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 wrath of Mother Earth, who urged the Titans to revolt against their father and release their brothers from the Pit. But the Titans looked at the great Sky and were afraid, all except one huge giant named Saturn who picked up a keen-edged scythe and frightened his father into submission. Saturn then appropriated the throne and made Rhea his Queen, although he prudently swallowed all of the children that were born to him lest they in turn might take the throne. By the time Jupiter, her sixth child, was born, Saturn's wife was aroused to such a point of opposition that she concealed a stone in the infant's clothes and hid the 'mighty babe.' Jupiter, however, expressed himself so vigorously and so continuously that Rhea, in desperation, sent him away from Mount Olympus, the home of the gods, to an island named Crete, lying to the south of Greece. Here he was fed on honey, milk and ambrosia while his attendants danced and clattered and kept up a perpetual din. This concealment was quite necessary, for his uncles, the Titans, had now become a powerful race of giants and had decreed that not one of Saturn's heirs, but one of themselves would succeed to the throne. His nurses, by the way, and the goat with which he played, were afterwards placed in the sky as a reward for their kindness, the nurses, according to one legend, being accorded a position on the "V" of stars in the constellation of Taurus, while the goat was placed in the arms of the shepherd in Auriga.

When the Titans discovered that they had been deceived and that a child of Saturn's was among them, they rushed with furious war-cries upon Olympus. Hearing the commotion from the island of Crete, Jupiter rushed to the aid of his father, and so confident and strenuous was this powerful child, that the surprised Titans turned and fled. The young god then displayed an inherited trait and helped himself to his father's kingdom and the golden palace on the top of the mountain.

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undefined

BOUGHT WITH INCOME

OF BOSTON.

Under a vote of the President and Fellows,

October 24, 1898.


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 reſolution, hauing firſt diſcouered thoſe which did retire. At the laſt then they purſued them with their light horſemen, being led by the Lord Baron de Abain, and Bors la Vigne, which ſought all meanes to know their enemies forces, to take their aduauntage in the battaile, to which they were ſo lately bent. But being hindered by the often skirmiges they had with them, as they followed, and the place where the Vicount was, vnknowen vnto them, the Lordes de Sallerin, and d’Abain, reſolued to march to the right ſide of the Tower de Oyzay, being a verie high place, where they might beſte deſcrie their enemies forces, whereof as yet they were vncertaine.

And in the meane time the Lord Preaux, (who as he had heard was his great friend, and was comming along the Riuer of Vienna, with one hundred and fiftie, or two hundred footmen, and fortie horſmen, being as well of the high tower, as of the garriſon) might ioyne with him in the plain neere the riuer by them. The Lord de Sallerin leauing his companie, went to find the L. d’Abain, & Bois la Vigne, who were gone with 12. or 15. horſe, to deſcrie the order and force of the enemies, which they did ſo effectually, as it came to ſuch euent as they looked for, and


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 BY

ANGELUS FRANCIS XAVIER MAFFEI

MANGALORE

ON COMMISSION SALE AT THE

BASEL MISSION BOOK & TRACT DEPOSITORY

1882

Price Five Rupees

All rights reserved


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HE trade union movement of the United States and Canada contains many well-defined species of unionism. These may be classified as follows: Petty bourgeois liberal, socialist, Communist, syndicalist, nationalist, and Catholic.

The petty-bourgeois liberal are the most typically American in character. They comprise the vast bulk of the whole movement, including almost all of the unions affiliated to the American Federation of Labor, as well as such important independent organizations as the four railroad brotherhoods. These unions have very little social outlook. They are engaged in a day-by-day struggle to improve conditions under the capitalist system. They not only have no new social system in mind, but they strongly repel all revolutionary ideas. When charged with actually aiming to perpetuate wage slavery, they reply hypocritically, in the words of Samuel Gompers that they seek the maximum improvement of the conditions of the workers, and that "there is nothing so lofty that the workers may not aspire to it," which means in practice the support of capitalism. Their inbred policy is the collaboration of classes, except that they refuse even to recognize that any real classes exist.

The socialist unions are located mostly in the needle trades. The five principal unions in that industry number about 300,000 members. They are made up overwhelmingly of foreign-born workers. They are officially dominated by the socialist party, and especially by the


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 therfore with all their force marched foorth to finde out the L. de Abain, & Preaux; who abode about 100. paces from thē, expecting the battel, which to begin, they ſent 20. horſmen, & 50. hargueb. guided by L. Sallerin. The L. des Preux aduanced foorth his footmen, backt with his caualleri, who went valiantly to aſſaile the infantry of the enemie, lodged by the enemie for moſt aduantage.

This troupe receiued many canon ſhotte from the caſtle of the Ile, and the harguebuſiers of the ſhot of the enemies, and of thoſe which lay in couert, did execute very braue exploites of armes, the French & Spaniards fighting valiantly hand to hand; but at laſt, by the braue reſolution of M. de Preux, the Lords d’Gardeuil, Meſignac, Barredon, de Vaure, la Bruere, and de Cruere, who with their troupes behaued them ſo valyantlie, that they took the ditches, gained the mountain and the medow, and the ſpaniards halfe ouercome, retired to their main battell, being purſued very cloſely. L. Baron d’Abain, and de la Vigne, hauing vterque la Cauallerie, the whole companie were put to flight, and vanquiſhed more by ſight of our courage, then by our force, where in the flight was made a great ſlaughter of the enemies, who were ſo liuely folowed, and hardly purſued,


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 newspaper, the Jewish They are of the usual Amsterdam type except that the officials of the Amalgamated Clothing Workers (men's clothing), for a time showed strong left tendencies which they are now abandoning. Except for these unions and an occasional local union or small national organization, few of the unions are even mildly socialistic. In the early days of the movement, being founded by radicals, many had <a revolutionary tinge. Likewise up until just before the war, when the socialist party was strong and vigorous, many unions were under the influence of the socialists including such important organizations as the coal miners, painters, metal miners, etc. But since then these unions have all gone over to Gompers' camp, even as the whole socialist party has practically done, so far as its labor union policies are concerned. At this time the socialists who formerly controlled one-third of the votes in the A. F. of L., have no nuclei in the trade unions, nor are they carrying on any war against the old bureaucracy

Those unions that are definitely Communist (apart from the Communist-led minorities in the lareglarge [sic] unions), are few in number, totalling at most 40,000 members. They are independent of the A. F. of L. and center chiefly around the United Labor Council of America, with headquarters in New York. The principal organization in this group is the Amalgamated Food Workers, with about 15,000 members. A couple of the many independent unions of shoe workers show Communist tendencies. The Communist movement follows the policy of organizing nuclei within the mass trade unions. Its expression is the Trade Union Educational League, which is described in another pamphlet of this series, and which has a large following in all the mass organizations.

The syndicalist union is the Industrial Workers of the World (I. W. W.). This organization, founded in 1905, has had a stormy history. It now has about 35,000 members. It follows a policy of dual or rival unionism, paralleling the old organizations wherever it can. It is


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 independent of the A. F. of L. The I. W. W. condemns all political parties, and confines itself entirely to the struggle on the industrial field. Sharp differences between it and European syndicalist unions are that it advocates a centralized administration and the industrial form of organization. It speaks of the overthrowal of capitalism by direct action and the establishment of a new society organized and controlled by the labor unions. The "One Big Union," a small independent union claiming to be a general labor movement, is a mixture of socialist and syndicalist tendencies.

The nationalist unions are to be found in Canada. They exist in the railroad and in other industries. They are described elsewhere herein. Most of them have developed out of secession movements away from the American international unions. Patriotic demogogues, taking advantage of the discontent of the Canadian workers at the domination of American union officials, have been able to get considerable numbers of the Canadians to withdraw and to found independent national unions. These, of course, are of an ultra-conservative character.

The Catholic unions are also located in Canada, especially in the very backward province of Quebec. The Catholic church organizes no separate unions in the United States. This is because it finds effective expression through the trade union leaders, a large number of whom are Irish Catholics. For many years a feature of all A. F. of L. conventions has been the Catholic priests there lobbying for measures wanted by their church.

The trade unions of the United States and Canada are numerically very weak. At present, out of an organizable working class of at least 20,000,000 workers, they comprise only 3,600,000. Of these 2,900,000 are in the American Federation of Labor, 600,000 are in independent conservative unions (railroad brotherhoods, clothing workers, etc.), and 100,000 in independent revolutionary organizations (I. W. W., U. L. C. of A., etc.). In the


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 and ſeeing the paſſage on that ſide of Chauuigni, in the height of the riuer, to be kept with the troupes of the Lorde Abain, and Sallerin, and that they could not eſcape the edge of the ſword, they caſt themſelues into the Riuer, where all that did ſo, were immediately drowned.

The Vicont himſelfe, hoping of better fortune then the others, had (with many of the principall Leaguers) put themſelues into a great Boat, and aſſaied to paſſe, but the Harguebuſhers with their ſhotte, made ſuch a bramblement within their boat, as alſo, that many of thoſe which were in the water did catch holde of the boat, thereby to ſaue themſelues, ſo that the ſtrength and weight of them did oue-turne the boate the vpſide downe.

A woonderfull thing then was it to beholde this ſpectacle, which reſembled a patterne of the deluge, and to heare the horrible cries of men, and horſes. The riuer beeing couered with hats, and clokes, and men, and horſes, drowned, and halfe drowned, which had ſunke, and diued vp againe. Of ſome their heads appeared, of others their legs and armes, the moſt of them armed and booted.

Which dreadfull thing doeth ſhewe


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 the iuſt iudgement of God vpon theſe miſerable Leaguers, who hauing made ſuch ruine of good men, receiued from God the guerdon of their periurie, and the chaſtiſement which they had merited, and iuſtly deſerued.

The Vicont himſelfe being knowen, of one of his owne friends was taken priſoner, who tooke him out of the water, and carried him on a mare vnto the foreſaid Chaſtelleraut.

In this ouerthrowe the ſixte of February there were ſlaine and drowned more then fiue hundred men. Amongſt the which, at the leaſt were foureſcore Gentlemen and Captnes, and by report of the Trumpetter, the peſaunts and women which came from Poictiers to ſearch the dead, did finde, that of eight hundred men which wente from thence, there returned but fiftie, the reſt being dead, or taken.

This worke of God is admirable, and not to be prayſed ſufficiently, that the enemies had three for one, and yet we had not one man either ſlaine, or wounded vnto the death: only foure or fiue Souldiers are lightly hurt, and thoſe that are moſt dangerouſlie wounded, may be healed in twelue dais, and of ours were three horſe ſlaine.


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Rh place, where they saw a wild duck sitting among some reeds, where she had made herself a nest.

"Let us catch that duck!" said the uncle, as he began to creep stealthily up to her. But he did not succeed; he had driven her off her nest in vain. Meanwhile Senka the Little crept on behind his uncle, and contrived to cut off the soles of that worthy's shoes unobserved.

"Well, Senka," laughed the uncle, when he found what his nephew had done, "I thought I was cunning enough, but you beat me out and out."

They went on farther, and very soon saw in the distance three mujiks coming along towards them, leading a bull to market.

"How can we best get that bull, little uncle?" asked Senka.

"Why, you stupid, it is not night? How can any one steal so large a thing in broad daylight?"

"Never mind, uncle, I intend to do it, be it night or day."

"What!" exclaimed the uncle. "Do you actually think that you can be more clever and cunning than I."

"Well, we shall see."

Senka the Little then took off his right boot, and, throwing it into the middle of the road, hid himself and his uncle behind some bushes on the road-side.

The mujiks came up.

"Stop, my brothers!" cried one. "Look here! What a splendid boot this is; quite new, too."

"Yes, it's new enough; but what can we do with it? If there had been a pair of them it would have T


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THE NEW YORKER

HE archaeologist of the remote future was lecturing upon the written language of the early Americans, those who had lived in the primitive civilization of the twentieth century.

"These people," the professor continued, "were a race of dawning intelligence and possessed of a very limited vocabulary . Apparently, they spoke in monosyllables, with distinctive words for pain, surprise and the elementary emotions. This remnant of what the ancients called paper, fortunately preserved to us through some kindly chance in nature's chemistry and recently brought to light in the ruins of well-nigh prehistoric New York, sheds much light upon their language. Sentences, it appears, they never used. They were, we must remember, but one higher than animals in the long ladder of evolution.

"This precious relic, combining as it does crude pictures with cruder text, enables us to state with some certainty the relationship of word to action. For example, we quickly discover that the word 'oof' was spoken when one of these primitive people was the recipient of a violent body blow, a frequent occurrence. 'Oof' was apparently the passive voice, the active form, used by the aggressor, being 'pam' or 'pow.' Othermonosyllables were less pugnacious. For instance, there is 'awk' which seems to have been synonymous with sudden surprise of an unpleasant character, but was rarely if ever employed in physical combat. 'Glub,' a most singular word, appears to have been spoken solely by persons under water"

Science, after a lapse of several thousand years, was reading the comic supplement.—A. H. F.

Here it will be summer again in another three months, although it hardly seems like any time since we had it last.

Winter greens are now being used by many of our golf clubs. And at the nineteenth hole so are peppermints.

The quaint dialect of the modern newsboy is a source of constant amusement. One urchin at Wall Street and Broadway calls "Telegram! World! Journal!" Inquiry disclosed that he was vending the Telgram, Woild and Joinal.

Dopoulos P. Dopoulos is showing an advance spring line of goobers at his peanut stand at 161st Street and Gimph Avenue.

is nursing a cold, same being her husband's, as usual.

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The CORS-O-BAND gently yet firmly controls both Diaphragm and Bust, is easily adjusted, fastening at left side front with cleverly concealed hooks and eyes, gives support just where it is needed and assures the flat straight back line below the waist. Straps are detachable and may be dispensed with for evening wear.

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274 been different; we might have taken them. But what is the use of one? You can't walk about with one leg in a boot and the other in a straw shoe."

They thought, and hesitated, and at last walked away, leaving the boot in the road. Senka at once rushed forward, drew on the boot, and then, pulling off the left one, he ran as hard as ever he could behind the bushes until he got some yards in front of the mujiks. He then stopped, and threw the left boot into the road, so that the men could not see what he had done.

"Stop, brothers!" cried one of the mujiks, coming up to the boot. "Here is the other boot! Either the man who lost them was a great idiot, or else he had so many boots that he did not mind losing a pair or so. Now, brothers, for a race! Let us all three run back to the place where we left the other boot, and whoever gets there first shall have them for himself."

They tied the bull up to a tree, and then ran back after the other boot. This was just what Senka the Little had expected; so he rushed out from behind the bushes, put on the boot—which the mujiks had left behind them—and then, untying the bull, drove it on to a marsh, where he cut off its head, and placed it in such a way that any one might have thought that the bull had sunk into the damp ground. This done, he hid the other part of the animal behind the bushes, and waited.

When the mujiks found that their running had all been in vain, and that the first boot had disappeared, they returned to the place where they had left the bull; but what was their surprise to find that the


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Rh animal was not there. They looked and looked, and at last came to the marsh, where they found the head looking out of the ground.

"Just see where the devil has enticed him to!" said one of the men, pointing at the head. "The animal has sunk right into the mud. We must try our best to pull him out."

They had some very thick ropes with them, so they took one, and threw it round the bull's horns. They then all three set to work to pull the rope. They had hardly given one little pull when down they all went on their backs.

"How unfortunate!" exclaimed the men, getting up, and seeing the head without the body. "The bull was evidently very deep in the mud, for, see, we have only succeeded in tearing off his head."

However, nothing was to be done; so the mujiks went home empty-handed.

As soon as they had gone Senka the Little called his uncle, and they both skinned the bull, cut the flesh up, and then began to divide it between them.

"Are we to divide the body equally?" asked the uncle. "I think I ought to have more than you, Senka, for I am older than you."

But Senka was offended. He snatched up the bull's skin, and left his uncle. He went behind some bushes, and, taking two rather thick branches, began thrashing and thrashing the skin, crying out meanwhile at the top of his voice,—

"Let me go! let me go, little father! It was not I alone who stole the bull; my uncle helped me."

When the uncle heard this he thought to himself


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276 "Well, Senka is catching it now," and ran home in a fright, thinking that he might catch it also.

The moment his uncle had gone, Senka ran to the village for a horse and cart, and placing all the meat in the vehicle, drove off to market, where he sold it, and got a great deal of money for it.

Next day Senka the Little came to his uncle, and asked him to accompany him to the king's treasury,

"Come," he said, "let us go on with our lesson! You steal, while I watch and see how you do it."

Away they went in the middle of the night, and arrived at the king's treasury; but how were they to get in, for there were watchmen all round? They must try and be artful again, Senka the Little managed, somehow or another, to creep into a dark comer unobserved, followed by his uncle. In this way they got into the treasury without any trouble of any kind, and at once began filling their pockets. It would be perfectly impossible to say how much gold and silver they contrived to take home with them. This sort of thing rather amused them; they liked it, especially Senka, who went every night into the treasury and stole the money.

One day the king went in to see whether all was right in the royal treasury, and of course saw at once that something was wrong. A great deal of his money was missing, and he immediately called a council, and asked what had better be done—how they could best catch the thief or thieves. At last they decided to put a very large vat filled with tar just by the hole through which the thief must have


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Rh entered. No sooner said than done. All day long they heated the tar, and kept pouring it into a very large vat.

In the evening Senka the Little called for his uncle, and they both went to the treasury, as usual. When they reached their destination, Senka the Little sent his uncle on in front.

"Go on first," he said, "and I shall follow."

The unfortunate uncle obeyed; he crawled through the hole and tumbled right into the vat of hot tar.

"Good heavens!" he yelled at the top of his voice, "my death has come to me at last. I am right in the middle of a hot bath of tar."

Senka at once seized his relative by the legs, thinking he would be able to pull him out; but no. He pulled and pulled, but all in vain; nothing could be done. "Well," he said, to himself, "if they find him here they will see his face, and, by the help of that, are sure to find me, for there is a strong likeness between us."

So saying, Senka unscrewed his uncle's head, and took it home to his aunt, to whom he told a long story of how her husband had been lost, and that nothing but his head was left in remembrance.

In the morning the guards came to the king, and told him that the thief had been caught, but he was headless. The king was greatly astonished, and ordered a cart, with three horses and little bells, to be got ready to drive the dead body about all over the town: in that way they might perhaps be able to find some of the man's relations. If any one was seen to weep over the dead body, the same should at once


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278 be seized and put into fetters; those were the king's orders.

"Little aunt," said Senka, "do you want to weep over the body of your departed husband?"

"Of course I should, my dear. A husband is a husband, you know, whatever he may do or say. Yes, I should very much like to weep over him."

"Well, then, listen to me. Take a new pitcher, fill it with milk, and go out into the streets to meet the cart with the dead body of your husband. When you see it, manage to stumble somehow, drop the pitcher so that it will smash, and then cry to your heart's content."

The aunt took a new pitcher, filled it with milk, and went her way. She did not go far before she saw the cart with the three horses, and her dead husband lying on it. As soon as the vehicle came up to her she managed to stumble, and drop the pitcher, which broke into several little pieces, while the milk flowed out in all directions. She at once commenced to weep bitterly, and murmuring to herself,—

"Oh, my life! my life! How can I ever live without thee?"

In another moment a number of soldiers came running up to her from all sides, and began asking her,—

"Tell us, you old woman, what are you crying for and why are you saying those words? Have you recognized the dead body? Is he your husband, or your brother, or—your lover?"

"Ah! my dear little fathers, how can I help crying? You see yourselves in what trouble I am; I have


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Rh broken my new pitcher and spilt the milk!" And she again began to cry.

"What an old idiot! You must have very little to cry about in general!" said the soldiers, and went on farther.

On the following day the soldiers came to the king, telling him that they had seen no one cry over the dead body, though they had driven all over the town. The only person who did weep was a stupid old woman; but that was not at sight of the body, but because she happened to smash her pitcher and spill the milk.

"Why did you not seize her?" asked the king. "I dare say she did know something about the thief."

The king again called a council, and began asking how they had best catch the other thief, for he was sure that there had been another. At last, after thinking and thinking, the council decided to place a cask of wine in a certain meadow, strew some money round it, and put a man behind the bushes to watch. The thief, of course, would at once come to steal the money—how could he help it? He would then see the cask, and immediately drink the wine until he became drunk; then it would be very easy to catch him!

In the night Senka the Little started off to see what he could do in the way of stealing. He had to pass through the meadow, where, to his surprise, he saw some money strewn about. He at once began filling his pockets, when he smelt the wine.

"Come," he thought, "this is splendid. Let me taste the wine."


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280 He did. It was beautiful; he had never tasted better.

"A drop more won't hurt."

He drank and drank until he became so drunk that he was unable to leave his place, but fell fast asleep by the side of the cask. The watchman meanwhile had long since noticed him.

"Ah! my friend," he thought, "you are caught now! This is the end of your amusements in this world; you will soon be sitting in Siberia!"

He approached Senka the Little and shaved off half of his beard, so that in case the thief left the place while he went to tell the authorities there would be something to recognize him by.

"I shall go now and tell them."

By the time the watchman arrived at the palace morning began to dawn, and Senka awoke and recovered from his fit of intoxication, and pulled his beard as he yawned, when he suddenly felt that half of it was gone. "What was he to do?" he thought and thought.

At last an idea struck him. He got up, and went along the high road, and commenced pulling every man he met by the beard until he tore half of it off, so that no one could possibly recognize the thief! In this way Senka got out of his difficulty. He let his beard grow again, and began living happily, stealing right and left. He would have lived even longer, if he had not been caught the other day and hung.


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Rh

the splendid town of Murom was a small village called Karatchaev, in which lived a peasant by name Ivan Timofeivitch, who had a favourite son, Elie Muromitch. Now this son was unable to walk; he had not moved from his chair for thirty long years.

Harvest-time had come, and all the peasants had gone off into the fields to work; Elie alone stayed at home. As he sat in his chair by the open window, two cripples came limping along the road; they stopped in front of the window, and began begging for something to eat and drink.

"Walk into the hut, my poor brothers!" answered Elie; "there is plenty to eat and drink here, but no one to give it you."

But the beggars replied,—

"No, get up and fetch the things for us yourself."

"I cannot walk, I have no strength in my legs; I have sat in this chair for thirty years, unable to move or do anything."

Still the beggars only said,—

"Never mind; get up, and fetch the things!"

Elie suddenly felt his strength returning, but he could not rise.


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Page:NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE SURVEY 18; CZECHOSLOVAKIA; TRANSPORTATION AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS CIA-RDP01-00707R000200110013-9.pdf/14

 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA-RDP01-00707R000200110013-9

'''FIGURE 3. Bituminous surfaced highway. This is the most common type of pavement on primary highways. (U/OU)'''

modern prestressed concrete-girder, concrete deck-arch (Figure 4), and steel-beam structures. Low-capacity bridges (less than 10 short tons) still exist on some roads, but most modern bridges are the prestressed concrete-deck type and have load capacities of 40 to 66 short tons. Minimum vertical clearance has been set at 17 feet for through-truss bridges and underpasses.

The highway network is virtually free of tunnels, except for a few near Teplice in the mountainous area of the northwest and one under construction near Zilina in northern Slovakia. There are no ferries or fords on national routes.

The Ministry of Transportation is responsible for implementing the government's highway construction policies and for providing guidance in any construction, modernization, repair, and maintenance work done on the road network. Work is performed by local road construction enterprises. Progress is hampered, though, by a shortage of qualified highway engineers and a general lack of funds. Other problems arise from the rugged terrain in much of the country and the usual seasonal restrictions on road building. Construction in the mountains requires heavy grading and the building of numerous culverts and bridges. Domestic production of bitumen, gravel, Portland cement, and steel is adequate.

A highway modernization program underway aims to eliminate serious bottlenecks, improve existing roads, and construct an expressway system of cross-country routes. A major objective is to provide 80% of the national road network with a bituminous or concrete surface by 1975. Other goals include widening all primary routes to 24 to 30 feet,

'''FIGURE 4. Concrete bridge over Vltava river. A principal structure on the highway system. (U/OU)'''

8

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282 "It is of no use," replied Elie; "I certainly do feel strong all at once, but I cannot get up. I have no power in my legs."

"Try again," said the beggars for the third time.

Elie felt stronger and stronger; he raised himself from his chair, and—actually stood on his feet, and managed to walk.

"Go!" said the beggars to him, "fetch us some beer, for we are thirsty."

Elie felt so strong now that it was nothing to him to go down into the deep dark cellar and pour out two bowls full of frothy beer, and take them up to the beggars, who had so generously given him back his strength.

"Drink it yourself!" said they to him, when he brought them the beer.

Elie seized both bowls, and drank off the contents at a draught!

"Go down and fetch more beer and give it to us," said the beggars again.

Elie once more descended into the cellar, this time bringing forth beer in larger bowls; but the beggars only said as before,—

"Drink it yourself!"

Elie obeyed.

"Well, Elie," said the men, "do you feel your strength?

"I do."

"Do you feel very strong?"

"Yes, very!"

"How strong?"

"As strong as a post from here to heaven.


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Rh I feel as though I could turn the whole earth round!"

At this the two men shook their heads, and began talking to each other.

"We have given Elie too much power," they said; "it will never do for him to turn the earth round! No, no; we must reduce his strength!" Then turning to him, they said aloud: "Go fetch us some beer; we are thirsty!"

Elie sprang into the cellar, and brought up more beer than before.

"Drink it yourself!" they said.

He drank it.

"Well, Elie, do you feel just as strong?" they asked.

"No, my strength seems to have been reduced!"

"That will do," said the men to each other; "let us go!" And they left Elie Muromitch to himself.

When the parents returned home from the fields, and saw their beloved son walking about the hut, trying his strength in various ways, they were amazed. What could have come over their favourite in their absence? What had happened to their dear son, Elie Muromitch? They had never for a moment expected to see him up and about, looking stronger than the mightest warrior!

After a little while, an idea struck Elie Muromitch. He dressed himself up like a warrior, made himself a tremendous lance of steel, harnessed his beautiful horse, and went to his parents, asking them to bless him.

"My good father and mother," he said, "listen, I


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284 pray you, to what I am about to say. It has just struck me that it would be a grand thing to go to the sacred city of Kiev, and offer up thanksgivings to the Saints for their great kindness to me, and also to salute our well-beloved warrior, Prince Vladimir!"

His father and mother looked very sad indeed when they heard this; the idea of parting with their beloved son, even for a short time, was painful to them.

"Why must you leave us in our old age?" they said, their eyes dim with tears. "Why do you wish to forsake us, our darling son?"

Still Elie Muromitch begged and prayed them to bless him, and let him go. The parents at last consented; they gave him as great a blessing as they could, thus advising him at the same time,—

"Go, beloved son, straight to the sacred city of Kiev; but take care, and do not unnecessarily or unjustly offend any one on your way, or unreasonably shed Christian blood."

Elie Muromitch accepted the blessing, and promised to keep and follow the advice.

Out of the splendid town of Murom, out of the village of Karatchaev, rode our valiant hero, Elie Muromitch, magnificently attired, on his way to the sacred city of Kiev.

Now this journey to Kiev, from the town of Murom, was a very dangerous one, for after having gone through the wonderful town of Chernigov, which was on the way, there lay a straight road that had for the last thirty years or so been impassable, on account of a celebrated robber, Nightingale


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 ''have aid enough to evince that it is not o incredible, as ome have pretended. For, having made the larget Conceions concerning the heights of the highet Mountains, which, according to the old Opinion, I have allowed may be thirty Miles high,'' Gen. VII 19. (whereas if intead of thirty, I had aid not above three perpendicular, I had had the bet of the Modern Philoophers to defend me) it appears there might be Water enough to cover the loftiest of them; as Moes hath related.

''Whoe account of the Families by whom the Earth was peopled after the Flood, is o urpriingly agreeable to all Records that remain in any Language, of the everal Nations of the Earth, that it carries with it an uncontroulable Evidence of his Sincerity and truth, as well as of his admirable Univeral Knowledge. For as there is no Writer that hath given us an Account of o many Nations, and o remote as he hath done: So he hath not atisfied himelf with naming them; but acquainted us with their Original; and told us at what time, and from what place, and on what occaion they were dipered into far ditant Countries. And this with uch brevity, that he hath informed us of more in one Chapter, than we can find in the great Volumes of all other Authors:'' Having


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Rh Thief as he was called, because he killed everybody who happened to venture down that road by his whistling; he allowed no one to pass, whether on horseback or on foot; he killed them all! not by force, but by his extraordinary art!

On, on rode Elie Muromitch, until he came into an open field, where he discovered traces of some passing horsemen; he set spurs to his horse and followed up the track. The creature neighed angrily and began galloping along, covering four miles at a gallop! At this rate Elie soon reached the dark Brynske forests, on the black earth of Smolensk, near the River Smorodina. He slackened his horse's pace, and began bragging aloud of all the brave deeds he intended to do.

"If I am fortunate enough to arrive safely at the sacred city of Kiev, I shall kill every Tartar in the place, and take all the Tartar women prisoners!"

He rode on, faster than before, and reached another field, where he suddenly came upon a band of forty-four thieves bent on plunder.

"Hail to you! ye villains!" exclaimed Elie Muromitch. "What care I for you forty-four thieves. There is nothing that ye dare take from me. I have a great-coat, and that is a grey one, the price of which is sixty roubles. I have a quiver at my back, as you see, which contains five hundred arrows, and the price of these arrows is five roubles each. As for ready money—I have forty thousand roubles with me; while the beast I am riding on—is worth more than all put together!"

The robbers laughed outright.


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285 "Though we have been pretty nearly all over the wide world," said they, "we have never, to our knowledge, come across such a fool before. Come, strip him, children; let us see whether the big fool speaks the truth."

Elie Muromitch suddenly seized his bow, and taking an arrow from the quiver, he aimed at an old oak-tree; the arrow pierced it through the middle, and the big old oak fell with a tremendous crash, breaking in four quarters. No sooner had the robbers seen what had happened than they became alarmed, and mounting their horses they galloped off in all directions.

Elie Muromitch laughed to himself, and rode on farther, through different portions of the Brynske forests, until he arrived at the wonderful town of Chernigov. When he entered this town he found it in the possession of a force of Mussulmen, who wanted to plunder it, to pull down its walls, to destroy its religious houses, to burn its churches, and to take all its generals and the Prince of Chernigov prisoners.

Elie Muromitch felt sorry for the town of Chernigov, and he determined to beat the Mussulman forces and drive them out.

So he galloped up, and with the sharp point of his lance he pierced their jerkins through and through, and flourishing his sword he slaughtered them, right and left, so that by nightfall Elie Muromitch had succeeded in destroying the whole of the Mussulman force and taking their king prisoner. He took the Mussulman king and walked him all round the wonderful town of Chernigov. The prince, with all


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Rh the generals, and the people both great and small, came forward to meet him, bringing with them bread and salt, and taking the young hero by the hands welcomed him to the town of Chernigov, and treated him with the greatest possible respect.

On the following day Elie Muromitch left the wonderful town of Chernigov, and rode along the black earth of Smolensk, towards the sacred city of Kiev. On, on he rode until he came to a dark and dreary forest, far more gloomy than the others, in which lay the impassable road. Along this dangerous path Elie Muromitch the valiant hero rode; he approached a cluster of nine old oak-trees, in the midst of which the celebrated robber, the Nightingale Thief had built his hut, or nest, as it was called. When the Nightingale Thief heard the trampling of horse's hoofs, he at once commenced whistling; first he imitated the sound of the nightingale, then he hissed like a serpent, and lastly roared like a wild bull.

When Elie's horse heard all these sounds, he began to stumble and grow nervous; he tried to turn back, but his rider whipped him on, but on reaching the Nightingale Thief's nest the animal fell on his knees.

"Oh! you son of a wolf!" exclaimed Elie Muromitch. "You bag full of grass! Have you not been into white-walled caverns? Have you not ridden through dark and dreary forests? Have you never before heard the singing of a nightingale, the hissing of a serpent, or the roar of a wild bull?"

Still the horse would not move. The Nightingale


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288 Thief again gave a loud roar, like a wild bull, so loud that the whole forest shook; the thief was determined to kill Elie Muromitch by his whistling.

Disregarding his parents' advice, Elie Muromitch drew out an arrow from the quiver, and adjusting it to the bow, let fly right into the midst of the nine oaks, and struck the Nightingale Thief in the right eye; from the effects of this wound the thief fell all of a heap on the ground. Elie seized him, and tying him to his saddle-bow, he sprang on to his horse and dragged the thief through his former place of shelter, all along the road which had for the last thirty years been impassable, and so arrived at the sacred city of Kiev.

Elie galloped straight into the prince's court, jumped off his noble steed, and tied him up to an old oak-post; this done, he went up to the sacred palace of the prince to pray, and after having offered up thanks for his recovery, he made a low bow to the prince and princess.

Now the great Prince Vladimir was holding a feast; there were princes and grand nobles present, and many a valiant warrior. When Elie Muromitch had finished praying, a mighty bowl large as a modern pail was handed to him, full of green wine. Elie took the bowl, and raising it to his lips drank off the contents at one draught.

Then up rose the great Prince Vladimir and spoke, for he and his people were greatly amazed,—

"Tell me thy name, young stranger; tell me thy father's name, that we may know what seat to give thee."


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Rh "You flatter me, great Prince Vladimir," Elie Muromitch replied. "They call me Elie Muromitch, the son of Ivanovitch. I travelled by the impassable road from the village of Karatchaev, through the splendid town of Murom—"

But here the valiant warriors interrupted Elie, and addressing the great prince, said,—

"O, kinsman of the sun, Prince Vladimir! What folly does this stranger speak? How could he possibly have ridden through the impassable road? None of us, valiant warriors though we be, would ever have dared so dangerous a deed. No one who ventured on that fatal road was ever heard of after; the road has been impassable for the last thirty years, on account of the Nightingale Thief, who has taken shelter there."

"Lo! prince, behold!" Elie Muromitch said. "See what my valiant arm has done; there, in yonder court, you will find the famous Nightingale Thief."

Prince Vladimir followed Elie Muromitch into the broad magnificent court to see the prisoner. Elie approached the Nightingale Thief, and whispered to him,—

"Listen and obey! Whistle as before, singing like a nightingale, hissing like a serpent, and roaring like a wild bull; and delight the great Prince Vladimir."

The thief whistled, imitating the singing of the nightingale, stunning and deafening all the prince's chiefs and warriors in Kiev. Then he hissed like a serpent and roared like a wild bull, till the inhabitants of the sacred city fled in all directions, filling the air with lamentations, while the horses U


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290 galloped about all over the city, neighing furiously. Even the great Prince Vladimir and the beautiful Princess Aprasievna were more dead than alive.

"Hail to thee, Elie Muromitch, son of Ivanovitch!" said the prince coaxingly. "I beseech thee to remove that Nightingale Thief, for we do not want him here any longer; we have had enough of this sport."

Elie Muromitch seized the Nightingale Thief by his curly black locks, dashed him about on mother earth, then he threw him up into the air, higher than the tallest towers of the sacred palace, and the fragments as they fell were crushed against the stones. After this treatment, death was not long in coming to the thief.

As for Elie Muromitch, he was very handsomely rewarded, and went home through the splendid town of Murom, to his native village of Karatchaev, rich in gifts, and as happy as the day was long, and there he lived in luxury until he died.


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Rh

upon a time there lived a king and a queen. The king was a great sportsman, he loved nothing so much as to go out shooting game. One day, as he set out on one of his sporting expeditions, he saw a young eagle sitting on an old oak-tree; he was just about to shoot it, when to his surprise, the eagle said,—

"Do not shoot me, O king; but take me to your palace. I may be of use to you one of these days."

The king thought and thought, and then replied,—

"Of what use can you possibly be to me?" and he again prepared to shoot the bird.

"No, pray do not kill me," said the eagle once more; "take me home to your palace, O king, for I am sure to be of some use to you soon."

The king thought for a little while, and then again was about to kill the eagle, wondering how on earth such a bird could be of use to him.

But the eagle begged for the third time, saying as before,—

"Kill me not, O king; better take me with you to the palace. I may be of use to you soon."

The king at last took pity on the creature, and rode with it to his home, where he fed and took care of him for two whole years. The eagle ate so much


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 o’clock in the evening, for the measure of the day and of the night; the corresponding results are .092, .029,—.078, .012,—.050, .010,—.032, .013, .020. On the 21st of July 1815, the quantity of evaporation, during twenty-four hours, was 208; and, on the 27th of the same month, it was 200, the thermometer having sunk as low during the night as 46° and 49° of Fahrenheit’s scale.—If we reckon the mean daily evaporation through the year at .040, this would give 14 inches, for the whole amount, or about half the annual quantity of rain that falls in this climate.

The atmometer, in its most compendious form, is admirably fitted for delicate experiments on the evaporation which takes place in close vessels, when absorbent substances are introduced. Let the ball of the instrument, for example, be immersed in air variously rarefied or condensed, under a receiver covering a surface of sulphuric acid, which has different degrees of strength; and, things being thus disposed, on extracting the common air, and introducing hydrogen gas, the rate of evaporation will then be nearly tripled. But we purpose to take some future opportunity of stating the results of such curious and interesting researches.

We shall close this short notice, with mentioning a striking fact, which shows the necessity of extreme caution in all physical inquiries. Let the ball of an atmometer be cemented to a narrow glass tube of three or four feet in length, and the whole capacity filled with fresh distilled water. Now invert the instrument upright in a basin of quicksilver, and secure it in that situation; the quicksilver, following the column of water, will rise at first quickly, and then by degrees more slowly till it reaches, perhaps, an elevation of 28 inches, where it will remain stationary and afterwards sink down, when the evaporation is nearly spent. Ice-water is raised in this way about 26 inches only, and common water scarcely 24 inches; the air separated from such liquids forming near the top of the ball, a thin medium, which, by its elasticity, counteracts in part the pressure of the external atmosphere supporting the mercurial column. But a similar experiment, where the shoot of a vine was cemented to a tube holding quicksilver, has been thought, by Dr Hales and M. Du Hamel, quite conclusive, in proving the power of the living principle of vegetation. It is obvious, that the force of evaporation alone was sufficient to explain the facts advanced by those ingenious philosophers. See Leslie’s Short Account of Experiments and Instruments depending on the Relations of Air to Heat and Moisture.

ATMOSPHERE. We have to regret, that the experiments to which we alluded, in referring from to this article, are not yet completed; and must again postpone the consideration of the various points connected with this subject, till other opportunities shall occur, particularly under the articles and. There are already articles of some extent, both on and, in the Encyclopædia, to which we beg, in the meantime, to refer our readers.

, a species of philosophy lately introduced into Chemistry, which deserves to be fully explained in this place.

It is well known to have been the doctrine of some of the most eminent of the Greek philosophers, that the ultimate elements of matter consisted of atoms or particles incapable of farther division or diminution. This doctrine was adopted by Sir Isaac Newton, and, indeed, has been almost universally embraced by modern philosophers. But it was in chemistry alone that it could be applied with any advantage. The object of chemists was to determine the component parts of bodies, and to ascertain the different elements out of which all substances are compounded. Considerable progress was gradually made in this difficult investigation. Thus it was soon ascertained that the salts, which constitute a very numerous class of bodies, contain always at least two constituents, namely, an acid and a base. Thus, saltpetre is a compound of the acid called nitric acid, and the base called potash. Now, how small a portion soever of saltpetre you examine, whether a grain or the millionth part of a grain, you will always find it to contain both the ingredients of which saltpetre is composed. The same thing holds with respect to all the other salts, and, indeed, with respect to all compound bodies whatever. Now, this could not be the case, unless these compounds were formed by the union of the minutest possible particles of the constituents with each other; that is to say, unless it were the ultimate atoms of the elements which united together and constituted the compound. Accordingly, it has been admitted as an axiom in chemistry, that chemical union consists in the combination of the atoms of bodies with each other.

Chemistry originated from the absurd pursuits of the alchymists; and many years elapsed before it was able to shake off its connection with the chimerical notions respecting the philosopher’s stone and the universal medicine. Dr Cullen was perhaps the first man that viewed the science as constituting a great and important branch of natural philosophy. His views were followed out by Black, Cavendish, Priestley, and a cloud of other eminent men, who have added so much lustre to the scientific pre-eminence of Great Britain. Margraaf, Bergman, and Scheele, were the first scientific chemists who appeared on the Continent. Bergman, in particular, was of the most essential service to the science. Educated in those branches of mechanical philosophy which had already made such progress, and accustomed to the rigid accuracy of mathematical reasoning, he introduced the same correct views, the same precise reasoning, the same generalization to which he had been already  1em


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Author:Yevgeni Alekseyevich Preobrazhensky

Works

 * Third Anniversary of the Russian October Revolution (1920), tr. (1921)


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292 that the king very soon had no sheep or oxen left in his fields.

"Give me my freedom now," said the eagle to the king.

The king gave him his liberty, and the bird tried to fly; but his wings had not become equal to the task of carrying such a heavy bird, so he said to the king,—

"Now, O king, you have fed me for two years; feed me yet another, it would be no great addition to what I have already cost."

The king did so; he took cattle wherever he possibly could, and after feeding the eagle for another whole year, he gave him his liberty again.

The eagle soared high, high into the air, and after flying about a long time, he flew down upon the earth once more, and entering the palace, he said to the king,—

"Come, O king! Sit on my back, and let us fly into the wide world together."

"Certainly," said the king, seating himself upon the eagle's back.

On, on they flew for a long, long time, until they came to the shores of the dark blue sea. Here the eagle threw the king off his back and let him fall into the water. However, he only sank to his knees in the waves, for the eagle did not allow him time enough to sink any deeper; he flew down upon him, and placing him on his wings again, soared away once more.

"I suppose you were sadly frightened just now O king?" said the bird.


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Rh "I was, indeed," the king replied; "I really thought I should drown."

Away they flew over stock and stone until they came to another blue sea, where the eagle again let the king drop. When he was up to his waist in water, the eagle flew down and saved him again.

"Were you frightened, O king?" asked the eagle.

"Yes, but still I thought you would save me."

Away they flew, till they came to a third blue sea; here again the eagle let the king fall into the waves, but when he was up to his neck in water the bird saved him and put him on his wings, asking as before,—

"Were you not frightened, O king?"

"I was, but I thought that you would most likely pull me out again."

"Well, king, you know now what it is to be afraid of death. I threw you into the sea, in return for something which you wished to do to me, a long, long time ago. Do you remember the day when I sat on the old oak-tree and you wanted to shoot me? Three times you intended to do so, but I begged of you to spare me, and thought to myself, perhaps he may destroy me, or perhaps he will befriend me and take me home with him."

After that they flew on farther until they came to the Twenty-seventh kingdom; then the eagle said to the king,—

"Look and see, O king, what is above us and what beneath us?" The king obeyed.

"Above us," said he, "are the heavens, beneath us the earth."


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294 "Look again; see what is on our right and what on our left."

"On our right is a green field, on our left stands a house."

"Let us fly down to that house," replied the eagle, "for in it lives my youngest sister."

So down they flew right into the yard of the house. The eagle's sister at once rushed out to meet her brother; she embraced him most affectionately, and took him into her little house and brought forward all kinds of good things, but she did not so much as look at the unfortunate king, who was left out in the yard with the dogs. But when the eagle saw what his sister had done, he was very angry; and scolding her severely for her rudeness, he left the hut and would touch nothing. He caught up the king and flew away with him.

On, on they went. At last the eagle said,—

"Look round, O king, and see what is behind us."

The king looked. "I see a red house behind us," he said.

"That is my sister's house on fire; it is a punishment to her because she did not ask you in, but left you outside with the dogs."

Away they flew, farther and farther. At last the eagle said,—

"Look and see what is above us and what beneath."

"Above us are the heavens, beneath us the earth."

"Now, look again, and see what is on our right, and what on our left."


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Rh "On our right are green fields, on our left stands a house."

"In that house lives my second sister; let us fly down and visit her."

Down they flew into the yard where the second sister came forward to greet her brother, and took him into her little house to give him some food, leaving the king out in the yard with her dogs, as her youngest sister had done. The eagle, however, was very angry, and springing from the table, caught up the king and flew away with him.

They flew and flew, farther and farther. At last the eagle said as before, "Look behind you, O king! and see what is there?"

The king turned round.

"I see another red house."

"That is the house of my second sister. I set it on fire as a punishment to her for not taking you in. Now let us fly to the house of my mother and my eldest sister."

On they went until they reached the house, and the eagle's mother and eldest sister rushed out to meet them; here the king found a warm and hearty welcome.

"Now, O king!" said the eagle, "you must stay with us for a while and rest, and when you are rested I shall give you a ship to take you home in; thus will I repay you for your kindness to me while I was at your palace."

So when the king was about to leave, the eagle gave him a beautiful ship, and two little boxes: one red and the other green.


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448

Sometimes the facture of his verses is impeccable, as if he were T. S. Eliot. One would allow ten years between the two quotations, and yet they may have been written on the same day:

No poem attains a lyrical perfection (he has a contempt for lyricists) and no poem is without its excellences:

Evidently there is no consistency to his work; it cannot be catalogued under any of the epithets which he so abuses; there is no place for him in the files. He is good and bad at once; brilliant and boring; awkward and skilful. He has all the insufferability of genius, and a very little of the genius which alone can justify it. He will be known some day wherever an adjective meets a strange adverb and where they bow distantly to each other; that is, he will be known in the literary circles where such introductions are made. Elsewhere he will never need to be forgotten.

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ET us imagine a room painted in this wise: there are the walls, a window, chairs, table, food on table, and two humans. These walls are aligned as inexorably as armies; one feels their seclusion and their leaden mass. Light, however, pours through the floodgates of the window, tumbles and seethes into the room, rolling with sheer commensurable bulk. The chairs fulfil their functions as chairs earnestly, even avidly; in a sense one might say that they are crying out to be chairs; they are more than chairs, by God, they are staunch havens of palliation, they are strong, tender arms to which our failing corporeal fibres may surrender with confidence. As to the table, note how it offers up its contents, as profusely, as unstintingly, one might say, as the calyx of a lily. And that man and that woman, leaning, gravitating towards each other they are waterspouts growing up out of the floor. Their arms hang limp, but countless phantom arms interlock in the air. While these two humans stand "silent upon each other, heavily."

The closing quote is from Waldo Frank, as is fitting. For our painted room is in the truest manner of Rahab, or City Block. I wish mainly to bring out the element of volition behind the author's eye. He has written elsewhere that when "feet clamber up and over a hill" the hill is already there; "the feet do not create the hill, although they have a tendency to think so." Yet his own writings are a testimony of feet which, if they do not create the hill, at least re-create it, transforming it from a mere hill, qua hill, to a spiritual problem, an obstacle proclaiming its 1dentity over against the yearnings and necessities of human atoms.

In 1893 Stéphane Mallarmé gave the first definite formulation of the poetics which encompasses this attitude in writing. Building on Hegel, he found in idealism the artist's right to his own universe,

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 The night drawing on, and waxing exceeding darke, and the want of Boates was the cauſe that they were forced to geue ouer, and could not followe the victorie: on that ſide the riuer which wee paſſed before the conflict, ſo that the ſid Lord de Abain and de Sallerin, lodged in the Villages that were neere at hand, and bordering vppon Guierche, and the ſayd Lord des Preux returned to Chattelleraut.

Vppon the Friday next following, the ſaid Lord de Preux ſent to ſummon the caſtle of the Ile, to which place the Vicount had withdrawen his Cannon, and the beſt part of his carriage. Which Caſtle did immediatly yeelde at the firſt ſummon to captaine l’Eſpinette, and the ſpoile was ſent to Chattelleraut.

On Saterday the eight day of Februarie, in the euening, and on Sundaye morning, they drew out of the water more then two hundred and fiftie drowned carcaſſes, and amongſt others was the Lorde de Bonnes, de Perigueux, Liutenant to the Vicont, and the Lord de Grandmont his nephewe, de Paluſtre, Chanboneau, and diuers others which were not knowen. And diuers others very ſumptuouſlie apparrelled, and richlie armed, which they could not know.


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296 "Listen," said the eagle, "and do not open the boxes until you reach home; the red box you must open in the fields behind the palace, and the green one you must open in the front of the palace."

The king took the boxes, parted from his friend the eagle, and sailed away over the blue seas. At last he arrived at some kind of an island, where he anchored his ship, and jumped on to the shore. He suddenly remembered the little boxes, and began wondering what there could be inside, and why he was not to open them. He thought and thought, and at last, not being able to stand it any longer, he took hold of the little red box, put it on the ground, and—opened it. Hardly had he done so, when out came a number of all kinds of cattle, till the whole island was swarming! When the king saw this he was greatly alarmed and began to cry.

"What on earth am I to do?" he said aloud to himself. "How can I possibly put all these cattle back into such a little box?"

At that moment he beheld a man come out of the waves.

"What is the matter, great king?" asked the man. "Why do you weep so bitterly?"

"How can I help it?" returned the king. "How am I to collect all these immense beasts, and put them into such a small box?"

"I think I can help you out of your trouble, and collect the cattle for you; but on one condition, and that is, that you give me something of which you know nothing, but which you have at home,"

The king was astonished


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, dailie there are found more dead carcaſes in the ſaid riuer, as if the ſpring thereof ſhould ſeeme vnable to be drawen drie, but ſtill to increaſe.

This ouerthrowe which happened on Thurſday, being the ſixt day of Februarie, at foure of the clocke in the after noone, or thereaboutes, is one of the moſt notableſt things that euer happened in thoſe Countries, ſince theſe laſt cruell warres, which manifeſteth the great mercie of almightie God, in bleſſing and preſeruing the affaires of the moſt Chriſtian King in theſe partes: for that therein was ſlaine, and taken priſoners, the moſt part of the chiefe Leaguers of Poictou, Lymaſin, and Perigot.

Whoſe names, for the better ſatisfiing of all ſuch as are deſirous to bee acquainted with this ouerthrowe, are here ſet downe, as well thoſe which were ſlaine, as thoſe which were taken priſoners, to the great encouragement of all the true ſubiectes of that valiant French king: and the diſmaying of the ſworne ſeruants of that wicked monſter of Rome, and his adherents, whom God at his good pleaſure will ouerthrow and confound for euer.


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 * The Vicont of Guyerche.
 * The Lord of Bonne, who was his Lieuetenant in the gouernment.
 * The Lord of Montaumart, Enſigne of the ſame Companie.
 * The Lord of Barre Sauuagere.
 * The Lord of Ferrandiere of Bournais.
 * The L. Paluſtre lieuetenant of the men of Arms of the towne.
 * The Lordes of Anbus, Brethren.
 * The Lordes of Luuy vpon Creuſe.
 * The Lord of Bardiere.
 * The Lord Narchais.
 * The L. Puy de la Barde.
 * The Lord of Mothe Bureau.
 * The Lord of Bouueliere, Lieuetenant to the Lord of Montagne.


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Rh "What have I got in my palace," he thought, "of which I know nothing? I thought I knew everything that I possess!" However he consented, and said aloud: "All right, collect the cattle for me, and I will give you the something of which I know nothing."

The man immediately set to work and put all the cattle back into the little red box; the king thanked him, and getting into his ship with the boxes, sailed homewards.

When he arrived home, he found that a little prince had been born, a dear, pretty little fellow; he took the child in his arms and kissed it long and tenderly, but weeping bitterly all the time.

"Why do you weep so bitterly, O king?" asked the queen.

"I weep for you," the king replied; for he was afraid to tell his wife the real truth—that he had to give the little prince away. He then left the room, and taking the small red box he went to the field behind the palace and opened it. Out came a number of immense bulls, cows, sheep and lambs; so many were they, that the fields for miles round were filled with them! This done the king went to the grounds in front of the palace, opened the little green box—and suddenly he beheld a large and beautiful garden all round him! There was every possible kind of tree in it, and all the most lovely flowers imaginable! The king was so delighted that he quite forgot his promise to the man of the sea, and did not give his little son away.

Many, many years went by; when one day the


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298 king thought he would have a stroll by the river-side, so he went. He had not been there long when out of the water appeared the very same man whom he had seen on the island, and who had helped him out of his trouble.

"Well, king!" said the man, "you have grown very forgetful! Don't you remember that you promised me something, but have not fulfilled your promise?"

The king sighed, and going home told his wife and son the whole truth.

They talked and wept, but nothing was to be done; they had to part with the prince whether they liked it or not, so they took him to the river-side and left him there.

As soon as the young prince was left to himself he looked around him and beheld a little foot-path; he walked along it, wondering where it would bring him to. On, on he went until he found himself in a dark and dreary forest, where he saw a little hut in which lived an old fairy.

"I think I might as well go in," he thought, and entered.

"Good-day to you, my prince!" said the old fairy. "What brings you here? Have you come on business or only for pleasure?"

"Oh, never mind, old lady! Give me something to eat and drink first, and then ask me as many questions as you like!"

She did so, and then the prince told her everything, and asked how he had best get to this man of the sea.

"Go, my child, to the dark blue sea," answered the


text:
Einstein Theory of Relativity

 * The Einstein Theory of Relativity (1923), an animated documentary silent film directed by David Fleischer
 * "The Einstein Theory of Relativity" (1920), a paper by Hendrik Lorentz

title: Einstein Theory of Relativity


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Rh old fairy, "and towards evening you will see twelve spoon-bills fly down on to the shore, but the moment they touch the ground they will be changed into twelve beautiful maidens, and will commence to bathe in the sea. Now the moment you see that they are not looking you must crawl out of your hiding-place and steal the garments of the eldest of the twelve damsels. When you have settled everything with her—for she will begin begging you to give her clothes back to her—you must go on to the King of the Sea. On your way to his dwelling you will meet with three old heroes—Eat-All, Drink-All and Chill-All. You must take them all with you, for they will be of great use to you."

The young prince thanked the old fairy and went his way to the blue sea, and hiding himself behind some bushes, waited.

Towards evening down flew twelve spoon-bills, which on touching the ground changed into twelve beautiful maidens who began bathing. When they were not looking the young prince crawled from behind the bushes, stole the garments of the eldest, and then hid himself again.

When the maidens had finished bathing, they climbed back on to the shore. The eleven put on their garments, changed themselves into birds again, and flew home; leaving their eldest sister—who was called Melania the Clever—by herself. When Melania caught sight of the young prince, she fell on her knees, begging and praying him to give her back her clothes.

"Give them back to me, I beseech you; for when


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300 you arrive at the dwelling of my father—the King of the Sea—I may prove of great use to you."

The prince gave her back her things; she immediately changed into a spoon-bill and flew away after her sisters.

The prince walked on and on, until he met the three great heroes—Eat-All, Drink-All, and Chill-All. He stopped them, and asked them to accompany him to the dwelling of the King of the Sea.

When they arrived at the wonderful palace, the King of the Sea saw the young prince and exclaimed, "How are you, my friend? So you have come at last. Why did you not visit me sooner? I grew quite tired of waiting for you; but now that you are here, you must work. The first thing you must do is this: you must build a crystal bridge over the sea in one night, so that it may be quite ready by the morning. If not—your head shall be cut off!"

The young prince left the presence of the Sea King, and began to weep. Just then Melania the Clever threw open her window, and asked,—

"Why do you weep, my prince?"

"Ah, Melania the Clever! how can I help it? Your father has ordered me to build a crystal bridge over the sea in one night, and I don't even know how to handle tools."

"Never mind! Go to bed and sleep; morning is wiser than the evening!"

The young prince took her advice and went to bed, while Melania herself came out of her little chamber, changed into a spoon-bill, and began whistling like a


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 *The Lord Eſplaudian Captaine of a Companie of harguebuſiers on horſebacke.
 * Captaine Charreu, leader of a Companie of fiftie harguebuſiers on horſebacke.
 * Beauuais Captaine of one Companie of harguebuſiers.
 * Captaine Curſay, Captaine of the ſayde Vicounts guard.
 * The Lorde Feret, Captaine of two hundred Spaniards.
 * The Lord Grandmond, Nephew to Bonnes.
 * The Lord of Ville Cheze.
 * The Lorde of Grand-Meyne, of Angonmois.
 * The Lorde of Eſtang, brother to Bois Cilles.
 * The Lord Chaſtillon Souuy.
 * The Lord of Saint Pardoux.
 * The Lord of Largot.
 * The Lord of Peruſſe.
 * The Lord of Mougyn.
 * The Lord of Ardiller.
 * The Lord of Beguaye.
 * Conterie, Maiſter of the voward to the Dutches of Montpenſier.
 * The Lorde de Seryer, ſonne to Montinac.
 * The Lord of Fons Sarmois.
 * The Lord of Michenier.


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Rh boy! Suddenly from every side little carpenters and masons came running up to her, and at her command set to work, first to measure, then to build; and very soon the bridge was ready, ornamented with jewels and precious stones.

Early in the morning Melania the Clever woke the young prince.

"Get up, my prince!" she said; "the bridge is ready. My father will be up soon to look at it."

The prince got up, took a broom, and, going to the bridge, began to sweep here and there, so that the king should think he was giving the finishing touches.

The King of the Sea was delighted, and began flattering the young prince.

"I am very glad," he said, "that you have obeyed my order; now I will give you something else to do. I want you to make me a large and beautiful garden, with every possible kind of singing bird in it, with all the most lovely flowers imaginable growing on all the trees, and with plenty of pears, apples and all sorts of delicious ripe fruits hanging in all directions!"

The prince again left the king's presence, crying as before.

"What are you weeping about now, my prince?" asked Melania the Clever, opening her window.

"How can I help it? Your father has ordered me to make the most extraordinary garden I ever heard of, all in one night, with all the most beautiful things I can think of in it."

"Never mind; don't trouble yourself about it, but go to bed and to sleep; the morning is wiser than the evening."


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 *The two Grues of Nyort. And about one hundred and fiftie others Gentlemen and Captaines.

 * The Lord of Villechize, Lieuetenant of the companie of the men of Armes of the ſayde Countie.
 * The Lorde of Moule, Eſquier to the ſayde Vicont.
 * The Lorde of Mere of Angulmois, who had charge of a Regiment, and had the conduct of the enterpriſe of Angouleſnet againſt the D. of Efrernon.
 * The Lord of Conterie.
 * The Lord of Fougere.
 * The Lord of Brueil of Auſignie, and the Captaine Brueil his brother, with the ſaid Aungny his ſonne.


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 great prosperity immediately following the war the unions, all told, had at least 5,500,000, of which 4,078,740 were in the A. F. of L. in 1920. Since then the unions have lost almost 50 per cent of their effectives. Of the present membership, approximately 270,000 are in Canada.

Trade union organization is concentrated chiefly in those industries where skill still plays a large part. The unskilled industries, with but few exceptions, are almost entirely unorganized. The most strongly organized industry is the . The unions control most of the big industrial centers and are able to insist upon strong union agreements with the employers. In the smaller towns the degree of organization is much lower in the building trades, as in all others. The largest union in the industry is the  (United Brotherhood oi Carpenters and Joiners) numbering 350,000. Altogether the building trades have 800,000 members. The  (United Mine Workers), are a powerful union with 400,000 members out of a total of 800,000 employed in the industry. The ' number 125,000, of whom about half are in the International Typographical Union, which, like all the printing unions, is affiliated to the A. F. of L. The ' are strongly organized. During the war and for a year or two afterward, the  were very strong, about 1,500,000 out of a total of 1,800,000 workers being affiliated to them. But they lost heavily as a result of the economic depression and the ill-fated strike of the mechanics in 1922–23. At present all the organized railroad workers do not number more than 600,000, and these are contained mostly in the telegraphers and the four independent brotherhoods of train. service workers. The , with 1,000,000 workers, has only about 75,000 organized, and these arein several rival unions. The  is only about 10 per cent unionized. The great


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 *The Lord of Contour.

hanging-indent=1em|style=font-style:italic;|

The Lord of Albiou, Commander of one companie of Gentlemen at Armes.

The Lord of Briaudiere.

The Lord of Grauouliou.

The Lord of Mortaigne ſonne to the Lord of Ounac.

The Lord of Ardiliere.

Bonneliere, Lieuetenant to the Lorde of Mortaigne.

Captaine Chaucarre.

Chautagny lieuetenant.


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Vermonters of the twentieth century are prone to belittle, with a deprecatory shrug and an apologetic cough, the minstrels and minstrelsy of their own state. An educated and influential friend of mine—a Judge, interested, or supposedly interested, in literature—well illustrated the general business and professional public attitude of our present-day Vermonters when, in a conversation on literary topics the other day, he remarked: “Of course our state has never produced anything very extraordinary in the line of poetry—nothing to compare with the productions of other states.”

Never was a remark so unfounded. Never was an attitude of mind so mistaken and unjust as that of our present-day parvenus who are thus content to issue unfounded ex-cathedra judgments on a literary question whose merits very few Vermonters of the present generation have studied, even casually. For I found, on questioning my judicial friend, that, of the list of more than one hundred Vermont poets of the nineteenth century, he was even remotely familiar with only three or four; and, of the more than one hundred books published by Vermont bards in that same period, he was familiar with only two; namely, with Saxe’s and Dorr’s. I mentioned Eastman to him;—Eastman, whose poems were the first American lyric productions to gain favorable notice and recognition in England, from the critical Edinburgh Review,—Eastman, who was known, over the waters, as “the Burns of New England”,—who had a trans-Atlantic reputation before Bryant or Longfellow, or Lowell, even, could boast of such; but my friend knew him not—had, indeed, scarcely heard of such a poet. I directed him to the nearest public library, where I knew a copy of Eastman was available; and my appreciative but poetically misguided friend has since expressed keen delight over “discovering” an author whose work—the foremost production of Vermont poesy in the nineteenth century—ought (in part, at least) to be in the mind of every Vermont student and every intelligent Vermont citizen. It is a crushing comment on the present-day drift of Vermont culture away from the æsthetic and inspirational ideals of its past history, that its own fine poetry, great as that of any state in the Union, should be so little known and so little appreciated by the average descendant of a virile and intellectual ancestry. The “Green Mountain State” of Ethan Allen and Thomas Rowley; of Royall Tyler and Selah Gridley and William C. Bradley; of Charles G. Eastman and Achsa Sprague and James Buckham; of the progressive free-thinkers, and venturesome individualism, the political and social vitality and literary appreciativeness of former days, is almost wholly lacking in this present generation of herd culture, rotarian commercialism and success-serving idolatry. Not that we want for sweet singers or trenchant iconoclasts or rare idealists today: We have them all in full measure—as witness Wendell P. Stafford and Arthur W. Hewitt, and Cleghorn and Flower and Goodenough and Peach, and others, here and there, who keep the fires of intellectual freedom, social uplift and artistic expression alive on the hill-tops of a cowed and imitative civilization. What we lack is not genius; but the public mind and will to appreciate and encourage genius. And we will always and ever lack this public alertness, this public appreciativeness of Vermont genius, just so long as our youth-mind is obsessed by commercial ideals, harnessed to economic and industrial standards, and our educational system made subservient to the policies mapped out by chamber-of-commerce geographers and rotarian culture and idealism. The moral and intellectual and esthetic greatness of a people depend, as in the days of Pericles and of Queen Elizabeth, upon their general attitude of mind; and the attitude of mind is determined by the ideals of those who prescribe instruction for the young and set limits to the activities of the old. The intellectual liberalism of Washington’s era, and the political and religious democracy of

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 epoch, will produce one kind of culture: the monopolistic and paternalistic commercialism of the present age will produce quite another kind.

It is like going from the roily waters of a mill-pond to the fresh and invigorating current of a mountain brook, to go back from much of the vapid versification of the present generation to the vigorous and lively, the imaginative and naive productions of the early Vermont poets.

Vermont literary activity, including its minstrelsy, begins where, in Literature, the Colonial period left off. Cotton Mather, Jonathan Edwards and the early Puritan theological writers had passed away; Benjamin Franklin’s career was drawing to a close; Paine and Hamilton were in the zenith of their glory, and their literary stars were now on the decline. Trumbull and Brockden Brown, Freneau and Joel Barlow had become the leading literary lights of the day; while Irving, Drake, Cooper and Bryant were not yet full-fledged, their great work almost a generation in the future.

A new republic had sprung up in northern New England; and, with it, a fresh and exuberant culture arose and blossomed luxuriantly—in politics, in statesmanship and jurisprudence, in agricultural and mechanic industry, in education, literature and song. This new culture of the (then) new North—the meeting and mingling of minds from many colonies, in the common purpose of building a new state or commonwealth, was distinguished by the activity of the federated manhood of the territory, under the name of the “Green Mountain Boys”; and thus the amalgamating process began which eventually forged into one white flame of patriotism and common idealism the mentality of those scattered early settlers of our rugged hills and narrow but verdant vales which we now know as Vermont. This earliest epoch of our literary life, so far as it relates to poetry, may be called:

The period includes poetical productions, published and unpublished, from such men—all of them being among the original settlers or pioneers of our state—as Jabez Fitch, Thomas Rowley, Nathaniel Niles, Josias Lyndon Arnold, and, last but not least, Royall Tyler, with his coterie of pupils, whom we may denominate as “The Guilford School.” Thomas Green Fessenden and Selleck Osborn also belong properly within this period.

The life-story of Jabez Fitch is most unusual, interesting and romantic. He was born February 26, 1737, at Norwich, Conn. At the age of nineteen, in 1756, he enlisted in the British army, and served through three campaigns of the French and Indian Wars, one of these being the campaign against the French at Crown Point. Here he first became acquainted with the possibilities of Vermont. He was made a deputy sheriff and Justice of the Peace at New London, Conn.; and became an early advocate of the abolition of slavery. He had married, in 1760, and was the father of five sons and three daughters; but at the outbreak of the Revolutionary War, he enlisted in the American Army and received the commission of Major. In the battle of Long Island he was taken prisoner, August 27, 1776, and was confined, with many others, on board the British prison ships in New York harbor. Here, and during later imprisonment on Long Island, he suffered untold hardships, and contracted a disease which in later life disabled him for a period of twenty years. In due time he was exchanged for other prisoners; and he retired to Connecticut. In 1787 he came to Vermont and surveyed unsettled land in the town of Hyde Park. He came again in 1788 with two of his sons; and in 1791 his wife and daughters also came.

Of particular interest is the fact that Fitch kept a diary—a minute and circumstantial record of his life, his experiences, his observations and his travels, from 1749 till his death in 1812. This diary contains valuable descriptive, biographical and historical data, especially that part of it having to do with his pioneer experiences in Hyde Park; but, unfortunately, when Fitch applied, later in life, for a pension, this invaluable book was given up to the U. S. Pension Department as a voucher, and whether it is in existence today is a matter of uncertainty. Besides this diary he wrote a MSS.MS. [sic] book of

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 verse, containing 109 pages of closely written poetry which was never published. Two of these poems were printed in Hemenway’s Gazetteer, Vol. two, pages 783–96; and the whole volume was extant, we are told, in 1871, being at that time in the hands of his descendants at Hyde Park. Fitch died February 29, 1812, the last twenty years being an invalid. His “Poems On Various Subjects, Serious and Satirical”, if now extant, would become a most valuable acquisition to the literary archives of the state. One of the poems in Hemenway is entitled “The House of Prayer Becomes a Den of Thieves”; and the other, which we reprint here is:

While the career of Jabez Fitch is both interesting and instructive to the student of early Vermont poesy—while he deserves mention in any adequate review of our literary activity during Revolutionary times; yet, after all, the real value of his poetic contributions remains uncertain, because only a very few of his compositions were ever put into print.

The real Pioneer of Song in Vermont—the first Poet Laureate of the state (rightfully so styled)—was Thomas Rowley, who, born at Hebron, Conn., 1721, came to Danby, Vermont, in 1768. He settled, as was customary in those days, on a farm, acted as clerk and surveyor for the original proprietors of the town; was first town clerk of Danby; served as a member of the Revolutionary “Committee of Safety”, was Danby’s first representative in the State Legislature, and was twice re-elected to that position; became very prominent and influential on the legislative committees of the time; and served later as Judge of the Special Court at Rutland. He was a member of Ethan Allen’s “Green Mountain Boys”, by whom his genius as a poet was quickly discovered; and he was soon recognized, far and wide, as the official bard of that organization. For many years Rowley was known as “The Shoreham Bard”, an epithet which is applied to him to this present day. Many of his verses were printed in the Rural Magazine (Rutland), and in the Vermont Gazette, (Bennington) and were published and republished widely by other periodicals

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 throughout the state. His songs were many of them improvisations, composed on the spur of the moment; and, while most of them lack elegance and finish, they were roughly rythmicalrhythmical [sic], trite and spicy—exactly suited to the spirit and culture of a pioneer people.

It is said of Rowley that he was a phenomenal extemporizer, being able and ready, at a moment’s notice, to compose a poem on any subject that might be proposed to him. This rare faculty added tremendously to his popularity; and we are not surprised, therefore, to find that his verse is generally marked by a spirit of camaraderie or bonhommiebonhomie [sic]. One of his most noted poems, beginning “Come All Ye Laboring Hands”, is an invitation to the evicted tenants of New York state to come make their homes in Vermont, where there would be no landlords to dispossesdispossess [sic] them of their hard-earned lands or homesteads. It had its effect in populating some of the fertile hillsides of south-western Vermont. Rowley’s poetry did much toward building up among our early settlers that spirit of local state pride and fealty which has since distinguished the sons and daughters of the “Green Mountain State.” He made his early readers feel that, first of all, they were Vermonters—members of a homogeneous and democratic community—that their interests were one, their aspirations mutually dependent. It was this spirit of loyalty to the little nation-state that finally preserved its political and social unity, achieved its independence, keeping it respected at home and abroad till it at last achieved an honored and distinct place in the Union in 1791. Rowley died at Cold Springs in West Haven, Vt., August, 1796. Six years later, 1802, some of his verse, “Selections and Miscellaneous Works of Thomas Rowley”, was published, (Pamphlet, 23 pp.) The following excerpts are typical of his genius:

If I withhold my hand
 * From what I am forbid,

Why then should I be damned
 * For what I never did?

If I let loose my hand
 * And say it was decreed,

You say I shall be damned
 * Because I don’t take heed.

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 If all things are decreed,
 * As some good people say,

Why should I spend my time
 * Or make attempts to pray?

While Rowley was stirring the minds and imaginations of western Vermont, the eastern part of the state was not without its inspiring singer. For what Rowley did for song in the south and west of the state, Nathaniel Niles did for those who lived east, in the valley of the Connecticut. He wrote one poem, or song, that attained even wider recognition, and exerted a more extended influence, than anything that Rowley ever composed. His choral chant, “The American Hero”, was set to music and was very generally sung throughout all New England during the stirring times of the Revolutionary War.

Niles was born at South Kingston, R. I., April 3, 1741, attended Harvard College for a while, but, before graduating, left for Princeton College in New Jersey, where he graduated in 1766. He entered the Congregational ministry and for some time lived at Norwich, Conn. Toward the close of the Revolution he moved to West Fairlee, Vermont, becoming one of the first settlers of that town. He was an exceptionally able and intelligent man, exerting a wide and powerful influence upon the people of that region for many years. He served several terms in the State Legislature from Fairlee (1784–5; 1801–3; and 1812–14); was first Member of Congress elected from Vermont; and, in 1784–8, was a Judge of the Vermont Supreme Court. He died in 1828.

Though we cannot claim for Vermont poesy that Niles’ greatest lyric was produced in the state; still we can justly consider him as a true Green Mountain Bard and put him alongside Rowley and Tyler as one of the formative personalities of Vermont poetry. His magnum opus, “The American Hero”, a Sapphic ode, was composed directly after the battle of Bunker Hill, before he moved to Vermont, and immediately became immensely popular. It was published first in the Connecticut Gazette, February, 1776, (having been printed in broadside form at Norwich, Ct., in 1775), and was at once copied by other papers, set to music, and sung by the American people, as before stated. The ode, as first published, contains 15 verses, of which the following, are specimens:—

Why should vain mortals tremble at the sight of Death and destruction in the field of battle, Where blood and carnage clothe the ground in crimson,
 * Sounding in death-groans!

Death will invade us by the means appointed, And we must all bow to the King of Terrors; Nor am I anxious, if I am prepared,
 * What shape he comes in.

Up the black heavens let the spreading flame rise, Breaking, like Ætna, through the smoky columns, Lowering like Egypt o’er the falling city,
 * Wantonly burnt down.

While all their hearts quick palpitate for havoc, Let slip your blood-hounds, named the British Lions, Dauntless Death stares, nimble as the whirlwind,
 * Dreadful as demons!

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