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Rh poetry made him angry, because it would substitute for that achievement, Parisian impressionism, "a London fog, the blurred tawny lamplight, the red omnibus, the dreary rain, the depressing mud, the glaring gin shop, the slatternly shivering women, three dextrous stanzas telling you that and nothing more." I, on the other hand, angered him by talking as if art existed for emotion only, and for refutation he would quote the close of the Aeschylean Trilogy, the trial of Orestes on the Acropolis. Yet at moments the thought came to him that intellect, as he conceived it, was too much a thing of many books, that it lacked lively experience. "Yeats," he has said to me, "you need ten years in a library, but I have need of ten years in the wilderness." When he said "wilderness" I am certain however that he thought of some historical, some bookish desert, the Thebaid, or the lands about the Mareotic sea. His best poetry is natural and impassioned, but he spoke little of it, but much about his prose and would contend that I had no right to consider words made to be read less natural than words made to be spoken; and he delighted in a sentence in his book on Thomas Hardy, that kept its vitality, as he contended, though two pages long. He punctuated after the manner of the seventeenth century and was always ready to spend an hour, discussing the exact use of the colon. "One should use a colon, where other people use a semi-colon, a semi-colon where other people use a comma" was I think but a condescension to my ignorance for the matter was plainly beset with many subtleties.

Not till some time in 1895 did I think he could ever drink too much for his sobriety—though what he drank would certainly be too much for that of most of the men whom I knew—I no more doubted his self-control, though we were very intimate friends, than I doubted his memories of Cardinal Newman. The discovery that he did, was a great shock to me, and, I think, altered my general view of the world. I had, by my friendship with O'Leary, by my fight against Gavan Duffy, drawn the attention of a group of men, who at that time controlled what remained of the old Fenian movement in England and Scotland, and at a moment when an attempt, that came to nothing, was being made to combine once more our constitutional and unconstitutional politics. I had been asked to

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You sit in pink kimono by a ninth floor hotel window smoking a cigar, and stare at the black open-work of a skyscraper in the making.

This way and that, on rigid lines of steel, run little tinkering men. Mechanical contraptions. Black tinkers hung in open boxes of black metal, black automatic tinkers striking a hollow sound above a mammoth void.

It might be a problem in geometry you ponder, with your look of pleased detachment. Decent of God to draw inhuman picture-patterns at your window under a bright blue sky, against a cool blue river. I like to see you smiling and smoking in your red arm-chair. Your eyes never cease their computing, and your ear detects the utmost polyphonics of New York.

One, made up as tradition wills, flowing black coat, curled mop of hair, benignant satisfaction, sits tall and bland upon a stool and darts aslant an audience two clever flitting eyes. The other, quiet, rotund soul is small and vexed and homeless to be viewed. He draws his bow and closes round, deep orbs upon these wraiths of New York streets, these rows of substance and content and devastation.

Pale lids that feel, pale Spanish brooding lids, they float before us in pure mist, evoked from sterile air. It is you, scorner of crowds, with the grave, sportive voice of your instrument, who drag us from our velvet seats and twist and twine and wrap us in your dream. It is you, sage of the closed, dreaming eyes, who steal us from our urban ways and lose us near the pallid clash of mountain waterfalls. And all the while a pair of perfect hands plays rippling chords of black and white, pours out Victorian rivulets to charm a New York audience.

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 Houses, Ruines of the Temple of Diana, Funeral Monuments, Bridge of Zulpha, Halicacaræ a great Town, the Houses whereof built all Underground. Chamber, Bedstead, Table, and Cupboard, all hew'd out of the Rock, &c. Some people dwelling only in Hollow Rocks. Others only in Tents and Wagons. Hezardgerib, the fairest Garden in all Asia, &c.

Their Habits. Games. Hawks taught to fly at the Wild Boar, Ass and Goat. Of their Race-Footmen. Most exact Shooting. Customes, Languages, Writing, and Seals.

Their Feasts, and Diet. How Potargo made. Acorn-Bread the only food of the Poor people near Sherazoul. People of Circassi make drink of Millet, and choose their Bread of that rather than Wheaten. Lesser Tartars drink no Water by their good will, but only Milk; refuse no Diet but Swines-flesh; never eat Salt, yet live long. How they feed their Cattel, &c.

Of their Diseases, Physicians, and Cures, some account. Gangrene in the Throat and Mouth a disease common about Erivan. Worms bred in the Limbs of a wonderful length. How the people of Comania and Circassia treat the sick, and cure the Head-ach, &c.

Commodities, Trades, and Coins. Tauris the Mart for Turky, Muscovy the Indies, and Persia. The Trade of Candy, and the chief Isles of the Archipelago, and of Smyrna, &c. They are excellent Damaskers. Have curious Manufactures of Gold, Silver and Silk, the best whereof from Cachan. Tells from whence Corins, Sallet-Oyl, Silks, the best Glue, the finest Wool, the Shagrin skin, fine blue Goat-Leather skins, Valanede for dying of Leather, &c. Nothing sold by Measure, but all by Weight. They have no Gold Coyn currant, but only Silver and Copper, whereof the Author gives several Figures; and tells at what rates the exchange of Mony is made, &c.

The Government of the Empire, Justice, and manner of Executions. The Exchequer. Officers of the Custome-Houses. Division of Time. Genealogies of the Persian Kings. How their Children bred. Their Revenues. Ecclesiastical Government and Revenues. Marriages, Christenings, and Burials, &c.

Of Animals; as of the breeding, nature, and sorts of Camels, Bufalo's, Arabian Horses. Jackauls, a kind of Foxes, Pigeons as big as Hens. Hawks, how bred. A Lake 6 Leagues off Tauris full of red Ducks. Locusts. Grand fishery for Sturgeon near Queli, &c.

Of Plants; as a particular sort of Quince Peppin. Some Orange trees as tall as Wallnut, and thicker than 2 men can fathom. How they order their Vines, and keep their Wines. Blue Lillies. Best Gauls near Tauris. Best Water-Melons at Cauverstan, &c.

Of their Pearls: the Island Bahren the great fishery and Market for them. A transparent Pearl. Large piece of Crystal containing a good quantity of water in the centre. The Stone called Amianthus in Cyprus. Great transparent Stones found near Tauris, wherewith they adorn their Houses and in which sometimes Animals, as in Amber. With a great number of particulars more, reducible to the Classes above specified.

The Second Part consists of 3 Books, whereto is premised a discourse


text: Footfalls of Indian History/The Final Recension of the Mahabharata


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have been many Vaishnavisms, and any adequate history of the subject must make some attempt to take account of them all. Let us begin at the end, with the movement of Chaitanya in the fifteenth century. This would seem to have swept over Bengal like a fever. Wherever it went, it conquered high and low alike. It availed itself of the severest learning, and yet penetrated at the same time to the hearts of the most ignorant. It embraced and transformed all that was left of Buddhism. It established Brindaban as a great college of piety, holiest of tirthas, and most notable of ashramas. It ended outside Bengal by creating a new order of architecture, and inside her boundaries by forging a great vernacular on its anvil. And yet in the form given to it by Chaitanya and Nityananda it was a Bengali rather than an all-India movement. It centred in Radha and Krishna and the story of the Gopis. The contemporary movement in the rest of India selected for emphasis now this element, now that, in the older Vaishnavism. Here it anchored itself on Sita and Rama : there it found and


text: Philosophical Transactions/Volume 12/Number 137/The true Intellectual System of the Universe. The First Part


text: Philosophical Transactions/Volume 12/Number 137/The Six Voyages of John Baptista Tavernier


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 and other more subtile bodies, and returns by its elasticity to its former place, then, are these parts extruded with violence as from the center of that place, and communicate their motion as far as the sound is heard. Or, when any solid body is moved with a sudden and violent motion, these parts must be affected thereby: For, as these parts are so much resisted by solid bodies as to shock them; so, on the contrary, they must needs be moved by the sudden starting of solid bodies.

So that (according to him) Sound may be caused by the tremble of solid bodies without the presence of gross Air; and also by the restitution of gross Air, when it hath been divided with any violence. Thus, (saith he) we see, that a Bell will sound in the Torricellian space: And, when the Air is divided with any sudden force, as by the end of a Whip having all the motion of the Whip contracted in it, and by a sudden turn throwing off the Air; or by accension, as in Thunder and Guns; or by any impression of force carrying it where other Air cannot so forcibly follow, as upon compressing of Air in a bladder till it breaks, or in a Pot-gun; a sudden crack will be caused.

Having laid down this Hypothesis, and left his Reader to apply it to the afore-mentioned phænomena, he proceeds to the Discourse of Musick it self, and maketh it a considerable part of his business to shew, How this Action that causes Sound, is performed by the several Instruments of Musick; having taught his Reader, first, What a Tone is, and that the Tones useful in Musick are those within the Scale, in which they are placed as they have relation to one another. Secondly, wherein consists that Relation of Tones & the union of mixt Sounds. Which done, he explains, how Tones are produced, and what assistances are given to the Sound by Instruments. Where he teaches, that wherever a Body stands upon a Spring that vibrates in equal Terms, such a Body, put into motion, will produce a Tone, which will be more grave or acute, according to the velocity of the returns: Wherefore Strings vibrating have a Tone according to the Bigness or Tension of them; and Bells that vibrate by cross Ovals, produce Notes according to the bigness of them, or the thickness of their sides; and so do all other bodies, whose superficies, being displaced by force, results or comes back by a spring which carries it beyond its first station. And here, to make it to be understood, how every pulse upon such vibrations causes Sound, our Author gives us to consider, that the gross Air is thrown off by the violence of the motion, which continues some moments of


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 out any regard to the quantity. Here he endeavors to shew, how all the Notes come into the Scale by their Relation and Dignities; whence he thinks it will be obvious, why, for easiness of instruction and convenience, the Scale of Degrees of Musick is made as Musicians now exhibit it.

Having dispatched that work, he proceeds to Musick that consists of several parts in Consort, which is made up of Harmony, Formality and Conformity. Of which, Harmony is the grateful sound produced by the joyning of several Tones in chord to one another: Formality requires, that the succeeding Notes be agreable to the former; and Conformity will, that each part have the like tendency to the succeeding Notes.

Lastly, he speaks of Time or the measures of Musick; the due observance of which is grateful for the same reason given for the Formality of a single Tune, because the subsequent strokes are measured by the memory of the former, and if they do comprehend them, or are comprehended by them, it is alike pleasant; the mind cannot chuse but compare one with the other, and observe when the strokes are coincident with the memory of the former. Whence it is, that, the less the intervals are, the more grateful is the measure, because it is easily & exactly represented by the memory; whereas a long space of time that cannot be comprehended in one thought, is not retain'd in the memory in its exact measure, nor cap abide the comparison, the time past being always shortned by so much as it is removed from the time present.

The whole is concluded by two Observations, by which we shall likewise conclude this Account: 1. That it plainly appears by the Discourse of this Tract, how Musick comes to be so copi. ous; for, considering the species of keys, the number of them, the variety of Chords, the allowable mixing of Discords, the diversity of measure; it is not to be wondred at, that it should, like Language, afford to every Age, every Nation, nay, every Person, particular stiles and modes. 2. That it appears likewise, that Tones or Modes of Musick in ancient time could not be of other kinds than are now, since there can be no other in nature. Wherefore the great effects it then had, if truly related, must be imputed to the rarity of it, and the barbarity of the people, who are not transported with any thing after it become common to them. March 29. 1677.


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 such expressions as the following occurred; I ardently long for his blood to clean my face blackened with charcoal," the original Malay expression (a quotation from the Sijara Malayu) is "membasah-kan arang yang ter-chonting di-maka."

 * 4. Apa guna-nia merak mengigal di hutan?

"What is the use of the peacock strutting in the jungle?"

The idea is that the beauty of the bird is thrown away when exhibited only in a lonely spot where there is no one to admire it. In Klinkert's collection there is a proverb conveying a what similar idea, "Apa-kah guna bulan trang dalam hutan, jikalau dalam negri alungkah baiknia?"

Why does the moon shine in the forest? Were it not well that her light should be bestowed on inha-bited [sic] places?

 * 5. Ada-kah buaya itu menolak-kan bangkei?

"Will the crocodile reject the carcase?"

Is it likely that a good offer will be refused?

 * 6. Ayam beruga itu kalau di bri makan di pinggan mas sakalipun ka-utan juga pergi-nia.

"Though you may feed a jungle-fowl out of a gold plate it will make for the jungle nevertheless."

This is one of many proverbs illustrating the impossibility of cradicating natural habits. Another version is, upama kijang di rantei dengan mas, jikalau iya lepas, lari juga iya ka hutan makan rumput, "like a deer secured with a gold chain, which if set free runs off to the forest to eat grass." (Favre). Compare the following which is too elaborate, I fear, for a genuine proverb. It is more like a successful metaphorical effort by some Malay scribe;

 * 7. Adapan buah pria itu kalau ditanam diatas balus sagu dan baja dengan medi, lagi di siram dengan manisan, serta di letak-kan diatas teba, sakali-pun apabila di masak pahit juga.

"You may plant the bitter cucumber on a bed of sago, and manure it with honey, and water it with treacle, and train it over sugar canes, but when it is cooked it will still be bitter."

 * 8. Anak anjing itu bulih-kah jadi anak musang jebat?

"Can the whelp of a dog become a civet eat?"

The translation, but not the original, is given in Newbold


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 (vol. II. p. 336.) He explains it to mean that no good is to be expected from persons naturally depraved.

 * 9. Itek ta'suda ayam ta'patok.

"The duck won't have it and the hen won't peek at it." A phrase for something that is utterly worthless, not worth "a brass farthing" or "a tinker's curse"!

 * 10. Ikut hati mati, ikut rasa binasa.

""Tis death to follow one's own will, 'tis destruction to give way to desire." A maxim shewing the folly and immorality of taking one's wishes and feelings as the sole guide of one's actions, irrespective of law and social obligations. This is a good specimen of the jingling effect caused by the juxta-position of words which rhyme, (an effect which is perhaps more common in Hindustani than in Malay) often met with in Eastern proverbs.

Compare the following Hindustani proverbs.

"Jiski deg uski leg."

"Who has the pot has the sword," (a saying which shews a proper appreciation of the value of an efficient Commissariat), and,

"Jiske hath dòi, uske hath sab koi"

"He who has the spoon has all under his hand."

 * 11. Adapun ikan yang diam didalam tujoh lautan sakali-pun ter-masok didalam pûkat juga.

"Even the fish which inhabit the seventh depth of the sea come into the net sooner or later." Illustration of the inutility of attempting to evade fate.

"Tujoh lautan," which I have translated "the seventh depth, of the sea," probably refers to the popular Mohamedan idea that "the earth and sea were formed each of seven tiers"—see Newbold, (Vol. II, 360.)

 * 12. Ada ayer adalah ikan.

"Wherever there is water there are fish." A second line is sometimes aded to complete the rhyme, but it does not add much to the sense; Ada rezeki bulih makan, "if there is nourishment one can eat." The idea intended to be conveyed is one of faith in the bounty of God, who will provide for his creatures whereever they may find themselves.

 * 13. Ada padang ada bilalang.


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 "Wherever there is a field, there are grass-hoppers." Wherever there is a settlement there is of course population.

 * 14. Anjing dibri makan nasi, bila akank iniang [sic]?

"Will a dog ever be satisfied however much rice you may give him?" Kindness is thrown away upon coarse, unmannerly people, who are never satisfied but are always expecting fresh favours.

 * 15. Ayer tawar sa'chawan di tuang-kan kadalam laut itu bulih-kah menjadi tawar ayer laut itu?

"If a cup of fresh water be poured into the sea, will the saltwater become fresh ?" A serious offence or a great sin cannot be condoned or wiped out by any trifling means.

 * 16. Ayam itam terbang malam,
 * Hinggap di poko pandan;
 * Berkersah ada rupa-nia tidak.

"A black fowl which flies at night and settles in the pandan bush; there is a rustling but nothing is to be seen.”"

Applied metaphorically to any mysterious case in a Malay court of justice, the details of which are wrapped in obscurity. When it is impossible to get to the bottom of such a case a Malay will remark sententiously that it is "a black fowl whose flight is by night." On the other hand a case in which the facts are perfectly clear, and the guilt or innocence of the accused is proved to demonstration, is "a white fowl which flies by day," or, to give the phrase at full length,

 * 17. Ayam puteh terbang siyang.
 * Hinggap di halaman;
 * Malah kapada mata orang yang banyak.

"A white fowl which flies in broad day-light and alights in the court-yard, full in the sight of all the people."

 * 18. Apa lagi sawa iya berkahandak ayam lah.

"Of course the boa-constrictor wants the fowl." Applies to a certain class of persons who are contented enough as long as they get everything they require.

 * 19. Bukan tanah menjadi padi.

"Earth does not become grain." Another proverb illustrative of the hopelessness of attempting to elevate the worthless.

"You cannot make a silk purse out of a sow's ear."


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 : 20. Bongkokbharu betul, buta bharu chetik.

"The hunchback has become straight, and the blind has recovered his sight." A very common proverb, used ironically of a man who has risen from obscurity to a good position, and in his prosperity turns his back on his old friends.

 * 21. Begimana bungi gendang, begitulah tari-nya.

"As is the cadence of the tabor, so must the measure of the dance be." The idea intended to be conveyed is, I believe, that a man has to regulate his conduct according to the orders he gets from his superiors. As the step has to be adapted to the music, so the influence of those in power necessarily affects the conduct of their subordinates. Among the Malays, as among other Eastern nations, a small drum beaten by the hands is a prominent feature in all musical entertainments. Two kinds in common use are called gendang and cabana. Sometimes the time (in dancing) is marked by clapping the hands (tepuk) or striking two pieces of bamboo togther (kerchap).

A common version of this proverb is "Begimana tepuk bugitu lari."

 * 22. Búnga dipetek, perda ditendang.

"The flower is plucked, the stalk trampled under foot." To take the sweet and leave the sour. Said of a man who ill-treats his mother-in-law.

 * 23. Búmi mâna yang tiada kena hujan.

"Were is the spot on the earth that does not get moistened by rain?"

There is no mortal who does not commit sin at some time or other. A common repartee of Malay wives scolded for some short-coming; it amounts to "I'm no worse than anybody else, every one must do wrong sometimes."

 * 24. Burong terbang dipipis lada.

"To grind pepper for a bird on the wing." One of the first processes of Malay cookery is to grind up the spices, etc. with which the dish is to be seasoned. The proverb ridicules making preparations for the disposal of something not yet in one's power. It is strongly suggestive of the old injunction "first catch your hare."

 * 25. Bergantong tiada bertali.

"To hang without a rope." To be without visible means of support; e. g. a Malay woman, deserted but not divorced by her husband, who cannot remarry and has no one to support her.


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 ANTIQUITIES OF PROVINCE WELLESLEY.

Col. James Low, who was for many years Superintendent in charge of Province Wellesley, makes the following reference to this subject in his "Dissertation on the soil and agriculture of Penang and Province Wellesley," published in Singapore in 1836.

"While employed several years ago in exploring the ruins of an ancient Boudhist temple in Province Wellesley,—an account of which I have promised to the Asiatic Society of Calcutta—I obtained a small coffee-pot which had been carefully built up with bricks at the depth of four or five feet. The lid was firmly baked, but on being handled, the vessel crumbled, nearly to pieces—within it was found the figure of a fowl constructed of thin silver wire, which also fell to pieces on being handled. But the bill and feet were perfect, bring made of an alloyed metal, chiefly gold."

The writer gives no clue as to the whereabouts of this ancient Buddhist temple, but I imagine it to have been one of those singular mounds of shells which are to be met with in the north of Province Wellesley not far from the Muda river. They are composed of sea-shells of the kind called kepah and karang (cockles) by the Malays, though they are situated at some distance from the sea. No other shells of the kind are to be found near the place, I believe. I have been told by Malays in Province Wellesley that one of these mounds was opened and explored by Col. Low. If the others, left perfect by him, have escaped destruction at the hands of Chinese limeburners, they will probably be worth examination and description. "Goa kepah" (shell-cave), a place in the neighbourhood, no doubt takes its name from these mounds. I do not know if Col. Low carried out his intention of describing the results of his exploration. I have searched through the only volumes of the proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Calcutta to which I have access (vols. I, II and III.), but I have found no paper on the subject.

At the foot of Bukit Mertajam, on the South side, there is a block of granite on which some rude characters have been traced. The Malays call it batu surat, the rock of the writing. I believe that the inscription has never been deciphered and that the character has not been identified. When I saw it last (in 1874), it was difficult in places to detect the ancient inscription on the rugged face of the rock, its faint lines contrasting strangely with the deeply-ent initials of Col. Low on the same boulder.

W. E. M.


text: Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society/Volume 1/Antiquities of Province Wellesley


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 THE SEMANG AND SAKEI TRIBES OF THE DISTRICTS OF KEDAH AND PERAK BORDERING ON PROVINCE WELLESLEY.

The following interesting particulars relating to the Semang and Sakei Tribes of the little known region lying behind Province Wellesley were recently published in the Field Newspaper (April the 23rd 1878.) It is not difficult to indentify the signature as that of a gentleman lately in charge of the Province Police, who spent some time in the neighbouring jungle.

"The Semang and Sakei, as they are termed by themselves, claim by tradition to be the aborigines of the Malay Peninsula, and to have settled down in their present locality after years of travel in an endeavour to reach the end of the land. The inroads of the Malays have driven them from the borders near the sea to the centre of the country, where still exist the primeæval forests in which they can remain unmolested by their fellow men, whom they fear more than the wild beasts with whom they live."

"The features of the Sakei, or "plains" men, are those of the Negro, and it is a matter for students of the dispersion of races to decide how and from whence come the dark skin, wooly hair, flat noses, and thick lips so prevalent amongst the Sakei of the Malay Peninsula.

"The true Semang, on the other hand, has a complexion of a light copper colour, brown straight hair, and a clear skin.

"The two tribes speak different languages, but follow the same mode of life, and are on amicable terms. The Semangs keep almost entirely to their mountain jungle, while the Sakei occasionally issue from their plain retreats to hold communication with the Malays.

The first occasion in which I had a view of these interesting specimens of humanity was in the year 1864 while on a tour of inspection at the head of the Selama river, a branch of the Krian, which latter was the boundary, prior to the Perak war, between that country and the British possessions near its mouth. On arriving at a Malay kampong close to Gunong Inas, a high peak of the centre mountain range I learnt that there were a number of Sakei in the neighbourhood, and of course at once expressed a wish to see them, and accordingly sent a mutual Malay friend to ask the Chief if he would come to see the orang puteh or white man.


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 "The chief, who gloried in the name of Tŭboo, or sugar-cane, was about 5 ft. 3 in. high, of a dark brown complexion, with very flat features,, and grizzly hair which would vie with a negro's in twist.

"His frame was spare to a degree, but hard; his muscles knotted and visible in every portion of his light figure, which still retained the the [sic] elasticity of manhood, notwithstanding his age, which must have been about fifty-five or sixty. His eyes small and piercing, moved about in a restless, suspicious manner, which nothing could prevent, and in this feature the Malays are wont to recognise a wild man.

"I was told that when a man wanted to marry he first of all spoke to the girl, if she agreed, he then went to the father and mother, taking some jungle produce as a gift. The terms of purchase were then arranged—usually a piece of iron, some roots and flowers; and when these were forthcoming a day was fixed for the ceremony, which consisted simply of a feast in the neighbourhood of an ant-hill (where the Malays suppose that spirits reside), after which the couple leave and proceed to some favourable spot for their honey moon, returning at leisure to the tribe. It is a most peculiar feature with these people that the marriage law exists at all; and further, the stringency which attaches to it is astounding. Polygamy is allowed, but is seldom practised; while the punishment for adultery is death—usually carried out by a relative, who invites his victim to a hunting excursion, and, after tiring him out, beats his brains out with a club while he is asleep, and leaves him to rot on the earth denying to his remains the rough sepulture given to those who die in an honourable way, whose remains are laid on a log of wood, in a sitting posture, and buried a foot or two under the ground. ... I made strict enquiries as to their belief, naturally concluding there would exist some idea of a Supreme Being; but, to my surprise these people had no idea of a God; they had no representative caves or sacred spots; nothing was looked upon as supernatural; they did not bother themselves to imagine a cause for thunder or lightning, or sun or moon, or any of the phenomena which one and all give rise in other savages to poetical ideas of dragons, combats, and destroying spirits. The Sakei were born, lived as best they could, died, rotted, and there ended. They build no houses, seldom stop more than two days in one spot, and pursue a thoroughly nomadic life, having no flocks or herds, existing from hand to month, but free and this they prize to a wonderful degree. Nothing will induce a


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 Sakei to become civilized, even so much as the Malay of the interior; he is never happy except while roaming in his native forest, and, although he will eat rice and smoke tobacco, which he can only get from the Malays, he rushes off after satisfying his craving for the weed (of which he is inordinately fond) and does not appear again for months.

"The second occasion of meeting these people was at the head of the Baling river, a branch of the Muda, uear Patani, where I had the good fortune to come across a tribe under the protection of the Raja of Kedah, by whose orders they roamed uumolested through his country. I received a visit from the chief and a party of his people, men, women, and children numbering in all a dozen, and for a week had daily intercourse with them. The members of this tribe differed greatly from those near the Selama river, for they were of the Semang race for the most part. The chief bimself, who had received the title of "datu" or chief from the raja was a man of no common intelligence; besides his own language, which is different from any I have ever read of, he spoke Malay and Siamese. Dressed in the sarong of the Malays, at a distance it was impossible to detect that he was not of that race; but on close inspection be bore all the evidences of his extraction, and especially that restlessness of the eye which, as I said before, is so sure a sign of the denizen of the forest. Amongst his followers were two Brothers, named Gading (or Joory) and Buloo (Bamboo) whose appearance struck me very much. About twenty-three and twenty-five years of age respectively, these men were perfect specimens of manhood. Five feet ten or eleven in height, their limbs were symmetrical to a degree; their features, finely cut and intelligent, were positively good; their bodies, perfectly formed, rendered their movements particularly graceful, and I must admit to being envious of their fine proportions and " [sic]general air of robust health. They were a kind of body guard of their Datu, and he was evidently proud of them, and justly so."

Some interesting particulars, though with fewer details, have also been published in the Official Reports of Mr. Swettenham (April 1875), who encountered some tribes of the Sakei in Ulu Slim; Mr. Daly who came across them in the upper part of the Ulu Perak (June 1875); and Captain Speedy who encountered other tribes shortly afterwards in the Bidor district, nearly 100 miles off.


text: Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society/Volume 1/The Semang and Sakei tribes of Kedah and Perak


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 ability exists to pronounce under certain circumstances, dependent on the initial sound following them, words ending in f, t, k, th, m, n, s, and v, which in like manner have ee or o added to them; tand k frequently take see, "want" becoming "wantsee." There is no apparent reason for this latter peculiarity, unless it may be referred to habit, arising from the constant recurrence of the ts sound in all Chinese dialects. Custom gives the final ee to many words ending in b and l, but they present no difficulty to the native speaker as pure finals. The letter is absolutely unpronounceable either as initial or medial to the Southern Chinaman, and is avoided as a final when possible—in striking contradistinction to the mandarin-speaking portion of the empire. In Peking, almost every word is capable of taking a final r sound by adding to or eliding its primitive terminal; thus, jen becomes jerh; aū, aūrh, etc. When pronounced in the south the r closely resembles the Hindoo letter r, which is between an r and a d.

The results of these rules–if they can be so called—are somewhat odd, the more so as, in addition to disguising the words, the native compilers of pidgin vocabularies often make up the quaintest combinations to express very simple words. As specimens of merely adulterated English I may mention allo for all, chilo for child, facey for face or character, Ink-e-lee for English, kumpat-o for Compradore, and so on. But one becomes puzzled at such renderings at pŭt-lŭt-ta for brother, ha-ssā-man for husband or sha-man for servant. Of compound words I may quote bull-chilo and cow-chilo for boy and girl: Allo plopa for quite right Joss pidgin man or Heaven pidgin man for missionary, and looksee pidgin for ostentation or hypocrisy; while anybody reputed to be cracked is described as one who kab got water top side!

It will be readily understood that, thus "transmogrified," English as spoken by natives at the China ports becomes a jargon, rescued only from contempt by the fixed rules under which it is constructed, and the illustration it affords of Chinese idioms. Many words in common use are of Portuguese or Malay origin, while a certain number of pure Chinese phrases add to its polyglot character. Some words, again, are neither English, Chinese, nor anything else but "pidgin," and their derivation cannot be ascertained. Such are maskee, which signifies "never mind," chin-chin, for "how do you do," or "good bye," "to compliment," etc. This latter phrase is not, as commonly supposed, Chinese. There is a phrase, Tsing Tsing, meaning "if you pleaesplease [sic];"


text:
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 but it is never used in the sense of the modern Chin-Chin, and the natives believe the latter to be pure English. One of the most curious "pidgin" words is an excrescence pronounced ga-lah. It has no signification, and is simply added to a word or sentence to round it off, A Chinaman will thus say, "my wantsee go topside ga-lah" for "I shall be going upstairs" or "up town." The origin of this queer word is found in Chinese colloquial. Each dialect has certain "empty sounds," as the syllables are appropriately named, which are affixed to the ends of sentences to satisfy certain laws of rhythm, and the commonest of these is ko-lo or ko-la, which has easily changed into ga-lah. I must not omit to mention a word which is of constant use and without which a Chinaman quite breaks down in the simplest phrases the word piecey. This represents what is termed the "classifier" which in Chinese colloquial precedes most substantives and to which a close analogy is shewn by such words as orang, buah, biji &c. in Malay. As Chinese however possesses some 75 of these useful words there is no need to look beyond it for the derivation of their pidgin equivalent.

Although pidgin English seems, when first heard by an unaccustomed stranger, to be as difficult as a veritable foreign language, its inverted construction and curious mispronunciation are very easily acquired, and it therefore continues in extensive use. A colloquy committed to writing looks curious. Suppose, for instance, a foreigner to have called about some business on a native merchant:

 * Chinaman. Ai yah! chin-chin; how you do?
 * Foreigner. Chin-chin; any piecee news have got?
 * Ch. No got news: thisee day b'long too muchee hot?
 * For. Yes; too muchee hot; you pidgin numba one?
 * Ch. Pidgin no b'long good jus' now; you got any pidgin for my?
 * For. My got littee smallo piecee; my wantsee buytee one lole (roll) sillik (silk.)
 * Ch. Ah! my got plenty. What fashion coloh you wantsee? Allo fashion have got. That Guvnoah mississee (Governor's wife) any time come thisee shop makee buytee (always deals at this shop); etc.. etc.

It does not appear that pidgin English will die out. Numbers of Chinese, indeed, thanks to emigration to the United States, and the increased facilities available in the British


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 Again,

And again upon the Chamber where his admired Geraldine was born;

And Michael Drayton, who had a Talent fit to imitate, and to celebrate so great a Genius, of all our English Poets, seems best to have understood the sweet and harmonious placing of Monofyllables, and has practised it with so great a Variety, as discovers in him a peculiar Delight, even to Fondness; for which however, I cannot blame him, notwithstanding this may be reputed the Vice of our Sex, and in him be thought effeminate. But let the Reader judge for himself;

Again, The


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 Government schools at Hongkong, now learn to talk English with fluency and correctness; and the number of foreigners who acquire one or other of the Chinese dialects is increasing, the latest estimate, counting all nationalities, being somewhat over five hundred. But there is always a large fluctuating population of foreign soldiers, sailors, and visitors, to whom the acquisition of Chinese would involve a toil quite disproportioned to its use. To these a means of communication with the natives, based on a European vocabulary, is too serviceable to be dispensed with, and for them pidgin English will hold its ground. So far from dying out, it seems rather probable that in the course of years it will take rank as a dialect beside the lingua franca of the Mediteranean Sea. Those who are curious to see how pidgin English looks when printed may be referred to Mr. Leland's little book of Pidgin English Sing-Song in the Raffles Library. Although some of its phrases are rather far fetched it will give any one a tolerably fair idea of this singular dialect.


text: Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society/Volume 2/Pidgin English


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 Again,

And to the Countess of Bedford, one of his great Patronesses;

The next that I shall mention, is taken out of an ingenious Poem, entituled, The Tale of the Swans, written by William Vallans in blank Verse in the time of Queen Elizabeth; for the reprinting of which, we are obliged to that ingenious and most 4 industrious Preserver and Restorer of Antiquities, Mr. Thomas Hearne of Oxford;

In another Place,

Afterwards,

Again,

I come


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 I came now to the incomparable Spencer, against whose Judgment and Practice, I believe scarce any Man will be so bold as to oppose himself;

Again.

Afterwards,

And,

Nor must ''Ben. Johnson'' be forgotten;

Again,

In this Train of Voters for Monosyllables, the inimitable Cowley marches next, whom we must not refuse to hear;

And a little after,

Welcome


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 Dr. Stillingfleet, is allow'd by all to have been one of the most learned Men and greatest Antiquaries of his Age; and for the present Bishop, who is also a learned Antiquary, take the Character which is given of his Skill and Exactness in the English Tongue from Bishop Wilkins; "I must acknowledge my self obliged, faith be, to the continual Assistance I have had from my "most learned and worthy Friend, Dr. William Lloyd, than whom (so far as I am able to judge) this Nation could not have afforded a fitter Person, either for that great Industry, or accurate Judgment, both in Philological, and Philosophical Matters, required to such a Work. And particularly, I must wholly ascribe to him that tedious and difficult Task, of suiting the Tables to the Dictionary, and the drawing up of the Dictionary itself, which, upon trial, I doubt not, will be found to be the most perfect, that was ever yet made for the English Tongue." I will only farther beg leave to mention, the Bishop of Carlisle, Your Self, and Dr. Gibson, who for good Spirit, masterly Judgment, and all the Ornaments of Stile, in the several ways of Writing, may be equalled with the best and most polite. To conclude, if this Preface is writ in a Stile, that may be thought somewhat rough and too severe, it is not out of any natural Inclination to take up a Quarrel, but to do some Justice to the Study of Antiquities, and even of our own Language itself, against the severe Censurers of both; whose Behaviour in this Controversy has been such, as cou'd not have the Treatment it deserved in a more modest or civil manner. If I am mistaken herein, I beg Pardon: I might alledge that which per- haps


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 The theft effected, M. the lieutenant-general was instantly informed of it, and when the stranger presented himself to give his statement of it, he was struck with amazement, for scarcely had he described the missing valuable when it was instantly restored to him.

M. de Sartines, of whom so much has been spoken and so much is still spoken, wrong or right, took no other pains to prove that the police of France was the best in the world. As well as his predecessors, he had a singular predilection for thieves, and all those whose talents had once met with his approbation were sure of being allowed to go on with impunity. He sometimes flung out defiances to them; he commanded them into his presence, and thus addressed them: "Gentlemen, the honour and reputation of the thieves is at stake, it is said that you cannot effect a certain robbery,—the proprietor is on his guard, therefore form your plans, ana remember that I have pledged myself to your success."

In these times of happy memory, M. the lieutenant-general of police assumed no less vanity from the skill of his thieves than did the late abbé Sicard of the intelligence of his dumb pupils; great lords, ambassadors, princes, the king himself, were present at their exercises. Now-a-days we bet upon the fleetness of a horse, then people betted on the adroitness of a cutpurse; and if persons wished to amuse themselves in society, they borrowed a thief from the police in the same way as they now have the services of a gendarme. M. de Sartines always had at his elbow some score of the most skilful, whom he kept for the private pleasures of the court; they were generally marquisses, counts, knights, or at least people who had all the fine airs of the courtiers, with whom it was so much more easy to confound them, as at play a similar inclination to cheat established a certain parity between them.

Good company, whose manners and habits did not essentially differ from those of these thieves, could,


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 without compromising themselves, admit them into their society. I have read, in the memoirs of the reign of Louis XV. that they besought them "to give them an evening," as, in our time, we pray, cash in band, for a similar favour from M. Comte, the celebrated Prestidigitateur (sleight-of-hand man), or some first rate prima donna of the Opera.

More than once, at the solicitation of a duchess, a renowned robber was released from the cells of Bicêtre; and if, when put to the proof, his talents equalled the utmost expectation which the lady had formed of them, it was seldom that M. the lieutenant-general (whether to keep up his credit or to aid his gallantry) refused freedom to so valuable a member of society. At a period in which there were pardons and lettres de cachet in every person's pocket, the gravity of a magistrate, however severe, was not opposed to the knavery of a scoundrel, if he were at all comical or adroit. As soon as he had excited admiration or astonishment he was pardoned. Our ancestors were indulgent and much more easily amused than ourselves; they were also much more simple and much more candid; this is no doubt the reason why they thought so much of whatever was neither simple nor candid. In their eyes, a man who for his exploits was condemned to the wheel, was the nenec [sic] plus ultra of all that was admirable, they felicitated, they exalted, they loved him, and related or listened with pleasure to the relation of his deeds of prowess. Poor Cartouche, when he was led to the Grève (place of execution) all the ladies of the court shed tears,—it was a perfect desolation.

Under the ancien régime, the police had not thought of all the benefits they might reap from robbers; it only considered them as a species of amusement; and it was only at a subsequent period that a plan was devised for placing in their hands a portion of the charge of watching for the common security. Naturally the preference was due to the most famous robbers, because they were most probably the most intelligent.


text: The British Volunteers

title: The British Volunteers


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 Some were selected, as private agents: they were not required to give up their lucrative profession of plundering, but only expected to denounce their comrades who seconded them in these expeditions: on these terms, they were to remain possessors of all the booty they obtained, and never brought to justice for the crimes in which they had participated. Such were the conditional agreements made by the police; as to salary they had none, it was a sufficient favour to be allowed to give themselves up to rapine with impunity. This impunity was only terminated by the commission of some flagrant crime, when the judicial authority intervened, which was but rare.

For a long period none were admitted to the police of safety but robbers not sentenced or liberated: about the year six of the Republic, a certain number of fugitive galley-slaves were added, who solicited the employment of secret agents, whereby they could support themselves in the metropolis. They were edgetools to handle, and, as such, used with much distrust; and the moment they ceased to be useful, they were got rid of. They usually set some other agent to watch them, who, leading them on by false manœuvres, compromised them, and thus furnished a pretext for their arrest. The Richards, Cliquets, Mouille-Farine, Beaumonts, and many others who had been police spies, were all conducted again to the Bagne, where they terminated their career, broken down by the ill usage of their ancient companions whom they had betrayed; again, it was customary for agent to plot against agent, and the most crafty was left in possession of the field.

A hundred of these individuals, whom I have already cited, Compère, CesarCésar [sic] Viocque, Longueville, Simon, Bouthey, Goupil, Coco-Lacour, Henri Lami, Doré, Guillet, called Bombance, Cadet Pommé, Mingot, Dalisson, EdouardÉdouard [sic] Goreau, Isaac, Mayer, Cavin, Bernard Lazarre, Lanlaire, Florentin, Cadet, Herries, Gaffré, Manigant, Nazon, Levesque, Bordarie, were, in a measure, the purveyors to the prisons, to which they sent


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 each Other by turns, mutually accusing each other, and certainly not unjustly; for they all robbed, and they were all privy to the deeds each performed: for how could they have lived without robbery, as the police allowed them nothing for subsistence?

In the beginning those robbers, who wished to have two strings to their bow, were very few in number; the reception given by the other prisoners to any one that had turned nose, (informer,) was a cause why the numbers did not increase. To suppose that they were actuated by any feeling of loyalty, would be to form a wrong estimate of these robbers: if the majority of them did not denounce others, it was from a fear of assassination. But it was with this dread as with the apprehension of every danger which must be faced, it gradually disappeared. At a later period the necessity of escaping the arbitrary power with which the police was armed, contributed to render the custom of informations more common amongst the robbers.

When, without any other form of process, and only because it was the gracious pleasure of the police, they put into the stone jug (prison) the individuals reputed incorrigible robbers, (a ridiculous denomination in a country in which nothing was ever tried to amend them,) many of these wretched beings, worn out by a detention which had no prospect of termination, devised a singular expedient for obtaining their liberty. These incorrigibles were also in their generation in some way suspected: reduced to a state which made them even envy the fate of the condemned, since they were at least freed at the expiration of their sentence; that they might be brought to trial they resolved to have themselves denounced for some petty robbery which they had oftentimes never committed; sometimes the crime for which they wished to be betrayed was allowed to them for a small payment by their comrade the denouncer, and happy even they who had crimes to sell! They emptied more than one can at the taproom to the health of the doer of their crime. It was


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 there is a very easy and natural Connexion between these two, and these same Antiquaries of OURS, must be either very dull and stupid Animals, or a strange kind of cross-grain’d and perverse Fellows, to be always putting a Force upon Nature, and running out of a plain Road. He must either insinuate that they are indeed such, or that Horace's Observation is not just, or that for the Word invita we ought to have a better reading, for which he will be forc’d to consult the Antiquaries. I know not how some of the great Ora- tors, be has mention'd, will relish his Compliments upon the Score of Eloquence, when he has said such hard things against Antiquaries; many of them, and those of chief ote, were his Censure just and universal, must of necessity be involv'd in it. For example, the late Bishop of Rochester, of whom he says, "He was the correctest Writer of the Age, and comes nearest the Great Originals of Greece and Rome, by studious Imitation of the Ancients." So that, as I take it, he was an Antiquary: If he excludes English Antiquities, I desire him to remember the present Bishop of Rochester, of whom he has given this true Character, "Dr. Atterbury writeth with the fewest Faults, and greatest Excellencies of any who have studied to mix Art and Nature in their Compositions," &c. He hath however thought fit to adorn the Subject of Antiquities with the Beauties of his Stile, without any Force upon Nature, or the being obliged to forsake her easy and unconstrain’d Method of applying Peony fester to proper Thoughts. The Bishop of St. Asaph hath shewn his Skill in Antiquities, by more Instances than one; yet do I not find, that even in the Opinion of this Gentleman, it hath spoil'd his Stile. I shall add to these the late and present Bishops of Worcester, the bagel


text: The British Volunteers/The British Volunteers


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 short, fuck Nonsense, as Our Antiquaries are seldom guilty of for Propriety of Thoughts, without Propriety of Expression is such a Discovery, as is not easily laid hold of, except by such Hunters after Spectres and Meteors, as are forced to be content with the Froth and Scum of Learning, but have indeed nothing to shew of that deep Learning, which is the effect of recondite Studies. And there was a Gentleman, no les a Friend to polite Learning, but as good a judge of it as himself, "and who is also a Friend to Antiquities, who was hugely pleased with the Humour of his saying  Antiquaries, being very ready to disclaim an Acquaintance with all such Wits, and who told me the Antiquaries, were the Men in all the World who most contemn'd Your Men of Sufficiency and Self-conceit. But here his Master Horace is quite flipt out of his Mind, whose Words are,

Thus translated by my Lord Roscommon.

Horace's Sapere, and my Lord Roscommon's Proper Subjects rightly understood, I take to be the same as Propriety of Thought, and the non invita sequentur, naturally flowing, I take to import the Fitness and Propriety of Expression. I also gather from hence, that


text: The British Volunteers/God Save the King


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 a lucky day for the voluntary dénoncé when he was led from Bicêtre to La Force, but not so fortunate as that in which, when led before the judge, he heard the sentence pronounced, by virtue of which his term of incarceration was limited to a few months only. This period having elapsed, his liberation, which he awaited with the utmost impatience, was at length announced to him; but between the two gates tipstaffs were placed, who seized on his person; and he fell, as before, under the jurisdiction of the préfet of police, who sent him again to Bicêtre for an indefinite term.

The women were not better treated, and the prison of St. Lazare was crammed with these unfortunates, whom illegal rigour reduced to despair.

The préfet was never tired with these incarcerations; but a moment did arrive, when, from absolute want of room, it was necessary to think of thinning the dungeons, those at least in which the prisoners were literally piled in heaps. He, in consequence, had it suggested to these "incorrigibles," that it depended on themselves to put a termination to their captivity, and that they would deliver immediately lines of route to all those who would volunteer into the colonial battalions. All were persuaded that they were to be allowed to join freely: it had been promised them; but what was their surprise, when the gendarmerie appeared to conduct them in separate brigades to their point of destination. Thenceforward the prisoners did not appear over anxious to put on the uniform; the préfet, perceiving that their zeal had marvellously cooled, ordered the gaoler to solicit them to enter, and if they would not, to have recourse to compulsory measures. It may be relied on that a jailor, under such circumstances, would even exceed his orders. He of the Bicêtre not only solicited the prisoners who were in health, but even those who were not so; no infirmity, however severe, was a ground of exemption in his eyes: they were all fitting, in his opinion,—hump-backed, one-eyed, lame, and old. In vain did they remonstrate; the préfet had


text: The British Volunteers/Mally Bann

title: The British Volunteers/Mally Bann


text: The British Volunteers/Tippling John

title: The British Volunteers/Tippling John


text: The British Volunteers/Johnny Faa, the Gypsie Laddie


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The Government Response VV. Unlike other countries, such as the United States (US), the UK has taken no preventative action. This is particularly concerning, as US restrictions on Chinese students will make UK institutions more attractive to those seeking to gain Intellectual Property and expertise. The Research Collaboration Advice Team should submit a quarterly report on the progress and outcomes of its work to the State Threats Unit in the Home Office to ensure there is cross-government awareness of the scale of the issue.

WW. It is clear that the Academic Technology Approval Scheme (ATAS) is an effective tool. Once the Government has identified the sensitive areas of research that need protecting from China, consideration should be given to ensuring that ATAS certificates are required for foreign nationals undertaking post-graduate study in UK institutions in those areas. Furthermore, we recommend that ATAS be expanded to cover postgraduate doctoral study.

XX. Tackling the threat in relation to Academia could have been an example of the Fusion Doctrine working seamlessly—with each policy department clearly contributing to an overall goal. But, as in so many areas, the devolution of responsibility for security to policy departments means that the ball is being dropped on security. Policy departments still do not have the understanding needed and have no plan to tackle it.

YY. This must change: there must be an effective cross-government approach to Academia, with clear responsibility and accountability for countering this multifaceted threat. In the meantime, China is on hand to collect—and exploit—all that the UK's best and brightest achieve as the UK knowingly lets it fall between the cracks.

title: Page:ISC-China.pdf/131


text: Intelligence and Security Committee China report/Case Study: Academia


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 decided that they were soldiers, and, willing or unwilling, they were transported to the isles of OleronOléron [sic] or Ré, where officers, selected from amongst the most brutal in the army, treated them like negroes. The atrocity, of this measure was the cause that many young men, who would not submit to such treatment, offered themselves to the police as auxiliaries: Coco-Lacour was one of the first to try this path of safety, the only one open to him. At first, some difficulties were raised against his admission; but at length, persuaded that a man who had dwelt amongst robbers from his earliest infancy would be an admirable acquisition, the préfet consented to enrol him amongst the secret agents. Lacour made a formal engagement to become an honest man, but could he keep such an undertaking? He was without pay, and when the appetite is keen, the stomach sometimes prevails over the conscience.

To be a spy without pay, what a situation! it is to be a spy and thief at the same time; and thus, the evidence of the necessity established against the secret agents a prejudice which always told against them, whether innocent or guilty. If a brigand, to be revenged upon them, should determine to inculpate them as his accom-


text: Intelligence and Security Committee China report/UK Response


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 plices, with or without proof it was impossible for them to dear themselves.

I could state a volume of circumstances, in which, although strangers to the crimes with which they are charged, secret agents have been condemned bv the tribunals, but I shall confine myself to the two following facts.

M. Hémart, the first president, went into the country; on alighting from his carriage, he saw that the portmanteau containing his property was carried off. Enraged with the authors of this deed he determined to use all means to detect them, and bring down on their heads all the severity of the laws. They had only incurred a correctional punishment, but M. Hémart could not resolve on considering as a simple larceny a robbery which was effected to his individual loss; chastisement would be too lenient, it was a crime which he wished to make it, and, with this intent, he presented a petition to the chief judge, that he might decide the question, if the breaking open after committing the robbery did not constitute an aggravation of the case?

M. Hémart sought an affirmative decision, and as he desired so was the judge's sentence. Thereupon the robbers, whose audacity had roused the anger of the president, were discovered and apprehended. They had been found with the property, and it was difficult to deny it; but they suspected an old pal of having denounced them, named Bonnet, a secret agent; they pointed him out as their accomplice, and Bonnet, although innocent, was sentenced with them to twelve years' imprisonment and fetters.

At a subsequent period two other secret agents, Herrioz the younger, and Ledran, his brother-in-law, had stolen some portmanteaus, and having emptied them to divide the spoil, deposited them with two colleagues, Tormel the father and son, who, afterwards denounced by them, were tried and convicted of a robbery of which the perpetrators alone had the booty. Whether at the Bicêtre or La Force, not a day arrived


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 and their own Assurance, they wou'd not only be put out of the way of those Expectations that they have, but out of ell. manner of Contenance. There is a Piece of History. that I have met with in the Life of Archbishop Spotswood, that way not unustly be remember'd on this Occasion, shewing that studious Men of a private Character are not always to be reputed Men of low Genius: "Nor were his Virtues (says the History) buried and confined- within the Boundaries of his Parishm for having formerly had a Relation to the noble Family of Lenox, he was look'd upon as the fittest Person of his Quality to attend Lodowic, Duke of Lenox, as his Chaplain ms that honourable Embassy to Henry the fourth of France, for confirming the ancient Amity between both Nations; where be so difsceetly carried himself, as added much to his Reputation, and made it appear that Men bred up in the Shade of Learning might possibly endure the Sun-shine, and when it came to their turns, might carry themselves as handsomly abroad, as they (whose Education being in a more pragmatick way) usually undervalue them.}} But that of low Genius is not the worst Charge which is brought against the Antiquaries, for they are not allow d to have so much as common Sense, as to know how, to express their Minds intelligently. Thus I learn, from a Dissertation on reading the Classicks, and forming a, just Stile; where it is said, "It must be a great fault of Judgment if where the Thoughts are proper, the Expressions are not so too: A Disagreement between these seldom happen, but among Men of mare recondite Studies, and. what they call deep Learning, especially. among your Antiquaries and Schoolmen." This is a a careless way of talking, it may pass well, enough for the genteel Negligence, in


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 of a Northern Ear, which, if it be deficient, as I shall not be very obstinate in its Defence, I beg leave it may at least be permitted the Benefit of Mr.Dryden's Apology, for the Musick of old Father Chaucer's Numbers, "That there is the rude Sweetness of a Scotch Tune in it, which is natural and pleasing, the not perfect."

Sir, I must beg your Pardon for this long Digression, upon a Subject which many will think does not deserve it: but if I have herein discover'd some of the greatest Beauties of our English Poets, it will be more excusable, at least for the respect that is intended to so noble an Art as theirs. But to suspect the worst, considering that I am now writing a Preface, I am provided with another Apology from Mr. Dryden, who cautions his Reader with this Observation, That the Nature of a Preface is Rambling, never wholly out of the way, nor in it. Yet cannot end this Preface, without desiring that such as shall be employ'd in refining and ascertaining our English Tongue, may entertain better Thoughts both of the Saxon Tongue, and of the Study of Antiquities. Methinks it is very hard, that those who labour and take so much pains to furnish others with Materials, either for Writing, or for Discourse, who have not Lesiure, or Skill, or Industry enough to serve themselves, shou'd be allow'd no other Instances of Gratitude, than the reproachful Title of Men of low Genius, of which low Genius's it may be observed, that they carry some Ballast, and some valuable Loading in them, which may be despifed, but is seldom to be exceeded in any thing truly valuable, by Light and fluttering Wits. But it is not to be woner'd, that Men of Worth are to be trampled upon, for other wife they might stand in the way of these Assumers; and indeed were it not for the Modesty of their Betters,


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 when the person commits a flagrant offence as prescribed in section 80;

when the person is found attempting to commit an offence or is found in a circumstance under which it should be suspected that he is going to commit an offence for he is possessing a tool, weapon, or other object which may be used in the commission of an offence;

when he is reasonably suspected to have committed an offence and to be about to abscond;

when a person seeking his arrest notifies that he has committed an offence and that a regular complaint has also been submitted.

When a superior administrative or police official conducts an arrest in person, no warrant is required, but it must be an event in which a warrant of arrest can be issued or an arrest can be conducted according to this Code.

No citizen shall arrest another person, save where the criteria of section 82 are met or that person commits a flagrant offence and such offence is also specified in the schedule at the end of this Code.

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 And on the Marriage of the Lord Dungannon,

To Gilbert Lord Archbishop of Canterbury,

Mrs. Wharton upon the Lamentations of Jeremiah;

And my Lady Winchelsea in her Poem entituled, The Poor Man's Lamb;

Sir, from these numerous Instances, out of the Writings of our greatest and noblest Poets, it is apparent, That had the Enmity against Monosyllables, with which there are some who make so great a Clamour, been so great in all Times, we must have been deprived of some of the best Lines, and finest Flowers, that are to be met with in the beautiful Garden of our English Posie. Perhaps this may put our Countreymen upon studying with greater Niceness the use of these kind of Words, as well in the Heroick Compositions, as in the softer and more gentle Strains. I peak not this, upon Confidence of any Judgment I have in Poetry, but according to that Skill, which is natural to the Musick


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And commending Cicero, he says,

And of Virgil thus,

And in the beginning of the next Ode, he wou'd not certainly have apply'd himself to WIT in the harsh Cadence of Monosyllables, had he thought them so very harsh;

Again,

But did he believe such Concord to be inconsistent with the use of Monosyllables, he had surely banished them from these two Lines; and were I to fetch Testimonies out of his Writings, I might pick a Jury of Twelve out of every Page.

And now comes Mr. Waller, and what does he with his Monosyllables, but,

And that honourable Peer whom he commends, the Lord Roscommon thus keeps him in Countenance;

And


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 And again,

Soon after,

And by and by,

The next I shall mention is my Lord Orrery, who, as Mr. Anthony Wood says, was a great Poet, Statesman, Soldier, and great every thing which merits the Name of Great and Good. In his Poem to Mrs. Philips, he writes thus;

Again,

But having thank'd these noble Lords for their Suffrage, we will proceed to some other Witnesses of Quality: And first I beg leave to appeal to my Lord Duke of Buckinghamshire, in his Translation of The Temple of Death; Her


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 That which is called a flagrant offence is an offence which is seen being committed or is found in any manner which doubtlessly indicates that it has just been committed.

However, a criminal offence specified in the schedule at the end of this Code shall be deemed flagrant in the following events:

when a person is being pursued with hue and cry as if he were an offender;

when a person is found, almost immediately after an offence has been committed, in the vicinity of the scene of the incident, and he has an article obtained from the commission of an offence, or has a tool, weapon, or other object which has presumably been used in the commission of an offence, or has visible traces of guilt upon his clothes or body.

Regardless of whether or not there is a warrant of arrest, no arrest shall be conducted—

in a private place, save where the provisions of this Code dealing with search in a private place are observed;

in a royal palace or in a place where the King, Queen Consort, or Regent resides or stays, save

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CHINA

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As made clear in Part One of our Report, China's national imperative is the continuing dominance and governance of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). However, it is its ambition at a global level—to become a technological and economic superpower, on which other countries are reliant—that represents the greatest risk to the UK.

Today, China has advanced research, development and manufacturing capabilities across a broad range of high-tech sectors, from nuclear energy to telecommunications. But, in order to understand China's approach to technology today, you have to look to the past: China's ambition to be a global technological and economic superpower is rooted in its history. China's perception that the Chinese nation—one of the world's great civilisations—was humiliated repeatedly by more technologically advanced Western nations prior to the CCP takeover in 1949 is key to understanding why economic and technological development is central to China's ambitions today. The Intelligence Community, in evidence to the Committee, were unambiguous about the importance China places on this:

"The Communist Party of China (CCP) deems both economic well-being and technological advancement as essential to its national security and maintaining power, and to mitigate perceived threats from the West … China's overall aims are to gain technological parity with the West, and eventually to surpass them, in a process it identifies as 'national rejuvenation'."

China is seeking technological dominance over the West, particularly in emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence (AI), 5G telecommunications, supercomputing and quantum computing. An assessment by the National Cyber Security Centre (NCSC) summarised the thinking as:

"Modern great-power dominance has been based on the mastery of key technologies. China is investing huge sums in a series of 'Manhattan Projects', intended to make it a leader in advanced technologies, which it almost certainly intends to export worldwide.

Success will enable China to project its economic, military and political power globally, as steam and computing did for Britain and the US [United States] respectively in the 19th and 20th centuries."

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CHINA China has underpinned its economic and technological aspirations with a number of strategic documents, including the Made in China 2025' strategy. This strategy lists the ten key industrial sectors in which the CCP intends China to become a world leader—many of which are fields in which the UK has particular expertise:

electric cars and other new energy vehicles; next-generation Information Technology (IT) and telecommunications; advanced robotics and AI; agricultural technology; aerospace engineering; new synthetic materials; advanced electrical equipment; emerging biomedicine; high-end rail infrastructure; and high-tech maritime engineering.

China is willing to employ a 'whole-of-state' approach, using all levers of Chinese state power to support its technological goals. This includes legitimate routes using influence via investment, directing the huge resources of the Chinese state into vast research and development programmes, and investing in high-tech overseas companies with a view to transferring legally the technology to China and undercutting Western competitors. It also includes espionage on an industrial scale—stealing the fruits of Western research and development efforts and high-value Intellectual Property (IP) so that it can develop and manufacture technologies faster and cheaper than the rest of the world. As the NCSC explained, China can "shortcut [its] need to do research and development by targeting Intellectual Property". MI5 was equally clear, telling the Committee that China is using "intelligence collection … to support [its] commercial mercantile ambition".

In 2019, when the Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament issued a statement on the inclusion of Huawei in the UK's 5G network, we warned that the problem was far bigger than that single issue: the West is over-reliant on Chinese technology and must act now to tackle China's technological dominance. The same month that our statement was released, the Intelligence Community accepted that China's rising technological dominance posed a genuine threat to the West, with SIS telling the Committee that "the biggest risk from China is that the alliance of state control and 21st century technology will allow China to dominate technologies that shape our world". This is a long-term issue, and one on which we are already lagging well behind. As MI5 told us:

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China's Approach to Technology "the challenge of the rise of China absolutely raises huge questions for the future of the western alliance … At the moment, it is still the case that, broadly speaking, the Chinese are seeking to use espionage and influence to steal advantage that the West itself still holds, and then clearly the balance of that will tilt across the next few years and China will become—has already, in effect, become—the world's leader in many areas of manufacturing, and may become the world's leader in almost all the world's areas of manufacturing."

We asked the NCSC about the threats to the UK from China and were told that 'Made in China 2025' is a "classic Chinese long-term programme with the most profound implications for us and our allies". If China achieves technological dominance, it will make it harder for the UK to protect its information and retain defence, economic and intelligence advantages. A 2018 Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC) Assessment noted that China is the main hostile state threat to UK prosperity. The actions of China against UK Industry therefore pose both a threat to national security and a threat to our economic well-being.

Artificial intelligence: HMG cites artificial intelligence (AI) as an area where increasing Chinese dominance is causing concem since, if China becomes the market leader, Western countries might have to accept the rules and regulations that China attaches to the technology and Chinese standards on AI applications. This might then allow the Chinese state to access data collected and processed by Chinese AI, or to accept the global use of AI in citizen monitoring and control. Furthermore, there are significant intelligence and military uses of AI, such as obtaining and analysing data and evaluating numerous scenarios ('war-gaming') at a faster rate than humanly possible. AI surveillance systems could obtain and analyse data on ***.

Quantum computing: As with AI, key concerns in relation to quantum computing centre round the susceptibility of data to state acquisition and exploitation, and the compulsion to accept Chinese norms and standards even if they do not comply with the UK's own. ***.

As an advanced and open economy, the UK is a clear target for China. The UK has a reputation for being open to foreign investment, and China invests in the UK more than in any other European state. Foreign Direct Investment into the UK from China between 2000 and 2017 was approximately £37bn (with the next largest recipient of Chinese investment being Germany, at £18bn).

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CHINA Since 2017, the majority of Chinese investment in the UK appears to have been strategically driven, with clear links between areas of investment and Chinese state objectives. When we questioned the Intelligence Community on this, the JIC Chair emphasised the importance that China places on the UK as a centre of scientific and technological excellence, noting that the UK has world-class research and development (and, in some cases, industrial activity) in many of the technologies mentioned in the 'Made in China 2025' strategy. Chinese science and technology requirements therefore correspond closely to UK strengths in military capabilities, and industrial and emerging technology.

The UK sectors of particular interest to the Chinese include defence, telecommunications, new or emerging digital technologies and other strategic industries not necessarily part of the UK's Critical National Infrastructure (CNI), but which are nevertheless considered sensitive (for example ***). Director General MI5 told us:

"***"

When targeting UK Industry, China has two key priorities: the acquisition of IP and technology, and the acquisition of data.

Intellectual Property (IP) refers to creations of the mind, such as inventions, literary and artistic works, designs and symbols, and names and images used in commerce. IP rights give the creator an exclusive right over the use of his/her creation for a certain period of time and enable him/her to earn recognition or financial benefit from what they invent or create. IP is protected in law in various ways.

China's apparent unwillingness to recognise (or enforce) IP rights has been an issue since the country 'opened' to the world in the 1970s. Originally, this was centred on copyright and trademark infringement with pirate DVDs, CDs and counterfeit goods being readily produced by Chinese companies. Today, it is focused on much higher value goods, in particular cutting-edge technology. However, the same principle applies—by stealing IP, the Chinese save money on research and development, thereby lowering the overall 'to-market' cost so that they can undercut the original product and dominate the market.

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China's Approach to Technology

The Chinese also target data. The UK Government has said that it considers data and "its associated infrastructure" to be a "strategic national asset", as the NCSC explained:

"data has both economic and intelligence value. It can be used to train artificial intelligence systems and identify individual targets of interest for future exploitation. It also has applications in research and development and commercial decision-making."

Much of China's data acquisition is conducted with a view to maintaining the stability of the Communist regime. GCHQ told us that China's overarching aim is to identify and monitor the threat posed by its population. The Intelligence Community explained:

"the Chinese state views surveillance and big data analytics as essential tools to maintain Chinese social and economic stability and national security. It collects data from a wide range of sources, such as China's public surveillance apparatus, privately and commercially available, and open source information. The collection and aggregation of personally identifiable information and bulk datasets enables the ChIS [Chinese Intelligence Services] to identify and track targets of interest, and will aid technology development, such as the training of AI systems. China is investing heavily in AI through academia, the purchasing of AI technology companies, and through indigenous development."

However, the Chinese are also assessed to target data for intelligence purposes. The Intelligence Community cited the hacking in 2015 of the United States (US) Office of Personnel Management with the loss of personal information of more than 20m US government officials—as evidence of this. MI5 explained that even apparently innocuous personal information can be useful when combined with other sources of data:

"in isolation most of these data sets don't enable you to do much at all, but when you build a layered mosaic [of data sets] it does then enable *** it enables them potentially to talent spot people that they might be able to make a recruitment approach to …."

The Chinese Intelligence Services (ChIS) may use bulk data to provide additional intelligence to support their targeting efforts against UK politicians. We were told that using data in this way could "identify background details on the [potential] target, including finances, personal weaknesses and the circles of the people they are close to".

Data comes in many forms, and data-collection platforms all have potential intelligence value. China's Personal Information Protection Law (PIPL), billed as a Chinese version of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), came into effect in November 2021. This law asserts state power over data belonging to both Chinese and foreign companies.

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text:
Author:Alexander William Maxwell Clark-Kennedy

About A.W.M. Clark-Kennedy

 * (very short) review of :


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Author talk:Alexander William Maxwell Clark-Kennedy

some additional bibliographic info
Dick Bos (talk) 11:17, 1 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Clark-Kennedy 1868:
 * Clark-Kennedy 1878: ; see also:
 * Clark-Kennedy 1884:


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 PIDGIN-ENGLISH SING-SONG.


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OR

SONGS AND STORIES

IN

THE CHINA-ENGLISH DIALECT.

BY

CHARLES G. LELAND.

LONDON:

TRÜBNER & CO., LUDGATE HILL

1876.

[All rights reserved.]


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 Contents

 * INTRODUCTION

 * HINTS TO THE READER

 * WANG-TI

 * MARY COE

 * SLANG-WHANG

 * PING-WING.

 * CAPTAIN BROWN

 * A-LÚM THE BAKER

 * WANG THE SNOB.

 * AHONG AND THE MUSQUITO

 * CONFUCIUS AND LA-OU-TSZE

 * THE CAT

 * THE REBEL PIG

 * THE GREEN-TEA LAND

 * MY HEART AND GONG

 * PROVERBS

 * L’OISEAU

 * THE PRINCESS IN TARTARY

 * THE RAT

 * THE PIGEON


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 ; LITTLE JACK HORNER

 * THE TOYMAN'S SONG

 * CAPTAIN JONES.

 * THE BALLAD OF WING-KING-WO

 * CAPTAIN JONES AND THE ARROW

 * CAPTAIN JONES AND HIS MEDICINE-CHEST.

 * THE OBEDIENT SERVANT

 * HOWQUA AND THE PEARLS

 * THE COW AND THE COMPRADORE

 * THE CHINESE AND THE JEW

 * THE WOOLLY HEN AND THE RED GOOSE

 * THE TALKING DUCKS.

 * THE LITTLE WIFE

 * FIRE AND RIVER

 * NORVAL

 * EXCELSIOR

 * PIDGIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY

 * PIDGIN-ENGLISH NAMES


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 INTRODUCTION.

IDGIN-ENGLISH is that dialect of our language which is extensively used in the seaport towns of China as a means of communication between English or Americans and the natives. In its first and lowest form, as given in the vocabularies published for the use of servants, Pidgin is a very rude jargon, in which English words, strangely distorted, owing to the difficulty of representing their sounds in Chinese writing, are set forth according to the principles of Chinese grammar. It is, in fact, word-for- word translation, with very little attempt at inflection or conjugation, as such forms of grammar, as we understand them, do not exist in Chinese. The result of this is naturally that as the vocabulary is very limited, a Chinese learns Pidgin-English with no more difficulty than is presented by acquiring a few hundred words, the pronunciation and grammar of


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 which have been modified to suit those of his own language. In this it corresponds exactly with the posh an' posh, or corrupt Rommany dialect spoken by English gipsies, in which Hindi-Persian words follow the English structure.

It is owing to the ease with which Chinese learn this dialect, and the willingness of foreigners to meet them half way in it, that in it, that it has spread to such an incredible extent, thereby leading the way towards making English the language of the Pacific. And as Chinese learn a Latin tongue more easily than pure English, it is probable that had it not been for the Pidgin jargon, a corrupt Portuguese would have formed the popular medium of communication between foreigners and natives in China. The number of Portuguese words which now exist in Pidgin-English seem to prove this. As it is, our language in this rude form has spread, and is spreading to such a remarkable extent as to suggest several important problems. The coolie who speaks Pidgin has half his apprehension as to getting on in a foreign country removed, and the anticipated immigration of "millions of the Mongolian race" is beginning to cause serious reflection in America. Therefore Mr Simpson looks forward to a time when it will be necessary to issue the Scriptures in Pidgin, and Captain


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 Richard Burton gravely remarks in his "Ultima Thule," that "if English, as appears likely, is to become the cosmopolitan language of commerce, it will have to borrow from Chinese as much monosyllable, and as little inflection as possible. The Japanese," he adds, "have already commenced the systematic process of 'pidgeoning,' which for centuries has been used on the West African coast, in Jamaica, and in fact throughout tropical England, Hindostan alone excepted."

The word pidgin, if derived, as is generally supposed, from the English word business, indicates the difficulty with which Chinese master our pronunciation. It is also characteristic of the jargon, from the incredible variety of meanings which it assumes. As the term wallah in Hindu, and that of engro in Rommany, are applicable to any kind of active agent, so pidgin is with great ingenuity made expressive of every variety of calling, occupation, or affair. As business or commerce is the great bond of union between the Chinese and foreign residents, it is not remarkable that this should be the chief and ever-recurring word, and give its name to the language formed in its service.

Pidgin-English, "pure and simple," is found, according to a writer in the "Pall Mall Gazette,"


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 only in the native vocabularies published for the benefit of compradores and servants entering the service of English masters. One specimen of this class of work is a little volume of twelve or fifteen pages, and is entitled "A Vocabulary of Words in Use among the Red-Haired People." Its outer cover is adorned with a full-length portrait of one of the red-haired race dressed in the costume of the Georgian period, in breeches and stockings, and armed with stick and sword."

The difficulty which a Chinese experiences in mastering the English pronunciation pronunciation may be inferred from the fact that in this book brother (elder) is expressed by pat-lut-ta, youngest brother


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 by yang-shi-lut-ta, uncle by yang-ki, and husband by ha-sze-man. The almost insuperable tendency to pronounce r as l appears in kī-lin for green, lin for rain, and lüt for red—d being also a terrible pièce de résistance in the native mouth. But no China boy remains faithful to these barbarous words, and he very soon improves kī-lin into kleen or gleen, lin to lain, and lüt to led—at which point he long remains stationary. It follows, of course, that there is no settled standard of Pidgin-English, and that anything may correctly claim to be in that dialect, so that it represents English as spoken by a Chinese with some national variation from the English standard. I call special attention to this fact, since among the ballads and prose of this volume there are some which illustrate low-class Pidgin as used by common people, while several of the songs must be understood as coming from a Chinese who, having made much greater progress in English, is desirous of writing it. Unless this allowance be fairly made, those who only know Pidgin-English from its more imperfect utterances will be inclined to think that in several instances I have introduced too many English words and "first-chop" phrases. I may, however, be allowed to plead per contra that two distinguished Anglo-


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 where prior permission has been obtained from the Minister of Interior.

An official executing a warrant of arrest may request a person nearby to help executing the warrant, but he shall not force any person to help when it may endanger such person.

In conducting an arrest, the official or citizen conducting the arrest must notify the arrestee that he is to be arrested and order the arrestee to go to the office of an administrative or police official together with the arrester, but if necessary, such person may be taken thereto.

If the arrestee resists or is to resist the arrest, or absconds or attempts to abscond, the arrester has the power to exercise all measures or means of prevention in so far as they are suitable for the circumstances of such arrest.

The official or citizen conducting an arrest must bring the arrestee to the office of an administrative or police official with dispatch, and upon their arrival thereat, the warrant of arrest, if any, shall be taken out and read to the arrestee and the reasons for his arrest shall also be notified to him.

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 Howqua and the Pearls.

LO Howqua, he one piecee velly largey Hong má-chin, sartin before-tim you plenty hearee all-same Howqua. He catchee plenty dolla'. One-tim one piecee Melican gentleum talkee long-side Howqua, he talkee állo 'bout pearlee. Olo Howqua he talkee, "My wifee she velly culio 'bout pearlee; she blongey so-fashion, she likee one kind pearlee, no other chop can do. Supposey my catchee pearlee other fashion, galaw, sho no look-see 'um." Melican he askee, "What fashion pearlee she likee?" Howqua talkee, "Belong so-fashion. Suppose t'hat pearlee numpa one lound, he whitey colour look-see all plopa, belong too much largey—állo-same inside palace that Empelo' catchee top-side he mandalin hat-suppose wantchee buy, pay t'hat golo-man plenty dolla'—supposey belong so-fashion, my wifey too muchee likee, galaw. What ting you tinkey?"

Supposey you hearee plenty talkee 'bout fashion. Ch'hoy my tinkee China-woman, fan-kwei woman,


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 állo woman, állo tinkey állo-same inside he mouth. What ting you pay plenty dolla", he állo tim good fashion. Catchee plenty dolla', then állo tim you catchee first-chop fashion. Fa ts'ai!—fa ts'ai!


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 Chinese scholars, Professor R. K. Douglas and H. A. Giles, with other proficients who have paid much attention to Pidgin-English, were so kind as to take great interest in this work while it was in progress, aiding me by correction, criticism, and contribution of material of every kind, and that they consider the language of the songs and stories as generally appropriate and correct.

Pidgin, it may be observed, is now the generally accepted spelling of the word in the Anglo-Chinese newspapers. The dialect is very extensively spoken on the whole sea-board of China, and in the Straits; nor is it unknown in India, while its use is rapidly extending to the interior. It may be true, as Professor Douglas observes, that "of late English masters and mistresses in China are beginning to learn Chinese, and that grammars, dictionaries, and vocabularies in the local dialects are now beginning to find their way into houses into which they have never hitherto been admitted;" while, "on the other hand, a generation of Chinamen is growing up which has learned to speak English grammatically." Yet as real Pidgin-English is, after all, only Chinese, both as to structure and sound, with English words, it is evident that scores of common people will acquire it where one will learn English correctly. It is


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 a curious fact, which has been observed by three of my friends—Messrs Giles, Simson, and Ng-Choy—that instances occasionally occur in which Chinese from different districts, speaking very different dialects, have recourse to "Pidgin" as a medium of conversation, just as men of different nations in the Levant were at one time wont to use the lingua franca.

I trust that the critical reader will make allowance for the difficulty of spelling a jargon for which no standard is established, and which varies with every speaker. One gentleman, many years resident in China, thinks that the word have should be written as in English; a well-educated native to whom Pidgin was as a boy a step-mother tongue is positive that hab is the popular pronunciation, while the printed Chinese vocabulary for servants gives hop. The same difficulty is found as to th, which is in the mouth of a beginner either the Spanish or English d, or a plain t, but which is by many given correctly enough. If I have sometimes given one and sometimes the other pronunciation, it is not through carelessness; and I have done so in such a manner as to illustrate different phases of expression. But actual consistency is rendered impossible by the fact that one man often gives


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 different sounds to the same letters. The same difficulty exists as to words which are well known to many persons but not to others. A few will be found in this collection which are possibly not familiar to the oldest European proficients in Pidgin. They are all drawn from the Chinese vocabulary already referred to, and are probably known to most Chinese, who, however, soon drop them.

I have placed at the end of this work the well-known and popular version of "Norval," which first appeared at least forty years ago, and that of "Excelsior"—the names of the authors being unknown to me. I have been informed by an American gentleman who has paid attention to the subject, that a Pidgin-French is developing itself in the Chinese ports, but of this I have obtained no specimens.

It is not pretended that the language of the rhymes and stories in this volume will all be readily and immediately familiar to any person who may take it in hand, but it is certain that with a very little attention they can all be soon mastered. For those who expect to meet with Chinese, either in the East or California, this little book will perhaps be useful, as qualifying them to converse in Pidgin. There are in all not


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 more than thirty altogether foreign or strange words in ordinary use, and a number of these are familiar to all persons of the least general information. What remains can present no difficulty to any one who can understand negro minstrelsy or baby talk.

CHARLES G. LELAND.