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 while the flesh is solid, snow white and of excellent flavor.

—This is a bright, rose-colored variety, of very attractive appearance; it is of excellent quality, a good keeper, and one of the best varieties for winter use. A small planting, say two or three rows, of these should be made as early as possible in the spring, the amount planted depending on how soon they will be followed by the main crop. These may be planted in the furrow when the ground is plowed, but I prefer to plant the earliest ones in furrows struck out about three inches deep, after the ground has been thoroughly prepared, as they will come up more quickly. The rows should be dressed with phosphate, to give them a quick growing start, and the pieces of tuber placed about one foot apart; the ground may be run over with a sharp spike harrow when the potatoes are just coming through, or left a little longer and then worked with the cultivator. The soil must be kept well worked, and as close to the roots as it is possible to run. The bugs must be watched for and destroyed as soon as they appear, either by dusting with Paris green mixed with plaster, or with other insect poisons, or by picking them off and destroying them by hand, which is the easier way when the patch is small and potato plants are young. If these early bugs are destroyed before they can lay their eggs, the work of protecting the summer crop will be greatly


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218 MARIE ANTOINETTE’S TALISMAN. man, a little younger than you, I should think; but if I were to choose But all this is romance.”

«Younger than me, dame, that seems impos- sible. Look again.”

It seemed as if the page was determined to challenge the woman’s closest attention, for he went close to her, that she might scrutinize his face, and exclaimed at last,

«Now, can you persist in saying that I am not younger than the Duke De Richelieu?”

“Well, I am not sure. At a little distance I should say no; but with the light on your face—”

«There, there! do not say it, the very thought breaks my heart,” said the page, interrupting her airily. ‘*One does so hate to feel the bloom of his youth going. But I am keeping you. . It is time—it is time.”

Dame Tillery took her fan from a corner where she had placed it, and settling all the amplitude of her garments, led the way into the street, and sailed off toward the palace like a frigate with all sails set to a stiff breeze. The people of the town, who had by this time heard pretty generally of her good fortune, crowded to their doors and windows to see her pass. Children paused, open-mouthed, in the street, wondering at her finery; and those who met her stood aside, as if contact with royalty had given her some mysterious prerogatives, which they were bound to reverence. The dame felt all this glory with wonderful exhilaration. She bowed graciously, right and left, as she moved on; gave one or two near acquaintances the tips of her plump fingers in passing, and swept. through the palace-gates like an empress.

CHAPTER XV. There had been no audience arranged for Dame Tillery that, day, The queen wished to see her, that some proper reward might be  given for the danger she had run, and, perhaps, promised herself some little amusement from the eccentric vanity of the good woman, whose superb airs had excited the merriment of all her ladies. But the day happened to be very lovely, and Marie Antoinette forgot her gratitude so far that she went into the Park with one or two of her favorites, ready for any amusement that might present itself, and in a humor to enjoy the bright, fresh air of those green glades with peculiar relish. She was pleased with herself and everything about her that day- kind acts bring a glow of happiness with them. She was pleased with the great happiness her interposition had secured for that young girl; she was grateful that an outstanding wrong of such terrible duration had been redressed, No harassing intelligence had reached her from the city, and she went forth from, her palace cheerfully, like a child let out from school before the stated hour.

«After all, my Campan, this is a beautiful world,” she said, lifting the folds of her dress as she descended the broad flight of steps that led to the grand fountain, full of music and lovely colors. How greenly the trees overlock that. arcade; how bright the grass is. Oh! if those people in Paris would only let us alone for a little while-we might be very happy here. The king asks so little; and I—tell me, my Campan, am I very unreasonable? much more than other women?”

Madame Campan lifted her soft eyes to the handsome face bent upon her, and Marie An- toinette saw that they were misty with tears, such ag spring readily from her affectionate heart.

“Ah, my mistress! if the people could but know how little would satisfy you, how ear- nestly you seek their welfare, rather than your own, all the discontent we hear might pass away as yonder mist arises from the lawn, and turns to silver in the sunshine.”

“How I wish it might,” answered the queen, fervently. “Sometimes I think it is my presence in France that has occasioned all this broad-spread discontent: Yet the people seemed to love me; and you remember how they would go into a tumult of delight if I but waved a bouquet to them from my box at the theatre; how they would crowd around my carriage only for a sight of my face. Tell me, Campan, was it because I was younger then and more beau- tiful, or is it that they have really learned to hate me?”

Campan shook her head, and heaved a deep sigh as her affectionate glance rested on that queenly face.

“The people loved their queen once, and will love her again when the insane clamor of the clubs has worn itself out, " she said, speaking from her simple wisdom, for she could not comprehend any of the great causes of discontent which lay seething in the riotous city of Paris causes that were rooted so deep in the past, that it has taken almost a century to discover and trace them back through the awful convulsion they had led to. "The people have their caprices, " she added, "and change easily. Wait a little, and all this popularity will come back. "

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Rh Mother dips her Finger into Water, and rubs the Child's Lips with it; or he puts a little Bit of Snow into its Mouth, aying, Imekautit, which ignifies, thou hat drunk a good deal; and when he eats, he takes a Bit of Fih, and holds it to the Child's Mouth, and hakes her Hand, with this Word, Aiparpotit, that is to ay, thou hat eat and kept me Company. They cut the not with a Knife, but with a  or they bite it off with their Teeth; and when the String is dry, they ue it as an Amulet.

They hold a Chamber Pot over the Head of the Woman in Labour, imagining that it helps to haten her Delivery. The Child being a Year old, the Mother labbers and licks it all over, from Head to Foot, that it may grow hale and trong. They eldom bear Twins, but Monters are often brought forth. In the Year 1737 a Woman, in the Bay of Dico, was delivered of a hideous Monter; the Eyes were placed on the Side of the Noe; it had a pointed Snout and no Rh


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Page:Pelman v. McDonald's Corporation (S.D.N.Y. 2003).pdf/10

 Discussion

 * I. Diversity Jurisdiction Exists, and the Plaintiffs’ Motion to Remand Is Denied

In order to rule on this motion, this Court must have jurisdiction. Defendants removed to federal court alleging that diversity jurisdiction exists pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1332.

Section 1332 states, in pertinent part, that: "(a) The district court shall have original jurisdiction of all civil actions where the matter in controversy exceeds the sum or value of $75,000, exclusive of interest and costs, and is between—
 * (1) Citizens of different States…."

28 U.S.C. § 1332. Section 1332 requires complete diversity of citizenship; therefore no defendant may share citizenship with a plaintiff. ''Owen Equip. & Erection Co. v. Kroger'', 437 U.S. 365, 373–34, 98 S.Ct. 2396, 2403, 57 L.Ed.2d 274 (1978). There is no dispute that all of the plaintiffs are New York residents and that three of the defendants—McDonalds of New York, the Bruckner Boulevard outlet, and the Jerome Avenue outlet—are New York residents. Therefore, unless the three non-diverse defendants were “fraudulently joined” to defeat jurisdiction, complete diversity does not exist, and this Court lacks subject matter jurisdiction over the controversy.

As an initial matter, although this concept is described as “fraudulent joinder,” suggesting that the determinative issue is one of motive, motive in fact has nothing to do with it. ''In re Rezulin Prods. Liability Litig.'', 133 F.Supp.2d 272, 279 (S.D.N.Y.2001) (“The only issue is whether the plaintiff has a legitimate claim against the non-diverse or in-state defendant—whether, in other words, the plaintiff has a real or direct interest in the controversy vis-a-vis the non-diverse or in-state defendant ….”). The standard for determining whether a plaintiff’s claim against a defendant is sufficiently substantial to defeat removal jurisdiction is governed by Pampillonia v. RJR Nabisco, Inc., 138 F.3d 459, 461 (2d Cir.1998).

In order to show that a non-diverse defendant was fraudulently joined to defeat diversity jurisdiction, the defendant must demonstrate, by clear and convincing evidence, either that there has been outright fraud committed in the plaintiffs’ pleadings, or that there is no reasonable basis, based on the pleadings, for liability against the non-diverse defendants in light of the claims alleged. Whitaker v. American Telecasting, Inc., 261 F.3d 196, 207 (2d Cir.2001) (quoting Pampillonia, 138 F.3d at 461). The burden on a removing defendant to meet this standard is a heavy one, and all reasonable doubts of fact and law are resolved in favor of the plaintiff. Id. “Nevertheless, the burden is not impossible of satisfaction.” In re Rezulin, 133 F.Supp.2d at 280.

In order to interpret the legal standards stated above, it is necessary to look to the “realities of the record.” Rose v. Giamatti, 721 F.Supp. 906, 915 (S.D.Ohio 1989). The discussion of whether the plaintiffs have stated a claim against the outlets and McDonalds of New York necessarily augurs the discussion, infra, of whether the Complaint should be dismissed. For ease of reading, this section summarizes the later analysis.

 * A. The Outlets

Plaintiffs have chosen to join as defendants two of McDonalds’ myriad outlets in New York State—both of which happen to be located in the Bronx, New York. As an initial matter, it is worth noting that this action is labeled a statewide class action, and any putative class members will


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 what they are, and something of how the soul of man has in thought and feeling responded to them, is of itself no small part of a liberal culture. And here I speak, not from theory alone, but from experience with several thousand pupils. I affirm without hesitation, on the basis of this experience, that it does make the mind more liberal, more serious, gentle, interesting, cultured, and vigorous, to have some face-to-face acquaintance with the principal problems of philosophy. As a cure of souls afflicted with those shallow and coarse views of life, and of its most profound, most mysterious realities, which dominate the age and the land, there is nothing superior to this which I could recommend. It is true pastoral and soul-saving work to induct youth, who are in process of the higher education, into the calm and reasonable consideration of these problems.

These, then, as it seems to me, are still the essentials of a truly liberal education,—now, as they have always been to some extent ever since the conception and practice corresponding to the phrase a "liberal education" emerged in the life of the race. An appeal to the history of education would show that the more ancient authorities, as well as the reformers of education on the hither edge of the Middle Ages, and the most trustworthy writers on pedagogics in modern times, are in substantial agreement. The chief differences of


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 are differences as to proportionate values, as to methods and lengths of time, rather than as to the essentials of the higher scholastic training.

But now, very briefly, I wish to indicate my opinion as to how the emphasis should be laid upon the word " modern " in the theme we are examining. What changes are desirable in the course of scholastic training to make it better accord with the modern spirit and the modern needs? For in spite of any seeming of extreme conservatism which the opinions thus far expressed may have had, I am a pronounced advocate of modernizing the curriculum of our liberal education. I do not believe, however, that the best way of accomplishing this involves either any further extension of the elective system in our American colleges, or the exclusion from their required courses of any of the essentials of such an education.

On the other hand, our efforts should be directed toward meeting the increased and altered demands of the age, in the following ways. Some readjustment of proportions is plainly required in order better to adapt the college curriculum to these demands. It is not at all certain that any ultimate diminution is required in the actual amount of work now done in either of these three great branches of scholastic training by even the most exacting of our collegiate institutions.


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 Within these institutions the relative—but not necessarily the absolute—amount of training in mathematics and in the classical languages will probably be lessened; while the amount of training given in natural science, and the acquirement of the modern languages so far as is necessary to a possible familiarity with the French and German literatures will be increased. The way to solve such a seeming paradox is, I think, steadily to improve our facilities and effectiveness in the teaching which precedes admission to college as well as during the college course. The ten years from six to sixteen are enough, and more than enough, to prepare the average mind for the most exacting of our American colleges. But alas! how much of this time is wasted, and worse than merely wasted, by the poor teaching that prevails in the intermediate schools.

Now the men and women who have a truly liberal education must somehow sweep away these evils which lie lower down; and this as the best manner of clearing the ground for a progressive improvement in the adjustment of later studies to the modern changes of educational values. But if, in making this adjustment, we relax our hold upon what we know, by centuries of experience, to have a high degree of such value, and then prematurely substitute—especially if we do so wholly at the option of the pupil—a large amount


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 of that whose value is as yet less a matter of long experience, I fear we shall not really raise our standard of liberal education. Practically, then, I think that, as fast as college time is set free by improvement in the preparatory education, that time should for the present needs be largely turned over to required work in natural science and in the modern languages. In this way it probably will not take long to bring about a more satisfactory adjustment of proportions among the three essentials of a modern liberal education.

Second: The education at which the college aims should meet the demands of the age by the fullest possible use of modern equipments and of modern methods. It is surprising how much of the objection urged against the required study of the classical languages is really based on the supposition that methods of teaching them now almost obsolete still prevail. The same thing is also true of the objections urged against the study of psychology, of ethics, and of philosophy as essentials of a liberal education. Looking back to the time when I was in college, I have no hesitation in saying that the teaching of these languages was, as respects the interest and effectiveness of its methods, on the whole superior to the teaching of mathematics and the natural sciences. But what a change has really taken place since then in the methods employed by both


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 these classes of scholastic pursuits! I am inclined to believe that, on the whole, the improvement of the methods of teaching Latin and Greek has been quite as marked as that made by the teachers of the natural sciences.

As to psychology and philosophy, whenever these subjects are in the hands of men who have themselves received a thorough modern training, the same claim can be established. Unfortunately, however, the impression still prevails widely that any one can teach psychology, ethics, and philosophy who can read in advance of his pupils a text-book on these subjects—especially if he happens to have had training in a peculiar set of prejudices by having been a student of theology.

But in all three groups of essentials—in language and literature, in mathematics and natural science, and in psychology and philosophy—the present generation has seen more advances in equipment and in method than all the rest of the world's past history. What is chiefly needed, in order properly to modernize our liberal culture, is the possession of this equipment in the hands of men who know how to use it. Here I am tempted to make a side remark which has an important bearing on all higher educational development in this country. The conduct of many educational institutions and the estimate placed upon them by the American public are such as to depreciate


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146 Ears. Intead of Hands and Feet, it had Paws, and very thick Thighs. Its Front was covered with Hair like thoe of a and the Sides were covered with omething like a white Skin of a Fih. In the ame Place another montrous Birth was een in the Year 1739, without a Head, with long Nails, like Claws; it had a Mouth upon the Breat, and Claws upon the Back.

They have a very tender Love for their Children, and the Mother always carries her Infant Child about with her, upon her Back, wrapt up in her Coat wherever he goes, or whatever Buines he has in Hand, for they have no other Cradles for them. They uch them till they are three or four Years old or more; becaue in their tender Infancy they cannot diget the trong Victuals that the ret mut live upon.

The Education of their Children is what they eem little concerned about; for they never make Ue of whipping or hard Words to


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Rh to correct them, when they do any thing amis, but leave them to their own Dicretion. Notwithtanding which, when they are grown, they never eem inclined to Vice or Roguery, which is to be admired. 'Tis true, they hew no grat Repect to their Parents in any outward Forms, but always are very willing to do what they order them; though ometimes they will bid their Parents do it themelves. They are under the Care of their Parents, Boys as well as Girls, till they are married; afterwards they hift for themelves, yet o, that they continue to dwell in the ame Houe, or under the ame Roof with their Fathers, together with other Kindred and Relations; and what they get, they all enjoy in common. Rh


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 :the Los Alamos Laboratory Group were badged and their exposures were very low (see Table 6).

 * Project Report: Reference C.1.1 (Los Alamos Laboratory Report No. 613, November 1946).

Program VIII -- Remote Measurements

 * Agencies: U.S. Coast & Geodetic Survey
 * Carnegie Institute
 * National Bureau of Standards
 * Naval Research Laboratory
 * David Taylor Model Basin
 * U.S. Weather Bureau
 * University of Washington
 * University of Texas
 * Bartol Foundation
 * Mt. Wilson Observatory
 * Evans Signal Laboratory
 * Federal Communications Commission
 * Puget Sound Naval Shipyard
 * Army Air Forces (AAF)

 * Operations: This program consisted of 18 projects. Experiments were conducted at sites around the world to measure changes produced by the detonations. Measurements were made of tides, wave action, atmospheric reflectivity, atmospheric pressure, atmospheric ionization, atmospheric noise, radioactivity, and long-range radio waves. Only Project 14 used locations in the Bikini area, specifically Eneu Island and USS Kenneth Whiting (AV-14).

 * Staffing: Organizations involved in each of the projects are listed above. Names of individuals associated with these organizations cannot be separately identified. Except for Project 14, which had instrumentation on Eneu Island and Whiting, exposure potential was extremely low for everyone working with this program. The Eneu site was not contaminated after ABLE but the beach was contaminated after BAKER. Eneu was visited on 25 July (BAKER day) and all experiments removed during the afternoon. Three days later it was radiologically cleared and reopened for troop use.

 * Project Report: Reference C.9.209, Enclosure K.

Program IX -- Technical Photography

 * Agencies: Los Alamos Laboratory
 * Army Air Forces (AAF)
 * U.S. Navy
 * Technical Photography Group

 * Operations: There were 19 projects in Program IX associated with technical photography. Project 1, operated by Los Alamos Laboratory, used high-speed cameras to record the growth rate of the ABLE fireball. Half of the cameras were in a tower on Bikini Island and half in a tower on Eneu Island. Projects 2 through 7 use cameras mounted in six camera towers to observe water wavs, ship motion, burst location, light intensity, and record damage. There were two camera towers each on Bikini, Eneu, and Aomen islands. These six projects were operated by the Technical Photography Group of the Instrumentation Division. Projects 8, 9, and 10 consisted of technical photography from AAF planes. Cameras were mounted in B-17 drones, C-54s,

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148

HEN any Peron dies, they take what belongs to him, as Utenils and Cloathing, and throw it all out into the Field; that by touching of them they may not become unclean; or any Misfortune befall them on that Account. And all that live in the ame Houe, are obliged to carry out any thing of their Goods that is new, and has not been ued: But in the Evening they bring all back again; for then they ay the Stench of the dead Body is quite diipated. Then they begin to lament and mourn for their dead Friend, with Tears and ghatly Howlings, which they continue for an Hour, and the the nearet Relations take the Body and carry it to the Grave, made up of Stones thrown together in a Heap; under which they bury him dreed in his bet


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Rh bet Clothes, and well wrapt up in Skins of or Seals, with his Legs bent under his Back. Near the they lay his Utenils, viz. his Boat, Bows, Arrows and the like; and if it be a Woman, her Needles, Thimbles and the like; not that they believe they tand in Need of thoe Things, when they are come to the Land of Souls, or in the other World, whither they are retired, but for the Averion they have for thoe Things; left by refrehing the Memory of the deceaed, they might renew their Grief and Sorrow for his Los; for if they hould bewail him and weep too much, they think he will endure the more cold where he is.

They think themelves unclean, if they touch any thing belonging to the Deceaed; as likewie he that has carried him to the Grave, and buried him, is reckoned unclean for ome Time, and dares not do certain Things: Nay, not only the Kindred and Relations of the Deceaed, but likewie every one that has lived in the ame Houe Rh


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“Hallo, Pooh,” said Rabbit.

“Hallo, Rabbit,” said Pooh dreamily.


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the Alps: the soul within me burned,

Italia, my Italia, at thy name:

And when from out the mountain's heart I came

And saw the land for which my life had yearned,

I laughed as one who some great prize had earned:

And musing on the marvel of thy fame

I watched the day, till marked with wounds of flame

The turquoise sky to burnished gold was turned.

The pine-trees waved as waves a woman's hair,

And in the orchards every twining spray

Was breaking into flakes of blossoming foam:

But when I knew that far away at Rome

In evil bonds a second Peter lay,

I wept to see the land so very fair.

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text: The Poems of Oscar Wilde/Sonnet on approaching Italy


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 the teaching functions. But in time it will be discovered here—a truth already better recognized in France and in Germany—that it is the character of its faculty which chiefly determines the rank to be allotted to any educational institution. Money and all that money will buy —immense sums of money and incredible extensions of equipment—are a necessity for the most successful promotion of liberal culture. But, after all, these things and all mere things are subordinate to the man who knows how to employ them so as to develop in his pupils the truly liberal mind. And if he is himself illiberal, a bigot,—whether his bigotry be that of the philologue, or that of the economist, or that of the "scientist," or that of the advocate of the new psychology,—the teacher may have boundless fame as a specialist, and unlimited enthusiasm for his specialty, but he is not wholly fit to take part in the bestowal of a truly liberal education. Never before was the need so great that the teacher should himself be a man of the widest intellectual interests and sympathies, and of the broadest culture.

It will be seen, then, that the changes in studies which appear to me necessary to meet the changes in the demands made upon the educated man are not to be sought in the character of these studies so much as in the proportions of each and in the method of pursuing them. These changes I believe


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I have climbed the mountain side

Up to this holy house of God,

Where once that Angel-Painter trod

Who saw the heavens opened wide,

And throned upon the crescent moon

The Virginal white Queen of Grace,—

Mary! could I but see thy face

Death could not come at all too soon.

O crowned by God with thorns and pain

Mother of Christ! O mystic wife!

My heart is weary of this life

And over-sad to sing again.

O crowned by God with love and flame!

O crowned by Christ the Holy One!

O listen ere the searching sun

Show to the world my sin and shame. 59

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text: The Poems of Oscar Wilde/San Miniato

title: The Poems of Oscar Wilde/San Miniato


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150 with him, are obliged to abtain from certain Victuals, and Work, for a while, according to the Direction of Angekkuts or Divines.

The Women never wah themelves during their nor appear well dreed, or with braided and tied up Hair, but dihevelled, and hanging about the Face. They mut put on their Hood as often as they go out of Doors, which is not cutomary at other times; but they believe they otherwie hould oon die.

They bewail their Dead long enough: For, as oft as any of their Friends and Acquaintance come from other Places to ee them, the firt thing they do is to it down in great Sadnes, and weep and bemoan the Los of their deceaed Friend; after which they are comforted with good Cheer. But if the Deceaed has left no Friend or Relation behind him, he may lie long enough where he died, whether at home or abroad, before any body comes and buries him. If a Per-


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Rh a Peron dies in the Houe, his Body mut not be carried through the ordinary Entry of it, but conveyed out at the Window; and if he dies in a Tent, he is brought out at the back Part of it. At the Funeral, a Woman lights a Stick in the Fire, brandihing the ame and aying, Piklerrukpok, that is, here is no more to be got.

When little Children die and are buried, they put the Head of a Dog near the Grave, fancying, that Children having no Undertanding, they cannot by themelves find the Way, but the Dog mut guide them to the Land of the Souls.

Greenlanders have everal Kinds of Sports and Recreations, with which they pas their Time, when they have no-  Rh


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this His coming! I had hoped to see

A scene of wondrous glory, as was told

Of some great God who in a rain of gold

Broke open bars and fell on Danae:

Or a dread vision as when Semele

Sickening for love and unappeased desire

Prayed to see God's clear body, and the fire

Caught her brown limbs and slew her utterly:

With such glad dreams I sought this holy place,

And now with wondering eyes and heart I stand

Before this supreme mystery of Love:

Some kneeling girl with passionless pale face,

An angel with a lily in his hand,

And over both the white wings of a Dove.

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text: The Poems of Oscar Wilde/Ave Maria Gratia Plena


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 should be in the main determined by those who have their education in charge, rather than by the choice of those who are in process of being educated.

But beyond the liberal culture given to the average college-bred man, and higher up, lies the sphere of the specialist who puts his highly specialized pursuits upon the basis of a broad and well-proportioned more general education. He who rises into, and remains long enough within, that sphere becomes one of the few most nobly and highly cultured. He is the liberally educated specialist,—a man quite superior, in respect of education, both to the specialist who has no thorough liberal education and also to the man who, having the fundamentals of a liberal education, has not also the special attainments of a master of some one subject.

I close the presentation of my opinions on this theme with a remark calling attention to its great practical importance in the near future of our country. We are all familiar with the often repeated thought that our national destiny is closely bound up with the education of the multitude of the citizens. Tliis thought is, of course, true; and the significance of its truth may reasonably make all patriots serious; for the condition of the public education in the United States is very far indeed from satisfactory at the present time. Taking all


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152 thing ele to do, or when they viit one another: Of which thee are the mot remarkable. When they meet together for Diverion's Sake; the firt Step made is always Banqueting and Revelling, where they tuff their Guts with all the dainty Bits and the bet Cheer the Country affords; as and Seal Fleh dried or boiled; and the Tail of a Whale, which they reckon among the greatet Delicacies. Of thee Things they eat very greedily; for it is a great Honour done to the Landlord, who treats, that his Guets, when come home, complain that their Belly was too mall, and that it was ready to burt.

After the Repat, they get up to divert themelves in this Manner: One of the Company takes a Drum, which is made of a broad wooden Hoop, or of the Rib of a Whale, covered with a thin Skin; with a Handle to it; which Drum he beats with a Stick, inging at the ame time Songs, either concerning the common Affairs in general, or his own private ones, in parti- cular.


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 sections of the nation into the account, we are an illiterate nation. And under political and selfish business influences, even in the best section of the nation, there is much in our educational condition to cause shame and alarm.

But itis not the condition of public education, not the character and amount of training which the state undertakes to provide for every citizen, that is the subiect of my present inquiry and solicitude. There is another truth respecting the relations of education to the public welfare, which, if less obvious, is no less important. The destiny of any nation is dependent on the character of its aristocracy; and the character of the aristocracy is dependent upon the kind of education which this aristocracy enjoys. I know that there is something which sounds unrepublican and un-American, in our ears, about such a declaration as this. But I should undertake to show from history that the welfare of any nation is quite as really dependent upon the character of its clergy, its lawyers, its doctors, its teachers, and the classes that have leisure, social standing, and wealth as upon the character of the so-called common people. I know you will remind me that the most liberal culture will not make the so-called "upper" classes good, or furnish true friends and trusted leaders of the people. But neither does a so-called common-school education make the common people good.


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Rh cular. In which at the End of each Vere, the whole Chorus of Men and Women join with him.

He that can make the mot odd and comical Getures, and play the mot ridiculous Tricks with his Face, Head and Limbs, turning them awry, paes for the mot ingenious Fellow; as he by his aukward and out of the way Potures can make others laugh.

They hew their Wit chiefly in Satyrical Songs, which they compoe againt one another; and he that overcomes his Fellow in this Way of Debate, is admired and applauded by the ret of the Aembly. If any body conceives a Jealouy, or bears a Grudge to another upon any Account, he ends to him, and challenges him to a Duel in uch or uch Aembly; where he will fight it out with him in taunting Ditties. Whereupon the Defied, in Defence of his Honour, prepares his Weapons, and does not fail to appear at the Time and Place appointed;


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! thou art fallen, though with sheen

Of battle-spears thy clamorous armies stride

From the north Alps to the Sicilian tide!

Ay! fallen, though the nations hail thee Queen

Because rich gold in every town is seen,

And on thy sapphire-lake in tossing pride

Of wind-filled vans thy myriad galleys ride

Beneath one flag of red and white and green.

O Fair and Strong! O Strong and Fair in vain!

Look southward where Rome's desecrated town

Lies mourning for her God-anointed King!

Look heaven-ward! shall God allow this thing?

Nay! but some flame-girt Raphael shall come down,

And smite the Spoiler with the sword of pain.

61

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text: The Poems of Oscar Wilde/Italia

title: The Poems of Oscar Wilde/Italia


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154 appointed; if his Courage do not forake him. When the Aembly is met, and the Combatants arrived, every body being ilent and attentive to hear, what End the Combat will take; the Challenger firt enters the Lits, and begins to ing, accompanying it with the Beat of his Drum. The Challenged ries alo, and in Silence litens, until his Champion or Adverary has done inging. Then he likewie enters the Lits, armed with the ame Weapons, and lays about his Party, the bet he can. And thus they alternately ing as long as their Stock of Ditties lats. He that firt gives over, is reckoned overcome and conquered. In this ort of they reproach and upbraid one another with their Failings. And this is their common Way of taking Vengeance.

There is not to be expected great Ingenuity, or Sallies and Points of Wit in their Poeies, yet there is ome Cadence and Number in their Veres, and ome kind of Rhime in them. For an Intance of which I


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 in reaction from the extreme evils of democracy,—a rule of the best, in some meaning of the word "best." But shall it be the man "best" to lead the populace by deceiving them, as the self-deceived or shrewdly hypocritical demagague has done so frequently in the past history of governments? Or shall it be the man, or the corporation, or the syndicate, whose length of purse and elasticity of conscience best stand the drain upon it made by the demands of the law-makers; shall it be the rule, by bribery, of the plutocracy? Or shall it be the rule of the men of liberal minds, of minds set free from bonds of prejudice and of avarice, and well acquainted with those laws of nature and of the soul, of man as a thinking, speaking, social, and religious being, which it is the business of a liberal education to impart? I sincerely hope that our really governing aristocracy in the country will be of this third class. And it is in the fitting of this class for the life which lies before them as the genuine aristocrats that the supreme value of a truly liberal education consists.


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 Only as education enters into the sphere of the ethical, æsthetical, and religious life docs it become a real safeguard of either the aristocracy or the multitude of the citizens. But it is just the peculiar potency of the truly liberal education that it can lay so much emphasis upon what is not merely necessary to live as a smart and successful citizen, but is rather necessary in order to enter into and possess the larger, richer, and higher life of the soul.

There is one other consideration which it seems desirable to connect with this subject. Rightly or wrongly, temporarily or permanently, there exists a widespread lack of confidence in representative government. Here in this country, where the powers of the representative bodies, both in the state and in the nation, are more extensive and unlimited for good or for evil than anywhere else in the world, this distrust is perhaps most strong and most on the increase. The simple truth is that no class, neither the so-called laboring class nor the cultivated class, has any large amount of confidence left in the men who make laws for them all. Municipal, state, and national legislative bodies are almost universally distrusted, feared, and despised. This is a fact, whether it is a fact that admits of rational justification or not.

There are plain signs that some form of virtual aristocratic government is likely to be widely


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through Scoglietto's far retreat,

The oranges on each o'erhanging spray

Burned as bright lamps of gold to shame the day;

Some startled bird with fluttering wings and fleet

Made snow of all the blossoms, at my feet

Like silver moons the pale narcissi lay:

And the curved waves that streaked the great green bay

Laughed i' the sun, and life seemed very sweet.

Outside the young boy-priest passed singing clear,

'Jesus the son of Mary has been slain,

O come and fill his sepulchre with flowers.'

Ah, God! Ah, God! those dear Hellenic hours

Had drowned all memory of Thy bitter pain,

The Cross, the Crown, the Soldiers and the Spear. 62

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text: The Poems of Oscar Wilde/Sonnet written in Holy Week at Genoa


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Rh I join hereto a Greenland Song, or Ode, compoed by one of the Natives, who formerly lived in our Colony, by Name Friderick Chritian, upon the of his then Royal Highnes, Prince Chritian, on the 30th of November, 1729, and is as follows.

Who


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 * By GEORGE TRUMBULL LADD, Professor of Philosophy in Yale University. 12mo, $1.00 net.

This work is in no sense a condensation of any larger work, but has been prepared by the author expressly for the use of elementary classes in schools and colleges. The need for such a book has been great, and coming as it does from the masterly hand of this eminent author, its value will be at once recognized.

 Descriptive and Explanatory.

 * A Treatise of the Phenomena, Laws, and Development of Human Mental Life. By GEORGE TRUMBULL LADD, Professor of Philosophy in Yale University. 8vo, $4.50.

The book is designed to cover the entire ground of descriptive and explanatory psychology in a summary way, reserving speculative discussion and the philosophy of mind for another volume. It is carefully adapted to the needs of pupils and teachers, while not exclusively prepared for them.

The point of view taken leads the author into an analysis of all the mental processes, but especially into the endeavor to trace the development of mental life, the formation and growth of so-called "faculty," and the attainment of knowledge and of character.


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 * A Treatise of the Activities and Nature of the Mind from the Physical and Experimental Point of View. By GEORGE TRUMBULL LADD, Professor of Philosophy in Yale University. 8vo, $4.50.

This is the first treatise that has attempted to present to English readers a discussion of the whole subject brought down to the most recent times. It includes the latest discoveries, and by numerous and excellent illustrations and tables and by gathering material from scores and even hundreds of separate treatises inaccessible to most persons it brings before the reader in a compact and yet lucid form the entire subject.

The work has three principal divisions of which the first consists of a description of the structure and functions of the Nervous System considered simply under the conception of mechanism without reference to the phenomena of consciousness. The second part describes the various classes of correlations which exist between the phenomena of the nervous mechanism and mental phenomena, with an attempt to state what is known of the laws which maintain themselves over these various classes. The third part introduces, at the close of these researches, the presentation of such conclusions as may be legitimately gathered or more speculatively inferred concerning the nature of the human mind.


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 ] or altogether unknown to the faithful. Were it decreed, many Catholics in this age of indifference would remain within the Church without believing it, to the grave detriment of Religion.

Bishop Hefele said that if the error of Gallicanism consisted in separating the Church from the Pope, the present proposal committed the converse error of separating the Pope from the Church. We Catholics can accept neither of these extreme positions. Moreover we have been told that the subject of Infallibility is the Church; we are now told that it is the Pope. But it is difficult to see how these two subjects can be united, unless the one renders the other superfluous, and indeed excludes it. The theory of Papal Infallibility seemed to him founded neither in Scripture nor in History. The letter of Leo to Flavian was not accepted by the fourth Ecumenical Council because it came from an infallible writer, but because it contained an apostolic doctrine; nor was it accepted until the doubts of certain Bishops had been removed.

Another Bishop declared that if such Infallibility were dogmatically defined, the result in his own diocese, where not a trace of Tradition upon the subject existed, would be grievous losses to the Church. Nor could he personally profess himself convinced of it.

Melchers, Archbishop of Cologne, was prepared to accept Papal Infallibility as his personal belief, but was unable to assent to its erection into a dogma; for he could see no necessity. The authority of the Holy See was never greater than in modern times. And it is neither customary nor expedient to impose new dogmatic decrees without necessity. The subject of Papal Infallibility in particular is a controverted subject. Many learned and orthodox persons considered its dogmatic definition impossible, owing to the serious


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156 We


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 Rh larly true when the substance of the really great book is also the substance of long established tradition and prejudice, and the conclusions drawn are such as to contradict or seriously modify other conclusions reached thouandsthousands [sic] of years before, and cherished dearly by y the greater part of the human race.

Darwin was prepared for scepticism, disbelief, and attack, yet it is doubtful if he realized the magnitude of the upheaval that his book would cause. Even before the Origin officially was published the discussion began, for the paper of 1858 had aroused much interest. Everyone at all interested was impatiently waiting for the complete book; those who were on terms of friendship with the author, or had helped him in the work, received copies in advance. Of these Huxley in particular knew what was to come, perhaps with the instinct of a born fighter. On November 23, the day before the pole in of Species was put on sale, he wrote Darwin:

Reviews of the book. began to appear in December, and continued in steadily increasing numbers. Some of them were favorable, such as the one three and a half columns long,


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 * A Text-book of Mental Science for Academies and Colleges. By GEORGE TRUMBULL LADD, Professor of Philosophy in Yale University. Crown 8vo, $2.00.

The volume is not an abridgment or revision of the larger book, Elements of Physiological Psychology, which is still to be preferred for mature students, but, like it, surveys the entire field, though with less details and references that might embarrass beginners. Briefer discussions of the nervous mechanism, and of the nature of the mind as related to the body, will be found in the "Outlines"; while the treatment of relations existing between excited organs and mental phenomena offers much new material, especially on "Consciousness," "Memory," and "Will."

Later chapters, considering mind and body as dependent upon differences of age, sex, race, etc., and giving conclusions as to the nature of the mind and as to its connection with the bodily organism, reward the student who masters this book.

The author aims to furnish a complete yet correct text-book for the brief study of mental phenomena from the experimental and physiological point of view. Both pupil and teacher have been considered, that the book may be readily learned and successfully taught.


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 THE CASE OF Mary Watkinson,

Mother of Hannah Gooding (late Hannah Knight) an Infant and Thomas Gooding Son of Serjant Gooding.

UPON the Marriage of the said Mary with Fobn Knight, Esq; her late Husband deceased, who had with her Five thousand pounds’ Portion, there was a Setlement made for3 ome forher,.and a Term of Five hundred Years vested in Trustees forrai Portions for Daughters, and if butone, and no Issue Male,then to raise Five thousand pounds Portion forpape,

the day of Marriage, or One and twenty Years, with fuch maintenance as the Trustees should think fit, not Ex

4 n Annum,‘

Now the said Jobe Koi bt had Issue only one Danghas, the asore-named Infant.

And the said Fobn Knigbt dying about bat One thousand fix hundred ninty and three, his Relations ufed his Widow very hard and unkindly, which caufed her Sohateen back to her Father who lived at Chelfea in Middlefex, from whence she applied her felf to the furviving Trustees of t ‘Tofants Eftate fora maintenance fuitable to her Daughters Fortune, whom she had put with a Maid to wait on her toa noted Boarding School in athe same Town of Chelfée, and under the condué of one Mrs. Prief, to whom she gave Thirty five pounds per Annum forhet said Daughter and Maids Diet, and Five pounds forWages, befides the charge of her Cloaths, and other incident expences of the School which amounted to a) confiderable Sum, and theresore ex an allowance in some proportion anfwerable thereto from the said Traftees, but after much solicitation| and attendance could prevail with them but forForty pounds a Year, and of that never had but two Payments, in all amounting to Eighty pound tho’ the Infants Father hath been dead almoft sour Years.

And haying placed her said Child at this Boarding School, she refolved to have kept her there till her Years of difcretion, not having the leaft thought or intention of Marrying her, till finding endeavours were ufed by her late Husbands Relations (viz.) Ann Keight his Sifter, Bridget Taylor one of the Trustees Daughters, and others, to take her away from the said School, so that for her prefervation she brought her home to fle, where the like attempts were still made, and Servants tampered with to betray her to them, and this the did for no other caufe or end, but that ‘her Child might not becomea prey. to thofe who feemed more concerned for her Portfon then her Perfon: Under this difficulty she confulted with her Friends whe was to be done to secure her Child, and at last determined, that if she could find a convenient March she would Marry her: After this having a Propofal made to her of Mr. Thomas Gooding the Serjants Son, and, having a good account of the Serjant, did admit his said ‘Son to fee her Daughter, and after feveral meetings of the Son, which as she believes was without the knowledg of the Serjant, did direét the Serjant to be fent for to Treat with himconcerning his Son, who coming to her, declared his unwillingnefsto Treat with her fingly being a Woman, but rather with her Friends, to whom he would make his Propofals, what he would do for his Son and for fetling her Daughters Portion, and making a provifion for her in cafe they Married. Whercupon she appointed one Mr. Whitebead an Attorney, and Mr. Mdountney to Treat with the Serjant, ‘who propofed to them to lay out her Childs Fortune (when paid ) in purchafe of Lands of Inheritance to be fettled as a irene, and in cafe the furvived his Soh without Iffite, thatthe Eftate so to be purchafed, should come to her and her Heirs; Also the Serjant offered to ferle his inereft in the Office of Cuftes Breviw’ of the Kings Bench on his Son.immediatly upon paymrent of the Portion, and tocharge the said Office with Fifty pounds per Annum, more, as a farther provifion for her {aid Child, with whichPropofals the being acquainted, with the advice of her Friends, whom the confulted therein, she and they were well fatisfied, and looked. ae her Daughter to be thereby well provided for, in cafe the Marriage took effect. Upon which the afore mentioned Propofals being accepted, they were reduced into Atticles, and by advice of her Council fettled and executed by the Serjant: Whereupon a Licenfe for their Marriage was taken out by her the latter end of September la(t, at which time she did) .apprehend and so declared her Daughter to be about Twelve Years of Age,and foon after,that is to fay,about the - of Ofober last they were with her confent and approbation publickly Married, and hopes and defires the same may not be avoided or difanulled, conceiving the same to be for her Childs preferment, and not inthe leaft to her difparagment or inconvenience.

The Café so far as it concerns the (aid Serjant and his Son, is as followeth, Viz.

That the Serjant’s said Son ( whom he hath bredd in Grays Inn 'a Student, and is almoft at Bar ftanding ) having incouragment from the said "Mrs. Watkinfon, the Infant's Mothér to aga her said Daughter, had feveral meetings wich the Mother ceria Marriage with her without the privity or knowledg of the Serjant, which the Mother promot so foon through the unkindnefs she had from her late Husband’s Relations and feveral attempts to take her said Child from_her by indireét means, as is prefiimed cither to Marry her to fome one of their own Relations, or detain her Portion from her, till her age of One and Twenty, for the benefit of her Uncle the Heir at Law.

Tn which the Serjant hopes he hath done nothing unfaire, or otherwife then any Father might jultifiably do for his Child, having the Mother’s confent and ap} tion therein, who was her Childs proper Guardian both by Nature and Law, and had the fole difpofting of her, which (as prefumed ) she hath done without any the leaft Wrong or Difparagment.

. And whereas it is Objeéted, That the said Serjant knew there wasa Bill depending againft the Mother and her Husband to take the guar-

Obje#. dianfhip. of the Child from the Mother, by reafon of her now Mariage, and the Serjant was privy thereto being of Council with the De- fendants..and his:hand to their _anfwer.

4 Tis true he did perufe the Defendants Anfwer tho’ then a ranger to all the Partics, and looked upon ‘the Bill to have no Equity

Refp. therein, whereupon to ground a Decree for to take away the Child from the Mother, to whom the Laws and Cuftoms of this Realm have

intrufted‘her case, education, and difpofal. :

j That in Hillary Term last the Surviving Truftecs for the Infants Portion, exhibited a Petition to the Lord Keeper against Mrs. Watkinfon and

Hiller Terme her Husband concerning the Infant, who ordered thereupon that Watkinfon, and his Wife, and Mr. Serjant Gooding should appear before him with the Infant the next day of Petitions.

March They attended with the Infant accordingly, where the Petitioners reading Affidavits that were not filed, his Lordship Ordered the same to be 120f March fied, and though the Defendants were ready with their Witneffes to make their Defence, his Lordthip did think fit that both fides thould file

following. their Affidavits by Tuesday noon following, and to be heard on the Tburfday after. ., Both fidés appeared, and the Infant was brought into Court; but before the Caufe came on, she was conveyed away, and as is fuppofed

18 March. by one Fane Pafmore, who about Five Years fince was a fervant to the Serjant : The Serjant,his Wife,her Sifter,and feveral of his Servants were Exa- mined whether they knew of, or were contriving to the taking away of the Infant, who all denied it, nor did, or do know any thing thereof.

As to the Son’s Swearing upon the Mothers takeing out the Licenfe for Marriage, that the Infant was about Twelve Years of age, tho the same be not material or effential to the Marriage, or Licenfe, where the Parent appears, he was induced thereunto from what the er then declared before the Judge that took the Oath at Drs. Commons, and also beforeand after, often declared to him, his Father and Mother, that the Infant was about Twelve Years old, as she reallv beleived, and alfothe said Truftces in their Bill exhibired in ‘Fuly last fet forth, that she was then about Teri Years old, which at Chriftmas following would be Eleven. It being agieed on all fides that she was born about Chri(tmas,

As tothe Mariage, Infra Annos nubiles, with the confent of the Father ot Mother, that it is good, there are abundance of prefidents, and every days experience. The Wife is Dowable, it mult be certified by the Bifhop a good Marriage. And also the Husband hath his Aétion de uxere abduttd cum bonssviri, of a Wife, Infra Annos nubiles.

All which having been tranfacted both according to the ancient Laws and frequent ufage of this Kingdom, it is hoped no Fault can be imputed where neither the known Laws, nor common Praétice in like Cases have yet found any. 4

I which the Peritioners are ready to make out upon Oath before your Lordships at the Bart of this most Honourable House.


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Rh This


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 24 which Huxley got into the London Times. Others were tolerant, but more were opposed. As Huxley warned, there was to be a great barking and yelping, not from scientific opponents alone, but from great religious groups who knew hardly the first essentials of biology, and cared little more than they knew. Thus in February of 1860 Darwin wrote his friend Hooker, "The stones are begining to fly. But Theology has more to do with these two attacks than Science" It was not long before almost every letter bore a reference to some review in which the critic had grossly misunderstood or wilfully distorted passage after passage of the Origin. In June the naturalist wrote Lyell that he was "weary of reviews."

The storm broke with full fury, however, at the June meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, held at Oxford. On Thursday, June 28, there was an argument between Owen, the anatomist, and Huxley, in which the whole audience took sides. Owen was dogmatic and Huxley firm, even though he refrained from making any real attack on the opponents of Darwin. On Friday there was quiet—the quiet before a storm. Every one knew that the two factions would come to battle, and almost every one wanted to take part. All that was needed was an excuse.

That came on Saturday, when Dr. J. W. Draper of New York, an evolutionist and mili-


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 * An Inquiry after a Rational System of Scientific Principles in their Relation to Ultimate Reality. By GEORGE TRUMBULL LADD, Professor of Philosophy in Yale University. 8vo, $3.00.

The hope of the author, as expressed in the Preface and incorporated in the title, is that this book may serve to "introduce" some of its readers to the study of philosophy.

Among those for whom it is intended may be first mentioned the young in the later years of our higher educational institutions. It is, however, not a technical book for instruction, such being, in the opinion of the author, unbecoming a study of problems which invite reflection and end in opinion. But there are others who share in the general pursuit after a knowledge of philosophical questions. None who are thoughtful escape the mysteries of which life itself is made up, and to all earnest inquirers the book appeals especially. The language has been simplified to the utmost, though the questions are of such nature that new terms and unfamiliar language sometimes occur of necessity, yet all is found to be intelligible and clearly stated. Finally it may be said that the author has not left himself entirely concealed in the treatment of the subject. He modestly makes the confession that his own views, to an extent positive as well as critical, appear in the pages, and to the public this makes the book of double value and interest.


text: The Proletarian Revolution in Russia/Part 3/Chapter 8


text: The Proletarian Revolution in Russia/Part 3/Chapter 9


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158 And


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corn has turned from grey to red,

Since first my spirit wandered forth,

From the drear cities of the north,

And to Italia's mountains fled.

And here I set my face towards home,

For all my pilgrimage is done,

Although, methinks, yon blood-red sun

Marshals the way to Holy Rome.

O Blessed Lady, who dost hold

Upon the seven hills thy reign!

O Mother without blot or stain,

Crowned with bright crowns of triple gold!

O Roma, Roma, at thy feet

I lay this barren gift of song!

For, ah! the way is steep and long

That leads unto thy sacred street. 63

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 yet what joy it were for me

To turn my feet unto the south,

And journeying towards the Tiber mouth

To kneel again at Fiesole!

And wandering through the tangled pines

That break the gold of Arno's stream,

To see the purple mist and gleam

Of morning on the Apennines.

By many a vineyard-hidden home,

Orchard and olive-garden grey,

Till from the drear Campagna's way

The seven hills bear up the dome! 64

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text: The Proletarian Revolution in Russia/Part 3/Chapter 10


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Rh

They have, beides this, another ort of Diverion, accompanied with Singing, which con-


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from the northern seas—

What joy for me to seek alone

The wondrous Temple and the throne

Of Him who holds the awful keys!

When, bright with purple and with gold,

Come priest and holy Cardinal,

And borne above the heads of all

The gentle Shepherd of the Fold.

O joy to see before I die

The only God-anointed King,

And hear the silver trumpets ring

A triumph as He passes by!

Or at the brazen-pillared shrine

Holds high the mystic sacrifice,

And shows his God to human eyes

Beneath the veil of bread and wine. 65

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 this whole policy falls to pieces under the first serious blow, Tseretelli and Dan explain to all who have any desire to believe them, that the Revolution was frustrated, not by the inability of the petit bourgeoisie to take all power into its hands, but by the "insurrection" of the Machine-Gun Regiment.

In the course of many years of controversy concerning the character of the Russian Revolution, the Mensheviki have maintained that the true bearers of revolutionary power in Russia have been the petit bourgeois democrats. We always have pointed out that the petit bourgeois democracy is incapable of solving this problem, and that the only power than can guide the revolution to its goal is the proletariat, drawing its strength from the masses of the people. Now History has so decreed that the Mensheviki appeared as the political representatives of the petit bourgeois democracy, in order that they might in their own persons exemplify their complete inability to cope with the problems of power, that is, to assume the leading role in the Revolution.

In Rabochaya Gazeta, that organ of counterfeit, Danified, Danicizing "Marxism," the attempt is made to fix upon us the label of "July Sixteen Men." We have every reason to assert that in the July 16th movement, all our sympathies were absolutely with the workers and soldiers, and not with the military cadets, the Polovtsevs, Liebers, and the "snifflers."

We would deserve contempt were it otherwise. But let the bankrupts of the Rabochaya Gazeta not be too loud in invoking the 16th of July, for that was the day of their political self-destruction. The label "Sixteenth of July Men," if I may use a very mixed metaphor, may be turned against them as a two-edged sword, for on July 16 the rapacious cliques of Czaristic Russia accomplished a coup d'etat with the purpose of placing all the authority of state in their hands. On the 16th of July, 1917, at the moment of the most serious crisis of the Revolution, the petit bourgeois democrats vociferously declared that they were incapable of taking over the state power. Turning their backs with hatred on the revolutionary workers and soldiers, who demanded from them the discharge of their most elementary revolutionary duty, the Sixteenth of July men


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160 conits in Swooping or Bartering. He that performs the Office of Drummer and Singer, expoes one Thing or other to Sale, at any Rate he thinks fit; if any of the Company has a liking to it, he hews his Conent by giving the Seller a Slap on his Breech, and the Bargain is done, and cannot be retrieved, whether good or bad. The Boys and Lads have alo their Patimes and Plays, when they meet in the Evening. They take a mall Piece of Wood, with a Hole in it at one End, to that they tie a little pointed Stick with a Thread or String, and throwing the Piece with the Hole in it, up into the Air, they trive to catch it upon the pointed Stick, through the Hole. He that does it twenty times ucceively, and without failing, gains the Match, or Party, and he that mies gets a black Stroke on his Forehead, for every Time he mies. Another Boy's Play is a Game of Chance, like Cards or Dice; they have a Piece of Wood pointed at one End, with a Pin or Peg in the midt, upon which it turns; when the Boys are eated around, and every one


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lo, what changes time can bring!

The cycles of revolving years

May free my heart from all its fears,

And teach my lips a song to sing.

Before yon field of trembling gold

Is garnered into dusty sheaves,

Or ere the autumn's scarlet leaves

Flutter as birds adown the wold,

I may have run the glorious race,

And caught the torch while yet aflame,

And called upon the holy name

Of Him who now doth hide His face.

66

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"session" means the sittings of the Legislative Assembly commencing when it first meets after being constituted, or after its prorogation or dissolution at any time, and terminating when the Legislative Assembly is prorogued or is dissolved without having been prorogued;

"Singapore" means the State of Singapore; "sitting" means a period during which the Legislative Assembly is sitting continuously without adjournment, including any period during which the Legislative Assembly is in committee;

"Speaker" and "Deputy Speaker" mean, respectively, the Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the Legislative Assembly; "State" means the State of Singapore;

"State law" means—
 * (a) any existing law continuing to have effect as part of the law of the State after the coming into operation of this Constitution to the extent that it is by virtue of the provisions of the Federal Constitution treated as a State law; and

 * (b) any law made by the Legislature.

"terms of service" in respect of any officer include the remuneration to which that officer is entitled by virtue of his office, and any pension, gratuity or other like allowance payable to or in respect of that officer;

"written law" means this Constitution and the Federal Constitution and all Federal and State laws and subsidiary legislation for the time being in force in the State and includes rules and regulations made under the Singapore (Constitution) Order in Council, 1958, so long as they are in force in the State;

"Yang di-Pertuan Agong" means the Yang di-Pertuan Agong or Supreme Head of the Federation and includes the Deputy Supreme Head of the Federation;

"Yang di-Pertuan Negara" means the Yang di-Pertuan Negara of Singapore and includes any person for the time being appointed to perform the functions of the Yang di-Pertuan Negara;

 * (2) Save where this Constitution otherwise provides or where the context otherwise requires—

 * (a) the person or authority having power to make substantive appointments to any public office may appoint a person to perform the functions of that office during any period during which it is vacant or during which the holder thereof is unable (whether by reason of absence or infirmity of body or mind or any other cause) to perform those functions;


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 made an alliance with the Sixteenth of June men, with the object of curbing, disarming, and jailing the Socialist workers and soldiers. The treachery of the petit bourgeois democracy, its shameful capitulation to the counter-revolutionary bourgeoisie, it is that which disturbed the alignment of power, and not for the first time in the history of the Revolution.

Under these circumstances the last ministry was created, which was designated "the government of Kerensky." The irresolute, powerless, shaky regime of the petit bourgeois democracy was transformed into a personal dictatorship.

Under the name of "a dual authority" there went on a struggle between irreconcilable class tendencies; the imperialistic republic and the workers' democracy. While the issues of this struggle remained unsolved, it paralyzed the Revolution and inevitably produced symptoms of "anarchy." Being led by politicians who are afraid of everything, the Soviet did not dare assume power. The representative of all the propertied cliques, the Cadet party, could not yet assume power. What was needed was a great conciliator, a mediator, an impartial referee.

Already in the middle of May, at a meeting of the Petrograd Soviet, Kerensky had been called "the mathematical point of Russian Bonapartism." This characterization shows, at the very start, that it is not Kerensky that matters, but rather his historical function. It might be somewhat superficial to declare that Kerensky is made of the same stuff as the first Bonaparte; to say the least, it has not been proved. Yet his popularity seems to be more than an accident. Kerensky seemed closer to the understanding of all the Pan-Russian philistines. A defender of political prisoners, a "social-revolutionist," who headed the laborites, a radical not connected with any Socialist school, Kerensky reflected most fully the first phase of the Revolution, its "national" vagueness, the engaging idealism of its hopes and its expectations. He talked about land and liberty, about order, about the peace of nations, about the defence of the fatherland, about the heroism of Liebknecht, about the fact that the Russian Revolution would astonish the world with its greatness of soul, all the while waving a red silk handkerchief. The half-awakened Philistine listened to these speeches with ecstasy: to him it seemed as if he were himself up on the platform talking. The army hailed Kerensky as a deliverer from Guchkov. The peasants heard that he was a laborite, a delegate of the muzhiks. The extreme moderation of his views, beneath his confused radicalism of phrase,


text: The Poems of Oscar Wilde/Rome Unvisited

title: The Poems of Oscar Wilde/Rome Unvisited


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 was enough to take in the liberals. Only the more enlightened workers kept at a distance. But their Soviets successfully dissolved into a "revolutionary democracy."

His freedom from any doctrinal impediment permitted Kerenksy to be the first of the "Socialists" to enter the bourgeois government. He was the first to apply the name of "anarchy" to the increasingly insistent social demands of the masses: already in May he had threatened the Finns with the sharpest of reprisals and uttered his high-sounding phrase about "risen slaves," which came as a balm to the hearts of all the injured property-holders. In this way his popularity soon involved a veritable tangle of contradictions, thus properly reflecting the vagueness of the first stage of the Revolution and the hopelessness of the second. And when History was obliged to fill a vacancy in the office of referee, there was no more appropriate man at her disposal than Kerensky.

"The historic night session" in the Winter Palace was only a repetition of the political humiliation which the "revolutionary" democracy had prepared for itself at the Moscow Conference. In these transactions all the trumps were in the hands of the Cadets: The Social-Revolutionary and Menshevik democracy, which was gaining successes in all the democratic elections, without exception, and which was frightened to death by these successes, humbly begs the privileged liberals for their collaboration in the government! As the Cadets had not feared on the 16th of July to thrust power on the Soviets, and as, on the other hand, the liberals were not afraid of assuming the power altogether, it is plain that they were the masters of the situation.

If Kerensky was the last word of the impotent Soviet hegemony, it was now necessary for him to stand as the first word of the liberation from that hegemony. For the time being, we shall take Kerensky, but only under the condition that you will sever the umbilical cord connecting him with the Soviet!—such was the ultimatum of the bourgeoisie.

"Unfortunately, the debate at the Winter Palace was mere talk and uninteresting talk at that"—was Dan's complaint in his report to the Soviet.

It is difficult to appreciate the full depth of these complaints on the part of the parliamentarian of "revolutionary" democracy, who left the Tauride Palace in the evening, still at the helm, and came back empty-handed in the morning. The leaders of the Social-Revolutionists and Mensheviki respectfully laid their share of


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 power at the feet of Kerensky. The Cadets accepted this gift graciously: in any event, they regarded Kerensky, not as a great impartial referee, but only as an intermediary agent. To take all power into their hands at once would have been too dangerous in view of the inevitable revolutionary resistance of the masses. It was much more sensible to hand over to the at present "independent" Kerensky, with the collaboration of the AvksentiefFs, Savinkovs, and other Social-Revolutionary moderates, the task of paving the way for a purely bourgeois government, with the aid of a system of more savage repressions.

The new coalition ministry—"the Kerensky government"—was formed. At first glance it differed in no wise from the other coalition government, which had so ignobly collapsed on July 16. Shingarev departed, Kokoshkin arrived; Tseretelli stepped out, Avksentieff stepped in. All the losses in personnel merely emphasized the fact that both sides regarded the Cabinet simply as a stepping stone. But much more important was the radical alteration in the "significance" of the two groups. Formerly—at least "in idea"—the "Socialist" ministers had been considered representative of the Soviets controlled by the Soviets: the bourgeois ministers acted as screens between them and the Allies and the capitalists. Now, on the other hand, the bourgeois minister enter, as a subordinate group, into the personnel of the frankly counter-revolutionary bloc of the propertied classes (the Cadet Party, the leaders of trade and industry, the landowners' league, the Provisional Committee of the Duma, the Cossack Circle, the General Staff, the Allied diplomacy) and the "Socialist" ministers serve simply as a screen against the masses of the people. Meeting with the silence of the Executive Committees of the Soviets, Kerensky succeeded in obtaining ovations by promising not to permit a restoration of the monarchy. So low had fallen the requirements of philistine democracy! Avksentieff called upon all for "sacrifices," lavishly distributing half-Kantian, half-revival meeting drivel, which was his great stock in trade; and as is proper for an idealist in power, in this categorical imperative, he constantly dragged in the Cossacks and the military cadets. And the surprised peasant deputies cast their eyes about in wonderment, observing that before they had a chance to take away the land from the landholders, something was taking away their influence over the power of the state.

The counter revolutionary general staffs, everywhere supplanting the army committees, were making a very general use of them


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66

Gila Crossing. It was during this year that the President came to Phoenix.

Gila Crossing, Salt River. During the spring the man employed to carry the mail between Phoenix and Scottsdale became insane and shot a white man and a Pima youth whom he met on the road near the latter place.

Gila Crossing. In September, 1901, the day school was started at Masâʼkimûlt, the Gila Maricopa village.

The Pimas subsist upon a mixed diet in which vegetable food predominates. In the past it would seem probable that the proportion of meat was greater than at present, though they have long been tillers of the soil. Certain articles of their diet appear to be markedly flesh producing, and this tendency is at least not diminished by the habits of life resulting from the semitropical climate of the Gila valley. They are noticeably heavier than individuals belonging to the tribes on the Colorado plateau to the north and northeast, and many old persona exhibit a degree of obesity that is in striking contrast with the "tall and sinewy" Indian conventionalized in popular thought. (Fig. 2.)

About every fifth year in primitive times the Gila river failed in midwinter, the flow diminishing day by day until at length the last drop of water that could not gain shelter beneath the sands was licked up by the ever-thirsty sun. The fish gathered in the few pools that were maintained by the underflow, the ducks and other water birds took flight, but the deer and antelope could the more readily be stalked because of their resorting to known watering places. Without water in the river and canals there could be no crops, and necessity drove the people to seek far afield for the native plants that in some degree produce fruits or seeds even in dry seasons. The fruit of the saguaro and the seed or bean of the mesquite were the most abundant and accessible resources. When even these failed the Pimas were driven to make long journeys into the Apache country—

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 at the same time for reprisals against the masses, and in this way undermining the authority of the soldier organizatonsorganizations [sic] and preparing their downfall. The bourgeois counter-revolution has at its disposal for this purpose its "Socialist" ministers, but the latter drag with them in their dizzy fall the same Soviets of which they are now independent, but which are still dependent on the ministers, as before. Having renounced power, the democratic organizations should also have liquidated their authority. Thus all prepared for the advent of Milyukov. And behind him General Gurko is biding his time.

The Moscow Conference obtains all its importance in connection with this general tendency of the political movement in upper circles.

In the last few days the attitude of the Cadets toward the meeting was not only not enthusiastic, but even full of distrust. Ill-concealed hostility to the pilgrimage to Moscow was also the attitude of Dyelo Naroda, the organ of that party which was represented in the Government by the Kerenskys, Avksentieffs, Savinkovs, Chernovs, and Lebedieffs. "If we must go, we'll go," Rabochaya Gazeta wrote, with a sigh, like the parrot whom the cat was dragging by its tail. The speeches of the Ryabushinskis, Alekseieffs, Kaledins, etc., and of the ruling "band of charlatans," were by no means indicative of a readiness for the sacrifice of an embrace with Avksentieff. And finally the government, so the papers said, did not attach any decisive importance to the Moscow Conference. Oui prodes? In whose interest and for what, was this Conference called?

It was clear as the light of day that it was absolutely directed against the Soviets. The latter are not going to the Conference, they are being dragged thither by lassoes. The meeting is necessary to the counter-revolutionary classes as an aid in finally putting down the Soviets. Why, then, do the responsible organs of the bourgeoisie observe such an attitude of holding-off with regard to the Conference? Because it is necessary first of all to establish the "classless" position of the supreme impartial referee. Milyukov is afraid that Kerensky may depart from the Conference with his position too strongly intrenched, and that consequently Milyukov's political vacations may be too unpleasantly prolonged. Thus each patriot is preserving the fatherland in his own manner.

As a consequence of the "historic" night in the Winter Palace was born the regime of Kerensky, of sophomoric Bonapartism, let


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Rh one laid down what they play for, one of them turns the pointed Piece of Wood with his Finger, that it wheels about like a Mariner's Compas; and when it has done, he that the Point aims at, wins all that was laid down. is their mot common Diverion, which they play two different ways. They divide themelves into two Parties; he firt Party throws the Ball to each other; while thoe of the econd Party endeavour to get it from them, and o by turns. The econd manner is like our playing at They mark out two Barriers, at three or four hundred Paces ditance one from the other; then being divided into two Parties, as before, they meet at the tarting Place, which is at the Midway between the two Barriers; and the Ball being thrown upon the Ground, they trive who firt hall get at it, and kick it with the Foot, each Party towards their Barrier. He that is the mot and dextrous at it, kicking the Ball before him, and gets the firt to the Barrier, has won the Match. Thus (they'll tell you) the De- Rh


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 us say. But the Moscow Conference, in its personnel and in its objects, is a reproduction of this historic night in the light of day, so to speak. Tseretelli is fated once more to explain to all Russia that the passing of power into the hands of the revolutionary democracy would be the misfortune and ruin of the Revolution. After this solemn declaration of their own bankruptcy, the representatives of revolutionary democracy will be privileged to listen to a dreadful indictment directed against them, and previously drawn up by Rodzianko, Ryabushiniki, Milyukov, General Alekseieff, and the other "live wires" of the country. Our imperialistic clique, to whom the government will assign the place of honor at the Moscow Conference, will come out with the slogan: "all power should be given to us!" The Soviet leaders will come face to face with the rapacious appetites of the propertied classes, which threaten them with an uprising of those same workers and soldiers whom Tseretelji disarmed with the catchword "all power to the Soviets!" In his capacity as Chairman, Kerensky will merely be able to register the actual existence of "disagreement," and to call the attention of the "interested parties" to the fact that they cannot get along without an impartial referee. Quod erat demonstrandum.

"If I were in the Soviet Central Executive Committee," confessed the Menshevik Bogdanov, at a meeting of the Soviet Executive Committee, "I should not have called this meeting, for the government will not reach at this meeting the ends at which it is aiming: the strengthening and broadening of its foundation." It must really be admitted that these "Realpolitikers" actually do not know the things that are going on with their own active co-operation. After the disintegration of the coalition of July 16, the refusal of the Soviet to assume power precluded the possibility of the creation of a government on a broad foundation. The Kerensky Government, exercising no control, is in its very nature a government without a social foundation. It was consciously constructed between two possible foundations: the working masses and the imperialistic classes. In that lies its Bonapartism. The Moscow Conference has the purpose, once the privileged and democratic parties have been thrown aside, to perpetuate the personal dictatorship, which, by a policy of irresponsible adventurism, will undermine all the achievements of the Revolution.

For this purpose it is as necessary to have an opposition on the left as an opposition on the right. It is only important that they should approximately counterbalance each other and that the social


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 conditions should maintain this equilibrium. But that is just the thing that is lacking.

The early Czarism had arisen out of a struggle between classes in the midst of a free society; but beneath all the warring factions and their Czar there was a stable substructure of laboring workers. The new Czarism seeks the support that is necessary to its existence in the passive inertia of the peasantry; the chief instrument of Bonapartism meanwhile being a well disciplined army. But in our country not one of these conditions has as yet been realized. Our society is permeated with open antagonisms, which have been carried to a point of the highest intensity. The struggle between the workers and the capitalists, the peasants and the landholders, the soldiers and the general staff, the suppressed nationalities and the central state power, do not give the latter any elements of stability, unless the government will firmly resolve to link its fortunes with one of the struggling forces. Up to the completion of the agrarian revolution, the attempts at a "classless" dictatorship must of necessity remain of ephemeral nature.

Milyukov, Rodzianko, Ryabushiniki want power to be finally lodged with them, that is, to be transformed into a counter-revolutionary dictatorship of the exploiters over the revolutionary workers, peasants and soldiers. Kerensky wants to frighten the democracy by means of counter-revolution, and to frighten the counter-revolution by means of democracy, and then to assure the dictatorship of personal power, out of which the masses will get nothing. But he is reckoning without his host. The revolutionary masses have not yet spoken their last word.


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The same struggle is going on, from the very first days of the Revolution, in the matter of war and peace: between the democracy of the workers and peasants, which was taking shape from below, and the imperialistic republic, which the propertied classes were trying to construct from above.

The illustrious generals hastened to "recognize" the republic—at least for the time being—firmly expecting that the republic would recognize and perhaps even extend their generalship, by eliminating the Archduke faineants. The "national" revolution meant, in their eyes, a court coup d'etat to depose Nicholas and his Alice, but to preserve in their entirety class discipline and the military hierarchy. A few days before, the telegraph had announced that the Greek "leader" Venizelos had declared Greece "a republic crowned by a king"! The Brussilevs, Guchkovs, Rodziankos, and Milyukovs, on the contrary, wished to continue Russia as a monarchy, minus the Czar. But evolution proceeded by other, deeper paths. The March uprising of the Petrograd regiments was not the fruit of a conspiracy: it resulted from a universal spirit of mutiny in the whole army and the masses of the people in general. And the uprising of the workers and soldiers was directed not only against a decaying and incompetent Czarism, unable to conduct a war which it had itself conjured up, but against the war itself. The profound break, which the Revolution called forth in the mind and in the conduct of the soldiers threatened not only the directly imperialistic aims of the war, but also the very instrument of those aims, the old army, which had been built upon the theory of orders from above, and unquestioning obedience in the ranks.

Now the generals, colonels, the politicians, the bourgeois scribblers rave and rage against Order No. 1 [issued by the first Provisional Government, establishing democracy in the army and allowing Soldiers' committees.] In their opinion, the order was not an outcome of an all-pervading ferment in the army, but, on the cont-


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162 ceaed play at in Heaven, with the Head of a More, when it lightens or the  (Aurora Borealis) appears, which they fancy to be the Souls of the Deceaed.

When their Acquaintance from Abroad come to ee them, they pend whole Days and Nights in Singing and Dancing; and as they love to pas for Men of Courage and Valour, they'll try Forces together, in Wretling, Struggling, and playing Hook and Crook, which is to grapple with the Arms and Fingers made crooked, and intangled like Hooks. Whoever can pull the other from his Place, thinks himelf a Man of Worth and Valour. The Women's, or rather the Maiden's Plays, conit in dancing around, holding one another by the Hand, forming a Circle, and inging of Songs.


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 to two different grades of lodging-houses. The cost of a night's lodging makes the difference. There is a wider gap between the "hotel"—they are all hotels—that charges a quarter and the one that furnishes a bed for a dime than between the bridal suite and the every-day hall bedroom of the ordinary hostelry.

The metropolis is to lots of people like a lighted candle to the moth. It attracts them in swarms that come year after year with the vague idea that they can get along here if anywhere; that something is bound to turn up among so many. Nearly all are young men, unsettled in life, many—most of them, perhaps—fresh from good homes, beyond a doubt with honest hopes of getting a start in the city and making a way for themselves. Few of them have much money to waste while looking around, and the cheapness of the lodging offered is an object. Fewer still know anything about the city and its pitfalls. They have come in search of crowds, of "life," and they gravitate naturally to the Bowery, the great democratic highway of the city, where the twenty-five-cent lodging-houses take them in. In the alleged reading-rooms of these great barracks, that often have accommodations, such as they are, for two, three, and even four hundred guests, they encounter three distinct classes of associates: the great mass adventurers like themselves, waiting there for something to turn up; a much smaller class of respectable clerks or mechanics, who, too poor or too lonely to have a home of their own, live this way from year to year; and lastly the thief in search of recruits for his trade. The sights the young stranger sees, and the company he keeps, in the Bowery are not of a kind to strengthen any moral principle he may have brought away from home, and by the time his money is gone, with no work yet in sight, and

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 he goes down a step, a long step, to the fifteen-cent lodging-house, he is ready for the tempter whom he finds waiting for him there, reinforced by the contingent of ex-convicts returning from the prisons after having served out their sentences for robbery or theft. Then it is that the something he has been waiting for turns up. The police returns have the record of it. "In nine cases out of ten," says Inspector Byrnes, "he turns out a thief, or a burglar, if, indeed, he does not sooner or later become a murderer." As a matter of fact, some of the most atrocious of recent murders have been the result of schemes of robbery hatched in these houses, and so frequent and bold have become the depredations of the lodging-house thieves, that the authorities have been compelled to make a public demand for more effective laws that shall make them subject at all times to police regulation.

Inspector Byrnes observes that in the last two or three years at least four hundred young men have been arrested for petty crimes that originated in the lodging-houses, and that in many cases it was their first step in crime. He adds his testimony to the notorious fact that three-fourths of the young men called on to plead to generally petty offences in the courts are under twenty years of age, poorly clad, and without means. The bearing of the remark is obvious. One of the, to the police, well-known thieves who lived, when out of jail, at the Windsor, a well-known lodging-house in the Bowery, went to Johnstown after the flood and was shot and killed there while robbing the dead.

An idea of just how this particular scheme of corruption works, with an extra touch of infamy thrown in, may be gathered from the story of David Smith, the "New York Fagin," who was convicted and sent to prison last

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 year through the instrumentality, of the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children. Here is the account from the Society's last report:

"The boy, Edward Mulhearn, fourteen years old, had run away from his home in Jersey City, thinking he might find work and friends in New York. He may have been a trifle wild. He met Smith on the Bowery and recognized him as an acquaintance. When Smith offered him a supper and bed he was only too glad to accept. Smith led the boy to a vile lodging-house on the Bowery, where he introduced him to his 'pals' and swore he would make a man of him before he was a week older. Nextday he took the unsuspecting Edward all over the Bowery and Grand Street, showed him the sights and drew his attention to the careless way the ladies carried their bags and purses and the easy thing it was to get them. He induced Edward to try his hand. Edward tried and won. He was richer by three dollars! It did seem easy. 'Of course it is,' said his companion. From that time Smith took the boy on a number of thieving raids, but he never seemed to become adept enough to be trusted out of range of the 'Fagin's' watchful eye. When he went out alone he generally returned empty-handed. This did not suit Smith. It was then he conceived the idea of turning this little inferior thief into a superior beggar. He took the boy into his room and burned his arms with a hot iron. The boy screamed and entreated in vain. The merciless wretch pressed the iron deep into the tender flesh, and afterward applied acid to the raw wound.

"Thus prepared, with his arm inflamed, swollen, and painful, Edward was sent out every day by this fiend, who never let him out of his sight, and threatened to burn his arm off if he did not beg money enough. He

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164 dren ue to name their Father, and ome others.

The Accent and Pronunciation of it is hard and difficult, becaue they peak very thick, and in the Throat. The ame Language is poke throughout the whole Country, though the Accent and Pronunciation differs here and there, as different Dialects; chiefly towards the Southern Parts, where they have received and adopted many foreign Words, not ued in the northern Parts. But the Angekuts, or Divines, make ue of a particular Speech, whenever they conjure; for then they ue metaphorical Locutions and Words in a contrary Sene. The alo have a particular Pronunciation peculiar to themelves, and different from that of the Men, making ue of the oftet Letters at the end of Words, intead of hard ones; for Example, Am, for Ap, that is, Yes. Saving, for Savik, a Knife. Their Language, in common, wants the Letters, c, d, f, g, x. They have beides many double and unknown Cononants, which


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 was instructed to tell people the wound had been caused by acid falling upon his arm at the works. Edward was now too much under the man's influence to resist or disobey him. He begged hard and handed Smith the pennies faithfully. He received in return bad food and worse treatment."

The reckoning came when the wretch encountered the boy's father, in search of his child, in the Bowery, and fell under suspicion of knowing more than he pretended of the lad's whereabouts. He was found in his den with a half dozen of his chums revelling on the proceeds of the boy's begging for the day.

The twenty-five cent lodging-house keeps up the pretence of a bedroom, though the head-high partition enclosing a space just large enough to hold a cot and a chair and allow the man room to pull off his clothes is the shallowest of all pretences. The fifteen-cent bed stands boldly forth without screen in a room full of bunks with sheets as yellow and blankets as foul. At the ten-cent level the locker for the sleeper's clothes disappears. There is no longer need of it. The tramp limit is reached, and there is nothing to lock up save, on general principles, the lodger. Usually the ten- and seven-cent lodgings are different grades of the same abomination. Some sort of an apology for a bed, with mattress and blanket, represents the aristocratic purchase of the tramp who, by a lucky stroke of beggary, has exchanged the chance of an empty box or ash-barrel for shelter on the quality floor of one of these "hotels." A strip of canvas, strung between rough timbers, without covering of any kind, does for the couch of the seven-cent lodger who prefers the questionable comfort of a red-hot stove close to his elbow to the revelry of the stale-beer dive. It is not the most secure

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 real nausea of sea-sickness. The one thing that did not favor the deception was the air; its character could not be mistaken.

The proprietor of one of these seven-cent houses was known to me as a man of reputed wealth and respectability. He "ran" three such establishments and made, it was said, $8,000 a year clear profit on his investment. He lived in a handsome house quite near to the stylish precincts of Murray Hill, where the nature of his occupation was not suspected. A notice that was posted on the wall of the lodgers' room suggested at least an effort to maintain his up-town standing in the slums. It read: "No swearing or loud talking after nine o'clock." Before nine no exceptions were taken to the natural vulgarity of the place; but that was the limit.

There are no licensed lodging-houses known to me which charge less than seven cents for even such a bed as this canvas strip, though there are unlicensed ones enough where one may sleep on the floor for five cents a spot, or squat in a sheltered hallway for three. The police station lodging-house, where the soft side of a plank is the regulation couch, is next in order. The manner in which this police bed is "made up" is interesting in its simplicity. The loose planks that make the platform are simply turned over, and the job is done, with an occasional coat of whitewash thrown in to sweeten things. I know of only one easier way, but, so far as I am informed, it has never been introduced in this country. It used to be practised, if report spoke truly, in certain old-country towns. The "bed" was represented by clothes-lines stretched across the room upon which the sleepers hung by the arm-pits for a penny a night. In the morning the boss woke them up by simply untying the line at one end and letting it go

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