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Gazimestan speech

By the force of social circumstances this great 600th anniversary of the Battle of Kosovo is taking place in a year in which Serbia, after many years, after many decades, has regained its state, national, and spiritual integrity. Therefore, it is not difficult for us to answer today the old question: how are we going to face Milos [Milos Obilic, legendary hero of the Battle of Kosovo]. Through the play of history and life, it seems as if Serbia has, precisely in this year, in 1989, regained its state and its dignity and thus has celebrated an event of the distant past which has a great historical and symbolic significance for its future.

Serbian Character -- Liberational
Today, it is difficult to say what is the historical truth about the Battle of Kosovo and what is legend. Today this is no longer important. Oppressed by pain and filled with hope, the people used to remember and to forget, as, after all, all people in the world do, and it was ashamed of treachery and glorified heroism. Therefore it is difficult to say today whether the Battle of Kosovo was a defeat or a victory for the Serbian people, whether thanks to it we fell into slavery or we survived in this slavery. The answers to those questions will be constantly sought by science and the people. What has been certain through all the centuries until our time today is that disharmony struck Kosovo 600 years ago. If we lost the battle, then this was not only the result of social superiority and the armed advantage of the Ottoman Empire but also of the tragic disunity in the leadership of the Serbian state at that time. In that distant 1389, the Ottoman Empire was not only stronger than that of the Serbs but it was also more fortunate than the Serbian kingdom.

The lack of unity and betrayal in Kosovo will continue to follow the Serbian people like an evil fate through the whole of its history. Even in the last war, this lack of unity and betrayal led the Serbian people and Serbia into agony, the consequences of which in the historical and moral sense exceeded fascist aggression.

Even later, when a socialist Yugoslavia was set up, in this new state the Serbian leadership remained divided, prone to compromise to the detriment of its own people. The concessions that many Serbian leaders made at the expense of their people could not be accepted historically and ethically by any nation in the world, especially because the Serbs have never in the whole of their history conquered and exploited others.

Their national and historical being has been liberational throughout the whole of history and through two world wars, as it is today. They liberated themselves and when they could they also helped others to liberate themselves. The fact that in this region they are a major nation is not a Serbian sin or shame; this is an advantage which they have not used against others, but I must say that here, in this big, legendary field of Kosovo, the Serbs have not used the advantage of being great for their own benefit either.

Thanks to their leaders and politicians and their vassal mentality they felt guilty before themselves and others. This situation lasted for decades, it lasted for years and here we are now at the field of Kosovo to say that this is no longer the case.

Unity Will Make Prosperity Possible
Disunity among Serb officials made Serbia lag behind and their inferiority humiliated Serbia. Therefore, no place in Serbia is better suited for saying this than the field of Kosovo and no place in Serbia is better suited than the field of Kosovo for saying that unity in Serbia will bring prosperity to the Serbian people in Serbia and each one of its citizens, irrespective of his national or religious affiliation.

Serbia of today is united and equal to other republics and prepared to do everything to improve its financial and social position and that of all its citizens. If there is unity, cooperation, and seriousness, it will succeed in doing so. This is why the optimism that is now present in Serbia to a considerable extent regarding the future days is realistic, also because it is based on freedom, which makes it possible for all people to express their positive, creative and humane abilities aimed at furthering social and personal life.

Serbia has never had only Serbs living in it. Today, more than in the past, members of other peoples and nationalities also live in it. This is not a disadvantage for Serbia. I am truly convinced that it is its advantage. National composition of almost all countries in the world today, particularly developed ones, has also been changing in this direction. Citizens of different nationalities, religions, and races have been living together more and more frequently and more and more successfully.

Socialism in particular, being a progressive and just democratic society, should not allow people to be divided in the national and religious respect. The only differences one can and should allow in socialism are between hard working people and idlers and between honest people and dishonest people. Therefore, all people in Serbia who live from their own work, honestly, respecting other people and other nations, are in their own republic.

Dramatic National Divisions
After all, our entire country should be set up on the basis of such principles. Yugoslavia is a multinational community and it can survive only under the conditions of full equality for all nations that live in it.

The crisis that hit Yugoslavia has brought about national divisions, but also social, cultural, religious and many other less important ones. Among all these divisions, nationalist ones have shown themselves to be the most dramatic. Resolving them will make it easier to remove other divisions and mitigate the consequences they have created.

For as long as multinational communities have existed, their weak point has always been the relations between different nations. The threat is that the question of one nation being endangered by the others can be posed one day -- and this can then start a wave of suspicions, accusations, and intolerance, a wave that invariably grows and is difficult to stop. This threat has been hanging like a sword over our heads all the time. Internal and external enemies of multi-national communities are aware of this and therefore they organize their activity against multinational societies mostly by fomenting national conflicts.

At this moment, we in Yugoslavia are behaving as if we have never had such an experience and as if in our recent and distant past we have never experienced the worst tragedy of national conflicts that a society can experience and still survive.

Equal and harmonious relations among Yugoslav peoples are a necessary condition for the existence of Yugoslavia and for it to find its way out of the crisis and, in particular, they are a necessary condition for its economic and social prosperity. In this respect Yugoslavia does not stand out from the social milieu of the contemporary, particularly the developed, world. This world is more and more marked by national tolerance, national cooperation, and even national equality. The modern economic and technological, as well as political and cultural development, has guided various peoples toward each other, has made them interdependent and increasingly has made them equal as well [medjusobno ravnopravni]. Equal and united people can above all become a part of the civilization toward which mankind is moving. If we cannot be at the head of the column leading to such a civilization, there is certainly no need for us to be at is tail.

At the time when this famous historical battle was fought in Kosovo, the people were looking at the stars, expecting aid from them. Now, 6 centuries later, they are looking at the stars again, waiting to conquer them. On the first occasion, they could allow themselves to be disunited and to have hatred and treason because they lived in smaller, weakly interlinked worlds. Now, as people on this planet, they cannot conquer even their own planet if they are not united, let alone other planets, unless they live in mutual harmony and solidarity.

Therefore, words devoted to unity, solidarity, and cooperation among people have no greater significance anywhere on the soil of our motherland than they have here in the field of Kosovo, which is a symbol of disunity and treason.

In the memory of the Serbian people, this disunity was decisive in causing the loss of the battle and in bringing about the fate which Serbia suffered for a full 6 centuries.

Even if it were not so, from a historical point of view, it remains certain that the people regarded disunity as its greatest disaster. Therefore it is the obligation of the people to remove disunity, so that they may protect themselves from defeats, failures, and stagnation in the future.

Unity brings Back Dignity
This year, the Serbian people became aware of the necessity of their mutual harmony as the indispensable condition for their present life and further development.

I am convinced that this awareness of harmony and unity will make it possible for Serbia not only to function as a state but to function as a successful state. Therefore I think that it makes sense to say this here in Kosovo, where that disunity once upon a time tragically pushed back Serbia for centuries and endangered it, and where renewed unity may advance it and may return dignity to it. Such an awareness about mutual relations constitutes an elementary necessity for Yugoslavia, too, for its fate is in the joined hands of all its peoples. The Kosovo heroism has been inspiring our creativity for 6 centuries, and has been feeding our pride and does not allow us to forget that at one time we were an army great, brave, and proud, one of the few that remained undefeated when losing.

Six centuries later, now, we are being again engaged in battles and are facing battles. They are not armed battles, although such things cannot be excluded yet. However, regardless of what kind of battles they are, they cannot be won without resolve, bravery, and sacrifice, without the noble qualities that were present here in the field of Kosovo in the days past. Our chief battle now concerns implementing the economic, political, cultural, and general social prosperity, finding a quicker and more successful approach to a civilization in which people will live in the 21st century. For this battle, we certainly need heroism, of course of a somewhat different kind, but that courage without which nothing serious and great can be achieved remains unchanged and remains urgently necessary.

Six centuries ago, Serbia heroically defended itself in the field of Kosovo, but it also defended Europe. Serbia was at that time the bastion that defended the European culture, religion, and European society in general. Therefore today it appears not only unjust but even unhistorical and completely absurd to talk about Serbia's belonging to Europe. Serbia has been a part of Europe incessantly, now just as much as it was in the past, of course, in its own way, but in a way that in the historical sense never deprived it of dignity. In this spirit we now endeavor to build a society, rich and democratic, and thus to contribute to the prosperity of this beautiful country, this unjustly suffering country, but also to contribute to the efforts of all the progressive people of our age that they make for a better and happier world.

Let the memory of Kosovo heroism live forever!

Long live Serbia!

Long live Yugoslavia!

Long live peace and brotherhood among peoples!

title: Gazimestan speech


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Author:Slobodan Milošević

1989

 * Gazimestan speech

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Author:Slobodan Milošević


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Page:Chapters on Jewish literature (IA chaptersonjewish00abra).pdf/218

214 Jewish tradition as a series of unbroken links from the age of Moses to Ibn Daud’s own times. Starting with the Creation, his history ends with the anti-Karaitic crusade of Judah Ibn Ezra in Granada (1150). Abraham Ibn Daud shows in this work considerable critical power, but in his two other histories, one dealing with the history of Rome from its foundation to the time of King Reccared in Spain, the other a narrative of the history of the Jews during the Second Temple, the author relied entirely on “Josippon.” This was a medieval concoction which long passed as the original Josephus. “Josippon” was a romance rather than a history. Culled from all sources, from Strabo, Lucian, and Eusebius, as well as from Josephus, this marvellous book exercised strong influence on the Jewish imagination, and supplied an antidote to the tribulations of the present by the consolations of the past and the vivid hopes for the future.


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Claire Ambler

 * Claire Ambler (1928), the first edition in novel form
 * The Works of Booth Tarkington, Volume 21, Claire Ambler (1928)

title: Claire Ambler


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Rh For a long period Abraham Ibn Daud found no imitators. Jewish history was written as part of the Jewish religion. Yet, incidentally, many historical passages were introduced in the works of Jewish scholars and travellers, and the liturgy was enriched by many beautiful historical Elegies, which were a constant call to heroism and fidelity. These Elegies, or Selichoth, were composed throughout the Middle Ages, and their passionate outpourings of lamentation and trust give them a high place in Jewish poetry. They are also important historically, and fully justify the fine utterance with which Zunz introduces them, an utterance which was translated by George Eliot as follows:

If there are ranks in suffering, Israel takes precedence of all the nations—if the duration of sorrows and the patience with which they are borne ennoble, the Jews are among the aristocracy of every land—if a literature is called rich in the possession of a few classic tragedies, what shall we say to a National Tragedy lasting for fifteen hundred years, in which the poets and the actors were also the heroes?


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 INTENDED

To restrain the of.

By Mr. BAKER,

Rex Jupiter Omnibus Idem.Author:Virgil.

The Universe - Baker (1727) - ornament type 1.jpg

LONDON: Printed for, at Judge Cokes Head, against St. Dunstans Church, in Fleet-street. [Price One Shilling.]


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T has, too long, been a general, though an absurd Opinion, that all the Works of Providence we see around Us, were created only for the Use of. Ignorance and Pride, which first began, have since continued this Mistake; and, being imbibed in Childhood, the early Prejudice of Education has given it such Authority, that to doubt its Truth, will, by many, be accounted high Impiety; tho' the quite contrary, to any one who dares reflect, is so exceeding plain, that little more is necessary than to look about Us and be convinced.

I am not for displacing from his proper Degree in the eternal Scale of Beings''. He is, without dispute, the first upon this Globe: superior Reason making him superior to every other Creature here. But this Globe itself is so inconsiderable, so near to Nothing compared with the Grand Universe, that to be swelled with this small Preeminence, and fancy himself therefore the Lord of the whole Creation, is as''


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 ridiculous, as it would be for the puny Inhabitant of an Ant-Hill, to strut about, and boast that all the Earth was made for him alone.

As Self-Love is the inborn Principle of Mankind, so Pride'', its first-begotten, their general Passion. No one lives without it: even the Beggar in his Rags imagines himself of exceeding Consequence. Nor is this Passion useless, or to be blamed, but when it overstretches much beyond the Bounds of Reason: for the Mind is hereby excited to emulate and rise above its Fellows, to gain and to deserve Esteem. The Love and the Respect of Others are the just as well as the wished Reward of every good Action: but, without this Passion, they both would be disregarded, and we should want the strongest Motive to encourage Us onward in the Pursuit of Vertue.—In short, has a Post assign'd him in the Creation, and that no ignoble one: he is of Consequence, and ought to believe himself so: but, to fancy the Whole was design'd for him alone, is downright Madness''.

I thought the readiest way to check this Folly, would be to sketch out a Plan of the Universe; that, by considering the Grandeur of the Whole, '' might be made sensible of his own Littleness and Insignificance, except in the very Place he stands. When he views the''


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 Heavens, and considers their Immensity, the Number, the Distance, the Largeness and the Brightness of the Orbs which roll about him, can a Man be then so vain to cry, all these are his? or, if he looks at home, and surveys the Earth, stored with innumerable Species of Animals, all formed with exquisite Beauty and Exactness, and supplied with every Requisite to make them rejoice in their Existence; will there not appear some better Reason for all this, than meerly to supply his Luxury, and give him Subjects whereon to exercise his Power?—Do not the Insect Kinds, formed in the utmost Perfection, (the greatest part of which are to his naked Eye invisible, and almost all of them useless to him,) plainly say, they were not made for him?''—How little either of the Heavens or of the Earth is he acquainted with! and how imperfect is his Knowledge even of that Little which be thinks he knows!''

Mean and ridiculous is that Idea of the , which limits his Care to : but how must the Soul be filled with Amazement, and Love and Adoration, that considers him as the impartial Parent of the whole Universe'', and equally extending his Beneficence to every One of all his Creatures according to the Rank it bears. The primary Intent of the Almighty in the Existence of every Being must have been to make it happy, and the Relation in which it stands''


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 and circumſtaunces equall héere & there, running together in ſlenderneſſe & length they be more apte. If there be much heat and much humour, not too much neither too lyttle to the working of heat, but couenably and meaſurably, then the bodies euery wayes be great, high, long, and broad. They be high through the heate that beareth vp to the topwarde, the moſt ſubtill parts of the moyſture. Broad and thicke, through the vertue of heate that ſheddeth the ſad parts of the moiſture, as it néedeth to euery ſide, and vniteth one part to another: ſo moiſture maketh kindly things ſmooth and ſofte: for if moyſtneſſe be ſhed into the vtter parts of a thing, it filleth all the voyde places thereof, and maketh them euen & plaine, and ſo it maketh ſmooth and ſoft. But yet it happeneth ſometime it maketh rough, as when in ſome caſe, hot humours and cold fléeteth and commeth together to one place. The hot humors beare vp the vttermoſt parts of thing, and colde humours beare downwarde the vttermoſt partes: and ſo contrarye humours, worke contrariouſneſſe & vneuenneſſe, with roughnes in  vtter part of the body. Alſo if moyſture be in the body temperate, as it néedeth, it helpeth all the working of the ſoule, and of the body alſo. For of humours the ſpirites that rule the body, be bread and conſerued therein. Alſo the vertues of the ſpirits worke their effects in all the lyms of the body ſenſitiue and motiue, by miniſtration and ſeruice of humours, as it appeareth in the vertue of ſight, which by meane of a Chriſtiall humour, worketh the ſight in the eye. Alſo the vertue of taaft béemeth neuer betwéene ſauors, but by meane of the humour of ſpittle, and ſo of other. For if the ſubſtauntiall moyſture be deſtroyed or corrupted in the body, all the working of the ſoule is let. If there be in all the body, or in any part thereof too much moyſture, maye not be ruled of kinde, then moyſture is cauſe and matter of rotting and of corruption, & bréedeth in the body full euill paſſions & ſicknes: as it is ſéen in , in the which euill ſuperfluitie of moiſture, occupieth ſo al the chambers & dennes of the braine, that the ſpirit, that is called, , maye not paſſe by the ſinewes of feelyng, to make the body feele and moue: and ſo taketh from the ſoule his working in the body: And alſo it taketh from the body feeling and mouing; and bringeth in at laſt, ſtiflyng and death: as ſayth Galen in the ''.  Moyſture of fleame occupieng all the region of the brayne, ſtoppeth the wayes of the ſinewes, that the ſpirite ,'' maye not come to the neather part: and ſo the breath is ſtopped, and the lyfe ended. This moyſture defaulteth ſometime in qualytie, & ſometime in quantitie, and that ſometime by an inwarde cauſe, and ſometime by outwarde cauſe. By inwarde cauſe, as by euill complection, when the hurtfull moyſture is rooted in the lymmes, and may not be diſſolued & waſted by kindly heate, neyther be chaunged from his malyce: Such moyſture in diuers places of the body breedeth-diuers ſickneſſes, as it is ſeene in, when it commeth of the ſtopping of the powers and brayne: and alſo of ; when it commeth of euil complection of the lyuer. Alſo of an outward cauſe, as of things, that Iohannicus and Galen call vnkindly things, as aire, meate, and drinke, ſléeping and waking, faſting, and too much eating and drinking, working, trauellyng, and reſt. All theſe, if they be taken as kind as keth, they breed and kéepe ſubſtaunciall moyſture, and repayre and reſtore what is loſt.

And if they bée taken in contrary manner, they haue contrarye effect and dooing. For then they bréede vnkinde moyſture, and cauſe diuers groſe and heauye humoures to increaſe, or els they corrupt, alter and chaunge kindly moyſture, as ſayeth Galen in , &c. That is, The often courſe and chaunging of times moſt bréedeth ſickneſſes.

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User:TheDoozy

hi!

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 average minds. Economy, at bottom, is but the spirit of order applied in the administration of domestic affairs: it means management, regularity, prudence, and the avoidance of waste. The spirit of economy was expressed by our Divine Master in the words 'Gather up the fragments that remain, so that nothing may be lost." His omnipotence did not disdain the small things of life; and even while revealing His infinite power to the multitude, He taught the pregnant lesson of carefulness of which all stand so much in need.

Economy also means the power of resisting present gratification for the purpose of securing a future good, and in this light it represents the ascendency of reason over the animal instincts. It is altogether different from penuriousness: for it is economy that can always best afford to be generous. It does not make money an idol, but regards it as a useful agent. As Dean Swift observes, "we must carry money in the head, not in the heart." Economy may be styled the daughter of Prudence, the sister of Temperance, and the mother of Liberty. It is evidently conservative—conservative of character, of domestic happiness, and social well-being. It is, in short, the exhibition of self-help in one of its best forms.

Francis Horner's father gave him this advice on entering life:—"Whilst I wish you to be comfortable in every respect, I cannot too strongly inculcate economy. It is a necessary virtue to all; and however the shallow part of mankind may despise it, it certainly leads to independence, which is a grand object to every man of a high spirit." Burns' lines, quoted at the head of this chapter, contain the right idea; but, unhappily, his strain of song was


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User:Prospectprospekt

idk what i'm doing here lol to do:
 * The Anglo-African Magazine and Blake; or the Huts of America

my work:

 * Bostock v. Clayton County

title: User:Prospectprospekt


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 higher than his practice; his ideal better than his habit. When laid on his death-bed he wrote to a friend, "Alas! Clarke, I begin to feel the worst Burns' poor widow, and half a dozen of his dear little ones helpless orphans;—there I am weak as a woman's tear. Enough of this;—'tis half my disease."

Every man ought so to contrive as to live within his means. This practice is of the very essence of honesty. For if a man do not manage honestly to live within his own means, he must necessarily be living dishonestly upon the means of somebody else. Those who are careless about personal expenditure, and consider merely their own gratification, without regard for the comfort of others, generally find out the real uses of money when it is too late. Though by nature generous, these thriftless persons are often driven in the end to do very shabby things. They waste their money as they do their time; draw bills upon the future; anticipate their earnings; and are thus under the necessity of dragging after them a load of debts and obligations which seriously affect their action as free and independent men.

It was a maxim of Lord Bacon, that when it was necessary to economize, it was better to look after petty savings than to descend to petty gettings. The loose cash which many persons throw away uselessly, and worse, would often form a basis of fortune and independence for life. These wasters are their own worst enemies, though generally found amongst the ranks of those who rail at the injustice of "the world." But if a man will not be his own friend, how can he expect that others will? Orderly men of moderate means have


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 always something left in their pockets to help others; whereas your prodigal and careless fellows who spend all never find an opportunity for helping anybody. It is poor economy, however, to be a scrub. Narrow-mindedness in living and in dealing is generally short-sighted, and leads to failure. The penny soul, it is said, never came to twopence. Generosity and liberality, like honesty, prove the best policy after all. Though Jenkinson, in the Vicar of Wakefield,' cheated his kind-hearted neighbour Flamborough in one way or another every year, "Flamborough," said he, "has been regularly growing in riches, while I have come to poverty and a gaol." And practical life abounds in cases of brilliant results from a course of generous and honest policy.

The proverb says that "an empty bag cannot stand upright"; neither can a man who is in debt. It is also difficult for a man who is in debt to be truthful; hence it is said that lying rides on debt's back. The debtor has to frame excuses to his creditor for postponing payment of the money he owes him; and probably also to contrive falsehoods. It is easy enough for a man who will exercise a healthy resolution to avoid incurring the first obligation; but the facility with which that has been incurred often becomes a temptation to a second; and very soon the unfortunate borrower becomes so entangled that no late exertion of industry can set him free. The first step in debt is like the first step in falsehood; almost involving the necessity of proceeding in the same course, debt following debt, as lie follows lie. Haydon, the painter, dated his decline from the day on which he first borrowed money. He


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On one of those exciting occasions, during a contest for the Presidency of the United States, a number of gentlemen met in the city of Baltimore. They were few in number, and appeared little concerned about the affairs of the general government. Though men of intelligence, their time and attention appeared to be entirely absorbed in an adventure of self interest. They met for the purpose of completing arrangements for refitting the old ship 'Merchantman,' which then lay in the harbor near Fell's Point. Colonel Stepher Franks, Major James Armsted, Captain Richard Paul and Captain George Royer, composed those who represented the American side—Captain Juan Garcia and Captain Jose Castello, those of Cuban interest.

Here a conversation ensued upon what seemed a point of vital importance to the company; it related to the place best suited for the completion of their arrangements. The Americans insisted on Baltimore as affording the greatest facilities, and having done more for the encouragement and protection of the trade, than any other known place. Whilst the Cubans on the other side, urged their objections on the ground that the continual increase of liberal principles in the various political parties, which were fast ushering into existence, made the objection beyond a controversy. Havana was contended for as a point best suited for adjusting their arrangements, and that too with many apparent reasons; but for some cause, the preference tor Baltimore prevailed.

Subsequently to the adjustment of their affairs by the most complete arrangement for refitting the vessel, Col. Franks took leave of the party for his home in the distant State of Mississippi.

On the return of Col. Stephen Franks to his home at Natchez, he met there Mrs. Arabella, the wife of Judge Ballard, an eminent jurist of one of the Northern States. She had arrived but a day before him, on a visit to some relatives, of whom Mrs. Franks was one. The conversation, as is customary on the meeting of Americans residing in such distant latitudes, readily turned on the general policy of the country.

Mrs. Ballard possessed the highest intelligence, and Mrs. Maria Franks was among the most accomplished of Southern ladies.

'Tell me, Madam Ballard, how will the North go in the present issue?enquired Franks.

'Give yourself no concern about that, Colonel,' replied Mrs. Ballard, 'you will find the North true to the country.'

'What you consider true, may be false—that is, it might be true to you, and false to us,' continued he.

'You do not understand me, Colo


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 realized the truth of the proverb, "Who goes a-borrowing, goes a-sorrowing." The significant entry in his diary is: "Here began debt and obligation, out of which I have never been and never shall be extricated as long as I live." His Autobiography shows but too painfully how embarrassment in money matters produces poignant distress of mind, utter incapacity for work, and constantly recurring humiliations. The written advice which he gave to a youth when entering the navy was as follows: "Never purchase any enjoyment if it cannot be procured without borrowing of others. Never borrow money: it is degrading. I do not say never lend, but never lend if by lending you render yourself unable to pay what you owe; but under any circumstances never borrow." Fichte, the poor student, refused to accept even presents from his still poorer parents.

Dr. Johnson held that early debt is ruin. His words on the subject are weighty, and worthy of being held in remembrance. "Do not," said he, "accustom yourself to consider debt only as an inconvenience; you will find it a calamity. Poverty takes away so many means of doing good, and produces so much inability to resist evil, both natural and moral, that it is by all virtuous means to be avoided Let it be your first care, then, not to be in any man's debt. Resolve not to be poor; whatever you have, spend less. Poverty is a great enemy to human happiness; it certainly destroys liberty, and it makes some virtues impracticable and others extremely difficult. Frugality is not only the basis of quiet, but of beneficence. No man can help others that wants help himself; we must have enough before we have to spare."


text:
User talk:TheDoozy

Beeswaxcandle (talk) 03:29, 12 March 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:TheDoozy


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Page:Self-help with illustrations of conduct and perseverance (IA selfhelpwithillu00smiliala).pdf/394

 It is the bounden duty of every man to look his affairs in the face, and to keep an account of his incomings and outgoings in money matters. The exercise of a little simple arithmetic in this way will be found of great value. Prudence requires that we shall pitch our scale of living a degree below our means, rather than up to them; but this can only be done by carrying out faithfully a plan of living by which both ends may be made to meet. John Lockestrongly advised this course: "Nothing," said he, "is likelier to keep a man within compass than having constantly before his eyes the state of his affairs in a regular course of account." The Duke of Wellington kept an accurate detailed account of all the moneys received and expended by him. "I make a point," said he to Mr. Gleig, "of paying my own bills, and I advise every one to do the same; formerly I used to trust a confidential servant to pay them, but I was cured of that folly by receiving one morning, to my great surprise, duns of a year or two's standing. The fellow had speculated with my money, and left my bills unpaid." Talking of debt, his remark was, "It makes a slave of a man. I have often known what it was to be in want of money, but I never got into debt." Washington was as particular as Wellington was, in matters of business detail; and it is a remarkable fact that he did not disdain to scrutinize the outgoings of his household—determined as he was to live honestly within his means—even while holding the high office of President of the American Union.

Admiral Jervis, Earl St. Vincent, has told the story of his early struggles, and, amongst other things, of his determination to keep out of debt.


text:
Cruz v. Beto/Dissent Rehnquist

MR. JUSTICE REHNQUIST, dissenting.

Unlike the Court, I am not persuaded that petitioner's complaint states a claim under the First Amendment, or that if the opinion of the Court of Appeals is vacated the trial court must necessarily conduct a trial upon the complaint.

Under the First Amendment, of course, Texas may neither "establish a religion" nor may it "impair the free exercise" thereof. Petitioner alleges that voluntary services are made available at prison facilities so that Protestants, Catholics, and Jews may attend church services of their choice. None of our prior holdings [p324] indicates that such a program on the part of prison officials amounts to the establishment of a religion.

Petitioner is a prisoner serving 15 years for robbery in a Texas penitentiary. He is understandably not as free to practice his religion as if he were outside the prison walls. But there is no intimation in his pleadings that he is being punished for his religious views, as was the case in Cooper v. Pate, 378 U.S. 546 (1964), where a prisoner was denied the receipt of mail about his religion. Cooper presented no question of interference with prison administration of the type that would be involved here in retaining chaplains, scheduling the use of prison facilities, and timing the activities of various prisoners.

None of our holdings under the First Amendment requires that, in addition to being allowed freedom of religious belief, prisoners be allowed freely to evangelize their views among other prisoners. There is no indication in prisoner's complaint that the prison officials have dealt more strictly with his efforts to convert other convicts to Buddhism than with efforts of communicants of other faiths to make similar conversions.

By reason of his status, petitioner is obviously limited in the extent to which he may practice his religion. He is assuredly not free to attend the church of his choice outside the prison walls. But the fact that the Texas prison system offers no Buddhist services at this particular prison does not, under the circumstances pleaded in his complaint, demonstrate that his religious freedom is being impaired. Presumably prison officials are not obligated to provide facilities for any particular denominational services within a prison, although once they undertake to provide them for some they must make only such reasonable distinctions as may survive analysis under the Equal Protection Clause.

[p325] What petitioner's basic claim amounts to is that because prison facilities are provided for denominational services for religions with more numerous followers, the failure to provide prison facilities for Buddhist services amounts to a denial of the equal protection of the laws. There is no indication from petitioner's complaint how many practicing Buddhists there are in the particular prison facility in which he is incarcerated, nor is there any indication of the demand upon available facilities for other prisoner activities. Neither the decisions of this Court after full argument, nor those summarily reversing the dismissal of a prisoner's civil rights complaint have ever given full consideration to the proper balance to be struck between prisoners' rights and the extensive administrative discretion that must rest with correction officials. I would apply the rule of deference to administrative discretion that has been overwhelmingly accepted in the courts of appeals. Failing that, I would at least hear argument as to what rule should govern.

A long line of decisions by this Court has recognized that the "equal protection of the laws" guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment is not to be applied in a precisely equivalent way in the multitudinous fact [p326] situations that may confront the courts. On the one hand, we have held that racial classifications are "invidious" and "suspect." I think it quite consistent with the intent of the framers of the Fourteenth Amendment, many of whom would doubtless be surprised to know that convicts came within its ambit, to treat prisoner claims at the other end of the spectrum from claims of racial discrimination. Absent a complaint alleging facts showing that the difference in treatment between petitioner and his fellow Buddhists and practitioners of denominations with more numerous adherents could not reasonably be justified under any rational hypothesis, I would leave the matter in the hands of the prison officials.

It has been assumed that the dismissal by the trial court must be treated as proper only if the standard of Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41 (1957), would permit the grant of a motion under Fed. Rule Civ. Proc. 12 (b)(6). I would not require the district court to inflexibly apply this general principle to the complaint of every inmate, who is in many respects in a different litigating posture than persons who are unconfined. The inmate stands to [p327] gain something and lose nothing from a complaint stating facts that he is ultimately unable to prove. Though he may be denied legal relief, he will nonetheless have obtained a short sabbatical in the nearest federal courthouse. To expand the availability of such courtroom appearances by requiring the district court to construe [p328] every inmate's complaint under the liberal rule of Conley v. Gibson deprives those courts of the latitude necessary to process this ever-increasing species of complaint.

Finally, a factual hearing should not be imperative on remand if dismissal is appropriate on grounds other than failure to state a claim for relief. It is evident from the record before us that the in forma pauperis complaint might well have been dismissed as "frivolous or malicious," under the discretion vested in the trial court by 28 U.S.C. § 1915 (d). This power is not limited or impaired by the strictures of Rule 12 (b). Fletcher v. Young, 222 F. 2d 222 (CA4 1955). Although the trial court based its dismissal on 12 (b)(6) grounds, this record would support a dismissal as frivolous.

The State's answer to the complaint showed that the identical issues of religious freedoms were litigated by another prisoner from the same institution, claiming the [p329] same impairment of the practice of the Buddhist religion, which was brought by the attorney employed at the prison to provide legal services for the inmates. It is not clear whether petitioner here was a party to that suit, as he was to many suits filed by his fellow prisoners. If he was, the instant claim may be barred under the doctrine of res judicata. In any event, a prior adjudication of the same claim by another prisoner under identical circumstances would be a substantial factor in a decision to dismiss this claim as frivolous.

In addition, the trial court had before it the dismissal of another of petitioner's cases filed shortly before the instant action, where the trial judge had been exposed to myriad previous actions, and found them to be "voluminous, repetitious, duplicitous and in many instances deceitful." Whether petitioner might have raised his claim in these or several other actions in which he joined other prisoner plaintiffs is also proper foundation for a finding that this complaint is "frivolous or malicious." Whatever might be the posture of this constitutional claim if petitioner had never flooded the courts with repetitive and duplicitous claims, and if it had not recently been adjudicated in an identical proceeding, I believe it could be dismissed as frivolous in the case before us.

title: Cruz v. Beto/Dissent Rehnquist


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" a boy!" cried Mr. Bouncer, in dismay.

"He'll be hurt! Stop the carriage!" exclaimed Mrs. Bouncer.

"Not a bit of it, ma'am!" grunted the old man who was driving the horses. "Boys never get hurt. They always land on their feet, like cats, ma'am. He's all right—there he goes," he added, looking over the side of the carriage.

He had, however, pulled up the horses, who came to a stop. Then Mr. and Mrs. Bouncer could see that Sammy was indeed all right. He was running across the sand toward an aged man who was seated on an overturned boat, not far from the Bouncer Cottage.

"Is that the sailor who told you about the pirate gold?" Bob wanted to know.

"Yes," said his mother, "but"

"Come on!" cried Bob to Frank. "We can't let Sammy get ahead of us on this. May we go, Mother?"

"Oh, yes, I suppose so," she sighed, with a look at her husband, who smiled and nodded. "We can unpack better if you boys are out of the house, anyhow," she added. "But don't be gone too long."

"Only long enough to find out about the pirate treasure," answered Bob, as he and Frank got out of the carriage to run after Sammy, who was already close to the old sailor.


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24 "Wait—wait for us!" called Bob to his chum, and though Sammy was in a great hurry, he felt that, as he was the guest of Bob, it would be no more than polite to halt until he and Frank came up. Then, together, the three chums approached the old sailor, who was sitting calmly on the overturned boat, smoking a short pipe.

"Good-afternoon," greeted Bob.

"Arternoon!" mumbled the old man. "Are you the Bouncer boys?" he asked, turning to look at the carriage, that was drawing up at Barnacle Cottage.

"I'm one of 'em," answered Bob. "These are my chums."

"Hum! I thought your mother said, when she come down to rent that cottage, that she had three boys."

"Oh, she says that because we're always together," explained Frank. "My mother says the same thing."

"Hum!" mused the old sailor. "Well, I'm glad to see you. I likes young people—'specially boys. They make a place a bit lively, and it's dull enough here all Winter. In Summer the cottagers come, and then it ain't so bad. I used to be a sailor but now I fish and rent boats," he went on, "and if you're going to hire one for the season I'll let you have a good one."

"Oh, we'll be sure to want a boat," Bob said, "but I guess my father will pick it out."

Sammy, by nods and winks, had been trying to signal to Bob to ask some questions about the treasure, and Bob, knowing that Sammy was anxious to hear what there was in the story, said:

"My friend here, Sammy Brown, wants to ask you some questions, Mr. Salina."

"Fire away!" invited the old fisherman. "I've got a little time yet 'fore I go treading for clams. What is it?"

"About the pirate treasure!" exclaimed Sammy, eagerly.


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Rh Mrs. Bouncer said you told her about it. Where is it—we'd like to dig for it!"

The old man did not answer for a few seconds. He was too busily engaged in chuckling silently. He chuckled so hard that he took a wrong breath on his pipe, some smoke went down his throat, and he coughed and spluttered so wildly that the boys thought he was having a fit. But finally he regained control of his breathing, though he was rather red in the face, and there were tears in his eyes.

"Excuse me," he said. "Excuse me, boys. I didn't mean to be impolite, but I'm sorry you took so much stock in that pirate treasure yarn."

"Isn't there any?" asked Sammy, in disappointed tones.

"Well, there is and there isn't," said the old sailor. "That is to say there's a story all right enough, but as to there being any treasure I don't know. Nobody does, for sure, I guess."

"Will you tell us about it?" pleaded Sammy.

"Yes, go ahead," urged Frank. "That's the only way we'll have any peace—to get it out of Sammy's system as soon as we can."

"Huh! I guess you're as anxious as I am!" exclaimed Sammy. "Go ahead, please," he added, to the sailor.

"Well, I don't mind spinning the yarn for you," was the answer. "It won't take long. The story's been going the rounds of this beach ever since I can remember. To sum it all up, some of the old-timers claim that a good many years ago a pirate ship was wrecked here."

"Right here?" asked Sammy.

"Well, out where you see them rocks," spoke the sailor, pointing with the stem of his pipe. "There wasn't any lighthouse in them days, and you wouldn't know the rocks were there, especially at high tide, when they're covered.

"Anyhow there was a ship wrecked on 'em. That part's


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Page:Fairview Boys at Lighthouse Cove.djvu/30

26 true enough, for you can see what's left of her now, at low tide. But whether she was a pirate craft, or not, I won't undertake to say.

"But the story is that when the crew found they couldn't get the ship off the rocks, they took to the boats and came ashore, bringing their booty with 'em. What the booty was the story differs on. One yarn is that it was gold, another says silver, and a third diamonds. You can take your choice," and the old sailor chuckled, but this time he was careful not to swallow any smoke.

"I'll take diamonds," said Bob, with a snicker.

"Oh, please go on," urged Sammy, eagerly, and the sailor resumed.

"The story goes," he went on, "that the pirate crew, having lost their ship, buried the treasure, and went looking for another vessel. But they never got one. They had been trying to escape from a man-o'-war when they ran upon the rocks, and the government ship traced 'em here. The marines came ashore, soon after the pirates landed, and attacked 'em. That was the end of the pirates."

The old sailor paused, and lighted his pipe, which had gone out.

"Is—is that all?" asked Sammy, and his voice showed his disappointment.

"That's all," answered the sailor, solemnly.

"But what became of the pirate treasure?" asked Frank.

"Nobody knows. It may be buried here, or the marines may have got it. My own opinion is there never was any treasure. But lots of folks says there was."

"And if there was any, where would it be?" asked Bob.

"Oh, 'most anywhere around here," answered Mr. Salina, with a wave of his arm that took in the whole of the Cove. "You can start in and dig where you like," he chuckled.


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Rh "Nobody'll stop you. In fact there's been a good many folks, off and on, digging around here, for quite a few years back."

"Did any of 'em ever find anything?" exclaimed Sammy.

"Nary a one," laughed the old sailor. "It's all left for you boys to find."

"Well, maybe we can, after all," said Sammy, as he saw his chums looking at him and smiling. "I'm going to have a try, anyhow."

"It will take more than one Summer to dig all over this place," spoke Bob. "And it will spoil all our other fun. I want to have some swimming, boating and crabbing. You can have all the treasure you get, Sammy."

Sammy did not reply. He was looking toward the rocks, where, according to the story, the pirate vessel had been wrecked. Then he turned his gaze toward the shore, and looked up and down the beach. Was there a treasure buried in it? He hoped so. Yet he had been deceived so many times before!

"Come boys!" called Mrs. Bouncer, from the porch of the cottage. "I want you to go to the store for some things for supper. Then, too, I want to plan your sleeping rooms."

"We'll see you again," said Sammy, to the old sailor. "Maybe you can pick out the best spots for us to dig for the treasure."

"Not me!" exclaimed the old man, quickly and sharply. "I won't have anything to do with it. In the first place pirate gold is unlucky, and in the second place I've seen too many folks let their business go to rack and ruin spending their time looking for this treasure. I won't have anything to do with it."

Sammy looked a bit uncomfortable, and the old sailor, seeing this, hastened to add:

"But that needn't stop you from searching for the


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28 there is any. Dig as much as you like, only don't ask me to be responsible. You ask your father about hiring a boat off me," he added to Bob. "I makes my living—such as it is—that way—that and clamming and crabbing. It's a hard way to earn money, but it's more sure than looking for pirate gold," and he laughed.

The boys raced to the cottage, where Mrs. Bouncer waited for them. The three chums gave a hasty look about the place, and voted that it was the finest spot for a Summer vacation they had ever seen. It was but a few steps to the water, and they could put on their bathing suits in the house, and run down the beach for a dip.

Inside the cottage Mr. Bouncer and the two servants were unpacking trunks, and getting out garments and bedding. Mrs. Bouncer gave to Bob a list of the things she wanted from the store. The house was only a short distance to the village, and the three boys walked along the beach to a road that led to the town, where the stores were.

"Well, what do you think of it now?" asked Bob.

"Think of what?" inquired Frank.

"The treasure."

Frank winked, and glanced at Sammy.

"Oh, I know what you mean," put in Sammy, quickly. "You think it's all a joke. But I may show you fellows yet that it isn't."

"I wish you would!" exclaimed Bob. "I'd like a little loose gold myself."

There were busy times at Barnacle Cottage for the next few days. Getting settled took most of the time of Mr. and Mrs. Bouncer, and then Bob's father had to go back to Fairview to work. He would come down, however, for week-ends.

Bob and his mother, with the two boy chums, soon began to enjoy life at the shore. A large, safe rowboat had been hired


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Rh from the old sailor, and the boys were learning how to use it properly, under the instruction of Mr. Salina. Later on he promised to take them with him when he went fishing and clamming.

To get hard clams the old man would go in the shallow parts of Lighthouse Cove, and, with his bare feet, would tread in the mud until he felt a hard clam. Then he would work it on top of his foot, raise it out of the water and reach it in his hand, tossing it into his boat.

Soft clams he dug for on the exposed mud fiats when the tide was low.

The boys themselves learned to catch crabs, dangling pieces of meat on the end of strings from the dock near the cottage. When a crab grasped the meat in his claws the boys would pull gently on the string, until the crab was near the surface of the water. Then they would slip a net under him and lift him into a basket, wiggling and clashing his claws.

The Fairview Boys made inquiries about the pirate treasure story told to them by the old man, and found that it was generally known. Few persons believed it, however, though, in times past, many had dug in different places for the supposed gold.

The boys had been at Lighthouse Cove for about a week now. They had boated, bathed and crabbed, and one night, after supper. Bob said:

"Fellows, it's about time we took in the lighthouse. I want to see how the lantern works."

"So do I!" exclaimed Frank. "I was asking Mr. Salina about it. He said an old shipmate of his kept the light, and he'd take us through any time we wanted to go."

"Let's go over now," suggested Sammy. "It will be more fun to see it lighted up."

Frank and Bob agreed with this, and as Mrs. Bouncer had


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30 no objections, the three of them started down the beach toward the lighthouse, which was built on a little point of land, jutting out into the Cove.

It was just getting dusk, and the rays of the light shone out brightly. Sammy Brown, who was walking on a little ahead of his chums, suddenly came to a stop, in a lonely place.

"What's the matter—crab get you?" asked Bob, with a chuckle.

"No. Hush!" whispered Sammy.

"What's up now?" asked Frank. "See some of those pirates?"

Sammy turned and came back to his chums.

"Easy!" he cautioned. "Fellows, I think I have a clue! Come over here, but don't make any noise."

He led them to a clump of bushes beside the path. Cautiously parting the leaves, to make an opening, Sammy looked through. Then he drew back his head.

"Yes, he's there yet!" he whispered. "Take a look."

"Who is it?" asked Bob.

"Someone digging for pirate gold!" whispered Sammy, hoarsely.


text: Fairview Boys at Lighthouse Cove/Chapter 3


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Page:Self-help with illustrations of conduct and perseverance (IA selfhelpwithillu00smiliala).pdf/395

 "My father had a very large family," said he, "with limited means. He gave me twenty pounds at starting, and that was all he ever gave me. After I had been a considerable time at the station [at sea], I drew for twenty more, but the bill came back protested. I was mortified at this rebuke, and made a promise, which I have ever kept, that I would never draw another bill without a certainty of its being paid. I immediately changed my mode of living, quitted my mess, lived alone, and took up the ship's allowance, which I found quite sufficient; washed and mended my own clothes; made a pair of trousers out of the ticking of my bed; and having by these means saved as much money as would redeem my honour, I took up my bill, and from that time to this I have taken care to keep within my means." Jervis for six years endured pinching privation, but preserved his integrity, studied his profession with success, and gradually and steadily rose by merit and bravery to the highest rank.

Mr. Hume hit the mark when he once stated in the House of Commons—though his words were followed by "laughter"—that the tone of living in England is altogether too high. Middle-class people are too apt to live up to their incomes, if not beyond them: affecting a degree of "style" which is most unhealthy in its effects upon society at large. There is an ambition to bring up boys as gentlemen, or rather "genteel" men; though the result frequently is only to make them gents. They acquire a taste for dress, style, luxuries, and amusements which can never form any solid foundation for manly or gentlemanly character; and the result is, that we have a vast number of gingerbread young gentry thrown upon the world, who 23


text:
Dunn v. Blumstein

Tennessee closes its registration books 30 days before an election, but requires residence in the State for one year and in the county for three months as prerequisites for registration to vote. Appellee challenged the constitutionality of the durational residence requirements, and a three-judge District Court held them unconstitutional on the grounds that they impermissibly interfered with the right to vote and created a "suspect" classification penalizing some Tennessee residents because of recent interstate movement. Tennessee asserts that the requirements are needed to insure the purity of the ballot box and to have knowledgeable voters.

Held: The durational residence requirements are violative of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, as they are not necessary to further a compelling state interest. Pp. 335-360.

 * (a) Since the requirements deny some citizens the right to vote, "the Court must determine whether the exclusions are necessary to promote a compelling state interest." Kramer v. Union Free School District, 395 U.S. 621, 627 (emphasis added). Pp. 336-337.

 * (b) Absent a compelling state interest, Tennessee may not burden the right to travel by penalizing those bona fide residents who have recently traveled from one jurisdiction to another. Pp. 338-342.

 * (c) A period of 30 days appears to be ample to complete whatever administrative tasks are needed to prevent fraud and insure the purity of the ballot box. Pp. 345-349.

 * (d) Since there are adequate means of ascertaining bona fide residence on an individualized basis, the State may not conclusively presume nonresidence from failure to satisfy the waiting-period requirements of durational residence laws. Pp. 349-354.

 * (e) Tennessee has not established a sufficient relationship between its interest in an informed electorate and the fixed durational residence requirements. Pp. 354-360.

337 F. Supp. 323, affirmed.

MARSHALL, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which DOUGLAS, BRENNAN, STEWART, and WHITE, JJ., joined. BLACKMUN, J., filed an opinion concurring in the result, post, p. 360. BURGER, C.J., filed a dissenting opinion, post, p. 363. POWELL and REHNQUIST, JJ., took no part in the consideration or decision of the case.

Robert H. Roberts, Assistant Attorney General of Tennessee, argued the cause for appellants. With him on the brief were David M. Pack, Attorney General, and Thomas E. Fox, Deputy Attorney General.

James F. Blumstein, pro se, argued the cause for appellee. With him on the brief were Charles Morgan, Jr., and Norman Siegel.

Henry P. Sailer and William A. Dobrovir filed a brief for Common Cause as amicus curiae urging affirmance.

title: Dunn v. Blumstein


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 remind one of the abandoned hulls sometimes picked up at sea, with only a monkey on board.

There is a dreadful ambition abroad for being "genteel." We keep up appearances, too often at the expense of honesty; and, though we may not be rich, yet we must seem to be so. We must be "respectable," though only in the meanest sense—in mere vulgar outward show. We have not the courage to go patiently onward in the condition of life in which it has pleased God to call us; but must needs live in some fashionable state to which we ridiculously please to call ourselves, and all to gratify the vanity of that unsubstantial genteel world of which we form a part. There is a constant struggle and pressure for front seats in the social amphitheatre; in the midst of which all noble self-denying resolve is trodden down, and many fine natures are inevitably crushed to death. What waste, what misery, what bankruptcy, come from all this ambition to dazzle others with the glare of apparent worldly success we need not describe. The mischievous results show themselves in a thousand ways—in the rank frauds committed by men who dare to be dishonest, but do not dare to seem poor; and in the desperate dashes at fortune, in which the pity is not so much for those who fail as for the hundreds of innocent families who are so often involved in their ruin.

The late Sir Charles Napier, in taking leave of his command in India, did a bold and honest thing in publishing his strong protest, embodied in his last General Order to the officers of the Indian army, against the "fast" life led by so many young officers in that service, involving them in ignominious obligations. Sir Charles


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 strongly urged, in that famous document—what had almost been lost sight of—that "honesty is inseparable from the character of a thoroughbred gentleman"; and that "to drink unpaid-for champagne and unpaid-for beer, and to ride unpaid-for horses, is to be a cheat, and not a gentleman." Men who lived beyond their means and were summoned, often by their own servants, before Courts of Requests for debts contracted in extravagant living, might be officers by virtue of their commissions, but they were not gentlemen. The habit of being constantly in debt, the Commander-in-Chief held, made men grow callous to the proper feelings of a gentleman. It was not enough that an officer should be able to fight: that any bulldog could do. But did he hold his word inviolate?—did he pay his debts? These were among the points of honour which, he insisted, illuminated the true gentleman's and soldier's career. As Bayard was of old, so would Sir Charles Napier have all British officers to be. He knew them to be "without fear," but he would also have them "without reproach." There are, however, many gallant young fellows, both in India and at home, capable of mounting a breach on an emergency amidst belching fire, and of performing the most desperate deeds of valour, who nevertheless cannot or will not exercise the moral courage necessary to enable them to resist a petty temptation presented to their senses. They cannot utter their valiant "No," or "I can't afford it," to the invitations of pleasure and self-enjoyment; and they are found ready to brave death rather than the ridicule of their companions.

The young man, as he passes through life,


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local p = {}

local getArgs = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs local yesno = require('Module:Yesno')

--[=[ Generate a magic word according to the defaultsort parameter ]=] function p._construct_defaultsort(args) local defsortKey local title = mw.title.getCurrentTitle.text if args.sortkey then defsortKey = args.sortkey else -- construct defaultsort automatically by stripping A/An/The as needed local title_table = mw.text.split(title, '/') local sorted_title local sorted_title_table = {} local articles = {'A', 'An', 'The'} for k, part in pairs(title_table) do			local sorted_part = part local disambig = string.match(sorted_part, ' %(.*%)$') if disambig then sorted_part = string.gsub(sorted_part, ' %(.*%)$', '') else disambig = '' end for j, article in pairs(articles) do if string.len(sorted_part) > string.len(article) and string.sub(sorted_part, 1, string.len(article) + 1) == (article .. ' ') then sorted_part = string.sub(sorted_part, string.len(article) + 2) .. ', ' .. article .. disambig break end end table.insert(sorted_title_table, sorted_part .. disambig) end defsortKey = table.concat(sorted_title_table, '/') if defsortKey == title then defsortKey = nil end end -- if a suitable key is found or constructed, apply it	if defsortKey == title then return args.equalsortcat or '' elseif defsortKey then return mw.getCurrentFrame:callParserFunction('DEFAULTSORT', {defsortKey}) .. (args.diffsortcat or '') end -- otherwise, don't do anything and use the default return '' end

function p.construct_defaultsort(frame) return p._construct_defaultsort(getArgs(frame)) end

return p

title: Module:Header/sort


text:
Module:Header/sort/doc

Supporting module for Module:Header. View test cases at Template:Header/testcases.

title: Module:Header/sort/doc


text:
Page:Self-help with illustrations of conduct and perseverance (IA selfhelpwithillu00smiliala).pdf/398

 advances through a long line of tempters ranged on either side of him; and the inevitable effect of yielding is degradation in a greater or a less degree. Contact with them tends insensibly to draw away from him some portion of the divine electric element with which his nature is charged; and his only mode of resisting them is to utter and to act out his "no" manfully and resolutely. He must decide at once, not waiting to deliberate and balance reasons; for the youth, like "the woman who deliberates, is lost." Many deliberate, without deciding; but "not to resolve, is to resolve." A perfect knowledge of man is in the prayer, "Lead us not into temptation." But temptation will come to try the young man's strength; and once yielded to, the power to resist grows weaker and weaker. Yield once, and a portion of virtue has gone. Resist manfully, and the first decision will give strength for life; repeated, it will become a habit. It is in the outworks of the habits formed in early life that the real strength of the defence must lie; for it has been wisely ordained, that the machinery of moral existence should be carried on principally through the medium of the habits, so as to save the wear and tear of the great principles within. It is good habits, which insinuate themselves into the thousand inconsiderable acts of life, that really constitute by far the greater part of man's moral conduct.

Hugh Miller has told how, by an act of youthful decision, he saved himself from one of the strong temptations so peculiar to a life of toil. When employed as a mason, it was usual for his fellow-workmen to have an occasional treat of drink, and one day two glasses of whisky fell to his share,


text:
Page:Self-help with illustrations of conduct and perseverance (IA selfhelpwithillu00smiliala).pdf/399

 which he swallowed. When he reached home, he found, on opening his favourite book—'Bacon's Essays'—that the letters danced before his eyes, and that he could no longer master the sense. "The condition," he says, "into which I had brought myself was, I felt, one of degradation. I had sunk, by my own act, for the time, to a lower level of intelligence than that on which it was my privilege to be placed; and though the state could have been no very favourable one for forming a resolution, I in that hour determined that I should never again sacrifice my capacity of intellectual enjoyment to a drinking usage; and, with God's help, I was enabled to hold by the determination." It is such decisions as this that often form the turning-points in a man's life, and furnish the foundation of his future character. And this rock, on which Hugh Miller might have been wrecked, if he had not at the right moment put forth his moral strength to strike away from it, is one that youth and manhood alike need to be constantly on their guard against. It is about one of the worst and most deadly, as well as extravagant, temptations which lie in the way of youth. Sir Walter Scott used to say that "of all vices drinking is the most incompatible with greatness." Not only so, but it is incompatible with economy, decency, health, and honest living. When a youth cannot restrain, he must abstain. Dr. Johnson's case is the case of many. He said, referring to his own habits, "Sir, I can abstain; but I can't be moderate."

But to wrestle vigorously and successfully with any vicious habit, we must not merely be satisfied with contending on the low ground of worldly prudence, though that is of use, but take stand


text:
User:Arcorann/TOCstyle

Comparisons of several different TOC templates

 * TOC line series:
 * One row at a time
 * Rarely seen.
 * TOC page listing series:
 * One row at a time, with or without dot leaders. Mixes table and div syntax.
 * Mostly deprecated, but still in use in some places.
 * TOC row series:
 * Reasonably versatile series, can be used for 3 or 4 column table layouts. Also can do ragged.
 * In common use.
 * TOCstyle:
 * Single template with many formats, Lua-based.
 * Adding formats is non-obvious (largely because the naming scheme is non-obvious...)
 * Outputs a weird structure (tables nested inside a list?) with a lot of inline styling
 * SimpleTOC:
 * Uses a simple formatted div
 * Sometimes used for indices.
 * Only supports two columns (chapter name, page)
 * Raw table + index CSS:
 * Index CSS allows column formatting using nth-child(k)
 * Reasonably clean
 * es:Plantilla:Índice con puntos (es:Módulo:ICP)
 * One fixed 3-column model
 * Has autolinking
 * In Spanish

Various works

 * Page:A short history of astronomy(1898).djvu/19:
 * TOC page listing series. Uses manually added gaps to align.
 * Page:Literary Lapses - Leacock - 1919.djvu/9:
 * TOC row series. This is a textbook case for TOCstyle, though (model D.P).
 * Page:Light waves and their uses.djvu/17:
 * TOC line series.
 * Page:Hakluytus Posthumus or Purchas His Pilgrimes Volume 12.djvu/12:
 * TOCstyle, mix of H5P, 2H3P and CD.P models, continuing from previous page
 * Page:Lisbon and Cintra, Inchbold, 1907.djvu/15:
 * TOCstyle, mix of c and 2H3P models
 * Page:Buried cities and Bible countries (1891).djvu/11:
 * TOCstyle, somewhat complex
 * Page:The Story of Philosophy.pdf/11:
 * TOC row, with some index CSS
 * Page:The American language; an inquiry into the development of English in the United States (IA americanlanguage00menc 0).pdf/7
 * Raw table and index CSS
 * Index CSS used to target colspan attributes making it unnecessary to label different types of rows

TOC line
Input:

Output:

Render:

Dotted TOC page listing
Input:

Output:

TOC row
Input:

Output:

Render:

TOCstyle
Input:

Output:

Render:

  </ol>

ICP
Input:

Output (on esWS): <templatestyles src="Plantilla:Índice con puntos/estilo.css" />

SimpleTOC
Input:

Output: <templatestyles src="SimpleTOC/styles.css" /> I. My Financial Career XXXVIII. Sandbox

Render:

Proposals

 * Autolink: link chapter titles and/or page numbers automatically
 * Auto small caps
 * "TOCstyle simple", or something of that sort: for common models with a header row

Hypothetical replacement
Or: xkcd 927 time.

 * Table or div-based. None of this tables-wrapped-inside-an-ul crap (seriously why TOCstyle)
 * Probably
 * Indent things like ppoem does
 * Autolink, as above
 * Presets
 * Class-based formatting for column types (chapter num, title, description, page num)

title: User:Arcorann/TOCstyle


text:
Page:The Diothas, or, A far look ahead (IA diothasorfarlook01macn).pdf/10

2 mind is imaginative and poetical; mine logical, and fairly stored with science and history. It is necessary to the success of our experiment, that your mind submit entirely to the guidance of mine."

"I consent," was my reply. "Let us begin at once."

Rising without a word from his seat on the opposite side of the fireplace, he turned down the lamp, so as to leave only a subdued light. Then, standing on the rug before me, he began to make the peculiar passes employed by mesmerists,—to whose influence, I may remark in passing, I have always been highly susceptible.

Gradually the objects before me grew indistinct: the multitudinous noises of the busy street below died away to a gentle murmur, like the sound of distant waves. That, too, ceased. I was wrapped in a profound and dreamless sleep.

Suddenly I awoke. My friend was standing in the same position as before, and was regarding me intently, not without some appearance of anxiety. The apartment presented its usual appearance, as I could well see, the lamp being now turned up. Full of disappointment, I supposed the experiment to have failed. For there I was. as wide awake, apparently, as ever I had been, with no sign of anything unusual in my surroundings.

Evidently reading my feelings in my countenance, he said, pointing toward the door,—

"Beyond that slight partition you will find that future society upon which you have so often curiously speculated. It is now in your power to see and judge for yourself."

While speaking he had approached the door. After a


text:
Module:Proofreadpage index template/sandbox/styles.css

/* Styles for Index: namespace pages */

display: table; border-spacing: 1px 1px; box-sizing: border-box; width: 100%; }
 * 1) ws-index-container {

padding: 0; vertical-align: top; }
 * 1) ws-index-main-cell {

display: inline-table; border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0 0; box-sizing: border-box; width: 100%; }
 * 1) ws-index-main-table {

float: left; margin: .5em .25em .5em 0; }
 * 1) ws-index-cover-container {

border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; empty-cells: show; }
 * 1) ws-index-metadata {

.ws-index-label { padding-right: .5em; text-align: right; vertical-align: top; }

.ws-index-value { vertical-align: top; }

margin-right: .75em; }
 * 1) ws-index-pagelist-container {

text-align: justify; }
 * 1) ws-index-pagelist {

font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; }
 * 1) ws-index-pagelist-container em {

font-size: 83%; white-space: nowrap; }
 * 1) ws-index-pagelist-legend {

padding: 0 .25em; vertical-align: top; width: 30%; }
 * 1) ws-index-remarks {

display: none; padding: 0; vertical-align: top; }
 * 1) ws-index-remarks-empty {

/* Experimental new-style index markup below this line. */

/* * Normal index styling mimicing the old layout. */

/* The main container */ .ws-index-container { display: grid; box-sizing: border-box; max-width: 100%; grid-template-areas: "cover   metadata remarks" "pagelist pagelist remarks" ".       .        remarks"; grid-template-columns: 250px 1fr 30%; grid-gap: 1em; }

.ws-index-cover-container { grid-area: cover; }

.ws-index-metadata-container { grid-area: metadata; }

.ws-index-pagelist-container { grid-area: pagelist; } .ws-index-pagelist-heading { padding-bottom: .5em; white-space: pre-wrap; font-weight: bold; } .ws-index-pagelist-heading-legend { font-size: 83%; font-weight: normal; }

.ws-index-remarks-container { grid-area: remarks; }

/* * Demo index styling demonstrating some possibilities. */

/* The main container */ .ws-tng.ws-index-container { display: grid; box-sizing: border-box; max-width: 100%; grid-template-areas: "cover" "metadata" "pagelist" "remarks"; grid-template-columns: 100%; grid-gap: 1em; background: #fafafa; color: #202122; }

.ws-tng .ws-index-cover-container { grid-area: cover; }

.ws-tng .ws-index-metadata-container { grid-area: metadata; } .ws-tng .ws-index-metadata { width: 100%; }

.ws-tng .ws-index-pagelist-container { grid-area: pagelist; } .ws-tng .ws-index-pagelist-heading { padding-bottom: .5em; white-space: pre-wrap; font-weight: bold; } .ws-tng .ws-index-pagelist-heading-legend { font-size: 83%; font-weight: normal; }

.ws-tng .ws-index-remarks-container { grid-area: remarks; background: white; color: #202122; }

@media (min-width: 700px) { .ws-tng.ws-index-container { grid-template-areas: "metadata cover" "pagelist pagelist" "remarks remarks"; grid-template-columns: 1fr fit-content(250px); grid-gap: 2em; } }

@media (min-width: 1000px) { .ws-tng.ws-index-container { grid-template-areas: "metadata cover   remarks" "pagelist pagelist remarks" ".       .        remarks"; grid-template-columns: 1fr fit-content(250px) fit-content(30%); grid-gap: 3em; /*		box-shadow: rgba(50, 50, 93, 0.25) 0 6px 12px -2px, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3) 0 3px 7px -3px; */ /*		filter: drop-shadow(0.6rem 0.6rem 1rem rgba(20, 20, 180, 0.8)); */ padding: 6em; background-image: url(//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Pinckney_Marcius-Simons%2C_endleaf_1_verso--endleaf_2_recto%2C_extra-illustrated_copy_of_A_Midsummer_Night%27s_Dream.png); background-origin: border-box; background-size: 100% 100%; }	.ws-tng .ws-index-remarks-container { box-shadow: inset rgba(50, 50, 93, 0.25) 0 10px 10px -5px; background-color: white; color: #202122; padding: .5em; }	.ws-tng .ws-index-pagelist-container { background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.9); color: #202122; }

.ws-tng .ws-index-metadata { /*		background-image: linear-gradient(180deg, white 3rem, #F0A4A4 calc(3rem), #F0A4A4 calc(3rem + 2px), transparent 1px), repeating-linear-gradient(0deg, transparent, transparent 1.5rem, #DDD 1px, #DDD calc(1.5rem + 1px)); */ /* box-shadow: 1px 1px 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, .25); */ border-collapse: collapse; }	.ws-tng .ws-index-row { border-bottom: 1px solid #DDD; }	.ws-tng .ws-index-row:first-child { border-bottom: 2px solid #F0A4A4; }	.ws-tng .ws-index-metadata-container { height: fit-content(250px); width: fit-content(400px); justify-self: center; align-self: center; box-shadow: 10px 10px 5px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0.75); background: white; color: #202122; }	.ws-tng .ws-index-cover-container { width: 300px; }	.ws-tng .ws-index-cover-container img { margin: 0 auto; filter: drop-shadow(10px 10px 5px #000); } }


text:
Page:The Universe, a poem - Baker (1727).djvu/12

 ''to every other Creature is only such as is most conducive towards the Felicity of the Whole. Every Individual was made principally for its own Sake, the meanest Insect as well as the proudest Monarch. We all are Fellow-Creatures.''

The following Piece is a Hint only of what I judged would be a noble Subject for a larger Poem; and if thereby some bright Genius'' may be excited to undertake it, my Pains have been well bestowed. In the mean while, I hope this Sketch may not be intirely useless, to set forth the Omnipotence, Wisdom and Goodness of the Creator, by a general View of his Works; a way I thought most likely to curb the Pride of ''.

I have advanced Nothing but what the Discoveries of the Learned have made most reasonable to believe, The Notes subjoin'd will, I hope, both vindicate me, and entertain my Readers.


text:
Page:The Universe, a poem - Baker (1727).djvu/13

THE


text:
Page:The Diothas, or, A far look ahead (IA diothasorfarlook01macn).pdf/11

 momentary hesitation, I followed, and passed through. Outside, instead of the familiar landing and the stairs up which I had so often wearily plodded, extended, far as I could see, a fairly lighted corridor of handsome proportions. In surprise I turned involuntarily toward the door through which I had just passed; but that, too, had vanished. The corridor extended, apparently, as far in that direction as in the other. For the moment, at least, we two seemed to be the only occupants of this seemingly endless gallery. Smiling at my look of amazement, my companion said,—

"You seem surprised; but are you quite certain of never having seen this place before?"

"Absolutely certain!" was my emphatic reply.

My companion regarded me with a look of keen inquiry, seemed to repress some observation that rose to his lips, but went on to say,—

"On passing at a step from the nineteenth to the ninety-sixth century, you must naturally expect to find many changes. The New York you knew and dwelt in crumbled into dust almost eighty centuries ago, in the ages that are now regarded as the twilight of history. Its fragments form only the lowermost layer of the five fathoms deep of detritus on which the present city stands, the accumulated remains of a succession of cities, each more magnificent than its predecessor."

Meanwhile we had reached and entered one of the recesses from which the corridor seemed to receive its light. This recess was closed toward the street by a single sheet of glass, presenting no visible outlet. It yielded, however, to a gentle push from my companion,


text: Page:Poems Cook.djvu/139

title: Page:Poems Cook.djvu/139


text:
Page:The Diothas, or, A far look ahead (IA diothasorfarlook01macn).pdf/12

 and, turning on a central pivot, offered a means of exit by which we passed to the open air.

We now found ourselves in a colonuade, or, rather, arcade, which I supposed to be on the level of the street. Its width might be about that of our Broadway sidewalk. Here I saw shops, indeed, and numbers of people passing in both directions, but could not see the throng of vehicles indicated by the sounds that reached my ears. I stepped over to the balustrade that bounded the farther side of the arcade, and found that I was by no means on the level of the street, but in a sort of balcony two stories above it. The room I had left but a moment before was fully sixty feet above the sidewalk. New York had truly risen, in the course of ages, upon the ruins of its former self.

I was struck with amazement at the spectacle before. How different this from the Broadway up which I had sauntered but a few hours before!

The buildings, it is true, were not much taller than those to which I had been accustomed; but their effect was indescribably grand and strange. Imagine the present sidewalk covered by an arcade supported on arches and pillars of polished granite. The architecture was of a style to me utterly unknown, but combined in a remarkable degree the characteristics of lightness and solidity. Above the lower arcade rose others, one for each story, each slightly receding within the other, and of correspondingly lighter construction. The material of only the lowest arcade was of stone; that of the upper ones was a metal, incrusted with a peculiar oxide of stone color. So similar was it, indeed, to stone, that it was only by


text:
Page:The Diothas, or, A far look ahead (IA diothasorfarlook01macn).pdf/13

 accident I discovered the real material of the delicate carved work, surpassing in airy grace and exuberant variety of detail the far-famed wonders of the Alhambra. The whole, though pervaded by a controlling unity of design, varied in details from story to story and from block to block; while color, sparingly and judiciously introduced, relieved the monotony of the stony-hued masses.

No intersecting streets were apparent, but their position was indicated by the wide and massive archways that pierced at intervals the otherwise unbroken lines of colonnade stretching toward the distant horizon. Over each archway, semi-recessed in a niche, stood a statue, each a work of genius. These statues, portraits as regards the features, but otherwise emblematic, served to indicate the names of the cross-streets. I was looking down upon the Wavoltha, or Avenue of Nations, the main artery of the great city. Of the figures above the archways, each pair symbolized one of the great nations of the earth in the persons of its most distinguished son and most distinguished daughter.

I was allowed to remain only a short time at the spot from which I caught my first glimpse of these wonders. Obedient to a gesture from my companion, I followed him a short distance along the arcade. He led me to the middle of one of the light bridges, that, thrown across at convenient intervals, afforded passage from one side to the other without the necessity of descending to the street.

From this spot I could pursue with my eyes the far-receding ranges of building to where, in the distant perspective, what loomed up so huge close by, seemed reduced


text:
Page:The Diothas, or, A far look ahead (IA diothasorfarlook01macn).pdf/14

 to comparative insignificance. These long arcades, I was informed, as also the interior corridors, extended the whole length of the avenue for six miles without a break. As a natural consequence of this peculiar style of building, the respective location of shops and offices was exactly the reverse of that now seen. The lower story was assigned to offices and warerooms: the shops were in the upper stories. Each arcade, in fact, was equivalent to a whole street-front, possessing the great advantages of complete shelter from rain, sun, and dust, besides being free from the interruption of cross-streets in all above the lowest.

Manhattan Island, as might have been expected, had, long ages before, become, so to say, one enormous warehouse,—the chief port of entry for a population of more than a thousand millions. Space was far too valuable to be occupied with dwelling-houses. Besides, with their wonderful facilities for locomotion, a distance of fifty miles from the centre of business was of less consequence than five at present.

All this, of course, was not learned during the few minutes I devoted to gazing at the buildings. They so engrossed my attention for the moment, that I bestowed scarcely a glance on the busy traffic at my feet. I not only asked no questions, but forgot even the presence of my companion, who stood by in silence.

Soon, however, my eyes wandered from the works of man to man himself. From where I stood, only imperfect glimpses could be obtained of the numerous throng passing along the arcades. I readily assented, therefore, to my companion's proposal to descend to the busiest


text:
Page:The Diothas, or, A far look ahead (IA diothasorfarlook01macn).pdf/15

 arcade, that a story below. A short walk along the colonnade on which we had first emerged brought us to a contrivance subserving the same purpose as our elevators. This, like all the similar contrivances throughout the city,—and they were found everywhere at short intervals,—worked automatically, by an ingenious application of force derived from the rise and fall of the tide in the harbor.


text:
Page:TheTreesOfGreatBritainAndIreland vol02B.djvu/396

442 Dr. Masters in the Gardeners' Chronicle, but I have been unable to procure particulars of the tree from which the specimens were obtained.

In the Botanic Garden, Cambridge, there is an old tree which was 58 feet high in 1903, with eight stems, girthing from 3 feet to 4 feet 3 inches; and from the roots of another tree which was blown down about 1885 a number of strong stems, about twenty, have sprung up, which average about 50 feet in height and 24 feet in girth. These particulars, which have been kindly sent me by Mr. Lynch, the curator, show the remarkable power of the tree in producing root-suckers (Plate 123).

A tree at Fota, near Queenstown in Ireland, seen by Henry in 1903, measured 42 feet high by 3 feet 9 inches in girth. It produced flowers and fruit in 1902.

Dr. Masters recommends it for planting in towns, and says that there was a good specimen in the Chelsea Botanic Garden (since cut down) in 1891. There are said to be good specimens in some of the towns in Holland.

A tree attaining, according to Shirasawa, 100 feet in height, with a straight stem Io feet in girth. Bark greyish brown with deep longitudinal fissures. Shoots glabrous. Leaves (Plate 125, fig. 3) 8 to 16 inches long, on a stalk about 2 inches long, which is swollen at its insertion; rachis without wings. Leaflets, fifteen to twenty-one, usually opposite, sessile or sub-sessile, 2½ to 5 inches long, oblonglanceolate, acuminate at the apex, unequal at the base, which is rounded or somewhat narrowed; dark green above; under surface lighter green, with glandular scales, and some tomentum on the midrib and nerves and in their axils; somewhat thicker in texture than the leaves of P. caucasica; margin sharply and finely serrate.

Flowers appearing with the leaves. Staminate catkins two to three at the base of the young shoots; scale three-lobed, pubescent, bearing nine to twelve short-stalked stamens. Pistillate catkins, solitary, terminal at the end of the young shoot, later apparently lateral owing to the growth of the upper axillary bud. Fruiting catkins, 8 to 10 inches long; fruit an inch across; nut with a short, scarcely beaked apex; wings rhombic, broader than long, without any hollow at their base, inconspicuously veined.

The above description applies to the glabrous form, which is in cultivation in England and is common in Japan. In wild specimens from Yezo the leaves appear to be much more pubescent, the rachis and nerves being often covered with dense long hairs.


text:
Page:TheTreesOfGreatBritainAndIreland vol02B.djvu/400

444 inches long. Male catkins, arising as in P. stenoptera; scale glandular, four-lobed; stamens six to ten. Female catkins 8 inches long; bract minute, bracteoles oblong and longer than the style, perianth with four subulate lobes, Fruit: catkins a foot or more in length; nut with conic beak-like apex; wings linear-oblong and erect,

The above description applies to the form in cultivation, which is also common in the wild state. The species is, however, very variable as regards the amount of pubescence, the twigs being often glabrous and the leaf-rachis only slightly pubescent. In many wild specimens the wing of the rachis is very slight.

This species is readily distinguishable in summer by the winged rachis of the leaf. In winter the twigs are slender and covered with a rusty-red bristly pubescence; but in other respects resemble those of P. caucasica. The buds, more slender than in that species, but similar in structure and position, are greyish in colour.

This is a common tree in the central and southern provinces of China, extending in a slightly different form into Tonking. It is usually met with in the plains and low hills, along rivers and water-courses; and never grows to be a large tree. It is recorded from near Moukden in Manchuria, where it was collected by James; but was probably only cultivated there. It is usually called ma-liu by the Chinese; and is much planted in the streets of Shanghai, where it is often called "Chinese ash" by the European inhabitants. As the climate of the regions where it grows naturally is very different from that of England, it is liable to be injured by spring frosts, and fails from want of heat in autumn to ripen its wood. The timber is considered in China to be of little value.

The tree was introduced into Europe apparently by Lavallée, who received the seeds from Siebold, about 1860. It supported at Segrez very low temperatures in 1870 and 1871; but succumbed during the severe winter of 1879-1880. Lavallée considered it to be about as hardy as the common walnut.

The only specimen that we have seen in England of any size is at Tortworth, where Elwes measured in 1905 a tree 32 feet high by 2 feet 3 inches in girth, believed by Lord Ducie to have been planted about twenty years. It is in a shady and sheltered valley and produced small racemes of fruit in 1905.


text:
Page:TheTreesOfGreatBritainAndIreland vol02B.djvu/402

446 :3. Cladrastis amurensis, Bentham et Hooker. Amurland, E. Manchuria, Korea, and Japan.
 * 4. Cladrastis Tashiroi, Yatabe. Loochoo Islands.
 * 4. Cladrastis Tashiroi, Yatabe. Loochoo Islands.

A tree attaining 60 feet in height, and rarely 12 feet in girth. Bark smooth and silvery grey. Branchlets brittle, glabrous. Leaves (Plate 125, fig. 5) alternate, unequally pinnate, 8 to 12 inches in length. Leaflets seven to nine, usually alternate; the terminal one largest, articulate and directed to one side, often broadly rhombic; the others gradually diminishing in size towards the base of the leaf, 3 to 4 inches long by 14 to 2 inches wide, on stout pubescent petiolules, oval or ovate, entire and non-ciliate in margin; base broadly cuneate or rounded, apex acuminate; upper surface light green and glabrous; lower surface pale green with occasional hairs on the midrib and veins. Rachis of the leaf terete, glabrous, with the base swollen and hollowed out, enclosing the buds, which are usually four, the largest and uppermost one developing, the others minute and rudimentary.

Flowers in nodding terminal panicles, 10 to 20 inches long, white, with a yellow spot at the base of the standard. Pedicels slender and not grouped in pairs. Calyx canpanulate, enlarged on its upper side; teeth five, short, obtuse, nearly equal. Corolla papilionaceous with clawed petals; standard nearly orbicular; wings oblong and two-auricled at the base; keel-petals free, oblong, and sub-cordate or two-auricled at the base. Stamens ten, free, Ovary linear, stalked, villose; ovules numerous. Pod glabrous, short-stalked, linear, glabrous. Seeds four to six, attached by slender stalklets, oblong-compressed, without albumen.


text: Page:Poems Cook.djvu/140

title: Page:Poems Cook.djvu/140


text: Page:Poems Cook.djvu/141

title: Page:Poems Cook.djvu/141


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448 Sargent gives an illustration of a beautiful specimen in a garden near Boston which, 35 years after planting, was 35 feet high and had a spread of nearly 60 feet. I saw several in this district, but none so large as those which I have seen in England.

Though it germinates quickly, and seems easy to raise from seed, the tree is now seldom planted in England, but may be recommended for warm sheltered situations in good soil in the south and east, though perhaps the damp climate of the west does not suit it; and as most of the trees mentioned by Loudon have disappeared, it seems to be short-lived in this country. The seedlings which I have raised from American seed are fairly hardy, and after the first two years grow better than many American trees on my soil.

This species was introduced into cultivation in England in 1812, by John Lyon, a Scotsman who travelled in Carolina, Georgia, and Florida.

The largest tree known to us is at Syon (Plate 124), which in 1904 was no less than 60 feet in height by 7 feet in girth and still a fine tree, though its trunk is decaying inside. There is another in Kew Gardens, near the Director's office, which measures 35 feet high, with a bole of 3 feet girthing 5 feet 4 inches and dividing into six main stems, which sub-divide into numerous upright branches. At the Knaphill Nursery near Woking is a very well grown tree about 45 feet high and 8 feet in girth, the head spreading to 16 yards in diameter.

At Highclere there is a tree which measures 42 feet by 7 feet with a spread of branches of 45 feet. Although there is some decay near the root the tree seems to have become more vigorous recently. At Blenheim there is an old specimen, with a stem divided close to the ground, and forming rather a large bush than a tree. At Cornbury Park there is also a fair-sized tree. At Barton, Suffolk, a tree planted in 1832 was in 1904 25 feet high with a short bole, 5 feet 6 inches in girth, dividing into three wide-spreading main branches.

We have not seen any large enough to mention in Scotland or Ireland.

The wood, according to Sargent, is heavy, hard, strong, and close-grained, and is susceptible of a fine polish. At one time it was used in Kentucky for making gun-stocks; but is too rare to have any commercial importance. It produces a yellow dye.


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450 It is propagated either by seed or by root-cuttings. At Kew it is rather a shrub than a tree, and produces flowers when quite young, which appear late in the season, in the end of July or the beginning of August. It ripens its fruit in October, the pods remaining on the tree during winter.

The timber, according to Shirasawa, is hard and tenacious, and is used in building and in making furniture. Elwes purchased planks of it at Sapporo, which are of a yellowish-brown colour, and seem to be of good quality for cabinet-making.

A tree attaining 70 feet in height and 10 feet in girth. Young shoots rusty pubescent towards the base. Leaflets nine to eleven, alternate, entire, oblonglanceolate, obtuse or acute at the apex; broad and rounded, rarely cuneate, at the base; lower surface with appressed pubescence most marked towards the base and along the midrib. Leaf-rachis pubescent, with swollen base enclosing two or three buds. Leaf-scars on older shoots, oblique on prominent pulvini, orbicular; the raised circular rim, discontinuous above, surrounding a central densely pubescent depression, in which lie two or three buds, the upper one of which is the largest.

Flowers pinkish-white, fragrant, in large terminal, rusty-pubescent panicles. Calyx rusty-pubescent; teeth short, broad, rounded. Petals long-clawed, erect, free; standard broadly obovate, bifid; wings and keel-petals oblong. Stamens slightly connate at the base; ovary pubescent. Pod linear-oblong, flattened, with thickened margins.

This tree, which resembles Sophora japonica in habit and foliage, was discovered by Pratt, in 1890, in Western Szechuan, where E. H. Wilson subsequently saw large trees at 7000 feet altitude in the Hsiang Ling range, west of Mt. Omei. It also occurs in the high mountains of the Fang district in Hupeh, from whence seeds were sent home by Wilson in 1901. Plants raised at Coombe Wood were, in 1906, 5 feet high, and for so far have proved perfectly hardy. The tree has beautiful flowers, and, growing at high altitudes in western China, should thrive in this country.