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 they are home commodities, or in preparing those with which they are purchased, if they are foreign commodities. Such taxes, too, always alter, more or less, the natural direction of national industry, and turn it into a channel always different from and generally less advantageous than that in which it would have run of its own accord.

Thirdly, the hope of evading such taxes by smuggling gives frequent occasions to forfeitures and other penalties, which entirely ruin the smuggler; a person who, though no doubt highly blamable for violating the laws of his country, is frequently incapable of violating those of natural justice, and would have been, in every respect, an excellent citizen, had not the laws of his country made that a crime which nature never meant to be so. In those corrupted governments where there is at least a general suspicion of much unnecessary expense, and great misapplication of the public revenue, the laws which guard it are little respected. Not many people are scrupulous about smuggling, when, without perjury, they can find any easy and safe opportunity of doing so. To pretend to have any scruple about buying smuggled goods, though a manifest encouragement to the violation of the revenue laws, and to the perjury which almost always attends it, would in most countries be regarded as one of those pedantic pieces of hypocrisy which, instead of gaining credit with anybody, serve only to expose the person who affects to practice them to the suspicion of being a greater knave than most of his neighbors. By this indulgence of the public, the smuggler is often encouraged to continue a trade which he is thus taught to consider as in some measure innocent; and when the se-


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 hint to the late Count, which I saw alarmed him; I believe he feared and hated me.—Pardon my prolixity, Sir.

"This worthy couple that I was speaking of, were strangers to every one in the Castle but myself. When Madam Claudina opened her mind to me, and resolved to quit the house, I went there, said it was an unfortunate sick Lady and her child, who wished to remain entirely unknown and unseen. They received her with pleasure; there she lived repentant, and her health soon fell a sacrifice to the remembrance of her errors. The news of your death closed the scene."

"And where is this worthy pair at present?" asked Ferdinand.

"In the same house, Sir."

"Who supports them?"

"Their wants are very few; their little garden and a cow supply the chief of them."

"And you the rest, good and respectable man! (cried Ferdinand) what a heart is yours! Kings might envy your feelings, for justice and charity preside over them."

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 At that moment dinner was announced. Ernest arose: "Stop, my friend, (said he) this day ends all other distinctions between us; my heart swells to imitate your's; henceforth be always near me; teach me by your example to be loved in my youth, and revered in my decline of life, like you." Yes, you are the father of my affections, the friend of my friend," putting his hand into the Count's, who pressed it with both of his; "no longer my steward, but my companion and benefactor."

Ernest, overcome by emotions that swelled to his throat, and almost burst his bosom, had just strength to pull open a button or two, and sunk into a chair:—"Too much (said he, sobbing) it is too much, this graciousness!" A friendly shower of tears fell down his venerable face, and relieved the oppressed heart; neither of them had dry eyes for the moment.

"Come (said Ferdinand, trying to recover himself) come, the dinner waits, we dine together," taking Ernest by the arm.


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 "Excuse me, Sir, good Sir excuse me, not to-day, I cannot; give me time to recover myself; I cannot obey you now."

"Dear Ernest, obedience and command exists no longer between us; I will oblige you now, but from this day we have no separate tables. Within an hour I hope you will join us to drink a health to all our friends."

"I will, I will attend you, Sir (cried he, still sobbing) but spare me for the present." The friends withdrew.

"I honour you, my dear friend (said the Count) for the deserved kindness you have shown that good man. Would to Heaven that such instances were more frequent, that virtue, and goodness of heart, should be the only distinguishing mark to exact respect and attention; hereditary honours, when disgraced by improper and disorderly conduct, ought, in my opinion, to be classed far beneath the poorest upright man, whilst principles, and a mind like Ernest's would grace a diadem."


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 spoke; but the Judge was allowed to pace once or twice across the room without interruption, when he cried—

"Our plans are defeated, girl; the obstinacy of the Leather-stocking has brought down the indignation of the law on his devoted head, and it is out of my power to avert it."

"How? in what manner?'* cried Elizabeth; "the fine is nothing; surely"—

"I did not I could not anticipate that an old, a friendless man, like him, would dare to oppose the officers of justice," interrupted the Judge; "I supposed that he would submit to the search, when the fine could have been paid, and the law would have been appeased; but now he will have to meet its rigour."

"And what must the punishment be, sir?" asked Edwards, in an agitated voice.

Marmaduke turned quickly to the spot where the youth had withdrawn, and exclaimed—

"You here! I did not observe you. I know not what it will be, sir; it is not usual for a Judge to decide, until he has heard the testimony, and the jury have convicted. Of one thing, however, you may be assured, Mr. Ed wards; it shall be whatever the law demands, notwithstanding any momentary weakness I may have exhibited, because the luckless man has been of such eminent service to my daughter."

"No one, I believe, doubts the sense of justice which Judge Temple entertains!" returned Edwards, bitterly. "But let us converse calmly, sir. Will not the years, the habits, nay the ignorance of my old friend, avail him any thing against such a charge?"

"Ought they? I may ask," returned Marmaduke. "They may extenuate, but can they acquit? Would any society be tolerable, young


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 Honour to be antecedent to Religion!—Mr. Allworthy, did I agree—?’

He was proceeding, when Mr. Allworthy interpoed, telling them very coldly, they had both mitaken his Meaning; for that he had aid nothing of true Honour.—It is poible, however, he would not have eaily quieted the Diputants, who were growing equally warm, had not another Matter now fallen out, which put a final End to the Converation at preent.  Containing a neceary Apology for the Author; and a childih Incident, which perhaps requires an Apology likewie.

EFORE I proceed farther, I hall beg leave to obviate ome Micontructions, into which the Zeal of ome few Readers may lead them; for I would not willingly give Offence to any, epecially to Men who are warm in the Caue of Virtue or Religion.

I hope, therefore, no Man will, by the groet Miundertanding, or Perverion,


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 That evening the Count received a letter from Eugenia, who continued in tolerable health and spirits. She much regretted the loss of her friend, the Countess; but loved her too well not to rejoice in her opening prospects of happiness, though she was the sufferer.

Two days after Mr. D'Alenberg wrote to them that the Countess was arrived, and that the family party wanted their agreeable society, of which due notice had been sent to Baron Reiberg.

The friends wanted no further persuasions to a visit so gratifying to their wishes; Ernest no longer the steward, but friend of Ferdinand, undertook all necessary arrangements for the reception of a Lady, whose society was to constitute the happiness of his beloved master, a name ever dear to his heart.

Ferdinand paid a visit to his sister-in-law, the Countess, entreated her friendship in very sincere terms, saying, "he hoped shortly to bring home a Lady who would feel happy


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 to cultivate her acquaintance."—Her reply was equally affectionate and polite.

He commissioned Ernest to make that family comfortable, who had given an asylum to Claudina. He wrote to the steward of Danfelt Castle, offering him the same situation in his family, if he still was desirous of a change, sending him a handsome present, which, if he preferred remaining at the Castle, he would remit to him annually.

Thus, having settled all the demands of gratitude and civility, with a light heart, and a thousand transporting hopes, he accompanied the Count to Mr. D'Allenberg's.

It is needless to say their arrival was announced to the general satisfaction of the family, and Ferdinand thanked the old Gentleman, with the warmest gratitude, for shortening the time of his probation, and permitting him the happy opportunity of cultivating that esteem his lovely daughter had so generously avowed. In less than a week the young Baron made an addition to their society.


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 Two months was spent by this agreeable party in all the delights that love and friendship could bestow; and, at the expiration of that time, Mr. D'Allenberg prevailed on his daughter and the Countess to make their lovers happy.—"Enough has been sacrificed to decorum (said he) it is now time to satisfy the demands of a tender attachment; life is short, and I wish to enjoy what remains of it, in the contemplation of my children's felicity."

The plea was unanswerable, and Miss D'Allenberg resigned her hand without the smallest reluctance to the happy Ferdinand. On the same day the Baron and the Countess were also united.

Previous to which, that Lady insisted upon disclosing to him the story of Louisa, and her own situation.—"I could not feel happy (said she) to know there was a transaction of such consequence in my life, a secret to my husband, where mutual confidence must be the basis for mutual happiness; it would also be


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 man, where the ministers of justice are to be opposed by men armed with rifles? Is it for this that 1 have tamed the wilderness?"

"Had you tamed the beasts that so lately threatened the life of Miss Temple, sir, your arguments would apply better."

"Edwards!" exclaimed Elizabeth

"Peace, my child," interrupted her father;-"the youth is unjust; but I have not given him cause. I overlook thy remark, Oliver, for I know thee to be the friend of Natty, and thy zeal in his behalf has overcome thy discretion."

"Yes, he is my friend," cried Edwards, "and I glory in the title. He is simple, unlettered, even ignorant; prejudiced, perhaps, though I feel that his opinion of the world is too true; but he has a heart, Judge Temple, that would atone for a thousand faults; he knows his friends, and never deserts them, even if it be his dog."

"This is a good character, Mr. Edwards," returned Marmaduke, mildly; "but I have never been so fortunate as to secure his esteem, for to me he has been uniformly repulsive; yet I have endured it, as an old man's whim. However, when he appears before me, as his judge, he shall find that his former conduct shall not aggravate, any more than his recent services shall extenuate his crime."

"Crime!" echoed Edwards; "is it a crime to drive a prying miscreant from his door? Crime! Oh! no, sir; if there be a criminal involved in this affair, it is not he."

"And who may it be, sir?" asked Judge Temple, facing the agitated youth, with his fine, manly features settled to their usual composure.

This appeal was more than the young man could bear. Hitherto he had been deeply agita-


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 a treason against Louisa, which I could never forgive myself, not to do justice to a nobleness of mind that has few examples." The Baron was indeed surprised, but having heard the precedent the Countess had set Louisa, when the latter was distressed and unhappy; he said, his admiration was so equally divided between both Ladies, that it was difficult to pronounce where the preference lay."

Ferdinand before his marriage heard from the steward of Danfelt Castle, who gratefully thanked him for his goodness; but said a great alteration had taken place there; his master was reconciled to his Lady after a separation of fifteen years, it being found out by the confession of a servant that the Lady was innocent, and accused only out of revenge; he was therefore now preparing the Castle for their reception. He added, that the robbers, having been convicted by the evidence of several persons, had all suffered death, and the box of jewels was claimed by a Gentleman of Vienna to remit into Tur-


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 key.—Thus ended all future concern, either for Heli, or the robbers.

Peter, who had been valet to Rhodophil, who had been privy to most of his bad actions, yet had always felt gratitude to Ernest for preserving his life, and to whose information Ernest was often obliged, him Ferdinand could not retain in his family, but in the hope that a grateful mind could not be ultimately a bad one, he settled on him an annuity sufficient to maintain him with comfort, for so long as his conduct should deserve it.

The Gentlemen and their Ladies resided one month with Mr. D'Allenberg after their marriage, and then separated, with a promise of paying each other an annual visit. Louisa, at her own request, remained with Mr. D'Allenberg to supply the place of his daughter.

The Count accompanied Ferdinand and his Lady to Castle Renaud, where the worthy Ernest was presented to the Countess in such flattering terms, that the good creature almost


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 expired with joy.—"Now (cried he, tears stealing down his face) now I have lived to see my master happy; I have lived long enough for myself; the remainder of my days must be devoted to the service of that Master, whose gracious Providence has defeated the schemes of the wicked, and having punished one error in early youth, which was productive of so many evils, has at length purified him to a fullness of joy!"

Ferdinand, from the day of his marriage with the charming Theresa, had nothing wherewith to reproach himself, or to interrupt their mutual happiness; he found, in the sweets of that union, that perfect felicity, which must result from a connexion formed on the principles of reason and virtue; whilst, generally speaking, those marriages, contracted contrary to the wishes of parents, influenced chiefly by transient personal charms, and hurried on by rash tumultuous passions, seldom fail to be productive of sorrow, regret and reproach—perhaps of punishment


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 ted by bis emotions; but now the volcano burst its boundaries.

"Who! and this to me!" he cried; "ask your own conscience, Judge Temple. Walk to that door, sir, and look out upon the valley, that placid lake, and those dusky mountains, and say to your own heart, if heart you have, whence came these riches, this vale, those hills, and why am I their owner? I should think, sir, that the appearance of Mohegan and the Leather-stocking, stalking through the country, impoverished and forlorn, would wither your sight."

Marmaduke heard this burst of passion, at first, with deep amazement; but when the youth had ended, he beckoned to his impatient daughter for silence, and replied—

"Oliver Edwards, thou forgettest in whose presence thou standest. I have heard, young man, that thou claimest descent from the native owners of the soil; but surely thy education has been given thee to no effect, if it has not taught thee the validity of the claims that have transferred the title to the whites. These lands are mine by the very grants of thy ancestry, if thou art so descended; and I appeal to Heaven, for a testimony of the uses I have put them to. After this language, we must separate. I have too long sheltered thee in my dwelling; but the time has arrived when thou must quit it. Come to my office, and I will discharge the debt I owe thee. Neither shall thy present intemperate language mar thy future fortunes, if thou wilt hearken to the advice of one who is by many years thy senior."

The ungovernable feeling that caused the violence of the youth had passed away, and he stood gazing after the retiring figure of Marmaduke, with a vacancy in his eye, that denoted the ab-


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 and shame.—We have only to add, that in less than three years after the marriage of Ferdinand, the once unfortunate, but then happy Eugenia, was translated from a state of resignation and piety, to a life of blessed immortality:—From her melancholy story may be deduced two observations of equal importance to society; when a parent exercises an undue authority over his child, and compels her to give a reluctant hand without a heart; by giving his sanction in the outset to deception and perjury; he has little to expect but that the consequences will be fatal to her honour and happiness.

A parent has an undoubted right to a negative voice, to persuade, to reason, and direct a young and unexperienced mind; but to force a child to the altar, from motives of ambition, interest, or to gratify any selfish passions, too generally lays the foundation for that indifference, and neglect of the do-


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 mestic duties, which terminates in folly, vice, and the ruin of all social happiness.

In the conduct of Baron S, may be traced the fatal effects of indulging that gloomy misanthropy, which feeds a proud spirit and a callosity of heart, insensible to every feeling but its own gratification, which, when opposed, may lead to the most determined cruelty and revenge.

Count M was greatly affected at the death of Eugenia; but by their separation he had been long weaned from that excess of passion he had felt in early life, and which had been productive of so much sorrow to both; his grief had less poignancy than he must otherwise have known, and the society of his friends contributed to restore his peace, though he ever preserved a tender remembrance of his first love.

In less than a twelvemonth after her decease, he offered himself to, and was ac-


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 cepted by, the amiable Louisa. They had no children, and Charles, the son of Ferdinand, was the worthy successor to the Count's fortune.

The compulsive marriage of Count Renaud, from which originated all the misfortunes that attended himself and his family, and the very rash and imprudent one which Ferdinand contracted, hold out lessons of equal importance to the consideration of parents and children.

But our hero, having been severely punished for the impetuosity and folly which marked his first attachment, found, in his union with Theresa, that unclouded happiness so seldom the lot of mortals.

Sensible of the blessings he received, it was his unremitting endeavour, by rectitude of conduct, by generosity to the deserving, and by benevolence to the unfortunate, to


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 communicate an equal portion of felicity to all within the circle of his acquaintance.

From the characters of Rhodophil and Fatima, we may trace the progression of vice, and its fatal termination!


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 sence of his mind. At length he recollected himself, and, turning his head slowly around the apartment, he beheld Elizabeth, still seated on the sofa, but with her head dropped on her bosom, and her face again concealed by her hands.

"Miss Temple," he said—all violence had left his manner—"Miss Temple—I have forgotten myself—forgotten you. You have heard what your father has decreed, and this night I leave here. With you I would part in amity."

Elizabeth slowly raised her face, across which a momentary expression of sadness stole; but as she left her seat, her dark eyes lighted with their usual fire, her cheek flushed to burning, and her whole air seemed to belong to another nature.

"I forgive you, Edwards, and my father will forgive you," she said, when she reached the door. "You do not know us, but the time may come, when your opinions shall change"

"Of you! never!" interrupted the youth; "I"

"I would speak, sir, and not listen. There is something in this affair that I do not yet comprehend; but tell the Leather-stocking he has friends as well as judges in us. Do not let the old man experience unnecessary uneasiness, at this rupture. It is impossible that you could increase his claims here; neither shall they be diminished by any thing you have said. Mr. Edwards, I wish you happiness, and warmer friends."

The youth would have spoken, but she vanished from the door so rapidly, that when he reached the hall her light form was nowhere to be seen. He paused a moment, in a stupor, and then, rushing from the house, instead of following Marmaduke to his "office," he took his way directly for the cabin of the hunters.


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 were casual to him, and very important to her, he proposed for the hand of the visitor. The proposal itself might not have so completely enraged Lola although her pride was sorely wounded. Still, plans to marry a bride from such a great distance might miscarry. But the affianced girl so obviously demurred from the marriage that the talking chiefs became frightened. Fuativa was a rich man and the marriage ceremony would bring many perquisites for the talking chief. If the girl was allowed to go home and plead with her parents, or given the opportunity to elope with some one else, there would be no wedding perhaps and no rewards. The public defloration ceremony is forbidden by law. That the bridegroom was a government employé would further complicate his position should he break the law. So the anxious talking chief and the anxious suitor made their plans and he was given access to his future bride. The rage of Lola was unbounded and she took an immediate revenge, publicly accusing her rival of being a thief and setting the whole village by the ears. The women of the host household drove her out with many imprecations and she fled home to her mother, thus completing the residence cycle begun four years ago. She was now in the position of the delinquent in our society. She had continuously violated the group standards and she had exhausted all the solutions open to her. No other family group would open its doors to a girl whose record branded her as a liar, a trouble maker, a fighter, and a thief, for her misdeeds included


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 continual petty thievery. Had she quarrelled with a father or been outraged by a brother-in-law, a refuge would have been easy to find. But her personality was essentially unfortunate. In her mother's household she made her sisters miserable, but she did not lord it over them as she had done before. She was sullen, bitter, vituperative. The young people of the village branded her as the possessor of a lotu le aga, ("a bad heart") and she had no companions. Her young rival left the island to prepare for her wedding, or the next chapter might have been Lola's doing her actual physical violence. When I left, she was living, idle, sullen, and defiant in her long-suffering mother's house.

Mala's sins were slightly otherwise. Where Lola was violent, Mala was treacherous; where Lola was antagonistic, Mala was insinuating. Mala was younger, having just reached puberty in January, the middle of my stay on the island. She was a scrawny, ill-favoured little girl, always untidily dressed. Her parents were dead and she lived with her uncle, a sour, disgruntled man of small position. His wife came from another village and disliked her present home. The marriage was childless. The only other member of the house group was another niece who had divorced her husband. She also was childless. None showed Mala any affection, and they worked her unmercifully. The life of the only young girl or boy in a Samoan house, in the very rare cases when it occurs, is always very difficult. In this case it was doubly so. Ordinarily other relatives


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 of vindictive detraction and growling about a rival. There are no standards of good form which prescribe an insincere acceptance of defeat, no insistence on reticence and sportsmanship. So a great deal of slight irritation can be immediately dissipated. Friendships are of so casual and shifting a nature that they give rise to neither jealousy nor conflict. Resentment is expressed by subdued grumblings and any strong resentment results in the angry one's leaving the household or sometimes the village.

In the girl's religious life the attitude of the missionaries was the decisive one. The missionaries require chastity for church membership and discouraged church membership before marriage, except for the young people in the missionary boarding schools who could be continually supervised. This passive acceptance by the religious authorities themselves of pre-marital irregularities went a long way towards minimising the girls' sense of guilt. Continence became not a passport to heaven but a passport to the missionary schools which in turn were regarded as a social rather than a religious adventure. The girl who indulged in sex experiments was expelled from the local pastor's school, but it was notable that almost every older girl in the community, including the most notorious sex offenders, had been at one time resident in the pastors' households. The general result of the stricter supervision provided by these schools seemed to be to postpone the first sex experience two or three years. The seven girls


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 We are slowly feeling our way towards a solution of this problem, at least in the case of formal education. Until very recently our educational system offered only two very partial solutions of the difficulties inherent in a great discrepancy between children of different endowment and different rates of development. One solution was to allow a sufficiently long time to each educational step so that all but the mentally defective could succeed, a method similar to the Samoan one and without its compensatory dance floor. The bright child, held back, at intolerably boring tasks, unless he was fortunate enough to find some other outlet for his unused energy, was likely to expend it upon truancy and general delinquency. Our only alternative to this was "skipping" a child from one grade to another, relying upon the child's superior intelligence to bridge the gaps. This was a method congenial to American enthusiasm for metcoric careers from canal boat and log cabin to the White House. Its disadvantages in giving the child a sketchy, discontinuous background, in removing it from its age group, have been enumerated too often to need repetition here. But it is worthy of note that with a very different valuation of individual ability than that entertained by Samoan society we used for years one solution, similar and less satisfactory than theirs, in our formal educational attempts.

The methods which experimental educators are substituting for these unsatisfactory solutions, schemes like the Dalton Plan, or the rapidly moving classes in


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 high and have afforded material for a moral tale called "The Smuggler's Awful End," but there are no cherubs who watch over Customs or the Brussels Convention in West Africa and I have no intention of volunteering for such an appointment.

But to return to the Sierra Leone finances and the relationship which the expenditure of that colony bears to the revenue. The increase in the imports is apparently the thing depended on to justify the idea that as the trade has increased the governmental expenditure has a right to do so likewise. The imports increase in 1896 is given as £90,683. From this you must deduct for railway material, £26,000, and for the increased specie import, £19,591, which leaves you an increase of imports of £45,092 from 1887—896, and remember a good percentage of this remainder of £45,092 belongs to French Guinea.

Now the expenditure on the government of Sierra Leone has increased from £58,534 in 1887 to £116,183, being an increase at the rate of 991 per cent., whereas the exports during the same period have increased at the rate of 34.8 per cent., or from £333,157 to £449,033.

In other words, whereas in 1887 the government expenditure amounted to 17.5 per cent., the exports in 1896 amounted to 25.4 per cent. The sum of £40,579 of this increase is credited to police, gaols, transport, and public works; and if this is to be the normal rate of

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 particularly favourable to the establishment of nervous stability. Just as a child from a better home environment in our civilisation may be presumed to have a better chance under all circumstances it is conceivable that the Samoan child is not only handled more gently by its culture but that it is also better equipped for those difficulties which it does meet.

Such an assumption is given force by the fact that little Samoan children pass apparently unharmed through experiences which often have grave effects on individual development in our civilisation. Our life histories are filled with the later difficulties which can be traced back to some early, highly charged experience with sex or with birth or death. And yet Samoan children are familiarised at an early age and without disaster, with all three. It is very possible that there are aspects of the life of the young child in Samoa which equip it particularly well for passing through life without nervous instability.

With this hypothesis in mind it is worth while to consider in more detail which parts of the young child's social environment are most strikingly different from ours. Most of these centre about the family situation, the environment which impinges earliest and most intensely upon the child's consciousness. The organisation of a Samoan household climinates at one stroke, in almost all cases, many of the special situations which are believed to be productive of undesirable emotional sets. The youngest, the oldest, and the only child,


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 "The moment of concealment is over, Miss Temple. By this time to-morrow, I shall remove a veil that perhaps it has been weakness to keep around me and my affairs so long. But I have had romantic and foolish wishes and weaknesses; and who has not, that is young and torn by conflicting passions! God bless you! I hear your father's voice; he is coming up the road, and I would not, just now, subject myself to detention. Thank Heaven, you are safe again, and that alone removes the weight of a world from my spirit!"

He waited for no answer, but sprung into the woods. Elizabeth, notwithstanding she heard the piercing cries of her father as he called upon her name, paused until he was concealed among the smoking trees, when she turned, and in a moment rushed into the arms of her half-distracted parent.

A carriage had been provided, to remove her body, living or dead as Heaven had directed her fate, into which Miss Temple hastily entered; when the cry was passed along the hill, that the lost one was found, and the people returned to the village, wet and dirty, but elated with the thought that the daughter of their landlord had escaped from so horrid and untimely an end.


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many chapters we have followed the lives of Samoan girls, watched them change from babies to baby-tenders, learn to make the oven and weave fine mats, forsake the life of the gang to become more active members of the household, defer marriage through as many years of casual love-making as possible, finally marry and settle down to rearing children who will repeat the same cycle. As far as our material permitted, an experiment has been conducted to discover what the process of development was like in a society very different from our own. Because the length of human life and the complexity of our society did not permit us to make our experiment here, to choose a group of baby girls and bring them to maturity under conditions created for the experiment, it was necessary to go instead to another country where history had set the stage for us. There we found girl children passing through the same process of physical development through which our girls go, cutting their first teeth and losing them, cutting their second teeth, growing tall and ungainly, reaching puberty with their first menstruation, gradually reaching physical maturity, and becoming


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136 are committee confidential to outside witnesses. You know that. You've had this talk before.

The Witness. We don't need all the transcript. You could have provided what you wanted to use.

 * BY :

I'm going to read it to you. If your memory's not jogged, it's not jogged. Then that's what the record will reflect.

Okay.

"Did you have"—Mr. Rich Donoghue: "Did you have any conversations with the chief of staff for Mr. Miller, Kash Patel, at that time or any time?"

"I don't know if he was on this call. I did have conversations with Kash Patel separately, in part in relation to that Italy allegation that we discussed a few hours ago."

"Was Mr. Patel at DOD at that time, end of December?

"I believe he was, because I think that the chief of staff brought that up first in his office on December 29th, and, as part of the conversation, he referred it to us. He said, 'Check it out.' I think at some point he said, you know, 'Maybe you could have FBI agents go over there and just interview this guy,' and we said, 'No, it doesn't work that way.' And, as you know, we cannot put FBI agents on a plane, send them to a foreign country, and have them interview people. You have to go through the MLAT procedure. It'll take months. And someone said, 'Well, DOD's got people on the ground. Maybe they could do it.' And we didn't weigh in on that. It was like, that's a DOD issue. If you want to talk to them, so be it. And then I ended up on the phone with Kash Patel a couple days later, maybe January 1st. He called me and said, "What is the situation with the guy in Italy?" And I told him what I knew, and he said, 'Okay, thanks,' and we hung up, and that was it. I've never met him in person. I think that was the only


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137 conversation we had on the phone."

Do you have a memory of that conversation asking the number-two at DOJ to investigate the claims of the men in Italy?

I do not recall that.

"And Kash Patel called me and said, 'I heard you were given some information by the chief of staff about this Italy thing. Can you tell me what this is all about?' And I relayed to him what I knew at that point."

Which was?

Are you going to keep reading—

"The chief of staff told us this"—

—pieces of this thing, or are you going to try to refresh my memory by reading the entire—

If your memory's not refreshed from something as unique as you calling the number-two at DOJ to investigate election fraud claims by two men in Italy in jail, I don't know what will.

Okay. Well, then you've answered your own question, so we can move on.

Did you have any—going back to your potential appointments to the CIA or FBI, did you have any belief that General Milley prevented those appointments?

I don't believe so.

I want to go back to exhibit—

Mr. Sofer. One second, please.

[Discussion off the record.]

The Witness. Okay. Thanks.

Mr. Sofer. Sorry. Go ahead.

 * BY :


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138 I just want to make sure you have no memory about this either.

"Saturday, January 2nd, Miller and Patel together called the Director of the Defense Intelligence Agency, Lieutenant General Scott Berrier, and made the same request Patel had made to Mr. Cohen."

Did you ask Ezra Cohen to take any investigative steps about these two men in Italy?

Based on what you're reading me, my memory is not refreshed and I don't recall doing this.

You have no memory of asking Ezra Cohen to assist you—

As I sit here today, based on your reading of piecemeal statements, I do not have an independent recollection of this matter.

How about without my reading of piecemeal statements, you have no memory as well?

I believe I've answered that previously.

I just want to go back to exhibits 7 and 9. You have an email with Marc Short. Did you have a relationship with Mr. Short prior to coming to DOD?

Sure. Mr. Short was the chief of staff to the Vice President of the United States, so we knew each other from our time—my time at the National Security Council and, you know, I knew Marc.

Did you talk to Marc Short at all during January 6th?

I don't know.

Did you talk to anyone involved with the Vice President's detail?

We talked to the Vice President.

On January 6th?

Yes.


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143 I don't believe so. And I'm not trying to make light of the situation, but this was, as the email chain shows—and I'll let the email chain speak for itself—that this was another example of totally false information being put out into the media. It was determined that the "Kash," quote/unquote, that Mr. Giuliani was talking about was a completely different Kash. And that was proven by the media in this tweet, which we're going to enter into the record.

And so I think that's what this chain is about. But, again—

Right.

—around the time of this chain, I wanted to make sure that false information from the Department of Defense was not being leaked out and/or was being corrected when it was shown.

Uh-huh.

Mr. Sofer. And the tweet and the correction is found in K. Patel Exhibit No. 7, which we'll ask to be added into the record.

The Witness. Thank you. Could you just read the guy's name? I think it was Kash Kelly.

Mr. Sofer. It was a different Kash. Kash Lee Kelly.

 * BY :

Did you have any contact with Mr. Giuliani in the days before January 6th?

No. I don't think so.

How about with Mr.—with Steve Bannon? Did you have any interaction or conversations with Steve Bannon?

Not that I recall.

Mr. Glabe. Sorry. During what time period?

The Witness. Same period?


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 feelings by saying, in the mournful voice of one who felt deeply—

"Red skin, or white, it's all over now! He's to be judged by a righteous Judge, and by no laws that's made, to suit times, and new ways. Well, there's only one more death, and the world will be left to me and the hounds. Ahs! me! a man must wait the time of God's pleasure, but I begin to weary of my life. There is scearcely a tree standing that I know, and it's hard to find a face that I was acquainted with in my younger days."

Large drops of rain began now to fall, and diffuse themselves over the dry rock, while the approach of the thunder shower was rapid and certain. The body of the Indian was hastily removed into the cave beneath, followed by the whining hounds, who missed, and moaned for, the look of intelligence that had always met their salutations to the chief.

Edwards made some hasty and confused excuse for not taking Elizabeth into the same place, which was now completely closed in front with logs and bark, saying something that she hardly understood about its darkness, and the unpleasantness of being with the dead body. Miss Temple, however, found a sufficient shelter against the torrent of rain that fell, under the projection of a rock which overhung them. But long before the shower was over, the sounds of voices were heard below them, crying aloud for Elizabeth, and men soon appeared, beating the dying embers of the bushes, as they worked their way cautiously among the unextinguished brands.

At the first short cessation in the rain, Oliver conducted the heiress to the road, where he left her. Before parting, however, he found time to say, in a fervent manner, that his companion was now at no loss to interpret—


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 Her uncle's rank made constant calls upon her. She learned to make kava well, to dance with greater ease and mastery. A trip to Tutuila relieved the monotony of life; two cousins from another island came to visit, and there was much gaiety about the house. As consciousness of sex became more acute, she became slightly subdued and tentative in her manner. Pusa was a hard task master and for a while Lola seemed to enjoy the novelty of a strong will backed by real authority. But the novelty wore off. The cousins prolonged their visit month after month. They persisted in treating her as a child. She became bored, sullen, jealous. Finally she ran away to other relatives, a very high chief's family, in the next village. Here, temporarily, was another house group of women folk, as the head of the house was in Tutuila, and his wife, his mother and his two children were the only occupants of the great guest house. Lola's labour was welcomed, and she set herself to currying favour with the high chief of the family. At first this was quite easy, as she had run away from the household of a rival chief and he appreciated her public defection. There were only much younger or much older girls in his household. Lola received the attention which she craved. The little girls resented her, but secretly admired her dashing uncompromising manner. But she had only been established here about a month when another chief, with a young and beautiful taupo in his train, came to visit her new chief and the whole party was lodged in the


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146 Yeah.

Over the course of the years, I don't remember.

I carry two phones for that reason—one is official and one is personal—but sometimes official stuff happens on my personal phone.

Sometimes your phone doesn't work.

Exactly. And I'm just—

And I'm telling you, it could've happened. I just, my habit was—I had, like, six phones.

Yeah.

I used the work ones for the appropriate medium to use them in.

Yeah. Totally appreciate that. And the only reason I'm asking about the personal phone is to the extent that there were communications that were official—

I'll talk to counsel.

Okay.

I just want to ask you about a number,. Is that a number that you have ever used?

Have I ever used it?

Yes.

I used to live in Miami for 8 years. is a Miami area code, so—

Yeah. Do you recall that specific—

I don't recall it specifically.

Okay. Okay. Well, we'll follow up with you. I completely appreciate the security issue and don't want to exacerbate that.

Are you saying that's one of mine or—

Just wondering if it is.


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142 I believe that's the only one I was present for. I don't know if there were others.

Yeah. Did you hear about others or anything conveyed to you about others with the Vice President specifically on—

Not that I believe I was informed about.

Okay.

How about Mr. Short? Any conversations with him?

I don't—I may have called Mr. Short. I just—

Don't recall.

—don't know.

Okay.

Okay.

 * BY :

Exhibit No. 40 is an inquiry from Eric Schmidt at The New York Times.

Uh-huh.

"We're also hearing that on January 6th Rudy Giuliani called Kash Patel and requested a military escort for some of the protestors from the Ellipse to the Capitol."

Thank you.

Do you—your email response is, "Go on the record for me if needed. 100 percent false. I have not spoken to him in nearly 1 year."

And so—sorry. Do you have a question?

Nope. If you want to comment, go ahead.

Do you have a question?

Yeah. The question is, was there any accuracy in the question itself concerning Rudy Giuliani's—


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141 Okay.

And then we said we were trying to meet the needs of the Representatives of Congress to restart the certification. I believe he asked for, do you have a ballpark timeline? That was a frequent question. We said, we're doing the best we can, and we think we'll have it back on, I believe at the time "within hours" was what we—

Okay.

—informed him.

So, then, roughly, that took place in the evening of January 6th before Congress reconvened to—

Well, yeah, it would've had to have taken place before.

And who else do you recall being on the call besides the Vice President? I think you said the Chairman and the Secretary—

Yeah. I'm not sure who was on on his end.

Yeah.

I'm not really even sure of the room or who was in it, but—

Okay.

—I imagine there was other people there.

Yeah. How about on your end?

Yeah, there was probably—you know, on that day, when we were—the Office of the Secretary of Defense is pretty huge, and, you know, we had people coming in and out, performing duties—the ExecSec, the senior military advisor, general counsel. So, you know, I don't have an accounting for that exact moment, but those people were rolling through.

Were you present for any other conversations with the Vice President on January 6th besides that group call?


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Page:Margaret Mead - Coming of age in Samoa; a psychological study of primitive youth for western civilisation.pdf/214

 very house where she slept. Now began an endless round of hospitable tasks, and worst of all she must wait upon the pretty stranger who was a year younger than herself, but whose rank as visiting taupo gave her precedence. Lola again became troublesome. She quarrelled with the younger girls, was impertinent to the older ones, shirked her work, talked spitefully against the stranger. Perhaps all of this might have been only temporary and had no more far-reaching results than a temporary lack of favour in her new household, had it not been for a still more unfortunate event. The Don Juan of the village was a sleek, discreet man of about forty, a widower, a matai, a man of circumspect manner and winning ways. He was looking for a second wife and turned his attention toward the visitor who was lodged in the guest house of the next village. But Fuativa was a cautious and calculating lover. He wished to look over his future bride carefully and so he visited her house casually, without any declaration of his intention. And he noticed that Lola had reached a robust girlhood and stopped to pluck this ready fruit by the way, while he was still undecided about the more serious business of matrimony.

With all her capacity for violence, Lola possessed also a strong capacity for affection. Fuativa was a skilled and considerate lover. Few girls were quite so fortunate in their first lovers, and so few felt such unmixed regret when the first love affair was broken off. Fuativa won her easily and after three weeks which


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 still spent the greater proportion of their waking time at home amid conventional surroundings. Unless a girl was given some additional stimulus, such as unusual home conditions, or possessed peculiarities of temperament, she was likely to pass through the school essentially unchanged in her fundamental view of life. She would acquire a greater respect for the church, a preference for slightly more fastidious living, greater confidence in other girls. At the same time the pastor's school offered a sufficient contrast to traditional Samoan life to furnish the background against which deviation could flourish. Girls who left the village and spent several years in the boarding school under the tutelage of white teachers were enormously influenced. Many of them became nurses; the majority married pastors, usually a deviation in attitude, involving as it did, acceptance of a different style of living.

So, while religion itself offered little field for conflict; the institutions promoted by religion might act as stimuli to new choices and when sufficiently reinforced by other conditions might produce a type of girl who deviated markedly from her companions. That the majority of Samoan girls are still unaffected by these influences and pursue uncritically the traditional mode of life is simply a testimony to the resistance of the native culture, which in its present slightly Europeanised state, is replete with easy solutions for all conflicts; and to the apparent fact that adolescent girls in


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" don't men and women really like one another nowadays?" Connie asked Tommy Dukes, who was more or less her oracle.

"Oh, but they do! I don't think since the human species was invented, there has ever been a time when men and women have liked one another as much as they do today. Genuine liking! Take myself I really like women better than men; they are braver, one can be more frank with them."

Connie pondered this.

"Ah, yes, but you never have anything to do with them!" she said.

"I? What am I doing but talking perfectly sincerely to a woman at this moment?"

"Yes, talking"

"And what more could I do if you were a man, than talk perfectly sincerely to you?"

"Nothing perhaps. But a woman"

"A woman wants you to like her and talk to her, and at the same time love her and desire her; and it seems to me the two things are mutually exclusive."

"But they shouldn't be!"

"No doubt water ought not to be so wet as it is; it overdoes it in wetness. But there it is! I like women and talk to them, and therefore I don't love them and desire them. The two things don't happen at the same time in me."

"I think they ought to."

"All right. The fact that things ought to be something else than what they are, is not my department."

Connie considered this. "It isn't true," she said. "Men can love


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139 And were those the evening calls, if you remember?

I don't know what time of day it was. It was, in part and parcel, my best estimation, that we were trying to get the—what's it called?

Mr. Glabe. The certification?

The Witness. Yeah, the certification back on at the Capitol. And that, I think, is what we were talking to the Vice President about. I don't know what time of day it was.

 * BY :

Exhibit 9, if you could turn to that one, this is a December 18th email from Monica Block, who I believe is at the White House.

Uh-huh.

"Kash, I'm sorry to ping you again, but I was hoping you could help me with something."

Yeah.

Can you explain what this request was? It appears that the White House was trying to, quote, "grow the DCNG footprint on campus."

And also on that email is Tony Ornato.

Thank you for pointing it out. I'm reading the email and—

Mr. Glabe. Was the question what was this about?

Correct.

The Witness. Well, yeah. I'm sure—

 * BY :

Did you take any action as a result of this request?

What I can see from my email is, "I'm adding my team. Thanks much." So, as was not an infrequent occurrence as chief of staff, people would ask lots of things, and I would try to be professional and at least have somebody on my team


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140 address it. I don't remember anything coming of this or what it was really about.

So you don't have any memory about what happened with an additional request for D.C. National Guard on December 18th for the White House campus?

I don't have an independent memory, but I'm sure if there was a request, there's a document for a request for D.C. National Guard that would've been made by Secret Service for protection of the White House.

And it looks like you emailed to—that it would be with ExecSec?

So there's these ExecSec, the Office of—well, the Office of the Secretary of Defense is "SD," as it says there, and other recipients in the administrative group. I don't—like, I can't see if that's—who's in that chain or not exactly.

I'm just checking through everything. Go ahead.

 * BY :

Yeah, I just want to—you just, I think, Mr. Patel, said that you talked to the Vice President on January 6th?

Well—sorry. I should've been—thank you for letting me clarify.

Me, personally, I was on the phone with the Chairman and the Secretary of the—the Acting Secretary of Defense in the Secretary of Defense's office when that call came in.

I see. It's a group call.

It's a group call. Thank you.

Okay. Tell me more of what you remember from the call.

The Vice President, just what I remember, was asking the status. We asked if the Vice President was secure. Being in the Presidential succession, it was one of our responsibilities. He said he was secure somewhere, I think in the Capitol, but I'm not sure.


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144 :BY :

The same period, prior to January 6th.

No. Sorry.

The end of December, going into January 6th.

Not that I recall, no.

I know we had mentioned the phone records or the phone requests your counsel Mr. Jensen mentioned. I just want to make sure that we'll be able to get those phone numbers from you?

Mr. Sofer. To the extent that he remembers them and we can figure that all out now—because a lot of those phones are gone—I don't see why not.

The Witness. I had many DOD—

Mr. Sofer. We'll have to discuss it internally.

The Witness. —and many DOD lines.

Mr. Sofer. We'll have to discuss it internally, but I—

Well, the issue is, we have to ask the question and put it on the record, unless we have a commitment that we'll get that information from you. That doesn't have to, then, go on the transcript. We just want the information.

Mr. Sofer. Understood.

Mr. Glabe. I'm sorry? What's the question?

Phone numbers used by Mr. Patel.

Mr. Glabe. But what's the question about?

We want them, the actual numbers.

Mr. Sofer. From what period of time to what period of time?

The period of time from, what, November through January, November 20th through January—the end of his time as an executive branch—


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145 So it would be November 10th to January—

Mr. Sofer. So you're talking about his work—

Mr. Glabe. His personal numbers?

Mr. Sofer. —his work telephone numbers, correct?

. Personal cell phone and any numbers—again, I don't want the classified stuff. If there's anything that's classified, I don't want it. But numbers that Mr. Patel used.

Mr. Sofer. I don't think we'll commit to providing his personal telephone number. He's already had a number of threats. The committee's already outed him, in some ways. I don't think we commit to that. I'm not saying we wouldn't do it. We'd have to talk about it. So I won't commit to it now.

His work telephone numbers, absolutely. I don't see a problem with us providing those. Those seem to me to be available through DOD anyway. In fact, I would assume that those phones were surrendered at the time of his—

The Witness. They were, yeah.

Mr. Sofer. —of his leaving government service. And the phones themselves are probably available as well.

Personal cell phone or cell phone numbers, we're going to have to discuss, given the security threats he's faced.

I understand. Don't want to exacerbate any security threats.

 * BY :

Mr. Patel, let me just ask you, did you use your personal phone in any way to conduct official business?

I tried to make it a habit of not doing that. Did I ever do it? Possibly. I just don't—


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Page:CTRL0000034609 - Transcribed Interview of Kashyap Pramod Patel, (December 9, 2021).pdf/147

147 Where did you get it from?

I can't tell you where we got it from. I can—

Well, it's hard for us to track down.

Well, I just want your recollection as to whether or not—

Okay.

—it was a number that you used.

Fair enough.

Mr. Sofer. Could we just repeat the number again?

Sure.

Mr. Sofer. And, again—oh, you have it? Okay.

So, to the extent, again, that that might be his number—

We'll take it off.

Mr. Sofer. —we would want it out of the public record here.

Understood.

The Witness. Yeah, I just don't—I don't remember.

Okay.

Ms. Lomax. Could I ask the last four digits really quick, just to be make sure?

..

Ms. Lomax. Thanks.

Mr. Sofer. I mean, again, as you can appreciate all the publicity connected to this and the threats we have described, we're sensitive to these kinds of things.

I understand, and, as I keep saying, we don't want to exacerbate it. We just want to know the numbers used so that we can do our work as well.

Mr. Sofer. Understood.

I'm wrapping up.


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148 The Witness. Sure.

I just have one more question.

 * BY :

I know in the binder there was an email exchange between you and Mr. Ken Cuccinelli. That's exhibit 43.

How do you—and I'm not asking about the email itself.

Oh.

How do you know Mr. Cuccinelli?

From my time in government. Mr. Cuccinelli and I have crossed paths and served together for some time.

And there was, I believe, exchanges about Secretary Ryan McCarthy and—

Are you asking me about it, the document? Sorry.

Yes.

Mr. Sofer. Is that the exhibit you just referenced?

. Uh-huh, 43.

The Witness. What is the question?

 * BY :

It looks like there was a press statement from therichmond.com about "The FBI fears 'insider attack.""

Uh-huh.

And your response was, "Just Ryan doing too much media."

Yeah.

What—and there was other emails, which I don't want to spend time getting into, about Secretary McCarthy leaking the DOD timeline.

Was there a concern about Secretary McCarthy that was shared by you and Ken


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149 Cuccinelli at that time?

[Discussion off the record.]

The Witness. Outside of what's in this email, I don't recall calling Mr. Cuccinelli on that day.

 * BY :

Okay. My question was about Secretary McCarthy, though.

Did I call Secretary McCarthy on this day?

No. That wasn't my question.

Was there—this email exchange, did you—did you know that it was Secretary McCarthy who was providing that information about the FBI insider attack?

Just looking at this email alone, I don't think I can answer that. Maybe if I was provided other documents. But, on that day, I was probably looking at other stuff.

Okay.

There's— I believe it is exhibit 12. It's a proposed statement concerning the transition.

Okay.

"Vice President Biden has repeatedly been provided false information by his staff about the DOD transition effort."

Mr. Sofer. Can you just point to the page, please?

Sure. It's the first page.

The Witness. Okay. What about it? What's the question?

 * BY :

Was this ever issued by DOD?

I'm not sure. Possibly. But as I sit here just looking at this, I don't know.

Okay.


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150 I think that covers everything.

Mr. Glabe. So I think we had a few closing matters.

Did you want to get them on the record, Greg, or—

Mr. Sofer. Yeah. We just wanted to—just 1 second, please.

[Discussion off the record.]

Mr. Glabe. Just for the record, we'll—reference was made to the date of GSA ascertainment, November 23rd. This isn't marked, but we'd like to include that in the record.

. Sure.

Mr. Glabe. This is a reference to—

Mr. Sofer. We're up to No. 8, to the extent that that matters.

I think we have mostly housekeeping questions that we want to make sure we understand.

Will we have an opportunity to supplement the record? Let's say Mr. Patel remembers something that he forgot while he was here or didn't recall when he was here and he wakes up in the middle of the night, calls us and says, hey, I remember something, he wants to clarify something. Do we have the ability to do that?

Yes.

Mr. Sofer. And how would we go about doing that?

You should let—

Mr. Sofer. Contact you?

Yes.

Mr. Sofer. Okay.

—let us know. And if it's something we can cover informally, we will. If there's a need to do another proceeding, then we can do that as well.


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Page:Margaret Mead - Coming of age in Samoa; a psychological study of primitive youth for western civilisation.pdf/209

 Samoa do not generate their own conflicts, but require a vigorous stimulus to produce them.

These conflicts which have been discussed are conflicts of children who deviate upwards, who wish to exercise more choice than is traditionally permissible, and who, in making their choices, come to unconventional and bizarre solutions. The untraditional choices which are encouraged by the educational system inaugurated by the missionaries are education and the pursuit of a career and marriage outside of the local group (in the case of native pastors, teachers and nurses), preferrence [sic] for the society of one's own sex through prolonged and close association in school, a self-conscious evaluation of existence, and the consequent making of self-conscious choices. All of these make for increased specialisation, increased sophistication, greater emphasis upon individuality, where an individual makes a conscious choice between alternate or opposing lines of conduct. In the case of this group of girls, it is evident that the mere presentation of conflicting choices was not sufficient but that real conflict required the yeast of a need for choice and in addition a culturally favourable batter in which to work.

It will now be necessary to discuss another type of deviant, the deviant in a downward direction, or the delinquent. I am using the term delinquent to describe the individual who is maladjusted to the demands of her civilisation, and who comes definitely into conflict


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 women and talk to them. I don't see how they can love them without talking, and being friendly and intimate. How can they?"

"Well," he said, "I don't know. What's the use of my generalising? I only know my own case. I like women, but I don't desire them. I like talking to them; but talking to them, though it makes me intimate in one direction, sets me poles apart from them as far as kissing is concerned. So there you are! But don't take me as a general example, probably I'm just a special case: one of the men who like women, but don't love women, and even hate them if they force me into a pretence of love, or an entangled appearance."

"But doesn't it make you sad?"

"Why should it? Not a bit! I look at Charlie May, and the rest of the men who have affairs No, I don't envy them a bit! If fate sent me a woman I wanted, well and good. Since I don't know any woman I want, and never see one why, I presume I'm cold, and I really like some women very much."

"Do you like me?"

"Very much! And you see there's no question of kissing between us, is there?"

"None at all!" said Connie. "But oughtn't there to be?"

"Why, in God's name? I like Clifford, but what would you say if I went and kissed him?"

"But isn't there a difference?"

"Where does it lie, as far as we're concerned? We're all intelligent human beings, and the male and female business is in abeyance. Just in abeyance. How would you like me to start acting up like a continental male at this moment, and parading the sex thing?"

"I should hate it."

"Well then! I tell you, if I'm really a male thing at all, I never run across the female of my species. And I don't miss her, I just like women. Who's going to force me into loving, or pretending to love them, working up the sex game?"

"No, I'm not. But isn't something wrong?"

"You may feel it, I don't."

"Yes, I feel something is wrong between men and women. A woman has no glamour for a man any more."

"Has a man for a woman?"

She pondered the other side of the question.


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 with her group, not because she adheres to a different standard, but because she violates the group standards which are also her own.

A Samoan family or a Samoan community might easily come to conceive the conduct and standards of Sona and Lita as anti-social and undesirable. Each was following a plan of life which would not lead to marriage and children. Such a choice on the part of the females of any human community is, of course, likely to be frowned upon. The girls who, responding to the same stimuli, follow Sona's and Lita's example in the future will also run this risk.

But were there really delinquent girls in this little primitive village, girls who were incapable of develop-


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 "Not much," she said truthfully.

"Then let's leave it all alone, and just be decent and simple, like proper human beings with one another. Be damned to the artificial sex-compulsion! I refuse it!"

Connie knew he was right, really. Yet it left her feeling so forlorn, so forlorn and stray. Like a chip on a dreary pond, she felt. What was the point, of her or anything?

It was her youth which rebelled. These men seemed so old and cold. Everything seemed old and cold. And Michaelis let one down so; he was no good. The men didn't want one; they just didn't really want a woman, even Michaelis didn't.

And the bounders who pretended they did, and started working the sex game, they were worse than ever.

It was just dismal, and one had to put up with it. It was quite true, men had no real glamour for a woman: if you could fool yourself into thinking they had, even as she had fooled herself over Michaelis, that was the best you could do. Meanwhile you just lived on and there was nothing to it. She understood perfectly well why people had cocktail parties, and jazzed, and Charlestoned till they were ready to drop. You had to take it out some way or other, your youth, or it ate you up. But what a ghastly thing, this youth! you felt as old as Methuselah, and yet the thing fizzed somehow, and didn't let you be comfortable. A mean sort of life! And no prospect! She almost wished she had gone off with Mick, and made her life one long cocktail party, and jazz evening. Anyhow that was better than just mooning yourself into the grave.

On one of her bad days she went out alone to walk in the wood, ponderously, heeding nothing, not even noticing where she was. The report of a gun not far off startled and angered her.

Then, as she went, she heard voices, and recoiled. People! She didn't want people. But her quick ear caught another sound, and she roused; it was a child sobbing. At once she attended; someone was ill-treating a child. She strode swinging down the wet drive, her sullen resentment uppermost. She felt just prepared to make a scene.

Turning the corner, she saw two figures in the drive beyond her: the keeper, and a little girl in a purple coat and moleskin cap, crying.


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 ing new standards and incapable of adjusting them-selves to the old ones? My group included two girls who might be so described, one girl who was just reach-ing puberty, the other a girl two years past puberty. Their delinquency was not a new phenomenon, but in both cases dated back several years. The members of their respective groups unhesitatingly pronounced them "bad girls," their age mates avoided them, and their relatives regretted them. As the Samoan village had no legal machinery for dealing with such cases, these are the nearest parallels which it is possible to draw with our "delinquent girl," substituting definite conflict with unorganised group disapproval for the conflict with the law which defines delinquency in our society.

Lola was seventeen, a tall, splendidly developed, intelligent hoyden. She had an unusual endowment in her capacity for strong feeling, for enthusiasms, for violent responses to individuals. Her father had died when she was a child and she had been reared in a headless house. Her father's brother who was the matai had several houses and he had scattered his large group of dependants in several different parts of the village. So Lola, two older sisters, two younger sisters, and a brother a year older, were brought up by their mother, a kindly but ineffective woman. The eldest sister married and left the village when Lola was eight. The next sister, Sami, five years older than Lola, was like her mother, mild and gentle, with a soft undercurrent of resentment towards life running through all her


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 quiet words. She resented and disliked her younger sister but she was no match for her. Nito, her brother, was a high-spirited and intelligent youth who might have taught his sister a little wisdom had it not been for the brother and sister taboo which kept them always upon a formal footing. Aso, two years younger, was like Sami without Sami's sullen resentment. She adopted the plan of keeping out of Lola's way. The youngest, Siva, was like Lola, intelligent, passionate, easily aroused, but she was only eleven and merely profited by her sister's bad example. Lola was quarrelsome, insubordinate, impertinent. She contended every point, objected to every request, shirked her work, fought with her sisters, mocked her mother, went about the village with a chip upon her shoulder. When she was fourteen, she became so unmanageable at home that her uncle sent her to live in the pastor's household. She stayed there through a year of stormy scenes until she was finally expelled after a fight with Mala, the other delinquent. That she was not expelled sooner was out of deference to her rank as the niece of a leading chief. Her uncle realised the folly of sending her back to her mother. She was almost sixteen and well developed physically; and could be expected to add sex offences to the list of her troublesome activities at any moment. He took her to live in his own household under the supervision of his very strong-minded, executive wife, Pusa. Lola stayed there almost a year. It was a more interesting household than any in which she had lived.


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 verity of the revenue laws is ready to fall upon him, he is frequently disposed to defend with violence what he has been accustomed to regard as his just property. From being at first, perhaps, rather imprudent than criminal, he at last too often becomes one of the hardiest and most determined violators of the laws of society. By the ruin of the smuggler, his capital, which had before been employed in maintaining productive labor, is absorbed either in the revenue of the State or in that of the revenue officer, and is employed in maintaining unproductive, to the diminution of the general capital of the society, and of the useful industry which it might otherwise have maintained.

Fourthly, such taxes, by subjecting at least the dealers in the taxed commodities to the frequent visits and odious examination of the tax-gatherers, expose them sometimes, no doubt, to some degree of oppression, and always to much trouble and vexation; and though vexation, as has already been said, is not strictly speaking expense, it is certainly equivalent to the expense at which every man would be willing to redeem himself from it. The laws of excise, though more effectual for the purpose for which they were instituted, are, in this respect, more vexatious than those of the customs. When a merchant has imported goods subject to certain duties of customs, when he has paid those duties, and lodged the goods in his warehouse, he is not in most cases liable to any further trouble or vexation from the custom-house officer. It is otherwise with goods subject to duties of excise. The dealers have no respite from the continual visits and examination of the excise officers. The duties of excise are, upon this account, more unpopular than those of the customs; and so are the officers who levy them. Those


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 "Ah, shut it up, tha false little bitch!" came the man's angry voice, and the child sobbed louder.

Constance strode nearer, with blazing eyes. The man turned and looked at her, saluting coolly, but he was pale with anger.

"What's the matter? Why is she crying?" demanded Constance, peremptory but a little breathless.

A faint smile like a sneer came on the man's face. "Nay, yo' mun ax 'er," he replied callously, in broad vernacular.

Connie felt as if he had hit her in the face, and she changed colour. Then she gathered her defiance, and looked at him, her dark blue eyes blazing rather vaguely.

"I asked you," she panted.

He gave a queer little bow, lifting his hat. "You did, your Ladyship," he said; then, with a return to the vernacular: "but I canna tell yer." And he became a soldier, inscrutable, only pale with annoyance.

Connie turned to the child, a ruddy, black-haired thing of nine or ten. "What is it, dear? Tell me why you're crying!" she said, with the conventionalised sweetness suitable. More violent sobs, self-conscious. Still more sweetness on Connie's part.

"There, there, don't you cry! Tell me what they've done to you!" and intense tenderness of tone. At the same time she felt in the pocket of her knitted jacket, and luckily found a sixpence.

"Don't you cry then!" she said, bending in front of the child. "See what I've got for you!"

Sobs, snuffles, a fist taken from a blubbered face, and a black shrewd eye cast for a second on the sixpence. Then more sobs, but subduing. "There, tell me what's the matter, tell me!" said Connie, putting the coin into the child's chubby hand, which closed over it.

"It's the it's the pussy!"

Shudders of subsiding sobs.

"What pussy, dear?"

After a silence the shy fist, clenching on sixpence, pointed into the bramble brake.

"There!"

Connie looked, and there, sure enough, was a big black cat, stretched out grimly, with a bit of blood on it.

"Oh!" she said in repulsion.


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 If, on the other hand, the parents wished their children to stay and the children were unwilling to do so, the remedy was simple. They had but to transgress seriously the rules of the pastor's household, and they would be expelled; if they feared to return to their parents, there were always other relatives.

So the attitude of the church in respect to chastity held only the germs of a conflict which was seldom realised, because of the flexibility with which it adapted itself to the nearly inevitable. Attendance at the girls' main boarding school was an attractive prospect. The fascination of living in a large group of young people where life was easier and more congenial than at home, was usually a sufficient bribe to good behaviour, or at least to discretion. Confession of sin was a rare phenomenon in Samoa. The missionaries had made a rule that a boy who transgressed the chastity rule would be held back in his progress through the preparatory school and seminary for two years after the time his offence was committed. It had been necessary to change this ruling to read two years from the detection of the offence, because very often the offence was not detected until after the student had been over two years in the seminary, and under the old ruling, he would not have been punished at all. Had the young people been inspired with a sense of responsibility to a heavenly rather than an earthly decree and the boy or girl been answerable to a recording angel, rather than a spying neighbour, religion would have provided a real


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 "A poacher, your Ladyship," said the man satirically.

She glanced at him angrily. "No wonder the child cried," she said, "if you shot it when she was there. No wonder she cried!"

He looked into Connie's eyes, laconic, contemptuous, not hiding his feelings. And again Connie flushed; she felt she had been making a scene, the man did not respect her.

"What is your name?" she said playfully to the child. "Won't you tell me your name?"

Sniffs; then very affectedly in a piping voice; "Connie Mellors!"

"Connie Mellors! Well, that's a nice name! And did you come out with your Daddy, and he shot a pussy? But it was a bad pussy!"

The child looked at her, with bold, dark eyes of scrutiny, sizing her up, and her condolence.

"I wanted to stop with my Gran," said the little girl.

"Did you? But where is your Gran?"

The child lifted an arm, pointing down the drive. "At th' cottidge."

"At the cottage! And would you like to go back to her?"

Sudden, shuddering quivers of reminiscent sobs. "Yes!"

"Come then, shall I take you? Shall I take you to your Gran? Then your Daddy can do what he has to do." She turned to the man. "It is your little girl, isn't it?"

He saluted, and made a slight movement of the head in affirmation.

"I suppose I can take her to the cottage?" asked Connie.

"If your Ladyship wishes."

Again he looked into her eyes, with that calm, searching detached glance. A man very much alone, and on his own.

"Would you like to come with me to the cottage, to your Gran, dear?"

The child peeped up again. "Yes!" she simpered.

Connie disliked her; the spoilt, false little female. Nevertheless she wiped her face, and took her hand. The keeper saluted in silence.

"Good morning!" said Connie.

It was nearly a mile to the cottage, and Connie senior was well bored by Connie junior by the time the gamekeeper's picturesque


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 setting for conflict. If such an attitude had been coupled with emphasis upon church membership for the young and an expectation of religious experience in the lives of the young, crises in the lives of the young people would very likely have occurred. As it is, the whole religious setting is one of formalism, of compromise, of acceptance of half measure. The great number of native pastors with their peculiar interpretations of Christian teaching have made it impossible to establish the rigour of western Protestantism with its inseparable association of sex offences and an individual consciousness of sin. And the girls upon whom the religious setting makes no demands, make no demands upon it. They are content to follow the advice of their elders to defer church membership until they are older. Laititi a'u. Fia siva ("For I am young and like to dance"). The church member is forbidden to dance or to witness a large night dance. One of the three villages boasted no girl church members. The second village had only one, who had, however, long since transgressed her vows. But as her lover was a youth whose equivocal position in his family made it impossible to marry, the neighbours did not tattle where their sympathies were aroused, so Lotu remained tacitly a church member. In the third village there were two unmarried girls who were church members, Lita and Ana.

Lita had lived for years in the pastor's household and with one other girl, showed most clearly the results of


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 officers, it is pretended, though in general, perhaps, they do their duty fully as well as those of the customs; yet, as that duty obliges them to be frequently very troublesome to some of their neighbors, commonly contract a certain hardness of character which the others frequently have not. This observation, however, may very probably be the mere suggestion of fraudulent dealers, whose smuggling is either prevented or detected by their diligence.

The inconveniences, however, which are, perhaps, in some degree inseparable from taxes upon consumable commodities, fall as light upon the people of Great Britain as upon those of any other country of which the government is nearly as expensive. Our State is not perfect, and might be mended; but it is as good or better than that of most of our neighbors.

In consequence of the notion that duties upon consumable goods were taxes upon the profits of merchants, those duties have, in some countries, been repeated upon every successive sale of the goods. If the profits of the merchant importer or merchant manufacturer were taxed, equality seemed to require that those of all the middle buyers, who intervened between either of them and the consumer, should likewise be taxed. The famous Alcavala of Spain seems to have been established upon this principle. It was at first a tax of ten per cent, afterward of fourteen per cent, and is at present of only six per cent upon the sale of every sort of property, whether movable or immovable; and it is repeated every time the property is sold. The levying of this tax requires a multitude of revenue officers sufficient to guard the transportation of


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 in the household of one native pastor, the three in the household of the other, were all, although past puberty, living continent lives, in strong contrast to the habits of the rest of their age mates.

It might seem that there was fertile material for conflict between parents who wished their children to live in the pastor's house and children who did not wish to do so, and also between children who wished it and parents who did not. This conflict was chiefly reduced by the fact that residence in the pastor's house actually made very little difference in the child's status in her own home. She simply carried her roll of mats, her pillow and her mosquito net from her home to the pastor's, and the food which she would have eaten at home was added to the quota of the food which her family furnished to the pastor. She ate her evening meal and slept at the pastor's; one or two days a week she devoted to working for the pastor's family, washing, weaving, weeding and sweeping the premises. The rest of her time she spent at home performing the usual tasks of a girl of her age, so that it was seldom that a parent objected strongly to sending a child to the pastor's. It involved no additional expense and was likely to reduce the chances of his daughter's conduct becoming embarrassing, to improve her mastery of the few foreign techniques, sewing, ironing, embroidery, which she could learn from the more skilled. and schooled pastor's wife and thus increase her economic value.


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 little home was in sight. The child was already as full to the brim with tricks as a little monkey, and so self-assured.

At the cottage the door stood open, and there was a rattling heard inside. Connie lingered, the child slipped her hand, and ran indoors.

"Gran! Gran!"

"Why, are yer back a'ready!"

The grandmother had been blackleading the stove, it was Saturday morning. She came to the door in her sacking apron, a blacklead-brush in her hand, and a black smudge on her nose. She was a little, rather dry woman.

"Why, whatever?" she said, hastily wiping her arm across her face as she saw Connie standing outside.

"Good morning!" said Connie. "She was crying, so I just brought her home."

The grandmother looked round swiftly at the child:

"Why, wheer was yer Dad?"

The little girl clung to her grandmother's skirts and simpered.

"He was there," said Connie, "but he'd shot a poaching cat, and the child was upset."

"Oh, you'd no right t'ave bothered, Lady Chatterley, I'm sure! I'm sure it was very good of you, but you shouldn't 'ave bothered.  Why, did ever you see!"—and the old woman turned to the child: "Fancy Lady Chatterley takin' all that trouble over yer! Why, she shouldn't 'ave bothered!"

"It was no bother, just a walk," said Connie smiling.

"Why, I'm sure t'was very kind of you, I must say! So she was crying! I knew there'd be something afore they got far. She's frightened of 'im, that's wheer it is. Seems 'e's almost a stranger to er, fair a stranger, and I don't think they're two as'd hit it off very easy. He's got funny ways."

Connie didn't know what to say.

"Look, Gran!" simpered the child.

The old woman looked down at the sixpence in the little girl's hand.

"An' sixpence an' all! Oh, your Ladyship, you shouldn't, you shouldn't. Why, isn't Lady Chatterley good to yer! My word, you're a lucky girl this morning!"

She pronounced the name, as all the people did: Chat'ley.—


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Orbear fond Heart (say I) torment no more That Celimena whom thou dost adore; For since so many of her Chains are proud, How canst thou be distinguish'd in the Crowd: But say, bold Trifler, what dost thou pretend? Wou'dst thou depose thy Saint into thy Friend? Equality in Friendship is requir'd, Which here were criminal to be desir'd.

Orbear bold Youth, all's Heav'n here, And what you do aver, To others Courtship may appear, 'Tis Sacrilege to her.

She is a publick Deity, And were't not very odd She shou'd depose her self, to be A petty Houshold God?

First make the Sun in private shine, And bid the World adieu,


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 a slightly alien environment. She was clever and executive, preferred the society of girls to that of boys, had made the best of her opportunities to learn English, worked hard at school, and wished to go to Tutuila and become a nurse or a teacher. Her ideals were thus just such as might frequently be found from any random selection of girls in a freshman class in a girls' college in this country. She coupled this set of individual ambitions with a very unusual enthusiasm for a pious father, and complied easily with his expressed wish for her to become a church member. After she left the pastor's household, she continued to go to school and apply herself vigorously to her studies, and her one other interest in life was a friendship with an older cousin who spoke some English and had had superior educational advantages in another island. Although this friendship had most of the trappings of a "crush" and was accompanied by the casual homosexual practices which are the usual manifestations of most associations between young people of the same sex, Lita's motivation was more definitely ambition, a desire to master every accessible detail of this alien culture in which she wished to find a place.

Sona, who was two years younger than Lita and had also lived for several years in the pastor's household, presented a very similar picture. She was overbearing in manner, arbitrary and tyrannous towards younger people, impudently deferential towards her elders. Without exceptional intellectual capacity she had excep-


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 That so he may his Beams confine In Complement to you.

But if of that you do despair, Think how you did amiss, To strive to fix her Beams, which are More bright and large than his.

N your Converse we best can read, How constant we should be, But 'tis in losing that, we need All your Philosophy.

How perish'd is the Joy that's past, The present how unsteady? What Comfort can be great, and last, When this is gone already?

Yet that it subtly may torment, The Memory does remain; For what was, when enjoy'd, Content, Is, in its absence, Pain.


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 tional persistence and had forced her way to the head of the school by steady dogged application. Lita, more intelligent and more sensitive, had left school for one year because the teacher beat her and Sona had passed above her, although she was definitely more stupid. Sona came from another island. Both her parents were dead and she lived in a large, heterogeneous household, at the beck and call of a whole series of relatives. Intent on her own ends, she was not enthusiastic about all this labour and was also unenthusiastic about most of her relatives. But one older cousin, the most beautiful girl in the village, had caught her imagination. This cousin, Manita, was twenty-seven and still unmarried. She had had many suitors and nearly as many lovers but she was of a haughty and aggressive nature and men whom she deemed worthy of her hand were wary of her sophisticated domineering manner. By unanimous vote she was the most beautiful girl in the village. Her lovely golden hair had contributed to half a dozen ceremonial headdresses. Her strategic position in her own family was heightened by the fact that her uncle, who had no hereditary right to make a taupo, had declared Manita to be his taupo. There was no other taupo in the village to dispute her claim. The murmurings were dying out; the younger children spoke of her as a taupo without suspicion; her beauty and ability as a dancer made it expedient to thus introduce her to visitors. Her family did not press her to marry, for the longer she remained unmarried, the stronger waxed the upstart legend.


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 Her last lover had been a widower, a talking chief of intelligence and charm. He had loved Manita but he would not marry her. She lacked the docility which he demanded in a wife. Leaving Manita he searched in other villages for some very young girl whose manners were good but whose character was as yet unformed.

All this had a profound effect upon Sona, the ugly little stranger over whose lustreless eyes cataracts were already beginning to form. "Her sister" has no use for marriage; neither had she, Sona. Essentially unfeminine in outlook, dominated by ambition, she bolstered up her preference for the society of girls and a career by citing the example of her beautiful, wilful cousin. Without such a sanction she might have wavered in her ambitions, made so difficult by her already failing eyesight. As it was she went forward, blatantly proclaiming her pursuit of ends different from those approved by her fellows. Sona and Lita were not friends; the difference in their sanctions was too great; their proficiency at school and an intense rivalry divided them. Sona was not a church member. It would not have interfered with her behaviour in the least but it was part of her scheme of life to remain a school girl as long as possible and thus fend off responsibilities. So she, as often as the others, would answer, Laititi a'u ("I am but young"). While Lita attached herself to her cousin and attempted to learn from her every detail of another life, Sona identified herself passionately with the slightly more Europcanised family of the pastor, assert-


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 "Isn't Lady Chat'ley good to you!"—Connie couldn't help looking at the old woman's nose, and the latter again vaguely wiped her face with the back of her wrist, but missed the smudge.

Connie was moving away. "Well, thank you ever so much, Lady Chat'ley, I'm sure. Say thank you to Lady Chat'ley!"—this last to the child.

"Thank you," piped the child.

"There's a dear!" laughed Connie, and she moved away, saying "Good morning," heartily relieved to get away from the contact. Curious, she thought, that that thin, proud man should have that little, sharp woman for a mother!

And the old woman, as soon as Connie was gone, rushed to the bit of mirror in the scullery, and looked at her face. Seeing it, she stamped her foot with impatience. "Of course she had to catch me in my coarse apron, and a dirty face! Nice idea she'd get of me!"

Connie went slowly home to Wragby. "Home!" it was a warm word to use for that great, weary warren. But then it was a word that had had its day. It was somehow cancelled. All the great words, it seemed to Connie, were cancelled for her generation: love, joy, happiness, home, mother, father, husband, all these great, dynamic words were half dead now, and dying from day to day. Home was a place you lived in, love was a thing you didn't fool yourself about, joy was a word you applied to a good Charleston, happiness was a term of hypocrisy used to bluff other people, a father was an individual who enjoyed his own existence, a husband was a man you lived with and kept going in spirits. As for sex, the last of the great words, it was just a cocktail term for an excitement that bucked you up for a while, then left you more raggy than ever. Frayed! It was as if the very material you were made of was cheap stuff, and was fraying out to nothing.

All that really remained was a stubborn stoicism: and in that there was a certain pleasure. In the very experience of the nothingness of life, phase after phase, étape after étape, there was a certain grisly satisfaction. So that's that! Always this was the last utterance: home, love, marriage, Michaelis: So that's that!—And when one died, the last words to life would be: So that's that!—

Money? Perhaps one couldn't say the same there. Money one always wanted. Money, success, the bitch-goddess, as Tommy Dukes persisted in calling it, after Henry James, that was a per-


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 ready to produce the next generation. It was possible to say: Here are the proper conditions for an experiment; the developing girl is a constant factor in America and in Samoa; the civilisation of America and the civilisation of Samoa are different. In the course of development, the process of growth by which the girl baby becomes a grown woman, are the sudden and conspicuous bodily changes which take place at puberty accompanied by a development which is spasmodic, emotionally charged, and accompanied by an awakened religious sense, a flowering of idealism, a great desire for assertion of self against authority or not? Is adolescence a period of mental and emotional distress for the growing girl as inevitably as teething is a period of misery for the small baby? Can we think of adolescence as a time in the life history of every girl child which carries with it symptoms of conflict and stress as surely as it implies a change in the girl's body?

Following the Samoan girls through every aspect of their lives we have tried to answer this question, and we found throughout that we had to answer it in the negative. The adolescent girl in Samoa differed from her sister who had not reached puberty in one chief respect, that in the older girl certain bodily changes were present which were absent in the younger girl. There were no other great differences to set off the group passing through adolescence from the group which would become adolescent in two years or the group which had become adolescent two years before.


text: Poems (Philips)/To Celimena

title: Poems (Philips)/To Celimena