text: The Works of Alexander Pope (1717)/Two Chorus's to the Tragedy of Brutus, not yet publick


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 can only each bestow one gift, I think the best plan will be for one of you to give her beauty, the other good understanding, whilst I will undertake that she shall never be changed into any other form.’

The two godmothers quite agreed, and as soon as the little princess had received their gifts, they went home, and Placida gave herself up to the child’s education. She succeeded so well with it, and little Graziella grew so lovely, that when she was still quite a child her fame was spread abroad only too much, and one day Placida was surprised by a visit from the Fairy Queen, who was attended by a very grave and severe-looking fairy.

The queen began at once: ‘I have been much surprised by your behaviour to Mutinosa; she had insulted our whole race, and deserved punishment. You might forgive your own wrongs if you chose, but not those of others. You treated her very gently whilst she was with you, and I come now to avenge our wrongs on her daughter. You have ensured her being lovely and clever, and not subject to change of form, but I shall place her in an enchanted prison, which she shall never leave till she finds herself in the arms of a lover whom she herself loves. It will be my care to prevent anything of the kind happening.’

The enchanted prison was a large high tower in the midst of the sea, built of shells of all shapes and colours. The lower floor was like a great bathroom, where the water was let in or off at will. The first floor contained the princess’s apartments, beautifully furnished. On the second was a library, a large wardrobe-room filled with beautiful clothes and every kind of linen, a music-room, a pantry with bins full of the best wines, and a store-room with all manner of preserves, bonbons, pastry and cakes, all of which remained as fresh as if just out of the oven.

The top of the tower was laid out like a garden, with beds of the loveliest flowers, fine fruit trees, and shady

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 arbours and shrubs, where many birds sang amongst the branches.

The fairies escorted Graziella and her governess, Bonnetta, to the tower, and then mounted a dolphin which was waiting for them. At a little distance from the tower the queen waved her wand and summoned two thousand great fierce sharks, whom she ordered to keep close guard, and not to let a soul enter the tower.

The good governess took such pains with Graziella’s education that when she was nearly grown up she was not only most accomplished, but a very sweet, good girl.

One day, as the princess was standing on a balcony, she saw the most extraordinary figure rise out of the sea. She quickly called Bonnetta to ask her what it could be. It looked like some kind of man, with a bluish face and long sea-green hair. He was swimming towards the tower, but the sharks took no notice of him.

‘It must be a merman,’ said Bonnetta.

‘A man, do you say?’ cried Graziella; ‘let us hurry down to the door and see him nearer.’

When they stood in the doorway the merman stopped to look at the princess and made many signs of admiration. His voice was very hoarse and husky, but when he found that he was not understood he took to signs. He carried a little basket made of osiers and filled with rare shells, which he presented to the princess.

She took it with signs of thanks; but as it was getting dusk she retired, and the merman plunged back into the sea.

When they were alone, Graziella said to her governess: ‘What a dreadful-looking creature that was! Why do those odious sharks let him come near the tower? I suppose all men are not like him?’

‘No, indeed,’ replied Bonnetta. ‘I suppose the sharks look on him as a sort of relation, and so did not attack him.’

A few days later the two ladies heard a strange sort

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 of music, and looking out of the window, there was the merman, his head crowned with water plants, and blowing a great sea-shell with all his might.

They went down to the tower door, and Graziella politely accepted some coral and other marine curiosities he had brought her. After this he used to come every evening, and blow his shell, or dive and play antics under the princess’s window. She contented herself with bowing to him from the balcony, but she would not go down to the door in spite of all his signs.

Some days later he came with a person of his own kind, but of another sex. Her hair was dressed with great taste, and she had a lovely voice. This new arrival induced the ladies to go down to the door. They were surprised to find that, after trying various languages, she at last spoke to them in their own, and paid Graziella a very pretty compliment on her beauty.

The mermaid noticed that the lower floor was full of water. ‘Why,’ cried she, ‘that is just the place for us, for we can’t live quite out of water.’ So saying, she and her brother swam in and took up a position in the bathroom, the princess and her governess seating themselves on the steps which ran round the room.

‘No doubt, madam,’ said the mermaid, ‘you have given up living on land so as to escape from crowds of lovers; but I fear that even here you cannot avoid them, for my brother is already dying of love for you, and I am sure that once you are seen in our city he will have many rivals.’

She then went on to explain how grieved her brother was not to be able to make himself understood, adding: ‘I interpret for him, having been taught several languages by a fairy.’

‘Oh, then, you have fairies, too?’ asked Graziella, with a sigh.

‘Yes, we have,’ replied the mermaid; ‘but if I am not mistaken you have suffered from the fairies on earth.’

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Page:Journal of Conversations with Lord Byron.pdf/59

 that his letters from Spain state, that two regiments have revolted, which is a great vex, as they say in Ireland. I shall be very glad to see your friend's journal. He seems to have all the qualities requisite to have figured in his brother-in-law's ancestor's Memoirs. I did not think him old enough to have served in Spain, and must have expressed myself badly. On the contrary, he has all the air of a Cupidon déchaîné, and promises to have it for some time to come. I beg to present my respects to Lady B-, andever am your obliged and faithful servant, "NOEL BYRON." When Lord Byron came to dine with us on Thursday, he arrived an hour before the usual time, and appeared in good spirits. He said that he found the passages and stairs filled with people, who stared at him very much; but he did not seem vexed at this homage, for so it certainly was meant, as the Albergo della Villa, where we resided, being filled with English, all were curious to see their distinguished countryman. He was very gay at dinner, ate of most of the dishes, expressed pleasure at partaking of a plum pudding, à l'Anglaise, made by one of our English servants; was helped twice, and observed, that he hoped he should not shock us by eating so much.


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 "But," added he, "the truth is, that for several months I have been following a most abstemious régime, living almost entirely on vegetables; and now that I see a good dinner, I cannot resist temptation, though to-morrow I shall suffer for my gourmandize, as I always do when I indulge in luxuries." He drank a few glasses of champagne, saying, that as he considered it a jour de fête, he would eat, drink, and be merry.

He talked of Mr. - who was then our Minister at Genoa. "H-," said he, " is a thorough good-natured and hospitable man, keeps an excellent table, and is as fond of good things as I am, but has not my forbearance. I received some time ago, a pâté de Perigord, and finding it excellent, I determined on sharing it with H-; but here my natural selfishness suggested that it would be wiser for me, who had so few dainties, to keep this for myself, than to give it to H-, who had so many. After half an hour's debate between selfishness and generosity, which do you think (turning to me) carried the point?" - I answered, "Generosity, of course."- "No, by Jove!" said he, "no such thing; selfishness in this case, as in most others, triumphed: I sent the pâté to my friend H-, because I felt that another dinner of it would play the deuce with me; and so you see, after all, he


text: Page:The Complete Works of Lyof N. Tolstoi - 01 (Crowell, 1899).djvu/1


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 The Complete Works of

Lyof N. Tolstoi

War and Peace

I-II

THOMAS Y. CROWELL & COMPANY

PUBLISHERS : : NEW YORK


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Page:Adam's reports on vernacular education in Bengal and Behar, submitted to Government in 1835, 1836 and 1838.djvu/266

206 Two of the teachers instruct gratuitously, and two others give both food and instruction to their pupils. The remaining teachers are remunerated as follows: —

Thus 287 teachers receive in all rupees 1,472-3-7, averaging to each rupees 5-2 per month.

There is another source of gain to the teachers of Persian schools in this district called Shuruäti, or a payment made by every scholar at the commencement of a new book. This is so uncertain that it cannot strictly be regarded either as a monthly or an annual gain. In 579 instances in which I ascertained that this payment had been made, the total amount was rupees 138-9-6, which averages only three annas and about ten pie in each case; and as it is seldom that a school-book is changed oftener than once a year, and the average number of scholars to each school is about five, this will give each teacher an additional sum of rupee 1-3-2 per annum, or about an anna and a half monthly.

Two maulavis in this district are highly distinguished for learning, and they are both authors.

Maulavi Gholam Hossein, dwelling at Sahebgunge in the thana of that name, has written in Persian a compilation called Jam-i-Bahadur Khani, from various Arabic works on arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and the natural sciences, with additions of


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Rh his own. This work has heen printed, and contains 720 pages. He is now engaged in the preparation of astronomical tables to be entitled Zij Bahadur Khani. The names of both works are intended as a compliment to his patron Bahadur Khan, one of the sons of Mitrajit Singh, the Rajah of Tikari.

Maulavi Mohiyuddin, dwelling at Erki in the thana of Jehanabad, has composed in Persian Sharh-i-Abdul Rasul, a commentary on the work of Abdul Rasul on Arabic syntax, consisting of 288 pages in manuscript; and Jawab Chabbis Musäir, a treatise on Mahomedan observances, containing 12 pages, also in manuscript. In Arabic he has written Majmua Taqrir Mantiq Amani, explanatory of Majmua, a work on logic, and consisting of 32 pages in manuscript.

Rajah Mitrajit Singh also put into my hands a pamphlet on the agriculture of the district, written in Persian and printed, of which he stated himself to be the author. On examination I have found it to be the same in substance as the Short Essay on Husbandry translated by Mr. Lewis Dacosta and appended to his translation of the Dewan Pusund.

There are only two Persian and two Arabic schools that have appropriate buildings or school-houses, the pupils of the remaining schools finding or making accommodations for themselves, chiefly in the thresholds or verandas of the private dwelling-houses occupied by the patrons or teachers.

In 291 schools there are 1,486 scholars, averaging 5.1 to each school. There are 1,424 Persian scholars and 62 Arabic students. Of the Arabic students two are Hindus of the writer-caste and sixty are Musalmans, and of the Persian scholars 865 are Hindus and 559 are Musalmans. The following are the sub-divisions of the Hindus who are Persian scholars :—

Of the total number of Hindu scholars eight were absent and of the Musalman scholars three were absent at the time the schools were visited, the remaining number of each class being present.


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138 The official who held the command in that part of Provence, which was a dependency of Austrasia, bore the title of rector. These titles were doubtless borrowed from the Ostrogoths, who were the masters of Provence from 508 to 536.

It remains to notice the organisation of justice, finance, and the army. The races of Merovingian Gaul were not all under one law. Each race had its own; the principle was that the system of law varied according to the race of the persons who were to be judged. The Gallo-Romans continued to be judged according to the Roman law, especially the compilation made among the Visigoths and known under the name of the Breviarium Alarici. As it was in the region south of the Loire that the Gallo-Romans were least mixed with barbarian elements, it was in Aquitaine that the Roman law longest maintained its hold. The Burgundians and the Visigoths had already their own systems of law at the time when their kingdoms were overthrown by the Franks, and the men of these races continued to be judged by these laws throughout the whole of the Merovingian period. The Merovingian kings caused the customary laws of the other barbarian peoples to be preserved in writing. In all probability the earliest redaction of the Salic law goes back to Clovis, and is doubtless to be placed in the last years of his reign, after his victory over the Visigoths, 507-511. We cannot place it earlier, for the following reasons. The Germanic peoples did not use the Latin language until after they had become mixed with the Gallo-Roman population; in the scale of fines the monetary system of solidi is used, which only makes its appearance in the Merovingian period; further, the Salic law contains imitations of the Visigothic laws of Euric (466-484); finally, it is evident that the Franks are masters of the Visigoths, since they provide for the case of men dwelling beyond the Loire — trans Ligerim — being cited before the tribunals. On the other hand, it is not possible to place the redaction much later, since the law is not yet leavened with the Christian spirit; only in later redactions does Christian influence appear. Similarly, there are incorporated in these later redactions capitularies emanating from the immediate successors of Clovis. The law of the Ripuarians, even in its most ancient portions, is later than the reign of Clovis; that of the Alemans does not appear to be earlier than the commencement of the eighth century, or that of the Bavarians earlier than 744-748. Other laws, like those of the Saxons and Thuringians, were not reduced to writing until the time of Charles the Great. These collections of laws must not be regarded as codes. The subjects are not co-ordinated; there are few rules of civil law; they are chiefly occupied with scales of fines and rules of procedure.

Justice was administered in the smaller cases by the centeniers or vicars, in the more important by the counts. Both classes of officials held regular courts called in Latin placita, in Germanic mall or malberg. The sittings of these courts took place at fixed periods and


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Broken Necks/Life

The sun was shining in the dirty street.

Old women with shapeless bodies waddled along on their way to market.

Bearded old men who looked like the fathers of Jerusalem walked flat-footed, nodding back and forth.

"The tread of the processional surviving in Halsted street?" thought Moisse, the young dramatist, who was moving with the crowd.

Children sprawled in the refuse-laden alleys. One of them, ragged and clotted with dirt, stood half-dressed on the curbing and urinated into the street.

Wagons rumbled, filled with fruits and iron and rags and vegetables.

Human voices babbled above the noises of the traffic. Moisse watched the lively scene.

"Every day it’s the same," he thought. "The same smells, the same noise and people swarming over the pavements. I am the only one in the street whose soul is awake. There's a pretty girl looking at me. She suspects the condition of my soul. Her fingers are dirty. Why doesn't she buy different shoes? She thinks I am lost. In five years she will be fat. In ten years she will waddle with a shawl over her head."

The young dramatist smiled.

"Good God," he thought, "where do they come from? Where are they going? No place to no place. But always moving, shuffling, waddling, crying out. The sun shines on them. The rain pours on them. It burns. It freezes. Today they are bright with color. Tomorrow they are grey with gloom. But they are always the same, always in motion."

The young dramatist stopped on the corner and, looking around him, spied a figure sitting on the sidewalk, leaning against the wall of a building.

The figure was an old man.

He had a long white beard.

He had his legs tucked under him, and an upturned tattered hat rested in his lap.

His thin face was raised, and the sun beat down on it; but his eyes were closed.

"Asleep?" mused Moisse.

He moved closer to him.

The man's head was covered with long silky white hair that hung down to his neck and hid his ears. It was uncombed. His face in the sun looked like the face of an ascetic—thin, finely veined.

He had a long nose and almost colorless lips, and the skin on his cheeks was white. It was drawn tight over his bones, leaving few wrinkles.

An expression of peace rested over him—peace and detachment. Of the noise and babble he heard nothing. His eyes were closed to the crowded, frantic street.

He sat, his head back, his face bathed in the sun, smileless and dreaming.

"A beggar," thought Moisse, "asleep, oblivious. Dead. All day he sits in the sun like a saint, immobile. Like one of the old Alexandrian ascetics, like a delieately carved image. He is awake in himself, but dead to others. The waves cannot touch him. His thoughts. Ah, to know his thoughts and dreams."

Suddenly the eyes of the young dramatist widened. He was looking at the beggar's long hair that hung to his neck.

"It's moving," he whispered, half aloud. He came closer and stood over the old man and gazed intently at the top of his head.

The hair was swaying faintly, each separate fiber moving alone...

It shifted, rose imperceptibly and fell. It quivered and glided...

"Lice?" murmured Moisse.

He watched.

Silent and asleep the old man sat with his thin face to the sun, and his hair moved. Vermin swarmed through it—creeping, crawling, avid and infinitesimal.

Every strand was palpitating, shuddering under their mysterious energy.

At first Moisse could hardly make them out, but his eyes gradually grew accustomed to the sight. And as he watched he saw the hair swell like waves riding over the water, saw it droop and flutter, coil and uncoil of its own accord.

Vermin raised it up, pulled it out, streaming up and down tirelessly in vast armies.

They crawled furiously, like dust specks blown thick through the white beard.

They streamed and shifted and were never still.

They moved in and out, from no place to no place; but always moving—frantic and frenzied.

An old woman passed and, with a shake of her head, dropped two pennies into the upturned hat. Moisse hardly saw her. He saw only the palpitating swarms that were now racing, easily visible, through the grey-white hair.

Some ventured down over the white ascetic face, crawling in every direction, traveling around the lips and over the closed eyes, emerging suddenly in thick streams from behind the covered ears and losing themselves under the ever-moving beard.

And Moisse, his senses strained, thought he heard a noise—a faint, crunching noise.

He listened.

The noise seemed to grow louder. He began to itch, but he remained bending over the head. He could hear them, like a far-away murmur, a purring, uncertain sound.

"They're shouting and groaning, crying out, weeping and laughing," he mused. "It is life..."

He looked up and down the crowded, burning street, with its frantic crowd, and smiled.

He walked away. Before him floated the hair of the beggar, moving as if stirred by a slow wind—and he itched.

"But who was the old man?" he thought.

A young woman, plump and smiling, jostled him. He felt her soft hip pressing against him for a moment.

A child, running barefoot through the street, brushed against his legs. He felt its sticky fingers seize him for an instant, and then the child was gone.

On he walked.

Three young men confronted him for a second time. He passed between two of them, squeezed by their shoulders.

A shapeless old woman bumped him with her back as she shuffled past.

Two children dodged in and out, screaming, and seized his arm to turn on.

The young dramatist stopped and remained standing still, looking about him.

Then he laughed.

"Life," he murmured again; and "I am the old man!" he added.

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328

As soon as the Lord Bloedel before the table went,

Dankwart the marshal met him on greeting due intent:

“Right welcome to our hostel, Lord Bloedelin, are ye,

Although I greatly marvel what may the reason be?”

“Thou hast no need to greet me,” so answer’d Bloedelin:

“For this my coming bodeth an end to thee and thine,

Thanks to thy brother Hagen, who erewhile Siegfried slew.

That to the Huns thou’lt answer, and many another too.”

“Nay, say not so, Lord Bloedel,” the marshal Dankwart said:

“Else must we rue too quickly this journey we have made.

I was but a small stripling when Siegfried lost his life;

I know not what against me bringeth King Etzel’s wife.”

“No more about the matter know I to say to you,

Save that your kinsmen did it, Gunther, and Hagen too.

Look to yourselves, ye lost ones, ye go not hence away!

By death must ye the forfeit unto Kriemhilda pay.”

“What! and will nothing turn you?” cried Dankwart thereupon:

“Would I had ne’er besought you, that better were undone!”

Up from the table sprang he, the warrior swift and strong,

And drew a keen-edged weapon, that heavy was and long.

Therewith he struck at Bloedel, with stroke of sword so fleet,

That off his head was smitten, and lay before his feet.

“Be that thy wedding-dower,” the warrior Dankwart said,

“Unto the bride of Nudung, whom thou wouldst woo and wed!


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 owed the pâté more to selfishness than generosity." Seeing us smile at this he said: "When you know me better, you will find that I am the most selfish person in the world; I have, however, the merit, if it be one, of not only being perfectly conscious of my faults, but of never denying them; and this surely is something, in this age of cant and hypocrisy."

The journal to which Lord Byron refers was written by one of our party, and Lord Byron, having discovered its existence, and expressed a desire to peruse it, the writer confided it to him."

"APRIL 14, 1823. "MY DEAR LORD: I was not in the way when your note came. I have only time to thank you, and to send the 'Galignani's.' My face is better in fact, but worse in appearance, with a very scurvy aspect; but I expect it to be well in a day or two. I will subscribe to the Improving Society. "Yours in haste, but ever, "NOEL BYRON." "APRIL 22, 1823. "MILOR: I received your billet at dinner, which was a good one - with a sprinkling of


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210 There are in all twenty-three school-houses, averaging in the estimated cost of erection from twelve annas to a hundred rupees. Those schools that have no school-houses are accommodated in mosques, imambarahs, dwelling-houses, verandas, kachhris, and out-houses belonging to the patrons or teachers.

In schools there are 598 scholars, averaging 2·5 to each school. All were present at the time the different schools were visited. Of the whole number, 569 are Persian scholars and 29 Arabic students. Of the Arabic students, two are Hindus of whom one is a Brahman and the other a Kayastha, and the remaining twenty-seven are Musalmans. Of the Persian scholars, 126 are Musalmans and 443 Hindus; and the sub-divisions of the latter are as follow :—

The average ages of the Persian and Arabic scholars at the three periods formerly mentioned are as follow :—

The following works were found in use in the Persian and Arabic schools, exclusive of others previously mentioned.

In the Persian schools, Mahmud Nameh, an elementary work; Khushhal-us-Subyan, a vocabulary; Nisab-i-Musallas, a dictionary; Mahzuf-ul-Haruf, Jawahir-ut-Tarkib, and Dastur-ul-Mubtadi, on grammar; Mufid-ul-Insha, Fyz Baksh, Mubarik Nemeh, and Amanullah Hossein, forms of correspondence; the poems of Fahmi; and Ruqäat-i-Abulfazl, the letters of Abulfazl.

In the Arabic schools, Mir Zahid Risaleh, on logic; Akaideh Nisfi, on the doctrines of Islam; Kanz-ud-Dahäik, on the sayings of Mohammad; and Kalamullah Majid, the sacred word of God (the Koran).

First.—The Hindustani or Urdu is the current spoken language of the educated Musalmans of Bengal and Behar, and it is a remarkable feature in the constitution of Mohammadan society in these provinces, and I infer throughout India that the vernacular language of that class is never employed in the schools as the medium or instrument of written instruction. Bengali


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 people,’ she said to her governess, ‘and I dare say they are not all as hideous as the first one we saw. Anyhow, we shan’t be so dreadfully lonely.’

‘Dear me,’ said Bonnetta, ‘how hopeful young people are to be sure! As for me I feel afraid of these folk. But what do you think of the lover you have captivated?’

‘Oh, I could never love him,’ cried the princess; ‘I can’t bear him. But, perhaps, as his sister says they are related to the fairy Marina, they may be of some use to us.’

The mermaid often returned, and each time she talked of her brother’s love, and each time Graziella talked of her longing to escape from her prison, till at length the mermaid promised to bring the fairy Marina to see her, in hopes she might suggest something.

Next day the fairy came with the mermaid, and the princess received her with delight. After a little talk she begged Graziella to show her the inside of the tower and let her see the garden on the top, for with the help of crutches she could manage to move about, and being a fairy could live out of water for a long time, provided she wetted her forehead now and then.

Graziella gladly consented, and Bonnetta stayed below with the mermaid.

When they were in the garden the fairy said: ‘Let us lose no time, but tell me how I can be of use to you.’ Graziella then told all her story and Marina replied: ‘My dear princess, I can do nothing for you as regards dry land, for my power does not reach beyond my own element. I can only say that if you will honour my cousin by accepting his hand, you could then come and live amongst us. I could teach you in a moment to swim and dive with the best of us. I can harden your skin without spoiling its colour. My cousin is one of the best matches in the sea, and I will bestow so many gifts on him that you will be quite happy.’

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 The fairy talked so well and so long that the princess was rather impressed, and promised to think the matter over.

Just as they were going to leave the garden they saw a ship sailing nearer the tower than any other had done before. On the deck lay a young man under a splendid awning, gazing at the tower through a spy-glass; but before they could see anything clearly the ship moved away, and the two ladies parted, the fairy promising to return shortly.

As soon as she was gone Graziella told her governess what she had said. Bonnetta was not at all pleased at the turn matters were taking, for she did not fancy being turned into a mermaid in her old age. She thought the matter well over, and this was what she did. She was a very clever artist, and next morning she began to paint a picture of a handsome young man, with beautiful curly hair, a fine complexion, and lovely blue eyes. When it was finished she showed it to Graziella, hoping it would show her the difference there was between a fine young man and her marine suitor.

The princess was much struck by the picture, and asked anxiously whether there could be any man so good-looking in the world. Bonnetta assured her that there were plenty of them; indeed, many far handsomer.

‘I can hardly believe that,’ cried the princess; ‘but, alas! if there are, I don’t suppose I shall ever see them or they me, so what is the use? Oh, dear, how unhappy I am!’

She spent the rest of the day gazing at the picture, which certainly had the effect of spoiling all the merman’s hopes or prospects.

After some days, the fairy Marina came back to hear what was decided; but Graziella hardly paid any attention to her, and showed such dislike to the idea of the proposed marriage that the fairy went off in a regular huff.

Without knowing it, the princess had made another

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Rh

Thus 234 teachers receive in all rupees 702-5-6, averaging to each about rupees three per month. In 237 instances, which were individually ascertained, the sum of rupees 84-13 was received by the teachers as Shuruäti which, giving two scholars and a half to each school and a year to each school-book, makes an average addition of one anna and two pie to the monthly income of each teacher.

Mahomed Imam Shah and Bahram Shah, two of the three teachers of an Arabic school at Darbhanga, in the thana of that name, possess considerable property personal or endowed, and are men of high character, great intelligence, arid extensive learning. They are brothers and are both authors.

Maulavi Mahomed Imam Shah, the elder brother, has written in Persian Sharh-i-Kholasat-ul-Hisab, a commentary of 640 pages on Kholasat-ul-Hisab, a treatise on arithmetic; and Daira-o-Jadwal-i-Najum, a pamphlet of 8 pages on astronomy. In Arabic he has written Hashya Sharh-i-Sullam, notes extending to 240 pages on Hamidullah’s commentary on Sullam, a work on logic; Sharh-i-Kasideh Amali, a commentary of 34 pages on Kasideh Amali, a work on the doctrines of religion; Risaleh Rafaä Yadain, a pamphlet of 36 pages on the sayings of Mahomed; Mabahisseh Imaniya, miscellaneous essays extending to 160 pages; Durar-i-Mohammadi, a treatise of 40 pages on theology; and Siraj-ul-Kalub, a tract of 18 pages on Sufeeism.

Maulavi Bahram Shah, the younger brother, has written in Persian Risaleh Tauzih-ul-Biyan, a pamphlet of 48 pages on the doctrines of Islam, and Durur-ul-Islam one of 44 pages on the law of inheritance. In Arabic he has written Risaleh Ramzul Hidayat, a tract of 8 pages on the doctrines of Islam; and Risaleh Ashaär-ul-Mahjub, another of the same size on the law of inheritance.


text:
Page:The Grey Fairy Book.djvu/46

 conquest. On board the ship which had sailed so near was the handsomest prince in the world. He had heard of the enchanted tower, and determined to get as near it as he could. He had strong glasses on board, and whilst looking through them he saw the princess quite clearly, and fell desperately in love with her at once. He wanted to steer straight for the tower and to row off to it in a small boat, but his entire crew fell at his feet and begged him not to run such a risk. The captain, too, urged him not to attempt it. ‘You will only lead us all to certain death,’ he said. ‘Pray anchor nearer land, and I will then seek a kind fairy I know, who has always been most obliging to me, and who will, I am sure, try to help your Highness.’

The prince rather unwillingly listened to reason. He landed at the nearest point, and sent off the captain in all haste to beg the fairy’s advice and help. Meantime he had a tent pitched on the shore, and spent all his time gazing at the tower and looking for the princess through his spyglass.

After a few days the captain came back, bringing the fairy with him. The prince was delighted to see her, and paid her great attention. ‘I have heard about this matter,’ she said; ‘and, to lose no time, I am going to send off a trusty pigeon to test the enchantment. If there is any weak spot he is sure to find it out and get in. I shall bid him bring a flower back as a sign of success, and if he does so I quite hope to get you in too.’

‘But,’ asked the prince, ‘could I not send a line by the pigeon to tell the princess of my love?’

‘Certainly,’ replied the fairy, ‘it would be a very good plan.’

So the prince wrote as follows:—

‘Lovely Princess,—I adore you, and beg you to accept my heart, and to believe there is nothing I will not do to end your misfortunes.—.’

This note was tied round the pigeon’s neck, and he

title: Page:The Grey Fairy Book.djvu/46


text:
Page:Adam's reports on vernacular education in Bengal and Behar, submitted to Government in 1835, 1836 and 1838.djvu/268

208 The average ages of the Persian and Arabic scholars at the three periods formerly mentioned are as followfollows [sic]:—

The following works were found in use in the Persian schools:— Mamaqima, an elementary work; Nisah-us-Subyan, a vocabulary; Sawal Jawab, dialogues: Bhagawan Das, a grammar; Insha-i-Madho Ram, Insha-i-Mussallas, Mukhtasar-ul-Ibarat, Inshai-Khurd, Mufid-ul-Insha, Insha-i-Munir, Insha-i-Brahmun, and Muradi-i-Hasil, forms of correspondence; Alqab Nameh, on modes of address; the poems of Hilali and Kalim; Zahuri, an account of one of the kings of the Deccan; Kushaish Nameh and Kisseh Sultan, tales; Nam-i-Haq, names and attributes of God; Gauhar-i-Murad, on the doctrines of Islam; Kiranus Säadin, a poem by Khosro; and Mizan-ut-Tib and Tiba-i-Ahkber, on medicine.

In the Arabic schools the following text-books were employed:—Fasul Akberi, on inflection; Nahv-i-Mir and Zariri, on syntax; Sharh-i-Tahzib, commentary on Tahzib, a treatise on logic; Mukhtasar-ul-Mani, a treatise on rhetoric; Maibadi, on natural philosophy; the elements of ; Sharh-i-Tazkira, on astronomy; Sharafiya, on the law of inheritance; Däir on the doctrines of Islam; and Almijasti, astronomy of.

This district contains 238 schools, of which 234 are Persian and 4 Arabic.

Of these one town contains twenty-seven, another twelve, and a third eleven. Two villages contains four each, six three each, twenty-three two each, and one hundred and sixteen one each.

The number of Persian teachers is the same as the number of Persian schools. The number of Arabic teachers is six, one of the Arabic schools having three teachers. The average age of all the teachers is 33.9 years.

One of the Persian teachers is a Hindu of the writer-caste; and all the other teachers, both of Persian and Arabic schools, are Musalmans.

One teacher instructs gratuitously, and five teachers give gratuitous instruction to all their scholars, and food to twenty-two of them. The others are remunerated as follows :—


text:
Page:The lay of the Nibelungs; (IA nibelungslay00hortrich).pdf/407

XXXII.]

“To-morrow they may plight her unto another one:

If he will earn the guerdon, the like to him be done!”

A faithful-hearted Hunsman Dankwart aware had made,

How that the queen against him such grievous plots had laid.

When now the men of Bloedel saw how their lord lay slain,

Then from the guests no longer their hands could they restrain.

With broadswords high uplifted they sprang in deadly mood

Upon the youthful warriors: which ere long many rued.

Then loudly shouted Dankwart unto his followers all:

“Well see ye, noble yeomen, how things are like to fall!

Ye hapless ones, be wary, in sooth there’s need to be,

Albeit noble Kriemhild bade us right lovingly.”

They to whom swords were lacking, reach’d down before each seat,

And many a long stool lifted from underneath their feet.

Then the Burgundian yeomen no longer would forbear,

And heavy stools made bruises through many a helmet there.

How grimly thus the strangers essay’d their lives to save!

And so the arnmi’d assailants from out the house they drave;

Yet left they dead within it five hundred men or more:

And all of the defenders were red and wet with gore.

These tidings of disaster were carried presently

Unto the knights of Etzel (which grieved them bitterly):

How Bloedel and his liegemen had all to death been brought,

Which deed had Hagen’s brother with his retainers wrought.


text:
Author:Anna Mae Yu Lamentillo

Works

 * Philippine Intervention during the 67th Session of the Commission on the Status of Women (CSW67) at the United Nations Headquarters in New York, USA (March 8, 2023)

title: Author:Anna Mae Yu Lamentillo


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330

Ere yet the king had heard it— urg’d by the hate they bore—

The Hunfolk donn’d their armour; two thousand men or more.

And march’d against the yeomen;— what else was to be done?

And out of all the people they left alive not one.

Before the house the traitors had led a mighty host;

On guard the foreign yeomen stood bravely at their post.

But what avail’d their valour? They all were doom’d to die;

And presently arose there a gruesome butchery.

And here ye must a marvel of monstrous import hear:

Nine thousand yeomen lying all done to death there were;

A dozen knights moreover of Dankwart’s own command.

One saw him all-forsaken amidst the foemen stand.

The uproar was abated, the clash of arms was o’er.

Then look’d athwart his shoulder Dankwart the warrior;

He spake: “Woe for the comrades who from my side are gone!

Alas, that ’midst the foemen I now must stand alone!”

Upon his body shower’d the sword-strokes keen and rife;—

Ere long to be bewailéd by many a hero’s wife—.

His shield aloft he lifted, and held the arm-brace low;

And drench’d full many a hauberk with life-blood’s crimson flow.

Then cried the son of Aldrian: “Woe for the ills I bear!

Make way, ye Hunnish warriors, and let me to the air,

That the wind’s breath may cool me, a battle-weary wight!”

Right royally he bore him in all the people’s sight.


text:
Author:Charlotte Anne Moberly

Works

 * An Adventure (1911) with Eleanor Jourdain, under the names of "Elizabeth Morison" and "Frances Lamont"

title: Author:Charlotte Anne Moberly


text:
Philippine Intervention during the 67th Session of the Commission on the Status of Women (CSW67)

According to the Alliance for Affordable Internet, allowing women to fully participate in a digital economy will result in $524 billion increase in economic activity by 2025. We need to harness this opportunity.

While there are barriers that need to be addressed, the Philippines already has the advantage. The Philippines still leads among Asian countries in terms of closing the gender gap, based on the 2022 Global Gender Gap Report where we placed 19th in the global rankings.

Philippine laws such as the Magna Carta of Women, Anti-Discrimination Against Women Act, Anti-Violence Against Women and Children Law, and Safe Spaces Act, among others, create an enabling environment where women’s and girls’ rights and safety are promoted and protected to allow them to achieve their full potential.

These policies shape the programs that the Philippine government invests in to ensure digital inclusion. Our Department of ICT has been implementing programs aimed at bridging the digital divide. Foremost is the provision of free Wi-Fi, particularly in geographically isolated and disadvantaged areas. In 2022, there are more than 4,000 live sites in different parts of the country. Just last week, we launched free Wi-Fi sites in the Province of Antique, including in indigenous communities. We aim to have more than 15,000 sites in 2023, and 100,000 sites by 2025.

Our Tech4ED Project and DigitalJobsPH Program are both focused on improving ICT services in rural areas. These programs have helped improve the country’s IT-BPM sector, which saw an increase of 8.4% or 121,000 full-time employees in the Philippines in 2022. The industry also saw a growth of 10.3% in revenues to reach a total of $32.5 billion in 2022, surpassing the 2021 earnings of 29.5 billion.

We want to increase the Philippines’ stance as the top investment destination for global services in the world. We will do this through the Digital Cities 2025 Program, which aims to expand the IT-BPM sector and bridge industry progress in the countryside to strengthen local economies.

While these programs seek to promote digital inclusion, we also need to ensure that they address the digital gender gap.

In line with this, we conducted the Women and ICT Development Index (WIDI) Survey 2022, the first-ever national survey that aims to generate indicators on how women are able to access and use ICTs. Data from the survey will provide a comprehensive evidence base for more gender responsive ICT policies, plans, and programs.

In closing, bridging the gender digital divide is crucial to achieving gender equality and promoting economic growth. Through policies, programs, and initiatives that prioritize digital inclusion and gender equality, the Philippine government is committed to ensuring that no one is left behind in this rapidly evolving digital world. Let us continue to work together towards a future where every individual, regardless of gender, has access to and can fully participate in the digital economy. Thank you.


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XXXII.]

But when the strife-worn hero outside the hostel sprang,

What fresh swords on his helmet again and ever rang!

They who had not yet witness’d what wonders wrought his hand,

Now rush’d to meet the warrior from the Burgundian land.

“Now would to God,” cried Dankwart, “I had a messenger

To seek my brother Hagen, and make him well aware

How I amid these warriors so sorely am bested!

Hence surely would he help me, or lie beside me dead!”

Then spake the Hunnish warriors: “That herald must thou be,

When we before thy brother a corse shall carry thee!

So first shall Gunther’s henchman what sorrow is be taught:

Thou hast unto King Etzel such grievous damage wrought.”

Said he: “Now stint your threatenings, and further backwards get,

Or verily I’ll drench you some other hauberks yet!

I will myself the story before the court lay bare,

And eke unto my masters my grievance great declare.”

He laid on Etzel’s liegemen so heavily his hand,

That not a man amongst them durst him with sword withstand.

Yet in his shield their lances so quickly did they aim,

That he was fain to drop it, so heavy it became.

Him, now no longer shielded, they thought to overwhelm;

Ha, but what deadly gashes he cut right through the helm!

Until before him stagger’d full many a valiant one.

Whereby much praise and honour the gallant Dankwart won.


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332

From one side and the other, upon him hurtled they;

Ay, some of them too quickly had come into the fray!

Before the foe upstood he, e’en as a woodland boar

At bay the sleuth-hounds faces: could valour e’er be more?

His path was newly-sprinkled with life-blood warm and wet.

No single-handed warrior had ever striven yet

Against a host of foemen, as he had boldly done.

Folk mark’d how Hagen’s brother to court right nobly won.

By sewers and by butlers was heard the clash of swords;

From many a hand the liquors were flung upon the boards,

As were the victuals also which to the hall they bare.

And stalwart foes in plenty forestall’d him at the stair.

“What will ye now, ye sewers?” the weary warrior cried:

“In sooth for all the strangers, good cheer ye should provide,

And to the nobles ought ye good victuals to convey;—

And to my well-lov’d masters let me my tidings say.”

Whoe’er by force before him upon the stairway sprang,

On each of them so sorely his heavy sword he swang,

In very dread their safety further aloof they sought;

And so his strength of body right mickle marvels wrought.


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Page:The Federalist (1818).djvu/517

 respect to the former, as well as the latter. And under this impression I shall lay it down as a rule, that the state courts will retain the jurisdiction they now have, unless it appears to be taken away in one of the enumerated modes.

The only thing in the proposed constitution, which wears the appearance of confining the causes of federal cognizance, to the federal courts, is contained in this passage: "the of the United States shall be vested in one supreme court, and in such inferior courts as the congress shall from time to time ordain and establish." This might either be construed to signify, that the supreme and subordinate courts of the union should alone have the power of deciding those causes, to which their authority is to extend; or simply to denote, that the organs of the national judiciary should be one supreme court, and as many subordinate courts, as congress should think proper to appoint; in other words, that the United States should exercise the judicial power with which they are to be invested, through one supreme tribunal, and a certain number of inferior ones, to be instituted by them. The first excludes, the last admits, the concurrent jurisdiction of the state tribunals and as the first would amount to an alienation of state power by implication, the last appears to me the most defensible construction.

But this doctrine of concurrent jurisdiction, is only clearly applicable to those descriptions of causes, of which the state courts have previous cognizance. It is not equally evident in relation to cases which may grow out of, and be peculiar to, the constitution to be established for not to allow the state courts a right of jurisdiction in such cases, can hardly be considered as the abridgment of a pre-existing authority. I mean not therefore to contend, that the United States, in the course of legislation upon the objects intrusted to their direction, may not commit the decision of causes arising upon a particular regulation, to the federal courts solely, if such a measure should be deemed expedient; but I hold that the state courts will be divested of no part of their

title: Page:The Federalist (1818).djvu/517


text: The Lay of the Nibelungs/Chapter 32

title: The Lay of the Nibelungs/Chapter 32


text:
Page:Handbook of Ophthalmology (3rd edition).djvu/305

Rh generally accepted in Germany. The disease undoubtedly occurs in individuals absolutely free from syphilis.

Hutchinson refers to a certain abnormal development of the teeth as nearly constantly associated with the disease, but this, too, is absent in many cases. The peculiarity of this abnormity is that the middle of the cutting edge of the incisors, which should be the most prominent part, crumbles down and assumes, especially in the two upper front teeth, a concave form.

Keratitis parenchymatosa is most frequent from the sixth to the twentieth year. After that it is rarer, and its course, when it occurs, is milder.

In making the prognosis, we have to consider the length of the process and the remaining opacities. These last are generally so much the greater the higher the inflammation and the more extensive the vascularization of the cornea has been.

The treatment of this form of keratitis cannot be a very active one. Improvement of the hygienic surroundings, attention to constitutional disturbances, protection of the eyes from injurious influences of all kinds, and patience on the part of the physician and patient, are the principal points in the therapeutic programme. Iodide of potassium and preparations of iron are generally to be recommended. The local treatment should be such as to diminish as much as possible the irritability. For this purpose warm fomentations and atropine are best. All irritants are to be avoided. Hasner recommends the paracentesis of the cornea for all cases which are free from complications, and in which the cornea, although considerably clouded, is but little or not at all vascularized, while the hyperæmia of the sclera and the ciliary neuralgia are but slight. It is especially in recent cases of this kind, in which the affection has lasted but a few weeks, that favorable results have been observed to follow paracentesis.

Keratitis punctata is a quite rare affection, and one always complicated with iritis; it ought not, however, for that reason to be confounded with certain cases of iritis, which are characterized by a precipitate upon the membrane of Descemet. With inflammatory symptoms, and the corresponding irritability, there develop in the parenchyma of the cornea, isolated, circumscribed, white


text:
Page:The Nibelungenlied - tr. Shumway - 1909.pdf/329

lordings sate them down for weariness. Folker and Hagen came forth from the hall; upon their shields the haughty warriors leaned. Wise words were spoken by the twain. Then Knight Giselher of Burgundy spake: “Forsooth, dear friends, ye may not ease you yet; ye must bear the dead from out the hall. I’ll tell you, of a truth, we shall be attacked again. They must no longer lie here beneath our feet. Ere the Huns vanquish us by storm, we’ll yet hew wounds, which shall ease my heart. For this,” quoth Giselher, “I have a steadfast mind.”

“Well is me of such a lord,” spake then Hagen. “This rede which my young master hath given us to-day would befit no one but a knight. At this, Burgundians, ye may all stand glad.”

Then they followed the rede, and to the door they bare seven thousand dead, the which they cast outside. Down they fell before the stairway to the hall, and from their kinsmen rose a full piteous wail. Some there were with such slight wounds that, had they been more gently treated, they would have waxed well again; but from the lofty fall, they must needs lie dead. Their friends bewailed this, and forsooth they had good cause.

Then spake Folker, the fiddler, a lusty knight: “Now I mark the truth of this, as hath been told me.


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272 The Huns be cravens, like women they wail; they should rather nurse these sorely wounded men.”

A margrave weened, he spake through kindness. Seeing one of his kinsmen lying in the blood, he clasped him in his arms and would have borne him hence, when the bold minstrel shot him above the dead to death. The flight began as the others saw this deed, and all fell to cursing this selfsame minstrel. He snatched a javelin, sharp and hard, the which had been hurled at him by a Hun, and cast it with might across the court, far over the folk. Thus he forced Etzel’s warriors to take lodgement further from the hall. On every side the people feared his mighty prowess.

Many thousand men now stood before the hall. Folker and Hagen gan speak to Etzel all their mind, wherefrom these heroes bold and good came thereafter into danger. Quoth Hagen: “’T would well beseem the people’s hope, if the lords would fight in the foremost ranks, as doth each of my lordings here. They hew through the helmets, so that the blood doth follow the sword.”

Etzel was brave; he seized his shield. “Now fare warily,” spake Lady Kriemhild, “and offer the warriors gold upon your shield. If Hagen doth but reach you there, ye’ll be hand in hand with death.”

The king was so bold he would not turn him back, the which doth now seldom hap from so mighty a lord. By his shield-thong they had to draw him hence. Once again grim Hagen began to mock him. “It is a distant kinship,” quoth Hagen, the knight, “that bindeth Etzel and Siegfried. He loved Kriemhild, or ever she laid eyes on thee. Most evil king, why dost thou plot against me?”


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Rh Kriemhild, the wife of the noble king, heard this speech; angry she grew that he durst thus revile her before King Etzel’s liegemen. Therefore she again began to plot against the strangers. She spake: “For him that slayeth me Hagen of Troneg and bringeth me his head, I will fill King Etzel’s shield with ruddy gold, thereto will I give him as guerdon many goodly lands and castles.”

“Now I know not for what they wait,” spake the minstrel. “Never have I seen heroes stand so much like cowards, when one heard proffered such goodly wage. Forsooth King Etzel should never be their friend again. Many of those who so basely eat the lording’s bread, and now desert him in the greatest need, do I see stand here as cravens, and yet would pass for brave. May shame ever be their lot!”


text: The Nibelungenlied (Shumway)/34

title: The Nibelungenlied (Shumway)/34


text:
Page:Bury J B The Cambridge Medieval History Vol 2 1913.djvu/371

635-636] proceeded to the pacification of the conquered country, without giving further heed to the Byzantines, from whom they did not consider they had anything more to fear. The various leaders operated in Palestine and the country east of the Jordan; Khālid himself pressed forward once more against Emesa, and occupied this place at the close of the year 635. A number of smaller towns hereupon opened their gates to the conquerors whilst the larger fortresses such as Jerusalem, Caesarea, and the coastal towns, still held out in hope of rescue by Heraclius.

Heraclius certainly as yet had no intention of giving up the country to the Arabs. He shewed a feverish activity in Antioch and Edessa. Together with the customary Byzantine mercenaries, Armenians and Arabs formed the main body of his new army, which he placed under the command of Theodorus Trithurius, and in which Baanes had the control of an independent division. The relief of Damascus not having been effected, Heraclius permitted the winter months to pass, intending when he was so much the better prepared to take the offensive and strike a crushing blow against the Arabs. In the spring of 636 this new army unexpectedly approached Emesa, where Khālid was on outpost duty. He at once recognised his dangerous position. Hitherto the Arabs had always fought against an inferior Byzantine force, but now they were suddenly opposed by a powerful army which, even after making all allowance for Arab exaggeration, must have amounted to some 50,000 men. Khālid immediately relinquished not only Emesa but even Damascus and caused all the Arab fighting forces to be concentrated at a point between the northern and southern positions of the Arabs in the country east of the Jordan, to the south-east of the deep Yarmūk valley, and to the north of what is now known as Der'āt, a point admirably adapted to his purpose. Here the Arabs were in the most fertile part of Syria, where the most important highways crossed leading to the southern portion of the country east of the Jordan and to Central Palestine; they were moreover protected in the rear by the deeply hollowed valleys of the Yarmūk tributaries. Should they be defeated here a retreat was under all circumstances secured either into the desert or to Medina. The hurried retirement of the Arabs to this district proves how critical affairs appeared to them: against the huge advancing army of the enemy, they could only oppose about 25,000, scarcely half the number.

The Roman army did not approach by way of Damascus but through Coelesyria and across the Jordan, and probably took up their position near Jillīn, the Jillīḳ of the sources. The two armies must have remained confronting each other for a considerable period: the Arabs were waiting for reinforcements, whilst the Byzantine army was hampered by the petty jealousies of its leaders and by insubordination in the ranks. Several battles were fought in which Theodorus appears to have been at the outset defeated and Baanes was then proclaimed emperor by the troops. The Arabian auxiliaries deserted,


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216 Besides the above-mentioned gratuitous superintendence there are thirteen paid teachers employed in these four schools; and of that number eight teachers are attached to the Japat school alone, two to the Cutwa school, two to the Burdwan school, and one to Mr. Weitbrecht’s school. Six of the teachers are Native Christians and seven are Hindus. Of the Native Christian teachers four are males and two females. The following are the castes of the Hindu teachers :—

The teachers are paid by monthly salaries—

The average is Rupees 6-12-3 to each teacher.

The average age of all the teachers is 26.7 years. The age of one of the female Native Christian teachers is 16, and of the other 18 years.

The number of girls taught in the four schools is 175. Their average age, when they entered school, was 6.5 years; their average age at the time when the schools were visited was 9.1 years; and the average age at which they intended or were expected to leave school was 14.9 years.

Of the total number of scholars one is a Musalman girl; thirty-six are the daughters of Native Christian parents, or orphans rescued from starvation and supported by the Missionaries; and one hundred and thirty-eight are the daughters of Hindu parents. The Hindus are thus sub-divided according to their castes—

A sum of Rupees 1-8 per month is allowed by the Ladies’ Society for refreshments to the children. Three female messengers are employed to bring the children to school and to conduct them home. If one messenger brings ten scholars every day for a month she gets two rupees, and more or less in proportion to the number. It is not necessary that the same scholars should always be brought by the same messenger; the number only is regarded.

The only language taught in the girls’ schools is Bengali. The books read are chiefly religious and the instruction Christian.


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cried Margrave Iring of Denmark: “I have striven for honor now long time, and in the storm of battle have been among the best. Now bring me my harness, for in sooth I will encounter me with Hagen.”

“I would not counsel that,” spake Hagen, “but bid the Hunnish knights stand further back. If twain of you or three leap into the hall, I’ll send them back sore wounded down the steps.”

“Not for that will I give it over,” quoth Iring again. I’ve tried before such daring things; in truth with my good sword I will encounter thee alone. What availeth all thy boasting, which thou hast done in words?”

Then were soon arrayed the good Knight Irving and Irnfried of Thuringia, a daring youth, and the stalwart Hawart and full a thousand men. Whatever Iring ventured, they would all fain give him aid. Then the fiddler spied a mighty troop, that strode along well armed with Iring. Upon their heads they bare good helmets. At this bold Folker waxed a deal full wroth of mood. “See ye, friend Hagen, Iring striding yonder, who vowed to match you with his sword alone? How doth lying beseem a hero? Much that misliketh me. There walk with him full a thousand knights or more, well armed.”


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344 and under all these circumstances the Arabs had no longer cause to fear the numerical superiority of their opponents. They appear to have outflanked the Byzantines from the eastern side, cut their line of communication with Damascus, and by occupying the bridge over the Wādi-r-Ruḳḳād frustrated also their chances of retreat to the westward. Finally they forced them into the angle between the Yarmūk and the Wādi-r-Ruḳḳād. Those who were not killed here plunged down into the steep and deeply cut beds of the rivers, and those of the latter who had finally managed to escape across the rivers to Jakutha were annihilated by the Arabs on the other side, as, by occupying the bridge, they were enabled with ease to cross the Wādi-r-Ruḳḳād. The decisive stroke in these fights, extending over months, happened on 20 Aug. 636. With this terrible defeat of the Byzantines on the Yarmūk the fate of Syria was permanently decided. The last troops of Heraclius, collected with much trouble, had been thus completely destroyed, and the immediate advance of the Arabs on Damascus rendered impossible every attempt to collect others. Thus Damascus was occupied a second time by the Arabs in the autumn of the same year, and this time finally.

The government of Medina had, as we have already seen, attempted for about the space of a year to introduce a systematic occupation of the country in place of the former planless raids. This policy made it necessary that the army of occupation should have a supreme commandant, who should at the same time act as vicegerent of the Caliph. At the outset Khālid, who on account of his qualities had acquired the senior rank, was confirmed in this position, but in the brilliant general there was entirely wanting the diplomatic art of a pacificator attaining his ends by statesmanlike compromises. For this position one of the foremost men of the theocracy was required, an absolute confidant of the Caliph. Omar selected Abū 'Ubaida, one of the oldest and most esteemed of his companions, of whom we know that, for instance at the death of the prophet, he had played an important part. His task in face of the autocratic army-leaders was a difficult one; he arrived in Syria just before the battle of the Yarmūk, but was prudent enough to leave at this critical stage the supreme command for this battle to Khālid, who was so minutely acquainted with the conditions. Thereupon however he himself intervened, distributed the various military commandants throughout the entire land, and then personally advanced, in company with Khālid, towards the North. Baalbek, Emesa, Aleppo, Antioch, and the Arabian tribes residing in the north of Syria put no difficulties in the way of the conquest. The town of Ḳinnasrīn (Kalchis) alone was less easily dealt with. From northern Syria 'Iyāḍ ibn Ghanm was then subsequently detached to the East, and he subjected Mesopotamia (639-646) without meeting with much opposition. To the North, however, the Amanus formed for centuries the more or less constant boundary of the Caliph's dominions.


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Rh “Say not that I lie,” spake Hawart’s liegeman. “Gladly will I perform what I have vowed, nor will I desist therefrom through any fear. However frightful Hagen be, I will meet him single-handed.”

On his knees Iring begged both kinsmen and vassals to let him mateh the knight alone. This they did unwillingly, for well they knew the haughty Hagen from the Burgundian land. But Irving begged so long that at last it happed. When the fellowship beheld his wish and that he strove for honor, they let him go. Then a fierce conflict rose between the twain. Irving of Denmark, the peerless high-born knight, bare high his spear and covered him with his shield. Swiftly he rushed on Hagen before the hall, while a great shout arose from all the knights around. With might and main they cast the spears with their hands through the sturdy shields upon their shining armor, so that the shafts whirled high in air. Then the two brave men and fierce reached for their swords. Bold Hagen’s strength was mickle and great, but Irving smote him, that the whole hall rang. Palace and towers resounded from their blows, but the knight could not achieve his wish.

Iring now left Hagen stand unharmed, and hied him to the fiddler. He weened to fell him by his mighty blows, but the stately knight wist how to guard him well. Then the fiddler struck a blow, that the plates of mail whirled high above the buckler’s rim. An evil man he was, for to encounter, so Iring let him stand and rushed at Gunther of the Burgundian land. Here, too, either was strong enow in strife. The blows that Gunther and Iring dealt each other drew no blood


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276 from wounds. This the harness hindered, the which was both strong and good.

He now let Gunther be, and ran at Gernot, and gan hew sparks of fire from his armor rings. Then had stalwart Gernot of Burgundy nigh done brave Irving unto death, but that he sprang away from the prince (nimble enow he was),and slew eftsoon four noble henchmen of the Burgundians from Worms across the Rhine. At this Giselher might never have waxed more wroth. “God wot, Sir Iring,” spake Giselher, the youth, “ye must pay me weregild for these who have fallen dead this hour before you.”

Then at him he rushed and smote the Dane, so that he could not stir a step, but sank before his hands down in the blood, so that all did ween the good knight would never deal a blow again in strife. But Iring lay unwounded here before Sir Giselher. From the crashing of the helmet and the ringing of the sword, his wits had grown so weak that the brave knight no longer thought of life. Stalwart Giselher had done this with his might. When now the ringing gan leave his head, the which he had suffered from the mighty stroke, he thought: “I am still alive and nowhere wounded. Now first wot I of Giselher’s mighty strength.” On either side he heard his foes. Wist they the tale, still more had happed him. Giselher, too, he marked hard by; he bethought him, how he might escape his foes. How madly he sprang up from the blood! Well might he thank his nimbleness for this. Out of the house he ran to where he again found Hagen, whom he dealt a furious blow with his powerful hand.

Hagen thought him: “Thou art doomed. Unless be


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636-640] In the meantime, i.e. in the course of the years 636 and 637, Shuraḥbīl and Yazīd had finally occupied the remainder of the interior, and most of the towns on the coast. 'Amr was less fortunate, and invested Jerusalem in vain. The stubborn Caesarea also remained for a time closed to the Arabs. It is no matter of chance that just these two strongly Hellenised towns should have held out. Their resistance gives us a clue to explain the rapid successes of the Arabs. The military power of the Emperor was certainly broken, and he lacked both men and money; but it was of much greater moment that everywhere in Syria, where Semites dwelt, the Byzantine rule was so deeply hated that the Arabs were welcomed as deliverers, as soon as there was no need further to fear Heraclius. To cover his enormous debts Heraclius had been compelled to put on the fiscal screw to its utmost tension. In addition to this domestic pressure there was added that of religion; the church policy of Heraclius, the introduction of the Monotheletic Irenicon, became a persecution of Monophysites and Jews. In addition to this religious division there was now further the natural reaction of the Semitic element against the foreign rule of the Greeks. In the Muslims on the other hand the numerous Christian Arab tribes, and even the Aramaeans too, welcomed blood relations; the tribute moreover demanded by the Arabs was not heavy, and finally the Arabs permitted complete religious freedom; in fact, for political reasons, they rather encouraged heterodox tendencies. Thus, after the Arabs had vanquished the tyrants, the land fell peacefully into their own possession. The resistance of Jerusalem and Caesarea affords the test of this theory, for both of these towns were entirely Hellenic and orthodox. Even these towns however were unable to maintain their position for any length of time, and Jerusalem capitulated as early as 638; Caesarea did not fall until October 640 into the hands of Mu'āwiya, and then only through treachery.

Even before the fall of Jerusalem the Caliph Omar had paid a visit to Syria. His appearance there was the result of the policy of occupation followed by Medina. The head-quarters of the Muslim army was at that time still at Jābiya, a little to the north of the Yarmūk battle-field. To this spot Omar summoned all his military commanders, presumably to support Abū 'Ubaida in his difficult task with the authority of the Caliph. Apart from this however it was desired to lay down uniform principles for the treatment of the subjected peoples, i.e. to define the difficult problem which we of modern times call native policy. Further, the disposition of the money coming in and the whole administration needed an initial regulation, or rather sanction. Later tradition considers Omar the founder of the theoretical system of the ideal Muslim State, but incorrectly so, as will be shewn later. At the same time an initial regulation then certainly took place. On the termination of his work of reorganisation Omar visited Jerusalem,


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User talk:Katipuneragabriela

Works by Anna Mae Yu Lamentillo
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Rh that the foul fiend protect thee, thou canst not escape alive.”

Yet Iring wounded Hagen through his crest. This the hero wrought with Waska, a passing goodly sword. When Sir Hagen felt the wound, wildly he brandished his weapon in his hand. Soon Hawart’s liegeman was forced to yield his ground, and Hagen gan pursue him down the stairs. Brave Iring swung his shield above his head, but had the staircase been the length of three, Hagen would not have let him strike a blow the while. Ho, what red sparks did play above his helmet!

Iring returned scatheless to his liegemen. Then the tidings were brought to Kriemhild, of that which he had wrought in strife with Hagen of Troneg. For this the queen gan thank him highly. “Now God requite thee, Iring, thou peerless hero and good. Thou hast comforted well my heart and mind. I see that Hagen’s weeds be wet with blood.” For very joy Kriemhild herself relieved him of his shield.

“Be not too lavish of your thanks,” spake Hagen. “’T would well befit a knight to try again. A valiant man were he, if he then came back alive. Little shall the wound profit you, which I have at his hands; for that ye have seen the rings wet with blood from my wound doth urge me to the death of many a man. Now first am I enraged at Hawart’s liegeman. Small scathe hath Knight Tring done me yet.”

Meanwhile Iring of Denmark stood in the breeze; he cooled his harness and doffed his casque. All the folk then praised his prowess, at which the margrave was in passing lofty mood. Again Sir Iring spake:


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Rh “My friends, this know; arm me now quickly, for I would fain try again, if perchance I may not conquer this overweening man.”

His shield was hewn to pieces, a better one he gained; full soon the champion was armed again. Through hate he seized a passing heavy spear with which he would encounter Hagen yonder. Meantime the death-grim man awaited him in hostile wise. But Knight Hagen would not abide his coming. Hurling the javelin and brandishing his sword, he ran to meet him to the very bottom of the stairs. Forsooth his rage was great. Little booted Iring then his strength; through the shields they smote, so that the flames rose high in fiery blasts. Hagen sorely wounded Hawart’s liegeman with his sword through shield and breastplate. Never waxed he well again. When now Knight Iring felt the wound, higher above his helmet bands he raised his shield. Great enow he thought the scathe he here received, but thereafter King Gunther’s liege man did him more of harm. Hagen found a spear lying now before his feet. With this he shot Iring, the Danish hero, so that the shaft stood forth from his head. Champion Hagen had given him a bitter end. Iring must needs retreat to those of Denmark. Or ever they unbound his helmet and drew the spear-shaft from his head, death had already drawn nigh him. At this his kinsmen wept, as forsooth they had great need.

Then the queen came and bent above him. She gan bewail the stalwart Irving and bewept his wounds, indeed her grief was passing sharp. At this the bold and lusty warrior spake before his kinsmen: “Let be this wail, most royal queen. What availeth your weeping


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346 proceeding thence on his return journey to Medina. Abū 'Ubaida remained in the country as Omar's representative, but was not destined to remain in office much longer, for in the year 639, when many thousands from the ranks of the victors succumbed to a fearful epidemic of plague, Abū 'Ubaida was also carried off by it, as was also his successor in office, Yazīd, a short time later. Yazīd's brother, Mu'āwiya ibn Abī Sufyān, was then nominated to the succession by Omar, and in him the man appears at the head of Syria who was destined later in his own person to transfer the Caliphate to Damascus, a development which in its slow preparation is as clear as noonday.

The whole course of the Muslim expeditions in 'Irāḳ shews that the policy of the Caliphs was entirely determined by consideration for Syria. After the unfortunate battle of the Bridge not only the government but also the tribes were still more cautious towards 'Irāḳ expeditions. It was only the eager efforts of Muthannā, of the Bakr tribe, that finally succeeded in gaining the sanction of the Caliph to a new raid, and then only after the first conquest of Damascus. But there was a dearth of warriors; none cared much to proceed to 'Irāḳ, and it was only on the grant of special privileges that a few Yamanites consented to prepare for the march. In the meantime the Persians, who for over a year had not followed up their advantage in the battle of the Bridge, had crossed the Euphrates under Mihrān; but Muthannā, with his auxiliaries from Medina, succeeded in defeating them at Buwaib (Oct. or Nov. 635). With his weak forces he could not however think of following up this small victory, and Omar at that time required all available troops for Syria, where the great army of Heraclius was advancing towards the battle of the Yarmūk. It was not until after this latter decisive victory that the Caliph paid greater attention to the 'Irāḳ. Here also the first thing to be done was the despatch of a general representative, or vicegerent, for which position Sa'd ibn Abī Waḳḳāṣ was selected. To get the necessary troops however for an energetic attack was still attended with great difficulty. Sa'd took the whole of the winter 636-637 to assemble a few thousand men around him. Of the Arabian hordes, incited by religious enthusiasm, according to the customary European traditions, we can find but little trace.

In the meantime the Persians, alarmed by their own defeat at Buwaib, and still more by the terrible collapse of the Byzantine rule in Syria, decided to take energetic steps against the Arabs. The administrator of the kingdom, Rustam, assumed the command personally, and crossed the Euphrates. On the borders of the cultivated land, at Ḳādisīya, Sa'd and Rustam stood for a long time facing each other. Of the size of their respective armies we know nothing positive; the Arabs were certainly not more than 5-6000 strong, including Christians and heathens, and the numerical superiority of the Persians cannot have been considerable. More by chance than from any tactical initiative the two armies became


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User talk:2600:1700:FFB0:12F0:E907:31D5:BCE:3CAB

Shirley Slade
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Rh now? Certes, I must lose my life from these wounds I have received. Death will no longer let me serve you and Etzel.” To the men of Thuringia and to those of Denmark he spake: “None of you must take from the queen her shining ruddy gold as meed, for if ye encounter Hagen, ye must gaze on death.”

Pale grew his hue; brave Iring bare the mark of death. Dole enow it gave them, for no longer might Hawart’s liegeman live. Then the men of Denmark must needs renew the fray. Irnfried and Hawart with well a thousand champions leaped toward the hall. On every side one heard a monstrous uproar, mighty and strong. Ho, what sturdy javelins were cast at the Burgundian men! Bold Irnfried rushed at the minstrel, but gained great damage at his hands. Through his sturdy helmet the noble fiddler smote the landgrave. Certes, he was grim enow! Then Sir Irnfried dealt the valiant gleeman such a blow that his coat of mail burst open and his breastplate was enveloped with a bright red flame. Yet the landgrave fell dead at the minstrel’s hands. Hawart and Hagen, too, had come together. Wonders would he have seen, who beheld the fight. The swords fell thick and fast in the heroes’ hands. Through the knight from the Burgundian land Hawart needs must die. When the Thuringians and the Danes espied their lordings dead, there rose before the hall a fearful strife, before they gained the door with mighty hand. Many a helm and shield was hacked and cut thereby.

“Give way,” spake Folker, “and let them in, for else what they have in mind will not be ended. They must die in here in full short time. With death they’ll gain what the queen would give them.”


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280 When these overweening men were come into the hall, the head of many a one sank down so low that he needs must die from their furious strokes. Well fought the valiant Gernot, and the same did Giselher, the knight. A thousand and four were come into the hall and many a whizzing stroke of the swords was seen flash forth, but soon all the warriors lay slain therein. Mickle wonders might one tell of the Burgundian men. The hall grew still, as the uproar died away. On every side the dead men’s blood poured through the openings down to the drain-pipes. This the men from the Rhine had wrought with their passing strength.

Those from the Burgundian land now sate them down to rest and laid aside their swords and shields. But still the valiant minstrel stood guard before the hall. He waited, if any would perchance draw near again in strife. Sorely the king made wail, as did the queen. Maids and ladies were distraught with grief. Death, I ween, had conspired against them, wherefore many of the warriors perished through the guests.


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637-641] engaged in combat, and in one day the Persian army was routed, and its leaders slain (May-June 637).

And now the fertile black land (Sawād) of 'Irāḳ lay open to the Arabs. Conditions exactly similar to those in Syria caused the Aramaic peasants to greet the Arabs as deliverers. Without meeting with any noteworthy opposition the Saracens pushed on as far as the Tigris, whither they were attracted by the rich treasures of the Persian capital Ctesiphon, or as the Arabs called it the "city-complex" or Madā'in. The right bank of the Tigris was abandoned and the floating bridges broken up. A ford having been disclosed to the Arabs the residue of the garrison followed in the wake of Yezdegerd and his court, who immediately after the battle had sought the protection of the Iranian mountains. The city opened its gates and fabulous booty fell into the hands of the Arabs. After a few weeks of quiet and no doubt somewhat barbaric enjoyment, they had again to make one more stand on the fringe of the mountains at Jalūlā; this also ended victoriously for them, and with that the whole of 'Irāḳ was thus in their hands. Here also it was no matter of chance that the expansion of the Arabs first came to a standstill at the mountains, where the line was drawn between the Semitic and the Aryan elements of the population. Only the province of Khūzistān, the ancient Elam, caused some trouble still. Hither the Arabs appear to have proceeded from the south of the marsh district, when the insignificant raids of the boundary tribes there, encouraged by Medina, assumed after the battle of Ḳādisīya a more serious character, starting from the newly founded base at Baṣra. The chief seat of government was not placed at Ctesiphon, but, by express command of the Caliph, at Kūfa (near Ḥīra): and this was developed into a great Arabian military camp, intended to form the main citadel of Muslim Arabianism as against foreign Persian culture. Later the ancient Baṣra attained an independent position alongside of Kūfa. The rivalry of the two places sets its impress both on the politics and on the intellectual life of the following century.

It was not until after these stupendous victories of Yarmūk and Ḳādisīya that the great Arabian migrations assumed their full development, for now even those tribes who were but little disposed to Islām were compelled to wander forth in order to seek their happiness in those cultivated lands which as rumour told them were only to be compared with Paradise itself. Now it was that the momentous change took place to which reference has been made at the outset; now it was that Islām no longer represented dependence on Medina, as it did in the time of Mahomet and Abū Bakr, but from this time forward it represented the ideal of the common universal empire of the Arabs. And at this stage the further expeditions became systematic conquests, in which usually whole tribes participated. A first step in this direction was to round off the empire, combining the Syrian and 'Irāḳ provinces by


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348 the conquest of Mesopotamia. The expedition, begun from Syria as a starting-point, was completed from 'Irāḳ by the capture of Mauṣil (Mosul) (641).

A systematic conquest of this description was especially called for in regard to 'Irāḳ; for this province could not be regarded as secure as long as its recovery might be attempted. And at this juncture a strong reaction against the Arabs actually set in. The opposition which the Baṣrīs in Khūzistān met with, and which only ceased on the conquest of Tustar (641), was probably in connexion with the activity of the fleeing Yezdegerd and his followers, who summoned the whole of the Iranians to battle against the Arabs. The Baṣrīs troops from Kūfa had already co-operated systematically in Khūzistān, and similar tactics followed now on Persian soil, where the decisive battle was fought in the year 641 at Nihāwand in the neighbourhood of the ancient Ekbatana. The Arabs gained a great victory; the dense garland of praise which legendary lore has woven around it shews how much depended for the Muslims on this victory. But even after this victory the Arabs were not yet masters of the great Median towns, as Hamadhān, Rayy and Ispahān; these were but slowly conquered during the next few years. Here in fact, where they were not greeted as deliverers by kindred Semites, the Arabs had to withstand a stubborn national opposition. Yezdegerd himself certainly caused them no difficulties; after the battle of Nihāwand he had fled further and further away and had finally gone from Istakhr to Marw in Khorāsān. His satrap there was too narrow-minded to support his fallen superior, and in fact he treated him as an enemy, and in 651-652 the deserted and unfortunate potentate appears to have been assassinated.

The Arabs did not reach Khorāsān until the province of Fārs, the actual Persia, was conquered. Fārs could be reached most conveniently from the Persian Gulf. This expedition had therefore been undertaken, with Baḥrain as starting-point, soon after the battle of Ḳādisīya. This made the third base of attack, together with Ctesiphon (Kūfa) and Baṣra, from which the Arabs pushed forward into Iran. Later on the conduct of this expedition passed into the hands of the troops coming from Baṣra. But also in Fārs the same stubborn resistance was met with, which was not broken till after the conquest of Istakhr in the year 649-650 by 'Abdallāh ibn 'Āmir. Following this up 'Abdallāh, especially assisted by the Tamīm and Bakr tribes, began in the following year an advance, the first successful one, towards Khorāsān. This first and incomplete conquest of Persia took therefore more than ten years, whilst Syria and 'Irāḳ fell in an astonishingly short time into the hands of the Arabs. In Persia Arabianism has never become national, and, whilst a few centuries later the other countries spoke the Arabian tongue, the Persian vernacular and the national traditions were still maintained in Persia. The religion of Islām moreover underwent later in Persia a


text: Talk:God’s Promise to His Plantation

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 flew off with it at once. He flew fast till he got near the tower, when a fierce wind blew so hard against him that he could not get on. But he was not to be beaten, but flew carefully round the top of the tower till he came to one spot which, by some mistake, had not been enchanted like the rest. He quickly slipped into the arbour and waited for the princess.

Before long Graziella appeared alone, and the pigeon at once fluttered to meet her, and seemed so tame that she stopped to caress the pretty creature. As she did so she saw it had a pink ribbon round its neck, and tied to the ribbon was a letter. She read it over several times and then wrote this answer:—

‘You say you love me; but I cannot promise to love you without seeing you. Send me your portrait by this faithful messenger. If I return it to you, you must give up hope; but if I keep it you will know that to help me will be to help yourself.—.’

Before flying back the pigeon remembered about the flower, so, seeing one in the princess’s dress, he stole it and flew away.

The prince was wild with joy at the pigeon’s return with the note. After an hour’s rest the trusty little bird was sent back again, carrying a miniature of the prince, which by good luck he had with him.

On reaching the tower the pigeon found the princess in the garden. She hastened to untie the ribbon, and on opening the miniature case what was her surprise and delight to find it very like the picture her governess had painted for her. She hastened to send the pigeon back, and you can fancy the prince’s joy when he found she had kept his portrait.

‘Now,’ said the fairy, ‘let us lose no more time. I can only make you happy by changing you into a bird, but I will take care to give you back your proper shape at the right time.’

The prince was eager to start, so the fairy, touching

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631-640] development completely differing from the orthodox Islām. Even to-day Persia is the land of the Shī'a.

By reason of the great conquests in Syria and 'Irāḳ the capital, Medina, was no longer the centre of the new empire. Byzantine Egypt lay close by, and from Egypt a reconquest of Syria, even an attack on Medina itself, might be regarded as by no means impossible. Besides Alexandria the town of Klysma (Ḳulzum, Suez) appears to have been a strong naval port. Probably all Egypt was then an important base for the fleet of the Byzantines and one of their principal dockyards; for the Arabians of the earlier times it decidedly became such, and it appears not improbable that their conquest of Egypt was connected with the recognition that only the possession of a fleet would ensure the lasting retention of the new acquisitions, the Syrian coast towns, for instance. After the fruitless efforts to take Caesarea this recognition was a matter of course. Apart from this Egypt, a land rich in corn, must have been a more desirable land for the central government than the distant 'Irāḳ or Mesopotamia, for we find that soon after the conquest the growing needs of Medina were supplied by regular imports of corn from Egypt. It is therefore without doubt a non-historical conception, when an Arabian source represents Egypt as having been conquered against the wishes of the Caliph. The conquest of Egypt falls in a period during which the occupation of new territories was carried out systematically, instead of by the former more or less casual raids.

How much this undertaking was helped by the conditions in Egypt at the time was probably scarcely imagined in the Muslim camp. After the victories of Heraclius a strong Byzantine reaction had followed the Persian rule, which had lasted about ten years. Heraclius needed money, as we have already seen, and further, he hoped by means of a formula of union to put an end to the perpetual sectarian discord between the Monophysites and their opponents, and thereby to give to the reunited kingdom one sole church. But the parties were already too strongly embittered one against the other, and the religious division had already been connected so closely with the political that the Irenicon remained without effect. The Monophysite Egyptians probably never understood the proposed Monothelete compromise at all, and always thought that it was desired to force the hated Chalcedonian belief on them. It was certainly no apostle of peace who brought the Irenicon to the Egyptians, but a grand-inquisitor of the worst type. Soon after the re-occupation of Egypt Heraclius, in the autumn of 631, sent Cyrus, the former bishop of Phasis in the Caucasus, to Alexandria as Patriarch, and at the same time as head of the entire civil administration. In a struggle extending over ten years this man sought by the severest means to convert the Coptic Church to the Irenicon; the Coptic form of worship was forbidden, and its priests and organisations were cruelly persecuted. As if that were not sufficient the same man, as a support of the financial


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 him with her wand, turned him into the loveliest humming-bird you ever saw, at the same time letting him keep the power of speech. The pigeon was told to show him the way.

Graziella was much surprised to see a perfectly strange bird, and still more so when it flew to her saying, ‘Good-morning, sweet princess.’

She was delighted with the pretty creature, and let him perch on her finger, when he said, ‘Kiss, kiss, little birdie,’ which she gladly did, petting and stroking him at the same time.

After a time the princess, who had been up very early, grew tired, and as the sun was hot she went to lie down on a mossy bank in the shade of the arbour. She held the pretty bird near her breast, and was just falling asleep, when the fairy contrived to restore the prince to his own shape, so that as Graziella opened her eyes she found herself in the arms of a lover whom she loved in return!

At the same moment her enchantment came to an end. The tower began to rock and to split. Bonnetta hurried up to the top so that she might at least perish with her dear princess. Just as she reached the garden, the kind fairy who had helped the prince arrived with the fairy Placida, in a car of Venetian glass drawn by six eagles.

‘Come away quickly,’ they cried, ‘the tower is about to sink!’ The prince, princess, and Bonnetta lost no time in stepping into the car, which rose in the air just as, with a terrible crash, the tower sank into the depths of the sea, for the fairy Marina and the mermen had destroyed its foundations to avenge themselves on Graziella. Luckily their wicked plans were defeated, and the good fairies took their way to the kingdom of Graziella’s parents.

They found that Queen Mutinosa had died some years ago, but her kind husband lived on peaceably,

title: Page:The Grey Fairy Book.djvu/48


text: The Grey Fairy Book/An Impossible Enchantment


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Page:Girls of Central High on the Stage.djvu/138

Morses were completely settled in their little house before school opened. Jess had had a busy vacation, but aside from her ride on Chet's and Lance's Blue Streak she had joined in little of the holiday fun of her mates at Central High.

There was one basketball game during the holiday recess. Central High met the Keyport team on their own court and outplayed them most decidedly; therefore the athletic temperature went up several degrees.

Mrs. Case, the physical instructor of Central High, was an enthusiastic out-of-doors woman, and as a heavy snow fell about New Year's she easily interested the girls under her instruction in skiing. This exercise, she pointed out, might take the place of the fortnightly walking expeditions during the snowy weather, and there was so much broken country behind Centerport that the sport could be indulged in with profit.

The boys were getting so much sport out of


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Rh ice hockey that—as the league approved of that form of exercise—the physical instructor introduced it on the girls' athletic field. The field could be flooded, and had been; now it was a perfectly smooth piece of ice and upon it those of the older girls who were already good skaters, had a chance to learn the mysteries of hockey.

"Huh! Father Tom says it's nothing but old-fashioned 'shinny' with a fancy name tacked onto it," declared Bobby Hargrew. "But my! isn't it fun?"

Jess and her chum, as well as the irrepressible, "took" to hockey, and there were enough of the other girls interested for two good teams to be made up.

Hester Grimes captained one team and Laura the other. There was still some little feeling of rivalry between Hester and Mother Wit—perhaps not much on the side of the latter; but the wholesale butcher's daughter was inclined to be overbearing, and was never really satisfied unless she had an important part in whatever went on.

The struggle between the two teams for supremacy among the girls of Central High in this particular sport really led, however, to good results. Hester was backed by strong players; and being so muscular a girl herself she carried her side to victory two out of every three times.