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ITTY did not know whether it was by chance or by design that she never found herself for a moment alone with Charlie. His tact was exquisite. He remained kindly, sympathetic, pleasant and amiable. No one could have guessed that they had ever been more than acquaintances. But one afternoon when she was lying on a sofa outside her room reading he passed along the verandah and stopped.

“What is that you’re reading?” he asked.

“A book.”

She looked at him with irony. He smiled.

“Dorothy’s gone to a garden-party at Government House.”

“I know. Why haven’t you gone too?”

“I didn’t feel I could face it and I thought I’d come back and keep you company. The car’s outside, would you like to come for a drive round the island?”

“No, thank you.”

He sat down on the foot of the sofa on which she lay.

“We haven’t had the chance of a talk by ourselves since you got here.”

She looked straight into his eyes with cool insolence.

“Do you think we have anything to say to one another?”

“Volumes.”


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 let the Sekhti himself also have a living. Thou must cause one to give him his portion without letting him know that thou art he who is giving it to him.”

There were given to him four loaves and two draughts of beer each day; which the lord steward Meruitensa provided for him, giving it to a friend of his, who furnished it unto him. Then the lord steward Meruitensa sent the governor of the Sekhet Hemat to make provision for the wife of the Sekhti, three rations of corn each day.

Then came the Sekhti a second time, and even a third time, unto the lord steward Meruitensa; but he told two of his followers to go unto the Sekhti, and seize on him, and beat him with staves. But he came again unto him, even unto six times, and said:

But yet Meruitensa would not hearken unto his complaint; and the Sekhti came yet, and yet again, even unto the ninth time. Then the lord steward told two of his followers to go unto the Sekhti; and the Sekhti feared that he should be beaten as at the third request. But the lord steward Meruitensa then said unto him: “Fear not, Sekhti, for what thou hast done. The Sekhti has made many speeches, delightful to the heart of his Majesty, and I take an oath—as I eat bread, and as I drink water—that thou shalt be remembered to eternity.” Said the lord steward, “Moreover, thou shalt be satisfied when thou shalt hear of thy complaints.” He caused to be written on a clean roll of papyrus each petition to the end, and the lord steward Meruitensa sent it to the majesty of the King Neb-ka-n-ra, blessed, and it was good to him more than anything that is in the whole land: but his Majesty said to Meruitensa: “Judge it thyself; I do not desire it.”

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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 pretty things, and how agreeable it was to receive attention. She sank back with a sigh of relief into the facile existence of the luxurious East. It was not displeasing to feel that in a discreet and well-bred fashion she was an object of sympathetic interest. Her bereavement was so recent that it was impossible for entertainments to be given for her, but ladies of consequence in the Colony (His Excellency’s wife, the wives of the Admiral and of the Chief Justice) came to drink a quiet cup of tea with her. His Excellency’s wife said that His Excellency was most anxious to see her and if she would come very quietly to luncheon at Government House (“not a party, of course, only ourselves and the A.D.C’s!”), it would be very nice. These ladies used Kitty as though she were a piece of porcelain which was as fragile as it was precious. She could not fail to see that they looked upon her as a little heroine, and she had sufficient humour to play the part with modesty and discretion. She wished sometimes that Waddington were there; with his malicious shrewdness he would have seen the fun of the situation; and when alone they might have had a good laugh over it together. Dorothy had had a letter from him, and he had said all manner of things about her devoted work at the convent, about her courage and her self-control. Of course he was skilfully pulling their legs: the dirty dog.


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The skin appears first of all above the eastern horizon and its little stars flutter vigorously as if being shaken warningly at any who might defy him. Then Orion, arrayed in large stars, slowly rises from his reclining position along the eastern ledge. One might imagine that he at first peers along the south in search of the poisonous scorpion which had stung him on the heel, for this must have been a supreme humiliation for so brave a hunter. But there is nothing in the south but the river Eridanus and the lightly starred Sea-monster with his head reared upward toward Andromeda. Feeling reasonably safe from any rear attacks, Orion now confidently climbs the darkened eastern slope; his Lion's Skin twinkles as he tautens his arm; his great Club is raised in readiness above his head, and joying in the combat, he henceforth wages, in unmolested peace, his eternal battle with Taurus, the Bull.

Just opposite the Lion's Skin, on the right shoulder of the Hunter, rests the beautifully tinted star, Betelgeuse. This star, like Antares, makes one think of roses, although Antares is more the shade of a deep red rose, while Betelgeuse is a wild rose pink. Diana probably notes the decoration as she passes in her chariot, for on certain dates she drives directly in front of his head-stars. On the opposite shoulder lies the yellow Bellatrix, "the female warrior or Amazon star." The title of this star was likely given it

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 in honor of Orion's mother, who was fabled as Euryale, the famous Amazon Queen.

On account of recent discoveries concerning it, Betelgeuse has become one of the most interesting of our stars. When Professor Michelson of the University of Chicago discovered a means of measuring the diameter of stars, he measured Betelgeuse and found it to be of the most enormous size. Indeed, if this huge rose-tinted star were placed in the position of our sun, it would fill the solar system nearly to the planet Mars!

This unique achievement of measuring the diameter of a star made the world sit up in amazement. The measurement was made at the Mount Wilson Observatory with the largest reflecting telescope ever made, a telescope which has an aperture of a little more than 100 inches. A set of mirrors was attached in such a way that for the purpose of measurement the effect of a 20-foot aperture was obtained and Professor Michelson was able to prove that the disk of Betelgeuse has an angular diameter of approximately one twenty-second of a second—which means that if the distance deduced from the best determined parallax of the star is correct, the actual diameter is 230,000,000 miles! But this giant red star is a globe of little density; the dwarf red stars, although about the same mass, are found to be more compact. Hale in "The New Heavens" says that there are good reasons for believing that "the mass of Betelgeuse cannot be more than ten times that of the sun's volume. Therefore its average density must be like that of an attenuated gas in an electric vacuum tube." It is difficult to adjust one's everyday conception of a star to such a sheer and rarefied object. Such a star seems almost too spiritual to exist, and is certainly an amazing thing to picture in the heavens. But Betelgeuse is not a starry spirit, but a full-fledged mammoth star, though it is only recently (in a cosmic sense) that it started on its career.

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 to bother you for a day or two till you’re rested, but then I want to have a little business talk with you.”

“With me?”

“We must make arrangements about your house, you know, and then there’s the furniture.”

“Oh, but I can go to a lawyer. There’s no reason why I should bother you about that.”

“Don’t think for a moment I’m going to let you waste your money on legal expenses. I’m going to see to everything. You know you’re entitled to a pension: I’m going to talk to H.E. about it and see if by making representations in the proper quarter we can’t get something extra for you. You put yourself in my hands. But don’t bother about anything just yet. All we want you to do now is to get fit and well: isn’t that right, Dorothy?”

“Of course.”

He gave Kitty a little nod and then passing by his wife’s chair took her hand and kissed it. Most Englishmen look a little foolish when they kiss a woman’s hand; he did it with a graceful ease.

T was not till Kitty was fairly settled at the Townsends that she discovered that she was weary. The comfort and the unaccustomed amenity of this life broke up the strain under which she had been living. She had forgotten how pleasant it was to take one’s ease, how lulling to be surrounded by


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 pictured him. She could hardly help laughing at herself. His hair was not grey at all, oh, there were a few white hairs on the temple, but they were becoming; and his face was not red, but sunburned; his head was very well placed on his neck; and he wasn’t stout and he wasn’t old: in fact he was almost slim and his figure was admirable—could you blame him if he was a trifle vain of it?—he might have been a young man. And of course he did know how to wear his clothes; it was absurd to deny that: he looked neat and clean and trim. Whatever could have possessed her to think him this and that? He was a very handsome man. It was lucky that she knew how worthless he was. Of course she had always admitted that his voice had a winning quality, and his voice was exactly as she remembered it: it made the falseness of every word he said more exasperating; its richness of tone and its warmth rang now in her ears with insincerity and she wondered how she could ever have been taken in by it. His eyes were beautiful: that was where his charm lay, they had such a soft, blue brilliance and even when he was talking balderdash an expression which was so delightful; it was almost impossible not to be moved by them.

At last the coffee was brought in and Charlie lit his cheroot. He looked at his watch and rose from the table.

“Well, I must leave you two young women to your own devices. It’s time for me to get back to the office.” He paused and then with his friendly, charming eyes on Kitty said to her: “I’m not going


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 rather) was gently ironic about various persons in the colony. Kitty began to feel more alert.

“Why, she’s looking better already,” said Charlie to his wife. “She was so pale before tiffin that I was quite startled; she’s really got some colour in her cheeks now.”

But while she took her part in the conversation, if not with gaiety (for she felt that neither Dorothy nor Charlie with his admirable sense of decorum would approve of that) at least with cheerfulness, Kitty observed her host. In all those weeks during which her fancy had been revengefully occupied with him she had built up in her mind a very vivid impression of him. His thick curling hair was a little too long and too carefully brushed, in order to hide the fact that it was greying there was too much oil on it; his face was too red, with its network of mauve veins on the cheeks, and his jowl was too massive: when he did not hold his head up to hide it you saw that he had a double chin; and there was something apelike in those bushy, grizzled eyebrows of his that vaguely disgusted her. He was heavy in his movements, and all the care he took in his diet and all his exercise did not prevent him from being fat; his bones were much too well covered and his joints had a middle-aged stiffness. His smart clothes were a little tight for him and a little too young.

But when he came into the drawing-room before luncheon Kitty received quite a shock (this perhaps was why her pallor had been so marked), for she discovered that her imagination had played an odd trick on her: he did not in the least look as she had


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 their matins—give 'em but a May-pole, whether in May, June, July, or September—they never count the times—down it goes—'tis meat, drink, washing, and lodging to 'em—and had we but the policy, an' please your worships (as wood is a little scarce in France) to send them but plenty of May-poles

The women would set them up; and when they had done, they would dance round them (and the men for company) till they were all blind.

The wife of the chaise-vamper step'd in, I told you, to take the papilliotes from off her hair—the toilet stands still for no man—so she jerk'd off her cap, to begin with them as she open'd the door, in doing which, one of them fell upon the


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 ground—I instantly saw it was my own writing

—O Seignieur! cried I—you have got all my remarks upon your head, Madam!—J'en suis bien mortifiée, said she—'tis well, thinks I, they have stuck there—for could they have gone deeper, they would have made such confusion in a French woman's noddle—She had better have gone with it unfrizled, to the day of eternity.

Tenez—said she—so without any idea of the nature of my suffering, she took them from her curls, and put them gravely one by one into my hat—one was twisted this way—another twisted that—ay! by my faith; and when they are published, quoth I,

They will be worse twisted still.


text: The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman/Volume 7/Chapter 39


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 HEY went in to luncheon. Charlie, sitting at the head of his table, easily took charge of the conversation. After those first few words of sympathy he treated Kitty, not as though she had just suffered a devastating experience, but rather as though she had come in from Shanghai for a change after an operation for appendicitis. She needed cheering and he was prepared to cheer her. The best way of making her feel at home was to treat her as one of the family. He was a tactful man. He began talking of the autumn race meeting, and the polo—by Jove, he would have to give up playing polo if he couldn’t get his weight down—and a chat he had had that morning with the Governor. He spoke of a party they had been to on the Admiral’s flag-ship, the state of affairs in Canton, and of the links at Kowloon. In a few minutes Kitty felt that she might have been away for no longer than a week-end. It was incredible that over there, up country, six hundred miles away only (the distance from London to Edinburgh, wasn’t it?) men, women and children had been dying like flies. Soon she found herself asking about so and so who had broken a collar bone at polo and if Mrs. This had gone home or Mrs. That was playing in the tennis tournament. Charlie made his little jokes and she smiled at them. Dorothy with her faint air of superiority (which now included Kitty and so was no longer slightly offensive, but a bond of union


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 “Am I late? I hope I haven’t kept you waiting. I had to see the Governor and I simply couldn’t get away.”

He went up to Kitty, and took both her hands.

“I’m so very, very glad you’ve come here. I know Dorothy has told you that we want you to stay as long as ever you like and that we want you to look upon our house as your home. But I want to tell you so myself as well. If there’s anything in the world I can do for you I shall only be too happy.” His eyes wore a charming expression of sincerity; she wondered if he saw the irony in hers. “I’m awfully stupid at saying some things and I don’t want to seem a clumsy fool, but I do want you to know how deeply I sympathise with you in your husband’s death. He was a thundering good chap, and he’ll be missed here more than I can say.”

“Don’t, Charlie,” said his wife. “I’m sure Kitty understands Here are the cocktails.”

Following the luxurious custom of the foreigners in China two boys in uniform came into the room with savouries and cocktails. Kitty refused.

“Oh, you must have one,” insisted Townsend in his breezy, cordial way. “It’ll do you good and I’m sure you haven’t had such a thing as a cocktail since you left Hong-Kong. Unless I’m very much mistaken you couldn’t get ice at Mei-tan-fu.”

“You’re not mistaken,” said Kitty.

For a moment she had a picture before her mind’s eye of that beggar with the tousled head in the blue rags through which you saw the emaciated limbs, who had lain dead against the compound wall.


text:
Author:Shun'e

Works

 * Rin'yō Wakashū
 * Rin'yō Wakashū

title: Author:Shun'e


text:
Author:Saigyō

Works

 * Sankashū
 * Sankashū

title: Author:Saigyō


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 he requested the jailor to reconduct him to the prison. It lasted a good while before the dread arbiters of life and death could recover from their astonishment, and debate on Peter's doom, which they unanimously agreed to mitigate as much as possible.

According to the rigour of the law he should have been burnt alive, but he and the robber who had been convicted of sacrilege, were sentenced to be beheaded first, and then burnt. The rest of the gang were ordered to close confinement for further examination.

When father Peter with his fellow sufferer was called to the bar, in order to hear his sentence pronounced, he behaved with the same firmness of mind as on his trial, and comforted him who had betrayed him.

Having heard his sentence pronounced with the greatest equanimity, he thanked his judges for their clemency, and left the court,


text:
Author:Fujiwara no Sadanaga

Works

 * Senzai Wakashu, as contributor
 * Senzai Wakashu, as contributor

title: Author:Fujiwara no Sadanaga


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 ings he had immediately approved. Kitty knew how great his desire was always to do the right thing and to offer her a gracious hospitality was obviously very much the right thing. But he could hardly remember that last interview of theirs without mortification: to a man so vain as Townsend it must be galling like an ulcer that would not heal. She hoped that she had hurt him as much as he had hurt her. He must hate her now. She was glad to think that she did not hate, but only despised him. It gave her a sardonic satisfaction to reflect that whatever his feelings he would be obliged to make much of her. When she left his office that afternoon he must have hoped with all his heart that he would never set eyes on her again.

And now, sitting with Dorothy, she waited for him to come in. She was conscious of her delight in the sober luxury of the drawing room. She sat in an arm-chair, there were lovely flowers here and there, on the walls were pleasing pictures; the room was shaded and cool, it was friendly and homelike. She remembered with a faint shudder the bare and empty parlour of the missionary’s bungalow; the rattan chairs and the kitchen table with its cotton cloth, the stained shelves with all those cheap editions of novels, and the little skimpy red curtains that had such a dusty look. Oh, it had been so uncomfortable! She supposed that Dorothy had never thought of that.

They heard a motor drive up, and Charlie strode into the room.


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 supporting with his arm his companion, who exhibited a ghastly picture of dismay and despondency. Father Peter did not lose his courage during his confinement, and took all possible pains to sooth the grief of his fellow sufferer, and to inspire him with sentiments superior to black despair.

He was to be executed two days after my arrival at A, and I hesitated long whether I should go and see this extraordinary man or not, although I was much solicited by my friends to do it; having a secret boding, that this reverend old man, who faced the grim spectre of death so cool and undaunted, could be no other person than Father Francis, alias Volkert, and thinking it disingenuous to distress, by my presence, a man who had saved my life two years ago.

Curiosity and sensibility struggled a great while within my breast, until the last day before the execution, when an ardent desire of having cleared up the mysteries of former events got the better of my generous senti-


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 have for you. I know I can do nothing to make up for your terrible loss, but I want you to know how deeply, how sincerely I feel for you. And if you’ll only allow me to do a little something for you it will be a privilege. Don’t bear me a grudge because I misjudged you. You’re heroic and I’m just a silly fool of a woman.”

Kitty looked down at the deck. She was very pale. She wished that Dorothy would not show such uncontrollable emotion. She was touched, it was true, but she could not help a slight feeling of impatience that this simple creature should believe such lies.

“If you really mean that you’d like to have me, of course I shall be glad to come,” she sighed.

HE Townsends lived on the Peak in a house with a wide view over the sea, and Charlie did not as a rule come up to luncheon, but on the day of Kitty’s arrival Dorothy (they were Kitty and Dorothy to one another by now) told her that if she felt up to seeing him he would like to come and bid her welcome. Kitty reflected that since she must see him she might just as well see him at once and she looked forward with grim amusement to the embarrassment she must cause him. She saw very well that the invitation to stay had arisen in his wife’s fancy and notwithstanding his own feel-


text: Author:Kōkamonin no Bettō

title: Author:Kōkamonin no Bettō


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 ments, and prompted me to see him early in the morning.

Having mustered up all my fortitude I went to the prison at six o'clock: Perhaps, thought I, the old man may now be more willing to dispel thy doubts than formerly, being on the awful brink of eternity, and disclose the mystery of his former impenetrable transactions, and thy presence may not distress the unhappy man so much as thou thinkest! Yet I could not get entirely rid of my apprehensions of increasing the sufferings of my benefactor, or being perhaps disappointed in my expectation.

In this state of mind I arrived at the prison, which was opened by the goaler after a violent knocking. I requested him to favor me with a short interview with the prisoner, but was denied access, because it was against the common rule to introduce company to the convicts the day before the execution. I offered him a dollar, entreating him to make


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 playing jazz all the time. Please say you’ll come to us. I promise you that Charlie and I won’t bother you.”

“I don’t know why you should be so kind to me.” Kitty was getting a little short of excuses; she could not bring herself to utter a blunt and definite no.

“I’m afraid I’m not very good company among strangers just now.”

“But need we be strangers to you? Oh, I do so want not to be, I so want you to allow me to be your friend.” Dorothy clasped her hands and her voice, her cool, deliberate and distinguished voice, was tremulous with tears. “I so awfully want you to come. You see, I want to make amends to you.”

Kitty did not understand. She did not know what amends Charlie’s wife owed her.

“I’m afraid I didn’t very much like you at first. I thought you rather fast. You see, I’m old-fashioned and I suppose I’m intolerant.”

Kitty gave her a passing glance. What she meant was that at first she had thought Kitty vulgar. Though Kitty allowed no shadow of it to show on her face in her heart she laughed. Much she cared for what any one thought of her now!

“And when I heard that you’d gone with your husband into the jaws of death, without a moment’s hesitation, I felt such a frightful cad. I felt so humiliated. You’ve been so wonderful, you’ve been so brave, you make all the rest of us look so dreadfully cheap and second-rate.” Now the tears were pouring down her kind, homely face. “I can’t tell you how much I admire you and what a respect I


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 paunch. His sanguine temperament showed itself in the little red veins which soon would form a network on his ruddy cheeks. She had liked his bushy eyebrows: there was to her in them now something animal and repulsive.

And the future? It was curious how indifferent it left her; she could not see into it at all. Perhaps she would die when her baby was born. Her sister Doris had always been much stronger than she, and Doris had nearly died. (She had done her duty and produced an heir to the new baronetry; Kitty smiled as she thought of her mother’s satisfaction.) If the future was so vague it meant perhaps that she was destined never to see it. Walter would probably ask her mother to take care of the child—if the child survived; and she knew him well enough to be sure that, however uncertain of his paternity, he would treat it with kindness. Walter could be trusted under any circumstances to behave admirably. It was a pity that with his great qualities, his unselfishness and honour, his intelligence and sensibility, he should be so unlovable. She was not in the least frightened of him now, but sorry for him, and at the same time she could not help thinking him slightly absurd. The depth of his emotion made him vulnerable and she had a feeling that somehow and at some time she so could work upon it as to induce him to forgive her. The thought haunted her now that in thus giving him peace of mind she would make the only possible amends for the anguish she had caused him. It was a pity he had so little sense of humour: she could see them both, some day,


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 came humid; never had he appeared to such advantage, and it might easily be seen that every expression he uttered proceeded from his heart. Poor Byron! - for poor he is even with all his genius, rank, and wealth - had he lived more with men like Scott, whose openness of character and steady principle had convinced him that they were in earnest in their goodness, and not making believe, (as he always suspects good people to be,) his life might be different and happier.

Byron is so acute an observer that nothing escapes him; all the shades of selfishness and vanity are exposed to his searching glance, and the misfortune is, (and a serious one it is to him,) that when he finds these, and alas! they are to be found on every side, they disgust and prevent his giving credit to the many good qualities that often accompany them. He declares he can sooner pardon crimes, because they proceed from the passions, than these minor vices, that spring from selfishness and self-conceit. We had a long argument this evening on this subject, which ended, like most arguments, by leaving both of the same opinion as when it commenced. I endeavored to prove that crimes were not only injurious to the perpetrators, but often ruinous to the innocent, and productive of misery to friends and relations, whereas selfishness and vanity carried with them


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 their own punishment, the first depriving the person of all sympathy, and the second exposing him to ridicule, which to the vain is a heavy punishment, but that their effects were not destructive to society as are crimes.

He laughed when I told him that having heard him so often declaim against vanity, and detect it so often in his friends, I began to suspect he knew the malady by having had it himself, and that I had observed through life, that those persons who had the most vanity were the most severe against that failing in their friends. He wished to impress upon me that he was not vain, and gave various proofs to establish this; but I produced against him his boasts of swimming, his evident desire of being considered more un homme de société than a poet, and other little examples, when he laughingly pleaded guilty, and promised to be more merciful towards his friends.

We sat on the balcony after tea; it commands a fine view, and we had one of those moonlight nights that are seen only in this country. Every object was tinged with its silvery lustre. In front were crowded an uncountable number of ships from every country, with their various flags waving in the breeze, which bore to us the sounds of the as various languages of the crews. In the


text: Copyright, Its History and Its Law/Chapter 14


text: Index:Paraplangia sinespeculo, a new genus and species of bush-cricket, with notes on its biology and a key to the genera of Phaneropterinae (Orthoptera, Tettigonioidea) from Madagascar.pdf


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 Harvey," and in virtue of his translations of Aristotle and Galen, Doctor Payne placed him in the front rank of the medical Humanists, pointing out, further, as we well remember, how out of these scholarly efforts grew the scientific movement which led to a truly fertile study of biology.

, nine times elected President, must ever be revered here for his beneficent efforts. He erected a monument in St. Paul's Cathedral to Lin-acre, whom he is held to have taken as his model in life. Caius began our Volumes of Annals, and thus set an example to all succeeding Registrars, which has certainly been well followed to the present time. He instituted those "ensigns of honour" by which our President is distinguished amongst us. He was the first to introduce and teach practical anatomy in England. His scholarship and literary works, his method and precision rendered him one of the most noteworthy men our Profession has ever had in any country. We recall his efforts and munificence in refounding Gonville Hall at Cambridge, a College which has sent to us here, and still continues to send, some of our most distinguished Fellows and Members. Harvey's lines of thought and study were probably, as Doctor Payne suggests, much projected under the posthumous influence of the second founder of his College.

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 I merely mention the names of and, the founders in 1581 of our Lamleian Lectures which Harvey held for forty-one years, and in which he expounded his original investigations on the circulation of the blood, and refer next to , sometime Treasurer, and President in 1600. Gilbert was the father of experimental philosophy in England. His famous work "De Mugnete" first directed the mind of Galileo towards this and kindred subjects. He bequeathed to the College his library, globes, and instruments, most of which perished in the great fire of 1666, only one hundred and forty volumes of his books being rescued.

We commemorate as the founder, in 1632, of the Lectures bearing his name, which he designed to be delivered in each year by one of the four youngest Doctors of the College. He was excellent both as a Physician and a scholar, and published translations from Aristotle and Galen.

, Junior, ranks with Harvey amongst our greatest benefactors. He redeemed at his own cost the first College building in Amen Corner from a possible confiscation to the spoliators of Church property in 1651, contributed largely to the fund for rebuilding the College after the great fire, and wainscoted the Coenaculum with Spanish oak, some of

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 I turn now to hold up in honour some others of our distinguished Fellows who by their attainments and splendid personal characters have conferred undying benefits upon our College, and through it upon the Profession of Physic.

We are perhaps too much disposed to commemorate the scientific achievements of our great men, but let us not be unmindful of their characters. We know that genius is not always coincident with the highest moral or spiritual perfection, but when both these qualities are graciously combined in anyone, we feel that we are in the presence of a truly great man, of one who becomes a personage, and a power for good in his day and generation. In such a Profession as ours we can never afford to lose sight of the preponderating influence of character in all who join our ranks, and have to minister to every grade of our common humanity.

The training which enabled Harvey to be the man we know him to have been, the scholarly, wise, even-minded, and unworldly man, was that which best begets men of his mould.

No mere technical or narrow training could by itself have produced him. His mind was expanded by wide reading, by travel, by knowledge of men and manners, by contact with the best spirits of his age, and by honest service to both rich and poor. His

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 Research Article

1 Grillenstieg 18, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany. 2 Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Frankfurt (Main), Germany. 3 Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Italy. 4 Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland.

Corresponding author: Klaus-Gerhard Heller (heller.volleth@t-online.de)

Academic editor: Juliana Chamorro-Rengifo | Received 5 February 2018 | Accepted 19 March 2018 | Published 23 July 2018

http://zoobank.org/49DE9A41-355D-40B0-8612-949CF113449B

Citation: Heller K-G, Hemp C, Massa B, Kociński M, Warchałowska-Śliwa E (2018) Paraplangia sinespeculo, a new genus and species of bush-cricket, with notes on its biology and a key to the genera of Phaneropterinae (Orthoptera: Tettigonioidea) from Madagascar. Journal of Orthoptera Research 27(2): 143–153. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.27.24243

Abstract

Madagascar is a well-known hotspot of biodiversity. However, many Orthoptera, and especially the Tettigonioidea, belong to little-studied groups. Here we describe a new genus and species of bush-cricket reared from field-collected eggs. Paraplangia sinespeculo gen. nov., sp. nov. belongs to Phaneropterinae and shares diagnostic characteristics with members of the tribe Amblycoryphini and its African subtribe Plangiina stat. nov. Paraplangia, which has a chromosome number of 31 X0, differs from other African members of the tribe and subtribe such as Eurycorypha and Plangia, which both have 29 X0. In addition to morphology, we describe the male calling song, female acoustic response, and mating behavior. As calling song, the male produces two series of short syllables. At the end of the second series the female responds with signals of similar duration and spectral composition as the male sounds (peak about 8-9 kHz). To make future identification easier, a key to all genera of Phaneropterinae found in Madagascar is presented.

Key words

Amblycoryphini, bioacoustics, chromosomes, duetting, Orophus

Introduction

The island of Madagascar is well known for its richness of endemic species. It is considered to be a very important hotspot of biodiversity due to several factors. Madagascar is a very large island, which is large enough to minimize the risk of extinction once a species has established. It is close enough to the mainland to receive occasional continental immigrants, but is far enough to allow a long, independent evolution of the fauna (MacArthur and Wilson 1967). Madagascar was formerly part of a continent (for a review see Vences et al. 2009). It separated from Gondwana about 135 million years ago (e.g. Briggs 2003, Yoder and Nowak 2006, McIntyre et al. 2017), so parts of its fauna and flora may be of Gondwanan origin. Then, for some time Madagascar and India drifted north-eastwards together, until their connection also broke (about 90 million years ago) and Madagascar remained isolated in the Indian Ocean. It was, however, never very far from Africa, and even non-flying mammals seem to have crossed this channel several times (Ali and Huber 2010). Therefore, the time at which the Malagasy taxa diverged from their closest relatives varies greatly, and there are many publications dealing with this question for different groups of animals and plants. However, even more groups, especially insect groups, are still nearly completely unstudied.

One of these groups is bush-crickets (katydids; Tettigonioidea). Most studies on this group in this region were conducted before 1914, when the last comprehensive paper appeared (Carl 1914). Only very recently have some papers on selected groups been published (Massa 2017a,b,c,d, Ünal and Beccaloni 2017). There are no published data on the biology of any taxon (except some observations in Ünal and Beccaloni 2017). At present, four subfamilies of Tettigonioidea are represented by several species each in Madagascar, and Listroscelidinae is represented by a single species (all data according to Cigliano et al. 2018, abbreviated OSFO). The four more common subfamilies have quite different biogeographic patterns in terms of their Malagasy fauna. Pseudophyllinae and Meconematinae are represented with relatively few species each and only endemic species or genera are known. All Pseudophyllinae (except the phyllophorine-like genus Aspidonotus) belong to the tribe Simoderini which consists of species that occur exclusively in Australia and Madagascar. If this tribe was confirmed as a monophyletic unit, it would be a strong indication for a Gondwanan origin of the group. The subfamily Conocephalinae has many species in Madagascar and most genera are endemic, but there are also a few endemic species of the widespread genera Conocephalus and Ruspolia and even non-endemic species [Conocephalus maculatus (Le Guillou, 1841) (“Madagasian Region” Pitkin 1980), Pseudorhynchus hastifer (Schaum, 1853) and the swarm-producing (see Bailey and McCrae 1978) Ruspolia differens (Serville, 1838)]. Most conocephaline genera belong to the tribe Euconchophorini, which is endemic to Madagascar and some surrounding islands. Gorochov (1988) considered this group of short-winged species as a sister group to all other world-wide distributed Conocephalinae. However, in a


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Rh ling with his pupils about fees, and the Cynic in very bad company. For the rest, the world was going on much as he supposed; the Egyptians were busy cultivating their fields, the Phœnicians making their merchant voyages, the Spartans whipping their children, und the Athenians, as usual, in the law-courts. "Such," says the traveller, "is the confused jumble of this world. It is as though one should hire a multitude of singers, or rather bands of singers, and then bid each performer choose his own tune, caring nothing for the harmony; each singing his loudest, and going on with his own song, and trying to drown his neighbour's voice—you may judge what music that would make. Even such, my friend, are the performers on earth, and such is the confused discord which makes up human life; they not only sound different notes, but move in imharmonious time and figure, with no common idea or purpose; until the choirmaster drives them all from the stage, and says he has no more need of them." He wondered, too, and could not forbear smiling, at the quarrels which arise between men about their little strips of territory, when to his eyes, as he looked down, "all Greece was but four fingers' breadth." It reminded him of "a swarm of ants running round and round and in and out of their city,—one turning over a bit of dung, another seizing a bean-shell, or half a


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134 grain of wheat, and running away with it. Probably among them too, conformably to the requirements of ant-life, they have their architects, and their popular leaders, and public officers, and musicians, and philosophers." [If his friend disapproves of the comparison, he bids him remember the old Thessalian fable of the Myrmidons.]

He was just taking flight again, he says, when the Moon—in a soft and pleasant female voice—begged him to carry something for her up to Jupiter. By all means,' said I, 'if it's not very heavy.' 'Only a message,' said she—'just a small petition to him. I'm quite out of patience, Menippus, at being talked about in such a shameful way by those philosophers, who seem to have nothing else to do but speculate about me—what I am, and how big I am, and why I am sometimes halved and sometimes round. Some of them say I'm inhabited, and others, that I hang over the sea like a looking-glass; in short, any fancy that comes into their heads, they apply to me. And, as if that were not enough, they say my very light is not my own, but as it were of a bastard sort, borrowed from the sun; trying to make mischief between me and him—my own brother—on purpose to set us at variance; as if it was not enough for them to say what they have about him,—that he is a stone, and nothing but a mass of fire. How many stories I could tell of them, and their goings-on o' nights, for all the grave faces and severe looks they wear by day! I see it all, though I hold my tongue—it seems to me scarcely decent to bring all their proceedings to light. So, when I see any of


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Rh them misbehaving, I just wrap myself in a cloud, not to expose them. Yet they do nothing but discuss me in their talk, and insult me in every way. So that I swear I have often had thoughts of going away altogether as far as possible, to escape their troublesome tongues. Be sure you tell Jupiter this; and say besides, that I can't possibly stay where I am, unless he crushes those physical science men, gags the Dialecticians, pulls down the Porch, burns the Academy, and puts a stop to those Peripatetics; so that I may have a little peace, instead of being measured and examined by them every day.' 'It shall be done,' said I, and so took my leave."

So he went on, and reached the abode of Jupiter, where he hoped at first to get in without notice, being almost half an eagle—that bird being under Jupiter's protection; but, remembering that, after all, he was also half a vulture, he thought it best to knock at the door, which was opened by Mercury. Jupiter complimented him highly upon his courage in making the journey, though the other gods were rather alarmed, thinking it a bad precedent for mortals. The monarch of Olympus asked him a good many questions as to the goings-on below, about which he appeared somewhat curious;—"What the price of wheat was now? What sort of a winter they had last year?" Especially he was anxious to know what mortals really thought about him. Menippus was very diplomatic in his answers. What can they


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136 think, your majesty,' said I, 'but what they are in duty bound to think,—that you are the sovereign of the gods.' 'Nonsense,' replied his majesty; 'I know very well how fond they are all of something new. There was a time when I was thought good enough to give them oracles, and heal their diseases,—when Dodona and Pisa were in all their glory, and looked up to by everybody, and so full of sacrifices that I could hardly see for the smoke. But ever since Apollo set up his oracle at Delphi, and Æsculapius his surgery at Pergamus, and Bendis has had her worship in Thrace, and Anubis in Egypt, and Diana at Ephesus, they all run there to hold their festivals and offer their hecatombs, and look upon me as old-fashioned and decrepit, and think it quite enough to sacrifice to me once in six years at Olympia. They had a good deal more chat together, says Menippus, after which Jupiter took him to see the place where the prayers came up—through holes with covers to them. Their purport was various and contradictory: one sailor praying for a north wind, another for a south; the farmer for rain, and the fuller for sunshine. Jupiter only let the reasonable prayers come through the hole, and blew the foolish ones back again; but was sadly puzzled by the contradictory petitions,—especially when both petitioners promised him a hecatomb. This business over, they went to supper; and Menippus was highly delighted with Apollo's performance on the harp, with Silenus's dancing, and with the recitation of some of Hesiod's and Pindar's poetry by the


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Rh Muses. A general council of the gods was afterwards called, in which Jupiter announced his intention of making very short work with the philosophers of whom the Moon had complained. Then Menippus was dismissed, under the charge of Mercury, who had orders, however, to take off his wings, that he might not come that way again; and he is now hurrying, he tells his friend, with some malicious enjoyment, to warn the gentlemen of the Schools of what they may very soon expect from Jupiter.


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144 recent molecular study (Hemp et al. 2015) the Euconchophorini representative appeared basally to the studied Agraeciini from Africa, India and Australia, but within Conocephalinae. In any case, a member of this Agraeciini/Euconchophorini-complex seems to have arrived in Madagascar relatively long ago.

The largest Malagasy subfamily is Phaneropterinae (at present ca. 40 species; Table 1). Madagascar has a few species in common with continental Africa (Phaneroptera sparsa, Tylopsis bilineolata, T. irregularis, and Eurycorypha cereris), and several genera have species which are endemic to Africa as well as to Madagascar – most of them also with endemics on other islands in the Western Indian Ocean (Eurycorypha, Plangia, Parapyrrhicia, Trigonocorypha). One genus with one endemic species to Madagascar has most of its species distributed in Asia (Holochlora). Thus, two thirds of the 22 phaneropterine genera are endemic to Madagascar. Most phaneropterine species are long-winged. There have probably been several independent colonization events of Madagascar, mostly from Africa [as with the flying mammals (bats), although some of which seem to have come directly from Southeast Asia; Bates et al. 2006]. For genera endemic to Madagascar, the closest relatives are expected to be found in Africa.

Considering the low intensity of research, the number of species and genera known at present is certainly only a small percentage of that actually occurring there or which had, sadly, occurred there in the past (see Goodman and Jungers 2014). Therefore, one of the authors (KGH) seized the opportunity to rear nymphs of an unidentified species from Madagascar. After these animals molted successfully to adults, they had to be identified (see key below) and, not completely unexpectedly, they were identified as belonging to a new genus and species. Since they lived for quite some time in the laboratory, we were able collectto collect [sic] data which were not previously known from any other Malagasy bush-cricket, and which are hopefully a starting point for similar studies in situ.

Methods

The animals were held in plastic containers, differing in size depending on the size of the animals, and fed with Taraxacum officinale, replaced daily.

Measurements.—Total body length, lateral aspect, refers to the midline length of the insect from fastigium verticis to tip of abdomen including the subgenital plate. In females, the ovipositor is not included in the measurement of the body length. Measurements of ovipositor are taken laterally in a straight line from tip to base disregarding the curvature.

To obtain the mass data, living animals and spermatophores were weighed to the nearest 2 mg (balance Tanita Professional Mini 1210– 100).

Acoustics.—The male calling song was recorded in the laboratory using a digital bat detector (Pettersson D1000X) with a sampling rate of 100 kHz. Duets were recorded in stereo using a Sony ECM121 microphone (frequency response relatively flat up to 30 kHz according to own tests) and an Uher M645 microphone connected to a personal computer through an external soundcard (Transit USB, “M-Audio”; 44.1-kHz sampling rate).

Song measurements and spectrograms were obtained using Amadeus II and Amadeus Pro (Martin Hairer; http://www.hairersoft.com). Oscillograms of the songs were prepared using Turbolab (Bressner Technology, Germany). All recordings were made at temperatures between 22 and 25°C. The singers were caged in plastic tubes or gauze cages with microphone fixed or hand-held at distances between 5 (duet) and 80 cm.

Acoustical terminology.—Tettigonioids produce their songs by repeated opening and closing movements of their tegmina. The sound resulting during one cycle of movements is called a syllable; opening and closing hemisyllables can often be differentiated (Ragge and Reynolds 1998). Syllable duration: time period measured from the first impulse to the last; syllable period: time period measured from the first impulse to the first impulse of the next syllable; impulse: a simple, undivided, transient train of sound waves (here: the damped sound impulse arising as the effect of one tooth of the stridulatory file). Typically, after some time the same or a similar pattern of syllables and pauses is repeated. This grouping, often separated from the next by a silent interval, is called a song unit.

Chromosomal analysis.—Paraplangia sinespeculo (two males CH8239, CH8240) and Orophus cf. tessellatus (Saussure, 1861) [Costa Rica; obtained from https://www.saltatoria.info/arten%C3%BCbersicht-a-z-species-a-z/orophus-tesselatus/] (one male CH7705 and one female CH7707) were used for chromosomal analyses. Preparations were obtained from testes and ovaries, incubated in hypotonic solution (0.9% sodium citrate), fixed in ethanol: acetic acid (3:1), and crushed in 45% acetic acid. C-banding was carried out using the method of Summer (1972) and the silver staining method (AgNO3) for localization of the nucleolus organizer regions (NORs) was performed as previously reported (Warchałowska-Śliwa and Maryańska-Nadachowska 1992). Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with ribosomal 18S rDNA and telomeric (TTAGG)n DNA probes were conducted following the protocol described by Warchałowska-Śliwa et al. (2009). Chromosomes were studied with a Nikon Eclipse 400 microscope with a CCD DS-U1 camera and NIS-Elements BR2.

Results

The specimens of the new species were identified using the key given below (based on Karsch 1889, Brunner von Wattenwyl 1891, Carl 1914, Ragge 1980, OSFO). See also Table 1 for additional data. Using Ragge’s (1980) key for all African Phaneropterinae with open tympana (excluding Madagascar) one would end up with Plangia.


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Works with embedded objects physically attached to them, that are semantically important to the text itself. Examples would include a promotional letter with cotton samples attached from the actual company being promoted.


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Author:Shikishi

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of this continent, which hitherto remains wholly unexplored, may perhaps open a way to the heart of the country; for it is not likely, that so great an extent of land, situated under the tropic, should be destitute of a great river, and no part of the coast seems better situated than that for its passage into the sea.

After leaving this coast, the Adventure continued fifteen days at sea, on account of contrary winds, and at length made the coast of New Zeeland, near Rock's Point, on the southern island, on the third of April, at six in the morning, and came to an anchor at Ship Cove, Queen Charlotte's Sound, on the 7th.

During their stay here, they had made the same establishments on shore as we had done at Dusky Bay, except the brewery, which they were not yet acquainted with. They had found the hippah, or strong-hold of the natives, at the southern end of Motu-Aro forsaken, and their astronomer had fixed his observatory upon it. The inhabitants of this sound, who amount to some hundred persons, in several distinct and independent parties, often at variance with each other, had begun an intercourse with them, and paid them several visits, coming from the interior parts. They had been extremely well received, and did not hesitate to come on board, where they eat freely of the sailor's provisions, showing a particular liking to our biscuit, and


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Rh was the archbishop (1488-1544), whose patriotic enthusiasm led him in his "Historia de omnibus Gothorum Sveorumque regibus" to carry the genealogy of the kings even as far back as to the deluge.

Chronicles of Gustav Vasa were written by (died 1562), by  (about 1580-1636) under the superintendence and by the encouragement of King Karl IX, and by  (about 1580-1639), the last of whom also wrote chronicles of Erik XIV and Johann III. King Gustavus Adolphus wrote in pure, beautiful Swedish a history of his father Karl IX, and the chancellor Axel Oxenstjerna (1583-1654) began a history of Gustavus Adolphus, which did not, however, extend beyond the introduction.

The versatile and fertile writer, Messenius, deserves a special mention. , whose chief department was history, was the son of a miller near Vadstena, and was born in 1579. When sixteen years old he was carried off by the Jesuits, who wished to make a Catholic apostle of him, and accordingly gave him a careful education in the Jesuit college in Braunsberg. After a number of years he returned to Sweden with the title of "Poeta cæsareus," which he had received from the Emperor for his Latin poems, and his learning soon gained him the favor of Karl IX. He was appointed professor of jurisprudence in Upsala, where he soon became popular with his students, but being haughty and quarrelsome, he spent his time in incessant wranglings with his colleagues. After a very stormy scene, when his adherents assailed the consistorium, he was for a time transferred to another position. It afterward appeared that he was engaged in a treasonable conspiracy, and was working for the restoration of Catholicism. He was sentenced to death, but


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326 in consideration of his great learning the sentence was commuted to imprisonment for life. Here with his wife, who shared her husband's fate, he was treated with great severity. He was allowed to have books and writing materials, and during the twenty years he spent in prison, before death claimed him in 1637, he developed a startling literary activity.

His chief work is the "Scondia Illustrata," a history of Sweden, written partly in verse and partly in prose. The work was intended to consist of twenty parts, of which, however, the first to the thirteenth and the fifteenth made their appearance. Messenius believed that he was chosen by Providence to do this work, and that he partly for this purpose had to suffer his severe imprisonment. He proceeded with great thoroughness, and though the subject, particularly that part of it which relates to ancient Sweden, is treated in a very uncritical manner, still it is the first important step in this direction, and is even at present a valuable source of Swedish history of the sixteenth century. He entertained the hope that as a reward for his great work he would regain his freedom, but he died before the petition which he sent in had been considered. Besides the "Scondia Illustrata," Messenius produced several other historical works, among which are a bishop's chronicle, and the chronicle of St. Birgitta. They are written in Swedish, and a portion of them is in rhymed verses. Further on we shall have occasion to mention another side of his literary industry.

With the exception mentioned in the preceding chapter, the writing of dramas began in Sweden in the sixteenth century. For this kind of literature there was a peculiar element at hand, namely the "dance-plays," which had been very popular with the people from time out of mind, and which had been far more widely used in Sweden than in Denmark and Norway. On the basis of these plays Sweden might have developed a peculiar dramatic literature for the stage,


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Rh but other conditions were not favorable, and so there was here, as in the rest of the North, produced instead the school-comedy. Its original purpose was to train the students of the colleges and of the university in the classical languages, and at the same time to promote morality by introducing examples of good conduct. Later Swedish was substituted for the ancient languages, while the original pedagogical tendency was preserved. The first author of a school-comedy was, who wrote a "Tobiae comedia," and like all the subsequent plays of this kind it was produced in rhymed verses. For some time these dramas took their plots exclusively from the Bible, adhering with servile accuracy to the scriptural text without seeking to secure any dramatic development. To this sweeping statement we must make a single exception, the "Holofernis och Judiths commaedia," which in excellence surpasses all the others.

In the beginning of the seventeenth century these dramatized biblical tales were succeeded by secular plays, which took their plots from the old classical literature, but which in other respects ranked no higher than their predecessors. The best one among them is the oldest one entitled, "En lustigh comoedia vidh nampn Tisbe" (a merry comedy by the name Thisbe), written by (died 1647), which was played for the first time in 1610. To the better ones of this class belongs also "Troijenborgh," by, which treats of the fate of Troy, and is written with a comparatively high degree of dramatic skill. The "Judas Redivivus," by, is worthy of notice on account of its scenes from popular life, and for other pictures of the times to which it belongs.

now founded an entirely new school, in which be soon found imitators. He selected subjects from Swedish history as the basis of his dramas. He intended to write fifty comedies and tragedies on the history of Sweden. In these he proposed to represent his country's history from the introduction of Christianity to the Reformation, just as had