * style="width:50%"|
 * style="width:50%"|
 * 서울역
 * Sŏuryŏk esŏ put’ŏ
 * }
 * }

(c) Connect a particle as a suffix to a verb stem, adverb, or simple inflection of the verb.

(d) Connect a contracted particle to the preceding noun or pronoun.

7. Numerals (수사)

Guidelines

(a) Write a number, includes a native Korean and a Sino-Korean number, as one word. Separate each romanized digit by hyphens without phonetic changes.

(b) Separate a native Korean and Sino-Korean number from its quantifier.

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 {|style="width:100%"|
 * style="width:50%"| 의 행복 찾기
 * style="width:50%"|Ahŭn-ahop t’ong ŭi haengbok ch’atki
 * colspan=2|
 * 살 의 방황
 * Sŭmul-tasŏt sal ŭi panghwang
 * colspan=2|
 * Sam hangnyŏn sam pan
 * colspan=2|
 * Yuk ch’ŭng sam hosil
 * colspan=2|
 * Se pŏntchae
 * colspan=2|
 * 책
 * Ch’aek ne kwŏn
 * colspan=2|
 * 소
 * So yŏl mari
 * colspan=2|
 * }
 * Se pŏntchae
 * colspan=2|
 * 책
 * Ch’aek ne kwŏn
 * colspan=2|
 * 소
 * So yŏl mari
 * colspan=2|
 * }
 * colspan=2|
 * 소
 * So yŏl mari
 * colspan=2|
 * }
 * colspan=2|
 * }

(c) Whenever possible, write the preformative element 제 (第) joined to the following number to form a binary.

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 However, prefer to join a number to a suffix or generic term that follows it with a hyphen (for example, 차 (次), 회 (回), 번 (番)). Do not indicate phonetic changes after the hyphen. In such cases, when 第 precedes the number, separate it from the number.

In more complex situations, still attempt to create binaries when possible.

(d) Write a numeral quantifier for periods of time, such as 시, 분, 초, 일, 월, 년, 세기, etc., as one word.

(e) In case of certain contracted numerals that have been firmly established through common usage, prefer that form.

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ND so, of all the influences which might have come to Clyde at this time, either as an aid or an injury to his development, perhaps the most dangerous for him, considering his temperament, was this same Green-Davidson, than which no more materially affected or gaudy a realm could have been found anywhere between the two great American mountain ranges. Its darkened and cushioned tea-room, so somber and yet tinted so gayly with colored lights, was an ideal rendezvous, not only for such inexperienced and eager flappers of the period who were to be taken by a show of luxury, but also for those more experienced and perhaps a little faded beauties, who had a thought for their complexions and the advantages of dim and uncertain lights. Also, like most hotels of its kind, it was frequented by a certain type of eager and ambitious male of no certain age or station in life, who counted upon his appearance here at least once, if not twice a day, at certain brisk and interesting hours, to establish for himself the reputation of man-about-town, or rounder, or man of wealth, or taste, or attractiveness, or all.

And it was not long after Clyde had begun to work here that he was informed by these peculiar boys with whom he was associated, one or more of whom was constantly seated with him upon the “hop-bench”, as they called it, as to the evidence and presence even here—it was not long before various examples of the phenomena were pointed out to him—of a certain type of social pervert, morally disarranged and socially taboo, who sought to arrest and interest boys of their type, in order to come into some form of illicit relationship with them, which at first Clyde could not grasp. The mere thought of it made him ill. And yet some of these boys, as he was now informed—a certain youth in particular, who was not on the same watch with him at this time—were supposed to be of the mind that “fell for it,” as one of the other youths phrased it.

And the talk and the palaver that went on in the lobby and the grill, to say nothing of the restaurants and rooms, were sufficient to convince any inexperienced and none-too-discerning mind that the chief business of life for any one with a little money or social position was to attend a theater, a ball-game

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{|style="width:100%"|
 * style="width:50%"|
 * style="width:50%"|
 * 三一 運動
 * Sam-il Undong
 * 팔일오 광복
 * P’al-iro Kwangbok
 * }
 * P’al-iro Kwangbok
 * }

(f) Write a native Korean indeterminate number as one word.

8. Exclamations (감탄사)

Guidelines

(a) Separate an exclamation from other parts of speech.

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Basic Law of the Macao Special Administrative Region/Decree of the President of the People's Republic of China

Decree of the President of the People's Republic of China

No. 3

I hereby promulgate the Basic Law of the Macao Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China, including Annex I, Method for the Selection of the Chief Executive of the Macao Special Administrative Region, Annex II, Method for the Formation of the Legislative Council of the Macao Special Administrative Region, Annex III, National Laws to Be Applied in the Macao Special Administrative Region, and designs of the regional flag and regional emblem of the Macao Special Administrative Region, which was adopted at the First Session of the Eighth National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China on 31 March 1993 and shall be put into effect as of 20 December 1999.

 * (Signed)
 * Jiang Zemin
 * President of the People's Republic of China

 * March 1993


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 9. Affixes (접사)

Guidelines

(a) Write an affix and the word it modifies together as one word.

See Appendixes 4 and 5 for the lists of prefixes and suffixes.

(b) Whenever the original meaning is not clear, prefer to separate a proper noun (고유 명사) from a single character modifier, affix or substantive.

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{|style="width:100%"|
 * style="width:50%"|
 * style="width:50%"|
 * 大 백제 를 위하여
 * Tae Paekche rŭl wihayŏ
 * colspan=2|
 * 박 정희 식 민주주의
 * Pak Chŏng-hŭi sik minjujuŭi
 * colspan=2|
 * }
 * Pak Chŏng-hŭi sik minjujuŭi
 * colspan=2|
 * }
 * }

(c) When two single character prefixes modify the same word consecutively, generally separate the first one.

(d) Separate a single character prefix of Chinese origin from the word it modifies, when another word is inserted in between.

(e) Separate a single character prefix 신 (新), 속 (續), etc. from the word it modifies, when it implies new edition or continuation. but:

10. Abbreviated Forms (줄임말, 약어, 등)

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Page:Critical Pronouncing Dictionary (Walker, 4th edition, London, 1806).pdf/96

, b-sknd′. v. a. 1em

, b-scn′dr. s. 1em

, b′snse. s. 1em

, b′snt. a. (492) 1em

, b-snt′. v. a. 1em

, b-sn-t′. s. 1em

, b-sn′th--td. p. 1em

, b-sst′. v. n. 1em

, b-zlv′. v. a. (448) 1em

, b′s-lte. a. (448) 1em

, b′s-lte-l. ad. 1em

, b′s-lte-nss. s. 1em

, b-s-l′shn. s. 1em

, b-sl′-tr-r. a. 1em

, b′s-nnt. a. (544) 1em

, b′s-ns. a. 1em

, b-srb′. v. a. 1em

, b-sr′bnt. s. 1em

, b-srpt′. p. 1em

, b-srp′shn. s. 1em

, b-stne′. v. n. 1em

, b-st′m-s. a. 1em

, b-st′m-s-l. ad. 1em

, b-st′m-s-nss s. (534) 1em

, b-stn′shn. s. 1em

, b-strje′. v. a. 1em

, b-str′jnt. a. 1em

, b-strse′. v. a. 1em

, b-str′shn. s. 1em

, b-str′sv. a. (428) 1em

, b′st-nnse. s. 1em

, b′st-nnt. a. 1em

, b-strkt′. v. a. 1em

, b-strkt′. a. 1em

, b′strkt. s. (492) 1em

, b-strk′td. p. a. 1em

, b-strk′td-l. ad. 1em

, b-strk′shn. s. 1em

, b-strk′tv. a. 1em

, b-strkt′l. ad. 1em

, b-strse′. a. (427) 1em

, b-strse′l. ad. 1em

, b-strse′nss. s. 1em

, b-str′s-t. s. (511) 1em

, b-sme′. v. a. 1em

, b-srd′. a. 1em

, b-sr′d-t. s. (511) 1em

, b-srd′l. ad. 1em

, b-srd′nss. s. 1em

, -bn′dnse. s. 1em

, -bn′dnt. a. 1em

, -bn′dnt-l. ad. 1em

, -bze′. v. a. (437) 1em

, -bse′. s. (437) 1em

, -b′zr. s. 1em

, -b′sv. a. (428) 1em

, -b′sv-l. ad. 1em

, -bt′. v. n. obsolete. 1em

, -bt′mnt. s. 1em

, -bss′. s. 1em

, -k′sh-. s. (505) 1em

, k--d′m-l. a. 1em

, k--d′m-n. s. 1em

, k--dm′m-kl. a. 1em

, k--dm′k. s. (508) 1em

, k-k-dm′k. a. 1em

, k-k-d-msh′n. s. 1em

, -cd′d-mst, or, k′-dm-st. s. 1em

, -kd′d-m, or, k′-dm-. s. An assembly or society of men, uniting for the promotion of some art; the place where sciences are taught; a place of education, in contradistinction to the universities or public schools.

☞ Dr. Johnson tells us, that this word was anciently and properly accented on the first syllable, though now frequently on the second. That it was accented on the first syllable till within these few years, is pretty generally remembered; and if Shakespeare did not, by poetical license, violate the accentuation of his time, it was certainly pronounced so two centuries ago, as appears by Dr. Johnston′s quotation of him:

Our court shall be a little academy, Still and contemplative in living arts." Love′s Labour′s Lost.

And in Ben Johnson′s New Inn we find the same accentuation:

"Every house became An academy of honour, and those parts We see departed."

But the accentuation of this word formerly, on the first syllable, is so generally acknowledged, as not to stand in need of poetic authority. The question is, whether this accentuation, or that which places the stress on the second syllable, is the most proper? To wave, therefore, the authority of custom, which precludes all reasoning on language, and reduces the dispute to a mere matter of fact, it may be presumed, that whatever is agreeable to the most general


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1. confident heading may seem too presumptuous; but I challenge the facts themselves, and, while I constitute the reader as judge, will myself do nothing but summon witnesses. I call a school that fulfils its function perfectly, one which is a true forging-place of men; where the minds of those who learn are illuminated by the light of wisdom, so as to penetrate with ease all that is manifest and all that is secret (comp. Wisdom vii. 21), where the emotions and the desires are brought into harmony with virtue, and where the heart is filled with and permeated by divine love, so that all who are handed over to Christian schools to be imbued with true wisdom may be taught to live a heavenly life on earth; in a word, where all men are taught all things thoroughly.

2. But has any school either existed on this plane of perfection or held this goal in view; not to ask if any has ever reached it? Lest I should seem to chase Platonic ideas and to dream of perfection such as exists nowhere and cannot be hoped for in this life, I will point out by another argument that such schools ought to be and have never yet existed.

3. Dr. Luther, in his exhortation to towns of the empire on behalf of the erection of schools ( 1525), asks for these two things, among others. Firstly, that schools may be founded in all cities, towns, and villages,


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 Guidelines

(a) Connect two coordinated characters, affixes, or substantives together into a single word without hyphens.

(b) Write an abbreviated or contracted proper name of Korean or foreign origin as a single word.

(c) Hyphenate combined abbreviated forms or coordinated forms of proper nouns. Do not indicate phonetic changes either before or after the hyphen.

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116 welcome wherever you go.” Or, if the number of chapters happened to be small, “Baird’s Manual” was referred to again. “Only fifteen chapters, you see. We don’t take in new chapters every time they ask. We ’re darned careful to know what we ’re signing up before we take anybody in.” The word “aristocratic” was carefully avoided, but it was just as carefully suggested.

It seemed to Hugh that he was shown a photo¬ graph of every fraternity house in the country.; “Look,” he would be told by his host, “look at that picture to the right of the fireplace. That’s our house at Cornell. Isn’t it the darb? And look at that one. It’s our house at California. Some palace. They’ve got sunken gardens. I was out there last year to our convention. The boys cer¬ tainly gave us a swell time.”

All this through a haze of tobacco smoke and over the noise of a jazz orchestra and the chatter of a dozen similar conversations. Hugh was ex¬ cited but not really interested. The Nu Deltas in-3 vited him to their house every evening, but they were not making a great fuss over him. Perhaps they were n’t going to give him a bid. , . . Well, he’d go some other fraternity. No, he would n’t, either. Maybe the Nu Deltas would bid him later after he ’d done something on the track.

Although actual pledging was not supposed to be done until Saturday night, Hugh was receiving what


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 (d) Write a contracted word into binary components without doing harm to the original meaning.

11. Scientific terms, nomenclature, etc. (전문 용어, 등)

Guidelines

(a) To the extent possible, follow the guidelines when separating parts of speech or creating binaries for technical terms, specialized terms used in the professions or arts, slang, jargon, etc., without doing harm to the original meaning.

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 for the instruction of all the young of both sexes (the necessity of which we proved in ), so that even peasants and artisans may, for two hours daily, receive instruction in useful knowledge, in morality, and in religion. Secondly, that an easier method of instruction imay be introduced, so that students, instead of developing an antipathy towards learning, may be enticed by irresistible attractions, and that, as he says, boys may gain no less pleasure from study than from spending whole days in playing ball and amusing themselves. These are the views of Dr. Luther.

4. This is indeed a noble counsel, and worthy of such a man! But who does not see that matters have gone no farther than his wish? For where are those universal schools, where is that attractive method?

5. It is evident that nothing has been done, since in the smaller villages and hamlets no schools have been founded.

6. Where schools exist, they are not for the whole community, but only for the rich, since, owing to their cost, the poor cannot gain admission to them, except by some chance, such as pity on the part of some one. Among those excluded there are probably some excellent intellects, which are thus ruined and destroyed, to the great loss of the Church and of the state.

7. Further, the method used in instructing the young has generally been so severe that schools have been looked on as terrors for boys and shambles for their intellects, and the greater number of the students, having contracted a dislike for learning and for books, have hastened away to the workshops of artificers or to some other occupation.

8. On the other hand, those who remained at school (whether compelled to do so by parents and guardians, or influenced by the hope of obtaining some honourable position by means of their attainments, or drawn towards the liberal arts spontaneously and of their own nature) did not receive a serious or comprehensive education, but a preposterous and wretched one. For piety and virtue,


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 which form the most important element in education, were neglected more than anything else. In all the schools (and even in the universities, which ought to embody the greatest advances of human culture) these subjects held only a secondary place, so that for the most part, instead of tractable lambs, fiery wild asses and restive mules were produced; and instead of characters moulded to virtue, nothing issued from the schools but a spurious veneer of morality, a fastidious and exotic clothing of culture, and eyes, hands, and feet trained to worldly vanities. How few of these mannikins, who had for so long been polished by such a training in the languages and in the arts, realised that to the rest of the world they ought to be an example of temperance, charity, humility, humanity, gravity, patience, and continence!

The reason of this evidently is that the question of “virtuous living” is never raised in the schools. This is shown by the wretched discipline in nearly all schools, by the dissolute morals of all classes, and by the never-ceasing complaints, sighs, and tears of pious men. Can any one defend the condition in which our schools have been? An hereditary disease, sprung from our first parents, pervades all classes, so that, shut out from the tree of life, we direct our desires inordinately towards the tree of knowledge, and our schools also, permeated by this insatiable appetite, have hitherto pursued nothing but intellectual progress.

9. But with what method or with what success have they done even this? In truth, the only result achieved was the following. For five, ten, or more years they detained the mind over matters that could be mastered in one. What could have been gently instilled into the intellect, was violently impressed upon it, nay rather stuffed and flogged into it. What might have been placed before the mind plainly and lucidly, was treated of obscurely, perplexedly, and intricately, as if it were a complicated riddle.

10. In addition, though for the present we will pass


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 this over, the intellect was scarcely ever nourished by the actual facts, but was filled with the husks of words, with a windy and parrot-like loquacity, and with the chaff of opinions.

11. The study of the Latin language alone (to take this subject as an example), good heavens! how intricate, how complicated, and how prolix it was! Camp followers and military attendants, engaged in the kitchen and in other menial occupations, learn a tongue that differs from their own, sometimes two or three, quicker than the children in schools learn Latin only, though children have abundance of time, and devote all their energies to it. And with what unequal progress! The former gabble their languages after a few months, while the latter, after fifteen or twenty years, can only put a few sentences into Latin with the aid of grammars and of dictionaries, and cannot do even this without mistakes and hesitation. Such a disgraceful waste of time and of labour must assuredly arise from a faulty method.

12. On this subject the celebrated Eilhard Lubinus, professor in the University of Rostock, has with justice remarked: “When I consider the ordinary method of teaching boys in schools, it seems to me as if it had been laboriously devised with a view to make it impossible for teachers and pupils alike to lead or to be led to a knowledge of the Latin tongue, without great labour, great tedium, infinite trouble, and the greatest possible consumption of time. A state of things which I cannot think of without shuddering.” And a little farther on: “After frequent consideration of these matters I find myself always led to the conclusion, that the entire system must have been introduced into schools by some evil and envious genius, the enemy of the human race.” So says Lubinus, who is only one out of many authorities whom I could quote in my favour.

13. But what need is there of witnesses? How many of us there are who have left the schools and universities with scarcely a notion of true learning! I, unfortunate