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 of medical philosophy. They will, I hope, have seen how far that light may bear upon the subject of the propagation of epidemics, practically affecting all sanitary questions; how far, also, it encourages the hope of arriving eventually at the elucidation of all those functions of the human frame which remain but partially understood: how far, in short, it may disclose completely secrets which impede our perfect application of Harvey's own discovery of the circulation. In order that our aims should not seem to soar too high, or our hopes to exceed the moderation of sober-minded students, we like to seize occasions such as this to display our method of procedure, and to make known what the labour of the nineteenth-century physician really is.

It is not long since our ears were startled by the question, Is the medical a scientific profession?—a question as new as it is strange, and, I may be allowed to add, as insulting as it is new. Though we would not have mooted it, yet it does not misbecome us to reply. We say, then, Yes, emphatically yes. We are, indeed, of those


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Rh who are "looking into the mechanism of the world, and trying to find it out." Nay, the doubting sarcasm compels us to go further, and fearlessly assert that we are first amongst those seekers after an insight into God's works; for, inasmuch as the human frame is the climax of creative power, and inasmuch as all knowledge in every branch of science must be mastered before the meanest of its parts or the simplest of its functions can be duly comprehended, so do we claim to have the greatest and the noblest of subjects for our particular study. We must be not only versed in some special branch of philosophy, but we must be able to take a comprehensive view of all established truths, to concentrate them in one focus, and throw their combined light upon our work. And, whilst we thus repel the incredulity of those without, let me be allowed one hint to those within our pale, and give utterance to the conviction that no man can be a good or in any sense a real physician, who fails in hopefulness of the coming triumphs of medical

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 investigation, or who lacks faith in the power of his art.

And not only should we feel the urgent need of apprehending all truths divulged by collateral science, but it is our interest, as well as our duty, to promote the diffusion of medical knowledge throughout society; for we may thereby hope to mitigate the greatest of our trials. It is peculiar to us, that we are judged by those who are not able to form just opinions. A cause won by a great lawyer is appreciated by all; but a life saved, or a true judgment pronounced in an obscure but hopelessly fatal case, may be attributed to anything except the physician's skill and knowledge. The public need much scientific enlightenment fairly to estimate the results of practice, or to decide on the merits of any new discoveries. Harvey lost much of his popularity by promulgating his views; and society is scarcely more able now than in the time of Harvey to decide justly whether they are crushing a meritorious practitioner by their censure, or bolstering up a quack by their encomiums. This uncertainty of re-


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 ceiving an intelligent award is a harder grievance than the absence in our profession of those rich prizes which are meted out so liberally to the successful in the sister faculties of Divinity and Law.

This allusion to the name of Harvey warns me once more to revert to the duty of the day, and suggests that I have scarcely borne the meed of honour due to his great memory. It was more than talent, more than devoted industry, which were needed to make up the complement of noble qualities by which a fame like his could rise and live. Modest, courageous, temperate, generous and courteous—a brilliant catalogue of virtues!—these were his; and genial circumstances attended his career. Obstructions and neglect, we know, crossed him. When has the path of human life been trodden without meeting them? Yet, as regards his scientific labours, it may be questioned whether difficulties in the establishment of any new-found truth ought to be esteemed a hardship. New knowledge must be proved; and a too facile acceptation can be wished for only by pro-


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Rh ground obtained, than materially advancing,—we of this nineteenth century find ourselves in another scientific epoch, and we are in the midst of labours extended in innumerable directions, in a measure that could not have entered into the imaginations of the earlier philosophers.

It is possible that future generations may not attribute to our age any one gigantic revelation, such as those which we owe to Harvey and to Newton; but a vista is opening which discloses the almost certain prospect that the results of inquiries now being pushed forward with so much vigour will concentrate in the discovery of some single comprehensive law, and that that law will be applicable to all that is now mysterious in the organic system of creation. As, in the former scientific period, the labourers were few and the topics of investigation limited, now, on the contrary, the labourers are many and the subjects diverse. In every department, the progress of one is applicable to the researches of the other; all are on the same track—all verging to one common end.


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32 Thus a series of thinkers and workers continually succeed one another, each in his turn throwing light on the mysteries of our living frame—

In this, however, they are happily so far unlike the runners in the ancient torch-race, that the light of science which they pass onward is no flickering blaze, threatening instant extinction, and at best soon to die in other hands, but a self-renewing flame, which finds its own fuel as it advances, and becomes more brilliant by transmission.


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 is a demonstration that an intermediate place must have been the scene of those appearances.

We might, indeed, dwell upon other evidences, and extend our reasonings over a considerable space, but we will only advert to one other circumstance in proof of our position. This, however, is of great weight and importance in the argument. It was predicted, concerning the Lord, that His soul should not be left in sheol, that is hades. It has, we think, been clearly shown that those terms denote the world of spirits; but if there were any doubts respecting this, a little attention to the narrative, in which the prediction is considered to have been fulfilled, will sufficiently remove them. The circumstance that the Lord, after His resurrection, was not to be left in hades, clearly shows that He must have been there at least for a period, and that that was the scene of His operations, prior to his ascension. Now, where was this? Our answer is known: but look at another proof of it. There is a clause in a popular creed which says of the Lord, that "He descended into hell:" but there is no Scriptural statement to that effect, if that term be understood to mean the miserable abodes of those who are irretrievably lost; and yet there is a distinct narration of His having been in some department of the spiritual world which is not properly heaven. The Apostle Peter, as we have seen, tells us that the Lord, being quickened by the Spirit, went and taught some spirits who had been detained there from the days of Noe.

But apart from this fact, the Lord, by His resurrection, passed away from the ordinary sight of men in the natural world: He was no longer seen by their physical eyes: and when the disciples were privileged to behold Him, it was by means of some specific sight opened in them for the


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 purpose. Hence we read of their eyes being holden that they should not know Him: and again of their eyes being opened and they knew Him: and He vanished out of their sight. Several cases of His having so appeared to them are recorded. Where was the scene of those appearances? Surely it was not hell! for although the creed adverted to says, "He descended into hell," it limits the period of His duration there to the third day. Neither was it heaven, for of this none of the surroundings which attended those appearances give us any indication. Moreover, it was seven weeks after the time of His resurrection that He ascended into heaven; that event is related in the "Acts:" where then was the scene of His sojourn? It was not specifically either heaven or hell: how plain, then, is it that it was that sheol of the Old Testament; that hades of the New; that intermediate region of which those terms are significant; and which He entered to complete the judgment for which He originally came.

Another argument, powerfully tending to the same conclusion, is presented by two remarkable passages in the Lord's discourse with His disciples. Before His passion, He said unto them, "These things have I spoken unto you, being yet present with you:" and after His resurrection, He said unto them, "These are the words which I spake unto you, while I was yet with you, that all things must be fulfilled, which were written in the law of Moses, and in the Prophets, and in the Psalms, concerning me. Then opened He their understanding, that they might understand the Scriptures, and said unto them, Thus it is written, and thus it behoved Christ to suffer, and to rise from the dead the third day." The passion, to which He refers in this passage, was that about which He had frequently spoken to the dis-


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 16 peace was concluded with Esthonia. It seemed that we had finished with the chief enemies of the Soviet Government. In the spring of 1920 the workers and peasants were preparing to pass over to peaceful labour. The government of the workers and peasants of Russia decided to conclude peace with the Polish White Guards, and offered them most advantageous terms. However, the Polish landlords and capitalists did not wish to have peace, and at the command of the English and French capitalists, attacked the workers and peasants of Russia at the moment when they were passing over to peaceful labour and the Red Army was being demobilised. The Polish White Guards took Kiev and threatened Smolensk. The toiling masses of the people entered this war, which was forced upon Russia, with a strong belief in final victory.

The enemy had to be defeated so thoroughly that the Polish landlords' sword might never again hang as a menace over the heads of the peasants and workers of Russia engaged in peaceful labour. The Polish White Guards were unable to stand the shock of the Red Army and they retreated upon Warsaw. But their army remained intact. It was necessary to crush this army commanded from Paris and London by foreign capitalists, and end the war. The Polish barons, however, having gathered strength, took the offensive, compelling us once more to retreat, and a new winter campaign was in contemplation. The Soviet Government, wishing to spare the people, proposed once more peace to the Polish capitalists and landlords on terms very favourable for them and difficult for us.


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 Rh The war with Poland compelled us to send against Wrangel inconsiderable forces, which offered him a chance to gather strength, until he was in a position to menace the Donetz basin and the whole of the Ukraine. It then became necessary to settle Wrangel at all costs. By the winter of 1920, he will undoubtedly have met with the fate of Denikin.

Celebrating the third anniversary of Soviet government, the workers and peasants of Russia may look back with pride upon the road trodden by them, and be full of hope for the future. They have maintained Labour Russia against the onslaughts of native and foreign capital at the cost of terrible sacrifices; they have created a powerful Red Army, and the time is not far distant when, after they have defeated all their enemies on the military front; they will turn the energies of the many millions of peasants and workers to the peaceful front of labour.

No bourgeois government in the world could maintain itself in power even for the space of three weeks under the impossible difficulties which the Soviet Government had to overcome in the three years of its power. A bitter heritage was left us by the Tsar and Kerensky. There was not a single branch of industry, a single railway, or a single factory which was not disorganised or on the point of collapse. The stock of raw materials was running out, and new supplies were not forthcoming. Machinery was wearing out and new material could not be obtained, and there was nobody to pay attention to it.


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 18 The workers who had seized power had to hold in one hand the rifle, and in the other the hammer. It is really marvellous that the Soviet Government has not only defeated in the course of these three years, Alexeyev, Kornilov, Kolchak, Denikin, Doutov, and Yudenitch, and the capitalists supporting these Generals, but managed at the same time to keep some life in our industries. However, in spite of the ruinous war on all these fronts, the working class has succeeded not only in arresting the collapse of industry, but has recently effected considerable improvement in a number of industries.

As everybody knows, fuel is for industry what bread is for man. Under Kerensky the fuel position was growing worse from day to day. For example, by the time of the October Revolution, the stocks of coal on the railways of the Republic did not exceed a supply of ten days. Now most of the railways keep supplies for one and a half to two months ahead.

The general position of the fuel problem at present is as follows:

Before the war when our industries were in full swing, we procured and consumed an enormous amount of fuel. Reducing all the fuel consumed, whether coal, wood, peat, or oil, to the unit of wood fuel, we get a figure of 40,000,000 cubic sagens of wood. Coal acccountsaccounts [sic] of two-thirds of this, oil one-fifth, and wood proper one-eighth. From the 1st of July, 1918, up to 1st July, 1919, 4,000,000 cubes were prepared; we were living all this time on the old stocks. We used up the wood piled previously, the oil stored under the Tsar and Kerensky, and some


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 Rh remnants of coal. This was the most difficult time for us, but with the year 1919 there came an improvement. During the summer season of 1919, and up to the summer of 1920, we laid in a stock of 9,000,000 cubes, viz., twice as much as in the previous year. Besides this we recaptured the Donetz coal basin and the Ural and Siberian mines. We hope to obtain from all these mines before the end of the current year about 5,000,000,000 poods of coal. As to oil, over 130,000,000 poods have been sent by boat from Baku along the Volga and by rail from Grozny. By the end of the navigation period this figure will reach 150,000,000 poods of oil. Thus we have a supply of oil and kerosine to last a whole year. The supply of peat has also increased; in 1918 we obtained 58,000,000, poods of peat exclusive of the Ural and the Ukraine. In 1919 the figure was 70,000,000, and in 1920 it was 96,000,000, including the Urals and the Ukraine. Thus it may be seen that the most difficult time is now passed. The output of fuel is increasing and our industry is slowly but surely reviving.

We inherited the railways from Kerensky in a state of decline which continually grew worse. But even here we succeeded in checking the collapse, and in the course of the last month have effected notable improvements. In the spring of 1920, the worst period we ever had, there were over 60 engines damaged out of every 100. By the beginning of the autumn this number was reduced to 58 out of every 100. The state of the railways may appear more clearly from the following figures. By 1st January, 1918, there were 273 engines in a fit and proper con-


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 ate reproof, "Engaged, sir." The old gentleman in the gold spectacles and displaying a very well-developed double chin, sitting in the corner, raises his eyes in an enquiring manner. It is painfully evident that he regards me as an interloper against whose possible machinations it would be only the part of wisdom at once to secure his pocket handkerchief. Somewhat bewildered, I cast my eyes around to discover another place. A vacant table appears in the distance. I make for it with desperate energy, but am again repulsed with great loss by the words "Engaged, sir." All eyes are now upon me. Forks and alas, sometimes knives, are stayed in their passage to the open mouths. I feel that there is only one method of extricating myself from this embarrassment. I quietly slip a greenback into the hand of the unconcerned African by my side, who is at once converted into the most obsequious of servitors, and I am conducted in triumph to the very best seat in the whole dining-room, and left there to contemplate the rather tawdry beauties of the dinner-service. After the lapse of a half-hour, or thereabouts, the bright idea forced itself upon the mind of some one of the attendants that I required something to eat, and that it was for that purpose I had taken a seat. He bends over me with an air of the most anxious solicitude to get my order. The soup is promptly brought, and probably also the fish, but then a forgetfulness begins to steal over his faculties as unaccountable as it is marked. The moment I turn my eyes in the direction of that eccentric waiter, he immediately starts behind the screen which covers the way to the kitchen in hot pursuit of some dainty for another person. What could have produced so sudden and unaccountable change of manner is not at first very apparent. I hope I know enough not to address in this progressive age a functionary clothed with so much power for good or evil, with the opprobious title of "waiter." In all my communications with him I took care to preface my remarks with "steward," but it was of no use—I have to resort to the old system. The touch of the coveted legal tender restores my capricious servitor to his original good humor. It is now demonstrated for the first time that there are hot plates in his resources, vegetables that had been boiled less than a week ago, and tit-bits most luscious and agreeable.

Of all complicity in these nefarious proceedings I acquit, of course, the warm-hearted philanthropist who had received me with so much geniality at the office. It would be impossible for any hotel-keeper to maintain a strict watch upon every movement of all his employés. The case is to some extent as intractable as that of the hackman. It is not only beyond, but it defies, progress. These little exactions, coupled with that of the absent-minded porter who follows you all over the halls when you descend in the morning, beating the reveille with admirable dexterity upon the back of your coat, and refuses to abandon the firm resolve not to leave a bit of nap on it, unless, after the peculiar tactics of the organ-grinder, he is bought off with a handsome gratuity, cannot after all add a great deal to that sure bargain for a stipulated sum per day for the run of the establishment. And so the victim lets the days roll by, happily unconscious of the fate in store for him. In my case, when the day arrives for my departure, being a nervous individual and for many years the fierce calumniator of people that are constitutionally late, I give timely notice of the fact at the office, so that the bill may be made out in season. I may know myself exactly what the sum total was to a cent—so many days, at four dollars and fifty cents, amount to so much. There could be no mistake about that. But to arrive at that quotient, the "gentlemanly clerk" has to


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Rh proportion. Besides, look at the art and the workmanship,—so correct, though on such an immense scale.

Merc. What's to be done, Jupiter? It's a very hard question for me to decide. If I look at his material, he's only brass; but if I calculate how many talents' weight of brass he has in him, he's worth the most money of them all.

Jup. (testily). What the deuce does he want here at all—dwarfing all the rest of us into insignificance, as he does, and blocking up the meeting besides? (Aloud to Colossus.) Hark ye, good cousin of Rhodes, though you may be worth more than all these golden gods, how can you possibly take the highest seat, unless they all get up and you sit down by yourself? Why, one of your thighs would take up all the seats in the Pnyx! You'd better stand up, if you please,—and you can stoop your head a little towards the company.

Merc. Here's another difficulty, again. Here are two, both of brass, and of the same workmanship, both from the hands of Lysippus, and, more than all, equal in point of birth, both being sons of Jupiter—Bacchus, here, and Hercules. Which of them is to sit first? They're quarrelling over it, as you see.

Jup. We're wasting time, Mercury, when we ought to have begun business long ago. So let them sit down anyhow now, as they please. We will have another meeting hereafter about this question, and then I shall know better what regulations to make about precedence.

Merc. But, good heavens! what a row they all


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30 make, shouting that perpetual cry, as they do,—"Divide, 'vide, 'vide the victims!" "Where's the nectar? where's the nectar?" "The ambrosia's all out! the ambrosia's all out!" "Where are the hecatombs? where are the hecatombs?" "Give us our share!"

Jup. Bid them hold their tongues, do, Mercury, that they may hear the object of the meeting, and let such nonsense alone.

Merc. But they don't all understand Greek, and I am no such universal linguist as to make proclamation in Scythian, and Persian, and Thracian, and Celtic. It will be best, I suppose, to make a motion with my hand for them to be silent.

Jup. Very well—do.

Merc. See, they're all as dumb as philosophers. Now's your time to speak. Do you see? they're all looking at you, waiting to hear what you're going to say.

Jup. (clearing his treat). Well, as you're my own son, Mercury, I don't mind telling you how I feel. You know how self-possessed and how eloquent I always am at public meetings?

Merc. I know I trembled whenever I heard you speak, especially when you used to threaten all that about wrenching up earth and sea from their foundations, you know, gods and all, and dangling that golden chain


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Rh Jup. (interrupting him). But now, my son,—I can't tell whether it's the importance of the subject, or the vastness of the assembly (there are a tremendous lot of gods here, you see)—my ideas seem all in a whirl, and a sort of trembling has come over me, and my tongue seems as though it were tied. And the most unlucky thing of all is, I've forgotten the opening paragraph of my speech, which I had all ready prepared beforehand, that my exordium might be as attractive as possible.

Merc. Well, my good sir, you are in a bad way. They all mistrust your silence, and fancy they are to hear something very terrible, and that this is what makes you hesitate.

Jup. Suppose, Mercury, I were to rhapsodise a little,—that introduction, you know, out of Homer?

Merc. Which?

Jup. (declaiming)—

Merc. No—heaven forbid! you've given us enough of that stuff already. No—pray let that hackneyed style alone. Rather give them a bit out of one of the Philippics of Demosthenes—any one you please; you


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 ciples, when He was present with them. By the phrase, "being present with you," He, of course, meant His personal presence in the natural world; but when, after His passion, he reminded the disciples of His conversation on the subject, by saying, "While I was yet present with you," it is evident that He was not then present with them in the natural world as He had previously been. Indeed, if He had been so, He might have been seen by any one; but we find that He only appeared to His disciples, and that for them to see Him it was necessary that their eyes should be opened that they might know Him. As, then, His presence with the disciples before the passion was in the natural world; so His presence with them after His resurrection, and when He reminded them of His conversation on the subject, was not in the natural world: neither was it in heaven or hell; how irresistible, then, is the conclusion that it must have been in the world of spirits! Seeing then that the Lord, in the process of ascending into that heaven, from which He had descended, was pleased to pass into this intermediate region, is it not reasonable to suppose that the spirits of all flesh do the same when passing on to their final destination; a destination, decided by the quality of the life they have led and the faith they have cherished? But the Scriptures furnish us with special cases which illustrate this reasonable conclusion. All the passages in the New Testament which speak of judgment, invariably treat of that event as taking place at a time when the subjects of it are no longer in the natural world; where, then, can they be but in some department of the spiritual world? That, therefore, must be the scene of judgment, and living souls


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I pardon of the reader for having expatiated at so much length on my own tribulations and the petty spite of my agents: I could well desire to have spared him a chapter which only concerns my reputation; but, before I proceeded, I was anxious to show that it is not adways right to give ear to the tales of enemies. What have not the spies, the robbers, and the pickpockets endeavoured by every means in their power, as well as many others, to get me dismissed from the police?

"Such a one is grabbed," said a knight of the post to his wife, on returning at evening to his lair.

"Impossible!"

"No, by heaven 'tis as I tell you."

"By whom?"

"Why need you ask T by that Vidocq."

Two of those gossips so numerous on the pavé of Paris meet;—

"Have you heard the news? Poor Harrison is at La Force."

"Monsieur, you are joking."

"I wish it was a joke; he was just ready to receive a quantity of merchandise. I should have had my


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 The book was seized as soon as printed, and never issued. The ostensible charge against it was of heresy, because the Saviour was called in it the "Son of Man," as well as the "Son of God." But the real objection was that the clergy had not all had a hand in the work. By order of the King, Swedberg was repaid twenty thousand dalers; but he still made a loss of thirty thousand, and his printer was ruined.

"Upsal, where Swedberg now lived, was a pleasant city of some five thousand inhabitants, set in a wide undulating plain, and made up of low-built houses of wood and stone, surrounded with gardens. In the centre of the city stood the grand cathedral, esteemed the finest Gothic building in Scandinavia, where Sweden's kings of old were crowned, and the bones of many rested. Built around this 'beautiful house of God,' in a spacious square, were the university buildings, two houses in which Swedberg owned as professor and rector. Here in this fine square our boy Emanuel spent his childhood and found his play-ground." At the university, where he received one professorship after another, Swedberg had great satisfaction and success. "It is incredible and indescribable," he says, "what courage, consolation, and freedom are derived from a pure and lawful vocation; and, on the other hand, how much those are disheartened who have not this comfort." This he said on entering the First Professorship of Theology. In 1695 he was installed as Dean of the Cathedral.

During his ten years at Upsal he lectured, preached, exhorted, and examined the students incessantly; how happily, we may judge from his own words:—

"I experienced this grace from God, that there was such unity and trust among the teachers that there was never any dissension. I lived in the large square, and I can affirm that


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 during these ten years I did not hear ten brawls or disturbances in the streets. When both my buildings were burned down, in the great conflagration after Ascension-day, the students manifested towards me so much kindness, carrying out and saving everything except the fixtures, that, thank God! I suffered little harm; and such pure affection they constantly exhibited towards me during the whole of my stay amongst them. I can also assert that during the whole of this time his Majesty never received an unfavorable report from the university, although previously these reports had been very unfavorable indeed."

Of the building of one of the dwellings here mentioned, a large stone house in the square, Swedberg tells a pleasant story: "I know, and I can testify, for I was always present, that not the least work was done, that not a single stone was raised, with sighs or a troubled mind; but all was done cheerfully and gladly. No complaint, no hard or disagreeable word was heard, no scoldings and no oaths were uttered." When the house was finished, he opened it by inviting and entertaining all the poor of the town,—himself, wife, and children waiting upon them,—and concluding the feast with singing, prayer, thanksgiving, and mutual blessing.

The conflagration "after Ascension-day" was sad to Swedberg, on account of the loss to his people, especially that of their cathedral. In their behalf he sends a touching petition to the young King, Charles XII., through his sister, the Princess Ulrica Eleonora. "If only the Lord's own beautiful house had been preserved! Our losses, although they are very great, can be repaired."

The answer to his petition was an appointment as bishop. "I had never expected this. It was the fourth royal decree I had received. And with a clear conscience I can declare before my God, who knows everything, that I never coveted this, never opened my mouth, and never stirred a step, still less gave a farthing, to obtain it. For I had always been an enemy of all importuning and bribery." But Charles XII. had


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 commission; well! the devil mingled in the dance, just as he had received the notice of delivery he was apprehended."

"And by whom?"

"By Vidocq."

"The wretch!"

A capture of the highest importance was announced at the police-office; If"; if" or ". If" [sic] I had seized any great criminal, of whom the most cunning agents had a hundred times lost scent, instantly all the flies began buzzing, "It is that cursed Vidocq who has nabbed him at last." It was then that recrimination followed recrimination without end: along the streets of Jerusalem and Sainte-Anne, from cabaret to cabaret, echo repeated in the accents of malice, "Vidocq again! always Vidocq!" and this name sounded more harshly in the ears of the cabal, than did that of the Just on the ears of the ancient Athenians, as applied to Aristides.

How great would have been the happiness of the gangs of robbers, vagabonds, and spies, if, expressly to offer them a chance of getting rid of me, they had revived the old law of Ostracism! How shells would then have accumulated! But, except by plots like those from which M. Coco and his accomplices expected so fortunate a result, what could they do? In the hive they silenced the drones. "Look at Vidocq," said the chief, "take example from him; what activity he exerts! always on the alert, day and night, he never sleeps; with four such men as he, the safety of the capital would be ensured."

These encomiums irritated the sluggards, but they did not follow the advice given: if they were awake, they always had a glass in their hands; and instead of going on wings to the place where duty summoned, they formed themselves into small parties, and amused themselves by picking my coat to pieces.

"No, it is not possible," said one, "to take these expert cracksmen, unless he has some understanding with them."


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Rh has not been, that the treasury in such circumstances has been without money in it.

Mung-hien-tsi said, "He who keeps a horse and carriage should not extort hens and swine. He who is in such circumstances as to preserve ice for his use in summer, should not feed cows and sheep. The prince who has a thousand chariots, should not have an avaricious minister. If he has an avaricious minister, he might as well have a thief. Thus a nation reckons, not wealth, but righteousness, its greatest advantage.

If the leaders of a nation set their minds on wealth, they will draw worthless persons about them, will call them good, and will commission them to administer the nation. But judgments from heaven, and distress from man, will come at once; and then, though they should have good men, they will find it impossible to restore things.

The reverse of this is, for a nation to seek prosperity, not from wealth, but from righteousness.

On the right is delivered the tenth sec-


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 already begun to show the same confidence in Swedberg that his father had shown, and never resented his frank petitions for whatever seemed to him good.

In 1698 a second tenth-tax on the clergy had been proposed, to raise money for war purposes. An effort was made in the chapter at Upsal to send a remonstrance to the King. Swedberg alone dared undertake the commission. He arrived where Charles was, on the eve of the Sabbath, and of a masquerade to be held on that day. "Cannot your Honor," said he to the clergyman of the place, "preach the masquerade out of the heads of the King and his lords?" To the negative reply he said, "Well, then, let me preach." He preached, and no masquerade was held that day, nor afterwards. He then drew up a short petition to the King, and wrote after his name, "Genesis xlvii. 22." The King asked his attendants what it meant. They looked up the passage and read: "Only the land of the priests bought he not; for the priests had a portion assigned them by Pharaoh, that they should eat it." "Let the clergy alone," said his Majesty, "and let them have what they are accustomed to have."

A few years later, while Charles XII. was in Poland, preparing to invade Russia, heavy pressure being brought on the people to furnish men and material for war, Swedberg wrote a vigorous protest to the King against the poor priests' being compelled to furnish a dragoon apiece, by which "some have had to borrow money at usury, and even to sell their Bibles, in order to rig out a soldier." With difficulty he persuaded the chapter at Skara to sign the paper; but the King received it kindly and referred it to the Defence Commission, with orders to take the complaint into due consideration, and to make it as easy for the clergy as possible. As, however, no other chapter had been bold enough to ask relief, the Commission decided against Swedberg, and even compelled him to furnish two dragoons in place of one. Still later, after Charles's return to Sweden, we find the Bishop boldly asking similar favors, seldom granted; though the King always


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 received him kindly, conversed with him familiarly, invited him to his table, and encouraged him in his labors for the good of the people.

Skara, Swedberg's new diocese, lies between Lakes Wener and Wetter, in the southern part of Sweden. Removing, in 1703, from Upsal to Brunsbo, his seat near Skara, when just fifty years old, he made his home there till he died, thirty-two years later. The duties of his bishopric he fulfilled with characteristic fidelity and vigor. For twenty-six years he said he had never neglected to attend public worship, but had indefatigably preached from the Gospels and Epistles, had held confessions, read with his curates, and himself held the examinations in the catechisms, believing more good to be done by them than by artistic preaching. "He followed and recommended the simple analytical mode of preaching, where the sermons flowed without any straining or forcing from the text; for, said he, 'then God recognizes again His own Word.

Pietism at this time had spread into Sweden, and was branded as heresy by the orthodox. Bishop Swedberg attended a prayer-meeting of the Pietists, to learn about them for himself, and then publicly declared that he could fully approve of them, and that it would be very desirable for every father of a family to hold similar meetings in his own house. Boldly bearing the same testimony in the consistory, he caused Pietism to be more leniently dealt with that year in the Diet.

In 1712 the Bishop's seat at Brunsbo was burned, with the barns and outhouses and all their contents. Hardest of all for him, all his books and manuscripts were destroyed. To Queen Ulrica Eleonora, as after the fire at Upsal, he announced his affliction with deep humility. "I acknowledge sorrowfully my sins," he said, "which have provoked the wrath of God; I am thankful, however, that I am able to bear it


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Rh cond, Nan-mo-she-kia-meu-ni-wen-foe, the lord of religion during the middle heaven, that is, the present state of things. The third, Nan-mo-mi-le-tsun-foe, who shall appear on the state of things which shall succeed the present. 120,000 years are allowed to each Sun-hwue, complete revolution or state of things.

In the temples of Foe, these are represented by the symbols of three persons seated by the side of each other. In the middle is he who presides over the present state of things. The names made use of, and which have been just now recited, are in a foreign dialect and unintelligible to the Chinese.


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 with such good courage." He rejoiced that his little pocket Bible was saved, his companion for forty-four years; and he took comfort on finding unharmed in the ashes a copy of his exercises in the Catechism, and a copper-plate engraving of himself, from which he inferred the Divine favor.

Over the gateway of Brunsbo rebuilt, Swedberg placed the words of King David:

But the poor man had yet another fire to pass through, for his purification. In 1730 Magister Unge wrote to his brotherin-law Emanuel,—

"Most honored and dear brother,—You are probably aware that Brunsbo was again reduced to ashes by a vehement conflagration between the 18th and 19th of August, and the Bishop came very near being burned himself. The large wooden building together with the stone house is destroyed, and everything it contained. The silver in the chest, as much as was in it, was saved, but everything out of it, for ordinary use, was lost. All our dear father's printed works, the newly reprinted Catechism, all his manuscripts, with the exception of one copy of the book of sermons and one of the biography, and his entire remaining library are lying in ashes."

This last shock was too much for his seventy-seven years, and, though he lived and labored five years longer, his firmness and vigor were failing him. His desire to be still writing and printing remained, stimulated by his printer; but his family thought he was wasting his strength and money.


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 "Parbleu!" replied another, "he sets them on, and makes a cat's-paw ".

"Oh, he is a malicious brute," added a third.

Then a fourth, placing a copestone upon the whole, cried out with a stentorian voice, "When there are no robbers, he makes them."

Now, see how I made robbers.

I do not think that amongst the readers of these Memoirs one will be found who, even by chance, has set foot at Guillotin's.

"Eh! what?" some one will exclaim, "Guillotin!"

"You are mistaken, we all know the celebrated doctor, who;" but the Guillotin of whom I am speaking is an unsophisticated adulterator of wines, whose establishment, well known to the most degraded classes of robbers, is situate opposite to the Cloaque Desnoyers, which the raff of the Barrière call the drawing-room of la Courtille. A workman may be honest to a certain extent and venture in, en passant, to papa Desnoyers'. If he be awake, and keep his eye on the company, although a row should commence, he may, by the aid of the gendarmes, escape with only a few blows, and pay no one's scot but his own. At Guillotin's he will not come off so well, particularly if his toggery be over spruce, and his pouch has chink in it.

Picture to yourself, reader, a square room of considerable magnitude, the walls of which, once white, have been blackened by every species of exhalation. Such is, in all its simple modesty, the aspect of a temple consecrated to the worship of Bacchus and Terpsichore. At first, by a very natural optical illusion, we are struck by the confined space before us, but the eye, after a time, piercing through the thick atmosphere of a thousand vapours which are most inodorous, the extent becomes visible by details which escape in the


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 His son-in-law, Magister Unge, writes in 1731 to Emanuel, "Möller is now beginning to swindle the Bishop on a new account; for he desires to print the collection of sermons which was burned. . . . How will this end if he begin printing in his poverty? . . . What will this lead to? The Bishop plunges himself more and more into debt. He is now writing daily with great industry at the two other volumes of the collection of sermons, which was burned." In 1728 he had himself written to a friend, "If I had all the money which I have invested in the printing of books, I would be worth now from sixty to seventy thousand dalers in copper." Besides various religious works, he wrote and printed books on the Swedish language, grammar and lexicons, books for schools, a new translation of the Bible and a Swedish Commentary, Pharos Sacra America Illuminata, and other works. Much of his interest in writing and publishing had long been in behalf of the Swedish colonial missions, especially the mission of Pennsylvania and Delaware. It was by his influence with the King that the first missionaries were sent to this colony, and their interests looked after until the recognition of the independence of the United States. The colony elected Swedberg their first bishop, as did also the Swedish churches at London and Lisbon, and this appointment was confirmed by the King. To their concerns he devoted much time and labor, which they repaid with great respect and affection.

In recounting Bishop Swedberg's public labors first, we have followed his own example, making these duties always of the first importance. But at the same time he was eminently a family man, being the affectionate husband of three successive wives, and the loving father of five sons and four daughters, all children of his first wife. Of these, however, two sons died in childhood. Like his own father, Swedberg esteemed children as a blessing from the Lord, and thought that too much could not be done for them. "It is really the case," said he, "that you must never grudge expenses, if


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 you desire your children to grow up well." His great desire was that his own children should grow up in the fear and love of God. With this at heart, he gave them names that he trusted would be a help.

"I am fully convinced," he writes, "that children ought to be called such names as will awaken in them, and call to their minds, the fear of God and everything that is orderly and righteous. . . . The name of my son Emanuel signifies 'God with us;' that he may always remember God's presence, and that intimate, holy, and mysterious conjunction with our good and gracious God, into which we are brought by faith, by which we are conjoined with Him and are in Him. And, blessed be the Lord's name! God has to this hour been with him. And may He be further with him, until he be eternally united with Him in His kingdom! Eliezer signifies 'God is my help;' and he also has been graciously and joyfully helped by God. He was a good and pious child, and had made good progress, when, in his twenty-fifth year, he was called away by a blessed death. The youngest was called Jesper only for this reason, that he was born on the same day of the year and at the same hour as myself. . . . If the name Jesper be written Jisper, [in Hebrew] 'he will write,' the use has also followed the name; for I believe that scarcely any one in Sweden has written so much as I have, since ten carts could scarcely carry away what I have written and printed at my own expense: and yet there is much, yea, nearly as much, unprinted. My son Jesper has also the same disposition, for he is fond of writing, and writes much. I am a Sunday child; and the mother of my children, my late wife, was also a Sunday child, and all my children are Sunday children, except Catharina, who was born at Upsal on the third day of Easter. I have put my sons to that for which God has given them inclination and liking, and have not brought up any for the clerical profession; although many parents do so inconsiderately, and in a manner not justifiable, by which God's Church and likewise the ministerial


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User talk:Ea-Nasir

Circassian declaration of independence
Hello and thank you for adding the text of the Circassian declaration of independence (1857). However, at the moment it lacks some necessary attributes to decide whether the text is in the scope of English Wikisource: 1) English Wikisource accepts only previously published works, so we need to know where the translation was published. 2) We need to know the license of the English translation, i. e. whether the translation is not copyrighted. --Jan Kameníček (talk) 08:44, 22 October 2023 (UTC)
 * The same applies also to A Petition from Circassian leaders to Her Majesty Queen Victoria. --Jan Kameníček (talk) 08:51, 22 October 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ea-Nasir


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 Let the main object of this, our Didactic, be as follows: To seek and to find a method of instruction, by which teachers may teach less, but learners may learn more; by which schools may be the scene of less noise, aversion, and useless labour, but of more leisure, enjoyment, and solid progress; and through which the Christian community may have less darkness, perplexity, and dissension, but on the other hand more light, orderliness, peace, and rest.


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1. signifies the art of teaching. Several men of ability, taking pity on the Sisyphus-labour of schools, have lately endeavoured to find out some such Art, but with unequal skill and unequal success.

2. Some merely wished to give assistance towards learning some language or other with greater ease. Others found ways of imparting this or that science or art with greater speed. Others suggested improvements of various kinds; but almost all proceeded by means of unconnected precepts, gleaned from a superficial experience, that is to say, a posteriori.

3. We venture to promise a, that is to say, the whole art of teaching all things to all men, and indeed of teaching them with certainty, so that the result cannot fail to follow; further, of teaching them pleasantly, that is to say, without annoyance or aversion on the part of teacher or pupil, but rather with the greatest enjoyment for both; further of teaching them thoroughly, not superficially and showily, but in such a manner as to lead to true knowledge, to gentle morals, and to the deepest piety. Lastly, we wish to prove all this a priori, that is to say, from the unalterable nature of the matter itself, drawing off, as from a living source, the constantly flowing runlets, and bringing them together again into one concentrated stream, that we may lay the foundations of the universal art of founding universal schools.


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title: Author:Richard Eugene Burton


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 4. The prospect which is here held out is indeed great and very desirable, though I can easily foresee that to many it will appear to be an idle dream rather than the exposition of a real possibility.

In the meantime let each one, whoever he may be, withhold his judgment until he knows the true nature of my proposition. He will then be at liberty not only to form his judgment, but also to make it public. For I cannot wish, and much less can I claim, to hurry along any one by persuasion so that he give his approval to an insufficiently established proposition; but rather desire that each observer should naturally bring to bear on the matter, his own, and indeed his keenest senses (which should be dulled by no deceits of the imagination). This it is that I most earnestly demand and entreat.

5. The matter is indeed a serious one, and, as all should earnestly wish for the result, so should all, with united effort, carefully pass judgment on the means, since the salvation of the human race is at stake.

What better or what greater service could we perform for the state than to instruct and to educate the young? Especially at the present time and in the present condition of morals, when they have sunk so low that, as Cicero says, all should join to bridle them and keep them in check. It was Philip Melanchthon who remarked that to educate the young well was a greater feat than to sack Troy; and in this connection we may note the saying of Gregory Nazianzen: “To educate man is the art of arts, for he is the most complex and the most mysterious of all creatures.”

6. Now to portray the art of arts is a troublesome matter, and calls for exceptional criticism; and not that of one man alone, but of many; since no individual is so keen-sighted that the greater part of any matter does not escape his observation.

7. With justice therefore I demand from my readers, and adjure all who shall see this undertaking, by the salvation of mankind: firstly, not to attribute it to indiscretion if


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present version of the Didactica Magna is a close paraphrase from the original Latin in the Advocates’ Library, Edinburgh. The Introductions are based upon original research and on the best German authorities. They embody a fuller account of Comenius’ life and works than has hitherto been accessible to the English reader; while a part of their contents is, I believe, a fresh contribution to the biography and the historical environment of the great School Reformer.

The portrait is a reproduction of the frontispiece to Hartlib’s A Reformation of Schooles, published in 1642.

My best thanks are due to my friend and colleague, Dr. J. S. Mackay, who read over a large portion of the work in manuscript, and gave me valuable assistance on many points. M. W. K.


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Author:John Johns

Collections

 * Dews of Castalie (1828)
 * The Valley of the Nymphs (1829)
 * Georgics of Life (1846)

Poems

 * "Fragment of a Projected Ode" in The New Monthly Magazine (1824)

title: Author:John Johns


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 "out ceremony." So saying, he put a bit of paper into her hand, which she opening with great trepidation, exclaimed in an extacy, "Twenty pounds! Oh, sir!" and sinking down upon a settee, fainted away—Frightened at this fit, and, I suppose, afraid of calling for assistance, left her situation should give rise to unfavourable conjectures, he ran about the room in distraction, making frightful grimaces; and, at length, had recollection enough to throw a little water in her face; by which application she was brought to herself: but, then her feeling took another turn. She shed a flood of tears, and cried aloud, "I know not who you are: but, sure—worthy. sir—generous sir!—the distress of me and my poor dying child—Oh! if the widow's prayers—if the orphan's tears of gratitude can ought avail—gracious Providence!—Blessings!—shower down eternal blessings."—Here she was interrupted by my uncle, who muttered in a voice still more and more discordant, "For Heaven's sake be quiet, madam—consider—the people of the house—'sdeath! can't you."—All this time she was struggling to throw herself on her knees, while he seizing her by the wrists,


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text: Index:CTRL0000034607 - Deposition of Ali Alexander, (Dec. 9, 2021).pdf


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 endeavoured to seat her upon the settee, saying, "Prithee—good now—hold your tongue"—At that instant, who should burst into the room but our aunt Tabby! of all antiquated maidens the most diabolically capricious—Ever prying into other people's affairs, he had seen the woman enter, and followed her to the door, where he stood listening, but probably could hear nothing distinctly, except my uncle's last exclamation; at which the bounced into the parlour in a violent rage, that dyed the tip of her nose of a purple hue,—"Fy upon you, Matt! (cried she) what doings are these, to disgrace your own character, and disparage your family?"—Then, snatching the bank-note out of the stranger's hand, she went on—"How now, twenty pounds!—here is temptation with a witness!—Good-woman, go about your business—Brother, brother, I know not which most to admire; your concupissins, or your extravagance!"—"Good God (exclaimed the poor woman) shall a worthy gentleman's character suffer for an action that does honour to humanity?" By this time, uncle's indignation was effectually roused. His face grew


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VOCABULARY.—Continued.


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was three o'clock in the night. The postman, ready to set off, in his cap and his coat, with a rusty sword in his hand, was standing near the door, waiting for the driver to finish putting the mail bags into the cart which had just been brought round with three horses. The sleepy postmaster sat at his table, which was like a counter; he was filling up a form and saying:

"My nephew, the student, wants to go to the station at once. So look here, Ignatyev, let him get into the mail cart and take him with you to the station: though it is against the regulations to take people with the mail, what's one to do? It's better for him to drive with you free than for me to hire horses for him."

"Ready!" they heard a shout from the yard.

"Well, go then, and God be with you," said the postmaster. "Which driver is going?"

"Semyon Glazov."

"Come, sign the receipt."

The postman signed the receipt and went out. At the entrance of the post-office there was the dark outline of a cart and three horses. The horses were standing still except that one of the tracehorses kept uneasily shifting from one leg to the other and tossing its head, making the bell clang from time to


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VOCABULARY.—Continued.


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50 time. The cart with the mail bags looked like a patch of darkness. Two silhouettes were moving lazily beside it: the student with a portmanteau in his hand and a driver. The latter was smoking a short pipe; the light of the pipe moved about in the darkness, dying away and flaring up again; for an instant it lighted up a bit of a sleeve, then a shaggy moustache and big copper-red nose, then stern-looking, overhanging eyebrows. The postman pressed down the mail bags with his hands, laid his sword on them and jumped into the cart. The student clambered irresolutely in after him, and accidentally touching him with his elbow, said timidly and politely: "I beg your pardon."

The pipe went out. The postmaster came out of the post-office just as he was, in his waistcoat and slippers; shrinking from the night dampness and clearing his throat, he walked beside the cart and said:

"Well, God speed! Give my love to your mother, Mihailo. Give my love to them all. And you, Ignatyev, mind you don't forget to give the parcel to Bystretsov Off!"

The driver took the reins in one hand, blew his nose, and, arranging the seat under himself, clicked to the horses.

"Give them my love," the postmaster repeated.

The big bell clanged something to the little bells, the little bells gave it a friendly answer. The cart squeaked, moved. The big bell lamented, the little bells laughed. Standing up in his seat the driver lashed the restless tracehorse twice, and the cart


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VOCABULARY.—Continued.


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Rh rumbled with a hollow sound along the dusty road. The little town was asleep. Houses and trees stood black on each side of the broad street, and not a light was to be seen. Narrow clouds stretched here and there over the star-spangled sky, and where the dawn would soon be coming there was a narrow crescent moon; but neither the stars, of which there were many, nor the half-moon, which looked white, lighted up the night air. It was cold and damp, and there was a smell of autumn.

The student, who thought that politeness required him to talk affably to a man who had not refused to let him accompany him, began:

"In summer it would be light at this time, but now there is not even a sign of the dawn. Summer is over!"

The student looked at the sky and went on:

"Even from the sky one can see that it is autumn. Look to the right. Do you see three stars side by side in a straight line? That is the constellation of Orion, which, in our hemisphere, only becomes visible in September."

The postman, thrusting his hands into his sleeves and retreating up to his ears into his coat collar, did not stir and did not glance at the sky. Apparently the constellation of Orion did not interest him. He was accustomed to see the stars, and probably he had long grown weary of them. The student paused for a while and then said:

"It's cold! It's time for the dawn to begin. Do you know what time the sun rises?"

"What?"


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52 "What time does the sun rise now?"

"Between five and six," said the driver.

The mail cart drove out of the town. Now nothing could be seen on either side of the road but the fences of kitchen gardens and here and there a solitary willow-tree; everything in front of them was shrouded in darkness. Here in the open country the half-moon looked bigger and the stars shone more brightly. Then came a scent of dampness; the postman shrank further into his collar, the student felt an unpleasant chill first creeping about his feet, then over the mail bags, over his hands and his face. The horses moved more slowly; the bell was mute as though it were frozen. There was the sound of the splash of water, and stars reflected in the water danced under the horses' feet and round the wheels.

But ten minutes later it became so dark that neither the stars nor the moon could be seen. The mail cart had entered the forest. Prickly pine branches were continually hitting the student on his cap and a spider's web-settled on his face. Wheels and hoofs knocked against huge roots, and the mail cart swayed from side to side as though it were drunk.

"Keep to the road," said the postman angrily. "Why do you run up the edge? My face is scratched all over by the twigs! Keep more to the right!"

But at that point there was nearly an accident. The cart suddenly bounded as though in the throes of a convulsion, began trembling, and, with a creak, lurched heavily first to the right and then to the left,


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 pale, his teeth chattered, and his eyes flashed—"Sister (cried he, in a voice like thunder) I vow to God, your impertinence is exceedingly provoking." With these words, he took her by the hand, and, opening the door of communication, thrust her into the chamber where I stood, so affected by the scene, that the tears ran down my cheeks. Observing these marks of emotion, "I don't wonder (said she) to see you concerned at the back-slidings of so near a relation; a man of his years and infirmities: These are fine doings, truly—This is a rare example, set by a guardian, for the benefit of his pupils—Monstrous! incongruous! sophistical!"—I thought it was but an act of justice to set her to rights; and therefore explained the mystery—But she would not be undeceived, "What! (said she) would you go for to offer for to arguefy me out of my senses? Did'n't I hear him whispering to her to hold her tongue? Did'n't I see her in tears? Did'n't I see him struggling to throw her upon the couch? O filthy! hideous! abominable! Child, child, talk not to me of charity.—Who gives twenty pounds in charity?—But you


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Rh and at a fearful pace dashed along the forest track. The horses had taken fright at something and bolted.

"Wo! wo!" the driver cried in alarm. "Wo you devils!"

The student, violently shaken, bent forward and tried to find something to catch hold of so as to keep balance and save himself from being thrown out, but the leather mail bags were slippery, and the driver, whose belt the student tried to catch at, was himself tossed up and down and seemed every moment on the point of flying out. Through the rattle of the wheels and the creaking of the cart they heard the sword fall with a clank on the ground, then a little later something fell with two heavy thuds behind the mail cart.

"Wo!" the driver cried in a piercing voice, bending backwards. "Stop!"

The student fell on his face and bruised his forehead against the driver's seat, but was at once tossed back again and knocked his spine violently against the back of the cart.

"I am falling!" was the thought that flashed through his mind, but at that instant the horses dashed out of the forest into the open, turned sharply to the right, and rumbling over a bridge of logs, suddenly stopped dead, and the suddenness of this halt flung the student forward again.

The driver and the student were both breathless. The postman was not in the cart. He had been thrown out, together with his sword, the student's portmanteau, and one of the mail bags.


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54 "Stop, you rascal! Sto-op!" they heard him shout from the forest. "You damned blackguard!" he shouted, running up to the cart, and there was a note of pain and fury in his tearful voice. "You anathema, plague take you!" he roared, dashing up to the driver and shaking his fist at him.

"What a to-do! Lord have mercy on us!" muttered the driver in a conscience-stricken voice, setting right something in the harness at the horses' heads. "It's all that devil of a tracehorse. Cursed filly; it is only a week since she has run in harness. She goes all right, but as soon as we go down hill there is trouble! She wants a touch or two on the nose, then she wouldn't play about like this Steaeady! Damn!"

While the driver was setting the horses to rights and looking for the portmanteau, the mail bag, and the sword on the road, the postman in a plaintive voice shrill with anger ejaculated oaths. After replacing the luggage the driver for no reason whatever led the horses for a hundred paces, grumbled at the restless tracehorse, and jumped up on the box.

When his fright was over the student felt amused and good-humoured. It was the first time in his life that he had driven by night in a mail cart, and the shaking he had just been through, the postman's having been thrown out, and the pain in his own back struck him as interesting adventures. He lighted a cigarette and said with a laugh:

"Why you know, you might break your neck like that! I very nearly flew out, and I didn't even no-


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Rh tice you had been thrown out. I can fancy what it is like driving in autumn!"

The postman did not speak.

"Have you been going with the post for long?" the student asked.

"Eleven years."

"Oho; every day?"

"Yes, every day. I take this post and drive back again at once. Why?"

Making the journey every day, he must have had a good many interesting adventures in eleven years. On bright summer and gloomy autumn nights, or in winter when a ferocious snowstorm whirled howling round the mail cart, it must have been hard to avoid feeling frightened and uncanny. No doubt more than once the horses had bolted, the mail cart had stuck in the mud, they had been attacked by highwaymen, or had lost their way in the blizzard

"I can fancy what adventures you must have had in eleven years!" said the student. "I expect it must be terrible driving?"

He said this and expected that the postman would tell him something, but the latter preserved a sullen silence and retreated into his collar. Meanwhile it began to get light. The sky changed colour imperceptibly; it still seemed dark, but by now the horses and the driver and the road could be seen. The crescent moon looked bigger and bigger, and the cloud that stretched below it, shaped like a cannon in a gun-carriage, showed a faint yellow on its lower


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56 edge. Soon the postman's face was visible. It was wet with dew, grey and rigid as the face of a corpse. An expression of dull, sullen anger was set upon it, as though the postman were still in pain and still angry with the driver.

"Thank God it is daylight!" said the student, looking at his chilled and angry face. "I am quite frozen. The nights are cold in September, but as soon as the sun rises it isn't cold. Shall we soon reach the station?"

The postman frowned and made a wry face.

"How fond you are of talking, upon my word!" he said. "Can't you keep quiet when you are travelling?"

The student was confused, and did not approach him again all the journey. The morning came on rapidly. The moon turned pale and melted away into the dull grey sky, the cloud turned yellow all over, the stars grew dim, but the east was still cold-looking and the same colour as the rest of the sky, so that one could hardly believe the sun was hidden in it.

The chill of the morning and the surliness of the postman gradually infected the student. He looked apathetically at the country around him, waited for the warmth of the sun, and thought of nothing but how dreadful and horrible it must be for the poor trees and the grass to endure the cold nights. The sun rose dim, drowsy, and cold. The tree-tops were not gilded by the rays of the rising sun, as usually described, the sunbeams did not creep over the earth and there was no sign of joy in the flight of the


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Rh sleepy birds. The cold remained just the same now that the sun was up as it had been in the night.

The student looked drowsily and ill-humouredly at the curtained windows of a mansion by which the mail cart drove. Behind those windows, he thought, people were most likely enjoying their soundest morning sleep not hearing the bells, nor feeling the cold, nor seeing the postman's angry face; and if the bell did wake some young lady, she would turn over on the other side, smile in the fulness of her warmth and comfort, and, drawing up her feet and putting her hand under her cheek, would go off to sleep more soundly than ever.

The student looked at the pond which gleamed near the house and thought of the carp and the pike which find it possible to live in cold water

"It's against the regulations to take anyone with the post" the postman said unexpectedly. "It's not allowed! And since it is not allowed, people have no business to get in Yes. It makes no difference to me, it's true, only I don't like it, and I don't wish it."

"Why didn't you say so before, if you don't like it?"

The postman made no answer but still had an unfriendly, angry expression. When, a little later, the horses stopped at the entrance of the station the student thanked him and got out of the cart. The mail train had not yet come in. A long goods train stood in a siding; in the tender the engine driver and his assistant, with faces wet with dew, were drinking tea from a dirty tin teapot. The carriages, the


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58 platforms, the seats were all wet and cold. Until the train came in the student stood at the buffet drinking tea while the postman, with his hands thrust up his sleeves and the same look of anger still on his face, paced up and down the platform in solitude, staring at the ground under his feet.

With whom was he angry? Was it with people, with poverty, with the autmnautumn [sic] nights?


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Two peasant constables—one a stubby, black-bearded individual with such exceptionally short legs that if you looked at him from behind it seemed as though his legs began much lower down than in other people; the other, long, thin, and straight as a stick, with a scanty beard of dark reddish colour—were escorting to the district town a tramp who refused to remember his name. The first waddled along, looking from side to side, chewing now a straw, now his own sleeve, slapping himself on the haunches and humming, and altogether had a careless and frivolous air; the other, in spite of his lean face and narrow shoulders, looked solid, grave, and substantial; in the lines and expression of his whole figure he was like the priests among the Old Believers, or the warriors who are painted on old-fashioned ikons. "For his wisdom God had added to his forehead"—that is, he was bald—which increased the resemblance referred to. The first was called Andrey Ptaha, the second Nikandr Sapozhnikov.

The man they were escorting did not in the least correspond with the conception everyone has of a tramp. He was a frail little man, weak and sickly-looking, with small, colourless, and extremely indefinite features. His eyebrows were scanty, his ex-


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 are a stripling—You know nothing of the world—Besides, charity begins at home—Twenty pounds would buy me a complete suit of flowered silk, trimmings and all—" In short, I quitted the room, my contempt for her, and my respect for her brother, being increased in the same proportion. I have since been informed, that the person, whom my uncle so generously relieved, is the widow of an ensign, who has nothing to depend upon but the pension of fifteen pounds a year. The people of the Wellhouse give her an excellent character. She lodges in a garret, and works very hard at plain work, to support her daughter, who is dying of a consumption. I must own, to my shame, I feel a strong inclination to follow my uncle's example, in relieving this poor widow; but, be twixt friends, I am afraid of being detected in a weakness, that might entail the ridicule of the company, upon,

Dear Phillips,

Yours always,


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 candore, promptissimæque benevolentiæ sedulitate sibi devinciendis, vitam nec inhoneste nec inutiliter actam cælebs clausit, anno Salutis M DCC Lxxvi. ætatis suæ L vii."

One erected by this John Spencer to his father and mother runs as follows:

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86 pression mild and submissive; he had scarcely a trace of a moustache, though he was over thirty. He walked along timidly, bent forward, with his hands thrust into his sleeves. The collar of his shabby cloth overcoat, which did not look like a peasant's, was turned up to the very brim of his cap, so that only his little red nose ventured to peep out into the light of day. He spoke in an ingratiating tenor, continually coughing. It was very, very difficult to believe that he was a tramp concealing his surname. He was more like an unsuccessful priest's son, stricken by God and reduced to beggary; a clerk discharged for drunkenness; a merchant's son or nephew who had tried his feeble powers in a theatrical career, and was now going home to play the last act in the parable of the prodigal son; perhaps, judging by the dull patience with which he struggled with the hopeless autumn mud, he might have been a fanatical monk, wandering from one Russian monastery to another, continually seeking "a peaceful life, free from sin," and not finding it

The travellers had been a long while on their way, but they seemed to be always on the same small patch of ground. In front of them there stretched thirty feet of muddy black-brown mud, behind them the same, and wherever one looked further, an impenetrable wall of white fog. They went on and on, but the ground remained the same, the wall was no nearer, and the patch on which they walked seemed still the same patch. They got a glimpse of a white, clumsy-looking stone, a


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 Another inscription: "Near this place lies the Body of Christiana, daughter of Benjamin Ashton, of Hathersage, in the County of Derby, esq., and wife of William Spencer, of Cannon Hall, esq. by whom she had issue Christiana, John, Ann, Alicia Maria, Benjamin, and William, now living: Susanna and Dorothy who died in their infancy. She departed this life Nov. the 20, 1737, in the 51 year of her age. To perpetuate the memory of so virtuous a wife, tender parent, sincere friend, benevolent neighbour, and devout Christian, her affectionate husband erected this monument."

"Gualterus Spencer Spencer Stanhope de Cannon Hall, armiger, natus xxvi die augusti A.D. MDCCLxxxiv: obiit xxvi die Decembris A.D. MDCCCxxxii. Beatus ille qui vitam ærumnosam pro felicitate immortali commutavit." (Blessed is he who has exchanged a life of trouble for immortal happiness.)

A large marble Tablet with the following inscription used to be under the East Window of this Chapel:

"Here rest the remains of Walter Spencer Stanhope, Esquire, born on the 4th day of February, 1749, died on the 4th day of April, 1821. From his paternal and maternal uncles John Stanhope of Horsforth Hall and John Spencer of Cannon Hall, esquires, he inherited the estates and united the names of both families. He married Winefred sole daughter and heiress of Wingate Pulleine [this ought to be Thomas Babington Pulleine] of Carleton Hall, esquire, by whom he had fifteen children; twelve, with their surviving parent, are left to revere his memory and lament his loss; By nature and education endowed with every quality which befitted his station, he was esteemed in public and beloved in private life. In Parliament, where he faithfully discharged his duty for a space of nearly 40 years, his conduct was ever upright and consistent and his vote prompted by an ardent zeal for the interest of his country. In the Militia of his county, and in the Yeomanry of his district, he bore arms in her defence, and at a season of great national alarm, as commandant of the Volunteers of the Wapentake, he was amongst the foremost to face the dangers and repel the threats of invasion. A pious and benevolent Christian, a loyal and patriotic

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Rh small ravine, or a bundle of hay dropped by a passer-by, the brief glimmer of a great muddy puddle, or, suddenly, a shadow with vague outlines would come into view ahead of them; the nearer they got to it the smaller and darker it became; nearer still, and there stood up before the wayfarers a slanting milestone with the number rubbed off, or a wretched birch-tree drenched and bare like a wayside beggar. The birch-tree would whisper something with what remained of its yellow leaves, one leaf would break off and float lazily to the ground And then again fog, mud, the brown grass at the edges of the road. On the grass hung dingy, unfriendly tears. They were not the tears of soft joy such as the earth weeps at welcoming the summer sun and parting from it, and such as she gives to drink at dawn to the corncrakes, quails, and graceful, long-beaked crested snipes. The travellers' feet stuck in the heavy, clinging mud. Every step cost an effort.

Andrey Ptaha was somewhat excited. He kept looking round at the tramp and trying to understand how a live, sober man could fail to remember his name.

"You are an orthodox Christian, aren't you?" he asked.

"Yes," the tramp answered mildly.

"H'm then you've been christened?"

"Why, to be sure! I'm not a Turk. I go to church and to the sacrament, and do not eat meat when it is forbidden. And I observe my religious duties punctually"


text:
Rules of Procedure on the Organisation and Activity of the Presidency of the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia

I. General Provisions
1 In keeping with its role, which is defined under Point 81 of the Statute of the LCY, the Presidency works out the policy of the LCY as determined at the Congress and the Conference, carries out its implementation and directs the overall activity of the League; reviews regularly current social - political and ideological developments, develops and adopts attitudes about the essential questions of the policy and practice of the LCY, and takes necessary political decisions ; - coordinates, adjusts and directs along concerted lines the activity of all organisations and organs of the LCY, and considers their initiatives and proposals; - Initiates and directs the activity of the League in the international field and draws up programs of co-operation with foreign parties and movements. - The Presidency passes political decisions at its sessions, elects the Executive Bureau from among its members, sets up commissions and other working bodies, and appoints its members. The work of the Presidency is, as a

II. Sessions, Methods for Preparation and Adoption of Conclusions and Decisions of the Presidency
6 Sessions of the Presidency are held when necessary and, as a rule, once a month.

7. The Executive Bureau of the Presidency prepares sessions of the Presidency based on discussions of various specific questions at its sessions or the basis of materials and proposals prepared by commissions and the technical service of the Presidency, as well as by organisations and organs of the LCY in republics, provinces, opstina and the Yugoslav People's Army (YPA).

8. The Executive Bureau of the Presidency is responsible for holding regular sessions of the Presidency, and they are convened by the President of the LCY, who proposes the agenda. In conjunction with the President or if the President is prevented from convening a session and presiding over it, sessions of the Presidency are called by the Executive Bureau of the Presidency or by a member who, according to the agreement reached in the Bureau, is entrusted with the task of acting for the President during a specified period and discharging on his behalf the function of convening and presiding over sessions of the Presidency. Who may propose the convocation of sessions

9. The President of the LCY or the Executive Bureau of the Presidency convene sessions on their initiative and on the proposal of one of the Central Committees of the LC of the Republics, one of the Commissions of the Presidency of the LCY, the Commission for Statutory Questions of the LCY, or at least five members of the Presidency.

10. At its sessions, the Presidency also considers all those proposals and initiatives from basic, opsting and provincial organisations of the LC when it assesses that the questions concerned are of broader significance to the development of policy and the current practice of the League of Communists. If it deems it necessary, the Presidency will, before considering proposals from these organisations, ask to hear the opinion of the Central Committee of the LC of the Republic concerned or of the Commission of the Presidency concerned.

11. The leading organs of the SAWP, the Trade Union Federation, youth organisations and other socio-political and social organisations may also take the initiative to hold discussions of various questions at sessions of the Presidency. At its sessions, the Presidency of the LCY also considers questions proposed by the Federal Assembly and the Federal Executive Council if it assesses that those discussions are of broader social-political significance and contribute to the formulation of policy and principles of the LCY.

12. At the beginning of a session, the Presidency adopts its agenda. At sessions of the Presidency, questions not on the agenda adopted may not be considered unless the Presidency specifically approves them.

13. As a rule, necessary materials, which contain proposals of standpoints, conclusions or decisions, are prepared for sessions of the Presidency and are conveyed in due time to members. If the Presidency deems it necessary, a session may also consider questions about which no proposals of documents, conclusions, or decisions have been prepared beforehand.

14. If the Presidency assesses that the prepared proposals are not based on reliable analysis and necessary arguments, the prepared materials are to be returned to those who designed them to elaborate them, or a special working body is to be set up at the session with the task of preparing new materials and proposals to the Presidency about the questions concerned. The adoption of conclusions by the Presidency on various specific questions may also be postponed to submit the standpoints put forward in the materials to more detailed discussions and verification in organisations and organs of the League of Communists. 15. Conclusions on every item on the agenda are adopted after the discussions have been concluded and the degree of agreement achieved has been established.

16. The Presidency takes decisions when at least two-thirds of the members attend the session, and conclusions become valid if a majority of those present declare themselves in favour of them. Unless the session rules are taken by public ballot. Otherwise, decisions are taken by public ballot.

17. Sessions of the Presidency are also attended by presidents of commissions who are not members of the Presidency when questions that fall under their competence are discussed. The Presidency invites representatives of social-political organisations and representative organs to its sessions when questions of common interest are discussed. Sessions may be attended by political associates and experts or functionaries entrusted with specific tasks in the Technical Service of the Presidency, depending on the questions addressed in the sessions. Sessions of the Presidency are attended by the Editors in Chief of the paper Komunist and the magazine Socijalizam and by correspondents accredited by editorial boards of other newspapers and radio and TV broadcasts.

18. At their sessions, the President of the LCY, the Executive Bureau of the Presidency or the Presidency, decides who, besides members of the Presidency, is to attend its sessions. The Presidency decides when a session is to be of closed character.

19. At sessions of the Presidency, stenographic records are kept, and minutes are drawn up on their basis. Minutes are adopted at the first subsequent session of the Presidency.

III. Members of the Presidency
20. Members of the Presidency have equal rights and duties to raise those questions on which they consider the Presidency should state its views; to take an active and direct part in preparations for sessions and the adoption of conclusions at sessions of the Presidency; to state their views about all questions concerning the policy and practice of the LCY and the activity of organisations and organs of the League; to assess the activity of the Executive Bureau of the Presidency and commissions. A member of the Presidency is responsible for decisions and the activity of the Presidency as a whole.

21. Decisions and conclusions of the Presidency are equally binding on all its members. In their ideological-political activity, they must strive actively and consistently to implement LCY policy and the conclusions adopted by the Presidency.

22. For their work, members of the Presidency are directly responsible to the Presidency and, through the Conference and the Congress of the LCY, to the whole League of Communists of Yugoslavia

23. Members of the Presidency have at their disposal all available documents and reports that they need to carry out their functions and tasks. Methods and forms of conveying information to members of the Presidency are to be regulated under the provisions of special rules of procedure to be introduced by the Presidency

24. When a member of the Presidency, even after a decision has been adopted at a session of the Presidency, expresses reservations about his own opinion, this is entered in the minutes.

25. A member of the Presidency who is prevented from attending a session may convey his views and proposals about the questions on the agenda to the Presidency before the beginning of the session

IV. The President of the LCY
26. In compliance with the function determined under the LCY Statute, the President of the LCY is in charge of the Presidency and its Executive Bureau; convenes and presides over meetings of the Presidency and Executive Bureau of the Presidency; raises questions to be discussed in the Presidency, Executive Bureau of the Presidency, and Commissions of the Presidency; keeps constantly in touch with the activities of the LCs in Socialist Republics; acts as spokesman and representative of the LCY in relations with other communist, workers ', and progressive parties and liberation movements, gives and defends the appraisals and standpoints of the LCY on all essential matters from its policy and practice; and signs all more critical documents and decisions passed by the Presidency. Part of his functions concerned with preparations for, calling, and presiding over meetings of the Presidency and its Executive Bureau can be transferred to members of the Presidency and its Executive Bureau who perform their respective duties for a certain period in turn and based on an understanding reached in the Bureau.

V. The Executive Bureau of the Presidency
28. The Executive Bureau of the Presidency consists of 15 members.

- The Executive Bureau of the Presidency is composed of the LCY President, two members of each LC of socialist republics, one member of each presidency of the LC of republics, and one member of each presidency of the LC of individual socialist autonomous provinces.

29. The Presidency Bureau displays its functions within the framework determined under the LCY Statute and these Rules of Procedure, according to the programme of the activity and resolutions of the LCY Presidency and tasks assigned to it by the Presidency within the framework of the political guidelines fixed at the Congress and the Conference's solutions. The Executive Bureau of the Presidency is responsible for its work to the LCY Presidency.

30. The Executive Bureau of the Presidency – is responsible for the implementation of the Presidency resolutions, takes political decisions within the frame- work of its own political executive functions and performs other executive finctions ; regularly considers current social - political and ideological trends in the country and current international problems ; raises and considers issues on which the Presidency should take a standpoint and makes preparations for the Presidency sessions ; -ordinates work of the Presidency Commissions , agrees with them on preparing the Presidency sessions , examines their proposals , and gives them initiatives for work ; achieves ties and unity of action in day-to-day activity with Central Committees of the LCs in socialist republics ; carries out co - operation with leading organs of social - political organizations and FA organs ; pursues and carries out the policy and programme of co-operation of the LCY on the international plane and ap- points representatives and delegations of the LCY to get in touch with foreign parties and movements ; is responsible for informing the members of the League and the public at large about the activity of the Presidency.

31. If and when the Executive Bureau of the Presidency must adopt resolutions as a matter of emergency that fall under the jurisdiction of the Presidency, those resolutions must obligatorily be considered and approved at the next session of the Presidency, which the Executive Bureau of the Presidency convenes within the shortest possible time.

32. The Executive Bureau of the Presidency regularly informs the Presidency about its own activity.

33. The Executive Bureau of the Presidency adopts resolutions and decisions at its sessions. After the session discussing questions of current political significance, the Executive Bureau of the Presidency notifies members of the Presidency about the session held.

34. With a view to as successful fulfilment of its tasks as possible, the Executive Bureau of the Presidency carries out the distribution of work within the Executive Bureau of the Presidency based on the engagements and personal responsibility of every individual member of the Executive Bureau of the Presidency as to the preparations for the session and implementation of resolutions taken at the session.

35. As a rule, the Executive Bureau of the Presidency holds its sessions once a week.

36. The Executive Bureau of the Presidency sessions are convened and presided over by either the LCY President or by a member of the Executive Bureau of the Presidency who is in charge of a chairman of the session ( see articles 9 and 28 ). According to the previous paragraph, the Executive Bureau of the Presidency member responsible for convening the Executive Bureau of the Presidency sessions performs operative tasks and achieves the coordination needed for preparing the sessions of both the Presidency and its Executive Bureau.

VI. The Commissions of the LCY Presidency
37. The Presidency forms standing and temporary commissions and work groups, fixes their tasks, appoints their chairmen and composes their work bodies by choosing members from among members of the Presidency, the standing section of the LCY Conference, and other members of the LCY.

38. Standing commissions have 15 members at the most besides the Chairman; the Commissions can also have a Deputy Chairman. Every commission has its secretary who should organise professional and analytical work and supervise the securing of determined conditions needed for the regular activity of the commission. The secretaries are directly responsible for their work to the commissions concerned, that is to say, to the commission chairmen.

39. Temporary commissions and work groups are formed according to a programme on the work of the Presidency.

40. The Presidency Commissions - regularly follow and analyse the social practice and contradictions in social movements and consider ideological and political tasks of the LC in various walks of public, economic, and political life; draft proposals for standpoints and measures which the LCY Presidency should approve; organise studies of long - term problems of socialist development and stimulate the advance of theoretical thought in connection with the area of their activity.

41. The commissions are responsible for their work to the LCY Presidency. The Presidency approves commissions' work programmes and examines reports covering their activity. The commission informs the Presidency about contentious matters arising in its creation. The Presidency standpoints are binding on the commission and its members.

42. With a view to coordinating current activity, establishing a list of priority matters to be proposed to the Presidency for its consideration, and drafting the agenda for the Presidency sessions, the Executive Bureau of the Presidency examines materials and proposals of the commissions. Suppose the given commission insists on urgent consideration of its proposal. In that case, the Executive Bureau of the Presidency must include the matter concerned in the draft agenda of the Presidency session, which is responsible for deciding whether the issue would or would not be discussed at that or any other subsequent sessions.

43. At its sessions, The Executive Bureau of the Presidency must consider the commissions' proposals concerned with the implementation of Presidency resolutions and execution of the LCY policy. If differences arise over the estimates and standpoints between the Executive Bureau of the Presidency and the commissions when considering determined matters, the Presidency should decide the contentious issues.

44. The Presidency Commissions achieve constant cooperation in appropriate work with appropriate CC Commissions in the LCS of the republics, provinces, opstinas, and their respective organisations of the League of Communists.

45. The Commissions achieve cooperation and co-ordinate their activity with respective work bodies of the Socialist Alliance, Trade Union, Youth, and other social-political and social organisations