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Rh one see." From this it was an inevitable step to use titles which Rome used. The pontiff of Constantinople claimed to be oecumenical ( or universalis) patriarch.

In 588 Pelagius declared the acts of a synod at Constantinople to be invalid because the patriarch had used the phrase. Very likely Gregory himself had been the adviser of this course. Now in 595 he pursued the protest. John the Faster had written to him and had employed the offensive title "in almost every line." Gregory wrote, as he describes it, "sweetly and humbly admonishing him to amend this appetite for vain glory." He forbade his envoy to communicate with the patriarch till he had abandoned the title. At the same time he repudiated any wish to assume it for himself. "The Council of Chalcedon," he said, "offered the title of universalis to the Roman pontiff but he refused to accept it, lest he should seem thereby to derogate from the honour of his brother bishops." He saw indeed that political interests were complicating the ecclesiastical claim. His envoy had been commanded by the Emperor to adjure him to live in peace with the patriarch, who seemed to him to be as hypocritical as he was proud. Then either he must obey the Emperor and encourage the proud man in his vanity, or he must alienate the Emperor, his lord and the natural defender of Rome. He did not hesitate. He wrote to the Emperor, tracing the misfortunes of the Empire to the pride of the clergy. When Europe was given over to the barbarians, with cities ruined, villages thrown down, and provinces without inhabitants; when the husbandman no longer tilled the soils and the worshippers of idols daily murdered the faithful, the priests, who should have abased themselves in sackcloth and ashes sought for themselves empty names and titles novel and profane. Peter was never called Universal Apostle, yet John strove to be Universal Bishop. "I confidently affirm that whosoever calls himself sacerdos universalis, or desires to be so called by others, is in his pride a forerunner of Antichrist." What he said to the Emperor he reinforced to the Empress. There should be no peace with the patriarch so long as he claimed this outrageous designation. On the other side the argument became no attitude of aggression, hardly a claim for equality. The patriarchs did not assert that they were above the popes, and they constantly declared that they had no wish to lessen the authority of the other patriarchs. But whatever the Greeks might say, the Latins saw that words represented ideas; and universality could not be predicated of Constantinople in any sense which was not offensive to the venerable see and city of Rome. The bitterness of the strife abated when John the Faster died on 2 September 595, it may be before Gregory's severe judgment had reached him. Cyriacus, his successor, was a personal friend of the pope, and a man of no personal pride. Gregory welcomed his accession and thanked the Emperor for his choice. But in spite of friendly letters the claim was not abandoned. The patriarchs continued


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THE TATLER was broken the—well, the sort of passion that May and I had for each other vanished as clean as a whistle, and the one thing we both wanted was to stop you hurting yourself till you came to your senses! … Took longer with you, I suppose, since you let the thing hypnotise you more or less, from what you say; anyway, thank heaven it’s smashed and done for, and nobody else can suffer what we’ve been through. Now, with your permission, May, I’m going to gather up the bits of the thing and burn ’em.”

Maisie shivered as she watched the shovelful of fragments, carefully collected, placed at the back of the fire, then gave a sudden cry of fright—with a crackle the electric lights fused as a lean blue flame leapt roaring up the chimney. For a brief second it seemed that a huge wind, fierce and savage, swept the cosy room with a hot breath like the sudden opening of a furnace door, and the ghastly blue of the dancing flame lit up their white faces with an awful radiance, livid and terrible. The roar of the wind and the flames seemed to soar and scream as if something in frenzied, impotent rage shook an invisible fist at them, shrieking fury and baffled evil as it fled; then in a flash it passed as the blue flame disappeared up the chimney, and through the windows came peeping in the light of the fresh and wholesome dawn.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

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text: The Mask (Lawrence)

title: The Mask (Lawrence)


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248 to use the title of oecumenical bishop, and before a century had passed the popes followed their example.

Gregory saw that the patriarchs of Constantinople were in danger of sinking into mere officials of the State, for with all their lofty position they were in the power of the imperial Court. But the tone in which he addressed them was always distinct from that which he employed towards the lay officials of the Empire. From the beginning of his pontificate he had carefully cultivated relations with the exarchs of Ravenna and of Africa, the praetor of Sicily, the dukes of Naples and Sardinia, the praefect of Illyria, the proconsul of Dalmatia, and with lesser officials rural and urban. His constant letters shew how closely he mingled in their concerns, watched their conduct, approved their industry, advised on their political action, intervened on their behalf or against them at Constantinople. Many of the officials were his close friends; and the Emperor, in spite of the divergence between them, did not cease to give heed to the counsels of one whom he knew to be a wise and honest man.

The maintenance of the imperial power in Italy indeed depended not a little on the great pope, who yet by his incessant and widespread activity was preparing the way of the ecclesiastical power which should succeed it in the rule of the peninsula. The subdeacon who was his agent at Ravenna, and those who administered the property of the Church in the Campagna or in Sicily, the bishops themselves all over the Empire, reported to Rome, and their words were not without effect, and in all the advice which issued from this information Gregory pressed without faltering the authority of the Church: the pope was above the exarch, the Church above the State: if the civil law was invoked to protect the weak, to guide the rulers, to secure the rights of all Christian men, there was behind it the supreme sanction of the law of the Church. It was natural indeed that they should not be distinguished: a wrong against man was a wrong against God. It did not matter whether it was the oppression of a peasant or the pillage of a monastery: iniquity, it was the perpetual cry of the great pontiff, should not go unpunished. And, in a corresponding view to his attitude towards civil justice, Gregory insisted on the privileges of clergy in the law courts; and in the civil courts he is found placing representatives of his own beside the lay judges. Outside the law there were still a wide sphere in which the aid of the State was demanded on behalf of the Church. Governors would bring back schismatics, was congratulated on their victories over heathen, were urged to act against heretics, and to protect and support those who had returned to the faith.

On the other hand he no doubt set plain limits, in his own mind, to his sphere of action and that of the bishops. He constantly told the Italian bishops to observe the rights of the lay courts, not to interfere in the things of the world save when the interests of the poor demanded


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Author:Margery Lawrence

Works

 * “The Mask” (1923)
 * Miss Brandt, Adventuress (1923)
 * Red Heels (1924)
 * Nights of the Round Table (1926)

title: Author:Margery Lawrence


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 Rh

The Negros are of several sorts, from the several places of Guinea, which are reckoned the best Slaves, those from the East-Indies or Madagascins, are reckoned good enough, but too choice in their Diet, being accustomed in their own Countries to Flesh Meat, &c. and do not well here, but very often die. Those who are Creolians, born in the Island, or taken from the Spaniards, are reckoned more worth than others in that they are season'd to the Island.

Clothing of the Island is much as in England, especially of the better sort, that of the Indians and Negros is a little Canvass Jacket and Breeches, given them at Christmas. It seems to me the Europeans do not well, who coming from a cold Country, continue here to Cloth themselves after the same manner as in England, whereas all Inhabitants between the Tropics go even almost naked, and Negros and Indians live almost so here, their Cloths serving them but a very small part of the year.

When they sleep they unty their Breeches, and loosen thir Girdles, finding by experience this Custom healthy, and there is good reason for it, for by that means the Circulation of the blood is not interrupted, and so consequently humours are not deposited in the several parts of the Body, which ever follows such interruption.

The Buildings of the Spaniards on this Island were usually one Story high, having a Porch, Parlour, and at each end a Room, with small ones behind for Closets, &c. They built with Posts put deep in the ground, on the sides their Houses were plaistered up with Clay on Reeds, or made of the split Truncs of Cabbage-Trees nail'd close to one another, and covered with Tiles, or Palmetto Thatch. The Lowness, as well as fixing the Posts deep in the Earth, was for fear their Houses should be ruin'd by Earthquakes, as well as for Coolness.

The Houses built by the English, are for the most part Brick, and after the English manner, which are neither cool, nor able to endure the shocks of Earthquakes. The Kitchens, or Cook-Rooms here, are always at a small distance from their Houses, because of the heat and smell, which are both noisom and troublesome.

There are no Chimneys or Fire-places in their Houses, but in the Cook-Room, this word is used to signifie their Kitchen, and is a Sea word, as many others of that Country.

The Houses of considerable Planters are usually removed from their Sugar, or other Works, that they may be free from the noise and smells of them, which are very offensive.

The Negroes Houses are likewise at a distance from their Masters, and are small, oblong, thatch'd Huts, in which they have all their Moveables or Goods, which are generally a Mat to lie on, a Pot of Earth to boil their Victuals in, either Yams, Plantains, or Po-


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 846 KATE'S WINTER IN WASHINGTON.

She gave herself no time to think where Harry Everett was concerned. At first she told herself fiercely that she was glad - glad! But it is not so easy to tear out and erase the affection of a whole life. Those passionate loves, kindled by a glance, a first meeting, show for much more, in the way of strength and intensity, than a love such as Kate's had been, but they are not so hard to kill-absence and anger together will usually do it.

I said she took no time to think; she was furious with herself when she found that she dared not; but calling herself hard names, and administering mental self-flagellation, did not alter the fact. So she rushed about from the time she got out of bed till she got into it, so tired physically by the incessant round that she would have slept if she had been going to execution the next morning.

But, no matter how great the excitement, how pleasant the ball or concert, how complete her triumph, that dull ache haunted her heart, followed her into her dreams, and, worst of all, in sleep, her will was powerless, and she would see and hear him as he had been when he was most loving and tender, and most noble in her eyes; and she would be conscious that she loved him, and have to wake and rage against herself for being mean-spirited enough to have such visions.

Phil Marsden haunted her like her shadow. His constant attentions were beginning to be freely commented on; but Kate did not dream of that.

"It is so much better for a young girl, left so much alone as you are, to have a married man

like Philip ready to attend you." Circe said, "If you let any unmarried fellow hang about you too much, they will say you are engaged - and you don't want that."

"Indeed, I don't," cried Kate, with a shudder.

"And you know Philip and I are always glad, either of us, to be of the least service to you. Phil says you seem just like a younger sister. I don't know how I should live without you, so patient with all my whims and follies."

Kate no longer contradicted her when she uttered such self-reproaches. She loved Lily as well as ever, but she had learned to consider her both capricious and imprudent.

If everybody could have shown her that she was allowing a married man to make her the confidant of his heart and home disappointments, she would have been shocked and horrified at herself. But Marsden had managed so artfully, gone his way so cautiously, and it had all come about so gradually, that she did not in the least realize the position that their friendship had assumed.

She had learned to let him appeal openly to her for sympathy in his lonely life, as well as for interest in his hopes and aims. He told her that her talent was so immense, her intuitions so unerring, that he would rather take her advice than that of the shrewdest diplomatist living; and she believed that she understood him thoroughly, and thought all his plans so noble.

Circe omitted no opportunity of throwing them together. She would make appointments to take Kate out and send Phil instead, ask her to her house, and be gone, and leave word that she was to let Phil entertain her during that unavoidable absence.

And Phil Marsden could hardly have failed to make himself agreeable to any woman. His skill in reading character was something almost supernatural; and Kate was too impulsive not to be transparent, so that he understood her much more thoroughly than she did herself.

He was too astute not to do her full justice; too clever a villain to disbelieve in truth, honor, and purity, just because he did not possess them. And he knew that no woodland lake, in the sunshine, was ever more unstained than the girl's soul. Theoretically, she had a great many ideas that she would have been better without that is true of all girls with any brains at all. The course of education, the books they are allowed to read, the state society is in, all combine to make that true. I am inclined to believe that Innocence disappeared from earth a great while ago. Theoretically, everybody knows everything; but purity, after all, is a great deal better, since, nine times out of ten, Innocence used to go over the bay when temptation came, just because she did not recognize it until too late.

With all their efforts, and notwithstanding their intimacy with Kate, the Marsdens found themselves proceeding very slowly in their attempts to reach Mr. Wallingford.

He was not fond of society, and never went out when he could help it; and when Circe did meet him, she was so much puzzled by his quiet reserve that she was afraid of making a wrong move, and Phil succeeded even more poorly.

When Mr. Wallingford thought about these people, he had a vague feeling of distrust in his mind; but he was so much occupied that he seldom did remember their existence any more than that of the other butterflies whom he saw flitting about his niece.

And just now the Marsdens were passing

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426 ANNETTE LYLE'S CHRISTMAS GIFT.

ends just touching her long, white, slender neck, which was encircled with a narrow, linen collar and little pin. Her dress was of cheap, black alpaca, but its folds fell with natural grace about her slight form; the dusty boots Violetta had remarked were small and exquisitely shaped; so were the lady-like hands-the fingers marked by toil with the needle- from which she had removed the neat gloves. His lawyer's eye, noting these details, he said to himself, "Poor thing! she can't be more than nineteen, is orphaned and friendless, and must have been delicately bred. Yet here she is, earning her living by needlework!"

He noticed, too, that she was not abashed by the elegance of his mother's parlor. She occupied her place with quiet submission, but did not seem uneasy in it, and was only shy and frightened when he addressed her. The books, the pictures, the piano standing near, seemed her natural surroundings ; she cast upon them the grateful, appreciative glance of long friendship. He observed the patient sweetness of her delicate face; the long lashes, and rare color of her eyes; the sad expression of her soft, unsmiling lips; the little, quick characteristic movement, like a bird shaking out its ruffled plumage, by which she seemed to order and compose her dress and mien in a moment into its settled place.

Already she had forgotten him, and her eyes had strayed to the enchanting scene without, where the croquet players still lingered. Those eyes were thoughtful even to sadness, but there was not the faintest shade of envy in their clear brown lids. " Oh! to be one of those bright, young creatures," she thought; "to have so fair a face, so fine a fortune, to wear such beautiful dresses, to reign in such a happy home as this, to be so loved, so cherished, adored, and protected!"

She came back to life with a deep sigh as the mistress of the house, in robes of heavy silk, rustled in.

Weeks passed, and Charles Dean had seen nothing more of the shy stranger he had ushered so romantically into the house. Probably she was at work, he thought, up in the lonely den at the top of the house, to which he sometimes saw solitary meals being carried on trays, as to a State prisoner. Charles Dean, a corner of whose heart those quiet eyes had strangely touched, thought how he should like to sweeten this "bread of dependence" with a little human kindness, or even to share the " crust" for the sake of looking in the "rare pale" face that had fascinated his fancy.

Thought is free, but his feet were fettered by etiquette, and so he never did penetrate to the lofty chamber where Annette Lyle sat and sewed- nor did Mr. Dean ever meet her in the grounds. Her natural shyness led her, when she went out for air and exercise, after her day's toil was over, into quite different ways from those the heir of the house would have chosen. She liked to wander away and sit down on the rocks by the river, a little stream whose waters flowed backward from the great waves of the sea, a few miles off, whose salt breath fanned her cheek and damped her hair.

In spite of the sedentary life she led, these walks, and the kindly atmosphere in which she lived, revived and benefited her. A tender pink dawned in the little face ; her movements lost their slowness and languor ; something of the elastic grace and life of the youth she had missed returned to her. Sewing in het rooms, under tireless task-mistresses, she had grown quiet and dull, with the weariness of age upon her, its weight and burden. Now she bloomed sweet as a rose-bud in the fostering air ; the very servants were kind to her. They liked the little stranger, and strove to show it ; she was so young, so utterly lonely, so pretty, and so gentle. Even the Scotch gardener, so gruff and stern, praised her for a "bonnie bit lassie," and was glad to see her linger over bis plants.

Mrs. Johnson was not slow in discovering what a treasure she had gained. She found those deft fingers, governed by an innate taste and skill, were apt to fashion far more than the simple uses to which at first she put them. From the plainer portions of the family wardrobe, the little seamstress passed to the intricate mysteries of dress-making and embroidery ; and the lady of the house, well pleased, was able to save the expense and waste of the French modiste, who had long ruled over her toilet. Finally, the toilet itself was referred to Annette's taste and judgment, and at very liberal wages, and with no prospect of dismissal, she found herself installed in the duties of her novel position.

All the gay summer visitors had departed to fashionable resorts; and Mrs. Johnson would have followed them but for her husband's indisposition. The warm weather, or some other exciting cause, brought on an attack of gout, which kept him confined to his wife's room, and herself in close attendance on his person.

Unable to visit the scene of her seamstress' labors, she had the work brought down and performed near by; and thus the little dressmaker was a daily witness of the sick man's sufferings, and often the quiet ministrant to his

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 EDITOR'S EDITORIAL CHIT - CHAT. " PETERSON" FOR 18701- We call attention to our Prospectus, for next year, to be found on the last page of the cover. It is now admitted, everywhere, that " Peterson" is cheaper and better than any periodical of its kind. Our enormous edition, surpassing that of any monthly in the world, enables us to distance all competitors. Our fashion department, particularly, excels that of any cotemporary. Most of the other monthlies give only colored wood-cuts, or lithographs, for their principal plate; we, on the contrary, give elegant and costly steel engravings. Our styles, moreover, are the very latest, and are received in. advance from Paris. Our correspondents abroad have access to all the freshest novelties, so that our fair subscribers are never misled by false intelligence. The mammoth colored fashion-plates in " Peterson," in short, are not only the most tasteful and beautiful issued in the United States, but also the most reliable. Our original stories, tales and novelets, have been acknowJedged, for years, to excel those of any cotemporary. In 1870 the literary department will be more brilliant than ever, as a glance at the Prospectus will show. We never had such a series of novelets before : and the shorter stories will be equally attractive. The best of our contributors, moreover, write exclusively for us : no other magazine has Mrs. Ann Stephens, or Frank Lee Benedict, or the author of " The Second Life, " or several others. Every new writer of ability is engaged, so as to keep " Peterson" always fresh, and always ahead of its rivals. Now is the time to canvass for clubs ! Anybody, with a little exertion, can get up a club, and so become entitled to the premiums. Be the first in the field ! A specimen will be sent, gratis, if written for. Do not lose a moment!

TABLE. THE USUAL WAY of carpeting room in this country is neither the handsomest nor the ost excnomical. If a carpet is fitted to a room, as is Lw the general practice, there is considerable waste in cutting, or cau the carpet, afterward, be moved to another room, without great trouble and loss. Carpets should, for the sake of the style, as well as for economy, be made up either in the form of a square or a parallelogram. A square carpet can be turned four times with each side upward, making eight times, and a parallelogram four times. The length that these will last beyond one which is fitted, and which consequently exposes one part only to the greatest wear, is, of course, very great. As a carpet of this kind cannot always be made to cover the whole floor, some other mode must be adopted of covering the remainder of the space. The margin may be covered with oilcloth, or with baize or drugget ; but by far the best mode is to stain the uncovered margin a walnut color, letting the stain extend a few inches under the carpet. This method gives a pleasing finish to the room, producing a very good effect, and saves much labor in cleaning. The pattern of carpets for small rooms should be small, for a large pattern in such places is in bad taste, and in eutting to match there is great waste. The colors should harmonize with those of the room and the curtains, if you have curtains; for example, a carpet, the greater part of which is green, would suit red or white curtains, but would produce a very unpleasant effect with blue ones. When dirty, loce carpets are easily removed and shaken, and, as they are casily swept under, they do not become so dirty as when fitted ; when soiled, they may be cleansed, after beating, with the following mixture : Two gallons of water, with half a pound of soft-soap dissolved in it, to which add four ounces ammonia this may rubbed on with flannel, of andliquid the carpet then; rubbed drybewith cloth.a a coarse Staining the floor is better than painting it, for the stain is more lasting, is prettier, and is as cheap.

OUR COLORED PATTERNS are a feature peculiar to this Magazine. No other periodical publishes these useful and elegant illustrations, for they are too costly. In the present number we give a double-size one, an Anti-Macassar, or Tidy, to be worked on Java canvas, and we print it in AT A BALL given lately, in Paris, two dresses were espe- the appropriate colors, so as to show its true effect. The Java canvas is yellow, or straw-color, and the black, worked cially noticeable. One was a white tarlatan dress made with a plaited flounce, headed by a rouleau of claret-colored on it, is very effective. satin; over this fell a deep tunic of tarlatan, which at the IT IS THE FASHION to come back to ancient materials. We back formed a pannier in the shape of a large butterfly bow, see every day some reviving, the memory of which dwelt caught down and intermingled with wide bias folds of the only in the minds of our grandmothers. To-day it is the claret-colored satin. Another was a rich light-blue silk, plain crape de Chine, of which dresses are made, and espealmost covered with old point ; in the hair was a diamond cially tunics upon under-skirts of silk. Crape de Chine is a tiara, intermixed with point lace and primroses. beautiful and lovely material in white or plain gray, many , or light green. It is trimmed with black velvet and fringe LONG PLAID SHAWLS will be worn, this fall and winter, so with balls. as to imitate a coat or mantle. This is effected by laying a few folds, fastening them at the back of the neck, and then DRESSES ARE MORE varied, more extraordinary and mera bringing them down to the belt, from which the shawl is extravagant than ever. Panniers, especially, bigger and left to fall loosely. The shawl is folded in front also, and more pronounced. Instead of a bow being are worn on the in doing this, as well as the other, great room is left for the sash at the back of the waist, it now seems invariably to be exercise of taste. It is a very graceful way of wearing the placed about a quarter of a yard below in the center of the shawl. pannier. WE WILL SEND three subscribers for $4 50, during 1870, as SAVE A DOLLAR -Remember that the price of this Mugawe did this year, if no premium engraving is asked. zine is but two dollars a year, while all other first-class monthlies are three, or even four, dollars, Single subDRESSES ARE TO BE worn, this winter, in suits. They will scribers can get " Peterson" for less than the club prices of be wadded, or have a warm vest under the basque. similar periodicals. 390

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 LEATHER COMB - CASE.

389

stitch lying at the back of the row each time. work round the stripe with wool corresponding Form a stripe about eight or ten inches long with the pattern one row of double from the back, and finish with a picot edge of the same color; each picot consists of five chain with one double in the first. Then for the lining, which must correspond with the foundation of the garter, work in one long side in the row of double one row of double, then three rows of close treble, and another row of double. Join the side edges with a row of single in such a manner that the working thread, always lying inside, is carried on, and the chain- stitch chain advances under the firmly worked lining. For fastening the garter, work first in one of the cross sides a close treble row thirty-one inches and a half long, lay it double, and crochet this double line all round with double. Work in the same manner an eye two inches in length to C and eleven stitches broad. The simple pattern draw the long band through. This is a neat may be easily worked from the design. Then and tasty article.

LEATHER

COMB - CASE.

BY MRS. JANE WEAVER.

TAKE two pieces of silver-colored leather can- cardboard under each part, bind them with vas four inches long, and one inch and a quar- narrow black ribbon, and ornament this bindter broad. Round them at one end, accordinging at regular distances with little knots of red to design, and embroider them with black wool silk cordon. After this both parts may be sewn and red silk cordon. Then place some white together.

INITIALS

FOR

JO

MARKING.

MONOGRAM.

WS

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 DUSTER-BASKET, WITH VARIEGATED EMBROIDERY. BY MRS. JANE WEAVER.

MATERIALS.-White and fawn-colored cloth, gold, dark-red, blue, and blue-green silk cordon, gold cord, brown sarcenet ribbon, one inch broad, brown floss silk. The basket must be purchased. The ornaments consist of scallops of different form and size placed alternately. No. 2 represents the largest in full size. The Chinese flower patterns are worked in flat stitch upon white cloth, and have always a gold-colored calyx, with one blue, one bright-red, and one blue-green petal. The flowers are joined with stalk and herringbone stitch, and ornamented with gold cord. The oval joining scallops of fawn cloth are five inches and a quarter long and one inch and three-quarters broad. At the upper-part they are ornamented with large button-hole stitches in gold-colored silk to represent ears of barley; along the middle are three blue-green silk

CROCHET

stitches, held together by one cross stitch. The point of each scallop is ornamented with a tassel of brown sewing-silk. The bows upon the cover, and the ruche, which covers the joining on of the ornaments, must correspond with this.

GARTER.

BY MRS. JANE WEAVER.

backward with two colors in Russian crochet, MATERIALS.-Red and white Berlin wool. For the outside work first rows forward and which is like double, only that you take the 388

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 KEY- BASKET - CHENILLE

EMBROIDERY.

387

sists of a strip ofleather cloth, halfan inch broad, } the inner pocket part is placed. This handle has twisted with black cord fastened on the outside three bows, and in the middle, under the bow, is with two brass rings, according to No. 2, where placed a long hook to fasten it to the belt.

KEY- BASKET - CHENILLE

EMBROIDERY.

BY MRS. JANE WEAVER.

MATERIALS. -Coarse canvas, black, blue,, a double cross stitch of yellow silk cordon, green and red chenille, straw-colored silk cor- leaving a space in the middle, eight stitches don, blue satin ribbon, one inch broad. The high, for the chenille embroidery, for which commence with black, and then work alternately with blue, red, and green chenille, arranging the stitches two in each other as in brickwork. For the shading, see No. 2. A chenille stitch is stitched across crosswise after four cross stitches ; a yellow silk cordon stitch marks the pattern. When the embroidery is finished, it must be lined with gauze and trimmed on both sides with a blue satin ruche, for which the inchbroad ribbon must be cut in two lengthwise. chenille embroidery is represented in the proper The ruche must be arranged upon the yellow, size in No. 2. oval, plaited cane-basket, as shown in the deThe strip of canvas, which is twelve stitches sign, and fastened with invisible stitches. Satin high, must first be worked at the outer edge in bows are placed at the handle.

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 DRESS STRAP. BY MRS. JANE WEAVER.

THIS strap consists of a plait of six lengths size. The round end is worked with three pieces of round, black silk elastic. No. 2 shows an only of the elastic. This round loop when end and portion of the plait in a rather reduced worked measures one inch and a quarter long ; then a plait twenty-eight or thirty inches long, with the six cords of elastic, is continued from this. Each length requires two yards and a half of elastic. An oval button also is needed to fasten through the loop; and two little tassels attached to the cord ornament the fastening.

POCKET

FOR

GOLOSHES.

BY MRS. JANE WEAVER.

MATERIALS.-Brown American leather, brown Llama, four yards of brown, flat braid, half an inch broad, one yard of brown sarcenet ribbon, one inch broad, four yards of the narrowest red scallop braid, brown and yellow sewing silk, three-quarters of a yard of thick, black woolen cord, ten inches of black elastic, one belt-hook, two brass rings, and one brass button. For this pocket cut a square of the leather cloth measuring half a yard ; line it with the Llama or thin flannel, and bind it all round with the brown, flat braid. Stitch the braid with brown silk. Inside place narrow, red scallop braid, and fasten it with yellow silk stitches. Place two pockets according to No. 1 upon the Llama lining ; these consisting of a straight piece of Llama, twelve inches long, and twelve inches and a half broad, lined with the leather cloth, and bound with braid ornamented with yellow silk. For fastening the bag securely an eye is placed in the middle, and } At the fourth corner a button and an elastic a ribbon at the three corners, in order to be band with an eye are placed. able to fasten the corners together in the middle. The handle is eighteen inches long, and con386

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 DIAGRAM

OF LITTLE GIRL'S

TUNIC AND CAPE.

10IN 6IN

Nº1

Nº 2 18IN

13IN

18in 17IN

IIIN

12IN

22IN

4 IN 7IN

2 /IN

10IN E

&

N° 3 13IN

0

13IN CHIN 12IN

2IN F

BIN 3IN

4IN A

3IN

Peter C

Τ

7IN

D 14-10

F F

2IN

421N 12IN

B K ΙΣΙΝ

G

24IN

I

3IN D

42IN

4/21

7 K

NAME

FOR

MARKING.

Kelly

CROCHET

EDGE.

385

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 And these are his words:

"My brothers and sisters, I have not commanded you to come here to make light of what I will tell you, but to open you hearts and minds, so that God's mysteries may be unfolded to your view.

I have not commanded you to come here to fear me, or to make you think I am more than a mortal. Like everyone else, I too, am sometimes weak in body and mind.

But I've been chosen by you and consecrated by my father Mosiah, and I've been allowed to be your ruler and king. I've been saved by the Lord's matchless power to serve you with all the might, mind and strength that He gives me.

I've spent my life in your service, not seeking gold, silver or any kind of riches from you. I have not allowed slavery or confinement in dungeons. I have not allowed murder, plunder, stealing or adultery.

I have not condoned any kind of wickedness, but I have taught you to keep all the Lord's commandments. I've even labored with my own hands to serve you so you would not be burdened with taxes. You, yourselves, know all these things.

I do not say these things to boast or to accuse you. I say these things so that you will know that I can answer to God with a clear

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 T

384

LITTLE

GIRL'S TUNIC AND CAPE.

In order to widen the upper part turn the work in the eleventh row after thirty- eight stitches ; and in working back upon these crochet a shell pattern in the last stitch but one. When these rows are finished, sew the gaiter up lengthwise on the wrong side. Then work one row of double round the upper and under edge. For the under conclusion crochet picots containing five chain, with one double in the first

LITTLE

GIRL'S

chain. At the upper edge work an interrupted treble row. Make a chain with two little tassels at the ends to run into this row. Above the interrupted treble work a line of picots as before described. Then crochet two narrow straps consisting offour rows of double, and fasten them under the foot. Each shell pattern has a cross stitch of filoselle in the middle, and a line of cross stitch round the edge of the foot (see design. )

TUNIC

AND

CAPE.

BY EMILY II. MAY.

WE give, this month, an engraving (front and back) of a little girl's tunic and cape. On the next page we give diagrams by which to cut them out.

D half of the pieces composing the bodice. By the letters it may be readily seen how to put it together. The right hand C is the front. O O half of the two pieces composing the cape, No. 1, 2 and 3 make one-half of the skirt of which is gathered at the back, as seen in the the tunic. No. 1 is half of the back. No. 2 is engraving, where the design is given with and the side. No. 3 is half of the front. CI) and C without the cape.

1

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 GAITER

FOR

LITTLE

GIRL.

BY MRS. JANE WEAVER.

stitch upon the needle, take them from the needle all together with one chain, then crochet another chain and conclude the row with three plain stitches. No. 2 shows the pattern in full

MATERIALS. -One ounce and a quarter of white Berlin wool, one skein of rose-colored filoselle, crochet-hook, No. 13, bell gauge. Work in rows forward and backward. The upper part is ornamented with little shells, increasing in number toward the front of the gaiter. Commence with fifty stitches. The chain should be loose. Work the first row plain in double stitch, increasing one stitch in the last, sticking always in the back thread. The first pattern is worked at the end of the second row. For this lay the thread round the needle, stick over the first row into the last stitch but threethe forty-sixth stitch of the first row- and draw a loop through. When there are four of these double loops formed by sticking in the same VOL. LVI.- 25

size, with the mode of working it, sticking theneedle over into the last row but one as before. mentioned. The upper-edge is in straight lines. At the under edge, as far as the middle, increase. one stitch at the conclusion of each row. At the end of the fourth row work two shell : patterns in reversed order, and afterward the Iremainder in the same manner. The first of these two patterns commences in the sixth stitch. reckoning backward from the edge ; the latter must meet the last edge stitch but one. 6th row contains three shell patterns sepa-rated by three double. 8th row: Work six double to form the beginning of the gore ; work back upon these six : stitches, and at the end make thirteen chain to begin the front of the foot ; upon this chain work thirteen double, then six double upon the six stitches of the gore, and six stitches further on to lengthen it. Work back again to the end of the foot. From here work as far as the front middle of the gaiter three entire rows forward and twoback. In the first of these three rows forward ! work five shell patterns, six in the second, and eight in the third ; then continue the work in the same manner in the opposite direction until you. have reached the row with one shell: The back of the gaiter requires twenty-two rows with the patterns arranged in two little scallops. Each scallop begins like the front with one shell. The longest pattern row contains five patterns. All the rows are worked in straight lines except the eleventh and twelfth. 383

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94 the best methods of cultivating the American cottons, and the kind best suited for India. The results are upon the whole unsatisfactory owing principally, the committee believe, "to our ignorance of the proper seasons for sowing; bad seed; and from the selection of land, rather forced upon the society and wholly unsuited to the growth of cotton, being too rich in most places, and too salt in others." The committee observe "This fact is so palpable that it hardly requires remark. It has shown itself in every progressive step from sowing the seed, to the last stage of cropping the cotton.

"1st. It has shown itself by the rapidity and luxuriance of vegetation in the production of abundance of wood, leaf, and flower, but little produce.

2d. By an almost unceasing process of blossoming, thereby exhausting the plant before it had attained maturity, and consequently deteriorating the staple in the ratio of excessive bearing.

3d. By the general result of short produce, an invariable sign of too rich and moist a soil.

4th. To another cause your Committee are disposed, to ascribe failure, viz. an improper mode of planting."

The Committee also point out that broadcast sowing will not answer with the American plant. That the soil requires to be dug to a great depth, about 18 inches, the tap root extending nearly that length, and, if obstructed, checking its growth. This precaution cannot be so necessary in the light sandy soils I have recommended, as in the clay one of Akra, but, when cotton is cultivated in the best manner, must always be attended to. Transplanting was tried on one occasion, but without any beneficial result. The following paragraph I quote entire, as affording so pointed a confirmation from experience, of the plan I had advocated from analogy, and which will I trust be frequently tried, so as to leave no doubt of the advantages likely to flow from a systematic adoption of it in all kinds of cotton cultivation, to which experience may prove it applicable.

"Your Committee would beg your special attention to the following paragraph from Mr. De Verinne's letter to the officiating Secretary, dated Surdah, 5th August, 1835: "The out-turn of the last season 1832-33, shows a more favourable result, as 60 maunds of clean cotton and 180 maunds of cotton-seed, were gathered at the farm from December 1832, to May 1833. It must be recollected that the greater part of this cotton and seed was produced from 90 beegahs and 91 cottahs of Upland Georgia cotton cultivation, sown the previous season, the stumps of which only were left after the severe hail storm of the 25th and 26th March, 1832; these stumps threw out fresh shoots during the rainy season of that year; were partially pruned, and well hoed up at the conclusion of the rains, and yielded from December to


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596-599] help. But his own keen sense of justice, his political training, his knowledge of affairs, forbade him to hold his tongue. The Empire, like the Church, was to him a splendid power of holy and heroic tradition: there was ever, he said to an imperial official, this difference between the Roman emperors and the barbarian kings that while the latter governed slaves the former were rulers of free men. To keep this always in the mind of the governing class must have been his aim, and his consolation, when, as he said, the cares of the world pressed so heavily upon him that he was often doubtful whether he was discharging the duties of an earthly official or those of a shepherd of men's souls.

In both capacities his work was continuous and engrossing. Invasion, rapine, insecurity of life and property, made clerk as well as lay lax livers, negligent stewards, cruel and faithless, luxurious and slothful. Against all such Gregory was the perpetual witness.

When Romanus the exarch died, probably in 596, his successor at Ravenna, Callinicus, received a warm welcome from the pope. For a time there was a lull in the tempest, but still Gregory preached vigilance, to bishop and governor alike, for Italy had not shaken off the terror even if Rome was for the moment outside the area of the storm. Writing in 598 to a lady in Constantinople the pope was able to assure her that so great was the protection given by St Peter to the city that, without the aid of soldiers, he had "by God's help been preserved for these many years among the swords of the enemy." A truce was made with Agilulf, it seems, in 598: in 599 this became a general peace in which the Empire through the exarch, and with the active support, though not the signature, of the pope, came to agreement with Agilulf the Lombard king and with the dukes of Spoleto and Benevento. His letters shew how much this was due to the tact, the wisdom, the patient persistence of Gregory; and it is certain also that Theodelinda, the Catholic wife of Agilulf, had played no unimportant part in the work of pacification. At Monza remain the relics of this wise queen; fitly beside the iron crown of the Lombards is the image of the protection that was given by the peace of Church and State, a hen that gathers her chickens under her wings.

The year 599 which dates this peace between the "Christian Republic" and the Lombards marks a definite epoch in the history of Italy. Paul the Deacon in his History of the Lombards shews that it was a time of crisis, conquest, and resettlement for Agilulf the king. The letters of Gregory shew that it was for him a period of incessant activity and reassertion of papal authority, while at Rome the city was "so reduced by the languor of various diseases that there are scarce left men enough to guard the walls" and the pope himself was in the clutch of increasing sickness, often unable to leave his bed for days together. Italy was still swept by pestilence; and exhaustion as well as political peace gave quiet for some two years.


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250 In 601 the flames of war were rekindled by a rash move on the part of the exarch Callinicus. Agilulf again took up arms, seized Pavia and levelled it to the ground — a fate which the medieval chroniclers century by century record to have befallen the unhappy city. He made alliance with the heathen Avars, and with them ravaged Istria. He passed over northern Italy in a career of conquest: he carried the Lombard frontier forwards to include the valley of the Po. At Ravenna the imperial authority lingered on, and the exarch Callinicus was succeeded by Smaragdus, holding office for a second time. But the reality of power was passing, if it had not already passed, under the incessant energy of Gregory, into the hands of the pope, who had become the practical ruler of central Italy. It was in the year 603, when the Empire and the Lombards were at war, that Gregory shewed his aloofness from a strife which seems to have left the power of the Church undisturbed, by his rejoicing at the Catholic baptism of Adaloald, the firstborn son of Agilulf the Arian and Theodelinda the Catholic queen. Paul the Deacon indeed says, though he is unsupported by other witness, that Agilulf the father had already accepted the Catholic faith. As his sickness grew the great pope saw the future less dark than it had been during his life of anxiety. Rome, if impoverished and enfeebled, was securely in the possession of its bishop; and the conflicts which raged over northern and central Italy could hardly end, now that Catholicism was conquering the Lombards, otherwise than in favour of the papal power.

It may well be that this feeling coloured his attitude when news came to him of the revolution at Constantinople in 602. Maurice had long seemed to Gregory, as indeed he had seemed to his people, to be unworthy of the imperial throne. He was timid when he should have been bold, rash when prudence was essential to the safety of the State. His health had broken down, and fits of cowardice alternated with outbursts of frenzied rage. All the tales of him that reached Rome would increase Gregory's dislike and distrust. Already he had rebuked the Caesar to his face, and well he may have thought, when he heard of his deposition and murder by the centurion Phocas, that the warning he had given had been disregarded, and the judgment he had prophesied had come. With Maurice perished his whole family, with whom Gregory had been on terms of affectionate regard. Maurice had been an unwise, perhaps a tyrannical ruler, and certainly he had seemed to the pope an oppressor of the poor. And he had supported the patriarch in his overweening pretension to be "universal bishop." When Phocas therefore announced his accession, silent no doubt as to the butcheries which accompanied it, and dwelling rather on his orthodoxy and attachment to the Apostolic See, Gregory replied in language of surprising cordiality. The revolution was to him something that came from "the incomprehensible providence of God"; and he trusted that soon he should be comforted by the abundance of rejoicing that the sufferings


text: Archaeological Journal/Volume 11/Original Documents: Correspondence between Bishop Grandisson and the Courtenay Family


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 At last, exalted by the richness of his fancies, Mahjoub spoke.

"Aywah! Aywah! Aywah!" he intoned. "This is my day of days, and I am the lord and master of destiny!"

The darwish paused, and solemnly contemplated a vista of splendors, then continued, "Mahjoub has met destiny at the crossroads!"

"Allah and again by Allah!" swore Nureddin. "My uncle's voice and gesture as well as his face."

And then, to the officer in command of his escort of soldiers and footmen: "ThowThrow [sic] that fellow into jail. Maybe he'll learn to smoke that stuff in private."

The soldiers pounced on the darwish like a wolf pack.

"Hear with all your ears! See with all your eyes!" he chanted as his escort hastened his march with well-directed kicks. "Mahjoub is master of thrones and crowns!"

Nureddin yawned to conceal his elation, and signalled to his retainers as he wheeled his horse about and rode to the palace. As he rode, he heard the sonorous declamation of the darwish.

"Praise Allah, a happy omen!" exulted Nureddin. "That hasheesh-smoker sees his destiny as clearly as I see mine."

night Nureddin waited in the alcove that faced the brilliantly lighted reception hall of the palace. From time to time he peeped between the curtains that concealed him, and contemplated with satisfaction the flasks of 'araki that the sultan and Ali Agha, the red-bearded Albanian captain of irregulars, had emptied. The imposing array of liquor yet to be consumed predicted progress in the right direction; and Nureddin, taking this into account with the capacity of the drinkers, had estimated how long it would be before he could start his march to his uncle's throne. As a final touch to the perfection of his scheme, he had armed himself with a revolver stolen that day from Ali Agha, so that the assassination would without a trace of doubt be charged to a drunken quarrel between the sultan and his cup companion.

"So you'll take the chief wazir's head tomorrow?" remarked the Albanian as Shams ud Din poured himself a stiff drink and with a pious "Bismillahi" drained it at a gulp. "But, my lord, what's that father of many little pigs done now?"

"Nothing at all," replied the sultan, after extinguishing the scorching fires in his throat with a slice of cucumber and a spoonful of curds. "Wallahi! And that's the beauty of the idea. This city is a nest of traitors lying awake nights hoping to find me asleep at the wrong time. But when they see Zayd's head on a lance-shaft by the Herati Gate in the morning, every one of the horde of plotters will be discouraged by the thought that I uncovered a scheme so secret that he had not heard a whisper of it. Thus each will suspect his fellows, and they won't be able to get concerted action against me."

"Mashallah!" marvelled the Albanian. "There is craft for you."

"Mashallah!" said Nureddin to himself as he fingered the butt of his revolver and peered between the scarcely parted curtains, "and if that is craft, then he is indeed the forgotten of Allah!"

"One has to be subtle," agreed Shams ud Din. "Since I can't trust my spies, nor the spies I set to watch my spies—by the way, I have a great notion to take a hand at it myself, and see what those fellows are doing tonight, and how many are taking bribes for bringing me false reports."

"I take refuge from Satan!" exclaimed


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 manent changes in religious thought; and moreover, if a supposition of this kind would be an error, something worse than simply an error would be implied if any should indulge a wish that things might be allowed to collapse into their anterior position, unchanged and unbenefited, by the recent controversy. A wish of this sort would indicate at once extreme ignorance as to the cause and the nature of the argument, and moreover a culpable indifference in relation to the progress and the re-establishment of Christian belief.

Animated, or—it may be—passionate, religious controversies are hurricanes in the world of thought, ordained of God for effecting purposes which would not be effected otherwise than by the violence of storms; and let this figure serve us a step further.—The same hurricane which clears the atmosphere, and which sweeps away noxious accumulations from the surface of the earth, serves a not less important purpose in bringing into view the fissures, the settlements, the forgotten rents in the structures we inhabit. It is Heaven's own work thus to purify the atmosphere; but it is man's work to look anew to his own house—after a storm, and to repair


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 its dilapidations. To rejoice gratefully in a health-giving atmosphere, and a clear sky, is what is due to piety; but it is also due to piety to effect, in time, needed repairs at home.

As to the recent out-speak of unbelief, it is of that kind which must, in the nature of things, be recurrent, at intervals, longer or shorter. The very conditions of a Revelation that has been consigned to various records in the course of thirty centuries involve a liability to the renewal of exceptive argumentation, which easily finds points of lodgment upon so large a surface. But this periodic atheistic epilepsy (unbelief within the pale of Christianity never fails to become atheistic) will not occasion alarm to those who indeed know on what ground they stand on the side of religious belief. This ground has not, and will not, be shaken.

Looking inwards upon our Christianity—looking Churchward—there may indeed be reason for uneasiness. This recent agitation could not fail to bring into view, in the sight of all men—the religious, and the irreligious—alike, a defect, a want of understanding, a flaw, or a fault, in that mass of opinion con-


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 cerning the Scriptures, as inspired books, which we have inherited from our remote ancestors. No one, at this time, well knows what it is which he believes, as to this great question; or what it is which he ought to believe concerning those conditions—literary and historical—subject to which the Revelation we accept as from God, and which is attested as such, by miracles, and by the Divine præ-notation of events, has been embodied in the books of the Canon.

There are indeed many who, not only will reject any such intimation of obscurity or doubtfulness on this ground, but who will show a hasty resentment of what they will denounce as an insidious assault upon the faith. The feelings, or say—the prejudices, of persons of this class ought to be respected, and their inconsiderateness should be kindly allowed for; their fears and their jealousies are—for the truth; nor should we impute to good men any but the best motives, even when their want of temper appears to be commensurate with their want of intelligence. But after showing all forbearance toward such worthy persons, there is a higher duty which must not be evaded:—there is a duty to our-


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Rh Long, low dark shape now.

Lightless. Soundless. No! There was the faint sound of a frightened girl's voice; then another, checked by a low gutteral command. And the sound suddenly, of a metal door grinding open. An oval doorway yawned in the ship's side; the figures of men came out.

Three A.M. A distant church spire in the city behind us boomed the hour, floating here on the heavy night-air. Abruptly figures were around us in the woods; arriving men. A man carying the limp form of a girl. From the ship a tiny beam of white light struck on them. Tork! I recognized him. But more than that Blake and I both recognized the unconscious, inert girl. So great a horror swept me that for a second the weird scene blurred before me.

The girl was Doris!

LAKE and I leaped to our feet together. Neither of us were armed. We did not think of that. There was nothing save the horror of Doris being carried into the doorway of the weird ghost-ship. I recall that I shouted wildly, and that Blake seized a rock which he flung in futile frenzy as we ran forward.

But suddenly we stopped. Blake stumbled, fell and lay twitching, jerking as though he were bound by invisible ropes to the ground. A second later the thing hit me. A force; it seemed to jump from the ground into my feet—or from me, flowing down into the ground. My feet struck. I swayed forward, then back. With all my strength I lifted one foot, but it snapped back to the ground. Rooted there. A chuckling laugh came through the darkness. A voice said in queer, clipped English:

"Not to kill them. The master says bring them. The time-ship leaves in one minute. There is no other stop until the end of the voyage."

Weird figures engulfed Blake and me. For a moment we fought widly. I saw Blake being carried bodily as he struggled. Then something was crushing on my head. My senses faded, with just enough consciousness left so that I was aware of being hoisted into the dark doorway. It slid closed with a soft grind of metal. Then there was a faint throbbing hum—and a shock hurled into all my body so that what little consciousness I had left was flung from me.

My senses must have come back within a few seconds. I was aware throbbing hum—and a shock hurled [sic] window near me. Then it faded into night again. The daylight and night of Tomorrow!

I was being carried through Time!

had been carried forward, into the round turret room at the bow of the ship. The humming had faded now to a faint throb. With full returning consciousness I found myself lying on the floor grid.

The figures of men were here in a flat, dead-gray luminescence—a roughly clad, bearded fellow who squatted near me, smoking a weird-looking pipe, with a small cylinder weapon on his lap; and a group across the circular room, playing some sort of game with a board between them. Incongruous figures, their dress suggesting the past of New York City, and its future.

Their murmured voices sounded with fragments of English, yet so different of wording and intonation that some could barely understand the others. Comrades they were, but they seemed


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 selves, and there is a duty to our immediate successors, and there is a duty to the mass of imperfectly informed Christian persons, who, in due time, will be seen insensibly to accept, as good and safe, modes of thinking and speaking which, at one time, would have seemed to them quite inadmissible and dangerous.

The remaining defect or flaw in our scheme of belief concerning the conveyance of a Supernatural Revelation makes itself felt the most obtrusively in relation to the Old Testament Scriptures. It is here, and it is on this extensive field, that minds, negatively constituted, and perhaps richly accomplished, but wanting in the grasp and power of a healthful moral consciousness, and wholly wanting in spiritual consciousness, find their occasion. The surface over which a sophisticated reason and a fastidious taste take their course is here very large; for the events of a people's history, and the multifarious literature of many centuries, come to find a place within its area. The very same extent of surface from which a better reason, and a more healthful moral feeling gather an irresistible conviction of the nearness of God throughout it, furnishes, to


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 an astute and frigid critical faculty, a thousand and one instances over which to proclaim a petty triumph.

So must it ever be. There is here a contrariety which is inherent in the nature of the case; and which the diverse temperaments of minds will never cease to bring into collision with religious faith. What is it then which might be wished for to preclude the ill consequences that accrue from these periodic collisions? Do we need some new theory of inspiration? Or ought there to take place a stepping back, along the whole line of religious belief? Or do we need to make a surrender of certain articles of faith? Or should we shelter ourselves under evasions? Or would it be well to quash inquiry by authority, or to make a show of terrors for intimidating assailants? None of these things are needed; nor, if resorted to, could they be of any permanent service.

The requirement is this, as I humbly think—That, on all hands, we should be willing to throw aside, as unauthentic and unwarranted, a natural prejudice; or, let it rather be called—a spontaneous product of religious feeling, which leads us to frame conditions, and to


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66 it was an apple.

Nothing funny in that. Nor another: "Patrolman John Cafferty, 28th Precinct, found dead in alley. No wound except queer burned spot on forehead as though from electrical high voltage contact"

I drew young Blake aside; told him of the man who had accosted me up on Riverside. He stared numbly; and suddenly we were both shuddering.

"Dead people—" he murmured. "Or—or—"

Or what? Wild thoughts were in my mind. Was this some band of normal criminals, fantastically garbed? What about that Indian's skill with a tomahawk? That weird burned spot on the policeman's forehead? The man on Riverside had said: "We need young men and young—women." More than once, that queer emphasis, young—women

"Well—" Blake murmured again. "Good Lord, Bob—something supernatural—"

" [sic]It was two-thirty A.M.

"He said three o'clock," I told Blake. "Shall we go? Or tell the police?"

It was possible of course, that the man who had met me on Riverside had nothing to do with these attacks upon girls. And his talk to me might have been a hoax. Or, to the contary, there might be a big news story here, which we certainly wanted to get unaided if we could.

E told no one of our purpose. It was just before three A.M. when on foot we were approaching the region which the man who had called himself Tork had designated. Ragged trees, rocky terrain lay ahead of us, a long and then precipitous slope which ended down at winding Spuyten Duyvil Creek. Clouds were overhead now; the night was darkening. The little creek, far below us, spanned by its several railroad bridges, was a silver thread, darkening as a cloud patch effaced the moon. The yellow-lighted city behind us faded as we entered the woods.

"This ought to be about the place," I whispered.

We melted down, crouching in a thicket. The silence was queerly heavy here, surrounded by the great throbbing city. Its faint blended hum was audible; and the distant grind of trains rounding the curves, crossing the bridges, sometimes with a spluttering glare from the third-rail contacts

"Bob—look—" Blake's whisper was in my ear, his hand on my arm. We tensed, crouched staring. Ahead of us in the gloom a figure had appeared. Short, thick-set man in an ancient Dutch costume. He had an old fowling piece in his hand. He stood with his back to a tree, peering down the slope. Then suddenly he moved into a deeper shadow and vanished.

"Shall we follow him?" Blake whispered. "Or shall we—"

He got no further. The words died on his lips as he sucked in his breath with a little gasp. Ahead of us in an open space where for two or three hundred feet there was an oblong patch of level ground devoid of trees, something was appearing. The ghost of a ship. For a second or two it looked like that—a shimmering wraith of cylindrical hull a hundred feet long and twenty feet or so high. Fantastic—the skeleton of a ship and white shining ribs. Bars crossing its long line of little windows; a bulging front bow-end, with a round protruding turret.

All in a second or two it materialized, with a faint humming coming from it. Then the humming ceased. Blankly we stared, transfixed. The thing was real, lying there a hundred feet from us.


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 insist upon requirements, that ought, as we imagine, to limit the Divine wisdom in embodying the Divine will in a written Revelation. Instead of insisting upon any such conditions, ought we not rather, in all humility, to acknowledge that, in the Divine methods of proceeding toward mankind—natural, providential, and supernatural—we have everything to learn, and nothing to premise?


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94 handed Claude the atomic rifle he'd been resting against the platform railing. "If anything comes up, wake me. Don't try to handle it yourself."

He disappeared down the spiral staircase.

Claude peered down into the dense foliage that surrounded the landing platform at the bottom of the towers. There, somewhere in the darkened thickness of the weird jungle, were the krickaks he had intended to use for study.

He noticed that the bodies of the roundly formed creatures who'd been slain on the platform the night before were still there, exactly as they'd fallen. Then he turned his attention once more to the tangled gray-screen morass of strange jungle.

The minutes crawled by. The hours oozed along. A cramp came into Claude's back, and a sweat of strain and anxiety clouded his spectacles. He stretched, took a firmer grip on the atomic rifle. Grimes had said that the space liner would be passing in two days.

That would mean some time tomorrow. They would have to hold out untill tomorrow. And suddenly Claude was aware of the resignation of his thoughts. Until tomorrow. And after that, supposing the krickaks got them?

Claude Kelvin shuddered. Up until this very moment in his young life the thought of death had been but contemplation in a science laboratory. He had studied death in relation to other people. Never to himself.

It wasn't pleasant. Claude took off his spectacles with one hand and wiped them carefully on his tunic. Then he placed them back on his lean, ascetic nose and resumed his contemplation of the jungle foliage.

He looked over his shoulder for an instant. The needle on the big dial of the instrument panel was flickering with the same intensity as it had the day before. He shuddered, thinking of those pop-eyed krickaks lurking out there, watching him. He wondered how he had escaped death when he'd ventured out there.

Suddenly Claude felt a sense of guilt assail him. Here he was wrapped up in consideration of the salvage of his own hide when the lives of thousands were at stake. For he knew, even though Grimes hadn't said so in so many words, that the stopping of the rayhouse beams would hurl the luxury space liner into an unnavigable morass of small, interwoven asteroid belts. The liner would undoubtedly crash on one of these webs without the guidance of the ray beams.

Claude saw a round, globular body appear against the gray green thickets on his right. He turned swiftly and squeezed the trigger of the atomic rifle. The figure disappeared. Claude was unable to tell if he'd made a hit or not.

Another hour crept by, and then another. Claude was finding it difficult to keep the haze from his spectacles. They reflected too much light. Far too much light. It made everything seem hazy, dim, dim.

LAUDE came awake with a start.

It might have been due to the loud crackling vibrations that seemed to be everywhere around him. Or it might have been due to the splat, splat, splat of an atomic rifle firing rapidly somewhere on the spiral staircase.

Darkness was setting in, and Claude realized even as his eyes blinked open that he'd been guilty of horrible weakness. He'd fallen asleep on watch!

He lurched erect, grabbing his atomic rifle and rushing to the staircase. It was clear to him now that that was where the noise of the rifle and the


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HEN the Scriptures of the Old Testament are accepted, collectively, as an embodiment of First Truths in Theology and Morals, three suppositions concerning them are before us; one of which, or a part of each, we may believe ourselves at liberty to adopt. The three suppositions are these:—

1. We may grant that these writings—symbolic as they are in their phraseology and style, and, to a great extent, metrical in their structure, as well as poetical in tone—were well suited to the purposes of religious instruction among a people, such as we suppose the Israelitish tribes to have been at the time of their establishment in Palestine, and such as they continued to be until some time after the return of the remnant of the nation from Babylon.


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 to sink to a gentle sleep, it was because the soul had been well prepared. Serenity makes death happy. Plato said, ‘The end of all philosophy is to teach us how to die serenely.’ There is no miracle other than a serene death. This is impossible unless there has been an antecedent serene life. To seek a serene death with and after all our petty strifes and rivalries, jealousies and sorrows, is to ask God to reconcile night with light and storm with calm. Serenity of life is the guarantee of serenity in death. No serenity in this world is possible except that of piety, faith and trust in God. People are callous to, unmindful of, of what is going on in the world unto whom, however, the passing days are all in all. That serenity is bad; it is a spurious serenity which in reality is a selfish concern. Indifference to what is passing is not serenity but fatality. True serenity is that which is sensitive to all things around but at the same time composed with the assurance that One is guiding everything. It is this serenity that is the treasure of every pious soul. He may be shedding tears, sighing, rapt in meditation, downcast


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 for the time being. Yet, he is like the centre of the earth. While the earth revolves, the axis remains the same unmoved. Thus serenity predominates. How many virtues spring from that serenity! Where the world is disposed to find fault, it pauses and judges. Where the world is intolerant, it is sympathetic. Cut of it comes, above all, that cherishing hope which says, ‘The tempest passing over us will pass away, and the peace of the Divine will come sooner or later—the peace with the prosperity ordained by an eternal God. It is wide awake; yet at its bottom calm and composed. It is like a pendulum that moves but yet does not shift. At a certain point it is fixed. The man of serene faith is fixed in the basis of divinity. By its spiritual pendulum the world marks its time.

His second characteristic, patent to his friends and relations, was the many-sidedness of his sympathies. There was no direction in which human destinies could be improved and human union and unanimity could be fostered but called forth Bapaiya’s sympathies. The two contradictory features in his


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380 character were : its apparent determinateness to one particular course and its apparent accommodating tendency to various things. And, in fact, it is the case with every great man. It is the incapability to understand the various sides of man that creates unpleasant criticism. But Bapaiya was wide awake to the necessity of spiritual progress and of social reform. Often such a person appears self-contradictory. Take a leader like Mr. Veeresalingam Pantulu. The man who praised him yesterday runs him down to-day. This incapability to understand creates petty differences and unpleasant criticisms. What is true of Mr. Veeresalingam Pantulu is also true of Bapaiya. In his narrow compass of life he could bring various susceptibilities into marvellous harmony. Where thers was a call for human exertion and progress, there was his heart. No wonder that his many-sidedness handed him over to occasional misconstruction by others. Even in relation to the Deity, excepting those few select souls who invariably honour Him, we all cling to Him on one side; but directly the other side


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381 is revealed, we seek to drop off. On a miniature sea lei that is the experience of every Divine soul. Jesus has his Peter who says one day, ‘Come what may, I stand,’ and the next day, ‘I am no follower of his.’

We save our outer coverings, allowing the soul to be corrupted. They are people of a higher order to whom the soul is the inner gem and the body a mere covering. Unto them the inner gem is all in all. The inner soul is the piercing light which cannot be clouded. That is the difference between a firm soul and a faltei’ing spirit. Unto one like Bapaiya, the soul is the essential thing, while the skin is the outer covering and the body a temporary receptacle; and as long as there is the gem within, it must shed its lustre in all directions. ‘Love me, love my cause, love my prosperity’ is the world’s motto. ‘Love for its own sake’ is the motto of great men. They make love supreme and universal; and we make it subsidiary and individual. They stand up for the. triumph of truth and love but not, like us, for that of a certain cause or party.


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382 They are, therefore, better situated for realising the underlying link within all human activity. If there was a soul which trembled sensitive to nationalism, it was Bapaiya’s. He at times would exclaim, ‘0, how our young friends are running after one thing! When will they seek for the other things?’ The balancing of all things constitutes the variegated richness of a person like Bapaiya. Unconditioned appreciation of goodness and truth is characterised by one thing all the world over—singleness of purpose. When Marcus Aurelius was asked why he w'as good, he said, ‘I am good because that is the natural condition of man.’ The rule of life is conviction but not calculation. Out of that conviction there comes a crisis. The only pause before it is the feeling, ‘ Am I equal to the task, or how shall I be made equal to it? ’Hence the prayer to God for firmer determination; and then and thence the crossing of the Rubicon! This, is the secret of our friend’s anushtanic Brahmaism. Outward conventional considerations never weigh w'ith a person like him. It is a


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 2. More than this we may allow, namely, this—that these same writings—the history and the poetry taken together, are also well adapted to the uses and ends of popular religious instruction in any country and every age, where and when there are classes of the community to be taught that are nearly on a level, intellectually, with the ancient Hebrew race:—that is to say, among those with whom philosophic habits of thought have not been developed, and whose religious notions and instincts are comparatively infantile.

3. But a higher ground than this may be taken, and it is the ground that is assumed throughout the ensuing chapters; and it is in accordance with this assumption that whatever may be advanced therein must be interpreted. It is affirmed then, that, not less in relation to the most highly-cultured minds than to the most rude—not less to minds disciplined in abstract thought, than to such as are unused to generalization of any kind—the Hebrew Scriptures, in their metaphoric style, and their poetic diction, are the fittest medium for conveying, what it is their purpose to convey, concerning the Divine Nature, and concerning the spiritual life, and concerning the correspondence of man—the finite, with —the Infinite.

It is on this hypothesis concerning the Hebrew Scriptures, and not otherwise, that the books of the New Testament take position as consecutive to the books of the Old Testament—the one being the


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383 conviction; it is a sacred obligation; and it is a heaven-ordained mission. As such, it is a silly question to ask him, ‘Why do you do it? ’ Carlyle asks, ‘What is the use of great men?’, and declares, in answer, that they are themselves a use. There is no other measurement by which you can calculate it. The truly great man is a use in himself. He is the central organiser from whom all usefulness goes forth. You stand in tlie presence of a splendid picture drawn by a master-hand. Then your soul seems to melt into that of the artist. You look with contempt at the person who disturbs you in that state. Similarly, great men are the master-pieces created by the Deity. Their very presence is useful. Burke was a man of time genius. One day when Burke stood in a shower of rain, his friend remarked, ‘There is a wisdom coming spontaneously from him!’ That is the characteristic of all devoted souls. True life is a rich, beautifying symphony, a marvellous vision, a potent fact, a mighty force. Thus, he of the noble spirit might be bed-ridden; and yet his presence was enough to keep up our larger


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384 human activities. As Carlyle has said, we weave all around us so many cobweb-theories. We believe those cobwebs to be mighty fences! But a great man comes. He realises that these are webs. And he passes on without any effort; and they themselves disappear 1 As Dr. Martineau has it, the supremacy of the moral law is such that it is binding upon a lonely individual living in the wilderness as solemnly as upon a man in society. Life is a sacred trust. Every hour and minute must be employed. Laziness is not merely repugnant, but also something impossible and inconceivable, to him who has some divine spirit in him. There are people to whom duty is but a secondary thing. But duty merges into spontaneity with him to whom life is a sacred trust. And when it has done so, the next thing is that life is then measured not by years but by thoughts and deeds. Such a person crowds into one hour all the fervour and intensity, the inspiring zeal and the slow and hard-earned acquisitions, of any ordinary mas. Unto such a man, day and night cease to come in their


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385 alternate conditions. He has become a part of Nature. He knows no repose. He is above time; and when death comes to him, it comes to him merely as a passing event but not as a warning. A man of knowledge knows that a big comet is appearing but does not tremble. To such a man there is no change. Death has come and gone. It is neither an alarm nor a call ; but it is a transition. So Maharshi Devendranath Tagore has said that death is merely the tearing of a veil. When Jesus was crucified, the curtain in the Temple of the Jews was torn and the Glory was revealed. Unto such a man, the flesh is crucified but the soul is liberated. While he sinks, he is serene. He has no fear, no anxiety and no anguish. It is all one stretch of flight through the dark portals of death. What is heaven to that man? It is, as it were, the mingling of the river with the ocean, the kindling of a blaze of new light before which the whole world is illumined. Heaven is the abode of peace without tediousness; the realm where law prevails without its rigour; and a fraternity where all people are brought


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386 together, each soul working and weaving itself into other souls. He feels that this world is an ante-chamber—a narrow passage and a first entrance into a larger glory where light never fails, truth never shakes and love never becomes feeble. Heaven is the Fulfiller of sympathy and trust. Even as a hidden spring gushes out through a narrow opening and spreads itself forth, so also the noble activities of life spread out freely without any the least limitation of mundane barriers and overflow in their fulness through the gorge of death. So we need not feel sorry for him. Yet there is an inseparable pain out of which there is born a new life with a deeper attachment. He is part and parcel now of that new birth in which new relations are allowed!

Thou, Supreme, Awe-inspiring Presence, we bow down before Thee. Thou hast drawn him into Thy presence. We are sure of his abiding peace and unfailing happiness in Thy bosom. We beseech Thee to put into us the knowledge and trust that this separation is a temporary, passing thing and that, in holier


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387 relations, though physically gone, he is spiritually nearer and dearer unto every one of us. While iron custom might trample upon that poor child, may Thy love sustain her as an object of compassion! Let others feel her to be an object of sympathy and service and sisterly love. 0 Lord God, may the example of the departed soul illumine us and strengthen us! May we feel how rich is human life! O Almighty Lord, may we render our thanks for these examples of good lives in the Theistic Church ! Mayest Thou grant the asset and guarantee of strength to this Church! May Thy Kingdom be thus extended as the one permanent abode of truth and love, glory and righteousness! May we all be knit into one family, and may we all live as members of one home! Do Thou mercifully vouchsafe it unto us.


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 complement of the other; and the two constituting a homogeneous system. The Prophets (and they were Poets) of the elder Revelation, having fulfilled a function which demanded the symbolic style, and which could submit to no other conditions than those of this figurative utterance, the Evangelists and Apostles, whose style is wholly of another order, do not lay anew a foundation that was already well laid; but they build upon it whatever was peculiar to that later Revelation of which they were the instruments. In the Hebrew writings—poetic in form, as to a great extent they are—we are to find, not a crude theology, adapted to the gross conceptions of a rude people; but an ultimate theology—wanting that only which the fulness of time was to add to it, and so rendering the Two Collections—a One Revelation, adapted to the use of all men, in all times, and under all conditions of intellectual advancement.

If on subjects of the deepest concernment, and in relation to which the human mind labours with its own conceptions, and yearns to know whatever may be known— and His ministers are brief and allusive, they are so, not as if in rebuke of these desires; but because the limits of a divine conveyance of the things of the spiritual world had already been reached by the choir of the prophets. All that could be taught had been taught "to them of old;" and this sum of the philosophy of heaven had been communicated in those diverse modes and


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 styles which had exhausted the resources of human utterance to convey so much as is conveyed.

To give reality to what had been foreshown in shadows; to accomplish what had been predicted; to expound, in a higher sense, whatever is universal and eternal in morals; to authenticate anew what might have been called in question—these functions were proper to the ministers of the later Dispensation; and the books of the New Testament are the record of this work of completion, in its several kinds. Yet this is the characteristic of the Christian writings, that they abstain from the endeavour to throw into an abstract or philosophic form those first truths of theology to which the prophets of the Old Testament had given expression in symbolic terms and in the figures of the Hebrew poetry. The parables of —symbolic as they are, but not poetic—touch those things of the new "kingdom of Heaven" which belong to the human development of it; or to the administration of the Gospel on earth; or within the consciousness of men singly.

Those who choose to do so may employ their time in inquiring in what other modes than those which are characteristic of the Hebrew Scriptures the highest truths in theology might be embodied, and whether these principles may not be, or might not have been, subjected to the conditions of abstract generalization, and so brought into order within the limits of a logical and scientific arrangement. Let these philosophic diversions be pursued, at leisure,


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 ing the conquerors from the conquered territory is to be followed. The Indians are to have the right of paying their tributes in any goods at their own option, to avoid extortion. The religious must not go to China or elsewhere, but must do the work among the Indians for which they were sent to the islands. The Chinese suffer oppression and extortion from the customs officers; this must be corrected. Encomenderos and citizens are not to leave the islands without permission, on pain of confiscation of encomiendas. Trade between the islands and China is not to be given up, in spite of objections made by the Portuguese. Effort shall be made to teach the Castilian language to the Indians. The governor must maintain cordial relations with the new Audiencia and with the ecclesiastics.

Luis Perez Dasmariñas prays the king (June 30, 1596) for permission to lade a small vessel for Peru, that he may make enough to pay off his debts. An answer is deferred until after the residencia in his case and his father's be taken. Morga writes to Felipe II (July 6, 1596) a general report. The country in general is at peace, and fears from Japan have been removed by the calming influence of the Franciscans there. Figueroa has been killed in Mindanao, leaving an estate sufficient to carry on the expedition, and infant heirs to his prospective rewards. The expedition to Camboja has gone—the tone of Morga's report evidently disapproving this; and an expedition to China has been forced to return. There has been uneasiness as to the presence of so many Chinese, and many have been sent out of the country. The lines of Manila have been newly drawn, making it easier of defense. Financial affairs require complete


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 reform. The officials of the treasury are under suspension, pending investigation; and the revenue has been wasted for needless salaries and sinecures. The soldiery devote themselves to trade, losing their military efficiency and interfering with the business of the citizens. The city of Manila is well provided with funds, and the fiscal arrangements are just. Internal affairs are in a bad way, because of the facility and youth of Luis Perez Dasmariñas, and the lack of a regularly-appointed governor. Morga complains of the meddlesomeness of ecclesiastics. He prays for the reëstablishment of the Audienca; and reports that the country is all pacified, needing now mainly religious. He praises the plan of educating the sons of the natives at the Jesuit college. He reports the arrival of vessels from the unsuccessful exploring expedition of Mendaña to the islands of the South Pacific. In conclusion, he prays that, in consideration of his poor health and the death of his children, he may be permitted to return to Spain.

Tello writes to Felipe II (July 17, 1596) a letter upon his arrival. He is pleased with Manila, although many public requirements are not attended to. The Chinese near the city require watching. The archbishop has remained in Mexico. Trade has fallen off; and soldiers should be sent yearly to make up for deaths and losses. He recommends the continuation of the Mindanao pacification at the expense of the heirs of Figueroa. In a postscript he reports bad news from the Camboja expedition.

The pacification of Mindanao (begun by Figueroa) is continued by Juan de Ronquillo. He sends a report (May 10, 1597) of the campaign to Governor Tello. After a fierce contest with the natives,


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 in which neither side gains the victory, a treaty of peace is negotiated. Great distress ensues for lack of food, among both Spaniards and Indians; and aid from Manila is asked. Mindanao is a poor country, and will be of very little use to Spain. Ronquillo urges that supplies of troops, ammunition, and provision be sent from Manila, for the Mindanaos will certainly rebel as soon as tribute is exacted from them; and it is best to complete their conquest promptly. The missions in this island have been assigned to the Jesuits; but only one priest is now there, and more are needed at once. The encomenderos to whom Mindanao has been assigned ought to aid in its subjugation, and should be sent at once with troops to the island. A brief outline of the campaign is added, unsigned and undated.

A memorial by Hernando de los Rios (June 27, 1597) to the king of Spain urges the importance of conquering surrounding countries, notably the island of Formosa. He describes certain routes, more direct than those hitherto followed, between Spain and the Philippines, and also complains of the number of Chinese who infest Manila. Luis Perez Dasmariñas urges on Felipe II (June 28, 1597) the evils resulting from the presence in the islands of so many heathen Chinese, with their vices, cunning, and danger to the state. "Except for self-interest, we are mutually contrary and hateful." He recommends a number of severe measures limiting their activity, and placing obstacles in the way of their employment; and adds various notes recommending specific regulations for them.

November, 1903.


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My lord the emperor Conbacondo sends me as his ambassador to your Excellency, as the representative of King Philippe, to ask that we maintain hereafter the peaceful relations required by the close bond of true friendship and fraternity, for which reason I, in the name of my lord the emperor Conbacondo and as his ambassador, ask his Majesty King Philippe and your Excellency to accept and receive that friendship, as my lord the emperor desires. The letter brought by Gaspar, my vassal, was in order to ascertain whether your Excellency and the other Spaniards were friends or foes, and not, as had been imagined or understood here, that you should become vassals of my lord the emperor, and render him obedience and submission. Having learned the truth, my lord the emperor sent this embassy, ordering me to put on the garment which I am wearing, which means friendship and fraternity; for if we had come for war, as was thought, my garments would have been different, and I would have come in a different manner. It would have greatly pleased me if it had been possible for father Fray Juan Cobos to come, to present the sword which, as a token of friendship and true


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 brotherhood, was given to him to be presented to your Excellency; and to describe the kind reception accorded to him there and the love shown to him, so that I might have been more cordially received by your Excellency. Your Excellency, not being acquainted with the many things said in this city concerning my visit, is very kind to receive me in this manner, not knowing even who I am, which could have been explained by father Fray Juan Cobos if he had come.

Will your Excellency be pleased to order that a reply be given to me as soon as possible, that I may go away and take the other Xaponese who are here, because it is time to do so, and because the Xaponese who have come heretofore from Xapon are not of the higher classes, but are very low. Your Excellency should decide whether you do not wish them to go, as people of this sort are a shame to the kingdom of Xapon; and, in case provisions or anything else are required from my country, I will send them with merchants duly registered. For that purpose I ask your Excellency to give me a seal, and I will leave here one of mine, so that all our procedures may be uniform and harmonious; for it would not be right to have the people from the kingdom of Xapon come here to rob the land and occasion scandals, thus giving a bad name to our country, and especially in a country with which we have established close friendship and with whom we are at peace. I also ask that when the emperor needs the Spaniards in the wars which he may wage, your Excellency will bind yourself to send him reënforcements of men, and he will do the same at any time when your Excellency shall see fit to send to his kingdom of Xapon for soldiers.


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 want one or more of the senses which are in perfecter animals; as worms, oysters, cockles, &c.

Animals are nourished by food, taken in at the mouth, digested in the stomach, and thence by fit vessels distributed over the whole body, as is described in books of anatomy.

The greatest part of animals have five senses, viz. seeing, hearing, smelling, tasting, and feeling. These, and the way of nourishment of animals, we shall more particularly consider; because they are common to man with beasts.

The way of nourishment of animals, particularly of man, is by food taken in at the mouth, which being chewed there, is broken and mixed with the saliva, and thereby prepared for an easier and better digestion in the stomach.

When the stomach has performed its office upon the food, it protrudes it into the guts, by whose peristaltic motion it is gently conveyed along through the guts, and, as it passes, the chyle, which is the nutritive part, is separated from the excrementitious, by the lacteal veins; and from thence conveyed into the blood, with which it circulates till itself be concocted into blood. The blood, being by the vena cava brought into the right ventricle of the heart, by the contraction of that muscle, is driven through the arteria pulmonaris into the lungs; where the constantly inspired air mixing with it, enlivens it; and from thence being conveyed by the vena pulmonaris into the left ventricle of the heart, the contraction of the heart forces it out, and, by the arteries, distributes it into all parts of the body; from whence it returns by the veins into the right ventricle of the heart, to take the same course again. This is called the circulation of the blood; by which life and heat are communicated to every part of the body.

In the circulation of the blood, a good part of it goes up into the head; and by the brains are separated from it, or made out of it, the animal spirits; which,


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 and down, and, besides, have sense to guide them in their motions.

Man and brute divide all the animals of this our globe.

Brutes may be considered as either aerial, terrestrial, aquatic, or amphibious. I call those aerial which have wings, wherewith they can support themselves in the air. Terrestrial are those whose only place of rest is upon the earth. Aquatic are those whose constant abode is upon the water. Those are called amphibious, which live freely in the air upon the earth, and yet are observed to live long upon the water, as if they were natural inhabitants of that element; though it be worth the examination to know whether any of those creatures that live at their ease, and by choice, a good while or at any time upon the earth, can live a long time together perfectly under water.

Aerial animals may be subdivided into flies.

Fishes, which are the chief part of aquatic animals, may be divided into shell-fishes, scaly fishes, and those that have neither apparent scales nor shells.

And the terrestrial animals may be divided into quadrupeds or beasts, reptiles, which have many feet, and serpents, which have no feet at all.

Insects, which in their several changes belong to several of the before-mentioned divisions, may be considered together as one great tribe of animals. They are called insects, from a separation in the middle of their bodies, whereby they are, as it were, cut into two parts, which are joined together by a small ligature; as we see in wasps, common flies, and the like.

Besides all these, there are some animals that are not perfectly of these kinds, but placed, as it were, in the middle betwixt two of them, by something of both; as bats, which have something of beasts and birds in them.

Some reptiles of the earth, and some of aquatics,