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74 neck of the mantis quickly joined (itself) upon the upper part of the mantis's spine. The upper part of the mantis's spine joined itself to the mantis's back. The thigh of the mantis sprang forward, it joined itself to the mantis's back. His other thigh ran forward, racing it joined itself to the other side of the mantis's back. The chest of the mantis ran forward, it joined itself to the front side of the upper part of the mantis's spine. The shoulder blade of the mantis ran forward, it joined itself on to the ribs of the mantis. The other shoulder blade of the mantis ran forward, while it felt that the ribs of the mantis had joined themselves on, when they raced.

The children still ran on; he (the mantis) arose from the ground and ran, while he chased the children,—he being whole, his head being round,—while he felt that he was a man. Therefore he was stepping along with (his) shoes, while he jogged with his shoulder blade. He saw that the children had reached home; he quickly turned about, he, jogging with his shoulder blade, descended to the river. He went along the river bed, making a noise as he stepped in the soft sand, he yonder went quickly out of the river bed. He returned, coming out at a different side of the house; he returned, passing in front of the house.

The children said: “We have been (and) seen a hartebeest which was dead. That hartebeest, it was the one which we cut up with stone knives; its flesh quivered. The hartebeest's flesh quickly snatched itself out of our hands. It by itself was placing itself nicely upon bushes which were comfortable; while the hartebeest felt that the hartebeest's head would go along whispering. While the child who sits there carried it, it talking stood behind the child's back.”

The child said to her father: “O father! dost thou seem to think that the hartebeest's head did not talk to me? For the hartebeest's head felt that it would be looking at the hole above the nape of my neck, as I went along; and then it was that the hartebeest's head told me that I should take away for him the thong from his eye. For the thong lay in front of his eye.”

Her father said to them: “Have you been and cut up the old man, the mantis, while he lay pretending to be dead in front of you?”


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Rh The children said: “We thought that the hartebeest's horns were there, the hartebeest had hair. The hartebeest was one which had not an arrow's wound; while the hartebeest felt that the hartebeest would talk. Therefore the hartebeest came and chased us, when we had put down the hartebeest's flesh. The hartebeest's flesh jumped together, while it springing gathered (itself) together, that it might mend, that it might mending hold together to the hartebeest's back. The hartebeest's back also joined on. Therefore the hartebeest ran forward, while his body was red, when he had no hair (that coat of hair in which he had been lying down) as he ran, swinging his arm like a man. And when he saw that we reached the house, he whisked round. He ran, kicking up his heels (showing the white soles of his shoes), while he running went before the wind, while the sun shone upon his feet's face (soles), while he ran with all his might into the little river (bed), that he might pass behind the back of the hill lying yonder.”

Their parents said to the children: “You are those who went and cut up the old man. He, there behind, was one who gently came from out the place there behind.”

The children said to their fathers: “He has gone round, he ran fast. He always seems as if he would come over the little hill lying yonder when he sees that we are just reaching home. While this little daughter, she was the one to whom the hartebeest's head, going along, talked, and then she told us. Therefore we let fall the hartebeest's flesh; we laid our karosses on our shoulders, that we might run very fast. While its flesh running came together on its back, it finished mending itself. He arose and ran forward, he, quickly moving his arms, chased us. Therefore we did thus, we became tired from it, on account of the running with which he had chased us, while he did verily move his arms fast. Then he descended into the small river, while he thought that he would, moving his arms fast, run along the small river. Then he thus did, he, picking up wood, came out; while we sat, feeling the fatigue, because he had been deceiving. While he felt that all the people saw him, when we came carrying his thighs, when he went to die lying in front of us; while he wished that we should feel this fatigue, while this child here, it carried his head, he looked up with fixed eyes. He was as if he was

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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32

spacecraft. NASA set the deadline for proposal submission as December 11, 1958.

The three military services were invited to send one man each to the Space Task Group to perform liaison duties for the manned spacecraft project. These posts were filled in January 1959 by Lt. Colonel Martin Raines, Army; Lt. Colonel Keith Lindell, Air Force; and Commander Paul Havens, Navy.

The Space Task Group placed an order for one Atlas launch vehicle with the Air Force Missile Division, Inglewood, California, as a part of a preliminary research program leading to manned space flight. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration Headquarters required that the Air Force construct and launch one Atlas I launch vehicle to check the aerodynamics of the spacecraft. It was the intention to launch this missile about May 1959 in a ballistic trajectory. This was to be the launch vehicle for the Big Joe reentry test shot, but plans were later changed and an Atlas Model D launch vehicle was used instead.

The manned satellite program was officially designated Project Mercury.

Less than 18 months after the first flight, an Atlas launch vehicle was launched 6,300 miles downrange from Cape Canaveral, Florida.

A scale model of the Mercury spacecraft (without escape tower), oriented for the reentry phase, was tested at transonic Mach numbers in a 1-foot transonic test tunnel at the Arnold Engineering Development Center, Tullahoma, Tennessee.


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76 dead; he was (afterwards) opening and shutting his eyes; he afar lay talking. He talked while he mended his body; his head talked while he mended his body. His head talking reached his back; it came to join upon the top of his neck. He ran forward; he yonder will sit deceiving while we did cut him up with stone knives. He went feigning death to lie in front of us, that we might do so, we ran. This fatigue, it is that which we are feeling, and our hearts burnt on account of it. Therefore we shall not hunt (for food), for we shall altogether remain at home.”

It can now be asserted in positive language that the Bushmen were incapable of adopting European civilisation. During the first half of the nineteenth century agents of various missionary societies made strenuous efforts for their improvement, and often believed they had in some cases succeeded and in others were in a fair way towards success. Men more devoted to their work than many of these missionaries have never existed, and it would be unjust to accuse them of wilfully misstating the results of their teaching, but the very excess of their zeal and their dwelling constantly upon the expression that the whole human family is of one blood, without reflecting that different branches of it even in Europe are incapable of thinking alike, led them to distort what they saw and heard, so that their reports are commonly misleading. In these reports Bushmen were represented as having become civilised and Christian. But no one else ever saw those transformed savages, and no trace of them exists at the present day. The wild people in the missionary writings are described as offshoots of a higher stock, degraded by oppression or neglect, and needing only instruction and gentle treatment to elevate them again. Some of the reasoning in favour of this theory is highly acute, but it is not borne out by the deeper investigations of our day.

Apart from missionary teaching also many persons tried during long years to induce families of Bushmen to abandon their savage habits, and there were even experiments in providing groups of them with domestic cattle, in order to


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Rh

Study was started on spacecraft recovery operations. During this study period, it was learned that the retrieving operation could be very difficult; but with properly designed equipment, helicopter pickup could be used and appeared to be the most favorable method.

Design of the Big Joe spacecraft for the Project Mercury reentry test (the spacecraft would be boosted by an Atlas launch vehicle over a ballistic trajectory) was accomplished by the Space Task Group. Construction of the spacecraft was assigned as a joint task of the Langley and Lewis Research Centers under the direction of the Space Task Group. The instrument package was developed by Lewis personnel assigned to the Space Task Group, and these individuals later became the nucleus of the Space Task Group’s Flight Operations Division at Cape Canaveral.

Space Task Group officials visited the Army Ballistic Missile Division to determine the feasibility of using the Jupiter launch vehicle for the intermediate phase of Project Mercury, to discuss the Redstone program, and to discuss the cost for Redstone and Jupiter launch vehicles.

The Space Task Group indicated that nine Atlas launch vehicles were required in support of the Project Mercury manned and unmanned flights and these were ordered from the Air Force Ballistic Missile Division.

An aeromedical selection team composed of Major Stanley C. White, Air Force; Lt. Robert B. Voas, Navy; and Captain William Augerson, Army, drafted a tentative astronaut selection procedure. According to the plan, representatives from the services and industry would nominate 150 men by January 21, 1959; 36 of these would be selected for further testing which would reduce the group to 12; and in a 9-month training period, a hard core of 6 men would remain. At the end of December 1958, this plan was rejected.


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Rh encourage a pastoral life, but all were without success. To this day there has not been a single instance of a Bushman of pure blood having permanently adopted the habits of a white man, though a few mixed breeds from Hottentot and Bantu fathers are to be found among the least skilful class of labourers in some parts of the country. Even these are generally too feeble in body to endure anything like severe toil, and unless they intermingle with blacks quickly decrease in number. Those of unmixed blood who were not destroyed as noxious animals by the invaders of their hunting grounds could not exist in presence of a high civilisation, but dwindled away rapidly, and have now nearly died out altogether. It would seem that for them progress was possible in no other way than by exceedingly slow development and blending their blood in successive stages with races always a little more advanced.

A small community of savages calling themselves kãi, known to other Bushmen as Xatia, and to Europeans as the Katia (Kat-ee-ah), is found in Betshuanaland, with a little offshoot on the banks of the Nosop nullah in the Kalahari desert. Much interest has been attached to these people, owing to the circumstance that their origin was long regarded as shrouded in mystery, and it was even supposed by some persons that they were earlier inhabitants of South Africa than the Bushmen. That mystery has now been entirely cleared away, mainly through the investigations of a daughter of the late Dr. Bleek, who is diligently pursuing the researches of her father and her aunt Dr. Lloyd.

The Katia are of mixed blood, being descended from Bushmen and Bantu women taken captive in war only four or five generations ago. In appearance they differ greatly from the Masarwa, who are also of mixed Bushman and Bantu blood, but this arises from their different manner of living. The male progenitors of the Masarwa were Bantu, who


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34 The Space Task Group appointed a Technical Assessment Committee, with Charles H. Zimmerman serving as chairman, to assist the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Source Selection Board. This group provided the board with technical ratings on contractor proposals. Technical specialists throughout the Space Task Group supplied specific component assessment information to the committee.

The Lewis Research Center presented its funding requirements for the attitude control and instrumentation systems for the Big Joe flight test spacecraft. Confirmation of agreements and fund transfer were forwarded by the Space Task Group to Lewis on February 17, 1959.

Eleven firms submitted proposals for the development of a manned spacecraft. These were AVCO, Chance-Vought, Convair, Douglas, Grumman, Lockheed, Martin, McDonnell, North American, Northrop, and Republic. In addition, Winzen Research Laboratories submitted an incomplete proposal.

Robert R. Gilruth, Mercury Project Manager, requested that the Lewis Flight Research Branch provide technical support for Project Mercury. The Space Task Group was particularly interested in Lewis' instrumentation facilities for use in research and development tests of Big Joe.

Space Task Group personnel began technical assessment of manned spacecraft development proposals submitted by industry. Charles Zimmerman headed the technical assessment team.

Space Task Group received a "Development and Funding Plan" from the Army Ordnance Missile Command in support of Project Mercury.

Gordo, a primate, was launched into space aboard an Army Jupiter missile nose cone. Although nose cone recovery efforts failed, because the floatation mechanism attached to the nose cone did not function, telemetry data provided useful biomedical information and disclosed that the Navy-trained


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Rh

squirrel monkey had withstood the space flight and reentry phase without any adverse physiological effects. Gordo was in a weightless state for 8.3 minutes, he experienced a 10g pressure in takeoff, and a 40g pressure upon reentry at 10,000 miles per hour.

Dr. T. Keith Glennan referred to the manned satellite project as Project Mercury in a policy speech for the first time.

A contract was awarded to North American Aviation for design and construction of the Little Joe airframe.

Space Task Group’s technical assessment teams completed the evaluation of industry proposals for design and construction of a manned spacecraft and forwarded their findings to the Source Selection Board, NASA Headquarters.

The letter-of-intent was placed with North American Aviation for the fabrication of the Little Joe Test vehicle airframe. Delivery of the airframes for flight testing was scheduled to occur every three weeks beginning in June 1959. Space Task Group had ordered all of the major rocket motors, which were scheduled for delivery well ahead of the Little Joe flight test schedule. The spacecraft for this phase of the program was being designed and construction would start shortly. Thus the Little Joe program should meet its intended flight test schedule.

A draft checklist, entitled "Overall Technical Assessment of Proposals for Manned Space Capsule," was prepared by the Space Task Group for use by the Source Selection Board.

Qualifications were established for pilot selection in a meeting at the NASA Headquarters. These qualifications were as follows: age, less than 40; height, less than 5 feet 11 inches; excellent physical condition; bachelor's


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36

degree or equivalent; graduate of test pilot school; 1,500 hours flight time; and a qualified jet pilot.

A meeting was held at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Headquarters to discuss the method for spacecraft heat protection. Two plans were considered: beryllium heat sink and ablation. Based on this meeting a decision was made to modify the spacecraft structure in order to accommodate interchangeably ablation heat shields and beryllium heat sinks, and orders were placed for 12 and 6, respectively. The material chosen for the ablation heat was Fiberglas bonded with a modified phenolic resin. This material was found to have good structural properties even after being subjected to reentry heating.

The Source Selection Board at NASA Headquarters composed of Abe Silverstein, Ralph Cushman, George Low, Walter Schier, DeMarquis Wyatt, and Charles Zimmerman, completed their findings and reported to Dr. T. Keith Glennan, the Administrator. McDonnell Aircraft Corporation was selected as the prime contractor to develop and produce the Mercury spacecraft.

Preliminary negotiations were started with McDonnell on the technical and legal aspects of the Mercury spacecraft research and development program.

NASA requested the Army Ordnance Missile Command, Huntsville, Alabama, to construct and launch eight Redstone launch vehicles and two Jupiter launch vehicles in support of Project Mercury manned and unmanned flights.

During a meeting of the Space Task Group, it was decided to negotiate with McDonnell for design of spacecraft that could be fitted with either a beryllium heat sink or an ablation heat shield. Robert R. Gilruth, the


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XV.]

The king with his advisers were whispering without cease;

Nor would Hagen of Tronjé e’er let him be at peace.

Though many a lord would gladly have given up the plot,

Yet Hagen from his counsel would never swerve a jot.

One day it chanced that Siegfried came on this scheming band;—

And straight began to ask them the Lord of Netherland:

“Why goes the king so sadly, thus brooding with his men?

Hath any done him mischief, I’ll help avenge it then.”

Then up and spake King Gunther: “Cause have I sad to be!

For Ludegast and Lud’ger have straightly challenged me:

The eyes of all shall see them here riding in my land.”

Then cried the gallant hero: “Right soon shall Siegfried’s hand,

“As doth beseem your honour, this business undertake

To break these warriors’ power, as it erewhile I brake:

Their strongholds shall be ruin’d, their land be ravagéd,

Ere I with them have ended: thereon I stake my head!

You may with all your warriors at home stay quietly,

And let me ride to battle with those who came with me.

That willingly I serve you, you very soon shall know:

Your foes by me shall suffer as ne’er before, I trow.”

“This is to me good hearing,” the king in answer said,—

As if he were in earnest well-pleased to have his aid.

Before the knight low bow’d he,— the false and faithless knave!

Then said the noble Siegfried: “No care you need to have!”


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 Mr. Spruce believes to be due to denudation, while the Rowley Hill and Dosthill are of volcanic agency, his latter view, ho contends, is borne out by the fact of the coal measure at Dosthill lying so near the surface, having been lifted up during an eruption by the-lava, which forms the Trap Hill.—On January 21st Mr. Thomas Cooke read a paper on "The Feudal Times," in which he traced the history of feudal tenure, customs, &e., from the Saxon to the Tudor period.

WEST LONDON ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.—At a meeting held on January 4th, Mr. Silcock exhibited some pupa of A. grossulariata, which is a very rare occurrence, as this species usually passes the winter in the larvæ state. Underneath the currant trees on which the pupæ were taken he found many hybernating larve. It was resolved that this society should take part in the forthcoming "Great National Entomological Exhibition," to be held at the Royal Aquarium, Westminster, during the present month.—E. H...

Write plainly.

Write on one side of the paper only.

Write all names legibly in printed characters, and spell them correctly.

Forward Communications as early as possible, so that proofs may be sent for revision.

Original observations should be vouched for by the writers signature or initials, and address.

Communications should be as brief as possible consistent with clearness.

Our Walsall correspondent's lines are not suitable for our pages.

We have to express our thanks for many appreciative and encouraging letters, some of them containing useful hints, which have been or will be acted upon.

We shall be glad to receive communications from the members of Natural History Societies in any part of the kingdom.

We cannot undertake the return of rejected papers, unless accompanied by a stamped addressed cover.


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78 took some care of their offspring, those of the Katia were Bushmen, who cared nothing at all for the children or their mothers. In their habits they are even more degraded than ordinary Bushmen, perhaps from being regarded and treated as outcasts by each of the races from which they sprang. Those along the Nosop hardly knew the use of water, for there was none in that locality, and depended entirely upon wild melons for the means of quenching thirst. Their food consisted of bulbs and roots containing little nourishment, with rarely flesh of any animal, it mattered not of what kind or whether fresh or putrid. It causes no surprise to learn that they were almost inconceivably stupid, living in such


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Rh a manner they could not have been otherwise. Their skins were darker than those of ordinary Bushmen, but not as black as those of Bantu. Their jaws were not so prognathous, and their chins were better developed than in Bushmen of pure blood.

The average height of the adult males was under 152.4 centimetres or five English feet, but one, whose portrait is given here, was 167 centimetres or nearly five feet six inches in height. They dispensed with clothing, and if by chance one of them came into possession of an article of European attire it was invariably misplaced. (See the piece of calico on the back of the man whose portrait is given.) Their language was a dialect of Bushman, with some words derived from the Bakwena and the Ovambo. Miss Bleek had no difficulty in taking down a number of words sufficient to form a comparative vocabulary with five other Bushman dialects, many of the words being identical or nearly so.


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152

With their esquires and liegemen they plann’d the journey then:

’Twas done for the deceiving of Siegfried and his men.

He bade them all be ready, his men of Netherland:

And soon had Siegfried’s warriors their fighting gear at hand.

Then spake the gallant Siegfried: “My father Siegmund, pray

Remain thou here behind us; we shall not long delay;

If so be that God speed us, we’ll come back to the Rhine.

So with the king abiding shall happy days be thine!”

The banner they unfurléd, as though they fain would start.

Of Gunther’s liegemen present there were a goodly part

Who naught knew of the message, nor what it all did mean:

A mighty throng of people round Siegfried there was seen.

Their helmets and their breastplates on horses they did stow:

And many a stout knight hastened to leave the land and go.

Then went Hagen of Tronjé to where Kriemhild did stand,

And prayed for leave of absence, since they would quit the land.

“Thrice happy I,” cried Kriemhild, “that I have got for lord

One who to my dear kinsmen such succour can accord,

As doth my dear lord Siegfried unto my kindred here.

Therefore,” the queen said, “will I be now of right good cheer.

“But you, my good friend Hagen, one thing remember still;

That I would gladly serve you, nor e’er have done you ill;

For this you can requite me to my dear lord one day:

If I’ve done aught to Brunhild for that he must not pay!


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OR more than a generation England had been swimming easily along through a sea of spiritual compromise, ruffled only by the solitary cries of Carlyle and the lesser Carlylites. The rising groundswell of reform had now and again caused fears of upheaval, but these had been astutely laid to rest by the Queen's sober statesmen. The church had been riding high and free on the Oxford Movement. Applied science was progressing along lines that might have been called satisfactory. Railways were tapping the country, newspapers were spreading information—of a kind.

It was pure science that finally shook this seemingly secure world to its foundations. The elements of revolt had all been there but had been awaiting only the snap of a mental firing-pin.

The explosion occurred in 1859, with the publication of The Origin of Species. Instantly the peaceful scene of mid-Victorian Britain became the setting for riotous turmoil. At Oxford, Bishop Wilberforce and Thomas Henry Huxley damned each other roundly, while women fainted under the tension. At London, an intellectual triangle spread confusion: the High Church corner was held by Liddon at St. Paul's; Stanley at Westminster Abbey thundered liberalism; at the Royal Institute, Huxley con-


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XV.]

“For since then I have rued it,” the noble lady said;

“He therefore hath my body most sorely punishéd.

If I did ever utter aught to enrage her mood,

Right well hath he avenged her, the hero bold and good.”

“You yet shall be forgiven, in days to come,” quoth he;

“Kriemhilda, my dear lady, now must you tell to me

How through your husband Siegfried to serve you I may try;

I’ll gladly do it, lady; to none more willingly.”

“I should have no misgivings,” replied the noble wife,

“Lest any one in battle should jeopardize his life;

If he were not so reckless and over-rash of mood

He aye might be in safety, my gallant thane and good.”

Thereon said Hagen, ”Lady, if you have any fear

Lest any one should wound him, ’twere best to let me hear

The arts that I must practise if any ill betide;

For I will ever guard him, whether I walk or ride.”

She spake: ”Thou art my kinsman, as I, in sooth, am thine;

Therefore to thee I’ll trust him, this darling love of mine,

That thou mayst guard him for me,— this husband of my own.”

Then told she him the story ’twere well he had not known.

She spake: “Bold is my husband and strong enough thereto.

When he upon the mountain erstwhile the dragon slew,

In the brute’s blood he bathed him, the goodly warrior,

And since that day, in battle, no steel can cut him more.


text: Advice to the Indian Aristocracy/Chapter 16


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154

“Yet, no less am I anxious when he in fight doth stand

And javelins fly around him from many a hero’s hand,

Lest by mischance I lose him, and mourn my husband dear.

Alas, what sorrow have I for Siegfried’s sake to bear!

“I’ll tell it as a favour, my dearest friend, to thee,—

In faith that thou maintainest the pledge thou gav’st to me,—

Where, only, may be wounded this husband dear of mine,

I’ll let thee hear, confiding unto no ear but thine.

“When from the dragon’s death-wounds came pouring the hot blood

And therein he was bathing himself, the warrior good,—

There fell between his shoulders a large-sized linden-leaf:

On that spot one may wound him; ’tis this doth cause my grief.”

Then spake Hagen of Tronjé: “Upon his garment sew

A little token for me, that I the spot may know

Where I have got to shield him, when we stand in the strife.”

She thought to save the hero: by this he lost his life.

She spake: “With fine silk will I upon his garment sew

A little cross unnoticed, that so thy hand may know,

O hero, where to guard him, when into fight he goes,

And in the stress of battle he stands before his foes.”

“That will I do,” quoth Hagen, “my lady dear.” Whereon

The lady thought some vantage she for her lord had won:

And yet Kriemhilda’s husband was by this means betray’d.

His leave then took Sir Hagen, and went away right glad.


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XV.]

The king’s men and retainers were all of cheerful mood.

And yet, I ween, no warrior within his breast e’er could

Hide heart so false and perjured, as he in his did hide

upon whose faith and promise Kriemhild the queen relied.

Upon the next day morning with his own thousand men

Rode forth the gallant Siegfried: and joyful was he then.

He thought he would take vengeance for his friend’s injury.

To him rode Hagen closely that he his coat might eye.

When he espied the token, two of his following

He sent away in secret another tale to bring:

How peace should not be broken towards King Gunther’s land,—

They had but come as envoys by Ludeger’s command.

How loth turn’d Siegfried homewards; he rode unwillingly,

Sad that his friend’s annoyance thus unavenged should be!

Hardly could Gunther’s warriors bring him to turn his ranks.

Unto the king straight rode he: his host began his thanks.

“Now God reward thy goodwill, my noble friend Siegfried!

That thou didst go so gladly to help me in my need,

I aye shall be thy debtor, as I of right should be.

Beyond all friends and kinsmen I build my faith on thee.

“Now that this expedition will trouble us no more,

I fain would go a-hunting the wild bear and the boar

At Waskenwalde, yonder, as I so oft have done.”

This was the plan of Hagen, the false and faithless one.


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10 When this conviction asserted itself with overwhelming power at the Council of Nicaea, Constantine gave way with a good grace. As it had been decided at Saxa Rubra that the Empire was to fight beneath the cross of God, so now it was decided at Nicaea that the cross was to be the cross of Christ, and not the Sun-god’s cross of light.

We may doubt whether Constantine took in the full meaning of the decision: but at any rate it meant that the Christians refused to be included with others in a monotheistic state religion. If the Empire was to have their full friendship, it must become definitely Christian : and this is the goal to which Constantine seems to have looked forward in his later years, though he can hardly have hoped himself to reach it. Heathenism was still strong, and he continued to use vague monotheistic language. Only in his last illness did he feel it safe to throw off the mask and avow himself a Christian. “Let there be no ambiguity,” said he, as he asked for baptism; and then he laid aside the purple, and passed awa in the white robe of a Christian neophyte (22 May 337).

This would seem to be the general outline of Constantine’s religious life and policy. We can now return to the morrow of Chrysopolis, and take it more in detail. Now that he was master of the Empire, he made his alliance with the Christians as dose as he could without abandoning the official neutrality of his monotheism. His attitude is well shown by his coins. Mars and Genius P. R. disappear after Saxa Rubra, or at latest by 317: Sol invictus by 315, or at any rate 323. Coins of Iuppiter Aug. seem to have been struck only for Licinius. Later on, the heathen inscriptions are replaced by phrases as neutral as the cross itself, like Beata tranquillitas or Providentia Augg., or Instinctii Divinitatis on his triumphal arch at Rome. His laws keep pace with the coins. In form they are mostly neutral; but they show an increasing leaning to Christianity. Thus his edict for the observance of “the venerable day of the Sun” only raised it to the rank of the heathen feriae by closing the law-courts; and the Latin prayer he imposed on the army (the first case known of prayer in an unknown tongue) is quite indeterminate as between Christ and Jupiter. So too when before 316 he sanctioned manumissions in churches, he was only taking a hint from the manumissions in certain temples. Yet again, when in 313 (and by later law) he exempted the clergy of the Catholic Church—not those of the sects—from the decurionate and other burdens, he gave them only the privileges already enjoyed by some of the heathen priests and teachers. But the relief was great enough to cause an ungodly rush for holy Orders, and with it such a loss of taxpayers that in 320 he had to forbid the ordination of anyone qualified for the curia of his city. None but the poor (and an occasional official) could now be ordained, and those only to fill vacancies caused by death. The second limitation may not have been enforced, but the first remained. To save the revenue, the Church was debased at a stroke.


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156

“To all guests in my palace due notice shall there be

That I will ride forth early: those who would hunt with me

Must hold themselves all ready; those who would rather stay

To loiter with the ladies have my good leave alway.”

Then spake the stalwart Siegfried, with noble courtliness:

“If you will ride a-hunting, I’ll gladly do no less.

A huntsman you must lend me, and sundry hounds also,

Then gladly to the forest along with you I’ll go.”

“And dost thou want one only?” the king said thereupon,

“i’ll lend thee, if it please thee, four men to whom are known

The forest and the coverts the quarry most frequent;

So that the tryst in seeking thy time be not misspent.”

Home to his wife then rode he, the goodly warrior bold,

And quickly faithless Hagen unto the king had told

How he could get the vantage of the brave thane: ’twere shame

Such treason foul should ever disgrace a noble name.

King Gunther now and Hagen, those knights exceeding bold,

Had treacherously plotted a woodland hunt to hold.

With lances sharp pursuing the boar in forest free,

The wild bull and the bear too: what bolder sport could be?


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vi

CHAPTER III.

The violent Opposition made by Oriental Scholars to the Resolution of the 7th March 1835.—The whole Question rests upon Two Points; first, Whether English or Arabic and Sanskrit Literature is best calculated for the Improvement of the People of India; and, secondly, Whether, supposing English Literature to be best adapted for that Purpose, the Natives are willing to cultivate it?—These Points considered. - Page 50

CHAPTER IV.

Objections answered.—Construction of the Charter Act of 1813.—Change in the Employment of the public Endowments for the Encouragement of Learning.—Abolition of Stipends.—Probability of the Natives being able to prosecute the Study of English with effect.—The alleged Necessity of cultivating Arabic and Sanskrit for the sake of improving the vernacular Languages.—The Plan of employing Maulavees and Pundits as our Agents for the Propagation of European Science.—Whether or not it is our Duty to patronise the same Kind of Learning as our Predecessors. - Page 95

CHAPTER V.

Proofs that the Time has arrived for taking up the Question of National Education.—The Disuse of the Persian Language.—The many important bearings of this


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12 I should call the difference one of degree of vigour of growth, rather than of kind. Exuberant energy will out.

Think of the fact that X rays so stimulate the surfaces as to lead in the first instance to an excitement and proliferation of the superficial cells of the skin, and then too often to cancer. A most vital acquisition this to our knowledge. An obvious signpost—not too distinct—upon the road we are travelling.

Here life from two worlds is perhaps forming into line, and as in the one, so in the other, say by some direct inducement to the cell, or adaptive alteration of the nutrient juices—photo- or chemo-synthetic in kind, maybe—an intensive cultivation is brought about, one may even suggest that the equivalent of a top mulch is applied.

Thus I see in cancer a home-grown weed, or a prodigal son maybe, alas! by no means yet worthy of the fatted calf, and in my study I seem to light upon the fundamentals of eugenics, and, indeed, to hark back to their earliest dawn.

But, however this may be, the trend of all recent work carried out by that splendid Imperial Cancer Research Fund realizes the dream of the bygone pathologist, for a large part of the monumental labours of Dr. Bashford and his fellow-workers during the last ten years, although showing that exogenesis is possible, and defining its limitations, has gone to point the fundamental necessity of the study of the life-history of the individual cancer cell, and, as you know, this has now been done and followed up in short-lived animals (the mouse), where alone it is possible, the results seeming to show, not that the environment, but

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Rh that the individual cell is the master of the situation, and that the dominant issue that comes up is: What is there in that cell or influencing it that gives to it such an inexhaustible power of propagation? whence comes that boisterous energy of which I have spoken?

So in this quarter of study, as in others I must mention, we seem to have come to what is still but a mirage, to an inaccessible land, where histology perhaps may no further help, and where organic chemistry and physics must take up the running, and show what part they play in the origin of life; or if not that, we must search for and find the homologue of cancer in some still more embryonic stage of existence and inquire of its habits there.

Thus what we call pathology is growing up. But are we sufficiently alive to the fact that it is no series of stationary phenomena, but constantly on the move, like all else in Nature, and in being so shifts its ground?

That it changes absolutely you will, I think, readily admit. As I think of disease in the post-mortem room forty years ago, what alterations have we not seen! Pyæmia may be said to be wiped out; typhus is wellnigh forgotten; typhoid fever has altered; diphtheria seldom attains the initial severity that so often characterized it of yore, and is much more amenable to our attack; scarlatina is of a

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14 much milder type; erysipelas is more of a rarity; malaria and Malta fever have been run to earth; the late results of syphilis seem to me to be far less often in evidence; lardaceous disease, so very common in our early days, is now seen but seldom; and we have come at grips with acute rheumatism, and let us hope with tuberculosis. Probably as much might be said of other diseases, and all will, I suppose, admit that good old age is both more prevalent and enjoyable.

It is true that the ills named belong to the great group of epiphytic disease that has been abolished in direct response to the researches of Pasteur and Lister, and that there is no evidence of any general move all along the line; but make away with even one large group of maladies, and how much of the morbid anatomy of the organs must alter too, and even then how little account would be rendered of numberless arrested purposes that make for the beginnings of other diseases!

Pathology not only changes but it shifts its ground, when we really pursue it. There is no more striking confirmation of this than a comparison of the practice of the Pathological Society of London forty years ago and now. Our meetings then were crowded with specimens of all kinds, a set discussion came only now and then as a sort of

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Rh relish in the general menu. Now I am told that morbid anatomy is much less in evidence—we have left all that behind, and discussions of the intricate problems that are behind it occupy the attention of our members. Whereas we used to display disease in the gross, the results of disease that is, we are now able to recognize finer changes and more minute evidences of bioplasmic unrest that are behind these results, and they are the goal that we make for now. I say that these results must long ago have been suspected. I remember in the early days of ovariotomy making the observation that those who succumbed thereto were mostly those who had suffered from hæmorrhage into the parts concerned especially, of course, into the peritoneal cavity. And examining the blood extravasated under these circumstances, one could see it peopled with countless hosts of minute bodies, that the bacteriologist is now in some measure able to name and to classify. It was evident even in the rude experiments of those days that blood was a favourable soil for their production, and one even had a suspicion that intensive cultivation lay there, but failed to detect its presence.

And pathology still is shifting! We have not yet reached finality. Even bacteria are probably results and not causes; they strive or cancel with one another to ulterior ends, and we are gliding on in advance of the most painstaking morbid anatomy.

As I have just now suggested for cancer, look how near the chemist and biologist have come. I struck a hybrid the other day—a biochemist! In devoting himself more and more to the minutest germs and particles of protoplasm, the biologist is not far off the investigation of gases, and the

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Rh to trace the life-history of the living cell, and still more attempt to influence the progress of its nutrition, its growth, even its very nature perhaps, by stimulant or inhibitant, as is the aim, I take it, of the various grafting or tincturing processes by serum now in vogue.

Again, we knew, or thought we knew, that seats I of worry were prone to take on malignant growth; that the well-known nag of clay pipe, of irritating smoke, of soot, was associated with epithelioma; we knew, or thought we knew, that simple and malignant tumours were liable to be found side by side in the same body—a point that I have repeatedly demonstrated in the dead-house, and that seems to me to cast a doubt upon the claim still maintained, I do not say wrongly so, that malignancy is something altogether apart from ordinary growth. But it was surmised by some from what we saw that a spermatic or perhaps graft-like influence was at work in the one group that was not to be seen in the other, and that, so it seemed to me, this influence gradually communicated itself to the cell structures in the neighbourhood, until they ultimately shared in the process, and fraternized with the ill-tutored agitator.

In this one respect, I may say in passing, the opinion then hazarded is not in accord with more recent work, which, on the contrary, goes to show that malignancy, even to its latest stage, is self-ordered and self-centred, and does not give a pattern to the surrounding elements. And yet, on the other hand, there is a suggestion of some more intimate relationship between the invaders and invaded, even in our latest information, for it would seem that the

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800 Brunner, H. Zur Rechtsgeschichte der romischen und germanischen Urkunde.

Yol. i. 149-208. Das angelsaehsisehe Landbuch. Berlin. 1880. Chadwick, H. M. Studies on Anglo-Saxon Institutions. Cambridge. 1905. The Heroic Age. Cambridge. 1912.

Corbett, W. J. The Tribal Hidage. RHS. Transactions. N.S. xiv. 187-230. London. 1900.

Earle, J. A handbook to the land charters. Oxford. 1888.

Eckenstein, L. Women under Monasticism. London. 1898.

Hahn, H. Bonifaz und Lul, ihre angelsachsischen Korrespondenten. Leipzig. 1883.

Hildebrand, B. E. Anglosachsiska Mynt i Svenska kongliga Mynt kabinettet- Stockholm. 1846. New edn. 1881.

Holdsworth, W. S. A History of English Law. Vol. ii. Anglo-Saxon Period. London. 1903.

Jenks, E. The Problem of the Hundred. EHR. xi. 510. (1896.)

Keary, C. P. and Grueber, H. A. A catalogue of English coins in the British Museum. Anglo-Saxon Series. 2 vols. London. 1887-93.

Liebermann, F. Das Englische Gilde im achten Jahrhundert. Archiv fur das Studium der neueren Sprachen, 1896. pp. 333-40. Brunswick. 1896. Maitland, F. W. Domesday Book and Beyond. Cambridge. 1897.

Collected Papers. Cambridge. 1911. The Surnames of English Villages.

Vol. ii. pp. 84-95.

The Survival of Archaic Communities. Ibid. n. pp. 313-65.

The Laws of the Anglo-Saxons. Ibid. hi. pp. 447-73.

Maurer, K. Uber das Wesen der altesten Adels der deutschen Stamme, pp. 123- 195. Die Angelsachsen. Munich. 1846.

Meitzen, A. Siedelung und Agrarwesen der Westgermanen und Ostgermanen. 3 vols. and atlas. Berlin. 1895.

Nasse, E. Ueber die mittelalterliche Feldgemeinschaft. Bonn. 1869. Transl. London. 1871.

Pollock, F. and Maitland, F. W. History of English Law. Bk. 2. Ch. vi § 1 on the blood-feud group. See Gen. Bibl. vi.

Rhamm, K. Die Grosshufen der Nordgermanen. Brunswick. 1906.

Roeder, F. Die Familie bei den Angelsachsen. Halle. 1899.

Round, J. H. The Settlement of the South and East Saxons, in Commune of London. Westminster. 1899.

Searle, W. G. Anglo-Saxon bishops, kings and nobles. Cambridge. 1899.

Onomasticon Anglo-Saxonicum. Cambridge. 1897.

Seebohm, F. The English Village Community. London. 1883.

The Tribal System in Wales. London. 1895.

Tribal Custom in Anglo-Saxon Law. London. 1902.

Stjerna, Knut. Essays on Questions connected with the old English Poem of Beowulf. Trans, by J. R. Clark Hall. Viking Club, extra Series, Vol. hi. London. 1912.

Victoria History of the Counties of England. 1900. In progress.

Vinogradoff, P. The Growth of the Manor. London. 1905.

Folkland. EHR. vm. pp. 1-17. London. 1893.

Wilda, W. E. Das Strafrecht der Germanen ; chap, v on the Anglo-Saxon wergeld. Halle. 1842.


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700 forth what territories were to be given to the Pope. This is the “donation of Pepin.” Twice did the Frankish army invade Italy—on the first occasion at the Pope’s personal request and on the second owing to the receipt of the letter which St Peter himself was believed to have addressed to the king of the Franks. In the end twenty-three cities including Ravenna were surrendered by Aistulf to Stephen III, who, at the time of his death in April, 757, had become a sovereign prince. But in gaining territory the Papacy lost independence by becoming too great a prize for any man to win without a struggle. The rest of the history of the eighth century shews that in order to enjoy that which Pepin had bestowed the popes must become dependents of the Franks, who were thus compelled to invade Italy as conquerors to maintain the Papacy which they had enriched.

Paul I, the successor of Stephen, enjoyed a somewhat peaceful pontificate of ten years, 757-767; but we are able to see that the acquisition of the imperial territory on the shores of the Adriatic had further relaxed the feeble tie which still held the Papacy to Constan- tinople. Paul had to deal with Constantine V, the most formidable of the Iconoclasts; and he had to protect alike the holy images and the possessions of the Roman Church. In his correspondence with Pepin, the Greeks are styled nefandissimi. Once the Church had obtained Ravenna and the cities of Emilia and the Pentapolis there could be no restoration of the exarchate. The political connexion between Rome and Constantinople was practically severed by the donation of Pepin. The king of the Franks died in 768, a year later than Paul; and we enter upon one of the most critical eras of papal history. All on which this chapter has hitherto dwelt : the severance from the imperial authority at Constantinople, the disputes with the Lombards, the alliance with the Franks, the work of Gregory II, Boniface, and Stephen III, culminates in Charles the Great. With his accession we stand at the opening of a new epoch in the history of Western Europe, fraught with important consequences. The theological breach between East and West, the medieval theory of Papacy and Empire, the great strife of secular and spiritual powers, are traceable to the years immediately before us.

In considering the relations between the popes and the Franks during the long reign of Charles the Great it is necessary to bear in mind that, though Pepin by his donation had made the popes into priest-kings, their position was precarious in the extreme. Italy under Lombard rule was in a state of anarchy; and Rome itself was the centre of a barbarism which was intensified by being concealed under the specious name of ecclesiastical government and claimed to represent not only the piety but the civilisation of the West. When we read of kings, dukes, pontiffs, cardinals (first mentioned in the Liber Pontificalis at this time of the senate, of the exercitus or militia ; when modern terms like


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 Map 18

Cambridge University Press

48

IT. &AX Joimston.


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 MAP 27

Scotland and Ireland

to illustrate

The Conversion of the Celts


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 The Cambridge Medieval History

Planned by

J. B. BURY, M.A.

Regius Professor of Modem History in the University of Cambridge

Edited by

H. M. GWATKIN, M.A.

Dixie Professor of Ecclesiastical History in the University of Cambridge Late Gifford Lecturer, Edinburgh

AND

J. P. WHITNEY, B.D.

Professor of Ecclesiastical History, King*s College, London

In Eight Volumes 8vo Buckram Gilt Top Maps Price > $5.00 net per Volume Express age extra

The Syndics of the Cambridge University Press, on the com- pletion of The Cambridge Modern History, undertook to publish a comprehensive history of medieval times, drawn up on similar lines. The work covers the period from Constantine to the close of the Middle Ages, and is to appear in eight volumes.

The principles which have guided the conception of this work are those laid down by the late Lord Acton for The Cambridge Modern History, though experience has suggested some improve- ments of detail in the mode of carrying these principles out. The scheme for the work was laid down by Mr. J. B. Bury, Lord Acton's successor as Regius Professor of Modern History. The editorship was entrusted to the Rev. H. M. Gwatkin, Dixie Professor of Ecclesiastical History in the University of Cambridge, and the Rev. J. P. Whitney, of King’s College, Cambridge, Professor of Ecclesiastical History in King’s College, London.

The need of some such work is evident, for there is nothing re- sembling it in the English language. Gibbon deals mainly with the Empire, and with the Teuton, the Slav, the Magyar, the Turk, and even the Saracen, chiefly in their connection with the Empire. Even the great French work of Lavisse and Rambaud deals with the Middle Ages on a much smaller scale than is here contemplated. The present work covers the entire field of European medieval history and in every chapter sums up recent research upon the sub- ject. Foreign specialists as well as English have given their assist- ance ; America, France, Germany, Spain, Italy, Russia, and Hungary are represented in the list of contributors.


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 CONTENTS

Vol. I. THE CHRISTIAN ROMAN EMPIRE, AND THE FOUNDATION OF THE TEUTONIC KINGDOMS

i. Constantine and his city. By Professor H. M. Gwatkin. 2. The Reorganization of the Empire. By J. S. Reid, Litt.D. 3. Constantine’s successors (to Jovian), and the struggle with Persia. By Norman H. Baynes. 4. Triumph of Christianity (with account of other religions in the Empire, and including Julian’s reaction). By the Rev. Principal Lindsay, D.D. 5. Heresies (Arian controversy; to 381). By Professor H. M. Gwatkin. 6. Organization of the Church. By C. H. Turner, F.B.A. 7. Expansion of the Teutons (retrospective, and to 378). By Dr. Martin Bang. 8. The Dynasty of Valentinian ; and Theodosius the Great. By Norman H. Baynes. 9. The Teutonic Migrations. By Dr. M. Manitius. 10. Teutonic King- doms in Gaul (to death of Euric ; and accession of Chlodwig). (a) By Dr. Ludwig Schmidt ; (b) By Professor Ch. Pfister. ii. Teutonic Kingdoms in Spain and Africa. By Dr. Ludwig Schmidt. 12. (a) The Asiatic Back- ground. By Professor Peisker ; (b) The Huns. By Dr. Ludwig Schmidt. 13. Teutonic Conquest of Britain (to c. 600). (a) By Professor F. J.

Haverfield, F.B.A. ; ( b ) By F. G. M. Beck, M.A. 14. Italy to the revo- lution of Odovacar. By E. Barker. 15. The Italian Kingdom (under Odovacar and Theodoric). By Professor Maurice Dumoulin. 16. The Eastern Provinces (Arcadius to Anastasius I). By E. W. Brooks, M.A. 17. Religious disunion in the fifth century. By Miss Gardner. 18. Monas- ticism. By Dom E. C. Butler. 19. Social and economic conditions. By Professor P. Vinogradoff. 20. Thought and ideas of the age (fourth and fifth centuries). By the Rev. H. F. Stewart, B.D. 21. Christian Art. By W. R. Lethaby.

Vol. II. THE RISE OF THE SARACENS AND THE FOUNDATION OF THE WESTERN EMPIRE

1. The Imperial restoration in the West. By Professor Ch. Diehl. 2. Justinian. By Professor Ch. Diehl. 3. Roman Law. By H. J. Roby, M.A., Hon. LL.D. Cantab. 4 and 5. Gaul under the Merovingian Franks. By Professor Ch. Pfister. 6. Spain under the Visigoths. By Professor Rafael Altamira. 7. Italy under the Lombards. By Dr. L. M. Hart- mann. 8. Imperial Italy and Africa, (a) Administration. By Dr. L. M. Hartmann; (b) Gregory the Great. By the Rev. W. H. Hutton. 9. Justinian’s successors, and the struggle with Persia. By Norman H. Baynes. 10. Mohammad and Islam. By Professor A. A. Bevan. ii and 12. The Expansion of the Saracens. By Professor H. K. Becker. 13. The suc- cessors of Heraclius (to 717). By E. W. Brooks, M.A. 14. The expansion of the Slavs. By Professor Peisker. 15. (a) Celtic heathendom. By Pro- fessor Camille Jullian ; ( b ) Germanic heathendom. By Miss B. S.


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 Philpotts. 16. Conversions of the heathen (Ireland, Scotland, England); (a) By the Rev. F. E. Warren, B.D., F.S.A. ; ( [b ) Germany. By the Rev. J. P. Whitney, B.D. 17. England (to c. 800) and English Institutions. By W. J. Corbett, M.A. 18. The Carolingian revolution and Frank inter- vention in Italy. By Professor G. L. Burr. 19. Conquests and Imperial coronation of Charles the Great. By Professor G. Seeliger. 20. Founda- tions of Society (origin of Feudalism). By Professor P. Vinogradoff. 21. Legislation and administration of Charles the Great. By Professor G. Seeliger. 22. Growth of the Papal power (to Nicholas I). By the Rev. F. J. Foakes-Jackson, D.D. 23. Learning and Education. By M. R. James, Litt.D., F.B.A.

Vol. III. GERMANY AND THE WESTERN EMPIRE

1. Lewis the Pious and the disruption of the Carolingian Empire. 2 and 3. The Carolingian Kingdoms (to 908). 4. The Vikings. 5. Germany;

Henry I and Otto I. 6. Italy, to the Coronation of Otto I. 7. Otto II and Otto III. 8. Henry II and Conrad II. 9. Henry III and his ideals. 10. Germany and her Eastern Neighbors, n. The Burgundian Kingdoms. 12. France: the last Carolingians and the Capetian revolution. 13. France in the nth century. 14. England, 800-1065. 15. Norman conquest of

England. 16. William the Conqueror. 17. The Western Caliphate. 18. Feudalism. 19. Learning and Literature in Western Europe. 20. Roman- esque architecture.

Vol. IV. THE EASTERN ROMAN EMPIRE

1. Leo III and the Isaurian (Syrian) dynasty. 2. From Nicephorus I to fall of the Phrygian dynasty. 3 and 4. The Basilian dynasty (867-1057). 5. The struggle with the Saracens. 6. Armenia (general sketch of whole period). 7. The Bulgian Kingdom. 8. The Empire and its northern neighbors (including Russia and Hungary). 9. Greek Church and relations with West to 1054. 10. The Seljuks. 11 and 12. The Comneni. 13.

Venice. 14. Fourth Crusade and the Latin Empire. 15. Greece and the Aegean under Frank and Venetian dominion. 16. The Empire of Nicaea and the recovery of Constantinople. 17. The Ottoman Turks. 18. Bulgaria, Servia, and the Roumans. 19. Attempts at reunion of the Greek and Latin Churches. 20. The Mongols. 21. Advance of the Turks and fall of Con- stantinople. 22. Legislation. 23. Administration, including army and navy. 24. Byzantine culture.

Vol. V. THE CRUSADES

1. ( a ) The Italian Cities; (b) The Norman conquest of Italy and Sicily. 2. Corruption of the Church : Cluniac movement. 3. Gregory VII and the investiture contest. 4. Civil and Canon Law. 5. Germany under Henry IV and Henry V. 6. (a) Islam and Egypt, 750-1097; ( b ) The First Crusade. 7. The Kingdom of Jerusalem. 8. The Monastic Orders. 9. Germany,


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 1125-1152. io. Italy, 1125-1152. 11. Frederick Barbarossa and Germany. 12. (a) Frederick Barbarossa and the Lombard League; ( b ) South Italy in the twelfth century. 13. England : Norman kings (William II to Stephen). 14. England: Henry II. 15. France and the Angevin dominion. 16. France and the Communal movement. 17. The Jews. 18. Scholasticism. 19. Effects of the Crusades on Western Europe.

Vol. VI. THE ROMAN THEOCRACY

1. Henry VI. 2. Growth of the Papal power: Innocent III. 3. The struggle for the Empire (Philip II and Otto IV). 4. Frederick II : Germany. 5. Frederick II : Italy and Sicily. 6. The Fall of the Hohenstaufens (a) (Germany) ; ( b ) Italy. 7. Philip Augustus (and Louis VIII). 8. Louis IX. 9. England: Richard and John. 10. England: Henry III. 11. Spain.

12. Scandinavia (from middle of eleventh to end of thirteenth century).

13. Poland and Hungary (from middle of eleventh to end of thirteenth cen- tury). 14. Heresies and inquisition. 15. The Mendicant Orders. 16. Universities and learning. 17. Commerce and Industry in the Middle Ages. 18. Chivalry. 19. Architecture (a) Ecclesiastical ; ( b ) Military. 20. Legendary cycles in the Middle Ages.

Vol. VII. DECLINE OF THE EMPIRE AND PAPACY

1. The Empire (1272-1313). 2. Italy in the time of Dante. 3. Lewis the

Bavarian. 4. Charles IV and Bohemia. 5. Switzerland. 6. The Hansa. 7. The Teutonic order, Poland and Lithuania. 8. The Popes at Avignon and the Great Schism. 9. France : the last Capetians. 10. France : Hun- dred Years’ War (First part), n. France: Armagnacs and Burgundians. 12. England: Edward I and Edward II. 13. England: Edward III and Richard II. 14. Scotland, Wales, and Ireland. 15. (a) Wyclif ( b ) Hus. 16. The Councils of Constance and Basel. 17. Spain. 18. Assemblies of Estates. 19. Italian States in the fourteenth century. 20. Early Renais- sance. 21. Mysticism. 22. Growth of towns in Western Europe.

Vol. VIII. GROWTH OF THE WESTERN KINGDOMS

1. The Hussite Wars. 2. The Empire in the 15th century. 3. Hungary. 4. The Papacy in the 15th century. 5. Italy. 6. Florence under the Medici. 7. Spain and Portugal. 8. France : Hundred Years’ War (Second period). 9. France: Louis XI. 10. Burgundy. 11. Low Countries. 12. England: Lancastrians. 13. England : New Monarchy. 14. The Scandinavian King- doms. 15. Russia. 16. The Renaissance. 17. New theories of education. 18. Political theory. 19. Warfare 20. Magic, witchcraft, astrology in the Middle Ages.

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9 July 518 the Emperor Anastasius died, leaving nephews only as his heirs. The succession was therefore quite undecided. An obscure intrigue brought the Commander-in-Chief of the Guard, the comes excubitorum Justin, to the throne. This adventurer had found his way to Constantinople from the mountains of his native Illyricum in search of fortune, and now became, at the age of almost seventy years, the founder of a dynasty.

The position of the new prince did not lack difficulties. Ever since 484, when the schism of Acacius embroiled the Eastern Empire with the Papacy, incessant religious and political agitations had shaken the monarchy. Under pretence of defending the orthodox faith, the ambitious Vitalianus had risen against Anastasius several times, and proved a constant menace to the new sovereign, since he had made himself almost independent in his province of Thrace. The Monophysite party, on the other hand, which had been warmly supported by Anastasius, suspected the intentions of Justin, and upheld the family of its former protector against him. Placed between two difficulties, the Emperor found that he could rely neither on the army, whose allegiance was uncertain, nor on the disturbed capital, torn by the struggles of the Greens and Blues, nor yet on the discontented provinces, ruined as they were by war, and crushed under the weight of the taxes. He saw that nothing short of a new political direction could keep his government from foundering.

The part played by Justin himself in the new order of things was a subordinate one. He was a brave soldier, but almost completely lacking in comprehension of things beyond the battle-field. Quite uncultured, he could hardly read, still less write. Historians tell us that when he became Emperor, and was obliged to sign official documents, a plaque of wood was made for him, with holes cut in it corresponding to the


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2 letters of the imperial title. By means of these cracks the sovereign guided his halting hand. Having little acquaintance with the civil administration, ignorant of the intricacies of politics, diplomacy and theology, he would have been qujte overwhelmed by his position, had he not had someone behind him, to help and guide him. This was his sister’s son, Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Justinianus, known to us as Justinian.

Justinian, as well as his uncle, was born in Macedonia, in the village of Tauresium, near Skoplje. He was a peasant of the Latin race, and by no means a Slav as romantic traditions of a much later date affirm. To these traditions a value has long been assigned which they do not possess. Justinian went early to Constantinople by his uncle’s request, and received a thoroughly Roman and Christian education in the schools of the capital. When, through a piece of good luck, Justin became Emperor, his nephew was about thirty-six years old; he was experienced in politics, his character was formed and his intellect matured. He was quite prepared for the position of coadjutor to the new Caesar, and immediately assumed it. The good will of his uncle brought him step by step nearer to the foot of the throne. He became in turn Count, virilhistris, patrician. He was Consul in 521, Commander-in-Chief of the troops which garrisoned the capital (magister equitum et peditum praesentalis), nobilissimns, and finally, in 527, Justin adopted him and associated him in the Empire itself. Under these various titles it was he who really governed in his uncle’s name, while he waited until he should himself ascend the throne (1 August 527). Thus, during nearly half a century, from 518 to 565 Justinian’s will guided the destinies of the Roman Empire in the East.

Of all the prominent men who fill the pages of history, few are more difficult to depict and understand than Justinian. Throughout his reign the testimony of contemporaries is abundant and ranges from the extreme of extravagant adulation to that of senseless invective, thus furnishing the most contradictory portrait that exists of any sovereign. From the unmeasured praise of the Book of Edifices, and the often foolish gossip of the Secret History it is by no means easy to arrive at the truth. Besides, it must not be forgotten that Justinian reigned for thirty-eight years, and died at the age of eighty-three ; and that as he drew near the end of his reign, already too long, a growing slackness and lack of grip marked his last years. It is hardly fair to judge him by this period of decrepitude, when he almost seems to have outlived himself. However, this man, who left so deep an impress on the world of the sixth century, cannot lightly be passed by ; and, after all, it is possible to estimate his character.

The official portrait is to be found in the mosaic of San Vitale in Ravenna, which dates from 547, though it obviously represents him as somewhat younger than he was. It gives us a good idea of Justinian’s


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years ago I became anxious (from circumstances that need not be more fully alluded to) to employ myself in writing a work of fiction. Living in Manchester, but with a deep relish and fond admiration for the country, my first thought was to find a frame-work for my story in some rural scene; and I had already made a little progress in a tale, the period of which was more than a century ago, and the place on the borders of Yorkshire, when I bethought me how deep might be the romance in the lives of some of those who elbowed me daily in the busy streets of the town in which I resided. I had always felt a


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now go back to an hour or two before Mary, and her friends, parted for the night. It might be about eight o'clock that evening, and the three Miss Carsons were sitting in their father's drawing-room. He was asleep in the dining-room, in his own comfortable chair. Mrs. Carson was (as was usual with her, when no particular excitement was going on), very poorly, and sitting up-stairs in her dressing-room, indulging in the luxury of a head-ache. She was not well, certainly. "Wind in the head," the servants Vol. II.


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years ago, in delivering the Bradshawe lecture before our College, I stood in the place of a much-regretted Fellow, the late Dr. Mahomed, dead in his early prime, when in a retrospect of his work on Arterial Tension I had the more easy task of recalling still recent memories. To-day, when in pursuance of the honourable duty that you. Sir, in your kindness, have imposed upon me, I try to look back into the mists of centuries, to the full life and ever to be revered memory of Harvey, no longer can one appeal to those personal recollections in which we all could share and sympathize : in place thereof is an influence, a resurrection, and my outlook becomes essentially prospective.

Harvey’s influence as it is permeating the avenues of time! What a subject, what an opportunity! Yet when some two hundred and fifty-six years have come and gone, since this annual commemoration of our benefactors was instituted by Harvey himself, what an impossibility, in any but the most spectral form.

May I try to present it to you thus, on the wings of a thought—The Passing of Morbid Anatomy—as it flits across the horizon of pathology, and in so doing touches us and humanity at large. No

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 "Why, some good news. Come, give a guess what it is?"

"Oh, tell me! I cannot guess," said Mary.

"Then you give it up, do you? What do you say, mother?"

Jane Wilson thought a moment.

"Will and Margaret are married?" asked she.

"Not exactly, but very near. The old woman has twice the spirit of the young one. Come, Mary, give a guess!"

He covered his little boy's eyes with his hands for an instant, significantly, till the baby pushed them down, saying in his imperfect way,

"Tan't see."

"There now! Johnnie can see. Do you guess, Mary?"

"They've done something to Margaret to give her back her sight!" exclaimed she.

"They have. She has been couched, and can see as well as ever. She and Will are to be married on the twenty-fifth of this month, and he's bringing her out here next voyage; and Job Legh talks of coming too,—not to see you, Mary,—nor you, mother,—nor you, my little hero" (kissing him), "but to try and pick up a few specimens of Canadian insects, Will says. All the compliment is to the earwigs, you see, mother!"

"Dear Job Legh!" said Mary, softly and seriously.


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 Tighe, Robert (Tyghe) of Deeping, co. Lincoln, B.A. from ., Cambridge, 1581-2, M.A. 1585, incorporated 21, and B.D. from ., Oxford, 23 June, 1596, incorporated at Cambridge 1603, and D.D. 1603; reincorporated at Oxford 10 July, 1610; "an excellent linguist"; vicar of All Hallows, Barking, 1598-1616, archdeacon of Middlesex 1601, one of the translators of the Bible 1604; died 31 Aug., 1616. See Ath. ii. 206; Foster's Graduati Cantab.; & Lansdowne MS. 983, ff. 282, 303.  Tilborow, John (or Tilbourne) scholar. 1568, B.A. 12 May, 1572, M.A. 21 Feb., 1575-6; rector of Chawton, Hants, 1579. See Foster's Index Eccl.  Tilden, Samuel, s. Sam., of Cranbrooke, Kent, gent. ., matric. 23 March, 1699-1700, aged 18, B.A. 1703; died 30 March, 1704. See Gutch, i. 379.  Tilden, Theophilus (Tylden), of Kent, pleb. , matric. 16 June, 1610, aged 19.  Tilden, Theophilus, cler. fil. , matric. 15 June, 1657, B.A. 1661, M.A. 1664.  [5]

Tildesley, Edward, subscribed 11 Nov., 1614; B.A. from. 20 May, 1618, as "eq. aur. fil."  Tildesley, Richard, subscribed 11 Nov., 1614; B.A. from. 20 May, 1618 (as "eq. aur. fil."); student of Gray's Inn 1620, as son of Thomas, kt., reader of Gray's Inn. See Foster's Gray's Inn Reg.  Tildesley, Thomas (Tyldesley), subscribed 11 Nov., 1614; student of Gray's Inn 1618, as son and heir of Lambert, of Garret-in-Tildesley, co. Lancaster, esq., deceased. See Foster's Gray's Inn Reg.

Tilghman, John, s. William, of Rugby, co. Warwick, gent. ., matric. 17 Dec., 1662, aged 16; student of Middle Temple 1671. See Foster's Inns of Court Reg.

Tilladam, John, of co. Gloucester, pleb. ., matric. 12 Dec., 1617, aged 18, B.A. 11 May, 1620, M.A. 23 Jan., 1622-3; rector of Bristol St. Werburg 1634. See Foster's Index Eccl.
 [10]

Till-Adam, John, ser. ., matric. 13 Feb., 1648-9.

Till-Adam, Nathaniel, 'ser.' ., matric. 13 Nov., 1650, scholar 1653 by the parliamentary visitors; vicar of Midsomer Norton 1662, and of Compton Dando 1665, rector of Stanton Prior (all) Somerset, 1678. See Burrows, 550; & Foster's Index Eccl.

Till-Adam, Nathaniel, s. N., of Midsomer-Norton, Somerset, p.p. ., matric. 5 June, 1690, aged 17, B.A. 1 March, 1693-4; vicar of Chewton Mendip, Somerset, 1697. See Foster's Index Eccl.

Tilladam, Thomas, "ser." , matric. 15 June, 1657, B.A. 1660, M.A. 1663. See.

Tilladam, William, of co. Gloucester, pleb. ., matric. 24 Nov., 1615, aged 19, B.A. 20 April, 1619, M.A. 12 July, 1623.
 [15]

Tillam, James, s. John, of Worcester (city), pleb. ., matric. 6 Nov., 1629, aged 16; perhaps vicar of Brawdy, co. Pembroke, 1639. See Foster's Index Eccl.

Tillard, Joas, s. Abraham, of London, gent. , matric. 10 Oct., 1717, aged 16, B.A. 1711 (as Joash); bar.-at-law, Inner Temple, 1717; born 15 Jan., 1690, died Jan., 1774. See Foster's Judges and Barristers.

Tillesley. See also and.

Tillesley, Edmund of Rochester, Kent, S.T.D. fil. ., matric. entry 4 Nov., 1636, aged 14, B.A. 22 April, 1640, M.A. 7 May, 1644, fellow 1636, expelled by the parliamentary visitors 1648. See Burrows, 549.

Tillesley, Richard (Tyllesley); B.A. supd. 28 Jan., 1510-11.
 [20]

Tillesley, Richard, of co. Warwick, gent. ., matric. 20 Jan., 1597-8, aged 15; scholar. 5 July, 1603, M.A. 26 June, 1607, B.D. 22 Nov., 1613, licenced to preach 25 Nov., 1613, D.D. 7 July, 1617 (son of Thomas, of Eccleshall, co. Stafford); rector of Cuxton 1614, and Stone, Kent, 1615, and archdeacon 1614, and canon of Rochester 1615; buried in the cathedral 1621. See Ath. ii. 303; & Foster's Index Eccl.

Tillesly, Richard, s. Edmund, of Northmoor, Oxon, cler. ., matric. 2 July, 1675, aged 18, B.C.L. 1682; born 12 Sept., 1657, admitted to Merchant Taylors' school 1672; curate of St. Sepulchre, licenced 10 Oct., 1692, to marry Anne, daughter of Thomas Wotton, of same, surgeon; vicar of Heston, Middlesex, 1711, until his death in 1712; father of the next. See London Marriage Licences, ed. Foster; & Robinson, i. 277.

Tillesley, Thomas, s. Rich., of St. Sepulchre's, London, cler. ., matric. 28 June, 1710, aged 16, B.C.L. 1718.

Tillinghast, John, s. Pardon, of Alfriston, Sussex, pleb. , matric. 14 July, 1642, aged 17.

Tillotson, Robert, fellow, Cambridge, B.A. 1697-8, M.A. 1701; incorporated 14 July, 1712; vicar of Elm-cum-Emneth, co. Cambridge, 1700. See Foster's Index Eccl.
 [25]

Tilly, Christopher, s. Ralph, of Hill-Morton, co. Warwick, pleb. p.p. ., matric. 18 March, 1663-4, aged 16, B.A. 1667; vicar of Grandborough, co. Warwick, 1668, and vicar of Hellidon, Northants, 1688, buried there 4 June, 1725. See Foster's Index Eccl.

Tilley, Henry, pleb. , matric. 10 Nov., 1654, B.A. 4 Feb., 1657-8, M.A. 1660; rector of Rushbury, Salop, 1690-1. See Al. West. 142; & Foster's Index Eccl.

Tilly, Jasper, s. John, of London, arm. ., matric. 26 May, 1707, aged 18.

Tilley, John; B.A. from supd. 22 Feb., 1581-2.

Tilly, Joseph, of Dorset, cler. fil. ., matric. 9 May, 1617, aged 18.
 [30]

Tillie, Peter, of co. Leicester, pleb. ., matric. 19 Jan., 1598-9, aged 15.

Tilly, Ralph, s. Christopher, of Grandborough, co. Warwick, cler. , matric. 11 Feb., 1695-6, aged 18, B.A. 1699, M.A. 1704.

Tillie, Samuel, of Dorset, cler. fil. , matric. entry 22 June, 1604, aged 13; B.A. from. 31 May, 1609, M.A. 8 July, 1612; vicar of Keynsham 1625, and of Compton Martin, Somerset, 1639. See Foster's Index Eccl.

Tilly, Samuel, pleb. ., matric. 22 March, 1650-1; B.A. from 26 May, 1654, M.A. 21 April, 1657; vicar of Kingsbury Episcopi 1664, and rector of East Lambrook, Somerset, 1670. See Foster's Index Eccl.

[34]

Tilly, Samuel s. S., of Martock, Somerset, cler. ., matric. 21 Jan., 1685-6, aged 16, scholar. 1687, B.A. 1689, M.A. 1692, fellow 1694-1702, B.D. 1712; admitted to Merchant Taylors' school 1675, born July, 1666; rector of Eccleston, Cheshire, 1701-4, and of Bladon, Oxon, 1704, and domestic chaplain to the earl of Abingdon; died 24 Aug., 1712, buried 26 in St. Mary's, Oxford; brother of William 1689. See Robinson, i. 285; Gardiner, 350; & Hearne, iii. 437.
 [ 1487 ]


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L. Dale Owens and Scott A. Wharton of Booth, Wade & Campbell, Atlanta, GA, for plaintiff and counter-defendant, Urantia Foundation.

Joseph D. Lewis of Cleary & Komen, Washington, DC, for defendant and counter-claimant, Kristen Maaherra.

URBOM, Senior District Judge.

This cause is before me on the Defendant’s motion for partial summary judgment


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86 TRAVELS IN URUGUAY. that are never punished by the authorities, though they threaten to do so in very "tall talk." But such hardly ever occur among European settlers in the camp.

South America possesses many Druidical remains, in the shape of monoliths of a great size, and very perfect rock circles of both upright and horizontal stones, far exceeding in size and perfectness any in our own land. The monoliths are "Logap stones,"—the crumbling, time-worn monuments of distant ages. One which I sketched in the Piedra Chatta camp is called

It is about fifteen feet high and about eighteen through. The Uruguay Republic is studded with rocky heaps piled up together, with, at first sight, an artificial look, but they are really natural. This stone on inspection proved undoubtedly to have been hewn out of the rock on which it now stands. It would not move, having tilted aside on to another rock, on which it now partly rests. It stood on the summit of a rocky ridge of hill, and had

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94 harshness, and artificiality of Kalir’s. Perhaps his mastery of Hebrew is best seen in his “Book of the Exiled” (Sefer ha-Galui), compiled in Biblical Hebrew, divided into verses, and provided with accents, As the title indicates, this book was written during Saadiah’s exile from Sura.

Saadiah’s Arabic version of the Scriptures won such favor that it was read publicly in the synagogues. Of old the Targum, or Aramaic version, had been read in public worship together with the original Hebrew. Now, however, the Arabic began to replace the Targum. Saadiah’s version well deserved its honor.

Saadiah brought a hornet’s nest about his head by his renewed attacks on Karaism, contained in his commentary to Genesis. But the call to Sura turned Saadiah’s thoughts in another direction. He found the famous college in decay. The Exilarchs, the nominal heads of the whole of the Babylonian Jews, were often unworthy


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title: The Incas of Peru/Chapter 13


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 CHAPTER I.

I EMBARKED, on January 9th, 1868, in the Tasmania, one of the Royal Mail Company's steamers, from South-ampton, in a frost so sharp that I could have skatedfrom my hotel through the streets to the vessel. At whatever time of the year you quit England for South America, you will find that in a month you are placed in exactly an opposite season to that in which you were on leaving home. Therefore, by plunging from the in-clement time of midwinter in England to the hottes midsummer season in Brazil, in a tropical zone, during the short interval of eighteen days, you will find it difficult to bear, and at first very trying.

The sea fortunately was calm, and we were told that the air would certainly be mild in two or three days" time, when, if the wind proved favourable, we should have run from 500 to 600 miles. If you can get across "the chops of the channel" and the Bay of Biscay without a west wind and gales, you may congratulate yourself with the almost certainty that all the rest of the voyage to Rio, for 4200 miles, will be a fine "yachting" voyage.

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 to Rule 56(d) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. The defendant, Kristen Maaherra, asserts that the plaintiff’s copyright in The URANTIAUrantia [sic] Book is invalid and thus her copying of the book’s text is not prohibited.

The plaintiff, Urantia Foundation, brought this action in part to enjoin the defendant from infringing its copyright to The URANTIAUrantia [sic] Book. The defendant essentially admits the actions alleged by the plaintiff, but contends that the plaintiff’s copyright renewal in the book is invalid. Consequently, the defendant asserts a counterclaim for declaratory judgment and requests that the plaintiff’s copyright renewal in The URANTIAUrantia [sic] Book be declared void. The motion for summary judgment is to be decided under the copyright law as it existed under the Copyright Act of 1909.

The genesis of the instant case can be traced back nearly a century. Early in the twentieth century a Chicago physician by the name of William S. Sadler, Sr. was confronted by an individual with extraordinary talents. This individual became a patient of Dr. Sadler’s and was studied by him for over eighteen years. During this time the patient communicated numerous and sundry messages, initially to Dr. Sadler and, later, to a small group. The court believes Dr. Sadler made reference to these messages in the appendix to a book he wrote in 1929. "The communications which have been written, or which we have had the opportunity to hear spoken, are made by a vast order of alleged beings who claim to come from other planets to visit this world, to stop here as student visitors for study and observation when they are en route from one universe to another or from one planet to another. These communications further arise in alleged spiritual beings who purport to have been assigned to this planet for duties of various sorts."

(Def.’s Reply Br. in Supp. of Def.’s Mot. for Partial Summ. J.App. III at 383.) Dr. Sadler concluded the aforementioned appendix by stating, “Our investigations are being continued and … I hope some time in the near future to secure permission for the more complete reporting of the phenomena connected with this interesting case.” Id. at 384.

There is no proof that the patient Dr. Sadler mentioned in his book is the “Contact Personality” to which the parties in the instant case refer; nor is it of particular importance in deciding the motion currently before me. I quote the passage simply because it depicts the generally agreed upon events that help to explain the origin of the “Urantia Papers.”

As the “Urantia Papers” came into existence through the Contact Personality, Dr. Sadler and his initial followers assumed certain responsibilities. They “work[ed] directly with the contact personality in the production of the text of the Urantia Papers providing feedback and receiving instructions regarding the disposition of the Papers.” (Pl.’s Resp. to Def.’s Req. for Admis. at 25–26.) [hereinafter Pl.’s Admis.] Subsequently, a larger group of individuals was invited to participate in this unique experience.


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36 side of the hills, in a valley approaching the Corcovada. This enabled me to visit the mountain on foot, and see the wondrous view from the top of it, which is an unequalled sight, and perfectly indescribable for its splendour. I first surmounted a short steep hill, and then descended on to the aqueduct road, which winds round the hills into the city.

The aqueduct runs along a lofty ridge of hill, with a carriage road at the side of it. Proceeding along this for three miles, I reached the tanks, built across a narrow valley, in the hills where the water is collected, that passes down this narrow enclosed watercourse, and supplies Rio with water. Passing this, I reached the winding mule-road that leads to the top of the Corcovada. Instead of taking this road, which would have made the distance longer, I followed the old rough, direct ascent, which intersected and crossed the mule-road every here and there. In this unfrequented track I disturbed several large green locusts, four and a-half inches long, that with difficulty fluttered to the boughs of the bushes, under which they remained suspended. Some had orange-coloured tails the same length as their bodies.Their wings were partly a dark green colour, and partly orange. I found also "the stick insect," about eight or nine inches long, that leaped away from me two yards. It had three legs on each side its body, being like a slender stick supported on wires. The lofty trees above me were inhabited by different tribes of monkeys which were signalling to each other as I passed underneath. I should have missed seeing these insects, besides many other

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Rh For a long time after the death of Maimonides, which took place in 1204, Jewish thought found in the “Guide” a strong attraction or a violent repulsion. Commentaries on the Morch, or “Guide,” multiplied apace. Among the most original of the philosophical successors of Maimonides there were few Jews but were greatly influenced by him. Even the famous author of “The Wars of the Lord,” Ralbag, Levi, the son of Gershon (Gersonides), who was born in 1288, and died in 1344, was more or less at the same stand-point as Maimonides. On the other hand, Chasdai Crescas, in his “Light of God,” written between 1405 and 1410, made a determined attack on Aristotle, and dealt a serious blow at Maimonides. Crescas’ work influenced the thought of Spinoza, who was also a close student of Maimonides, A pupil of Crescas, Joseph Albo (1380-1444) was likewise a critic of Maimonides, Albo’s treatise, “The Book of Principles” (Ikkarim), be-


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iv In the last portion of this book, I have referred to the operations of Sheep-farming as it is at present carried on in South America, and the business of settlers, so as to enable persons to judge of the advantage of entering on those pursuits and settling there.

In the former part, I note down my voyage out, with its scenes and usual routine of occurrences, and then the incidents that I personally met with in the solitary “gallops” that I constantly made through the open “camp,” and crossing rivers, in a tract of country about eighty miles from north to south, by about seventy in width, during nearly a twelvemonth, besides a stay of some weeks in the cities of that country; and, I can truly say, I have a most happy recollection of the time I passed there.

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 curious things, had I been on horseback on the winding road. And I have generally remarked that travellers on foot see much more of a place than those who go by a conveyance. I was much exhausted with the first hour and a-half's ascent, as it was very steep. I-luckily arrived at a large mushroom-shaped erection, thatched, with a table round the centre upright, and benches and seats, which had.evidently been provided as a refreshment or pic-nic place for visitors. To rest myself I laid down on this table for twenty minutes, gazing at the solitary wildness of the forest around me, till I caught myself almost napping. I then started up and paced ou, with my coat on my arm and umbrella overhead, for an hour more, making two and a quarter hours, at three miles an hour, from commencing the ascent.And I was glad to find a refreshment place at the foot of the last winding ascent, which, for 500 feet, is very steep to the top. Here I procured a bottle of Ind and Coope's beer for two shillings, and some inferior bread and cheese;.and, like a giant refreshed, I valiantly reached the top. It was a fine clear day. Even the Organ mountains had no nightcap on them, which they so frequently have. Everything in the vast terrestrial expanse of the landscape was clearly and distinctly defined, to the most distant hills,from the dry state of the atmosphere; and from the same reason the distances were very deceiving. A short thick wall surrounds the small platform on the summit of the Corcovada, which is hardly perceptible from below. And here you might, in looking down and around, imagine yourself transported to an "Arabian Nights" scene. The sight was so gorgeous, it was astonishing. You could peep.

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Rh serious occupations being drilling the Militia Battalion of which I was senior major, and writing my History of the Confederate Rebellion of the last century. The general uneasiness which had pervaded society for the past twelvemonth had not failed to make itself felt among us; but the fearful and panic-stricken had long since migrated from the inland towns to the principal seaports, ready on the first alarm to cast themselves on board ship and save their precious skins, without a thought for the welfare of their country, or of the friends and kinsmen left behind. The result of this was that our city, though with diminished numbers, still maintained the semblance of industry activity and commerce.

Gradually, however, the uneasiness of all classes assumed graver proportions. Day by day there dribbled in small parties of country folk, bringing with them disquieting rumours, which if in many cases demonstrably absurd, were sufficiently akin to the acknowledged realities to cause new and widespread alarm. And indeed what rumours, however wild, could be worse than the facts?

Nothing authentic had, however come to our ears,


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Rh instances, by the shotgun, the bloodhound and the fagot-and-stake — have given a faulty result, and many of these obdurate persons remain, as the late Parson Brownlow would have said, "steeped to the nose and chin in political profligacy," voting the Republican ticket whenever permitted. For four centuries we have hunted the Red Indian from cover to cover, and he is not a very nice Red Indian yet, some of his vices and superstitions differing widely from our own. The motorcarman, shutting his eyes to the glory and advantage of enlightenment, still urges his indocile apparatus along the line of least insistence ; and the organist from the overseas practices his black art at the street corner, inaccessible to reclamation. A hundred urban tribes might be named among civilization's irreclaimables, without mentioning any of the religious sects. At every turn the gentleman who is desirous of making-over his faulty fellow-men encounters a baffling apathy or a spirited hostility to change.

Possibly the higher quadrumana may prove more pregnable to light and reason — more willing to become as we. Perhaps when we can all talk Monkey we shall be able to set forth the advantages of our happy state more


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2 After the usual formalities at starting had been gone through, with a gentle bleeding of your pocket, in the shape of fees and dues, there was a general scrutiny of each other, among the passengers, so that each might form some estimate ef the position, consequence, profession, and wealth, and, if possible, the peculiarities of his neighbour,—not however as yet proceeding to that skirmishing of personalities by which an Englishman is so readily distinguished from more polite foreigners. The passengers soon however began to sort, and to settle down in cliques, which seems to be the natural solution of English society, in such a predicament as this.

The vessel E was in was 872 feet long, and too narrow in beam for her length: consequently there. was no pitehing from stem to stern, but she was in a constant state of waddle, uncomfortable at times to: those who are only accustomed to derra firma. The crockery was repeatedly sent flymg; and sundry things tumbling down created unpleasant interludes throughout the night, that prevented sleep. And when the earliest dawn of light began, all the cocks on board, of which there must have been scores, seemed entitled to assert their privilege of proclaiming the day; and that with repeated salutations from one to another. “As the old cock crows, the young cock learns,” was exemplified on this occasion. The senior seemed to commence his statement, and the juniors, according to age, reiterated it, which appeared to be, to them, a satisfaction, although they were crowded _ oud heaped together, topsy-tarvey, in the baskets. In spite of these disadvantages they found means of giving expression to their opinions; but it’ was anything but

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6 We were fortunate enough to see it unshrouded in clouds, with its snow-clad peak shining like burnished silver in the morning sun, strongly in contrast with the brown-black of the hill below the peak, rent with black chasms, with the green vineyards extending in a line along its base, dotted with little towns and villages. The brown ridge of the mountain is 7000 feet high, the cone about 5000 feet. The former seemed, at ten miles off, to be split through its edge in various places; the peak itself rising probably two or three miles more inland from the summit of the brown and rugged hill. It presented a remarkable sight, so unlike anything else. Its top is seldom seen, as it is almost always enveloped in clouds.

In passing it, you do not realise its vast height. It is not until you go 1o a distance, that the top of the peak alone seems standing up in the vault of heaven, apparently detached from the rest of the mountains, and surrounded by the blue ether above and below.

We next reached St.Vincent Island, the coaling station for all the steamers going this way. It is a volcanic island, and remarkable for having no trees nor herbage, being nothing but cinders and sand: fruit and vege- tables are imported from a neighbouring island. It is extensive, and has many pointed chills, some nearly 4000 feet high,but all barren, and the whole island is a desert. The people are blacks, speaking Portuguese, evidently with much negro blood in them. We walked a mile inland, and every place was in a state of deso- lation; big, black children running about in bare skin, and evidently not ashamed of appearing in nature’s garb.

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 Commencement of Voyage-The Fine Ship-Lisbon-Its Appearance-Teneriffe-St. Vincent-Amusements on Board-Discussion about Sea-serpent-Height of Waves-The Passengers-Thieves-Red Dust from Africa-Porpoises Migrating ... ... 1

Warm Weather-Whales and Flying Fish-Weather Changeable under Equator-Pinnacle of Fernando di Noronha-First Appearance of American Coast-Pernambuco-Bahia-Fine Negroes-Dress of Women-Price of Slaves-Their Wages-Walk to Public Gardens - The Scenes - Black Porters-Embark for Rio-The Coast approaching it-Fine Entrance of Harbour-Its Grand Appearance with the City-Lofty Mountains ... ... 18

Slaves Coaling the Ship-Degradation-Landing-See Emperor-Tichuga, and its Falls-Approach to it-The Town Gardens-Peixeboy Fish-Beggars on Horseback-Dangers of Sleeping in Open Air-Botanic Gardens-Fine Palm

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24 until on the 6th of June, 1949, an hour before sunrise, there galloped into the market-place a man mounted on a panting and foam-flecked roan, evidently in the last stage of terror and exhaustion. When this wild figure dismounted, or rather fell into the arms of the bystanders, it was some time before any coherent meaning could be extracted from his disjointed words. Soon, however, a whisper passed from mouth to mouth of the gathering crowd—"The Engines,"—"the Engines!" The messenger was eventually taken in to the Town Council, which was sitting, the writer among them, self-summoned at the general alarm, to whom, with pale face and gestures of madness, he told his tale. The night before he had retired to rest about ten o'clock in his lonely farm-house of Bellow's Gully, when he was aroused after a short sleep, and as he supposed about midnight, by sounds of a kind he could not describe. His first thought was that he had been visited by a party of Indians, or white rascals out on a cattle lifting expedition, but as the sounds grew more defined and more peculiar he softly stole from his bed and proceeded towards the stable. All appeared to be safe, though the sounds continued with