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246 "Can you tell us how it is that so large a concern is kept so completely secret?"

Here was a poser; but my native impudence and the brandy seemed to come to my aid.

"That is information," I replied, "which I do not feel justified in divulging even here. In withholding it I am acting under the direction of the chief commissioner."

"You are right—perfectly right," said my original friend Petrokine. "You will no doubt make your report to the central office at Moscow before entering into such details."

"Exactly so," I replied, only too happy to get a lift out of my difficulty.

"We have heard," said Alexis, "that you were sent to inspect the Livadia. Can you give us any particulars about it?"

"Anything you ask I will endeavor to answer," I replied, in desperation.

"Have any orders been made in Birmingham concerning it?"

"None when I left England."

"Well, well, there's plenty of time yet," said the man with the beard—"many months. Will the bottom be of wood or iron?"

"Of wood," I answered at random.

"'Tis well!" said another voice. "And what is the breadth of the Clyde below Greenock?"

"It varies much," I replied; "on an average about eighty yards."


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Page:Max Havelaar Or The Coffee Sales of the Netherlands Trading Company Siebenhaar.djvu/255

 cause I have noticed that latterly—I don’t know whether this comes from Stern—she has taken ideas into her head that appear to me dangerous to morality, on which my wife and I are so specially keen. Amongst other things I have heard her sing a French song—by Béranger, I believe—in which a poor old beggar-woman who in her youth sang on the stage is pitied; and yesterday she came to breakfast without stays on—Marie, I mean—which surely is not respectable.

I also must admit that Frits has not brought home much good from the prayer-meeting. I was fairly satisfied with his quiet behaviour in sitting still in Church. He never stirred, never turned his eyes away from the pulpit; but I learnt afterwards that Betsy Rosemeyer was sitting in the chancel. I said nothing about it, for one must not be too severe with young people, and the Rosemeyers are a respectable firm. They gave their eldest daughter, when she married Bridgeman who is in drugs, a nice little bit, and I believe therefore that this kind of thing keeps Frits away from the Westermarket, which pleases me greatly, as I am so keen on morality.

But this does not prevent my being vexed at seeing Frits hardening his heart, like Pharaoh, who really was less guilty than he, as he had no father who was always showing him the right way, for the Scriptures say nothing about Pharaoh Senior. The Reverend Twaddler complains about his conceit—I mean Frits’s conceit—at the confirmation class, and the boy seems to have dug up, out of that bundle of Shawlman’s again!—an amount of wiseacredom that drives conscientious old Twaddler mad. It is quite touching how the worthy man, who often takes luncheon with us, tries to work on Frits’s feelings, and how the young rascal has always fresh questions ready, showing the refractoriness of his heart it all comes from that accursed bundle of Shawlman’s! With tears of feeling rolling down his cheeks, the zealous servant of the Evangels seeks to persuade him to renounce man-made wisdom, and to be introduced to the mysteries of God's wisdom. With gentle and tender language he beseeches him not to reject the bread of

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
User talk:KingVik Planet

--Jan Kameníček (talk) 14:30, 13 October 2023 (UTC)

Thank you
Thank you so much, @Jan.Kamenicek for reaching out to me. This really means a lot to me. Thanks for your comprehensive guidance; it is making huge sense, I am actually here to stay, I joined wikimedia 2018 when I was in search of how to make an impact, but unfortunately, I have been inactive as I had no or little knowledge of the right platform Learn how to contribute the right way on Wikimedia. Currently on OpenstreetMap, which I discovered a few months ago before wiki, I am currently having 600,000 edits, and I hope to do that soon on Wikimedia. Thanks to African Growth Project for the ongoing training which I am part of; it is so helpful and resourceful

I will be in touch with you, as I will be glad to learn more, contribute more and contribute perfectly, and please you can also check my activities and alert me where I need to Adjust.

Once again, Thank You. KingVik Planet (talk) 09:05, 15 October 2023 (UTC)

Hey
Thanks for your proofreading efforts in this month's challenge! Yesterday, I mentioned you in the talk page of the file page about whether the work should make use of at the start of some paragraphs, and I'd like to hear any remark that you may have to defend your usage of the template. The style guide tells us that paragraphs shouldn't be indented, though it says "it is not a set of rigid rules." If you do not discuss, I might have to remove the gap templates to keep the book consistent with other works in Wikisource. Once again, thank you! ObserveOwl (talk) 11:36, 15 October 2023 (UTC)

 * Alright Thank you, @ObserveOwl, Maybe I have to wait for that clarification before I proceed, or should I continue without using it until I get the clarification?
 * KingVik Planet (talk) 11:51, 15 October 2023 (UTC)
 * I mean, the choice is yours, though I'd prefer if you waited while providing some argument in the talk page that would show that the indentation in the book is a special case, and that it should be kept. It's ok if you don't have any, just say that in the talk page and I'll try to remove the gap tags throughout the book. ObserveOwl (talk) 12:17, 15 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Heya, are you there? You haven't been editing for a bit, it's ok if you don't want to contribute anymore but sorry if I scared you off or anything. I was just asking if you believed the book was a special case and the style guide could be discarded for this case. If not, you could continue proofreading without using . ObserveOwl (talk) 07:48, 16 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Alright then, Thank you
 * KingVik Planet (talk) 08:41, 16 October 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:KingVik Planet


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Page:Max Havelaar Or The Coffee Sales of the Netherlands Trading Company Siebenhaar.djvu/256

 eternal life, and so to fall into the clutches of Satan, who dwells with his angels in the fire which has been prepared for him unto all eternity. “Oh!” he said yesterday—I mean Twaddler—“oh, my young friend, do open your eyes and your ears, and hear and see what the Lord gives you to see and to hear from my lips. Mark the testimony of the Saints who died for the true faith! Observe Saint Stephen, as he sinks under the cobblestones that crush him! See how his eye still seeks heaven, and how his tongue still sings psalms”

“I’d rather have thrown some back at them!” Frits said. Reader, what am I to do with that boy?

A moment after Twaddler started again, for he is a zealous servant, and does not desist from his labours. “Oh!” he said, “my young friend, do open ” the introduction was the same as before. “But,” he continued, “can you remain insensible to the reflection of what must become of you if once you are counted among the goats on the left side ”

Here the rapscallion burst out into loud laughter—I mean Frits—and Marie also began to laugh. I even thought I traced something like a laugh on my wife’s face. But now I thought it time to support Twaddler, and I punished Frits with a fine from his money-box to be paid to the Mission Society.

Alas, reader, all this moves me deeply. And how can I, suffering these pangs, amuse myself listening to stories about buffaloes and Javanese? What is a buffalo compared with the salvation of Frits? What concern of mine are the affairs of those far-off people, when I fear that Frits by his unbelief will ruin my own affairs, and that he will never be a solid broker? For Twaddler himself has said that God ordains everything in such manner that orthodoxy leads to wealth. “Just see,” he said, “is there not much wealth in Holland? That is the result of faith. Is there not in France continually murder and manslaughter? That is because there they are Catholics. Are not the Javanese poor? They are heathens. The longer the Dutch are connected with the Javanese, the more wealth


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Rh "How many men does she carry?" asked an anæmic-looking youth at the foot of the table, who seemed more fit for a public school than this den of murder.

"About three hundred," said I.

"A floating coffin!" said the young Nihilist in a sepulchral voice.

"Are the store-rooms on a level with or underneath the state-cabins?" asked Petrokine.

"Underneath," said I decisively, though I need hardly say I had not the smallest conception."conception. [sic]

"And now, most honored sir," said Alexis, "tell us what was the reply of Bauer, the German Socialist, to Ravinsky's proclamation?"

Here was a deadlock with a vengeance. Whether my cunning would have extricated me from it or not was never decided, for Providence hurried me from one dilemma into another and a worse one.

A door slammed downstairs, and rapid footsteps were heard approaching. Then came a loud tap outside, followed by two smaller ones.

"The sign of the society!" said Petrokine; "and yet we are all present; who can it be?"

The door was thrown open, and a man entered, dusty and travel-stained, but with an air of authority and power stamped on every feature of his harsh but expressive face. He glanced round the table, scanning each countenance carefully. There was a start of surprise in the room. He was evidently a stranger to them all.


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252 me on consideration to be unsuited to the circumstances of this country and to the character of the people.

The first step to a sound judgment on the whole of this subject is to consider what features should characterize a plan likely to be attended with success. It will probably be admitted that any scheme for the promotion of public instruction should be simple in its details and thereby easy of execution; cheap and thereby capable of extensive or general application; not alarming to the prejudices of the people but calculated on the contrary to create and elicit good feelings towards their rulers; not tending to supersede or repress self-exertion, but rather to stimulate and encourage it, and at the same time giving Government the lead in the adoption and direction of measures for the future moulding and development of the native character, native society, and native institutions.

The simplest form in which Government influence could be employed for this object is that of mere recommendation, and in conversing with natives on the means of infusing fresh vigour into their institutions of education, they have sometimes expressed the opinion that a mere intimation of the pleasure of Government and of the satisfaction with which it regards such efforts, would be sufficient to cause schools to spring up and revive in all directions. This opinion was most probably meant in a sense very different from that conveyed by the terms in which it was expressed. The object of Government in adopting such a course would be to avoid interfering or dictating in a matter like education which may be deemed to belong to domestic and social regulation; but the adoption of such a course would be, and would be understood to be, the very interference and dictation which it is sought to avoid. The people in general are unable to appreciate such a procedure on the part of Government. They would neither understand the language employed nor the motives that dictate it. They would either suppose that there is some secret intention to entrap them into disobedience, or giving full credence to the assurance that no authority is to be employed to enforce the recommendation, it would be neglected. In either case Government and the people would be placed in a false relative position.

The people of this country in their present condition cannot understand any other language than that of command proceeding from Government. They do not perceive the possibility of their standing in any other relation to their rulers than in that which requires obedience. I had frequent illustrations of this in my own experience during the progress of my inquiries. Before seeing me, the mere announcement of my expected arrival was sufficient to inspire awe into the minds of the inhabitants of a village, and a simple request that they would give me such and such information respecting their village was not regarded as a request with which


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 will there be here, and the more poverty yonder. It’s God’s will that it should be so!”

I am amazed at Twaddler’s insight into business. For it is the truth that I, who am strict in religion, see my business more prosperous every year, whilst Busselinck & Waterman, who trouble neither about God nor his commandments, will only remain tricksters all their lives. The Rosemeyers also, who are in sugar and have a Catholic maid-servant, had again recently to accept five shillings in the pound from a Jew who had gone bankrupt. The more I think of it, the more I am able to discover the inscrutable ways of God. Recently again it was found that thirty million guilders clear profit was made from the sale of products supplied by the heathen, and that did not even include what I made out of it and the many others who make a living by this business. Doesn’t it seem as if the Lord said: “Here are thirty millions for your belief”? Isn’t this clearly the hand of God, who makes the wicked man labour to save the just? Isn’t this a hint to continue in the right way? A hint to have much produced over there, and to persist here in the true faith? Isn’t it therefore said: “Pray and work,” so that should pray, and have the work done by all the black rabble that knows nothing of “Our Father”?

Oh! how right is Twaddler when he calls God’s yoke light! How light is the burden made for all those who believe! I am only in the forties, and could retire if I wished to, and go to Driebergen; and just see what others come to who forsake the Lord! Yesterday I saw Shawlman with his wife and little boy: they looked like ghosts. He is as pale as death, his eyes stick out, and his cheeks are hollow. His figure stoops, although he is even younger than I. She also was very shabbily dressed, and she seemed to have been crying again. Well, of course, I had at once noticed that she had a discontented nature, for I have only to see a person once to take his measure. That is the result of experience. She wore a short thin mantle of black silk, although it was pretty cold. Not a sign of a crinoline. Her light skirt hung slack around her knees, and


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Rh they might or might not comply according to their own sense of importance of the object, but usually as an order which it would be folly and madness to thwart or resist. They admitted the importance and utility of the object when it was explained to them but it was not because of its importance and utility that they gave the information required, but because submission to authority is the confirmed habit of the people. Appearing among them instructed and authorized by Government to inquire into the state of native education they could regard me in no other light than as one whom it would be illegal to disobey. In such circumstances all that could be done was to make my request and direct my agents to seek for information after a full explanation afforded in the least offensive manner in order that the people might do heartily what they would otherwise have for the most part done coldly and slavishly. The unauthoritative modes of address thus adopted led on several occasions to an inquiry in return from them whether I was acting only on my private authority or was really empowered by Government to conduct such an investigation. I of course assured them that I was fully authorized as the perwanahs addressed by the Magistrate to his Darogahs and others showed, but that I had been expressly directed, in deference to their feelings and to avoid the possibility of offence, to collect only such information as they themselves might, after proper explanations, voluntarily furnish. The adoption of such a style of address by a Government functionary was apparently new to them, and scarcely intelligible.

The truth appears to be that they are so completely bowed down by ages of foreginforeign [sic] rule that they have lost not only the capacity and the desire, but the very idea, of self-government in matters regarding which the authority of the state is directly or indirectly interposed. They have no conception of government as the mere organ of law and its sanctions. They view it simply as an instrument of power whose behests are absolute, indisputable, and wholly independent of the voluntary co-operation of the individual members of the community. We have thus a Government which desires to rule by law, and a people that wills to be ruled by power. Mere power unsupported by the moral co-operation of the community is weaker than law would be with that co-operation but to call the latter forth must be one of the objects and effects of education by embodying with native public opinion the conviction that the interest of the state and its subjects are the same. It follows that, in devising means to produce that conviction, we must not assume that it already exists, and that the people will, at the mere recommendation of government, understood as such, adopt measures even for their own advantage, or that they will understand a recommendation from such a source in any other way than as a command.


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248 "What means this intrusion, sir?" said my friend with the beard.

"Intrusion!" said the stranger. "I was given to understand that I was expected, and had looked forward to a warmer welcome from my fellow-associates. I am personally unknown to you, gentlemen, but I am proud to think that my name should command some respect among you. I am Gustave Berger, the agent from England, bearing letters from the chief commissioner to his well-beloved brothers of Solteff."

One of their own bombs could hardly have created greater surprise had it been fired in the midst of them. Every eye was fixed alternately on me and upon the newly arrived agent.

"If you are indeed Gustave Berger," said Petrokine, "who is this?"

"That I am Gustave Berger these credentials will show," said the stranger, as he threw a packet upon the table. "Who that man may be I know not; but if he has intruded himself upon the lodge under false pretences, it is clear that he must never carry out of the room what he has learned. Speak, sir," he added, addressing me; "who and what are you?"

I felt that my time had come. My revolver was in my hip-pocket; but what was that against so many desperate men? I grasped the butt of it, however, as a drowning man clings to a straw, and I tried to preserve my coolness as I glanced round at the cold, vindictive faces turned toward me.


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Rh "Gentlemen," I said, "the role I have played to- night has been a purely involuntary one on my part. I am no police spy, as you seem to suspect; nor, on the other hand, have I the honor to be a member of your association. I am an inoffensive corn-dealer, who by an extraordinary mistake has been forced into this unpleasant and awkward position."

I paused for a moment. Was it my fancy that there was a peculiar noise in the street—a noise as of many feet treading softly? No, it had died away; it was but the throbbing of my own heart.

"I need hardly say," I continued, "that anything I may have heard to-night will be safe in my keeping. I pledge my solemn honor as a gentleman that not one word of it shall transpire through me."

The senses of men in great physical danger become strangely acute, or their imagination plays them curious tricks. My back was toward the door as I sat, but I could have sworn that I heard heavy breathing behind it. Was it the three minions whom I had seen before in the performance of their hateful functions, and who, like vultures, had sniffed another victim?

I looked round the table. Still the same hard, cruel faces. Not one glance of sympathy. I cocked the revolver in my pocket.

There was a painful silence, which was broken by the harsh, grating voice of Petrokine.

"Promises are easily made and easily broken," he said. "There is but one way of securing eternal si-


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250 lence. It is our lives or yours. Let the highest among us speak."

"You are right, sir," said the English agent; "there is but one course open. He must be dismissed."

I knew what that meant in their confounded jargon, and sprang to my feet.

"By Heaven!" I shouted, putting my back against the door, "you shan't butcher a free Englishman like a sheep! The first among you who stirs drops!"

A man sprang at me. I saw along the sights of my derringer the gleam of a knife and the demoniacal face of Gustave Berger. Then I pulled the trigger, and, with his hoarse scream sounding in my ears, I was felled to the ground by a crushing blow from behind. Half-unconscious, and pressed down by some heavy weight, I heard the noise of shouts and blows above me, and then I fainted.

When I came to myself I was lying among the debris of the door, which had been beaten in on the top of me. Opposite were a dozen of the men who had lately sat in judgment upon me, tied two and two, and guarded by a score of Russian soldiers. Beside me was the corpse of the ill-fated English agent, his whole face blown in by the force of the explosion. Alexis and Petrokine were both lying on the floor like myself, bleeding profusely.

"Well, young fellow, you've had a narrow escape," said a hearty voice in my ear.

I looked up, and recognized my black-eyed acquaintance of the railway carriage.


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254 The chief exception to the general submissiveness to every person or thing bearing the form or semblance of public authority regards the subject of religion in which they do not discover the slightest disposition to recognize the right of Government to interfere. On the contrary, joined to an exemplary tolerance of differences in creed and practice, there is a jealousy of any appearance of such authoritative interference. I had frequent occasions to remove from the minds of the learned and religious classes the fears they entertained on this point; and I have reason to believe that the occasional instances of opposition or distrust that occurred to me in which no opportunity of explanation was afforded originated from the same cause.

The next form in which Government influence may be conceived to be employed for the promotion of education is by making it compulsory, and enacting that every village should have a school. I hope the time will come when every village shall have a school, but the period has not yet arrived when this obligation can be enforced. Such a law, direct and intelligible, would be preferable to a mere recommendation which might be understood in a double sense, but it would be premature. It would be ordering the people to do what they are too poor and too ignorant to do willingly or well, if at all. It would be neither to follow nor to lead but to run counter to native public opinion. Those who in respect of caste or wealth constitute the higher classes do not need any such coercive means to induce them to instruct their children. Those who in respect of caste may be called the middle classes are convinced of the advantages of education, but they are in general poor and many of them would feel such a measure to be severe and oppressive. The lower classes consisting both of Hindus and Musalmans and of numerous sub-divisions and varieties of caste and occupation greatly exceed the others in number, and they are for the most part by general consent consigned to ignorance. In many villages they are the sole, in others the most numerous inhabitants, and such a compulsory law as I have supposed would be received with universal astonishment and dismay—with dismay by themselves and with astoinshmentastonishment [sic] if not derision by the superior classes. A national system of education will necessarily have chiefly in view the most numerous classes of the population, but in their present state of moral and social preparation we can approach them only by slow and almost imperceptible steps. We can effectually raise them only by aiding their voluntary efforts to rise; and at present the prejudice against their instruction is nearly as strong and as general in their own minds as in the minds of others. In the preceding pages I have shown that it has begun to give way in Bengal and Behar; and in the records of the General Committee of Public Instruction I find an apt illustration both of the existence of the prejudice in the North-Western


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Rh "Stand up," he continued: "you're only a bit stunned; no bones broken. It's no wonder I mistook you for the Nihilist agent, when the very lodge itself was taken in. Well, you're the only stranger who ever came out of this den alive. Come downstairs with me. I know who you are, and what you are after now; I'll take you to Mr. Dimidoff. Nay, don't go in there," he cried, as I walked toward the door of the cell into which I had been originally ushered. "Keep out of that; you've seen evil sights enough for one day. Come down and have a glass of liquor."

He explained as we walked back to the hotel that the police of Solteff, of which he was the chief, had had warning and been on the lookout during some time for this Nihilist emissary. My arrival in so unfrequented a place, coupled with my air of secrecy and the English labels on that confounded portmanteau of Gregory's, had completed the business.

I have little more to tell. My socialistic acquaintances were all either transported to Siberia or executed. My mission was performed to the satisfaction of my employers. My conduct during the whole business has won me promotion, and my prospects for life have been improved since that horrible night, the remembrance of which still makes me shiver.


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Page:The Czechoslovak Review, vol3, 1919.djvu/32

 Bolsheviks, and Gaida soon had them making eastward as fast as they could into the very hands of the Czech, Cossack and Allied forces advancing from Vladivostok.

In the meantime the Czechs in the Ural District, after taking the important Bolshevik centre at Ekaterinburg, found themselves faced with forces that were giving increasing evidence of German organization and officering. They did succeed in capturing the city of Kazan and making away with seven hundred and fifty millions of gold that the Bolsheviks had intended to turn over to Germany. But, after that, the superior forces of the enemy and the lack of fresh troops to relieve them and the unreliability of the raw Russian troops forced them to withdraw step by step. They were purposely maintaining the Volga front with the important cities of Samara and Orenburg against the coming of the Allies, but when weeks went by and the Allies gave no sign of coming to their help, they decided to withdraw from the entire region around the Volga and establish such a front as they could themselves hold without the help of the Allies.

From a military stand-point the outlook along the Urals is far from bright. To be sure, the entire Czech Army Corps numbering about eighty thousand men is now united, and with the fresh troops that have arrived from the East it is expected that Perm will be taken, and a new and shorter front established from that city south to Ufa. But even that front cannot be held very long by the Czechs alone, as they now have about two-hundred and fifty thousand well-organized troops against them. The new Russian army will be of little help without months of training, and the Allies are not to be seen.

The Czecho-Slovaks have in the meantime gained the recognition of the independence of their home-land, and now look forward to returning to a free Bohemia. The Allies have given them splendid diplomatic and political support, and have made fair promises of military support to the Czechs without number. But the only Allies that the Czechs have seen to date are a few official governmental and military agents.

The Czecho-Slovaks have made Siberia and one of the wealthiest regions of Russia “safe for democracy”. No one denies that there are great political and technical obstacles in the way of an armed Allied expedition into western Siberia; but also no one who knows the situation here, who has seen it with his own eyes, will deny that now is the golden opportunity to save Russia and set her on her feet; no one will deny that the Czechs have rendered an incalculable service to the cause of democracy, and that their victory so dearly won, stands in imminent danger of being brought to nought.

In Bohemia there is a fable. And in this fable there is a mountain—the mountain Blanik. And in the mountain Blanik, in the hollow middle of it, in the dark, the Czechoslovak army stands. And to the north of Bohemia there are Germans, and to the west there are Germans, and to the south there are Germans. And age after age the Germans triumph. Age after age they destroy the Czechs and the Slovaks. But age after age the Czecho-Slovak army still stands in the mountain Blanik, in dream, in readiness. And a moment comes. It is the moment of moments. There is the most danger. There is the most chance. And the mountain Blanik opens; and the Czecho-Slovak army marches out, ready to the moment, armed to the moment, soldiers, commanders, all; and Bohemia lives.

So speaks the fable. But where is the mountain Blanik? In the fable it is in Bohemia. In fact it turns out to be in Bachmach in Russia, and in Irkutsk in Siberia, and in Vladivostok on the shore of the Pacific.

William Hard in the Metropolitan.

Don’t be deceived ; the brains of that Slav race, that great race which extends all the way through Siberia, are to be found neither in Moscow, nor at Petrograd. nor at Belgrade, nor at Sophia, but at Prague. From this city went forth all the regenerators of the Slav race. In a war of intellectual trenches, so to say, they won with a wonderful tenacity triumphs on triumphs.


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Rh two pages of theological controversy. This fire, which at one time lay concealed under the ashes, and at another burst forth with great violence, had desolated these beautiful provinces for upwards of sixty years. The pretext was, defending the liberties of the Gallican church. "Alas!" said I, "these people are nevertheless born with a gentle disposition. What can have drawn them so far from their natural character? They joke and keep holy days.* Happy the time when they shall do nothing but joke!"

I went over to England, where the same disputes occasioned the same barbarities. Some pious Catholics had resolved, for the good of the church, to blow up into the air with gunpowder the king, the royal family, and the whole parliament, and thus to deliver England from all these heretics at once. They showed me the place where Queen Mary of blessed memory, the daughter of Henry VIII., had caused more than five hundred of her subjects to be burnt. An Irish priest assured me that it was a very good action; first, because those who were burnt were Englishmen, and secondly, because they did not make use of holy water, nor believe in St. Patrick. He was greatly surprised that Queen Mary was not yet canonized, but he hoped she would receive that honor as soon as the cardinal should be a little more at leisure.

 * Referring to the massacre of Protestants, on the eve of St. Bartholomew..


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54 From thence I went to Holland, where I hoped to find more tranquillity among a people of a more cold and phlegmatic temperament. Just as I arrived at The Hague the people were cutting off the head of a venerable old man. It was the bald head of the prime minister, Barneveldt—a man who deserved better treatment from the republic. Touched with pity at this affecting scene, I asked what was his crime, and whether he had betrayed the state.

"He has done much worse," replied a preacher in a black cloak; "he believed that men may be saved by good works as well as by faith. You must perceive," adds he, "that if such opinions were to gain ground, a republic could not subsist, and that there must be severe laws to suppress such scandalous and horrid blasphemies."

A profound politician said to me with a sigh: "Alas! sir, this happy time will not last long; it is only by chance that the people are so zealous. They are naturally inclined to the abominable doctrine of toleration, and they will certainly at last grant it." This reflection set him a-groaning.

For my own part, in expectation of that fatal period when moderation and indulgence should take place, I instantly quitted a country where severity was not softened by any lenitive, and embarked for Spain.

The court was then at Seville. The galleons had just arrived, and everything breathed plenty and


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Published

 * By Sanction of Law (1924) by Joshua Henry Jones

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Rh gladness, in the most beautiful season of the year. I observed, at the end of an alley of orange and citron trees, a kind of large ring, surrounded with steps covered with rich and costly cloth. The king, the queen, the, and the were seated under a superb canopy. Opposite to the royal family was another throne, raised higher than that on which his majesty sat. I said to a fellow-traveller: "Unless this throne be reserved for God, I don't see what purpose it can serve."

This unguarded expression was overheard by a grave Spaniard, and cost me dear. Meanwhile, I imagined we were going to a carousal, or a match of bull-baiting, when the grand inquisitor appeared on that elevated throne, from whence he blessed the king and the people.

Then came an army of monks, who filed off in pairs, white, black, gray, shod, unshod, bearded, beardless, with pointed cowls, and without cowls. Next followed the hangman, and last of all were seen, in the midst of the guards and grandees, about forty persons clad in sackcloth, on which were painted the figures of flames and devils. Some of these were Jews, who could not be prevailed upon to renounce Moses entirely; others were Christians who had married women with whom they had stood sponsors to a child; who had not adored our Lady of Atocha; or who had refused to part with their ready money in favor of the Hieronymite brothers. Some pretty prayers were sung with much devotion


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56 and then the criminals were burnt at a slow fire—a ceremony with which the royal family seemed to be greatly edified.

As I was going to bed in the evening, two members of the Inquisition came to my lodging with the Santa Hermandad. They embraced me with great tenderness, and conducted me in solemn silence to a well-aired prison, furnished with a bed of mat, and a beautiful crucifix. There I remained for six weeks, at the end of which time the reverend father, the inquisitor, sent for me. He pressed me in his arms for some time with the most paternal affection, and told me that he was sorry to hear that I had been so ill lodged; but that all the apartments of the house were full, and hoped I should be better accommodated the next time. He then asked me with great cordiality if I knew for what reason I was imprisoned.

I told the reverend father that it was evidently for my sins.

"Very well," said he, "my dear child; but for what particular sin? Speak freely."

I racked my brain with conjectures, but could not possibly guess. He then charitably dismissed me. At last I remembered my unguarded expression. I escaped with a little bodily correction, and a fine of thirty thousand reals. I was led to make my obeisance to the grand inquisitor, who was a man of great politeness. He asked me how I liked his little feast. I told him it was a most delicious one,


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Rh and then went to press my companions to quit the country, beautiful as it was.

They had, during my imprisonment, found time to inform themselves of all the great things which the Spaniards had done for the interest of religion. They had read the memoirs of the famous bishop of Chiapa, by which it appears that they had massacred, or burnt, or drowned, about ten millions of infidels in America, in order to convert them. I believe the accounts of the bishop are a little exaggerated; but suppose we reduce the number of victims to five millions, it will still be a most glorious achievement.

The impulse for travelling still possessed me. I had proposed to finish the tour of Europe with Turkey, and thither we now directed our course. I made a firm resolution not to give my opinion of any public feasts I might see in the future. "These Turks," said I to my companions, "are a set of miscreants that have not been baptized, and therefore will be more cruel than the reverend fathers, the inquisitors. Let us observe a profound silence while we are among the Mahometans." When we arrived there I was greatly surprised to see more Christian churches in Turkey than in Candia. I saw also numerous troops of monks, who were allowed to pray to the Virgin Mary with great freedom, and to curse Mahomet—some in Greek, some in Latin, and others in Armenian. "What good-natured people are these Turks," cried I.


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58 The Greek Christians and the Latin Christians in Constantinople were mortal enemies. These sectarians persecuted each other in much the same manner as dogs fight in the streets, till their masters part them with a cudgel.

The grand vizier was at that time the protector of the Greeks. The Greek patriarch accused me of having supped with the Latin patriarch, and I was condemned in full divan to receive a hundred blows on the soles of my feet, redeemable for five hundred sequins. The next day the grand vizier was strangled. The day following his successor, who was for the Latin party, and who was not strangled till a month after, condemned me to suffer the same punishment for having supped with the Greek patriarch. Thus was I reduced to the sad necessity of absenting myself entirely from the Greek and Latin churches.

In order to console myself for this loss, I frequently visited a very handsome Circassian. She was the most entertaining lady I ever knew in a private conversation, and the most devout at the mosque. One evening she received me with tenderness and sweetly cried, "Allah, Illah, Allah!"

These are the sacramental words of the Turks. I imagined they were the expressions of love, and therefore cried in my turn, and with a very tender accent, "Allah, Illah, Allah!"

"Ah!" said she, "God be praised, thou art then a Turk?"


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Rh I told her that I was blessing God for having given me so much enjoyment, and that I thought myself extremely happy.

In the morning the imaum came to enroll me among the circumcised, and as I made some objection to the initiation, the cadi of that district—a man of great loyalty—proposed to have me empaled. I preserved my freedom by paying a thousand sequins, and then fled directly into Persia, resolved for the future never to hear Greek or Latin mass, nor to cry "Allah, Illah, Allah!" in a love encounter.

On my arrival at Ispahan the people asked me whether I was for white or black mutton? I told them that it was a matter of indifference to me, provided it was tender. It must be observed that the Persian empire was at that time split into two factions, that of the white mutton and that of the black. The two parties imagined that I had made a jest of them both, so that I found myself engaged in a very troublesome affair at the gates of the city, and it cost me a great number of sequins to get rid of the white and the black mutton.

I proceeded as far as China, in company with an interpreter, who assured me that this country was the seat of gayety and freedom. The Tartars had made themselves masters of it, after having destroyed everything with fire and sword.

The reverend fathers, the Jesuits, on the one hand, and the reverend fathers, the Dominicans,


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 EARLY INDO-CHINESE INFLUENCE IN THE MALAY PENINSULA.

On a visit to Burma, in January 1892, I happened to meet with a vocabulary of the language of Pegu, spoken by a race who call themselves Mōn, but who are also sometimes termed Talaing. While reading casually through it my attention was arrested by several words with which I seemed somehow to be familiar, and a more careful perusal convinced me of the fact that a considerable number of the Peguan words closely resembled their equivalents in the Besisi dialect of the Malay Peninsula, of which I had collected a short vocabulary from some aborigines of that tribe living in Malacca territory. This coincidence struck me at the time as being of great interest and I determined to look into the matter more carefully on my return to the Straits. A mere comparison of the vocabularies of the two languages could not have led to any very satisfactory results and it seemed desirable to take into account as many of the other aboriginal dialects of the Malay Peninsula as I could get hold of and to include in the comparison a few other Indo-Chinese languages of cognate origin, especially the language of Camboja (Khmer) and such of the ruder dialects of the Mekong valley and southern Siam as seemed to throw any light on the subject.


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106 enough time evolving ingenious methods of pre¬ paring cribs and in preparing them to have learned their lessons honestly and well.

The night before the first examinations the cam¬ pus was utterly quiet. Suddenly bedlam broke loose. Somehow every dormitory that contained freshmen became a madhouse at the same time.

Hugh and Carl were in Surrey 19 earnestly study¬ ing. Freddy Dickson flung the door open and shouted hysterically* “The general science exam’s out P Hugh and Carl whirled around in their deskchairs.

“What?” They shouted together.

“Yeah! One of the fellows saw it. A girl that works at the press copied down the exam and gave it to him.”

“What fellow? Where’s the exam?”

“I don’t know who the guy is, but Hubert Man¬ ning saw the exam.”

Hugh and Carl were out of their chairs in an instant, and the three boys rushed out of Surrey in search of Manning. They found him in his room telling a mob of excited classmates that he had n’t seen the exam but that Harry Smithson had. Away went the crowd in search of Smithson, Carl and Hugh and Freddy in the midst of the excited, chattering lads. Smithson had n’t seen the exam,


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Rh blow that I won’t.” She continued to gaze at him, her eyes troubled and confused. What made him seem so much older, so different? “Do you think we can ever forget Prom?” She waited for his reply. So much depended on it. forgotten that already. We were crazy kids, chat’s all—youngsters trying to act smart and wild.” “Oh!” The ejaculation was soft, but it vibrated with pain. “You mean that—that you wouldn’t —well, you wouldn’t get drunk like that again?” “Of course not, especially at a dance. I’m not a child any longer, Cynthia. I have sense enough now not to forfeit my self-respect again. I hope so, anyway. I have n’t been drunk in the last year. A drunkard is a beastly sight, rotten. If I have learned anything in college, it is that a man has to respect himself, and I can’t respect any one any longer who deliberately reduces himself to a beast. [ was a beast with you a year ago. I treated you tike a woman of the streets, and I abused Norry Parker’s hospitality shamefully. If I can help it, I ’ll never act like a rotter again. I hate a prig, Cynthia, like the devil, but I hate a rotter even more. I hope I can learn to be neither.”
 * “Of course,” he answered impatiently. “I’ve

As he spoke, Cynthia clenched her hands so lightly that the finger-nails were bruising her tender 1cairns, but her eyes remained dry and her lips did


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Rh said, however, I imagine that she is not your kin at least, that she is n’t the kind that is good f you. You have suffered and are suffering, I kno but I am sure that some day you are going to very grateful to that girl—for a good ma reasons.”

Hugh felt better after that talk, and the end the term brought him a surprise that wiped out 1 depression and his sense of failure. He four too, that his pain was growing less; the wound w healing. Perversely, he hated it for healing, a he poked it viciously to feel it throb. Agony h become sweet. It made life more intense, le beautiful, perhaps, but more wonderful, more re Romantically, too, he felt that he must be true be to his love and to his sorrow, and his love was h ing into a memory that was plaintively gray t shot with scarlet thrills—and his sorrow was bo ing before the relentless excitement of his da life.

The surprise that rehabilitated him in his o respect was his election to the Boule, the seni council and governing board of the student boc It was the greatest honor that an undergrade could receive, and Hugh had in no way expect it. When Nu Delta had first suggested to h that he be a candidate, he had demurred, sayi that there were other men in his delegation betl fitted to serve and with better chances of electic


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312 happened to one of them in the building they wer passing.

Hugh could never pass Surrey Hall without fee ing something deeper than sentimentality. He a ways thought of Carl Peters, from whom he had nc heard for more than a year. He understood Ca: better now, his desire to be a gentleman and h despair at ever succeeding. Surrey Hall hel drama for Hugh, not all of it pleasant, but he ha a deeper affection for the ivy-covered dormitoi then he would ever have for the Nu Delta hous He wondered what had become of Morse, tl homesick freshman. Poor Morse. . . . And tl bull sessions he had sat in in old Surrey. He ha learned a lot from them, a whole lot. . ..

The chapel where he had slept and surreptitious eaten doughnuts and read “The Sanford New! suddenly became a holy building, the building th housed the soul of Sanford. . . . He knew that I was sentimental, that he was investing buildin with a greater significance than they had in tht own right, but he continued to dream over the la four years and to find a melancholy beauty in 1 own sentimentality. If it hadn’t been for Cynthi he would have been perfectly happy.

Soon the examinations were over, and the und< classmen began to depart. Good-by to all 1 friends who were not seniors. Good-by to Nor Parker. “Thanks for the congratulations, c


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314 Harvard if his father proved willing, and his father was more than willing, even eager. He guessed that he’d take at least a year in Cambridge. Perhaps he could find himself in that year. Maybe he could learn to write. He hoped to God he could. . ..

Just before commencement his relations with Cynthia came to a climax. They had been con¬ stantly becoming more complicated. She was de¬ manding nothing of him, but her letters were tinged with despair. He felt at last that he must see her. Then he would know whether he loved her or not. A year before she had said that he did n’t. How did she know? She had said that all he felt for her was sex attraction. How did she know that? Why, she had said that was all that she felt for him. And he had heard plenty of fellows argue that love was nothing but sexual attraction anyway, and that all the stuff the poets wrote was pure bunk. Freud said something like that, he thought, and Freud knew a damn sight more about it than the poets.

Yet, the doubt remained. Whether love was merely sexual attraction or not, he wanted some¬ thing more than that; his every instinct demanded something more. He had noticed another thing: the fellows that were n’t engaged said that love was only sexual attraction; those who were engaged


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Rh


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RV 71 (SESSIONAL PAPER No. 41)
 * Oldenburg.

Thuringen.

Ostfriesland.

Helgoland.

Posen.

Westfalen.

Rheinland.

Nassau.

 * Stettin.

Danzig.

München.

Lübeck.

Stralsund.

Augsburg.

Kolberg.

Stuttgart.

and, in addition, forty-two modern destroyers and fifty modern torpedo boats, as chosen by the Governments of the Principal Allied and Associated Powers.

On the coming into force of the present Treaty the German Government must undertake, under the supervision of the Governments of the Principal Allied and Associated Powers, the breaking-up of all the German surface warships now under construction.

The German auxiliary cruisers and fleet auxiliaries enumerated below will be disarmed and treated as merchant ships.

 * Berlin.

Santa Fé.

Seydlitz.

Yorck.

 * Ammon.

Answald.

Bosnia.

Cordoba.

Cassel.

Dania.

Rio Negro.

Rio Pardo.

Santa Cruz.

Schwaben.

Solingen.

Steigerwald.

Franken.

Gundomar.

Fürst Billow.

Gertrud.

Kigoma.

Rugia.

Santa Elena.

Schleswig.

Möwe.

Sierra Ventana.

Chemnitz.

Emit Georg von Strauss.

Hapsburg.

Meteor.

Waltraute.

Scharnhorst.

On the expiration of one month from the coming into force of the present Treaty all German submarines, submarine salvage vessels and docks for submarines, including the tubular dock, must have been handed over to the Governments of the Principal Allied and Associated Powers.


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RV 72 (SESSIONAL PAPER No. 41) Such of these submarines, vessels and docks as are considered by the said Governments to be fitted to proceed under their own power or to be towed shall be taken by the German Government into such Allied ports as have been indicated.

The remainder, and also those in course of construction, shall be broken up entirely by the German Government under the supervision of the said Governments. The breaking-up must be completed within three months at the most after the coming into force of the present Treaty.

Articles, machinery and material arising from the breaking-up of German warships of all kinds, whether surface vessels or submarines, may not be used except for purely industrial or commercial purposes.

They may not be sold or disposed of to foreign countries.

Germany is forbidden to construct or acquire any warships other than those intended to replace the units in commission provided for in Article 181 of the present Treaty.

The warships intended for replacement purposes as above shall not exceed the following displacement:

Except where a ship has been lost, units of the different classes shall only be replaced at the end of a period of twenty years in the case of battleships and cruisers, and fifteen years in the case of destroyers and torpedo boats, counting from the launching of the ship.

The construction or acquisition of any submarine, even for commercial purposes, shall be forbidden in Germany.

The warships in commission of the German fleet must have on board or in reserve only the allowance of arms, munitions and war material fixed by the Principal Allied and Associated Powers.

Within a month from the fixing of the quantities as above, arms, munitions and war material of all kinds, including mines and torpedoes, now in the hands of the German Government and in excess of the said quantities, shall be surrendered to the Governments of the said Powers at places to be indicated by them. Such arms, munitions and war material will be destroyed or rendered useless.

All other stocks, depots or reserves of arms, munitions or naval war material of all kinds are forbidden.

The manufacture of these articles in German territory for, and their export to, foreign countries shall be forbidden.

On the coming into force of the present Treaty Germany will forthwith sweep up the mines in the following areas in the North Sea to the eastward of longitude 4° 00′ E. of Greenwich:


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 "My dear Dick," said the doctor, "had it not been for Joe, you would not be sitting there holding forth upon the mutability of human affairs."

"My brave friend," said Dick, extending his hand to Joe.

"Oh, do not mention it," replied Joe. "You would do. s much for me again, Mr. Dick; but I trust the opportunity to render me a simialrsimilar [sic] service will not arise."

"Ours is a poor nature," said Ferguson, "to allow itself to be overcome by so little."

"By so little water you mean, sir. That element is very necessary to life."

"Doubtless, Joe, and people deprived of food can exist longer than those deprived of water."

"I can quite believe it. Moreover, if necessary, one can eat anything, even one's fellow-creatures, although that would be a repast likely to last for a long time."

"Savages don't find it so, nevertheless," said Kennedy. "That is because they are savages, and accustomed to eat uncooked meat, but that is to me a disgusting habit."

"It is very distasteful, certainly," replied the doctor; "in fact, no one credits the accounts of the first African explorers, who have related that many tribes live on raw meat, and refused generally to admit the fact. A singular adventure happened to James Bruce under these circumstances."

"Tell us what it was, sir, we have plenty of time," said Joe, casting himself lazily upon the green grass.

"Willingly," replied the doctor. "James Bruce was a Scotchman, a native of Stirling, and who, in 1768-72, traversed Abyssinia as far as Lake Tyana, in his search for the sources of the Nile. He then returned to England, where he published his travels in 1790 or thereabouts. His statements were received with incredulity (an incredulity doubtless also in reserve for us). The habits of the Abyssinians appeared so very different from the British usages and customs, that no one would credit the accounts. Amongst other details James Bruce had stated that the tribes of eastern Africa were in the habit of eating raw meat. This statement raised a regular outcry against him. He might talk as he liked, they did not see it at all! Bruce was a very brave but a very quick-tempered man.


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 These insinuations and doubts worried him very much. One day in a drawing-room in Edinburgh, a Scotchman repeated in Bruce's presence the subject of the daily jokes; and as to the uncooked meat, he did not believe it was either possible or true. Bruce made no remark. He went out of the room and shortly afterwards returned with a raw beefsteak, salted and peppered after the African manner."

Sir,' said he to the Scot, 'in throwing doubt upon what I have declared to be true, you have gravely insulted me, and in disbelieving the possibility of the occurrence, you have made a great mistake. Now, to prove it, you are going to eat this raw steak, or give me satisfaction!' The Scot was a coward, and he ate the steak with many grimaces. Then, with great coolness, Bruce added: 'Supposing, even, that the thing is not true, sir, you will hardly in future maintain that it is impossible!'"

"A capital retort," said Joe. "If the Scot got indigestion, it was no more than he deserved; and if, when we return to England, anyone cast doubts on our journey"

"Well, Joe, what will you do?"

"I will make the skeptics eat the fragments of the 'Victoria,' without salt or pepper!"

All laughed at Joe's determination. So the day wore on in pleasant chat; with strength, hope returned—with hope, boldness. The past was effaced by the future with providential rapidity. Joe did not wish to leave this delightful asylum. It was the country of his dreams; he felt at home here, he obliged his master to take the exact bearings, and he wrote it with much ceremony in his notebook, 15° 43′ longitude, 8° 32′ latitude. Kennedy only regretted his inability to hunt or shoot in that miniature forest; in his eyes the place only wanted a few wild beasts, to be perfectly charming.

"Well, my dear Dick, you have a very bad memory. How about that lion and lioness?" said the doctor.

"That's nothing," replied Dick, with a true hunter's contempt for what he had killed. "But, as a matter of fact, we may suppose their presence in this oasis is indicating our approach to more fertile regions."

"By no means a certain proof, Dick; these animals, impelled by hunger or thirst, often travel immense distances.


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 During the approaching night we must watch with redoubled vigilance, and light fires."

"In this heat!" cried Joe. "However, if necessary, it must be done. But it is a great pity to burn this pretty wood, which has been so welcome to us!"

"We will take great care not to set it on fire," said the doctor, "so that other people may find in it a refuge in the midst of the desert."

"It shall be taken care of. But, sir, do you think this oasis is known to exist?

"Certainly. It is a halting-place for the caravans which frequent the center of Africa, and their visit might not be acceptable to you, Joe."

"Are those horrible Nyam-Nyams here then?"

"Without doubt that is the general name of all these people; and under the same climate the same race have like customs."

"Pooh!" said Joe; "after all, it is very natural. If savages possessed the tastes of gentlemen where would be the difference? For example, look at these brave people who would not have to be asked to swallow the beefsteak of the Scotchman—or even the Scot himself."

With this rational remark, Joe proceeded to get the wood piles ready for the night, making them as small as possible. These precautions were happily unnecessary, and each one in turn enjoyed a good night's rest.

Next day the weather was unchanged—it remained obstinately fine. The balloon would be motionless until a breeze arose to move it. The doctor began to feel uneasy once more. If the journey became thus extended the provisions would not hold out. After having survived the want of water, were they to be reduced to die of hunger?

But he felt reassured when he perceived a decided fall of the mercury in the barometer; there were evident symptoms of a change. He determined, therefore, to prepare for departure and profit by the very first opportunity. The supply tank and the water tank were both filled.

Ferguson then set about the re-establishment of the equilibrium of the balloon, and Joe was obliged to sacrifice a quantity of the precious mineral he possessed. With renewed health, ambition reasserted itself. He made more excuses than before ere he obeyed his master, but the latter


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Rh Provinces and of the fact that there also it has begun to lose ground. Mr., in an account of the schools in the Bareilly Collectorship, dated 29th January 1827, which he communicated to the Committee, makes the following statement:—“A strange instance of narrow-mindedness occurs in the report of the Huzzoor Tehsil Paishkar from whom the above detail is taken. He observes (and the Canoongoes have also signed the paper) that, under the former Governments, none but ‘Ashraf,’ viz., Brahmans, Rajpoots Bukkals, Kaits, and Khutrees among the Hindus; and Sheikhs, Syeds, Moghuls, and Pathans of the Mahomedans, were permitted to study the sciences or even to learn the Persian language; but that now all sects are learning Persian, Arabic, and Sanscrit. They, therefore, suggest the abolition of some schools where the children (of) Ahus, Guddees, &c., are instructed.” The strength and prevalence of the prejudice which could dictate such a suggestion will be understood when it is borne in mind that the native officers from whom it proceeded had been employed by Mr. Boulderson to collect information respecting the state of the schools in his district with the, no doubt, avowed purpose of encouraging education. The feeling however against the instruction of the lower classes, although general, is not universal; and the above statements shows that, although strong, it is not overpowering. In any plan, therefore, that may be adopted what should be kept in view is to recognize no principle of exclusion, to keep the door open by which all classes may enter, and to abstain from enforcing what their poverty makes them unable and their prejudices unwilling generally to perform.

Without employing recommendations or enactments that would be either futile or vexatious, another mode of applying the Public resources for the advancement of education might be by the establishment of new schools under the superintendence of paid agents of Government, who should introduce improveimproved [sic] systems of instruction as models for the imitation and guidance of the general body of native teachers. It was with this view that the Chinsurah schools were patronized and the Ajmere schools established by Government, and it is on the same general plan, although with ulterior views to conversion, that most Missionary Schools are also conducted. This plan contains a sound and valuable principle inasmuch as it contemplates the practicability and importance of influencing the native community generally by improving native teachers and native systems of instruction; but the mode in which this principle is applied is liable to objection on various grounds.

The first ground of objection is that it has the direct effect of producing hostility amongst the class of native teachers, the very men through whom it is hoped to give extension to the


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 pointed out how impossible it was to raise such a weight. It was a choice between water and ore. Joe hesitated no longer, and cast away upon the sand a quantity of his beloved pebbles.

"They will serve for those who follow us," he said. "They will be very much astonished to find a fortune in such a place."

"Suppose," said Kennedy, "that some learned traveler should meet with these specimens?"

"No doubt he would be very much surprised, my dear Dick, and would equally publish his surprise. Some day we shall hear of a wonderful deposit of auriferous quartz in the midst of the sandy desert of Africa."

"And Joe will have been the cause."

The idea of mystifying some learned professor somewhat consoled this brave lad, and he smiled.

During the remainder of the day the doctor watched in vain for a change in the sky—the heat became greater, and without the shade of the oasis would have been intolerable. The thermometer in the sun marked 149°. A regular rain of fiery rays traversed the air. This was the greatest heat they had yet noted.

Towards evening Joe prepared the watch-fires, and during the vigils of the doctor and Kennedy nothing particular occurred. But towards three in the morning—Joe was watching—the temperature fell suddenly, the sky became obscured, and the darkness increased. "Get up!" cried Joe, waking his companions; "get up—the wind is coming!"

"At last!" cried the doctor, looking up at the sky.

"It is a regular storm! To the balloon—to the 'Victoria!'"

They were only just in time. The "Victoria" was bending beneath the force of the storm, and was dragging the car across the sand. Had any part of the ballast been out of her the balloon would have sailed away, and then all hope of regaining her would have been lost.

But Joe, quick as ever, ran as hard as he could and stopped the car, while the balloon beat along the sand, at the risk of being torn to pieces. The doctor took his usual place, lighted up the blow-pipe, and threw out the excess weight.


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RV 73 (SESSIONAL PAPER No. 41) (1) Between parallels of latitude 53° 00′ N. and 59° 00′ N.; (2) To the northward of latitude 60° 30′ N.

Germany must keep these areas free from mines.

Germany must also sweep and keep free from mines such areas in the Baltic as may ultimately be notified by the Governments of the Principal Allied and Associated Powers.

The personnel of the German Navy shall be recruited entirely by voluntary engagements entered into for a minimum period of twenty-five consecutive years for officers and warrant officers; twelve consecutive years for petty officers and men.

The number engaged to replace those discharged for any reason before the expiration of their term of service must not exceed five per cent per annum of the totals laid down in this Section (Article 183).

The personnel discharged from the Navy must not receive any kind of naval or military training or undertake any further service in the Navy or Army.

Officers belonging to the German Navy and not demobilised must engage to serve till the age of forty-five, unless discharged for sufficient reasons.

No officer or man of the German mercantile marine shall receive any training in the Navy.

In order to ensure free passage into the Baltic to all nations, Germany shall not erect any fortifications in the area comprised between latitudes 55° 27′ N. and 54° 00′ N. and longitudes 9° 00′ E. and 16° 00′ E. of the meridian of Greenwich, nor instal any guns commanding the maritime routes between the North Sea and the Baltic. The fortifications now existing in this area shall be demolished and the guns removed under the supervision of the Allied Governments and in periods to be fixed by them.

The German Government shall place at the disposal of the Governments of the Principal Allied and Associated Powers all hydrographical information now in its possession concerning the channels and adjoining waters between the Baltic and the North Sea.

All fortified works and fortifications, other than those mentioned in Section XIII (Heligoland) of Part III (Political Clauses for Europe) and in Article 195, now established within fifty kilometres of the German Coast or on German islands off that coast shall be considered as of a defensive nature and may remain in their existing condition.

No new fortifications shall be constructed within these limits. The armament of these defences shall not exceed, as regards the number and calibre of guns, those in position at the date of the coming into force of the present Treaty. The German Government shall communicate forthwith particulars thereof to all the European Governments.

On the expiration of a period of two months from the coming into force of the present Treaty the stocks of ammunition for these guns shall be reduced to and maintained at a maximum figure of fifteen hundred rounds per piece for calibres of 4.1-inch and under, and five hundred rounds per piece for higher calibres.

During the three months following the coming into force of the present Treaty the German high-power wireless telegraphy stations at Nauen, Hanover and Berlin shall not be used for the transmission of messages concerning naval, military or political questions of interest to Germany or any State which has been allied to


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256 improved system of instruction adopted. Every such Government or Missionary school, when established, displaces one or more native schools of the same class and throws out of employment one or more native teachers. If it has not this immediate effect, their fears at least are excited, and ill-will is equally produced. It is too much to expect that those from whom we take, or threaten to take, their means of livelihood should co-operate with us or look with a favourable eye on the improvements we wish to introduce. It appears from the records of the General Committee of Public Instruction, from which I derived the statements on this subject, that this was to some extent the effect produced by the Government Chinsurah schools; and in my recent journeys I have witnessed the dissensions that have arisen in villages by the rivalry of Bengali schools in which gratuitous instruction was given by paid agents of benevolent Christian societies with Bengali schools of native origin from which the teachers obtained their subsistence in forms of fees and perquisites. Instruction rightly communicated should produce peace and good-will; and we may be sure there is something wrong when the effect of employing means to extend education is perceived to be hate and contention leading even to breaches of the public peace.

Another point of view in which the plan may be deemed objectionable is that, to whatever extent it may succeed, it will practically take the management of education out of the hands of the people and place it in the hands of the Government superintendents. On such a plan school-houses are built, teachers appointed and paid, books and stationery supplied, instructions and superintendence given, all at the expense of Government; and without any demand upon parents for exertion, or sacrifice or any room being left for their interference or control, their children have merely to attend and receive gratuitous instruction. It does not appear that this is the way to produce a healthy state of feeling on the subject of education in the native community. If Government does every thing for the people, the people will not very soon learn to do much for themselves. They will remain much longer in a state of pupillage, than if they were encouraged to put forth their own energies. Such a course is the more objectionable because it is the substitution of a bad for a good habit, almost all the common or vernacular education received throughout the country being at present paid for. Government should do nothing to supersede the exertions of the people for their own benefit, but should rather endeavour to supply what is deficient in the native systems, to improve what is imperfect, and to extend to all what is at present confined to a few.

Again, a general scheme of new schools under public control and direction would entail on Government all the details of


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 The travelers took a last look at the trees of the oasis, which were bending with the force of the wind, and soon, running before the east wind at about 200 feet above the ground, they disappeared into the darkness of the night.

the moment of departure our travelers went at a tremendous pace—they longed to quit this desert, which had nearly proved so fatal. Towards nine o'clock some appearance of vegetation was perceived—herbs floating, as it were, upon the sea of sand, and announcing, as to Christopher Columbus, the approach of land—green blades pushed themselves up timidly between the stones which were themselves the rocks in this ocean.

A low-lying chain of hills appeared upon the horizon; their profile, dwarfed by the haze, was rather indistinct, but the monotony was over. The doctor joyously saluted this new region, and, like a sailor, he was on the point of exclaiming, "Land! land!"

An hour later the continent was extended before his gaze—still wild, but less flat, less bare, for some trees rose against the gray sky.

"We are, then, in a civilized country at last!" said the Scot.

"Civilized, Mr. Dick? that is your way of looking at it; we can see no inhabitants yet."

"We shall soon," replied Ferguson, "at the rate we are going."

"Shall we always be among negroes, Mr. Samuel?"

"Always, Joe, until we arrive amongst Arabs."

"Arabs, sir; real live Arabs, with camels?"

"No, without the camels; these animals are scarce, not to say unknown, in these districts; we must go some degrees farther north to meet them."

"That is unfortunate."

"Why, Joe?"

"Because, if the wind shifted, we might make them help us!"

"How?"


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Rh management, expenditure, instruction, discipline, correspondence, &c.; and this superintendence would either be adequate or inadequate to the purpose. If inadequate, the schools would be inefficient and would serve other ends than those of public instruction. If adequate, the expense alone would be a valid objection to the plan. The previous table exhibits the total number of children between 14 and five years of age in five thanas of five different districts, and the average number of such children in each thana is 13,307. The highest average number of scholars taught by each teacher, is not quite 25. Suppose each teacher was required previously to teach double that number, not less than 266 teachers will be required to instruct the children of the teachable age in one thana. Five rupees per month must be considered the very lowest rate of allowance for which, under an improved system, the services of a native teacher maybe engaged; and this very low rate would require an expenditure of 1,330 rupees per month, or 15,960 rupees per annum for the teachers of one thana. Besides teachers, school-houses must be built and kept in repair, and books and stationery provided. At least one superintendent or inspector would also be required for such a number of schools, teachers, and scholars; and this apparatus and expenditure would, after all, furnish only the humblest grades of instruction to the teachable population of one thana. The number of thanas in a district varies from nine or ten to sixteen or seventeen, and sometimes extends even to a larger number; and the number of districts in the Bengal Presidency alone amounts to about sixty-six, with a constant tendency to increase by sub-division. On the plan proposed all the expenses of all these teachers, schools, and superintendents in every thana of every district must be defrayed by Government. When the subject of national education shall receive the serious consideration of Government, I do not anticipate that its appropriations will be made with a niggard hand, but the plan now considered involves an expenditure too large, and promises benefits too inconsiderable and too much qualified by attendant evils, to permit its adoption.

Instead of beginning with schools for the lower grades of native society, a system of Government institutions may be advocated that shall provide, in the first place, for the higher classes on the principle that the tendency of knowledge is to descend, not to ascend; and that, with this view, we should at present seek to establish a school at the head-station of every zillah, afterwards pergunnah schools, and last of all village schools, gradually acquiring in the process more numerous and better qualified instruments for the diffusion of education. The primary objection to this plan is that it overlooks entire systems of native educational institutions, Hindu and Mohammadan, which existed long before our rule, and which continue to exist under our rule, independent of us and of our projects, forming and moulding the native character


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RV 74 (SESSIONAL PAPER No. 41) Germany in the war, without the assent of the Governments of the Principal Allied and Associated Powers. These stations may be used for commercial purposes, but only under the supervision of the said Governments, who will decide the wave-length to be used.

During the same period Germany shall not build any more high-power wireless telegraphy stations in her own territory or that of Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria or Turkey.

The armed forces of Germany must not include any military or naval air forces.

Germany may, during a period not extending beyond October 1, 1919, maintain a maximum number of one hundred seaplanes or flying boats, which shall be exclusively employed in searching for submarine mines, shall be furnished with the necessary equipment for this purpose, and shall in no case carry arms, munitions or bombs of any nature whatever.

In addition to the engines installed in the seaplanes or flying boats above mentioned, one spare engine may be provided for each engine of each of these craft.

No dirigible shall be kept.

Within two months from the coming into force of the present Treaty the personnel of air forces on the rolls of the German land and sea forces shall be demobilised. Up to October 1, 1919, however, Germany may keep and maintain a total number of one thousand men, including officers, for the whole of the cadres and personnel, flying and non-flying, of all formations and establishments.

Until the complete evacuation of German territory by the Allied and Associated troops, the aircraft of the Allied and Associated Powers shall enjoy in Germany freedom of passage through the air, freedom of transit and of landing.

During the six months following the coming into force of the present Treaty, the manufacture and importation of aircraft, parts of aircraft, engines for aircraft, and parts of engines for aircraft, shall be forbidden in all German territory.

On the coming into force of the present Treaty, all military and naval aeronautical material, except the machines mentioned in the second and third paragraphs of Article 198, must be delivered to the Governments of the Principal Allied and Associated Powers.

Delivery must be effected at such places as the said Governments may select and must be completed within three months.

In particular, this material will include all items under the following heads which are or have been in use or were designed for warlike purposes:

Complete aeroplanes and seaplanes, as well as those being manufactured, repaired or assembled.

Dirigibles able to take the air, being manufactured, repaired or assembled.


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 "Sir, it is an idea that has come into my head. We could yoke them to the car, and be dragged by them. What do you think of it?"

"My poor Joe, this idea has been started before. It has been exploded by a very excellent French writer—in a romance, it is true. Travelers harness camels to their balloon; they come in contact with a lion, who eats the camels, swallows the harness, and does the dragging instead of the camels—and so on. You see that all this is imagination, and has nothing in common with our system of locomotion."

Joe, who was somewhat humiliated at the thought that his notion had been already made use of, began to think of some animal who could devour a lion, but, finding none, he set about examining the country again. A lake of moderate extent was now in sight, with an amphitheater of hills, which had not yet attained the dignity of mountains. Here numerous fertile valleys were stretched out, and boasted an inextricable variety of trees.

"The country is splendid," said the doctor.

"Look at those animals; men cannot be far distant," said Joe.

"Ah! what magnificent elephants," said Kennedy. "Is there no chance of a little shooting?"

"How on earth are we to stop, my dear Dick, with a current of this velocity. No, you must taste a little of the torture of Tantalus. You shall have amends by and by."

There was something to excite the hunter's imagination. Dick's breast bounded and his hands mechanically gripped his "Purdey."

The fauna of the country equaled the flora. The wild oxen disported in the thick grass, in which they were entirely concealed; elephants, gray, black, and yellow, of enormous size, passed like a hurricane through the forest, crashing, biting, destroying, as they went, and making their progress by devastation. On the wooded slope of the hills, cascades and streams ran down towards the north. There the hippopotami bathed with much noise; and the manatees, twelve feet in length, with fish-like bodies, disported themselves on the banks, raising towards the sky their rounded breasts distended with milk.

It was a rare menagerie in a wonderful conservatory,


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 where birds without number, of a thousand different hues, presented varied changes of color as they flew amongst the arborescent plants.

At this prodigality of nature the doctor was reminded of the superb kingdom of Adamosa. "We are now drawing near the traces of modern discovery," he said. "I have caught up the missing trace of the travelers; it is by a happy fatality, my friends, that we are enabled to connect the labors of Captains Burton and Speke with the explorations of Doctor Barth. We quitted England to find a Hamburgher, and we shall soon reach the extreme point attained by that adventurous professor."

"It appears to me," said Kennedy, that between the two discoveries there is a vast extent of country, if one may judge from the distance we have traveled."

It is easy to calculate; take the map, and see what is the longitude of the southern point of Lake Ukéréoné attained by Speke."

"Close upon the 37th degree."

"And the town of Yola, which we shall see to-night, and to which Barth penetrated—how is it situated?"

"On the 12th degree of longitude nearly."

"That makes it twenty-five degrees, which, at sixty miles each, is 1,500 miles."

"A nice journey," said Joe, "for people who walk."

"That will nevertheless be accomplished. Livingstone and Moffat are always advancing towards the interior; the Nyassa, which they have discovered, is not very far distant from Lake Tanganyika, found by Burton; before the end of the century these immense tracts will be explored. But," added the doctor, as he consulted the compass, "I regret that the wind is carrying us so much towards the west; I would have preferred to go northward."

After twelve hours' progress the "Victoria" arrived at the boundary of Nigritia. The first inhabitants of this territory, the Chouan Arabs, were feeding their horned flocks. The vast summits of Mount Atlantika appeared above the horizon, mountains which no European foot had ever trodden, and whose altitude is estimated at 7,800 feet. Their western slopes determine the direction of the streams of this part of Africa to the ocean. They are the "Mountains of the Moon" of this region.


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 At length a true river greeted the eyes of the travelers, and by the immense ant-hills which bordered it, the doctor recognized the Benoué, one of the great tributaries of the Niger, that which the natives have named the "Source of Waters."

"This river," said the doctor to his companions, "will one day become the natural channel of communication with the interior of Nigritia. Under the command of one of our brave captains, the Pleiad advanced as far as the town of Yola. You see that we are in a known country."

Numerous slaves were employed in tilling the fields, cultivating the "sorgho," a species of millet which forms the staple food of the community. The most stupid astonishment was apparent as the "Victoria" passed like a meteor. In the evening our travelers stopped at forty miles from Yola, and in front, but at a distance, the two sharp peaks of the Mount Mendif raised themselves.

The doctor threw out the grapnels, and they caught in the summit of a high tree, but the high wind bent the "Victoria" down almost horizontally, and rendered the position of the car very dangerous.

Ferguson did not close his eyes all night, he was frequently on the point of cutting the cable and flying before the hurricane. At last the storm lulled and the oscillations of the balloon were no longer alarming.

Next day the wind was more moderate, but it carried the travelers beyond the town of Yola, which, newly built by the Foulannes, had excited the curiosity of Ferguson. Nevertheless he was obliged to resign himself to be carried to the north, and even a little to the east.

Kennedy suggested a halt for hunting purposes. Joe pretended that the want of fresh meat was beginning to be felt; but the savage customs of the country, the attitude of the population, some shots sent in the direction of the "Victoria," all determined the doctor to continue his journey. They then crossed a region—a theater of massacres and burnings, where fighting is incessant, and in which the sultans rule their kingdoms in the midst of the most horrible slaughter.

Numerous and populous villages, composed of long huts, appeared between splendid pastures, of which the thick grass was mixed with violet blossoms; the huts resembled


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258 in successive generations. In the face of this palpable fact, the plan assumes that the country is to be indebted to us for schools, teachers, books—every thing necessary to its moral and intellectual improvement, and that in the prosecution of our views we are to reject all the aids which the ancient institutions of the country and the actual attainments of the people afford towards their advancement. “We have to deal in this country principally with Hindus and Mohammadans, the former one of the earliest civilized nations of the earth, the latter in some of the brightest periods of their history distinguished promoters of science; and both, even in their present retrograde stages of civilization, still preserving a profound love and veneration for learning nourished by those very institutions of which I have spoken, and which it would be equally improvident on our part and offensive to them to neglect.

Again, if the maxim that the tendency of knowledge is to descend, not to ascend, requires us to have first zillah, next pergunnah, and then village, schools, it follows that we ought not to have even zillah schools till we have provincial colleges, nor the latter till we have national universities, nor these till we have a cosmopolitan one. But this is an application of the maxim foreign to its spirit. Improvement begins with the individual and extends to the mass, and the individuals who give the stimulus to the mass are doubtless generally found in the upper, that is, the thinking, class of society which, especially in this country, is not composed exclusively, nor even principally, of those who are the highest in rank, or who possess the greatest wealth. The truth of the maxim does not require that the measures adopted should have reference first to large and then to small localities in progressive descent. On the contrary, the efficiency of every successive higher grade of institution cannot be secured except by drawing instructed pupils from the next lower grade which, consequently by the necessity of the case, demands prior attention. Children should not go to college to learn the alphabet. To make the superstructure lofty and firm, the foundations should be broad and deep; and, thus building from the foundation, all classes of institutions and every grade of instruction may be combined with harmonious and salutary effect.

The objections that apply to the plans brought under review in the preceding Section should at least make me diffident in proposing any other for adoption. The considerations I have suggested show that the subject has been viewed in various


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 aspects, and in what follows I shall endeavour impartially to point out the difficulties, as well as the advantages, of the measure which, on the whole, I venture to recommend.

The leading idea, that of employing existing native institutions as the instruments of national education, has been already suggested; and if their adaptation to this purpose had not been so much overlooked, it would have seemed surprising that they were not the very first means adopted for its promotion. Their importance, however, has been recognized, at least in words, by some of those who have been most distinguished for their intimate practical acquaintance with the details of Indian administration. Of these, I may cite here, on account of the comprehensive although cursory view it presents of the subject, the opinion expressed by Mr. Secretary in his report of September 22nd 1809, on the general state of the Police of Bengal, contained in Appendix No. 12 to the Fifth Report on East India affairs. At the close of his report Mr. Dowdeswell says—“I have now stated all the measures which suggest themselves to my mind for the improvement of the Police, without entering into minute details, or deviating into a course which might be thought foreign to the subject. I am satisfied that if those measures be adopted they will be attended with considerable benefit in the suppression of the crimes most injurious to the peace and happiness of society,—an opinion which I express with the greatest confidence, as it is founded on practical experience of the system now recommended so far as the existing regulations would permit. I am, at the same time, sensible that a great deal more must be done in order to eradicate the seeds of those crimes,—the real source of the evil lies in the corrupt morals of the people. Under these circumstances, the best laws can only have a partial operation. If we would apply a lasting remedy to the evil, we must adopt means of instruction for the different classes of the community, by which they may be restrained, not only from the commission of public crimes, but also from acts of immorality by a dread of the punishments denounced both in this world and in a future state by their respective religious opinions. The task would not, perhaps, be so difficult as it may at first sight appear to be. ''Some remains of the old system of Hindu discipline still exist. The institutions of Mohammadanism of that description are still better known. Both might be revived and gradually moulded into a regular system of instruction for both those great classes of the community''; but I pretend not to have formed any digested plan of that nature, and at all events it would be foreign, as above noticed, to the immediate object of my present report.“ It does not appear what institutions Mr. Dowdeswell meant to describe, and confessedly his views were general and not very defined. A closer attention will show that Hinduism and Mohammadanism have certain institutions


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T was wel inough knowen vnto the moſt part, that the towne and Caſtle of Guyerche (beeing a paſſage ouer the riuer of Ceruſe) dyd greatlie hinder the kinges friends and fauor his enemies, vnder the colour of the olde Lord of the place, which had obtained of his Maieſtie in reſpect of his age, a certain aſſurance (hauing the like of the contrarie parte, by meanes of the Vicont his ſonne, who was chiefe of Poictiers) to the end he might ſeeme the kings friend, beeing indeed altogether a fauourer and vpholder of the Spaniards, as his ſonne was.


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260 peculiar to them as systems of religious faith and practice, and certain other institutions peculiar to the people professing those systems, but forming no part of their religious faith and practice. To attempt to interfere with the former would be equally inconsistent with the principles and character of a Christian government, and opposed to the rights and feelings of a Hindu and Mohammadan people. But to revive the latter, and gradually to mould them “into a regular system of instruction for both those great classes of the community,” is the dictate both of sound wisdom and of the most obvious policy.

The question arises in what manner native institutions may be most effectually employed, with a view to the gradual formation of a regular system of instruction for the benefit of all classes of the community; and the answer which, after mature consideration, I am disposed to give is by proposing the establishment of public and periodical examinations of the teachers and scholars of those institutions and the distribution of rewards to the teachers proportioned to their own qualifications and the attainments of their scholars,—the examinations to be conducted, and the rewards bestowed, by officers appointed by Government and placed under the authority and control of the General Committee of Public Instruction. This plan appears adapted to the character of the people and to the present condition of native society. Mr. Wyse in his recent work entitled Education Reform, Vol. I. p. 48, remarking on those dispositions which, in some manner, form the public character, the moral physiognomy, of nations, says—This peculiar public character, formed of the aggregate of private, again acts in a very striking manner upon the character of the individual. But this action is still further affected by the changes of the times. A period of total quiet, resulting from a long continued acquiescence in old institutions, leaves a very different imprint upon the national mind from that which is the necessary consequence of a general breaking up of old principles and forms, and an earnest search after new. In the first instance, an education of stimulants becomes necessary, it is essential to the healthy activity of the body politic; in the second, steadiness, love of order, mutual toleration, the sacrifice of private resentments and factious interests to general good, should be the great lessons of national education.” At no period in the history of a nation can lessons of steadiness, love of order, mutual toleration, and the sacrifice of private to public good be deemed inappropriate; but if any where an education of stimulants is necessary to the healthy activity of the body politic, it is here where a long continued acquiescence in old institutions, and a long continued subjection to absolute forms and principles of government have produced and continue to perpetuate a universal torpor of the national mind. This education of stimulants I propose to supply on the basis of native institutions, and by means of a system of public and periodical


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