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School-Management.

Holy Job says: "Man's life upon earth is a warfare." The life of a teacher is eminently such. The moment he enters his class-room where thirty pupils await him, he has to face thirty enemies. Not that the pupils cherish hostile or even unfriendly feelings towards their master. God forbid! but there is in every one of them some one more or less prominent defect or fault, which, in whole or in part, will frustrate the teacher's work in the class-room, and it is with these defects and faults, as with so many deadly foes, that the teacher must do combat. One pupil is lazy; this one is fickle; that one stubborn; and in all there is a considerable amount of ignorance. Nor does the teacher's struggle cease with the four or five hours of class work. There are other trials awaiting him on return home. The daily careful preparation of the matter to be taught is a real drudgery, while the correction of themes and compositions is very fatiguing. Over and above this there is the monotony of repeating the same matter year after year. At times, too, there may come regulations from superiors which do not suit the taste of the teacher, which, however, must be complied with; for in order to ensure unity and harmony in any educational establishment some kind of executive superintendence over persons and things is indispensable.

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The Teacher's Motives and Ideals.

The teacher's life is a most arduous one. Like that of the scholar and scientist it presents few attractions. It has none of the external brilliant dramatic quality that makes the soldier's and stateman's career attractive, and as its material remuneration is relatively scanty, and the chance of promotion to a lucrative position is almost excluded, it can make little impression on an age whose watchwords are exterior success and material progress. Still, the teacher's mission is one of the greatest importance while touched with sublimity. It is in a way a "priestly" office, for the material on which the teacher works is the mind, the immortal soul of man; his object is truly "sacerdotal," namely to consecrate these souls to their Creator, to make them more God-like in wisdom and moral goodness. The teacher is also entrusted with the destinies of society; the children and youths whom he now trains will one day be the heads of families, the parents of a new generation, the men that powerfully influence public opinion for good or ill, in the press and from the platform, the citizens whose vote will make or mar their country. Surely, this is a profession that deserves the enthusiasm of noble hearts and the absorbing interest of the ablest minds.

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Introduction.

We are living in an age of school reforms and pedagogical experiments. The question of higher education in particular is warmly debated in England, France, Germany, and the United States. The respective merits of rival educational systems are topics of lively discussion and comment in numberless books and articles. New "curricula" are planned on all sides, and new courses are offered in the various seats of learning. Not long ago it was stated that "the American College was passing." Harvard, Yale, Columbia, the University of Pennsylvania, and other leading schools, now accept the studies of the professional schools as meeting the requirements of the last year in college. Yale University was also reported as making ready to follow in the wake of Harvard and abolish the study of Greek as a requisite for admission. The University of Michigan, abandoning the attempt to distinguish between forms of admission or courses of study pursued in the college, will give up degrees like bachelor of letters or bachelor of philosophy, and confer on all its students indiscriminately at graduation the degree of bachelor of arts, in this respect following what is substantially the procedure of Harvard. Harvard, with its system of election, election in the preparatory schools, in the college, and in the professional schools, is the fore-

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670

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Academies, in Jesuit colleges, 518 sqq.

Accessories, in Jesuit curriculum, 118, 125, 192.

Acosta, Jesuit writer, 159.

Adaptability, of Jesuit system, 197, sqq., 280—296.

Agricola, humanist, 33, 60, 67.

Albertus Magnus, 39, 99.

Alcala, university, 4243, 79.

d'Alembert, 149, 174, 176.

Algué, Jesuit scientist, 230—231.

Aloysius, St., feast of students, 557; devotion to, 559—560.

Alvarez, 121 sqq., grammar, 286.

Ancient authors, see "Classical Studies.'*

Antiquities, as taught in schools, 199, 284, 382, 451 454; method of teaching, 486 sqq., 519520; Jesuit writers on, 157—158, 233.

Appointment, of teachers according to ability, 439—442.

Aquaviva, General of the Society of Jesus, 103, 109 sqq., 113.

Aquinas, St. Thomas, 39, 99; in Jesuit system, 132, 136, 193194.

Archaeology, see "Antiquities".

Arnold, Matthew, on translating, 354.

Arnold, Thomas, son of former, 163 note 2.

Astronomers, Jesuits, 179-180, 226—229, 232.

Astronomy, in Jesuit curriculum, 131, 194.

Athletics, in college, 569 sqq.

Auger, Jesuit writer, 593.

Austen, T., 321—322.

Authority of teacher, 610—614.

Avignon, Jesuit College, 127 128.

Azarias, Brother, 11 note.

Bacon, Roger, 39—40, 46.

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 Bacon, Francis, 39—40; on Jesuit schools, 145.

Balde, Jesuit writer, 130, 161—162.

Ballestrem, Count, on Jesuit teachers, 535.

Bancroft, G., on Jesuit colleges, 145; Catholics in Maryland, 203.

Barbier, Jesuit educator, 623—624.

Barnard, Henry, on Jesuit schools, 650 sgq.

Barnes, Dr., 323—824.

Barth, Professor, 566.

Bartoli, Jesuit writer, 137.

Bayer, Jesuit educator, 121 note 4.

Beaumont (England), Jesuit College, 257.

Beissel, Jesuit writer, 236.

Benedict, St., 86, 633.

Benedict XIV., Pope, Jesuit pupil, 172; on the Sodalities, 561.

Beschi, Jesuit linguist, 152.

Beirut, Jesuit University 206.

Biblical World, on religious instruction, 577—578, 585, 603.

Bidermann, Jesuit writer, 130.

Bishops of France, on Jesuits, 273 sqq.

Boarding schools, of Jesuits, 250; dangers of boarding schools, 537 sqq., 552, and note.

Boccaccio, humanist, 50.

Bohemia Manor, Maryland, Jesuit school, 204.

Bollandists, Jesuit historians, 161, 234—235.

Bolsius, Jesuit scientist, 233.

Bombay, St. Francis Xavier, Jesuit College, 206, 216.

Bonaveuture, St., 39, 99.

Bonifacio, Jesuit educator, 163, 453, 645.

Bonvalot, Jesuit educator, 127.

Boscovich, Jesuit scientist, 179.

Boston College and President Eliot, 224 sqq.

Branch teacher, 442 sqq.

Braun, Jesuit scientist, 232.

Braunsberger, Jesuit historian, 236.

Brethren of the Common Life, 31—33, 138; see correction 653.

Briggs, Dean of Harvard College, 320, 406, 538—639.

Bristol, Professor in Cornell

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Rh University, 397 note 1, 398, 401 note 1, 505.

Broderick, G. C., 409-410, 415.

Browning, O., on Jesuit education, 16, 186, 244-245, 263.

Brownson, O., 331, 529.

Brunetière, F., 550, 658.

Brunswick, laws against Jesuit schools, 240—241.

Bryce, James, 305—306, 338.

Buckle, H. T., 263.

Buffier, Jesuit geographer, 128, 448 note.

Bunyan, 265.

Busaeus, Jesuit, 44, 138.

Caesar, 381—382.

Cajori, Professor, 155-156, 157.

Calcutta, Jesuit College, 216.

Calmette, Jesuit Sanskrit scholar, 151—152.

Cambridge, 69—70.

Campbell, Thomas, writer, 577 note.

Canfield. President, 313—315, 572 note.

Carroll, Charles of Carrollton, 204, 260, 340.

Carroll, John, Jesuit and first Archbishop of Baltimore, 204—205, 260; founder of Georgetown College, 205.

Castelein, Jesuit writer, 235.

Catechisms written by Jesuits, 592 sqq.

Catharine II., of Russia, and the Jesuits, 177—178, 189, 258.

Catholics, and the Bible, 587 sgq.; and sectarian schools, 579 sqq.

Cathrein, Jesuit writer, 235 note 2, 237.

Changes of teachers, 91—97, 444—445.

Character training, 317 sqq., 522 sqg.

Charlemagne, 23, 26.

Chateaubriand, 184—185.

Chevalier, Jesuit scientist, 231.

China, cartographic works of Jesuits, 129, 158; philological works, 153—154, 158, 232, 656; Jesuit mathematicians, 156, 158; Jesuit schools, 206—208.

Chossat, Jesuit writer, 128, and passim.

Christian Brothers, 88, 98.

Chrysostom, St., 85.

Church and education, "Catholic Church."

Cicero, 88, 189, 376, 377 sqq., 395—396, 468—471, 500.

Clarke, Jesuit writer and educator 212, 235, 423—424, 551—555.

Classes in Jesuit schools, 118 sqq., 370, 372 sqq.

43

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Class matches, 515 sqq.; see "Emulation."

Class teachers, 442 sqq.

Clavius (Klau), Jesuit, mathematician, 133—134, 155, 438.

Clement XIV., Pope, 175.

Clerc, A., Jesuit teacher, 645.

Clergymen as educators, 100, 408, 601—602.

Clerics, Regular, 80 note 3.

Coe, Professor in Northwestern University, 579.

Coeurdoux, Jesuit Sanskrit scholar, 151.

Colet, Dean, 30.

Comenius, 292.

Communion, educational influence, 557—558.

Comparative philology, contributions by Jesuits, 149—151.

Competition, see "Emulation."

Composition, see 'Written exercises."

Compulsory education, 23, 29, 66

Confession, educational influence of, 550—557.

Constitutions of the Society, 74—75, 101 sqq.

Contests, exercises in Jesuit schools, 511 sqq.

Conway, James, Jesuit writer, 577 note.

Copernicus, 33, 42.

Cortie, Jesuit astronomer, 229.

Coster, Jesuit educator, 44, 138.

Cramming in modern systems, 299 sqq.

Cubberley, Professor, 649, 650.

Cusanus, Cardinal, 33.

Dahlmann, Jesuit scholar, 233, 236.

Dalberg, Bishop, patron of learning, 34.

Dana, C., 3438.

Daniel, Jesuit writer, 128, 366.

Dante, 48—49, 387, 391.

Darjeeling, Jesuit College, 216.

Dark Ages, 21 sqq.

Davidson, Thomas, on Jesuit system, 13—14, 76 note.

Decline of teaching, 404—407.

Decurions, 139, 286.

Deharbe, J., Jesuit, 599.

Delaney, W., Jesuit, 606.

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 Demosthenes, 398.

Denis, Jesuit writer, 131, 162, 181.

Denominational schools, 580 sqq.;

Dewey, Admiral, on Jesuit Observatory at Manila, 230.

Dierckx, Jesuit scientist, 233.

Discipline, in school, 537 sqq., 608—635.

Disraeli, 583, 589—590.

Döllinger, 58, 61; on the Jesuits, 103, 189, 277.

Dominicans, 39, 56, 86—87, 99.

Dowling, M. P., Jesuit, 298.

Draper, President, 293, 301 note, 327.

Dressel, Jesuit scientist, 236—237.

Dreves, Jesuit writer, 236.

Dufrène, Jesuit educator, 121, 126

Du Halde, Jesuit geographer, 159.

Duhr, Jesuit historian, 12, 112, and passim.

Du Pous, Jesuit linguist, 151.

Duruy, A., on Jesuit schools, 218, 260, 535 note 2.

Edward VI, 29, 30, 652.

Ehrle, Jesuit historian, 234, 236, 238.

Einstein, L., 28, 31, 37.

Elective system, 5—6, 9—10, 310—329.

Electrical World, 293—294, 311, 339 note.

Elsperger, Professor, 196—197.

Emery, Abbé, 184.

Emulation, as a factor in education, 511—518.

England, Bishop, 330 note, 340.

English, teaching of, "Mother-tongue."

Eobanus Hessus, 55, 61.

Epping, Jesuit scientist, 236.

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 Esteem, element of teachers authority, 611 sqq.

Ethics, 131, 284.

Euclid, 153; non-Euclidean geometry, 156—157, cf. "Saccheri."

Example of teacher, 419, 531 sqq, 627, 630.

Explanation, of authors, see "Prelection."

Expulsion of the Jesuits from various countries, 200, 225.

Expurgated editions of the classics, 363 sqq., 562 sqq.

Eyre, Jesuit educator, 111.

Fear, element of authority, 614.

Febres, Jesuit linguist, 155.

Feldkirch, Austria, Jesuit College, 411, 573.

Feltre, see "Vittorino."

Ferry, French Premier, 222, 260.

Fisher, John, Bishop, 30, 53.

Fischer, Joseph, Jesuit writer, 237.

Fox, Jesuit philologist, 236.

Francis Xavier, St., 43, 78, 79: Jesuit College in: Bombay, 206, 216; Calcutta, 216; New York, 202.

Franciscans, 39, 56 note 2, 99.

Freiburg, Jesuit College, 163 note 2, 332 note 2, 573.

Friars, 39 sqq., 80 note 3.

Frisbee, S. H., Jesuit, 479 sqq.

Gambetta, 220.

Gates, Professor, 577.

Gaubil, Jesuit sinologist, 153.

Gaume, Abbé, 366 sqq.

Geiler, of Kaisersberg, 34—35.

Genelli, Jesuit writer, 15, 73, 280.

General of the Society of Jesus, 101—102.

General Congregations, 101—102.

Genung, Professor, 383.

Georgetown, Jesuit College, 205, 227, 261, 411.

Gerard, J., Jesuit writer, 298, 337.

Gibbon, 450, 514.

Gietmann, Jesuit writer, 236.

Gnauck-Kühne, Mrs., 96 sqq.

Goodwin, Professor, 544.

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 Grammar, study of, 370 sqq.; Greek, 392 sqq.

Gratuitousness of instruction, 246, 249—250.

Greek, study of, 339 sqq., 392 sqq.

Gretser, Jesuit writer, 121 note 3.

Grimaldi, Jesuit scientist, 157.

Grisar, Jesuit historian, 46, 234.

Groot, Gerard, 31.

Guggenberger, Jesuit historian, 54 sqq.

Guizot, 425.

Günther, Professor, 180—181.

Hadley, President of Yale University, 2 note 1, 339 note 1.

Hadley, Professor, 479 sqq.

Hagen, Jesuit mathematician, 227, 237, 655.

Hallam, 67—69, 71, 951.

Hanus, Professor, 310—311.

Hanxleden, Jesuit scholar, 151.

Hardouin, Jesuit historian, 160.

Harris, W. T., Commissioner of Education, 330 note.

Hartmann, Edward von, 52—53.

Harvard University, 1, 203, 223, 315, 326, 327.

Health, of pupils cared for, 124, 572 sqq.

Hegius, humanist, 33—34, 53, 60.

Hell, Jesuit astronomer, 179.

Helmholtz, Professor, 333, 356.

Herodotus, 395.

Hervas, Jesuit linguist, 149—151, 181.

Henry VIII, 29—380, 69, 70, 652.

Herder, 161.

Hildebrand, 337, 349.

Hillig, F., Jesuit, 232.

Historians, among Jesuits, 160—161, 233—234, 235.

Hohenlohe, Prince, 173.

Holguin, Jesuit scholar, 154,

Holzmüller, Director, 333.

Home tasks, 475 sqq.

Homer, 354, 399—401, 480 sqq.

Horace, 391.

Howorth, Sir Henry, on the Jesuits, 175, 256 note, 532 note 2.

Huber, Professor, 77—78, 103, 104, 148, 252, 258.

Hughes, se Jesuit writer, 200 and passim.

Humanities, class in Jesuit system, 119, 370.

Humphrey, W., Jesuit writer, 81 note.

Hutten, humanist, 55, 59, 60.

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678 Imitation exercises, 500 sqq.

Impartiality of teacher, 612, 619—622.

India (East), Jesuit writers, 151—182; colleges, 206, 216.

Intellectual scope of education, 297 sqq., 316, 322 sqq.;

liberty, 136 note 2, 251—253, 270—271, 489.

Interpretation, see "Prelection."

Italy, education, see "Humanism."?

Jäger, Dr., 351, 371.

Jansenists, 164, 174.

Janssen, 23 sqq., and passim.

Jogues, Jesuit in New York, 201—202.

Jones, President of Hobart College, 307, 321, 339, 541 note.

Jourdain, 182—184, 270—271.

Jullien, Jesuit scientist, 232.

Juniorate, 422, 431 sqq.

Kant, 824, 513, 643.

Kemp, E. L., 10 note, 513, 652—653.

Kempis, Thomas a, 31, 382, 322, 527, 610.

Kepler, astronomer, on Jesuit writers, 657.

Kern, Professor, 531.

Ketteler, Bishop, 241, 534.

Kino (Ktihn), Jesuit missionary and geographer, 129.

Knecht, Bishop, 592—593.

Kohlmann, Jesuit in New York, 202.

König, Jesuit writer, 127.

Körner, 585—536.

Kreiten, Jesuit writer, 236.

Kübler, Dr., 290, 510.

Kugler, Jesuit scholar. 236.

Labbe, Jesuit historian, 128, 160, 448 note.

La Cerda, Jesuit philologist, 162, 163.

Ladevèze, M. de, on Jesuits, 267, 609.

La Flèche, Jesuit College, 168, 484.

Lainez, General of the Society, 79, 101.

Lalande, 179, 180, 186.

Lang, Andrew, 265.

Lang, Jesuit writer, 165.

La Rue (Ruaeus), Jesuit philologist, 163-164.

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Leach, A. F., 30, 430, 652—653.

Ledesma, Jesuit educator, 108, 138, 403—404, 445,

Lehmkuhl, Jesuit writer, 237.

Leibnitz, 52, 156, 161.

Lemaître, J., 368 sqq.

Leon, Jesuit, founder of Sodalities, 560.

Leopold I., King of Belgium, on Jesuit schools, 259.

Liberal education, 301, 305, 307, 341.

Liège, school, 33, 107, 139, 140—141, 240.

Limerick, P., 276.

Lines, as punishment, 497, 619.

Littledale, Canon, 73, 103, 264.

Livy, 382.

Longhaye, Jesuit writer, 234.

Louis-le-Grand, Jesuit College, 144.

Louvain, school, 33, 138.

Lowell, 323, 357.

Loyola, see Ignatius.

Lucas, Herbert, Jesuit writer, 532.

Lugo, Jesuit theologian, 109, 427.

Mabillon, Benedictine historian, 87.

Macaulay, 73.

Madagascar, Jesuits in, 231.

Maher, M., Jesuit writer, 235.

Mallinckrodt, von, 534.

Maunare, Oliver, Jesuit, 444.

Manila, Jesuit College and Observatory, 229 sqq.

Manning, Professor, 157 note.

Marquette, Jesuit, 128—129.

Martin, Luiz, General of the Society, 286—287, 297, 509.

Martineau, 320 sqq.

Martini, Jesuit geographer, 129, 159.

Maryland, Jesuits in, 202—204.

Masen, Jesuit writer, 164.

Matches, class matches, 515 sqq.

Mathematician' Jesuits, 155—158, 182, 227—228, 232.

Matthias, Dr., of Berlin, 4 note, 290, 510.

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680 McCloskey, Cardinal, Archbishop of New York, 557—558.

Memory lessons, 493—499.

Messina Jesuit College, 108, 137.

Messmer, Bishop of Green Bay, 592, 593 note 2.

Metereology, cultivated by Jesuits, 227, 229—232.

Method of teaching in practice, 456 "sqq."

Meyer, Theodore, Jesuit writer on ethics, 237.

Modern languages, 332; modern high school, 26.

Modesty, to be inculcated in pupils, 626 sqq.

Mommsen, Theodore, 378, 380, 381.

Monasticism, 80—84.

Monita Secreta, 102—108.

Monks, Protestant view of, 80 note 3; as educators, 84—87.

Monroe, Jesuit educator, 645 note.

Morality in Jesuit schools, 251 sqq., 531—536.

Moral training, 317 sgq., 522—573.

More, Thomas, 53.

Munich, splendor of Jesuit drama, 168—170.

Nägelsbach, Professor, 385, 387, 389—390, 398, 473.

Natalis, see "Nadal."

National questions, attitude of the Jesuits, 262—263.

Natural sciences, see "Sciences."

Neander, on monks as educators, 85—86.

Nepos, 384.

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Rh New York, Jesuit College, 201—202.

Nightingale, Professor, 307 note, 357.

Nobili, Robert, Jesuit, first European Sanskrit scholar, 151.

Notes taken in class, 463—465.

Non-sectarian school, 580 sqq.

Noviciate, in the Society, 418—422.

Obedience, of teacher, 609—610, 650; of pupil, 650.

Oberammergau, Passion play, and Jesuit drama, 169.

Observatories, of Jesuits, 180, 227, 229—232.

Odenbach, F. L., Jesuit meteorologist, 227.

Officials, in Jesuit colleges, 115—118.

Oliphant, L., 208.

Oratorians, 127, 448 note.

Ovid, 44, 385, 386, 565.

Oxford, 69—71, 212, 411.

Pantel, Jesuit scientist, 233.

Papenbroeck Jesuit historian, 161.

Patience, of teacher, 420, 630, 631—632, 646.

Patriotism, and Jesuit schools, 255—263.

Peck, Professor in Columbia, 223 note 2, 224, 327.

Permanent teachers, 435 sqq.

Perpinian, Jesuit writer, 162.

Perry, Jesuit astronomer, 228.

Pesch Henry, Jesuit writer, 237.

Petavius, Jesuit scholar, 160, 427, 448 note.

Petrarch, 49—50.

Phaedrus, 385, 472—473.

Physics, in Jesuit curriculum, 131, 134, 194.

Pitt, on classics, 358.

Plans of studies, previous to the Ratio Studiorum, 108—409.

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682 Plato, 396—398, 451.

Plautus, 165—166, 391, 565.

Polanco, Jesuit, 137.

Poland, W., Jesuit writer, 11 note, 577 note.

Politeness, of pupils, 626 sgq.

Politics, attitude of Jesuits, 262—263.

Pombal, 174.

Pompadour, 174.

Pontanus, Jesuit philologian, 110, 121 note 2, 162.

Poor pupils, care of, in Jesuit schools, 247—250.

Porée, Jesuit educator, 181.

Porter, Noah, of Yale, on Jesuit schools, 245, 246, 269.

Port Royal, 127, 164.

Portugal, suppression of Society, 174.

Postgate, Professor, 498 note.

Poulton, Jesuit, founder of school in Maryland, 203.

Prayer, educational help, 632 "sqq."

Prefect of Discipline, 117.

Prefect of Studies, 117, 609.

Prémare, Jesuit sinologist, 153.

Prescribed courses, 310—329.

Primary education, see "Elementary."

Prince Henry, and the Jesuits in China, 207—208.

Private talks with pupils, 548 "sqq."

Prizes, 514; see "Emulation".

Pronunciation, correct, 459—461; Roman, of Latin, 460 note.

Provincial, 101.

Prussia, Jesuit colleges after suppression, 176.

Psychology, in Jesuit course, 131, 194.

Punishments, 614—619; corporal, 616.

Quigley, Archbishop of Chicago, 302.

Quintilian, 419, 564, 614.

Ranke, 18, 89, 145, 246, 322, 595, 628.

Rashdall, H., 21 sqq., 29—80, 39—40, 41, 430.

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Rh

Rector, President in Jesuit colleges, 115—116.

Reform-Gymnasium, 291—292, 336.

Relations, of Jesuits, 128.

Renaissance, see "Humanism."

Repetition, in Jesuit system, 466—467, 474.

Resistance, value of, in education, 319—322.

Rethwisch, C., 7 sqq.

Revival of Learning, see "Humanism."

Revision of the Ratio Studiorum, 191 sqq.

Rhetoric, class in Jesuit system 120, 370; meaning of, 432.

Ribadeneira, Peter, Jesuit writer, 102, 138, 511.

Ribot, M., on secondary schools in France, 218—219.

Ricci, Jesuit scholar, 153, 156.

Richelieu, Cardinal, Jesuit pupil, 172; on Jesuit colleges, 271.

Rivals, see "Class matches."

Rogers, Thorold, 30.

Roman College, 108, 110, 144, 227.

Roman history, 448—451.

Rousseau, 175, 643.

Rowland, Professor in Johns Hopkins University, 413.

Ruaeus (La Rue), Jesuit scholar, 163—164.

Ruhkopf, on morality in Jesuit schools, 537.

Ruiz, Jesuit linguist, 155.

Russia, Society preserved in, 177, 189.

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684 Sabatier, P., 209.

Saccheri, Jesuit mathematician, 156—157, 654—655.

Sadler, Mr., 659.

Saintsbury, on Southwell, 162.

Saint-Vincent, Gregory, 156.

Salamanca University, 41, 43, 79.

Salisbury, Lord, on undenominational religion, 583.

Sallust, 382—383.

Sallwürk, Dr. von, 485, 448 note.

Sanskrit, Jesuit scholars, 151—152.

Sanson, geographer, 448 note.

Sarbiewski, Jesuit poet, 161.

Savonarola, 51, 60.

Scaliger, 160, 657.

Schall, Jesuit mathematician, 156.

Scheiner, Jesuit scientist, 157.

Schiller, Director, 478, 566 note, 588—589, 601—602.

Scholars, Jesuits, see "Writers."

School drama, 164 sqq.

School management, 608—635.

Schopenhauer, 325.

Scoraille, Jesuit writer, 515—516.

Scotland, education before Reformation, 28—29.

Scotus, 39, 193, 425.

Secchi, Angelo, Jesuit astronomer, 226—227.

Sectarian schools, 580 sqq.

Seeley, Levi, 10 note, 37, 246—247, 511, 649.

Selfishness, alleged of Jesuits, 251, 254—255.

Seminary of teachers in Society, 433—434, 453.

Seneca, 384—385.

Seyffert, M., 309, 379, 507.

Shea, Gilmary, 536—537.

Shoup, W. J., 652.

Sirmond, Jesuit historian, 448 note.

Sixtus V., and the Ratio Studiorum, 112—113.

Sloane, Rev. M., on Jesuits, 243.

Smith, Clement L., 304—305.

Smith, Sydney, Jesuit writer, 173 note 1.

Snyder, Carl, 413.

Socrates, 253, 397.

Sodalities, 560—-562.

Sommervogel, Jesuit writer, 148.

Sources, of Ratio Studiorum, 136—143.

Southwell, Robert, Jesuit poet, 162.

Spahn, Deputy, on Jesuit scholars, 235—237.

Spain, schools, 40—44; suppression of Society, 174.

Spanish Inquisition, seized Ratio Studiorum, 112 sqq.

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Rh Spe, Frederick, Jesuit writer, 130 and note 4.

Speaking Latin, 506 sqq.

Spencer, 525, 643.

Sport, see "Athletics."

St. Boniface, Jesuit College, 216.

Stephens, Jesuit linguist, 152.

Stiglmayr, Jesuit scholar, 237, 397.

Strassmaier, Jesuit assyriologist, 233, 236.

Stryker, President of Hamilton College, on liberal education, 341.

Studio, inferiora, 118 sqq.

Suarez, Jesuit theologian, 81 note, 88, 109, 426, 427.

Success, of Jesuit colleges, see "Efficiency."

Successive teaching, preferred to simultaneous, 118, 132.

Sunday schools, and religious training, 578.

Supervision in college, 537 sqq., 541 sqq., 546—547.

Syria, Jesuit schools, 106, 206—207, 209.

Tacitus, 383—384.

Taunton, E., 427—428.

Taylor, H. O., 45, 49, 82—83.

Teaching, in relation to scholarship, see "Scholarship."

Terence, 165166, 391, 565.

Tetlow, Principal, 327—328.

Text-books, of Jesuits, 163—164 393.

Theiner, 173, 178, 185.

Thomas, see "Aquinas" and "Kempis."

Thornton, A., 578—579.

Thring, E., 337, 616.

Thucydides, 395.

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686 Tiraboschi, Jesuit writer, 181.

Times, London, 222, 256—257.

Tolerance, religious and the Jesuits, 252—254, 595—596.

Tom Brown's School Days, 537, 572.

Tragedies, 401.

Training of teachers, see "Teachers."

Trendelenburg, Professor, 193.

Trent, Council of, and reform of education, 71.

Trichinopoli, Jesuit College, 206

Trivium and Quadrivium, 27, 44

Trotzendorf, 530.

Truth, on "Jesuit and Gaol-Bird System," 546—547.

Truthfulness, 628 sqq.

Tursellini, Jesuit writer, 126 note 2, 164.

Undenominational school, 579 sqq.

Valla, humanist, 51.

Vasquez, Jesuit theologian, 109, 426, 427.

Vatican library, 28.

Viger, Jesuit philologist, 164.

Virchow, Professor, 290, 334.

Virgil, 44, 49, 387—391, 471.

Visconti, General of the Society, 4831—482, 434, 442.

Vitelleschi, General of the Society, 549.

Vittorino da Feltre, 26—-28, 60, 563 note.

Vives, Luiz, humanist, 141—142.

Vogt, Professor, 336.

Wagner, Jesuit writer, 126.

Waldeck-Rousseau, and Jesuit schools, 186, 219.

Wasmann, Jesuit entomologist, 282—233, 236, 238.

Weissenfels, Professor, 306 note 3, 317.

Werenfels, Reformed theologian, 587.

West, Professor in Princeton, 344

Whitton, Professor, 251, 406.

Wiese, Dr., 309, 356.

Wilamowitz, von, (University of Berlin), 369, 378, 505.

Willmann, Professor, 4 note, 468 sqq., 473, 485.

Wimpheling, humanist, 35—36, 54, 60.

Windle, Dr., 581.

Winsor, Justin, on Jesuit writers, 154—155, 159.

Witchcraft, charges against Jesuit teachers, 148.

Women, education of in Middle Ages, 41, and note 2.

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Rh Written exercises, see "Exercises."

Xavier, see "Francis."

Xenophon, 394-395.

Ximenez, Cardinal, 42.

Yenni, Jesuit educator, 438.

Zaliorowski, 103.

Zallinger, three Jesuit scientists, 180-181.

Ziegler, Professor, 82 note, 140, 255, 270, 433, 582.

Zi-ka-wei, Jesuit College and observatory, 207-208, 232.

Zottoli, Jesuit sinologist, 656.

title: Page:Jesuit Education.djvu/707


text:
United States Reports/Volume 562

 * 562 U.S. 1 (2011) Wilson v. Corcoran (per curiam)
 * 562 U.S. 8 (2011) Abbott v. United States
 * 562 U.S. 29 (2011) Los Angeles County v. Humphries
 * 562 U.S. 40 (2011) Costco Wholesale Corp. v. Omega, S.A. (per curiam)
 * 562 U.S. 42 (2011) Madison County v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York (per curiam)
 * 562 U.S. 44 (2011) Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research v. United States
 * 562 U.S. 61 (2011) Ransom v. FIA Card Services, N.A.
 * 562 U.S. 86 (2011) Harrington v. Richter
 * 562 U.S. 115 (2011) Premo v. Moore
 * 562 U.S. 134 (2011) National Aeronautics and Space Administration v. Nelson
 * 562 U.S. 170 (2011) Thompson v. North American Stainless, LP
 * 562 U.S. 180 (2011) Ortiz v. Jordan
 * 562 U.S. 195 (2011) Chase Bank USA, N.A. v. McCoy
 * 562 U.S. 216 (2011) Swarthout v. Cooke (per curiam)
 * 562 U.S. 223 (2011) Bruesewitz v. Wyeth LLC
 * 562 U.S. 277 (2011) CSX Transportation, Inc. v. Alabama Department of Revenue
 * 562 U.S. 307 (2011) Walker v. Martin
 * 562 U.S. 323 (2011) Williamson v. Mazda Motor of America, Inc.
 * 562 U.S. 344 (2011) Michigan v. Bryant
 * 562 U.S. 397 (2011) Federal Communications Commission v. AT&T Inc.
 * 562 U.S. 411 (2011) Staub v. Proctor Hospital
 * 562 U.S. 428 (2011) Henderson v. Shinseki
 * 562 U.S. 443 (2011) Snyder v. Phelps
 * 562 U.S. 476 (2011) Pepper v. United States
 * 562 U.S. 521 (2011) Skinner v. Switzer
 * 562 U.S. 545 (2011) Wall v. Kholi
 * 562 U.S. 562 (2011) Milner v. Department of the Navy
 * 562 U.S. 594 (2011) Felkner v. Jackson (per curiam)

title: United States Reports/Volume 562


text: Index:The House at Pooh Corner (1961).pdf


text: File:The House at Pooh Corner (1961).pdf


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text:
United States Reports/Volume 563

 * 563 U.S. 1 (2011) Kasten v. Saint-Gobain Performance Plastics Corp.
 * 563 U.S. 27 (2011) Matrixx Initiatives, Inc. v. Siracusano
 * 563 U.S. 51 (2011) Connick v. Thompson
 * 563 U.S. 110 (2011) Astra USA, Inc. v. Santa Clara County
 * 563 U.S. 123 (2011) Tolentino v. New York (per curiam)
 * 563 U.S. 125 (2011) Arizona Christian School Tuition Organization v. Win
 * 563 U.S. 170 (2011) Cullen v. Pinholster
 * 563 U.S. 247 (2011) Virginia Office for Protection and Advocacy v. Stewart
 * 563 U.S. 277 (2011) Sossamon v. Texas
 * 563 U.S. 307 (2011) United States v. Tohono O'odham Nation
 * 563 U.S. 333 (2011) AT&T Mobility LLC v. Concepcion
 * 563 U.S. 368 (2011) Montana v. Wyoming
 * 563 U.S. 395 (2011) Bobby v. Mitts (per curiam)
 * 563 U.S. 401 (2011) Schindler Elevator Corp. v. United States ex rel. Kirk
 * 563 U.S. 421 (2011) Cigna Corp. v. Amara
 * 563 U.S. 452 (2011) Kentucky v. King
 * 563 U.S. 478 (2011) General Dynamics Corp. v. United States
 * 563 U.S. 493 (2011) Brown v. Plata
 * 563 U.S. 582 (2011) Chamber of Commerce of the United States of America v. Whiting
 * 563 U.S. 647 (2011) United States v. Tinklenberg
 * 563 U.S. 668 (2011) Fowler v. United States
 * 563 U.S. 692 (2011) Camreta v. Greene
 * 563 U.S. 731 (2011) Ashcroft v. al-Kidd
 * 563 U.S. 754 (2011) Global-Tech Appliances, Inc. v. SEB S.A.
 * 563 U.S. 776 (2011) Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University v. Roche Molecular Systems, Inc.
 * 563 U.S. 804 (2011) Erica P. John Fund, Inc. v. Halliburton Co.
 * 563 U.S. 816 (2011) McNeill v. United States
 * 563 U.S. 826 (2011) Fox v. Vice

title: United States Reports/Volume 563


text:
Page:The Pima Indians.pdf/29

24 with the Hohokam or relate tales of the supernatural origin of the pueblos, they now frankly admit that they do not know anything about the matter. As early as the time of Kino and Mange mention is made of the chief of the former pueblo of Casa Grande, who was called "Siba." Mange in his Diary of November, 1697, translates this word as "bitter" or "cruel." The present pronunciation is sivan$y$ and the same name is given to all Hohokam chiefs; no one now knows the meaning of the word. The query arises, Is the similarity of this term to the native name for the Zuñis a mere coincidence? Mr Cushing states that "Cibola equals the 'Chi-vo-la' of Fray Marcus, of Nizza, equals the Zuñi name for themselves, namely, Shiwona, or Shiwina."

Each ruin is called va-aki, ancient house, and in the myths a name is added to distinguish it from other ruins and to it si'van$me$ to identify him from other chiefs.

Following is the list of the best known places, with their chiefs:

The following names of chiefs are preserved in the myths, but the ruins are referred to simply as va-aki:

When a single chief is referred to, he is usually called Siʼvan$y$, and when the full name is given, Siʼvan$y$ is always added, so that it is not surprising that Mange, Bandelier, and others should have sup-

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Page 292 Figure 2E-1. Designation of Destination for Interchanges in Opposing Directions of Travel Sect. 2E.07


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text:
United States Reports/Volume 564

 * 564 U.S. 1 (2011) Sykes v. United States
 * 564 U.S. 50 (2011) Talk America, Inc. v. Michigan Bell Telephone Co.
 * 564 U.S. 70 (2011) DePierre v. United States
 * 564 U.S. 91 (2011) Microsoft Corp. v. 141 Ltd. Partnership
 * 564 U.S. 117 (2011) Nevada Commission on Ethics v. Carrigan
 * 564 U.S. 135 (2011) Janus Capital Group, Inc. v. First Derivative Traders
 * 564 U.S. 162 (2011) United States v. Jicarilla Apache Nation
 * 564 U.S. 210 (2011) Flores-Villar v. United States (per curiam)
 * 564 U.S. 211 (2011) Bond v. United States
 * 564 U.S. 229 (2011) Davis v. United States
 * 564 U.S. 261 (2011) J.D.B. v. North Carolina
 * 564 U.S. 299 (2011) Smith v. Bayer Corp.
 * 564 U.S. 319 (2011) Tapia v. United States
 * 564 U.S. 338 (2011) Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Dukes
 * 564 U.S. 379 (2011) Borough of Duryea v. Guarnieri
 * 564 U.S. 410 (2011) American Electric Power Co. v. Connecticut
 * 564 U.S. 431 (2011) Turner v. Rogers
 * 564 U.S. 462 (2011) Stern v. Marshall
 * 564 U.S. 522 (2011) Freeman v. United States
 * 564 U.S. 552 (2011) Sorrell v. IMS Health Inc.
 * 564 U.S. 604 (2011) PLIVA, Inc. v. Mensing
 * 564 U.S. 647 (2011) Bullcoming v. New Mexico
 * 564 U.S. 685 (2011) CSX Transportation, Inc. v. McBride
 * 564 U.S. 721 (2011) Arizona Free Enterprise Club's Freedom Club PAC v. Bennett
 * 564 U.S. 786 (2011) Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Association
 * 564 U.S. 873 (2011) J. McIntyre Machinery, Ltd. v. Nicastro
 * 564 U.S. 915 (2011) Goodyear Dunlop Tires Operations, S.A. v. Brown
 * 564 U.S. 932 (2011) United States v. Juvenile Male (per curiam)
 * 564 U.S. 940 (2011) Leal Garcia v. Texas (per curiam)
 * 564 U.S. 1301 (2011) Gray v. Kelly (Roberts, C.J., in chambers)

title: United States Reports/Volume 564


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 reached even upon the more important and fundamental of the numerous considerations involved. Yet how important it seems to us all to have some settlement of the contention! For the children of to-day will not meantime stop growing into young manhood and young womanhood; and the youth of to-day are constantly being converted into teachers of the generation following them.

The other remark which you will please consider as a part of my preface is the following: Education is one of those subjects which, from their very nature, do not admit of a very close approach to demonstrative argument. Neither from history, nor from our knowledge of nature and of the human soul, nor from study of the details of experience in the past, can we construct a science—strictly speaking—of education. Pedagogics will probably never hold a place among the exact sciences. We may, however, form comprehensive and defensible opinions on this subject; and these opinions will be the more entitled to respect and acceptance, as the mind holding them is itself genial and truly liberal, and is also acquainted with the truths of history, of nature, and especially of the human soul. I close this remark, then, by saying that, without pretence of drawing irresistible conclusions, much less of infallibility in argument, I merely offer for your friendly consideration some of my opinions.


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 But first of all let us see clearly just what the question before us really is. For I cannot help thinking that, while the spirit in which it is debated and the inducements brought forward are often much too narrow, the question itself is rarely defined with sufficient limitation. As to the very meaning of the question, then, I offer these three statements:—

It is a liberal education the nature of which we are briefly to discuss. Now this term necessarily implies some sort of differentiation. Freeing it, as far as possible, from all false pride and also from jealousy and unreasoning opprobrium, the term must be held to signify something more than mere education. It must signify—let us frankly confess—education for the few as distinguished from education for the great multitude, or for the very many. The public schools, then, however supplemented by private generosity, cannot reasonably be expected to provide the body of the people with a liberal education. I wish this declaration, however, to be considered as different trom the important and closely connected practical question: "What part should the public schools take in starting a few selected pupils on their way to a truly liberal education?"

Neither is a liberal education properly a technical education, such as our manual-training and trades schools, our business colleges, and even most of


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 our so-called scientific schools, aim to give. This may be admitted without in the least depreciating the character of the training given by these schools, or the value of the results which many of them produce. But if we mean anything distinctive by the words, "a liberal education," it is something more than such an education as these schools furnish.

We may now come closer to the meaning of the phrase by laying emphasis upon the word "liberal." Of course this word once meant, in this connection, such an education as befits a free man or a gentleman. On this account there is still clinging to our usage something of pride on the one hand, and of jealousy and odium on the other hand. For are not all men now equally free; and where is now the class of gentlemen, unique and distinctively so-called? By a justifiable turn of meaning, however, a "liberal education" may be defined as that which makes the free mind, which furnishes the liberalizing culture of the trained gentleman. And here it must be remembered that all specialists' studies have their peculiar prejudices and peculiar temptations—almost irresistible—to particular forms of narrowness. A truly liberal education ought therefore to tend toward the setting of the mind free from all classes of scholastic prejudices. It ought to work in the direction of freedom from the philologue's narrowness, from the "scientist's" narrowness, from the circle of


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xiv

The Kalevala is very unlike any poem familiar to general readers, but it contains much that is extremely curious and interesting; and many beautiful passages and episodes which are by no means inferior to those we find in the ballad-literature of better-known countries than Finland.

W. F. KIRBY.

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United States Reports/Volume 565

 * 565 U.S. 1 (2011) Cavazos v. Smith
 * 565 U.S. 18 (2011) KPMG LLP v. Cocchi
 * 565 U.S. 23 (2011) Bobby v. Dixon
 * 565 U.S. 34 (2011) Greene v. Fisher
 * 565 U.S. 42 (2011) Judulang v. Holder
 * 565 U.S. 65 (2011) Hardy v. Cross
 * 565 U.S. 73 (2012) Smith v. Cain
 * 565 U.S. 95 (2012) CompuCredit Corp. v. Greenwood
 * 565 U.S. 118 (2012) Minneci v. Pollard
 * 565 U.S. 134 (2012) Gonzalez v. Thaler
 * 565 U.S. 171 (2012) Hosanna-Tabor Evangelical Lutheran Church and School v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
 * 565 U.S. 207 (2012) Pacific Operators Offshore, LLP v. Valladolid
 * 565 U.S. 228 (2012) Perry v. New Hampshire
 * 565 U.S. 266 (2012) Maples v. Thomas
 * 565 U.S. 302 (2012) Golan v. Holder
 * 565 U.S. 368 (2012) Mims v. Arrow Financial Services, LLC
 * 565 U.S. 388 (2012) Perry v. Perez (per curiam)
 * 565 U.S. 400 (2012) United States v. Jones
 * 565 U.S. 432 (2012) Reynolds v. United States
 * 565 U.S. 452 (2012) National Meat Association v. Harris
 * 565 U.S. 469 (2012) Ryburn v. Huff (per curiam)
 * 565 U.S. 478 (2012) Kawashima v. Holder
 * 565 U.S. 499 (2012) Howes v. Fields
 * 565 U.S. 520 (2012) Wetzel v. Lambert (per curiam)
 * 565 U.S. 530 (2012) Marmet v. Brown (per curiam)
 * 565 U.S. 535 (2012) Messerschmidt v. Millender
 * 565 U.S. 576 (2012) PPL Montana LLC. v. Montana
 * 565 U.S. 606 (2012) Douglas v. Independent Living Center of Southern California, Inc.
 * 565 U.S. 625 (2012) Kurns v. Railroad Riction Products Corp.
 * 565 U.S. 648 (2012) Martel v. Clair

title: United States Reports/Volume 565


text:
Page:The Pima Indians.pdf/30

] posed that the Casa Grande pueblo was under the control of "Siba" or "Siʼvan$y$;" indeed it is now frequently designated "Siʼvan$y$ Ki" by the Pimas. Fifteen miles southeast of the Casa Grande ruin is the mountain ridge that rises abruptly from the nearly level plains which is known as Ta-aʼtûkam or Picacho mountain. Picacho is an isolated peak south of the mountain. The pass between them, through which the main trail ran from the Pima villages to Tucson, and through which the railroad has been built, was one of the most dreaded portions of the overland trail when the Apaches were "out," as they were most of the time. To the northeast of the mountain is a small pueblo ruin that lies about 15 miles from the river, which is apparently the nearest water. It was probably occupied during a part of the year only. East of the mountain is a ruin called Kĭsʼtcoĭt Vatcĭkʽ, Table Tank; on the north is one known as Moʼ-okʽ Vatcĭkʽ, Sharp Tank; and at the foot of Ta-aʼtûkam, on the west, is Aʼ-alt Vapʽtckʽ, Small Tanks. Southwest of the mountain were situated the Pima village of Akûtcĭny and the two pueblo ruins previously mentioned. There is another small pueblo ruin a few miles northwest of the site of Akûtcĭny, but no others of similar type are known to the writer at any point in Arizona south of Picacho. A personal examination of all the ruins of the southeastern part of the Territory has shown them to be of a different type from those of the upper and lower Gila and the Salt river valleys. The ruins along the San Pedro, it is true, extend to the southward of the parallel of Picacho, and it is believed to be desirable that some of them be explored. Superficially they resemble the ruins about Solomonsville, where cremation Salado, Gila, and Verde has no light shed upon it by their folk-lore tales. "Here the statements of the Pimas, which Mr Walker has gathered, are of special value; and to him I owe the following details: The Pimas claim to have been created where they now reside, and after passing through a disastrous flood—out of which only one man, Cĭ-hö, was saved—they grew and multiplied on the south bank of the Gila until one of their chiefs, Ci-vă-nŏ, built the Casa Grande. They call it to-day 'Ci-vă-nŏ-qi' (house of Ci-vă-nŏ); also 'Văt-qi' (ruin). A son of Ci-vă-nŏ settled on lower Salt river, and built the villages near Phoenix and Tempe. At the same times tribe with which they were at war occupied the Rio Verde; to that tribe they ascribe the settlements whose ruins I have visited, and which they call 'O-ŏt-gŏm-vătqi' (gravelly ruins). The Casa Blanca and all the ruins south of the Gila were the abodes of the forefathers of the Pimas, designated by them as 'Vĭ-pĭ-sĕt' (great-grandparents), or 'Ho-ho-qŏm’ (the extinct ones). (Ci-vă-nŏ had twenty wives, etc. ['Each of whom wore on her head, like a headdress, the peculiar half-hood, half-basket contrivance called Ki'-jo.' Papers Archeol. Inst.,, 463.]) At one time the Casa Grande was beset by enemies, who came from the east in several bodies, and who caused its abandonment; but the settlements at Zacaton, Casa Blanca, etc., still remained, and there is even a tale ['It is even said that the people of Zacaton made war upon their kindred at Casa Blanca and blockaded that settlement by constructing a thorny hedge around it. Through the artifices of the medicine-men the hedge turned into a circle of snakes.' Papers Archeol. Inst.,, 464] of intertribal war between the Pimas of Zacaton and those of Casa Blanca after the ruin of Casa Grande. Finally, the pueblos fell one after the other, until the Pimas, driven from their homes, and moreover decimated by a fearful plague, became reduced to a small tribe. A portion of them moved south into Sonora, where they still reside, but the main body remained on the site of their former prosperity. I asked particularly why they did not again build houses with solid walls like those of their ancestors. The reply was that they were too weak in numbers to attempt it, and had accustomed themselves to their present mode of living. But the construction of their winter houses—a regular pueblo roof bent to the ground over a central scaffold—their organization and arts, all bear testimony to the truth of their sad tale, that of a powerful sedentary tribe reduced to distress and decadence in architecture long before the advent of the Spaniards." Bandelier in Fifth Ann. Rep. Archeol. Inst. Am., 1883–84, 80, 81.

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text: Kalevala (Kirby 1907)/Introduction

title: Kalevala (Kirby 1907)/Introduction


text: Index:Orlando by Virginia Woolf.djvu

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Rh Ilmarinen’s wife ill-treats him, and he revenges himself by giving her over to be devoured by wolves and bears, and escapes to the forests, where he rejoins his family. One of his sisters has been lost, and meeting her accidentally and without knowing her, he carries her off. She throws herself into a torrent, and he returns home. His mother advises him to go into hiding, but first he makes war on Untamo, destroys him and his clan, and again returns home. Here he finds all his people dead, and everything desolate; so he wanders off into the forest, and falls on his own sword.

Runos XXXVII.—XLIX. Ilmarinen forges himself a new wife of gold and silver, but cannot give her life or warmth, so he carries off another daughter of Louhi; but she angers him so much that he changes her into a seagull. Ilmarinen and Väinämöinen, who are afterwards joined by Lemminkainen, now undertake another expedition to Pohjola to carry off the Sampo. On the way, Väinämöinen constructs a kantele or harp of pike-bone, and lulls Louhi and her people to sleep; but she pursues the robbers, and first the kantele is lost overboard, and then the Sampo is broken to pieces and lost in the sea. Väinämöinen saves enough to secure the prosperity of Kalevala, but Louhi only carries home a small and almost useless fragment. Väinämöinen then makes a new kantele of birchwood. Louhi brings pestilence on Kalevala, then sends a bear against the country, and lastly, steals away the sun and moon, hiding them in the stone mountain of Pohjola. Väinämöinen drives away the plagues, kills the bear, and renews fire from a conflagration caused by a spark sent down from heaven by the god Ukko. Ilmarinen then prepares chains for Louhi, and terrifies her into restoring the sun and moon to their original places.

Runo L. The virgin Marjatta swallows a cranberry, and brings forth a son, who is proclaimed King of Carelia. Väinämöinen in great anger quits the country in his boat, but leaves the kantele and his songs behind him for the pleasure of the people.

As a specimen of the Finnish language, I quote the original text of a few lines from the charming passage at the commencement of Runo VIII (lines 1–16):—

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viii often spoken of as the Land of Ten Thousand Lakes. The language they speak belongs to a group called Finnish-Ugrian, or Altaic, and is allied to Lappish and Esthonian, and more distantly to Turkish and Hungarian. There are only twenty-one letters in the alphabet; the letter J is pronounced like Y (as a consonant), and Y almost as a short I. The first syllable of every word is accented. This renders it difficult to accommodate such words as Kālĕvălā to the metre; but I have tried to do my best.

The Finlanders are very fond of old ballads, of which a great number have been collected, especially by Elias Lönnrot, to whom it occurred to arrange a selection into a connected poem, to which he gave the name of Kalevala. This he first published 1835, in two small volumes containing twenty-five Runos or Cantos, but afterwards rearranged and expanded it to fifty Runos, in which form it was published in 1849; and this was speedily translated into other languages. Perhaps the best translations are Schiefner’s German version (1852) and Collan’s Swedish version (1864). Several volumes of selections and abridgments have also appeared in America and England; and an English translation by John Martin Crawford (in two volumes) was published in New York and London in 1889.

Schiefner used a flexible metre for his translation, which resembles the original as closely as the different character of Finnish and German would permit, a metre which had previously, though rarely, been used in English. His work attracted the attention of Longfellow, whose "Song of Hiawatha" is only a rather poor imitation of Schiefner’s version of the Kalevala, some of the lines being almost identical, and several of the characters and incidents being more or less distinctly borrowed from those in the Kalevala. The incidents, however, are generally considerably altered, and not always for the better.

It will be seen that Lönnrot edited the Kalevala from old ballads, much as the poems of Homer, or at least the Iliad and Odyssey, are said to have been put together by order of Pisistratus.

In the preparation of my own translation, the flexibility of the metre has permitted me to attempt an almost literal rendering; without, I hope, sacrificing elegance. The simplicity of

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 The text is the third manuscript version, published in Florence in 1928 by Orioli

''Distributed in Canada by permission of Laurence Pollinger Limited''

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United States Reports/Volume 566

 * 566 U.S. 1 (2012) Martinez v. Ryan
 * 566 U.S. 30 (2012) Coleman v. Court of Appeals of Maryland
 * 566 U.S. 66 (2012) Mayo Collaborative Services v. Prometheus Laboratories, Inc.
 * 566 U.S. 93 (2012) Roberts v. Sea-Land Services, Inc.
 * 566 U.S. 120 (2012) Sackett v. Environmental Protection Agency
 * 566 U.S. 134 (2012) Missouri v. Frye
 * 566 U.S. 156 (2012) Lafler v. Cooper
 * 566 U.S. 189 (2012) Zivotofsky v. Clinton
 * 566 U.S. 221 (2012) Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC v. Simmonds
 * 566 U.S. 231 (2012) Setser v. United States
 * 566 U.S. 257 (2012) Vartelas v. Holder
 * 566 U.S. 284 (2012) Federal Aviation Administration v. Cooper
 * 566 U.S. 318 (2012) Florence v. Board of Chosen Freeholders of County of Burlington
 * 566 U.S. 356 (2012) Rehberg v. Paulik
 * 566 U.S. 376 (2012) Vasquez v. United States (per curiam)
 * 566 U.S. 377 (2012) Filarsky v. Delia
 * 566 U.S. 399 (2012) Caraco Pharmaceutical Laboratories, Ltd. v. Novo Nordisk A%2FS
 * 566 U.S. 431 (2012) Kappos v. Hyatt
 * 566 U.S. 449 (2012) Mohamed v. Palestinian Authority
 * 566 U.S. 463 (2012) Wood v. Milyard
 * 566 U.S. 478 (2012) United States v. Home Concrete & Supply, LLC
 * 566 U.S. 506 (2012) Hall v. United States
 * 566 U.S. 541 (2012) Astrue v. Capato
 * 566 U.S. 560 (2012) Taniguchi v. Kan Pacific Saipan, Ltd.
 * 566 U.S. 583 (2012) Holder v. Martinez Gutierrez
 * 566 U.S. 599 (2012) Blueford v. Arkansas
 * 566 U.S. 624 (2012) Freeman v. Quicken Loans, Inc.
 * 566 U.S. 639 (2012) Radlax Gateway Hotel, LLC. v. Amalgamated Bank
 * 566 U.S. 650 (2012) Coleman v. Johnson (per curiam)
 * 566 U.S. 658 (2012) Reichle v. Howards
 * 566 U.S. 673 (2012) Armour v. City of Indianapolis

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26 was the prevailing mode of disposing of the dead, as it was also on the lower Gila and the Salt river. Nothing was learned to indicate that the Sobaipuris of the San Pedro practised incineration. If some of the clans of the Hopis or Zuñis are to be identified with the Hohokam of the Gila, as is maintained by some of the most able authorities upon Southwestern archeology, how is the total disappearance of this primal custom to be explained?

There is a strong belief among the Pimas that they came from the east. It is in that quarter that the abode of their dead is located. Their gods dwell there. Their beliefs do not seem to have been influenced in this respect in the least through contact with the tribes of Yuman stock who have sought a paradise in the opposite direction. There are vestiges of a tradition that the Pimas were once overwhelmed by a large force of warriors who came from the east and destroyed nearly all the people and devastated the entire Gila valley. This does not appear to be another version of the account of the invasion by the underworld clans. While the majority of the Pimas declare that their people have always lived where they now are, or that they came from the east, there are some who say that the Hohokam were killed by an invasion from the east before the Pimas came.

The Pimas formerly regarded the ruins with the same reverence or aversion which they felt toward their own burial places. After the excavations made by the Hemenway Expedition on the Salt river, as no disasters followed the disturbance of the dead, they grew less scrupulous and can now readily be hired as workmen to excavate the ruins or ancient cemeteries.

From the meager records of the Coronado Expedition of 1540–1542 it has been surmised that Chichilticalli was the Casa Grande, but this statement lacks verification. After traversing the entire southern and eastern part of Arizona the writer can not but believe that it is extremely improbable that Coronado saw the Casa Grande and the

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Rh I may impart unto you some spiritual gift, to the end ye may be established; that is, that I may be comforted together with you by the mutual faith both of you and me. Now I would not have you ignorant, brethren, that oftentimes I purposed to come unto you, (but was let hitherto,) that I might have some fruit among you also, even as among other Gentiles. I am debtor both to the Greeks, and to the Barbarians; both to the wise, and to the unwise. So, as much as in me is, I am ready to preach the gospel to you that are at Rome also. For I am not ashamed of the gospel of Christ: for it is the power of God unto salvation to every one that believeth; to the Jew first, and also to the Greek. For therein is the righteousness of God revealed from faith to faith: as it is written, The just shall live by faith.

For the wrath of God is revealed from heaven against all ungodliness and unrighteousness of men, who hold the truth in unrighteousness; because that which may be known of God is manifest in them; for God hath shewed it unto them. For the invisible things of him from the creation of the world are clearly seen, being understood by the things that are made, even his eternal power and Godhead; so that they are without excuse: because that, when they knew God, they glorified him not as God, neither were thankful; but


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2 a keeness to reach France to fight; these qualities more than compensated for any short-comings in the matter of experience.

Toward the latter part of August, 1917, after the 95th, 96th and 97th Companies, composed largely of recruits from the recruit depot at Parris Island, South Carolina, had arrived, the regiment attained war strength, both in men and officers. Colonel Albertus W. Catlin, who commanded the post until the arrival of Brigadier General Lejeune, was in command of the regiment, with Lieut. Colonel Harry Lee second in command and Major Frank E. Evans as Regimental Adjutant. Captain Henry L. Manney, soon to be made Major, was Regimental Quartermaster. Major (Surgeon) Wrey C. Farwell, U. S. N., was Regimental Surgeon. Chaplain James D. MacNair was Regimental Chaplain. Major John A. Hughes commanded the 1st Battalion; Major Thomas Holcomb the 2nd; and Major Berton W. Sibley the 3rd. The regiment was composed of the following units: 1st Battalion—74th, 75th, 76th and 95th Companies; 2nd Battalion—78th, 79th, 60th and 96th Companies; 3rd Battalion—82nd, 83rd, 84th and 97th Companies; Headquarters Detachment—Headquarters, Supply and Regimental Machine Gun (73rd) Companies. The company commanders were tor the most part captains who had served ten years, slightly more or less, in the Marine Corps, and whose experience counted greatly in developing confidence and initiative in the younger and newer company officers under them. They had come to Quantico from the island stations, from China, from sea duty, and from various Navy yards and posts in the United States. So, also, had come a small nucleus of non-commissioned officers and men, who were distributed judiciously throughout the regiment to form the backbone of the companies, around which was to be developed the body and spirit of the fighting outfit made famous later by its exploits in the battles near Chateau Thierry, Soissons, St. Mihiel and the Champagne and Argonne—Meuse sectors. Among the non-commissioned officers of proved ability were John H. Quick, Regimental Sergeant Major, Daniel O'Brien, 1st Sergeant of the Headquarters Company, and Daniel Daly, 1st Sergeant of the 73rd Regimental Machine Gun Company, each of whom had served in the Marine Corps for over fifteen years and had participated in almost every campaign upon which the Corps had embarked in that time. A large part of the rank and file consisted of new recruits who had enlisted after the United State entered the war; a young, eager, virile lot of men anxious to fit themselves to fight and go to France as soon as possible. No small percentage of these recruits was college men, a fair proportion was made up of young business men who had left lucrative positions to enlist, and there was also a sprinkling throughout the regiment of men who had already put in one or two years service prior to the entry of the United States in the world war. The whole presented a most remarkable personnel, which needed only


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was the son of Kilyth, son of Prince Kelython. For a long time before he was born his mother was wandering to and fro alone in solitudes and wildernesses, and a mountain was his birthplace. Soon afterwards his mother fell sick, and in a little while she died. When the boy was big his father married another woman, a widowed queen.

'It were well for thee, Kilhugh, to have a wife,' said his stepmother one day, 'and I have a daughter who is coveted by all the warriors and princes of the world.'

'But I am not of an age yet to marry,' answered Kilhugh.

Then the woman flared into anger, and when she had spent her words she said to the lad in a quiet voice:

'Thou shalt not have a wife until thou obtain Olwen, the daughter of the giant, Uspathadden Penkower.'

At the sound of the name of Olwen, though uttered in hatred, Kilhugh blushed for love. Men and women in his father's castle saw a change in his face, and heard it in his voice. 'What has come over thee, my son?' asked his father, and Kilhugh told him. 'It will be easy for thee to win Olwen,' he said, 'for King Arthur is thy cousin. Go, therefore, and seek the boon of him; but first ask him to honour thee by cutting thy hair.'


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 Kilhugh rode away upon a dappled grey horse, whose bridle and saddle were of gold. His shoes and stirrups also were heavy with gold. Yet his horse did not bow the grass underfoot. His sword had a golden hilt, his war horn was ivory. He carried two spears of silver, three ells long, and steel-headed; so sharp were the spears that they would draw blood from the wind, and they were swifter than the fall of the dewdrop from the blade of reed-grass upon the earth when the dew of June is at the heaviest. A greyhound with a collar of rubies ran on either side of him, sporting like sea swallows and continually crossing over in front of the horse as Kilhugh journeyed towards Arthur's palace.

The door of the hall was shut, and the porter would not open it.

'The knife is in the meat,' he said, 'and the drink is in the horn, and none may enter but the son of a king of a privileged country, or a craftsman bringing his craft. But the guest-chamber is free to thee, and thou wilt fare as well there as in Arthur's hall, and to-morrow when the hall gate is opened thou shalt enter.'

'That will I not do,' said Kilhugh, lifting up his voice, 'and if thou dost not open the gate I will give three fatal shouts—where my shout is heard, no child will be born.'

'Against the laws of the palace thou shalt not enter,' said the porter. Nevertheless, he went hastily into the hall and spoke to Arthur:

'Half of my life is past. I have been in India, in Africa, in Greece, in the East, in the islands, in Sach and Salach, in Lotor and Fotor, in Caer Oeth and Annoeth, and in Caer Nevenhyr. I have seen heroes and kings. But never did I behold one of majesty like the man yonder at the gate.'

Arthur made a quick reply:


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 'If walking thou didst come here, go back running. Bid him enter out of the wind and rain. Let all of you honour him and serve him.'

The gate was opened, and Kilhugh entered upon horseback into the hall. He greeted Arthur and the chiefs and warriors, and they greeted him back.

'Sit thou between two of my warriors,' said Arthur 'thou shalt have minstrels before thee and shalt enjoy the privileges of a king born to a throne.'

'I came not for meat and drink,' said Kilhugh, 'but for a boon. If I obtain it I will repay and praise thee; if not, I will carry thy dispraise to the four quarters of the earth.'

'Whatever thou ask shall be thine,' said Arthur, 'save my ship, my mantle, my sword, my lance, my shield, my dagger, and my wife.'

'I would,' said Kilhugh, 'that thou bless my hair.'

So Arthur combed Kilhugh's hair, and asked his name and family. When he heard that the youth was his own cousin he promised him any boon.

'Olwen is the boon I desire,' said Kilhugh, 'I crave it of thee, lord Arthur. I crave it of thy warriors, Kay and Bedwyr and Gwynn and Gormant, and Taliesin the bard, and Geraint, and Morvran the hideous, and Santhe Bryd Angel the beautiful, and Osla whose dagger was once a bridge for an army, and Drem who can see the gnats of Cornwall from Caithness, and Ughtryd who spread his red untrimmed beard over the eight and forty rafters of thy hall, and Ol who tracked his father's swine that were carried off seven years before he was born, and all the other warriors and huntsmen, and Bedwini the Bishop who blesses thy meat and drink. I crave it also of the golden-chained daughters of this island, Guinevere thy queen and Guiniach her sister, and


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Rh neighboring Pima villages. For a century and a half after that invasion no white man is known to have reached the territory of the Pimas Gileños.

The earliest as well as the most important explorer in the history of Pimería Alta was Father Eusebio Francisco Kino, who, between the years 1687 and 1710, journeyed many a dusty, thirsty league in the eager search for souls. In 1694 he reached the Casa Grande in company with native guides who had informed him of the existence of the ruin. Absolutely nothing is known about this expedition except that a mass was said within the walls of Casa Grande. However, it may be safely inferred that Kino visited the near-by Pima villages. As the Papagos were at that time also called Pimas it is sometimes difficult to determine what part the true Pimas played in the events chronicled by the padres. Yet it is probable that they are referred to in the account of the religious festival which was observed in 1698 at Remedios, in Pimería Baja. Among the visitors were "native chieftains from as far north as the Gila valley." Then as now the Pimas and Papagos were on a friendly footing, and the character and movements of the Spaniards must have been made known to the Pimas before the latter saw Kino or any other white man.

Kino diligently strove to establish missions among the many tribes that he visited, but was much hampered by lack of funds. He succeeded in interesting the authorities sufficiently to induce them to send a military expedition to the Gila in 1697 for the purpose of ascertaining the disposition of the Pimas. The party included 20 soldiers, with 3 officers. Juan Mateo Mange was sent with Kino to write the official reports of the expedition. On the upper San Pedro river 30 Sobaipuris joined the party, which followed that stream to the Gila. They reached the Pima villages on the 21st of November, visiting and for the first time describing the Casa Grande. The return was by the more direct route of the Santa Cruz valley. It was by this route also that Kino in September, 1698, again descended to the Pimas with a small party of native guides. He returned by way of Quijotoa (?) and the Gulf.

Early in 1699 Kino, in company with Mange, made his fourth journey to the Pimas by way of Sonoita and the lower Gila. The return was by way of the Santa Cruz.

A year later Kino again reached the Gila by a new route. From a point above the Bend, and hence doubtless among the Pimas, he descended to the mouth and returned to Sonora by way of Sonoita.

In 1702 he made his sixth and last journey to the Pimas, going by way of Sonoita and the lower Gila. Among the "40,000 gentiles" whom he is said to have baptized there were quite a number of Pimas, but as his sojourn among them was never of more than a few days' duration his influence could not have been very great. Nevertheless,

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 Gwen and Eurolwen and Teleri and Morvyth and Gwenllian and Creithylad and the two Essyllts.'

'Kilhugh,' said Arthur, 'I have never heard of Olwen until this day, but I will send men to search. Give me time.'

Kilhugh granted him until the last night of the year, but the messengers returned on that day as ignorant as they set out.

'Everyone has his boon,' exclaimed Kilhugh that night, 'only I lack mine.'

'Dost thou reproach Arthur?' Kay asked. 'Come with us and we will not part until we obtain the maiden or thou dost confess that she does not exist.'

Kay had many strange powers. He could make himself as tall as the highest tree in the forest. So great was the heat of his nature that when his friends were cold it was like fuel to light the fire. His sword gave wounds that could not be healed. And Kay rose up to accompany Kilhugh.

Arthur called also Bedwyr, the swiftest man in the island except Drych Ail Kibthar and the king himself; and Cynthelig the guide who was as good a guide in a new land as in his own; and Gwrhyr who knew all tongues of men and birds and beasts; and his nephew Gwalchmai who never returned home before a quest was achieved; and Menw who could weave charms and illusions and make men invisible. They journeyed with Kilhugh until they came to a vast open plain and saw upon it a great castle, the fairest of the castles of the world. Though they rode all day for three days they did not reach this castle. When at last they were approaching it they saw a flock of sheep sufficient to have covered the sky in summer, and on a mound sat the herdsman and his dog, a mastiff larger than a horse.


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28 he gave away great quantities of beads, and as the people already valued highly those of their own manufacture it is probable that they readily accepted Kino's statement that magic power resided in the new beads of glass. At any rate, the writer has found very old glass beads on all Piman shrines and has no doubt that some of them were brought by Kino. The first horses, also, to reach Pimería were brought by these expeditions. There is no record of any cattle being brought so far north, though they were generally distributed to the Papago rancherias in Kino's time.

After the death of Kino, in 1711, no Spaniard is known to have reached the Gila or even to have entered Arizona for a period of more than twenty years. In 1731 two missionaries, Father Felipe Segresser and Juan Bautista Grashoffer, took charge of the missions of San Xavier del Bac and San Miguel de Guevavi and became the first permanent Spanish residents of Arizona. In 1736–37 Padre Ignacio Javier Keller, of Suamca, made two trips to the Pima villages on the Gila, where he found "that many of the rancherias of Kino's time had been broken up." Again in 1743 Keller went up to the Pimas and endeavored to penetrate the Apache country to the northward. Communications by means of native messengers indicated a desire on the part of the Hopis to have Jesuit missionaries come to them from Sonora. The point of greatest interest to us is that any communication should have existed at all. Keller failed in his attempt on account of the hostility of the Apaches, and Sedelmair, who tried to make the journey in the following year, was unable to induce the Pimas or Maricopas to accompany him. In 1748 Sedelmair reached the Gila near the mouth of the Salt river and journeyed westward. Of his trip to the Gila in 1750 little is known.

Accounts of these earliest missionaries of course preceded them by means of Papago messengers, who doubtless made clear the distinction between the slave-hunting Spanish adventurers and the Jesuits and Franciscans. Fortunately for the Pimas they were quite beyond the reach of the former and were so remote from the Sonoran settlements that only the most devout and energetic friars ever reached them.

The first military force to be stationed in Arizona was a garrison of 50 men at Tubac, on the Santa Cruz. This presidio was moved to Tucson about 1776, and in 1780 the garrison was increased to 75 men. Even when at Tucson the influence of this small force on the Pimas could not have been very great. Between 1768 and 1776 Padre Francisco Garcés made five trips from San Xavier del Bac to the Pimas and beyond. The fifth entrada was well described in Garcés's Diary (admirably translated and edited by Elliott Coues under the title "On the Trail of a Spanish Pioneer"), though he exhibited a pitiful waste

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 Never had that herdsman lost a lamb out of his flock. Gwrhyr was sent to salute him and Menw to cast a spell upon the dog. They greeted the man and asked him who lived in the castle.

'This,' he answered, 'is known through the world as the Castle of Uspathadden Penkower'.

'And who art thou?'

'My name is Custennin and I am oppressed by my brother Uspathadden on account of my possessions. Who are ye?'

'We are an embassy from Arthur, seeking Olwen the daughter of Uspathadden.'

'The mercy of Heaven be upon you,' cried Custennin. 'None ever returned from that quest,' and he led them to his own house.

When they had eaten and were going out again to play a little before the trouble, Custennin's wife opened a stone chest in her chimney corner and let out a youth with curled yellow hair.

'Three and twenty of my sons,' she said, 'has Uspathadden slain, and I have no more hope of this one than of the others.'

He was a goodly young man, and Kay asked her if he might join their quest. Like her husband she implored them to turn back when she heard their errand. But when she saw that they were not to be frightened, she confessed that Olwen herself was in the habit of coming to that herdsman's dwelling to wash her hair. They gave a pledge not to harm the maid, and the woman consented to send for her to come that day. She entered, and before he had recovered from the astonishment of her light-footed beauty, Kilhugh found her sitting next to him upon his bench. The name Olwen came into his soul at the first sight of her, and he knew her.


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 hoe. There are numerous styles of wheel hoes on the market, but the only good one that I have ever seen is “Lee’s Wheel Hoe,” which is made in Philadelphia under the patent of the inventor, who is himself a prominent trucker. It is strong, light and well built; it has five sharp, finger-shaped teeth back of the wheel, which loosen and pulverize the soil, and a broad hoe blade behind, which travels beneath the surface, turning the soil over and cutting off under ground any weeds which may be in its track. When the soil is in good order, it leaves it as smooth and fine as would a steel rake. To obtain the best results with this tool or with the cultivator, you should go through each row three or four times, so as to pulverize and work over the soil thoroughly. The hoe blades are of different widths, for working rows of different widths, a set of three going with each implement. These hoes can easily be sharpened by any blacksmith. Keep them well sharpened, and it will be surprising to note how much less muscle it takes to push them and how much better the work is done. I have tried several different makes, as I work an acre or more each year with one of these hoes and a “Fire-fly” hand plow, which is run before the wheel hoe when the ground is very hard, and Lee’s is the only one that works satisfactorily. When the ground is in the best condition a man can hoe the acre in a single day, so that it will readily be seen what a labor saver it is.

The just spoken of is a very convenient tool for making drills, and will plow out 3


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 'Thou art she', said Kilhugh, 'whom I have loved. Come away with me.'

'I cannot,' Olwen said, 'for I have promised my father not to go without his counsel, for his life will last only until the day of my marriage. But go, ask my father for me. Whatever he shall ask of thee grant him, and thou shalt obtain me.'

Then she rose up and walked before them to the castle. Kilhugh and his companions slew the nine porters at the nine gates in silence, and the nine watchdogs without a bark. They entered the hall and greeted Uspathadden as he sat there like a strange crag beheld suddenly at a sharp turn in a road among the mountains when night is falling.

'The greeting of Heaven and of man to thee, Uspathadden Penkower,' they said.

'Why are you here?' he asked.

'To seek thy daughter Olwen as a wife for Kilhugh.'

'Raise up my eyebrows,' said Uspathadden to his pages and attendants, 'that I may see this son-in-law.'

They raised his eyebrows from over his eyes with forks, and he said:

'Come to-morrow for an answer.'

As they were going, he seized a poisoned dart and threw it after them. But Bedwyr caught it and flung it back, piercing Uspathadden's knee and making him say:

'A cursed ungentle son-in-law, truly. I shall limp for this. The poisoned iron stings like a gadfly. Cursed be the smith who forged it and the anvil where it was wrought.'

Next day at dawn Kilhugh and the others went again to the castle and asked for Olwen. But said Uspathadden:


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 a furrow from one to four inches deep, for sowing peas, corn, beans, etc., and coming back alongside of the open furrow will cover them nicely, not taking one-quarter of the time necessary to make the drill with a hoc and cover with a rake, as it is ordinarily done. It is also very handy to strike out a furrow in this way when planting strawberries, cabbages, tomatoes, etc., especially where two are employed on the same work, as one can strike out the furrows, and drop a plant whore each one is to stand, while the other, following, sets the plant with one hand and with the other pulls in and places the loose covering dirt, and finally tramps the soil firmly round the new-set plants with his feet. These two last-mentioned tools are very useful in the ordinary small garden; they enable the work to be done much more quickly and very much more thoroughly than is often the case, the spring spading being generally the only good stirring the soil gets in the season.

is a very handy tool, but it is quite expensive. In the kitchen garden there is seldom more than one or two rows across the garden to be sown with any one kind of seed, and this can be done almost in the time it would take to adjust the drill, although the drill works a great deal more evenly than the seed can be sown by hand. On a farm where root crops are raised for soiling, the drill will be a measure of economy, even for a single season, and can readily be used in the garden. The combined implements, with plowing and hoeing attachments, are “a delusion and a snare;” if you want a tool that will do good work, and will not get out of order


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 'Her four great-grandmothers and four great-grandsires are yet alive and I must take counsel of them.'

They turned to leave him and he threw a second dart. Menw flung it back and it pierced his breast and came out of the small of his back.

'A cursed ungentle son-in-law, truly,' growled Uspathadden. 'This iron bites like a horse-leech. Whenever I go up hill I shall pant and have a pain in my chest, and I shall often loathe my food.'

He was cursing the smith and the anvil as Kilhugh went out to meat.

On the third day he said to them as soon as they entered:

'Shoot not at me unless you desire death. Where are my attendants? Lift up my eyebrows which have fallen over my eyeballs, that I may see the fashion of my son-in-law.' Then they arose, and, as they did so, Uspathadden Penkower took the third poisoned dart and cast it at them. And Kilhugh caught it and threw it vigorously, and wounded him through the eyeball, so that the dart came out at the back of his head.

'A cursed ungentle son-in-law, truly! Now as long as I remain alive, my eyesight will be the worse. Whenever I go against the wind, my eyes will water; and peradventure my head will burn, and I shall have a giddiness every new moon. Cursed be the fire in which it was forged. Like the bite of a mad dog is the stroke of this poisoned iron.'

And they went to meat.

The next day Kilhugh said to Uspathadden:

'Shoot at us no more, unless thou art still starving with hunger for wounds and torment such as thou hast already. Give me thy daughter. If not, thou shalt die for refusing her.'


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 or break, do not have it “combined” with anything else.

Of ., there should be enough to furnish each man employed, as it is frequently desirable to have all hands working on the same job. Of these, the hoes, spades and trowels should have an intimate and frequent calling acquaintance with the grindstone. It is much easier to work with a sharp hoe or spade, and the work is much better when done.

There should be a good stout cotton, long enough to reach across the garden, and a real to keep it on is a great convenience, as it takes such a short time to wind it up that there is not the same temptation to leave it out all night. A good cotton line, carefully housed, will last for years, and is one of the most important requisites in the garden. Neatness is one of the essentials of good gardening, and I have never known a gardener successful who was “hit or miss” in laying out his rows; every plant must be squarely in the row to admit of close working with the cultivator. If it is necessary to keep a few inches away from the row to avoid cutting the stragglers, either the soil is not loosened around the plant as it should be, or it has to be gone over with the hand hoe, which consumes time in a large garden. It is common in most gardens to plant blackberries, raspberries, currants, etc., around the fences. This is not only a waste of half the fruit, as it can


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 The giant answered:

'Come hither that I may see thee,' and he placed a chair at his feet so that Kilhugh could gaze up under the overhanging eyebrows and exchange glances with the one small dodging brown eye which remained to him.

'Is it thou that seekest my daughter?'

'It is I.'

'I must have thy pledge that thou wilt be just in dealing with me. When I have got what I am going to ask for, thou shalt have my daughter.'

'Willingly I promise. Name what thou dost desire, Uspathadden Penkower.'

Still looking down, he said to Kilhugh:

'Seest thou yonder red ploughland? '

'I see it.'

'When first I met the mother of this maiden, nine bushels of flax were sown therein, and none has yet sprung up, neither white nor black; and I have the measure by me still. I require to have the flax to sow in the new land yonder, that when it grows up it may make a white wimple for my daughter's head, on the day of thy wedding.'

Kilhugh looked out through the door of the hall to the red land on the hill-side below the rocks, and said:

'It will be easy for me to do this.'

'If thou canst do this, there is something else thou canst not do which I require. For thy wedding I must shave this beard,' Kilhugh looked up at what seemed bushes of dry gorse growing on the ledge of the giant's chin—'and to shave it I must have the tusk of Yskithyrwyn Penbaeth, the boar, and the tusk has to be drawn out of his jaw while he is alive.'

'It will be easy for me to do this.'

'Supposing thou canst do it, there is something yet


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 which thou canst not do,' said Uspathadden, shaking the tangled thickets of his grey-sprinkled black hair, which the magpies visited to gather lining for their nests. 'I must trim my hair. Throughout the world there is not a comb or scissors with which I can arrange my hair on account of its rankness, except the comb and scissors that are between the two ears of Turk Truith, the son of Prince Tared. He will not give them of his own free will, and thou wilt not be able to compel him. Nor must thou leave among the bristles Turk Truith's razor, for I shall need it to finish what is begun by the tusk of Yskithyrwyn Penbaeth.'

'It will be easy,' said Kilhugh, itching to be gone.

'Young man,' interrupted Uspathadden, with a voice like a sea-cave in storm, rumbling within, roaring out of his mouth, hissing in the hair on his lips, 'young man, Turk Truith cannot be hunted without Dridwyn the hound, whelp of Greid the son of Eri.'

'Him I can easily obtain.'

'But if thou find him thou canst not hold him except in a leash made of Dillus Varvawc's beard, plucked out while he is alive, because it would be brittle if he were dead.'

'It will be easy for me to obtain it.'

'If thou dost, thou hast yet to perform the impossible. One huntsman in all the world was born to hunt with Dridwyn, and he alone. That is Mabon, the son of Modron. He was taken from his mother when three nights old, and it is not known where he now is, nor whether he is living or dead.'

'It will be easy for me to find him.'

'If thou find Mabon and Dridwyn and twist the leash out of Dillus Varvawc's beard and with their help thou bring Turk Truith to bay, thou canst not slay him. Only


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 only be borne on one side, but involves much needless labor in keeping the plants trimmed and worked, and unless hood frequently the plot becomes a harbor for weeds. The only advantage in so planting is the protection the fence affords in winter, as it catches the flying leaves and weeds in the fall, and these with the shade afforded by the fence and drifted snow make a natural protection for the roots and canes. It is not the severity of the frost which determines the hardiness of a plant, so much as its ability to with-stand freezing and thawing in rapid succession. For this reason I would have the small fruits planted at the north side of the garden, especially if it be the highest part, and if there is some kind of wind-break or protection, as this will cause the snow to drift and lie longer, making a natural covering, while the slope will drain the surface water quickly away, so that it does not form hard ice around the crowns.

If it were possible, I would prefer to have no fence around the garden, as it makes it much easier to keep clean. A fence is always a nuisance and waste of ground unless absolutely necessary; but if a fence is needed, have one that will not only keep out stock, but also the gardener’s most aggravating enemy, the poultry. A scratching hen seems to have an instinct which tells her as soon as the seed has been planted, and which are the hills containing the choicest varieties.

In plowing the ground in the early spring, I think it is best not to plow more than is needed for the first planting, and to plow the remainder somewhat later, when it has become more dry and friable, as it will


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 not then become packed and hard again by the heavy spring rains. For the first planting the ground should be plowed and planted as soon as it can be got in order; the hardier vegetables will even stand a light frost, and while adapting their growth to the weather, will be ready to take advantage of the first warm spring days. I shall speak of the time of planting and sowing in the chapters devoted to the separate treatment of the different vegetables.

The following simple test will be of use to the novice in determining not only when to plow, but also when to cultivate and hoc the ground. Take a portion of the soil in the hand and try to press it into a ball; if it makes a ball and sticks to the hand it is too wet, while if it crushes hard it is too dry. In both cases, if worked in this condition, it will be left in a hard and lumpy state, that will take a long time to bring into good order. To be in good working condition the soil should crumble easily and finely in the hand, and should leave no dirt adhering to the fingers. It will not only give the best results when worked in this state, but it can also be done in half the time. Sometimes we cannot wait until the ground is in the very best order, as in a drought in summer, when it is needed for the second crop. In such a case it must be brought into as fine condition as possible by repeated harrowing and rolling; the latter is an operation too frequently neglected in the ordinary garden; every farmer knows the value of having the soil firmly compacted round the fresh-sown grain, and it is of equal value in every variety of seed sown in the garden. Where there is not


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 room for the roller to be used after sowing a row, I always have it pressed in by the broad sole of the gardener’s boot, which nature usually provides shall be of generous size. It is even more important that the soil should be firmly pressed around the roots of newly-set plants, as if this is not done the first heavy rain uses the roots as water courses, and deprived of contact with the soil, the roots rot off and the plants are stunted or die.

Among the first things to be planted in the spring are the small fruits, such as grapes, blackberries, raspberries, currants, strawberries, etc. These should all be in the kitchen garden, and with them the rhubarb and asparagus beds, where they can and will be cultivated as well as the vegetables, the soil kept loose and free from weeds, that they may devote their energies to making strong canes and bearing fine fruit, instead of wasting their strength in a continuous battle for life with grass and weeds, leaving them an easy prey to insects and disease. Those who have never given them this thorough cultivation will be surprised at the large crops and superior quality of the fruit that can be raised under these favorable circumstances. These fruits, when once planted, with the exception of strawberries, last for many years if well manured, trimmed and cultivated. They should all be at one side of the garden, where they will not be in the way of working the garden with the large plow in the spring and fall, but should have their own plowing with the small plow, two to four inches in depth, spring and fall. In the fall plowing the furrows should be turned toward the row, which will


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 bank them up slightly and afford additional protection through the winter. In the spring this ridge can be worked down level again with the plow and cultivator, the dirt from around the crowns being drawn away with an ordinary hand hoe.

In planting the rows in the spring, the width of the cultivator and swingle tree must be taken into account. If the ground has been heavily manured the vegetables can be planted as closely as will admit of working, and allowing a good supply of light and air to the roots, excepting melons and other vines, which should have plenty of room in which to spread and sun themselves. Thus, peas, beets, bush beans, etc., can be sowed as closely as two and one-half feet apart, while corn, pole beans, etc., which grow as high as the horse’s sides and the cultivator handles, should have the rows four or four and one-half feet apart, not only to allow of working but to admit of the sunshine and air penetrating to the roots.


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] of opportunities for ethnological observation while among the Pimas. Plefferkorn, who published his Baschreibung der Landschaft Sonora in 1794–95, gives a very full account of the southern Pima-speaking tribes, but dismisses the "unconverted Pimas" in the following words: "Hierauf folgen den Gila hinunter die noch unbekehrten Pimas, welche sich auf beyden Seiten des Flusses ausbreiten. Dieses Volk ist in drey zahlreiche Gemeinden getheilet: wovon die stärkeste ein anmüthiges mit Bäumen wohl besetzes Land von 14 Meilen bewohnet; welches durch Wasserleitungen, die sich wegen dem ebenen Boden mit geringer Mühe aus dem Flusse auf das umliegende Land führen lassen, befeuchtet, und fruchtbar gemacht werden kann." (Vol., p. 6.) Padre Pedro Font, who accompanied Garcés in 1775, wrote an extended diary of the journey, in which hs devotes a few pages to the Pimas. Following is a translation from a copy of the original manuscript, pages 48–52: "First of November: Wednesday.—I said mass, which was attended by some Gileños Indians who happened to be there and who gave evidence of considerable attention, good behaviour, and silence. They sought to imitate the Christians in crossing themselves, which they did awkardly enough, and in other things. We left the Laguna (Lagoon) at half-past nine in the morning, and at one o'clock in the afternoon we reached the town of San Juan Capistrano de Uturituc, after having travelled four leagues towards the west-northwest. This town consists of small lodges of the kind that the Gileños use. We were received by the Indians, whom I estimated to be about a thousand in number. They were drawn up in two rows, the men on one side and the women on the other. After we had dismounted they all came in turn to salute us and offered their hand to the Commander and the three Fathers, men and women, children and adults. Indeed they all gave token of much satisfaction at seeing us, touching their breast with their hand, naming God, and using many other expression of benevolence. In short, their salutation was most lengthy, for almost every one of them bowed to us, saying: "Dios ato m' busi-boy," as do the Pimas Christians of Pimería alta, which signifies "May God aid us." We, on our part, must needs return their salutations. They lodged us in a large hut, which they constructed to that end, and in front of it they placed a large cross, Pagans though they were. The river being somewhat distant, the Governor ordered his wives to bring water, which they straightway carried to his lodge for the people. These Pimas Gileños are gentle and kind-hearted Indians. In order to fête our arrival they sought permission of the Commander to dance, and soon the women were moving from mess to mess, dancing after their fashion with hands clasped. In short, the whole people gave token of great pleasure at seeing us in their country, and some of them even offered us their little ones to be baptized. This we did not do, being desirous of proceeding with circumspection, although we sought to comfort them with good hopes. In the afternoon I went to the town with Father Garcés and the Governor, Papago de Cojat, to see the fields. These milpas are enclosed by stakes, cultivated in sections, with five canals or draws, and are excessively clean. They are close by the town on the banks of the river, which is large only in the season of the freshets. At that time its water was so low that an Indian who entered and crossed it had the water but halfway up his leg. From what they have told me, this is the reason they had not yet made their sowing, for inasmuch as the river was so low the water could not enter the canals. They also told me that to remedy this need they were all anxious to come together for a council, and had already thought of sinking many stakes and branches into the river to raise the water so that it might enter the drains; this industry on their part is a proof of their devotion to toil and shows that they are not restless and nomad like other races, for to maintain themselves in their towns with their fields they themselves have contrived to hold and control the river. I also saw how they wove cloaks of cotton, a product which they sew and spin; and the greater number of them know how to weave. They own some large-sized sheep whose wool is good, and also Castilian fowl, These Indians are somewhat heavy in build, very ugly and dark, the women much more so than the men. Moreover, perchance on account of their excessive eating of pechita, which is the husk of the crushed mesquite made into a gruel, of screw bean, grass seed, and other coarse foods, a very foul odor may be noticed when they are gathered in groups. This evening the Commander presented them all with tobacco, beads, and glass trinkets, wherewith they were highly pleased. The distribution of these things lasted until night. 2nd Day: Thursday.—We began to say mass very early in the morning, and with the sacred vestments I carried with me and with those which Father Garcés brought from Tubac to use in Colorado river, we erected two altars. It being All-Souls day, we three Religious said nine masses. It was, moreover, a most notable and unheard of thing that in the river Gila so many masses should he said. They were attended by a goodly number of Indians, who preserved the utmost decorum and silence. We left the town of Uturituc at eleven o'clock in the morning, and about three in the afternoon we halted on the From this time forward until the American occupancy of the Gadsden Purchase in 1853 the Spanish and Mexican population of Tucson varied from 500 to 2,000, and there was more or less trade with the Pimas either at the post or through small trading parties that went from Tucson to the Gila villages.

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