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 116 and wall-paintings; Greek misfortunes and sorrows for more proximate modern miseries, Polish and universal.

The cholera has appeared in the villages around here: at B., at K.—everywhere. Out of ten attacked by the sickness, five at least generally die immediately. Unfortunately in this month many church festivals are held. Thus next week a local festival is impending; the Pardon. The peasants gather in crowds on this occasion to make merry and enjoy life for a few days. In the Middle Ages there was some sense in this kind of festival. At that time the church imposed upon sinners of both sexes severe punishments, all sorts of penances (such as not being allowed to eat meat for five years; the wearing of a hair shirt for years, &c.). Now and then a general pardon was given, and of course this was celebrated with extravagant joy. In our days the punishments and penances have ceased, and only the fairs remain. But under present circumstances they are rather perilous. The peasants revel in fruit, much of which is unripe, and drink a quantity of beer. We have applied to the priest and asked him to write to the archbishop to get the festival definitely postponed, but as the latter has refused a similar request from a neighbouring community, there is little or no hope.

Last week I went to Warsaw and had an audience of his Excellency the President of the Censorship, M. Jankulio, a handsome man of mixed race, who has, they say Greek, Jewish, and Russian blood in his veins. He is allied to the Gurko family; was for a time secretary to the Governor-General, and has made a speedy career. He received me with courtesy, assured me that printed matter sent to me was not retained, for one reason, because nobody in the censorship understood Danish; I should get everything sent to me without delay, &c. Nevertheless, a week later, I received a Danish newspaper of July 31, sent to me on the 12th of August with the stamp of the censorship in St. Petersburg. His Excellency, who called in several subordinates to report, has, as may be seen, been greatly misinformed as to what is taking place in his own office; the functionaries, who do not understand Danish, have simply sent everything to St.


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Rh Petersburg, where there are Finns enough in the censorship who understand our language. No great regard is paid to the convenience of the reader if it is a question of watching the foreign press. Whole articles are cut out; thus one in a French review on the history of anarchism. All that is disapproved on political, moral, or religious grounds, is blackened over in such a way that not a letter is legible.

It is not to be denied that the Russians know how to govern. The machine works to perfection—soundless, silent as death, but effectual. For instance, the time is long gone by when political trials had a certain publicity; now things are done in quite a different and undeniably a far more intelligent way. Early some morning the person concerned is fetched by a carriage and a couple of very polite gendarmes. And from that moment ni vu ni su—impossible to learn anything at all of him until he comes back, if he comes back.

In one of the neighbouring manors a young girl of twenty was arrested one morning. The parents' desperate demand to know the reason why received no answer; the gendarmes had their orders and knew nothing. The parents followed in their carriage and reached Warsaw almost as soon as their daughter. They rushed to the authorities; they knew nothing, only that the young girl was no longer in Warsaw. Six months later she came back from the Petropavlovsk fortress in St. Petersburg. A cousin of hers had been arrested on the charge of possessing a number of forbidden books. Questioned as to whence he had got each of them he had not answered, until the constant awakening during the night-time, and other methods loosened his tongue. He confessed that his cousin had procured him one of these books. As nothing else could be stated against her she was released that time; but this year, when the insane mourning procession of young men and young girls took place through the streets of Warsaw on the day on which the revolt in 1794 broke out, she was arrested anew as a participator. It was of no avail to the promoters of the demonstration that they had called together the young people by means of a handbill in these words: "A lady (here a fictitious name) of great

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 118 virtues and abilities is dead. She was infinitely beloved by her children, who cherish her memory and hope for her resurrection. Those who knew her may assemble this day in honour of her." It was intended to put garlands before the house of the shoemaker where the revolt was proclaimed, but the police surrounded and arrested all the members of the procession—about three hundred; they are all transported, and the young girl among them. It is said that they are isolated, each in a different place.

A student who, a couple of years ago, was arrested as leader of a socialistic group, has disappeared so completely that his brother, in spite of repeated supplications, has not been able to learn even this—if he has been hanged or is still alive.

The time has long gone by when executions were public. They take place silently in the jails, and it is said that no account is even kept of them in Petropavlovsk: they are so easy there—plenty of water around the island.

It is fair to say of the Russians that as a reigning caste they are not to be trifled with. Four officers of the Guards, who had abused their position by propagating Nihilism among their subordinates, were arrested. One of the rebellious books found at their house was a treatise printed abroad, and a note was also found stating that it had been lent the officer by a relation, a justice of the peace. The latter was arrested, and cross-questioned as to why he had procured the book. He answered, and with apparent truth, that he had wished to read the book out of curiosity without concurring in the ideas expressed in it. The four officers of course were shot; but it is more surprising to learn that the justice was hanged. There is something excellent in the system; it renders vanity as a motive of political crimes impossible. No paper dares to mention the name of the criminal, far less speak of his arrest, or anything he might say in his defence. He disappears in silence and his name is never mentioned in any paper. If this system were adopted in Italy and France the number of political murderers would probably be considerably diminished. However, it is not to be denied that it has certain drawbacks.


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Rh Of late years the severity concerning prohibited books has been considerably augmented. It has become impossible to procure any of these; no bookseller dares now to order one of them. For instance, none of the books I have published in foreign languages since I was last here have crossed the frontier.

The amiability and good breeding of the Russian officers are in curious contrast to this severity. It must be admitted that in the Russian officer of the Guards (and only the Guards are stationed in Warsaw) we never notice the conceit and arrogance which characterise the Prussian officer. Courtesy, almost modesty, the bearing of the polished man of the world, are the peculiar stamp of the Russian officer. And this humanity is not merely superficial. The two Russian officers, whose position would enable them to do more evil than any one, the commander of the gendarmerie, General Brock, and the chief of the police, General Kreigels, are actually beloved by the Polish population. They always deliver the mildest possible reports. Every harshness displayed is against their wishes. But they are obliged to obey the orders they get.

In the officers' staff itself there is no inclination to treat the Poles as a vanquished people. They rather insist upon a gentlemanly behaviour towards them. Recently we had a striking instance of this. A son of the Governor-General saw at the house of a comrade here a forbidden book and asked him how he had got it; the officer told him the name of the bookseller. The young Lieutenant Gurko went to the latter and asked for the book.—No, it was not to be had, it was forbidden.—If he could procure it for him?—Under common circumstances it would be impossible, but as to the son of the Governor-General, he supposed that the prohibition might be waived.—Some weeks later the lieutenant got his book, and denounced the bookseller, who was arrested. Immediately thereafter the officers of the regiment, each and all of them, sent in a petition that Lieutenant Gurko might be struck off the list of officers; failing this, they all requested their own dismissal. They got no answer, but they insisted. The consequence was, in fact, that Lieutenant Gurko was


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Rh of losing his eternal salvation, in case he allowed himself to be made a Lutheran, moved him to march home with the rest of the Polish troops. He became the favourite of two kings in his native land and at last died in old age in 1700. It was not till 1836 that his admirable memoirs were found and published.

When to this description of the Denmark of that period we add that Lelewel wrote a book on Edda Skandinawska, and that in several of the romantic poems of Poland, as for instance in Krasinski's Irydion, there are here and there fantastic descriptions of Denmark in heathen days, in "King" Odin's time, we shall have summed up the impressions of Denmark to be found in the culture and intellectual life of Poland.

But the existence of Poland has made a deeper impression upon Danish literature. This is more especially true of the critical periods in the history of Poland in this century, the revolutions of 1830 and 1831 and of 1863, which attracted attention to the country and aroused sympathy, a fleeting sympathy certainly, but genuine.

Between the years 1830 and 1840 there appeared in Denmark, as elsewhere, beautiful and emotional lyric poems on Polish subjects (such as Paludan-Miiller's Call to Poland, Aarestrup's A Polish Mother), and in the fifties appeared Hauch's great and famous novel, A Polish Family, with its beautiful songs, one of which, Hvorfor svulmer Weichselfloden, is one of the best lyrics of our literature.

This novel is interesting as the one great attempt of a Dane to identify himself with the spiritual and social life of the Poles. Nevertheless, as a novel it is a work of the second rank, the description of character being weak and abstract. It was quite in accordance with the spirit of his time, that Hauch made no attempt to write from his own knowledge. He never travelled in Poland, never even made any efforts to study one or two Polish families before he so elaborately presented one; but he had studied the Polish ballads, which had been translated with great diligence, reproducing or paraphrasing many of them in Danish, and thus in the tones of sadness, despair, love of country and Catholic piety,


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 person filled with an inexplicable and unnatural delight in the contemplation of the positive end of a magnet, and when the negative end is sud- denly turned towards him, to see him instantly fall down unconscious as though struck by light- ning.

The sujets (there were two of them, a man and a woman) described the appearance of the positive end of the magnet as producing a beautiful blue flame about a foot high, so exquisite in colour and beauty that it transported them with delight. As to the negative end, they reluctantly explained, in hesi- tating words and with every appearance of dread, that there also was a flame, but a red one of fearful and sinister import.

I was deeply interested in these ‘‘ manifestations,” beth for their own strangeness and because [ had in the Malay Peninsula seen equally extraordinary proceedings of a somewhat similar kind.

Amongst Malays there is a well-known disease {I use the word for want of a better) called latah ; it is far more common at certain places than at others, and amongst certain divisions of the great Malay family. Thus while there is generally one or more orang lâtah to be found in every kampong in Krian, where the Malays are mostly from Kědah, in other

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text: Footfalls of Indian History/The Cities of Buddhism


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Shoulder headings
This has shoulder headings - do we have a format to use for those ? -- Beardo (talk) 13:22, 4 October 2023 (UTC)


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52 LECTURE II. which have in part come down to us from the last century, have exercised such a preponderating influence upon that part of histology which is, in a pathological point of view, the most important, that not even yet has unanimity been arrived at, and you will therefore be constrained, after you have inspected the preparations I shall lay before you, to come to your own conclusions as to how far that which I have to communicate to you is founded upon real observation.

If you read the 'Elementa Physiologic' of Haller, you will find, where the elements of the body are treated of, the most prominent position in the whole work assigned to fibres, the very characteristic expression being there made use of, that the fibre (fibra) is to the physiologist what the line is to the geometrician.

This conception was soon still further expanded, and the doctrine that fibres serve as the groundwork of nearly all the parts of the body, and that the most various tissues are reducible to fibres as their ultimate constituents, was longest maintained in the case of the very tissue in which, as it has turned out, the pathological difficulties were the greatest—in the so-called cellular tissue.

In the course of the last ten years of the last century there arose, however, a certain degree of reaction against this fibre-theory, and in the school of natural philosophers another element soon attained to honour, though it had its origin in far more speculative views than the former, namely, the globule. Whilst some still clung to their fibres, others, as in more recent times Milne Edwards, thought fit to go so far as to suppose the fibres, in their turn, to be made up of globules ranged in lines, This view was in part attributable to optical illusions in microscopical observation. The objectionable method which prevailed during the whole of the last and a part of the present century—of making obser-


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 and know the jungle, as to be in another district. As for hearing anything, that too was most unlikely: the only people he could hear from were Malays, the only means of communication the Malay language, of which Grant knew very little, and the only condition on which information is to be obtained from Malays about Malays would be an intimacy with and respect for the threatened man to which Grant could hardly aspire. There must be some very powerful influence at work to induce a Muhammadan, who is not personally in danger, to tell a Christian that there is a Muhammadan plot against his life. Grant, at any rate, if he thought about it at all, could hardly expect that he, a new-comer, possessed friends who would do so much for him.

He was still resting when, about 4, a party of nearly twenty armed men suddenly appeared in front of the house and stood some fifty yards away, while two of them, carrying only the ordinary jungle knives, came up to the house and asked Grant if he wanted to buy fowls. He told the inquirers to take them to his servant, and got up as the Malays left him.

The men had no fowls, and instead of going to the servant's quarters they rejoined their companions, and the whole body advanced towards the house.

At this moment Maämih appeared, and instantly

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 divining that the strangers meant no good, she screamed out, "They are going to murder us." But Grant said that he and she had done no harm and the Malays could mean none, and, taking the woman with him, he went out of the house and a few steps forward to meet his assailants.

These last stopped some twenty yards from Grant and the woman, and she said, "What harm have we done?" The answer was "Titah"—it is by order of the Raja—and they told the woman to leave the infidel and go away. But she replied, "I shall stay with him."

Then several men said, "If you do not go, we will kill you as well as the white man."

Grant may not have understood this sentence of death on himself, he may not have realised how strangely the times were out of joint, that he who was the enemy of no man, who had done no wrong, who represented no cause, should suddenly, in the broad light of day, hear his own death sentence, and in the same breath learn that he was facing his executioners and his account with the world was closed. There was no time to think: instinct said, "There is Death," and doubtless instinct also said, "Death is disagreeable: shun it."

It is commonly reputed that there are people who

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 do not know what fear is; to them in such a situation instinct no doubt suggests that death is a new and pleasant experience. With this man it was different; as he saw here and there a gun raised and pointed at him from a distance of a few paces, he probably felt the fear of sudden and violent death, and if he was in any way responsible for what he did in that supreme moment his thought must have suggested that these men would not harm a woman of their own nationality and religion, for he took her in his arms.

A shot was fired, and the bullet shattered Maämih's left arm. Then, seeing what had happened, Grant put her behind him and two more shots were fired, one of which struck Grant in the breast, and saying, "They have killed me," he fell on his face to the ground.

A Malay rushed up with a heavy chopping knife, but the woman threw herself on the body and put her unwounded arm over Grant's neck to save him. The Malay's first blow inflicted a deep wound on Maämih's arm and made her loose her hold; the man then struck Grant a heavy blow on the back of the neck, but he was already dead.

The murderers took no further notice of the woman, except to try and rob her of the jewellery

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text: East European Quarterly/Volume 15/Number 1


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 she wore, but they plundered the house, and having decapitated the dead man and otherwise mutilated his body, they threw the remains into the river and departed.

The woman was cared for by a countryman of her own until she could be removed to a hospital, where, after weeks of suffering, she recovered from her injuries.

The motive of this outrage was simply the desire of an individual and his small following to wipe out the white man, and as Grant's isolated position made him a specially easy prey, he fell a victim. His only European neighbour was also murdered by the same band. I know of no similar attack being made by Malays on a white man within modern times, and I question whether there is such another instance of a Malay woman's devotion—not that they are not capable of such self-sacrifice, I think they are, but the circumstances necessary to call it forth very seldom arise.

This woman realised what was going to happen before she left the shelter of the house, she had time after that to think, her life was not sought, she was told to go away and warned that if she did not separate herself from the white man she would share his fate. Moreover, she knew that no sacrifice of

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 hers could save him, and more than all, as affecting her woman's nerves, she saw face to face the men with murder in their faces and the means to accomplish it in their hands.

The motive which kept Maämih by Grant's side and which led her, after receiving the first shot, to interpose herself between his body and the weapons of his foes, must have been as high as it was powerful. Just as there was nothing to fear by standing aside (for none would have blamed her), so there was nothing to hope from the forbearance of Grant's murderers, and that she did not also lose her life by her devotion to him was the accident of an ill-directed shot and a well-aimed blow which sought to sever the woman's arm and reach the neck it protected—the neck of a dead man.

United to the devotion which deemed no sacrifice too great for one she loved, was that other sort of courage which comes of knowledge and deliberate intention. No one can fail to admire the pluck which takes no thought of danger, the instinct which impels a wild beast to charge an enemy and probably achieve thereby its own destruction. Even then it can hardly be said that the sensation of fear has never been and cannot be experienced by the most formidable and gallant denizens of the forest

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 10.Section 198 of CrPC provides for prosecution for offences against marriage. Section 198 is reproduced below:―


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 between low slimy banks, and right and left the eye wanders over a desolation of glistening mud with an almost imperceptible slope to the edge of the distant sea.

Pools of shallow water and tiny channels, through which the receding tide finds easier road to river or sea, alone break the monotony of the unsightly waste.

That is as far as physical features go. The mud-flats have their denizens, but they are not over-attractive.

First, there is the Malay fisherman, hunting for mussels and other shell-fish. If he is there at all he will be hard to see, for he pushes his little dug- out fifty or a hundred yards up a mud creek, leaves it and fossicks about, sunk above his knees in the mire.

Then there are myriads of birds, attracted by the great possibilities of gain to the industrious searcher after garbage, stranded fish, and all sorts of particularly loathsome-looking and foul-smelling dead things to be found in such a place. These birds are often strange-looking creatures, vast of size, long and lank of leg, snaky of neck and spiky of bill. But they are wary to a degree, they always seems to be standing just in the tiny ripple of the smallest wavelets

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11.On a perusal of the aforesaid provision, it is clear that the husband of the woman has been treated to be a person aggrieved for the offences punishable under Sections 497 and 498 of the IPC. The rest of the proviso carves out an exception as to who is entitled to file a complaint when the husband is absent. It may be noted that the offence is non-cognizable.

12.The three-Judge Bench, while referring the matter, had briefly dwelled upon the impact of the provision. To appreciate the constitutional validity, first, we shall deal with the earlier pronouncements and the principles enunciated therein and how we can have a different perspective of such provisions. We have


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 where you instinctively know the mud and sea meet, and there they watch the gradually receding tide with melancholy abstraction, as though they took no real interest in the daily toil of sustaining life.

Last, there is something else here, and, if you are not quite a stranger, you will look first, look longest, and look always for this other thing. Perhaps it is the extraordinary fitness of her surroundings (I say her advisedly), perhaps the art with which nature has designed the body of the saurian to make your think her a log, or a stranded palm-branch, a half-buried spar of a wrecked boat, or even a lighter or darker ridge of the surrounding mud—certain it is that as the crocodile lies there, basking in the sun which makes air and water and blistering slime shimmer and dance before your eyes, you will not notice the creature, nay, even when pointed out to you, it is ten to one that you will not even then realise that she is there.

But get nearer, speak no word and let your rowers pull a long and noiseless stroke till some one with a quick eye and a steady hand can put a bullet in the reptile's neck. As that great mouth suddenly opens, disclosing the rows of shining teeth, as it shuts again with the noise of a steel trap, as the horrible scaly claws dig deep into the mud in their agony and

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 already referred to what has been stated in Yusuf Abdul Aziz (supra).

13.In Sowmithri Vishnu (supra), a petition preferred under Article 32 of the Constitution challenged the validity of Section 497 IPC. We do not intend to advert to the factual matrix. It was contended before the three-Judge Bench that Section 497 confers upon the husband the right to prosecute the adulterer but it does not confer any right upon the wife to prosecute the woman with whom her husband has committed adultery; that Section 497 does not confer any right on the wife to prosecute the husband who has committed adultery with another woman; and that Section 497 does not take in cases where the husband has sexual relations with an unmarried woman with the result that husbands have a free licence under the law to have extramarital relationships with unmarried women. That apart, the submission was advanced that Section 497 is a flagrant instance of ‘gender discrimination’, ‘legislative despotism’ and ‘male chauvinism’. At first blush, it may appear as if it is a beneficial legislation intended to serve the interests of women but, on closer examination, it would be found that the provision contained in the section is a kind of “romantic paternalism” which stems from


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 the great spiked tail lashes round in fury, as the loathsome yellow belly slides over the ooze and you catch sight of the stony cruelty of the crocodile's eye, then you will realise what manner of thing she is, and you will probably conceive for her and all her kind a deadly horror and loathing, and a consuming desire to slay the whole brood will seize you then and remain with you for all time.

If it should happen to you to have to fight a wounded crocodile at close quarters, if accident brings you in contact with a man who has just lost arm or leg, or with a corpse out of which a crocodile has torn the life, your feelings towards these river-murderers will not be softened.

There are Malay rivers so infested by these reptiles that at low water for a mile or two from the river's mouth they will be seen, in twos and threes or larger groups, lying on either bank basking or sleeping in the sun. It repeatedly happens that they knock people out of their boats and then kill and devour them, and in places where the creatures are specially numerous, if a crocodile is shot dead on the bank, in less than half an hour the carcase will be dragged into the river and a crowd of the reptiles will be tearing it in pieces and fighting for the remains.

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 the assumption that women, like chattels, are the property of men.

14.The Court referred to the submissions and held thus:―


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 Proceeding further, the three-Judge Bench held that the offence of adultery as defined in that Section can only be committed by a man, not by a woman. Indeed, the Section expressly provides that the wife shall not be punishable even as an abettor. No grievance can then be made that the Section does not allow the wife to prosecute the husband for adultery. The contemplation of the law, evidently, is that the wife, who is involved in an illicit relationship with another man, is a victim and not the author of the crime. The offence of adultery, as defined in Section 497, is considered by the Legislature as an offence against the sanctity of the matrimonial home, an act which is committed by a man, as it generally is. Therefore, those men who defile that sanctity are brought within the net of the law. In a sense, the same point is reverted to; who can prosecute whom for which offence depends, firstly, on the definition of the offence and, secondly, upon the restrictions placed by the law of procedure on the right to prosecute.

15.The Court further held:―


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 parts of Perak it is rare to ever meet a lâtah person. Again, speaking generally, the disease seems to be more common amongst the people of Amboina, in Netherlands India, than those of Java, Sumatra or the Malay Peninsula. In both cases heredity is pro- bably accountable for the result, whatever may have been the original cause to produce the affliction in certain places more than iu others. I can only speak of my own experience and what I have personally seen, for no English authority appears to have studied the matter or attempted to either observe lâtah people, diagnose the disease (if it is one), search for its cause or attempt to cure it. I can vouch for facts but nothing more.

In 1874 I was sent in H.M.S. Harl to reside with the Sultan of Selangor. Though His High- ness’s personal record was one of which he might be proud, for he was said to have killed ninety-nine men (sa’ râtus kúrang sâtu) with his own hand, his State was not altogether a happy one, for it had been the fighting-ground of several ambitious young Rajas for some years, An unusually hideous piracy, personally conducted by one of the Sultan’s own sons, and committed on a Malacea trading vessel, had necessitated a visit from the China fleet, and when the perpetrators, or those who after due

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After so stating, the Court placed reliance on Yusuf Abdul Aziz (supra) and held that the same does not offend Articles 14 and 15 of the Constitution and opined that the stability of marriages is not an ideal to be scorned. Being of this view, the Court dismissed the petition.


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 16.In V. Revathi v. Union of India and others, the Court analysed the design of the provision and ruled:―

It placed heavy reliance on the three-Judge Bench in Sowmithri Vishnu (supra) and proceeded to state that the community punishes the ‘outsider’ who breaks into the matrimonial home and occasions the violation of sanctity of the matrimonial tie by developing an illicit relationship with one of the spouses subject to the rider that the erring ‘man’ alone can be punished and not the erring woman. It further went on to say that it does not arm the two spouses to hit each other with the weapon of criminal law. That is why, neither the husband can prosecute the wife and send her to jail nor can the wife prosecute the husband and send him to jail. There is no discrimination


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 based on sex. While the outsider who violates the sanctity of the matrimonial home is punished, a rider has been added that if the outsider is a woman, she is not punished. There is, thus, reverse discrimination in “favour” of the woman rather than “against” her. The law does not envisage the punishment of any of the spouses at the instance of each other. Thus, there is no discrimination against the woman insofar as she is not permitted to prosecute her husband. A husband is not permitted because the wife is not treated as an offender in the eye of law. The wife is not permitted as Section 198(1) read with Section 198(2) does not permit her to do so. In the ultimate analysis, the law has meted out even-handed justice to both of them in the matter of prosecuting each other or securing the incarceration of each other. Thus, no discrimination has been practised in circumscribing the scope of Section 198(2) CrPC and fashioning it in such a manner that the right to prosecute the adulterer is restricted to the husband of the adulteress but has not been extended to the wife of the adulterer. Expressing this view, the Court held that the provision is not vulnerable to the charge of hostile discrimination.


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 Villages on the Malay coast are nearly always situated on the bank of a river; the sea is full of fish and the men of a coast village are mostly fishermen. If the village is of any size and the industry of any importance, the catching of fish is supplemented by curing—that is, salting and drying them.

The whereabouts of a village of this kind may be recognised by the traveller on sea or land when he is yet a great way off. Probably for that reason, and because the cleaning of thousands of fish loads the water with food of a kind that is specially attractive to the saurian, the immediate neighbourhood of a fishing village is the favourite resort of the crocodile.

At the mouth of a wide river on the Perak coast there is just such a village. It is thriving, and as there are a number of Chinese as well as Malay fishermen, it boasts a police-station. The houses are built for the most part on piles; at high water the sea washes under them, and the means of intercommunication are wooden stagings from house to house. At low water there is mud, great stretches of mud, running from the edge of the mangrove swamp which backs the village far out to the west and the waters of the Straits of Malacca.

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 17.In W. Kalyani v. State Thro’ Inspector of Police and another, the Court held:

Be it noted, the issue of constitutional validity did not arise in the said case.

18.At this juncture, we think it seemly to state that we are only going to deal with the constitutional validity of Section 497 IPC and Section 198 CrPC. The learned counsel for the petitioner submits that the provision by its very nature is arbitrary and invites the frown of Article 14 of the Constitution. In Shayara Bano v. Union of India and others, the majority speaking through Nariman, J., ruled thus:-


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 It was in the month of Ramthân, when begin those forty days of fast observed by all good Muhammadans—though so few of them know why they fast, or the details of the touching story which tells the sufferings of the Martyrs of Kerbela—that one night, past the middle of the month, but when the moon still lit up the water and made things plain as day, a strange thing happened at this small coast village.

In it there lived a Malay revenue officer with his wife and child, and on the night in question these three, being at home, went to sleep about 10 as was their wont.

A slight breeze was blowing off the sea, blowing against the falling tide, and the moonlight glorified the hideous expanse of slime till it looked like a limitless mirror, blending far away with the haze-enshrouded waters of the sea, but bordered landwards by that dark fringe of mangroves, the thick forest forming a striking contrast to the moonlit beauty of the glistening shore.

The wind sighed up the river, played through the great brown nets hanging up to dry, and, scarcely stirring the tops of the mangroves, swept gently towards the distant hills.

All the village slept, except the one Guardian of

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 run the gauntlet of the guard-boats, where capture was, as he said, certain.

The men of the band, the wretched Lambor contingent, elected, as the Pĕnglima had meant they should do, to try and force their way through the enemy's lines, never thinking that if they succeeded they would only reach a pathless jungle swamp, where they, strangers in that part of the country, must either perish miserably or return to the tender mercies of the investing foe.

Of these deplorable eventualities they took no thought; there was little time for hesitation; tightening the grasp upon their weapons they went out into the night, and in a few moments the shouts from the surrounding stockades showed that their intention had been discovered.

This was exactly what Pĕnglima Prang Sĕmaun had expected; he had created a diversion, and seizing his opportunity, accompanied by Haji Ali and a few of his particular associates, he made for the river and got into one of his boats, cast off and pulled out into the stream.

A very wily man was the Pĕnglima Every one in the guard-boats was on the alert, the firing and shouts from the shore had warned them that the fox was being hunted in the covert, and the pack were

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 after him in full cry. Still there was just a trifle of uncertainty about it, and that was the Pĕnglima's one chance of salvation.

The slightest hesitation now, the smallest of false steps, and neither the Pĕnglima nor any of those with him would ever see the dawn. He knew it well enough, and as he ordered those who had taken the oars to pull out boldly into the stream, he grasped the helm and steering straight up the middle of the river, against the tide, he gave orders that no man should speak, undertaking the whole responsibility himself.

It was still so dark that no one could see quite whence this boat came, or distinguish who was in it, but as it moved with plenty of noise and no attempt at concealment right towards the line of guard-boats, some one called out, "Who goes there?"

"It is I," replied the Pĕnglima, "I bring the Shabandar's orders to you to keep a good look-out, they are attacking the Pěnglima Prang, and as he can't hold out he will probably try to escape by the river. Be ready for him, I am going to warn the boats down stream," and turning round the craft disappeared towards the other line of river-sentinels.

No one of course suspected a ruse under such a

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Rh )nfusion increased. He thought of writing her tiother letter, but pride and common sense forade. Then her letter came, and all of his props ere kicked suddenly from under him.

Oh my dear, my dear [she wrote], I swore that I ould n’t answer your letter—and here I am doing it. ’ve fought and fought and fought until I can’t fight any mger; I’ve held out as long as I can. Oh, Hugh my rarest, I love you. I can’t help it—I do, I do. I Ve ied so hard not to—and when I found that I couldn’t dp it I swore that I would never let you know—because knew that you did n’t love me and that I am bad for might have succeeded if you had n’t written to me. Oh, Hugh dearest, I nearly fainted when I saw your tter. I hardly dared open it—I just looked and looked
 * >u. I thought I loved you enough to give you up—and
 * your beloved handwriting. I cried when I did read it.

thought of the letters you used to write to me—and this le was so different—so cold and impersonal. It hurt me readfully.

I said that I would n’t answer it—I swore that I ould n’t. And then I read your old letters—I’ve kept rery one of them—and looked at your picture—and to»ght you just seemed to be here—I could see your sweet nile and feel your dear arms around me—and Hugh, my arling, I had to write—I had to. My pride is all gone. I can’t think any more. Ll that matters. You are Oh, Hugh dearest, I love you so damned ard.

Cynthia.


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292 Two hours after the letter arrived it was f( lowed by a telegram:

Don’t pay any attention to my letter. I was crazy wh I wrote it.

Hugh had sense enough to pay no attention 1 the telegram; he tossed it into the fireplace and r read the letter. What could he do? What shout he do? He was torn by doubt and confusion. L looked at her picture, and all his old longing fc her returned. But he had learned to distrust th; longing. He had got along for a year withoi her; he had almost ceased thinking of her whe Norry brought her back to his mind. He had t answer her letter. What could he say? He pace the floor of his room, ran his hands through h hair, pounded his forehead; but no solution cam He took a long walk into the country and came bac more confused than ever. He was flattered fc her letter, moved by it; he tried to persuade hin self that he loved her as she loved him—and fc could not do it. His passion for her was no long* overpowering, and no amount of thinking coul make it so. In the end he temporized. H letter was brief.

Dear Cynthia:

There is no need, I guess, to tell you that your lett< swept me clean off my feet. I am still dizzy with coi


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294 was fonder of her than he was of any girl that he had ever known but that he did n’t know whether he was in love with her or not. “I have learned to distrust my own emotions,” he wrote, “and m} own decisions. The more I think the more be¬ wildered I become. I am afraid to ask you tc marry me for fear that I ’ll wreck both our lives and I’m afraid not to ask you for the same reason Do you think that time will solve our problem; I don’t know. I don’t know anything.”

She replied that she was willing to wait just sc long as they continued to correspond; she said thal she could no longer bear not to hear from him. Sc they wrote to each other, and the tangle of theii relations became more hopelessly knotted. Cynthh never sent another letter so unguarded as her first but she made no pretense of hiding her love.

As Hugh sank deeper and deeper into the bog o; confusion and distress, his contempt for his col lege “education” increased. One night in May h expressed that contempt to a small group of seniors

“College is bunk,” said Hugh sternly, “pur bunk. They tell us that we learn to think. Rot I have n’t learned to think; a child can solve ; simple human problem as well as I can. Colleg has played hell with me. I came here four year ago a darned nice kid, if I do say so myself. I wa chock-full of ideals and illusions. Well, colleg has smashed most of those ideals and knocked th


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54: LECTURE II. a fluid, but that, under certain circumstances, they gathered together, not in the form of vesicular membranes, but so as to constitute a compact heap, a globe (mass, cluster—Klumpchen), and that this globe was the starting point of all further development, a membrane being formed outside and a nucleus inside, by the differentiation of the mass, by apposition, or intussusception.

At the present time, neither fibres, nor globules, nor elementary granules, can be looked upon as histological starting-points. As long as living elements were conceived to be produced out of parts previously destitute of shape, such as formative fluids, or matters {plastic matter, blastema, cytoblastema), any one of the above views could of course be entertained, but it is in this very particular that the revolution which the last few years have brought with them has been the most marked. Even in pathology we can now go so far as to establish, as a general principle, that no development of any kind begins de novo, and consequently as to reject the theory of equivocal [spontaneous] generation just as much in the history of the development of individual parts as we do in that of entire organisms. Just as little as we can now admit that a taenia can arise out of saburral mucus, or that out of the residue of the decomposition of animal or vegetable matter an infusorial animalcule, a fungus, or an alga, can be formed, equally little are we disposed to concede either in physiological or pathological histology, that a new cell can build itself up out of any non-cellular substance. Where a cell arises, there a cell must have previously existed (omnis cellula e cellula), just as an animal can spring only from an animal, a plant only from a plant. In this manner, although there

granules. 6. Heap of granules (cluster), c. Granule-cell, with membrane and nucleus.


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296 When Winsor finished speaking, Pudge forced his legs into his favorite position for them and then twinkled at Winsor through his glasses.

“Right you are, George,” he said in his quick way. “I wear a Phi Bete key, too. We both belong to the world’s greatest intellectual fraternity, but what in hell do we know? We’ve all majored in English except Jack, and I ’ll bet any one of us can give the others an exam offhand that they can’t pass. I’m going to law school. I hope to God that I learn something there. I certainly don’t feel that I know anything now as a result of my four years of ‘higher education.’ ”

“Well, if you fellows feel that way,” said Hugh mournfully, “how do you suppose I feel? I made my first really good record last term, and that was n’t any world beater. I’ve learned how to gamble and smoke and drink and pet in college, but that’s about all that I have learned. I’m not as fine as I was when I came here. I’ve been coars¬ ened and cheapened; all of us have. I take things for granted that shocked me horribly once. I know that they ought to shock me now, but they don’t. I’ve made some friends and I’ve had a wonderful time, but I certainly don’t feel that I have got any other value out of college.”

Winsor could not sit still and talk. He filled his pipe viciously, lighted it, and then jumped up and leaned against the mantel. “I admit everything


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 Gandhi v. Union of India, A.L. Kalra v. Project and Equipment Corporation of India Ltd. , Ajay Hasia v. Khalid Mujib Sehravardi , K.R. Lakshmanan v. State of T.N. and two other Constitution Bench judgments in Mithu v. State of Punjab and Sunil Batra v. Delhi Administration and, eventually, came to hold thus:―

And again:―


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 bold disguise as that, and, pulling straight for the down-stream boats, steering right on and through them, the Pĕnglima called out, "Jâga-jâga, 'be on your guard,' the Shabandar sends orders to watch for the Pěnglima Prang Sĕmaun, he is trying to escape, I am warning all the boats."

No one could distinctly see who this messenger was, or even catch more than a shadowy glimpse of a spectral craft as she glided through the line, and in the excitement of expectation, the noise of firing and rival battle-shouts on shore, no one took special heed as to which way the messengers went, or whether that was the sound of their oars echoing faintly in the distance.

The Shabandar on his part made no long tarrying, but eager to revenge the murder of his brother, and feeling that at last the Pěnglima and Haji Ali were in his power, he determined to měng-âmok, to rush the house at once without waiting for daylight.

Whilst summoning his men for the assault, he heard the cries that told him the besieged were making an attempt to break through his stockades, and without further delay he dashed into Haji Mûsah's house, only to find it empty, the renowned Pĕnglina and his amiable friend gone, and with

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20.We respectfully concur with the said view.

21.In Yusuf Abdul Aziz (supra), the Court understood the protection of women as not discriminatory but as being an affirmative provision under clause (3) of Article 15 of the Constitution. We intend to take the path of expanded horizon as gender justice has been expanded by this Court.

22.We may now proceed to test the provision on the touchstone of the aforesaid principles. On a reading of the provision, it is demonstrable that women are treated as subordinate to men inasmuch as it lays down that when there is connivance or consent of the man, there is no offence. This treats the woman as a chattel. It treats her as the property of man and totally subservient to the will of the master. It is a reflection of the social dominance that was prevalent when the penal provision was drafted.

23.As we notice, the provision treats a married woman as a property of the husband. It is interesting to note that Section 497 IPC does not bring within its purview an extra marital relationship with an unmarried woman or a widow. The dictionary meaning of “adultery” is that a married person


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 them a considerable quantity of dollars and everything that was both valuable and easily portable.

Torches and an examination of the muddy ground soon established the direction taken, and the missing boat, coupled with the missing property, convinced the least astute that by this way went the Pĕnglima Prang Sĕmaun.

Many shouted questions from the bank drew forth many assurances from those on the water that no enemy had passed that way. The evidence to the contrary was, however, all too plain, and as the boats one by one came up to the landing-place, and the watchers told their tale, it became evident that once again the Pĕnglima Prang Sĕmaun had justified his reputation for both daring and resource.

He had made for the sea, his party did not number ten, and they were in one boat. There was still time to overtake or intercept them at the river's mouth, and, as the grey light of dawn began to lift the veil of mist and the freshening breeze swept in chilly gusts over the water, a fleet of boats set off to search the creeks and backwaters, while others had orders to pull straight to the river's mouth, and there take line and see that none passed out to sea.

The Pĕnglima meanwhile had wasted no time.

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LAW OF CONTINUOUS DEVELOPMENT. 55 are still a few spots in the body where absolute demonstration has not yet been afforded, the principle is nevertheless established, that in the whole series of living things, whether they be entire plants or animal organisms, or essential constituents of the same, an eternal law of continuous development prevails. There is no discontinuity of development of such a kind that a new generation can of itself give rise to a new series of developmental forms. No developed tissues can be traced back either to any large or small simple element, unless it be unto a cell. In what manner this continuous proliferation of cells (Zellenwucherung), for so we may designate the process, is carried on, we will consider hereafter; to-day, my especial object only was to deter you from assuming as the groundwork of any views you might entertain with regard to the composition of the tissues, these theories of simple fibres or simple globules (elementary fibres or elementary globules). —

If it be wished to classify the normal tissues, a very simple point of view, founded upon marked characteristics, offers itself, upon which their division into three categories may be based.

We either have tissues which consist exclusively of cells, where cell lies close to cell—in fact, cellular tissue in the modern sense of the word—or we find tissues, in which one cell is regularly separated from the other by a certain amount of intermediate matter (intercellular substance), and, therefore, a kind of uniting medium exists, which, while it visibly connects the individual elements, yet holds them separate. To this class belong the tissues which are now-a-days generally comprehended under the name of connective tissues (Gewebe der Bin- desubstanz), and of which what was formerly universally called cellular tissue constitutes the chief portion Finally, there is a third group of tissues, in which the


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 commits adultery if he has sex with a woman with whom he has not entered into wedlock. As per Black’s Law Dictionary, ‘adultery’ is the voluntary sexual intercourse of a married person with a person other than the offender’s husband or wife. However, the provision has made it a restricted one as a consequence of which a man, in certain situations, becomes criminally liable for having committed adultery while, in other situations, he cannot be branded as a person who has committed adultery so as to invite the culpability of Section 497 IPC. Section 198 CrPC deals with a “person aggrieved”. Sub-section (2) of Section 198 treats the husband of the woman as deemed to be aggrieved by an offence committed under Section 497 IPC and in the absence of husband, some person who had care of the woman on his behalf at the time when such offence was committed with the leave of the court. It does not consider the wife of the adulterer as an aggrieved person. The offence and the deeming definition of an aggrieved person, as we find, is absolutely and manifestly arbitrary as it does not even appear to be rational and it can be stated with emphasis that it confers a licence on the husband to deal with the wife as he likes which is extremely excessive and disproportionate. We are constrained to


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 'Twixt the devil behind and the deep sea in front, he had no difficulty in determining which way lay safety; but he also realised that it could not be an hour, it might be only a few minutes before his ruse would be discovered, and with his crew he could not hope to reach the sea without being overtaken. The rowers needed little exhortation to strain every nerve, and after a few miles had been travelled, the boat was forced through heavy overhanging branches into an all but imperceptible creek, so narrow the entrance and so thoroughly concealed that no one would dream of its existence. The boat could only be got a few yards up this ditch, and the party, leaving it entirely hidden, ensconced themselves in a tangled mass of jungle foliage from which they commanded a view of the river.

Here the fugitives lay all day, and watched the boats of their enemies pass by intent on the fruitless search.

It was not a pleasant place nor did they spend an altogether happy day, for they were not yet out of the wood, indeed the chances of escape were still decidedly against them, but for the moment they were safe, and whatever was to come could not be worse than the situation from which their leader had already extricated them.

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 think so, as it does not treat a woman as an abettor but protects a woman and simultaneously, it does not enable the wife to file any criminal prosecution against the husband. Indubitably, she can take civil action but the husband is also entitled to take civil action. However, that does not save the provision as being manifestly arbitrary. That is one aspect of the matter. If the entire provision is scanned being Argus-eyed, we notice that on the one hand, it protects a woman and on the other, it does not protect the other woman. The rationale of the provision suffers from the absence of logicality of approach and, therefore, we have no hesitation in saying that it suffers from the vice of Article 14 of the Constitution being manifestly arbitrary.

24.Presently, we shall address the issue against the backdrop of Article 21 of the Constitution. For the said purpose, it is necessary to devote some space with regard to the dignity of women and the concept of gender equality.

25.In Arun Kumar Agrawal and another v. National Insurance Company Limited and others, the issue related to the criteria for determination of compensation payable to the dependents of a woman who died in road accident. She did not


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56 LECTURE II cells have attained specific, higher forms of development, by means of which their constitution has acquired a type entirely peculiar; indeed, in part so peculiar, as to appertain exclusively to the animal economy. These are the tissues which are really characteristic of animals, although a few among them exhibit transitions of vegetable forms. To this class belong the nervous and muscular systems, the vessels and the blood. Herewith is the list of tissues concluded.

You must now proceed to consider, in what respect, in this summary of the result of histological researches, a contrast is afforded to what was formerly, chiefly in imitation of Bichat, regarded as constituting a tissue. Bichat's tissues would, for the most part, not so much represent what we now regard as the subjects of General Histology, as what we must rather designate as belonging to Special Histology. For, if we regard the tissues in the light they were formerly regarded; if we, for example, separate tendons, bones, and facise, from one another, we then obtain an extraordinary variety of categories (Bichat had twenty-one), but there are not quite as many simple forms of tissue to correspond to them.

In accordance with modern notions, the whole domain of anatomy should first be divided into the categories of General Histology (tissues properly so called). Special Histology, then, takes up the instances, in which a combination of tissues, sometimes very different, into a single whole (organ) takes place. Thus we speak, for example, of osseous tissue; but this tissue, the tela ossea of general histology, does not of itself form bone, for no bone consists entirely of tela ossea, but it has necessarily superadded at least periosteum and vessels. Nay, and from this simple conception of a bone, every bone of considerable size, for example, a long bone


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 have a regular income. Singhvi, J. rejected the stand relating to determination of compensation by comparing a house wife to that of a house keeper or a servant or an employee who works for a fixed period. The learned Judge thought it unjust, unfair and inappropriate. In that context, the learned Judge stated:―

26.Ganguly, J., in his concurring opinion, referred to the Australian Family Property Law and opined that the said law


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 Whilst the Pĕnglima was running the gauntlet of the guard-boats his late companions, the men of Lambor, some twenty or thirty in number, were having a worse experience on shore.

Being a large party and in their haste not over-cautious, they were, of course, discovered as they tried to break through the line of stockades. Some were shot, others were speared and krised in hand-to-hand encounters, while a few got away to the forest under cover of the darkness. But when these stragglers fully realised that it was a choice between the enemy and painful wandering in a swampy and well-nigh impenetrable jungle, with the prospect of starvation and a lingering death, they chose rather to return to the light and a speedier reckoning.

None of this band returned to Lambor, and if they sought their fate and made an unprovoked attack upon Haji Mûsah it is not altogether surprising that to this day there is no wasted affection between the people of Lambor and the Lower Perak Chiefs.

All through that sultry day, as one by one these doomed men appeared from the jungle fastness and went down before the weapons of their adversaries, waiting tirelessly expectant in the certainty that no

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EPITHELIAL FORMATIONS. 57 differs; for that is a real organ, in which we can distinguish at least four different tissues. We have in it the tela ossea properly so called, the cartilaginous layer, the stratum of connective tissue belonging to the periosteum, and the peculiar medullary tissue. These several parts again are exceedingly heterogeneous in their nature, inasmuch as, for example, vessels and nerves enter into the composition of the marrow, the periosteum, etc. All these must be taken together to constitute the entire organism of a bone. Before we come, therefore, to systems or apparatuses, properly so called, the special subject of descriptive anatomy, a long series of gradations must be traversed, and in discussions we must always begin by having a clear idea of what the question is. When bone and osseous tissue are confounded together, the extremest confusion is occasioned, and so also when it is sought to identify nervous with cerebral matter. The brain contains many things which are not of a nervous nature, and its physiological and pathological conditions cannot be comprehended if they are regarded as occurring in an aggregation of purely nervous parts, and no consideration is paid to the membranes, the interstitial substance, and the vessels, as well as the nerves.

If, now, we consider the first of the classes into which we have divided General Histology, namely, the simple cellular tissues, a little more attentively, we find that those of which we can best obtain a general idea are unquestionably the epithelial formations, such as we meet with in the epidermis and the rete Malpighii, upon the external surface of the body, and in the cylindrical and scaly epithelium of mucous and serous membranes. Their general plan is, that cell lies close to cell, so that in the most favorable specimens, as in plants, four-or six-sided cells lie in immediate apposition one to the


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 refuge would be found in those inhospitable depths, the Pěnglima and his little band lay close in their concealment and longed for sheltering night.

All day long the Shabandar's boats passed hither and thither, and with the nightfall many appeared to abandon the search and returned on the rising tide.

Then an hour or two of the new-born moon, and after that thick darkness.

The Pěnglima and his friends had regained their boat, and as, about midnight, the tide began to ebb, the vessel was pushed noiselessly out into the river and bracing themselves for a final effort the rowers gripped their oars, stiffened their backs and put their whole strength into the work before them.

The river as it approaches the sea grows wider at every bend, the searchers were exhausted and asleep, or had already returned up-stream, the night was dark and the fugitives were unmolested until, between 4 and 5, in the last reach, they saw a line of boats guarding the river's mouth.

There were wide intervals between each vessel, but even in that uncertain light it was impossible for a boat to run this blockade without being seen.

At this final juncture the Pĕnglima's Familiar did not desert him.

Of course the earth ought to have opened and

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 inquiry appeared to be the perpetrators, had been executed (the Sultan lending his own kris for the ceremony), I was sent to see that these “boyish amusements,” as His Highness called them, were not repeated. The place where the Sultan then lived was hardly a desirable residence, even from a Malay point of view, and it has for years now been almost deserted. Bandar Tèrmása, as it was grandiloquently styled, was a collection of huts on a mud flat enclosed between the Langat and Jugra rivers. It was only seven miles from the sea, and at high tide mast of the place was under water.

With me there went twenty-five Malay police from Malacca, and we lived all together in an old stockade on the bank of the Langat river. Whether it was the mosquitoes, which for numbers and yenom could not be matched, or whether it was the evil reputation of the place for deeds of violence is needless to inquire, but the police were seized with panic and had to be replaced by another batch from Singapore, selected not so much on account of their virtues as their so-called vices, The exchange was satisfactory, for whatever sins they committed they showed no signs of panic.

Later on I was encouraged by the statement that Bandar Těrmasa, for all its unpromising appearance,

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 Malays are perhaps, in some respects, a few hundred years behind the age, and I like to think that in this veracious story the Pěnglima Prang Sĕmaun made his first appearance as the champion of a lady in distress.

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 was a place for men, where those who had a differ- ence settled it promptly with the kris, and cowards who came there either found their courage or departed. A story that amused the gossips was that, as a badly wounded man was carried from the duelling field past the palisade which enclosed the Sultan’s house, His Highness had asked, through the bars, what was the matter, and, being told, had laconically remarked, “If he is wounded, doctor him ; if he is dead, bury him.”

During my residence in the place a lady, for jealousy, stabbed a man of considerable note thirteen times with his own dagger, and sent the next morning to know whether I would like to purchase it, as she did not much fancy the weapon. The man was not killed, and made no complaint. Another lady, for a similar reason, visited our stockade one night, pushed the sentry on one side, and, finding the man she wanted, attempted to stab him with along kris she had brought for that purpose.

That was then the state of society in Bandar Těrmasa.

I have said we lived all together in a stockade. It was a very rude structure with log walls about six feet thick and eight feet high, a mud floor, a

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 Of Whittington's Cat, and another Cat that visited Strange Countries.

S no work about Cats could be complete without the story of Dick Whittington, from the first moment I had made up my mind to write this book, I had also made up my mind to look up the best authorities upon the subject—to write Whittington's Cat's life, and to give her a chapter all to herself. Having come to this conclusion, the question naturally arose where were the authorities. I made search, I read deeply, but I gathered small

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 thatch roof, and no doors. Outside it was a high watch-tower of the same materials, but the ladder to it had fallen down. Of roads there were none, but a mud path ran through the stockade from river bank to village, distant some 300 yards. My own accommodation was a cot borrowed from the Hart and slung between two posts, while the men slept on the walls of the stockade.

The place had drawbacks other than mosquitoes, for the public path ran through it, the tide at high water completely covered the floor, and the log walls were full of snakes. The state of the sur- roundings will best be understood when I say that during the many months I lived there I did not wear boots outside the stockade, because there was nothing to walk upon but deep mud, and that the only water fit to use was contained in a well or pond a quarter of a mile off, to which I walked every day to bathe.

With the second batch of police had come an European inspector, and he and I were the only white men in the country.

Amongst the twenty-five police were two men of the name of Kasim; they were both natives of Amboina, but very different in disposition, and they were known among their comrades as Kasim Běsar

title: Page:Malay Sketches.pdf/87


text:
Page:The Atlantic Monthly Volume 1.djvu/652

644.] cret for her son lying in his bloody grave; but individual grief was disregarded in the madness which pervaded all classes, vain-glorious from repeated and uninterrupted success.

But the time had come when the storm was to pour in desolation over the fields of France, and the nations which had trembled at her power were to tender back to her the bitter cup of humiliation. The unaccustomed sound of hostile cannon broke in on the dreams of invincibility which had entranced the people, and deeds of violence and blood, which had been complacently regarded when the theatre of action was on foreign territory, seemed quite another thing when the scene was shifted to their own vineyards and villages.

The genius of Napoleon never exhibited such vast fertility of resources as when he battled for life and empire in his own dominions. Every foot of ground was wrested from him at an expense of life which thinned the innumerable hosts pressing onward to his destruction. He stood at bay against all Europe in arms; and so desperately did he contend against the vast odds opposed to him, and so rapidly did he move from one invading column to another, successively beating back division upon division, that his astonished foes, awed by his superhuman exertions, had wellnigh turned their faces to the Rhine in panic-stricken retreat. But the line of invasion was so widely extended that even his ubiquity could not compass it. His wonderful power of concentration was of little avail to him when the mere skeletons of regiments answered to his call, and, along his weakened line, the neglected gleanings left by the conscription, now hastily garnered in this last extremity, greeted him in the treble notes of childhood. The voices of the bearded men, which once hailed his presence, were hushed in death. They had shouted his name in triumph over Europe, and it had quivered on their lips when parched with the mortal agony. Their bones were whitening the sands of Egypt, the harvests of Italy had long waved over them, their unnumbered graves lay thick in the German's Fatherland, and the floods of the Berezina were yet giving up their unburied dead. The remnant of that once invincible army did all that could be done; but there were limits to endurance, and exhaustion anticipated the hour of combat. Men fell dead in their ranks, untouched by shot or steel; and yet the survivors pressed on to take up the positions assigned by their leader, who seemed to be proof against either fatigue or despair. His last bold move, on which he staked his empire, was a splendid effort, but it failed him. It was the daring play of a desperate gamester, and nearly checkmated his opponents. But when, instead of pursuing him, they marched on Paris, he left his army to follow as it could, and hastened to anticipate his enemies. When about fifteen miles from Paris, he received news of the battle of Montmartre and the capitulation of the city. The post-house where he encountered this intelligence was within sight of the place where I passed my vacations. I often looked at it with interest, for it was there that the vision first flashed before him of his broken empire and the utter ruin which bade farewell to hope. He had become familiar with reverses. His veteran legions had perished in unequal strife with the elements, or melted away in the hot flame of conflict; his most devoted adherents had fallen around him; yet his iron soul bore up against his changing fortunes, and from the wrecks of storm and battle there returned

But the spirit which had never quailed before his enemies was crushed by the desertion of his friends. He had now to feel that treason and ingratitude are attendants on adversity, and that the worshippers of power, like the Gheber devotee, turn their faces reverently towards the rising sun.

There are few things in history so


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80 matter on which I could place reliance, and I was half inclined to abandon my resolve, when happening to have ten minutes to spend, waiting for an omnibus at a street corner in the east-end of London, I made a discovery in a shop window, by the result of which I intend that you shall benefit almost as much as I have myself; for this discovery was nothing less than the very identical tale-book that I bought when I was a child, only it was a penny now, instead of twopence, as in the days of my extreme youth,—yes, the very identical tale of Whittington and his Cat, with a splendid illustrated pink wrapper and seven magnificent engravings, hand-coloured blue, red, yellow and pink on each plate, with here and there a dash of green laid boldly on, irrespective of outline, and now and again reaching as far as the type. Here, in the well-remembered verses, was Richard's history related:—

title: Page:The Book of Cats.djvu/100


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 and Kasim Kěchil—that is Kâsim Major and Kâsim Minor.

Kâsim Major was a quiet, reserved, silent man of about twenty-five, and I afterwards realised that he had a somewhat violent temper when roused. Kâsim Minor, on the contrary, was a smiling, talkative, happy, and pleasant-looking young fellow of about twenty. They were not related to each other in any way.

I used often to be away on the coast and up river, and on my return from one of these expedi- tions I noticed the men teasing Kâsim Minor, and saw at once that he was lâtah. I questioned the inspector, and he told me that during my absence he had one day been away on duty for some hours, and when he returned, about 4 P.M., he saw Kâsim Minor up a coco-nut tree just outside the stockade, On asking him what he was doing there, he replied he could not come down because there was a snake at the bottom of the tree. In reality there was a bit of rattan tied round the tree, and, this being removed, Kâsim came down.

Now, it is no easy matter to climb a coco-nut tree ; it requires a special training to do it at all, and Kâsim did not possess it. But the inspector ascertained that the other police had found out by

title: Page:Malay Sketches.pdf/88


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E could all see the tunggul mêrah, the crimson streak which boded the death of the King. Looking from the top of our green-terraced hill across the clear wide river late one afternoon, this curious phenomenon appeared in the sky, above the last spur of a picturesque range of mountains which separates the valleys of two considerable streams whose united waters flow into the Straits of Malacca.

Standing on the right bank of the river, a stretch of level land lies between the opposite bank and the foot of this range, and the wealth of foliage hides from view the houses, orchards, and ricefields which cover that fertile plain. But the Sultan's house, a palm-thatched wooden structure, three houses on

title: Page:Malay Sketches.pdf/165


text: Page:The Earliest English Translations of Bürger's Lenore - A Study in English and German Romanticism - Emerson (1915).djvu/121


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 meant, when it is aid, that the Subtantive, and the Adjective ought to agree, in Number, Gender, and Cae: As for example, in the Maculine, the Accuative Cae Singular Number, , having a dumb Spirit: In the Feminine Ablative Cae Singular Number, as,, and , with all thy Heart, and with all thy Soul. The Neuter Gender, or that which is indifferent to either Sex, has its proper Terminations, as alo its Adjectives, by which they hew their Relation to it. Participles oberve the ame Rule in agreeing with Subantives.

The third Rule of Concordance, is that which touches the Agreement of an Antecedent Noun, with its Relative Pronoun: For to avoid the tediounes of repeating the ame word, or thing, the ue of Pronouns was firt invented; and this Agreement mut not only be in Number, and in Sex, I might alo ay, in Cae, but in Peron too, as,, Woe be to you Scribes and Phariees, Hypocrites, for ye are like whited Sepulchres; He that weareth by the Temple, weareth by it, and by him that dwelleth in it.

When two Subtantives come together, which ignify different things, the latter hall be the Genitive Cae, as,, the Body of Jeus; , the Gopel of God's Kingdom. Sometimes the latter Subtantive is a Dative Cae, intead of a Genitive, as, , we have Abraham to our Father.


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 piles joined together by short platforms after the accepted Malay pattern, stands out clearly enough, rather down-stream than opposite the point of view.

The crimson portent is not visible for long, and we realise that, whatever it means, it is accounted for by the segment of a rainbow shining through a bank of low clouds which obscure the rest of the "arch of heaven," and so blur the prismatic colours that nothing is clearly discernible but a short column of flame, all the more striking for its dull grey background. The tradition of ill-omen is of ancient origin, but the fact that the Sultan now lies grievously ill gives an air of probability to the gossip of the prophets.

That evening, as we sat at dinner, we were suddenly startled by the cry of the banshee. Up till that moment we had none of us had any personal acquaintance with the banshee, but this was it sure enough. A long-drawn-out distressing wail, as of a lost child, repeated at uncertain intervals, now here now there, first on one side of the house and then on the other, at one moment unpleasantly close, and the next a piteous little half-choked sob in the distance. Without any doubt this was the banshee, and as the moonlight was now streaming fitfully

title: Page:Malay Sketches.pdf/166


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 through the clouds across the white pillars of the verandah, we thought we might have the good fortune to see this harbinger of doom.

We walked out on to the moonlit terrace, and the beauty of the night was so intense that one felt it as through a new sense.

The hill on which the house stood was cut into a series of terraces, and the highest of these, a wide lawn of velvety grass, was surrounded by tall graceful coco-nut trees, not close together but each standing alone with its spiky leaves clearly delineated against the sky.

Overhead a moon shedding that wonderful soft light only seen in the East, where atmosphere, foliage, and all the surroundings seem specially designed to make the ascendancy of the Queen of Night superbly beautiful.

The exquisite feathery fronds of the bamboo, bending in graceful curves, with each leaf clearly defined against a background of grey-blue sky; a dozen varieties of palms, from the lofty coco-nut and the stately jagary to the thick clumps of berlam, like gigantic ferns; picturesque groups of flowering trees and shrubs on terrace after terrace, carry the eye down to the shimmering gleam of the wide river, on which the moonlight falls lovingly, throwing

title: Page:Malay Sketches.pdf/167


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Page:Diary of a Pilgrimage (1891).pdf/320

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Page:Malay Sketches.pdf/168

 into greater contrast the deep shadows that lie under the overhanging foliage of the banks. Four miles of glistening water, then the river narrows and fades into the mist-enshrouded forest.

Close beneath us twinkle the lights of the village, the houses spreading from river-brink to the high ground which rises abruptly on our left. In front and on either side, range after range of jungle-covered hills, from fifteen hundred to several thousands of feet in height. There is a luminous haze over all distant objects, giving the idea of indefinite height and distance, making all things vague and unsubstantial, yet infinitely satisfying that other sense which only awakes under the influence of perfect beauty.

The extraordinary charm of this scene intoxicated us as with draughts of nectar, and in that enravishment, kings, omens, and ghostly warnings were forgotten.

But hark! Yes, there is the cry, wailing in the distance—now much nearer, and now—before our very eyes the banshee itself!

Sailing slowly through the air between the feathery leaves of the palms, like a lost soul wending its uncertain, purposeless way through the balmy Eastern night, was a creature with heavy

title: Page:Malay Sketches.pdf/168


text: Page:The Earliest English Translations of Bürger's Lenore - A Study in English and German Romanticism - Emerson (1915).djvu/122


text:
Page:Proceedings of the Second National Conservation Congress.pdf/2

Note: this page is the cover given by Google Books and is not in the original.


text:
Page:Malay Sketches.pdf/176

 particular shape), and the Sultan, supported by many attendants, was brought out and sat upon it. A veil was placed on his head, the various vessels were put in his hands, he spread the rice round the taper, sprinkled the perfume, and having received into his hand an enormous châdak of grass, calmly awaited the coming of the Jin Ka-râja-an, while the minstrels shouted for him with all their might.

The Sultan sat there for some time, occasionally giving a convulsive shudder, and when this taper had duly flared up and all the rites had been performed, His Highness was conducted back again to his couch, and the Pâwang continued her ministrations alone.

Whilst striding across the floor, she suddenly fell down as though shot, and it was explained to me that Israng, the spirit by whom she was possessed, had seen a dish-cover, and that the sight always frightened him to such an extent that his Pâwang fell down. The cause of offence was removed, and the performance continued.

There are other spirits who cannot bear the barking of a dog, the mewing of a cat, and so on.

Just before dawn there was a sudden confusion within the curtains which hid the Sultan's couch; they were thrown aside, and there lay the King, to

title: Page:Malay Sketches.pdf/176


text: Page:Proceedings of the Second National Conservation Congress.pdf/3


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Page:Cellular pathology as based upon physiological and pathological histology.djvu/67

NAILS that to the innermost layer of the epidermis, very closely and almost abruptly, there succeed cells, which at first are also flattened, but in a less degree, and within which very distinct nuclei may be distinguished. These tolerabiy large cells mark the transition from the oldest layers of the rete Malpighii to the youngest of the epidermis. This is the point from which proceeds the regeneration of the epidermis, in itself an inert mass, which is gradually removed from the surface. And here is also generally the boundary, at which pathological processes set in. The farther we advance inwards, the smaller do the cells become; the last of them standing in the form of little cylinders upon the surface of the papillae (Fig. 16 r, r).

On the whole, the relations of the individual parts throughout the whole surface of the skin are everywhere the same, however manifold the peculiarities of detail may be, which the individual layers offer in respect to thickness, position, firmness, and connection. A section of a nail, for example, which in its external appearance certainly widely differs from ordinary epidermis, presents, nevertheless, on the whole, the same conformation, and has only one essentially distinctive feature, that, namely, in it two different epidermoidal structures are thrust, the one over the other, and thus a complication arises, which, if not duly attended to, may lead to the assumption of certain specific differences between it and other parts of the epidermis, whilst it really consists only in a peculiar change in the position of certain layers of

and near it little spindle-shaped, connective-tissue corpuscles, displaying at the base a reticulated arrangement, may be observed; to the left, a bulging out of the papillae, corresponding to a tactile corpuscle, no longer visible, and situated at a deeper level. R. R. The rete Malpighii; immediately around the papilla a very dense layer of small, cylindrical cells (r, r) ; more externally, polygonal cells, gradually increasing in size. E. Epidermis, consisting of flat and more closely packed layers of cells. S S. Duct of a sweat gland passing through. 300 diameters.


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text: Page:Proceedings of the Second National Conservation Congress.pdf/12


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 all appearance in a swoon. The Jin Ka-râja-an had taken possession of the sick body, and the mind was no longer under its owner's control.

For a little while there was great excitement, and then the King recovered consciousness, was carried to a side verandah and a quantity of cold water poured over him.

So ended the séance.

Shortly after, the Sultan, clothed and in his right mind, sent to say he would like to speak to me. He told me he took part in this ceremony to please his people and because it was a very old custom, and he added, "I did not know you were there till just now; I could not see you because I was not myself and did not know what I was doing."

The King did not die, after all—on the contrary, I was sent for twice again because he was not expected to live till the morning, and yet he cheated Death—for a time.

That reminds me of the banshee. I saw it sitting in a Malay house some months later, and they told me the boys had caught it, that it was an owl, and its name was Toh ka-tampi. It had very round, yellow eyes, and there was no mistake about the horns. It seems that with Malays it is an ill-omened bird, the herald of misfortune and death,

title: Page:Malay Sketches.pdf/177


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 and it shares this reputation with two other owls, which are called respectively Tumbok lârong, that is "Nail the coffin," and Chárek kafan, "Rend the cloth for the shroud." Toh ka-tampi means "Old-man-winnow-the-rice-for-the-burial-feast." The names are rather gruesome, and are said to be suggested by the peculiar cries of these "ghost birds."

title: Page:Malay Sketches.pdf/178


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Page:A dissertation on slavery - with a proposal for the gradual abolition of it, in the state of Virginia. (IA dissertationonsl00tuckrich).pdf/73

 county, proclaim him exempt from the bond of servitude by manumission, shew him open gates and ways, and deliver him free arms, to wit, a lance and a sword; thereupon he is a free man.”—But after that period freedom was more generally conferred by deed, of which Mr. Harris, in his notes upon Justinian, has furnished a precedent.

In what manner manumission was performed in this country during the first century after the introduction of slavery does not appear: the act of 1668, before mentioned, shews if to have been practised before that period. In 1723 an act was passed, prohibiting the manumission of slaves, upon any pretence whatsoever, except for meritorious services, to be adjudged, and allowed by the governor and council. This clause was re-enacted in 1748, and continued to be the law, until after the revolution was accomplished. The number of manumissions under such restrictions must necessarily have been very few. In May 1782 an act passed authorizing, generally, the manumission of slaves, but requiring such as might be set free, not being of sound mind or body, or being above the age of


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Page:A dissertation on slavery - with a proposal for the gradual abolition of it, in the state of Virginia. (IA dissertationonsl00tuckrich).pdf/74

 forty-five years, or males under twenty-one, or females under eighteen, to be supported by the person liberating them, or out of his estate. The act of manumission may be performed either by will, or by deed, under the hand and seal of the party, acknowledged by him, or proved by two witnesses in the court of the county where he resides. There is reason to believe that great numbers have been emancipated since the passing of this act. By the census of 1791 it appears that the number of free Negroes, mulattoes and Indians in Virginia, was then 12,866. It would be a large allowance, to suppose that there were 1800 free Negroes and mulattoes in Virginia when the act took effect; so that upwards of ten thousand must have been indebted to it for their freedom. The number of Indians and their descendants in Virginia


text: Index:Management guidelines for lodgepole pine stands infected with comandra blister rust and dwarf mistletoe (IA IND87078908).pdf


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 at present, is too small to require particular notice. The progress of emancipation in Virginia, is at this time continual, but not rapid; a second census will enable us to form a better judgment of it than at present. The act passed in 1792 accords in some degree with the Justinian code, by providing that slaves emancipated may be taken in execution to satisfy any debt contracted by the person emancipating them, before such emancipation is made.


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EVENING silvery sheen, herald of that great orb of splendour which, rising rapidly, clears the mountain and sheds a flood of wonderful, indescribable, mellow radiance over forest, plain, and sea, softening what is crude, pointing with brilliance the most striking features, and casting into a fathomless shadow the dark valleys of the western slopes. There is nothing cold about this Eastern moon. Seen, half-risen, against the dark foliage of the mountain, it glitters like molten silver, dazzling the eyes, and as it soars serenely upward seems the very perfection of beauty, light, and purity.

Strange that the delight and glory of mankind since ever the earth was peopled, the emblem of unattainable longing, should be only a gigantic cinder

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 colours fade from sky and sea, only the shore-line keeps its sheen. Then this too dies, and great white clouds, coming from out the mines and marshes like a troop of giant spectres risen in their grave-clothes, stalk slowly round the foothills of the mountain, through the Pass into the valley of the Perak River.

Here, at this elevation, the night is not quite yet.

Close around us still the jungle, but the trees are dwarfed, the boughs are covered with moss and lichen, orchids and ferns flourish in the forks, gorgeously blossomed creepers twine round the branches and hang from tree to tree. The air is full of the scent of the magnolia, the moss-carpeted ground is gay with a myriad flowers, some brilliantly plumaged songless birds flit silently between the trees, and a great bat sails aimlessly across the waning light. The shrill scream of the cicada is but faintly heard far down the height, and night comes, like a closing hand grasping in resistless darkness all things visible. The only sound to break the silence is the fitful and plaintive croak of a wood-frog.

If night treads closely on the heels of day, there is no need for regret. The darkness is but for a moment, and over the eastern peaks spreads a

title: Page:Malay Sketches.pdf/306


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Page:A dissertation on slavery - with a proposal for the gradual abolition of it, in the state of Virginia. (IA dissertationonsl00tuckrich).pdf/76

 Among the Romans, the libertini, or freedmen, were formerly distinguished by a threefold division. They sometimes obtained what was called the greater liberty, thereby becoming Roman citizens. To this privilege, those who were enfranchised by testament, by the census, or by the vindicta, appear to have been alone admitted: sometimes they obtained the lesser liberty only, and became Latins; whose condition is thus described by Justinian. “They never enjoyed the right of succession [to estates].—For although they led the lives of free men, yet with their last breath they lost both their lives and liberties; for their possessions, like the goods of slaves, were detained by the manumittor.” Sometimes they obtained only the inferior


text:
Page:A Grammar of Modern Indo-European.pdf/1

DŃGHŪ


text: East European Quarterly/Volume 15/Number 1/František Palacký (1798-1876): A Centennial Appreciation


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Page:A dissertation on slavery - with a proposal for the gradual abolition of it, in the state of Virginia. (IA dissertationonsl00tuckrich).pdf/77

, being called dedititii: such were slaves who had been condemned as criminals, and afterwards obtained manumission through the indulgence of their masters: their conditions was equalled with that of conquered revolters, whom the Romans called, in reproach, dedititii, quia se suaque omnia dediderunt: but all these distinctions were abolished by Justinian, by whom all freed men in general were made citizens of Rome, without regard to the form of manumission.—In England, the presenting the villein with free arms, seems to have been the symbol of his restoration to all the rights which a feudatory was entitled to. With us, we have seen that emancipation does not confer the rights of citizenship on the person emancipated; on the contrary, both he and his posterity, of the same complexion with himself, must always labour under many civil incapacities. If he is absolved from personal restraint, or corporal punishment, by a master, yet the laws restrain his actions in many instances, where there is none upon a free white man. If he can maintain a suit, he cannot be a witness, a juror, or a judge in any controversy between one of his own complexion and a white person. If he can


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 found no more favour in the sight of the King. But there were many who said:

"They are like Râja Nasrûan and his minister Bahtek; their union brought ruin, their divorce solace." Indeed, it was the opportunity of the proverb-monger, and such sayings as, "It is sometimes one's own forefinger which pokes one in the eye," and, "While you carry the Râja's business on your head, don't forget to keep your own under your arm," were heard on all sides.

The King had a clerk who had served him faithfully for twenty years or more. The clerk had a wife, and the King's eye fell upon her approvingly; so the King sent the clerk into a far country to chase a wild bird, and bestowed his favour upon the wife who remained under his care. The King also bestowed upon the lady sundry jewels of price, things that please poor heathen women with hardly any moral character and no education to speak of.

By-and-by the King got tired of the woman, as unprincipled Eastern kings will do, and he sought about for some means, not to rid himself of her,

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 that was simple enough, but to get back his gifts (for they would serve again as they had done already) and at the same time to throw a little dust in the eyes of the clerk, who was known to be on his way back. Accordingly, a youth of no account was arrested by the King's people, and charged with carrying on a liaison with the lady during the absence of her husband. The crime was, of course, aggravated by the fact that she was under the special protection of the King! The clear proof of guilt was the alleged possession by the woman of a sârong belonging to the man.

This charge was sufficient ground for the display of royal displeasure, and procured the restitution of the jewels, but it failed to convince anyone that the man accused by the King had done any wrong, and, in spite of the strenuous exertions of His Highness to get the man banished from the country, nothing was done to him. The plan, therefore, miscarried to some extent, and when the clerk returned it is probable that he learnt the facts, for he declined to further serve the King, and even said bluntly things about his late master that were not altogether loyal.

I have elsewhere stated that Malays try to wipe

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 out, what in their uncivilised minds they count as dishonour, in a savage and bloodthirsty fashion, but this does not apply when the offender is a raja and the injured man of lesser rank. The person of a raja is sacred to a Malay, and if he feels that he has been disgraced beyond bearing, the result will probably be, sooner or later, an access of blind fury resulting in a case of âmok.

The King had as many wives as the Muhammadan law permitted, and, as his country possessed the infinite blessing of a civil list which limited his own income, he was always anxious that whenever he took to himself a new wife she should receive an allowance from the State. His Highness made a special point of this grant to the ladies, because he said the knowledge that if they divorced him or compelled him to divorce them they would lose the allowance, had an excellent effect on their behaviour. He had succeeded in securing allowances for several wives, when a new lady, named Raja Sarefa, consented to share the royal smiles, and the King immediately applied on her behalf for the usual civil list. The application, however, was not successful, though several times renewed.

Then the King fell ill of some fell disease that no native medicine-man could diagnose, and the

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text: East European Quarterly/Volume 15/Number 1/František Palacký and the Development of Modern Czech Nationalism


text: Page:Seven Great American Poets - Hart - 1901.djvu/341


text: Page:Remorse. - A tragedy, in five acts. (IA remorsetragedyin00cole).pdf/22


text: Page:Seven Great American Poets - Hart - 1901.djvu/342


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