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 Graphs similar to figures 2 to 8 could of course be plotted for the other illuminants, using the data given in table 2. While this has not b een done for the present paper, it has seemed of interest to show the effect of the illuminant on the location and shape of the network. This is done in figure 9, where the values of x and y for Munsell value 5/ are plotted to the same scale for the four illuminants.

Differences between the methods used by Glenn and Killian and those used at the National Bureau of Standards are understood to be as follows: (1) The Glenn-Killian spectrophotometric data were obtained with samples backed by "a standard white substance," the National Bureau of Standards data with samples backed with black paper, (2) the calibration curves (see above) run on each sheet at the National Bureau of Standards were not used by Glenn and Killian, and (3) the Glenn-Killian colorimetric computations were made by the selected-ordinate method, the NBS data by the weighted-ordinate method.

Spectrophotometric differences caused by the backing are illustrated in figure 10, in which are shown the curves obtained on four Munsell samples, each sample being run first with white backing and


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 then with black backing. The spectral reflections of the backings used for figure 10 are shown in the figure. It will be noted that the effect of backing becomes appreciable at wavelengths greater than 550 mμ approximately, if the values of apparent reflectance are greater than 0.60 or 0.65. (The slight separation of the curves for PBP 8/2

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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 between 480 and 600 mμ is not considered significant. It is probably caused by nonuniformity of the sample. Differences of this magnitude can be obtained when a sample is rerun with the same backing if the sample and backing have been removed and reinserted between runs.)

The effects of such spectrophotometric differences on the computed values of Y, x, and y are shown in table 3. Since these samples probably illustrate the maximum effects to be expected from the two backings, it is apparent that the differences in color caused by measurement with white or with black backing are mostly unimportant.

The use of calibration curves on each record sheet-those enabling corrections of wavelength errors, 100-percent and zero curve deviations, and aging of the MgO comparison surface, as used at the National Bureau of Standards—enables spectrophotometric data to be obtained with much less care and worry regarding certain details of operation than if these calibration curves were omitted. Omission of the curves makes it necessary for the operator to take great care, for example, in the insertion of the graph sheet in the instrument, in continually checking the wavelength calibration of the instrument, and in controlling or watching the graph paper for expansion or shrinkage with change of humidity. A new MgO comparison surface must be prepared each day, and the question of reproducibility of such surfaces thus enters. The possibility of erratic differences in results between the two investigations is thus present, but since different actual samples were measmoed, no further conclusions can be reached regarding the erratic differences between the Glenn-Killian and the National Bureau of Standards data.

TABLE 3.—Effect of backing on colors of 1I1unsell samples Munsell sample

[Values are computed from the spectrophotometric curves shown in figure 10.]

With respect to the differences between values of X, Y, Z, x, y, and z resulting from differences in computational procedure-3 0 selected ordinates, as against weighted ordinates at every 10mμ it has been shown [21] that such differences are small for samples such as those considered here, much less than some of the differences shown. Only small and unimportant errors are therefore to be expected from this difference in computational procedure.

Detailed comparison of the values of x and y obtained by Glenn and Killian with those obtained at the National Bureau of Standards may be made by the inspection of figures 2 to 8 or by study of the published data. Only two additional points will be noted here. 1. Certain consistent differences in the respective chromaticities are apparent when the (x, y)-data for certain groups of samples having the


text:
Page:The Net of Faith.pdf/789

291*

title: Page:The Net of Faith.pdf/789


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 same hue designations (figs. 2 to 8) are replotted in a single graph, regardless of value level. This is particularly noticeable for the 10 GY, GY, P, 10 RP, and R samples. However, although the maximum (x, y)-difference between the Glenn-Killian and the National Bureau of Standards data is Δx =0.0143 and Δy = 0.0156, inspection of figures 2 to 8 shows that in the great majority of cases there is good agreement between the two sets of data. Further effort to resolve the differences would seem unwarranted.

2. Differences in the average values of Y obtained in the two investigations are shown in table 4. The greatest differences are at the extremes. That for Munsell value 8/ may be caused partially by the differences in backing. That for Munsell value 2/ may indicate a real instrumental difference relating to the zero readings of the respective instruments; none of the 33 individual differences going into this average is negative. While the individual differences on which the values of table 4 are based reached a maximum of 0.036 (sample P 7/2), the final average value of +0.002 for all of the data is very small

The Munsell notations for chroma and hue may be determined from figures 2 to 8 for any color whose chromaticity falls within these diagrams by plotting its trilinear coordinates on the appropriate value-level diagrams and estimating the relative position of this point with respect to the points representing the nearest samples of constant hue and the nearest lines of constant chroma. The Munsell value of the color is found by interpolation or extrapolation between the values of apparent reflectance (Y) of the Munsell standards for illuminant C in table 2. By referring to the color-name charts in RP1239, the ISCC-NBS color name descriptive of that color will be found. Likewise, in disk colorimetry [21], given percentages of a certain set of disks may be transformed into trilinear coordinates, plotted in a similar manner, and the corresponding color name found. Thus the ISCC


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Page:Complete Poetical Works of John Greenleaf Whittier (1895).djvu/320

288   Be, if ye will, the scandal of God’s fair universe; We wash our hands forever of your sin and shame and curse.

A voice from lips whereon the coal from Freedom’s shrine hath been, Thrilled, as but yesterday, the hearts of Berkshire’s mountain men: The echoes of that solemn voice are sadly lingering still In all our sunny valleys, on every wind-swept hill.

And when the prowling man-thief came hunting for his prey Beneath the very shadow of Bunker’s shaft of gray, How, through the free lips of the son, the father’s warning spoke; How, from its bonds of trade and sect, the Pilgrim city broke!

A hundred thousand right arms were lifted up on high, A hundred thousand voices sent back their loud reply; Through the thronged towns of Essex the startling summons rang, And up from bench and loom and wheel her young mechanics sprang!

The voice of free, broad Middlesex, of thousands as of one, The shaft of Bunker calling to that of Lexington; From Norfolk’s ancient villages, from Plymouth’s rocky bound To where Nantucket feels the arms of ocean close her round;

From rich and rural Worcester, where through the calm repose Of cultured vales and fringing woods the gentle Nashua flows, To where Wachuset’s wintry blasts the mountain larches stir, Swelled up to Heaven the thrilling cry of “God save Latimer!”

And sandy Barnstable rose up, wet with the salt sea spray; And Bristol sent her answering shout down Narragansett Bay! Along the broad Connecticut old Hampden felt the thrill, And the cheer of Hampshire’s woodmen swept down from Holyoke Hill.

The voice of Massachusetts! Of her free sons and daughters, Deep calling unto deep aloud, the sound of many waters! Against the burden of that voice what tyrant power shall stand? No fetters in the Bay State! No slave upon her land!

Look to it well, Virginians! In calmness we have borne, In answer to our faith and trust, your insult and your scorn; You ’ve spurned our kindest counsels; you ’ve hunted for our lives; And shaken round our hearths and homes your manacles and gyves!

We wage no war, we lift no arm, we fling no torch within The fire-damps of the quaking mine beneath your soil of sin; We leave ye with your bondmen, to wrestle, while ye can, With the strong upward tendencies and godlike soul of man!

But for us and for our children, the vow which we have given For freedom and humanity is registered in heaven; No slave-hunt in our borders,—no pirate on our strand! No fetters in the Bay State,—no slave upon our land!


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Rh

John L. Brown, a young white man of South Carolina, was in 1844 sentenced to death for aiding a young slave woman, whom he loved and had married, to escape from slavery. In pronouncing the sentence Judge O’Neale addressed to the prisoner words of appalling blasphemy [of which the following passages give some notion]:—

You are to die! … Of your past life I know nothing, except what your trial furnished. That told me that the crime for which you are to suffer was the consequence of a want of attention on your part to the duties of life. The strange woman snared you. She flattered you with her words, and you became her victim. The consequence was, that, led on by a desire to serve her, you committed the offence of aiding a slave to run away and depart from her master’s service; and now, for it you are to die! …

You are young; quite too young to be where you are. If you had remembered your Creator in your past days, you would not now be in a felon’s place, to receive a felon’s judgment. Still, it is not too late to remember your Creator. He calls early, and He calls


text: The Complete Poetical Works of John Greenleaf Whittier/The Christian Slave


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 NBS color name for a color may be found by the use of any spectrophotometer or colorimetcr [22, 231 whose resultant values may be transformed into data based on the ICI standard observer and coordinate system. Likewise, any color system may be used as a comparison standard if the trilinear coordinates of each sample in that system are plotted on the (x, y)-diagrams and the ISBCC-NBS color name determined through conversion to the Munscll notation.

The authors express their appreciation to Leo G. Glasser, Harry J. Keegan, and Margaret M. Balcom for running the spectral reflection curves on which the data of the present paper are based, and to Davis H. Wilson for directing the tabulating and statistical work on the Hollerith cards. They also acknowledge their indebtedness to the late Walter T. Spry, form er manager of the Munsell Color Co., and to Blanche R. Bellamy, present manager of the Munsell Color Co., who have seen that nothing was lacking in samples or assistance to make this project a success.

[1] Deane B. Judd, Color-blindness and anomalies of vision, J. Soc. Mot. Pict. Engrs. 26, 616 (1936).

[2] Color Names in the United States Pharmacopoeia and in the Arts, Sciences, and Industries. Supplement to the Circulars of the Committee of Revision, U. S. Pharmacopoeia, 1920-30.

[3] Report of Committee on Measurement and Specification for the Year 1933. Submitted to the Inter-Society Color Council by I. H. Godlove, chairman.

[4] Deane B. Judd and Kenneth L. Kelly, Method of designating colors, J. Research NBS 23, 355 (1939) RP1239.

[5] Kenneth L. Kelly, Instructions for determining the color names for drugs and chemicals, Bul. Ntl. Formulary Comm. 8, 359 (1940).

[6] Dorothy Nickerson and Sidney M. Newhall, Central notations for ISCC-NBS color names', J. Opt. Soc. Am. 31, 587 (1941).

[7] Munsell Book of Color. (The Munsell Color Co., 10 East Franklin St., Baltimore, Md., 1929.)

[8] Papers on the Mnnscll Color System. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 30 (1940): Dorothy Nickerson, History of the "Munsell color system and its scientific application, p. 575.

John E. Tyler and Arthur C. Hardy, Analysis of the original Munsell color system, p. 587.

Kasson S. Gibson and Dorothy Nickerson, Analysis of the Munsell color system based on measurements made in 1919 and 1926, p. 591.

James J. Glenn and James T. Killian, Trichromatic analysis of the Munsell book of color, p. 609.

Sidney M. Newhall, Preliminary report of the GSA subcommittee on the spacing of the Munsell colors, p. 617.

[9] Deane B. Judd. The 1931 ICI standard observer and coordinate system for colorimetry. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 23, 359 (1933).

[10] H. T. Wensel, D. B. Judd, and William F. Roeser, Establishment of a scale of color temperature, J. Research NBS 12, 527 (1934) RP677.

[11] Dorothy Nickerson, Artificial day lighting for color grading of agricultural products. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 29, 1 (1939).

[12] Dorothy Nickerson, Artificial daylighting studies, Trans. IlIum. Eng. Soc. 34, 1233 (1939).

[13] K S. Gibson, Approximate spectral energy distribution of skylight. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 30, 88 (1940).

[14] Dorothy Nickerson, Computational Tables for Use in Studies of Artificial Daylighting, Agricultural Marketing Administration. (Mimeographed).

[15] K. S. Gibson and H. J. Keegan, On the magnitude of the error resulting from fluorescence in spectrophotometric measurements. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 28, 180 (1938).


text:
Portal:B. W. Dodge & Company

Published

 * The Girl Who Earns Her Own Living (1909) by Anna Steese Richardson

title: Portal:B. W. Dodge & Company


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 [16] Preparation and Colorimetric Properties of a Magnesium Oxide Reflectance Standard. Letter Circular NBS LC547 (March 1939).

[17] K. S. Gibson and H. J. Keegan, Calibration and operation of the General Electric recording spectrophotometer of the National Bureau of Standards, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 28, 372 (1938).

[18] K. S. Gibson, Survey of spectrophotometers, Paper Trade J. 111, 135 (1940).

[19] Raymond Davis and K. S. Gibson, Filters for the Reproduction of Sunlight and Daylight and the D etermination of Color T emperature. BS Miscellaneous Pub. M114 (1931).

[20] Lila F. Knudsen, A punch card technique to obtain coefficients of orthogonal polynomials, J. Am. Statistical Association 37, 496 (1942).

[21] Dorothy Nickerson, Use of ICI Tristimulus Values in Disk Colorimetry. A Preliminary Report. U. S. Department of Agriculture (May 1938).

[22] Photoelectric "Colorimeters." Letter Circular NBS LC545 (March 1939),

[23] J. A. Van den Akker, A survey of abridged spectrophotometers. Paper Trade J. 111, 142 (1940).

, May 25, 1943.


text:
Page:United States Statutes at Large Volume 128.pdf/3187

Rh Secretary may prescribe. The conveyance shall be at not less than the fair market value of the interest, as determined by the Secretary, except that if the conveyance is proposed within 2 years after the property to be conveyed is acquired by the Secretary, the Secretary shall allow the last owner of record of the property 30 days following the date on which the owner is notified by the Secretary in writing that the property is to be conveyed within which to notify the Secretary that the owner wishes to acquire the interest. On receiving the timely request, the Secretary shall convey the interest to the person, in accordance with such regulations as the Secretary may prescribe, on payment or agreement to pay an amount equal to the highest bid price.

(b) —
 * (1) —The Secretary may accept title to any non-Federal property or interest in property within a System unit or related area under the Secretary’s administration in exchange for any Federally-owned property or interest under the Secretary’s jurisdiction that the Secretary determines is suitable for exchange or other disposal and that is located in the same State as the non-Federal property to be acquired.
 * (2) —Timberland subject to harvest under a sustained yield program shall not be exchanged under paragraph (1).
 * (3) —On request of a State or a political subdivision thereof, or of a party in interest, prior to an exchange under this subsection the Secretary shall hold a public hearing in the area where the properties to be exchanged are located.
 * (4) —The values of the properties exchanged—
 * (A) shall be approximately equal; or
 * (B) if they are not approximately equal, shall be equalized by the payment of cash to the grantor from funds appropriated for the acquisition of land for the area, or to the Secretary, as the circumstances require.

(c) —The proceeds received from any conveyance under this section shall be credited to the Land and Water Conservation Fund.

§ 103101. Availability and use of appropriations

(a) —Cash collections and payroll deductions made for meals and quarters furnished by the Service to employees of the Federal Government in the field and to cooperating agencies may be credited as a reimbursement to the current appropriation for the administration of the System unit in which the accommodations are furnished.


text: Public Law 113-287/Chapter 1029

title: Public Law 113-287/Chapter 1029


text:
Author:Gertrude Battles Lane

As editor

 * American Naval Heroes, 1775-1812-1861-1898 (1899)
 * Woman's Home Companion, editor-in-chief (1912–1941)

title: Author:Gertrude Battles Lane


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text: Page:Tristimulus specification of the Munsell book of color from spectrophotometric measurements (IA jresv31n1p55).pdf/12


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Rh sorrow. He was careful to lose no chance of making his return impressive. He took his way to Rome with the slow march of a conqueror. The journey which Horace made easily in twelve days, occupied Cicero twenty-four. But he chose not the shortest but the most public route, through Naples, Capua, Minturnæ, Terracina, and Aricia.

Let him tell the story of his own reception. If he tells it (as he does more than once) with an undisguised pride, it is a pride with which it is impossible not to sympathise. He boasted afterwards that he had been "carried back to Rome on the shoulders of Italy;" and Plutarch says it was a boast he had good right to make.

"Who does not know what my return home was like? How the people of Brundusium held out to me, as I might say, the right hand of welcome on behalf of all my native land? From thence to Rome my progress was like a march of all Italy. There was no district, no town, corporation, or colony, from which a public deputation was not sent to congratulate me. Why need I speak of my arrival at each place? how the people crowded the streets in the towns; how they flocked in from the country—fathers of families with wives and children? How can I describe those days, when all kept holiday, as though it were some high festival of the immortal gods, in joy for my safe return? That single day was to me like immortality; when I returned to my own city, when I saw the Senate and the population of all ranks come forth to greet me, when Rome herself looked as though she had wrenched

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62 herself from her foundations to rush to embrace her preserver. For she received me in such sort, that not only all sexes, ages, and callings, men and women, of every rank and degree, but even the very walls, the houses, the temples, seemed to share the universal joy."

The Senate in a body came out to receive him on the Appian road; a gilded chariot waited for him at the city gates; the lower class of citizens crowded the steps of the temples to see him as he passed; and so he rode, escorted by troops of friends, more than a conqueror, to the Capitol.

His exultation was naturally as intense as his despair had been. He made two of his most florid speeches (if indeed they be his, which is doubtful), one in the Senate and another to the people assembled in the Forum, in which he congratulated himself on his return, and Rome on having regained her most illustrious citizen. It is a curious note of the temper and logical capacities of the mob, in all ages of the world alike, that within a few hours of their applauding to the echo this speech of Cicero's, Clodius succeeded in exciting them to a serious riot by appealing to the ruinous price of corn as one of the results of the exile's return.

For nearly four years more, though unable to shake Cicero's recovered position in the state—for he was now supported by Pompey—Clodius and his partisans, backed by a strong force of trained gladiators in their pay, kept Rome in a state of anarchy which is almost inexplicable. It was more than suspected that Crassus, now utterly estranged from Pompey, supplied out of

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2em


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Rh his enormous wealth the means of keeping on foot this lawless agitation. Elections were overawed, meetings of the Senate interrupted, assassinations threatened and attempted. Already men began to look to military rule, and to think a good cause none the worse for being backed by "strong battalions." Things were fast tending to the point where Pompey and Cæsar, trusty allies as yet in profession and appearance, deadly rivals at heart, hoped to step in with their veteran legions. Even Cicero, the man of peace and constitutional statesman, felt comfort in the thought that this final argument could be resorted to by his own party. But Clodius's mob-government, at any rate, was to be put an end to somewhat suddenly. Milo, now one of the candidates for the consulship, a man of determined and unscrupulous character, had turned his own weapons against him, and maintained an opposition patrol of hired gladiators and wild-beast fighters. The Senate quite approved, if they did not openly sanction, this irregular championship of their order. The two parties walked the streets of Rome like the Capulets and Montagues at Verona; and it was said that Milo had been heard to swear that he would rid the city of Clodius if he ever got the chance. It came at last, in a casual meeting on the Appian road, near Bovillæ. A scuffle began between their retainers, and Clodius was killed—his friends said, murdered. The excitement at Rome was intense: the dead body was carried and laid publicly on the Rostra. Riots ensued; Milo was obliged to fly, and renounce his hopes of power; and the Senate, intimidated, named Pompey—not indeed "Dictator,"

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64 for the name had become almost as hateful as that of King—but sole consul, for the safety of the state.

Cicero had resumed his practice as an advocate, and was now called upon to defend Milo. But Pompey, either from some private grudge, or in order to win favour with the populace, determined that Milo should be convicted. The jury were overawed by his presence in person at the trial, and by the occupation by armed soldiers of all the avenues of the court under colour of keeping order. It was really as great an outrage upon the free administration of justice as the presence of a regiment of soldiers at the entrance to Westminster Hall would be at a modern trial for high treason or sedition. Cicero affected to see in Pompey's legionaries nothing more than the maintainers of the peace of the city. But he knew better; and the fine passage in the opening of his speech for the defence, as it has come down to us, is at once a magnificent piece of irony, and a vindication of the rights of counsel.

"Although I am conscious, gentlemen, that it is a disgrace to me to show fear when I stand here to plead in behalf of one of the bravest of men;—and especially does such weakness ill become me, that when Milo himself is far more anxious about the safety of the state than about his own, I should be unable to bring to his defence the like magnanimous spirit;—yet this strange scene and strangely constituted court does terrify my eyes, for, turn them where I will, I look in vain for the ancient customs of the Forum, and the old style of public trials. For your tribunal to-day is girt with no such audience as was wont; this

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{{rh|| is no ordinary crowd that hems us in. Yon guards whom you see on duty in front of all the temples, though set to prevent violence, yet still do a sort of violence to the pleader; since in the Forum and the court of justice, though the military force which surrounds us be wholesome and needful, yet we cannot even be thus freed from apprehension without looking with some apprehension on the means. And if I thought they were set there in hostile array against Milo, I would yield to circumstances, gentlemen, and feel there was no room for the pleader amidst such a display of weapons. But I am encouraged by the advice of a man of great wisdom and justice—of Pompey, who surely would not think it compatible with that justice, after committing a prisoner to the verdict of a jury, then to hand him over to the swords of his soldiers; nor consonant with his wisdom to arm the violent passions of a mob with the authority of the state. Therefore those weapons, those officers and men, proclaim to us not peril but protection; they encourage us to be not only undisturbed but confident; they promise me not only support in pleading for the defence, but silence for it to be listened to. As to the rest of the audience, so far as it is composed of peaceful citizens, all, I know, are on our side; nor is there any single man among all those crowds whom you see occupying every point from which a glimpse of this court can be gained, looking on in anxious expectation of the result of this trial, who, while he approves the boldness of the defendant, does not also feel that the fate of himself, his chil-

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66 dren, and his country, hangs upon the issue of to-day."

After an elaborate argument to prove that the slaying of Clodius by Milo was in self-defence, or, at the worst, that it was a fate which he well deserved as a public enemy, he closes his speech with a peroration, the pathos of which has always been admired:—

"I would it had been the will of heaven—if I may say so with all reverence for my country, for I fear lest my duty to my client may make me say what is disloyal towards her—I would that Publius Clodius were not only alive, but that he were prætor, consul, dictator even, before my eyes had seen this sight! But what says Milo? He speaks like a brave man, and a man whom it is your duty to protect—'Not so—by no means,' says he. 'Clodius has met the doom he well deserved: I am ready, if it must be so, to meet that which I do not deserve.' But I must stop; I can no longer speak for tears; and tears are an argument which he would scorn for his defence. I entreat you, I adjure you, ye who sit here in judgment, that in your verdict you dare to give utterance to what I know you feel."

But the appeal was in vain, or rather, as far as we can ascertain, was never made,—at least in such powerful terms as those in which we read it. The great advocate was wholly unmanned by the scene before him, grew nervous, and broke down utterly in his speech for the defence. This presence of a military force under the orders of Pompey—the man in whom he saw, as he hoped, the good genius of Rome—overawed

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Rh and disturbed him. The speech which we read is almost certainly not that which he delivered, but, as in the previous case of Verres, the finished and elaborate composition of his calmer hours. Milo was convicted by a large majority; in fact, there can be little doubt but that he was legally guilty, however political expediency might, in the eyes of Cicero and his party, have justified his deed. Cato sat on the jury, and did all he could to insure an acquittal, showing openly his voting-paper to his fellow-jurors, with that scorn of the "liberty of silence" which he shared with Cicero.

Milo escaped any worse penalty by at once going into voluntary banishment at Marseilles. But he showed more practical philosophy than his advocate; for when he read the speech in his exile, he is said to have declared that "it was fortunate for him it was not spoken, or he should never have known the flavour of the red mullet of Marseilles."

The removal of Clodius was a deliverance upon which Cicero never ceased to congratulate himself. That "battle of Bovillæ," as he terms it, became an era in his mental records of only less significance than his consulship. His own public life continued to be honourable and successful. He was elected into the College of Augurs, an honour which he had long coveted; and he was appointed to the government of Cilicia. This latter was a greatness literally "thrust upon him," and which he would gladly have declined, for it took him away in these eventful days from his beloved Rome; and to these grand opportunities for enriching himself he was, as has been said, honourably indiffe-

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68 rent. The appointment to a distant province was, in fact, to a man like Cicero, little better than an honourable form of exile: it was like conferring on a man who had been, and might hope one day to be again, Prime Minister of England, the governor-generalship of Bombay.

One consolation he found on reaching his new government—that even in the farthest wilds of Cilicia there were people who had heard of "the consul who saved Rome." And again the astonished provincials marvelled at a governor who looked upon them as having rights of their own, and neither robbed nor ill-used them. He made a little war, too, upon some troublesome hill-tribes (intrusting the command chiefly to his brother Quintus, who had served with distinction under Cæsar in Gaul), and gained a victory which his legions thought of sufficient importance to salute him with the honoured title of "imperator." Such military honours are especially flattering to men who, like Cicero, are naturally and essentially civilians; and to Cicero's vanity they were doubly delightful. Unluckily they led him to entertain hopes of the further glory of a triumph; and this, but for the revolution which followed, he might possibly have obtained. As it was, the only result was his parading about with him everywhere, from town to town, for months after his return, the lictors with laurelled fasces, which betokened that a triumph was claimed—a pompous incumbrance, which became, as he confessed, a grand subject for evil-disposed jesters, and a considerable inconvenience to himself.

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6 as the concentration measures have caused, it becomes necessary to proceed in this matter with the foresight, good sense, and tact imposed by events and which the authority can not ignore.

In view of these considerations and haying resolved to make the causes of this evil disappear as far as possible, prudently, and for the benefit of all, until obtaining the complete reestablishment of the normality in the life of the rural population I have decided to order as follows:

First. All reconcentrados possessing farms, as owners, lessees, or in partnership, and who possess elements and resources to help themselves, can again establish themselves in same and commence to work, for which they shall count with the protection and aid assured to them by the last instructions regarding the reorganization of agricultural and industrial labors. To this end, they shall obtain from the proper civil or military authority the piece of land where they are to establish themselves, a permit bearing the name of the individuals composing the family, the names of the persons accompanying them, number and kind of animals which they may keep, agricultural and other implements which they may need, and the kind of labor they will undertake; and they shall at the same time prove how they will obtain the implements, clothes, and effects which they may need from the moment of their establishment.

Second. Those not comprised in such case, but who attend to the industrial and agricultural labors, as artisans and laborers, can do so, provided they reside in the farm or plantation where they work, that they pass the night within the fortified place of said farm or plantation, and that they always carry with them their proper personal documents.

Third. To this end the sugar estates, cane fields (colonias de cana), tobacco plantations, coffee plantations, and other farms or plantations of importance properly defended shall be considered as centers of labor, and their owners are authorized to have in them the necessary employees and laborers—the present reconcentrados as well as persons who having invoked pardon have complied with the formalities of surrender. Special care should be adopted that the proper hygienic measures are carried out which may guarantee the health of the laboring population.

Fourth. In all cases to which the preceding paragraphs refer to, are the owners, lessees, or partners of the farms or plantations obliged to build centers of defense of the zones of cultivation which they comprehend, and in the exterior circuit of which shall be established, in compliance with orders from the general staff of the army, the basis of operations of the columns in charge of fighting the rebels and of defending such centers whenever necessary. To this end the owners, lessees, and partners of farms or plantations are authorized to carry arms for their defense, and the employees and laborers are authorized to carry revolver and machete for the defense of the zone which guarantees the elements of life to their persons and their families' subsistence—after obtaining due permission from the local authorities in accordance with the owners of the farms or plantations.

Fifth. The families and persons now concentrated who will not be able to enjoy the benefits which those comprised in the foregoing cases may obtain, either because they have no piece of land, or because they have no resources with which to establish themselves in same, or because they are unable to work, shall remain in the towns under the direct protection of the boards for the protection of the reconcentrados which shall be constituted with Government funds and with the aid of public charity.

Sixth. These boards shall be immediately organized in the capitals of the provinces by the civil governors, by the alcaldes (mayors) in the municipal districts, and by the deputies from the city governments (ayuntamientos) in the towns, and they shall act under the direction and presidency of the said civil authorities, who for the purpose of constituting said boards shall associate themselves as follows: (1) To the military commandants, who are already instructed by the general staff of their obligation to ration the reconcentrados; (2) to the parish priests, whom the ecclesiastic authority shall inform them of the cooperation they shall tender to such humane purposes; (3) to the municipal physicians, to whom pertains the medical aid of those who may need it; and (4) to the proprietors, merchants, traders, and agriculturists whom the presidents may designate.

Seventh. The protection afforded by these boards shall extend under the same conditions, not only to the reconcentrados, but to persons coming from the rebel camp and who have invoked pardon, while they lack means of subsistence.

Eighth. These boards shall report their works every fifteen days to their respective presidents or to their superiors, who in turn shall report to the secretary's office of the General Government of the island.

Ninth. The civil and military authorities in charge of the execution of these provisions shall see that they are strictly complied with, under their responsibility.

Havana, 13 November, 1897.

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 melteth it, but it is not deſtroyed. For fine golde though it melt with heate, yet it looſeth nothing of his weight. Alſo heate accidently corrupteth, as it happeneth, when it diſſolueth more then it waſteth, then the humours rot and bee corrupted. As it fareth in a wet moowe of wheate, where the heate cloſed therin, reſolueth and dealeth the water into ſmoake. And the ſmoak holden cloſe in, ſoftneth the graines, and rotteth and corrupteth it. Alſo heate maketh kindlye heauy things light. For when the moyſture is waſted by heate, the weight is the leſſe. And ſo the ſubſtance of thing is made more light. And by heat working in moyſture, ſmoake is gendered, the which ſmoake is made light & purged, & turneth into a ſubtil & light ſubſtance of aire, and maketh the thing that it is in the more light. And therefore it is, that the bodyes of beaſts that be aliue, are farre more lighter then the bodyes of beaſts that be dead, through the heat and ſpirit that is conteined in the organes & vaines: and ſo bodies of beaſts be lighter after meat, thē afore, for comfort of heat. Alſo it happeneth, that with working, heate maketh things heauie. For working in the ſubſtaunce of a thing, it conſumeth & waſteth the moſt ſubtil & light parts: & groſe & ponderous parts abide. And then the thing is more ſadde, faſt; and alſo the more heauie. Alſo by opening of ſmall holes & pores, by ſtrength of the heate, the ſpirits be drawen out, by whoſe abſence the bodie is made lighter, and by preſence of them the body is the more heauier. Alſo heate gendereth beautie and red coulour. For hee working in matter, reſolueth earthly parts, and turneth them into watrye, and into airely, & firely. And then firely parts incloſe the vttermoſt parts of the thing, & giueth it a likenes. And ſo firely coulours that is red, be gendered as it is ſeene in roſes. Wherfore when by heat, hot humours be multiplied in the body, or in the heart, then by ſpreding of theſe hot humours in the vttermoſt parts of the bodie, red coulour is increaſed. Alſo it happeneth that heate diſcouloureth a thing. For by heate opening the pores, humors and ſpirits goe out and vaniſh. Whoſe preſence cauſeth good coulour, & by their abſence coulour is loſt: Then diſcoulour is gendered, as it is ſeene in a red roſe, that waxeth white in the ſmoak of Brimſtone. And if heat be ſtrong, it ſlaieth kindlye. For while the laſt mouing worketh in the ſubſtaunce, at laſt it diſſolueth it, and in diſſoluing deſtroyeth it at the end. And it happeneth that heate ſaueth the lyfe: for by heate that giueth mouing to the heart and to the ſpirites, the ſpirites be reſtored in the bodie. And the foode is equally diſpearſed into the lims, and ſo the bodie hath lyfe.

Then of this that is ſaide, gather thou, that heate is an Element in propertie moſt able to work, moſt pearcing, moſt moueable to moue,, and multiplyeth it ſelfe, and commeth to other, and chaungeth into his owne likeneſſe things that hée worketh in. And giueth lyfe to thinges that be dead and deſtroyed with colde, & renueth them: as it is ſéene in rootes & plants, that die in the winter colde, and reliuen in the heate and ſpringing time. Heate bringeth the neather thing to the ouer, and draweth and deſtroieth ſuperfluities, and clenſeth filth and hoarneſſe. And in diuerſe matters it worketh diuerſe effects, and ſometime contraryes. And therefore now it maketh thin and ſoft, and melteth, and openeth, and returneth: Now it maketh thicke & hard, and conſtraineth and maketh to ſhrink, and it ſtoppeth, and ſaueth: and now it deſtroieth. And by his vertue it chaungeth ſauours. For heat chaungeth ſowre things and ſharpe, into ſwéete, as it is ſeene in fruites, and in grapes. Alſo paſſing great heate turneth ſwéete thinges into bitter and ſalt. For by paſſing great heat burning the bloud, the bloud tourneth into Colera. And by greate heate, water by ſtrong ſéething, conſuming partes ayrely, and the earth remaining, the water turneth into ſubſtannce of Salt. And heat defieth and ſéetheth rawe things, and ripeth gréene things, & maketh fruit ripe. Therefore in hot Countryes fruit ſo ſooner ripe then in colde,

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Rh

Havana, November 23, 1897.

Someone handed me yesterday the inclosed paper, of which I accompany a translation, and which purports to be signed by the insurgent chief in command of the Havana province.

I am, etc.,

Consul-General.


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 8

Havana, November 23, 1897.

I have the honor to briefly submit a statement of what appears to be the present condition of affairs in this island.

First. The insurgents will not accept autonomy.

Second. A large majority of the Spanish subjects who have commercial and business interests and own property here will not accept autonomy, but prefer annexation to the United States rather than an independent republic or genuine autonomy under the Spanish flag.

Third. The Spanish authorities are sincere in doing all in their power to encourage, protect, and promote the grinding of sugar. The grinding season commences in December.

Fourth. The insurgents' leaders have given instructions to prevent grinding wherever it can be done, because by diminishing the export of sugar the Spanish Government revenues are decreased. It will be very difficult for the Spanish authorities to prevent cane burning, because one man at night can start a fire which will burn hundreds of acres, just as a single individual could ignite a prairie by throwing a match into the dry grass.

Fifth. I am confident that General Blanco, and Pando, his chief of staff, as well as Dr. Congosto, the secretary general, with all of whom I have had conversations, are perfectly conscientious in their desire to relieve the distress of those suffering from the effects of Weyler's reconcentration order, but unfortunately they have not the means to carry out such benevolent purposes.

I have read letters stating that charitable persons in the United States will send clothing, food, and some money to these unfortunate people, and I have arranged with the Ward Line of steamers to provide free transportation from New York. I hope to secure the permission of the Spanish authorities here for such things to be entered free of duty. I am told, however, that they must come consigned to the bishop of


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 considered it to be a joke on the composer's part. The most remarkable flute passage in the immortal nine is that known as "Langage des Oiseaux," at the conclusion of the andante in the "Pastorale" Symphony, where, amidst the murmurs of the stream, we suddenly hear the voices of the cuckoo (clarinet), quail (oboe), and nightingale, the last-named being reproduced by a trilling passage on the flute. Grove says that these "imitations, or rather caricatures," were intended by Beethoven as a joke of the most open kind, and adds "how completely are the, Pastorale Symphony.


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to the report issued by the Census Bureau in 1907, entitled "Women at Work," the census enumerators of 1900 found that nearly five million women and girls of the United States were engaged in what are known as gainful occupations, and were therefore either partly or wholly self-supporting. Three-fifths of these workers were found in six occupations, domestic service leading, with farm labor a close second because of the large number of colored women employed on Southern plantations; dressmaking, laundry work, teaching and actual farming followed in the order named. Seventh in point of numbers employed were the textile mill operatives. Saleswomen came tenth in numerical order, and office workers still further down the list.

At the time this census was taken, there were 23,485,559 women in the United States, of whom 20.6 per cent. were engaged in gainful occupations. Students of economics and sociology, who have gathered statistics regarding women wage-earners since that census was taken, an-


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 nounce that on January 1, 1909, the number of women employed on wages or any form of regular pay in the United States had leaped to six millions. At the present rate of increase, when the next census is taken, the number of women workers will have increased out of all proportion to the increase in population.

In other words, the feminine conquest of the industrial world in America is practically complete, and woman's financial independence is practically assured. She has invaded and now occupies firmly all but nine of the 303 fields of wage-earning listed by the United States Census Bureau. Furthermore, her education and interests all tend toward the evacuation of domestic service and farm labor in favor of the various trades and professions, or a distinctly mercantile or commercial career.

Question girls graduating from district village or city schools, and you cannot fail to mark this tendency. Department editors of women's magazines are deluged with letters from country girls all over the United States, begging for information as to gainful operations in manufacturing or business centers.

In a mid-West city, I studied the bent heads of girls in an upper grade grammar class, taking their final examinations.

"How many of these girls will enter the high school?" I asked.


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 "Ten per cent.," answered the principal. "Fifty per cent. will go into stores as cash-girls and wrappers, or take up the study of stenography. The remaining 40 per cent. will find employment in factories or in dressmaking or millinery shops as apprentices.apprentices." [sic]

The country over, only one girl out of every hundred entering the elementary schools completes the high school course. This means that 99 out of every 100 leave school at the expiration of their last year in the grammar schools, or even sooner.

What becomes of the ninety and nine? For a time, at least, the vast majority pursue some gainful occupation and then marry. During the period of wage-earning, the ninety and nine want to secure the highest possible pay.

In the last sentence lies the excuse for this book. It has been written to meet the needs of the American girls graduating from grammar or high school and facing the problem of self-support. It has been written to answer the question: "How shall I earn my living?" a question which is hurled at every school-teacher, every writer for women, every editor of a magazine or newspaper in the United States to-day.

For the past five years I have been answering that question in personal letters written to more than ten thousand girls. These answers, and the result of five years of investigation, I am


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 giving in this book. The chapters are not arranged in the order of occupation named by the United States Census, but according to the number of questions received concerning the gainful occupations which ambitious girls desire to enter.

Each chapter has been written with the hope that it may make clear to would-be workers the personal qualifications needed to succeed in a trade, profession or commercial career, the time and the money required for preparation, the best method of securing a position when that preparation is completed, the salaries paid, and the chances for advancement.

If this book shows one girl the folly of entering upon a career for which she is unsuited, and if it helps another girl to find the work for which she is best qualified by temperament and training, it will have accomplished its object.

In conclusion, I desire to express to the editors of the Woman's Home Companion and the Philadelphia Press, my appreciation for permission to use material published in their columns, where an unusual amount of space is allotted to the problems of the self-supporting woman.


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in doubt, study stenography," has been the motto of the would-be business girl for the past ten years, with the result that thousands of young women, never intended by education, training or natural ability to become stenographers, have reduced office wages and overcrowded business marts, while hundreds of their sisters, who might develop into admirable office workers, have drawn back, alarmed by the ever-increasing army of incompetents.

There is room in the business world for the competent, earnest stenographer, and opportunities for advancement were never better nor more numerous than to-day. There is no reason at all for the existence of the incompetent worker. She will find thousands there before her.


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 Please bear in mind that stenography is a trade, and you must work at it months, and even years, before you become an expert and draw the same salary an expert milliner or fitter does. There is no royal road to success in stenography simply because your parents can afford to pay for your lessons. By earnest study and practice you can advance yourself more rapidly than can any teacher or school in America.

Perhaps you have decided that you are what might be termed a "born stenographer." Then you possess the following characteristics:

You are accurate. Stenography is built on accuracy.

You have great power of concentration. Without that you will never master the mechanical side of stenography or develop the fundamental principles of shorthand.

You are neat. No employer of any standing will send out letters daubed with blots and blurs from erasing and rewriting.

You are a good speller and grammarian, and have a fair knowledge of English. If you cannot spell correctly writing longhand, how much more confused will you become when you have to transcribe stenographic notes? Neither is there time in a busy office for you to consult a dictionary.

You are close-mouthed. The stenographer of even a small and unimportant firm is often en-


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 trusted with secrets that hold success or failure for her employer. If you are the sort of girl who simply must tell some one everything you know, don't try to be a stenographer.

You have quickness of mind and movement. Without these you will find it difficult to take erratic and sometimes almost inaudible dictation without annoying your employer by questions.

You have good eyesight; or if you have any visual defect, it can be minimized by learning what is known as the touch system on the machine, and using glasses while at work. A stenographer or office assistant of any sort uses her eyes practically eight hours a day.

And of course your hearing is perfect.

Does this list of natural qualifications sound formidable? Then do not take up stenography, for as sure as you think any one of them unimportant, so surely will you drift into the rank of incompetents.

Perhaps you possess these qualities, or are willing to acquire them by study and practice. Then how shall you begin?

If you are attending the public schools of your city, and planning to take stenography a year or two from now, do not wait. If your school offers stenography as an elective branch, take it by day. If not, enter an evening class two or three nights in the week, and study


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 stenography slowly and conscientiously, during your last year or two in day school. If it is not taught free in any of your city schools, then see what the Young Women's Christian Association or some working-girl's organization offers you in the way of a night class at reasonable rates. It will take from seven months to one year for you to learn thoroughly a good method of shorthand in this way, but in the end, working slowly but earnestly, you will have absorbed the fundamental principles of what is nothing more nor less than a new language. In fact, Dickens is said to have called shorthand "harder than ten new languages." At Cooper Institute, in New York City, where a generous endowment has established a free course, no pupil is permitted to complete the lessons in less than a year, which would indicate that "get-your-diploma-quick" methods in stenography do not pay.

If you live in a small town, and have not the money to pay your way through a city business college, then learn stenography through some reliable correspondence school. When you feel well-grounded in the rudiments, take a few special lessons for speed. The only assistance you will need for home study consists of a hired machine, and some member of the family to dictate to you.

If you have funds to attend a business col-


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 lege, select a small one where you will receive individual instruction, and a school where only stenography, typewriting, spelling and English are taught. The average employer gives preference to the girl grounded in stenography over one who has a smattering of bookkeeping, stenography and general office work. Beware of the school that offers a diploma at the end of three months.

Be sure you read your notes, even single words, as you are learning.

This is the secret of quick, clean transcription. Of what avail is it to write a hundred words a minute and then take thirty minutes trying to decipher those same hundred words? Nothing is more detrimental to your interests than slow transcription.

Do not neglect your typewriting. Select one of the standard machines, and practice on it until you become rapid and accurate, and know every trick of the machine. When you are ready for a position, the knowledge of the machine will be of enormous value to you. Nearly all agencies of typewriter builders maintain an employment bureau, and the girl who is an expert on their machine is always recommended first. After taking an examination you can enroll at these employment agencies without charge.

Most excellent positions are secured through


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 advertisements. If an employer asks for a personal interview, be on hand at the first hour named, not the last, and be prepared to take any test which may await you. If he asks for an application by mail, make this as brief as possible and to the point. State your qualifications, including speed in taking dictation, the machine you use, and your references.

A very good time for an out-of-town girl to apply for work in a large city, like New York, Boston or Chicago, is July ist, when regular stenographers begin to take vacations. Agencies then enroll "substitutes." A girl who is quick and adaptable will be kept busy all summer as substitute; then in the fall a regular position is sure to crop up in one of the offices where she substituted to the satisfaction of all concerned.

The small-town girl coming to the city will find that most of the advertisers offer six or eight dollars a week. If she is in dire need of a position, she must start at this salary and then watch for something better. If she really is an expert, she can find something better by waiting, provided she enrolls with the right agency and makes a favorable impression.

Fifteen dollars a week is the average salary of a competent girl in New York. The exceptional girl works her way up as high as twenty-five or thirty dollars a week. In many small


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 cities a girl is compelled to start at five dollars a week, no matter what her ability; but even here there are opportunities for advancement, which depend entirely upon the girl.

In a few offices the phonograph has replaced stenographers, but it has not yet come into general use, nor does it promise to do so. The girl who transcribes phonograph records does not need to know stenography. Her employer, at his leisure, dictates his letter to a sensitized phonograph record. The phonograph machine is then set beside the operator's typewriter. She starts and stops the dictation or alters the speed at her will by means of a pedal. Both ears are covered by receivers such as telephone operators use. They are exactly like those employed in the penny arcades when you listen to phonograph music.

The operator, concentrating on what comes to her over the wire, transcribes this directly on the typewriter. This work requires perfect hearing, remarkable powers of concentration, and quick wit to separate sentences and to punctuate, in case the man dictating does not furnish paragraphs and punctuation. In this work men have been more successful than women, who generally find phonograph dictation nerve-racking. The salary paid is about the same as that for general stenographic work, $15 a week.

The girl who wishes to use stenography as


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 the first step in a business career is the girl who is business-like from the very beginning.

First, she makes sure of her trade, stenography, before she applies for a position. Then she selects her position with judgment. She does not accept the first offer of work unthinkingly, unquestioningly.

If she desires to advance rapidly she seeks a position with a small concern, where she will not lose her individuality, and where she will come in direct contact with her employers. The employer is always looking for good people to advance; but often where there are chiefs and various assistants between stenographer and employer, the latter does not know that good timber is going to waste in his forest of office clerks.

If she is interested in a certain line of business or a certain profession, she seeks her position where the work will be congenial. If she has the commercial instinct, she will advance more rapidly with a wholesale cloth, shoe or lace house than with a publishing house. If she thinks she would make a good saleswoman, let her enter a real-estate office and study land values, rental problems, commissions, etc., while she handles the firm's correspondence. The stenographer has the very best opportunities for grasping the firm's method and details of


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 the business, because she can study the situation from both sides of the correspondence.

If she means to be a lawyer, then by all means she should seek a position with a law firm, and, if possible, with some bright, ambitious lawyer who has not yet acquired an influential partner or a corporation position and a staff of clerical help. If she shows a natural grasp of legal problems, her employer will be the first to find this out.

Many girls start wrong. They want a position so badly that they do not stop to investigate the conditions under which they are to work. Do not make this mistake. Go into details with your prospective employer. Have a very clear understanding with him as to hours, half holidays and vacations, your hour for lunch, and extra pay allowed for overtime, especially in the evening. Your employer will not resent this demand for a perfect understanding. Rather he will respect you the more for asking it in advance, instead of accepting the position blindly and then complaining afterward about the hours, etc.

After having been informed as to hours and having accepted them as satisfactory, keep them. If you live at a distance and know that you cannot get to the office as early as the man asks, tell him so and decline the position. Do


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 not take the place and then invent fresh excuses daily.

Directly you begin your work, study the technical phrases peculiar to the trade or profession or line of goods of which you must write day after day. Every trade or profession has these phrases. It is yards and bolts in dry-goods, pounds and barrels in groceries. You will have certain regular correspondents, too. Be accurate in the use of firm-names and addresses, so that when your chief tells you to write the "Browns" to hurry up that order of wire nails you will know that it is James Hayden Brown & Son without asking him which Brown or having to hunt through the files. And if your new employer says Brown Bros., and no more, it is your business to find out somewhere, somehow, in the main office, who Brown Bros. are, and where to direct their letter. If you are looking for advancement do not turn the question-mark on your employer. He hires you to save him trouble and annoyance. If you cannot imagine what he means, make a guess, until you can reach the other room to ask the other clerks.

If sometimes you have to play the rôle of office boy and meet callers, learn to do this properly. Don't go to your employer's private office and say: "There's a man wants to see you."

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 out who the man is and what right or object he has to interrupt her employer will never be paid several thousand dollars a year to stand between the public and that employer if some day he becomes great enough to need a confidential secretary to shield him.

If you come in direct contact with patrons of the firm, learn their names and never forget them. A regular patron considers a girl clever who always remembers his name and receives him courteously.

Dress to suit your position. If you work in a dirty office, such as a printing concern, wholesale grocery or a hardware shop, wear skirts that clear the ground by at least three inches; but if you are employed in the private office which has been well furnished and nicely carpeted, wear longer skirts, not trains, but cut to escape the ground. Your employer will want you, like furniture and pictures, to dress in harmony with the furnishings of his office. Avoid garish colors. Be dignified in your dress as well as your manner. Do not consider that money spent on office clothes is wasted. It will bring you better returns than money spent on party frocks or feather-trimmed hats.

Be immaculately neat about your person, especially your hair and your hands. Radiate health and faith in yourself. Do not talk of your domestic troubles nor your ailments. The


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 girl who is always ill, however slightly, who details her aches and her quarrels with her dressmaker, arid neighborhood gossip to her fellow-clerks, or even to her chief, if he allows her to talk on such subjects, is not in line for promotion. Men promote girls who have the health to do more work' not those who complain of being tired from what they are doing already.

Business colleges and commercial schoois, however thorough, generally neglect one branch in preparing girls for office work. Perhaps the word "branch" is misleading. Properly speaking, they fail to train or develop the bump of discretion. They preach accuracy, but they forget to inculcate the golden gift of silence. Many a graduate, wise in stenographic pot-hooks and rapid on the typewriter, has lost her first position, and more, because she did not realize that there is a time to talk and a time to keep silent.

There are times when to tell what you know is almost criminal. Your employer must trust you more or less if you are his stenographer or secretary. Even small matters, appealing to you as unimportant, may be vital to him. You are not the judge. In silence lies safety.

A lawyer, who was just making a name for himself, was blessed, or cursed, with a jealous wife. His private stenographer knew this and used rare discretion in replying to telephone calls, to which his wife was particularly given.


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 The day came when this girl was taken ill. Her substitute, selected from the main office, was a woman of thirty, the talkative kind. The third day after her promotion, the wife called the lawyer up by telephone during the noon hour. The substitute stenographer answered-as follows:

"No, Mr. J. is not in. He has gone out to lunch. No, I don't know where. Oh, is this Mrs. J.? Well, of course, I can teil you. He has gone out with Mrs. Bull, the woman who owns those big mines in Nevada, whose case your husband has just taken."

The old stenographer would have answered briefly that Mr. I had gone out to lunch and would not be back until two. The absolutely unasked and unnecessary information furnished by the new girl caused a domestic cyclone. The husband's privilege of showing courtesy to an important client was questioned, and when he resented interference on his wife's part, she actually went to the client's hotel and made a scene. The lawyer lost his client, the Western woman lost the services of a capable attorney, and the wife lost her husband's respect—all because a silly, talkative woman of thirty did not appreciate the fact that silence is a golden gift.

Another girl lost an excellent position through just such futile chatter. Her employer


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 had gone out, and a most personable young man called. She was quite alone, her notes had all been transcribed, and she had forgotten to bring down a new novel.

Informed that her employer was not in, the young man turned to leave, but, seizing the first conversational straw that blew her way, she exclaimed: "Oh, you are not Mr. Beveridge, then?"

The young man shook his head, but paused with his hand on the door-knob.

"I just thought you might be, because Mr. Blank has been expecting Mr. Beveridge for several days, and I know he would want him to wait."

The young man leaned against the door and remarked that she had a very pleasant office. His desire to hurry seemed to have fallen from him. When he went away he had a pretty good idea why his chief competitor, Beveridge, was mixing in with Blank. And the girl lost her position, because in her frantic effort to make conversation she had dropped just enough clues to her employer's affairs to make him trouble.

As a rule, the woman who advances most rapidly in her trade or business is the one who talks the least while on duty. This does not mean being stupid when addressed, but simply in knowing just when to stop talking, how to talk intelligently on topics connected with the


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 business, and how to ayoid personalities which are dangerous and banal.

Trust no confidant with the affairs of your employer.

"Let out that girl with the green dress and the red hair—right over there—at the second desk," said the senior partner of a large concern one day as he came in from lunch. The man addressed followed his employer into the latter's private office and closed the door behind him. "I beg your pardon, Mr. M. for questioning your orders, but Miss Brown is one of our most rapid workers"

"And a dangerous girl to have in our office. My boy came in here to-day and bothered me just when I was working at some important papers. He wanted some clothes or something or the sort for a college jamboree, and I told him, with strong trimmings, to get out. I want domestic and family questions settled where they belong, in our home, and not at my office during business hours. That was all there was to our row.

"That girl had lunch with a man at my restaurant to-day, and I was just a few feet from her, screened by some palms. I heard her tell that man about a sensational quarrel between me and my boy over a chorus girl. The boy is singing in the chorus of his class show. That was all she caught of our high words 'chorus'


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 and she goes out of here to talk scandal. If she will enlarge on what she catches of my private affairs, she will do the same with our business affairs, on which she is well posted. Let her out—she is dangerous.

That is the general verdict on the girl who carries tales—she is dangerous.

I hear girls say: "But the men drew us out." So they do, and laugh at you for being so easily misled. Many a girl has lost a good position because she has allowed some man to draw her out and to use the information thus gained for his own advancement.


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every city of any size the public schools are sending forth, at the end of each school year, hundreds of girls who must earn their living, or part of it, immediately, and yet who have absolutely no training for a business or professional career. Some of these girls graduate from the high schools, others go no further than the highest elementary or grammar grade. And none of them has either the time or money to take a special course or to serve a longdrawn, unpaid apprenticeship.

These girls have good health, a reasonable amount of common sense, ordinary intelligence, a knowledge of elementary English branches, willingness, and the desire to learn.

Where will this human raw material find a market?

In retail establishments, selling goods.

I hear a murmur of disapproval rising, from girls who already stand behind the counter, but despite their murmurings I propose to continue


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 this practical talk on salesmanship for ambitious, inexperienced girls.

When I told an acquaintance that I intended to advise the untrained, unequipped girl in need of a position to seek one behind the counter, she gave me a glance which held both pity for my ignorance and scorn for apparent indifference to the fate of the girls who will read this article.

"Well, if you knew the work as I do you would never advise any girl to go into a store. I've been in this store seven years. I'm getting ten dollars a week, and I'll never get any more. It's just drudgery, cross customers, spiteful floor-walkers, and no appreciation or thanks from any one."

Now it just happens that I have stood behind the counter and know just what I am advising girls to do. Ninety saleswomen out of every hundred will echo the sentiments expressed by the girl quoted above. The other ten have either secured promotion or see it looming up joyously in the near future.

Any sort of wage-earning may degenerate into drudgery. We make our lives, in shop or store or office, drudgery or pleasure by the way we tackle the work. The secret of finding either drudgery or pleasure in work lies in ourselves.

Given average intelligence, good health and a brave spirit, and yoai can transform the drudgery of life behind the counter into success. But


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 of course if, like the girl already quoted, you intend to lean back against the shelving and say: "Well, I have gone as far as I can go, so what's the use of trying?" you will not progress.

It is for the girl who must work that I am writing this article, not for the girl who wants to earn a little pin money; for the girl who must secure some sort of a salary from the very start of her business life, not the girl whose parents can afford to send her through an art school, a business college or a course in domestic science. This talk is with the girl who is face to face with the problem of clothing and food and a roof over her head.

We will start by assuming that you have a neat appearance, good manners, and a clear handwriting and are quick at figures. These are valuable assets.

If you live in or near a good-sized city, first make the round of the stores there. Study the appearance of the girls already employed, and the conditions under which they work. You will soon learn whether seats are provided behind counters, whether the counters and shelving are so arranged that the girls between them have room to work comfortably, whether the light and air are as good as one can expect to find in the modern store. In your inexperience these may seem like trifles, but once you get on


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 the other side of the counter you will find that these very trifles have much to do with making your daily life livable. Many of the better stores have yielded to public opinion, or rather the pressure of their customers, and have installed stools or upturned boxes for the use of the saleswomen. Others still maintain the barbarous custom of expecting clerks to remain standing from morning until night.

It is very easy to learn whether the girls are well or ill-treated in a store. When shopping, start a chat with one of the clerks, and you will soon learn the character of the store's management.

This preliminary line of inquiry is important. No girl should rush blindly into a position. Managers are interested in the applicant who seems to know something about the store.

If you are a high school graduate, and have a mature appearance, you can apply at once for the position of salesgirl. If you are not over sixteen, fresh from the grammar school or even a lower grade, you must start as a cash-girl, a wrapper, or a bundle inspector. In all the modern, well-managed stores young girls are started in this way, and are trained for the work, and in a large auditorium theoretical instructions and lectures are given. The beginner generally receives three dollars a week, and is promoted as fast as she displays ability.


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 Trade is extremely dull in retail stores just after schools close in June, but it will pay you to make the rounds and meet the managers or superintendents of employees. These men have regular hours, which you will find posted over the employment-office door. Observe these hours. If the card states that women applicants are received between 8:30 and 11, and you happen to come in during the afternoon, when men applicants are received, go away and return the next morning.

Unless an unusual opening has occurred, this superintendent will tell you that he is hiring no one until the busy season opens, about three or four weeks before Easter; September 1st in the fall. Then ask him to take your name and address or give you an application blank. Tell him that in the meantime you hope to gain some experience in another and perhaps smaller store, but you want an opening with his firm when the busy season begins.

Fill out the application blank with infinite care. By your answers will he judge your accuracy, which is important in the saleswoman who must make out sales-slips. By its general appearance will he judge of your neatness. The average superintendent is on the watch for neat, business-like, intelligent-looking girls, and if you make a good impression on him and furnish satisfactory references, your name will not be


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 forgotten. He will put a mysterious little sign somewhere on that application, meaning that you are to be sent for when clerks are needed.

When looking for work of this sort, dress suitably. Do not wear your biggest hat, your fanciest waist, your longest gloves, your shoes with the highest heels. Look at successful business women, and you will find them simply but well dressed in tailored effects, with hats of medium size. Be sure your petticoat does not hang below your dress skirt, that the heels* of your boots are straight, and the finger-tips of your gloves are all mended. The up-to-date superintendent watches his applicants from the tail of a sharp eye, and the girl who is slovenly in her appearance, he argues, will be slovenly in her care of his stock.

Now, we will take it for granted that yau have filled out your application blank correctly and have been told by the superintendent just when to come back to secure an opening for the busy season.

You have slipped in the entering-wedge. Go out and get experience of some sort, at some price. In any large city such openings are advertised daily in bakeries, candy-stores, five-and-ten-cent stores, shops where notions and dressmakers's upplies are sold. Such firms seldom pay over five dollars a week, some pay only three, but take the work and serve here the ap-


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 prenticeship which will make you less awkward and "green" when the opening at the big store does come.

Your first difficulty, after securing the position, will be a purely physical one. You will suffer tortures with your feet, and perhaps with your back, as the result of standing.

Have shoes that fit you perfectly, with medium heels, and it will help some if you have an extra pair under the counter and change them during the course of the day. At night bathe the feet in tepid water. Some saleswomen find alum water most helpful. Others use baking soda or even ordinary table salt. Change your stockings frequently, and do not under any circumstances neglect your feet. As a saleswoman you depend upon them, literally and figuratively, for your bread and butter.

Now, supposing that you have served your apprenticeship in the small store, and the time for better business in the more desirable and bigger stores has arrived. Write to the superintendent with whom you left your application a brief, business-like note, recalling the date of your application and the fact that he bade you call later. He will probably answer this note if you enclose a self-addressed and stamped envelope. Or, if you can do so, take an hour off and go to see him again. If you made a


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 good impression, he will recall you, and nine chances out of ten he will give you work.

This brings us to the salary question. The superintendent will inquire whether you live at home with your parents. If you do, and there is a position behind the counter for you, six dollars a week will be the salary most probably offered. That may seem absurdly small, because you have planned on buying some pretty clothes and helping mother at home, in addition to paying carfare and buying lunches. But the superintendent is thinking not of what you feel you should have to spend, but what you will earn for the firm. You will not be worth more than six dollars a week at the beginning. Perhaps you will not be worth even that. Perhaps it will cost the firm money to train you for the position you imagine that you can fill without difficulty.

I will tell you just how to estimate your value to the firm. Your salary should never amount to more than five per cent. of your sales. That is, if your salary is six dollars a week, you should sell at least one hundred and twenty dollars worth of goods every week. You will have a record of your sales. Count this every night, and find the tatal at the end of the week. You need not be surprised if at first the firm pays you really more than you earn. If you are paid six dollars a week and your sales are only


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 ninety dollars, then the firm will lose money on your services. When your salary is only three per cent. of your sales—that is, when you are paid six dollars a week and your sales amount to two hundred dollars on the week—you may feel that you are a fair saleswoman. When you can reduce that percentage to two per cent., by dint of studying the needs of your customers and your stock, you can approach the superintendent with an easy conscience and ask for a raise. You will get it.

The first engagement in a large store carries the understanding that you will be laid off after the holidays or Easter rush or during hot weather.

It is distinctly up to you to make so good a record as a saleswoman that when the dull season arrives again you will be retained.

In order to accomplish this, study three things—your stock, your trade and your buyer or the head of the department.

Early in the morning, when trade is light, go through your stock, learn what is in every box and drawer, and if it consists of goods with which you are not familiar, such as laces or ribbons, learn the names of the various varieties. Not long ago a shopper asked a very pretty but pert miss at a department store to show her Oriental lace two inches wide.

The girl asked:

"Oriental lace? What's it like?"


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 It was her business to know the name of every sort of lace on her shelves. She belongs in the class of girls who declare there is nothing in clerking.

The superintendent of a great department store told me that the reason he never received applicants until 9:30 in the morning was because he wanted to spend the time between 8:15 and 9:30 o'clock roaming through the store to find out which girls were arranging and becoming familiar with their stock, and which were telling about the play or the party they had attended the night before. Yet there are girls who say that you get no credit for being painstaking in a store!

Study your trade. Take an interest in your customers. Do not act as if the woman who wants to buy a new tie were a nuisance, and had no right to interrupt your conversation with your fellow-clerks.

A friend recently approached the notion counter of a very nice store, and asked for white elastic. The girl addressed was busy adjusting her puffs by the aid of a pocket-mirror.

"Kate," she murmured with her mouth filled with, "come see to this woman, will you?"

"This woman" did not wait to be "seen to." And there is another girl who says clerking is a drudgery!


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 Study the buyer for your department. He has his little peculiarities and his fads. It is only tactful to respect the first and cater to the last. If he wants a special brand pushed, push it. It is the buyer who will decide, when dull days come, just which girls should be retained. He is the man who stands between you and the superintendent or manager. He can suggest your name for promotion, and when you feel that you deserve a raise of salary, he is the man who can get it for you.

There are women to-day in the retail or department stores earning twenty-five dollars a week as saleswomen. Most of them started at five, six or seven a week—and studied their stocks, their trade and their buyer.

There are women buying for millinery departments at seventy-five dollars a week who never learned to trim a hat, but they did learn what their customers wanted and what they refused to buy.

There are women buying laces and underwear and buttons and trimmings for New York stores at five thousand dollars ayear. They started as clerks. And they did not belong to the class who said that clerking is nothing but drudgery. They looked at their customers and not at their mirrors. They were respectful to the buyer or man in authority.

You expect to be trained for nursing, for


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 teaching, for painting. Well, why not for buying goods in a modern store? Remember that when you sell goods at five, six or seven dollars a week you are being trained as a buyer, and at the firm's expense. That training ought to be one reason for gratitude. If you never become a buyer, if you remain in the class of store drudges, it is no one's fault but your own. The firm is ready to do its part, if you do yours.

Many of these suggestions apply also to girls from small cities or even country villages who wish to secure positions in city stores. There is no prejudice against country girls in the big city stores. Several superintendents have told me that, all things being equal, they prefer the out-of-town girl to the city girl, because she proves more earnest in her endeavors, largely because she has more at stake.

The out-of-town girl must expect a rigid cross-examination at the hands of her prospective employer. He will want to know with whom she intends to board, and what she will pay. This, because he knows just what salary he can offer and how she must make that stretch to cover nourishing food, presentable clothing and incidental expenses. If he is more than ordinarily impressed by her appearance, he may add a dollar a week to the salary he would offer the city girl who lives with her parents.


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 If the out-of-town applicant will be entirely frank with the superintendent in the matter of her finances, he will advise her wisely about ways of living. The question of living in a big city on a small salary will be taken up in another chapter. In this chapter I have tried only to advise girls how to go about the diffi cult task of securing a hearing. Once installed in a store, a girl who is really in earnest about her work will find chances for advancement in plenty. Some girls are too indifferent, too lazy, too shiftless, to seize an opportunity thrust upon them. They make up the great army of clerks that remain stationary behind the counters. The girl who moves on and up is the girl who sees or makes opportunities every day and every hour.

Salesmanship, once cultivated and trained into a business asset, need not confine a worker to the city department store. The woman who can sell goods will find many outlets for her energy. Real-estate, especially in suburban properties, offers splendid inducements to the woman with a gift for selling. Life insurance is a fine field of endeavor. Standard piano firms offer good commissions to women agents. The woman who can demonstrate foods and take orders in department stores and grocery stores, can work into a position as traveling sales-


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 woman for a manufacturing concern. The thing is to get the training and develop your ability to sell on the right lines. The better and bigger openings will come.


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profession of nursing is just now in the throes of what might be termed a social upheaval. For ten years, when the training-school for nurses first offered an entrance to a profitable career for women, it passed through the romantic period. Would-be nurses's aw themselves as charming figures in uniform, veritable angels of mercy, particularly to good-looking young men and to elderly persons in search of heiresses. The halo of the ministering angel—always with a becoming fluff of hair under it—held a conspicuous position in their dreams of a hospital career.

To-day nursing, having passed Gaharnod through this romantic era, is reaching a purely scientific basis. The high standard, physical, mental and moral, demanded of probationers and student nurses, and the long period of relentless training, have landed the nurse where's he belongs, close to the physician's elbow. In this day of drugless cures, the intelligence, judg-


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 ment and vigilance of the trained nurse mean as much in the sick-room as the prescriptions of the physician; therefore the trained nurse has dropped the halo for the mortar-board. Gradually she is finding her level in the professional world.

Asa result, while fewer girls pass the examinations for entering training-schools, those who do pass find themselves in a goodly company of real students, not emotional enthusiasts.

First: "What girls are suited to do the work, and therefore desired by superintendents of training-schools?"

The young women who are physically and nervously strong, and who are immaculately neat about their persons.

The girl who has weak sight, who is slightly deaf, who suffers from chronic throat trouble or catarrh or sick headaches or backaches should never consider this profession. Even if she manages to squeeze through her physical examination she will never pass muster during her term of probation. Physical defects must be cured, not alleviated, before an applicant—presents herself at any training-school. Canadian and Californian girls pass excellent, physical examinations.

Mentally, you should be equipped with a high school education, or its equivalent. A broader education is an advantage but not an essential.


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 The girl who cannot indite a legible, well-spelled, clearly-phrased letter has little or no chance of receiving an application blank. A training-school for nurses is not the place in which to study the rudiments of English and arithmetic.

The girl who is slovenly about her person or her clothes need not waste money on carfare to the city where the hospital-school is located. Untidiness clips the wings of a probationer as quickly as a physical defect. The strong, straight-limbed, full-chested girl who carries herself well, and whose skin is clear and well kept, whose clothes are immaculate, whose every movement is alert, is the girl for whom the superintendent is looking. The girl who is given to violent intimacies, followed by violent quarrels, is not fitted for this work. The trained nurse must be self-contained to the point of being secretive. She must study the art of keeping to herself and her work. Neither is the training-school for nurses the place for the high-strung, emotional girl, who overestimates her importance. The path which leads to a diploma holds for a girl absolute self-effacement. Sheis only a very small part of the great hospital system with which she casts her lot. Her personality is merged into one word—"duty."

Having decided that you are fitted for the


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 work, with its hard training and its liberal rewards at the end of the straight and very narrow path, decide where you wish to study. So far as actual training is concerned you will rereceive as up-to-date instruction in any large city near your home as in such great centers as New York or Chicago. Perhaps there is even more chance for individual work and supervision, but on the other hand the hospitals of New York and Chicago present a greater variety of experience, a broader field of work, because the wards and the clinics are much larger. Also, work in a New York or Chicago hospital is much harder, the discipline is more strict, and your ego is even more cruelly suppressed than in the less strenuous life of a smaller institution.

If you should decide to enter a training-school in your own city or the city nearest to your home, go first to your family physician and subject yourself to a thorough physical examination. Armed with a certificate of good health over his signature and a letter of recommendation from your pastor, or from the principal of the school from which you graduated, present yourself to the superintendent of the training-school for nurses. If it is a large institution you had best write for an appointment, as many superintendents have certain hours for interviewing applicants. Your fate is then in her hands. She is an absolute auto-


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 crat, and you cannot appeal from her decision to any physician connected with the hospital. Your first lesson in training-school discipline will be the power of the superintendent.

If you wish to go to a city like New York or Chicago make your application by mail. Address it to the superintendent of the training-school, and state in it clearly and unequivocally your age, height, weight, health, strength and any physical defects you may have. Do not try to gloss over any deficiency in training or condition. Be sure the superintendent will find you out. Set forth your educational advantages, your occupation from the time you left school until the hour of writing, the church of which you are a member, your reasons and motives for becoming a trained nurse, also whether you are married, single, widowed or divorced. Be equally frank as to your responsibilities, whether you have others dependent upon you for financial support. Forward with these statements, which you should make as brief as possible, your letter or letters of recommendation, and a certificate of health.

If this informal application makes a good impression on the superintendent, she will send you a regular application blank, which you will fill out with infinite care—and please, dear girls, if you want to make a good impression with this, do not send it forth decorated with tiny


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 blots, or, worse still, greasy thumb-marks. It will announce to the trained eye of that superintendent that you are not neat. And untidiness, as I said before, is a heinous offense.

Now, we will take up your career at your moment of acceptance as a probationer. Your name is placed on the waiting-list, and there it stays until a vacancy occurs, when you will be summoned and must report at once. In the meantime get everything in readiness. When you are notified that you have been accepted as a probationer you will receive a list of the clothing to bring with you. This varies in different hospitals, therefore I cannot give explicit directions. All this clothing you must provide and pay for. The training-school provides nothing until you have passed the period of probation and have entered upon your long term of service to the institution, when you will be paid a small salary with which to purchase uniforms, or, the uniform will be furnished. This much I will say: Show good judgment in the selection of your clothing. Have plenty of simple things rather than a few that are ornately trimmed. If you expected to wear a uniform of chambray or gingham or zephyr cloth in the familiar gray-blue and white stripe, have these simple dresses fitted carefully to give you the appearance of trimness, and have the waist and skirt joined by a narrow band to avoid the separation of


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 skirt and waist or the use of unsightly safety-pins. Have an ample supply of perfectly plain white petticoats with simple hems or a few tucks but not a scrap of lace upon them. Do not waste your money on fancy neckwear. It is unprofessional. Have plenty of plain linen stocks or collars, and white ties plainly hemmed, with cuffs to match, and quantities of large white nursing aprons. Your shoes should be soft and easy. You will be told what quantity and sort of underwear will be needed. Everything must be clearly marked with your name.

Once more—your success as a probationer will depend largely on your neatness. A probationer is allowed a limited amount of laundry work. Do not depend solely upon this, but take with you enough money to pay for extra laundry. One nurse who made an unusual record as a probationer says she owed her success to a laundry bill of ten dollars a month.

Some girls manage to go through the entire course without receiving any money from home, but this means rigid self-denial, as the salary paid by the school is intended to meet only your expenses in the way of supplies needed for your tuition, books, uniforms, washing, etc. And every probationer should take with her the amount of her railroad fare home. The superintendent of the training-school assumes absolutely no responsibility for your future.