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Fig. 4.

Fatty degeneration of double- borderednerve fibres in the peripheral part of a divided cerebro-spinal nerve, a. After three days have elapsed; b. After a fortnight ; c. After three weeks ; d. After two months, (Rindfleisch).

g-lobules" or "exudation-corpuscles," as well as pus-corpuscles, are merely the re- sult of the conversion of the contents of cells, either normal to the part or which have mig-rated from the blood, into granular fat. A certain number of these originate in cel- lular-tissue corpuscles. In the epithelium of the renal tubes, as well as in the cells of the liver, supra-renal capsules, and lympha- tic glands, fatty degeneration also occurs ; while the "arcus senilis" is due to the same process in the cells of the cornea. Most organs in their natural decay under- go this chang-e, and it is further exempli- fied in the formation of many secretions; in the production of the corpus luteum in the ovary ; and in the deg"enerative changes which the placenta undergoes on the ap- proach of the full period of preg"nancy. Morbid growths, such as cancer, tuber- cle, and various tumours, are likewise sub- ject to fatty metamorphosis.

When cells undergo fatty degeneration, they often enlarge and become more spherical and distended. The granules first appear at a distance from the nucleus, scattered irregularly ; they then increase in number and size, obscure the nucleus, and finally render it quite invisible. The cell-wall is often ruptured or absorbed, leaving merely an accumulation of granular fat, which frequently separates into its constituent particles, owing to intermediate liquefaction.

Caseation; Caseous or Cheesy Degeneration. — These terms have come into considerable prominence of late years, and are used to signify the conversion of various structures into a kind of soft, dryish, cheesy-looking substance, of yellowish-colour. It is really a process of partial fatty degeneration with drying, and the material formed is found to consist of withered cells, fat-granules, partially saponified fat, and crystals of cholesterin. Caseation generally occurs in connection with some morbid product, or where ihere is a great accumulation of cells pressing closely upon each other, and it is especially met with where vessels are few, so that the tissue is dry. Pulmonary phthisis affords some of the most fre- quent examples of caseous degeneration, but by no means of neces- sity associated with tubercle. It is also often seen in scrofulous lymphatic glands, cancer, and chronic abscesses. Ultimately a more or less creamy or puriform-looking fluid substance may be produced, or a kind of fatty emulsion, which may be completely removed by absorption or in other ways ; or it may become encap- suled by some dense tissue and finally calcify. Many pathologists regard caseous material as a morbid poison, which, after absorp- tion into the blood, is capable of originating tubercle by an infec- tive process.


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scribed as a falty hypertrophy. The deposit occurs in the form of oil-drops, which ultimately run tog-ether, completely obscuring- the other contents of the cells, without of necessity destroying- them. In course of time the tissues may deg-enerate from the mere pressure of the infiltrated fat, and F'g- s-

may even finally become absorbed. The best examples of fatty g-rowth are found in the in- crease of ordinary adipose tissue observed in some individuals, subcutaneous as well as around internal org-ans, constituting- general obesity ; in connection with the heart ; and in the cells of the liver. In the two former instances the con- nective-tissue cells become filled with fat; while in the liver the hepatic cells are more or less loaded with drops of oil, which cause them to. „ - ^,, _

, !•! Liver-cells, inhltrated With

become larg-er and more spherical, and niae oil, .^.j. {Rindjicisch). their contents.

.Etiology. — i. Excess of fat in the blood is a common cause of fatty infiltration, which is then usually indicated by g-eneral obesity, as well as by changes in org-ans. This may result from consump- tion of too much fat or of aliments which contribute to its formation ; from a deficiency in the amount of exercise taken, and g-eneral luxurious habits ; or from both these causes combined. There is also a diminution in the ordinary waste of fat under these circum- stances.

2. In certain wasti^tg affectiofis some of the org-ans are prone to become the seat of fatty infiltration, especially the liver. This is best seen in phthisis, and is supposed to be due to the absorption of the g'eneral fat, and its consequent accumulation in the blood, from which it is afterwards deposited in the liver.

3. Urtdoubtedly interference ivith the respiratory process may lead to fatty infiltration, because the fat is then not properly consumed, and thus its not infrequent occurrence in connection with pulmonary and cardiac aflfections will be partly accounted for.

4. Local inactivity may be the cause of fatty infiltration. Thus it may be observed in voluntary muscles which are paralyzed or otherwise rendered inactive.

Anatomical Characters. — Fatty infiltration may occasion en- larg-ement of org-ans, accompanied with a certain degree of al- teration in form, there being a tendency to roundness of margins and of the general outline. The colour also becomes paler, and may be similar to that of adipose tissue. The principal changes observed are that the affected structure is softened, and has the doughy feel characteristic of ordinary fat : while evidence of the presence of more or less oil may be obtained, either by the finger, the knife, blotting-paper, or ether. Microscopic examination re- veals the appearances described above.

Symptoms. — General obesity is usually evident enough in the ap- pearance of the individual. The subjects of this condition feel languid, are deficient in bodily activity and vitality, disinclined for exertion, and easily tired. The muscles are wanting in healthy

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VI. Colloid Degeneration.

Fig. 7.

The substance formed in colloid dejjeneration is of a jelly- or g-lue-like consistence, glistening-, transparent, and devoid of colour. It is derived from the albuminoid tissues, and dif- fers from mucin in that it has sulphur entering- into its composition, and is not precipitated by acetic acid. This degeneration also involves the contents of the cells themselves, and not the inter- cellular substance.

Ultimately the colloid substance may form con- siderable masses from coalescence, which often appear to be contained in cystic cavities. Nev/ growths sometimes start as colloid ttmioiirs, and other tumours are liable to the change. For- merly all colloid tumours were looked upon as being of a cancerous nature, but it is now re- cognized that non-malignant tumours may also become the seat of this degeneration. Enlarged thyroid glands and lymphatic glands occasionally contain colloid material.

Cells undergoing col- loid degeneration. From a colloid can- cer. {Rtiid/ieish.)

VII. Lardaceous Disease. — Albuminoid Infiltration or Dege- neration. — Amyloid Degeneration. — Wa-y Disease.

By these names among others a very important morbid condition has of late years been recognized. There is still much uncertainty with reference to several points connected with this subject, but the following account conveys tolei ably complete information as to the present state of knowledge.

Etiology. — Albuminoid infiltration is almost invariably a conse- quence of some previous disease, which in the great majority of cases is attended with long-continued and excessive suppuration, but the experience of many observers has proved that this is certainly not absolutely necessary, and in the worst case which ever came under my notice there had been no suppuration. The chief individual diseases with which this morbid condition is associated are : — a. Caries or necrosis of bones, and rickets, h. Syphilis, especially if it has caused disease of bones with considerable suppuration, or if much mercury has been given. Children who are congenitally syphilitic may be the subjects of albuminoid disease, c. Chronic pulmonary phthisis, or other lung-affections attended with much purulent expectoration, d. Chronic empyaema, especially fistulous. e. Extensive ulceration of the intestines, f. Pyelitis and some other kidney-affections.

Albuminoid disease has also been attributed to prolonged ague or exposure to malarial influence.

Anatomical Characters. — i. Characters of the albuminoid ma- terial, and objective changes in the affected tissues.— The material,


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Rh the presence of which in certain tissues is characteristic of albuminoid disease, is pale, structureless and homogeneous, and at first nearly transparent. It is not prone to decomposition, and is unaffected by most chemical ag-ents, but yields certain characteristic reactions. When a watery solution of iodine is applied to the affected tissue, a deep reddish-brown or mahogany colour is broug-ht out, but this is not invariable even when the disease is advanced, and it may be of more service in indicating a slight degree of the change, especially when the solution is applied to microscopic sections. The subsequent addition of a drop of strong sulphuric acid may develope a violet or dark-blue colour, but this further test, which is recommended by Virchow, is not easily obtained and is unnecessary. The albuminoid substance may undergo a granular or fatty degeneration, and it is also said that it sometimes tends to contract and to become changed into fibrous tissue.

When an organ or tissue is the seat of marked albumanoid dis- ease, it presents certain striking characters. The organ is en- larged, sometimes to a great degree, but without any irregularity in form or outline, the surface being quite smooth, and the margins inclined to be rounded. The weight is proportionately increased ; the specific gravity is high ; and the organ feels heavy, solid, and firm. It may be cut into regular fragments, quite smooth and pre- senting sharp margins ; or very thin slices may easily be removed. It can also be torn into pieces, while the consistence is peculiar, presenting a combination of toughness and resistance with elas- ticity, resembling somewhat that of wax, or wax and lard combined — hence the names waxy and lardaceous. A section is dryish, paler than normal, anaemic, and presents a glistening and translucent aspect, being quite smooth, uniform, homogeneous, and compact. In many instances, however, the mischief has not extended to such a degree as to alter much the general physical characters of organs; and it may be limited to the vessels or to certain spots, as is well seen in the so-called "sago-spleen," in which the material is confined to the malpighian corpuscles. In still less advanced cases the change may only be detected by examining sections of the aff"ected tissue under the microscope, and to these, well- washed, the iodine test may be applied. The minute arteries and capillaries are almost always first involved, especially their muscu- lar coat, and the cells of their inner coat. The walls become

Fig. 8.

Liver-cells infiltrated with amyloid matter, a. Isolated cells ; b. A fragment of the secret- ing network in which the boundaries of the individual cells have ceased to be visible. (Rindfleisch).


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 27^ THEORY AND PRACTICE OF MEDICINE.

of the nature of fibro-plastic, fibro-nuclear, or fibroid tissue, which are very prone to suppuration or ulceration.

Many growths are met with in tertiary syphilis which merely re- sult from proliferation of ordinary connective or fibrous tissue, and which present the characters of this tissue, but those which are peculiar to syphilis constitute what are termed gummy tumours or gu77imaia ; there is, however, no marked line of demarcation between these two kinds of growths, both often existing; together, and the former becoming converted into the latter. Gummata are not of the nature of an exudation, but result from hyperplasia of the con- nective-tissue elements previously existing, this process beginning in the walls of the vessels, the new elements invading the normal tissues, and being mixed up with or displacing them. At first gummata are soft, translucent, greyish-white, and almost homo- geneous ; but afterwards they become firmer, tough, yellowish, opaque, non-vascular, and caseous-looking, owing to degenera- tion and gradual drying-up of their structure. On section they

often present a central yellowish mass, or several distinct yellow spots, surrounded by a translucent fibrous layer, which sometimes looks like a capsule, but this cannot be separated from the surround- ing tissues, into which it gradually passes. Gummata vary much in size, and some of the larger masses seem to be formed by the union of smaller no- dules. In structure they resemble at first granulation-tissue or embryonic connective-tissue, consisting of an a- morphous matrix, with minute spherical or ovoid finely-g'ranular cells, enclosing obscure nuclei. The matrix becomes fibrillated more or less ; while many of the young elements degenerate, and ultimately break down into mere granules of fat and cholesterin, which are imbedded in a small amount of fibrillated stroma. These several stages may be seen in the same growth, the central yellow- ish portion of the nodule being that which is most advanced in the process of degeneration. A few vessels are present in the recently- fo rmed tissue, but these subsequently disappear.

Syphilitic gummata maybe absorbed more or less completely; or their fibrous stroma may be left, which tends to shrink, giving rise to deep cicatrices or seams ; or in certain structures they are liable to suppurate or to ulcerate. Several tissues and organs are often implicated at the same time, this being one of the prominent cha- racteristics of syphilitic deposits.

The chief morbid conditions which are liable to be met with in tertiary syphilis may be enumerated as follows : — i. Skin-eruptions and ulcerations, viz., erythema and psoriasis of the hands and feet • or ulcerations originating in tubercles, subcutaneous gummata, or syphilitic lupus. These ulcers are of a horse- shoe or kidney-shape,

Fig. g.

Gummy groiiih of liver, a. Central portions of growth, consisting of granular debris, b. Peripheral gra- nulation tissue, r. A blood-vessel. X loo (After Cornil and Ranvicr).


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the breath and exhalations, but there is no adequate foundation for such a notion. Nor is there any reason to suppose that the disease is transmitted by vaccination, as has been alleged. _ Recent- ly experiments have been made which have given origin to the view, that tubercular disease can be transmitted by eating the flesh of animals affected with this complaint, and that this may be the cause of many cases of phthisis, but for such a view the evidence must be much more conclusive before it can be accepted.

The immediate causation of the formation of tubercle will be discussed under the head of pathology.

Anatomical Characters. — General description. The typical variety of true tubercle almost universally recognized at the pre- sent day consists of certain minute bodies, termed grey granulations or miliary iiihetclcs. 1 hese appear as small nodules or granulations, about the size of a mustard or millet-seed ; generally of a roundish form, but sometimes slightly angular; well-defined; usually firm, but occasionally soft; of a greyish-white or pearly-grey colour; more or less translucent; and non-vascular. These may be quite sepa- rate and distinct ; or collected into irregular groups, their individual outline being then rendered indistinct. In some structures, however, tubercle is more diffused, and appears as a greyish infiltraiion,c presents a smooth and dense section ; but many so-called tubercu- lar infiltrations are probably inflammatory in their origin. In its earlier stage tubercle is not visible to the naked eye, and it is by the continued growth and agglomeration of fresh tubercles that it becomes perceptible, appearing either as granulations or infiltra- tions according to their mode of arrangement.

What has been described as yelloio tubercle is nothing but nodules or masses of caseous matter, derived either from tubercle, or from various inflammatory and other morbid materials which have un- dergone cheesy degeneration. True tubercle may be mixed with this material ; while it also tends to excite inflammation around, and thus its physical characters may be more or less modified.

Microscopic structure. — Tubercle may be described as consist- ing of more or less of the following histological elements: — i.

Lymphoid coipuscles, which are very small, round, colourless, translucent, and slightly granular, each containing" a single nucleus. 2. Epithelioid cells, of larg'er size, very deli- cate, and hence liable to rupture and to set their nuclei free. 3. A giant-cell, which consists of a mass of finely-granular proto- plasm of very varied form, often presenting processes at its margin, and having im- bedded in it a great number of round or roundly-oval nuclei, usually collected chiefly at its periphery, and sometimes regularly arranged, each containing" one or some- times two bright nucleoli. 4. Free nuclei. 5. An intercellular substance, which may be either amorphous, homogeneous, and hyaline; or granular; or in the form of a fine reticulum or

Fig. 10.

Elements from grey tubercle miliary granulation. {Jones and Sicvcking).


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283

net-work of delicate fibres. There is much difference of opinion among- observers as to the presence, arrangement, and relative proportions of these elements ; and it must be borne in mind that they probably vary according to the seat of the tubercle, its age or stage of development, and the intensity of the tuberculous pro- cess. The lymphoid cells are generally considered to be most abundant, but Schiippel describes tubercle as being made up chiefly of epithelioid elements surrounding the giant-cell. This giant-cell has attracted much attention of late years. It occupies

Fig. ii.

Giant-ccIls. a. Rounded (Virchow); 6. With processes ; from a muscular tumour

[Diilroth].

the centre of each tubercle, and great importance was attached to it by Schiippel and others, but it has now been conclusively shewn that this element is not essential to the constitution of tubercle, and that it is found in many healthy and morbid structures, as well as in tubercle, so that it is by no means characteristic of this morbid product. Tubercle has been distinguished by some writers as celhdar and fibrous, according to the proportion of cells and fibrous reticulum entering into its formation, Friedlander, however, in- sists that in recent tubercle no fibres are visible, and that the appearance is due to the hardening processes employed in its preparation for microscopic examination. Tubercle does not con- tain any vessels or lymphatics of its own, but it may involve those belonging- to the original tissue in which it is formed; and it may also enclose pigmentary matters. As tubercle undergoes degen- erative changes, its microscopic appearances necessarily alter materially.

Changes and. terminations.— Some very important changes are liable to take place in connection with tubercle. i. Absorption. — It is probable that tubercle may be absorbed after it has undergone degenerative changes. 2. Caseous dcgaieration. — The want of vas- cularity, and consequent low vitality of tubercle, renders it very liable to this change. The deficient vascularity is probably mainly due to the pressure exercised by the cells upon the minute vessels,


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2. Eneephaloid, modiillai'y, or soft cancer. Assuming' the form of tumours, or being- infiltrated, eneephaloid increases with great rapidity, forming considerable masses, which are more or less lobulated. The substance is soft and brain-like, and on section presents a pulpy appearance, especially towards the centre of a growth, varying in colour from white to crimson according to its degree of vascularity, and not uncommonly presenting small ex- travasations of blood. A large quantity of juice can be expressed. This form of cancer may produce very vascular fungous growths, being then termed fungus hcematodes. All grades are met with be- tween the eneephaloid and scirrhus forms of carcinoma.

3. Colloid, alveolar, or gelatiniform cancer. Many regard this variety of malignant growth as merely one of the other forms which has undergone colloid degeneration. It generally infiltrates tissues, but sometimes forms lobulated masses, which have a tolerably firm and uniform consistence. On section roundish spaces or alveoli are seen, having fibrous walls enclosing the colloid substance, w-hich is of more or less glue-like consistence, glistening and translucent in appearance, and either colourless or greyish-yellow.

4. Epithelioma, epithelial cancer, or cancroid. Generally observed in connection with the skin or a mucous membrane, epithelioma commences either as a hard nodule, or as a small excoriation or ulcer. The latter has indurated edg-es, with an irregular, grey or bloody surface, which is often papillated and villous, or nodulated. The consistence is generally firm, but may be soft and friable. The cut surface is greyish-white, or presents numerous opaque specks and white lines of fibrous tissue; a small quantity of milky granular fluid can be expressed, which will not mix with water.

Other varieties of cancer which have been described are named melanotic, which contains much pigment, the growth being most commonly of an eneephaloid character; cystic, where cysts are developed; chondtoid or cartilaginous; osteoid ox hony ; and villous, which affects mucous surfaces, presenting villous processes.

General and microscopic structure. All the forms of cancer con- sist of cells, enclosed in the meshes of a fihroics stroma, these elements differing greatly in their relative proportions in the different varie- ties. The ceils are of large but very variable size ; present di- verse and curious forms; and contain one or more nuclei, as well as usually a number of fat molecules. Each nucleus is large, clear, and well-defined; eccentric; round or oval in shape; and it encloses one or more nucleoli. Abundant free nuclei are often present. The expressed juice

Fig. 12

C;«'ls from a mammary cancer, magnified 300 diameters. (After Billroth).

V 2


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contains a quantity of these cells, as well as nuclei, and free gra- nules. The sliwna is generally firm and fibrous, the fibres being either delicate or coarse ; but if it has developed rapidly, it presents an embryonic structure. The vessels are solely distributed in this stroma, and its fibrous bundles intersect in all directions, forming a communicating network, within the alveoli of which the cells are grouped. Lymphatics have been found accompanying the blood- vessels, and they communicate with the alveoli.

In scirrhus the cells, though they may be abundant at first, speed-

Primary cancer of Rectum. {Crci^Mon). shapc from mutual pressure.

centric globes or Jicsts, or so-called epilhelial pearls, which increase from within, so that the outer layers become hardened and flattened. Ultimately the entire groups of cells may become dry, firm, and brownish-yellow. A variable amount of stroma is present.

Cancerous growths are very liable to fai/y degeneration, especially the softer forms, and as a result the cells become more granular, and softening takes place; or parts of the growth may assume a caseous appearance, Calcificatmi is very uncommon. Melanosis and colloid are generally regarded as forms of cancer which have undergone these peculiar degenerative processes. All cancerous growths tend to ulcerate, the ulcers having no disposition to heal, but being on the other hand inclined to spread.

Organs and tissues afFected. Scirrhus is usually observed in the mammary gland, uterus, stomach, rectum, or skin. Encepha- loid affects chiefly the bones, testicles, eyes, and internal or gans, especially the lungs, liver, kidneys, brain, and spleen.

Fin. 13.

ily disaf)pear, and the fibrous stroma is greatly in excess, especially towards the centre of the growth, where finally no cells at all can be discovered. In encephaloid, on the other hand, the cells are greatly in ex- cess, developing rapidly and as speedily degenerating, becoming- granular, and their nuclei being set free. There is but little stroma, which is soft, delicate, and very vascular. Colloid is in great part structureless, but some cells are present, which are large and spherical, often having a lamellar outline, and containing some of the colloid material. Epithelioma presents generally a large number of cells, which, with few exceptions, are exceedingly like those of scjuamous epithelium, but are subject to great alterations in

They tend to form peculiar co7i-


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Colloid particularly involves the stomach, but is some- times seen in the omentum, intestines, and other parts. Epithelionia grows in con- nection either with the skin or a mucous surface, but by extension it may implicate any tissue. Its ordinary sites are the lower lip, the tongue, eyelids, cheeks, scrotum, pre- puce, labia, uterus, or blad- der. In exceptional cases in- ternal org-ans are involved.

Several parts may be at- tacked, either simultaneously, or usually in succession. In the latter case the original formation is said to be pri- mary, and subsequent growths are named secondary. Second- ary deposits are frequently observed in internal organs, being generally of the same variety as the primary growth, but scirrhus is often followed by encephaloid in internal or- gans. Malignant formations Epithelial Carcinoma. «. Separate cells; 6. Epithe.

usually show a marked ten- liai pearls. {Mtei BUiivth).

dency to spread, and to in- filtrate surrounding tissues, so that no line of demarcation can be observed ; in rare instances a kind of capsule forms around a cancerous growth.

Pathology. — Two very opposite views are entertained as to the nature and origin of cancer, viz : — i. That it is primarily a constitu- iional or blood- disease ox cachexia, of which the formation of malignant growths is but a local manifestation. 2. That it is in the first instance a local affection, produced by some direct irritation ; and that the blood is only changed secondarily, as the result of absorption of morbid materials from the primary growth. It is not at all impro- bable that both these theories are correct in different cases. Secondary growths arise in consequence of absorption by the blood-vessels and lymphatics, by which the cancerous material is conveyed to distant parts, especially those more immediately asso- ciated with the structure first affected. Neighbouring absorbent glands are very liable to become involved.

The stroma of cancer consists partly of the original cellular tissue, but is chiefly derived from hyperplasia of the connective- tissue elements. The cells originate in the proliferation of pre- existing cells; some pathologists are of opinion that they are only derived from epithelial structures, but others believe that they are

Fig. 14.


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 and marked as in Cantonese, though it is distinct enough. There would seem to be some difference between some of the third rising tone words in Höng Shán: at all events this is noticeable in comparing the two words 來 lóí and 吃 yák in this third rising tone; the latter is much shorter in duration of sound than the former, and it also rises from a lower level—in fact it even at its close does not reach the level from which the former starts. This may also be noticed in Cantonese with regard to 嚟 ꜂ [sic]laí and 吃 ꜂ [sic]yák. The emphatic elongation and and [sic] consequently longer rise of this tone is an interesting feature very noticeable in Cantonese. It is higher in its inception than the Cantonese ordinary 上上 shöng shöng, upper rising tone, but appears to be of the same duration of sound.

The 中入, chung yap, middle entering tone, is between the Cantonese 上入 shöng yap, upper entering tone, and the Cantonese 中入, chung yap, being midway or about that between the two. It is shorter in duration than the Cantonese 中入 chung yap. It does not always follow that because a word is in the 中入 chung yap in Cantonese that it is in the 中入 chung yap in the Höng Shán dialect; lect; for instance 隻 chek꜆ is shöng yap in the Höng Shán instead of being a 中入 chung yap, and so in 捉 chuk꜆ 𡰪 tuk꜆ 壆 pok꜆ 駁 pok꜆ 𣐝㧜 [sic] láp꜆, while 責 tsák꜆ and 鼈 pít꜇ are both in the 下入 há yap, lower entering tone, instead of being in the 中入 chung yap.

It will thus be seen from the above, that these extra tones in the Höng Shán dialect do not appear to be as fully developed as in the Cantonese—their use is not so extended as in the provincial city. It would appear very much as if the Höng Shán people were following, or had followed the Cantonese in their use of the three extra tones, but had not yet reached the extent to which the Cantonese have gone. It is impossible to say at present whether this supposition is only a plausible surmise or whether it is the real explanation of the case. It is reasonable to suppose that, even if they were all advancing originally together, the metropolis of the province would be more progressive than the country districts.

After this account of the tones it can readily be understood that the speech of the Höng Shán native at once betrayeth him, for he can scarcely open his lips before the lower tones into which he throws many words at once point him out; but besides this feature of lower tones, there are many other peculiarities which differentiate him in the matter of speech from his fellow-countrymen:—his peculiar use of 個 ko for this, the substitution of the duller sound of a before ng and k instead of retaining the sharp crisp i; and his other dialectic usages, some of which have been already pointed out, all proclaim him at once to hail from the 'fragrant hills' of the Macao district. Not least amongst these peculiarities are his constant use of different words—some new to the Cantonese and some used in a different manner and some used in a different sense to the Cantonese.—We now propose to give some illustrations of the different use of words—new and otherwise; but, before leaving the tones and doing so, we would just remark that the dialect of the San On district is somewhat similar to the Höng Shán in some respects, as regards the tones, but still there is a great difference and there is no danger of not being able to clearly distinguish men from each district. There is also a slight resemblance in the Tung Kwún dialect in some very few particulars as regards the tones. But otherwise the Höng Shán dialect appears to have very close affinities with the dialects of other districts, though, of course, it is possible that more extended study of the different dialects on the sea-girt coast of this province might bring to light more similarities.

As far as the writer has been able to discover, a solitary instance is found in the Höng Shán dialect in which it differs from the Cantonese in dropping the final in the


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 Höng Shán dialect is the strange use of 'that' for 'this.' This continued substitution of the one demonstrative pronoun for the other is, to say the least of it, confusing to one accustomed to pure Cantonese; for the 'city man' to hear this persistent misuse of 'that' to represent' this' is perplexing in the extreme. Another word, of course, has to be employed for 'that,' it is the word ꜀nú ꜀Nú is, not, however, confined entirely to the Höng Shán people, as it is in constant use by the Nám Tau people (Nám T'au is the district city of the San On district), as well as by some others. The demonstrative pronouns there are as follows:—

 * This
 * 𱒲個 ꜀ko ko꜄, or 該個 ꜀kôí ꜀naí ko꜄

 * That
 * 個 ꜀nú ko꜄, or ꜀nú ꜀naí.

 * These
 * 該個 ꜀kôí ꜀naí ko꜄, 個 ko꜄ ꜀naí.

 * Those
 * 個 ꜀nú ꜀naí ko꜄.

Of course this word ko꜄ is used in the same way as in Cantonese before 處 shü꜄ and other words, and before the different classifiers also; but always with the opposite meaning to what it has in Cantonese; for example, the words which would be used to stand for the idea of 'there' in Cantonese to a Höng Shán man would convey the meaning of 'here,' i.e. 個處 ko꜄ shüshü꜄ [sic], is 'here.' The word 'some' is not represented by 啲 ꜀tí as in Cantonese, but ꜀naí is used, as:—Give some more 俾添 ꜃pí ꜀naí ꜀t'ím. A few examples will show how ꜀naí takes the place of 啲 ꜀tí:—

 * A very little
 * 一仔 yat꜆ ꜀naí ꜂tsaí, 仔 ꜀naí ꜂tsaí.

 * The least bit
 * 仔咁多 ꜀naí ꜂tsaí kam꜄ ꜀to.

 * A little better
 * 好 ꜂hò ꜀naí ꜂tsaí.

 * Quicker
 * 快 faí꜄ ꜀naí ꜂tsaí.

 * Dearer
 * 貴 kwaí꜄ ꜀naí ꜂tsaí.

 * Nearer
 * 近 kan꜄ ꜀naí ꜂tsaí.

꜀naí alone can be used in all these phrases as well as 仔 ꜀naí ꜂tsaí.

Instead of saying 汙糟 ꜀ò ꜀tso for dirty 嗏喇 ꜁ch'á ꜁là [sic] is employed (a term also used in Cantonese), but 嗏喇 ꜁ch'á ꜁lá [sic] also means haunted by ghosts, a use of the term not known in Cantonese. 昭 ꜀ts'íú is used for beautiful or nice looking instead of the word 靚 leng꜄ 好彩 ꜂ho ꜂ts'oí, good luck or fortunate are replaced by 感謝 ꜂k'yám tse꜄.

For the phrase 細蚊仔有病 saí꜄ ꜀man ꜂tsaí ꜃yaú peng꜅, the child is sick, is substituted 細蚊仔事 saí꜄ ꜀man ꜂tsai ꜁kíú sz꜄. 嚤 ꜀mo is not used alone for slowly but 嚤 ꜀mo ꜀t'o is used.

A common word for all is ꜁tú ꜁tú derived or rather copied from the Portuguese and todo. The servants employed by the Portuguese use it to the exclusion of 喊𠾴唥 hám꜅ pá꜅ láng꜅; it is heard more Macao than in the country, though it is understood throughout the district and used. Another word from the Portuguese which, however, is not used seriously but only in jest is the term lá꜄ ꜀lí ꜀lung, thief, robber from the Lusitanian ladrão, nor is a knowledge of this foreign word confined to the Macao or Höng Shán district.

'Sometimes' is represented by the words 愛時 ôí꜄ ꜁shí, as for example:—

Sometimes there is and sometimes there is not 愛時有愛時有 ôí꜄ ꜁shí ꜂yau꜂yaú [sic], ôí꜄ ꜁shí ꜂mò. Sometimes he comes and goes 愛又來愛又去 ôí꜄ yaú꜄ ꜁lôí, ôí꜄ yaú꜄ höü꜄. 自家 tsí꜅ ꜀ka and 自己 tsí꜄ ꜂kí are used for self, though the latter is used more than the former. A curious interrogative 吥哪 pat꜆ ꜁níá is used. It also means 'any' as well as 'what?' As:—what wine is this？該個係吥 哪酒 ꜀koi naí꜄ ko꜄ haí꜄ pat꜆ ꜁níá ꜂tsau? 'What' has again another curious word representing, viz.:—呀哪 a꜄ ꜁níá, as:—


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DIAGNOSIS OF PULMONARY AFFECTIONS.

479 5. Sometimes there is a difficulty in distinguishing between chrofitc hronchilts and phthisis, when the former is attended with profuse purulent expectoration, and with g-eneral wasting. The slow pro- gress and comparatively slight degree of emaciation ; absence of fever; non-occurrence of ha3moptysis ; and absence of physical signs of consolidation followed by cavities, will serve to charac- terize mere bronchitis in the majority of cases, but it must be borne in mind that this complaint frequently terminates in phthisis. For the diagnosis of the different forms of phthisis from each other, which is often difficult, reference must be made to what has been stated when discussing its varieties.

6. It may be necessary to determine the nature of any Jlriid in the pleura, and the cause of its presence ; and here it may be mentioned that fluid in rare instances finds its way from the abdomen, as from the bursting of an abscess of the liver or kidney through the dia- phragm. There will then have been previous symptoms indicative of either of these conditions. With regard to the determination of the nature of the fluid in cases pleuritic effusion after inflaiinnation, it is impossible to come to any positive conclusion without making use either of the hypodermic syringe, aspirateur, or exploratory tro- char, and obtaining some of it for examination. Barlow and Parker found that in children the signs usually regarded as being distinc- tive between serous and purulent effusion were quite unreliable ; but they regard a peculiar anaemia, with an earthy complexion, and especially clubbing of the finger-ends, as suggestive of empyaema. In children, however, if the fluid has remained in the pleura for some weeks, it will probably be of a purulent character. Mere hydrothorax is distinguished from inff.ammatory effusio?i by the follow- ing characters : — a. It is usually a part of general dropsy, b. Fluid is found on both sides, but not in excessive quantity; it accumulates in the lower part of the pleurse, pushing down the diaphragm, but not displacing the mediastinum and heart as a rule; and it is freely movable, c. There are no friction-phenomena, d. Pain and tenderness are absent; but dyspnoea is generally very severe, e. There is no pyrexia. Hcemothorax is characterized by the circumstances under which it occurs; and the signs of loss of blood. If there is any uncertainty in the diagnosis, the aspirateur should be employed.

7. It must be mentioned that symptoms and physical signs may be observed in connection with the lungs, which are due to certain morbid conditions not originally associated with these organs, such as rupture of a hydatid tumour of the liver or of an hepatic abscess into the pleura or lung; a hernia of the stomach through the dia- phragm; and other exceptional lesions.


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 What are you doing？你做呀哪 ꜂ní tso꜄ á꜄ ꜁níá? Have you got anything more to say? 你重有吥哪講 ꜂ní tsúng꜄ ꜂yau pat꜆ ꜁níá ꜂kóng? Something is 𡄟哪 ꜁há ꜁níá.

擠 ꜀chaí to put down anything, to place, is not found in the Höng Shán man's vocabulary, for he confines himself to the equally good Cantonese words 安 ꜀on and 放 fong꜄. To slap is 扲 ꜁k'am and not 摑 kwák, as in Cantonese. Instead of saying 𠰌埋嘴唇 mút꜆ ꜁máí ꜂tsöü ꜁shun as in Cantonese for pout, 嘟埋個 嘴 ꜀tú ꜁máí ko꜄ ꜂tsöü is used. 摩 ꜀mo, to grasp, takes the place of 撚 ꜂nan both good Cantonese words. The Cantonese 訥 nut꜇ for stammering, stuttering, &c. is replaced by 跀 kat꜇. 揾 ꜂wan, to look, is not heard from a Höng Shán man; he confines himself to the word 尋 ꜁ts꜀am. Of a woman who is pregnant, it is said 有男 孫 ꜃yáú ꜁nám ꜀sün, she has a male grandchild. To differ slightly is called 爭咡 ꜀tsáng ꜀ngí ꜁ngai. The negative particle ꜃mai, do not, instead of being pronounced ꜃mai, is sounded môí꜄. 唨 ꜂cho is never used as a sign of past time; but 𡁞 ꜀háú is in constant use for that purpose. It is, probably, the same word as the Cantonese 嘵 ꜀híu, e.g. taken away in Höng Shán is 擰𡁞去 ꜀nang ꜀háú höü꜄. 在 tsôi꜄ takes the place of 喺 ꜂haí for to be at, &c. The latter is not used unless learned from the Cantonese. 看 hon꜄ is the common word for to see, 見 kín꜄ is seldom used; but the two together 看見 hon꜄ kín꜄ are used.

The contractions, or at all events some of them, common in Cantonese colloquial, appear to be eschewed by the Höng Shán speaker as 乜 ꜀mi in 乜野 ꜀mi ꜃ye? What? &c. and 𠱷 ꜁meng, for 唔曾 ꜁m ꜁ts꜀ang, not yet.

The conjunction and particle 嚊 pe꜅ is not used as a final nor as a disjunctive conjunction, but the conjunction 亦或 ak꜆ wák꜇ (Cantonese yik꜆ wák꜇) occurs. 吖 ꜀á is employed instead of it, á being then used as an interrogative, as:—

 * 係噉吖亦或㸃呢 haí꜄ ꜂kam ꜀á, yik꜆ ak꜆ wák꜇ ꜂tim ꜀ne?
 * Is this so or how is it?

 * 係噉吖㸃呢 haí꜄ ꜂kam ꜀á ꜂tím ꜀ne?
 * Is it so or how.

This construction is, of course, also good Cantonese. It reminds one of the 乜也 [sic] á commonly used in the Swatow colloquial for for or; but in this latter case it is a true disjunctive conjunction and not the falling back upon an interrogative form as in the Höng Shán and Cantonese above. The prepositional 喺 ꜂haí is never used in Höng Shán, but 在 tsôí꜄ takes its place.

We get some new interjections and interjectional phrases in the Höng Shán, such as:—𭉩 ꜀p'oí instead of 𫪻 ꜀ch'í, tush! bosh! tut! 𠵈聲 môí꜄ ꜀sheng for the Cantonese 咪聲 ꜂maí ꜀sheng. This is due more perhaps to a difference in pronunciation. 唨哪咁吖 ꜀chü ꜁ne ꜂kam á [sic]? for 乜噉吖 mat꜆ ꜆ [sic]kôm á꜄! What! The Höng Shánite expresses by his feelings saying 噯 ꜁o ꜂oí where the Cantonese would say 唉乜也 [sic] ꜀aí yá꜄ which is never used. Instead of ꜁o ôí꜆ 啞 ꜁á ꜂áí. Of course these two phrases have many equivalents in English, expressive of surprise, &c. A still stronger phrase, expressing more surprise, is 嗚噅 ꜀ú ꜀waí ꜀yôí.

Some differences will also be noticed in the finals that are used in Höng Shán. To begin with, 嘅 ke꜄ is never used; 個 ko꜄ completely takes its place under every circumstance. The emphatic 唨 ꜂cho is not used, 咋 tsá꜄ ꜀tsá, also known in Cantonese, doing duty for it. 麽 mo in all its different tones must be struck out of the list of finals in the Höng Shán dialect and 𡀔嘛


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 lú꜄ ꜁má inserted in its stead. The very emphatic and noticeable 𡃓 po꜄ of the Cantonese is unknown in Höng Shán, but in lieu of it appears the compound final 個𡀔 ko꜄ lú꜄. The finals 喇 ꜀lá and 嚹 lá꜄ are not used, but 呀 á꜄ instead of 哩., [sic] 呀 á꜄ again taking its place, but 唎 le꜄ is used. This seems to be the only le used.

A new compound final is 囉㗒 lo꜄ ꜀ôí which does duty for another curious combination at the end of a sentence is 吱呢 ꜀chí ꜀ní e.g.，都係抬過來吱呢 ꜀tú ꜀laí꜄ [sic] ꜁t'oí ko꜄ ꜁lôí ꜀chí ꜀né. It was also only carried over, or all the same it was carried over. Another new interrogative particle is in use in the Höng Shán dialect which is unknown in Canton. It is 𭉚 ꜀áí, taking the place of the Cantonese 𫫃 e꜅, as, may I go with you? or I'll go with you, shall I? 我同你去𭉚 ꜂ngo ꜁t'ung ꜂ní hü꜄ ꜀áí?

The finals wá and wo, used in Cantonese in different tones and so expressive, signifying that the statement made is on hearsay, containing, if not the exact words, at least the gist of a statement made by some one else—these finals are not found in the Höng Shán dialect at all; but are replaced by a combination consisting of the words 𡄔囉 ꜀sheng ꜁lo, as 佢話唔識你 𡄔囉 ꜂kü wá꜄ ꜁m shak꜆ ꜂ní ꜀sheng ꜁lo. He says he does not know you, that is what he says.

The sharp sound of 呢 ꜁ni is changed to the duller 呢 ꜀ne in the Höng Shán dialect.

𠾵 ꜀chá is not often used as a final, but 啫嚰 che꜄ ꜁mo is employed instead 𠾵 ꜂chá and 咋 chá꜄ are never used.

A compound interrogative final is employed which is not found in Canton: it is 呀㗎 á꜄ ká꜄, as, will you come back? 翻來呀𡃉 ꜀fán ꜁lôi á꜄ ká꜄? These two finals are found in use separately in Canton; but not in combination.

A final not known in Canton, and which is used in combination with 嗎 má꜄, is ꜀tsú, with the meaning of only, taking the place of the Cantonese final 呮 ꜀che, as:—He was only scolding you，佢不過閙 吓你嗎 ꜂k'ü pat꜆ ko꜄ náú꜄ há꜅ ꜂ní ꜀teú má꜄?

The Kaí Chung variant.

The speech of 界涌 Káí꜄ ꜀Chung, a small village of 300 or 400 houses, a few hours journey from Macao, demands some attention in a paper purporting to deal, even though it be in a cursory manner, with the Höng Shán dialect.

The inhabitants of Káí꜄ ꜀Chung are descended from the Tán Ká, or boat people—that peculiar tribe of Cantonese, believed to be descendants of some of the aborigines of this portion of China.

The ancestors of the Káí꜄ ꜀Chungites, however, left their frail boats (a similar process on a very small scale appears to have gone on round us even in Hongkong) and settled themselves on terra firma. This change of residence is said to have taken place about two hundred years ago.

Naturally these humble scions of a despised race are ashamed to own their origin; and, though the majority of them are of this descent, yet amongst them are to be found others who were originally landsmen.

The speech then of this people forms & sub-dialect, or perhaps rather a curious variety, of the Höng Shán; for, with the single exception of the tones, it conforms exactly to the Höng Shán in pronunciation, idiom, and everything else, the only difference consisting in the peculiarity of some of the tones. Those who know anything about the tones in Chinese are aware that they alone are capable of differentiating one speech from another very widely.

The Káí꜄ ꜀Chung 上平 shöng p'ing, upper even tone, is much lower than in Can-


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HYPERiEMIA OR CONGESTION.

25

In the present section it is proposed to consider certain morbid conditions which are included under general pathology, of which it is most desirable to have a comprehensive knowledge before studying- them in connection with special organs or tissues.

Hyper^jilv or congestion signifies the presence of an excessive amount of blood in a part. According to its cause and to the vessels in which the accumulation chiefly occurs, the hyperaamia is said to be : — i. Active or Arterial: 2. Meelianical or Venous; 3. Passive or Capillary. Each of these forms requires separate con- sideration.

I. Active or Arterial.— Determination of blood.— In this form the arteries are chiefly implicated, being dilated, while there is an increased afflux of blood through them, though usually too much blood passes out by the veins as well, and the circulation is accele- rated.

tEtiology. — I. Paralysis of the muscular coat of the arteries is the usual cause of active congestion, in consequence of which they yield to the normal pressure of the blood. It is well known that this coat is under the control of nerve fibres which pass from the spinal cord through the sympathetic, and these exercise an import- ant influence on certain pathological processes, including active congestion. The paralysis may be produced : — a. By direct lesion of the spinal cord in experiments, or as the result of injury or disease, b. By injury to the sympathetic trunk, of which the con- gesuon resulting from the pressure of an aneurism upon the sym- pathetic in the neck is an example, c. By reflex irritation through the sensory nerves, such as the congestion following the applica- tion of a mustard poultice, heat, or cold to the skin; or that result- ing from the excessive use or increased activity of an organ, such as the eye or mammary gland. Under the same category may be mentioned the congestion which often attends severe neuralgia. Probably many cases of congestion of internal organs originate in this way, and it may be the first step towards inflammation. d. By causes acting through the brain, which may be illustrated by emotional blushing, and by the effects of some poisons.

2, The rapid withdrawal of external support Irom arteries may cause them to be dilated, and thus lead to active congestion. This is seen in the effects following the application of a cupping-glass to the surface, by which the pressure of the atmosphere is removed,

3. The internal pressure on the vessels may be increased, either from an augmented force on the part of the heart, which princi-


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FEVER OR PYREXIA.

79

Acute Specific Fevers. Acute Exanthemata.

Before proceeding- to discuss the several diseases included under the above group, it will be expedient in the present connection to consider the following subjects, viz., Fever; Contagion; and Epi- demics.

The phenomena characteristic of fever may be observed in connec- tion with two distinct classes of cases : — First, they may follow and be the result of some local lesion in a tissue or organ, especially inflammation, when the fever is termed secondary, symptomatic, or merely pyrexia, fever, or the pyrexial state. The fever attend- ing pneumonia will serve to illustrate this group. Secondly, they may constitute the chief and primary deviation from the normal state, not being due to any evident local cause, and if any special organ or tissue becomes morbidly affected, this occurs secondarily. Idiopathic, essential, primary, or specific are the terms applied to fever under these circumstances, or it is simply denominated a fever. It then originates from the presence of some morbid poison in the blood, either introduced from without, or developed within the body. The acute specifics and rheumatic fever afford examples of this class.

Essential phenomena and Symptoms. The precise symptoms which may be observed in different febrile diseases are necessarily very variable, but there are certain phenomena which are charac- teristic of the pyrexial condition, whatever the cause may be to which this is due, and to these phenomena attention will now be directed. They may be arranged thus : —

I. Rise in Temperature. — This has been generally looked upon as the only absolutely essential sign of fever, excessive heat of the body being considered as characteristic of the febrile state. It may be evident in the aspect or sensations of the patient, or the skin may feel hot to the touch ; but no reliance ought to be placed on these sources of information, and the existence of pyrexia can only be satisfactorily determined by the use of the thermometer. The temperature may range from only just above the normal to 108°, 110°, or 112° Fahr., and possibly even much higher than this, but it does not often exceed 105° or 106°. It may continue to rise for some time after death.


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Rh

“The disposition to maintain and the skill to improve are the two elements the union of which forms the great statesman.”—.

“No system for any part of the municipal administration (of India) can ever answer that is not drawn from its ancient institutions or assimilated with them.”—.

I was originally appointed by Lord government to conduct inquiries into the state of native education in Bengal only, and I subsequently received authority from the present Government to extend them into the province of Behar. In Bengal, the districts that have been visited are those of Rajshahi, Moorshedabad, Beerbhoom, and Burdwan; and in Behar, those of South Behar, and Tirhoot.

My appointment by the Governor General in Council is dated 22nd January 1835, placing me under the orders of the General Committee of Public Instruction, whose instructions I received dated 7th March. On the 8th of April I obtained the authority of the Committee, before proceeding into the interior of the country, to report the amount of information possessed in existing publications and official documents on the subject of native education in Bengal, and such a Report was accordingly submitted to


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240 THEORY AND PRACTICE OF MEDICINE.

This term is applied to very different diseases, some of which are entirely of a local nature. For convenience sake, however, it will be expedient to consider all the varieties in the present chapter.

Etiology. — The immediate pathological cause of rheumatic fever is the presence in the blood of a morbid material, g-enerated within the system in consequence of some derang-ement of the nutritive and eliminatory processes. This is generally presumed to be a normal ingredient of one of the ordinary excretions, only accumu- lated in excess, the common belief being that it consists of lactic acid. The results of experiments seem to favour this view, the usual phenomena of acute rheumatism having been produced by injecting this acid into serous cavities, as well as during its in- ternal administration. Some authorities believe that rheumatic fever is primarily due to some disturbance of the nervous system.

Exciting causes. — The ordinary exciting cause of acute rheuma- tism is a sudden chill, induced by exposure to cold and wet; sitting in a draught when heated or perspiring ; neglecting to change wet clothes ; or in various other ways. In not a few instances no de- finite cause can be fixed upon, and it is quite conceivable that dis- ordered processes may be gradually carried on in the system, which tend to generate an amount of the poison sufficient to set up the complaint under very slight provocation. Errors in diet, sup- pression of menses, and various other disturbances have been ranked as causes of acute rheumatism. Scarlatina seems to lead to this complaint sometimes, probably by interfering with the ex- cretory functions of the skin.

Predisposing causes. — Acute rheumatism is distinctly a hereditary disease, and it tends to run in families. It chiefly attacks persons from 15 to 35 years old, being especially frequent between 16 and 20, but no age is exempt, and I have met with a good many cases in young children. Previous attacks decidedly increase the pre- disposition to the disease. More cases are met with among males, and in the lower classes, on account of their greater exposure to the ordinary exciting causes. Climate and season have considera- ble influence, the affection occurring mainly in temperate but very moist climates, and where sudden changes in temperature are ex- perienced. It is far less common in tropical and very cold coun- tries, _ A large number of cases are met with in the eastern counties of England. The same conditions influence the prevalence


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30S

THEORY AND PRACTICE OF JIEDICIXE.

In reat g of locc2l diseases, the plan is adopted of giving- a sum- mary of the general clinical characters which belong to each organ or system, and of the methods to be employed in their clinical in- vestigation, before entering upon the consideration of the individual disorders to which they are liable. It may be stated once for all, however, that it is always of essential importance to study the con- stitntional condition of the patient, as this materially affects the dia- gnosis, prognosis, and treatment of local affections. Some of the more important symptoms will be discussed as fully as the limits of this work will permit.

Clinical Characters. — Important indications are often afforded by the mouth and tongue w^ith regard to the state of the system gene- rally, and of the alimentary canal, but these parts may also be the seat of local affections, to which attention will now be directed. Their presence may be revealed by the following symptoms and signs : —

I. Altered sensations, such as pain, soreness, or a feeling of heat or dryness ; as well as various derangements of the sense of taste. 2. More or less interference with the actions carried on in the mouth, viz., mastication, sucking, the first stage of deglutition, and articu- lation. These acts are also often attended with pain. 3. Changes in the quantity or quality of the saliva; or the escape of un- usual discharges, such as pus, blood, &c. 4. A disagreeable odour of the breath, which may amount to extreme foetor. 5. Interference with the act of breathing occasionally, owing to me- chanical obstruction to the passage of air. 6. A change in colour, or the existence of any swelling, deposit, ulceration, or other morbid condition, as disclosed on objective examination of the mouth, aided by a good light. At the same time the absorbent glands in the neighbourhood should be examined.

Stomatitis is a very common affection, and occurs under several forms. Its varieties are : — 1. Catarrhal. 2. Follicular. 3. Aph- thous. 4. Ulcerative. 5. Parasitic. 6. Gangrenous. 7. Mer- curial


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Author:Katherine Drayton Mayrant Simons

Works

 * The Patteran (1925)

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DISEASES OF THE BRONCHI. brush. Different applications are required in different cases, but Dr. Morell-Macl<.enzie finds chloride of zinc one of the most useful mineral astringents in chronic laryngitis. Tannin is very valuable in some cases of laryngeal phthisis; and nitrate of silver in syphi- litic ulceration.

As regards morbid growths, these are generally considered as requiring removal by operation. Evulsion is the chief method of operation usually employed, and various instruments have been invented for carrying it out, but it is useless to enter into any description, as only those who have had considerable practical experience would be likely to undertake any operative interference. Even cancer may sometimes be removed with temporary benefit. Mr. Lennox Browne has, however, advocated the treatment of benign growths by the use of topical applications, instead of by their removal. Caustic remedies are of no value, except for the destruction of condylomata. The galva7iic cautery has been em- ployed in the treatment of laryngeal growths.

4. Not uncommonly tracheotomy is called for, in order to pre- vent suffocation, in cases of extensive ulceration, morbid growths, or great thickening and contraction of the larynx, and the results are sometimes very satisfactory. Subsequently it may be desirable to remove a growth by dividing the thyroid cartilage. The entire larynx has been removed with success,

5. Prevention. — In all cases where there is a liability to chronic laryngeal disease, every precaution must be taken to guard against its development, by avoiding cold, excessive use of the voice, and other causes which are known to affect the air-tube. The front of the neck should also be properly protected. In cases of phthisis the least indication of any laryngeal irritation demands prompt attention.

6. For laryngeal functional disorders general treatment is often indicated. All obvious causes of irritation must be removed, if possible. Local faradization is the gTeat remedy in paralysis of the adductors, one pole being placed over the thyroid or cricoid cartilage, and the other in contact with the vocal cords. Paralysis of the abductors usually demands the performance of tracheotomy, in order to avert suffocation.

^Etiology. — Predisposing causes. These are : — Early or advanced age; indulgence in relaxing and enervating habits; immoderate clothing of children ; debility from any cause ; the presence of certain constitutional diseases, for example, rickets, gout; chronic


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In preparing the Fourth Edition of this work, I have again revised it thoroughly, and have endeavoured to bring the information which it contains as nearly as possible up to the present date. The chapters relating to the Absorbent System and the Nervous System have received special attention, and important additional matter has been introduced in connection with these subjects. I trust that the work may still be found adequate to the requirements of Students and Practitioners of Medicine,

THE AUTHOR.

53, Harley Street,

November, 1879.


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240 Jacquet's conjectures This was followed by Memoirs on the languages and literature of Polynesia, including the cabalistic writings of Madagascar. From these subjects Jacquet passed to those affecting India. At the age of twenty-four we find him in correspondence with Mr. James Prinsep, the Secretary of the Asiatic Society of Calcutta, and well known as the first decipherer of the Pali alphabet. He has already planned the execution of a 'Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum,' and is busily occupied collecting materials from every available source. He is associated with Raoul Rochette in the study of Bactrian and Indo-Scythian medals, and his extraordinary capacity as a numismatist is fully recognised. In the midst of these various occupations he found time to devote himself to cuneiform inscriptions, which his knowledge of Zend and Pehlevi qualified him to investigate. From 1835 he was in constant correspondence with Lassen upon this and kindred subjects; and his singular ability enabled him to overcome many difficulties that had baffled previous inquirers. He not only earned distinction in the somewhat arid fields of philology and ethnology, but he was equally alive to the historical and literary aspects of the subjects he investigated. He was particularly interested in tracing the intellectual relations of the people of China, India, and Upper Asia, and he devoted some interesting papers to the connection between the East and West in ancient and mediaeval times. These were mostly written at the age of nineteen to twenty. At nineteen we also find him translating from the Danish and reviewing a tract by Rask on a Pali and Cingalese manuscript. He amused his leisure moments by translating from Chinese and from Sanscrit,


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 He called the Canadian sergeant-major to him.

"See," he said, "that you keep the Railway Service Corps in camp with their arms ready, whatever their arms are. Tools, I suppose. Are their tools all complete? And their muster roll?"

"Girtin has gone absent, sir," the slim dark fellow said, with an air of destiny. Girtin was the respectable man with the mother to whom Tietjens had given the two hours" leave the night before.

Tietjens answered:

"He would have!" with a sour grin. It enhanced his views of strictly respectable humanity. They blackmailed you with lamentable and pathetic tales and then did the dirty on you. He said to the sergeant-major:

"You will be here for another week or ten days. See that you get your tents up all right and the men comfortable. I will inspect them as soon as I have taken my orderly room. Full marching order. Captain McKechnie will inspect their kits at two."

The sergeant-major, stiff but graceful, had something at the back of his mind. It came out:

"I have my marching orders for two-thirty this afternoon. The notice for inserting my commission in depot orders is on your table. I leave for the O.T.C. by the three train"

Tietjens said:

"Your commission" It was a confounded nuisance.

The sergeant-major said:

"Sergeant-Major Cowley and I applied for our commissions three months ago. The communications granting them are both on your table together"

Tietjens said:


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 "Sergeant-Major Cowley Good God! Who recommended you?"

The whole organization of his confounded battalion fell to pieces. It appeared that a circular had come round three months before—before Tietjens had been given command of that unit—asking for experienced first-class warrant officers capable of serving as instructors in Officers' Training Corps, with commissions. Sergeant-Major Cowley had been recommended by the colonel of the depot, Sergeant-Major Ledoux by his own colonel. Tietjens felt as if he had been let down—but of course he had not been. It was just the way of the army, all the time. You got a platoon, or a battalion, or, for the matter of that, a dug-out or a tent, by herculean labours into good fettle. It ran all right for a day or two, then it all fell to pieces, the personnel scattered to the four winds by what appeared merely wanton orders, coming from the most unexpected headquarters, or the premises were smashed up by a chance shell that might just as well have fallen somewhere else The finger of Fate

But it put a confounded lot more work on him He said to Sergeant-Major Cowley, whom he found in the next hut where all the paper work of the unit was done:

"I should have thought you would have been enormously better off as regimental sergeant-major than with a commission. I know I would rather have the job." Cowley answered—he was very pallid and shaken—that with his unfortunate infirmity, coming on at any moment of shock, he would be better in a job where he could slack off, like an O.T.C. He had always been subject to small fits, over in a minute, or couple of seconds even But getting too near a


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 H.E. shell—after Noircourt, which had knocked out Tietjens himself—had brought them on, violent. There was also, he finished, the gentility to be considered. Tietjens said:

"Oh, the gentility That's not worth a flea's jump There won't be any more parades after this war. There aren't any now. Look at who your companions will be in an officer's quarters; you'd be in a great deal better society in any self-respecting sergeants' mess." Cowley answered that he knew the service had gone to the dogs. All the same his missis liked it. And there was his daughter Winnie to be considered. She had always been a bit wild, and his missis wrote that she had gone wilder than ever, all due to the war. Cowley thought that the bad boys would be a little more careful how they monkeyed with her if she was an officer's daughter There was probably something in that!

Coming out into the open, confidentially with Tietjens, Cowley dropped his voice huskily to say:

"Take Quartermaster-Sergeant Morgan for R.S.M., sir."

Tietjens said explosively:

"I'm damned if I will." Then he asked: "Why?" The wisdom of an old N.C.O.'s is a thing no prudent officer neglects.

"He can do the work, sir," Cowley said. "He"s out for a commission, and he'll do his best" He dropped his husky voice to a still greater depth of mystery:

"You"re over two hundred—I should say nearer three hundred—pounds down in your battalion stores. I don't suppose you want to lose a sum of money like that?"


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Page:Madras Journal of Literature and Science, series 1, volume 6 (1837).djvu/254

232 northern magnetic poles of convergence and verticity, whether these poles are two different points, or one and the same; indeed, continued observations at such stations would go far to decide this question, highly important in a theoretical point of view. M. de Humboldt has mentioned Quebec as a desirable station. To this place, and also to Montreal, we conceive that an objection exists, of which possibly M. de Humboldt is not aware; many of the houses in those cities are roofed with tinned iron. This objection may not, however, exist in some of the establishments in the vicinity of either of these cities. We consider that the most advantageous positions would be, one near the most northerly establishments in Hudson's Bay, and another at or near to Fort Resolution on Great Slave Lake. As, however, observers in such positions would be placed almost beyond the pale of civilisation, we fear that, for some time at least, it would be found quite impracticable to obtain regular observations at these important stations. It would likewise be desirable that there should be a station in Nova Scotia or Newfoundland; the latter would be the preferable position.

If the government of the United States were to give their cordial co-operation to M. de Humboldt's plan, by the establishment of three or more permanent magnetical observatories, in different longitudes, these, with what we may expect to be undertaken by Russia in the extreme north-west, and our own establishments, would afford the means of obtaining a mass of more interesting magnetical observations than could perhaps be derived from any other portion of the earth's surface.

M. de Humboldt mentions New Holland, Ceylon, the Mauritius, the Cape of Good Hope, St. Helena, and a point on the east coast of South America, as desirable stations, and we fully concur in the propriety of the selection. Although Van Diemen's Land, from its greater proximity to the southern magnetic pole, would be a more advantageous position for magnetical observations than Paramatta, yet the circumstance alone of there being an astronomical observatory established at Paramatta, renders it peculiarly adapted for a magnetical station. Possibly circumstances may hereafter admit of magnetical observations being also made at Hobart Town, in conformity with the general plan which may be adopted.

The Island of Ascension, from its proximity to the magnetic equator, would possess peculiar advantages for a magnetical station; but these must, in a great degree, be counterbalanced by the nature of its soil, which, being wholly volcanic, would exert an influence on the needle that would render observations made there of a doubtful character; indeed, the same objection applies to St. Helena and most of the islands of the Atlantic. Some recent observations, those of Lieut. Allen, R. N., in the expedition up the Niger, would point to the


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 Tietjens said:

"I'm damned if I do But I don't see Oh, yes, I do If I make him sergeant-major he has to hand over the stores all complete To-day Can he do it?"

Cowley said that Morgan could have till the day after to-morrow. He would look after things till then.

"But you'll want to have a flutter before you go," Tietjens said. "Don't stop for me."

Cowley said that he would stop and see the job through. He had thought of going down into the town and having a flutter. But the girls down there were a common sort, and it was bad for his complaint He would stop and see what could be done with Morgan. Of course it was possible that Morgan might decide to face things out. He might prefer to stick to the money he'd got by disposing of Tietjens' stores to other battalions that were down, or to civilian contractors. And stand a court martial! But it wasn't likely. He was a Nonconformist deacon, or pew-opener, or even a minister possibly, at home in Wales From near Denbigh! And Cowley had got a very good man, a first-class man, an Oxford professor, now a lance-corporal at the depot, for Morgan's place. The colonel would lend him to Tietjens and would get him rated acting quartermaster-sergeant unpaid Cowley had it all arranged Lance-Corporal Caldicott was a first-class man, only he could not tell his right hand from his left on parade. Literally could not tell them

So the battalion settled itself down Whilst Cowley and he were at the colonel's orderly room arranging for the transfer of the professor—he was really only a fellow of his college—who did not know


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 his right hand from his left, Tietjens was engaged in the remains of the colonel's furious argument as to the union of the Anglican and Eastern rites. The colonel—he was a full colonel—sat in his lovely private office, a light, gay compartment of a tin-hutment, the walls being papered in scarlet, with, on the purplish, thick, soft baize of his table-cover, a tall glass vase from which sprayed out pale Riviera roses, the gift of young lady admirers amongst the V.A.D.'s in the town because he was a darling, and an open, very gilt and leather-bound volume of a biblical encyclopaedia beneath his delicate septuagenarian features. He was confirming his opinion that a union between the Church of England and the Greek Orthodox Church was the only thing that could save civilization. The whole war turned on that. The Central Empires represented Roman Catholicism, the Allies Protestantism and Orthodoxy. Let them unite. The papacy was a traitor to the cause of civilization. Why had the Vatican not protested with no uncertain voice about the abominations practised on the Belgian Catholics

Tietjens pointed out languidly objections to this theory. The first thing our ambassador to the Vatican had found out on arriving in Rome and protesting about massacres of Catholic laymen in Belgium was that the Russians before they had been a day in Austrian Poland had hanged twelve Roman Catholic bishops in front of their palaces.

Cowley was engaged with the adjutant at another table. The colonel ended his theologico-political tirade by saying:

"I shall be very sorry to lose you, Tietjens. I don't know what we shall do without you. I never had a moment's peace with your unit until you came."


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Rh in following the march of Alexander through Bactria, and in studying the history and literature of Buddhism. Jacquet's life was inspired by two passions, devoted attachment to his widowed mother and a boundless love of knowledge. To the one he was ready to forego his hopes of fame; to the other he sacrificed his health. There can be no doubt that his incessant and feverish labours induced the fatal disease that first showed itself in the autumn of 1835, when he was but twenty-four. The last three years of his life were ennobled by an heroic struggle against increasing weakness. In the face of much suffering, he continued his labours to the end; and he died as a scholar might wish to die, seated at his desk, pen in hand, alone among his books and manuscripts, his mind filled to the last moment of consciousness with the work that had occupied his life. Thus passed away one of the most promising scholars of the age. It is possible that the multitude of his acquirements was incompatible with profound knowledge in each of the many subjects he treated. M. Julien contested the accuracy of his Chinese translations; and De Sacy seemed to doubt some other of his qualifications; but he received the enthusiastic applause of many other scholars—of the two Humboldts, of Ritter, Lassen, Burnouf, and Prinsep, each in their several departments.

His essay on Cuneiform Decipherment was among the works he left incomplete. It was in the form of a review of Lassen's recent Memoir, and three papers on the subject appeared during his lifetime in the 'Journal Asiatique,' and a fourth was published shortly after his death. It can scarcely be said that he has gone beyond


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 Tietjens said:

"Well, you aren't losing me, sir, as far as I know."

The colonel said:

"Oh, yes, we are. You are going up the line next week" He added: "Now, don't get angry with me I've protested very strongly to old Campion—General Campion—that I cannot do without you." And he made, with his delicate, thin, hairy-backed, white hands a motion as of washing.

The ground moved under Tietjens' feet. He felt himself clambering over slopes of mud with his heavy legs and labouring chest. He said:

"Damn it all I'm not fit I'm C3 I was ordered to live in an hotel in the town I only mess here to be near the battalion."

The colonel said with some eagerness:

"Then you can protest to Garrison I hope you will But I suppose you are the sort of fellow that won't."

Tietjens said:

"No, sir Of course I cannot protest Though it's probably a mistake of some clerk I could not stand a week in the line" The profound misery of brooding apprehension in the line was less on his mind than, precisely, the appalling labour of the lower limbs when you live in mud to the neck Besides, whilst he had been in hospital, practically the whole of his equipment had disappeared from his kitbag—including Sylvia's two pairs of sheets!—and he had no money with which to get more. He had not even any trench-boots. Fantastic financial troubles settled on his mind.

The colonel said to the adjutant at the other purple baize-covered table:


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RV 48 (ROADS INTO LONDON) Recreations and of the moral 'tone', not for England alone but for wider regions of the earth.

The roads into London have always been the crucial matter. They remain both the "question" and the cause of that question. The first parliament of the twentieth century that might have devoted all its deliberation to the internal affairs of the country opened in 1903. The first question it discussed was that of Housing in London.

The question is not merely topical to the first years of the twentieth century; it has been the sempiternal question, it will remain unsolved until London and the country begin to fall into decay. It is, in fact, the "old" question, and just as to-day the alternative to rapid transit is the erecting of tall buildings, so it was in the old days for ever. The story has been the same down to the minute details.

The Thames was for sixteen centuries the great highway of intercommunication within London walls. London streets were mere footways or bridlepaths between house-walls; when Queen Elizabeth went abroad on land she was carried in a litter by her gentlemen; there were on Thames-side 40,000 watermen, till the middle of the seventeenth century. Then suddenly:

Horse-drawn carriages had been introduced.

48

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RV 49 (ROADS INTO LONDON) The cry is that of Taylor the water poet and a waterman himself. It was that of the stage coachmen when railways came in, it will be that of the cabmen to-morrow, of railway engineers on the day after. That is the detail.

But until the days of Taylor London had been growing year by year more congested. Originally there had been the Tower, a fortress-village with a walled town of mud huts round it, its roads mere footpaths, its space circumscribed enough. As the town grew more important feudal nobles built palaces on the banks of the stream, crowds vast for their day came on foot or horse from the surrounding country or in ships from outer Europe. The houses of London climbed skywards along the narrow lanes—"Elizabethan" houses, half-timbered, climbing up to six, eight and ten storeys, the upper ones bulging out and almost touching overhead to gain in the air the space that had to be ceded to foot traffic on the ground. Near the river were these houses of the "comfortable" classes. These palaces of the kings and the great houses of the nobles crowded the face of the river that their owners might keep their private barges and have their own water gates. The others at the public stairs called "Oars!" as to-day we call "Cab". Then came "the pampered jades of Belgia".

Roads were laid down or made up to suit them, then London spread out and the watermen disappeared or starved. (Taylor died a "victualler" at Oxford.) The poorer classes began to swarm into such of the tall, "comfortable" houses as the Fire left, the nobles moved 49

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Page:Adam's reports on vernacular education in Bengal and Behar, submitted to Government in 1835, 1836 and 1838.djvu/151

Rh and I am strongly led to believe that this number falls considerably short of the truth. After various inquiries, and a comparison of different statements, intelligent natives, possessing extensive local knowledge, have expressed the opinion that, from all the police sub-divisions, nine might be formed, each having a population about equal to that of Nattore. To guard against the operation of unperceived causes of error, let the number be reduced to eight, merging in them the population of the remaining five and the excess of the population of Bhawanigunge above that of Nattore, the entire population of the district will thus be eight times that of Nattore; that is, it will amount to 1,562,368, or rather more than a million and a half. If, as is probable, this estimate is nearly correct, it follows either that former estimates were very erroneous, or that the population has greatly increased since they were made. It has been already mentioned that, in 1801, the population of the district was estimated at 1,500,000, and that, within the last twenty-five years, not fewer than eleven thanas, containing, it is probable, about half its territory and population, have been at different periods detached from the jurisdiction of the collector and magistrate of Rajshahi; and yet it is after all these reductions that the district as now constituted is estimated to contain a population fully equal to that which it was supposed to contain before the reductions were made.

Connected with the question of the population of the district is the distribution of it into the two great divisions of Hindus and Musalmans; the relative proportion of these two classes being not an unimportant subject of inquiry, with a view to forming a correct judgment of the nature and amount of the prejudices to be met in the execution of any measure affecting the body of the people, such as the adoption of means for the promotion of general education. Before visiting Rajshahi, I had been led to suppose that it was a peculiarly Hindu district. Hamilton on official authority states the proportion to be that of two Hindus to one Musalman; and in a work published by the Calcutta School Book Society for the use of schools (1827), the proportion is said to be that of ten Hindus to six Musalmans. Table I. shows that, in the Nattore thana, there are 10,095 Hindu families, while the number of Musalman families is not less than 19,933, just reversing the proportion and making one Hindu for about two Musalman families. I omitted to ascertain by actual enumeration the number of Hindu and Mahomedan persons separately contained in the above-mentioned number of Hindu and Mahomedan families, and I can, therefore, only estimate the probable number of individuals of each class. The total number of individuals is 195,296, and of families 30,028, which gives the high average of 6.5 individuals to each family. This gives an average of 65,656 Hindus to 129,640 Mahomedans, making the proportion of Mahomedans to Hindus as 1,000 to 506,488506.488 [sic]. Nattore is in


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Page:Adam's reports on vernacular education in Bengal and Behar, submitted to Government in 1835, 1836 and 1838.djvu/145

The report on the State of Education dated 1st July 1835 presented a view of the information possessed on that subject at that date with reference to all the districts of Bengal; and the object of the report, now respectfully submitted to the General Committee of Public Instruction for the information of Government, is to fill up a small portion of the outline then sketched with ampler, and it is hoped more accurate, detail.

The district to which those details exclusively relate is that of Rajshahi, to which attention was, in the first place, directed on the following grounds:—The route prescribed to Dr. in conducting the statistical investigations which he undertook by the orders of Government about 30 years ago, as quoted in the preface to the printed edition of his report on the district of Dinajpur, is described in these terms—“The Governor General in Council is of opinion that these inquiries should commence in the district of Rangpur, and that from thence you should proceed to the westward through each district on the north side of the Ganges until you reach the western boundary of the Honorable Company’s provinces. You will then proceed towards the south and east until you have examined all the districts on the south of the great river, and afterwards proceed to Dacca side and the other districts towards the eastern frontier.” In conformity with these instructions, Dr. Buchanan visited and examined the Bengal districts of Rangpur, Dinajpur, and Purniya; and when the route to be followed in the present inquiry came under consideration, it was proposed and sanctioned that the general course prescribed to Dr. Buchanan should be adopted—not retracing any of the ground already trodden by him, but beginning from the point in Bengal at which his labors appear to have been brought to a close. If his investigations had been prolonged, the district of Rajshahi, in pursuance of his instructions, would probably have received his earliest attention, and it has consequently formed the first subject of the present inquiry.

The appended tables relate only to one thana or police sub-division of that district. I at first contemplated the practicability of traversing the entire surface of every district and of reporting on the state of education in every separate thana which it contained, but when I actually entered on the work, I found that an adherence to the instructions I have received would render this


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 side encompassed, the vale is spread over with looping waters, and it is a hard thing for the day-boys to get home to their suppers.

And in that time, old Cop, the porter (so called because he hath copper boots to keep the wet from his stomach, and a nose of copper also, in right of other waters), his place it is to stand at the gate, attending to the flood-boards grooved into one another, and so to watch the torrent's rise, and not be washed away, if it please God he may help it. But long ere the flood hath attained this height, and while it is only waxing, certain boys of deputy will watch at the stoop of the drain-holes, and be apt to look outside the walls, when Cop is taking a cordial. And in the very front of the gate, just without the archway, where the ground is paved most handsomely, you may see in copy-letters done a great P. B. of white pebbles. Now, it is the custom and the law that when the invading waters, either fluxing along the wall from below the road-bridge, or pouring sharply across the meadows from a cut called "Owen's ditch,"—and I myself have seen it come both ways-upon the very instant when the waxing element lips though it be but a single pebble of the founder's letters, it is in the licence of any boy, soever small and undoctrined, to rush into the great schoolrooms, where a score of masters sit heavily, and scream at the top of his voice, "P. B."

Then, with a yell, the boys leap up, or break away from their standing; they toss their caps to the black-beamed roof, and haply the very books after them;


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 and the great boys vex no more the small ones, and the small boys stick up to the great ones. One with another, hard they go, to see the gain of the waters, and the tribulation of Cop, and are prone to kick the day-boys out, with words of scanty compliment. Then the masters look at one another, having no class to look to, and (boys being no more left to watch) in a manner they put their mouths up. With a spirited bang they close their books, and make invitation the one to the other for pipes and foreign cordials, recommending the chance of the time, and the comfort away from cold water.

But, lo! I am dwelling on little things and the pigeons' eggs of the infancy, forgetting the bitter and heavy life gone over me since then. If I am neither a hard man nor a very close one, God knows I have had no lack of rubbing and pounding to make stone of me. Yet can I not somehow believe that we ought to hate one another, to live far asunder, and block the mouth each of his little den; as do the wild beasts of the wood, and the hairy outangs now brought over, each with a chain upon him. Let that matter be as it will. It is beyond me to unfold, and mayhap of my grandson's grandson. All I know is that wheat is better than when I began to sow it.


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204 come here on my way because I wish to marry your sister, Princess Olga,"

"Very well," answered King Vladimir. "If you love my sister, I do not see why you should not have her. What do you say, Olga?"

Princess Olga, like her eldest sister, made no objection, but married the eagle, and returned with him to his native land, wherever that might be.

Another year went by.

"Come, sister!" said King Vladimir, "let us go for a walk in the garden."

They strolled about for some time, when again a dark cloud was seen in the sky. Again the thunder rolled and the lightning flashed.

"Let us make haste and return to the palace, or we shall soon be wet through," the king exclaimed.

They just got inside when the hail came down, and the storm became greater than ever. Then a tremendous crash was heard above them; the ceiling parted in two, and in flew a big black crow, which, however, immediately changed itself into a wonderfully handsome youth, far better looking than either of the two others.

"Well, King Vladimir, how are you?" asked the youth. "I have been enjoying myself all over the world, and now I am on my way to my own country, where I intend to settle down comfortably; but, first of all, I have come here to ask your sister, Princess Anna, to marry me."

"I think I can answer for my sister," King Vladimir replied; "for you are young and handsome, and likely to make her a good husband; so, if you really


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Rh care for her, take her, and may my best wishes attend you."

The crow married Princess Anna, and took her off with him to his own kingdom.

When King Vladimir was left all alone in the palace without his sisters, he very soon became heartily sick of everything, and thought he would go in search of the three princesses, and pay them a visit.

He set out on his journey, taking with him his favourite silver spoon, fork, and snuff-box. He went on and on until he came to a field, where there was an army, which had sustained a severe defeat, the ground being strewn with the dead and wounded.

"If there is a man among you who is not quite dead," cried King Vladimir, "would he kindly tell me who it was that defeated this army?"

"Marie-Marevna, the beautiful queen," replied one unfortunate creature, rising from the ground, in answer to King Vladimir's question.

The king continued his journey. He had not gone very far before he came to another field, where he found an encampment, and out of one of the tents came the beautiful queen Marie-Marevna. When she saw the king, she at once advanced towards him,—

"Good-day to you, King Vladimir!" she exclaimed, smiling sweetly. "What brings you here? Do you come on business, or for pleasure? Are you coming against your will?"

"No, certainly not, beautiful queen; I am coming for pleasure,"


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came briskly into her little cupboard of a room at the back of the Evening Planet office. She hung up her hat and coat, opened her rolltop desk, put her small handbag carefully in a drawer, and looked at herself in a greenish mirror that hung secretly on a hook in the recess under the pigeonholes. She took the rubber hood off her typewriter, poured three paper cupfuls of drinking water on the potted geranium on the windowledge, wound up the cheap clock on top of the desk, and moved it forward ten minutes to compensate for what it had lost during the night. Now she was ready for work. As she wound up the clock, the usual thought occurred to her—when would she be able to buy herself the handsome little wrist watch she coveted? There were a lot of them in the jeweller's shop on Park Row, and she admired them every morning on her way to the office. But when one is supporting one's self and an invalid mother in an uptown apartment,


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206 "Well, then, if you are in no very great hurry, stay with us in the camp for a short time."

King Vladimir was delighted, and accepted the invitation eagerly. He spent two whole days in Marie-Marevna's society, and fell desperately in love with her, and ended by marrying her. The happy couple then left the encampment, and went off to Marie-Marevna's kingdom, where they both lived happily for a long time.

At last another war broke out, and Marie-Marevna was obliged to join her army, and leave King Vladimir to amuse himself, and look after the palace.

"Go wherever you please," she told him; "do whatever you like; but mind you do not open this little door, or bad luck will attend you."

King Vladimir, of course, promised to obey her, and for some time he did not venture near the forbidden door; but one day feeling rather lonely, and not knowing what to do with himself, he walked about the long galleries and oak staircases, until he found himself right in front of the door. He stopped before it, and hesitated; then, not being able to subdue his curiosity any longer, he turned the key, and—entered. He looked round him, and beheld a dreadful-looking skeleton hanging from the ceiling by twelve iron chains!

"Have pity on me. King Vladimir!" begged the skeleton. "Give me something to drink! I have been hanging here ten years in torment, without having a drop to drink or a morsel to eat. My throat is as dry as it can possibly be. Have some pity on me, King Vladimir!"


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 and has to pay for a woman to come in during the day to lend a hand, all on fifty dollars a week, in an era of post-bellum prices, wrist watches have to wait. However, as Ann made the daily correction in her laggard clock she used to say to herself:

"There's a better time coming." She was not devoid of humour, you see.

Then the office boy would bring in the big pile of morning mail, grinning as he laid it on the pull-out slide of her desk. He may be excused for grinning, because Ann was the kind of creature who would bring a smile to the surliest face. She was just a nice size, with a face that was both charming and sensible, and merry brown eyes (when it wasn't too close to the first of the month). Also, that pile of mail was rather amusing. Those letters, so many of them written on cheap pink or blue stationery and addressed in unsophisticated handwriting, were not directed to Miss Ann Austin, but to "Cynthia," and the office boy knew pretty well the kind of messages that were in them. For Ann, under the pseudonym of "Cynthia," conducted the Planet's department of Advice to the Lovelorn, and daily several score of puzzled or distracted beings bared their hearts to her. The pile of letters was growing bigger, too. The Planet, which was not a very flourishing paper


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Rh The king fetched a whole pail of water, and gave it to the skeleton, who at once finished every drop, and asked for more.

"One pailful will not quench my thirst, good king. Give me more!"

King Vladimir brought another, which vanished as quickly as the first.

"Give me more!" cried the skeleton.

When the creature had finished the third pailful his strength seemed to return to him. He shook the twelve iron chains, and with one wrench forced them all asunder, and the skeleton was free once more.

"Thank you, King Vladimir," he said; "but now you will see your Marie-Marevna no more."

And, with a tremendous jump into the air, the skeleton sprang out of the window and flew away, leaving the unfortunate young king in a very unhappy state of mind. But how much greater was his grief when, on looking out of the window into the garden below, he saw the skeleton seize his beautiful queen, Marie-Marevna, who had just returned home from the war, and fly away with her.

After crying bitterly for some time, King Vladimir at last decided to go in search of his queen. "Come what may," he thought, "I must find her again."

Away he went, not forgetting to take his silver spoon, fork, and snuff-box. He walked on and on for two days without resting, and on the dawn of the third he came to a splendid palace, in the grounds in front of which stood an old oak-tree, on which sat a big falcon. As soon as the bird saw