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are some people who will tell you that the labour problem is the most difficult affair that Africa presents to the student; others give the first place to the influence of civilisation on native races, or to the interaction of the interests of the various white Powers on that continent, or to the successful sanitation of the said continent, or some other high-sounding thing; but I, who have an acquaintance with all these matters, and think them well enough, as intellectual exercises, yet look upon them as slight compared to the problem of the West Coast Boat.

Now life on board a West Coast steamer is an important factor in West African affairs, and its influence is far reaching. It is, indeed, akin to what the Press is in England, in that

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28 in the presence of very low macromolecule concentrations and variations in the reference (dye band) are negligible. Thus, the experiment has been referred to as the “J-band life-detector.” This title is convenient because of its brevity, but it focuses attention on only one aspect of the method. The program is concerned not only with the J-band, but also with other alternations of the dye spectrum which result from the interaction of the dye with macromolecules.

The maxima which appear, and their exact wavelength, are functions of the macromolecule structure and the nature of its functional groups. Thus, for example, interaction of the dye with native deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) produces a single peak at 575 mμ, whereas its interaction with denatured DNA causes a single peak at 540 mμ. On the other hand, proteins may produce multiple bands which occur in the 650-, 575- and 480-mμ regions of the spectrum. With proteins, a band can always be produced in the 650-mμ region of the spectrum; the exact wavelength of this band appears to be a function of the nature of the protein. Variables, such as change in acidity or alkalinity (pH) and temperature, cause changes in the absorption spectra of macromolecule-dye complexes which are related to the nature of the macromolecule. In general, the method is sensitive to 0.1 to 1 microgram of macromolecule per ml, and the absorbance of the associated complex is proportional to the concentration of the macromolecule.

The positions of the new absorption maxima appear to be a direct property of the spacing of the functional groups on the macromolecule, the rigidity of the macromolecule structure and the sequence of the anionic and cationic sites. The effects produced by changes in temperature and pH are apparently associated with modification in the folding and coiling of the macromolecule, the dye-macromolecule equilibrium and the ionizability of the functional side groups. Thus, by observing the spectral changes which occur when this dye interacts with a macromolecule and by appropriate manipulations of environmental variables, it is possible to detect trace amounts of macromolecules, distinguish between macromolecules which are difficult to differentiate by conventional methods and obtain information about the structure of macromolecules and estimate the macromolecule concentration.

It is expected that on Mars the experiment will be carried out in the following manner: The test capsule will acquire a soil sample, extract the macromolecules and mix them with the dye solution (sample solution and preparation). The absorbance of the dye-macromolecule mixture will then be determined.

In laboratory tests, a number of soil samples have been analyzed for macromolecules by the scheme indicated for the Mars experiment. In each case.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Rh Except Mr. Old, one prominent Theosophist, and one alone, has so far publicly faced the facts. Mr. Herbert Burrows has had the honesty and the courage to say out that this thing must be answered by Mr. Judge, and fully, or he for one will quit the society. Mr. Burrows forgets that others besides Mr. Judge have made themselves answerable. Other correspondents, again, represented other factions, and showed how the society is seething with distrust and shame. But the mass of the letters only serve to prove that, whatever else the “occult powers” of the Theosophists may be, they do not include a command either of plain English or of straight argument. If “Isis” does not yet stand before us absolutely like Hans Breitmann’s “maiden mit nodings on,” it is a painfully thin fabric of Theosophistries which alone shelters her from the cold wind of public contempt. Jet us examine it.

“After all, you have not proved that Mahatmas do not exist, nor that occult phenomena cannot occur.”

Certainly I have not, nor did I ever propose to try. I am quite prepared to believe in both when evidence for them has been produced, and has stood the test of such ordinary evidential canons as have been applied to kindred subjects—for instance, by the Psychical Research Society. All that I have said is that certain evidence on which the Theosophical Society has been building proves nothing whatever, except the existence of a hotbed of humbug within the society itself. As for the Mahatmas, there is no difficulty about conceiving that illiterate, twaddling, and mendacious beings of a second-rate order of intelligence, such as those reflected in the “missives” which I have reproduced, may exist in Tibet as they unhappily do elsewhere. But when we are told that these beings have acquired powers which rise superior to time and space, and that they use these for communicating “in a quasi-miraculous manner” with the Theosophical Society, we ask for facts; and we get—such facts as were investigated by Dr. Hodgson and his colleagues, and such facts as


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2 it forms an immense amount of public opinion. It is on board the steamer that men from one part of West Africa meet men from another part of West Africa—parts of West Africa are different. These men talk things over together without explaining them, and the consequence is confusion in idea and the darkening of counsel from the ideas so formed being handed over to people at home who practically know no part of the West Coast whatsoever.

I had an example of this the other day, when a lady said to me in an aggrieved tone, after I had been saying a few words on swamps, "Oh, Miss Kingsley, but I thought it was wrong to talk about swamps nowadays, and that Africa was really quite dry. I have a cousin who has been to Accra and he says," &c. That's the way the formation of an erroneous opinion on West Africa gets started. Many a time have I with a scientific interest watched those erroneous opinions coming out of the egg on a West Coast boat. Say, forexample, a Gold Coaster meets on the boat a River-man. River-man in course of conversation, states how, "hearing a fillaloo in the yard one night I got up and found the watchman going to sleep on the top of the ladder had just lost a leg by means of one crocodile, while another crocodile was kicking up a deuce of a row climbing up the crane." Gold Coaster says, "Tell that to the Marines." River-man says, "Perfect fact, Sir, my place swarms with crocodiles. Why, once, when I was," &c., &c. Anyhow it ends in a row. The Gold Coaster says, "Sir, I have been 7 years" (or 13 or some impressive number of years) "on the West Coast of Africa, Sir, and I have never seen a crocodile." River-man makes remarks on the existence of a toxic state wherein a man can't see the holes in a ladder, for he knows he's seen hundreds of crocodiles.

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 I know Gold Coasters say in a trying way when any terrific account of anything comes before them, "Oh, that was down in the Rivers," and one knows what they mean. But don't you go away with the idea that a Gold Coaster cannot turn out a very decent tale; indeed, considering the paucity of their material, they often display the artistic Spirit to a most noteworthy degree, but the net result of the conversation on a West African steamboat is error. Parts of it, like the curate's egg, are quite excellent, but unless you have an acquaintance with the various regions of the Coast to which your various informants refer, you cannot know which is which. Take the above case and analyse it, and you will find it is almost all, on both sides, quite true. I won't go bail for the crocodile up the crane, but for the watchman's leg and the watchman being asleep on the top of the ladder I will, for watchmen will sleep anywhere; and once when I was, &c., I myself saw certainly not less than 70 crocodiles at one time, let alone smelling them, for they do swarm in places and stink always. But on the other hand the Gold Coaster might have remained 7, 13, or any other number of centuries instead of years, in a teetotal state, and yet have never seen a crocodile.

It may seem a reckless thing to say, but I believe that the great percentage of steamboat talk is true; only you must remember that it is not stuff that you can in any way use or rely on unless you know yourself the district from which the information comes, and it must, like all information—like all specimens of any kind—be very carefully ticketed, then and there, as to its giver and its district. In this it is again like the English Press, wherein you may see a statement one day that everything is quite satisfactory, say in Uganda, and in the next issue that there has been a

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104 have been exposed in “Isis Very Much Unveiled.” What else is there? One Theosophist directs me to “our literature on the subject, which is copious.” I don’t doubt it; but it is not “literature” that I am in search of. Another declares “it does not all depend on Madame Blavatsky and Mr. Judge; others have seen Mahatmas.” It seems that Mrs. Besant has been telling her Australian audiences that she herself has been so favoured (just as she told the Hall of Science audience that she had been favoured with supernatural missives). Well, how did Mrs. Besant know her Mahatma? By his “portrait,” I suppose, as others have done. And how was that portrait produced? When Madame Blavatsky began to spell spiritualism “Theosophy,” and turned her “spirit-control” “John King,” of whom Colonel Olcott tells, into Master Koot Hoomi—whom she again subordinated, after the Kiddle exposure, to Mahatma Morya, whom she, in turn, after the S.P.R. Report, left over for exploitation by Mr. Judge—when Madame started the Mahatma on this chequered career, it was one of her earliest steps to secure a counterfeit presentment of her creation. Various artists and amateurs were set to paint portraits under occult inspiration. The results may all have resembled the Protean Mahatma; some of them were strikingly unlike each other. The two best were done by Mr. Schmiechen, now a society portrait-painter, partly out of his head, partly from directions given by Madame, and partly from a photograph of a typical Hindu which she gave him for the purpose. Madame identified one as Koot and the other as Morya, and declared they were speaking likenesses—an opinion which nobody else was in a position to contradict. They hang to-day in the “Occult Room” at Adyar, and are declared to have been painted from the respective “astral bodies” of their subjects. Colonel Olcott, president, who knows their origin perfectly well, exhibits them reverently to barefoot disciples doing “puja.” Photographs from the fancy portrait of “M,” in locked cases, have been distributed to the Esoteric few; Mrs. Besant always works with one facing her; Madame Blavatsky made it part of a chela’s course to spend some time daily staring at the image, and deliberately trying to “visualise” it in corners of the room. What wonder if some of them have succeeded? It would


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Rh have been contrary to all experience of the phenomena of self-hypnotic hallucination if they had not. The thing only begins to call for examination when the figure thus “visualised” leaves something not entirely psychic behind him. The Master who left a shower of roses once at Adyar turned out to have been M. Coulomb, eked out with a mask, a bladder, and some white muslin; and the roses were traced elsewhere than to Tibet. And the Master who precipitated the Judge missives?But perhaps the Theosophists would prefer not to put him forward. When they have something better, I shall be glad to hear of it.

“''What matter even if the Mahatmas do not exist, and the phenomena are frauds? There still remain those sublime ideas which'',” &c., &c.

I was quite prepared for this particular Theosophistry. That was why I started, at the very beginning of my story, by showing what an enormous practical part the Mahatmas and their miracles have played in the movement. It is easy for this Theosophist or that to protest that they never attracted him. The fact remains that the big accessions to the society’s numbers have always followed on the miracle “booms,” alike under Madame Blavatsky and under Mrs. Besant. Moreover, it is not possible, even argumentatively, to dissociate “those sublime ideas,” &c., from the Mahatmas on whose authority Madame Blavatsky gave them out. If she spoke truth, they were the real authors of “Isis Very Much Unveiled” and of “The Secret Doctrine.” If she lied, and the authority for those teachings is her own, what is that lying authority worth? I need not labour the point, as it was conclusively proved long ago by Mrs. Besant herself. In an article in Lucifer of December, 1890, addressed apparently to certain Theosophical schismatics who showed a tendency to throw over alike their foundress and her “Masters,” Mrs. Besant accomplished the easy task of showing that the society was tied hand and foot to both. It was founded by Her at the bidding of “Them”; They have been the deus ex machinâ whenever She was in a fix, and the society has so accepted Them. It can be “neutral” about Them, and Their


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 massacre or some unpleasantness. The two statements have in them the connecting thread of truth, that truth that, according to Fichte, is in all things. The first shows that it is the desire in the official mind that everything should be quite satisfactory to every one; the second, that practically this blessed state has not yet arrived—that is all.

I need not, however, further dwell on this complex phase, and will turn to the high educational value of the West African steamboat to the young Coaster, holding that on the conditions under which the Coaster makes his first voyage out to West Africa largely depends whether or no he takes to the Coast. Strange as it is to me, who love West Africa, there are people who have really been there who have not even liked it in the least. These people, I fancy, have not been properly brought up in a suitable academy as I was.

Doubtless a P. & O. is a good preparatory school for India, or a Union, or Castle liner for the Cape, or an Empereza Nacioñal simply superb for a Portuguese West Coast Possession, but for the Bights, especially for the terrible Bight of Benin, "where for one that comes out there are forty stay in," I have no hesitation in recommending the West Coast cargo boat. Not one of the best ships in the fleet, mind you; they are well enough to come home in, and so on, but you must go on a steamer that has her saloon aft on your first trip out or you will never understand West Africa.

It was on such a steamer that I made my first voyage out in '93, when, acting under the advice of most eminent men, before whose names European Science trembles, I resolved that the best place to study early religion and law, and collect fishes, was the West Coast of Africa.

On reaching Liverpool, where I knew no one and of which

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106 miracles, and Their prophetess, only when an heir is neutral about his own title-deeds. As Mrs. Besant puts it in a nutshell: “If there are no Masters, then the Theosophical Society is an absurdity.”

“The Esoteric Section is a private body, not officially connected with the Theosophical Society; so the Society is not responsible for miracle-mongering in the Section.”

The so-called Esoteric Section or E.S.T. (“Eastern School of Theosophy”), of which the High-priesters and the Vice-President are now quarrelling for the headship, and, in the words of the latter official, “the core of the Theosophical Society.” The Inner Group, again, is the core of the E.S.T. Both were the special creation of the Society’s foundress. The Group was to contain her top pupils. The members of the group are almost to a man officials of the Society, living at the Society’s expense. With the one exception of Colonel Olcott, practically all the high panjandrums are included in it. Lastly, if it has been the centre of the Mahatma communications, it is a centre that has radiated them in all directions to the society’s circumference. The plop of a missive sends a ripple from the Inner Group to the Esoteric Section, from the Esoteric Section to the society at large, and from the society to the public.

Well, the yolk of an egg is not officially connected with the outer portion; but when the yolk is bad, we call it a rotten egg without further parley.

But that brings me to the most barefaced Theosophistry of all: “Even if all our officials be proved to have lied and cheated, there still remains untouched their grand ethical teaching”!

I simply state this, and leave it. Like the coster when his barrow broke down, “Friends, I ain’t ekal to it.” I cannot do justice to such colossal impudence. “Truth survives all attacks”; she does; she will even survive Theosophical defences. “The noble religions and philosophies of the East exist”; they do, as they did long centuries before the Theosophical Society was heard of, and will do long centuries after it has been forgotten. But when Mahatmas, and miracles, and the


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 CHAPTER VII

This experiment is being studied for NASA by Dr. R. E. Kay and Dr. E. R. Walwick at the Philco Research Laboratories and is designed for use on Mars.

Because of the probable evolutionary history of the Martian environment, it is believed that Martian life will be based on similar chemical constituents and evolutionary principles as life on Earth. On Earth, life resides only in systems which are composed of molecular aggregates (macromolecules) known as proteins, nucleic acids and polysaccharides. Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that the detection on Mars of macromolecules having properties similar to proteins, nucleic acids or carbohydrates, will provide some support for the view that life exists on the planet. When certain dyes interact with macromolecules, color changes (metachromasia) occur which can serve to identify and detect biological materials. The present experiments have been concerned with the changes produced in the absorption spectrum of a dibenzothiacarbocyanine dye when it interacts with trace amounts of biological macromolecules. The spectral changes occurring when this dye reacts with biological macromolecules are unique in regard to the diversity of the changes that occur and the large amount of information which can be deduced.

In this case, the interaction of the dye with biological macromolecules always produces an increase in absorbance at new maxima. There are seven different regions of the spectrum in which absorption maximum are found. These are located at approximately 450, 480, 508, 535, 560, 575, and 650 mμ. The peak in the 650-mμ region is referred to as a J-band, being named after E. E. Jelly who described it in detail. This absorption band is particularly interesting because, of the macromolecules which have been tested, only those of biological origin interact with the dye to produce this absorption band. This is indeed fortunate, since the J-band has properties which make it especially useful in a detection scheme. It lies almost entirely outside the absorption region of the normal dye absorption spectrum, and the absorption coefficient is extremely high. Because of this, an increase in absorbance in the J-band region occurs 27


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Rh founders, and the officials, and the official acts of the Theosophical Society are all thrown over—What remains of the society? “We have absolutely no creed,” the European secretary told an interviewer the other day—(all unfettered by the fact that he distributes broadcast Mrs. Besant’s “Introduction to Theosophy” with a complete pseudo-Buddhistic cosmology about the Seven Planes, &c., authenticated by direct reference to the Masters, and particularising, for instance, that “Devachan” lasts “for average persons some fifteen centuries” !)—“Absolutely no creed.” “You would simply call yours a moral or religious society, then?” asked the puzzled interviewer. To which Mr. Mead naïvely replies, “I don’t exactly know what you would call it.”—(Sunday Times, Nov. 11.)

Since scholarship has opened the stores of the East to Western culture, there has been a natural awakening of popular interest in Eastern directions. While that lasts, people discussing each other’s souls will continue to sprinkle their remarks, harmlessly enough, with those mingled jargons which make a true Orientalist smile. If “Theosophy” means that, “Theosophy” has certainly some life before it; but as for the Theosophical Society—“why cumbereth it the ground?” It is an organised machine for taking in the Honest Enthusiast at one end, passing him through the stages of the Willing Dupe and the Conscientious Humbug, and turning him out at the other end at worst a conscious fraud, at best a dreary and disillusioned cynic.

Enough of the logical and ethical fog that Theosophy diffuses!—the Mahatmosphere, as one might call it. It is a relief to escape from it into the fresh air of common honesty and common sense.


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Rh has taken a little too much; that's why he doesn't answer—his tongue's not quite steady.

Cust. And who in their senses, do you suppose, would buy such a debauched and drunken rascal? Faugh! how he stinks of unguents! and look how he staggers and goes from side to side as he walks! But tell us, now, Mercury, what qualifications he really has, and what he knows anything about.

Merc. Well, he's very pleasant company—good to drink with, and can sing and dance a little—useful to a master who is a man of pleasure and fond of a gay life. Besides, he is a good cook, and clever in made dishes—and, in short, a complete master of the science of luxury. He was brought up at Athens, and was once in the service of the Tyrants of Sicily, who gave him a very good character. The sum of his principles is to despise everything, to make use of everything, and to extract the greatest amount of pleasure from everything.

Cust. Then you must look out for some other purchaser, among the rich and wealthy here; I can't afford to buy such an expensive indulgence.

Merc. I fear, Jupiter, we shall have this lot left on our hands—he's unsaleable.


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102 Jup. Put him aside, and bring out another. Stay,—those two there, that fellow from Abdera who is always laughing, and the Ephesian, who is always crying; I've a mind to sell them as a pair.

Merc. Stand out there in the ring, you two.—We offer you here, sirs, two most admirable characters, the wisest we've had for sale yet.

Cust. By Jove, they're a remarkable contrast! Why, one of them never stops laughing, while the other seems to be in trouble about something, for he's in tears all the time. Holloa, you fellow! what's all this about? What are you laughing at?

Democritus. Need you ask? Because everything seems to me so ridiculous—you yourselves included.

Cust. What! do you mean to laugh at us all to our faces, and mock at all we say and do?

Dem. Undoubtedly; there's nothing in life that's serious. Everything is unreal and empty—a mere fortuitous concurrence of indefinite atoms.

Cust. You're an indefinite atom yourself, you rascal! Confound your insolence, won't you stop laughing? But you there, poor soul (to Heraclitus), why do you weep so? for there seems more use in talking to you.

Heraclitus. Because, stranger, everything in life seems to me to call for pity and to deserve tears; there is nothing but what is liable to calamity; wherefore I mourn for men, and pity them. The evil of to-day I regard not much: bet I mourn for that which is to come hereafter—the burning and destruction of all things. This I grieve for, and that nothing is permanent, but all mingled, as it were, in one bitter cup,


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[The first two poems, although they were written in the Ancient Period, are preserved in a Heian collection, and are therefore given here.]

In praise of Buddha

Empress Shōtoku (718-770)

The small hills How march the four seasons in succession Unwaywardly, from the eons past! Grasses that greet the spring in flowered tapestry; The summer trees curtained in leaves; In the sad breath of autumn, the falling fruit; Bare branches before the shrill winter wind— When I see these seasonal things, I know How man too must flourish and die. Of the hills of Paradise have I heard but never seen; Toward the land of the gods I gaze, knowing not the way. I know only that to make a mountain You must pile the little clods one by one. Where then should I seek nobility? In what delights the heart there is nothing mean. I roof the narrow grotto in the garden end; Lead the thin streams to flow before my hall.


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Rh Hills beneath heaven; On the broad earth, trees— These things that the small man spurns The wise shall nourish. Though I want in the straits of distress, How should I decline the defenses of virtue? At my case I draw off the lakes of the west; My gaze governs the northern waters. And these ragged hills That shut not out the coursing sun; This clear bright pond, Ruffled in the wind; Pines that nod from their crags in greeting; Rocks shining from the river bottom beneath drifting watery mirrors; Scattered clouds that cloak the summits in shadows; The half-risen moon which lights the vales, When from tree to tree dart crying birds: To these will I abandon, will I entrust my life. The Great Creator, in the variety of his works, Blesses as well the lowly and small. When all philosophy I resolve in this one act, I may stride the leviathan seas and they will not hold me! Into the dark heart of all being I shall ride And dwell in the spacious halls of the ant. Truly need one seek not beyond his door for wisdom; Must a man see all mountains and seas to love them? In these lines have I entrusted The writing of what my heart has learned. Isonokami no Yakatsugu (729-781)

The banished official

Wine and feasts I followed with the host of officials; Unworthy, yet I stood in the Court of the Emperor. With reverence I received the rites of investiture—


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Rh —pleasure that is no pleasure, knowledge that knows nothing, greatness that is so little, all going round and round and taking their turn in this game of life.

Cust. What do you hold human life to be, then?

Her. A child at play, handling its toys, and changing them with every caprice.

Cust. And what are men?

Her. Gods—but mortal.

Cust. And the gods?

Her. Men—but immortal.

Cust. You speak in riddles, fellow, and put us off with puzzles. You are as bad as Apollo Loxias, giving oracles that no man can understand.

Her. Yea; I trouble not myself for any of ye.

Cust. Then no man in his senses is like to buy you.

Her. Woe! woe to every man of ye, I say! buyers or not buyers.

Cust. Why, this fellow is pretty near mad!—I'll have nought to do with either of then, for my part.

Merc. (turning to Jupiter). We shall have this pair left on our hands too.

Jup. Put up another.

Merc. Will you have that Athenian there, who talks so much?

Jup. Ay—try him.

Merc. Step out, there!—A highly moral character, gentlemen, and very sensible. Who makes me an offer for this truly pious lot?

[The morality which the satirist puts into the mouth of Socrates, in his replies to the interrogatories of his


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104 would-be purchaser, is that which was attributed to him—probably quite without foundation—by his enemies. The customer next asks, where he lives?]

Socrates. I live in a certain city of mine own building, a new model Republic, and I make laws for myself.

Cust. I should like to hear one of them.

Soc. Listen to my grand law of all, then, about wives—that no man should have a wife of his own, but that all should have wives in common.

Cust. What! do you mean to say you have abrogated all the laws of marriage?

Soc. It puts an end, you see, to so many difficult questions, and so much litigation in the divorce courts.

Cust. Grand idea that! But what is the main feature of your philosophy?

Soc. The existence of ideals and patterns of all things in nature. Everything you see—the earth, and all that is on it, the heavens, the sea—of all these there exist invisible ideals, external to this visible universe.

Cust. And pray where are they?

Soc. Nowhere. If they were confined to any place, you see, they could not be at all.

Cust. I never see any of these ideals of yours.

Soc. Of course not: the eyes of your soul are blind. But I can see the ideals of all things. I see


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164 Next day I was banished from the council chamber. On that noble ground, no room for my anxious feet; From high heaven came accusations, to whom could I cry? I left the company of the virtuous, the ranks of the adorned; To me alone the sea-encircling dew came not. I listened outside the palace to the sound of singing; Below the stairs, apart, I watched the ladies on the terrace. I returned in the dusk to face my wife in shame; Through the night I lay talking with my children in bed. Great faults and small merit were mine, I know. For mercy and light penalty I am forever grateful. Though I may never again enter the gate of my lord, I shall speak from this far land and Heaven may hear me. Nakao-ō (Early Ninth Century)

Composed when her father, the Emperor Saga, visited the Kamo Shrine, where she was a priestess

Princess Uchiko (807-847)

Washing my hair

I look at the comb, I look at the water, I look at what has fallen. Age and youth are far apart; I cannot have them both.


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Rh Do not tell me that my hair gets thinner by the day— See, instead, how the beards of my grandsons grow out! Shimada no Tadaomi (828-891)

To comfort my little son and daughter

''Michizane, a high official, was forced into exile. All of his twenty-three children were detained or sent to different places except the two youngest, who were allowed to accompany their father to Kyushu.''

The spider

There is craft in this smallest insect, With strands of web spinning out his thoughts; In his tiny body finding rest,


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Rh an invisible double of yourself, and another self besides myself—in fact, I see everything double.

Cust. Bless me! I must buy you, you are so very clever and sharp-sighted. Come (turning to Mercury), what do you ask for him?

Merc. Give us two talents for him.

Cust. I'll take him at your price. I'll pay you another time.

Merc. What's your name?

Cust. Dion, of Syracuse.

Merc. (makes a note). Take him, and good luck to you. Now, Epicurus, we want you. Who'll buy this lot? He's a disciple of that laughing fellow, and also of the other drunken party, whom we put up just now. He knows more than either of them, however, on one point—he's more of an infidel. Otherwise, he's a pleasant fellow, and fond of good eating.

Cust. What's his price?

Merc. Two minæ.

Cust. Here's the money. But just tell us what he likes best.

Merc. Oh, anything sweet—honey-cakes, and figs especially.

Cust. They're easily got; Carian figs are cheap enough.

Jup. Now then, call another—him with the shaven crown there, and gloomy looks—the one we got from the Porch yonder.

Merc. You're right. I fancy a good many of our customers who have come to the sale are waiting to bid for him.—Now I'm going to offer you the most


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166 And with the wind lightly turning. Before the eaves he stakes out his broad earth; For a moment on the fence top lives through his life. When you know that all beings are even thus, You will know what creation is made of. Sugawara no Michizane (845-903)

The puppeteers

These were a gypsy-like people who wandered about Japan making a living by singing and dancing, operating puppets, and performing feats of magic.

Fujiwara no Tadamichi (1097-1164)


text: Anthology of Japanese Literature/Poetry in Chinese


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Page:Concepts for detection of extraterrestrial life.djvu/62

52

Nelson, S.: Absorption in the Far Ultraviolet by the Peptide Bond. Abstracts of the Eighth Annual Meeting of the Biophysics Society, 1964.

Kay, R. E., Walwick, E. W. and Gifford, C. K.: Spectral Changes in Cationic Dye Due to Interaction with Macromolecules. Part 1. Behavior of Dialysate in Solution and the Effect of Added Macromolecules. Part 2. Effects of Environment and Macromolecular Structure. ''J. Phys. Chem.'', 68: 1896–1906, 1907–1916.

Carroll, B. and Blei, I.: Measurement of Optical Activity: New Approaches. Science, 142: 200, 1963.

Djerassi, C.: Optical Rotatory Dispersion. McGraw-Hill, 1960.

Levin, G. V., Heim, A. H., Thompson, M. F., Horowitz, N. H. and Beem, D. R.: Gulliver, An Instrument for Extraterrestrial Life Detection. Life Sciences and Space Research II, M. Florkin, ed., North Holland Publishing Company (Amsterdam), 1964.

Levin, G. V., Heim, A. H., Clendenning, J. R. and Thompson, M. F.: Gulliver—A Quest for Life on Mars. Science, 138: 114, 1962.

Vishniac, W.: The Wolf Trap. Life Sciences and Space Research II, M. Florkin, ed., North Holland Publishing Company (Amsterdam), 1964.

Levinthal, E.: Multivator—A Biochemical Laboratory for Martian Experiments. Life Sciences and Space Research II, M. Florkin, ed., North Holland Publishing Company (Amsterdam), 1964.


text: Concepts for detection of extraterrestrial life/Bibliography


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"" gasped Ruth.

"It was that man—hiding in the barn! Who can he be?" asked Alice, pausing a moment.

"Don't stop! Come on!" commanded Ruth, in fear.

"But we ought to see who it is," insisted the younger girl. "Or at least watch where he goes. Sandy ought to know."

"Well, we'll go tell him; but don't stand and watch that man. He might do you some harm."

"How could he—away off there; and he's running away, besides," spoke Alice. "I think I would know him again. I had one glimpse of his face, as he turned. It was a mean, cruel-looking face, too."

"It wasn't one of those men who tried to get Russ's patent; was it?" asked Ruth.

"No, neither one of them was lame. And they are both locked up, I think. This is some


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90 other man. There, he's gone—at least I can't see him any more."

Either a depression in the field over which he was running, or some hollow between hummocks, now hid the man from view. Then, too, night was falling, and the shadows were dusky.

"We had better go and give the alarm," said Ruth, pulling gently on her sister's arm, to urge her forward. Together they hastened to the house, where, pantingly, they told what they had seen and heard.

"Some tramp, likely," said Sandy, as catching up a club he ran toward the barn. Russ, Paul, and some of the other male members of the theatrical company followed. Alice wanted to go also, but Ruth would not let her.

Nothing came of the search, however, though it was carried far afield. The men came back soon.

"Some tramp, sure," reaffirmed Sandy. "This part of th' country is getting too thick with 'em. Something will have to be done. But I don't see where he could have hidden himself. You say the noise was just like the one you heard before?"

"The same," answered Alice, "and it sounded in the same place—just as if someone had fallen, and then came a groan."


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Rh "Maybe the man did fall and hurt himself," suggested Ruth. "And that, likely, was what made him limp."

"Well, I wish he'd limp away from here and stay away," complained Sandy. "I can't see, though, how he managed to hide himself in the barn. There's something strange about that place."

There was, but even Sandy had no suspicion of how very strange the matter was connected with the old structure.

"Oh dear!" exclaimed Ruth, when the chase for the man was over, "I'll be afraid to go to that barn dance now."

"Nonsense!" said Alice. "We'll all be there—and so will Russ," she added with a sly laugh.

"As if that made any difference!" answered Ruth, quickly.

"Oh, it might," and Alice seemed very innocent, but there was laughter in her eyes.

In spite of the fact that there were many men and boys at the barn dance, Ruth could not help looking around nervously now and then during the course of the little play, several scenes of which took place in the old building. But there was no further alarm, and no unbidden guests were discerned in the bright glare of the powerful lights.


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16 "But—but I have no experience of business," he had stammered.

"That doesn’t matter a cuss," Van Aldin had replied. "I have got three secretaries already to attend to that kind of thing. But I am likely to be in England for the next six months, and I want an Englishman who—well, knows the ropes—and can attend to the social side of things for me."

So far, Van Aldin had found his judgment confirmed. Knighton had proved quick, intelligent, and resourceful, and he had a distinct charm of manner.

The secretary indicated three or four letters placed by themselves on the top of the desk.

"It might perhaps be as well, sir, if you glanced at these," he suggested. “The top one is about the Colton agreement"

But Rufus Van Aldin held up a protesting hand.

"I am not going to look at a durned thing to-night," he declared. "They can all wait till the morning. Except this one," he added, looking down at the letter he held in his hand. And again that strange transforming smile stole over his face.

Richard Knighton smiled sympathetically.

"Mrs. Kettering?" he murmured. "She rang up yesterday and to-day. She seems very anxious to see you at once, sir."

"Does she, now!"

The smile faded from the millionaire's face. He ripped open the envelope which he held in his hand and took out the enclosed sheet. As he read it his face darkened, his mouth set grimly in the line which Wall Street knew so well, and his brows knit themselves


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92 The scenes went off very well, especially the dancing ones, but the "city folks," as the farmer lads and lassies spoke of the members of the theatrical company, were at rather a disadvantage when it came to doing some of the old-fashioned dances. They had not practiced them in years, particularly Miss Dixon and Miss Pennington.

"The idea of doing the old waltz and two-step," complained Miss Pennington. "It's like running a race."

"Indeed it is, my dear," agreed her chum. "Why can't he let us do the Boston Dip, at least; or the one-step glide. I hate the continuous waltz."

"So do I. Let's try it, when you and I dance together."

"We will!"

But Mr. Pertell, who was overseeing the carrying out of the barn dance, at once cried sharply:

"Hold on there with that camera, Russ! That won't do, Miss Pennington—Miss Dixon. We don't want the new dances here. Not that there is anything the matter with them," he hastened to add, as he saw the defiant looks on the faces of the two former vaudeville players; "but this is supposed to be an old-fashioned country dance,


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Rh of the style of about twenty-five years ago, and it would look queer in the films to see the dip and one-step introduced.

"Now do that part over, and keep on with the Virginia Reel. Go ahead, Russ. And everybody get a little more life into this thing. Be lively! Hop about more! Shout and sing if you want to—it won't hurt the film. Go ahead, fiddler!"

Once more the violin wailed out its tune, and the play went on.

"I wonder what I'll have to do next?" complained Wellington Bunn. "This is getting worse and worse. I've had to dance with a big country girl, and every time I take a step she comes down on my foot. I'll be lame for a week."

"It's awful—this moving picture work," agreed Mr. Sneed, who seemed never to get over his "grouch." Then he went on: "It's dangerous, too. Suppose this barn should catch fire? What would happen to us?"

"Ve vould get out quick-like, alretty!" said Carl Switzer, as there came a lull in the dance. "Isn't dot der answer?"

"I wasn't asking a riddle," grunted Mr. Sneed. "But something will happen; you mark my words."

"Yah, I hope it happens dat ve haf chicken


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94 for dinner on Sunday!" laughed the German, who always seemed good-natured.

Some other scenes for the play, in which the background of the barn was needed, were made, and then work was over for the evening.

Some of the young persons from neighboring farms asked to be allowed to stay and dance more, and this was allowed. Ruth and Alice, with Russ and Paul, also remained and had a jolly good time, making friends with some of the country girls and boys.

"I've got something new for you, Miss Alice," said the moving picture manager a day or so later, coming up to Ruth and her sister as they sat on the farmhouse porch. Mr. Pertell had some typewritten pages in his hand, and this generally meant that he was getting ready for a new play.

"What is it this time?" asked Alice. "Have I got to fall overboard out of any more boats?" for that had been one of her recent "stunts."

"No, there's no water-stuff in this," answered the manager with a smile. "But can you drive horses?"

"Mercy, no!" cried Alice.

"Oh, I don't mean city horses. I mean these gentle country ones about the farm."

"Oh, I've driven the team Sandy uses to take


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Rh the milk to the dairy," confessed Alice. "I could manage them, I suppose."

"Those are the ones I mean," went on the manager. "In this play you are supposed to be a country girl. Your father falls ill and can't cut the hay. It has to be cut and sold to pay a pressing debt, and no hired men can be had in a hurry. So you hitch up the horses to the mower and drive them to cut the grass. It's only for a little while. Think you can do it?"

"Well, I never drove a mowing machine; but I can try. I don't know about hitching up the horses, though."

"Better practice a little with Sandy, then," the manager advised. "He'll show you how."

He gave Alice some written instructions, and then went over Ruth's part in the play. Alice, resolving to learn how to hitch up a team, went out to find Sandy.

It was much easier than she had expected to find it, to attach the slow and patient horses to the mowing machine, and the young farmer took her for a turn with it about the barn yard, so she would be familiar with its operation.

"I think I can do it," said Alice, and two days later, the rehearsals were ended and all was in readiness for making the film of the new rural play.


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96 Alice took her place on the seat of the machine, and began to guide the horses around the edge of the hay field. The mower has a long knife extending out from one side, and as the machine is driven along the wheels work the mechanism that sends this knife—or, rather a series of knives—vibrating back and forth inside a sort of toothed guard, thus cutting the hay or grain.

"All ready, now," called Mr. Pertell to Russ, who was at the camera.

"Go 'long!" cried Alice to the horses, and the animals began their slow walk. For a time all went well, and then a dog, coming from no one knew where, ran at the heels of the horses, barking and worrying them. In an instant one of the steeds leaped forward in fright and the other caught the alarm.

"Hold them in, Alice!" cried Russ. But it was too late, and the horses started to run away, dragging with them the frightened girl on the seat of the mowing machine.


text: The Moving Picture Girls at Oak Farm/Chapter 11


text: Index:Huk-A-Poo Sportswear v. Little Lisa.pdf


text:
Page:Memoirs on the coleoptera (IA memoirsoncoleopt01case).pdf/21

Rh incrassate, the basal joint of the hind tarsi much longer than usual, the infra-lateral carinæ of the head subobsolete and the middle coxæ approximate.

Resembles insignis Csy., from San Francisco Co., but differs in its feebler and sparser punctulation, longer elytra, stouter antennæ and other characters.

Not closely related to any other Anepsiota and not quite typical in its rather narrower abdomen, longer, though slender, mesosternal process and sexual characters; the first three joints of the hind tarsi decrease rapidly in length.


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a moment those watching the making of the moving picture stood as if paralyzed. The horses, frightened out of their usual calmness by the barking dog, were rushing madly down the field, the mowing machine clicking viciously.

"Hold them in! Hold them in! Pull on the lines!" cried Sandy, who was the first to spring to action. He set off on a run toward the horses.

Russ, too, leaping aside from his camera, started off to the rescue, and the others followed. Mr. DeVere was not in this play, and had remained at the farmhouse.

Ruth, however, not being required in this particular scene, though she would come in the film later, had strolled down the meadow toward a little stream, to gather some flowers.

It was in her direction that the frightened horses were running, and as Ruth heard the


text: Memoirs on the Coleoptera/Volume 1/New Species of the Staphylinid Tribe Myrmedoniini/Tribe Myrmidoniini/Group Athetæ/Atheta/Anepsiota


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98 shouts, and caught the sound made by the clicking machine, she looked up. Then she saw her sister's danger, and without a thought of her own stepped directly in the path of the oncoming animals, waving up and down, frantically, a bunch of flowers she had gathered.

"Don't do that! Jump to one side!" cried Sandy, who was now nearer the mowing machine. "Look out, Miss DeVere!"

"But I want to stop the horses!" Ruth cried. "I must save Alice!"

'You can't do it that way! They'll run you down, or if they don't the knives will cut you! Jump to one side—I'll try and catch them!"

Ruth had the good sense to obey. She did not really mean to make a grab for the horses, but to stand in their path as long as she could, hoping to make them slacken speed. But she had forgotten about the projecting knives, which, even in their sheath of steel, might seriously injure her.

Alice, white-faced, but still keeping her wits about her, tried to follow the shouted directions, and pull on the reins. But either the horses had the bits in their teeth, or her strength was not enough to bring them to a stop. On they raced, and, as the meadow was a large one, they had plenty of room. Alice might be able to


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Rh ominously. Knighton turned tactfully away, and went on opening letters and sorting them. A muttered oath escaped the millionaire, and his clenched fist hit the table sharply.

"I'll not stand for this," he muttered to himself. "Poor little girl, it's a good thing she has her old father behind her."

He walked up and down the room for some minutes, his brows drawn together in a scowl. Knighton still bent assiduously over the desk. Suddenly Van Aldin came to an abrupt halt. He took up his overcoat from the chair where he had thrown it.

"Are you going out again, sir?"

"Yes; I'm going round to see my daughter."

"If Colton's people ring up"

"Tell them to go to the devil," said Van Aldin.

"Very well," said the secretary unemotionally.

Van Aldin had his overcoat on by now. Cramming his hat upon his head, he went towards the door. He paused with his hand upon the handle.

"You are a good fellow, Knighton," he said. "You don't worry me when I am rattled."

Knighton smiled a little, but made no reply.

"Ruth is my only child," said Van Aldin, "and there is no one on this earth who knows quite what she means to me."

A faint smile irradiated his face. He slipped his hand into his pocket.

"Care to see something, Knighton?"

He came back towards the secretary.

From his pocket he drew out a parcel carelessly wrapped in brown paper. He tossed off the wrapping


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Rh guide them until they tired themselves out, but there was danger that they would turn into a fence, or that the machine would overturn and crush her under it.

She had half a notion to leap from the iron seat, and trust to falling on the soft earth. But she feared she might become entangled in the reins, or that she would slip, and fall under the flying feet of the horses, or even on the clattering set of knives. And of these last she well knew the danger, for Sandy had warned her of them. So she decided she would keep her seat as long as she could.

Sandy was racing up behind her. Above the thud of the horses' hoofs, and the shrill sound of the clicking knives, Alice could hear him coming on, trying to save her. And how she prayed that he would be in time.

The mowing machine was opposite Ruth now, who had stepped back out of the way of harm. And as Alice passed her sister in the machine the latter cried:

"Oh, Alice! If you should be hurt!" There was the sound of tears in her voice.

Alice did not answer. She had all she could do to look after the plunging horses.

Sandy was not at such a disadvantage in his race as at first it would seem. He was light on


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 Finally, plaintiffs contend that the defendants are not entitled to reimbursement for the cost of deposition copies, since the extra copies were matters of mere convenience to defense counsel. The convenience to defense counsel in having copies of depositions stems from avoiding a trip to the Clerk’s office in order to review deposition transcripts in the course of trial preparation. In the circumstances of this case, where the situs of defense counsel was the Harrisburg, Pa. office of the Pennsylvania Department of Justice, we find that deposition copies were more than a “mere convenience,” the cost of which the losing party could be expected to bear. Cf. United States v. Kolesar, 313 F.2d 835 (5th Cir. 1963). It would be unrealistic to expect a Harrisburg based attorney preparing for a trial in Philadelphia to use depositions on file in the Clerk’s Office in Philadelphia, particularly where the trial record is primarily composed of selected portions of the discovery depositions.

The motion for review and reversal of the Clerk’s taxation of costs shall be denied, and the judgment entered by the Clerk on December 10, 1976 for costs taxed in favor of defendants and against the plaintiffs in the amount of $1013.25 shall be AFFIRMED.


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100 his feet, and a good runner, though much tramping over plowed fields and rough hills had given him a rather clumsy gait in walking.

But the horses were not built for racing, either, and they were dragging a heavy machine on soft ground. The iron wheels of the reaper were made with projections, to enable them to bite deeper into the earth, and thus turn the gears that operated the knives. And these iron wheels were a heavy drag.

So it is not surprising that, after a comparatively short run, the horses slackened their pace.

"Sit down! I'm comin'!" cried Sandy, and now Alice could hear him panting behind her.

In another instant she felt a jar on the machine, and then someone reached over her shoulder, and took the reins from her hands.

"I'll pull 'em down!" cried Sandy, balancing himself on a part of the machine, back of the seat on which Alice was riding.

The young farmer sawed hard on the lines and this, added to the fact that they had had enough of the hard run, caused the animals to slacken speed. They slowed down to a trot, and then to a walk, finally coming to a halt. And just in time, too, for right in front of them was a big stone fence, into which they might have crashed.


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Rh "Oh! Oh dear!" gasped Alice. "I—I think I'm going to faint!"

"Don't! Please don't, Miss!" begged Sandy, more frightened at that prospect, evidently, than he had been at the runaway. "I—I don't know what to do when ladies faint. Really I don't. I—I never saw one faint, Miss. Please don't!"

"All right then—I won't," laughed Alice, by an effort conquering her inclination. But she felt a great weakness, now that the strain was over, and she trembled as Sandy helped her down from the machine. In another moment Ruth and the others came up, and Ruth clasped her sister in her arms.

"You poor dear!" she whispered.

"Oh, I'm all right now," said Alice, bravely. "Perhaps there wasn't as much danger as I imagined."

"There was a plenty," spoke Sandy, grimly.

The dog, the cause of all the mischief, had disappeared. The horses were now quiet enough, though breathing hard, and soon they began to nibble at the grass.

"Well, my dear girl, I'm sorry this happened!" exclaimed Mr. Pertell, as he came running up. "I never would have let you go through that scene if I had dreamed of any danger."

"No one could foresee that this was going


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102 to happen," returned Alice, who was almost herself again. "I'm all right now, and we'll finish the act, if you please."

"Oh, no!" cried Mr. Pertell. "I can't allow it. We'll substitute some other scene."

"No," insisted Alice. "I'm not afraid, really, and I think the picture will be a most effective one. Besides, it is almost finished. We can go on from the point where the horses started to run; can't we?" she asked Russ.

"Oh, yes," he agreed, with a look at the manager, "but"

"Then I'm going to do it!" laughed Alice, gaily. "I'm not going to back out just because the horses got a little frisky. They will be quiet now; won't they, Sandy?" she asked.

"I think so, Miss—yes. That run took all the tucker out of 'em. They'll be quiet now," and he rather backed away from Alice, as though he feared she might, any moment, put into execution her threat to faint.

"Alice, I'm not sure you ought to go on with this," spoke Ruth in a low voice. "Papa might not like it."

"He wouldn't like me to begin a thing and not finish it," was the younger girl's answer. "I'm not afraid, and I do hate to spoil a film. Come, we'll try it over again," and she pluckily


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Rh insisted on it until, finally, Mr. Pertell gave in.

The horses were driven back to the place from which they had bolted and Alice again took her place on the seat of the mowing machine, while Russ worked the camera. This time everything went well, but Sandy Apgar was near at hand, though out of sight of the camera, to be ready to jump on the instant, if the horses showed any signs of fright.

Paul Ardite, too, was on the watch, Ruth noticed. However, there was no need of these precautions. The horses acted as though they had never had any idea of bolting, and the film was finished.

Mr. DeVere looked grave when told of the accident, and, after a moment or two of thought remarked:

"I wonder if I had better let you girls keep on with this moving picture work? It is much more dangerous than I supposed. I am worried about you."

"You needn't be, Daddy dear!" exclaimed Alice, slipping her arm about his neck. "Nothing has happened yet, and I'll be real careful. I should be heartbroken if we had to give it up now. I just love the work; don't you, Ruth?"

"Indeed I do; but twice lately, danger has come to you."


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104 "Well, I'll have one more near-accident and then the 'hoodoo' will be broken, as Mr. Sneed would say. Three times and out, you know the old saying has it."

"Oh, Alice!" cried Ruth. "Do be sensible!"

"Can't, dear! I leave that to you. But, Daddy, you mustn't think of taking us out of moving pictures. Why, some of the best and most important of all the farm dramas are to come yet. There's the one with the burning barn—I wouldn't miss that for anything! Please, Daddy, let us stay. You want to; don't you, Ruth?"

"Oh, yes, of course. Only there seems to be so many dangers about a farm. I used to think a country life was calm and peaceful, but things happen here just as in a city."

"Indeed they do," laughed Alice, "only such different things. It's quite exciting, I think. Mayn't we stay, Daddy?"

"Oh, I suppose so," he consented, rather grudgingly. "But take no more chances."

"Oh, I didn't take the chances," laughed Alice. "The chances took me."

During the next few days several farm scenes were filmed by Russ, and a number of partly finished plays were completed, the reels being sent to New York for development. Word came


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18 and disclosed a big, shabby, red velvet case. In the centre of it were some twisted initials surmounted by a crown. He snapped the case open, and the secretary drew in his breath sharply. Against the slightly dingy white of the interior, the stones glowed like blood.

"My God! sir," said Knighton. "Are they—are they real?"

Van Aldin laughed a quiet little cackle of amusement.

"I don't wonder at your asking that. Amongst these rubies are the three largest in the world. Catherine of Russia wore them, Knighton. That centre one there is known as Heart of Fire. It's perfect—not a flaw in it."

"But," the secretary murmured, "they must be worth a fortune."

"Four or five hundred thousand dollars," said Van Aldin nonchalantly, "and that is apart from the historical interest."

"And you carry them about—like that, loose in your pocket?"

Van Aldin laughed amusedly.

"I guess so. You see, they are my little present for Ruthie."

The secretary smiled discreetly.

"I can understand now Mrs. Kettering's anxiety over the telephone," he murmured.

But Van Aldin shook his head. The hard look returned to his face.

"You are wrong there," he said. "She doesn't know about these; they are my little surprise for her."

He shut the case, and began slowly to wrap it up again.


text:
Author:Thomas Lincoln Casey

Works

 * Memoirs on the Coleoptera
 * Volume 1 (1910)
 * Volume 2 (1911)
 * Volume 3 (1912)
 * Volume 4 (1913)
 * Volume 5 (1914)
 * Volume 6 (1915)
 * Volume 7 (1916)
 * Volume 8 (1918)

title: Author:Thomas Lincoln Casey


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Rh back that everything was a success, only a few minor errors being made, and these were easily corrected. A few scenes had to be done over.

"But I'm glad it wasn't the one with the hose," said Mr. Bunn, with a sigh. "Really I'd never go through that again."

"Ha! I vould like dot—if I vos on der right side of der hose!" exclaimed Mr. Switzer.

The day had been a busy one, filled with hard work for all before the moving picture camera. When evening came the players were glad of the chance to rest.

"Let's walk down the road," suggested Alice to Ruth. "It is so pretty and restful on the little white bridge, just before you come to the red schoolhouse."

They walked down, arm in arm, talking of many things, and soon were standing on the white bridge that spanned a little stream, which flowed between green banks, fragrant with mint. Here and there were patches of green rushes and beds of the spicy water cress.

"Oh, it's just lovely here!" sighed Ruth. "It is too beautiful. I wish we could share it with some one."

"Here comes someone now, to share it with—a man," spoke Alice, motioning down the road, which was shaded with many trees, through


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106 which the moon was now shining, making patches of light and shadow.

"Perhaps it is some of our friends," murmured Ruth. "I believe Russ and Paul started out for a walk before we did."

"That's not two persons; it's only one," declared Alice as she continued to look at the advancing figure. "And see, Ruth, he—he limps!"

She caught her sister's arm as she spoke, and the two girls drew closer together. The same thought came to both.

Was this the man who had run out of the barn?

"I believe it's the same one," whispered Ruth.

"And I'm perfectly positive," answered Alice. "Oh, Ruth, now is our chance!"

"Chance! Chance for what?"

"I mean we can find out who he is, and perhaps solve the mystery."

"Alice DeVere! We're going to do no such thing! We're going to run back home—that man is coming straight toward us!" cried Ruth, and she began to drag Alice away from the bridge.

Meanwhile the limping figure continued to come along the road, going alternately from bright moonlight to shadow as he passed clumps of trees.


text: The Moving Picture Girls at Oak Farm/Chapter 12


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Page:Huk-A-Poo Sportswear v. Little Lisa.pdf/2

 Gottlieb, Rackman, Reisman & Kirsch, P. C., New York City, for plaintiff; Ellenbogen & Klein, New York City, of counsel.

Rubin, Seidman & Dochter, New York City, for defendant; Irving P. Seidman, Lawrence G. Soicher, New York City, of counsel.

TENNEY, District Judge.

Little Lisa, Ltd. (“Little Lisa”), the defendant in this copyright infringement action, has moved for an order pursuant to Rule 60(b)(5) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (“Rules”) to dissolve the preliminary injunction issued against it on December 3, 1975, contending that “dissolution of the injunction is warranted by the drastic change that has occurred in the controlling facts upon which the injunction rested.” Affidavit of Lawrence G. Soicher, sworn to April 15, 1976, ¶ 30. Little Lisa has also moved under Rule 65(a) for an order applying the security bond posted by the plaintiff to costs and damages incurred by the defendant as a result of this allegedly wrongful injunction. Plaintiff, Huk-A-Poo Sportswear, Inc., has cross-moved for partial summary judgment under Rule 56. For the reasons set forth below, the motions of both parties are denied.

The complaint in this action was filed on November 17, 1975. On November 20, 1975 District Judge Robert J. Ward signed a temporary restraining order and scheduled November 24, 1975 as the return date for the motion for a preliminary injunction. At the November 24 hearing this Court extended the temporary restraining order upon consent and adjourned the motion for a preliminary injunction until December 3, 1975 in accordance with the request of


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14 This subgenus differs from Anepsiola in having the infra-lateral carinæ of the head very strongly developed and entire; the abdomen is narrower and is not always parallel. The middle coxæ are contiguous, the mesosternal process acutely angular or prolonged and aciculate, and the metasternal extremely short, very broadly angulate. One of its most salient characters is the very long basal joint of the hind tarsi, so unusual a character in Atheta, this joint being fully as long as the next two combined throughout. The three species at present assignable are as follows:

The tapering form of the abdomen is remarkably exceptional in the true Athetæ and this character alone will serve to isolate this species from its fellows; the infra-lateral carinæ are very strong and are entire.


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early death was a misfortune to the Umeiyad rule. He was succeeded by his son Muʿāwiya II., a weak and sickly youth, who survived but three months. He had the support of all the Syrians except those of Ḳeis, whose objection to him was that his mother and grandmother were of Kelb. His maternal granduncle, Ibn Bahdal, was ruler de facto, and the brother of the latter was governor of Ḳinnasrīn, a province settled by Ḳeis. Ḳeis was, therefore, jealous of the large share of Kelb in the government. Anticipating his decease, Muʿāwiya told the people from the pulpit that, like Abu Bekr, he would have appointed a successor, but there was none he saw of ʿOmar's stamp; that like ʿOmar he would have nominated electors, but neither so did he see any men fit for such a task; and accordingly that he left them to choose a successor for themselves. The short and feeble reign served but to relax the sinews of the Empire.

On his death, the Umeiyad counsels were divided, and various aspirants to the throne appeared. Ibn az-Zubeir, now the acknowledged Caliph at Mecca and Medina, succeeded during the next few months in being recognised ruler also over Egypt and the greater part of Syria. He was proclaimed in Al-Baṣra by a Temīmite, and ʿObeidallah, who relied on the Azd and Bekr, was forced to flee. Al-Kūfa also went over to Ibn az-Zubeir. Persia was in the hands of the Khawārij. Syria, and only part even of that, remained under the government of Damascus.

Had Ibn az-Zubeir left his sanctuary for Syria, there is 317


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 counsel for Little Lisa, who represented that “the defendant cannot make an adequate and effective presentation to the Court on any motion for a preliminary injunction unless some limited discovery is had as to three principal issues.” Transcript of November 24, 1975, at 5. These principal issues were: (1) whether the copyright protected the plaintiff’s label rather than the design of the shirt; (2) whether the design was truly original; and (3) whether the copyright notice was sufficient.

On December 8, 1975, the parties appeared in Court. The defendant did not submit answering papers but instead requested a further adjournment of the motion, and the ensuing discussion focused primarily on discovery matters. At the hearing, the Court received a facially valid certificate of copyright by the plaintiff, and found “obvious copying” upon examination of the plaintiff’s shirt in comparison to the alleged infringing one. Transcript of December 3, 1975, at 9. Having received no opposing papers from the defendant and having not been convinced by the defendant’s assertions of irreparable harm, the Court granted a preliminary injunction in favor of the plaintiff. Discovery continued, and on April 15, 1976 Little Lisa moved under Rule 60(b)(5) to vacate the preliminary injunction.

A motion for relief from a judgment or order made upon the ground that “it is no longer equitable that the judgment should have prospective application” is addressed to the discretion of the district court, 7 Moore’s Federal Practice ¶¶ 60.19, 60.26[4] (2d ed. 1975) (“Moore’s”), and depends upon a showing of changed circumstances. The term “changed circumstances” refers to events which occurred subsequent to entrance of the order and which make it unfair to continue the injunction. United States v. Swift & Co., 286 U.S. 106, 114–15, 52 S.Ct. 460, 76 L.Ed. 999 (1932); Tanner Motor Livery, Ltd. v. Avis, Inc., 316 F.2d 804, 810 (9th Cir.), ''cert. denied'', 375 U.S. 821, 84 S.Ct. 59, 11 L.Ed.2d 55 (1963); American Optical Co. v. Rayex Corp., 291 F.Supp. 502 (S.D.N.Y.1967) (Tenney, J.).

The mere fact that the injunction creates hardships for the enjoined party is not in and of itself a changed circumstance. SEC v. Thermodynamics, Inc., 319 F.Supp. 1380 (D.Colo.1970), aff’d, 464 F.2d 457 (10th Cir. 1972), ''cert. denied'', 410 U.S. 927, 93 S.Ct. 1358, 35 L.Ed.2d 588 (1973).

Little Lisa’s position on this motion is not that the underlying facts and circumstances have changed, but that there is now available sufficient information to challenge the validity of the plaintiff’s copyright. The arguments go to the merits of the plaintiff’s infringement claims and, although some of them could have been raised earlier, they are raised for the first time on this motion. Other arguments are dependent upon the discovery that was conducted subsequent to the issuance of the preliminary injunction. Little Lisa’s arguments, in sum, constitute a detailed and cogent defense to the action.

Nevertheless, the defendant’s motion practice is defective since it is well established that Rule 60(b) applies only to final orders and not to interlocutory degrees such as that contested here. Ideal Toy Corp. v. Sayco Doll Corp., 302 F.2d 623 (2d Cir. 1962); 7 Moore’s ¶ 60.20. However, the Court will entertain the application under its continuing plenary power over its interlocutory orders, John Simmons Co. v. Grier Bros., 258 U.S. 82, 42 S.Ct. 196, 66 L.Ed. 475 (1922); Ideal Toy Corp. v. Sayco Doll Corp., supra; 7 Moore’s ¶ 60.16[4], under which the Court is not bound by Rule 60(b)(5)’s strict standard of “changed circumstances” in reconsidering the earlier order but may in its discretion apply general equitable principles in its consideration of the motion. The Court will therefore focus only upon the relative significance of newly presented evidence and discern whether the arguments currently posed could have been raised at the time the preliminary injunction was issued.

At that time the defendant made general allegations as to the merits of the plaintiff’s case but submitted no opposing papers and failed to persuade the Court that the hardships tipped in its favor.


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 Hence, the Court issued the preliminary injunction on the basis of the meager record before it. Only later and by way of this motion did the defendant submit sworn statements charging specific irregularities in the plaintiff’s acquisition of the copyright and challenging the validity of that copyright. Although much of the evidence in support of the defendant’s current motion derives from information obtained subsequent to the issuance of the preliminary injunction, it is apparent that with some diligence the defendant’s counsel could have followed its own suggestion of November 24th and interposed certain objections to the issuance of the preliminary injunction at the December 3rd hearing of that motion. Little Lisa chose, however, not to pursue its opposition at that time and instead now seeks to assert its objections.

Strong policy reasons favor the denial of the defendant’s motion at this time. To permit a party to withhold its objections to a preliminary injunction until such time as it can present the strongest possible case and allow it to then obtain a dissolution of the injunction would be judicially unwise. This is precisely the sort of situation accommodated by the distinction between emergency or temporary and permanent relief.

The Second Circuit has admonished against attempts “to relitigate on a fuller record preliminary injunction issues already decided” by the district court. American Optical Company v. Rayex Corp., 394 F.2d 155 (2d Cir.), ''cert. denied'', 393 U.S. 835, 89 S.Ct. 109, 21 L.Ed.2d 106 (1968). Expanding on this standard, the court of appeals has pointed out that the district court need consider only “truly new evidence” on a motion to vacate a preliminary injunction. Semmes Motors, Inc. v. Ford Motor Co., 429 F.2d 1197, 1207 (2d Cir. 1970). Thus, consideration here will be limited solely to new evidence in support of arguments which were not available earlier to the defendant.

These arguments challenge primarily the validity of the certificate of copyright registration. In particular it is alleged that the plaintiff made fraudulent misstatements as to its proprietorship and the originality of the design. The plaintiff contends that any mistake in listing the names of the authors of the underlying work on the certificate was “ ‘innocent clerical error.’ ” Plaintiff’s Memorandum in Opposition to Defendant’s Motion to Dissolve the Preliminary Injunction at 42, quoting from Alart Associates, Inc. v. Aptaker, 279 F.Supp. 268, 270 (S.D.N.Y.), appeal dismissed, 402 F.2d 779 (2d Cir. 1968). See Affidavit of George Gottlieb, sworn to June 1, 1976, ¶¶ 3–8; Affidavit of David Binder, sworn to June 1, 1976, ¶¶ 13–18; Affidavit of Barbara Bucherelli, sworn to June 1, 1976, ¶¶ 4–6. This Court is mindful of the policy that courts seek to preserve copyrights rather than invalidate them on the basis of minor defects in registration certificates. Thomas Wilson & Co. v. Irving J. Dorfman Co., 433 F.2d 409, 412 (2d Cir. 1970), ''cert. denied'', 401 U.S. 977, 91 S.Ct. 1200, 28 L.Ed.2d 326 (1971); United States v. Backer, 134 F.2d 533, 536 (2d Cir. 1943); Wrench v. Universal Picture Co., 104 F.Supp. 374, 379 (S.D.N.Y.1952); Nimmer on Copyright § 94. In addition, the


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 CHAPTER XI

The multivator is a miniature laboratory for conducting a variety of biochemical or biological experiments on Mars. The nature of the experiments is limited only by those biological properties which can be measured by a photomultiplier as an output transducer. The device was conceived by Dr. Joshua Lederberg at Stanford University. The experiment which has received Dr. Lederberg’s particular attention is the detection of phosphatase activity. This is because:

1. phosphatase is widespread among terrestrial organisms;

2. it catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphate esters with moderate specificity;

3. it is involved with the role of phosphorus in metabolism and energy transfer which may be a universal characteristic of carbon-based aqueous living systems; and

4. it is capable of being detected with relatively high sensitivity.

A functional test for the presence of hydrolytic enzymes, such as phosphatase, detects the catalysis of. The basis of the phosphatase test is the release of AH which differs from AB in being fluorescent. In this case, A is a fluorescent residue and B is a phosphate that permits the fluorometric assay of phosphatase. The multivator is designed to carry out such assays as well as many others. It does this by mimicking in miniature a great many of the kinds of instruments used in a typical biochemical laboratory. The basic elements of the instruments are a light source followed by a filter; the sample under investigation; another filter centered at either the same wavelength as the excitation filter for colorimetry or light scattering, or at a different wavelength if fluorometric observations are to be made; and finally, a light detector, usually a photomultiplier. Figure 16 shows several cut-away views of the multivator.

The most recent version of the multivator consists of 15 modules arranged in a circle around an impeller (figs. 17 and 18). Each of the modules basically 45


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Rh

Very distinct from bicariniceps in the formation of the sterna and abdomen; the infra-lateral carinæ of the head are similarly entire but are finer and not so elevated.

This is the largest Athetid known to me from North America and is very distinct from the two preceding. The basal joint of the hind tarsi is similarly elongate.

The following species agrees very well with subplana in all its structural characters, including nearly obsolete infra-lateral carinæ of the head, short basal joint of the hind tarsi and approximate middle coxæ, with very short metasternal projection, but the mesosternal process is noticeably longer. Granulata Mann., (Elytrusa Csy.) is closely allied but larger and with a notably larger head and still longer and stouter antennæ; I do not think that granulata can be the same as the European graminicola Grav.


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  now raised by defendant is not substantial enough to alter the balance of hardships as evaluated earlier by the Court. Therefore, the conclusion remains that the preliminary injunction should apply.

This does not mean that the defendant has no opportunity to raise defenses and objections to injunctive relief. On the contrary, Little Lisa may present them at the trial on the merits of this action. The objections are preserved for trial and the objecting party is urged to seek a final determination of all factual and legal issues in dispute.

Accordingly, the defendant’s motion is denied. Similarly, because there are many important factual issues in dispute in this case, the plaintiff’s motion for partial summary judgment is denied.

So ordered.


text: Huk-A-Poo Sportswear, Inc. v. Little Lisa, Ltd.


text: Memoirs on the Coleoptera/Volume 1/New Species of the Staphylinid Tribe Myrmedoniini/Tribe Myrmidoniini/Group Athetæ/Atheta/Athetalia


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46 consists of a reaction chamber, solvent storage chamber, tapered valve pin, explosive-charge bellows motor, and a filtered light source. The entire solvent chamber is sealed prior to operation by a thin diaphragm which is placed in front of the pointed valve tip.

In operation, dust-bearing air is drawn through the impeller and in front of the reaction chambers. The impeller imparts sufficient velocity to particles above 10μ in diameter to fling them into the reaction chambers where they tend to settle. Upon completion of the particle-collecting operation, the explosive-charged bellows motors are electrically ignited. Expansion of the bellows results in the sealing of the reaction chambers and the injection of the solvent. The substrate materials, which have been stored dry in the reaction chambers during flight, are dissolved and the reaction begins. After a preset re-


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Rh action time, the excitation lamps are turned on sequentially and the light signal, or fluorescent level in the case of the phosphatase assay, is detected by the photomultiplier tube. This information is then reduced to digital form and transmitted. One reading per chamber every 15 minutes would be satisfactory, requiring a fraction of a bit per second for telemetry. Certain chambers of the instrument are designed so that they will not collect soil. This permits a comparison of the behavior of the solvent-substrate mixtures subjected to the same conditions of voyage and Martian environment with the results from those reaction chambers receiving dust samples. This helps to ensure that the information concerning a sign of life is not due to a faulty test.

Modular design of the multivator offers several advantages. First, the entire multivator becomes potentially more reliable with 15 independently operated modules. Secondly, each module may be filled with different types of solvents, thereby increasing the range of experiments that can be performed with a single multivator package. Thirdly, the modular design allows more flexibility in making the final choice of the actual experiment to be performed. It also permits postponing this choice to a relatively short time before the launch date of the mission. More than a full complement of modules could be under design and development; postponement of final choice would not interfere with orderly spacecraft development and construction as long as the experiments met the very simple interface parameters characteristic of the multivator experimental modules.


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—Frontispiece


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the history of Mr. Francis Beveridge, as supplied by the obliging candor of the Baron von Blitzenberg and the notes of Dr. Escott, Dr. Twiddel and his friend Robert Welsh make a kind of explanatory entry. They most effectually set the bail a-rolling, and so the story starts in a small room looking out on a very uninteresting London street.

It was about three o'clock on a November afternoon, that season of fogs and rains and mud, when townspeople long for fresh air and hill-sides, and country-folk think wistfully of the warmth and lights of a city, when nobody is satisfied, and everybody has a cold. Outside the window of the room there were a few feet of earth adorned with a low bush or two, a line of railings, a stone-paved street, and on the other side a long row of uniform yellow brick houses.


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8 The apartment itself was a modest chamber, containing a minimum of rented furniture and a flickering gas-stove. By a small caseful of medical treatises and a conspicuous stethoscope, the least experienced could see that it was labeled consulting-room.

Dr. Twiddel was enjoying one of those moments of repose that occur even in the youngest practitioner's existence. For the purposes of this narrative he may briefly be described as an amiable-looking young man, with a little bit of fair moustache and still less chin, no practice to speak of, and a considerable quantity of unpaid bills. A man of such features and in such circumstances invites temptation. At the present moment, though his waistcoat was unbuttoned and his -feet rested on the mantelpiece, his mind seemed not quite at ease. He looked back upon a number of fortunate events that had not occurred, and forward to various unpleasant things that might occur, and then he took a letter from his pocket and read it abstractedly.

"I can't afford to refuse," he reflected, lugubriously; "and yet, hang it! I must say I don't fancy the job."


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User:Marjan Tomki SI/Links to docs etc pages

OCR errors and corrections
I encountered this kind of errors in different pages (on en WS and on sl WS). The document's status was proofread but not yet verified.

What I know about proofreading (from several decades ago, when where i worked, existed a publishing department), differs from what I think is meant by it here. Proofreading I remember was checking and making sure source and printed material were exactly the same (so possible errors in language and typos in source shouldn't be corrected, which by a lector would be corrected (or correction proposed to original author).

Here I see that when status is declared proofread there are OCR (optical character recognition) errors it seems no corrector actually read the document. I spotted errors by finding things like typos, and verified by looking in to the scanned original that correction I made was warranted, but didn't do exactly a proofread (reading both OCR-ed and scanned document with strict attention of comparing word by word and letter to letter.

I intend to go through Page:Plutarch's Lives (Clough, v.1, 1865).djvu/29 and on at least to the end of life of Plutarch, and correct what errors of the type I mentioned above I find while reading, but that won't necessarily mean change of status of that document is warranted (I'll correct what I see while reading and verify the correction against the scan, but won't do actual proofreading litteral comparison of both texts.

Finished for now at Page:Plutarch's Lives (Clough, v.1, 1865).djvu/38 (end of Preface, empty page.


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 When metal is molten it can be poured into any vessel; and at that moment a certain deep receptacle stood on the very door-step.

The doctor heard the bell, sat up briskly, stuffed the letter back into his pocket, and buttoned his waistcoat.

"A patient at last!" and instantly there arose a vision of a simple operation, a fabulous fee, and twelve sickly millionaires an hour ever after. The door opened, and a loud voice hailed him familiarly.

"Only Welsh," he sighed, and the vision went the way of all the others.

The gentleman who swaggered in and clapped the doctor on the back, who next threw himself into the easiest chair and his hat and coat over the table, was in fact Mr. Robert Welsh. From the moment he entered he pervaded the room; the stethoscope seemed to grow less conspicuous, Dr. Twiddel's chin more diminutive, the apartment itself a mere background to this guest. Why? It would be hard to say precisely. He was a black-moustached, full-faced man, with an air of the most consummate assurance, and a person by some deemed handsome. Yet


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 fulfilled his design. I have dared to undertake the same thing, though I am not yet twenty." He made a fair start by becoming secretary to the great Utopian, Saint-Simon, who passed on to him the reforming enthusiasm of Turgot and Condorcet, and the idea that social, like physical phenomena, might be reduced to laws and science, and that all philosophy should be focused upon the moral and political improvement of mankind. But, like most of us who set out to reform the world, Comte found it difficult enough to manage his own home; in 1827, after two years of marital infelicity, he suffered a mental break-down, and attempted suicide in the Seine. To his rescuer, therefore, we owe something of the five volumes of Positive Philosophy which appeared between 1830 and 1842, and the four volumes of Positive Polity which appeared between 1851 and 1854.

This was an undertaking which, in scope and patience, was second in modern times only to Spencer's "Synthetic Philosophy." Here the sciences were classified according to the decreasing simplicity and generality of their subject-matter: mathematics, astronomy, physics, chemistry, biology, and sociology; each rested on the results of all the sciences before it; therefore sociology was the apex of the sciences, and the others had their reason for existence only in so far as they could provide illumination for the science of society. Science, in the sense of exact knowledge, had spread from one subject-matter to another in the order given; and it was natural that the complex phenomena of social life should be the last to yield to scientific method. In each field of thought the historian of ideas could observe a Law of Three Stages: at first the subject was conceived in the theological fashion, and all problems were explained by the will of some deity-as when the stars were gods, or the chariots of gods; later, the same subject reached the metaphysical stage, and was explained by metaphysical abstractions as when the stars moved in circles because circles were the most perfect figure; finally the subject was reduced to positive science by precise observation, hy-

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 pothesis, and experiment, and its phenomena were explained through the regularities of natural cause and effect. The "Will of God" yields to such airy entities as Plato's "Ideas" or Hegel's "Absolute Idea," and these in turn yield to the laws of science. Metaphysics is a stage of arrested development: the time had come, said Comte, to abandon these puerilities. Philosophy was not something different from science; it was the coördination of all the sciences with a view to the improvement of human life.

There was a certain dogmatic intellectualism about this positivism which perhaps reflected the disillusioned and isolated philosopher. When, in 1845, Mme. Clotilde de Vaux (whose husband was spending his life in jail) took charge of Comte's heart, his affection for her warmed and colored his thought, and led to a reaction in which he placed feeling above intelligence as a reforming force, and concluded that the world could be redeemed only by a new religion, whose function it should be to nourish and strengthen the feeble altruism of human nature by exalting Humanity as the object of a ceremonial worship. Comte spent his old age devising for this Religion of Humanity an intricate system of priesthood, sacraments, prayers, and discipline; and proposed a new calendar in which the names of pagan deities and medieval saints should be replaced by the heroes of human progress. As a wit put it, Comte offered the world all of Catholicism except Christianity.

The positivist movement fell in with the flow of English thought, which took its spirit from a life of industry and trade, and looked up to matters of fact with a certain reverence. The Baconian tradition had turned thought in the direction of things, mind in the direction of matter; the materialism of Hobbes, the sensationalism of Locke, the scepticism of Hume, the ultilitarianism of Bentham, were so many variations on the theme of a practical and busy life. Berkeley was an Irish discord in this domestic symphony. Hegel laughed at the English habit of honoring physical and

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 how or other he inevitably recalled the uncles of history. Perhaps this assurance alone gave him his atmosphere. You could have felt his egotism in the dark.

He talked in a loud voice and with a great air of mastery over all the contingencies of a life about town. You felt that here sat one who had seen the world and gave things their proper proportions, who had learned how meretricious was orthodoxy, and which bars could really be recommended. He chaffed, patronized, and cheered the doctor. Patients had been scarce, had they P Well, after all, there were many consolations. Did Twiddel say he was hard up? Welsh himself in an even more evil case. He narrated various unfortunate transactions connected with the turf and other pursuits, with regret, no doubt, and yet with a fine rakish defiance of destiny. Twiddel's face cleared, and he began to show something of the same gallant spirit. He brought out a tall bottle with a Celtic superscription; Welsh half filled his glass, poured in some water from a dusty decanter, and proposed the toast of "Luck to the two most deserving sinners in London!"


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 chemical equipment with the name of "philosophical instruments"; but such a term came naturally to men who agreed with Comte and Spencer in defining philosophy as a generalization of the results of all the sciences. So it was that the positivist movement found more adherents in England than in the land of its birth; adherents perhaps not so fervent as the generous Littré, but endowed with that English tenacity which kept John Stuart Mill (1806-73) and Frederick Harrison (1831-1923) faithful all their lives to Comte's philosophy, while their English caution kept them aloof from his ceremonious religion.

Meanwhile the Industrial Revolution, born of a little science, was stimulating science in return. Newton and Herschel had brought the stars to England, Boyle and Davy had opened the treasures of chemistry, Faraday was making the discoveries that would electrify the world, Rumford and Joule were demonstrating the transformability and equivalence of force and the conservation of energy. The sciences were reaching a stage of complexity which would make a bewildered world welcome a synthesis. But above all these intellectual influences that stirred England in the youth of Herbert Spencer was the growth of biology, and the doctrine of evolution. Science had been exemplarily international in the development of this doctrine: Kant had spoken of the possibility of apes becoming men; Goethe had written of " [sic]the metamorphosis of plants; Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck had propounded the theory that species had evolved from simpler forms by the inheritance of the effects of use and disuse; and in 1830 St. Hilaire shocked Europe, and gladdened old Goethe, by almost triumphing against Cuvier in that famous debate on evolution which seemed like another Ernani, another revolt against classic ideas of changeless rules and orders in a changeless world.

In the eighteen-fifties evolution was in the air. Spencer expressed the idea, long before Darwin, in an essay on "The Development Hypothesis" (1852), and in his Principles of

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 Psychology (1855). In 1858 Darwin and Wallace read their famous papers before the Linnaean Society; and in 1859 the old world, as the good bishops thought, crashed to pieces with the publication of the Origin of Species. Here was no mere vague notion of evolution, of higher species evolving somehow from lower ones; but a detailed and richly documented theory of the actual mode and process of evolution "by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favored races in the struggle for life." In one decade all the world was talking about evolution. What lifted Spencer to the crest of this wave of thought was the clarity of mind which suggested the application of the evolution idea to every field of study, and the range of mind which brought almost all knowledge to pay tribute to his theory. As mathematics had dominated philosophy in the seventeenth century, giving to the world Descartes, Hobbes, Spinoza, Leibnitz and Pascal; and as psychology had written philosophy in Berkeley and Hume and Condillac and Kant; so in the nineteenth century, in Schelling and Schopenhauer, in Spencer and Nietzsche and Bergson, biology was the background of philosophic thought. In each case the epochal ideas were the piece-meal production of separate men, more or less obscure; but the ideas are attached to the men who coördinated and clarified them, as the New World took the name of Amerigo Vespucci because he drew a map. Herbert Spencer was the Vespucci of the age of Darwin, and something of its Columbus too.

He was born at Derby in 1820. In both lines his ancestors were Non-conformists or Dissenters. His father's mother had been a devoted follower of John Wesley; his father's brother, Thomas, though an Anglican clergyman, led a Wesleyan movement within the Church, never attended a concert or a play, and took an active part in movements for political reform. This drive to heresy became stronger in the father,

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 and culminated in the almost obstinate individualism of Herbert Spencer himself. The father never used the supernatural to explain anything; he was described by one acquaintance (though Herbert considered this an exaggeration) as "without faith or religion whatever, so far as one could see." He was inclined to science, and wrote an Inventional Geometry. In politics he was an individualist like his son and "would never take off his hat to anyone, no matter of what rank." "If he did not understand some question my mother put, he would remain silent; not asking what the question was, and letting it go unanswered. He continued this course all through his life, notwithstanding its futility; there resulted no improvement." One is reminded (except for the silence) of Herbert Spencer's resistance, in his later years, to the extension of State functions.

The father, as well as an uncle and the paternal grandfather, were teachers of private schools; and yet yet the son, who was to be the most famous English philosopher of his century, remained till forty an uneducated man. Herbert was lazy, and the father was indulgent. At last, when he was thirteen, Herbert was sent to Hinton to study under his uncle, who had a reputation for severity. But Herbert promptly ran away from the uncle, and trudged all the way back to the paternal home at Derby—48 miles the first day, 47 the next, and 20 the third, all on a little bread and beer. Nevertheless he returned to Hinton after a few weeks, and stayed for three years. It was the only systematic schooling that he ever received. He could not say, later, just what it was he learned there; no history, no natural science, no general literature. He says, with characteristic pride: "That neither in boyhood nor youth did I receive a single lesson in English, and that I have remained entirely without formal knowledge of syntax down to the present hour, are facts which should

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 be known; since their implications are at variance with assumptions universally accepted." At the age of forty he tried to read the Iliad, but "after reading some six books I felt what a task it would be to go on—felt that I would rather give a large sum than read to the end." Collier, one of his secretaries, tells us that Spencer never finished any book of science. Even in his favorite fields he received no systematic instruction. He burnt his fingers and achieved a few explosions in chemistry; he browsed entomologically among the bugs about school and home; and he learned something about strata and fossils in his later work as a civil engineer; for the rest he picked his science casually as he went along. Until he was thirty he had no thought at all of philosophy. Then he read Lewes, and tried to pass on to Kant; but finding, at the outset, that Kant considered space and time to be forms of sense-perception rather than objective things, he decided that Kant was a dunce, and threw the book away. His secretary tells us that Spencer composed his first book, Social Statics, "having read no other ethical treatise than an old and now forgotten book by Jonathan Dymond." He wrote his Psychology after reading only Hume, Mansel and Reid; his Biology after reading only Carpenter's Comparative Physiology (and not the Origin of Species); his Sociology without reading Comte or Tylor; his Ethics without reading Kant or Mill or any other moralist than Sedgwick. What a contrast to the intensive and relentless education of John Stuart Mill!

Where, then, did he find those myriad facts with which he propped up his thousand arguments? He "picked them up," for the most part, by direct observation rather than by reading. "His curiosity was ever awake, and he was continually directing the attention of his companion to some notable

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