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Rh :(b) a fine of not less than five times the sum or value of the false or erroneous or defective material particular, where such false or erroneous or defective material particular is capable of being valued, or of a pecuniary nature, or ten thousand ringgit, whichever is the higher.

Duty to report bribery transactions

25. (1) Any person to whom any gratification is given, promised, or offered, in contravention of any provision of this Act shall report such gift, promise or offer together with the name, if known, of the person who gave, promised or offered such gratification to him to the nearest officer of the Commission or police officer.

(2) Any person who fails to comply with subsection (1) commits an offence and shall on conviction be liable to a fine not exceeding one hundred thousand ringgit or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding ten years or to both.

(3) Any person from whom any gratification has been solicited or obtained, or an attempt has been made to obtain such gratification, in contravention of any provision of this Act shall at the earliest opportunity thereafter report such soliciting or obtaining of, or attempt to obtain, the gratification together with the full and true description and if known, the name of the person who solicited, or obtained, or attempted to obtain, the gratification from him to the nearest officer of the Commission or police officer.

(4) Any person who fails, without reasonable excuse, to comply with subsection (3) commits an offence and shall on conviction be liable to a fine not exceeding ten thousand ringgit or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding two years or to both.

Dealing with, using, holding, receiving or concealing gratification or advantage in relation to any offence

26. Any person who, whether within or outside Malaysia, whether directly or indirectly, whether on behalf of himself or on behalf of any other person, enters into, or causes to be entered into, any dealing in relation to any property, or otherwise uses or causes to be used, or holds, receives, or conceals any property or any part thereof which was the subject matter of an offence under


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Rh remuneration of the latter is received from one person who gives a fixed allowance and the usual perquisites, amounting in all to four rupees eight annas per month. The Bengali instruction is given in writing and agricultural accounts, and the Persian instruction in the reading of the Pandnameh, Gulistan, Bostan, &c. One of these schools has a separate school-house built by the patron. The scholars of the other assemble occasionally in the teacher’s house, occasionally at that of Rammohan Sandyal, and occasionally in that of Krishna Kumar Bhaduri, the two latter being respectable inhabitants of the village whose children attend the school.

The combined study of Persian and Bengali in these schools suggests the inquiry to what extent Persian is studied in this district for its own sake, and to what extent merely as the language of the courts. The Bengali language, with a larger proportion than in some other districts of what may be called aboriginal terms, i. e., words not derived from the Sanscrit or any other known language, is the language of the Musalman as well as of the Hindu population. Even educated Musalmans speak and write the Bengali; and even several low castes of Hindus occupying entire villages in various directions and amounting to several thousand individuals, whose ancestors three or four generations ago, according to the popular explanation, emigrated from the Western Provinces and settled in the district, have found it necessary to combine the use of the Bengali with the Hindi, their mother-tongue. The Bengali, therefore, may be justly described as the universal language of the district; and it might be supposed that those who wished to give their children a knowledge of letters and accounts would seek these advantages for them through the most direct and obvious medium—the language of the district—instead of having recourse to a foreign language, such as the Persian, in which instruction is less easily obtainable and rather higher priced. In these circumstances, the considerations that lead to the use of Persian appear to be of a complex character, partly connected with the importance attached to it by Musalmans, and partly with the importance given to it in the Company’s courts.

It has been already seen that in connection with the religious and social observances of the lowest classes of the Musalman population the formal reading of the Koran in the original language is deemed indispensable; and in like manner the acquisition of a real knowledge of the language of Islam and of the learning it contains is viewed amongst the educated as the highest attainment to which they can aspire. An endowed establishment exists at Kusbeh Bagha in which it is professed to be regularly taught; and in one Mahomedan family I found a maulavi employed for the express purpose of teaching the eldest son Arabic. Now Persian, at least in India, is the vestibule through which only access is gained to the temple of Arabic learning; and even those

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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28 section 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22 or 23 commits an offence and shall on conviction be liable to a fine not exceeding fifty thousand ringgit or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding seven years or to both.

Making of statement which is false or intended to mislead, etc., to an officer of the Commission or the Public Prosecutor

27. (1) Where any person makes or causes any other person to make to an officer of the Commission or to the Public Prosecutor, in the course of such officer or Public Prosecutor exercising any power conferred by this Act, any statement which to the knowledge of the person making the statement, or causing the statement to be made—
 * (a) is false, or intended to mislead; or
 * (b) is not consistent with any other statement previously made by such person to any other person having authority or power under any law, or otherwise, to receive, or require to be made, such other statement regardless whether or not the person making the statement is under any legal or other obligation to tell the truth,

he commits an offence and shall on conviction be liable to a fine not exceeding one hundred thousand ringgit or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding ten years or to both.

(2) Where any person, who has made a statement to an officer of the Commission or to the Public Prosecutor, in the course of such officer or Public Prosecutor exercising any power conferred by this Act, subsequently thereto makes any other statement to any person having authority or power under any law, or otherwise, to receive, or require to be made, such other statement, regardless whether or not the person making the statement is under a legal or other obligation to tell the truth, he commits an offence, if such other statement is inconsistent with any statement previously made to an officer of the Commission or the Public Prosecutor and shall on conviction be liable to a fine not exceeding one hundred thousand ringgit or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding ten years or to both.

(3) For the avoidance of doubt, it is declared that for the purposes of paragraph (1)(b) and subsection (2), any statement made in the course of any legal proceedings before any court, whether civil or criminal, or any statement made by any person


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Rh in the course of any disciplinary proceedings, whether such legal proceedings or disciplinary proceedings are against the person making the statement or against any other person, shall be deemed to be a statement made to a person having authority or power under law to receive the statement so made.

Attempts, preparations, abetments and criminal conspiracies punishable as offence

28. (1) Any person who—
 * (a) attempts to commit any offence under this Act;
 * (b) does any act preparatory to or in furtherance of the commission of any offence under this Act; or
 * (c) abets or is engaged in a criminal conspiracy to commit any offence under this Act,

commits such offence and shall on conviction be liable to the punishment provided for such offence.

(2) Any provision of this Act which contains a reference to an offence under any specific provision of this Act shall be read as including a reference to an offence under subsection (1) in relation to the offence under that specific provision.

(3) Paragraph (1)(a) shall not apply where an attempt to do any act is expressly made an offence under this Act, and paragraph (1)(c) shall not apply to the case of an abetment of an offence as provided for under section 164 of the Penal Code.

Power to investigate reports and enquire into information

29. (1) Every report relating to the commission of an offence under this Act may be made orally or in writing to an officer of the Commission, and if made orally it shall be reduced into writing and read over to the person making the report; and every report, whether in writing or reduced into writing, shall be signed by the person making the report.


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30 (2) Every report, whether in writing or reduced into writing, shall be entered in a book kept at the office of the Commission and there shall be appended to such entry the date and hour on which such report was made.

(3) Where an officer of the Commission has reason to suspect the commission of an offence under this Act following a report made under subsection (1) or information otherwise received by him, he shall cause an investigation to be carried out and for such purpose may exercise all the powers of investigation provided for under this Act and the Criminal Procedure Code.

(4) A report made under subsection (1) shall be kept secret and shall not be disclosed by any person to any person other than officers of the Commission and the Public Prosecutor until an accused person has been charged in court for an offence under this Act or any other written law in consequence of such report, unless the disclosure is made with the consent of the Public Prosecutor or an officer of the Commission of the rank of Commissioner and above.

(5) A copy, which is certified by an officer of the Commission of the rank of Superintendent and above, of an entry under subsection (2) of a report under subsection (1) shall be admissible as evidence of the content of the original and of the time, place and manner in which the report was recorded.

Power to examine persons

30. (1) An officer of the Commission investigating an offence under this Act may—
 * (a) order any person to attend before him for the purpose of being examined orally in relation to any matter which may, in his opinion, assist in the investigation into the offence;
 * (b) order any person, to produce before him, within the time specified by such officer, any book, document, records, accounts or computerized data, or any certified copy thereof, or any other article which may, in his opinion, assist in the investigation into the offence;


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Rh :(c) by written notice order any person to furnish a statement in writing made on oath or affirmation setting out therein all such information which may be required under the notice, being information which, in such officer’s opinion, would be of assistance in the investigation into the offence, within the time specified by such officer; and
 * (d) order any person to attend before him for the purpose of having his handwriting or voice sample taken.

(2) Paragraph (1)(b) shall not apply to banker’s books.

(3) A person to whom an order has been given under paragraph (1)(a) shall—
 * (a) attend in accordance with the terms of the order to be examined, and shall continue to attend from day to day where so directed until the examination is completed; and
 * (b) during such examination, disclose all information which is within his knowledge, or which is available to him, in respect of the matter in relation to which he is being examined, and answer any question put to him truthfully and to the best of his knowledge and belief, and shall not refuse to answer any question on the ground that it tends to incriminate him or his spouse.

(4) A person to whom an order has been given under paragraph (1)(b) shall not conceal, destroy, alter, remove from Malaysia, or deal with, expend, or dispose of, any book, document, record, account or computerized data, or article specified in the order, or alter or deface any entry in any such book, document, record, account or computerized data or cause such act to be done, or assist or conspire to do such act.

(5) A person to whom a written notice has been given under paragraph (1)(c) shall, in his statement, furnish and disclose truthfully all information required under the notice which is within his knowledge, or which is available to him, and shall not refuse to furnish or disclose the information on the ground that it tends to incriminate him or his spouse.

(6) A person to whom an order or a notice is given under subsection (1) shall comply with such order or notice and with subsections (3), (4) and (5), notwithstanding any written law or rule of law to the contrary.


text: Author:Phineas Camp Headley

title: Author:Phineas Camp Headley


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32 (7) Where any person discloses any information or produces any book, document, record, account or computerized data or article pursuant to subsections (1), (3) and (5), neither the first-mentioned person, nor any other person on whose behalf or direction or as whose agent or employee the first-mentioned person may be acting, shall, on account of such disclosure or production, be liable to any prosecution, except a prosecution for an offence under section 27, for any offence under or by virtue of any written law, or to any proceeding or claim by any person under or by virtue of any law or under or by virtue of any contract, agreement or arrangement, or otherwise.

(8) An officer of the Commission examining a person under paragraph (1)(a) shall record in writing any statement made by the person and the statement so recorded shall be read to and signed by the person, and where such person refuses to sign the record, the officer shall endorse thereon under his hand the fact of such refusal and the reasons therefor, if any, stated by the person examined.

(9) The record of an examination under paragraph (1)(a), or a written statement on oath or affirmation made pursuant to paragraph 1(c), or any book, document, record, account or computerized data, or article produced under paragraph (1)(b) or otherwise in the course of an examination under paragraph (1)(a), or under a written statement on oath or affirmation made pursuant to paragraph (1)(c), or record of examination of sample taken under paragraph (1)(d) shall, notwithstanding any written law or rule of law to the contrary, be admissible in evidence in any proceedings in any court—
 * (a) for an offence under this Act; or
 * (b) for the forfeiture of property pursuant to section 40 or 41,

regardless whether such proceedings are against the person who was examined, or who produced the book, document, record, account or computerized data, or article, or who made the written statement on oath or affirmation, or against any other person.

(10) Any person who contravenes this section commits an offence.


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30 disk as with the warranted confidence that might have attended a warning headlight or a glaring motor-lamp. The object, however one named it, showed you at least where he was, and most often that he was straight upon you. It was fearlessly and resistingly across the path of his advance that Lady Sandgate had thrown herself, and indeed with such success that he soon connected her demonstration with a particular motive. "For your grandmother, Lady Sandgate?" he then returned.

"For my grandmother's mother, Mr. Bender—the most beautiful woman of her time and the greatest of all Lawrences, no matter whose; as you quite acknowledged, you know, in our talk in Bruton Street."

Mr. Bender bethought himself further—yet drawing it out; as if the familiar fact of his being "made up to" had never had such special softness and warmth of pressure. "Do you want very, very much?"

She had already caught him up. "'Very, very much' for her? Well, Mr. Bender," she smilingly replied, "I think I should like her full value."


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Rh "I mean"—he kindly discriminated—"do you want so badly to work her off?"

"It would be an intense convenience to me—so much so that your telegram made me at once fondly hope you'd be arriving to conclude."

Such measure of response as he had good-naturedly given her was the mere frayed edge of a mastering detachment, the copious, impatient range elsewhere of his true attention. Somehow, however, he still seemed kind even while, turning his back upon her, he moved off to look at one of the several, the famous Dedborough pictures—stray specimens, by every presumption, lost a little in the whole bright bigness. "'Conclude'?" he echoed as he approached a significantly small canvas. "You ladies want to get there before the road's so much as laid or the country's safe! Do you know what this here is?" he at once went on.

"Oh, you can't have that!" she cried as with full authority—"and you must really understand that you can't have everything. You mustn't expect to ravage Dedborough."

He had his nose meanwhile close to the picture. "I guess it's a bogus Cuyp—but I


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32 know Lord Theign has things. He won't do business?"

"He's not in the least, and can never be, in my tight place," Lady Sandgate replied; "but he's as proud as he's kind, dear man, and as solid as he's proud; so that if you came down under a different impression—!" Well, she could only exhale the folly of his error with an unction that represented, whatever he might think of it, all her competence to answer for their host.

He scarce thought of it enough, on any side, however, to be diverted from prior dispositions. "I came on an understanding that I should find my friend Lord John, and that Lord Theign would, on his introduction, kindly let me look round. But being before lunch in Bruton Street I knocked at your door"

"For another look," she quickly interposed, "at my Lawrence?"

"For another look at you, Lady Sandgate—your great-grandmother wasn't required. Informed you were here, and struck with the coincidence of my being myself presently due," he went on, "I despatched you my wire, on coming away, just to keep up your spirits."


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Rh "You don't keep them up, you depress them to anguish," she almost passionately protested, "when you don't tell me you'll treat!"

He paused in his preoccupation, his perambulation, conscious evidently of no reluctance that was worth a scene with so charming and so hungry a woman. "Well, if it's a question of your otherwise suffering torments, may I have another interview with the old lady?"

"Dear Mr. Bender, she's in the flower of her youth; she only yearns for interviews, and you may have," Lady Sandgate earnestly declared, "as many as you like."

"Oh, you must be there to protect me!"

"Then as soon as I return!"

"Well,"—it clearly cost him little to say—"I'll come right round."

She joyously registered the vow. "Only meanwhile then, please, never a word!"

"Never a word, certainly. But where all this time," Mr. Bender asked, "is Lord John?"

Lady Sandgate, as he spoke, found her eyes meeting those of a young woman who, presenting herself from without, stood framed in the doorway to the terrace; a slight fair grave


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34 young woman, of middle stature and simply dressed, whose brow showed clear even under the heavy shade of a large hat surmounted with big black bows and feathers. Her eyes had vaguely questioned those of her elder, who at once replied to the gentleman forming the subject of their inquiry: "Lady Grace must know." At this the young woman came forward, and Lady Sandgate introduced the visitor. "My dear Grace, this is Mr. Breckenridge Bender."

The younger daughter of the house might have arrived in preoccupation, but she had urbanity to spare. "Of whom Lord John has told me," she returned, "and whom I'm glad to see. Lord John," she explained to his waiting friend, "is detained a moment in the park, open to-day to a big Temperance school-feast, where our party is mostly gathered; so that if you care to go out—!" She gave him in fine his choice.

But this was clearly a thing that, in the conditions, Mr. Bender wasn't the man to take precipitately; though his big useful smile disguised his prudence. "Are there any pictures in the park?"


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Rh Lady Grace's facial response represented less humour perhaps, but more play. "We find our park itself rather a picture."

Mr. Bender's own levity at any rate persisted. "With a big Temperance school-feast?"

"Mr. Bender's a great judge of pictures," Lady Sandgate said as to forestall any impression of excessive freedom.

"Will there be more tea?" he pursued, almost presuming on this.

It showed Lady Grace for comparatively candid and literal. "Oh, there'll be plenty of tea."

This appeared to determine Mr. Bender. "Well, Lady Grace, I'm after pictures, but I take them 'neat.' May I go right round here?"

"Perhaps, love," Lady Sandgate at once said, "you'll let me show him."

"A moment, dear"—Lady Grace gently demurred. "Do go round," she conformably added to Mr. Bender; "take your ease and your time. Everything's open and visible, and, with our whole company dispersed, you'll have the place to yourself."

He rose, in his genial mass, to the


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36 . "I'll be in clover—sure!" But present to him was the richest corner of the pasture, which he could fluently enough name. "And I'll find 'The Beautiful Duchess of Waterbridge'?"

She indicated, off to the right, where a stately perspective opened, the quarter of the saloon to which we have seen Mr. Banks retire. "At the very end of those rooms."

He had wide eyes for the vista. "About thirty in a row, hey?" And he was already off. "I'll work right through!"

 III

with her friend, Lady Grace had a prompt question. "Lord John warned me he was 'funny'; but you already know him?"

There might have been a sense of embarrassment in the way in which, as to gain time, Lady Sandgate pointed, instead of answering, to the small picture pronounced upon by Mr. Bender. "He thinks your little Cuyp a fraud."


text: The Outcry (London: Methuen & Co., 1911)/Book 1/Chapter 2


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108 who do not go beyond the porch, by association, attach to the one some portion of the respect which strictly belongs only to the other. It would thus appear that the associations, literary and religious, that connect Persian with Arabic, come in aid of the more general cultivation of the former tongue by Musalmans. But Persian in itself has attractions to educated Musalmans. The language of conversation with them is the Urdu or Hindustani which acknowledges the Persian as its parent, and although the Urdu has a copious literature, that literature is chiefly poetical, and it is only from the Persian that educated Musalmans have hitherto derived that instruction in the knowledge of accounts, of epistolary communication, &c,, to which they attach the greatest importance. They teach it to their children, therefore, because it is really the most useful language to which they have access. The recollections belonging to this language still further endear it to Musalmans. It is the language of the former conquerors and rulers of Hindustan from whom they have directly or indirectly sprung, and the memory both of a proud ancestry and of a past dominion—the loyalty which attaches itself rather to religion and to race than to country—attract them to its cultivation. These motives, or motives akin to these, it seems probable induced Dost Mahomed Khan (No. 3), Karim Ali Shah (No. 166), and Musafir-ool-Islam at Kusbeh Bagha, to promote the study of Persian in this district. But even in these cases the importance given to the Persian language in the administration of justice and police and in the collection of the revenue, has had considerable influence; and in other cases, as in Nos. 40 and 100, that consideration has probably exclusive weight. In the two latter the sole or chief patrons of the schools are Hindu landholders or farmers who have no conceivable motive to teach this language to their children, except with a view to the use to which they may hereafter apply it in conducting suits in the Company’s courts, or in holding communications with public officers; unless we take further into account the superior respectability and aptness for business which those possess who have received a Persian education—an advantage, however, which is connected with the preference given to it in the courts. Some Hindu landholders and other respectable Natives have expressed to me a desire to have Persian instruction for their children, but they apparently had no other object than to qualify them to engage in the business of life, which, unhappily in their case, is for the most part identical with the business of the courts.

Upon the whole, apart from the courts, the Persian language has a very feeble hold upon this district, and it would not be difficult not merely to substitute English for it, but to make English much more popular. Some of the considerations by which Persian is recommended might be brought with much more force in favor of English, if it could be made more accessible, and the motives derived from other considerations which are in their


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Rh nature untransferable are not such as should be encouraged and might be gradually made to lose their influence without doing any violence to popular feeling.

II. Elementary Domestic Instruction.—The number of families in which domestic instruction is given to the children is 1588. These families are found in 238 villages out of 485, the total number of villages in Nattore. I omitted to note at the commencement of the inquiry the number of children in each of these families, and I cannot, therefore, state with perfect accuracy the total number of children receiving domestic instruction; but after my attention had been attracted to this omission, I found that a very large majority had each only one child of a teachable age receiving instruction, a few had two, a still smaller number had three, and one or two instances were found in which four children of one family received domestic instruction. The number of families in which two or more children receive domestic instruction are comparatively so few that I cannot estimate the total average for each family at more than 1, which, in 1,588 families, will give 2,382 children who receive domestic instruction. It has before appeared that the number of children receiving elementary instruction in schools is 262; and the proportion of those who receive elementary instruction at home to those who receive it in schools is thus as 1,000 to 109.9.

It is not always the father who gives this instruction, but quite as often an uncle or an elder brother. In one village I found that the children of three families received elementary instruction from pujari Brahman under the following arrangement. As a pujari or family chaplain he receives one rupee a month with lodging, food, clothing, &c., from one of the three families, the head of which stipulates that he shall employ his leisure time in instructing the children of that and of the two other families. In some villages in which not a single individual could be found able either to read or write, I was notwithstanding assured that the children were not wholly without instruction, and when I asked who taught them, the answer was that the gomashta, in his periodical visits for the collection of his master’s rents, gives a few lessons to one or more of the children of the village.

The classes of society amongst which domestic elementary instruction is most prevalent deserve attention. Of the 1,588 families, 1,277 are Hindu, and 311 are Mahomedan; and assuming the average of each class to be the same, viz., 1 children in each family as already estimated, then the number of Hindu children will be 1,915 and of Mahomedan children 466, or in the proportion of 1,000 to 243.2. This proportion, with the proportion previously established between the entire population of the two classes, affords a measure of the comparative degree of cultivation which they respectively possess, the proportion of


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xxii superseded the native one as to cause the latter to have been almost forgotten excepting by the members of the Shintō priesthood. This happened in the case of the Chinese method of divination by means of a tortoise-shell, whose introduction caused the elder native custom of divination through the shoulder-blade of a deer to fall into desuetude. Whether indeed this native custom itself may not perhaps be traced back to still earlier continental influence is another question. So far as any documentary information reaches, divination through the shoulder-blade of a deer was the most ancient Japanese method of ascertaining the will of the gods. The use of the Chinese sexagenary cycle for counting years, months, and days is another instance of the imported usage having become so thoroughly incorporated with native habits of mind as to make the anachronism of employing it when speaking of a period confessedly anterior to the introduction of continental civilization pass unnoticed. As for the (to a modern European) grotesque notion of pretending to give the precise months and days of events supposed to have occurred a thousand years before the date assigned to the introduction of astronomical instruments, of observatories, and even of the art of writing, that is another of those inconsistencies which, while lying on the very surface, yet so easily escape the uncritical Oriental mind. Semi-civilized people tire of asking questions, and to question antiquity, which fills so great a place in their thoughts, is the last thing that would occur to any of their learned men, whose mental attitude is characteristically represented by Confucius when he calls himself “A transmitter and not a maker, believing in and loving the ancients.” As regards the question of language, standard Chinese soon became easier to understand than Archaic Japanese, as the former alone was taught in the schools, and the native

title: Page:Kojiki by Chamberlain.djvu/32


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110 Musalmans to Hindus being about two to one, the proportion of Musalman to Hindu children receiving domestic instruction being rather less than one to four. This disproportion is explained by the fact already stated that a very large majority of the humblest grades of Native society in this district are composed of Musalmans, such as cultivators of the ground, day-laborers, fishermen, &c., who are regarded by themselves as well as by others, both in respect of condition and capacity, as quite beyond the reach of the simplest forms of literary instruction. You may as well talk to them of scaling the heavens as of instructing their children. In their present circumstances and with their present views, both would appear equally difficult and equally presumptuous. Those who give their children domestic instruction are zemindars, talukdars, and persons of some little substance; shop-keepers and traders possessing some enterprize and forecast in their callings; zemindars’ agents or factors (gomashtas), and heads of villages (mandals), who know practically the advantage of writing and accounts; and sometimes persons of straitened resources, but respectable character, who have been in better circumstances, and wish to give their children the means of making their way in the world. Pundits, too, who intend that their children should pursue the study of Sanscrit begin by instructing them at home in the rudiments of their mother tongue; and Brahmans who have themselves gone through only a partial course of Sanscrit reading, seek to qualify their children by such instruction as they can give for the office and duties of a family priest or spiritual guide.

The instruction given in families is still more limited and imperfect than that which is given in schools. In some cases I found that it did not extend beyond the writing of the letters of the alphabet, in others the writing of words. Pundits and priests, unless when there is some landed property in the family, confine the Bengali instruction they give their children to writing and reading, addition and subtraction, with scarcely any of the applications of numbers to agricultural and commercial affairs. Farmers and traders naturally limit their instructions to what they best know, and what is to them and their children of greatest direct utility, the calculations and measurements peculiar to their immediate occupations. The parents with whom I have conversed on the subject do not attach the same value to the domestic instruction their children receive which they ascribe to the instruction of a professional school-master, both because in their opinion such instruction would be more regular and systematic, and because the teacher would probably be better qualified.

It thus appears that, in addition to the elementary instruction given in regular schools, there is a sort of traditionary knowledge of written language and accounts preserved in families from father to son and from generation to generation. This domestic


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Rh elementary instruction is much more in use than scholastic elementary instruction, and yet it is not so highly valued as the latter. The reasons why the less esteemed form of elementary instruction is more common cannot in all cases be accurately ascertained. The inaptitude to combination for purposes of common interest sometimes alleged against the Natives might be suggested; but the truth is that they do often club together, sometimes to establish and support schools, and sometimes to defray the expenses of religious celebrations, dances, and plays. In those cases in which scholastic instruction would be preferred by the parents, and I believe such cases to be numerous, poverty is the only reason that can be assigned; and in other instances, as of the zemindar and the Brahman Pundit, the pride of rank and station in the one case, and of birth and learning in the other, acting also upon circumscribed means, may prevent the respective parties from looking beyond their own thresholds for the instruction which their children need. Inability to pay for school instruction I believe to be by far the most prevalent reason, and this is confirmed by the fact that in at least six villages that I visited, I was told that there had been recently Bengali schools which were discontinued, because the masters could not gain a livelihood, or because they found something more profitable to do elsewhere. The case of the Dharail school shows the difficulty with which a small income is made up to a school-master by the community of a village. From all I could learn and observe, I am led to infer that in this district elementary instruction is on the decline and has been for some time past decaying. The domestic instruction which many give to their children in elementary knowledge would seem to be an indication of the struggle which the ancient habits and the practical sense of the people are making against their present depressed circumstances.

The state of learned instruction in this district will be considered with reference to the two great divisions of the population, Musalmans and Hindus.

I. Mahomedan Schools of Learning.—There are no public schools of Mahomedan learning within the limits of the Nattore thana; and I met with only one Mahomedan family in which any attention was paid to Arabic learning, that of Dost Mahomed Khan Chaudhuri, who has already been mentioned as the patron of a Persian elementary school. In that family, besides the Persian munshi, a maulavi is employed to instruct the eldest son in Arabic. The name of the maulavi is Gholam Muktidar, formerly a student of the Calcutta Madrasa, and now about 30 years of age. He receives twelve rupees per month with food;


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Rh year of the Shah’s reign which, calculating from his first proclamation of himself as Emperor in the life-time of his father, would be 1050, and from his full accession to the throne, after the death of his father, 1056 of the Hijri. These years correspond with 1640 and 1646 of the Christian era, which would make this endowment rather less than 200 years old. This, however, does not appear to have been the original grant, for it professes only to confirm former grants of the Shah’s predecessors, in virtue of which Maulana Sheikh Abdul Wahab then possessed 42 villages yielding annually 8,000 Rupees, which are ordered in the grant of Shah Jehan to be considered as Madad-i-Maash, or means of subsistence for his own use and that of his brothers, children, servants, and dependants. The title of Maulana given to Sheik Abdul Wahab, the highest honorary title bestowed on men of learning amongst Musalmans, implies that it was because of his learning, for the encouragement of learning, and to assist him in the means he had already adopted to promote it, that the grant was made and confirmed. Such appears to have been the interpretation put upon it by every successive inheritor of the grant, for they have all maintained the madrasa in a more or less efficient state, even as at present when their own family has ceased to afford learned men to conduct it. The management, however, seems to have been entirely left in their hands without any express reservation of power on the part of the State to interfere. One of the present incumbents, Musafir-ul-Islam, states that from a personal feeling of hostility to the family, a part of the property was resumed by one of the Moghul governors of Bengal, and an assessment imposed of 872 Rupees per annum, which continues to be paid to the British Government. I learn also from the Commissioner of the Division, that this endowment has been recently investigated and confirmed under Regulation II. of 1819.

The present total income of the estate is stated to be 8,000 Rupees, exactly the value mentioned in Shah Jehan’s grant, a coincidence which makes the accuracy of the information doubtful, and the doubt is confirmed by the Collector who values the estate at upwards of 30,000 Rupees per annum. The attempt to conceal, the real value of the endowment may be ascribed either to an innocent or a guilty timidity; and in like manner I am uncertain whether to attribute to a weak or a corrupt motive an endeavor made to bribe my maulavi and thereby to influence, as was hoped, the tenor of this report. There may have been either a consciousness of something needing concealment, or merely an anxiety to avoid an investigation supposed to entail expense and trouble.

The purposes to which the property is applied are four. The first is the maintenance of the Khunkar families, the descendants of Sheik Abdul Wahab; the name Khunkar applied to them being probably a corruption of Akhun, teacher, with an arbitrary


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 THE

BY

C. CHURCHILL.

THE SECOND EDITION,

Revised and Corrected, with.

LONDON:

Printed for the, and sold by , near Gray's-Inn-Gate, Holborn.

MDCCLXI.


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following place, “Section 2,” as it is called in the Theology, is especially important, although in the middle of the exposition it is called only the 2d Section from Chapter II., Part 2: About God the Saviour in his especial relation to the human race.

In general, the division of the Theology into parts, divisions, chapters, sections, articles, into (1), (2), (3), (a), (b), (c), and so forth, is to such a degree complicated and arbitrary and based on nothing that there is absolutely no possibility of remembering all the subdivisions, and it is necessary to consult the book every minute or learn everything by heart. This place is especially important because here, in this very spot, we find the key to all contradictions. Here is to be found the radical, internal contradiction from which resulted the tangle of all the other parts. Here, in this place, is made the substitution of its own teaching in place of the teaching of Christ, and it is done in such a way that it is not possible at a first glance to discern this substitution, and that it appears as though to the teaching of Christ, which is clear and manifest to all, there were only attached certain revealed truths, which, far from impairing the teaching of Christ, only enhance the greatness of Christ and of his teaching.

The contradiction, which is here imperceptibly carried into the teaching, and which later will form the subject of elucidation in the division on grace, consists in this, that Christ the God saved men by descending upon earth


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WHEREAS on November 11, 2023, a massive fire near downtown Los Angeles damaged a portion of the I-10 freeway, a federal aid highway, requiring its temporary closure; and

WHEREAS the California Department of Transportation is currently assessing the extent of the damage and has crews ready to begin clean-up and repair work as soon as the first responders determine it is safe to do so; and

WHEREAS it is essential to complete repairs as quickly as possible to support the safe reopening of the freeway, given its importance as a transit route for motorists, emergency vehicles, and commercial goods, with an average daily traffic volume of 287,500; and

WHEREAS under the provisions of Government Code section 8558(b), I find that conditions of extreme peril to the safety of persons and property exist due to the fire; and

WHEREAS under the provisions of Government Code section 8558(b), I find that the conditions caused by this fire, by reason of their magnitude, are or are likely to be beyond the control of the services, personnel, equipment, and facilities of any single local government and require the combined forces of a mutual aid region or regions to appropriately respond; and

WHEREAS under the provisions of Government Code section 8625(c), I find that local authority is inadequate to cope with the magnitude of the damage caused by this fire; and

WHEREAS under the provisions of Government Code section 8571, I find that strict compliance with various statutes and regulations specified in this Proclamation would prevent, hinder, or delay the mitigation of the effects of the fire.

NOW, THEREFORE, I, GAVIN NEWSOM, Governor of the State of California, in accordance with the authority vested in me by the State Constitution and statutes, including the California Emergency Services Act, and in particular, Government Code section 8625, HEREBY PROCLAIM A STATE OF EMERGENCY to exist in Los Angeles County due to the fire.

IT IS HEREBY ORDERED THAT:

1. All agencies of the state government utilize and employ state personnel, equipment, and facilities for the performance of any and all activities consistent with the direction of the Office of Emergency Services and the State Emergency Plan to complete work to repair and reopen the I-10 freeway as soon as possible. Also, all residents are to obey the direction of emergency officials with regard to this emergency in order to protect their safety.


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 1. The California Department of Transportation shall request, if appropriate, assistance through the Federal Highway Administration's Emergency Relief Program, United States Code, Title 23, section 125, in order to obtain federal assistance for highway repairs or reconstruction.

2. The restrictions set forth in Penal Code section 396, which are automatically triggered upon proclamation of a state of emergency, are suspended, and no such restrictions are imposed, with respect to this fire.

I FURTHER DIRECT that as soon as hereafter possible, this Proclamation be filed in the Office of the Secretary of State and that widespread publicity and notice be given of this Proclamation.

This Proclamation is not intended to, and does not, create any rights or benefits, substantive, or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity, against the State of California, its agencies, departments, entities, officers, employees, or any other person.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF I have hereunto set my hand and caused the Great Seal of the State of California to be affixed this 11th day of November 2022.

GAVIN NEWSOM Governor of California

ATTEST:

SHIRLEY N. WEBER, PH. D Secretary of State


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59 CHAPTER V

SOLOMON IBN GABIROL

With Gabirol the scene of Jewish intellectual activity changes from the east to the west. Prior to the middle of the tenth century the centre of Jewish learning was in Babylonia. The succession of Geonim in the Talmudical schools of Sura and Pumbadita, and particularly the great fame of Saadia, made all the other Jewish communities of the world look to Babylonia as the spiritual centre. They considered it a privilege to contribute to the support of the great eastern academies and appealed to their spiritual heads in cases of doubt in religious matters. Some of this glory was reflected also upon the neighboring countries under Mohammedan domination, Palestine, Egypt, and Kairuan or northern Africa to the west of Egypt. Thus all the men, Rabbanites as well as Karaites, whom we treated so far lived and flourished in the east in one of the four countries mentioned. Christian Europe was intellectually on a low level, and as far as scientific studies were concerned, the Jews under Christian rule were no better than their temporal rulers.

But a new era dawned for Jewish literature with the accession to power of the Umayyad caliph Abd al Rahman III, as head of Mohammedan Spain or Andalusia. He was a liberal man and a patron of learning. Hasdai ibn Shaprut, a cultured and high-minded Jew, was his trusted adviser, and like his royal patron he protected and encouraged Jewish learning, Talmudical as well as scientific. When Moses ben Enoch, a learned emissary from the Babylonian Academy, was ransomed by the Jewish community of Cordova and made the head of a Talmudical school in that city, the beginning of the end of Babylonian Jewish supremacy was at hand. Moses ben Enoch the Talmudist, Menahem ben Saruk, the grammarian and lexicographer, and Dunash ben Labrat, the poet — all three under the distinguished patronage of Hasdai ibn Shaprut — inaugurated the long line of Spanish Jewish worthies, which continued almost five centuries, constituting

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 but I heard the birds singing. There was our own thrush, shouting with an impatient shout; so it sounded to me. The morning was still, the twittering of the little birds was very gloomy. The owls had hooted a quarter of an hour before, now the cocks were crowing, it was near daylight, I put out my candle, and went to bed

Sunday, 20th.— We were in the orchard a great part of the morning. After tea we walked upon our own path for a long time. We talked sweetly together about the disposal of our riches. We lay upon the sloping turf. Earth and sky were so lovely that they melted our very hearts. The sky to the north was of a chastened yet rich yellow, fading into pale blue, and streaked and scattered over with steady islands of purple, melting away into shades of pink. It was like a vision to me

Tuesday morning.— I walked to Rydale. I waited long for the post, lying in the field, and looking at the distant mountains, looking and listening to the river. I met the post. Letters from Montagu and Richard. I hurried back, forwarded these to William, and wrote to Montagu. When I came home I wrote to my brother Christopher. I could settle to nothing I read the Midsummer Night's Dream, and began As You Like It.

Wednesday, 23rd June.— A sunshiny morning. I walked to the top of the hill and sate under a wall near John's Grove, facing the sun. I read a scene or two in As You Like It Coleridge and Leslie came just as I had lain down after dinner. C. brought me William's letter. He had got well to Eusemere. Coleridge and I accompanied Leslie to the boat-house. It was a sullen, coldish evening, no sunshine; but after we had parted from Leslie a light came out suddenly that repaid us for all. It fell only upon one hill, and the island, but it arrayed the grass and trees in gem-like


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 brightness. I cooked Coleridge's supper. We sate up till one o'clock.

Thursday, 24th June.—I went with C. half way up the Raise. It was a cool morning William came in just when M. had left me. It was a mild, rainy evening We sate together talking till the first dawning of day; a happy time.

Friday, 25th June.— I went, just before tea, into the garden. I looked up at my swallow's nest, and it was gone. It had fallen down. Poor little creatures, they could not themselves be more distressed than I was. I went upstairs to look at the ruins. They lay in a large heap upon the window ledge; these swallows had been ten days employed in building this nest, and it seemed to be almost finished. I had watched them early in the morning, in the day many and many a time, and in the evenings when it was almost dark. I had seen them sitting together side by side in their unfinished nest, both morning and night. When they first came about the window they used to hang against the panes, with their white bellies and their forked tails, looking like fish; but then they fluttered and sang their own little twittering song. As soon as the nest was broad enough, a sort of ledge for them, they sate both mornings and evenings, but they did not pass the night there. I watched them one morning, when William was at Eusemere, for more than an hour. Every now and then there was a motion in their wings, a sort of tremulousness, and they sang a low song to one another.

It is now eight o'clock; I will go and see if my swallows are on their nest. Yes! there they are, side by side, both looking down into the garden. I have been out on purpose to see their faces. I knew by looking at the window that they were there Coleridge and William came in at about half-past eleven. They talked till after twelve.

Wednesday, 30th June.— We met an old man


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 between the Raise and Lewthwaites. He wore a rusty but untorn hat, an excellent blue coat, waistcoat, and breeches, and good mottled worsted stockings. His beard was very thick and grey, of a fortnight's growth we guessed; it was a regular beard, like grey plush. His bundle contained Sheffield ware. William said to him, after we had asked him what his business was, "You are a very old man?" "Aye, I am eighty-three." I joined in, "Have you any children?" "Children? Yes, plenty. I have children and grand-children, and great grand-children. I have a great grand-daughter, a fine lass, thirteen years old." I then said, "Won't they take care of you?" He replied, much offended, "Thank God, I can take care of myself." He said he had been a servant of the Marquis of Granby—"O he was a good man; he's in heaven; I hope he is." He then told us how he shot himself at Bath, that he was with him in Germany, and travelled with him everywhere. "He was a famous boxer, sir." And then he told us a story of his fighting with his farmer. "He used always to call me bland and sharp." Then every now and then he broke out, "He was a good man! When we were travelling he never asked at the public-houses, as it might be there" (pointing to the "Swan"), "what we were to pay, but he would put his hand into his pocket and give them what he liked; and when he came out of the house he would say, Now, they would have charged me a shilling or tenpence. God help them, poor creatures!" I asked him again about his children, how many he had. Says he, "I cannot tell you" (I suppose he confounded children and grand-children together); "I have one daughter that keeps a boarding-school at Skipton, in Craven. She teaches flowering and marking. And another that keeps a boarding-school at Ingleton. I brought up my family under the Marquis." He was familiar with all parts of Yorkshire. He asked us where we lived. At Grasmere. "The bonniest dale in all England!" says the old man.


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 I bought a pair of slippers from him, and we sate together by the road-side. When we parted I tried to lift his bundle, and it was almost more than I could do After tea I wrote to Coleridge, and closed up my letter to M. H. We went soon to bed. A weight of children a poor man's blessing

Friday, 2nd July.—A very rainy morning I left William, and wrote a short letter to M. H. and to Coleridge, and transcribed the alterations in The Leech Gatherer.

Sunday, 4th July.— William finished The Leech Gatherer to-day.

Monday, 5th July.—A very sweet morning. William stayed some time in the orchard I copied out The Leech Gatherer for Coleridge, and for us. Wrote to Mrs. Clarkson, M. H., and Coleridge

Tuesday, 6th July.— We set off towards Rydale for letters. The rain met us at the top of the White Moss, and it came on very heavily afterwards. It drove past Nab Scar in a substantial shape, as if going to Grasmere was as far as it could go The swallows have completed their beautiful nest

Wednesday, 7th.— Walked on the White Moss. Glow-worms. Well for them children are in bed when they shine.

Thursday, 8th.— When I was coming home, a post-chaise passed with a little girl behind in a patched, ragged cloak. In the afternoon, after we had talked a little, William fell asleep. I read the Winter's Tale; then I went to bed, but did not sleep. The swallows stole in and out of their nest, and sate there, whiles quite still, whiles they sung low for two minutes or more, at a time just like a muffled robin. William was looking at The Pedlar when I got up. He arranged it, and after tea I wrote it out—280 lines The moon was behind. William hurried me out in hopes that I should


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 see her. We walked first to the top of the hill to see Rydale. It was dark and dull, but our own vale was very solemn—the shape of Helm Crag was quite distinct, though black. We walked backwards and forwards on the White Moss path; there was a sky-like white brightness on the lake. The Wyke cottage right at the foot of Silver How. Glow-worms out, but not so numerous as last night. O, beautiful place! Dear Mary, William. The hour is come I must prepare to go. The swallows, I must leave them, the wall, the garden, the roses, all. Dear creatures! they sang last night after I was in bed; seemed to be singing to one another, just before they settled to rest for the night. Well, I must go. Farewell.


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my uncle Toby had turned every thing into money, and settled all accounts betwixt the agent of the regiment and Le Fever, and betwixt Le Fever and all mankind,—there remained nothing more in my uncle Toby's hands, than an old regimental coat and a sword; so that my uncle Toby found little or no opposition from the world in taking administration. The coat my uncle Toby gave the corporal;—Wear it, Trim, said my uncle Toby, as long as it will hold together, for the sake of the poor lieutenant—And this,—said my uncle Toby, taking up the sword in his hand, and drawing it out of the scabbard as he spoke—and this, Le Fever, I'll save for thee,—'tis


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 certainly in peril when the preceding portions of the predictions occur. The Lord's words, then, refer not to the destruction of a beautiful world, but to the termination of a corrupted Church.

But we may be reminded that Peter has said, "The day of the Lord will come as a thief in the night; in which the heavens shall pass away with a great noise, and the elements shall melt with fervent heat, the earth also, and the works that are therein shall be burned up. Seeing then that all these things shall be dissolved, what manner of persons ought ye to be in all holy conversation and godliness, looking for and hasting unto the coming of the day of God, wherein the heavens being on fire shall be dissolved, and the elements shall melt with fervent heat? Nevertheless we, according to His promise, look for new heavens and a new earth, wherein dwelleth righteousness." There can be no doubt that this passage contains a collection of statements on the subject made by the Lord, or that it is a paraphrase of them. He had said, "Heaven and earth shall pass away, but my word shall not pass away." Now the perpetuation of the word clearly proves that the heavens and the earth that were to pass away, were not the sky which we see, and the globe which we inhabit, but the internal and external things of a perverted Church, which men have produced; the word is to continue as the foundation and light of its successor, described as "the new heavens and new earth, wherein dwelleth righteousness." The Lord had also spoken of His "coming as a thief," and "at an hour when ye think not." He had said the powers of the heavens shall be shaken, and this the Apostle repeats when he mentions the passing away of


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 all the fortune, continued my uncle Toby, hanging it up upon a crook, and pointing to it,—'tis all the fortune, my dear Le Fever, which God has left thee; but if he has given thee a heart to fight thy way with it in the world,—and thou doest it like a man of honour,—'tis enough for us.

As soon as my uncle Toby had laid a foundation, and taught him to inscribe a regular polygon in a circle, he sent him to a public school, where, excepting Whitsontide and Christmas, at which times the corporal was punctually dispatched for him,—he remained to the spring of the year, seventeen; when the stories of the emperor's sending his army into Hungary against the Turks, kindling a spark of fire in his bosom, he left his Greek and Latin without leave, and


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 throwing himself upon his knees before my uncle Toby, begged his father's sword, and my uncle Toby's leave along with it, to go and try his fortune under Eugene.—Twice did my uncle Toby forget his wound, and cry out, Le Fever! I will go with thee, and thou shalt fight beside me—And twice he laid his hand upon his groin, and hung down his head in sorrow and disconsolation.

My uncle Toby took down the sword from the crook, where it had hung untouched ever since the lieutenant's death, and delivered it to the corporal to brighten up;—and having detained Le Fever a single fortnight to equip him, and contract for his passage to Leghorn,—he put the sword into his hand,—If thou art brave, Le Fever, said my uncle Toby, this will not fail thee,


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 the heavens with a great noise. The sentences, "the heavens being on fire," and the "melting of the elements with fervent heat," are derived from the Lord's statement that His second advent should be as the lightning coming out of the east and shining even unto the west; while the Apostle's declaration that the earth and the works therein shall be burnt up, appears to be founded upon the Lord's words, when treating of judgment, namely, "As the tares are gathered and burned in the fire; so shall it be in the end of this world." But the original for "the end of this world," as it has been seen, simply means the termination of the state of things treated of: so that all the Apostle's statements are founded upon parallel passsages in the Lord's discourses. Now, as Peter has simply repeated the sentiments of his Divine Master, he never could have intended to convey, by his expression of them, any other ideas than those which they were originally designed to communicate; and as it is plain that they are all purely figurative in their original form and connection, that, also, must be the sense in which the Apostle has employed them. Therefore, to accept his statements in a merely literal sense, would be a great mistake. They were never intended to be so understood: indeed their own form is singularly figurative. The very introduction of the matter, namely, that the Lord would come as a thief, shows this with great clearness. The passing away of the heavens cannot be taken as a literal declaration that the blue expanse above us will be dissolved. Of what does that expanse consist, and of what utility would be its destruction? Besides, passing away does not mean dissolution, but removal; and where could the natural heavens be removed to? How plain is it that such expressions are


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 but Fortune, said he, (musing a little)—Fortune may—And if she does,—added my uncle Toby, embracing him, come back again to me, Le Fever, and we will shape thee another course.

The greatest injury could not have oppressed the heart of Le Fever more than my uncle Toby's paternal kindness;—he parted from my uncle Toby, as the best of sons from the best of fathers—both dropped tears—and as my uncle Toby gave him his last kiss, he slipped sixty guineas, tied up in an old purse of his father's, in which was his mother's ring, into his hand,—and bid God bless him.


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Rh "That one?" Lady Grace could but stare. "The wretch!" However, she made, without alarm, no more of it; she returned to her previous question. "You've met him before?"

"Just a little—in town. Being 'after pictures,'" Lady Sandgate explained, "he has been after my great-grandmother."

"She," said Lady Grace with amusement, "must have found him funny! But he can clearly take care of himself, while Kitty takes care of Lord John, and while you, if you'll be so good, go back to support father—in the hour of his triumph: which he wants you so much to witness that he complains of your desertion and goes so far as to speak of you as sneaking away."

Lady Sandgate, with a slight flush, turned it over. "I delight in his triumph, and whatever I do is at least above board; but if it's a question of support aren't you yourself failing him quite as much?"

This had, however, no effect on the girl's confidence. "Ah, my dear, I'm not at all the same thing, and as I'm the person in the world he least misses—" Well, such a fact spoke for itself.


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 figures significative of some disasters which were contemplated as overtaking the Church? And what else can be the melting of the elements with fervent heat? The terms express no idea which natural philosophy can recognise. What are "the elements"? In the time of the Apostles they were spoken of as earth, air, fire, and water. And who does not see that melting is utterly inapplicable to the majority of them? No one who is at all acquainted with the nature of these things would ever talk about the melting of air, fire, and water. And what is fervent heat? Fervour belongs to mind, and not to matter; and consequently, fervent heat refers rather to mental vehemence than to natural burning; hence the Apostle speaks of being fervent in spirit, of a fervent mind, of fervent prayer, and fervent charity. Is it not plain, then, that Peter is employing figurative language, and that the subject of his discourse is not the destruction of the physical objects of nature, but the dissolution of the spiritual things of a perverted Church? Hence his exhortation, "What manner of persons ought ye to be in all holy conversation and godliness?" His declaration, that the earth and the works that are therein shall be burnt up at the second coming of the Lord, is a figure, quite as decided as that of the prophet Malachi, who, when treating of the first advent, said, "Behold, the day cometh, that shall burn as an oven; and all the proud, yea, and all that do wickedly, shall be stubble: and the day that cometh shall burn them up, saith the Lord of hosts." When the Lord came in the flesh, there was no such natural burning as those terms seem to indicate; and therefore, when similar expressions are employed in the case of His second coming, it is clear that they were not designed for a literal interpretation. Surely he who had quoted


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38 "You've been free to return and wait for Lord John?"—that was the sense in which the elder woman appeared to prefer to understand it as speaking.

The tone of it, none the less, led her companion immediately, though very quietly, to correct her. "I've not come back to wait for Lord John."

"Then he hasn't told you—if you've talked—with what idea he has come?"

Lady Grace had for a further correction the same shade of detachment. "Kitty has told me—what it suits her to pretend to suppose."

"And Kitty's pretensions and suppositions always go with what happens—at the moment, among all her wonderful happenings—to suit her?"

Lady Grace let that question answer itself—she took the case up further on. "What I can't make out is why this should so suit her!"

"And what I can't!" said Lady Sandgate without gross honesty and turning away after having watched the girl a moment. She nevertheless presently faced her again to follow this speculation up. "Do you like him enough to risk the chance of Kitty's being for once right?"


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E Fever got up to the Imperial army just time enough to try what metal his sword was made of, at the defeat of the Turks before Belgrade; but a series of unmerited mischances had pursued him from that moment, and trod close upon his heels for four years together after: he had withstood these buffetings to the last, till sickness overtook him at Marseilles, from whence he wrote my uncle Toby word, he had lost his time, his services, his health, and, in short, every thing but his sword;—and was waiting for the first ship to return back to him.

As this letter came to hand about six weeks before Susannah's accident, Le


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Rh Lady Grace gave it a thought—with which she moved away. "I don't know how much I like him!"

"Nor how little!" cried her friend, who evidently found amusement in the tone of it. "And you're not disposed to take the time to find out? He's at least better than the others."

"The 'others'?"—Lady Grace was blank for them.

"The others of his set."

"Oh, his set! That wouldn't be difficult—by what I imagine of some of them. But he means well enough," the girl added; "he's very charming and does me great honour."

It determined in her companion, about to leave her, another brief arrest. "Then may I tell your father?"

This in turn brought about in Lady Grace an immediate drop of the subject. "Tell my father, please, that I'm expecting Mr. Crimble; of whom I've spoken to him even if he doesn't remember, and who bicycles this afternoon ten miles over from where he's staying—with some people we don't know—to look at the pictures, about which he's awfully keen."


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40 Lady Sandgate took it in. "Ah, like Mr. Bender?"

"No, not at all, I think, like Mr. Bender."

This appeared to move in the elder woman some deeper thought. "May I ask then—if one's to meet him—who he is?"

"Oh, father knows—or ought to—that I sat next him, in London, a month ago, at dinner, and that he then told me he was working, tooth and nail, at what he called the wonderful modern science of Connoisseurship—which is upsetting, as perhaps you're not aware, all the old-fashioned canons of art-criticism, everything we've stupidly thought right and held dear; that he was to spend Easter in these parts, and that he should like greatly to be allowed some day to come over and make acquaintance with our things. I told him," Lady Grace wound up, "that nothing would be easier; a note from him arrived before dinner"

Lady Sandgate jumped the rest. "And it's for him you've come in."

"It's for him I've come in," the girl assented with serenity.

"Very good—though he sounds most


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 such strong language from the prophet Joel, respecting wonders in the heavens, signs in the earth, blood and fire, and vapour of smoke; the turning of the sun into darkness, and the moon into blood, before the great and notable day of the Lord came; and had told the multitude to whom he was preaching, that those predictions had received a fulfilment in the events of Pentecost, could never have intended by the use of similar language, to express the occurrence of natural phenomena. The language of the Apostle is purely figurative, and those who would insist upon a literal interpretation of it, may, with equal consistency say, that the Lord is a vine and a door; and that to entcr into heaven we must eat His flesh and drink His blood. In both cases the things are expressly said, but in neither are they strictly meant. No doubt there is a sense in which those statements of the Lord are distinctly true, but that sense does not consort with physical things. Nor does Peter's description, which is supposed to refer to the dissolution of the universe. His terms are taken from the Lord's discourses; they point to those corruptions by which all the vital things of Christianity would be destroyed; and those corruptions are constantly spoken of as the occasion for that second coming by which the Church is to be restored. It would be easy to dwell upon discussions of this kind, but we cannot give more time to details: it is principles that must for the future chiefly engage our attention.

Careful readers of the Word will have noticed, as we have before remarked, that the events described as immediately preceding the Lord's first advent, are very similar to those which are described as the precursors of His second coming. In both cases we read of the darkening of the sun, the obscuring of the moon, the passing away


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 Fever was hourly expected; and was uppermost in my uncle Tobys mind all the time my father was giving him and Yorick a description of what kind of a person he would chuse for a preceptor to me: but as my uncle Toby thought my father at first somewhat fanciful in the accomplishments he required, he forebore mentioning Le Fevers name,—till the character, by Yoricks interposition, ending unexpectedly, in one, who should be gentle tempered, and generous, and good, it impressed the image of Le Fever, and his interest upon my uncle Toby so forceably, he rose instantly off his chair; and laying down his pipe, in order to take hold of both my father's hands—I beg, brother Shandy, said my uncle Toby, I may recommend poor Le Fevers son to you—I beseech you, do, added Yorick—He has a good


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Rh ! But will you first just tell me this—whether when you sent in ten minutes ago for Lord John to come out to you it was wholly of your own movement?" And she followed it up as her young friend appeared to hesitate. "Was it because you knew why he had arrived?"

The young friend hesitated still. "'Why'?"

"So particularly to speak to you."

"Since he was expected and mightn't know where I was," Lady Grace said after an instant, "I wanted naturally to be civil to him."

"And had he time there to tell you," Lady Sandgate asked, "how very civil he wants to be to you?"

"No, only to tell me that his friend—who's off there—was coming; for Kitty at once appropriated him and was still in possession when I came away." Then, as deciding at last on perfect frankness, Lady Grace went on: "If you want to know, I sent for news of him because Kitty insisted on my doing so; saying, so very oddly and quite in her own way, that she herself didn't wish to 'appear in it.' She had done nothing but say to me for an hour, rather worryingly, what you've just said—that


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42 it's me he's what, like Mr. Bender, she calls 'after'; but as soon as he appeared she pounced on him, and I left him—I assure you quite resignedly—in her hands."

"She wants"—it was easy for Lady Sandgate to remark—"to talk of you to him."

"I don't know what she wants," the girl replied as with rather a tired patience; "Kitty wants so many things at once. She always wants money, in quantities, to begin with—and all to throw so horribly away; so that whenever I see her 'in' so very deep with any one I always imagine her appealing for some new tip as to how it's to be come by."

"Kitty's an abyss, I grant you, and with my disinterested devotion to your father—in requital of all his kindness to me since Lord Sandgate's death and since your mother's—I can never be too grateful to you, my dear, for your being so different a creature. But what is she going to gain financially," Lady Sandgate pursued with a strong emphasis on her adverb, "by working up our friend's confidence in your listening to him—if you are to listen?"

"I haven't in the least engaged to listen," said Lady Grace—"it will depend on the


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 heart, said my uncle Toby—And a brave one too, an' please your honour, said the corporal.

—The best hearts, Trim, are ever the bravest, replied my uncle Toby.—And the greatest cowards, an' please your honour, in our regiment, were the greatest rascals in it.—There was serjeant Kumbur, and ensign

—We'll talk of them, said my father, another time.

a jovial and a merry world would this be, may it please your worships, but for that inextricable labyrinth of debts, cares, woes, want, grief,


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Rh music he makes!" But she added with light cynicism: "Perhaps she's to gain a commission!"

"On his fairly getting you?" And then as the girl assented by silence: "Is he in a position to pay her one?" Lady Sandgate asked.

"I dare say the Duchess is!"

"But do you see the Duchess producing money—with all that Kitty, as we're not ignorant, owes her? Hundreds and hundreds and hundreds!"—Lady Sandgate piled them up.

Her young friend's gesture checked it. "Ah, don't tell me how many—it's too sad and too ugly and too wrong!" To which, however, Lady Grace added: "But perhaps that will be just her way!" And then as her companion seemed for the moment not quite to follow: "By letting Kitty off her debt."

"You mean that Kitty goes free if Lord John wins your promise?"

"Kitty goes free."

"She has her creditor's release?"

"For every shilling."

"And if he only fails?"


text: The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman/Volume 6/Chapter 13


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 of the heavens, and of convulsions in the earth. There may be some little differences in the detail, but the main drift of the prophecies, in both cases, is to indicate a dissolution of the things to which they refer. Now the alarming prophecies of the Old Testament which are associated with the first coming, received their fulfilment at the time of that occurrence; but how were they fulfilled? Certainly not by the disruption of the universe, for all things continue as they were; how then? Clearly by the dissolution and end of the perverted things which belonged to the prevailing religion: for none of those things continue as they were. This fact, then, is the key by which to interpret similar prophecies in connection with the Lord's second coming. They were not intended to furnish us with any information concerning the destruction of the physical objects by which we are surrounded, but point to a termination to those corruptions which would, in the process of time, fix themselves upon the Church. How plain is this conclusion! The Lord, when treating of those times, said, "Many shall come in my name, saying, I am Christ; and shall deceive many." "Many false prophets shall rise, and deceive many. And because iniquity shall abound, the love of many shall wax cold. But he that shall endure unto the end, the same shall be saved." Who cannot see that these words treat of the perversion of truths which had been taught? Such is most certainly the subject of them; and, therefore, "the end," which is spoken of is not the termination of a beautiful world, but the cessation of a corrupted Church.

Besides, the language commonly cited as referring to "the end," if taken literally, shows inconsistency in the procedure. Although destruction is the main point in all the descrip-


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44 "Why then of course," said now quite lucid Lady Grace, "she throws herself more than ever on poor father."

"Poor father indeed!"—Lady Sandgate richly sighed it.

It appeared even to create in the younger woman a sense of excess. "Yes—but he after all and in spite of everything adores her."

"To the point, you mean"—for Lady Sandgate could clearly but wonder—"of really sacrificing you?"

The weight of Lady Grace's charming deep eyes on her face made her pause while, at some length, she gave back this look and the interchange determined in the girl a grave appeal. "You think I should be sacrificed if I married him?"

Lady Sandgate replied, though with an equal emphasis, indirectly. "Could you marry him?"

Lady Grace waited a moment. "Do you mean for Kitty?"

"For himself even—if they should convince you, among them, that he cares for you."

Lady Grace had another delay. "Well, he's his awful mother's son."


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Rh "Yes—but you wouldn't marry his mother."

"No—but I should only be the more uncomfortably and intimately conscious of her."

"Even when," Lady Sandgate optimistically put it, "she so markedly likes you?"

This determined in the girl a fine impatience. "She doesn't 'like' me, she only wants me—which is a very different thing; wants me for my father's so particularly beautiful position, and my mother's so supremely great people, and for everything we have been and have done, and still are and still have: except of course poor not-at-all-model Kitty."

To this luminous account of the matter Lady Sandgate turned as to a genial sun-burst. "I see indeed—for the general immaculate connection."

The words had no note of irony, but Lady Grace, in her great seriousness, glanced with deprecation at the possibility. "Well, we haven't had false notes. We've scarcely even had bad moments."

"Yes, you've been beatific!"—Lady Sandgate enviously, quite ruefully, felt it. But any further treatment of the question was checked


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46 by the re-entrance of the footman—a demonstration explained by the concomitant appearance of a young man in eye-glasses and with the ends of his trousers clipped together as for cycling. "This must be your friend," she had only time to say to the daughter of the house; with which, alert and reminded of how she was awaited elsewhere, she retreated before her companion's visitor, who had come in with his guide from the vestibule. She passed away to the terrace and the gardens, Mr. Hugh Crimble's announced name ringing in her ears—to some effect that we are as yet not qualified to discern.

 IV

had turned to meet Mr. Hugh Crimble, whose pleasure in at once finding her lighted his keen countenance and broke into easy words. "So awfully kind of you—in the midst of the great doings I noticed—to have found a beautiful minute for me."

"I left the great doings, which are almost over, to every one's relief, I think," the girl


text: The Outcry (London: Methuen & Co., 1911)/Book 1/Chapter 3


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 discontent, melancholy, large jointures, impositions, and lies!

Doctor Slop, like a son of a w, as my father called him for it,—to exalt himself,—debased me to death,—and made ten thousand times more of Susannah's accident, than there was any grounds for; so that in a week's time, or less, it was in every body's mouth, That poor Master Shandy ************ entirely.—And, who loves to double every thing,—in three days more, had sworn positively she saw it,—and all the world, as usual, gave credit to her evidence—"That the nursery window had now only ************************ ;—but that ******************** 's also."


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 Could the world have been sued like a ,—my father had brought an action upon the case, and trounced it sufficiently; but to fall foul of individuals about it—as every soul who had mentioned the affair, did it with the greatest pity imaginable;—'twas like flying in the very face of his best friends:—And yet to acquiesce under the report, in silence—was to acknowledge it openly,—at least in the opinion of one half of the world; and to make a bustle again, in contradiction it,—was to confirm it as strongly in the opinion of the other half.

—Was ever poor devil of a country gentleman so hampered? said my father.


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 I would shew him publickly, said my uncle Toby, at the market cross.

—'Twill have no effect, said my father.

—I'll put him, however, into breeches said my father,—let the world say what it will.

are a thousand resolutions, Sir, both in church and state, as well as in matters, Madam, of a more private concern;—which, though they have carried all the appearance in the world of being taken, and entered upon in a hasty, hare-brained, and unadvised manner, were, notwithstanding this,


text: The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman/Volume 6/Chapter 14


text: The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman/Volume 6/Chapter 15


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 venile days, had been fond of every thing bearing the aspect of mysteriousness, was quite charmed with the reverend appearance of the old man, and maintained, upon his honor, that he certainly would stick to his appointment."

"The Lieutenant began to discourse with the Baron on apparitions and necromancers, maintaining by experience and reasoning, that all was either deceit or the effects of a deluded fancy; yet the Baron would not relinquish his opinion, adding, that one ought not to speak lightly of those matters, and that the old man certainly would prove the truth of his assertion: We were still conjecturing who that strange wanderer might be, when we saw by our watches, that there were but sixteen minutes wanting to twelve; as soon as it was three quarters after eleven, we heard the sound of gentle steps in the passage."

"Our greybeard," said the Lieutenant, "is a man of honor," and took up the lamp to meet the old man.


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Rh returned, "so that your precious time shouldn't be taken to hunt for me."

It was clearly for him, on this bright answer, as if her white hand were holding out the perfect flower of felicity. "You came in from your revels on purpose—with the same charity you showed me from that first moment?" They stood smiling at each other as in an exchange of sympathy already confessed—and even as if finding that their relation had grown during the lapse of contact; she recognising the effect of what they had originally felt as bravely as he might name it. What the fine, slightly long oval of her essentially quiet face—quiet in spite of certain vague depths of reference to forces of the strong high order, forces involved and implanted, yet also rather spent in the process—kept in range from under her redundant black hat was the strength of expression, the directness of communication, that her guest appeared to borrow from the unframed and unattached nippers unceasingly perched, by their mere ground-glass rims, as she remembered, on the bony bridge of his indescribably authoritative (since it was at the same time decidedly inquisitive) young nose.


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 had led to his being brought before the court of assises. Perhaps he only desired to connect himself with me that he might the more readily play me some ill turn: such was my first thought, but I received him kindly, and even testified my satisfaction that he had not doubted my wish to be of service to him. I evinced so much apparent sincerity in my proffers of good-will towards him, that it was impossible for him to conceal his intentions from my penetration. A sudden change, which overspread his whole face, convinced me instantly, that, in accepting his offer, I was favouring some plans which he was not willing to confide to me. I saw his internal congratulations at having duped me. But be that as it might, I feigned to have the utmost confidence in him, and it was agreed that, on the following Sunday, he should go, at two o'clock, and post himself near the principal basin, that he might point out the thieves of his acquaintance, who, he told me, would come to work at that spot.

On the day appointed, I went to Saint-Cloud with the only two agents I then had under my command. On arriving at the destined place, I looked out for Hotot; I walked backwards and forwards, looked about me on all sides, but no Hotot. At length, after waiting for at least an hour and a half, my patience being worn nearly threadbare, I despatched one of my staff to the principal walk, desiring him to endeavour to find an auxiliary whose want of punctuality was as suspicious as his zeal.

My agent searched for an entire hour, when wearied with exploring every hole and corner of the garden and park, he returned and told me that he could not find Hotot. The moment afterwards I saw my man himself running towards me bathed in perspiration, "You do not know," said he to us, "that I had just got hold of six prigs, but they saw you and instantly mizzled; I am sorry, for they swallowed the bait, but what is deferred is not lost, and I shall have them yet."

I pretended to take all this for gospel, and Hotot


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 "Now he entered the hall, his black wallet on his back, and beckoned in a solemn manner to follow him. We did so, and he led us through the apartments and the vaulted passage down stairs: We followed him thro' the court-yard to the iron gate of the cellar, without uttering a word; there he stopped, turning towards us, and eyeing us awhile, with a ghastly look; after an awful pause of expectation, he said with a low trembling voice, "Don't utter a word as you value your lives." Then he went down the two first steps, taking from his bosom an enormous key, which had been suspended round his neck by an iron chain, and opened, without the least difficulty, the monstrous padlock, the door flew open, and the old man took the lamp from the Lieutenant, leading us down a large staircase of stone; we descended into a spacious cellar, vaulted with hewn stone, and beheld all around large iron doors, secured by strong padlocks; our hoary leader went slowly towards an iron folding door, opposite to the


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48 She must, however, also have embraced in this contemplation, she must more or less again have interpreted, his main physiognomic mark, the degree to which his clean jaw was underhung and his lower lip protruded; a lapse of regularity made evident by a suppression of beard and moustache as complete as that practised by Mr. Bender—though without the appearance consequent in the latter's case, that of the flagrantly vain appeal in the countenance for some other exhibition of a history, of a process of production, than this so superficial one. With the interested and interesting girl sufficiently under our attention while we thus try to evoke her, we may even make out some wonder in her as to why the so perceptibly protrusive lower lip of this acquaintance of an hour or two should positively have contributed to his being handsome instead of much more logically interfering with it. We might in fact in such a case even have followed her into another and no less refined a speculation—the question of whether the surest seat of his good looks mightn't after all be his high, fair, if somewhat narrow, forehead, crowned with short crisp brown hair and which, after a fashion of its own,


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 staircase, and opened it likewise with his key; it flew suddenly open, and we beheld with horror a black vault, which received a faint light from a lamp suspended to the ceiling by an iron chain."

"The old man entered, uncovering his reverend head, and we did the same, standing by his side in trembling expectation, awed by the solemnity that reigned around us; a dreadful chillness seized us, we felt the grasp of the icy fangs of horror, being in a burying vault surrounded with rotten coffins: Skulls and mouldered bones rattled beneath our feet, the grisly phantom of death stared in our faces from every side, with a grim ghastly aspect. In the centre of the vault we beheld a black marble coffin, supported by a pedestal of stone, over it was suspended to the ceiling a lamp spreading a dismal dying glimmering around. The air was heavy and of a musty smell, we hardly could respire, the objects around seemed to be wrapped in a bluish mist. The hollow sound of our footsteps re


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 was convinced that I had not any doubt of his veracity. We spent the greater portion of the day together, and only separated about twilight. I then went to the gendarmes' station, where the peace officers told me that many watches had been stolen to a direction precisely opposite to that in which, by the advice of Hotot, our watch was kept. It was then plain to me that he attracted us to one point, that he might the more easily work in another. It is an old stratagem in the tactics of diversion and false information given by thieves that they may have less fear of the police.

Hotot, whom I took good care not to reproach in any way, imagined that he had completely gulled me; but if I said nothing, I did not think the less, and increasing my show of friendship towards him, whilst he was meditating a renewal of his Saint Cloud trickery, I was on the alert to catch him tripping at the first opportunity. Our friendship being still very close, the opportunity presented itself earlier than I had even dared to hope.

One morning, when returning with Gaffré from the faubourg Saint Marceau, where we had passed the night, I suddenly determined to make a visit to Hotot. We were near the Rue Saint Pierre aux Bœuf, where he resided. I proposed to my comrade of the watch to accompany me, and, on his assenting, we went to Hotot's, where, on knocking, he opened the door and appeared surprised to see us; "what a wonder at this early hour."

"Are you astonished?" said I; "we come to have a glass with you."

"Oh! you are welcome;" and then jumping into bed, "Where is the liquor?"

"Gaffré will be so kind as to fetch it."

I put my hand into my pocket, and as Gaffré, as a Jew, was less careful of his trouble than his money, he willingly undertook the commission, and went out for that purpose. During his absence I remarked that Hotot had the air of a man who has gone to bed later than usual; the room was, besides, in a very extraor-


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 echoed through the dreary abode of horror as we walked nigher."

"The old man stopped at a small distance from the marble coffin, beckoning to us to come nigher; we moved slowly on, and he made a sign not to advance farther than he could reach with extended arms. The Lieutenant placed himself at his right, I took my station at his left, and the Baron opposite to him."

"Now he put the lamp on the ground before him, taking his book, an ebony wand, and a box of white plate, out of his wallet:—Out of the latter he strewed a reddish sand around him, drew a circle with his wand, and folded his hands across his breast, then he pronounced amid terrible convulsions, some mysterious words, opened the book and began to read, whilst his face was distorted in a grisly manner; his convulsions grew more horrible as he went on reading; all his limbs seemed to be contracted by a convulsive fit.


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 dinary state of disorder. His clothes, rather torn than taken off, seemed to have had a heavy soaking; and his shoes were covered with white clay, which was still wet. Not to have concluded from all these indications that Hotot had but recently returned, would not have been Vidocq. For the moment I thought nothing more of it, but my fancy soon wandered into the wide field of conjecture, and I conceived suspicions which I took care not to evince; I would not even appear curious, that is to say indiscreet, and, for fear of disquieting my worthy friend, I did not ask him a single question. We spoke of the rain and the fine weather, but more of the fine weather than the rain, and when we had nothing left to drink we went away.

Once out of the house, I communicated to Gaffré the remarks I had made; "I am much deceived," I added, "or he has been abroad all night; there has been something in the wind."

"I think so too, for his clothes are still wet, and his shoes covered with mud! He has not been walking in the dust."

Hotot hardly thought that we were talking of him, but yet his ears must have tingled. "Where has he been? What has he done?" we inquired of each other; perhaps he has joined some gang. Gaffré was no less puzzled than myself and we were compelled to think that Hotot might be honest after all.

At twelve o'clock, we went to make our report on the transactions of the night; our account was not very interesting; nothing has occurred was the whole contents. Ah! said M. Henry to us, the people in the faubourg Saint Marceau are all honest! I had much better have sent you to the boulevard Saint Martin; it appears that the lead robbers (voleurs de plomb) have renewed their work; they carried off more than four hundred and fifty pounds from a house newly built. The watchman, who pursued without catching them, says, they were four in number. The robbery was effected during the heavy shower of last night."


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 His eyebrows shrunk up, his forehead was covered with wrinkles, and large drops of sweat were running down his cheeks—at once he threw down his book, gazing with a staring look, and his hands lifted up at the marble coffin."

"We soon perceived that midnight had set in; the trampling of horses and the sound of horns was heard; the Necromancer did not move a limb, still staring at the coffin with a haggard look. Now the noise was on the staircase of the cellar and still he was motionless, his eyes being immoveably directed towards the coffin: But now the noise was in the cellar; he brandished his wand, and all around was buried in awful silence. He pronounced again three times an unintelligible word with a horrible thundering voice. A flash of lightning hissed suddenly through the dreary vault, licking the damp walls, and a hollow clap of thunder roared through the subterraneous abode of chilly horror. The light in the lamp was now extinguished, silence