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 to wear, with slow dropping but perpetual pain, upon their spirits, the nerves and appetite will give way in solitude. How much more must it have been so with Miss Brontë, delicate and frail in constitution, tried by much anxiety and sorrow in early life, and now left to face her life alone! Owing to Mr. Brontë's great age, and long-formed habits of solitary occupation when in the house, his daughter was left to herself for the greater part of the day. Ever since his serious attacks of illness, he had dined alone; a portion of her dinner, regulated by strict attention to the diet most suitable for him, being taken into his room by herself. After dinner she read to him for an hour or so, as his sight was too weak to allow of his reading long to himself. He was out of doors among his parishioners for a good part of each day; often for a longer time than his strength would permit. Yet he always liked to go alone, and consequently her affectionate care could be no check upon the length of his walks to the more distant hamlets which were in his cure. He would come back occasionally utterly fatigued; and be obliged to go to bed, questioning himself sadly as to where all his former strength of body had gone to. His strength of will was the same as ever. That which he resolved to do he did, at whatever cost of weariness; but his daughter was all the more anxious from seeing him so regardless of himself and his health. The hours of retiring for the night had always been early in the Parsonage; now family prayers were at eight o'clock; directly after which Mr. Brontë and old Tabby went to bed, and Martha was not long in fol-


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Page:Robert M. Kennedy - German Antiguerrilla Operations in the Balkans (1941-1944) - CMH Pub 104-18 (1954).pdf/68

 GERMAN ANTIGUERRILLA OPERATIONS IN THE BALKANS (1941–1944) tion in the Salonika-Aegean area cost the Greek resistance forces 13 casualties and the Germans 12. Continuously engaged in operations, the occupational command for the Salonika-Aegean area became the Salonika Corps Group, and was raised to tactical corps status.

Friction again developed with the Bulgarians at this time. Contrary to the wishes of the Germans, to whom they were now subordinated tactically, the Bulgarians assigned fully a quarter of the troops of their II Corps to the task of securing the interior of Thrace, up to the mountain passes into Bulgaria. The Germans protested this weakening of the coastal garrisons, already reduced to a point where only 11 heavy batteries were left available for coast artillery support for an exposed sea front of almost 200 miles. In reply, the Bulgarians stated they considered it necessary to secure a route for reinforcements in the event of an Allied landing.

Despite the dissatisfaction of Army Group E, the Bulgarians maintained their position, widening the breach in relations. The irritation grew with some activities of Bulgarian units operating in German-occupied areas. Reluctant to leave after the completion of a mission, the Bulgarians frequently had to be ordered to return to their own zone. In turn, these units resented the German requirement that they turn over all weapons and booty taken in joint operations. Bulgarian minorities in German-occupied Greece also played a part in the dissension. Allowed to form home guard-type companies at the insistence of the Bulgarian II Corps, the minorities used these armed units to dominate their Greek neighbors, who in turn blamed the German authorities for placing them in such a position.

Operations in early April involved the clearing of a number of mountain passes in northern Greece, a preliminary movement to Operation MAIGEWITTER, a large-scale effort to destroy ELAS forces in that part of the army group area. The total guerrilla loss in the operation was 339 dead and 75 captured, with 200 suspects arrested.

Repeated Allied commando and air raids on the Greek islands made necessary the issuance of special instructions to the captains of the small vessels making the hazardous supply runs to isolated garrisons in the Aegean and Ionian Seas areas. Gun crews were to stand by at action stations when their vessels approached island anchorages, and supplies were to be unloaded only after the garrisons had been identified. Movement was to be at night where possible, with gun crews ready for sudden air attacks even in port. The excellent intelligence net of the guerrillas and Allies made it difficult for the Germans to maintain security of ship movements, however; this was well illustrated by the sinking of a ship carrying large stocks of small arms and machine gun ammunition to Crete and other island outposts.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Form of oath of office for a Minister for the Union:— “I, A. B., do that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established, [that I will uphold the sovereignty and integrity of India,] that I will faithfully and conscientiously discharge my duties as a Minister for the Union and that I will do right to all manner of people in accordance with the Constitution and the law, without fear or favour, affection or ill-will.”

Form of oath of secrecy for a Minister for the Union:— “I, A.B., do  that I will not directly or indirectly communicate or reveal to any person or persons any matter which shall be brought under my consideration or shall become known to me as a Minister for the Union except as may be required for the due discharge of my duties as such Minister.”

Form of oath or affirmation to be made by a candidate for election to Parliament:— “I, A.B., having been nominated as a candidate to fill a seat in the Council of States (or the House of the People) do that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established and that I will uphold the sovereignty and integrity of India.”

Form of oath or affirmation to be made by a member of Parliament:— “I, A.B., having been elected (or nominated) a member of the Council of States (or the House of the People) do that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established, that I will uphold the sovereignty and integrity of India and that I will faithfully discharge the duty upon which I am about to enter.”]


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 58 On several occasions British commando troops managed to remain on various Greek islands for periods of several days, making detailed reconnaissance and taking prisoners for interrogation at Middle East headquarters. Perhaps the best known of these prisoners was Generalmajor (Brigadier General) Karl Kreipe, commanding the 22d Airborne Division on Crete, and captured on 26 April by a party that penetrated the coastal defenses and succeeded in evacuating the general past a number of security outposts. This persistent Allied interest in Greece tended to keep the German occupying forces constantly on the alert, a strain on commanders, staffs, troops, and communications. The mounting number of suicides on Crete alone, from 11 in 1942 to 41 in 1943, perhaps best exemplified the slump in morale and spirit occasioned by this type of duty. The garrison of Crete was evacuated before the end of 1944, hence no figures are available for that year. However, the situation became serious enough to be called to the attention of General Loehr by his chief medical officer.

The situation in Greece became more tense during May and June. The army group commander, to provide additional armed men in the event of emergency, directed the conscription of all able-bodied, male Germans resident in Greece, including civilians attached to the economic and diplomatic missions, the Organization Todt (construction workers), and employees of the various armed services. Practice alerts were held frequently, and rear area troops, as well as the provisional units of new conscripts, were given intensive instruction in the use of small arms.

The guerrillas, meanwhile, emboldened by the prospect of an impending German withdrawal, increased the tempo of their attacks. During the first week of May, Generalleutenant (Major General) Krech, commanding the 41st Fortress Division on the Peloponnesus, was killed in a surprise attack, with 3 enlisted men of his headquarters; 325 communist suspects were shot in reprisal. Other attacks were made on German supply lines, and sabotage extended even to armed vessels at anchor in Greek harbors.

Apparently oblivious to the situation in which the German forces in Greece now found themselves, the Armed Forces High Command, through the headquarters of Marshal von Weichs, directed the securing of the Greek sea areas and the defense of the peninsula to the last. Operation NEPTUN, later compromised and changed to KORALLE, was undertaken to clear the Sporades Islands area and adjacent waters in compliance with this order, but succeeded only in drawing superior British naval forces to the scene of battle. EINHORN, also compromised and changed to GEMSBOCK, was completed by the XXII Mountain Corps in early June; the purpose of the operation was to inflict a decisive defeat on the growing guerrilla forces in the Greek


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 lowing. But Charlotte could not have slept if she had gone,—could not have rested on her desolate couch. She stopped up,—it was very tempting,—late and later; striving to beguile the lonely night with some employment, till her weak eyes failed to read or to sew, and could only weep in solitude over the dead that were not. No one on earth can even imagine what those hours were to her. All the grim superstitions of the North had been implanted in her during her childhood by the servants, who believed in them. They recurred to her now,—with no shrinking from the spirits of the Dead, but with such an intense longing once more to stand face to face with the souls of her sisters, as no one but she could have felt. It seemed as if the very strength of her yearning should have compelled them to appear. On windy nights, cries, and sobs, and wailings seemed to go round the house, as of the dearly-beloved striving to force their way to her. Some one conversing with her once objected, in my presence, to that part of "Jane Eyre" in which she hears Rochester's voice crying out to her in a great crisis of her life, he being many, many miles distant at the time. I do not know what incident was in Miss Brontë's recollection when she replied, in a low voice, drawing in her breath, "But it is a true thing; it really happened."

The reader, who has even faintly pictured to himself her life at this time,—the solitary days,—the waking, watching nights,—may imagine to what a sensitive pitch her nerves were strung, and how such a state was sure to affect her health.


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 GERMAN ANTIGUERRILLA OPERATIONS IN THE BALKANS (1941–1944) Albanian border area. Quite successful, GEMSBOCK was followed three weeks later by Operation STEINADLER, to destroy ELAS units in the Pentalofon area.

While the XXII Mountain Corps conducted GEMSBOCK in western Greece and southern Albania, the LXVIII Corps in the Peloponnesus and eastern Greece pursued several operations of its own. The results in the numbers of guerrillas killed and captured, however, were considerably less than in GEMSBOCK.

An increasing number of desertions by the Ossets, a Caucasus Mountains race well represented in the Eastern battalions, caused the army group commander to direct that all Ossets be disarmed and detained as prisoners of war. From' a support to German manpower, the "Eastern" battalions now became an increasing liability. A watch also had to be kept on the Italian volunteers dispersed throughout the German security battalions in a ratio of one "company" of 40 men per battalion. Reports of disaffection among such units under German command in northern Italy caused considerable concern over the matter at army group headquarters. A number of Bulgarian volunteers serving in Wehrmacht units also had to be disarmed in June, as did part of the 814th Armenian Battalion, adding to the enormous number of prisoners of war and internees in German custody in Greece.

Early July brought a realinement of German combat strength in Greece when the 4th SS Police Division, which had then been in Greece almost a year, was alerted for movement to the north. The consequent shifting of forces made it necessary for the 41st Fortress Division, a static unit composed in large part of former general military prisoners, to take over the defense of the entire Peloponnesus. The 11th Luftwaffe Field Division, in Attica, was given an added area of responsibility, which included Thessaly, infested by ELAS and EKKA forces. Units of the air force field division lost control of much of the area to the guerrillas in a matter of days, and had difficulty maintaining the major north-south roads and rail lines.

On 3 July EDES abruptly reopened hostilities with the occupation forces, seizing 10 kilometers (6½, miles) of coastline in the vicinity of Parga. (Map 4.) Two days later, during the night of 5–6 July, EDES forces attacked German troops in the vicinity of Arta. To defend themselves, the Germans undertook several small-scale countermoves, meanwhile trying to determine the intentions of Zervas prior to any major offensive to eliminate him. Intelligence reports at first supported the theory that British liaison officers had seized command' of the Zervas organization, in conjunction with a group


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 It was no bad thing for her that about this time various people began to go over to Haworth, curious to see the scenery described in "Shirley," if a sympathy with the writer, of a more generous kind than to be called mere curiosity, did not make them wish to know whether they could not in some way serve or cheer one who had suffered so deeply.

Among this number were Sir James and Lady Kay Shuttleworth. Their house lies over the crest of the moors which rise above Haworth, at about a dozen miles' distance as the crow flies, though much further by the road. But, according to the acceptation of the word in that uninhabited district, they were neighbours, if they so willed it. Accordingly, Sir James and his wife drove over one morning, at the beginning of March, to call upon Miss Brontë and her father. Before taking leave, they pressed her to visit them at Gawthorpe Hall, their residence on the borders of East Lancashire. After some hesitation, and at the urgency of her father, who was extremely anxious to procure for her any change of scene and society that was offered, she consented to go. On the whole, she enjoyed her visit very much, in spite of her shyness, and the difficulty she always experienced in meeting the advances of those strangers whose kindness she did not feel herself in a position to repay.

She took great pleasure in the "quiet drives to old ruins and old halls, situated among older hills and woods; the dialogues by the old fireside in the antique oak-panneled drawing-room, while they suited him, did not too much oppress and exhaust me. The house, too,


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 Form of oath or affirmation to be made by the Judges of the Supreme Court and the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India:— “I, A.B., having been appointed Chief Justice (or a Judge) of the Supreme Court of India (or Comptroller and Auditor-General of India) do that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established, [that I will uphold the sovereignty and integrity of India,] that I will duly and faithfully and to the best of my ability, knowledge and judgment perform the duties of my office without fear or favour, affection or ill-will and that I will uphold the Constitution and the laws.”

Form of oath of office for a Minister for a State:— “I, A.B., do that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established, [that I will uphold the sovereignty and integrity of India,] that I will faithfully and conscientiously discharge my duties as a Minister for the State of ..........and that I will do right to all manner of people in accordance with the Constitution and the law without fear or favour, affection or ill-will.”

Form of oath of secrecy for a Minister for a State:— “I, A.B., do that I will not directly or indirectly communicate or reveal to any person or persons any matter which shall be brought under my consideration or shall become known to me as a Minister for the State of ....................except as may be required for the due discharge of my duties as such Minister.”

Form of oath or affirmation to be made by a candidate for election to the Legislature of a State:— “I, A.B., having been nominated as a candidate to fill a seat in the Legislative Assembly (or Legislative Council), do that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established and that I will uphold the sovereignty and integrity of India.”

Form of oath or affirmation to be made by a member of the Legislature of a State:— “I, A.B., having been elected (or nominated) a member of the Legislative Assembly (or Legislative Council), do swear in the name of God that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established, that I will uphold the sovereignty and integrity of India and that I will faithfully discharge the duty upon which I am about to enter.”]


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Page:Robert M. Kennedy - German Antiguerrilla Operations in the Balkans (1941-1944) - CMH Pub 104-18 (1954).pdf/93

 76 The system of parallel commands did not cease at the national level, in the German case, but extended down to the smallest units. While the Army, on the one side, was responsible to the Armed Forces High Command for the security of the Balkans, the SS was answerable to Himmler and his SS representatives except when engaged in field operations. Until the situation became critical and Marshal von Weichs was forced to assert his authority, SS units on occasion operated without Army control even in the field, and would cooperate in antiguerrilla operations only when it suited the individual commander and higher SS headquarters. Understandably, there was also considerable confusion and wasted effort in the operational and particularly in the clandestine intelligence field, with Wehrmacht and SS agencies trying to accomplish similar missions for their respective commands. This situation was further complicated by the activities of the German Foreign Office, which maintained its own version of a High Commissioner and was heavily staffed with personnel to accomplish political aims not always consonant with the directives given the military commanders. A single supreme authority representing the Reich, with clearly defined responsibilities, would have prevented much needless friction and waste of effort.

The German shortage of manpower reduced the forces made available for the Balkan occupation to the over-age and the physically limited, with the exception of a few units such as the 1st Mountain Division. Other measures taken to alleviate the manpower shortage were the employment of native troops and enlistment of foreign legionnaries, chiefly Russians and Caucasus Mountains peoples. While the first group was capable of but limited service, the other was considered not completely reliable and requiring close supervision by German officers and noncommissioned officers. In either case, the conduct of operations was limited to their restricted capabilities and extended pursuit of routed guerrilla forces was generally unsatisfactory. Moreover, the equipment, particularly armored and motor vehicles, was below the general Wehrmacht standard and resulted in numerous breakdowns that might otherwise not have occurred. Motor parts alone kept vehicles deadlined for extended periods of time, until similar vehicles could be cannibalized and a reduced number of trucks, armored cars, and tanks could again be put into operating condition. Both personnel and vehicle situations were made unavoidable by the heavy demands of the active theaters of war, but it can be presumed that with personnel fit for full field service, properly equipped and mounted in more serviceable vehicles, fewer men would have been necessary to maintain order, and the results of operations would have been more satisfactory.

The German occupiers were very much aware of the importance of security measures required in their situation. Yet it is quite apparent


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Lays and Legends of Various Nations

 * 1) Lays and Legends of Germany: Part I (March 1834)
 * 2) Lays and Legends of France (April 1834)
 * 3) Lays and Legends of Ireland (May 1834)
 * 4) Lays and Legends of Spain (June 1834)
 * 5) Lays and Legends of Germany: Part II (July 1834)
 * 6) Lays and Legends of Tartary (August 1834)
 * 7) Lays and Legends of Germany: Part III (September 1834)

title: Lays and Legends of Various Nations


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Page:Robert M. Kennedy - German Antiguerrilla Operations in the Balkans (1941-1944) - CMH Pub 104-18 (1954).pdf/71

 60 of anti-German commanders led by Colonel Kamaras of the 10th EDES Division. Later, several clandestine meetings between Zervas and representatives of the German forces made it obvious that the Greek leader had been influenced by the Allied liaison mission to renege on his agreement with the occupation forces. The coastal area Zervas had seized, with its easy access to the EDES-controlled Pindus Mountains, permitted the landing of 5,000 reinforcements from the Greek units under British command in Egypt. These units were immediately distributed throughout the Zervas organization and represented a substantial increase in effective troop strength. (Map 5.)

Since a reinforced and hostile EDES represented a threat to his forces, the commander of Army Group E directed the destruction of the Zervas. organization after the completion of Operation STEINADLER. General Loehr also directed additional changes in coastal defense, based on German experiences in the Normandy operation. Beach defenses were to be manned only by troops of the static fortress battalions, while the reduced mobile forces of the 104th Light and other divisions were to be assembled in areas to the rear to counter Allied landings.

The offensive against EDES, for which the already alerted 4th SS Division was made available, was the responsibility of the XXII Mountain Corps. Called by the code name of KREUZOTTER, the operation, beginning 5 August, was only moderately successful. EDES lost a total of 298 dead and 260 prisoners, as against German casualties of 20 dead, 112 wounded, and one missing.

More important events, on the international scene, soon eclipsed antiguerrilla operations in the area of Army Group E. The Romanians surrendered to the advancing Russians on 24 August, and Soviet forces were perilously close to the Bulgarian frontier. Though not at war with the Soviet Union, the Bulgarians feared imminent invasion by either Russians or Turks, and government leaders met to consider ending the alliance with Germany. As a result, orders were given Bulgarian frontier troops to disarm German units withdrawing from Romania, and the II Corps, in Thrace, was directed to prepare for movement home during the first week in September. The German liaison missions with higher Bulgarian headquarters remained on in their assignments, however, and Wehrmacht units scattered throughout Thrace and in Bulgaria itself organized themselves into small combat groups to resist any attempt by the Bulgarians to disarm them. Hitler, furious at what he considered Bulgarian duplicity, ordered all German troops moving into Bulgaria to remain under arms and all units to defend their positions in Bulgaria and Bulgarian-occupied areas to the last cartridge (an order now somewhat timeworn in the Fuehrer's directives to his field commanders).


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 GERMAN ANTIGUERRILLA OPERATIONS IN THE BALKANS (1941–1944)


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 is much to my taste; near three centuries old, grey, stately, and picturesque. On the whole, now that the visit is over, I do not regret having paid it. The worst of it is, that there is now some menace hanging over my head of an invitation to go to them in London during the season. This, which would be a great enjoyment to some people, is a perfect terror to me. I should highly prize the advantages to be gained in an extended range of observation; but I tremble at the thought of the price I must necessarily pay in mental distress and physical wear and tear."

On the same day on which she wrote the above, she sent the following letter to Mr. Smith.

1em

"I return Mr. H's note, after reading it carefully. I tried very hard to understand all he says about art; but, to speak truth, my efforts were crowned with incomplete success. There is a certain jargon in use amongst critics on this point through which it is physically and morally impossible to me to see daylight. One thing, however, I see plainly enough, and that is, Mr. Currer Bell needs improvement, and ought to strive after it; and this (D. V.) he honestly intends to do—taking his time, however, and following as his guides Nature and Truth. If these lead to what the critics call art, it is all very well; but if not, that grand desideratum has no chance of being run after or caught. The puzzle is, that while the people of the South object to my delineation of


text: Talk:Lays and Legends of Various Nations


text: Page:Poor Richard's almanack (IA poorrichardsalma00franrich).pdf/4


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 Northern life and manners, the people of Yorkshire and Lancashire approve. They say it is precisely the contrast of rough nature with highly artificial cultivation which forms one of their main characteristics. Such, or something very similar, has been the observation made to me lately, whilst I have been from home, by members of some of the ancient East Lancashire families, whose mansions lie on the hilly border-land between the two counties. The question arises, whether do the London critics, or the old Northern squires, understand the matter best?

"Any promise you require respecting the books shall be willingly given, provided only I am allowed the Jesuit's principle of a mental reservation, giving licence to forget and promise whenever oblivion shall appear expedient. The last two or three numbers of 'Pendennis' will not, I dare say, be generally thought sufficiently exciting, yet I like them. Though the story lingers, (for me) the interest does not flag. Here and there we feel that the pen has been guided by a tired hand, that the mind of the writer has been somewhat chafed and depressed by his recent illness, or by some other cause; but Thackeray still proves himself greater when he is weary than other writers are when they are fresh. The public, of course, will have no compassion for his fatigue, and make no allowance for the ebb of inspiration; but some true-hearted readers here and there, while grieving that such a man should be obliged to write when he is not in the mood, will wonder that, under such circumstances, he should write so well. The


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MODERN JAPAN


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 GERMAN ANTIGUERRILLA OPERATIONS IN THE BALKANS (1941–1944) that such measures were not adequate and seldom enforced. One feature of this laxity may be seen in the large numbers of local civilians hired to work in German troop areas and military installations. With only a most cursory security investigation, these Yugoslavs and Greeks had access to areas in which they could observe troop movements and preparations preceding operations, storage facilities for such sensitive items as gasoline and ammunition, and routine measures for defense. Since these civilians were paid by their own governments and presented no burden to the Germans, already overtaxed to provide personnel for operations, it is not too surprising that the occupiers took advantage of the opportunity to secure a large labor force. However, this convenience was more than offset by the compromise of almost every antiguerrilla operation of significance.

Commanders were reluctant to separate the troops from the civilian population entirely, both for morale reasons and in conformance with the German policy of exploiting the conquered countries even to the extent of having the troops buy up consumer goods for shipment home. This made unavoidable still more violations of security. In substance, the policy of the Germans toward the outwardly cooperative portion of the population was far more lenient than security demanded.

The German tendency to underestimate the guerrillas also played its part in the undermining of the occupation. At first, commanders felt the suppression of the guerrillas to be a function of the police. Later, when it became obvious the police could not restore order, the military commanders were forced to take the field. However, even after guerrilla activities had turned the Balkans into a theater of war, only intelligence reports carried the designations of guerilla units; commanders still referred to these forces in their headquarters diaries as "bands." Not until 1944, when the guerrillas were threatening to drive him from the Balkans altogether, did Marshal von Weichs acknowledge their strength and direct that reference be made to the guerrilla units as divisions, corps and other designations, rather than as "bands." Too, many of the demolitions and other technical operations of the guerrillas were ineffective and aroused the contempt of the Germans, but these were offset by their great number and the total amount of damage done.

A feature of significance but one over which the Germans could exercise little influence was the nature of the Balkan peoples themselves. Composed of hardy Greeks and Slays, traditionally opposed to any occupier, they readily took up arms when it became apparent the conquerors intended to remain and to exploit their few resources; even the collaborationists often proved to be unreliable. Once started, the surge of the guerrilla movement could not be stopped even by the wholesale slaughter of hostages.


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 78 It is unlikely that German commanders will ever face these occupation problems in the Balkans again. However, a review of the mistakes these commanders made would undoubtedly cause them to urge any future occupier to begin his administration with a clear-cut statement of policy, including a promise of eventual withdrawal of occupation troops and self-determination for the people; a unified military command and distinct delineation of responsibility in the political and military fields; the assignment of trained, well-equipped combat troops in adequate numbers to the area; the taking of prompt and effective though not excessively harsh measures to quell disorders; and an extensive propaganda campaign to explain the purpose of the occupation and the benefits to accrue to the population with the maintenance of law and order. Finally, they would most certainly recommend the troops be supplied from outside the country and restrained from excesses. With perseverance, the occupation forces might then be able to avoid the Balkan chaos of 1941–44.


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14


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 parcel of books will come, I doubt not, at such time as it shall suit the good pleasure of the railway officials to send it on,—or rather to yield it up to the repeated and humble solicitations of Haworth carriers;—till when I wait in all reasonable patience and resignation, looking with docility to that model of active self-helpfulness 'Punch' friendly offers the 'Women of England,' in his 'Unprotected Female.

The books lent her by her publishers were, as I have before said, a great solace and pleasure to her. There was much interest in opening the Cornhill parcel. But there was pain too; for, as she untied the cords, and took out the volumes one by one, she could scarcely fail to be reminded of those who once, on similar occasions, looked on so eagerly. "I miss familiar voices, commenting mirthfully and pleasantly; the room seems very still—very empty; but yet there is consolation in remembering that Papa will take pleasure in some of the books. Happiness quite unshared can scarcely be called happiness; it has no taste." She goes on to make remarks upon the kind of books sent.

"I wonder how you can choose so well; on no account would I forestall the choice. I am sure any selection I might make for myself would be less satisfactory than the selection others so kindly and judiciously make for me; besides, if I knew all that was coming, it would be comparatively flat. I would much rather not know.

"Amongst the especially welcome works are 'Southey's


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MODERN JAPAN


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 Life,' the 'Women of France,' Hazlitt's 'Essays, Emerson's 'Representative Men;' but it seems invidious to particularise when all are good I took up a second small book, Scott's 'Suggestions on Female Education;' that, too, I read, and with unalloyed pleasure. It is very good; justly thought, and clearly and felicitously expressed. The girls of this generation have great advantages; it seems to me that they receive much encouragement in the acquisition of knowledge, and the cultivation of their minds; in these days, women may be thoughtful and well read, without being universally stigmatised as 'Blues' and 'Pedants.' Men begin to approve and aid, instead of ridiculing or checking them in their efforts to be wise. I must say that, for my own part, whenever I have been so happy as to share the conversation of a really intellectual man, my feeling has been, not that the little I knew was accounted a superfluity and impertinence, but that I did not know enough to satisfy just expectation. I have always to explain, 'In me you must not look for great attainments: what seems to you the result of reading and study is chiefly spontaneous and intuitive.' Against the teaching of some (even clever) men, one instinctively revolts. They may possess attainments, they may boast varied knowledge of life and of the world; but if of the finer perceptions, of the more delicate phases of feeling, they be destitute and incapable, of what avail is the rest? Believe me, while hints well worth consideration may come from unpretending sources, from minds not highly cultured, but naturally


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16


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Translation:Disquisitiones Arithmeticae/First Section

Recherches_arithmétiques

Article 1
Congruent numbers, moduli, residues and non-residues

If a number $a$ divides the difference of two numbers $b$  and $c,$  then $b$  and $c$  are said to be congruent modulo $a;$  otherwise they are incongruent: the number $a$  will be called the modulus of the congruence. In the former case, the numbers $b$ and $c$  are said to be residues of each other, and in the latter case they are said to be non-residues.

These notions apply to all integers, both positive and negative, but they are not to be extended to fractions.

E.g. $-9$ and $+16$  are congruent with respect to the modulus $5;$  $-7$  is a residue of $15$  with respect to the modulus $11,$  and a non-residue with respect to the modulus $5.$

Additionally, since $0$ is divisible by any number, it follows that every number must be considered as congruent to itself with respect to any modulus.

Article 2
All residues of a given number $a$ modulo $m$  are included in the formula $a+km,$  where $k$  is an undetermined integer. The simplest of the propositions that we are going to present can be easily demonstrated in this way; but indeed their truth can be equally easily discerned by anyone who looks at them.

From now on, we will denote congruences between two numbers using the symbol $\equiv,$ adding, when necessary, the modulus enclosed in parentheses, e.g. $-16\equiv 9\pmod{5},$  $-7\equiv 15\pmod{11}$.

Article 3
Given $m$ successive integers

$$a, a+1, a+2 \dots a+m-1$$

and another $A,$ one and only one of them will be congruent to $A$  modulo $m.$

If $\frac{a-A}{m}$ is an integer, we will have $a\equiv A.$  If it is a fraction, let $k$  be the next largest integer (or the next smallest, if it is negative and the sign is disregarded). Then $A+km$ will necessarily fall between $a$  and $a+m,$  and thus it will be the number which is sought. Moreover, it is clear that the quotients $\frac{a-A}{m},$ $\frac{a+1-A}{m},$  $\frac{a+2-A}{m}$  etc. are between $k-1$  and $k+1;$  therefore no more than one of them can be an integer.

Article 4
Minimal residues.

It follows that every number will have a residue in the sequence $0,$ $1,$  $2, \dots (m-1),$  and also in the sequence $0,$  $-1,$  $-2, \dots -(m-1).$  We will call these minimal residues. It is clear that, unless $0$ is a residue of the number, there will always be two minimal residues, one positive and the other negative. If their magnitudes are not equal, then one of them will be $<\frac{m}{2};$ otherwise, both will be $=\frac{m}{2},$  the sign being disregarded; hence it follows that any number has a residue that does not exceed half the modulus, and we will call this the absolute minimum.

E.g. $-13$ modulo $5,$  has minimal positive residue $2,$  which is also absolutely minimal, and also $-3,$  which is the negative  minimal residue; $+5$  modulo $7$  is its own minimal positive residue; $-2$  is the minimal negative residue, which is also the absolute minimum.

Article 5
Elementary propositions about congruences

From the notions we have just established, we immediately draw the following conclusions:

Numbers that are congruent with respect to a composite modulus are also congruent modulo any of its divisors.

If several numbers are congruent with respect to the same modulus, then they will also be congruent to each other (with respect to that modulus).

The same modulus is assumed throughout the following.

Congruent numbers have the same minimal residues; incongruent numbers have different ones.

Article 6
Given numbers $A,$ $B,$  $C$  etc., and as many others $a,$  $b,$  $c$  etc., and any modulus whatsoever,

If $A\equiv a,$ $B\equiv b$  etc., then $A+B+C+$  etc. $\equiv a+b+c+$  etc.

If $A\equiv a,$ $B\equiv b,$  then $A-B\equiv a-b.$

Article 7
If $A\equiv a,$ then also $kA\equiv ka.$

If $k$ is a positive number, then this is just a particular case of the previous article, with $A=B=C$  etc., $a=b=c$  etc. If $k$  is negative, then $-k$  will be positive; so $-kA\equiv -ka,$  and therefore $kA\equiv ka.$

If $A\equiv a,$ $B\equiv b,$  then $AB\equiv ab.$  For indeed, $AB\equiv Ab\equiv ba.$

Article 8
If numbers $A,$ $B,$  $ C$  etc. and $a,$  $ b,$  $ c$  etc. are pairwise congruent, then the products $ABC$  etc. and $abc$  etc. will also be congruent.

By the previous article, $AB\equiv ab;$ for the same reason $ABC=abc,$  and so on.

If the numbers $A,$ $B,$  $C$  etc. are assumed to be equal, and so are the numbers $a,$  $ b,$  $ c$  etc., then we obtain the following theorem: If $A\equiv a$  and $k$  is a positive integer, then  $A^k\equiv a^k.$

Article 9
Let $X$ be an algebraic function of the variable $x,$  of the form

$$Ax^a+Bx^b+Cx^c+\text{etc.}$$

''where $A,$ $B,$  $ C$  etc. are arbitrary integers, and $a,$  $b,$  $c\dots,$  are non-negative integers. If one gives congruent values to $x,$ then the resulting values for $X$  will also be congruent.''

Let $f$ and $g$  be congruent values of $x;$  by the previous article $f^a\equiv g^a$  and $Af^a \equiv Ag^a;$, and similarly $Bf^b\equiv Bg^b$  etc. Therefore,

$$Af^a+Bf^b+Cf^c+\text{etc.}\equiv Ag^a+Bg^b+Cg^c+\text{etc.}$$

Moreover, it is easy to understand how this theorem can be extended to functions of several variables.

Article 10
Thus if one substitutes consecutive integers in place of $x,$ and the values of $X$  are reduced to their minimal residues, they will form a sequence in which, after an interval of $m$  terms ($m$  being the modulus), the same terms will reappear; that is, this sequence will be formed from a period of $m$  terms, repeated ad infinitum. For example, let $X=x^3-8x+6$ and $m=5.$  Then for $x=0,$  $1,$  $2,$  $3$  etc., the values of $X$  yield minimal positive residues $1,$  $4,$  $3,$  $4,$  $3,$  $1,$  $4$  etc., where the first five terms $1,$  $ 4,$  $ 3,$  $ 4,$  $ 3$  are repeated ad infinitum; and if the series is continued in the opposite direction, that is, if negative values are assigned to $x,$  the same period reappears with the order of the terms inverted. From this it is clear that the series does not contain any terms other than those that make up the period.

Article 11
In this example, therefore, $X$ cannot become $\equiv 0,$  nor $\equiv 2 \pmod{5},$  and even less $=0$  or $=2.$  From this it follows that the equations $x^3-8x+6=0$  and $x^3-8x+4=0$  can have no integer solutions, and consequently no rational solutions. It can be seen in general that when $X$ is of the form

$$x^n+Ax^{n-1}+Bx^{n-2}+\dots+N;$$

with $A,$ $ B,$  $ C$  etc. being integers, and $n$  being a positive integer, that the equation $X=0$  (to which form it is clear that any algebraic equation can be reduced) will have no rational roots, if it happens that for a certain modulus the congruence $X=0$  cannot be satisfied; but this criterion, which arises here by itself, will be further developed in section VIII. At least from this example one can form some idea of the utility of these investigations.

Article 12
Some applications

Several of the theorems that are usually presented in arithmetic treatises rely on those we have presented; for example, the rule to recognize if a number is divisible by $9,$ $11,$  or any other number. Modulo $9,$ all powers of $10$  are congruent to unity; therefore if the proposed number is of the form $a+10b+100c+$ etc., then its minimal residue modulo $9$  will be the same as that of $a+b+c+$ etc. From this it is clear that if we add the digits of the number, disregarding the place that they occupy, the sum we obtain will have the same minimal residue as the original number, so that if the latter is divisible by $9,$  the sum of the digits will be as well, and conversely. The same applies to the divisor $3.$ Since $100\equiv+1$  modulo $11,$  we will generally have $10^{2k}\equiv+1, 10^{2k+1}\equiv-1,$  and thus a number of the form $a+10b+100c+$ etc. will have the same minimal residue as $a-b+c-$ etc.; hence the well-known rule is derived immediately. All similar rules can be easily deduced from the same principle.

The above also explains the reason for the rules that are usually prescribed for verifying arithmetic operations. If some given numbers must be deduced from others by addition, subtraction, multiplication, or raising to powers, we simply substitute in the operations, in place of the given numbers, their minimal residues with respect to an arbitrary modulus (by arbitrary, I really mean $9$ or $11,$  because in the decimal system, as we have just seen, we can easily find the residues relative to these moduli). The resulting numbers must be congruent to those obtained from the given numbers, otherwise it is concluded that a defect has crept into the calculation.

But since these and the like are abundantly well known, it would be superfluous to dwell on them for too long.


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1. In the present case, I concur with my colleagues in upholding South Africa’s standing, on a prima facie basis, in instituting proceedings against Israel for breach of its obligations under the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (“Genocide Convention”). I feel obliged to give a short explanation of my position at this stage.

2. The question of Palestine has been on the agenda of the United Nations since the inception of the Organization. The Palestinian territory is presently under Israel’s occupation and control; the Gaza Strip constitutes an integral part of the occupied Palestinian territory. The people of Palestine, including the Palestinians in Gaza, are not yet able to exercise their right to self-determination. In the Wall Advisory Opinion, the Court recalled the statement in the General Assembly resolution 57/107 of 3 December 2002 that “the United Nations has a permanent responsibility towards the question of Palestine until the question is resolved in all its aspects in a satisfactory manner in accordance with international legitimacy” (Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 2004 (I), p. 159, para. 49). This responsibility requires that the United Nations, including its principal judicial organ, ensures that the Palestinian people are protected under international law, particularly protected from the gravest crime—genocide.

3. In the past one hundred and nine days, the world was shocked to watch what was unfolding in Gaza. According to United Nations reports, hostilities between Israeli military and Hamas have caused tremendous civilian casualties, unprecedented in history. Following the 7 October massacre and hostage-taking by Hamas, the Israeli military land operation in and air bombardment of Gaza, targeting civilian buildings, hospitals, schools and refugee camps, coupled with the cut-off of food, water, fuel, electricity and telecommunication, and the constant denial of humanitarian assistance from outside, have made Gaza a most dangerous and uninhabitable place. In such a short span of time, it is reported that at least 25,700 Palestinians have been killed, over 63,740 injured, with over 360,000 housing units destroyed or partially damaged and approximately 75 per cent of Gaza’s population—1.7 million people—internally displaced (United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel—reported impact, Day 109 (24 Jan. 2024)). Among the victims, most are children and women. The situation in Gaza remains horrendous, catastrophic and devastating. No ceasefire is in sight. According to United Nations reports, the conditions of life in Gaza continue to deteriorate rapidly with catastrophic levels of hunger, a serious shortage of potable water and other essential necessities, a collapsing medical and health system, a looming outbreak of contagious diseases, etc. The gravity of the humanitarian disaster in Gaza threatens the very existence of the people in Gaza and challenges the most elementary principles of morality and humanity.

4. Over sixty years ago, when Ethiopia and Liberia instituted legal proceedings against South Africa for breach of its obligations as the Mandatory Power in South West Africa, the Court rejected the standing of those two applicants for lack of legal interest in the cases. This denial of justice gave rise to strong indignation of the Member States of the United Nations against the Court, severely tarnishing its reputation. The legal issue was further developed in the Barcelona Traction case, where the Court recognized that in international law there are certain international obligations owed to the international community as a whole; by the very nature of their importance all States have a legal interest in their protection. They are obligations erga omnes. The Court, however, did not touch on the question of standing in that Judgment (Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, Limited (New Application: 1962) (Belgium v. Spain), Second Phase, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1970, p. 32, para. 33). While the law and practice are still evolving, for a protected group such as the Palestinian


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 people, it is least controversial that the international community has a common interest in its protection. In my view, this is the very type of case where the Court should recognize the legal standing of a State party to the Genocide Convention to institute proceedings on the basis of erga omnes partes to invoke the responsibility of another State party for the breach of its obligations under the Genocide Convention.

5. In light of the foregoing considerations and for the reasons contained in the Order of the Court, I agree that the provisional measures indicated in this Order are warranted under the circumstances.

(Signed) Hanqin.


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Page:A Voice from the Nile, and Other Poems. (Thomson, Dobell).djvu/47

 "Mrs. Holmes Gray' I want to read carefully before returning. If he wrote that in 1849 when he must have been very young, I can't understand how he came to abandon poetry for criticism. It is quite mature in firm grip of the subject, and has no youthful faults of redundancy, rhetoric, exaggeration, ornament for ornament's sake, affectation, and so forth."

In a letter dated June 24, 1874, after referring to the notice in the Academy of the "City of Dreadful Night," he adds, "I have just written to the editor thanking him and his critic, and saying that it seems to me a very brave act on the part of a respectable English periodical, to spontaneously call attention to an atheistical writing (less remote than, say, Lucretius), treating it simply and fairly on its literary merits, without obloquy or protesting cant."

I quote the following passage from a letter dated January 9, 1876, because it gives his answer to some censures that have been passed upon his use of certain words in his poems:—

"With regard to Mr. Bullen's criticisms on 'Our Ladies of Death,'—criticisms which really flatter me, as any man's work is really praised by such examination,—I must hold myself right. The only English Dictionary I have by me is a school one, but as such little likely to venture on neologisms; moreover, it is very good of its kind, being Reid's of Edinburgh. This gives Sombre, Sombrous, dark, gloomy; Tenēbrous, Tenēbrious, dark, gloomy, obscure (and, of course, Tenebrious implies Tenebriously); Ruth, pity, sorrow; Ruthful, merciful, sorrowful; Ruthfully, sadly, sorrowfully. The huge


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 Worcester Webster, into which I looked a day or two after your letter came, agrees as to tenebrious and ruth; I forgot to look in it for sombrous. But as to ruth, I used it in the common sense of pity, not that of sadness and sorrow. When I wrote—

I meant to parry the pity of others, not to parry my own sadness, which, indeed, jest and laugh must intensify instead of parrying. My thought was much like that of Beatrice, 'The Cenci,' Act v., Sc. 3:—

And from the light indifferent multitude, as you must know, curses are even less unwelcome than pity when we are profoundly suffering. I looked into the Dictionaries not knowing whether their authority would sustain or condemn me, as I am used to trust in careful writing to my own sense of what is right; this, naturally, having been modified and formed by reading of good authors. Even had the Dictionaries condemned me, I should in these cases have been apt to assert my own correctness; in many others I should be ready to yield without contest. In the 'City of Dreadful Night' I used tenebrous instead of tenebrious; just as good writers use, as it happens to suit them, either funeral or funereal, sulphurous or sulphureous (Shelley often in 'Hellas'), &c. You will think that I have troubled you with many words on a very little matter As it is now just


text: Poems for Workers (Gomez 1925)/Preface

title: Poems for Workers (Gomez 1925)/Preface


text: Poems for Workers (Gomez 1925)/The Song of the Classes


text: Poems for Workers (Gomez 1925)/We Have Fed You All For a Thousand Years


text: Poems for Workers (Gomez 1925)/A Woman's Execution


text: Poems for Workers (Gomez 1925)/The Legacy


text: Poems for Workers (Gomez 1925)/Gunmen in West Virginia


text: Poems for Workers (Gomez 1925)/God to Hungry Child


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Rh


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The Master Adversary speaks in great detail about the division of civil administration into a secular authority and the authority of the gospel of Christ Jesus.

First of all, the contrariness of civil authority to the law of King Jesus – which is his gospel – is revealed in that God had originally established it, but His firstborn Son has introduced (his) authority for his chosen people, rejecting all other authority. On the other hand, pagan administration bases its own authority on a fiction or imagination of blind sinners who invented laws in accordance with earthly wisdom intending thus, by means of power, to subject many to these laws. God has therefore repudiated such a course as sick, deficient, and even unjust... But He has left that law of blind sinners for the pagans who might thus be somehow enabled to live a physical life, in the way of a sick person who, hardly able to toddle, has to lean on a crutch.

The law of God must be held therefore in great reverence And every man ought to be satisfied with this law for his con 146*

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147* duct in this world, having no need of mixing it with other laws. Neither God nor Christ require of man anything but to do right. Therefore Christ who is both true God and true man, in whom is fulness and perfection requires nothing of man but love, and the means to attain to it. And the means are powerfully carried by the law of Christ who taught man in the most masterful fashion how to please God in everything he does And speaking of the perfection of his instruction, man is not only taught fully what to do; Christ's law will enable him to know even those things which would deviate him from true goodness. For no sin can be committed except when we ask those things which Christ condemned, or when we run away from that which he took upon himself to bear. (And we can see this) because his whole life on earth as man is an example and a lesson for (our own) behavior Clearly, he taught most powerfully and most fully how to avoid injustice and do good. No law can be more perfect than the law of Christ.

Therefore a faithful Christian who realizes the powerful strength and perfection of the law of God cannot become Micah 6:8.

Eph. 1:22–23.

title: Page:The Net of Faith.pdf/503


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Page:United States Statutes at Large Volume 128.pdf/3148

128 STAT. 3124 :(5) A work schedule that identifies and prioritizes tasks to be done in a specific time period and specifies required labor resources.
 * (6) Work orders specifying job authorizations and a record of work accomplished that can be used to record actual labor and material costs.
 * (7) Reports and special analyses that compare planned versus actual accomplishments and costs and that can be used to evaluate maintenance operations.

§ 101302. Authority of Secretary to carry out certain activities

(a) —To facilitate the administration of the System, the Secretary, under such terms and conditions as the Secretary may consider advisable, may carry out the activities described in this section.

(b) —The Secretary may provide transportation of employees located at an isolated area of the System and to members of their families, if—
 * (1) the area is not adequately served by commercial transportation; and
 * (2) the transportation is incidental to official transportation services.

(c) —The Secretary may provide recreation facilities, equipment, and services for use by employees and their families located at an isolated area of the System.

(d) —The Secretary may purchase field and special purpose equipment required by employees for the performance of assigned functions. The purchased equipment shall be regarded and listed as System equipment.

(e) —The Secretary may provide meals and lodging, as the Secretary considers appropriate, for members of the United States Park Police and other employees of the Service, as the Secretary may designate, serving temporarily on extended special duty in System units. For this purpose the Secretary may use funds appropriated for the expenses of the Department of the Interior.

§ 101303. Medical attention for employees

(a) —In the administration of the Service, the Secretary may contract for medical attention and service for employees and to make necessary payroll deductions agreed to by the employees for that medical attention and service.

(b) —The Secretary may provide, out of amounts appropriated for the general expense of the System units, medical attention for employees of the Service located at isolated situations, including—
 * (1) moving the employees to hospitals or other places where medical assistance is available; and
 * (2) in case of death, to remove the bodies of deceased employees to the nearest place where they can be prepared for shipment or for burial.

§ 101304. Personal equipment and property

(a) —The Secretary may purchase personal equipment and supplies for employees


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148* a ruler with un-Christian authority which had been culled by blind sinners, in fear lest he defule the rule of God with the rule of blind sinners, a rule by which pagans live their life so laboriously.

Micah 6:8.

Eph. 1:22–23.

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Rh of the Service and make deductions for the equipment and supplies from amounts appropriated for salary payments or otherwise due the employees.

(b) —The Secretary, in the administration of the Service, may reimburse employees and other owners of horses, vehicles, and other equipment lost, damaged, or destroyed while in the custody of the employee or the Department of the Interior, under authorization, contract, or loan, for necessary firefighting, trail, or other official business. Reimbursement shall be made from any available funds in the appropriation to which the hire of the equipment would be properly chargeable.

(c) —The Secretary may—
 * (1) require field employees of the Service to furnish horses, motor and other vehicles, and miscellaneous equipment necessary for the performance of their official work; and
 * (2) provide, at Federal Government expense, forage, care, and housing for animals, and housing or storage and fuel for vehicles and other equipment required to be furnished.

(d) —The Secretary, under regulations the Secretary may prescribe, may authorize the hire, rental, or purchase of property from employees of the Service whenever it would promote the public interest to do so.

§ 101305. Travel expenses of System employees and dependents of deceased employees

In the administration of the System, the Secretary may, under regulations the Secretary may prescribe, pay the travel expenses (including the costs of packing, crating, and transporting (including draying) personal property) of—
 * (1) employees, on permanent change of station of the employees; and
 * (2) dependents of deceased employees—
 * (A) to the nearest housing reasonably available that is of a standard not less than that which is vacated, including compensation for not to exceed 60 days rental cost, in the case of an employee who occupied Federal Government housing and whose death requires the housing to be promptly vacated; and
 * (B) to the nearest port of entry in the conterminous 48 States in the case of an employee whose last permanent station was outside the conterminous 48 States.

§ 101321. Service employee training

The Secretary shall develop a comprehensive training program for employees in all professional careers in the workforce of the Service for the purpose of ensuring that the workforce has available the best up-to-date knowledge, skills, and abilities with which to manage, interpret, and protect the resources of the System.


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Now concerning the second difference between the rule law of Christ and the pagan rule, the Master Adversary says that the civil or state law of the pagans is (real) law by virtue of the sinfulness of men and for the purpose of obtaining justice through compulsion, while the law of the holy gospel exists for the (sole) purpose of obtaining spiritual gifts of grace (:Civil law administers justice through compulsion, while the law of Christ establishes justice through love:)

(:But while law checks – to a certain degree – within one's own country, it does nothing when iniquities are committed abroad:) The straying Christians like to depend on secular power; they even seek it and cherish it since it serves their inclinations Thus a material-minded people asks to have secular power (over them) be cause it enables them to rest in peace around fleshpots, under the protection of (state) authority; and if, peradventure, some hardship or threat to life or property should come about, these things will be of the Wyclif,, Chap. XVIII.

149*

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150* defended by authority of the king, through war, driving away the disturber, revenge (:These Christians that have strayed from the law of Christ and are under the jurisdiction of the civil law are regarded as just and good as long as they live up to the standards of the civil courts and offices. But righteousness by law has nothing in common with righteousness in the eyes of God:) The truth of Jesus is nothing but foolishness to proud men, an oddity, an offense, a pain and a shame.

Here it is necessary to ask: in what consists the superiority of the law of Christ over pagan civil laws? In this, that a (Christian) man adjusts his conduct in accordance with his conscience keeping in mind the grace of God and the reward of salvation; a subject of the state adjusts his conduct in accordance with the advantageous protection of his temporal legal honor and property. A pagan fights to protect his rights and his property in court or in field; a Christian conducts his life with love, patiently enduring injustice, as he will be rewarded by an eternal gain He refuses to have any dealings with commercial enterprises and with any profitable speculations, lest he harm his soul And this is foolishness to the pagan (world).

Wyclif,, Chap. XVIII.

1-Cor. 2:14 & 3:19.

1-Cor. 2:14 & 3:19.

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(:Evil has a tendency to perpetuate itself and to grow. The Christians, having fallen away from the way of perfection, keep on falling deeper and deeper. The government of kings and of civil laws only helps in this falling. For even though the civil law seems to check evil, it encourages a continuing fall of man:) It still does perpetuate lawsuits, punishments, revenge; it returns evil for evil, perpetuates falsehoods, taxes patience, and in all these matters it is an accomplice of the fall, departing farther and farther from the original state of innocence.

(:Speaking of the general state of this 'fallenness' Chelc̄icky̍ suggests that there is only one antidote: utter obedience to the law of Christ.:) His law alone can check the fall. The 'fallenness' of man is the root of evil death from which all mortal things are growing: addiction to do evil, possessiveness, anger, hatred, avarice And knowing that our old self was crucified with our sins man can be rescued through his obedience to the laws of Christ. (:By persecuting, the evil of the civil law grows; by being persecuted, the innocence of the true Christian grows:) and with it, his life of grace.

Rom.6:6. 151*

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text: Index:In re Directives.pdf

title: Index:In re Directives.pdf


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 fine and delicate, from hearts kindly, feeling, and unenvious, learned dictums delivered with pomp and sound may be perfectly empty, stupid, and contemptible. No man ever yet 'by aid of Greek climbed Parnassus,' or taught others to climb it I enclose for your perusal a scrap of paper which came into my hands without the knowledge of the writer. He is a poor working man of this village—a thoughtful, reading, feeling being, whose mind is too keen for his frame, and wears it out. I have not spoken to him above thrice in my life, for he is a Dissenter, and has rarely come in my way. The document is a sort of record of his feelings, after the perusal of 'Jane Eyre;' it is artless and earnest; genuine and generous. You must return it to me, for I value it more than testimonies from higher sources. He said, 'Miss Brontë, if she knew he had written it, would scorn him;' but, indeed, Miss Brontë does not scorn him; she only grieves that a mind of which this is the emanation, should be kept crushed by the leaden hand of poverty—by the trials of uncertain health, and the claims of a large family.

"As to the 'Times,' as you say, the acrimony of its critique has proved, in some measure, its own antidote; to have been more effective, it should have been juster. I think it has had little weight up here in the North: it may be that annoying remarks, if made, are not suffered to reach my ear; but certainly, while I have heard little condemnatory of 'Shirley,' more than once have I been deeply moved by manifestations of even enthusiastic approbation. I deem it unwise to dwell


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 much on these matters; but for once I must permit myself to remark, that the generous pride many of the Yorkshire people have taken in the matter, has been such as to awake and claim my gratitude,—especially since it has afforded a source of reviving pleasure to my father in his old age. The very curates, poor fellows! show no resentment: each characteristically finds solace for his own wounds in crowing over his brethren. Mr. Donne was, at first, a little disturbed; for a week or two he was in disquietude, but he is now soothed down; only yesterday I had the pleasure of making him a comfortable cup of tea, and seeing him sip it with revived complacency. It is a curious fact that, since he read 'Shirley,' he has come to the house oftener than ever, and been remarkably meek and assiduous to please. Some people's natures are veritable enigmas: I quite expected to have had one good scene at least with him; but as yet nothing of the sort has occurred."


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the earlier months of this spring, Haworth was extremely unhealthy. The weather was damp, low fever was prevalent, and the household at the Parsonage suffered along with its neighbours. Charlotte says, "I have felt it (the fever) in frequent thirst and infrequent appetite; Papa too, and even Martha, have complained." This depression of health produced depression of spirits, and she grew more and more to dread the proposed journey to London with Sir James and Lady Kay Shuttleworth. "I know what the effect and what the pain will be, how wretched I shall often feel, and how thin and haggard I shall get; but he who shuns suffering will never win victory. If I mean to improve, I must strive and endure Sir James has been a physician, and looks at me with a physician's eye: he saw at once that I could not stand much fatigue, nor bear the presence of many strangers. I believe he would partly understand how soon my stock of animal spirits was brought to a low ebb; but none—not the most skilful physician—can get at more than the outside of these things: the heart knows its own bitterness, and the frame its own poverty, and the mind its own struggles. Papa is eager and restless for me to go; the idea of a refusal quite hurts him."


text:
Author:Virginia Baker

Works

 * Massasoit's town Sowams in Pokanoket (1904)

title: Author:Virginia Baker


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 But the sensations of illness in the family increased; the symptoms were probably aggravated, if not caused, by the immediate vicinity of the church-yard, "paved with rain-blackened tomb-stones." On April 29th she writes:—

"We have had but a poor week of it at Haworth. Papa continues far from well; he is often very sickly in the morning, a symptom which I have remarked before in his aggravated attacks of bronchitis; unless he should get much better, I shall never think of leaving him to go to London. Martha has suffered from tic-douloureux, with sickness and fever, just like you. I have a bad cold, and a stubborn sore throat; in short, everybody but old Tabby is out of sorts. When was here, he complained of a sudden headache, and the night after he was gone I had something similar, very bad,—lasting about three hours."

A fortnight later she writes:—

"I did not think Papa well enough to be left, and accordingly begged Sir James and Lady Kay Shuttleworth to return to London without me. It was arranged that we were to stay at several of their friends' and relatives' houses on the way; a week or more would have been taken up on the journey. I cannot say that I regret having missed this ordeal; I would as lief have walked among red-hot plough-shares; but I do regret one great treat, which I shall now miss. Next Wednesday is the anniversary dinner of the Royal


text:
Satyagraha in South Africa

દક્ષિણ_આફ્રિકાના_સત્યાગ્રહનો_ઇતિહાસ

title: Satyagraha in South Africa


text:
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 Literary Fund Society, held in Freemasons' Hall. Octavian Blewitt, the secretary, offered me a ticket for the ladies' gallery. I should have seen all the great literati and artists gathered in the hall below, and heard them speak; Thackeray and Dickens are always present among the rest. This cannot now be. I don't think all London can afford another sight to me so interesting."

It became requisite, however, before long, that she should go to London on business; and as Sir James Kay Shuttleworth was detained in the country by indisposition, she accepted Mrs. Smith's invitation to stay quietly at her house, while she transacted her affairs.

In the interval between the relinquishment of the first plan and the adoption of the second, she wrote the following letter to one who was much valued among her literary friends:—

1em

"I had thought to bring the 'Leader' and the 'Athenæum' myself this time, and not to have to send them by post, but it turns out otherwise; my journey to London is again postponed, and this time indefinitely. Sir James Kay Shuttleworth's state of health is the cause—a cause, I fear, not likely to be soon removed Once more, then, I settle myself down in the quietude of Haworth Parsonage, with books for my household companions, and an occasional letter for a visitor; a mute society, but neither quarrelsome, nor vulgarising, nor unimproving.


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 "One of the pleasures I had promised myself consisted in asking you several questions about the 'Leader,' which is really, in its way, an interesting paper. I wanted, amongst other things, to ask you the real names of some of the contributors, and also what Lewes writes besides his 'Apprenticeship of Life.' I always think the article headed 'Literature' is his. Some of the communications in the 'Open Council' department are odd productions; but it seems to me very fair and right to admit them. Is not the system of the paper altogether a novel one? I do not remember seeing anything precisely like it before.

"I have just received yours of this morning; thank you for the enclosed note. The longings for liberty and leisure which May sunshine wakens in you, stir my sympathy. I am afraid Cornhill is little better than a prison for its inmates on warm spring or summer days. It is a pity to think of you all toiling at your desks in such genial weather as this. For my part, I am free to walk on the moors; but when I go out there alone, everything reminds me of the times when others were with me, and then the moors seem a wilderness, featureless, solitary, saddening. My sister Emily had a particular love for them, and there is not a knoll of heather, not a branch of fern, not a young bilberry-leaf, not a fluttering lark or linnet, but reminds me of her. The distant prospects were Anne's delight, and when I look round, she is in the blue tints, the pale mists, the waves and shadows of the horizon. In the hill-country silence, their poetry comes by lines and stanzas into


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 my mind: once I loved it; now I dare not read it, and am driven often to wish I could taste one draught of oblivion, and forget much that, while mind remains, I never shall forget. Many people seem to recall their departed relatives with a sort of melancholy complacency, but I think these have not watched them through lingering sickness, nor witnessed their last moments: it is these reminiscences that stand by your bedside at night, and rise at your pillow in the morning. At the end of all, however, exists the Great Hope. Eternal Life is theirs now."

She had to write many letters, about this time, to authors who sent her their books, and strangers who expressed their admiration of her own. The following was in reply to one of the latter class, and was addressed to a young man at Cambridge:—

1em

"Apologies are indeed unnecessary for a 'reality of feeling, for a genuine unaffected impulse of the spirit,' such as prompted you to write the letter which I now briefly acknowledge.

"Certainly it is 'something to me' that what I write should be acceptable to the feeling heart and refined intellect; undoubtedly it is much to me that my creations (such as they are) should find harbourage, appreciation, indulgence, at any friendly hand, or from any generous mind. You are very welcome to take Jane, Caroline, and Shirley for your sisters, and I trust they will often speak to their adopted brother when he is


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 solitary, and soothe him when he is sad. If they cannot make themselves at home in a thoughtful, sympathetic mind, and diffuse through its twilight a cheering, domestic glow, it is their fault; they are not, in that case, so amiable, so benignant, not so real as they ought to be. If they can, and can find household altars in human hearts, they will fulfil the best design of their creation, in therein maintaining a genial flame, which shall warm but not scorch, light but not dazzle.

"What does it matter that part of your pleasure in such beings has its source in the poetry of your own youth rather than in any magic of theirs? What, that perhaps, ten years hence, you may smile to remember your present recollections, and view under another light both 'Currer Bell' and his writings? To me this consideration does not detract from the value of what you now feel. Youth has its romance, and maturity its wisdom, as morning and spring have their freshness, noon and summer their power, night and winter their repose. Each attribute is good in its own season. Your letter gave me pleasure, and I thank you for it.

Miss Brontë went up to town at the beginning of June, and much enjoyed her stay there; seeing very few persons, according to the agreement she made before she went; and limiting her visit to a fortnight, dreading the feverishness and exhaustion which were the inevitable consequences of the slightest excitement upon her susceptible frame.


text: Satyagraha in South Africa/Foreword

title: Satyagraha in South Africa/Foreword


text:
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 BONNETS. COLLARS AND CUFFS. NIGHT-DRESS. JACONET MUSLIN CAMISOLE.

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text: Satyagraha in South Africa/Translator's Note


text: Satyagraha in South Africa/Preface

title: Satyagraha in South Africa/Preface


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title: Satyagraha in South Africa/Chapter 1


text: Satyagraha in South Africa/Chapter 2

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text: Satyagraha in South Africa/Chapter 3

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text: Satyagraha in South Africa/Chapter 4

title: Satyagraha in South Africa/Chapter 4


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text: Satyagraha in South Africa/Chapter 5

title: Satyagraha in South Africa/Chapter 5


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text: Satyagraha in South Africa/Chapter 7

title: Satyagraha in South Africa/Chapter 7


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 1em

"Since I wrote to you last, I have not had many moments to myself, except such as it was absolutely necessary to give to rest. On the whole, however, I have thus far got on very well, suffering much less from exhaustion than I did last time.

"Of course I cannot give you in a letter a regular chronicle of how my time has been spent. I can only just notify what I deem three of its chief incidents:—a sight of the Duke of Wellington at the Chapel Royal (he is a real grand old man), a visit to the House of Commons (which I hope to describe to you some day when I see you), and last, not least, an interview with Mr. Thackeray. He made a morning call, and sat above two hours. Mr. Smith only was in the room the whole time. He described it afterwards as a 'queer scene,' and I suppose it was. The giant sate before me; I was moved to speak to him of some of his shortcomings (literary of course); one by one the faults came into my head, and one by one I brought them out, and sought some explanation or defence. He did defend himself, like a great Turk and heathen; that is to say, the excuses were often worse than the crime itself. The matter ended in decent amity; if all be well, I am to dine at his house this evening.

"I have seen Lewes too I could not feel otherwise to him than half-sadly, half-tenderly,—a queer word that last, but I use it because the aspect of Lewes's face almost moves me to tears; it is so wonderfully like Emily,—her eyes, her features, the


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text: Satyagraha in South Africa/Chapter 8

title: Satyagraha in South Africa/Chapter 8


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text: Satyagraha in South Africa/Chapter 9

title: Satyagraha in South Africa/Chapter 9


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text: Satyagraha in South Africa/Chapter 10

title: Satyagraha in South Africa/Chapter 10


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text: Satyagraha in South Africa/Chapter 11

title: Satyagraha in South Africa/Chapter 11


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 very nose, the somewhat prominent mouth, the forehead,—even, at moments, the expression: whatever Lewes says, I believe I cannot hate him. Another likeness I have seen, too, that touched me sorrowfully. You remember my speaking of a Miss K., a young authoress, who supported her mother by writing? Hearing that she had a longing to see me, I called on her yesterday She met me half-frankly, half-tremblingly; we sate down together, and when I had talked with her five minutes, her face was no longer strange, but mournfully familiar;—it was Martha in every lineament. I shall try to find a moment to see her again I do not intend to stay here, at the furthest, more than a week longer; but at the end of that time I cannot go home, for the house at Haworth is just now unroofed; repairs were become necessary."

She soon followed her letter to the friend to whom it was written; but her visit was a very short one, for, in accordance with a plan made before leaving London, she went on to Edinburgh to join the friends with whom she had been staying in town. She remained only a few days in Scotland, and those were principally spent in Edinburgh, with which she was delighted, calling London a "dreary place" in comparison.

"My stay in Scotland" (she wrote some weeks later) "was short, and what I saw was chiefly comprised in Edinburgh and the neighbourhood, in Abbotsford and


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text: Satyagraha in South Africa/Chapter 12

title: Satyagraha in South Africa/Chapter 12


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text: Satyagraha in South Africa/Chapter 13

title: Satyagraha in South Africa/Chapter 13


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text: Satyagraha in South Africa/Chapter 14

title: Satyagraha in South Africa/Chapter 14


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 in Melrose, for I was obliged to relinquish my first intention of going from Glasgow to Oban, and thence through a portion of the Highlands; but though the time was brief, and the view of objects limited, I found such a charm of situation, association, and circumstance, that I think the enjoyment experienced in that little space equalled in degree, and excelled in kind, all which London yielded during a month's sojourn. Edinburgh, compared to London, is like a vivid page of history compared to a large dull treatise on political economy; and as to Melrose and Abbotsford, the very names possess music and magic."

And again, in a letter to a different correspondent, she says:—

"I would not write to you immediately on my arrival at home, because each return to this old house brings with it a phase of feeling which it is better to pass through quietly before beginning to indite letters. The six weeks of change and enjoyment are past, but they are not lost; memory took a sketch of each as it went by, and, especially, a distinct daguerreotype of the two days I spent in Scotland. Those were two very pleasant days. I always liked Scotland as an idea, but now, as a reality, I like it far better; it furnished me with some hours as happy almost as any I ever spent. Do not fear, however, that I am going to bore you with description; you will, before now, have received a pithy and pleasant report of all things, to which any addition of mine would be superfluous. My present


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text: Satyagraha in South Africa/Chapter 15

title: Satyagraha in South Africa/Chapter 15


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text: Satyagraha in South Africa/Chapter 16

title: Satyagraha in South Africa/Chapter 16


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text: Satyagraha in South Africa/Chapter 17

title: Satyagraha in South Africa/Chapter 17


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 endeavours are directed towards recalling my thoughts, cropping their wings, drilling them into correct discipline, and forcing them to settle to some useful work: they are idle, and keep taking the train down to London, or making a foray over the Border—especially are they prone to perpetrate that last excursion; and who, indeed, that has once seen Edinburgh, with its couchant crag-lion, but must see it again in dreams, waking or sleeping? My dear sir, do not think I blaspheme, when I tell you that your great London, as compared to Dun-Edin, 'mine own romantic town,' is as prose compared to poetry, or as a great rumbling, rambling, heavy epic compared to a lyric, brief, bright, clear and vital as a flash of lightning. You have nothing like Scott's monument, or, if you had that, and all the glories of architecture assembled together, you have nothing like Arthur's Seat, and, above all, you have not the Scotch national character; and it is that grand character after all which gives the land its true charm, its true greatness."

On her return from Scotland, she again spent a few days with her friends, and then made her way to Haworth.

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"I got home very well, and full glad was I that no insuperable obstacle had deferred my return one single day longer. Just at the foot of Bridgehouse hill, I met John—staff in hand; he fortunately saw me in the


text: Satyagraha in South Africa/Chapter 18

title: Satyagraha in South Africa/Chapter 18


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text: Satyagraha in South Africa/Chapter 19

title: Satyagraha in South Africa/Chapter 19


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text: Satyagraha in South Africa/Chapter 20

title: Satyagraha in South Africa/Chapter 20


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