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 . In particular, the defendant states that “[e]ach of the purported claims infringes the Defendant’s rights to religious freedom under the First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States and the prohibition placed upon the Congress of the United States in making laws respecting the establishment of religion or the free exercise thereof.” ((Revised) Def’s Substitute 2nd Am. Answer & Countercl. at 5, ¶1.) [hereinafter Def.’s Answer] The defendant also claims that this court is barred from granting any of the plaintiff’s requested relief “because the granting of such relief would constitute a violation of the Defendant’s right of freedom of speech." Id. at ¶2.

The standard applied to a motion for partial summary judgment is identical to the standard applied to adjudicate a case fully by summary judgment. The motion shall be granted when, viewing the facts and reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, “there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and … the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” 56(e); Calnetics Corp. v. Volkswagen of Am., Inc., 532 F.2d 674, 683 n. 11 (9th Cir.), ''cert. denied'', 429 U.S. 940, 97 S.Ct. 355, 50 L.Ed.2d 309 (1976). A genuine issue of material fact exists when there is sufficient evidence favoring the nonmoving party for a jury to return a verdict for that party. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 249, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 2510–11, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986) (citing First Nat. Bank of Arizona v. Cities Serv. Co., 391 U.S. 253, 88 S.Ct. 1575, 20 L.Ed.2d 569 (1968)). If the moving party meets the initial burden of establishing the nonexistence of a genuine issue, then the burden shifts to the opposing party to produce evidence of the existence of a genuine issue for trial. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986). “If the evidence is merely colorable or is not significantly probative, summary judgment may be granted.” Anderson, 477 U.S., at 249–50, 106 S.Ct. at 2510–11 (citations omitted).

Particular facts upon which I have relied heavily must be initially emphasized. First, the plaintiff possesses certificates of copyright and trademark registration for the property at issue. (Pl’s Compl. at Ex. A–F.) The certificates alone constitute prima facie evidence of the validity of the registration, ownership of the property, and the exclusive right to its use. Remick Music Corp. v. Interstate Hotel Co. of Neb., 58 F.Supp. 523, 581 (D.Neb.1944), aff’d, 157 F.2d 744 (8th Cir.1946), ''cert. denied'', 329 U.S. 809, 67 S.Ct. 622, 91 L.Ed. 691 (1947); 17 U.S.C. § 410(c) (1988); Curtis-Stephens-Embry Co. v. Pro-Tek-Toe Skate Stop Co., 199 F.2d 407, 413 (8th Cir.1952); 15 U.S.C. §§ 1057, 1115(a) (1988). Therefore, the defendant, claiming that the copyright and trademarks are invalid, has the burden of overcoming this presumption. Apple Computer, Inc. v. Formula Int’l Inc., 725 F.2d 521, 523 (9th Cir.1984); ''Sylvania Elec. Prods. Inc. v. Dura Elec. Lamp Co.'', 247 F.2d 730, 732 (3d Cir.1957). Second, although the defendant argues that enforcing the copyright and trademark laws will violate her constitutional rights to free speech and religion, she does not in any way question the laws’ constitutionality. Third, the defendant “does not dispute the proposition that religious organizations can hold valid trademarks; she does not dispute that religious organizations can hold valid copyrights, or that works on the subject of religion can be the subject of a valid copyright.” (Def.’s Mem. in Opp'n to PL’sPl’s [sic] Mot. for Partial Summ.J. on First Amendment Defense at 1–2.) [hereinafter Def.’s Br.]

Upon reviewing the record before me, I glean two basic assertions by the defendant. One, the copyright to The URANTIAUrantia [sic] Book and each of the trademarks at issue are invalid; and two, if the court rules in favor of enforcing an invalid copyright or trademark, the court, not the plaintiff, will be violating her constitutional rights to freedom of religion and speech. The first contention has yet to be proven, and the second is premature and more properly an issue for any future appeal rather than an affirmative defense in the instant case.


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 "He is one of us; we ought to be able to depend on him. But I have spoken to him for an hour, and could get nothing out of him."

"He is cautious; but depend upon it, he will stand or fall by the land."

"T am not thinking of the land," said Sir Vavasour; "of something much more important; with all the influence of the land, and a great deal more besides; of an order of men who are ready to rally round the throne, and are, indeed, if justice were done to them, its natural and hereditary champions (Egremont looked perplexity); I am speaking," added Sir Vavasour, in a solemn voice, "I am speaking of the baronets!"

"The baronets! And what do they want?"

"Their rights; their long withheld rights. The poor king was with us. He has frequently expressed to me and other deputies, his determination to do us justice; but he was not a strong-minded man," said Sir Vavasour, with a sigh; "and in these revolutionary and levelling times, he had a hard task perhaps. And the peers, who are our brethren, they were, I fear,

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Page:Sybil (1845 Volume 1).djvu/125


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Page:Travels in West Africa, Congo Français, Corisco and Cameroons (IA travelsinwestafr00kingrich).pdf/459

 their tent with them is a large ram Mr. Ibea is sending to Gaboon, and that sheep has scimitar-shaped sharp horns and restless habits, and I can see he does things that hurt and rouse the sleepers to groaning-point perpetually. I sit up by the rudder watching the black heaving ocean, too rough for the weak moon to brighten save when it flies aloft in angry white foam and surf over the shoals and rocks; and the dimly moonlit sky with the clouds flying in the ever-blowing upper wind from the equator; and the motionless black line of the forest with the soft white mist rolling low and creeping and crawling out between its stems from the lagoons behind the sand-ridged beach. The mist comes stretching out from under the bushes over the sand towards the sea, now raising itself up into peaks, now crouching down upon the sand, and sending out long white arms or feelers towards the surf and then drawing them back as if it were some spirit-possessed thing, poisonous and malignant, that wanted to reach us, and yet is timorous and frightened of the surf's thunder-roar and spray. It gets over its alarm after about an hour, however, and comes curling out in a white wall and during the rest of the calm before the dawn-wind comes, wraps itself round us, dankly-smelling like some foul corpse.

I don't think this sort of mist is healthy, but it is often supremely lovely and always fascinates me. I have seen it play the weirdest wildest tricks many a time, in many a place in West Africa. I have, when benighted, walked hurriedly through it for miles in the forest while it has mischievously hidden the path at my feet from the helpful illumination of the moon, swishing and swirling round my moving skirts. I have seen it come out of the forests and gather on the creek before and round me when out o' nights in canoes, gradually as we glided towards the breeze-swept river, forming itself into a great ball which has rolled before us, alongside, or behind us, showing dimly now in the shadow, ghostly white now in the moonshine, and bursting into thousands of flakes if the river breeze when it met it was too strong for it; if it were not, just melting away into the sheet of mist that lay sleeping on the broad river itself. Now and again you will see it in the forest stretch up a gradually lengthening


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Page:Fm100-2-3 - The Soviet Army, Troops, Organization, and Equipment.pdf/2

 "FM 100-2-3

Field Manual No. 100-2-3

Headquarters Department of the Army Washington. DC, 6 June 1991

This field manual is part of FM series 100-2,The Soviet Army. The other volumes in this series are FM 100-2-1, The Soviet Army: Operations and Tactics, and FM 100-2-2,The Soviet Army: Specialized Warfare and Rear Area Support. The three volumes complement each other. Used together, they provide a thorough reference on the Soviet Army.

These manuals are the US Army's definitive source of unclassified information on Soviet ground forces and on their interaction with other services in combined arms warfare. The Threats Directorate, Combined Arms Command, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, updates these manuals periodically to provide the most current unclassified information available.

The proponent of this publication is HQ TRADOC. Users are encouraged to recommend changes improving this manual to Commander, US Army Combined Arms Command, ATTN: ATZL-SWW-L, Fort Leavenworth, KS 66027-6900, using DA Form 2028 (Recommended Changes to Publications and Blank Forms).

Unless otherwise stated, whenever the masculine gender is used, both men and women are included.

This publication contains photographs from copyrighted sources. The citations for these materials accompany the individual photographs.

DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.


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 arm, and wind it lazily round and round some grand column of a tree-stem, to the height of ten or twenty feet from the ground, spread out its top like a plume and then fall back again to the mist-river from which it came. It has weird ways, this mist of the West Coast. I have often, when no one has been near to form opinions of my frivolity, played with it, scooping it up in my hands and letting it fall again, or swished it about with a branch, when it lay at a decent level of three or four feet from the ground. When it comes higher and utterly befogs you, you don't feel much inclination to play with it. The worst of it is, you never quite know how high it is coming. I have seen it rise out of Bimbia flats and cover the Great Cameroon as though it said, "Ah you are Grand Mungo, but I am grander—I am Death."

I drop off to sleep now and then, only to be aroused either by the Lafayette having dragged her anchor and got off skylarking with a lot of rough rocks so that she must be rescued and re-anchored, or by ejaculations from under the sail because of that ram. The tent amidships would afford a series of fine studies for any one who wanted to illustrate anything à la Doré; it looks like a great grave-cloth spread over a tumbled heap of corpses, which vaguely show their outlines through its heavy white folds. When my crew do a good writhe they are particularly fine. My attention gets riveted on them because one of them has an abominable quavering, hysterical, falsetto snore, which, as I want to go to sleep myself, rouses in my mind a desire to slay the performer, for that snore cuts through the sound of the surf on to my nerves like a knife. Three times during the night I arose, and grasping the stump of a plantain bunch and walking along the thwarts, hovered, like a revengeful fiend, over the shrouded sleepers, hesitating for a few minutes to locate the seat of the disorder, for I used all suitable care and precaution to avoid hitting the innocent, but this is difficult, for the snore seems to come from underneath the upper layer, whose heads show through the sail like plums through a pie-crust, so I am regretfully compelled to take swipes at the excrescence nearest the source of the nuisance. This remedy is only a temporary one, but during the lull it


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For administrative purposes, the Soviet ground forces comprise three categories: combat arms branches (troops), special troops, and services. These are administrative categories pertaining to personnel, not organization categories pertaining to units. Thus, troops of one combat arms branch, such as artillery, may organizationally be in support units subordinate to a unit made up of troops of another combat arms branch (for example, motorized rifle or tank). These support units may also include special troops and services.

The firing elements of the ground forces comprise combat arms branches (troops). They differ from one another in organization, armament, tactics, and role in combat. Directorates of Ground Forces Headquarters administer the troop branches peculiar to the ground forces.

Motorized rifle troops generally parallel the infantry and mechanized infantry of other armies. These troops constitute the basic arm of the ground forces; therefore, various agencies under the Ground Forces CINC, rather than one special organization, administer their affairs. These agencies prescribe motorized rifle and combined arms tactics and organization. They prepare training schedules for motorized rifle and combined arms units. They also administer motorized rifle schools and manage motorized rifle officer personnel. Other arms and services provide them with logistic support.

The Chief of Tank Troops in Ground Forces Headquarters heads this branch. A Main Directorate of Tank Troops supports him. The Main Directorate is an intricate organization which acts as an administrative headquarters. Tank troop officers command tank units at all levels. Combined arms formations feature a special staff officer as chief of tank troops. He commands subordinate tank elements and reports to the combined arms commander.

This is one of the most prestigious branches of the ground forces or the MOD. Artillery troops have long held an honorable position in Russian military annals. In recent decades, technological advances in missile weaponry have enhanced that position. Since missile armaments have also become important to other components, the MOD generally oversees missile equipment development. However, a Chief of Missile Troops and Artillery is present in Ground Forces Headquarters. His supporting administrative agency is large and contains a coordinating staff. Also, chiefs of missile troops and artillery appear in the special staffs of combined arms units down to, and including, regiments. At regimental level, this official is simply called the chief of artillery.

This branch recently became a separate component combining air defense elements formerly under the National Air Defense Troops (PVO Strany) and the Air Defense Troops of the Ground Forces (PVO Sukhoputnykh Voysk). Although MOD headquarters now administers them, the troops may serve under combined arms command in thefield during wartime. They coordinate closely with aviation and radiotechnical elements in operational matters. Air defense schools previously under the ground forces now belong to the Air Defense Troops.

Airborne troops form a reserve force of the Supreme High Command (VGK) or the wartime Stauka VGK, although operational control of them specifically belongs to the Chief of the General Staff. The VGK may—

.- Control their combat employment directly.

 * Place them under the command of a theater headquarters.
 * Place them under operational control of a front or army to support operational missions.

The troops are not subordinate to a ground forces field command until the VGK commits them. This definite separation suggests that they have the Status of a sixth distinct component of the armed forces, even though they are nominally subordinate to the CINC, Ground Forces, because of this special status.

The special troops provide combat support to the combined arms field forces of the ground forces. They also support the other components of the armed forces. For this reason, they are administered centrally from directorates in the MOD. Ground Forces Headquarters, however, contains specialized directorates or departments in each of


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 the combat support areas to deal with specific ground forces problems. These directorates act as a ground forces administrative echelon for the superior MOD directorates.

As ground elements of the combined arms field forces, engineer troops serve only as combat engineers. The Chief of Engineer Troops of the MOD manages them. These engineers are not part of the engineer-technical service, which comprises the logistic units of the various arms and services. Other Soviet troop branches perform civil engineering, sanitation, and mapping functions; they ate comparable to organizations like the US Corps of Engineers. Engineer troops found in units at division level or higher are simply called engineers. Those at a lower level, in closer contact with the enemy, are called sappers.

Signal troops are organic to all levels using signal equipment that requires special training for operation and maintenance. The Chief of Signal Troops of the MOD administers them because they perform tasks that are common to more than one component of the armed forces. They include radio technical troops that serve mainly in the units whose missions require radar reconnaissance and electronic warfare. They also perform missions such as electronic deception and radioelectronic reconnaissance, which include electronic intelligence (ELINT) or signals intelligence (SIGINT).

Chemical troops are organic to all tactical regiments and divisions. They are allocated to armies and fronts. Similar to engineer and signal troops, they are directly subordinate to the MOD. The Chief of Chemical Troops administers them at that level.

The Chief of the Central Military Transportation Directorate (VOSO), under the Chief of the Rear in the MOD, may administer motor transport troops. The VOSO is primarily responsible for management and planning of defense transportation. It controls the training of all transport officers at and beyond the military college level. The actual operation of the various modes of transport is the duty of the force components, which in this case are the ground forces. At lower levels, the deputy commander for the rear controls these troops.

Railroad troops support the field forces by operating the railway links between the front and the central logistical base. They are responsible for the construction, operation, and maintenance of railroads in a theater of operations. Since March 1989, these troops are no longer considered part of the armed forces.

Road troops maintain military roads. They are often called road building troops or road service troops. The troops consist of separate traffic control, road construction, and bridge construction units. Operationally controlled by the chief of the tear at various levels, their administrative subordination has been obscure since World War IT. They may be a component of VOSO.

The Soviet concept of services includes all troops, installations, and duty positions which perform rear area support for the combat arms branches and special troops. Such services are not specific to the ground forces, but support the other armed forces components as well; therefore, various agencies in the MOD administer them. These services differ from the special troops because they apparently have no intermediate administrative directorates at Ground Forces Headquarters.

These units and personnel are organic to all levels of command down through company level. The Central Military Medical Directorate under the Chief of the Rear supervises their activities at the MOD level. The divisional and regimental surgeons supervise personnel at their respective levels.

The Veterinary Service falls under the control of the Chief of the Rear. It inspects the meat used by the armed forces, supervises animal slaughter, and deals with prevention and control of contagious diseases among animals used for meat.

The Central Military Topographic Directorate of the General Staff of the MOD administers and controls the Military Topographic Service. The General Staff also probably disseminates the products of this service.

The Finance Service is locally supervised. However, it has a direct technical channel running


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FM 100-2-3 vertically to the Central Finance Directorate, under the Deputy Minister for Rear Services in the MOD.

The military procurator (prosecutor) and the military tribunal are the central elements of the Justice Service. These elements are attached to each major headquarters down to division level. This hierarchy is independent of the military command. It is subordinate to the Procurator General of the USSR and the Supreme Court of the USSR, although its officers are considered active duty military personnel.

This service provides bands to headquarters down through division. The Military Band Service Directorate (or Directorate of Military Music) in the MOD administers it.

This service corresponds to the US Quartermaster Corps. It uses the same insignia as the Administrative Service.

This service may provide clerical and administrative support at higher headquarters. According to Soviet regulation, the highest rank provided for this service is colonel. Personnel doing administrative management, accounting, and similar housekeeping tasks may be members of the administrative service,the management service. or the intendance service. Since there are no exclusively administrative units, these titles are probably just personnel categories with the individuals in them administered by the Main Personnel Directorateof the MOD and supervised locally.

The Soviets have organized and equipped their ground forces to support their defensive doctrine. Moreover, they are constantly strengthening and modernizing their organization and equipment to improve their capabilities to fight either nuclear or nonnuclear war. A nuclear exchange in Europe could easily cause tremendous damage to the Soviet Union. Therefore, the Soviets clearly want to be able to fight and win a war in Europe quickly, before either side employs nuclear weapons.

The Soviets have determined that the only way to win such a war is by offensive operations. The Soviet concept of the offensive emphasizes surprise and high rates of advance combined with overwhelming firepower. The concept of combined arms is at the heart of Soviet combat doctrine.

The Soviets organize ground forces by geographical boundaries into theaters of war (TVs), theaters of military operation (TVDs), and military districts and groups of forces. They can organize forces into large field formations called fronts and armies.

The Soviets envision that hostilities might occur in any of three TVs: the Western, the Southern, and the Far Eastern. A TV is a broad, geographically oriented designation within which Soviet armed forces would function in wartime. A continental TV can include land, air space, and assorted internal and coastal waterways. The Western TV, for example, includes the European land mass and associated islands, the associated air space, the Baltic and Mediterranean Seas, and portions of the Arctic and Atlantic Oceans. The TVs have political and economic significance in shaping Soviet military goals. They contain one or more TVDs.

The TVD geographical concept is the focus of planning and control for employment of Soviet armed forces in major theater strategic actions. The Soviet planners divide the world into 14 TVDs: 10 continental TVDs and 4 oceanic TVDs. The continental TVDs include not only the land masses, but also the air space, inland waterways, and a segment of the surrounding oceans and seas. The Western TVD of the Western TV, for example, includes NATO's Central Region plus Denmark and the Danish Straits.

In wartime, the Soviets would employ intermediate High Commands of Forces (HCF) that would be responsible to the VGK. In keeping with the Soviet concept of centralized control and combined arms operations, the TVD HCF not only controls the assets available in the ground forces, but also the naval and air assets. Some, if not all, of the non-Soviet Warsaw Pact forces might also be subordinate to a TVD HCP. The TVD's most important function in wartime would be to


text: Index:The Peterson magazine 1846.pdf

title: Index:The Peterson magazine 1846.pdf


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FM 100-2-3 orchestrate and control TVD-wide strategic operations as directed by the HCF in support of VGK campaign plans.

Forces within a TVD can consist of as few as one front or as many as five or six. Other forces allocated to a TVD can include fleets, airborne divisions, tactical aviation, strategic aviation, military transport aviation, air defense forces, and strategic rocket forces.

There ate 14 military districts in the USSR and 4 groups of forces in Eastern Europe. The Eastern European groups of forces include—

 * The Western Group of Forces (WGF) in Germany.
 * The Northern Group of Forces (NGF) in Poland.
 * The Central Group of Forces (CGF) in Czechoslovakia.
 * The Southern Group of Forces (SGF)in Hungary.

In peacetime, each of these districts and groups of forces is an administrative headquarters directly subordinate to the MOD. In wartime, the Soviets will organize them into fronts for combat operations. The military districts will continue to function as territorial commands, serving as mobilization and training bases and providing logistical and other support services.

The front is the largest field formation in wartime. It is an operational and administrative unit whose size and composition are subject to wide variation depending on its mission and situation. Roughly equivalent to a US/NATO army group, a front can include three to five armies. Other forces organic or attached to a front can include artillery, missile, air defense, engineer, chemical, signal, reconnaissance, and rear service units. They can also include aviation, airborne, air assault, airmobile, and special purpose forces.

The Army is the highest peacetime combined arms formation. The Soviet ground forces designate two types of armies: the combined arms army (CAA) and the tank army (TA). While both types are actually combined arms organizations, a Soviet CAA will normally have a greater number of motorized rifle divisions (MRDs), while a TA will have a greater number of tank divisions (TDs). By altering the mix of MRDs, TDs, and artillery and missile support in the army organizations, the Soviets gain flexibility in either offensive or defensive toles. An army can operate in different geographical areas and under various operational constraints. Besides its complement of two to five maneuver divisions, a typical army of either type will normally have artillery, missile, air defense, aviation, engineer, chemical, signal, reconnaissance, and rear support units.

Soviet maneuver divisions are well-balanced, powerful, and mobile fighting units. They have a combined arms structure as well as a comprehensive array of combat support (CS) and combat service support (CSS) elements. In early 1987, there were 211 active Soviet maneuver divisions: 150 MRDs, 52 TDs, 7 airborne divisions, and 2 static defense divisions. The totals did not include 2 new army corps (NAC) and 5 mobilization divisions.

The basic structures of the three types of divisions (motorized rifle, tank, and airborne) appear in Figure 1-1. While this manual presents "type" Soviet divisions, different configurations and different categories of readiness exist among actual divisions.

Divisions receive new items of equipment according to the priorities established by the MOD. High-priority formations, such as the Soviet forces in the Western TVD, are usually the first to receive modern equipment. When they replace older material, the Soviets send that older equipment to lower-priority units in the interior of the USSR or to reserve stocks. Late-model T-64/72/80 tanks constitute about one-third of the USSR's tanks. While older T-55 and T-62 tanks constitute moat of the remainder, over 1,500 T-80s are currently deployed opposite NATO and nearly 75 percent of the 19,000 Soviet tanks in the Western Theater are T-64/72/80 models.

Since the mid-1960s, the Soviets have been building a force capable of fighting decisively at all levels of conflict. Recent improvements in force capability include—

* Modernization of nuclear and conventional weapons.

 * Marked increases in the quantity and quality of conventional fire support (air and artillery) available to ground maneuver formations.
 * Changes in organizational structure that generally make fire support systems (air and artillery) more directly responsive to the supported commander.


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Page:Travels in West Africa, Congo Français, Corisco and Cameroons (IA travelsinwestafr00kingrich).pdf/461

 produces I fall asleep, after the third application firmly, and do not wake up until the scratching of the crew to extricate itself from under the sail arouses me, and I then find my head under the seat and my unlucky body bent wherever nature had omitted to provide a joint. I have to get up and undo the sail, for I had tied the ends of it securely together to bottle up some of the noise last time the snore aroused me.

August 10th.—The morning breaks gray, cheerless and chilly, the sea looks angry and wicked. For half-an-hour, while the crew are getting things straight, I comb my tangled hair and meditate on the problem "Why did I come to Africa?" This done we heave up anchor and shove off at about 5.30. and from that time till 1.45 go along near in-shore on the land breeze, among the rollers. I do not cite this as the proper course to lay, but give it as an example of the impossibility of getting a black crew to run out of smell of land; they always like to hug the shore, as not only my own experiences but those of sympathetic friends with whom I have interchanged experiences demonstrate. Let the shore be what it may they cling to it. Poor Mr. S., going from Gaboon to Eloby, got run well up the Moondah River on one occasion, owing to this persistent habit, and other adventurers have fared no better.

The shore along from Akanda to Cape Clara is one to which any white seaman would give a lot of room. Immediately south of our anchorage it begins to rise into dwarf vertical cliffs overhung by bush and trailing plants between which the cliff-face shows strange-looking slabs of white clay and rock. The sea plays furiously against them at high tide, and at low leaves a very narrow beach heavily strewn with immense rock boulders. By 1.30 we find we cannot get round Cape Esterias, so run in under the shallow lea of its northern side. There is here a narrow sand-beach, with plenty of rock on it, and a semi-vertical and supremely slippery path leading up to an ostentatiously European plank-built house. We fix up the Lafayette safely and all go ashore.

The inhabitants of this country have been watching us beating in, and taking a kindly interest in the performance, and so as soon as everything is all right they sing out in a


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 chorus Mboloani. They did not do so before because it is not etiquette to distract people when they are engaged in the crucial occupation of landing a boat or canoe. I am taken possession of by a very comely-looking brown young lady, gracefully attired in my favourite coloured cloth, bright pink with a cardinal twill hem round it, and we go up the hill together. I note that she wears a tight rope of large green and white beads round her beautiful throat; she tells me her name is Agnes and that she is a subtrader for Messrs. Holt's factory at Eloby, and I find, thanks be! she talks fluent trade English, and further that on account of its European planks the ostentatious house is regarded by these kindly people as ipso facto my fit and proper dwelling for the time I may think good to stay at Cape Esterias. Its enterprising builder and owner apologises for its unfinished state; indeed, when at close quarters with it, I see it has merely got its walls up and its roof on. It is perched some four feet above the ground, on poles, and the owner has not yet decided what flight of stairs he will erect to the verandah. He has purchased an old ready-made flight, and has himself constructed a bamboo ladder, its cross pieces tied on to the uprights, I need hardly say, with tie-tie. This being done he has got both ladders lying on the ground beside each other, while he thinks the matter well out as to their respective advantages. Of course the additional fluster of my unexpected arrival renders him more than ever incapable of coming to a decision on their rival merits. I relieve his mind by ignoring them and swing up on to the verandah and enter the house. The furniture consists of shavings, tools, the skeleton of a native bedstead, and a bag of something which evidently serves as a bed. The owner proudly displays the charms of the establishment; he intends, he remarks, to paint the inside of the walls white, with the door and window frames a bright blue I recognise the good old cobalt in a pot. I applaud the idea, not that it is new on this Coast, but it is better than all white, or dunduckety mud-colour paint, the only other colour schemes in vogue for domestic decoration, and worlds an' away ahead of varnish, which acts as a "catch 'em alive oh" for all manner of insects, and your clothes when you hang


text: Author:Gordon Randall Phillip David Garrett


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FM 100-2-3 divisions and regiments, respectively, materiel support battalions and companies combine formerly fragmented motor transport, supply, and service functions. The new rear area units will provide a 30-percent increase in motor transport assets and a streamlined command structure. A similar reorganization at army and front levels has created materiel support brigades with centralized control for ammunition, fuel, and other supplies.

The airbome division is now a fully mechanized combined arms organization. Airborne divisions now consist of three regiments equipped with the air-droppable BMD, affording these units greater firepower and mobility. The Soviets have also produced a new 120-millimeter 289 airborne selfpropelled (SP) howitzer with a mortar capability for airborne and air assault units.

Concurrent with these organizational changes, the Soviets have pursued a comprehensive equipment modernization program that affects many divisional subunits. The main thrusts of the equipment upgrade are in the following areas:

 * Medium tanks.
 * Armored IFVs.
 * Armored command and reconnaissance vehicles.
 * Antitank guided missiles (ATGMs).
 * Surfaceto-surfaceSurface-to-surface [sic] missiles (SSMs).
 * Surfaceto-airSurface-to-air [sic] missiles (SAMs).

Since the late 1970s,the Soviets have developed the tank regiment (TR) into a combined arms team (tank, motorized rifle, and artillery) that promises to be as flexible in its employment as the motorized rifle regiment (MRR). (The MRR already had a tank battalion (TB) and an artillery battalion.) The addition of an MRB to the TR of a TD eliminates the necessity for the TD commander to reinforce each of his TRs with MRR assets. This leaves the TD with four maneuver regiments. The addition of an artillery battalion to the TR places a great deal more firepower under direct control of the regimental commander. The division commander then has greater flexibility in the use of his artillery resources to influence the battle.

Hence, the capability of the TR and TD to conduct largely self-supported combined arms combat has increased greatly.

Large-caliber SP guns and mortars and longtange MRLs have increased the artillery available to army and front commanders. Additionally, some army-level regiments have grown to brigade size with the addition of a fourth artillery battalion. These battalions are currently expanding from 18 to 24 tubes, primarily in units opposite NATO. All of the Soviet's SP and towed guns/howitzers (152-millimeter and larger) are nuclear-capable. The Soviets are also adding newer nuclear-capable pieces such as the 203-millimeter SP gun 2S7and the 240-millimeter SP mortar 284. They are deploying the BM-22 220-millimeter MRL, which can fire deep into the enemy's rear. These improve ments greatly enhance area coverage and counterbattery support to subordinate divisions. The new T-64/72/80-seriestanks feature improved firepower, with a 125-millimeter main gun and an improved fire control system. Both the T-80 and a variant of the T-64 can fire an ATGM through the main tube. The T-80 can mount reactive armor which further protects against the West's antitank capabilities. At the same time, the establishment of army aviation has given ground forces a vertical dimension. The helicopter now provides CAAsand TAs with a highly maneuverable and versatile platform for reconnaissance, command and control (C2),and fire support. General-purpose and attack helicopter units can move with armies and divisions at the high rates of advance they will need to conduct combined arms operations in depth.

While changes in the organization and equipment of the ground forces are significant in themselves and have serious implications for Western defense planning, they do not take place in isolation. Instead, these shifts appear to be part of a larger change in the concept for employment and organization of the armed forces. This change should greatly enhance the flexibility with which Soviet military planners can apply force to achieve military objectives. (For more information on Soviet operations and tactics, see FM 100-2-1.)


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 them against it. I note there will be a heavy percentage of blue here, because in the fifteen feet square living room there are three doors and two windows—each one of which, from a determination to be quite the white man, is fitted with a lock and a bolt. The next room, there are only two, is particularly strong in windows, being provided with three. Out of the two to the north there is a lovely view of wooded valleys and low hills seen across that charming bright foreground of a banana plantation. The window to the east commands the line of back arrangements of one side of the little village, a view full of interest to the ethnologist, only just at present I am too wet and tired for the soulful contemplation of science, or of scenic beauty, so I close all three windows up with their wooden shutters,—glass, of course, there is none—and having got my portmanteau, and a pudding basin of European origin—with a lively combination of blue, maroon, and gas greens all over it—full of water and, joy! a towel from Agnes, I proceed to wash and dress in the dark. I hear, meanwhile, great uproar in the next room; the entire settlement seems to be doing things and talking about it! On re-entering the other apartment I find one kindly native has lent me a four-legged table, and another an ivory bundle chair, and the population of Cape Esterias has been enterprisingly employed in hauling and hoisting the furniture on to the stairless verandah and into the house, or standing by and giving advice as to how this was to be done. Agnes also adds a slip of new calico for a table cloth, and I am exceedingly grateful, but, Allah! how stiff and bruised and tired! So after having some food and a cup of sugarless and milkless coffee, I excuse myself and go and lie down on the most luxurious bed, that bag of old salt sack stuff, filled with sweating sea-weed, just a bit over-populated, perhaps, with fleas, but very enjoyable, on the plank floor.

It is 5 o'clock when I awake, and I am still thirsty; not liking to bother Agnes for more coffee and being mortal frightened of raw water, I ask her for a "paw-paw." She gets me some unripe ones, explaining "that those nasty boys done gone chop all them ripe one"—such is the universal nature of boys! I regretfully decline the hard fruit, and as they attract


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 quantities of ants I say, "Agnes, just throw them away." "What you mean?" says my charmer. "Put 'em outside," say I. She gazes blankly, "Chuck 'em," says I, descending still further in my language. A gleam of comprehension comes to Agnes. "You mean I hev them?" says she. "That's it, heave them," I answer, and she forthwith "hev 'em" out of one of our many windows. I feel it is my duty to go and pay my respects to the Mission; Agnes quite agrees, and off we go among the scattered bamboo-built houses, one of which in a skeleton state she tells me she is building for herself.

The Roman Catholic Mission, the only representative of white men here, is on the southern face of Cape Esterias. Its buildings consist of a small residence and a large church. The church has a concrete floor and wooden benches, the white walls relieved by a frieze of framed prints of a religious character, a pretty altar with its array of bright brass candlesticks, and above it the tinted and gilt figure of the Virgin and Child. Every part of the place is sweet and clean, giving evidence of the loving care with which it is tended. As I pass the residence, the missionary, seeing me, sends one of his black retainers to fetch me in, and leads me on to the verandah, where I am most cordially received by the Père in charge, who has practical views on hospitality, and is anxious for me to have wine and many things else he can ill afford to spare from his own store. I thankfully confine my depredations to some sugar and a loaf of excellent bread, but he insists on handing to Agnes for me a tin of beef and a lot of oranges. As I cannot speak French, nor he English, I do my best to convey my sense of his kindness and bow myself off.

Agnes, who is very proud of the Mission, tells me there is only one Père and one Frère stationed here, but she says "they are very good—good too much." They educate the children, teaching them to read French, &c., and should a child display any aptitude it is forwarded round to Gaboon to acquire a further training in the technical schools there in connection with the headquarters of the Mission. She herself, I gather, was educated primarily by the Mission, but she has continued her studies on her own account, for not only does


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 she speak French grammatically, as the natives are taught to, and read and write it, but also English—Coast English no doubt, but comforting to the wanderer who falls in with her, while she claims an equal knowledge of Spanish; no mean range of accomplishments for a lady. I return to my abode and have a square meal and sugar in my coffee, thanks to the missionary, and so to bed, as Mr. Pepys would say. I am sure, by the way, Mr. Pepys would like Agnes, she is quite his style of beauty, plump and pleasant; I don't expect he would care for my seaweed bed though, unless he had been broken into it by African travel, for Mr. Pepys had great ideas of being comfortable in a conventional way.

August 11th—Agnes rouses me from my thalassic couch and suggests Mass at 5.30. It seems a very proper suggestion, so I carry it out. I find the rest of the inhabitants already on their knees in the church, singing their Salve Maria responses in that musical, metallic twang the Latin seems to bring out so strangely in the African voice, usually so full and throaty. I endeavour to follow properly, and when my whole attention is absorbed in so doing, a terrific tug at my skirts alarms me, I look carefully round and see Agnes on her knees behind me. "What's the matter?" I ask. She whispers something. "Salve Maria," I say, joining the congregational chorus hastily, and add in a whisper "I no fit to hear you, speak them thing softly, softly,"—she then emits a hissing whisper, full of earnest meaning but incomprehensible as to detail; "Salve Maria" comes again and I, feeling frightened that I am doing something awfully wrong somehow, answer anxiously "What?" and then right out loud and clear, Agnes says, "I be his Jack wash." "Salve Maria," say I, with the congregation. Then we have an explanation outside, and it seems she does his reverence's washing, and feeling, justly enough, proud of the white lace petticoats which he was displaying before the altar she was compelled to communicate the fact to me and claim her share in their beauty. Vanity, thy name is Woman!

I take leave of Agnes with gifts, and of my host, the owner of the house, giving him a present. He is more than satisfied, but explains this must be regarded as a gift and not as pay for the hire of his house—it not being the fashion of his


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But then again said Kriemhild: “There stands he; dost thou see

How he before the warriors doth walk right royally?

Just as the moon all brightly above the stars doth shine!

Good cause have I for wearing this happy mood of mine.”

Then Lady Brunhild answer’d: “Comely as is thy lord,

And gallant too and handsome, thou must the meed award

Unto thy brother Gunther, the noble warrior:

Who, be it known, is truly all other kings before.”

But yet again said Kriemhild: “Mine is a man so rare,

That not without good reason his praises I declare.

By many deeds great honour he hath won, far and near;

Thou wilt allow, Brunhilda, he well is Gunther’s peer.”

“I pray thee now, Kriemhilda, take it not ill of me,

I, too, have grounds for saying what I have said to thee:

I heard them both allow it, when them I first look’d on,

And, as he would, against me the king my wager won,—

What time my love he gainéd in such a knightly siege,

Siegfried himself confess’d it, that he was Gunther’s liege.

Therefore I hold him vassal, I heard him that allow.”

Then spake the fair Kriemhilda: “For me ‘twere ill enow!

“How could my noble brother have hansell’d so for me

That of a mere retainer the good-wife I should be?

I do beseech thee, Brunhild, in all true friendliness,

Oblige me of your kindness and let these cavils cease.”


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 country to take this from a traveller. While waiting about for the Lafayette to get ready for sea, i.e., for the water bottles to be refilled, I learn the cause of the weird howls and screams I have heard during the night. A poor maniac who has run from Gaboon to Cape Esterias haunts the rocky narrow beach at night and flies from any one who approaches him to give him food, or offer him shelter. He soon returns and hangs about near the houses again and runs at night along the beach screaming and moaning as he jumps about among the rocks. When I get on to the beach he is sitting playing on a rock, not far off, tearing up a plantain leaf into shreds. I take up some packages of aguma and biscuits, and softly and cautiously make my way towards him, but he just lets me get within a few yards and then is off with a howl, at a pace which, if it holds, must by now have landed him on the shores of Victoria Nyanza. In addition to this fortuitous lunatic, there is at Cape Esterias a local one, quite the biggest black man I have ever seen; he must be little short of seven feet high, and his muscular development is such that he looks very heavily built for his height. They tell me he is a slave who was brought in his youth, like most Benga slaves, from one of the Fernan Vaz tribes, and is quite harmless and hard-working, but quite mad, "some witch has stolen one of his souls." I have seen it stated that insanity is almost unknown among the Africans; I can truly say I have never stayed any time in a district among them without coming across several cases of it. In the Rivers, indeed among all the true negro tribes, it is customary to kill lunatics off. On the South-West Coast insanity usually takes the form of malignant melancholy and they kill themselves off. Amongst the Kacongo and Bas-congo tribes, this suicide is at times almost an epidemnic, and it is there customary when a man shows symptoms of its coming on by hanging himself, without rhyme or reason, about the place or by trying to knock his brains out against a post, for a family conclave to be held. The utter folly of his proceedings are then pointed out to him by his relations, as only relations can point it out, and should he after this still persist in attempting to kill himself, spoiling things, and disturbing people, the job is taken off his hands and his relations


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XIV.]

Thereon the king’s wife answer’d: “I will not let it be!

Why should I yield my claim to so many a good knight’s fee,

Who, like the thane, thy husband, doth suit and service owe?”

At this the beauteous Kriemhild began with wrath to glow.

“The thought thou must abandon, that he to thee did e’er

Owe any kind of service; he is far worthier

Than is my brother Gunther,— right noble though he be.

Withdraw me now this saying that I have heard from thee!

“I cannot choose but wonder, since he thy vassal is,

And thou o’er our two persons hast mastery like this,

That he his dues unto you hath set so long aside!

With right do I demur to thine overweening pride.”

“Thou ratest thyself too highly!” the king’s wife answer’d then,

“Now will I gladly prove me whether thou hast of men

As much respect and honour as they accord to me!”

By this time both the ladies were wrathful as could be.

Then cried the Lady Kriemhild: “This must at once be seen!

If that my lord’s thy vassal, as thou hast sworn, O queen,

To-day must I the liegemen of both the kings let know

Whether before the king’s wife to church I dare to go.

“This very day I’ll show thee that I am fealty-free,

And that my man’s more worthy than ever thine will be!

And I myself, moreover, will not be slighted so:

Thou shalt to-day be witness how I, thy vassal, go


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 club him on the head, and throw the body in the river, so "palaver done set." These Benga and M'pongwe people seem just to let lunatics alone, though to their credit be it said they had tried to feed this poor fellow from Gaboon, because, they said, they feared he would starve. When lunatics are dangerous they secure them to trees by a chain. There was one, I am told, chained near Glass a long time, but one night he broke loose and was never heard of again.

I should say my lady passenger left here. I fancy she had had enough of the Lafayette. She said she "would walk the rest of the way," which may be translated into she'd write to Mr. A. L. Jones. We get out through the breakers and hoist our mainsail and beat along among the rollers, rolling ourselves like mad as the heavy waves sweep broadside on under us. Just off the Cape itself we have to run almost out of smell of land, to get round a rock reef; I am bound to confess the consequences of this spirited display of seamanship are not encouraging. A terrific marine phenomenon exhibits itself suddenly off our weather bow, at a distance of fifteen to twenty feet. My first opinion is that it is the blow-up of a submarine volcano, not because I am a specialist in marine volcanic methods, having never seen one out of a picture-book, but this is very like the picture-book, waves and foam and flying water. In another second it explains itself completely, for out of the centre of it springs aloft the immense fluke of a great whale, as high as our mainmast. It swings round with a flourish and then comes flop down on to and into the broken sea, sending sheets of water over us and into the boat. We bale hard all, and stand by for another performance, but, to my intense relief, we see the whale blow a few minutes later a good distance off, and then have another flourish—a most charming spectacle on the horizon. My crew then say, as they take the baling easier, it is a common affair in Corisco Bay just about now, for it is the courting time for whales. I don't come again into Corisco Bay in canoes or small craft while any of that wretched foolishness is going on. They also tell me that the other day four people coming from Cape Esterias to Gaboon in a canoe were drowned, all hands, and they think they must have fallen in


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To court before the warriors of royal Burgundy.

I’ll prove myself more worthy than e’er was known to be

Any princess whatever who here hath worn the crown!”

Thus hate enough and envy betwixt the dames was sown.

“Dost thou deny,” cried Brunhild, ”that thou our vassal art?

So must thou with thy women keep from my train apart,

When I and my attendants unto the minster go.”

To that Kriemhilda answer’d: “In truth, it shall be so!”

“Now robe yourselves, my maidens,” commanded Siegfried’s wife.

“For we no shame must suffer whilst here we live our life;

That ye have rich apparel ye must let all folk see.

She shall repent at leisure what she hath said to me!”

There was small need to urge them: they sought their richest gear,

And many a dame and maiden right well-dight did appear.

When came with her attendants the noble Gunther’s dame,

Then also in fine raiment the fair Kriemhilda came.

With three and forty maidens, whom she to Rhine had brought,

Who wore fine-woven silk stuffs in Araby y-wrought.

So came unto the minster the comely maidens all:

They found all Siegfried’s liegemen waiting before the hall.

The people fell to marvel how it had come about

That these two royal ladies had plainly fallen out,

And went no more together, as erewhile they were fain.

Therefrom befell hereafter sore woe to many a thane.


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 Christ, composed by various persons, and from the interpretations of some fathers, who apparently did not understand themselves what they were saying. This is what it goes on to say, what I must believe in, and what Christ meant to say to all men, but did not say.

152. Very detailed exposition in the word of God of our redemption through the death of Jesus Christ.

(1) Christ has purified us; (2) has redeemed us; (3) has reconciled us to God; (4) has freed us from the slavery of sin; (5) has established a new covenant with God; (6) has made us the adopted children of God; (7) has given us the means for being holy; (8) has obtained eternal life for us. It turns out that Christ has given us eight advantages through his sacrifice, but all these advantages are imaginary, for no one has ever seen them or ever will see them, as was the case with that sleight-of-hand performer who reeled the Virgin’s endless hairs, which no one could see.

After Christ all of us became pure, holy, no longer slaves to sin, eternal, and so forth. Thus the fathers assure us, and I am compelled to believe this time what they tell me, not about something invisible, but about myself, although I know that all that is untrue. And again, as always, what is not and cannot be, is explained at great length. About the moral law of Christ there is just half a page, en passant; but about the essences, about redemption, there is no end to words, though that has never been and never can be. One would think that all has been said, but no, now we get a discussion about the—

153. Disclosure of the method itself of our redemption through the death of Jesus Christ. “The whole mystery of our redemption through the death of Jesus Christ consists in this, that he in our place paid the debt with his blood and fully satisfied the justice of God for our sins, for which we ourselves had been unable to pay; in other


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XIV.]

King Gunther’s wife stood waiting before the minster door;

The while much pleasant pastime had many a warrior

With the fair waiting-women, whom she with her did bring;

Then came the noble Kriemhild with her brave following.

Such costume as the daughters of noble knights might wear,

Compared with what her maids wore was common as the air;

In gear she was so wealthy, that thirty queens had shown

No such display of raiment as this fair queen alone.

Had anyone been wishful he never could have said

That any richer clothing had e’er been worn of maid

Than on that day adornéd her noble company:

Except to vex Brunhilda, Kriemhild had let it be.

The two queens came together before the minster wide,

And thereupon the hostess, by hatred moved and pride,

With evil voice and gesture Kriemhilda bade to stay:

“Before the queen a vassal shall ne’er take right of way!”

Then spake the fair Kriemhilda: (and wrathful was her mood)

“Couldst thou but have been silent, for thee it had been good!

Thou hast disgraced thy beauty and stain’d thy purity:

How should a shameless wanton a king’s wife ever be?”

“Whom art thou calling ‘Wanton’?”  in answer cried the queen.

“That call I thee,” quoth Kriemhild’; “thy body fair hath been

Woo’d first, not by thy husband, but by my lord, Siegfried:

I trow ’twas not my brother who won thy maidenhead!


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 with this whale; certainly if a small canoe had been as close as we were it would have had a bad time of it, for with us the mainsail protected us from a lot of water coming on board. Goodness knows, however, we had enough, and did some brilliant baling.

Rounding the reef we run inshore again, and beat up to Cape Clara, the shore showing the same type of dwarf cliff and forest on top. Here and there a village shows, some of them Fans who have arrived in the easterly end of their migration and are, according to my crew, making by no means good preparations for their eternal one.

On going round Cape Clara, to my joy we see the Grand Estuary of Gaboon running inland before us, and the wind being favourable, we run up it in grand style, looking, I am sure, quite the well-handled racer. But "short is human glory, vain the vanity of man," our true nature shows up again soon in the way we approach the stately Minerve, the guardship, to pass our papers. I hand over to Eveke, making it a rule, since I placed my bowsprit into a conservatory and took the paint off one side of a small-pox hospital, not to keep charge when approaching valuable objects. Eveke promptly lowers the gaff, dropping the mainsail completely over me, and hastily getting out our oars, we avoid a collision and hook on to her ladder. A frantic conversation is already going on between my crew and the authorities before I extricate myself. It is a difficult thing to get anything like gracefully and amiably from under a wet mainsail, but my prophetic soul tells me we are in disgrace, so I do my best and beam upon an officer, who is at the bottom of the ladder, asking leading questions about the health of Corisco, and demanding the official bill of the same. Eveke is much alarmed, for I tell him we shall get quarantined; and he ought to have seen about this, and at last by means of the feeble French of one of our crew, we demonstrate to the officer that bills of health simply can't be got on Corisco, there being no Spanish official on the forsaken island to issue them. The official is unconvinced and goes up the ladder to see other officers about it. The interval of suspense I employ in blowing up Eveke, and he in attempting to


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 words, in our place he achieved and suffered everything which was necessary for the remission of our sins. The possibility in general of such a substitution of one person for another before the judgment of the justice of God, of such an acquittal of a moral debt by one person in the place of another or of others, must necessarily be admitted by common sense: (a) when for this substitution we have the will of God and the consent of the Supreme Lawgiver and Judge; (b) when the person who has taken upon himself to pay the debt for other delinquent debtors does not himself stand in the place of debtor before God; (e) when he voluntarily determines to execute all the conditions of the debt that the Judge may impose upon him, and (d) when, at last, he actually offers the pay which fully satisfies the debt.

“All these conditions, which we have borrowed from the example of our Saviour and have only generalized, have all been fulfilled by him in his great deed for our sake: Our Lord Jesus suffered for us pain and death by the will and with the permission of his Father, our Supreme Judge. It was precisely for this purpose that he, the Son of God, came down upon earth, in order to do, not his will, not his own will, but the will of him who sent him (John vi. 38), and during his whole life busied himself only with doing the will of his Father.” (p. 148.)

I have quoted this as a specimen of that involuntarily blasphemous form of speech which is employed by the author, whenever the subject of his speech is a blasphemy. What kind of debt, and pay, and court is he talking about? What kind of an expression is this, “God busied himself only”?

And thus, (1) Christ suffered for obeying his Father; (2) he was sinless; (3) he suffered voluntarily; (4) the pay for the debt as offered by Christ surpasses the amount of the debt, and a surplus—some change—is left. It is


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“Where hadst thou left thy senses? it was a trick of his.

Why didst thou let him woo thee, who but thy liegeman is?

I hear thee,” said Kriemhilda, “without all reason scold.”

“Now this, in truth,” cried Brunhild, “shall be to Gunther told!”

“And why should that annoy me? thy pride hath thee betray’d:

To cite me to thy service by word thou hast essay’d.

This know now, of a surety I grieve that it be so:

All confidence is over for aye betwixt us two.”

Brunhilda wept, but Kriemhild no longer tarried there;

Before the king’s wife passing, with all her maidens fair,

She went into the minster: such hate did this beget

That many bright eyes later were sore bedimm’d and wet.

How much soe’er they worshipp’d, by service and by song,

Unto the Queen Brunhilda the time seem’d all too long:

So full she was of trouble, in body and in mood.

For which hereafter suffer’d bold warriors and good.

Brunhilda with her women stay’d by the minster door;

She thought: “Now must Kriemhilda, let me hear something more

Of what she rail’d so loudly,— the scolding, sharp-tongued wife!

If Siegfried hath been boasting, ’twill stand him in his life.”

Forth came the noble Kriemhild, with many gallant men.

Dame Brunhild called unto her: “Now stand you still again,—

You said I was a wanton, that shall you prove to me:

That word of yours, be certain, hath stung me bitterly!”


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 exculpate himself and inculpate Dr. Nassau for not having told him one was necessary. However, in a few minutes down the ladder comes the doctor, saying that a merciful view has been taken of the case, only we must not do it again. I solemnly assure him I will not; nor will I, for it's not my present intention to revisit an island that has only mud-fish in its lakes and courting whales in its encircling seas. While we have been busy over this affair, the lively Lafayette has been availing herself, as usual when my eye is off her, of the opportunity to get into mischief and bring down disgrace and derision upon her captain and crew; this time by jamming her topmast, with a nice, clean, new French flag on it, up the tap of a cistern—a most unseamanlike proceeding, and one which the instruction I have received from Captain Murray and Professor Roy—instruction, I am aware, I do small credit to—gives me no hints as to the proper way of dealing with, so we have to be ignominously extricated by the Minerve's crew, who roar at us, as we shove off, drifting, waddling and wobbling away, until we get our mainsail up again.

As the manœuvre of placing your main-top up a tap is not mentioned, even in my friend The Sailor's Sea Book I had better explain how the thing is done. The Minerve is an old line-of-battle ship, moored off Libreville to serve as a guard ship, a depot, and a hospital. She is by nature high out of water, on her gun deck is the hospital, on the main deck the officers' quarters and the exercise ground for the sailors and marines, and above this again is another structure with cisterns on, their taps projecting overside—why I do not know, unless they screw hose on them, for I have never been aboard her or had her geography explained; above all is a roof of palm-leaf mats, in good old Coast style. The whole fabric, as Clark Russell would say, towers high into the air, just high enough about the cisterns for the lively Lafayette to get her precious spar up the nozzle of one of those taps, and of course it was a joke she could not resist trying on. I wish it clearly to be understood that I am not saying a syllable against the staid, stately Minerve. The only indiscretion she was ever guilty of was once leaving her moorings and going off with a heavy tornado, to the horror of Glass and Libreville, drifting


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HCF

AND

THE QUEEN

Appeal dismissed.

On appeal from the Supreme Court of Queensland

Representation

J R Hunter KC with S A Lynch for the appellant (instructed by Legal Aid Queensland)

C W Heaton KC with N W Crane for the respondent (instructed by Office of the Director of Public Prosecutions (Qld))

 * Notice: This copy of the Court's Reasons for Judgment is subject to formal revision prior to publication in the Commonwealth Law Reports.

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 even analyzed who gets the pay for the debt. All that is not my invention.

“Who received the pay for this redemption? Some represented that it was brought for the prince of this world, the devil, in whose captivity we all are. But St. Gregory discusses as follows: ‘For whom and for what was this blood spilled, which he spilled on account of us, the blood of the great and most glorious God and high priest and victim? We were in the power of the deceiver, sold for our sins, having bought our injury by our lust. And if the price of the ransom is given to no other than the one who has us in his power, I ask: To whom and for what reason was this ransom paid? If to the deceiver, then that is offensive. The robber receives the ransom, and receives not only from God, but God himself; for his oppression he takes such an extortionate price that it was right that we should be spared for it! But if to the Father, then, in the first place, in what manner? We were certainly not in captivity to him. And, in the second place, for what reason is the blood of the Only-begotten One agreeable to the Father, who did not receive even Isaac, who was offered by his father, but exchanged the offering, having given a ram in place of the sacrifice of the promise? But from this we see that the Father received the ransom not because he demanded or needed it, but on account of his house-management, and because man had to be sanctified by the manhood of God, in order that he himself might free us, having overcome the tormentor by force, and might lead us up to him through the Son, who mediates and arranges everything in the honour of the Father, to whom he turns out to be obedient in everything.’” (p. 154.)

154. The extent of the redemptory actions of Christ’s death.

Christ’s sacrifice not only redeemed the sin, but a surplus was left. This surplus is (1) for everybody; (2)


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 away, hospital and all, to what seemed destruction. She was rescued, but what the feelings of those on board were, save that they had a lurid glow of glory in them and a determination that they would die in a manner creditable to La France, I know not. The feelings of those ashore I am faintly able to realise, and they must have been painful in the extreme, for the Minerve is beloved; many a man, nay, almost every man, knows that he owes his life to the skill and care he received on board her when he had "that attack." No man. is, I think, regarded as being initiated into the inner life of Congo Français until he has been carried on board her in a dying condition from the fearful Coast fever, and duly pulled round. It would be an immense advantage to the other settlements along here had they such an institution. She is infinitely better than the so-called "Sanatorium" on higher ground. The idea of the efficacy of such stations is one of the most dangerous illusions rife on the West Coast—I even learn now that this Government is thinking of doing away with the floating hospital and building one ashore which will not have anything like so good a record to show as the wards of the Minerve now have.

After our incident with the authorities we pull ourselves together, and arrive at Hatton and Cookson's Wharf with a delusive dash, and glad I am to get there and return to all the comforts, society, and safety associated with it.


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 CATCHWORDS

HCF v The Queen

Criminal practice – Appeal – Miscarriage of justice – Juror or jury misconduct – Where following trial by jury appellant convicted of six sexual offences – Where after entry of verdicts juror delivered note causing trial judge to authorise Sheriff to conduct investigation under s 70(7) of Jury Act 1995 (Qld) – Where investigation revealed conduct involving juror undertaking internet research about definitions of and sentences for certain offences, juror informing other members of jury about research, and other members of jury not informing trial judge – Where conduct contrary to directions of trial judge – Whether conduct gave rise to miscarriage of justice.

Words and phrases – "capacity to prejudice", "discharge a juror", "disobedience", "double might", "fair-minded lay observer", "independent research", "integrity of the jury system", "integrity of the trial process", "internet research", "irregularity", "juror misconduct", "jurors", "jury directions", "jury trial", "misbehaviour", "miscarriage of justice", "practical injustice", "procedural fairness", "proviso", "reasonable apprehension of bias", "substantial miscarriage of justice".

Criminal Code (Qld), s 668E. Jury Act 1995 (Qld), ss 50, 53, 54, 56, 60, 69A, 70.

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 GAGELER CJ, GLEESON AND JAGOT JJ. The appeal to this Court is to be resolved by deciding whether there has been a miscarriage of justice in the appellant's conviction, following a trial by a jury, of six sexual offences out of 19 counts on an indictment. The alleged miscarriage arises from an undisputed irregularity in the conduct of the jury which came to light after the entry of the verdicts.

Beech-Jones CJ at CL recently provided a convenient summary concerning those errors or irregularities that will amount to a miscarriage of justice in observing that, if the error or irregularity "is properly characterised as a 'failure to observe the requirements of the criminal process in a fundamental respect' then it would follow that the conviction would not stand regardless of any assessment of its potential effect on the trial", but otherwise there is no miscarriage unless the error or irregularity is "prejudicial in the sense that there was a 'real chance' that it affected the jury's verdict … or 'realistically [could] have affected the verdict of guilt' … or 'had the capacity for practical injustice' or was 'capable of affecting the result of the trial'".

This observation is to be understood in the context of its focus, being the statutory prescription to an appellate court in an appeal against conviction, in the present case embodied in s 668E(1) of the Criminal Code (Qld), that the court "shall allow the appeal if it is of opinion … that on any ground whatsoever there was a miscarriage of justice, and in any other case shall dismiss the appeal". The focus is not the common form proviso, in the present case embodied in s 668E(1A) of the Criminal Code, that the appellate court "may, notwithstanding that it is of the opinion that the point or points raised by the appeal might be decided in favour of the appellant, dismiss the appeal if it considers that no substantial miscarriage of justice has actually occurred".

The appellant did not put his case on his appeal to this Court on the basis that the undisputed irregularity in the conduct of the jury, in and of itself, involved a miscarriage of justice. The appellant, rather, put his case on the basis that the undisputed irregularity gave rise to what the appellant described as a "legitimate or reasonable apprehension" that this jury might not otherwise have approached its function in accordance with the directions it was given.

The respondent sought to meet the appellant's case on the basis that the primary question whether a miscarriage of justice occurred was one of prejudice

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XIV.]

Thereto said dame Kriemhilda: “’Twere best to let me fare!

By this gold ring I’ll prove it, which on my hand I wear;

’Twas brought to me by Siegfried when by your side he lay.”

Ne’er yet had Queen Brunhilda outlived a sadder day.

She spake: “This golden jewel was from me stol’n away,

And hath from me most wrongly been hidden many a day.

I now at last discover who stole my ring from me!”

By this time were both ladies in direst enmity.

Yet spake Kriemhilda further: “I will not pass for thief!

Thou mightst have kept thy counsel, to thee were honour lief.

This girdle be my witness, that round my waist I wear,

That I am not a liar. Ay! Siegfried was thy dear.”

The girdle she was wearing was silk from Nineveh,

With precious stones for fastening, right good it was to see,

When dame Brunhild beheld it to weeping she did fall:

It must be told to Gunther and to his lieges all.

Then spake the queen in answer: “Go hence, and bring to me

The sovran-prince of Rhineland, and from my lips shall he

Hear how his sister flouts me, and slandereth my life,

By openly declaring I have been Siegfried’s wife!”

The king came with his warriors; and when the weeping eyes

He saw of his belov’d one, he spake, in kindly wise:

“Now tell me, dearest lady, who hath done aught to thee?”

Unto the king she answered: “Aye joyless must I be!


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, queen of Denmark, becoming a widow by the sudden death of King Hamlet, in less than two months after his death married his brother Claudius, which was noted by all people at the time for a strange act of indiscretion, or unfeelingness, or worse: for this Claudius did no ways resemble her late husband in the qualities of his person or his mind, but was as contemptible in outward appearance, as he was base and unworthy in disposition; and suspicions did not fail to arise in the minds of some, that he had privately made away with his brother, the late king, with the view of marrying his widow, and ascending the throne of Denmark, to the exclusion of young Hamlet, the son of the buried king, and lawful successor to the throne.

But upon no one did this unadvised action of the queen make such impression as upon this young prince, who loved and venerated the memory of his dead father almost to idolatry, and being of a nice sense of honour, and a most exquisite practiser of propriety himself, did sorely take to heart this unworthy conduct of his mother Gertrude: insomuch that, between grief for his father's death and shame for his mother's marriage, this young prince was overclouded with a deep melancholy, and lost all his mirth and all his good looks; all his customary pleasure in books forsook him, his princely exercises and sports, proper to his youth, were no longer acceptable; he grew weary of the world, which seemed to him an unweeded garden, where all the


text: Index:The Peterson Magazine 1847.pdf

title: Index:The Peterson Magazine 1847.pdf


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 wholesome flowers were choked up, and nothing but weeds could thrive. Not that the prospect of exclusion from the throne, his lawful inheritance, weighed so much upon his spirits, though that to a young and high-minded prince was a bitter wound and a sore indignity; but what so galled him, and took away all his cheerful spirits, was, that his mother had shown herself so forgetful to his father's memory; and such a father! who had been to her so loving and so gentle a husband! and then she always appeared as loving and obedient a wife to him, and would hang upon him as if her affection grew to him: and now within two months, or as it seemed to young Hamlet, less than two months, she had married again, married his uncle, her dear husband's brother, in itself a highly improper and unlawful marriage, from the nearness of relationship, but made much more so by the indecent haste with which it was concluded, and the unkingly character of the man whom she had chosen to be the partner of her throne and bed. This it was, which more than the loss of ten kingdoms, dashed the spirits and brought a cloud over the mind of this honourable young prince.

In vain was all that his mother Gertrude or the king could do to contrive to divert him; he still appeared in court in a suit of deep black, as mourning for the king his father's death, which mode of dress he had never laid aside, not even in compliment to his mother upon the day she was married, nor could he be brought to join in any of the festivities or rejoicings of that (as appeared to him) disgraceful day.

What mostly troubled him was an uncertainty about the manner of his father's death. It was given out by Claudius that a serpent had stung him; but young Hamlet had shrewd suspicions that Claudius


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About God the Saviour and his special relation to the human race.

Such is the title of this division. All this division, with the exception of the last chapter about retribution, is occupied with the exposition of the teaching about the church and its mysteries.

Chapter I. About God as a sanctifier. 165. Conception of sanctification; participation of all the persons of the Most Holy Trinity in the matter of sanctification, and recital of means or conditions for sanctification. In this article, after the teaching and the proofs of the fact that all three persons take part in our sanctification (the Father is the source, the Son—the cause, the Holy Ghost—the one who achieves the sanctification), it says:

“IV. In order that we might be able to make the deserts of our Saviour our own and really be sanctified, he (1) founded on earth his kingdom of grace, the church, as a living instrument through which our sanctification takes place; (2) communicates to us in the church and through the church the grace of the Holy Ghost, as a force which sanctifies us; and (3) has established sacraments in the church, as means through which the grace of the Holy Ghost is communicated to us.” (p. 187.)

Christ has founded the church for our sanctification. The concept of the church I met in the very beginning of the Theology. In the very beginning it said that a dogma was a decree of the church, and later on, in the whole exposition of the dogmas, their correctness was defined by stating that the church taught so in regard to


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 himself was the serpent; in plain English, that he had murdered him for his crown, and that the serpent who stung his father did now sit on the throne.

How far he was right in this conjecture, and what he ought to think of his mother, how far she was privy to this murder, and whether by her consent or knowledge, or without, it came to pass, were the doubts which continually harassed and distracted him.

A rumour had reached the ear of young Hamlet, that an apparition, exactly resembling the dead king his father, had been seen by the soldiers upon watch, on the platform before the palace at midnight, for two or three nights successively. The figure came constantly clad in the same suit of armour, from head to foot, which the dead king was known to have worn: and they who saw it (Hamlet's bosom friend Horatio was one) agreed in their testimony as to the time and manner of its appearance: that it came just as the clock struck twelve; that it looked pale, with a face more of sorrow than of anger; that its beard was grisly, and the colour a sable silvered, as they had seen it in his lifetime: that it made no answer when they spoke to it; yet once they thought it lifted up its head, and addressed itself to motion, as if it were about to speak; but in that moment the morning cock crew, and it shrunk in haste away, and vanished out of their sight.

The young prince, strangely amazed at their relation, which was too consistent and agreeing with itself to disbelieve, concluded that it was his father's ghost which they had seen, and determined to take his watch with the soldiers that night, that he might have a chance of seeing it; for he reasoned with himself, that such an appearance did not come for nothing, but that the ghost had something to impart, and though it had been silent hitherto, yet it would


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given some account of my personal experiences among an African tribe in its original state, i.e., in a state uninfluenced by European ideas and culture, I will make an attempt to give a rough sketch of the African form of thought and the difficulties of studying it, because the study of this thing is my chief motive for going to West Africa. Since 1893 I have been collecting information in its native state regarding Fetish, and I use the usual terms fetish and ju-ju because they have among us a certain fixed value—a conventional value, but a useful one. Neither "fetish" nor "ju-ju" are native words. Fetish comes from the word the old Portuguese explorers used to designate the objects they thought the natives worshipped, and in which they were wise enough to recognise a certain similarity to their own little Images and relics of Saints, "Feitiço." Ju-ju, on the other hand, is French, and comes from the word for a toy or doll, so it is not so applicable as the Portuguese name, for the native image is not a doll or toy, and has far more affinity to the image of a saint, inasmuch as it is not venerated for itself, or treasured because of its prettiness, but only because it is the residence, or the occasional haunt, of a spirit.


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 speak to him. And he waited with impatience for the coming of night.

When night came he took his stand with Horatio, and Marcellus, one of the guard, upon the platform, where this apparition was accustomed to walk: and it being a cold night, and the air unusually raw and nipping, Hamlet and Horatio and their companion fell into some talk about the coldness of the night, which was suddenly broken off by Horatio announcing that the ghost was coming.

At the sight of his father's spirit, Hamlet was struck with a sudden surprise and fear. He at first called upon the angels and heavenly ministers to defend them, for he knew not whether it were a good spirit or bad; whether it came for good or evil: but he gradually assumed more courage; and his father (as it seemed to him) looked upon him so piteously, and as it were desiring to have conversation with him, and did in all respects appear so like himself as he was when he lived, that Hamlet could not help addressing him: he called him by his name, Hamlet, King, Father! and conjured him that he would tell the reason why he had left his grave, where they had seen him quietly bestowed, to come again and visit the earth and the moonlight: and besought him that he would let them know if there was anything which they could do to give peace to his spirit. And the ghost beckoned to Hamlet, that he should go with him to some more removed place, where they might be alone; and Horatio and Marcellus would have dissuaded the young prince from following it, for they feared lest it should be some evil spirit, who would tempt him to the neighbouring sea, or to the top of some dreadful cliff, and there put on some horrible shape which might deprive the prince of his reason. But their counsels and entreaties could not alter Hamlet's determination, who cared too little


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146

“Kriemhilda of mine honour would like to cozen me;

And, seeing she’s thy sister, I make complaint to thee.

She swears I’ve played the wanton with her own man, Siegfried.”

Then answer’d the King Gunther: “She doth an evil deed!”

“She weareth here my girdle, which I so long have lost,

My ring of red gold likewise. To me ’tis bittermost

That e’er my mother bore me. An’ thou wilt not disprove,

O king, this grievous scandal, no longer thee I’ll love.”

Then up and spake King Gunther: “Siegfried shall now appear;

If he hath play’d the braggart, he shall the truth declare,

Or else deny the slander,— this knight of Netherland!”

Then did Kriemhilda’s husband right soon before them stand.

As soon as he had look’d on these dames discomfited,

(Naught knowing of the matter) the noble Siegfried said:

“Why are these ladies weeping? that am I fain to hear,

And wherefore I am bidden before the King to appear?”

Then spake to him King Gunther: “Right sorrowful am I;

To me my wife Brunhilda hath told a history

That thou thyself hast boasted her first love to have won:

Thy wife, Kriemhild, declareth that thou, thane, this hast done.”

Then spake the noble Siegfried: “And if she so hath said,

Before I rest I’ll see that for this she be repaid!

In face of all your lieges I’m ready to aver

By oath of mine most solemn, I never told it her!”


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 about life to fear the losing of it; and as to his soul, he said, what could the spirit do to that, being a thing immortal as itself? And he felt as hardy as a lion, and bursting from them, who did all they could to hold him, he followed whithersoever the spirit led him.

And when they were alone together, the spirit broke silence, and told him that he was the ghost of Hamlet, his father, who had been cruelly murdered, and he told the manner of it; that it was done by his own brother Claudius, Hamlet's uncle, as Hamlet had already but too much suspected, for the hope of succeeding to his bed and crown. That as he was sleeping in his garden, his custom always in the afternoon, his treasonous brother stole upon him in his sleep, and poured the juice of poisonous henbane into his ears, which has such an antipathy to the life of man, that swift as quicksilver it courses through all the veins of the body, baking up the blood, and spreading a crustlike leprosy all over the skin: thus sleeping, by a brother's hand he was cut off at once from his crown, his queen, and his life: and he adjured Hamlet, if he did ever his dear father love, that he would revenge his foul murder. And the ghost lamented to his son, that his mother should so fall off from virtue, as to prove false to the wedded love of her first husband, and to marry his murderer; but he cautioned Hamlet, howsoever he proceeded in his revenge against his wicked uncle, by no means to act any violence against the person of his mother, but to leave her to heaven, and to the stings and thorns of conscience. And Hamlet promised to observe the ghost's direction in all things, and the ghost vanished.

And when Hamlet was left alone, he took up a solemn resolution, that all he had in his memory, all that he had ever learned by books or observation, should be instantly forgotten by him, and nothing


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 live in his brain but the memory of what the ghost had told him, and enjoined him to do. And Hamlet related the particulars of the conversation which had passed to none but his dear friend Horatio; and he enjoined both to him and Marcellus the strictest secrecy as to what they had seen that night.

The terror which the sight of the ghost had left upon the senses of Hamlet, he being weak and dispirited before, almost unhinged his mind, and drove him beside his reason. And he, fearing that it would continue to have this effect, which might subject him to observation, and set his uncle upon his guard, if he suspected that he was meditating anything against him, or that Hamlet really knew more of his father's death than he professed, took up a strange resolution, from that time to counterfeit as if he were really and truly mad; thinking that he would be less an object of suspicion when his uncle should believe him incapable of any serious project, and that this real perturbation of mind would be best covered and pass concealed under a disguise of pretended lunacy.

From this time Hamlet affected a certain wildness and strangeness in his apparel, his speech, and behaviour, and did so excellently counterfeit the madman, that the king and queen were both deceived, and not thinking his grief for his father's death a sufficient cause to produce such a distemper, for they knew not of the appearance of the ghost, they concluded that his malady was love, and they thought they had found out the object.

Before Hamlet fell into the melancholy way which has been related, he had dearly loved a fair maid called Ophelia, the daughter of Polonius, the king's chief counsellor in affairs of state. He had sent her letters and rings, and made many tenders of his affection to her, and importuned her with love in honourable fashion: and she had given belief to his


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 vows and importunities. But the melancholy which he fell into latterly had made him neglect her, and from the time he conceived the project of counterfeiting madness, he affected to treat her with unkindness, and a sort of rudeness: but she, good lady, rather than reproach him with being false to her, persuaded herself that it was nothing but the disease in his mind, and no settled unkindness, which had made him less observant of her than formerly; and she compared the faculties of his once noble mind and excellent understanding, impaired as they were with the deep melancholy that oppressed him, to sweet bells which in themselves are capable of most exquisite music, but when jangled out of tune, or rudely handled, produce only a harsh and unpleasing sound.

Though the rough business which Hamlet had in hand, the revenging of his father's death upon his murderer, did not suit with the playful state of courtship, or admit of the society of so idle a passion as love now seemed to him, yet it could not hinder but that soft thoughts of his Ophelia would come between, and in one of these moments, when he thought that his treatment of this gentle lady had been unreasonably harsh, he wrote her a letter full of wild starts of passion, and in extravagant terms, such as agreed with his supposed madness, but mixed with some gentle touches of affection, which could not but show to this honoured lady that a deep love for her yet lay at the bottom of his heart. He bade her to doubt the stars were fire, and to doubt that the sun did move, to doubt truth to be a liar, but never to doubt that he loved; with more of such extravagant phrases. This letter Ophelia dutifully showed to her father, and the old man thought himself bound to communicate it to the king and queen, who from that time supposed that the true cause of Hamlet's madness was love. And the queen wished that the good


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311-315] saw in the labarum the cross of Christ, the heathens in the army would only be receiving an old standard back again. Such was the origin of the Byzantine Labarum.

One enduring monument of the victory is the triumphal arch still standing at Rome, dedicated to him by the Senate and People in 315. Its inscription recites how instinctu divinitatis he inflicted just punishment on the tyrant and all his party. The expression has been set down as a later correction of some such heathen form as : but it is certainly original, and must express Constantine’s declared belief—for we may trust the Senate and the other panegyrists for knowing what was likely to please him.

Constantine remained two months in Rome, leaving in the first days of 313 for Milan, where he gave his sister Constantia in marriage to Licinius, and conferred with him on policy generally, and on the hostile attitude of Maximin in particular. That ruler had not published the edict of Galerius, but merely sent a circular to the officials that actual persecution was to be stopped for the present. A few months later (about Nov. 311) he resumed it, with less bloodshed and more statesmanship. It was far more skilfully planned than any that had gone before. Maximin’s endeavour was to stir up the municipalities against the Christians, to organise a rival church of heathenism, and to give a definitely antichristian bias to education. Even the fall of JVlaxentius had drawn from him only a rescript so full of inconsistendes that neither heathens nor Christians could make head or tail of it, except that Maximin was a prodigious liar. He even denied that there had been any persecution during his reign. At all events, this was not the complete change of policy needed to save him. Constantine and Lidnius saw their advantage, and issued from Milan a new edict of toleration. Its text is lost, but it went far beyond the edict of Galerius. For the first time in history, the principle of universal toleration was officially laid down—that every man has a right to choose his religion and to practise it in his own way without any discouragement from the State. No doubt it was laid down as a political move, for neither Constantine nor Licinius kept to it. Constantine tried to crush Donatists and Arians, and Licinius fell back even from toleration of Christians. Still the old heathen principle, that no man may worship gods who are not on the official list, was rejected for the present, and toleration became the general law of the Empire, till the time of Theodosius.

The wedding festivities were rudely interrupted by the news that Maximin had made a sudden attack without waiting for the end of the


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 beauties of Ophelia might be the happy cause of his wildness, for so she hoped that her virtues might happily restore him to his accustomed way again, to both their honours.

But Hamlet's malady lay deeper than she supposed, or than could be so cured. His father's ghost, which he had seen, still haunted his imagination, and the sacred injunction to revenge his murder gave him no rest till it was accomplished. Every hour of delay seemed to him a sin, and a violation of his father's commands. Yet how to compass the death of the king, surrounded as he constantly was with his guards, was no easy matter. Or if it had been, the presence of the queen, Hamlet's mother, who was generally with the king, was a restraint upon his purpose, which he could not break through. Besides, the very circumstance that the usurper was his mother's husband filled him with some remorse, and still blunted the edge of his purpose. The mere act of putting a fellow-creature to death was in itself odious and terrible to a disposition naturally so gentle as Hamlet's was. His very melancholy, and the dejection of spirits he had so long been in, produced an irresoluteness and wavering of purpose, which kept him from proceeding to extremities. Moreover, he could not help having some scruples upon his mind, whether the spirit which he had seen was indeed his father, or whether it might not be the devil, who he had heard has power to take any form he pleases, and who might have assumed his father's shape only to take advantage of his weakness and his melancholy, to drive him to the doing of so desperate an act as murder. And he determined that he would have more certain grounds to go upon than a vision, or apparition, which might be a delusion.

While he was in this irresolute mind there came to the court certain players, in whom Hamlet formerly


text: Travels in West Africa, Congo Français, Corisco and Cameroons/Chapter 17