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 by sending auxiliary troops, already joined the Bohemian movement, but the alliance was not yet so intimate as was desirable, and the Silesians had not appeared on the field in the ratio of their strength. Just at this juncture an embassy from Breslau had arrived in Prague, sent to take part in the interposition at Eger, and this offered an opportunity to negotiate a closer alliance, which led to the desired result. The envoys promised that Silesia would join the movement with all its forces, if but assured that their country would be allowed the same rights in the alliance of the Bohemian crown as were enjoyed by Bohemia itself. Their first demands related to the right of electing the King. If the throne was to be filled again, this should not be done by the Bohemians alone, but the adjacent lands should also be summoned. Further, they desired that the Bohemian chancery should be divided into two parts, having equal rights; in short, there should be erected two interior departments. On the side of Bohemia the demands could not be contested, for it was clear that the insurrection could succeed only with the aid of the other provinces, and so the Directors promised to represent in the Bohemian Diet the wishes of Silesia, and obtain their sanction. In consequence of this, the Silesians rejected Ferdinand's demand for the assumption of the government in the land, on the pretext that this could not take place until after he had assumed the government of Bohemia.

The Directors effected also a union with Lusatia, by which the latter was bound to furnish a contingent of troops which should serve on the side of Bohemia, through the war with Ferdinand.

Of greater importance to the success of the insurrection was the accession of Moravia, for which the Bohe-


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30 the Council Chamber the panic was hardly less than without. Most of the members evinced an uneasy desire to get away, till at length Councillor Wenderman of the dry-goods store moved that the Council be adjourned sine die. A general murmur of assent followed; Councillor Bewlas, the chemist, seconded, and the Mayor was about to declare the meeting closed, when I sprang to my feet and in a few hasty words begged the Council to reconsider matters. It appeared to me so disgraceful to abandon hearth and home without a blow, that scarce knowing what I did I undertook that if the Mayor would call out the Militia I would lead them against the enemy. The idea of resistance had it seems occurred to no one, but being broached, the Council or some of their number thought it might be worth trying. I obtained the necessary authorisation, sent the bugler round the streets, and in half an hour was in uniform and at the head of a body of two

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 attraction of a man's character is apt to be outlived, like the attraction of his body; and the power to love grows feeble in its turn, as well as the power to inspire love in others. It is only with a few rare natures that friendship is added to friendship, love to love, and the man keeps growing richer in affection—richer, I mean, as a bank may be said to grow richer, both giving and receiving more—after his head is white and his back weary, and he prepares to go down into the dust of death.


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— Just what news is there in the kingdom?

— Not much, Your Majesty. There's been a crime at the Black Burrow. The green frog got drunk and entered the house of a family of cockroaches, killed the mother cockroach, seriously injured the father cockroach and ate all the daughter cockroaches.

— Have the criminal hanged from a large hawthorn branch. What else?

— There's news that the Black Scorpion is prowling around the kingdom, on the side of White Stone.

— Bad news! exclaimed the prince, frowning. The Scorpion is our worst enemy. We need to reinforce the border walls. What else?

— Two yellow catfish were found unconscious, floating in the small pond. I've taken them to the infirmary and they're being cared for by Doctor Snail, who has prescribed a purgative and swabs.

— That's it. What else?

— Your Majesty will know that's all.

— Perfectly, said the prince. It is now necessary for the kingdom to know of the presence among us of this beautiful princess with the black eyes, so that the people and the nobility can pay her every homage. I want a big


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 mians had hitherto so constantly and yet so vainly hoped, Z̃erotínŽerotín [sic] having thrown all his influence on the imperial side. In Bohemia it was thought that this end could not be gained otherwise than by attempting an armed invasion of the land, thereby offering the Estates an opportunity to give a free expression of their sympathies with the movement. Z̃erotín, having been by a friend informed of this plan for injuring the house of Hapsburg, was indeced startled by the intelligence, but did not lay upon it the weight which it deserved. In Bohemia preparation was made to strike the intended blow, not only by continuing secret negotiations with friends of the cause, but by making another attempt to win Z̃erotín himself. The attempt could not, however, have been more unskilfully made, for the letter which Budowec addressed to him was couched in cutting terms, cast reproaches upon the Moravian magnate, and wounded him with its ironies. The course was unwise, and but irritated this man, proud as he was of his opinion, so that he violently repelled the reproaches; and when Budowec, in a second letter, sought by milder and flattering language to win his old friend from the way upon which he had entered, he met with no better success.

On the 18th of April the Bohemian Directors sent to Count Thurn, in the camp before Budweis, an order to start upon an expedition to Moravia. Leaving there with Count Hohenloe the greater part of the troops, he marched at the head of the smaller part to Deutschbrod, and upon the way thither received a portion of the newly-organized levy, so that his entire force numbered from 8,000 to 10,000 men. As he entered Iglau, the inhabitants most earnestly welcomed him, some of the Bohemian nobility also having gathered there to participate in the


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 November 18: Navy issued contract to Northrop for the XBT-1, a two-seat scout and 1,000-pound bomb dive bomber, initial prototype of sequence that led to the SBD Dauntless series of dive bombers introduced to the fleet in 1938 and used throughout World War II.

December 23: Endowment given IAS by Sylvanus Albert Reed for annual award to be given "for notable contribution to the aeronautical sciences resulting from experimental or theoretical investigations, the beneficial influence of which on the development of practical aeronautics is apparent." (See Appendix D.)

During December: German OrdanceOrdnance [sic] group launch two A-2 rockets successfully to a height of 1.4 miles, on the Island of Borkum in the North Sea, before the C-in-0 of the Army.

 * British War Office considered de-velopment of high-velocity rockets, and the Research Department at Woolwich Arsenal was requested to submit a program in April 1935. This led to antiaircraft rocket development, and some 2,500 test firings were made in Jamaica, 1938-39.

During 1934: Douglas began development of the twin-engined commercial transport, the famed DC-3.

 * H. G. Armstrong began studies on decompression sickness and showed that gas bubbles may form in the body from a drop of pressure below one atmosphere, at Aero Medical Laboratory.

January 5: First assignment of a flight surgeon to Naval Aircraft Factory, Lt. Comdr. J. R. Poppen (USN), was directed to observe pilots, conduct physical examinations, and work on hygienic and physiological aspects of research and development projects.

January 22: Federal Aviation Commission, appointed by the President as provided in the Air Mail Act of June 12, 1934, submitted its report and set forth broad policy on all phases of aviation and the relation of Government thereto. It recommended strengthening of commercial and civil aviation, expansion of airport facilities, and establishment of more realistic procurement practices from industry. It recommended continued study of air organization toward more effective utilization and closer interagency relationships, to include expansion of experimental and development work and its close coordination with the NACA.

February 12: Navy dirigible Macon crashed at sea off the California coast.

March 1: GHQ Air Force established by the Army Air Corps.

March 9: Hermann Goering announced the existence of the German Air Force to Ward Price, correspondent of the Daily Mail (London), an event of considerable importance in international power politics for it implied unilateral breaking of the Treaty of Versailles prohibiting Germany possession of an air force.

March 28: Robert Goddard launched the first rocket equipped with gyroscopic controls, which attained a height of 4,800 feet, a horizontal distance of 13,000 feet, and a speed of 550 mph, near Roswell, N. Mex.

April 2: British Government disclosed that Adolf Hitler of Germany had declared that the German Air Force had reached parity with the Royal Air Force at a recent conference with British representatives in Germany. While untrue, Hitler's statement had a profound impact upon British aeronautical and defense efforts.

April 16-23: Pan American Airways' Clipper flew from California to Honolulu and returned in preliminary survey flight for transpacific air route to the Orient.

May 18: World's largest airplane, the Russian Maxim Gorky, crashed near Moscow, killing all aboard.

May 31: Goddard rocket attained altitude of 7,500 feet in New Mexico.

July 2: Historic report on radio direction finding (radar) was presented to the British Air Defense Research Committee.

 * First Interdepartmental Committee appointed by President Roosevelt to study international air transportation problems.

July 26: Russian balloon USSR successfully reached 52,000 feet, crew including Warigo, Christofil, and Prelucki.

July 28: Boeing Model 299, the XB-17 four-engine bomber prototype, made first flight.

Summer 1935: First static tests of Heinkel He-112 with rocket engines performed in Germany.

August 28: Automatic radio-navigation equipment—a Sperry automatic pilot mechanically linked to a standard radiocompass—tested by the Equipment Laboratory at Wright Field.

October 30: First B-17 prototype crashed on takeoff during flight testing at Wright Field.

November 6: Prototype Hawker Hurricane first flown, the later models of which destroyed more German aircraft in the Battle of Britain than all other British defenses, air and ground, combined.

November 11: A 72,395-foot world altitude record for manned balloons made by Capts. A. W. Stevens and Orvil A. Anderson, in the helium inflated Explorer II, over Rapid City, S. Dak., in cooperation with National Geographic Society, a record which stood for 20 years.

November 22-29: Transpacific airmail flight by Pan American Airways Martin China Clipper, from San Francisco to Honolulu, Midway, Wake, Guam, and Manila, E. C. Musick as pilot.

During December: Douglas DC-3, one of the most successful airliners in history, first flew. By 1938, it carried the bulk of American air traffic. When production of the DC-3 and its derivatives ended in 1945, some 13,000 had been built.

During 1935: Russian liquid-propellant meteorological rocket, designed by M. K. Tikhonravov, successfully flown.

 * H. G. Armstrong published Air Corps Technical Report on physiologic requirements of sealed high-altitude aircraft compartments (including effects of sudden decompressions), findings which were incorporated in the XC-35 sub-stratosphere plane, the first successful pressure-cabin aircraft.

 * Konstantin E. Ziolkovsky, Russian mathematician and pioneer space scientist, died at 78 years of age. The U.S.S.R. later acclaimed him as the "father of space travel."

January 20: Acting in response to a request from BuAer, the Navy Bureau of Engineering endorsed support for the National Bureau of Standards for the development of radio meteorographs. Later renamed radiosondes, these instruments were sent aloft on free balloons to measure pressure, temperature, and humidity of the upper atmosphere, and transmitted these data to ground stations for use in weather forecasting and flight planning.

February 23: F. W. Kessler, W. Ley, and N. Carver launched two mail-carrying "rocket airplanes" at Greenwood Lake, N.Y., which traveled about 1,000 feet.

During February: Germans tested A-3 rocket with 3,300-pound thrust which served as basis for military weapon specifications.

March 5: Spitfire prototype with armament and Merlin engine first flown, pro 32


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 party like never before. Notify the court and give the necessary orders, but firstly, send for the royal coach. The captain saluted militarily and left accompanied by his guards.

It wasn't long before a carriage pulled up at the door, drawn by three pairs of wrasses.

The coachman was a handsome red-footed shrimp, who was very sore at the top of his tail. As soon as the prince and the girl got into the carriage, Master Shrimp cracked his whip and the wrasses took off like lightning.

S the carriage sped along the bottom of the stream, Narizinho admired the beautiful panoramas through the windows, the avenues of white sand, the round stones and the fish that stopped respectfully to watch them pass. At a certain point, the carriage changed direction, took a turn and stopped at the hospital gates. It was a large room, full of beds and tables with medicine bottles. Doctor Snail, the kingdom's famous expert, was there, along with some cockroaches nurses dressed as sisters of charity. The prince called the doctor and asked for news


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 greeting. His reception was everywhere equally sympathetic, and he was able to assure the Directors that, with a few exceptions, the whole nobility of Moravia and all the cities were ready to take their side. Thurn came next to Znaim, where a large portion of the Moravian nobility were gathered, and it was there arranged that the alliance between Moravia and Bohemia should be concluded at the Diet which Ferdinand had called for the beginning of May, at Brünn. The Catholics were paralyzed with fear; already their leaders, Cardinal Dietrichstein and the Prince of Liechtenstein, were seeking to place themselves in a more favorable attitude towards the movement; only Z̃erotín was steadfast in the part he had chosen. Living in retirement at a country-seat, he neither troubled the leaders of the agitation with counsels, nor made any promises contradictory to his recent action, but waited for the assembling of the Diet, that he might there raise his voice, and that surely not in harmony with the views of Thurn.

During the march of the Bohemian army to Znaim the Moravian troops under the command of Cardinal Dietrichstein remained quietly in their quarters, as no other order had reached them. The cavalry was commanded by two colonels, George von Náchod and Sedlnický [Sedlnitsky], and were quartered at Brünn. But the infantry was under the command of Albert von Waldstein, who became afterwards so distinguished as a commander, and were stationed in Olmutz. Náchod adhered to Ferdinand, and desired therefore to save his troops for the King by leading them out of the country, but did not effect his purpose, as he was deserted by his soldiers. Thurn had therefore in the rest of his march to Brünn no enemy to encounter.

In the meantime Cardinal Dietrichstein, Prince Liech-


text: Translation:The girl with a turned up nose/Chapter 1


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 tenstein, Z̃erotín, and a considerable portion of the Catholic nobility had come together for the approaching Diet. Their spirits, already depressed, were made still sadder by Náchod’s unsuccessful attempt, and they deemed it best to soothe the enemy by friendly advances. When the company of nobles on their way from Znaim had approached within about seven miles of Brünn, they saw a procession of the Catholic nobility coming from the city to greet them, which they regarded as less an act of civility than a recognition of their inceptive power. Arrived in Brünn, the Protestant Estates took, in the public square, an oath that they would, at the cost of property and blood, stand together in the defence of their cause. On the same day, or the day following, came the news in Brünn that Waldstein had attempted a stroke similar to that of Náchod, and had in like manner failed.

On the next day the Estates went to the lodgings of the Cardinal and asked him whether he, as the General appointed by the Diet for the defence of the land, had been privy to the defection of Náchod and Waldstein. Before the Cardinal had time to protest his innocence, some noblemen threatened him with the fate of the Bohemian Regents, and pointed to the window where he might be thrown out. Dietrichstein was frightened to death, and averred with the exaggeration which his fright inspired that he had had no suspicion of the intention of the two colonels, much less any complicity with them. He was willing to lay down his command, that the Estates might provide at pleasure for their defence, and promised that he would obligate himself with them to fidelity and firmness. The humble assurances of this ecclesiastical prince, hitherto so proud and defiant, banished the thoughts of murder, if such had indeed really been entertained, and


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 the Estates retired thence to the house of Žerotín. Here was repeated the scene which had been enacted with the Cardinal, only that Žerotín maintained an attitude of more decision, and simply denied being accessory to these acts. Finally, the Estates went to Prince Liechtenstein with similar charges, though they pressed these less violently—indeed they took of him a somewhat friendly leave, as the Prince not only declared his innocence, but even promised that he would thenceforth hold himself bound to them for life and death, and he sealed his promise by the hand-grasp: at least the Estates, on the very same day, assumed a more friendly attitude towards Liechtenstein than towards the Cardinal and Z̃erotín; for while they did not restrain the freedom of the former, they subjected the two latter to imprisonment at their own houses, and placed over them guards of musketeers.

From this moment Z̃erotín’s part was at an end; he was now with those politically dead. He had, with a rare persistency, sought to maintain peace and reconcile oppositions, unmoved by losing the sympathies and incurring the suspicions of his own party by seeming to have become untrue to his own convictions. When he had reached the extreme, and the parties were intent upon each other’s ruin, his mission of peace was fulfilled. His real inclination and his religious confession would have thrown him into the arms of the Protestants, but he would not recognize this connection. Whether he was so deeply convinced that the grounds of the insurrection were reprehensible that nothing could move him, or whether new alliances brought about by a marriage into the family of the Waldsteins held him too strongly, none can know. He belonged now at least to the party of the King—no longer, however, as an active member of his


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 duction of the Spitfire Mark I beginning at Supermarine factory in early 1937. Spitfire's classic design was work of R. J. Mitchell, responsible for the Supermarine racing seaplanes which first won the Schneider Trophy for Great Britain in 1931. 18,298 Merlin-engined Spitfires of all Marks were built by 1945.

March 16: Robert H. Goddard's classic report on "Liquid Propellant Rocket Development," reviewing his liquid-fuel rocket research and flight testing since 1919, was published by the Smithsonian Institution.

April 29: Orville Wright was elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences.

May 6: Construction authorized for what later was named the David W. Taylor Model Basin, to provide a facility for use by the Navy Bureau of Construction and Repair in investigating and determining shapes and forms to be adopted for U.S. naval vessels, and including aircraft.

May 9: George W. Lewis, Director of NACA Aeronautical Research, received Daniel Guggenheim Medal for 1936 for direction of aeronautical research and for the development of original equipment and methods.

May 12: World's largest high-speed wind tunnel (8-foot throat) placed in operation at Langley Aeronautical Laboratory, under Russell G. Robinson.

May 22: Herrick Vertiplane, embodying characteristics of both airplanes and autogiros, underwent tests at Floyd Bennett Field.

June 6: Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., Inc., at Paulsboro, N.J., began production of aviation gasoline (100 octane) by the catalytic cracking method.

June 7: Maj. Ira C. Eaker (AAC) made first transcontinental blind flight, from New York to Los Angeles.

June 15: Vickers Wellington prototype RAF bomber made its first flight, while flight of first production model was made on December 23, 1937.

July 18: Spanish Civil War began, which was to involve German, Italian, and Russian air units as well as aircraft of France and the United States.

July 21: Lt. Comdr. D. S. Fahrney (USN) ordered to implement recommendation made to Chief of Naval Operations to develop radio-controlled aircraft for use as aerial targets. Reporting to BuAer and NRL, Fahrney subsequently reported on procedure to obtain drone target planes, but also recognized the feasibility of using such aircraft as guided missiles.

July 23: Navy awarded contract for XPB2Y-1 flying boat to Consolidated, which became the prototype for four-engined flying boats used throughout World War II.

September 2: Maj. Alexander P. de Seversky was refused permission by Army Air Corps to enter his pursuit plane in Bendix Trophy Race to Los Angeles "due to features considered a military secret."

October 15: Lt. John Sessums (AAC) visited Robert H. Goddard to officially assess military value of Goddard's work. He reported that there was little military value, but that rockets would appear useful to drive turbines.

October 24: First transpacific passenger service completed by Pan American Airways, with Martin four-engined China Clipper in a round trip to Manila.

November 7: Robert Goddard flew gyro-controlled rocket to 7,500-foot altitude, near Roswell, N. Mex.

December 19: New world speed record for amphibians of 209.4 mph over a closed course set by Maj. Alexander P. de Seversky.

During 1936: Theodore von Karman, Director of the Guggenheim Aeronautical Laboratory at the California Institute of Technology at Pasadena, founded group which began experiments in design fundamentals of high-altitude sounding rocket. The group, named the Cal Tech Rocket Research Project, consisted of Frank J. Malina, Hsue-Shen Tsien, A. M. O. Smith, John W. Parsons, Edward Forman, and Weld Arnold. This was the origin of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory.

 * First practical helicopter flight, German German Focke-Achgelis, FA-61; in the following year it made first helicopter flight of over 1 hour.

January 1: First physiological research laboratory completed at Wright Field by Air Corps to investigate and devise means to alleviate distressing symptoms occurring in flight.

March 1: First operational Boeing B-17 delivered to the GHQ Air Force at Langley Field, Va.

During Spring: Single-engine Heinkel (He-112) with Junker 650-pound thrust, liquid-fuel rocket motor successfully flown at Neuhardenberg, Germany, Capt. Erich Warsitz as pilot.

April 12: Frank Whittle's first gas turbine engine, the U-type, was static tested.

May 6: German dirigible Hindenburg destroyed at Lakehurst, N.J., an event which ordained the death of the large dirigibles.

May 9: H. F. Pierce launched liquid propellant rocket to 250-foot altitude at Old Ferris Point, N.Y.

During May: Joint German Army-Air Force rocket research station opened at Peenemünde on Baltic Sea; Army Ordnance rocket program under Capt. Walter Dornberger moved his staff from Kummersdorf.

June 30: Navy issued contract to Martin for XPBM-1 two-engine flying boat, the initial prototype for the PBM Mariner series used during and after World War II.

July 1: Weather Service of the Signal Corps was transferred to the Army Air Corps.

July 2: Amelia Earhart Putnam and co-pilot lost near Howland Island in the Pacific.

July 4: FA-61 helicopter flown in fully controlled, free flight by Hanna Reitsch, at Bremen, Germany.

July 5-6: Pan American Airways (PAA) and Imperial Airways make joint survey flights across the North Atlantic prior to establishment of transatlantic service. Both flights were successful, marking the 11th and 12th successful nonstop transatlantic flights completed out of 85 attempts.

July 15: Three Soviet fliers established world distance nonstop record, flying across the North Pole from Moscow to San Jacinto, Calif., in 62 hours.

July 27: Japanese began aerial bombing of Chinese cities.

August 5: First experimental pressurized-cabin airplane, a Lockheed XC-35, made its first flight at Wright Field.

August 23: The first wholly automatic landings in history were made at Wright Field by Capt. Carl J. Crane, inventor of the system; Capt. George Holloman, pilot; and Raymond K. Stout, project engineer.

October 15: Boeing XB-15 made its first flight.

During November: Low turbulence wind tunnel for investigation of laminar flow airfoil constructed at NACA's Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory.

{bar|2}}: Navy Grumman F4F Made its first test flight, standard carrier-based fighter in early World War II operations.

December 23: Successful unmanned radio-controlled flight made by Navy JH-1 drone, at Coast Guard Air Station, Cape May, N.J.

During December: Initial rocket thrust chamber tests by R. C. Truax at Annapolis, Md., using compressed air and gasoline as fuels.

During 1937: World's scheduled airlines carried 2,500,000 passengers in 1937, with an average number of 5.3 passengers per aircraft, according to the International Civil Aviation Organization.

34
 * U.S.S.R. established rocket test centers at Kazan, Moscow, and Leningrad.


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 council, but as a silent protégé. Ferdinand, under the extreme menaces of the Estates, no longer employed a mediator, but an energetic commander, and when victory declared in his favor, he employed courts of investigation and agencies of conversion which trampled into the dust the enemy who lay in complete prostration.

The business properly of the Moravian Estates, who formed themselves, on the 4th of May, into a Diet, began with the removal of several offensive persons from the highest offices, and taking full possession of the government. The Viceroy, Ladislas von Lobkowitz,was deprived of his office, and the Cardinal of his chief administration of the finances of the Estates. The several regiments were placed under command of Sedlnický, Frederic von Tiefenbach, and Ladislas Welen von Z̃erotín. A few days later the Estates organized their government, after the model of that of Bohemia, by placing it in the hands of thirty Directors, twelve of whom were chosen from the nobles, twelve from the knights, and six from the citizens. On the next day the Bohemian deputation, which had just arrived in Brünn, received the answer that the Moravians were ready to enter into an alliance with them and add their troops to those of Bohemia. Thus the Moravians joined the insurrection, and threw their weight into the balance against Ferdinand.

In further pursuit of the well-begun work, an order was sent to Thurn from Prague to push forward with his own troops and those of Moravia into Austria. The hope of being joined by the Austrian Estates was the more justified, because, since the Emperor’s death, the dissensions in Vienna and Lintz had increased. The Protestants were disposed to take possession of the government on the pretext that until their hereditary sovereign, the


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 Archduke Albert, should arrive, its administration rightfully belonged to the Estates. In Vienna, Ferdinand frustrated these claims by calling attention to the Archduke’s letter of renunciation in his favor; but in Lintz, where Tschernembl and Godfrey von Starhemberg bore rule, and where the adherents of Ferdinand had no armed force to support them, the first named of these men brought it about that the executive of the Estates seized the administration and summoned a Diet for April 2, 1619, to advise in regard to further measures. This body, when assembled, elected Herr von Polheim as its executive, entrusted him with the government of the land and the care of the Archducal domains, and thus deprived the King at once of his authority and his income. The direction in which they were disposed further to proceed appears in their attitude towards the Bohemian envoys, who had arrived in Lintz with the purpose of entreating the alliance of Upper Austria. Their request was granted, and it was determined that the armament be completed. Only the prelates opposed this and similar action, but without any effect.

When Ferdinand was informed of these events, and called the attention of the Estates to their arbitrary assumptions, they replied that they were ready to defend, even to the last drop of their blood, the cause of the Bohemians as a righteous one. They went further, and sent a deputation which should request of the King the recognition of the government established by them and open intercourse at the same time with the Estates of Lower Austria, and inform them that they had effected an alliance with the Bohemians. In Upper Austria they began to enlist and arm men for the war, and sent, towards the end of April, 300 men to Hohenfurt, in order to intercept the auxiliaries which were being enlisted in Germany


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 for Ferdinand and were on their way to Bohemia. Godfrey von Starhemberg, the colonel of the Upper Austrian troops, urged Count Thurn to hasten into Lower Austria, where the people were waiting for him as their Messiah.

Ferdinand, who was informed in detail of the increasing hostility to him which was spreading in Lintz, sought to meet this by inviting Tschernembl to a personal interview in Vienna, in the hope that he might win this man to his cause by a few friendly words. But Tschernembl declined the invitation, and in his letter advised the King to refrain from assuming the government, as it did not belong to him; furthermore, that he should summon the Estates of all the provinces to Vienna, and have the matters at issue adjusted peaceably. It is possible that the insurrection would have been ended, if Ferdinand had taken this advice; but the price which he would have had to pay for the settlement would have been the dominion of Protestantism in all Austria, the administration would have fallen into the hands of the aristocracy, and the hereditary right of the ruling dynasty would have been circumscribed. Neither the existence of the State nor that of the dynasty could have been secured by an adjustment.

The example of the Estates at Lintz and the presence of their deputation in Vienna caused the Protestants of Lower Austria to act more energetically and to importune the Catholic nobility and the King with various requests and demands, in order either to protect their own interests, or cut off from the King all the means of his defence. To this end they sent envoys to Presburg, and made complaint to the Palatine in regard to the auxiliary troops which were enlisted in Hungary for Ferdinand. They sought to guard the interests of their faith by requesting the toleration of Protestants on the domains of


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 on the patients. The two yellow-bellied catfish were in one of the beds, wrapped in three blankets, very pale and sweating profusely. Scaly took their pulse and saw that they had a high fever.

— God forbid they should die!" he said to Narizinho. "Doctor Snail is a great doctor, but all his patients die... He has no luck at all...

Further on, in another bed, the cockroach father moaned, mortally wounded by the green frog.

— How is this patient?" asked the prince.

— Very badly, replied Snail. He's broken five legs, torn a wing and is all broken up inside. I gave him Master Scarab's pills, but I have no hope of saving him.

— Has he been to the confessional yet, the prince asked?

— He went to confession just now and is going to take communion right now. Here comes Friar Mantis with the sacraments.

No sooner had the doctor said these words than Friar Mantis entered, accompanied by a little choir mosquito. The scene was so sad that Narizinho felt like crying. The friar cheered the patient up, spoke of the beauty of heaven and offered him the sacred host: a small fish scale. The poor man couldn't even sit up in bed. The nursing sisters


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24 Captains Kendrick and Gray, which vessels arrived at Nootka in September, 1788. They were roused to it by the writings of Mr. Hall J. Kelly, who had read all the books he could on the voyages and travels in Asia, Africa, Europe, and America, until he had heated his mind to a degree little short of the valorous Knight of La Mancha, that is to say, he believed all he read, and was firm in the opinion that an Englishman and an American, or either, by himself, could endure and achieve any thing [4] that any man could do with the same help, and farther, that a New-Englandman or "Yankee", could with less. Hall J. Kelley may properly be called the father of the Oregon emigration movement. Born in New Hampshire in 1790, he left home at the age of sixteen and engaged in teaching at Hallowell, Maine. In 1814 he was graduated from Middlebury College, and the following year removed to Boston, where he was occupied as teacher and philanthropist, assisting in founding the Boston Young Men's Education Society, the Penitent Female Refuge Society, and the first Sunday School in New England. He was also a surveyor and engineer, and in 1828 invested his entire patrimony in a canal project at Three Rivers (later, Palmer), Massachusetts, whither he removed in 1829. This enterprise proved a failure, and his investment a total loss. For many years he had been interested in the Oregon country, and soon after the publication of Biddle's version of the journals of the Lewis and Clark expedition (1814), Kelley began an agitation for the American occupation of the district. He tried to interest Congress, and the first Oregon bills (1820) bear the impress of his thought—see F. F. Victor, "Hall K. Kelley," in Oregon Historical Quarterly, ii, pp. 381-400. Finding his frequent petitions of no avail, he formed a company in 1829 (incorporated in 1831) known as the "American Society for encouraging the settlement of Oregon territory." The winter of 1831-32 was spent in preparation for an emigration movement. Wyeth was a member of this organization, and at first proposed to accompany Kelley; but finding the latter's' plans impracticable, organized his own party. Kelley set out in the spring of 1832 with a small company, who all abandoned him at New Orleans. Proceeding alone to Vera Cruz, his goods were confiscated by the Mexican government; but although now penniless, he worked his way through the California. There, in the spring of 1834, he met Ewing Young (see our volume xx, p. 23, That vast region, which stretches from between the east of the Mississippi, and south of the lakes Superior, Huron, Michigan, Erie, and Ontario, was too narrow a space for the enterprise of men born and bred within a mile or two of the oldest University


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 Catholic landholders and their admission to city offices and to the university. These and other demands were denied by the Catholics, and the parties stood thus in an attitude of as great mutual hostility as if they had not been the sons of a common country, but hereditary foes. On the Protestant side there was now hope of forcing matters, by the aid of Thurn, who finally, in the beginning of May, 1619, advanced into Lower Austria and encamped before the city of Laa, to a decision. After Ferdinand, as the result of negotiations to which he had resorted in order to gain time, had withdrawn his troops from this city, Thurn could garrison Laa and advance further without danger. In order to take possession of the passage of the Danube, he dispatched the two Moravian regiments of Tiefenbach and Z̃erotín towards Fischamend, where they arrived before the break of day, and by stratagem seized all the boats, including four large flat-bottomed ferry-boats. A secret understanding with the proprietor of Fischamend, Baron von Teufel, facilitated this undertaking, and removed nearly all its danger. When Thurn was informed of this success, he followed with the rest of his army and passed over with it to the right bank of the river. He drove back several thousand Hungarian cavalry, who were just then approaching to Ferdinand’s aid, and then drew near the suburbs of Vienna, and as he found these without garrisons, he took possession of the parts which lay nearest, and waited for a signal from Vienna to direct his further action.

When it became known in Vienna that Thurn had marched from Laa, the city presented a picture of the


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 fowls, not caring to talk to the best of them, except when she broke out sometimes about the good master they had lost, all and every one of us. But the fowls would take no notice of it, except to cluck for barley; and the maidens, though they had liked him well, were thinking of their sweethearts as the spring came on. Mother thought it wrong of them, selfish, and ungrateful; and yet sometimes she was proud that none had such call as herself to grieve for him. Only Annie seemed to go softly in and out, and cry, with nobody along of her, chiefly in the corner where the bees are and the grindstone. But somehow she would never let anybody behold her; being set, as you may say, to think it over by herself, and season it with weeping. Many times I caught her, and many times she turned upon me, and then I could not look at her, but asked how long to dinner-time.

Now in the depth of the winter month, such as we call December, father being dead and quiet in his grave a fortnight, it happened me to be out of powder for practice against his enemies. I had never fired a shot without thinking, "This for father's murderer;" and John Fry said that I made such faces it was a wonder the gun went off. But though I could hardly hold the gun, unless with my back against a bar, it did me good to hear it go off, and hope to have hitten his enemies.

"Oh, mother, mother," I said that day, directly after dinner, while she was sitting looking at me, and almost ready to say (as now she did seven times in a


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 had to lift him up by the shoulders and stay there to support him. The dying cockroach swallowed the host, grimaced, choked, coughed and died. — Better that way, said the doctor. If he healed, what a sad life he would have, alone in the world, without his wife or his children...

Everyone agreed, wiping away their tears. The prince, after ordering the burial, asked Master Snail:

— What about the other patients, Doctor?

— The others... the others are dead," he replied a little sheepishly.

Scaly winked at the girl as if to say: "See? No one escapes his hands..." and invited her to leave. Before leaving, however, Narizinho peeked out of the window and saw the killer frog hanging by its neck from a hawthorn branch. She felt pity, but remembering the dying cockroach father, she said to herself: — Well deserved!


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 most fearful agitation. The prospect of a siege of itself threw the citizens into consternation; but their alarm was greatly increased by the stories of those who had fled for refuge before the Hungarians and Bohemians out of the neighboring villages and towns, and who could make the hair of listeners stand up by descriptions of the invaders’ appearance, and all the better if these had not come in sight of them. The situation became one of extreme peril for Ferdinand’s personal safety; for he had not only external, but internal, enemies to guard against, and could not know whether the Protestant Estates and their adherents had come to an understanding, and, if so, what this might be, with the enemy. In fervent prayer he sought the needed consolation. His confessor, coming in one day to visit him, found him stretched before a crucifix. “I have,” so said he to the astonished father, “weighed the perils which beset me on all sides, and as I know of no human help, I besought God for help; if it be, however, God’s will, so let me perish in this struggle.”

While Ferdinand was doubling his pious exercises, and at the same time not neglecting the needed care for strengthening the garrisons of the city, the Catholics of Lower Austria were making efforts to meet the threatening danger by new negotiations. On the 3d of June they sent a message to the Protestants, inviting them to an interview upon the existing points of difference. It may well be supposed that they were now ready to make the broadest concessions, but it may also be conceived that they would wish, first of all, to know whether the Protestants would enter into a league with them against the further advance of Thurn. The hope of an arrangement was cut off when the latter declared that they should maintain their alliance with the Bohemians, and they de-


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January 16: Spanish rebel planes began daily bombing of Barcelona from Majorca.

February 10: British Hurricane fighter flown from Edinburgh to Northolt, near London, at an average speed of 408.75 mph, J. W. Gillan as pilot.

February 26: Secretary of Interior Ickes approved purchase by the Federal Government of helium plants at Dexter, Kans., thus giving the Government a virtual monopoly. On May 11, his refusal to sell helium to Germany was upheld by the President.

February 21: The goodwill flight to Buenos Aires of six B-17's under Lt. Col. Robert D. Olds, which had left Miami on February 17, returned to Langley Field, Va.

April 21: Navy delivered XF2A-1 to Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory of NACA, which marked initiation of full-scale wind tunnel tests, which resulted in increasing speed of the XF2A-1 by 31 mph and led to utilization of NACA testing of other high-performance aircraft by both the Army and the Navy. Data thus obtained were also directly applicable to the design of new aircraft.

June 1: Routine use of radiosondes initiated at NAS Anacostia, Washington, D.C. By the end of the year, the balloon-carried radio meteorographs were also used in Navy fleet operations.

June 6: The Daniel Guggenheim Medal for 1938 awarded to A. H. R. Fedden for "contributions to the development of aircraft engine design and for the specific design of the sleeve valve aircraft engine."

June 9: British Government announced intention to purchase U.S. Lockheed Hudsons and North American Harvards for aerial reconnaissance and training purposes.

June 28: President Roosevelt signed the Civil Air Authority Act.

August 22: The Civil Aeronautics Act became effective, coordinating all nonmilitary aviation under the Civil Aeronautics Authority.

August 22: First American use of drone target aircraft in antiaircraft exercises, the Ranger fired upon a radio-controlled JH-1 making simulated horizontal bombing attack on the fleet.

August 29: Maj. Alexander de Seversky set east-west transcontinental speed record of 10 hours 2 minutes 55.7 seconds in a 2,457-mile flight.

September 12: Wind tunnel capable of simulating altitudes to 37,000 feet dedicated at MIT as a memorial to the Wright brothers.

September 14: Radio-controlled Navy N2C-2 target drone made simulated dive-bombing attack on battleship Utah in test firing of antiaircraft battery.

September 29: Brig. Gen. Henry H. Arnold named Chief of the Army Air Corps to replace Maj. Gen. O. Westover, killed in crash on September 21.

September 30: Agreement signed at Munich, Germany, between Germany, Britain, France, and Italy, allowing Germany to occupy the Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia, an event in which the relative air strength of the major nations was a prominent factor.

October 19: Curtiss XP-40 Tomahawk made its first flight.

During October: British Purchasing Commission ordered 200 Lockheed Hudsons (military version of Super Electra airliner), the first American-built aircraft to see operational service with the RAF in World War II.

 * All-wood British de Havilland Mosquito twin-engine bomber conceived, official order for 50 received on March 1, 1940.

December 10: First static test of James Wyld's regeneratively cooled rocket thrust chambers, which achieved 90-pound thrust.

 * ARS tested R. C. Truax's rocket thrust chamber at New Rochelle, N.Y., which achieved 20-pound thrust before burning through.

December 16: First successful test of NACA high-speed motion-picture camera developed by C. D. Miller, conducted at Langley Laboratory, later used extensively in photographic analysis of combustion and operated up to rates of 40,000 photographs per second.

 * Navy K-2 airship delivered to NAS Lakehurst for trials, the prototype for World War II K Class patrol airships, of which 135 were procured.

December 17: Dr. Hugh L. Dryden, National Bureau of Standards, delivered the second Wright Brothers Lecture at Columbia University.

December 30: Special Committee on "Future Research Facilities of NACA" recommended the creation of another laboratory; resulted in Ames Aeronautical Laboratory at Moffett Field.

During 1938: Jack Parsons of Cal Tech conceived the value of slow-burning rocket propellant of constant thrust for JATO use, active development of which was undertaken by Cal Tech in 1940.

 * Vital importance of the factor of duration in pilot's exposure to hypoxia demonstrated in animal experiments by H. G. Armstrong and J. W. Heim.

 * Heinz von Diringshofen, German scientist, conducted research on human tolerance to multiple g-loads; exposed test subjects to a few seconds of sub-gravity by putting an aircraft through a vertical dive.

1938-39: NACA developed airfoils providing laminar flow to a degree far greater than previously obtainable (based in part upon Ludwig Prandtl's boundary layer theory in NACA Report 116 published in 1921); Eastman N. Jacobs developed low-drag wing sections worthy of special mention.

January 16: Maj. Gen. Frank M. Andrews, Chief of Army General Headquarters Air Force, in an address to the annual convention of the National Aeronautic Association at St. Louis, said that the United States was a fifth- or sixth-rate air power.

January 21: Dr. George W. Lewis, NACA Director of Aeronautical Research, elected president of the IAS.

January 31: Dr. Edward P. Warner appointed economic and technical adviser of the CAA.

February 11: Lockheed P-38 Lightning first flown across the Nation from California, to a crack-up landing at Mitchel Field, Long Island, Lt. Ben Kelsey as pilot.

During February: Airflow Research Staff at Langley Laboratory initiated revaluation of jet propulsion for aircraft at speeds higher than considered by Buckingham in NACA Report No. 159 published in 1923.

March 26: Capt. John H. Towers named Chief of Bureau of Aeronautics with rank of Rear Admiral.

April 3: President Roosevelt signed the National Defense Act of 1940, authorizing 6,000 airplanes and increasing personnel of Army Air Corps to 3,203 officers and 45,000 enlisted men, and appropriating $300 million for the Air Corps.

April 7: Amphibian version of PBY flying boat ordered by the Navy from Consolidated.

April 20: The free-flight tunnel placed into operation at Langley Aeronautical Laboratory.

April 20-21: Experiments with four-bladed controllable propeller on Curtiss P-36 begun at Wright Field.

April 28: Flying a Messerschmitt BF-109R, Fritz Wendel achieved a record speed of 468.9 mph in level flight, at Augsburg, Germany. 36


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 sired the Catholics also to join them. So the business ended in mutual irritation. The Protestants determined to give up all connection with the Catholics, to have their separate system of finance, and institute a government for the management of their own affairs. On the sth of June, towards 10 o’clock in the forenoon, they went to the castle to inform Ferdinand of these determinations, and hand him a paper in which they attempted to justify their alliance with Bohemia. They made Herr Paul Jacob von Starhemberg their spokesman for the audience, though several others took part in this remarkable interview, which, both in the reco’'ections of contemporaries and in later historic works, plays so prominent a part.

When these Protestants of Lower Austria were received by the King, and Starhemberg handed in the paper referred to, and added some words of compliment, some other noblemen broke in, and especially Andrew Thonradel, with caustic words. The interview soon became heated; the deferential tone which marksthe intercourse of sovereign and subject gave way to defiant language, in which Thonradel was especially prominent. The later tradition charges him with having been so disrespectful to the King as to take hold of the buttons of his waistcoat press him to yield what the Protestants demanded. This much only is certain: the Estates demanded that Ferdinand should abandon the further prosecution of the war against Bohemia, and that they brought the charge against their Catholic fellow-citizens of having caused the division.

The violent language of the Protestants, and their demands in regard to the Bohemian question, looking as they did to his ruin, left the King in no doubt that the situation was one of fearful gravity. He stood alone


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 against the Estates, not a counsellor was at his side to speak in his behalf and turn the storm from his own person. Should he meet violence with violence; should he answer threats with charges; or should he break off the audience? His ascetic nature and habits he turned to account on this occasion, though unconsciously, yet in a masterly manner. Not for a moment did his needed self-pos sion forsake him. He blamed with well-sustained moderation those present for their alliance with Bohemia, and, descending even to entreaty, sought to turn them from the path upon which they had entered. He mingled appeals to their patriotism, praying them to unite with him in a defence against the approaching enemy, only, however, to learn anew at each turn that his words were powerless.

This scene had continued for nearly an hour, and its bitterness grew even more intense for Ferdinand, when all at once there came a change. A day or two before, the King had directed that the defence of the city should be strengthened by calling in the small garrisons of some neighboring places; the execution of his order came exactly at the opportune moment. While Ferdinand was subjected in the Hall of Audience to the deepest humiliation which in his whole life he ever personally experienced, and it could not be perceived how the contest would end, there was suddenly eard the sound of a rapidly approaching cavalry troop. It consisted of four companies of a regiment of cuirassiers which was just being formed, and which on the day before, with a strength of 400 men, had set out from Krems, and about 11 o’clock in the forenoon arrived in Vienna, where the commander of the arsenal, Gilbert von Saint-Hilaire, placed himself at their head. Their appearance did not fail of its effect in the Audience


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 week), "How like your father you are growing! Jack, come here, and kiss me,"—"oh, mother, if you only knew how much I want a shilling!"

"Jack, you shall never want a shilling while I am alive to give thee one. But what is it for, dear heart, dear heart?"

"To buy something over at Porlock, mother. Perhaps I will tell you afterwards. If I tell not, it will be for your good, and for the sake of the children."

"Bless the boy, one would think he was threescore years of age at least. Give me a little kiss, you Jack, and you shall have the shilling."

For I hated to kiss or be kissed in those days; and so all honest boys must do, when God puts any strength in them. But now I wanted the powder so much, that I went and kissed mother very shyly, looking round the corner first, for Betty not to see me.

But mother gave me half-a-dozen, and only one shilling for all of them; and I could not find it in my heart to ask her for another, although I would have taken it. In very quick time I ran away with the shilling in my pocket, and got Peggy out on the Porlock road without my mother knowing it. For mother was frightened of that road now, as if all the trees were murderers, and would never let me go alone so much as a hundred yards on it. And, to tell the truth, I was touched with fear for many years about it; and even now, when I ride at dark there, a man by a peat-rick makes me shiver, until I go and collar him. But this time I was very bold, having John Fry's


text: Translation:The girl with a turned up nose/Chapter 2


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 Hall. The Estates, who, by their bold action, sought to frighten the King to yield, were not in their turn without anxiety, lest they should receive a sudden blow at the hands of the Catholic party. They had been warned of this before they entered the castle; some journeymen mechanics in a country-house had besought them, in the name of God, not to enter the castle, as they would there be seized, and that their execution was a settled matter. This rumor, so far as concerns its origin, may have been due to the excitement of the Protestants, who perhaps felt that their efforts designed for the overthrow of Ferdinand might be paid back in the same coin. The sudden galloping up of a cavalry troop, which they could see from the window of the Audience Hall, might be so interpreted, and in fact the Protestants saw in it an evil omen. Some at once ran in fright as if all was over with them. Their language, which a moment before was bold even to daring, changed suddenly, and as if by magic the usual forms of intercourse between prince and people resumed their sway. With a few utterances answering to this state of things, the deputation took their leave. Their appearance in the street quieted their friends, for in the city it was already thought that evil had befallen them.

It was in the following night that Thurn reached Vienna; but the expectation, that with the aid of the party hostile to the King he would be able to force his entry into the city, was not realized. What ground there was, however, for this expectation cannot now be certainly known. It is known only that Thurn himself repeatedly expressed such hopes, and that the Catholics of the time charged the Protestants with having made treasonable propositions, and that in the judicial proceedings instituted, after the victory by the imperial government, a citizen of


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 Vienna, named Gold, was sentenced to death on his own confession that he was ready to open the way of the enemy’s entry into the city. In the last moment, at least, the courage of the revolutionary party failed. The garrison of Vienna had, by the volunteering of citizens and students, and other accessions, risen to nearly 5,000 men, against which a few resolute men in the opposition, or if these were even numbered by hundreds, could not venture such a stroke as the surrender of a gate. When Thurn perceived that he had been deluded in his hopes, the conviction could not but be forced upon him that, with his defective armament and his want of artillery, his project had ended in a failure, and that nothing remained but to return to Bohemia. Moreover, he was repeatedly called back by the Directors, as the daily increasing force of Buquoi gave them great solicitude.

Thus the expedition against Vienna would have proved itself a wholly abortive enterprise, if Thurn had not, in the last moment, found an opportunity to speak with some members of the Hungarian Diet and win them to the cause of the insurrection. All the exertions which the Bohemians had put forth the previous year to this end had been unsuccessful. Now, for the first time, the sympathies of the Hungarians showed themselves strongly in the newly-called Diet, in a resolution to offer a mediation in the Bohemian contest, and thus promote the pacification of Bohemia. For this purpose they sent a deputation to Vienna. One of the members of this was Count Thurzo, who, on this occasion, visited Thurn in his camp, and assured him that he should employ his whole influence to bring the Hungarians to favor still more the cause of his countrymen. This promise, and the intimate relations with Hungary which followed, were the result of the


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 expedition to Vienna, which, however, might have been gained at less expenditure of force and time. In the night of the 13th of June, Thurn broke up his camp and marched to Schwechat, where he passed the Danube and entered upon his return to Bohemia. In taking leave of the Protestants of Lower Austria, he exchanged with them hopes for the future, and encouraged them to perseverance.

In Bohemia, in the meantime, the war force was very considerably increased on both sides. Since the month of March the insurgents had made the utmost exertions to fill up the army by new enlistments, and as Thurn in his expedition to Moravia was accompanied by few besides the levy, it followed that Hohenloe, who still stood before Budweis, drew all the reinforcements to himself. Reckoning the troops under Mansfeld at Pilsen and the Silesian auxiliaries with them, the Bohemian army numbered, after the month of May, 14,000 infantry and 5,000 cavalry.

As the army commanded by Buquoi was greatly reduced, the imperial government must also give its attention to new enlistments. Matthias' resources were so trifling that, immediately after the insurrectionary outbreak, he had applied to the King of Spain through Count Khevenhiller for aid. At first Philip resolved upon a subsidy, and in October, 1618, upon sending 3,000 men armed and maintaining them, and to this he afterwards added, in January, 1619, a sum sufficient to arm 7,000 men who should move from Flanders to the scene of the war. A few weeks later he directed the enlistment of 17,000 men in Italy. The Italian auxiliaries dwindled down on the march to less than one-half, and did not reach the theatre of the war until the winter 1619–20. The.enlistments in Flanders, on the contrary, were quickly made up to a


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 May 5: Kilner-Lindbergh Board was established by Gen. H. H. Arnold to revise military characteristics of all U.S. military aircraft, including the B-29 design in the AAF 5-year program. The Board was composed of Gen. W. C. Kilner, Charles A. Lindbergh, Cols. Carl Spaatz and Naiden, and Major Lyon.

May 15: Navy issued contract to Curtiss Wright for the SXB2C-1 dive bomber, which despite prolonged operational development became the principal carrier dive bomber in the last year of World War II known as the Helldiver.

During June: First transatlantic passenger service, by Pan American Airways with a Boeing four-engined Yankee Clipper.

July 1: National Academy of Sciences sponsored a $10,000 research program at Cal Tech Rocket Research Project for the development of rockets suitable to assist Air Corps planes in takeoffs, the first U.S. rocket program.

During Summer: Albert Einstein, Enrico Fermi, Leo Szilard, and Eugene Wigner interested President Roosevelt, through Alexander Sachs, in the potential military importance of uranium. The President appointed an Advisory Committee on Uranium under the chairmanship of Dr. Lyman Briggs, Director of the National Bureau of Standards.

 * Total complement of NACA was 523 persons, of which only 278 were classified as technical personnel.

August 9: Congress authorized construction of the second NACA research station at Moffett Field, Calif., which became the Ames Aeronautical Laboratory, named after Joseph S. Ames, president emeritus of Johns Hopkins University, member of the NACA from its beginning in 1915 to 1939, and Chairman of NACA from 1927 until 1939.

August 24: Assignment of Navy medical officer to BuAer was approved for the purpose of establishing an Aviation Medical Research Unit.

August 27: First complete flights of jet-propelled aircraft made secretly in Germany, a Heinkel 178 powered by the He S-3B jet engine, piloted by Erich Warsitz.

September 1: German blitzkrieg launched on Poland. President Roosevelt appealed to the European nations not to bomb civilian populations or unfortified cities.

September 3-4: RAF Bomber Command carried out the first night propaganda raid, dropping leaflets over Hamburg, Bremen, and the Ruhr. On September 27, the British Air Ministry announced that the RAF had dropped 18 million leaflets over Germany since the beginning of the war. When leaflet bombing was suspended on April 6, 1940, Bomber Command had dropped 65 million leaflets.

During September: Igor I. Sikorsky made initial flights with the first successful single-main-rotor helicopter, precursor of the R-4 two-place design procured in 1942 by the AAF.

 * World's largest balloon, the Star of Poland, was unable to make stratospheric flight because of the German invasion. The United States had provided helium gas in August for this Polish effort and several American experts, including A. W. Stevens, provided technical assistance.

October 14: Naval Aircraft Factory authorized to develop radio-control equipment for use in remote-controlled flight testing of aircraft without risking the life of a test pilot.

October 19: Dr. Vannevar Bush was elected Chairman of the NACA to fill the post of Dr. Joseph Ames, who resigned due to ill health.

 * Second Special Committee on "Future Research Facilities of NACA," headed by Charles A. Lindbergh, recommended that a powerplant research center be established at once, a recommendation resulting in the Aircraft Engine Research Laboratory at Cleveland, Ohio, now the Lewis Research Center.

During October: Germans successfully fired and recovered A-5 development rockets with gyroscopic controls and parachutes, attaining an altitude of 7½ miles and a range of 11 miles.

November 20: Navy established its own School of Aviation Medicine at Pensacola, Fla., having previously detailed officers to the Air Corps School of Aviation Medicine.

November 30: U.S.S.R. invaded Finland, with Soviet planes bombing Helsinki and other Finnish towns.

December 2: Army Air Corps authorized to begin development of a four-engine bomber with a 2,000-mile radius of action, which led to the Boeing B-29 Superfortress.

December 29: Consolidated-Vultee B-24 Liberator made its first flight at San Diego.

During 1939: P-1 with R-1830 engine was provided by NACA's Pinkel, Turner, and Voss with separate stacks for each cylinder, thus providing 14 jet exhausts which increased the speed of aircraft from 13 to 18 mph between 10,000 and 20,000 feet. Applied to A-20 later, an increase of 45 mph was attained.

 * Curtiss P-40 fighter powered with Allison V-1710-33, with a top speed of 357 mph, first ordered in quantity.

During 1939: Basic concepts for NACA's combined loads testing machine were proposed by E. E. Lundquist and J. N. Kotanchik of Langley Laboratory. After refinements by others, construction was started in 1940 and much testing performed before the completion and operation of the fixed-component machine in 1949. The combined loads testing machine was the first capable of applying positive and negative forces along each of three axes, and positive and negative moments about these axes, in any combination of forces and moments, each applied independently. Still in use in 1960, this machine was used extensively on combined loads and moments on shell-type structures for all types of flight vehicles.

During 1939-40: Original design of North American B-25 Mitchell bomber required 200,000 engineering man-hours; later wartime modification of this airplane (9,800 completed by the end of 1945) accounted for a total of more than 4,830,000 engineering man-hours.

January 19: Maj. James H. Doolittle elected president of the IAS.

February 1: Capt. G. E. Price flew Bell Airacobra through flight tests.

February 24: BuAer issued a contract for airborne television equipment capable for use in transmitting instrument readings obtained from radio-controlled flight tests, and for providing target and guidance data should radio-controlled aircraft be converted to guided missiles.

February 21: Based upon the research of former NACA engineer, Charles H. Zimmerman, Navy initiated development of the Flying Flapjack with the award of a contract to Vought-Sikorsky for the design of the VS-173. The design promised high speed with low takeoff speed.

February 29: Navy BuAer initiated steps that led to a contract with H. O. Croft, State University of Iowa, to investigate the possibilities of a turbojet propulsion unit for aircraft.

March 9: Beechcraft AD-17 biplane flown to an altitude of 21,050 feet over the Antarctic to measure cosmic rays for the U.S. Antarctic Expedition, piloted by T. Sgt. T. A. Petras (USMC).

March 16: First civilian casualties in Britain due to air raids, during Luftwaffe attack on Scapa Flow.

March 22: Naval Aircraft Factory established a project for adapting radio controls to a torpedo-carrying TG-2 airplane.

March 26: U.S. commercial airlines completed a full year without a fatal accident or serious injury to a passenger or crew member.

During April: British commission gave North American Aircraft 120 days to produce a fighter prototype to specifications, which resulted in the highly successful P-51 Mustang, the first aircraft to utilize the NACA low-drag wing based on prolongation of laminar flow. Low-turbulence wind tunnel tests (completed in 38


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 strength of 11,000 men, including, however, in this number those enlisted on Ferdinand’s own account,and towards the end of May (1619) nearly doubled the strength of Buquoi’s army.

The result was, that in the headquarters of the royal army aggressive action was resolved upon, and Thurn’s retreat was still further hastened. Mansfeld, at the head of 3,000 men, left Pilsen in order to strengthen Hohenloe at Budweis. Buquoi, informed by spies of the direction of his march, determined to attack him by surprise, and, leaving his main force in Budweis to watch Hohenloe, he proceeded with 5,000 men against the enemy. The meeting took place on the 10th of June near Záblat, a village lying northeastwardly from the small city of Netolic, to which Mansfeld had retreated when he became aware of his enemy’s superior force. Buquoi at first only skirmished with the enemy, and, sure of a victory in the end, sent some detachments of troops to cut off the way of the flight which he anticipated. When he had thus arranged, he proceeded, about noon, to the attack, and the victory was complete. The infantry was either hewn down or captured, and only a portion of the cavalry escaped. Waldstein, the future commander, took part in this engagement at the head of a regiment of cavalry which had been enlisted for him among the Walloons of the Spanish Netherlands. Mansfeld behaved bravely and with undaunted intrepidity so long as resistance was possible, but when he saw that all was lost, he sought, with but fifteen mounted companions, his safety in flight to Moldautein. This defeat, which, notwithstanding the small forces engaged, has preserved its memory to the present day, rendered the Bohemian army unable longer to maintain the siege of Budweis, and obliged it to withdraw. Hohen-


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 loe broke up his camp near Rudolfstadt on the 15th of June, and retired to Soběslau (Sobyeslau), to await there the arrival of Thurn. Buquoi availed himself of the leisure thus given him for the purpose of assailing the castles of Southern Bohemia which were not already in his possession, and having nearly accomplished this work, he turned northward one day before the junction of Thurn with Hohenloe. The united forces of these two commanders formed an army of perhaps 300 strong, making it numerically quite superior to that i Buquoi, though much below his in their preparation for service in the field. The levy was without practice, and was wanting, as were also the enlisted men, in discipline, since the Bohemian Estates constantly grew more slack in the payment of their troops. The soldiers deserted, the officers seized every pretext to absent themselves and hang around in Prague, and those who held high commands did much the same.

At the headquarters of the royal army it was determined so to order the aggressive movement as to transfer the war to Moravia. With this intent, Dampierre separated from Buquoi and entered this country, and near Wisternitz came upon the Moravian troops under Tiefenbach, and was defeated. This was early in August, 1619. Although Buquoi could not hope that the events of the war in Moravia would compel the Bohemians to send a part of their men thither, and knew, therefore, that he would have to prosecute his plan against the enemy with a diminished force, he was, nevertheless, encouraged, by the growing disorder caused in the Bohemian camp by the failure of their pay, to proceed to decisive action. The state of the Bohemian finances was such that the army was near the point of dissolution. The regiments would


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ack at the royal palace, the girl had the chance to visit numerous rooms, beautifully decorated with evergreens, ferns and mosses of all colors. She also saw the library, full of books in which the wise men had written down the entire history of the kingdom. She was still there, leafing through them one by one, when a menseger cricket came to call her for dinner. She went and sat down at the table next to the prince, and admired the good taste with which everything was arranged.

— It's the art of the leaf-cutters, said Scaly. They're the ones who pick the flowers from the field and decorate these vases. The plates were beautiful pink shells, and the tureens were brightly enameled sea snails. Green crickets served as servants and brought from the kitchen the plates on which a fat crab in a white apron and cap was putting the finishing touches. A delicious shrimp beard soup came, followed by seafood loin, cicada fillet, mother-of-pearl ribs


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America has no Church. Neither has it a peasantry nor an aristocracy, and until well on in the Victorian epoch it had no disproportionately rich people.

In America, except in the regions where the negro abounds, there is no lower stratum. There is no "soil people" to this community at all; your bottom-most man is a mobile freeman who can read, and who has ideas above digging and pigs and poultry-keeping, except incidentally for his own ends. No one owns to subordination. As a consequence, any position which


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 not fight or suffer hardship, but sent deputation after deputation to Prague to demand the removal of the manifold causes of evil. The pay still due to the Bohemian troops from the Directory, after the payment of considerable instalments, amounted to 1,800,000 thalers. This great sum can be conceived only by knowing that the enlisted men had been offered higher wages than had been usual in Germany, and higher than had, for instance, been paid in Silesia. It should also be further considered that the men were very seldom mustered, to ascertain the deaths from wounds and sickness, and reduce the rolls of those for the payment of whose wages the captains were respectively bound. Had these two errors been avoided, the back pay due would have been scarcely half so much.

Buquoi now entered upon his march against the enemy, and advanced slowly but without interruption or resistance, until he reached Milc̃inMiličín [sic], a place situated six miles north of Tabor, although the Bohemian army had been reinforced by 2,000 Silesians and 1,000 musketeers enlisted in the Netherlands, and were numerically more than double his own. In August, Buquoi attacked Pisek, and, although intelligence of this had reached the enemy, they took no measures for the relief of the city, and let it fall into his hands, together with its very considerable treasures and stores of provisions. He then proceeded to Mirowitz, intending there to await the arrival of Mansfeld, who, in the meantime, had enlisted fresh troops, and was approaching from Pilsen to join the Bohemian army. But by a skilful manœuvre of Mansfeld, his plan was defeated. Hohenloe withdrew to Zaluz̃anZalužan [sic] to cover Prague, and left to Buquoi an unobstructed way to Pilsen, though he could not reach Prague without risking a battle. Had he made the attempt, such was the demoralized spirit of the Bohe-


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 mian army, that victory would doubtless have declared for him; but a sudden occurrence prevented this, and made it impossible for him longer to remain upon the Bohemian war theatre. Bethlen Gabor, Prince of Transylvania, had appeared as an ally of Bohemia in the war, and was marching against Presburg and Vienna. The latter city Buquoi could not abandon to capture, and so must withdraw and relinquish the advantages which he had thus far gained.

While these things were taking place, two events had prepared the way of an influence destined to be more controlling of destiny in the future than even the alliance of Bethlen, to which events we must call attention before proceeding to any further account of the war: these were the election of an Emperor at Frankfort, and that of a King by the insurgents at Prague.

King Ferdinand had set out, on the 11th of July, 1619, for Frankfort, and on his way thither had reached Salzburg, where he fell in with Lord Doncaster, the English ambassador, whom James had sent to the Continent as mediator in the Bohemian quarrel. How thoroughly the English sovereign was disposed to protect the interests of the Hapsburgs against all harm appears in this, that he instructed his ambassador to see to it that Ferdinand should be elected Emperor, and that the Bohemian dispute should, however, be adjusted on the basis of Ferdinand’s recognition as King, and in his obligating himself, in return, to carry out the promises which he had made on the occasion of his acceptance as King. The Protestants should accordingly be subjected to no abridgment


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 and mullet egg omelette. For dessert, they brought jitai honey in magnolia petals, and a thousand other delicacies. While they dined, an excellent orchestra of cicadas and mosquitoes performed beautiful music composed by the maestro Chalk-browed mockingbird. Then the blue manakin dancers came and danced graceful dances.

Next came a royal parrot who had a reputation as an orator. He climbed up to the rostrum from a golden perch and gave a beautiful speech on the art of speaking. In this speech he proved that men had learned to speak from parrots, and not parrots from men, as the latter's science says. A shower of applause welcomed his words.

The same didn't happen, however, with the poetess Tropidurus, who began to recite a long poem and choked in the middle, ending the recitative in a cry and a whimper. To destroy this bad impression, three magical fireflies came and performed various magic tricks, with the illusion of eating fire being very popular.


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 of their religious freedom, and, on the other hand, the Estates should repeal their acts of confiscation. It is apparent that James would recognize only so much of the Bohemian quarrel as related to questions of religion, and would not support the political demands of the Estates; in general, he would sincerely labor to bring about an adjustment, if this should be desired on both sides.

Doncaster had travelled to Salzburg, by way of Heidelberg, where the Palsgrave and his wife had received him kindly, and attempted to win him to their views, which was not difficult, since his views as a Protestant made him hostile to the demands of the Hapsburgs, and consequently he did not hamper himself specially with the instructions of his sovereign. When, therefore, he met Ferdinand, he offered him indeed James’ mediation, but not in the sense in which he had been instructed, and perhaps used some expressions which did not dispose Ferdinand kindly. This fact and the progress of his arms caused him to decline the mediation; and when the astonished Doncaster, who shared his King’s mania for greatness, intimated that he was not satisfied with this decision, and still further commended the services of James, and urged their acceptance, Ferdinand informed him that he could not form a definitive conclusion until he reached Frankfort, and there might perhaps accept the mediation, but that some other princes also must be connected with it. Ferdinand then proceeded to Munich, where he met the Duke of Bavaria, and renewed the friendship which he had formed with him at Ingolstadt, and requested his aid in the matters at issue. Though he made no definite promise, Maximilian gave him encouraging assurances, and Ferdinand felt secure of their realization in case of his receiving at Frankfort the imperial crown.


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 involves the acknowledgment of an innate inferiority is difficult to fill; there is, from the European point of view, an extraordinary dearth of servants, and this endures in spite of a great peasant immigration. The servile tradition will not root here now; it dies forthwith. An enormous importation of European serfs and peasants goes on, but as they touch this soil their backs begin to stiffen with a new assertion.

And at the other end of the scale, also, one misses an element. There is no territorial aristocracy, no aristocracy at all, no throne, no legitimate and acknowledged representative of that upper social structure of leisure, power and State responsibility which in the old European theory of Society was supposed to give significance to the whole. The American community, one cannot too clearly insist, does not correspond to an entire European community at all, but only to the middle masses of it, to the trading and manufacturing class between the dimensions of the magnate and the clerk and skilled artisan. It is the central part of the European organism without either the dreaming head or the subjugated feet. Even the highly feudal slave-holding "county family" traditions of Virginia and the South pass now out of memory. So that in a very real sense the past of the American nation is in Europe, and the settled order of the past is left behind there. This community was, as it were, taken off its roots, clipped of its branches, and brought hither. It began neither serf nor lord, but burgher and farmer; it followed the normal development of the middle class under Progress everywhere, and became capitalistic. The huge later immigration


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 1938) had led to five different families of low-drag wings by the end of 1939.

May 14: German Luftwaffe bombed Rotterdam.

May 15-16: First large-scale RAF raids on German industrial targets with 93 bombers attacking objectives in the Ruhr.

May 16: President Roosevelt called for U.S. production of 50,000 planes a year.

May 28: Robert H. Goddard offered all his research data, patents, and facilities for use by the military services at a meeting with representatives of Army Ordnance, Army Air Corps, and Navy Bureau of Aeronautics arranged by Harry Guggenheim. However, nothing resulted from this except an expression of possible use of rockets in jet-assisted take-offs of aircraft.

May 29: Chance Vought F4U Corsair Navy fighter with inverted gull wing made its first test flight.

June 8: Paris office of the NACA was closed.

June 26: Congress authorized construction of the third NACA laboratory near Cleveland, Ohio, which became Aircraft Engine Research Laboratory. In 1948, it was named for George W. Lewis, NACA Director of Aeronautical Research, 1924-47.

June 27: National Defense Research Committee (NDRC) created by the Council of National Defense.

July 8: First commercial flight of the Boeing 307-B Stratoliner, Burbank, Calif., to Long Island, N.Y., the first commercial flight to use a pressurized cabin, in record time of 12 hours 18 minutes.

During July: National Defense Research Committee established Jet Propulsion Research Committee under Section H of Division A, at Naval Powder Factory, Indian Head, Md., to conduct fundamental research on rocket ordnance. C. N. Hickman, who had worked with Goddard during World War I, was named as head.

August 2: Beginning of the Battle of Britain, which raged until the end of October.

During August: Sir Henry Tizard, scientific adviser to the British Ministry of Aircraft Production, headed a mission of leading British and Canadian scientists to brief official American representatives on devices under active development for war use and to enlist the support of American scientists. This marked the beginning of very close cooperation of Anglo-American scientists in many fields, including aeronautics and rocketry, enabling American laboratories to catch up with war-accelerated progress.

August 20: Smith J. DeFrance appointed Engineer-in-Charge of the NACA Ames Aeronautical Laboratory, Moffett Field, Calif.

August 25: First RAF bombing of Berlin.

During September: Royal Air Force used AA rockets against Luftwaffe planes in the Battle of Britain.

 * First test firing of NDRC rocket program at Naval Proving Ground, Dahlgren, Va., a rocket-propelled bomb to pierce 14-inch armor requested by BuOrd.

November 25: De Havilland all-wood Mosquito bomber made its first flight, with large-scale production beginning in July 1941.

During 1940: Committee of the National Academy of Sciences reported that operation of turbine wheels at temperatures up to 1,500° F might soon be possible due to U.S. and foreign development of high-temperature alloys.

 * Dr. Heinz von Diringshofen of Berlin, Germany, "discovered" the effect of weightlessness during flight maneuvers with high-performance aircraft.

 * N. W. Thorner and F. H. Lewey demonstrated the destruction of certain brain cells in experimental animals by short and severe exposures to hypoxia induced by inhalation of pure nitrogen.

 * Graf Zeppelin I and II were intentionally destroyed by the Germans and their metal used for the Reich war effort.

January 11: Army Air Corps announced the control of robot planes, either by radio from the ground or from another plane, had been tested successfully.

During January: RCA proposed to NDRC the design and development of a rocket-propelled, radio-controlled aerial torpedo with TV nose, which was given the code name "Dragon." The National Bureau of Standards was assigned the task of developing a suitable airframe.

February 5: Bureau of Standards developed a photoelectric detector to simplify the measurement of the height of clouds.

During February: Army Air Corps initiated the development of radio-controlled aerial gliding torpedoes, gliding bombs, and aerial mines.

March 24: Classic NACA report prepared by Robert R. Gilruth provided the basis for subsequent aircraft development (NACA Report No. 755, "Requirements for Satisfactory Flying Qualities of Airplanes").

During March: NACA established a Special Committee on Jet Propulsion to review early British reports on the Whittle engine, which subsequently aided the development of the TG-100 turboprop engine by GE and the 19-B turbojet by Westinghouse. Dr. W. F. Durand was called out of retirement to head this committee.

April 15: Igor Sikorsky piloted a Vought-Sikorsky in the first officially recorded single-rotor helicopter flight longer than an hour in the Western Hemisphere; flying time, 1 hour 5 minutes 14.5 seconds; at Stratford, Conn.

April 19: Naval Aircraft Factory initiated the development of a Glomb (glider bomb), to be towed long distances by powered aircraft and released over the target, guided by radio control and target-viewing television.

May 15: First official flight of British turbojet, Gloster E28/39 with Whittle WIX jet engine, at Cranwell, England, flown by Flight Lt. Sayer for about 17 minutes.

 * British De Havilland Mosquito equipped as a night fighter (W4052) made its first flight with AI radar.

May 21: Army Corps Ferrying Command, forerunner of AAF's Air Transport Command, was created. By V-E Day, it possessed 2,461 transports, of which 798 were 4-engined.

 * Navy Engineering Experiment Station, Annapolis, Md., directed to undertake development of liquid-fuel rocket JATO for large flying boats.

May 29: Naval Powder Factory, Indian Head, developed and successfully tested a 4.5-inch AA rocket.

During May: Republic XP-47 Thunderbolt made its first flight.

May-June: First satisfactory spark plugs (ceramic insulated) for high-performance U.S. aircraft engines such as the P&W R-2800 were ordered in mass quantities. Plugs were developed under the direction of T. T. Neill, Air Corps ignition engineer at Wright Field.

June 20: Establishment of the U.S. Army Air Forces (AAF), comprising the Office of the Chief of Air Corps and the Air Force Combat Command (formerly GHQ Air Force), with Maj. Gen. H. H. Arnold as Chief.

June 22: U.S.S.R. was attacked by Germany.

 * Ceramic-lined rocket thrust chamber designed by Alfred Africano generated 260-pound thrust.

June 28: Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD) in the Office of Emergency Management was created by President Roosevelt in Executive Order 8807.

June 30: Joint Army-Navy project contract given to Northrop for the design of an aircraft gas turbine developing 2,500 hp at a weight of less than 3,215 pounds.

During June: Col. Donald J. Keirn of Wright Field was sent to England to study the Gloster jet aircraft and its Whittle-I 40


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 The call of the Electoral Diet for the 2oth of July, which, according to traditional usage, had been sent out by the Elector of Mentz, was most unwelcome at Heidelberg. It has been related that the statesmen of the Palatinate had baited the Duke of Savoy with the imperial crown, and assured him that he would be elected on the ground that the Palsgrave was supposed to have control of the majority of the votes. It was now perceived that this assurance was too hasty, and effort was made to effect an adjournment of the election. The Palsgrave went in person to the Elector of Mentz, and requested this; but however great the effort might have been, the end was not gained, for Schweikhard of Mentz understood too well what Frederic’s plans were, and that, in case they should succeed, not only would the authority of the Hapsburgs receive a severe shock, but that the Catholic Church in Germany would feel the same.

Frederic now endeavored to win the Protestant Electors for the adjournment of the election, and for this purpose sent his Counsellor, Camerarius, to Dresden, but was repulsed, because John George not only stood in friendly relations with the Hapsburgs, but was, moreover, concerned about his own Electoral hat in case the insurrection should triumph. The Dukes of Weimar had not forgotten how their ancestor, John Frederic, had been by Maurice of Saxony deprived of his dignity and his land, and the revolution in the public relations which was brought about by the Bohemian movement seemed to them a suitable occasion to regain what they had lost. They did not conceal their hopcs, and thus strengthened John George in his friendship for the Hapsburgs.

The Palsgrave personally visited the Duke of Bavaria, and attempted with flattering words to gain him to his


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 has converged upon the great industrial centres and added merely a vast non-servile element of employees to the scheme.

America has been and still very largely is a one-class country. It is a great sea of human beings detached from their traditions of origin. The social difference from Europe appears everywhere, and nowhere more strikingly than in the railway carriages. In England the compartments in these are either "first class," originally designed for the aristocracy, or "second class," for the middle class, or "third class," for the populace. In America there is only one class, one universal simple democratic car. In the Southern States, however, a proportion of these simple democratic cars are inscribed with the word "White," whereby nine million people are excluded. But to this original even-handed treatment there was speedily added a more sumptuous type of car, the parlour car, accessible to extra dollars; and then came special types of train, all made up of parlour cars and observation cars and the like. In England nearly every train remains still first, second and third, or first and third. And now, quite outdistancing the differentiation of England, America produces private cars and private trains, such as Europe reserves only for crowned heads.

The evidence of the American railways, then, suggests very strongly what a hundred other signs confirm, that the huge classless sea of American population is not destined to remain classless, is already developing separations and distinctions and structures of its own. And monstrous architectural portents in


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 engine. AAF decision to produce Whittle engine made in September, and the XP-59 flew a year later.

July 1: First commercial television broadcast over WNBT, New York (first successful demonstration by C. F. Jenkins in the United States and J. L. Baird in England was made in the early 1920s).

July 16: Full-scale wind-tunnel tests of A-1 "power-driven controllable bomb" conducted at Langley Field.

July 24: Dr. Jerome C. Hunsaker was elected Chairman of the NACA and Chairman of its Executive Committee.

During July: Navy initiated development of Mousetrap, ship-based 7.2-inch mortar-fired bomb which became the first USN rocket placed into fleet action in May 1942.

 * First successful U.S. jet-assisted takeoff accomplished in an Ercoupe at March Field by Lt. Homer A. Boushey (AAF), with pressed-powder propellant JATO rockets developed by Cal Tech.

 * Project TED (EES 3401) established at Naval Engineering Experiment Station at Annapolis by BuAer.

August 1: President Roosevelt prohibited export of aviation fuel outside of the Western Hemisphere, except to Britain and countries resisting aggression, an act aimed at Japan which normally imported large quantities from the United States.

 * NDL was requested to develop radar guidance equipment for assault drones, both to relay target information to a control operator and to serve as an automatic homing device.

 * Three successful tests of J. Wyld liquid fuel rocket motor were made at an average thrust of 125 pounds. A year later, ARS members formed Reaction Motors, Inc., to continue development of this design.

August 12: Ercoupe impelled by 12 powder rockets of 50 pounds thrust each, piloted by Lt. Homer A. Boushey, first flew on rocket power alone after an initial boost from a towing automobile.

August 19: President Roosevelt announced that Pan American Airways would establish a ferry service to fly American aircraft to the RAF in the Middle East.

During August: Caproni-Campini jet-propelled plane, conventional engine with ducted fan, produced and test flown in Italy.

During September: Messerschmitt Me-163A powered by "cold" H. Walther rocket successfully flown at Augsburg, Germany, development of which had begun in 1937, but "cold" engine proved unreliable. Flights were also made in October which reached speeds of 1,003 km/hr, or Mach 0.85.

During September: Dr. Robert H. Goddard began work on liquid-propellant JATO under contract to USN and AAF, delivering a device to both agencies in September 1942.

October 27: Post of Air Surgeon was created within the Army Air Forces.

During October: Harriman mission made a globe-circling flight of 24,700 miles from Washington to Moscow and return in a B-24 bomber.

November 7: First flight of the AAF GB-1 guided glide bomb, containing preset guidance.

November 12: First launching of an experimental GB-8 glide bomb, incorporating radio controls.

November 30: Italian jet-propelled Caproni-Campini airplane flown 475 kilometers in 2 hours 11 minutes from Turin to Rome, by Mario de Bernardini.

November-December: Russians used AA rockets against Luftwaffe aircraft in defense of Moscow and air-to-air rockets on their Stormovik Il-2 fighters.

December 7: Japanese naval air units attacked Pearl Harbor.

December 30: USAAF requested NDRC to undertake development of controlled-trajectory bombs, the beginning of the development of Azon.

During 1941: Navy Bureau of Aeronautics created a JATO section to accelerate USN development.

During 1941: Aeromedical Laboratory, in collaboration with Dr. E. A. Hooten of Harvard University, initiated anthropometric surveys of AAF flyers to facilitate the design of weapons and flying gear.

During 1941: Research facilities at NACA's Langley and Ames Laboratories increased 100 percent over previous years by the construction of new facilities for defense application.

January 13: Sikorsky XR-4, a single-rotary wing, two-man helicopter, made its first successful flight.

During January: P-38 first placed under study of NACA Langley Laboratory to assess flow changes due to compressibility, later transferred to Ames Laboratory. Dive-recovery flap developed later applied to P-47, XP-59, F-80, and FR-1.

 * "Frigitorium" for cold testing aircraft equipment for arctic operations became operational at Wright Field.

During February: Douglas DC-4 Skymaster first flew, becoming prominent in the generation of four-engined American transports that revolutionized long-haul air transportation.

April 7-24: Douglas A-20A completed 44 successive takeoffs using liquid-propellant JATO developed by Cal Tech's Frank S. Malina.

April 9: Radio-controlled TG-2 Navy drone made a torpedo attack on destroyer Aaron Ward in which a television camera mounted in the drone was utilized, directed by control pilot Lt. M. B. Taylor of Project Fox.

April 18: First American raid on Tokyo, by 16 North American B-25 AAF medium bombers flown off carrier Hornet, led by Lt. Col. James H. Doolittle.

April 19: Two feasibility tests using drone aircraft conducted by the Navy in Chesapeake Bay, the most successful being Project Fox BG-2 drone equipped with target-viewing TV camera, which was crash-dived into a moving raft while under an airborne control pilot 11 miles away.

May 8: Research begun at the NACA Aircraft Engine Research Laboratory at Cleveland.

May 26: Jet-assisted takeoff of a Brewster F2A-3 using five British antiaircraft solid-propellant rockets demonstrated at NAS Anacostia, Comdr. C. Fink Fischer as pilot.

May 30-31: First 1,000-plane raid by RAF Bomber Command on Cologne, Germany.

June 13: First test of the German A-4 (V-2) rocket unsuccessful at Peenemünde, Germany.

June 17: National Defense Research Committee initiated development of an anti-submarine guided missile, the Pelican, under Navy BuOrd, which was a glide bomb with radar homing guidance.

June 27: Naval Aircraft Factory was directed to participate in the development of high-altitude pressure flying suits, thus joining the Army which had sponsored earlier work.

June 30: Brig. Gen. James H. Doolittle awarded the 1942 Guggenheim Medal "for notable achievement in the advancement of aeronautics."

During June: Joint Committee on New Weapons and Equipment (JNW) appointed a subcommittee to review all guided-missile programs, resulting in the placement of responsibility for all controlled missiles in Division 5, Missiles, in the National Defense Research Council. Division 5 of NDRC served as the principal agency outside the military services involved in U.S. missile development for the remainder of World War II.

July 3: First airborne test firing of a retrorocket at Goldstone Lake, Calif., from a PBY-5A piloted by Lt. Comdr. J. H. Hean (USN).

July 6: 4.5-inch rocket (M8-type) fired for the first time in flight from a P-40. 42