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 "You are truly welcome (replied the shepherd;) but may I inquire, son, where you are going to on foot, and alone, for it is too late to reach Baden now before the close of night?"

"I came from Baden (said Ferdinand) and am going I know not whither; going to travel."

"To travel?"

"Yes."

"What on foot—alone?"

"And why not, father? I go to see the country, to amuse myself, a horse would be sometimes inconvenient, for instance, a horse could not have brought me here."

"No (replied the old man;) but was there a necessity that you should come here?"

"Not a necessity to come here particularly; but I am on a tour of curiosity, and therefore the lowly valley, or the towering mountain, will equally attract me; I can never be out of my way."

"Strange (said the shepherd, eying him attentively) strange, that a young man, who


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 seems formed for the world, should take a fancy to roam the forests on foot, without a companion or necessaries to refresh him!"

"The first I want not (said Ferdinand) and for the last I trust to benevolence and hospitality, such as I now experience."

"But suppose you had not met my daughter, your trust would have been a very feeble one, for I know not another hut for a great way off, and you would have been benighted in the forest. Think of your danger in that case."

"Could we always foresee (observed Ferdinand) we might possibly avoid many disagreeable accidents, many melancholy circumstances; but no such prescience is allowed to man, and if it was, and the evils of life unavoidable, we should be still more wretched than we are."

"True (answered the old man;) but had I guessed you was coming here, I might have been better prepared, for we eat up our eggs at dinner; bread and milk is all your fare."

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 "I desire no better, and if you will permit me to lay on that bench till the morning dawns, I shall be still more obliged to you."

"Thank Heaven (said the shepherd) I can treat you better; to lay on the floor, wrapped up in warm skins, is nothing new, nor uncomfortable to me, and my poor bed is at your service; it is clean, though homely." Ferdinand was going to refuse, when the shepherdess entered.After some conversation on their simple way of life, which he found they had always been accustomed to, they overpowered all his refusals, and obliged him to take the old man's bed, which was in one corner of the room; the other room was the young woman's and those two rooms were all they had.

He asked "if they were not apprehensive of the rock breaking over their cottage?" They said, "Sometimes, when sudden thunderstorms broke over them they were alarmed; but they trusted in Heaven for protection." "I have only one fear, one care (said the shepherd;) it is some years now


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 since I lost my wife; should I be taken suddenly too, what must become of my poor child?"

"Whenever that day arrives, father, which I hope is yet far off, I will sell my sheep, and go to service; all my fear is, lest I should be sick, and not able to help you; but then I hope good Mr. Ernest, our Lord's steward, will consider you."

"What! (cried Ferdinand) do you know Ernest? Are you tenants to Count Rhodophil?"

"To be sure, Sir (answered the girl;) we know Mr. Ernest, for he buys our sheep.—As to tenants, Sir, we pay no rent, because the mountain is free to live in; but we are vassals to the Count, his estate lies round the forest."

"Do you ever go to the Castle?" asked he again.

"I never did but once (replied the shepherdess) and the walk is too long for my father; but Mr. Ernest sends to us sometimes, and we meet him in the valley, and


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 agree about our sheep. He is a good man, and never drives a hard bargain with the poor."

"Well (said Ferdinand) I know him too, and will take care that both you and your father shall be more safely provided for in future." Each looked at the other with wonder, but spoke not. They soon after retired to rest, contented and happy; not so their guest, he flung himself on the bed, a prey to the most melancholy reflections; and it was near morning when nature exhausted, gave him a temporary repose for about three hours, which seemed to refresh him, and after breakfasting on milk, he prepared to renew his ramble.

He was but very little acquainted with that side of the country which being rocky and mountainous, was unfavourable to excursions on horseback, and therefore had not fallen under his observation; but just as he was taking leave of his hospitable entertainers, he remembered to have heard there was a convent situated somewhere beyond this


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 mountain; that certainly (thought he) is the retreat of Claudina: I will go to it, perhaps she will not see me, but it will be a satisfaction to know where she is. He inquired of the shepherdess if his conjecture was right respecting the convent? She told him it was, that about seven miles off there was a convent so remote and dreary, that it seemed shut out from the world, and was almost as much unknown as if in a desert.

"I have never been near it (said she) for, indeed, what I have heard about it is enough for me, and I have something else to do than to ramble into such places, where one may get nothing but a great fright for one's pains." "Ah! (concluded Ferdinand) this is the very place which seems to be designed for an entire seclusion from the world, there I will direct my steps." Having bid adieu to the good girl and her father, and taking a direction towards the convent, he began to descend the hill. The morning was fine, the dew drops still hung upon the under-wood, sparkling as the rising sun glit-


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 tered among the trees, the birds were singing on the lofty branches, and the whole scene was calculated to inspire pleasure and serenity; even Ferdinand felt the enthusiasm of the moment; he looked round with delight:—"Ah! (said he) the face of nature shines on all its children; happy is the mind that can enjoy the pure pleasures that it so freely offers, free from corroding care, or guilty self-upbraidings! How much happier is the lowly peasant than his proud guilty Lord, who riots in unlawful pleasures, forgetful of the sting that follows in the voice of conscience; whilst the humble shepherd rises blithe and innocent, pursues his daily occupation, blessed with content, he gathers in his flock at night, thankfully partakes the healthful food his family provides, and sinks to rest undisturbed and happy!"

Full of these thoughts he pursued his way until he reached the foot of the mountain, and descended into a narrow, wild and obscure glen, where nothing relieved the eye but high and lofty hills covered with trees


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 which threw a dark shade beneath, and entirely obscured the sun from penetrating through; he heard the sound of distant waters, but knew not from whence they came. He walked on a considerable way, until by a sudden turning he found himself at the foot of another mountain, from whence issued the most beautiful water-fall he had ever seen, descending into two or three natural basins, which fell from one to the other until they came to the bottom, and formed the lake, which winding itself around the mountain on the opposite side, divided into smaller streams of which the rivulet he had first seen was one. Here he sat down to rest, and to admire the course of the water. He had another hill to mount, and he observed there was something like a path-way in a gradual ascent round the side of it; he could see it was not much trodden upon by the weeds, but they were not so high as to impede his steps, and therefore, after resting about half an hour, he followed the direction, made his


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318 possibly arise under Mr. Hare's system. He wanted to know why these 49,000 persons were not to be represented? No reason had yet been given why the majority of the people should have the whole of the representation. This principle—which many hon. members were fond of exalting—of taxation and law-making by representatiyes, was practically ignored by the system at present adopted; the majority alone of the community made the laws and taxed the people.

Mr. did not think there wonld be any necessity for discussing Hare's system because the country was so thoroughly against; and it was so imperfectly understood, that every one believed it would never become the law of the land. He considered it to be a system that would never work well in this country; it might look well in theory, but would be impracticable. Too much power would be left in the hands of the Registrar-General, who could almost return what members he pleased.

Mr., among other observations, said: As to the principles of this Bill, he disagreed with them all, except the one pertaining to Hare's system. He believed that no system of representation was so perfect, at so capable of fully eliciting the will of the people as this which was called Hare's. It was impossible to define it fully in a speech, but any hon. member who carefully examined it would see the truth of what he stated. The hon. member (Mr. Harpur) had struck the only objection that he saw to the system, in the suggestion as to two candidates having equal votes. The effect of this would be to throw the election virtually into the hands of one person. But the present and any other system was open to the same objection. Such an occurrence would, however, happen only very rarely. He did not agree with the drawing by lot as proposed, but would prefer to have the decision left to some impartial person, uninfluenced by personal considerations, as a returning officer should at all times be. Hare's system, he repeated, was the only true way of obtaining the will of the people, and by having the whole colony formed into one great electorate, and all the elections taking place on the one day, every one could vote, while no person could possibly vote in more than one electorate. He could not understand how members of that House could say they preferred the present nominee Chamber to an elective House under the Hare system. He was told, when he asked how it was that hon. members could possibly express such an opinion, that they justified the preference indicated on the ground that, in the present state of things, there was the “swamping power” to fall back upon. He could not understand the force of such an argument as that. Was it to be supposed, if a ministry, to insure a majority, should suddenly create a number of new members, that an immediately-succeeding government would be disposed to accept such a set of nominations ? And if they should not accept them, what was to be done ? Was it not clear that their only course in such a case would be to increase the number of members of Council to a very large and indefinite extent, so that the influence of such a Chamber might be practically nullified.


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 way through the weeds and under-wood, and, with infinite labour, arrived at the summit.

Here he stopped to look round him, another valley was beneath, which seemed to terminate in a thick wood on the right, and more hills to the left. Heartily tired of ascending and descending, he resolved to go into the woods from the vale beneath, rather than climb another mountain: Descending, however, to the valley, his attention was arrested by the beauty of the vines, which entirely covered the southern side of the hill; and several small streams, which had forced their way from the cascade on the other side, here crossed each other in the valley, and divided it into many parts like a cluster of small vales, which had a beautiful effect upon the eye, and agreeably amused Ferdinand till he came to the entrance of the wood, which he found uncommonly thick, and seemingly difficult to penetrate. He hesitated a moment, supposing that it might be the retreat of a troop of banditti, which had for some time past committed many out-


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 rages in the neighbourhood of Baden: "But what have I to fear? (exclaimed he) my life is not worth the taking; from a single man they can expect no booty, and the basest of cowards only would attack a defenceless being that cannot injure them."

Fortified by these considerations, he proceeded through the wood, in which there was no path-way, and in many places so difficult to pervade, that he more than once repented of his attempt, which he was fearful would at last prove fruitless; persevering, however, with infinite difficulty, he walked on. The trees were very lofty, and it appeared as if he descended gradually all the way. For three hours he kept on, till quite exhausted, he was obliged to rest himself at the foot of a tree, and eat a small cake the shepherdess had given him. "I have no doubt (thought he) but that I must be near the convent, as it certainly lies in this direction, though most probably there may be a less troublesome road to it. They informed me at the cottage it was about seven miles


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 from the hill, surely I must have walked over more ground than that:" But he considered not how much time he had lost in forcing his way through the wood, which impeded his steps, and made him advance but very slowly.

Having a little refreshed himself he went on, and at length the wood opened into a deep and narrow valley, with lofty thick pines on each side, which threw a gloom over it sufficient to create horror in the mind of the boldest traveller.

Ferdinand felt its influence, but he was not easily intimidated, nor, indeed, could he now well retreat. Walking forward, he saw at the bottom another thick cluster of trees, which, when he came up to them, seemed to terminate the valley, and to be impervious to any human being. These were chestnut trees, so interwoven with each other, that he looked round in vain for an opening, for the under-wood formed a thick fence that was impassable.—Extremely disconcerted, and apprehensive lest he should have the same


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 road through the valley to retrace, he turned a little to the left, forcing his way down by the side of the trees, and after persevering near a quarter of a mile with infinite difficulty, to his great joy he discovered a small stream of water, over which was an old wooden bridge that led the way to a narrow path made through the wood. This track he followed, and, after walking near an hour, came to another dark avenue, at the end of which stood an old building encompassed with very high walls.

"At last (thought he) I have reached the convent;" and exhausted as he was with toil and want of refreshment, the appearance of those mouldering walls, gave him more pleasure than he might at another time have received from a view of the most superb palace. A pair of iron gates, which seemed rusted on their hinges, with a bell on one side, flattered him with the hopes of obtaining an entrance: He rang the bell with some force, and heard its sound, though at some distance. After waiting a considerable time,


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 he was about to repeat the pull, when a very small wicket was opened (for the inside of the gates were lined with wood) and the meagre face of an old man appeared, who demanded, in a deep, feeble voice, "Who was there?"

"A wearied and unfortunate traveller, (replied Ferdinand) who entreats rest and refreshment."

"I fear (replied the man) neither can be obtained here."

"Is not this a convent?" asked Ferdinand.

"No (answered the other) there is a convent about five miles to the right of the valley you have passed."

"What then is this place?"

"Once a castle, now a heap of ruins!"

"Yet it is inhabited it seems, and I am really so overcome with fatigue, that if you can procure me entrance, I shall be most truly thankful to rest an hour."

"I will inquire," said the man, and withdrew.


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 Ferdinand was extremely mortified to find he had taken a wrong direction, from the convent as it appeared, by keeping to the left; yet he was so very languid and tired, that he found it hardly possible to measure his steps back without some rest or sustenance; for, however grief may fill up the mind, or weaken the appetite, nature will assert her rights, and remind the woe-begone traveller that something is necessary for her support. He waited some minutes, not with the patience of a Socrates, when at length the same face appeared through the hole: "I will let you in for a short time to the huntsman's room, but no farther." He proceeded to unbar the gate, which from its creaking noise, and the difficulty attending its opening, gave evident proofs that the practice of hospitality was not customary in that ruinous building.

When the gate was opened Ferdinand absolutely started at the figure of his conductor; he even hesitated whether he should follow him; haggard, emaciated and tottering,


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 was the man before him. A large court, overgrown with weeds, led to another wall, with a pair of gates similar to those he had passed, and discovered no more of the building than the lofty battlements and high turrets he had discerned on his first approach. On one side of the court was an old low building, to which the man conducted him. They entered a hall lined with the huntsman's trophies, covered with dust; through that they went into a smaller room, where a table, some benches, and a fire place, had the appearance of having been once inhabited."You may rest here (said the man) and I will bring you some food; but if you stir one step beyond, your death will be the consequence."

Ferdinand, instead of being intimidated found his curiosity greatly excited, and though he quietly acquiesced with the prohibition, yet his thoughts were employed in considering on means to obtain further knowledge of these ruins and its inhabitants. Some time elapsed before the man returned with bread,


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 wine, and grapes, which, whilst Ferdinand gladly devoured, he was observed, with the most scrutinizing attention, by his entertainer; nor were the other's eyes unemployed.—When he put the flask of wine to his mouth, for no cup had been thought necessary, he drank to the other's health, which was returned with a bow of the head; but no persuasions could induce him to return the compliment. "I drink no wine," said he, in a mournful voice.

"Indeed, my good friend, I think you need it," said Ferdinand, "weak and feeble as you are, wine seems absolutely necessary for you."

"I have sworn to the contrary," replied the other, with an increased dejection.

"It appears to me," returned Ferdinand, "to have been a very cruel injunction, if forced upon you, and a very unwise one, if voluntarily made, for the good things of this life were given to us by a bounteous Creator to be our support and comfort; the abuse of them is only improper, and when advanced


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Rh Mr., after explaining what had been proposed by a former ministry, and discussing the general question of the construction of an Upper Chamber, observed that representation of the average opinions of the country was assumed to be arrived at under out present system. But how was it proposed to produce that effect when there was only one electorate returning six or seven members? [Mr. Harpur: By the progress of truth.] hatever faith the hon. member might have in the operation of truth (or perhaps Providence was meant), it was their duty, as legislators, to have in their institutions as little liability to error as possible, to prevent injurious and unjust results. It was a palpable injustice when, in proposing to give the whole country representation, a small majority of a constituency was given the power of returning the whole of the members. That was a result we should endeavour to guard against. He thought a majority of the House would agree with him that this would be unfair, and not a representative in principle at all—only one section was represented, having, it might be, only a majority of three or four, to the entire disfranchisement of the other, at any rate, for a certain period. He thought a result like that which must arise in many instances ought to be guarded against by the institution they were now endeavouring to perfect. He thought he had demonstrated that if the principle of large electorates were admitted, they must alter the system of voting. It was the fear that he and others entertained of this result which led him to make, in the measure his administration introduced, a provision by which an elector was allowed to vote for only one candidate. He admitted that that was an imperfect attempt, and he conceived that Hare's system, so much spoken of in the present debate, went in the same direction, but did the thing aimed at in a far more effective and just manner. They had heard all sorts of denimciations, but not a single argument against that system. Was it a reason that the House should reject this system, which had obtained the attention and approval of thoughtful men, including one honourable member well known to be extreme in his democratic notions, because certain hon. members informed the House that they did not understand it? Or did it follow that because hon. members did not understand it the public would not understand it? It was called a conservative measure. Now, according to his mind, it was one of the most democratic measures ever proposed; it was a complete innovation upon old established principles. It was conservative in the sense in which every reform was conservative, because it seemed to him to conserve justice, being allied with truth and equity, and thus conserving the very best interests for the people. That it was conservative in the sense of obstruction, in the sense of the word “tory”, or the maintenance of obsolete, oligarchical, or anti-democratic notions, he denied; and no one who thoroughly considered its operations could entertain such an opinion for a moment. They were told that it was unpopular—that the people out of doors were against it. But the people out of doors had not considered it; there had been no discussion or expression of opinion on the part of the public to entitle any hon. member to come to that conclu-


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 in age, as you appear to be, such things as nourish the body and enliven the spirits, are highly requisite."

"To some persons," answered the man, "it may be so; but not to a man to whom the hours that he drags here are a weary pilgrimage, such a one seeks not by stimulatives to prolong a life long since grown hateful to him."

"Alas!" cried Ferdinand, "few men can be more wretched than myself; recent afflictions have driven me from my home, and from my friends; yet do I hold it cowardly to desert my post, I have no power over that life I could not give myself; and to neglect the means of its preservation, is little less sinful than to destroy it at once.—But, pardon me one question, are you the owner of this Castle?"

"I am not," returned the other; "but do not be curious in matters that cannot concern you, nor by an idle curiosity which can receive no gratification, oblige me to repent of my charity."


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 And the queen stood and felt a wind Out of the east catch strong about her throat, And she said: "I also have known such dreams— Would give some moments from the treasure-hoard Of life to consecrate blind fancy. Here Am I; and there, a palace; all is thine Through this short night; but never shalt thou see The dawn." And Greon said: "If morning follow On such a night, shall I give heed? One moment May hold the purpose of a life. A night? Nay, an eternity! What dull-eyed dawn Could follow?"

Down from the barge they passed and up The great soft carpet that the slaves unrolled Before their feet, between the sphinxes towards The palace hall. An empire had been sacked To furnish it. And golden lamps that hung From golden chains made a warm light through all That room, and purple and blue and glorious brown Lay soft beneath the light. Some words the queen Spoke there, and a young slave led Creon forth To a great bath of the carved basalt stone Wherein the stirring water flashed again, And gave a gentle perfume through the air. Thereafter brought him robes of costly silk Bordered with priceless purples out of Tyre; But Creon chose a tunie of pure linen, Unsown with gems, that left one shoulder bare, And bare one arm large-muscled. Thence they led


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 "You must at least," said Ferdinand, "forgive me one observation; your first appearance, and manner of bringing me here, led me to suppose you a domestic; your language convinces me I was mistaken: Whoever, or whatever you are, if you are unfortunate, as your words seem to imply, I most sincerely pity you; unhappy myself, I can feel for every child of sorrow." The tone, in which those words were uttered, with the look that accompanied them, had a powerful effect upon his auditor. He turned from him, clasped his hands, tears ran in torrents down his furrowed cheeks, and, with a heart-breaking sigh, he flung himself upon a bench almost suffocated with the excess of his emotions.

Ferdinand approached him:—"If I have been, though involuntarily, the cause of exciting those tears, and of recalling ideas that perhaps were faded on the memory, I entreat you to forgive me; indebted to your hospitality and kindness, I am exceedingly concerned to have made a return so unworthy


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 to create pain in the bosom of my benefactor."

"You stand acquitted in my opinion," answered he, endeavouring to recover from his first transports; "sympathy, perhaps, led you to observations you could not foresee would plunge me into sorrow. It is now twelve years since I have seen a human being to interest me; twice only during that period have those gates, by which you entered, been opened to admit any one within them: Society is hateful to me, and I thought this place sufficiently hidden from the world to preclude all possibility of intrusion; the sound of a bell is but seldom heard, and only at stated times: I was therefore alarmed at the circumstance, and when I opened the wicket had no thoughts of admitting you; but the expression of your countenance struck me, the mournful accents of your supplication vibrated to my heart, and in one moment overturned the scrupulous caution of twelve years."


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 "I feel (replied Ferdinand) that my obligations to you are infinite, nor will I abuse them by an expression of curiosity which is improper to be gratified; not one step beyond the boundaries of your injunctions will I attempt to stray.

May Heaven give you comfort, and sooth your mind to ease and tranquillity. I am rambling to forget myself, and those most dear to me. I have incurred the heaviest maledictions, and am a victim to the severity of them. A cruel mystery hangs over me, and has driven me from every prospect of happiness."

"Poor youth!" exclaimed the old man, "how many are the unfortunate beings compelled to exist in this world of cares, either from their own misconduct, or through the crimes of others? I can afford you no comfort, for within these walls misery, oppression, and despair, have fixed their seat for ever!"

"Then," cried Ferdinand, "I should be an inmate; for equally wretched and hopeless is the being before you: I know not why


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 it is, but methinks I am driven by an irresistible impulse to open my heart to you, if you can allow me to intrude so long upon your patience."

"The communication of sorrow, it is said, relieves the mind; if such may be the effect, I will readily listen to you; but must premise before-hand that of whatsoever nature your sorrows may be, it is impossible that I can either comfort, or serve you."

"They will at least prove to you," answered Ferdinand, "that you are not alone unhappy, and though you cannot, indeed it is impossible you should, serve me, you may at least give me the benefit of your advice."

The old man shook his head, but with a deep sigh requested he would proceed. The other obeyed, and took up his story from the first time he had seen Claudina, as the epoch from which originated all his subsequent troubles, and from which he dated her misfortunes and his own. He related every event without palliation or exaggeration, and complained heavily of the mystery


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320 sion. He thought it was a popular belief in the widest sense, though not in the superficial sense of being approved of by the people, because they had given no opinion upon it. But it was popular as being thoroughly democratoc in its theory, and would prove democratic in its practice. It seemed to be the idea of population carried out in principle; the principle of proportion applied to numbers. In brief, he might say that at its roots were the axiom that equal numbers should have equal representation. [Mr. Harpur: Not as embodied in the Bill.] He admitted that the details were imperfect; he was speaking of the principles of the system. So far as equality could be attained, the system proposed that each equal portion of electors should have an equal representation; and could the equity of the system be better shown? How was it possible to find fault with a system that told off the community into different sections, giving each a representative in proportion to its numbers? [Mr. Harpur: Stereotyping faction.] This remark contained no argument. Anything might be termed faction. Majorities in the House, and even the Govemment themselves, had been termed a faction, until people were tired of hearing it. This system was a mere mechanical provision, if anything like faction could be involved in that. He believed he had been able to understand the system, after giving it a considerable amount of attention, and he would endeavour to explain to the House some of the features he had remarked in it, and which he thought were in its favour. One objection he had heard against the system would show the manner in which it was treated by honourable members. It was said, suppose a case in which 20,000 electors were to return ten members, and supposing there were forty candidates, each having an equal number of votes—why, such a thing was simply impossible; or if possible it was provided for by this system. The easiest way of putting the question was, by supposing a case of one electorate where there was but one returning officer. Supposing there were 10,000 votes to be given and ten members to be returned. The quota was arrived at by a simple sum in division, the number of electors being divided by the number of persons to be elected. Thereby was obtained what was called a quota. It was not arbitrary, but a definite proportion of the electors to the elected. [A voice: How if less than the quota voted?] And here he took exception to the phraseology of the Bill—the expressions “primary” and “contingent” not being at all connected with the Hare system of voting. Strictly speaking, there was but one vote. He was supposing a case where the electorate was sufficiently limited to admit of one returning officer officiating. Say there is a certain number of candidates to be elected—ten, for instance—and there are 10,000 electors. In such case the quota will be 1000 votes. Well, the returning officer receives votes up to 1000 for A and B. After that, if any electors wish to vote for A and B, they are told the votes are not required, and they then vote for C and D, or, if these candidates have also obtained the quota, they are carried to E and F, or any others that the electors approve of. [Mr. Harpur: But the votes are given on paper.] It


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 which hung over the interview with his wife on his return from the army, and the self-accusation contained in her letters, her flight, and his ignorance of her situation.

CHAP. XI.

stranger heard him with much attention, and when the narrative was concluded made the following reply. "Your imprudent marriage with a stranger, unknown to your father, was the source from whence flowed all your misfortunes, consequently from that wrong step you may trace every ill in progression. I do not however exculpate him from blame in being so rash and unadvised, as to draw upon you the evils


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 of life by a father's curses; the idea is horrible, it is usurping the power of the Most High, to whom only curses belongeth; yet I have rarely observed through life, that an union, contracted contrary to a parent's approbation, has been fortunate or happy; to a mind of sensibility there must ever be a drawback from felicity, when conscious of giving pain, and disappointing the best hopes of those so nearly interested for our happiness, and who have a right to more than a negative obedience, if I may so express myself, when a marriage is contracted without consulting the parents; but when completed, contrary to their wishes and commands, few, I am convinced, are the instances of matrimonial happiness: But I see I oppress you, therefore, to drop that point, permit me to observe, you did wrong in not seeking opportunities to soften your father. Was your brother a warm advocate, think you? I fear not; much less can I believe that a good man could have left the world without being in charity with it, and revoking, as far as


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 he could, the imprecation his passion had dictated.

"As to the other circumstances, the voice at different times, so applicable to your situations, I shall only observe, that they were very extraordinary, but not impossible.—Respecting your wife, I fear much black treachery remains concealed, beyond your penetration; her flight, after hearing the prohibition of the voice, confirms my conjectures. O, you know not (said he, starting from his seat) you know not to what excesses a corrupted heart may be driven!"

He paced about the room for two or three minutes, then suddenly stopping:—"The leading features towards explaining the particular circumstances of your story are wanting; it is impossible I can give any advice that ought to influence you in your future conduct or sentiments. Your wife may be in the neighbouring convent, but I see not what you can promise yourself from the discovery, because it is not at all probable that she will see you: I sincerely wish you return-


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 ing happiness, and am sorry I must remind you that your departure from hence is necessary before the day is too far advanced; you must return through the valley, and take the opposite direction towards the convent, which is nearly as much retired as this melancholy place."

Ferdinand arose: "I beg your pardon," said he, "for obliging you to remind me that I have trespassed too long on your kindness: I feel regret at leaving you in this solitary desolated mansion, and yet, such is the complexion of my mind, I could be contented to remain in it myself with such a companion."

"Leave me (replied the other) add not to the horrors of my situation by permitting me to taste the solace of a companion from which I am for ever excluded."

"How! (said Ferdinand) are you then here alone? Did you not say that you was not master here?"


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 "I told you that I was not the owner of this castle: I spoke truth; inquire no farther." As his brow grew contracted, his eyes wild, and his whole figure agitated, Ferdinand repressed his curiosity, and prepared to depart. The other attended him to the gate with a sort of sullen civility, and opened it without speaking. Ferdinand took his hand, "Heavens bless you," said he, "I thank your charity. Must we never meet again?" The supplicating tone melted the hardened heart of the stranger, his features relaxed:—"Why should you wish it?"

"Not from an unwarrantable curiosity," returned the other, "not from a wish to penetrate farther into your secrets, or your habitation, than you would choose to allow of; but from sympathy, from a desire of participating in sorrow, and a wish to render your situation less deplorable by the converse of a fellow sufferer."

The man paused, viewed Ferdinand from head to foot with a searching eye, opened his mouth to speak, again paused, and turned from


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Rh is not at all necessary. In this way, in a small electorate, the whole number to be returned may be elected without the necessity of any great expense, and without the need of much official machinery. But, of course, when you came to apply the principle to extensive electorates, then this official machinery became necessary, just as it was necessary at present. It was not more liable to abuse than any other system. In all cases you must necessarily depend on the integrity of individuals, and if they could not repose confidence to this extent in their officials, the sooner we obtained a despotism the better. But he (Mr. Forster) had no doubt on this score, and he saw no difficulty whatever in applying this system, which embraced the best possible means of securing a representation of opinions. It was argued that persons might combine to secmre the election of particular candidates. But was there anything improper or undemocratic in that? Suppose the Wesleyans, or the Roman Catholics, or any other body, desired to elect one of their own number to represent them, was there anything wrong in their combining in order to secure that end ? He maintained there was not. On the contrary, he contended it was quite in accordance with the true theory of representation, which regarded the candidate as the representative of opinions, and not of mere numbers. The more he considered the Hare system, the more he admired it as calculated to secure democratic freedom. He might be told that it destroyed responsibility. It destroyed responsibility to local opinion, perhaps; but it held the representative amenable to the general opinion of the country; for the holding of his position must depend on his having gained the confidence and the respect of the commonwealth of which he formed part. He (Mr. Forster) said, therefore, he had no hesitation in giving in his adherence to the Hare system—a system admirable for its simplicity, and one that did honour to its contriver in the mother-country, and for the introduction of which the honourable gentleman who had brought it so prominently under notice here was entitled to great credit.

Mr. would accept the single electorate, in combination with Hare's system, which had the advantage of giving effect to every vote. The provision for giving five votes to each elector was no part of Hare's system, and should not have his support.

Mr. was in favour of trying Hare's system; and, in so far as he could understand it, he regarded it as being as simple and easy as the present system. Nor did he think there was any possibility of a vote being lost, as had been stated by one hon. member; for every man who voted must tell for one member at all events; and if he put one name only on the paper, then it would be the duty of the returning officer to first select those papers which had one name only on them, so that the vote should not be lost. The present bill differed somewhat from Hare's system, but he believed that difference to be an improvement. Under the system the returning officer collects the number of votes registered, and from that forms his quota. Thus, if there were 30,000 electors and thirty to be returned, he formed his


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 him. The other seeing his emotions, was also affected: "I have afflicted you undesignedly; pardon me (added he) I will not be intrusive, I submit to your restrictions." He was turning from the gate, the stranger caught his hand: "You have overcome (said he) my hitherto invincible resolutions; you have awakened sensations long, very long strangers to my bosom: I will consider, I must have time to reflect, and to determine, I can promise nothing; go to the convent, satisfy your anxiety respecting your wife.—Return to this gate to-morrow, I shall by that time decide on your wishes, and either wholly repress my own rising inclination, or gratify it without reserve; but expect nothing, for I make no promises." He hastily shut the gate without waiting for an answer, and left Ferdinand under a great perturbation of spirits.

He had now to retrace his steps, through the gloomy valley, and force his way through the woodlands. The various conjectures that occupied his mind relative to the old


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 man, and his ruinous solitary mansion, lessened the apparent difficulties, and tedious length of the road. He regained the foot of the mountain, and turned to the right, where he met with a chain of small rocky hills both painful and dangerous to climb, and to descend from, and which so far impeded his haste, that he saw the twilight drawing on fast, and the appearance of the heavy clouds portending rain or snow. He redoubled his speed, and on coming over a pretty high hill discovered a grove of chestnut trees before him, in the midst of which he saw something rising above them like a turret. "At last (cried he, almost exhausted with fatigue) at last I have found the convent." The object in view seemed to diminish the distance, and he walked for some time through the grove before he arrived at a large moat, which extended round the walls of the building.—He took a circular walk, in the hope, which was not disappointed, of finding a bridge.—On one side was a narrow stone causeway made on piles, but more resembling a path--


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 way than a bridge; this he crossed to the gate that appeared in the wall, and rung the bell.

The door was almost instantly opened by the porteress, and to his great joy he found himself at the desired port. She seemed extremely surprised at seeing him, and demanded his business. "Was there not a young Lady brought here within this fortnight?" said he.

"There was (she replied) and what then?"

"I beseech you (said he) to tell her, her nearest relation wishes to speak with her."

Tis very improbable a relation should come here to see her. Young man, you have not spoken the truth; nor will you, whoever you are, be permitted to see her."

"Oh! (cried Ferdinand, off his guard, and agonized by vexation and fatigue) oh! tell her it is her husband, it is the father of her child; she has no right to withdraw herself from me, nor can you answer it, to detain


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322 quota by dividing the one by the other; but if only 8000 electors voted, the probability would be that the matter could not be worked out, inasmuch as no one member would get a quota. According to the bill, however, the returning officer took the number of votes actually recorded, and divided them by the number of members to be returned, in order to obtain his quota. In that way every man would have his vote used, without the possibility of loss. He believed the system to be a good one, and he would like to see it tried; and as there was a bill to amend the Municipalities Act now before the House, he thought a good opportunity was afforded of testing the working of the system. He would be willing enough to apply it to the Council elections if the bill were such a one that he could support.

Mr. would remove from the bill the part relating to Hare's system, for the simple reason that he did not understand it it appeared to be a very ingenious theory, but one that had never been brought into operation. The Government were bound to see that the bill, with the alterations proposed, was passed by the Upper House, and was not again sent back to us.

Mr. thought that the hon. member for New England (Mr. R. Forster) might, if he would only take the pains, easily understand Mr. Hare's system of representation. He would try to explain the matter to the hon. member. The system would give every elector the opportunity of voting just as if he knew the state of the poll. He would suppose that there were twelve hundred electors, and that there were three vacancies; the quota in that case would be four hundred. He would also suppose that the four Ministers were the candidates. First of all, the electors would vote for Mr. Cowper, who ought to be returned on account of his long services. Well, when the number for Mr. Cowper was made up the elector would give his vote for the Minister for Lands; and on Mr. Robertson's number being made up he would give his vote for Mr. Arnold. Every elector had the opportunity of doing what he would do if the polling booths had glass windows. Although the clauses were drawn up in legal phraseology, they were when examined easily intelligible. The instructions to the scrutineers were very complete and explicit. He looked upon this bill as merely a skeleton measure, and in voting for the second reading it was with an anxious desire to get this important matter settled. He did not, however, commit himself to any of the details. If he thought any bill could be so altered as to make it a satisfactory measure, as he thought was the case with this bill, he would support it. There was a good deal in the bill of which he quite approved, and more especially that clause which contained Hare's invention, as it might be termed.

Mr. said that, as to Hare's system, he must admit from the opportunities he had had of judging, it was his impression that nineteen-twentieths of the commimity did not and would not if it was passed, know how to carry it into effect. He thought the present system, which enabled the electors at the close of the poll to know which was the successful candidate.


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 a wife from her husband without his knowledge or consent."

The porteress seemed staggered. "What you assert (replied she) seems very strange and improbable; I will, however, report it to the Abbess, which is all I can do in the business."

She shut the grate, and left him overwhelmed with vexation. He was now convinced that Claudina was here, and could he see her, and obtain from her satisfaction relative to her self-accusation, and a confession of the real motives which had induced her to leave the Castle under such an appearance of mystery, he concluded that he should be much easier in his mind, and submit patiently to a separation which seemed to have been commanded, though why at that particular period he could not conceive, and was what he supposed a conversation with her would clear up. During the absence of the porteress, his mind dwelt on these circumstances; the grate was at length opened, and the old woman appeared.


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 "The young Lady refuses to see you; she denies that you have any authority over her; bids you remember the dreadful circumstances lately passed, and never presume to trouble her more. The letter she left for you sufficiently explained her sentiments: Her child is with her, but it has no longer a father, nor after this day will any messages from you be received or delivered here."

"Barbarous woman!" exclaimed Ferdinand, "ungrateful and unjust! Would she but explain herself with openness and candour, I could submit to the dreadful circumstances she alludes to; but this silence, this mystery, and my child too! 'It has no longer a father!' Just Heaven, how am I punished!"

"I am sorry for you," said the porteress; "but I cannot help you. Night is drawing on; a short distance to the left is a convent of Friars, there you may be accommodated for the night; but return no more here, for it avails nothing to complain where you cannot be heard." She shut the grate, and


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 left Ferdinand standing in an attitude of fixed despair.

He stood for some moments insensible to every thing around him, when the sound of a distant bell roused him from the torpor that had seized him, and instantly recollecting the convent mentioned by the old Nun, with reluctant steps, and an oppressed mind, he walked through the wood, keeping to the left as she had directed him; but overwhelmed by a thousand doubts and painful conjectures, he proceeded so slowly that night overtook him, and it was with much difficulty he espied through the trees a rising hill before him which terminated the wood, and on reaching to the foot of it, he perceived an old building on one side of the declivity, with large pieces of rock suspended over it, which seemed to threaten hourly danger: He recollected the shepherd's cottage; "strange (thought he) that people should choose such dangerous situations to erect dwellings on! It appears to me a daring presumption, or a total insensibility." He


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Rh was the best that we could adopt, and with the ballot the elections had been the most satisfactory that had taken place in the colony.

Mr. and Mr. addressed the House, and on a division the second reading was carried by a majority of 24 against 20.—Sydney Morning Herald, Friday, November 14th, 1862.

Soon after the debate the Ministry resigned, and the measure proceeded no farther.

In a Bill for the Amendment of the Electoral Law of the Colony, it was proposed to allow any voter of a constituency entitled to elect more than two members, to vote for all the candidates which the constituency could elect, or cumulate such votes on one or more of the candidates. The discussion on this clause is fully reported in the (Melbourne) Argus, Thursday, March 5, 1863, and somewhat more briefly in the (Melbourne) Age of the same day.

Mr., to raise the discussion on the question, moved an amendment rejecting the clause for cumulative voting, but without therefore pledging himself to vote against it. He thought that if the clause passed, as it stood, it would be an instance of too rapid legislation in so young a colony. He should like to see the principle first accepted elsewhere. He had not heard of its introduction into the elections of members of the House of Commons. The proposal of Lord John Russell had not been adopted. It was scarcely adapted to a constituency returning less than three members, and was inapplicable to a constituency returning only one. In such a constituency the successful candidate might receive 1,100 votes, and the next on the poll might have 1,095. Where, under this clause, would these 1,095 voters find representation? This led him to think that the clause did not go far enough, or, that it failed to provide a perfect mode of representing minorities. He should be glad to hear arguments which would justify the Parliament of Victoria in being the pioneer in such a legislative experiment.

The said the question had been left an open one by the Government. When he introduced the bill the matter had not been fully considered. Hare's book, with the commentaries upon it, had arrived in the colony while the bill was being draughted. In the legislature of New


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 rang the bell, a small gate was opened by a Friar, Ferdinand announced himself as an unfortunate and wearied traveller seeking shelter from the inclemencies of the night.

"Enter, my son, and welcome," said the father. Seldom does the traveller find his way to our solitary mansion, so remote and distant from any great road; enter therefore freely, and partake of our homely fare, and humble lodging." Ferdinand followed his conductor to a large room, where several of the Fathers were assembled just returned from their evening vespers. All but one saluted him, and withdrew, that one advanced, and requested he would be seated. Some bread, salad, milk and fruit, were brought in, of which Ferdinand partook very sparingly, for the uneasiness of his mind had destroyed his appetite.

"You look fatigued, my son," said the Friar, "and I suppose must have wandered considerably out of your way to have arrived at this dwelling, seldom in the habit of receiving strangers."


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 "I have indeed been wandering about," replied the other, "and with very little satisfaction to myself. To this house I was directed from a neighbouring convent; both houses are so remote, so impervious, even to the eye of curiosity, from the woods and deep valleys, that only a wretched fugitive, like myself, could possibly have found it."

"If you are unhappy, my son, I am sorry for you, but yield not to despair; hope is implanted in the mind of man by our great Creator as the sweetener of life, and only one set of beings are excluded from that cordial drop in earthly pursuits."

"And who are those?" asked Ferdinand.

"Men and women devoted to a monastic life," answered the Father; "cut off from every worldly expectation, their hopes are founded in heavenly promises which can receive no disappointment but from themselves; they depend not on others; no earthly views can distract their attention from the one great object of their wishes: Happiness unalloyed


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 by fears or doubts must inhabit the bosom of a religious man."

"Most true," replied Ferdinand; "but that man must be detached from worldly cares, must have no dear connexions that twine about the heart; no wife, no children; no agonizing apprehensions for those he loves; no distracting doubts he cannot comprehend. The man who secludes himself from society, who can devote his days to religious duties only, must have a heart and mind at ease, ere he can embrace such a life as you have chosen."

"Alas! my son, and does not religion hold out comfort to the afflicted?"

"Undoubtedly, that is the rock on which we must erect the foundation of all our hopes and expectations both here and hereafter; but a monastic life I still aver, should be sought for only by those free from the ties that nature binds about the heart, and who have ceased to be solicitous for worldly objects."


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 This conversation was interrupted by the entrance of another Friar, not so old as the one before him, in whose countenance Ferdinand discerned traits of benevolence and sensibility, his heart sprung to meet him, and involuntarily he arose as if to do him homage.

"Father Joseph," said the former one, with a supercilious air, "you will see this traveller comfortably lodged, and then attend your duty:" Turning to Ferdinand, "Son, I shall see you to-morrow, and hold some further conversation with you." He withdrew.

"You will follow me, my good brother," said Father Joseph, with an air of mildness, taking up the lamp. The other obeyed; he was conducted through an outer court into a very small chamber, about eight feet square, with a bed made in a niche of the wall, a table, on which stood a crucifix, and one stool. "May you rest in peace under the protection of Heaven!" said the Father, and was going to leave him.

"Ah!" exclaimed Ferdinand, "and must you go? I feel a rising wish to be indulged


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 with your company; must I repress it?"—"For the present I am obliged to leave you; but if sleep is not more desirable than conversation, I will return to you in half an hour. Go to bed, rest if you can, for I see you are overcome with fatigue." He retired, and left his companion with the pleasing hope of seeing him again. The countenance of this man beamed with mild complacence, and Ferdinand hoped from him to gather full information respecting the other convent, and possibly of the ruinous building where he had been so oddly received. Not to offend the Friar, he got into the bed, which was pretty hard, and very unlikely to lull him presently to sleep, he therefore anxiously watched for the approach of Father Joseph, who came when he had began to despair of seeing him.

"I have complied with your wishes, son, and now tell me how I may serve you; I have one hour to spare." Ferdinand then briefly repeated the latter part of his story from the time his wife had left him, his re-


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 ception at the old Castle, and his treatment at the convent. He concluded with saying, that all he wished for from his wife was, "an explanation of her letter, and a candid confession of her motives for withdrawing herself from the protection of her friends."

"If (said he) as I suppose, you have communication with the convent, I beseech you to see my wife, tell her I will not force myself into her presence, let her but write to free me from my present doubts and inquietude, and I will obey her orders, and never intrude myself into any place she inhabits without her permission."

"Your story is very strange (observed Father Joseph) and I fear you will obtain no satisfaction; I have no power to serve you: Our Superior, whom you have been with, is the only one that visits the convent; the order is one of the severest in all Germany: Ours is much more relaxed, yet we can derive little advantage from the indulgence allowed us, because our situation precludes all chance of society, and Father


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 Ambrose only admitted to visit the convent, to which he is confessor. As your wife is in that retirement, be assured she is dead to you. Those that enter that house seldom return again to the world."

"Distraction!" cried Ferdinand; "but my child, they cannot keep my child from me!"—"At a certain age she may make her own election: Mean time you may represent the case to the Bishop, that is all you can do, having taken sanctuary in the bosom of the church, and the child being at this age more immediately under the care of its mother; at present, you cannot oblige her to resign it." Observing that Ferdinand appeared overwhelmed with vexation, he went on.

"The building you have mentioned, so buried from all observation, was once, I have heard, a most superb mansion, inhabited by one of the Bavarian family, who marrying an heiress of a Suabian Baron, came into the possession of that estate which has long fallen into decay, nor did I ever hear that it had


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 been inhabited these twenty years. On the other side it joins with the black forest, and has been always understood, from its being desolated in one of the late wars, and never repaired, uninhabitable ever since; the house must be in ruins, and the grounds round it barren and uncultivated. Who the person or persons can be that reside there I have no idea, and indeed I should suppose it can afford no accommodations for any other than banditti."

"Or the sons of misery," cried Ferdinand, "such are neither delicate in their accommodations, nor fastidious in their choice of situations; all places are alike to the wretched, and I hope to-morrow I shall be admitted as an inmate."

"And I hope not," returned Father Joseph. "My son, you are very young, let not the first disappointment in your calculations of happiness induce you to renounce the world. You have been wrong, perhaps, in your first selection of the means to attain it. Man has but little prescience, and that


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 little is often ill-directed. Consider your present troubles as a chastisement for some misconduct, some rash actions resulting from the impetuosity of youth; receive the correction with humility, but give not way to despair. Believe me, there is no merit in retiring from the world; society has its claims not incompatible with your sacred duties; on the contrary, duty towards God, and duty towards your brethren, is equally commanded and inculcated. A young man may have a thousand opportunities of doing active service to his fellow creatures, and of promoting the cause of religion and virtue. Retirement suits not with the ardour of youth; let me advise you therefore to resume your situation in life, whatever it may be, to scan over your past actions with discrimination and impartiality; you will then discover the errors that have impeded your expectations of happiness; you will chalk out for yourself a new path, and the end will be mental tranquillity, and the never-fading satisfaction of having been beneficial to the extent of


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 your abilities towards the less fortunate and happy."

"And is this," cried Ferdinand, 'the language of a man detached from the world, this the advice of a holy Father, to expose a fluctuating disappointed heart to the allurements and dissipations that tempt, in a hundred pleasurable shapes, the mind of youth, and lead him into vice?"

"It is the language of truth and reason," answered Father Joseph, with energy, "it is the advice of dear-bought wisdom and experience. Man was not intended for a solitary being, and a young man, who flies from the world because he has indulged delusive hopes, and formed expectations that in the nature of them must at one time or other receive a severe check, who neglects the duties he has it in his power to perform, and by a rash and ill-judged misanthropy, shuns mankind to give up his mind to despair; believe me, such a man is a pusillanimous wretch, who deserts his post, and by his cowardice and impatient spirit, lays up for himself bitter


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 repentance, and never-ending regret, that will mix itself in his most earnest devotions, render those acts of religion, which should communicate joy and cheerfulness to the mind, cold, gloomy, and mechanical; whilst the good, the active, the benevolent mind, performs his sacred duties with delight, from conviction and choice diffuses blessings to all around him, and by precept and example animates others to the practice of religion and virtue, which his conduct renders both easy and pleasant."

"If I may judge from the expression of your countenance," said Ferdinand, "your advice is not the declamation of an unimpassioned man, who has forsaken the world from choice, but the warnings of a feeling heart, desirous of saving others from equal regret and misery with himself."

"You have observed justly, I will not deny," answered the Father: "Many are the victims in this house to pride, impatience, and avarice, sacrificed by their friends, or driven by the impetuosity of their own pas-


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 sions. Some there are doubtless from choice and the purest motives, but these last are comparatively few; a monastery therefore I do not recommend, nor a residence with that solitary being, whoever he may be, that inhabits those stately ruins; even this desultory mode of gratifying your curiosity, rambling among uninhabited and almost impassable hills and valleys, can benefit neither yourself, nor others, may subject you to much inconvenience, perhaps to certain dangerous situations, you do not apprehend: Once more then I recommend you to seek an active life, and an occupation that may diversify your thoughts, and engage your attention. Good night, reflect on what I have said, and may Heaven direct you for the best; I will see you again after morning service."

The good father having withdrawn, left Ferdinand overwhelmed with a variety of contending emotions, whether to profit by, or disregard the advice he had received:—whether he should yield to the dictates of prudence and experience, or follow the lead


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 of his own inclinations. Sleep at length overtook him before he had settled the point, and, hard as his bed was, fatigue threw him into a profound repose, from which he started on the entrance of Father Joseph. "I come only to inform you," said he, "that you are expected by Father Ambrose, breakfast is prepared for you, hasten therefore to attend him."

"How!" cried Ferdinand, "do you leave me? I thought to have had a further conversation with you."

"I am forbidden to indulge it, and have received a reprimand for being so long in your room last night: I may just whisper you, that the passions of mankind are the same in all places, and in all situations; jealousy, envy, and avarice, prevail as much in monasteries as in palaces, they pervade in the most profound retirements, and lead to the most despicable actions and sentiments. Adieu, may Heaven preserve you." Ending those words, he darted from the room, and left Ferdinand to follow.


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 And God saw all the things that he had made, and they were very good. And the evening and morning were the sixth day.

''God resteth on the seventh day and blesseth it. The earthly paradise, in which God placeth man. He commandeth him not to eat of the tree of knowledge. And formeth a woman of his rib.''

O the heavens and the earth were finished, and all the furniture of them.

And on the seventh day God ended his work which he had made: and he rested on the seventh day from all his work which he had done.

And he blessed the seventh day and sanctified it: because in it he had rested from all his work which God created and made.

These are the generations of the heaven and the earth, when they were created, in the day that the Lord made the heaven, and the earth.

And every plant of the field before it sprung up in the earth, and every herb of the ground before it grew: for the Lord God had not rained upon the earth; and there was not a man to till the earth.

But a spring rose out of the earth, watering all the surface of the earth.

And the Lord God formed man of the slime of the earth: and breathed into his face the breath of life, and man became a living soul.

And the Lord God had planted a paradise of pleasure from the beginning: wherein he placed man whom he had formed.

And the Lord God brought forth of the ground all manner of trees, fair to behold, and pleasant to eat of: the tree of life also in the midst of paradise: and the


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, born October 29, 1795, published his first volume of verse in 1817, his second in the following year, his third in 1820, and died of consumption at Rome, February 23, 1821, in the fourth month of his twenty-sixth year. In his first book there was little foretaste of anything greatly or even genuinely good; but between the marshy and sandy flats of sterile or futile verse there were undoubtedly some few purple patches of floral promise. The style was frequently detestable—a mixture of sham Spenserian and mock Wordsworthian, alternately florid and arid. His second book, Endymion, rises in its best passages to the highest level of Barnfield and of Lodge, the two previous poets with whom, had he published nothing more, he might most properly have been classed; and this, among minor minstrels, is no unenviable place. His third book raised him at once to a foremost rank in the highest class of English poets. Never was any one of them but Shelley so little of a marvellous boy and so suddenly revealed as a marvellous man. Never has any poet suffered so much from the chaotic misarrangement of his poems in every collected edition. The


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Rh rawest and the rankest rubbish of his fitful spring is bound up in one sheaf with the ripest ears, flung into one basket with the richest fruits, of his sudden and splendid summer. The Ode to a Nightingale, one of the final masterpieces of human work in all time and for all ages, is immediately preceded in all editions now current by some of the most vulgar and fulsome doggrel ever whimpered by a vapid and effeminate rhymester in the sickly stage of whelphood. Shelley, up to twenty, had written little or nothing that would have done credit to a boy of ten; and of Keats also it may be said that the merit of his work at twenty-five was hardly by comparison more wonderful than its demerit at twenty-two. His first book fell as flat as it deserved to fall; the reception of his second, though less considerate than on the whole it deserved, was not more contemptuous than that of immeasurably better books published about the same time by Coleridge, Landor, and Shelley. A critic of exceptional carefulness and candour might have noted in the first book so singular an example of a stork among the cranes as the famous and noble sonnet on Chapman's Homer; a just judge would have indicated, a partial advocate might have exaggerated, the value of such golden grain amid a garish harvest of tares as the hymn to Pan and the translation into verse of Titian's Bacchanal which glorify the weedy wilderness of Endymion. But the hardest thing said of that poem by the Quarterly reviewer was unconsciously echoed by the future author of Adonais,—that it was all but absolutely impossible to read through; and the obscener insolence of the 'Blackguard's Magazine,' as Landor afterwards very justly labelled it, is explicable


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 though certainly not excusable if we glance back at such a passage as that where Endymion exchanges fulsome and liquorish endearments with the 'known unknown from whom his being sips such darling (!) essence.' Such nauseous and pitiful phrases as these, and certain passages in his correspondence, make us understand the source of the most offensive imputations or insinuations levelled against the writer's manhood; and, while admitting that neither his love-letters, nor the last piteous outcries of his wailing and shrieking agony, would ever have been made public by merciful or respectful editors, we must also admit that, if they ought never to have been published, it is no less certain that they ought never to have been written; that a manful kind of man or even a manly sort of boy, in his love-making or in his suffering, will not howl and snivel after such a lamentable fashion. One thing hitherto inexplicable a very slight and rapid glance at his amatory correspondence will amply suffice to explain: how it came to pass that the woman so passionately beloved by so great a poet should have thought it the hopeless attempt of a mistaken kindness to revive the memory of a man for whom the best that could be wished was complete and compassionate oblivion. For the side of the man's nature presented to her inspection, this probably was all that charity or reason could have desired. But that there was a finer side to the man, even if considered apart from the poet, his correspondence with his friends and their general evidence to his character give more sufficient proof than perhaps we might have derived from the general impression left on us by his works; though indeed the preface to Endymion itself, however illogical


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 in its obviously implied suggestion that the poem published was undeniably unworthy of publication, gave proof or hint at least that after all its author was something of a man. And the eighteenth of his letters to Miss Brawne stands out in bright and brave contrast to such as seem incompatible with the traditions of his character on its manlier side. But if it must be said that he lived long enough only to give promise of being a man, it must also be said that he lived long enough to give assurance of being a poet who was not born to come short of the first rank. Not even a hint of such a probability could have been gathered from his first or even from his second appearance; after the publication of his third volume it was no longer a matter of possible debate among judges of tolerable competence that this improbability had become a certainty. Two or three phrases cancelled, two or three lines erased, would have left us in Lamia one of the most faultless as surely as one of the most brilliant jewels in the crown of English poetry. Isabella, feeble and awkward in narrative to a degree almost incredible in a student of Dryden and a pupil of Leigh Hunt, is overcharged with episodical effects of splendid and pathetic expression beyond the reach of either. The Eve of St. Agnes, aiming at no doubtful success, succeeds in evading all casual difficulty in the line of narrative; with no shadow of pretence to such interest as may be derived from stress of incident or depth of sentiment, it stands out among all other famous poems as a perfect and unsurpassable study in pure colour and clear melody—a study in which the figure of Madeline brings back upon the mind's eye, if only as moonlight recalls


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 a sense of sunshine, the nuptial picture of Marlowe's Hero and the sleeping presence of Shakespeare's Imogen. Beside this poem should always be placed the less famous but not less precious Eve of St. Mark, a fragment unexcelled for the simple perfection of its perfect simplicity, exquisite alike in suggestion and in accomplishment. The triumph of Hyperion is as nearly complete as the failure of Endymion; yet Keats never gave such proof of a manly devotion and rational sense of duty to his art as in his resolution to leave this great poem unfinished; not, as we may gather from his correspondence on the subject, for the pitiful reason assigned by his publishers, that of discouragement at the reception given to his former work, but on the solid and reasonable ground that a Miltonic study had something in its very scheme and nature too artificial, too studious of a foreign influence, to be carried on and carried out at such length as was implied by his original design. Fortified and purified as it had been on a first revision, when much introductory allegory and much tentative effusion of sonorous and superfluous verse had been rigorously clipped down or pruned away, it could not long have retained spirit enough to support or inform the shadowy body of a subject so little charged with tangible significance. The faculty of assimilation as distinguished from imitation, than which there can be no surer or stronger sign of strong and sure original genius, is not more evident in the most Miltonic passages of the revised Hyperion than in the more Shakespearean passages of the unrevised tragedy which no radical correction could have left other than radically incorrigible. It is no conventional exaggeration, no hyperbolical


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 phrase of flattery with more sound than sense in it, to say that in this boyish and fantastic play of Otho the Great there are such verses as Shakespeare might not without pride have signed at the age when he wrote and even at the age when he rewrote the tragedy of Romeo and Juliet. The dramatic fragment of King Stephen shows far more power of hand and gives far more promise of success than does that of Shelley's Charles the First. Yet we cannot say with any confidence that even this far from extravagant promise would certainly or probably have been kept; it is certain only that Keats in these attempts did at least succeed in showing a possibility of future excellence as a tragic or at least a romantic dramatist. In every other line of high and serious poetry his triumph was actual and consummate; here only was it no more than potential or incomplete. As a ballad of the more lyrical order, La belle Dame sans Merci is not less absolutely excellent, less triumphantly perfect in force and clearness of impression, than as a narrative poem is Lamia. In his lines on Robin Hood, and in one or two other less noticeable studies of the kind, he has shown thorough and easy mastery of the beautiful metre inherited by Fletcher from Barnfield and by Milton from Fletcher. The simple force of spirit and style which distinguishes the genuine ballad manner from all spurious attempts at an artificial simplicity was once more at least achieved in his verses on the crowning creation of Scott's humaner and manlier genius—Meg Merrilies. No little injustice has been done to Keats by such devotees as fix their mind's eye only on the more salient and distinctive notes of a genius which in fact was very much more various


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 and tentative, less limited and peculiar, than would be inferred from an exclusive study of his more specially characteristic work. But within the limits of that work must we look of course for the genuine credentials of his fame; and highest among them we must rate his unequalled and unrivalled odes. Of these perhaps the two nearest to absolute perfection, to the triumphant achievement and accomplishment of the very utmost beauty possible to human words, may be that to Autumn and that on a Grecian Urn; the most radiant, fervent, and musical is that to a Nightingale; the most pictorial and perhaps the tenderest in its ardour of passionate fancy is that to Psyche; the subtlest in sweetness of thought and feeling is that on Melancholy. Greater lyrical poetry the world may have seen than any that is in these; lovelier it surely has never seen, nor ever can it possibly see. From the divine fragment of an unfinished ode to Maia we can but guess that if completed it would have been worthy of a place beside the highest. His remaining lyrics have many beauties about them, but none perhaps can be called thoroughly beautiful. He has certainly left us one perfect sonnet of the first rank; and as certainly he has left us but one.

Keats, on high and recent authority, has been promoted to a place beside Shakespeare; and it was long since remarked by some earlier critic of less note that as a painter of flowers his touch had almost a Shakespearean felicity,—recalling, a writer in our own day might have added, the hand of on canvas. The faultless force and the profound subtlety of this deep and cunning instinct for the absolute expression of absolute natural beauty can hardly be questioned or


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400 all of whom imitated their master in a one-sided spiritless fashion, and debased his poetic style into mere mannerism. At the same time there was also a healthier tendency among a small circle of poets who strove to combine Tegnér's clearness in thought and expression, with the deeper sentiments and the natural symbolism of the Phosphorists, and in these efforts the two tendencies would alternately prevail. The most successful of these poets was (1816-65). His poems are not very numerous, but they abound in fine, noble sentiments, and are so excellent in form that they have become great favorites among the people. Among his short poems the romance, "Hvi suckar det så tungt uti Skogen?" which is well known throughout Sweden, is no doubt the best. The narrative poem, "Fiskarflickan från Tynnelsö" and the elegy, "Angelica," are also very fine. Malmström was professor of literature and æsthetics in the Upsala University, and is widely known as the author of "Literaturhistoriska Studier," while his extensive work, "Grunddragen af svenska vetterhets historia," is more or less one-sided, though it contains many excellent details. (1807-79) was also a talented poet. His soft elegiac verses are characterized by great excellence of form, but they frequently fall into a rather sentimental tone. They found, however, great favor with the public, and found many imitators who lost themselves in the most insipid exaggerations. His monographs of celebrated, especially Swedish, poets were highly appreciated, and they are genuine models of their kind. Of the poets belonging to the school represented by Malmström and Böttiger, we may mention (born 1812),  (born 1808),  (1815-53),  (1811-48), and  (born 1815).

The great number of novels, with subjects borrowed from


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 overlooked; and this is doubtless the one main distinctive gift or power, which denotes him as a poet among all his equals, and gives him right to a station near that of Coleridge and Shelley. As a man, the two admirers who have done best service to his memory are, first and far foremost, Lord Houghton, and secondly Mr. Matthew Arnold. These alone, among all who have written of him without the disadvantage or advantage of a personal acquaintance, have clearly seen and shown us the manhood of the man, That ridiculous and degrading legend which imposed so strangely on the generous tenderness of Shelley, while evoking the very natural and allowable laughter of Byron, fell to dust at once for ever on the appearance of that admirable and unsurpassed biography which gave perfect proof to all time that 'men have died and worms have eaten them,' but not for fear of critics or through suffering inflicted by reviews. Somewhat too sensually sensitive he may have been in either capacity, but the nature of the man was as far as was the quality of the poet above the pitiful level of a creature whose soul could 'let itself be snuffed out by an article'; and in fact, owing doubtless to the accident of a death which followed so fast on his early appearance and his dubious reception as a poet, the insolence and injustice of his reviewers in general have been comparatively and even considerably exaggerated. Except from the chief fountain-head of professional ribaldry then open in the world of literary journalism, no reek of personal insult arose to offend his nostrils; and then as now the tactics of such unwashed malignants were inevitably suicidal; the references to his brief experiment of apprenticeship to a surgeon


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 which are quoted from Blackwood in the shorter as well as in the longer memoir by Lord Houghton could leave no bad odour behind them save what might hang about men's yet briefer recollection of his assailant's unmemorable existence. The false Keats, therefore, whom Shelley pitied and Byron despised would have been, had he ever existed, a thing beneath compassion or contempt. That such a man could have had such a genius is almost evidently impossible; and yet more evident is the proof which remains on everlasting record that none was ever further from the chance of decline to such degradation than the real and actual man who made that name immortal.


text: Miscellanies (Swinburne)/Keats

title: Miscellanies (Swinburne)/Keats


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 tree of knowledge of good and evil.

And a river went out of the place of pleasure to water paradise, which from thence is divided into four heads.

The name of the one is Phison: that is it which compasseth all the land of Hevilath, where gold groweth.

And the gold of that land is very good: there is found bdelium, and the onyxstone.

And the name of the second river is Gehon: the same is it that compasseth all the land of Ethiopia.

And the name of the third river is Tigris: the same passeth along by the Assyrians. And the fourth river is Euphrates.

And the Lord God took man, and put him into the paradise of pleasure, to dress it and to keep it.

And he commanded him saying: Of every tree of paradise thou shalt eat.

But of the tree of knowledge of good and evil thou shalt not eat. For in what day soever thou shalt eat of it, thou shalt die the death.

And the Lord God said: It is not good for man to be alone: let us make him a help like unto himself.

And the Lord God having formed out of the ground all the beasts of the earth, and all the fowls of the air, brought them to Adam to see what he would call them: for whatsoever Adam called any living creature, the same is its name.

And Adam called all the beasts by their names, and all the fowls of the air, and all the cattle of the field: but for Adam there was not found a helper like himself.

Then the Lord God cast a deep sleep upon Adam: and when he was fast asleep, he took one of his ribs, and filled up flesh for it.

And the Lord God built the rib which he took from Adam into a woman: and brought her to Adam.

And Adam said: This now is bone of my bones, and flesh of my flesh: she shall be called Woman, because she was taken out of man.

Wherefore a man shall leave father and mother, and shall cleave to his wife, and they shall be two in one flesh.

And they were both naked; to wit Adam and his wife: and were not ashamed.


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402 ager från igåand "La Veranda," evince the skill of the master, and many of his poems are very fresh and graphic. As authors of songs we have still to mention (1808-74) and  (born 1817). The latter's collection of excellent humorous songs is known throughout the North under the name, "Gluntarne " (The Youths), for which he also composed the melodies.

The development, which had begun with the struggle between the old and the new schools, closed with Runeberg, who, after the decease of Tegnér, ascended the poetical throne of Sweden. He was born in Finland, "the thousand laked land," which had already before given Swedish literature several prominent authors, and poets like Frese, Creutz, and Franzén. In these predecessors of Runeberg we can already trace a Finnish element in the idyllic-elegiac style, which was peculiar to them, though it came out distinctly and powerfully for the first time in Runeberg's poetry. The former were, notwithstanding this marked national stamp, essentially Swedish poets, but the latter belongs at least as much to Finland as to Sweden.

The Grand Duchy of Finland, which until 1809 belonged to Sweden, and was then ceded to Russia, is chiefly inhabited by Finlanders, a people related to the Magyars, and having nothing in common with the Scandinavians or Russians, and only the seventh part of Finland's population is Swedish. When the country was conquered by the Swedes in the Middle Ages, Swedish culture introduced in connection with Christianity took such deep roots that the intellectual life in Finland has from that time been mainly Swedish in its character. The university which Queen Christina founded in Åbo, in 1640, and which in 1828 was transferred to Helsingfors, was in all essentials Swedish, and the Swedish Finlanders considered themselves Swedes. But it was only on the


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Rh

HAVE been considering (my Friend!) what your Fancy was, to express such a surprize as you did the other day, when I happen'd to speak to you in commendation of Raillery. Was it possible you shou'd suppose me so grave a Man, as to dislike all Conver- I.


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Rh seaboard that Swedish culture struck roots. In the interior the Finnish tribes preserved their language and customs, and in one century there has been formed a strong national movement, which has already resulted in a conspicuous and extensive literature in the Finnish tongue. The first impulse to this movement was given by (1739-1804) by his activity in behalf of the history and national poetry of Finland. His example was afterward followed by many others. Among them the highest honor is due to (born 1802), for it is by his efforts mainly that so much of Finland's poetry has been preserved. This remarkable and partly very old popular poetry, the so-called "Runor," is chiefly of a lyric character, with a quaint, sublime, and melancholy undertone, which harmonizes exquisitely with the wild, stern nature of the country in which it originated, for, as a Finnish song has it, "The Finnish harp is built of evil days, and its strings are made of sorrow." This poetry still lives, or has at least lived until very recently, on the lips of the people. The most excellent of what has been preserved is the (the Finnish Edda), which contains the ancient mythological traditions in the form of lyric epic songs. Among this song-loving people Runeberg was born, and the development of his mind took place just at the time when the grand Kalevala literature was first published.

was born February 5, 1804, in Jakobstad, where his parents lived in poor circumstances. A relative of his took an interest in him, and in 1822 Runeberg became a student, from which time he was compelled to help himself. He had grown up under the influence of general European culture such as it was found among the Swedish Finlanders, and his favorite poet was Franzén, but later a sojourn of several years as tutor in the parish of Sarijärvi proved of the greatest importance to his future development. Here in the heart of Finland a number of new impressions


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 سمبه کند مهاراج دسرة بانهتكوا سري مهاراج سند سكلين دئینهکن منجهاري مقة اكن نكري سفرة تينه سري مهاراج ایت اكن سكارغ دفرتم کن دیواة مليا راي تنمية ايت ترلال ابلق نانهن رات دغن سوغيث ايرث تاور دان

هوان بایک دغن فسرن ترلال ایلق سكال فد ننه ملة ابت اد سبوه بوكة

ترلال ابلق روفان دان رتان لايق أكن تمفة استان سری مهاراج * ک ی ( مک انبيل سري مهاراج ) منغر كات دمكين دغن سکت ایت

جوک راج فون مېوره مغكل سكل راجراج لال دنيتهکن دغن سكل فردان منتري دان كشتري دان سكل رعيت سكلين فرك منجلاني مفت

اية دشن دو تیک هاري جوک سده یغ بوكة نسام لغه اية هندق دفربوة استان قد تغه بركة اية اد سرمقن بوله بنغ اف افبیل دنتق درهدافن

دبلاغ تمبه افبیل دنق دبلاغ دهدافن تمبه افبیل دنتق درکانن درگيري تمبه افبیل دنتل درگیری درکانن تمبه انیله حالن مک سكل

راجراج دان فردان منتری كشتري سكلين حيران لال كمبال كند راج مک دفر سمبهك " فري حال سرمون بوله بنغ أية مك نینه مهاراج دسرة جكلو سفكه دمكين بايک له سنديري اك فرك مغداف اورغ منبع بوله

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Rh

HAVE often thought how ill-natur'd a Maxim it was, which, on many occasions, I have heard from People of good understanding; "That, as to what related to private Conduct, No-one was ever the better for ." But upon farther Examination, I have resolv'd with my-self, that the Maxim might be admitted without any violent prejudice to Mankind. I.


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 ایت مک ایسق ماري مهاراج دسرة فون برلفكت لال برجالن دغن سجل انت راجت دان چتري دان فردان منتری كشتري دان سكل رعيت سفرة اورغ برام رامین دان سكل هلبالغ دان سكل رعیت هین دین کچل بسر

سمهان مغيرغكن مهاراج دسرةفرک کند نفت ایت هندق بربوة نكري ابت 6

مک دسرة مهاراج فون سمثيله كسان مک مهاراج دسرة ممبري " تيته مېوره

منبع بوله بتغ ایت مک دغن سکتبك اية جوک دنبغ اورغله بوله اية اقبيل دق درهدافن دبلاغ تمبه دن درکانن دركيري تمبه مک

مهاراج دست فون حيران مليهة ككيان " دیواة ملي راي مک ننکال اية مهاراج دسرتفون تورن درياتسكباجه امقة بادغن مک دیونسن سمسیرن

مک دهمفرین رمثن بوله بتغ مک لال دنق اوله مهاراج دغن سكال تتق این جوک هابس فوت رمن بوله اية مك كلها تن دالمن سورغ فتري دودق ديانس فراسن بوله ایت روفان موكان سفرة بولن فرنام مفت بلس

هاري بولن مك ننکال اية مهاراج دسرة فون مغب کالبین مک دسلموة فتري ابت لال دداكن مک دنایک كن كاتس كباجه اية مک لال

دباو كمبال كاستان مهاراج دست دغن سکتن دغن سكل بون بپين سفرة

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404 poured in upon him, and became indelibly stamped upon his soul, to be afterwards reproduced in his poetical compositions. In one of his best prose works he has given a masterly description of the grand, wild nature and of the quaint popular life of this region, where the people even at the present day preserve the same simple ways they did centuries ago. In 1830 he was appointed docent in Latin literature at the Helsingfors University, and in this same year he published his first collection of poems, chiefly lyrics. It contains among other things a poem of some length, "Svartsjukans nätter" (Nights of Jealousy), which, like several of his earlier poems, suffers from a certain pretentious pathos and a sort of didactic style borrowed from Tegnér. His simple and charming scenes from real life are far superior to the former, especially those fine and graceful songs, entitled "Idyll och Epigram," which in tone and spirit are closely related to the Finnish and Serbian popular ballads, but without being an imitation of them. He thereupon published a collection of Serbian popular songs in a Swedish translation, and also the epic-lyric poem, "Grafven i Perrho," which latter won the prize offered by the Swedish Academy. This poem represents a Finnish peasant family which has been surprised by the Kossack enemy, and is tortured to death. The father curses his son in the belief that he has absented himself from cowardice, but still lives to see the latter avenge both his father and his brothers. In this no less effective than simple sketch, Runeberg is for the first time wholly and completely a Finnish poet, filled with an ardent patriotism, and with a profound appreciation of the exceptive position of his people who have been steeled in a desperate struggle for existence. From this time his master works follow in rapid succession. Among the first were the idylls, "Elgskyttarne" (the Elk-hunters), "Hanna," and "Julqvällen" (Christmas evening), all three in the broadest epic form in hexameters, reminding us of Goethe's "Hermann und Dorothea," and in no way inferior to that poem. The action in these idylls is very simple, but


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Author:Vasily Vasilyevich Grigoryev

Works

 * "On the Patan Coins of India"
 * "The Russian Policy Regarding Central Asia" in Turkistan (1876)
 * Bamian Route to Cabulistan from the Valley of the Oxus (1878)

title: Author:Vasily Vasilyevich Grigoryev


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 أورغ برارق اکن کھاون دمكينله ك مهاراج دسرة مكلال دباو ماسق كذال مالكي مهاراج دسرة *

مک دان کندهار لاین مک مهاراج دسرة منتهكن مېوره مغكل كل راجراج دان سكل فردان منتري دان کشتری دنبنهكن بربوة فررائن سموه

دو بلس فنكة يغ تياد برياني فربوان دان يغ كل فون أمثة بوه اكن مغيرغكن فرداكن يغ بسرایت دغن دمكين سكل راجراج بربوة فراكن

تیاد دغن براف هاري جوک سدهله مك دفر سمبهكن اوله سكل راجراج

ایت کند مهاراج دسرة اقبيل دانغ جوک فراكن اية مك مهاراج دسرة فون مملاي فكرجان اكن كهاون أية امفت فون هاري امفت فوله مال لمأن برجاک ایت مک سكل رعیت هین دین کچل بسر سورغتون تياد كمبال

کرومهث سمهان كن هيافن مهاراج دسرة برافت لقس انة دان کربو لمبو دان ببراف القس اغس دان ببراف لقس ابنك دان ببراف لقس كمبغ دان سكل بوث بهين كندغ سروني نكار مرغو نفيري مدلي ستله دانغله کند امفت فوله هاري امفتقوله مالم قد سوات هاري يغ بابک دان

کتیک یخ بايك مك مهاراج دسرة فون نايك له كأنس فراكن دغن تون فتري بخ برنام فتري مدر دري يغ دم دلم رمقن بوله بتغ اية مک

مهاراج دسرة فون برارقله بركليلغ نکری بهروان کال جوك بركليلغ مک کریتن " ابتغون فاته مك ببراف بدي بچار اورغ مثمن دي تباد جوک

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 بتل كرينن ابت *

مك نتكل اية اد سورغ  ۲فرورا مهاراج دسرة بلي دري مان مک ایفون تورن درانس فراكن مک دسغكان كريتن يغ فاته أية ستله سده

دباغنكنث فرراكن اية بتل تاغنث فون فاته مک فد کتيک اية جوک

مك مهاراج دسرة فون ممشکل سكل راجراج دان فردان منتري دان هلبالغ

دان سكل رعیت مک تیته مهاراج دسرة هي سكل اورغكايا فد سكتیك این بهو همب دان استري همب بروله كملون هم این اكن كوكر درياتس

فرراکن این اوله سبب بلي دري مناهنكن دغن تغنث مک کریتن همب این بتل تغنش فون فانه درفد ساغة كبقتين پاكفد همب تناف جكلو همب اد

براوله انت کت دغن دي مک انق همب ایت جديکن راج دفرتون اوله

تون ۳سكلين دلم نكري این مكى  10سكل راجراج دان چنري فردان منتري دان سكل هلبالغ سكلين مان تيته فانك سكلين جنجغ ستله سده برارق مک لال کمبال استان مهاراج دسرة دان فتري منددري مک نفت اية فون دفربوة اكن نكري مک دماي نفت اية نكري مدوفور ناکرا

برای المان مهاراج دسرة دلم نگری مدوفور نارا دودق سورغ فون

تیاد برانق مك مهاراج دسرة فون حيران مك مهاراج دسرة فون فرك کند ساورغ مهارسي دیوت نان مک مهاراج دسرة فون منت انق فد مهارسي اية مك مهارسي فون ممبري امشت بين كليك مك كليك آية دامبل مهاراج دسرة ددرر بیج د بريكن كند استريث دو بج دبریکن بلي

title: Page:Jstraitsrsa31-33.pdf/170