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 Mechanically, by colliquating the incoherent grains of powder into one mass; wherein, the ranks of pores not being broken and interrupted as before, the incident beams of Light are allow'd every way a free passage through them.

Fifthly, the like Phænomena to those of a Quality to be explicated, or at least as difficult in the same kind, may be produc'd in bodies and cases, wherein 'tis plain we need not recurre to Substantial Forms. Thus a varying Colour, like that which is admired in a Pigeons Neck, may be produc'd in changeable Taffety, by a particular way of ranging and connecting Silk of several Colours into one piece of Stuff. Thus we have known Opals casually imitated and almost excell'd by Glass, which luckily degenerated in the Furnace. And somewhat the like changeable and very delightful Colour I remember to have introduced into common Glass with Silver or with Gold and Mercury. So likewise meerly by blowing fine Crystal-Glass at the flame of a Lamp to a very extraordinary thinness, we have made it to exhibit, and that vividly, all the Colours (as they speak) of the Rainbow; and this power of pleasing by diversifying the Light, the Glass, if well preserved, may keep for a long time. Thus

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 also by barely beating Gold into such thin leaves as Artificers and Apothecaries are wont to employ, it will be brought to exhibite a green Colour, when you hold it against the Light, whether of the day, or of a good Candle; and this kind of Greenness as 'tis permanent in the foliated Gold, so I have found by trial, that if the Sun-beams, somewhat united by a Burning-glass, be trajected through the expanded Leaf, and cast upon a piece of white paper, they will appear there as if they had been tinged in their passage. Nay, and sometimes a slight and almost momentany Mechanical change will seem to over rule Nature, and introduce into a body the quite opposite Quality to that she had given it: As when a piece of black Horn is, onely by being thinly scraped with the edge of a knife or a piece of glass, reduced to permanently white Shavings. And to these Instances of Colours, some Emphatical and some Permanent, might be added divers belonging to other Qualities, but that I ought not to anticipate what you will elsewhere meet with.

There is yet another way of arguing in favour of the Corpuscularian Doctrine of Qualities, which, though it do not afford direct proofs of its being the best

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text: The Complete Works of Lyof N. Tolstoï/Volume 8


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Module:Arguments/sandbox

-- making some tests local p = {}

local getArgs = require("Module:Arguments").getArgs

function p.main(frame) local s = "" for k, v in pairs(getArgs(frame)) do s = s.. k .. " : " .. v .. " "	end return s end

return p

title: Module:Arguments/sandbox


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 "Ere those pages meet your eye, the hand that wrote them will be crumbled into dust. Oh! my son, offspring of an unhappy and ill-requited love, long before you peruse them, every trace, every memorial of your unfortunate mother will be obliterated from your mind, nor will all your efforts be able to recall to recollection the period in which her bitter tears bedewed your innocent cheek, in which with happy playfulness you hid your head in her distracted bosom:—but I run into complaints ere I assign the sad occasion of them—I will, if possible, be brief.

"Ere I was born, love, unhappy love, I may say, laid in some degree the foundation of my misery. My mother, the daughter of Count St. Paul, whose family is well known for its antiquity and pride in the Province of Normandy; untinctured either by the ambition or avarice of her parents, selected for herself at an early age a partner whose only portion was merit, and thus disappointed the expectations which her birth, beauty, and


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 accomplishments had raised in her family; in consequence of doing so she was utterly discarded by every member of it, her youngest brother excepted, who had then however nothing to bestow but—assurances of friendship.

"St. Foix, the descendant of a noble but reduced family, to whom she had united herself, was in the army, and with him she launched into the world, whose storms and distresses she had hitherto known only by report; too soon, alas! she had a sad experience of them.

"But with a noble fortitude she sustained them, not only from tenderness to her husband, but from a consciousness of having drawn them upon herself. St. Foix, however, the delirium of passion over, and the pressure of distress experienced, bitterly regretted having yielded to an affection which heightened his cares, by involving the woman he adored in sorrow, and in little more than two years after his marriage, and a few months after my birth, he fell a victim to his feelings. The grief of my mother may be


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 imagined, but cannot be described, and in all probability she would soon have sunk beneath it, had not her brother flown to her relief: an union just then completed with an heiress of considerable fortune, gave him the power of serving her as he wished, and he endeavoured to calm her sorrows by assurances of being a never-failing friend to her, and of supplying to me, to the utmost of his power, the place of the parent I was so early deprived of. He immediately took a small cottage, in a sequestered and romantic part of Dauphine, for her, and settled upon her a yearly stipend, amply sufficient to procure her all that she could want or desire in retirement.

"Time and religion softened her anguish, and as I grew up, her heart again began to be sensible of pleasure; a pleasure, however, frequently embittered by a conviction of the unhappiness her brother experienced in consequence of serving her; for his wife, selfish and illiberal in her disposition, could not with any degree of patience bear the idea of his regarding any one out of his own immediate


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 family, or of his expending on them any part of that fortune she so frequently boasted of having given to him.

"Long he withstood her solicitations to withdraw his bounty, long opposed her inclination; but at length, tired of domestic strife, of continual upbraidings for the intention he avowed of providing for his niece in a manner suitable to her birth, he hinted a wish to my mother for my retiring into a convent.

"This was an unexpected blow, and one which overwhelmed my mother, by destroying those hopes that, with the natural vanity and partiality of a parent, almost from my birth she had indulged, of seeing me at some period or other happily settled, and of enjoying beneath my roof that tranquillity which sorrow and dependence had hitherto prevented her from experiencing.

"With tears, with agonies which shook her frame, she conjured him not to deprive her of her only earthly comfort, not to entomb her child alive, or in one short minute undo all he had hitherto done.


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 "Ah! my mother, well had it been for your Madeline, if your lips had never uttered such a supplication; well had it been for her, if in the first bloom of life, ere her heart was sufficiently expanded to feel that tenderness which constitutes our greatest happiness or misery, the walls of a convent had immured her from a world, where her peace, her fame, were destined to be wrecked.

"My uncle was too generous to repeat a wish which gave such pain; he regretted ever having mentioned it, and strove to make amends for having done so, by reiterating the most solemn assurances of fulfilling the intentions he had before avowed towards me.

"Thus was the storm which threatened the peace of my mother, overblown; but, alas! the calm that succeeded it was to me of short duration. I had scarcely attained my sixteenth year when I was deprived of this inestimable parent. In the language of despair I wrote to my uncle, then at Paris, to inform him of this event; and at the same time enclosed a letter, written by my mother in her last hours, and, which I afterwards found contained a supplication not to permit


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Variants  Notes


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 me to enter a convent without I wished myself to do so, and an entreaty for his protection to be continued to me.

"He directly hastened to me, and used every method in his power to sooth my sorrows; he repeated his assurances of continued kindness, and declared from that period I should reside with him till I had a proper habitation of my own to go to.

"I accordingly accompanied him to Paris; and here, in all probability, the sadness of my heart might soon have been diverted by the novelty of every thing I saw, had I met with any of that tenderness I had always been accustomed to; but the most chilling coldness, or else the most contemptuous disdain, was the treatment I received from my aunt and her family. My uncle, in order to try and prevent my mind from dwelling on it, insisted on my being taken to all the places they frequented; but this, instead of alleviating, rather aggravated my misery, for my aunt soon took it into her head that I was a rival to her daughters. A year I dragged on in a state of wretchedness, which no language


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 could justly express: at the expiration of that period, worn out with ill treatment, and agonized by beholding my benevolent protector in continual disquietude on my account, I determined, with a kind of desperate resolution, to terminate that disquietude and my indignities, by retiring to a cloister: but how impossible is it to express the pangs with which I formed and announced this resolution: yet what, you will say, could have occasioned those pangs? surely not the idea of renouncing a world which contained no tender friend to supply the place of the one I had lost?—

"Alas! it then contained a being dearer to me than life itself:—St. Julian, the Marquis of Montmorenci's son, visited at my uncle's, and had not long been known ere he was beloved! Those who knew him could not have wondered at my sudden attachment; every virtue, every grace which ennobles and adorns humanity he appeared to possess. Oh! St. Julian, Heaven surely endowed you with every virtue; for candour


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 and benevolence sat upon your countenance, and it was only an improper education, or pernicious company that rendered you deceitful, and led you to betray the unsuspicious heart, which reposed upon you for happiness.

"Secretly I indulged my passion, yet without the smallest hope of having it returned; for though a soft beam from the eye of St. Julian sometimes tempted me to think I was not utterly indifferent to him, I never had reason to imagine he thought seriously about me; but, notwithstanding my hopelessness respecting him, so great, so exquisite was the pleasure I derived from seeing, from listening to him, that the idea of foregoing it was infinitely more painful to me than that of death.

"My uncle heard my determination of retiring to a cloister with a satisfaction which he could not disguise, though he attempted it; and my aunt and her children with evident delight: generous to the last, my


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 Amphitryon or rather the Joseph of this new version of an old tale was 'surpriz'd upon his Wedding-day, and separated from her'—his virgin bride—'by her Father': so that when on his return he finds himself supplanted or anticipated by the intervention of a 'Jupiter-Scapin,' who has won his way to the heart of his Alcmena by means no less energetic than ingenious, he is able as well as ready to resign her to a rival so deserving, on the ground that 'he has been above seven years away beyond Sea, and has never Writ her word he was alive; so that in Law the Marriage is void.' And thus is Morality reconciled with the Comic Muse; surely to the no small comfort of the moral reader, who on his way towards this desirable consummation will have come across too many 'a little piece of sculduddery, which after all' (as Nanty Ewart well puts it) 'does nobody any harm,' and means none; which unhappily is more than can be said for all Dryden's own writings. The rude honest humour of the main action is quite unlike the heavy weary movement of his joyless and shameless, witless and thankless labours in the comic line. But here if anywhere is surely something of the noble grace and simple strength of his more firm and serious manner, effective and serviceable always, even when most hasty, crude, and conventional in details of expression.

Alcmena, be it understood, has just detected the false Amphitryon by the difference of his voice from that of her long since vagabond bridegroom.


text: The Complete Works of Lyof N. Tolstoï/Volume 11


text: The Complete Works of Lyof N. Tolstoï/Volume 11/Introduction


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If this pretty passage be thought too gentle in its tone for the generally untender Muse of Dryden, I would refer the objector to an equally simple and graceful dialogue in verse between Leonidas and Palmyra in the chaotic tragicomedy of Marriage à la Mode.

A fellow-student whose verdict on such a question carries no light weight with it would assign to Dryden rather this than the scene which I proceed to transcribe at full length, literatè as before and punctatim, having been inclined for my own part to exclaim on a first reading of it, 'either John Dryden or the Devil.'


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162 If Epicurus was wrong in placing Happiness

no less wrong are they who say that "honour" requires pleasure to be added to it, since they thus make honour itself dishonourable. And again, to say with others that happiness is tranquillity of mind, is simply to beg the question.

Putting, then, all such theories aside, we bring the argument to a practical issue. Self-preservation is the first great principle of nature; and so strong is this instinctive love of life both among men and animals, that we see even the iron-hearted Stoic shrink from the actual pangs of a voluntary death. Then comes the question, What is this nature that is so precious to each of us? Clearly it is compounded of body and mind, each with many virtues of its own; but as the mind should rule the body, so reason, as the dominant faculty, should rule the mind. Virtue itself is only "the perfection of this reason," and, call it what you will, genius or intellect is something divine.

Furthermore, there is in man a gradual progress of reason, growing with his growth until it has reached perfection. Even in the infant there are "as it were sparks of virtue"—half-unconscious principles of love and gratitude; and these germs bear fruit, as the child develops into the man. We have also an instinct which attracts us towards the pursuit of wisdom; such is the true meaning of the Sirens' voices in the Odyssey, says the philosopher, quoting from the poet of all time:—

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Rh

It is wisdom, not pleasure, which they offer. Hence it is that men devote their days and nights to literature, without a thought of any gain that may accrue from it; and philosophers paint the serene delights of a life of contemplation in the islands of the blest.

Again, our minds can never rest. "Desire for action grows with us;" and in action of some sort, be it politics or science, life (if it is to be life at all) must be passed, by each of us. Even the gambler must ply the dice-box, and the man of pleasure seek excitement in society. But in the true life of action, still the ruling principle should be honour.

Such, in brief, is Piso's (or rather Cicero's) vindication of the old masters of philosophy. Before they leave the place, Cicero fires a parting shot at the Stoic paradox that the 'wise man' is always happy. How, he pertinently asks, can one in sickness and poverty, blind, or childless, in exile or in torture, be possibly called happy, except by a monstrous perversion of language?

Here, somewhat abruptly, the dialogue close; and Cicero pronounces no judgment of his own, but leaves the great question almost as perplexed as when he

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164 started the discussion. But, of the two antagonistic theories, he leans rather to the Stoic than to the Epicurean. Self-sacrifice and honour seem, to his view, to present a higher ideal than pleasure or expediency.

Fragments of two editions of this work have come down to us; for almost before the first copy had reached the hands of his friend Atticus, to whom it was sent, Cicero had rewritten the whole on an enlarged scale. The first book (as we have it now) is dedicated to Varro, a noble patron of art and literature. In his villa at Cuma were spacious porticoes and gardens, and a library with galleries and cabinets open to all comers. Here, on a terrace looking seawards, Cicero, Atticus, and Varro himself pass a long afternoon in discussing the relative merits of the old and new Academies; and hence we get the title of the work. Varro takes the lion's share of the first dialogue, and shows how from the "vast and varied genius of Plato" both Academics and Peripatetics drew all their philosophy, whether it related to morals, to nature, or to logic. Stoicism receives a passing notice, as also does what Varro considers the heresy of Theophrastus, who strips virtue of all its beauty, by denying that happiness depends upon it.

The second book is dedicated to another illustrious name, the elder Lucullus, not long deceased—half-statesman, half-dilettante, "with almost as divine a memory for facts," says Cicero, with something of envy,

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Rh "as Hortensius had for words." This time it is at his villa, near Tusculum, amidst scenery perhaps even now the loveliest of all Italian landscapes, that the philosophic dialogue takes place. Lucullus condemns the scepticism of the New Academy—those reactionists against the dogmatism of past times, who disbelieve their very eyesight. If (he says) we reject the testimony of the senses, there is neither body, nor truth, nor argument, nor anything certain left us. These perpetual doubters destroy every ground of our belief.

Cicero ingeniously defends this scepticism, which was, in fact, the bent of his own mind. After all, what is our eyesight worth? The ship sailing across the bay yonder seems to move, but to the sailors it is the shore that recedes from their view. Even the sun, "which mathematicians affirm to be eighteen times larger than the earth, looks but a foot in diameter." And as it is with these things, so it is with all knowledge. Bold indeed must be the man who can define the point at which belief passes into certainty. Even the "fine frenzy" of the poet, his pictures of gods and heroes, are as lifelike to himself and to his hearers as though he actually saw them;—

No—we are sure of nothing; and we are happy if, like Socrates, we only know this—that we know nothing. Then, as if in irony, or partly influenced perhaps by the advocate's love of arguing the case both ways, Cicero

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Rh Hunter, that his labours were directed to place physiology and pathology in the elevated rank of sciences.

The qualification for advancing science is the power of exercising the higher order of faculties of the intellect upon any subject for investigation. The science which is termed the strict, the mathematical, indisputably determines this question. The application of the mind here is to quantity and number, and it has the ablest means of grappling with the subject. The intellect here throws its penetration much further than it commonly does in other researches, and thus produces a certainty elsewhere unknown. It is, perhaps, because the intellect, unencumbered, as when the senses interpose, grasps the subject in all its relations, and is able, as it were, to dispose it in every possible view, and subject it to every sort of combination and comparison, and bring out all its properties. It is the in-


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20 who can pursue the closest reasoning to the utmost limits of perfect truth.

The great Bacon, who has explained every order and adjustment, by which the powers of the mind can be brought into operation for the advancement of science, has divided the distinctions of nominal philosophers into three heads; but the division may be justly applied to the qualities of the minds of those, who aspire to the rank of men of science.

The first, the lowest in the scale, are those who resemble the ant; their life is occupied in accumulating knowledge, but their exertions end with the accumulation; they add nothing to the stores of science.

The second class is resembled to the spider: these are those who employ all the art they possess to elevate themselves above others: they have knowledge, but it is merely


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Rh So much as can serve their interested views, and not to enlarge science.

The third class is resembled to the bee: these are inquisitive, and discriminating they collect the elements, which are to be converted into a new product. The labours of these are devoted to benefit the world. In this class we discover the emblems of those, who can be justly entitled men of science.

It is in the delineation of those traits that represent the boldest display, and the freest exercise, of the noblest powers of the mind, and which manifest themselves in Invention, which is Genius, that we recognize the portrait of Hunter; in contemplating which, we must be led to acknowledge, that he was one of the brightest examples of a man of science.

The philosophy of Hunter's mind was


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22 strikingly exhibited in the check, which he gave to the expectations of his auditors, in the prefatory address to his Lectures: he desired them expressly to understand, that he could not give them real principles for the proper foundation of science. He informed them that he was continually changing his opinions, and probably might do so every year, and therefore they must be prepared to hear him change his views also. This clearly shews the distinction he made between opinions and first truths. He felt that the opinions that he had formed, had not undergone the test of absolute truth, and were therefore unfit to build the structure of science upon. They had not the proper stamp to give them legal currency; and yet he saw the possibility of their getting, by the authority of his name, the value of a genuine coin. The practice of giving the weight of authority to the opinions of lecturers, has the certain effect of shackling and narrowing the minds of students, and of


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Rh in the desire of acquiring first truths, and of knowing generally, the laws by which the phenomena of nature are regulated. This desire of acquiring real truths, leads on the mind to ascertain, by observation and experiment, all the conditions under which facts exist. At this point it would naturally happen that enquiry should go yet further, and that there should be a solicitude to unfold the powers of the mind capable of carrying investigation to the perfection of truth. And thus that gleam which had only occasionally broke in upon mankind, to give a glimpse of the beauty of order, and of the perfection of the creation, might be made to burst into the steady light of day.

Many have exalted their names, and conferred the greatest benefits on posterity, by laying open the principles on which the philosophy of the mind is to be expounded the only way by which the knowledge of nature can be established on a sure founda-


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28 to be acquired; those powers with which the philosophy of the mind arms the enquirer, can alone lay open the truths of science.

he great man, who is justly entitled the father of medicine, presents by his writings a proof, that it is not the extent of information, but the exercise of the higher faculties of the intellect upon subjects submitted to them, that gives lasting value to the labours of man. He, probably, was not the discoverer of all that is left in his name, but he assuredly was more than a compiler. In spite of the imperfect anatomy in his time, and the monstrous forms which imagination gave to facts, we recognize in Hippocrates a great mind. He has left observations which, on account of their truth and utility, we must both cherish and venerate.

The true application to anatomical pursuits commenced at the period when the powers of the mind developed themselves


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Rh of gravitation. He finds sufficient to gratify his desire for acquiring truths, in contemplating the vast range of the mind, that has evolved, with the perfection of absolute certainty, the laws that regulate the solar system.

Hunter by employing the term vital principle, could not philosophically intend to designate an agent, of which he had a distinct knowledge; but he might adopt it scientifically, to express a system of laws, by which phenomena are governed; and which laws the mind is capable of developing, although the agent be unknown.

One of the most splendid possessions of the mathematics, is the doctrine of Ratios It has the power of exercising its sway over every region of science. The faculty of comparing, the most luminous endowment of the intellect, if not the ultimate element of all the others, is the greatest light that


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Rh detaining them from the exercise of their own powers of investigation.

The mind of intellectual man is active, penetrating, and inquisitive. It pursues its operations with rapidity and vivacity, without charging the memory with all the steps of its procedure. To conduct its operations without marking all the minor proprositions as it proceeds, is a proof of its vigor and of its capacity of prosecuting a subject to the utmost point of investigation. Superior minds catch at a glance the whole process of a problem: but dull reasoners must have every step in a proposition amply filled up, and find stages to repose at, before they can advance. Newton went beyond all the common mathematicians of his day, and it became the task of humbler men who followed, to comment upon his writings; and to fill up the intermediate steps which he, in his mighty grasp of mind, did not deem necessary to explain. Hunter


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24 has not been understood always by his writhigs, and the outlines require to be filled up, to fit his views to the comprehension of the ordinary kind of readers.

All the notions we have of matter combine to convince us that it cannot begin motion; and therefore motion implies the agency of that which must be immaterial. We have by means of the senses some information, although not infallible, of matter; but we have no direct information of any of that which is immaterial. Yet, by the observation of phenomena, and submitting to the intellect the ideas of their habitudes and relations, a system may be formed on the firmest principles, comprising the laws of motion, or action. And thus a just and conclusive solution of all the phenomena of motion may be expounded, although we are unacquainted with the nature of the agent. The real philosopher does not show himself solicitous to know the agent, in the theory


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Rh solicitude to determine all the conditions under which facts exist, and to state their relations in combination; thus proving that he possessed a truly scientific turn of mind.

The true position in which the intellectual character of a man is placed, is not always accurately discovered, without estimating the collateral assistance that the state of science in his day may afford him. A long list of labourers might be enumerated, who have traced with niceness and precision, all the beauties of the human frame. How many hands, and how many ages, have been required to bring anatomy to that state it now assumes! How numerous and how intricate, therefore, must the structure be, that demands such toil and time, to display its excellences! But anatomy alone does not complete the knowledge of the living body. It is in a higher scale of knowledge than that of mere structure, that the true principles of Physiology and Pathology are


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32 manners of a gentleman, and of a professional scholar; he was highly esteemed for his urbanity and benevolence. Sir Patrick Macgregor, Serjeant-Surgeon to the King, was cut off in the meridian of his career. He was zealous and assiduous in discharging the duties of the situation he filled in this College.

Allow me to encroach a moment upon your time, whilst I indulge the grateful feeling of speaking of one, who once dignified the seat he held in the Council of this College, and who spread the healthful vigor of his strong mind over its deliberations. William Long, Esq., by his urbanity, added grace to social order, ——by his taste, diffused around him the warmth of harmony, —by his refined notions of honor, promoted a high tone of moral feeling, —by his silent benevolence, soothed the pangs of misery.


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Rh He was unequalled in steadfastness of friendship.

is information was drawn from every department of knowledge; his penetration was profound; his judgment marked the happy combination of the active and superior powers of intellect; his decisions disclosed the most comprehensive reasoning; his advice was invaluable.

Mr. Long was my preceptor, my patron, and my friend.


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 Rh

46. Arrestment in the hands of the Crown or of a Government department or of any officer of the Crown as such shall be competent in any case where arrestment in the hands of a subject would have been competent:

Provided that nothing in the foregoing provisions shall warrant the arrestment of:—
 * (a) any wages or salary payable to any officer of the Crown as such;
 * (b) any money which is subject to the provisions of any enactment prohibiting or restricting assignation or charging or taking in execution; or
 * (c) any money payable by the Crown to any person on account of a deposit in the Post Office Savings Bank.

47. Subject to and in accordance with Acts of Sederunt applying to the Court of Session and the sheriff court, commission and diligence for the recovery of documents in the possession of the Crown may be granted in any action whether or not the Crown is a party thereto, in like manner in all respects as if the documents were in the possession of a subject:

Provided that—
 * (i) this subsection shall be without prejudice to any rule of law which authorises or requires the withholding of any document on the ground that its disclosure would be injurious to the public interest; and
 * (ii) the existence of a document shall not be disclosed if, in the opinion of a Minister of the Crown, it would be injurious to the public interest to disclose the existence. thereof.

48. The Public Authorities Protection Act, 1893, shall, in its application to any civil proceedings against the Crown, have effect as if in paragraph (a) of section one thereof for any reference to six months there were substituted a reference to twelve months.

49. Section twenty-six of this Act shall have effect as if for subsection (2) thereof there were substituted the following subsection:—
 * “(2) The exception in respect of taxes contained in section four of the Debtors (Scotland) Act, 1880, from the enactment therein contained abolishing imprisonment for debt shall apply only in respect of death duties and purchase tax.”

50. Section thirty-five of this Act shall have effect as if for subsection (2) thereof there were substituted the following subsection:—
 * “(2) The following provisions shall apply as regards proceedings in the Court of Session or the sheriff court:
 * (a) where decree in absence has been granted against the Crown the decree shall not be operative

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 10 & 11

 * (b) a person shall not be entitled to avail himself of any set-off or counterclaim in any proceedings by the Crown for the recovery of taxes, duties or penalties, or to avail himself in proceedings of any other nature by the Crown of any set-off or counterclaim arising out of a right or claim to repayment in respect of any taxes, duties or penalties;
 * (c) a person shall not be entitled without the leave of the court to avail himself of any set-off or counterclaim in any proceedings by the Crown if the subject matter of the set-off or counterclaim does not relate to the Government department on whose behalf the proceedings are brought;
 * (d) the Crown, in any proceedings against a Government department, or against the Lord Advocate on behalf of a Government department, shall not, without the leave of the court, be entitled to avail itself of any set-off or counterclaim if the subject matter thereof does not relate to that department.”

51.—(1) Section thirty-six of this Act shall have effect as if the words from “and for the purposes” to the end of the section were omitted.

(2) Section thirty-eight of this Act shall have effect as if in subsection (4) thereof:—
 * (i) there were included a reference to this Part of this Act;
 * (ii) for the reference to the Attorney General there were substituted a reference to the Lord Advocate;
 * (iii) the proviso were omitted.

52. Subject to the provisions hereinafter contained with respect to Northern Ireland, this Act shall not affect the law enforced in courts elsewhere than in England and Scotland, or the procedure in any such courts.

53.—(1) His Majesty may by Order in Council provide for extending this Act to Northern Ireland with such additions, exceptions and modifications as appear to His Majesty to be expedient.

(2) An Order in Council under this section may provide for amending the law both in its application to the Crown in right of His Majesty’s Government in the United Kingdom and in its application to the Crown in right of His Majesty’s Government in Northern Ireland.

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(3) An Order in Council under this section may provide for amending the law:—
 * (a) with respect to the right of the Crown to sue in a county court in Northern Ireland; and
 * (b) with respect to the award of costs to or against the Crown in Northern Ireland.

(4) An Order in Council under this section may be varied or revoked by a further Order in Council made thereunder.

(5) An Order in Council under this section may include such provisions as appear to His Majesty to be incidental to or consequential on any provisions contained in such an Order by virtue of the preceding provisions of this section.

(6) So far as any provision contained in an Order in Council under this section deals with a matter with respect to which the Parliament of Northern Ireland has power to make laws, it shall, for the purposes of section six of the Government of Ireland Act, 1920 (which relates to the power of the Parliament of Northern Ireland), be deemed to be a provision of an Act passed before the appointed day.

(7) An Order in Council under this section shall be laid before Parliament as soon as may be after it is made, and, if either House of Parliament, within the next twenty-eight days on which that House has sat after such an Order is laid before it, resolves that the Order be annulled, the Order shall thereupon cease to have effect except as respects things previously done or omitted to be done, without prejudice, however, to the making of a new Order.

Notwithstanding anything in subsection (4) of section one of the Rules Publication Act, 1893, such an Order shall be deemed not to be a statutory rule to which that section applies.

54.—(1) This Act may be cited as the Crown Proceedings Act, 1947.

(2) This Act shall come into operation on such day, not later than the first day of January, nineteen hundred and forty-eight, as His Majesty may by Order in Council appoint.

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 10 & 11

SCHEDULES FIRST SCHEDULE 1.—(1) Latin informations and English informations.

(2) Writs of capias ad respondendum, writs of subpoena ad respondendum, and writs of appraisement.

(3) Writs of scire facias.

(4) Proceedings for the determination of any issue upon a writ of extent or of diem clausit extremum.

(5) Writs of summons under Part V of the Crown Suits Act, 1865.

2.—(1) Proceedings against His Majesty by way of petition of right, including proceedings by way of petition of right intituled in the Admiralty Division under section fifty-two of the Naval Prize Act, 1864.

(2) Proceedings against His Majesty by way of monstrans de droit. SECOND SCHEDULE 31


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 frightful; but there was no fashionable movement on foot to abate the suffering, as in the case of the foundlings. So Jonas Hanway summoned his energies to the task. Alone and unassisted he first ascertained by personal inquiry the extent of the evil. He explored the dwellings of the poorest classes in London, and visited the poorhouse sick wards, by which he ascertained the management in detail of every workhouse in and near the metropolis. He next made a journey into France and through Holland, visiting the houses for the reception of the poor, and noting whatever he thought might be adopted at home with advantage. He was thus employed for five years; and on his return to England he published the results of his observations. The consequence was that many of the workhouses were reformed and improved. In 1761 he obtained an Act obliging every London parish to keep an annual register of all the infants received, discharged, and dead; and he took care that the Act should work, for he himself superintended its working with indefatigable watchfulness. He went about from workhouse to workhouse in the morning, and from one member of parliament to another in the afternoon, for day after day, and for year after year, enduring every rebuff, answering every objection, and accommodating himself to every humour. At length, after a perseverance hardly to be equalled, and after nearly ten years' labour, he obtained another Act, at his sole expense (7 Geo. III. c. 39), directing that all parish infants belonging to the parishes within the bills of mortality should not be nursed in the workhouses, but be sent to nurse a certain number of miles out of town until they were six years old, under the


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 26 without a hat. As he entered the room, he stood motionless, not even raising his eyes.

As Simeon's wife looked at him, she thought: "What a bad man he must be! He is afraid to look up, and keeps his eyes constantly on the floor." Matreona, now thoroughly angry, went over to the oven and waited to see what they were going to do.

Simeon took off his hat and seated himself on the bench, as if nothing unusual had occurred. Presently he said to his wife:

"Well, Matreona, are you going to give us some supper?"

But Matreona, without replying, stood by the oven and looked from one to the other of the men. She finally shook her head in a despondent way, but did not offer to produce any food.

Simeon saw that his wife was annoyed, but he did not appear to notice it; and taking the stranger by the arm he said: "Be seated, brother, and we shall have some supper."


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PRINTED IN ENGLAND BY J A DOLE Controller and Chief Executive of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office and Queen’s Printer of Acts of Parliament. Reprinted in the Standard Parliamentary Page Size. 33


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LONDON: PUBLISHED BY HER MAJESTY’S STATIONERY OFFICE Pricenet PRINTED IN ENGLAND


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 Rh The stranger took the seat indicated on the bench.

"Well," at last asked Simeon of his wife, "have you prepared anything to eat?"

At this question Matreona became very angry.

"Yes," she replied, "I prepared supper; but not for you. I see that yow have been drinking away your senses. You went to purchase a fur coat, and you return without even your kaftan. Instead, you have brought home with you a naked tramp. No; I have no supper for drunkards."

"Enough, Matreona," said Simeon; "you chatter without sense. Before you heap such abuse upon us would it not be better to ask who the stranger is that I have brought with me?"

The now thoroughly irate woman said, in angry tones: "You must tell me what you did with the money!"

For reply, Simeon put his hand in the pocket of his kaftan and drew forth a bill, which he showed to her, saying: "Here is some money;


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 28 but Trifonoff did not pay me. He promised to do so to-morrow."

Matreona on hearing this became still more angry because her husband had not bought the fur coat, and the only kaftan they owned he had given to the strange man whom he had brought home with him.

Simeon's wife snatched the bill from the table and carried it to a place of safety, muttering as she went: "I have no supper for you. I cannot feed all the naked tramps you choose to pick up and bring here with you."

"Oh, Matreona," said he, "do hold your tongue! Listen to what we have to say before you condemn us."

But the shoemaker's wife retorted: “I will not become much wiser by listening to the chatter of drunken fools. I had good reasons for not wishing to marry you, you drunkard, for you have drunk up all the linen which my mother gave me on my wedding-day. You got money to buy a fur coat and you drank that too!"


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 passages of Scripture arose from his want of acquaintance with the Greek tongue; on which he immediately set to work in his evening hours, and shortly acquired an intimate knowledge of Greek. A similar controversy with another fellow-apprentice, a Jew, as to the interpretation of the prophecies, led him in like manner to undertake and overcome the difficulties of Hebrew.

But the circumstance which gave the bias and direction to the main labours of his life originated in his generosity and benevolence. His brother William, a surgeon in Mincing Lane, gave gratuitous service to the poor, and amongst the numerous applicants for relief at his surgery was a poor African named Jonathan Strong. It appeared that the negro had been brutally treated by his master, a Barbadoes lawyer then in London, and became lame, almost blind, and unable to work; on which his owner, regarding him as of no further value as a chattel, cruelly turned him adrift into the streets to starve. This poor man, a mass of disease, supported himself by begging for a time, until he found his way to William Sharp, who gave him some medicine, and shortly after got him admitted to St. Bartholomew's hospital, where he was cured. On coming out of the hospital, the two brothers supported the negro in order to keep him off the streets, but they had not the least suspicion at the time that any one had a claim upon his person. They even succeeded in obtaining a situation for Strong with an apothecary, in whose service he remained for two years; and it was while he was attending his mistress behind a hackney coach, that his former owner, the Barbadoes


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 Rh Simeon tried to explain to his wife that he had spent only twenty kopecks in vodki, and also about his finding the man; but Matreona would not give him a chance to say a word.

She spoke at such a rapid rate that she managed to get in two words to his one. In her anger she reminded him of things which had occurred ten years before, and during her excitement she sprang at Simeon and caught him by the sleeve of his coat.

"Give me back my jacket at once!" she shouted. "It is the only one I own, and you have appropriated it to your own use! Give it to me instantly, you dog; and may perdition be your lot!"

Simeon started to take off the jacket, but when he freed himself of one sleeve his wife took hold of the garment, and pulled at it with such force that she nearly tore it to pieces. She snatched the jacket away, and, throwing a shawl over her head, went to the door.

It was Matreona's intention to leave the room,


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 30 but she paused on the doorstep. While she was terribly excited, and was filled with a desire to punish her husband for his supposed misconduct, yet she was very curious to find out the identity of that mysterious stranger.


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wife, standing by the door, said to her husband: "If he were a decent man he would not be naked, for he is without even a shirt. If you were a good and proper husband you would tell me where you found such a specimen of humanity."

"Yes," said Simeon, at last getting a chance to speak; "I am about to tell you how, in passing the chapel, I found him sitting naked and frozen almost to death. You see, it is not summer, when one can go without clothing (if forced to do so) and not suffer. God must have sent me to him, for otherwise he would have perished. However, when I first saw him, I was in doubt as to what I should do with him. But, considering the many strange things which happen to men nowadays, I took him and brought


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 The abettors of slavery, in the course of their defence of the system, maintained that only such negroes as were captured in battle were sold as slaves, and, if not so sold, then they were reserved for a still more frightful doom in their own country. Clarkson knew of the slave-hunts conducted by the slave-traders, but had no witnesses to prove it. Where was one to be found? Accidentally, a gentleman whom he met on one of his journeys informed him of a young sailor, in whose company he had been about a year before, who had been actually engaged in one of such slave-hunting expeditions. The gentleman did not know his name, and could but indefinitely describe his person, He did not know where he was, further than that he belonged to a ship of war in ordinary, but at what port he could not tell. With this mere glimmering of information, Clarkson determined to produce this man as a witness. He visited personally all the seaport towns where ships in ordinary lay; boarded and examined every ship without success, until he came to the very last port, and found the young man, his prize, in the very last ship that remained to be visited. The young man proved to be one of his most valuable and effective witnesses.

During several years Clarkson conducted a correspondence with upwards of four hundred persons, travelling more than thirty-five thousand miles during the same time in search of evidence. He was at length disabled and exhausted by illness, brought on by his continuous exertions: but he was not borne from the field until his zeal had fully awakened the public mind, and excited the ardent sympathies of all good men on behalf of the slave. 20


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 32 him home with me. Suppress your anger, Matreona, for it is as in. We all have to die."

Matreona seemed still anxious to quarrel, but catching the stranger's eye she became silent. The man was sitting motionless on the edge of the bench, resting his hands on his knees. His head had dropped on his breast and his eyes were closed, while he knit his brows as if in despair.

Taking further advantage of his wife's silence, Simeon continued:

"Matreona, have you Christ in your heart or have you not?"

On hearing this the shoemaker's wife glanced toward the stranger, and instantly her angry and quarrelsome spirit left her. She went to a corner near the stove and began to prepare supper. Placing cups on the table, she poured quass into them. She also brought out their last loaf of bread, and finally she produced some knives and spoons. Turning to the men, she said: "Come; you are welcome to what I have."

Simeon hereupon led the stranger to the


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 care of guardians to be elected triennially. The poor people called this "the Act for keeping children alive"; and the registers for the years which followed its passing, as compared with those which preceded it, showed that thousands of lives had been preserved through the judicious interference of this good and sensible man.

Wherever a philanthropic work was to be done in London, be sure that Jonas Hanway's hand was in it. One of the first Acts for the protection of chimney-sweepers' boys was obtained through his influence. A destructive fire at Montreal, and another at Bridgetown, Barbadoes, afforded him the opportunity for raising a timely subscription for the relief of the sufferers. His name appeared in every list, and his disinterestedness and sincerity were universally recognized. But he was not suffered to waste his little fortune entirely in the service of others. Five leading citizens of London, headed by Mr. Hoare, the banker, without Mr. Hanway's knowledge, waited on Lord Bute, then Prime Minister, in a body, and in the names of their fellow-citizens requested that some, notice might be taken of this good man's disinterested services to his country. The result was, his appointment shortly after as one of the commissioners for victualling the navy.

Towards the close of his life Mr. Hanway's health became very feeble, and although he found it necessary to resign his office at the Victualling Board, he could not be idle; but laboured at the establishment of Sunday Schools,—a movement then in its infancy,—or in relieving poor blacks, many of whom wandered destitute about the streets of the metropolis,—or in alleviating the sufferings


text: A narrative of travels on the Amazon and Rio Negro/Chapter 11


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Rh table, saying, "Come here, my good man." He next proceeded to cut the loaf into slices, which they broke into their cups and started to eat.

Matreona was seated at one corner of the table, and, with her head resting on her hands, she gazed intently at the stranger. A feeling of pity took possession of her heart, and she felt that she liked him. Suddenly the man ceased to knit his brows, his face brightened, and, raising his eyes, he smiled upon Matreona.

At the conclusion of the meal, Simeon's wife proceeded to put everything away, and while doing so she said to the stranger:

"Who are you, anyway?"

"I am a stranger," he replied.

"But how did it happen that you found yourself alone on the road?"

"I cannot tell you."

"By whom were you robbed?"

"I have been punished by God."

"But you were lying naked, my husband says?"


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 of some neglected and destitute class of society. Notwithstanding his familiarity with misery in all its shapes, he was one of the most cheerful of beings; and but for his cheerfulness! he could never, with so delicate a frame, have got through so vast an amount of self-imposed work. He dreaded nothing so much as inactivity. Though fragile, he was bold and indefatigable; and his moral courage was of the first order. It may be regarded as a trivial matter to mention that he was the first who ventured to walk the streets of London with an umbrella over his head. But let any modern London merchant venture to walk along Cornhill in a peaked Chinese hat, and he will find it takes some degree of moral courage to persevere in it. After carrying an umbrella for thirty years, Mr. Hanway saw the article at length come into general use.

Hanway was a man of strict honour, truthfulness, and integrity; and every word he said might be relied upon. He had so great a respect, amounting almost to a reverence, for the character of the honest merchant, that it was the only subject upon which he was ever seduced into a eulogium. He strictly practised what he professed, and both as a merchant, and afterwards as a commissioner for victualling the navy, his conduct was without stain. He would not accept the slightest favour of any sort from a contractor; and when any present was sent to him whilst at the Victualling Office, he would politely return it, with the intimation that "he had made it a rule not to accept anything from any person engaged with the office." When he found his powers failing, he prepared for death with as much cheerfulness as he would have


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 34 "Yes; I was lying naked and slowly freezing. Simeon saw me and had pity upon me. He took off his kaftan and helped me to put it on, and afterward brought me here. And you also have pitied me, giving me food and drink. The Lord will reward you."

Arising from her seat, Matreona took from the window-sill the old shirt which she had been mending, and finding also a cast-off pair of her husband's trousers, she gave both to the man, saying:

"Take these; I see you have no clothing. Dress yourself, my good friend, and lie down to rest. You may select the stove, or any part of the bench which suits you."

Removing the kaftan, the stranger put on the garments which the woman had given him and lay down on the bench to rest.

Taking the kaftan in her hand, Matreona extinguished the light, and joining her husband she retired for the night. Although she covered herself with a portion of the coat, she was


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 prepared himself for a journey into the country. He sent round and paid all his tradesmen, took leave of his friends, arranged his affairs, had his person neatly disposed of, and parted with life serenely and peacefully in his 74th year. The property which he left did not amount to two thousand pounds, and, as he had no relatives who wanted it, he divided it amongst sundry orphans and poor persons whom he had befriended during his lifetime. Such, in brief, was the beautiful life of Jonas Hanway,—as honest, energetic, hard-working, and true-hearted a man as ever lived.

The life of Granville Sharp is another striking example of the same power of individual energy—a power which was afterwards transfused into the noble band of workers in the cause of Slavery Abolition, prominent among whom were Clarkson, Wilberforce, Buxton, and Brougham. But, giants though these men were in this cause, Granville Sharp was the first, and perhaps the greatest of them all, in point of perseverance, energy, and intrepidity. He began life as apprentice to a linen-draper on Tower-hill; but, leaving that business after his apprenticeship was out, he next entered as a clerk in the Ordnance Office; and it was while engaged in that humble occupation that he carried on in his spare hours the work of Negro Emancipation. He was always, even when an apprentice, ready to undertake any amount of volunteer labour where a useful purpose was to be served. Thus, while learning the linen-drapery business, a fellow apprentice who lodged in the same house, and was a Unitarian, led him into frequent discussions on religious subjects. The Unitarian youth insisted that Granville's Trinitarian misconception of certain


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 Rh unable to sleep. Her thoughts constantly wandered to their strange guest. The fact also forced itself upon her that they had eaten their last loaf of bread, and that nothing remained for the morrow. She reflected, too, upon the humble gifts which she had bestowed upon the man, and her heart was filled with sadness. Yet, when she recalled how pleasantly he smiled, her regrets were changed to gladness.

For a long time sleep refused to come to Matreona's eyes, and, noticing Simeon's efforts to cover himself with the kaftan, discovered that he also was unable to sleep. Finally she called:

"Simeon!"

"Eh?" was her husband's only reply.

"The last of the bread has been eaten," she said; "and I have not set any more to raise. I do not know how we are to manage for to-morrow—unless my godmother, Malanya, can spare us some."

"If we are alive," Simeon replied, "the Lord will see that we are fed."


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 36 This unexpected reply silenced. the shoemaker's wife for a few moments, when Simeon continued:

"He seems to be a good fellow, though a little strange. He would not say anything about himself. It may be that he is unable to do so."

"Sim!"

"Eh?" repeated the shoemaker.

"We give to others," said Matreona, "and why is it that no one gives us anything?"

To this question Simeon could make no reply, but after remaining silent for a few moments he said: "Well, I think we have talked enough for to-night;" and, turning over, he went sound asleep.


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awoke early the next morning and missed his wife from his side. He supposed she had gone to the neighbors to see if she could borrow some bread. The children still slept.

Getting up and dressing himself, Simeon went to look for the stranger he had brought home the previous day. He found him seated on the bench, attired in the clothes which the shoemaker's wife had given him. His eyes were turned heavenward, and the expression of his face was much brighter than Simeon had yet seen it.

Addressing him, the shoemaker said: "Well, my dear friend, the body needs food and raiment. You will have to do something to


text: A narrative of travels on the Amazon and Rio Negro/Chapter 12


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 38 procure both for yourself. What can you do?"

"I do not know how to do any kind of work," the stranger replied.

On hearing this, Simeon was very much surprised, and he said: "If only you are willing, you can learn to do everything. People who are in good health should always work. I have to work very hard." Then, after a pause, he asked, "What is your name?"

"Michael," replied the man.

"Well, Michael," the shoemaker said, "you do not appear to care to say much about yourself. But that is your own business. What we have to consider is how you are to be fed. If you will follow my directions I will see that you get what you need."

"God bless you!" replied Michael. "I am only too willing to learn. Show me what to do and I will do it."

Simeon took a rough waxed-end, and placing it around his finger proceeded to attach a bristle


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Rh to it. "You see," said Simeon, "it is not such a very difficult thing to do. You have only to pay attention."

Michael did as he was told, and he found the task a very light one.

Simeon instructed him how to do many more things, all of which he did without the slightest trouble. He seemed to understand at once. The shoemaker took great delight in teaching him the different parts of the trade. Michael learned so quickly that by the third day he could do as good work as his instructor. He worked hard and ate but little, especially if there was no work to do. At such times the stranger was very silent, and his gaze constantly wandered upward. He did not seem to care about going on the street, as do most men. He did not talk much and never joked nor laughed. Only once—on that memorable first evening when Matreona prepared supper and invited him to partake of it—did they see his wonderful smile.


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weeks, months passed, until a year had gone by, and Michael was still living in Simeon's home. He had proved himself a faithful worker, and had gained a good reputation as an expert shoemaker. No one could surpass him in making the best and strongest shoes. His fame spread to the surrounding villages, and people came from long distances to have him make boots and shoes for them. Thus, through Michael's reputation as an expert workman, Simeon became prosperous and happy.

One intensely cold morning in the winter, while the two men were at work, they heard the sound of bells in the distance. They came nearer and nearer, and presently a troika (three horses attached to a carriage on runners) stopped in front of the door. Looking through the


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 veiled. No longer was the our only material world. The mist lifted itself gently off, as it seemed, out of the ocean, and then separated before the morning breeze; one great mass rolling away before us upwards, over the land, where portions of it caught amongst the forests of the mountains and stayed there all day, while another mass went leisurely away to the low Bullam shore, from whence it came again after sunset to join the mountain and the ocean mists as they drew down and in from the sea, helping them to wrap up Freetown, Sierra Leone and its lovely harbour for the night.

It was with a thrill of joy that I looked on Freetown harbour for the first time in my life. I knew the place so well. Yes; there were all the bays, Kru, English and Pirate; and the mountains, whose thunder rumbling caused Pedro do Centra to call the place Sierra Leona when he discovered it in 1462. And had not my old friend, Charles Johnson, writing in 1724, given me all manner of information about it during those delicious hours rescued from school books and dedicated to a most contentious study of A General History of Robberies and Murders of the most Notorious Pyrates? That those bays away now on my right hand "were safe and convenient for cleaning and watering;" and so on and there rose up before my eyes a vision of the society ashore here in 1724 that lived "very friendly with the natives—being thirty Englishmen in all; men who in some part of their lives had been either privateering, buccaneering, or pirating, and still retain and have the riots and humours common to that sort of life." Hard by, too, was Bence Island, where, according to Johnson, "there lives an old fellow named Crackers (his true name he thinks fit to conceal), and who was formerly a noted buccaneer; he

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text: A narrative of travels on the Amazon and Rio Negro/Chapter 15


text: A narrative of travels on the Amazon and Rio Negro/Chapter 16


text: A narrative of travels on the Amazon and Rio Negro/Chapter 17


text: A narrative of travels on the Amazon and Rio Negro/Appendix


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 keeps the best house in the place, has two or three guns before his door with which he salutes his friends the pyrates when they put in, and lives a jovial life with them all the while they are there." Alas! no use to me was the careful list old Johnson had given me of the residents. They were all dead now, and I could not go ashore and hunt up "Peter Brown" or "John Jones," who had "one long boat and an Irish young man." Social things were changed in Freetown, Sierra Leone; but only socially, for the old description of it is, as far as scenery goes, correct to-day, barring the town. Whether or no everything has changed for the better is not my business to discuss here, nor will I detain you with any description of the town, as I have already published one after several visits, with a better knowledge than I had on my first call there.

On one of my subsequent visits I fell in with Sierra Leone receiving a shock. We were sitting, after a warm and interesting morning spent going about the town talking trade, in the low long pleasant room belonging to the Coaling Company whose windows looked out over an eventful warehouse yard; for therein abode a large dog-faced baboon, who shied stones and sticks at boys and any one who displeased him, pretty nearly as well as a Flintshire man. Also in the yard were a large consignment of kola nuts packed as usual in native-made baskets, called bilys, lined inside with the large leaves of a Ficus and our host was explaining to my mariner companions their crimes towards this cargo while they defended themselves with spirit. It seemed that this precious product if not kept on deck made a point of heating and then going mildewed; while, if you did keep it on deck, either the First officer's minions went fooling about it with the hose, which

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 278 Jihád, 206.

Jihád-ul-Akbar, 206.

Jihád-ul-Asgbar, 206.

Jinn, 82.

Jizíyah, 209.

Juz, 30.

Kʾaba, 131.

Kabíra, 136, 139.

Káfi, 57.

Kalimah, 28, 102, 179, 256.

Kalám-Ullah, 12, 15.

Kalím-Ullah, 84.

Karína, 32.

Khabar-i-Wáhid, 54, 62.

Khafí, 32, 33, 37.

Khalífa, 150.

Khalíl-Ullah, 85.

Khán, 159.

Kháss, 31, 64.

Khatíb, 198.

Khatnah, 103.

Khudá, 68.

Khusús-ul-ʾain, 31.

Khusús-ul-jins, 31.

Khusús-ul-nauʾ, 31.

Khutbah, 134, 198.

Kináyah, 35.

Kitáb, 15, 85.

Kitábíah, 217.

Kirám-ul-Katibím, 80.

Kufr, 37, 139.

Láhd, 191, 192.

Láhút, 230.

Lahw-ul-Mahfúz, 98.

Laylut-ul-Mubarak, 123, 169.

Laylut-ul-Qadr, 121.

Lazwá, 96.

Madarris, 157.

Mahr, 179.

Mai-khána, 230.

Majáz, 34.

Majází, 226.

Majúj, 88.

Majusí, 217.

Majzúb, 234.

Makrúh, 138.

Malak, 16, 79.

Malakút, 230.

Malang, 237.

Málik, 80.

Málikí, 207, 213.

Man-lá-yastahzirah-al-faqíh, 57.

Mansúkh, 38.

Mantiq, 162.

Manzil, 30, 228.

Maqám-i-Ibrahím, 183.

Márid, 82.

Mʾarifat, 229, 230.

Mʾashuq, 230.

Masíh, 256.


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 Rh Masíh-ul-Dajjál, 88.

Masjid-ul-Harám, 133.

Mátam, 163.

Matan, 162.

Maulaví, 157, 238.

Maulúd, 226.

Mazhab, 11.

Mihráb, 203.

Mikáíl, 79.

Millat, 11.

Mimbar, 171, 198.

Míqát, 132.

Mír, 159.

Misqál, 127.

Miswák, 147.

Mitraqat, 80.

Miyán, 159.

Mízán, 89.

Momin, 11.

Muaʾqqibát, 80.

Muawattáa, 57.

Muawwal, 32.

Muazzin, 116, 198.

Mubáh, 138.

Mudáría, 237.

Mufassar, 32.

Mufassir, 157.

Mufsíd, 138.

Muftí, 156.

Muhaddis, 157.

Muhájir, 62, 209.

Muhammad, 1.

Muharram, 163.

Muhaqqiq, 157.

Muhkam, 33.

Mujmal, 33.

Mujtahid, 157.

Mujtahidín, 48, 61.

Mulla, 157.

Munáját, 112, 171.

Munkar, 80.

Munqataʾ, 53.

Muráqaba, 246.

Muríd, 240.

Murshid, 227, 240.

Murtadd, 141.

Musalmán, 11.

Mushkil, 33.

Mushrik, 225.

Mushtarak, 31.

Muslim, 56.

Mustahab, 138.

Mutʾah, 178.

Mutakallim, 157.

Mutashábih, 34.

Muttasil, 53.

Muwahhid, 225.

Nabí, 102.

Nabi-Ullah, 84.

Nafl, 112.

Nafí-isbát, 248.

Nahaj-ul-Balághat, 57.

Nahw, 162.

Nájíah, 232.

Nakír, 80.

Namáz, 32, 104.

Namáz-i-Dígar, 114.

Namáz-i-Khuftan, 114.

Namáz-i-Peshín, 114.

Namáz-i-Shám, 114.

Namáz-i-Subh, 114.

Námús, 18.

Naqshbandía, 235.

Nárawá, 137.

Nasaí, 56.


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"The success of the 'Ancient Classics for English Readers' is among the curiosities, if not the inconsistencies, of the day. That success is doubtless, in the first instance, due to the signal ability with which the series is and promises to be conducted."

"We gladly avail ourselves of this opportunity to recommend the other volumes of this useful series."

"There have already appeared eight admirable volumes, each of which in simple language describes the character and style of some great work or collection of works of an old Greek or Roman author. The story of the writer's life, so far as it can be told, the connection between his personal history and the writings which have made his name famous, his peculiarity of style, and an admirable analysis of each of his works, are included in the design of every one of these volumes."

"These little volumes should be in the library of every refined and educated lady, who, after reading them, will be for ever grateful to the editors and publishers of the series for putting it in her power to acquire in such a pleasant and easy way so much useful and interesting classical learning."

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2 rise above the level of the stream in which they are hurrying forward, then the gratification may be enjoyed of measuring the powers, of scanning the variety, and of contemplating the beauties, of intellectual man.

Hunter has attained so prominent a position in the rank of science, by his enquiries into the laws of nature, that the philosopher must derive gratification in contemplating his character. And the gratitude of his successors can do no less than place upon the altar he has raised, the ample offering due to his merits. It was Hunter who stamped the seal of science on surgery,— it was he who aggrandized the respectability of the profession. It was he who consigned to the votaries of knowledge the most brilliant example of steadfastness in the endurance of labour—of devotedness to the objects of enquiry—and of facility in varying his means. Hunter, simple and r


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Rh his habits, apportioned his time to the occupation of acquiring facts, of investigating influences, and of weighing conclusions. The aim of his life was to establish principles in Pathology, calculated to alleviate the many sufferings to which the human frame is liable.

hat are the bold strides which Hunter made to ascend that eminence, which, by the accordance of all, he reached? To be justified in submitting an opinion on this point, it is proper first to determine where the grasp and power of the energies of man lie, and how the compass and capacity of the mind are declared. It may, therefore, be allowed to dwell upon that condition of the intellectual powers on which science is founded. Hunter has left behind him ample proofs of his claim to the title of a man of science. He was devoted to the enquiry into truths; he was a philosopher. In endeavouring to trace the intellect of


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30 tion, and its boundaries enlarged. But, before all, preeminently great, and proudly superior, was Bacon. His luminous mind has shed a light, that has clearly brought into view all the approaches to the truth of nature's form. Who ventures to connect himself with science, without drawing the pure waters of wisdom from the springs that he has discovered?

The glory that beams around the brow of Bacon, has, by its light, more distinctly marked the features of Hunter; who has exemplified in his labours, the enlightened principles of the great philosopher. Hunter undertook to clear the fertile fields of Philosophy and Pathology, of those weeds, that checked the growth of real science. In doing which, he has displayed intelligence in the design, comprehensiveness in the arrangement, minuteness in collecting particulars, closeness in the connection, magnificence in the accomplishment. In the


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2

"We can confidently recommend this first volume of 'Ancient Classics for English Readers' to all who have forgotten their Greek and desire to refresh their knowledge of 'Homer.' As to those to whom the series is chiefly addressed, who have never learnt Greek at all, this little book gives them an opportunity which they had not before—an opportunity not only of remedying a want they must often have felt, but of remedying it by no patient and irksome toil, but by a fewhours of pleasant reading."—Times.

"Mr Collins has gone over the 'Odyssey' with loving hands, and he tells its eternally fresh story so admirably, and picks out the best passages so skilfully, that he gives us a charming volume. In the 'Odyssey,' as treated by Mr Collins, we have a story-book that might charm a child or amuse and instruct the wisest man."—Scotsman.

"This volume altogether confirms the highest anticipations that were formed as to the workmanship and the value of the series."—Daily Telegraph.

"We can only say that all admirers of Mr Trollope will find his 'Cæsar' almost, if not quite, as attractive as his most popular novel, while they will also find that the exigencies of faithful translation have not been able to subdue the charm of his peculiar style. The original part of his little book—the introduction and conclusion—are admirably written, and the whole work is quite up to the standard of its predecessors, than saying which, we can give no higher praise."—Vanity Fair.

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 you, if you do not happen to remember how a gentleman should behave, I happen to remember very well how to treat persons who do not. Not another word!… Josefina!

. We shall see, young man. We shall see.

. [To ] Lovelier than the day!

. Don Baldomero! You have come for Esperanza? But you did not know she was here.

. Where better? No, I did not come for her. Perhaps she told you that she had had a little tiff with mamma? A mere trifle! Believe me, if you are thinking of having children, a dozen or none.

. I agree with you perfectly. Where is my husband?

. He assures me that everything has been provided for, thanks, no doubt, to you. You are his good angel. A man is to be envied who has an intelligent wife.

. I suppose your wife is coming to see the fireworks? There will be music and dancing for the young people.

. She would not miss them for the world. I shall bring her myself—before the crowd is too great.

. Adios till then. Esperanza will be so delighted to see her mamma.

. She is always delighted when she is with you, whom she loves so dearly. [To ] Adios till then, my son.

. [Acridly] Adios.

. Your future father-in-law.

. Why put it in the future?

. The girl is madly in love with you; make no


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 mistake about that. She told me so herself; she is only waiting for her parents

. To consent?

. No, to refuse. Don't you see?

. May that girl avenge upon her father the wrongs of Moraleda! But they will never refuse; they are too clever for that. He has devised other means. Don Baldomero is going to send me away.

. You?

. Yes, he has me in his power. Don Baldomero understands. If it were only a question of myself, if I were the only one, but when it concerns another, the dearest, the most respected… You can guess.

. My husband?

. I said the dearest—if I said respected, it was only because I respect that which is exacting of respect.

. Are you speaking of me? Has Don Baldomero been speaking to you of me? You don't mean to say that he is going to oblige you to renounce your marriage with Esperanza, to leave Moraleda upon my account?

. As far as the marriage is concerned, I could renounce that well enough. It was you who advised me to make up to Esperanza.

. She asked me to. It would have been a brilliant match for you, and she would have lost nothing by it. What a difference between you and these country fellows who don't know enough to move out of the club! They never had a serious thought in their lives, but they have all the vices of Madrid—yes, they have. Besides, I had set my heart on it. Our friendship—well, the long and the short of it is that our friendship is a friendship between a man and a woman, and such friendships are always dangerous.


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. But delicious! Love without responsibility; on the contrary, with a certain immunity

. Immunity? What are you talking about?

. Why not?

. You ought to be ashamed of yourself. If you expect any immunity from me you are no friend of mine.

. Expect? No! Far from it! But when you first confided in my loyalty, when, with tears in your eyes you said to me: "I am alone, all alone in the world. I have nobody but my husband, and there are so many things you cannot confide to a husband, however much you may respect him—for instance, what you think of him—it would be sure to make him angry!"

. Did I say that?

. In substance; I may have forgotten the words. Then I clasped your hand and pressed it tenderly, while you said to me: "Be my friend, my true friend!" And from that moment the faith, the trust which you placed in me, all those little confidences which we shared together, which were yours and mine—ours, Josefina—trifles that to another who loved you less might have proved tiresome, a bore, but which only served to increase my affection and captivate my heart… Ah! How happy, how contented we were then, Josefina! How noble I thought myself! How worthy your regard! Believe me, I would not have exchanged this sweet friendship of ours for all the loves of the united world!

. You are so upright! So noble!

. [Taking her other hand] Never doubt me! Never! I would give up everything for you.

. No, I could not accept such a sacrifice. What did Don Baldomero say?

. Josefina! Unless I leave immediately, Don


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 Baldomero will drive us all out in disgrace. He is determined. I irritate, I infuriate him.—I don't know whether as suitor to his daughter or as secretary to the Governor; but it is all the same.

. But have you anything to do in Madrid?

. Nothing. If I go, I abandon everything. I don't know what will become of me. I have struggled so long, so hard—yes, I am sure of it, these last days a pain has come over my heart… I do not feel well; yes, it is in my heart…

. Don't say that! It cannot be anything. Do you know, sometimes I feel as if I had an affection there myself? But you mustn't go! I won't let you go! I will explain to Santiago

. Don Santiago? Do you know that Don Baldomero has a letter of yours in his pocket?

. A letter of mine? What letter?

. A letter which you directed to me.

. But there never was anything in any letter which I directed to you.

. That depends upon what you call anything. Don't you remember? You had to pay some bills in Madrid which your husband knew nothing about, and it was necessary to obtain money at once. There was only one way to get it. Reinosa demanded a guarantee. Though Don Santiago doesn't count, there was no reason why anybody should trust me; so we agreed that you should write me a letter, and that letter

. You didn't let that letter get out of your possession?

. You insult me. Do you suppose that it was I who wanted the guarantee?

. But why didn't you tell me that you were going to give up that letter?


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 made it swell up and burst and ruined it, or left it in unmitigated sun, which shrivelled it—and so on. This led, naturally, to a general conversation on cargo between the mariners and the merchants, during which some dreadful things were said about the way matches arrived, in West Africa and other things, shipped at shipper's own risk, let alone the way trade suffered by stowing hams next the boilers. Of course the other side was a complete denial of these accusations, but the affair was too vital for any of us to attend to a notorious member of the party who kept bothering us "to get up and look at something queer over King Tom."

Now it was market day in Freetown; and market day there has got more noise to the square inch in it than most things. You feel when you first meet it that if it were increased a little more it would pass beyond the grasp of human ear, like the screech of that whistle they show off at the Royal Society's Conversazione. However, on this occasion the market place sent up an entire compound yell, still audible, and we rose as one man as the portly housekeeper, followed by the small, but able steward, burst into the room, announcing in excited tones, "Oh! the town be took by locusts! The town be took by locusts! (D.C. fortissimo). And we attended to the incident; ousting the reporter of "the queer thing over King Tom" from the window, and ignoring his "I told you so," because he hadn't.

This was the first cloud of locusts that had come right into the town in the memory of the oldest inhabitant, though they occasionally raid the country away to the North. I am informed that when the chiefs of the Western Soudan do not give sufficient gifts to the man who is locust king and has charge of them—keeping them in holes in the

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. Why did you tell me that if you didn't have that money in Madrid within twenty-four hours, your husband would apply for a separation? So that I shouldn't pay any attention to you, I suppose.

. Did I tell you that? But don't you see? Now we are in the hands of these people.

. You didn't suppose that those rascals were going to get you out of debt out of gallantry?

. You ought to have told me this before. Now what are we to do? If my husband sees that letter

. He won't see it. I am going away.

. There will be more trouble! Believe me, this is only the beginning. A woman is never safe until she is dead. No wonder we are deceived so easily when you men who know the world and what it is

. We do, and that is the reason I intend to get you that letter before I go, cost what it may. I do not purpose to have you suffer upon my account.

. And I do not purpose to have you lose your position upon mine. And all because my husband lacks character! Suppose he should hear of it? He would be convinced that I had deceived him; he would insist upon it. And I never did; I never deceived anybody—least of all my husband. What difference does it make whether they play for money or don't play for money? Let them play if they want to. What harm is there in it? But no! We must uphold morality, we must act with decorum. As if on the miserable salary a governor gets one could act with decorum! But that is the way you men are; you are all the same. You might have thought of something—but no! You have only one idea—which would have occurred to anybody: "I will go away, you will stay here, alone—alone in the jaws of these wolves who are ravening to devour you, God knows how!" And yet you talk as if I had no heart, as if I cared for nothing


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 but myself, as if you were of no consequence at all! Oh, if I were only a man I would show you! You would see what stuff I had in me!

. I know already, Josefina. And if you only dared, if I could only count upon you

. What do you mean?

. I would accept the challenge and give them battle all along the line. Don Baldomero would soon learn what stuff I had in me. I would raise the downtrodden, I would summon the oppressed, I would stir up against him all those who hate, who despise him, and when he attempted to drive us out, the unanimous voice of the people would be on our side. Ah, if you would only believe in me! If you only had it in you to despise these rapscallions who loom so large in your eyes!

. What could I do?

. Attack them on their own ground. In the first place, tell Don Santiago to permit the performance of "Obscurantismo," tell him to go to it, be present yourself.

. I? What nonsense!

. Yes, it would seem like nonsense to your friends. Your friends! Were they your friends when you were struggling so hard in Madrid, when they had nothing to get out of you, and you had everything to get out of them?

. That is true…

. Then look at the other side. What a triumph with the people! If you had only seen the crowd at the boxoffice! What enthusiasm! What ecstasy! And how easy it would be to take advantage of it! But when the order arrives suspending the performance, and they see in it the influence of the reactionary element—don't deceive yourself, it will precipitate a crisis. It may even necessitate the dismissal of Don Santiago under the most unfavorable circum-


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 stances, with the ministry and with the people. On the other hand, suppose that the reactionaries drive him out because he shows leanings toward liberalism. Then the great body of the people will be on his side. They will acclaim him as the champion of popular rights, and the government—the government is in a very critical situation. A crisis will have to be met by making concessions to the liberal elements, and these will have no alternative but to support Don Santiago, to promote him perhaps to a governorship of the first class. That is clear; it is politics. It is necessary to look up, to peer into the far horizons, to cultivate largeness of view and grandeur of soul, and not to fall into the error of believing that to be most important which lies directly under our eyes. Don't you see?

. No, I don't. I don't see anything at all. It may be, since you say so. If there should be a crisis

. Make no mistake. There will be one.

. What makes you think so?

. The country is disturbed. There are disorders in the provinces. It will soon be necessary to suspend the constitutional guarantees, and for suppressing liberties, you know, there is no government like a liberal one. It inspires greater confidence. Besides, it is fall. There are two seasons in the year which are especially dangerous to any government—the summer when it begins to grow warm, and when the cold weather comes on again in the fall, with the consequent changes of clothes. Thousands of families in the opposition anxious to take baths in the summer, and other thousands uncertain when to change to their heavy underwear in the fall, together these constitute an incalculable force which needs only the slightest pretext in order to overthrow any government. Believe me, if he is to preserve himself, Don Santiago must make overtures to liberalism


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 and the first step for him to take is to permit the performance of "Obscurantismo," in spite of the opposition which it has aroused.

. But if I tell him that, don't you see, he will think that I am crazy? He will be justified in believing that I am out of my head.

. Why?

. Because not half an hour ago I threatened to go back to Madrid if he consented to it.

. But in half an hour you have seen a new light, you have come to look at the matter from another point of view. When you spoke before, it was upon impulse. Now you advise him more deliberately.

. But how am I to tell him the opposite of everything which I told him before?

. You convinced him before against his will. That makes it all the easier.

. But you don't know what I said! Besides, what good will it do? People will only repeat what the Marchioness said to Doña O: My husband permits the performance because your brother is manager of the company and you have an interest in it. That is the reason you have used your influence with my husband and with me. Imagine what they will invent!

. Yes, they know everything. The last person I expected to see here was my brother; but he is my brother—yes, he is! He has been knocking about the world as I have been knocking about life, both of us fighting for a foothold, a chance to live—he with his actors and his comedians, I among actors also—and for both of us the real comedy has been the same, the earning of our daily bread; and we have written it with our lives. I am not sorry I met him. He comes in time to remind me that all men are my brothers


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 who at one season or another have had to struggle and fight for their lives as we have done—all of us who are denied the luxury of a conscience which conforms to our acts, the disinherited, the oppressed. I may wear this livery of respectability, of the hypocrite, it is true, but I should be a dastard and a coward if I did not stand by his side, if I did not flaunt this society of Tartuffes, who pretend to defend their principles when they are merely defending their pockets. Liberty, patriotism, religion—fine words these for barricades behind which to bolster up their social position, their salaries, yes, or their interests in dives and gambling-hells, like Don Baldomero. At least I do not deceive—I fight in the open, and I hold to my own. You know that already. Choose! Decide for yourself—you are a woman of courage. You, too, have struggled up, and you ought to know upon which side are yours—upon theirs or upon ours!

. You are right. I often have thought so myself. We ought not to allow these people to impose upon us. We ought to teach them a lesson. What I don't see is how I am to convince my husband.

. Here he comes. You can try.

. He will think I am crazy.

. [Greatly pleased with himself] Well, I hope you will be satisfied. [To ] On the whole it is for the best. I have sent a complete explanation to the ministry, and an order of prohibition to the management. Why? What is the matter? What faces! Have I made another mistake? Josefina! Speak!

. Santiago, a wife ought never to meddle in her husband's affairs. She is too impressionable; the circle of her ideas is too limited, too confined… [Aside to ] How is that?


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. Good!

. We attach too much importance to trifles, we forget to look up, to peer into the far horizons…

. Sublime!

. What is the meaning of all this?

. The meaning of it is, Santiago, that a sensible man never pays any attention to what he is told by his wife.

. And has that just occurred to you in the last quarter of an hour? [To ] What do you say?

. Josefina has been imposed upon by designing persons. Without realizing it, she has been influenced to her disadvantage.

. You don't mean to tell me that it was a mistake? [To ] I said so from the beginning; and you, you tell me now

. That you have committed a blunder, that you have fallen into a trap, that you have flown in the face of public opinion, and without a moment's loss of time you ought to save the remnants of your reputation by removing at once this arbitrary, this ridiculous prohibition.

. More arbitrary than ridiculous…

. Oh, oh, oh! This is too much! [To ] What am I to do? I knew it! I knew it! Advise me. How will it be possible for me to change my order a second time? My authority will be gone. No, no! This time I will stand by my decree though the heavens fall. Wouldn't it be contemptible if now—tell me impartially

. Yes… It would…

. [To ] Back me up. [Aloud] Manolo will tell you, if he is sincere, what he has told me: that you are exposing yourself to a great danger. There will be riots. Your obstinacy will cost you dear.