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" an old abbey town, down in this part of the country, a long, long while ago—so long, that the story must be a true one, because our great grandfathers implicitly believed it—there officiated as sexton and grave-digger in the churchyard, one Gabriel Grub. It by no means follows that because a man is a sexton, and constantly surrounded by the emblems of mortality, therefore he should be a morose and melancholy man; your undertakers are the merriest fellows in the world; and I once had the honour of being on intimate terms with a mute, who in private life, and off duty, was as comical and jocose a little fellow as ever chirped out a devil-may-care song, without a hitch in his memory, or drained off the contents of a good stiff glass without stopping for breath. But, notwithstanding these precedents to the contrary, Gabriel Grub was an ill-conditioned, cross-grained, surly fellow—a morose and lonely man, who consorted with nobody but himself, and an old wicker bottle which fitted into his large deep waistcoat pocket—and who eyed each merry face, as it passed him by, with such a deep scowl of malice and ill-humour, as it was difficult to meet, without feeling something the worse for.

"A little before twilight, one Christmas Eve, Gabriel shouldered his spade, lighted his lantern, and betook himself towards the old churchyard; for he had got a grave to finish by next morning, and, feeling very low, he thought it might


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 "Ah," said Sam, "I should ha' s'posed that; but what I mean is, should you like a drop of anythin' as 'd warm you? but I s'pose you never was cold, with all them elastic fixtures, was you?"

"Sometimes," replied the boy; "and I likes a drop of something, when it's good."

"Oh, you do, do you?" said Sam, come this way, then!"

The Blue Lion tap was soon gained, and the fat boy swallowed a glass of liquor without so much as winking; a feat which considerably advanced him in Mr. Weller's good opinion. Mr. Weller having transacted a similar piece of business on his own account, they got into the cart.

"Can you drive?" said the fat boy.

"I should rayther think so," replied Sam.

"There, then," said the fat boy, putting the reins in his hand, and pointing up a lane, "it's as straight as you can go; you can't miss it."

With these words, the fat boy laid himself affectionately down by the side of the cod-fish: and placing an oyster-barrel under his head for a pillow, fell asleep instantaneously.

"Well," said Sam, "of all the cool boys ever I set my eyes on, this here young gen'l'm'n is the coolest. Come, wake up, young dropsy!"

But as young dropsy evinced no symptoms of returning animation, Sam Weller sat himself down in front of the cart, and starting the old horse with a jerk of the rein, jogged steadily on, towards Manor Farm.

Meanwhile, Mr. Pickwick and his friends having walked their blood into active circulation, proceeded cheerfully on. The paths were hard; the grass was crisp and frosty; the air had a fine, dry, bracing coldness; and the rapid approach of the grey twilight (slate-coloured is a better term in frosty weather) made them look forward with pleasant anticipation to the comforts which awaited them at their hospitable entertainer's. It was the sort of afternoon that might induce a couple of elderly gentlemen, in a lonely field, to take off

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 and no runners. In growing the plants in this way the runners should not be allowed to form a row more than one and a half feet wide, as this will be fully two feet in the second season, and as much as a picker can manage. The grass particularly should be kept out of the rows of young plants, or it will take a start in the spring and entirely crowd out the strawberries.

These rows should be set out every spring, taking the plants from the outside of the rows planted the preceding year, as it is almost impossible to keep them free from weeds after the first season, besides which they do not bear more than half so many, nor nearly such large berries, the second season. Unless the ground is very rich where the young plants are set, it is a good plan to sow a heavy coat of phosphate, bone, or, best of all, wood ashes, just before they are worked with the cultivator for the first time in the spring. The young plants should not be planted in land that has just been in sod, as it is full of white grubs, which will cat the plants off underground, and care should also be taken that the manure for the strawberry plot is not infested with them. These rows should be lightly covered with long manure, old hay or other litter, in the fall, after the ground has become frozen hard, so that they may be protected from rapid freezing and thawing; and if the covering is not too heavy, it can be left on in the spring and the plants will shoot up through it, leaving it as a mulch and serving to keep the berries clean, by saving them from contact with the ground,


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 to the house. He'd ha' sent some saddle-horses, but he thought you'd rather walk, being a cold day."

"Yes, yes," said Mr. Pickwick, hastily, for he remembered how they had travelled over nearly the same ground on a previous occasion. "Yes, we would rather walk. Here, Sam!"

"Sir," said Mr. Weller.

"Help Mr. Wardle's servant to put the packages into the cart, and then ride on with him. We will walk forward at once."

Having given this direction, and settled with the coachman, Mr. Pickwick and his three friends struck into the footpath across the fields, and walked briskly away, leaving Mr. Weller and the fat boy confronted together for the first time. Sam looked at the fat boy with great astonishment, but without saying a word; and began to stow the luggage rapidly away in the cart, while the fat boy stood quietly by, and seemed to think it a very interesting sort of thing to see Mr. Weller working by himself.

"There," said Sam, throwing in the last carpet-bag. "There they are!"

"Yes," said the fat boy, in a very satisfied tone, "there they are."

"Vell, young twenty stun," said Sam, "you're a nice specimen of a prize boy, you are!"

"Thank'ee," said the fat boy.

"You ain't got nothin' on your mind as makes you fret yourself, have you?" inquired Sam.

"Not as I knows on," replied the fat boy.

"I should rayther ha' thought, to look at you, that you was a labourin' under an unrequited attachment to some young 'ooman," said Sam.

The fat boy shook his head.

"Vell," said Sam, "I'm glad to hear it. Do you ever drink anythin'?"

"I likes eating, better," replied the boy.


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 "Now then, gen'lm'n!" the guard re-echoes it; the old gentleman inside thinks it a very extraordinary thing that people will get down when they know there isn't time for it; Mr. Pickwick struggles up on one side, Mr. Tupman on the other; Mr. Winkle cries "All right;" and off they start. Shawls are pulled up, coat collars are re-adjusted, the pavement ceases, the houses disappear, and they are once again dashing along the open road, with the fresh clear air blowing in their faces, and gladdening their very hearts within them.

Such was the progress of Mr. Pickwick and his friends by the Muggleton Telegraph, on their way to Dingley Dell; and at three o'clock that afternoon they all stood, high and dry, safe and sound, hale and hearty, upon the steps of the Blue Lion, having taken on the road quite enough of ale and brandy to enable them to bid defiance to the frost that was binding up the earth in its iron fetters, and weaving its beautiful net-work upon the trees and hedges. Mr. Pickwick was busily engaged in counting the barrels of oysters and superintending the disinterment of the cod-fish, when he felt himself gently pulled by the skirts of the coat. Looking round, he discovered that the individual who resorted to this mode of catching his attention was no other than Mr. Wardle's favourite page, better known to the readers of this unvarnished history, by the distinguishing appellation of the fat boy.

"Aha!" said Mr. Pickwick.

"Aha!" said the fat boy.

As he said it, he glanced from the cod-fish to the oyster-barrels, and chuckled joyously. He was fatter than ever.

"Well, you look rosy enough, my young friend," said Mr. Pickwick.

"I've been asleep, right in front of the tap-room fire," replied the fat boy, who had heated himself to the colour of a new chimney-pot, in the course of an hour's nap. "Master sent me over with the shay-cart, to carry your luggage up


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 the vines to long canes, two to four to each post, and divide them at the top, carrying half out the top pole or wire in each direction; cut the side shoots back to two eyes each, as these are the spurs that will furnish the fruit branches. If fruit is desired in finest condition a two-pound paper bag should be tied round the neck, to the stem of each bunch, placing the bunch inside, when the berries are about half grown; this preserves the grapes from mildew and, what is more destructive, the ravages of bees and birds. There should be one or two rows of strawberries across the garden; the rows four feet apart. It will be found a great deal easier to keep them free from weeds and to gather the fruit when grown in this way. The varieties, one early and one late, or both rows of a continuous bearing kind, should be of the perfect flowering character, as there are plenty of varieties of this character which are as good and prolific as any pistillate sort grown, and they are not so much trouble to grow, or as uncertain a crop. The plants should be set early in the spring, in well-manured ground, twelve inches apart in the row, and should be hoed and cultivated as frequently as possible. As the runners start lay them lengthways of the row and let them root in, keeping the soil loose and fine, so that they can easily take hold.

The blossoms should be kept picked off the season of planting, or they will take the strength of the young plant so that it will make but a feeble growth


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 While we thank you for such hospitality for such hospitality as we have received, permit me to assure you, in our joint names, that we should not have accepted it, or have consented to extricate ourselves in this way, from our previous dilemma, had we not been impelled by a strong sense of duty. We return to London to-morrow. Your secret is safe with us."

Having thus entered his protest against their treatment of the morning, Mr. Pickwick bowed low to the ladies, and notwithstanding the solicitations of the family, left the room with his friends.

"Get your hat, Sam," said Mr. Pickwick.

"It's below stairs, sir," said Sam, and he ran down after it.

Now, there was nobody in the kitchen, but the pretty house-maid; and as Sam's hat was mislaid, he had to look for it; and the pretty house-maid lighted him. They had to look all over the place for the hat. The pretty housemaid, in her anxiety to find it, went down on her knees, and turned over all the things that were heaped together in a little corner by the door. It was an awkward corner. You couldn't get at it without shutting the door first.

"Here it is," said the pretty house-maid. "This is it, ain't it?"

"Let me look," said Sam.

The pretty house-maid had stood the candle on the floor; as it gave a very dim light, Sam was obliged to go down on his knees before he could see whether it really was his own hat or not. It was a remarkably small corner, and so—it was nobody's fault but the man's who built the house—Sam and the pretty house-maid were necessarily very close together.

"Yes, this is it," said Sam. "Good bye!"

"Good bye!" said the pretty house-maid.

"Good bye!" said Sam; and as he said it, he dropped the hat that had cost so much trouble in looking for.

"How awkward you are," said the pretty house-maid. "You'll lose it again, if you don't take care."

So, just to prevent his losing it again, she put it on for him.


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 as the crop is gathered, thus throwing all the strength of the plant into the young shoots.

Where there is not plenty of manure, bone dust or phosphate can be sown on after the plowing in the spring and worked down with the harrow or cultivator. It, of course, takes a good deal of rope to tie all those and a good patch of grape vines up every spring, so I go to a printing office and buy the old Sisal rope which comes on the bundles of paper; this is strong, and can be bought very cheaply, as it is all in short lengths, in fact, most offices would be glad to oblige a good subscriber by giving it to him. The bushes should be planted eight feet apart in the row. I grow grapes between the rows of berry bushes, half way from each row, which are twelve foot apart. The vines are eight feet apart in the row; at every vine is planted an old fence rail, the ends squared off, and the bottom coated with coal tar before planting; these stand six feet above the surface, and from top to top runs a light pole or single strand of wire The vines are tied up to the posts and out along the rail; this gives a clear space underneath for keeping the ground worked, and it bears the crop in the most convenient position for gathering. The vines should be trimmed early in February, that the wounds may contract and harden before the sap flows. The vines should be tied up with fresh rope; do not depend on any old tics, as, though they may look strong, the birds will pick them to pieces to make nests of. Trim


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 with facetious gravity applied his hand to his ear, as if desirous not to lose a syllable he uttered.

"And I have only to add, sir," said Mr. Pickwick, now thoroughly angry, "that I consider you a rascal, and a—a ruffian—and—and worse than any man I ever saw, or heard of, except that pious and sanctified vagabond in the mulberry livery."

"Ha! ha!" said Jingle, "good fellow, Pickwick—fine heart—stout old boy—but must not be passionate—bad thing, very—bye, bye—see you again some day—keep up your spirits—now, Job—trot!"

With these words, Mr. Jingle stuck on his hat in the old fashion, and strode out of the room. Job Trotter paused, looked round, smiled, and then with a bow of mock solemnity to Mr. Pickwick, and a wink to Mr. Weller, the audacious slyness of which baffles all description, followed the footsteps of his hopeful master.

"Sam,"said Mr. Pickwick, as Mr. Weller was following.

"Sir."

"Stay here."

Mr. Weller seemed uncertain.

"Stay here," repeated Mr. Pickwick.

"Mayn't I polish that ere Job off, in the front garden?" said Mr. Weller. "Certainly not," replied Mr. Pickwick.

"Mayn't I kick him out o' the gate, sir?" said Mr. Weller.

"Not on any account," replied his master.

For the first time since his engagement, Mr. Weller looked, for a moment, discontented and unhappy. But his countenance immediately cleared up; for the wily Mr. Muzzle, by concealing himself behind the street door, and rushing violently out, at the right instant, contrived with great dexterity to overturn both Mr. Jingle and his attendant, down the flight of steps, into the American aloe tubs that stood beneath.

"Having discharged my duty, sir," said Mr. Pickwick to Mr. Nupkins, "I will, with my friends, bid you farewell.


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 "Wretch," said Mrs. Nupkins, "we we scorn your base insinuations."

"I always hated him," added Henrietta.

"Oh, of course," said Jingle. "Tall young man—old lover—Sidney Porkenham—rich—fine fellow—not so rich as captain, though?—turn him away—off with him—anything for captain—nothing like captain anywhere—all the girls—raving mad—eh, Job?"

Here Mr. Jingle laughed very heartily; and Job, rubbing his hands with delight, uttered the first sound he had given vent to, since he entered the house—a low noiseless chuckle, which seemed to intimate that he enjoyed his laugh too much, to let any of it escape in sound.

"Mr. Nupkins," said the elder lady, "this is not a fit conversation for the servants to overhear. Let these wretches be removed."

"Certainly, my dear," said Mr. Nupkins. "Muzzle!"

"Your worship."

"Open the front door."

"Yes, your worship."

"Leave the house!" said Mr. Nupkins, waving his hand emphatically. Jingle smiled, and moved towards the door.

"Stay!" said Mr. Pickwick.

Jingle stopped.

"I might," said Mr. Pickwick, "have taken a much greater revenge for the treatment I have experienced at your hands, and that of your hypocritical friend there."

Job Trotter bowed with great politeness, and laid his hand upon his heart.

"I say," said Mr. Pickwick, growing gradually angry, "that I might have taken a greater revenge, but I content myself with exposing you, which I consider a duty I owe to society. This is a leniency, sir, which I hope you will remember."

When Mr. Pickwick arrived at this point, Job Trotter,


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 For manuring the berries coarse manure should be applied in the fall, or short, well-rotted manure in the spring; in either case plowing it under as applied; if plowed in the fall the furrows should all be thrown toward the rows, thus partly banking them over for the winter.

In the first warm days in the spring these bushes should have their trimming; all the old wood that has borne fruit will be dead and should be cut out at the ground. Three or four good healthy young shoots should be selected to each plant, cut off at three and a half or four feet in height, and the side shoots cut back to three or four inches; cut off all the rest of the suckers. This is important, for if too many are left there will be but a small crop of inferior fruit. When the whole patch has been trimmed and cleared up it should be staked; or each plant may be staked as trimmed, but the trimming will have to be left until a week or so later, as the stakes cannot be driven in the frozen ground. For this purpose I use old fence rails, sawing them in the middle and then splitting each piece into two or three stakes, or the large limbs, say one to two inches thick, left from trimming brush, can be used; the fence-rail stakes, however, last longer than the fresh cut poles, and are much more easily driven.

It will be a great help in picking-time if the row is gone over with a large pair of hedge shears, and the longest of the young shoots shortened in, so as to allow easy access to the row. Where it is more convenient, the bearing wood may be cut out as soon


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 night he told us the story about the goblins that carried away old Gabriel Grub."

"The story about what?" said Mr. Pickwick.

"Oh, nothing, nothing," replied Wardle. "About an old sexton, that the good people down here suppose to have been carried away by goblins."

"Suppose!" ejaculated the old lady. "Is there any body hardy enough to disbelieve it? Suppose! Haven't you heard ever since you were a child, that he was carried away by the goblins, and don't you know he was?"

"Very well, mother, he was, if you like," said Wardle, laughing. "He was carried away by goblins, Pickwick; and there's an end of the matter."

"No, no," said Mr. Pickwick, "not an end of it, I assure you; for I must hear how, and why, and all about it."

Wardle smiled, as every head was bent forward to hear; and filling out the wassail with no stinted hand, nodded a health to Mr. Pickwick, and began as follows:

But bless our editorial heart, what a long chapter we have been betrayed into! We had quite forgotten all such petty restrictions as chapters, we solemnly declare. So here goes, to give the goblin a fair start in a new one! A clear stage and no favour for the goblins, ladies and gentlemen, if you please.


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This song was tumultuously applauded—for friends and dependents make a capital audience—and the poor relations, especially, were in perfect ecstasies of rapture. Again was the fire replenished, and again went the wassail round.

"How it snows!" said one of the men, in a low tone.

"Snows, does it?" said Wardle.

"Rough, cold night, sir," replied the man; "and there's a wind got up, that drifts it across the fields, in a thick white cloud."

"What does Jem say?" inquired the old lady. "There ain't anything the matter, is there?"

"No, no, mother," replied Wardle; "he says there's a snowdrift, and a wind that's piercing cold. I should know that, by the way it rumbles in the chimney."

"Ah!" said the old lady, "there was just such a wind, and just such a fall of snow, a good many years back, I recollect—just five years before your poor father died. It was a Christmas eve, too; and I remember that on that very


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 worked and free from weeds, as in the asparagus and rhubarb. The culture is the same for all these, and they should be planted in liberal quantities, so that there may be plenty to preserve, as well as a full supply for the table. In my own kitchen garden I have two rows of Wilson’s Early Blackberry, one row Gregg Black Cap, and one row each of Philadelphia and Cuthbert Raspberries, and still the family cry for more, so I shall add about two rows of Wilson, Jr., Blackberries, and one of Lucretia Dewberry, in the spring. The dewberry will ripen before the blackberries, and thus prolong the season, as is already done with the two varieties of red raspberries.

The plants should be planted as early in the spring as the ground can be gotten into suitable condition, and if purchasing from a nursery, select those plants which are grown from root-cuttings, for they will not "sucker" so much, and where the garden is constantly well fed and cultivated this will save much in working, and the plants being carefully trimmed will last for years without replacing. The rows should be ten or twelve feet apart, so as to admit of free passage in cultivating and picking. As they do not grow so wildly until after the fruit has been picked, a couple of rows of peas or a row of early corn can be grown between each row. I have tried planting at closer distances, with the invariable result that by fall the berry patch was an impassable jungle. 11


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 palatable as in the spring, and that it can easily be canned for winter use. Like asparagus, it must be liberally and continually fed, to have it in fine condition and of good size.

The currants and gooseberries are subject to the ravages of the currant worm, which cleans up every leaf and berry on the bushes just as they are about to ripen. To prevent this, the bushes should be dusted with white hellebore when the first worm makes his appearance; as this is a very strong poison many are afraid to use it; and, indeed, great care must be taken in using the fruit; still, the worms usually appear about the time the bushes are in bloom, and if promptly welcomed will have disappeared, and the poison be washed off the bushes before the fruit has formed. Any one who does not like to use the hellebore can dust the bushes with road dust or dry wood ashes every morning while the dew is still on the leaves; care should be taken that the under side of the leaves should receive a good portion of whatever is used. There is still another way of getting rid of these pests, and that is by hand-picking them; but any one who has tried it will agree with me that it is a somewhat tedious process when done every morning for a couple of weeks.

When the fall comes these bushes should be well mulched, and in the spring, before the growth starts, the old wood should be cut out of them, care being taken not to trim them too severely; never take out more than a third of the wood, or you will trim away your crop of fruit for the season. When the spring opens, dig in the mulch and keep the ground well


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 fire of blazing logs to a substantial supper, and a mighty bowl of wassail, something smaller than an ordinary wash-house copper, in which the hot apples were hissing and bubbling with a rich look, and a jolly sound, that were perfectly irresistible. This," said Mr. Pickwick, looking round him, "this is, indeed, comfort."

"Our invariable custom." replied Mr. Wardle. "Everybody sits down with us on Christmas eve, as you see them now—servants and all; and here we wait, until the clock strikes twelve, to usher Christmas in, and beguile the time with forfeits and old stories. Trundle, my boy, rake up the fire."

Up flew the bright sparks in myriads as the logs were stirred. The deep red blaze sent forth a rich glow, that penetrated into the furthest corner of the room, and cast its cheerful tint on every face.

"Come," said Wardle, "a song—a Christmas song! I'll give you one, in default of a better."

"Bravo!" said Mr. Pickwick.

"Fill up," cried Wardle. "It will be two hours, good, before you see the bottom of the bowl through the deep rich colour of the wassail; fill up all round, and now for the song."

Thus saying, the merry old gentleman, in a good, round, sturdy voice, commenced without more ado:

A CHRISTMAS CAROL.


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 packet which the gentleman carried in his hand. His visitor observed the look, and proceeded.

It is no common business,' said he; 'nor have these papers reached my hands without long trouble and great expense.'

The attorney cast a still more anxious look at the packet: and his visitor, untying the string that bound it, disclosed a quantity of promissory notes, with copies of deeds, and other documents.

Upon these papers,' said the client, the man whose name they bear, has raised, as you will see, large sums of money, for some years past. There was a tacit understanding between him and the men into whose hands they originally went—and from whom I have by degrees purchased the whole, for treble and quadruple their nominal value—that these loans should be from time to time renewed, until a given period had elapsed. Such an understanding is nowhere expressed. He has sustained many losses of late; and these obligations accumulating upon him at once, would crush him to the earth."

The whole amount is many thousands of pounds,' said the attorney, looking over the papers.

It is,' said the client.

What are we to do?' inquired the man of business.

Do!' replied the client, with sudden vehemence. Put every engine of the law in force, every trick that ingenuity can devise and rascality execute; fair means and foul; the open oppression of the law, aided by all the craft of its most ingenious practitioners. I would have him die a harassing and lingering death. Ruin him, seize and sell his lands and goods, drive him from house and home, and drag him forth a beggar in his old age, to die in a common grave."

But the costs, my dear sir, the costs of all this, reasoned the attorney, when he had recovered from his momentary surprise. If the defendant be a man of straw, who is to pay the costs, sir?'


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 "The stranger smiled again, and remained immovable as a statue.

I have wronged you,' shrieked the old man, falling on his knees, and clasping his hands together. Be revenged; take my all, my life; cast me into the water at your feet, and, if human nature can repress a struggle, I will die, without stirring hand or foot. Do it, Heyling, do it, but save my boy, he is so young, Heyling, so young to die!"

Listen,' said the stranger, grasping the old man fiercely by the wrist: 'I will have life for life, and here is. My child died, before his father's eyes, a far more agonising and painful death than that young slanderer of his sister's worth is meeting while I speak. You laughed—laughed in your daughter's face, where death had already set his hand—at our sufferings, then. What think you of them now? See there, see there!'

"As the stranger spoke, he pointed to the sea. A faint cry died away upon its surface: the last powerful struggle of the dying man agitated the rippling waves for a few seconds: and the spot where he had gone down into his early grave, was undistinguishable from the surrounding water.

"Three years had elapsed, when a gentleman alighted from a private carriage at the door of a London attorney, then well known as a man of no great nicety in his professional dealings and requested a private interview on business of importance. Although evidently not past the prime of life, his face was pale, haggard, and dejected; and it did not require the acute perception of the man of business, to discern at a glance, that disease or suffering had done more to work a change in his appearance, than the mere hand of time could have accomplished in twice the period of his whole life.

I wish you to undertake some legal business for me,' said the stranger.

The attorney bowed obsequiously, and glanced at a large


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 "I shan't venture to say anything at all about it, seeing that I never heard the story," observed the owner of the Mosaic decorations.

"I wish you would repeat it, sir," said Mr. Pickwick.

"Ah, do," said Lowten, "nobody has heard it but me, and I have nearly forgotten it."

The old man looked round the table, and leered more horribly than ever, as if in triumph, at the attention which was depicted in every face. Then rubbing his chin with his hand, and looking up to the ceiling as if to recall the circumstances to his memory, he began as follows:

" matters little," said the old man, "where, or how, I picked up this brief history. If I were to relate it in the order in which it reached me, I should commence in the middle, and when I had arrived at the conclusion, go back for a beginning. It is enough for me to say that some of its circumstances passed before my own eyes. For the remainder I know them to have happened, and there are some persons yet living, who will remember them but too well.

"In the Borough High Street, near Saint George's Church, and on the same side of the way, stands, as most people know, the smallest of our debtors' prisons, the Marshalsea. Although in later times it has been a very different place from the sink of filth and dirt it once was, even its improved condition holds out but little temptation to the extravagant, or consolation to the improvident. The condemned felon has as good a yard for air and exercise in Newgate, as the insolvent debtor in the Marshalsea Prison.

"It may be my fancy, or it may be that I cannot separate the place from the old recollections associated with it, but this part of London I cannot bear. The street is broad, the shops are spacious, the noise of passing vehicles, the footsteps of a perpetual stream of people—all the busy sounds of traffic,


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 of life, sir, the romance of life! Common-place as they may seem now, I tell you they are strange old places, and I would rather hear many a legend with a terrific sounding name, than the true history of one old set of chambers."

There was something so odd in the old man's sudden energy, and the subject which had called it forth, that Mr. Pickwick was prepared with no observation in reply; and the old man checking his impetuosity, and resuming the leer, which had disappeared during his previous excitement, said:

"Look at them in another light their most common-place and least romantic. What fine places of slow torture they are! Think of the needy man who has spent his all, beggared himself, and pinched his friends, to enter the profession, which will never yield him a morsel of bread. The waiting—the hope—the disappointment—the fear—the misery—the poverty—the blight on his hopes, and end to his career—the suicide perhaps, or the shabby, slipshod drunkard. Am I not right about them?" And the old man rubbed his hands, and leered as if in delight at having found another point of view in which to place his favourite subject.

Mr. Pickwick eyed the old man with great curiosity, and the remainder of the company smiled, and looked on in silence.

"Talk of your German universities," said the little old man. "Pooh, pooh! there's romance enough at home without going half a mile for it; only people never think of it."

"I never thought of the romance of this particular subject before, certainly," said Mr. Pickwick, laughing.

"To be sure you didn't," said the little old man, "of course not. As a friend of mine used to say to me, 'What is there in chambers, in particular?' 'Queer old places,' said I. 'Not at all,' said he. 'Lonely,' said I. 'Not a bit of it,' said he. He died one morning of apoplexy, as he was going to open his outer door. Fell with his head in his own letter-box, and there he lay for eighteen months. Every body thought he'd gone out of town."

"And how was he found at last?" inquired Mr. Pickwick.


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undefined

pains have been taken in compiling this list, in order to make it as complete, each entry as full, and all as correct as might be. It were idle to suppose that all the books named are equally well worth reading. The reader, to whom all are open, will find them vary, after the manner of books; but this volume will go into the hands of many to whom such free range is denied, and for their sake the list has been made long, in the hope that it may include one book at least for all who seek it. He who cannot buy may yet, with the help of this list in his hand, find some one book in well-nigh any library; where also the index of magazine articles will guide him to much matter of learning and amusement. Deeper students have (on p. 273) direction for further search.

—Three sketches of life in Iceland; tr. M. Fenton. R. Washbourne, London, 1877, 8vo.

—See Orkneyinga Saga.

and .—Viking tales of the North. The Sagas of Thorstein, Viking’s son, and Fridthjof the bold. Tr. from the Icelandic by R. B. A. and J. B. Also Tegnér’s Fridthjof’s Saga, tr. G. Stephens. S. C. Griggs & Co., Chicago, 1877, 12mo.

History of the literature of the Scandinavian North, from the most ancient times to the present, by Frederik Winkel Horn, Ph. D., tr. by R. B. A., with Bibliography of Scandinavia by. Griggs, Chicago, 1884, 8vo.

Norse Mythology; or, the religion of our forefathers. Myths of the Eddas systematised and interpreted, with introd., vocab., and index. Griggs, Chicago, 1875, 8vo.

The Scandinavian languages, their value, elucidated by quotations. Madison (Wis., U.S.A.), 1873, 8vo.

See.

—See (Dr. W.)

.—Icelandic Legends. Tr. and Eiríkr Magnússon. 1st series, R. Bentley, London, 1864, 8vo. 2nd series, Notes and Introductory Essay, Longmans, London, 1866, 8vo.

—See.

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 Rh thought it wiser to move on to more general ground. In any case, our notes were now nearly complete.

“These discoveries, then,” we said, “are absolutely revolutionary.”

“They are,” said the Professor.

“You have now, as we understand, got the atom—how shall we put it?—got it where you want it.”

“Not exactly,” said the Professor with a sad smile.

“What do you mean?” we asked.

“Unfortunately our analysis, perfect though it is, stops short. We have no synthesis.”

The Professor spoke as in deep sorrow.

“No synthesis,” we moaned. We felt it was a cruel blow. But in any case our notes were now elaborate enough. We felt that our readers could do without a synthesis. We rose to go.

“Synthetic dynamics,” said the Professor, taking us by the coat, “is only beginning”

“In that case” we murmured, disengaging his hand.

“But, wait, wait,” he pleaded, “wait for another fifty years”

“We will,” we said very earnestly. “But meantime as our paper goes to press this afternoon we must go now. In fifty years we will come back.”

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 Rh “Oh, I see, I see,” said the Professor, “you are writing all this for a newspaper. I see.”

“Yes,” we said, “we mentioned that at the beginning.”

“Ah,” said the Professor, “did you? Very possibly. Yes.”

“We propose,” we said, “to feature the article for next Saturday.”

“Will it be long?” he asked.

“About two columns,” we answered.

“And how much,” said the Professor in a hesitating way, “do I have to pay you to put it in?”

“How much which?” we asked.

“How much do I have to pay?”

“Why, Professor” we began quickly. Then we checked ourselves. After all was it right to undeceive him, this quiet, absorbed man of science with his ideals, his atoms and his emanations. No, a hundred times no. Let him pay a hundred times.

“It will cost you,” we said very firmly, “ten dollars.”

The Professor began groping among his apparatus. We knew that he was looking for his purse.

“We should like also very much,” we said, “to insert your picture along with the article”

“Would that cost much?” he asked.

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20

, old and steadfast

Passed the days of his existence

Where lie Väinölä’s sweet meadows,

Kalevala’s extended heathlands:

There he sang his songs of sweetness

Sang his songs and proved his wisdom.

Day by day he sang unwearied,

Night by night discoursed unceasing,

Sang the songs of by-gone ages,

Hidden words of ancient wisdom,

Songs which all the children sing not,

All beyond men’s comprehension,

In these ages of misfortune,

When the race is near its ending.

Far away the news was carried,

Far abroad was spread the tidings

Of the songs of Väinämöinen,

Of the wisdom of the hero;

In the south was spread the rumour;

Reached to Pohjola the tidings.

Here dwelt youthful Joukahainen,

He, the meagre youth of Lapland;

And, when visiting the village,

Wondrous tales he heard related,

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Rh

How there dwelt another minstrel,

And that better songs were carolled,

Far in Väinölä’s sweet meadows,

Kalevala’s extended heathlands;

Better songs than he could compass;

Better than his father taught him.

This he heard with great displeasure,

And his heart was filled with envy

That the songs of Väinämöinen

Better than his own were reckoned.

Then he went to seek his mother;

Sought her out, the aged woman,

And declared that he would journey,

And was eager to betake him,

Unto Väinölä’s far dwellings,

That he might contend with Väinö.

But his father straight forbade him,

Both his father and his mother,

Thence to Väinölä to journey,

That he might contend with Väinö.

“He will surely sing against you,

Sing against you, and will ban you,

Sink your mouth and head in snow-drifts,

And your hands in bitter tempest:

Till your hands and feet are stiffened,

And incapable of motion.”

Said the youthful Joukahainen,

“Good the counsel of my father,

And my mother’s counsel better;

Best of all my own opinion.

I will set myself against him,

And defy him to a contest,

I myself my songs will sing him,

I myself will speak my mantras;

Sing until the best of minstrels

Shall become the worst of singers.

Shoes of stone will I provide him,

Wooden trousers on his haunches;

On his breast a stony burden,

And a rock upon his shoulders;

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 —This variety does not grow to the large size of the other Italian kinds, more resembling our American Silverskin in size and appearance, but has the great advantage over the latter variety (which takes two seasons to attain the same size), of remarkably quick growth, while the flavor is equally, if not more, delicate. The bulbs are flat, pure white and about two inches in diameter. It is the finest variety for pickling grown. Sown in February, they will produce onions early in the summer, while if sown in July, they will be ready to harvest in the fall, and will then keep in splendid condition throughout the winter.

—This variety is similar to the Giant Red Rocca described above, except in color, which is a clear golden yellow. It is this vari-


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 Rh “Ah,” he said, “you shall have a go at the beehives, then, right away?”

We assured him that we were willing to postpone a go at the beehives till later.

“Come along, then, to the styes,” said the Great Novelist, and he added, “Perhaps you’re not much of a breeder.”

We blushed. We thought of the five little faces around the table for which we provide food by writing our interviews.

“No,” we said, “we were not much of a breeder.”

“Now then,” said the Great Novelist as we reached our goal, “how do you like this stye?”

“Very much indeed,” we said.

“I’ve put in a new tile draining—my own plan. You notice how sweet it keeps the stye.”

We had not noticed this.

“I am afraid,” said the Novelist, “that the pigs are all asleep inside.”

We begged him on no account to waken them. He offered to open the little door at the side and let us crawl in. We insisted that we could not think of intruding.

“What we would like,” we said, “is to hear something of your methods of work in novel writing.” We said this with very peculiar conviction. Quite apart from the immediate pur-

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 Rh poses of our interview, we have always been most anxious to know by what process novels are written. If we could get to know this, we would write one ourselves.

“Come and see my bulls first,” said the Novelist. “I’ve got a couple of young bulls here in the paddock that will interest you.”

We felt sure that they would.

He led us to a little green fence. Inside it were two ferocious looking animals, eating grain. They rolled their eyes upwards at us as they ate.

“How do those strike you?” he asked.

We assured him that they struck us as our beau ideal of bulls.

“Like to walk in beside them?” said the Novelist, opening a little gate.

We drew back. Was it fair to disturb these bulls?

The Great Novelist noticed our hesitation.

“Don’t be afraid,” he said. “They’re not likely to harm you. I send my hired man right in beside them every morning, without the slightest hesitation.”

We looked at the Eminent Novelist with admiration. We realized that like so many of our writers, actors, and even our thinkers, of to-day, he was an open-air man in every sense of the word.

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 ety which is the real “Spanish Onion,” so generally sold at the fruit stands in the cities.

—This I believe to be the handsomest variety of onion grown, as I think the white-skinned varieties the most attractive. The bulbs are slightly flattened, but are very thick through, averaging five to six inches in diameter, and have been grown to the enormous weight of over four pounds to the single bulb, while two-pound bulbs are frequently produced under fair culture. The skin is a beautiful silvery white; the flesh is even whiter, while the flavor is very mild and pleasant, the Italians eating them as we do apples. This should be grown by every gardener on account of its usefulness, both for seasoning and garnishing. As it seeds in the second season, fresh plantings should be made every spring. The seed, being very slow to germinate, should be soaked in tepid water for twenty-four hours before planting. The best way is to sow in the hotbed or cold frame and transplant to the garden, but it can be sown in drills where wanted and thinned out to the proper distance apart. I always try to have a bed of it near the kitchen door, as it saves much running; if such a bed cannot be conveniently placed, some should be cut and brought in with the other vegetables, as it will keep fresh some days if kept in cold water. In the fall some of the best roots should be taken up and planted in the cold frame, or put in pots and boxes in the sunny


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22

Stony gloves his hands shall cover,

And his head a stony helmet."

Then he went his way unheeding,

Went his way, and fetched his gelding,

From whose mouth the fire was flashing,

’Neath whose legs the sparks were flying.

Then the fiery steed he harnessed,

To the golden sledge he yoked him,

In the sledge himself he mounted,

And upon the seat he sat him,

O’er the horse his whip he brandished,

With the beaded whip he smote him,

From the place the horse sprang quickly,

And he darted lightly forwards.

On he drove with thundering clatter,

As he drove a day, a second,

Driving also on the third day,

And at length upon the third day,

Came to Väinölä’s sweet meadows,

Kalevala’s extended heathlands.

Väinämöinen, old and steadfast,

He, the oldest of magicians,

As it chanced was driving onward,

Peacefully his course pursuing

On through Väinölä’s sweet meadows,

Kalevala's extended heathlands.

Came the youthful Joukahainen

Driving on the road against him,

And the shafts were wedged together,

And the reins were all entangled,

And the collar jammed with collar,

And the runners dashed together.

Thus their progress was arrested,

Thus they halted and reflected;

Sweat dropped down upon the runners;

From the shafts the steam was rising.

Asked the aged Väinämöinen,

“Who are you, and what your lineage,

You who drive so reckless onward,

Utterly without reflection?

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 think you are doing when you propose to turn Woldingstanton over to Farr?"

"At any rate," said Farr tartly, "we do not want soul-blackening and counsels of despair at Woldingstanton. We want the boys taught to serve and help first in this lowly economic sphere, cheerfully and enterprisingly, and then in higher things, before they pass on"

"If death ends all, then what is the good of trying?" Mr. Dad said, still brooding over the question. "If I thought that!"

He added with deep conviction, "I should let myself go Anyone would."

He blew heavily, stuck his hands in his pockets, and sat more deeply in his chair, an indignant man, a business man asked to give up something for nothing.

For a moment the little gathering hung, only too manifestly contemplating the spectacle of Mr. Dad amidst wine, women, and waistcoats without restraint, letting himself go, eating, drinking, and rejoicing, being a perfect devil, because on the morrow he had to die

"Immortal," said Mr. Huss. "I did not expect immortality to come into this discussion

"Are you immortal, Farr?" he asked abruptly.

"I hope so," said Mr. Farr. "Unworthy though I be."

"Exactly," said Mr. Huss. "And so that is the way out for us. You and I, Mr. Dad from his factory, and Sir Eliphaz from his building office, are to soar. It is all arranged for us, and that is why the


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Rh both those which are cut off, and those which remain, not only that you may spoil and plunder them, and live at discretion in them for a time, but to be a sure and lasting inheritance for your tribes. You have it not only under your feet, but in your hands."

2. He assures them of God's readiness to carry on, and complete, this glorious work in due time. It is true, some of the Canaanites did yet remain, and in some places were strong and daring, but that should be no disappointment to their expectations; when Israel was so multiplied as to be able to replenish this land, God would expel the Canaanites to the last man, provided Israel would pursue their advantages, and carry on the war against them with vigour, v. 5, "The Lord your God will drive them from out of your sight, so that there shall not be a Canaanite to be seen in the land; and even that part of the country which is yet in their hands, ye shall possess." If it were objected, that, the men of war of the several tribes being dispersed to their respective countries, and the army disbanded, it would be difficult to get them together when there was occasion to renew the war upon the remainder of the Canaanites; in answer to that, he tells them what little need they had to be in care about the numbers of their forces, v. 10, One man of you shall chase a thousand, as Jonathan did, 1 Sam. 14. 13. "Each tribe may venture for itself, and for the recovery of its own lot, without fearing disadvantage by the disproportion of numbers; for the Lord your God, whose all power is, both to inspirit and to dispirit, and who has all creatures at his beck, he it is, that fighteth for you; and how many do you reckon him for?"

3. He hereupon most earnestly charges them to adhere to their duty, to go on and persevere in the good ways of the Lord wherein they were so well set out. He exhorts them,

(1.) To be very courageous, v. 6. "God fighteth for you against your enemies, do you therefore behave yourselves valiantly for him. Keep and do with a firm resolution all that is written in the book of the law." He presses upon them no more than what they were already bound to. "Keep with care, do with diligence, and eye what is written with sincerity."

(2.) To be very cautious. "Take heed of missing it, either on the right hand, or on the left, for there are errors and extremes on both hands. Take heed of running either into a profane neglect of any of God's institutions, or into a superstitious addition of any of your own inventions." They must especially take heed of all approaches toward idolatry, the sin to which they were first inclined, and would be most tempted, v. 7. [1.] They must not acquaint themselves with idolaters, nor come among them to visit them, or be present at any of their feasts or entertainments, for they could not contract any intimacy, or keep up any conversation with them, without danger of infection. [2.] They must not show the least respect to any idol, nor make mention of the name of their Gods, but endeavour to bury the remembrance of them in perpetual oblivion, that the worship of them may never be revived; let the very name of them be forgotten. "Look upon idols as filthy detestable things, not to be named without the utmost loathing and detestation." The Jews would not suffer their children to name swine's flesh, because it was forbidden, lest the naming of it should occasion their desiring of it; but if they had occasion to speak of it, they must call it, that strange thing. It is pity, that among christians the names of the heathen gods are so commonly used, and made so familiar as they are, especially in plays and poems: Let these names which have been set up in rivalship with God, be for ever loathed and lost. [3.] They must not countenance others in showing respect to them. They must not only not swear by them themselves, but they must not cause others to swear by them, which supposes that they must not make any covenants with idolaters, because they, in the confirming of their covenants, would swear by their idols; never let Israelites admit such an oath. [4.] They must take heed of these occasions of idolatry, lest by degrees they should arrive at the highest step of it, which was serving false gods, and bowing down to them, against the letter of the second commandment.

(3.) To be very constant, v. 8. Cleave unto the Lord your God, that is, "delight in him, depend upon him, devote yourselves to his glory, and continue to do so to the end, as you have done unto this day, ever since you came to Canaan;" for, being willing to make the best of them, he looks not so far back as the iniquity of Peor. There might be many things amiss among them, but they had not forsaken the Lord their God, and it is in order to insinuate his exhortation to perseverance with the more pleasing power, that he praises them. "Go on and prosper, for the Lord is with you while you are with him." Those that command, should commend; the way to make people better, is, to make the best of them. "You have cleaved to the Lord unto this day, therefore go on to do so, else you lose the praise and recompense of what you have wrought. Your righteousness will not be mentioned unto you, if you turn from it."

11. Take good heed therefore unto yourselves, that ye love the your God. 12. Else if ye do in any wise go back, and cleave unto the remnant of these nations, even these that remain among you, and shall make marriages with them, and go in unto them, and they to you: 13. Know for a certainty that the your God will no more drive out any of these nations from before you; but they shall be snares and traps unto you, and scourges in your sides, and thorns in your eyes, until ye perish from off this good land, which the  your God hath given you. 14. And, behold, this day I am going the way of all the earth: and ye know in all your hearts, and in all your souls, that not one thing hath failed of all the good things which the your God spake concerning you; all are come to pass unto you, and not one thing hath failed thereof. 15. Therefore it shall come to pass, that as all good things are come upon you, which the your God promised you; so shall the  bring upon you all evil things, until he have destroyed you from off this good land which the  your God hath given you. 16. When ye have transgressed the covenant of the your God, which he commanded you, and have gone and served other gods, and bowed yourselves to them; then shall the anger of the  be kindled against you, and ye shall perish quickly from off the good land which he hath given unto you.

Here,


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Runo III]

Broken are the horses’ collars,

And the wooden runners likewise;

You have smashed my sledge to pieces,

Broke the sledge in which I travelled.”

Then the youthful Joukahainen

Answered in the words which follow: 110

“I am youthful Joukahainen;

But yourself should also tell me,

What your race, and what your nation,

And from what vile stock you issue.”

Väinämöinen, old and steadfast,

Told his name without concealment,

And began to speak as follows:

“Youth, if you are Joukahainen,

You should move aside a little,

For remember, you are younger.”

But the youthful Joukahainen

Answered in the words which follow:

“Here of youthfulness we reck not;

Nought doth youth or age concern us,

He who highest stands in knowledge,

He whose wisdom is the greatest,

Let him keep the path before him,

And the other yield the passage.

If you are old Väinämöinen,

And the oldest of the minstrels,

Let us give ourselves to singing,

Let us now repeat our sayings,

That the one may teach the other,

And the one surpass the other.”

Väinämöinen, old and steadfast,

Answered in the words which follow:

“What can I myself accomplish

As a wise man or a singer?

I have passed my life in quiet,

Here among these very moorlands,

On the borders of my home-field

I have heard the cuckoo calling.

But apart from this at present,

I will ask you to inform me

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 windows of the house, for a winter supply. The leaves and tops from trimming the celery are also very fine for flavoring.

The is so much finer and handsomer than the other kinds that it should be the only one grown. This is a winter vegetable, needing hard freezing to refine and bring out its best quality; the roots should be left to stand where grown until they can be dug in the spring or through the winter as wanted, though some may be dug and stored in heaps for use when the ground is frozen too solidly to admit of digging them. If there is more than are wanted for table use, there should be no delay in getting them dug and marketed as early in the spring as possible, 8


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24

What may be your greatest wisdom;

And the utmost of your knowledge?”

Said the youthful Joukahainen,

“Many things I know in fulness,

And I know with perfect clearness,

And my insight shows me plainly,

In the roof we find the smoke-hole,

And the fire is near the hearthstone.

“Joyful life the seal is leading,

In the waves there sports the sea-dog,

And he feeds upon the salmon,

And the powans round about him.

“Smooth the water loved by powans,

Smooth the surface, too, for salmon ;

And in frost the pike is spawning,

Slimy fish in wintry weather.

Sluggish is the perch, the humpback,

In the depths it swims in autumn,

But it spawns in drought of summer,

Swimming slowly to the margin.

“If this does not yet suffice you,

I am wise in other matters,

And of weighty things can tell you.

In the north they plough with reindeer,

In the south the mare is useful,

And the elk in furthest Lapland.

“Trees I know on Pisa mountain,

Firs upon the rocks of Horna,

Tall the trees on Pisa mountain,

And the firs on rocks of Horna.

“Three great waterfalls I know of,

And as many lakes extensive,

And as many lofty mountains,

Underneath the vault of heaven.

Hälläpyörä is in Häme,

Karjala has Kaatrakoski,

But they do not match the Vuoksi,

There where Imatra is rushing.”

Said the aged Väinämöinen,

“Childish tales, and woman’s wisdom,

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 for when they begin to sprout and grow, they very soon become woody and unfit to eat. A row should be sown in the garden at the same time as the onions, beets, etc., are planted. It is best to sow the seed quite thickly; by thickly I mean one seed every inch or so; when the young plants are about three inches high they should be thinned out to six inches apart in the row, care being taken to leave only one plant in a place, as, if two are left, they will spoil the symmetrical shape of the roots by growing against each other. In planting the seed I always try to run it in between two rows of beets, onions, lettuce, or other early crop, thus working it with the wheel hoe while

small, and when the other crops have been taken off there is room to work it with the cultivator, which is run as close to the rows and as deeply as possible, so that the roots may attain the largest size. In digging the roots when the ground is frozen hard and is impenetrable to the spade, I use a long iron post digger with a steel blade.


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 12 famous essay on Population the idea that, inasmuch as the struggle for food and other necessities of life was just as pressing among all other organisms as among man, there was a ready explanation of the means by which a purely natural selection could be carried on age after age, without the slightest necessity for guidance by some superior intellect. Under such conditions it would be only natural that the favorable variations would tend to be preserved, while the unfavorable ones were destroyed. The result of this would be the formation of new species. "Here then," says Darwin, "I had at last got a theory by which to work; but I was so anxious to avoid prejudice, that I determined not for some time to write even the briefest sketch of it. In June, 1842, I first allowed myself the satisfaction


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Fifth Edition.Crown 8vo.5s. net.

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Sketches and Satires on the Follies of the Day

With Coloured Frontispiece by "Fish," and five other Plates by.

''Fourth Edition.Crown 8vo.5s. net.''

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Runo III]

But for bearded men unsuited,

And for married men unfitted.

Tell me words of deepest wisdom,

Tell me now of things eternal.”

Then the youthful Joukahainen

Answered in the words which follow:

“Well I know whence comes the titmouse,

That the titmouse is a birdie,

And a snake the hissing viper,

And the ruffe a fish in water.

And I know that hard is iron,

And that mud when black is bitter.

Painful, too, is boiling water,

And the heat of fire is hurtful,

Water is the oldest medicine,

Cataract’s foam a magic potion;

The Creator’s self a sorcerer,

Jumala the Great Magician.

“From the rock springs forth the water,

And the fire from heaven descendeth,

And from ore we get the iron,

And in hills we find the copper.

“Marshy country is the oldest,

And the first of trees the willow.

Pine-roots were the oldest houses,

And the earliest pots were stone ones.”

Väinämöinen, old and steadfast,

Answered in the words which follow:

“Is there more that you can tell me,

Or is this the end of nonsense?”

Said the youthful Joukahainen,

“Many little things I wot of,

And the time I well remember

When ’twas I who ploughed the ocean,

Hollowed out the depths of ocean,

And I dug the caves for fishes,

And I sunk the deep abysses,

When the lakes I first created,

And I heaped the hills together,

And the rocky mountains fashioned.

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 Rh of writing a very brief abstract of my theory in pencil in 35 pages; and this was enlarged during the summer of 1844 into one of 230 pages, which I had fairly copied out and still possess.

"But at this time I overlooked one problem of great importance; and it is astonishing to me, except on the principle of Columbus and his egg, how I could have overlooked it and its solution. This problem is the tendency in organic beings descended from the same stock to diverge in character as they become modified. That they have diverged greatly is obvious from the manner in which species of all kinds can be classed under genera, genera under families, families under sub-orders and so forth; and I can remember the very spot in the road, whilst in my carriage, when to my joy the solution occurred to me; and this was long after I had come to Down. The solution, as I believe, is that the modified offspring of all dominant and increasing forms tend to become adapted to many and highly diversified places in the economy of nature."

It was at about this time that Darwin began to feel real confidence in the results of his reading and experimentation. In January of 1844, before writing out the second statement of his ideas, he wrote to Hooker:

… I have now been, ever since my return, engaged in a very presumptuous work, and I know no one individual who will not say a foolish one. I was so struck with the distribution of the Galapagos organisms, etc., and with the character of the American fossil mammifers, etc., that I determined to collect, blindly, every sort of fact, which could bear in any way on what are species. I have


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For the last three seasons I have grown the, and have found it so much superior in size and quality to the Long Smooth, as to be above comparison. The roots are smooth, fine shaped, and free from small roots, while the quality is very superior.

The first planting should be made in the spring, as soon as the ground can be prepared. It is my practice to sow three varieties at the first planting, and two varieties at each subsequent one, kinds being sown which will mature in succession, one being ready to pick about the time the preceding one is past. The same result may be obtained by making plantings of the same sort a week apart. I think my way the easier, and besides, relish the variety. A drill of fifty feet would probably be sufficient for an ordinary family to have in bearing, but as my own family is large and very fond of this vegetable, and insist upon having them upon the table every day in the season when it is possible to grow them, I find a full row across the garden none too many to have in bearing at one time.

For several years past I have given up raising the tail growing peas requiring brush or sticks for their support, as it is not easy to procure sufficient brush for a garden of this size, unless you have a convenient woods upon which to draw, and even then it takes a great deal of labor to get the brush and stick


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 14 read heaps of agricultural and horticultural book, and have never ceased collecting facts. At last gleams of light have come, and I am almost convinced. (quite contrary to the opinion I started with) that species are not (it is like confessing a murder) immutable… I think I have found out (here's presumption!) the simple way by which species become exquisitely adapted to various ends. You will now groan, and think to yourself, 'on what a man I have been wasting my time and writing to.' I should, five years ago, have thought so. …

This was the first time Darwin mentioned the subject to Hooker—or for that matter, to anyone outside of his own household. But the great botanist neither groaned nor regretted the time he had spent in writing; instead, he accepted the earliest possible invitation to meet Darwin at his brother's house in London. After that Hooker frequently came to Down, sometimes alone, and sometimes in the company of other naturalists. After the work of evolution became well established, visits became matters of scientific inquiry as well as friendship.

"It was an established rule," says Hooker, "that he every day pumped me, as he called it, for half an hour or so after breakfast in his study, when he first brought out a heap of slips with questions botanical, geographical, etc., for me to answer, and concluded by telling me of the progress he had made in his


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26

“Then I stood with six great heroes,

I myself the seventh among them.

When the earth was first created,

And the air above expanded;

For the sky I fixed the pillars,

And I reared the arch of heaven,

To the moon assigned his journey,

Helped the sun upon his pathway,

To the Bear his place appointed,

And the stars in heaven I scattered.”

Said the aged Väinämöinen,

“Ay, indeed, a shameless liar!

You at least were never present

When the ocean first was furrowed,

And the ocean depths were hollowed,

And the caves were dug for fishes,

And the deep abysses sunken,

And the lakes were first created,

When the hills were heaped together,

And the rocky mountains fashioned.

“No one ever yet had seen you,

None had seen you, none had heard you,

When the earth was first created,

And the air above expanded,

When the posts of heaven were planted,

And the arch of heaven exalted,

When the moon was shown his pathway,

And the sun was taught to journey,

When the Bear was fixed in heaven,

And the stars in heaven were scattered.”

But the youthful Joukahainen

Answered in the words which follow:

“If I fail in understanding,

I will seek it at the sword-point.

O thou aged Väinämöinen,

O thou very broad-mouthed minstrel,

Let us measure swords together,

Let the blade decide between us.”

Said the aged Väinämöinen,

“I have little cause to fret me

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 Rh own work, asking my opinion on various points. I saw no more of him till noon, when I heard his mellow ringing voice calling my name under my window—this was to join him in his daily forenoon walk round the sand-walk. … Our conversation usually ran on foreign lands and seas, old friends, old books, and things far off to both mind and eye."

Even after writing out his conclusions on the development of life, and the conditions underlying evolution, Darwin was not ready to publish. There were more facts to collect, and minor theories to verify, and he was unwilling to have his work appear before it was so complete as to be quite convincing. At the same time he realized that there was chance of his death, in which case the results of those years of patient labor might be lost, or used imperfectly. The following letter, written on July 5, 1844, and addressed to Mrs. Darwin, tells how highly the manuscript was prized:

I have just finished my sketch of my species theory. If, as I believe, my theory in time be accepted even by one competent judge, it will be a considerable step in science.

I therefore write this in case of my sudden death, as my most solemn and last request, which I am sure you will consider the same as if legally entered in my will, that you will devote 400 pounds to its publication. … I wish that my sketch be given to some competent person, with this sum to induce him to take trouble in its improvement and enlargement. I give to him all my books on


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Runo III]

Either for your sword or wisdom,

For your sword-point or your judgment.

But, apart from this at present,

I will draw no sword upon you,

So contemptible a fellow,

And so pitiful a weakling.”

Then the youthful Joukahainen

Shook his head, his mouth drawn crooked,

And he tossed his locks of blackness,

And he spake the words which follow:

“He who shuns the sword’s decision,

Nor betakes him to his sword-blade,

To a swine I soon will sing him,

To a snouted swine transform him.

Heroes I have thus o’erpowered,

Hither will I drive and thither.

And will pitch them on the dunghill,

Grunting in the cowshed corner.”

Angry then was Väinämöinen,

Filled with wrath and indignation,

And himself commenced his singing,

And to speak his words of wisdom.

But he sang no childish ditties,

Children’s songs and women’s jesting,

But a song for bearded heroes,

Such as all the children sing not,

Nor a half the boys can master,

Nor a third can lovers compass,

In the days of dark misfortune,

When our life is near its ending.

Sang the aged Väinämöinen;

Lakes swelled up, and earth was shaken,

And the coppery mountains trembled,

And the mighty rocks resounded.

And the mountains clove asunder;

On the shore the stones were shivered.

Then he sang of Joukahainen,

Changed his runners into saplings,

And to willows changed the collar,

And the reins he turned to alder,

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 16 Natural History, which are either scored or have references at the end of the pages, begging him carefully to look over and consider such passages as actually bearing, or by possibly bearing, on this subject. I wish you to make a list of all such books as some temptation to an editor. I also request that you will hand over to him all those scraps, roughly divided in eight or ten brown paper portfolios. The scraps, with copied quotations from various works are those which may aid my editor… As the looking over the references an scraps will be a long labour, and as the correcting and enlarging and altering my sketch will also take considerable time, I leave this sum of 400 pounds as some remuneration, and any profits from the work. I consider that for this the editor is bound to get the sketch published either at a publisher's or his own risk. …

With respect to editors, Mr. Lyell would be the best if he would undertake it; I believe he would find the work pleasant, and he would learn some facts new to him. As the editor must be a geologist as well as a naturalist, the next best editor would be Professor Forbes of London. The next best (and quite best in many respects) would be Professor Henslow. Dr. Hooker would be very good. … Should one other hundred pounds make the difference of procuring a good editor, request earnestly that you will raise 500 pounds.

This letter gives us, aside from a glimpse of the value which Darwin gave his "sketch," an interesting estimation of his various scientific friends, so far as their connection with evolution was concerned. The estimate changed in time, for ten years later another notation was made on the letter, reading, "Hooker by far best man to edit my species volume. August, 1854."

Fortunately Darwin's ill health, though painful and hampering in the extreme, did not seriously threaten his life, and there was no need


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 Rh to follow out the directions of the letter. The work of reading, observing, and experimenting, went on year after year. The puzzling problem of variation among animals and plants yielded to a solution—not a complete one by any means, yet one that was sufficient for the time. The concept of selection grew in importance, until it became the principal feature of the work. Yet as the information accumulated the magnitude of the problem became more clear, and Darwin still hesitated to publish what he considered an incomplete statement of the question and its answer.

During these years of investigation, general interest in the beginning and development of life increased. The same year that Darwin wrote his much-prized sketch, there appeared an anonymous book called the Vestiges of Creation. which some people attributed to Darwin. The book was written in a brilliant style, but particularly in the earlier editions, contained a great number of inaccuracies. As Darwin wrote Hooker, "his geology strikes me as bad, and his zoology far worse," while the general tone of the book was far from philosophic. Yet it did expound an idea of evolution, even though a poor one, and had a very large sale. Even Darwin, devotee to accuracy and caution, admitted that the book did great service in calling attention to the subject, in removing a great deal of prejudice, and in preparing the popular mind for other and more accurate information in the same field.

Finally, in 1856, Lyell persuaded Darwin to prepare his work for publication, and he be-


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 18 gan work on a scale that would have resulted in three or four volumes the sizes of the Origin of Species. The project was brought to a sudden halt, however, when in 1858 Alfred Russell Wallace, then a young man living in the Malay Archipelago, sent Darwin a manuscript entitled On the Tendency of Varieties to Depart Indefinitely from the Original Type. The matter was placed before Lyell and Hooker, who advised that, inasmuch as Darwin had been at work on his theory of species long before Wallace, it was only fair that steps should be taken to give proper credit for his pioneer work. Darwin objected to this, and was willing to leave Wallace the entire field, but his friends would not hear to it.

As a result of their persuasion, Lyell and Hooker sponsored the publication, in the Journal of the Linnean Society for June 30, 1858 a group of papers, including two short ones by by Darwin and Wallace's essay. With these went a statement as to the work done by each author, establishing clearly the priority of Darwin. The papers, however, did not attract much attention, for Darwin says, "… the only published notice of them which I can remember was by Professor Haughton of Dublin, whose verdict was that all that was new in them false, and what was true was old."

In spite of the great similarity of ideas, as


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 Rh shown by their papers, Darwin and Wallace differed considerably in the attitude from which they approached and regarded the problem,_As Dr. Osborn points out, "Darwin dwells upon variations in single characters, as taken hold of by Selection; Wallace mentions variations, but dwells upon full-formed varieties, as favorably or unfavorably adapted. It is perfectly clear that with Darwin the struggle is so intense that the chance of survival of each individual turns upon a single and even slight variation. With Wallace, Varieties are already presupposed by causes which he does not discuss, a change in the environment occurs, and those varieties which happen to be adapted to it survive." Needless to say, of the two methods of approach, that of Darwin is by far the more thorough-going.

Wallace resigned the work in favor of Darwin, who in 1858 set to work upon a book on the development of species, but was so interrupted by illness that more than a year was necessary to complete it. In the main it was a condensation of the work begun in 1856 and interrupted by the arrival of Wallace's paper—a condensation which Darwin did not desire, but undertook in order to prevent further difficulty in matters of priority, and to gratify his friends. Throughout the period of the work there are references to it in his letters—here the refusal to read a "heavy" book until the work on the "Abstract" is done—there a wish that the work would be completed, so he could rest. On January 25th, 1859, Darwin wrote Wallace, "… thank God I am in my last chapter but one," while on March 2d he asked Hooker


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 20 if he could look over the chapter on Geographical Distribution. There is an amusing note to a letter of March 28, where Darwin asks Lyell:

Evidently Mr. Murray did not have great doubts as to lack of orthodoxy—nor as to the probable sale of the book, for a few days later Darwin wrote, "… I wrote him and gave him the headings of the chapters, and told him he could not have the MS. for ten days or so; and this morning I receive a letter offering me handsome terms, and agreeing to publish without seeing the MS.! So he is eager enough. …" Later on, three sample chapters were sent to Murray, who confirmed his acceptance of the book. The work of writing and copying went on, and various chapters were sent to specialists for comment and, if necessary, correction. There was much difficulty with style, and even Mrs. Hooker assisted in making corrections. Even after the manuscript went into the hands of the printer corrections were necessary after the material was "set up" in type. Probably Darwin became more and more dissatisfied as the work went on and his health became worse, for on June 22d he wrote Hooker, "… how can a man have anything to say, who spends every day in correcting accursed proofs; and such


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 Rh proofs! I have fairly to blacken them, and fasten slips of paper on, so miserable have I found the style. You say you dreamt that my book was entertaining; that dream is pretty well over with me" But gradually the work lessened; on September 30th the last of the regular pages were finished, and only the index remained to be done. It appears that it was handled by someone else, for in the same letter Darwin mentions the practical completion of the book and the plan to go to a hydropathic hospital on "Tuesday or Wednesday." When the next letters were written the Origin of Species was finished, and its author had spent a couple of weeks in rest. To him it was neither a great book, nor even a well-done one; after thirteen months of exacting labor he could see little in it that another could not have done with more success. Yet, even with his knowledge of its incompleteness and imperfections, Darwin was glad it was written—and impatiently eager for it to appear and meet the judgment of those who had taken no part in its production.


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28

And he sang the sledge all gilded,

To the lake among the rushes,

And the whip, with beads embellished,

To a reed upon the water,

And the horse, with front white-spotted

To a stone beside the torrent.

Then he sang his sword, gold-hilted,

To a lightning-flash in heaven,

And his ornamented crossbow,

To a rainbow o’er the water,

And he sang his feathered arrows,

Into hawks that soar above him;

And his dog, with upturned muzzle,

Stands a stone in earth embedded.

From his head, his cap, by singing,

Next became a cloud above him,

From his hands, his gloves, by singing,

Next were changed to water-lilies,

And the blue coat he was wearing,

Floats a fleecy cloud in heaven,

And the handsome belt that girt him,

In the sky as stars he scattered.

As he sang, sank Joukahainen

Waist-deep in the swamp beneath him,

Hip-deep in the marshy meadow,

To his arm-pits in a quicksand.

Then indeed young Joukahainen

Knew at last, and comprehended;

And he knew his course was finished,

And his journey now was ended.

For in singing he was beaten,

By the aged Väinämöinen.

He would raise his foot to struggle

But he could no longer lift it;

Then he tried to lift the other,

But as shod with stone he felt it.

Then the youthful Joukahainen

Felt the greatest pain and anguish,

And he fell in grievous trouble,

And he spoke the words which follow:

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 22

Darwin's diary, under the date of October 1, 1859, bears the entry, "Finished proofs (thirteen months and ten days) of Abstract on 'Origin of Species'; 1,250 copies printed. The first edition was published on November 24th, and all copies sold first day." On the 9th of December he and his family returned home from a visit to a water-cure establishment; the only later entry in the diary is, "During end of November and beginning of December employed in correcting for second” edition of 3,000 copies; multitude of letters."

There is a great deal implied in those two brief entries—more, even, than Darwin himself appears to have realized. In the first place, it is very unusual for an entire edition of a scientific book, even when that edition is only 1,250 copies, to be exhausted the day it appears. It is still more unusual for a second edition, nearly two and a half times as great as the first, to be called for within a month. Such things generally happen to but two classes of books: those that are very bad, such as most popular novels, and those that are almost unbelievably good. It is characteristic of the former that they are received with enthusiasm and acclaim; of the latter that they are welcomed by a few, suspected yet considered by many, and attacked by the majority of those who read them as well as by an equal or greater number who don't. And this is particu-


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Runo III]

“O thou wisest Väinämöinen,

O thou oldest of magicians,

Speak thy words of magic backwards,

And reverse thy songs of magic.

Loose me from this place of terror,

And release me from my torment.

I will pay the highest ransom,

And the fixed reward will give thee.”

Said the aged Väinämöinen,

“What do you propose to give me,

If I turn my words of magic,

And reverse my songs of magic,

Loose you from this place of terror,

And release you from your torment?”

Said the youthful Joukahainen,

“I’ve two crossbows I could give you,

Ay, a pair of splendid crossbows,

One shoots forth with passing quickness,

Surely hits the mark the other.

If it please you, choose between them.”

Said the aged Väinämöinen,

“No, your bows I do not covet,

For the wretched bows I care not;

I myself have plenty of them.

All the walls are decked with crossbows,

All the pegs are hung with crossbows;

In the woods they wander hunting,

Nor a hero needs to span them.”

Then the youthful Joukahainen

In the swamp he sang yet deeper.

Said the youthful Joukahainen,

“I have yet two boats to offer;

Splendid boats, as I can witness,

One is light, and fit for racing,

Heavy loads will bear the other;

If it please you, choose between them.”

Said the aged Väinämöinen,

“No, your boats I do not covet,

And I will not choose between them,

I myself have plenty of them.

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 turnal excursion to a neighbouring castle, where I learnt, the next morning, that it was to be my future residence. The situation was, indeed, beautiful; the garden extensive and elegant; walking was, therefore, my chief occupation and amusement. Although I was never without company, or at least without such attendants as observed me from a distance, and the happy period of my elopement was probably not very near, yet I cheered myself up by numberless plans of accelerating it secretly.

"My keepers studied to amuse me by numberless little diversions. Rural feasts, the charm of selected parties; beautiful, winning females, and young, amiable men, were to accomplish, with the smiling assistance of the graces, during a constant round of pleasures, what had been devised and begun under circumstances of the most serious and awful complexion. Every one breathed a general and delicate desire of pleasing me, and of

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30

All the staves are full already,

Every creek is crowded with them,

Boats to face the gale adapted,

Boats against the wind that travel.”

Then the youthful Joukahainen,

In the swamp he sang yet deeper.

Said the youthful Joukahainen,

“I have still two noble stallions;

Ay, a pair of handsome horses;

One of these of matchless swiftness,

And the other best in harness.

If it please you, choose between them.”

Said the aged Väinämöinen,

“No, I do not want your horses;

Do not need your steeds, white-footed.

I myself have plenty of them.

Every stall has now its tenant,

Every stable’s filled with horses,

With their backs like water shining;

Lakes of fat upon their haunches.”

Then the youthful Jaukahainen,

In the swamp he sang yet deeper.

Said the youthful Joukahainen,

“O thou aged Väinämöinen,

Speak thy words of magic backwards,

And reverse thy songs of magic.

I will give a golden helmet,

And a hat filled up with silver,

Which my father won in warfare,

Which he won in battle-struggle.”

Said the aged Väinämöinen,

“No, I do not want your silver,

And for gold, I only scorn it.

I myself have both in plenty.

Every store-room crammed with treasure,

Every chest is overflowing.

Gold as ancient as the moonlight,

Silver with the sun coeval.”

Then the youthful Joukahainen

In the swamp he sang yet deeper.

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 In my list, therefore, of Videnda at Lyons, this, tho' last—was not, you see, least; so taking a dozen or two of longer strides than usual across my room, just whilst it passed my brain, I walked down calmly into the Basse Cour, in order to sally forth; and having called for my bill—as it was uncertain whether I should return to my inn, I had paid it—had moreover given the maid ten sous, and was just receiving the dernier compliments of Monsieur Le Blanc, for a pleasant voyage down the Rhône—when I was stopped at the gate


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by a poor ass who had just turned in with a couple of large panniers upon his back, to collect eleemosunary turnip tops and cabbage leaves; and stood dubious, with his two forefeet on the inside of the threshold, and with his two hinder feet towards the street, as not knowing very well whether he was to go in, or no.

Now, 'tis an animal (be in what hurry I may) I cannot bear to strikethere is a patient endurance of sufferings, wrote so unaffectedly in his looks and carriage, which pleads so mightily for him, that it always disarms me; and to that degree, that I do not like to speak unkindly to him: on the contrary, meet him where I


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Runo III]

Said the youthful Joukahainen,

“O thou aged Väinämöinen,

Loose me from this place of terror,

And release me from my torment.

All my stacks at home I’ll give thee,

And my fields I likewise promise,

All to save my life I offer,

If you will accept my ransom.”

Said the aged Väinämöinen,

“No, your barns I do not covet,

And your fields are ’neath my notice.

I myself have plenty of them.

Fields are mine in all directions,

Stocks are reared on every fallow,

And my own fields please me better,

And my stacks of corn are finest.”

Then the youthful Joukahainen

In the swamp he sang yet deeper.

Then the youthful Joukahainen,

Felt at length the greatest anguish,

Chin-deep in the swamp while sinking,

In the mud his beard was draggled,

In the moss his mouth was sunken,

And his teeth among the tree-roots.

Said the youthful Joukahainen,

“O thou wisest Väinämöinen,

O thou oldest of magicians,

Sing once more thy songs of magic , Grant the life of one so wretched,

And release me from my prison.

In the stream my feet are sunken,

With the sand my eyes are smarting.

“Speak thy words of magic backwards,

Break the spell that overwhelms me!

You shall have my sister Aino,

I will give my mother’s daughter.

She shall dust your chamber for you,

Sweep the flooring with her besom,

Keep the milk-pots all in order;

And shall wash your garments for you.

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 will—whether in town or country—in cart or under panniers—whether in liberty or bondage—I have ever something civil to say to him on my part; and as one word begets another (if he has as little to do as I)—I generally fall into conversation with him; and surely never is my imagination so busy as in framing his responses from the etchings of his countenance—and where those carry me not deep enough—in flying from my own heart into his, and seeing what is natural for an ass to think—as well as a man, upon the occasion. In truth, it is the only creature of all the classes of beings below me, with whom I can do this: for parrots, jackdaws, &c.—I never exchange a word with them—nor with the apes, &c. for pretty near the same reason; they act by rote, as the


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103 Member of this College; called by the present patriotic Sovereign of France, to take part in his Councils, and whose transcendent labours in Comparative Anatomy, have obtained him universal fame. We hail also with delight the numerous discoveries of other celebrated individuals and societies, both at home and abroad in this and other departments of natural knowledge, which all combine to. throw light on that which we are most engaged to study and improve. For the sciences are like the stars in the firmament; though each is most brilliant and most useful in its own peculiar sphere, yet in its measure it illumines, and is illumined by, all those which surround it.

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 others speak by it, and equally make me silent: nay my dog and my cat, though I value them both(and for my dog he would speak if he could)—yet some how or other, they neither of them possess the talents for conversation—I can make nothing of a discourse with them, beyond the proposition, the reply, and rejoinder, which terminated my father's and my mother's conversations, in his beds of justiceand those utter'd—there's an end of the dialogue

—But with an ass, I can commune for ever.

Come Honesty! said I,—seeing it was impracticable to pass betwixt him and the gate—art thou for coming in, or going out?


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104 I cannot therefore conclude this address without congratulating the younger members of the College, on having chosen a profession which affords them such valuable opportunities to extend their knowledge, and to establish their virtue—To extend their knowledge, for it opens on every path of philosophical. enquiry—To establish their virtue, for the love of truth is its supreme law, and good-will to man its perpetual object. And f think it may be proper, as no minor consideration for parents and the guardians of youth, at a period like this, when our free and exalted country has been scarcely more honourably adorned, by zealous and merciful. endeavours to disseminate the blessings of Christianity, than shamefully

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Talk:Preface to Greene's Menaphon

DivermanAU (talk) 13:45, 4 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Preface to Greene's Menaphon


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105 polluted by the pestilential and serpentine hissings of blasphemy and sedition, that I should add—to confirm their religion. It seems indeed to have. been strangely imagined, that there is something in the nature of our profession, or of the studies in which we are necessarily engaged, that has a tendency to. encourage scepticism and to favour infidelity—-We repel the unfounded suspicion—We contend there is, a manifest absurdity in supposing, that engagements which make us habitually conversant with all the vicissitudes of life, and pursuits, which are perpetually bringing before us the most exquisite proofs of the infinite power of the Al- �


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Author:George W. Bateman

Works

 * Zanzibar Tales (1901)

title: Author:George W. Bateman


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 The ass twisted his head round to look up the street

Well—replied I—we'll wait a minute for thy driver:

He turned his head thoughtful about, and looked wistfully the opposite way

I understand thee perfectly; answered I—if thou takest a wrong step in this affair, he will cudgel thee to death—Well! a minute is but a minute, and if it saves a fellow creature a drubbing, it shall not be set down as ill-spent.

He was eating the stem of an artichoke as this discourse went on, and in the little peevish contentions of nature


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 betwixt hunger and unsavouriness, had dropt it out of his mouth half a dozen times, and pick'd it up again—God help thee, Jack! said I, thou hast a bitter breakfast on't—and many a bitter day's labour—and many a bitter blow, I fear, for its wages'tis all—all bitterness to thee, whatever life is to others.And now thy mouth, if one knew the truth of it, is a bitter, I dare say, as soot—(for he had cast aside the stem) and thou hast not a friend perhaps in all this world, that will give thee a macaroon.—In saying this, I pull'd out a paper of 'em, which I had just purchased, and gave him one—and at this moment that I am telling it, my heart smites me, that there was more of pleasantry in the conceit, of seeing how an ass would eat a macaroonthan of be-


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. And she would be disappointed? Isn't it so? How amiable!

. It is the truth. She is—as I was. All she understands is love—like his. Youth and happiness and joy!

Curtain


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 A volume like the present, whose circulation it was supposed would be a limited one, seems scarcely to require an introduction: but, having met with a success which has far exceeded the writer's expectations, she deems it proper to state, that many of the pieces have previously appeared in the periodicals of the day, and are now for the first time collected. They have not been arranged in the order of their dates, but in accordance with their subjects—those at the close of the volume being the productions of earlier years.

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Page:The Music of the Spheres.djvu/134

 he grew afraid, and in order to convince himself that his beloved wife was really behind him, he turned suddenly around—only to see Eurydice, with her arms outstretched, floating slowly backwards into the drear, dead land below. The grief of Orpheus at this second loss was even more intense than before, and half-crazed with sorrow and remorse, the poor lad stumbled to the banks of the river Strymon, where he mourned for seven days with neither food nor drink. At last he wandered up into the mountains where he fell into the hands of wild, bacchanalian revelers and came to a violent end. At the intercession of Apollo and the Muses, the harp of Orpheus was placed among the stars while the youth himself was tenderly cared for and buried beneath the shadow of Mount Olympus.

Some mythologists, however, claim that Orpheus was changed into a swan and placed in the heavens as the constellation of Cygnus so that he might be near Lyra, the constellation of the Harp, although the Latin poet Ovid claims that "Cygnus" took its name from "Cycnus," a friend of Apollo's son Phæthon. It might seem strange, on the face of it, that a celebrated singer like Orpheus should be changed into a bird as lacking in song as the swan, but it should be remembered that the ancients believed

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