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 GERMAN ANTIGUERRILLA OPERATIONS IN THE BALKANS (1941–1944) remainder of German-occupied Serbia was seriously threatened. The spreading disorders were also affecting the supply of vital raw materials, to the extent that in the third quarter of 1941 the destruction of installations in the Bor mining area (northeast of Nish) caused a production loss of nearly a month's requirement of copper for the German war industries. In view of this increasingly critical situation, the Armed Forces Commander, Southeast, was forced to concentrate his meager and scattered forces for the defense of those cities, industrial installations, and transportation lines considered most vital to the German occupation. Further, he requested that the Armed Forces High Command have established a unified command for operations in Serbia under the commander of the XVIII Mountain Corps, General der Gebirgstruppen (Lieutenant General) Franz Boehme. Marshal List further recommended that General Boehme be assigned a combat infantry division and armored support, to supplement the divisions immediately available.

In response to this request, on 16 September Hitler issued a directive that charged Marshal List with suppressing the revolt in the southeast. To accomplish this, he was to place General Boehme in complete charge of operations in Serbia and the adjacent areas in which the irregulars had established themselves. General Boehme was to have command of all troops in the area and of any others that might be moved in; all military and civil authorities were required to carry out General Boehme's orders insofar as they pertained to his mission. The Army High Command was ordered to reinforce the troops in Serbia by one infantry division, armored trains, captured tanks, and further security forces; other captured tanks and security troops were to be sent to Croatia. Another infantry division from the Eastern Front was to be transferred to Serbia when it became available. The Hungarian, Romanian, and Bulgarian forces could be called upon to assist in the operations with the permission of the Armed Forces High Command; the use of Croatian forces available in the German zone of interest adjacent to the Serbian border was approved. The Italians had been informed of the contemplated operations and had been asked to cooperate. In addition, the German Foreign Office was simultaneously to carry out a political offensive in cooperation with the puppet and allied governments against communist centers in the Balkan countries.

Implementation of this directive followed swiftly. Three days later General Boehme moved with his headquarters from Salonika and assumed command in Belgrade, and less than one week following this the 342d Infantry Division arrived from Germany.

A series of vigorous offensive operations begun by General Boehme succeeded in quelling the open revolt in western Serbia and inflicting


text: Page:The earth turns south (IA earthturnssouth00wood).pdf/87

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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 : Don’t, Chris  don’t take on like that!

[He raises his head, looks into her face; his arm goes round her shoulders.

Kiss me.

 * No, Chris, we mustn’t. It’s not right.

(pleading desperately) : But, Chris, there’s your wife.

There’s no one in the world but you and me. The world’s mad mad  we're boy and girl again. Margaret, I love you. I told you down at Bray  that evening on the lawn by the river, with the sunset behind the church tower. It was yesterday last week  don’t you remember? You let me kiss you then you loved me, too

(weeping) : I know. I know. I did love you. I love you still. There, now I’ve said it. Oh, Chris!

[''He kisses her and holds her for a moment in his arms. Then she wrenches free and rises, still weeping''.

It’s wrong. We mustn’t. We’re not boy and girl it wasn’t last week. We’re both married we mustn’t.


text:
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 24 over 2,000 casualties on the guerrillas by mid-December. For these operations, General Boehme committed the 342d Infantry Division; the 125th Infantry Regiment (Separate); the 113th Infantry Division, which had arrived from Germany late in November; and the 704th and 714th Infantry Divisions. The guerrillas, however, were not annihilated; large numbers fled into the more mountainous regions and into Croatia, where a new center of open revolt was soon formed.

As of 25 October, Marshal List had been forced to relinquish his duties because of illness, and General der Pioniere (Lieutenant General) Walter Kuntze was appointed acting Armed Forces Commander, Southeast. In early December orders were received to move the XVIII Mountain Corps, the only tactical corps headquarters in the southeast, to Germany. General Boehme's command functions in Serbia were transferred to the commander of the LXV Corps Command, General der Artillerie (Lieutenant General) Paul Bader.

This loss was shortly followed by another, when the serious situation in Russia made necessary the transfer of both the 342d and 113th Infantry Divisions by the end of January 1942. This reduction of forces prompted the German Armed Forces High Command to request the Bulgarians to move troops into southeastern Serbia. The Bulgarians assented and immediately shifted their I Corps from Thrace. Since it was occupying that part of Serbia allocated as an occupation zone of the Germans, the Bulgarian I Corps later came under the operational control of the German Military Commander, Serbia.

The Bulgarian command in Yugoslavia had a pacification problem similar to that of the Germans. Consequently, the Bulgarians undertook a number of antiguerrilla operations on their own initiative, informing the Germans through liaison officers of the results of their efforts. In general, these were so savage as to quell the growth of any resistance movement of significance until late the following year.

Croatia, with its own armed forces, had little success in putting down the spreading Partisan movement within its borders during late 1941. By the end of the year, additional German troops had crossed the borders of the new state into the German zone of interest in order to cooperate with the Ustascha and Croat national forces in hunting down the Partisans in the southeastern part of the country. Resistance to the Croat troops was intensified by their persecution of the Serbian minority. The Italian Second Army was of little help in restoring order; Italian units in the area assisting the Germans and Croats showed more interest in occupying important transportation and communication centers than in clearing Croatia of the guerrillas.

With Serbia quiet and the guerrilla forces active in their zone of interest in Croatia, the Germans planned a large-scale operation


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 Cry of the People

By

Tremble before your chattels,

Lords of the scheme of things!

Fighters of all earth's battles,

Ours is the might of kings!

Guided by seers and sages,

The world's heart-beat for a drum,

Snapping the chains of ages,

Out of the night we come!

Lend us no ear that pities!

Offer no almoner's hand!

Alms for the builders of cities!

When will you understand?

Down with your pride of birth

And your golden gods of trade!

A man is worth to his mother, Earth,

All that a man has made!

We are the workers and makers!

We are no longer dumb!

Tremble, O Shirkers and Takers!

Sweeping the earth—we come!

Ranked in the world-wide dawn,

Marching into the day!

The night is gone and the sword is drawn

And the scabbard is thrown away!


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 Do you remember that hour of din before the attack,—

And the anger, the blind compassion that seized and

shook you then

As you peered at the doomed and haggard faces of the

men?

Do you remember the stretcher cases lurching back

With dying eyes and lolling heads,—those ashen grey

Mask of the lads who once were keen and kind and gay?

HAVE YOU FORGOTTEN YET?

LOOK UP AND SWEAR BY THE STARS IN THE SKY

THAT YOU'LL NEVER FORGET.


text:
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 : Margaret!

If you hadn’t come, I should have gone mad. Didn’t you want to come?

One can’t hurt other people can one? Can one?

Oh, Chris, it’s no use. But it’s so awful it’s like being shown a second chance and not allowed to take it. I must go away.

I shan’t be able to bear it. You can’t leave me you mustn’t. I shall go mad!

(wringing her hands) : Oh, I don’t know what to do. I want to stay I do want to stay  but it isn’t right.

There’s no harm in our being together.

She said I might see as much of you as I liked.

Chris, dear, listen.


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 Lavoix says the flute-players of Lulli's day refused to play some of his passages owing to their being impossible to execute. What would they have said to those of Strauss? Truly we have travelled a long way from the lovely elegaic flute passages of Gluck; but have we excelled them?


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 Mourn Not the Dead

By

Mourn not the dead that in the cool earth lie—

Dust unto dust—

The calm, sweet earth that mothers all who die

As all men must;

Mourn not your captive comrades who must dwell—

Too strong to strive—

Within each steel-bound coffin of a cell,

Buried alive;

But rather mourn the apathetic throng—

The cowed and the meek—

Who see the world's great anguish and its wrong

And dare not speak!

38


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 You’re married to her you’ve had ten years of her life  the best years. I’m sure she’s been a good wife to you, Chris. All this isn’t fair to her. It was kind and brave of her to let me come, but she trusts us, Chris. You’re hers, you see. And we must be good and think of her, too. She’s your wife, Chris.

You’re right. If only I could know it, really. Things are so strange. This suit that I’ve got on. I found it in the cupboard upstairs when I went up to change. It’s an old suit. I must have worn it hundreds of times, and yet I don’t remember it. (He pats the suit.) Here’s something in the pocket. Something I put there, I suppose. (He takes it out.) A pocket-book. And that’s mine, too, I suppose. It’s got my initials on it. Funny that I don’t know it. I wonder what’s inside. (He opens it.) A snapshot. (He takes it out.) Oh, look that’s us, down at Monkey  do you remember  your father took it?

[He looks at it greedily.

I’ve got one like it.

Do you remember the funny people who came in for tea, and how I waited on them for a lark? A big fat woman in a pink blouse and an old chap who’d been rowing in a tweed waistcoat?


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 : Yes. And how cross you were when they tried to tip you for pushing the boat off?

Fifteen years ago and it’s so much nearer than all this. That was the evening that I told you I loved you Oh, Margaret.

Let’s be quiet quiet  and think  not talk. I only want to be by you, that’s all just to know that you’re there, beside me.

[ sits again and he lies on the floor at her feet.

You’re all I’ve got to hold on to in life. There’s nothing wrong in it, is there? Is there?

(weakly) : I don’t know, Chris.

There can’t be anything wrong in that. She couldn’t grudge me that she couldn’t.

[He puts his head in her lap.

She strokes his hair in silence for a while.

I’ve never known you in a house like this. It doesn’t seem to fit.

Can you hear the river? This is the little parlour at the inn and we’re


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 To France

By

Mother of revolutions, stern and sweet,

Thou of the red Commune's heroic days;

Unsheathe thy sword, let thy pent lightning blaze

Until these new bastilesbastilles [sic] fall at thy feet.

Once more thy sons march down the ancient street

Led by pale men from silent Pere la Chaise;

Once more La Carmagnole—La Marseillaise

Blend with the war drum's quick and angry beat.

Ah, France—our—France—must they again endure

The crown of thorns upon the cross of death?

Is morning here? Then speak that we may know!

The sky seems lighter but we are not sure.

Is morning here? The whole world holds its breath

To hear the crimson Gallic rooster crow.

39


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Page:Robert M. Kennedy - German Antiguerrilla Operations in the Balkans (1941-1944) - CMH Pub 104-18 (1954).pdf/34

 GERMAN ANTIGUERRILLA OPERATIONS IN THE BALKANS (1941–1944) designed to annihilate the guerrillas in place or drive them into strong Italian blocking forces to be brought up to the Italian side of the demarcation line. Planned for mid-January 1942, the operation would have the advantage of cold weather, inconvenient for the Germans but disastrous for the guerrillas, who lacked proper clothing and equipment for operations in the snow. Also, the 342d Division would be available, just prior to its departure for Russia.

Well planned and typical of antiguerrilla measures of the period, the operation was conducted from 15 to 26 January, with the 342d and 718th Infantry Divisions, as well as Croatian national forces, participating. guerrillas were estimated at 4,000, concentrated about Sarajevo and Visegrad and the area to the north. Meeting strong resistance, the Germans suffered a total of 25 dead, 131 wounded, and almost 300 cases of frostbite, against 521 guerrilla dead and 1,331 captured. Booty included 855 rifles, 22 machine guns, 4 field pieces, 600 head of livestock, and 33 draft animals. A tactical success, the operation failed to achieve its purpose when the Italian forces against which the guerrillas were to be driven did not arrive in time to prevent the escape of large numbers of the guerrillas into the Italian zone of interest in Croatia.

Reports from German commanders who had participated indicated that the Croatian troops could perform satisfactorily only when integrated with German units, and that the Croat officers and noncommissioned officers lacked training and tactical ability. The escape of entire guerrilla units also made obvious the need for a combined command, with authority over all German, Italian, Croatian, and other forces participating. On one occasion, during the operation, Italian airmen bombed a German-held village, whereupon the Germans requested Italian air support be withdrawn. Another mistake was the assignment of Ustascha troops to areas populated mainly by Serbs. Finally, the understrength German divisions (two regiments of infantry rather than the normal three) in the "700 series" in the southeast lacked personnel and staying power for sustained operations against strong guerrilla forces.

Sharp fighting at Valjevo in February caused the Germans almost 500 casualties, as against over 3,500 guerrillas killed in action or shot in reprisal. Lacking troops, it was obvious that General Kuntze would require the assistance of the Italians and Croatians if his meager forces in Croatia were to quell the disorders in the German zone of interest.

A trip to Hitler's headquarters and to Italy was instrumental in securing approval for a combined German-Italian-Croatian operation to clear east Bosnia. General Bader, now commanding all German forces and the administrative area in Serbia, was named task force commander, under operational control of the Italian Second Army for


text: The Return of the Soldier (Van Druten)/Act II


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Page:Robert M. Kennedy - German Antiguerrilla Operations in the Balkans (1941-1944) - CMH Pub 104-18 (1954).pdf/35

 26 the period of the operation. His force was to consist of three Italian divisions, the German 718th Infantry Division, German units from Serbia, and Croatian national troops. Extending from 20 April to 3 May, the operation was considered a success from the German standpoint, with 168 enemy dead, 1,309 prisoners taken, and stocks of weapons, ammunition, and equipment captured. However, large numbers of guerrillas managed to escape through the Italian units assigned to block their flight and to make their way into the Italian zone of interest in Croatia. Task Force Bader was disbanded upon conclusion of the operation, and its commander returned to Serbia.

Another operation, to clear west Bosnia, was scheduled for June. The task force commander, Generalmajor (Brigadier General) Friedrich Stahl, commanding the 714th Infantry Division, organized his combat elements around three German infantry battalions with artillery support and two Croatian mountain brigades. No exact figures on casualties were given, but the cost to the guerrillas was high and the undertaking was regarded as a success by the Germans. The lack of experience and tactical ability on the part of the Croat troops were made glaringly obvious during the operation, when the two mountain brigades broke in disorder and German troops had to strengthen them.

Following the conclusion of the operation in west Bosnia, the divisions in Serbia and Croatia were redisposed. While the 718th Infantry Division remained in east Bosnia, the 714th Infantry Division was assigned to west Bosnia. The 704th Infantry Division remained in eastern Serbia, and the 717th Infantry Division was shifted from southwestern to northwestern Serbia. In turn, the 7th SS Mountain Division (Prinz Eugen), recently formed with ethnic German personnel from Yugoslavia and Romania, was assigned the area evacuated by the 717th Division.

The modest successes of the recent German operations in Bosnia were offset at this time by the withdrawal of the Italian garrisons disposed along the Italian side of the German-Italian demarcation line. The military vacuum created in the area by this withdrawal was immediately used to advantage by the guerrillas, who now had no occupation force with which to contend. The withdrawal was in accordance with an earlier Italian decision to reduce their Second Army garrisons and relinquish control of the interior of Croatia to Croat national forces. To this end, the Italian command had divided its zone of interest into three areas, numbered from one to three, and roughly parallel to the demarcation line and the coast. The third zone, adjoining the German area of interest, was abandoned first, despite German protests that guerrilla activities would increase.


text: Page:The earth turns south (IA earthturnssouth00wood).pdf/88


text:
Page:The Return of the Soldier (Van Druten).djvu/81

 just engaged, you and I. Do you remember how we walked back to the inn that evening? I can see you now standing against the parlour window, resting your cheek against the glass, looking in. I can hear the words you said.

(spellbound) : What did I say, Chris?

I can’t be unhappy when you’re with me. I don’t ask any more than that. Like this, I feel I can face anything Kitty and all of them  be kind to them  if only you can be here sometimes, if I can only know I haven’t lost you quite. No more than that. Then I can manage everything. Without you, I’m lost Margaret, dear.

You will stay? You will come again? You won’t leave me?

I won’t leave you.

[''There is a long silence. He lies still, his head on her lap, she stroking his hair, crying quietly. Then the door L. opens quietly, and comes in. For''


text:
Page:Robert M. Kennedy - German Antiguerrilla Operations in the Balkans (1941-1944) - CMH Pub 104-18 (1954).pdf/36

 GERMAN ANTIGUERRILLA OPERATIONS IN THE BALKANS (1941–1944) A German recapitulation of casualties sustained by the Yugoslav guerrillas from the beginning of the occupation to July 1942 estimated the total at 45,000 dead, with thousands more sent off to forced labor in Germany and occupied areas as far away as Norway, or detained in internment camps. In addition to the arrestees shipped out of the country, the Germans added a large number of former Yugoslav officers as a security measure, whether or not any involvement with the guerrillas could be proved against them.

The German forces in Croatia and Serbia carried on a series of small-scale operations throughout the remainder of the year without achieving any marked success in eliminating the guerrilla movement. There was an increase in troop strength when the 187th Reserve Division arrived in Croatia by December. (Chart 2.) In October, a new

headquarters, that of Commander of German Troops in Croatia, under Generalleutnant (Major General) Rudolf Lueters, was created; however, this headquarters did not become operational until shortly after the end of the year.

'''II. Greece'''

The Greek resistance movement, like the Yugoslav, was divided along political lines between the groups adhering to the royal government-in-exile and those led or strongly influenced by communists. In Greece the former were led by a Colonel Zervas, a retired officer of the Greek Regular Army; the latter, by a Colonel Sarafis, dismissed from the Regular Army for political activities in January 1935. The


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 The Red Guard

By

Sons of the dawn! No more shall you enslave

Nor lull them with your honeyed lies to sleep,

Nor lead them on like herds of human sheep,

To hopeless slaughter for the loot you crave.

For now upon you, wave on mighty wave,

The iron-stern battalions rise and leap

To extirpate your breed and bury deep

And sow with salt the unlamented grave!

Accursed Monster—nightmare of the years—

Pause but a moment ere you pass away!

Pause and behold the earth made clean and pure—

Our earth, that you have drenched with blood and tears—

Then greet the crimson usurer of Day—

The mighty Proletarian Dictature!


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a moment she does not see them, then she stops suddenly.

(startled) : Who is it?

[She turns back to the door.

(kindly) : Don’t go, Kitty.

What have I to do with you in here?

[He scrambles to his feet.

It’s all right. I want to tell you that I know it is all right. Margaret has explained it to me.

I’m pleased that you describe that as knowing “it’s all right,” and grateful that you should have accepted it at last—on Mrs. Grey’s authority. This is an occasion that would make any wife proud.

(wounded) : Kitty!

(shocked into protest) : Oh, please

(repentant): I’m sorry, I

(faintly) : I must be going.

I’ve my home to get back to.


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 John Reed's Body

By MICHAEL GOLD.

John Reed, died in Moscow, October, 17, 1920.

John Reed, our captain, his body fills a grave.

The lion-heart is patient, the warrierwarrior [sic] is bones.

The grass is his brother, and his pulse once so brave,

Now beats but as faintly as atoms beat in stones.

Death is for dreaming, but now the world's in flame,

And we are living men, and hope is everywhere,

The strong unhappy poor, in Communism's name,

Are writing cannon-poems, that batter down despair.

So dream not, but chant the scarlet songs of Life,

Fight, sing and hope, for we are living men,

Raise John Reed's banner in the thickest of the strife

Ere we lie down to dream with him again.


text: Page:The earth turns south (IA earthturnssouth00wood).pdf/91


text:
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 Muckers

By CARL SANDBURG.

Twenty men stand watching the muckers

Stabbing the sides of the ditch

Where clay gleams yellow,

Driving the blades of their shovels

Deeper and deeper for the new gas malnsmains [sic],

Wiping sweat off their faces

With red bandanas.

The muckers work on pausing to pull

Their boots out of suckholes where they slosh.

Of the twenty looking on

Ten murmur, "O, it's a hell of a job."

Ten others, "Jesus, I wish I had the job." 44


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 Graceland

By CARL SANDBURG

Tomb of a millionaire,

A multi-millionaire, ladies and gentlemen,

Place of the dead where they spend every year

The usury of twenty-five thousand dollars

For upkeep and flowers

To keep fresh the memory of the dead.

The merchant prince gone to dust

Commanded in his written will

Over the signed name of his last testament

Twenty-five thousand dollars be set aside

For roses, lilacs, hydrangeas, tulips,

For perfume and color, sweetness of remembrance

Around his last long home.

(A hundred cash girls want nickles to go to the movies

tonight.

In the back stalls of a hundred saloons, women are at

tables

Drinking with men or waiting for men jingling loose

silver dollars in their pockets.

In a hundred furnished rooms is a girl who sells silk or

dress goods or leather stuff for six dollars a week

wages

And when she pulls on her stockings in the morning she

is reckless about God and the newspapers and the

police, the talk of her home town or the name

people call her.)


text:
The Stolen Farthings

 * "The Stolen Pennies", translated by William John Thoms, in Lays and Legends of Germany (1834)
 * "The Stolen Farthings", translated by Margaret Raine Hunt, in Grimm's Household Tales, Volume 2 (1884)

title: The Stolen Farthings


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 : You'll come again  to-morrow?

Really not. I’ve no right here.

Kitty I know it’s brutal, but  but  she may come, mayn’t she?

As often as you like.

Chris wants you to come. (There is a tap at the door L.) Come in! [ comes in.

I forgot to knock, as you did. Mrs. Grey is just going. I’ll go and see that the car is brought round.

[She goes out.

You’ll come again to-morrow?

Please where are my things?

I'll get them.

What were they?

Thank you so much. [ goes out.


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 Anna Imroth

By CARL SANDBURG.

Cross the hands over the breast here—so.

Straighten the legs a little more—so.

And call for the wagon to come and take her home.

Her mother will cry some and so will her sisters and brothers.

But all of the others got down and they are safe and this is the only one of the factory girls who wasn't lucky in making the jump when the fire broke.

It is the hand of God and the lack of fire escapes.


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Again the grinding of the iron gods,

The old familiar fury of the wheels;

Again the accustomed clamor of the rods,

The giddy belting, and the room that reels;

The dim light dancing, and the shadows shaking,

The little sudden pains, the mute despairs,

The patient and the weary hands; till, waking,

At dusk, we tumble down the crazy stairs.


text: Index:Journal of the Optical Society of America, volume 30, number 12.pdf


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 : Well?

Poor boy he’s so lost. And she she’s hurt. What can I do? He wants me he’s happy with me. I can’t stay away when he’s like this.

They must make him well cure him  bring him back. They will, won’t they?

They know so much. There are so many cases now  since the war. They’ll cure him give him back to you.

I know they will. And till then she mustn’t be jealous. I know it must hurt her but he isn’t himself  it doesn’t mean anything. It’s just like I was his nurse, that’s all. But he’ll get better they’ll know how  they'll bring him back to her  and all of this.

(very gently) : And you? What about you?


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 Night on the Convoy Alexandria-Marseilles

By SIGFRIEDSIEGFRIED [sic] SASSOON

Out in the blustering darkness, on the deck

A gleam of stars looks down. Long blurs of black,

The lean Destroyers, level with our track,

Plunging and stealing, watch the perilous way,

Through backward racing seas and caverns of chill spray.

One sentry by the davits, in the gloom

Stands mute; the boat heaves onward through the night.

Shrouded is every chink of cabined light:

And sluiced by floundering waves that hiss and boom,

And crash like guns, the troop-ship shudders doom.

Now something at my feet stirs with a sigh;

And slowly growing used to groping dark,

I know that the hurricane-deck, down all its length,

Is heaped and spread with lads in sprawling strength,—

Blanketed soldiers sleeping. In the stark

Danger of life at war, they lie so still,

All prostrate and defenceless, head by head

And I remember Arras, and that hill

Where dumb with pain I stumble among the dead.

We are going home. The troop-ship, in a thrill

O fiery-chamber'd anguish, throbs and rolls.

We are going home victims  three thousand souls


text: Page:The earth turns south (IA earthturnssouth00wood).pdf/92


text:
Page:Journal of the Optical Society of America, volume 30, number 12.pdf/3

30

HE papers on the which appear in this issue will appeal on their own merits to all workers in the field of. To others, the plan of simultaneous publication will be of interest as an example of an earnest effort, initiated by the authors, to advance scientific knowledge in an orderly manner. Colorimetry has always been a controversial subject. It is of importance to chemists, physicists, physiologists, and psychologists, each group having its own background and habits of thought. To confound the confusion, a term may connote different concepts in the different fields, or several terms may refer to the same concept.

Impartial evaluation of the Munsell Color System is especially difficult because the writings of include a discussion of two systems whose underlying concepts are fundamentally different. One set of concepts appeals to the instincts of the physicist, while the other seems more natural to the psychologist. As a practical matter the two systems may be much alike, and no useful purpose would be served if the importance of one system were exaggerated at the expense of the other. Realizing that this might occur if the papers in this series were published separately as individual contributions, the several authors have undertaken to forestall such a result by a free interchange of data, and by correspondence and conferences aimed at a reconciliation of opposing points of view. When a unified plan of publication had been evolved, the manuscripts were submitted to an associate editor of the Journal who was empowered by the authors to make such additional changes as were found necessary to present an impartial description of the work of A. H. Munsell in a language which is consistent throughout the series.

It is probable that the field of colorimetry will soon supply another example of cooperation among scientists on an even larger scale. In 1920, the Optical Society appointed a Committee on Colorimetry which published its report in the Journal two years later. was widely accepted and the supply of reprints was soon exhausted. As the subject of colorimetry became of greater importance and better data became available, a new committee was appointed which has been engaged for several years on the preparation of a report that will present the composite thoughts of a large group of experts who have often discussed the same phenomena in a variety of languages. In size and subject matter, this report is assuming the aspect of a treatise, and the care that is being taken in its preparation should endow it with a long and useful life. It is greatly to the credit of the individuals on this committee who have worked so assiduously, that they are willing and eager, purely for the sake of advancing the art, to relinquish the prestige that attaches to the publication of individual contributions, and to cooperate in an endeavor where the status of an individual member of the committee approaches complete anonymity.


text: Page:Journal of the Optical Society of America, volume 30, number 12.pdf/97


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 Swear You'll Never Forget

By

HAVE YOU FORGOTTEN YET?

For the world's events have rumbled on since those

gagged days,

Like traffic checked awhile at the crossing of the ways:

And the haunted gap in your minds has filled with

thoughts that flow

Like clouds in the lit heavens of life; and you are a man

reprieved to go,

Taking your peaceful share of Time, with joy to spare.

BUT THE PAST IS JUST THE SAME—AND WAR'S A

BLOODY GAME

HAVE YOU FORGOTTEN YET?

LOOK DOWN, AND SWEAR BY THE SLAIN OF THE

WAR THAT YOU'LL NEVER FORGET.

Do you remember the dark months you held the

sector at Mametz—

The nights you watched and wired and dug and piled

sandbags on parapet?

Do you remember the rats, and the stench

Of corpses rotting in front of the front line trench,—

And dawn coming dirty-white, and chill with a hopeless

rain?

DO YOU EVER STOP AND ASK, "IS IT GOING TO

HAPPEN AGAIN?".

51


text:
Page:Poems for Workers - ed. Manuel Gomez (1925).djvu/44

 Nobody Knows

By

Oh, nobody knows where the hobo goes,

Nobody knows, nobody knows;

Nobody knows where the hobo goes,

That’s the way the old song goes.

Boom a little saxophone, rap the little drums,

Make a little music for the doggone bums,

And we'll sing a little ditty till the old freight comes,

Then we’re going where nobody knows.

There's nobody knows where the hobo goes

When the sun shines warm and jungles call,

Oh, nobody knows where the old bo goes

When the long straw's yellow in the fall.

Old cars a-coughin' up the old Soo line,

Hoosier's surely makin' that old separator whine,

Pitchin' in the field is where the old boes shine;

Oh, nobody knows where the old bo goes

When the long straw's yellow in the fall.

And nobody knows where the young bo goes

When the cold north wind

Starts to whistle through his clothes;

Oh, nobody knows where the young bo goes

When the snowballs rattle on his spine.

Turp' camp down in Gawgia,

Cracker on a stump;

42


text:
Page:Journal of the Optical Society of America, volume 30, number 12.pdf/4

DECEMBER, 1940

N obvious purpose is served by arranging this series of five papers on the Munsell Color System together as a unit. The various steps in the development of the ideas of the originator,, may in this way be presented together with the technical data resulting from each step so that for the first time it is possible for a reader to trace this development in complete detail. But there is a second, less obvious, though no less important purpose served by this series of papers. It arises from the fact that Mr. Munsell's original idea for color specification had two aspects: First, that the color notation should indicate color as perceived by the observer; second, that the assignment of the notations should be based upon an accurately reproducible system of measurement. That is, the ideal color notation should conform to a purely psychological requirement and at the same time enjoy a rigorous psychophysical definition.

It is a common first impression of many students of colorimetry that this double requirement is easy to meet; in fact, it is often erroneously supposed by them that there is no need for the distinction between psychological and psychophysical systems. More thorough consideration reveals this error and often gives rise to the opinion that the two kinds of system are so utterly different in their concepts that there is no possibility of correspondence between them. To one who holds this opinion, Mr. Munsell's original idea seems to be based upon ignorance and impossible to fulfill.

There are possible, however, many psychophysical color systems. Some of them, such as the tristimulus system, yield variables having no obvious relation to the psychological attributes of color as perceived by the observer. Others, such as the dominant wave-length and purity system, yield variables having some degree of correspondence to them. Mr. Munsell knew well that the search for a psychophysical color system whose notation should correspond with what an observer sees is far from hopeless because he discovered a psychophysical system which fulfills this condition to a. surprising degree, better than any yet found of comparable simplicity.

The second purpose of arranging these papers into a series is, therefore, to bring out the much misunderstood relations and distinctions between psychological and psychophysical color systems. The second paper of this series, that by and, analyzes the psychophysical color system discovered by A. H. Munsell. The third paper, that by K. S. Gibson and D. Nickerson, shows the degree to which the color standards of the 1915  accord with this psychophysical color system. The fourth paper, that by J. J. Glenn and J. T. Killian, defines psychophysically the color system previously defined only by the material color standards of the 1929 Munsell Book of Color. The final paper of the series, "," by S. M. Newhall, Chairman, presents extensive data on which is to be based a psychophysical color system intended to fulfill as closely as possible the psychological ideal of A. H. Munsell. , Associate Editor


text:
Page:Satyagraha in South Africa.pdf/261

 art of making sandals. After he returned, he taught it to me and I in my turn to other workers. Thus several young men learnt how to manufacture sandals, and we commenced selling them to friends. I need scarcely say that many of my pupils easily surpassed me in the art. Another handicraft introduced was that of carpentry. Having founded a sort of village we needed all manner of things large and small from benches to boxes, and we made them all ourselves. The selfless carpenters already referred to helped us for several months. Mr Kallenbach was the head of the carpentry department, and as such every moment gave us the evidence of his mastery and exactitude.

A school was indispensable for the youngsters and he children. This was the most difficult of our tasks and we never achieved complete success in this matter till the very last. The burden of teaching work was largely borne by Mr Kallenbach and myself. The school could be held only after noon, when both of us were thoroughly exhausted by our morning labour, and so were our pupils. The teachers therefore would often be dozing as well as the taught. We would sprinkle water on the eyes, and by playing with the children try to pull them up and to pull up ourselves, but sometimes in vain. The body peremptorily demanded rest and would not take a denial. But this was only one and the least of our many difficulties. For the classes were conducted in spite of these dozings. What were we to teach pupils who spoke three languages, Gujarati, Tamil or Telugu, and how? I was anxious to make these languages the medium of instruction. I knew a little Tamil but no Telugu. What could one teacher do in these circumstances? I tried to use some of the young men as teachers, but the experiment was not altogether a success. Pragji’s services were of course requisitioned. Some of the youngsters were very mischievous and lazy and were always on bad terms with their books. A teacher could not expect to make much headway with such pupils. Again we could not be regular in our teaching. Business sometimes took Mr Kallenbach as well as me to Johannesburg. S.A.-16

title: Page:Satyagraha in South Africa.pdf/261


text:
Page:Poems for Workers - ed. Manuel Gomez (1925).djvu/45

 Big bull whip he carries, makes the blizzard-dodgers hump;

Watch 'em flag it out of Gawgia when they've done their little bump;

But nobody knows where the young bo goes,

When the snowballs rattle on his spine.

Oh, nobody knows where the hobo goes,

When his pals don't meet him any more,

Nobody knows where the hobo goes,

When he's tapped on his last back door.

Katy flier strung him half a mile.

Not much left except the clothes he wore.

Not so loudly, saxophone; not so lively drum,

A little soft music for a hard luck bum,

And we'll sing a little ditty till the track hands come,

To put him where he should have been before.

For nobody knows where the hobo goes,

The young bo goes, the old bo goes,

Oh, nobody knows where the dead bo goes

When he's tapped on his last back door.


text:
Page:Poems for Workers - ed. Manuel Gomez (1925).djvu/49

 I am the People, the Mob

By CARL SANDBURG.

I am the people—the mob—the crowd—the mass.

Do you know that all the great work of the world is

done through me?

I am the workingman, the inventor, the maker of the

world's food and clothes.

I am the audience that witnesses history. The Napoleons

come from me and the Lincolns. They die.

And I send forth more Napoleons and Lincolns.

I am the seed ground. I am a prairie that will stand for

much plowing. Terrible storms pass over me. I

forget. The best of me is sucked out and wasted.

I forget. Everything but Death comes to me and

makes me work and give up what I have. And

I forget.

Sometimes I growl, shake myself and spatter a few red

drops for history to remember. Then—I forget.

When I, the People, learn to remember, when I, the

People, use the lessons of yesterday and no longer

forget who robbed me last year, who played me

for a fool—then there will be no speaker in all the

world say the name: "The People," with any

fleck of a sneer in his voice or any far-off smile of

derision.

The mob—the crowd—the mass—will arrive then.


text: The Earth Turns South/To a Woman

title: The Earth Turns South/To a Woman


text: The Earth Turns South/Birthday

title: The Earth Turns South/Birthday


text:
Page:Satyagraha in South Africa.pdf/262

 Religious teaching presented another tough problem. I would like Musalmans to read the Koran, and Parsis the Avesta. There was one Khoja child, whose father had laid upon me the responsibility of teaching him a small pothi of that sect. I collected books bearing on Islam and Zoroastrianism. I wrote out the fundamental doctrines of Hinduism according to my lights,I forget now whether it was for my own children or for the Tolstoy Farmers. If this document was now in my possession, I should have inserted it here as a landmark in my spiritual progress. But I have thrown away or burnt many such things in my life. I destroyed such papers as I felt it was not necessary to preserve them or as the scope of my activities was extended. I am not sorry for this, as to have preserved all of them would have been burdensome and expensive. I should have been compelled to keep cabinets and boxes, which would have been an eyesore to one who has taken the vow of poverty.

But this teaching experiment was not fruitless. The children were saved from the infection of intolerance, and learnt to view one another’s religions and customs with a large-hearted charity. They learnt how to live together like blood-brothers. They imbibed the lessons of mutual service, courtesy and industry. And from what little I know about the later activities of some of the children on Tolstoy Farm, I am certain that the education which they received there has not been in vain. Even if imperfect, it was a thoughtful and religious experiment, and among the sweetest reminiscences of Tolstoy Farm, the reminiscences of this teaching experiment are no less sweet than the rest.

But another chapter must be devoted to these reminiscences.

title: Page:Satyagraha in South Africa.pdf/262


text: The Earth Turns South/To a Baby, Reaching for the Smoke


text:
Page:Poems for Workers - ed. Manuel Gomez (1925).djvu/50

 In Trafalgar Square

By

The stars shone faint through the smoky blue;

The church-bells were ringing;

Three girls, arms laced, were passing through,

Tramping and singing.

Their heads were bare; their short skirts swung

As they went along;

Their scarf-covered breasts heaved up, as they sung

Their defiant song.

It was not too clean, their feminine lay,

But it thrilled me quite

With its challenge to task-master villainous day

And infamous night.

With its threat to the robber rich, the proud,

The respectable free.

And I laughed and shouted to them aloud,

And they shouted to me!

"Girls, that's the shout, the shout we will utter

When, with rifles and spades,

We stand, with the old Red Flag aflutter,

On the barricades!"


text:
Page:Satyagraha in South Africa.pdf/263

 In this chapter I propose to string together a number of Tolstoy Farm reminiscences which are rather disjointed and for which therefore I must crave the reader’s indulgence.

A teacher hardly ever had to teach the kind of heterogeneous class that fell to my lot, containing as it did pupils of all ages and both the sexes, from boys and girls of about 7 years of age to young men of twenty and young girls 12 or 13 years old. Some of the boys were wild and mischievous.

What was I to teach this ill-assorted group? How was I to be all things to all pupils? Again in what language should I talk to all of them? The Tamil and Telugu children knew their own mother-tongue or English and a little Dutch. I could speak to them only in English. I divided the class into two sections, the Gujarati section to be talked to in Gujarati and the rest in English. As the principal part of the teaching, I arranged to tell or read to them some interesting stories. I also proposed to bring them into close mutual contact and to lead them to cultivate a spirit of friendship and service. Then there was to be imparted some general knowledge of history and geography and in some cases of arithmetic. Writing was also taught, and so were some bhajans which formed part of our prayers, and to which therefore I tried to attract the Tamil children as well.

The boys and girls met freely. My experiment of co-education on Tolstoy Farm was the most fearless of its type. I dare not today allow, or train children to enjoy, the liberty which I had granted the Tolstoy Farm class. I have often felt that my mind then used to be more innocent than it is now, and that was due perhaps to my

title: Page:Satyagraha in South Africa.pdf/263


text: The Earth Turns South/The Learners

title: The Earth Turns South/The Learners


text: The Earth Turns South/Love-Givers

title: The Earth Turns South/Love-Givers


text:
Page:Satyagraha in South Africa.pdf/264

 ignorance. Since then I have had bitter experiences, and have sometimes burnt my fingers badly. Persons whom I took to be thoroughly innocent have turned out corrupt. I have observed the roots of evil deep down in my own nature; and timidity has claimed me for its own.

I do not repent having made the experiment. My conscience bears witness that it did not do any harm. But as a child who has burnt himself with hot milk blows even into whey, my present attitude is one of extra caution.

A man cannot borrow faith or courage from others. The doubter is marked out for destruction, as the Gita puts it. My faith and courage were at their highest in Tolstoy Farm. I have been praying to God to permit me to re-attain that height, but the prayer has not yet been heard, for the number of such suppliants before the Great White Throne is legion. The only consolation is that God has as many ears as there are suppliants. I therefore repose full faith in Him and know that my prayer will be accepted when I have fitted myself for such grace.

This was my experiment. I sent the boys reputed to be mischievous and the innocent young girls to bathe in the same spot at the same time. I had fully explained the duty of self-restraint to the children, who were all familiar with my Satyagraha doctrine. I knew, and so did the children, that I loved them with a mother’s love. The reader will remember the spring at some distance from the kitchen. Was it a folly to let the children meet there for bath and yet to expect them to be innocent? My eye always followed the girls as a mother’s eye would follow a daughter. The time was fixed when all the boys and all the girls went together for a bath. There was an element of safety in the fact that they went in a body. Solitude was always avoided. Generally I also would be at the spring at the same time.

All of us slept in an open verandah. The boys and the girls would spread themselves around me. There was hardly a distance of three feet between any two beds. Some care was exercised in arranging the order of the beds, but any amount of such care would have been futile

title: Page:Satyagraha in South Africa.pdf/264


text:
Page:Satyagraha in South Africa.pdf/265

 in the case of a wicked mind. I now see that God alone safeguarded the honour of these boys and girls. I made the experiment from a belief that boys and girls could thus live together without harm, and the parents with their boundless faith in me allowed me to make it.

One day one of the young men made fun of two girls, and the girls themselves or some child brought me the information. The news made me tremble. I made inquiries and found that the report was true. I remonstrated with the young men, but that was not enough. I wished the two girls to have some sign on their person as a warning to every young man that no evil eye might be cast upon them, and as a lesson to every girl that no one dare assail their purity. The passionate Ravana could not so much as touch Sita with evil intent while Rama was thousands of miles away. What mark should the girls bear so as to give them a sense of security and at the same time to sterilize the sinner's eye? This question kept me awake for the night. In the morning I gently suggested to the girls that they might let me cut off their fine long hair. On the Farm we shaved and cut the hair of one another, and we therefore kept scissors and clipping machines. At first the girls would not listen to me. I had already explained the situation to the elderly women who could not bear to think of my suggestion but yet quite understood my motive, and they had finally accorded their support to me. They were both of them noble girls. One of them is alas! now no more. She was very bright and intelligent. The other is living and the mistress of a household of her own. They came round after all, and at once the very hand that is narrating this incident set to cut off their hair. And afterwards I analysed and explained my procedure before my class, with excellent results. I never heard of a joke again. The girls in question did not lose in any case; goodness knows how much they gained. I hoped the young men still remember this incident and keep their eyes from sin.

Experiments such as I have placed on record are not meant for imitation. Any teacher who imitated them

title: Page:Satyagraha in South Africa.pdf/265


text: The Earth Turns South/The Red Song

title: The Earth Turns South/The Red Song


text:
Page:Memoirs on the coleoptera (IA memoirsoncoleopt01case).pdf/34

26 This species may be known readily by its short and transverse prothorax, virtually as wide as the elytra and by the antennal structure, the second and third joints being shorter than in any of the preceding. It is very abundant in individuals like nearly all of this group.

Distinguishable by its small size, rather flat surface, pale coloration, short antennæ with strongly transverse joints and by the male sexual characters.

Closely allied to elota but larger, stouter, with slightly less abbreviated antennæ, more prominent tempora and differently de-


text:
Page:Satyagraha in South Africa.pdf/266

 would be incurring grave risk. I have here taken note of them only to show how far a man can go in certain circumstances and to stress the purity of the Satyagraha struggle. This very purity was a guarantee of its victory. Before launching on such experiments a teacher has to be both father and mother to his pupils and to be prepared for all eventualities whatever, and only the hardest penance can fit him to conduct them.

This act of mine was not without its effect on the entire life of the settlers on the Farm. As we had intended to cut down expenses to the barest minimum, we changed our dress also. In the cities the Indian men including the Satyagrahis put on European dress. Such elaborate clothing was not needed on the Farm. We had all become labourers and therefore put on labourers’ dress but in the European style, viz. workingmen’s trousers and shirts, which were imitated from prisoners’ uniform. We all used cheap trousers and shirts which could be had ready-made out of coarse blue cloth. Most of the ladies were good hands at sewing and took charge of the tailoring department.

As for food we generally had rice, dal, vegetable and rotlis with porridge occasionally superadded. All this was served in a single dish which was not really a dish, but a kind of bowl such as is supplied to prisoners in jail. We had made wooden spoons on the Farm ourselves. There were three meals in the day. We had bread and home-made wheaten ‘coffee’ at six o’clock in the morning, rice, dal and vegetable at eleven, and wheat pap and milk, or bread and ‘coffee’ at half past five in the

title: Page:Satyagraha in South Africa.pdf/266


text:
Page:Floras Lexicon-1840.djvu/89

AFFODIL. . Class 6,. Order:. This is a Spanish plant. It is the largest of the genus, and has splendid flowers. It is generally found double in gardens, rarely single. The Daffodil, says the Flora Historica, was evidently considered a kind of lily by early writers, and we are of opinion that the name is a corruption of ’s Lily, as it is the flower supposed to be dropped from the chariot of that god, in his flight with .

title: Page:Floras Lexicon-1840.djvu/89


text:
Page:Cautionary tales for children.djvu/66

 And gracious! how Lord Lundy cried!


text: Flora's Lexicon/Daffodil

title: Flora's Lexicon/Daffodil


text: Page:Virgil's Pastorals, Georgics and Aeneis - Dryden (1709) - volume 2.djvu/217


text:
Page:Cautionary tales for children.djvu/67

A Trick that everyone abhors In Little Girls is slamming Doors. A

Wealthy Banker's


text:
Page:Satyagraha in South Africa.pdf/267

 evening. After the evening meal we had prayers at seven or half past seven. At prayers we sang bhajans and sometimes had readings from the Ramayan or books on Islam. The bhajans were in English, Hindi and Gujarati. Sometimes we had one bhajan [hymn] from each of the three languages, and sometimes only one. Every one retired at 9 o’clock.

Many observed the Ekadashi fast on the Farm. We were joined there by Shri P. K. Kotval who had much experience of fasting, and some of us followed him to keep the chaturmas. Ramzan also arrived in the meanwhile. There were Musalman youngsters among us, and we felt we must encourage them to keep the fasts. We arranged for them to have meals in the evening as well as in the early morning. Porridge etc. were prepared for them in the evening. There was no meat of course, nor did any one ask for it. To keep the Musalman friends company the rest of us had only one meal a day in the evening. As a rule we finished our evening meal before sunset; so the only difference was that the others finished their supper about when the Musalman boys commenced theirs. These boys were so courteous that they did not put any one to extra trouble although they were observing fasts, and the fact that the non-Muslim children supported them in the matter of fasting left a good impression on all. I do not remember that there ever was a quarrel, much less a split, between the Hindu and the Musalman boys on the score of religion. On the other hand I know that although staunch in their own beliefs, they all treated one another with respect and assisted one another in their respective religious observances.

Although we were living far from the amenities of city life, we did not keep even the commonest appliances against the possible attacks of illness. I had in those days as much faith in the nature cure of disease as I had in the innocence of children. I felt that there should not be disease as we lived a simple life, but if there was, I was confident of dealing with it. My booklet on health is a note-book of my experiments and of my living faith in

title: Page:Satyagraha in South Africa.pdf/267


text:
Page:Cautionary tales for children.djvu/72

 and inly swore They never more would slam the Door. —As often they had done before.


text:
Page:Satyagraha in South Africa.pdf/268

 those days. I was proud enough to believe that illness for me was out of the question. I held that all kinds of diseases could be cured by earth and water treatment, fasting or changes in diet. There was not a single case of illness on the Farm, in which we used drugs or called in a doctor. There was an old man from North India 70 years of age who suffered from asthma and cough, but whom I cured simply by changes in diet and water treatment. But I have now lost the courage, and in view of my two serious illnesses I feel that I have forfeited even the right, to make such experiments.

Gokhale arrived in South Africa while we were still living on the Farm. His tour must be described in another chapter, but I will place here on record a half sweet, half bitter reminiscence. The reader has now some idea of the sort of life we were leading. There was no cot on the Farm, but we borrowed one for Gokhale. There was no room where he could enjoy full privacy. For sitting accommodation we had nothing beyond the benches in our school. Even so, how could we resist the temptation of bringing Gokhale in spite of his delicate health to the Farm? And how could he help seeing it, either? I was foolish enough to imagine that Gokhale would be able to put up with a night’s discomfort and to walk about a mile and a half from the station to the Farm. I had asked him beforehand, and he had agreed to everything without bestowing any thought upon it, thanks to his simplicity and overwhelming confidence in me. It rained that day, as fate would have it, and I was not in a position suddenly to make any special arrangement. I have never forgotten the trouble to which I put Gokhale that day in my ignorant affection. The hardship was too much for him to bear and he caught a chill. We could not take him to the kitchen and dining-hall. He had been put up in Mr Kallenbach’s room. His dinner would get cold while we brought it from the kitchen to his room. I prepared special soup, and Kotval special bread for him, but these could not be taken to him hot. We managed as best we could. Gokhale uttered not a syllable, but I understood from his face what

title: Page:Satyagraha in South Africa.pdf/268


text:
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 a folly I had committed. When Gokhale came to know that all of us slept on the floor, he removed the cot which had been brought for him and had his own bed too spread on the floor. This whole night was a night of repentance for me. Gokhale had a rule in life which seemed to me a bad rule. He would not permit any one except a servant to wait upon him. He had no servant with him during this tour. Mr Kallenbach and I entreated him to let us massage his feet. But he would not let us even touch him, and half jocularly, half angrily said: ‘You all seem to think that you have been born to suffer hardships and discomforts, and people like myself have been born to be pampered by you. You must suffer today the punishment for this extremism of yours. I will not let you even touch me. Do you think that you will go out to attend to nature’s needs and at the same time keep a commode for me? I will bear any amount of hardship but I will humble your pride.’ These words were to us like a thunderbolt, and deeply grieved Mr Kallenbach and me. The only consolation was, that Gokhale wore a smile on his face all the while. Krishna no doubt was often deeply offended by Arjuna, ‘unknowing of His majesty and careless in the fondness of his love,’ but he soon forgot such incidents. Gokhale remembered only our will to serve, though he did not accord us the high privilege of serving him. The deeply affectionate letter he wrote me from Mombasa is still imprinted upon my heart. Gokhale bore everything cheerfully, but till the last never accepted the service which it was in our power to render. He had to take the food etc., from our hands, but that he could not help.

The next morning he allowed no rest either to himself or to us. He corrected all his speeches which we proposed to publish in book form. When he had to write anything, he was in the habit of walking to and fro and thinking it out. He had to write a small letter and I thought that he would soon have done with it. But no. As I twitted him upon it, he read me a little homily: ‘You do not know my ways of life. I will not do even the least little thing in a hurry. I will think about it and consider the central

title: Page:Satyagraha in South Africa.pdf/269


text: Cautionary Tales for Children/Lord Lundy (Second Canto)


text:
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 idea. I will next deliberate as to the language suited to the subject and then set to write. If every one did as I do, what a huge saving of time would there be? And the nation would be saved from the avalanche of half-baked ideas which now threatens to overwhelm her.’

As the reminiscences of Tolstoy Farm would be incomplete without an account of Gokhale’s visit thereto, so would they be if I omitted to say something about the character and conduct of Mr Kallenbach. It was really a wonder how he lived on Tolstoy Farm among our people as if he were one of us. Gokhale was not the man to be attracted by ordinary things. But even he felt strongly drawn to the revolutionary change in Kallenbach’s life. Kallenbach had been brought up in the lap of luxury and had never known what privation was. In fact, indulgence had been his religion. He had had his fill of all the pleasures of life, and he had never hesitated to secure for his comfort everything that money could buy.

It was no commonplace for such a man to live, move and have his being on Tolstoy Farm, and to become one with the Indian settlers. This was an agreeable surprise for the Indians. Some Europeans classed Kallenbach either as a fool or a lunatic, while others honoured him for his spirit of renunciation. Kallenbach never felt his renunciation to be painful. In fact he enjoyed it even more than he had enjoyed the pleasures of life before. He would be transported with rapture while describing the bliss of a simple life, and for a moment his hearers would be tempted to go in for it. He mixed so lovingly with the young as well as the old, that separation from him even for a short time left a clearly felt void in their lives. Mr Kallenbach was very fond of fruit trees and therefore he reserved gardening as his own portfolio. Every morning he would engage children as well as grown up people in tending the fruit trees. He would make them work hard, but he had such a cheerful temper and smiling face, that every one loved to work with him. Whenever a party of tourists left the Farm for Johannesburg at 2 a.m., Mr Kallenbach would always be one of them.

title: Page:Satyagraha in South Africa.pdf/270


text:
Page:Journal of the Optical Society of America, volume 30, number 12.pdf/5

DECEMBER, 1940

Agricultural Marketing Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.

LBERT H. Munsell was born in Boston, Massachusetts, on January 6, 1858. Following a public school education, he studied art at the, and won a fellowship for foreign study. In Paris he attended where his work qualified him to take the examination for the. There he won second prize in his first yearly competition, and, later, the Catherine de Medici scholarship which gave him another year abroad, this time in Rome. After his return, and until 1917, he kept a studio in the Back Bay section of Boston and there he painted, chiefly portraits. For his exhibitions in Boston, New York, Pittsburgh, and Chicago he was highly praised. His painting the "Ascension of Elijah," so far as we know, still hangs in the Beaux Arts in Paris. During his entire life, boats and the open sea held an unusual interest for him, as is witnessed by his many seascapes.

From 1881 to 1918 he taught drawing and painting from the antique figure and living model, composition, and artistic anatomy at the Massachusetts Normal Art School, now the Massachusetts School of Art. He was loved and respected by his students to an unusual degree— they never fail to speak of him with admiration and affection.

Except for a few publications, chiefly ' and the ', it is to a color diary  kept by Mr. Munsell from 1900 to 1918 that we owe most of our knowledge of the development of the  during its early history.

It is important to recognize that Mr. Munsell's purpose in developing a system of color notation, illustrated by charts of measured colors, was to make the recording of color easy and convenient in order to provide a real aid in teaching color, particularly in teaching color to children. Because he believed that proper color training should begin with children, he spent much time in writing outlines for primary school grades and in conferences with art teachers and supervisors. It is evident that he felt that if children were properly taught, color would have more meaning and use for them all through life, and this became more important than ever to him when the early phases of development of his system were completed. The preface to the first edition of A Color Notation indicates that "'the gist of these pages has been given in the form of lectures to students of the Normal Art School, the Art Teachers' Association, and the Twentieth Century Club .. and... before the Society of Arts of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology." In the preface to the third edition in 1913, he adds: "Brewster's mistaken theory of color . . . still . . . gives children a false start with and a  . . . but a fine color sense may be trained by decorative studies whose simple color relations permit the student to realize in what way and by how much he falls short of a definite standard. Plates II and III reproduce children's studies with measured intervals of color-light and color-strength, which so discipline their feeling for color balance that they may then be trusted to use even the strongest pigments with discretion." An introduction to the system, prepared as an aid in teaching children, was separately published as Color Balance, Illustrated. There is record also of several other articles written by Mr. Munsell.

In his introduction to A Color Notation, Professor, then Gordon McKay Professor of Electrical Engineering at Harvard University, states, “In the determination of his (Munsell's) relationships he has made use of distinctly scientific methods.” In the same paragraph he acknowledges the chief purpose for which the system was built by stating that we


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 Mr Kallenbach and I had frequent talks on religion, which usually centred on fundamentals like non-violence or love, truth and the like. When I said that it was a sin to kill snakes and such other animals, Mr Kallenbach was shocked to hear it as well as my numerous other European friends. But in the end he admitted the truth of that principle in the abstract. At the very beginning of my intercourse with him, Mr Kallenbach had seen the propriety and the duty of carrying out in practice every principle of which he was convinced intellectually, and therefore he had been able to effect momentous changes in his life without a moment’s hesitation. Now if it was improper to kill serpents and the like, we must cultivate their friendship, thought Mr Kallenbach. He therefore first collected books on snakes in order to identify different species of reptiles. He there read that not all snakes are poisonous and some of them actually serve as protectors of field-crops. He taught us all to recognize different kinds of snakes and at last tamed a huge cobra which was found. on the Farm. Mr Kallenbach fed it every day with his own hands. I gently argued with him: ‘Although you do all this in a friendly spirit, your friendliness may not be quite clear to the cobra, especially as your kindness is not unalloyed with fear. Neither you nor I have the courage to play with it if it was free, and what we should really cultivate is courage of that stamp. Therefore though there is friendliness, there is not love in this act of taming the cobra. Our behaviour should be such that the cobra can see through it. We see every day that all animals grasp at once whether the other party loves or fears them. Again you do not think the cobra to be venomous, and have imprisoned it in order to study its ways and habits. This is a kind of self-indulgence for which there should be no room in the case of real friendship.’

My argument appealed to Mr Kallenbach, but he could not bring himself all at once to release the cobra. I did not exercise any pressure upon him. I too was taking interest in the life of the cobra, and the children, of course, enjoyed it immensely. No one was allowed to harass the

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 cobra, which however was casting about for some means of escape. Whether the door of the cage was inadvertently left open, or whether the cobra managed to open it, in a couple of days Mr Kallenbach found the cage empty as he one morning proceeded to call upon his friend. Mr Kallenbach was glad of it and so was I. But thanks to this taming experiment, snakes became a frequent subject of our talk. Mr Kallenbach brought to the Farm a poor and disabled German named Albrecht who was so hump-backed that he could not walk without supporting himself on a stick. Albrecht had boundless courage, and being an educated man, took deep interest in recondite problems. He too had become one with the Indian settlers and mixed freely with all. He began fearlessly to play with snakes. He would bring young snakes in his hand and let them play on his palm. If our stay on Tolstoy Farm had been further prolonged, goodness knows what would have been the upshot of Albrecht’s adventures.

As a result of these experiments we did not fear snakes as much as we otherwise might have, but it must not be supposed that no one on the Farm feared serpents or that there was a total prohibition against killing them. To have a conviction that there is violence or sin in a certain course of conduct is one thing; to have the power of acting up to that conviction is quite another. A person who fears snakes and who is not ready to resign his own life cannot avoid killing snakes in case of emergency. I remember one such incident, which occurred on the Farm. The reader must already have seen that the Farm was pretty well infested with snakes. There was no human population on the Farm when we occupied it, and it had been in this deserted condition for some time. One day a snake was found in Mr Kallenbach’s own room at such a place that it seemed impossible to drive it away or to catch it. One of the students saw it, and calling me there, asked me what was to be done. He wanted my permission to kill it. He could have killed it without such permission, but the settlers, whether students or others, would not generally take such a step without consulting me. I saw

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 that it was my duty to permit the student to kill the snake, and I permitted him. Even as I am writing this, I do not feel that I did anything wrong in granting the permission. I had not the courage to seize the serpent with the hand or otherwise to remove the danger to the settlers, and I have not cultivated such courage to this day.

Needless to say, there was on the Farm an ebb and flow of Satyagrahis, some of whom would be expecting to go to prison while others had been released from it. Once it so happened that there arrived at the Farm two Satyagrahis who had been released by the Magistrate on personal recognizance and who had to attend the court the next day to receive the sentence. They were engrossed in talk, while time was up for the last train they must catch, and it was a question whether they would succeed in taking that train. They were both young men and good athlets. They ran for all that they were worth along with some of us who wanted to see them off. While still on the way, I heard the whistle of the train as it steamed into the station. When there was a second whistle indicating its departure, we had reached the precincts of the station. The young men increased their speed every moment, and I lagged behind them. The train started. Fortunately the station master saw them running up and stopped the moving train, thus enabling them to take it after all. I tendered my thanks to the station master when I reached the station. Two points emerge out of this incident; first, the eagerness of the Satyagrahis in seeking jail and in fulfilling their promises, and secondly, the sweet relations cultivated by the Satyagrahis with the local officers. If the young men had missed that train, they could not have attended the court the next day. No surety had been required of them, nor had they been asked to deposit any money with the court. They had been released only on the word of gentlemen. The Satyagrahis had acquired such prestige that magistrates did not think it necessary to ask them for bail as they were courting jail. The young Satyagrahis therefore were deeply pained at the prospect of missing the train, and ran as swiftly as the wind. At

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 the commencement of the struggle Satyagrahis were somewhat harassed by officials, and the jail authorities in some places were unduly severe. But as the movement advanced, we found that the bitterness of the officials was softened and in some cases even changed to sweetness. And where there was long continued intercourse with them, they even began to assist us like the station master I have referred to. The reader must not imagine that Satyagrahis bribed these officials in any shape or form in order to secure amenities from them. The Satyagrahis never thought of purchasing such irregular facilities. But where facilities were offered through courtesy, they were freely accepted, and the Satyagrahis had been enjoying such facilities in many places. If a station master is ill-disposed, he can harass passengers in a variety of ways, keeping himself all the while within the four corners of the rules and regulations. No complaint can be preferred against such harassment. On the other hand if the official is well disposed, he can grant many facilities without violating the rules. All such facilities we had been able to secure from the station master, Lawley, and that because of the courtesy, the patience and the capacity for self-suffering of the Satyagrahis.

It will not perhaps be amiss here to take note of an irrelevant incident. I have been fond for about the last thirty-five years of making experiments in dietetics from the religious, economic and hygienic standpoints. This predilection for food reform still persists. People around me would naturally be influenced by my experiments. Side by side with dietetics, I made experiments in treating diseases with natural curative agents only such as earth and water and without recourse to drugs. When I practised as a barrister, cordial relations were established with my clients so that we looked upon one another almost as members of the same family. The clients therefore made me a partner in their joys and sorrows. Some of them sought my advice being familiar with my experiments in nature cure. Stray patients of this class would sometimes arrive at Tolstoy Farm. One of these

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 was Lutavan, an aged client who first came from North India as an indentured labourer. He was over seventy years old and suffered from chronic asthma and cough. He had given long trials to vaidyas’ powders and doctors’ natures. In those days I had boundless faith in the efficacy of my methods of curing disease, and therefore I agreed not indeed to treat him but to try my experiments upon him if he lived on the Farm and observed all my conditions. Lutavan complied with my conditions. One of these was that he should give up tobacco to which he was strongly addicted. I made him fast for 24 hours. At noon every day I commenced giving him a Kuhne bath in the sun, as the weather then was not extra warm. For food he had a little rice, some olive oil, honey, and along with honey, porridge and sweet oranges sometimes and at other times grapes and wheaten coffee. Salt and all condiments whatever were avoided. Lutavan slept in the same building as myself but in the inner apartment. For bed every one was given two blankets, one for spreading and the other for covering purposes, and a wooden pillow. A week passed. There was an accession of energy in Lutavan’s body. His asthma and cough gave less trouble but he had more fits at night than by day. I suspected he was smoking secretly, and I asked him if he did. Lutavan said he did not. A couple of days passed and as still there was no improvement, I determined to watch Lutavan secretly. Every one slept on the floor, and the place was full of snakes. Mr Kallenbach had therefore given me an electric torch and kept one himself. I always slept with this torch by my side. One night I resolved to lie in the bed awake. My bed was spread on the verandah just near the door, and Lutavan slept inside but also near the door. Lutavan coughed at midnight, lighted a cigarette and began to smoke. I slowly went up to his bed and switched on the torch. Lutavan understood everything and became nervous. He ceased smoking, stood up and touched my feet. ‘I have done a great wrong,’ he said. ‘I will never smoke again henceforth. I have deceived you. Please excuse me.’ So saying he almost

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"!"

Mrs. Kettering started violently. Her nerves were not completely under control this morning. Very perfectly dressed in a long mink coat and a little hat of Chinese lacquer red, she had been walking along the crowded platform of Victoria deep in thought, and her father's sudden appearance and hearty greeting had an unlooked-for effect upon her.

"Why, Ruth, how you jumped!"

"I didn't expect to see you, I suppose, Dad. You said good-bye to me last night and said you had a conference this morning."

"So I have," said Van Aldin, "but you are more to me than any number of darned conferences. I came to take a last look at you, since I am not going to see you for some time."

"That is very sweet of you, Dad. I wish you were coming too."

"What would you say if I did?"

The remark was merely a joking one. He was surprised to see the quick colour flame in Ruth's cheeks. For a moment he almost thought he saw dismay flash out of her eyes. She laughed uncertainly and nervously.

"Just for a moment I really thought you meant it," she said.

"Would you have been pleased?"

74


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 "Of course." She spoke with exaggerated emphasis.

"Well," said Van Aldin, "that's good."

"It isn't really for very long, Dad," continued Ruth; "you know, you are coming out next month."

"Ah!" said Van Aldin unemotionally, "sometimes I guess I will go to one of these big guys in Harley Street and have him tell me that I need sunshine and change of air right away."

"Don't be so lazy," cried Ruth; "next month is ever so much nicer than this month out there. You have got all sorts of things you can't possibly leave just now."

"Well, that's so, I suppose," said Van Aldin, with a sigh. "You had better be getting on board this train of yours, Ruth. Where is your seat?"

Ruth Kettering looked vaguely up at the train. At the door of one of the Pullman cars a thin, tall woman dressed in black was standing—Ruth Kettering's maid. She drew aside as her mistress came up to her.

"I have put your dressing-case under your seat, Madam, in case you should need it. Shall I take the rugs, or will you require one?"

"No, no, I shan't want one. Better go and find your own seat now, Mason."

"Yes, Madam."

The maid departed.

Van Aldin entered the Pullman car with Ruth. She found her seat, and Van Aldin deposited various papers and magazines on the table in front of her. The seat opposite to her was already taken, and the American gave a cursory glance at its occupant. He had a fleeting impression of attractive grey eyes and a neat travelling costume. He indulged in a little more des-


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 576 all appreciate the necessity for improvement in our ideas of color, and “the natural inference is that the training should begin in early youth.” The subtitle of A Color Notation, as published by A. H. Munsell in the “fourth edition, revised and enlarged,” 1916, is “an illustrated system defining all colors and their relations by measured scales of hue, value, and chroma made in solid paint for the accompanying Color Atlas”, the Atlas having been published in full in 1915.

Because they may help in understanding Mr. Munsell's exposition of his system and notation, the following definitions which he gave in A Color Notation are listed. These definitions appear in a glossary which accompanied the first seven editions of the book. This glossary is omitted in the 1936 edition (the definitions that still seemed applicable being incorporated in the text). In his book Mr. Munsell refers all discussion of hue, value, and chroma to these definitions.

Color.—Objectively that quality of a thing or appearance which is perceived by the eye alone, independently of the form of the thing; subjectively, a sensation peculiar to the organ of view, and arising from the optic nerve (p. 108).

Hue.—Specifically and technically, distinctive quality of coloring in an object or on a surface; the respect in which red, yellow, green, blue, etc., differ one from another; that in which colors of equal luminosity and chroma may differ (p. 109).

Value.—In painting and the allied arts, relation of one object, part, or atmospheric plane of a picture to the others, with reference to light and shade, the idea of hue being abstracted (p. 112).

Chroma.—The degree of departure of a color sensation from that of white or gray; the intensity of distinctive hue, color intensity.

Scale.—A graded system, by reference to which the degree, intensity, or quality of a sense perception may be estimated.

The first entry in the A. H. Munsell color diary goes back to 1879: “Studied Rood's —made twirling model of two triangular pyramids. . . .” There is an entry dated 1892 when he and were sketching together in Venice. It says they talked over a "systematic color scheme for painters, so as to determine mentally on some sequence before laying the palette." In 1898 Munsell worked with rotary color mixture, having bought a child's globe for that purpose. It was about this time that the Munsell daylight photometer was built, a cat's eye shutter being used to cut down the amount of light entering the standard side of the instrument. Several of these instruments were built in 1900-1902. From the diary, it is evident that Munsell was quite familiar with the, for there are many references to it during this period. The names of Rood, Bailey, Pickering, Cross (A. K. and C. R.), Clifford, Dolbeare, Ross, Pritchard, Abney, and Bowditch appear during this time, and with most of them he discussed his ideas and to most of them showed his sphere. It was in this early period that asked to have the sphere shown to the Shopkeepers' Association in Boston.

In 1901 Munsell was still wondering whether to base his hue circuit on ten or on three colors. The decimal system was finally decided upon, and five principal hues were then determined by selecting colors which, when they appeared to have equal chroma, with values equal as determined by luminosity readings on the photometer, would spin together in equal proportions to give a neutral gray. As early as 1901 (April 11) he quotes Mr. Filene as saying "The retailers want a standard system fixed at all times—charts with numbers." In 1901 (April 29) appears the first mention of contact with the ; Mr. Munsell wrote to "tasking about color."

By January of 1902 A Color Notation and a Color Atlas were already being discussed and described. In 1903, on November 7, he describes the spinning of disks in the photometer, with value equalized by adjustments in illumination, in order to measure chroma. However, this method was dropped as unsatisfactory, for chroma scales were not finally decided upon until 1912, although charts were painted by visual estimates as early as 1901-02 in his studio by a Mr. Lyon who (evidently) prepared the original charts under Mr. Munsell's direction.

In 1904 Mr. Munsell met and talked with Jay Hambidge and notes that he was struck with points common to investigators of color and design. He lectured before many audiences, a number of them at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where during this early period he kept in close touch with Professor C. R. Cross


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Author:Heinrich Kornmann

Works

 * Mons Veneris ('Venus Mountain') (1614)
 * "Der Tannhäuser" ('The Tannhäuser'), poem
 * "Der Kyffhäuser" ('Kyffhäuser'), extract

title: Author:Heinrich Kornmann


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 and Professor Clifford, as well as with Professor Bowditch of Harvard.

During 1905 first mention is made of Arthur Howland who came to the studio and saw “all system but charts.”’ Mention is also made of Arthur S. Allen, and of Wilhelm Ostwald. Dr. Ostwald was in Boston that year, with his son and daughter, to give a series of lectures at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Munsell and Ostwald had many conversations. Ostwald visited Munsell’s studio, and at one of Ostwald’s M.I.T. lectures he showed the Munsell color sphere and referred to the Munsell book. About this time a first contract to supply enamels, charts, and crayons for school supplies to be used in teaching the Munsell system was made with Wadsworth-Howland & Company of Malden, Massachusetts.

A Color Notation was published in 1905, and during that year first contacts were made with Favor, Ruhl and Company through Charles W. Bidwell, manager of the Chicago branch.

In 1908 Christine Ladd-Franklin and her husband returned from abroad on the same ship with Mr. Munsell. They had several color discussions on shipboard, and later at the Munsell studio in Boston. In 1908 there was also discussed the matter of an understudy for Otto Anderson, who was in charge of painting papers for Munsell charts at Wadsworth-Howland & Company, and F. A. Carlson was decided upon. (We understand from Mr. Carlson that from the beginning he did all of the painting, Anderson being the shop supervisor.)

From 1908 to 1911 there were many lectures and talks, a series at Columbia, one in Boston for art supervisors, a lecture at the Harvard Psychological Laboratory. During this period the names of Professor Dow, Professor Yerkes, of Miss Patrick, and Professor Titchener, appear among those of a number of people Mr. Munsell met and talked or worked with in relation to his system and its application in the teaching field. In 1909 there is mention that in Mr. Drisco’s laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, spectrophotometric measurements of his five middle colors were tried—“by daylight and tungsten.” No figures were given. In 1910 there is mention of receiving two copies of the new Color Atlas while cruising on his boat, the Ahmed II. These charts were evidently published first as a forerunner of the more complete Atlas, for a note from the Boston Journal, December 22, 1910, describes this Atlas as containing at present two charts, chart A, the value scale, and chart B, chroma scales for 5 hues. In 1911 there is mention of meeting E. C. Andrews of Chicago when he and Arthur S. Allen visited the Ahmed off Annisquam, Massachusetts. Though they went sailing, the diary reads “discuss ‘sequences’ and E. C. A.’s color form.”

In December of 1911 Mr. Munsell read a paper in Washington by invitation of the American Psychological Association, in which he described his system as “an experimental system built up with the aid of a new photometer, Maxwell disks, and the trained capacity of the painter using a consensus of many individual decisions to gain the mean of color discrimination.” At that meeting he met many of this country’s leading psychologists, and they received his paper so well that he was asked to repeat it before the meeting was over. During this visit to Washington, Mr. Munsell visited the Bureau of Standards and met Dr. Nutting, in charge of colorimetry, where he left a Munsell photometer for test. On January 18, 1912 Dr. S. W. Stratton wrote that he would be pleased to examine a full set of the Munsell elementary color samples and look over the system of scales. A series of the five middle colors, and a sixth sample intended to be a neutral 5/ were sent to the Bureau, and the diary notes that report No. 10696, dated February 28, 1912, signed by P. G. Nutting, was received from the Bureau of Standards. It contained the information given in.

There is no reference in the diary to the fact that Mr. Munsell was invited to present a paper on his system before the in 1913. But it is recorded that he sailed on June 23, 1913, and that on August 30 he went to Gröningen. No mention is made of his report, but he does list about two dozen persons whom he met at the conference,


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220 8. Opinions have been advanced for some time past, in opposition to the rule laid down in the Dayubhagu, authorizing a father to make a sale or gift of ancestral property, without the consent of his sons and grandson. But these adverse notions created little or no alarm; since, however individual opinions may run, the general principles followed by every Government are entirely at variance with the practice of groundlessly abrogating, by arbitrary decision, such civil laws of a conquered country as have been clearly and imperatively set forth in a most authoritative code, long adhered to by the natives, and repeatedly confirmed, for upwards of half a century, by the judicial officers of the conquerors. But the people are now struck with a mingled feeling of surprize and alarm, on being given to understand that the Supreme Law Authority in this country, though not without dissent on the Bench, is resolved to introduce new maxims into the law of inheritance hitherto in force in the province of Bengal; and has, accordingly, in conformity with the doctrines found in the Mitakshura, declared every disposition by a father of his ancestral real property, without the sanction of his sons and grandsons, to be null and void.


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 among them. A few weeks later he spent some time with in his studio, and records meeting Dr. Parsons and his assistants. Then back to Paris, and on to Naples, Capri and Palermo, before sailing for home on December 3. There is evidence that during this time there were numerous lectures and discussions regarding the Munsell color system.

In 1914 he returned to Europe at the request of persons who had been interested by his reports during the previous year, and again he spent about six months abroad, lecturing several times in Paris and Berlin. He was ill in London, yet he notes that the doctor permitted him to go by sea to Berlin, where his lecture was given before an audience of 300. From there he returned to London, where the notes say he was operated on by Dr. Heil on July 4, and that (I am) “remaining in Dr. Rowland’s nursing home until I sail.” In the early fall he was again at the Wadsworth-Howland factory, and resumed his teaching duties at the Normal Art School.

In 1915 the complete Atlas of the Munsell Color System was published by Wadsworth Howland & Company. From the diary it seems evident that the original charts were made by Lyon in the Munsell studio, and that the papers for the published Atlas charts were made at the Wadsworth-Howland factory, all colors being checked by Mr. Munsell. Disk mixture was used as a check for chroma and hue and all colors were measured for value in the Munsell photometer.

In 1915 suggestions regarding commercial developments of the Munsell idea became numerous, the Wadsworth-Howland representative reporting that “charts have been ordered by the Rockefeller Foundation, the Carnegie Institute, Heintz of Chicago, Dartmouth College, and others.” There was much discussion during this year and the next regarding school supplies to teach the Munsell system, and of the means of producing and publicizing them by commercial groups.

In October, 1915, Cleland, Greenleaf, and Allen lunched with Mr. Munsell, then called on, indicating perhaps, that plans for A Grammar of Color were then being formed. On November 6 of 1915 there is a record of “3 colors telegraphed (by Cooper) from California to New York, this is Cooper’s answer to Stevenson’s difficulty.” In the summer of 1916 a summer school course was held at Boothbay Harbor, Mr. Munsell delivering 12 lectures from July 25 to August 19. He returned in the fall to take up school duties again. In the winter of 1916-17 the notes say “confined to house by rheumatism.”

On March 27 of 1917 there is the first mention of the Munsell Color Company, suggested to Mr. Munsell by Messrs. Allen and Greenleaf. In May he had an appendicitis operation, “not expected to survive, two nurses all summer.” As a result of this illness, the studio at 221 Columbus Avenue, which he had occupied since 1901 was vacated. (It was taken over a few months later by .)

In February there is a brief note that papers for the A. H. Munsell Color Company, Inc., were “rewritten”, and evidently filed at the State House, Boston, February 6, 1918.

As time went on, Mr. Munsell became somewhat dissatisfied with the handling of his materials by Wadsworth-Howland. One of the very last entries in the diary, dated February 13, 1918, tells of meeting with Judge Perkins (his lawyer) and Arthur Howland: “Discuss latter’s interest in his photometer and possibility of avoiding unfair attitude toward my system. He tells of his belief in the scientific nature of his work—although I show that it ignores the fundamental law of sensation.” As a result the possibility was considered of having the New York office of the Munsell Color Company take over the educational interest as well as the industrial, leaving

 * $a$ Wave-length of complementry hue.
 * $b$ Percent of added hue to match white.
 * In Mr. Munsell’s handwriting the following note is added to the report: “(Dark purple a neutral gray N 5/).” It seems probable that a sample of P 3/5 was submitted by mistake instead of the intended N 5/.


text:
Talk:Fruitless Remorse

lamntation
Is that right ? -- Beardo (talk) 17:28, 6 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fruitless Remorse


text:
Page:The English Works of Raja Rammohun Roy Vol 2.djvu/233

Rh 9. We are at a loss how to reconcile the introduction of this arbitrary change in the law of inheritance with the principles of justice, with reason, or with regard for the future prosperity of the country:—it appears inconsistent with the principles of justice; because a judge, although he is obliged to consult his own understanding, in interpreting the law in many dubious cases submitted to his decision, yet is required to observe strict adherence to the established law, where its language is clear. In every country, rules determining the rights of succession to, and alienation of property, first originated either in the conventional choice of the people, or in the discretion of the highest authority, secular or spiritual; and those rules have been subsequently established by the common usages of the country, and confirmed by judicial proceedings. The principles of the law as it exists in Bengal having been for ages familiar to the people, and alienations of landed property by sale, gift, mortgage, or succession having been for centuries conducted in reliance on the legality and perpetuity of the system, a sudden change in the most essential part of those rules cannot but be severely