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Rh her picture by so many masters, that it was like meeting an old friend unexpectedly to come upon her ancient home in Jerusalem. The strangest thing about the incident that has made her name so famous, is, that when she wiped the perspiration away, the print of the Saviour’s face remained upon the handkerchief, a perfect portrait, and so remains unto this day. We knew this, because we saw this handkerchief in a cathedral in Paris, in another in Spain, and in two others in Italy. In the Milan cathedral it costs five francs to see it, and at St. Peter’s, at Rome, it is almost impossible to see it at any price. No tradition is so amply verified as this of St. Veronica and her handkerchief.

At the next corner we saw a deep indention in the hard stone masonry of the corner of a house, but might have gone heedlessly by it but that the guide said it was made by the elbow of the Saviour, who stumbled here and fell. Presently we came to just such another indention in a stone wall. The guide said the Saviour fell here, also, and made this depression with his elbow.

There were other places where the Lord fell, and others where he rested; but one of the most curious landmarks of ancient history we found on this morning walk through the crooked lanes that lead toward Calvary, was a certain stone built into a house—a stone that was so seamed and scarred that it bore a sort of grotesque resemblance to the human face. The projections that answered for cheeks were worn smooth by the passionate kisses of generations of pilgrims from distant lands. We asked “Why?” The guide said it was because this was one of “the very stones of Jerusalem” that Christ mentioned when he was reproved for permitting the people to cry “Hosannah!” when he made his memorable entry into the city upon an ass. One of the pilgrims said, “But there is no evidence that the stones did cry out—Christ said that if the people stopped from shouting Hosannah, the very stones would do it.” The guide was perfectly serene. He said, calmly, “This is one of the stones that would have cried out.” It was of, little use to try to shake this fellow’s simple faith—it was easy to see that.


text:
Page:Constitution of the United Arab Emirates - official translation 2015.pdf/65

United Arab Emirates Constitution

The application of the Constitution does not affect the treaties or conventions concluded by the member Emirates with the other states or international organizations unless these treaties or conventions are amended or repealed by agreement between the parties concerned.

All provisions contained in the laws, regulations, decrees, orders and decisions applied in the member Emirates when the Constitution takes force, as the case may be, continue to take force unless amended or repealed as provided in the Constitution.

The rules and regulations applied in the member Emirates also continue to be applied until the laws amending them are promulgated as provided in the Constitution.

By way of exception from the provisions of Article 121 of the Constitution, an Emirate may enact the legislation necessary for regulating the matters set out in the said Article without prejudice to the provisions of Article 151 of the Constitution.

The federal authorities shall seek as quickly as possible to have the laws referred to in the Constitution enacted to replace the existing legislation and provisions, particularly those which are inconsistent with the provisions of the Constitution.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Page:Constitution of the United Arab Emirates - official translation 2015.pdf/66

United Arab Emirates Constitution

The provisions of the Constitution prevail over the constitutions of the member Emirates. The federal laws which are enacted in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution have precedence over the legislation, regulations and decisions enacted by the Emirates’ authorities.

Where a lower legislation is in conflict with an upper legislation, the lower one is deemed void insofar as it is in conflict with the upper one. In case of dispute, the matter is referred to the Federal Supreme Court for final decision.

This Constitution takes effect from the date set for that purpose in a declaration to be issued by the Rulers signatories to the Constitution.

Signed in Dubai on this 18th day of July 1971, corresponding to 25 Jumad el- Awal 1391 (Islamic Calendar).

It is worth noting that there was no signature for the ruler of Ras Al-KhaimaRas Al-Khaimah [sic] because this emirate joined the union later according to the Federation Supreme Council resolution number 2/1972.


text:
Page:The Net of Faith.pdf/419

These imperial and pagan contributions with which he came to the Christians did not become christianized then nor later. Just as his rule was pagan and of pagan origin then, so it is now. All these foreign additions brought in this manner into the Christian religion are not part of the true faith; they are a deceitful lie, a trap disguised in letters with which to offend and seduce the people away from God. The Emperor made them partakers of pagan customs; he accepted, by the fact of his becoming a Christian, to rule over the Christians, but he laid upon them the burden of royal authority as if it were an article of faith. And today toethe [sic] Roman Church confirms all this as being the true faith once given to the saints by the apostles.

Here it might be said: but what about the Christians who were in Rome or elsewhere, under the jurisdiction of Constantine in the days when he was still a pagan? Were they not, then, subject to his pagan sovereignty? Were they not carrying the burden of his royal authority? Why should his pagan rule be harmful when he became one of them, a Christian? Or, why

105*

title: Page:The Net of Faith.pdf/419


text:
Page:Constitution of the United Arab Emirates - official translation 2015.pdf/68

United Arab Emirates Constitution

Having perused the UAE Temporary Constitution, and

Based on the memorandum submitted by the Prime Minister of the UAE, and The approval of the Council of Ministers,

There is hereby added a paragraph at the end of Article (1) of the UAE Temporary Constitution providing as follows: “Where a new member accedes to the UAE, the Federal Supreme Council determines the number of the seats allocated to that member in the Federal National Council in excess of the seats specified in Article (68) of this Constitution.”

This constitutional amendment shall be put into operation from the date it is issued and shall be published in the Official Gazette.

Zayed Bin Sultan Al-Nahyan President, United Arab Emirates

Issued at the Presidency Palace in Abu Dhabi on 10 February 1972


text: The Rehearsal

title: The Rehearsal


text: The Rehearsal/Prologue

title: The Rehearsal/Prologue


text: The Rehearsal/Actors Names

title: The Rehearsal/Actors Names


text:
Page:The Net of Faith.pdf/421

106* should the burden of royal authority be felt as more harmful after his conversion than before?

Of course, this is right, insofar as we speak of royal authority; before, as well as afterwards, they were standing under that authority. As long as they were in his realm or used his utilities and lived among pagans as servants and outcasts offensive to them, they submitted themselves to this pagan power in obedience in all matters of taxation and corporeal services as the apostles had taught them. In such passive submission they would keep the laws of God and also, they would not cause the pagans to be incited against them (which they would if they refused their duty in matters where it was expected of them). However, they never availed themselves of either their laws or offices or courts or other rights. For their innocence (firmly grounded in them through their Christian faith) stood without accusation or blemish before God and even before the pagans and had no need to be improved upon by the justice of heathen offices or courts. Through the sincerity and truth of their faith, their innocence was made clearly manifest so that it shone in its brilliance much brighter than justice imposed by imperial power and authority; it was as a clear day compared

title: Page:The Net of Faith.pdf/421


text:
Page:Constitution of the United Arab Emirates - official translation 2015.pdf/69

United Arab Emirates Constitution

According to Article (1) of the UAE Temporary Constitution, any other independent Arab state may, subject to the unanimous approval of the Federal Supreme Council, accede to the UAE. As admitting the accession of a new member to the UAE requires the allocation of a number of seats to that member in the Federal National Council whose organizational structure is provided in Article (68) of the Temporary Constitution, the provision of Article (1) must be amended to meet the case where a new state accedes to the UAE. Therefore, Article (1) is amended by adding a paragraph at its end providing as follows:

“When admitting a new member to the UAE, the Federal Supreme Council determines the number of seats to be allocated to that member in the Federal National Council (FNC) in excess of the number provided in Article 68 of the Constitution.”

This amendment is introduced by virtue of paragraph (2) of Article (144) of the Constitution on the grounds that it is required by the high interests of the UAE.


text: The Rehearsal/Act 1-1

title: The Rehearsal/Act 1-1


text: The Rehearsal/Act 2-1

title: The Rehearsal/Act 2-1


text:
Page:Constitution of the United Arab Emirates - official translation 2015.pdf/70

United Arab Emirates Constitution

We, Saqr Bin Mohamed Al-Qassemi, the Ruler of Ras Al-Khaimah and its appurtenances, perused the UAEcTemporary Constitution and examined the provisions,objectives and goals of the UAE.

Establishing the unity of the Arab emirates has been onecof our great desires and we have been strongly determinedcto achieve this objective to advance our country andcpeople. Though, for certain circumstances, we could notcparticipate in signing the temporary constitution and the announcement putting its provisions into operation, our will has met with that of our people to accede to the UAE State because we believe in its objectives and goals. Therefore, we, witnessed by Allah the most supreme and the almighty, announce to all the people that our emirate accepts to accede to the UAE, consents to its temporary constitution signed by the rulers of the emirates of Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharja, Ajman, Umm Al-Quwain, and Fujairah on the 25th day of Jumadi Al-Awal of the year 1391 (Islamic Calendar) corresponding to the 18th day of July 1971, and shall apply the provisions of that constitution.

May Allah, the best Protector and Defender, grant us success.

Issued at Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate on 10 February 1972


text: The Rehearsal/Act 2-2

title: The Rehearsal/Act 2-2


text:
Page:The Net of Faith.pdf/423

107* with night. Therefore the Christians, even though under imperial power, did not mix these distinctive marks of paganism in their daily life. But when the Emperor joined the faith, together with pagan rule and statutes and administration, all these pagan peculiarities were added to the faith and the Christians obeyed them as pertaining to faith. And this caused their corruption. The things for which the early Christians suffered under pagan authority, the se same things Christians of today follow as of faith. They are the peculiarities with which Constantine defiled the faith, pagan peculiarities begotten by heathens, he made them part of Christendom. At first these additions were almost unnoticeable, but with the progression of time they devoured the faith of the Christians, and it is faith that is today unnoticeable and lethargic

Indeed, there is a great difference between the first Christians who, while under pagan rule, remained aloof from their peculiarities (an aloofness for which they sometimes suffered great oppression and even death), and the present Christians who have adopted immoderately the ways of their former lords; today they do not have to suffer for faith any more: they have adopted as faith the way of the lords; they have grown to ignore God and to know nothing of true faith, having respect only for the laws of the greatly multiplied pagan lords.

title: Page:The Net of Faith.pdf/423


text: The Rehearsal/Act 2-3

title: The Rehearsal/Act 2-3


text: The Rehearsal/Act 2-4

title: The Rehearsal/Act 2-4


text:
Page:Constitution of the United Arab Emirates - official translation 2015.pdf/71

United Arab Emirates Constitution

The Federal Supreme Council,

Having perused the provisions of-. [sic]

 * • Article (1) of the UAE Temporary Constitution; and
 * • The letter of the Ruler of Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate

and its appurtenances no 225/71 of 23 December 1971 in which he expressed the Emirate’s will to accede to the UAE State; and

Responding to the national wishes of the sister emirate to accede to the UAE to contribute to achieving its objectives,

The Federal Supreme Council unanimously agrees to the accession of Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate and its appurtenances to the UAE State.

The President of the UAE shall notify this decision to His Highness the Ruler of Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate and its appurtenances.

This Decision shall take effect from the date it is issued.


text: The Rehearsal/Act 2-5

title: The Rehearsal/Act 2-5


text:
Page:The Net of Faith.pdf/425

108*

There are so many different kinds of pagan peculiarities that it would take too long to dwell on each one of them. But in speaking about some of them (I would like to say a few words) as regards the respect and honor of the chief lord (Emperor) who purports to rule justly and honestly over the Christians, for the sake of their improvement and for good example. (For the Christians should excell, by virtue of their vocation, in their holy intercourse above all Gentiles and Jews).

The corruption of the original honesty being brought about by Constantine and his successors who, desiring to be Christian as well as the most important lords among the fellow Christians, are bound to be honored by the highest divine respect especially by the Christians themselves; at the same time, they stand in their midst with greatest licentiousness and with the utmost contrariness against God, to the profound detriment of faith. (The Emperor) keeps in his company courtiers and servants of a life most depraved, and distasteful to a Christian, of most wicked thievery, dishonest, shameless, full of haughtiness and cruelty, who want to possess anything upon which their eyes 108*

title: Page:The Net of Faith.pdf/425


text: The Rehearsal/Act 3-1

title: The Rehearsal/Act 3-1


text: The Rehearsal/Act 3-2

title: The Rehearsal/Act 3-2


text:
Page:The Net of Faith.pdf/427

109* may glance, full of mischiefs, worldly clever, habitually inventing new costumes (uniforms) and preoccupied by superficial matters, empty-headed, avaricious by habit, of vulgar speech, shameless in their bearing, of a choleric, cocky and impudent character, holding in derision and despising all people. When we speak about honesty as pertaining to Christians and to the Christian rulers and their servants – what a farce! They are really a dead corpse brought by Constantine into the midst of the Christians from the pagans. It is a corpse which can torture to sickness with its stench, and those who smell it will become contaminated with the scandalous inflictions and hurtful woes, which have already brought about a great deterioration of morals among the Christians.

And every place is full of these courtly companies which contaminate faith with unreasoning anger far more dangerously than any other evil ensnaring Christians. The courtly companies excell all others by their temptations and evils. And all this has been smuggled into faith with the pagan rule, like an evil smelling corpse, to the great defilement of faith. And yet, the priests and masters exonerate them for all these things saying, "This is as it should be, in order; the courtiers have to be that way: gay, free and courteous – but not pious." It must be so as their

title: Page:The Net of Faith.pdf/427


text:
Page:The Innocents Abroad (1869).djvu/610

576 And so we came at last to another wonder, of deep and abiding interest—the veritable house where the unhappy wretch once lived who has been celebrated in song and story for more than eighteen hundred years as the Wandering Jew. On the memorable day of the Crucifixion he stood in this old doorway with his arms akimbo, looking out upon the struggling mob that was approaching, and when the weary Saviour would lave sat down and rested him a moment, pushed him rudely away and said, “Move on!” The Lord said, “Move on, thou, likewise,” and the command has never been revoked from that day to this. All men know how that the miscreant upon whose head that just curse fell has roamed up and down the wide world, for ages and ages, seeking rest and never finding it—courting death but always in vain—longing to stop, in city, in wilderness, in desert solitudes, yet hearing always that relentless warning to march—march on! They say—do these hoary traditions—that when Titus, sacked Jerusalem and slaughtered eleven hundred thousand Jews in her streets and by-ways, the Wandering Jew was seen always in the thickest of the fight, and that when battle-axes gleamed in the air, he bowed his head beneath them; when swords flashed their deadly lightnings, he sprang in their way; he bared his breast to whizzing javelins, to hissing arrows, to any and to every weapon that promised death and forgetfulness, and rest. But it was useless—he walked forth out of the carnage without a wound. And it is said that five hundred years afterward he followed Mahomet when he carried destruction to the cities of Arabia, and then turned against him, hoping in this way to win the death of a traitor. His calculations were wrong again. No quarter was given to any living creature but one, and that was the only one of all the host that did not want it. He sought death five hundred years later, in the wars of the Crusades, and offered himself to famine and pestilence at Ascalon. He escaped again—he could not die. These repeated annoyances could have at last but one effect—they shook his confidence. Since then the Wandering Jew has carried on a kind of desultory toying with the most promising of the aids


text:
Page:The Net of Faith.pdf/429

110* masters command, and they hide themselves behind (their authority).

But we are concerned here about faith which does not depend upon the foolishness of the courtly people but upon the truth of Christ; we deplore the paganized evil-doers who were brought in and made partakers of faith – they who can truly fellowship with devils only!

title: Page:The Net of Faith.pdf/429


text: The Rehearsal/Act 4-1

title: The Rehearsal/Act 4-1


text:
Page:The Innocents Abroad (1869).djvu/611

Rh and implements of destruction, but with small hope, as a general thing. He has speculated some in cholera and railroads, and has taken almost a lively interest in infernal machines and patent medicines. He is old, now, and grave, as becomes an age like his; he indulges in no light amusements save that he goes sometimes to executions, and is fond of funerals.

There is one thing he can not avoid; go where he will about the world, he must never fail to report in Jerusalem every fiftieth year. Only a year or two ago he was here for the thirty-seventh time since Jesus was crucified on Calvary. They say that many old people, who are here now, saw him then, and had seen him before. He looks always the same—old, and withered, and hollow-eyed, and listless, save that there is about him something which seems to suggest that he is looking for some one, expecting some one—the friends of his youth, perhaps. But the most of them are dead,now. He always pokes about the


text: The Rehearsal/Act 4-2

title: The Rehearsal/Act 4-2


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Quarme, John (1)


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Quarme, John (2)


text:
Page:The Net of Faith.pdf/431

The second peculiarity with which Constantine defiled the true faith and imitation of God among the first Christians was shown when he joined faith with pagan dominion, assuming power over the Christians when he became one of their members. And I consider this a serious matter: having become one of them he did not take into consideration that the condition of the Christians bound them so firmly to obedience to God that they could not deviate in any way from His law, that a Christian must obey God only, not turning to any other law which would only swerve him from the divine statutes and obedience to them. Constantine who entered the fold of faith subjected the Christians to pagan law and procedure in order that they conduct their affairs in accordance with pagan civil laws (which affairs they conducted before in accordance with divine commandments). Whenever there was filed a suit or any other injustice committed, they had to go with their complaints to pagan officials in court in order that the injustices be settled through pagan authority and law. Chap. XIV, p.83*.

111*

title: Page:The Net of Faith.pdf/431


text:
Page:Constitution of the United Arab Emirates - official translation 2015.pdf/72

United Arab Emirates Constitution The Foreign Minister shall take the necessary procedures to notify the Arab and international states and organizations of this Decision.

This Decision shall be published in the Official Gazette.

Issued at the Presidency Palace in Abu Dhabi on 10 February 1972


text:
Page:The Innocents Abroad (1869).djvu/612

578 old streets looking lonesome, making his mark on a wall here and there, and eyeing the oldest buildings with a sort of friendly half interest; and he sheds a few tears at the threshold of his ancient dwelling, and bitter, bitter tears they are. Then he collects his rent and leaves again. He has been seen standing near the Church of the Holy Sepulchre on many a starlight night, for he has cherished an idea for many centuries that if he could only enter there, he could rest. But when he approaches, the doors slam to with a crash, the earth trembles, and all the lights in Jerusalem burn a ghastly blue! He does this every fifty years, just the same. It is hopeless, but then it is hard to break habits one has been eighteen hundred years accustomed to. The old tourist is far away on his wanderings, now. How he must smile to see a pack of blockheads like us, galloping about the world, and looking wise, and imagining we are finding out a good deal about it! He must have a consuming contempt for the ignorant, complacent asses that go skurrying about the world in these railroading days and call it traveling.

When the guide pointed out where the Wandering Jew had left his familiar mark upon a wall, I was filled with astonishment. It read:

All I have revealed about the Wandering Jew can be amply proven by reference to our guide.

The mighty Mosque of Omar, and the paved court around it, occupy a fourth part of Jerusalem. They are upon Mount Moriah, where King Solomon’s Temple stood. This Mosque is the holiest place the Mohammedan knows, outside of Mecca. Up to within a year or two past, no Christian could gain admission to it or its court for love or money. But the prohibition has been removed, and we entered freely for bucksheesh.

I need not speak of the wonderful beauty and the exquisite grace and symmetry that have made this Mosque so celebrated—because I did not see them. One can not see such things at an instant glance—one frequently only finds out how really beautiful a really beautiful woman is after considerable ac-


text: The Rehearsal/Act 5-1

title: The Rehearsal/Act 5-1


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Quarme, Nathaniel


text: The Rehearsal/Epilogue

title: The Rehearsal/Epilogue


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Quarme, Nicholas


text:
Page:The Net of Faith.pdf/433

112* And they became accustomed not only to that, but they began to seek help from the Emperor whenever injustice was done to them, to protect them and to carry out revenge against the guilty, thus doing a wrong to their property or life. And, having accomplished these things through the power of the Emperor and his officials, they began to give to him their trust which was due to God alone. And they became as wicked as the pagans, trusting in man and giving him honor which belongs to God only. Had they trusted solely in God, they would have settled all their differences by His law and suffered injustices rather than returning evil for evil. (Having not this trust) they defend themselves by means of pagan power, securing redress for injustices through trials in courts, thus departing from God and His law. They have become accustomed to this way and now their conscience is not bothered on that account. They have been thus changed by Constantine who, having entered their ranks, partook of their faith and imposed on them their participation in pagan ways. Even today the priests and masters propound this to the Christians saying that they should not become lured by a strange teaching. Yet this in itself is a strange teaching introduced through power. 1-Pe.3:9.

title: Page:The Net of Faith.pdf/433


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Quarme, Walter


text:
Page:The Innocents Abroad (1869).djvu/613

Rh quaintance with her; and the rule applies to Niagara Falls, to majestic mountains and to mosques—especially to mosques.

The great feature of the Mosque of Omar is the prodigious rock in the centre of its rotunda. It was upon this rock that Abraham came go near offering up his son Isaac—this, at least, is authentic—it is very much more to be relied on than most of the traditions, at any rate. On this rock, also, the angel stood and threatened Jerusalem, and David persuaded him to spare the city. Mahomet was well acquainted with this stone. From it he ascended to heaven. The stone tried to follow him, and if the angel Gabriel had not happened by the merest good luck to be there to seize it, it would have done it. Very few people have a grip like Gabriel—the prints of his monstrous fingers, two inches deep, are to be seen in that rock to-day.

This rock, large as it is, is suspended in the air. It does not touch any thing at all. The guide said so. This is very wonderful. In the place on it where Mahomet stood, he left his foot-prints in the solid stone. I should judge that he wore about eighteens. But what I was going to say, when I spoke of the rock being suspended, was, that in the floor of the cavern under it they showed us a slab which they said covered a hole which was a thing of extraordinary interest to all Mohammedans, because that hole leads down to perdition, and every soul that is transferred from thence to Heaven must pass up through this orifice. Mahomet stands there and lifts them out by the hair. All Mohammedans shave their heads, but they are careful to leave a lock of hair for the Prophet to take hold of. Our guide observed that a good Mohammedan would consider himself doomed to stay with the damned forever if he were to lose his scalp-lock and die before it grew again. The most of them that I have seen ought to stay with the damned, any how, without reference to how they were barbered.

For several ages no woman has been allowed to enter the cavern where that important hole is. The reason is that one of the sex was once caught there blabbing every thing she


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Quarre, John


text:
Page:The Innocents Abroad (1869).djvu/614

580 knew about what was going on above ground, to the rapscallions in the infernal regions down below. She carried her gossiping to such an extreme that nothing could be kept private—nothing could be done or said on earth but every body in perdition knew all about it before the sun went down. It was about time to suppress this woman’s telegraph, and it was promptly done. Her breath subsided about the same time.

The inside of the great mosque is very showy with variegated marble walls and with windows and inscriptions of elaborate mosaic. The Turks have their sacred relics, like the Catholics. The guide showed us the veritable armor worn by the great son-in-law and successor of Mahomet, and also the buckler of Mahomet’s uncle. The great iron railing which surrounds the rock was ornamented in one place with a thousand rags tied to its open work. These are to remind Mahomet not to forget the worshipers who placed them there. It is considered the next best thing to tying threads around his finger by way of reminders.

Just outside the mosque is a miniature temple, which marks the spot where David and Goliah used to sit and judge the people.

Every where about the Mosque of Omar are portions of pillars, curiously wrought altars, and fragments of elegantly carved marble—precious remains of Solomon’s Temple. These have been dug from all depths in the soil and rubbish of Mount Moriah, and the Moslems have always shown a disposition to preserve them with the utmost care. At that portion of the ancient wall of Solomon’s Temple which is called the Jew’s Place of Wailing, and where the Hebrews assemble every Friday to kiss the venerated stones and weep over the fallen greatness of Zion, any one can see a part of the unquestioned and undisputed Temple of Solomon, the same consisting of three or four stones lying one upon the other, each of which is about twice as long as a seven-octave piano, and about as thick as such a piano is high. But, as I have remarked before, it is


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Queckfeldt, Gustavus


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Queen, Richard


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Queckfeldt, Benedict


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Quarterman, William


text:
Page:The Mystery of the Blue Train.pdf/92

 ultory conversation with Ruth, the kind of talk peculiar to those seeing other people off by train.

Presently, as whistles blew, he glanced at his watch.

"I had best be clearing out of here. Good-bye, my dear. Don’t worry, I will attend to things."

"Oh, father!"

He turned back sharply. There had been something in Ruth's voice, something so entirely foreign to her usual manner, that he was startled. It was almost a cry of despair. She had made an Impulsive movement towards him, but in another minute she was mistress of herself once more.

"Till next month," she said cheerfully.

Two minutes later the train started.

Ruth sat very still, biting her under lip and trying hard to keep the unaccustomed tears from her eyes. She felt a sudden sense of horrible desolation. There was a wild longing upon her to jump out of the train and to go back before it was too late. She, so calm, so self-assured, for the first time in her life felt like a leaf swept by the wind. If her father knewwhat would he say?

Madness! Yes, just that, madness! For the first time in her life she was swept away by emotion, swept away to the point of doing a thing which even she knew to be incredibly foolish and reckless. She was enough Van Aldin’s daughter to realize her own folly, and level headed enough to condemn her own action. But she was his daughter in another sense also. She had that same iron determination that would have what it wanted, and once it had made up its mind would not be balked. From her cradle she had been self-willed; the


text:
Page:Journal of the Optical Society of America, volume 30, number 12.pdf/38

 mentation Institute, 2101 Constitution Ave., Washington, D. C.

11. E. Tyler and A. C. Hardy, “,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. 30, 587 (1940).

12. T. Troland, The Principles of Psychophysiology, Vol. II. Sensation (D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc. New York, 1930).

13. K. S. Gibson, “Approximate spectral energy distribution of skylight,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. '30, 88A (1940); Dorothy Nickerson, “The illuminant in color matching and discrimination,” Illuminating Eng., to be published.

14. Munsell Book of Color (Munsell Color Co., Baltimore, 1939).

15. S. M. Newhall, “Preliminary report of the Optical Society of America Subcommittee on the spacing of the Munsell colors,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. 30, 617 (1940).

16. J. J. Glenn and J. T. Killian, “Trichromatic analysis of the Munsell Book of Color,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. 30, 609 (1940).

17. A. H. Munsell, “On a scale of color-values and a new photometer,” Technology Quarterly 18, 60 (1905).

18. D. B. Judd, “The 1931 I.C.I. standard observer and coordinate system for colorimetry,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. 23, 367 (1933).

19. W. de W. Abney, “On the change of hue of spectrum colors by dilution with white light,”’ Proc. Roy. Soc. London A83, 120 (1910); G. Révész, “Ueber die vom Weiss ausgehende Schwachung der Wirksamkeit farbiger Lichtreize (mit Anschluss einer Mitteilung des Herrn Prof. Dr. G. E. Miiller), Zeits. f. Sinnesphysiol. 41, 116 (1906).


text:
Page:The Mystery of the Blue Train.pdf/93

 very circumstances of her life had developed that self-will in her. It drove her now remorselessly. Well, the die was cast. She must go through with it now.

She looked up, and her eyes met those of the woman sitting opposite. She had a sudden fancy that in some way this other woman had read her mind. She saw in those grey eyes understanding andyescompassion.

It was only a fleeting impression. The faces of both women hardened to well-bred impassiveness. Mrs. Kettering took up a magazine, and Katherine Grey looked out of the window and watched a seemingly endless vista of depressing streets and suburban houses.

Ruth found an increasing difficulty in fixing her mind on the printed page in front of her. In spite of herself, a thousand apprehensions preyed on her mind. What a fool she had been! What a fool she was! Like all cool and self-sufficient people, when she did lose her self-control she lost it thoroughly. It was too late Was it too late? Oh, for some one to speak to, for some one to advise her. She had never before had such a wish; she would have scorned the idea of relying on any judgment other than her own, but nowwhat was the matter with her? Panic. Yes, that would describe it bestpanic. She, Ruth Kettering, was completely and utterly panic stricken.

She stole a covert glance at the figure opposite. If only she knew some one like that, some nice, cool, calm, sympathetic creature. That was the sort of person one could talk to. But you can’t, of course, confide in a stranger. And Ruth smiled to herself a little at the idea. She picked up the magazine again. Really she must control herself. After all, she had thought all this out.


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113* Therefore, says the Master Adversary, whenever man gives preference to human institutions and statutes rather than to the law of God, he chooses for himself other and foreign gods; whatever man loves, he loves in preference to Christ Jesus, and that is his god. Thus, when man chooses to obey the imperial statutes for the love of his possessions (that is, to regain them or to protect them by the authority of the Emperor and by abandoning the law of Christ) he chooses at the same time a strange god in the form of the Emperor and his law. There have been many learned discussions on the subject who the "Master Adversary" might be. The Czech word "Protiva" is derived from the verb "protiviti se," meaning "to resist," "to oppose," but also "to disgust," "to be repugnant," "to be offensive," so that the noun "protiva" could be a derivative of any of these meanings. It was thought for a time that Protiva was a proper name of a personage ( Jaroslav Goll, "Jes̄tē jednou – kdo jest Chelc̄icke̍ho mistr Protiva?" – "Once More – Who Is Chelc̄icky̍'s Master Protiva?" – in, vol.1, No.1, (1895), pp.47–49). However, Rys̄a̍nek in, 1915, p.269f, offered a solution which is today accepted as valid by most Slavists. Smeta̍nka, editor of the 1929 edition of the writes this in the preface (p.xv): "The word 'protiva' means 'adversary,' 'opponent'; Wyclif represents to Chelc̄icky̍ a perfect symbol, personification of resistance against the medieval Church; he is the Adversary, the  par excellence. If, therefore, he calls Wyclif the Adversary, it is meant as an honorific epithet, in a similar way in which the word 'Apostle' stood for Paul, the 'Philosopher' for Aristotle, or the Master of Sentences' for Peter Lombard." Further references: Kamil Krofta,, 1900, p.190f.; F.M.Bartos̄, C̄esky̍ c̄asopis historicky̍, vol.XVI, p.426.In this particular instance, the quotation ascribed to Wyclif does not actually come from his pen; it is rather an elaboration of a statement inserted into the free Czech translation of Wyclif's by Jakoubek of Str̄i̍bro; .Smetánka's edition of the , 1929, chap.XXII, n.14.

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114* This became so commonplace among the Christians that not only are they not conscious of it, but they boldly refuse to listen to or to believe anything that is said against it. And somewhere else the Master Adversary says that there is no doubt that it would become superfluous and useless to obey the imperial and civil laws and statutes if all mankind obeyed the law and rule of love. The farther mankind strays from the gospel of Christ, the more it needs to obey and abide by these imperial and civil laws. It is as if the people were fed by poison, for they accept human statutes as just and reject the law of the gospel of Christ as impractical.

(Wyclif certainly speaks wisely when he says, "there is no doubt" For if there were many who would correctly abide by the law of love, imperial and civil laws would be come superfluous; the law of love would be sufficient The civil law is, therefore, necessary – as a bitter vinegar, so to speak – for those who transgress the law of love. From sin sprang the necessity of royal offices and civil laws; they are here as punishment for disobeying God. He does not say that this , Chap. XVIII.

Possible reference to the story of Mithridates who trained himself to drink poison. (. Pliny,, XXIV, ii).

"supposito lapsu humani generis et cecitate proclivi bonis sensibilibus precipue innitendi, necesse fuit leges vel ordinaciones humanas statuere, ne quilibet lapsus de bonis fortune caperet cuantumcunque voluntas indebite inclinaret.", XVIII, 41-D.

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115* is the proper thing for mankind to do; it is there to support it only, let it (mankind) fall. Having gone astray from God the people have only their physical life which is tired and everywhere limping. Unable to stand nor walk they have to lean against these laws. When hurt by injustice they run to authorities with a complaint, and the authority orders a session of the court; both parties are compelled to attend the session and the court hands them the verdict. Punishment meted out by civil laws does not really fit the crime. It only assuages passions in the same way in which a gnawed bone pacifies a dog. If this sinful generation had no laws by which to abide, revenge would kill one party after another without end, till the whole of mankind would perish. But it lives on, tottering and burdened with evil, because it leans against laws.

However, those who live by the laws of love have a healthy and strong spiritual life. In times of iniquity, temptations and tribulations they can stand firm, suffering injustice and not returning evil for evil. They have no need of Judges and courts of appeal to carry them through difficult days of tension.

The Master Adversary says also: It can easily happen to the people nurtured by poison that it will accept as right only human edicts and statutes, rejecting the law of Christ as im-

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 me on a separate piece of paper. Do not consider yourself as confined to discussing only our sad affairs. I am interested in all that interests you."

1em

"My dear Miss ,—I thank you greatly for your kind letter, and your ready compliance with my proposal, as far as the will can go at least. I see, however, that your friends are unwilling that you should undertake the responsibility of accompanying me under present circumstances. But I do not think there would be any great responsibility in the matter. I know, and everybody knows, that you would be as kind and helpful as any one could possibly be, and I hope I should not be very troublesome. It would be as a companion, not as a nurse, that I should wish for your company; otherwise I should not venture to ask it. As for your kind and often-repeated invitation to, pray give my sincere thanks to your mother and sisters, but tell them I could not think of inflicting my presence upon them as I now am. It is very kind of them to make so light of the trouble, but still there must be more or less, and certainly no pleasure, from the society of a silent invalid stranger. I hope, however, that Charlotte will by some means make it possible to accompany me after all. She is certainly very delicate, and greatly needs a change of air and scene to renovate her constitution. And then your going with me before the end of May, is apparently out


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116* practical. That is to say, the confused Christian people have so many imperial, civil and pagan statutes and laws that they have become (saturated) with them as with poison. The true inner life perishes after the use of this poison and strays from God and His grace. They have become accustomed to eat and drink this poison in all human institutions and laws, and having been fattened by this poisonous food of errors, they intend to stick to these laws as if they were just or given by od, and to profit temporal gains in glory. For in doing this they enjoy their freedom of will and body, eschewing the tribulations of the cross of Christ, defending themselves at courts, not abstaining from corpore al goods and being free to mete out revenge and to return evil for evil. He who feeds on this poison enjoys freedom in evil things and can say nothing about such a pagan order except that it is good and just.

It is no wonder that people poisoned by this venomous food defile and reject the gospel of Christ as impractical. An interesting similarity of argument is found in another treatise on passive resistance, Etienne de la Boe̍tie's, publ. by the Columbia University Press in 1942 under the title ; "We learn to swallow, and not to find bitter, the venom of servitude. It cannot be denied that nature influential in shaping us to her will and making us reveal our rich or meager endowment; yet it must be admitted that she has less power over us than custom, for the reason that native endowment, no matter how good, is dissipated unless encouraged Fruit trees retain their own particular quality if permitted to grow undisturbed, but lose it promptly and bear strange fruit not their own when ingrafted." (P.20f).

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Page:Journal of the Optical Society of America, volume 30, number 12.pdf/11

 Soon, however, a move to Baltimore was effected, to quarters that would afford space for laboratory work, within a reasonable distance from the Bureau of Standards, and near to The Johns Hopkins University where Mr. Munsell intended to do such graduate work in physics and psychology as might help to carry out and incandescent illuminants by the method of the very general laboratory plans he was developing under Mr. Priest’s guidance. This move was made in June of 1923, Munsell, Nickerson, Carlson, and Bond making the move with the company. The headquarters of the Munsell Color Company have been at 10 East Franklin Street in Baltimore since that time.

Not long after this move Blanche Robertson (Bellamy), in August 1924, and Genevieve Becker (Reimann), in January 1925, were employed by the company. Mrs. Reimann left the company in 1929 but has continued with work that has included color specification. Mrs. Bellamy at the present writing is manager of the Munsell Color Company.

Under the advice and inspiration of, the Munsell Research Laboratory broadened its activities. During a year period, it supported considerable research activity in its own laboratory, and in those of the Bureau of Standards.

Mr. Priest advised that a standard for ““white light” must be adopted before color measurements, of Munsell or any other system, could be made most useful, and data for setting a standard were not available. Therefore, one of the first projects supported by the Munsell Research Laboratory at the Bureau of Standards aided in procuring fundamental data. In fact, a considerable part of the data used by Mr. Priest at the 1931 I.C.I. meeting, when a standard observer and standard illuminants were adopted, had been obtained during the course of work partially or wholly supported by the Munsell Research Laboratory.

Little of the work done either at the Bureau of Standards or at the Munsell Research Laboratory in Baltimore has been published, but the following reports of work supported by funds of the Munsell Research Laboratory have been read before the Optical Society (A designates abstract):

, “Progress on the determination of normal gray light”, (Oct., 1922, Meeting), J. Opt. Soc. Am. and Rev. Sci. Inst. 7, 72A (1923).

I. G. Priest and C. L. Cottrell, “The effect of various conditions upon the determination of the normal stimulus of gray,” (Oct., 1922, Meeting), J. Opt. Soc. Am. and Rev. Sci. Inst. 7, 73A (1923).

I. G. Priest, “The colorimetry and photometry of daylight rotatory dispersion,’’ (Oct., 1922, Meeting), J. Opt. Soc. Am. and Rev. Sci. Inst. 7, 75A (1923); 7, 1175 (1923); Trans. I. E. S. 18, 861 (1928).

I. G. Priest, “Preliminary data on the color of daylight at Washington,” (Oct., 1922, Meeting), J. Opt. Soc. Am. and Rev. Sci. Inst. 7, 78A (1923).

I. G. Priest, “Apparatus for the determination of color in terms of dominant wavelength, purity and brightness,” (Oct., 1923, Meeting), J. Opt. Soc. Am. and Rev. Sci. Inst. 8, 28A (1924); 8, 173 (1924).

Priest, Gibson and Munsell, “A comparison of experimental values of dominant wavelength and purity with their values computed from the spectral distribution of the stimulus,”’ (Oct., 1923, Meeting), J. Opt. Soc. Am. and Rev. Sci. Inst. 8, 28A (1924).

Priest, McNicholas and Frehafer, “Some tests of the precision and reliability of measurements of spectral transmission by the Konig-Martens spectrophotometer,”’ (Oct., 1923, Meeting), J. Opt. Soc. Am. and Rev. Sci. Inst. 8, 30A (1924); 8, 201 (1924).

Munsell, Priest and Gibson, “Specification of color in terms three to four of dominant wavelength, purity and brightness,” (Oct., 1924, Meeting), J. Opt. Soc. Am. and Rev. Sci. Inst. 10, 291A (1925).

I. G. Priest, “Gray skies and white snow,” (Feb., 1925, Meeting), J. Opt. Soc. Am. and Rev. Sci. Inst. 11, 133A (1925); J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 15, 306 (1925).

K. S. Gibson and, “A spectrophotometric analysis of the Lovibond color system,” (Oct. 1925, Meeting), J. Opt. Soc. Am. and Rev. Sci. Inst. 12, 481A (1926); Sci. Pap. Bur. Stand. 22, 1 (1927-28); S547.

I. G. Priest, “Standard artificial sunlight for colorimetric purposes,’’ (Oct., 1925, Meeting), J. Opt. Soc. Am. and Rev. Sci. Inst. 12, 479A (1926).

and P. Reeves, “Value sensitivity and value scales,” (Oct., 1925, Meeting), J. Opt. Soc. Am. and Rev. Sci. Inst. 12, 481A (1926).

D. B. Judd, “The computation of colorimetric purity,” (Oct., 1925, Meeting), J. Opt. Soc. Am. and Rev. Sci. Inst. 12, 482A (1926); 13, 133 (1926).

I. G. Priest, “An experiment bearing on the adoption of a standard neutral stimulus in colorimetry: the choice as between ‘sun’ and ‘equal energy’,” (Feb., 1926, Meeting), J. Opt. Soc. Am. and Rev. Sci. Inst. 13, 306A (1926).

I. G. Priest and, “The minimum per ceptible colorimetric purity as a function of dominant wavelength with sunlight as neutral standard,” (Feb., 1926, Meeting), J. Opt. Soc. Am. and Rev. Sci. Inst. 13, 306A (1926); J. Opt. Soc. Am. 28, 133 (1938).


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 of the question, unless you are disappointed in your visitors; but I should be reluctant to wait till then, if the weather would at all permit an earlier departure. You say May is a trying month, and so say others. The earlier part is often cold enough, I acknowledge, but, according to my experience, we are almost certain of some fine warm days in the latter half, when the laburnums and lilacs are in bloom; whereas June is often cold, and July generally wet. But I have a more serious reason than this for my impatience of delay. The doctors say that change of air or removal to a better climate would hardly ever fail of success in consumptive cases, if the remedy were taken in time; but the reason why there are so many disappointments is, that it is generally deferred till it is too late. Now I would not commit this error; and, to say the truth, though I suffer much less from pain and fever than I did when you were with us, I am decidedly weaker, and very much thinner. My cough still troubles me a good deal, especially in the night, and, what seems worse than all, I am subject to great shortness of breath on going upstairs or any slight exertion. Under these circumstances, I think there is no time to be lost. I have no horror of death: if I thought it inevitable, I think I could quietly resign myself to the prospect, in the hope that you, dear Miss, would give as much of your company as you possibly could to Charlotte, and be a sister to her in my stead. But I wish it would please God to spare me, not only for Papa's and Charlotte's sakes, but because I long to do some good in the world before I leave it. I have


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 revision first suggested by the Priest, Gibson, McNicholas report.

The result was the publication in 1929 of a book of charts known as the Munsell Book of Color, to distinguish it from the Atlas of the Munsell Color System which it was intended to replace. The work of producing the charts was completed under the direction of Walter M. Scott, service director of the Munsell Color Company, 1928-30. For the Book of Color, F. G. Cooper wrote a foreword and explanation of color which has been reprinted separately as a Manual of Color.

Except to those who used Munsell papers for purposes of color measurement, the new papers were not different enough from the old ones to cause any difficulty. In general, teachers liked the form of the new charts (made available in a pocket-size edition as well as the larger 8½×12 charts of the standard edition), and since the charts were used by them for teaching the relation of colors, rather than for matching colors, they were well satisfied.

The Munsell company, particularly during the period of research activity, had developed a certain amount of consulting business, chiefly in relation to the preparation of standard colors, and color scales for specific purposes. Thus there were prepared the Flagg-haemoglobinometer, and meat-grading scales for the Department of Agriculture, both washable, made on a clear celluloid base. The preparation of a color chart for use in advisory work by the Clothing Information Bureau of the Filene Company in Boston is another example. Applications of the Munsell system to the textile industry were made while Dr. Scott was with the company. Standards for soap colors, for scales to measure detergent power, to measure smoke deposit—all such problems, and many more, were handled during the 1921-30 period.

Although the trend of thinking in the company during those years was along scientific rather than art educational lines, the actual business of the company (it never has made a profit, nor has it ever employed a salesman) was in supplying art educational materials for teaching the Munsell system. And this field was not entirely neglected by the research activities of the laboratory, for Milton E. Bond, while he was with the company, produced many pieces of illustrative work; Byron G. Culver of the Rochester Art Institute completed the manuscript of a book for teaching color; a summer school session was held under the leadership of Royal B. Farnum and Byron G. Culver in 1926; and Color News was published by the Research Laboratory for three years, 1924-27.

After the publication of the Book of Color in 1929, Mr. Munsell, who felt that the chief object of the laboratory had now been accomplished, began to devote himself to other interests. Thus he withdrew more and more from color activities, until in 1933 a complete break was made of all formal connection with the company. Whenever near enough, he has been available for consultation by whomever has been in charge of the company, for he is still interested in the work although he prefers that it be a side line rather than a lifework.

In 1930 the Munsell Color Company attempted, for a time, to turn over the distribution of supplies to Universal Color Standards, Inc., a Baltimore company formed for that purpose. But the attempt was not successful, and the Munsell company soon resumed the handling of those supplies which they make or publish themselves.

About 1929 a new Munsell universal photometer was developed, and in the early 1930's, during the time that the late Walter T. Spry was manager of the company (1933-1938), new types of school charts were produced. Arrangements also were made to handle the sale of the Pfund instruments, thus adding color and paint measuring instruments to the color publications and special charts which previously had been the greater part of the Munsell business.

Since Mr. Spry’s death in 1938, Blanche R. Bellamy has been manager of the company where she is continuing its scientific tradition by sup


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117* On the contrary, his law saddens and disturbs them while the poisonous law pleases them. The law of the gospel requires that they suffer blows on the cheek and that, if anyone should sue them and take their coat, they let him have their cloak as well thus adding self-injury to injury. Therefore the people living on a diet of poison – which has been poured also into the holy Church – corrupt Christ's law with the saliva of garlic and insult from the wise magistrates; their civil service wisdom smells like garlic eaten after a fast they know how wisely to defame the simplicity of the gospel of Christ, sufficient and vigorous.

Well then, to return to where we began, what do we say about the Emperor entering faith with pagan rule and statutes and offices? It is clear that – as has then been said – this was "" It was not poured in without purpose, but that all people drink it, that all Matt. 5: 39–40.

This passage shows a definite Waldensian influence. It represents an echo of the Waldensian version of the legend of. Among the Austrian Waldenses the legend took on the following shape: The "manager" of the Church of God in the days of the rule of Emperor Constantine was "a certain Sylvester of Rome" who, being persecuted, led a miserable life "with his people on Mount Sirachia." Moved by a dream which he had had one night the Emperor asked to be baptized. [sic]by Sylvester. Once baptized, the Emperor was miraculously cured from leprosy. (Continued).

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118* countries and nations be poisoned to death with this corporeal and worldly wisdom. And this wisdom is the foundation of the power of the Emperor and his laws; and drinking this poison through his laws (the people) turn their whole mind to caring about comfort, licentious freedom, temporal goods, to obtain these things through cunning, to increase their profits through weal or woe, to gain privileges from kings or to win these privileges back if lost. For all this they invent clever defenses and fortifications for warfare

This law has converted Christians into pagans. And now, satiated with the poison of the worldly and physical wisdom, they despise the law of Christ. They consider it a ridiculous foolishness which only exposes their fat bellies. And so they not only scorn it as useless, but are even ready to oppose any one who dares to parade the uncomfortable law of Christ before their noses. You would think it were arsenic!

The Emperor, overjoyed by his recovery, stopped persecuting the Christians and their leader Sylvester; he even gave Sylvester "the imperial crown and dignity." Sylvester accepted the "donation" but his companions protested saying that "they have a commandment from the Lord, not to possess any land." On the night of the day in which the split occurred a voice from heaven was heard saying: "Today poison has been poured into the Church of God." The Christians departed from "Sylvester the arch-heretic upon hearing this voice" and continued to lead a life of poverty and renunciation. However, the greater part of the Church followed Sylvester and the hatred of these "pseudo-Christians" caused the persecution of the true "pauperes Christi" for many generations as if they were heathens or Jews. 3em

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119* The poison of worldly wisdom is best revealed in that it leaves people wounded and turned away from God, hateful and scheming how to rise up against truth. They whose veins are filled with the earthly poison consider truth their worst enemy Yea, when the Emperor joined Christian faith with pagan lordship he has planted a seed which grew and bore multitudes of transgressors, who prospered and produced such a terrible number of evils that not even the devil himself could invent them all. All these wicked and pious hordes, coated with a veneer of specious holiness have so discredited faith that very few are willing to follow it. They turned the rest of the crowd to paganism.

Only that can sprout and grow which has been planted. The Emperor has been planted with his authority into the Christian soil, he grew strongly and having grown, blossomed and produced seed which, planted, multiplied and spread paganism everywhere with its authority, laws, and administration. For, it being in the nature of paganism to deny all faith and all the gospel of

These persecuted remnants finally gathered around the person of Peter Waldo who simply "corrected their order" (i.e. he did not found it!); he also studied the Scripture and inspired them to action "in accordance with the way of poverty." Hence the origin of the Waldensians. By this legend the Waldensians wanted to justify their separation from the Church of Rome and their continuity as true descendants of the original "pure" Church. Chelcicky is much closer to this Waldensian interpretation of the Donation than to Wyclif's; on it he bases his logic of separation of "Christ" and "Caesar." Rudolf Holinka,, Prague, Melantrich, 1940, p.30f.

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120* Christ, and to ridicule it, authority is of necessity driven back to check it cruelly, while it prospers on arrogant pride, and on godless villainy without comparison. Authority is necessarily driven to check it (the Gospel) cruelly, to torture, to tear, to plunder, to imprison and all this in order to tame the uncircumcised mind of the evildoers and to put them in their proper place.

This course is not the way of faith and salvation; it is good only for the taming of unjust people in their physical lives and temporal goods and for preventing their fall and end on account of their excessive stupidity and temper.

Chap. XIV, p.83*.

1-Pe.3:9.

There have been many learned discussions on the subject who the "Master Adversary" might be. The Czech word "Protiva" is derived from the verb "protiviti se," meaning "to resist," "to oppose," but also "to disgust," "to be repugnant," "to be offensive," so that the noun "protiva" could be a derivative of any of these meanings. It was thought for a time that Protiva was a proper name of a personage ( Jaroslav Goll, "Jes̄tē jednou – kdo jest Chelc̄icke̍ho mistr Protiva?" – "Once More – Who Is Chelc̄icky̍'s Master Protiva?" – in, vol.1, No.1, (1895), pp.47–49). However, Rys̄a̍nek in, 1915, p.269f, offered a solution which is today accepted as valid by most Slavists. Smeta̍nka, editor of the 1929 edition of the writes this in the preface (p.xv): "The word 'protiva' means 'adversary,' 'opponent'; Wyclif represents to Chelc̄icky̍ a perfect symbol, personification of resistance against the medieval Church; he is the Adversary, the  par excellence. If, therefore, he calls Wyclif the Adversary, it is meant as an honorific epithet, in a similar way in which the word 'Apostle' stood for Paul, the 'Philosopher' for Aristotle, or the Master of Sentences' for Peter Lombard." Further references: Kamil Krofta,, 1900, p.190f.; F.M.Bartos̄, C̄esky̍ c̄asopis historicky̍, vol.XVI, p.426.In this particular instance, the quotation ascribed to Wyclif does not actually come from his pen; it is rather an elaboration of a statement inserted into the free Czech translation of Wyclif's by Jakoubek of Str̄i̍bro; .Smetánka's edition of the , 1929, chap.XXII, n.14.

, Chap. XVIII.

Possible reference to the story of Mithridates who trained himself to drink poison. (. Pliny,, XXIV, ii).

"supposito lapsu humani generis et cecitate proclivi bonis sensibilibus precipue innitendi, necesse fuit leges vel ordinaciones humanas statuere, ne quilibet lapsus de bonis fortune caperet cuantumcunque voluntas indebite inclinaret.", XVIII, 41-D.

An interesting similarity of argument is found in another treatise on passive resistance, Etienne de la Boe̍tie's, publ. by the Columbia University Press in 1942 under the title ; "We learn to swallow, and not to find bitter, the venom of servitude. It cannot be denied that nature influential in shaping us to her will and making us reveal our rich or meager endowment; yet it must be admitted that she has less power over us than custom, for the reason that native endowment, no matter how good, is dissipated unless encouraged Fruit trees retain their own particular quality if permitted to grow undisturbed, but lose it promptly and bear strange fruit not their own when ingrafted." (P.20f).

Matt. 5: 39–40.

This passage shows a definite Waldensian influence. It represents an echo of the Waldensian version of the legend of. Among the Austrian Waldenses the legend took on the following shape: The "manager" of the Church of God in the days of the rule of Emperor Constantine was "a certain Sylvester of Rome" who, being persecuted, led a miserable life "with his people on Mount Sirachia." Moved by a dream which he had had one night the Emperor asked to be baptized. [sic]by Sylvester. Once baptized, the Emperor was miraculously cured from leprosy. The Emperor, overjoyed by his recovery, stopped persecuting the Christians and their leader Sylvester; he even gave Sylvester "the imperial crown and dignity." Sylvester accepted the "donation" but his companions protested saying that "they have a commandment from the Lord, not to possess any land." On the night of the day in which the split occurred a voice from heaven was heard saying: "Today poison has been poured into the Church of God." The Christians departed from "Sylvester the arch-heretic upon hearing this voice" and continued to lead a life of poverty and renunciation. However, the greater part of the Church followed Sylvester and the hatred of these "pseudo-Christians" caused the persecution of the true "pauperes Christi" for many generations as if they were heathens or Jews. These persecuted remnants finally gathered around the person of Peter Waldo who simply "corrected their order" (i.e. he did not found it!); he also studied the Scripture and inspired them to action "in accordance with the way of poverty." Hence the origin of the Waldensians. By this legend the Waldensians wanted to justify their separation from the Church of Rome and their continuity as true descendants of the original "pure" Church. Chelcicky is much closer to this Waldensian interpretation of the Donation than to Wyclif's; on it he bases his logic of separation of "Christ" and "Caesar." Rudolf Holinka,, Prague, Melantrich, 1940, p.30f.

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I take Charlotte's own words as the best record of her thoughts and feelings during all this terrible time.

1em

"I read Anne's letter to you; it was touching enough, as you say. If there were no hope beyond this world,—no eternity,—no life to come,—Emily's fate, and that which threatens Anne, would be heart-breaking. I cannot forget Emily's death-day; it becomes a more fixed, a darker, a more frequently recurring idea in my mind than ever. It was very terrible. She was torn,


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 many schemes in my head for future practice—humble and limited indeed—but still I should not like them all to come to nothing, and myself to have lived to so little purpose. But God's will be done. Remember me respectfully to your mother and sisters, and believe me, dear Miss, yours most affectionately,

."

It must have been about this time that Anne composed her last verses, before "the desk was closed, and the pen laid aside for ever."


text:
Parisi v. Davidson (405 U.S. 34)/Concurrence Douglas

[p46] MR. JUSTICE DOUGLAS, concurring in the result.

I agree with the Court's view that habeas corpus is an overriding remedy to test the jurisdiction of the military to try or to detain a person. The classic case is Ex parte Milligan, 4 Wall. 2, where habeas corpus was issued on behalf of a civilian tried and convicted in Indiana by a military tribunal. During the Civil War all civil courts in that State were open and federal authority had always been unopposed. While the President [p47] and the Congress had "suspended" the writ, id., at 115, the suspension, said the Court, went no further than to relieve the military from producing in the habeas corpus court the person held or detained. "The Constitution goes no further. It does not say after a writ of habeas corpus is denied a citizen, that he shall be tried otherwise than by the course of the common law; if it had intended this result, it was easy by the use of direct words to have accomplished it." Id., at 126.

Mr. Chief Justice Taney in Ex parte Merryman, 17 F. Cas. 144 (No. 9,487) (CC Md. 1861), held that the President alone had no authority to suspend the writ, a position that Lincoln did not honor. To date, the question has never been resolved, and its decision is not relevant to the present case. I mention the matter because of the constitutional underpinning of the writ of habeas corpus. Article I of the Constitution, in describing the powers of the legislative branch, states in § 9 that: "The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may require it."

The Court has consistently reaffirmed the preferred place of the Great Writ in our constitutional system. Fay v. Noia, 372 U.S. 391, 400; Smith v. Bennett, 365 U.S. 708, 713.

Article III, § 1, gives Congress the power to "ordain and establish" inferior federal courts; and § 2 subjects the "appellate Jurisdiction" of this Court to "such Exceptions, and... such Regulations as the Congress shall make." Once Congress withdrew from this Court its appellate jurisdiction in habeas corpus cases. See Ex parte McCardle, 6 Wall. 318, 7 Wall. 506. An Act of Congress passed by the very first Congress provided for the issuance of the writ. But as Chief Justice Marshall said in Ex parte Bollman, 4 Cranch 75, 95, "for if the means be not in existence, the privilege [p48] itself would be lost, although now law for its suspension should be enacted." It is also true that "the meaning of the term habeas corpus" is ascertained by resort "to the common law;" yet "the power to award the writ by any of the courts of the United States, must be given by written law." Id., at 93-94.

What courts may do is dependent on statutes, save as their jurisdiction is defined by the Constitution. What federal judges may do, however, is a distinct question. Authority to prevent constitutional rights of individuals is inherent in the authority of a federal judge, conformably with Acts of Congress. The mandate in Art. I, § 9, that "The Privilege of the Writ... shall not be suspended" must mean that its issuance, in a proper case or controversy, is an implied power of any federal judge.

We have ruled that even without congressional statutes enforcing constitutional rights, the federal judges have authority to enforce the federal guarantee. Fay v. New York, 332 U.S. 261, 283-284, 285, 293; Katzenbach v. Morgan, 384 U.S. 641, 647. Those cases involved protests by individuals against state action. Certainly the military does not stand in a preferred position.

The matter is germane to the present problem. For here the military is charged with exceeding its proper bounds in seeking to punish a person for claiming his statutory and constitutional exemption from military [p49] service. The conflict between military prerogatives and civilian judicial authority is as apparent in this case as it was in Ex parte Milligan. A person who appropriately shows that he is exempt from military duty may not be punished for failure to submit. The question is not one of comity between military and civilian tribunals. One overriding function of habeas corpus is to enable the civilian authority to keep the military within bounds. The Court properly does just that in the opinion announced today.

While the Court of Military Appeals has the authority to issue the writ of habeas corpus, Noyd v. Bond, 395 U.S. 683, 695 n. 7; Levy v. Resor, 17 U.S.C.M.A. 135, 37 C.M.R. 399, we have never held that a challenge to the military's jurisdiction to try a person must first be sought there rather than in a federal district court. Of [p50] course, where comity prevails, as it does between state and federal courts, federal habeas corpus will be denied where state habeas corpus or a like remedy is available but has not been utilized. Ex parte Hawk, 321 U.S. 114. A petitioner must, indeed, pursue his alleged state remedies until it is shown that they do not exist or have been futilely invoked.

The principle of comity was invoked by Congress when it wrote in 28 U.S.C. § 2254 that federal habeas corpus shall not be granted a person in state custody "unless it appears that the applicant has exhausted the remedies available in the courts of the State." That principle of comity is important in the operation of our federal system, for both the States and the Federal Government [p51] are administering programs relating to criminal justice. See Fay v. Noia, 372 U.S. 391. But "the principles of federalism which enlighten the law of federal habeas corpus for state prisoners are not relevant," Noyd v. Bond, 395 U.S., at 694, to analogous questions involving military prisoners. Military proceedings are different. As we said in O'Callahan v. Parker, 395 U.S. 258, 265, "A court-martial is not yet an independent instrument of justice but remains to a significant degree a specialized part of the overall mechanism by which military discipline is preserved."

Comity is "a doctrine which teaches that one court should defer action on causes properly within its jurisdiction until the courts of another sovereignty with concurrent powers, and already cognizant of the litigation, have had an opportunity to pass upon the matter." Darr v. Burford, 339 U.S. 200, 204. But the Pentagon is not yet sovereign. The military is simply another administrative agency, insofar as judicial review is concerned. Cf. Comment, 43 S. Cal. L. Rev. 356, 377-378. While we have stated in the past that special deference is due the military decisionmaking process, Gusik v. Schilder, 340 U.S. 128, this is so neither because of "comity," nor the sanctity of the Executive Branch, but because of a concern for the effect of judicial intervention on morale and military discipline, and because of the civilian judiciary's general unfamiliarity with "extremely technical provisions of the Uniform Code [of Military Justice] which have no analogs in civilian jurisprudence," Noyd v. Bond, supra, at 696.

[p52] The "special expertise" argument is often employed by the defenders of the military court system. Thus, the argument was advanced—and rejected—that the civilian judges who were to staff the Court of Military Appeals could not do service, absent military experience, to the complicated, technical niceties of military law. See, [p53] e.g., 96 Cong. Rec. 1305-1306. But civilian courts must deal with equally arcane matters in such areas as patent, admiralty, tax, antitrust, and bankruptcy law, on a daily basis.

Our system of specialized military courts, though "necessary to an effective national defense establishment," O'Callahan v. Parker, 395 U.S., at 265, has roots in a system almost alien to the system of justice provided by the Bill of Rights, by Art. III, and by the special provision for habeas corpus contained in Art. I, § 9. Military law is primarily an instrument of discipline and a "military trial is marked by the age-old manifest destiny of retributive justice." Id., at 266. For the sake of discipline and orderliness a person in the military service must normally follow the military administrative procedure and exhaust its requirements. Gusik v. Schilder, 340 U.S. 128. But once those administrative remedies are exhausted, he must then be permitted to resort to civilian courts to make sure the the military regime acts [p54] within the scope of statutes governing the problem and any constitutional requirements. To repeat, both statutes and the Constitution are implicated in the claims of conscientious objectors.

Petitioner claims to be a conscientious objector and therefore not subject to military orders. He was charged with refusing to obey a military order sending him to Vietnam and has been convicted of that offense. While the court-martial charges against him were pending, he exhausted all administrative remedies for relief from the Army's denial of his conscientious objector application. In theory he could pursue his remedies within the military system by appealing the conviction or seeking habeas corpus in the Court of Military Appeals. But he need go no further than to exhaust his administrative remedies for overruling the decision that he was not a conscientious objector. If there is a statutory or constitutional reason why he should not obey the order of the Army, that agency is overreaching when it punishes him for his refusal.

The Army has a separate discipline of its own and obviously is fills a special need. But matters of the mind and spirit, rooted in the First Amendment, are not in the [p54] keeping of the military. Civil liberty and the military regime have an "antagonism" that is "irreconcilable." Ex parte Milligan, 4 Wall., at 124, 125. When the military steps over those bounds, it leaves the area of its expertise and forsakes its domain. The matter then becomes one for civilian courts to resolve, consistent with the statutes and with the Constitution.


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 children had become sick close in time to when he was tending the mice. The worker stated that he was instructed to discard any dead mice that he found into a dumpster. The worker thereafter stopped communicating with officials. Local officials later confirmed that “UMI and Prestige Biotech were disposing of deceased laboratory mice, considered to be medical waste, without the use of a licensed medical waste hauler.”

Shortly thereafter, Prestige Biotech representative Xiuqin Yao emailed City of Reedley officials and asked about the mice. She stated that the mice were a “special purebred population that took six years to build up” and are “of special significance in the study of immunology and oncology.” Yao furthermore said that the transgenic mice were “biological assets” that were worth “hundreds of thousands or even one million” dollars. Yao said that she cannot go to the Reedley Biolab, as she is currently in the PRC and unable to enter the United States due to a visa backlog. Despite repeated requests, she “failed to provide any certifications or licenses from any state or federal agency for storage and experimentation on mice and other laboratory activities” at the Reedley Biolab. Moreover, the “[p]roperty, UMI and Prestige Biotech were not listed as a licensed laboratory” and were likewise “not registered with CDPH as a medical waste generator.”

Ultimately, while the City of Reedley tried to care for the transgenic mice, their condition continued to deteriorate. Reedley retained a veterinarian specializing in laboratory specimens that the California Department of Public Health (CDPH) recommended. On March 24, it had the veterinarian review the transgenic mice for risk of biohazards. She confirmed the earlier assessments of overcrowding and inhumane conditions. When on site, she found 773 living mice and another 172 mice carcasses. She saw evidence of cannibalism, including the devouring of newborn mice, severe fight wounds, and indications of high stress. As of the time of her review, the veterinarian did not identify any immediate risk to humans

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Hello intro to Id.
Ibiden or obidem or ibidem or Id. in my langueg or dialaetc means Ibidem or oncore. it sometimes means "again" ., ., ., i think ., ., like Encore in Poke`mon. or pokemon if you speak my language or if u speak my language.

I read or readed on WikiPedia or wikcitionary or WikciTionary.org that wiktionary.com or .comme that Id' means Idem' in latin.

ok thank you for listening Lizenge (talk) 00:13, 7 February 2024 (UTC)


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 conscious, panting, reluctant, though resolute, out of a happy life. But it will not do to dwell on these things.

"I am glad your friends object to your going with Anne: it would never do. To speak truth, even if your mother and sisters had consented, I never could. It is not that there is any laborious attention to pay her; she requires, and will accept, but little nursing; but there would be hazard, and anxiety of mind, beyond what you ought to be subject to. If, a month or six weeks hence, she continues to wish for a change as much as she does now, I shall (D. V.) go with her myself. It will certainly be my paramount duty; other cares must be made subservient to that. I have consulted Mr. T: he does not object, and recommends Scarborough, which was Anne's own choice. I trust affairs may be so ordered, that you may be able to be with us at least part of the time Whether in lodgings or not, I should wish to be boarded. Providing oneself is, I think, an insupportable nuisance. I don't like keeping provisions in a cupboard, locking up, being pillaged, and all that. It is a petty, wearing annoyance."

The progress of Anne's illness was slower than that of Emily's had been; and she was too unselfish to refuse trying means, from which, if she herself had little hope of benefit, her friends might hereafter derive a mournful satisfaction.

"I began to flatter myself she was getting strength. But the change to frost has told upon her; she suffers more of late. Still her illness has none of the fearful


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 rapid symptoms which appalled in Emily's case. Could she only get over the spring, I hope summer may do much for her, and then early removal to a warmer locality for the winter might, at least, prolong her life. Could we only reckon upon another year, I should be thankful; but can we do this for the healthy? A few days ago I wrote to have Dr. Forbes' opinion He warned us against entertaining sanguine hopes of recovery. The cod-liver oil he considers a peculiarly efficacious medicine. He, too, disapproved of change of residence for the present. There is some feeble consolation in thinking we are doing the very best that can be done. The agony of forced, total neglect, is not now felt, as during Emily's illness. Never may we be doomed to feel such agony again. It was terrible. I have felt much less of the disagreeable pains in my chest lately, and much less also of the soreness and hoarseness. I tried an application of hot vinegar, which seemed to do good."

1em

"I was glad to hear that when we go to Scarborough, you will be at liberty to go with us, but the journey and its consequences still continue a source of great anxiety to me; I must try to put it off two or three weeks longer if I can; perhaps by that time the milder season may have given Anne more strength,—perhaps it will be otherwise; I cannot tell. The change to fine weather has not proved beneficial to her so far. She has sometimes been so weak, and suffered so much from pain in


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DECEMBER, 1940

HREE reports have been made by the National Bureau of Standards on papers representative of the Munsell color system: First, a very early report (No. 10,696) dated February 28, 1912, from P. G. Nutting to A. H. Munsell, giving dominant wave-length, percent white, and the reflection coefficient on six cards, which included the principal hues at 5/5, submitted to the Bureau by Mr. Munsell (1) ; second, report No. 23,998 dated June, 1919, to the Munsell Color Company (later published as Bureau of Standards Technologic Paper No. 167 by Priest, Gibson, and McNicholas) (2) giving spectro-photometric data on nine neutral grays and three samples of each of the five principal hues; and third, report No. 46,045 (1), dated September 14, 1926, on “The spectral reflection of 70 representative colored cards from the Munsell color system.” This third report was made to the Munsell Research Laboratory as a part of the cooperative work then being carried on between the two laboratories under the supervision of I. G. Priest, at that time chief of the Colorimetry Section, National Bureau of Standards, and A. E. O. Munsell, Director of the Munsell Research Laboratory.

The first report is not based on spectrophotoetric data, and was made before publication of the complete Atlas of the Munsell Color System (3), but it is noted here because it indicates that from a very early date A. H. Munsell was intent upon standardization, particularly of the five basic “middle colors” around which his system was built. The second report has been published (2) and is therefore a matter of record. The data of the third report, obtained in 1926, are published for the first time in this paper.

For this 1926 test 70 samples were selected by A. E. O. Munsell for measurement, and submitted, not only as an exemplification of the Munsell system as it existed in 1926 but as an exemplification, as far as it was then possible, of the original system developed by A. H. Munsell. The samples were either the original paintings which had been kept unexposed in the files, or, where such were not available, duplicates that had been made to match the originals as accurately as possible whenever the supply of an original color was nearly exhausted. The samples were submitted in sheets 8 by 8 inches square, and were representative of the most highly saturated colors of the system as it then existed. Their Munsell notations are given in.

Notations of the 70 Munsell Atlas samples measured at the National Bureau of Standards in 1926, NBS test 46,045.

Three instruments were used to obtain the spectrophotometric data given in the 1926 report, all of the values being expressed relative to freshly prepared magnesium oxide.

Diffuse illumination, normal reflection, visual method

The König-Martens spectrophotometer with auxiliary equipment (4) was used to obtain data under these conditions. Measurements were made at every 20 mμ from 420 to 720 mμ. In


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 the side, during the last few days, that I have not known what to think She may rally again, and be much better, but there must be some improvement before I can feel justified in taking her away from home. Yet to delay is painful; for, as is always the case, I believe, under her circumstances, she seems herself not half conscious of the necessity for such delay. She wonders, I believe, why I don't talk more about the journey: it grieves me to think she may even be hurt by my seeming tardiness. She is very much emaciated,—far more than when you were with us; her arms are no thicker than a little child's. The least exertion brings a shortness of breath. She goes out a little every day, but we creep rather than walk Papa continues pretty well;—I hope I shall be enabled to bear up. So far, I have reason for thankfulness to God."

May had come, and brought the milder weather longed for; but Anne was worse for the very change. A little later on, it became colder, and she rallied, and poor Charlotte began to hope that, if May were once over, she might last for a long time. Miss Brontë wrote to engage the lodgings at Scarborough,—a place which Anne had formerly visited with the family to whom she was governess. They took a good-sized sitting-room, and an airy double-bedded room (both commanding a sea-view), in one of the best situations of the town. Money was as nothing in comparison with life; besides, Anne had a small legacy left to her by her


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 godmother, and they felt that she could not better employ this than in obtaining what might prolong life, if not restore health. On May 16th, Charlotte writes:

"It is with a heavy heart I prepare; and earnestly do I wish the fatigue of the journey were well over. It may be borne better than I expect; for temporary stimulus often does much; but when I see the daily increasing weakness, I know not what to think. I fear you will be shocked when you see Anne; but be on your guard, dear E, not to express your feelings; indeed, I can trust both your self-possession and your kindness. I wish my judgment sanctioned the step of going to Scarborough, more fully than it does. You ask how I have arranged about leaving Papa. I could make no special arrangement. He wishes me to go with Anne, and would not hear of Mr. N's coming, or anything of that kind; so I do what I believe is for the best, and leave the result to Providence."

They planned to rest and spend a night at York; and, at Anne's desire, arranged to make some purchases there. Charlotte ends the letter to her friend, in which she tells her all this, with—

1em

"I wish it seemed less like a dreary mockery in us to talk of buying bonnets, &c. Anne was very ill yesterday. She had difficulty of breathing all day, even when sitting perfectly still. To-day she seems better again. I long for the moment to come when the experiment of


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 the sea-air will be tried. Will it do her good? I cannot tell; I can only wish. Oh! if it would please God to strengthen and revive Anne, how happy we might be together: His will, however, be done!"

The two sisters left Haworth on Thursday, May 24th. They were to have done so the day before, and had made an appointment with their friend to meet them at the Leeds Station, in order that they might all proceed together. But on Wednesday morning Anne was so ill, that it was impossible for the sisters to set out; yet they had no means of letting their friend know of this, and she consequently arrived at the Leeds station at the time specified. There she sate waiting for several hours. It struck her as strange at the time—and it almost seems ominous to her fancy now—that twice over, from two separate arrivals on the line by which she was expecting her friends, coffins were carried forth, and placed in hearses which were in waiting for their dead, as she was waiting for one in four days to become so.

The next day she could bear suspense no longer, and set out for Haworth, reaching there just in time to carry the feeble, fainting invalid into the chaise which stood at the gate to take them down to Keighley. The servant who stood at the Parsonage gates, saw Death written on her face, and spoke of it. Charlotte saw it and did not speak of it,—it would have been giving the dread too distinct a form; and if this last darling yearned for the change to Scarborough, go she should, however Charlotte's heart might be wrung by impending


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 fear. The lady who accompanied them, Charlotte's beloved friend of more than twenty years, has kindly written out for me the following account of the journey—and of the end.

"She left her home May 24th, 1849—died May 28th. Her life was calm, quiet, spiritual: such was her end. Through the trials and fatigues of the journey, she evinced the pious courage and fortitude of a martyr. Dependence and helplessness were ever with her a far sorer trial than hard, racking pain.

"The first stage of our journey was to York; and here the dear invalid was so revived, so cheerful, and so happy, we drew consolation, and trusted that at least temporary improvement was to be derived from the change which she had so longed for, and her friends had so dreaded for her.

"By her request we went to the Minster, and to her it was an overpowering pleasure; not for its own imposing and impressive grandeur only, but because it brought to her susceptible nature a vital and overwhelming sense of omnipotence. She said, while gazing at the structure, 'If finite power can do this, what is the ?' and here emotion stayed her speech, and she was hastened to a less exciting scene.

"Her weakness of body was great, but her gratitude for every mercy was greater. After such an exertion as walking to her bed-room, she would clasp her hands and raise her eyes in silent thanks, and she did this not to the exclusion of wonted prayer, for that too was per-


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Rh Tumblers. Many discussions have arisen as to the origin of this name. Moore, the earliest writer who notices the breed, speaks of it as "the Ermine Tumbler, vulgarly called the Almond." We cannot but think this a mistake, as the markings on the bird show no resemblance whatever to what is known as ermine, either in the animal so called, which is white and black, or in heraldry. Possibly the term may have arisen from the comparison of the general ground-colour of the bird with that of the shell of an almond; but even the author of the "Treatise," who gave the first good description of the breed, says he is at a loss to explain the meaning of the name.

In treating of this breed, we do so with some considerable anxiety, hardly daring to hope that our statements will meet with general assent amongst fanciers, who are divided amongst themselves as to what constitutes the greatest merit in the breed; some estimating the closest approach in the form of the head and beak to the ideal standard of perfection, as the highest merit, whilst others think that the perfection of the singular feather is the more important desideratum. Under these conflicting circumstances, we think it will be desirable to present our readers with the opposite views, as stated by some of the most celebrated of their respective champions. Mr. F. Esquilant, for a long period the Honorary Secretary of the Philoperisteron Society, and well known as one of the most successful breeders of Almonds, writes as follows:—

"The Almond Tumbler is, I believe, acknowledged to be the most artificial and least understood of all the varieties of fancy pigeons. By the general consent of fanciers, five properties are accorded to it, namely

1. Feather; 2. Carriage; 3. Eye; 4. Beak; 5. Head. These I have arranged in what I conceive to be their relative importance.

"1. —The first property, the colour and markings of the feather, from which the bird derives its name, will, I think, be at once conceded as the most difficult, not only to attain, but also to maintain.

"In this property alone there are no fewer than five points indispensable, firstly, a yellow ground on the whole body of the bird. The term 'yellow' I use for want of any other name to apply to it; perhaps the term 'almond-yellow' would be its more correct denomination. There is much difference of opinion on this most important feature. My view is, that the colour we have to attain resembles that on the outside of the shell of the almond nut—the brighter the better.

"This ground should be well broken or spangled throughout with black. The whole of the feathers of the flight and tail should be, at their base, of the same colour as the body feather, with a black or yellow quill, and broken at their extremities with a clear black and white. The feathers of the Almond should be covered with a metallic lustre or gloss, similar to that seen on the hackle of the bird; but this cannot be expected in so great a degree.

"This feather, so difficult to attain, should, I consider, when approximating to the desired standard, rank as equal to three of the other properties in estimating


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 formed on bended knee, ere she accepted the rest of her couch.

"On the 25th we arrived at Scarborough; our dear invalid having, during the journey, directed our attention to every prospect worthy of notice.

"On the 26th she drove on the sands for an hour; and lest the poor donkey should be urged by its driver to a greater speed than her tender heart thought right, she took the reins, and drove herself. When joined by her friend, she was charging the boy-master of the donkey to treat the poor animal well. She was ever fond of dumb things, and would give up her own comfort for them.

"On Sunday, the 27th, she wished to go to church, and her eye brightened with the thought of once more worshipping her God amongst her fellow-creatures. We thought it prudent to dissuade her from the attempt, though it was evident her heart was longing to join in the public act of devotion and praise.

"She walked a little in the afternoon, and meeting with a sheltered and comfortable seat near the beach, she begged we would leave her, and enjoy the various scenes near at hand, which were new to us but familiar to her. She loved the place, and wished us to share her preference.

"The evening closed in with the most glorious sunset ever witnessed. The castle on the cliff stood in proud glory gilded by the rays of the declining sun. The distant ships glittered like burnished gold; the little boats near the beach heaved on the ebbing tide, inviting


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45 up and down, with gestures expressive of the utmost delight. They were all of most surpassing beauty as to forms and proportions, and quite transparent, so that they appeared to be of flame-tinted crystal; and one might imagine that he perceived the blood playing within their veins. They too, appeared to welcome Maria by signs, expressive of friendliness and pleasure, and the latter would fain have approached nearer, had not Zerina forcibly prevented her; assuring her, that to touch them would prove her destruction, for they were shapes of fire.

“What meanest thou?” enquired Maria of her companion; “how can these beautiful creatures exist in such an element, or endure the torture of it?”

“They might as well demand, how we can exist in the air? for that to them is certain death. But, behold! how they enjoy that heat which is congenial to their natures! how exultingly they laugh and shout!”

“But what is their employment?”


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 occupants. The view was grand beyond description. Anne was drawn in her easy chair to the window, to enjoy the scene with us. Her face became illumined almost as much as the glorious scene she gazed upon. Little was said, for it was plain that her thoughts were driven by the imposing view before her to penetrate forwards to the regions of unfading glory. She again thought of public worship, and wished us to leave her, and join those who were assembled at the House of God. We declined, gently urging the duty and pleasure of staying with her, who was now so dear and so feeble. On returning to her place near the fire, she conversed with her sister upon the propriety of returning to their home. She did not wish it for her own sake, she said: she was fearing others might suffer more if her decease occurred where she was. She probably thought the task of accompanying her lifeless remains on a long journey was more than her sister could bear—more than the bereaved father could bear, were she borne home another, and a third tenant of the family-vault in the short space of nine months.

"The night was passed without any apparent accession of illness. She rose at seven o'clock, and performed most of her toilet herself, by her expressed wish. Her sister always yielded such points, believing it was the truest kindness not to press inability when it was not acknowledged. Nothing occurred to excite alarm till about 11 She then spoke of feeling a change. 'She believed she had not long to live. Could she reach home alive, if we prepared immediately for de-