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 binding, although a service of seven years might have been duly performed under it. To give validity to the indenture, it was not only necessary to comply strictly with the provisions of the 5th Eliz.; but every person who engaged apprentices against the terms of that act, was made liable to a penalty of L. 10.

By the common law, every person is left at liberty to follow whatever trade or employment may be agreeable to him. But, as it was supposed that great injury would result to the public if unqualified persons were to exercise the various crafts and mysteries connected with the mechanical trades, it was specially provided, by the 5th Eliz., that no person should exercise any art or craft, unless he had previously qualified himself for it by a regular apprenticeship, under a penalty of L. 400 for every month. Considerable doubts were always entertained as to the trades to which this statute applied; and, as the Courts of law do not seem generally to have favoured the principle of the statute, their decisions tended rather to confine than to extend the restriction. It was at length agreed that the law was only applicable to such trades as existed at the time of passing the act, and to such, also, as implied some mystery or craft. The operations of the statute was also held to be limited to market-towns; it being supposed necessary for the convenience of the inhabitants of country villages, that the same person should exercise different trades, even though he had not been regularly bred by a seven years’ apprenticeship to each. These various limitations of the statute gave rise to many very absurd distinctions, which plainly shewed how very unsuitable this antiquated law was to the present advanced state of the mechanical trades. It was found, for example, that a coachmaker could neither himself make, nor employ journeymen to make lis coach-wheels, but that he behoved to buy them of a master wheelwright, this last trade having been exercised in England before the 5th Eliz. But a wheelwright, though he has never served an apprenticeship to a coachmaker, might either himself make, or employ journeymen, to make coaches, the trade of a coachmaker not having been prohibited by the statute, as not being exercised in England at the time it was passed. All the great manufactures which, in modern times, have arisen throughout England, in Manchester, Birmingham, Sheffield, Wolverhampton, were, on this account, exempted from the restrictive operation of this law, and the perfection to which they have arrived, seems a practical proof of its inutility for the encouragement of trade.

The effects of those restrictions imposed by the 5th Eliz. were at length felt to be so injurious, that, in the year 1813, petitions were presented to Parliament, from various manufacturing towns, for a repeal of certain parts of this exceptionable statute; and the 54th Geo. III. was accordingly passed, by which all the penalties and prohibitions imposed by the 5th Eliz. on those who should exercise any trade or mystery, unless qualified by six or seven years’ apprenticeship, were repealed. That part of the statute was also repealed, which enacted that no person should become an apprentice except in strict conformity to the provisions of the 5th Eliz., and which rendered all indentures contrary to this act null and void. In opposition to this, it was provided, that all indentures, or covenants, which would otherwise be valid, should now be valid, anything in the 5th Eliz. to the contrary notwithstanding.

In the incorporated trades, bye-laws have generally been enacted, for the purpose of restraining each master to a certain number of apprentices, and those bye-laws have, in many cases, been confirmed by the public laws of the kingdom. In Sheffield, it is a standing rule in the corporation of cutlers, that no master cutler can have more than one apprentice at a time. In Norfolk and Norwich, no master weaver can have more than two apprentices, under a penalty of paying L. 5 per month to the King. The 5th Eliz. c. 4, § 33, enumerates various trades in which the master is obliged, under a penalty of L.10, to keep one journeyman for every three apprentices. No master hatter can have more than two apprentices anywhere in England, or in the English plantations, under a penalty of L. 5 per month. Most of these statutes, however, are now so ill adapted to the state of trade and manufactures, that in practice they are very generally evaded.

The engagement contracted between the master and apprentice is entirely of a personal nature, arising from the confidence they mutually place in each other; the master engaging to instruct the apprentice in his business, and to take care of his health and morals, while the latter engages, in like manner, for a return of faithful and diligent service. The transaction thus rests on the personal qualities of the two parties, and indentures are, therefore, not transferable to third persons. By the death of the master the contract is annulled, and a new engagement, with another master, can only be entered into by the consent of the apprentice. A different custom, however, prevails in London, where one freeman can transfer his apprentices to another freeman, without any injury to the original engagement. Where the maintenance of an apprentice forms one of the conditions of his service, the death of the master does net dissolve this obligation, his executors being bound to discharge it in so far as it can be done out of the effects left by the deceased. By the 32d Geo. III. (c. 57, § 5,) parish apprentices may, with the consent of two justices, be assigned over, by indorsement of their indentures, to third parties; and the person declaring his acceptance of the assignment, shall he bound to perform all the duties of a master to the apprentice, for the residue of his term. Where the master of a parish apprentice dies, upon whose binding no larger a sum than L. 5 has been paid, it is provided, that the covenant for maintenance of the apprentice shall not remain longer in force than three months.

A master is entitled by law to use moderate chastisement in the event of any misbehaviour on the part of the apprentice. But he has no right to treat him with any unnecessary harshness; and in that case, by the 20th Geo. II. c. 19, § 3, he may, on the complaint of any parish apprentice, or of any other apprentice, on whose binding there is no larger a sum than L. 5, be summoned before any two justices, and, Rh


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 mouth of a still smaller stream, the River Saat or Sat. From here Kwala Sat there are two ways further up the river Tamileng; eastward, a way to Tringgano (arrived at after a journey of 3 or 4 days.) The stream Sat, flowing in a northerly direction, marks the way to Kelantan. From Ulu Sat it took me 6 hours more to reach the small Kampong Chiangut, consisting of two huts. Further, the water of the Sat proved too shallow even for the smallest canoe, such a one as is only fit to carry two men and some baggage. From Chiangut there is a footpath of only 8 or 9 hours walking to Kwala Limau, which belongs to the water-system of the river Kelantan. From Chiangut following the course of the streamlet Preten (a tributary of the Sat) and always keeping in a northerly direction, one reaches further up to Batu Atap.

This hill forms the political frontier of the territories Pahang and Kelantan, and at the same time the watershed of the two river systems (R. Pahang and R. Kelantan). A second hill must be crossed, of much the same height, about 100 feet above Chiangut. From here, still going northward, I reached the small river Limau at the point where it becomes navigable, and where the travelling further up the stream is usually done in a "raket" or "dug-out," made of bamboo. Kwala Sungei Limau lies about 400 feet lower than Batu-Atap. From Kwala Liman it takes 5 hours to follow down the small river Trepal, to its mouth in the river Badokau, which like the first two is still very narrow and full of rapids. After eight hours more in the rivers Badaku, Ko, Retou one reaches the embouchure of this latter into the Lebe, from which point a convenient water-way is again reached.

Not far from Kwala Retou the R. Areng also empties itself into R. Lebe, on the banks of which I met a considerabile number of Orang Sakai.

Upstream on the R. Lebe one comes to Kwala Siko. The Siko, which at its mouth is wider than the Lebe, comes from W. S. W. and forms the water-way to Selangor, and also to Ulu Pahang; but it takes a greater round than the way I followed (Ulu Tamileng to Ulu Lebe.)

The stream thus formed by the junction of the Lebe and Siko is called the Sungei Kelantan. In niue hours one comes to the considerable settlement of Kota Bharu, the residence of the Raja of Kelantan; and an hour and a half further down, to Kwala Sungei Kelantan.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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 When a written complaint is submitted to the said official, he shall promptly send it to an inquiry official and may write down some notes for the benefit of the inquiry official.

When an oral complaint is submitted, he shall promptly arrange for the injured person to meet an inquiry official in order to have the complaint recorded as prescribed in the previous section. In the event of urgency, he may record it himself, but he shall then send it promptly to an inquiry official and may write down some notes for the benefit of the inquiry official.

When an inquiry official or an administrative or police official has conducted an investigation or inquiry in whole or in part according to a request for help, it shall be the duty of such official to arrange for a regular complaint to be submitted in accordance with the provisions of sections 123 and 124.

The complainant may revise the complaint at any stage or may withdraw the complaint at any time.

In a case which does not concern a personal offence, the withdrawal of the complaint in such a manner does not preclude the power of an inquiry official to conduct an inquiry or of a public prosecutor to institute the case.

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text: Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society/Volume 1/Geography of the Malay Peninsula, Part I


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64 the sparrow flew away. This vexed Pussy extremely, and he said,

"As long as I live I will eat first and wash my face afterwards."

Which all Cats do, even to this day.

A French writer says, the three animals that waste most time over their toilet are cats, flies, and women.

The attitudes and motions of a Cat are very graceful, because she is furnished with collar-bones. She can, therefore, carry food to her mouth like a monkey, can clasp, can climb, and can strike sideways, and seat herself at a height upon a very narrow space.

The lateral movements of the head in Cats are not so extensive as in the owl, but are, nevertheless, considerable. A cat can look round pretty far behind it without moving its body, which might be apt to startle its prey. The spine of the Cat is very full and loose, in order that all its movements in all possible directions and circumstances may be free and unrestrained. For this purpose, too, all the joints which connect it's bones together are extremely loose and free. Thus, the Cat is enabled to get through small apertures, to leap from great heights, and even to fall in an unfavourable posture

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 MISCELLANEOUS NOTICES.

THE WILD TRIBES OF THE MALAY PENINSULA AND ARCHIPELAGO.

The Council of the Royal Asiatic Society of the Straits Branch have resolved to invite the assistance of persons residing or travelling in the Peninsula, in Sumatra, or in the adjacent countries, with a view to the collection of fuller and more varied information than has been hitherto obtained in regard to the wild tribes of these regions.

The interest such investigations possess for Ethnology, Philology &c., and the importance of prosecuting them without delay, are sufficiently obvious. The following passage from Mr. Logan's writings (I. A. Journal 1850 vol. IV p. 261-5) will instruct those to whom the subject is new as to the precise objects to be aimed at, and the best methods of enquiry to be followed. "For the Ethnology, of any given region the first requirement is a full and accurate description of each tribe in it, and in the adjacent and connected regions, as it exists at present and has existed in recent or historical times. This embraces the geographical limits and the numbers of the tribe, the Physical Geography of its locations, and its relations of all kinds to intermixed, surrounding, and more distant tribes. The environments of the race thus ascertained, the individual man must be described in his Physiological and Mental Characteristics and in his language. The Family in all its peculiarities of formation and preservation, the relative position of its members, its labours and its amusements, must next be studied. The agglomeration of families into communities, united socially but not politically, is also to be considered. Lastly, the Clan, Society, Tribe or Nation as a political unity, either isolated, confederate, or subordinate, must be investigated in all its institutions, customs and relations ... ... ...

"When we attempt to enquire into the canse or origin of any of the facts presented by our ethnic Monograph of the kind we have indicated, we find that very little light is to be obtained in the history of the particular tribe. It suggests numerous enquiries, but can answer only a few. If we confine our attention to it, the great mass of its characteristics are soon lost in a dark and seemingly impenetrable antiquity. But although each race, when thus taken by itself, vanishes


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 along its separate path, it assumes an entirely new aspect when we compare it with other races."

To assist in the collection of dialects the following Vocabulary, consisting of one hundred words and fifteen numerals, has been compiled and printed by the Society; and will it is hoped prove of use, particularly in regard to the various Semang, Sakei and Jakun dialects in the interior of the Peninsula.

In collecting Vocabularies the following points should be borne in mind, in order to facilitate the comparison of one dialect with another.

1. In all cases to ascertain the exact name and locality (or nomadic district) of the tribe, as described by itself.

2. In taking down such generic words as "tree" and "bird" to distinguish carefully the general name (if there is one) from the names of particular kinds of tree and birds. This rule has a very wide application among uncivilized Tribes, which commonly possess but one word for arm, hand and for leg, foot &c., &c.

3. To give all the synonymous or nearly synonymous words in use in each case, with easy distinction of their meaning as far as possible. Undeveloped dialects usually possess a very redundant Vocabulary in respect of objects

4. To observe carefully whether or not a word be of one syllable and if of more than one syllable whether or not it be a compound word. This is particularly important where the words begin or end, as they frequently do in such dialects, with a double consonant like "Kn," or "Np."

5. To observe and represent the sound of each word as fully and exactly as possible, and for this purpose to adhere to the system of spelling recommended in the report published at page 45 of this Journal. The following is a List of words, the equivalents for which it is desired, for the purpose of comparison, to obtain in as many of the Wild-Tribe Dialects as possible.


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Rh with little or no injury to itself. Its ears are not so moveable as those of some other animals, but are more so than in very many animals. The shape of the external ear, or rather cartilaginous portion, is admirably adapted to intercept sounds. The natural posture is forward and outward, so as to catch sounds proceeding from the front and sides. The upper half, however, is moveable, and by means of a thin layer of muscular fibres, it is made to curve backwards and receive sounds from the rear. Although a Cat cannot lick its face and head, it nevertheless cleans these parts thoroughly; in fact, as we often observe, a Cat licks its right paw for a long time, and then brushes down the corresponding side of the head and face; and when this is accomplished, it does the same with the other paw and corresponding side.

"'A May kitten makes a dirty Cat,' is a piece of Huntingdonshire folk-lore," says Mr. Cuthbert Bede, "quoted to me in order to deter me from keeping a kitten that had been born in May."

Dr. Turton says, "The Cat has a more voluminous and expressive vocabulary than any other brute; the short twitter of complacency and affection, the purr of tranquility and pleasure, the mew of distress, the growl of anger, and the horrible

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 The provisions of sections 123 through 126 shall apply mutatis mutandis to denunciations.

An official having the duty to receive a denunciation may refrain from recording the denunciation in the following events:

when the denouncer refuses to declare who he is;

when the denunciation is in the form of anonymous letter.

When the denunciation has been recorded but the denouncer refuses to sign it, the official receiving the denunciation may refrain from proceeding with it.

An inquiry official has the power to require another official to act on his behalf in the following manners:

when any matter of inquiry lies outside his jurisdiction, he has the power to commission an inquiry official who has the power to carry it out to proceed with it;

when any insignificant matter of inquiry lies inside his jurisdiction, whether he initiates it himself or has been commissioned to carry it out, he has the power to order a subordinate to carry it out on his behalf in so far as this Code or other law does not specifically require him to carry it out in person.

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 * Man
 * Woman
 * Husband
 * Wife
 * Father
 * Mother
 * Child

 * Belly
 * Blood
 * Body
 * Bone
 * Ear
 * Eye
 * Face
 * Finger
 * Foot
 * Hair
 * Hand
 * Head
 * Mouth
 * Nose
 * Skin
 * Spear
 * Sumpitan
 * Waist-Cloth

 * Jungle
 * Mountain
 * River
 * Sea
 * Earth
 * Sky
 * Sun
 * Moon
 * Star
 * Thunder
 * Lightning
 * Wind
 * Rain
 * Fire
 * Water
 * Day
 * Night
 * To-day
 * To-morrow
 * Yesterday

 * Tongue
 * Tooth

 * Bird
 * Egg
 * Feather

 * Female
 * Male

 * Aligator [sic]
 * Ant
 * Deer
 * Dog
 * Elephant
 * Fish
 * Fowl
 * Mosquito
 * Pig
 * Rat
 * Rhinoceros
 * Snake

 * Tree
 * Alive
 * Dead
 * Cold
 * Hot
 * Large
 * Small

 * Black
 * White

 * Come
 * Go
 * Bat
 * Drink
 * Sleep

 * Flower
 * Fruit
 * Leaf
 * Root
 * Seed
 * Wood

 * Banana
 * Cocoa-nut
 * Rice

 * Honey
 * Oil
 * Salt
 * Wax

 * Gold
 * Iron
 * Silver
 * Tin

 * Arrow
 * Boat
 * Mat
 * Paddle

 * One
 * Two
 * Three
 * Four
 * Five
 * Six
 * Seven
 * Eight
 * Nive
 * Ten
 * Eleven
 * Twelve
 * Twenty
 * Thirty
 * One hundred


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Rh

Nouns are distinguished as Majors and Minors. This distinction is peculiar to Telugu and does not affect Sanscrit words.

The majors (voces majores) called మహత్ mahat include words relating to rational beings. The minors (voces minores) called అమహత్ amahat relate to neuters and all irrational beings. Feminine words (whether of women or goddesses) are degined as (amahat) minors in the singular, but majors (mahat) in the plural number.

This principle pervades every part of Telugu grammar and will be exemplified in the numerals:—of which the original names are neuter. The Sun and Moon (Sūrya and chandra) are always spoken of as (mahat) majors, being the gods Apollo and Adonis. These remarks are necessary to the following rules.

Several numerals are on particular occasions called by sanscrit names: which we therefore will specify.

1 is ౧ called ఒక. The vowel ఒ not being used except in poetry this is spelt వుెక or even వఖ. Hence come the nouns వుెకటి (neuter) one. వుెకఢు one man వుెకతె one woman. In


text: Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society/Volume 1/Wild tribes of the Malay Peninsula and Archipelago


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 on proof of the alleged facts, the apprentice may be discharged by a certificate under the hands of the justices. In like manner, by § 4, on the complaint of the master on oath, of misbehaviour on the part of the apprentice, he may be summoned before the two justices, who may commit him to the house of correction to hard labour for any time, not exceeding a kalendar month, or they may, as in the former case, sign a certificate for his discharge. By § 5, either party has the privilege of an appeal to the next Quarter Sessions. If an apprentice, with whom a premium under L. 10 has been paid, shall absent himself from his master’s, service, it is provided, by the 6th Geo. Ill. c. 25, that he shall either serve for so long a time beyond the period of his service, or make any other suitable satisfaction to his master for the loss of his labour. In case of his refusal, he may be apprehended, and brought before a justice, who may determine the satisfaction that shall be made; and, on his refusal to comply with this determination, he may be committed to the house of correction for three months. The master may make application for compensation within seven years after the expiration of the term of apprenticeship. Either party may appeal against the decision of the justices to the Quarter Sessions.

By the common law, minors may bind themselves out as apprentices, and if they serve out their regular term, they are entitled to all the privileges of apprentices. But no minor can contract such an obligation as will entitle the master to maintain an action against him, provided he either departs from his service, or commits any other breach of his engagement. He may indeed correct him in his service, or complain to a Justice of the Peace to have him pursued according to the 5th Eliz. But no remedy lies against a minor for breach of any such covenant. The children of paupers may, however, be apprenticed out by the overseers, with consent of two Justices, and in this case (5th Eliz. c. 4; 43d Eliz. c. 2. Cro. Car. 179.), the indenture is obligatory, though the apprentice be under age. In consequence of the incapacity of the minor to enter into any regular contract of apprenticeship, the usual practice is to procure some of his friends to become surety for his due performance of the engagement into which he enters. According to the custom of London, a minor above the age of fourteen, may bind himself apprentice to a freeman in London by indenture, with proper covenants, and these covenants are in law equally binding as if he were of full age.

Indentures were formerly subject to a variety of duties which were imposed by successive acts, and these duties necessarily gave rise to a series of intricate enactments, which frequently occasioned much perplexity and inconvenience. By the 44th Geo. III. c. 98, § 8, all those numerous duties were consolidated into one simple duty on the stamp, which varies from 14 shillings to 19 guineas, according to the premium which is paid with the apprentice. By the 43d Geo. Ill. c. 161, an annual duty is imposed of L. 1, 1s. on every apprentice who pays a premium above L. 20.—See Jacob’s Law Dictionary.—Smith’s Wealth of Nations, with Notes, and an additional volume of Dissertations, by David Buchanan.

APPRENTICESHIP. The Encyclopædia contains an account of the rules by which apprenticeships are regulated in different countries, together with a view of the objections urged by Dr Smith, against the utility of the engagement concluded between the apprentice and his master.

Dr Smith considers the institution of apprenticeships as a device, by which trading corporations endeavour to confine to as few hands as possible the mystery of their craft, and by which, keeping the market always understocked with their particular sort of labour, they expect to regulate according to their discretion the price of such manufactures as they bring to market. He accordingly condemns all those laws which limit the number of apprentices, to be taken by each master in particular trades, or which prescribe to apprentices a certain term of service before they are permitted to work as journeymen. The tendency of such laws, he observes, is to restrain the competition to a much smaller number than might otherwise be disposed to enter into the trade; the limitations of the number of apprentices restraining it directly, and a long apprenticeship restraining it indirectly, but as effectually, by increasing the expence of education. Long apprenticeships, or indeed any apprenticeship, for however short a term, Dr Smith considers quite unnecessary, as the nicest mechanical arts, such as the making of clocks and watches, contain, according to his theory, no such mystery as to require a long course of instruction. A few weeks, he calculates, or even a few days, would be sufficient to enable a mechanic to set to work in any of those trades; and if he were paid the full price for his work, he paying of course for such materials as he might spoil through awkwardness and inexperience, he imagines that he would learn his business more effectually, and be more apt to acquire habits of attention and industry, than when he works under a master who has a right to share in the produce of his labour.

It may be generally remarked, however, that, in his reasonings on these subjects, Dr Smith seems uniformly disposed to overrate the practical effect of those expedients by which corporations have been always endeavouring to secure special advantages for particular trades; and that his theory respecting apprenticeships is only a part of that more general theory, by which he endeavours to show that the policy of Europe has always been to encourage the industry of the towns at the expence of that of the country; and that the effect of this policy has been to enable the merchants and manufacturers of the town, in bartering their produce for that of the country, to levy, for several centuries, an unjust and oppressive tax on the agricultural classes of the community. We know, however, that, according to the nature of human society, as it is so admirably explained in Dr Smith's work, monopoly can never succeed on so great a scale; and, on the same principle, we may rationally question if the contract between the apprentice and his master were merely the device of corporations, whether it ever could have come into such universal use throughout Europe. The engagement by which the apprentice is bound to his master, is his own voluntary act. He agrees to bind himself to work to his master at an inferior rate, on condition


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 the reward you mentioned. I don't want to give away what I know for nothing! If I tell what I can tell, I expect to be paid!"

"You need have no fear on that point," answered Nottidge hastily. "Look here—this gentleman—you may as well know it—is a famous detective, Mr. Wedgwood! He'll assure you that you can depend on me for your money."

"If the information given leads to the young lady being found," said Wedgwood. "Mr. Nottidge doesn't know yet what your information amounts to."

"Let's hear what it is," said Nottidge. He looked about him, up and down the street. "We can't stand here, out in the cold," he went on. "I noticed a better sort of saloon bar down there at the corner—let's go in there and talk. You've no objection, I suppose?" he continued, turning to the young woman. "Quite respectable, I assure you!"

The young woman replied that she had no objection to anything, as long as it was proper, and she allowed herself to be escorted into a quiet corner of a saloon lounge and to accept a glass of port, a sip or two at which loosened her tongue.

"I'd better tell you all about it," she began in a confidential whisper. "My name—which


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 ERRATA.


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 I didn't put in my letter—is Robinson, Miss Arabella Robinson. I'm cook-general to Mr. Levigne in Cleveland Square; been there rather more than a year. It's not a difficult place, for Mr. Levigne is away from home a good deal, and there's no family beyond a lady who's his private secretary, Miss Monniment. And there's a day-woman comes to help—she comes at eight of a morning and stays till eight at night, so of course I'm not over-worked, and I've a good chance of observing things. Now, Mr. Levigne, he's one of those gentlemen that are what I call difficult to deal with! You never know when he'll be in for his dinner, or if he'll be in at all, or if he's coming home that night. Unless it's known for a fact that he's away from London, which he often is, my orders are to have dinner ready at a certain hour every night—if he comes, well, there it is; if he doesn't, well—he doesn't!"

"Trying!" said Wedgwood, sympathetically.

"Oh, it's his concern!" replied Miss Robinson. "Somebody eats what he doesn't! But I want you to understand that all the doings in that house are uncertain—I never know whether Miss Monniment will be there during the day, or whether she'll go to the City—Mr. Levigne has an office there, somewhere. Well, now, about this business that you've been advertising for


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 In the event that a death is resulted by the commission of an offence, an inquiry, as well as an inquest, shall be conducted in accordance with the provisions of this Code which deal with inquests. If the inquest is still not finished, the alleged offender shall not be charged before the court.

An inquiry shall be started without delay. It may be conducted at any place, at any time, as may be found appropriate, without requiring the presence of the alleged offender.

An inquiry official shall collect every kind of evidence as far as possible, with a view to learning all the facts and circumstances in relation to the alleged offence and ascertaining the identity of the offender and proving his guilt.

For the purposes of collecting evidence, an inquiry official shall have the following powers:

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 information about. I never saw the advertisement until last night, and then only by accident—it caught my eye when I was sorting out a bundle of old newspapers—or I should have written before. For I'm certain that what I have to tell relates to that!"

"I hope so!" exclaimed Nottidge. "You mean—to the missing lady?"

"That's what I do mean," assented Miss Robinson. "To her, and no other! It was this way: About a week or so ago, neither Mr. Levigne nor Miss Monniment were in to dinner one night—he'd been out all day, and she went out about six o'clock—on that occasion, to be sure, she told me there'd be nobody in to dinner, for she and Mr. Levigne were both dining out. Well, about—I'm not quite sure as to the time, but it would be between nine and ten o'clock, Mr. Levigne and Miss Monniment came home, and they brought with them a young lady"

"What like?" demanded Nottidge impatiently. "Describe her!"

"Just what you described her like in that advertisement," replied Miss Robinson, calmly. "You hit 'em both off in that! Of course, I recognized the description of Miss Monniment and her long fur coat at once, and the young lady, too!"


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 "Well?" asked Nottidge. "Go on!"

"Miss Monniment came to me and said they'd been to meet Mr. Levigne's niece, and they'd brought her to stay the night, and I was to get a room ready at once. There wasn't any difficulty about that, because Mr. Levigne sometimes had gentlemen to stay there for a day or two, so we always had a room that wanted little done to it. And of course the young lady stayed.

"Did you see her!" asked Wedgwood.

"Why, of course! I saw her that night, and again in the morning."

"Did she seem willing to be there?"

"She seemed quite at home, as far as I could see. I heard her laughing and talking quite freely with Miss Monniment and Mr. Levigne."

"And you say they brought her home for the night? Do you mean that she was only there one night?"

"Only that one night! Next morning she and Miss Monniment and Mr. Levigne all had breakfast together. Then Mr. Levigne went off—to his business, I suppose. About noon Miss Monniment came to me and said that she was going away for a few days and told me to call a taxi-cab. She and the young lady went off in it. The young lady hadn't any luggage, but Miss Monniment took two suit-


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 CONTENTS.

On the habitual use of Opium in Singapore, by , Esq. Surgeon, Late Demonstrator of Anatomy at the Argyle Square School of Medicine Edinburgh, &c. ... 1

Sketch of the Physical Geography and Geology of the Malay Peninsula, by, Esq. ... 83

View of the State of Agriculture in the British Possessions, in the Straits of Malacca, by, Esq., ''Cor. Mem. Am. Institute, Mem. Ac. of Rhiems &c.'' ... 139

Recent scientific researches in the islands of Bali and Lombok ... 151

Address of the President of the Batavian Society of Arts and Sciences to the Governor General of Netherlands India on the importance of re


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 cases with her. One of them was empty, by the feel of it."

"Did you hear any order given to the driver as to where he was to go?" enquired Wedgwood.

"Yes—to Whiteleys, here in Westbourne Grove."

"That would be to do some shopping for the young lady," muttered Wedgwood. "Well—have you heard or seen anything of them since?"

"No, neither! Miss Monniment has never been back, and I haven't heard Mr. Levigne mention her. He's been away a good deal—he's away now. But then, as I say, you never know where to have him. He turns up any minute."

"Should you know the driver of that taxi-cab if you saw him again?"

"No, I shouldn't! I didn't fetch him from a rank. He was going through the square, with his flag up. Just set somebody down, I should think."

"And you haven't the least notion, from any little thing you recollect, as to where Miss Monniment was going with the young lady nor as to where they are?" asked Wedgwood. "You didn't hear anything mentioned, or see any labels addressed, or anything of that sort?"


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 "No—I heard nothing and saw nothing: I've no idea where they are."

Wedgwood considered this information during a moment's silence, during which Nottidge watched him anxiously, as if wondering what conclusion he had come to.

"Do you take in the letters at Mr. Levigne's?" asked the detective, suddenly turning to Miss Robinson. "Or are they dropped into a locked box?"

"They're dropped into a box, but it isn't locked. I take them out of a morning, and at any other time, and if Mr. Levigne's at home I take them to him. If he isn't I give them to Miss Monniment—if she's in. If she isn't, they're put in Mr. Levigne's study."

"Do you know Miss Monniment's handwriting when you see it?"

"Yes, well enough!"

"Very well," said Wedgwood. "Have you seen it on any envelope since she went away—any envelope addressed to Mr. Levigne?"

"I can't say that I have," replied Miss Robinson. "I may have done, you know."

"Keep a sharp look-out for any letter in her handwriting," commanded the detective. "If you see one, note down the postmark! And then drop a card to Mr. Nottidge giving particulars of the postmark. Understand?"


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 "Oh, yes, I understand that!" said Miss Robinson, smiling. "Very well! You mean, if it's Manchester, I just write down Manchester; if it's Paris, I write Paris?"

"You've got it!" assented Wedgwood. "Do it at once, if you see anything from her. Now another question or two. Have you ever seen a woman named Clagne, Mrs. Clagne, at Mr. Levigne's?"

"I've never seen anybody that I know by that name," answered Miss Robinson. "There was an oldish woman came there one evening some little time ago and had dinner with Mr. Levigne and Miss Monniment—a queer-looking woman, dressed in very old-fashioned style."

"Tall, thin woman?" suggested the detective. "Dark eyes!"

"Black eyes—yellow skin—scraggy," said Miss Robinson. "Regular old witch, I thought her!"

"Well, what do you mean by some little time ago?" asked Wedgwood. "Six months? Three months?"

"All about a month—I can't say exactly. But I remember her well enough, though I don't know her name. I was in and out of the room while they were having dinner, and I couldn't keep my eyes off her—I thought I'd never seen


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Rh denly, who should turn up but the sorcerer. He knew her at once, and went up to her and began admiring the bird. The old woman did not recognize him, as he was got up to look like somebody else. He asked how much she wanted for the bird. She told him. He did not hesitate a moment, but gave her the money, and was just about to take the cage, when she stopped him.

"I did not sell the cage as well," said she.

After a long argument, the sorcerer and the old woman began quarrelling. But the assembled crowd took the old woman's part, and would not let the sorcerer have the cage, but gave it back to her. The sorcerer, on seeing that he could not do anything, took the bird, and tied it up in his handkerchief and went home.

"Well, daughter," said he, "I have brought back our young man after all, and a nice lot of trouble he gave me."

"Oh! where is he?" she exclaimed.

He untied the handkerchief very carefully; but just as he had opened it, out flew the bird through the open window, and away high up into the air, quite out of sight, leaving the sorcerer stamping about in an awful rage, and his pretty little daughter to lament her loss.

When the old woman returned home from market, she was greatly surprised, as well as overjoyed, at seeing her son seated very comfortably in a chair, waiting for her.

"Thank Heaven," said he, embracing her, "that you did what I told you this time. It would have


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 to inspect the body of the injured person with his consent, or to inspect the body of the alleged offender, or to inspect articles or locations which may bear evidence, and to produce photographs, maps, or drawings, or to reproduce or print fingerprints, palms, or footprints, and to record all details which may cast light upon the case;

to search in order to find articles of which the possession constitutes an offence, or which have been obtained through the commission of an offence, or which have been used or are suspected to have been used in the commission of an offence, or which may be used as evidence, but the provisions of this Code dealing with searches must be observed;

to summons possessors of articles which may be used as evidence, but the summonsed persons are not required to come in person and shall be deemed to have observed the summonses upon having sent the articles according thereto;

to seize the articles discovered or sent as said in subsections (2) and (3).

An inquiry official has the power to summons an injured person or any person whose statement is reasonably believed to

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40 been awfully unpleasant, for me as well as for you, had you done otherwise, for the man who bought me was no other than the sorcerer. He is trying to get me back to marry his daughter, who seems to have taken a great fancy to me; but as I don't particularly care for the young lady myself, I am by no means anxious to return to him."

Things went on very well for some time. The old woman got all she wanted, and everything was very comfortable in the little hut, till one day she looked out of the window into the little yard at the back, and sighed.

"What is the matter now, mother mine?" asked the son. "Is there anything more that you are in need of?"

"Oh, it's not worth talking about, dear! I was only thinking what a pity it is that such a nice piece of ground as we have at the back here should be so empty. Now, if I had the means, I should buy some horses, cows, pigs, poultry, or something to make it look cheerful; but it's no use my wishing for things when we can't afford to have them."

"I don't know, mother; I think we shall soon be able to get all you want. I told you that I would try and please you in every possible way, and get you everything you like; so take me to the market again, and I shall change myself into a lovely little pony, and you must try and sell me for three hundred roubles; but be careful not to sell me with the bridle."

So off went the old woman once more to market, leading a sweetly pretty, plump little pony. The crowd again surrounded her, admiring the wicked-


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 such an old creature! She'd a big diamond ring on her finger!"

Wedgwood felt a disposition to jump in his seat.

"A—what?" he asked.

"A ring, with a big diamond in it!" said Miss Robinson. "I noticed it, and I noticed her skinny hands and fingers—it looked queer on a hand like hers. Once, when I went into the room she'd taken it off, and Mr. Levigne was looking at it, turning it over and over in the light. 'It's very loose in the setting,' I heard him say. 'You'll be losing it if you don't have it reset. You'd better leave it with me, and let me get it done for you.

"Did she make any answer to that?" asked the detective.

"She said something—I don't know what."

"Did she let him keep it?"

"That I can't say, either. Dinner was just about over then, and I didn't go into the room again."

"Did she go away after dinner?"

"Not immediately after. She was for some time in Mr. Levigne's study, talking to him and Miss Monniment. She went away about ten o'clock."

"And you say that was about a month ago?"

"A month to three weeks."


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Rh looking little horse, and began bargaining; but the old woman firmly kept to her price. "Three hundred roubles, and not a kopek less," she had said, and stuck to it.

"How much did you say, little mother?" asked a voice.

It was the sorcerer again.

"Three hundred roubles, and not a kopek less."

"There you are, three hundred roubles, well counted," he cried, throwing the money down before her, while the old woman began taking off the bridle.

"No, no, old woman!" the sorcerer exclaimed, taking the bridle roughly out of her hands. "What next? Where in the wide world did you see a horse sold without a bridle? How do you expect me to take him home?"

And before any one could stop him, he jumped on to the little pony, and galloped off as hard as he could, leaving the old woman wringing her hands, bemoaning her hard fate.

"Oh, my son, my son, my darling son! I have lost you now for ever!"

The people tried to comfort her as best they could, though they themselves were sorely puzzled by her cries of "My son!" and wondered how a pony could be so nearly related to her; but they at last came to the conclusion that the "poor old woman was not quite right in her upper storey," and told her that she had best go home and console herself with a glass or two of vodka, which she could well afford out of the three hundred roubles. But the old woman had recognized the sorcerer as he mounted the pony, and


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 searches in Bali, 151-56.— Decree of the Council of India permitting Mr Freiderich to proceed to Bali on behalf of the Society &c., 156— Researches of Mr Freiderich, 157.

Notices of Lombok, by, Esq. ... 160

Of the Religion of Sassak, by. ... 165

Notes on Malacca, by, Esq, Assistant Resident at Malacca. ... 171

Offerings on the island Seman. ... 174

Cannibals on the island Floris ... id.

A white Deer, ... 175

Area of the Indian Archipelago, and of the islands claimed by the Netherlands. ... 176-181

On the Malayan and Polynesian Languages and Races, by, Esq, F. R. S. ... 183

The theory of the original community of race and language of the inhabitants of the Archipelago unfounded 183.— Three groups of races physically distinct, 184— 1st. Five races of the Malay or men of brown-complexion with lank hair, 184.— 2d. Eight negro races, 185.— 3rd. Men of brown-complexion with frizzled hair, 181.— Phonetical, grammatical and verbal examination of the languages shewing thet many are essentially distinct. Malay and Javanese, 191.— Malagasi, 193.— Bugis, 195.— Philippine languages, 197.— Polynesian language, 201.— Languages of the Negro Races, 205.— The quantity of Malay and Javanese words in the other languages in proportion to the facility or difficulty of communication with Sumatra and Java, 200.— Rejection of Malay and Javanese by the Hindus, Arabians. Persians, Hindu Chinese, Chinese and Australians, 210.— Proportion of Malay words in the different languages which have received them, 211.— Observations on the supposed evidence of one original language furnished by the diffusion of its numerals and other words representing simple and primitive ideas, 212.— Only two widely disseminated languages, the Malay in the Archipelago and the Polynesian in Polynesia, 216.— The Malay disseminated in the Archipelego by conquest, settlement, and commerce, and in the Malagasi and Poly-


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 "You'd know her again if you saw her?" suggested Wedgwood.

"I should think so!" agreed Miss Robinson. "Queerest old frump I ever saw in my life! I wondered what she was doing there."

Wedgwood rose, looking at his watch. He motioned Nottidge aside, and after impressing upon him the importance of inculcating the young woman with the doctrines of privacy and perception, nodded a farewell to her and went away. For Wedgwood had made another discovery, and he wanted to think, and as he journeyed homeward he tabulated what he had got to think about.

First of all, there seemed little doubt, from the cook-general's description of her, that the woman who had dined with Levigne and his secretary one night, three weeks or a month ago (which was about the time when Janet Clagne was visiting the Patellos at Tooting) was Janet Clagne herself. Nor was there any doubt that she was then wearing a ring in which was set a fine diamond the setting, according to Levigne, as reported by Miss Arabella Robinson, being loose. There was nothing unusual or remarkable in Janet Clagne possessing such a valuable thing—her husband, according to the Patellos, had been a jeweller: she had probably preserved the ring as a me-


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 mento. But now arose two immensely important questions:

1. Did Janet Clagne hand over her ring to Levigne so that he might have the diamond safely reset?

2. Was the diamond which he, Wedgwood, had picked up in Miss Tandy's room the diamond in question?

Beyond formulating these questions Wedgwood thought little more of them that night. He was wearied by his long day's labours and went quickly to bed. And before he had time to think of them next morning he found something else to think about. Almost the first thing he saw on opening his newspaper was the name Mortover.


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 nesian languages by the accidents of tempest driven praus, 210-227.— Recapitulation, 227.

Customs common to the hill tribes bordering on Assam and those of the Indian Archipelago, by, Esq. ... 229

An account of the wild Tribes inhabiting the Malayan Peninsula, Sumatra and a few neighbouring Islands, by the Revd. , Apostolic Missionary, Malacca ... 238

The Chinese in Singapore No. II. General Sketch of the numbers, tribes, and avocations of the Chinese in Singapore, by. ... 283

Visit to the Tankuban Prabu in Java after the eruption of 27th of May, 1846, by Dr. . ... 291

Report on the Island of Banka, by Dr. . 302, 398, 705, 779.

Introduction.— Earliest notices of Banka, 302.— Anciently under Java, 303.— History of Plembang, 304.— Susunan Ratu, Mangour, Sultan Agong, Saltan Anom, Raden Lambu, or Sultan Badar Uddin, 305-6.—Expedition


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42 regarded the money he had given her with disgust. What was it to her, if she was never to see her beloved son again?

Meanwhile the sorcerer, thinking that he would pay the "youngster" out for flying out at the window when last he bought him as a bird, rode him about for three whole days and three whole nights without giving the tired horse a moment's rest. He rode over stock and stone, up hill and down dale, until the perspiration poured down his face in streams. He was at length obliged to go home. When he arrived in his garden, he tied the unfortunate animal's head to a tree in such an uncomfortable position that the poor creature could hardly breathe.

"Well," said the sorcerer aloud to himself as he walked into the hut, "I think I have pretty well done for him this time."

"Done for whom, father?" asked his daughter.

"Why, for that young fellow I used to have, whom you took such a fancy to. There he is. Just look at him. Not likely to get away this time, is he?"

The damsel at once ran off into the garden, and on seeing the poor little pony tied up with his head high up in the air, she could not help being sorry for him, and angry with her father for his cruelty.

"Poor thing," she cried, "how my father has tormented you! How cruel of him to have tied you up like this, and without any food, too!"

She untied the horse's head very gently from the tree, and patted him fondly. But the horse loosened himself from her grasp, and, after thanking her, he bounded off into the fields and far away.


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Rh I could not help hating that man, because I thought he stole my son's heart away from me. My son admired him more than he did myself." "Well," said Cyrus, "that was a natural weakness of yours, and your son must now forgive you." The introduction of this incident, in obvious allusion to the treatment of Socrates by the "fathers" of Athens, is very characteristic of the manner of the 'Cyropædeia.'

Perhaps the most famous episode which the book contains is the tale of Abradâtes and Panthea. In one of Cyrus's battles with the Assyrians, the enemy's camp was stormed, and a great prize, both in spoil and prisoners, was taken. Among the captives was Panthea, a lady of Susa, the wife of Abradâtes, an Assyrian prince, who was himself absent, having been sent on a mission to Bactria. The Median officers, in disposing of the booty, set aside this lady as a complimentary offering to Cyrus. He, learning what had been arranged, requested Araspes, for whom he had had a sort of friendship from boyhood, to take charge of the lady. Araspes, on receiving the order, asked, "But have you seen the person whom you wish me to take charge of?" Cyrus replied that he had not. On which the other said, "I have seen her, though, and she is simply the most beautiful creature that was ever born of mortals throughout the whole of Asia. Even when she was sitting on the ground, covered with a veil, there was something about her that distinguished her from the other women. But when she stood up, still veiled and weeping, she was not only divinely tall, but had an indescribable grace and tragic


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180 According to the Madura Purána, the residence of the Pandya kings was for many ages at a place called Kurk'hi, not improbably the Kolkhi of the Periplus, a city subject to the Pandya king, as the author observes, and, perhaps, as notices, still to be traced in the appellation Kilkhar, or Kilakarai, on the Coromandel coast, opposite to Ráméswaram. One of the Pandya monarchs, named Sámpanna Pandya, invited the Chola and Chéra princes to the wedding of his son. On their way to Kurkhi they were caught by violent rains, and compelled, by the flooded state of the country, to remain encamped on one spot for a month, in memory of which event the Pandya king built a city there, naming it Kalyána-pur, which was for some time the capital of his son and successor, Kula Sék'hara.

Kula Sék'hara, in the commencement of his reign, built a new city about two leagues to the north of Cape Kumari, which he named after himself, Kula Sék'hara Pattan: he resided, however, at Kalyána-púr. It happened that a merchant returning from a journey to Malayálam, or Malabar, lost his way in the forests of Chandragiri, the hilly district west of Madura, and its vicinity. Whilst exploring his track alone he discovered an ancient temple, dedicated to Siva, as the Mula Linga, or Choka Náyaka, and Durga, as Minákshi Amman. The temple had been erected by Indra when performing penance in the Dandaka forest, for the expiation of the sin of murdering Vritrásura, who, although a demon, was a Brahman. The merchant, himself a devout worshipper of Siva, paid his homage to the deity, and was, in consequence, favoured with a personal communication, directing him to announce the discovery to the Raja, and the will of the god, that a city should be founded on the spot. The same injunction was conveyed in a vision to the prince, and the concurrence of these intimations established their divine origin. Kula Sék'hara accordingly repaired to the place, cleared the forest, rebuilt the temple with great architectural magnificence,


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136 nobleness in her attitude. To comfort her, we told her that no doubt her husband was an excellent gentleman, but that she would now belong to one who in every respect was at least his equal, for that if there was a man in the world that deserved admiration, it was Cyrus. On hearing this, she rent her veil and uttered a lamentable cry, and her women cried out with her. And we saw the greater part of her face and her hands. There never was such a woman. You must go and see her yourself."

"By heavens! I shall do nothing of the kind, if she is such as you describe," said Cyrus. "Why not?" asked the young man. "Why, because if I were now to yield to your description, and go and see her, overwhelmed as I am with business, I daresay the sight of her might make me wish to go again, and thus I might perhaps neglect what I have to do, in order to sit gazing at her." At this Araspes laughed, and asked Cyrus "if he thought that the beauty of any human being could put a constraint on another, so as to force him to act differently from what he judged best? Love," he argued, "is an affair of the will; else, why does not a brother fall in love with his sister, or a father with his daughter?" But Cyrus said, "If love be voluntary, why cannot a person cease loving when he wishes to do so? I have seen people," he added, "weeping from love—made regular slaves—giving away all they had, wanting to get rid of their love, and yet held as if by an iron chain—victims of a complete fascination." "They must be poor creatures," said Araspes; "any man who is worth anything can


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Rh look at a beautiful woman without its making any difference to him. At least, I am sure I feel this about our beautiful captive." "Have a care," said Cyrus, "and above all things guard this lady well, for she may be of great political importance to us some day or other."

So ended the conversation, and the confident boastings of Araspes; who, partly from seeing the beauty of his prisoner, and partly from her worth and goodness, and partly from waiting on her and finding her not ungrateful, and partly from her attentions to him when he was ill—from all these causes combined, succumbed to the fate which he had derided, and became hopelessly in love with Panthea. Which, as Xenophon remarks, was not a very wonderful occurrence after all. When, however, Araspes at last ventured to intimate to her the change in his feelings which had come about, and the great passion by which he was now possessed, Panthea would not listen to him for a moment. She protested her unswerving love and constancy to her absent husband; and when Araspes in despair uttered cruel threats, she sent a private messenger to Cyrus to acquaint him with what had happened. Cyrus, on hearing it, burst out laughing at the man who had said that he was above the power of love. He sent Artabazus, a confidential officer, to enjoin Araspes most strictly to do no violence to the lady, but at the same time to say that he had carte blanche to make as much impression on her as, by fair means, he could. Artabazus, however, appears not to have given this exact message. He rated


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 be of benefit to the case to appear at the time and place stated in the summons, and shall then interrogate him.

In conducting such interrogation, the inquiry official may require the statement giver to take an oath or make an affirmation first, and he must observe the provisions of this Code which deal with oral evidence.

The inquiry official shall not issue warning, use discouraging speech, or employ other trick to prevent any person from giving a statement he is willing to give.

When an alleged offender is summoned or sent to or on his own impulse approaches an inquiry official, or when it appears that any person who appears before an inquiry official is an alleged offender, he shall be asked about his given name, family name, nationality, subjection, parentage, age, occupation, residence, place of birth, and shall be notified of the allegations. In addition, he must be informed in advance that anything he states can be used as evidence against him in court. When the alleged offender is willing to give any reply, his reply shall be documented. If he is not willing to reply at all, [this fact] shall be recorded.

No inquiry official shall do or cause to be done anything which deceives, or threatens, or offers a promise

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138 Araspes soundly for his unfaithfulness to a sacred trust, and for his weakness, impiety, and wickedness; so that Araspes was overwhelmed with shame and confusion, and half-dead with fear of some great punishment at the hands of Cyrus. Cyrus, hearing of his distress, sent for him alone; bid him be reassured; told him that he might easily be forgiven, since both gods and men yielded to the power of love; and finally took the blame to himself, as having shut him up with such an irresistible creature. Araspes, however, still made moan, that all men would point at him, and that even his friends advised him to keep out of the way of Cyrus, as likely to do him harm. "This is most opportune," said Cyrus, "for now you will be just the man for me to send as a spy into Lydia. You can pretend to fly from me and go over to the enemy, and you will get their confidence, and be able to give us the most valuable information." This arrangement was speedily made, and the love-stricken Araspes departed on his mission, and disappeared from the scene.

The beautiful Panthea now suggested that she should send for her husband, who, in gratitude for the treatment she had received, would be certain to desert his Assyrian master, and come over to Cyrus. She was allowed to send; and Abradâtes, having recognised his wife's tokens, and heard how matters stood, marched joyfully to the camp of Cyrus, bringing with him about a thousand horse. Having declared who he was, he was admitted within the lines, and embraced his wife tenderly after so long a separation. He then


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Rh waited upon Cyrus, and extending his right hand, said, "In return for the benefits that you have bestowed on us, Cyrus, I can say nothing more than that I give myself to you, as a friend, a servant, and an ally." Cyrus said, "I accept your kindness, and take leave of you for the present, that you may go to supper with your wife; at some other time I shall hope to receive you in my tent, together with your friends and mine."

Not long after this, it came about that Cyrus had to fight a great battle against the enemy, who were now an army of all nations under the command of Crœsus, king of Lydia. While the disposition of the forces was being made, Abradâtes, prince of Susa, obtained, partly by entreaty and partly by lot, a conspicuous position in the front line of Cyrus's army. He made a splendid figure, for he had a chariot with four poles, drawn by eight horses; and his wife Panthea had arrayed him in a golden helmet and golden arm-pieces which she had procured, and a purple robe reaching to his feet, which she had made. When he was preparing to mount his chariot, she bade him farewell, saying, "You know, Abradâtes, that if ever a woman loved her husband better than her own soul, I am such a one. And yet, loving you as I do, I love honour more, and would rather be buried with you, in your glory, than live with you if either of us were dishonoured. You will remember the debt of gratitude which we owe to Cyrus, and in this battle you will discharge it." Abradâtes laid his hand gently on her head, and, lifting his eyes to heaven, exclaimed, "May


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1837.] written records, and is alike fatal to the extreme antiquity of the events which they narrate. The meagreness and inconsistency of the various sources of information might throw a suspicion upon the existence of the Pandya monarchy at any remote period, did not classical writers bear testimony to the celebrity even of its capital city, at the very commencement of our era. How long before this it was founded we have scarcely any means of conjecturing, but the traditional history of the Chola dynasty records the disappearance of that race, as independent princes, to have occurred in consequence of the marriage of a Chola princess with Vara-guna Pandyan, whom it calls the forty-eighth Pandya king. In our lists, however, he appears to have been the twenty-second or twenty-ninth, and supposing the union of the Chola and Pandya sovereignties to have been thus effected before the reign of and the number of preceding reigns not very erroneous, we may conjecture the appearance of the Pandya principality as an organised state, and the foundation of Madura to have happened, about five or six centuries anterior to the Christian era. Of the events that have befallen the kingdom during the long period that has since elapsed, very few are attributed to remote times, and of them the authenticity may be doubted. Such as they are found, however, in the only records that remain we shall proceed to detail them, omitting the most extravagant fictions, and curtailing the most tedious of those which we select.


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Memorandum of Understanding on the Principles of an India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor

Pursuant to this Memorandum of Understanding, the Governments of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the European Union, the Republic of India, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), the French Republic, the Federal Republic of Germany, the Italian Republic, and the United States of America (the “Participants”) commit to work together to establish the India - Middle East - Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC). The IMEC is expected to stimulate economic development through enhanced connectivity and economic integration between Asia, the Arabian Gulf, and Europe.

The IMEC will be comprised of two separate corridors, the east corridor connecting India to the Arabian Gulf and the northern corridor connecting the Arabian Gulf to Europe. It will include a railway that, upon completion, will provide a reliable and cost-effective cross-border ship-to-rail transit network to supplement existing maritime and road transport routes – enabling goods and services to transit to, from, and between India, the UAE, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Israel, and Europe.

Along the railway route, Participants intend to enable the laying of cable for electricity and digital connectivity, as well as pipe for clean hydrogen export. This corridor will secure regional supply chains, increase trade accessibility, improve trade facilitation, and support an increased emphasis on environmental social, and government impacts.

Along the railway route, Participants intend to enable the laying of cable for electricity and digital connectivity, as well as pipe for clean hydrogen export. This corridor will secure regional supply chains, increase trade accessibility, improve trade facilitation, and support an increased emphasis on environmental social, and government impacts.

Participants intend that the corridor will increase efficiencies, reduce costs, enhance economic unity, generate jobs, and lower greenhouse gas emissions - - resulting in a transformative integration of Asia, Europe and the Middle East. In support of this initiative, Participants commit to work collectively and expeditiously to arrange and implement all elements of these new transit routes, and to establish coordinating entities to address the full range of technical, design, financing, legal and relevant regulatory standards.

Today’s Memorandum of Understanding is the result of initial consultations. It sets forth political commitments of the Participants and does not create rights or obligations under international law. The Participants intend to meet within the next sixty days to develop and commit to an action plan with relevant timetables.

Signed at ______________ on ______________, 2023, in the English language.


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 and convulsions—and the blowing of noses, and the wiping away of tears with the bottoms of curtains in a dying man's room.—Strip it of these, what is it—'Tis better in battle than in bed, said my uncle Toby.—Take away its herses, its mutes, and its mourning,—its plumes, scutcheons, and other mechanic aids—What is it?—Better in battle!continued my father, smiling, for he had absolutely forgot my brother Bobby—'tis terrible no way—for consider, brother Toby,—when we are—death is not;—and when death is—we are not. My uncle Toby laid down his pipe to consider the proposition; my father's eloquence was too rapid to stay for any man—away it went,—and hurried my uncle Toby's ideas along with it.

For this reason, continued my father, 'tis worthy to recollect, how little alteration in great men, the approaches of


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 death have made.—Vespasian died in a jest upon his close stool—Galba with a sentence—Septimius Severus in a dispatch—Tiberius in dissimulation, and Cæsar Augustus in a compliment.—I hope, 'twas a sincere one—quoth my uncle Toby.

—'Twas to his wife,—said my father.

—And lastly—for of all the choice anecdotes which history can produce of this matter, continued my father,—this, like the gilded dome which covers in the fabrick—crowns all.—

'Tis of Cornelius Gallus, the prætor—which I dare say, brother Toby, you have read.—I dare say I have not, replied my uncle.—He died, said my father, as * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *—And if it was with his wife, said my uncle Toby—there could be no hurt in it.


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 to an alleged offender in order to induce him to give any reply as to the allegations against him.

An inquiry official may arrest and place under custody or cause to be arrested or placed under custody an alleged offender or any person who appears in the course of an inquiry to be an offender, or may provisionally release him without any bail, or with bail, or with both bail and security, or may release him in accordance with the provisions of this Code governing such a matter.

Whilst carrying out an activity within a house or in any other place, an inquiry official has the power to order any person to refrain from leaving it for a necessary period only.

An inquiry official has the power to, by himself or by commission, inquire into the life history and habitual conduct of an alleged offender, but he must notify the alleged offender of all the information obtained.

An inquiry official shall record an inquiry according to the general principles of this Code which deal with inquiries, and shall compile into a file the record, other documents obtained, as well as all the records and

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 —That's more than I know—replied my father.

mother was going very gingerly in the dark along the passage which led to the parlour, as my uncle Toby pronounced the word wife.—'Tis a shrill, penetrating sound of itself, and Obadiah had helped it by leaving the door a little a-jar, so that my mother heard enough of it, to imagine herself the subject of the conversation: so laying the edge of her finger across her two lips—holding her breath, and bending her head a little downwards, with a twist of her neck—(not towards the door, but from it, by which means her ear was brought to the chink)—she listened with all her powers:—the listening slave, with the Goddess of Silence at his back, could not have given a finer thought for an intaglio.


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 In this attitude I am determined to let her stand for five minutes: till I bring up the affairs of the kitchen (as Rapin does those of the church) to the same period.

in one sense, our family was certainly a simple machine, as it consisted of a few wheels; yet there was thus much to be said for it, that these wheels were set in motion by so many different springs, and acted one upon the other from such a variety of strange principles and impulses,—that though it was a simple machine, it had all the honour and advantages of a complex one,—and a number of as odd movements within it, as ever were beheld in the inside of a Dutch silk-mill.

Amongst these there was one, I am going to speak of, in which, perhaps, it


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140 I prove worthy of the love of Panthea, and of the friendship of Cyrus!" He then mounted, and Panthea, as a last adieu, kissed the chariot, and was borne off by her attendants to her tent, and the line began to move against the enemy.

There was a mighty battle against great odds, for the army of Crœsus quite outflanked that of Cyrus, and enclosed it, "as a large brick might enclose a smaller one," on all sides but the rear. But the gallantry of the smaller force prevailed, and none on that day made a fiercer charge than Abradâtes of Susa, who, being posted against the Egyptians, overwhelmed and crushed them in his weighty chariot, armed with scythes. But in the furious melée that ensued, the prince himself, pursuing his victorious course, was thrown from his chariot, and, fighting like a brave man on foot, was cut down and killed.

The next day after the battle had been won, Cyrus asked, "Where was Abradâtes, that he did not come to see him?" They said that he was no longer alive, and that his wife had carried his body to a spot near the river Pactolus, where her eunuchs were digging a grave for him, while she sat on the ground with the dead man's head upon her knee. On learning this, Cyrus struck his thigh, and leaping upon his horse, rode, with an escort, to the scene of affliction. When he reached the spot, he approached the corpse, and shedding tears, he said, "Ah! brave and faithful soul, hast thou then left us for ever?" and he took hold of the right hand, but the hand came away, for the wrist had been cut through by an Egyptian. On


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Rh this Panthea shrieked, and taking the hand kissed and replaced it, and said, "All his body is like this, Cyrus, and it is my doing, for, not thinking of the result, I exhorted him not to spare himself for your sake. And now he is dead, and I who encouraged him sit here alive." After weeping for some time in silence, Cyrus said, "He has died a noble death, and numbers of men shall raise a monument to him, which shall not be unworthy of him or of us, and sacrifices shall be performed in honour of his bravery. And for you, every care shall be taken of you; and when you tell me where you wish to be sent, it shall be done." Panthea replied, "You shall soon know, Cyrus, to whom I wish to go." Cyrus now departed, sorrowing. And Panthea, having ordered her eunuchs to retire, called her nurse, and bade her, when she was dead, to wrap her and her husband in one mantle. She then produced a sword, which she had provided, and stabbed herself, and the nurse, wailing, covered them both as Panthea had directed, and three of the faithful eunuchs slew themselves on the bodies of their master and mistress. Cyrus, when he heard of it, lamented exceedingly, and caused a lofty monument to be raised over the noble and unfortunate pair.

This narrative, which we have given as nearly as possible in the words of Xenophon, is the first extant instance of a prose love-story in European literature. It was much admired by the ancients, and probably gave rise to many imitations of itself. Plutarch, in his essay to prove "that the doctrines of Epicurus do not secure even pleasure in living," asks (p. 1093)


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142 "whether the actual enjoyments of love could be superior to the imaginative pleasures felt in reading the tale of Panthea as related by Xenophon, or the tale of Timoclea as told by Aristobulus, or of Thebe by Theopompus?" These two last writers were historians of the time of Alexander the Great, who appear to have introduced love episodes into their histories, which are now lost. As in old Homer, and as in India at the present day, the conception of love in the story of Panthea is a conception of post-nuptial, and not ante-nuptial, passion. The action commences, so to speak, at a point after the third volume of a modern novel would have concluded. As such, and on account of its simplicity, the tragical story of Abradâtes and Panthea may be despised by the English reader, especially if unmarried. But taking the ancient Greeks as they are, we may find some interest in observing the points in which they differ from ourselves.

After his victory over Crœsus, and after taking the city of Sardis, Cyrus proceeded to the conquest of Babylon. Xenophon, like the other authorities, represents him as effecting this by diverting the course of the Euphrates, and entering the city by the river-bed at midnight, while all the Babylonians were engaged in a revel. The whole account is interspersed with a record of the sagacious provisions and wise exhortations of Cyrus, which takes off from its liveliness, and makes the narrative unworthy of the greatness of the event. In vividness and reality this crowning act in the creation of the Persian empire falls far short of those smaller incidents in which


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Rh Xenophon had himself taken part, and which he describes in the graphic pages of the 'Anabasis.'

Henceforth the measures of Cyrus for the consolidation of his rule over the conquered nations, and his maxims of government, are recorded. Some of these may be mentioned. His first care was to provide attached and faithful attendants about his own person. In selecting these, the principle he went upon was, to choose men who had fewest family ties, who belonged to the most despised and isolated class, and who could be most absolutely bound by obligations of favour and gratitude. And of these he formed his bureaucracy.

Next, Cyrus turned his attention to the civil business of the empire, which he arranged by a system of bureaux and departments, so as to keep a centralised control of all the ramifications of state affairs. "He was thus enabled, by speaking with a few persons only, to keep every department of business under superintendence; and he had consequently more leisure than another man who had charge but of a single house or a single ship." Having by orderly arrangement secured a certain amount of leisure both for himself and others, he proceeded to employ this in moulding the characters of the upper ranks of society. He encouraged, by many artifices, "all who were able to subsist by the labour of other men" to be in constant attendance at his court, and he set himself to be "a living law" and example of life and manners to these. Each day had its appointed religious services, under the direction of the Magi, and commenced with a


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 of receiving from his master the necessary instruction in his business. This instruction, Dr Smith asserts, may be given him in the course of a few days or weeks. It is well known, however, to every practical tradesman, or to any one acquainted with the nature of mechanical employments, that the instruction of three days or weeks would scarcely teach an apprentice the name of his tools, and that almost all the mechanical trades require, throughout their various operations, such nicety and exactness, that the necessary habits are not formed by the training of years, in place of weeks or days. It is for the troublesome superintendence of the apprentice during this period that the master exacts compensation, without which he would employ none but finished workmen. But he puts up with the awkwardness of his apprentice, because he expects to be benefited by his labour after he shall be better instructed in his business; on the same principle that the farmer lays out his capital on the improvement of his land, in expectation of a future increase of produce. The contract of apprenticeship is thus a voluntary agreement between two parties for their mutual benefit, the result neither of law nor of the usages of petty corporations, but of circumstances. The law, indeed, takes cognizance of the contract, and enforces its fulfilment; and it may also have encumbered it with absurd regulations. But the contract itself stands independent both of law and usage, having its origin in the plainest principles of reciprocal expediency. There seems no reason therefore to class it with those artificial expedients which originate in the exclusive spirit of trading corporations.

Dr Smith appears also to have greatly overrated the effects of those laws, the object of which is to limit the number of apprentices which shall be reared to particular trades. No law of any corporation will ever be found in practice to impose any limitation on the number of apprentices which will be trained to a business. It will depend on the state of the business, whether it is advancing, stationary, or declining, what number of apprentices will be bred to it; and if, while a flourishing trade called for a continual supply of new hands, any corporation were to enact a law, limiting the masters to such a number of apprentices as would barely keep up their present stock, a scarcity of hands would soon be felt, wages would rise, and the masters would soon be induced, by regard to their own interest, to rescind the law which imposed so great an inconvenience on themselves. But if the law is thus modified and accommodated to the state of the trade, it is a mere form. It imposes in reality no restraint, since it is always in the power of the masters to alter it whenever they feel that it interferes with their arrangements.

But though the law were even rigidly persisted in, it is evident that it would not permanently diminish the number of apprentices, which would be bred to a business, since the consequence would be, that the workmen would turn masters, and each taking the full allowance of apprentices which the law permits, would soon train up an ample supply of hands. All those petty contrivances of corporations, therefore, though they may originate in the lowest mercantile jealousy, and though they may be exceedingly absurd, cannot materially disturb the general progress of things; and, though they may harass individuals, their effect on the industry of a great country hardly deserves notice; their bad effects being corrected by those general causes on which society depends for completing its arrangements, in spite of the obstacles arising from the mistaken policy of legislators.—See Smith’s Wealth of Nations, with Notes, and an additional volume of Dissertations, by David Buchanan.

 AQUA TOFANA, called also Aqua della Toffanina, or Aqua della Tofa, from its supposed inventress,—Aqua del petesino, —Aquetta di Napoli, or simply Aquetta,—a poisonous liquor which was used to a very great extent at Naples and Rome during the latter half of the seventeenth century. Gmelin says, that more people were destroyed by it than by the plague, which had prevailed a short time before it came into use; and Garelli, chief physician to the Emperor, wrote to Hoffmann that Tofania confessed she had used it to poison more than six hundred persons. This he learnt from the Emperor himself, to whom the whole criminal process instituted against her was transmitted.

It is to be regretted, that Garelli, who had such an authentic source of information, has not given us some details of the infamous Tofana or Tofania; as the little that we know of her rests upon the authority of travellers, and is evidently exaggerated, and sometimes irreconcilable with established facts. She was a Sicilian by birth, and resided first at Palermo, and then at Naples. When she began to exercise her horrible profession, is nowhere stated; but it will presently appear, that it must have been at a very early age, and before 1659. She was extremely liberal of her preparation, chiefly it is said, to ladies tired of their husbands; and the better to conceal the nature of her gift, it was put up in small flat phials, inscribed Manna of St Nicholas of Bari, ornamented on one side with an image of the Saint, that it might pass for a liquid said to drop from his tomb at Bari, which was in great request on account of the medicinal virtues ascribed to it. Nor is it ascertained how long she carried on her murderous practices with impunity and undiscovered. Labat says, that when he was at Civita Vecchia in 1709, the Viceroy of Naples, then Count Daun, made the discovery. It was long before she was secured, as she was extremely cautious, and often changed her abode or retired into Convents. At last she was betrayed, and, although in a Convent, was seized and carried to the Castel del Uovo, where she was examined. Cardinal Pignatelli, then Archbishop of Naples, indignant at the violation of a religious sanctuary, threatened to excommunicate


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 ::modification of the execution date is required to stop an impending execution. After an application for a stay has been denied by either the highest state court or a federal court of appeals, the application may be filed with the U. S. Supreme Court.

1. State petition for a writ of habeas corpus (post-conviction relief). Review is not limited to the trial record. The petitioner may raise other issues such as newly discovered evidence, and state or federal constitutional claims, including ineffective assistance of counsel at the trial. (where the petition is filed varies from state to state): 1. File petition in the state trial court.

2. File the petition in the state court of appeals for the district where the trial occurred.

3. File the petition in the highest state court.

4. File a petition for Certiorari with the U. S. Supreme Court.

2. Federal habeas corpus proceedings. This is a civil remedy which permits a person in custody to challenge the constitutionality of his or her conviction or sentence. The court reviews whether the petitioner is in custody in violation of the Constitution or laws or treaties of the U. S. 1. District Court: (jurisdiction in both the district where the petitioner is confined and the district of the conviction):


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Rh I know, O Arjuna, all beings, past, present and future, but none knows me.

In these verses Kṛṣhṇa is controverting a doctrine that has unfortunately created a good deal of confusion. I have already told you that the Sāṅkhyas have taken their Avyakṭam, or rather Parabrahmam veiled by Mūlaprakṛṭi, as Āṭmā or the real self. Their opinion was that this avyakṭam took on a kind of phenomenal differentiation on account of association with its upāḍhi, and when this phenomenal differentiation took place, the avyakṭam became the Aṭmā of the individual. They have thus altogether lost sight of the Logos. Startling consequences followed from this doctrine. They thought that there being but one avyakṭam, one soul, or one spirit, that existed, in every upāḍhi, appearing differentiated, though not differentiated in reality, if somehow we could control the action of the upāḍhi, and destroy the māyā it had created, the result would be the complete extinction of man's self and a final layam in this avyakṭam, Parabrahmam. It is this doctrine that has spoilt the Aḍwaita philosophy of this country, that has brought the Buḍḍhism of Ceylon, Burma and China to its present deplorable condition, and led so many Veḍānṭic writers to say that Nirvāṇa was in reality a condition of perfect layam or annihilation.

If those who say that Nirvāṇa is annihilation are right, then, so far as the individuality of the soul is concerned, it is completely annihilated, and what

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{|
 * 3.||ی is used to represent:
 * }
 * 3.||ی is used to represent:
 * }
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Orthographic Symbols Other than Letters and Vowel Signs

The signs listed below are frequently omitted in Persian writing and printing; their presence must then be inferred. They are represented in romanization according to the following rules:

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2 ‘Oh, do not speak to me of marrying,’ sobbed the king; ‘rather let me die with you!’ But the queen only smiled faintly, and turned over on her pillow and died.

For some months the king’s grief was great; then gradually he began to forget a little, and, besides, his counsellors were always urging him to seek another wife. At first he refused to listen to them, but by-and-by he allowed himself to be persuaded to think of it, only stipulating that the bride should be more beautiful and attractive than the late queen, according to the promise he had made her.

Overjoyed at having obtained what they wanted, the counsellors sent envoys far and wide to get portraits of all the most famous beauties of every country. The artists were very busy and did their best, but, alas! nobody could even pretend that any of the ladies could compare for a moment with the late queen.

At length, one day, when he had turned away discouraged from a fresh collection of pictures, the king’s eyes fell on his adopted daughter, who had lived in the palace since she was a baby, and he saw that, if a woman existed on the whole earth more lovely than the queen, this was she! He at once made known what his wishes were, but the young girl, who was not at all ambitious, and had not the faintest desire to marry him, was filled with dismay, and begged for time to think about it. That night, when everyone was asleep, she started in a little car drawn by a big sheep, and went to consult her fairy godmother.

‘I know what you have come to tell me,’ said the fairy, when the maiden stepped out of the car: ‘and if you don’t wish to marry him, I will show you how to avoid it. Ask him to give you a dress that exactly matches the sky. It will be impossible for him to get one, so you will be quite safe.’ The girl thanked the fairy and returned home again.

The next morning, when her father (as she had always

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 called him) came to see her, she told him that she could give him no answer until he had presented her with a

dress the colour of the sky. The king, overjoyed at this answer, sent for all the choicest weavers and dressmakers in the kingdom, and commanded them to make a robe 2

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 the colour of the sky without an instant’s delay, or he would cut off their heads at once. Dreadfully frightened at this threat, they all began to dye and cut and sew, and in two days they brought back the dress, which looked as if it had been cut straight out of the heavens! The poor girl was thunderstruck, and did not know what to do; so in the night she harnessed her sheep again, and went in search of her godmother.

‘The king is cleverer than I thought,’ said the fairy; ‘but tell him you must have a dress of moonbeams.’

And the next day, when the king summoned her into his presence, the girl told him what she wanted.

‘Madam, I can refuse you nothing,’ said he; and he ordered the dress to be ready in twenty-four hours, or every man should be hanged.

They set to work with all their might, and by dawn next day, the dress of moonbeams was laid across her bed. The girl, though she could not help admiring its beauty, began to cry, till the fairy, who heard her, came to her help.

‘Well, I could not have believed it of him!’ said she; ‘but ask for a dress of sunshine, and I shall be surprised indeed if he manages that!’

The goddaughter did not feel much faith in the fairy after her two previous failures; but not knowing what else to do, she told her father what she was bid.

The king made no difficulties about it, and even gave his finest rubies and diamonds to ornament the dress, which was so dazzling, when finished, that it could not be looked at save through smoked glasses!

When the princess saw it, she pretended that the sight hurt her eyes, and retired to her room, where she found the fairy awaiting her, very much ashamed of herself.

‘There is only one thing to be done now,’ cried she; ‘you must demand the skin of the ass he sets such store by. It is from that donkey he obtains all his

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I not aware that the infancy of Vivian Grey was distinguished by any extraordinary incident. The solicitude of the most affectionate of mothers, and the care of the most attentive of nurses, did their best to injure an excellent constitution. But Vivian was an only child, and these exertions were therefore excusable. For the first five years of his life, Master

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{| Note the exceptional case where ّ◌ is written over و and ی to represent the combination of long vowel plus consonant.
 * 5.||ٓ (maddah)
 * 6.||Tanvīn, written ٌ◌, ٍ◌, ً◌, ً◌), which occurs chiefly in Arabic words, is romanized un, in, an, and an, respectively.
 * 7.||ّ◌ (shaddah or tashdīd) is represented by doubling the letter or digraph concerned.
 * 5.||ٓ (maddah)
 * 6.||Tanvīn, written ٌ◌, ٍ◌, ً◌, ً◌), which occurs chiefly in Arabic words, is romanized un, in, an, and an, respectively.
 * 7.||ّ◌ (shaddah or tashdīd) is represented by doubling the letter or digraph concerned.
 * 7.||ّ◌ (shaddah or tashdīd) is represented by doubling the letter or digraph concerned.
 * 7.||ّ◌ (shaddah or tashdīd) is represented by doubling the letter or digraph concerned.
 * }

Grammatical Structure as It Affects Romanization

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