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 and high officials, noblemen and news> paper editors, friends and co-educationists, fellow-believers and old pupils— the tokens from these last being alike rendered and received with a warmth and tenderness all their own. A slender bouquet of sample flowers from the richness of the stalk will suffice to shed its perfume upon these pages. “ None ever deserved the distinction more, for you have always set a wonderful example in life to all around you,” “ I need hardly say what a pleasure it is to me to see my old colleague in the Madras Council thus honoured, one from whom I derived so much of help and whose advice was ever sound.” It is not often that the Government honours a nbn-official of your sturdy independence of character.” "You may not have anticipated it, you may not relish it now tha/i it has, come, but it is the common property of all who love, honour and reverence you, and they at any rate will enjey it without stiqt.” “ A noble soul can-not escape recognition, however much it may try to avoid it.” “The present honour is


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Rh LETTERS.

FROM 1852 TO 1853.

AMERICA.

To.

1em

Here you see my first written words on board H.M.S. Canada, which is tossing like fury against a wind.

Saturday night we passed Holyhead, Sunday coasted Ireland, and passed the Asia steamer with all her sails set. This day week we are to be in port, spite of head wind.

1em

A very Sunday indeed: fair wind and bright weather; church service in the chief cabin, read by the surgeon, with sermon by the Rev. Dr. Cook, of the Presbyterian Established Church in Quebec: the lieutenant in his uniform, and some ten or twelve  sailors, in their blue woollen shirts, occupying the end of the cabin, aft—fine fellows as need be seen. Since then, a deal of promenading on the I get sick of the publicities, however, about 2 o'clock, and come down to my cabin to scribble. Lowell, who is on board, is very friendly indeed. Thackeray and I also get on.

We have on board a Dragoon officer and a young Engineer officer, bound for Bermuda; two American medical students; a young New York candidate for orders; a Manchester youth, on his first trip to New Orleans; a Cambridge travelling bachelor, with his brother, an Oxford man, knocked

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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 very greatly appreciated by us as appropriately indicating your noble aims and ideals in public life. In private life we have always been struck with your singular devotion and piety and have regarded you as a saint.*’ I am sure that a Knighthood has, in recent times, never been bestowed on a more generous heart.” “ Tour good blade may not carve the casques of men, your tough lance may not thrust sure : but your strength is as the strength of ten, because your heart is pure.” “ The whole teaching profession, of which you have been a shining ornament, will be proud of your achievement and success as an educationist and public worker." “ Had the Grovemment done this duty a year earlier^ you would have had the privilege of enjoying a far greater plea- sure than this in addition — that of receiving the sincerest felicitations* of the one great soul to whom this would have been veritably a personal honour. At present you will have to be contented with the knowledge thht the oltmnt of the (Christian) College are extremely gratified at the Government’s recognition


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 of your merits”. “You have ever been pleased to associate your manifold honours with your relation to this (Pittapur Rajah’s) College, as you have also consecrated your conspicuous gifts of head and heart to its expansion. We, too, on our side, have learnt to delight in the loving and enduring nature of that valued relationship-” “ A special honour to the Brahmo community.” ‘‘ Bombay and Bengal could count Knights amongst Brahmos, and now Madras has you, amongst them.” “A rare honour which, I boliovo, has been but honoured by your association with it. It becomes to us a matter of family pride and joy.” ‘‘ This honour, exalted as it is, is nothing compared to the very high esteem and sincere love they (your pupils and friends) bear for you.” And what is the sequel ? Before the eye of man, an immediate response of grateful acknowledgment to every individual greeting. ‘ But at the Altar of the Unseen, only the writhing cry of self-abasement under its own revaluation of values ! ‘‘ Thou art t*he witness to. Thou art the Judge of, all the pain and anguish


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 this heart has been feeling these several days — even the pain and anguish that, while the world is led or misled into the notion of worth and virtue, there is the ceaseless, the unquenchable, hell-fire, in the heart, of separation from Thee and the aching feeling, the tormenting sense, of the loneliness born of that separation !” (P. 347.)

Thus, honour without exalting the honourable within, and the honourable within humbling itself before the honour without — thus, full of years as of honours,

‘Till old experience do attain ,

To something like prophetic strain — ’

may this, our own ‘ good man of God,^ thrive, by His grace, thr»ugh the round of many a benignant birth-da 3 thus to yield us the growing fruit of his goodness and godliness! And for the time bein^, aj'e, ‘thro’ all the secular to-be,’ may this present store of refined reflections and reverential rhapsodies, with their fresh charm of revision by that fiinishing touch which fouches nothing it adorns not, usher its peaceful way into all


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THE FORMATION OF CLASSICAL ENGLISH:

A LECTURE ON DRYDEN.


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 record of his varied work, including the three and thirty years of educational service amidst Christian, Muham.madan and Hindu surroundings, “he never lowered his flag”, as the Ohrhtian College Magazine aptly put it in commendation of his ‘ Kao Bahadur ’ distinction.

“ Half-battles for the true I ‘ Nay, it is far from proper to say that his is a combative, militant natiu'e. A born fisher of men, he never once betrays Jhimself into the least little obtrusion of himself or his views. Ibuber, as a candle unconsciously throws its beams, he is a silent radiating centre of illumination in v hose presence it slowlj' becomes impossible to think a mean thought or utter a debasyig word. Those who only know of him or know him but from a distance often fancy liim too ])rone to impress liimself dogmatically upon others or to imbue them didactically with his faddistic view's of things. Siispicious hostility thus fears aggressive proselytism in him ; but at the same time its very absence, in truth, is exactly what he is blamed for by some sympathising friends. The fact is, he simply lives


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 kin ideals and is content to leave the life to preach itself. He is a firm believer in the conscious up-building of character in each individual life ; and his one aim is more and more to acquire and impai't a healthy tctne to the inner springs of c'onduct in growing accord with the Will of the All-Holy through the varied relations of life. Accordingly, not even his worst calumniators, however much they may fall foul of his heresy and heterodoxy, would ever raise the slightest breath of a whimper against his own unimpeachable character ; while association with him is accepted as a sufficient passjiort for general integrity in his friends and followers. The root of all these outward excellences lies in his inner spiritual experiences. With him, recreation, morality, reform, all are organically related to religion. His is constitutionally a temper full of hilarity ; he is habitually fond of company ; and in social circles he laughs and ]»]ays with the bounding enthusiasm of a pleasure-seeker, ever ready with sallies of wit and humour, ■with apt anecdote and ejadless cobversatioB, though »ever self -indulgent,


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 self-obtrusive oi* even self-conscious. But dbej) down this apparent — let me add also, transparent — outburst of merriment, there runs a clear under-current of solemn purpose, even the . unbending of the spirit for its own strengthening and the realisation of the conviction that the tiod we own is a God of Joy and Bliss Eteimal. A perusal of the article on “ Religion and Recreation ” will illustrate this habitually elevated stand-point even to the stranger. Again, if he is generous in his private charities — and these, extensive for his limited means, are such that the left hand knoweth not what the right hand doeth — it is, not for the love of a good name or even out of pity for want and woe, but primarily for the vindication of the unfailing providence of Love Eternal. He cannot bear that the destitute and the distressed should feel that, wherever they go, they must only knock against iron-walls of destiny and that the Rule]- of this Universe is but a ruthless tyrant magnified into infinity. So he picks up a family of orphan-waifs by the rail-road and makes them as more than children unto


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 himself. Sohe suppoiis the Ohennapnri Annadana Samajam as one of its deA^oted wdrk^ers' since its foundation. And so, in a Vordj he cannot say ‘no’ to any call for Succour from any quarter. Or again, born as a meat -eater, he turn* a strict vegetarian on principle, extremely sensitive to the sin of helping to take away a life none can give. Furthermore, in his staunch advocacy of the cause of social pm’ity and its natural corollary, the anti-nautch moA’^ement, Avith Avliich ])erhaps his name is l)est identified in' the public mind both- within and without the Madras Presidency, he takes high ground,' maintaining that “ purity is to character what symmetry is to beauty — not an accident of adornnAcnt but an essential of structure ” and that “ piety Avithout purity is baser than gross superstition — it is sant-tified sin ; ” and decrying “ the custom that invites undisguised shame to the hall of honour or restores convicted impurity to the place of position.” It was in this spirit, that, against over-powering odds, he led the agitation in the famous “ Norton incident ” on the Congressf


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 platform of 1894 It is also in this spirit that he has produced his really monumental essay in the Hon’ble Mr. C. Y. Chintamani’s publication on “ Indian Social Beform” — a thesis in which he has given us of his best and to which, pending its reappearance in this series, the reader may profitably turn once ’more to measure the ethical and spiritual grandeur as well as the literary greatness of author. Also, pre-eminent among Mr. Venkata Ratnam’s distinctive traits is his peculiar devotion to the ideal of monogamy. Possessed with a profound sense of the sublime sanctity of the marriage relation, he holds, to quote his own ]iregnant woi’ds, that “ the true test of monogamy is the monocracy of the whole heart by the one all-endeniing, as the true mark of monotheism is the monolatry, with the whole soul, of the One All-SufiBcient.” “ Those never loved who dream that they loved once,” said Mrs. Browning. After 5 brief years of wedded life, it has fallen to Mr. Venkata Ratnam’s own lot, since the close" of his twenty-seventh year, to concretise


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THE FORMATION OF CLASSICAL ENGLISH:

Author:John Dryden, a true littérateur, simply reflects his epoch; the revolution he was intent upon, and which we are especially bound to consider, was that of English verse composition. While Newton was balancing the earth, and Locke weighing the intellect, Dryden was measuring syllables. While Penn and Locke were venturing experiments in government, he was making them in prosody. Political movements and agitations the plot and the new plot dissolutions and elections falls of ministries and impeachments and deaths were to him chiefly of interest because he must mould the subject of his verse accordingly. To please the King as laureate he is in duty bound; and to serve his cause with rhyme to the purpose. Also prose.

Yet what side should a littérateur of real excellence take if not that of the King and the court? who certainly had the best taste, were the most judicious critics as well as the most likely paymasters. Settle and Shadwell might suit the Aldermen and the Exclusionists, who knew no better. And nothing, I imagine, more completely suited Dryden, more exactly met his feelings, and gave freer scope to his talents, than the revolution in literature which the new King and court sought to naturalise in England. To guide the process of that change and to elevate


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 this supremely exalted ideal in himself. Along the footetore path of the weary widowed race, however, there shines the light of the '• larger hope/’ the hope beyond the grave, wliicli proclaims, with Emerson, in silent tones of solace :

“ Hearts are dust ; hearts’ loves remain. Heart’s love will meet Thee again.”

Thus to the eye of living faith, there is no death but only transition, end the chastening ministrations of sorrow tend to. cure the repining of the soul and deepen its resignation to the Divine decree, as witness the touching memorial outpourings in this volume. Accordingly, tender in heart and strong in affections, Mr. Yenhata Batnam has taught himself and taught us the precious lessmt to jefl the stroke of affliction like a woman but to /acs it also like a man. And if, albeit this rigid monogamist position, Mr. Venkata Batnam — greatly to the bewildermeHt of superficial critics — lends his warm support to the cause of the remarriage of woman, it is fundamentally because of the rery anxiety


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 FEDERAL RESERVE BANK of NEW YORK 33 LIBERTY STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10045-0001

BARRY SCHINDLER FREEDOM OF INFORMATION OFFICER

June 21, 2022

VIA E-MAIL Emre Kuvvet Associate Professor of Finance Nova Southeastern University ekuvvet@nova.edu

Dear Mr. Kuvvet,

This letter is in response to your letter received on May 23, 2022. Your request is set forth below in relevant part:

“I would like to access the Federal Reserve Bank of New York manual known as the “Doomsday Book”. The “Doomsday Book” is a compendium of legal opinions, in some cases stretching back decades, that explore the legal limits of the Federal Reserve in the event of a financial crisis.”

Your request is being treated as a request under the Federal Reserve Bank of New York’s (the “New York Fed”) Freedom of Information Policy (the “FOI Policy”), a copy of which is available at https://www.newyorkfed.org/aboutthefed/freedom-of-information-requests.html. Please note that the Federal Reserve Bank of New York (the “New York Fed”) is not subject to the Freedom of Information Act (“FOIA”) although it complies with the spirit of FOIA when responding to requests of this type.

Based on the information you provided, a search was conducted, and attached are two documents consisting of a total of 122 pages that are responsive to your request. Please note that portions of these documents have been redacted as they are exempt from disclosure under exemption 6 of the FOI policy. Additional responsive documents were located but have been withheld as exempt from disclosure under exemption 5 of the New York Fed’s FOI Policy. Information on how to file a request for reconsideration may be found in Section 3.8 of the New York Fed’s FOI Policy.

Sincerely, Barry Schindler Freedom of Information Officer

T 212.720.5000 E foi@newyorkfed.org W www.newyorkfed.org


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 to elevate the mamage ideal to the lofty j>edestal of Rnskin’s “ single love ’’ that he insists on for the widowed to rebuild a home in vieAv t(» the ends of self-pealisation. For, what moral vahie, afteJ' all, can attach to the celibacy induced by social coercion, and how far is it compatible with the acknowledged sublimity of the matrimonial relation- ship ?

j^s already noted, the key-note to this happy combination of culture and character is furnished by Mr. Venkata Ratnam’s personal religiousness. Penetrate into the deei)-hidden folds of his inner being, and you soon discover that his main-spring in life is God-consciousness, — or rather, the haunting sense of want of God-consciousness and the utter self-abasement of tlie unregenerate nature, itself a living symptom of ceaseless spiritual growth. “ Nearer, my God, nearer to Thee ” is, indeed, the silent song of his heart, rising, above and regulating the outer music of all his life. This is the ope distinctive under-note rings through all the succeeding pages. - With him, as .we may.


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 observe, it is a p'rofanatibn to' give a capital G to any Proper Noun save to the dearest name of all, that of ‘the Nameless of the hundred names.*

Little wonder that Mr. Venkata Ratiianii, with the magnetic power that makes disciple's, has made close friends and followers in several places far and near. For each one of them, he has a distinct corner in his capacious heart not meant for others ; and kind, courteous and accessible to all, he maintains individual relations with these. In spite of himself, the pink of his pupils perforce must always be won for the cause of the true, the good and the right and be bound to him by the silver links and silken ties of gratitude and reverence. “I have elected to be a teacher more for the sacred responsibilities and noble opportunitios than for flie ample emoluments Of the profession. Accordingly, 1 have been desirous of living, God knows to what purpose, a life from which the young — the hoiie of our dear land — may take a hint or two.” (1904). For this “spoiling’* of youth, obloquy often becomes his portion. But, with


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 Socratic eeranity, h« sustains himself witii the thought, ‘‘ Can a Soul’s bi’other he ah* <iuired at a loss cost than the ■vt’orst that tnau may say? ” Hence, no Theistic believer or body, no liberal-minded spirit among high and: low in the Walks of public or jS’ivate life, in the Nol’thern Circars but has derived inspiration from his noble soul. No harsh world upon his lip, no graceless ruffle in his temper, simple and austere in habit, ^‘wearing all that weight of learning lightly like a flower” in all humility, he cannot but strike even the casual, distant observer as a beautiful examjde of plain living and high thinking. “ Y oii are living here the life of an anchoiito ” was what a discerning visitor once remarked in his home.

ShOidcomings there aie in the fruitful, if not eventful, life delineated above. this life and the life of the ever-venerated Kao Hahadur Veeresalingam I’antulu, such as they are ,make up the two hemispheres of one glorious orb of illumination for us in the Southern PresMency — Venkata Katnam the sage, ’Veercsalinga m the hero; the one witb his idegi of saintliness and passion wordbip,


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 REVIEW OF SOME POEMS

ALEXANDER SMITH AND MATTHEW ARNOLD.


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 DOOMSDAY BOOK

Version: 4.1 INTERNAL FR Date: June 19, 2006 Compiler:

Editor:

The “Doomsday Book" is a collection of emergency documentation and memo- randa compiled by the Legal Department of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. It has two purposes in mind. First, it is a ready reference source, containing template documents that must be prepared quickly, and background material that is likely to be particularly relevant to an emergency situation. Second, because all of its documents are on CD-ROMs, it is an operational mitigant against the risk of lost power or connectivity. The Doomsday Book, however, assumes working computers and printers.

It is maintained in three forms: a complete paper version (copies kept in the Law Library, Records, and EROC), CD-ROM and paper introductory section (distributed widely through the Legal Department) and on the Legal server (in the “LEGALDOCS" library; “Doomsday Book Materials” folder.)

The complete paper and server versions should always be current, and the complete paper version will contain a current CD-ROM. To ascertain whether a CD- ROM is current, check its version number against that of the complete paper or server versions. (If complete paper and server are unavailable, contact the Editor or the Compiler.) Feel free to copy the current CD-ROM, bearing in mind that some of the memoranda on the CD-ROM are RESTRICTED-F.R.

From time to time, the Compiler will update the Doomsday Book, as the Editor adds additional documentation. The Doomsday Book is not, and can never be a finished product. The Editor is the gatekeeper for all additions and changes to

the Doomsday Book. Please contact the Editor for any suggested additions or revisions. XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX and YYYYYYYYYYYY remain available to answer any questions concerning the Doomsday Book.

PRIVILEGED ATTORNEY/CLIENT COMMUNICATION

HIGHLY CONFIDENTIAL - ATTORNEYS' EYES ONLY FRBNY-STARR(CFC)-0487635

PTX-7 Page 1 of 38


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 DOOMSDAY BOOK—Internal FR

DOOMSDAY BOOK

Version: 5.0 INTERNAL FR Date: May 3, 2012 Compiler: XXXXXXXXXXXXXX       Extension: XXXXX Editor: XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX     Extension: XXXXX

The “Doomsday Book” is a collection of emergency documentation compiled by the Legal Department of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. It has two purposes in mind. First, it is a ready reference source, containing background material likely to be useful in responding to an emergency, and educational in planning for emergencies. Second, because all of its documents are on DVD-ROMs, it is an operational mitigant against the risk of lost power or connectivity. The Doomsday Book, however, assumes working computers and printers.

It is maintained in two forms: a mostly paper version (copies kept in the Law Library, General Counsel’s Office, Legal Records, and EROC), and a mostly digital disk version (distributed widely through the Legal Department.) Both the paper and disk version refer to the purely electronic files on the Legal server. Both the paper and the digital disk versions are multimedia. Most of the 2008-09 agreements are extremely voluminous, and have always been stored as digital disks. The paper version will continue to store these agreements in digital disk format. The disk version will have this introductory section in paper, with the digital disks attached to this paper document containing the rest of the documentation.

The complete paper version should always be current, and the complete paper version will contain a current digital risk. To ascertain whether a DVD-ROM is current, ask the editor or compiler, or check its version number against that of the complete paper versions. Feel free to copy the current digital disk.

From time to time, the Compiler will update the Doomsday Book, as the Editor adds additional documentation. The Doomsday Book is not, and can never be a finished product. The Editor is the gatekeeper for all additions and changes to the Doomsday Book.

Please contact the Editor for any suggested additions or revisions. The other Discount Window attorneys -- XXXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXXXXX, and XXXXXXXXXXXXXX remain available to answer any questions concerning the Doomsday Book.

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 REVIEW OF SOME POEMS

ALEXANDER SMITH AND MATTHEW ARNOLD.

by Alexander Smith, a volume recently published in London, and by this time reprinted in Boston, deserve attention. They have obtained in England a good deal more notice than is usually accorded there to first volumes of verse; nor is this by any means to be ascribed to the mere fact that the writer is, as we are told, a mechanic; though undoubtedly that does add to their external interest, and perhaps also enhances their intrinsic merit. It is to this, perhaps, that they owe a force of purpose and character which makes them a grateful contrast to the ordinary languid collectanea published by young men of literary habits; and which, on the whole, may be accepted as more than compensation for many imperfections of style and taste.

The models whom this young poet has followed have been, it would appear, predominantly, if not exclusively, the writers of his own immediate time, plus Shakspeare. The antecedents of the the one long poem which occupies almost the whole of his volume, are to be found in the 'Princess,' in parts of Mrs. Browning, in the love of Keats, and the habit of Shakspeare. There is no Pope, or Dryden, or even Milton;


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 TWO LETTERS

Rh


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 feel it a shockingly great blow that has come too suddenly. It is like a bolt from the blue. Yet, as we have just been rightly reminded, under the oppression of heavy sorrow we owe it as a duty to ourselves, as well as to those whom the loss so dreadfully and terribly crushes, that we should express the very meagre and inadequate but none the less very hearty sympathy due to them.

It has been my melancholy privilege to have known the deceased for a longer period than almost every one else with perhaps the exception of him who has been these eleven years and more his chum in company and his yoke-fellow in office—I mean, the Assistant Dewan. My knowledge of and love for Mokkapati Subbarayadu date back to 1894, when he was a student of the Fifth Form in the School Department of Noble College at Masulipatam. He drew my attention first on an occasion which was rather the reverse of this one, when we were giving an affectionate send-off to one of my colleagues going out on furlough. Subbarayadu, with his instinctive aptitude for Telugu verse, though yet in


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 his teens, a student of the Fifth Form, came out with some Telugu verses which were very touching, characteristically closing with a humorous verse. The humour of it lay in this. The language was English, and the characters were Telugu. It threw us all into bursts of laughter, and I naturally asked myself who the lad was that contained so much humour in him. This was the beginning of our mutual acquaintance. The next year he came into the Sixth Form—the lowest class which I was teaching. He gradually worked his way up to the B. A. when I left the Institution. He was somehow not noted for industry at that time. He did not do justice to himself in the University career, as judged by the ‘results’. To every one who knew him it was quite patent that his talents were of a high order. He passed his examinations with ease, with so little of what the world calls industry; and in this lies the proof of great intellect. To all who knew him it was a disappointment that he did not get a first class in the Matriculation or F. A.; and some


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 LETTERS

I.

, I left this country as nearly as possible (next June, I believe, will complete it) one quarter of a century back, to go to school. I was sent 'home,' as they called it—that is, away from home, to the land which my parents, and, I presume, yours also, long ago belonged to—to be educated.

Does one get educated in years, I wonder? The, wisest of the seven wise men of Greece describes to us how that he

And, since the something new may possibly contradict, and will assuredly modify, the everything not so new before it, at what age may one consider oneself entitled, for example, to write letters in print to the editor of a magazine? At what figure does one attain one's real majority and right of speech? How soon may one venture to affirm anything which everybody else does not already know and believe? And, in the meantime, is there any good in talking merely to be assented to? Is it so agreeable an exercise on the part of the reader to? express mentally to himself that assent? If agreeable, is it therefore useful? 'Were it not better done as others use?' to follow the plough or the ledger, to find a Neæra in agriculture, or an Amaryllis in commerce? 'What boots it, with Rh


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 A PASSAGE UPON OXFORD STUDIES:

A REVIEW OF THE OXFORD UNIVERSITY COMMISSIONERS' REPORT, 1852.

Rh


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 of the disappointment was attributed to me that I was drawing him away from the sole duty of a student—confinement to books. I always felt that the days of one’s education at school or college ought not to be wholly devoted to book-lore and that there should be strenuous efforts in acquiring knowledge and laying in ideas and judgments which in after-life would help the personality to develop in different directions. It is interesting how a student occupied in a diversity of pursuits passed his examinations and went up to the highest class without the least hitch. In the B. A. he topped the list in English in the whole of the Northern Circars and was awarded the MacDonald Gold Medal. In Telugu, he was known to be, of course as may very well be expected of a member of Mokkapati family, a Telugu scholar. With him Telugu scholarship was a hereditary acquisition and not a personal accomplishment. We all know how his family is noted for scholarship in these parts and a grand-uncle of his had the renown of being cyclopaedic in Sanskrit lore.


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 Subbarayadu kept up his studies even after the B. A. and acquired knowledge in other directions. So far as his arduous official labours permitted, he spared no pains to improve himself. He had a respectable knowledge of English literature. But in the realm of thought and sentiment, he was easily familiar with a Martineau or a Maeter-linck, not with the bookish acquaintance of one who reads and remembers, but with the spirit and affinity of one who studies and assimilates. Equally keen was his intellect on subjects relating to the historic and economic questions of the day. Any one who had occasion to draw him out on these subjects would have surely known how wide his acquaintance was in these directions. More than his talents, what struck any person that had any capacity to see beneath the surface was his superior order of development in the moral realm. It is a truism that greatness in morality lies in the comprehensiveness, so to speak, complexity, of character. It is not in undue development in one direction, be it of honesty or of purity or of veracity, that


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 sheweth his distrust of a Spherical Instrument composed by Archimedes hismelf to take the Suns ingression into the Æquinoctial.

But if the Instruments be so suspitious, and the observations so dubious, how can we ever come to any certainty of things, or free our selves from mistakes? I have heard strange things of the Instruments of Tycho made with extraordinary cost, and of his singular diligence in observations.

All this I grant you; but neither one nor other of these is sufficient to ascertain us in a businesse of this importance. I desire that we may make use of Instruments greater by far, and by far certainer than those of Tycho, made with a very small charge; the sides of which are of 4. 6. 20. 30. and 50. miles, so as that a degree is a mile broad, a minute prim. 50 * yards, a second but little lesse than a yard, and in short we may without a farthing expence procure them of what bignesse we please. I being in a Countrey Seat of mine near to Florence, did plainly observe the Suns arrival at, and departure from the Summer Solstice, whilst one Evening at the time of its going down it appeared upon the top of a Rock on the Mountains of Pietrapana, about 60. miles from thence, leaving discovered of it a small streak or filament towards the North, whose breadth was not the hundredth part of its Diameter; and the following Evening at the like setting, it shew'd such another part of it, but notably more small, a necessary argument, that it had begun to recede from the Tropick; and the regression of the Sun from the first to the second observation, doth not import doubtlesse a second minute in the East. The observation made afterwards with an exquisite Telescope, and that multiplyeth the Discus of the Sun more than a thousand times, would prove easie, and with all delightful. Now with such an Instrument as this, I would have observations to be made in the fixed stars, making use of some of those wherein the mutation ought to appear more conspicuous, such as are (as hath already been declared) the more remote from the Ecliptick, amongst which the Harp a very great star, and near to the Pole of the Ecliptick, would be very proper in Countries far North, proceeding according to the manner that I shall shew by and by, but in the use of another star; and I have already fancied to my self a place very well adapted for such an observation. The place is an open Plane, upon which towards the North there riseth a very eminent Mountain, in the apex or top whereof is built a little Chappel, situate East and West, so as that the ridg of its Roof may intersect at right angles, the meridian of some building standing in the Plane. I will place a beam parallel to the said ridg, or top of the Roof,


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 A PASSAGE UPON OXFORD STUDIES:

A REVIEW OF THE OXFORD UNIVERSITY COMMISSIONERS' REPORT, 1852.

' to Oxford from the sixth form (the highest class) of a public school. I had at that time read all Thucydides, except the sixth and seventh books; the six first books of Herodotus; the early books of each author I had done at least three times over. I had read five plays, I think, of Sophocles, four of Æschylus—several of these two or three times over; four, perhaps, or five, of Euripides; considerable portions of Aristophanes; nearly all the "Odyssey;" only about a third of the "Iliad," but that several times over; one or two dialogues of Plato the "Phædo," I remember, was one; not quite all Virgil; all Horace; a good deal of Livy and Tacitus; a considerable portion of Aristotle's "Rhetoric," and two or three books of his "Ethics;" besides, of course, other things. I mention these, because they have to do with Oxford. I had been used to do my very best in translating in the class. We were not marked; but expressions of approbation, graduated carefully, and invariably given by the rule so formed, were quite sure to let every boy know how he had done his part. The more diligent used to listen with eagerness for note and comment; the idlest amongst us were considerably afraid of reprimand. We were wont, moreover, to do three long original exercises every week, out of school. These were looked over


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is impossible for any scholar to have read, and studied, and reflected without forming a strong impression of the entire uncertainty of history in general, and of the history of Christianity in particular.

It is equally impossible for any man to live, act, and reflect without feeling the significance and depth of the moral and religious teaching which passes amongst us by the name of Christianity.

The more a man feels the value, the true import of this, the more will he hesitate to base it upon those foundations which as a scholar he feels to be unstable. Manuscripts are doubtful, records may be unauthentic, criticism is feeble, historical facts must be left uncertain.

Even in like manner my own personal experience is most limited, perhaps even most delusive: what have I seen, what do I know? Nor is my personal judgment a thing which I feel any great satisfaction in trusting. My reasoning powers are weak; my memory doubtful and confused; my conscience, it may be, callous or vitiated.

I see not how it is possible for a man disinclined to adopt arbitrarily the watchword of a party to the sacrifice of truth—indisposed to set up for himself, and vehemently urge some one


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 moral greatness consists, but in a comprehensive, all-inclusive development of the various cardinal virtues. It is in this many-sided moral development that the moral greatness of an admirable human being lies. Though it may sound paradoxical, yet it is true that in Subbarayadu’s character the chief and most distinguishable point is the reconciliation of apparent contraries. How to be stem and yet sympathetic, how to be just and yet merciful, how to be keen and yet forgiving, how to be honest and yet recognise human weakness—it is in the reconciliation of these contraries that a man’s greatness lies. One may be stern as duty and tender as sympathy, both simultaneously. That is the enviable privilege of a chosen few in whom shines a ray of the central Luminary of all souls. There are really some in whom the Divine dwells. They serve not merely as towering pinnacles of admiration to lower natures but as examples that provoke imitation and emulation.

My dear old pupil and friend had a wonderful combination of keen intellect.


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 tender Eentiment and stern will. If he I be firm, he could not be moved. If sym; was deserved, he rendered it not m unsolicited but at times unexpected, was necessary that intellect should be ap he did it with unsparing rigour to the ini gation of a question with searching scr and persistenc)^ It may be said of hi: some of you, may remember an English said with profound patriotism aboiit tlie Thames, that he was

“ Though deep yet clear, gentle yc

di

Strong without rage, ricli withoiit

flowiiii

It is this capacity to come ui) to a h standard and yet subdue all in his appli( to the daily round of duties that const: a worthy public servant as well as a friend. No wonder, then, that Sree Garu has described him as a remar person, a distinguished officer and a v friend. As for myself, I used to fee wonder many a time and oft how one :


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 close attention was demanded by the momentous concerns of a great Estate like this could, nevertheless, remember those small concerns, minor details and little points which often, even with those who have not so much of preoccupation, so readily escape recollection. I never wrote a letter even on the most trifling matters but got a reply in due course. This capacity for varied and multifarious work which, according to some great thinkers, as the characteristic of genius was one of the distinguishing features of Subbarayadu also.

Whoever thought a life so pregnant with the possibilities of incalculable worth and unimaginable development would be thus cut short! I do not know how, but somehow feel that, after all, he was a martyr to his own sense of duty. He never spared himself. A single holiday he never knew. Leisure under any conditions he would not tolerate. Work was the very breath of his life. How to further the interests of the Estate, how to serve the best interests of him who stood in the triple relationship of the pupil whom ho


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 had trained, the master whom he served and the friend whom he always consulted—this one all-engrossing subject so occupied the whole mind that he denied himself the ordinary necessaries and bare requirements of a healthy and comfortable life. In him is once again found an illustration of the universal truth that in this world nothing can be done, no results realised and no work begun except through self-sacrifice. He was a most exemplary instance of self-sacrifice. I knew him as a boy, watched him as an adult, walked with him as a companion, prayed for him as one of his well-wishers, took his counsel as one who trusted in him. And I feel that to have commanded the regard, won the affection, and kept the confidence, of one like Subbarayadu is one of the greatest prizes of one’s life. Unto the Estate the loss is simply incalculably heavy. I know so little of the inner details of the administration of the Estate. But having had the friendship of persons who were intimate friends of the Dewan and the Rajah, I have often been led to ask myself, ‘If at any time there should be


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 an occasion even for a sort period of a year or so for Subbarayadu to stand aloof from the system of the administration, how could it go on?’ He was not merely the motive-power that gave the impetus in all directions, but also the inspiring grace which gave life and, what is more than life, the sense of devout attachment to all that are concerned in the Estate. Therefore, the less is tremendous and we do feel that it is not possible, at any rate in the near future, to replace him who has left us so suddenly. Somehow, I have a belief, a belief that is quite justified to my individual soul, that man is not merely flesh and blood, not even this wonderful machinery which thinks and feels and wills and acts; but what vitally endures is the ever-expanding being, beginning as a personality, growing as a reality and Culminating as a glory. I therefore feel that, though the physical body is withdrawn, the vital, essential being perseveres and is for ever perpetuated and though to the physical eye he is withdrawn, to the feeling heart and to the affectionate spirit his companionship


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Rh of his sins, that in the glory of the resurrection being raised among thy saints and elect, he may breathe again,"

or be refreshed. And that other in the Roman Pontifical:

Now, forasmuch as it is most certain that all such as depart in grace, as the adversaries acknowledge that all in purgatory do, are sure to escape hell, and to be raised up unto glory at the last day, Medina perplexeth himself exceedingly in according these kind of prayers, with the received grounds of purgatory; and after much agitation of the business to and fro, at last resolveth upon one of these two desperate conclusions. That touching these

And we easily do believe, indeed, that their offices and legends are fraught not only with untrue and unfit, but also with far worse stuff; neither is this any news unto us. Agobardus, Bishop of Lyons, complained, about eight hundred years ago, that the Antiphonary used in his Church had "many ridiculous and phantastical" things in it; that he was fain to cut off from thence such things as seemed to be "either superfluous, or light, or lying, or blasphemous."


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 is not merely not cut off but will be vouch-safed in an increasing degree in the advancing years before us. Whether physically present or abiding in spirit, he is not lost to the Pithapuram Estate, not lost to us. That his spirit will be blessed with perpetual peace and abundant happiness there is absolutely no doubt. That good can ever fail and God can ever be foiled—that is impossible. He must grow in the bosom of Eternal Goodness from strength to strength, from glory to glory and from bliss to bliss. And as he thus grows, I do believe in an increasing measure that the influence felt by all those that had the privilege of coming into contact with him and his spirit will continue to work on them for good. With this hope and this faltering expression of the worth of my very dear old pupil and ever-valued friend, I invite you all to join in expressing our sincere condolences to the bereaved family and the much afflicted Rajah.


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24 The like complaint was made not long since by Lindanus of the Roman Antiphonaries and Missals; wherein

But, now we have the

I doubt much whether our Romanists will allow the censure which their Medina hath given of the prayers contained therein. And therefore if this will not please them, he hath another answer in store; of which though his countryman Mendoza hath given sentence that it is indigna viro theologo,

yet such as it is you shall have it. Supposing, then, that the Church hath no intention to pray for any other of the dead, but those that are detained in purgatory, this he delivereth for his second resolution:


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leaving our Popish doctors, with their profound speculations of the not limiting God's power by the Scriptures, and the promises which he hath made unto us therein, let us return to the ancient Fathers, and consider the differences that are to be found among them touching the place and condition of souls separated from their bodies. For according to the several apprehensions which they had thereof, they made different applications and interpretations of the use of praying for the dead; whose particular intentions and devotions in that kind must of necessity therefore be distinguished from the general intention of the whole Church.

1. St. Augustine, (that I may begin with him, who was, as the most ingenious, so likewise the most ingenuous of all others, in acknowledging his ignorance where he saw cause,) being to treat of these matters, maketh this preface beforehand unto his hearers:

And having occasion to speak of the departure of Nebridius, his dear friend:

But elsewhere he directly distinguisheth this bosom from the place of bliss into which the saints shall be received after the last judgment:

"After this short life," saith he, "thou shalt not as yet be where the saints shall be, unto whom it is said, Come, ye blessed of my Father, receive the kingdom which was prepared for you from the beginning of the world. Thou shalt not as yet be there: who knoweth it not? But now thou mayest be there, where that proud and barren rich man in the midst of his torments saw afar off the poor man, sometimes full of ulcers, resting. Being placed in that rest, thou dost


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26 securely expect the day of judgment; when thou mayest receive thy body, when thou mayest be changed to be equal unto an angel."

And for the state of souls betwixt the time of the particular and general judgment, this is his conclusion in general:

Into these hidden receptacles he thought the souls of God's children might carry some of their lighter faults with them: which being not removed would hinder them from coming into the kingdom of heaven, whereunto no polluted thing can enter, and from which, by the prayers and almsdeeds of the living, he held they might be released. But of two things he professed himself here to be ignorant.

First, What those sins were which did so hinder the coming unto the kingdom of God, that yet by the care of good friends they might obtain pardon.

Secondly, whether those souls did endure any temporary pains in the interim betwixt the time of death and the resurrection. For howsoever in his one and twentieth book of the City of God, and the thirteenth and sixteenth chapters, (for the new patch which they have added to the four and twentieth chapter is not worthy of regard,) he affirms that some of them do suffer certain purgatory punishments before the last and dreadful judgment; yet by comparing these places with the five and twentieth chapter of the twentieth book, it will appear, that by those purgatory punishments he understandeth here the furnace of the fire of conflagration, that shall immediately go before this last judgment, and, as he otherwhere describeth the effects thereof,

Neither was this opinion of the reservation of souls in secret places, and the purging of them in the fire of conflagration at the day of judgment, entertained by this famous Doctor alone; divers others there were that had touched upon the same string before him. Origen, in his fourth book, as we have him translated by Ruffinus, (for both in the extracts selected out of him by St. Basil and St. Gregory, and in St. Jerome's 59th


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Rh epistle ad Avitum, we find the place somewhat otherwise expressed,) saith that

And in his commentaries on Leviticus, he addeth further:

Then touching the purging of men after the resurrection, he thus delivereth his mind in his commentaries upon Luke:

And upon Jeremy:

Which in his 5th book against Celsus he doth explicate more at large.

Neither doth Lactantius show himself to vary much from him in either of those points; for thus he writeth:

In like manner doth St. Hilary write of the one part:

And thus of the other:


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Transport Safety Investigations Act

 * Transport Safety Investigation Act 2003 (Cth.), an Australian Act that establishes the Australian Transport Safety Bureau and provides for its powers to investigate transport accidents.
 * Transport Safety Investigations Act 2018, a Singaporean Act that establishes the Transport Safety Investigation Bureau of Singapore and provides for similar issues.

title: Transport Safety Investigations Act


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28

In St. Ambrose also there are some passages to be found which seem to make directly for either of these points; as these for the former:

Also that Scripture

And these for the latter:


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Thou, Lord of infinite mercy! We glorify Thy name that two humble souls have this day, through Thy ordaining, through the love of Thy imparting, through the mutual self-surrender and devotion of Thy inspiring, been happilly, sacredly united in holy wedlock. We supplicate Thy blessings on them this day that they may be filled, inspired, illumined, occupied and engrossed with the holy sentiment of love, with the holy desire of pure, self-denying, self-realising, self-renewing devotion unto each other. May they point along the lines of Thy prescribing! May they realise the potency, the spell, the marvellous power of the Brahma Dharma that has made such a union possible, desirable! Diversified in race and language, belonging to various traditions and different surroundings, not attracted by allurements of power


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Rh Hereunto we may adjoin that observation of Suarez the Jesuit:

And with as good consequence also may we add, that prayers were not to be made for the delivery of the souls of the dead from any purgatory pains, supposed to be suffered by them betwixt the time of their death, and their resurrection, which be the only prayers that are now in question.

saith Gregorius Cerameus, sometime Archbishop of Tauromenium in Sicilia. And

saith Anastasius Sinaita. Upon whom Gretser bestoweth this marginal annotation; that this is the

And we find it to be held indeed both by some of the ancient, (as namely in Caius, who lived at Rome when Zephyrinus was Bishop there, and is accounted to be the author of the treatise falsely fathered upon Josephus, a large fragment whereof hath been lately published by Hœschelius, in his notes upon Photius's Bibliotheca,) and by the latter Grecians, in whose name Marcus Eugenicus, Archbishop of Ephesus, doth make this protestation against such of his countrymen, as yielded to the definition of the Florentine Council:

"We say, that neither the saints do receive the kingdom prepared for them, and those secret good things, neither the sinners do as yet fall into hell; but that either of them do remain in expectation of their proper lot; and that this appertaineth unto the time that is to come after the resurrection and the judgment. But these men, with the Latins, would have these to receive presently after death the things they have deserved; but unto those of the middle sort, that is, to such as die in penance, they assign a purgatory fire, which they feign to be distinct from


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30 that of hell, that thereby, say they, being purged in their souls after death, they likewise maybe received into the kingdom of heaven together with the righteous."

2. And, therefore, as the Latins in their prayers for the dead have respect for the delivery of souls out of purgatory, so the Grecians in theirs have relation to that other state, which is to determine with the resurrection. As in that prayer of their Euchologe for example:

the condition of which "unknown places," they do thus further explicate in another prayer:—Forasmuch as by thy divine will thou hast appointed

That "barbarous impostor," as Molanus rightly styleth him, who counterfeited a letter as written by St. Cyril, Bishop of Jerusalem, unto St. Augustine, touching the miracles of St. Jerome, taketh upon him to lay down the precise time of the first arising of this opinion amongst the Grecians in this manner:

Then he telleth a wise tale, how St. Jerome, being at that time with God, for the confutation of this new-sprung heresy, raised up three men from the dead, after that he had first


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''Jai! Jail!'' 0 Day of Victory!—the day of the victory of truth over tradition, the triumph of faith’ over conformity—the day of the ascendancy of living communion as against reported satisfaction—the day of victory when the lowly could see what was hidden from the proud, when the trusting could enjoy what was denied to the doubting, when the innocent could realise what was alien to the self-complacent—the day of the victory of fact over fiction, of self-approved truth over consecrated imagination, of pregnant reality over empty semblance—the day of victory when the earth was revealed as the store-house of of Inexhaustible Bounty, when the heavens were unfolded as the canopy of Eternal Majesty—the day of victory when the human


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Rh cal service; but that is nothing, for this is the rule for ships which ply in the tropics. She had an over-supply of cockroaches, but this is also the rule with ships doing business in the summer seas—at least such as have been long in service.

Our young captain was a very handsome man, tall and perfectly formed, the very figure to show up a smart uniform’s finest effects. He was a man of the best intentions, and was polite and courteous even to courtliness. There was a soft grace and finish about his manners which made whatever place he happened to be in seem for the moment a drawing-room. He avoided the smoking-room. He had no vices. He did not smoke or chew tobacco or take snuff; he did not swear, or use slang, or rude, or coarse, or indelicate language, or make puns, or tell anecdotes, or laugh intemperately, or raise his voice above the moderate pitch enjoined by the canons of good form. When he gave an order, his manner modified it into a request. After dinner he and his officers joined the ladies and gentlemen in the ladies’ saloon, and shared in the singing and piano playing, and helped turn the music. He had a sweet and sympathetic tenor voice, and used it with taste and effect. After the music he played whist there, always with the same partner and opponents, until the ladies’ bedtime. The electric lights burned there as late as the ladies and their friends might desire, but they were not allowed to burn in the smoking-room after eleven. There were many laws on the ship’s statute book, of course; but so far as I could see, this and one other were the only ones that were rigidly enforced. The captain explained that he enforced this one because his own cabin adjoined the smoking-room, and the smell of tobacco smoke made him sick. I did not see how our smoke could reach him, for the smoking-room and his cabin were on the upper deck, targets for all the winds that blew; and besides there was no crack of communication between them, no opening of any sort


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344 admit of; they all fall short of what are usually taken by the collectors of districts, and in comparison with what the Commander in Chief had the year before last, I have found people disposed to cry out at them as quite insufficient. Nor have I asked for a single soldier or trooper beyond what the commanding officers of districts have themselves offered as necessary and suitable; yet for myself and Dr. Smith, the united numbers amount to three elephants, above twenty camels, five horses, besides poneys for our principal servants, twenty-six servants, twenty-six bearers of burthens, fifteen clashees to pitch and remove tents, elephant and camel drivers, I believe, thirteen, and since we have left the Company’s territories and entered Rajpootana, a guard of eighteen irregular horse and forty-five Sepoys on foot. Nor is this all; for there is a number of petty tradesmen and other poor people whose road is the same as ours, and who have asked permission to encamp near us, and travel under our protection; so that yesterday, when I found it expedient, on account of the scarcity which prevails in these provinces, to order an allowance of flour, by way of Sunday dinner, to every person in the camp, the number of heads returned was 165. With all these formidable numbers, you must not, however, suppose that any exorbitant luxury reigns in my tent; our fare is, in fact, as homely as any two farmers in England sit down to; and if it be sometimes exuberant, the fault must be laid on a country where we must take a whole sheep or kid, if we would have animal food


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Rh at all, and where neither sheep nor kid will, when killed, remain eatable more than a day or two. The truth is, that where people carry every thing with them, bed, tent, furniture, wine, beer, and crockery, for six months together, no small quantity of beasts of burden may well be supposed necessary; and in countries such as those which I have now been traversing, where every man is armed, where every third or fourth man, a few years since, was a thief by profession, and where, in spite of English influence and supremacy, the forests, mountains, and multitudes of petty sovereignties, afford all possible scope for the practical application of Wordsworth’s “good old rule,” you may believe me that it is neither pomp nor cowardice which has thus fenced your friend in with spears, shields, and bayonets. After all, though this way of life has much that is monotonous and wearisome, though it grievously dissipates time and thought, and though it is almost incompatible with the pursuits in which I have been accustomed to find most pleasure, it is by no means the worst part of an Indian existence. It is a great point in this climate to be actually compelled to rise, day after day, before the dawn, and to ride from twelve to eighteen miles before breakfast. It is a still greater to have been saved a residence in Calcutta during the sultry months, and to have actually seen and felt frost, ice, and snow, on the summits of Kemaoon, and under the shadow of the Himalaya. And though the greater part of the Company’s own provinces, except Kemaoon, are by no means


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346 abundant in objects of natural beauty or curiosity, the prospect offering little else than an uniform plain of slovenly cultivation, yet in the character and manners of the people there is much which may be studied with interest and amusement, and in the yet remaining specimen of Oriental pomp at Lucknow, in the decayed, but most striking and romantic, magnificence of Delhi, and in the Taje-Mahal of Agra, (doubtless one of the most beautiful buildings in the world) there is almost enough, even of themselves, to make it worth a man’s while to cross the Atlantic and Indian oceans.

Since then I have been in countries of a wilder character, comparatively seldom trodden by Europeans, exempt during the greater part of their history from the Mussulman yoke, and retaining, accordingly, a great deal of the simplicity of early Hindoo manners, without much of that solenm and pompous uniformity which the conquests of the house of Timur seem to have impressed on all classes of their subjects. Yet here there is much which is interesting and curious. The people, who are admirably described (though I think in too favourable colours) by in his Central India, are certainly a lively, animated and warlike race of men, though, chiefly from their wretched government, and partly from their still more wretched religion, there is hardly any vice either of slaves or robbers to which they do not seem addicted. Yet such a state of society is, at least, curious, and resembles more the picture of Abyssinia, as given by Bruce, than that of any other


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 “Come, Warburton, come! Tell me everything. What did he say? Will he take the revenues? Will he—?”

“His lordship, sir, was reluctant to take anything, but upon maturer consideration, he—ah—consented to accept his elder son’s portion. The revenues of the estate he begs you will make use of.”

“Ah! But you told him that I would touch nought belonging to him?”

“I tried to persuade his lordship, sir. To no avail. He desires you to use Wyncham as you will.”

“I’ll not touch his money!”

Warburton gave the faintest of shrugs.

“That is as you please, sir.”

Something in the suave voice made Richard, from his stand by the desk, glance sharply down at the lawyer. Suspicion flashed into his eyes. He seemed about to speak, when Warburton continued:

“I believe I may set your mind at rest on one score, Mr. Carstares: his lordship’s situation is tolerably comfortable. He has ample means.”

“But—but he lives by—robbery!”

Warburton’s thin lips curled a little.

“Does he not?” persisted Carstares.

“So he would have us believe, sir.”

Tis true! He—waylaid me!”

“And robbed you, sir?”

“Rob me? He would not rob his own brother, Warburton!”

“Your pardon, Mr. Carstares—you are right: his lordship could not rob a brother. Yet have I known a man do such a thing.”

For a long minute there was no word spoken. The suspicion that had dwelt latent in Carstares’ eyes, sprang up again. Some of the colour drained from his cheeks, and twice he passed his tongue between his lips. The fingers of his hand, gripping a chairback, opened and shut spasmodically. Rather

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Rh country which I have seen or read of; while here, too, there are many wild and woody scenes, which, though they want the glorious glaciers and peaks of the Himalaya, do not fall short in natural beauty of some of the loveliest glens which we went through, ten years ago, in North Wales; and some very remarkable ruins, which though greatly inferior as works of art to the Mussulman remains in Hindostan proper, are yet more curious than them, as being more different from any thing which an European is accustomed to see or read of.

One fact, indeed, during this journey has been impressed on my mind very forcibly, that the character and situation of the natives of these great countries are exceedingly little known, and in many instances, grossly misrepresented, not only by the English public in general, but by a great proportion of those also, who, though they have been in India, have taken their views of its population, manners, and productions from Calcutta, or at most from Bengal. I had always heard, and fully believed till I came to India, that it was a grievous crime, in the opinion of the Brahmins, to eat the flesh or shed the blood of any living creature whatever. I have now myself seen Brahmins of the highest caste cut off the heads of goats as a sacrifice to Doorga; and I know from the testimony of Brahmins, as well as from other sources, that not only hecatombs of animals are often offered in this manner as a most meritorious act (a Raja about twenty-five years back, offered sixty thousand in one fortnight,) but that any person, Brahmins not


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 I will just proceed to inform you that, at the time in which my story happened, the court was at Fontainebleau, celebrating, with more than usual splendour, a royal marriage which had just taken place. My father, who was a police officer, received one night an express, announcing to him that one night, at the close of a ball, several individuals, dressed as noblemen, had disappeared, carrying with them the greater part of the diamond ornaments belonging to the ladies who had figured in the quadrilles. These thefts amounted to a very considerable sum; they had been effected with so much audacity, subtilty, and precision, that it was unanimously decided none but the bold and daring Poulailler could have been the author of them. He had been seen at the head of six men, superbly equipped, taking the road to Paris. These were presumed to have been the thieves, and that they would pass on to Essonne. My father lost no time in repairing thither, and there he learnt that the whole cavalcade had alighted at the sign of the Grand Cerf, that deserted house now known by the name of the Farm. When my father reached the auberge I have been speaking of, they had retired to bed, leaving their fine horses carefully locked in the stable. My father determined, as a first step, to seize the horses, which he found ready saddled and bridled. They were shod the reverse way, so as to lead any person pursuing them into the idea of their having gone by a directly opposite road to that they had in reality taken."

. "What a deep trick! These robbers appear to have been a match for even your respected father, M. Picard."

. "My father caused the girths to be cut, and then ascended to the chamber of Poulailler; but this latter, warned by one of his spies, had already flown, and the rest of the band were dispersed about the country: nor could he at present spare the necessary time for their pursuit. My father hastened to the Cour de France, where he learnt that a smart gentle-


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1832] that those who took shelter under them in a thunder-storm, risked their lives from lightning; but to meet destruction from trees in an immense river, seemed to us a danger of life, which we had not bargained for, and entirely out of our agreement and calculation. We had braced ourselves up only against the danger of hostile Indians, and enraged beasts, which we meant to war against. Beyond that, all was smooth water to us. The truth of the matter is,—[23] the men whom Captain Wyeth had collected were not the sort of men for such an expedition. They were too much on an equality to be under strict orders like soldiers. Lewis & Clarke were very fortunate in the men they had under them. Major Long's company was, in a great degree, military, and yet three of his soldiers deserted him at one time, and a fourth soon after.

On the 18th of April, 1832, we arrived at St. Louis. As we had looked forward to this town, as a temporary resting-place, we entered it in high spirits, and pleased ourselves with a notion that the rest of our way till we should come to the Rocky Mountains would be, if not down hill, at least on a level: but we counted without our host.

St. Louis was founded by a Frenchman named Peter la Clade in 1764, eighty-four years after the establishment of Fort Crève-cœur on the Illinois river; and inhabited entirely by Frenchmen and the descendants of Frenchmen, who had carried on for the most part a friendly and lucrative trade with the Indians. But since the vast Western country has been transferred to the United States, its population has been rapidly increased by numerous individuals and families from different parts of the Union; and its


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 man, dressed in a coat covered with gold, and having fine waving plumes in his hat, had been seen to enter a little roadside public-house. Doubtlessly this was Poulailler, at least so thought my father; when, upon entering the cottage, he perceived the object of his search. 'In the king's name, I arrest you,' exclaimed my father. 'Ah, my good sir,' replied his prisoner, 'for mercy's sake do not arrest me; I am not the person you are in search of, but a poor devil going to Paris with a flock of turkeys. On my road I met a gentleman, who bought them of me, and exchanged his coat for mine. I did not lose by the bargain, without reckoning the fifteen bright Louis d'ors he paid me for my turkeys. Pray, sir, if you are looking for him, do not harm him, for he is a charming gentleman; he spoke so gently and scholar-like about his being tired of living with the great, and how he meant to have a taste of rural simplicity, I think he called it. If you should meet him on the road, you would fancy he had been a turkey-driver all his life; he dabs among them with his long pole. My conscience! the poor birds have never had so strict a master. Little fear, I think, of their being lost on the way for want of being looked after.' My father had no sooner received these particulars, than he galloped after the pretended turkey-merchant, whom he quickly overtook. Poulailler, finding himself discovered, endeavoured to fly; but my father was more than his equal in speed. The robber then fired off a brace of pistols; but my father, not in the least intimidated, leaped from his horse, seized Poulailler by the throat, threw him on the ground, and succeeded in fastening his hands behind him. I can assure you that it required no small strength, as well as courage, to effect all this, for Poulailler was a most powerful man; however, in the present instance he had met with his match."

. "Well, Captain Picard, have you finished? Your way of telling a story is just what I have heard called spinning a long yarn."


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371 of our hearts; and we long to seek the enlightening and tranquilling presence of God to solve these problems. We thus seek the presence of Him from whom alone knowledge can come by awaiting the Master’s further wishes, trusting in the Master’s further revelations and hoping for the Master’s unfailing mercy and the undiminishing survival of all that is beautiful in life.

Almighty Lord, the Knower of hearts, the Author of souls, the Originator of worthy aspirations and the Generator of all noble deeds! Speak Thou unto us in our hearts and souls and in the convincing language of divine wisdom and vouchsafe unto us the cheering message of a deathless life and love. And as we throb and feel after the departed friend,^ into our hearts and souls come the melting tears of sweet and invigorating hope, the assurance that, drawn away, he is not lost—called away, he is not denied—and, physically translated, he is yet spiritually abiding in us!' And with the assurance come also the resolve to emulate the nobility of the life whose crowded chapter is so early closed aud the piety


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, (addressing General Beaufort.) "GeneraGeneral [sic], I ask your pardon; but the more I look at you, the more I feel assured that I have had the honour of knowing you. Allow me to inquire whether you did not command the gendarmes at Mons?"

. "Yes, friend, in 1793. We were with Dumouriez and the then duke of Orleans."

. "There it was then, general, that I had the honour to serve under you."

(extending his hand to me with enthusiasm.) "Ah, my noble comrade, come, to my arms. You must positively eat your dinner with me. Gentlemen, I beg to present to you one of my old soldiers; he is tolerably strong built, is he not? Ah, I had many fine fellows under me; but never mind. I say, M. Picard, I think my friend here could have arrested even your gigantic M. Poulailler."

Whilst the worthy general was pressing my hands in his, and reiterating his request that I should dine with him, a gendarme, who had been seeking me amongst the spectators, approached me, and, gently touching my shoulder, said, "M. Vidocq, the king's solicitor has been inquiring for you, and wishes to see you immediately." It was really ludicrous to see how every countenance changed at these words. "What! can it be Vidocq?" exclaimed my late audience, with lengthened faces. "Vidocq! Vidocq!" shouted out others, and immediately all was fighting, struggling, and confusion, to endeavour to force a passage for the eager looks of those who were not sufficiently near to gratify their eye-sight with a view of the so much coveted monster, for such they certainly expected to find me. Some even climbed on the shoulders of their neighbours, to satisfy themselves as to whether I really was a human creature or not; of this I had convincing proofs by the following flying remarks which reached my ears:—

"Bless me! light complexion! I fancied him quite dark. I heard he was ill-looking. I see nothing so


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 of the soul which so unflinching and unswerving, so trustful and cheerful, through these many years of a devoted and consecrated career! And as we thus seek the inspiration of a worthy example, may we be uplifted info a higher altitude of knowledge and of trust where death shall appear as but a transition, a mere partition, an ordained passage in that great progress of life here or elsewhere which is the one unbroken Divine purpose fulfilling itself through ages and generations and concentrating towards one eternal abode where God is the presiding genius and love is the all-proving law! O Lord God, may the tears of sorrow be so touched with the rainbow-hue of hope that, as we sigh, we may see that the sighs are natural to the physical body, while sight is the embodiment of the soul! Thus seeing and thus believing, may we rise to new duties with inspiring ideals and cherished memories! O Lord God, the Ordainer of death, the Companion of souls, may we go forth hopeful of Thy help in the performance of those new duties!

Thou art our Master; therefore we rejoice


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 very ugly about him. What a strange manner of walking he has!"

These and similar observations were made by the crowd, whose sole interest now seemed centered in noting down every particular relative to my personal appearance. So great was the concourse of gazers, that I had much difficulty in forcing my way along to the procureur. This magistrate wished me to conduct the accused persons before the interrogating judge. Court, whom I first led thither, appeared intimidated at finding himself in the presence of so many persons, I exhorted him to keep up his courage, and to confirm his confessions. This he did without any great difficulty, as far as related to the assassination of the butcher; but when questioned on the subject of the poulterer he retracted all his previous declarations, and it was impossible to lead him to confess that he had had any other accomplices than Raoul. This latter when introduced into the chamber, unhesitatingly confirmed every fact mentioned in the procès verbal, which had been drawn up after his arrest. He related in full detail, and with the most imperturbable sang froid, all that had passed between the unfortunate Fontaine and his murderers, up to the moment of his striking the first blow at his victim.

"The man," said he, "was only stunned by the two blows he received from a stick; when I saw that they had not sufficed to bring him to the ground, I drew near, as if to support him, holding in my hand the knife which is lying upon that table;" pronouncing these words, he sprang towards the desk, abruptly seized the instrument of his crime, made two steps backwards, and rolling his eyes, sparkling with fury, he assumed a menacing attitude. This movement, which was wholly unexpected, filled with terror all who were present; the sous préfet was nearly fainting, and I myself underwent some alarm. Nevertheless, I felt the necessity of concealing from Raoul the effect he had produced, and


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44 business extended by enterprising mechanics and merchants from the New-England States; and its wealth greatly augmented. The old part of St. Louis has a very different aspect from that of Cincinnati, where every thing appears neat, and new, and tasteful; as their public buildings, their theatre, and spacious hotels, not forgetting Madam Trollope's bazar, or, as it is commonly called, "Trollope's Folly," as well as its spacious streets, numerous coaches, and other [24] marks of rapid wealth, and growing luxury. As St. Louis has advanced in wealth, magnitude, and importance, it has gradually changed the French language and manners, and assumed the American. It however contains, I am told, many of the old stock that are very respectable for their literary acquirements and polished manners.

We shall avoid, as we have avowed, any thing like censure of Captain Wyeth's scheme during his absence; but when we arrived at St. Louis, we could not but lament his want of information, respecting the best means of obtaining the great objects of our enterprise. Here we were constrained to sell our complicated wagons for less than half what they originally cost. We were convinced that they were not calculated for the rough roads, and rapid streams and eddies of some of the rivers we must necessarily pass. We here thought of the proverb, "that men never do a thing right the first time." Captain Wyeth might have learned at St. Louis, that there were two wealthy gentle-


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 I even sought to attribute his violent gestures to a good motive. "Gentlemen!" cried I, smiling, what is it you fear? Raoul is incapable of acting like a coward, and abusing the confidence reposed in him; he merely took up the knife, the better to explain his share in the business." "Thanks, M. Jules!" cried he, delighted with my explanation, and quietly laying down the knife on the table, he added, "I only wished to show you how I made use of it."

To complete the preliminaries it only remained to confront the accused with Fontaine; the surgeon was applied to, to ascertain whether the sick man was sufficiently recovered to bear so trying a scene, and he having replied in the affirmative. Court and Raoul were taken to the hospital. Introduced into the apartment occupied by the butcher, their eyes eagerly sought their victim. Fontaine with his head and face nearly covered with bandages, and his whole person wrapped in linen cloths, was indeed scarcely to be recognised; but beside him were displayed the clothes and shirt worn by him on the night he was so cruelly assaulted. "Ah! poor Fontaine!" cried Court, falling on his knees at the foot of the bed, decorated by these bloody trophies; "forgive the miserable wretches who have reduced you to this condition; that you still survive is a striking interposition of Providence, who has been pleased to preserve you the better to punish us as our crimes deserve."

Whilst he was expressing himself thus, Raoul, who had likewise knelt down, preserved a deep silence, and appeared plunged in the deepest affliction.

"Stand up, both of you, and look the sick man in the face;" said the judge who accompanied them. They rose up—

"Take those murderers from my sight!" shrieked Fontaine, "their countenances and voice are but too familiar to me."

This recognition, and the manner of the culprits, was


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 something to merit immortality of which we are now deprived, could we have laid the faintest outline of these addresses before our ardent readers. Mr. Snodgrass, as usual, took a great mass of notes, which would no doubt have afforded most useful and valuable information, had not the burning eloquence of the words or the feverish influence of the wine made that gentleman's hand so extremely unsteady, as to render his writing nearly unintelligible, and his style wholly so. By dint of patient investigation, we have been enabled to trace some characters bearing a faint resemblance to the names of the speakers; and we can also discern an entry of a song (supposed to have been sung by Mr. Jingle), in which the words "bowl" "sparkling" "ruby" "bright," and "wine" are frequently repeated at short intervals. We fancy too, that we can discern at the very end of the notes, some indistinct reference to "broiled bones;" and then the words "cold " "without" occur: but as any hypothesis we could found upon them must necessarily rest upon mere conjecture, we are not disposed to indulge in any of the speculations to which they may give rise.

We will therefore return to Mr. Tupman; merely adding that within some few minutes before twelve o'clock that night, the convocation of worthies of Dingley Dell and Muggleton were heard to sing, with great feeling and emphasis, the beautiful and pathetic national air of


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1832] men who resided at or near that place, who had long since established a regular trade with the Indians, Mr. M—, and a young person, Mr. S—, and that a stranger could hardly compete with such established traders. The turbulent tribe, called the Black-foot tribe, had long been supplied with fire arms and ammunition, beads, vermilion, and other paints, tobacco and scarlet cloth, from two or three capital traders at, or near, St. Louis, and every article most saleable with the Indians. Both parties knew each other, and had confidence in each other; and having this advantage over our band of adventurers, it does not appear that Mr. Mackenzie, and Mr. Sublet felt any apprehensions or jealousy [25] of the new comes from Boston; but treated them with friendship, and the latter with confidence and cordiality; the former gentleman being, in a manner, retired from business, except through numerous agents. Kenneth McKenzie was born in Rossshire, Scotland, in 1801, of a good family, relatives of Sir Alexander Mackenzie the explorer. Coming to America at an early age, young McKenzie entered the service of the North West Company; but upon its consolidation with the Hudson's Bay Company (1821), he entered the fur-trade on his own account. Going to New York in 1822, he secured an outfit on credit, and for some time traded on the upper Mississippi. Later he formed a partnership with Joseph Renville in the establishment of the Columbia Fur Company. This concern was bought out by its rival, the American Fur Company in 1827, whereupon McKenzie was taken into the latter corporation. He was soon placed in command of what was known as the "Upper Missouri Outfit," and built Fort Union at the mouth of the Yellowstone, where for several years he ruled almost regally. Among his earliest successes—to which Wyeth her refers—was his acquisition of the Blackfoot trade. This tribe, influenced by British traders, had long been hostile to Americans; McKenzie had, however, been known to them in the North Wets Company, and through one of their interpreters, Berger, he secured a treaty with them and built (1831-32) a post in their country. McKenzie lost the good-will of the American Fur Company, by erecting a distillery at Fort Union, in defiance of United States laws. In 1834, he came down the river, and visited Europe; but at intervals he re-ascended to his old post, until in 1839 he disposed of his stock in the company. He then made his home in St. Louis until his death in 1861. It does not appear that he had considered retirement as early as Wyeth's visit in 1832, for he was then in the full tide of success. He lived magnificently at Fort Union, ruling over a wide territory, and American example of the "bourgeois of the old Northwest." For William Sublette, see our volume xix, Gregg's Commerce of the Prairies, p. 221, note 55.— He


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title: Radio-activity/Chapter 1


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 more than sufficient to establish the fact of Court and Raoul having been the actors in this frightful tragedy; but, I was firmly persuaded that they had other crimes besides this, with which to reproach themselves, and that, in order to commit them, they must have been more than two in number. This was a secret of the greatest importance. I determined to exert myself to the utmost to come at the truth; and not to quit them till I induced them to unload their consciences by a full confession of their past misdeeds. On our return to the prison after this meeting, I caused supper to be served for the accused and myself. The porter inquired whether he should place knives on the table.

"Yes, yes!" cried I, "set knives to each gentleman, by all means."

My two guests eat their meals with as great an appearance of appetite, as though they had been the most honest men breathing. When they had drunk a few glasses of wine, I dexterously brought back the conversation to the subject of their crime.

"You are not naturally bad fellows," said I to them, "I'll engage that you have been led into all this by some scoundrel or other; why not own it? From the confession and repentance you displayed at the sight of Fontaine, it is easily seen that you would willingly recall, at the price of your own blood, the violence he received at your hands. And do you not consider that by concealing your accomplices you are responsible for all the crimes they may commit. Many persons who have come forward to depose against you, have declared that you were at least four in number in all your expeditions."

"They were mistaken then," exclaimed Raoul; "I give you my word of honour, M. Jules, that they were; we were never more than three, the other is an old officer of the customs, named Pons GerardGérard [sic]; he lives just on the frontier, in a little village between Capelle and Hirson in the department of the Aisne; but if


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46 owns a small steam-boat called the Yellow Stone, the name of one of the branches of the Missouri river. Through such means the Indians are supplied with all they want; and they appeared not to wish to have any thing to do with any one else, especially the adventurous Yankees. These old established traders enjoy a friendly influence, or prudent command, over those savages, that seems to operate to the exclusion of every one else; and this appeared from the manner in which they treated us, which was void of every thing like jealousy, or fear of rivalship. Their policy was to incorporate us with their own troop.

We put our goods, and other baggage on board the steam-boat Otter, and proceeded two hundred and sixty miles up the Missouri river, which is as far as the white people have any settlements. We were obliged to proceed very slowly and carefully on account of the numerous snags and sawyers with which this river abounds. They are trees that have been loosened, and washed away from the soft banks of the river. They are detained by sandbanks, or by other trees, that have floated down some time before. Those of them whose sharp branches point opposite the stream are the snags, against which boats are often impelled, as they are not visible above water, and many are sunk by the wounds these make on their bows. The sawyers are also held fast by their roots, while the body of the tree whips up and down, alternately visible and concealed beneath the surface. These [26] are the chief terrors of the Missouri and the Mississippi rivers. As


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 you think to catch him, I must warn you that he is not to be caught napping, he always sleeps with one eye open whilst the other is shut."

"No!" said Court, "it would be no easy job to nab him, and if you do not set your wits to work you will only get your labour for your pains."

"Oh, he is a queer hand indeed," cried Raoul; "you are no bungler yourself, M. Jules, but ten like you would not frighten him; at any rate you must be on your guard if he gets scent of your being in search of him; he is not far from Belgium, and will soon be off; if you surprise him he will make a desperate resistance, so try if you cannot manage to take him asleep."

"Yes, if you could find out that he ever does sleep," added Court.

I made strict inquiries as to the usual habits of Pons Gérard, and obtained a full description both of them and his person. As soon as I had learned every particular requisite for being secure of identifying my man, thinking to stamp the confession I had just elicited with all possible authenticity, I proposed to the two prisoners to write off immediately for a magistrate to receive their depositions. Raoul instantly took up his pen, and when his letter was completed, I carried the letter myself to the king's solicitor, it was conceived in the following terms:—

",—Being now in a frame of mind more suitable to our unhappy condition, and resolving to profit by the advice you bestowed upon us, we have come to the resolution of acknowledging to you every crime of which we are guilty, and to point out to you a sharer in them, whose name is at present unknown to you. We entreat of you, therefore, to have the kindness to visit us in our prison, in order to receive our depositions."

The magistrate lost no time in acceding to their request, and Court as well as Raoul repeated before him all that they had previously told me of Pons Gérard.


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1832] to crocodiles they are little regarded, being more afraid of man than he of them. On account of these snags and sawyers, boatmen avoid passing in the night, and are obliged to keep a sharp look out in the day-time. The sawyers when forced to the bottom or near it by a strong current, or by eddies, rise again with such force that few boats can withstand the shock. The course of the boat was so tediously slow, that many of us concluded to get out and walk on the banks of the river. This, while it gave us agreeable exercise, was of some service in lightening our boat, for with other passengers from St. Louis, we amounted to a considerable crew. The ground was level, and free from underwood. We passed plenty of deer, wild turkeys, and some other wild fowl unknown to us, and expected to find it so all the way.

We arrived at a town or settlement called Independence. This is the last white settlement on our route to the Oregon, and this circumstance gave a different cast to our peregrination, and operated not a little on our hopes, and our fears, and our imaginations. Some of our company began to ask each other some serious questions; such as, Where are we going? and what are we going for? and sundry other questions, which would have been wiser had we asked them before we left Cambridge, and ruminated well on the answers. But Westward ho! was our watchword, and checked all doubts, and silenced all expressions of fear.

Just before we started from this place, a company of sixty-two in number arrived from St. Louis, under the command of William Sublet, Esq., and experienced Indian trader, bound, like ourselves, [27] to the American Alps, the Rocky Mountains, and we joined company with him,


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 This latter now occupied all my thoughts, and as it would not do to allow him time to learn the destruction of his comrade's schemes, I instantly obtained an order to arrest him.

as a dealer in horses, I set out with my agents ClementClément [sic] and Goury, who passed for my ostlers; and such was the diligence used by us, that, spite of the severity of the season and the badness of the roads, (for it was in the midst of winter,) we arrived at La Capelle on the evening of the following day, which happened, fortunately for my purpose, to be the eve of a large fair. Having traversed the country more than once during my military career, I required but a very short time to arrange my plan of action, and to assume the dialect of the place. All the inhabitants to whom I spoke of Pons Gérard described him to me as a robber, who subsisted only by fraud and rapine; his very name was sufficient to excite universal terror, and the authorities of the place, although daily furnished with proofs of his enormities, durst take no steps to repress them. In a word, he was one of those terrible beings who compel obedience from all who summoned them; for my own part, little accustomed to draw back from a perilous enterprise, these particulars only stimulated me the more to enter upon the undertaking. My vanity was piqued to accomplish a task which appeared to vie in difficulty with the labours of Hercules, but did I know that success would attend my arduous attempt? As yet I was ignorant of many


text: Memoirs of Vidocq, Volume III/Chapter 43


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48 and it was very lucky that we did. Our minds were not entirely easy. We were about to leave our peaceable country-men, from whom we had received many attentions and much kindness, to go into a dark region of savages, and whose customs, manners, and language, we were entirely ignorant,—to go we knew not whither,—to encounter we knew not what. We had already sacrificed our amphibious wagons, the result of so much pains and cost. Here two of our company left us, named Kilham and Weeks. Whether they had any real cause of dissatisfaction with our Captain, or whether they only made that an excuse to quit the expedition and return home early, it is not for me to say. I suspect the abandonment of our traveling vehicles cooled their courage. We rested at Independence ten days; and purchased, by Captain Sublet's advice, two yoke of oxen, and fifteen sheep, as we learnt that we ought not to rely entirely upon transient game from our fire-arms for sustenance, especially as we were now going among a savage people who would regard us with suspicion and dread, and treat us accordingly. From this place we travelled about twenty-five miles a day.

Nothing occurred worth recording, till we arrived at the first Indian settlement, which was about seventy miles from Independence. They appeared to us a harmless people, and not averse to our passing through their country. Their persons were rather under size, and their complexion dark. As they lived near the frontier of the whites, they were not unacquainted with their usages and customs. They have cultivated spots or little farms, [28] on which they raise corn pumpkins. They generally go out once a year to hunt, accompanied by their women;


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title: Radio-activity/Chapter 4


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title: Radio-activity/Chapter 5


text: Radio-activity/Chapter 6

title: Radio-activity/Chapter 6