text:
The Convergence of the Twain

I In a solitude of the sea Deep from human vanity, And the Pride of Life that planned her, stilly couches she.

II Steel chambers, late the pyres Of her salamandrine fires, Cold currents thrid, and turn to rhythmic tidal lyres.

III Over the mirrors meant To glass the opulent The sea-worm crawls—grotesque, slimed, dumb, indifferent.

IV Jewels in joy designed To ravish the sensuous mind Lie lightless, all their sparkles bleared and black and blind.

V Dim moon-eyed fishes near Gaze at the gilded gear And query: "What does this vaingloriousness down here?" ...

VI Well: while was fashioning This creature of cleaving wing, The Immanent Will that stirs and urges everything

VII Prepared a sinister mate For her—so gaily great— A Shape of Ice, for the time far and dissociate.

VIII And as the smart ship grew In stature, grace, and hue, In shadowy silent distance grew the Iceberg too.

IX Alien they seemed to be: No mortal eye could see The intimate welding of their later history.

X Or sign that they were bent By paths coincident On being anon twin halves of one august event,

XI Till the Spinner of the Years Said "Now!" And each one hears, And consummation comes, and jars two hemispheres.

title: The Convergence of the Twain


text:
Page:The Works of H G Wells Volume 11.pdf/69

 must be nice work. I never thought of it like this before."

Mr. Huss was no longer depressed but flushed and resolute, but Mrs. Huss, wounded by the neglect of everyone—no one seemed to consider for a moment what she must be feeling—remained very much in her own room, working inefficiently upon the mourning that might now be doubly needed.

Mr. Huss knew Mr. Farr very well. For the last ten years it had been his earnest desire to get rid of him, but he had been difficult to replace because of his real accomplishment in technical chemistry. In the course of their five minutes' talk in his bedroom on Friday evening, Mr. Huss grasped the situation. Woldingstanton, his creation, his life work, was to be taken out of his hands, and in favour of this, his most soul-deadening assistant. He had been foolish no doubt, but he had never anticipated that. He had never supposed that Farr would dare.

He thought hard through that long night of Friday. His pain was no distraction. He had his intentions very ready and clear in his mind when his three visitors arrived.

He had insisted upon getting up and dressing fully.

"I can't talk about Woldingstanton in bed," he said. The doctor was not there to gainsay him.

Sir Eliphaz was the first to arrive, and Mrs. Huss retrieved him from Mrs. Croome in the passage and

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Page:Bury J B The Cambridge Medieval History Vol 2 1913.djvu/207

672-681] in some cases the literal copy of the contemporary doctrinal texts of political philosophy — for instance, of Isidore of Seville. It is probable that Braulio, bishop of Saragossa, was one of the compilers of the new code, if not the chief. Receswinth subsequently made other legal provisions, both in the Councils and outside them.

Receswinth died in 672, after reigning for 28 years. Wamba was elected as his successor. Almost the whole of his reign was spent in warfare. He fought first against the Vascons, who made a fresh rebellion, quickly suppressed; then against a general Paulus who, together with Randsind, duke of Tarragona, Hilderic, count of Nîmes, and Argebald, bishop of Narbonne, had incited all Septimania and part of Tarragona to rebellion; and lastly, against the Muslims. The rebellion of Paulus was promptly quelled and punished, and Wamba recovered possession of Barcelona, Gerona, Narbonne, Agde, Magdalona, Béziers and Nîmes, which had constituted the chief centres of disaffection. The war against the Muslims, who had already obtained temporary possession of North Africa, originated in their invasion of the southern coast of Spain, and in particular of the city of Algeciras. The invaders were driven back, and their fleet was destroyed. The experience gained by Wamba, especially on the occasion of Paulus' rebellion, must have shewn him how necessary it was to strengthen the military organisation of the State, to inspire his people with a warlike spirit, and above all, to enforce compulsory service in the army, which appears to have been evaded by some of the nobles and clergy. This need was met by a law passed in 673, which together with three others bearing on civil and ecclesiastical matters, was added to the code of Receswinth. By this law, all who refused to serve in the army and all deserters were deprived of the power to bear witness. Despite all the prestige which Wamba's victories had procured for him, and the mental energy shewn in all his actions, the fundamental weakness of the Visigothic State, namely, the want of agreement between its political elements, appeared once more, and in 680 Wamba was dethroned in consequence of a conspiracy headed by Erwig, one of the nobles, with the assistance of the metropolitan of Toledo. To preserve himself from a similar fate, Erwig adopted a mild and yielding policy, and sought the help of the clergy. In accordance with this policy, he revoked the severe penalties of Wamba's military law, which had displeased the nobles, and restored its victims their ancient nobility. On the other hand, besides persecuting the partisans of Wamba, Erwig made new laws against the Jews, in order that the Judaeorum pestis might be wholly exterminated, subjecting the converts to minute regulations that he might assure himself of their religious faith, and to the non-converted he granted the term of 12 months — from 1 February 681 — in which to receive baptism under penalty of banishment, scourging, and the loss of all their hair. These laws, although very severe, were milder than those of Receswinth, seeing that they


text:
Author:Jean Adam

Works

 * "Miscellany Poems"
 * "There's Nae Luck About the House"

title: Author:Jean Adam


text:
Page:Bury J B The Cambridge Medieval History Vol 2 1913.djvu/206

178 prepared, for, on the one hand, the principles of Roman jurisprudence had gradually crept into the Visigothic private law, and on the other, the Councils of Toledo had created a common system of legislation of the utmost importance. A proof of the agreement at which the two legal systems had arrived in some cases is furnished by the Visigothic formulae of the time of Sisebut, found in a manuscript at Oviedo. According to the prevalent opinion of legal historians, this unification was completed by Chindaswinth's abolition of the Lex Romana or Breviarium of Alaric II, to which the Spanish and Gallo-Romans were subjected, and by the specific repeal of the law of Roman origin which forbade marriage between people of different races, though we know that such marriages did take place, like that of Theudis. The accepted theory has recently been modified by the revised opinion of the critics, which ascribes to Receswinth the abolition of the Lex Romana formerly ascribed to his father. In any case, the reign of Chindaswinth was a period of great legislative activity so far as unification is concerned. This activity found expression in numerous amendments and modifications of the older Visigothic Laws compiled by Recared and Leovigild and in the promulgation of other new ones. Ninety-eight or ninety-nine laws, clearly the work of Chindaswinth, are recorded in the texts which have come down to us, and all of them shew the predominating influence of the Roman system. Moreover, as his son Receswinth leads us to understand in one of his own laws, Chindaswinth began to make what was in fact a new code. Receswinth, therefore, did little more than conclude and perfect the work begun by his father, that is to say, he codified the laws which were in force in Spain, in their twofold application, Gothic and Roman. They formed a systematic compilation, which was divided into two books and bore the title of Liber Judiciorum, afterwards changed to that of Liber or Forum Judicum. The date of it is probably 654. Two copies of this Liber have been preserved; in the modern amended editions it is known by the name of Lex Reccesvindiana (Zeumer). It is a collection of laws made expressly for use in the courts and therefore it omits several provisions referring to legal subjects or branches of the same — for instance a great part of the political law, for as a rule this does not affect the practice of the courts. But the fifteen chapters of Book I, which refer to the law and the legislator, form an exception to this; they are the reflection, and


text:
Page:The Works of H G Wells Volume 11.pdf/70

 brought him in. He was wearing a Norfolk jacket suit of a coarse yet hairy consistency and of a pale sage green colour. He shone greatly in the eyes of Mrs. Huss. "I can't help thinking of you, dear lady," he said, bowing over her hand, and all his hair was for a moment sad and sympathetic like a sick Skye terrier's. Mr. Dad and Mr. Farr entered a moment later; Mr. Farr in grey flannel trousers and a brown jacket, and Mr. Dad in a natty dark grey suit with a luminous purple waistcoat.

"My dear," said Mr. Huss to his wife, "I must be alone with these gentlemen," and when she seemed disposed to linger near the understanding warmth of Sir Eliphaz, he added, "Figures, my dear—Finance," and drove her forth

Pon my honour," said Mr. Dad, coming close up to the arm-chair, wrinkling his muzzle and putting through his compliments in good business-like style before coming to the harder stuff in hand; "I don't like to see you like this, Mr. Huss."

"Nor does Sir Eliphaz, I hope—nor Farr. Please find yourselves chairs."

And while Mr. Farr made protesting noises and Sir Eliphaz waved his hair about before beginning the little speech he had prepared, Mr. Huss took the discourse out of their mouths and began:

"I know perfectly well the task you have set yourselves. You have come to make an end of me as headmaster of Woldingstanton. And Mr. Farr has very obligingly"

He held up his white and wasted hand as Mr. Farr began to disavow.


text: Five Scotch songs (1)

title: Five Scotch songs (1)


text:
Page:Bury J B The Cambridge Medieval History Vol 2 1913.djvu/117

Rh land and chattels, as is found in English law, never existed with the Romans either as to transfer of ownership between the living or in succession to the dead. A distinction between movables and immovables is found in some matters, e.g. a title to the former being secured by acquisition on lawful grounds in good faith and uninterrupted possession by the holder and his predecessor in title for three years, whereas title to the latter required like acquisition and ten years' uninterrupted possession if claimant lived in the same province as the possessor, or twenty years when he lived in a different province. Further protection in some cases was given by an additional twenty years' possession: and claims of the Church were by a law of 535 good against one hundred years' adverse possession; but in 541 the period was reduced to forty years.

Rights in things, as distinguished from ownership, were called and were of two classes, according as the benefit of them was attached to persons or to immovables. The principal case of the former was usufruct, i.e. the right of use and enjoyment of profits, corresponding in its main incidents to life tenure. A man might have a usufruct in lands or houses or slaves or herds and even in consumables. Security had to be given to the owner for reasonable treatment and restoration in specie or equivalent at the expiry of the usufruct, which was lost not only by death but also by loss of civic status: it could not be transferred to another person. Minor rights of similar character are bare use and habitation.

The second class of servitudes corresponds to English "easements." They were limited rights, appurtenant to certain praedia whether farms in the country or houses in towns. They secured to the occupier a limited control over neighbouring houses or lands, which was necessary or at least suitable for the proper use of the dominant farm or house to which they were servient. Rights of way, of leading water, of pasturing cattle, are instances of country servitudes: rights of light and prospect and carrying off water are instances of urban servitudes. They were created usually by grant and were lost by non-user for a period of two years, which was raised by Justinian to ten or twenty years.

i.e. plantation. The practice grew up in imperial times of tracts of country, in many cases waste land, being held by tenants at a fixed rent (usually called canon, vectigal, pensio) on the terms that so long as the rent was duly paid the tenant should not be disturbed and could transmit the land to his heirs or sell or pledge it. The owners were usually the State or the Emperor (who had a private domain) or country towns in Italy or in the provinces. The lawyers doubted whether to treat this contract as sale or lease. Zeno, about 480, decreed that it should be regarded as distinct from both, and rest upon the written agreement between lord and tenant. By Justinian's edicts the tenant had to pay without demand the public taxes and produce the receipts and pay the canon to the lord, who for three (or in


text:
Page:Origins-of-COVID-19-20230623.pdf/10

 (U) RNA (ribonucleic acid): A molecule essential for gene coding, decoding, regulation, and expression. The genome of certain viruses, including coronaviruses, is made of RNA rather than DNA.

(U) Virus: A replicating piece of genetic material—DNA or RNA—and associated proteins that use the cellular machinery of a living cell to reproduce.

(U) Zoonosis: An infection or a disease that is transmissible from animals to humans under natural conditions. A zoonotic pathogen may be viral, bacterial, or parasitic, and can sometimes be transmitted through insects, such as mosquitoes.

(U) Zoonotic spillover: An initial infection or disease that is caused by contact between an animal and human under natural conditions.


text:
Page:The Works of H G Wells Volume 11.pdf/71

 "No," said Mr. Huss. "But before you three gentlemen proceed with your office, I should like to tell you something of what the school and my work in it, and my work for education, is to me. I am a man of little more than fifty. A month ago I counted with a reasonable confidence upon twenty years more of work before I relaxed Then these misfortunes rained upon me. I have lost all my private independence; there have been these shocking deaths in the school; my son, my only son killed trouble has darkened the love and kindness of my wife and now my body is suffering so that my mind is like a swimmer struggling through waves of pain far from land These are heavy blows. But the hardest blow of all, harder to bear than any of these others—I do not speak rashly, gentlemen, I have thought it out through an endless night—the last blow will be this rejection of my life work. That will strike the inmost me, the heart and soul of me"

He paused.

"You mustn't take it quite like that, Mr. Huss," protested Mr. Dad. "It isn't fair to us to put it like that."

"I want you to listen to me," said Mr. Huss.

"Only the very kindest motives," continued Mr. Dad.

"Let me speak," said Mr. Huss, with the voice of authority that had ruled Woldingstanton for five and twenty years. "I cannot wrangle and contradict. At most we have an hour."

Mr. Dad made much the same sound that a dog will make when it has proposed to bark and has been


text:
Page:Origins-of-COVID-19-20230623.pdf/9

 (U) Genome sequencing: The process of determining the DNA or RNA sequence of an organism’s genome, or its “genetic code.” An organism’s genetic code is the order in which the four nucleotide bases—adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine—are arranged to direct the sequence of the 20 different amino acids in the proteins that determine inherited traits.

(U) Intermediate species/host: An organism that can be infected with a pathogen from a reservoir species and passes the pathogen to another host species; infection is not sustained in this population.

(U) Laboratory-adapted viruses have undergone natural, random mutations through human-enabled processes in a laboratory—such as repeated passage through animals or cells—that put pressure on the virus to more rapidly evolve. Specific changes to the viral genome are not necessarily anticipated in these processes, though the virus can be expected to gain certain characteristics, such as the ability to infect a new species. This is a common technique used in public health research of viruses. We consider directed evolution to be under laboratory adaptation.

(U) Laboratory-associated incidents include incidents that happen in biological research facilities or during research-related sampling activities.

(U) Naturally occurring viruses have not been altered in a laboratory. Viruses commonly undergo random mutations as part of the evolutionary process and can continue to change over time; mutations may enable a virus to adapt to its environment, such as evading host immune responses and promoting viral replication.

(U) Outbreak: A sudden increase in occurrences of a disease in a particular time and place. Outbreaks include epidemics, which is a term that is reserved for infectious diseases that occur in a confined geographical area. Pandemics are near-global disease outbreaks.

(U) Pangolin: An African and Asian mammal that has a body covered in overlapping scales. Pangolins are a natural reservoir of coronaviruses and researchers are investigating their potential role as an intermediate host for the COVID-19 virus.

(U) Pathogen: A bacterium, virus, or other microorganism that can cause disease.

(U) Progenitor Virus: A virus that is closely related enough—more than 99 percent—to SARS-CoV-2 to have been its direct ancestor or plausible immediate origin of the outbreak. The closest known relative to SARS-CoV-2 is only about 96 percent similar; to put this into context, humans and chimps are about 99 percent similar, demonstrating the significant differences even at this similarity.

(U) Reverse genetics: A process for determining the natural function of genes by introducing mutations and studying the effect of those mutations.

title: Page:Origins-of-COVID-19-20230623.pdf/9


text:
Page:Bury J B The Cambridge Medieval History Vol 2 1913.djvu/205

642-654] against their native land; it also exhorted the monarchs of these countries not to allow the inhabitants of their dominions to conspire against the Visigoths. By this means Chindaswinth achieved his purpose, for, throughout his reign (642-653) there was not a single insurrection. On the other hand, supported by the Catholic clergy, who both from doctrinal and practical points of view had always favoured the principle of hereditary succession to the throne, he in 649 admitted to a share in the government his son Receswinth or Recceswinth, who from that time onwards was virtually king, and succeeded his father in 653, without going through the form of election.

When Chindaswinth died, the rebellious nobles thought that the moment had come to take revenge, and, relying on the general discontent which was due to increased taxation and on the ever-restless Vascons, they rose in arms, and with a large force advanced as far as Saragossa, under the command of a grandee called Froja. Receswinth prepared for war, and ultimately succeeded in defeating them, taking Froja prisoner. But the country must have been profoundly agitated, and the throne threatened by very serious dangers, seeing that Receswinth, instead of taking advantage of his victory to inflict severe punishment on the rebels, and subdue them once for all, came to terms with them, granted an amnesty, promised to reduce the taxes, and yielded the question of election. Hence the significance of the Eighth Council of Toledo, held in 653, at which, after having caused himself to be released from the oath which he had taken to shew himself inexorable towards the rebels, he confirmed the above-mentioned Canon LXXV of the Fourth Council. By this canon it was decreed that, on the death of the King, the assembly of prelates and nobles should elect as his successor a man of high rank, and that the person of their choice should bind himself to maintain the Catholic religion and to prosecute all Jews and heretics. This latter part of the Royal oath is a revival of the anti-Semitic policy. The speech or tomus regius read before the Council is very bitter, and proves that in spite of all the preceding measures there was still in Spain a great number of unconverted Jews, or that even those converted still observed the rites of their own religion. The Council refused to take measures against the non-converted, but in 654, the king, on his own account, issued various laws which rendered more intolerable the legal position of the Hebrews of all classes. These laws obliged all Jews who had been baptised to sign a new placitum, similar to that of the time of Chintila, which imposed on apostates the penalty of being stoned and burnt alive.

Whilst, in this way, the Visigothic kings were gradually widening the gulf between Jews and Christians, on the other hand they were lessening the differences between the Visigoths and the Spanish-Romans, and just as Recared had arrived at uniformity of religion, so did Chindaswinth and Receswinth aim at uniformity of law. The ground was well


text: The Outline of History/Chapter 27

title: The Outline of History/Chapter 27


text:
Page:The Works of H G Wells Volume 11.pdf/72

 told to get under the table. For a time he looked an ill-used man.

"To end my work in the school will be to end me altogether I do not see why I should not speak plainly to you, gentlemen, situated as I am here. I do not see why I should not talk to you for once in my own language. Pain and death are our interlocutors; this is a rare and raw and bleeding occasion; in an hour or so the women may be laying out my body and I may be silent for ever. I have hidden my religion, but why should I hide it now? To you I have always tried to seem as practical and self-seeking as possible, but in secret I have been a fanatic; and Woldingstanton was the altar on which I offered myself to God. I have done ill and feebly there I know; I have been indolent and rash; those were my weaknesses; but I have done my best. To the limits of my strength and knowledge I have served God And now in this hour of darkness where is this God that I have served? Why does he not stand here between me and this last injury you would do to the work I have dedicated to him?"

At these words Mr. Dad turned horrified eyes to Mr. Farr.

But Mr. Huss went on as though talking to himself. "In the night I have looked into my heart; I have sought in my heart for base motives and secret sins. I have put myself on trial to find why God should hide himself from me now, and I can find no reason and no justification In the bitterness of my heart I am tempted to give way to you and to tell you to take the school and to do just what you


text:
Page:Bury J B The Cambridge Medieval History Vol 2 1913.djvu/204

176 had been brought about through fear in the time of Sisebut. It thus obliged those who had been baptised to continue in their new faith, instead of accepting, in accordance with the views of Isidore, the Constitution of Honorius and Theodosius (416), which permitted the Jews who had become Christians by force and not from religious motives, to revert to their former religion. With regard to the succession to the throne, the principle of free election by the assembly of nobles and bishops was established by Canon LXXV. In accordance with this principle, Chintila was elected king in 636. Nothing of importance occurred during the four years of his reign except the summoning of the fifth and sixth Councils of Toledo. The canons of the first are chiefly concerned with the King, the respect due to his person, and some of his prerogatives, and furnish striking evidence of the uneasiness caused by the ambition of the nobility, who were endeavouring by violent means to wrest the crown from the elected king. The Sixth Council, held in 637, which laid stress on the same subjects, also issued a decree dealing with the Jews (Canon III), which again enacted that all who had not been baptised should be driven out of the kingdom. In order to prevent relapses to their former religion, the king forced them to sign a document (placitum) on confession of faith, in which, on the pain of the most terrible curses, they bound themselves to live in accordance with the doctrine and practices of Christianity; and to renounce Jewish customs. Moreover, to enforce this policy, the same canon obliges all future kings to swear that they will not permit the Jews to violate the Catholic Faith, nor countenance their misbelief in any way, nor "actuated by contempt or cupidity" open up the path of prevarication "to those who are hovering on the brink of unbelief."

In 640, despite Canon LXXV of the Fourth Council of Toledo, Chintila was succeeded by his son Tulga, though the outward form of election was observed. This explains why his brief reign was disturbed by conspiracies and insurrections. We do not know for certain whether it was in consequence of his death or through the success of one of these insurrections that in May 642 the throne was occupied by one of the nobles — Chindaswinth, who boldly faced the political problem with energetic measures like those of Leovigild. Thus 700 persons, of whom the greater part were nobles, chosen from amongst those who had taken the most active part in conspiracies or shewn signs of political ambition, or proved themselves dangerous to the king, were slain, or reduced to slavery. Many others contrived to escape, and took refuge in Africa or in Frankish territory, and there they doubtless attempted to stir up fresh insurrections, to which reference is apparently made in one of the canons of the Seventh Council of Toledo, summoned by Chindaswinth in 646. This canon imposed heavy penalties, viz. excommunication for life and confiscation of property, on the rebels or emigrants including the clergy, who should try to obtain the support of foreign countries


text: The Outline of History/Chapter 28

title: The Outline of History/Chapter 28


text: The Outline of History/Chapter 29

title: The Outline of History/Chapter 29


text: The Outline of History/Chapter 30

title: The Outline of History/Chapter 30


text:
Page:The Works of H G Wells Volume 11.pdf/73

 will with it The nearness of death makes the familiar things of experience flimsy and unreal, and far more real to me now is this darkness that broods over me, as blight will sometimes overhang the world at noon, and mocks me day and night with a perpetual challenge to curse God and die

"Why do I not curse God and die? Why do I cling to my work when the God to whom I dedicated it is—silent? Because, I suppose, I still hope for some sign of reassurance. Because I am not yet altogether defeated. I would go on telling you why I want Woldingstanton to continue on its present lines and why it is impossible for you, why it will be a sort of murder for you to hand it over to Farr here, if my pain were ten times what it is"

At the mention of his name, Mr. Farr started and looked first at Mr. Dad, and then at Sir Eliphaz. "Really," he said, "really! One might think I had conspired"

"I am afraid, Mr. Huss," said Sir Eliphaz, with a large reassuring gesture to the technical master, "that the suggestion that Mr. Farr should be your successor, came in the first instance from me."

"You must reconsider it," said Mr. Huss, moistening his lips and staring steadfastly in front of him.

Here Mr. Dad broke out in a querulous voice: "Are you really in a state, Mr. Huss, to discuss a matter like this—feverish and suffering as you are?"

"I could not be in a better frame for this discussion," said Mr. Huss "And now, for what I have to say about the school:—Woldingstanton, when I came to it, was a humdrum school of some


text:
Page:Bury J B The Cambridge Medieval History Vol 2 1913.djvu/203

621-636] Sisebut died in 621, and was succeeded by his son Recared II who reigned for a few months only. He was followed by Duke Swinthila, who had greatly distinguished himself as a general in the wars of Sisebut. He pursued and completed the military policy of the latter, conquering (629) the algarves, the last province in the possession of the Byzantines. Thus, with the exception of a few unimportant districts in the north, which had no regular government, such as Vasconia, the Pyrenees of Aragon, and possibly some other places in mountainous parts, whose inhabitants remained independent, the Goths at last succeeded in reducing the country to one united State. Swinthila also fought against the Vascons, and on one occasion defeated them. As a military base for his control over the district, he built the fortress of Oligitum, which some geographers take to be the same as the modern Olite, in the province of Navarre.

If Swinthila had stopped short at this point, he would certainly have retained the goodwill of his contemporaries, and the epithet of "father of the poor" applied to him by Isidore of Seville; but it is probable that Swinthila was too sure of his power when he ventured to deal with the problems of internal policy, and that his failure affected the judgments passed on him. As a matter of fact, Swinthila did nothing more than what Liuwa and Leovigild had done before him, when he shared the government of the kingdom with members of his own family, namely: — his son Recimir, his wife Theodora, and his brother Geila. Why was Swinthila not permitted to do this, seeing that it had been tolerated in the former kings? Whether he set about it with less caution than his predecessors, or shewed more severity in suppressing the conspiracies, we do not know. The fact is that he not only lost the crown in 631, whilst struggling against the party of a noble called Sisenand, who, with an army of Franks, advanced as far as Saragossa, but that the chroniclers of the period call him a wicked and sensual tyrant. He did not die in battle — his defeat was mainly due to treachery — nor did he lose his freedom. In 633, to judge from a canon of the Fourth Council of Toledo, he was still alive, but of his end we know nothing. The political problem was still unsolved; and we shall see that the kings did not abandon the intention of making the crown hereditary.

Of Sisenand, who reigned for six years, and died in 636, we know nothing more important than that he summoned the Council already referred to, which condemned Swinthila for his "evil deeds" and passed canons relating to the Jews. These canons indicate a change of policy in the clergy, which is all the more interesting, because, as we have said before, the Council had for its president Isidore of Seville. On the one hand, in agreement with the doctrine of this prelate, it censured the use of violent measures to enforce a change of religion (Canon LVII); but, on the other hand, it accepted and sanctioned those conversions which


text:
Somebody

Note: in many Scottish songs, "Somebody" refers to Bonnie Prince Charlie
 * "Somebody", a poem by Robert Burns (My heart is sair, I darena tell)
 * "Somebody", a poem by Gibson (Cou'd I be glad or happy yestreen)
 * "Somebody", a poem by Allan Ramsay (For the sake of somebody)
 * "Somebody", an anonymous poem (Were I oblig'd to beg my bread)

title: Somebody


text:
Page:The Works of H G Wells Volume 11.pdf/74

 seventy boys, following a worn-out routine. A little Latin was taught and less Greek, chiefly in order to say that Greek was taught; some scraps of mathematical processes, a few rags of general knowledge, English history—not human history, mind you, but just the national brand, cut dried flowers from the past with no roots and no meaning, a smattering of French That was practically all; it was no sort of education, it was a mere education-like posturing. And to-day, what has that school become?"

"We never grudged you money," said Sir Eliphaz.

"Nor loyal help," said Mr. Farr, but in a half whisper.

"I am not thinking of its visible prosperity. The houses and laboratories and museums that have grown about that nucleus are nothing in themselves. The reality of a school is not in buildings and numbers but in matters of the mind and soul. Woldingstanton has become a torch at which lives are set aflame. I have lit a candle there—the winds of fate may yet blow it into a world-wide blaze."

As Mr. Huss said these things he was uplifted by enthusiasm, and his pain sank down out of his consciousness.

"What," he said, "is the task of the teacher in the world? It is the greatest of all human tasks. It is to ensure that Man, Man the Divine, grows in the souls of men. For what is a man without instruction? He is born as the beasts are born, a greedy egotism, a clutching desire, a thing of lusts and fears. He can regard nothing except in relation to himself. Even his love is a bargain; and his utmost effort is


text:
Page:Bury J B The Cambridge Medieval History Vol 2 1913.djvu/119

Rh a right said, according to the original practice, Spondesne? "Do you promise?" to which the other replied, Spondeo, "I promise." But in later time any other suitable words might be used, e.g. Dabisne? "Will you give?" Dabo, "I will give." The essential was that the answer should not add to or vary the scope and conditions contained in the questions: the agreement had to be precise. A record in writing was very usual, but not necessary, provided the stipulation could be proved by witnesses. The drawback in stipulation, viz., that it required the stipulator and promiser to meet, was to some extent removed by the use of slaves or children, for they could stipulate (though not promise) on behalf of their master or father, and the fact that they were under his power made the contract at once his contract. A free person sui juris could only stipulate for himself, and thus could not act as a mere channel pipe for another. Stipulation however had this great convenience that it was applicable to any kind of agreement, and at once elevated a mere pactum into a strict, valid contract. The pactum was usually put in writing and the fact of its having been confirmed by a stipulation was added to the record. If a promise was stated, the law presumed it to be in reply to an appropriate question: where consent was recorded, no special form of words was necessary (472). A law of Justinian (531) enacted that such record should not be disputable, whether the stipulation was effected through a slave or by both parties themselves: if it stated that the slave had done it, he should be deemed to have belonged to the party and to have been present: if it stated the latter, the parties should be deemed to have been present in person, unless it was proved by the very clearest evidence (Justinian delights in superlatives) that one of the parties was not in the town on the day named.

A very important contract, resting on a transfer of ownership, was i.e. loan of money or of corn or any other matters (often called "fungibles") in which quantity and not identity is regarded, one sum of money being as good as any other equal sum. The lender was entitled to recover the same quantity at the agreed time, but had no implied right to interest unless the debtor made delay. A loan was therefore usually accompanied by a stipulation for interest. Justinian however in 536 enacted that a mere agreement was enough to secure interest to bankers. If no day for payment of a loan was named, the debtor might await creditor's application. Part payment could not be refused. Justinian (531) gave to a debtor on loan as in other cases a right to set off against a creditor's claim any debt clearly due from him.

The rate of was limited by law. In Cicero's time and afterwards it was not to exceed 12 per cent. per annum. Justinian forbad illustres to ask more than 4 per cent. per annum. Traders were limited to 8 per cent.; other persons to 6 per cent. But interest on bottomry might go up to 12 or 12½ per cent. (= ⅛) during the


text: The Outline of History/Chapter 31

title: The Outline of History/Chapter 31


text:
Page:The Works of H G Wells Volume 11.pdf/75

 vanity because he has to die. And it is we teachers alone who can lift him out of that self-preoccupation. We teachers We can release him into a wider circle of ideas beyond himself in which he can at length forget himself and his meagre personal ends altogether. We can open his eyes to the past and to the future and to the undying life of Man. So through us and through us only, he escapes from death and futility. An untaught man is but himself alone, as lonely in his ends and destiny as any beast; a man instructed is a man enlarged from that narrow prison of self into participation in an undying life, that began we know not when, that grows above and beyond the greatness of the stars"

He spoke as if he addressed some other hearer than the three before him. Mr. Dad, with eyebrows raised and lips compressed, nodded silently to Mr. Farr as if his worst suspicions were confirmed, and there were signs and signals that Sir Eliphaz was about to speak, when Mr. Huss resumed.

"For five and twenty years I have ruled over Woldingstanton, and for all that time I have been giving sight to the blind. I have given understanding to some thousands of boys. All those routines of teaching that had become dead we made live again there. My boys have learned the history of mankind so that it has become their own adventure; they have learned geography so that the world is their possession; I have had languages taught to make the past live again in their minds and to be windows upon the souls of alien peoples. Science has played its proper part; it has taken my boys into the secret places of


text:
Page:Bury J B The Cambridge Medieval History Vol 2 1913.djvu/118

90 the case of church land, two) years' default could eject him. If rent and receipts were offered and not accepted, the tenant could seal them up and deposit them with the public authority and so be safe against eviction. If eventually the lord did not take them, the tenant could keep them, and pay no more rent till the landlord demanded it, and then be liable only for future rents. As regards improvements, in the absence of express stipulations, the tenant could not sell them to outsiders, until he had offered them to the lord at the price he could get from another, and two months had passed without the lord's accepting. Nor could he alienate the farm to any but suitable persons, i.e. such as were allowed generally to hold on this tenure. The lord had to give admission to the transferee and certify it by letter in his own hand or by declaration before the governor or other public authority, a fee of two per cent. of the price being demandable for such consent.

Edicts of the Emperors were not uncommon, which granted secure possession on some such terms to anyone who cultivated waste lands and was thus in a position to pay the tax upon them. If the lands had been deserted by the owner, he could claim them back only on paying the cultivator his expenses: after two years his right was gone.

Besides rights which are good against all the world, such as ownership and other rights to particular things, rights good only against particular persons form a most important and perhaps the most notable part of Roman Law. Such are called obligations and arise either from contract or from delict (in English usually called "tort"). The detailed classification of these given in the Institutes is in many respects artificial and is not found in the other books of Justinian.

are voluntary agreements between two or more persons. The Romans required for an agreement which should be enforceable by law some clear basis or ground of obligation. There must be either a transfer of some thing from one of the parties to the other, or a strict form of words accompanying the agreement, or there must be agreed services of one party, usually of both. As the Romans said, the contract must be formed aut re aut verbis aut consensu. Otherwise it was a bare agreement (nudum pactum), and, though available for defence against a claim, it was not enforceable by suit, except so far as it set forth the details of one of the regular contracts and was concluded in close connexion therewith, or it reaffirmed, by a definite engagement to pay, an already existing debt of promiser's or another (pecunia constituta).

It may be convenient to treat first of the most general form. The contract made verbis was called "stipulation" and was made by oral procedure between the parties present at the same place. The matter and details of the agreement being stated, the party intending to acquire


text: The Outline of History/Chapter 32

title: The Outline of History/Chapter 32


text:
Page:Origins-of-COVID-19-20230623.pdf/7

Several WIV researchers were ill in Fall 2019 with symptoms; some of their symptoms were consistent with but not diagnostic of COVID-19. The IC continues to assess that this information neither supports nor refutes either hypothesis of the pandemic’s origins because the researchers’ symptoms could have been caused by a number of diseases and some of the symptoms were not consistent with COVID-19. Consistent with standard practices, those researchers likely completed annual health exams as part of their duties in a high-containment biosafety laboratory. The IC assesses that the WIV maintains blood samples and health records of all of their laboratory personnel—which are standard procedures in high-containment laboratories.

 * We have no indications that any of these researchers were hospitalized because of the symptoms consistent with COVID-19. One researcher may have been hospitalized in this timeframe for treatment of a non-respiratory medical condition.

 * China’s National Security Commission investigated the WIV in early 2020 and took blood samples from WIV researchers. According to the World Health Organization’s March 2021 public report, WIV officials including Shi Zhengli—who leads the WIV laboratory group that conducts coronavirus research—stated lab employee samples all tested negative for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies.

While several WIV researchers fell mildly ill in Fall 2019, they experienced a range of symptoms consistent with colds or allergies with accompanying symptoms typically not associated with COVID-19, and some of them were confirmed to have been sick with other illnesses unrelated to COVID-19. While some of these researchers had historically conducted research into animal respiratory viruses, we are unable to confirm if any of them handled live viruses in the work they performed prior to falling ill.

title: Page:Origins-of-COVID-19-20230623.pdf/7


text: The Outline of History/Chapter 33

title: The Outline of History/Chapter 33


text:
Somebody (Burns)

 * "Somebody" in Five Scotch Songs (1840s)
 * "Somebody" in Seven sentimental songs (1840s)
 * "Somebody" in The Book of Scottish Song (1843)
 * "For the sake of Somebody", in The Poetical Works of Robert Burns (1887), edited by Alexander Smith

title: Somebody (Burns)


text:
Page:The Works of H G Wells Volume 11.pdf/76

 matter and out among the nebulæ Always I have kept Farr and his utilities in their due subordination. Some of my boys have already made good business men—because they were more than business men But I have never sought to make business men and I never will. My boys have gone into the professions, into the services, into the great world and done well—I have had dull boys and intractable boys, but nearly all have gone into the world gentlemen, broad-minded, good-mannered, understanding and unselfish, masters of self, servants of man, because the whole scheme of their education has been to release them from base and narrow things When the war came, my boys were ready They have gone to their deaths—how many have gone to their deaths! My own son among them I did not grudge him Woldingstanton is a new school; its tradition has scarcely begun; the list of its old boys is now so terribly depleted that its young tradition wilts like a torn seedling But still we can keep on with it, still that tradition will grow, if my flame still burns. But my teaching must go on as I have planned it. It must. It must What has made my boys all that they are, has been the history, the biological science, the philosophy. For these things are wisdom. All the rest is training and mere knowledge. If the school is to live, the head must still be a man who can teach history—history in the widest sense; he must be philosopher, biologist, and archæologist as well as scholar. And you would hand that task to Farr! Farr! Farr here has never even touched the essential work of the school. He


text: The Outline of History/Chapter 34

title: The Outline of History/Chapter 34


text:
Page:Bury J B The Cambridge Medieval History Vol 2 1913.djvu/120

92 voyage. Any excess paid was to be reckoned against the principal debt. Compound interest was forbidden altogether by Justinian, and in connexion with this the conversion of unpaid interest into principal was forbidden. And even simple interest ceased so soon as the amount paid equalled the amount of the principal (so Justinian 535). In loans of corn, wine, oil, etc., to farmers, Constantine allowed 50 per cent. interest; Justinian only ⅛th (12½ per cent.), and for money lent to farmers only 1/24 (= 4 1/6) He also forbad the land to be pledged to the lender. In action on a judgment four months were allowed for payment; after that simple interest at 12 per cent. was allowed.

Any son under his father's power was by a senate's decree of the Early Empire disabled from borrowing money. Repayment of any money so borrowed could not be enforced against either his father or his surety or against himself (if he became independent), unless he had recognised the debt by part payment. But the decree did not apply, where the creditor had no ground for knowing the debtor to be under power, or where a daughter required a dowry, or where a student was away from home and borrowed to cover usual or necessary expenses. The fact that the borrower was grown up and even perhaps in high public office did not prevent the decree's applying.

Other contracts made re, involved a transference not of property but of possession. Such are, gratuitous loan of something which is to be returned in specie, and , transfer of something for safekeeping and return on demand or according to agreement. A third contract under this head was pignus, which calls for fuller notice.

, etc. In order to secure a person's performance of an obligation, two means are commonly in use: (1) giving the promisee hold over some property of the promiser's; (2) getting a confirmatory promise from another person: in other words, pledge and surety.

The Romans had three forms of : ''fiducia, pignus, hypotheca. Fiducia was an old form by which the creditor was made owner (for the time) of the property: by pignus he is made possessor; by hypotheca'' he is given simply a power of sale in case of default. Fiducia went out of use about the fourth century; it was analogous to and probably the origin of, our mortgage, the property being duly conveyed to the promiser, who could, subject to account, take the profits and on default of payment as agreed, could sell and thus reimburse himself. A power of sale was usually made by agreement to accompany pignus and hypotheca. In pignus it formed an additional mode of compulsion on the debtor besides the temporary deprivation of the use of his property: in hypotheca it constituted the essence of the security. Pignus was a very old form and always continued in use: hypotheca was no doubt borrowed from the Greeks, and we first hear of it in Cicero's time. It had the great convenience for the debtor that he could remain in possession of the object pledged, and as no physical transfer was required, it could


text: The Outline of History/Chapter 35

title: The Outline of History/Chapter 35


text:
Page:Bury J B The Cambridge Medieval History Vol 2 1913.djvu/121

Rh be applied to all kinds of property, movable and immovable, near or distant, specific or general, corporal or incoporeal (such as investments). And the creditor was not responsible, as he was in the case of pignus, for the care and safekeeping of the object. In other respects the law which applied to the one applied to the other. A written contract was not necessary, if the contract could be proved otherwise.

Tacit pledges were recognised in some cases. Thus the law treated as pledged to the lessor for the rent, without any distinct agreement, whatever was brought into a house by the lessee with the intention of its staying there. A lodger's things were deemed to be pledged only for his own rent. In farms the fruits were held to be pledged, but not other things except by agreement. One who supplied money for reconstructing a house in Rome had the house thereby pledged to him; and for taxes or any debt to the Crown (fiscus) a person's whole property was so treated: guardians' and curators' property is in the same position as security to their wards; husband's as security to the wife for her dowry (531); and what an heir gets from testator is security to the legatees and trust-heirs; what a fiduciary legatee gets is security to the legatee by trust.

Any clause in a pledge-agreement which provided for forfeiture of the pledged property in default of due payment of the loan (Lex commissoria) was forbidden by Constantine. But the right of sale for non-payment of debt was, in the absence of contrary agreement, deemed inherent in pledge. It had however to be exercised with due formality after public notice and the lapse of two years from the time when formal application had been made to the debtor or from the judgment of the Court. Then if no sale was effected, the creditor could after further time and fresh notice petition the Emperor for permission to retain the thing as his own. If the value of the pledge did not equal the amount of the debt, the creditor could proceed against the debtor for the balance; if its value was more, the debtor was entitled to the surplus. Where the creditor was allowed to retain the thing as his own, Justinian allowed a still further period of two years in which the debtor could claim it back on payment of the debt and all creditor's expenses (530).

(fidejussores) were frequently given and were applicable to any contract, formal or informal, and even to enforce a merely natural obligation, as a debt due from a slave to his master. Sureties were bound by stipulation. If there were more than one, each was liable for the whole for which the debtor was liable, but Hadrian decided that a surety making application for the concession should be sued only for his share, provided another surety was solvent. The creditor had the option of suing the debtor or one of the sureties, and, if not satisfied, then the other; but this was modified by Justinian (535), who enacted that the debtor should be first sued if he were there, and that if he were not, time should be given to the sureties to fetch him; if he could not be


text: The Outline of History/Chapter 36

title: The Outline of History/Chapter 36


text: Page:Military organization of the United States (IA militaryorganiza00comm).pdf/54


text:
Page:Military organization of the United States (IA militaryorganiza00comm).pdf/52

52 to supplement the railway and waterway transport system. Motor and wagon transport are not used for the purpose except when the capacity of the railways and waterways is insufficient to meet the demands. The amount of motor and wagon transport assigned for operation to any headquarters is the minimum required for transportation purposes.

(2) The allowance of transport fixed by regulations for the trains of any combat unit is that needed for carrying mobile reserve supplies, for hauling supplies to the troops from the various establishments, and for transporting tactical units.

f. The function of all trains is to keep the commands to which they are attached supplied for action at all times without hampering their freedom of movement. Baggage and other impedimenta are reduced to a minimum and all material not actually required with the combatant field force is left in the rear, whence it is sent forward as required. Commanders of organizations are responsible that no unauthorized vehicles accompany troops or trains, and that no unauthorized supplies or material are transported.


text: The Outline of History/Chapter 37

title: The Outline of History/Chapter 37


text:
Page:Origins-of-COVID-19-20230623.pdf/8

(U) Antibody: A protein produced during an immune response to a part of an infectious agent called an antigen.

(U) Backbone: A genetic sequence used as a chassis upon which to build synthetic constructs, such as those used for cloning, protein expression, and production.

(U) Biosafety: The application of knowledge, techniques, and equipment to prevent personal, laboratory, and environmental exposure to potentially infectious agents or biohazards. Four Biosafety levels (BSL) define the containment conditions under which biological agents can be safely manipulated. These standards range from moderate safety requirements for low-risk agents (BSL-1), to the most stringent controls for high-risk agents (BSL-4). China’s standards range from P1–4.

(U) Biosecurity: The protection, control of, and accountability for biological agents, toxins, and biological materials and information to prevent unauthorized possession, loss, theft, misuse, diversion, and accidental or intentional release.

(U) Coronavirus: A family of common viruses that can infect humans and/or animals. The human illness caused by most coronaviruses usually lasts a short time and presents symptoms consistent with the “common cold,” such as a runny nose, sore throat, cough, and fever.

(U) COVID-19: An infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which is a betacoronavirus.

(U) Diagnostic Information: Information that allows IC analysts to distinguish between hypotheses—in this case, the laboratory origin and natural origin theories.

(U) DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid): A molecule that carries an organism’s genetic blueprint for growth, development, function, and reproduction.

(U) Gain-of-function: The IC considers this as a research method that involves manipulating an organism’s genetic material to impart new biological functions that could enhance virulence or transmissibility (e.g., genetically modifying a virus to expand its host range, transmissibility, or severity of illness). The IC assesses that genetic engineering, genetic modification, and laboratory-adaptation can all be used for gain-of-function experiments, but are not inherently so.

(U) Genetically engineered or genetically modified viruses are intentionally altered, created, or edited using biotechnologies, such as Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat (CRISPR), DNA recombination, or reverse genetics. These viruses have intentional, targeted edits to the genome designed to achieve specific results, but unintentional genomic changes may also occur.

(U) Genome: The genetic material of an organism. It consists of DNA (and sometimes RNA for viruses).

title: Page:Origins-of-COVID-19-20230623.pdf/8


text: The Outline of History/Chapter 38

title: The Outline of History/Chapter 38


text: Page:Brinkley - Japan - Volume 8.djvu/493


text: The Outline of History/Chapter 39

title: The Outline of History/Chapter 39


text:
Page:Horæ Sinicæ, Translations from the Popular Literature of the Chinese (horsinictran00morrrich, Morrison, 1812).djvu/67

Rh times a hundred thousand creations and annihilations, there was a combination of a hundred thousand times ten thousand layers of pure air, which produced the holy prince of chaos. The records entitle him, "The most true and great emperor, the marvellous, original and venerable prince of chaos, and ten thousand transformations." He is also entitled, "The precious divinity, the aged man, the venerable prince." Thought these in successive ages were produced, yet they were not born.

It happened during the dynasty Shang, in the time of the eighteenth emperor Yang-kia, that the divine transforming air, was separated and imparted to the womb of the woman Hiuen-miao-yu, [marvellous and valuable woman,] where it remained eighty-one years, till the time of Wu-ting, the twenty-second king, in the year Keng-shin of the cycle, the second moon, and fifteenth day, when at the sixth hour in the morning, she was delivered, [of Tao,] being in the kingdom Tsu, the district Ku, the village Sai, and the street ''Kio-jin. Tao's'' surname


text: Page:Brinkley - Japan - Volume 8.djvu/494


text: The Outline of History/Chapter 40

title: The Outline of History/Chapter 40


text: The Outline of History/Chapter 41

title: The Outline of History/Chapter 41


text:
Page:Works of Jules Verne - Parke - Vol 8.djvu/38

 "I have seen nothing of him," answered the lieutenant; "is there anything fresh up?"

"Nothing whatever," was the curt reply.

They then conversed for a few moments in an undertone, and I could see that Walter by his gesture gave a negative answer to some question which the mate had asked him. "Send me the boatswain, Walter," said Curtis aloud as the lieutenant moved away.

The boatswain immediately appeared, and another conversation was carried on in whispers. The man repeatedly shook his head as he replied to Curtis's inquiries, and then, in obedience to orders, called the men who were on watch, and made them plentifully water the tarpauling that covered the great hatchway.

Curious to fathom the mystery I went up to Curtis and began to talk with him upon ordinary topics, hoping that he would himself introduce the subject that was uppermost in my mind; finding, however, that he did not allude to it, I asked him point blank:

"What was the matter in the night, Curtis?"

He looked at me steadily, but made no reply.

"What was it?" I repeated. "M. Letourneur and myself were both of us disturbed by a very unusual commotion overhead."

"Oh, a mere nothing," he said at length; "the man at the helm had made a false move, and we had to pipe hands to brace the ship a bit; but it was soon all put to rights. It was nothing, nothing at all."

I said no more; but I can not resist the impression that Robert Curtis has not acted with me in his usual straight-forward manner.

15 to October 18.—The wind is still in the northeast. There is no change in the Chancellor's course, and to an unprejudiced eye all would appear to be going on as usual. But I have an uneasy consciousness that something is not quite right. Why should the hatchways be so hermetically closed as though a mutinous crew was


text:
Page:Bierce - Collected Works - Volume 09.djvu/66

62 pany of authors with private systems of astronomy. The imagination robust enough to conceive a crescent moon in the east at nightfall might even claim a place in a dime museum.

Spielhagan has his full moon on the horizon at midnight by the castle clock.

But the novelists are not alone in their ignorance of what is before their eyes all their blessed lives: the poets know no more than they. In her Songs of the Night-Watches Jean Ingelow compels "a slender moon" to "float up from behind " a person looking at the sunset sky, and afterward makes the full moon "behind some ruined roof swim up" at daybreak. To rout out the moon so early and make it get up, when it must have been up all night attending to its duty as a full moon of orderly habits, is a trifle heartless. In "Daylight and Moonlight," Longfellow, who seems imperfectly to have known how the latter was produced, tells of a time when at mid-day he saw the moon

Sailing high, but faint and white As a schoolboy's paper kite.

Now if It was sailing high at noon it must


text: Page:Brinkley - Japan - Volume 8.djvu/495


text:
Page:Works of Jules Verne - Parke - Vol 8.djvu/154

 raft, their whole existence seemed bound up in each other.

Meantime, I could not disabuse my mind of the impression caused by Miss Herbey's intervention. Something told me that help was near at hand, and that we were approaching the termination of our suspense and misery; the chimeras that were floating through my brain resolved themselves into realities, so that nothing appeared to me more certain than that either land or sail, be they miles away, would be discovered somewhere to leeward.

I imparted my convictions to M. Letourneur and his son. Andre was as sanguine as myself; poor boy! he little thinks what a loss there is in store for him to-morrow. His father listened gravely to all we said, and whatever he might think in his own mind, he did not give us any discouragement; Heaven, he said, he was sure would still spare the survivors of the Chancellor, and then he lavished on his son caresses which he deemed to be his last.

Some time afterward, when I was alone with him, M. Letourneur whispered in my ear:

"Mr. Kazallon, I commend my boy to your care, and mark you, he must never know"

His voice was choked with tears, and he could not finish his sentence.

But I was full of hope, and, without a moment's intermission, I kept my eyes fixed upon the unbroken horizon. Curtis, Miss Herbey, Falsten, and even the boatswain, were also eagerly scanning the broad expanse of the sea.

Night has come on; but I have still a profound conviction that through the darkness some ship will approach, and that at daybreak our raft will be observed.

—27. I did not close my eyes all night, and was keenly alive to the faintest sounds, and every ripple of the water, and every murmur of the waves, broke distinctly on my ear. One thing I noticed and accepted as a happy omen; not a -single shark now lingered round the raft. The waning moon rose at a quarter to one, and through the feeble glimmer which she cast across the ocean, many and many a


text: Page:Brinkley - Japan - Volume 8.djvu/496


text:
Page:Works of Jules Verne - Parke - Vol 8.djvu/39

 between decks? I can not help thinking too that there is something in the sailors so constantly standing in groups and breaking off their talk so suddenly whenever we approach; and several times I have caught the word "hatches" which arrested M. Letourneur's attention on the night of the disturbance.

On the 15th, while I was walking on the forecastle, I overheard one of the sailors, a man named Owen, say to his mates:

"Now I just give you all warning that I am not going to wait until the last minute. Everyone for himself, say I."

"Why, what do you mean to do?" asked Jynxstrop, the cook.

"Pshaw!" said Owen, "do you suppose that longboats were only made for porpoises?"

Something at that moment occurred to interrupt the conversation, and I heard no more. It occurred to me whether there was not some conspiracy among the crew, of which probably Curtis had already detected the symptoms. I am quite aware that some sailors are most rebelliously disposed, and required to be ruled with a rod of iron.

Yesterday and to-day I have observed Curtis remonstrating somewhat vehemently with Captain Huntly, but there is no obvious result arising from their interviews; the captain apparently being bent upon some purpose, of which it is only too manifest that the mate decidedly disapproves.

Captain Huntly is undoubtedly laboring under strong nervous excitement; and M. Letourneur has more than once remarked how silent he has become at meal-times; for although Curtis continually endeavors to start some subject of general interest, yet neither Mr. Falsten, Mr. Kear, nor Mr. Ruby are the men to take it up, and consequently the conversation flags hopelessly, and soon drops. The passengers too are now, with good cause, beginning to murmur at the length of the voyage, and Mr. Kear, who considers that the very elements ought to yield to his convenience, lets the captain know by his consequential and haughty manner that he holds him responsible for the delay.

During the course of yesterday the mate gave repeated orders for the deck to be watered again and again, and although as a general rule this is a business which is done, once for all, in the early morning, the crew did not utter a word


text:
Page:Works of Jules Verne - Parke - Vol 8.djvu/40

 of complaint at the additional work thus imposed upon them. The tarpaulins on the hatches have thus been kept continually wet, so that their close and heavy texture is rendered quite impervious to the air. The Chancellor's pumps afford a copious supply of water, so that I should not suppose that even the daintiest and most luxurious craft belonging to an aristocratic yacht club was ever subject to a more thorough scouring. I tried to reconcile myself to the belief that it was the high temperature of the tropical regions upon which we are entering, that rendered such extra sousings a necessity, and recalled to my recollection how, during the night of the 13th, I had found the atmosphere below deck so stifling, that in spite of the heavy swell I was obliged to open the porthole of my cabin, on the starboard side, to get a breath of air.

This morning at daybreak I went on deck. The sun had scarcely risen, and the air was fresh and cool, in strange contrast to the heat which below the poop had been quite oppressive. The sailors as usual were washing the deck. A great sheet of water, supplied continuously by the pumps, was rolling in tiny wavelets, and escaping now to starboard, now to larboard through the scupper-holes. After watching the men for a while as they ran about bare-footed, I could not resist the desire to join them, so taking off my shoes and stockings, I proceeded to dabble in the flowing water.

Great was my amazement to find the deck perfectly hot to my feet! Curtis heard my exclamation of surprise, and before I could put my thoughts into words, said:

"Yes! there is fire on board!"

19.—Everything, then, is clear. The uneasiness of the crew, their frequent conferences, Owen's mysterious words, the constant scourings of the deck and the oppressive heat of the cabins which had been noticed even by my fellow-passengers, all are explained.

After his grave communication, Curtis remained silent. I shivered with a thrill of horror; a calamity the most


text:
Page:Origins-of-COVID-19-20230623.pdf/4

(U) In March, the IC updated its analysis on core intelligence questions related to COVID-19 origins, to include whether the first human infection with SARS-CoV-2—the virus that causes COVID-19—was the result of natural exposure to an infected animal or a laboratory-associated incident. Variations in IC analytic views on the origins of the COVID-19 pandemic largely stem from differences in how agencies weigh intelligence reporting and scientific publications and intelligence and scientific gaps. All agencies continue to assess that both a natural and laboratory-associated origin remain plausible hypotheses to explain the first human infection.

 * The National Intelligence Council and four other IC agencies assess that the initial human infection with SARS-CoV-2 most likely was caused by natural exposure to an infected animal that carried SARS-CoV-2 or a close progenitor, a virus that probably would be more than 99 percent similar to SARS-CoV-2.

 * The Department of Energy and the Federal Bureau of Investigation assess that a laboratory-associated incident was the most likely cause of the first human infection with SARS-CoV-2, although for different reasons.

 * The Central Intelligence Agency and another agency remain unable to determine the precise origin of the COVID-19 pandemic, as both hypotheses rely on significant assumptions or face challenges with conflicting reporting.

 * Almost all IC agencies assess that SARS-CoV-2 was not genetically engineered. Most agencies assess that SARS-CoV-2 was not laboratory-adapted; some are unable to make a determination. All IC agencies assess that SARS-CoV-2 was not developed as a biological weapon.

The WIV is a civilian research institute founded in the 1950s by the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). Although the WIV is independent of the People’s Liberation Army (PLA), the IC assesses that WIV personnel have worked with scientists associated with the PLA on public health-related research and collaborated on biosafety and biosecurity projects. Information available to the IC indicates that some of the research conducted by the PLA and WIV included work with several viruses, including coronaviruses, but no known viruses that could plausibly be a progenitor of SARS-CoV-2. For example, PLA researchers have used WIV laboratories for virology and vaccine-related work.

 * Between 2017 and 2019, the WIV funded and some of its personnel conducted research projects to enhance China’s knowledge of pathogens and early disease warning capabilities for defensive and biosecurity needs of the military.

 * (U Prior to collaborating on a vaccine for SARS-CoV-2, the WIV collaborated with the PLA on other vaccine and therapeutics relevant to coronaviruses. The IC assesses that this work was intended for public health needs and that the coronaviruses known to be used were too distantly related to have led to the creation of SARS-CoV-2.

title: Page:Origins-of-COVID-19-20230623.pdf/4


text:
Page:Origins-of-COVID-19-20230623.pdf/6

 * Some of the WIV’s genetic engineering projects on coronaviruses involved techniques that could make it difficult to detect intentional changes. A 2017 dissertation by a WIV student showed that reverse genetic cloning techniques—which are standard techniques used in advanced molecular laboratories—left no traces of genetic modification of SARS-like coronaviruses.

Some WIV researchers probably did not use adequate biosafety precautions at least some of the time prior to the pandemic in handling SARS-like coronaviruses, increasing the risk of accidental exposure to viruses. Before the pandemic, the WIV had been working to improve at least some biosafety conditions and training. We do not know of a specific biosafety incident at the WIV that spurred the pandemic and the WIV’s biosafety training appears routine, rather than an emergency response by China’s leadership.

 * (U Nearly a year after the accreditation of the WIV’s BSL-4 laboratory in 2017, China’s decisions of which pathogens required higher biocontainment protocols remained opaque, while the facility had a shortage of appropriately trained personnel.

 * In mid-2019, WIV officials were evaluating and implementing biosafety improvements, training, and procurements in the context of a growing body of broader biosecurity PRC legislation. In November 2019, the WIV, in cooperation with other CAS entities, hosted a biosafety training course for WIV and non-WIV personnel that included speakers from the China Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Given the timing of the event, this training appears routine, rather than a response to a specific incident.

 * As of January 2019, WIV researchers performed SARS-like coronavirus experiments in BSL-2 laboratories, despite acknowledgements going back to 2017 of these virus’ ability to directly infect humans through their spike protein and early 2019 warnings of the danger of this practice. Separately, the WIV’s plan to conduct analysis of potential epidemic viruses from pangolin samples in fall 2019, suggests the researchers sought to isolate live viruses.

 * An inspection of the WIV’s high-containment laboratories in 2020—only months after the beginning of the COVID-19 outbreak’s emergence—identified a need to update aging equipment, a need for additional disinfectant equipment, and improvements to ventilation systems. As this inspection occurred in the midst of the WIV’s crisis response to the COVID-19 outbreak, these findings are not necessarily indicative of WIV’s biosafety status prior to the outbreak.

title: Page:Origins-of-COVID-19-20230623.pdf/6


text:
Page:TASJ-1-3.djvu/192

 their local patron god and the deity of their particular calling in life.’

‘In praying to the gods the blessings which each has it in his power to bestow are to be mentioned in a few words, and they are not to be annoyed with greedy petitions, for the Mikado in his palace offers up petitions daily on behalf of his people, which are far more effectual then those of his subjects.’

‘Rising early in the morning, wash your face and hands, rinse out the mouth and cleanse the body. Then turn towards the province of Yamato, strike the palms of the hands together twice, and worship, bowing the head to the ground.’ [sic] The proper posture is that of kneeling on the heels, which is ordinarily assumed in saluting a superior.’

“From a distance I reverently worship with awe before Ame no Mi-hashira and Kuni no Mi-hashira, also called Shinatsu-hiko no kami and Shinatsu-hime no kami, to whom is consecrated the Palace built with stout pillars at Tatsuta no Tachinu in the department of Heguri in the province of Yamato.”

“I say with awe, deign to bless me by correcting the unwitting faults which, seen and heard by you, I have committed, by blowing off and clearing away the calamities which evil gods might inflict, by causing me to live long like the lard and lasting rock, and by repeating to the gods of heavenly origin and to the gods of earthly origin the petitions which I present every day, along with your breath, that they may hear with the sharp-earedness of the forth-gallopping colt.”

The two deities who are here addressed are the god and goddess of wind. Their first names mean Pillar of Heaven and Pillar of Earth, and are given because the wind pervades the space between Heaven and Earth and supports the former, as a pillar supports the roof of a

title: Page:TASJ-1-3.djvu/192


text:
Page:Origins-of-COVID-19-20230623.pdf/3

(U) This report responds to the COVID-19 Origin Act of 2023, which called for the U.S. Intelligence Community (IC) to declassify information relating to potential links between the Wuhan Institute of Virology (WIV) and the origin of the COVID-19 pandemic. This report outlines the IC’s understanding of the WIV, its capabilities, and the actions of its personnel leading up to and in the early days of the COVID-19 pandemic. This report does not address the merits of the two most likely pandemic origins hypotheses, nor does it explore other biological facilities in Wuhan other than the WIV. A classified annex to this report includes information that was necessary to exclude from the unclassified portion of this report in order to protect sources and methods, but the information contained in the annex is consistent with the unclassified assessments contained in this report.

(U) This report was drafted by the National Intelligence Officer for Weapons of Mass Destruction and Proliferation and coordinated with the IC.

title: Page:Origins-of-COVID-19-20230623.pdf/3


text:
Page:Origins-of-COVID-19-20230623.pdf/5

  and that the coronaviruses known to be used were too distantly related to have led to the creation of SARS-CoV-2.

Prior to the pandemic, we assess WIV scientists conducted extensive research on coronaviruses, which included animal sampling and genetic analysis. We continue to have no indication that the WIV’s pre-pandemic research holdings included SARS- CoV-2 or a close progenitor, nor any direct evidence that a specific research-related incident occurred involving WIV personnel before the pandemic that could have caused the COVID pandemic.

The WIV probably maintains one of the world’s largest repositories of bat samples, which has enabled its coronavirus research and related public health support. Information available to the IC indicates that the WIV first possessed SARS-CoV-2 in late December 2019, when WIV researchers isolated and identified the virus from samples from patients diagnosed with pneumonia of unknown causes.

 * In 2013, the WIV collected animal samples from which they identified the bat coronavirus RaTG13, which is 96.2 percent similar to the COVID-19 virus. By 2018, the WIV had sequenced almost all of RaTG13, which is the second closest known whole genome match to SARS-CoV-2, after BANAL-52, which is 96.8 percent similar. Neither of these viruses is close enough to SARS-CoV-2 to be a direct progenitor.

 * Since 2019, some WIV researchers analyzed pangolin samples to better understand disease outbreaks in these animals.

 * By the end of 2019, the WIV maintained distinct teams focused on MERS and SARS-related coronaviruses. Both teams separately used transgenic mouse models to better understand how the viruses infect humans as well as related vaccine and therapeutics research. The WIV then shifted to support broader public-health efforts related to the COVID-19 pandemic in early 2020.

We assess that some scientists at the WIV have genetically engineered coronaviruses using common laboratory practices. The IC has no information, however, indicating that any WIV genetic engineering work has involved SARS-CoV-2, a close progenitor, or a backbone virus that is closely-related enough to have been the source of the pandemic.

 * Scientists at the WIV have created chimeras, or combinations, of SARS-like coronaviruses through genetic engineering, attempted to clone other unrelated infectious viruses, and used reverse genetic cloning techniques on SARS-like coronaviruses.

title: Page:Origins-of-COVID-19-20230623.pdf/5


text:
Page:TASJ-1-3.djvu/193

 house. Shina in the alternate names means ‘long breath’ ‘Evil acts and words are of two kinds, those of which we are ourselves conscious, and those of which we are not conscious. Every one is certain to commit accidental offences, however careful he may be, and hence the practice of our ancient tongue was to say, “deign to correct those failings of which I may have been guilty.” But it is better to assume that we have committed such unconscious offences. If we pray that such as we have committed may be corrected, the gods are willing to pardon them. By “evil gods” are meant bad deities and demons who work harm to society and to individuals. They originated from the impurities contracted by Izanagi during his visit to the nether world, and cast off by him during the process of purification. They subsequently increased in number, especially after the introduction of Buddhism. The two deities of wind can of course blow away anything it pleases them to get rid of, and among other things the calamities which evil gods endeavour to inflict. As man is dependent on them for the breath which enables him to live, it is right to pray to them to give long life. This is also the reason why they are besought to carry our prayers to the gods of heavenly origin and to the gods of earthly origin.’ As an illustration of the efficacy of prayer Hirata gives a long account of a boy who was carried off in the year 1806 by goblins, and afterwards restored to his father, who had earnestly besought the intercession of Shinatsu-hiko and Shinatsu-hime with the other gods.

The next prayer is addressed to Amaterasu and the other gods who dwell in the sun, and consists simply in calling on them by name. The common belief of the lower classes appears to be that the sun is actually a god, and they may often be seen to worship on rising in the morning, by turning towards it, placing their hands together and reciting prayers. The third

title: Page:TASJ-1-3.djvu/193


text: The First and The Last (Landon)

title: The First and The Last (Landon)


text:
Page:TASJ-1-3.djvu/194

 prayer is addressed to Izanami and the other gods who dwell in the moon, Hirata says that although the Manyô-shiu contains verses about the moon, it was generally considered unlucky to admire it, the reason of which is explained by a verse in the Isemonogatari to be that “man grows old by accumulating moons”; but on the 15th day of the 8th month it is customary to make offerings to the moon, because of her great brilliancy at that season of the year. This however may be a practice derived from the Chinese.

The fourth prayer is addressed to the gods of Isé, namely Amaterasu and Toyo-uke-bime no kami, with a certain number of subordinate deities in adjacent shrines. Toyo-uke-bime was the daughter of Waka-musubi, who was the joint offspring of the god of Fire and the goddess of Soil. She has at least eight other names, all of which express the fact of her being the goddess of food, both vegetable, fish and flesh. Here we meet with a curious Shintô doctrine, according to which a god throws off portions of itself by a process of fissure, thus producing what are called waki-mi-tama, Parted-spirits, with separate functions. Two of the parted spirits of Toyoukebime thus formed are Kukunochi no kami, the producer of all trees, and Kayanu-hime no kami, the parent of all grasses. As rice and other seeds, cattle and the silkworm were produced from the dead body of Toyouke-bime, it is to this goddess and to the action of her ‘parted spirits’ above mentioned that mankind owes the blessings of food, clothing and lodgment. It was an ancient custom therefore to worship this goddess on moving into a new house, built of the wood and thatched with the grass of which she was the first cause. In one of the norito entitled Ohotono hogahi, a service of this kind performed twice annually at the Mikado’s court, this goddess is besought to protect his Palace from harm.

She is also worshipped under the name of

title: Page:TASJ-1-3.djvu/194


title: Page:Experimentsnotes00boyl.pdf/554


text:
Page:TASJ-1-3.djvu/195

 no Mikoto, along with two other gods, at the great temple of Inari between Kiôto and Fushimi. Temples consecrated to “Inari sama” are common all over Japan, and it is usually supposed that Inari is the name of a god; the mistake arises from the common Japanese practice of calling persons, and gods also, by the name of the place where they reside. Another erroneous belief is that Inari sama is a fox, and many temples originally dedicated to foxes are consequently mis-called temples of Inari. One origin assigned for the error is the use of a Chinese character which means ‘fox’ in writing down phonetically Miketsu kami, which is an alternative name of Toyo-uke-bime. The truth is that the fox is the messenger of this goddess, and images of the animal are placed in front of her temples, which may have aided in confirming the error.

The worshipper is next directed to turn in the direction of the province of Hitachi, and bowing down as before, to repeat the following prayer.

“From a distance I reverently worship with awe before Takemikadzuchi no kami, Futsu-nushi no kami and Funado no kami, to whom are consecrated the Palace of Kagushima in the department of Kagushima in the province of Hitachi, the palace of Katori in the department of Katori in the province of Shimotsufusa, and the temple of Ikisu in the province of Hitachi; which are reverently styled the three temples of Adzuma.”

Take-mika-dzuchi and Futsunushi have already been mentioned as the two gods who descended from heaven to conquer the country for Ninigi no mikoto, and Funado no kami acted as their guide. After persuading Oho-kuni-nushi to surrender the sovereignty of Japan, they slew or expelled all the evil gods ‘who glittered like fire-flies or were disorderly as May-flies, banished to foreign countries all the demons who made rocks, stumps of trees, leaves of plants and the foam of the green waters to speak, and then ascended to heaven from the

title: Page:TASJ-1-3.djvu/195


text: Archaeological Journal/Volume 11/On the Arrangement of Chapels East of Transepts


text:
Page:TASJ-1-3.djvu/196

 province of Hitachi on a white cloud. The evil gods originated from the pollution contracted by Izanagi during his visit to the nether world, and having greatly increased in numbers, began to behave in a disorderly manner when Susanowo no mikoto showed them a bad example. Takemikadzuchi and Futsunushi drove them into Hitachi, whence they expelled them from Japanese soil. The two gods left their Parted-Spirits here, in the temples which were built in their honour.’

Hirata says that these two gods are an example of Duality in Unity, of which many other similar cases exist. The gods of Wind and Metal are in pairs, male and female, bat each pair is counted as a single deity; while Oho-wata-tsumi no kami, the god of the sea, is a Trinity in Unity. He remarks that these truths ‘have a profound and mysterious signification,’ but omits to give any explanation of the mystery, probably because no explanation is possible.

The sixth prayer is addressed to Oho-kuni-nushi, ‘who rules the Unseen, and to his consort Suseri-bime, to whom is dedicated the ancient temple of Oho-yashiro in Idzumo. By the term “Unseen” (kakuri-goto) are meant peace or disturbance in the empire, its prosperity and adversity, the life and death, good and bad fortune of human beings, in fine, every supernatural event which cannot be ascribed to a definite author. The most fearful crimes which a man commits go unpunished by society, so long as they are undiscovered, but they draw down on him the hatred of the invisible gods. The attainment of happiness by performing good acts is regulated by the same law. Even if the gods do not punish secret sins by the usual penalties of the law, such as strangulation, decapitation and transfixion on the cross, they inflict diseases, misfortunes, short life and extermination of the race. Sometimes they even cause a clue to be given by which secret crime is made known to the Authorities who have power to punish. The gods bestow happiness and blessings on those who practise good, as effectually as if they

title: Page:TASJ-1-3.djvu/196


title: Page:Experimentsnotes00boyl.pdf/553


text:
Page:TASJ-1-3.djvu/197

 were to manifest themselves to our sight and give treasures, and even if the good do not obtain material rewards, they enjoy exemption from disease, good luck and long life, and prosperity is granted to their descendants. Never mind the praise or blame of fellow-men, but act so that you need not be ashamed before the gods of the Unseen. If you desire to practise true virtue, learn to stand in awe of the Unseen, and that will prevent you from doing wrong. Make a vow to the god who rules over the Unseen, and cultivate the conscience (Ma-go-koro) implanted in you, and then you will never wander from the way. You cannot hope to live more than a hundred years under the most favorable circumstances, but as you will go to the Unseen Realm of Oho-kuni-nushi after death, and be subject to his rule, learn betimes to bow down before him.’ In the Tama no Mi-hashira Hirata says that the spirits of the dead continue to exist in the unseen world, which is everywhere about us, and that they all become gods, of varying character and decrees of influence. Some reside in temples built in their honour, others hover near their tombs, and they continue to render services to their prince, parents, wife and children as when in the body. Besides praying to the primary spirit Oho-kuni-nushi, Hirata enjoins on his followers the necessary of addressing themselves also to his “Rough Spirit,” worshipped in Yamato under the name of Oho-kuni-mitama, his “Gentle Spirit,” the god of the famous temple of Miwa in the same province, and his son Kotoshiro-nushi, the god of truth. The dogma here implied must not confounded with that before alluded to in speaking of “Parted-Spirits.” “Rough Spirit” (ara mi tama) denotes a god in his character as a punisher of the wicked, while as a “Gentle Spirit” (nigi mi tama) he pardons the penitent. There is a third character called saki mi tama, in which a god confers blessings. Human beings are also said to possess the rough spirit and the gentle spirit, which are explained to be the powerful excitement of the soul separating itself from the body, and acting independently. Thus the feeling of hatred is

title: Page:TASJ-1-3.djvu/197


text:
Page:TASJ-1-3.djvu/198

 of avenging injuries, a notable case of which is the death of unfaithful lovers caused by the indignation of the women whom they have wronged and deserted. Frequently the indignation puts on the form of the injured person, and appears to the doer of the wrong, without the knowledge of the injured person. A well authenticated case of a Gentle Spirit appearing to its correlative Rough Spirit is mentioned in the Nihongi, where it is stated that when Oho-kuni-nushi was walking on the sea-shore, and lamenting that the departure of Sukuna-bikona had left him without a coadjutor in the task of civilizing the country, a god came towards him from the sea, and proffered his help. Oho-kuni-nushi did not recognize his other half, and asked his name, on which he received the answer, “I am thy saki tama.”

The ninth prayer is addressed to Iha-naga-hime, the goddess of long life. The legend says that Ninigi no mikoto, while making an excursion in the neighbourhood of his palace, fell in with a beautiful young girl. On his inquiring her name, she said that it was Ko-no-hana-Saku-ya-bime, daughter of Oho-yama-isu-mi, the god of mountains, and that she had an elder sister named Iha-naga-hime. The young god-prince fell in love with her and demanded her in marriage from her father. Oho-yama-tsu-mi thereupon despatched the two sisters to him, but as the elder sister was very ugly, Ninigi no mikoto was frightened and sent her back. Upon this the father said, “My reason for offering both my daughters, was that if you had taken Iha-naga-hime into your service, the lives of the descendants of the heavenly gods would have been eternal, and if you had made use of Ko-no-hana-Sakuya-bime, they would have been as beautiful as the flowers of the cherry-tree. But now that you have rejected the one and kept the other, they will be as frail as the blossoms, and the anger of Iha-naga-hime will shorten human life.” This story presents all the characteristics of the myth. The name of the ugly daughter is a compound of ika rock, and naga long, and is symbolical of longevity; while the name of the

title: Page:TASJ-1-3.djvu/198


text:
Page:TASJ-1-3.djvu/199

 other is explained to mean ‘the blossoming of the flowers of trees,’ and signifies perishable beauty. The ancient text from which the legend is quoted says “this was cause of the short lives of the men of the present day,” and Hirata takes advantage of the occasion to remark that while it is very natural for a man “to prefer a beautiful wife, as the object of marriage is to beget children, he is far wiser, who chooses his wife on account of her virtues.” He says that although the son of Ninigi no mikoto lived 580 years at his Palace of Takachiho, that was a short life compared with the lives of those who had lived before him, and the lives of some of the early emperors from Jimmu, which extended over more than a century, were of course still shorter. In fact from the time of Ninigi no mikoto the years of the Mikado and his people continued to grow always fewer, for although it might be supposed that the consequences of Ninigi no mikoto’s act would only affect his own immediate descendants, the Mikado’s subjects were naturally bound not to live longer than their sovereign. He concludes by the safe opinion that those who wish to live long should constantly take care of their health, and at the same time pray to this goddess for her blessing.

Another of the prayers is to be addressed to the ichi no miya, or chief temple of the province in which the worshipper lives. It is not known with exactness at what period certain temples came to have this designation, but at all events it is not to be found in any document older than the 12th century. Nevertheless, Hirata is of opinion that the practice of making such a distinction cannot be wrong, since it has existed for so long a period that it must be supposed to have the sanction of the gods. Besides the ichi no miya there exist in certain provinces temples called Kuni-tama no yashiro, which Motoöri thinks are probably dedicated to persons who first settled there and cultivated the laid, and also a third class called Sôsha. The origin of the latter term, which means general temple, is supposed to be that some of the ancient governors (kokushi), whose duty it was on arriving in

title: Page:TASJ-1-3.djvu/199


text:
Page:TASJ-1-3.djvu/200

 their provinces, to make a tour for the purpose of worshipping at all the Shintô temples within their jurisdiction, compounded by worshipping only at the ichi no miya, if there happened to be one at the provincial capital, or built a new temple to which they gave the name of ‘general temple.’ Another suggestion is that it was at the ichi-no-miya that the governor began his round of worshipping, and that the name is derived from this circumstance. Kanetane, the editor of the Tamadasuki, quotes a passage from the Chôya Gunsai, which shows that the new governor had to perform these religious rites before entering upon his administrative duties.

Amongst the ancient Shintô practices which have descended to the present day is that of presenting new-born infants to the local deity, in order to place them under his action. This god is commonly called the uji-gami, (family god) and the inhabitants of the district over which he is supposed to extend his favours stand to him in the relation of uji-ko, or children of the family. In Satsuma, Akita and in some other provinces it is also the custom before starting on a journey to proceed to the temple of this god, and to beseech his protection until the person shall return home again. The priest gives him a paper charm to protect him from harm on the road, and he procures also a little sand from the site of the temple, to be mixed in small quantities with water and drunk whenever he feels uncomfortable during the journey. Whatever remains of this sand has to be returned to the temple when the traveller reaches home again, and he has of course to give thanks for the protection which he has enjoyed.

The local deity ought correctly to be called Ubu-suna no kami, the god of the native earth (or sand), and this term is found in ancient writings. Uji-gami should only be applied to the common ancestor of a number of persons who bear the same family name, or if not to an ancestor, to some one who has merited equivalent honours by acquiring a title to their gratitude. The word uji being originally the same as uchi, within, ujigami must mean

title: Page:TASJ-1-3.djvu/200


text:
Page:TASJ-1-3.djvu/201

 the deity who is most closely connected by ties of worship with the persons comprehended ‘within’ a family or a community. The Jimmei Shiki contains the name of some Uji-gami, who were simply ancestral gods, but on the other hand, the Fujiwara family, which was descended from Ame-no-koya-ne no mikoto, worshipped Take-mika-dzuchi and Futsu-nushi as their Uji-gami. The importance attached in ancient time to the worship of the Uji-gami is shown by grants of rice and immunities with respect to passports being given by the Mikado to nobles, in order that they might perform these duties. A regulation of the year 895, after stating that the uji-gami are mostly located in the Five Home Provinces, says that any one who asks for leave in the second, fourth and eleventh months for the purpose of worshipping his ancestors, is to obtain it at once. It would appear from this order that the term had not at that time lost its original meaning. Hirata thinks that the confusion arose from the fact that the uji-gami, or ancestral gods, of the hereditary local chiefs called Kuni no miyatsuko were at the same time the patron gods of the locality. Their subjects would naturally use both terms as synonymous, and as the one fell out of use, the other would come to be employed for the local god, whether he were an ancestor or not.

It is suggested by the author of the Matsu no Ochiba that what is now called the Uji-gami of a village was originally the collective name under which the inhabitants worshipped their respective ancestors in a single temple, and that this family-god eventually came to be looked on us the patron-god of the locality. Or perhaps, when there was already a temple to the local god, they worshipped their ancestors in the same building for convenience sake, and thus the two were in the end confounded in one. Hirata does not approve this conjecture, but it certainly seems as probable as his own view, which, indeed, it appears to supplement. A third supposition is that Uji-gami is a corruption of Uchi no kami, the god of a family or

title: Page:TASJ-1-3.djvu/201


text:
Page:Experimentsnotes00boyl.pdf/11

 Directions for the Book-binder;

to be put immediately after the general Title Page.

HE everal Tracts of this Book are to be bound in the order following, viz.

After the Preface of the Publiher to the Reader, and the Advertiements relating to the whole Treatie, is to follow,

1. The Tract of Heat and Cold.

2. Of Tats.

3. Of Odours.

4. Of the imperfection of the Chymits Doctrine of Qualities.

5. Reflexions upon the Hypotheis of Alcali and Acidum.

6. Advertiments relating to Chymical Qualities to be bound next after the Title Page to Volatility.

7. Of Volatility.

8. Of Fixtnes.

9. Of Corroiveness & Corroibility.

10. Of Chymical Precipitation.

11. Of Magnetim.

12: Of Electricity. ERRA

title: Page:Experimentsnotes00boyl.pdf/11