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Translation:Theorematis de resolubilitate functionum algebraicarum integrarum in factores reales demonstratio tertia

After the previous commentary had already been expressed in type, repeated meditations on the same topic led to a new demonstration of the theorem, which is indeed just as purely analytical as the previous one, but is based on completely different principles, and seems to be far preferable to it in terms of simplicity. The following pages are therefore dedicated to this third demonstration.

1.
Consider the following function of the indeterminate $x,$

$$X = x^m + Ax^{m-1} + Bx^{m-2} + Cx^{m-3} + \text{ etc. } + Lx + M$$

in which the coefficients $A,$ $B,$  $C$  etc. are fixed real quantities. Let $r,$ $\varphi$  be indeterminates, and consider

$$\begin{array}{rl} r^m\cos m\varphi + A r^{m-1}\cos(m-1)\varphi + Br^{m-2}\cos(m-2)\varphi & \\ + Cr^{m-3}\cos(m-3)\varphi + \text{ etc. } + Lr\cos\varphi + M &= t\\ r^m\sin m\varphi + Ar^{m-1}\sin(m-1)\varphi + Br^{m-2}\sin(m-2)\varphi & \\ + Cr^{m-3}\sin(m-3)\varphi + \text{ etc. } + Lr\sin\varphi &= u\\ mr^m\cos m\varphi +(m-1)Ar^{m-1}\cos(m-1)\varphi+(m-2)Br^{m-2}\cos(m-2)\varphi &\\ + (m-3)Cr^{m-3}\cos(m-3)\varphi + \text{ etc. } + Lr\cos\varphi &= t'\\ mr^m\sin m\varphi +(m-1)Ar^{m-1}\sin(m-1)\varphi + (m-2)Br^{m-2}\sin(m-2)\varphi &\\ + (m-3)Cr^{m-3}\sin(m-3)\varphi + \text{ etc. } + Lr\sin\varphi &= u'\\ mmr^m\cos m\varphi+(m-1)^2Ar^{m-1}\cos(m-1)\varphi+(m-2)^2Br^{m-2}\cos(m-2)\varphi &\\ + (m-3)^2Cr^{m-3}\cos(m-3)\varphi + \text{ etc. } + Lr\cos \varphi &= t''\\ mmr^m\sin m\varphi+(m-1)^2Ar^{m-1}\sin(m-1)\varphi+(m-2)^2Br^{m-2}\sin(m-2)\varphi &\\ + (m-3)^2Cr^{m-3}\sin(m-3)\varphi + \text{ etc. } + Lr\sin\varphi &= u'' \end{array}$$

$$\frac{(tt+uu)(tt+uu)+(tu'-ut')^2-(tt'+uu')^2}{r(tt+uu)^2} = y.$$

The factor $r$ can obviously be removed from the numerator and denominator of the final formula, since it divides $t',$  $u',$  $t,$  $u$. Finally, let $R$ be a positive quantity, arbitrarily chosen but greater than the maximum of the following quantities:

$$mA\sqrt{2}, \sqrt{mB\sqrt{2}}, \sqrt[3]{mC\sqrt{2}}, \sqrt[4]{mD\sqrt{2}},$$

where the signs of the quantities $A,$ $B,$  $C$  etc. are excluded, i.e. the negatives, if any, have been changed to positives. These preparations being made, I say that $tt'+uu'$ obtains a certain positive value when $r = R,$  for any real value assigned to $\varphi.$

Proof. Let us set

$$\begin{aligned} R^m\cos 45^o + A R^{m-1}\cos(45^o+\varphi)+BR^{m-2}\cos(45^o+2\varphi) &\\ +CR^{m-3}\cos(45^o+3\varphi)+\text{ etc. }+LR\cos(45^o+(m-1)\varphi)+M\cos(45^o+m\varphi) &= T\\ R^m\sin45^o+AR^{m-1}\sin(45^o+\varphi)+BR^{m-2}\sin(45^o+2\varphi)&\\ +CR^{m-3}\sin(45^o+3\varphi)+\text{etc.}+LR\sin(45^o+m\varphi)&= U \\ mR^m\cos 45^o +(m-1)AR^{m-1}\cos(45^o+\varphi)+(m-2)BR^{m-2}\cos(45^o+2\varphi)&\\ +(m-3)CR^{m-3}\cos(45^o+3\varphi)+\text{ etc. }+LR\cos(45^o+(m-1)\varphi) &= T'\\ mR^m\sin45^o +(m-1)AR^{m-1}\sin(45^o+\varphi) + (m-2)BR^{m-2}\sin(45^o+2\varphi)&\\ +(m-3)CR^{m-3}\sin(45^o+3\varphi)+\text{ etc. }+Lr\sin(45^o+(m-1)\varphi) &= U'. \end{aligned}$$

Then it is clear that

I. $T$ is composed of the parts

$$\begin{aligned} &\frac{R^{m-1}}{m\sqrt{2}}\left[R+mA\sqrt{2}.\cos(45^o+\varphi)\right]\\ +&\frac{R^{m-2}}{m\sqrt{2}}\left[RR+mB\sqrt{2}.\cos(45^o+2\varphi)\right]\\ +&\frac{R^{m-3}}{m\sqrt{2}}\left[R^3+mC\sqrt{2}.\cos(45^o+3\varphi)\right]\\ +&\frac{R^{m-4}}{m\sqrt{2}}\left[R^4+mD\sqrt{2}.\cos(45^o+4\varphi)\right]\\ +&\text{ etc.,} \end{aligned}$$

each of which, for any determined real value of $\varphi,$ is easily seen to be positive. Hence, $T$ necessarily takes a positive value. Similarly, it can be shown that $U,$ $T',$  $U'$  are positive, and thus $TT'+UU'$  is necessarily a positive quantity.

II. For $r=R,$ the functions $t,$  $u,$  $t',$  $u'$  respectively become

$$\begin{array}{c} T\cos(45^o+m\varphi)+U\sin(45^o+m\varphi)\\ T\sin(45^o+m\varphi)-U\cos(45^o+m\varphi)\\ T'\cos(45^o+m\varphi)+U'\sin(45^o+m\varphi)\\ T'\sin(45^o+m\varphi)-U'\cos(45^o+m\varphi)\end{array}$$

as can be easily proven by expanding. Thus for $r=R$, the value of the function $tt'+uu'$ is derived to be $=TT'+UU',$  and thus it is a positive quantity. Q.E.D.

Moreover, from the same formulas, we infer that for $r=R$ the value of the function $tt+uu$  is $TT+UU,$  and therefore it is positive. Hence, we conclude that for no value of $r,$ which is simultaneously greater than $mA\sqrt{2},$  $\sqrt{mB\sqrt{2}},$  $\sqrt[3]{mC\sqrt{2}}$  etc., is it possible to have $t=0,$  $u=0.$

2.
Within the limits $r=0$ and $r=R,$  and $\varphi=0$  and $\varphi=360^o,$  there exist certain values of the indeterminates $r,$  $\varphi,$  for which $t=0$  and $u=0$  simultaneously.

Proof. Let us suppose that the theorem is not true. Then it is evident that for all values of the indeterminates within the assigned limits, the value of $tt+uu$ must be a positive quantity, and therefore the value of $y$  must always be finite. Let us consider the double integral

$$\iint y \,dr\,d\varphi$$

from $r=0$ to $r=R,$  and from $\varphi=0$  to $\varphi=360^o,$  which has a fully determined finite value. This value, which we denote by $\Omega,$ must be the same whether the integration is first carried out with respect to $\varphi$  and then with respect to $r,$  or in the reverse order. However, we have indefinitely, considering $r$ as constant,

$$\int y \,d\varphi = \frac{tu'-ut'}{r(tt+uu)},$$

as is easily confirmed by differentiation with respect to $\varphi$. A constant need not be added, assuming that the integral begins at $\varphi=0,$ since for $\varphi=0,$  we have $\frac{tu'-ut'}{r(tt+uu)}=0$. Therefore, since $\frac{tu'-ut'}{r(tt+uu)}$ clearly also vanishes for $\varphi=360^o,$  the integral ${\displaystyle \int} y\,d\varphi$  from $\varphi=0$  to $\varphi=360^o$  becomes $=0,$  with $r$  remaining indefinite. It follows from this that $\Omega=0.$

On the other hand, considering $\varphi$ as a constant, we have indefinitely

$$\int y \,dr = \frac{tt'+uu'}{tt+uu},$$

as is easily confirmed by differentiation with respect to $r$. Here too, a constant need not be added, assuming that the integral starts at $r=0$. Therefore, since the integral from $r=0$ to $r=R$  is carried out by what has been demonstrated in the previous article, it is $=\frac{TT'+UU'}{TT+UU},$  and therefore, by the theorem in the previous article, it is always a positive quantity for any real value of $\varphi$. Hence $\Omega,$ i.e., the value of the integral

$$\int\tfrac{TT'+UU'}{TT+UU}d\varphi$$

from $\varphi=0$ to $\varphi=360^o,$  is necessarily a positive quantity. This is absurd, as we previously found that the same quantity is $=0.$ Thus the assumption cannot hold, and the truth of the theorem is established.

3.
The function $X$ is transformed into $t+u\sqrt{-1}$  by the substitution $x = r(\cos\varphi + \sin\varphi \sqrt{-1}),$  and likewise it is transformed into $t-u\sqrt{-1}$  by the substitution $x=r(\cos\varphi-\sin\varphi.\sqrt{-1}).$  Therefore, if for determined values of $r$  and $\varphi$, say for $r=g$ , $\varphi=G$ , it simultaneously results in $t=0,$  $u=0$  (as demonstrated in the previous article), then $X$  obtains the value $0$  for both substitutions

$$x=g(\cos G+\sin G.\sqrt{-1}),\quad x=g(\cos G - \sin G.\sqrt{-1})$$

Consequently, it is indefinitely divisible by

$$x-g(\cos G+\sin G\sqrt{-1}),\quad x-g(\cos G - \sin G.\sqrt{-1})$$

Whenever $\sin G$ is not equal to 0, nor $g=0$, these divisors are unequal. Thus, $X$ is divisible by their product

$$xx-2g\cos G .x+gg$$

Whenever either $\sin G =0$, and hence $\cos G=\pm1$ , or $g=0$ , these factors are identical, namely $=x\mp g$. It is therefore certain that the function $X$ involves a real divisor of the second or first order. Since the same conclusion holds for the quotient, $X$ can be completely resolved into such factors. Q.E.D.

4.
Although we have fully dealt with the matter proposed in the preceding section, it will not be superfluous to add some further reasoning about art. 2. Starting from the assumption that $t$ and $u$  vanish for any values of the indeterminates $r, \varphi$  within the assigned limits, we have fallen into an inevitable contradiction, from which we concluded the falsity of the assumption itself. Therefore, this contradiction must cease if there are indeed values of $r,$ $\varphi,$  for which $t$  and $u$  simultaneously become $=0.$  To illustrate this more clearly, we observe that for such values, $tt+uu=0,$  and consequently, $y$  becomes infinite. Hence, it will no longer be permissible to treat the double integral ${\displaystyle \iint} y drd\varphi$ as an assignable quantity.

In general terms, denoting $\xi,$ $\eta,$  $\zeta,$  as indefinite coordinates of points in space, the integral ${\displaystyle \iint} ydrd\varphi$  represents the volume of a solid contained between five planes with equations:

$$\xi=0\text{, }\eta=0\text{, }\zeta=0\text{, }\xi=R\text{, }\eta=360^o$$

and the surface with equation $\zeta=y,$ considering those parts as negative where the $\zeta$  coordinates are negative. However, it is implicitly understood here that the sixth surface is continuous. When this condition ceases, and $y$ becomes infinite, it is indeed possible that the concept lacks meaning. In such a case, it is impossible to speak about the integral ${\displaystyle \iint} y drd\varphi$, and it is not surprising that analytical operations applied blindly to empty calculations lead to absurdities.

The integral ${\displaystyle \int} y d\varphi = \frac{tu' - ut'}{r(tt + uu)}$ is a true integration, i.e., a summation, as long as within the limits over which it extends, $y$  is everywhere a finite quantity. It becomes absurd, however, if $y$ becomes infinite somewhere within those limits. For an integral like ${\displaystyle \int} \eta d\xi,$ which generally represents the area between the abscissa line and the curve with the ordinate $=\eta$  for the abscissa $\xi,$  when we evaluate it according to usual rules, often ignoring continuity, we are frequently entangled in contradictions. For example, assuming $\eta = \frac{1}{\xi\xi},$ the analysis provides an integral $= C - \frac{1}{\xi},$  by which the area is correctly defined as long as the curve maintains continuity. However, if it is interrupted at $\xi = 0,$ and someone incorrectly inquires about the magnitude of the area from the negative abscissa to the positive one, the formula will yield an absurd answer, stating that it is negative. We will explore the meaning of these and similar paradoxes of analysis more extensively on another occasion.

Let me add a final observation. In the unrestricted statements of the questions, which may turn out to be absurd in certain cases, consulting analysis often leads to ambiguous answers. Thus, the value of the integral ${\displaystyle \iint} y \, dr \, d\varphi$ from $r=e$  to $r=f$  and from $\varphi = E$  to $\varphi = F,$  if the value of $\frac{u}{t}$

$$\begin{array}{ccccc} \text{for} & r=e,& \varphi = E ,& \text{is denoted by} &\theta \\ & r=e, & \varphi = F,& .\dots. &\theta' \\ & r=f, & \varphi = E,& .\dots. &\theta'' \\ & r=f, & \varphi = F,& .\dots. &\theta''' \end{array}$$

can be extended, through analytical operations, and is easily obtained as

$$\mathrm{Arc.tang }\theta - \mathrm{Arc.tang }\theta' -\mathrm{Arc.tang }\theta+\mathrm{Arc.tang }\theta'$$

Of course, the integral can only have a definite value whenever $y$ remains finite within the assigned limits. This value, given by the formula, is certainly satisfactory, but it is not yet fully determined through it, as $\mathrm{Arc.tang}$ is a multiform function. It will be necessary to decide which values of the function should be used in the specific case, through other considerations (which are not difficult). On the other hand, whenever $y$ becomes infinite somewhere within the assigned limits, the question of the value of the integral ${\displaystyle \iint} y \, dr \, d\varphi$  is absurd. Despite this, if you insist on extracting an answer from the analysis, a variety of methods will lead you to the same result, in one way or another, each of which will be contained within the previously given general formula.


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150 haps more original than that upon 'Old Age,' but certainly is not so attractive to a modern reader. Its great merit is the grace and polish of the language; but the arguments brought forward to prove what an excellent thing it is for a man to have good friends, and plenty of them, in this world, and the rules for his behaviour towards them, seem to us somewhat trite and commonplace, whatever might have been their effect upon a Roman reader.

Cicero is indebted to the Greek philosophers for the main outlines of his theory of friendship, though his acquaintance with the works of Plato and Aristotle was probably exceedingly superficial. He holds, with them, that man is a social animal; that "we are so constituted by nature that there must be some degree of association between us all, growing closer in proportion as we are brought into more intimate relations one with another." So that the social bond is a matter of instinct, not of calculation; not a cold commercial contract of profit and loss, of giving and receiving, but the fulfilment of one of the yearnings of our nature. Here he is in full accordance with the teaching of Aristotle, who, of all the various kinds of friendship to which he allows the common name, pronounces that which is founded merely upon interest—upon mutual interchange, by tacit agreement, of certain benefits—to be the least worthy of such a designation. Friendship is defined by Cicero to be "the perfect accord upon all questions, religious and social, together with mutual goodwill and affection." This "perfect accord," it must be confessed, is a very large requirement. He follows his Greek

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Rh

Saturday, 24th January, three explosions within less than ten spread destruction and terror in London, and what is worse,  a considerable number of absolutely harmless people. The frenzy against the perpetrators knows no bounds: if any one had been caught in the act he would have been torn to pieces.

But who are the perpetrators? The Fenians, it is said. May be. It is likely enough that Irish hands laid down the dynamite and lighted the fuse. Still, all allowance made for a fanaticism kindled by the British treatment of Ireland and of Irish political prisoners, the probability is that this peculiar form of fanaticism would have died out long since, in consequence of the ridiculous disproportion between the effects of the conspirators and the effect of their deeds—unless there is some one behind them, who follows up a deliberate aim in these otherwise aimless explosions. Is it likely that people will be found who risk over and over again penal servitude for life, or even hanging, for the pleasure of blowing up a portion of a railway tunnel, or of inflicting damage to the value of a flea-bite on London Bridge, unless these people are the conscious or unconscious tools of other people, who use them for purposes of their own?

We all know that for years Russia has been bombarding the British Government with notes, memoirs, memorandums, and the like, with the view of obtaining a treaty for the extradition of political refugees, so-called regicides, &c. Now the present state of this affair is as follows. On the 15th January, Madame Olga Novikoff, in the Pall Mall Gazette, calls upon England to deliver up to Russia all those people like Hartmann, Kropotkine, and Stepniak, who were sheltered in England “all the while they plotted murder against us” (whoever that may be) “in Russia.” If England were to hand them over to Russia, she would only do what she now must ask America to do for her, namely, to hand over the Irish dynamiters.

On the morning of the 24th January the London papers published the purport of an agreement arrived at between Russia and Prussia for the extradition of political criminals—the very agreement Russia would give almost anything to get out of England.

On the afternoon of the same 24th January, at two o'clock, the explosionur, at the very moment they ought to have occurred if some one or  interest of Russia. The good the morning, and  appropriate warning of the  in the noon—surely that  John Bull round!

Now, we merely mark these coincidences. We recall at the same time that Russian diplomacy is well known to be the most unscrupulous of all, having always a band of subordinate agents at its beck and call, ready to commit any infamy, and at the same time held in such a position that they can be sacrificed, when necessary, with the utmost equanimity—agents, too, who often exceed their precise order, and do little jobs on speculation. And regarding the strange coincidence as above, is there, indeed, no shadow of a suspicion falling upon such hangers-on, recognised or, perhaps, unrecognised, of Russian diplomacy?

“The detection of the dynamites is. . . really a matter which can only be satisfactorily dealt with by international action.” Thus the Daily News, the most Governmentally-inspired organ, of January 2th. Our notes were written the day before.

Laundries are not under the factory Acts. As a consequence the masters squeeze six days' work out of four days' time. The masters are paid by the piece, the hands by the.

the Press generally the murder of the Egyptian  English mercenaries ing  every  the English soldiers who,, do to dee done to death by, the  people. But your sorrow for murdered patriots ought to be.

As to the officers. They ought to have known better than the rank and file. They have come at least within the of contact with the better tendencies of to-day. The better sort among English officers must feel something of the wickedness of the business.

Sympathising, we believe, as deeply as the sufferings of those English families in which an eternal  been made by war, we yet protest most strongly against the Press in demi-deifying our countrymen who have fallen,  word of the brave defenders of their native land who peri

When this high falutin' is to the fore, let ember that every ish soldier that dies in Egypt is, as the position of a  is killed in an attempt

deal has been said and written on the East End of London by Penny Soup Ticket ph advocates of temperature and thrift, each with his spon for th a remedy for the same. I it is about time we,  workers  on the matter. Now, with regard to the poverty and death any idea of it from newspaper articles, or from the Return told there is not any large amount of distress, or we should  but we know they do not represent the condition of the  middle class have made the conditions such in their work than prisons. The poor have to pick great quantities of house, break stones, and everything is done to make them dread  diet is as bad as or worse than prison fare; man and wife are p door relief refused. This is what the workers come to after a life wonder they prefer starvation in the streets, suicide, or even prison under the control of these Guardians of the Poor?

If you want to know the condition of the workers you must live a their home life, and see them in their search for work. Go to the do there by thousands. No pen can describe their condition, their pinch faces. They have scarcely a rag to cover them as they wait shivering from eight o'clock till three or four, on the chance of an hour's work,  and tearing one another like wild beasts when the gates are opened for  hands; and this for a pittance of 3d. to 4d. per hour. Here is our beautiful competition in full force, and as a result we see our fellow-men reduced to  of a pack of wolves.

Again, the cabinet-makers compete one against the other, working day and and in return getting just sufficient to keep body and soul together. The making their goods at home, take them to the so-called manufacturers at the week to sell, and perhaps, after going all round the shops, will have  for less than the material cost them, so that they may get the necessa It is a well-known fact that wages in the trade have been reduced w few years at least 25 per cent. In the boot trade, notwithstanding Unions, men are making boots for 2s. 6d. per dozen, and finding their At the present time about 25 per cent. of the bootmakers are out In the tailoring trade, by large firms in Whitechapel, coats are given  at 6d. each; vests, 3d. each; trousers, 4$1⁄2$d.; and this to contractors again sublet the work at even lower prices, leaving the workers  linen-thread at a cost of coats, 1d.; vests, $1⁄2$d.; trousers, 1$1⁄4$d. statement the names and addresses can be furnished. Policemen's or about 8$1⁄2$d. per day of sixteen hours; men's shirts, 10d. per dozen; sockmaking, $1⁄4$d. each. We find one of our great land nations d trade; his women at their work packed in an underground cellar like ing  barrel, and poor wretched creatures they look. We have all heard of the ma makers getting 2$3⁄4$d. per gross, finding their own string and something more than Royal Commissions or even Land Nation to put a to this misery. It would do the economists goof to have e life of thse workers for a time; they would soon find that wag trades did not average anything approaching 32s. per week, and reasing, they have been reduced from 25 to 30 per cent. And what Profits, rents, and interest to the idlers; to the workers misery, adation.

Well might the Telegraph say, a few years ago, that people at the East End looked as though they were fed on gine and  But this  have been used as a reproach against the nst the capital  their system of production. There is no the fact that the  surroundings have  themselves on their  until some of the  but a few. The children are in the d this is getting  from dat to  from  to  their bones are set  (notwithstanding the ry Acts  establishment of School Boards), so that we, the  the  the  towns are betting a generation of cripple paupers, criminals and prostitutes, caused, not by any  our surroundings.

Another result of this competitive system, this producing for p use, is a tremendous amount of useless toil in the making of these goods. The workers having their wages reduced over and over again are not able to take any pride in their work or do good work. The shoddy clothes, cardboard boots, matchwood furniture, and jerry-built ether so that they may last until they are sold, and then drop to p then we are told things are so much cheaper than in our forefathers' times  what is the remedy for all this misery and poverty? We are told thrift, temperance, and industry. With all due respect for the advocates of these that under the present capitalist system, in which we are all competing  against the other, they would be useless to the workers as a body.

Last, but not least, we have the so-called leaders of the working class, with th Fair Trade Leagues, Industrial conferences, and working men representatives Parliament. The workers should be aware of these wolves in sheep's cloth prepared to advocate Free Trade or Fair Trade, tunnels or railways or, or even to the moon, if they can get money for so doing. forward to the so-called working men candidates for Parliament is on a more effectually fill their own pockets while professing to be the frie of the workers. We workers should look upon every one as enemy and tr who to get a position for himself, Parliamentary or otherwise, by pol. We as workers believe that this chronic state of misery, starvation, degradation for us, the producers of all wealth, is caused by the monopoly of  land in the hands of a few used for sport and pleasure instead of gro food for the people, and by the monopoly of the means of production  exchange, and that until these monopolies are overthrown our misery  servitude to the capitalists will continue. This is the social question—one effects every one of us, man, woman, and child. It is a duty we owe to the present, and future generations, that we should, by our united efforts masyer problem; that we should hand in hand as brothers, with a fixed and bitter detenation, band ourselves together to put an end to this misery, to make better ditions for our children, leaving the politicians to fight over their politics  we may rest assured that our cause will have to be fought and won by and wi people themselves, and not by either House of Parliament. Leaving the philanthropists to organise their charity, we, not asking for their charity, ster and fea demand justice. JOSEPH.

the morning of the 16th August, 1819, the reformers began respective rendezvous in Manchester. In the course of the fore processions enter the town from Oldham, Rochdale, Ashton, Sta districts. The people marched five abreast. There were many years, haggard and careworn; but the majority were young pe many women and children. The females were placed for the cessions. In the front of the Middleton branch were twelve y holding in each hand a branch of laurel “as a sign of unity and peace” were banners with mottoes in gilt letters: “Unity is Strength,” “ Fraternity,” “Parliaments Annual, Suffrage Universal,” “No Com L

It was an impressive sight to see these toilers, to the number of 60 around the platform in Petersfield. There were banners  of the  a platform,  100 yards


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was a mild and soft morning, when Marmaduke and Richard mounted their horses, to proceed on the expedition that had so long been uppermost in the thoughts of the latter; and Elizabeth and Louisa appeared at the same instant in the hall, attired for an excursion on foot.

The head of Miss Grant was covered by a neat little hat of green silk, and her modest eyes peered from under its shade, with the soft languor that characterized her whole appearance; but Miss Temple trod her father's wide apartments with the step of their mistress, holding in her hand, dangling by one of its ribands, the gipsy that was to conceal the glossy locks that curled around her polished forehead, in rich profusion.

"What, are you for a walk, Bess!" cried the Judge, suspending his movements for a moment, to smile, with a father's fondness, at the display of womanly grace and beauty that his child presented. "Remember the heats of July, my daughter; nor venture further than thou canst retrace before the meridian. Where is thy parasol,


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Rh across both strips by means of a broad brush. The pigments used may be French ultramarine, chrome yellow, and carmine. Unless they are employed in very dilute admixture, the changes produced by alum and other chemicals will not be perceptible. There should be no bleaching of the ultramarine or the carmine, or any blueing of the latter, and no dulling of the chrome, even after the lapse of a week from the date of the experiment. Washes of tincture of azolitmin from litmus, tincture of dahlia flowers, and tincture of methyl-orange may be similarly applied to paper-strips; in this case it will probably be found that the two former tests will show an acid reaction, and the methyl-orange a basic or alkaline reaction. This seemingly strange result has been found to arise from the presence of a derivative of the alum in the size, namely, an aluminium sulphate which is acid to some tests and basic to others. This point has been established by the experiments of Messrs. Cross and Bevan, Mr. C. Beadle, and Drs. P. N. Evans and Quirin Wirtz, who have proved that all the drawing-papers of well-known makers which they have examined contained no free sulphuric acid. Of course, the question remains, 'How far, if at all, is the basic aluminium sulphate in drawing-paper injurious to sensitive pigments?' This inquiry can, I think, be answered by applying the colour-tests already described, not only to the suspected papers themselves, but also to extracts from them made with cold distilled water and also with hot. Other useful tests are the following:

1. Burn 100 grains of paper to a white ash ; not more than 1.5 grains of incombustible residue should be found.

2. Extract 100 grains of paper repeatedly with boiling


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 girl? thou wilt lose the polish of thy brow, under this sun and southern breeze, unless thou guard it with unusual care."

"I shall then do more honour to my connexions." returned the smiling daughter. "Cousin Richard has a bloom that any lady might envy. At present, the resemblance between us is so trifling, that no stranger would know us to be 'sisters' children.'"

"Grand-children, you mean, cousin Bess," said the Sheriff. "But on, Judge Temple; time and tide wait for no man; and if you take my counsel, sir, in twelve months from this day, you may make an umbrella for your daughter of her camel's-hair shawl, and have its frame of solid silver. I ask nothing for myself, 'duke; you have been a good friend to me already; besides, all that I have will go to Bess, there, one of these melancholy days, so it's as long as it's short, whether I or you leave it. But we have a day's ride before us, sir; so move forward, or dismount, and say you won't go, at once."

"Patience, patience, Dickon," returned the Judge, checking his horse, and turning again to his daughter. "If thou art for the mountains, love, stray not too deep into the forest, I entreat thee; for, though it is done often with impunity, there is sometimes danger."

"Not at this season, I believe, sir," said Elizabeth; "for, I will confess, it is the intention of Louisa and myself to stroll among the hills."

"Less at this season than in the winter, dear; but still there may be danger in venturing too far. But though thou art resolute, Elizabeth, thou art too much like thy mother not to be prudent."

The eyes of the parent turned reluctantly from the brilliant beauty of his child, and the Judge and Sheriff rode slowly through the gateway,


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Rh masters again in holding that true friendship can exist only amongst the good; that, in fact, all friendship. must assume that there is something good and lovable in the person towards whom the feeling is entertained: it may occasionally be a mistaken assumption; the good quality we think we see in our friend may have no existence save in our own partial imagination; but the existence of the counterfeit is an incontestable evidence of the true original. And the greatest attraction, and therefore the truest friendships, will always be of the good towards the good.

He admits, however, the notorious fact, that good persons are sometimes disagreeable; and he confesses that we have a right to seek in our friends amiability as well as moral excellence. "Sweetness," he says—anticipating, as all these ancients so provokingly do, some of our most modern popular philosophers—"sweetness, both in language and in manner, is a very powerful attraction in the formation of friendships." He is by no means of the same opinion as Sisyphus in Lord Lytton's 'Tale of Miletus'—

He admits that it is the office of a friend to tell unpleasant truths sometimes; but there should be a certain amount of this indispensable "sweetness" to temper the bitterness of the advice. There are some friends who are continually reminding you of what they have done for you—"a disgusting set of people verily they are," says our author. And there are others

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upon the produce of land are in reality taxes upon the rent; and though they may be originally advanced by the farmer, are finally paid by the landlord. When a certain portion of the produce is to be paid away for a tax, the farmer computes, as well as he can, what the value of this portion is, one year with another, likely to amount to, and he makes a proportionable abatement in the rent which he agrees to pay to the landlord. There is no farmer who does not compute beforehand what the church tithe, which is a land tax of this kind, is, one year with another, likely to amount to.

The tithe, and every other land tax of this kind, under the appearance of perfect equality, are very unequal taxes; a certain portion of the produce being, in different situations, equivalent to a very different portion of the rent. In some very rich lands the produce is so great that the one-half of it is fully sufficient to replace to the farmer his capital employed in cultivation, together with the ordinary profits of farming stock in the neighborhood. The other half, or, what comes to the same thing, the value of the other half, he could afford to pay as rent to the landlord, if there was no tithe. But if a tenth of the produce is taken from him in the way of tithe, he must require an abatement of the fifth part of his rent, otherwise he cannot get back his capital with the ordinary profit. In this case the rent of the landlord, instead of amounting to a half, or five-tenths of the whole produce, will amount only to four-tenths of it. In poorer lands, on the contrary, the produce is sometimes


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text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Marten, Edmund (1)


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MONG a people with whom poetry has been for centuries a universal fashion of emotional utterance, we should naturally suppose the common ideal of life to be a noble one. However poorly the upper classes of such a people might compare with those of other nations, we could scarcely doubt that its lower classes were morally and otherwise in advance of our own lower classes. And the Japanese actually present us with such a social phenomenon.

Poetry in Japan is universal as the air. It is felt by everybody. It is read by everybody. It is composed by almost everybody,—irrespective of class and condition. Nor is it thus ubiquitous in the mental atmosphere only: it is everywhere to be heard by the ear, and seen by the eye!


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 Iceland. In 1897 he toured in Central Asia, and was almost shipwrecked in crossing the Caspian Sea; suffering a very severe illness in consequence. He composed a large number of works for the flute, an opera Thais, and many other orchestral and vocal works. As a reward for his Nordlands Bilder (op. 164) the King of Norway created him a member of the Order of St. Andrew. He also possessed several other foreign decorations. As regards his playing, his power and execution were immense, but his tone was coarse and windy; moreover he was generally out of tune, and in 1878 his attempts to tune with the orchestra at the Crystal Palace so signally failed that he left in disgust. He was a tall, strong, handsome man, but in later life he suffered much from his eyes, and his health broke down. He died in Breslau.

To turn once more to the French school:Dorus was succeeded by Joseph H. Altès (1826-1899), a pupil of Tulou at the Paris Conservatoire, where he gained first prize in 1842. He subsequently became first flute at the Opera and professor at the Conservatoire. He was succeeded by Paul Taffanel (1844- 1908), born at Bordeaux, the greatest French flautist of recent times. Taffanel began to learn the flute from his} father at the early age of seven. When ten years of age he made his début at a public concert in Rochelle, with great success. Through the influence of an amateur flautist the lad was placed in Dorus' class at the Paris Conservatoire in 1860; where he carried off the first prize for flute-playing, and also for


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 As for audible poetry, wherever there is working there is singing. The toil of the fields and the labor of the streets are performed to the rhythm of chanted verse; and song would seem to be an expression of the life of the people in about the same sense that it is an expression of the life of cicadæ…. As for visible poetry, it appears everywhere, written or graven,—in Chinese or in Japanese characters,—as a form of decoration. In thousands and thousands of dwellings, you might observe that the sliding-screens, separating rooms or closing alcoves, have Chinese or Japanese decorative texts upon them;—and these texts are poems. In houses of the better class there are usually a number of gaku, or suspended tablets to be seen,—each bearing, for all design, a beautifully written verse. But poems can be found upon almost any kind of domestic utensil,—for example upon braziers, iron kettles, vases, wooden trays, lacquer ware, porcelains, chopsticks of the finer sort,—even toothpicks! Poems are painted upon shop-signs, panels, screens, and fans. Poems are printed upon towels, draperies, curtains, kerchiefs, silk-linings, and women’s crêpe-silk underwear. Poems are stamped or worked upon


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, envelopes, purses, mirror-cases, travelling-bags. Poems are inlaid upon enamelled ware, cut upon bronzes, graven upon metal pipes, embroidered upon tobacco-pouches. It were a hopeless effort to enumerate a tithe of the articles decorated with poetical texts. Probably my readers know of those social gatherings at which it is the custom to compose verses, and to suspend the compositions to blossoming trees,—also of the Tanabata festival in honor of certain astral gods, when poems inscribed on strips of colored paper, and attached to thin bamboos, are to be seen even by the roadside,—all fluttering in the wind like so many tiny flags…. Perhaps you might find your way to some Japanese hamlet in which there are neither trees nor flowers, but never to any hamlet in which there is no visible poetry. You might wander,—as I have done,—into a settlement so poor that you could not obtain there, for love or money, even a cup of real tea; but I do not believe that you could discover a settlement in which there is nobody capable of making a poem.


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Recently while looking over a manuscript-collection of verses,—mostly short poems of an emotional or descriptive character,—it occurred to me that a selection from them might serve to illustrate certain Japanese qualities of sentiment, as well as some little-known Japanese theories of artistic expression,—and I ventured forthwith upon this essay. The poems, which had been collected for me by different persons at many different times and places, were chiefly of the kind written on particular occasions, and cast into forms more serried, if not also actually briefer, than anything in Western prosody. Probably few of my readers are aware of two curious facts relating to this order of composition. Both facts are exemplified in the history and in the texts of my collection,—though I cannot hope, in my renderings, to reproduce the original effect, whether of imagery or of feeling.

The first curious fact is that, from very ancient times, the writing of short poems has been practised in Japan even more as a moral duty than


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 harmony, counterpoint, and fugue. In 1871 Taffanel was appointed first solo flute in the Grand Opera, Paris, and in 1887 became conductor. Ten years later he was appointed conductor at the Conservatoire. In conjunction with Lalo, Armingaud, and Jacquard, he in 1872 founded the Société Classique, a string and wind quintett Society which continued to give concerts in Paris and elsewhere for fifteen years; by their perfect ensemble this Society raised the standard of wind-instrument chamber playing to a pitch never hitherto attained. Under the stress of his arduous duties as musical director at the Paris Exhibition, 1900, his health broke down, and in the following year he resigned his position at the Conservatoire. His execution was rapid and brilliant, his tone extremely soft and velvety, and his playing full of soul, expression, and refinement. He was a member of the Legion of Honour and of many other foreign orders.

Previous to Nicholson, very few English names appear in the list of eminent flautists. Concerning the


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 so small, and the expense of cultivation so great, that it requires four-fifths of the whole produce to replace to the farmer his capital with the ordinary profit. In this case, though there was no tithe, the rent of the landlord could amount to no more than one-fifth or two-tenths of the whole produce. But if the farmer pays one-tenth of the produce in the way of tithe, he must require an equal abatement of the rent of the landlord, which will thus be reduced to one-tenth only of the whole produce. Upon the rent of rich lands, the tithe may sometimes be a tax of no more than one-fifth part, or four shillings in the pound; whereas upon that of poorer lands it may sometimes be a tax of one-half, or of ten shillings in the pound.

The tithe, as it is frequently a very unequal tax upon the rent, so it is always a great discouragement both to the improvements of the landlord and to the cultivation of the farmer. The one cannot venture to make the most important, which are generally the most expensive improvements; nor the other to raise the most valuable, which are generally too the most expensive crops; when the church, which lays out no part of the expense, is to share so very largely in the profit. The cultivation of madder was for a long time confined by the tithe to the United Provinces, which, being Presbyterian countries, and upon that account exempted from this destructive tax, enjoyed a sort of monopoly of that useful dyeing drug against the rest of Europe. The late attempts to introduce the culture of this plant into England have been made only in consequence of the statute which enacted that five shillings an acre should be received In lieu of all manner of tithe upon madder.

As through the greater part of Europe, the Church, so in many different countries of Asia, the State, is principally


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 as a mere literary art. The old ethical teaching was somewhat like this:—“Are you very angry?—do not say anything unkind, but compose a poem. Is your best-beloved dead?—do not yield to useless grief, but try to calm your mind by making a poem. Are you troubled because you are about to die, leaving so many things unfinished?—be brave, and write a poem on death! Whatever injustice or misfortune disturbs you, put aside your resentment or your sorrow as soon as possible, and write a few lines of sober and elegant verse for a moral exercise.” Accordingly, in the old days, every form of trouble was encountered with a poem. Bereavement, separation, disaster called forth verses in lieu of plaints. The lady who preferred death to loss of honor, composed a poem before piercing her throat. The samurai sentenced to die by his own hand, wrote a poem before performing hara-kiri. Even in this less romantic era of Meiji, young people resolved upon suicide are wont to compose some verses before quitting the world. Also it is still the good custom to write a poem in time of ill-fortune. I have frequently known poems to be written under the most trying circumstances of misery or suffering,—nay,


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WASHINGTON, Nov. 10.—Dispatches received today by the Government, most of them sent by wireless from Nauen, Germany, by authority of the new Socialist masters of the German Empire, tell the story of the great events that have already taken place, forefunners of even more important happenings.

One dipatch received by the General Staff from The Hague, dated Nov. 10, repeats a press report that the Kaiser arrived this morning at Maastright, Holland, and was proceeding to Middachten Castel, in the town of De Steeg near Utrecht.

Meanwhile the Government is without information as to whether the armistice exchanges have been concluded. Owing to various difficulties the German courier sent by the Berlin Government's parliamentarians from Marshal Foch's headquarters with the armistice terms of the Allies did not reach German General Headquarters until the morning. The time limit given by Foch for an acceptance of the condition will expire at 11 o'clock Monday morning, (French time,) which is 6 o'clock Monday morning Washington time. No surprise would be caused here if the new Government of Germany asked for an extension of the ultimatum on the ground that the delays in travel to which the German courier was subjected make this necessary. There is no information as to what the disposition of the allied Governments would be toward such a request.

The course of the new Government in Berlin in sending broadcast by radio accounts of the stupendous happenings in Germany leads to the suspicion here that it is playing for sympathy, seeking to make it appear that as the German people are now in control of the Government and have cast out the Kaiser and his kind, they should be treated with greater leniency in the armistice conditions. It is realized here that on account of the new turn of affairs in Germany there may be a disposition to forget some of the things that have occurred in the past four years, but nothing has come to light to show that any official of this Government has changed in any degree the view that future generations can be protected from the German menace only by the imposition of the most drastic measures.

The wanton sinking of the Lusitania and the horrors of the German U-boat campaign, the destruction of French and Belian towns, the bombing of hospitals, the aircraft raids on unprotected cities, the outrages perpetrated upon women and children in the conquered territories, are believed to be too fresh in the minds of those in authority in the United States and allied countries to permit any modification of their indignation because Germany has apparently turned overnight from a military autocracy to a semi-democracy.

The suggestion was heard here today that events now occurring in Germany might bring about such political chaos as to leave no responsible government capable of guaranteeing the observance of the armistice terms.

It was Prince Max, who as Cancellor made the request for the armistice. Philip Scheidemann, the Socialist member of the old ministry and now a great power in the revolution, undoubtedly sanctioned the request. The Socialists generally are for peace and are credited with having had a great influence in determining the conciliatory course that Prince Max has followed as Chancellor. With Prince Max as Regent, a Socialist occupying the post of Chancellor, and those responsible for the revolution earnestly hoping for peace, even peace at any price, there is every reason to believe that the disposition of the new Government will be to accept the armistice terms, no matter how drastic they may be.

It is conceivable, even probably, that the new Government will plead for a modification of the conditions. But the demand of the German people for an ending of the war is so strong that the outlook seems to favor an immediate acceptance of the armistice terms if the Allies decline to make them less drastic in any degree. And there is every reason to suppose that the allied governments will tolerate no change.

The statements sent out by wireless by the new Government at Berlin are evidently all intended to convince the allied world that responsible authority is being maintained in Germany. Nothing has been received here to cast doubt on this claim. The allied Governments, it is believed, would be just as willing, even more willing, to deal with a democratic Government of Germany than with an autocratic Government, provided, of course, that the democratic Government is able to maintain order and live up to the obligations imposed upon it and the subsequent pledges set forth in the treaty of peace to be negotiated.

On several occasional President Wilson has emphasized that the United States could not deal with the German Government then in existence, because the people had such a small share in its management. The Preseident has contended that only a popular government of Germany could be depended on to live up to the guarantees for the future. He has maintained that the autocratic group at Berlin, headed by the Kaiser, could not be trusted to live up to its pledges, but that with the people in control of the Government guarantees would be observed, for the reason that the people would insist upon their observance. In these circumstances, it would be agreeable to the United States Government at least to make the agreements for the conclusion of hostilities with a peoples' government of Germany.

The fact that a repudiated Kaiser was at the head of the German Government during the great was does not relieve those who have deposed him from the responsibility of paying the cost of the Kaiser's adventure. The new Socialist chiefs at Berlin compose the German Government just as much as it was previously in control of the Kaiser and the Chancellor, and are equally responsible for seeing that Germany pays the price that will be exacted for her effort to conquer the world. No recognition of the new Government by the Allies is required. Recognition of the Kaiser's Government was repudiated by the Allied when they entered the war. That condition still holds. Under the rules of the great international game there is no distinction, as far as responsibility is concerned, between a German Government, headed by an autocratic Kaiser, and a German Government controlled by the people.

In a manifesto issued by Ebert, the new Chancellor, which the State Department has obtained through the Naun radio station, he expresses the fear that anarchy may result if food supplies are not protected.

Anarchy in Germany, that is, absence of responsible Government, might compel the Allies to enter Germany and take control of the entire country. Anarchy in Germany is likely to be coincident with the dissolution of the German armies which would give the Allies a free path into German territory and throughout the domain formerly rules by the Kaiser.

It seems, therefore, that the wiser course for the new Socialist Government at Berlin to pursue is to assent at once to the terms of the armistice. Any delay on their part, such a delay as would be caused by obtaining an extension of the ultimatum on account of the failure of the allied conditions to reach Berlin until today, may bring upon them an invasion and the policing of Germany by allied troops.

The wireless dispatches that have come to the State Department today from Nauen tell the story of the German revolution. It began on Saturday morning, apparently, with a general strike in Berlin. The Socialist members of the Government severed their connection with the Cabinet, and the Socialists and Independent Socialist Committee held a joint meeting in the Reichstag. Meanwhile a Socialist member of the Reichstag named Wels made an address at the barracks of the Alexandra Regiment to the troops there, and a large number of officers joined with the soldiers in sending delegates to the Reichstag Joint Committee.

Delegates of workmen, carrying the red flag and accompanied usually by soldiers who had been on guard at their factories, marched to the centre of Berlin. These delegations were received by the joint committee. REgiments in Berlin and nearby places sent delegations, which pledged allegiance to the new Government. The building occupied by Vorwäerts, the Socialist newspaper, was taken over by 300 riflemen to protect it "against possible eventualities on the side of the former régime."

A delegation of workmen who went into the barracks of a Guard regiment to persuade soldiers to join the revolt were shot at by two officers. Three persons were killed and one wounded. It is asserted in one communiqué that there was a general fraternization of sailors, soldiers, and workmen. A delegation of sailors brought word to the Reichstag committee that 3,000 sailors were marching to Berlin, and were expected to arrive on Saturday afternoon.

At noon the Socialist leaders, Ebert and Scheidemann, accompanied by troops, went to the Chancellor and told him they had decided to take the Government into their own hands. Apparently Chancellor Max gave way immediately, and, after making known that the Kaiser had abdicated, that the Crown Prince had renounced his rights to the throne, and that Prince Max had assumed the duties as Regent and appointed Ebert as Chancellor, Scheidemann then made a speech in front of the Reichstag, in which he announced that that Kaiser and the Crown Prince had abdicated, that the dynasty was overthrown, and that Ebert had been appointed Chancellor under the regency of Prince Max.

Announcement was made also that ordinances of the Government were valid only with Ebert's signature. The War Minister, it was announced, would continue his duties, but his orders would be valid only when countersigned by his Social Democratic assistant. The new Government is controlled, it was announced, by the Social Democratic Party and the Independent Social Democratic Party.

Chancellor Ebert has issues several appeals to the people. Each is addressed "Citizens." He has asked for the maintenance of law and order and the protection and distribution of food. All officers of the empire are requested to keep their places for the good of the country, although the new Chancellor admits that it may be hard for them to co-operate with the men who represent the new régime.

The circulation of The New York Times is now the greatest in its history, notwithstanding the recent increase in price from one to two cents.—Advt.

GENEVA, Switzerland, Nov, 10.—It is reported here that William Hohenzollern may come to the chateau of his friend Baron von Kleist at Zug, thirteen miles northeast of Lucerne.

The first member of the Austrian royalty has arrived in Switzerland with an Italian permit. He is the Duke of Braganza. He has reached Samaden, near St. Moritz. Additional members of the royal family are expected.

PARIS, Nov. 10.—The Temps today concludes a sketch of Friedrich Ebert, the new German Chancellor, as follow:

"He shares the ruling passion of the German. He is a type of Pan German Socialist, not to say an imperialist."

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 even upon a bed of death;—and if the verses did not display any extraordinary talent, they at least afforded extraordinary proof of self-mastery under pain…. Surely this fact of composition as ethical practice has larger interest than all the treatises ever written about the rules of Japanese prosody.

The other curious fact is only a fact of æsthetic theory. The common art-principle of the class of poems under present consideration is identical with the common principle of Japanese pictorial illustration. By the use of a few chosen words the composer of a short poem endeavors to do exactly what the painter endeavors to do with a few strokes of the brush,—to evoke an image or a mood,—to revive a sensation or an emotion. And the accomplishment of this purpose,—by poet or by picture-maker,—depends altogether upon capacity to suggest, and only to suggest. A Japanese artist would be condemned for attempting elaboration of detail in a sketch intended to recreate the memory of some landscape seen through the blue haze of a spring morning, or under the great blond light of an autumn afternoon. Not only would he be false to the


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 supported by a land tax, proportioned, not to the rent, but to the produce of the land. In China, the principal revenue of the sovereign consists in a tenth part of the produce of all the lands of the empire. This tenth part, however, is estimated so very moderately, that, in many provinces, it is said not to exceed a thirtieth part of the ordinary produce. The land tax or land rent which used to be paid to the Mohammedan government of Bengal, before that country fell into the hands of the English East India Company, is said to have amounted to about a fifth part of the produce. The land tax of ancient Egypt is said likewise to have amounted to a fifth part.

In Asia, this sort of land tax is said to interest the sovereign in the improvement and cultivation of land. The sovereigns of China, those of Bengal while under the Mohammedan government, and those of ancient Egypt, are said accordingly to have been extremely attentive to the making and maintaining of good roads and navigable canals, in order to increase, as much as possible, both the quantity and value of every part of the produce of the land, by procuring to every part of it the most extensive market which their own dominions could afford. The tithe of the church is divided into such small portions that no one of its proprietors can have any interest of this kind. The parson of a parish could never find his account in making a road or canal to a distant part of the country, in order to extend the market for the produce of his own particular parish. Such taxes, when destined for the maintenance of the State, have some advantages which may serve in some measure to balance their inconvenience. When destined for the maintenance of the church, they are attended with nothing but inconvenience.


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 of his art: he would necessarily defeat his own end thereby. In the same way a poet would be condemned for attempting any completeness of utterance in a very short poem: his object Should be only to stir imagination without satisfying it. So the term ittakkiri—meaning “all gone,” or “entirely vanished,” in the sense of “all told,”—is contemptuously applied to verses in which the verse-maker has uttered his whole thought;—praise being reserved for compositions that leave in the mind the thrilling of a something unsaid. Like the single stroke of a temple-bell, the perfect short poem should set murmuring and undulating, in the mind of the hearer, many a ghostly aftertone of long duration.

But for the same reason that Japanese short poems may be said to resemble Japanese pictures, a full comprehension of them requires an intimate knowledge of the life which they reflect. And this is especially true of the emotional class of such poems,—a literal translation of which,


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Martyn, Giles


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Martin, Gregory (1)


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 down.) "I fear you have been reading too much." "Very likely, Sir, I shall be better by and bye," was my answer. I could eat but little, yet I tried to do it, and also to rally my spirits to avoid suspicion. When Albert was removing the cloth, "I have a great favour to ask your Honour." "What is it Albert?" (said my uncle.) "Why, Sir, I have got a sister married at a village near Lausanne, and the poor soul does so long to see me, that if you could spare me for a week, I should be mightily obliged to you?" "For a week! (replied his master, pleasure dancing in his eyes) you may set off to-morrow and stay a fortnight, it cannot be less time, to give you any comfort with your friends." The poor fellow bowed his thanks and withdrew.

I now exulted in our prospect of success in my deliverance: I grew more cheerful, my uncle was tender and affectionate; I bore his caresses without any repulses, but left the room soon as possible. I employed myself in


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Martin, Gregory (2)


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Rh


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 Taxes upon the produce of land may be levied, either in kind, or, according to a certain valuation, in money.

The parson of a parish, or a gentleman of small fortune who lives upon his estate, may sometimes, perhaps, find some advantage in receiving, the one his tithe, and the other his rent, in kind. The quantity to be collected, and the district within which it is to be collected, are so small that they both can oversee, with their own eyes, the collection and disposal of every part of what is due to them. A gentleman of great fortune, who lived in the capital, would be in danger of suffering much by the neglect, and more by the fraud of his factors and agents, if the rents of an estate in a distant province were to be paid to him in this manner. The loss of the sovereign, from the abuse and depredation of his tax-gatherers, would necessarily be much greater. The servants of the most careless private person are, perhaps, more under the eye of their master than those of the most careful prince; and a public revenue, which was paid in kind, would suffer so much from the mismanagement of the collectors that a very small part of what was levied upon the people would ever arrive at the treasury of the prince. Some part of the public revenue of China, however, is said to be paid in this manner. The mandarins and other tax-gatherers will, no doubt, find their advantage in continuing the practice of a payment which is so much more liable to abuse than any payment in money.

A tax upon the produce of land which is levied in money may be levied either according to a valuation which varies with all the variations of the market price; or according to a fixed valuation, a bushel of wheat, for example, being always valued at one and the same money


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Martyn, Henry (1)


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14 distilled water. The united watery extracts, evaporated to dryness, should not amount to 8 grains.

3. If straw or esparto fibre be present in a paper, it will become red when immersed in a boiling 1 per cent, solution of aniline sulphate.

Attempts have been made to size paper with casein dissolved in ammonia, and also with ' viscose,' a modified cellulose made out of the substance of the paper itself by means of water, caustic soda, and carbon disulphide. At present, however, gelatin-sizing holds its own. The necessity of introducing alum, or an equivalent of some other aluminium salt, into this size is its chief drawback, although an animal product of the group to which gelatin belongs, being prone to decomposition and to the attacks of microscopic organisms, itself constitutes a source of danger. Alum is used not merely as an antiseptic, but because it exerts a peculiar liquefying effect upon the size. A little alum solution added to gelatin solution increases its stiffness, but further additions up to an easily ascertained point make the solution more mobile. It is absolutely necessary to keep the alum percentage low; I found in a batch of one well-known make of drawing-paper that exactly twice as much alum had been employed as was necessary. My remonstrance with the manufacturers had its due effect.

The roughness or smoothness of the surface of the paper, or cardboard, is not without influence on the permanence of water-colours. The pigments become less intimately associated with the smooth surface of a hot-pressed paper than with a comparatively rough natural surface. The rough surface is, however, liable to wider and more rapid fluctuations in the amount of hygroscopic moisture.

Some apparently sound papers deteriorate in strength and tint on being kept. Such changes may occur even when


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 in the majority of cases, would signify almost nothing to the Western mind. Here, for example, is a little verse, pathetic enough to Japanese comprehension:—

Translated, this would appear to mean only,—“''Two butterflies! … Last year my dear wife died!” Unless you happen to know the pretty Japanese symbolism of the butterfly in relation to happy marriage, and the old custom of sending with the wedding-gift a large pair of paper-butterflies (ochō-méchō''), the verse might well seem to be less than commonplace. Or take this recent composition, by a University student, which has been praised by good judges:—

—“In my native place the old folks [or, my parents] are—clamor of insect-voices!” …


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 packing up a few necessaries in a small portmantua, with what little valuables I had, and was tolerably supplied with money, as I thought, knowing little of the expences of a journey. I did not go to bed, and about four in the morning, when the whole house was buried in sleep, I took my portmantua, and with some difficulty carried it down stairs, opened the doors with the greatest precaution, and, to my no small joy, found Albert walking upon the green; he took my load from me, and, without speaking, led the way to the stables, fastened on the portmantua, and getting me behind him, we rode off as fast as possible. Previous to my quitting the room the preceding evening, I desired my uncle not to wait breakfast for me, as I believed I should scarcely rise sooner than ten, as I had not slept well the night before; I therefore thought we should have some hours start of any pursuit, and we proceeded on to Lucerne, the very opposite road from Lausanne, here Albert had asked permission to go to. After a tedious and painful journey we got safe to


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 price whatever may be the state of the market. The produce of a tax levied in the former way will vary only according to the variations in the real produce of the land according to the improvement or neglect of cultivation. The produce of a tax levied in the latter way will vary, not only according to the variations in the produce of the land, but according both to those in the value of the precious metals, and those in the quantity of those metals which is at different times contained in coin of the same denomination. The produce of the former will always bear the same proportion to the value of the real produce of the land. The produce of the latter may, at different times, bear very different proportions to that value.

When, instead either of a certain portion of the produce of land, or of the price of a certain portion, a certain sum of money is to be paid in full compensation for all tax or tithe; the tax becomes, in this case, exactly of the same nature with the land tax of England. It neither rises nor falls with the rent of the land. It neither encourages nor discourages improvement. The tithe in the greater part of those parishes which pay what is called a modus in lieu of all other tithe, is a tax of this kind. During the Mohammedan government of Bengal, instead of the payment in kind of the fifth part of the produce, a modus, and, it is said, a very moderate one, was established in the greater part of the districts or zemindaries of the country. Some of the servants of the East India Company, under pretence of restoring the public revenue to its proper value, have, in some provinces, exchanged this modus for a payment in kind. Under their management this change is likely both to discourage cultivation, and to give new opportunities for abuse in the collection of the public revenue, which


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 Lucerne. Alas! how great was our disappointment; this sister, on whose protection I relied, had been dead three weeks, and her little shop and stock given to a young woman who lived with her, and only a small legacy left to Albert. What now was to be done? The mistress of the house humanely offered me a bed for a night or two; vexation and fatigue compelled me to accept the offer: my poor fellow traveller was more affected than myself. We consulted what was next to be done; he then recollected he had a relation at Zurich, and proposed my going on there. He said it was a good city, and some way or other, doubtless, I might procure a living by my talents. Small as this hope was I had no alternative but to embrace it, and the next morning we pursued our journey; the day before yesterday was the second day of our travelling from Zurich. The storm came on just before our entrance into the wood, we took shelter for some time, but the trees getting thoroughly wet, and the night setting in, we rode through it, in the hope of


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 The poet here is a country-lad. In unfamiliar fields he listens to the great autumn chorus of insects; and the sound revives for him the memory of his far-off home and of his parents…. But here is something incomparably more touching,—though in literal translation probably more obscure,—than either of the preceding specimens:—

—“Oh, body-piercing wind!—that work of little fingers in the shōji!” … What does this mean? It means the sorrowing of a mother for her dead child. Shōji is the name given to those light white-paper screens which in a Japanese house serve both as windows and doors,—admitting plenty of light, but concealing, like frosted glass, the interior from outer observation, and excluding the wind. Infants delight to break these by poking their fingers through the soft paper: then the wind blows through the holes, In this case the wind blows very cold indeed,—into the mother’s very heart;—for it comes


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 through the little holes that were made by the fingers of her dead child.

The impossibility of preserving the inner quality of such poems in a literal rendering, will now be obvious. Whatever I attempt in this direction must of necessity be ittakkiri;—for the unspoken has to be expressed; and what the Japanese poet is able to say in seventeen or twenty-one syllables may need in English more than double that number of words. But perhaps this fact will lend additional interest to the following atoms of emotional expression:—

I sought in the place of graves the tomb of my vanished friend: From ancient cedars above there rippled a wild dove’s cry.


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 has fallen very much below what it was said to have been, when it first fell under the management of the company. The servants of the company may, perhaps, have profited by this change, but at the expense, it is probable, both of their masters and of the country.

rent of a house may be distinguished into two parts, of which the one may very properly be called the Building rent; the other is commonly called the Ground rent.

The building rent is the interest or profit of the capital expended in building the house. In order to put the trade of a builder upon a level with other trades, it is necessary that this rent should be sufficient, first, to pay him the same interest which he would have got for his capital if he had lent it upon good security; and, secondly, to keep the house in constant repair, or, what comes to the same thing, to replace, within a certain term of years, the capital which had been employed in building it. The building rent, or the ordinary profit of building, is, therefore, everywhere regulated by the ordinary interest of money. Where the market rate of interest is four per cent the rent of a house which, over and above paying the ground rent, affords six or six and a half per cent upon the whole expense of building, may perhaps afford a sufficient profit to the builder. Where the market rate of interest is five per cent, it may perhaps require seven or seven and a half per cent. If, in proportion to the interest of money, the trade of the builder affords at any time a much greater profit than this, it will soon draw so much capital from other trades as will reduce the profit to its proper level. If it affords at any time much less than this, other trades


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Martin, Edward (1)


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Martin, Edward (2)


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Marten, Edward


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Martin, Edward (4)


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Martyn, Francis


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Martin, George (1)


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Martyn, George


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Martin, George (3)


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 Treaties and internationalagreements registered or filed and recorded with the Secretariat of the United Nations VOLUME 1028

1976

1. Nos. 15110-15130 It. No. 755

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I Treaties and internationalagreements registeredfrom 10 November 1976 to 26 November 1976 Page

No. 15110. United States of America and Romania: Protocol on co-operation in agriculture between the Department of Agriculture of the United States of America and the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Industry of the Socialist Republic of Romania (with annex). Signed at W ashington on I September 1975 .................................... No. 15111. United States of America and Romania: Protocol on development of agricultural trade between the Department of Agriculture of the United States of America and the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Industry of the Socialist Republic of Romania. Signed at Washington on I I September 1975 .................................... No. 15112. United States of America and India: Agreed minutes of the second session of the United States-India Joint Commission on Economic, Commercial, Scientific, Technological, Educational and Cultural Co-operation held in Washington on 6 and 7 October 1975 (with annexes). Signed at Washington on 7 October 1975 ........................ No. 15113. United States of America and Barbados: Exchange of notes constituting an agreement relating to a cooperative weather station program at Seawell Airport - Barbados-United States Cooperative Rawinsonde Program.Bridgetown, 13 October 1975 ..................... No. 15114. United States of America and Philippines: Exchange of notes constituting an agreement relating to trade in cotton, wool and man-made fiber textiles and textile products (with annexes). Manila, 15 October 1975 ......................................................... No. 15115. United States of America and Switzerland: Exchange of letters constituting an understanding relating to air charter services (with annex). Bern, 20 and 24 November 1975 ........................... Vol. 1028

3

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 if they have a covering of sand they will not lose a particle of their flavor. If sand or dry earth is not used, give them a covering of straw, to prevent the air from giving the outside Potatoes an acrid taste. Towards the end of January and February, they should have a regular turning, to prevent their sprouting. If any have begun to grow, pick off the growths. They will require this operation repeated every few weeks while they are in the cellar. If this is not carefully attended to, and the Potatoes allowed to grow to any extent, they will lose much of their farinaceous quality. It is also very essential to turn over frequently those intended for seed, to prevent a premature growth. The greater the vegetative power of the set, the finer and stronger will they grow.

cannot think of admitting this vegetable into the precincts of a garden where there are Melons, Cucumbers, and other kindred plants. It would mix with and contaminate the quality of the more valuable sorts. If, however, there is an opportunity to plant a few in the field, among the Corn, we would recommend among the many sorts, the Cashaw, as being the best. There is a variety of a very coarse nature cultivated in the field, called the Mammoth, which frequently attains the enormous weight of two hundred and fifty pounds, and is only fit for pigs or cattle.

native country of this well-known salad plant is supposed to be China. It is valued by us for its agreeable pun-


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 Perhaps a freak of the wind—yet perhaps a sign of remembrance,— This fall of a single leaf on the water I pour for the dead.

I whispered a prayer at the grave: a butterfly rose and fluttered— Thy spirit, perhaps, dear friend!…


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Martin, Gerrard


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 BLACKWOOD'S

Edinburgh

MAGAZINE.

VOL. XXXII.

JULY DECEMBER, 1832.

WILLIAM BLACKWOOD, EDINBURGH;

AND

T. CADELL, STRAND, LONDON.

1832.


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 CASTLE OF WOLFENBACH;

BY. PARSONS,

M.DCC.XCIII.


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 SANTAL FOLK TALES

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 CASTLE OF WOLFENBACH;

BY. PARSONS,

M.DCC.XCIII.


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Martin, (Sir) Henry


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Martin, Henry (3)


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Martyn, Henry (4)


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$a$ Equipment only.

$b$ Reorganized as an airmobile division 30 June 1965.


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Marten, Henry


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Martin, Henry (6)


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 THE

HISTORY OF ROME

BY

THEODOR MOMMSEN.

TRANSLATED,

WITH THE AUTHOR'S SANCTION AND ADDITIONS,

BY

THE BEV. WILLIAM P. DICKSON,

regius professor of biblical criticism in the university of Glasgow.

NEW EDITION:

VOL. III

LONDON:

RICHARD BENTLEY, NEW BURLINGTON STREET, Publisher in Ordinary to Her Majesty.

1867.


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Martyn, Henry (7)


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Martin, Henry (8)


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 TO

MY DEAR ASSOCIATES

FERDINAND HITZIG

OF ZÜRICH

AND

KARL LUDWIG

OF VIENNA.

1852, 1853, 1854.


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 "Never has a plan better succeeded. The sky was indeed overclouded; however, it was not so dark that we could not have discerned the objects at some distance; and we could clearly perceive that Don Antonio anxiously listened at every bush before he approached it, and that his steps grew slower and slower, the nearer he came to the wall of the church-yard. He brandished his sword to frighten away the spirits, and at length arrived at the gate of the church-yard. He opened it with a great noise, and shut it again in the same violent manner. He, at the same time, began to sing and to whistle with all his might, struck against all the crosses that came in his way; but soon lost his way, and stumbled over one tomb-stone after the other, which enabled us to steal into the chapel from the opposite side about ten minutes before his arrival. Having missed the large gate, it was almost impossible for him to come to the pew of the

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 gency and grateful relish when mixed with salads, or eaten raw with bread and butter. They are supposed to possess medicinal qualities, abounding with a penetrating, nitrous juice, rendering them a good antiscorbutic. It is not admitted that they contain much nourishment. They should, however, when eaten, be very brisk and sprightly, always young; not tough, thready, nor overgrown. The young leaves make an agreeable mixture with Lettuce, Mustard, &c., as a green salad. There is an immense quantity of this article consumed in the Spring and early Summer season. It is a never-ending crop. Being of a rapid growth, it is up and consumed before the crops of Beets, Carrots, &c., make any headway, so that it occupies no ground as a crop by itself. There are many varieties, among which we select the following as most desirable.

Scarlet Short-top.—This is a long, tapering Radish, of a good scarlet color, with very short leaves. It is preferred by all gardeners, as it requires much less room than those with large tops, and is also the very earliest variety, when obtained pure.

Early Salmon.—Very similar to the former, though not of so bright a color, and is a few days later. It succeeds it very conveniently, and is of the same shape.

Olive-shaped.—This variety appears to be between the Scarlet Short-top and the Red Turnip Radish, partaking of both shapes (being a long oval) and maturing for the table between those two varieties.

White Turnip-rooted.—Very appropriately named, and highly esteemed. It succeeds those already described in maturing, and will bear the heat better, without becoming hard and stringy.

Red Turnip-rooted.—In shape and size like the White, matures at the same time, and when grown with it, makes a beautiful variety on the table.

Long White Portugal.—A very beautiful variety, in the shape of the Early Short-top. It does not come so soon as that sort, but makes a decided contrast with it.


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 LIPPINCOTT'S MONTHLY MAGAZINE

A POPULAR JOURNAL OF GENERAL LITERATURE

VOL. LXXIX.— JANUARY TO JUNE, 1907

PHILADELPHIA J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY 1907


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 Marchioness, because he would have been obliged to climb over all the other seats.

"There was only one lady in our company, who, however, had almost spoiled the whole sport. For when she saw the poor Chevalier climbing over the pews, and heard him groan in a most rueful accent, she broke out into an immoderate laughter, and endeavouring to stifle it, rendered it only more hideous. I had placed myself near the organ; and being at a loss how to remedy the fault she had committed, accompanied her with a still more disharmonious passage on the instrument. This produced an effect which surpassed my most sanguine expectation, as but little wind was in the bellows, and I never was an adept in music.

"The poor Chevalier was almost petrified. He sat down in a pew, and awaited, in a kind of stupefaction, the things that were to come. I am sure he would have cared neither for the fan nor for his reputation, if he had had the least hope of getting

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“Have I become a god?”—that is to say, “Have I died?—am I only a ghost in this desolation?” The dead, becoming kami or gods, are thought to haunt wild solitudes by preference.

The poems above rendered are more than pictorial: they suggest something of emotion or sentiment. But there are thousands of pictorial poems that do not; and these would seem mere insipidities to a reader ignorant of their true purpose. When you learn that some exquisite text of gold means only, “Evening-sunlight on the wings of the water-fowl,”—or, “Now in my garden the flowers bloom, and the butterflies dance,”—then your first interest in decorative poetry is apt to wither away. Yet these little texts have a very real merit of their own, and an intimate relation to Japanese æsthetic feeling and experience. Like the pictures upon screens and fans and cups, they


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 safe out of the chapel. In this distress he looked anxiously about for an asylum, and seeing something of a white colour, which were the pillars of the pulpit, shine through the dusk, that prevailed around him, he climbed over the remaining pews to get at that supposed place of safety.

"We thought it our duty to light him on that expedition. A great electric machine, which the Marquis had ordered to be placed near the pulpit, served our purpose excellently, emitting from the conductor, at first, large sparks, and then a whole electric stream. We also lighted some candles of the large chandelier, which was suspended in the centre of the chapel, by means of a quantity of hemp, which was overspread with sulphur and pitch. However, we soon extinguished the candles again. Two servants, who were stationed at the church-yard, broke some panes of glass, which came with a great noise into the chapel: the doors were opened and shut again; the howling of

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 give pleasure by recalling impressions of nature, by reviving happy incidents of travel or pilgrimage, by evoking the memory of beautiful days. And when this plain fact is fully understood, the persistent attachment of modern Japanese poets—notwithstanding their University training—to the ancient poetical methods, will be found reasonable enough.

I need offer only a very few specimens of the purely pictorial poetry. The following—mere thumb-nail sketches in verse—are of recent date.

—“Old temple: bell voiceless; cherry-flowers fall.”

—“In the mountain-temple the paper mosquito-curtain is lighted by the dawn: sound of water-fall.”


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—“Snow-village;—cocks crowing;—white dawn.”

Let me conclude this gossip on poetry by citing from another group of verses—also pictorial, in a certain sense, but chiefly remarkable for ingenuity—two curiosities of impromptu. The first is old, and is attributed to the famous poetess Chiyo. Having been challenged to make a poem of seventeen syllables referring to a square, a triangle, and a circle, she is said to have immediately responded,—

—“''Detaching one corner of the mosquito-net, lo! I behold the moon!''” The top of the mosquito-net, suspended by cords at each of its four corners, represents the square;—letting down the net at one corner converts the square into a triangle;—and the moon represents the circle.


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 4 Therefore while these our ancestresses were hard workers they were also well nigh economic masters, and, says a writer on the subject: "Woe to the luckless husband or lover who was too indolent or too clumsy to contribute his share to the common stock." We might well imagine what a life the women of the community would lead him, particularly as all the women were related, belonged to the same gens and the man at marriage went into his wife’s household. Sometimes indeed, he was bodily ousted from the house and had to go home to his folks again or hunt for another wife to take him in. Inheritance was then traced in the female line and the children belonged to the mother.

The next division of labor was that between the slave and the freeman. As man learned to any great extent to till the soil and domesticate the animals, he invented a new means of production—the slave. Instead of killing and eating, or otherwise disposing of the conquered enemy he was set to work to produce the necessities of life for the conqueror. The conqueror became the master; the slave, a mere tool and instrument of production, an animal of drudgery at best.

With the growth of slavery the tribes became powerful, they developed into nations and became attached to the land. These existed now a division in society between the slave and the freeman. There also soon arose another, the difference between the rich and the poor freeman. Some were able to get more slaves, more land, more animals, more precious metals, etc., than the others, and therefore acquired greater economic power. These new forms of wealth were man's wealth. They developed within man's specific domain of acquiring food. With them, therefore, man gained economic affluence and power.

The possessions of woman on the other hand sank into insignificance. The implements for her work remained sim-


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 The other curiosity is a recent impromptu effort to portray, in one verse of seventeen syllables, the last degree of devil-may-care-poverty,—perhaps

the brave misery of the wandering student;—and I very much doubt whether the effort could be improved upon:—

—“Heavily pours the rain on the hat that I stole from the scarecrow!”


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 BLACKWOOD'S

MAGAZINE.

VOL. CXCV.

JANUARY JUNE 1914.

NEW YORK: THE LEONARD SCOTT PUBLICATION CO.,

249 W. 13TH STREET.

Publishers of

NINETEENTH CENTURY, CONTEMPORARY REVIEW, WESTMINSTER REVIEW,

FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW, BLACKWOOD'S MAGAZINE,

QUARTERLY AND EDINBURGH REVIEWS.

1914.


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