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40 they set out, the National Guard from Fougères brought a Chouan to Hulot; the man was dangerously wounded, and had been found lying exhausted at the foot of the slope, up which his party had made their escape.

"Thanks for this prompt stroke of yours, citizens," said the commandant. "Tonnerre de Dieu! we should have had a bad quarter of an hour but for you. You must look out for yourselves now; the war has broken out in earnest. Good-day, gentlemen!"

Hulot turned to his prisoner.

"What is your general's name?"

"The Gars."

"Who? Marche-à-Terre?"

"No, the Gars."

"And where does the Gars come from?"

To this question the Chasseur du Roi made no reply; his wild, weather-beaten face was drawn with pain; he took his beads and began to mutter a prayer.

"The Gars is that young ci-devant with the black cravat, no doubt. He has been sent over here by the Tyrant and his allies Pitt and Cobourg——"

Here the Chouan, who had so far seemed unconscious of what was going on, raised his head at the words to say proudly:

"Sent by God and the King!"

The energy with which he spoke exhausted his strength. The commandant turned away with a frown. He saw the difficulty of interrogating a dying man, a man, moreover, who bore signs of a gloomy fanaticism in every line of his face. Two of his men stepped forward and took aim at the Chouan; they were friends of the two poor fellows whom Marche-à-Terre had dispatched so brutally with a blow from his whip at the outset, for both were lying dead at the roadside. The Chouan's steady eves did not flinch before the barrels of the muskets that they pointed at him, although they fired close to his face. He fell; but when the men came up to strip the corpse, he shouted again for the last time, "Long live the King!"


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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Rh "All right, curmudgeon," said Clef-des-Cœurs. "Be off to your Holy Virgin and get your supperDidn't he come back and say to our faces, 'Long live the Tyrant,' when we thought it was all over with him?"

"Here, sir," said Beau-Pied; "here are the brigand's papers."

"Look here, though," cried Clef-des-Cœurs; "here's a fellow been enlisted by the Saints above; he wears their badge here on his chest!"

Hulot and some others made a group round the Chouan's naked body, and saw upon the dead man's breast a flaming heart tattooed in a bluish color, a token that the wearer had been initiated into the Brotherhood of the Sacred Heart. Under the symbol Hulot made out "Marie Lambrequin," evidently the Chouan's own name.

"You see that, Clef-des-Cœurs?" asked Beau-Pied. "Well, you would guess away for a century and never find out what that part of his accoutrements means."

"How should I know about the Pope's uniforms?" replied Clef-des-Cœurs.

"You good-for-nothing flint-crusher, will you never be any wiser? Can't you see that they promised the chap there that he should come to life again? He painted his gizzard so as to be known by it." There was some ground for the witticism. Hulot himself could not help joining in the general laughter that followed.

By this time Merle had buried the dead, and the wounded had been laid in the carts as carefully as might be. The other soldiers formed in a double file, one on either side of the improvised ambulance wagons, and in this manner they went down the other side of the mountain, the outlook over Maine before their eyes, and the lovely valley of the Pèlerine, which rivals that of the Couësnon. Hulot and his two friends Merle and Gérard followed slowly after the men, wishing that they might, without further mishap, reach Ernée, where the wounded could be attended to.

This engagement, though scarcely heard of in France,


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42 where great events were even then taking place, attracted some attention in the West, where this second rising filled every one's thoughts. A change was remarked in the methods adopted by the Chouans in the opening of the war: never before had they attacked so considerable a body of troops. Hulot's conjectures led him to suppose that the young Royalist whom he had seen must be "the Gars," a new general sent over to France by the princes, and that his own name and title were concealed after the custom of Royalist leaders by that kind of nickname which is called a nom-de-guerre. This circumstance made him as uneasy after his dubious victory as he had been on his first suspicion of an ambuscade; more than once he turned to look at the plateau of La Pèlerine, which he was leaving behind, while even yet at intervals the faint sound of a drum reached him, for the National Guard was going down the valley of the Couësnon, while they themselves were descending the valley of La Pèlerine.

"Can either of you suggest their motive for attacking us?" he began abruptly, addressing his two friends. "Fighting is a kind of trade in musket shots for them, and I cannot see that they have made anything in our case. They must have lost at least a hundred men; while we," he added, screwing up his right cheek, and winking his eyes by way of a smile, "have not lost sixtyBy Heaven, I can't understand the speculation! The rogues need never have attacked us at all. We should have gone past the place like letters by the post, and I can't see what good it did them to make holes in our fellows."

He pointed dejectedly to the wounded as he spoke. "May be they wanted to wish us good-day," he added.

"But they have secured a hundred and fifty of our lambs," said Merle, thinking of the recruits.

"The requisitionaries could have hopped off into the woods like frogs; we should not have gone in to fish them out again, at any rate not after a volley or two. No, no," went on Hulot; "there is something more behind."


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text: Wallenstein/The Death of Wallenstein/A5S02


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Rh

FILM CENSORSHIP ORDINANCE 1988 ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS


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A102


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Rh HONG KONG

Rh

An Ordinance to provide for the establishment of a Film Censorship Authority, a panel of censors and a panel of advisers, and for regulating and imposing restrictions on the exhibition of films; for the approval and classification of films; for the establishment of a Board of Review; for the creation of offences; to make consequential and other amendments to other Ordinances; and for matters connected therewith. [] Enacted by the Governor of Hong Kong, with the advice and consent of the Legislative Council thereof. PART I

1. This Ordinance may be cited as the Film Censorship Ordinance 1988 and shall come into operation on a day to be appointed by the Governor by notice in the Gazette.

2. (1) In this Ordinance, unless the context otherwise requires—

“advertising material” means a display, figure, film, poster, picture or text used or intended to be used for the purpose of advertising a film exhibited or intended for exhibition;

“adviser” means an adviser appointed to the panel of advisers under section 6(2);

“Authority” means the Film Censorship Authority established by section 3;

“Board” means the Board of Review established by section 16(1);


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A104 “censor” means a censor appointed under section 5;

“cigarette advertisement” has the meaning assigned to it by section 14 of the Smoking (Public Health) Ordinance;

“exercise”, in relation to any function, includes perform and discharge;

“exhibition”, in relation to a film, means the screening of the film in Hong Kong—
 * (a) at any place of public entertainment within the meaning of section 2 of the Places of Public Entertainment Ordinance;
 * (b) at any public place within the meaning of section 3 of the Interpretation and General Clauses Ordinance which is not a place of public entertainment referred to in paragraph (a); or
 * (c) at any place to which a person has access by reason of the fact of being a member of a club, society, company, partnership or association of persons, incorporated or unincorporated,

but does not include any such screening to—
 * (i) the persons who made the film or who arranged or organized the making of the film;
 * (ii) a person who distributes, or intends to distribute, the film in or outside Hong Kong;
 * (iii) a person who exhibits, or intends to exhibit, the film in or outside Hong Kong;
 * (iv) the projectionist of the film; or
 * (v) any combination of the persons referred to in paragraphs (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv),

where no other person is present at such screening; and “exhibit” shall be construed accordingly;

“film” means—
 * (a) a cinematograph film and includes any sound-track associated with such film;
 * (b) a video-tape and includes any sound-track associated with such video-tape;
 * (c) a still film and includes any sound-track associated with such film;
 * (d) any other record of visual moving images that is capable of being used for the subsequent screening of those images and includes any sound-track associated with such record;
 * (e) any combination of the films referred to in paragraphs (a), (b), (c) and (d); or
 * (f) an excerpt or part of a film referred to in paragraph (a), (b), (c), (d) or (e);

“functions” includes powers and duties;

“inspector” means a public officer authorized under section 23(1) to be an inspector for the purposes of this Ordinance;

“meeting” means a meeting of the Board;


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Rh “member” means a member of the Board;

“panel of advisers” means the panel of advisers established by section 6(1);

“panel of censors” means the panel of censors established by section 4(1);

“proof of identity” means proof of identity within the meaning of section 17B of the Immigration Ordinance;

“Secretary” means the Secretary for Administrative Services and Information;

“still film” means a slide, or a series of slides, including single frames of a film, of visual non-moving images that is or are capable of being used for the subsequent screening of those images;

“working day” means any day other than a public holiday or a gale warning day within the meaning of section 2 of the Judicial Proceedings (Adjournment During Gale Warnings) Ordinance.

(2) For the purposes of this Ordinance, where a film is exhibited—
 * (a) at any place of public entertainment—
 * (i) within the meaning of section 2 of the Places of Public Entertainment Ordinance; and
 * (ii) in respect of which a licence granted under that Ordinance is in force,
 * the person holding that licence shall be taken to be the person who exhibits that film; and
 * (b) at any other place, the person who arranges or organizes that exhibition of the film shall be taken to be the person who exhibits that film.

(3) Where a certificate of exemption is issued under section 9, or a certificate of approval is issued under section 13, in respect of a film, that certificate shall apply to each copy of that film as if that copy were that film and, for that purpose, any reference in this Ordinance (including section 21(3)) or section 3(a) of the Control of Obscene and Indecent Articles Ordinance to that film shall be deemed to include a copy of that film.

(4) For the avoidance of doubt, it is hereby declared that where a certificate of exemption issued under section 9, or a certificate of approval issued under section 13, in respect of a film is revoked or deemed to be revoked under this Ordinance, that revocation shall apply in respect of each copy of that film as it applies to that film. PART II

3. For the purposes of this Ordinance, there is hereby established a Film Censorship Authority who shall be the Commissioner for Television and Entertainment Licensing.

4. (1) For the purposes of this Ordinance, there is hereby established a panel of censors.


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A106 (2) The panel of censors shall consist of such persons as are, from time to time, appointed to it by the Governor and any such appointment shall be notified in the Gazette.

5. The Authority may appoint such censors from the panel of censors as may from time to time be necessary for the purposes of this Ordinance.

6. (1) For the purposes of this Ordinance, there is hereby established a panel of advisers.

(2) The panel of advisers shall consist of such persons as are, from time to time, appointed to it by the Authority by notice in writing. PART III

7. (1) A person who exhibits a film in respect of which neither of the conditions specified in subsection (2) has been satisfied commits an offence and is liable on conviction to a fine of $50,000 and imprisonment for 1 year.

(2) The conditions referred to in subsection (1) are—
 * (a) that a certificate of exemption has been issued under section 9 in respect of the film; or
 * (b) that a certificate of approval has been issued under section 13 in respect of the film.

PART IV

8. (1) A film intended for exhibition shall be submitted to the Authority to be dealt with under section 9 or 10.

(2) A film submitted under subsection (1) shall—
 * (a) be accompanied by a statement as to the classification under section 12(1) which is sought for the film; and
 * (b) be submitted—
 * (i) in such manner and at such place; and
 * (ii) together with such information and particulars,
 * as is prescribed.

9. (1) Where a film is submitted under section 8, the Authority may, not later than 7 working days after it is so submitted, exempt it from being dealt with under section 10 if it is, in the Authority's opinion, of a class or description of film prescribed as suitable to be exempted under this section.

(2) A film may be exempted under this section subject to such conditions, if any, relating to the suitability or unsuitability of the film for exhibition—


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Author:Lowell Leroy Balcom

As illustrator

 * The Greene Murder Case (1928), by S. S. Van Dine

title: Author:Lowell Leroy Balcom


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 a man had fallen in love with me, he would simply know that it was impossible.

. Don't you exaggerate? Now, really!

. Oh, yes, yes, yes, I do! Of course any affection, any decent treatment even, is offensive to me! I am happy, exquisitely happy. You must have noticed how vivacious and communicative I have been all evening.

. Yes, I did at once. I said to Isabel: "What is the matter with María Antonia? She seems so happy."

. Blissfully happy!

. A nervous sort of happiness—the pretended happiness with which, when we are not thinking of others in the first moments of a great sorrow, we attempt to deceive ourselves. It is a peculiarity of great sorrows; they strike so deep, so very deep into the heart that they seem to be buried in it, and we are horrified that we do not feel them; but the deception does not last long. They are graven there for the remainder of our lives. We shed tears in the beginning, we complain, we rage—then we resign ourselves and bear them with a smile, a sad and mournful smile, like a gaping wound which never heals.

. Isabel has had experience both of wounds and of smiles.

. They appear to be enjoying themselves.

. Another hit of papa's! He is in rare form this evening. Look at him, surrounded by all the ladies in rapt adoration, from Carmen, who would have been a model wife had papa not crossed her path, to calculating Laura, who you would swear was completely monetized, and the bride, who may be a fool, although she has been married only two months—yes, and Luisa, even, bursting forth in her first evening-gown, there they all sit in ecstasy


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  In which the Author himelf makes his Appearance on the Stage.

HO’ Mr. Allworthy was not of himelf haty to ee Things in a diadvantageous Light, and was a Stranger to the public Voice, which eldom reaches to a Brother or a Huband, tho’ it rings in the Ears of all the Neighbourhood; yet was this Affection of Mrs. Blifil to Tom, and the Preference which he too viibly gave him to her own Son, of the utmot Diadvantage to that Youth.

For uch was the Compaion which inhabited Mr. Allworthy’s Mind, that nothing but the Steel of Jutice could ever ubdue it. To be unfortunate in any Repect was ufficient, if there was no Demerit to counterpoie it, to turn the Scale of that good Man’s Pity, and to engage his Friendhip, and his Benefaction.

When therefore he plainly aw Mater Blifil was abolutely deteted (for that he was) by his own Mother, he began, on that Ac-


text: Opals (Custance)/A Lament for the Leaves


text: Opals (Custance)/Autumn Night

title: Opals (Custance)/Autumn Night


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 before the eternal Don Juan. It is a picture too good to be missed. I tell Isabel that it is symbolic. Whatever happens to papa with the ladies is not entirely his fault.

. No, take my word for it. Inspiring love is a gift; you must have it in you. The most fascinating men are the ones who are the most indifferent. Don Juan says:

which, by the way, sounds wholly fantastic to me. One's name must be Tenorio to attain such success. Don Luis's conquests cost him double, while Avellaneda and Captain Centellas—but why pursue the matter further? Judging by appearances they never inspired love in their lives, which explains why they spent all their time betting upon their friends. I have always had a great deal of sympathy for those two characters.

. We are in full flight before your husband. He has scandalized us outrageously.

. While you fly, you still manage to keep up with him.

. He will scarcely repeat his sallies before you. What a remarkable man! Honestly, if it is put properly, I believe one may say anything.

. Even if it is put improperly, if the speaker appears properly, one may listen to everything.

. It is his air as he says it. I should never have believed that I could have laughed so much at those things.

. [To ] She is of the sort who are accustomed to giggle.

. Josefina, is the occasion propitious for my


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 count only, to look with an Eye of Compaion upon him; and what the Effects of Compaion are in good and benevolent Minds, I need not here explain to mot of my Readers.

Henceforward, he aw every Appearance of Virtue in the Youth thro’ the magnifying End, and viewed all his Faults with the Glas inverted, o that they became carce perceptible. And this perhaps the amiable Temper of Pity may make commendable; but the next Step the Weaknes of human Nature alone mut excue: For he no ooner perceived that Preference which Mrs. Blifil gave to Tom, than that poor Youth, (however innocent) began to ink in his Affections as he roe in hers. This, it is true, would of itelf alone never have been able to eradicate Jones from his Boom; but it was greatly injurious to him, and prepared Mr. Allworthy’s Mind for thoe Impreions, which afterwards produced the mighty Events, that will be contained hereafter in this Hitory; and to which, it mut be confet, the unfortunate Lad, by his own Wantonnes, Wildnes, and Want of Caution, too much contributed.


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 In recording ome Intances of thee, we hall, if rightly undertood, afford a very ueful Leon to thoe well-dipoed Youths, who hall hereafter be our Readers: For they may here find that Goodnes of Heart, and Opennes of Temper, tho’ thee may give them great Comfort within, and adminiter to an honet Pride in their own Minds, will by no Means, alas! do their Buines in the World. Prudence and Circumpection are neceary even to the bet of Men. They are indeed as it were a Guard to Virtue, without which he can never be afe. It is not enough that your Deigns, nay that your Actions are intrinically good, you mut take Care that they hall appear o. If your Inide be never o beautiful, you mut preerve a fair Outide alo. This mut be contantly looked to, or Malice and Envy will take Care to blacken it o, that the Sagacity and Goodnes of an Allworthy will not be able to ee through it, and to dicern the Beauties within. Let this, my young Readers, be your contant Maxim, That no Man can be good enough to enable him to neglect the Rules of Prudence; nor will Virtue herelf look beautiful, unles he be bedecked with the outward Ornaments of Decency and Decorum. And this Pre-


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 to be most diligent in the cultivation of knowledge, but he also enjoined him to pursue manly sports as the best means of keeping up the full working power of his mind, as well as of enjoying the pleasures of intellect. "Every kind of knowledge," said he, "every acquaintance with nature and art, will amuse and strengthen your mind, and I am perfectly pleased that cricket should do the same by your arms and legs; I love to see you excel in exercises of the body, and I think myself that the better half, and much the most agreeable part, of the pleasures of the mind is best enjoyed while one is upon one's legs." But a still more important use of active employment is that referred to by the great divine, Jeremy Taylor. "Avoid idleness," he says, "and fill up all the spaces of thy time with severe and useful employment; for lust easily creeps in at those emptinesses where the soul is unemployed and the body is at ease; for no easy, healthful, idle person was ever chaste if he could be tempted; but of all employments bodily labour is the most useful, and of the greatest benefit for driving away the devil."

Practical success in life depends more upon physical health than is generally imagined. Hodson, of Hodson's Horse, writing home to a friend in England, said, "I believe, if I get on well in India, it will be owing, physically speaking, to a sound digestion." The capacity for continuous working in any calling must necessarily depend in a great measure upon this; and hence the necessity for attending to health, even as a means of intellectual labour. It is perhaps to the neglect of physical exercise that we find amongst students so frequent a tendency towards discontent, unhappiness, in-


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 cept, my worthy Diciples, if you read with due Attention, you will, I hope, find ufficiently enforced by Examples in the following Pages.

I ak Pardon for this hort Appearance, by Way of Chorus on the Stage. It is in Reality for my own Sake, that while I am dicovering the Rocks on which Innocence and Goodnes often plit, I may not be miundertood to recommend the very Means to my worthy Readers, by which I intend to hew them they will be undone. And this, as I could not prevail on any of my Actors to peak, I was obliged to declare myelf.  A childih Incident, in which, however, is een a good natur’d Dipoition in Tom Jones.

HE Reader may remember, that Mr. Allworthy gave Tom Jones a little Hore, as a kind of mart Money for the Punihment, which he imagined he had uffered innocently.


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 other eminent aereal alteration that might occasion the same; of which disturbance of the Air we ought to make great account in other accidents, and to take it for a third and accidental cause, able to alter very much the observation of the effects depending on the secondary and more essential causes. And it is not to be doubted, but that impetuous windes, continuing to blow, for example, from the East, they shall retein the Waters and prohibit the reflux or ebbing; whereupon the second and third reply of the flux or tide overtaking the former, at the hours prefixed, they will swell very high; and being thus born up for some dayes, by the strength of the Winds, they shall rise more than usual, making extraordinary inundations.

We ought also, (and this shall serve for a seventh Probleme) to take notice of another cause of motion dependant on the great abundance of the Waters of great Rivers that discharge themselves into Seas of no great capacity, whereupon in the Straits or Bosphori that communicate with those Seas, the Waters are seen to run always one way: as it happeneth in the Thracian Bosphorus below Constantinople, where the water alwayes runneth from the Black-Sea, towards the Propontis: For in the said Black-Sea by reason of its shortnesse, the principal causes of ebbing and flowing are but of small force. But, on the contrary, very great Rivers falling into the same, those huge defluxions of water being to passe and disgorge themselves by the thethe [sic] straight, the * course is there very notable and alwayes towards the South. Where moreover we ought to take notice, that the said Straight or Channel, albeit very narrow, is not subject to perturbations, as the Straight of Scilla and Carybdis; for that that hath the Black-Sea above towards the North, and the Propontis, the Ægean, and the Mediterranean Seas joyned unto it, though by a long tract towards the South; but now, as we have observed, the Seas, though of never so great length, lying North and South, are not much subject to ebbings and flowings; but because the Sicilian Straight is situate between the parts of the Mediterrane distended for a long tract or distance from West to East, that is, according to the course of the fluxes and refluxes; therefore in this the agitations are very great; and would be much more violent between Hercules Pillars, in case the Straight of Gibraltar did open lesse; and those of the Straight of Magellanes are reported to be extraordinary violent.

This is what, for the present, cometh into my mind to say unto you about the causes of this first period diurnal of the Tide, and its various accidents, touching which, if you have any thing to offer, you may let us hear it, that so we may afterwards proceed to the other two periods, monethly and annual.


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 imitations of Parisian actresses, or a monologue, perhaps, or petite fantasiefantaisie [sic]?

. No, these people are all respectable. Make an impression on the hostess; it may do us some good. Compliment her upon her toilette.

. I have exhausted my stock of compliments.

. Then see what you can do with Don Ramón, since he is a friend of your father's. I must say that he does not look it; he is not overenthusiastic. When I asked him to use his influence, you should have heard what he said to me!

. ''Hélas! Ma petite femme!'' Our illusions fade rapidly.

. And don't talk so much. I know what I am doing, and I shall get what I want—you can leave it to me.

. Of course I can leave it to you. I leave everything to you.

. [To ] Do me the favor to persuade Ramón to support this young man for the position. The future of a loving couple is at stake. It is in our power to contribute to their happiness, and you who are so good

. Please, Gonzalo! I have no idea whether or not you are in earnest, but you must not involve me in your affairs, whether in jest or in earnest. I can only tell you that you are doing wrong, you are doing very wrong, Gonzalo—and you always have done wrong.

. Will you never forgive me?

. I have forgiven you, but I can never forgive myself. In spite of my feelings, I am obliged to receive you as a friend because we are not alone in the world. When you married Isabel, I confessed to her, so that I might feel myself a little less unworthy of her friendship. I had not offended against her, yet she might have closed her house to


text: Index:The psychology of insanity (IA psychologyofinsa00hartiala).pdf


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 In my opinion, it cannot be denied, but that your discourse carrieth with it much of probability, arguing, as we say, ex suppositione, namely, granting that the Earth moveth with the two motions assigned it by Copernicus: but if that motion be disproved, all that you have said is vain, and insignificant: and for the disproval of that Hypothesis, it is very manifestly hinted by your Discourse it self. You, with the supposition of the two Terrestrial motions, give a reason of the ebbing and flowing; and then again, arguing circularly, from the ebbing and flowing, draw the reason and confirmation of those very motions; and so proceeding to a more specious Discourse, you say that the Water, as being a fluid body, and not tenaciously annexed to the Earth, is not constrained punctually to obey every of its motions, from which you afterwards infer its ebbing and flowing, Now I, according to your own method, argue the quite contrary, and say; the Air is much more tenuous, and fluid than the Water, and lesse annexed to the Earths superficies, to which the Water, if it be for nothing else, yet by reason of its gravity that presseth down upon the same more than the light Air, adhereth; therefore the Air is much obliged to follow the motions of the Earth: and therefore were it so, that the Earth did move in that manner, we the inhabitants of it, and carried round with like velocity by it, ought perpetually to feel a Winde from the East that beateth upon us with intolerable force. And that so it ought to fall out, quotidian experience assureth us: for if with onely riding post, at the speed of eight or ten miles an hour in the tranquil Air, the incountering of it with our face seemeth to us a Winde that doth not lightly blow upon us, what should we expect from our rapid course of 800. or a thousand miles an hour, against the Air, that is, free from that motion? And yet, notwithstanding we cannot perceive any thing of that nature.

To this objection that hath much of likelihood in it, I reply, that its true, the Air is of greater tenuity and levity; and, by reason of its levity, lesse adherent to the Earth than Water so much more grave and † bulky; but yet the consequence is false that you infer from these qualities; namely, that upon account of that its levity, tenuity, and lesse adherence to the Earth, it should be more exempt than the Water from following the Terrestrial Motions; so as that to us, who absolutely pertake of of them, the said exemption should be sensible and manifest; nay, it happeneth quite contrary; for, if you well remember, the cause of the ebbing and flowing of the Water assigned by us, consisteth in the Waters not following the unevennesse of the motion of its Vessel, but retaining the impetus conceived before,


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 me, and have justified herself by explaining the reason, or otherwise, I should have been placed in a position where I should not have been able to explain it. But she forgave me—at least she took pity on me. Now to ask me to repay Isabel with a suggestion even of treachery, which she does not deserve of any one, much less of you or of me

. Who is talking about treachery?—unless you have become so friendly with Isabel that your mind, too, has been poisoned, and you are jealous yourself.

. Oh, no doubt you believe it! And I cannot blame you. Why should my repentance be more genuine to-day than my virtue was yesterday?

. I did not wish to give offense.

. No, you could not be so cruel. I have not yet wept sufficiently to be able to control myself in public except at great cost.

. [To ] I shall send for the waltzes and whatever else you desire.

. I warn you that you will be throwing your money away, as I play atrociously.

. Yes, through lack of practice. You have ability—oh, you have! You have the equipment of a great pianist—you have the fingers, the heart, and you have sympathy for the music. What you need is to learn to play. Music is a tonic to the soul. When one is unhappy, there is nothing like music. I should never have survived my engagement to Josefina if it had not been for music. Love went wrong with us from the beginning; it fell out badly. Señorita, we were so romantic! Our families were Capulets and Montagues, while we were Romeo and Juliet. At one time we thought that we should both die, and be buried together like them in the same tomb.

. Not really? You must have been very happy!


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 This Hore Tom kept above half a Year, and then rode him to a neighbouring Fair, and old him.

At his Return, being quetioned by Thwackum, what he had done with the Money for which the Hore was old, he frankly declared he would not tell him.

Oho! ays Thwackum, you will not! then I will have it out of your Br—h; that being the Place to which he always applied for Information, on every doubtful Occaion.

Tom was now mounted on the Back of a Footman, and every Thing prepared for Execution, when Mr. Allworthy entering the Room, gave the Criminal a Reprieve, and took him with him into another Apartment; where Mr. Allworthy being only preent with Tom, he put the ame Quetion to him which Thwackum had before aked him.

Tom anwered, He could in Duty refue him nothing; but as for that tyrannical Racal, he would never make him any other Anwer than with a Cudgel, with


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book lays no claim to be a comprehensive treatise upon the psychology of insanity. The number of independent schools of thought oxisting at the present day, and the fundamental divergence in their methods of investigation, make it obviously impossible to compress such a treatise into the limits of a small volume. All that has been attempted here is the presentation of certain recent developments in abnormal psychology which have already yielded resulta of fundamental importance, and which seem to offer an exceptionally promising field for further investigation.

An endeavour has been made to develop the subject-matter of the book in a systematic manner, so that the general principles which it is sought to establish may appear in as clear a light as possible. The adoption of the systematic method in a work of this size, however, renders a somewhat dogmatic mode of presentation inevitable. It is necessary, therefore, to warn the reader that many of the theories to which he will be introduced have not as yet been firmly established, and that they are to be regarded rather as suggestive hypotheses which


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 will ultimately require considerable alteration and improvement.

It must be clearly understood, moreover, that no attempt has been made to cover the whole field of insanity. On the contrary, certain sections of that field have been more or less arbitrarily selected, mainly on the ground that they yield fruitful results to psychological methods of investigation. I confidently anticipate that in the future these methods will have a far wider application, but in the present state of our knowledge it must be frankly admitted that there are whole tracts of insanity in which they have only a very limited utility. This confession is all the more necessary on account of the tendency to unduly extensive generalisation evident in the work of many recent investigators. In view of the enormous complexity of mental processes, and the youthfulness of psychology, it is best to realise that progress must inevitably be slow, and that we must be content to feel our way to the scientific laws of the future.

A very large number of the general principles enunciated in this book are due to the genius of Prof. Freud of Vienna, probably the most original and fertile thinker who has yet entered the field of abnormal psychology. Although, however, I cannot easily express the extent to which I am indebted to him, I am by no means prepared to embrace


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Monochromatic Analyses of Certain Ridgway Colors*

 * The numbers in column 1 show the spectral order of the thirty-six undiluted Ridgway chromas. Column 2 gives the names assigned to certain of the colors by Ridgway. Column 3 shows the wave-length of the dominant hue and column 4 the per cent. hue. Columns 5, 6, and 7 list the differences between succeeding members in wave-length, Steindler “hue scale,” and Jones “hue scale” units respectively (See Jones, Ref. , pp. 73-77).

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 the whole of the vast body of doctrines which Freud and his followers have now laid down. Much of this is in my opinion unproven, and erected upon an unsubstantial foundation. On the other hand, many of Freud’s fundamental principles are becoming more and more widely accepted, and the evidence in their favour is rapidly increasing. In the present volume I have endeavoured to introduce only those principles which have already acquired a satisfactory claim to recognition.

Among many other authorities to whose writings I have had recourse, Dr Jung of Zürich, Prof. Janet of Paris, Prof. Karl Pearson, and the late Prof. Krafft-Ebing must be specially mentioned. Lastly, I am very greatly indebted to Mr W. Trotter’s two papers on “Herd Instinct,” published in the Sociological Review for 1908 and 1909.

I have to thank Dr Edward Mapother for much valuable assistance in the preparation of the manuscript and the revising of the proofs.

Sept. 1912


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 which he hoped oon to be able to pay him for all his Barbarities.

Mr. Allworthy very everely reprimanded the Lad, for his indecent and direpectful Expreions concerning his Mater; but much more for his avowing an Intention of Revenge. He threatened him with the entire Los of his Favour, if he ever heard uch another Word from his Mouth; for he aid, he would never upport or befriend a Reprobate. By thee and the like Declarations, he extorted ome Compunction from Tom, in which that Youth was not over incere: For he really meditated ome Return for all the marting Favours he had received at the Hands of the Pedagogue. He was, however, brought by Mr. Allworthy to expres a Concern for his Reentment againt Thwackum; and then the good Man, after ome wholeome Admonition, permitted him to proceed, which he did, as follows.

‘Indeed, my dear Sir, I love and honour you more than all the World; I know the great Obligations I have to you, and hould detet myelf, if I thought my Heart was capable of Ingratitude. Could the little Hore you gave me peak, I am ure he could tell you how fond I


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the preparation of the second edition comparatively few alterations have been made in the text. The bibliography, however, has been revised and enlarged, and reference has been made to works in which the general principles described in this book may be followed into wider fields.

January 1914


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nearly four years have now elapsed since the publication of this book, no substantial alterations have been made in the preparation of the present edition. This is not because psychology and psychiatry have made no progress, but because the book is concerned solely with elementary principles, and recent advances have been rather in the superstructure built upon these principles than in the principles themselves.

Something must be said, however, of the rich material offered to the psychologist by the great events of the past two years. The power of emotion in the direction of human thought, the impotence of logic to affect the conclusions dictated by passion and prejudice, and the extent to which man’s mind is controlled by psychological processes of which he is himself entirely unconscious, have been so abundantly demonstrated as to become obvious to the most superficial observer. The description and explanation of these conceptions form an integral part of this book, and, were it now making its first appearance, it would unquestionably have been illustrated with copious examples from


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 recent history. It has been considered more profitable, however, to retain the examples originally selected, and to leave as a valuable exercise for the reader the application of the principles described to the psychological material of the present time.

May 1916


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. Have you never been in love, señorita?

. No, never. Father frightens my suitors away, as you will discover presently. He examines them about their incomes and, of course, the most interesting men never have any incomes. On the other hand, a man who has money and wants to get married is a fool entirely.

. [To and ] Shall we step out to the theatre? What do you say? We might take a look at that play which has made such a hit. It will amuse Josefina and Adolphe because it is so typically Spanish. They sing and dance jotas and tangos.

. Oh, yes, indeed! Spanish music and dancing interest me immensely. We are Spanish at heart. When I go to a bal masqué in Paris, I am a torero.

. A toreador?

. Ah, but you should see my costume! It is beautiful, authentic, rose velvet, with green and gold paillettes. The Figaro is embroidered with carnations, and I top it off with a round hat with a red cockade, muzzling myself meanwhile in my great Spanish cloak. I stick a broadsword in my belt to finish the bull.

. [To ] What do you do?

. Oh, I am Carmen!

. With a knife in your garter?

. No, it would not be seen; I wear it in my hair to feature my coiffure. I fasten the open blade between the teeth of two combs. It is inscribed: "To your heart!"

. Oh, you devil!

. Yes, that was on it, too, at least that was what papa said: "Oh, you devil!" Probably he wrote you the details.

. Yes, when we had no business that was more pressing to attend to.


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 defects of the individual than on the conditions in which he has to live, and the future may determine that it is not the individual who must be eliminated, but the conditions which must be modified.


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 individual who is afflicted with an organic disease, but who also has some other character which is strenuously desired by the patient. An hysterical patient of my own, for example, suffered from severe attacks of vertigo — analysis showed that his symptoms were entirely the result of identification with his father, who was the subject of chronic ear-disease, an affection often associated with vertigo.

Identification is intimately bound up with those day-dreaming processes which have been dealt with in the earlier portion of the present chapter. The day-dreamer who witnesses the triumphal progress of some popular hero through the streets lives himself into the part of the central figure, and marches with him through the cheering crowds. From this simple and well-known phenomenon a chain of allied manifestations leads finally to the chronie wards of the asylum, where we encounter a most distinguished assemblage of emperors, generals, and other representatives of the great.


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 without diminishing or increasing it according to the precise rate of its diminishing or increasing in its Vessel. Because therefore that in the conservation and retention of the impetus before conceived, the disobedience to a new augmentation or diminution of motion consisteth, that moveable that shall be most apt for such a retention, shall be also most commodious to demonstrate the effect that followeth in consequence of that retention. Now how much the Water is disposed to maintain such a conceived agitation; though the causes cease that impress the same, the experience of the Seas extreamly disturbed by impetuous Winds sheweth us; the Billows of which, though the Air be grown calm, and the Wind laid, for a long time after continue in motion: As the Sacred Poet pleasantly sings,

And that long continuing rough after a storm, dependeth on the gravity of the water: For, as I have elsewhere said, light bodies are much easier to be moved than the more grave, but yet are so much the less apt to conserve the motion imparted, when once the moving cause ceaseth. Whence it comes that the Aire, as being of it self very light and thin, is easily mov'd by any very small force, yet it is withall very unable to hold on its motion, the Mover once ceasing. Therefore, as to the Aire which environs the Terrestrial Globe, I would faysay [sic], that by reason of its adherence, it is no lesse carried about therewith then the Water; and especially that part which is contained in its vessels; which vessels are the valleys enclosed with Mountains. And we may with much more reason affirm that this same part of the Air is carried round, and born forwards by the rugged parts of the Earth, than that the higher is whirl'd about by the motion of the Heavens, as ye Peripateticks maintain.

What hath been hitherto spoken, seems to me a sufficient answer to the allegation of Simplitius; yet nevertheless with a new instance and solution, founded upon an admirable experiment, I will superabundantly satisfie him, and confirm to Sagredus the mobility of the Earth. I have told you that the Air, and in particular that part of it which ascendeth not above the tops of the highest Mountains, is carried round by the uneven parts of the Earths surface: from whence it should seem, that it must of consequence come to passe, that in case the superficies of the Earth were not uneven, but smooth and plain, no cause would remain for drawing the Air along with it, or at least for revolving it with so much uniformity. Now the surface of this our Globe, is not all craggy and rugged, but there are exceeding great tracts very


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 contradicted by experience. For example, it is impossible for a sane pauper to believe that he is a millionaire. In the lunatic, however, we have seen that this gross incompatibility with experience is frequently observed. Moreover, although in normal men beliefs dependent upon strong emotional prejudices are apparently insusceptible to argument and to any but the most flagrant contradictions presented by actual experience, yet this insusceptibility is not absolute. The opposing forces exert a slow erosive effect which in process of time produces a gradual alteration in the belief, and perhaps ultimately destroys it. An insane delusion, however, seems altogether fixed and immune to this action, and the processes described only serve to elaborate the defences with which it is hedged round. All these latter distinctions depend upon the cardinal factor of dissociation. In the lunatic dissociation has been carried to a degree which is incompatible with normal thought or behaviour, and mental processes are allowed to pursue their course altogether undisturbed by the contradictions presented by the facts of experience.


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 conflict and painful stress. To avoid this conflict repression has been called into play, and the repressed complexes can only obtain the indirect expression afforded by projection. The phenomena due to the projection are hence dislocated from the personality, and make their appearance as dissociated systems.


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 ways which, though less obvious and drastic than the methods just described, will be more familiar to the student of everyday life. These other manifestations form the subject-matter of the following chapter.


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174 condition of this society will lie in the ratio of its numbers to the supply of materials within its reach. For the supply at any moment attainable is an exact quantity, and the number of persons who can be supplied is arithmetically limited. If the actual number present is very much less than the number who might be supported, the condition of all must be ample and easy. Freedom and facility mark all social relations under such a state of things. If the number is larger than that which can be supplied, the condition of all must be one of want and distress, or else a few must be well provided, the others being proportionately still worse off. Constraint, anxiety, possibly tyranny and repression, mark social relations. It is when the social pressure due to an unfavorable ratio of population to land becomes intense that the social forces develop increased activity. Division of labor, exchange, higher social organization, emigration, advance in the arts, spring from the necessity of contending against the harsher conditions of existence which are continually reproduced as the population surpasses the means of existence on any given status.

The society with which we have to deal does not consist of any number of men. An army is not a society. A man with his wife and his children constitutes a society, for its essential parts are all present, and the number more or less is immaterial. A certain division of labor between the sexes ts imposed by nature. The family as a whole maintains itself better under an organization with division of labor than it could if the functions were shared so far as possible. From this germ the development of society goes on by the regular steps of advancement to higher organization, accompanied and sustained by improvements in the arts. The increase of population goes on according to biological laws which are capable

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 of a malignant and envious enemy. In this way the most complicated delusional systems may arise, the patient being convinced that more and more elaborate persecutions are being employed the more he meets with evidence contradicting the primary belief.


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 arises, and the more complete accounts of individual cases to be found therein will give a better understanding of the way in which the various phenomena are combined together, and of their mode of development.


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 possibility. In both cases the conception justifies its claim to rank as a scientific theory, because it serves to resume and explain in a comprehensive and convenient manner the facts of our experience, and because it satisfies the one great criterion of science, the test of utility.


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. Well, are we ready for the theatre? [To ] I am sorry you are not coming.

. No, I am obliged to refuse.

. [Aside to ] Yes, you are obliged to refuse, but you are not obliged to say so.

. [To ] You must excuse me, as I cannot leave our guests.

. [To ] Perhaps you would like to come along?

. No, I must drop in at the club. The ladies will remain with Isabel; I shall dismiss the carriage immediately.

. I, too, must tear myself away, as I rise early. To-morrow is my busiest day.

. Is it? Let me have your itinerary, as I may catch a glimpse of you when you get up.

. Do you expect to rise early.?

. I expect not to go to bed.

. Most unlikely. I shall stop first at the bank, where I have some drafts to indorse.

. Do not look for me at the bank. It would seem unveracious.

. I attend a conference next and then fly to the soup-kitchen.

. We may meet at the soup-kitchen one of these days.

. Next… ah! I forgot to take San Antonio his share of the lottery. I purchased a ticket and we won—or rather, it was the tenth part of a ticket.

. Have you been playing the lottery.?

. The prize was merely nominal—thirty pesetas.

. How much are you allowing the saint?

. Two pesetas, poor dear! He is charity itself.

. Did you let him in when you sold that last block


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 in this direction were made by the French psychologists during the latter half of the nineteenth century, culminating in the classical work of Janet. In recent years progress has been rapid, and with the researches of Kræpelin, Freud, and Jung, the psychological conception of insanity has become an accomplished fact.

At the present day, therefore, there are two dominating “conceptions” of insanity, the physiological and the psychological, differing widely in their mode of dealing with the subject, but both alike founded upon the employment of the scientific method.


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Rh whether we will have aristocratic institutions or democratic institutions. It is believed that statesmen can, if they will, put a people in the way of material prosperity. It is believed that rent on land can be abolished if it is not thought expedient to have it. It is assumed that peasant proprietors can be brought into existence anywhere where it is thought that it would be an advantage to have them. These illustrations might be multiplied indefinitely. They show the need of sociology, and if we should go on to notice the general conceptions of society, its ills and their remedies, which are held by various religious, political, and social sects, we should find ample further evidence of this need.

Let us then endeavor to define the field of sociology. Life in society is the life of a human society on this earth. Its elementary conditions are set by the nature of human beings and the nature of the earth. We have already become familiar, in biology, with the transcendent importance of the fact that life on earth must be maintained by a struggle against nature, and also by a competition with other forms of life. In the latter fact biology and sociology touch. Sociology is a science which deals with one range of phenomena produced by the struggle for existence, while biology deals with another. The forces are the same, acting on different fields and under different conditions. The sciences are truly cognate. Nature contains certain materials which are capable of satisfying human needs, but those materials must, with rare and mean exceptions, be won by labor, and must be fitted to human use by more labor. As soon as any number of human beings are struggling each to win from nature the material goods necessary to support life, and are carrying on this struggle side by side, certain social forces come into operation. The prime

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c letter
It seems that there is defect with some c letters which look like e, end of the page.— M-le-mot-dit (talk) 11:10, 15 March 2024 (UTC)


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 was of your Preent: For I had more Pleaure in feeding him, than in riding him. Indeed, Sir, it went to my Heart to part with him; nor would I have old him upon any other Account in the world than what I did. You yourelf, Sir, I am convinced, in my Cae, wou’d have done the ame: For none ever o enibly felt the Misfortunes of others. What would you feel, dear Sir, if you thought yourelf the Occaion of them?—Indeed, Sir, there was never any Miery like theirs.—Like whoe, Child,’ ays Allworthy, ‘what do you mean? Oh, Sir,’ anwered Tom, ‘your poor Game-keeper, with all his large Family, ever ince your dicarding him, have been perihing with all the Mieries of Cold and Hunger. I could not bear to ee thee poor Wretches naked and tarving, and at the ame Time know myelf to have been the Occaion of all their Sufferings.—I could not bear it, Sir, upon my Soul, I could not.’ (Here the Tears run down his Cheeks, and he thus proceeded) ‘It was to ave them from abolute Detruction, I parted with your dear Preent, notwithtanding all the Value I had for it.—I old the Hore for them, and they have every Farthing of the Money.’


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 VII

SOCIOLOGY

[1881]

Each of the sciences which, by giving to man greater knowledge of the laws of nature, has enabled him to cope more intelligently with the ills of life, has had to fight for its independence of metaphysics. We have still lectures on metaphysical biology in some of our colleges and in some of our public courses, but biology has substantially won its independence. Anthropology is more likely to give laws to metaphysics than to accept laws from that authority. Sociology, however, the latest of this series of sciences, is rather entering upon the struggle than emerging from it. Sociology threatens to withdraw an immense range of subjects of the first importance from the dominion of a priori speculation and arbitrary dogmatism, and the struggle will be severe in proportion to the dignity and importance of the subject. The struggle, however, is best carried forward indirectly, by simply defining the scope of sociology and by vindicating its position amongst the sciences, while leaving its relations to the other sciences and other pursuits of men to adjust themselves according to the facts. I know of nothing more amusing in these days than to see an old-fashioned metaphysician applying his tests to the results of scientific investigation, and screaming with rage because men of scientific training do not care whether the results satisfy those tests or not.

Sociology is the science of life in society. It investi-

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168 gates the forces which come into action wherever a human society exists. It studies the structure and functions of the organs of human society, and its aim is to find out the laws in subordination to which human society takes its various forms and social institutions grow and change. Its practical utility consists in deriving the rules of right social living from the facts and laws which prevail by nature in the constitution and functions of society. It must, without doubt, come into collision with all other theories of right living which are founded on authority, tradition, arbitrary invention, or poetic imagination.

Sociology is perhaps the most complicated of all the sciences, yet there is no domain of human interest the details of which are treated ordinarily with greater facility. Various religions have various theories of social living, which they offer as authoritative and final. It has never, so far as I know, been asserted by anybody that a man of religious faith, in any religion, could not study sociology or recognize the existence of any such science; but it is incontestably plain that a man who accepts the dogmas about social living which are imposed by the authority of any religion must regard the subject of right social living as settled and closed, and he cannot enter on any investigation the first groundwork of which would be doubt of the authority which he recognizes as final. Hence social problems and social phenomena present no difficulty to him who has only to cite an authority or obey a prescription.

Then again the novelists set forth "views" about social matters. To write and read novels is perhaps the most royal road to teaching and learning which has ever been devised. The proceeding of the novelists is kaleidoscopic. They turn the same old bits of colored glass

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 Mr. Allworthy now tood ilent for ome Moments, and before he poke, the Tears tarted from his Eyes. He at length dimied Tom with a gentle Rebuke, adviing him for the future to apply to him in Caes of Ditres, rather than to ue extraordinary Means of relieving them himelf.

This Affair was afterwards the Subject of much Debate between Thwackum and Square. Thwackum held, that this was flying in Mr. Allworthy’s Face, who had intended to punih the Fellow for his Diobedience. He aid, in ome Intances, what the World called Charity appeared to him to be oppoing the Will of the Almighty, which had marked ome particular Perons for Detruction; and that this was in like manner acting in Oppoition to Mr. Allworthy; concluding, as uual, with a hearty Recommendation of Birch.

Square argued trongly, on the other Side, in Oppoition perhaps to Thwackum, or in Compliance with Mr. Allworthy, who eemed very much to approve what Jones had done. As to what he urged on this Occaion, as I am convinced mot of my Readers will be much abler Advocates for poor Jones,


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 they “believe[d] to be dangerous.” Although some of the pathogens could have come from Nigeria or Canada (“[d]uring the move to the U.S., infectious material may have been imported”), “there were no import or shipping records available at the time of the visit” to establish “conclusive evidence of violations of 42 C.F.R. § 71.54 for the importation of infections agents.”

Despite the fact that the Reedley Biolab was an illegal enterprise, the CDC suggested that local authorities “request[] all records of importation for infectious agents” to see if the violation occurred. Among the CDC’s action items would be to send the company advisement letters on import requirements and federal requirements for Select Agents, and add the company to an importation watchlist.

Even though it had not tested any samples from the Reedley Lab, the CDC concluded that “[t]here was no evidence of select agents or toxins.” According to local officials, the CDC knew that absent testing, local officials would have to destroy all samples pursuant to a forthcoming abatement order. The CDC likewise instructed state officials not to test any remaining samples of transgenic mice based on concerns over the accuracy of potential testing.

In sworn statements, local and county officials expressed “grave[] concern[] about the storage of potentially infectious bacterial, viral, and parasitic agents present at the Property and the health and safety risk to the public by these infectious agents.”

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 of stock? If you did, he must have come off with a pretty penny.

. It is not right to joke about such things.

. What? Stocks?

. No, saints.

. My dear, you are the one who is making a joke out of saints.

. Well, we shall be late…

. [Saying farewell] Isabel, remember—you may count upon me.

. Ladies, good evening. The pleasure of seeing you is so great that we hope to abuse frequently.

. You will conclude that we are pests before we go.

. Do not put it too strongly.

. [To and ] Señora, señorita… delighted, delighted… [To ] I shall send you the fashion-plates. [To ] And you shall have waltzes and the latest designs.

. Good evening. Carmen and Luisita. Good night, Isabel…

. [To ] We shall not see each other, I fear, for a long, long time—at least, do not count upon me for the remainder of the week. Manuel, are you staying behind?

. For a few moments.

. Shall we wait to gossip until they reach the door?

. I forbid it. Positively, I detest gossip.

. Do you know, the bride and groom rather appeal to me? They come, of course, bent upon the conquest of Madrid, but when they retire they may consider


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Rh it is a sign of a matter which is crude, unreal, fantastic, and certainly not yet ready for practical solution, that it is grand, vague, ethical, and aims at producing "states of things," and not at realizing a single positive result.

For instance, when a State has suspended specie payment, a proper political and public question is; Shall we resume specie payment? Another question which answers the test is: Shall we abolish the protective taxes? It has always been one difficulty with the reform of the civil service, as a political topic or question, that it is not easy to reduce it to an issue of positive, form and that it easily runs out into regrets, complaints, scoldings, or alarmist criticisms, whereupon it dissolves and is lost. The so-called silver question has never yet been reduced to a question. It never will be until it is asked whether 412½ grains of standard silver shall be the American dollar. Last year we had the fisheries question, which never really reached public opinion, because it never was reduced to a question.

The labor question is the most remarkable example that could be brought forward of a topic of public talk which has never been reduced to any definite form. According to the only actual attempt to define it which has ever been made by anybody within my knowledge, the labor question means things in general, and consists in a regret that this world is such a hard place in which to get a living and in an enthusiastic aspiration for greater ease and facility in that respect.

The discussion of all ill-defined questions is sure to run off into whims and useless wrangling. Even a real question, if it is not yet ripe, must undergo a great deal of preliminary thrashing (which ought to be accomplished on the academic arena) before it can be got into the positive form of a public political question or a proposed

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 excluded from the inheritance since before the death of the inheritance owner and he has descendants, his descendants shall represent him in receiving the inheritance. If any of the descendants has also died or been been excluded from the inheritance, the descendants of such descendant shall represent him in receiving the inheritance, and representation shall take place for the share of each person in this manner continuously until the end of the line.

When any person is deemed to have died in accordance with the provisions of section 65 of this Code, representation may take place.

If any person who should become an heir under section 1629(2) or (4) has died or been excluded from the inheritance since before the death of the inheritance owner and there are heirs of the same class living still, his entire share shall devolve upon them and no representation shall further take place.

Representation shall only be applied amongst statutory heirs.

The right of representation shall only belong to direct descendants. Never shall it belong to ascendants.

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 they are lucky to get off themselves. I know what these young couples are.

. It seems very quiet.

. An angel has passed.

. Or a devil. Which? When every one is silent it is usually because every one is thinking the same thing, and it is unnecessary to speak in order to understand each other.

. Possibly.

. Then good night.

. Aren't you going to wait for Pepe? He is surely coming; his letter said so.

. Yes, and meanwhile I can sit here and wait. God knows when he will put in appearance. If he does come, and does not find me here, there will not be any regrets.

. Sit down for a moment. He will surely come.

. No, no, I am going—if only for that reason. Besides, I am nervous; I do not feel well. I have an idea—why should I hide it from you?—and when I have an idea, until I put it into execution

. But María Antonia! What is it? You alarm me!

. You will find out soon enough. Good night… for the present. Good night. Carmen and Luisita.

. Manuel will see you home.

. Why should he? It is not necessary. He seems happy and comfortable.

. Not at all! I am going with you. Good evening, ladies. Luisita… Isabel…

. I depend upon you.

. Trust me entirely.


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 E. Local Officials Report Discovering a Refrigerator Labeled “Ebola” that Contains Biological Samples

''Figure 15 - More than 40 trash can-sized containers of biohazardous waste were removed from the Reedley Biolab after its abatement. Source: City of Reedley.''

Thereafter, local officials had to handle the abatement (“ending” or destruction) process for all pathogens and toxic materials with only minimal guidance from federal experts. They secured the facility and contracted with a hazardous waste removal firm to assist with the abatement action. On July 5-7, local officials and a private firm specializing in pathogenic remediation handled potential pathogenic threat abatement. On July 28, and pursuant to court order, local officials and contractors continued the abatement process pursuant to an additional court order. Ultimately, local officials had to dispose of approximately 103.73 tons of general waste (including laboratory equipment) and 448 gallons of medical and biological waste.

Up to the point at which they began the abatement process, local officials had not thoroughly investigated several of the freezers for fear of encountering a dangerous pathogen. During the abatement process, however, they had to review every freezer for evidence of potential pathogens that they needed to destroy. While doing so, local officials and contractors reported that they found a freezer labeled “Ebola” with silver sealed bags found inside consistent with how the Reedley Biolab operators stored sensitive biological and other materials.

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 to form the earth's first hills. The crust was then so thin and easily broken that only low hills appeared but after it became thicker it was not so easily rent and mountain ranges were born with an accompanying roar of tremendous volcanoes. Geologists, studying the ages of the different ranges in the United States, have concluded that the first to appear were the Appalachian mountains; later the Rocky mountains in the west, and still later the Coast ranges. Mountain ranges are invariably found along lines of very thick sediments. The same strata which along the Appalachian range are 40,000 feet thick, thin out, when traced westward, to only 4000 feet at the Mississippi River. The high tablelands in portions of Idaho, Oregon and Washington were formed by great streams of lava which poured through many of the fissures of the coast ranges and buried the whole country above the hill tops. This lava cooled into thick massive layers of solid rock—an interesting sight to this very day.

Although mountain ranges appear amid violence and their growth, in a geologic sense, is rapid, plains and plateaus are illustrations of sea-bottoms which have been covered with sediment carried down from the mountains,—mainly pebbles, sand and clay,—pressed and cemented together under the water and then gently raised to the surface. Sometimes the sea-bottom is exposed as a vast plain; again the strata are upheaved, bent or broken, forming faults and ridges. Many of the elevated plains and plateaus are later sculptured into hills by rains, winds, frosts and rivers. The hills are then gently torn down, the valleys filled up and the sediment again deposited by the rivers upon the bed of the ocean.

A few million years passed by and these same deposits may again be raised and become dry land. The great stretches of land

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 Local officials noted their concern to CDC officials in writing. In email correspondence, they informed CDC that, during the abatement process, they had uncovered a freezer labeled with the word “Ebola.” In the email, a local official asked the CDC, “[w]hen you [] are going through and looking for select agents, do the containers need to be labeled individually with what is in it to count as one? We are doing the abatement here in Reedley and a fridge [freezer] had a label on it and one of the words in English was Ebola,” while noting that the containers within were not expressly labeled “Ebola.” The CDC official responded by stating, “Yes, we would typically look for the vial to be labeled as Ebola” and noted that they did not recall seeing the Ebola label. He did not cite any CDC policy when making this pronouncement. The court-ordered abatement action required local officials to destroy the samples under a defined timeline. Local officials emailed CDC on the afternoon of July 6, 2023, and CDC responded the following morning. Local officials had already destroyed the samples.

The CDC did not note an Ebola label on the freezer in its report. When asked about the freezer labeled Ebola in a subsequent email, the CDC official noted that the CDC “would typically look for the vial to be labeled as Ebola,” that they “didn’t recall seeing a fridge labeled as Ebola,” and asked for a photograph of the freezer. A photograph was not available. The Select Committee has received written statements reporting the presence of the label. Ebola is a Select Agent.

F. The Investigation and Lack of Testing Leave Many Unknowns

The CDC’s refusal to test any potential pathogens with the understanding that local officials would otherwise have to destroy the samples through an abatement process makes it impossible for the Select Committee to fully assess the potential risks that this specific facility posed to the community. It is possible that there were other highly dangerous pathogens that were in the coded vials or otherwise unlabeled. Due to government failures, we simply cannot know.

In its refusal to test, the CDC likewise did not offer to connect local officials with any other federal agency or authorized lab that may be able to test the samples. Based on statements from local officials and briefings the Select Committee received from the CDC, the CDC did not contact the National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center, the government biodefense laboratory located in Fort Dietrich, Maryland that could potentially have provided greater assistance.

According to local official accounts, in a subsequent conversation with the CDC in early September 2023, local officials again pressed the CDC on why they refused to test any potential pathogens. A CDC official informed the local officials

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58 the innovation, that Agrippina sat enthroned beside Claudius on a lofty tribunal, to receive the homage of the captive Caractacus. Nero emancipated himself from the grasping ambition of his mother only by a ghastly crime. The influence of Cænis on Vespasian in his later days tarnished his fame. The influence of women in provincial administration was also becoming a serious force. ... Thus Juvenal was fighting a lost battle, lost long before he wrote. For good or evil, women in the first and second centuries were making themselves a power."

The Christian emperors made the dower of the wife not simply the property of the two spouses. It was the endowment of the new household, a sort of reserve fund which the law assures to the children which they would find intact in spite of the ruin of their family, if it should occur. The dower was offset also by the gift propter nuptias which the man must give. The law also provided that the dower and the gift propter nuptias should be equal and that the spouses should have the same rights of survivorship. These seem to be distinct improvements on the dotal system, but that system has dropped out of popular use in modern times and the advantage of this legislation has been lost with it.

The family was more affected by the imperial constitutions of the fourth century, which enacted the views and teachings of the clergy of that time. Constantine endeavored to put an end to concubinage, and the power of mothers over their children as to property and marriage was made equal to that of fathers. It appears that the collapse of the ancient society and the decay of the old religion with the rise of Christianity and Mithraism with new codes of conduct and duty produced

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178 or any freedom which it did not conquer. Sociology, therefore, by the investigations which it pursues, dispels illusions about what society is or may be, and gives instead knowledge of facts which are the basis of intelligent effort by man to make the best of his circumstances on earth. Sociology, therefore, which can never accomplish anything more than to enable us to make the best of our situation, will never be able to reconcile itself with those philosophies which are trying to find out how we may arrange things so as to satisfy any ideal of society.

The competition of life has taken the form, historically, of a struggle for the possession of the soil. In the simpler states of society the possession of the soil is tribal, and the struggles take place between groups, producing the wars and feuds which constitute almost the whole of early history. On the agricultural stage the tribal or communal possession of land exists as a survival, but it gives way to private property in land whenever the community advances and the institutions are free to mold themselves. The agricultural stage breaks up tribal relations and encourages individualization. This is one of the reasons why it is such an immeasurable advance over the lower forms of civilization. It sets free individual energy, and while the social bond gains in scope and variety, it also gains in elasticity, for the solidarity of the group is broken up and the individual may work out his own ends by his own means, subject only to the social ties which lie in the natural conditions of human life. It is only on the agricultural stage that liberty as civilized men understand it exists at all. The poets and sentimentalists, untaught to recognize the grand and world-wide cooperation which is secured by the free play of individual energy under the great laws of the social order, bewail the decay of early communal

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 of our reasoning, but its significance is not allowed to penetrate the compartment which contains his delusion; it glides off as water glides off a duck’s back.

Although the phenomena just described are so bizarre, and so characteristically insane, yet this dissociation of the mind into logic-tight compartments is by no means confined to the population of the asylum. It is a common, and perhaps inevitable, occurrence in the psychology of every human being. Our political convictions are notoriously inaccessible to argument, and we preserve the traditional beliefs of our childhood in spite of the contradictory facts constantly presented by our experience. Such phenomena can only be explained by the existence of a certain amount of dissociation, and, though less in degree, it is precisely similar in kind to the dissociation which permits the asylum queen to scrub the ward floor, serenely unconscious of the incongruity between her exalted rank and her menial occupation.


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 that it was illegal for the CDC to test any samples that were not expressly labeled as a Select Agent. City Manager Nicole Zieba expressed shock at this fact. She asked whether, if that were the case, the CDC had any authority to stop a terrorist in the United States who simply removed the label off a vial of a deadly virus. The CDC official said that the CDC had no authority to test the deadly virus in that hypothetical and that it was a noted gap in its authority. This characterization of the CDC’s authority appears to be false.

The Reedley Biolab operated under the direction and control of Jiabei “Jesse” Zhu, through the corporation Universal Meditech Incorporated (UMI). UMI owned and operated the Reedley Biolab. Zhu is a PRC citizen associated with PRC-government linked companies. He is currently wanted in Canada for contempt of court, where he is the subject of a CAD $330 million judgment for stealing American intellectual property. Zhu appears to have fled the Canadian courts and entered the United States unlawfully given that he had an active arrest warrant in Canada, assuming the false identity of “David He.” Zhu then set up a new network of companies. Zhu appears to have accumulated thousands of vials labeled as dangerous pathogens, as well as expensive medical equipment. Based on the labeling found at the lab by local officials after the CDC’s inspection, the Reedley Biolab operators may have possessed the Ebola virus, one of the deadliest viruses known to humanity. He was able to acquire these apparent pathogens even though he was a wanted fugitive and operated an unlicensed and unregistered laboratory.

A. Jiabei “Jesse” Zhu Leads PRC Government-Controlled and Directed Companies in the PRC

While living in the PRC in the early 2000s, Zhu served as the Vice Chairman of a PRC state-controlled enterprise based in Xinxiang, Henan Pioneer Aide Biological Engineering Company Limited (“Pioneer Aide China”). PRC government entities exercised a controlling interest in Pioneer Aide China as

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232 modification of custom and usage. It is inevitable in the nature of things that a great amount of energy must be wasted in preliminary work, which results only in finding out what the question is; but we ought to have some test which would show us whether we are going in the proper direction and whether there is reasonable probability that we shall accomplish something on the line we are pursuing. One such test is to notice whether the topic converges to a simple issue or whether it dissolves into mere logomachy and word-juggling.

Now it is characteristic of the discussion of the various forms of industrial war that they have lost definiteness, instead of winning it, during the last years. It has come out of the discussion, as almost the sole result, that we have a whole vocabulary of words of which we have no settled definition, which different people use in very different senses (for example, labor and capital, monopoly, competition, workingman, wages, cost of production), and that all social theorems or principles are as yet so obscure that a mist of transcendentalism and mysticism hangs over them all, which renders them most inviting to the crank. One is at a loss how to go on with any such discussion at all, for the reason that he can hardly use the only terms which the language affords for expressing thoughts about it, without using terms which, within his knowledge, have become parts of the jargon of pseudo-science and bogus philosophy.

Such being the position of the matter in the world of thought and discussion, while it is in daily experience a matter affecting the interests and happiness of great numbers of people who are brought into antagonism to each other, any attempt to deal with it by legislation must be the purest empiricism. We are told that the coming session of the German Parliament is to be occu-

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 the psychological processes responsible for the symptoms which the patient exhibited. The sudden termination of the engagement caused a distressing conflict, which was finally solved by a process of repression. The affections and desires which had played so important a part in the patient’s mind were repressed on account of their incompatibility with the world of fact, and were only allowed to appear in an indirect and distorted form. This indirect expression was provided by the stereotyped action which symbolised for the patient the whole syatem of ideas and emotions connected with her lost lover. The entire detachment from the real world, the failure to react in any way to her environment, and the other symptoms present in this case will be better understood at a later stage of our inquiry, and will be fully dealt with in a subsequent chapter (p. 157).

A frequent method by which a repressed complex obtains an indirect expression is afforded by the mechanism known as “projection.” This method is so important, and appears in such protean forms, that it will be necessary to study if in some detail, and the whole of the next chapter will therefore be devoted to its consideration.


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''Figures 16-17–Corporate data of two of Zhu’s PRC companies involved in theft of American intellectual property. Derived from State Administration for Industry & Commerce (SAIC), PRC Ministry of Commerce, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, exchange filings, and company announcements. This data was analyzed using proprietary third-party software.''

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 then discover them to be merely indirect expressions, or perhaps attempts at rationalisation, of underlying processes which in themselves might be perfectly reasonable and coherent.

The hypothesis that the insane mind is not the chaos which a superficial observer imagines it to be, but that the appearance of disorder is due only to our ignorance of the deeper mental processes which link up the disjointed symptoms into a coherent whole, is at any rate suggestive and stimulating. Subsequent chapters will show, as a matter of fact, that recent psychological researches justify and confirm it to a very large extent. We shall hope to demonstrate that the thoughts and actions of the insane are not a meaningless and inscrutable medley, but that cause and effect play as considerable a part in the mind of the apparently incomprehensible lunatic as in that of the normal man. We shall find reason to believe, moreover, that not only are the mental processes of the insane explicable by psychological laws, but that these laws are identical with those governing the minds of the sane, that the lunatic is battling with the same troubles which beset us all, and that he is endeavouring to express ideas, desires, and ambitions, with which we are all acquainted.


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Figures 18-19–Analysis of PRC corporate data for Zhu’s Henan Pioneer Aide Biological Engineering Co. Ltd. showing PRC government ownership and funding.

''Corporate data derived from State Administration for Industry & Commerce (SAIC), PRC Ministry of Commerce, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, exchange filings, and company announcements. This data was analyzed using proprietary third-party software.''

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 beneficial owners and shareholders through a series of passthrough joint venture companies, including Henan Investment Group Company Limited, a company involved in military-civil fusion for the PRC.

Zhu also served as Chairman of the Board and General Manager of Aide Modern Cattle Industry (China) Company Limited (“Aide Cattle China”), a company whose directors included an executive for a PRC defense firm and a company on the U.S. Entity List. Shareholders in Aide Cattle China include PRC state-controlled entities and individuals who have invested in other PRC state-controlled entities. Through Aide Cattle China, Zhu was the primary shareholder of 11 PRC cattle companies.

After Zhu moved to Canada and created additional corporations there, his Canadian company, IND Modern Cattle Development Group Corporation (IND Group), became a minority shareholder in Pioneer Aide China.

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 the revolutionary proletariat and peasantry through the Soviets. The ultimate test of the proletarian revolution is the test of armed force, since the ruling class and its allies will resort to the desperation of revolt to crush the proletarian regime. The supremacy of the proletariat, accordingly, inevitably means civil war, more or less intense according to circumstances; the transition period being characterized by civil war, the proletarian state retains the repressive character of the old state until the bourgeoisie is completely crushed. The state is an instrument of coercion: the bourgeois state is an instrument for the coercion of the proletariat; the revolutionary proletarian state—the dictatorship of the proletariat—is an instrument for the coercion of the bourgeoisie, until the complete ascendancy of Socialism renders repression unnecessary, when the state as state, utterly disappears.

In the Communist Manifesto, Marx and Engels projected a determining phase of the proletarian revolution: "The proletariat will use its political supremacy to wrest, by degrees all capital from the bourgeoisie; to centralize all instruments of production in the hands of the state—that is, of the proletariat organized as the ruling class; and to increase the total of productive forces as rapidly as possible Of course, in the beginning this cannot be effected except by means of despotic inroads on the rights of property and on  the conditions of bourgeois production; by measures, therefore, which appear economically insufficient and untenable, but which, in the course of the movement, outstrip themselves, necessitate further inroads upon the old social order and are unavoidable as a means of entirely revolutionizing the mode of production." And in his Criticism of the Gotha Program Marx says: "Between the capitalist and the communist system of society lies the period of the revolutionary transformation of the one into the other. This corresponds to a political transition period, whose state can be nothing else than the revolutionary dictatorship of the proletariat." The theory of Marx is the practice of the proletarian revolution in Russia. The dictatorship of the proletariat ruthlessly annihilates the rights and ideology of the old regime, and relentlessly crushes all counter-revolutionary movements.

Civil war being a phase of the transition from Capitalism to Socialism, the dictatorship of the proletariat is constrained to use force in its struggle against the counter-revolution. But the use of force is not a finality: it is a process of revolutionary development. The use of force is as temporary as the dictatorship of the proletariat itself: a necessary means of pushing on the Revolution


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 to identity pathogen importation: when an importer does not tell the CDC, the CDC simply does not seem to have any idea.

Finally, we are concerned by the freezer labeled “Ebola” reported by local officials. It is concerning that, when this was brought to the CDC’s attention, a CDC employee did not take meaningful action in response.

Congress should examine the state of biosafety in our country, and act to identify and remedy gaps in relevant statute or practice.

At a minimum, the Reedley Biolab shows the profound threat that unlicensed and unknown biolabs pose to our country. At worst, this investigation revealed significant gaps in our nation’s defenses and pathogen-related regulations that present a grave national security risk that could be exploited in the future. It is therefore incumbent upon Congress and the Executive Branch to address these vulnerabilities now before it is too late.

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of abnormal mental phenomena reach back to the very dawn of history, and are to he found in the oldest books of both the Eastern and Western worlds. Thus, in the Old Testament we read of Saul’s recurring periods of depression, when “the evil spirit from the Lord” was upon him. We read, again, of the delirium of Nebuchadnezzar, in which he believed himself changed into an animal — he “did eat grass like an ox, and his body was wet with the dew of heaven, till his hairs grew like the feathers of eagles, and his nails like birds’ claws.” Turning to the West, abnormal mental phenomena frequently appear in the pages of Homer. Ajax was tortured by the Furies till he fell upon his own sword, and we are told that Ulysses simulated madness in order to justify his abstention from the Trojan war. The famous Oracles are not altogether attributable to fraud, but are probably partly to be


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 {| style="margin:0 auto; max-width:36em;" Figure 23 - An FBI photograph of Jiabei Zhu (left), and texts between Code Enforcement Officer Harper and a former UMI employee (right) confirming the man they worked for is named “Jesse.” Source: City of Reedley.
 * Jiabei Zhu FBI photograph in the 2023 Reedley Biolab report.jpg
 * }
 * }
 * }
 * }
 * }

''Figure 24 - A printout of a driver’s license and a copy of an Employment Authorization Card for David He. Source: City of Reedley.''

Figure 25 – Copy of Zhu’s prior CA driver’s license with contemporary photograph.

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 explained as hysterical manifestations similar to those found in the “medium” of the present day.

Side by side with the abnormal phenomenon we invariably find its attempted explanation, because the demand for explanation is a fundamental character of the human mind. Throughout the history of insanity this demand constantly makes itself felt, endeavouring to obtain satisfaction by the construction of explanations in harmony with the general thought and knowledge of the period. These attempted explanations we shall know as the various “conceptions of insanity,” and the aim of the present chapter will be to trace their historical development until we reach the modern “psychological conception of insanity,” with which this book as a whole is mainly concerned.

Now the conception of insanity to be found in those ancient records mentioned above may be described as the “demonological.” The phenomena were regarded as the manifestations of some spiritual being, god or demon, who either actually inhabited the body of his victim, or who merely played upon him from without. If the phenomena manifested were in harmony with the religious views of the time it was concluded that the controlling spirit was benign in character, and the individual possessed was revered as an exceptionally holy person. If, on the other hand, the individual’s conduct con-


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 to the pontpoint [sic] where force and dictatorship are each equally unnecessary because their functions have become unnecessary.

The first problem of the Soviet state, accordingly, was to emerge victorious out of the civil war which immediately broke loose. The defeat of Kerensky at Gatchina, on November 14, disposed of Kerensky, but it did not dispose of the efforts of the counter-revolution to crush the new proletarian regime.

Many of the revolts against the new regime were organized by the military clique, led by Kaledine, Kornilov & Co. The revolts of [sic] of the Cossacks were particularly menacing, and were crushed only by the heroic activity of the Red Guards. The Red Guard played a very important role in the civil war during the Soviet regime. It consisted almost wholly of armed workingmen, militant class conscious, who thoroughly understood the Revolution, were willing to die for it, and acted as the dynamic centre of the revolutionary masses in action. But the military opposition to the Soviet government was almost negligible; the real opposition came from other sources, and in a more threatening manner.

The bourgeoisie and the propertied classes generally, including the petite bourgeoisie, were almost a solid mass in opposition to the Soviets. Of this opposition, that of the imperialistic bourgeoisie itself was the least important; it was the opposition of the middle class and the petty bourgeois intelligentsia which proved most formidable. And this opposition expressed itself in the form of sabotage; that is to say, the intelligentsia and the middle class generally refused to co-operate with the Soviets in the reconstruction of the country and did all in their power to hamper this reconstruction. Technicians refused their service in industry; school teachers went on strike; men and women of specialized ability refused to co-operate with the constituted bodies of reconstruction. Men and women of the bourgeoisie, in hospitals, in charity organizations, everywhere their service were needed, indulged in sabotage, either by open refusal of work or by cunningly interfering with the normal course of things. And the lies, the slanders—the output was enormous. The intelligentsia, the petty bourgeois intellectuals and professionals, constituted an active and venomous centre of resistance to the Workers' and Peasants' Government.

In this attitude, the petite bourgeoisie demonstrated in practice the revoultionary Socialist theory that it is the greatest enemy of the proletarian revolution, before and after the event. The proletarian revolution means the supremacy of the great mass of the people, of the propertiless workers and peasants; unless these great masses