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 difficulties would the detection of this strange meeting occasion to Adelaide, to myself, and to us all. This apprehension instantly obtaining the predominancy of my mind, I expressed it to her; but she smiled, and said,

“Be tranquil, dear Huwald. These sleepers will not disturb us.”

I started when she addressed me by my real name. She observed my astonishment, and continued,

“Ferdinand, you need not attempt to disguise yourself to me. Believe me, I sincerely wish for your happiness: it is as dear to me as my own.”

I was enchanted by these words; and by the confidential tone in which she addressed me. I was therefore most careful not to be excited by my feelings to give utterance to her name; which it is said invariably awakens sleepwalkers.

How long we conversed I know not; for the minutes flew with an inconceivable swiftness. At last, she prepared to depart; but previously to our separation, she asked me whether I would grant her one request. Eagerly and passionately I promised to fulfil every wish of hers, that was within the range of possibility; and entreated her to name it. She then requested me to give her my ring, as a remembrance of that hour. The pledge she desired was an extremely old family jewel; and so valued by me, that even to her I parted with it reluctantly. But who could refuse the first request of his beloved? I took it quickly from my finger; and placed it myself on her fair white hand.

“When you next see this ring on my finger,” said she, with sudden, singular, and almost appalling solemnity, “think of your promise. Guess my wishes, and scrupulously fulfil them, even if I should not utter them.”

We were then standing before the recess which contained the altar.

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 “Ferdinand,” said she sorrowfully, “will you ever remain faithful to your love?”

This, was the first word of avowed affection which I had ever heard from her lips; and I vehemently protested my fidelity with a thousand asseverations.

“Never cease to remember the oath you have sworn before this altar,” she rejoined; and then added, with an admonitory and indelible impressiveness, “If you were to break it, I should be compelled to fearfully persecute you.”

With these words she advanced towards the door. I now entreated her to give me also a remembrance of our meeting; and pointed to one of her bright golden locks. She looked sadly at me; and said imploringly,

“Do not persist in this request, Ferdinand; for, believe me, my compliance with it would not increase your happiness. On the contrary, it might cause you to cease to love me; and every kind of misfortune would pursue you. Trust to my words, and urge me no more.”

She then quickly escaped through the secret door by which she had entered. When however I endeavoured to open it to catch at least a last glance of her, the lock withstood all my efforts.

Rejoiced at the bright future which opened to my view, I seated myself beside my now waking companions; and evaded their questions by pretended drowsiness, till at last sleep really mastered my imagination; and many gay and terrific visions floated confusedly before my eyes.

Morning had scarcely dawned, when Bentheim sent to inquire for his guests. The officers were ashamed to confess that they had again slept through the whole night; and, probably in the hope of escaping ridicule, they pretended to be highly offended, insisting that the master of the house had wished to alarm them by idle fears, which he knew to be unfounded and vague.

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 —ministered beyond anything else for the new master to a sense of close communication with the old. It was extraordinary how on this ground the young man felt himself understood; and he reflected endlessly as well as amazedly on the fact that it had all been done for him by his slim composition of five years before, so timid, so futile in the light of his subsequent growth. The affair would have been less of a fairytale—and had indeed thereby less of a charm—if Mr. Pendrel's impulse had been determined by such a book as he might now write. What a book, what books, moreover, should properly proceed, he said to himself, from a longer and nearer view of the silent secrets of the place! These were what had been bequeathed him, these were what the hand of death had placed before him, on the table, as in a locked brass-bound box the key of which he was to find. It would not be by any weakness of his, please God, that a single one of them should fail of its message.

He liked to think, as he took possession, that his kinsman was watching, and therewith waiting, beyond the grave; though the way he had abstained from restrictive conditions—from all, that is, save a single one hereafter to be mentioned—was perhaps the deepest note in his good taste. The part played in the whole business by that happy principle was in truth at moments almost such as to make poor Ralph uneasy. There was 44


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 They were obliged, however, to confess that during their sleep, many strange events might have occurred; and thus was the dispute finally adjusted, and thus terminated my companions’ share in this wanton exploit.

A considerable time elapsed after the family had assembled at breakfast, before Adelaide made her appearance; and when she did enter, I thought her unusually pale. I asked whether she had passed a restless night?

“On the contrary,” she smilingly replied, “I slept so singularly soundly, that I heard nothing of the violent storm.”

“Has there really been a storm?” demanded I.

“Well, certainly,” rejoined the Baron laughing, “no one can doubt the intrepidity of a person, who, in expectation of a mysterious adventure, could sleep through such a storm as that which occurred last night. I should have thought that the mere rattling of stones in your vicinity must have wakened you. The storm almost knocked down the old tower. I assure you, I was in much anxiety on your account; and was once even on my way to your room.”

I thought of the light which I had seen during the night in an opposite window, and I related how welcome this social gleam had been to me. The Baron appeared astonished, and assured me that the wing of the castle in which I had beheld the light was utterly uninhabited. I did not attempt to establish my assertion; but fearing to betray my secret, declared the possibility of the light having been a mere reflection.

During this conversation, more reports were brought of the damage occasioned by the storm. An aged steward of the name of Hartmann insisted urgently on the necessity of repairing the old tower, which had chiefly suffered. The Baron consented with a smile; and the old man cheerfully hurried away to give the necessary orders.

“The roof of the castle might threaten to fall,” said Ben-

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 theim, as we remarked the zeal of his steward, “and such haste would not be shown to repair it, so powerful is the superstition of the lower orders regarding this particular tower. Indeed, with the preservation of it, according to their belief, Heaven only knows what is not connected!—the existence of myself and my family at the very least. What has given rise to this idea no one can tell; and the traditions with regard to it are of the most extravagant and fabulous kind. It is strange, however, that in spite of all this care the tower continually meets with all sorts of accidents. At one time, it sinks of its own accord; at another, a storm shakes it to its very foundation; so that the constant necessity for repairing it costs me, I assure you, very large sums. But, I should greatly and permanently offend my dependents, if I withheld this expense: such is the unequalled importance of that tottering old building in their eyes.”

Shortly afterwards both officers received an order to join the army, and left us, to Bentheim’s great joy; as their avowal of their determination to make another attempt to fathom the secrets of the Silver Lady, had given offence to him, though he had evidently no reason to apprehend any disagreeable discovery.

When we were alone, Adelaide asked me again, whether no mysterious circumstance had occurred to me in the dreadful chamber? and she shuddered herself, while she questioned me. I assured her that I had met with nothing, either supernatural or alarming; that, on the contrary, the fairest images and dreams had hovered round me, and that, if the Baron would permit me to follow my own inclinations, I would even gladly choose the famed chamber for my own sleeping apartment.

Adelaide eagerly entreated me to abandon this rash desire; that I had already sufficiently tempted fortune, and that a second trial might be productive of a far different result. The

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 Baron agreed with the opinion of his daughter; and I could not persist in my wish, without the risk of displeasing him.

Shortly after this conversation, I began to rally Adelaide upon the subject, asking her whether she had never met with anything extraordinary herself, in the haunted chamber. She answered my question in the negative, assuring me that she had, from her childhood, always avoided that part of the castle, and never, in her life, had ventured to enter that room. “I do not,” she added, “even know the way which leads to it.”

“With this apprehension,” said I, “you ought to inquire the way, in order to prevent the possibility of finding yourself, by chance, in this dreadful apartment.”

“Oh!” answered she, “there is no fear of such an accident. When certain rash young gentlemen do not interfere, and change the order of things, all the doors which lead to that room are locked.”

“Perhaps, however,” said I, “there are various passages which lead to it. You may probably imagine yourself to be in a distant part of the castle, but, seeing a bolt in the wall, you touch it, a secret door opens, and you suddenly find yourself in the mysterious chamber.”

“For God’s sake do not alarm me,” said Adelaide, seriously; then added, with more composure, “but such an occurrence is impossible. The rooms which I occupy are too well known to me; and can lead to no secret chamber.”

Bentheim confirmed this assertion.

“That part of the building,” added he, “is completely separated from that which we inhabit. And even the passage which formerly led directly from the castle to the church has long been impassable; probably on account of the neglect arising in this very fear.”

I had too certain proofs of a connection between that very room, and the inhabited part of the castle, to be convinced of 4em

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 the reverse. However, I merely asked Adelaide whether she had never been there in her childhood; and if she had formed no idea in her own mind of that formidable chamber?

“The mind involuntarily forms an image of everything unknown,” answered she, “and this is my case. I imagine the room to be very spacious, but desolate, as indeed it must be. I also think, I don’t know why, that there is a large walled-up window, in which an old altar stands.”

“There your imagination errs,” interrupted the Baron. “I never heard of either the window, or the altar; and I saw nothing of them, the only time that I ever in my life approached the chamber, in the endeavour to discover the cause of the General’s sudden departure.”

“Nevertheless,” returned I, “the fact is exactly as the Lady Adelaide asserts. Last night, to prevent every possibility of deception, I removed an old heavy screen; and behind it I discovered an altar, in the niche of a window, which was concealed by a wall.”

“Strange, most strange!” exclaimed, in much amazement, both father and daughter. Every conjecture was exhausted in the endeavour to obtain any explanation of this extraordinary coincidence. The only probable cause, I had too good reason for not mentioning; and therefore avoided a continuation of the subject.

As I went out, I met Hartmann, who was superintending, with the greatest zeal, the repairs of the old tower. I was anxious to hear some of the mysterious traditions, regarding this ancient building; and consequently entered into conversation with him. He, at first, narrated the well known tale, of the gift of a subterraneous gnome, which was buried in the tower; and which was to preserve the family from all misfortunes. But I soon saw that he did not believe this fable, which is related of so many castles. At last, becoming more

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 confidential, he confessed that he did not, himself, know the mystery; but that there was, undoubtedly, some connection between the preservation of the tower, and the Silver Lady. Such a connection did not appear very probable to me, from the experience I had had of the supposed apparition; but I allowed the old man to talk on; and I heard, from him, the following tale.

“In ancient times, when this domain was first inherited by the Bentheims, there lived a young lady of the family of the former possessor. She was of surpassing beauty, but also a cunning sorceress; and she terrified the new possessor to such a degree, by her necromantic arts, that he nearly lost his senses. The fair magician was consequently imprisoned in the old tower; and then, as she persisted in her incantations, she was accused of witchcraft, and condemned to justify herself, by a water ordeal.

“She was, according to custom, bound hand and foot, and laid on the surface of the lake of the castle; if she floated, the existence of her bond with the Evil One, was supposed to be established beyond a doubt. In the present case, indeed, she sank to the bottom, protesting her innocence; and thus was she clearly purified from all suspicion of having formed any connection with the devil. Yet her entire freedom from all blame, was not thought sufficiently proved; consequently, when her body was drawn from the lake, it was refused burial in the family vault, and ignominiously interred in a passage which led to the church. She now, therefore, it is said, finds no rest in her unholy grave; and incessantly persecutes the owner of the castle. She even tries to destroy the tower by her magic arts; because, during her imprisonment, she cursed the building, and prayed that, along with it, the new race of proprietors might be destroyed.”

The account of the trial for witchcraft made me a little 2

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 doubtful about the truth of the tale; and I thought the fiction of the gnome infinitely more probable. Moreover, I was quite at ease about the security of the tower; for Hartmann was building it up as if he was completing a work which was to sustain a siege.

I was more uneasy about Adelaide, in whom I remarked a very unusual disquietude. This even seemed to strike her father; and he questioned her repeatedly on the cause of her anxiety, but never could elicit any satisfactory answer. I thought he appeared much distressed, and apprehended, as the source of her sadness, a renewal of a power of second sight, which he had formerly remarked in her. Many of the servants too, especially the older ones, became thoughtful and observant, and looked at her and each other significantly.

At last, an event occurred which but too fatally confirmed her gloomy presentiments. News came from the army that young Bentheim had fallen in battle. The agony and despair of the father and sister were beyond all description. With his only son he lost the power of bequeathing the greatest part of his property; and every prospect of assuring a brilliant existence to his daughter after his death, was destroyed.

The sincere and deep sympathy which I felt for the family in these melancholy circumstances, caused me to enjoy greater intimacy with the fair Adelaide. She confessed that she had anticipated some dreadful calamity; but she had no power whatever of precisely specifying its nature; for the images and feelings which had floated in her mind were so indistinct, that she could only seize the general idea of an impending misfortune. Not until the night immediately before the sad news arrived, had the form of her brother mingled with these vague anticipations of evil.

I asked her whether she frequently experienced similar presentiments? She told me that no sad or joyful event ever

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 occurred in the family, that some obscure intimation of it did not for several previous days hover confusedly before her eyes; and, strange to say, all these visions invariably bore some dim, mysterious, and even to her, inscrutable reference to the chamber of the Silver Lady. Even my arrival had been known to her for some days before it occurred; an avowal which explained to me the bewitching emotion which she had exhibited when I first beheld her in the castle garden.

The discovery of this melancholy faculty, which, in my mind, was intimately, though mystically, connected with her somnambulism, only served to attach me still more powerfully to this interesting and lovely girl. How many secret sources of sympathy and union now existed between us! My first meeting with her had also been imaged to me; I, too, was of a temperament visionary and pensive: Heaven itself seemed to have arranged that our paths in life should be identical! Thus, it pleased me to fancy; and gladly did I cherish this fond and fervent belief in the unity of our destinies, and strive to regard it as a pledge of our future happiness.

I thought I now perceived in Adelaide a return of my affection; though the impression which the sad death of her brother had made on her, was yet too recent to allow me to speak, with any propriety, of an attachment which required so many explanations and confessions to obtain a favourable reception from the persons on whom its success depended.

The shock the old tower had received, appeared now a prophetic warning; and though with his son expired the superstitious belief in the good fortune which was to depend upon the preservation of the tower, yet the Baron fortified it as far as possible. Accustomed as I had now become, to watch with unceasing interest, and in the consciousness of her prescient faculties, with a certain degree of superstitious apprehension, all the moods of my beloved Adelaide’s mind, I found some-

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 thing very extraordinary in the antipathy which, at this period, she suddenly conceived for this old building. She even indulged this feeling so far as to assert, that instead of repairing it, she believed that they would all act much more wisely and beneficially for themselves, if they suffered it to fall altogether. Old Hartmann, also cooled considerably in his ardour for its preservation, declaring, thoughtfully, “That his young lady probably was not herself aware of the importance of what she said. But her abrupt and strong antipathy to this ominous building, certainly contained and indicated some serious meaning”—So implicitly did he believe in her powers of anticipation.

In the meantime, my love for Adelaide daily increased, without my daring to confess it, either to her, or to her father. It would have been folly in me, poor and destitute as I was, to seek a connexion with a young and high-born maiden, accustomed to every comfort and luxury; but deprived, by an unhappy chance, of the means of continuing in future the splendour which she had hitherto enjoyed. The views which must guide her father in the choice of a husband for her, were obvious, and necessary; and it was equally obvious that her beauty and fascination, joined to the most cultivated mind, must abundantly compensate for her want of wealth, even in the eyes of a selfish world.

It is true, that out of his large revenues, by dint of the strictest economy, Bentheim might ultimately have saved a considerable provision for his beloved daughter. But he could not but feel the precariousness of life; he might die before the first year was complete; every prudential reason, therefore, united to incite him to incur no doubtful risks, but to secure her future independence, by immediately matching her with some opulent man.

In the bitterness which these feelings, and the just sense of her position and my own excited in me, I had often determined to offer the Baron my resignation; and so intolerable did they

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 at last become, that I resolved only to defer it until, by a series of short excursions from the castle, I should have accustomed myself to live apart from the idol of my soul. That this project was chimerical, I do not doubt; but I had no opportunity of proving its futility; for, at this very period, a memorable event occurred, which changed for ever the whole current of affairs.

The morning before I intended to apply for permission to commence my first journey, I was giving the Baron a roll of papers and accounts, when a cry arose that the old tower had fallen! He hurried to the place, where old Hartmann met us, with a casket found in the ruins.

We all now hoped to obtain a key to the mystery of the tower. The Baron shut himself up in his room; but he soon sent for me, to examine with him the old writings, which he had discovered in the casket.

These papers contained the history of the lady whose renowned fate Hartmann had related to me. Her father had been the possessor of the castle and the lands belonging to it. His wish to have a male heir to his estate induced him, on the birth of his son, to make a vow to perform a crusade in the Holy Land. To provide for the security of his domains during the performance of this vow, he left them in charge of the brother of his wife, on whose integrity he placed the firmest reliance; with injunctions that if he never returned, he should restore his lands to his infant son. Documents to this effect were prepared in due form; so as to entail for ever the domain on his, and his son’s, male heirs. And still further to secure his object, he concealed duplicates of the original papers in the ball, on the top of the tower, which was built at that time, without revealing the mystery to any one. His daughter alone by chance discovered the circumstance; though without anticipating the importance of these writings.

The Knight was slain in a skirmish with the infidels; and

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 his false relative did not hesitate to take possession of the estate which had been entrusted to his care. His niece now demanded the restoration of her infant brother’s property from the base usurper; but he refused, under the pretext that her parent had left the property to him, and denied the promise of restoration. After much contention, the lady remembered the writings which her father had concealed in the ball of the tower; but too prudent to reveal this circumstance to her powerful enemy, she kept it secret, in the intention of imparting it at a future period to her brother. But having in some moment of anger allowed words to escape her which only too clearly signified that she was possessed of an all important secret, a cruel persecution against her was commenced. Threats and promises were tried in vain, to induce her to discover the mystery. At last, they accused her of sorcery; and imprisoned her in the very tower which contained the precious documents. Here she found an opportunity of transcribing her history; and of mentioning, for the benefit of her posterity, the place in the tower, where the papers were concealed.

Bentheim thanked Heaven, for having ordained that this disclosure should be made at a time when it would cost him so little effort to restore the unjustly acquired property to its rightful owners, if any still existed. Immediately, he caused the ball on the top of the tower to be opened; and the papers were discovered. But, imagine my astonishment, when the name of the former possessor was brought to light! It was that of my ancestor—Wolf von Huwald. I remembered an ancient tradition, that he had sold his estates, and had been slain in the Holy Land. There was consequently the strongest probability that I was the direct descendant and rightful heir of Wolf.

Bentheim was not much less astonished than I, when I revealed to him my real name, and the supposition which I had

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 formed. But by a reference to my papers, I substantiated my belief; the whole of my genealogy was complete: and I stood before the wondering Baron, no longer the obscure, penniless adventurer, and patronized menial, but the rightful, and legal possessor of the proud domains of Bentheim!

The kind-hearted and generous noble attempted to offer me his congratulations; but I replied that all the riches, rank, and dignity in the world were worthless to me, until I knew whether I was to be rendered really happy by the possession of the lovely Adelaide. The blushes of that dear girl then revealed entirely to me, a secret already more than half betrayed. Bentheim also manifested no opposition; and thus we concluded the bond of our love.

While I was occupied in laying before the Baron the various evidence of my right of inheritance, I recollected the ring which I had given to Adelaide, during her nocturnal visit.

“Another collateral proof of my descent,” said I; “my bride herself can give you; on whose hand I placed it in a very memorable hour.”

An explanation was demanded by the Baron; and I asked Adelaide, whether she had never observed on her finger a ring which was unknown to her? To my surprise she answered in the negative. I then minutely described it; but she had no remembrance of it. At my instigation, she then repaired to her own chamber to search for it among her ornaments; but she quickly returned, stating that she could discover no ring at all resembling mine. Consequently, I was forced to conclude, what was by no means agreeable to me, that this valued bequest of my remotest ancestors had dropped from the hand of the fair sleepwalker while she was returning to her room.

I was now obliged to relate every particular of this gift. The Baron was much perplexed, by the intelligence of the apparition of his daughter in the mysterious chamber; and

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Paragraph 2, lines 3–4: should "night-/walking" be "nightwalking" (like "sleepwalker" on this and other pages) or "night-walking"? -- Yodin T 04:59, 31 December 2023 (UTC)


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 Adelaide gravely assured us, that so far as she herself knew, and believed, she had never in her life been a sleepwalker. But even if she had unconsciously been subject to this dangerous propensity, there was no communication whatever between her apartment, and the haunted one. Her visit, therefore, to it, was at all events utterly impossible.

But I was too certain of the fact, to suffer myself to be affected by this denial; and I suggested to her, as a corroboration of my assertion, the possible connection of her nightwalking, with her second sight. I then begged her to examine carefully the way to the chamber of the Silver Lady; when she might probably not only discover some secret communication, but even find the ring which she had lost.

Adelaide yielded at last, though reluctantly, to my entreaties; and, accompanied by the Baron, we passed through a long closed, desolate looking passage. A small flight of steps led upwards, until we came to a door in the tapestry; when my assertion was confirmed. This door communicated with the dreaded chamber; where, instead of a horrible spectre, the lovely Adelaide had appeared to me. Upon examination, however, it became perfectly incomprehensible to me, how the fair night wanderer could have contrived to open the locked and rusty door.

After a minute but ineffectual search, I was compelled to admit the disagreeable conviction that the ring which I so valued was irrecoverably lost. We then prepared to quit these scenes of desolation; but the ruins of the fallen tower made any path through the room impossible. Consequently, we were obliged to retrace our steps, and return by our former route.

When we descended the staircase, and found ourselves again in the gloomy, dusky passage, Adelaide suddenly started; and, with an expression of preternatural excitation, pointed vehemently to an opposite wall, where we saw nothing; but she

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 maintained that a white shadow was visible to her, and that she felt as if there must be a grave beneath it.

The Baron, though with evident agitation, attempted to rally her on the flights of her imagination; but she solemnly, and urgently persisted in her idea.

At that moment, the unholy sepulture of the lady whose dark fate Hartmann had recounted, suddenly recurred to my mind; and I resolved, with the consent of the Baron, to cause search to be made for her remains.

I immediately summoned Hartmann and some workmen with the proper implements; when the process of excavation commenced. We soon found traces in the wall, which confirmed our conjecture; and, when a large stone was removed, a coffin was discovered.

I commanded the lid to be removed; and the lovely shape I had beheld in my dream, Adelaide’s aerial counterpart, lay bodily before me! She was clad in the well-remembered drapery, embroidered with silver stars; her countenance was fair, as if untouched by death, and smiling in magic loveliness. Thus had Adelaide appeared to me on that eventful night, and in the dream which first led me to her beloved presence.

“The Silver Lady!” ejaculated the workmen, and Hartmann, in tones of consternation and horror.

This exclamation, and the drapery with silver stars, which I had never seen my Adelaide wear, now first and instantaneously awakened in me a terrific doubt whether the night wanderer were really a mortal being! My glance, at that accursed moment of ineffable agony, while the blood stagnated in my veins, and the hair bristled on my head, fell on the hands of the corse; when—Oh God!—all my fears were too soon and too fatally confirmed! My ring was on its finger! and I—was the affianced husband of a dead bride!

I had stood, perhaps, for some minutes, dumb and motion-

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 less, when Hartmann asked me what was to be done with the body? I heard him distinctly; yet I was utterly incapable of reply. My grosser faculties were sensible to his demand; but my reason was paralyzed, and my disordered imagination was morbidly banqueting in the grave, amidst worms and all the elements of corruption. With a harrowing and lingering minuteness was I recalling to myself each successive event of that terrific night, when, in an unhallowed and loathsome communion, the quick wooed and won the dead; when, in the fulness of my heart and my confidence, I expended all the best feelings of my nature, lavished all my tenderest and purest affections on a fair but foul deception, a treacherous incarnation of a resentful spirit, an outcast inhabitant of the dark and ghastly regions of the grave!

Now, all that was mysterious in the conduct of the figure, while—oh horror!—I had believed it to have been my own fair love, was but too easily explained. She received my ring as a proof of my intention to fulfil her desires; but she would make no gift to me which might exist as a fearful pledge of the union of the dead to the living. Her injunction, too, that when I should next “behold my ring on her finger,” I was to “guess her unspoken wishes and scrupulously fulfil them,” was now equally intelligible. And when I gazed again upon the remains of this long persecuted and suffering being, lying in her lonely and unholy grave, afar from all the coffins of her race, and thought that to her vigilance and affection I was indebted for the happiness which I now possessed, much of the horror of my retrospection subsided. I felt that she ought rather to appear to me what she really was, the protecting spirit of my love and my fortunes: and the agitation of my mind gradually ceased. I resolved that I would scrupulously fulfil what I believed to be her wishes; her body should straightways be removed from its ignominious and unhallowed abode, and

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 interred in consecrated ground, with all holy honours and rites. Thus, should she receive in death all the atonement which mortal could offer her for the cruel wrongs which she sustained while living.

I was now alive to the anxious inquiries of the Baron and Adelaide, whom my strange trance had much alarmed. Unwilling, however, to incur the risk of renewing the horrible sensations which I had escaped, I evaded all explanation at that moment; and, addressing myself to Hartmann, desired, with the Baron’s permission, that the corse should be conveyed to the castle, and preparations immediately commenced for its solemn interment in the family vault.

The Baron approved of my design; for both he and Adelaide believed that in the inhabitant of the coffin, beneficent even in death, they beheld the ancestress of my house.

Previously to the conclusion of the performance of the funereal ceremonies, I resolved to look once more on the ring which had occasioned me so much horror, and still caused me many anxious thoughts. For this purpose, the lid of the coffin was raised, when I discovered that the corse, lately so lovely, had fallen to ashes; a mournful and painful, yet a consolatory change, for I believed it to indicate that the soul of the wronged wanderer was at last at rest. Among this mortal dust my ring had disappeared; but, as I should have deemed it sacrilege to have disturbed her remains, I was compelled to deny myself the gratification of my curiosity. The sacred service therefore proceeded; the lid of the coffin was secured, and at last all that was still material of the Silver Lady was left to its final repose.

A few weeks afterwards, my betrothment to Adelaide was solemnized; when another strange and inexplicable circumstance occurred. I had caused a ring to be made, with which

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 I purposed to be affianced to her; and, previously to the celebration of the ceremony, wished to try it on her finger. But she quickly withdrew her hand.

“Have patience,” she exclaimed, “for one brief moment.”

Then opening her jewel-case, she produced from it, to my utter amazement, my ring—the ring which I had believed to have been entombed with the remains of my ancestress,

“Behold your lost property,” she said; then placing it upon her finger, continued, “And now I have a request to make, which you must divine; for I shall not name it. My wishes are unspoken—but cannot you conjecture them?”

“To be affianced to me with that ring,” I replied readily, seeming to myself as though I were giving utterance to words which were outwardly suggested to me.

She smiled affirmatively.

“Strange coincidence!” I exclaimed involuntarily; for now that I was again required to fulfil the promise which I had made to the Wanderer of the haunted chamber; and that I was, for a second time, summoned by the wearer of that ring to guess and to grant her unuttered wish, I almost began to doubt whether Adelaide or her dead counterpart had really been my visitor on that memorable night.

In the possibility, however, that the ring might have been removed from the coffin without my knowlege, I now eagerly demanded how and whence she had obtained it? She replied, that it had been found where I had formerly suspected it was dropped, close to the secret door of the apartment.

This explanation only still further added to my confusion. Could there be two rings of undistinguishable similarity? Had the Silver Lady been originally entombed with that which I discovered on her finger? Or had mine, when she no longer needed it, as a pledge of my fidelity, been restored to the spot where a mortal last possessed it, but by no mortal means? In

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 fine, was Adelaide unconsciously a somnambulist, and my companion on that night, or had I really held a fearful communion with a wanderer from the grave?

I know not—and never may know. My doubts could only be resolved by a minute examination of the coffin; and I dared not violate the sanctuary of the dead. My lawless curiosity had already been productive of too much suffering and punishment to me, to permit me now even to entertain the wish to incur the peril and the shame of disturbing the ashes of the Silver Lady.

From that day, however, it is certain that the once fearful chamber may be inhabited with impunity. Even the most timid peasantry no longer entertain an apprehension of supernatural visitations, since they witnessed the entombment of the mortal remains of her whose spirit had become so renowned and dreaded.

One other circumstance have I still to add. The Baron related to me, that on the night when he had practised on me and the officers the deception of inducing us to watch in a common chamber instead of the haunted one, a female figure, the very counterpart of his daughter, stood by the side of his bed. She was gorgeously and fantastically attired; and the full blaze of her loveliness shone dazzlingly upon him. But, though without her most remarkable, and notorious attribute, the Silver Veil, even before her body had been disentombed, Bentheim never doubted, in consequence of her wonderful resemblance to Adelaide, but that he looked upon the phantom of the ancestress of our house. Twice she appeared before him; the first time, armed with a dagger, which, with a mournful, but reproachful and resolved expression on her beautiful features, she brandished menacingly above his head. The second time, she bore in either hand, a torch, and a goblet;

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 The soil is exceedingly fertile: rice is produced in such quantities as to allow of a large export to the west coast, whence a good deal is said to be forwarded to Hakodate. Wheat, barley and the ordinary potato, carrot and turnip of Europe are grown. Persimmons, grapes, walnuts and chestnuts abound, and last year an attempt was made on a very small scale to make wine. The result was not very successful, but sufficiently so to encourage a repetition of the experiment. Lastly and most important of all the mulberry flourishes all over the district and attains its highest perfection in the north-west corner, where are the villages of Arato, Miya and Ko-ide celebrated for their silkworms’ eggs. Silkworms’ eggs are made throughout the Ken, but those of Shimo-nagai the northwestern portion are considered the best.

A table of statistics published last August states that the amount of ground under cultivation exclusive of garden ground is 24,206 chô yielding a total production of 295,671 koku of which 88,564 koku or rather less than one-third are paid into the Ken treasury. The value of this is set down at 195,293 yen, so that roughly speaking there are 60,000 acres of cultivated ground paying for rent and taxes an average amount of 13 shillings per acre. The money value of the land is estimated at 2,786,238 yen equivalent to 384 mon per tsubo or £9.5 per acre. The house and garden ground measures 1,498,787 tsubo or about one-forty-eighth of the farm land. Its value is estimated at 159,010 yen equivalent to 1060 mon per tsubo. The amount levied on it is only at the rate of about one-third of that on the farm land, though its value is estimated at nearly three times that of the latter.

The population belonging to the Ken numbers 159,716 divided as follows:—

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530 Nearest to V. tetrasticha, from which it is separated without any difficulty by the obtusely tetragonous branchlets, tumid obtuse leaves, and broader shorter capsule. Mr. N. E. Brown informs me that the specimens quoted in the Handbook under V. tetragona from Gordon's Nob (Monro) and Waiau-au Valley (Travers) in reality belong to this species.

50. V. tetragona, ''Hook. Ic. Plant.'' t. 580.—A small usually erect much-branched shrub 6 in. to 3 ft. high; stems ringed with the scars of the fallen leaves; branches stout, rigid, erect, obtusely 4-angled when adult, $1⁄10$–$1⁄6$ in. diam. Leaves most densely quadrifariously imbricated, erect, opposite pairs connate at the base, $1⁄12$–$1⁄10$ in. long, broadly deltoid-ovate, obtuse, keeled at the back, very thick and coriaceous, smooth and shining, margins and base usually ciliolate or woolly. Flowers 3–8, sessile among the uppermost leaves and forming small terminal heads, ¼–⅓ in. diam., white. Bracts conspicuously furrowed, woolly at the base. Calyx-segments unequal, linear-oblong, obtuse, furrowed. Corolla 4-lobed; lobes spreading, dorsal the largest, obovate, entire or emarginate, anticous the smallest, narrow-oblong. Capsule broadly oblong, subacute, compressed, exceeding the calyx.—Raoul, Choix, 43; ''Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 194; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 211; Armstr. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiii. (1881) 351. V. subsimilis, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst.'' xxxi. (1899) 278.

51. V. lycopodioides, ''Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl.'' 211.—A stout much-branched shrub 1–4 ft. high; branches rigid, erect, clothed with densely imbricating leaves, acutely or obtusely 4-angled wnen adult, $1⁄10$–$1⁄6$ in. diam. Leaves dimorphic, the adult state most densely quadrifariously imbricated, the opposite pairs connate at the base, $1⁄12$–$1⁄10$ in. long, $1⁄10$–$1⁄8$ in. broad, very broadly ovate-deltoid, concave in front, keeled on the back, suddenly narrowed into a stout obtuse cusp or point, very coriaceous, smooth or more or less distinctly grooved on the back, margins glabrous or ciliolate. Leaves of young plants (frequently found by reversion on older ones as well) twice as long as the mature ones, spreading, linear-subulate with a broad base, entire or more frequently irregularly lobed or almost pectinate-pinnatifid. Flowers crowded at the tips of the branches, forming small terminal heads, ⅓ in. diam., white. Bracts furrowed, ciliolate. Calyx-segments unequal, oblong. Corolla-tube about equal to the calyx; lobes 4, spreading, the


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Page:A treatise on Asiatic cholera.djvu/29

 EARLY PART OP PRESENT CENTURY.

13

observes with regard to this report : — " This paper of Mr. Cruickshanks is of great importance, inasmuch as it evinces that cholera did exist to an extent not hitherto suspected to have occurred at so recent a date, and also that, even under these circumstances, no trace of it is foimd in the public records ; for, unless we had been guided by the "incidental remark of Dr. Duncan, made five years after the occurrence, and had most fortunately been able to refer to Dr. Cruickshanks, the medical returns of the corps never could have led to the knowledge of it. Hence, as already observed, though cholera very rarely appears in the sick returns of former times, it is by no means to be thence inferred that it did not then exist."*

We are, therefore, I think, justified in arriving at the conclusion that it was nothing new for cholera to spread over India in an epidemic form prior to 1817 and 1819. The nature of the disease was then for the first time fully recognised, and as the greater portion of the country had passed under our rule, British Officers were in a position to trace the progress of the disease over the length and breadth of th^ land.f

The Indian EjJidemic of 1817-21. North-iuesterly extension to Persia. — Early in March, 1817, a death from cholera occurred in Fort William, but, being an

 * Scott's ' Report,' p. xi.

t Prior to 1760 the Company's territories in India were confined to an area containing some 15,000 square miles. In 1765 the ompany acquired command over Bengal, but not till 1775 over the Zamindai-i of Benares. From 1792 to 1799 the Nizam's ten-itory, the Carnatic, Goruckpore, and Bareilly came under their rule ; in 1801 Bundelkund ; in 1802 Kuttack and Balasore ; the Dooab, Delhi, and Ahmadnuggar in 1803; Gujrat in 1805; and Kumaon, Saugur, Hutah, and Darwar in 1817. During the following years Ajmere, the Southern Mahratta countay, and the districts on the Nerbudda were some among other states which fell under British rule.


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 14

THE ASIATIC EPIDEMIC OF 1817-21.

isolated case, no particular notice was taken of it. About the lltli pf Jnlj we hear of the simultaneous outbreak of cholera in the districts of Patna, My- mensing, and Sylhet;* the former situated to the extreme west, and the latter to the east of the Province of Bengal. In August and the following months Calcutta was affected, 25,000 of its inhabitants having been under medical treatment for the disease. Of these 4000 died; but it is worthy of notice that scarcely a case of cholera occurred among several thousand prisoners conjfined in the AUipore Jail.

Copies of some of the original reports, from which these details have been compiled, are still preserved among the MS. Proceedings of the Bengal Medical Board, and are well worth studying {vide Appendix A) ; but they do not appear among the Office records in the order above indicated, no special reports on cholera having been called for or received by the Board until the end of the year.

The Proceedings of the Medical Board, to which I shall so frequently have to refer in this volume, consist of a series of day books in which entries have been made regarding the current work of the Office from the year 1800 to 1842. These records, therefore, are par- ticularly valuable in tracing the history of a disease such as we are now considering, because they give us the opinions entertained by the members of the Board at the'time the events brought to their notice actually occurred, — ideas which might very probably have un- dergone considerable modification if recorded at a subsequent period, and reviewed by the light of further

subject to the Presidency of Bengal in 1817, 1818, 1819.' By J. Jameson. Calcutta, 1820, p. 5.
 * ' Report on the Epidemic Cliolera Morbus as it visited the territories


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 OUTBREAK IN JESSOEE IN 1817.

15

experience or knowledge of the matter in hand. This fact is well illustrated by the correspondence regarding the outbreak of cholera in 1817.

The first notice of this epidemic in ' the Proceed- ings ' is in ^ letter from Dr. Tytler, civil surgeon of Jessore, to the judge of the district, dated August 23rd, 1817. He writes : — "An epiidemic 'has broken out in the bazaar, the disorder commencing with pain or uneasiness in diJfferent parts of the body, presently succeeded by giddiness of the head, sickness, vomiting, griping in the beUy, and fi:'equent stools. The counte- nance exhibits much anxiety, the body becomes emaci- ated, the pulse rapidly sinks, and the patient, if not speedily relieved with large doses of calomel, followed by one of opium, it carries him off within four and twenty hom^s."* As the disease was spreading rapidly, and the natives were panic-stricken, and rushing from the town, the judge thought it advisable to close his court, and immediately reported the circumstance to the supreme government, enclosing a copy of Dr. Tytler's letter. Upon receiving this communication, Mr. "W. B. Bayley, at the time secretary to the Government of India, forwarded it to the Medical Board, urging them to give the matter their immediate attention, and to advise the government on the sub- ject. In their reply (the 6th of September, 1817) the members of the board remark " that the disease is the usual epidemic of this period of the year, in- creased perhaps in violence by the peculiarities of the present season, and not improbably by certain local causes affecting the health of the inhabitants of Jessore. It is understood that in certain quarters of Calcutta a similar epidemic prevails ; and it is probable that

 * MS. Proceeding of the Bengal Medical Board for 1817.


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THE ASIATIC EPIDEMIC OP 1817-21, there is no considerable town in the low and humid climate of Bengal that is at present entirely exempt from its operation. The obstruction to ventilation in native towns from rank and luxuriant vegetation powerfully aids the influence of the season, and as this cause may operate in a greater or less degree in different places, the prevalence and fatality of the epidemic will probably be increased or diminished.

"A great alarm seems to have spread itself among the natives of Jessore, which the suspension of public business by the magistrate would not be calculated to check, though there is no doubt, however, that apprehension may aid as well the diffusion as violence of an epidemic; yet it is probable that the consequences arising from that cause may in the present instance have been beneficial, correcting the influence of an overcrowded population."

I have quoted this letter at length, because it appears to me, not only an important document as bearing upon the history of cholera, but also gives us an idea of the recognised dews of the etiology of the disease held, by Indian medical authorities in 1817. It will be observed that the members of the board, who had probably served in this country some twenty years prior to the date of their letter, remark that the disease is the usual epidemic of the season ; we may conclude, therefore, that they were perfectly familiar with its phenomena; but throughout the original corre- spondence, neither the government, the medical board, nor Dr. Tytler mention the epidemic as cholera. Curiously enough, the first notice we have of this fact is in a letter from the magistrate of Calcutta forwarded to government on the 16th of September, 1817. He observes that "a disease is prevalent in


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 EXTENSION THrvOUGHOUT BENGAL IN 1817.

17

the town and suburbs of tlie species of cholera morbus." This statement having b^en sent on to the medical board, they declare the disease to be cholera morbus, and that " it generally prevails to a greater or less degree at the present season of the year. It has, however, of late been faf more -fatal than at any former period within the recollection of the oldest inhabitants, running a course generally *in a few hours, and sometimes in a few minutes,"* features which, nevertheless, had been ascribed to it, cen- turies before, by the Portuguese at Goa, and in other localities.

I have already noticed the existence of cholera at Patna and Mymensing in July, 1817, and in Calcutta early in August. At this time it also appeared at Dacca and Naraingunge. On^the 2ord of the month it was raging throughout Jessore, and in Chitta- gong on the eastern side of the Bay of Bengal ;t at the same moment it appeared in Eajeshahye, a central district lying east of the Ganges, and afterwards in the high and distant tracts of Bhaugulpore and Monghyr. By the middle of September Ihe inhabit- ants of Purneah, Dinagepore, Balasore, and Cuttack were affected. On the 17th it had spread to Buxar, Chupra, Ghazeepore, and, towards the end of the month, to Mozufferpore.J

In October the districts of Baulea, Berhampor§, and Pvungpore 'came under the influence of cholera ; and, in fact, within three months from its appearance, the disease had been generated throughout the Province

 * MS. Proceeding of the Bengal Medical Board for 1817.

t Dr- Mac Rae, writing from Chittagong, November, 1818, states : " I had constant opportunities of observing it as it prevails in tliis district more or less every hot season."

+ Jameson's ' Report,' p. xi.


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THE ASIATIC EPIDEMIC OP 1817-21. of Bengal, including some 195,935 square miles, and within this vast area the inhabitants of hardly a single village or town had escaped its deadly influence. There were some remarkable exceptions to this rule; as, for instance, in the city of Moorshedabad, which appears, upon good authority, to have been entirely free from the disease during the year 1817, although cholera prevailed in every direction around it. Mr. Jameson remarks that, so long as the epidemic was confined to the Province of Bengal, it at once raged simultaneously in various and remote quarters, without displaying a predilection for any one tract or district more than another, or anything like regularity of succession in the chain of its operations ; as yet, too, some of the peculiarities subsequently developed by it, and so unerringly marking its progress throughout the Upper Provinces, that they came almost to be considered as laws of the disease, had either not been called into existence, or were still of such feeble and 'uncertain operation, as to remain unobserved among the accumulated horrors of its attacks. Thus, although there was the same violence in the commencement, and rapidity in the progress, of its visitations, they were unmarked by that earliness of declination, and entire subsidence, which afterwards generally formed so consolatory a fact of their revolutions.

Nor could a town or tract of country, after having once fully undergone the scourge, yet congratulate itself on a probable immunity from further assaults. For although generally milder in form, and less fatal in the latter period of its existence, it rarely altogether disappeared, but seemed rather to keep hovering in the vicinity, as if in mere expectancy of some


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Page:The German army. Department of military art, the Army service schools (IA germanarmydepart00bjorrich).pdf/7

HERE are many ways of describing an army, or an automobile, or any other thing that is too complicated to be grasped at a glance. To list the component parts is the easiest way, and the poorest. That clock, I may say, is a box enclosing a mechanism consisting of fifteen wheels, two hands, one pendulum—and you will want to interrupt me to say: "We can't remember catalogues. Try to explain what makes it tick."

This, I hope

The German army is well organized in most respects. It is defectively organized in other respects. Most of its equipment is excellent, but some of it is only fair, and some of it is poor. Most of its regiments are splendid. Some are not so 3


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Veronica.] dorsal one the largest. Capsule broadly oblong, subcompressed, exceeding the calyx.—''Bot. Mag. t. 7338; Armstr. in Trans. N.Z. Inst.'' xiii. (1881) 351.

52. V. Hectori, ''Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl.'' 212.—A small robust much-branched shrub 6–30 in. high; stem woody, terete, closely ringed by the scars of the fallen leaves; branches terete or very obscurely tetragonous, stout, rigid, erect, ⅛–⅙ in. diam., blackish-brown when dry. Leaves densely imbricated, opposite pairs connate to the middle or higher and forming a closely appressed ring surrounding the branch (sometimes slightly open at the mouth), $1⁄10$–$1⁄8$ in. long, broader than long, broadly orbicular-oblong, obtuse, concave in front, rounded and polished at the back, not keeled, extremely thick and coriaceous, margins of the younger leaves often ciliolate. Leaves of young plants not seen. Flowers axillary, crowded at the tips of the branchlets, forming small terminal heads, about ¼ in. diam., white. Calyx-segments linear-oblong, obtuse, ciliolate. Corolla-tube about as long as the calyx; lobes oblong, obtuse, dorsal one the largest. Capsule exceeding the calyx, broadly oblong, subcompressed, obtuse.—''Bot. Mag. t. 7415; Armstr. in Trans. N.Z. Inst.'' xiii. (1881) 352.

53. V. coarctata, Cheesem. n. sp.—A small stout much-branched shrub 1–3 ft. high; branches close, spreading; branchlets numerous, rather stout, $1⁄12$–$1⁄10$ in. diam, terete or obscurely tetragonous, densely clothed with appressed imbricating leaves, blackish when dry. Leaves of mature plants densely imbricating, about $1⁄10$ in. long, the opposite pairs connate to above the middle into a ring or sheath closely appressed to the branch, obtuse or subacute, thick and coriaceous, smooth and polished on the back; margins usually ciliolate. Leaves of young plants not seen. Flowers ⅕–¼ in. diam., white, from 4 to 8 near the tips of the branchlets, forming small terminal heads; bracts broad, ciliolate. Calyx short; segments oblong, obtuse, ciliolate. Corolla-tube included in the calyx; lobes spreading, the dorsal one the largest. Capsule about ⅙ in. long, nearly twice as long as the calyx, ovoid, obtuse.


text: Index:Margaret Mead - Coming of age in Samoa; a psychological study of primitive youth for western civilisation.pdf


text: Coming of Age in Samoa

title: Coming of Age in Samoa


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Page:Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways, 11th Edition (December 2023).pdf/331

MUTCD 11th Edition Section 2E.07

Standard:

'''The direction of a freeway and the major destinations or control cities along it shall be clearly identified through the use of appropriate destination legends (see Section 2D.35). Successive freeway guide signs shall provide continuity in destination names and consistency with available map information. At any decision point, a given destination shall be indicated by way of only one route (see Figure 2E-1).'''

Guidance:

Control city legends should be used in the following situations along a freeway:

 * A. At interchanges between freeways;
 * B. At separation points of overlapping freeway routes;
 * C. On directional signs on intersecting routes, to guide traffic entering the freeway;
 * D. On Pull-Through signs; and
 * E. On the bottom line of post-interchange distance signs.

Support:

Continuity of destination names is also useful on expressways serving long-distance or intrastate travel.

The determination of major destinations or control cities is important to the quality of service provided by the freeway. Control cities on freeway guide signs are selected by the States and are contained in the “Guidelines for the Selection of Supplemental Guide Signs for Traffic Generators Adjacent to Freeways, 4th Edition/Guide Signs, Part II: Guidelines for Airport Guide Signing/Guide Signs, Part III: List of Control Cities for Use in Guide Signs on Interstate Highways,” published by and available from the American Association of State and Highway Transportation Officials. December 2023


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MUTCD 11th Edition SIGN DESIGN

Section 2E.08

Support:

Effective signs are legible to road users approaching them, and are readable and comprehensible in the viewing time provided to permit proper responses. Desired design characteristics include: (a) long visibility distances; (b) large lettering, symbols, and arrows; and (c) short legends.

Section 2E.09

Standard:

Guide signs on freeways and expressways, except as otherwise provided in this Manual, shall have white letters, symbols, arrows, and borders on a green background.

Support:

Color requirements for route signs and trailblazers; for signs with blank-out or changeable messages; for signs for services, rest areas, park and recreational areas; and for certain miscellaneous signs are provided in the individual Sections dealing with the particular sign or sign group.

Section 2E.10

Standard:

'''Letters, numerals, symbols, arrows, and borders of all guide signs shall be retroreflective. The background of all guide signs that are not independently illuminated shall be retroreflective.'''

Support:

Where there is no serious interference from extraneous light sources, retroreflective post-mounted signs usually provide adequate nighttime visibility.

On freeways and expressways where much driving at night is done with low-beam headlights, the amount of headlight illumination incident to an overhead sign display is relatively small.

Guidance:

''Overhead sign installations should be illuminated (see Section 2A.21) unless an engineering study shows that retroreflection alone will perform effectively. The type of illumination chosen should provide effective and reasonably uniform illumination of the sign face and message.''

Section 2E.11

Support:

For signing purposes, interchanges are classified as major, intermediate, and minor. Minimum letter and numeral sizes based on interchange classification are contained in Tables 2E-2 and 2E-4. Descriptions of these classifications are as follows:
 * A. Major interchanges are subdivided into two categories: (a) interchanges with other expressways or freeways, or (b) interchanges with high-volume multi-lane highways, principal urban arterials, or major rural routes where the volume of interchanging traffic is heavy or includes many road users unfamiliar with the area.
 * B. Intermediate interchanges are those with urban and rural routes not in the category of major or minor interchanges.
 * C. Minor interchanges include those where traffic is local and very light, such as interchanges with land service access roads. Where the sum of exit volumes is estimated to be lower than 100 vehicles per day in the design year, the interchange is classified as minor.

Section 2E.12 Size of Signs and Letters

Standard:

Except as provided in Section 2A.07, the sizes of freeway and expressway guide signs that have standardized designs shall be as shown in Table 2E-1.

Support:

Section 2A.07 contains information regarding the applicability of the various columns in Table 2E-1.

Option:

Signs larger than those shown in Table 2E-1 may be used (see Section 2A.07). December 2023


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indebted to the generosity of the Board of Fellowships in the Biological Sciences of the National Research Council whose award of a fellowship made this investigation possible. I have to thank my father for the gift of my travelling expenses to and from the Samoan Islands. To Prof. Franz Boas I owe the inspiration and the direction of my problem, the training which prepared me to undertake such an investigation, and the criticism of my results.

For a co-operation which greatly facilitated the progress of my work in the Pacific, I am indebted to Dr. Herbert E. Gregory, Director of the B. P. Bishop Museum and to Dr. E. C. S. Handy and Miss Stella Jones of the Bishop Museum.

To the endorsement of my work by Admiral Stitt and the kindness of Commander Owen Mink, U. S. N., I owe the co-operation of the medical authorities in Samoa, whose assistance greatly simplified and expedited my investigation. I have to thank Miss Ellen M. Hodgson, Chief Nurse, the staff nurses, the Samoan nurses, and particularly G. F. Pepe for my first contacts and my instruction in the Samoan language. To the hospitality, generosity, and sympathetic co-operation of Mr. Edward R. Holt, Chief Pharmacist Mate, and Mrs. Holt, I owe the four months’ residence in their home which furnished me with an absolutely essential neutral base from which I could study all the individuals in the village and yet remain


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 a roundness in his fortune that might seem too much to beguile. Were blessings so unexpected ever, beyond a certain point, anything but traps? Should he begin to make his way into the secrets, as they hovered and hung there, wearing a sort of sensible consistency, who could say where he might come out, into what dark deeps of knowledge he might be drawn, or how he should "like," given what must perhaps at the best stick to him of insuperable modern prejudice, the face of some of his discoveries? He encountered however on this ground of a possible menace to his peace a reassurance that sprang, and with all eagerness, from the very nature of his mind. He lived, so far as a wit sharpened by friction with the real permitted him, in his imagination; but if life was for this faculty but a chain of open doors through which endless connections danced there was yet no knowledge in the world on which one should wish a door closed. There was none at any rate that in the glow of his first impression of his property he didn't desire much more to face than to shirk. If he was even in this early stage a little disconcerted it came only from the too narrow limits in which Mr. Pendrel's personal image, meeting his mind's eye at odd moments on the spot and constantly invoked by his gratitude, appeared to have arranged to reveal itself. He would have been particularly grateful for a portrait; but though there were in the house other 45


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 framed physiognomies these were things—and not unluckily either!—of a different order of reference, an order in which the friendly photograph for instance, whether of the late tenant of the place or of any other subject, played no part. The friendly photograph had been with us for half a century, but there was nothing there to Ralph's vision so new as that. Number Nine Mansfield Square affected that vision, in short, to a degree presently to be explained, as with an inimitable reserve in respect to the modern world. It had crossed the threshold of the century, the nineteenth, it had even measured a few steps of the portentous prospect, but where it had stopped, pulled up very short and as with its head in the air—it had stopped, one might have surmised, with a kind of disgust. It had determined clearly, on the apprehension then interchanged, to have as little to say to the future as an animated home, of whatever period, might get off with. "And yet I am the future," Ralph Pendrel mused, "and I dream of making it speak."

Face to face with it then, when he felt that already and quite distinctly it was speaking—which happened the first time that ever, key in hand, he was able to enter it unaccompanied—there was an inconsequence to note, and one from which he drew a fine pleasure. He was thus moved more shrewdly to reflect that if he was so trusted there must have been something in him 46


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 aloof from native feuds and lines of demarcation.

The success of this investigation depended upon the co-operation and interest of several hundred Samoans. To mention each one individually would be impossible. I owe special thanks to County Chief Ufuti of Vaitogi and to all the members of his household and to the Talking Chief Lolo, who taught me the rudiments of the graceful pattern of social relations which is so characteristic of the Samoans. I must specially thank their excellencies, Tufele, Governor of Manuʻa, and County Chiefs Tui Olesega, Misa, Sotoa, Asoao, and Leui, the Chiefs Pomele, Nua, Tialigo, Moa, Maualupe, Asi, and the Talking Chiefs Lapui and Muao; the Samoan pastors Solomona and Iakopo, the Samoan teachers, Sua, Napoleon, and Eti; Toaga, the wife of Sotoa, Faʻapuaʻa, the Taupo of Fitiuta, Fofoa, Laula, Lleauala, and Felofiaina, and the chiefs and people of all the villages of Manuʻa and their children. Their kindness, hospitality, and courtesy made my sojourn among them a happy one; their co-operation and interest made it possible for me to pursue my investigation with peace and profit. The fact that no real names are used in the course of the book is to shield the feelings of those who would not enjoy such publicity.

For criticism and assistance in the preparation of this manuscript I am indebted to Dr. R. F. Benedict, Dr. L. S. Cressman, Miss M. E. Eichelberger, and Mrs. M. L. Loeb.

M.M.

The American Museum of Natural History, March, 1928.


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 to inspire it. Was he to such a tune the future? Had not his taste for "research," which was more personally his passion for the past, worked rather, and despite his comparative youth, to transmute him? On the day he disembarked in England he felt himself as never before ranged in that interest, counted on that side of the line. It was to this he had been brought by his desire to remount the stream of time, really to bathe in its upper and more natural waters, to risk even, as he might say, drinking of them. No man, he well believed, could ever so much have wanted to look behind and still behind—to scale the high wall into which the successive years, each a squared block, pile themselves in our rear and look over as nearly as possible with the eye of sense into, unless it should rather be called out of, the vast prison yard. He was by the turn of his spirit oddly indifferent to the actual and the possible; his interest was all in the spent and the displaced, in what had been determined and composed roundabout him, what had been presented as a subject and a picture, by ceasing—so far as things ever cease—to bustle or even to be. It was when life was framed in death that the picture was really hung up. If his idea in fine was to recover the lost moment, to feel the stopped pulse, it was to do so as experience, in order to be again consciously the creature that had been, to breathe as he had breathed and feel the pressure that he had felt. 47


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 The truth most involved for him, so intent, in the insistent ardour of the artist, was that art was capable of an energy to this end never yet to all appearance fully required of it. With an address less awkward, a wooing less shy, an embrace less weak, it would draw the foregone much closer to its breast. What he wanted himself was the very smell of that simpler mixture of things that had so long served; he wanted the very tick of the old stopped clocks. He wanted the hour of the day at which this and that had happened, and the temperature and the weather and the sound, and yet more the stillness, from the street, and the exact look-out, with the corresponding look-in, through the window and the slant on the walls of the light of afternoons that had been. He wanted the unimaginable accidents, the little notes of truth for which the common lens of history, however the scowling muse might bury her nose, was not sufficiently fine. He wanted evidence of a sort for which there had never been documents enough, or for which documents mainly, however multiplied, would never be enough. That was indeed in any case the artist's method—to try for an ell in order to get an inch. The difficult, as at best it is, becomes under such conditions so dire that to face it with any prospect one had to propose the impossible. Recovering the lost was at all events on this scale much like entering the enemy's lines to get back one's dead for burial; 48


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 and to that extent was he not, by his deepening penetration, contemporaneous and present? "Present" was a word used by him in a sense of his own and meaning as regards most things about him markedly absent. It was for the old ghosts to take him for one of themselves.

The spirit of gossip governed but little, he had promptly seen, the commerce of his friends the London solicitors with their clients; they were persons of a hard professional and facial surface and of settled dull complexion, giving back, on a rap of the knuckle, the special sharp answer, but not thereby corrupted to any human resonance. They betrayed to him in consequence few of Mr. Pendrel's secrets, and he shrank on his side from giving the measure of his ignorance, of the source of so large a bounty. This was perhaps the weakness of a slightly lame pride; he had not been too proud to accept, but he felt that in asking many questions he should show himself indebted to a stranger. He accordingly made out little more than that his kinsman had read books, possibly even pursued studies and entertained ideals, had had another habitation, the estate of Driffle, in the country, much more frequented, and had never, since forming, on the occasion of an inheritance in the maternal line, the connection with Mansfield Square, been disposed to pass in London—it was even a little odd—more than two or three weeks together. Odder still, though to 49


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Erodotus, Thucidides, Xenophon, Diodorus, Polybius, Dionysus, Dion Cassius, Josephus, Livy, Sallust, Caesar, Q. Curtius, Tacitus, Suetonius, Justin, Guicciardine, Giannone, Mariana, Antonio de Solis, Davila, Thuanus, Mezeray, Vertot, Philip de Commines, Rollin, Raleigh, Buchanan, Clarendon, Whitlock, Rushworth, Ricaut's History of the Turks, Ockley's of the Saracens, Duhalde's of China, Prideaux and Shuckford's Connections, Burnet, Rapin, Salmon, State-Trials, Universal History, Oratores Veteres, Demosthenes, Machiavel, Selden, More, Milton, Hobbs, N. Bacon on Government, Harrington, Sidney, Neville, Temple, Bolingbroke, Cato's Letters, &c.

Plutarch, Suetonius, Nepos, Moreri, Bayle, Wood's Athena, Stanly, Blackwell's Life of Homer, Middleton's Cicero, Collier's Dictionary, General Dictionary, Biographia Britannica, Lives of Classic Authors, Knapton's Heads and Lives of Illustrious Men, &c.

Strabo, Pausanias, De Lisle's Atlas, Churchill's Voyages, Motraye, Le Bruyn, Misson, Sandys, Pococke, Busbequius, Harris, Camden's Britannia, System of Geography, Tour through Britain, Geography of England, &c.

Miller's Gardener's Dictionary, Ellis of Husbandry, Evelyn's Sylva, Langley's Pomona, Bradley's Husbandry and Gardening, Dictionaire de Commerce, Plan of British Commerce, Compleat Tradesman; Gee, Mun, Cary, and Child on Trade, &c.

Statutes at Large, Cay's Abridgment, Wood's Institutes, Jacob's Law-Dictionary, Barlow's Justice, Grotius, Puffendorff, Domat, Gibson's Codex, Hooker's Ecclesiastical Polity, &c.

Hippocrates, Harvey, Sydenham, Hoffman, Mead, Shaw's Boerhaave, Cheselden's Anatomy, Winslow's Anatomy, Hiester's Surgery, London Pharmacopœia, &c.

Spence's Polymetis, Montfaucon, Pitiscus, Gruter, Danet, Horsely's Britannia Romana, Potter's Greek Antiquities, Kennet's Roman, &c.


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Bible, Cudworth, Patrick, Lowth and Whitby, Calmet, Chillingworth, Barrow, Tillotson, Clarke, Hoadly, Sherlock, Warburton, Butler, Lucas, Foster, Seed, West on the Resurrection, Barnet on the Articles, Pearson on the Creed, Barclay's Apology, Wollaston, Shaftsbury, Hutchinson, Harris, Philemon to Hydaspes, Cebes, Epictetus, Seneca, Marcus Antoninus, Erasmus, Sale's Koran, Broughton's Dictionary of all Religions, &c.

Plato, Ariftotle, Cicero, Bacon, Boyle, Locke, Newton, Chambers's Dictionary, Baddam's Philosophical Transactions, Hale's Staticks, Rowning's Philosophy, Desaguliers, Cunn's Euclid, Sanderson's Algebra, Smith's Opticks, Veranius, Cellarius, Gordon's Geography, Baker's Microscope, &c.

Greek.] Homer, Hesiod, Pindar, Æschylus, Alcæus, Euripides, Sophocles, Aristophanes, Theocritus, Menander, Callimachus, Sappho, Anacreon, Heliodorus, Lucian, Longinus, Poetæ Græci Minores.

Latin.] Plautus, Terence, Virgil, Lucan, Statius, Horace, Ovid, Catullus, Lucretius, Juvenal, Martial, Phædrus, Quintilian, Strada, Poetæ Latini Minores, Poetæ Italorum, Mufæ Anglicanæ.

Italian and French.] Dante, Petrarch, Tasso, Ariosto, Malherbe, Bossu, Bouhours, Racine, Corneille, Moliere, Fontaine, Rouseau, Voltaire, Fontenelle, Cambray, Theatre des Grecs, Theatre Italien.

English.] Chaucer, Spenser, Shakespear, Milton, Johnson, Beaumont and Fletcher, Waller, Cowley, Dryden, Bader, Suckling, Rochester, Denham, Etheridge, Southern, Wycherley, Congreve, Buckingham, Rowe, Otway, Farquhar, Vanbrugh, Prior, Gay, Parnelle, Addison, Steele, Garth, Swift, Pope, Spence, Young, Thompson, Mallet, Glover, Akinside, &c.

Fable of the Bees, Burnet's Theory, Don Quixote, Gil Blas, Joseph Andrews, Spectator, Tatler, Guardian, Free Thinker, Montaigne, Scarron, Devil on two Sticks, Lazarillo, Boccace, Pembrooke's Arcadia, Old Plays, Marianne, Arabian Nights, Turkish Spy, Nature display'd, Apuleius, Montescu's Persian Letters, Lyttleton's ditto, Bruyere's Characters, Lettres Provinciales, Cardinal de Retz, Petronius, Rabelais, Persian Tales, Robinson Crusoe, Travels of Cyrus, Paysan, Paysanne, Tom Brown, Madame Sevigne's Letters, Voiture, Balzac, Le Blanc, St. Evremont, Select Novels, La Belle Assemblée, Bandello, Circe, Trublet's Essays, Pliny's Letters, &c.

Present State of Great Britain, Collins's Peerage, ditto Baronetage; English, Scots, and Irish Compendiums, Ecton's Thesaurus, Clergyman's Intelligencer, Maitland's History of London, Sprat's History of the Royal Society, Stephens's Greek Thesaurus, ditto Latin Thesaurus, Dictionnaire de l'Academie; Bailey, Dyche, Ainsworth, and Boyer's Dictionaries, &c.

N. B. Care will be taken, not only to keep the above Collection always compleat, but to render it every day more perfect, by adding to it, under each Article, such Books as shall be thought worthy of a Place in every Gentleman's Library.


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 our young man's but half informed view, was it that his visits to town appeared to have been almost always of the autumn and the winter, had indeed often taken place at Christmas and at Easter, the periods, by the rigid London law, of gregarious intermission. He had been a person, it was clear, of few commonplace conformities, a person with a fine sense for his own taste and his own freedom, one in whose life the accents, as who should say, were not placed where people in general place them. There were moreover in the history points of indistinctness which would doubtless clear up under pressure; as the fact for instance that though he had entered into possession in middle life he had yet affirmed this possession so thoroughly that confusion and a grey vagueness had already settled on the memory of whatever predecessors, who seemed to lurk indistinguishable behind him. At the same time that he had loved and guarded the place, he had none the less, as might have been remarked and as was somehow to be divined, not admitted it to the last familiarity. This went so far as to suggest that in keeping it clear and inviolate he had had in view betimes the convenience of some other considerable person.

That beneficiary, in the form of his American cousin, so rejoiced in such an inference that, during the first few days, he hung about under cover of night, and with mingled diffidence and 50


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532

54. V. salicornioides, ''Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl.'' 212.—A small much-branched shrub 1–3 ft. high; branches strict, erect, terete, clothed with imbricating leaves, $1⁄14$–$1⁄12$ in. diam., yellowish-brown when dry. Leaves most densely imbricated and appressed to the branch, opposite pairs connate to considerably above the middle and forming a ring surrounding the branch, $1⁄15$–$1⁄16$ in. long, subacute or almost truncate, concave in front, rounded at the back; margins usually ciliolate. Leaves of young plants not seen. Flowers 4–8 towards the tips of the branchlets. forming small terminal heads; rhachis villous. Bracts short and broad, ciliolate. Calyx-segments oblong, obtuse, margins ciliolate. Corolla white, ¼ in. diam.; tube short; limb 4-lobed, lobes spreading. Capsule longer than the calyx, subcompressed, oblong, obtuse, glabrous.—''Armstr. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiii. (1881) 352; N. E. Brown in Gard. Chron.'' (1888) vol. i. p. 20, f. 3.

55. V. Armstrongii, T. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xi. (1879) 464.—A small much-branched shrub 1–3 ft. high; branches spreading, often flabellate; branchlets very numerous, slender, terete, clothed with appressed imbricating leaves, $1⁄16$–$1⁄12$ in. diam. Leaves of mature plants closely imbricating, appressed but not very closely so, about $1⁄10$ in. long, opposite pairs connate for the greater part of their length, forming a sheath investing the branch which is wider at the top than the base, and thus almost obconic in shape, truncate or nearly so at the apex, tumid and coriaceous, smooth and rounded on the back, margins usually ciliolate. Leaves of young plants (frequently produced by reversion on old ones as well) spreading, $1⁄10$–$1⁄8$ in. long, linear, acute, flat, entire or irregularly lobulate. Flowers ⅕–¼ diam., white, 4–8 or more towards the tips of the branchlets, forming small terminal heads; rhachis villous. Calyx-segments unequal, oblong, obtuse, ciliolate. Corolla-tube short, about equalling the calyx; lobes spreading. Capsule ⅙ in. long,


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 pride, before the inexpressive front. The pride was for all he was already aware of within, while the diffidence was for the caretaker and her husband, a mature and obese but irreproachably formal policeman—persons of high respectability both, placed in charge by Mr. Pendrel's executors, to whom he feared to show as frivolous in knocking yet again. Was he not for that matter frivolous actually and sufficiently, he more than once asked himself, carried off his intellectual feet to such a point by an accident that would have had for most people a mere relation to their income? He was conscious enough that what had thus caught him up to flights of fancy was an object of a class more definable than almost any other as of the reverse of extraordinary, a London house of the elder, larger, finer type, of an age long anterior to the age of jerry-building, but still after all a mere grey square section of a street, passed and repassed by cabs and costermongers, called at by the milkman, numbered by the vestryman, and marked by the solicitude of this last functionary to the extent exactly of an unimpressive street-lamp placed straight, or rather in fact placed considerably crooked, before the door. The street-lamp was a disfavour to the dark backward into which Ralph loved to look, and yet he was perhaps a little glad of its presence on the two or three occasions just mentioned—occasions of his patrolling the opposite side in 51


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215Rh There is first the old traditional curriculum, the learning by rote of the classics without explanation in early youth, followed by a more intelligent study in later years. This is exactly like the traditional study of the classics in this country, as it existed, for example, in the eighteenth century. Men over thirty, even if, in the end, they have secured a thoroughly modern education, have almost all begun by learning reading and writing in old-fashioned schools. Such schools still form the majority, and give most of the elementary education that is given. Every child has to learn by heart every day some portion of the classical text, and repeat it out loud in class. As they all repeat at the same time, the din is deafening. (In Peking I lived next to one of these schools, so I can speak from experience.) The number of people who are taught to read by these methods is considerable; in the large towns one finds that even coolies can read as often as not. But writing (which is very difficult in Chinese) is a much rarer accomplishment. Probably those who can both read and write form about five per cent. of the population.

The establishment of normal schools for the training of teachers on modern lines, which grew out of the edict of 1905 abolishing the old examination system and proclaiming the need of educational reform, has done much, and will do much more, to transform and extend elementary education. The following statistics showing the increase in the number of schools, teachers, and students in China are taken from Mr. Tyau's China Awakened, p. 4:—


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 covert contemplation. The dusky front at these times showed its eyes—admirable many-paned windows, at once markedly numerous and markedly interspaced—in a manner more responsive to his own. He had moments of stopping when the coast was clear for a longer stare and then of going on in pronounced detachment at the approach of observation. There was still a want of ease in his ecstasy, if it were not rather that the very essence of the ecstasy was a certain depth of apprehension.

If as he paced he sought to avoid suspicion, of what was it at bottom that he was to have been suspected? He would have confessed, had the question been put to him, that it was only of his thoughts, which he was himself moreover the only person to know anything about. If he desired so extremely to hide them was it then that his conscience was bad about them? An examination of the state of his conscience would perhaps in truth have shown him as entertaining a hope scarce seriously to be confessed. If he had an underhand dream that his house might prove "haunted"—the result of an inordinate conception, in his previous time, of old and doubtless foolish tales—the thing might after all have been forgiven to his so belated freedom. Experience had lagged with him behind interpretation, and the worst that could have been said was that his gift for the latter might do well to pause awhile 52


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 The antiquated scare-crow began to pity and to bemoan my miserable doom, exhorting me to obey more strictly the commands of my masters, and, having put a pitcher with water, and a piece of bread before me, unfettered my hands, admonishing me to submit patiently to my fate, and never to attempt an escape, which not only would prove abortive, but at the same time prolong and increase my punishment. I uttered not a syllable, and she left me to muse in solitude on my forlorn and unhappy situation.

Three gloomy days of misery and dismay were now elapsed, since I had been thrown into that terrible abode of silence and melancholy, before I saw any body except the old witch, by whose visits alone I could guess the progress of time. No year of my whole life has ever appeared to me so long as those three days of woe; I strove in vain to loosen the fetters which chained my feet, the lock that confined them together baffled all my endeavours, and, after many fruitless efforts,


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 I was obliged to bid a mournful adieu to every ray of hope of making my escape from the fangs of my cruel tyrants; black despair hovered over me with sooty wings, the greedy tooth of grief was gnawing on my vitals, and the recollection of former times of ease and tranquillity served only to heighten my misery.

The fourth day brought me the visit of the Captain, who entered my dungeon with a lighted torch.

"Well, rascal!" exclaimed he, "how doest thou like this beautiful apartment? Art thou tired of thy sepulchre, or dost thou prefer to be entombed alive for ever to the honor of being one of our brave party? Art thou sensible of the foolishness of thy stubborn disobedience, and may I expect that thou wilt be more obsequious in future?"


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 till an increase of the former could catch up. By the time it did catch up he might perhaps have come to make out for himself that, as is perfectly known to blasés millions, despair seldom fails to settle on any surmise that the common forces of solicitation in respectable neighbourhoods may be in a given case much transcended. He was sufficiently a man of the world, further, not to care to face the smile that would greet his having had that lesson to learn. He had disembarked with an immense provision of prepared sensibility, but had packed into its interstices various fine precautions against his passing for a fool. He was slightly ashamed, if the truth be told, of the bounds he had honestly to set to his reach of reminiscence, and he understood that he should most please himself by making his pretensions few. It would be simple enough, he seemed to see, to betray on occasion his ignorance, but he might find it in general awkward to betray some sides of his knowledge. He knew too much for a man who had seen so little, and nothing could be more fatuous than to go about apologising. Of course he exaggerated the danger of the perception of either excess in so preoccupied a world. He was at any rate careful to keep to himself his real reason for disgustedly flushing in hours of privacy at the thought of the figure his acquisition would make at the hands, or at least under the pen, of auctioneers and agents eager to invite him to 53


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 I groaned a lamentable yes, the result of my resolution, which I had been driven to by despair and my forlorn situation.

"Well," resumed my tyrant, unfastening my chains, "I hope thou art sensible that it is more eligible to be a gentleman of the high road, than to be buried alive, amid spiders and toads; I will try once more whether I can make thee a worthy member of our society, rise and follow me!"

I attempted to get on my legs, but I sunk down again upon my damp couch; my legs, which were become quite useless by the pressure of the chains, were now pierced with most excruciating pains, and unable to support my miserable carcase. The robber seeing me struggle in vain to obey his command, seized me with a powerful arm, and dragged me forcibly over the rocky ground. I was trailed along the winding passages of the subterraneous fabric, like a victim to the altar, where it is to receive the finishing stroke.


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 I was every now and then forced to crawl on my knees through narrow holes, and to climb with much difficulty over gaping chasms in the rock, 'till at length an iron door obstructed our passage; my conductor opened it, and I beheld a spacious lofty hall, illuminated with a great number of torches, where some of the robbers were seated at table, eating, drinking, and conversing merrily with each other, and some cleaning guns and pistols, and charging them.

They all spoke kindly to me, inviting me to partake of their blithsome meal, and congratulating me on the wise resolution I had taken to become a sharer of their fortune. I relished the roasted meat, the turkies and hams exceeding well, and swallowed plentiful draughts of most delicious wine. Though I was not remiss to ply briskly the knife and fork and the cheerful goblet, and strove to do honor to the table; yet the robbers chided me every now and then, finding fault with my tardiness.


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 regard it as a source of income. The reason was simply that the language of advertisement, the inimitable catchpenny flourish, depressed him by the perfection of its missing of the whole point. The whole point, that of the exceptional eligibility they panted to express in their terms, was the ineffable genius itself of the place, which while he kept indirectly raking it, grew upon him day by day. He couldn't go so far as to tell anyone that he had never seen anything so old—so old at once and so elaborate—as a structure dating only from the earlier years of the previous century. He couldn't decently cry it on the housetops that he had never yet so wetted his lips at the founts of romance. It was indeed without doubt, as he reflected, in favour of one's not finding people laugh in one's face that he happened to be in general little addicted to crying from the housetops.

Just these high considerations were in all probability the influence most active in his attitude toward the only approach to an adverse interest with which he was to perceive himself confronted. It had been at their first interview made known to him by his kinsman's main representative that the house stood, for the time, subject to a short lease—a lease for the "season" given by its late proprietor, apparently in one of his rare fits of response to the economic motive, the previous year; which arrangement constituted in fact but the renewal of an understanding arrived at, on more than 54


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 a spot which seemed adapted by nature to be the retreat of monastic mortification, being on the banks of a fine trout-stream, and in the midst of woodland coverts, abounding with excellent game. The bride, with her father and attendant maidens, entered the chapel; but the earl had not arrived. The baron was amazed, and the bridemaidens were disconcerted. Matilda feared that some evil had befallen her lover, but felt no diminution of her confidence in his honour and love. Through the open gates of the chapel she looked down the narrow road that wound along the side of the hill; and her ear was the first that heard the distant trampling of horses, and her eye was the first that caught the glitter of snowy plumes, and the light of polished spears. "It is strange," thought the baron, "that the earl should come in this martial array to his wedding;" but he had not long to meditate