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centuries ago,

Emperor Nintok of Japan

Walked upon his roof, at morning,

Watching if the work began

Well—to gild the cedar frieze

Of his palace galleries;

Well—to nail the silver plates

Of his inner palace gates;

For the Queen would have it so

Fifteen hundred years ago!

Walking on his roof, he spied

Streets and lanes and quarters teeming,

Saw his city spreading wide:

Ah! but poor and sad in seeming

Showed those lowly wooden huts

Underneath the King's gates gleaming.

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 Oh! he knows each wicket shuts

One world out and one world in:

This so great, and that so small,

Yet to those plain folks within

The little world their all in all!

Just then, the waiting maids bore through

The breakfast of King Nintoku.

Quoth the Emperor, gazing round,

"Wherefore—when my meats abound—

See I not more smoke arise

From these huts beneath mine eyes?

Chimneys jut into the air,

Yet no chimney-reek is there

Telling how the household pot

Bubbles glad with gohan hot!

Gild me no more galleries

If my people lose the gold!

Let my doors unplated go

If the silver leaves them cold!

This city of all tax I ease

For three years: We decree it so!

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

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 From those huts there shall be smoke!"

Thus the Emperor Nintok spoke.

Three years sped. Upon his roof

That Monarch paced again. Aloof

His Empress hung, ill-pleased to see

The snows drip through her gallery,

The gates agape for cracks, and gray

With wear and weather. "Consort! say

If thus the Emperor of Japan

Should lodge, like some vile peasant man

Whose thatch leaks for a load of straw?"

"Princess august! what recks a flaw,"

Nintok replied, "in gate or wall

When, far and wide, those chimneys all

Fling their blue house-flags to the sky

Where the Gods count them? Thou and I

Have part in all the poor folks' health:

A people's weal makes a King's wealth!"

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word, of all the words for parting made,

Seems best to say, and sweetest, being said?

Which holds most tenderness, and least despair,

And lingers longest in the loved one's ear?

O Yoshi San! O Fuku San! when we

Must say "Good-by," shall that the last word be,

Our English "God be with you?" or, in phrase

Of Persia, "Khuda hafîz"—"All your days

Heaven keep you!" Or, as the Egyptians do,

"Lailatak saïd!"—"Happy night to you!"

Or, in the Arab manner, hand on brow,

"Salaam aleikum!"—"Peace be with you now!"

Or, in the soft Italian—"Addio!"

"To God I give you, since—alas!—I go."

"Ora d' partenza!" Or, as they of Spain,

"Hasta la vista!"—"Till we meet again!"

"Vaya con Dios!"—"Go thy ways with God!"

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text:
Page:Diary of a Pilgrimage (1891).pdf/315

 ''Demy 8vo, 460 pages. 7/6.''

THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF A GIPSY.

Edited by F. W. CAREW, M.D.

''Crown 8vo, 342 pages. 5/-''

THE WOOING OF THE COUNTY.

By E. M. ROACH.

''Crown 8vo, 190 pages. 3/-''

THE PRODIGAL SON.

By The REV. G. D. EVANS,


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 Or lightly, with the lively Frenchman's nod,

"Bon soir, mais sans adieu!"—" Good-night, and yet

No speech of parting till once more we are met!"

Or solemn Sanskrit "Swâgatam;" or word

Of guttural German, at hand-shaking heard,

"Auf wiedersehen." Or any far-fetched speech

Of India, China, Russia, seeking each

Some pretty gentle wish to charm away

The sorrow of the thing they have to say?

No! it shall not be any one of these,

But "Sayonara," in soft Japanese;

For this at worst, means "Since it must be so!"

And, while we speak the sad word, who can know

We shall not change it to "So de wa nai!"

And have no Sayonara then to say?

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and torn, the white sea-laces

Broider the breast of the Indian Deep:

Lifted aloft the strong screw races

To slacken and strain in the waves which leap:

The great sails swell: the broad bows shiver

To green and silver the purple sea;

And, down from the sunset, a dancing river

Flows, broken gold, where our ship goes free.

Too free! too fast! With memories laden

I gaze to the northward where lies Japan:

Oh, fair and pleasant, and soft-voiced maiden!

You are there, too distant! O Yoshi San!

You are under those clouds by the storm-winds shaken,

A thousand ri, as the sea-gull flies,

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 As lost as if Death, not Time, had taken

My eyes away from your beautiful eyes.

Yet, if it were Death, of Friends, my Fairest!

He could not rend our spirits in twain:

They came too near to be less than nearest

In the world where true hearts mingle again.

But sad is the hour we sigh farewell in,

And, for me, whenever they name Japan,

All grace, all charm, of the land you dwell in

Is spoken in saying "O Yoshi San!"

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Page:Travels in West Africa, Congo Français, Corisco and Cameroons (IA travelsinwestafr00kingrich).pdf/88

 all, but only rough shelters of branches. This is, however, a mistake. Shelters of this kind that you come across are merely the rough huts put up by hunters, not true houses. The village is usually fairly well built, and surrounded with a living hedge of stakes. The houses inside this are four-cornered, the walls made of logs of wood stuck in edgeways, and surmounted by a roof of thatch pitched at an extremely stiff angle, and the whole is usually surrounded with a dug-out drain to carry off surface water. These houses, as usual on the West Coast, are divisible into two classes—houses of assembly, and private living houses. The first are much the larger. The latter are very low, and sometimes ridiculously small, but still they are houses and better than those awful Loango grass affairs you get on the Congo.

Herr Baumann says that the houses high up on the mountain have double walls between which there is a free space; an arrangement which may serve to minimise the extreme draughtiness of an ordinary Bubi house—a very necessary thing in these relatively chilly upper regions. I may remark on my own account that the Bubi villages do not often lie right on the path, but, like those you have to deal with up the Calabar, some little way off it. This is no doubt for the purpose of concealing their whereabouts from strangers, and it does it successfully too, for many a merry hour have I spent dodging up and down a path trying to make out at what particular point it was advisable to dive into the forest thicket to reach a village. But this cultivates habits of observation, and a short course of this work makes you recognise which tree is which along miles of a bush path as easily as you would shops in your own street at home.

The main interest of the Bubi's life lies in hunting, for he is more of a sportsman than the majority of mainlanders. He has not any big game to deal with, unless we except pythons—which attain a great size on the island—and crocodiles. Elephants, though plentiful on the adjacent mainland, are quite absent from Fernando Po, as are also hippos and the great anthropoid apes; but of the little gazelles, small monkeys, porcupines, and squirrels he has a large supply, and in the rivers a very pretty otter (Lutra poensis) with yellow


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Page:Sexism, racism, and nationalism - Factors associated with the 2016 U.S. presidential election results.pdf/1

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Natalie J. Shook1,2*, Holly N. Fitzgerald1, Shelby T. Boggs1, Cameron G. Ford1, Patricia D. Hopkins1, Nicole M. Silva1

1 West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States of America, 2 School of Nursing, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States of America

 * [mailto:natalie.shook@uconn.edu natalie.shook@uconn.edu]

OPEN ACCESS

Citation: Shook NJ, Fitzgerald HN, Boggs ST, Ford CG, Hopkins PD, Silva NM (2020) Sexism, racism, and nationalism: Factors associated with the 2016 U.S. presidential election results? PLoS ONE 15(3): e0229432. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229432

Editor: Sean Eric Richey, Georgia State University, UNITED STATES

Received: March 25, 2019

Accepted: February 5, 2020

Published: March 9, 2020

Copyright: © 2020 Shook et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Data Availability Statement: The data are available on OSF at the following link: https://osf.io/g8w5u/?view_only=2c24da0adedf48289a518c62b52e169a.

Funding: The authors received no specific funding for this work.

Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Abstract
After the generally unexpected outcome of the 2016 U.S. presidential election, many explanations were proposed to account for the results. Three narratives that received a considerable amount of media attention were that sexist, racist, and/or nationalist attitudes influenced voting decisions. Some empirical work has supported each of these accounts. However, sexism, racism, and nationalism are interrelated, and most studies about the 2016 election have not examined these three factors in conjunction to determine the unique contribution of each. Thus, we investigated the extent to which each factor (assessed as sexism toward women, Modern Racism, and U.S. nationalism) was uniquely related to evaluations of Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump, voting intentions, and actual voting behavior. Participants completed online questionnaires before (N = 489) and after (N = 192) the 2016 U.S. election. More positive evaluation of Clinton and intentions to vote for Clinton were associated with lower levels of Modern Racism. More positive evaluation of Trump was associated with greater sexism toward women, Modern Racism, and U.S. nationalism. Intent to vote for Trump was associated with greater sexism toward women and Modern Racism. However, only Modern Racism significantly predicted voting behavior. Greater Modern Racism was associated with greater likelihood of voting for Trump and lower likelihood of voting for Clinton. When considered in conjunction, Modern Racism was the most consistent predictor across the different election outcome variables. Sexism toward women and U.S. nationalism were generally not significantly related to evaluations, intentions to vote, or voting behavior when accounting for Modern Racism. Thus, our data indicate that Modern Racism was correlated with vote choice in the 2016 election.

The 2016 U.S. presidential election was historic, not only because Hillary Clinton was the first female presidential candidate for a major political party, but also because of the generally surprising results. Going into the 2016 U.S. presidential election, most polls projected Hillary Clinton to win the election over Donald Trump. Instead, Trump won the election with 304 PLOS ONE


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—and only once—you gave

One rich gift, which Memory

Shuts within itself, to save

Sweet and fresh, while life may be:

Shuts it like a rose-leaf treasured

In the pages of a book,

Which we open, when heart-leisured,

Now and then—softly to look.

If I told you of that gift

How and when, the tend'ring of it,

Would you, out of rose-leaf thrift,

Claim from me the rend'ring of it?

That might make it two for one

('Twas of such unwonted kind!)

Half a mind I have to tell you

Not to tell you half a mind.

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text:
Page:On the connexion of the physical sciences (1834).djvu/20

8 Hence, by the law of action and re-action, each body is itself the centre of an attractive force extending indefinitely in space, whence proceed all the mutual disturbances which render the celestial motions so complicated, and their investigation so difficult.

The gravitation of matter, directed to a centre, and attracting directly as the mass and inversely as the square of the distance, does not belong to it when considered in mass only; particle acts on particle according to the same law when at sensible distances from each other. If the sun acted on the centre of the earth without attracting each of its particles, the tides would be very much greater than they now are; and would also, in other respects, be very different. The gravitation of the earth to the sun results from the gravitation of all its particles, which, in their turn, attract the sun in the ratio of their respective masses. There is a reciprocal action likewise between the earth and every particle at its surface; were this not the case, and were any portion of the earth, however small, to attract another portion, and not be itself attracted, the centre of gravity of the earth would be moved in space by this action, which is impossible.

The forms of the planets result from the reciprocal attraction of their component particles. A


text:
Page:Diary of a Pilgrimage (1891).pdf/316

 Crown 8vo, cloth gilt, 2/-

SEVEN ILLUSTRATIONS.

AND HOW TO DO IT.

By W. F. GOLDBERG and G. CHAPLIN PIESSE.

Broad Fcap 8vo, 180 pp., 1/-

BEING MEDITATIONS, SKETCHES, &c.

By IVAN TURGENIEFF.

English Version, with Introduction and Biographical Sketch of the Author, by


text:
Page:Travels in West Africa, Congo Français, Corisco and Cameroons (IA travelsinwestafr00kingrich).pdf/89

 brown fur often quite golden underneath; a creature which is, I believe, identical with the Angola otter.

The Bubis use in their hunting flint-lock guns, but chiefly traps and nets, and, I am told, slings. The advantage of these latter methods are, I expect, the same as on the mainland, where a distinguished sportsman once told me: "You go shoot thing with gun. Berrah well—but you no get him thing for sure. No sah. Dem gun make nize. Berrah well. You fren hear dem nize and come look him, and you hab to go share what you done kill. Or bad man hear him nize, and he come look him, and you no fit to get share—you fit to get kill yusself. Chii! chii! traps be best." I urged that the traps might also be robbed. "No, sah," says he, "them bian (charm) he look after them traps, he fit to make man who go tief swell up and bust."

The Bubis also fish, mostly by basket traps, but they are not experts either in this or in canoe management. Their chief sea-shore sport is hunting for the eggs of the turtles who lay in the sand from August to October. These eggs—about 200 in each nest—are about the size of a billiard-ball, with a leathery envelope, and are much valued for food, as are also the grubs of certain beetles got from the stems of the palm-trees, and the honey of the wild bees which abound here.

Their domestic animals are the usual African list: cats, dogs, sheep, goats, and poultry. Pigs there are too, very domestic in Clarence and in a wild state in the forest. These pigs are the descendants of those imported by the Spaniards, and not long ago became such an awful nuisance in Clarence that the Government issued instructions that all pigs without rings in their noses—i.e. all in a condition to grub up back gardens—should be forthwith shot if found abroad. This proclamation was issued by the governmental bellman thus:—" I say—I say—I say—I say Suppose pig walk—iron no live for him nose! Gun shoot. Kill him one time. Hear re! hear re!"

However a good many pigs with no iron living in their noses got adrift and escaped into the interior, and have flourished like the green bay-tree, destroying the Bubi's plantation and eating his yams, while the Bubi retaliating


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said: "Come, and see the 'No'—

Those songs and dances of our old Japan:—

They make the ancient music faithfully

This evening at my Lord the Governor's;

You shall be honorably pleased. What best

Kyoto boasts of geishas will be there,

With Nara's koto-player; Haru San

To beat the drum. O Yuki San's the Boy;

O Tsuru plays the Fairy in first dance—

The 'Feather Dress.'"

So to the Governor's

That evening, through the lanes of lamps, we went.

And, when the feast was ended on the mats—

Three sides of a full square of friendliness,

The stage the fourth:—and each guest, well-content,

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 Hemmed in with twenty little lacquered bowls

Showed like a ship at moorings, with the boats

Clustering around; and black-haired musumees

Brimmed the last sakë cup, and gohan came,

The silvered shoji, decked with maple leaves,

Opened a space, to let the music in,—

Two samisens, a double drum, a flute,

Then, with low reverences, the "No" began.

So saw we,—after many preludings

Of string and skin,—O Yuki San pace forth

A fisherman. No chance to err herein,

Seeing she bore the net and balanced tubs,

And great brass knife to slice the tara thin,

All as you note them at Enoshima.

Moreover, fan in hand, she sings a song

To tell us how her name's Hakuriyô,

Her dwelling Miwo's pine-grove, and her life

A fisher-lad's, reaping the deep green sea

For silver harvests of the silly shoals

Which, caught by hundreds, come in thousands more

To the spread mesh. Mighty the draught will be—

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 So chants the Sea-boy, sauntering from his boat—

Now the cold rains are over, and the sky

Round about Fuji's head glows pearl and gold:

With, high above the hardly rippling waves,

Yon gilded sickle of the new-made Moon

Leading the pale lamp of the Evening Star

Attendant, like some heavenly Musume.

"Oh, at a Spring-tide so delectable,

With purple iris fringing all the rice

And fiery lilies flaming in the rye,

The air so soft, the pines whispering so low,

The dragon-flies, like fairy spears of steel

Darting or poised, the velvet butterflies

Fluttering to sip the last sweets of the rape

Before the great Sun goes,—at such an hour

The Gods themselves might come awhile to Earth"—

So sings young Hakuriyô.

And, behold!

Suddenly—hanging on a branch of fir—

A wondrous sight he spies! The samisens

Twangle surprise, the drums beat Hê-hê-hê,

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 While Yuki San, a-tiptoe, reaches down

A many-tinctured, fairy-patterned robe—

All gold and scarlet and celestial white—

Of feathers wove, but feathers of such birds

As surely never perched on earthly tree!

The lining shot with airy tender tints

As of a broken rainbow. Glad he scans

The strange bright treasure-trove. Another such

Suruga never saw!—Narumi's looms

Never dreamed such a marvel! Light of heart

Into his hut dances Hakuriyô.

Casting the nets aside to clasp the robe.

Next,—very softly trill the samisens,

The drums beat muted, and the flute pipes forth

Expectant tones, while—light as falling snow

Or breath of morning breeze, whispering its way

Through the awakening maple-leaves—glides in

A Heavenly Fairy! 'Tis O Tsuru San:

And neck, breast, slender little amber limbs

Are bare as the brown sea-sand: just one cloth

Tied with a sky-blue string about the waist

Half covers her. Sweetly and movingly

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 At the hut-door she sings: "Oh, thou within

That hast my robe of feathers! Open now

And give what is not thine, but only mine!"

Then see we (kneeling watchful on the mats)

O Yuki San come tripping from the hut

Clasping the feather dress. But when she marks

O Tsuru San bowing before the door

Look how she stands—Yuki the Fisher Lad—

Out of his wits with well-shown wonderment!

So beautiful the dark-eyed weeper is

Unclad, and pleading with those lovely tears.

Down on his face falls young Hakuriyô

And thus they talk, with samisens to help:

Fisher-boy! give back to me

The dress I hanged upon the tree!"

Oh thou! well-clad in beauty bright!

Form of glory, face of light!

Honorably deign to tell

Where such charms celestial dwell.

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 What thy name, august, may be,

Fairest! first reveal to me!"

I am come from Heaven's domain:

If I spoke it ne'er so plain

You my name could never hear

As the Angels say it there.

Flying past your little star,

All so fair it looked, afar—

Silvery sea and snow-tipped hill—

That I had an idle will

Once to set my foolish feet

On those flowers that shone so sweet.

So I laid my robe aside

In the tree which you espied:

And, without it—shame and woe!

To my home I cannot go!"

Loveliest Lady! little mind

Had I, at the first, my find

Ever to surrender. Now

When you deign to tell me how.

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 If I keep it, you must stay,

No more for your garment pray!"

Ah! why did I quit my sky

Where yon happy sea-birds fly,

And the wild swan spreads her wings

While the wind between them sings;

And the free storks urge their flight

Strong across the spangled night?

Render back my robe, and soon

I shall soar beyond the Moon,

Thread the star-paths, and pursue

Light and life beyond the blue.

Mortal! 'tis impiety

Not to give mine own to me!"

Always I would have you here,

Fairy! bright, and sweet, and dear.

Will you not, for love of love

Let go longing for above?

I would let go all but life

If I might but make you wife!"

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 Fisher-boy! this sea of thine

Maddens thee with mighty wine!

Fair thou art: yet thou and I

Are as is the sea and sky,

Which may meet but cannot marry;

If, for love of you, I'd tarry,

'Twere as though a cloud should wed

With some hill-top. Soft night sped

Lone the hill rises. Touch my hand

And better shalt thou understand."

I cannot take it! Plain I see

The soft, smooth skin, so velvety,

Of hand and wrist! Yet, when I clasp,

It is a mist melts in my grasp.

Now, I would give you back this dress

If you will change such loveliness

To solid flesh, not floating air,

Oh, thou than living flesh more fair!"

Peace! most foolish boy and fond!

I am what those are beyond;

More substantial, didst thou know,

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 Than this flesh and blood below.

Give me back the robe whereby

I may once more reach my sky,

And, for deed of gentilesse,

When I don again my dress,

I will dance, to do thee pleasure,

One round of our heavenly measure;

I will sing, to comfort thee,

One strain of the melody

Heard by souls divine, in sphere

Where the Light is lovelier!"

Ah! to see you fly I dread

When I yield this wonder! Tread

First your measure, Lady sweet!

Then I place it at your feet."

Shame upon thee! I have heard

Men will break a plighted word,

But with us this is not so!

All unveiled the Spirits go;

And nay is nay, and yes is yes:

I dance not else! Give me the dress!"

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 Then see we Hakuriyô, blushing deep,

Lay at her foot the golden-feathered gown

Alight with silvery white and scarlet fires.

And while the samisens make chords of joy

O Tsuru kneels, and gathers wistfully

The shining marvel round her shoulders: laughs

For pleasure to be safe re-plumed: then glides—

With voice of melting notes, and paces fair

Falling as light as fir-cones, to the dance:

Now it is mine again

I am fain, I am fain

With secrets of Heaven made plain.

Your earth shows fair,

But dense is the air,

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As we hear, as we hear

Of your Earth's voice, ceaseless and clear:

Weaves so—so—so:—

But you cannot ever know!"

'Twere good you should have watched O Tsuru San

Deftly pace this, with little lifted feet

Shod in the white silk tabi: and soft lips

Making the melodies to guide her feet,

The music sitting silent; or, at most,

Dropping a high note in now and again.

Then, with her fan before her face, or waved

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text: Works of Jules Verne/Five Weeks in a Balloon/Chapter 18


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 In dreamy curves, she sang a verse of Love

We,—and the Fisher-boy—still on our knees.

And Love—sweet Love!

Oh less than the splendor spread

From Fuji's head

In the belov'd one's charms,

And the close-wound arms,

Shields not from shuddering

title: Page:Potipharswifeoth00arnoiala.djvu/93


text: Works of Jules Verne/Five Weeks in a Balloon/Chapter 19


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So, or in suchwise, in soft Japanese,

The ancient uta flowed; and fluttered to it

O Tsuru San's light silks, kirtle and sleeve;

And closed and opened to it her brown arms;

While crystal tears stood in her eyes at times

Singing of sorrowful Love. Till, with a laugh

She stayed, and brake into the Planet Dance:

Joyously circling, singing, beating time:

Steps of my silvery star

Dancing alone, afar

title: Page:Potipharswifeoth00arnoiala.djvu/94


text: Works of Jules Verne/Five Weeks in a Balloon/Chapter 20


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 So still, so slow

No mortal may know

Solemn and high and sweet;

All in a tune

To the Sun and the Moon,

For delight

Where the Angels pass

Like fish through the sea's green glass,

And, while we did not speak for wistfulness,

Watching the woven paces, wondering

To note how foot and tongue kept faultless time

To dreamy tinkling of the samisens,

title: Page:Potipharswifeoth00arnoiala.djvu/95


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 kills and eats them. So it's a drawn battle, for the Bubi enjoys the pig and the pig enjoys the yams, which are of singular excellence in this island and celebrated throughout the Bight. Now, I am told, the Government are firmly discouraging the export of these yams, which used to be quite a little branch of Fernando Po trade, in the hope that this will induce the native to turn his attention to working in the coffee and cacao plantations. Hope springs eternal in the human breast, for the Bubi has shown continually since the 16th century that he takes no interest in these things whatsoever. Now and again a man or woman will come voluntarily and take service in Clarence, submit to clothes, and rapidly pick up the ways of a house or store. And just when their owner thinks he owns a treasure, and begins to boast that he has got an exception to all Bubidom, or else that he knows how to manage them better than other men, then a hole in that man's domestic arrangements suddenly appears. The Bubi has gone, without giving a moment's warning, and without stealing his master's property, but just softly and silently vanished away. And if hunted up the treasure will be found in his or her particular village—clothesless, comfortable, utterly unconcerned, and unaware that he or she has lost anything by leaving Clarence and civilisation. It is this conduct that gains for the Bubi the reputation of being a bigger idiot than he really is.

For West Africans their agriculture is of a fairly high description—the noteworthy point about it, however, is the absence of manioc. Manioc is grown on Fernando Po, but only by the Portos. The Bubi cultivated plants are yams (Dioscorea alata), koko (Colocasia esculenta)—the taro of the South Seas, and plantains. Their farms are well kept, particularly those in the grass districts by San Carlos Bay. The yams of the Cordillera districts are the best flavoured, but those of the east coast the largest. Palm-oil is used for domestic purposes in the usual ways, and palm wine both fresh and fermented is the ordinary native drink. Rum is held in high esteem, but used in a general way in moderation as a cordial and a treat, for the Bubi is, like the rest of the West


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 Across her breast that golden-feathered gown

Softly she drew; spread her brown arms like wings;

And passed!—O Yuki San and we alone!

The "No" Dance ended!

"Thanks, dear Tsuru San!

Yet half we wish O Yuki had not given!"

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text: Works of Jules Verne/Five Weeks in a Balloon/Chapter 21


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text: Works of Jules Verne/Five Weeks in a Balloon/Chapter 23


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70 ward from the hard palate. The surface of the soft palate bears small papillae. The palate is widest at the posterior part of the molar tooth region, decreasing in width forward to the inturned lobes of the upper lips, and backward to the pharynx. A membranous ridge, the palatine arch (pillar of the fauces), extends ventrally from the posterior end of the soft palate on each side of the isthmus faucium. The hard palate bears eight transverse ridges, the most anterior of which is ventral to the prepalatine foramina. The three anterior ridges are the largest and lie in front of the molar teeth. The other five ridges are within and behind the molar region. These five may assume approximately the form of a letter w, with the base of the letter forward, or the form of a bow, or of an obtuse angle whose anteriorly directed apex lies in the mid-dorsal region of the palate. Each of the five ridges bears a row of short spines throughout its length. Other denticulated ridges, which do not reach the median line of the hard palate, may also be present. At the posterior end of the hard palate is a triangular area bearing spines.

Carefully disarticulate the lower jaw. The tongue is an elongated muscular organ extending from the pharynx forward to the incisor teeth. It fits snugly into the floor of the mouth between the molar teeth. Anterior to the molars it is unattached to the mouth floor. The vertical frenulum which in some animals connects this anterior free region of the tongue with the mouth floor is absent. A median dorsal furrow extends seven or eight millimeters back from the tip. The tongue is attached to the floor of the mouth from the anterior molar teeth caudad. The proximal one-sixth of the organ is attached on both sides also, so that it alone forms the floor at the back of the mouth. The tongue unites with the hyoid bone a short distance in front of the epiglottis.


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" there," he said, "my fair American!

Yon noisy child

I'd like to choke, being but 'brutal man;'

That Mother mild

"Takes all its howls for music, comforts it

With song and kiss:

And gives it, at the loudest of its fit,

Her milky bliss.

"And there again,—yon little lambkin bleating,

Made for mint-sauce:

At its first cry the Ewe quits clover-eating

And runs, perforce.


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 "And yet again, that purple-winged hen-starling,

Hungry—I'll vouch it!

Flies with a fat grub to her nested darling,

Nor dreams to pouch it!

"She-mercy everywhere, she-pitying

In helpless season!

You Boston girls seem up to everything:

Tell me the reason."

"Why, certainly!" she smiled, "don't poets know

Better than others?

God can't be always everywhere: and, so,

Invented Mothers."


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of the Press, he spake By mouth of many thousand tongues: he swayed The pens which break the sceptres. Good Lord! make Thy strong ones faithful and thy bold afraid!


text:
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 Crown 8vo, paper covers, 1/-; cloth, 2/-

By F. ANSTEY,

Author of "Vice Versa," "Voces Populi," "The Tinted Venus," &c.

''Broad cap. 8vo, 142 pp., cloth, 3/6.''

AN ORIGINAL FAIRY TALE.

By ANDREW LANG,

Author of "The Mark of Cain," "The Gold of Fairnilee," &c.

FRONTISPIECE and 26 ILLUSTRATIONS

By GORDON BROWNE.

''Large paper edition, price One Guinea, on hand-made paper. One hundred copies printed. Twelve only left.''


text: Works of Jules Verne/Five Weeks in a Balloon/Chapter 24


text: Works of Jules Verne/Five Weeks in a Balloon/Chapter 25


text: Works of Jules Verne/Five Weeks in a Balloon/Chapter 26


text: Works of Jules Verne/Five Weeks in a Balloon/Chapter 27


text: Works of Jules Verne/Five Weeks in a Balloon/Chapter 28


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Rh Papillae cover the dorsal surface of the anterior three- quarters of the tongue, the tip, and dorsal portions of the lateral surfaces. They are entirely lacking on the posterior quarter of the upper surface, ventral portions of the lateral surfaces, and the under side of the free anterior end. The filiform papillae are slender pointed structures with their tips generally directed backward. On the anterior half of the dorsal surface these papillae are rather conspicuous when seen under the dissecting microscope. In a triangular area about half way between the anterior and posterior ends of the tongue the filiform papillae are larger than elsewhere, conical and erect. The filiform papillae back of this area are so numerous and slender that here the tongue has a velvety appearance under the dissecting microscope. A few, low, cylindrical fungiform papillae are scattered over the anterior half of the dorsal surface, chiefly toward the tip.

There is no organized tonsil. This organ is represented merely by scattered follicular openings on the longitudinally folded side walls of the narrow faucial canal.

Exercise XX. Sketch a dorsal view of the tongue.

The soft palate forms the ventral floor of the nasopharynx (pars nasalis). This is a relatively large cavity which opens anteriorly through the single posterior naris into the nasal cavity. Toward its posterior end the nasopharynx curves downward and opens into the pharynx proper. The lateral walls are supported by the sphenoid processes of the palatine bone and the median pterygoid processes of the alisphenoid, while the basisphenoid and presphenoid bones support the roof. The auditory (Eustachian) tubes from the middle ears open into the nasopharynx about half a centimeter from the posterior border of the soft palate. The opening of each tube is a longitudinal slit near the angle between the lateral and dorsal


text: Works of Jules Verne/Five Weeks in a Balloon/Chapter 29


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text: Works of Jules Verne/Five Weeks in a Balloon/Chapter 30


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Rh detached fluid mass, if at rest, would assume the form of a sphere, from the reciprocal attraction of its particles; but if the mass revolves about an axis, it becomes flattened at the poles, and bulges at the equator, in consequence of the centrifugal force arising from the velocity of rotation,—for the centrifugal force diminishes the gravity of the particles at the equator, and equilibrium can only exist where these two forces are balanced by an increase of gravity; therefore, as the attractive force is the same in all particles at equal distances from the centre of a sphere, the equatorial particles would recede from the centre, till their increase in number balanced the centrifugal force by their attraction: consequently, the sphere would become an oblate spheroid; and a fluid partially or entirely covering a solid, as the ocean and atmosphere cover the earth, must assume that form in order to remain in equilibrio. The surface of the sea is therefore spheroidal, and the surface of the earth only deviates from that figure where it rises above, or sinks below, the level of the sea; but the deviation is so small that it is unimportant when compared with the magnitude of the earth—for the mighty chain of the Andes, and the yet more lofty Himalaya, bear about the same proportion to the earth that a grain of sand does to a globe three feet in diameter. Such is the form of the earth and


text: Works of Jules Verne/Five Weeks in a Balloon/Chapter 31


text: Works of Jules Verne/Five Weeks in a Balloon/Chapter 32


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Rh terer nor Kinsella could match—a strength and daring almost entirely divested of reason at times—he interested and charmed Clyde immensely. As he himself related to Clyde, after a time, he was the son of a Swedish journeyman baker who some years before in Jersey City had deserted his mother and left her to make her way as best she could. In consequence neither Oscar nor his sister Martha had had any too much education or decent social experience of any kind. On the contrary, at the age of fourteen he had left Jersey City in a box car and had been making his way ever since as best he could. And like Clyde, also, he was insanely eager for all the pleasures which he had imagined he saw swirling around him, and was for prosecuting adventures in every direction, lacking, however, the nervous fear of consequence which characterized Clyde. Also he had a friend, a youth by the name of Sparser, somewhat older than himself, who was chauffeur to a wealthy citizen of Kansas City, and who occasionally managed to purloin a car and so accommodate Hegglund in the matter of brief outings here and there; which courtesy, unconventional and dishonest though it might be, still caused Hegglund to feel that he was a wonderful fellow and of much more importance than some of these others, and to lend him in their eyes a luster which had little of the reality which it suggested to them.

Not being as attractive as Doyle, it was not so easy for him to win the attention of girls, and those he did succeed in interesting were not of the same charm or import by any means. Yet he was inordinately proud of such contacts as he could effect and not a little given to boasting in regard to them, a thing which Clyde took with more faith than would most, being of less experience. For this reason Hegglund liked Clyde, almost from the very first, sensing in him perhaps a pleased and willing auditor.

So, finding Clyde on the bench beside him from time to time, he had proceeded to continue his instructions. Kansas City was a fine place to be if you knew how to live. He had worked in other cities—Buffalo, Cleveland, Detroit, St. Louis—before he came here, but he had not liked any of them any better, principally—which was a fact which he did not trouble to point out at the time—because he had not done as well in those places as he had here. He had been a dish-washer, car-cleaner, plumber's helper and several other things before finally, in Buffalo, he had been inducted into the hotel business. And then a youth, working there, but who was now no longer here, had persuaded him to come on to Kansas City. But here:

“Say—de tips in dis hotel is as big as you'll git anywhere,

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text: Works of Jules Verne/Five Weeks in a Balloon/Chapter 34


text: Works of Jules Verne/Five Weeks in a Balloon/Chapter 35


text: Works of Jules Verne/Five Weeks in a Balloon/Chapter 36


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 African natives, by no means an habitual drunkard. Gin he dislikes. I am glad to find that my own observations on the drink question entirely agree with those of Dr. Oscar Baumann, because he is an unprejudiced scientific observer, who has had great experience both in the Congo and Cameroon regions before he came to Fernando Po. In the support of my statement I may quote his own words:-"Die Bube trinken nämlich sehr gerne Rum; Gin verschmähen sie vollständig, aber ausser Tabak und Salz gehört Rum zu den gesuchtesten europäischen Artikeln für sie. Wie bekannt hat sich in Europa ein heftiges Geschrei gegen die Vergiftung der Neger durch Alcohol erhoben. Wenn dasselbe schon für die meisten Stämme Westafrikas der Berechtigung fast vollständig entbehrt und in die Categorie verweisen worden muss die man mit dem nicht sehr schönen aber treffenden Ausdrücke "Humanitätsduselei" bezeichnet, so ist es den Bube gegenüber wohl mehr als zwecklos. Es mag ja vorkommen dass ein Bube wenn er sein Palmöl verkauft hat, sich ein oder zweimal im Jahre mit Rum ein Käuschlein antrinkt. Deshalb aber gleich von Alkohol-Vergiftung zu sprechen wäre mindestens lächerlich. Ich bin überzeugt dass mancher jener Herren die in Wort und Schrift so heftig gegen die Alkolismus der Neger zetern in ihren Studentenjahren allein mehr geistige Getränke genossen haben als zehn Bube während ihres ganzen Lebens. Der andelsrum welcher wie ich mich öfters überzeugt zwar recht verwässert aber keineswegs abstossend schlecht schmeckt, ist den Bube gewöhnlich nur eine Delikatesse welche mit Andacht schluckweise genossen wird. Wenn ein Arbeiter bei uns einen Schluck Branntwein oder ein Glas Bier geniesst um sich zu stärken, so findet das Jeder in der Ordnung; der Bube jedoch, welcher splitternackt tagelang in feuchten Bergwäldern unher klettern muss, soll beliebe nichts als Wasser trinken!" Eine Africanische Tropen. insel Fernando Póo, Dr. Oscar Baumanu, Edward Hölzer, Wien, 1888.

And I may remark you will find the same opinion in regardto the Dualla in Cameroons river—on the undeniable authority of Dr. Buchner, and my own extensive experience of the West Coast bears it out.

Physically the Bubis are a fairly well-forined race of medium height; they are decidedly inferior to the Benga or the Krus, but quite on a level with the Effiks The women indeed are very comely: their colour is bronze and their skin the skin of the Bantu. Beards are not uncommon among the men, and these give their faces possibly more than anything else, a different look to the faces of the Effiks or the Duallas. Indeed the people physically most like the Bubis that I have


text: Works of Jules Verne/Five Weeks in a Balloon/Chapter 37


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 Crown 8vo, 350 pp., cloth, 3/6.

(TO SAY NOTHING OF THE DOG.)

By JEROME K. JEROME,

Author of "Idle Thoughts of an Idle Fellow," "Stageland,".

ILLUSTRATIONS BY A. FREDERICS.

Crown 8vo, cloth, 288 pp., 3/6.

By EDEN PHILLPOTTS.


text:
Open Knowledge Commons versus Privatized Gain in a Fractured Information Ecology: Lessons from COVID-19 for the Future of Sustainability

Abstract
COVID-19 has shone a bright light on a number of failings and weaknesses in how current economic models handle information and knowledge. Some of these are familiar issues that have long been understood but not acted upon effectively—for example, the danger that current systems of intellectual property and patent protection are actually inimical to delivering a cost-effective vaccine available to all, whereas treating knowledge as a commons and a public good is much more likely to deliver efficient outcomes for the entire global population. But COVID-19 has also demonstrated that traditional models of knowledge production and dissemination are failing us; scientific knowledge is becoming weaponized and hyper-partisan, and confidence in this knowledge is falling. We believe that the challenges that COVID-19 has exposed in the information economy and ecology will be of increasing applicability across the whole spectrum of sustainability; sustainability scholars and policymakers need to understand and grasp them now if we are to avoid contagion into other sectors due to the preventable errors that have marred the global response to COVID-19.

Social media summary
COVID-19 highlights both the failures of privatized knowledge and worrying fractures in the wider information ecology.

Introduction
The COVID-19 pandemic has shone a bright light upon the decisions and actions of governments, corporations, health systems and populations. Millions have been infected and hundreds of thousands have died in the months since knowledge of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus became widespread. Information and knowledge—good or bad, shared or withheld—have been central to the evolution of the pandemic and our responses to it. These challenges are not new; their persistence and rapid re-emergence in this global crisis suggest strongly that current policy and economic models have failed to address their root causes. In this Intelligence Briefing, we argue that expanding existing models of open-source and commons knowledge will be critical not only to combat present and future pandemics, but also to support the actions and collective investments required to safeguard human and planetary health and sustainability. Not surprisingly, these models will have far-reaching consequences for established economic and business models. However, COVID-19 has also revealed concerning fractures in the broader scientific and information ecologies, which have not only impeded the response to the pandemic, but may bode ill for science-based policy and decision-making in all fields of sustainability.

The economics of proprietary versus open knowledge in the pandemic
Knowledge, information and uncertainty have been central to the story of COVID-19 so far, as have long-standing tensions between collaboration and competition. Heroic efforts have been made to share the results of initial research widely and freely, including the genomic sequence of the virus itself, clinical and epidemiological data, patterns and designs to allow local 3D printing of personal protective equipment (PPE) items and ventilator components and international efforts to develop vaccines. And, of course, much still simply remains unknown about COVID-19. Yet accusations and counteraccusations fly as to whether China was transparent enough in its release of data early in the pandemic, while the USA’s actions undermine the ability of the World Health Organization (WHO) to share reliable information; the limitations of peer-reviewed and open-access journal publishing as a vehicle for rapid dissemination of validated and reliable scientific results are yet again on display; while disinformation and conspiracy theories have run riot worldwide. This is to say nothing of the unseemly scramble between nations to source key physical supplies such as PPE and ventilators, ranging from bidding wars to the use of intelligence agencies to secure supplies ahead of other nations, as well as allegations of cyberespionage to steal information on promising candidate vaccines.

Indeed, COVID-19 provides a useful lens on questions of scarcity that are likely to recur across the terrain of planetary health in the years to come. From the perspective of economics, a resource is scarce if the quantity available is insufficient to satisfy all demands, which must then compete for access. Only scarce resources have market value, and markets allocate them to the highest bidder. Growing demand for many essential physical products – some as simple as facemasks and hand sanitizer – called attention to their scarcity even in wealthy nations. The revelation of the limitations of physical supply chains has been an unwelcome and unsettling intrusion into the worldviews of both industry and consumers. Meanwhile, this crisis has only worsened the ever-present problem of real resource scarcity in the world’s poorer societies. We would do well to take note of these lessons. Global supply chains are increasingly likely to be vulnerable to disruption from intersecting environmental, social and economic crises. More immediately, fears are growing over near-term risks of extreme food shortages and famine in several regions, as COVID-19, conflict, extreme weather and crop pests interact (FSIN, 2020).

Even while the recent re-emergence of physical scarcity under COVID-19 has come as a shock to the rich world, for many decades conditions of artificial scarcity have been induced as a deliberate aim of economic policy. Existing knowledge is not scarce, since use by one person does not leave any less available to others; knowledge, in fact, improves with use. One reason that masks are scarce, as Stiglitz et al. (2020) have pointed out, is the 441 patents owned by 3M that mention ‘respirator’ or ‘N95’. Patent and intellectual property protections – the granting of monopoly rights, the antithesis of market competition – have, under conventional economic wisdom, been viewed as necessary to incentivize innovation. Innovations – whether new drugs and vaccines, robots or software – incur high upfront fixed costs, but then have a low (or, in the case of information, zero) marginal cost of production. It costs an estimated average of US$2.6 billion to bring a new drug to market (DiMasi et al., 2016) and an estimated US$319–469 million to take a vaccine from preclinical trial to Phase 2a of clinical trials (Gouglas et al., 2018), which are now underway for the most advanced potential COVID-19 vaccines, but with no guarantee of success. Yet it may cost only pennies to manufacture the resulting vaccine. The more units produced, the lower the average total cost of production. Firms competing to develop COVID-19 vaccines inefficiently replicate fixed costs, and if several are successful, each firm will have to charge more to earn a profit. High fixed costs and low marginal costs are characteristic of natural monopolies, including most public utilities (water, electric or sewage), which are tightly regulated in order to prevent price gouging. Price gouging is particularly problematic for commodities with inelastic demand, such as vaccines and life-saving drugs, for which revenue declines as output increases and profits are maximized by restricting production.

Conventional theory claims that only guaranteed monopoly profits can incentivize entrepreneurial firms to make the investments required to develop new technologies and products (DeLong & Summers, 2001). Yet concerns have been growing for years that traditional patent protections actually slow innovation and increase research costs by forcing researchers to negotiate licensing fees with holders of related patents (including many held by patent trolls), and that these protections reduce social welfare through monopoly pricing (Benkler, 2004; Heller, 1998; Heller & Eisenberg, 1998). Monopoly rents from patents make the pharmaceutical industry one of the most profitable industries globally (Prasad & Mailankody, 2017; Spitz & Wickham, 2012). The profound problems that this model poses to ensuring affordable access to medicine in lower-income countries, for neglected diseases and for vaccines of greatest value to the poor have been well documented over many years (Baker et al., 2017). The higher the price charged for a coronavirus vaccine, the lower the demand, the lower the likelihood of achieving herd immunity and the greater the likelihood that the virus will evolve new vaccine-resistant strains. The public good nature of vaccines – one person’s use confers benefits on others – even justifies negative prices. Relying on market allocation systems for a critical vaccine therefore risks failing to generate the information most needed by society to produce it at least cost and will likely keep it artificially scarce even once it is available (Farley & Kubiszewski, 2015).

Distortion and rent-seeking in COVID-19 intervention research
In the case of COVID-19, treatments and vaccines are being pursued by a mix of for-profit, often publicly funded firms explicitly seeking patent rights and public or not-for-profit initiatives and collaboratives that may open up successful innovations for open-source manufacture. While genomic information on SARS-CoV-2 has been extensively shared amongst a worldwide network of researchers (Nature, 2020), current efforts to develop more than150 candidate vaccines for COVID-19 are highly fragmented (Lancet, 2020). Alongside traditional private-sector efforts, some international collaboratives do exist, yet it is not clear that these will provide open access to either products or intellectual property (Lancet, 2020). The availability and affordability of effective COVID-19 interventions may therefore hinge simply on who arrives first – a rather capricious outcome for many. In the USA, Big Pharma has not only successfully lobbied for US$3 billion in government funding to develop treatments for COVID-19, but also for the right to patent the vaccine with no restrictions on the prices they charge (Karlin-Smith, 2020). Oxford University’s Jenner Institute provided exclusive licensing for its publicly funded vaccine, currently in clinical trials, to UK-based AstraZeneca, with no commitment to public access (AstraZeneca, 2020).

The governments of several high-income countries have ‘pre-ordered’ large volumes of vaccine from several of these initiatives, raising questions about whether and when other nations might receive access. For example, the GAVI Alliance has used its COVAX Advance Market Commitment to pre-order 300 million doses of the putative Oxford University–AstraZeneca vaccine for US$750 million on behalf of the world’s poorest countries. COVAX is a facility that is open for any country to pool funds for the purchase of vaccines and for donors to direct overseas development assistance towards vaccine purchase for low- and lower middle-income nations (GAVI, 2020). However, the US government has also pre-ordered the same quantity from AstraZeneca, albeit for a total cost of US$1.2 billion (Prabhala & Elder, 2020). WHO and others are exhorting vaccine and other manufacturers to share knowledge, intellectual property and data through initiatives such as the COVID-19 Technology Access Pool (WHO, 2020b) and the Open COVID Pledge (open-covidpledge, 2020). Yet COVAX and the WHO’s Global Allocation Framework (WHO, 2020a) are silent on intellectual property and implicitly assume market purchasing from existing suppliers. It is notable that the pledgers listed on the Open COVID Pledge website did not, at the time of writing, include any vaccine or pharmaceutical firms.

COVID-19 has already provided significant opportunities for the realization of large economic rents in the vaccines and pharmaceuticals sector. The non-governmental Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness (CEPI), which works alongside GAVI and WHO, granted US$388 million to Novavax, driving a massive jump in its stock price (Nathan-Kazis, 2020) in anticipation of monopoly profits. Executives at Moderna raised eyebrows by arranging for legal sales of stock, timed to take place immediately after encouraging announcements on its candidate COVID-19 vaccine (Egan & Isidore, 2020). Large sums of public funding are also available for candidate treatments for COVID-19, spurring feverish activity by large and small pharmaceutical firms alike, often backed by hedge funds and using technologies licensed from university-based, publicly funded research (Rowland, 2020). One important strand of the surprising controversy over the use of the antimalarial agent hydroxychloroquine in COVID-19 (see Box 1) has been the tension between repurposing old and off-patent drugs (like hydroxychloroquine and the steroid dexamethasone), which offer only limited profit opportunities, and novel agents (such as remdesivir), which offer the prospect of patents and monopoly rents. The willingness of the US government to advance purchase almost all of the manufacturing pipeline of remdesivir for July, August and September will certainly cement these profits for the drug’s makers. It is perhaps unsurprising that there has been even less enthusiasm for conducting badly needed research into key social interventions (such as the use of facemasks by the general public or specific aspects of social distancing), which offer even less prospect of future profitability.

The COVID-19 pandemic in a damaged information ecology
Health and medical research have long relied on the publication of results in peer-reviewed scientific journals as the key mechanism for quality control and dissemination. The wisdom of this reliance has been under question for several years in the light of the emerging ‘crisis of reproducibility’ affecting medicine and many other scientific disciplines (Ioannidis, 2005, 2016; Munafò et al., 2017). Attempts to massively accelerate the generation and publishing of COVID-19 research as an urgent response to the voracious hunger for information on the pandemic were therefore always going to contain some inherent risks to quality and reliability, even though emerging alternatives (such as the increasingly popular use of online preprints) still offer no real substitute for the peer-review process. Journals across healthcare and beyond issued special calls for papers and instigated accelerated review processes for COVID-19 submissions. By early July, more than 30,000 articles on COVID-19 were listed on the health bibliographic database PubMed (Saitz & Schwitzer, 2020). From a first submission on COVID-19 on 15 January, the journal Lancet Global Health saw its total submissions increase by 185% by June 2020 relative to the previous year (Lancet Global Health, 2020). Unsurprisingly, many journals have experienced a degree of overwhelm in this period, amongst editors, reviewers and, indeed, readers. Yet pharmaceutical and vaccine companies have drawn criticism for a tendency to release favourable results by press release, rather than via scientific publishing routes – a critique that has also been levelled at the UK’s nationwide, publicly funded RECOVERY trial, which has thus far led the way in delivering large-scale drug trial results on COVID-19 therapies (Wise & Coombes, 2020). Box 1 describes how some of the limitations of the current peer-reviewed publication model for dissemination have manifested themselves in the particularly controversial case of the drug hydroxychloroquine.

However, there have been even more worrying signs of a fracturing information ecology at the interface of science, policy and public discourse. Contested scientific evidence around interventions such as hydroxychloroquine and the use of facemasks by the public has somehow mutated into their becoming political totems in a number of countries. The undermining of WHO by the US government’s decision to withdraw from membership, after months of criticism, has interacted with the perceived failure of many national institutions, most notably the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, leaving a void in authoritative guidance that has allowed vested interests and conspiracy theories to gain a foothold. Growing ‘vaccine hesitancy’ and the rise of the ‘antivaxxer’ movement have been evident for several years (Dubé et al., 2015), with WHO listing this phenomenon only last year (along with a global pandemic and the emergence of high-threat pathogens) as one of its top ten threats to global health (WHO, 2019b). COVID-19 has given further life to antivaxxer narratives and conspiracy theories, with recent polls indicating that 30–35% of young American adults probably or definitely would not accept a COVID-19 vaccine (AP-NORC, 2020). More broadly, the emergence of COVID-19 in the hyper-connected social media world of 2020 has given rise to grave problems of misinformation on many aspects of the pandemic (Santos-Rutschman, 2020) and concerns that some of these trends may in fact reflect deliberate disinformation strategies by state and non-state actors in the new era of ‘information warfare’ (Prier, 2017).

Lessons for global sustainability
The damaged information ecology in which global and national responses to COVID-19 are currently playing out should be of deep concern to all those working towards the adoption of more sustainable policies, economics and ways of life. There have been significant failures of global information coordination and cooperation just when the stakes were highest; international and national institutions have struggled to retain authority and confidence in the face of a flood of misinformation and the appropriation of the pandemic for political purposes in several nations. The worst excesses of COVID-19 politicization and denial bear many resemblances to battles that have played out over climate change science and policy for decades. It is chastening to see similar forces also infect a global public health emergency. COVID-19 is not a dress rehearsal for dealing with climate change and planetary boundaries. Yet it may be closer to a dress rehearsal for dealing with the cascading crises that ecological tipping points will bring with them; and if it is, the results do not look pretty so far. We need to ensure urgently that the science–policy nexus is stronger and more robust to uncertainty and disinformation at national and international levels, not only to support long-term policymaking, but also to avoid chaotic responses to more immediate crises.

More broadly, we need modes of knowledge generation and innovation that prioritize human welfare over profits. Financial prizes or governmental purchase of patents (Baker et al., 2017) can make knowledge free, but fail to stimulate cooperation in research and development (R&D). The peer-to-peer (P2P) and commons knowledge economy prioritizes the sharing of information and knowledge. P2P and open hardware make designs and knowledge freely available through open licenses, incentivizing competitive firms to produce them at the lowest possible cost. P2P builds on humanity’s altruistic and cooperative nature as a mode of relationship that allows individuals to connect, collaborate, produce and share without barrier or gain beyond collective pro-social evolution (Pazaitis et al., 2019), but it could be made even more effective with public financing, especially for R&D into urgently needed public goods. Land-grant universities in the USA once took this approach, until the Bayh–Dole Act of 1980 allowed both industries and universities to exclusively patent publicly funded innovations (Sampat, 2006). Salaried scientists are unlikely to work harder for corporate profits than for the public good, and free knowledge still exploits the ability of competitive markets to minimize production costs. There is increasing acceptance among economists that the state must do much more than simply attempting to fix market failures and that transitioning to a sustainable economic model requires active steering by the state to create a technological revolution for the benefit of all (Mazzucato, 2016; Perez, 2017). Our response to global pandemics and other contagious diseases requires a commons knowledge economy, in which P2P-generated and publicly funded R&D into treatments and cures is freely available to all. Even before COVID-19, the effective abandonment of new antibiotic development by the for-profit pharmaceutical industry (WHO, 2019a) – desperately needed in the face of the rising tide of antimicrobial resistance – should be a warning signal that traditional models of for-profit innovation may fail when faced with such complex challenges.

While many people claim that the COVID-19 pandemic illustrates the need for a more resilient economy, we may well have passed so many ecological and economic thresholds that bouncing back is not only undesirable, but also impossible. The most pressing challenges society currently faces, from climate change to pandemics, are social dilemmas best solved through cooperation (Gintis, 2011). While competition for fossil fuels is unavoidable, there is no competition between geographical regions for the solar energy that must replace it, and the knowledge for capturing it improves through use. Patents on green technologies also create artificial scarcity, hindering our fight against ecological calamity. Cooperation is an anti-fragile strategy (Taleb, 2012) in which each challenge we collectively confront stimulates the trust and reciprocity required to address more difficult future challenges. Cooperative generation and sharing of knowledge, stimulated by playful curiosity, trust and reciprocity, will not only help us to solve the COVID-19 crisis, but also enhance our ability to solve the numerous other crises we currently face.

Author contributions
All authors contributed equally to the development of this article.

Conflicts of interest
All authors declare that no conflicts of interest exist.

Financial support
The authors received no funding or financial support for this work.

Ethics committee approval
Ethics approval was not required.


text: Talk:Open Knowledge Commons versus Privatized Gain in a Fractured Information Ecology: Lessons from COVID-19 for the Future of Sustainability


text: Works of Jules Verne/Five Weeks in a Balloon/Chapter 38


text:
Page:The history of that great and renowned monarchy of China. Wherein all the particular provinces are accurately described- as also the dispositions, manners, learning, lawes, militia (IA historyofthatgre00seme).pdf/21

 1

Hina in its extent is one great continued Continent, without having any thing which devides it: and taking it from the latitude of Haynam (which is not farre ditant from the continent, and lyeth in nineteen degrees) it extends it elf twenty fowre degrees, inclinding towards the Eat; and ending in fourty three degrees, it comes to make a circuite o much the more pacious, by how much the coats thereof run along in various and unequall windings; and o comes to be the cheifet kingdome of the word in greatnee and almot equall to all Europe. On the wet ide thereof are many mall Ilands, but oe neere together, that they eem all to Compoe but, as it were, one body.

All this Monarchy is divided into fifteen Provinces; each of which is a pacious Kingdome, and o they were all anciently; each having a King of its own. Of thoe nine, which they call the Southern Provinces, the greatet part of them are watered with large rivers, and ome of thoe, having o great plenty of water, that in many places the oppoite banks are out of ight, one of the other; and elwhere, that which appeareth, is hardly to be ditinguihed what it is. They are all navigable, and are frequented with o great concoure of divers orts of veels, that what might be aid upon this occaion, will hardly eem credible; I hall onely  Rh


text: Works of Jules Verne/Five Weeks in a Balloon/Chapter 39


text:
Author:Martin Hensher

Works

 * Open knowledge commons versus privatized gain in a fractured information ecology: lessons from COVID-19 for the future of sustainability, with Katie Kish, Joshua Farley, Stephen Quilley, and Katharine Zywert

title: Author:Martin Hensher


text:
Author:Katie Kish

Works

 * Open knowledge commons versus privatized gain in a fractured information ecology: lessons from COVID-19 for the future of sustainability, with Martin Hensher, Joshua Farley, Stephen Quilley, and Katharine Zywert

title: Author:Katie Kish


text: Works of Jules Verne/Five Weeks in a Balloon/Chapter 40


text:
Author:Joshua Farley

Works

 * Open knowledge commons versus privatized gain in a fractured information ecology: lessons from COVID-19 for the future of sustainability, with Martin Hensher, Katie Kish, Stephen Quilley, and Katharine Zywert

title: Author:Joshua Farley


text: Works of Jules Verne/Five Weeks in a Balloon/Chapter 41


text:
Author:Stephen Quilley

Works

 * Open knowledge commons versus privatized gain in a fractured information ecology: lessons from COVID-19 for the future of sustainability, with Martin Hensher, Katie Kish, Joshua Farley, and Katharine Zywert

title: Author:Stephen Quilley


text: Works of Jules Verne/Five Weeks in a Balloon/Chapter 42


text:
Page:Travels in West Africa, Congo Français, Corisco and Cameroons (IA travelsinwestafr00kingrich).pdf/92

 ever seen, are undoubtedly the Bakwiri of Cameroons Mountain, who are also liable to be bearded, or possibly I should say more liable to wear beards, for a good deal of the African hairlessness you hear commented on—in the West African at any rate-arises from his deliberately pulling his hair out—his beard, moustache, whiskers, and occasionally, as among the Fans, his eyebrows.

Dr. Baumann, the great authority on the Bubi language says it is a Bantu stock. I know nothing of it myself save that it is harsh in sound. Their method of counting is usually by fives but they are notably weak in arithmetical ability, differing in this particular from the mainlanders, and especially from their Negro neighbours, who are very good at figures, surpassing the Bantu in this, as indeed they do in most branches of intellectual activity.

But the most remarkable instance of inferiority the Bubis display is their ignorance regarding methods of working iron. I do not know that iron in a native state is found on Fernando Po, but scrap-iron they have been in touch with for some hundreds of years. The mainlanders are all cognisant of native methods of working iron, although many tribes of them now depend entirely on European trade for their supply of knives, &c., and this difference between them and the Bubis would seem to indicate that the migration of the latter to the island must have taken place at a fairly remote period, a period before the iron-working tribes came down to the coast. Of course, if you take the Bubi's usual explanation of his origin, namely that he came out of the crater on the top of Clarence Peak, this argument falls through; but he has also another legend, one moreover which is likewise to be found upon the mainland, which says he was driven from the district north of the Gaboon estuary by the coming of the M'pongwe to the coast, and as this legend is the more likely of the two I think we may accept it as true, or nearly so. But what adds another difficulty to the matter is that the Bubi is not only unlearned in iron lore, but he was learned in stone, and up to the time of the youth of many


text: Works of Jules Verne/Five Weeks in a Balloon/Chapter 43


text: Works of Jules Verne/Five Weeks in a Balloon/Chapter 44


text:
Author:Katherine Zywert

Works

 * Open knowledge commons versus privatized gain in a fractured information ecology: lessons from COVID-19 for the future of sustainability, with Martin Hensher, Katie Kish, Joshua Farley, and Stephen Quilley

title: Author:Katherine Zywert


text:
Page:The history of that great and renowned monarchy of China. Wherein all the particular provinces are accurately described- as also the dispositions, manners, learning, lawes, militia (IA historyofthatgre00seme).pdf/28

 8 ruine of the Common wealths.

A pound of mutton is worth a penny, a pigeon a farthing and a halfe, the hire of a man-ervant for a year, two hundred farthings, and his dyet and lodging. But there is a great difference betwixt ome places and others, thoe of the South, as they have the advantage in commerce, o they exceed the ret in money; and the price of things; which continually rieth, as we find every day by experience: but even there to this day, the rare is very moderate.

his kingdome is divided into two parts, South and North, and both thee ubdivided into fifteen provinces, as is above-aid. To this Southern part belong nine; which are Cantone, Guami, Yunnam, Fukien, Kiami, Suchuem, Utquam, Chekiam, Nankim, we wil treate of thee in this chapter, and of the ret in the next. That we may proceede ditinctly, peaking of them in the ame order that we have named them.

Cantone is the firt, and lyeth in that part of the South, that is properly named Quamtum. It is in the latitude of twenty three degrees, it is large, rich, and abounding in wheat and rice, of thee it propuceth each yeare two harvets though for the mot part they are of a everall graine. There is tore of ugar, copper and tin, materials, which they worke, with great variety, into innumerable orts of veels; as alo, workes made with Charam, an excellent vernih, and with guilding, ome whereof are tranported into Europe.

The Jeuits in this province had two reidencies with their Churches and houes, hich perihed by reaon of Severall perecutions, as you hall find hereafter.

The people are able Mechanicks, and though of mall invention, yet they imitate excellently whatoever they find invented. To the City called alo Cantone (though the proper name thereof bee Guamcheufu) the Portugees go twice every year with their marchandice. It is ditant from Macao an hundred and five miles: and Macao is ditant from the firt Ilands, and from the greater Cityes of that Empire fifty four: The circumference thereof is 15 good miles. The concoure of merchants thither is very great, and therefore it is more peopled than many of the other Cityes. The mot and bet comodities of that Kingdome are brought thither, becaue it is the mot open and free eat of trade in that nation. And to ay nothing of the ix neighbouring kingdomes, from whence all orts of merchandie is brought thither, as well by natives as trangers: only that which the Portugees take in for India, Giappone and Manila, cometh ore year with another five thouand three hundred chets of everall ilke tuffs; each chet including 10 peices of the mot


text:
Page:Travels in West Africa, Congo Français, Corisco and Cameroons (IA travelsinwestafr00kingrich).pdf/93

 Porto-negroes on Fernando Po, he was making and using stone implements, and none of the tribes within the memory of man have done this on the mainland. It is true that up the Niger and about Benin and Axim you get polished stone celts, but these are regarded as weird affairs,—thunderbolts—and suitable only for grinding up and making into medicine. There is no trace in the traditions, as far as I have been able to find, of any time at which stone implements were in common use, and certainly the M'pongwe have not been a very long time on the coast, for their coming is still remembered in their traditions. The Bubi stone implements I have seen twice, but on neither occasion could I secure one, and although I have been long promised specimens from Fernando Po, I have not yet received them. They are difficult to procure, because none of the present towns are on really old sites, the Bubi, like most Bantus, moving pretty frequently, either because the ground is witched, demonstrated by outbreaks of sickness, or because another village-full of his fellow creatures, or a horrid white man plantation-making, has come too close to him. A Roman Catholic priest in Ka Congo once told me a legend he laughed much over, of how a fellow priest had enterprisingly settled himself one night in the middle of a Bubi village with intent to devote the remainder of his life to quietly but thoroughly converting it. Next morning, when he rose up, he found himself alone, the people having taken all their portable possessions and vanished to build another village elsewhere. The worthy Father spent some time chivying his flock about the forest, but in vain, and he returned home disgusted, deciding that the Creator, for some wise purpose, had dedicated the Bubis to the Devil.

The spears used by this interesting people are even to this day made entirely of wood, and have such a Polynesian look about them that I intend some time or other to bring some home and experiment on that learned Polynesian-culture-expert, Baron von Hügel, with them:—intellectually experiment, not physically, pray understand.

The pottery has a very early-man look about it, but in this it does not differ much from that of the mainland, which is quite as poor, and similarly made without a wheel, and sun-


text:
Page:The Great Didactic of John Amos Comenius (1896).pdf/259

1. find on investigation that the principle which really holds together the fabric of this world of ours, down to its smallest detail, is none other than order; that is to say, the proper division of what comes before and what comes after, of the superior and the subordinate, of the large and the small, of the similar and dissimilar, according to place, time, number, size, and weight, so that each may fulfil its function well. Order, therefore, has been called the soul of affairs. For everything that is well ordered preserves its position and its strength as long as it maintains its order; it is when it ceases to do so that it grows weak, totters, and falls. This may be seen clearly in instances taken from nature and from art.

2. Through what agency, I ask, does the world maintain its present condition ? what is it that gives it its great stability? It is this, that each creature, obeying the command of nature, restrains its action within the proper limits; and thus, by careful observation of order in small details, the order of the universe is maintained.

3. Through what agency is the flux of time divided so accurately and so continuously into years, months, and days? Through none but the inflexible order of the vault of heaven.

4. What enables bees, ants, and spiders to do work of


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! At this thy Golden Gate,

New travelled from those portals of the West,

Parting—I make my reverence! It were best

With backward looks to quit a Queen in state!

Land of all lands most fair, and free, and great,

Of countless kindred lips, wherefrom I heard

Sweet speech of Shakespeare—keep it consecrate

For noble uses! Land of Freedom's Bird,

Fearless and proud! so let him soar that, stirred

With generous joy, all lands may learn from thee

A larger life, and Europe, undeterred

By ancient dreads, dare also to be free

Body and Soul, seeing thine eagle gaze

Undazzled, upon Freedom's sun full-blaze.


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Hc est in gremium Victos qu sola recepit

Humanumque genus communi nomine fovit

Malris non domin ritu: civesque vocavit

Quos domuit, nexuque pio longinqua revinxit."

alone knew, of victors first and best,

To fold the vanquished to her pardoning breast:

To gather 'neath her wings, in one great brood,

The tribes of Man, by might, then love, subdued,

Mother, not Queen, calling those sons by birth

Whom she had conquered—linking ends of Earth.


text:
Page:The Great Didactic of John Amos Comenius (1896).pdf/260

 such fineness that the mind of man finds it easier to marvel at than to imitate it? Nothing but their natural talent for harmoniously combining order, number, and mass in their constructions.

5. What is it that constitutes the human body such a marvellous instrument that it can perform almost countless functions, even though it have very few resources at its disposal? I mean, that with the few limbs it possesses, it can produce works whose complexity is so wondrous that nothing remains to be desired? It is without question the harmonious disposition of the limbs, and of their constituent parts, that brings this about.

6. What is it that makes it possible for a single mind to rule the whole body in which it dwells, and to direct so many operations at the same time? Nothing but the harmonious order in which the limbs are connected, and which enables them to obey the slightest hint given by the mind, and to set themselves in motion immediately.

7. How is it that a single man, a king or an emperor, can rule whole nations; that, although there are as many wills as there are individuals, all subordinate themselves to the service of that one man, and that, if his affairs go well, the affairs of each subject also must prosper? Again it is order that brings this about. Through its agency all are held together by the connecting bands of law and of obedience, so that some subjects are directly subordinate to and in immediate contact with the supreme ruler, while others in their turn are subordinate to these, and so on down to the meanest serf. The arrangement thus resembles a chain in which each link is intimately connected so that if the first be moved or remain at rest all the others will follow suit.

8. How was it that Hiero, unaided, could move a weight which hundreds of men had in vain tried to stir? Assuredly it was by means of a cleverly-devised machine, in which the cylinders, wheels, and other parts were arranged in such a way that when one worked on the other the force applied was much increased.


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A neck-exalting Lord, a Median King,

Heard one in rags, sore-troubled, say this thing

Under the palace-arch—haggard and faint,

Rocking upon the Carpet of Complaint:

"Oh, Sultan! to the door of God goest thou

As I to thine: therefore accomplish now

Mercy towards me, as thou for mercy prayest:

'Make glad my heart!' to Allah so thou sayest,

Therefore, from Sorrow's darkness bring forth mine!"

Now, on that Sultan's thumb a stone did shine,

Pigeon-blood ruby, such a gem the Shroff

Faltered in telling what would weigh enough

In gold tomâns to price it. In the night

It glowed as day had dropped spark of rose-light


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 From th' afternoon: and in the Day it seemed

As though a red imprisoned sunbeam gleamed.

The Sultan drew this wonder from his thumb,

While, at his stirrup-iron, grim and dumb,

The Aghas watched, stroking their beards. He drew

The ruby off, and quotha: "It was new

Upon our lips that prayer! God may delay

To hear us if we turn our hearts away

When others ask. Go, sell this ring, and buy

Oil of Content for Sore of Misery!"

Better a king's hand lacking royal seal

Than King's ear guilty of unheard appeal!


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Page:Potipharswifeoth00arnoiala.djvu/107

in the mind hath made us. What thou art

By thought was wrought and builded. If a soul

Hath evil thoughts, pain comes as wheels of cart

Behind its oxen roll.

All that we are is what we think and will:

Our thoughts shape us and frame. If one endure

In purity of thought, joy follows still

As his own shadow—sure!

"He hath defamed me, wronged me, broken trust,

Abased me, beaten me! "If one shall keep


text:
Author:Theodore Rothstein

Works

 * The Decline of British Industry (1903)
 * The Russian Revolution (1907)
 * The Influence of Protection on Agriculture in Germany (1910)
 * The Effect of Protection on the Standard of Living in Germany (1910)
 * The Revolt of Protectionists in Germany against their own Tariff (1910)
 * Egypt's Ruin (1910)
 * Essays in Socialism and War (1917)
 * From Chartism to Labourism (1929)

title: Author:Theodore Rothstein


text:
Page:Potipharswifeoth00arnoiala.djvu/108

 Thoughts like these angry words within his breast

Hatreds will never sleep!

"He hath defamed me, wronged me, vilely wrought,

Abased me, beaten me!" If one shall send

Such angry words away for pardoning thought

Hatreds will have an end.

For, never anywhere at any time

Did hatred cease by hatred. Always 'tis

By Love that hatred ceaseth. From the prime

The ancient Rule is this.

The many, that live foolish, do forget

Or never knew, how mortal wrongs pass by:

But they who know, and who remember, let

Transient quarrels die.

Whoso abides, looking for pleasures, vain,

Gluttonous, proud, in idle luxuries,

Mara will him o'erthrow, as wind and rain

Level short-rooted trees.


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Page:The Great Didactic of John Amos Comenius (1896).pdf/261

 9. The terrible operations of artillery, by which walls are broken down, towers are shattered, and armies are laid low, depend on nothing but the proper arrangement of materials, so that the active is placed in close connection with the passive element; that is to say, on the proper mixing of saltpetre with sulphur (the coldest substance with the hottest), on the proper construction of the cannon, on its being skilfully loaded with powder and missiles, and, lastly, on its being correctly pointed at the objects to be hit. If one of these conditions be not properly fulfilled, the whole apparatus is useless.

10. How is it that the processes of printing, by which books can be multiplied quickly, neatly, and correctly, are properly carried out? Assuredly by means of order. The type must be cut, moulded, and polished, placed suitably in the type-boxes, and then arranged in the right order, while the paper must be prepared, damped, stretched, and placed under the press.

11. To take another example of mechanism. How is it that a carriage, a construction of wood and iron, can be so easily drawn by the horses that are fastened to it, and can be of such use for the conveyance of men and burdens? This is brought about by nothing but the skilful arrangement of wood and of iron in the wheels, the axle-trees, and the shafts. If one of these parts give way, the whole construction is useless.

12. How is it that men can trust themselves to the stormy sea in a construction made of a few pieces of wood? How is it that they make their way to the antipodes and return safe and sound? It is nothing but the proper combination of keel, mast, rudder, compass, etc., in the ship that enables them to do so. If any one of these fail in its action, they are in great danger of shipwreck or of foundering.

13. Finally, how is it that the machine for measuring time, the clock, which is nothing but a well-arranged and well-devised disposition of iron parts, moves harmoniously and evenly, and marks off minutes, hours, days, months,


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 Whoso abides, disowning joys, controlled,

Temperate, faithful, firm, shunning all ill,

Mara shall no more shake that man strong-souled

Than the wind shakes a hill.

Whoso Kâshŷa bears—the yellow dress—

Being anishkashŷa, not sin-free

Nor heeding Truth and Law—in wrongfulness

That holy robe wears he.

But whoso, living nishkashŷa aright,

Clean from offence, doth still in virtue dwell

Observing temperance and truth—that wight

Weareth Kâshŷa well.

Whoso imagines truth in the untrue

And in the true finds untruth—he expires

Never attaining Knowledge—all's to rue!

He follows vain desires.


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Page:On the connexion of the physical sciences (1834).djvu/22

10 planets; but the compression or flattening at their poles is so small, that even Jupiter, whose rotation is the most rapid, and therefore the most elliptical of the planets, may, from his great distance, be regarded as spherical. Although the planets attract each other as if they were spheres, on account of their distances, yet the satellites are near enough to he sensibly affected in their motions by the forms of their primaries. The moon, for example, is so near the earth, that the reciprocal attraction between each of her particles, and each of the particles in the prominent mass at the terrestrial equator, occasions considerable disturbances in the motions of both bodies: for the action of the moon, on the matter at the earth’s equator, produces a nutation in the axis of rotation, and the reaction of that matter on the moon is the cause of a corresponding nutation in the lunar orbit.

If a sphere, at rest in space, receive an impulse passing through its centre of gravity, all its parts will move with an equal velocity in a straight line; but if the impulse does not pass through the centre of gravity, its particles, having unequal velocities, will have a rotatory motion at the same time that it is translated in space. These motions are independent of one another; so that a contrary impulse, passing through its centre of gravity, will impede its progress, without interfering with its rotation.


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 Whoso discerns in truth the true, and sees

The false in falseness with unblinded eye,

He doth attain to knowledge. Life with these

Aims well before they die.

As rain breaks through an ill-thatched roof, so break

Passions through minds which holy thoughts despise:

As rain runs from a well-laid roof—so shake

Their passions off, the wise.

The Evil-doer mourneth this life long

And mourneth in the life to come. In both

He grieveth. When he seeth fruit of wrong

To see he will be loath.

The righteous man in this world hath his boot,

And in the world to come. From both he takes

Pleasaunce. When he doth see his works bear fruit

The good sight gladness makes.


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Page:Sexism, racism, and nationalism - Factors associated with the 2016 U.S. presidential election results.pdf/2

PLOS ONE Electoral College votes to Clinton’s 227 votes. Following the largely unanticipated outcome of the election, several narratives predominated the media as explanations for the election results. Some proposed that Clinton’s defeat was due to sexism toward women (e.g., ). Others argued that the election demonstrated underlying racist sentiments in the U.S. (e.g., ). A third explanation was that growing nationalistic attitudes in the U.S. contributed to Trump’s win (e.g., ). Although scholars have found evidence to support each of these accounts (e.g.,  ), most studies did not consider all three factors in conjunction. This is important as sexism toward women, racism, and nationalism are generally correlated with one another (e.g., ), so it is unclear to what extent each factor was uniquely related to the election outcome. Furthermore, many of the studies did not prospectively test the association between these factors and voting behavior. Thus, the goal of this study was to determine the extent to which sexism toward women, racism, and nationalism independently accounted for attitudes toward the presidential candidates and voting intentions pre-election, as well as predicted actual voting behavior.

Sexism
Despite advances in gender equality in the workforce in the last few decades, gender gaps still remain in hiring, promotion, and salaries (e.g., ). For example, only 23.7% of the 2019 U.S. congress are women. This inequality is in part due to gender stereotypes and sexist beliefs about women (e.g., ). In particular, gender inequality in leadership positions is related to match/mismatch in societal stereotypes regarding gender and leader roles (see, for a review). According to role congruity theory, female leaders are evaluated more negatively because there is inconsistency in the traits associated with their gender (e.g., dependent, emotional) and those of a leader (e.g., strength, rational; ). Male leaders, on the other hand, are evaluated more positively because they are perceived as possessing more leadership qualities, due to overlap in societal stereotypes. This bias applies to evaluations of presidential candidates. In an experimental study, a hypothetical female presidential candidate was evaluated more negatively than a hypothetical male presidential candidate with the exact same qualifications. However, it should be noted that this study had a small sample size and thus low statistical power. In another study, actual female presidential candidates (i.e., Hillary Clinton, Elizabeth Dole) were similarly evaluated as less qualified than male candidates (i.e., John Edwards, Rudy Giuliani, and John McCain), and participants were more likely to vote for male candidates than female candidates.

Women who are perceived as more agentic when seeking a leadership position often face backlash in the form of hostile sexism. According to ambivalent sexism theory, sexism toward women consists of two components: hostile and benevolent sexism. Hostile sexism refers to more traditional prejudice and hostility toward women, and it is based on beliefs that women are threatening men’s position and power. Benevolent sexism includes attitudes of appreciation for women, but is based on beliefs that women are weaker than men and traditional gender roles should remain in society. As such, men should protect women. These seemingly contradictory aspects of sexism toward women help to maintain men’s greater status in society while simultaneously recognizing the necessity for men and women to have favorable relations for reproductive purposes. In order to maintain the status quo, women are overtly criticized and evaluated negatively when they do not prescribe to traditional gender roles (i.e., hostile sexism), and they are viewed positively as caring and in need of protection from men when in traditional gender roles (i.e., benevolent sexism; ). In general, Hillary Clinton is viewed as less stereotypically feminine, and greater hostile sexism toward women has previously been associated with lower likelihood of voting for Hillary Clinton. PLOS ONE


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 Glad is he living, glad in dying, glad

Having once died: glad alway, glad to know

What good deeds he had done, glad that he had

More good where he did go.

The lawless man, who Law not following,

Leaf after leaf recites, and line by line;

No Buddhist is he, but a hireling

Who counts another's kine.

The law-obeying, loving one, who learns

Only one verse of Dharma, but hath ceased

From envy, hatred, malice, ill concerns,

He is the Buddhist Priest!


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 and sometimes years? and this not only for the eyes but for the ears as well, that it may give some sign at night and to those at a distance? How is it that such an instrument can wake a man out of sleep at a given hour, and can strike a light to enable him to see? How is it that it can indicate the quarters of the moon, the positions of the planets, and the eclipses? Is it not a truly marvellous thing that a machine, a soulless thing, can move in such a life-like, continuous, and regular manner? Before clocks were invented would not the existence of such things have seemed as impossible as that trees could walk or stones speak? Yet every one can see that they exist now.

14. What is the hidden power that brings this to pass? Nothing but the all-ruling force of order; that is to say, the force derived from arranging all the parts concerned according to their number, size, and importance, and in such a manner that each one shall perform its own proper function as well as work harmoniously with and assist the other parts whose action is necessary to produce the desired result; that is to say, the size of each part must be carefully regulated to suit that of the rest; each part must fit properly into those which surround it; and the general laws that regulate the equal distribution of force to the several parts must be observed. In such a case all the processes are more exact than in a living body controlled by one mind. But if any part get out of position, crack, break, become loose or bent, though it be the smallest wheel, the most insignificant axle, or the tiniest screw, the whole machine stops still or at least goes wrong, and thus shows us plainly that everything depends on the harmonious working of the parts.

15. The art of teaching, therefore, demands nothing more than the skilful arrangement of time, of the subjects taught, and of the method. As soon as we have succeeded in finding the proper method it will be no harder to teach school-boys, in any number desired, than with the help of the printing-press to cover a thousand sheets daily with


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in the city garden

Where the gardens touched the woodlands

(Always with new eyes beholding

Men and beasts and birds and flowers

In your land, so fair and friendly,

In America so wondrous);

Suddenly I spy, careering,

Tail in air, alert, observant,

Glittering with black-beady eyeballs

On the rail-edge, like rope-dancer,

Some small beast not known in England.

"What is that?" I said, inquiring,

"Can it be Longfellow's squirrel,

Hiawatha's Adjidaumo?"

"Say! and don't you really know him?"

Laughingly replied my comrade,

Tan-faced, prairie boy of ten;


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 the neatest writing, or with Archimedes’ machine to move houses, towers, and immense weights, or to cross the ocean in a ship, and journey to the New World. The whole process, too, will be as free from friction as is the movement of a clock whose motive power is supplied by the weights. It will be as pleasant to see education carried out on my plan as to look at an automatic machine of this kind, and the process will be as free from failure as are these mechanical contrivances, when skilfully made.

16. Let us therefore endeavour, in the name of the Almighty, to organise schools in such a way that in these points they may bear the greatest resemblance to a clock which is put together with the greatest skill, and is cunningly chased with the most delicate tools.


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 "That's the Chipmunk, and we kill him

For his smooth, gray, stripey skin."

"Ah!" I said, "don't kill the Chipmunk,

If his little coat has stripes!

Brother he must be, or cousin

To a Chipmunk that I know

Dwelling in the Indian Jungle.

No one kills the small geloori

" [sic]Over there in far-off India,

Ever since they heard this story

How its coat came to be striped."

"Why, do tell!" cried my companion;

And I told the Hindoo story

All to save chipmunks and squirrels.

Once, among the palm-groves wandering,

Shiva, Lord and God of all things,

By the sea-shore saw a squirrel

Gray, with bushy tail and bright eyes,

Dipping constantly in ocean,

Dipping twenty times a minute,


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 Dipping deeply in the salt waves

Bushy tail, and then besprinkling

On the shore the gathered water.

Quoth the God, "What art thou doing,

Little gray, insensate Squirrel!

Dipping in the mighty ocean

Tail so insignificant?"

And the Squirrel meekly answered:

"Oh, Creator of all living,

Glorious Shiva! I am trying

To bale dry the Indian Sea;

For there came a furious tempest

Which laid low this lofty palm-tree

Where I built my happy nest;

And the palm has fallen seaward,

And the nest lies in the water,

And my wife and pretty children

In the nest will float away;

Therefore, all the night and day here,

Do I dip my tail and shake it,

Hoping, if I labor stoutly,


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 At the last to bale the sea dry,

So that I may save my darlings

Even though I spoil my tail."

Gravely spake the Lord of Heaven:

"Truly 'tis a good example,

Little, gray, absurd Geloori!

Which you set to families.

If all husbands were as faithful,

And all fathers proved as fond,

Happier would be those I fashion,

Sweet would pass the lives I give!"

Then He stooped, and, with his great hand—

Hand that makes the men and spirits—

Hand that holds the stars and planets

As we grasp a bunch of grapes—

Shiva stroked the toiling squirrel;

And there came, from nose to tail-end,

Four green stripes upon the gray;

Marks by the Supreme Hand planted

As a sign of love forever.

Then He lifted high that hand,