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 The next authority I consulted was Mr. Woods' volume on Reptiles. This fascinating writer leaves few subjects wholly untouched, through he of course also sacrifices detail to suit the popular nature of his works. Taking his volume as we find it, however, I was glad to come across the following notice of our friend.

"The serpent-eating Hamadryad or Hamadryas elaps, is notable for the peculiarity from which it derives its name. It feeds almost wholly on reptiles, devouring the lizards that inhabit the same country, and also living largely on snakes. Dr. Cantor says of this Serpent that it cannot bear starvation nearly so well as most reptiles, requiring to be fed at least once a month. 'Two specimens in my possession were regularly fed by giving them a serpent, no matter whether venomous or not, every fortnight. As soon as this food is brought near, the serpent begins to hiss loudly, and expanding its hood, rises two or three feet, and retaining this attitude as if to take a sure aim, watching the movements of the prey, darts upon it in the same manner as the Naga Tripudians (i. e. the cobra) does. When the victim is killed by poison, and by degrees swallowed, the act is followed by a lethargic state, lasting for about twelve hours."

"The Hamadryad is fond of water, will drink, and likes to pass the tongue rapidly through water as if to moisten that member. It is a fierce and dangerous reptile, not only resisting when attacked, but even pursuing the foe should be retreat, a proceeding contrary to the general rule among serpents. The poison of this creature is virulent in action, a fowl dying in fourteen minutes, and a dog in less than three hours after receiving the fatal bite, although the experiments were made in the cold season, when the poison of venomous snakes is always rather inactive. The poisonous secretion reddens litmus paper very slightly, and, as is the case with most serpent poisons, loses its efficacy by being exposed to the air. The native Indian name of the Hamadryad is Sunkr Choar."

"The colour of this snake is generally of an olive hue, auburn and pale below, but there is a variety marked with cross-bands of white. It is large species, varying from four to six feet in length, while some specimens are said to reach ten feet."

As might have been expected Dr. Fayrer's work gives far more particular details, which I proceed to quote. They embody all that is known of the Indian species:—"This is probably the largest and most formidable venomous snake known. It grows


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Rh "Blacksmith! blacksmith! make me another set of iron teeth, or you are a dead man!"

The smith soon got them ready, and the witch began biting the tree.

Ivashko was now at a loss what to do, when suddenly he beheld some black swans flying towards him, so he called out to them,—

But the swans replied,—

"Let the next set take the boy!"

And tossing up their proud heads, they flew haughtily away.

Soon the next set came flying: they were of a beautiful grey colour. When Ivashko saw them, he called out again,—

But these were as haughty as the first, and answered,—

"Let the other set take the boy!"

Soon a set of beautiful white swans came in sight, and Ivashko cried out to them,—

These, however, consented; they made him sit on

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 to the length of twelve or fourteen feet, and is not only very powerful, but also active and aggressive. It is hooded like the Cobra, and resembles it in its general configuration and characters.

Günther's definition of it is as follows:—"Body rather elongate, tail of proportionate length; head rather short, depressed, scarcely distinct from neck, which is dilatable. Occipitals surrounded by three pairs of large shields, the two anterior of which are temporals. Nostril between two nasals. Lareal none; one or two præ-three post-oculars. Scales smooth, much imbricaeedimbricated [sic], in transverse rows, in fifteen series round the body, but it many more round the neck; those of the vertebral series ran rather larger than the others."

"Ventrals more than 200, anal entire; anterior sub-caudals simple, posterior two rowed, sometimes all bifid. Maxillary with a large fang in front, which is perforated at the end, showing a longitudinal grove in front; a second, small, simple tooth at some distance behind the fang. The colour of this snake varies according to age and locality. The adult is some shade of olive green or brown. According to Günther it is:—

"Olive green above; the shields of the head, the scales of the neck, hinder part of the body and of the tail edged with black; trunk with numerous oblique, alternate black and white bands converging towards the head; lower parts marbled with blackish, or uniform pale greenish." This variety is found in Bengal, Assam, the Malayan Peninsula, and Southern India.

"Brownish olive, uniform anteriorly, with the scales black edged posteriorly, each scale of the tail with a very distinct white, black-edged ocelles; as in Plyas mucosus."

"This variety is not found in Bengal; Günther says it is found in the Philippine Islands, and perhaps in Burmah."

"Uniform brownish black, scales of the hinder part of the body and of the tail somewhat lighter in the centre; all the lower parts black, except the chin and throat, which are yellow." This variety is found in Borneo.

"Young specimens have a much more varied coloration; they are black, with numerous white, equidistant, narrow cross bands descending obliquely backwards; head with four while crossbands; one occupies the extremity of the throat, the second across the posterior frontals, third across the crown of the head,


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 behind the obit; the fourth across the occiput to the angle of the mouth; the two latter bands are composed of oval spots.

"In a specimen from the Anamallay Mountains the belly is black, and the white bands extend across, being wider than on the back; in a second specimen, of which the locality is unknown, the belly is white, each ventral having a blackish margin. The young Ophiophagus might well be mistaken for a snake of another genus.

"Major Beddome says the young Ophiophagus is very like the Dipsas Dendrophila, an innocent snake. The shields surrounding the occipitals are large, and give a distinctive character to the snake. There is one præ-orbital, seven upper labials, the third and fourth entering into the orbit, the third the largest, the seventh and jenent very low; temporals large, 2 by 2; ventrals 215-262; sub-caudals 80-100; the number of entire anterior sub-caudals varies much."

"The Ophiophagus is probably the largest and most deadly of the thanatophidia; fortunately, though widely distributed it is not very common. According to Günther it is found in al- most every part of the Indian continent; in the Andaman and Philippine Islands, in Java, Sumatra, Borneo, and according to Duméril in New Guinea. Major Beddome of Madras says he has killed one nearly fourteen feet in length near Cuttack in Bengal, where it is common. I had a living specimen of the dusky variety from Rangoon, nearly twelve feet in length."

"The Hamadryas, says Dr. Cautor, is very fierce, and is always ready not only to attack, but to pursue, when opposed; this too is a conspicuous trait in the Tenasserim serpent."

"As its name implies, it feeds upon other snakes, though probably when its usual food is not forthcoming, it is contented with birds, mammals, fish, frogs, &c.

"It resembles the Cobra, exept [sic] that it is longer in proportion to its size, and its hood is relatively smaller; it is, however more graceful in its movements, and turns more rapidly. It is occasionally seen with the snake-charmers who prize it highly as a show; but they say it is exceedingly dangerous to catch, and difficult to handle before its fangs are removed."

It will be noted in the foregoing description that the "brownish olive vanity, uniform anteriorly with the scales black-edged posteriorly" is referred only to the Phillippine Islands and Burmah.


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 The specimen before us, however, is undoubtedly that variety and as such is of considerable interest, though the black marks between the scales are less defined than in Dr. Fayrers admirable drawing.

Such being all the available information I was able to collect on the subject of the Hamadryad you will easily understand that I was pleased to make the acquaintance of two gentlemen of this place, who had for some years devoted themselves to collecting and preserving such objects of Natural History as the extensive grounds surrounding their house in Sirangoon Road allowed them to capture. I mentioned to them my desire to come across a veritable specimen of O. Elaps and in a very few days was informed that they had as they believed one of these snakes in their collection. I was invited to inspect it and at first sight we had no doubt of the correctness of the identification. A detailed comparison of their specimen with Dr. Fayrer's plate in his "Thanatophidia of India" convinced me that the sought-for reptile was before us. I subjoin the narrative of its capture verbatim as furnished.

"My mandore "Manis" remembers the capture of the snake very well, as he had a very narrow escape of being bitten. The attack was quite unprovoked; in fact the first sign of the snake's presence was a loud hiss, aud the sight of the snake's head raised in the air on a level with his (the mandore's) breast. By jumping smartly back he evaded the spring of the hamadryad and succeeded by means of bamboos close at hand, and with the aid of the other gardeners close by, in getting the snake hell down to the ground until a noose was slipped round his head, in which state he was placed alive in a large bottle.

"I saw the snake alive in the bottle and it was only just dead from suffocation when I poured in the spirit to preserve it.

The mandore did not see the snake before, as it was coiled in a recess amongst the roots of a large soontal tree about 15 yards from our house, and he was approaching the house from the other side of the tree; the snake made his spring just as the man passed by. The man had been thirty years in Singapore at least (he is a Bawian,) but had never seen this sort of snake before. He knew however at once from descriptions given him by old Malays, and by men who lived in the jungle that it was a Tudong-korê kûning. He had often heard of this snake and knew it to be very deadly in its bite. He had heard that it was also called "Ular-muri" but does not think this last the correct name, as he says it is evidently allied to the Cobra;


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136 their wings, and away they went, leaving the witch to storm and rage, and break her teeth as much as she pleased!

Away went the swans over the water, until they reached Ivashko's home. They put him down very carefully on the roof, and flew away.

Early next morning Ivashko's mother set to work baking cakes, and while doing so she said sadly to her husband,—

"Would that I knew whither our darling boy has gone! I wish I could but see him in my dreams!"

"Well, I saw him in my dream last night," answered her husband; "it seemed as though some handsome white swans brought him back to us!"

The old woman sighed, and after she had baked the cakes she began to divide them between herself and her husband, saying,—

"Well, old man—this is for you—this is for me—this is for you—and this for me!"

"And what is for me?" asked Ivashko, speaking down the chimney; for he had heard everything that had been said. "You say, 'This is for you, and this for me,' but you have quite forgotten me!"

"Good heavens!" cried the woman to her husband; "go you, and see who it is that is up on the roof!"

The man climbed up the wooden ladder leading to the roof, opened the trap door, and very soon came down again with Ivashko!

The mother gave a cry of delight, and in another moment she and her little son were locked in a warm embrace. Ivashko then told his parents all that had happened to him since last he saw them.


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 he called it "Ular tudong-itam-kechil." The mandore states that he remembers seeing a snake something like this about six feet long, also hooded but black in color, shot by my father about twenty years age; but thinks that was only a very large and old cobra. He says he has heard that formerly these hamadryads were not so rare as they are now, but they were always hard to get a sight of, as when men came across them they always smashed them up with their sticks, or whatever weapons they might have with them. He had also heard of deaths resulting from their bites. As I said before, I saw, in company with my mother and father, this snake alive, and my mother hearing the noise made by the natives, ran out of the house about 2 p. m. and saw the snake being noosed prior to being put in the bottle. Whilst in the bottle its ferocity remained unabated, and the sight of a finger or stick was enough to make it bite viciously at the object."

The reference to the similar snake, black in colour, may point to the existence of what is known as the dusky variety of the hamadryad in Singapore. I can only say that in such a case it will be extremely interesting to meet with a specimen, though its greater resemblance to the ordinary cobra deprives it of the claim to attention made by the variety under notice, which might be mistaken by the uninitiated for a harmless serpent—a proof of which is afforded by the fact that our best known local sportsman has himself twice seen the reptile without being aware of its deadly qualities.

N. B. DENNYS.


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Rh Great was the merriment of the peasants, who shortly after gave a feast, and Ivashko's health was drunk, and in fact everything went off properly.

The peasants lived very happily ever after with their little boy, and were troubled no more by his disappearance, and so ends the story of Ivashko and the Witch.


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138

upon a time, there lived a king and queen who had two children, a son and a daughter; the prince was named Oleg, and the princess Olga.

But the king and queen soon died, leaving the children to wander about homeless and unprovided for in the wide, wide world.

They walked on and on, till they came to a pond where some cows were drinking.

"I am so thirsty," said Prince Oleg, "that I think I shall go and have a drink."

"No, brother, don't; or you will turn into a calf," replied the princess.

He obeyed, and they went on farther until they came to a river, where a number of horses were running about.

"I really must have a drink here," said Oleg.

"No, brother dear, don't; or you will turn into a pony."

Oleg again obeyed his sister, and they continued their journey; till at last they came to a lake where they saw a number of goats.

"It is no use, sister, I really must have a drink now, or die."

"Don't, please don't, Oleg, or you will turn into a kid."


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Rh But this time Oleg would not listen to his sister, so he went and drank some of the water and was immediately turned into a kid, and began to jump and skip before his sister, screaming, "Me-ke-ke! Mekeke! Mekeke!" all the time.

Princess Olga cried bitterly. She tied a silk ribbon round his neck, and for some time led him along with her; but the little kid soon loosened himself, and began jumping and frisking about till he came into a garden, which belonged to the young king of that kingdom.

The servants, when they saw the princess and the kid, went to the king and said,—

"There is a little kid in your garden, your majesty, and by its side is a beautiful damsel."

The king was much interested, and ordered his courtiers and servants to go and ask the young girl who she was and what she wanted?

The courtiers went up to her and did as the king had commanded them.

"I am the daughter of the late king and queen of the next kingdom to this," said Olga in reply to their inquiries. "They left me and this little kid, my brother, alone and unprovided for. We have been wandering about everywhere, until my brother became very thirsty and drank some water in a lake where a great many goats were feeding, and so he was changed into a little kid. That is the whole of my story; go and tell it to the king, your master."

After the people had submitted all this to the young king, he at once ordered them to bring this beautiful princess and the little kid, her brother, before him.


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140 When Princess Olga entered the hall in which the king sat, he was so struck with her beauty that he fell immediately in love with her, and, after she had told him more about herself and brother, he asked her to become his wife.

Princess Olga did not object, for the king was young and handsome, and she married him.

They lived happily for a long time. The little kid, of course, was with them. He went out every day for a walk in the garden, and ate and drank at table with the king and queen.

At last the hunting season arrived, and the king went off with his huntsmen. Hardly had he left the palace when an old witch made her appearance and bewitched the young queen, who became seriously ill. She turned very thin and pale. Everything was very quiet while she was laid up. The palace looked very gloomy, the flowers began to fade, and the trees and grass were all dried up.

When the king returned, he was very much cut up at the news, and went at once to see his wife.

"What is the matter?" he asked.

"I am not very well," replied Olga; "but I daresay I shall be all right soon."

The king again went out hunting, while Olga lay on her bed very ill indeed. The witch again came to her, and said,—

"If you want to become well again, Queen Olga, you must go to that lake yonder and drink some of the water there."

Olga thanked the witch, and went in the twilight to the shore of the lake.


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 BREEDING PEARLS

residents in Singapore, and more especially Members of this Society, have heard of "Breeding Pearls," or Pearls which, as alleged, have under certain conditions the power of reproducing fresh specimens. My attention having been drawn to the subject shortly after my arrival in the Colony, I made enquiries in all likely quarters, and propose to lay the results before this meeting. When I commenced these enquiries I had no particular theory to support either in favour of, or opposed to, this apparently incomprehensible matter. And what I now intend to do is to shortly state (1) What is known of the origin of these objects by their possessors, and the process by which they are held to reproduce themselves; (2) The evidence I have been able to collect respecting their existence and a description of what I have myself seen; (3) The objections raised against the possibility of such an alleged reproduction and, (4) Some concluding remarks regarding certain other natural occurrences which may be held to confirm the possibility of an event as yet inexplicable by even advanced scientists.

The Pearls in question are reputed to come chiefly from Borneo and Java, although found in nearly all islands of the Archipelago, and even in Singapore; there does not appear to be any specific native name for them as distinguished from ordinary pearls. As regards appearance, those shewn me resemble the ordinary jeweller's pearl in look, though slightly more irregular in shape. The largest of regular shape I have yet seen is something over three sixteenths of an inch in diameter, though an irregularly formed one is over inch in length, by 3/16 ths. in width, while the smallest is a mere pin-point of microscopic dimensions. As regards substance, they are alleged to present exactly the same laminated section as the ordinary pearl when cut, and a lady, resident in this Colony, informs me that


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 Professor Huxley examined one at her request, and subjected it to numerous tests, of which he reported the result to be that it was absolutely indistinguishable from the ordinary pearl used for jewelry.

The process by which reproduction takes place involves only very simple preparations. Four or five large sized pearls (most people have begun with three) are placed in a small chip or other box with as many grains of uncooked white rice as the experimenter chooses—from 15 to 30 are usually used. Absolute freedom from disturbance is, by some, alleged to be necessary for the formation of the new pearls, while others deny that this makes any difference if they are not unduly handled or shaken. If examined at the end of a certain period (about a year) objects resembling small seed pearls will be found strewn about the bottom of the box, while in many cases the original pearls themselves will be found to have increased in size. If again left untouched for a further period of six months or a year, and then examined, some of the seeds will be found to have become larger, while fresh seeds will have formed. Each grain of rice now presents a curious appearance. A small circular bite seems to have been taken from the end of each, the number of seed pearls agreeing with the number of grains thus affected.

The lady resident above referred to having kindly offered to shew me her collection, I saw it at the end of December last. It consisted of about five large or medium sized pearls and, as nearly as could be estimated, about 120 small sized pearls, varying from the most minute speck to a size large enough for use in certain descriptions of jewelry. Every grain of rice was, so far as I could see, marked as before described—looking in fact as if some beetle had gnawed away a portion of its end. She informed me that the larger pearls she showed me had been in their present box for about 20 years; that she had only put four or five into the box when it was just closed; that, except to shew to persons interested, the box had always been kept shut; that any tampering with it had been impossible—to say nothing of the fact that no one was likely to have strewn seed pearls in it for the purpose of playing a practical joke which might not even attract attention for a lengthened period.

Shortly after seeing the pearls above mentioned, good fortune led me to enquire of Dr. Rowell, the principal Medical Officer of Singapore, what he knew about the matter. It so happened that I could not have applied to better authority, Mrs.having for some years possessed and bred the pearls in question. I give her experience in her own words, her kindness in furnishing the


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 account being most generously supplemented by her sending the box containing the pearls for my inspection, Mrs.writes as follows:—"I had three 'Breeding Pearls' given me in June or July 1874. On the 17th July I shut these three up with a layer of cotton wool above and below them and some few grains of a very fine rice, (called here "Pulot" rice?) On the 14th of July 1875, we opened the box in the company of two or three friends and we discovered twelve of sizes—the three original ones standing out distinctly by their greater size; though some of the newly bred ones were by no means insignificant to look at. One or two were about the size of a pin's head and perfectly round. The rice looked crumbly and worm-eaten.

"The size of the three breeding pearls both my husband and I thought considerably larger. I had made a rough drawing of their appearance and size, and you can see the boxes for yourself.

"I have started afresh again with five big ones lately given me, three of the old originals, and I think the fifth is one of those bred in my box. But this I could not vouch for.

"I send the two boxes and shall be glad to have them back when you have done with them.'

I may add that the rice in the boxes sent was all "bitten away" as in the other case. I feel certain that the "bite" has been produced by some living agency, and that it could not have been produced in any other way.

Having been informed that, Mrs.of the local Girls' school, could give me some information on the matter I called on that lady and she kindly told me all she knew. This was exactly to the same effect as above described, with the further item that "breeding pearls" were in all cases originally taken from pearl oysters, and that when about to "breed" a small black speck made its appearance on some portion of the pearl, which speck continued to be visible so long as the breeding process continued. I then wrote to a gentleman who I was informed had himself bred a considerable number—Mr. H. B. Woodford— who very kindly furnished me with a series of notes which I transcribe in almost his own words:—

Breeding pearls are found in several of the oyster and clam species, including those known as Tridacne with a fan shaped shell. The shells yielding them abound chiefly on the coast of Borneo, but they are also found throughout the Malayan Archipelago and even in Singapore. I found one at Tanah Merah


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 Kechil beach. Many people believe that they come to better perfection if kept in sea water. I have reared mine in closed boxes, with Pulot rice strewn losely [sic] around them and the whole covered with a layer of cotton silk, though Mr. L. J. Scheerder has successfully reared some in fresh water. I am not able to say what is the average percentage of these pearl-producing shells, but out of 15 or 20 I picked up at Tanah Merah I only came across one. Mr. P. Marcus tells me he has extracted them from all descriptions of bivalve shells, the larger the shells the larger being the pearls. In one case he took a very large one from the Tridacna gigas, or giant clam, (of which a specimen may be seen at the foot of the stairs leading to the Raffles Library.)

The pearls when discovered are usually found embedded close to the valves of the shell, though in some cases found adhering to the fish. There appears to be no certainty as to size, the breeding pearls varying like the ordinary ones, though the rule as to the largest being contained in the largest shells does not in the latter case hold good. They are almost invariably spherical when found, but, when commencing to breed, change their shape to a more or less irregular oval, with layers of scales on them visible to the naked eye. In some cases the scales are them- selves spherical.

As regards the time occupied in "breeding," Mr. Woodford names a very much longer period than that specified by the other correspondents who have so kindly answered my enquiries. He states that it usually takes eight years for a seed pearl to into four times its original diameter, i. e. about 1/6 th of an inch, though he has seen one over 1/4 inch in measurement produced in that period.

After a certain time (which appears to be uncertain) "breeding pearls" die and change their lustrous colour to a dirty flake white, the outer scales appearing to have peeled off. Mr. Woodford attributes their formation to insects, though this otherwise feasible theory is at variance with all received beliefs as to the formation of the pearl within the oyster.

Several other residents have informed me that they have seen breeding pearls and their young (if the term be admissible) under circumstances which left no doubt as to the bona fides of their exhibitors. I have however doubtless given names enough to help us to a dispassionate discussion of this curious freak of nature.


text: The Dial (Third Series)/Volume 73

title: The Dial (Third Series)/Volume 73


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 The evidence against the existence of " Breeding Pearls" may be classed under two heads, viz; the results of positive experiment; and a scientific demonstration of the absolute impossibility of Pearls breeding Pearls. As regards the former, Dr. Robertson, well known to all members of this Society, allows me to use his name in stating the following facts. Having been informed that not only would pearls breed, but that a resident in Singapore had actually added to her income by selling the pearls thus produced, he obtained four or five specimens which were carefully sealed up at the Singapore Dispensary in a box, with grains of rice, as directed by the donor. This operation was performed by Dr. Robertson in the presence of Dr. R. Little and Mr. Jamie and the box was then put away. At the expiration of the period directed, the box was opened in presence of those gentlemen (the seal being intact) and the result was—nil. No trace appeared either of pearls, or of anything which could form a nucleus around which a pearly growth might in time take place. So far as it went, that experiment was conclusive and others have related to me a similar experience. Mr. C. K. E. Woods, Solicitor to whom I had written for a book supposed to contain a notice of these pearls answered as follows:—

"I have not found the book you want, but I have heard from several natives and also from a few Europeans that pearls do breed when packed in a box or bottle. I tried the experiment once but did not succeed in increasing the stock."

So far as we have yet got then we have the positive testimony of residents, whose words are beyond cavil, that these pearls. to breed. I have seen with my own eyes a collection of pearls which either "grew," or were put where they are by human hands. To say nothing of the fact that none of my witnesses would invent a gratuitous falsehood, I am able to cite six cases, in three of which the parties, without any previous communication on the subject, certity to the same occurrence. Against this we have the equally reliable testimony of others that in their own cases attempts to "breed" such pearls have been downright failures. Negative evidence is, however, always weaker than positive. Some year or two ago, for instance, I and some other friends imported a selection of English flower seeds. Not one of 32 varieties in my own case (and in the majority of others) came up, but one recipient was more fortunate. Now all our negative evidence that the seeds would not grow was of course set aside by the simple fact that in one case they did grow. Flower seeds are of course supposed to grow, and it may be urged that flower seeds and pearls can hardly be classed together as regards reproductive qualities. But the incident may serve as an illustra-


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 tion of the difference between negative and positive evidence. I must confess that twenty failures to breed pearls would, to me, be quite set aside by one successful experiment—and so, I suppose, they would to the other members of this Society.

The scientific objections to the possibility of pearls "breeding" cannot however be overlooked. The oyster or mussel pearl is, as everybody knows, usually the result of a mucus secretion de- posited by the animal on some (it may be microscopic) foreign substance, though I believe this foreign substance is not always to be detected by analysis. Now under no conceivable circumstances can mucus breed mucus when it has once hardened into the lustrous nacre of a pearly surface. Without, as I have said, wishing to support any specific theory, I should be inclined to suspect that the pearls produced result from the labours of some insect which existed in the original oyster, and as a foreign irritant body caused the deposition of a pearly secretion; and it may be that this insect exists and breeds in rice under certain circumstances and that the original pearls have very little, or perhaps nothing, to do with the production of new ones.

Finally it may be worth while to cite another instance of an apparently incomprehensible freak of nature in a somewhat similar way. Mr. Frank Buckland, the well known naturalist, in the 2nd Volume of his "Curiosities of Natural History," relates (p. 128), that his attention was excited by an advertisement setting forth that an old China dinner-plate, which had been in the possession of its owner's family for nearly 300 years, had broken out in an eruption of crystals, the forms of which resembled shrubs, flowers, &c. It was put on exhibition at one shilling a head, and Mr. Buckland went to see it. "On examination with a magnifying glass," he says, "I observed numerous excrescences of a whitish opaque substance, apparently growing or extending themselves out of the centre and rim of the plate, each supporting upon its surface a portion of the actual enamel of the plate. The largest eruption (if it may be so called) is about the size and shape of a fourpenny bit, and it has raised up a portion of the enamel above the surface of the plate to about the height represented by the thickness of a new penny piece" Mr. Buckland then gives further particulars of this singular growth, concluding with the remark "I have not the slightest doubt that this is a natural production; that the material is of a mineral parisitic [sic] growth resulting from some chemical decomposition of the clay of which the plate was originally formed." Now, it will, I think, be allowed on all hands that the idea of a China plate 300 years old producing a "growth" of any sort is as unexpected and unexplainable a phenomenon as


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 can well be imagined. I have cited it simply as a parallel to the subject under notice the apparently spontaneous production of pearls. Further information on this latter subject will doubtless be acceptable to the Society. Granting the truth of all that is alleged respecting Breeding Pearls, we have not at present got beyond Topsy's "'Spect they growed."

I may add that I have been informed that both Sir J. Brooke and Admiral Keppel have made mention of Breeding Pearls in their published works. I can only say that a tolerably thorough search through the Raffles Library has not enabled me to find the notices in question, and the present Raja Brooke of Sarawak told me he did not know of them. It is of course possible that, amidst the hurry of more important avocations, I have missed them. If so I shall be greatly indebted to any one who will point them out.

N. B. DENNYS.


text: Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society/Volume 1/Breeding Pearls


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O this is the Einfried Sanatorium! White and rectilinear, with its expanse of main buildings and side wings, it lies in the centre of a broad park that is delightfully fitted out with grottoes, arbours, and pavilions made of bark. And above and beyond the slate roofs, the hills rise bulkily against the sky. They are green with pines, and gently irregular.

This institution is still run by Dr Leander. With his black, double-pointed beard, which is as coarse and matted as the horsehair used for stuffing furniture, with his thick, glistening spectacles and his air of having been chilled by science, hardened, and filled with a subdued, cautious pessimism—with all this he maintains a forceful and conclusive jurisdiction over his patients. His patients—items that were too weak to make laws for themselves and keep them, but had given themselves completely over to him that they might gain support from his rigidity.

As to Fräulein von Osterloh—she functions with an unwearying devotion as housekeeper. Great heavens! how urgently she keeps on rushing up stairs and down stairs, from one end of the institute to the other! She has charge of the kitchen and the store-room, goes through the wash, gives orders to the servants, and sets the table of the establishment from the standpoints of economy, health, tastiness, and of the outward appearance of things. She manages with an agitated meticulousness; and in her excessive industry there lies concealed a steady reproach for the whole world of men, since

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the year 1675. I discover'd living creatures in Rain water, which had stood but few days in a new earthen pot, glased blew within, This invited me to view this water with great attention, especially those little animals appearing to me ten thousand times less than those represented by Mons. Swamerdam, and by him called Water fleas or Water-lice, which may be perceived in the water with the naked eye.

The first sort by me discover'd in the said water, I divers times observed to consist of 5, 6, 7, or 8 clear globuls, without being able to discern any film that held them together, or contained them. When these animalcula or living Atoms did move, they put forth two little horns, continually moving themselves: The place between these two horns was flat, though the rest of the body was roundish, sharpning a little towards the end, where they had a tayl, near four times the length of the whole body, of the thickness (by my Microscope) of a Spiders-web; at the end of which appear'd a globul, of the bigness of one of those which made up the body; which tayl I could not perceive, even in very clear water, to be mov'd by them. These little creatures, if they chanced to light upon the least filament or string, or other such particle, of which there are many in water, especially after it hath stood some days, they stook intangled therein, extending their body in a long round, and striving to dis-intangle their tayl; whereby it came to pass, that their whole body lept back towards the globul of the tayl, which then rolled together Serpent-like, and after the manner of Copper- or Iron wire that having been wound about a stick, and unwound again, retains those windings and turnings. This motion of extension and contraction continued a while; and I have seen several hundreds of these poor little creatures, within the space of a grain of gross sand, lye fast cluster'd together in a few filaments.

I also discover'd a second sort, the figure of which was oval; and I imagined their head to stand on the sharp end. These were a little bigger than the former. The inferior part of their body is flat, furnished with divers incredibly thin feet, which moved


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Rh Now this horrid witch was watching behind a tree, and, when the young queen knelt down to drink, the hag rushed at her, seized her, tied a heavy stone round her neck, and pushed her into the water. Olga sank to the bottom, while the witch assumed the appearance of the beautiful young queen and went to the palace. When the king came home, he was delighted to see what he supposed was his wife, well and beautiful as ever.

When they sat down to dinner, the king noticed that the kid was not present at table.

"Where is the little kid?" asked the king.

"Oh, we don't want him," replied the witch. "I have forbidden him to be let in."

The next day, when the king had gone off to the hunt, the witch seized the kid, and began to beat it, saying,—

"When the king returns, I shall ask him to have you killed."

And she kept her promise. The moment the king came home, she begged him to have the kid killed. He was greatly surprised, and could not make out what had so suddenly come over his usually gentle wife; but the witch begged so hard that he could not refuse her, and agreed.

As soon as the kid saw the people grinding and sharpening the large knives, he began to cry, and ran to the king and asked him to let him go to the shore of the lake to have a drink. The king consented, and the kid ran off to the lake, and cried out,—

Olga! sister dear, awake!Swim to the surface of the lake.


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142

To roast me, fires burn and glow. To boil me, kettles seethe below. And to take thy brother's life Glitters many a threatening knife."

But Olga only replied, —

The little kid began to cry again and went back to the palace; but at midday he went once more to the king, and asked him whether he might again go to the lake for a drink. The king consented.

Away went the little kid, and cried out as before,—

Still Olga only answered,—

The kid wept, and went home.

Meanwhile the young king began wondering why the little kid went so often to the lake for a drink. So when the kid asked the king once more whether he might go to the lake, he determined to follow and see what the kid did.

When the kid got to the shore, the king heard him call out,—


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Rh

But Olga only replied,—

The little kid called out again, and begged his sister to try to show herself to him, if only for a moment. He waited a little, and this time Olga swam up to the surface, smiled at her brother, and was just about to sink again, when the king rushed forward, sprang into the water, caught her in his arms, and, tearing off the stone from her neck, brought her safely to land again.

Olga told him the whole story. The king was very furious and ordered the witch to be killed and boiled instead of the kid, who, by-the-by, was afterwards changed into his proper form, and became king in his father's kingdom, while the young king and queen lived happily ever after.


text: Author:Scofield Thayer

title: Author:Scofield Thayer


text: The Dial (Third Series)/Volume 73/December 1922


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 METEOROLOGICAL RETURNS, 1877

 * Highest reading of Barometer during the year 30.084 inches
 * Lowest  20.769
 * Highest Temperature Observed 92.5º
 * Lowest  66.

Singapore, 1st January, 1878.

T. IRVINE ROWELL, M.D.
 * Principal Civil Medical Officer S. S.


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144

once lived two brothers, who dwelt in two different parts of the kingdom.

One was very rich, while the other was miserably poor.

One day the rich brother was preparing a great feast in his house, and the poor brother, hearing this, went to him, and said,—

"You are having a feast to-day, brother, I hear. I wish you would give me a drop of wine to drink your health with."

"Wine!" returned the other scornfully. "There, in that tub yonder, you will find plenty; you may drink to your heart's content."

The poor brother went, but when he came to the tub he found that it was full of water. However, as he was a very goodnatured fellow, he drank a little water and returned home singing. Suddenly he heard some one accompanying him in his song.

"Who is it that is singing?" he asked.

"It is I!" said a voice.

"But who in the name of wonder are you?"

"It is I. Want is my name."

"Where are you, and where are you off to?"

"I am with you, and am going wherever you go."

"With me! how do you mean?"


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Rh "I am always with you."

"But I am a poor man. When I come home, I shall make myself a coffin and die; so you had better find somebody else."

"No; if you die, I shall die also."

The poor brother thought this very extraordinary; so as soon as he came home he set to work and made himself a coffin, thinking all the time that if he buried Want he might become rich. So when the coffin was quite ready, he said,—

"Want! I say, Want! get into the coffin, for I am about to die, and you said you would die with me."

He waited a little, and then asked,—

"Want, are you in?"

"Yes, I am," replied Want.

So the poor fellow took the coffin to the cemetery and buried it. From that time he grew to be a rich man.

When his brother got to hear of this, he came to him, and asked,—

"How came you to be so rich all at once, brother?"

The other told him the whole story. How he had made the coffin and got Want to get into it, and also how he had buried him in the cemetery.

His brother, full of envy, went to the burial-ground, dug up the coffin, and called out,—

"Want, Want! are you there?"

"Y—e—s, near—ly de—ad," piped out Want.

"Come with me then, to my brother," said he. "He is now a rich man, maybe he will do something for you." L


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text: The Dial (Third Series)/Volume 73/Prague Letter


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 NOTES ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE USEFUL MINERALS IN SARAWAK

the numerous works that have appeared during the last forty years having reference to that narrow strip of the N. W. Coast of Borneo now known as the Sarawak Territory, there occur suggestions that this portion of the island will be found wealthy in mineral resources at some future day, when the progress of exploration and a larger influx of European enterprise, shall have indicated their extent and led to their full development.

In point of fact these ideas are not of recent birth. From the day when the companions of the hopeless Magelhäens, cast anchor off Brunie, now some three hundred years ago, up to the early part of the present century, when Hunt presented his report on the island of Kalamantan to Sir S. Raffles, the "great and rich island of Borneo" has been encircled with a fictitious halo of reputed wealth in precious mineral deposits.

It has been the office of time, remarks Temminck, to dissipate these golden fancies, and whether they will ever be realised, or even seriously revived, is problematical; but, nevertheless, there does exist a certain amount of solid foundation for the idea, that Borneo is well furnished with the useful metals and minerals, although for the most part these are not such as would have attracted the attention of the early voyagers in the East. And it is in connection with this wider field—the mineral resources of Borneo as a whole—that the following notes on the minerals of Sarawak are offered.

Before proceeding to enumerate the various minerals of economic value heretofore observed in Sarawak, and to note their modes of occurrence, distribution &c., it will be advisable to glance at the goelogicalgeological [sic] features of the district of Upper Sarawak (Proper), both as being the only locality in which workable deposits of mineral ores have been discovered, and because it furnishes us in a greater or less degree with an epitome of the geological structure of the major part of the Territory.


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14 Briefly described then, this district consists of an ancient compact blue Limestone (Paleozoic?) on which is superimposed unconformably a thick series of sandstones, conglomerates, and clay-shales, constituting the most extensive series of beds in this part of Borneo; and on these last lie strata of clay-shales, alluvial clay, river gravels, &c., of very recent origin. Piercing the limestone and sandstone, we find granite and a variety of igneous and trappean rocks—basalt, porphyrite, greenstones, &c., these latter being developed in great abundance in the Antimony districts, where they are in immediate contact with the limestone. The latter formation, in which the lodes of Antimony are seen in situ, is locally rich in fossil organic remains, but I am unable to say whether they have been examined by a competent paleontologist with a view to approximate the age of the rock; the planes of stratification can seldom be made out with any approach to certainty, but where they are evident, they show that the originally horizontal beds have been up-tilted almost on end and much denuded; and there is abundant proof that a very considerable interval in time elapsed between the close of the limestone formation, and the commencement of the succeeding sandstone series.

The sandstone shales have also undergone much disturbance all over this portion of Borneo, although, like the limestone, sometimes retaining their horizontality. They are generally impregnated with per-oxide of iron, and as is so often the case with such rocks, seem quite barren of fossils, except in the coal-measures. It is in this formation that the cinnabar deposits of the country occur.

Both limestone and sandstone have been enormously denuded, the latter rising in isolated tabular mountains, or short peaky trends, with an altitude above the sea varying from 1,500 feet and separated by undulating valleys, in which the limestone appears, sometimes in low hilly træts varying from 200 to 1,200 feet in elevation, sometimes in solitary crags, but invariably with long lines of old sea-cliffs and bald scarps. When accident removes the veil of dark green jungle from their faces, they present to view surfaces fretted by a thousand deep rifts, and fissured and jointed in every imaginable direction.

In the intervening lowlands we have uniformly a deposit of dark yellow felspathic clay, apparently unstratified, and varying in depth from a few feet to 80 feet or more, which is derived from the degradation, and, I think, decomposition in situ, of the clayey sandstones, clay shales, and, especially, the felspathic


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Rh intrusive rocks of igneous origin, so abundant in the district. Associated with this clay, and mostly of more recent date are superficial deposits of puddingstone, river-gravels, &c.

The intrusive igneous rocks appear indiscriminately all over Upper Sarawak as mountains and hills, and very commonly in the form of dykes, which, with some few reefs of siliceous veinstone, seam the country in great numbers between the more elevated masses. They consist for the most part of varieties of porphyrite, very decomposable, and more seldom of basalt. The volcanic action which caused their eruption would seem to have been in operation at a period subsequent to the formation of all the stratified sedimentary rocks of the district, and antecedent to only the most recent of superficial deposits. It is in immediate connection with these rocks that we find the deposits of antimony, arsenic, and cinnabar; and as there is reason to believe that they occupy fissures caused by the eruption of the volcanic rocks, and that their deposition took place after the cessation of volcanic action, we arrive at a remarkably recent date for the formation of the mineral lodes at Upper Sarawak.

Such in outline are the geological features of Upper Sarawak. Other formations and many other varieties of rocks, are to be met with in the Territory, but it is not necessary to particularise these, as they are not connected with the mineral deposits of the country, so far as we know, and are therefore foreign to the subject of these notes.

The minerals and mineral ores of Sarawak, in relation to their local distribution, may be summarized as follows, the names of those which have only been observed in traces being italicized.

District of Sarawak Proper (including Lundu and Samarahan),—Gold, AntinonyAntimony [sic], Arsenic, Argentiferous-Arsenic, Cinnabar, Cobalt, Nickel, Manganese, Copper, Iron Diamond, Aquamarine, Coal.

 * District of Sadong.—Gold, Coal, Diamond, Iron, Cinnabar.
 * District of Batang Lupar.—Gold, Coal, Iron, Antimony.
 * District of Rejang.—Coal, Iron, Arsenic, Antimony, Nickel, Gold.
 * District of Mukah and Bintulu.—Coal, Antimony.

In the districts of Saribas, Kalakah and Oyah, I have no reliable information of the occurrence of useful minerals. A number of the above mentioned species are known to have been detected in other parts of N. W. and W. Borneo beyond the limits of the Sarawak territory, viz., Gold, Antimony, Arsenic, Copper, Cinnabar, Iron, Diamond, and Coal, some in


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146 But Want replied,—

"No, I would rather go with you; for if your brother were to see me he would surely kill me."

The rich brother felt very uncomfortable, as he had no wish to have Want for his companion; but, as he could not get rid of him, he was obliged to take him and make the best of it. But from that day he became very poor, while the other grew richer and richer, and lived happily ever after.


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Rh

was once an angry wife, who—as my young readers may well suppose—lived unhappily with her husband. She never obeyed him, and always did exactly what he told her not to do. She made him get up early to bake the cakes and do all the cooking, while she slept three times as long as was good for her!

One day, when her husband was busy baking cakes, she cried out,—

"You must not eat any of those cakes, for you don't deserve to have them!"

"In that case, I don't see why I should bake them," was his reply; "come and do them yourself."

But the angry wife was by no means anxious to give herself the trouble, so she replied quickly that he could have fifty, on condition that he would eat them up at once, without stopping. However, the old man did not quite see why he should make himself ill to please his wife; so having a will of his own he left the cakes to look after themselves, and went for a stroll in the forest, and gathered some strawberries for his lunch; anything was better than eating at home with his angry wife!

As he walked about thinking how he could get rid of his wife, he came upon a pit covered over with strawberry leaves. He stopped in front of it, and said to himself,—


text:
Moderation (Daley poem)

I do not wish for wealth
 * Beyond a livelihood;

I do not ask for health
 * Uproariously good.

I do not care for men
 * To point with pride at me;

A model citizen
 * I do not wish to be.

I have no dream bizarre
 * Of strange erotic joy;

I want no avatar
 * Of Helena of Troy.

I do not crave the boon
 * Of Immortality;

I do not want the moon,
 * Not yet the rainbow's key.

I do not yearn for wings,
 * Or fins to swim the sea;

I merely want the things
 * That are not good for me.

title: Moderation (Daley poem)


text: Talk:Moderation (Daley poem)

title: Talk:Moderation (Daley poem)


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User talk:Momiji-Penguin

Works translated to English
Hello. Thanks very much for all the contributions! May I just ask you if you could use the template to give the licences of the translated works, such as Memorial Address by Prime Minister Fumio Kishida at the State Funeral of Shinzo Abe? --Jan Kameníček (talk) 22:22, 8 October 2023 (UTC)

Summary
Hello. I have noticed the edit filter did not allow you to perform some edits containing external links. I suggest filling properly the summary of your edit and the filter should let it be performed then. --Jan Kameníček (talk) 14:43, 9 October 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:Momiji-Penguin


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 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA-RDP01-00707R000200110012-0

sediments, ground-water flow characteristics through various media, hydrokinetic problems encountered in removal of radioactive substances from wastes of uranium processing, and methods of pollution control. In hydraulic research, efforts are concentrated on flow turbulence; design of shaft spillways, stilling basins, and gates; load pressures on locking installations; vibration and cavitation effects on turbines; and construction of pilot plants for water treatment and pollution control. There is an increasing use of numerical and analog computers for handling problems of water resources and economy. Czechoslovak engineers have been successful in devising methods and instruments for measuring snow density by radioactive emission; detecting leakage through a dam by salt tracers; and plotting water-stage, discharge, and velocity hydrographs.

Czechoslovak hydrologists and hydraulic engineers are very active in national and international professional organizations and meetings. Some of the professional engineers have served as consultants on hydrologic and hydraulic problems in several less-developed countries.

(7) Oceanography—Land-locked Czechoslovakia has no significant oceanographic capability; however, some oceanographic work has been carried out. The most important marine science organization is the Biological Institute of the CSAV's Hydrobiological Department at Prague. It is conducting studies on plankton, bottom ecology, and chemistry of the Black Sea. In addition, Charles University is doing some work in geological oceanography.

Czechoslovakia has not been active in international oceanographic organizations. It cooperated, however, with Cuba in Caribe Uno, an undersea habitat experiment, which took place from 17 to 20 July 1966 off the Cuban coast near Havana. A later experiment has not been reported. The cylindrical habitat, carrying two scientists, was designed and built in Czechoslovakia. The goal of this experiment was investigation of biological effects of prolonged submergence on man.

23

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Rh moved forward surreptitiously along the ice, his eyes eagerly searching every cover for game, his thick club poised for a quick, deft blow. But evidently all game had deserted its wonted habitat of the creek banks.

Slowly, anxiety crept into the hunter's eyes and played under the mask of a recent beard. The whinny of a horse, feeding in a contiguous stalk-field, at one time startled him almost into a run; and once again, when what sounded like a baying of hounds came from ahead, he turned aside and forced his way into a resisting hazel thicket, where he waited a long time, listening breathlessly.

After a while the Man heard what seemed to be the same baying from a point more distant. Other hunters than himself, he surmised, were abroad, hunting, mayhap, similar game, but how much more did success mean to him than to them!

After a time the Man chanced upon an ear of corn in an otherwise clean-husked field. He tore the grains from the cob with brute eagerness and swung on across the field in search of other ears.

A giant jackrabbit rose before him and bounded away, his long black-tipped ears standing vertical, his easy, rhythmic leaps showing the slight exertion that was companion of his assurance. The Man clenched his teeth and flung his club with all the might of an arm not long since powerful.

His weakness surprised, nay, mildly terrified him. His club fell far short and the long-eared ranger of the prairies loped out of sight at a derisively slow pace before his incredulous eyes. The Man even fancied he perceived something fiendishly human in the open mockery of the rabbit's effortless escape. He uttered a little groan of despair before he again stumbled onward toward the nowhere of his goal.

OR another hour he pushed forward, following the winding course, of the stream. Where the ice-road of the creek crooked round a wooded spur the Man came face to face with a great wolfish dog.

The hunter stopped abruptly, perchance slightly startled, and stared a little suspiciously at the shaggy stranger, his club ready. But the dog showed no sign of hostility. His out-lolling tongue looked dry, as from extreme thirst, and his lean flanks heaved as from the exertion of a long chase. It was obvious to the Man that the distressed stranger had sought the creek for water, only to find ice.

They stood regarding each other in silence, the Man and the dog, the one grim of countenance and great of bulk—truly a menacing figure; the other amiable, fairly exuberant with good nature, his brown eyes smiling and his ragged bush of a tail wagging a message of friendliness to all the world, Apparently he wanted but a single word of encouragement to bound forward and lick the Man’s hand in token of meek servility.

But the Man did not pronounce the one word that might so readily have gained him a friend, wherefore the dog waited. The latter, being only a brute, could suspect nothing of the dark purpose that was slowly taking root in the other’s brain, else he would have turned away in alarm and fled from the Thing which, having come upon it unexpectedly, he had mistaken for a man.

Studiedly, calculatively, the Man took stock of the stranger. The dog, meanwhile, did not budge, but his great bush of a tail suddenly ceased wagging and his small pointed ears seemed all but to hide themselves in the coarse hair of his shaggy coat. It was as if some vague distrust of the Man had forced itself unbidden upon him.

"Come here, you fool!" said the Man at last, half whimsically, and, cheerfully obedient, the dog gave a playful bound and buried his dry muzzle in the speaker's free hand, whining in friendly canine fashion, heedless of the ominous club.

The Man drew one haindhand [sic] out of his glove and stroked the dog's tangled coat.

"Ha! you tramp," he exclaimed, "you're a regular boneyard under all that mat of hair, ain’t you?"

The Tramp, thus happily named, thrashed his ragged tail about in high glee. He only stopped after a space to lick the blue ice with his pasty tongue, as though he would make clear to the Man his grievous plight. But the gray hard face of the other remained destitute of pity. The bleak cynicism in his expression even seemed to stand out in bolder relief.

"We're sure two of a kind, ain't we, vagabond? And after all it may be a lucky thing for me we met.... You see, old fellow, I'm starving. You look as if you knew what it meant to starve, yourself. If you've ever been as hungry or as desperately miserable as I am now you'll not think hard of me for what I've got to do. Yes, yes! I know you re anxious to be friendly all right"—at the dog, suspicion put to rout, snuggled closer to him—"but there’s only one way I can see you at present," he went on, his drawl growing as cold as wind blowing off ice. "You see, I’ve got to live, vagabond—and by God I’m going to live!"

The ferocity of some wild thing of prey, cornered, of a sudden had come into the human thing's wheezy voice. After a moment he added, half to himself, as if in justification of his fell design:

"You're only a useless, half-starved tramp-dog, anyway."

At the accusation the vagabond suddenly ceased licking the ice and raised his head. For a moment he gazed steadily into the Man's eyes with every appearance of human comprehension. But the Man was familiar with the ways of dogs, as with the ways of men. He was not disconcerted.

He drew from his pocket a heavy-bladed knife, with which he somewhat laboriously gouged a little cavity in the ice, carefully preserving the resulting chips. Swinging his arms rapidly, he slowly forced the sluggish blood into his blue-gray hands until presently they tingled and glowed with comparative warmth. This done, he assembled the chips, a double handful. The melting action of his hands was assisted by his steaming breath.

Gradually the water dripped through his fingers and filled the small cavity in the ice, which was the one way to obtain drink, since the ice itself lay in a single solid cake clear to the creek-bottom.

The Man turned from his labor to find the Tramp watching him intently, his small wolflike ears perked forward in pathetic eagerness.

"There—take it!" jerked out the Man in a voice that was almost a croak.

He rose with difficulty, club in hand.

“That's the last you'll get—or need—for a d—d long time," he muttered, half inaudibly. His lids had narrowed and the pupils of his shag-browed eyes might have been points of flame.

The vagabond wagged his flail-like tail gratefully and was lapping at the tiny pool before his dry tongue had reached its surface. Towering above the unsuspecting brute, the Man stretched his long arms tentatively. There must be no bungling, he thought; he reasoned that his life was at stake.

When the tiny hole was all but dry he suddenly gripped the club in both hands and swung with mighty force for the tramp-dog's head.

MILLION echoes resounded through the lonely little wood as a chorus of shrill, agonizing cries contended dissonantly with hoarse, full-throated human curses.

The vagabond staggered blindly away from the fatal lure of the sweetly reviving nectar, too dazed, too horribly numbed for flight, a great lump pushing


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 At the South, the number of land owners—outside of the cities—was, in 1860 no more than 159,000, most of these owners of extensive tracts of land. That number now can hardly be more than 200,000, as there is nowhere at the South an effort going on to attract white settlers from the North in greater numbers, and most lands offered for sale are in remote and little coveted neighborhoods. In Texas and California there are almost none but large landed estates, and rare chances for men of small means to become independent farmers or small capitalists. Ever since 1861 Congress has donated to monopolies almost all the desirable lands fit for free homesteads, and, who was for years connected with our Department of the Interior, says there are scarcely any acceptable homestead lands left. In consequence of this waste of our public domain, the price of all raw lands within the states, and still more that of cultivated farms, had been rising prodigously, down to the great crisis. Since then it has come down to, perhaps, one-half, but now there are hardly any more laborers able to turn to farming.

It is a fact that our country is now no longer a new country, but resembles the old countries of Europe in every respect, except the density of the population. But this latter feature is no advantage if all the desirable lands are private property, and dear beyond the means of a wages laborer. It is also true that as yet about one-half of our voters are small farmers who by dint of hard labor of all their family, of great economy, average crops, and tolerable prices were able to bridge over the last four years. But they cannot be called a prosperous class; and they will be less so from year to year. In former days they could make up for the low prices of their products by the steady rise of the price of their lands, which, within one generation, would be from two or three to ten or twenty-fold. This favor of circumstances is forever ended. There is no longer a great tide of emigrants from Europe, able to buy lands, and there is no longer a numerous young generation of natives willing to toil on and on in the fields, if their lands are no longer to rise considerably in price within a few years, and their products are to leave only small net profits. And the increasing number of city and industrial laborers being reduced to a lower living—a scantier consumption—will not sufficiently raise the price of farm produce to indemnify the farmers for the slow growth of the capital sunk in their farms. European wars cannot always be expected to open markets for our grains and cattle in the Old World, and whenever they do, there capitalistic farming is invited on a large scale. Farming on a large scale with machines, chemicals, draining, and subsoiling, improved breeds of domestic animals and rational division of labor


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 will, just as in the Old World, drive the small farmers out of competition, will reduce them to wages laborers, or overseers. Meanwhile the poor-rates, expenses for prisons, work-houses, the police, and the judiciary must go on increasing, while the number of laborers decreases who are able to support all the growing burdens of the state. Suppose now that the system of Capitalistic Production is carried through still more by the importation of half-starved and over-cheap Chinese, French Canadians, Poles, and Italians, who can live at 10 or 20 cents a day, having no families, or educational and civic institutions to support; why, consumption would still further be reduced, the reward of production will be diminished, and the wages class will be utterly impoverished and demoralized.

Let no small farmer imagine that he can stand any competition with great Capitalistic farming, except by special crops perhaps, such as flowers, fruit, berries, greens, grapes, milk, and the like. The experience made in this respect in the Old World is conclusive. So long as there is a well-to-do middle-class in the cities and industrial districts who can afford to pay handsomely for such dainties, the competition of large establishments on a rational basis will surely crush the small farmer. And have we not already warning examples to that effect in the New World? The flourishing butter and cheese industry of the small farmers of New York and New Jersey is now rapidly yielding to the monopoly of large establishments. In Louisiana it pays no longer to make one's sugar from one's own cane, the latter must be sold to the capitalist who makes the sugar and the price of the cane. The proceeds from the peach orchards of southern New Jersey and Delaware, etc., fall a prey to the speculators and railroad monopolies. The truck-farmers from Virginia down to Florida, and much more, their hands, are squeezed out by the same sort of gentry. The small milk farmers in the neighborhood of New York and Philadelphia are ruined by bad debts, or by the competition of the great dairies. All produce, especially which is liable to a rapid decay, is already at the mercy of speculators who buy up the market stalls of the cities, and monopolize all the means of conveyance, so as to leave the producers hardly a fourth-part of the selling retail price of such produce.

Now, all these developments have been the offshoot of Capitalistic Production within about fifteen years. And together with these have come all the whims of European prejudices and abuses, and the worst forms of demoralization. Our rich men keep liveried servants, and display a coat-of-arms painted on their coaches; they have fashion-able clubs, and ape servilely all the fashions of the aris-


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 tocracies of the Old World. They send their children no longer to public schools, or if they do so, there are separate public schools singled out for them, where the young aristocrats need not come into contact with laborers' children; and in the private schools which they patronize, these young noblemen learn nothing so much as the absurd imitation of European aristocratic manners and views. They have their fashionable churches of every denomination where the gospel of the rich is preached to them, and the poor are not admissible. The words of Christ, "Blessed are the Poor," is there thus interpreted: The poorer we render and keep our wages people, the more they are blessed, and we with them and through them. It is this capitalist class who grudgingly appropriate the funds for our public schools, cut down the salaries and rights of the teachers so that persons of talent and character are less and less attracted to the calling of teachers, and who subordinate the teachers and schools to the government of incapable laymen and vulgar snobs. They never mingle with the working people, when they can help it; they have their fashionable watering places, sea baths, summer resorts, theatres and concerts, lectures and other gatherings; but above all, they spend a_ hundred million a year of the people's earnings in travelling, and in mingling among the aristocratic circles of the Old World. You ought to see them there, how they crave a gracious glance from some despot, an introduction to Kings, Dukes, Counts and Statesmen, and thereby render our Republic contemptible in the eyes of foreign rulers and peoples. On their return they smuggle through our corrupt custom houses jewelry, silks, and costly things of all kinds, and cheat our government and the tax-paying people. They corrupt our press to flatter the rich, to depreciate the working class, to palliate the crimes of the former, to denounce the strikes and trades unions of the latter, and to blind public opinion to party misdoings and the best interests of the people. They corrupt our politicians, and rule through them our legislatures and courts and party politics, so as to obtain special laws for their own benefit at the expense of the workers. They offer their good-for-nothing sons and salaried employes for members of the militia to keep down the rising indignation, and to shoot down the crowds of despairing workpeople; and just now they clamor for a large standing army, because they have found out that our government can easily be converted from a government of the people into one of the capitalists against the people. They have during these fifteen years robbed the nation of many thousands of million dollars through the National Banks, the three Pacific Railroads, and the Credit Mobilier swindles, through war and other contracts


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148 "Because I live with so bad-tempered a wife my whole life is a misery. I can stand it no longer, but will try by some means or other to shut her up in this pit; it will teach her to behave better in future."

So he returned home, and told his wife,—

"Don't go into the forest for strawberries."

"I certainly shall, if I choose."

"Well, you had better not, for I have found a place where there are some beautiful large strawberries, but under them is a pit."

"I shall go at once and pick the strawberries off that very spot, and shan't give you one of them. There, now! take me and show me the place this moment, come!"

Ofif they both went to the forest; the man showed the place to his wife and asked her again not to go near it, knowing all the time that the harder he begged, the more certain she was to go. When the angry wife beheld all the delicious strawberries round the pit, she jumped for joy, and rushing in among the leaves over the pit she went to the bottom.

The old man, when he saw that his wife was safely disposed of, for the present at least, went home, and for some time lived in peace and harmony with himself. One day it struck him that he might go and look his wife up in the pit, and ask her how she liked her new home, and whether it agreed with her better, adding that if she had improved in her temper he would draw her up again by a rope.

When he got to the pit he began calling to his wife, but receiving no answer, he thought he would


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Rh let down the rope; he did so, and soon began pulling it up again, but what was his astonishment and horror, when he saw, instead of his wife, a little demon holding on to the end of the rope. The man was just about to let the rope drop down again, when the demon said, in a very weak little voice,—

"Good man, have pity on me, I am only a poor innocent little devil, and will not harm you; take me out of this dreadful pit, and let me run about the wide world, and I will certainly reward you and make you a rich man; but to stay in this pit is death to me now, for an angry wife came down to us and ate up all my companions, I alone escaped, thank goodness, though as it is I am only half-alive!"

The man was sorry for the poor little demon, for he knew what kind of a woman his wife was, having had a big dose of her himself. So he drew the little creature up.

"Well, good man!" said the devil, "now I shall keep my promise, and make your fortune for you. Come with me into the town, and when I go into people, you play at being a great doctor and drive me out!"

The man agreed to this proposal, and away they went; the demon, running on in front, began tormenting men, women, and childen, while the man cast him out with great success. So that in a very short time he was received with open arms by everybody, rich and poor, small and great, and became a very rich man.

At last the demon came to him, and said,—


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102


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 Whenever their dwelling you chance to approach.
 * Of their soft invitation beware;

The Pharisee's leaven, the good man's reproach.
 * And the seat of the scorner are there!

To folks of high breeding they offer their pledge,
 * 'Gainst others to raise a complaint;

They'll skim on the surface, and trim off the edge,
 * To pass for a dignified saint!

The God of Elijah who sees through the heart.
 * These specious impostors will spurn.

And send tham in spite of their cunning and art,
 * Where they will eternally mourn!

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 The little boy obeyed and the dog addressed himself with cajoling courtesy to the alligator, saying, "Excuse us for having come to your kingdom, mighty lord of the river, but we are fleeing from evil people and know that you with your power will be good enough to defend us."

The alligator felt flattered, drew his gigantic mouth into a friendly grin, and replied politely, "You are a clever animal. I am truly more mighty than people, and," he agreed pensively, "neither are we as bad as they. But this creature that sat with his feet hanging in the water is also a human being. Then why is he running away from his brothers?" And the shiny, greenish eyes of the alligator looked distrustfully at the dog.

46


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150 "I have been to every house in the kingdom, and have possessed every one, while you have cast me out and got handsomely paid for doing so; now I intend to torment the king's daughter, but mind, don't you come near the palace, even if you are called for; don't try and heal the young princess, or—beware!"

The man promised to obey, and the little devil went to the palace and began tormenting the king's daughter. The princess was in despair. She cried, she tore her beautiful hair, and allowed no one to come near her. At last the king, who had heard of the wonderful man who was able to cast out evil spirits, ordered his servants to bring our friend before him. At first, the man would not come, but the king got so furious that the man was at last obliged to go to the palace.

"Cure my daughter," cried the king, "or off goes your head!"

This was rather too much. What was our unfortunate friend to do? He feared the demon, and he feared the king. Suddenly an idea struck him, and he told all the courtiers, all the servants, and all the people in the streets, to run about and call out in a loud voice, "Away! away! the angry wife is coming! The angry wife is coming!" while he himself went into the princess's chamber.

"What, you here after all!" exclaimed the little demon, when he saw the man enter, "wait till I get you alone, my friend! What did I tell you only the other day? I suppose you have forgotten. Well, I shall soon make you remember! Just you wait a moment!"


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Rh The man, who felt far from comfortable, tried hard not to appear frightened, and said laughingly,—

"Not so fast, my young friend. I have only come here to warn you. It seems that as no one else would cast you out, the king has sent for the angry wife, and she is coming to eat you up! Listen! do you hear the people? She has evidently arrived; fly for your life, my friend!"

The moment the little demon heard these words, he sprang out of the princess, and ran to the window, where he was greatly alarmed at seeing all the people running about, crying out,—

"Away! away! The angry wife is coming! The angry wife is coming! Run for you lives!" and so on.

The demon stood looking with his eyes very wide open, and his tail up in the air, like a devil out of his senses. At last he turned to the man and asked,—

"Good man, my dear good friend, tell me, oh tell me, what on earth I am to do, and where I am to go and hide myself!"

"Go," said our cunning friend, "to the pit where you were born, for if my angry wife has once got out, she will be in no particular hurry to get in again; so take my advice and go down."

The little devil did not wait to be told twice; but after thanking the man for his good advice, and his apparent great friendship for him, and also after telling him hurriedly that if ever he came to the pit himself, he would always be sure to find a warm welcome,—the little devil ran as hard as his legs would carry him straight to the forest, and, throwing himself into the pit, was heard of no more.


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152 The princess at once recovered her health, and was herself again; while our friend the man was handsomely rewarded, and spent the rest of his life in the palace near the king, his master, with whom he became a great favourite.

As for the angry wife, she never made her appearance in this world again.


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Rh

upon a time there lived a rich merchant, with his wife. They were good, as well as kind, people, but though they were a happy couple, there was one thing that grieved them sorely—but which some people might have thought was a great blessing,—they had no children. They prayed and prayed night and day for a child to brighten them as they grew older; but no; they fed, clothed, and took care of beggar children, and helped all the poor people around them, and were always ready to do good; but all this did not bring them any children. However, all these little good deeds and kindness made them very popular in the country in which they dwelt, and people loved them and respected them.

But one day the merchant set to work to build a very large, large bridge across a dark broad river, near which he lived. Now this river was so very broad that no person had yet been able to cross over to the other side, for the waves were so large and angry that the people were afraid of being drowned; one or two had ventured in big ships, but these even had been overturned, so great and powerful was that river. Great then was the wonder and astonishment when the good merchant began building a bridge over this dreadful river, and greater still was the love and respect he won from everybody.


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Author:Louis Loeb

As illustrator

 * Peak and Prairie (1896) by Anna Fuller (uncredited in original)

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  Psalmody in Foochow.

HE three Missions working in Foochow city and the northern part of Fukien province are happy in having possessed in the earlier part of their career a band of missionaries who performed most useful service in translating and writing hymns for the Chinese church. These Missions have always worked very harmoniously together, and much useful work has been done on union lines in the province.

I purpose giving here some of the hymns which are widely sung in all the three churches.

Fukien province was fortunate in having been the working ground for some years of the great evangelist and hymn-maker, William C. Burns, the mighty mission preacher of Kilsyth, Scotland, who at the call of God left all and came to China. He was the first translator of many of the hymns which are found in all Chinese hymnals, as used all over China. He evidently believed in Luther's principle of enfolding Christian doctrine in popular hymns. Besides the many excellent translations of English hymns that he produced, Burns also wrote several original hymns in Chinese for the special purpose of teaching Christian doctrine in a form which could easily be retained in the mind of the people. The first of the popular hymns of Foochow hymnals that I would mention is his well-known hymn

行至天堂永活所在 者門者路窄窄阻碍 入門行路者𠆧頂少 或驚追逐或驚𠆧笑 欲至天堂私慾着棄 仅着細膩嘴目共耳 件件所做着照法度 約束七情哀樂喜怒 莫貪錢財金書寶器 莫害別𠆧自家得利 伓通亂講毛實其話 着學老實伓通奸詐 驕傲其心着變謙卑 着憑四字愛人如己 着梨服事眞活上帝 着認耶穌莫驚羞恥 惟獨罪𠆧盡去軟弱 行至半路常常欲歇 懇求天父時刻施恩 助我直頭行至天堂

This hymn is a good example of a colloquial hymn, using Chinese characters in a certain way to express colloquial words. Such a use of Chinese characters is of course strongly condemned by the literati, who object to characters being used to express purely colloquial words and sounds, but it is necessary if we are to produce Christian literature in a form that the people


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 can understand. For the benefit of those of my readers living in Mandarin-speaking provinces I will endeavour to explain the use of certain of these colloquial characters.

者. This character is used with the meaning of "this" without a numerary adjunct being used. 𠆧 is the character used to express the colloquial word for "man," NèngNè̤ng [sic], the character used most commonly in Mandarin books being reserved for Wên-li use and pronounced "ing." 仅. This is a special form of 又 and bears the same meaning. It is pronounced "bô." 着 Diŏh is used in Foochow colloquial in several meanings. Here it is the sign of the imperative mood. 伓 is the commonest negative. It is pronounced "ng." In combination with 通 it forms the negative imperative.

Another fine hymn, probably by Burns, is that which is the number one of the Methodist collection. It is also the first in the American Board Hymnal. Alas! Foochow has not yet managed to accomplish what Hankow and other places have done and have most of the churches using the same hymnal. It is a pity to have two separate books in use where one would have done equally well. This hymn describes the work of God in creation and His providential care. It is marred, however, by the use of the term 功勞 in speaking of the creating work of God, which term, of course, applies more fitly to the atoning work of the Son. 仁愛 or 智慧 would have been more applicable in this connexion.

天上主宰眞上帝 造天造地件件 功勞頂大眞正闊 應該稱讚都毛煞 日頭一出滿塊光 日落驚暗務月帮 不見上帝見天象 自知有主大無量 田務五穀園務花 𣗬木菓子都作佳 海裏魚鼈野類 都是乞𠆧做乇配 天頂禮飛其鳥隻 毛耕毛種也務𠋡 頭生野獸連蟲蟻 天父照顧心毛離 上帝保護通世間 毛論中國共番邦 賜奴日日務口糧 也務厝葯葤 [sic]共衣裳 上帝恩惠第一深 差遣耶穌救萬民 大家齊梨讚美伊 共伊漢謝唱新詩

It doubtless looks strange to see 我 as a rhyme to 宰, but in Foochow colloquial this word for the first personal pronoun is pronounced "nguai. 𠆧仱 [sic] is pronounced "dang," and means "at the present time." 他格 ta-gaik is a colloquial expression meaning "clean." This also is an example of the use of authorised characters in an unauthorised way, to which scholars object so strongly.

Some years ago when making an index to all the Chinese hymnals I had in my possession I was much puzzled to find in


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''This chapter was prepared for the NIS by the Defense Intelligence Agency and includes a contribution on Merchant Marine from the Department of the Navy. Research was substantially completed by December 1973.''

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Czechoslovakia

CONTENTS

This chapter supersedes the transportation and telecommunication coverage in the General Survey dated December 1971.

SECRET

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Statement by PM Netanyahu after invasion of Israel by Hamas terrorists

"Dear citizens of Israel,

This morning, on Shabbat and a holiday, Hamas invaded Israeli territory and murdered innocent citizens including children and the elderly. Hamas has started a brutal and evil war.

We will be victorious in this war despite an unbearable price. This is a very difficult day for all of us.

Hamas wants to murder us all. This is an enemy that murders children and mothers in their homes, in their beds, an enemy that abducts the elderly, children and young women, that slaughters and massacres our citizens, including children, who simply went out to enjoy the holiday.

What happened today is unprecedented in Israel – and I will see to it that it does not happen again. The entire government is behind this decision.

The IDF will immediately use all its strength to destroy Hamas's capabilities. We will destroy them and we will forcefully avenge this dark day that they have forced on the State of Israel and its citizens. As Bialik wrote (https://allpoetry.com/On-The-Slaughter): 'Revenge for the blood of a little child has yet been devised by Satan'.

All of the places which Hamas is deployed, hiding and operating in, that wicked city, we will turn them into rubble.

I say to the residents of Gaza: Leave now because we will operate forcefully everywhere.

At this hour, the IDF is clearing the terrorists out of the last communities. They are going community by community, house by house, and are restoring our control.

I embrace and send heartfelt condolences to the bereaved families whose loved ones were murdered today in cold blood and endless brutality.

We are all praying for the well-being of the wounded and all those who are being held hostage. I say to Hamas: You are responsible for their well-being. Israel will settle accounts with anyone who harms one hair on their heads.

I appeal to the residents of the south: We all stand alongside you. We are all proud of your heroism and your fighting.

To our beloved IDF soldiers, police officers and security forces personnel, remember that you are the continuation of the heroes of the Jewish people, of Joshua, Judah Maccabee and the heroes of 1948 and of all of Israel's wars. You are now fighting for the home and future of us all. We are all with you. We all love you. We all salute you.

To the medical and rescue teams, and the many volunteers who came out in force today in a long list of places, the people of Israel salute you. With your spirit, we will overcome our enemies. Today, I spoke with US President Biden and with other world leaders in order to ensure freedom of action for Israel in the continuation of the campaign. I thank President Biden for his strong and clear words (https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2023/10/07/statement-from-president-joe-biden-condemning-terrorist-attacks-in-israel/). I thank the President of France, the Prime Minister of Great Britain and many other leaders for their unreserved support for Israel.

I now appeal to all citizens of Israel.

We stand together in this campaign.

This war will take time. It will be difficult. Challenging days are ahead of us. However, I can promise one thing: With the help of G-d, the forces that we all have in common and our faith in the Eternal One of Israel, we will win."