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356 I was informed by M. Mougin, Conservator of Forests at Chambery, that in the Modane district the cones are collected at the end of November by men who climb the trees, with a long hooked pole, and gather the cones by hand into a bag which they carry. The cones are received twice a week at the drying-place, where they are spread out in an airy shed, and turned over every day to dry them and prevent them from heating. When the fine weather returns, they are spread out on a cemented floor, exposed to the sun, which opens them, after which the seed is collected and cleaned, and put in boxes, which are shaken frequently to prevent the attacks of insects. Sometimes seed can be collected on the snow under the trees in January by shaking the trees. But in no case is a stove used to extract them, as seems to be the usual practice in Scotland.

From Prof. A. Fron, of the Forestry School of Les Barres, | have received valuable information on the germination of larch seed, which I summarise as follows: He considers that the process usually adopted of grinding the cones in a mill is very inferior to either of those which I have described as in vogue in the Alps, because the seeds of good quality which come from the central portion of the cone are mixed with those from its upper and lower ends, which are usually empty or imperfect. In 1905 he made experiments on the germination of larch seed obtained at Modane, which had been extracted by the heat of the sun, and obtained the following result:— whilst the average of the seeds obtained from seedsmen only gave the following result:—

I may say that the seeds I have gathered from my own trees late in March, and extracted by exposing them to the sun under glass in a garden frame, have germinated quicker and grown better than any which | have purchased.

An ideal way of raising larch would be as follows: To gather cones in the month of March or April from the best and healthiest mature trees in one's own district, or, failing this, from trees known to be healthy on a similar soil; or to purchase seed of known origin direct from a reliable firm abroad, among whom I can highly recommend Messrs. Vilmorin of Paris and Messrs. Jenewein of Innsbruck.

The seed-bed should be in an elevated position, where spring frosts are not likely to be severe, and sheltered as much as possible from the morning sun by trees


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Author:William Sharpe

As editor

 * Recollections by Samuel Rogers (1859)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

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 king's ships. The proposal was received with enthusiasm: a society was formed, and officers were appointed, Mr. Hanway directing its entire operations. The result was the establishment in 1756 of The Marine Society, an institution which has proved of much national advantage, and is to this day of great and substantial utility. Within six years from its formation, 5451 boys and 4787 landsmen volunteers had been trained and fitted out by the society and added to the navy, and to this day it is in active operation, about 600 poor boys, after a careful education, being annually apprenticed as sailors, principally in the merchant service.

Mr. Hanway devoted the other portions of his spare time to improving or establishing important public institutions in the metropolis. From an early period he took an active interest in the Foundling Hospital, which had been started by Thomas Coram many years before, but which, by encouraging parents to abandon their children to the charge of a charity, was threatening to do more harm than good. He determined to take steps to stem the evil, entering upon the work in the face of the fashionable philanthropy of the time; but by holding to his purpose he eventually succeeded in bringing the charity back to its proper objects; and time and experience have proved that he was right. The Magdalen Hospital was also established in a great measure through Mr. Hanway's exertions. But his most laborious and persevering efforts were in behalf of the infant parish poor. The misery and neglect amidst which the children of the parish poor then grew up, and the mortality which prevailed amongst them, were


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 LESSON CXV.

城 sîaⁿ; city; citadel. 邑 ip; city; fief. 鄉 hieⁿ; village; country. 里 lí; neighborhood. 寨 cē; a hold; stockade. 村 chng; hamlet.

池 tî; pool; pond. 江 kang; river; canal. 掘 khut; hole; cave. 喪 sàng; lose; bereft. 室 sit; abiding place. 浴 êk; to bathe.

1 âu lêng gʉ̆. sói êk. 2 tī tîang káⁿ khʉ̀ gʉ̆ i. 3 kha wt; chíu wt. 4 úa pat kàu i ke. 5 lăi sit. sit ke. 6 sàng sim. sàng sèⁿ mīa. 7 phah êk. jʉ̂ êk. 8 hʉ́ kâi hieⁿ lí seⁿ tɵ̆ tī kɵ̀? 9 cûn íⁿ keng jîp kang kháu. 10 sîaⁿ chîeⁿ: sîaⁿ mn̂g. 11 sái i khʉ̀ sîaⁿ lăi. 12 ip jîn. sîaⁿ lăi hùe. 13 sîaⁿ chĭ nâng. tâng hieⁿ. 14 hieⁿ ĕ. ĭ hieⁿ. 15 hʉ̂ tî; nói tî. 16 sói êk koiⁿ. seⁿ tî khut. 17 cúi khut. hieⁿ lí kíaⁿ. 18 cí kâi hieⁿ chng ciu ûi lóng cóng sĭ tî khut. 19 hieⁿ chng kâi nâng cōi nâng káⁿ khʉ̀ tî sói êk. 20 chut sîaⁿ mn̂g gūa cĭu sĭ kang cúi. hieⁿ lí gūa. 21 tāng cí sîaⁿ kàu nín cē lăi ŭ jîeh cōi lí lō? 22 kîa kàu tî kîⁿ khut kîⁿ kɵ̀, tîeh cai thóiⁿ lõ. 23 cí kang piⁿ ŭ jîeh cōi hieⁿ chng?

1 Adam's apple. To bathe. 2 Who ventures to withstand him? 3 Knee joint; elbow joint. 4 I have been to his house. 5 Inner room. Household. 6 Discouraged. Lost his life. 7 Take a bath. Sponge bath. 8 Where does that village stand? 9 The boat has entered the river. 10 City wall: gate of the city. 11 Send him into the city. 12 Towns-folk. City people. 13 City-people. Towns-man. 14 The country. Strange country. 15 Fish pond; lotus pond. 16 Bath house. Full of hollows. 17 A tank. A little village. 18 All around this village there are pools and caves. 19 Of the villagers there are many who dare bathe in the pools. 20 Outside the city gate is the river. Outside the village. 21 How far is it from this city to your village ? 22 Having arrived at the pools look to your steps. 23 How many villages are there by this river?


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358 advocated for shade-bearing species; but it is equally dangerous to over-thin, and thus bring about starvation, and consequently weakness, by cold winds.

Whether the system of notching or pitting is adopted must depend on the local conditions and the size of the trees to be planted. If not more than 18 inches to 2 feet in height, notching, when carefully done, is sometimes as successful as pitting, but in very dry summers a large proportion of the trees will die whichever way the planting is done. In my own experience allowance must be made, in calculating the cost of planting, for a loss of about 20 per cent on an average, though this is often much exceeded when the trees are planted after Christmas, or when their roots have become dry, or when careless workmen have been employed without very close and constant supervision. This is allowing nothing for damage done by hares and rabbits, which, unless thoroughly killed down before planting and kept out by a really effectual wire fence, will soon destroy a great many of the young trees.

Having once planted the trees, the success of the plantation will depend more on soil and climate than on the skill of the planter. For though larch will, owing to their extraordinary vigour, grow almost anywhere up to fifteen to twenty years old, they will not attain a large size unless the soil is moderately fertile and well drained and the situation open and airy. If large trees are desired, I should always advise a mixture of beech or birch being planted with them or three to four years later; but where the crop can be profitably realised as small poles, or where the soil and climate are really favourable for larch, they may be planted at four feet apart without mixture. The distance apart and the mixture of other trees can only be decided by local experience, the object in view being to keep the trees thick enough to suppress the grass without depriving them of enough light and air to keep their lateral branches alive until they are fifteen to twenty years old. All thinnings should be based on these considerations, and the poorer the soil the more distance is required between the trees to keep them growing. On my own soil I have repeatedly noticed that if grass already exists when the trees are planted, it is impossible to keep the larch thick enough to smother the grass, without crowding each other to the point of starvation and disease, and in such land a mixture of beech, at the rate of one beech to two or three larch, is essential. The result of this mixture is that the larch, instead of beginning to decay at forty to sixty years old, as it often does when on soil deficient in natural fertility, at which period it may be worth 5s. to 15s. per tree, will live and increase in girth till at least 100 years, when they may be worth from £1 to £3 or £4 each. After they have been cut the beech may remain, or if not thick enough to stand with

advantage, the land will be left in a very much better condition for replanting than after a crop of pure larch.


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360 never seen or heard of such an instance, and on writing to Prof. Curtis he could not tell me of anything at all near it.

The best estimate I have is from Sir Hugh Beevor of a plantation at Petworth belonging to Lord Leconfield. It is growing on a steep hill facing east, on sandy loam overlying sandstone, and at thirty-two years after planting contained about 300 trees or more per acre, averaging 15 feet each, which makes about 4500 feet per acre. At Mailscott Lodge, in High Meadow Wood, Forest of Dean, he saw a small plantation, thirty-four years planted, in which the trees on an area of half an acre numbered 214, averaging 9g feet per tree, equal to about 3800 feet per acre.

The best example on my own property is a plantation at Hilcot, now about fifty-four years old, in which there are 2500 trees on an area of about twenty acres. The trees average about 25 feet on the better parts of the land, and 10 to 15 feet on the worst, or about 18 feet over the whole area, equal to about 2200 feet per acre. There are some beech, wych elm, and other hard woods amongst them, which might make up a total of 3000 cubic feet per acre, and though the larch might stand ten to twenty years longer they are not now making a profitable increment.

Mr. J.E. Hellyar Stooke of Hereford sends me the following particulars of a sale in 1907, of larch sixty to seventy-five years old, growing on a hill 400 to 500 feet high, the soil being stiff clay overlying limestone facing east to south. There was no disease except on some of the smaller branches; the trees were all sound, and would probably have continued to grow for many years.

These trees were sold standing, by auction, at such a distance from a railway station that the hauliers could only make one journey daily.

At what age it pays best to fell a crop of larch is a question which depends entirely on the growth of the trees and the local value: in some cases thirty to forty years may be the most profitable age, in most fifty to sixty; and where the trees are planted with a good mixture of beech, and continue to grow well after this period, it may pay to let them stand to 100 years old, beyond which they will seldom if ever continue to make a profitable increase.

I should say that £100 per acre was a very fair average valuation of a clean


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 inal assessment; and the almost universal prosperity of the country, which in most places has raised very much the value of all these, has rendered those inequalities of still less importance now. The rate, too, upon each district continuing always the same, the uncertainty of this tax, so far as it might be assessed upon the stock of any individual, has been very much diminished, as well as rendered of much, less consequence. If the greater part of the lands of England are not rated to the land tax at half their actual value, the greater part of the stock of England is, perhaps, scarce rated at the fiftieth part of its actual value. In some towns the whole land tax is assessed upon houses; as in Westminster, where stock and trade are free. It is otherwise in London.

In all countries a severe inquisition into the circumstances of private persons has been carefully avoided.

At Hamburg every inhabitant is obliged to pay to the State one-fourth per cent of all that he possesses; and as the wealth of the people of Hamburg consists principally in stock, this tax may be considered as a tax upon stock. Every man assesses himself, and, in the presence of the magistrate, puts annually into the public coffer a certain sum of money, which he declares upon oath to be one-fourth per cent of all that he possesses, but without declaring what it amounts to, or being liable to any examination upon that subject. This tax is generally supposed to be paid with great fidelity. In a small republic, where the people have entire confidence in their magistrates, are convinced of the necessity of the tax for the support of the State, and believe that it will be faithfully applied to that


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 LESSON CXCIX.

秀才 sìu châi; first literary degree. 舉人 kʉ́ jîn; second degree. 進士 cìn sʉ̆; third degree. 翰林 hâng lîm; fourth degree. 霹靂 phek lêk; violent; clap. 煩惱 hŵn lɵ́; sorrowful.

巫術 bû sût; sorcerer. 妖精 io cia; fairies. 琥珀 hóⁿ phek; amber. 奢侈 chia chí; luxurious. 奧妙 àu mĭo; mysterious. 褻瀆 siet tôk; blaspheme.

1 úa thóiⁿ nín a nîe kâi ì sʉ̀ sĭ ut cût; lʉ́ hɵ́ khʉ̀ kɵh lɵ̂ i mài. 2 lîp sìu châi ău cĭu khʉ̀ séⁿ sîaⁿ kháu kʉ́ jîn; tèng kʉ̀ jîn ău cĭu khʉ̀ kiaⁿ sîaⁿ kháu cìn sʉ̆; tèng cìn sʉ̆ ău cĭu khʉ̀ tōiⁿ chì, tōiⁿ chì ău īu khʉ̀ chîo kháu, cĭu tíam hâng lîm. 3 thông seng saⁿ nî nɵ̆ chʉ̀ khʉ̀ hú sîaⁿ kháu sìu châi. 4 kháu kʉ́ jîn, kháu cìn sʉ̆ kháu hâng lîm sĭ saⁿ nî cêk chʉ̀. 5 úa thóiⁿ cí kĭaⁿ sʉ̄ i sĭ kù ì cɵ̀ kâi. lûi siaⁿ phek lêk. 6 lʉ́ míen ēng hŵn lɵ́. 7 i sĭ bû sût kâi nâng. 8 i sĭ îang mīn khʉ̀ cɵ̀. 9 tâng sin; tâng ki; thóiⁿ sìaⁿ phûa; lɵ̂h sîn phûa. 10 hŭam ŏi ûah kâi mûeh cêk ē kú nî cĭu tɵ ŏi sêng io cia. 11 ēng mûeh m̄ hɵ́ khah chia chí. 12 cí kâi tău lí sĭm sĭ àu mĭo. 13 mài thèng siet tôk i.

1 I see that your mother's idea is that she is aggrieved; go and expostulate with her. 2 After taking the first degree one goes to the provincial city and is examined for the second degree; then to Peking, for the third; then to the palace, and afterwrdafterward [sic] before the Court for examination for the fourth and highest. 3 Students go twice in three years to the Hu city examinations. 4 Examinations for the second third and fourth degrees are held once in three years. 5 I consider him very obstinate about this thing. Clap of thunder. 6 You need not be sad. 7 He is a wizard. 8 He did it openly. 9 A person supposed to be possesed by a god. 10 All living things when they once become aged, may become fairies; or many of them may. 11 You should not be too lavish. 12 This doctrine is very deep. 13 Do not thoughtlessly desecrate it.


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 purpose, such conscientious and voluntary payment may sometimes be expected. It is not peculiar to the people of Hamburg.

The canton of Underwald in Switzerland is frequently ravaged by storms and inundations, and it is thereby exposed to extraordinary expenses. Upon such occasions the people assemble, and every one is said to declare with the greatest frankness what he is worth, in order to be taxed accordingly. At Zurich the law orders that, in cases of necessity, every one should be taxed in proportion to his revenue, the amount of which he is obliged to declare upon oath. They have no suspicion, it is said, that any of their fellow citizens will deceive them. At Basel the principal revenue of the State arises from a small custom upon goods exported. All the citizens make oath that they will pay every three months all the taxes imposed by the law. All merchants and even all innkeepers are trusted with keeping themselves the account of the goods which they sell either within or without the territory. At the end of every three months they send this account to the treasurer, with the amount of the tax computed at the bottom of it. It is not suspected that the revenue suffers by this confidence.

To oblige every citizen to declare publicly upon oath the amount of his fortune must not, it seems, in those Swiss cantons, be reckoned a hardship. At Hamburg it would be reckoned the greatest. Merchants engaged in the hazardous projects of trade, all tremble at the thoughts of being obliged at all times to expose the real state of their circumstances. The ruin of their credit and the mis-


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24. Change of Color with Change of Particle Size. , E. I. duPont de Nemours and Company.

The previously developed theories of the change in the three attributes of surface color, which accompany a change in size of pigment particles, have been elaborated and corrected, and have been tested by application to a great many cases observed in the laboratory and found in the literature. Excellent agreement of the theory with the facts is found. The chief color changes are: (1) the increase in lightness due to decreased absorption by particles of decreasing size; (2) the dulling due to the greater surface reflection of light not absorbed; and (3) certain hue changes predictable from the changes with increased subdivision of particles, or with decreased thickness of absorbing layer, known to occur in the absorption or transmission curves of solutions of corresponding color. The hue changes are describable as those resulting from the assumption that most of the reflected light from pigment surfaces is due to light transmitted through the particles; and they are in the direction corresponding to decreased absorption in the wave-length region of the characteristic maximum absorption, as the particle size decreases. It is further found that, roughly speaking, subdivision of the particles has the same effect on the hue as admixture of black or white pigment to the chromatic one, or changing from oil film or wet pigment to dry powder in air, except that, especially on addition of certain white pigments, a blue-violet component due to scattering of light by very small particles is blended with the main component of the reflected light.

25. A New Polarimeter Using Sheet Polarizing Elements. , Spencer Lens Company.

A new polarimeter will be described which employs Polaroid material in the polarizer and analyzer. A narrow strip is superimposed on a large disk of this material to form a three-part field in the polarizer. This, like the Lippich half-shade device, can be set to a selected sensitivity and can be used with light of any wave-length. The analyzer contains a disk of Polaroid material which is mounted in a cone bearing and is controlled by a worm gear and worm. The position of the analyzer can be read to 0.1 degree by reference to a graduated drum on the worm shaft. Sample tubes 200 mm long and shorter can be accommodated. In an instrument of this grade, sheet polarizing material offers many advantages. The end point device is simple, easy to mount and to adjust. The glass plates between which the Polaroid sheeting is laminated serve also as splash plates. In the material selected, the polarization is practically complete through the middle of the visible spectrum and is still adequate near the limits of visibility. If one attempts to match the fields when the instrument is illuminated with white light a residual color difference is evident. Because of the rotatory dispersion of the sample it is useless to attempt measurements under these conditions with any polarimeter. When the instrument is used with monochromatic light these color differences disappear. The use of an orange filter to modify the light from a tungsten lamp is common practice with simple polarimeters designed primarily to measure glucose and albumen in urine. In this application the rotatory dispersion has a small effect on the color of the field because the total rotation is so small (5°-10°). Nevertheless it is desirable to supply a filter which will control the wave-length limits of the transmitted band with sufficient accuracy to ensure that measurements made with this illumination will have the same values as reference measurements made with sodium light. A similar problem arises with filters designed to approximate the effect of other wave-lengths. Data on such filters will be presented.


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 afternoon, upon which chance had revealed to him the secret of his birth, had changed him from boy to man, and by them the early promise of beauty had been splendidly fulfilled. His features, while retaining their distinctively Hindu character, were now more strongly marked. The nose was straighter, the chin more firm, but the thin lips conveyed a suggestion of sensuality, in spite of the rigid asceticism of their lines. His head, under its close covering of fine, black hair, was small and shapely, lending to him a delusive air of stature. His hands and feet, too, were small, bearing testimony, as did every part of him, to the high-caste blood that ran in his veins. He moved as move the wild things of the forest—every motion graceful, clean, and sure, eloquent of the immense reserve of force that freed it from all trace of effort.

Almost nude, bronze-tinted, statuesque, magnificently developed by the unremitting toil which, as yet, was making, not breaking, his manhood, he stood there in the transparent darkness of the moonlight as perfectly fashioned a young animal as ever humanity had bred. Nature herself had stamped him with the seal of the great ruling caste; yet no Brahman's wafer was on his forehead, his body was clothed in a single coarse garment, the palms of his hands were roughened by constant labour, and he himself, an unconsidered unit in a host of toilers, had been until that night a serf and a hewer of stone.


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 Fate had decreed that his days should be spent among the casteless folk, who were as driven cattle before their Brahman lords; but from that day, long ago, when the water had whispered its secret to his childish ears, he had hugged to his heart a dear, inspiring conviction. In that hour he had been aware of something that stirred within him and matched that which the reflection of his features had revealed—the soul of the Dominant Race moving, like a babe in the womb, in the heart and brain of this its unacknowledged son. An excitement of pride and of delight, a sudden, new, strange sense of power—of latent force, of potential greatness—had shaken the boy with long-drawn passionate throbs; and thereafter the knowledge that he was not as other toilers in the dust had sustained and uplifted him. To his fellows life was bereft of hope. It stretched away before them, an endless vista of monotony and labour, till it lost itself at last in the smoke of the burning-ghats. But to Chun it was full of promise. The days through which he was living were merely a period of trial, of probation. Fortified by the conviction, which he cherished with so triumphant a certainty, and hid from his fellows with so jealous a care, he could make terms with the unendurable. The pains and troubles of the moment were powerless to oppress the spirit of one who lived, not for the present, but for the future. When the appointed hour should strike, he would slough his pretended inferiority,


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 as a snake sheds its worn-out skin, and would suddenly blaze forth, before the eyes of those who had known him for one casteless like themselves, a demigod confessed.

In anticipation of that hour he prepared himself with a diligence and resolution that never slackened. With the aid of old Slat, the wise man, he acquired a knowledge of the sacred script, such as was rarely possessed by men of his supposed estate; and he had even made a little acquaintance with the holy, forbidden books. And the ease wherewith he had gotten this lore had itself been full of wonderful surprises. It had been as though he remembered, rather than learned—remembered things half forgotten and now recalled to memory. Once more it was the Brahman blood astir in his brain, bringing with it that pulsing sense of power.

Secretly, too, he had performed a thousand acts of purification, the better to fit himself for the moment, when, as he surely believed, he should be received back into caste by the demigods, his brethren. While he awaited the dawning of that day, he herded with the dull masses of his fellows, and with them prostrated himself before the priest-princes, the offspring of those who, in the beginning, sprang from the mouth of Purusha, the Fount of the Universe, the eternal Soul of Things. But always he felt that he, in truth, belonged to the number of the adored, not to the adorers; and already, almost unconsciously, he lorded it over the latter, less by virtue of his


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 thews and sinews, than by the magic force of mind.

Thus, through childhood on into early manhood, the secret of his divinity had been to Chun a wondrous spinner of dreams. How good life was—to taste, to smell, to touch—while these great visions made of it a fairy tale that yet was true!

Breathlessly he had awaited the time when, having come to man's estate, he should put the faith that was in him to its final, supreme test—the test that lay ever ready to his hand. But when at last he knew himself free to act, he was long restrained by fears and hesitations. The dream was in itself so beautiful that he feared to shatter it. MoreverMoreover [sic], the awful punishment of failure terrorised his imagination.

In the angle formed by the causeway and the western extremity of the great basic platform of the Wat, a tank held its clear waters within massive walls of stone, wonderfully carved. This was the bathing-place sacred to the use of those demigods who performed the offices of their religion within the temple. Only a Brahman might lave himself here, and for one of the low-caste folk to dip in it so much as a finger-tip was untold pollution and defilement. Also it was known to all men that, save for the twice-born, these waters were a flaming death—that they would peel and strip the flesh from off the bones of the impious one who dared to let his unclean hand so much as brush their surface. Folk


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 drew away from them shuddering, as from a boiling caldron, and there were living even then in Angkor one or two wrecked and mangled wretches who, in a moment of folly, had set at defiance the universal belief.

For months Chun had been haunted and obsessed by the thought of that placid pool, in which there lurked, perhaps, a dreadful death. Again and again those calm waters, so tranquil in their massive confinement beneath the star-set sky, had drawn him to themselves with a compelling, magnetic attraction again and again, his young blood rebelling against the peril in its fierce love of life, he had recoiled, terror-stricken and ashamed. Death, fearful, unspeakably agonising—death in this life and in all future lives—glared at him from those still depths. Though his faith in his godhead was so firmly rooted in him as to have become an integral part of his being, yet was the risk appalling. He clung to the dream, longed hungrily for the reality, but still was held a prisoner by his fears.

And now to-night, at last, desire had won the mastery; and with bursting heart and throbbing veins, he had nerved himself for the worst that might befall, had drawn his muscles taut to resist the threatened agony, had closed his eyes, and with a great outcry to the Gods, had leaped.

The surprise, that yet was no surprise; the sudden release from the tense, agonising suspense; the wild triumph that flared up in him like


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And such music ascends to heaven every day out of the harmonious movements of Prudentia's existence.

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Rh  ragements which may attend young Women in the Puruit of Learning. p. 25.  Containing uch grave Matter, that the Reader cannot laugh once through the whole Chapter, unles peradventure he hould laugh at the Author. p. 33.  A Dialogue between Medames Bridget and Deborah; containing more Amuement, but les Intruction than the former. p. 42.  Containing Matters which will urprize the Reader. p. 47.  The Hopitality of Allworthy; with a hort Sketch of the Characters of two Brothers, a Doctor, and a Captain, who were entertained by that Gentleman. p. 51.  Containing many Rules, and ome Examples, concerning falling in love: Decriptions


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 a roaring flame; the glad, intoxicating relief that had possessed him, as the waters broke cool and refreshing about his fevered body—had almost shocked him into insensibility; but instantly he had recovered, and had drunk his fill of the most magical of all elixirs—success snatched gloriously from the very teeth of death.

Later, lying on his back and gazing upward through the shadows of the night at the immense, brooding mass of the Wat, darker than the enveloping darkness, gradually there had stolen upon him, with a force never hitherto experienced, the tremendous conviction of his godhead. Like some celestial, healing balm it descended upon the soul of him, dowering him suddenly with a sense of ineffable peace; so calm was it, so certain, so strengthening and all-pervading. He glowed with a triumph which steadied and uplifted, while it filled and thrilled him. All his childlike faith awoke to add force and glory to the impression. It was as though the sacred waters, which were powerless to do him hurt, were breathing new virtue and vigour into him through every gaping pore. Almost could he hear the footfalls of the Deva, the Shining Ones—of Indra, Lord of the Air and of the Thunders—of Brahma, the universal, self-existing soul—of Atharvan, the Proto-Priest—passing out from the holy places, builded for their worship, to administer this unique baptism to him, the offspring of the Gods.

Long that vision held him; but in the end he


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 drew his body out of the water, and donned the coarse garment that was his daily wear. Then, a god confessed, he stood, godlike, on the flags of the big causeway, delighting in the strength and beauty of his young manhood, and in the glorious, strange world into which he had been new-born—the world which the god in him should presently shape to his will.

Slowly the moon was freeing itself from its escort of clouds. Before Chun, at the causeway's end, the wide stairway that leads upward to the main entrance of the cloisters lay heaped in shadow. On either side of it, dimly seen, great cobras, seven-headed, fashioned monstrously in stone, writhed into the darkness. Lions in strange postures, and hideous giants, resting immense, folded hands on grounded clubs, flanked them, vague and ghostly in the uncertain light. Above them, the long, uneven line of the cloisters' roof-ridge ran away and lost itself in the obscurity to right and left; and over it again uprose the solid bulk of the temple and the huge cones in which it culminated. Every moment the strength of the moonlight increased, touching tenderly the carved edges of the towers, silvering the fretted stone-work, revealing hidden tints in moss and lichen, suggesting more than it disclosed, plunging great masses of the Wat into mystery and gloom. But the causeway, raised above the surrounding enclosure to a height of a dozen feet, was white, all white, with every rigid line of it clearly defined;


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 and the man, standing there alone upon it, with a long, black shadow extending over the flags behind him, became suddenly conspicuous.

He had forgotten prudence, forgotten the necessity for caution, for concealment. The intoxication that flooded his brain was of such overpowering potency that it left no space for the thoughts of every day. He, in his newfound divinity, forgot to fear mankind, or even his fellows, the demigods.

With a bell-like clink of bangles, a girl stepped suddenly from the shadows huddled about the stairway of the temple, placed soft fingers upon his arm and drew him into concealment. As she emerged from the darkness, and ere she again vanished into it, dragging him after her, Chun saw her, as in a flash, and took in the vision of her with a wonderful completeness.

She was very small and slender and beautifully formed, as though the Gods who fashioned her had taken joy in the exquisite perfection of their handiwork; and the slim symmetry of her figure was delicately revealed by the soft silk cloth which, draped across her breasts, and leaving the right shoulder nude, fell from waist to ankles. Her arms, bare, shapely, something over thin—little virginal arms—showed against that vesture like foam upon a wave. Chun was struck breathless by the extreme whiteness of her—the whiteness and the divine frailty.

The small, oval face, under its low, wise


text: Journal of the Optical Society of America/Volume 30/Issue 12/Proceedings of the Twenty-Fifth Annual Meeting


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, was of an even transparent pallor. Her deep brown eyes looked out, with steady gaze, from beneath brows tenderly curved. Her lips, full and parted, lent to her face its single note of rich colour; but for all their fulness, they were firm, and from behind them peeped two tiny sharp teeth, shaped like the poison-fangs of a snake, which broke the evenness of their fellows. But her chiefest glory was her hair. It was very dark, with a marvellous deep shadow in it, such as falls at dusk in the secret places of the woods. Dry and soft, it waved back in two rounded billows from a natural parting on her forehead. The pallor of her face enhanced its beauty; its darkness etherialised the extreme whiteness of her; and the deep, grave eyes, glancing from beneath it, borrowed therefrom an added mystery.

Those eyes were bent upon Chun as she stepped toward him, scanning him closely, and as she touched his arm, they were of a sudden clouded, till their brown was almost black. For an instant the little pale face became fixed and rigid; and across it there swept a gust of some strange magic of the emotions, or, it might be, a subtle exhalation from the well-nigh obliterated memories of lives long passed. In that instant her face—the face of a child just budding into the maturity of girlhood—became the face of a Seer, infinitely old, wise beyond the limits of human wisdom, filled with unearthly knowledge of the mysteries of life and death, of the past


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 Gimel would not do, because Gemul, retribution, starts with it.

After the claims of all these letters had been disposed of, Bet stepped before the Holy One, blessed be He, and pleaded before Him: “O Lord of the world! May it be Thy will to create Thy world through me, seeing that all the dwellers in the world give praise daily unto Thee through me, as it is said, ‘Blessed be the Lord forever. Amen, and Amen’” The Holy One, blessed be He, at once granted the petition of Bet. He said, “Blessed be he that cometh in the name of the Lord.” And He created His world through Bet, as it is said, “Bereshit God created the heaven and the earth.”

The only letter that had refrained from urging its claims was the modest Alef, and God rewarded it later for its humility by giving it the first place in the Decalogue.”

On the first day of creation God produced ten things: the heavens and the earth, Tohu and Bohu, light and darkness, wind and water, the duration of the day and the duration of the night.

Though the heavens and the earth consist of entirely different elements, they were yet created as a unit, “like the pot and its cover.”

The heavens were fashioned from the light of God’s garment, and the earth from the snow under the Divine Throne. Tohu is a green band which encompasses the whole world, and dispenses darkness, and Bohu consists of stones in the abyss, the producers of the waters. The light created at the very beginning is not the same as the light emitted by the sun, the moon, and the stars, which


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 no evil end in view, if told that he has dealt a blow to a friend, or done a neighbor a wrong, would meet the charge, indignant and aghast. Yet the game goes on bravely from day to day! We all play it, quite innocent of malice; give a buffet to the flying tale to send it onward, half expiring with laughter at the quaint, fantastic shapes it assumes.

Without presuming to don the solemn robes of the social reformer, which might float with as little grace as the usurped lion's skin in the fable, may we not venture to suggest an antidote to the bane of this popular, death-dealing game? We fear it is one almost too simple to strike; yet simplest herbs have counteracted deadliest poisons. It lies in resolutely setting our faces against crediting any injurious rumor by the reflection that the story is, in all probability, an illustration of the marvellous metamorphoses wrought by that magical game of "scandal" which we, and all the world, are merrily playing.

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 and of the future; fateful, seeing in a single flash all the manifold mischance of sad humanity.

Chun marked the change with wonder but without surprise; for to him this was no woman, though the touch of her fingers was soft and warm upon his flesh. Through the glamour of her loveliness and the air of mystery that, like a vapour, seemed to cast a veil around her, she shone forth for him an Incarnation of some Deva who, in this supreme moment of his emotional experience, had stepped down from her heaven to hallow his baptism. So deep-seated in the soul of him was this conviction that, forgetful of the pride and triumph of his own godhead, he sank at her feet in the shadows, prostrating himself, murmuring in the ancient tongue broken words of praise, of supplication, of gratitude.

Thus, from the first moment of their meeting, Chun knelt to her, his divinity—was on his knees before her in worship of her beauty, of her mystery, of the compelling magic that was hers. There were times through which he was yet to live, when he was to rise up to leave her, curbing his wrath lest he should lay violent hands upon her, and drag her in the dust into which she had stamped him. But ever the real Chun, as now in the beginning, was on his knees at her feet in an eternal agony of adoration.

A musical ripple of laughter sounded above him in the darkness; and squatting on the flags, Chun raised his head and looked at her. She


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 was convulsed with merriment, the slim figure shaking till all her bangles were chiming to her laugh. For a moment she could not find breath for speech.

"A Deva! I!" she gasped. "An Incarnation of the Shining Ones!"

There was bitter derision in her tones; and then, of a sudden, she was grave, and to her eyes and face that strange look of age returned.

"And yet " she said presently, as-though she were speaking, not to Chun, but to herself. "And yet who knows? Which of us can guess what we are, or whence we come, or why? I am that which I am; but even to me—to me, perhaps beyond the common lot-at times far-off voices have whispered. They make themselves heard in the stillness, in the hush of the night. They murmur of  I know not what—shadowy memories of lives long passed. Or are they only dreams—dear, impossible dreams?"

Chun rose quickly to his feet, towering above her in the half light. He knew now that his imagination had betrayed him, and that the girl at his side was no Deva, but a woman fashioned of warm flesh and blood. The reaction from the pitch of intensity to which a moment before his emotions had been tuned was abrupt and stunning as a blow; yet he was still exalted by the consciousness that at last his godhead had been proved. That knowledge warmed his heart, soothed and stimulated his soul, satisfied his every ambition, fulfilled his wildest hopes.


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 But the perfection of his triumph, he dimly felt, was somehow marred by the presence of this girl. She aroused the man in him, appealing strongly to his passions, and in that hour he would fain have been only a god.

Yet somewhere, deep down in him, there was set stirring a secret, intimate joy that she was no Deva, but a woman, and that he, though a demigod, was still a man.


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 divine. Especially "sweet are the uses of Adversity" to such temperaments, and on them the very greatest blessing we can invoke is "May a heavy, but chastening misfortune, fall quickly upon their heads!"

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Italicized "B"s
I'm not sure what to do about the italicized "B"s in the second paragraph. They are consistent with each other, but I haven't seen similar formatting elsewhere. For now, I'm ignoring them. Dave314159 (talk) 15:01, 3 March 2024 (UTC)


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 the latter is at four shillings in the pound, the former may be at four shillings in the pound too. The tax at Hamburg, and the still more moderate taxes of Underwald and Zurich, are meant, in the same manner, to be taxes, not upon the capital, but upon the interest or net revenue of stock. That of Holland was meant to be a tax upon the capital.

some countries extraordinary taxes are imposed upon the profits of stock; sometimes when employed in particular branches of trade, and sometimes when employed in agriculture.

Of the former kind are in England the tax upon hawkers and pedlerspeddlers [sic], that upon hackney coaches and chairs, and that which the keepers of alehouses pay for a license to retail ale and spirituous liquors. During the late war, another tax of the same kind was proposed upon shops. The war having been undertaken, it was said, in defence of the trade of the country, the merchants, who were to profit by it, ought to contribute toward the support of it.

A tax, however, upon the profits of stock employed in any particular branch of trade, can never fall finally upon the dealers (who must in all ordinary cases have their reasonable profit, and, where the competition is free, can seldom have more than that profit), but always upon the consumers, who must be obliged to pay in the price of the goods the tax which the dealer advances; and generally with some overcharge.

A tax of this kind when it is proportioned to the trade of the dealer, is finally paid by the consumer, and occasions no oppression to the dealer. When it is not so pro-


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The temperature distribution in the air is known to have a significant impact under various circumstances on the propagation of sound waves. To present a theoretical explanation of this phenomenon, I outlined in an article published in the Scientific Notes of the Kazan University the derivation of the differential equations for small fluctuations in unevenly heated air mass, neglecting in these equations not only the terms proportional to the squares of the velocities, but also those that are proportional to the square of the oscillation time. Currently, I am convinced that the assumption of small oscillation times, firstly, does not seem necessary for the derivation of the mentioned differential equations, and secondly, it is in contradiction with some other assumptions. Having corrected this mistake and discarded the idea of


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 portioned, but is the same upon all dealers, though in this case, too, it is finally paid by the consumer, yet it favors the great, and occasions some oppression to the small dealer. The tax of five shillings a week upon every hackney coach, and that of ten shillings a year upon every hackney chair, so far as it is advanced by the different keepers of such coaches and chairs, is exactly enough proportioned to the extent of their respective dealings. It neither favors the great, nor oppresses the smaller dealer. The tax of twenty shillings a year for a license to sell ale; of forty shillings for a license to sell spirituous liquors; and of forty shillings more for a license to sell wine, being the same upon all retailers, must necessarily give some advantage to the great, and occasion some oppression to the small dealers. The former must find it more easy to get back the tax in the price of their goods than the latter. The moderation of the tax, however, renders this inequality of less importance, and it may to many people appear not improper to give some discouragement to the multiplication of little alehouses. The tax upon shops, it was intended, should be the same upon all shops. It could not well have been otherwise. It would have been impossible to proportion with tolerable exactness the tax upon a shop to the extent of the trade carried on in it, without such an inquisition as would have been altogether insupportable in a free country. If the tax had been considerable, it would have oppressed the small, and forced almost the whole retail trade into the hands of the great dealers. The competition of the former being taken away, the latter would have enjoyed a monopoly of the trade; and like all other monopolists would soon have combined to raise their profits much beyond what was necessary for the payment of the tax. The final payment,


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 instead of falling upon the shopkeeper, would have fallen upon the consumer, with a considerable overcharge to the profit of the shopkeeper. For these reasons, the project of a tax upon shops was laid aside, and in the room of it was substituted the subsidy of 1759.

What in France is called the personal taille is, perhaps, the most important tax upon the profits of stock employed in agriculture that is levied in any part of Europe.

In the disorderly state of Europe during the prevalence of the feudal government, the sovereign was obliged to content himself with taxing those who were too weak to refuse to pay taxes. The great lords, though willing to assist him upon particular emergencies, refused to subject themselves to any constant tax, and he was not strong enough to force them. The occupiers of land all over Europe were, the greater part of them, originally bondmen. Through the greater part of Europe they were gradually emancipated. Some of them acquired the property of landed estates which they held by some base or ignoble tenure, sometimes under the king, and sometimes under some other great lord, like the ancient copyholders of England. Others, without acquiring the property, obtained leases for terms of years, of the lands which they occupied under their lord, and thus became less dependent upon him. The great lords seem to have beheld the degree of prosperity and independence, which this inferior order of men had thus come to enjoy, with a malignant and contemptuous indignation, and willingly consented that the sovereign should tax them. In some countries this tax was confined to the lands which were held in property by an ignoble tenure; and, in this case, the taille was said to be real. The land tax established by the late king of Sardinia, and the taille in the


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 with white men's methods. Twice that day his attention had been very pointedly called to this deserted sailing-boat, once by an old crone who was selling sweet stuff from door to door, and once by a young chief who had stopped to speak to him while passing up the street of the native town. By both a reference had been made to the moonrise and to a "precious thing," visible only to one who dared to go in search of it unattended; and though these hints had been dropped, as it were, by accideut, they sufficed to show the white man that something was to be learned, seen, or experienced by one who chose to visit the sailing-boat at the hour of the moon's rising.

The Malays who were with him feared a trap, and implored him not to go alone; but the white man felt certain that if any of his people accompanied him, his trouble would be in vain. Moreover, he had an appetite for adventure and could in no case afford to let his friends or his enemies think that he was afraid. The man who, dwelling alone among Malays in an unsettled country, shows the slightest trace of fear, is apt thereby to sign his own death warrant, while one who is believed by them to be "spoiling for a fight" is usually the last to be attacked; for no people are more susceptible to bluff, and given a truculent demeanour and a sufficiency of bravado, a coward may pass for a brave man in many a Malayan state.

The decks of the boat were wet with dew and drizzle, and she smelt abominably of the ancient fish cargoes which she had carried before she was


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 beached. A light rain was falling, and the white man crept along the side until he reached the stern, which was covered by a roofing of rotten palm-leaf mats. Then he squatted down, rolled a cigarette, and awaited developments.

Presently the soft splash, whisp—splash, whisp of a single paddle came to his ear, and a moment later he heard the sound of a canoe bumping gently against the side of the sailing-boat. Next a girl's figure appeared, standing erect on the vessel's low bulwarks. She called softly, inquiring whether any one was on board, and the white man answered her with equal caution. She then turned and whispered to some unseen person in a boat moored alongside, and after some seconds she came toward the white man.

"There is one yonder who would speak with thee, Tûan," she said, "but he cannot climb over the ship's side. He is like one who is dead, unless others lift him, how can he move? Will the Tûan, therefore, aid him to ascend into the ship?"

The white man loosened his revolver in its holster, covertly, that the girl might not see, and stepped cautiously to the spot where the boat appeared to be moored, for now he, too, began to fear a trap. What he saw over the side reassured him. The dug-out was of the smallest, and it had only one occupant, a man who, even in the dim moonlight, showed the sharp angles of his bones. The white man let himself down into the canoe, and aided by the girl, he lifted her companion on board. He was in the last stages of emaciation, shrunken and drawn beyond


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 Entered according to act af Congress, in the year 1870, by THOMAS W. KNOX, in the office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington.

The proper steps have been taken to secure a copyright in Great Britain, and all infringements will be prosecuted.

The right of translation is reserved.


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 belief, and the skin was stretched across his hollow checks like the goat hide on a drum face.

Painfully and very slowly he crept aft, going on all fours like some crippled animal, until he had reached the shelter in the stern. The girl and the white man followed, and they all three squatted down on the creaking bamboo decking. The man sat all of a heap, moaning at short intervals, as Malays moan when the fever holds them. The girl sat unconcernedly preparing a quid of betel nut, and the white man inhaled his cigarette and wailed for them to speak. He was trying to get the hang of the business, and to guess what had caused two people, whom he did not know, to seek an interview with him with so much secrecy and precaution in this weird place and at such an untimely hour.

The girl, the moonlight showed him, was pretty, She had a small, perfectly shaped head, a wide, smooth forehead, abundant hair, bright, laughing eyes, with eyebrows arched and well defined—"like the artificial spur of a game-cock," as the Malay simile has it—and the dainty hands and feet which are so common among well-born Malayan women. The man, on the contrary, was a revolting object. His shrunken and misshappen body, his features distorted by perpetual twitchings, his taut and pallid skin, and his air of abject degradation were violently repellent. Looking at him, the white man was moved by the feeling which is pity driven to desperation—the instinctive impulse to hustle the creature out of sight, or to put it out of its misery once for all—so


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 abominable was the humiliation of its broken manhood.

Presently the girl glanced up at the white man.

"The Tûan knows Âwang Îtam?" she inquired.

Yes, the white man knew him well by sight, and had spoken with him on many occasions. He had not, however, seen him for many months.

"This is he," said the girl, indicating the crippled wretch who sat rocking and moaning by her side; and her words administered as sharp a shock to the white man as though she had smitten him across the face.

Âwang Îtam, when he had last seen him, had been one of the smartest and best favoured of the “King's Youths," a fine, clean-limbed, upstanding youngster, dressed wonderfully in an extravagantly peaked kerchief and brilliant garments of many-coloured silks, and armed to the teeth with Malayan weapons of beautiful workmanship. Among the crowd of lads who strutted like peacocks, and looked upon life as a splendid game in which love affairs were the cards and danger the counters, he had been preëminent for his swagger, his daring, and his successes. What had befallen him to work in him so appalling a transformation in the space of a few months? It was for the purpose of revealing this secret to the while man, in the hope that thereby a tardy retribution might overtake his oppressors, that he and Bêdah had sought this stolen interview.

In every independent Malay state the bûdak râja, or "King's Youths," are an established


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. They are a band of vainglorious young fighting men, recruited from the sons of nobles, chiefs, descendants of the Prophet Muhammad, and men belonging to the more well-to-do families. It is their business to watch over the person of the Sultan, to follow at his heels when he goes abroad, to paddle his boat, to join with him in the chase, to kill all who may chance to offend him, and incidentally to do a mort of evil in his name. Their principal aim in life is to win the fickle favour of their master, and having once gained it, freely to abuse the power thus secured. As the Malay proverb has it, "they carry their lord's work upon their heads, and their own under their arms"; and woe betide those, who are not themselves under the immediate protection of the king, with whom chance brings them in contact. At times they act as a sort of irregular police force, levying chantage from people detected in the commission of an offence; and when crime is scarce. it is their amiable practice to exact blackmail from wholly innocent individuals by threatening to accuse them of some ill deed unless their good will be purchased at their own price. There is, of course, no abomination which their master can require of them that they are not willing, nay, eager, to commit in his service; and no Malayau râja, in the old days, ever needed to ask twice in their hearing: "Will no man rid me of this turbulent priest?"

During the long, long hours which the Sultan spends among his women, the bûdak râja have to be in attendance in the courtyards of the palace or at the


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 gate of the royal enclosure. This affords them the abundant leisure which Malays so dearly love, and hey while away the time by loafing and gossiping, by playing games of chance, by betting on the spinning of tops, on the number of seeds in a mangosteen, or on the power of resistance possessed by rival nuts of the kind called bûah kras; they sing a little, sleep a good deal, conceal their own, and speculate luridly upon their neighbours' private intimacies, and for the rest, are quite idle, dissolute, and happy. It is unnecessary to add that they are greatly feared by the peasants and immensely admired by the generality of the female population, for they are as reckless, as unscrupulous, as immoral, and withal as gayly dressed and as well born a gang of young truculents as ever preyed upon a defenceless people, or made open love to their wives and daughters.

More or less insecurely imprisoned within the palace precinets there abides also yet another set of bûdak râja—"a monstrous regiment of women"—some of whom are the concubines, permanent or occasional, of the king, while the remainder are the companions, attendants, and serving-girls of the more directly favoured ladies. All of them, however, without distinction, are vowed to the royal service, and are supposed to lead a celibate existence. Now, according to the vernacular proverb, the desires of Malay women are as disproportionate as those of the sandfly, the minute insect which is said to have a standing wager that he will swallow a man whole; and, as yet another Malayan proverb has it, "the


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 provinces of Languedoc, Provence, Dauphiné, and Brittany; in the generality of Montauban, and in the elections of Agen and Condom, as well as in some other districts of France, are taxes upon lands held in property by an ignoble tenure. In other countries the tax was laid upon the supposed profits of all those who held in farm or lease lands belonging to other people, whatever might be the tenure by which the proprietor held them; and in this case the taille was said to be personal. In the greater part of these provinces of France, which are called the Countries of Elections, the taille is of this kind. The real taille, as it is imposed only upon a part of the lands of the country, is necessarily an unequal, but it is not always an arbitrary tax, though it is so upon some occasions. The personal taille, as it is intended to be proportioned to the profits of a certain class of people, which can only be guessed at, is necessarily both arbitrary and unequal.

In France the personal taille at present (1775) annually imposed upon the twenty generalities, called the Countries of Elections, amounts to 40,107,239 livres 16 sous. The proportion in which this sum is assessed upon those different provinces, varies from year to year, according to the reports which are made to the king's council concerning the goodness or badness of the crops, as well as other circumstances, which may either increase or diminish their respective abilities to pay. Each generality is divided into a certain number of elections, and the proportion in which the sum imposed upon the whole generality is divided among those different elections, varies likewise from year to year, according to the reports made to the council concerning their respective abilities. It seems impossible that the council,


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 cat and the roast, the tinder and the spark, and a boy and a girl are ill to keep asunder." Given, then, as the main components of a Malay court, a band of lusty young roisterers, separated from a hundred or more of equally idle young women by nothing more substantial than a few bamboo fences, and such like frail obstructions, and the resulting happenings can be more decorously left to the imagination than indicated in even the broadest outline. The question of marriage rarely arises, for it is only very infrequently that a râja can bring himself to dispose in this fashion of any of the female inmates of his numerous households. Therefore, all love affairs have to be conducted with the utmost stealth and secrecy; the atmosphere of the court is pungent with perennial immorality and intrigue; and the sordidness of it all is only redeemed by the fact that errant man and maid alike go from day to day in imminent danger of torture and death. These are the penalties of discovery.

Nevertheless, the majority of the intrigues carried on by the palace women with the men of the court become sooner or later more or less notorious. The inordinate vanity of the women largely contributes to this, for they pride themselves upon the number and upon the recklessness of their lovers. When torn by jealousy or spite, or by a desire to be avenged upon a faithless wooer, a girl is often enough moved to betray the secret she shares with him, regardless of the consequences to herself. Moreover, it is a point of honour with the palace women to exact


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 love tokens from their admirers, and thereafter to display them to their envious companions; and even the men are frequently guilty of similar indiscretions. Usually the Sultan himself is the last person to learn what is going forward, for though there are many people at a Malayan court who are eager to curry favour with him by telling tales of their neighbours, the man who does so must himself be without sin or damaging secret of his own, and such innocents are passing rare.

Âwang Îtam had served the Sultan for several years as one of the bûdak râja, but, his immediate chief was Saiyid Usman, a youngster who was also one of the King's Youths, and was usually spoken of as Tûan Bângau. Âwang had been boru and bred in the household of which Tûan Bângau's father was the head; and, though in accordance with the immutable Malayan custom, he always addressed him as "Your Highness," and used the term "your servant" in lieu of the personal pronoun, when alluding lo himself, the relations subsisting between him and his chief more nearly resembled those of two brothers than any which we regard as customary between master and man. They had been born within a week or two of one another; had crawled about the floor of the women's apartments in company until they were old enough to run wild in the open air; they had learned to play pôrok and tûju lûbang, and all the games known to Malay childhood, still in company; they had splashed about in the river together, cooling their little brown bodies in the running water: they


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 had often eaten from the same plate, and slept side by side upon the same mat spread in the veranda, Later, they had been circumcised upon the same day, and having thus entered upon man's estate, they had together begun to participate in the life of dissipation which every boy, bred in the neighbourhood of a Malayan court, regards as his birthright.

Both had been duly entered as members of the Sultan's bodyguard, and they had quickly proved themselves to be not the least reckless or truculent of that redoubtable crew. They were an uncommonly good-looking pair of boys, and many were the girls in the palace, and in the town that lay around it, who cast inviting glances in their direction Tûan Bângau availed himself to the full of his opportunities, but Âwang had no taste for casual love-affairs, for he had conceived an overwhelming passion for a girl who chanced to be a jâmah-jâmah-an, or occasional concubine, of the Sultan, and who, being somewhat puffed up by the majesty of her position, was leading for the moment a life of almost aggressive propriety. She was none the less fully aware of the state of Awang's feelings, and was not averse from affording him an occasional glimpse of the charms which had reduced him to so abject a condition. On his part, he was forever trying to have sight of her, and Tûan Bângau did his best to help him, but it was a tantalizing and unsatisfying business at the best. It was an evil day for both, however, when as they swaggered past the palace fence, intent upon stealing a peep at the girl, they


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 with the best intentions, can ever proportion with tolerable exactness, either of those two assessments to the real abilities of the province or district upon which they are respectively laid. Ignorance and misinformation must always, more or less, mislead the most upright council. The proportion which each parish ought to support of what is assessed upon the whole election, and that which each individual ought to support of what is assessed upon his particular parish, are both in the same manner varied, from year to year, according as circumstances are supposed to require. These circumstances are judged of, in the one case, by the officers of the election; in the other by those of the parish; and both the one and the other are, more or less, under the direction and influence of the intendant. Not only ignorance and misinformation, but friendship, party animosity, and private resentment, are said frequently to mislead such assessors. No man subject to such a tax, it is evident, can ever be certain, before he is assessed, of what he is to pay. He cannot even be certain after he is assessed. If any person has been taxed who ought to have been exempted; or if any person has been taxed beyond his proportion, though both must pay in the meantime, yet if they complain, and make good their complaints, the whole parish is reimposed next year in order to reimburse them. If any of the contributors become bankrupt or insolvent, the collector is obliged to advance his tax, and the whole parish is reimposed next year in order to reimburse the collector. If the collector himself should become bankrupt, the parish which elects him must answer for his conduct to the receiver-general of the election. But, as it might be troublesome for the receiver to prosecute the whole parish, he takes at his choice five or six of the richest contributors, and obliges


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 were seen by Tŭngku Ûteh, the Sultan's only daughter by a royal mother, to whose household the jâmah-jâmah-an belonged. There was a saying current at the court, that Tungku Ûteh resembled a pôlong—a familiar spirit—not physically, for she was fairly well favoured, but in her capacity to devour and ruin. Her father guarded her jealously, for she had been recently married to the ruler of a neighbouring state, and his honour was involved; but public report said that her ingenuity was more than a match for his vigilencevigilance [sic], and from time to time some prominent person in the community would precipitately fly the country, and presently the whisper would spread that he had been added to the tale of the prince victims. Such a disappearance had very recently taken place, wherefore, for the moment, her affections were disengaged, and so it chanced that she looked with the eyes of desire at the young and handsome Saiyid.

In the East, love affairs develop quickly; and that very day Âwang Îtam again saw Îang Mûnah—the girl whom he had loved so long and so hopelessly—and by the flash of an eyelid was apprized that she had that to tell him which it concerned him to hear. When two people are set upon securing a secret interview, many difficulties may be overcome; and that evening Âwang whispered to Tûan Bângau that "the moon was about to fall into his lap."

The Saiyid laughed.

"I dreamed not long since," he said, "that bitten by a very venomous snake," and Âwang laughed too, for he knew that his friend was ripe for


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 SIR THOMAS BROWNE'S WORKS,

VOLUME THE THIRD,

CONTAINING

VOLUME THE THIRD,


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 any adventure, and upon that his own chances of happiness now depended.

To dream of a snake bite, among any of the people of the Far East, is held to signify that ere long the dreamer will receive lavish favours from some lady of exalted rank or surpassing beauty. The more venomous the snake, the brighter, it is believed, will be the qualities with which the dreamer's future mistress is endowed. Tûan Bângau had probably not failed to note the love glances bestowed upon him by the princess, and these, coupled with his dream, supplied him with a key to the situation.

His position in the matter was rather curious. He did not desire Tŭngku Ûteh for herself; she was his monarch's daughter, and the wife of a royal husband; and his duty and his interest alike forbade him to accept her advances. He knew that if his intrigue were to be discovered, he would be a ruined, if not a dead man; and he was, moreover, at this time very genuinely in love with another girl, whom he had recently married. In spite of all these considerations, however, the princess's overtures were, in his eyes, a challenge to his manhood which his code of honour made it impossible for him to refuse. The extreme danger of the business was, in a fashion, its supreme attraction. To evade it, upon no matter what pretext, was to play the poltroon, and on this point no self-respecting Malay, brought up in the poisonous moral atmosphere of an independent state, could admit of any other opinion.

And in this affair there were intrigues within


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Rh changed two things: the applicant’s sex and her trait of failing to conform to 1950s gender roles. The “simple test” thus overlooks that it is really the applicant’s bucking of 1950s gender roles, not her sex, doing the work. So we need to hold that second trait constant: Instead of comparing the disappointed female applicant to a man who applied for the same position, the employer would say, we should compare her to a man who applied to be a secretary. And because that jobseeker would be refused too, this must not be sex discrimination.

No one thinks that, so the employers must scramble to justify deploying a stricter causation test for use only in cases involving discrimination based on sexual orientation or transgender status. Such a rule would create a curious discontinuity in our case law, to put it mildly. Employer hires based on sexual stereotypes? Simple test. Employer sets pension contributions based on sex? Simple test. Employer fires men who do not behave in a sufficiently masculine way around the office? Simple test. But when that same employer discriminates against women who are attracted to women, or persons identified at birth as women who later identify as men, we suddenly roll out a new and more rigorous standard? Why are these reasons for taking sex into account different from all the rest? Title VII’s text can offer no answer.

Ultimately, the employers are forced to abandon the statutory text and precedent altogether and appeal to assumptions and policy. Most pointedly, they contend that few in 1964 would have expected Title VII to apply to discrimination against homosexual and transgender persons. And whatever the text and our precedent indicate, they say, shouldn’t this fact cause us to pause before recognizing liability?

It might be tempting to reject this argument out of hand.


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. Îang Mûnah, who was acting as go-between for her mistress with the Saiyid, was to have her love passages with Awang Itam in comfort and security, without incurring any penalties therefor, and was moreover to have the princess's support in her candidature to become a permanent, and not a merely casual concubine of that young lady's father. Âwang Îtam would accompany his friend on his nocturnal visits to the palace, and while Tûan Bângau wooed the princess, her handmaiden would give herself to him, and thus the desire of his heart would at length be fulfilled. Eagerly he wooed his friend on Tŭngku Ûteh's behalf, and of the twain it was he who was the impassioned lover when together the two young men stole into the palace at the noon of the night.

They effected their entrance by a way known to few, the secret of which had been conveyed to them from the princess, through lang Münah; and they left by the same means before the breaking of the dawn, passing by a circuitous route to their quarters in the guardhouse, while all the town still slumbered.

For more than a month they paid their secret visits unobserved by any save those whom they sought, and by an old crone, who unbarred the door for them to enter; but one night, toward the end of that time, they narrowly escaped detection. The Sultan, like many Malay râjas, kept curious hours. The distinction between night and day had for him light or darkness, exactly when the fancy took him:


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 them to make good what had been lost by the insolvency of the collector. The parish is afterward reimposed in order to reimburse those five or six. Such reimpositions are always over and above the taille of the particular year in which they are laid on.

When a tax is imposed upon the profits of stock in a particular branch of trade, the traders are all careful to bring no more goods to market than what they can sell at a price sufficient to reimburse them for advancing the tax. Some of them withdraw a part of their stocks from the trade, and the market is more sparingly supplied than before. The price of the goods rises, and the final payment of the tax falls upon the consumer. But when a tax is imposed upon the profits of stock employed in agriculture, it is not the interest of the farmers to withdraw any part of their stock from that employment. Each farmer occupies a certain quantity of land, for which he pays rent. For the proper cultivation of this land a certain quantity of stock is necessary; and by withdrawing any part of this necessary quantity, the farmer is not likely to be more able to pay either the rent or the tax. In order to pay the tax, it can never be his interest to diminish the quantity of his produce, nor consequently to supply the market more sparingly than before. The tax, therefore, will never enable him to raise the price of his produce, so as to reimburse himself by throwing the final payment upon the consumer. The farmer, however, must have his reasonable profit as well as every other dealer, otherwise he must give up the trade. After the imposition of a tax of this kind, he can get this reasonable profit only by paying less rent to the landlord. The more he is obliged to pay in the way of tax, the less he can afford to pay in the way of rent.


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 and occasionally, when having gone to rest at noon, he awoke at midnight, he would go for a solitary prowl round the palace precincts, pouncing upon ill-doers like a roaming beast of prey. It thus chanced that he lighted upon Tûan Bângau and Âwang Îtam, just as they were quitting the princess's compound; but they fled so swiftly through the darkness that he failed to discover their identity, and was equally unable to determine that of the women whom they had risked their lives to visit. It was a hair-erecting experience for all concerned, however, and for a space the meetings ceased.

But Tûngku Ûteh was finding in the intrigue a delightful relief to the general dullness of palace life, and she was not prepared to let it have so tame an ending. Tûan Bângau, on the other hand, would very willingly have broken off the connection, but Âwang Îtam was in this matter the princess's most ardent advocate, and a series of taunting message: from her speedily reduced the Saiyid to acquiescence. Greater precautions were now necessary, however, and the meetings no longer took place in the palace. Instead, the lovers passed the night in a shed, within the fence of the royal enclosure, which was ordinarily used for storing firewood.

Things had gone on in this way for some time, when Tûngku Ûteh began to weary of the lack of excitement attending the intrigue. Her secret had been kept so well that there was not a breath of scandal to titillate her vanity. She regarded Tûan Bângau as a lover to be proud of, and she itched to show her


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 entourage, the court world in general, and Tûan Bângau's wife in particular, that he had fallen a victim to her charms. To possess him in secret afforded her now only a pale satisfaction, and it never even occurred to her to consider his interests rather than her own whims. She knew, of course, that discovery would spell disaster, more or less complete, for him, and incidentally wouk deprive her of her lover; but for one of her adventuresome spirit, that was a loss which, in a Malay court, could be replaced without much difficulty, and since the intrigue must have an end, sooner or later, it was just as well, from her point of view, that it should conclude with a resounding explosion.

One morning, when the faint yellow of the dawn was beginning to show through the grayness low down in the east, and the thin smokelike clouds were hurrying across the sky from the direction of the sea, like great night birds winging their homeward way, Tûan Bângau awoke from sleep to find Tûngku Ûteh sitting beside him on their sleeping-mat, with his kris and girdle in her hands. She had taken them from his pillow while he slept, and no persuasions on his part could induce her to restore them to him, While he yet sought to coax her to return his property she leaped to her feet, and with a saucy laugh disappeared in the palace. Pursuit was, of course, impossible; and Tûan Bângau and Âwang Îtam made their way homeward with anxious hearts, knowing that now, indeed, their hour had come.

Once inside her own apartments. Tŭngku Ûtek


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 placed the kris ostentatiously upon the tall erection of ornamental pillows that adorned the head of her sleeping-mat, and then composed herself calmly to enjoy the tranquil slumber which in the west is erroneously supposed to be the peculiar privilege of the just. The dagger was famous throughout the country, and the identity of its owner was not, of course, for a moment in doubt. Tŭngku Ûteh could not have proclaimed the intrigue more resoundingly if she had shouted its every detail from the bilâl's minaret of the central mosque.

The Sultan's anger knew no bounds when he learned what had occurred, and physical violence was, of course, the only means of its expression, and of covering the shame which had been put upon him, that presented itself to his primitive and unoriginal mind. He found himself, however, in a position of considerable difficulty. He was anxious to avoid prejudicing his daughter's future with her kingly husband, who had already evinced a marked disinclination to transport her from her father's to his own pałace. As regards her, therefore, his hands were fettered; and her acute enjoyment of the situation, and the shameless levity with which she received his reproofs, combined to make his impotence well-nigh unendurably humiliating. Tûan Bângau, moreover, was a member of a very powerful clan, He was also a Saiyid, and the Sultan feared that the religious fanaticism of his people would he aroused if he openly punished with death a descendant of the Prophet. Besides, it was not easy to proceed against


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 him without involving Tŭngku Ûteh in the scandal. For the moment, therefore, he turned his thoughts to the other culprits. Âwang Îtam was overpowered that evening, on his way to the guardhouse, by a bevy of the King's Youths, was dragged into the palace, and thereafter all trace of him was lost for some months. The girl Îang Mûnah, all her bright dreams of permanent concubinehood scattered to the winds, was suspended by her thumbs from a roof beam, and was soused with water whenever she had the impudence to faint. The Sultan would not suffer any graver injury to be done to her, in spite of the gentle entreaties of his wife, Tŭngku Ûteh's mother, as that farseeing potentate judged it to be possible that his casual fancy for her might, at some later period, revive.

To Tûan Bângau, however, not a word was said; and never by sign or gesture was he allowed to guess that his crime against his master's honour was known to the Sultan.

Nearly a year later, when the whole incident had become a piece of ancient court history, the Sultan chanced to go ahunting, and took his way up a small stream, the banks of which happened to be totally uninhabited. Tûan Bângau was of the party, and the other bûdak râja who were on duty that day were all men who had been selected on account of their discretion and their unwavering loyalty to the Sultan. The hunt was accommodated in boats, of which there were two, the Sultan travelling in one, and his son. Tŭngku Saleh in the other. Besides the


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 A tax of this kind imposed during the currency of a lease may, no doubt, distress or ruin the farmer. Upon the renewal of the lease it must always fall upon the landlord.

In the countries where the personal taille takes place, the farmer is commonly assessed in proportion to the stock which he appears to employ in cultivation. He is, upon this account, frequently afraid to have a good team of horses or oxen, but endeavors to cultivate with the meanest and most wretched instruments of husbandry that he can. Such is his distrust in the justice of his assessors, that he counterfeits poverty, and wishes to appear scarce able to pay anything for fear of being obliged to pay too much. By this miserable policy he does not, perhaps, always consult his own interest in the most effectual manner; and he probably loses more by the diminution of his produce than he saves by that of his tax. Though, in consequence of this wretched cultivation, the market is, no doubt, somewhat worse supplied; yet the small rise of price which this may occasion, as it is not likely even to indemnify the farmer for the diminution of his produce, it is still less likely to enable him to pay more rent to the landlord. The public, the farmer, the landlord, all suffer more or less by this degraded cultivation. That the personal taille tends, in many different ways, to discourage cultivation, and consequently to dry up the principal source of the wealth of every great country, I have already had occasion to observe in the Third Book of this Inquiry.

What are called poll-taxes in the southern provinces of North America, and in the West Indian Islands, annual taxes of so much a head upon every negro, are properly taxes upon the profits of a certain species of stock employed in agriculture. As the planters are, the greater part of


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 prince, there sat in the latter boat Tûan Bângau and about a dozen of the King's Youths. Arrived at a certain place, Tŭngku Saleh ordered his men to make the boat fast in midstream while he ate some sweet-meats which his women had prepared and packed for his use. The Sultan's boat meanwhile went un upriver, and presently disappeared round a jungle-covered point.

When the prince had eaten his fill, he bade Tûan Bângau and one or two other Saiyids who were among his followers, fall to on the remainder; and it was while Tûan Bângau was washing his mouth over the side of the boat after eating, that Tŭngku Saleh gave the signal which heralded his death. A man who was behind him, leaped suddenly to his feet and stabbed him with a spear, and a second thrust, de livered almost simultaneously by another of the party, knocked him into the river. Tûan Bângau dived and came presently to the surface in the shallow water near the bank of the stream. Here he rose to his feet, drew his kris, and called to the men in the boat to come and fight him, one at a time, it they dared. The only answer was a spear which struck him in the neck, and a bullet fired from the prince's express rifle by one of his men, which penetrated to his heart. He collapsed where he stood, and a moment later all that remained of Tûan Bângau was a huddled form lying motionless in the shallow water, with the eddies playing in and out of the brilliant silk garments, which had made him so brave a sight in life.


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 Those who had killed him buried him in the jungle near the place where he had fallen, the secret of the exact spot being shared by three individuals only. The report that he had strayed from the hunting party and had been lost was diligently spread, and to lend colour to it search was made for him for some days in a part of the forest situated at a discreet distance from his grave. The account of his disappearance was very generally disbelieved, but it was found to be impossible of disproof. But Bêdah, his wife, who had loved him. had not rested here. Deliberately she had set herself to work to worm the truth out of one of his murderers doing in the process every conceivable violence to her own feelings and inclinations; and she now told all to the white man, hoping that, through him, vengeance might perhaps overtake the Sultan who had planned, and his servants who had carried out the assassination. She was quite indifferent to the fact that she thereby risked the life which Tûan Bângau's death had temporarily rendered desolate.

All things considered, however, the relatives of the young Saiyid had not much of which to complain. He had got into mischief with the Sultan's daughter, and could not expect to escape the penalty of such ill doing. Though he was murdered in cold blood in cireumistances which made it impossible for him to offer any resistance, he met his end, at any rate, by a quick death and a clean one. Worse things may befall, as Âwang Îtam had experienced. After that youngster vanished behind the palace gates,


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 them, both farmers and landlords, the final payment of the tax falls upon them in their quality of landlords without any retribution.

Taxes of so much a head upon the bondmen employed in cultivation seem anciently to have been common all over Europe. There subsists at present a tax of this kind in the empire of Russia. It is probably upon this account that poll-taxes of all kinds have often been represented as badges of slavery. Every tax, however, is to the person who pays it a badge, not of slavery, but of liberty. It denotes that he is subject to government, indeed, but that, as he has some property, he cannot himself be the property of a master. A poll-tax upon slaves is altogether different from a poll-tax upon freemen. The latter is paid by the persons upon whom it is imposed; the former by a different set of persons. The latter is either altogether arbitrary or altogether unequal, and in most cases is both the one and the other; the former, though in some respects unequal, different slaves being of different values, is in no respect arbitrary. Every master who knows the number of his own slaves, knows exactly what he has to pay. Those different taxes, however, being called by the same name, have been considered as of the same nature.

The taxes which in Holland are imposed upon men and maid servants, are taxes, not upon stock, but upon expense; and so far resemble the taxes upon consumable commodities. The tax of a guinea a head for every manservant, which has lately been imposed in Great Britain, is of the same kind. It falls heaviest upon the middling rank. A man of two hundred a year may keep a single manservant. A man of ten thousand a year will not keep fifty. It does not affect the poor.


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 he became the victim of nameless tortures. As he told the tale of the things that he had suffered on the night of his arrest—of the appalling mutilations which had been inflicted upon him, and of the diabolical ingenuity which had been used, amid laughter and brutal jests, to wreck his manhood, and to reduce him to the pitiful ruin he had since become—the white man sat writhing in sympathetic agony, and was assailed by a feeling of horror so violent that it turned him sick and faint.

"Ya Allah!" he cried. "It were better far to die than to endure such excruciating pains, and thereafter to live the life which is no life."

The cripple looked up at him with interest. He had evidently been more accustomed to mockery than to pity.

"That is true," he said. "It is true." Then, a light that was almost insane in its intensity awaking suddenly in his dulled eyes, he added, with something like triumph in his tone, “But for a space Îang Mûnah was mine, my woman to me, and willingly would I endure anew the worst that men can do if for a little I could be what of old I was, and the desire in my heart could once more be satisfied."

The spark of energy and spirit died out of him as quickly as it had been kindled. He seemed to collapse upon himself, and said in a hoarse whisper:

"But now she has again become a jâmah-jâmah-an—a casual concubine of the Sultan—and in that knowledge lurks the keenest of all my agonies."


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 small oscillation times, I decide in this article to present a dreive differential equations for very small oscillations in an unvenely heated air.

§ 1. Assumptions about the properties and the equation of state of the gas

Let us imagine a mass of air that is at a certain moment $$t_0$$ at rest and in equilibrium and assume that at this moment, the temperature distribution, pressure and density of the gas are known. Determining the position of each spatial points with rectangular coordinates $$x,y,z$$ and denoting for the moment $$t_0$$ under consideration through $$p_0$$, $$\rho_0$$ and $$T$$ the pressure, density and absolute temperature of the gas in any element of it at a known point $$A(x,y,z)$$, we will consider $$p_0$$, $$\rho_0$$ and $$T$$ as given functional coordinates. If at the same time $$X,Y,Z$$ are the projection along the axes of the external forces, then from the known equations of hydrostatics, we have the equations

We will assume that none of the quantities

has an infinitely greater value at any point.

Let us now imagine that, as a result of some shaking, the mass of gas began to move, and that its particles make very small fluctuations around its previous equilibrium positions. Let us denote by $$u,v,w$$,


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24 This Court has explained many times over many years that, when the meaning of the statute’s terms is plain, our job is at an end. The people are entitled to rely on the law as written, without fearing that courts might disregard its plain terms based on some extratextual consideration. See, e.g., Carcieri v. Salazar, 555 U. S. 379, 387 (2009); ''Connecticut Nat. Bank v. Germain, 503 U. S. 249, 253–254 (1992); Rubin v. United States'', 449 U. S. 424, 430 (1981). Of course, some Members of this Court have consulted legislative history when interpreting ambiguous statutory language. Cf. (, dissenting). But that has no bearing here. “Legislative history, for those who take it into account, is meant to clear up ambiguity, not create it.” Milner v. Department of Navy, 562 U. S. 562, 574 (2011). And as we have seen, no ambiguity exists about how Title VII’s terms apply to the facts before us. To be sure, the statute’s application in these cases reaches “beyond the principal evil” legislators may have intended or expected to address. Oncale, 523 U. S., at 79. But the fact that [a statute] has been applied in situations not expressly anticipated by Congress does not demonstrate ambiguity; instead, it simply demonstrates [the] breadth of a legislative command. Sedima, S. P. R. L. v. Imrex Co., 473 U. S. 479, 499 (1985). And “it is ultimately the provisions of” those legislative commands “rather than the principal concerns of our legislators by which we are governed.” Oncale, 523 U. S., at 79; see also A. Scalia & B. Garner, Reading Law: The Interpretation of Legal Texts 101 (2012) (noting that unexpected applications of broad language reflect only Congress’s “presumed point [to] produce general coverage—not to leave room for courts to recognize ad hoc exceptions”).

Still, while legislative history can never defeat unambiguous statutory text, historical sources can be useful for a different purpose: Because the law’s ordinary meaning at the time of enactment usually governs, we must be sensitive to the possibility a statutory term that means one thing


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Rh $undefined$ than the world; BR 3.7 and Koheleth 3.11 hold this very opinion rejected by Philo.  $undefined$ Hagigah 12a; PRE 3.The former passage mentions God’s ten attributes which were made use of at the creation of the world.So also in ARN, second version 43, 119, whereas the first version knows only of seven such attributes.This latter view corresponds to Jub. 2.2; Philo, De M. Opif., 7; Tadshe 6, which state that only seven categories of creation took place on the first day.Other sources ascribe three kinds of creation to each day; comp, vol. I, pp. 82–83.Quite instructive is the fact that the Talmud does not conceive (Gen. 1.2) as “God’s spirit”, but as “God’s wind”, which interpretation is certainly due to an anti-Christian tendency, since the Christians identified God’s spirit with the Holy Ghost; comp. Origen, Princip., I, 33, and Jerome, ad loc. The Jewish interpretation was later accepted by some of the Church Fathers, as e.g., by Ephraim, I, 8 B, F; Basilius, Hexaemeron, 3, and Theodoretus, Gen., loc, cit.; comp, also Ginzberg, Haggada bei den Kirchenv., 14–15.The prevalent opinion of the Palestinian Midrashim is that by “God’s spirit” the spirit (=soul) of Adam is meant; according to others it implies the spirit of the Messiah; BR 8.1.The souls of all the pious, however, were likewise created at the same time as Adam, or, as others assert, the primordial light which came into being on the first day is the material out of which the souls have been formed; comp. Excursus I, where details are also given concerning the view of the Rabbis about the doctrine of creatio ex nihilo, on which they insist to the extent of counting Tohu (“void”) and Bohu (“emptiness”) among the things created.As to God’s spirit in the form of a dove (Matthew 3.16), comp. Tosefta Hagigah 2.5; Yerushalmi 2, 77a; Babli 15a; BR 2.4.  $undefined$ The heavens, like all the beings dwelling therein, consist of a combination of fire (not of an earthly or physical nature) and water, whereas the earth was formed of the snow found under the heavenly throne; Konen 24; BR 4.7 ( “heaven” = “fire and water”); Hagigah 12a; BaR 12.4.Comp. further Lekah, Gen. 1.1 ( “earth” is derived from “the running one”, i.e., the one around which everything moves), and note 18.  $undefined$ BR 1.15; Yerushalmi Hagigah 2, 77c; Babli 12a; Tamid 32a (the question is here discussed whether light or darkness was created first; to Philo, too, darkness is something positive, not merely the absence of light; comp. De M. Opif., 7 where darkness is identified


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 Taxes upon the profits of stock in particular employments can never affect the interest of money. Nobody will lend his money for less interest to those who exercise the taxed, than to those who exercise the untaxed employments. Taxes upon the revenue arising from stock in all employments, where the government attempts to levy them with any degree of exactness, will, in many cases, fall upon the interest of money. The Vingtieme, or twentieth penny, in France, is a tax of the same kind with what is called the land tax in England, and is assessed, in the same manner, upon the revenue arising from land, houses, and stock. So far as it affects stock it is assessed, though not with great rigor, yet with much more exactness than that part of the land tax of England which is imposed upon the same fund. It, in many cases, falls altogether upon the interest of money. Money is frequently sunk in France upon what are called Contracts for the constitution of a rent; that is, perpetual annuities redeemable at any time by the debtor upon payment of the sum originally advanced, but of which this redemption is not exigible by the creditor except in particular cases. The Vingtieme seems not to have raised the rate of those annuities, though it is exactly levied upon them all.

property remains in the possession of the same person, whatever permanent taxes may have been imposed upon it, they have never been intended to diminish or take away any part of its capital value, but only some part of the revenue arising from it. But when property changes


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xx  of Beauty, and other more prudential inducements to Matrimony. p. 59.  Containing what the Reader may perhaps expect to find in it. p. 67.  Which concludes the firt Book, with an Intance of Ingratitude, which we hope will appear unnatural. p. 74.  Containing Scenes of matrimonial Felicity in different Degrees of Life; and various other Tranactions during the firt two Years after the Marriage between Captain Blifil, and Mis Bridget Allworthy.  Shewing what Kind of a Hitory this is; what it is like, and what it is not like. p. 80.