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 by the state central committee, which refused to remove Mr. Anthony, and the committee's decision was ratified by the people at the election in November, when Mr. Anthony was elected by a plurality of nearly 23,000 votes. Two years later, in the Republican state convention, he was defeated for a renomination on the seventeenth ballot. In 1881 he was made superintendent of the Mexican Central railway, a position he held for about two years. In 1884 he was elected to represent Leavenworth county in the state legislature; was a member of the state railroad commission from 1889 to 1893; was the Republican nominee for Congressman at large in 1892, but was defeated by William A. Harris; was a delegate to the Trans-Mississippi Congress at New Orleans in 1892; was appointed superintendent of insurance by Gov. Morrill in 1895, and held this office until his death, which occurred at Topeka on Aug. 5, 1896. As an orator Gov. Anthony was logical and forcible, rarely failing to impress his hearers by his intense earnestness. He was often criticized—such is always the case with men of positive natures—but no word was ever whispered against his honor or integrity. The Kansas Historical Society Collections (vol. VI., p. 204) says: “George T. Anthony's greatest usefulness to his adopted state was his work while editor of the Kansas Farmer and as president of the board of Centennial managers. The pioneer farmers of Kansas were negligent in the management of farm affairs. Corn was about the only crop produced, and at the end of the season the plow was left in the furrow and the mowing machine was left in the fence corner, while the live stock were left to shift for themselves. The Kansas Farmer taught diversified farming, economy in management, improvement in live stock, and higher regard for home and social life. The Centennial exhibit made a grand advertisement for Kansas.”

 Anthony's Administration.—The first biennial session of the Kansas state legislature convened on Jan. 9, 1877, and organized with Lieut. Gov. Melville J. Salter as president of the senate, and Peter P. Elder as speaker of the house. Gov. Anthony requested a joint session of the two branches of the assembly, that he might read his message in person. This was something of an innovation, and Representative Mohler, of Saline county, with thirteen others entered a protest against such a proceeding, giving as their reasons therefor, 1st—because it was not authorized by the constitution; 2nd—such a joint session was not really the legislature of Kansas; and 3d—it was a departure from established precedent. The protest was made a matter of record, but a majority of the members voted to hold the joint session in accordance with the governor's request, and on the 11th Gov. Anthony read his message to the two houses.

His message showed that the new executive was fully conversant with public matters, and was replete with valuable suggestions. “The reports of the state officers,” said he, “show the financial condition and credit of the state to be of the most flattering character. Seven per cent. currency bonds of the state are held at a premium of seven per


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 36 ing thing on the earth is related to every other living thing. The second is that the process of evolution is almost inconceivably slow, and that millions upon millions of years have been necessary for it. The first idea, while quite conceivably true, can never be proved definitely, but the second has been demonstrated over and over again. Just how many millions we shall allow is, of course, undetermined; some authorities demand sixty; others say that eight hundred is a figure none too large. In this series of books the larger figure is adopted, not because we are certain that it is right, but because it seems to fit more closely with the facts of evolution than do the smaller ones. How fully Dr. Darwin was a prophet of modern scientific chronology we are just beginning to recognize.

The leadership in evolution, which for a time had gone to England, was soon given back to France. The new champion of the theory was Jean Baptiste Lamarck (1744–1829), one of the most pathetic figures in the entire history of zoology. He was a brilliant man, and a skilled zoologist, but because he was courageous, blind, and desperately poor, he suffered little less than martyrdom throughout much of his life, and was given, but scant attention by his contemporaries. Baron Cuvier, rich, talented, and a member of the elite of the nation, dominated French zoology. He was a desperate reactionary, holding out for a literal acceptance of the Bible account of special creation, and ridiculed not only the theories of Lamarck, but the whole conception

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 cent. on their par value by the most prudent investors. In fact, it is difficult to find holders willing to part with them, when sought as an investment by the state, at the highest quoted price.”

He then carefully reviewed the condition of the state's public institutions; called attention to the ambiguity of the law inflicting the death penalty; devoted some attention to the Price Raid claims, and recommended a “house of correction” for youthful offenders. On this subject he said: “Humanity and the public good unite in demanding a place of confinement, other than the penitentiary, for youthful offenders. So revolting is it to the judgment and conscience of men to consign erring youth, for its first proven crime, to the society and ineffaceable disgrace of a penitentiary, that judges and jurors cannot be found to convict when they can evade it.”

As an economical means of providing a place of confinement of this nature for juvenile transgressors, he recommended a separate building and yard on the grounds of the penitentiary, but under the same management.

About the time that Gov. Anthony came into office, complaint was made in several of the western states that the railroads were not giving the people fair treatment in many respects. His utterances on this question evinced the fact that he had given it close attention. Said he: “There is, whether just or not, a widespread feeling of dissatisfaction with the railroad corporations of the state, on account of alleged unfulfilled obligations on their part. It is claimed that these corporations received valuable franchise privileges, most of them sharing in the division of a half-million acres of state internal improvement lands, and receiving large contributions of local aid upon their lines in county, township and city bonds; that these valuable rights and franchises were bestowed on condition, and in consideration, on the part of the state and people, that companies so chartered and aided should build upon the lines and operate their roads, in good faith, between the terminal points named in their respective charters. . . . Some of these companies, it is asserted, have not built upon the lines, nor caused their roads to connect and be operated between and to the points stipulated. . . . In order to settle all controverted points now in dispute as to the chartered obligations of these companies, I urge the passage of a law which shall clearly and fully embody a demand upon these companies for a recognition of the obligation held by you to be due from them to the state, with adequate provision for its enforcement by the state authorities.”

For some reason the legislature did not see fit to act upon this recommendation of the governor, but instead passed several acts authorizing counties, cities and townships to issue bonds to aid in the construction of additional lines of railroad. (See Railroads.)

By an act of Congress, approved July 3, 1876, the secretary of war authorized the issue to certain western states of 1,000 stands of arms each, Kansas being one of such states, but the governors of these states


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 were required to execute bond for the proper care of the arms, etc. In Kansas there was at that time no law empowering the governor to give such bond, but the secretary of war turned over to the state the arms, upon a bond given by Gov. Osborn and his promise to secure the ratification of his action by the legislature. In his message, Gov. Anthony reminded the assembly that the arms were in possession of the state, and that it was due Gov. Osborn that prompt action be taken approving his course, adding: “Without such action I shall feel it my duty to cause the return of the arms and the cancellation of the bond.”

By the act of March 7, 1877, Gov. Osborn's action was legalized and his bond thus rendered a valid obligation upon the state. Two days before the passage of this act the legislature authorized the governor to “procure the erection of a state armory,” and appropriated $2,000 for that purpose. The armory was built on the state-house grounds, southeast of the capitol, but has long since been removed.

During the session George W. Martin was for a third time elected public printer, and from Jan. 23 to 31 there were daily ballots for the election of a United States senator. Preston B. Plumb was elected on the sixteenth ballot, receiving 83 votes to 63 for David P. Lowe; 8 for John Martin; 1 for Thomas P. Fenlon, and 2 for ex-Gov. Wilson Shannon.

The legislature adjourned on March 7. The principal acts passed during the session were those creating the office of commissioner of fisheries; reorganizing the state normal school; authorizing the holding of normal institutes in various sections of the state; changing the official names of the blind and deaf and dumb asylums; making the fiscal year begin on July 1 instead of Dec. 1; and directing the governor to appoint a state agent to prosecute the claims of Kansas against the United States. Ex-Gov. Crawford was appointed to this position shortly after the adjournment.

Lieut.-Gov. M. J. Salter resigned his office to accept a position in the land office at Independence. This left a vacancy to be filled at the election on Nov. 6, 1877, when a chief justice of the supreme court was also to be elected. Three tickets were offered to the voters of the state for their consideration. The Republican nominees were Albert H. Horton for chief justice and Lyman U. Humphrey for lieutenant-governor; the Democratic candidates were respectively William R. Wagstaff and Thomas W. Waterson; and the Greenbackers presented S. A. Riggs and D. B. Hadley. The Democratic and Republican nominations were made by the state central committees of those parties. This course failed to meet the approval of some of the voters, and on Oct. 6 the Republicans of Bourbon county held a meeting at Fort Scott and denounced the state committee “for assuming authority to make nominations.” The protest, however, had but little effect upon the ultimate result, as at the election Horton received 63,850 votes; Wagstaff, 25,378; and Riggs, 9,880, the vote for lieutenant-governor being practically the same. Mr. Humphrey took the oath of office as lieutenant-governor on Dec. 1.


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 On Dec. 8, 1877, Gov. Anthony made a demand for the surrender of one George I. Hopkins, a fugitive from justice who had sought refuge in the State of Ohio, but Robert F. Hurlbutt, then governor of Ohio, refused to honor the requisition. A correspondence followed and the requisition was again refused by R. M. Bishop, who succeeded Hurlbutt as governor. On Oct. 23, 1878, Gov. Bishop made a requisition for one Peter C. Becker, an embezzler of Butler county, Ohio, who had fled to Kansas, when Gov. Anthony refused, giving the same reasons as those presented by the Ohio authorities in the Hopkins case. This had the desired effect, as on Nov. 21, 1878, Gov. Bishop wrote, explaining the situation, and adding: “I very much regret the circumstance has occurred, as my desire is to remain on the most amicable relations not only with your state, but all the other states. The warrant for Hopkins' arrest will be issued whenever again demanded.” Gov. Anthony deserved great credit for the skill and courage with which he handled this matter in upholding the dignity and enforcing the laws of the state.

The winter of 1877–78 was noted for the temperance movement which swept over the state and culminated in the organization of the State Temperance Society at Topeka on March 9, 1878, with Rev. John A. Anderson as president. On April 4 E. B. Reynolds made the announcement that 100,000 Murphy pledges had been signed by Kansans.

A great strike of the employees of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe railroad commenced on April 4, 1878, and the next day C. F. Morse, general superintendent of the railroad, wrote to Gov. Anthony as follows: “There is a large mob about our depot, threatening violence. I have called on the sheriff, and he is trying to raise a posse, but we may need help from the state. Will you protect this company and its property?”

“I have to assure you,” wrote Gov. Anthony the same day in reply, “of my full sympathy, and that the power of the state shall be brought to bear to suppress any effort to drive peaceable laborers from their work upon your road or elsewhere.” (See Labor Troubles.)

Three state tickets were nominated in the political campaign of 1878 The first party to hold a convention was the Greenback party, delegates of which met at Emporia on July 3 and nominated the following candidates: For governor, D. P. Mitchell; lieutenant-governor, Alfred Taylor; secretary of state, T. P. Leach; auditor, A. B. Cornell; treasurer, A. G. Wolcott; attorney-general, Frank Doster; superintendent of public instruction, I. T. Foot; chief justice, H. V. Vrooman. Frank Doster was later made the candidate for Congress in the third district, the vote of the Greenback party generally going to J. F. Cox, the Democratic candidate for attorney-general. The candidates for Congress in the first and second districts were Elbridge Gale and P. P. Elder, respectively. No nomination was made for Congressman at large, the support of the party being thrown to Samuel J. Crawford, the Democratic candidate.

On Aug. 28 the Republican state convention met at Topeka and nominated John P. St. John for governor; Lyman U. Humphrey, for lieutenant-governor; James Smith, for secretary of state; P. I. Bonebrake,


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 for auditor; John Francis, for treasurer; Willard Davis, for attorney-general; Allen B. Lemon, for superintendent of public instruction; Albert H. Horton, for chief justice; and James R. Hallowell, for Congressman at large. The Republican candidates for Congress in the districts were John A. Anderson in the first, Dudley C. Haskell in the second, and Thomas Ryan in the third.

The Democratic state convention was held at Leavenworth on Sept. 4. John R. Goodin headed the ticket as the candidate for governor; George Ummethum was nominated for lieutenant-governor; L. W. Barton, for secretary of state; Osbun Shannon, for auditor; C. C. Black, for treasurer; J. F. Cox, for attorney-general; O. F. McKim, for superintendent of public instruction; R. M. Ruggles, for chief justice; and Samuel J. Crawford, for Congressman at large. J. R. McClure was the Democratic nominee for Congress in the first district; Charles W. Blair, in the second, and Joseph B. Fugate in the third.

There were no especially exciting features of the campaign, though a fairly heavy vote was polled at the election on Nov. 5, when St. John received 74,020 votes for governor; Goodin, 37,208; and Mitchell, 27,057. The Republican candidate for Congress in each of the three districts was elected by a substantial majority, and Mr. Hallowell carried the state as the candidate for Congressman at large. It developed, however, that the state was not authorized to elect a Congressman at large, and Hallowell was not permitted to take his seat.

In Sept., 1878, the Indians on the western frontier began making hostile demonstrations. When Gov. Anthony received the information that some of the Cheyennes had left their reservation and were moving against the settlements in western Kansas, he placed himself in telegraphic communication with the Federal authorities. Ten days later the Indians were reported to be in the vicinity of Fort Dodge, and, as the general government refused to act, the governor sent Adjt.-Gen. Noble with arms and ammunition to the menaced districts, with instructions to arm and organize the people for their own defense. (See Indian Wars.)

If Gov. Anthony had introduced an innovation at the commencement of his administration, in requesting a joint session to hear his message, he introduced no less an innovation at its close, in submitting a retiring message, partly a review of his official acts and partly suggestions for the future. This message bears the date of Jan. 13, 1879, and in a prefatory note to the incoming governor, Gov. Anthony says: “Sir: Impelled by a sense of duty, I have prepared, and herewith hand you, a communication to the legislature. This innovation will, I trust, meet with sufficient approval on your part to justify you in its transmittal to the separate branches of that body, which favor I respectfully ask at your hands.”

In the message itself, he thus gives his reasons for its preparation: “Believing it better to establish a good precedent than to follow a bad one, and holding duty to the public paramount to custom and usage,


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 Rh of evolution. For years he blocked the progress along all lines but his own restricted field of anatomy, and waged bitter warfare on anyone who dared to oppose him. And so the blind Lamarck lived in poverty and obscurity, neglected by both scientists and those who knew nothing of zoology. And through this he stood faithfully by the ideas which he believed but was too poor and unknown to defend.

Lamarck first held to the old teaching that species were fixed, and could neither change nor be changed. But as he learned more his views changed, and in 1809 he published a book stating his interpretation of evolution. One of his principal ideas was that the effects of the use or disuse of any part of the body may be passed on from parent to children until they finally become parts of the animal's make-up. It is well known that an arm that is never used becomes weak; that a muscle which is constantly at work becomes strong and large. Lamarck supposed that this increase or decrease in size could be inherited, and thus races with short, thin arms, or heavy powerful muscles could be developed. This is the "theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics" again, first formulated by Erasmus Darwin. Just how much there is to this theory no one has been able to say; some believe it to be worthless while others, particularly those who study fossil animals, think that it possesses a certain amount of truth.

Lamarck was, as we have said, a conscientious scientist, and made use of his own accurate


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 I have concluded to depart from the practice of predecessors, by addressing you. I am impelled to this departure by a belief that there are transactions, both complete and incomplete, connected with my administration, which should be brought to your attention in more fullness of detail and particularity of statement than could be expected or required of the governor elect; and I trust you will, by law, make it his duty to perform a work I have assumed to do at the peril of unfriendly criticism.”

The governor then gives a detailed account of the appointment of ex-Gov. Samuel J. Crawford as state agent, with a list of the bonds issued at various times for military purposes, amounting to $470,726.15, for which the state had not been reimbursed by the Federal government. He also discussed the Santa Fe strike; school lands and school funds; the correspondence with the governors of Ohio; the Indian raid of 1878, and included a list of pardons granted to convicts during his term of office. Gov. St. John, in his own message, made no reference to Gov. Anthony's farewell communication, though it appears to have been submitted to the legislature, as official copies of it were printed by the state printer. The day following its submission to Gov. St. John, the administration of Gov. Anthony came to a close.

 Anti Horse Thief Association.—Shortly after the commencement of the Civil war, lawless men in the border states—that is the states lying between the loyal and seceded states—banded themselves together for the purpose of plundering honest citizens. Missouri especially was subject to the depredations of these gangs, and in time the conditions became so bad that the law-abiding people found it necessary to take some action for defense. The first organization of this character was proposed at a meeting held at Luray, Mo., in Sept., 1863. At a second meeting, held at Millport, Mo., about a month later, a constitution and by-laws were adopted, and as horses seemed to be the principal objects of theft, the society took the name of the “Anti Horse Thief Association.” The effectiveness of such an organization quickly became apparent, the order spread to other states, and in time covered a large expanse of territory. After the war was over, when the conditions that called the association into existence no longer existed, its scope was widened to include all kinds of thefts and a national organization was incorporated under the laws of Kansas. This national order is composed of officers and delegates from the state associations and meets annually on the first Wednesday in October. Next in importance is the state division, which is made up of representatives of the local organizations, and meets annually to elect officers and delegates to the national order. The sub-orders or local associations are composed of individual members and usually meet monthly. Any reputable citizen over the age of 21 years is eligible for membership, widows of members receive all the protection to which their husbands were entitled while living, and other women may become “protective members” by payment of the regular fees and dues.


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 38 observations insofar as this was possible. But when he became blind, dictating his books to his daughter in order to get them written, observation was clearly out of the question. In its stead the great naturalist was forced to rely upon the reports of other observers, and those reports were none too reliable. The obvious weakness of some of his second-hand facts reacted very unfavorably upon the whole work of Lamarck, and gave his opponents abundant weapons for their attacks upon his opinions.

But in spite of these handicaps, Lamarck did a very important work. He not only stated his own position very clearly, marshalling such facts as were at his disposal to its support; he devised a branching system of animal descent which approximated the modern "evolutionary tree" and represented far more truly than did the Aristotelian chain the true state of things. He argued strongly and clearly against the fallacious doctrine of special creations and numerous geologic catastrophes which, supposedly, annihilated all of the life on earth at the particular times of their occurrence and made a long series of new creations necessary.

Perhaps the greatest of all Lamarck's achievements was his clear statements of the problems of evolution. As one writer has said, he asked every one of the big, important questions which later evolutionists have had to answer, and by the clear phrasing of his questions, made the answers thereto the more easy.

In all France there was only one man who


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 Wall and McCarty, in their history of the association, say: “The A. H. T. A. uses only strictly honorable, legal methods. It opposes lawlessness in any and all forms, yet does its work so systematically and efficiently that few criminals are able to escape when it takes the trail. . . . The centralization of ‘Many in One’ has many advantages not possessed by even an independent association, for while it might encompass a neighborhood, the A. T. H. A. covers many states. . . . The value of an article stolen is rarely taken into consideration. The order decrees that the laws of the land must be obeyed, though it costs many times the value of the property to capture the thief. An individual could not spend $50 to $100 to recover a $25 horse and capture the thief. The A. T. H. A. would, because of the effect it would have in the future. . . . Thieves have learned these facts and do less stealing from our members, hence the preventative protection.”

This was written in 1906. At that time the national organization numbered over 30,000 members, arranged in divisions as follows: Ohio Division, which embraced the State of Ohio; Illinois Division, which included the states of Illinois, Indiana and Michigan and all territory east of the Mississippi and south of the Ohio river not otherwise districted; Missouri Division, including the states of Missouri, Iowa, Arkansas and Louisiana; Kansas Division, which consisted of the states of Kansas and Nebraska, and all territory to the north, west and south of those states not included in other districts; Oklahoma Division, including the State of Oklahoma; Indian Territory Division, which embraced the Indian Territory and Texas.

The Anti Horse Thief Association is in no sense a vigilance committee, and the organization has never found it necessary to adopt the mysterious methods of “Regulators,” “White Caps” or kindred organizations. Its deeds are done in the broad open light of the day. When a theft or robbery is committed in any portion of the vast territory covered by the association and the direction taken by the offender is ascertained, local associations are notified to be on the lookout for the fugitive, and his capture is almost a certainty. Although the original name is retained, bankers, merchants and manufacturers are to be found among the members, courts recognize its value, criminals fear it, and press and pulpit have endorsed and praised its work in the apprehension of criminals.

 Antiquities.—(See ../Archaeology/.)

Antonino, a post-village of Ellis county, is situated in the Smoky Hill valley about 8 miles southwest of Hays, the county seat. It is a small hamlet and receives mail tri-weekly. Hays is the most convenient railroad station.

Antrim, a small hamlet of Stafford county, is within a short distance of the Pratt county line, about 8 miles south of St. John, the county seat and most convenient railroad station, from which mail is received by rural free delivery.

Aplington Art Gallery.—The movement for a traveling art study


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 collection may be said to have had its beginning in the year 1895, but nothing definite was accomplished till 1901, when Mrs. W. A. Johnston was president of the Kansas Federation of Women's Clubs, and the executive board accepted a small set of photogravures—the gift of Mrs. Kate A. Aplington of Council Grove—to be used as the nucleus of a state art study collection. A report of the board says: “Later it was thought best to let some district try the experiment of caring for the traveling collection, and as the Fourth district offered to frame the pictures and keep them in circulation in the schools of the district, the collection was placed in their hands.”

At the first board meeting of the Kansas Federation of Women's clubs in 1903, a motion was made to publish a “Book of Quotations,” the profits from the sales to be devoted to the purchase of large size carbon photographs for use by the clubs and schools of the state for public art exhibits. The proceeds from the sale of the book netted over $360, which was used for the purchase of 50 pictures of the Italian, and about 60 of the Dutch and Flemish schools. A small German collection was added later. In 1905 a very full fine French collection was added. The following year a new English collection was added, and during the first three years the gallery was in existence the State Federation held 91 exhibits.

From the first it was intended at some future time to offer this collection to the state, and accordingly, in Feb., 1907, the executive board of the Federation met in Topeka and took formal action regarding this. A bill was passed by the legislature of 1907, authorizing the acceptance of the collection by the state.

 Aplington, Kate Adele, for whom the above collection is named, was born in Sugar Grove, Lee Co., Ill., March 1, 1859, a daughter of Henry H. and Elizabeth Melinda (Deming) Smith, both natives of New York. Her father was an educator and from 1854 to 1879 was engaged continuously in school work, being city superintendent of schools in Savannah, Mt. Carroll, Galena, Macomb, Alton, Polo and Ottawa, Ill., and for 12 years was county superintendent of Whiteside county. Ill. As a girl Mrs. Aplington was quite a student, and was of great help to her father in his laboratory work. She was graduated in 1876, and immediately took some post-graduate work, to fit herself for a university course, but failing eyesight prevented. She taught two terms in the Ottawa (Ill.) high school, and while there helped establish a reading room and library. On June 19, 1879, she was married to John Aplington, a graduate of the Union College of Law of Chicago, and in 1880 they moved to Council Grove, Kan., where they have since resided. In 1901 Mrs. Aplington was appointed a member of the Charities Conference committee and with other members visited the Girls' Industrial School at Beloit, making recommendations that domestic science be installed in the school. In 1902 she was made chairman of the manual training committee of the Kansas State Social Science Federation, and wrote hundreds of letters to educators in the larger towns, from whom


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 she received voluminous reports and recommendations from which the present state law was passed in 1903. In that year she was elected vice president of the Kansas Federation of Women's Clubs, at its meeting in Wichita, and was the author of the proposition to publish a “Book of Quotations,” the profits from the sales to be devoted to the purchase of a collection of carbon reproductions of famous paintings. These copies were purchased and for three years were exhibited in various parts of the state, Mrs. Aplington having the superintendency of the same. In 1907, the collection was offered and accepted by the state, and was given the name of “Aplington Art Gallery.” Mrs. Aplington is still connected with the traveling art galleries and at the present time (July, 1911) is preparing notes, etc., for an American collection of paintings which will be placed in the hands of the traveling libraries commission to be used in connection with the other exhibits.

 Appanoose, a hamlet of Douglas county, is situated in the extreme southwestern corner, 8 miles southeast of Overbrook, the nearest railroad station, from which it has rural free delivery. In 1910 it had a population of less than 20.

Aral, a little hamlet of Butler county, is about 20 miles southwest of Eldorado, the county seat, and 3 miles from Rose Hill, from which place mail is received by rural free delivery.

Arapahoe County.—One of the first acts of the territorial legislature of 1855 created Arapahoe county—so named for the plains tribe of Indians—and defined the boundaries as follows: “Beginning at the northeast corner of New Mexico, running thence north to the south line of Nebraska and north line of Kansas; thence along said line to the east line of Utah territory; thence along said line between Utah and Kansas territories, to where said line strikes New Mexico; thence along the line between said New Mexico and the territory of Kansas to the place of beginning.”

All the territory embraced within these boundaries is now in the state of Colorado. By the act of creation Allen P. Tibbitts was appointed judge of the probate court of the county, the plan for holding court being left to his discretion, and Allen P. Tibbitts, Levi Mitchell and Jonathan Atwood were appointed commissioners to locate the county seat, which was to be known as Mountain City. One representative in the state legislature was apportioned to the county, which was attached to Marshall county for all business purposes.

In 1873 a second county of Arapahoe was created in the southwestern part of the state out of unorganized territory. Its boundaries were defined as follows: “Commencing at the intersection of the east line of range 31, west, with the north line of township 27, south; thence south along the range line to where it intersects the sixth standard parallel; thence west along the sixth standard parallel to the intersection with the east line of range 35, west; thence north along the range line to where it intersects the north line of township 27, south; thence east to the place of beginning.” In 1883 Arapahoe county disappeared,


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126 really think that in such a matter it is safe to go by a mere majority of voices? But it was not only that; he heard everybody say the Stoics were the wisest—that your true Stoic is the only complete man—king, and cobbler all in one.—Did the Stoics say this of themselves? (because you can hardly trust a man's own account of himself;) or did other people say it of them? Other people, also, certainly—many of them.—Surely not the philosophers of rival sects? they would not say so? No.—It was people who were not philosophers at all, then? the vulgar and illiterate, in fact? and could a man of sense like Hermotimus really go by what they said on such a question? Nay, but he had acted on his own judgment as well: he had observed the Stoics to be always grave and well-behaved, and respectably dressed; not effeminate like some, or rough like others. Then, says Lycinus, it comes to this,—you judge wisdom by dress, and looks, and gait: which makes it hard for the blind man, does it not? how is he to know which to follow? Hermotimus does not consider himself bound to make provision for the blind: that is an extreme case. Well, suppose we leave the blind to shift without philosophy, says Lycinus—though they seem to want it as much as anybody, poor fellows, to help them to bear their infirmity—still, even those who can see, how can they look inside a man and know what he really is? because you chose these men as guides, I suppose, for their insides, not their outsides? The student feels that he is no match for his opponent, and wants to close the discussion. "Nothing that I say satisfies


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 its territory being included in Finney and in 1887 Haskell county was created from that part of Finney which had been established as Arapahoe in 1873.

 Arbitration, Boards of.—Although Kansas has never been a great manufacturing state, the need of some systematic plan for the settlement of disputes between capital and labor was felt at an early day, for as early as 1886, an act was passed “to establish boards of arbitration.” By this act, when a petition signed by five or more workmen, or by two separate firms, individuals or corporations within the county who are employers, is presented, the district court of a county, or a judge thereof in vacation, shall have the power to issue a license for the establishment of a tribunal for voluntary arbitration and settlement of disputes between employer and employee in “manufacturing, mechanical, mining and other industries.”

A tribunal consists of four persons appointed by the judge; two workmen and two employers, all of whom must be residents of the county in which the dispute takes place. At the time the license is issued for the establishment of the board, the judge also appoints an umpire, who is to decide impartially all questions that are submitted during his term of office. When the board fails to agree after three meetings, any question in dispute is referred to the umpire and his decision in the matter is final. A board of arbitration may take jurisdiction of any dispute between employees and employer in any of the industries, who submit their dispute to the tribunal in writing. When disputes occur in a county where there is no tribunal, they may be referred to a tribunal already existing in an adjoining county. After the appointment of a board of arbitration in a county, it organizes by electing one member chairman and one secretary. The sessions of these tribunals are held at the county seat, to consider the petitions that have been presented. Its members are paid out of the county treasury at the rate of $2.00 a day for each day of actual service. All matters in dispute are submitted to the chairman of the board, who has power to administer oaths to all witnesses called upon to testify by either side. The board also has power to investigate all books, documents and accounts pertaining to matters in hearing before it. The board makes its own rules for government while in session, fixes its own sessions and adjournments, but the chairman can call an extra session at any time. When the board cannot settle any matter in dispute it submits the matter to the umpire in writing, and he is required to award a decision within seven days. When the award is for a specific sum of money, a copy of the decision is filed in the district court of the county, after which the court may enter judgment. Since the act was passed providing for these boards of arbitration many labor disputes have been successfully settled with no litigation; usually to the entire satisfaction of both parties of the dispute.

 Arbor Day.—This day owes its origin to J. Sterling Morton, of Nebraska, late United States commissioner of agriculture, who in 1872


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 succeeded in inducing his state (then almost treeless) to set apart a day for the purpose of planting trees. Over a million were planted that year. In 1874 the same state planted over 12,000,000 trees, Gov. Robert W. Furnas, the governor at that time issuing a proclamation setting apart a day in April for the purpose. Nebraska, in 1885, enacted a law, designating April 22, the birthday of Mr. Morton, as Arbor day and making it a legal holiday. In Kansas the first recognition of the day was in 1875, when Thomas J. Anderson, then mayor of Topeka, issued the following proclamation:

“At the sugggestion of many citizens who desire to see the capitol grounds made an ornament to the city, I hereby appoint Friday, April 23, 1875, as "Arbor Day," and request all citizens on that date to set out trees in the capitol grounds. On that day, it is hoped that each citizen interested, will repair to the grounds, between the hours of 2 p. m. and 5 p. m., and set out one tree. The secretary of state will point out the proper locations for the trees.

“, Mayor.”

The citizens of Topeka responded to the call and some 800 trees were planted. The next year the mayor of Topeka set apart April 18 as arbor day, on which occasion the residents of the capital city again gathered on the capitol grounds to replace such trees as had died during the previous twelve months, and to make such additions as they saw fit.

From this time on the cities, towns and villages of the state began observing the day in a more or less public manner, with the ultimate result, that many sections are now veritable forests, where a few short years ago they were treeless plains.

On April 4, 1883, Gov. George W. Glick issued a proclamation, setting apart April 25 to be observed as arbor day. This probably was the earliest official recognition given the day by the chief executive of Kansas, which custom has since been followed by succeeding governors.

Arbor day is now observed in nearly every state and territory in the Union, and in many places in Canada and in parts of Europe. The day is made a feature in the Kansas schools each year, when appropriate exercises are given in connection with the planting of trees and shrubs.

 Arcadia, an incorporated town of Crawford county, is a station on the St. Louis & San Francisco R. R., about 15 miles northeast of Girard, the county seat, and near the Missouri state line. It has a bank, a good graded public school, a fire department, a weekly newspaper,


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Rh you," he sulkily exclaims. "Nay," says the other, "you don't try to satisfy me. You want to go and leave me here in the slough of my ignorance: you are afraid lest I should become as good a philosopher as yourself. You won't teach me. So now you must listen to me—only don't laugh at my awkward way of putting things." The passage which follows is too fine to mutilate.

Lycinus. I picture virtue to myself in this way,—as it were a city whose inhabitants are perfectly happy (as your teacher would surely tell us if he could come down from thence), perfectly wise and brave and just and temperate, little less than gods. And in that city you would see none of these deeds which are common here among us—men robbing and committing violence, and overreaching each other: but they live together as fellow-citizens in peace and harmony. And no wonder; for all those things which in other states cause strife and contention, and for the sake of which men plot against each other, are put far away from them: for they regard neither gold, nor sensual pleasure, nor glory, not holding such things necessary to their polity. Thus they lead a calm and entirely happy life, under good laws and with equal rights, liberty, and all other blessings.

Hermotimus. Well, then, Lycinus, is it not good for all men to wish to be citizens of such a city, and neither to regard the toil of the road, nor the long time spent in the pilgrimage, so only they may reach it, and be enrolled on its records and share its privileges?


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 planing mills, brick and tile factories, a hotel, churches of several of the leading denominations, and in 1910 reported a population of 694. Communication with other places is maintained by telegraph and telephone in addition to the facilities offered by the postoffice, which issues international money orders and supplies the surrounding rural districts with mail through the medium of four free delivery routes.

Archaeology.—Webster defines archaeology as “The study of antiquities; the study of art, architecture, customs and beliefs of ancient peoples as shown in their monuments, implements, inscriptions, etc.”

The term is sometimes used in its narrow sense for the study of the material remains of the historic peoples of antiquity, especially the Greeks, Romans, Babylonians and Egyptians, and sometimes for the general scientific study of prehistoric man, when it is known as prehistoric archaeology or paleëthnology. Holloway's History of Kansas (p. 87) says: “Kansas cannot boast of a remote antiquity. Her soil never becomes the scene of stirring events until of late years. Her level and far-reaching prairies afforded but little temptation to the early adventurer. No ideal gold mines or opulent Indian city were ever located within her boundaries.”

While this is true in a general sense-so far as human antiquities are concerned-there is abundant evidence to show that Kansas has a remote antiquity along other lines. In prehistoric times southwestern Kansas was the bed of a great inland sea, where dwelt the ichthyosaurus and other gigantic animals, and in Barber county there are beds of petrified shells resembling the shells of the modern oyster. The antiquities of Kansas are therefore confined chiefly to the fossil remains of prehistoric animals, of which fine specimens are to be found in the collections of the University of Kansas and Yale University. Some years ago S. S. Hand found a fossil fish in Hamilton county, which he sent to Chancellor Snow of the state university, who wrote in reply: "My view about your fine fish is, that it lived and died when what is now Hamilton county, more than 3,000 feet above the present level, was under the salt water ocean. Remains of fishes, sharks and great sea monsters are found abundantly in the rocks of western Kansas, especially along the banks of the Smoky Hill river and its branches. In fact, the ocean covered the entire western portion of the United States. The Rocky mountains were not upheaved when your fish lived and died." (See Geology.)

Of the early inhabitants of Kansas, little definite information can be gleaned from the relics these departed races have left behind. Stone mauls, hammers, arrow heads and a few iron implements constitute the greater part of these relics, and the information they impart tells but little of the people who made and used them, or of the period when those people lived. Brower, in his Quivira and Harahey (q. v.) gives an account of his discovery of the sites of a number of ancient villages, and early in 1880 the Scientific American published an article commenting on the report of Judge E. P. West of recent archaeological explora-


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 in Kansas. Says the American: “Judge West presents a large amount of evidence to show that at a remote period that region was peopled by a race with which the mound builders must be accounted modern. . . . Prior to the (glacial) drift epoch the river channels were deeper than now, and the river valleys were lower. Subsequently the valleys were filled by a lacustrine deposit of considerable depth. In or beneath this last deposit the reamins of an extinct race occur.”

The remains mentioned in Judge West's report were found along the line of the Union Pacific railroad in Douglas, Pottawatomie, Riley, Dickinson, Marion, Ellsworth and Lincoln counties, and all with the exception of one on the second bottom or terrace. In digging wells and making other excavations stone implements, pottery, bones and bone implements were found from 20 to 30 feet below the surface. Judge West is inclined to fix the time when this race occupied the region as after the glacial epoch and prior to deposition of the loess. In requesting the newspapers of Kansas to urge the importance of saving such relics and remains when found, he says: “Here we have a buried race enwrapped in a profound and startling mystery—a race whose appearance and exit in the world's drama precede stupendous changes marking our continent, and which perhaps required hundreds of thousands of years in their accomplishment. The prize is no less than determining when this mysterious people lived, how they lived, when they passed out of existence, and why they became extinct.” (See Lansing Skeleton.)

George J. Remsburg, who has devoted considerable time to the study of the archaeological remains of the Missouri valley, investigated the ruins of a number of Indian villages, etc., and in the Kansas Magazine for June, 1893, published the results of his researches. After mentioning the location and describing several old Indian villages, he says: “One of the richest archaeological finds ever made in Atchison county was at Oak Mills, a small village in the river bottom. Two men were employed in repairing the fence around John Davitz's lot, when they observed several flint implements projecting from a ridge of clay. Investigation revealed the fact that it was an aboriginal burial ground.The remains of several Indians were exhumed, the bones of which crumbled instantly on being exposed. Not even a small fragment of bone could be preserved, except the teeth, which are worn down very short and smooth, indicating that the deceased were of an advanced age, or that they had subsisted on a diet of dry corn or coarse food. The skulls were completely decayed, but the imprint of one of them indicated that it was unusually large. . . . Near the shoulders and breast of each of the skeletons was a pile of flint implements. The large implements were made from common blue chert, while the drills and arrow points are of finer materials and of various colors. . . . Everything about these discoveries goes to show that they are the remains of Indians who occupied this region centuries ago. All external evidence of a burying ground had been obliterated, and had it not been for the heavy rains the discovery would probably not have been made.”


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128 Lyc. Ay, verily it is, Hermotimus. That would of all things be best worth striving for, even if we had to give up all besides. Nor, though this present land in which we live should seek to hold us back, ought we to regard it; nor, though children or parents, if we have them, should seek with tears to detain us here, ought we to be moved by them, but rather, if we may, urge them to follow us on the same path, and if they cannot or will not, then shake ourselves free from them, and make straight for that blessed city—casting off our very garment, if they cling to that to retain us,—eager only to get there: for there is no fear, believe me, that even the naked should be denied admittance if they reach the gate. There was an old man, I remember, once on a time, who discoursed to me of how matters went in that city, and exhorted me to follow him thither: he would lead the way, he said, and when I came, would enrol me in his own tribe, and let me share his privileges, and so I should live happy there with them all. But I, in my youthful folly (I was scarce fifteen), would not listen to him, or I might now be in the suburbs of that city, or even at its gates. Many things he told me of it, as I seem to remember, and among them this,—that all there were strangers and immigrants, and that many


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 Rh From the one-love Emerson passes on to the all-love, and follows the "fine madman" "in the wood" to the larger life and larger perception: "Then he passes from loving them in one to loving them in all, and so is the one beautiful soul only the door through which he enters to the society of all true and pure souls.

In the particular society of his mate, he attains a clearer sight of any spot, any taint, which her beauty has contracted from this world, and is able to point it out, and this with mutual joy that they are now able, without offense, to indicate blemishes and hindrances in each other, and give to each all help and comfort in curing the same. And, beholding in many souls the traits of divine beauty, and separating in each soul that which is divine from the taint which it has contracted in the world, the lover ascends to the highest beauty, to the love and knowledge of the Divinity, by steps on the ladder of created souls.

"Somewhat like this have the truly wise told us of love in all ages. The doctrine is not old, nor is it new. If Plato, Plutareh and Apuleius taught it, so have Petrarch, Angelo and Milton. It awaits a truer unfolding in opposition and rebuke to that subterranean prudence which presides at marriages with words that take hold of the upper world, whilst one eye is prowling in the cellar, so that its gravest discourse has a savor of hams and powdering-tubs. Worst, when this sensualism intrudes into the education of young women, and withers the hope and affection of human nature by teaching that mar-


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 Trees of considerable size had been felled upon the site of this old aboriginal cemetery 30 years before the discovery mentioned by Mr. Remsburg, a fact which goes to bear out his statement that the skeletons were those of natives who had lived centuries ago.

Another important archaeological investigation was made by Prof. J. A. Udden of Bethany College in the early '80s, when he examined the mounds south of the Smoky Hill river and found bones of animals, stone implements, sandstone or “hand grindstones,” the entire collection numbering some 500 interesting relics. Prof. Udden made a partial report to the Academy of Science in 1886, and subsequently a more complete report was published in the Kansas Historical Collections. The finding of a piece of chain mail (See Coronado) he says “makes it certain that the village was occupied by Indians at least as late as after the discovery of America by Europeans.”

Perhaps the most interesting archaeological relic ever found in Kansas is the ruins of a pueblo known as El Quartelejo. Dunbar says that about 1702 “the occupants of the pueblo of Picuries, in northern New Mexico, forsook their village and, resorting to the northeastern plain, established the post later known as El Quartelejo, distant northeast 350 miles from Santa Fe, in the present Scott county, Kan. The explanation of this sudden movement was probably the result of some fanciful or mysterious impulse, from which they were in due time readily dissuaded by the governor of the province, Don Francisco Cuerbo y Valdes, and soon after resumed their forsaken home.”

Bancroft, in his history of Arizona and New Mexico (p. 228), says: “Capt. Uribarri marched this year (1706) out into the Cibola plains; and at Jicarilla, 37 leagues northeast of Taos, was kindly received by the Apaches, who conducted him to Cuartelejo, of which he took possession, naming the province San Luis and the Indian rancheria Santo Domingo.”

The ruins of the old pueblo are in the northern part of the country and were first noticed about 1884. The dimensions are 32 by 50 feet, and the remains of the foundation walls indicate that it was divided into seven rooms, varying in size from 10 by 14 feet to 16 by 18 feet. Prof. S. W. Williston visited these ruins in 1898 and the following January gave a description of them before the Kansas Historical Society, his paper on that occasion appearing in the vol. VI of the Kansas Historical Collections. Handel T. Martin, of the paleontological department of the University of Kansas, who examined the pueblo in connection with Prof. Williston, has published the results of his investigations in an illustrated article in the Kansas University Science Bulletin for Oct., 1909. After remarking that much of the stone has been taken away by the people living in the vicinity, Mr. Handel asks the rather pertinent question: “Would it not be well for the state to preserve at this late day our only known pueblo from further destruction?”

Argentine, the second largest town of Wyandotte county, is located in the extreme southeastern portion on the south bank of the Kansas


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 river and on the Atchison, Topeka Santa Fe railroad, about 4 miles west of Kansas City, Mo. Late in the '70s the railroad located their transfer depot, side tracks, round house, coal chutes and sheds near the present town site, and within a short time a considerable settlement had sprung up. The land was surveyed and platted in 1880 and originally consisted of 60 acres of land owned by James M. Coburn. The Kansas Town company obtained a charter on April 9, 1881, and immediately organized with a capital of $100,000. The incorporators were William B. Strong, George O. Manchester, Joab Mulvane, J. R. Mul- vane and E. Wilder and the same body of men were the directors for the first year. Joab Mulvane was elected president and manager of the company; and E. Wilder, secretary and treasurer. This new company purchased 415 acres of land adjoining the first town site, and after giving the Kansas City, Topeka & Western railroad what it desired for railroad purposes, the remaining 360 acres was laid out as Mulvane's addition to Argentine and placed upon the market. In 1882 Argentine was incorporated as a city of the third class, having acquired by that time the required number of inhabitants for a city government. The first Tuesday in August an election was held for city officials, at which time G. W. Gully was elected mayor; John Steffins, W. C. Blue, Patrick O'Brien, A. Borgstede and George Simmons, councilmen; J. H. Halder- man, city clerk; A. J. Dolley, police judge; and Charles Duvall, marshal. In the winter of 1881 a public school was opened and the citizens saw the necessity for a public school building. On Aug. 28, 1882, an election was held to vote on the question of issuing bonds to the amount of $7,000 for such a purpose, and the proposition was carried by a large majority. Work was at once started on the first school building. A postoffice was established in 1881 and has been enlarged several times in proportion to the growth of the city. The Congregational church was the pioneer religious organization, as services were held in the summer of 1881 and the following year a church building was erected.

One of the first commercial enterprises in the town was the Kansas City Refining and Smelting company which located there in 1880. This was for many years the largest plant in the country. The capital stock of the original company was $200,000 and over 250 men were employed from the start. It was built for the purpose of refining gold and silver bullion, shipped from the other smelters, but the company also carries on lead smelting and the manufacture of various commercial products from the other metals that are recovered in the refining process, chief of which are blue and white vitriol. Copper is made from the vitriol and in 1896 more than a million and a half pounds of this metal were. put on the market from the Argentine plant. At the present time the company has a paid up stock of more than $3,000,000 and is the leading manufactory of the town.

Many other commercial enterprises have located in Argentine because of the excellent transportation facilities. It has extensive railroad repair shops, large factories for the manufacture of iron products, and


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Rh barbarians and slaves, nay, and deformed persons, and dwarfs, and beggars, were enrolled among its citizens, and in short, that any might win the freedom of that city who would. For that the law there was that a man should be ranked not by his dress, or his station, or his beauty, nor yet by his birth and noble ancestry: of such matters they took no account. But it sufficed, in order to become a citizen, that a man should have sense, and a love of the right, and diligence, and energy, and should not faint or be discouraged under the many difficulties he met with on the road: so that he who displayed these qualities, and made good his way thither, was at once admitted as a citizen with equal rights, be he who he might: and such terms as higher or lower, noble or plebeian, bond or free, were never so much as named in that community.

Herm. You see then, Lycinus, it is no vain or weak aspiration of mine, to become a denizen myself of such a noble and blessed republic.

Lyc. Nay, I also, my friend, have the same longing as yourself, and there is no blessing I would more devoutly pray for. If only that city were near, and manifest to all men's eyes, be sure that I had long ere this become a citizen of it. But since, as you say (both you and Hesiod), it lies far off, we must needs inquire the way, and seek the best guide we can,—is it not so?

Herm. Else we shall hardly get there.

Lyc. Now, so far as promises and professions of knowing the road go, we have guides offering themselves in plenty: many there are, who stand ready,


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 many retail stores. Today Argentine is a well paved city with excellent water and lighting systems, street railway, good public school system, many churches, good hotels and is an extensive banking town. The population in 1910 was 6,500.

Argonia, one of the incorporated towns of Sumner county, is in Dixon township, on the Chikaskia river and at the junction of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe and Missouri Pacific railways, 20 miles west of Wellington, the county seat. It has an international money order postoffice, from which emanate four rural routes, express and telegraph offices, telephone connection, grain elevators, a good school system, and is the principal shipping and supply point for the western part of the county. Several religious demoninations, including the Baptists, Methodists, Friends and Presbyterians, are represented by neat houses of worship. The population in 1910 was 466.

Arickaree, Battle of.—This action terminated the Indian wars on the plains. It was the most tragic of the many battles fought with the Indians in Kansas and Nebraska and took its name from the place where the battle which was fought—on a small island in the middle of the Arickaree, a branch of the Republican river. This island is now included in the state of Colorado, near the west line of what is now Cheyenne county, Kan.

BEECHER'S ISLAND. SEPT. 17. 1905.

In the summer of 1868 a troop of renegade Indians, composed of men from several tribes, made a raid on the settlers of the Saline and Solomon valleys, killed a number of people, drove off numerous horses and captured two white women, one of whom lived on White Rock creek, Jewell county, the other on the Solomon river in Ottawa county. Most of the settlers from the district fled to the towns for safety. The Indians were well armed and mounted and moved rapidly toward the north. Many of the settlers along the Saline and Solomon were old soldiers and quickly formed an armed band to pursue the Indians but could not


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 overtake them. Gen. Sheridan, who was in command of the department, heard that there was a band of Indians camped on the western frontier and decided to pursue them. Col. George A. Forsyth was ordered to form a volunteer company at Fort Harker (q. v.), in what is now Ellsworth county. Lieut. Frederick Beecher, of the regular army, was detailed to select the troop and choose 50 picked men, experienced frontiersmen, ex-soldiers and scouts, all known for their metal and daring. Most of the men furnished their own horses and were well equipped for the service. They made a forced march to Fort Hays, then up the Smoky Hill river to Fort Wallace, a distance of 200 miles. There they were supplied with ammunition, rations, pack mules and a few horses. On Sept. 10, the troop, consisting of 49 men, left Fort Wallace, Col. Forsyth in command, Lieut. Beecher second in command, and Dr. Moore, of Fort Wallace, citizen surgeon. They expected to meet a band of from 250 to 300 Indian warriors, the number reported by the scouts. Hearing of an Indian raid on a wagon train near Sheridan, the troop hastened in that direction. There they struck the Indian trail and followed it north until they reached the Republican river then westward to the Arickaree, where a camp was formed on its north bank opposite a sandy island. While they could see no Indians the troop was convinced they were in the vicinity. The island was investigated and chosen as a safe place of retreat should they be surrounded by the enemy, sentinels were posted, the stock guarded and most of the men went to sleep worn out by the forced march. The Indians had been. notified by their scouts of the conditions at the camp and attacked just at dawn on the morning of the 17th. By stealth, they had crept down the ravine and managed to stampede most of the mules and also some of the horses. Singing their battle-songs—Cheyenne, Arapahoe and Sioux—the Indians came on. The men of the troop knew that advance meant death and retreat was impossible, the advantage of the island as a place of refuge was now of value and Col. Forsyth gave the order, "Reach the island." This sudden movement disconcerted and surprised the Indians. Col. Forsyth divided the command, part going to the east end of the island under Jack Stilwell, the other to the west end. The Indians advanced in disorder across the creek bed toward the island and were met by volley after volley from the whites, who had managed to dig shallow pits in the sand which offered small cover. Some of the Indians then tried to advance through the tall grass, but were picked off. During the first hour many of the horses and mules were killed, firing on both sides was kept up until 10 o'clock, when several chiefs had been killed and the celebrated chief, Roman Nose, took command. He claimed to have a charmed life and led another fierce attack toward the east end of the island, which the Indians did not know was defended as the fighting had been all at the other end. Roman Nose was shot and with his fall the attack practically ceased until 2 o'clock p. m., when the Indians received reinforcements under Dull Knife of the Sioux tribe. Orders were not to fire until the Indians were in close range;


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130 who tell us they are actually natives of the place. But it would seem there is not one road thither, but many, and all in different directions—one east, one west, one north, another south; some lead through pleasant meadows and shady groves, with no obstacles or unpleasantness; others ever rough and stony ground, through much heat and thirst and toil; yet all are said to lead to that one and the same city, though their lines lie so far apart.

There are guides, too, each recommending their own path as the only true one; which of all such are we to follow? There is Plato's road, and Epicurus's road, and the road taken by the Stoics; who is to say which is right? The guides themselves know no road but their own: and though each may declare that they have seen a city at the end of it, who knows whether they mean the same city, after all? The only safe guide would be the man who had tried every path,—who had studied profoundly all the theories of Pythagoras, Plato, Epicurus, Chrysippus, Aristotle, and the rest, and chosen that which, from his own knowledge and experience, he found to he the best and safest. And what lifetime would suffice for this? "Twenty years," says his friend to Hermotimus, "you have already been studying under the Stoics, you told us; and some twenty more you thought you required to perfect yourself in their philosophy. And how many would you give to Plato? and how many to Aristotle? and how long do you expect to live?"

Poor Hermotimus is no match for his Socratic cross-


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 Dull Knife was killed and when the Indians returned and recovered his body, the battle was ended. The river bed was strewn with the dead warriors and ponies of the Indians; the wounded whites received but little aid as Dr. Moore had been hit in the head early in the engagement. Col. Forsyth and Lieut. Beecher were both wounded, many of the men were dead, and all suffered for lack of water. At midnight two scouts were started on their perilous journey to Fort Wallace for aid, and reached the fort at sundown on Sept. 20. A command left at midnight for the Arickaree. As help was so long in coming to the besieged men, who were suffering, two more men volunteered to try to get through the Indian lines. They met the relief party under Col. Parker, and guided it to the island. It was later learned that the Indians lost between 700 and 800 warriors during the battle, which broke their power in the west.

 Arispie, a hamlet of Pottawatomie county, is located 9 miles east of Westmoreland, the county seat, and 7 miles southwest of Onaga, from which place it receives daily mail.

Arkalon, an international money order postoffice of Seward county, is situated in Fargo township at the point where the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific R. R. crosses the Cimarron river, 13 miles northeast of Liberal, the county seat. Although the population is small, Arkalon is an important shipping point, especially for grain and live stock.

Arkansas City, the largest city of Cowley county and one of the most important commercial centers of southeastern Kansas, is beautifully located on the elevation between the Arkansas and Walnut rivers, about 4 miles north of the state line and 12 miles south of Winfield, the county seat. The city was laid out in 1870, about the time Cowley county was organized, and the postoffice was established in April of that year with G. H. Norton as postmaster. Mr. Norton built the first house—a pioneer log structure—and was one of the first merchants. The place was first called Adelphi, later Walnut City, still later Cresswell and finally the name of Arkansas City was adopted. On June 10, 1872, Judge W. P. Campbell of the 13th district issued the order for the incorporation of the town, and at the first election for municipal officers on July 2, A. D. Keith was chosen mayor. For a few years the growth was comparatively slow, but in Dec., 1879, the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe railroad company completed a line to Arkansas City, after which the growth was more rapid and of a more substantial character. Following this road came the Kansas Southwestern, the Missouri Pacific, the Midland Valley and the St. Louis and San Francisco lines, providing transportation facilities as good as are to be found in any city of its size anywhere.

With the advent of the railroads, manufacturing became an important industry. Water power is provided by a canal 5 miles long connecting the Walnut and Arkansas rivers. Among the manufactured products are cement, flour and feed, brooms, paint and alfalfa meal. The city also has a meat packing establishment, planing mills, ice factory, creameries,


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 five banks, an opera house which cost about $100,000, an electric lighting plant, a fine waterworks system which was first installed in 1881 and has been enlarged to keep pace with the growth of the city, a fire department, a street railway, a good sewer system, and two beautiful public parks. The first school was taught in 1871 by T. A. Wilson in a house that cost about $400. The present public school system comprises four modern ward school buildings and a high school building which cost about $40,000. A number of fine church edifices add to the beauty of the city, the jobbing trade covers a large territory, and the press is well represented by two daily and three weekly newspapers. The Arkansas City Commercial club is composed of energetic citizens, always alert to the interests of the city, and that its efforts in this direction have been successful may be seen in the fact that the population increased from 6,140 in 1900 to 7,508 in 1910.

 Arkansas River.—Undoubtedly the earliest account of this river is to be found in the narratives of the Coronado expedition, 1540–1541, in which the stream was given the name “St. Peter's and St. Paul's river.” Marquette names it on his map of 1673. The Mexicans named it “Rio Napete,” but the stream acquired the name “Akansa” from the early French voyagers on account of a tribe of the Dacotah or Osage stock which lived near its mouth. The stream has its source in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado, in latitude 39 degrees 20 minutes north, longitude 106 degrees 15 minutes west. It flows in a southerly and easterly direction, passing through the royal gorge to the city of Pueblo, from which place it takes an eastward course, traversing what was once a portion of the “Great American Desert,” and entering Kansas in Hamilton county, just south of the town of Coolidge, thence flowing in a general easterly direction through the counties of Hamilton, Kearny, Finney, Gray and Ford, at which point the stream makes an abrupt turn to the northeast, passing through the counties of Edwards, Pawnee and Barton, the “great bend” of the river being in the last named. From here the river turns to the southeast, passing through the counties of Rice, Reno, Harvey, Sedgwick, Sumner and Cowley, leaving the state at a point almost due south of the village of Davidson. It then flows across Oklahoma and Arkansas, emptying into the Mississippi river at Napoleon, Ark.

The Arkansas is accounted the most important of the western tributaries of the combined Mississippi and Missouri rivers, is about 2,000 miles in length, of which 310 are in the state of Kansas. The stream is rarely navigable to a point above Fort Smith, though in times of flood the channel is open to boats of light draft to a point much higher up. In 1854 a writer in the New York Tribune, in describing the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, gave Fort Mann (near Dodge City) as the “head of navigation” on the stream. (See Early River Commerce.)

Across the plains of Colorado and Kansas the channel of this river is very shallow, in some places the banks being less than five feet above low water, and the channel at least three-quarters of a mile in width.


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 The stream in Colorado is almost entirely diverted to the irrigation of lands alongside, and the sandy wastes thus watered have been made veritable garden spots. This wholesale diversion of the water by that state was the cause of much complaint on the part of property owners and others along the river in Kansas who suffered considerable loss and inconvenience from the river going dry. To determine what rights the state had in the matter, the Kansas state senate of 1901 passed a concurrent resolution relating to the diversion of the waters of the Arkansas river, in the state of Colorado, as follows:

"Whereas, It is a matter of common notoriety that the waters of the Arkansas river for some time past have been and are now being diverted from their natural channel by the state of Colorado and its citizens, to the great damage of the state of Kansas and its inhabitants; and

Whereas, It is threatened not only to continue but also to increase said diversion; therefore, be it Resolved by the senate, the house of representatives concurring therein. That the attorney general be requested to institute such legal proceedings, and to render such assistance in other proceedings brought for the same purpose, as may be necessary to protect the rights and interests of the state of Kansas and the citizens and property owners thereof."

The house concurred. and in May, 1901, the state of Kansas by its attorney-general. filed a bill in equity in the U. S. supreme court, which necessitated the taking of many thousands of pages of testimony of residents living along the valley of the Arkansas. The case was finally decided in favor of Colorado.

 Arlington, an incorporated town of Reno county, is situated in the township of the same name. 17 miles southwest of Hutchinson, at the point where the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific R. R. crosses the Ninnescah river. It has a bank, grain elevators, a weekly newspaper, a good public school system, a cornet band, a money order postoffice with two rural free delivery routes, express and telegraph offices, and is the shipping and supply point for a large area of the rich agricultural country surrounding the town. The population increased from 312 in 1900 to 450 in 1910.

Arma, an incorporated town of Crawford county, is a station on the Missouri Pacific R. R.. 9 miles east of Girard, the county seat, and about 3 miles west of the state line. It is a typical Kansas town, has express and telegraph offices, a flour mill, a lumber yard, several general stores, and in 1910 reported a population of 327.

Armour, a sub-station of the Kansas City postoffice (see Kansas City), is located on the Union Pacific and Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific railroads, about 4 miles west of Kansas City, Mo.

Armourdale, (See ../Kansas City/.)

Armstrong,, (See ../Kansas City/.)

Army of Law and Order.—From the name of this organization, one would naturally suppose that it was formed for the purpose of promoting peace, prosperity and good government among the people of Kansas.


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Rh examiner. He declares, with great truth and honesty, that his clever friend has succeeded, like many clever disputants, in making him, at all events, very uncomfortable, and that he heartily wishes he had never met him that morning in his quiet meditations. "You always were overbearing in argument, Lycinus; I don't know what harm Philosophy ever did you, that you hate her so, and make such a joke of us philosophers." "My dear Hermotimus," calmly replies his friend, "you and your master, being philosophers, ought to know more about Truth than I do: I only know this much,—she is not always pleasant to those who listen to her."

The Dialogue is extended to some length, but the neophyte Stoic fails to hold his ground. Lycinus argues that after all there comes no answer to that great question—'What is truth?' It may be, after all, that she is something different from anything yet discovered. All visions of her are but different guesses, and all the guesses may be wrong. And life is too short to waste in interminable speculations. "Words, words," are, in the opinion of Lycinus, the sum of the philosophy of the day, whereas life demands action. Hermotimus becomes convinced that he has hitherto been wasting his time; henceforth he will try to do his duty as a private citizen, and if lie meets a professor of philosophy in the street, will "avoid him as he would a mad dog."

Lucian is best remembered as a satirist and a jester, but this Dialogue is enough to prove to us that he was


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 But such was not the case. It was an armed force, the strength of which has been variously estimated at from 500 to 1,100 men, organized by David R. Atchison and one of the Stringfellows, whose policy was banishment or extermination of all free-state men in the territory. The "army" was divided into two regiments, with Atchison as com- mander-in-chief. The headquarters of the organization were at Little Santa Fe on the Missouri border, some 15 miles south of Westport. Among the outrages committed by this force was that of robbing the Quaker mission, because the Quakers were "nigger stealers." The cattle and horses belonging to the mission were driven off, articles of value were appropriated, and for a time the mission was broken up. In the latter part of Aug., 1856, the "army" was preparing for an attack upon the city of Lawrence, when the timely arrival of Gov. Geary put a stop to the proceedings. The Army of Law and Order was a part of the militia disbanded by Gov. Geary, and it was never reorganized. (See Woodson's and Geary's Administrations.)

 Army Service School.— As early as 1870 Gen. John Pope, then commanding the Department of the Missouri, urged the establishment of a school for teaching military tactics, etc., and recommended that it be located at Fort Leavenworth. He repeated his suggestions several times before Gen. W. T. Sherman, commanding the army of the United States, laid the foundation of the infantry and cavalry school in his General Orders No. 42, dated May 7, 1881. This order directed that steps be taken for the establishment of a school of application for the infantry and cavalry, similar to that for the artillery at Fortress Monroe, Va. The school was to be made up of three field officers of cavalry and infantry; not less than four companies of infantry and four troops of cavalry; one battery of light artillery, and the officers detailed for instruction from each regiment of cavalry or infantry, not exceeding the rank of lieutenant, who had not previously received professional instruction.

Col. Elwell S. Otis, of the Twentieth United States infantry, was as- signed to the command of the post and charged with the work of organizing the school, under a code of regulations similar to that in use at Fortress Monroe. General Orders No. 8, series of 1882, announced the organization of the school, issued certain regulations for its government, prescribed a course of instruction covering organization of troops, tactics, discipline and theoretical instruction.

The Spanish-American war caused a suspension of the school for four years, during which time there was a large increase in the army. Elihu Root, secretary of war, in his report for 1901, said: "In the reorganization of the enlarged army about 1,000 new officers have been added from the volunteer force, so that more than one-third of all the officers in the army have been without any opportunity whatever for systematic study of the science of war." He spoke highly of the work accomplished by the school before the war, and recommended its renewal.

As a result of his recommendations, General Orders No. 155, of the war department for 1901, directed that "The infantry and cavalry school


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 at Fort Leavenworth, Kan., shall be enlarged and developed into a general service and staff college, and shall be a school of instruction for all arms of the service, to which shall be sent officers who have been recommended for proficiency attained in the officers' schools conducted in the various posts."

The reorganized school opened on Sept. 1, 1902, with Gen. J. Franklin Bell as commandant, and Col. A. L. Wagner, who had been connected with the old school, as assistant. By General Orders No. 115, series of 1904, three separate schools were established: 1st, The infantry and cavalry school; 2nd, The signal school; 3d, The staff college. Other changes followed, and by General Orders No. 211, of 1907, the infantry and cavalry school was designated "The Army School of the Line," and the method of selecting student officers was changed so that none could be admitted of a lower grade than captain, with not less than five years' service.

Circular No. 13, issued by the war department in 1908, set forth the function of the service schools to be the promotion of the best interests of the service, and while it might be desirable to afford equal opportunity to all officers, it was impossible to do so and adhere to the purpose for which such schools were established, viz.: to promote the best interests of the service by affording the most promising officers the opportunity for instruction in the highest duties of the soldiers' profession.

The course of study in the infantry and cavalry school embraces military art, engineering, law and languages; that of the signal school includes field signaling, signal engineering, topography and languages; that of the staff college includes military art, engineering, law, languages and the care of troops.

The commandants of the school at Fort Leavenworth since its organization have been Cols. Elwell S. Otis, Thomas H. Ruger, A. D. McCook, E. F. Townsend, H. S. Hawkins, Charles W. Miner, J. Franklin Bell, Charles B. Hall, and Brig.-Gen. Frederick Funston, the last named having assumed the duties of the position on Aug. 14. 1908. Although the service school at Fort Leavenworth is a national institution, maintained by the general government, it is located on Kansas soil, and is an institution in which the progressive citizens of the state feel a deep interest, and of which they are justly proud.

 Arnold, a money order postoffice of Ness county, is a station on the Missouri Pacific R. R., in Ohio township, about 15 miles north-west of Ness City. the county seat. It has an express office and is a shipping and supply point for that part of the county in which it is located. In 1910 it had a population of 75.

Arrington, a village of Atchison county, is situated in the southwest corner on the Leavenworth, Kansas & Western railroad, about 25 miles southwest of Atchison. It is the supply and shipping point for a considerable territory, has a money order postoffice, express and telegraph facilities, several general stores, a school, and in 1910 had a population of 210.


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 Art Association, State.—When the Topeka public library building was completed in April, 1883, rooms were fitted up in it for the use of an art gallery and school. On Nov. 1, 1883, a letter was sent out by a committee consisting of George W. Glick, A. H. Horton, A. S. Johnson. John Martin, G. F. Farmelee, J. R. Mulvane. J. F. Scott, Frank Drummond, Robert Price and Edward Wilder, suggesting Nov. 8, when the Social Science club was to meet, as a suitable occasion to organize an art association. The letter also contained the announcement that a donation of $1,000 had been given by "one interested in art and progress." to further the work.

The proposition met with favor, and on Nov. 9, 1883, the Art Association was incorporated with 72 charter members. The articles of association declared the objects to be: I. The formation of a permanent art collection at the capital, to be open to all visitors; 2. To hold an annual competitive exhibition for Kansas artists. 3. The establishment of an art school. Edward Wilder was elected president, and G. F. Parmelee, secretary. The association was governed by a board of 24 directors. The first art loan exhibition opened in the rooms in the library on March 16, 1885, when a large number of oil paintings, water colors, engravings, drawings in black and white, ceramics, embroidery, curios, etc., were thrown open to the public.

On Sept. 13, 1886, the first session of the art school was opened, under the direction of George E. Hopkins, formerly in charge of the Cincinnati School of Design. At his suggestion the association imported a number of casts of famous art statues, historic figures, etc. For a time the school was conducted with comparative success. Then interest began to wane, some of the members of the association died or moved away, others neglected to pay their annual membership fees. and the association finally lapsed into a state of inactivity altogether. The collection, or at least the most of it, is still on exhibition in the library building at Topeka.

 Artesian Wells.—The flowing or artesian well takes it name from Artois, France, where wells of this character have long been known. Hilgard says: "Artesian wells are most readily obtained where the geological formations possess a moderate inclination or dip, and are composed of strata of materials impervious to water (rock or clay). alternating with such as-like sand or gravel-allow it to pass more or less freely. The rain water falling where such strata approach to or reach the surface will in great part accumulate in the pervious strata, rendering them 'water bearing. Thus are formed sheets of water between two inclined, impervious walls of rock or clay, above as well as below, and exerting great pressure at their lower portions. Where water so circumstanced finds or forces for itself natural outlets, we shall have springs; when tapped artifically by means of a bore-hole, we have an artesian well, from whose mouth the water may overflow if its surface level be below that of pressure."

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 a quarter of a century or more after the state was admitted into the Union, the western half was regarded as practically a desert. In 1891 E. S. Nettleton made an investigation of the artesian and underflow conditions in Nebraska, the Dakotas, Colorado and Kansas. In his report he gives special mention of the overflow at Hartland and Dodge City, and quoted the following letter from R. I. Smith, of Winona, Logan county: "I have a 6-inch bored well in my door yard, 135 feet deep, with 8 feet of water. Over a year ago I noticed that at times a strong current of air came out of the openings around the pump- stock, and by observation find it to be an excellent barometer, as it blows from 6 to 20 hours preceding a storm. I have placed a brass whistle in the space, which at times can be heard a quarter of a mile. The harder and longer it blows the more intense the coming storm will be. A peculiarity of it is the fact that, after the storm it takes back the wind."

Robert Hay, chief geologist in the office of irrigation inquiry of the United States department of agriculture, made a report the same year on the overflow conditions in the Smoky Hill and Republican valleys, but he developed nothing of importance.

In 1892 J. W. Gregory, special agent of the artesian and overflow investigation on the Great Plains, described in his report the underflow in Kearny, Trego, Pratt, Seward, Morton, Logan, Scott, Wichita, Grant, Thomas, Decatur, Meade, Gray. Rooks and Russell counties in Kansas. Describing a well in the northern part of Meade county, he says: "The first water was found in white quartz gravel at 75 feet and rose 4 feet. At 113 feet a flow of water was found in white quartz gravel, which came up freely through the pipe, carrying quantities of the gravel. The water rose to a height of over 81 feet, or within 32 feet of the top of the ground, where it remains."

Mr. Gregory reported a number of wells in which the water rose well toward the surface. One of these was sunk by J. J. Rosson on the top of a mound in the valley of the north fork of the Cimarron river in Grant county. After digging 60 feet without obtaining water. a hole was bored in the bottom of the well 20 feet deeper, when the water quickly rose in the well to within 20 feet of the surface.

The reports of these investigations, conducted by direction of the national government, have done much to strengthen the belief that under a large part of western Kansas there is a body of water that can be made to flow to the surface, and numerous experiments have been made in boring wells in the hope of striking this underflow. In some instances these experiments have been successful. In the Crooked creek valley, in Meade county, there are about 100 flowing wells, though the flow is not sufficiently strong to render them of much utility in irrigation. There is a similar artesian area about "Wagonbed Springs," Stevens county. The wells in these districts range from 40 to 140 feet deep. At the time Mr. Gregory made his report there were 2 flowing wells in Morton county and 5 in Hamilton, demonstrating that western


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 Kansas, or at least that portion of it, is situated over a subterranean body of water possessing all the qualifications mentioned by Hilgard for producing artesian wells.

With the knowledge that flowing wells could be obtained in western Kansas came a request for state aid in developing the field, and on Jan. 30, 1908, Gov. Hoch approved an act passed by the special session of the legislature, authorizing the county commissioners of Stevens, Morton, Grant and Stanton counties to appropriate from the general revenue funds of said counties not exceeding $5,000 in each county for the purpose of prospecting for and developing artesian wells. However, no money was to be so appropriated and expended until 160 acres of land had been donated to the county, and upon this 160 acres one or more wells might be sunk, such wells to be under the control of the county commissioners. No reports of wells sunk under the provisions of this act are obtainable.

Recent developments tend to show that the early experiments in artesian wells in Kansas were only comparatively successful or altogether failures because the drillers did not go deep enough. Most of the wells have gone no further than the first pervious stratum. Somewhere there is a source of pressure sufficiently strong to furnish an abundant supply of water if the stratum connected with it can be reached. In 1910 Ernest C. Wilson, formerly editor of the Richfield Monitor, in Morton county, developed an 8-inch well, over 500 feet in depth, which flows 2,000 gallons per minute and supplies enough water to irrigate a half section of land. If the same conditions hold good throughout the western part of the state, it is only a question of a few years until that section will be well supplied with moisture, the treeless plains will be sheltered by timber, and the "Great American Desert" will be a thing of the past.

 Arvoni, a little hamlet of Osage county, is in the township of same name, on the Marais des Cygnes river and about 12 miles southwest of Lyndon, the county seat. The people of Arvonia receive their mail by rural free delivery from Reading, which is the most convenient railroad station.

Ashcroft, a hamlet of Jefferson county, is near the northern boundary on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R., about 4 miles from Valley Falls, and 12 miles from Oskaloosa, the county seat. It is supplied with mail by rural route from Nortonville.

Asherville, one of the thriving little towns of Mitchell county, is located on the Solomon river and on the Union Pacific R. R. in Asherville township, 10 miles southeast of Beloit. It has a money order postoffice with one rural route, telegraph and express offices. The population in 1910 was 125. Asherville was the first postoffice in the county and also had the first store, established in 1867, by Hon. John Rees.

Ashland, the county seat of Clark county and one of the growing towns of southwest Kansas, is located a little southeast of the geographical center of the county, on Beaver creek and the line of the


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 Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. that runs from Wichita to Englewood. Ashland's population almost doubled during the decade from 1900 to 1910. In the former year it was 493 and in the latter 910. The volume of business and shipping increased in even greater proportions than the population. The city has two banks, grain elevators, a weekly newspaper—the Clark County Clipper—several general stores, hardware, drug and jewelry stores, confectioneries, etc., a good public school system, and the Catholics, Methodists, Christians and Presbyterians all have neat church edifices. The Ashland postoffice is authorized to issue international money orders, express, telegraph and telephone facilities are ample, and taken altogether, Ashland can be described as a wide-awake, progressive little city.

Ashland Colony.—Within a few months after the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska bill steps were taken at Newport, Ky., to organize a colony for the purpose of founding a settlement in Kansas. Several local meetings were held, but nothing definite was accomplished until about the close of the year 1854. Early in 1855 some 60 persons, most of them from Covington, Ky., and Cincinnati, Ohio, embarked on the steamboat Express for the new territory. The boat arrived at Kansas City, Mo., in March, 1855. A. site had been previously selected on the south side of the Kansas river, near the mouth of McDowell's creek. The original intention was to make the entire trip by water, the colonists believing the Kansas river to be navigable, but upon arriving at Kansas City they found that their boat would be unable to proceed farther. Emigrant wagons and teams were procured for the remainder of the journey, and on April 22 they reached their destination. Many of these colonists were admirers of Henry Clay and the town they laid out was named Ashland, after the great commoner's residence in Kentucky. The name was also given to the township subsequently organized, including the settlement founded by this colony.

The officers of the Ashland colony were: Franklin G. Adams, president; Rev. N. B. White, vice-president; Henry J. Adams, treasurer. Among the members were Matthew Weightman, W. H. Mackey, Sr., and wife, John E. Ross, C. L. Sanford, C. N. Barclay, William Stone and J. S. Williams. A few of the colonists became discouraged and returned to their old homes in Ohio and Kentucky, but the majority of them were prepared to encounter the hardships of pioneer life on the frontier and went bravely forward with the erection of log cabins, etc. Late in December a postoffice was established at Ashland with William Mackey as postmaster, and in March, 1857, the town was made the county seat of Davis (now Geary) county. Several terms of the territorial court were held there by Judge Elmore before the seat of justice was removed to Junction City in Nov., 1860. With the removal of the county seat Ashland began to wane. Some of the leading members of the colony found better opportunities for the exercise of their talents and energies elsewhere, and in time the town of Ashland became only a memory. In 1873 the legislature transferred Ashland township to Riley county.


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132 something more. He jests continually at the falsehoods which were passed off as Truth, and at the doubtful shadows, of various shape and hue, which confident theorists insisted were her true and only embodiment. But if he could have been sure of her identity, there is no reason to think he would not have become her ready and willing worshipper.

Hopelessly puzzled by the contradictory theories of the philosophers, especially on cosmogony, the Cynic Menippus has taken a journey to the stars to see whether he may possibly learn the truth there; and in the Dialogue which bears the above title he gives an account of his aerial travels to a friend. He had made for himself a rather uneven pair of wings by cutting off one from an eagle and one from a vulture, and after some preliminary experiments in flying had succeeded in making good his first stage, to the Moon. The earth and its inhabitants looked wonderfully small from that height; indeed, except the Colossus of Rhodes and the watchtower of Pharos, he could make out little or nothing; until Empedocles, whom he met there (looking as black as a cinder, as well he might, having so lately come out of the crater of Ætna), showed him that by using the eagle's wing only for a while he might also acquire the eagle's vision. Then he saw many things not clearly discernible to ordinary eyes, for his new sight penetrated even into the houses. He saw the Epicurean forswearing himself for a thousand drachmas, the Stoic quarrel-