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 * 1) Tjee-gi se hooay-dzoon.
 * 2) Her gi se kah-pahn-dzoon.
 * 3) Kim-jit baw hwong.
 * 4) Dzoon-li oo tjeeay-dzoy khay.
 * 5) Oo dzek-ts'oy-khay ah-baw?
 * 6) Loong-dzoong se Tung-nahng.
 * 7) E kher simmy kahng-mung?
 * 8) Kher Sit-lak.
 * 9) Tee-teang-see kow kahng?
 * 10) Tjee-gi-dzoon may-dzi.
 * 11) Dzek-tyem-dzeng keeah tjeeay-dzoy lee?
 * 12) Keeah oo sah-dzap-gwah lee.
 * 13) Tjee-gi se dzoon-dzoo.
 * 14) Hooay-dzoon baw si p'ahng.
 * 15) Dzek-jit eng tjeveay-dzoy booay-t'wah?
 * 16) Tjee-gi se looun dzoon-keeah-may-mahn.
 * 17) Keeah may, eng dzoy;
 * 18) Keeah mahn, dzeeoo eng kyem.
 * 19) Twah-hooay taw tee-kaw?
 * 20) E taw dzoon-teng.
 * 21) Bah-lee taw tjee-poy.
 * 22) Khay-t'eeah taw tee-kaw?
 * 23) Tjee-gi-dzoon dzi tjeeay-dzoy khay?
 * 24) Hahm si-pay li.
 * 25) Tjee-gi-mung hahm e seeoo-sip.
 * 26) Baw saw-t'ow.
 * 27) Tjee-gi saw-see sit-law-kher.
 * 28) Teng-kwah p'ah dzek-kee.
 * 29) Kway-tyem-dzeng cheeah-pung?
 * 30) Oo tjeeay-dzoy dzooey-seeoo?
 * 31) Mong-yeen, oy-tit keeah-dzoon ah-boy?
 * 32) Mong-yeen, m-kah keeah may.


text:
Page:Handbook of the Swatow Dialect.pdf/39

 * 1) I want to summons this man.
 * 2) He is a thief, and has stolen things of mine.
 * 3) Have you any witnesses?
 * 4) I have witnesses; they haven't come yet.
 * 5) Issue subpoenas for them to come.
 * 6) Where is the constable?
 * 7) He is at the goal
 * 8) This is the yamen.
 * 9) What yamen?
 * 10) The Consul's yamen (the Consulate).
 * 11) Who is the present Consul?
 * 12) Mr. F. (lit. Mr. Buddha).
 * 13) Send this bottle to the Commissioner of Customs.
 * 14) Today a man came with a petition.
 * 15) The plaintiff's case is weak (lit. his right is short).
 * 16) The defendant's case is strong (lit. his right is long).
 * 17) I will decide this case tomorrow.
 * 18) You seem to me to be both in the wrong.
 * 19) Give back this petition.
 * 20) Tomorrow I shall issue a Proclamation,
 * 21) Forbidding people to gamble.
 * 22) If they don't obey it, they will certainly be punished.
 * 23) The gate-keeper is too old.
 * 24) I have business today.
 * 25) I have never done this business before.
 * 26) This kind of case is very frequent.
 * 27) Take down his deposition.
 * 28) His evidence is not true.
 * 29) Did he see this affair?
 * 30) He did not see it himself.
 * 31) How does he know about it?
 * 32) He heard people talking of it.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Page:Handbook of the Swatow Dialect.pdf/40

 * 1) Wah i kaw tjee-gi nahng.
 * 2) E dzaw ts'aht; t'ow-kheeay wah-gi-mooey.
 * 3) Oo kahn-dzeng ah-baw?
 * 4) Oo kahn-dzeng; hwahn booay li.
 * 5) Ch'oot p'eeay; hahm e li.
 * 6) Ts'eh-goy taw tee-kaw?
 * 7) E taw kahm-li.
 * 8) Tjee-gi se Gay-mung.
 * 9) Simmy Gay-mung.
 * 10) Neeah-se-hoo-gi Gay-mung.
 * 11) Heen-jeem-gi neeah-se-hoo se tee-teang?
 * 12) Se Hoot ti-jeen.
 * 13) Tjee-gi-dzoon kheeay-kher Soy-boo-see.
 * 14) Kim-jit oo-nahng-li jip-peen.
 * 15) Wahn-kaw-gi-lee taw.
 * 16) Pee-kaw-gi-lee tung.
 * 17) Tjee-gi-ooah mah-khee twahn (or tooahn).
 * 18) Wah t'oy, jee-kay oo ts'aw.
 * 19) Tjee-gi-peen hwaht-hooay.
 * 20) Mah-khee wah i ch'oot khaw-see,
 * 21) Kim baw-nahng pwah-dzee.
 * 22) Jeeak-see m dzoon, teeah-teeay oo dzooay.
 * 23) Peh-mung-gi-nahng khah low.
 * 24) Kim-jit oo kong-ser.
 * 25) Tjee-gi-ser wah m paht p'oy-kooay.
 * 26) Tjee-yeay-gi-wah see-see oo.
 * 27) Kee e-gi khow-keng.
 * 28) E-gi-khow-keng baw sit.
 * 29) Tjee-gi-ser oo t'oy-keen ah-baw?
 * 30) E kah-kee baw t'oy-keen.
 * 31) E dzawnee dzi?
 * 32) E t'eeah-kee nahng tah.


text: Page:Handbook of the Swatow Dialect.pdf/42


text:
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VOCABULARY.—Continued.


text:
Page:Handbook of the Swatow Dialect.pdf/44

VOCABULARY.—Continued.


text:
Page:Handbook of the Swatow Dialect.pdf/45

VOCABULARY.—Continued.


text:
Page:Handbook of the Swatow Dialect.pdf/46

VOCABULARY.—Continued.


text:
Page:กม ร ๗ - ๒๔๖๙.pdf/221

There is a great royal command from Phra Bat Somdet Phra Paramin Maha Prajadhipok Phra Pokklao Chaoyuhua declaring to all that it be announced for general knowledge as follows:

In regard to the stipulations of section 34 of the Charter of the Courts of Justice, 127 RE, as amended by the Announcement Merging Public Prosecutors, 2458 Buddhist Era, which contain "in appointing a public prosecutor, if he be the Director General, Department Chief, Department Permanent Secretary, provincial prosecutor, or circle prosecutor, he shall be selected and appointed by the Minister upon His Majesty's command, or if he be a different public prosecutor, he shall be selected and appointed by the Director General or Chief of the Public Prosecutor Department upon the Minister's approbation", He entertains an opinion that, in order to enable the public service in this field proceed in a more smooth and expeditious manner, the Minister in charge should be allowed to order appointment of a public prosecutor other than the Director General or a circle prosecutor without having to apply for His permission.

Therefore, He orders with His gracious pleasure that the stipulations of section 34 of the Charter of the Courts of Justice be altered to be the following:

title: Page:กม ร ๗ - ๒๔๖๙.pdf/221


text:
Page:Handbook of the Swatow Dialect.pdf/47

VOCABULARY.—Continued.


text:
Page talk:Thomas De Quincey The Defier of Ghosts Manuscript.pdf/1

-- Yodin T 21:45, 21 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Line 2: unclear if "a great man" is crossed out
 * Line 2: The Works of Thomas De Quincey volume 3, p.405 has "or" instead of "Or"
 * Line 3: Is there a ‘ or “ before the deleted "If"?
 * Line 4: unclear if "poor" is crossed out
 * Line 5: the deleted "a" after Klatschausen could be a colon
 * Line 8: the deleted "on" is unclear
 * Line 10: "Almanack" could be "Almanach"
 * Line 11: the deleted "a breath" is unclear
 * Line 12: "Office" could be "Officer"
 * Line 13: inserted "The next" is unclear: it looks like it might start with a capital I, like the deleted "In" before it
 * Line 15: comma is unclear between "steps" and "and"
 * Line 15: "Every" is unclear
 * Line 16: deleted "d" is unclear
 * Line 21: is there some punctuation between "house" and "Mr."?
 * Line 23: deleted "as" is unclear
 * Line 24: "fear" is unclear
 * Line 25: "know" is unclear


text:
Page:Handbook of the Swatow Dialect.pdf/48

VOCABULARY.—Continued.


text: Works of Jules Verne/A Winter in the Ice/Chapter 1


text: Works of Jules Verne/A Winter in the Ice/Chapter 2


text: Works of Jules Verne/A Winter in the Ice/Chapter 3


text: Works of Jules Verne/A Winter in the Ice/Chapter 4


text: Works of Jules Verne/A Winter in the Ice/Chapter 5


text: Works of Jules Verne/A Winter in the Ice/Chapter 6


text: Works of Jules Verne/A Winter in the Ice/Chapter 7


text: Works of Jules Verne/A Winter in the Ice/Chapter 8


text: Works of Jules Verne/A Winter in the Ice/Chapter 9


text: Works of Jules Verne/A Winter in the Ice/Chapter 10


text: Works of Jules Verne/A Winter in the Ice/Chapter 11


text: Works of Jules Verne/A Winter in the Ice/Chapter 12


text: Works of Jules Verne/A Winter in the Ice/Chapter 13


text: Works of Jules Verne/A Winter in the Ice/Chapter 14


text: Works of Jules Verne/A Winter in the Ice/Chapter 15


text: Works of Jules Verne/A Winter in the Ice/Chapter 16


text:
Page:The history of medieval Europe.djvu/26

xvi


text: Index talk:Thomas De Quincey The Defier of Ghosts Manuscript.pdf


text:
Portal:John Jacob Astor

Works About John Jacob Astor

 * Representative men: Merchants - The Polos, Sir Josiah Child, Sir Dudley North, the Rothschilds, John Jacob Astor in Once a Week (magazine) Series 1 Volume 5 - 1861
 * Page 64 in Portland, Oregon: Its History and Builders Volume 1 - 1911

Biographies

 * John Jacob (merchant) in The Biographical Dictionary of America - 1906

Encyclopedic Articles

 * John Jacob Astor in Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition - 1875
 * Astor, John Jacob in The American Cyclopædia (1879) - 1879
 * Astor, John Jacob in Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography - 1900
 * Astor, John Jacob (merchant) in The New International Encyclopædia - 1905
 * Astor, John Jacob in 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica - 1911
 * Astor, John Jacob in The New Student's Reference Work - 1914
 * Astor, John Jacob (merchant) in The Encyclopedia Americana (1920) - 1920
 * Astor, John Jacob (merchant) in Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921) - 1921

title: Portal:John Jacob Astor


text:
Author:Christian Georgievich Rakovsky

Works

 * British Property in Russia (1925)
 * Roumania and Bessarabia (1925)

title: Author:Christian Georgievich Rakovsky


text:
Author:Frederick John Shore

Works
Notes on Indian Affairs (1837)

title: Author:Frederick John Shore


text: Supplement to the Fourth, Fifth, and Sixth Editions of the Encyclopædia Britannica/Directions for placing the Plates


text: Page:Travels in West Africa, Congo Français, Corisco and Cameroons (IA travelsinwestafr00kingrich).pdf/19


text:
Page:กม ร ๗ - ๒๔๖๙.pdf/222

 "In appointing a public prosecutor, if he be the Director General or a circle prosecutor, he shall be selected and appointed by the Minister in charge upon His Majesty's command. Other than this, the selection and appointment shall be made by the Director General of the Public Prosecution Department upon the Minister's approbation."

Announced on the 28th day of May 2469 Buddhist Era, being the 2nd year of the present reign.

title: Page:กม ร ๗ - ๒๔๖๙.pdf/222


text:
Page:CTRL0000034606 - Transcribed Interview of Mark Meadows, (December 8, 2021).pdf/1

1 SELECT COMMITTEE TO INVESTIGATE THE

JANUARY 6TH ATTACK ON THE U.S. CAPITOL,

U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES,

WASHINGTON, D.C.

DEPOSITION OF:MARK MEADOWS (NO-SHOW)

The deposition in the above matter was held in Room 4480, O'Neill House Office Building, commencing at 10:00 a.m.

Present: Representatives Schiff and Lofgren.


text:
Page:CTRL0000034606 - Transcribed Interview of Mark Meadows, (December 8, 2021).pdf/2

2 Appearances:

For the SELECT COMMITTEE TO INVESTIGATE

THE JANUARY 6TH ATTACK ON THE U.S. CAPITOL:

, CHIEF INVESTIGATIVE COUNSEL

, SENIOR INVESTIGATIVE COUNSEL

, CHIEF CLERK

, PARLIAMENTARIAN


text: Translation:Announcements, Acts, and Decrees From the Reign of Rama VII/Tome 2/Part 67


text: Translation:Announcements, Acts, and Decrees From the Reign of Rama VII/Tome 2


text:
Page:CTRL0000034606 - Transcribed Interview of Mark Meadows, (December 8, 2021).pdf/3

3 All right. It's 10 a.m. So we'll go ahead and get started going on the record.

This is a deposition of Mark Meadows, conducted by the House Select Committee to Investigate the January 6th Attack on the United States Capitol, pursuant to House Resolution 503.

My name is. That's, and I'm the chief investigative counsel to the select committee. With me today are, who is a senior investigative counsel, and Ms. Zoe Lofgren, who is a member of the select committee, is also participating remotely.

Based on an agreement with counsel to Mr. Meadows, this deposition was to begin at 10 a.m. It is now 10 a.m., and Mr. Meadows has not appeared.

Mr. Meadows received a subpoena, dated September 23rd, 2021, requiring him to produce documents to the select committee and appear for a deposition. Staff engaged in several discussions with Mr. Meadows' counsel regarding the scope of his production and the subject matters to be developed at his deposition.

Staff provided Mr. Meadows' counsel with specific areas in which it is interested and asked Mr. Meadows to identify those that would trigger a privilege assertion. Rather than engage with the select committee, Mr. Meadows asserted that, as a former White House chief of staff, he cannot be compelled to provide information to Congress. He communicated his blanket assertion of immunity, in addition to claims of executive privilege, in writing to Chairman Thompson.

On November 12th, 2021, the select committee convened the scheduled deposition of Mr. Meadows after the current White House indicated, in writing, that President Biden would not assert any immunity or privilege that would prevent Mr.


text:
Page:CTRL0000034606 - Transcribed Interview of Mark Meadows, (December 8, 2021).pdf/4

4 Meadows from appearing and answering the committee's questions.

Mr. Meadows did not appear for that deposition on November 12th, as indicated in his prior correspondence.

He also failed to produce any documents responsive to the select committee's subpoena or a privilege log asserting claims of privilege for specific documents.

After Mr. Meadows failed to appear for his deposition or produce documents, select committee staff engaged in further discussions with Mr. Meadows' counsel regarding the status of his noncooperation.

Mr. Meadows ultimately agreed to produce some documents and to appear for a deposition today, December 8th, 2021, at 10 a.m., an offer which the chairman extended to him as a good-faith effort to enable Mr. Meadows to cure his failure to comply with the September 23rd subpoena and provide information relevant to the select committee's investigation.

Mr. Meadows has now produced documents. Counsel made clear that Mr. Meadows intended to withhold some responsive information due to a claim of executive privilege. He agreed to produce documents he believes are not covered by that or any other privilege and to produce a privilege log identifying responsive documents withheld due to such privilege assertions.

He also agreed to appear for a deposition, at which he would be asked questions on subject matters relevant to the select committee's inquiry, as identified in our prior correspondence, and either answer the questions or articulate a claimed privilege.

We agreed with Mr. Meadows' counsel that this production and deposition would clarify Mr. Meadows' position on the application of various privileges and create a record for further discussion and consideration of possible enforcement by the select committee.


text:
Page:CTRL0000034606 - Transcribed Interview of Mark Meadows, (December 8, 2021).pdf/5

5 Consistent with that agreement, Mr. Meadows did produce documents and privilege logs. More specifically, he produced approximately 6,600 pages of records taken from personal email accounts he used to conduct official business, as well as a privilege log describing other emails over which he claims privilege protection. He also produced approximately 2,000 text messages, which Mr. Meadows sent or received using a personal device which he used for official business, in addition to a privilege log, in which he describes privilege claims over other withheld text messages.

Mr. Meadows was scheduled to appear today, December 8th, 2021, for a deposition. However, he has not appeared and is not present today. We received correspondence from Mr. Meadows' attorney yesterday indicating that, despite his prior agreement to appear today, his position has changed and he would not appear.

We are disappointed in Mr. Meadows' failure to appear as planned, as it deprives the select committee of an opportunity to develop relevant information in Mr. Meadows' possession and to, more specifically, understand the contours of his executive privilege claim.

Again, the purpose of today's proceeding was to ask Mr. Meadows questions that we believe would be outside of any cognizable claim of executive, attorney client, Fifth Amendment, or other potentially applicable privilege.

Our hope is that he would answer those questions, which would materially advance the select committee's investigation, given Mr. Meadows' service as White House chief of staff. We expected that he would assert privileges in response to various questions, articulating the specific privilege he believes is implicated and how it applies to the question asked. We planned to evaluate Mr. Meadows' privilege assertions after today's proceeding, engage in further discussions with Mr. Meadows' counsel, and consider whether enforcement steps were appropriate and necessary.


text:
Page:CTRL0000034606 - Transcribed Interview of Mark Meadows, (December 8, 2021).pdf/6

6 Mr. Meadows' failure to appear for today's deposition deprives us of the opportunity to engage in that process. Instead, we are left with Mr. Meadows' complete refusal to appear for his deposition or cure his willful noncompliance with the select committee's subpoena.

Had Mr. Meadows appeared for his deposition today, we would have asked him a series of questions about subjects that we believe are well outside of any claim of executive privilege. More specifically, we would have asked Mr. Meadows questions about his use of personal email and cellular phones.

Mr. Meadows' document production includes documents taken from two Gmail accounts. We would've asked him how and for what purpose he used those Gmail accounts and when he used one of them as opposed to his official White House email account. We would've similarly asked him about his use of a personal cellular telephone.

We would have sought to develop information about when Mr. Meadows used his personal cell phone for calls and text messages and when he used his official White House cell phone for those purposes.

Mr. Meadows' production of documents shows that he used the Gmail accounts and his personal cellular phone for official business related to his service as White House chief of staff. Given that fact, we would ask Mr. Meadows about his efforts to preserve those documents and provide them to the National Archives, as required by the Presidential Records Act. Finally, we would have asked Mr. Meadows about his use of a signal account, which is reflected in the text messages he produced.

In addition, we would have asked Mr. Meadows about particular emails that he produced to the select committee. We do not believe these emails implicate any valid claim of executive or other privilege, given that Mr. Meadows has produced the emails to


text:
Page:CTRL0000034606 - Transcribed Interview of Mark Meadows, (December 8, 2021).pdf/7

7 the select committee.

Specifically, we would've asked Mr. Meadows about emails about the Electoral Count Act and the prospect of State legislators sending alternate slates of electors to Congress, including a November 7th, 2020, email with attachments. We would've asked him about emails reflecting the Trump campaign's effort to challenge election results, including a December 23rd email from Mr. Meadows indicating that, quote, "Rudy was put in charge. That was the President's decision," end quote, that reflects a direct communication between Mr. Meadows and the President.

We would've asked him about emails from Mr. Meadows to leadership at the Department of Justice on December 29th and 30th, 2020, and January 1st, 2021, encouraging investigations of suspected voter fraud, including claims that had been previously rebutted by State and Federal investigators and rejected by Federal courts.

We would have asked Mr. Meadows about emails regarding the deployment of the National Guard on January 6th, including a January 5th email from Mr. Meadows in which he indicates that the Guard would be present at the Capitol to, quote, "protect pro-Trump people," end quote.

In addition, we would have asked Mr. Meadows about specific text messages he sent or received that he has produced to the select committee. Given Mr. Meadows' production of these text messages to the select committee, they do not, in our view, implicate any valid claim of executive or other privilege.

We would've specifically asked Mr. Meadows about text messages regarding efforts to encourage Republican legislators in certain States to send alternate slates of electors to Congress, including a message sent by Mr. Meadows on December 8th, 2020, in which Mr. Meadows said, quote, "We are," end quote, and another text from Mr. Meadows to someone else in which he said that, quote, "We have a team on it," end


text:
Page:CTRL0000034606 - Transcribed Interview of Mark Meadows, (December 8, 2021).pdf/8

8 quote.

We would have asked Mr. Meadows about text messages sent to and from Members of Congress, including text messages received from a Member of Congress in November of 2020 regarding efforts to contact State legislators because, as Mr. Meadows indicates in his text messages, quote, "POTUS wants to chat with them," end quote, which reflects a direct communication with the President, as well as texts in December of 2020 regarding the prospect of the President's appointment of Jeffrey Clark as Acting Attorney General.

We would've asked Mr. Meadows about text messages sent to and from another Member of Congress in November of 2020, in which the member indicates that, quote, the President asked him to call Governor Ducey, end quote, and in which Mr. Meadows asks for contact information for the attorney general of Arizona to discuss allegations of election fraud.

We would've asked Mr. Meadows about text messages sent to and received from Members of the House of Representatives and the Senate about objections to the certification of electors in certain States on January 6th. We would have asked him about text messages sent to and received from a Senator regarding the Vice President's power to reject electors, including a text in which Mr. Meadows recounts a direct communication with President Trump who, according to Mr. Meadows in his text messages, quote, "thinks the legislators have the power, but the VP has power too," end quote.

We would have asked Mr. Meadows about text messages sent to and received from a media personality on December 12th, 2021, regarding the negative impact of President Trump's election challenges on the Senate runoff elections in Georgia, President Trump's prospects for election in 2024, and Mr. Meadows possible employment


text:
Page:CTRL0000034606 - Transcribed Interview of Mark Meadows, (December 8, 2021).pdf/9

9 by a news channel.

We would've asked Mr. Meadows about text messages sent to and received from an organizer of the January 6th events on the Ellipse about planning the event, including details about who would speak at the event and where certain individuals would be located.

We'd ask Mr. Meadows about text messages regarding President Trump's January 2nd, 2021, phone call with Georgia Secretary of State Brad Raffensperger, including texts to and from participants in the call as it took place, as well as text messages to and received from Members of Congress after the call took place regarding strategy for dealing with criticism of the call.

We would've asked Mr. Meadows about text messages exchanged with various individuals, including Members of Congress, on January 6th, both before, during, and after the attack on the United States Capitol, including text messages encouraging Mr. Meadows to facilitate a statement by President Trump discouraging violence at the Capitol on January 6th, including a text exchange with a media personality who had encouraged the Presidential statement asking people to, quote, "peacefully leave the Capitol," end quote, as well as a text sent to one ofby one of the President's family members indicating that Mr. Meadows is, quote, "pushing hard," end quote, for a statement from President Trump to, quote, "condemn this shit," end quote, happening at the Capitol.

Text messages: We would ask Mr. Meadows questions about text messages reflecting Mr. Meadows' skepticism about public statements regarding allegations of election fraud put forth by Sidney Powell and his skepticism about the veracity of claims of tampering with Dominion voting machines.

In addition, we would've asked Mr. Meadows questions about specific


text:
Page:CTRL0000034606 - Transcribed Interview of Mark Meadows, (December 8, 2021).pdf/10

10 representations in a book he has authored, "The Chief's Chief," in which he recounts various facts relevant to the select committee's investigation and directly describes communications with the President, including on page 259, quote, "A few sentences later, President Trump ad libbed a line that no one had seen before, saying, 'Now it is up to Congress to confront this egregious assault on our democracy. After this, we're going to walk downand I'll be there with youwe're going to walk down to the Capitol and we're going to cheer on our brave Senators and Congressmen and women. We're probably not going to be cheering so much for some of them because you'll never take back our country with weakness. You have to show strength. You have to be strong.' When he got off stage, President Trump let me know that he had been speaking metaphorically about the walk to the Capitol. He knew as well as anyone that we wouldn't organize a trip like that on such short notice," end quote.

We would've asked Mr. Meadows about another passage in his book that appears on page 261. Quote, "In the aftermath of the attack, President Trump was mortified. He knew the media would take this terrible incident and twist it around. He also knew his days on Twitter were probably numbered," end quote.

We would've asked Mr. Meadows about another passage on page 261 in his book. Quote, "'Mark,' Trump would say to me, 'Look, if I lost, I'd have no problem admitting it. I would sit back and retire and probably have a much easier life, but I didn't lose. People need me to get back to work. We're not done yet,"' end quote.

We would've asked Mr. Meadows about another passage in his book on page 264 that reflects, quote, "On January 20th, with less than 5 hours left in his historic Presidency, at a time when most outgoing Presidents would be quietly making notes for their memoirs and taking stock of their time in the White House, President Trump was being forced to defend his legacy yet again. 'How do we look in Congress,' President


text:
Page:CTRL0000034606 - Transcribed Interview of Mark Meadows, (December 8, 2021).pdf/11

11 Trump asked? 'I've heard that there are some Republicans who might be turning against us. That would be a very unwise thing for them to do,"' end quote.

We would've asked him about another passage on page 265 of his book. Quote, "But I assured President Trump, once again, that all would be well with the impeachment trial, and we discussed what my role in the proceedings would be after we left the White House," end quote.

We would've asked him about the passage on page 266 in his book where he recounts, quote, "On the phone on January 20th, President Trump spoke as if he wasn't planning to go anywhere. He mentioned the long list of pardons we hadn't been able to complete largely due to the slowness on the part of various attorneys in the Federal Government. He wondered again about the precise details of the impeachment trial, including how much money the new lawyers would charge and how we could best defend him against the Democrats' attacks," end quote.

These passages reflect direct communications between Mr. Meadows and President Trump directly impacting his claims of executive privilege.

Finally, we would ask Mr. Meadows questions about statements in his book about his interactions with the Department of Justice. Specifically, he addresses such interactions with the Department of Justice on pages 257 and 258 of his book, in which he says, quote, "It didn't surprise me that our many referrals to the Department of Justice were not seriously investigated. I never believed they would, given the track record of that Department in President Trump's first term," end quote.

Again, statements in Mr. Meadows' book directly reflect subject matters that the select committee seeks to develop, and his public statements directly impact his claims of executive privilege.

But, as of the current time, which is now 10:17, Mr. Meadows still has not


text:
Page:CTRL0000034606 - Transcribed Interview of Mark Meadows, (December 8, 2021).pdf/12

12 appeared to cure his earlier noncompliance with the select committee's September 23rd, 2021, subpoena. So we will not be able to ask any of those questions about the documents and messages that he apparently agrees are relevant to the select committee and not protected by any protective privilege.

I'd also note for the record that Congressman Adam Schiff, a member of the select committee, has joined and, again, that member of the committee, Representative Lofgren, has joined.

Before we close the record, Mr. Schiff or Ms. Lofgren, do either of you have any comments to make for the record?

Mr. I do not. Thank you.

Ms. Lofgren, anything?

Ms. I'm good.

Okay. Thank you.

Accordingly, the record of this deposition of Mark Meadows, now at 10:18 a.m., is closed.

[Whereupon, at 10:18 a.m., the deposition was concluded.]


text: Transcribed Interview of Mark Meadows, (December 8, 2021)


text:
Page:NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE SURVEY 18; CZECHOSLOVAKIA; TRANSPORTATION AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS CIA-RDP01-00707R000200110013-9.pdf/31

 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA-RDP01-00707R000200110013-9

is provided by 23 AM and 16 FM stations, and the TV network comprises 10 major regional stations supplemented by 300 low-powered rebroadcast transmitters. Czechoslovakia has the best developed and most extensive TV system in Eastern Europe, offering a national program to more than 90% of the population. At the end of 1972, there were 3.2 million TV receivers and 3.8 million registered radio receivers in the country. TV programs are exchanged with the Intervision and Eurovision networks. A high-powered TV transmitter capable of color transmissions in both the PAL (West German) and SECAM (French) systems has been completed at Krizava Hill, near Prague; transmission commenced on 9 May 1973.

Wired broadcasting is still used extensively, and in recent years the network has developed into a significant countrywide facility. Programs are transmitted to loudspeakers in schools and other public places.

International telecom facilities which include landlines, radio-relay links, and radio communication stations are interconnected with the domestic public intercity networks. These facilities provide telecom circuits to all neighboring countries and to many principal cities of the world. Direct automatic exchange equipment are in use. The army telecom system consists of military-owned wire lines, leased circuits, and radio facilities. The system provides telegraph service between the main telecom center in Prague and other centers at Brno, Ceske Budejovice, Hradec Kralove, Karlovy Vary, Khely, Kosice, Mlada Boleslav, Olomouc, Plzen, Tabor, and Trencin. An extensive radio-relay system operated by the Ministry of Defense provides communications down to the division level for member countries of the Warsaw Pact. More recently the links have been extended to SAM sites and radar stations. The headquarters is located at Petrin Hill, and the control and operations center is at Ruzyne.

The Communist Party has a private telegraph service operating between headquarters in Prague and 10 group centers throughout the country. Circuits are leased from the FVPT, and teleprinters are used throughout the system.

In 1968 the Soviet Forces (Central Group of Forces—CGF) established a permanent telecom link to the Soviet Union and the Group of Soviet Forces Germany (GSFG). Headquarters for the CGF is located in Milovice, Czechoslovakia. A troposcatter station at Jirice maintains a link between the Milovice CGF headquarters, the Northern Group of Forces (NGF), at Legnica, Poland, the GSFG Headquarters at Zossen, East Germany, and the Ministry of Defense, Moscow.

Czechoslovakia ranks among the most important producers of telecom equipment in Eastern Europe. Currently, the industry consists of 11 major equipment producers plus numerous facilities which make components and subassemblies. Types of wire equipment produced include telephone handsets, semiautomatic and manual switchboards, carrier equipment, teleprinters, and cathode-ray picture tubes. Radio and TV receivers, and transmitters including transistorized units, are produced in substantial quantities. Czechoslovakia is largely self-sufficient in meeting its requirements for most telecom equipment; however, special items such as high-speed data transmission systems suitable for use by new agencies, VHF communication equipment, microwave relay equipment, and telecom components including oscilloscopes and certain types of transistors, are imported.

During winter months, high humidity and low temperatures occasionally cause ice accumulation on open-wire lines and antennas, and heavy snows are a problem particularly in the higher elevations. These climate conditions have also hampered the construction of the transmitter network for the second television program and radio-relay communications.

Telecom systems are reasonably secure from disruption by sabotage. The basic intercity cables are buried, and numerous alternate routes are available between important areas. The heaviest concentration of intercity telecom circuits is in the Prague area, where the main terminal and switching centers are located. Destruction of these facilities would disrupt telecom service in most of the western half of the country. Other important junction points where telecom traffic could be disrupted are Bratislava, Brno, Olomouc, Ostrava, Trencin, and Zilina.

A shortage of electronics engineers and technicians exists, but sufficient personnel are available to operate and maintain telecom facilities. Universities in Prague and Bratislava have special schools for electronics training.

The main task of the present Five Year Plan (1971-75) is the elimination of obsolescence of inter-city networks. High priority has been placed on the automation of long-distance telephone service. New coaxial trunk lines will be installed, mainly from

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text: The Manifesto of the Moscow International


text:
A Petition from Circassian leaders to Her Majesty Queen Victoria

In the name of God, the Most Merciful.

Our most humble Petition to Her Magnificent Majesty the Queen and Emperor of England is to the effect that –

It is now more than eighty years since the Russian Government is unlawfully striving to subdue and annex to its dominions Circassia, which since the creation of the world has been our home and our country. It slaughters like sheep the children, helpless women, and old men that fall into its hands. It rolls about their heads with the bayonet like melons, and there is no act of oppression or cruelty which is beyond the pale of civilisation and humanity, and which defies description, that it has not committed.

We have not, from father to son, at the cost of our lives and properties, refrained from opposing the tyrannical acts of that Government in defence of our country, which is dearer to us than our lives. But during the last year or two it has taken advantage of a famine caused by a drought with which the Almighty visited us, as well as by its own ravages, and it has occasioned us great distress by its severe attacks by sea and land. Many are the lives which have been lost in battle, from hunger in the mountains, from destitution on the sea-coast, and from want of skill at sea.

We therefore invoke the mediation and precious assistance of the British Government and people – the guardian of humanity and centre of justice – in order to repel the brutal attacks of the Russian Government on our country, and save our country and our nation together.

But if it is not possible to afford this help for the preservation of our country, and race, then we pray to be afforded facilities for removing to a place of safety our helpless and miserable children and women that are perishing by the brutal attacks of the enemy as well as by the effects of famine; and if neither of these two requests are taken into consideration, and if in our helpless condition we are utterly annihilated notwithstanding our appeals to the mercy and grace of the Governments, then we shall not cease to invoke our right in the presence of the Lord of the Universe, of Him who has confided to Your Majesty sovereignty, strength, and power for the purpose of protecting the weak.

We beg Your Excellency to be the medium of making known to the great British Government and to the glorious British nation our condition of helplessness and misery, and we have therefore ventured to present to Your Excellency our most humble petition. A copy of it has been submitted to the Sultan’s Government and to the Embassies of other Powers.

Signed by the People of Circassia. 29 Shawwal, 1280 (April 7, 1864)


text:
Circassian declaration of independence (1857)

In the name of Allah.

In the peace treaty made this time, it is known by all states and people in what way and to what extent our country, Circassia, remained in the center. We fought with all the khans from the time of the Crimean Khanate until the war that broke out in 1829. When Crimea came under Russian rule, we fought more wars with the Russians than we did with the khans before. We have never bowed down to anyone. Somehow, at the end of the 1829 war, we were completely abandoned by the Ottoman Empire to the Russian side.

Although Russia built many castles and fortifications on the coast of Circassia and placed cannons and soldiers from the 1829 war until the 1853 (Crimean) war, no one could make the people of Circassia submit. However, what they did was recruit some of our children with the power of money, who did not know anything did not understand what the Islamic religion and state were, to spy on and plunder the situation of the Circassians.

They also massacred families among the Circassians and plundered their property. We have been fighting like this day and night for thirty years. This time, in the peace negotiations held at the end of the 1853 Crimea war, when it became clear that there were no negotiations made by the Allied Powers and mediators regarding our independence and that we were left in our old situation, we reported our situation to the Ottoman Empire, England and France. To assert our independence, we sent our ambassadors, first two hundred and fifty people, and then fifty people, to Istanbul.

Since the consuls appointed to these sides by England and France during the war stated and informed everyone that Circassia would remain independent, the whole people left their previous chaos and united, agreed to pay taxes, and to maintain order, just like any other proper state.

And then they elected me as commander and swore that they would not act against my orders and gave me signed pacts. Thereupon, we determined the tax and tithe amounts they had to pay.

(Our people) pay taxes in accordance with the bonds they gave for the formation of regular soldiers sufficient to protect all parts of our country and the provision of cannons and ammunition, and they hand over those among them who deserve discipline to us for punishment. Courts are established in proper places and sharia is implemented. We will train our helpless regular soldiers, regardless of their nationality. In addition to the trainer, we had to pay for guns, ammunition and other needs. For now, some artillery, cavalry and infantry soldiers, along with their officers, have been supplied and brought.

As explained in our memorandum containing a certain clause that we sent to the Russian Government forty days ago, during the (Russian) dispatch of soldiers and artillery to Anapa and its surroundings, we could not use artillery in all clashes, due to the lack of artillery. (Despite this), the Circassian people resisted the Russians and no Russians were left anywhere other than Anapa Castle. Twenty-two pieces of cannon appeared on Adegum's side. More than ten thousand cavalry and infantry soldiers and our artillery soldiers with the artillery we supplied joined with the soldiers of the said people. Now, tough battles are being fought with the Russians. We did not let the Russians move even one step further from where they were, we dug trenches and waited there. And opposite Anapa, Circassian soldiers serve as police.

Morea was definitely the property of the Ottoman Empire and its people were the subjects who paid jizya. There was a war against them for seven years in 1236 (1820-1821) during the reign of Gazi Mahmud Khan. At the end of the war, when they (the people of Mora) said that since we are all Christians, we do not accept the Islamic State Government (Ottoman Empire), we want our independence, all states agreed to their wishes and abolished them from the Ottoman Empire. They remained independent, as did Serbia and Wallachia-Bogdan (Romania). We have been fighting against the Russian State for all these years. What is the reason why we do not remain independent?!

We stated in the memorandum we sent to the Russian Emperor that we would not accept the Christian State Government (Russia) even if we were all broken until there was not a single Circassian left for the sake of God, and other issues. We sent copies of each to your office and England, Austria and France for examination and to learn about the situation in Circassia. We had the courage to explain the legitimacy of our desire for independence.

You have been informed. Have mercy on the infants and children of the Circassian people, their scholars and righteous people, and all the poor people, and for the sake of Allah and His beloved Prophet, we pray that the Ottoman Empire will intercede with (other) states to recognize the rightful independence of Circassia. Bear witness that we presented the situation of Circassia. The order and decree belongs to you.

27 Shawwal 1273/20 June 1857 Men sabera zafera (He who is patient wins), Sefer, servant of Allah, Commander of United Circassia, Zan-zade (Zanuqo)


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Rh {|class= "tableofcontents"
 * || || Page
 * XVIII. On the Law which has regulated the Introduction of New Species. By, F.R.G.S. || .... || 184
 * XIX. On some new Species of Hemipedina from the Oolites. By, M.D., F.R.S.E. || .... || 196
 * XX. Short Biographical Notice of the late Dr. of Berwick-upon-Tweed || .... || 199
 * New Books:—The British Flora, comprising the Phænogamous or Flowering Plants and the Ferns. The 7th edition, with Additions and Corrections, &c., by Sir William Jackson Hooker, K.H., D.C.L. &c. &c., and George A. Walker-Arnott, LL.D. &c. &c. || .... || 203
 * Proceedings of the Royal Society; Linnæan Society; Botanical Society of Edinburgh; Zoological Society || .... || 205—229
 * Monstrosity of Antirrhinum majus, by Dr. J. E. Gray; Notice of the Horns and Skull of the Arnee, by Dr. J. E. Gray; Meteorological Observations and Table || .... || 229—232
 * }
 * New Books:—The British Flora, comprising the Phænogamous or Flowering Plants and the Ferns. The 7th edition, with Additions and Corrections, &c., by Sir William Jackson Hooker, K.H., D.C.L. &c. &c., and George A. Walker-Arnott, LL.D. &c. &c. || .... || 203
 * Proceedings of the Royal Society; Linnæan Society; Botanical Society of Edinburgh; Zoological Society || .... || 205—229
 * Monstrosity of Antirrhinum majus, by Dr. J. E. Gray; Notice of the Horns and Skull of the Arnee, by Dr. J. E. Gray; Meteorological Observations and Table || .... || 229—232
 * }
 * Monstrosity of Antirrhinum majus, by Dr. J. E. Gray; Notice of the Horns and Skull of the Arnee, by Dr. J. E. Gray; Meteorological Observations and Table || .... || 229—232
 * }
 * }


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 untamable desire I have ever since had to become a soldier, a desire which has never since quitted me, and which, after sixteen years of various adventures, I am at last at liberty to indulge. Being at this time approaching seventeen years of age, it will not be thought incredible that women began to appear lovely in my eyess; and I very wisely thought that a red coat and cockade, with a pair of gold epaulettes, would aid me considerably in my aproaches to the objects of my adoration. This, combined with the reasons mentioned, decided me. I began to look on classical learning as nonsense, on a fellowship of Dublin College as a pitiful establishment; and, in short, I thought an ensign in a marching regiment was the happiest creature living. The hour when I was to enter the University, which now approached, I looked forward to with horror and disgust. I absented myself more and more from school, to which I preferred minding the recruits on drill at the barracks, so that at length my schoolmaster, who apprehended I should be found insufficient at the examination for entering the college, and that he in consequence would come in for his share of the disgrace, thought proper to do what he should have done at least three years before, and wrote my father a full account of my proceedings. This immediately produced a violent dispute between us. I declared my passion for the army, and my utter dislike to a learned profession; but my father was as obstinate as I, and, as he utterly refused to give me any assistance to forward my scheme, I had no resource but to submit, or to fellow my brother William's example, which I was too proud to do. In consequence, I sat down again with a very bad grace to pull up my lost time; and at length, after labouring for some time sorely against the grain, I entered a pensioner of Trinity College, in February 1781, being then not quite eighteen years of age. My tutor was the Rev. Matthew Young, the most popular in the University, and one of the first, mathematicians in Europe. At first I began to study logic courageously, but unluckily, at my first examination, I happened to fall into the hands of an egregious dunce, one Ledwiche, who, instead of giving me the premium, which as best answerer I undoubtedly merited, awarded it to another, and to me very indifferent judgments. I did not stand in need of this piece of injustice to alienate me once more from my studies. I returned with eagerness to my military plan. I besought my father to equip me as a volunteer, and to suffer me to join the army in America, where the war still raged. He refused me, as before; and in revenge I would not go near the College, nor open a book that was not a military one. In this manner we continued about a twelyemonth on very bad terms, as may be well supposed, without either party relaxing an inch from their determination. At length, seeing the war in America drawing to a close, and being beset by some of my friends who surrounded me, particularly Dr. Jameson, whom I have already mentioned, and a Mr. G. J. Brown, who had been sub-master at Mr. Darling's academy, and was now become a lawyer, I submitted a second time and returned to my studies, after an interval of above a year. To punish me for my obstinacy, I was obliged to submit to drop a class, as it is called, in the University; that is, to recommence with the students who had entered a year after me. I continued my studies at college, as I had done at school; that is, I idled until the last moment of delay. I then laboured hard for about a fortnight before the public examinations; and I always secured good judgments, besides obtaining the premiums in the three last years of my course."

The two next years, 1783 and 1784, were chiefly dedicated to a hopeless passion. He formed an acquaintance with a married lady of rank, and, to his youthful fancy, of surpassing attractions: she had, he says, extraordinary talents for the stage, which she displayed on a private theatre, fitted up for the occasion in her own house. Young Tone,


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 which could induce me to exertion. Nevertheless, at the approach of our public examinations, which were held quarterly, at which all my parents and friends attended, I used to labour for some time, and generally with success, as I have obtained six or seven premiums in different branches at our examinations, as mathematics, arithmetic, reading, spelling, recitation, use of the globes, &c. In two branches I always failed—writing, and the catechism, to which last I never could bring myself to apply. Having continued with Mr. Darling about three years, and pretty nearly exhausted the circle of English education, he recommended strongly to my father to put me to a Latin school, and to prepare me for the University, assuring him that I was a fine boy of uncommon talents, particularly for the mathematicks; that it was a thousand pities to throw me away on business, when, by giving me a liberal education, there was a moral certainty I should become a Fellow of Trinity College, which was a noble independence, besides the glory of the situation. In these arguments he was supported by the parson of the parish, Dr. Jameson, a worthy man, who used to examine me from time to time in the Elements of Euclid. My father, who, to do him justice, loved me passionately, and spared no expense on me that his circumstances could afford, was easily persuaded by these authorities. It was determined I should be a Fellow of Trinity College. I was taken from Mr. Darling, from whom I parted with regret, and placed about the age of twelve under the care of the Reverend William Craig, a man very different in all respects from my late preceptor. As the school was in the same street (Stafford-street) where we lived, and I was under my father's eye, I began Latin with great ardour, a continued for a year or two with great diligence, when I began Greek, which I found still more to my taste. But about this time, whether unluckily for me or not the future colour of my life must determine, my father, who had for some years entirely neglected his business, and led a very dissipated and irregular life, meeting with an accident of a fall down stairs, by which he was dreadfully wounded in the head, so that he narrowly escaped with his life, found on his recovery his affairs so deranged in all respects, that he determined on quitting business, and retiring to the country; a resolution which he executed accordingly, settling with all his creditors, and placing me with a friend near the school, whom he paid for my diet and lodging, besides allowing me a trifling sum for my pocket. In this manner I became, I may say, my own master before I was sixteen; and as at this hour I am not remarkable for my discretion, it may be well judged I was les so then. The superintendence of my father being removed, I began to calculate that, according to the slow rate chalked out for me by Craig, I could very well do the business of the week in three days, or even two if necessary, and consequently that the other three were lawful prize: I therefore resolved to appropriate three days at least in the week to my amusements, and the others to school, always keeping in the latter three the day of repetition, which included the business of the whole week; by which arrangement I kept my rank with the other boys of my class. I found no difficulty in convincing half a dozen of my schoolfellows of the justice of this distribution of our time; and by this means we established a regular system of what is called mitching, and we contrived, being some of the smartest boys at school, to get an ascendency over the spirit of the master, so that, when we entered the school in a body after one of our days of relaxayion, he did not choose to burn his fingers with any of us, nor did he once write to my father to inform him of my proceedings: for which he most certainly was highly culpable. I must do myself and my schoolfellows the justice to say, that, though we were abominably idle, we were not vicious. Our amusements consisted in walking to the country, in swimming-parties in the sea, and particularly in attending all parades, field-days, and reviews of the garrison of Dublin in the Phœnix Park. I mention this particularly, because, independently of confirming me in a rooted habit of idleness, which I lament most exceedingly, I trace to the splendid appearance of the troops, and the pomp and parade of military show, the


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of considerable interest and curiosity has, through the kindness of an Irish friend, been put into our hands, with permission to make such selections from it as under all the circumstances of the times and persons to which it relates, may appear to us to be not unfit for publication. It is a fragment of the personal and political biography of Theobald Wolfe Tone, entitled "Memorandums relative to my Life and Opinions." Of its authenticity we have been completely satisfied. It was written in France towards the latter end of 1796, while the armament for Ireland, under Hoche, which he had prevailed upon the French Directory to fit out, and with which he subsequently embarked, was in the act of being organised at Brest. The opening paragraph adverts to his situation and intentions at the time.

Paris, August 7, 1796. "As I shall embark in a business within a few days, the event of which is uncertain, I take the opportunity of a vacant hour to throw upon paper a few memorandums relative to myself and my family, which may amuse my boys, for whom I write them, in case they should hereafter fall into their hands."

The commencing pages are accordingly taken up with a minute account of the members and circumstances of his family; but, as he advances, the subject expands, and finally assumes the more comprehensive form of a memoir of the part the writer had acted and was acting in the public history of his own time. The style throughout is natural and simple; some of the details are given with a degree of playfulness and ease that form a remarkable contrast with the solemn trains of thought which must have habitually pressed upon a man on the eve of plunging into the most doubtful and dangerous of human enterprises.

He was born in Dublin on the 20th of June, 1763. His father was a coach-maker, and having acquired by inheritance some freehold leases in the county of Kildare, became involved in a Chancery suit regarding them, which ended in his ruin. His mother, whose maiden name was Lamport, was the daughter of a Captain of a vessel in the West India trade. Both his parents were ordinary persons. All their children were remarkable for a romantic spirit of enterprise. After specifying the early voyages and adventures of his three brothers, William, Matthew, and Arthur, and his sister Mary, he proceeds—

"I come now to myself.—I was, I have said, the eldest child of my parents, and a very great favourite. I was sent at the age of eight and nine to an excellent English school, kept by Lisson Darling, a man to whose kindness, and affection I was much indebted, and who took more than common pains with me. I respect him yet. I was very idle, and it was only the fear of shame


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ALTER PARSONS is dead. At the inquest the jury returned a verdict to the effect that the deceased came to his death by being accidentally crushed under a machine with which he was experimenting. But that is not true. It ignores several peculiar things which the panel of men could not understand and before which their matter-of-fact minds recoiled in horror. Now I do not wish to be misunderstood. Perhaps the verdict, as rendered, was the only sane one that could be returned. Nevertheless, if ever a man was murdered, that man was Walter Parsons. Let me put the incredible facts on paper. I do not expect to be believed, and yet

February I was coming out of an employment agency in Pasadena, California, when a vigorous-looking gentleman of about fifty years accosted me.

"Pardon me, but I overheard what you said to the lady inside. You are a machinist?"

"Yes."

"And looking for work?"

"I am."

"Would you consider a hundred and fifty dollars a month and your board?"

"You've hired me."

He smiled briefly. "My name is Rowan, Captain Rowan. And yours?"

"Lester. John Lester."


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 ness and their interpretation of the words of Scripture. The dogmas which are expounded here are: (1) the dogma of the redemption, (2) the dogma of the incarnation, (3) the dogma of the manner of redemption, (4) the dogma of the church, (5) the dogma of grace, (6) the dogma of the mysteries, (7) the dogma of the particular retribution, (8) the dogma of the general judgment and of the end of the world. All these dogmas are answers to questions which a man seeking the path of life has not put and cannot put. These dogmas receive an importance only from the fact that the church asserts that it is necessary to believe in them, and that he who does not believe in them will perish. All these are propositions which are in no way connected with questions of faith, and are independent of them. All of them are based only on the demand of obedience to the church.

Composition of division I. Of God the Saviour. The central dogma of this part is the dogma of the redemption. On this dogma is based the whole doctrine. of this part. It consists in this, that in consequence of the supposed fall of Adam his descendants fell into actual and spiritual death, their reason was dimmed, and they lost the image of God. For the salvation of men from this supposed fall the necessity of redemption is proposed,—paying God for Adam’s sin. This pay, according to the teaching of the church, takes place by means of the incarnation of Christ, his descent upon earth, his suffering and death. Christ the God descends on earth and by his death saves men from sin and death. But since this death is only imaginary; since after the redemption men remain actually the same as was Adam, as they were after Adam, as they were in the time of Christ and after Christ, and as men have always been; since in reality there remain the same sin, the same propensity to do evil, the same death, the same labour pain, the same necessity of working in order to support oneself, which are all peculiar to


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 man,—the whole teaching of the Second Part is no longer a teaching about faith, but pure myth. For this reason the teaching of this Second Part has a special character. In this Second Part stand out sharply those incipient departures from common sense which were made in the exposition of the dogmas of the First Part, about God, about man, about evil. Apparently the teaching of the First Part is based on the faith in the Second Part, and the second does not result from the first, as the Theology is trying to make out; on the contrary, the faith in the mythology of the Second Part serves as the basis of all the departures from common sense, which we find in the First Part. Here is that teaching:

“124. The necessity of divine assistance for the rehabilitation of man with the possibility for it on the part of man. (1) Man has committed three great wrongs, by not observing the original command of God: (a) with his sin he has offended infinitely his infinitely good, but also infinitely great, infinitely just Creator, and thus has been subjected to an eternal curse (Gen. iii. 17-19); (cf. Gen. xxvii. 26); (b) he has infected with sin all his being, which was created good: has dimmed his intellect, has perverted his will, has mutilated in himself the image of God; (c) has by his sin produced disastrous results in his own nature and in external Nature. Consequently, in order to save man from all these evils, in order to unite him with God and make him once more blessed, it was necessary: (a) for the sinner to satisfy the infinite justice of God, which was offended by man’s fall,—not because he wanted vengeance, but because no attribute of God can be deprived of its proper action: without the execution of this condition man would for ever remain before the justice of God as the child of wrath (Eph. ii. 3), as the child of curse (Gal. iii. 10), and the reconciliation and union of God with man could not even begin; (b) to destroy sin in the whole being of man, to enlighten his reason, correct his


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514 These results are chiefly due to the labors of two Romans, one a priest and the other a layman, the Padre Marchi, and the Cavaliere de Rossi, who have devoted themselves with the utmost zeal and with great ability to the task of exploration. The present Pope, stimulated by the efforts of these scholars, established some years since a Commission of Sacred Archæology for the express purpose of forwarding the investigations in the catacombs; and the French government, soon after its military occupation of Rome, likewise established a commission for the purpose of conducting independent investigations in the same field.

The Roman catacombs consist for the most part of a subterranean labyrinth of passages, cut through the soft volcanic rock of the Campagna, so narrow as rarely to admit of two persons walking abreast easily, but here and there on either side opening into chambers of varying size and form. The walls of the passages, through their whole extent, are lined with narrow excavations, one above another, large enough to admit of a body being placed in each; and where they remain in their original condition, these excavations are closed in front by tiles, or by a slab of marble cemented to the rock, and in most cases bearing an inscription. Nor is the labyrinth composed of passages upon a single level only; frequently there are several stories, connected with each other by sloping ways.

There is no single circumstance, in relation to the catacombs, of more striking and at first sight perplexing character than their vast extent. About twenty different catacombs are now known and are more or less open, and a year is now hardly likely to pass without the discovery of a new one; for the original number of underground cemeteries, as ascertained from the early authorities, was nearly, if not quite, three times this number. It is but a very few years since the entrance to the famous catacomb of St. Callixtus, one of the most interesting of all, was found by the Cavaliere de Rossi; and it was only in the spring of 1855 that the buried church and catacomb of St. Alexander on the Nomentan Way were brought to light. Earthquakes, floods, and neglect have obliterated the openings of many of these ancient cemeteries, and the hollow soil of the Campagna is full "of hidden graves, which men walk over without knowing where they are."

Each of the twelve great highways which ran from the gates of Rome was bordered on either side, at a short distance from the city wall, by the hidden Christian cemeteries. The only one of the catacombs of which even a partial survey has been made is that of St. Agnes, of a portion of which the Padre Marchi published a map in 1845. "It is


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 will, and reëstablish in him the image of God: because, if, after the justice of God were satisfied, the being of man still remained sinful and impure, if his reason remained in darkness, and the image of God were mutilated,—the communion between God and man could not take place, any more than between light and darkness (2 Cor. vi. 14); (c) to destroy the disastrous results which man’s sin has produced in his nature and in external Nature: because, if even the communion of God with man should have begun and should exist, man could not again become blessed, until he should feel in himself or should experience in himself anew those disastrous consequences. Who could execute all the above mentioned conditions? None but the one God.” (pp. 10 and 11.)

125. The means chosen by God for the rehabilitation, or redemption, of man, and the significance of that means. “God found for the rehabilitation of man a means in which his mercy and truth are met together, and righteousness and peace have kissed each other” (Psalm lxxxv. 10), and in which his perfections appeared in their highest form and in full concord. This means consists in the following:

“The second person of the Most Holy Trinity, the only-begotten Son of God, voluntarily wished to become man, to take upon himself all the human sins, to suffer for them everything which the just will of God had determined, and thus to satisfy for us the eternal justice, to wipe out our sins, to destroy their very consequences in us and in external Nature, that is, to recreate the world.” (p. 15.)

There follow confirmations from Holy Scripture and from the holy fathers.

126. The participation of all the persons of the Most Holy Trinity in the work of redemption, and why the Son was incarnated for this purpose. “However, although for our redemption was chosen, as the best means, the incar-


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 IV.

A FRIEND MADE AND FRIEND LOST.

TO visit, is a great thing in the boy calendar: not to visit this or that neighbor, to drink tea, or eat straw berries, or play at draughts; but, to go away on a visit in a coach, with a trunk, and a great-coat, and an umbrella : this is large !

It makes no difference, that they wish to be rid of your noise, now that Charlie is sick of a fever : the reason is not at all in the way of your pride of visiting. You are to have a long ride in a coach, and eat a dinner at a tavern, and to see a new town almost as large as the one you live in, and you are to make new acquaintances. In short, you are to see the world : a very proud thing it is, to see the world !

As you journey on, after bidding your friends adieu, and as you see fences and houses to which you have not been used, you think them very odd indeed : but it

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1858.] as symbols to convey it again;—the Pre-Raphaelites look at Nature as full of beautiful facts, and, like children amid the flowers, they gather their hands full, "indifferent of worst or best," and when their hands ar full, crowd their laps and bosoms, and even drop some already picked, to make room for others which beckon from their stems,—insatiable with beauty. This is delightful,—but childlike, nevertheless. Turner was, above all, an artist; with him Art stood first, facts secondary;—with the Pre-Raphaelites it is the reverse; it is far less important to them that their facts should be broadly stated and in keeping in their pictures, than that they should be there and comprehensible. To him a fact that was out of keeping was a nuisance, and he treated it as such; while any falsehood that was in keeping was as unhesitatingly admitted, if he needed it to strengthen the impression of his picture. Turner would put a rainbow by the side of the sun, if he wanted one there;—a Pre-Raphaelite would paint with a stop-watch, to get the rainbow in the right place. In brief, Turner's was the purely subjective method of study, a method fatal to any artist of the opposite quality of mind;—that of the Pre-Raphaelites is the purely objective, absolutely enslaving to a subjective artist, and no critic capable of following out the first principles of Art to logical deductions could confound the two. The one leads to a sentimental, the other to a philosophic Art; and the only advice to be given to an artist as to his choice of method is, that, until he knows that he can trust himself in the liberty of the subjective, he had better remain in the discipline of the objective. The fascination of the former, once felt, forbids all return to the latter. If he be happy in the Pre-Raphaelite fidelity, let him thank the Muse, and tempt her no further.

There can be no more valuable lesson in Art given than that series of Turner drawings in the British collection, both as concerns its progression in the individual and those subtile analogies between painting (color) and music,—analogies often hinted at, but never, that we are aware fully followed out. Color bears the same relation to form that sound does to language. If a painter sit down before Nature and accurately match all her tints, we have an absolute but prosaic rendering of her; and the analogy to this in music would be found in a passage of ordinary conversational language written down, with its inflections and pauses recorded in musical signs. Both are transcripts of Nature, but neither is in any way poetic, or, strictly speaking, artistic; we cannot, by any addition or refinement, make them so. Now mark that in the two early drawings of Turner we have white and black with only the slightest possible suggestion of blue in the distance;—the corresponding form in language is verse, with its measure of time for measure of space, and just so much inflection of voice as these drawings have of tint,—enough not to be absolutely monotonous. We have in both cases left the idea of mere imitation of Nature, and have entered on Art. Verse grows naturally into music by simple increase of the range of inflection, as Turner's color will grow more melodic and finally harmonic. And in thus beginning Turner has placed his works above the level of prosaic painting of Nature, just as verse is placed above prose by the unanimous consent of mankind. From these simple presages of Art we may diverge and follow his development as a poet by his engravings, without ever making reference to him as a colorist. But beside being a poet, he was a great color-composer. If, leaving poetry as recited, we take the ballad, or poetry made fully melodic, we have the single voice, passing through measured inflections and with measured pauses. Correspondingly, the next in the series of Turner drawings, the "Aysgarth Force," shows no attempt to give the real color of Nature, but a single color governing the whole drawing, a golden brown passing in shadow into its exact negative. There is an absolute tint, full, and inflected through every shade of its tones to the bottom of the scale. The strict analogy is broken in this case by a dash of delicate gray-blue in the sky and gray-red in the figures, the slightest possible accompaniment to his golden-brown melody; but these were not needed, and we find earlier drawings which adhere to the strict monochrome. In the drawing next in date, the "Hastings from the Sea," we have the further step from monochrome to polychrome; we have the distinct trio, the golden yellow in the blue in the sea, and


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 Copyright, i89, hy Henry Altenius


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22 maxillary bone. The process is attached to the vomer along the median suture of the hard palate. The vomer forms part of the nasal septum. The elongated maxilloturbinal bone attaches to the inner surface of the premaxillary. It lies lengthwise of the nasal cavity and extends upward from its line of attachment.

The zygomatic bone is a small bow-shaped element of membranous origin, joining the zygomatic processes of the maxillary and squamosal bones, thus completing the zygomatic arch.

This fragile bone, which is membranous in origin, comprises the ventral portion of the nasal septum. It unites ventrally with the premaxillary bone. It splits dorsally into two longitudinal lamina, between which the cartilaginous part of the nasal septum is inserted. The posterior part of the bone is without a ventral attachment.

The nasal bones roof the anterior nares and the nasal cavity back to the frontal bones. The ventral surface is concave, both the lateral and the median borders bearing a flange. The median flanges of the two nasals unite to form a ridge for the attachment of the nasal septum. The lateral flange articulates with the frontal process of the premaxillary bone. This flange is widest where the nasoturbinal bone (see longitudinal section of the skull) is attached to it. The line of attachment of the nasoturbinal runs forward and medially from this point. The nasal bone is a membrane bone.


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, on an auspicious day in the dark half of the sacred month of Dhu'l-Hijja, did they bear to his last resting-place Syyed Mazud Mirza Ahmet Nazredeen el-Arabi el-Husseinyieh Kajar Gengizkhani, Ameer of Tamerlanistan and thirty-ninth of his dynasty, while the women wailed and beat their breasts, while the conches brayed and the tomtoms sobbed and reed pipes shrieked, while white robed, green turbaned Moslem priests chanted the liturgy, and while the smoke from many ceremonial fires ascended to the lapis blue sky in thick, wispy streamers and hung in a ruddy, bloodshot cloud that lit up the palace and told to all Central Asia that the last male member of the Gengizkhani family—Zi'l-Ullah, “Shadow of Allah,” was their arrogant, hereditary title—had gone to join the spirits of his kinsmen in the seventh hall of Mohammed's paradise.

Out of the palace, that crowned the basalt hillside with turrets and bartizans and bell-shaped domes and

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 swung down into the dip of the valley with an avalanche of bold masonry, they carried the dead Ameer; through the western gate, a crumbling marble structure, incrusted with symbolistic figures and archaic terra-cotta medallions, and topped by a lacy, fretted lotus-bud molding; through the maze of the town, with its crooked streets, its low, white houses, its cool gardens ablaze with peach and almond and scarlet flowering peepul trees; through the main bazaar that stretched like a Suruk rug dimmed by the Hand of Time into smoky purple and dull orange; on toward the river where the young sun had crumpled the morning mists into torn gauze veils.

Bolt upright, as during life, the corpse sat on a chair of state that spread up and out like the tail of a peacock. He was attired in his most splendid costume: the arms encircled by jeweled bracelets, shimmering necklaces of pearls and garnets and moonstones and yellow Poonah diamonds hanging to the waist shawl, a huge, carved emerald falling like a drop of green fire from the small, twisted turban, the face painted and powdered, the pointed beard care fully curled and dyed a vivid blue with indigo, between his feet his favorite kalian waterpipe, an immense affair of iron, inlaid with gold arabesques and studded with uncut rubies.

Almost grim, by contrast, was the naked, straight, six-foot blade which lay across his knees. Simple, it was, blue-gray, without engravings or ornaments of any sort.

All the dignitaries of the land were there to speed his soul.

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There was Tagi Khan, Master of Horse, in purple silk, his wicked, shriveled old face topped ludicrously by a coquettish turban in pale cerise, beard and finger nails dyed a bright crimson with henna; Koom Khan, the sipar salar—the commander-in-chief, who had left behind his silver-tipped staff of office and was holding in his bony, brown right hand a large cluster of those dark violet lilies which the Persians call First Born Buds, to put upon the grave; the Sheik-ul-Islam, in green silk from head to foot, a miniature Koran bound in red and silver Bokharan leather stuck in his waist shawl; Gulabian, the Armenian treasurer, in sober black, fur capped; Tugluk Khan, the court architect, thinking morosely that his last work—the mausoleum of olive-veined Yezd marble which would house the Ameer by the side of his ancestors—was done.

Came Nedjif Hassan Khan, governor of the eastern marches, whispering to his twin brother and worst enemy, the sheik Abderrahman Yahiah Khan, governor of the western marches; came pipe bearer and slipper bearer and fan bearer; the palace eunuchs, huge, paunchy, plum-colored Nubians, arrogant, sneering; the chief executioner in motley red and black; and many, many others, with bowed head and dragging feet, in token of mourning.

Too, envoys from the neighboring lands; from the East, the Ameer of the Afghans, until thirty years earlier the hereditary foes of the Tamerlanis, had sent his youngest brother, Nasrullah Nadir Khan el-Durani; Persia was fittingly represented by lisping, mincing Mirza Markar Khan, who ogled the women, old and young, veiled and unveiled, as the cortège

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 passed through the bazaar; the stony, cruel North had sent Bokharan chief, Khivan noble, and Turkoman grandee; while, from the South, Sir Craven Elphinstone, C.B., G.C.S.I, deputy resident at the court of Kashmere, slightly self-conscious, slightly nostalgic amidst the thousands of Asiatics, had crossed the Himalayas to tender the condolences of the Raj, the British-Indian government.

Everybody was there, except the late king's only child, the Princess Aziza Nurmahal who, according to the ancient custom, was sitting alone in the tower room of the palace harem, mumbling endless prayers and clicking off the ninety-nine holy names of Allah on her amber rosary; and the Ameer's best, oldest friend and prime minister, Hajji Akhbar Khan, on whom, a year before his death, he had conferred the honorable title of Itizad el-Dowleh—“Grandeur of the State.”

The cortège passed on, out to the willow fringed banks of the Ghulan River that lay across the mauve and rose mosaic of the town like a ribbon of watered silk.

River of grim tragedies!

River of sinister reputations; so sinister that there was not a Tamerlani who ever, knowingly, allowed a drop of it to pass his lips!

River which, for centuries, had been the grave of the thousands of Tamerlanis and raiding Afghans massacred in the narrow streets of the city or slain in fierce combats outside its brown, bastioned walls. Sorrowing widows, disgraced courtiers, vanquished

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 pretenders, and fanatical dervishes had sought the solace of oblivion beneath its placid surface. Faithless wives and dancing girls had been hurled into its depths from a nearby tower that had been erected centuries before and for a reason known to but few had always been called “The Englishman's Boast."

On the river's farther bank stood the mausoleum.

And there they buried the last male member of the Gengizkhani family, while the women wailed and beat their breasts, while the conches brayed and the tomtoms sobbed, while the Princess Aziza Nurmahal cried her heart out, and while, in an opium shop near the bazaar of the mutton butchers on the northern outskirts of the town, the Babu Bansi, a typical Bengali from his round, greasy, chocolate-brown face to his openwork white socks, patent leather pumps, and striped cotton umbrella, bent over the prone form of his countryman, the Babu Chandra.

He made sure that the latter had succumbed completely to the bland, philosophic poppy drug, pressed half a golden toman into the grimy, much beringed fingers of the dancing girl who had filled and refilled the other's opium pipe and, if the truth be told, had made assurance doubly sure by doctoring the sizzling, acrid cubes with asclepias juice and dawamesk-hashish, slipped his hand into the unconscious man's waist shawl, brought out a key, and flitted into the street like an obese and nervous shadow.

As fast as his wobbly calves would let him, he ran to the office of the Anglo-Asian Cable Company of which his countryman was manager, clerk, despatcher, messenger, and factotum in general, opened the door

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 with the stolen key, and busied himself with the telegraph board for half an hour.

Click-clack-clicketty-clack went his nimble fingers, sending a triumphant message across land and sea and land again.

After which, from a mysterious hiding-place about his stout person, he drew a sharp-edged hatchet and smashed the delicate telegraph instruments into a chaotic mass of wooden splinters and twisted copper wires.

Six hours and twenty minutes later, in a dingy, cobwebby office on the top floor of an architectural infamy on Upper Thames Street, just beyond the Fishmongers Hall, in the reeking heart of the City of London, a short, stocky, blue-eyed, sandy-haired man stepped away from the fly-specked window where he had been admiring the deceptively romantic outlines of Poultney's Inn.

“Half a jiff, old cockywax!" he called in answer to the insistent knocking at the door, opened it, and admitted a red-faced, red-capped, impudent messenger boy.

"Cyble, sir,” said the latter, “for—right-oh!—party by name of Gloops!”

“Right you are, young fellow-my-lad. That's our cable address. Hand it over. What you waitin' for? Eh? Tip? Chase yourself!”

“Aw—chyse yer own ruddy self!”

“Out you go!”

And the messenger boy made a hurried and undignified exit propelled by a square-toed, number nine and

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23

The palatine bone, membranous in origin, consists chiefly of three elements—the horizontal part, and the orbital and sphenoidal processes. The horizonal part constitutes the posterior region of the hard palate, and therefore is the ventral boundary of the choana. It meets its fellow of the opposite palatine bone at the median suture along the dorsal side of the mouth cavity. Laterally it articulates with the alveolar process of the maxillary bone. The orbital process, which joins the horizontal part nearly at right angles, is exposed to the orbito-temporal fossa. It constitutes the greater part of the nasopharyngeal duct's lateral wall. The dorsal edge articulates with the presphenoid bone. The sphenoid process extends backward to the pterygoid process, and joins dorsally an anterior extension of the alisphenoid bone.

The mandible comprises two lateral elements united in front by connective tissue at the mandibular symphysis. Each element contains five parts: the body, the ramus, and three processes attached to the latter posteriorly. The body of each half of the mandible is prolonged anteriorly as a strong, curved process bearing one large incisor tooth. This tooth projects anterodorsally a considerable distance beyond the bone. Behind the incisor is the diastema, a toothless region corresponding to the diastema of the upper jaw. A row of three molar teeth is posterior to the diastema. The two rows of molars are approximately parallel to each other, but each row forms an acute angle with the long axis of the bone in which it is inserted. There are transverse ridges on the grinding surfaces of the molars. The ramus is the laterally flattened region immediately


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 a quarter blucher whose owner the next second opened the cablegram.

“Gloops, London, England,” he read; and the message continued, in a typical Babu jumble of mixed metaphors and martyrized slang:

“My sainted grandaunt Priscilla Mary Jane!” murmured the sandy-haired man. “The whole swag! My word! Won't the guv'nor be pleased though! But what in the name of the three-cornered dooce does that Bansi lad mean by his allusion to Burke's Peerage? Well—I fancy the guv'nor will know.”

And he lit a rank woodbine cigarette and resumed the inspiring study of Poultney's Inn, drumming loudly, at rhythmic intervals, on the window pane.

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1858.] vades the character which is yet the clearest and best defined type of its own age. The decline of religious faith, the vagueness of the prevailing religious philosophy, and the approach of the Reformation, are all to be predicated from the "Last Judgment" in the Sistine Chapel; the impending fall of Art is to be read in the form of the "Moses" of San Pietro in Vincoli; the luxury and pomp of the Papal Court and Church are manifest in the architecture of St. Peter's, whose dome is swollen with earthly pride; the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel betrays the recoil toward heathenism from the vices and corruptions that then hung round Christianity; and the Sacristy of San Lorenzo is the saddest and grandest exhibition that those days afforded of the infidelity into which the best men were forced.

Vasari and Condivi are the great providers of facts in relation to Michel Angelo, and they have left little to be desired in this respect. The garrulous fondness of Vasari leads him into delightful Boswellian details, and gives us more than a mere outline narrative. Mr. Harford has transferred much of Vasari's writing to his own pages, but has succeeded in translating or mistranslating all vitality out of it.

Mr. Harford has attempted, by giving sketches of the chief characters of Florence and of Rome during Michel Angelo's life, to show some of the personal influences which most affected him. But his bricks all lie separate; they are not built up with mortar that holds them together. A superficial account of the Platonic Academy is inserted to show the effect of the fashionable philosophy of Florence upon the youthful artist; but it is so done that we learn little more from it than that the Academy existed, that Michel Angelo was a member of it, and that he wrote some poems in which some Platonic ideas are expressed. There is no philosophic analysis of the individual Platonism which is apparent, not only in his poems, but in some of his paintings,—no exhibition of its connection with the other portions of his intellectual development. Michel Angelo's ideas of beauty, of the relation of the arts, of the connection between Art and Religion, deserve fuller investigation than they have yet received. His tremendous power has exerted such a control over sensitive, imaginative, and weak minds, that even his errors have been accepted as models, and his false ideas as principles of authority. Mr. Harford's book will do little to assist the formation of a true judgment upon these and similar points.

But we will not confine our notice to assertions; we will exhibit at least some of the minor faults upon which our assertions are based,—for it would demand larger space than we could give to enter upon the illustration of the principal faults of the book. First, then, for inaccuracies of statement,—which are the less to be excused, as Mr. Harford had ample opportunity for correctness. For instance, in the description of the tombs of the Medici, Mr. Harford writes of the famous figures of Aurora and Twilight, Day and Night: "The four figures that adorn the tombs are allegorical; and they are specially worthy of notice, because they first set the example of connecting ornamental appendages of this description with funereal monuments. Introduced by so great an authority, this example was quickly followed throughout the whole of Europe." The carelessness of this assertion is curious. The custom of connecting allegorical figures with funereal monuments had prevailed in Italy for a long time before Michel Angelo. Perhaps the most striking and familiar instance, and one with which Mr. Harford must have been acquainted, is that afforded by the tombs of the Scaligeri at Verona, where, on the monument to Can Signorio, of the latter part of the fourteenth century, appear Faith, Hope, Charity, Prudence, and other allegorical figures.

Again, in speaking of the old basilica of St. Peter's, he speaks of the unusual Orientalism of this the principal church of Western Europe, whose entrance is towards the east and the altar to the west. Now this Orientalims is by no means unusual in the churches at Rome. Indeed, it seems to have been the rule of building for the early churches,—and Santa Maria Maggiore, San Fiovanni Laterano, San Sebastiano, San Clemente, and innumerable others, exhibit it in their construction. The priest, officiating at the altar, which stood advanced into the church, looked toward the east.

Again, Mr. Harford says, "The pencil


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“!” wheezed the Babu Chandra, squinting through opium-reddened eyes. “Seventy-seven times seventy-seven bundles of indignity, injustice, and evil abuse have been heaped upon my head! A scoundrel of unmentionable ancestry, limited understanding, degenerate soul, and most ungainly body has robbed me of my substance! I appeal to the Heavenborn, the Protector of the Weak and the Pitiful!”—and he bowed before the Princess Aziza Nurmahal, clasping his pudgy hands across his pudgy stomach.

She looked at him, undecided what to say. Then her eyes swept about the audience hall where the dignitaries of the palace, from the commander-in-chief to the executioner, were squatting on mats, attended by servants who fanned them with silver-handled yak tails. Directly at her feet crouched her old nurse, Ayesha Zemzem, a Bakhtiari hill woman from the western wilds; lean she was and angular and brown as a berry, with an uptilted chin that rose defiantly to meet the sardonic lower lip, an immense beak of a nose, and eyes sharp as needle points.

The princess sighed.

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Seated in the glittering, chilly depth of the great peacock throne that spread above her tiny, oval face with a barbaric blaze of emeralds and pearls and rubies and star sapphires, with her narrow, diminutive hand nervously clutching a scepter topped by an immense blue diamond known as the “Sea of Light,” with that little soft vagueness about her cherry lips and her eyes like black wells beneath the hooded lids, she looked childish, appealing, rather pathetic. There is something sinister in the relentlessness in which inheritance may force people into a position they are not framed to fill, thrusting power into their hands and judgments into their mouths, whether they desire it or not.

Thus with Aziza Nurmahal.

The peacock throne and the autocratic power which it embodied were meant for men of crunching, clouting, merciless strength of mind and body; men like her father, who had ruled his turbulent subjects with an iron, rather saturnine hand and with the loyal help of his old prime minister, Hajji Akhbar Khan, Itizad el-Dowleh.

But the former was dead while the latter had left the country on a mysterious mission a day after Hakem Ali, the court physician, had decided that there was no hope for his master's life. And already intrigue was raising its flat head, was whispering, craftily, crookedly, in palace and bazaar and behind the curtains of the harems.

It had begun with the Master of Horse, Tagi Khan, openly accusing Gulabian, the Armenian treasurer, of

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 having embezzled twenty thousand gold coins, which he had spent upon a nautch girl from the south. The Armenian had given the reply discourteous by producing three witnesses who swore upon the Koran that the shoe pressed on the other foot, that it was Tagi Khan who had stolen the money and imported the nautch from Kashmere, and that the latter had merely asked the Armenian for protection because the other, in a drunken fit, had threatened to split her pretty little nose with a dagger. At once the palace had divided into camps. Lies and calumnies had run like powder under spark. The outer courtyard had witnessed a murderous encounter with bucklers and naked blades between the twin brothers, who were respectively governors of the eastern and the western marches. The princess, not knowing if she should believe the party of Tagi Khan or that of Gulabian, was being caught between the upper and nether millstone, and, finally, a few days earlier, Koom Khan, the commander-in-chief, had approached her with the arrogant suggestion that, since she seemed not strong enough to rule, she should appoint him Firman Firma—Decreer of Decrees—regent, in other words.

But her pride had rebelled. The ancient Gengizkhani blood had screamed in her veins. Cutting insults ringing in his ears, she had sent Koom Khan from her presence—and to-day, in all that motley assembly of courtiers, there was not one whom she dared trust.

“Heavenborn!” the Babu commenced again.

She bit her lip. She blushed.

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“I—I …”

She stammered, slurred, stopped; and a faint, withering snicker ran from sneering lip to sneering lip. Beards dyed blue with indigo and red with henna wagged and mocked. Fingers ablaze with precious stones opened and shut like the sticks of a fan to show the futility of all created things, but chiefly of woman. The Sheik-ul-Islam chanted a sonorous “Alhamdulillah!” and lifted his hands to heaven in a Pharisee gesture, as if to ask Allah to grant him patience: all signs which encouraged the Babu Chandra who ordinarily, being a Babu, would have walked softly and talked yet more softly in a gathering of Moslems.

He unclasped his pudgy hands from across his stomach, and stood up straight. There was now neither whine nor whimper in his voice as, very much after the manner of a latter-day, berry brown Robespierre, he addressed the princess:

“I demand justice! Here, in thy town, O Aziza Nurmahal, was I drugged, by a shameless dancing girl and by one Bansi; may this and that and especially this happen to him! For a week every day they drugged my little pipe of opium which I am forced to smoke because my spleen is yellow with a very much devouring sickness. When finally I was myself again, I discovered that Bansi had stolen the key to my office”—which was the truth—“and also one hundred and seventy rupees, five annas in Indian money and sixteen golden Persian tomans”—which was a lie. “Furthermore, he has smashed all the so expensive instruments of the Anglo-Indian Cable Company of which I am the deservedly trusted servant. I demand justice, Heavenborn!”

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Aziza Nurmahal knew exactly what her father would have done under the same circumstances: just a gesture and a word to the executioner to give “one hundred and fifteen sticks to this pig of an infidel Babu who dares raise his voice in the presence of his betters.” For he had been a rough man whose entire philosophy of government had been a rough fact reduced to yet rougher order and who had always surrendered completely to the gods of his enormous, pagan resolution. She, on the other hand, had been taken direct from the to the throne room. She had not yet learned how to bury the poetry and the enthusiasms of her soft youth beneath the stony drag and smother of life.

She felt the contemptuous enmity of the crowd.

Again she stammered. Again there was a ripple of laughter and whispered, malign words; the Sheik-ul-Islam quoting with pontifical unction that power without wisdom was like a cloud without rain, Gulabian advancing artlessly that it is impossible to clap with one hand alone, and the governor of the eastern marches pleasantly completing the circle of Oriental metaphors by mentioning that some people were on horseback—while their brains walked on foot.

And then, suddenly, while the little princess eyes dimmed with welling tears, the old nurse rose and pointed a crooked, withered thumb at Chandra.

“Thou art a Babu,” she said in an even, passionless voice, “and tell me: who would believe a Babu—who would keep meat on trust with a jackal?”

The next moment, while the Babu collapsed into an obese heap, she faced the commander-in-chief,

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 causing the laughter that had bubbled to his lips to choke out in a surprised, ludicrous ululation.

“And, as to thee, remember that the mules friendship is a kick—and that thou art a mule, while thou”—her inexorable thumb stabbing toward the governor of the eastern marches who was trying to hide behind his twin brother—“shouldst consider that, the dinner over, an ungrateful dog values not the spoon, that, with the Ameer dead, thou hast forgotten how he picked thee, a leprous and most disgusting child, from the fetid slime of the bazaar gutter and raised thee to a high seat of dignity!

“As to thee,” confronting the Armenian, “O thou cursed borrower of half-rupees, observe that a benefit conferred on an ingrate is a line written in water, while thou”—indicating the Sheik-ul-Islam—“wouldst do well to ponder over the Afghan saying that it is as impossible to make a priest speak the truth as to cover a kettledrum with the skin of a mouse!

“Away, all of ye! Out of the presence of the Heavenborn, O ye great cockroaches! Ye fathers of bad smells! Ye sons of noseless mothers! Out—spawn of much filth! Out—before I, a meek and defenseless woman …”

They did not wait to hear the rest of her threat. The Babu leading, the Sheik-ul-Islam bringing up the rear in undignified hurry, his sacerdotal robe standing out like a flag, they ran from the room, stumbling over each other, while Ayesha Zemzem, turning to console her mistress, found that the latter had burst into peals of laughter, rocking to and fro in an abandon of mirth.

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“''Ahee! Ahoo!''” she laughed. “Did not the commander-in-chief tell me that Tamerlanistan needed a strong hand and a strong mind to rule my turbulent subjects? He was right—by Allah and by Allah! And it is thou who shalt be Firman Firma—Decreer of Decrees! It is thou who shalt be prime minister while Hajji Akhbar is away!”

And thus it happened that, a day or two later, in full durbar, the princess announced that a rough woman from the hills would hereafter be regent and that she should be addressed by the honorable title of Zil-i-Sultana, “Shadow of the Queen.” Nor, which is interesting to consider, was there very much surprise in the bazaars. For, since time immemorial, have the autocrats of Asia maintained the democratic principle that ability is the only qualification for the highest services; have they stooped among the crowd, clutched a common soldier, a slipper bearer, a tobacconist, a renegade, even a slave, and given him limitless power, absolutely disregarding all the barriers of birth and cultivation and asking of him nothing but success.

Thus it was Ayesha Zemzem who shared the princess' peacock throne when, shortly afterwards, Babu Chandra had been granted another audience.

This time he spoke softly. He did not mention the indignities which his fellow countryman had heaped upon him nor did he mention justice.

“Heavenborn,” he began; then, addressing the nurse who was looking upon him with a chilly, unpropitious eye, “and thou, O Shadow of the Heaven-

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