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 While in Peking there met him envoys from the Court of Loochoo, who also were prophets. While in their own country they had studied the horoscope, and on going into China knew that they were to meet a Holy Man. As they went on their way they asked concerning this mysterious being, and at last reached Peking. Inquiring, they went from one envoy's station to another till they met Cheung Puk-chang, when a great fear came upon them, and they fell prostrate to the earth.

They took from their baggage a little book inscribed, "In such a year, on such a day, at such an hour, in such a place, you shall meet a Holy Man." "If this does not mean your Excellency," said they, "whom can it mean?" They asked that he would teach them the sacred Book of Changes, and he responded by teaching it in their own language. At that time the various envoys, hearing of this, contended with each other as to who should first see the marvellous stranger, and he spoke to each in his own tongue. They all, greatly amazed, said, "He is indeed a man of God."

Some one asked him, saying, "There are those who understand the sounds of birds and beasts, but foreign languages have to be learned to be known; how can you speak them without study?"

Puk-chang replied, "I do not know them from

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Presidential Decree No. 229 (Marcos)

, Presidential Decree No. 210 dated June 8, 1973 provides for a system of registration for members of barangays (Citizens Assemblies);

, the collective views of the members of barangays (Citizens Assemblies) should be ascertained with accuracy so that their decisions on national or local issues be given effect;

, President of the Philippines, by virtue of the powers vested in me by the Constitution as Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces of the Philippines, and pursuant to Proclamation No. 1081 dated September 21 1972, and General Order No. 1 dated September 22, 1972, do hereby order and decree to be part of the laws of the land the following:

Supervision of the Commission on Elections. — The Commission on Elections shall, in addition to the powers and functions conferred upon it by the constitution, exercise supervision and control over the conduct of voting and canvass of votes in referendums and/or other consultations in barangays (Citizens Assemblies), and shall exercise and perform such other powers and functions as may be necessary to implement this Decree.

General meeting of Barangay members. — Whenever a period has been fixed for the holding of a referendum and/or consultation during which the members of barangays (Citizens Assemblies) decide and vote on issues, national and local, the barrio captain or barangay head shall immediately call a general meeting to all the members of the barangay for the purpose of informing them of the date and dates of the referendum and/or consultation, the places of voting and the issue or issues to be resolved.

During this general meeting, there shall be full and constructive discussions and exchange of views on the issue or issues to be resolved among the members of the barangays.

The barrio captain or barangay head may, in his discretion, call as many meetings as may be necessary for the purpose.

Barangay referendum committee. — Not later than ten days before the day of the voting, the Commission on Elections shall appoint a barangay referendum committee for each barrio or barangay to conduct the voting and count the votes cast herein. The committee shall be composed of a representative of the Commission on Elections who shall act as chairman, a member of the barrio or barangay council, and a public school teacher in the barrio or barangay.

In case of non-availability or absence of any of those enumerated in the preceding paragraph, the Commission may appoint as substitute any registered member of the barrio or barangay.

Public school teachers who are appointed members of the barangay referendum committee may vote in the barangay center where they are assigned on the day of voting

Designation of barangay center. — Not later than ten days before the day of voting, the Commission on Elections shall designate a barangay center or centers for each barrio or barangay which shall preferably be the barrio hall or any public building where members of the barangay can cast their votes: Provided, That in barrios or barangays where there are more than six hundred registered members, the Commission may authorize the establishment of as many barangay centers for voting purposes in order to facilitate the casting and counting of votes.

Observers. — The Commission on Elections may designate in each barangay center not more than five observers, who are members of the barangay. The observers shall have the following powers and duties:

a.) To call the attention of the chairman of the barangay referendum committee on any irregularity committed during the referendum.

b.) To report to the election registrar any irregularity committed by the barangay referendum committee.

c.) To assist the barangay referendum committee in ensuring the orderly conduct of voting in the barangay center whenever so directed by the chairman of the committee.

Who may vote. — Every registered member of the barangay who, on the day of the referendum personally appears before the barangay referendum committee shall be entitled to cast his vote.

Any person whose name has been omitted, for any reason, in the barangay list (barangay form No. 2), shall, upon presentation of his barangay registration record, or upon showing that his name is included in the list used in the January 1973 referendum or in the permanent list of voters of the city, municipality or municipal district pursuant to the election code of 1971, shall be allowed to vote.

Official barangay ballots. — The official ballots shall be of uniform size and color throughout the Philippines and shall he provided at public expense. Said ballots shall be in the shape of a strip with stubs and coupons containing detachable numbers of the ballots and a space for the thumbmark of the voter, and shall bear at the top on the middle portion thereof the coat of arms of the Republic of the Philippines, the words "Barangay Ballot", and the date of the voting, and the following note: "fill out this ballot secretly inside the booth. Do not put any distinctive mark in any part of this ballot", and the question or questions to be submitted for the determination of the people.

The ballots shall be bound in separate books of two hundred ballots each. There shall not be anything printed on the reverse side of the ballot.

Ballots in cities, municipalities, and municipal districts where Arabic is of general use, shall have translations of the question or questions printed in Arabic in addition to and immediately below the English testtext [sic].

Casting of votes. — Voting shall be by secret ballot which shall be conducted in the barangay center designated by the Commission. It shall start promptly at seven o'clock in the morning and close at six o'clock in the afternoon.

Each voter shall have the right to vote in the order of his entrance to the barangay center, identifying himself to the barangay referendum committee, who will check his name against the barangay list.

All disputes as to procedure before and during the voting shall be decided by the barangay referendum committee by majority vote.

Ballot Boxes. — There shall be two ballot boxes for every barangay center. One ballot box shall contain the ballots of voters fifteen years of age and under eighteen, and the second box for ballots of voters eighteen years of age and above.

Manner of obtaining and preparing the ballot. — The voter shall approach the chairman of the barangay referendum committee and shall give his name and address together with other data concerning his person. If he is entitled to vote in accordance with section six hereof, the chairman shall announce his name distinctly and loud enough to be heard clearly throughout the barangay center. The chairman shall then deliver to the voter one ballot correctly folded and require the voter to sign his name in the proper column in the record of voters prescribed by the Commission. The voter shall forthwith go to a vacant voting booth and prepare his ballot in secret. After the voter has filled his ballot he shall fold it in the same manner as when he received it and affix his thumbmark on the corresponding space in the coupon, and deliver the folded ballot to the chairman. The chairman, in the presence and in the view of the voter and all the members of the committee, without unfolding the ballot, shall remove the coupon and shall deposit the folded ballot, in the compartment for barangay ballots and the detached coupon in the compartment therefor of the proper ballot box as prescribed under Sec. 9 hereof.

Preparation of ballot for illiterate or disabled person. — A registered voter who is illiterate or physically unable to prepare the ballot by himself may choose a person of his confidence to assist him in the preparation of his ballot, preferably a relative by affinity or consanguinity within the fourth civil degree. The person thus chosen shall prepare the ballot for the illiterate or disabled voter inside the voting booth. The person assisting shall bind himself in a formal document to be prescribed by the Commission, not to reveal the contents of the ballot prepared by him.

Closing of voting. — The casting of vote shall stop promptly at six o'clock in the afternoon except when there are barangay members present within 30 meters in front of the barangay center waiting to cast their votes, in which case the voting shall continue only as long as it takes these voters to cast their votes without interruption.

As soon as all the voters in the barangay center entitled to vote have cast their votes, the chairman shall formally announce to the public that the voting in the center is closed.

Manner of counting the votes. — The ballots contained in the ballot box for voters fifteen years of age and under eighteen shall be counted ahead of the ballot box containing the ballots of voters eighteen years and above. The counting of votes shall be made in the following manner: The committee shall form separate piles of two hundred ballots fully extended which shall be held together with rubber bands. The chairman of the committee shall take the ballots of the first file one by one and read the votes in the order in which they appear thereon, assuming such a position as would enable all or at least a majority of the observers to read such votes. The other member of the committee shall record on the proper tally sheet the affirmative and negative votes as they are read. Each vote shall be recorded by a vertical line except every fifth vote which shall be recorded by a diagonal line crossing the previous four vertical lines. The third member of the committee shall watch the preparation of the tally sheet. After all the votes casts by those fifteen years of age and under eighteen have been counted, the committee shall sum up the totals recorded for affirmative and negative votes and the aggregate sum shall be recorded on the tally sheet.

The same procedure prescribed in the preceding paragraph shall be followed in the of the case of the votes cast by those who are eighteen years of age and above.

Referendum results. — Immediately after the count, the barangay referendum committee shall prepare and certify in a form to be prescribed by the Commission on Elections two copies of the referendum results showing the voting in the barrio or barangay. The result shall indicate the date of the voting, the name of the barrio or barangay and the city, municipality or municipal district and province where the barrio or barangay is situated, the number of members of the barangay, the number of members who voted the total number of affirmative votes cast and the total number of negative votes cast for each issue submitted to the members of the barangay, writing out said numbers in words and in figures. Each copy of the results shall be enclosed in a special envelope provided for the purpose and shall be distributed as follows: the original shall be transmitted to the Commission on Elections in the manner it may direct and the second copy shall be kept on file by the barrio captain or barangay head.

It is understood that the referendum results will be separately prepared for each of the age groupings in accordance with SECTION 9 hereof.

Canvass by the Commission on Elections. — On the day of the voting, the Commission on Elections shall convene en banc to canvass the referendum results certified by the barangay election committee of each barrio or barangay and, on the basis of said canvass, proclaim the result thereof.

In case there are referendum results which are missing and the votes therein will not affect the result of the voting, the Commission on Elections may terminate the canvass and proclaim the result of the voting on the basis of the available referendum results.

Postponement of referendum. — When for any serious cause such as calamities, floods, or other force majeure, violence, terrorism, loss or destruction of referendum paraphernalia or records, and other analogous causes of such a nature that the holding of a referendum becomes impossible in any barangay center or political division or subdivisions, the Commission on Elections, upon verified petition and after due notice and hearing, shall postpone the referendum therein to such time as it may deem necessary, but on a date reasonably close to the date of the referendum not held or suspended.

Prohibited acts. — The following shall be guilty of an offense punishable by imprisonment of not less than one month nor more than six months:

a) Any foreigner who shall aid, directly or indirectly, or take part in or influence in any manner the outcome of any referendum or shall contribute or make any expenditure in connection therewith;

b) Any voter or any other person who gives or accepts free of charge, directly or indirectly, transportation, food, or drinks during a public meeting and during the three hours before and after such meeting, on the day preceding the referendum and on the day of the referendum; or who gives or contributes, directly or indirectly, money or things of value for such purposes;

c) Any person who solicits votes or undertakes any propaganda on the day of the referendum for or against any issue within the barangay center and within a radius of thirty meters thereof;

d) Any public officer, or officer of any commercial, industrial, agricultural, economic or social enterprise, private corporation or association, or any employer, who coerces or intimidates or compels directly or indirectly, any of his subordinates or employees, to aid, campaign or vote for or against any issue in any referendum;

e) Any officer, member or employee of the armed forces of the Philippines or any member thereof without specific authority to assist the Commission in maintaining a free, orderly and honest referendum, or any member of a police force who shall influence in any manner any referendum or take part therein, except to vote if entitled thereto or to preserve public order, if he is a peace officer;

f) Any person who, without authority, prints or causes the printing of any barangay ballot that appears as official ballot; or who distributes or causes the same to be distributed to be used in the referendum, whether or not they are actually used;

g) Any person who, without authority, keeps, uses or carries out or causes to be kept, used or carried out, any official ballot or printed proof thereof, type-form mould, electro-type printing plates and any other plates, numbering machines and other printing paraphernalia being used in connection with the printing of official ballots;

h) Any official or employee of any printing establishment or of the Commission or any member of the committee in charge of the printing of official ballots who causes official ballots to be printed in quantities exceeding those authorized by the Commission or who distributes, delivers, or in any manner disposes or causes to be distributed, delivered, or disposed of, any official ballots to any person or persons not authorized by law or by the Commission to receive or keep official ballots or who sends or causes them to be sent to any place not designated by law or by the Commission;

i) Any person who opens the package of any pad or official ballots before the hour fixed for the start of the voting in the barrio or barangay center on referendum day;

j) Any person who, being a registered voter of the barrio or barangay fails to cast his vote without justifiable excuse;

k) Any person who votes more than once in the same referendum;

l) Any person who votes in substitution for another whether with or without the latter's knowledge and/or consent;

m) Any person who avails himself of any scheme to discover the contents of the ballot of a voter who is preparing or casting his vote or who has just voted, except as otherwise authorized in this decree;

n) Any voter, who in the course of voting, uses a ballot other than the one given by the barangay election committee or who has in his possession more than one official ballot;

o) Any person who places under arrest or detailsdetains [sic] a voter without lawful cause, or molests him in such a manner as to obstruct or prevent him from going to the barangay center to cast his vote or from returning home after casting his vote or to compel him to reveal how he voted;

p) Any member of the barangay election committee charged with the duty of reading the ballots during the counting of votes who deliberately omits to read the vote duly written on the ballot, or misreads the vote actually written thereon, or reads a vote where no vote is written on the ballot;

q) Any person who, without authority, acts as, or assumes or performs any function of, a member of the barangay election committee, or deputy or representative of the Commission;

r) Any person who, in the presence or within the hearing of the barangay election committee during any of its meeting, conducts himself in a disorderly manner in such a way as to interrupt or disrupt its work or proceedings to the end of preventing said body from performing its functions, either partly or totally;

s) Any person who, for the purpose of disrupting or obstructing referendum processes or causing confusion among the voters propagates false and alarming reports or information regarding any matter related to the printing of the official ballots, the postponement of referendums, and the transfer of barangay centers;

t) Any person who, without or against the lawful order of the Commission, holds or causes the holding of a referendum on a day other than that fixed by law or by the Commission, or stops a referendum being legally held, or who holds a referendum not legally authorized;

u) Any person who, without legal authority, destroys, or takes away from the possession of those having legal custody thereof, or from the place where they are legally deposited, any ballot box which contains official ballots or other documents used in the referendum or any referendum results;

v) Any person having legal custody of the ballot box containing the official ballots used in the referendum who opens or destroys said box or removes or destroys its contents without or against the order of the commission; or who tampers with the same or any of its contents; or who through commission or negligence enables any person to commit any of the aforementioned acts, or take away said ballot box from his custody;

w) Any public official or any person acting in his behalf, who relieves any member of the barangay referendum committee or who changes or causes the change of the assignment of members of said committee without authority of the commission;

x) Any member of the barangay referendum committee who knowingly uses ballots other than the official ballots, except in those cases where the use of emergency ballots is authorized by the commission;

y) Any provincial, city, municipal and municipal district treasurer who neglects or fails to properly preserve and account for any ballot box, documents, forms and other referendum supplies and materials received by him and kept under his custody; and

z) Any person who reveals the contents of any ballot in violation of sec. 10 of this decree.

Jurisdiction of court. — The municipal or city courts as the case may be shall have jurisdiction over all the offenses punishable under this decree, subject to appeal to the court of first instance the decision of which shall be final.

Prosecution of offenses. — The Commission on Elections shall, through its duly authorized legal officers, have the power to conduct preliminary investigation of all election offenses punishable by this decree and to prosecute the same.

Promulgation of rules and regulations. — The Commission on Elections shall promulgate such rules and regulations and prescribe such forms necessary to carry out the provisions of this decree.

The Commission on Elections may procure any supplies, materials or services needed for the holding of the referendum either by negotiation or through sealed quotations if it finds the requirements of public bidding impracticable to observe.

The Commission may hire under contractual basis the services of personnel if this method is found to be more expedient and economical.

If upon the effectivity of this Decree, it should no longer reasonably be possible to observe the periods and dates herein prescribed, the Commission on Elections shall promulgate rules and regulations governing the same.

Repealing clause. — All laws, executive orders, decrees, rules and regulations, or parts thereof, inconsistent with the provisions of this Decree are hereby repealed, amended or modified accordingly.

Appropriations. — The sum of Four Million Five Hundred Thousand Pesos is hereby appropriated out of any funds in the national treasury not otherwise appropriated to be spent under the exclusive authority of the Commission on Elections to carry out the purposes of this Decree.

Effectivity. — This Decree shall take effect immediately.

Done in the City of Manila, this 28th day of June, in the year of Our Lord, nineteen hundred and seventy-three.

Rh

By the President: Rh

title: Presidential Decree No. 229 (Marcos)


text:
Page:Anthology of Japanese Literature.pdf/25

21 in its inspiration. This is the “,” or “Fond Recollections of Poetry,” an anthology of poetry written in Chinese by members of the Japanese court. It was to be expected that Japanese poets writing in Chinese should have adhered closely to Chinese models, and some of the verses of the “Kaifūsō” are no more like original Chinese poems than Latin verses written by schoolboys today are like Horace. Why, it may be wondered, did Japanese choose to write poetry in a foreign language which few of them could actually speak? The answer is to be found partly in the prestige lent by an ability to write poetry in the difficult classical Chinese language, but partly also in the Japanese belief that there were things which could not be expressed within their own poetic forms. This was less true in the age of the “Man’yōshū,” when the poets enjoyed greater liberty than was to be known again in Japan for more than a thousand years, but even from the seventh century there are examples of parallel poems written in Japanese and Chinese which show what the poets thought to be the essential differences between the two mediums. The following were both written by Prince Ōtsu (662–687) shortly before his execution:

The former poem, from the “Man’yōshū,” is purely Japanese in feeling; the latter, from the “Kaifūsō,” not only uses Chinese language and allusions but attempts to give philosophic overtones lacking in the simple Japanese verse. This distinction between the content of poetry written in Japanese and in Chinese became of increasingly great importance. In the Muromachi Period, for example, Zen priests


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 expressed their religious and philosophic doctrines in Chinese poetry. In the late Tokugawa Period many patriots who found that they could not adequately voice their burning thoughts within the tiny compass of a Japanese poem turned to poetry in Chinese. The function of Chinese poetry, from the time of the “Kaifūsō” almost until the present, has been principally to convey thoughts either too difficult or too extended for the standard Japanese verse forms—when, of course, it was not merely an instrument for the display of erudition.

Some of the early poetry in Chinese was devoted to Buddhist subjects —which was less often true of poetry in Japanese. The Buddhism of the early period was an optimistic religion marked by pageantry and the lavish patronage of the great temples of Nara. With the Heian Period, particularly as a result of the activities of such men as Kūkai (774–835), Buddhism became the study of many of the best minds of the age. The Buddhism taught by Kūkai was essentially an aristocratic religion, or at least restricted to those people who had the intellectual capacity to understand its profundities and the taste to appreciate its aesthetic manifestations. Toward the end of the Heian Period, however, greater attention was given to spreading Buddhist teaching to all classes of the people, and it is in the light of this development that we should read such works as “Tales from the Uji Collection,” which was designed to communicate in simple and interesting language some of the Buddhist doctrine. It was from about this time too that the invocation to Amida Buddha, a seven-syllabled prayer, came to be considered a certain means of gaining salvation.

Buddhism is to be found to a greater or lesser degree in most of the famous writings of the Heian Period. When in the novels—and indeed in real life—a situation was reached for which no other solution was immediately apparent, the person involved would usually “abandon the world,” an act accompanied by the ritual gesture of shaving the head or at least trimming the hair, a moment accompanied by great lamentations. It was not, however, considered to be in very good taste for someone still “in the world” to show unusual piety. In the “,” for example, the husband of the author


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23 bursts into the room to find her at her devotions: “ ‘Terrible,’ he exclaimed, as he watched me burning incense and fingering my beads, the Sutras spread out in front of me. ‘Worse even than I had expected. You really do seem to have run to an extreme.’ ”

Japanese poetry, as I have noted, made amazing progress in the eighth century. In the tenth century Japanese prose evolved to its highest development. With respect to prose style itself, one of the most important contributors to this progress was Ki no Tsurayuki (died 946) whose preface to the “Kokinshū,” or “Collection of Ancient and Modern Poetry,” is celebrated, and whose “” was the first example of what was to become an important genre, the literary diary. One may note in Tsurayuki’s prose some Chinese influence, such as the parallelism, but his is essentially a Japanese style both in vocabulary and construction.

The prose works of the early tenth century were of two main types: the fairy tales derived ultimately from the legends of Japan, China, and India; and the more realistic prose of the poem-tales. It was not until these two streams united that the Japanese novel, in a true sense, could be born. The outstanding product of this convergence and, indeed, the supreme masterpiece of Japanese literature, was “The Tale of Genji.” Although this novel contains many hundred poems, it is not, like “,” merely a collection of poetry linked by prose descriptions, and if it benefited by the example of such earlier “novels” as “The Tale of the Bamboo-Cutter,” it went immeasurably beyond them in depth and magnitude. It is a work of genius, which may justifiably be included among the great novels of the world. Thanks to the incomparable translation by Arthur Waley it is now available to Western readers.

One of the unusual features of Heian literature is that such works as the “Kagerō Nikki,” “” of Sei Shōnagon, “The Tale of Genji,” most of the diaries, and much of the poetry were written by women. The usual explanation for this curious fact is


text:
Author:Genevieve Taggard

Poetry collections

 * For Eager Lovers (1922)
 * Hawaiian Hilltop (1923)
 * Words for the Chisel (1926)

As editor

 * May Days (1925)

Individual poems

 * "Autumn Episode" (1926)
 * "Ballad of Typical Lovers" (1926)
 * "Chanson" (1926)
 * "Dead Grecians" (1926)
 * "The Desert Remembers Her Reasons" (1926)
 * "Dissonance Then Silence" (1926)
 * "Doomsday Morning" (1926)
 * "Elegy in Dialogue" (1926)
 * "Eruption in Utopia" (1926)
 * "Fall of Dew" (1926)
 * "Final" (1926)
 * "Galatea Again" (1926)
 * "Gipsy Confession" (1926)
 * "Green Parable" (1926)
 * "Imminent Doom" (1926)
 * "Just Daylight" (1926)
 * "Long Dialogue" (1926)
 * "Man in the Wind" (1926)
 * "Memoir" (1926)
 * "Merely" (1926)
 * "Mirror" (1926)
 * "Mr. Happiness Takes a Train" (1926)
 * "Once" (1926)
 * "Only the Frost" (1926)
 * "Picture" (1926)
 * "Poppy Juice" (1926)
 * "Quarrel" (1926)
 * "Runner" (1926)
 * "Song for Unbound Hair" (1926)
 * "Storm Centre" (1926)
 * "A Story" (1926)
 * "Swarm" (1926)
 * "Take the Summer" (1926)
 * "Tale of the Wife and the Welder" (1926)
 * "Threnody in Thin Air" (1926)
 * "Tiger Moth" (1926)
 * "Time Out" (1926)
 * "To Almost Anyone" (1926)
 * "To One Loved Wholly Within Wisdom" (1926)
 * "Truce" (1926)
 * "Two Captives" (1926)
 * "The Unfaithful" (1926)
 * "Woodsman" (1926)
 * "Words for the Chisel" (1926)

title: Author:Genevieve Taggard


text:
Page:Anthology of Japanese Literature.pdf/28

24 that the men considered writing in Japanese to be beneath them and devoted themselves to the composition of poetry and prose in Chinese, leaving the women to write masterpieces in the native language. This is not a complete explanation—some of the lesser novels and other prose works in Japanese were written by men—but it is close enough to the truth to warrant its acceptance. Of the literature written in Chinese during the period, the poems by Sugawara no Michizane (845–903) are especially fine. Michizane was an accomplished poet, and was so widely known for his learning that after his death he was enshrined as a god of literature and calligraphy.

The poetry of the Heian Period both in Japanese and Chinese is far more restricted in subject matter and manner than that of the earlier period. The Japanese poems are filled with falling cherry blossoms and maple leaves, the Chinese poems with the scent of plum blossoms and chrysanthemums. There is nothing wrong with these subjects, but it is hard to think of any fully developed poet devoting the major part of his attention to such themes. The aim of Heian poets was to perfect rather than to discover, to hit upon exactly the right adjective or image to be used in a familiar situation, rather than to invent a new one. This method may be most clearly illustrated by the following two tenth-century poems:


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Page:Lippincotts Monthly Magazine-69.djvu/9

Abracadabra Affair, The Percie W. Hart 216

Alcatraz Island Clarence L. Cullen 751

"And Other Considerations" Mary Catharine Hews 504

Back-Yard Gardens and Window Boxes Eben E. Rexford 363

Best Gift, The Clinton Dangerfield 638

Billy Baxter's Holiday Seumas MacManus 474

Coals of Fire Alfred Stoddart 356

Conspiracy, The Francis Churchill Williams 600

Dark Night's Ride, A Owen Hall 250

Daughter of the Revolution, A Real. A Novel Caroline Gebhardt 641

Diane, Priestess of Haīti. A Novel John S. Durham 385

Diplomat from Chicago, A Caroline Lockhart 712

Eden: Past and Present 'Dr. Charles C. Abbott 633

Elizabethan Theatre, The Professor Felic E. Schelling 309

"Emma Bovary" George Moore 589

Fair Exchange, A Will N. Harben 115

Finding of Martha, The (A Sequel to "The Strength of Gideon") Paul Laurence Dunbar 375

First Love of Aaron Burr, The Mrs. John King Van Rensselaer 757

Flemish Home of the Trappist Monks, A John Ball Osborne, A.M. 368

Food for Fishes Frank H. Sweet 596

French Academy, The Othon G. Guerlac 611

Garden of Native Plants, A Eben E. Rexford 483

German Influence in America J. G. Rosengarten 501

"Grandes Dames" Buried in Westminster Abbey, Two Mrs. E. T. Murray-Smith 349

Harvest of Knowledge, The Ina Breroort Roberts

Hints to Travellers, Some Advance William Howard Francis 724

Honor of his Wife, For the Charles H. Caffin 227

Humpbacked Mules, The Wolcott LeCleur Beard 621

Immediate Jewel, The Marie Van Vorst 561

Isthmian Canal from the Beginning, The Charles Morris 326

Like Father, Like Son General Charles King 493

Lincoln's Official Habit Leslie J. Perry 200

Mock Caliph and His Wife. A Novel. Edith Robinson 513

Mother, The Louis Zangwill 95

Music of Shakspere's Time (Part I.) Sidney Lanier 106

Music of Shakspere's Time (Part II.) Sidney Lanier 235

Nan, Naughty. A Novel John Luther Long 1

New Atmosphere, The Charles Morris 704

Over the Alps in a Diligence Elizabeth Robins Pennell 553

Passing of the Pope, The Mrs. Belloc-Lowndes 88

Pastoral Players, The Phœbe Lyde 731

Playmate of Patti, A Augusta de Bubua 344

Richardson, Samuel, Why we Read Mary Moss 489

Seal of Silence, The Albert Payson Terhune 125

Sins of the Fathers, The S. Weir Mitchell, M.D. 324

Standings, The. A Novel John Strange Winter 129

Stonewall Jackson. Recollections of Edward M. Alfriend 582


text:
Proclamation No. 1595 (Marcos)

By virtue of the powers vested in me by law, I hereby proclaim all the amendments embodied in this certificate as duly ratified by the Filipino people in the referendum-plebiscite held on Oct. 16–17, 1976 and are therefore effective and in full force and effect as of this date.

Rh

By the President: Rh

The Commission on Elections, sitting EN BANC as the national board of canvassers for the October 16–17, 1976 referendum-plebiscite hereby certify:

The following questions were submitted for the resolution of the barangay voters in accordance with Presidential Decree No. 1033, dated September 22, 1976:

 * "1. Do you want Martial Law to be continued?

 * "2. Whether or not you want Martial Law to be continued, do you approve the following amendments to the Constitution? For the purpose of the second question, the referendum shall have the effect of a plebiscite within the contemplation of Section 2 of Article XVI of the Constitution.

 * "1. There shall be, in lieu of the interim National Assembly, an Interim Batasang Pambansa. Members of the Interim Batasang Pambansa which shall not be more than 120, unless otherwise provided by law, shall include the incumbent President of the Philippines, representatives elected from the different regions of the nation, those who shall not be less than eighteen years of age elected by their respective sectors, and those chosen by the incumbent President from the members of the cabinet. Regional representatives shall be apportioned among the regions in accordance with the number of their respective inhabitants and on the basis of a uniform and progressive ratio while the sectors shall be determined by law. The number of representatives from each region or sector and the manner of their election shall be prescribed and regulated by law.

 * "2. The Interim Batasang Pambansa shall have the same powers and its members shall have the same functions, responsibilities, rights, privileges and disqualifications as the Interim National Assembly and the regular national assembly and the members thereof. However, it shall not exercise the powers provided in Article VIII, Section 14(1) of the Constitution.

 * "3. The incumbent President of the Philippines shall within 30 days from the election and selection of the members, convene the Interim Batasang Pambansa and preside over its session until the speaker shall have been elected. The incumbent President of the Philippines shall be the Prime Minister and he shall continue to exercise all his powers even after the Interim Batasang Pambansa is organized and ready to discharge its functions and likewise he shall continue to exercise his powers and prerogatives under the 1935 Constitution and the powers vested in the President and the Prime Minister under this Constitution.

 * "4. The President (Prime Minister) and his cabinet shall exercise all the powers and functions, and discharge the responsibilities of the regular President (Prime Minister) and his cabinet, and shall be subject only to such disqualifications as the President (Prime Minister) may prescribe. The President (Prime Minister) if he so desires may appoint a Deputy Prime Minister or as many Deputy Prime Ministers as he may deem necessary.

 * "5. The incumbent President shall continue to exercise legislative powers until martial law shall have been lifted.

 * "6. Whenever in the judgment of the President (Prime Minister), there exists a grave emergency or a threat or imminence thereof, or whenever the Interim Batasang Pambansa or the regular National Assembly fails or is unable to act adequately on any matter for any reason that in his judgment requires immediate action, he may, in order to meet the exigency, issue the necessary decrees, orders or letters of instruction, which shall form part of the law of the land.

 * "7. The Barangays and Sanggunians shall continue as presently constituted but their functions, powers, and composition may altered by law.

 * Referenda conducted through the barangays and under the supervision of the Commission on Elections may be called at any time the government deems it necessary to ascertain the will of the people regarding any important matter whether of national or local interest.

 * "8. All provisions of this Constitution not inconsistent with any of these amendments shall continue in full force and effect.

 * "9. These amendments shall take effect after the incumbent President shall have proclaimed that they have been ratified by a majority of the votes cast in the referendum plebiscite."

That the Commission on Elections canvassed the returns from 66,786 referendum-plebiscite centers throughout the country involving twenty-three million seven hundred forty thousand one hundred seven (23,740,107) votes cast.

That on the basis of the canvass made by this Commission the results thereof are as follows:

On the Referendum Question:

On the Plebiscite Question:

Attached hereto and forming part hereof is a list by provinces, cities, municipalities and municipal districts of the votes cast in said referendum-plebiscite.

, we hereby proclaim that a majority of the members of the barangay who cast their votes approved the following:

1. That Martial Law be continued.

2. That the proposed amendments to the Constitution be ratified.

, the members of the Commission on Elections hereby sign these presents in the City of Manila, Republic of the Philippines, at noon this 27th day of October, in the year of Our Lord, nineteen hundred and seventy-six.

Commissioner Commissioner Commissioner Commissioner

title: Proclamation No. 1595 (Marcos)


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Page:William Muir, Thomas Hunter Weir - The Caliphate; Its Rise, Decline, and Fall (1915).djvu/209

 180 as before. The third was that the governor had in his household a girl that fared too sumptuously. Abu Mūsa was silent. Again, he was charged with making over the seals of office to Ziyād; which was admitted by Abu Mūsa, "because he found the youth to be wise and fit for office." The last charge was that he had given the largess of a thousand dirhems to a poet; and this Abu Mūsa admitted,—to preserve, as he said, his authority from scurrilous attack. The Caliph was satisfied, and permitted Abu Mūsa to resume his government, but desired him to send Ziyād and the girl to Medīna. On their arrival, ʿOmar was so pleased with Ziyād, already foreshadowing his administrative talent, that he sent him back with approval of his employment in the affairs of state; but the girl was detained, perhaps because of her undue influence, in confinement at Medīna. With Ḍabba the Caliph was very angry. Out of malice he had sought to ruin Abu Mūsa by one-sided allegations. "Truth perverted is no better," said ʿOmar, “than a lie; and a lie leadeth to hell-fire."

Al-Kūfa remained several years under its founder Saʿd, the conqueror of Chaldæa. At length, in the ninth year of ʿOmar's reign, a faction sprang up against him. The Bedawi jealousy of Ḳoreish had already begun to work; and Saʿd was accused of unfairness in distributing the booty. There was imputed also lack of martial spirit and backwardness in the field, a revival of the slanderous charge at Al-Ḳādisīya. He was summoned, with his accusers, to Medīna; but the main offence proved against him was one of little concern to them. In his public ministrations he had cut short the customary prayers; and ʿOmar, deeming the misdemeanour to be unpardonable, deposed him. To fill a vacancy requiring unusual skill, experience, and power ʿOmar unwisely appointed ʿAmmār, who, as a persecuted slave and confessor in the first days of Islām, was second to none in the faith; but a man of no ability, and now advanced in years. The citizens of Al-Kūfa were not long in finding out his incapacity; and, at their desire, ʿOmar transferred Abu Mūsa from Al-Baṣra to rule over them. But it was no easy work for him to curb the factious populace. They took offence at his slave for undue influence in buying fodder


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Page:Anthology of Japanese Literature.pdf/29

25 Both of these poems were honored by being included in Imperial collections, but it is obvious that they are in essence the same poem. To say this, however, would not detract from the value of either poem in the eyes of the authors or of traditional Japanese critics. It may be difficult for a modern Western reader to sympathize with such a point of view, but it might have seemed less strange to a seventeenth-century English poet who sang the beauties of Cynthia or who proclaimed the doctrine of carpe diem.

What draws most of us to Japanese poetry is not the polish of a perfectly turned verse on the red maple leaves floating on blue waves but the living voice of a poet talking about love, death, and the few other themes common to all men. The “Man’yōshū” is the easiest collection for us to appreciate because of its range of subjects and its powerful imagery. The “Kokinshū” also has poems which move us, but some of the most famous ones, masterpieces of diction and vowel harmonies, must unfortunately remain beyond communication to Western readers.

The court nobles, who wrote most of the poems in the “Kokinshū,” continued to be the chief contributors to the successive Imperial anthologies. The skill of some of these poets is quite remarkable, but the subjects to which they applied their skill were often inadequate.

The next major collection after the “Kokinshū” was the “Shinkokinshū,” or “New Collection of Ancient and Modern Poetry,” compiled in the Kamakura Period, after the terrible warfare which ended the Heian Period. Much of the gloom and solitude of those times is discoverable in the poetry, particularly that of the outstanding contributor to the “Shinkokinshū,” the priest Saigyō (1118–1190). His waka—thirty-one-syllabled poems—are among the most beautiful and melancholy in the language.

The same melancholy may also be found in “,” the greatest of the war tales—which were among the characteristic literary products of the Kamakura Period. These tales contain many descriptions of military glory, of men in magnificent armor riding into battle, but what we remember most vividly are the scenes of loneliness and sorrow—the death of the boy Atsumori or the description of the life of the former Empress in the solitude


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 638–44] before it crossed the bridge; and for so slight a cause, after he had been Governor but for a year, the Caliph sent him back again to Al-Bṣsra. ʿOmar was on the point of making appointed in another nomination, when the artful Al-Moghīra wormed the secret from him; and, dwelling on the burden of a hundred thousand turbulent citizens, suggested that the candidate in view was not fit to bear it. "But," said ʿOmar, "the men of Al-Kūfa have pressed me to send them neither a headstrong tyrant, nor a weak and impotent believer." "As for a weak believer," answered Al-Moghīra, "his faith is for himself, his weakness thine; as for a strong tyrant, his tyranny injureth himself, his strength is for thee." ʿOmar, caught in the snare, was weak enough to confer on Al-Moghīra, his former scandal notwithstanding, the government of Al-Kūfa. With all his defects, Al-Moghīra was, without doubt, the strong man needed for that stiff-necked city; and he held his position during the two remaining years of ʿOmar's reign.

About the same time, ʿOmar appointed another early convert of singular religious merit, ʿAbdallah ibn Masʿūd, who had in early days, like ʿAmmār, been a slave at Mecca, to a post at Al-Kūfa, for which, however, he was better fitted,—the charge of the treasury. He had been the body-servant of the Prophet, who was used to call him "light in body, but weighty in faith." He was learned in the Ḳorʾān, and had a "reading" of his own, to which as the best text, he held persistently against all recensions.

There was still considerable jealousy between Al-Baṣra and its richer rival. The armies of both had contributed towards the conquest of Khūzistān, and had shared accordingly. But Al-Baṣra, with its teeming thousands, was comparatively poor; and ʿOmar, to equalise the benefits of all who had served in the earlier campaigns, assigned to them increased allowances, to be met from the surplus revenues of the territories administered at Al-Kūfa.

In the more important governments, the judicial office was discharged by a functionary who held his commission as Ḳāḍi immediately from the Caliph. The control of other departments remained with the Governor, who, in virtue of his office, led the daily Prayers and, especially on Friday,


text: User:SnowyCinema/P/Words for the Chisel (collection)


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Page:List of Works Relating to Lycanthropy (1920).djvu/4

4 Claretie, Jules. Pétrus Borel le lycanthrope, sa vie, ses écrits, sa correspondance, poésies et documents inédits. Paris: R. Pincebourde, 1865. 2p.1., 139 p., 11, 1 pl. 16°.

Crowe, Mrs. Catharine. A story of a weir-wolf. (Hogg's weekly instructor. Edinburgh, 1846. 4°. v. 3, p. 184-189.)

Cumming, C. F. Gordon. Wolves and were-wolves. (Temple bar. London, 1890. 8°. v.90, p. 351-368.)

Curiose Erzahlung von den Währ-Wölffen. (In: E. D. Hauber. Bibliotheca acta et scripta magica. Lemgo, 1741. 16°. v. 3, p. 284-289.)

Dambielle, Abbé. La sorcellerie en Gascogne. (Société archéologique du Gers. Bulletin. Auch, 1906. 8°. année 7, p. 322-334.)

Dasent, Sir George Webbe. Popular tales from the Norse. With an introductory essay on the origin and diffusion of popular tales. Edinburgh: Edmonston and Douglas, 1859. 1 p.l., (i)vi-lxxxviii, 432 p. 8°.

Drouet, Dr. Le loup-garou en Limousin. (Revue d'ethnographie et de sociologie. Paris, 1911. 4°. v.2, p. 146-157.)

Treats of the werewolf in modern Limousan folklore. The werewolf, he says, "is not an avatar of the devil," but that the beliefs here as elsewhere in Europe are "fragments of the magico-religious fear felt by pre-historic peoples for the wolf," a feeling to which is due the lycolatry of ancient Greece, Italy, Gaul, etc.

Dumas, Georges. Les loups-garous. (Journal de psychologie normale et pathologique. Paris, 1907. 8°. année 4, p.225-239.)

Les loups-garous. (Revue du mois. Paris, 1907. 8°. v.3, p. 402-432.)

Dupouy, Edmond. Psychologie morbide Paris: Librairie des sciences psychiques, 1907. 3p.1., 237 p., 1 l. 12°.

Encausse, Gerard. La sorcellerie—la lycantrophie. (In his: La magie et l'hypnose Paris, 1897. 8°. p. 280-284.)

Field, Eugene. The werewolf. (In his: Works. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1911. 12°. v.10, p. 243-256.)

Fincel, Job. Wunderzeichen. Warhafftige Beschreibung und gründlich verzeicnus schrecklicher Wunderzeichen und Geschichten, die von bis auff geschehen und ergangen sind, noch der Jarzal Jhena, 1556. 8°.

Fischer, Wilhelm. Damonische Mittelwesen, Vampir und Werwolf in Geschichte und Sage. Stuttgart: Strecker & Schröder (1906). 2 p.l., (1)6-103 p., 3 pl. 12°. (Aberglaube aller Zeiten. Bd. 3.)

Fiske, John. Werewolves and swan-maidens. (Atlantic monthly. Boston, 1871. 8°. v. 28, p. 129-144.)

Foix, V. Folklore. Glossaire de la sorcellerie landaise. (Revue de Gascogne. Auch, 1903-04. 8°. nouv. série, tome 3, p. 257-262, 362-373, 444-468; tome 4, p. 64—78, 123-130, 185-188.)

Frison, J. Contes et légendes de la Basse-Bretagne. (Revue des traditions populaires. Paris, 1914. 8°. v.29, p. 17-24.)

Geibel, Franz Emanuel August. Romanze vom Werwolf. (In his: Gesammelte Werke. Stuttgart, 1883. 12°. Bd. 4, p. 136-138.)

Geiler, Johann, von Kaisersberg. Die Emeis. Das ist das büch von der. Omeissenund ist von{{...}J. Gin eim quadragesimal gepredigt worden Strassburg, 1516. illus. f°.

Gervasius, Tilberiensis. Otia impérialia. Lib. iii, c. 130; De hominibus qui fuerunt lupi.

Grimm, Jakob Ludwig Karl. Werewolf. (In his: Teutonic mythology. London, 1883. 8°. v.3, p. 1093-1097.)

Grohmann, Josef Virgil. Sagen aus Böhmen. Prag: J. G. Calve, 1863. 2p.l., (i)vi-xx, 324 p. 8°. (Sagen-Buch aus Böhmen und Mahren. Theil l.)

Gubernatis, Angelo de. Zoological mythology. London: Trübner & Co., 1872. 2 v. 8°. ZAZB

Guillaume de Palerne. Guillaume de Palerne; publié d'aprés le manuscrit de la Bibliothéque de l'Arsenal à Paris, par H. Michelant. Paris: Firmin Didot et Cie., 1876. 2p.l., xxii p., 1 l. 280 p. 8°. (Société des anciens textes français.)

The romance of William of Palerne: (otherwise known as the romance of "William and the werewolf") translated from the French at the command of Sir Humphrey de Bohun, about 1350edited by Walter W. Skeat. London: Early English Text Society, 1867. 8°.


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 182 added an address which had often an important political bearing. Military and fiscal functions, vested at the first, like other powers, in the Governor’s hands, came eventually to be discharged by officers specially appointed to the duty. Teachers of religion were commissioned by the State. From the rapidity with which whole peoples were brought within the scope of Islām, risk arose of error in respect both of creed and ritual, to the vast multitude of "New-muslims," as they were called. To obviate the danger, ʿOmar appointed masters in every country, whose business it should be to instruct the people—men and women separately—in the Ḳorʾān and its requirements. Early also in his reign, he imposed it, as a legal obligation, that the people, both small and great, should all attend the public services, especially on Friday; and notably that in the month of Fast, the whole body of Muslims should be constant in the assembling of themselves together in the Mosques.

To ʿOmar is popularly ascribed, not only the establishment of the Dīwān or Exchequer, and offices of systematic account, but also the regulation of the Arabian year. He introduced for this purpose the Moḥammadan Era, commencing with the new moon of the first month (Moḥarram) of the year in which the Prophet fled from Mecca. Hence the Moḥammadan year was named Hijra, sometimes written Hegira, or "Era of the Flight."

Of the state of Moḥammadan society at this period we have not the: material for judging closely. Constant employment in the field, no doubt, tended to check the depraving influences which, in times of ease and luxury, relaxed the sanctions and tainted the purity of Bedawi life. But there is ample indication that the relations between the sexes were already deteriorating, The baneful influence of polygamy, divorce, and servile concubinage, was quickened by the multitude of captive women distributed or sold among the soldiers and the community at large. The


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Author:Frederick R. Smith

Works

 * Clog Shop Chronicles (1896)
 * Beckside Lights (1897)
 * The Scowcroft Critic (1898)
 * The Making of the Million: Tales of the Twentieth Century Fund (1899)
 * The Minder: The Story of the Courtship, Call and Conflicts of John Ledger, Minder and Minister (1900)

title: Author:Frederick R. Smith


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 638–44] wife of noble blood held, under the old and chivalrous code of the Bedawīn, a position of honour and supremacy in the household, from which she could be ousted by no base-born rival, however fair or fruitful. She was now to be, in the estimation of her husband, but one amongst many. A slave-girl bearing children, became at once, as Um Weled, free; and in point of legitimacy her offspring ranked with the children of the free and noble wife. Beauty and blandishment thus too often outshone birth and breeding, and the favourite of the hour displaced her noble mistress.

With the coarse sensualist, revelling like Al-Moghīra in a ḥarīm stocked with Greek and Persian bond-maids, this might have been expected. But it was not less the case in many a house of greater refinement and repute. Some lady, ravished, it may have been, from a noble home, and endowed with the charms and graces of a courtly life, would captivate her master, and for the moment rule supreme. The story of Leila affords a sample. That beautiful Ghassānid princess was bought at Dūma by Khālid from the common prize. The fame of her charms reached Medīna, and kindled a romantic flame in the breast of ʿAbd ar-Raḥmān, son of Abu Bekr. The disconsolate lover ceased not singing his mistress's praises, and his own unhappiness, in verses still preserved. At last he became her master, and she was despatched from the camp to his home. At once he took her to wife. His love was so great that, forsaking all other, he kept only to her, so long as her beauty lasted. She was the queen of his household. After a time she fell sick and began to waste away. The beauty went, and with it the master's love, and her turn came to be forsaken. His comrades said to him: "Why keep her forsaken and neglected thus? Suffer her to go back to her people and her home." So he suffered her. Leila's fate was happy compared with that of most. Tired of his toy, the owner would sell her, if still young and beautiful, to be the plaything of another; or if disease or years had fretted her beauty, leave her to eke out the forlorn, weary, hopeless, lot of a household slave.


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Page:Lover's Gift and Crossing.djvu/22

10 O Spring; men and women rushed out of their houses, laughing and dancing, and pelting each other with flower-dust in a sudden madness of mirth.

Year after year you bring the same flowers that you scattered in your path in that earliest April. Therefore, to-day, in their pervading perfume, they breathe the sigh of the days that are now dreams,—the clinging sadness of vanished worlds. Your breeze is laden with love-legends that have faded from all human language.

One day, with fresh wonder, you came into my life that was fluttered with its first love. Since then the tender timidness of that inexperienced joy comes hidden every year in the early green buds of your lemon flowers; your red roses carry in their burning silence all that was unutterable in me; the memory of lyric hours, those

title: Page:Lover's Gift and Crossing.djvu/22


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Page:Madras journal of literature and science vol 1 new series 1856-57.djvu/84

72 exciting dish must never be used for developing, and the dishes for developing solutions should not be used for any other purpose, except washing the paper after it is excited, in which case if clean they are not likely to do any harm. After being used with Gallo-nitrate they should be washed as soon as possible in abundance of clean water, and if the Gallo-nitrate solution decomposes rapidly when placed in them, they must be washed with a weak solution of Cyanide of Potassium (5 grs. to one ounce of water), and with plenty of clean water afterwards. The trays for Hypo-sulphite cannot be used for any other purpose except for washing the finished negative. The Photographer will also find it advantageous to have separate measure and funnels for his Aceto-nitrate and Gallic-acid solution.

The paper used in this process is Canson's thin Negative. It is not without imperfections, such as unevenness of texture and minute holes which allow the exciting, and developing solutions to pass through and stain the back of the negative. To the beginner these things are not of much importance, as he must expect to spoil a few papers, but when a little more advanced, he should examine his papers carefully by a strong light, rejecting any that have the imperfections above noted which need not however be thrown away, as the best will do for waxing which fills up any very small holes, and the remainder will do for Positives. The papers should be cut of the same width and half an inch or so longer than the Camera slide; one side of the paper is smoother than the other which is best ascertained by holding it so that the light falls upon it obliquely; this should be marked in two opposite corners with a capital letter, which better defines the side on which the mark is made than a circle or cross.

The solvent may be either whey or distilled water, I believe the former produces the most dense skies and a greater opacity generally in the dark parts of the picture, it is however somewhat troublesome to prepare:—the following method of obtaining it, is perhaps as good as any.


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 184 Relaxation of manners is significantly marked by frequent notices of drunkenness. There are not wanting instances even of Governors deposed because of it. ʿOmar was rigorous in imposing the legal penalty. He did not shrink from commanding stripes to be inflicted, even on his own son and his boon companions, for the use of wine. At Damascus, the scandal grew to such a height that Abu ʿObeida had to summon a band of citizens, with the hero Ḍirār at their head, for the offence. Hesitating to enforce the law, he begged of ʿOmar that the penitent offenders might be forgiven. An angry answer came: "Gather an assembly," he wrote in the stern language of his early days, "and bring them forth. Then ask, Is wine lawful or forbidden? If they shall say forbidden, lay eighty stripes on each; if lawful, behead them every one." They confessed that it was forbidden, and submitted to the ignominious punishment.

Weakness for wine may have been a relic of the days when the poet sang, "Bury me under the roots of the juicy vine." But there were domestic influences altogether new at work in the vast accession of captive women, Greek, Persian, and Egyptian, to the Muslim ḥarīms. The Jews and Christians might retain their ancestral faith, whether as concubines, or married to their masters. With their ancestral faith they, no doubt, retained much also of the habits of their fatherland; and the same may be said both of them and of the Heathen and Parsee slave-girls, even when adopting outwardly the Muslim faith. The countless progeny of these alliances, though ostensibly bred in the creed and practice of Islām, must have inherited much of the mother's life and nationality who nursed and brought them up. The crowded ḥarīm, with its sanction of servile concubinage, was also an evil school for the rising generation. Wealth, luxury, and idleness were under such circumstances provocative of licence and indulgence, which too often degenerated into intemperance and debauchery.

For, apart from war and faction, Muslim life was idle and inactive. There was little else to relieve its sanctimonious voluptuousness. The hours not spent in the ḥarīm were divided between listless converse in the City


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Page:Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure Vol 2.djvu/78

74 his hand, and made it slip along the surface: he press'd them, and the springy flesh that fill'd them, thus pitted by force, rore again reboundingly with his hand, and on the instant effac'd the dint of the pressure: and alike indeed was the consistence of all those parts of her body throughout, where the fullness of flesh compacts and constitutes all that fine firmness which the touch is so highly attach'd to. When he had thus largely pleas'd himself with this branch of dalliance, and delight, he truss'd up her petticoat and shift, in a wisp to her waist, where being tuck'd in, she stood fairly naked on every side: a blush at this overspread her lovely face, and her eyes, downcast to the ground, seem'd to beg for quarter, when she had so great a right to triumph in all the treasures of youth and beauty that she now so victoriously display'd. Her legs were perfectly well shap'd, and her thighs, which she kept pretty close, showed so white, so round, so substantial, and abounding in firm flesh, that nothing could, offer


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RV 581 (Rh) The characters of the sixth and seventh orders (i.e. /sadıs/ and /sabı/) are less predictable. Thus /sadıs/ may be characterized either by a zigzag, e.g.

or by a hooked dash at the left side of the character, e.g.

some characters of this order have the dash attached to the right side, e.g.

Characters 20 and 31 have a vertical line attached to the top:


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Page:The Works of John Locke - 1823 - vol 03.djvu/357

 7. as if there was nothing between them. For, by this reciprocal reference of numbers, one may turn, as one leaf, all those that are between the two, even as if they were pasted together. You have an example of this in the third and tenth pages.

Every time I put a number at the bottom of a page, I put it also into the index; but when I put only a V. I make no addition in the index; the reason whereof is plain.

If the head is a monosyllable, and begins with a vowel, that vowel is at the same time both the first letter of the word, and the characteristic vowel. Therefore I write the word Ars in A a, and Os in O o.

You may see by what I have said, that one is to begin to write each class of words on the backside of a page. It may happen, upon that account, that the backside of all the pages may be full, and yet there may remain several pages, on the right hand, which are empty. Now if you have a mind to fill your book, you may assign these right sides, which are wholly blank, to new classes.

If any one imagines that these hundred classes are not sufficient to comprehend all sorts of subjects without confusion, he may follow the same method, and yet augment the number to five hundred, in adding a vowel. But having experienced both the one and the other method, I prefer the first; and usage will convince those, who shall try it, how well it will serve the purpose aimed at; especially if one has a book for each science, upon which one makes collections, or at least two for the two heads, to which one may refer all our knowledge, viz. moral philosophy, and natural.

You may add a third, which may be called the knowledge of signs, which relates to the use of words, and is of much more extent than mere criticism. Rh


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Page:Supplement to the fourth, fifth, and sixth editions of the Encyclopaedia Britannica - with preliminary dissertations on the history of the sciences - illustrated by engravings (IA gri 33125011196181).pdf/747

We find from a Notice in the second volume of that useful Geographical Miscellany—the Annals du Voyages, &c. by Malte Brun,—that a complete edition of the works of D’Anville, containing ail the memoirs and tracts above enumerated, had been announced for publication at Paris in 1808. The first volume was to be published in that year, and the work was to consist of 6 volumes 4to, with a Folio Atlas.

APIARY. Under the article, in the Encyclopædia, directions have been given at considerable length as to the management of an apiary; and various methods are there detailed of procuring honey and wax from the hive; without destroying the bees themselves. The most economic mode of attaining these ends, deserves more attention as a national object, than it has in general received in this country. It appears, from the returns of the Custom-House, that England pays annually to the North of Germany from L.40,000 to L.50,000 Sterling, for the wax and honey which are imported from thence, and which might very easily be raised by a more extended and judicious cultivation of bees at home. Greater attention to this useful appendage to the Cottage, would not only be productive of commercial advantage, but would tend to improve the condition of the lower order of Peasantry. It is not generally known, indeed, what profitable returns may be obtained, at a trifling expence of time and labour, by very simple processes. Mr Huish, who has lately published a valuable practical treatise on the management of bees, has made a calculation, from which he infers, that even supposing the first cost of a swarm to be one guinea, which is the price in the places where they are sold the dearest, the Cottager is almost certain, by proper care and management, of clearing, in five years, a net produce of nearly L.60; and of having besides, at the end of that period, ten good stocks of bees in his garden.

The principal objects to be attained in the construction and management of an apiary, are to secure the prosperity and multiplication of the colonies;—to increase the amount of their productive labour;—and to obtain their products with facility, and with the least possible detriment to the stock. The apiary should afford to the bees the best shelter against moisture and the extremes of heat and of cold, and especially against sudden vicissitudes of temperature; it should protect them against their numerous enemies; it should afford them every facility of constructing their combs, and of rearing their young; it should allow of every part of the combs being occasionally inspected, and being capable of removal when requisite; and, while due attention is paid to economy, it should be made of materials that will ensure its durability. Much ingenuity has been displayed by different Apiarians in the construction of hives, which should unite in the greatest possible degree all these advantages. Although it be in vain to hope that every one of these objects can at once be perfectly attained; yet there is still great room for improvement on the hives that are at present in common use; and we shall point out, in this Supplementary article, such modes of construction as have been recommended since the publication of the article , above referred to.

While some Cultivators of bees have been chiefly anxious to promote their multiplication, and to prevent the escape of the swarms in the natural way, by procuring what they have termed artificial swarms,—which they effected by separating a populous hive, previous to its swarming, into two parts, and allowing to each greater room for the extension of their works; others have contemplated only the abundance of the products which they yielded, and the facility of extracting them from the hive, without showing any particular solicitude as to the preservation of the bees themselves. Another class of Apiarians have, on the other hand, had it more particularly in view to facilitate the prosecution of researches in the natural history and economy of bees. The hive invented by Mr Huber is peculiarly calculated for the last of these objects, and its construction is founded on an accurate knowledge of the habits of these insects. He has given it the name of Rache en livre ou en feuillets, from its opening and shutting somewhat in the manner of the leaves of a book. This book or leaf hive is composed of from eight to twelve square wooden frames, placed vertically, and joined together sideways like the hoops of a cask. Each frame consists of two uprights, one inch in thickness, a foot in height, and an inch and a third in width, connected by an upper and lower cross bar, ten inches long, and of the same breadth and thickness as the former; so that all the frames may be joined together, without leaving any interval. The two external frames are closed each by a pane of glass, which is covered by a shutter on the outside: and the whole is properly secured in its place, and further protected by an external cover. An aperture must of course be left in the lower part of one of the frames to serve as a door. In order to determine the bees to construct their combs in the plane of each leaf, a small piece of honey-comb is fixed, by means of pegs, to the top of each in the proper position; as it is well known, that bees always complete their work in the direction in which they find it begun, unless they meet with some insurmountable obstacle. A proper distance is thus preserved between the lateral surfaces of the perpendicular combs; and the external ones, being only three or four lines distant from the glass panes, may be easily inspected by opening the shutters: and also, by opening in succession the different divisions of the hive, both surfaces of every comb may at pleasure be fully brought into view. No difficulty is experienced in introducing swarms into hives of this construction; and after the lapse of a few days, when the colony is fully established, the bees will very patiently submit to be daily inspected.

Mr Huber’s hive is exceedingly well calculated for producing artificial swarms on the principle of Sebirach's discovery, of which a full account will be given in the Article in this Supplement. It allows us to judge by inspection, whether the population is sufficient to admit of division,—if the brood is of the proper age,—and if males exist, or are ready to be produced, for impregnating the young queen; all


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Author:Jacob Breda Bull

Works

 * Fridtjof Nansen: A book for the young (1903) translated by Mordaunt Roger Barnard

title: Author:Jacob Breda Bull


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RV 582 (Rh) A few characters change their shape in the sixth order in various unpredictable ways, e.g.

The seventh order /sabı/ may have either a longer left leg, e.g.

or a small semi circle (or circle) attached to the upper or the middle part of the character, e.g.


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RV 583 (Rh)

or a leg inclined toward the left, e.g.

Finally, the seventh order of the character የ /yə/ is ዮ /yo/ and that of the character መ /mə/ is ሞ /mo/.


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Page 41 must be observed," says the sage of the "Punch" "that is Raja Murli Manohur's, that the present Gov- ernment wants that there should be good management in the Malwala Daftar, and that Raja Marli Manohur is a member of the Malwala Daftar." A more malicious and mis- chievous paragraph than this I have not come across. Every man with a modicum of commonsense must admit that the "Hindu Social Club" is no more Raja Murli Manohur's than it is the Vice-President's or the Secretary's or any member's. As President of the Club, the Raja can only advise the members on the matters that come up occasionally before him-he can neither do anything against the wishes of the majority, nor can he turn and twist them about as he likes. With regard to the scholarship question itself: I know it for a fact that when one or two of the members spoke to the Raja about memorializing the Government, he told them that he was sure the Government would throw the scholarship open to Hindus as well as to other sections of the community. The members memorialized in spite of his telling so. And if he "purposely absented himself" from the meeting convened to draw up a memorial, as we are given to understand by Punch, did he not thereby make it clear that he did not wish to join in the cry of "injustice done to Hindus?" As for the Raja Murli Manolur's wishing that there should not be good management in the Malwala Daftar of which he is a member; he is admitted on all hands to be one of the most intelligent and energetic men we have in Hyderabad. It can be no more said of him that he does not want the manage- ment to be 'good' than it can be said of a strong robust man that he is afraid to have a tussel with a weakling. And to state that from interested motives the Raja wants to discredit the present Government-is to invent an untruth with a view to make him obnoxious to the party in power.

The Birth-day Durbar has come and gone, and the Raja Kishen Persad finds himself none the better for it. The Raja who is the living representative of a family but for which Hy-

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Page 42 derabad would long since have gone out of the hands of the Nizam, is as far away as ever from getting the Khilet of the office of Peishkar. We are every now and then told in "high falutin" that the Peishkarship has long been a sinecure. If Peish- karship has been a sinecure, so have many offices in the State been. But there is a good reason keeping it up while the keep- ing up of other offices has or can have no justification. And that is, that the claimant to it is the lineal descendant of one- the late Raja Chandu Lal-to whom the Nizam ought to feel ever thankful. Those that are bent upon or are responsible for "reducing" the Peishkar family may be said to have plied the pruning shears desirably by a handful of interested men. But they will ever be looked upon by a vast majority of the popula- tion of these Dominions as the aliens who ruined the ancient families of the land with a view to enrich themselves, to fatten their own "calves."

Sometime ago a notice was published in the Jareeda-the Government Gazette-that such of the Government officials as were desirous of going to England for purposes of education would be paid by the Government an amount enough to cover their expenses in England. Securing the stipend promised in this notice Mr. Syed Mahmud, a Deputy Inam Commissioner, proceeded to England some months ago. The next applicant for the privilege was a Hindu servant of the Government; but the powers-that-be have written to him to say that the Government had made up its mind to send no more officials to England for purposes of education. The reply is characteristic and proclaims the impartiality of the present Government, to be sure.

We are once more threatened with a "deluge" of libel suits. Judgment having been delivered in Gribble vs. Galla- gher, on Wednesday last, Mr. Gallagher's counter-charge against Mr. Gribble comes on for hearing about the middle of January next. After that perhaps, Mr. Rudra will carry out his threat to take up Mr. Gallagher for "libel." Mr. Rudra threatens in a recent letter to the "Pioneer" "to have him" for all the caustic


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Page 43 paragraphs Mr. Gallagher has put in the "Standard." Not a whit daunted by this Mr. G. repeats that the statement, the contradiction to which made Mr. R so irate, "is perfectly untrue" -and says that Mr. R libels him in the letter as much as he (Mr. G) might be considered to have libelled Mr. Rudra in his paragraphs.

People at a distance can little understand how very indifferent the Government is as to show and where the money got out of the rayyat goes. A gentleman, a John Bull mind, came here about two years ago, armed with introductions no doubt, to raise subscriptions in aid of a school he meant to start somewhere in Switzerland for the benefit of the uncared-for Indian youths. He went about duly hat in hand. The Nizam's Government with its usual liberality and magnanimity paid him out of the Treasury 2,000 Halli Sicca Rupees to enable him to accomplish his object, and some noblemen helped him, I am told, to some extent. The projector" was not satisfied with the money he got from the Government, so he applied for more, and got "in reply," I am informed, two first class railway fares to Bombay. That was no doubt a polite way of asking him to take himself off. But he took no notice of it, went about casting for an employment, and getting it, has been here since. What has become of the two thousand rupees paid out of the treasury, there is none so poor as to ask. It does not matter how the subscriptions, if any, got from the nobility have been spent, for it is a well-known fact that the Hyderabad noblemen have more money than they know what to do with, and they might as well pay towards meeting the daily necessaries of a Sahib.

The "Hyderabad Record" is bothered about knowing "what the local correspondent to the Hindu gains by spreading such rumours which (sic) are not only false but pure inventions aud positively mischievous." The "Record's" solicitude in behalf of the present Government is increasing in volume day by day most amazingly. Under the circumstances it is not difficult to


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RV 7 (Rh) Note that after /w/ the following vowel, if normally unrounded, is initially rounded. This is particularly noticeable with /ə/ and /ı/.

Note 1.3

All consonants in Amharic occur short (indicated by a single symbol: r, l, m, etc.) and long (indicated by doubling the symbol: rr, ll, mm, etc.).

The distinction between short (single) and long (doubled) consonants is very important, as it may distinguish otherwise identical words, e.g. /alə/ 'he said', /allə/ 'there is'.

Amharic has twenty-seven consonants which we write with the following symbols:

Note 1.3.1

Most of the plain consonants have near equivalents either in English or in other familiar languages such as French, Italian or Spanish. Hints on pronunciation are given as necessary:

/b/ has two pronunciations: at the beginning of a word, when doubled, or when immediately following /m/ or /n/ it is like English in. Between vowels or finally the air is not completely stopped, so that a fricative sound results, rather than a stop. This is a bilabial spirant (or fricative) comparable to the in Spanish. Technically [β].

/c/ represents a sound like that of in.

/g/ like in.

/h/ has three pronunciations which sound somewhat different to a speaker of English:

1) at the beginning or in the middle of the word it approximates the to.


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Page 44 understand the complacency with which he announces, what must be news to all except himself, "that every statement in his (the "Hindu" correspondent's) sensational letter has been publicly contradicted," As far as I know-and I have been a regular and careful reader of the local papers-only 3 or 4 of my statements and these the least important ones have been contradicted in the most shaky way. But what have "they" to say about my statement anent the Anagondi case, the puppet minister and the minister de facto, the Nawab Mushtak Husain's application for retirement, the significant omissions in connec- tion with the Treasury frauds cases, the Revenue Secretary's 'sympathy' with the rayayatet hoc genus omne? Echo answers, "What have they?"


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Page 45 HYDERABAD, 27th December 1890.

The law that renders murder a bailable as well as compound- able "offence," and thus provides for a murderer's escape or places society at his mercy though for a while-is worthy only of the rulers of the Darkest Africa. Yet that is the law in vogue here where Mulks and Dowlaks lay claim to the susceptibilities and sentiments of the enlightened European, and big officials talk glibly and write in grandiloquent strains of the glories of enlightenment and civilization. And administered as it is by Judges who do not even care to veneer over their partizan spirit, it becomes tantamount to an enactment to secure the safety of the person of a murderer. Where have you ever heard of a Judge, a Judge in his senses, enlarging a man accused of forgery on bail for one lakh of rupees and one accused of murder ou bail for five thousand rupees? Yet that is what has been done within the last few months by a Daniel of our City High Court The Judge who released Abdul Wahid, chief of the accused in the murder case I referred to in former letters, on bail for a some- one twentieth of that demanded in the case of Balakrishen Doss charged with forgery-would seem to hold it justice still. This is only by the way. The murder case came up for hearing before Mr. Hafiz Ahmed Raza Khan, Puisne Judge of the City High Court, last Tuesday. After taking all the evidence for the prosecution and hearing the confession of Abdul Rahman, Abdul Wahid's servant, read out, the Judge miriable dictu ordered for Wahid's being let out on bail for five thousand rupees. And when asked by the public prosecutor to reconsider his order, when it was pointed out to him that the bail demanded was out of all proportion to the gravity of the crime Wahid stood charged with, he indignantly replied, "he was not going to be taught his duty by the prosecutor." And it was as Judge doing his duty surely that he, on Tuesday last questioned a representative of the Press in 'Court as to his "authority" and looked non- plussed when asked whether he expected him-the representative -to carry his authority about his person wherever he went. Verily, verily, we living in this "God-governed country," are


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Page 46 fast coming to the days when justice will have fled to brutish beasts and Judges will have lost their reason.

The "Hyderabad Record" has an unusually trenchant article on this subject in his issue of the 24th Instant. The note of alarm he strikes in behalf of His Highness' subjects, "any one of whom may at some time or other have occasion to become a suitor for justice" in a case like the present one-has no uncertain ring about it. And it is to be fervently hoped that it will "catch" the ears of His Highness the Nizam and the Resident who represents Her Most Gracious Majesty the Queen Empress, the very impersonation of justice, at his Court. The "Record " expresses a hope that the blood-stained garments and letters found in the accused's house will "not share the fate of the bond in the "Forgery case" which so mysteriously disap- peared from the strong room, of the Court Registrar, a circum- stance into which the police were prevented from making any investigation"-and is of opinion that "as matters stand at present, given a plastic Judge and an influential or wealthy criminal the administration of justice is not only a "toss up" as was lately stated in open Court by a well-known Barrister, for in every" toss-up" there is at least an element of chance, but a foregone conclusion."

I have been put in possession of a copy of the proceedings of the first of the Treasury frauds cases. A perusal of this must bring home to every one's mind the truth of every one of the statements made in my letter on the Hyderabad Treasury frauds. The order passed by the then Accountant-General, the Nawab Mukharrub Jung Bahadur, on the memo, snbmitted by Mr. Gya Pershad, runs thus:-" The auditing of the cheques, and the sole responsibility thereof relates to the audit (Branch) of the City, and the signature of the Deputy Accountant General should be made, after the Auditor has made his, for the sake of passing the cheques."

And the office order-book confirms it in these terms :-


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Page 47 "All cheques shall be prepared after auditing, on the sole responsibility of the City Branch, and they shall be passed after the signature of the Deputy Accountant-General."

In the face of this fact, Mr. Afzul Husain said in his judg- ment that the memo, had not been confirmed by the Nawab Mukhurrab Jung. In the latter part of the same judgment, Afzul Husain remarked: "He (Syed Ahmed one of the accused in the case) is not notorious like Jaya Rao for his misdemeanour" There was not a tittle of evidence before the Court to show that Jaya Rao was "notorious." When the pleader for the defence put Mr. Gya Persad, one of the witnesses, a question about Jaya Rao's behaviour as a subordinate, Mr. Afzul Husain himself disallowed it on the ground that the Government had no evidence to adduce against Jaya Rao's "general conduct." Yet we have this condemnation in the judgment. Then again, Syed Ahmed was let off because he had proved he had not par- ticipated in the money got by means of the fictitious cheques bearing his signature, and Jaya Rao was convicted because he had failed to show he had not received any portion of the money obtained by fraudulent means. The burden of proof, according to Afzul Husain, does not lie on the prosecution. Who has ever heard of the prosecution being allowed to restrict itself to formulating charges and the accused being compelled to prove the charges brought against them to be unfounded? But who is to judge of our Moglai Judges? They are privileged persons and their ways are not dreamt of in any philosophy in "the heavens above, the earth below, or the waters underneath."

You have, I believe, formed a clear idea of Afzul Husain's and Hafiz Ahmed Razakhan's "justice." I shall now illustrate briefly the method of administering justice which finds favour with two more Judges of the High Court, viz., Ali Raza Khan and Ekbal Ali. A police Ameen and a police Jamadar were once convicted of corruption by the then First Taluqdhar of the Parbhani District and committed to the sessions. The sessions Judge let off one by reason of his respectability, and punished


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Page 48 the other. This was Ekbal Ali. Once about a dozen people stood charged with murder before a Judge of the same District. The Judge sentenced one of them to ten years' rigorous impri- sonment on the strength of the evidence of two men who could depose to nothing beyond seeing him inside the house where murder had been committed at the time of murder. And this was Ali Raza Khan. You can well understand now, Mr. Editor, what a mockery justice often becomes, administered as it is by such men.

You will remember that in two of my letters I spoke of how the Nawab Mushtak Husain, Vicar-ul-Mulk, the Revenue Secre- tary, had ignored the most notorious facts furnished him re- garding the administration of the Parbhani District. Now I learn from the columns of the Government organ-the "Deccan Standard"-that the First Taluqdhar of the Parbhani District the official responsible for the administration of it, has been suspended "recently" on account of charges of corruption brought against him. It would be interesting to know to what recent date the word recently refers. Besides this, there are some questions which need to be answered and could be answer- ed only by those behind the scenes. The first official report of the Taluqdhar's crooked ways reached the Revenue Secretary, I am informed, about four years ago. What has the Revenue Secretary been doing these four years? Has it taken him four years to find out the desirability of suspending the offending official? Or has he been mum until he could no longer be so? Why did the Nawab Mushtak Husain oppose the appointment of the man, now under suspension, to the first Talukdharship of Nalgonda in the Eastern division while Subhadar thereof? And was it not through the Nawab's instrumentality that he received an order of transfer to Parbhani, an out-of-the-way place, even before he could join his appointment at Nalgonda? Will any one come forward to answer these questions?


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Page 49 HYDERABAD, 3rd January, 1891.

The procedure adopted by Mr. Hafiz Ahmed Raza Khan in the trial of the murder case may well make the civilized world "gasp and stare," and set the peace-loving Hydrabadee thinking as to whether his life and property are safe within the Moglai limits even in this century and within sight of the British flag. A man may lay himself open to the charge of having committed any mortal offence, may even commit murder, secure from the terrors of justice-provided he be influential. Or rather, as a gentleman put it the other day:-"Of what use is a man's respectability in Hyderabad if he cannot set law at defiance with impunity?" This is perhaps hard judging, but it is warranted by the information that comes to me from a trustworthy quarter about the City murder case. Hafiz Ahmed Raza Khan has "made out" an order for the release of two of the accused, viz., Abdul Wahid the pleader, and Wazeeran, the decoy; and the order will be enforced when the ease comes up for hearing next, i.e., on Saturday, the 10th instant. And his reasons are many forsooth. The jatka in which the murdered woman was taken into the city having stopped some way from the scene of murder it could not be presumed from the driver's evidence that Abdul Wahid accompanied the deceased thereto. One of the two letters found in Abdool Husain's house goes to show that for sometime before the murder Abdul Wahid and Abdool Husain were not on good terms; and so Abdool Husain's statements could not with reason be made to incriminate Abdul Wahid. Abdul Rahman, Abdul Wahid's servant, being an accomplice could not be expected to speak the truth about his master. And the evidence of the murdered woman's daughter is worth nothing as she might have been "tutored" into giving it by the Police. So our City Judge disposes of such evidence as he cared to take notice of against Abdul Wahid, and orders his release. Besides, he is of opinion that the Police trumped up this case against the brother of the Crown Prosecutor in the Treasury Frands Cases to please some friends, and recommends the dismissal of the

7


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Presidential Decree No. 637 (Marcos)

, pursuant to the powers granted it under Proclamation No. 1366, promulgated on December 31, 1974, the Commission on Elections has resolved to recommend the questions to be resolved and determined by the members of barangays (citizens assemblies) in the National Referendum on January 30, 1975;

, I am satisfied that these questions were formulated by the Commission on Elections after due and extensive consultations with the people on a nationwide scale and has taken steps through other various ways to ascertain the issues uppermost in the mind of the nation;

, in order to enable the barangay members to cast their votes intelligently and with full understanding of the issues involved, it is urgent to wage in all areas an effective, intensive, massive educational and information campaign particularly in the urban and rural communities:

, President of the Philippines, by virtue of the powers in me vested by the Constitution, do hereby decree and order the following:

Referendum Questions. — The questions to be submitted in the January 30, 1975, shall be as follows:

For the Greater Manila Area comprising the cities of Manila, Quezon, Pasay, and Caloocan; and the municipalities of Valenzuela in the province of Bulacan and Las Piñas, Makati, Malabon, Mandaluyong, Muntinlupa, Navotas, Parañaque, Pateros, San Juan del Monte, Taguig, Pasig and Marikina in the province of Rizal;

 * On Local Officials

 * 1. There are proposals to restructure the government of Greater Manila (four cities and 13 municipalities) into an integrated Manager-Commission type appointed by the President. Under these proposals, the cities and municipalities concerned shall retain their political identities and boundaries as well as their government organization; the present elective officials, unless sooner removed by the President, may be retained up to December 31, 1975, when their terms end, but shall not exercise powers pertaining to appropriations, taxation and appointments. Do you favor this proposal?

 * On Martial Law

 * 1. Inherent in his powers as Commander-in-Chief and under the Constitution ratified and formally adopted by the people on January 17, 1973, the President of the Philippines has been issuing proclamations, orders, decrees and instructions with the force of law. Do you approve of the manner the President has exercised this power?

 * 2. Do you want the President to continue exercising the same?

 * 3. There are suggestions that martial law be lifted. Do you want martial law to continue?

 * On the Legislative Body

 * 1. In the January, 1973 referendum, the people decided that there be no elections in the meantime and the interim Assembly should not be convened by the President.

 * Now do you want the President to convene the interim National Assembly immediately?

For areas outside of the Greater Manila Area.

On Local Officials.

1. The terms of office of your local elective officials expire on December 31, 1975.

Do you want their successors to be appointed by the President or elected in accordance with the Constitution?

On Martial Law

1. Inherent in his powers as Commander-in-Chief and under the Constitution ratified and formally adopted by the people on January 17, 1973, the President of the Philippines has been issuing proclamations, orders, decrees and instructions with the force of law. Do you approve of the manner the President has exercised this power?

2. Do you want the President to continue exercising the same?

3. There are suggestions that martial law be lifted. Do you want martial law to continue?

On the Legislative Body

1. In the January, 1973 referendum, the people decided that there be no elections in the meantime and the interim Assembly should not be convened by the President.

Do you want the President to convene the interim National Assembly immediately?

Educational and Information Campaign. — Without prejudice to the rights of private individuals t o engage in discussion or debates on the questions as provided by a separate decree, orally or in writing, the Commission on Elections shall disseminate the questions herein adopted as widely as possible through the fastest possible means and shall explain to the people in the simplest manner to assure that the barangay members fully understand the meaning and sense of the issues involved.

Assistance of other Agencies. — To implement the provision of the preceding section, the Commission on Elections is hereby empowered to avail of the facilities and personnel of any department, government office, agency or instrumentality after due consultations with the respective heads thereof.

Translation into Major Dialects. — The questions shall be translated into all the dialects spoken by at least 50,000 persons and such translation shall be printed in poster form in sufficient number using cheap but appropriate material.

At least two weeks before the referendum the printed translation shall be displayed in all conspicuous places in the areas where the dialect used in the translation is spoken; provided, however, that in each referendum center on referendum day, there shall be posted in a place that can be seen by all as many copies as necessary of the printed posters of the translated questions.

Prohibited Acts and Penalty. — The penalty of imprisonment from six months but not more than one year shall be imposed upon a person who:

1. Removes, tears down, mutilates or otherwise destroys any translated poster displayed in the places required in this decree;

2. Impedes, obstructs, delays or otherwise frustrates the distribution of informative or educational leaflets, brochures and other materials;

3. Prints and distributes materials which tend maliciously to distort through misleading translation the questions herein adopted.

Promulgation of Rules and Regulations. — The Commission on Elections shall promulgate rules and regulations to carry out the provisions of this decree.

Appropriations. — To carry out the provisions of this decree the sum of THREE MILLION PESOS (₱3,000,000.00) is hereby appropriated out of any funds in the National Treasury not otherwise appropriated.

Repealing Clause. — All laws, executive orders, decree, rules and regulations, or parts thereof, inconsistent with the provisions of this Decree are hereby repealed, amended or modified accordingly.

Effectivity. — This Decree shall take effect immediately.

Done in the City of Manila, this 7th day of January, in the year of Our Lord, nineteen hundred and seventy-five.

Rh

By the President: Rh

title: Presidential Decree No. 637 (Marcos)