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Rh "Back water!" cried Joe. "We'll be on fire in another minute!"

It certainly seemed so, for though they had struck the barge at a place where, for the time being, there were no flames, the fire was rapidly enveloping the whole cargo.

Mr. Ringold pulled the reversing lever, throwing in the gears, but the craft remained with her bow still against the cotton barge. The force of the current back of the Clytie was too much for her to overcome. She was gradually being swung around sideways to the barge.

The flames were getting hotter. They roared and crackled, and vied with the thunder and lightning in adding to the scene of terror.

"Send her ahead!" suddenly cried Blake. "That's our only chance!"

"What for?" demanded his chum.

"We may be able to shove the barge off the bar, or away from the snag, or whatever is holding her. Then she'll drift away from us. It's our only chance!"

"You're right!" cried Mr. Ringold.

Once more he changed the lever, and now the propeller beat the muddy water to foam, as the bow of the motor boat pushed hard against the side of the barge.

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146 hanging an instant on the bar that had caught her, the barge suddenly gave way, and now, almost completely wrapped in flames, she once more started on her journey down the swirling torrent.

Then Mr. Ringold was able, by a quick turn of the helm, and by speeding up the engine, to swing to one side, and away from the burning craft, which was left to go on to her own destruction.

"Whew! Hot work!" exclaimed Blake.

"I should say so," agreed Joe.

The first fury of the storm seemed now to have passed. The thunder was less heavy, and the lightning not so vivid. The rain had started again, but it was a mere drizzle.

For several miles more the Clytie went on, at the mercy of the current, and then, as the lightning flash revealed a little cove to one side, Mr. Ringold determined to steer for it.

To his delight he found that the boat answered her helm well, the river being wider at this point, and the current less powerful. And then, a little later, they were able to come into comparatively quiet waters, where, with the aid of the searchlight, they found a big tree, to which they tied, and with double cables.

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 know what her name was. She started out in New York, workin' with Leech Benson. When he finally got sent up she switched over to Lefty Kelly and when he got killed she come out here to work for Ace Darby. I guess she's still workin' for him. I wonder if that's him with her now."

"No, it isn't."

"How do you know?"

"Because I met him one time—at a party."

They went down to dance again. The Gun Girl and her escort also were dancing. And the fascinated Tony, finding the girl even more beautiful and charming at close range, kept his glance on her so much that it was some time before he realized that a man was trying to flirt with Vyvyan. A large, bulky man dressed in a gray business suit that fitted him none too well, a man who looked old enough to know better. He was dancing with a tiny blonde that he folded up in his arms like a child would a doll. Evidently he had a weakness for blondes. But he was no gentleman. He was obviously drunk and making a show of himself.

He waved at Vyvyan and winked portentously as the two couples came near each other for an instant. Tony's swarthy complexion began turning a sort of

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152 who are always thinking themselves slighted; "in which case there is generally something of which they are conscious in themselves, as laying them open to contemptuous treatment.”

Cicero's own character displays itself in this short treatise. Here, as everywhere, he is the politician. He shows a true appreciation of the duties and the qualifications of a true friend; but his own thoughts are running upon political friendships. Just as when, in many of his letters, he talks about "all honest men," he means our party; "so here, when he talks of friends, he cannot help showing that it was of the essence of friendship, in his view, to hold the same political opinions, and that one great use of friends was that a man should not be isolated, as he had sometimes feared he was, in his political course. When he puts forward the old instances of Coriolanus and Gracchus, and discusses the question whether their "friends" were or were not bound to aid them in their treasonable designs against the state, he was surely thinking of the factions of his own times, and the troublesome brotherhoods which had gathered round Catiline and Clodius. Be this as it may, the advice which he makes Lælius give to his younger relatives is good for all ages, modern or ancient: "There is nothing in this world more valuable than friendship." "Next to the immediate blessing and providence of Almighty God," Lord Clarendon was often heard to say, "I owe all the little I know, and the little good that is in me, to the friendships and conversation I have still been used to, of the most excellent men in their several kinds that lived in that age."

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", what's the program for to-day?"

"Down the river—more pictures—and make all the inquiries we can about our friends."

It was Joe who asked the question, and Blake who answered it. The moving picture boys were getting breakfast aboard the motor boat, which was still safely tied to a big tree in the cove where they had made a stop the night before, following the fire on the cotton barge.

It had stopped raining, but the sky was not clear, and the flood was all about them, the waters being higher than ever. There seemed to be no cessation to the increase.

"We certainly are getting a fine lot of pictures out of it all," murmured Joe, as he, glanced at the pile of films in the water-proof cases.

"Yes, that's the one redeeming feature," agreed Blake, as he put the coffee on to boil.

"How's the weather outside?" called Mr. Ringold, from his bunk.


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148 "Nothing to boast of," replied Blake. "Looks as if it would rain more any minute."

"Anything out there worth filming?"

"Nothing much—a lot of stuff coming down the river, but we've got enough of that," spoke Joe. "I only wish we could have filmed the burning cotton barge, but we had enough to do as it was, to get clear of it ourselves."

"I should say so," came from Blake, as he recalled the danger of the night before.

Breakfast over, preparations were made for again moving down stream. The boys got the camera ready to take any scenes that might be worth filming, and Mr. Ringold and C. C. took charge of the boat.

As the lines were being cast off, there came rowing along the stream, close in to shore, so as to keep out of the strong current, a farmer in a skiff. He seemed somewhat surprised to see our friends, but hailed them, asking:

"I say, you folks ain't seen nothin' of a spotted cow critter around here; have you?"

"A cow? No," answered Blake. "We saw one floating down in a barn a day or so ago. Was she yours?"

"No, my barn's still on land, but my spotted cow critter is missin' and I thought maybe you folks might have seen her."


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Rh "She'd have to be swimming if she was around here," remarked Joe, looking at the waste of water.

"Yes, I reckon so," agreed the farmer. "She jest naturally likes to wander off, that spotted cow critter of mine does. I guess she'll be drowned some day. Well, I'll look a little farther, and then I'll git back. Water's gittin' higher all the while. Where you folks bound for?"

"No place in particular," Blake informed him. "We're looking for some friends of ours."

"There's been a good many lost in this flood," the farmer said. "I had two hens and a rooster drowned in the last flood. I lived on low ground then. I've moved back a piece since. I'm hopin' the water don't come up to me now."

"Is there any town near by—below here?" asked Mr. Ringold. Their supplies were getting low, and needed replenishing.

"Yes, quite a good sized one about three mile down the river. The folks is workin' hard too, to keep the water out. There's a big shipment of cotton on the wharves waitin' for a boat to take it off, I hear. But if she don't come pretty soon the cotton will go floatin' off by itself. They can't git no help to move it back, 'cause all the men are busy on the levee."


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 Astracan he sailed for Astrabad, on the south-eastern shore of the Caspian; but he had scarcely landed his bales, when an insurrection broke out, his goods were seized, and though he afterwards recovered the principal part of them, the fruits of his enterprise were in a great measure lost. A plot was set on foot to seize himself and his party; so he took to sea and, after encountering great perils, reached Ghilan in safety. His escape on this occasion gave him the first idea of the words which he afterwards adopted as the motto of his life—"Never Despair." He afterwards resided in St. Petersburg for five years, carrying on a prosperous business. But a relative having left him some property, and his own means being considerable, he left Russia, and arrived in his native country in 1750. His object in returning to England was, as he himself expressed it, "to consult his own health (which was extremely delicate), and do as much good to himself and others as he was able." The rest of his life was spent in deeds of active benevolence and usefulness to his fellow men. He lived in a quiet style, in order that he might employ a larger share of his income in works of benevolence. One of the first public improvements to which he devoted himself was that of the highways of the metropolis, in which he succeeded to a large extent. The rumour of a French invasion being prevalent in 1755, Mr. Hanway turned his attention to the best mode of keeping up the supply of seamen. He summoned a meeting of merchants and shipowners at the Royal Exchange, and there proposed to them to form themselves into a society for fitting out landsmen volunteers and boys, to serve on board the 19


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150 "That might make a good picture for us," suggested Blake to Joe, when they had called good-bye to the farmer who was looking for his "spotted cow critter."

"I believe it would," agreed Joe. "We'll have a try at it, anyhow."

"Kill two birds with one stone," said Mr. Ringold, "we'll get supplies, and pictures too."

They started down stream, proceeding with care, for there was an unusual quantity of debris in the river—logs, part of lumber rafts, dismantled houses, barns and sheds. But the Clytie was navigated safely through it all.

Our friends had gone about a mile, when, as they went around a wooded point of land, they saw a curious sight. It was a large steamer, stranded inland, about a quarter of a mile from the water. It was listed to one side, and about it were many men, engaged in digging a trench, or canal, so as to float the craft back into the stream.

"Well, what do you know about that?" cried Joe, in surprise.

"Got to film her, all right!" declared Blake.

"How could such a thing happen?" C. C Piper wanted to know.

"They probably went through a 'cut-off, explained Mr. Ringold, "and must have gone aground. Then, before they could float her, the


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Rh waters took a new direction, made a new channel, and left the steamer where she is. I've read of such things, but never saw one. We'll go over and find out."

The motor boat was directed to a point nearest the inland steamer, and, taking the camera, Blake and Joe went ashore, followed by the manager and actor.

And, while the boys were taking moving pictures of the men at work digging the trench, to bring the river to the steamer, since the boat refused to go to the water, Mr. Ringold questioned the captain.

"That's about how it happened," the latter said, when the manager had asked about the accident. "I tried a short cut, and we anchored for the night right about here. I s'posed I'd have water enough to go on in the morning, and maybe save about ten miles by this 'cut-off.' But, by George! When we tried to start in the morning we found the waters going down, and, before we knew it, we were high and dry. I don't know as we'll ever get afloat now."

Indeed it did look like a hopeless task, but the men were working hard to take advantage of the high water. Once the flood subsided the steamer might never be floated, until another period of unusually heavy rain set in.

"Well, I guess we've got enough of this," re-


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Rh

head-man's connection "with a chief is not proclaimed by his attendants, you may hear him whispering, "Tell him who I am." This usually involves a counting on the fingers of a part of his genealogical tree ; and ends in the important announcement that he is half-cousin to some well-known ruler. The governnent is patriarchal, each man being, by virtue of paternity, chief of his own children, and the greater their number the more his importance increases. The towns are formed of numerous circle of huts, and near the centre of each circle there is a spot called a "kotla," with a fireplace ; here they work, eat, or sit and gossip over the news of the day. A poor man attaches himself to the kotla of a rich one, and is considered a child of the latter. The circle of an underchief is girt by a number of subsidiary circles, and in the middle of all is the great circle of the principal chief, composed of the huts of his wives and blood relations.

On the first occasion in which I ever attempted to hold a public religious service, Sechele remarked that it was the custom of his nation to put questions when any new subject was brought before them. He then inquired if my forefathers knew of a future judgment. I replied in the affirmative, and began to describe the scene of the "great white throne, and Him who shall sit on it, from whose face the heaven and earth shall flee away," &c. "You startle me," he replied; "these words make all my bones to shake ; I have no more strength in me : but my forefathers were living at the same time yours were, and how is it that they did not send them word about these terrible things sooner? They all passed away into darkness without knowing whither they were going." I explained the geographical barriers in the North, and the gradual spread of knowledge from the South, to which we first had access by means of ships; adding my belief that, as Christ had declared, the whole world would be enlightened by the Gospel. Pointing to the great Kalahari desert, he replied," You never can cross that country to the tribes beyond; it is utterly impossible even for us black men, except in certain seasons, when more than the usual supply of rain falls, and an extraordinary growth of water-melons follows."

As soon as he had an opportunity of learning, he set himself to read with such close application that, from being


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152 marked Blake, as he took the final scenes at the steamer. "Now for some views in the village below."

Once more they were under way, and a little later they came in sight of the town, which was the principal shipping port for cotton in that vicinity.

"Say, there's a big crowd working there!" exclaimed Joe, as they headed for the levee, only a small part of which was out of water.

"Yes, there's a big crowd there, but look at the few who are working at the cotton," spoke Blake. "There's a big pile of it, and it'll take those few men a good while to move it. The water's rising fast, too."

The levee at this town was a sloping one, faced with cobble stones, and when the river was low, horses and wagons were driven down it to the landing stages of the steamers. There were no permanent docks, except on the very top of the levee, and it was there the cotton was stored.

The absence of permanent docks, or wharves, close to the water was due to the sudden rise and fall of the stream at this point. Sometimes the steamers could come up to the permanent wharves, at the top of the levee. At others they were some distance off, and goods had to be


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Rh moved down the slope in wagons, to the temporary landing stages, thrown out by the boats.

The danger to the town, should the levee give way, was so evident, that every available man had been called on to strengthen the sloping bank, which kept back the waters. The owners of the cotton, it seems, had appealed in vain for help in moving their cargo back out of danger, and so they were obliged to do the work themselves. And it was no easy matter to handle the big, clumsy bales.

The motor boat was tied where it would not be in the way, and, from the bow, Joe and Blake took a series of moving pictures while Mr. Ringold and C. C. went ashore to get some supplies, and make inquiries regarding the missing theatrical company.

In regard to the latter, however, they received no satisfaction. Nothing had been seen or heard of them. The telegraph line, however, was in good working order, and Mr. Ringold sent a message to his New York office, asking if any news had been received from the missing ones.

"We'll wait for a reply," he said. "It ought not to take many hours, and we can easily spare the time."

"Joe," remarked Blake, when they had filmed several views of the scenes at the levee, "suppose


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was to the Roman what religion is to us. It professed to answer, so far as it might be answered, Pilate's question, "What is truth?" or to teach men, as Cicero described it, "the knowledge of things human and divine." Hence the philosopher invests his subject with all attributes of dignity. To him Philosophy brings all blessings in her train. She is the guide of life, the medicine for his sorrows, "the fountain-head of all perfect eloquence—the mother of all good deeds and good words." He invokes with affectionate reverence the great name of Socrates—the sage who had "first drawn wisdom down from heaven."

No man ever approached his subject more richly laden with philosophic lore than Cicero. Snatching every leisure moment that he could from a busy life, he devotes it to the study of the great minds of former ages. Indeed, he held this study to be the duty of

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154 we take the boat down stream a short distance. I want to get nearer to the piles of cotton, so they will show up well on the screen."

"All right. I can work the boat, and you can manage the camera."

Mr. Ringold and the actor were up in the town, but the manager had told the boys they might move the boat about as they pleased in getting pictures.

Accordingly Joe cast off the line, started the motor and headed the craft nearer to the cotton wharf.

"Hold her there now!" cried Blake, as he took a position at the bow with the camera.

He was grinding away at the handle, paying no attention to the boat, or river, when suddenly a swirl of the current carried a big log directly against the bow of the craft. She was being headed slowly up stream, Joe working the motor only fast enough to maintain a slight headway.

There came a jar that shook the Clytie from stem to stern.

"Look out!" yelled Joe to Blake, but the warning came too late. The young moving picture operator shot overboard, into the muddy water, the camera clattering to the deck behind him.


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" overboard!" yelled Joe, more from a sudden instinct than because there was anyone beside himself on the boat to be informed of the fact. Then, with a leap, Joe was outside the pilot house, and standing in the bow of the still-moving craft.

Joe had caught up, in his rush, a cork life ring, attached to a rope, one being kept on the forward deck in readiness for any emergency in the flood. The young operator shoved the fallen camera to one side, and peered eagerly down for a sight of his chum.

"Here you go, Blake!" Joe cried, a hasty glance toward shore showing him two men coming in a rowboat, in response to his cries. '"Here you go! Grab this!"

For he had a glimpse of Blake's head emerging from the water.

Blake was a good swimmer, but he was handi-


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VOL. II.

1846


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156 capped by his clothes and shoes, and the fact that the current was rather swift.

The young operator shook his head, to rid his eyes of the blinding water, and then reached out for the ring which Joe tossed to him. He caught, it in one hand, and then was quickly pulled toward the boat.

"All—all right—Joe—good—work!" Blake managed to gasp.

A moment later he was safe on deck, and Joe had to run back in a hurry to the steering wheel, for the Clytie was headed directly for the small boat. The men in it were crying out in alarm, and endeavoring to get out of the way. But the unguided motor craft seemed bent on running them down.

"All right! Don't worry!" shouted Joe, as he twirled over the steering wheel, and changed the course of the boat. "I guess we'd better go back and tie up," he added. "Did you get enough pictures, Blake?"

"Well, we'll call it a day's work," panted the young operator, as he managed to get a full breath after his sudden bath. "I was almost finished when that bump came and knocked me overboard. What was it?"

"A big log. I didn't see it in time."

"Neither did I, or I'd have taken a brace,"


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Rh said Blake, grimly. "Well," he went on, as he picked up the camera, and found that it was not damaged, "I guess I'll change my clothes. These don't look just fit for going to a party," and he laughed. The camera had closed automatically when he ceased grinding at the crank, so no pictures were spoiled.

"Can we do anything?" asked one of the men in the boat. They were working on the levee, and had dropped everything, and pushed off in their craft, when Joe's cry of alarm reached them.

"Thank you—no. It's all over," said Blake, as Joe guided the motor boat back to her moorings.

Nothing worse than a wetting was the result of Blake's tumble overboard, and soon, in dry clothing, he was ready for whatever came next. As they had enough pictures of the work on the levee, and at the cotton wharf, the boys decided to await the return of Mr. Ringold and the actor, who had now been gone some time.

"Suppose we go up to town ourselves," suggested Blake, after a bit. "It will give us a chance to stretch our legs, and we can help carry back the rest of the supplies," for the latter had not all been put on board yet.

"I'm with you," agreed Joe; and, seeing that


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158 their craft was securely moored, they went ashore.

The town was a fairly large one, and contained several stores. But business was practically at a standstill now, for everyone who could was working at the levee. There were anxious looks on the faces of all—men, women and children. But women and children were about the only ones in the streets, the men all being at the river front.

"Look!" exclaimed Joe, pointing to a moving picture theater. It was closed, probably from lack of patronage during the flood season, but in front were some advertising lithographs.

"Some of our films!" cried Blake, as he saw some gaudily-colored representations of those pictures he and Joe had taken in earthquake land.

"So they are!" echoed Joe. "Who'd ever thought of seeing them here?"

"I wonder how they took with the audiences?" went on Blake, for he always interested in the financial end of their business, and he and his chum really tried hard to get the very best sort of moving pictures.

"I'd sort of like to know that, myself," murmured Joe.

A small boy was standing in front of the litho-


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Rh graphs of the colored pictures, looking at them interestedly.

"Would you like to go in? What time does the show start?" asked Blake, handing the boy a dime, which he took eagerly, and wonderingly.

"Would I like to go in, mister? Well, I guess I would. But they ain't givin' no shows while the river's risin'. Nobody comes and the feller what runs the place says it don't pay him to open. But I saw them pictures," and he nodded at the ones showing a volcano in eruption, and the ground quaking—views that Blake and Joe had taken at a great personal risk.

"How'd you like 'em?" asked Joe, winking at Blake over the lad's head.

"Say, they was the bulliest pictures ever I see, and I go to all the shows when I can!" he cried with enthusiasm. "They was certainly some pictures, believe me! I would like to have been there myself, only not too close," he added, with caution. "The fellers who took them movies sure must have had nerve. I'd like to meet 'em."

"We took those pictures," said Blake, suddenly.

The lad looked at him for a moment. Then a curious look came over his face.

"Say!" he remarked in withering tones, "I'm much obliged to you for the dime—I sure am,


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160 'cause I don't git many. But there ain't no call for you to try to string me that way—jest 'cause you slipped me a dime."

"But we did take those pictures," insisted Joe.

The boy edged away, as though he were afraid they might take strenuous measures to compel him to believe them. Then, as a parting shot, he called out:

"Much obliged for the dime, but I ain't as green as I look, mister. You take them pictures? Bah! Think I'll believe that?" And he set off on the run.

"I guess we might have better kept still," spoke Blake, with a grin at his chum.

"I guess so, too. I s'pose it was asking rather too much to get him to believe a couple of strange fellows took those views. And do you know, Blake," went on Joe, "sometimes when I get to thinking about what we've gone through since we used to work on the farm, I can hardly believe it myself."

"That's right. The stunts we did in New York were strenuous enough for a starter, but in the jungle, and in earthquake land—good night!—as the poet says!" exclaimed Blake.

"And this is going to be worse, if I'm any judge," went, on Joe, as he nodded in the direction of the flooded river.


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Rh "Guess you're right," agreed his chum.

They kept on through the town, making a few purchases in stores where women were the only clerks, the men being down at the levee.

"There they are!" exclaimed Joe, as he and Blake turned into the main street, from a side one, and caught sight of Mr. Ringold and C. C.

"They look as though something had happened," observed Blake, as he noticed their friends hurrying toward them.

"Maybe they heard about you falling overboard, but didn't hear of your rescue," suggested his companion. But it was not that, as the boys learned a moment later.

Waving a slip of paper over his head, Mr. Ringold cried:

"I've got news, boys! News of our missing friends!"

"Really!" cried Joe.

"Yes, they heard from them in the New York office. I just received a telegram. It's quite a story."

"Where are they?" Blake wanted to know.

"Somewhere down the river," answered Mr. Ringold. "A message came from them in a bottle."

"A bottle!" cried Joe.

"Yes. They must have been carried down on


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162 the flood, and only had time to write a hasty message and fling it, stopped up in a bottle, into the river. Here's a long telegram from the New York office. I'll condense what it says."

"Then it's really news from them—from Birdie Lee and the others?" asked Blake.

"It surely is," answered the manager. "What happened after they went to the island to make moving pictures isn't stated. But a few days ago this telegram came to the New York office."

He then read:

"We are being carried down the river on part of a house that was washed away in the sudden flood. We are all together, but suffering very much. The waters rose very suddenly. Cannot tell where we will land. I am writing this and putting it in a bottle, which I will throw into the flood. Someone may pick it up and transmit it to you. Come to us if you can!"

For a moment the boys were silent, and then Blake asked:

"How did the message get to New York?"

"I had to make inquiries to find that out," replied Mr. Ringold. "It seems that the bottle was washed ashore and picked up by a colored man. He took it to his employer, who read the


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Rh messages inside. They were signed by Mr. Levinberg, who also put in a five-dollar bill, to insure the sending of the telegram. With the note he wrote for transmission to me was one asking the finder of the bottle to take the message to the nearest telegraph office."

"But where was the bottle picked up? Where may we expect to find our friends?" asked Blake.

"Somewhere below here, I think," said Mr. Ringold. "The message was sent from a telegraph office about a hundred miles above here. Our friends probably drifted on the flood near there. They are still in the—beyond" and he motioned to the flooded section lying to the South.

"Then let's start!" cried Joe. "Every minute counts."

With the provisions aboard, a new supply of gasoline, and with the films Blake was taking when he went overboard safely put away in water proof cases, the rescuers once more took up their voyage.

The remainder of the day they kept on down the flooded river. Several times they came within a short distance of big pieces of debris, and collisions were narrowly averted.

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 couple of hours. Notwithstanding this, her pulse maintained a degree of vigour which was very extraordinary, considering the state of attenuation to which she was reduced. She had a great reluctance in touching on her bad symptoms, but dwelt readily on such as were favourable. "I certainly have got small abscesses," she answered to me, "but it is not consumption: because there are hours in the day when my lungs are perfectly free, as there are others when I can hardly breathe. Sometimes, doctor, my pulse is entirely gone, or so thin—so thin!—as to be but just perceptible, and no more. You pretend to find it very readily and tell me it is not bad: but Zezefôon can't feel it, and Sàada can't feel it, and old Pierre has tried, and says the same. I think, too," continued she, "I was a little delirious this morning; for, when I awoke, I asked where Zezefôon had gone, although there she was, sitting up on her mattress by my bedside before my eyes."


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164 a discouraged party that looked out from the cabin of the Clytie.

"Worse and more of it," murmured Blake, who was at the steering wheel. "Will it ever stop?"

"Now, now! None of that C. C. stuff!" spoke Joe with a laugh. "Things will come out all right yet. It's something to have had news of our friends, when we didn't expect any."

"Yes, but think of the plight they must be in—floating down this river in some house, that may go to pieces any minute!" cried Blake. "It's terrible—for Birdie and the others. The men may be able to stand it. But the ladies"

"Well, perhaps they are rescued by this time," said Joe, cheerfully. "That message was dated several days ago, you notice. And it must have been two or three days afloat. I have a feeling, somehow, that we'll find them all right."

"Well, I sure do hope so," spoke Blake. "Pshaw! I oughn't to be this way!" he exclaimed. "I must look on the brighter side. Perhaps they are all right, after all."

They ate supper in the enclosed cabin, for there was a cold drizzle of rain that made going outside unpleasant. No one felt much like talking, but the unexpected news had, in a measure, cheered them up.


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Rh "If they could only have given us some definite clew," spoke Mr. Ringold. "I'd do anything I could to rescue them. But it is like searching in the dark."

"And, speaking of the dark, reminds me that it will soon be dark here, and we'll have to look for some place to tie up," remarked Blake. "I think we'd better be getting over toward shore."

"And I agree with you," said Mr. Ringold.

He took the wheel, relieving Joe, who had not yet eaten. The craft was directed over toward the eastern shore, and a sharp lookout was kept for some sheltered cove where the night could be spent.

It grew darker rapidly, and the rain increased in violence.

"There's a lot of stuff coming down," observed Blake, as he stood at the wheel, beside Mr. Ringold. "More debris than we've seen in some time."

"That's right," agreed the manager. "There's an island just below us," he added. "I wonder if, by any chance, our friends could have landed on that."

"We might stop there and see," suggested Blake. "It might be a good place to spend the night."

"I'll try it, at any rate," Mr. Ringold said.


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is one of these occupations that combines pleasure with healthful employment. Reason and history unite in regarding it as the first pursuit that engaged the attention of man.

The fruits of the Garden are appreciated by all, and contribute much to the pleasures and comforts of life. But many possess gardens unworthy of the name: for want of a knowledge of their management they are unable, in season, to supply the wants of their own table. To remedy this deficiency is the object of this compendium. Into it nothing has been admitted that is not of the most practical character. It may be received as. To have given the reason for many of the operations recommended, or the process by which certain conclusions have been arrived at, would have enlarged the volume without adding to the value of the advice. It has been the object of the author to describe the preparation of the soil, the mode of culture, and the best varieties of every fruit or vegetable for market or family supply, in the plainest language, and most concise terms. The subjects are arranged in alphabetical order, so that any one, in an instant, for any part of the United States, may see how to cultivate, when and what to sow, and when to reap. Hitherto the works on this subject have been merely repetitions of European writers, not at all adapted to our climate; or when compiled with some degree of consideration as to that, yet simply the names of vegetables have been given, allowing the gardener or amateur, unguided, to select whatever might strike his fancy, without enabling him to supply his wants. In this Manual will be found a short but faithful description of the best vegetables and fruits; their period of maturity or their relative earliness or lateness, with their Botanical, English, French, and German names—a facility not met with in any similar work we have ever seen.

We have omitted a few vegetables of a coarse description, principally raised for cattle, by field culture. Among which are the Portugal, and Cow Cabbage. The former appeared lately as a new vegetable, under the name of Couve Tronchuda, though cultivated twenty years ago under


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166 The island, now that the waters had risen on all sides of it, was rather small.

The motor boat was steered along the Western shore of it, but a nearer view showed that there could, by no possibility, be any one on it. For it was long and narrow, and a view could be had entirely across it.

"I guess we won't stop—there's no one there," the manager said, as he veered the boat away.

"No—there's no sign of them," agreed Blake.

They were approaching the foot of the island—that is, the down stream end, and, as the motor boat shot past it, carried by the powerful current, and her propeller, Blake uttered a cry of alarm.

"Look out for that raft!" he yelled.

Mr. Ringold looked in time to see a big lumber raft, unmanned and uncontrolled, coming down on the other side of the island. It turned the lower end just as the motor did, and before those on board the craft could do anything to avoid the danger, the raft had collided with them, striking the Clytie on the starboard bow with a resounding crash.

The boat heeled over, and seemed about to capsize.


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 married a second wife, by whom he had three sons: the present earl; Charles, killed at Corunna; and James, who died at Caen Wood, the villa of his father-in-law, the Earl of Mansfield.

I became acquainted with Lady Hester Stanhope by accident. The chance that introduced me to her was as follows:—I was going to Oxford to take my degree; and, having missed the coach at the inn, I was obliged to hurry after it on foot, for the want of a hackney-coach, as far as Oxford-road turnpike, where I overtook it, and mounted the box in a violent perspiration. The day was bitterly cold, and, before night, I found myself attacked with a very severe catarrh. The merriment of a college life left me little time to pay attention to it; and, after about fifteen days, I returned with a troublesome cough, to London, where I took to my bed.

Mr. H. Cline, jun., (the son of the celebrated surgeon) being my friend, and hearing of my indisposition, came to inquire after my health very frequently. One day, sitting by my bedside, he asked me if I should like to go abroad. I told him it had been the earliest wish of my life. He said, Lady Hester Stanhope (the niece of Mr. Pitt) had applied to his father for a doctor, and that, if I liked, he would propose me, giving me to understand from his father that, although the salary would be small, I


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" sinking!"

"Get out the life preservers!"

"Save the films and cameras!"

"And grab something to eat! Don't forget that!"

Thus cried those aboard the Clytie, for it was evident that the stanch craft had made her last voyage. She was careened at a dangerous angle, and her motor had stopped.

"The raft ripped a big hole in the bow!" shouted Mr. Ringold, who, with Blake, had been thrown against the side of the pilot house, and was somewhat stunned by the shock.

"Are we sinking?" asked Joe.

"No, but it is only a question of a few minutes. We must save ourselves."

"And our outfit—if we can," said Joe. "What shall we do?"

A hasty examination showed that the jagged


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168 front logs of the raft had been driven completely; into the motor boat, staving in her planking, through which the water was rushing. And, so violent had been the blow of the collision that the Clytie was actually impaled on the floating tree trunks, that were bound together with ropes.

"Take to the raft!" cried Mr. Ringold. "It's our only chance!"

"That's right!" shouted C C "Come on, boys! Load all we can on the raft!"

The water was now up over the cabin floor. It was evident that she was going down fast. Only the fact that the raft stuck part way through her held her up. Once filled with water, as she soon must be, she would pull herself loose by her own weight, and go to the bottom of the Mississippi.

"Food first, water—and something for a light!" cried Mr. Ringold, issuing his orders calmly. "Then, if you can, boys, save the cameras and films."

"Oh, we'll save them!" exclaimed Blake.

"I should say so!" murmured Joe.

A keg of water, some packages of food, and two lanterns were hastily lifted over the side of the motor boat, and placed on the raft. Then some blankets, bedding and other things were tossed over in a pile.


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 should, if my services proved agreeable to Lady Hester, be ultimately provided for. I thanked him, and said, that to travel with such a distinguished woman would please me exceedingly. The following day he intimated that his father had already spoken about me, and that her ladyship would see me. In about four days I was introduced to her, and she closed with me immediately, inviting me to dine with her that evening. Afterwards, I saw her several times, and subsequently joined her at Portsmouth, whence, after waiting a fortnight, we sailed in the Jason, the Hon. Captain King, for Gibraltar.

The reasons which Lady Hester assigned for leaving England were grounded chiefly on the narrowness of her income. Mr. Pitt's written request, on his deathbed, that she might have £1500 a year, had been complied with only in part, owing to the ill offices of certain persons at that time in the privy-council, and she received clear, after deductions for the property-tax were made, no more that £1200. At first, after Mr. Pitt's death, she established herself in Montague Square, with her two brothers, and she there continued to see much company. "But," she would say, "a poor gentlewoman, doctor, is the worst thing in the world. Not being able to keep a carriage, how was I to go out? If I used a hackney-coach, some spiteful person would be sure to mention it:—'Who


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Rh "Now the cameras and films!" yelled Blake. "Get on the raft, Joe, and I'll pass them to you."

Stopping only to gather up a few personal belongings, Joe leaped to the surface of the raft. It had been a large one, though only part of it remained now, and it was well up out of the water.

"Here you go!" cried Blake, as he handed down the reels of exposed film. And how glad Blake was that they had taken the precaution to wrap them in oil-cloth! For it was raining, and he had to lay the reels down on the raft, where the water would drizzle on them.

"Any more?" asked Joe, as he came back from the center of the log raft, where he had piled the things Blake handed to him out of the motor boat.

"The cameras now. They're loaded, so be careful of them. We may get a chance to take more views," spoke Blake, hopefully.

"It doesn't seem so," commented Joe, as he glanced at the sinking Clytie.

Mr. Ringold and C. C. were busy saving what they could to give aid and comfort while aboard the raft. It could not be much, for there was little time to spare.

"She's going!" warned the actor, as he passed out another roll of blankets and bedding.

"I think she is," agreed the manager, as the


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170 impaled motor boat gave a lurch, and pulled partly away from the raft. She was filling rapidly with water, and the great weight of that, as well as the weight of the motor, was dragging down the hapless Clytie.

"Come on! Jump!" urged the actor to Mr. Ringold and Blake, who were aboard the sinking boat. "No time to lose."

Blake paused only long enough to grab up a light rifle, and some cartridges, vhich were in the cabin, and then he leaped to the raft.

He was followed by Mr. Ringold, and none too soon, for, a moment later, with a rending of planks, the motor boat pulled away from the jagged ends of the raft on which she was impaled.

A second's hesitation, and she sank with a gurgling, bubbling sound beneath the muddy, swirling waters of the Mississippi.

"Good-bye, Clytie!" said Blake, softly, and it was as though he was saying farewell to some dear friend.

"Well, I guess we've seen the last of her," murmured Mr. Ringold.

They stood silent for a minute, huddled together, a wet, miserable group on the big raft that was racing down stream. Then, as he gazed at his companions, and then at the pile of their possessions, C. C. Piper remarked:


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Rh "What happened, anyhow? What does it all mean? Is it a dream or reality?"

"It's real, all right," spoke Joe, mournfully enough. "We were rammed by this raft—that's what happened. And it's lucky for us that these logs stood by long enough for us to get aboard, or we'd be swimming out there in the big muddy," and he nodded toward the river, from which they were kept by none too stout a craft.

"It's my fault," said Mr. Ringold. "I should have seen this raft racing along."

"Well, let's see what sort of a boat the raft's going to make for us," interrupted Joe. "We've got to stay aboard to-night, at all events."

"Yes, and maybe longer," added Blake. "Well, there's a cabin to take shelter in, anyhow. Let's take a look at that."

He nodded toward the stern of the raft, and, looming up in the darkness, could be seen a sort of shack, or shanty. It was where the raftmen did their cooking, eating and sleeping, while navigating the big collection of logs down the river.

"Let's see what sort of place it is," Blake went on. "Maybe there are bunks in it, and a stove where we can cook what stuff we've got left," and he looked at the little pile of food they had been able to save from the sinking boat.


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 the former name. The latter, also an old vegetable, created some excitement a few years ago; but the mania having died away, it finds its merited place.

The Fruits have been arranged in the order of their attaining maturity, and only the best in their season have been selected. It is presumed that the list will be found a certain guide to those who wish to grow only the best and most prolific sorts. Some selection of this kind has for some time been imperatively called for, by the wants of the gardener, farmer, and amateur, the multiplicity of sorts in the larger works and catalogues rendering them nearly useless to those who merely wish to know those kinds adapted for family or market supply. In illustrating our subject we have endeavored to avoid the use of all technical words, and to make every thing so plain that it can be comprehended by the most illiterate.

In conclusion, if this little manual be the means of diffusing a knowledge of vegetable culture more generally,—of adding to the pleasures of rural life,—of increasing the interest taken in horticultural pursuits; or guiding the gentleman, farmer, or student, in the occupation of his leisure hours, it will have attained the object of

Philadelphia, Feb., 1847.


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 MEMOIRS

CHAPTER I.

It probably will be known to most readers that Lady Hester Stanhope was the daughter of Charles Earl of Stanhope by Hester, his first wife, sister to Mr. William Pitt, and daughter of the first Earl of Chatham. He had issue by this first wife—three daughters—Hester, Griselda, and Lucy. The earl


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" so bad."

"That's right! It might be a whole lot worse."

"It's rough, but we can stand it."

"We've got to. There's no going ashore while this flood keeps up."

Thus, in turn, Blake, Joe, Mr. Ringold and C. C. commented, as they stood in the doorway of the slab shack erected on the stern of the lumber raft. Blake had lighted the lantern he had taken the precaution to save from the sinking motor boat, and this gave light enough to see the interior of the cabin that must be their abiding place, for how long they could not tell.

"Well, there's a place where we can stretch out, anyhow," said Blake, after a pause.

"And a stove to cook on, and plenty of wood for fires," added Joe, as he looked down at the raft. "It won't be so bad, after all."


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Rh The slab cabin was a roomy one, made to accommodate at least half a dozen men, for there were that many bunks. There were rude chairs, a couple of tables, and some cooking utensils and dishes. Evidently the crew that had been bringing the raft down stream had counted on being aboard for some time.

"They must have gone off in a hurry," commented Mr. Ringold, for some of the chairs were overturned, and there were the remains of a meal, partially consumed, on the table. Articles of clothing were scattered about, and the bed coverings were tossed back on some of the bunks, as though the sleepers had hurried out, without waiting to stop and gather up their belongings.

"There must have been some sort of accident to the raft," observed Mr. Piper. "Probably it was suddenly caught in the rising flood, and maybe it collided with a boat, or another raft. Part of it was carried away, that's evident from the jagged end that hit us. And I reckon the men fairly jumped overboard, leaving everything here just as we see it."

"That's probably the explanation," agreed the manager. "Well, let's get our things in out of the rain, and see what we can do."

It was showering heavily now, and the boys were more glad than ever that they had taken


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174 the precaution of wrapping the films in waterproof coverings.

Some other lanterns were found in the cabin, and, being filled with oil, they were lighted and hung up on the walls.

"We ought to show a light outside, too, I suppose," said Blake, reflectively.

"That's so, to avoid being run down by a passing steamer," said Mr. Ringold, "though I don't believe many vessels will take a chance of navigating the river when it's in this condition. Still, it's best to be on the safe side."

There was a pole about amidships of the raft, evidently intended to be used for displaying a light, and a lantern was put as high on this as possible.

By this time our friends had brought into the cabin the things they had so hastily removed from the motor boat, and then they sat down to consider matters, and decide on some course of procedure.

"First of all," began Mr. Piper, "we must"

"Have something to eat!" interrupted Blake. "There's dry wood in here, and a stove. I see a coffee pot, and I know we brought some ground coffee—not much, but some. Where's that keg of fresh water?"


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Rh "Here," replied Joe, who had brought it in. "It won't go very far, though."

Indeed the water supply was going to be a serious matter, though, if worse came to worst, they could use the river water, by allowing it to stand for some hours, to settle. It was fresh, but full of mud, and unpleasant to taste and smell. They could also catch the rain as it fell.

"I saw a barrel outside the shack," spoke Mr. Ringold. "Maybe that has water in it."

"I'll look!" offered Blake. "It has!" he cried a moment later, "and it's fresh water, too. That will last us some days."

"Then go ahead, and make coffee," suggested Joe, "and we'll see what else there is here."

An inspection of the cabin showed that there was some food left. It was not very choice, but it was better than nothing, consisting of canned stuff, and, with what our friends had managed to take off their sinking boat, would do for a while.

A fire was soon crackling in the rather dilapidated stove, and the odor of coffee, fragrant and appetizing, filled the air.

"Well, this isn't so bad," remarked Blake, as he sat munching a canned corned beef sandwich. "We're pretty snug in here."

"Yes, and we don't have to worry about run-


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176 ning a motor, or sinking," added Joe. "We can't sink. I really like this better than the Clytie, after all."

"You might—if you say it quick!" spoke Blake, half-sarcastically. "Still we're a good deal better off here than out there," and he nodded toward the river.

"But the question is: What's going to become of us?" asked C. C. "We can't stay here for ever."

"Nobody wants to," said Blake. "But we've got to—for a while; until we're taken off, anyhow. We certainly can't swim to shore. We're about in the middle of the river now, and this is several miles wide. We've got to make the best of it."

"We can't do anything but let her drift," said Mr. Ringold. "The sweep, or steering oar, is gone, though we might manage to rig up another. We'll try in the morning."

The meal, rude as it was, revived them all, and cheered their drooping spirits. They discussed the matter, and decided there was little use in keeping a watch during the night. They had just to float on.

"Well, it's good and dry in here, anyhow," observed Blake, as he crawled into one of the bunks.


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CONTENTS

THE SECOND VOLUME.


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Rh "Yes, that's another comfort, and we've got more room than we had aboard the Clytie," said Joe.

"Don't go to making fun of the old craft," cautioned his chum. "She served us well. I'm sorry she's gone."

They went to sleep with the rain pattering on the roof of the cabin, thankful for the raft, in spite of the havoc it had made in their plans.

A dreary, drizzling day succeeded. They made themselves as comfortable as they could in the cabin, and went carefully over their food supplies.

"Enough for two days, anyhow," said Mr. Ringold. "After that, well"

He shrugged his shoulders, and did not finish. But they all knew what he meant.

They were in the middle of a wide and desolate stretch of the Mississippi. In the far distance, as they rushed along with the swift current, they could see small towns and villages. They could not, however, reach them, for they could not steer the raft. They tried to make a long sweep, such as the lumbermen use, but they had no pole long enough, and no tools with which to cut one out of the lumber at their disposal.

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178 the shack, by splitting it with a small axe. But the result was only a weak, wobbly staff, that broke the first time it was used.

"We've just got to drift on—until something happens," said Mr. Ringold.

Joe examined their cameras, for they had two, and also the developed and undeveloped films. The latter were safe in the water-tight cases. In the afternoon, when it cleared a little, Joe and Blake took more moving pictures from the front end of the raft.

They saw no craft of any kind. They seemed alone on the waste of waters.

Night came, and they floated on. They ate less now, for they wanted to make their food supply last as long as possible. But the victuals seemed to go alarmingly fast.

"Maybe we'll drift ashore to-morrow," said Mr. Ringold, hopefully. "If we do we'll leave the raft, and walk until we get to some place where we can hire a boat. For, now that we are reasonably certain that our friends are somewhere down the river, we must make every effort to find them."

It was about midnight when they were all awakened by a severe shock.

"What's that?" cried Mr. Ringold, leaping from his bunk.


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Rh "We hit something!" cried Joe.

"I should say we did!" yelled Blake. "We're ashore, that's what we are. We're not moving!"

The raft was not moving, save for a slight undulating motion, due to one end being afloat, and the other on land; at least so they supposed.

Taking one of the lanterns, Blake went outside. There was no rain, and a pale moon, behind some watery clouds, gave a little light.

"What is it?" Joe wanted to know.

"We've run into an island—or an island has run into us," Blake answered.

"An island!" echoed Mr. Ringold. "I was hoping it was the mainland."

"No such good luck," went on Blake.

They joined him "on deck," if one may use such a term concerning a raft. Looking forward they saw that the front, and jagged, end of the raft—the same that had rammed and sunk the Clytie—had struck on a small island, and was wedged fast in the bank.

They did not sleep much more that night. In the morning, an examination showed that it would be out of the question to remain on the island, and leave the raft. The spot of land, in the midst of the flood, was too small. Probably when the river was at its ordinary height the island was considerably larger. It proved of one


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180 advantage to our friends, however, for there was a spring in the middle of it, where the ground was higher, and this gave them a supply of fresh water.

"I wonder if we couldn't work the raft off?" mused Blake, when they had eaten a very light lunch, for their food was now very low.

But the raft was too heavy, and too firmly imbedded in the soft mud of the island, to enable our friends, try as they might, to float it. They toiled and tugged all the afternoon, for they felt the almost vital necessity of getting away, and reaching a place where they could get more food.

"I guess we're stuck—and stuck fast!" said Blake, wearily. Then it began to rain again, and they retired to the cabin and went to bed, though no one slept much.

It was about ten o'clock when Joe, getting up for a drink, felt the raft suddenly move.

"Something's happening!" he cried.

At once they were all aroused. The affair of logs trembled and shivered. Then, with a rending, splintering sound she floated free of the island.

"We're afloat again!" cried Joe. "The river must have risen and pulled us free."


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 BOX-FISHES.

(OSTRACIONTIDAE.)

This family is of no edible importance.

GLOBE-FISHES AND PORCUPINE FISHES.

(TETRODONTIDAE & DIODONTIDAE.)

These fish possess poisonous properties and instances have been recorded of persons dying shortly after eating them. Malay fishermen, however, commonly eat the Buntal pisang (Tetrodon lunaris) and some other species, being careful to remove all the poisonous organs.

SHARKS AND DOG-FISHES.

(CARCHARIIDAE, SCYLLIDAE, SPHYRNIDAE.)

Sharks are active predacious fishes living at different depths in the sea from the surface to nearly a thousand fathoms and ranging from mid-ocean to the shallower waters round the coasts in every part of the world. They are most abundant in the Tropics where they attain their greatest size, and some of the Sharks are the largest of living fishes.

Among the (Dog-fishes) we have in these waters the Tiger or Zebra Shark (Yu chechak or Yu to'kek) with dark bands on a tawny ground which attains a length of at least 10 feet.

Among our species of the true Sharks we have Yu tenggiri (Galeocerdo rayneri) which attains a length of over 12 feet and is very ferocious, but fortunately rather rare, and the Yu jerong or Yu sambaran (Carcharias sp.) which has also a bad reputation.

The Hammer-head Sharks Yu bengkong, Yu sanggul or Yu palang are voracious, usually live in deep water and grow to a length of 15 feet.

There is no scientific record of the appearance of in these waters. Sharks of this family are probably the largest known and are said to exceed 50 feet in length (some writers mention 70 feet), but to be quite harmless. Specimens have been seen or captured in the neighbourhood of Ceylon, and on one occasion I watched a very large shark, in clear water, near Nipah Bay, Tioman Island, for more than half an hour, which appeared to equal the length of my yacht (35 feet).

The economic value of sharks has not yet been fully realised. Fishermen regard them as a nuisance as they tear nets and take fish off their hooks, and they are avoided as much as possible. Incidentally sharks are a nuisance to trawl-fishermen in Australia, and if there is any delay in getting the "cod-end" containing the fish on board, the sharks will bite pieces out of it. There is however every indication that shark-leather will soon be an ordinary trade commodity. The skin of sharks is composed of two layers:


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 the outermost integument, "shagreen." is covered with denticles, and hitherto, owing to the difficulty of treatment, has had a very limited use, but within the last few years a method has been discovered of separating the outer and inner skins and the latter can be tanned and used in every way like ordinary leather. It is therefore likely that the high price and scarcity of ordinary leather will eventually lead to the universal exploitation of the shark, ray and porpoise fisheries with special nets and appliances. I see in the Australian Magazine "Sea, Land and Air" (September 1920) that a Marine-Leather Company is operating successfully off the coast of Florida and North Carolina.

Other commercial products are the blood, fins, liver and meat. The blood is said to furnish one of the finest waterproof glues yet known for aeroplane propellers, etc.; the fins are a well known Chinese delicacy, and the American Bureau of Fisheries has published some thirty recipes for cooking shark-meat.

Small sharks are esteemed as food by the Malays, Indians and Chinese and are excellent eating.

The liver of the shark is rich in oil and is said to equal that of the Cod in its medicinal properties. It is also used in the preparation of soap, paint, etc., including the treatment of leather.

SAW FISHES.

(PRISTIDAE.)

The family contains one genus (Pristis) with about four or five species.

These fish are termed Běroi by Malays in some districts but the descriptive names Yu gergaji, Yu parang and Yu todak are more commonly heard, Malays placing these and the among the Sharks  and not among the Rays, with good reason.

Boulenger states that an arbitrary distinction has been made which has little to recommend it except custom and some measure of convenience.

These fish are readily eaten by Malays, Chinese and Tamils and are very common. They enter rivers right up into fresh water and small specimens two or three feet long are often taken accidentally in casting nets.

They have always appeared to me to be very lethargic and sluggish and as the small ones in a net give less trouble than any other fish of the same size, I have always considered them to be more formidable in appearance than in reality. However, Day writes "Great injuries are inflicted by these fishes, which strike sideways with their formidable snouts; and although not personally a witness to the fact, I have been informed on native authority, that large ones have been known to cut a bather entirely in two."

It would be interesting to know whether there is any record of patients having been admitted to hospital in India or Malaya, suffering from injuries inflicted by these fish.


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 A saw-fish measuring 23 feet 6 inches exclusive of the saw was taken in the Bay of Bengal by the Government trawler "Golden Crown" and I believe that this is the largest recorded fish. No mention is made of the length of the saw of this specimen but it is not likely to have been less than 7 feet. The largest saw in the Raffles Museum, Singapore, measures 5 ft. $10 3⁄4$ in.

BEAKED-RAYS.

(RHINOBATIDAE.)

These are harmless, sedentary, bottom-feeding fishes which subsist chiefly on shell-fish, crabs, etc. They are considered good eating and are sold regularly in the markets.

They are known to Malays as Yu kěmějan.

ELECTRIC-RAYS.

(TORPEDINIDAE.)

These Rays to which the Malays have given the descriptive names Pari kĕbas or Pari sĕbar have the power of inflicting electric shocks. "The fish" writes Dr. Günther, "gives the electric shock voluntarily, when it is excited to do so in self defence, or intends to stun or kill its prey. The electric currents created in these fishes exercise all the other known properties of electricity; they render the needle magnetic, decompose chemical compounds, and emit the spark."

Our Malayan species are very small. I have a specimen of the Pari kĕbas (Astrape dipterygia) about six inches long and there is no record yet of specimens over 18 inches.

When trawling on the Australian coast we took many specimens which appeared to be between two and three feet in length and one or two new deck hands experienced shocks which appeared to cause only momentary inconvenience.

Cantor says that out of the water they may be handled with impunity.

STING RAYS.

(TRYGONIDAE.)

Nearly all the members of this family are provided with long whip-like tails, which are generally armed with spines. In the larger kinds these formidable spines may be as much as 8 or 9 inches in length; and, as they wear out they are, from time to time, shed and replaced by new ones growing from behind.

These spines inflict very severe wounds, the pain of which is greatly increased by the apparently poisonous cutaneous mucus introduced into the wound.

The Pari běting (Trygon uarnak) attains a large size, 5 feet or more across the disk, and a weight of well over 200 pounds. In one haul of the trawl in the Bay of Bengal the "Golden Crown" took four of these fish which weighed respectively 180, 170, 160 and 122 pounds.


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proceeding with the subject of vegetable culture, the attention of the reader is requested to some remarks on the formation of a Kitchen Garden. This subject is forced upon us by a knowledge of how much labor and money are expended in producing one misplaced, badly designed, and unproductive—a most unpleasant attendant upon a country life; when, by the same labor and expense, one could have been obtained that would have yielded liberally every pleasure, every comfort, and even every luxury for a bountiful table.

The situation most suitable is a very gentle inclination toward the east or south-east, that it may have all the advantages of the morning sun. The next preferable exposure is south or south-west; if sheltered from the north or north-west, so much the better. However, avoid the neighborhood of large and spreading trees, as their roots will exhaust the soil, and their shade injure the crops.

In selecting the ground, it is of vast importance to have the soil of a healthy quality, being mellow, dry, and capable of being worked with the spade. The best soils are of a friable and loamy texture; the worst, those of a very light sandy or of a stiff clayey description.

If the bottom or subsoil be retentive, trench the ground at


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 The Pari dědap (Urogymnus asperrimus) is the sole representative of a genus and remarkable from the fact that its back is covered with osseous tubercles, among which are studded, at intervals, a number of conical denticles or spines rather like limpets in appearance.

This fish ranges between the Red Sea, East Coast of Africa, seas of India and the Malay Archipelago.

I recently overheard a Malay in the Raffles Museum apply the name Děrědap to this fish and perhaps a note on the word Dědap and its derivatives may be of interest.

Dědap—a tree (Erythrinus sp.) with scarlet flowers, the bark of which is studded with spines of the same limpet-like shape as those of the Pari dědap.

Dědap—a shield or buckler.

Rĕdap—a small drum, (probably so called from the kind of skin used).

Měrědap—(Riau, Johor) springing up plentifully, of prickly heat and other skin eruptions, the feature of which is a large number of pustules.

The word dědap as meaning a shield is obsolete both in colloquial Malay and in literature and it is interesting to note that its place has been taken by the Indian word Pĕrisai.

EAGLE-RAYS.

(MYLIOBATIDAE.)

This family contains five genera and about 27 species. All five genera are represented in Malayan seas.

These fish feed principally on Molluscs, the shells of which they grind with their large grinding-teeth. Some of them attain an enormous size, over 20 feet in width, a thickness of 3 to 4 feet and a weight, probably, of over a ton.

They are variously known as Devil-fishes, Sea-devils, Bat-fishes, Eagle-rays, etc., and it is interesting to note that the terms Bat and Eagle are taken from the Malay, viz. Pari kělawar and Pari lang.

The largest of this family are the Pari paus (Dicerobatis spp. and Ceratoptera spp.).

I have seen these fish leap out of the sea to a height of perhaps 7 or 8 feet, time after time, coming down each time with a tremendous splash, and Malays have told me that the fish does this to shake off the remora which hang on to them in large numbers.

In conclusion I may add, that all the Rays and Skates are eaten by natives of the East, while the "wings" or fins are highly esteemed by the Chinese. Fishes of this order would form a considerable proportion of the catches of a trawler and would provide a cheap and valuable food, for which there is a constant demand, either fresh or salted.


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 BLOW-PIPE FISHES.

(TOXOTIDAE.)

The Ikan sumpit or Sumpit-sumpit (Sumpitan, a blow-pipe) is so named from its method, unique among fishes, of shooting water from its mouth at insects which it perceives close to the surface.

They are very common estuary fishes congregating under pier, fallen trees and branches, where they may be both seen and heard spitting at flies and similar small game, which they knock down with surprising accuracy.

In the second edition of Day's Fishes, this shooting habit is erroneously attributed to another fish, Chelmo rostratus, which is also known to the Malays as Ikan sumpit, and a note under Toxotes reads, "It is stated in some works that these wide mouthed fishes shoot insects with a drop of water The action is one which the mouths of these fishes appear incapable of effecting."

There is ample evidence, however, to prove that Toxotes do shoot, and though their mouths are large it will be noticed that they have the projecting lower jaw of the true cuspidore artist.

Chelmo rostratus, on the other hand, though it has pipe-like projecting jaws, is a fish which is found at sea in the neighbourhood of coral reefs where flies and insects must be rare.

It owes its name "Sumpit-sumpit" to the fact that, after capture, it spurts water through its mouth.

Toxotes chatareus grows to a length of about one foot and I have taken several with a rod when fishing with prawn bait for Siakap, between half and three quarters of a pound. They are quite good eating.

FRESH-WATER PERCHES.

(NANDIDAE.)

I have no information regarding the Kěpau or Patong (Catopra fasciata) which is the sole member of this family recorded in our waters under a Malay name.

SEA-PERCHES.

(SERRANIDAE.)

The very incomplete list in this book gives some 45 species of Sea-perches. The family is a very large and most important one, containing as it does, not only some of our largest fish but also many of our best edible fish including the Ikan merah. Nearly all the members of this family are carnivorous fishes which take a bait readily.

I propose to mention only a few of the most important ones.


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 The Siakap or Kakap (Lates calcarifer) is also found in the seas and estuaries of India where it is known to Europeans as the "Cock-up" and its range extends to Queensland and Western Australia, where it is generally known as the "Barramundi."

It is a fine sporting fish and runs to a considerable size. The largest that I have heard of was taken in the Bay of Bengal by the Government trawler "Golden Crown" and weighed 580 pounds. Before I read of this fish I used to be satisfied with 40 or 50 pounders.

The Kĕrapu (Epinephelus spp.) are very well represented in our waters and are fine edible fish. Some species lose their bright colouring soon after they are caught and have a dull mottled appearance when exhibited in the fish market which would not attract a purchaser unacquainted with the fish. From an edible point of view the Kĕrapu differs little from the Ikan merah, the latter fish owing most of its popularity to its colour.

Kĕrapu from 50 to 70 pounds in weight are occasionally seen in the markets and the Kěrětang (E. pantherinus) is commonly seen up to two or three hundred pounds in weight. Any Malay fisherman will tell you of a Kěrětang of fabulous size which he hooked and fought for hours, being worsted in the end because his boat and gear were too light to make any impression on the fish.

Very large ones are occasionally taken in fishing stakes (Kelong) and I have heard that the captors, on these occasions, tickle the monster until they get it quiet and then pass a strong rotan through its gills by which it is finally secured and hauled up.

The largest Kěrětang I ever saw was taken by a Malay and myself. We had to sink our boat after we had fought the fish to a finish in order to load it; the weight, for there were no means of weighing it, was estimated at 6 piculs, i.e. round about 800 pounds.

This fish appears to me to be identical with the Queensland Groper illustrated in Stead's "Edible Fishes of New South Wales" under the name Promicrops itarara.

I have read that this fish derives its name Groper from its habit of groping about the rocks but I suggest that the name originated in Malaya or India. The Tamil name is Kurrapu. The Malay name is Kěrapu. The Brunei Malays know it as Kurapa. In the Philippines it is known to the Filipinos as Garropa from which the transition to Groper or Grouper is a slight one.

One of our Kĕrapu (E. tauvina) is known in Australia under the names Brown-spotted Hind and Black-spotted Rock-cod, and of this fish Roughley writes, "It is of fine edible quality and grows to a length of at least four feet."

In America members of this family are known as Sea-Bass.


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 The "Snappers" include our Ikan merah which is known as Jěněhak in Penang (Lutianus spp.). There are perhaps more than 20 species in local waters of which the list in this book gives 13 only.

Two or three Snappers are of a brownish colour, but the colouring of the rest of this brilliant family ranges between crimson, scarlet and golden, while some have violet, purple and blue bands.

They are all good edible fish and no swagger dinner in Singapore is supposed to be complete unless Ikan merah appears on the menu. Their popularity makes them expensive.

"WHITINGS."

(SILLAGINIDAE.)

The Bulus-bulus (Sillago spp.) is one of our common market fish and can be obtained all the year round, though never in large quantities.

The Sillago sihama is known in Madras as "Whiting" and Sillago maculata is called the Trumpeter Whiting in Queensland and New South Wales where it is greatly valued for its excellence as a food fish.

They frequent shallow water and sandy bottoms where they feed on small crustaceans, worms, sand hoppers, etc. There is probably no cleaner feeding fish than the Whiting, a fact which perhaps accounts in some measure for its delicate flavour and wholesomeness.

Both our varieties, whether adult or young, are very shy and instantly bury themselves in the sand on the appearance of any danger. Even a passing dark cloud leads to their immediate disappearance into the sand whence they emerge a few moments later.

Roughley writing of another species, which has the same habit says:

"In the capture of this fish the hauling net is principally used. It displays considerable resource in evading the net, giving at times much trouble to the fisherman. As it is hauled. near the shore, many fish, perceiving that they have been trapped, quickly burrow into the sand. Were not the fisherman alert to this cunning method of evasion, a large number of fish would be lost, but when it is known that the haul consists, in the main, of Whiting, they carefully tramp over the sand enclosed by the net and upon feeling any movement beneath their feet, quickly grab the concealed fish."

Whiting fishing is perhaps the nearest thing to trout fishing that the sea-angler can obtain. A light rod, fine tackle and small hooks are required and the sand flats should be fished on the flood tide. The bait should be cast as far as possible. The fish will be taken in water only ankle deep and the best bait are prawns, small bivalves, Rĕmis, Kěpah, etc., which are found on sandy beaches, and beach worms, Pumpun sarong and Pumpun darat.


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 JEW FISHES.

(SCIAENIDAE.)

About 150 species of this family are found in various parts of the world. Nearly all are of economic value, some being highly so, and many of them reach a very large size.

The Těmběreh (Sciaena diacanthus) is one of the commonest coast and estuary fishes and perhaps the largest member of this family in our waters. It attains a length of at least 5 feet.

The Gělama (Otolithus spp.) are among our commonest fishes. They travel in shoals numbering many thousands and are taken in deep water hauling nets (Pukat pětaram) by Trengganu and Kelantan fishermen. These fish are dried and salted on the East coast and thousands of pikuls are exported annually.

The Gĕlama will take a bait but are hardly worth fishing for as they give no sport and are insipid table fish even when quite fresh. As "ikan kĕring" with curry they are quite good.

"SILVER-BREAM."

(GERRIDAE.)

These are small fish inhabiting all tropical seas and entering estuaries.

According to Day these fishes are eaten by the indigent classes in India being little esteemed when fresh, but as they salt and dry well, large numbers are prepared in this manner for use.

The family contains about sixty species of which only six are mentioned in this work. Some 15 species are found in Australia and 23 in Indian waters. They rarely exceed a length of ten inches: nearly all have a plain silvery coloration.

In America, the fishes of this family are known as "Mojarras."

The Kapas-kapas (Gerres sp.) will take a bait, preferably prawns or beach worms, and may be caught in the vacinity of fishing stakes (Kelong) as in and also near reefs. When freshly caught it will be found quite a pleasant table fish with compara- tively few bones.

SELEMAH.

(LACTARIIDAE.)

The Sělěmah is the sole member of this family and is not a fish of much economic importance. It grows to a length of about 10 inches, and is eaten by the natives either fresh or salted but is said to be insipid.

It appears in Malabar in shoals during the months of February and March.

They enter the Straits during the N. E. monsoon but not in large numbers and I am informed by Malay fishermen that they rarely take more than half a dozen on any one day.

They do not take a bait but a few find their way into nets and traps.


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 GRUNTERS.

(PRISTIPOMATIDAE.)

This family contains about 130 species belonging to four genera, of which three genera inhabit. our waters, viz. Pristipoma (Gĕrut-gěrut), Diagramma (Těbal bibir) and Pentapus (Sělinching).

The Gĕrut-gěrut are good food fishes and take a bait readily. They are fond of back waters and one species (P. guoraca) is said to have been captured in fresh water.

I have taken several in brackish water and found them, when freshly cooked, excellent eating.

Our largest species (P. hasta) attains a length of about 18 inches and is known in Australian waters as the Queensland Trumpeter. Of this fish Stead writes, "The Australian home of this magnificent food-fish is principally along the coast of Queensland where it is well and favourably known."

The names Gĕrut-gĕrut and Trumpeter are descriptive of the grunting noise the fish makes after capture.

The Tĕbal bibir are also good edible fish and attain a length of two feet or more.

I have no personal knowledge of the Sělinching (Pentapus) and place it here from a description supplied to me, together with a pocket-kodak snap-shot which does not display the fish very well.

SEA-BREAMS.

(SPARIDAE.)

This, again, is an important family which includes many varieties of valuable food fishes. Some are carnivorous.

Following Dr. G. A. Boulenger's classification, the principal genera found in Malayan waters are Scolopsis, Synagris, Caesio, Crenidens, Lethrinus and Sparus.

Of the Gěrětak lantei (Scolopsis spp.) of Singapore, so called from the parallel bands which distinguish most species, I can say little. The only species of Scolopsis with which I am familiar are the Anjang-anjang and Kěrisi bali, which are occasionally taken when fishing for Kěrisi.

The Kěrisi (Synagris spp.) are beautiful little fish of a roseate hue with yellow and silvery bands. They are very common all up the east coast where they can be taken with a line, practically anywhere, in fairly deep water on a sandy bottom.

They average perhaps five or six to the pound but I have taken them up to a pound or more in 30 fathoms near Tioman Island. Kěrisi fishing is, or used to be, the favourite out-door sport of the Malay Princesses of Pahang, and during the S. W. Monsoon regular expeditions were made to the Kĕrisi grounds and


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 The Dutch, or Scuffle Hoe, Fig. 5, is very useful for cleaning walks and cutting weeds where the ground is of a light nature. It is also called a Thrust Hoe (being used by pushing from you) in contradistinction to the Draw Hoe, Fig. 3., which is best adapted for all heavy work.

The Reel and Line, Fig 6. The reel is of wood or iron; the latter is preferable. It consists of two parts, the shank and the head. The head turns round on the shank and winds up the line or cord, which can be of any length.

The Trowel, Fig. 7, is very useful for removing plants and lifting them with balls of earth for transplanting. It should be of the best iron or steel, with a square socket into the handle, and from five to nine inches long, exclusive of the handle.

The Dibber is a short piece of round wood, generally made from an old spade or shovel handle, about one and a half feet long, obtusely pointed, frequently shod with iron on the one end, and conveniently formed for the hand on the other. It should be well made, as it is of very general use, and if iron-shod, will last half a century.

Garden Watering-pot.—Of this utensil there are several sizes; those that hold from three to four gallons are of the proper dimensions; they should be made of the best double tin, having two roses—the one pierced with holes the twentieth, the other the fortieth part of an inch. Keep them well painted, and when not in use, the mouth downwards.


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 the little fish would be hauled in until the boats were deep in the water and the Royal ladies exhausted. At the right season, there are few more delicate flavoured fish than the Kěrisi and they remind one of really good Whiting.

But they must be absolutely fresh and caught on the right ground; if out of season or stale, Kĕrisi have an unpleasant tang about them.

The Dělah (Caesio spp.) are small but good eating, the best being, perhaps, C. pinjalu which is also known as Ikan merah china and is in no way inferior to the Ikan merah as a table delicacy.

Of the genus Sparus, three species are mentioned in this book, one of which, the Běras-běras (S. sarba), is the Tarwhine of Queensland and New South Wales, where it is considered a good edible fish.

It is not to be compared however, either from a sporting or an edible point of view, with its congener the Black Bream (S. australis), which has not been recorded as inhabiting Malayan waters.

The Asoh-asoh (Lethrinus nebulosus) is another useful fish in this family. The inside of its mouth is orange coloured as is that of its relative the Yellow-mouthed Snapper (L. chrysostomus) of Australia.

RED MULLETS.

(MULLIDAE.)

Members of this family are known as Red Mullets in Great Britain and as "Goat-fishes" or "Surmullets" in America.

The British species are Mullus barbatus and M. surmuletus, remarkable for their beautiful pink or red colour, and much valued on the market, although no longer held in the high estimation for which they were noted by the Romans.

Biji nangka or Lěbai are the Malayan generic names of our local members of this family and are descriptive. The Biji nangka (Jack-fruit seed) is yellow and has a filamentous process similar to the barbel of the Red Mullet; a Lěbai is a Malay of exceptional pious habit, and it will be noticed that he almost invariably sports a beard consisting, as a rule, of about two or three long hairs, and his fellow countrymen have hit off the resemblance to the fish, which has two long barbels dependent from the lower jaw.

The Ikan lěbai are remarkably beautiful fishes and their brilliant colouring contrasts somewhat with the solemn aspect of the head, which is, perhaps, an additional reason for the Malay nickname.

One of our local species (Upeneus tragula) is known in Australia as the Bar-tailed Goat-fish.


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 All these fishes are small, rarely exceeding 10 inches in length. Very little is known regarding their habits or distribution and they are not at present of much economic importance.

I have taken a few in a trawl near Penang and there is a possibility that with new methods of fishing they may become useful market fish.

Red Mullet are known to visit the British coasts, in vast shoals, at rare intervals.

BAT-FISHES.

(SCORPIDIDAE.)

As far as I know, these fish are represented in our waters by the genus Psettus only.

The Gědabang or Nyior-nyior (P. argenteus) is known in Australia as the Silvery Bat-fish. It attains a length of about eight or nine inches only and its breadth is about equal to its length. It is common and of fairly good edible quality but is not, at present, of importance.

The Nyior-nyior (P. falciformis) is also a small fish attaining a length of perhaps 9 or 10 inches.

CORAL FISHES.

(CHAETODONTIDAE.)

A large group of about 200 species of marine carnivorous fishes, confined to the Tropics, mostly of small size and remarkable for their singular forms and markings and brilliant colours.

They are particularly abundant about volcanic rocks and coral reefs; but some ascend estuaries and tidal rivers, though not to any great distance.

The Ketang (Ephippus argus) ranges from the Indian Ocean to China and Australia, attaining a foot in length. If taken in the sea or in clean back-waters it is an excellent edible fish, but those captured in the vicinity of polluted rivers should be avoided, as there is evidence that they are foul feeders.

Hamilton Buchanan remarks of it, "When newly caught it is a fish of great beauty, easy digestion, and excellent flavour: but after death it soon becomes soft and strong tasting." In Ceylon "It is generally esteemed, its flesh partaking the flavour of trout" (Bennett).

This fish and its congener (E. multifasciatus) are favourably known in Australia as Butter-fish and are a common table fish in hotels and restaurants.

Ikan inggu or Ikan babi are Malay equivalents for the genus Holacanthus. The former term applying to the colouration and the latter to the rather pig-like profile and the presence, in all these fishes, of a pair of pre-opercular spines directed backwards, which are considered to resemble boar's tusks.


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 The Bonang (Plataa teira) is a deep-bodied fish which attains a length of at least 20 inches. Russell says their flavour is excellent and Cantor makes the same remark.

It is known in Australia as the Dark Bat-fish.

MOON-FISH.

(DREPANIDAE.)

The Daun běharu (Drepane punctata) is a very common fish of fair edible value.

Considerable quantities of this fish have been taken in trawls both in India and Ceylon. Sir K. Gupta says they are very much sought after and always command a good price in Bengal. They are rather too bony to be popular with Europeans in the East.

"BLACK TREVALLY."

(TEUTHIDIDAE.)

According to Dr. Boulenger's classification (1902), this family comprises a single recent genus, Teuthis, with about 30 species, herbivorous fishes from the Indian and Western Pacific Oceans. According to Bottard ("Poissons venimeux," Paris 1889) the sting from the spines of these fishes is much dreaded, and this I can vouch for, though personally I have suffered very little inconvenience from the pricks of these spines.

It will be noticed that Duncker gives the generic synonym Ketang to members of this family and this is the name given by Malays to the genus Ephippus which also has venomous spines.

In all species of Teuthis there are 13 dorsal spines and 7 anal spines, whereas Ephippus has 9 dorsal and 3 anal spines, which shews that the Malay system of classification does not agree with that adopted by scientists.

The Dengkis (T. nebulosa) is known on the East coast of Australia as the "Black Trevally" and the Debam (T. java) is also found on the Australian coast.

They are small fish, fairly common in the markets where they find a ready sale.

GOURAMI, ETC.

(OSPHROMENIDAE.)

This family of fresh water fishes is remarkable for several reasons:

From an edible point of view, because it includes the Kalui (Osphromenus olfax), known in India as the Gourami, which has a world wide reputation as one of the finest flavoured fresh water fish known, as well as the Pěpuyu, a favourite food fish in Negri Sembilan.


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 From an athletic and sporting point of view, because it includes the Pěpuyu (Anabas scandens) the famous climbing Perch, mentioned in all natural history books, as well as the Ikan bělaga the equally famous fighting fish, on which Pahang rajas have won and lost fabulous sums; and from a scientific point of view, because all members of this family are provided with super-branchial respiratory organs, situated in a cavity above the gills which enables them to live, happily, out of water for long periods.

The Kalui grows to a length of about two feet and is regarded as one of the best flavoured fishes in the East. It has been acclimatised in India, the Guianas, Mauritius and Australia.

Day writes,

"Commerson who observed it in the Mauritius in 1770, states tha he never ate any fish more exquisite in flavour, whether from the sea or fresh water: he also added that in Batavia the Dutch reared them in large earthen pots, changing the water daily and feeding them on nothing but fresh water plants, especially the Pistia natans."

General Hardwicke gives an account of the breeding of this fish, apparently monogamous; he observes,

"They commence at six months of age, whilst their fecundity is astonishing. During the breeding season, they frequent the sides of tanks, where shelter is afforded them by the grasses and weeds growing in the water. For several days they are very active, passing in and out of their grassy cover, and in some places thickening it, by entangling all trailing shoots, and forming what is generally considered the spot under which the ova are deposited. They continue to watch this place with the greatest vigilance, driving away any interloping fish, and, at the end of a month numerous fry appear, over which the old gouramies keep watch many days."

I kept these fish in a large pond at Kuala Pilah, having first caught them with a casting net in the Muar river. Their natural food consists of aquatic plants and I used to collect the leaves they like and send a leaf at a time down the stream until a Kalui rose to the bait. It was then a simple matter to lure the fish nearer and nearer, with carefully flicked leaves until it was close enough to my place of concealment to enable me to throw the net over the floating leaf under which the fish was rising.

There are probably many old friends who will remember the little dinners in Kuala Pilah, when the fish, fowl, mutton and vegetables were all locally raised.

The Kalui in my pond were fed daily on leaves, principally wild caladium and tapioca shoots, not thrown broad-cast but inserted in split bamboo poles which were pushed into the bottom of the pond. They ate a tremendous lot and grew very rapidly;


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 PLATE XII


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 PLATE XIII


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 PLATE XIV


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 PLATE XV


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 PLATE XVI


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 PLATE XVII


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Page:Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. (IA mobot31753002848262).pdf/129

 PLATE XVIII


text:
Page:Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. (IA mobot31753002848262).pdf/130

 PLATE XIX


text:
Page:Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. (IA mobot31753002848262).pdf/131

 PLATE XX


text:
Page:Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. (IA mobot31753002848262).pdf/132

 PLATE XXI


text:
Page:Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. (IA mobot31753002848262).pdf/133

 PLATE XXII


text:
Page:Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. (IA mobot31753002848262).pdf/134

 PLATE XXIII


text:
Page:Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. (IA mobot31753002848262).pdf/135

 PLATE XXIV


text:
Page:Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. (IA mobot31753002848262).pdf/136

 PLATE XXV


text:
Page:Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. (IA mobot31753002848262).pdf/137

 PLATE XXVI


text:
Page:Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. (IA mobot31753002848262).pdf/138

 PLATE XXVII


text:
Page:Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. (IA mobot31753002848262).pdf/139

 PLATE XXVIII


text:
Page:Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. (IA mobot31753002848262).pdf/140

 PLATE XXIX


text:
Page:Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. (IA mobot31753002848262).pdf/141

 PLATE XXX


text:
Page:Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. (IA mobot31753002848262).pdf/142

 PLATE XXXI


text:
Page:Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. (IA mobot31753002848262).pdf/143

 PLATE XXXII


text:
Page:Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. (IA mobot31753002848262).pdf/144

 PLATE XXXIII


text:
Page:Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. (IA mobot31753002848262).pdf/145

 PLATE XXXIV


text:
Page:Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. (IA mobot31753002848262).pdf/146

 PLATE XXXV


text:
Page:Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. (IA mobot31753002848262).pdf/147

 PLATE XXXVI


text:
Page:Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. (IA mobot31753002848262).pdf/148

 PLATE XXXVII


text:
Page:Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. (IA mobot31753002848262).pdf/149

 PLATE XXXVIII


text:
Page:Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. (IA mobot31753002848262).pdf/150

 PLATE XXXIX


text:
Page:Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. (IA mobot31753002848262).pdf/151

 PLATE XL


text:
Page:Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. (IA mobot31753002848262).pdf/152

 PLATE XLI


text:
Page:Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. (IA mobot31753002848262).pdf/153

 PLATE XLII


text:
Page:Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. (IA mobot31753002848262).pdf/154

 PLATE XLII


text:
Page:Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. (IA mobot31753002848262).pdf/155

 PLATE XLIV


text:
Page:Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. (IA mobot31753002848262).pdf/156

 PLATE XLV


text:
Page:Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. (IA mobot31753002848262).pdf/157

 PLATE XLVI


text:
Page:Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. (IA mobot31753002848262).pdf/158

 PLATE XLVII


text:
Page:Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. (IA mobot31753002848262).pdf/159

 PLATE XLVIII


text:
Page:Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. (IA mobot31753002848262).pdf/160

 PLATE XLIX


text:
Page:Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. (IA mobot31753002848262).pdf/161

 PLATE L


text:
Page:Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. (IA mobot31753002848262).pdf/162

 PLATE LI


text:
Page:Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. (IA mobot31753002848262).pdf/163

 PLATE LII


text:
Page:Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. (IA mobot31753002848262).pdf/164

 PLATE LIII