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Gageler CJ Gleeson J Jagot J

In his summing up, the trial judge directed the jury in these terms:

"In respect of each of the 19 charges … You must reach your verdict on the evidence and only on the evidence …

If you've heard or read or otherwise learned anything about this case or any other similar cases out of the courtroom, exclude that information from your consideration. Have regard only to the testimony and the exhibits put before you and the admissions made since the trial began. You should ensure that no external inference plays a part in your deliberations."

The transcript records that the jury sent notes to the trial judge during the afternoon of Friday, 16 October 2020. The jury asked in the notes: (a) what would happen in the event of a hung jury; (b) about the meaning of reasonable doubt; and (c) about dates relating to count 5. The trial judge instructed the jury: (a) that it was far too early to talk about the consequences of a hung jury at that time; (b) about the meaning of reasonable doubt; and (c) that count 5 had been changed to a charge relating to when K was under 16 years, not under 12 years. The jury again retired for further deliberations.

The jury continued deliberating on Monday, 19 October 2020. In the afternoon of 19 October 2020, the jury sent another note to the trial judge. The trial judge then gave further instructions to the jury: (a) about whether a child under 16 years could consent to intercourse in the context of counts 9, 17, 18 and 20; (b) about what was carnal knowledge including in the context of counts 17 and 18; (c) that if the jury could not agree beyond reasonable doubt that the four counts of rape were committed without the consent of the relevant complainant they could not convict the appellant of the rape counts, but could convict of the alternative unlawful carnal knowledge counts; and (d) about the offence of maintaining an unlawful sexual relationship with a child under 16 years. Later in the afternoon of 19 October 2020 the jury asked another question. The trial judge provided further instructions on the charges of maintaining an unlawful sexual relationship with a child under 16 years – counts 1 and 2 – and the circumstances of aggravation relating to those charges. By 4.23 pm on 19 October 2020 the jury had not yet reached agreement. The jury asked another question, and the trial judge then gave further instructions to the jury to the effect that it was important that serious criminal matters be resolved, if possible, by unanimous jury verdict. The trial judge also allowed the jury to go home and reconvene the following morning, Tuesday, 20 October 2020.

The jury's deliberations continued throughout Tuesday, 20 October 2020. The jury asked another question in the afternoon. The trial judge gave further instructions to the effect that consent was not relevant to the charges of unlawful carnal knowledge and was relevant only to the charges of rape and as to the manner

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in which the verdicts should be given if the jury wanted to acquit on a rape charge but convict on an alternative unlawful carnal knowledge charge. The jury again retired. The jury returned shortly afterwards to deliver its verdicts.

The subsequent revelation of the irregularity

On Wednesday, 21 October 2020, a juror hand delivered a note to the Acting Deputy Registrar. The note read:

"Issue for the Judge – Jury Issue – (Keep or throw away)

1. At the beginning of the trial – one juror adamantly stated that he would not convict, as he had a legal dealing regarding his interactions with a 13 yr. old child when he was young. He openly and honestly disclosed that to us.

2. On Monday this week, during deliberations, he discussed some willingness to a verdict of carnal knowledge – AND that this was based on his internet research on the weekend – w.r.t lighter sentencing for such.

3. After he and others realized from their discussions sentencing was not significantly different – he restated his absolute opposition to either.

4. Based on jury polling, his vote would not alter the ability to obtain a unanimous decision – but both his background & his external actions gives me concern."

As noted, the trial judge directed an investigation under s 70(7) of the Jury Act. The Sheriff's report of the investigation, dated 18 March 2021, recorded that the Sheriff sent a letter to each juror. The letter referred to the trial in which the person served as a juror between 13 and 20 October 2020 and said that s 70(7) "provides that if there are grounds to suspect that a person may have been guilty of bias, fraud or an offence related to the person's membership of a jury or the performance of functions as a member of a jury, the court before which the trial was conducted may authorise" (a) an investigation of the suspected bias, fraud or offence; and (b) the seeking of disclosure of jury information for the purposes of the investigation. The Sheriff's letter continued in these terms:

"I am writing to you to ascertain whether you wish to formally advise me of any information concerning whether any person may have demonstrated bias, fraud or an offence related to the person's membership of a jury or the performance of functions as a member of a jury."

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80 Indeed, books in the learned native languages are such a complete drug in the market, that the school book society has for some time past ceased to print them; and that society, as well as the education committee, has a considerable part of its capital locked up in Sanskrit and Arabic lore, which was accumulated during the period when the oriental mania carried every thing before it. Twenty-three thousand such volumes, most of them folios and quartos, filled the library, or rather the lumber room, of the education committee at the time when the printing was put a stop to, and during the preceding three years their sale had not yielded quite one thousand rupees.

At all the oriental colleges, besides being instructed gratuitously, the students had monthly stipends allowed them, which were periodically augmented till they quitted the institution. At the English seminaries, not only was this expedient for obtaining pupils quite superfluous, but the native youth were ready themselves to pay for the privilege of being admitted. The average monthly collection on this account from the pupils of the Hindu college for February and March 1836 was, sicca rupees, 1,325. Can there be more conclusive evidence of the real state of the demand than this? The Hindu college is held under the


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Rh same roof as the new Sanskrit college, at which thirty pupils were hired at 8 rupees each, and seventy at 5 rupees, or 590 rupees a month in all. The Hindu college was founded by the voluntary contributions of the natives themselves as early as 1816. In 1831 the committee reported, that “a taste for English had been widely disseminated, and independent schools conducted by young men reared in the Vidyalaya (the Hindu college) are springing up in every direction.” This spirit, gathering strength from time and from many favourable circumstances, had gained a great height in 1835; several rich natives had established English schools at their own expense; associations had been formed for the same purpose at different places in the interior, similar to the one to which the Hindu college owed its origin. The young men who had finished their education propagated a taste for our literature, and, partly as teachers of benevolent or proprietary schools, partly as tutors in private families, aided all classes in its acquirement. The tide had set in strongly in favour of English education, and when the committee declared itself on the same side, the public support they


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82 received rather went beyond, than fell short of what was required. More applications were received for the establishment of schools than could be complied with; there were more candidates for admission to many of those which were established than could be accommodated. On the opening of the Hoogly college, in August 1836, students of English flocked to it in such numbers as to render the organization and classification of them a matter of difficulty. Twelve hundred names were entered on the books of this department of the college within three days, and at the end of the year there were upwards of one thousand in regular attendance. The Arabic and Persian classes of the institution at the same time mustered less than two hundred. There appears to be no limit to the number of scholars, except that of the number of teachers whom the committee is able to provide. Notwithstanding the extraordinary concourse of English students at Hoogly, the demand was so little exhausted, that when an auxiliary school was lately opened within two miles of the college, the English department of it was instantly filled, and numerous applicants were sent away unsatisfied. In the same way, when additional means of instruction were provided at Dacca, the number of pupils rose at once from


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Rh 150 to upwards of 300, and more teachers were still called for. The same thing also took place at Agra. These are not symptoms of a forced and premature effort, which, as the committee of 1824 justly observed, would have recoiled upon ourselves, and have retarded our ultimate success.

To sum up what has been said: the Hindu system of learning contains so much truth as to have raised the nation to its present point of civilization, and to have kept it there for ages without retrogading, and so much error as to have prevented it from making any sensible advance during the same long period. Under this system, history is made up of fables, in which the learned in vain endeavour to trace the thread of authentic narrative; its medicine is quackery; its geography and astronomy are monstrous absurdity; its law is composed of loose contradictory maxims, and barbarous and ridiculous penal provisions; its religion is idolatry; its morality is such as might be expected from the example of the gods and the precepts of the religion. Suttee, Thuggee, human sacrifices, Ghaut murder, religious suicides, and other such excrescences of Hinduism, are either expressly enjoined by it, or are directly deduced from the principles inculcated by


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 Vol. XV. THE FALL OF JERUSALEM.

BY JAMES H. DANA,

Tr was a summer evening in Judes. The olives on the higher grounds were just putting forth thelr enrly groen; the meadows were dotied with sheep and camels; and the birds sang from every bush. ‘The distant hills were crowned each with its village or city. Maidens, bearing water-jars, were seen grace- fally winding, in long lines, to the fountains. The tun had just set, but the Western Heavens were yet ina gtow; while, in the East, tbe young and silvery moon hung, like an Arab soimetnr, shove the horitoa.

In the gardens of « large and princely mansion, overlooking this lovely scene, were two individuals, Que was 9 fomale, on the verge of womanhood, and beamtifal even beyond her beatiful race; for the Jexariant raven bair, the bold profile, the dashing eye, and the majeatia form proclaimed her a Jewess. Her attire was rich und betokened rank. She stood, looking musingly on the ground; while hee compa- nion, who was of the other sex, and who wore the drees of & Roman, carncally ber.

“Ney! Miriam,” he said, “sarely you have some answer for me. By the happy houre we have spent together—hy the hope of fature felicity bere on earth —anewer me one word, do you love met

“Publius,” sbe mid, lifting her eyes to his face, “you know not what you esk. The customs of my vace are intrautable, and forbid its maidens to match ‘with strangers, My father would never conseat that Tebould wed you, Much as be estoems you, great 48 is the gratitude he owee you for saving his life from the proconsul’s rage, ha would sooner behold mmo n corpse at his foot than tha bride of an alien. Had he known, when he invited you home from Sermalem with him, thet you would prefer this suit to his danghter, he would have cut off his right hand before extending it to you in amity.”

“And yet,” snid ber companion, “all this is no answer to my question. I know, dear Miriam, the hard customs of your race, aud how all Jews shun connexion with aliens, I know too that among the strictest of bis tribe, your father is one of the most strict, But, only assure me of your love, and I will hope for the removal of all obstactes. I have bigh eonnexions in the Roman court, and, in troubled limes like these, might be of service to your family.” Miriam shoox ber head, as she answered.

“Alaa! that would be only an additional reason why my father would refime you. In the etraggte that seoms approaching, between this ill-fated nation and the Roman power, my parent will be found with his countrymen, end he would reject with acorn aay thing like correspondence with the foe,”

‘The young Roman, for he was both young and of great manly beaaty, sighed, and was silent for a ‘while. Sut he again easayed his suit.

“Miriam,” be said, “I know you love me—thea why this concealment? I know it by a thoosand things. Have we not been daily together almost since the snows melted from the higher hills? Have we not read the poets of my native land in company, ati] our hearts beat responsive? Have we not tallrod of the falure, and felt the bond of sympathy drawing ‘us togeiber the while? And have wo not, cach with the other, perused the sacred booke of your religion, and read those sublime prophecies which point to the Redeemer in whom we both believe? Ob! Miriam, when } think that we slone of all this household are ‘Christians—that we though bora of different races, are now brother and sister in one faith--I cannot but believe that God bas marked us ont for each other, ‘acd in thus bringing ve together, has united our des tinies for this world, and the world to come. By that common faith I conjure you,” he mid, earnestly, taking her hand, “to answer me truly, and without evasion. Do you not love me?”

Miriam’s eyes were suffused with teara at this cold nées; and its solemnity overcoming her resolution, ‘she looked confidingly into her lover's face, and said,

“Thus adjured, Publics, I answer that I do love you, Bat there my concessions must stop. I cannot disobey my father, wor will you, I am sure, atk me; for, by 80 doing, you will violate that holy religion we both secretly profess. I will never marry another, however. No, while life endures, your image shall be ever before me, and if,” she continued with streaming eyes, “we should never meet again in this life, may we look forward toa blissful re-union among the ro- deemed. And that we may do that, oh! beloved of my heart, keep true to your faith.”

“I will not plead further,” said her lover, deeply

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Rh folios for the enlightenment of the people, and the consequent impropriety of contributing towards the printing of them out of the limited fund which had been set apart for the purpose of national education.

Both Sir Charles Metcalfe and Lord Auckland, who have presided over the administration of India since Lord departure, have given their full and cordial support to the education committee in carrying into effect the plans of the last-mentioned nobleman. It is not likely that three such men should be mistaken on a point to which, from its important bearing on Indian interests, they must have given a large share of their attention.

The last authority to which I shall advert is the highest that can be had recourse to on Indian affairs. The Bengal government had reported certain measures adopted by it for the reform of the existing oriental colleges, and the establishment of the new Sanskrit college at Calcutta, and on the 18th February 1821 the court of directors,


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72 Indian statesman of Sir established character and long practical experience cannot fail to be regarded with interest. He considers Sanskrit and Arabic books as mere “waste paper,” as far as national education is concerned. His words are, “The government having resolved to discontinue, with some exceptions, the printing of the projected editions of oriental works, a great portion of the limited education fund having hitherto been expended on similar publications to little purpose but to accumulate stores of waste paper, cannot furnish pecuniary aid to the society for the further printing of those works, but will gladly make over the parts already printed either to the Asiatic Society or to any society or individuals who may be disposed to complete the publication at their own expense.” The Asiatic Society had applied to the government for funds to complete the printing of the oriental works which had been discontinued by the education committee, and this was the answer which was returned. In another part of this paper, Sir C. Metcalfe fully admits the valuable and laudable nature of the pursuits in which the Asiatic Society was engaged, but he uses, as we have seen, the most emphatic language to express his sense of the unsuitableness of Arabic and Sanskrit


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PETERSON'S MAGAZINE.

Vol. XV. CLONDALKIN ROUND: TOWER.

BY P. H, SELTOR.

In the picturesque village of Clondalkin, which lies about four miles from Dublin, may be seen one of thote ancient round lowers 40 peculiar to Ireland. Half embowered in foliage about ils base, it soare over all, like the trank of some ancient pine, as symmetrical aod almost as tall. This reho of ancient times carries the mind back to the very earliest ages of Erin, when a hundred kings reigned within her borders, and Seaming, extinguished over almost all Europe, formed’a refuge among hier talented sons. ‘More than a thousand years have elupsed since that tower was reared; and the glory of Ireland bas departed; yet still it stands defying storm and time.

The round tower of Clondalkin is based upon a foundation of massive stone work. Its diameter is about fifteen fect, and ils height eighty-four; and it is surmounted by a gonical cap. ‘The doorway is elevated ghove-the ground aboot twelve feel, and faces the East, as in all towers of a similar constrie- lion, Blany apertures, and amalt windows exist in the building. A flight of steps lias, within a few years, been erecied to the entrance, rs well as iad- ders to reach The uppermost story, from which a fine prospect of the rick scenery surrounding the village is visible, with Dublin rearing its proud head in the distance.

The origin of the tower of Clondalkfa, dnd of those and similar to it in other parts of Ireland, is lost in obseurity; and great diversity of opinion exists among the learned as to the purposes of its etection. “The high antiquity of the round tower is proved by the fact that, in the twelfth century, when the British firat invuded the island, they were alrendy considered ancient. ‘A writer cotemporary with those times cir. ctumstantially slescribes thew singulac excetions, but, § as he does not tention for what they were used, the ; conelusion is ircesiaible thal, even al thas period, the purpose fur which they had been built was forgotten. ‘They appear to be a peculiarity of Ireland, aot being found anywhere else, with the exception of two in Scotland, and there only in that district Which, in early ages, was in clase connexion with the sister island. Tradition, however, ascribes the construction of these towers to a celebrated architect who flourished in the sixth century, and who was popularly known as Guban the Seer, and Goban the Builder. Of this individual many corious anecdotes have survived, which, while (hey pourtray his character, also reveal the primitive condition of the people, and are, there- fore, not without « certain air of tru, We have not space, however, for aay of these curious legends here.

Among thé various speculations of antiquarics as to the object of erecting these towers, is ono which refers them to Pagan times, and connects them with the rites of Pagan worship, ‘These antiquaries con- sider them as temples of Basl, dedivated to the wor- sbip of the sun. Tho chief support of this theory is derived from the fact that the round towers are always ‘toon in the vieinity of some ancient church; and it is well known thit the eacly missionaries to Ireland usually chose the site of some Pagan place of worship for their chapels. But thera is no real proof in favor of this idea. Another suggestion fs that they were of even earlier duto, and were Buddbic in their origia. ‘This theoty is sought to be mainiained by a com- parison between the ound towers of Ireland and somewhat siilar erections found in Persia; but the resemblance of the two epecies of erections has never been clearly established, nor was Buddhisin ever the religion of Persia. But the theories which refer these towers to Pagan times appear to be losing ground, and the opinigis of the best antiquiatics cvincides with the poplar tradition, which attributes the rearing of these curious structures o the carly Irish ecclesiastics, who are stipposed to have erected them for refuges in periods of invasions, and for beifries in intervals of peace.

This explanation receives great countenance from the name of these towers in Irish, Clocack, or the House of Bolla, in coptradistinction to Clogas, the Belfry, which would have been their title if they had been employed merely as steeples are now. It in very evident that, in the wild and troubled times of ently Ireland, they were a sort of castle for tbe priest- hood, where, during war, the treasures of-the church could be pale fron rapine. The height of the door from the ground, combined with the feet that the entrance is always inaccessible except in a stooping posture, as Well a8 the solidity of the structure, prove that they were constructed as much for defence as for ” ornament, The windows placed immediately at the �

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 Vol. XV. THE CALIPH’S DAUGHTER.

BY JAMES H. DANA.

“Who has not heard of the Vale of Cashmere, With its roses the brightest that eat 4 fountain that hang

Tr was the afternoon of a sultry day, females, both lovely, were : i ‘bath, in the gardens of a delicious paviljoit, amgng, the hills of Persia. The sculpture adorning’the hath,. and the roses that grew around, not less than the auire of the females, bespoke luxury and rank. The youngest and {oveliest of the two bad just emngged ‘from the water, and with a loose robs thr: eapid her, and one foot stil! dangling in the cool liquid, sit" ina pensive attitude, while her companion, who was jently of lower rank, was endeavoring to console her.

“Nay! do not despair,” said the latter. “Your father may relent. Surely if you throw yourself at his feet, and tell bim that you love another, he twill not force you to marcy this strange prince,”

Alas! you little know the Caliph,” replied bis daughter. “When once he has resotved on a course of condact, he is inexorable, It seems I was pro- mised to this prince in infancy. ‘There is no hupe.”” And she burst into tears,

‘The Princess Amra, ores the poets of Iapahan called her, ‘Gre sed Berk,” the rose of a inndred leaves, had lived to the age of suventeen without loving. Her life had been spent wholly at the favorite country palace, of rather hunting-seat of the Caliph, a day’s journey from the capitat: her only employment being to walk with ber female slaves, to play on the Jute, and ocea- sionally to go hawking, a sport still followed in the East.

‘One day, bowever, while flying her falcon, Amra became separated, for a few moments, from al! her attendants except her favorite female companion. Just at this crisis, a leopard, pursued by some hun- ters, and mad with rage from the loss of her cube, broke from a neighboring thicket, and beholding the young princess, with a fierce growl sprang upon her. "The beast alighted on the baunches of the palfrey which Amra rode, and the next instant the fangs of the wild animal would have been fastened in the Princess, ad not a lance, hurled with unerring aim, whizzed by aod transfixed the savage assailant, Amra

ver gave, lear their wave?”—Larza Rooxs.

‘and the leopard fell to the ground together, the first in a swoon, the last stone-dead,

tésotie, wes u remarkably handsome youth, some four or fivé years older than the princess, but evidently of infértor rank. His attire indeed was that of a oative of the hills,'though worn with more taste than usual. le lifted Amra from the ground, carried her to a spring hard by, and sprinkled her face with water, while her attendant stood motionless, as yet bewil- dered with fright. Soon the young princess opened her eyes, and finding those of her preserver fixed ardently upon her, blushed deeply. In a few minutes ber train came running up, when the hunter resigned his lovely burden, and withdrew to pick up his tance. ‘When the tumult of Anora’s attendants had subsided, and they came to look for the youth, they found he had disappeared.
 * ‘The hunter who had thus opportunely come to the

For many weeks the young princess caused in- quiries to be made after the bunter, but in vain: no one could remember to have seen him, either before or since that day. Meantime Amra thought of bim by day, and dreamed of him by night. Educated as she had boon, the romance of the resoue was irresis- tible to ber heart. One day, when again hawking, and when again separated from her train, the hunter suddenly appeared before her. ‘The stranger implored silence, saying, in tones that Amra thought inexpres- sibly musical—

“For many weeks, I have followed you unseen, whenever you have gone abroad; but dared not make myself visible on account of your attendants, The distance between the daughter of a Caliph and a poor soldier is immeasurable; yet, neverthelesa, 28 our forefathers could worship the san unchecked, so let me, at the same distance, worship you. I have loved you from the moment I saw you shrinking in terror from that savage wild beast)”

As the hunter spoke, he stood respectfully, with his bead slightly bent, before Amra, so that she thought she had never seen any one half as handsome. She ‘was silent, for she knew not what to reply. He-

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94 part. We pushed them as far or farther than they would go, and it was only because the natives would not buy the books printed by us, or read them without being paid to do so, that a change was at last resolved on.


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PETERSON'S MAGAZINE.

Vol. XV.

“For the love of Heaven, good friend, a penny,” said a feeble beggar, one bitter night, to a wealthy. merchant in Chestnut street, But the proud man, ‘wrapping his rich mantle about him, turned scornfully away: and the beggar passed on.

You would scarcely have noticed the ecene, yet there wes in it a whole history of life: the calm, unfeeling coldness of an ishuman apathy, and the great agony of a breeking heart. The one went to his lordly home, where mosic and gladness, and the bright faces of bis happy children were around the hearth-stone: the other tovered along with trembling tops to the wretched hovel, where his pele-faced wife awaited his retarn. ‘The light flashed forth from the rich man’s mansion; but the beggar’s home was desolate.

Follow now snd tell me which of the two was Messed above the other; the one in his wealth, or the other in his rage!

‘Throngh the whole of that weary night, did the beggar and his wife sit musing over the past, and looking for some light in the future. Above, around them, on aif sides they beheld nothing but the gloom which no ray might penetrate; nothing but the impenstrable obscurity which is ever resting upon the wretched and the outcast. For God knows, God Knows if 10¢ do not, that at all times, even at this ‘Moment, in many a desolate home, by many a cheerless hearth, there are sirong men bowed beneath the weight of an overwhelming despair; trembling ‘Women, pining away in their great despondency; and bright-eyed little children growing pale and Shastly from the want of bread!

God knows, God knows, that even upon our neighbors and our friends, possibly upon the one next door, there ia resting the cold, relentless hand of poverty, that poverty of which we can form no (rue couception, until we shall fiad ourselves bending like them over te last dead ember, and famishing tike them for food.

God knows that in the crowded city thousands die and are baried without an epitaph, whose path through life wos one of sorrow, who struggled on, and struggled on, bravely perheps and cheerfully, and’ yet never came up from the darkness about them, but died of a weary heart,

Conld we but enter into the homes #0 near us; go. like the angele, into every haunt of wo and grief, and tonch the lips of the wretched ones gathered there, whet talea of agony should we hear. One would teil us sweet dreams of his sinless boyhood; tell us how he started in life, etl gladly and geily, and with no fear of the unknown future; how, for e time, the breeze was fair, and the sky blue, and the ocean calm, and with his flag thrown out upon the gale, he sped along bravely and rapidly, unlil bis voyage was nearly over, when, just as he caught sight of the desired port; saw its temples and spires glittering in the sanlight; heard the mosic of the barp, and the voices of the singers watted from its atreete—juat as the test dillow was bearing him in upon its bosom to hin destined anchorage—just then, just then, alsa! alas! the storm came down and the billow dashed him back, and the rudder gave way, and his gullant vessel was carried out again, all crushed and broken, a thousand leagues into the angry sea, He would tell ua, perhaps, how that storm pasted by, and the sun shone out as brightly as befére, and the sea became calm again, and that once more with the blue sky above hie he ped along toward the haven. But again the ttorm came down, and again, and again, until at length his brave and beautiful barque was thrown high ap upoo the rocky reef, and left, a solitary hulk, to moulder in the sua.

Another would tell his tale of love. How the sweet, being whom ke worshipped, the idol to which his yearning heart gave homage, loved him avd blessed him for many @ long aud pleasant year; but that before long het check grew pate, and her eye dim; and that now bis only solace in life is to go at the �

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 them, and who himself said that the last will be the first.

163. Moral application of the dogma about the mystery of the redemption. One would think that there could be but one application of the dogma: Christ earned above his calculation, with a surplus. These deserts saved us from all present, past, and future sins; so one has to believe firmly in that, and one is saved. Thus says a part of the Reformed Church, and thus live all our Orthodox Churches. But for decency’s sake, it says among the lessons that in order to follow the teaching of Christ it is necessary: (1) to believe and live thus; (2) to walk in the regeneration of life; (3) to esteem the law; (4) to give thanks for the sacrifice; (5) to make the sign of the cross with the hand, because Christ died on the cross; (6) to live holily; (7) not to be afraid of suffering; (8) to pray to him; (9) not to be afraid of the devil; (10) to hope that we shall be resurrected; (11) to hope for the kingdom of heaven.

Christ appears and brings with him a joyful message of blessedness for men. His teaching is humility, a submission to the will of God, love. Christ is tormented and executed. Up to his death he continues to be true to his teaching. His death confirms his teaching. His teaching is adopted by his disciples, and they preach him and say that he is equal to God by his virtues, and that by his death he has proved the truth of his teaching. But his teaching is salutary for people. The crowd joins the new teaching. They are told that he is a divine man and that by his death he has given us the law of salvation. Of all his teaching the crowd understands best that he is divine, consequently a God, and that his death has given us salvation. The crude concep tion becomes the possession of the crowd and is mutilated, and the whole teaching recedes, and the first place is taken. up by the divinity and the saving quality of his death.


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 The whole business is to believe in this new God and that he has saved us: it is necessary to believe and pray. That is contrary to the teaching itself, but there are teachers who undertake to reconcile and elucidate and they reconcile and elucidate. It turns out that he is God-man, that he is the second person of the Trinity, that sin and a curse were upon us, and he has redeemed us. And the whole teaching is reduced to the faith in this redemption, and the whole teaching is left out and gives place to faith. It is necessary to believe in Christ the God and in redemption, and in that alone lies the salvation.

Of the teaching of Christ, since it cannot be rejected, there is the merest mention. It says that, among other things, Christ taught self-renunciation and love, and that it does not hurt and is even good to follow him. Why follow? Nothing is said about that, since, in reality, it is not needed for salvation, and salvation is obtained anyway by the sacerdotal and royal ministration of Christ, that is, by the very fact of the redemption. Here we have again the same as in the case of the original sin and the deification of Christ. The doctrine about the redemption is obviously crude; a true idea, verbally comprehended, is reduced to a teaching, and a prohibition is imposed on any other interpretation than the one accepted by the church. With a certain effort, as I recall my childish years and some feeble-minded persons, I can imagine how such a narrow conception of the meaning of Christ may be alone accessible. But why not permit me to think, as I do, that Christ has saved us by having discovered the law which gives salvation to those who follow it, and that he has redeemed us by having sealed the truth of his teaching by his death on the cross? My conception includes that of the church, and not only does not destroy anything, but puts forward as the first important work effort, that effort by which, according to the


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PETERSON’S MAGAZINE.

Vol. XV. MAY-DAY IN THE OLDEN TIME.

BY EMILY H. MAY.

One of the oldest and most poetical holidays of England was that of the first of May. When it first originated, research has failed to discover, though it is probably the remasat of some Pagan festival in commemoration of the opening of spring: but we ace its history clearly for at least five hundred years back.

The popularity of this holiday was at its height pro- bably in the reign of Queen Elizabeth. Before day: break the villagers were accustomed to set forth to the woods, where they felled the tallest and straightoet tree they could find, and bore it in triumph home, for a May-pole. Sometimes it was dragged from the ‘woods by oxen garlanded with flowers, and accompanied by music; while mon and maidens, bearing green boughs, swelled the procession. Arrived at the village the tall pole was reared on the green, and hong with garlands of flowers. ‘The fronts of the houses were frequently dressed in green boughs. Arbors of the same material were also erected, a bower being placed at their head, higher than the others: this, within and without, was decorated with flowers, and set apart for the Queen of May, who ‘was, generally, some peseant girl, selected by the ‘unanimous consent of her companions, Sometimes the daoghter of the Lord of the Manor presided as May Queen, and the whole family issued from their old ancestral hall to join in the May-day games, ‘Then there were rustic youths dressed up in the costume of Robin Hood and his merry men, and Maid Marian; re-calling the daya of old, when these daring outlaws were the dread and pride of Sherwood Forest, plundering the rich to feed the poor; and chasing the dun deer through the thickets, in spite of Norman keepers and cruel forest-laws.

Thomas Millar, the basket-maker, gives a deserip- tion copied from an old chronicler of « May-day in the reign of Henry the Eighth. ‘The merry monarch, once rode out with bis queen, and &@ whole concourse of nobles, one fine May morning, to the top of Shootors-hill, above Greenwich, and there they were received by a large troop of men, amounting to about two hundred, who were all dressed as foresters, in a costume of Kendal green, and headed by a captain, whom they called Robin Hood, These May-day foresters, dressed up for the occasion, amused their royal and noble visitors by showing them their skill in archery; and when this was over each blew his bugle-horn, and conducted the king and his train into @ wood under the brow of the hill, where a large arbor was erected of green boughs, consisting of a hall and two chamber, all decorated with Gowers and aweet herbs; and here a mighty feast stood ready prepared, quite in keeping with the scene, consisting of venison, venison-pasties, and a copious supply of the blood-red wine, for such, the old ballads say, often formed the forest-banquet of Robin Hood and his merry men.

On their return from this woodland banquet, they were met by two ladies, richly attired, who rode in 8 beautiful chariot, drawn by five horses; and on the back of each horse was also seated a lady, one of whom wes called the Ledy of Showers; another, the Lady of Green; the third, the Lady of Vegetation; the fourth, of Pleasure; and the fifth, of Sweet Odor. Of the two who occupied the chariot, one was called the Lady of May, and the other the Lady of Flowera: acd they entertained the assembled company with songs, a6 they returned to Greenwich. Such was an English May-day in the reign of Henry the Eighth.

In bringing home the May-pole, sometimes as many as forty yoke of oxen, each having a sweet nosegay tied to the tip of his horns, were employed. The pole too was covered al! over, from top to bottom, with flowers and sweet herbs, bound round with strings; ‘were, at equal distances, cross bars were fastened ‘upon it, to the end of which were attached garlan and thus decorated, it was hoisted up, anid the leaping and dancing and joyous shouts of the assembled multitude.

Even in London the festival was kept up with spirit. Any one who bad passed along Cornhill, on May-day, a few centuries ago, would have seen green arbors erected there, and huge caken boughs hanging over the street, and the milk-maids, and all the merry old citizens, with their wives, daughters, maids, and apprentices, congregated about the May- pole, many of them dressed in old fanciful costumes, and giving themeelves op to all the fun and jollity of May. But time has not preserved even the names of

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92 attempt to reproduce the feelings and habits of thought of past ages in the midst of a comparatively enlightened community. By establishing the Hindu college at their own expense, the Hindus had seven years before given a decisive proof that it was instruction in English and not in Sanskrit which they required. But, in spite of this evidence, the act with which we signalised the commencement of our educational operations was the establishment of a Brahminical college, in which false science and false religion are systematically taught, in which the priestly domination and monopoly of learning are maintained both by practice and precept, and the members of which, although they reside at the head quarters of British Indian civilization, are always present in spirit with the founders of the Hindu system, with whom they daily converse, and to whose age they really belong. Can we wonder that the young men educated at such a seminary are, according to their own confession, burdens to the public, and objects of contempt to their countrymen? It might have succeeded if it had been established a thousand years ago; but the institu-


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PETERSON’S MAGAZINE.

Vol. XV. IT IS I.

BY JAMES H. DANA.

The prettiest girl in the whole village, or indeed fur miles around, wes Nave La Croix, She had a hundred lovers, all of whom expressed themselves ready to die for her; though she, cruel thing, would Rot give more than a amile in return. Her heart was free, she said, and hoped it ever would be: she had no notion of making bereelf a slave for life, by marrying.

So spoke Nanette, just as hundreds have spoken before her; and she really believed for awhile all sho sid, No foot was lighter at the guinguette than hers; ‘vo jest was merrier than that which fell from Nasette; no maiden curled lip more saucily when her name ‘was linked with that of any of the beaux. And yet, ail this while she was in love with Pierre Latour, be handsomest, bravest, and blithest of the village Inds. Sho found it out too, but not until ke was levied in the conscription, when the certainty of his long absence, and the probability that he might never return, revealed to her the secret.

Poor Pierre loved her as his own life, and now, on the eve of leaving her, uncertain whether she returned his love, he was nearly beside himself with despair. He rallied courage, however, and resolved to tell his tale, for diffdence hitherto bad sealed bis tongue, thongh his eyes had long since spoken bis adoration in more eloquent lavguage. He found Nanette ia tears. It was an ungdarded moment for her, and Pierre had nv digiculty in winning an ackaowledg- ment that abe returned his affection.

“And will you be mine, when I return? Promise na this,” be suid, “and I will strive to become great: and will win, if bravery can do it, the cross of the legion of honor.”

Nanetle promised—how could she help it?—and the young soldier departed. The secret wos to be kept beiween them, so the villagers were none the wiser; and as Nanetie seemed as gay #8 ever, no one suspected that her heart was fur away in Russia, whither the imperial army had gone.

But this secreey proved most unfortonate, for the young men, ignorant of her eogagement, were as Mentive as ever: indeed more 80, for she grew prettier daity. Pierre, even before the army reached the frontiers, heard from those who teft the village later than bimeelf, that this or that gailani waa always with Nanetie, and that the gossips éaid it would be a match. How could be help being a littie jealous! And wher, later by six months, and just before the Russian territory wea invaded, he met an old acquaintance from the village, end beard that the son of the rich notary ‘was dying for her, is it stange that he began to fear be woold yet lose his beautiful Nanette, He bad heard so much of woman's inconstancy, eepecially when young and wealthy suitor was the rival, that he trem- bled for her fidelity.

Atl kuow the borrors of that campaign in Russia. OF the half million who followed Napoleon into the hoatite territory aot a tithe came back alive, Of these, however, Latour was one, Yet be almost wished he bad perished in the fatal snows, for he had tost an arm, and that too without gaining the cross of the legion of honor. Not that he did not deserve it. Bat in that awful retreat there was no time for the emperor to think of bestowing favors, Slowly, and almost in rags, like thousands of others, Latour beg- ged bis way back to his native village.

Tt was a bright morning in autumn, more than a year efter Latuur's departure, when one of the village gossips slopped a minute at the window of the cotinge, where Nanette and her mother dwelt.

“Who do you think has come back?” she said. “Latour himself. He artived yesterday afieraoon.”

At the announcement of her lover’s return Nanette’s heart leaped with joy; but when she heard that he bad been back so long without coming to see her, her spirits sank. For she had contigued to love the absent soldier, io spite of the motary’s son and her hundred other admirers.

“He is come back in a sorry plight though,” coa- tinued the gossip, “lame, « beggar, and with but one arma, He ig sick at heart too, and so avbamed that be ‘will not show himself; he says he only cares to die; he is not fit to live with the young and happy.”

Poor Nanette! Her heart was full of pity for her lover. She turned aside to conceal her tears. Yet slill she wondered why he had not come to #09 her, and she fell almost angry again when ehe thought of it.

“He telle me news too, which I never know before, you are #o sly of it, Nanette. Ho says you are to marty the notary’s son. 1 do believe, from the way

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Rh tions of a barbarous age will not satisfy a people whose eyes have been opened, and who are craving after true knowledge.

After the committee had confessed that “a taste for English had been widely disseminated, and independent schools, conducted by young men reared in the Hindu college, were springing up in every direction ,” it might have been expected that they would have modified their plan of proceeding. It was admitted, that to give instruction in European science was their ultimate object; it also appears from their report that this was the only part of their operations which was propagating itself, and proceeding with an independent spring of action; why, therefore, was scope not given to it?

For some time after this, however, we continued to prop up barbarism by the power of civilization, and to avail ourselves of the enormous influence of the English government to press on the people decayed and noxious systems, which they themselves rejected. That we did not succeed in giving to those systems a more effectual impulse was not owing to any want of exertion on our


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 precisely what his intercession before the Father is. For, looking at it, the Father recalls his love for men, for the sake of which his Son assumed the body, and is inclined to charity and mercy.’” (p. 158.)

By the way, as one reads similar passages, it becomes evident that the whole mysterious, incomprehensible Trinity represented itself in the imagination of the holy fathers in the form of three distinct, quite well defined anthropomorphic beings. And finally:

“(4) The redemption extends over the whole world.” The world of the angels was separated before, but now men unite with it. Nature was cursed and did not produce of itself; now this curse no longer exists, so that the redemption extends over everything, except the devils, because the devils were so infuriated. Some Christians assume that the devils, too, were redeemed: “The opinion of the ancient Gnostics, Marcionites, and Origenists, who extended the action of the redemption to the fallen angels themselves, was rejected by the teachers of the church and solemnly condemned by the whole church at the Fifth Ecumenical Council.”

All that is confirmed by Holy Scripture and forms part of a dogma.

155. The consequence of the deserts of the cross of Jesus Christ in regard to himself: the condition of his glorification. Christ is glorified as a reward for having come down into the world.

156. The relation of the sacerdotal ministration of Jesus Christ to his prophetic ministration. “Although the chief aim of the sacerdotal ministration of Jesus Christ, that is, of his whole exhaustion and especially of his death on the cross, was to achieve our redemption, he at the same time subjected himself to this exhaustion also for other purposes.” (p. 162.)

The chief aim is the redemption, but in addition there were also the following purposes: (1) to give us an ex-


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PETERSON’S MAGAZINE.

Vol. XVI.

In a neat apartment of an old colonial mansion, still standiag in one of the neighboring stator, might have been cess, nearly n century ago, two persona, Both were forunles, and both were lovely. One who seemed the senior, sat in a carved chair, before a table of curious workmanship, on which lay an open letter, to which abe pointed with one band, while with the other she beld that of ber companion, on whom she gaxed earnestly, as if in expostulation.

This companion was standing, She did not return the gaze of the other, but looked down haif petlishly. ‘Though younger than the speaker, she was scarcely more beautiful. The one indeed was the slender bud, the other the matured flower, They were orphans and sistars.

“Rosa, dear,” sid the elder, “do not beangry, for I spoke for your good. This letier, which, by # mis- take in the eupersoription, I received and read, is, I find, intended for you; and it comes from one as hol- Jow-heurted as he ia insidious. Lord Beauehampe is, a. man of the world and a profligate, and, believe me, he means to trifle with you.”

Her listener bad heard her in motionless silence, but aow she angrily jerked away her bead.

“Nay! dear sister,” said the elder, “you must hear me. By the memory of our sainted mother, who bade me watch over you, I obarge youto listen tomy warn ing. We ste but proviacials, and, though wealthy, ‘without rank, Lord Beauchampe is the son of « dake, and can choove from the richest and highest of Eng- land. Think you, then, that he would wed an up- known provincial ? You would tell me that true love overlooks distinetiont—so it would in 8 generous heart—bat this man is notoriously selfish, vain, and profligate—he only seeks you to betray——"

"You do him injustice, He is all that is noble ud good,” cried Rosa, with eyes sparkling with indignation. “But you are ell my eaemies bere! you fare angry that be does not love you.”

And the beaatifal girl had flaunted from the room ; while her sister, with a sigh, felt that expostulation, at Yeast at proseat, would do no good.

Never was there a greater difference between two characters, than between Bertha and Rosa Despencer, ‘The former was thirteen when ber mother died, while the latter was but seven, Almost the last words of the dying woman bad been to leave her youngest child to the charge of the eldest, io whom she already per- ceived a discretion and energy above her years. ‘This task thus aseigned to Bertha, had been a dificult one, for Rosa was as wilful and thoughtless as one sister had been obedient and discreet, in the endeavor to correct the faults of Rosa, Bertha had disciplined her ‘own ebaracter, so that, nt twenty-two, ehe wasas newer perfection, es any human creature can ke. She had long been afianced to a young clergyman in the vioinity, but, mindful of her promise to her mother, she steadfastly refuted to marry, while her sistér re- mained so young.

A few months before our tale begins, a new gorer- not bad come out from England, and, ia bis train, appeared Lord Beauchampe. He was handsome and accomplished, but it required no superficial obeerver to see that he was without principle; and indeed it was currently rumored that he had been sent to America, into a kind of exile, in consequence of his extravagant vices at home, Ross hed been intro- duced to him at ball at the government house. In- experienced and vain, abe believed all his Gatteries, aad when he sought her intimacy, her beart beat with ‘visions of future greatnors as bis bride, Bertha, who read his character, endeavored to discountenance his visits, As she was mistress of the establishment, Lord Beauchampe, with all his polite impudence, dared not fores himself on her acquaintance. Hence be was compelled to carry on his designs against Rosa in secret. The thoughtless, wilful girt first met him ac- cidentally abroad, and then by appointment. Affairs had already progressed to a dangerous crisis, when a letter misdirected, fell into Bertha's hands, and re- vealed the peril of her sister.

Alone in her room, Rosa repented of her taunt to her sister, She knew thai Bertha adored her betrothed, and that even the offer of a monarch’s hand could tempt her eisior to desert Charles Vanghan. But Rora believed that hee sister was prejudiced against Lord Besnckampe; and though, at firs, she thought of eocking Bertha, and asking her pardon for what she had said, the recollection of what abe thought injustice to her lover, deterred her.

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 ample by his life; (2) to deprive the Jews of their faith in the coming of the Messiah in glory; (3) to make void the laws of Moses; (4) finally, he died in order to give a clear testimony of the truth that he was God, that is, that which he constantly denied being.

All this chapter is remarkable in that it has not the slightest foundation in the Holy Canonical Scripture, but is all based on the apocryphal account, has not the slightest human meaning, and, what is most important, appears to every fresh man quite superfluous. Only by subjecting the Theology to a close study, can one guess what it is needed for. There is but one purpose which this chapter has, and that is, to solve the contradiction that all men perished before Christ, whereas we recognize the saints of the Old Testament. What is to be done with them! And so the apocryphal account of Christ’s descent into hell is taken, and the question is solved, and there appears the royal ministration of Christ. After that follows a chapter on the royal ministration of Christ.

“III. 157. Connection with what precedes, conception of the royal ministration of Christ, and the truth of his ministration. The truth of the royal ministration of our Saviour is quite clearly testified to in the Word of God. (1) He was born a king and vested with power. For unto us a child is born, proclaims the prophet Isaiah, unto us a son is given: and the government shall be upon his shoulder and his name shall be called Angel of the Great Council, Wonderful, Counsellor, The mighty God, The everlasting Father, the Prince of Peace, the Father of the future life. And great is his government, and of his peace there is no end, upon the throne of David, and upon his kingdom, to order it, and to establish it with judgment and with justice from henceforth even for ever (Is. ix. 6, 7; cf. Luke i. 32, 33; Matt. ii. 2). He was a king and had a royal power in the days of his humiliation, for he himself adopted the name of king, as


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 is seen from the accusation which was brought against him by the Jews (Matt. xxvii. 11-37; Mark xv. 1-32), and as he actually affirmed before Pilate (John xviii. 37). He applied to himself the regal power, as the words of his prayer to God show: Father, the hour is come; glorify thy Son, that thy Son also may glorify thee: as thou hast given him power over all flesh, that he should give eternal life to as many as thou hast given him (John xvii. 1, 2). In his very acts he showed himself a king, when he entered Jerusalem, according to the ancient prophecy: Rejoice greatly, O daughter of Sion; shout, O daughter of Jerusalem: behold, thy King cometh unto thee: he is just, and having salvation; lowly, and riding upon an ass, and upon a colt the foal of an ass (Zech. ix. 9; cf. John xii. 15; Matt. xxi. 5), and when he received the solemn acclamation of the people: Hosanna to the Son of David; blessed is the King of Israel that cometh in the name of the Lord (Matt. xxi. 9; John xii. 13). Finally, in all his glory and power he appeared as a king in the condition of his glorification, when he said to his disciples: All power is given unto me in heaven and in earth (Matt. xxviii. 18), and when God actually set him at his own right hand in the heavenly places, far above all principality, and power, and might, and dominion, and every name that is named, not only in this world, but also in that which is to come: and hath put all things under his feet (Eph. i. 20-22).”

Those are the proofs of the regal order which the church ascribes to him who said that what is great before men is an abomination before God.

158. In what actions was the royal ministration of Jesus Christ expressed? His miracles. His ministration was expressed in miracles. They are all counted out: Cana of Galilee, and Lazarus, and the casting out of the devils. “Even thus in the days of the exhaustion of our Saviour, when he was achieving mainly his pro-


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PETERSON’S MAGAZINE.

Vol. XVI.

BY CATHARINE BL PoRD,

The Lady Mabe! had been left an orphan while yet child, and hones bad never known a mother’s or a father’slove. Brought op alone, in her paternal castle, the only playmate of her years had been a page, in the service of the bold knight, who, in ber bebalf, commanded the garrieon of the fortress, Between these Iwo children an affection sprang up, whieb both remembered long years afterward, and which was the ‘cause of many a tear to the Lady Mabel.

For when she was in her tenth year, and the page in bie fourteenth, the latter had been removed, in order thet, as 2 equire at arms, he might Jearn the duties of a teue koight, to which station he was destined. Perhapr, too, the shrewd ofd warrior, who acied as goveraor of ihe castle, feared that the intimacy be- tween the rich heiress and the poor cadet might be- come dangerous, if allowed to continue. So the page Roland went (o France, to serve in the wars there; and the Lady Mabel was left alone with her handmaidens.

This separation was the Lady Mabel's first real torrow. For nearly a week she wept incessantly. Bat time at last softened her regrets. She grew up lovely and accomplished, and was courted by all. At eighteen there was not = lovelier female in all Engiand. Her dark and lustrous eyes, the redundant maseos of her raven hair, and the mingled grace and tasjerty of her person were the admiration of all who beheld ber.

At first she beard occasionally of Roland. A war- dering minstrel, who bad been in France, would sometimes stop at the casite, and bring news from the camp; and, on ali euch occasions, the name of the young knight, a equire no longer, was ture to be mentioned with encomiums, The Lady Mabel beard bow he bad been dubbed knight on « Geld of battle, for hie heroiem, by the bands of the monarch himself’; how he had been foremort in the breach at the aneaalt of more than one fortified tower; bow be bad saved a noble countess from a fate worse than death, by ree- saing her from soine free-companions, at the rack of a city, Singular to relate, this last news, so honorable to Sir Rolaad, created a pang in the Lady Mabel's dorom. Was rhe jealous of the countess? If eo, ehe did sot continue jealous long, for suddenly she heard that Sir Roland, moved by the preaching of « holy monk, had assumed the croes and sailed fur Palestine.

And now months and years pateed without a word being heard at the castle of the absent pege. Ai the end of the third summer, however, a palmer arrived, who told that, when he left the Holy Land, Sir Roland was alive and woll, and was regarded as one of the tendom. How the heart of the Lady Mabel leaped at this intelligence! But her joy was 00a rudely dissipated. As a ward of the crown, according 10 feudal customs, her hand was at the disposal of the king; and he now announced his in- tention to give it away in epeedy marriage. This intelligence revealed to the Lady Mabel the state of her heart. In the near danger of becoming the wifo ofa stranger, she diecovered the secret of ber interest in Sir Roland. She loved him. And, at fret, even death seemed preferable fo her threatened fate.

But soon a gleam of hope was afforded ber, The sonarch, fading the applicants for her hand aumerous, gave notice that her person and estates should be the reward of the best lance; and announced a gmad tour tament to be held that day six moniba, in which the prize was tobe contested, Such methods of disposing of a beautiful heiress were not unfrequent int the age of chivalry. It was soon known that every knight of any pretensions, in the whole kingdom, hed aanounced his intention of being e candidate at ihe tournament. Some, in foreiga lands, had been ent for by their friends, in order that they might also contest the prise. A drowning person, it és said, will catch at a straw, and the Lady Mabel boped that, among others, Sir Roland would appear, She knew that most of the eruaders were retaraing home, and, with the san- guine heart of youth, she trusted that he would come back ia time, and prove the conqueror.

But a terrible blow awaited her, The eve of the tournament, when every hostel in London was crowded with knights, a palmer appeared at the cloister in Westminster, where the Lady Mabel temporarily resided, and desired to see her, saying that be bore a message to her from the Holy Land. With a beating heart she hastened down into the parlor of the nunnery, to receive her guest. Seating herself in a

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 phetic and sacerdotal ministration, his miracles showed that he was at the same time the King of the Universe, the vanquisher of hell and death.” (p. 168.)

159. The descent of Jesus Christ into hell and his victory over hell. Another regal action of Christ’s descent into hell and his victory over it. “I. The teaching that the Lord Jesus actually went into hell with his soul and divinity, when his body was in the grave, and that he went down there to preach salvation, is an apostolic teaching.” There follow proofs. But not all agree upon what Christ did in hell. Some say that he took them all out, while others maintain that he took out only the righteous.

“St. Epiphanius: ‘Christ’s divinity together with his soul went down into hell in order to lead to salvation those who had died before, namely the holy patriarchs.’ St. Cassianus: ‘Having penetrated into hell, Christ with the splendour of his glory dispelled the impenetrable darkness of Tartarus, broke the brazen doors, and led the holy prisoners, who were kept in the impenetrable darkness of hell, with him to heaven.’ St. Gregory the Great: ‘The wrath of God, in relation to the souls of the righteous, passed away with the arrival of our Redeemer, for the intercessor of God and of men freed them from the prisons of hell, when he himself went down there and led them up to the joys of Paradise.’

“It must be added that if some of the ancients expressed the idea that Christ led out of hell not only the just men of the Old Testament, but also many others, or even all the prisoners of hell, they expressed that only in the form of guesses, suppositions, private opinions.”

160. Resurrection of Jesus Christ and his victory over death. “As Christ destroyed hell by his descent into hell, though he had even before shown his regal power over the forces of hell, even so he vanquished death by his resurrection from death.”


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PETERSON’S MAGAZINE.

Vol. XVI.

There was luxury in that noble library. The light fell with a mellowed radiance through the crimson baogings, on long rows of richly bound volumes; the glowing carpet yielded like moss to the lightest tread; lounges, sofas and rocking-chairs, with their soft cushions and quaint carvings invited to dreamy repose; the brilliant chandelier hung over a table sarewn with rare prints and costly magazines; marble busts aad pure vases shed an elegance and beauly over all; while the breath of summer flowers floated ia through the large windows that opened to the for ‘oa the Ionic portico, But it was the human hearts, beating beneath the fretted ceiling; the human voices, mingling together in the air of that summer eve, which gave to the apartment its living interest.

“It is usoleas to tall of it, father,” said Henry Stafford, at lengih. “It would be but solemn mockery fot me to swear in God’s name to love end cherish Floteace Herbert, when I do not love ber sod never can!”

“Love—fet I ask for a reason, young man, why you will not marry the lady I recommend?”

“I Rave said she is a cold, heartless, unprincipled woman of fashion, and more, a ——”

“——, Witty, accomplished, graceful, beautiful heiress! I wonder what your highnesa expects in a wife.”

‘Henry saw that his reasons would weigh nothing with such a judge, and be only replied—“I expect in myself honesty. The marriage vow breathed to Miss Herbert would be a wilful, deliberate lie; and, faiber, I will not lie!”

“Oh, Harry,” retorted the colonel, in a low, bland tone, shrugging his shoulders elightly as be spoke— “dot say lie! it’s decidedly vulgar; aud beside, none but footmen and chambermaids ever lie! But ‘whet fine-spum principles and inconvenient, Heavenly morals you bave been cultivating. All romance, Harry, I shouldn't wonder if you’d tell me ext that your angel mother was whispering in your ear.”

Young Stafford started involuntarily to his feet, his hands clenched tilt the nails sunk into the smooth palm, while bis dark eye dashed, and the hot blood mounted to his brow in the quick gush of pausion. His mother had been the one object of his worship from infancy, and he could not heer her name tried with.

The colonel laughed, a low, sneering laugh, while he drew his dressing-gown eround him, and slid his foot into the slipper tbat bad fallen beueath the em- broidered footstool. “Now be cool, my dear boy,” he continued, “ there’s nothing in the world like sdlf- possession, and how often I’ve told yon it’s not polite to get in a passion, do try and remember! So you won't marty Miss Herbert; you'll thiok better of it in sa hour.”

There was a soft, gliding step, a smooth opening of the door—" you must make up your mind before you leave this room, Harry,” said the colonel, looking hack, “either to marry Miss Herbert, aye, ber money if you choove, or leave the house forever. When you have decided, please let mo know; I may bave something unpleasant to tell you.” The door closed smoothly as it had opened, and Henry, giad to be alone again, sunk back on the sofa, and shading out the light with his cold hand, lay motionless 2s a statue and thought and felt. The door opened again, and a servant entered, bearing a note on a email, silver wniter. He tore it open impatiently and read——

“Noble, generous Stafford, what shall I eay? I feel grateful, deeply grateful, that you think me worthy of fuch saerifice, but 1 love you too well to permit it. ‘You shall not be homeless ead penniless for my sake, There ore many more worthy of your love than I who would cherish it with pride; seek them and be bappy. You have my prayers for your happiness, and ii friendship until death. Before you shall receive this shall bave left home on a jouraey, and it will be wecloss to seek me. We shall never meet again. Forever, farewell my friend, Aowes Eee ton.”

Pale and gasping with emotion—“ob, Agnes, Agnes!” he groaned, “this blow from you. Cold, cold, as an iceberg! You koow 1 will not sell my soul for money, and I did not tail of sacrifice. Ob, God! is there no tratbfulness on earth?”

Another boar rolled by, while the sun went down, and the whip-poor-will’s note came sadly through tha twilight. At length he started up, and with s haughty ‘cur! of his lip tore the note into hundred fragments. “True, I shall not be Col, Stafford’s heir,” be exclaimed, proudly, ‘but I am a man—why should I be homeless and peooiless?” and with a step which rang out even on that mosey carpet, be passed from the room, teaving there no living presence but the �

title: Page:Peterson magazine 1849.pdf/352


text:
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Rh of youth have to be instructed; the same desire exists on the part of the committee to give them a really good education; we have the same means at our disposal for accomplishing that object. A single show institution at the capital, to be always exhibited and appealed to as a proof of their zeal in the cause of liberal education, might answer very well, as far as the committee themselves are concerned; but what are the people of the interior to do, to whom this education would be equally useful, and who are equally capable of profiting by it? For their sake the committee have now established many Hindu colleges.

English is a much easier language than either Arabic or Sanskrit. “The study of Sanskrit grammar,” Mr. observes, “occupies about seven years, lexicology about two, literature about ten, law about ten, logic about thirteen, and mythology about four.” The course of study fixed for the Sanskrit college at Calcutta by Professor Wilson embraces twelve years, the first six of which are spent in learning grammar and composition; besides which, the boys are expected to know something of grammar before they are admitted. In three years boys of ordinary abilities get such a command of the English language as


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110 to be able to acquire every sort of information by means of it. The Sanskrit is altogether a dead language. The Arabic is not spoken in India. The English is both a living and a spoken language. The Brahminical and Moslem systems belong to bygone days; a large portion of them has become obsolete; a still larger is only faintly reflected in the habits of the people. The associations connected with the new learning, on the other hand, are gaining ground every day. The English government is established; English principles and institutions are becoming familiarized to the native mind; English words are extensively adopted into the native languages; teachers, books, and schools are rapidly multiplied; the improvements in the art of education, the result of the extraordinary degree of attention which the subject has received of late years in England, are all applied to facilitate the study of English in India. Infant schools, which have lately been introduced, will enable native children to acquire our language, without any loss of time, as they learn to speak. Nine years ago, when the first English


text: On the Education of the People of India/Chapter 4


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70 makes the killer of a goat sinless on pronouncing certain passages of the Vedant, and what is the real nature and operative influence of passages of the Vedas, &c.

“The student of the Nyayushastra cannot be said to have improved his mind after he has learned from it into how many ideal classes the objects in the universe are divided, and what speculative relation the soul bears to the body, the body to the soul, the eye to the ear, &c.

“In order to enable your Lordship to appreciate the utility of encouraging such imaginary learning as above characterized, I beg your Lordship will be pleased to compare the state of science and literature in Europe before the time of Lord Bacon with the progress of knowledge made since he wrote.

“If it had been intended to keep the British nation in ignorance of real knowledge, the Baconian philosophy would not have been allowed to displace the system of the schoolmen, which was the best calculated to perpetuate ignorance. In the same manner the Sanskrit system of education would be the best calculated to keep this country in darkness, if such had been the policy of the British legislature. But as the improvement of the native population is the object of the govern-


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Rh dozen of years of the most valuable period of their lives in acquiring the niceties of Byakaran or Sanskrit grammar. For instance, in learning to discuss such points as the following: khad, signifying to eat, khaduti, he or she or it eats; query, whether does khaduti, taken as a whole, convey the meaning he, she, or it eats, or are separate parts of this meaning conveyed by distinctions of the word? As if in the English language it were asked, how much meaning is there in the eat, how much in the s? and is the whole meaning of the word conveyed by these two portions of it distinctly, or by them taken jointly?

“Neither can much improvement arise from such speculations as the following, which are the themes suggested by the Vedant: in what manner is the soul absorbed into the deity? what relation does it bear to the divine essence? Nor will youths be fitted to be better members of society by the vedantic doctrines, which teach them to believe that all visible things have no real existence; that as father, brother, &c. have no actual entity, they consequently deserve no real affection, and therefore the sooner we escape from them and leave the world the better. Again, no essential benefit can be derived by the student of the Mimangsa from knowing what it is that


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68 veil is far from sufficient to reward the labour of acquiring it. But if it were thought necessary to perpetuate this language for the sake of the portion of valuable information it contains, this might be much more easily accomplished by other means than the establishment of a new Sanskrit college; for there have been always and are now numerous professors of Sanskrit in the different parts of the country engaged in teaching this language as well as the other branches of literature which are to be the object of the new seminary. Therefore their more diligent cultivation, if desirable, would be effectually promoted by holding out premiums and granting certain allowances to their most eminent professors, who have already undertaken on their own account to teach them, and would by such rewards be stimulated to still greater exertions.

“From these considerations, as the sum set apart for the instruction of the natives of India was intended by the government in England for the improvement of its Indian subjects, I beg leave to state, with due deference to your Lordship’s exalted situation, that if the plan now adopted be followed, it will completely defeat the object proposed; since no improvement can be expected from inducing young men to consume a


text: Author:Samuel Atkins Eliot (1862-1950)

title: Author:Samuel Atkins Eliot (1862-1950)


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Rh “While we looked forward with pleasing hope to the dawn of knowledge thus promised to the rising generation, our hearts were filled with mingled feelings of delight and gratitude; we already offered up thanks to Providence for inspiring the most generous and enlightened nations of the West with the glorious ambition of planting in Asia the arts and sciences of modern Europe.

“We find that the government are establishing a Sanskrit school under Hindu pundits, to impart such knowledge as is already current in India. This seminary (similar in character to those which existed in Europe before the time of Lord Bacon) can only be expected to load the minds of youth with grammatical niceties and metaphysical distinctions of little or no practical use to the possessors or to society. The pupils will there acquire what was known two thousand years ago, with the addition of vain and empty subtilties since produced by speculative men, such as is already commonly taught in all parts of India.

“The Sanskrit language, so difficult that almost a lifetime is necessary for its acquisition, is well known to have been for ages a lamentable check on the diffusion of knowledge; and the learning concealed under this almost impervious


text:
Author:Samuel Atkins Eliot

 * Samuel Atkins Eliot (1798-1862), American politician
 * Samuel Atkins Eliot, Sr. (1862-1950), American historian and theologian
 * Samuel Atkins Eliot, Jr. (1893-1984), American writer

title: Author:Samuel Atkins Eliot


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66 with such accurate information as might enable them to devise and adopt measures calculated to be beneficial to the country, and thus second by our local knowledge and experience their declared benevolent intentions for its improvements.

“The establishment of a new Sanskrit school in Calcutta evinces the laudable desire of Government to improve the natives of India by education,—a blessing for which they must ever be grateful; and every well-wisher of the human race must be desirous that the efforts made to promote it should be guided by the most enlightened principles, so that the stream of intelligence may flow in the most useful channels.

“When this seminary of learning was proposed, we understood that the government in England had ordered a considerable sum of money to be annually devoted to the instruction of its Indian subjects. We were filled with sanguine hopes that this sum would be laid out in employing European gentlemen of talents and education to instruct the natives of India in mathematics, natural philosophy, chemistry, anatomy, and other useful sciences, which the nations of Europe have carried to a degree of perfection that has raised them above the inhabitants of other parts of the world.


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 heaven, and which are on earth; even in him: and set him at his own right hand in the heavenly places, far above all principality, and power, and might, and dominion, and every name that is named, not only in this world, but also in that which is to come: and hath put all things under his feet, and gave him to be the head over all things to the church, which is his body, the fulness of him that filleth all in all (Eph. i. 10, 20-23).” (p. 188.)

This, according to the Theology, forms one meaning of the word “church.” Here is the second meaning:

“According to the second, less broad and more accepted meaning, the church of Christ embraces all men who profess and who have professed the faith of Christ, every one of them, no matter at what time they have lived and wherever they may be, whether living upon earth, or already in the country of the dead.”

According to this second meaning, the church cannot be what I supposed it to be, and cannot establish dogmas, for an aggregate of all men living and of those who have lived at any time cannot express any dogmas. Then follows an analysis who of the dead belong to this church and who do not (pp. 190, 191), and after dividing the church into militant and triumphant, there is given the third meaning of the word “church.”

“Finally, in a still narrower, but most accepted and usual sense, the church of Christ signifies only the militant church of the New Testament, or Christ’s kingdom of grace. ‘We believe as we have been taught to believe,’ say the bishops of the East in their epistle on the Orthodox faith, ‘in the so-called and real, the One, Holy, Catholic, Apostolic Church, which embraces all in every place, no matter who they may be, who believe in Christ, who, still existing in their earthly pilgrimage, have not yet taken up their abode in the kingdom of heaven.’ In this sense we are going to take the church in the present exposition of the doctrine concerning it.” (p. 191.)


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 According to this meaning, by the word “church” are understood all those who believe or have believed in Christ. This meaning is in general intelligible, but even in this sense the church does not correspond to that activity of the church, the sanctification of men, and still less to that other activity, the establishment of dogmas, of which the Theology has been speaking in all preceding chapters. Such a church cannot serve as an instrument of sanctification, for, if by church are to be understood all the believers in Christ, then all believers will be sanctifying all believers. In order that the church should be able to sanctify all believers, it must of necessity be a special institution among all the believers. Still less can such a church establish any dogmas, for, if all believing Christians believed alike, there would be no dogmas and no teaching of the church in refutal of heretical teachings. The fact that there are believers in Christ who are heretics and who reject some dogmas and put forward others which in their opinion are true, shows that the church must of necessity be understood not as all believers in Christ, but as a certain establishment, which not only does not embrace all the Christians, but even is a special institution among Christians who are not heretics.

If there are dogmas which are expressed in definite, unchangeable words, these words must be expressed and worked out by an assembly of men who have agreed to accept this, and not another expression.

If there is an article of a law, there must of necessity exist lawgivers or a legislative assembly. Although I may be able to express myself by saying that the article of the law is a true expression of the will of the whole nation, I, in order to explain this institution, must show that the legislative assembly which gave the law is a true exponent of the will of the people, and for that I must define the legislative assembly as an institution. Just so the Theology, which has expounded so many dogmas,


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2 Samuel Ibn Tibbon, the translator of the " Guide of the Perplexed," expresses himself in terms little flattering concerning Israeli's worth as a philosopher.29 He is a mere physician, Maimonides says, and his treatises on the Elements, and on Definitions consist of windy imaginings and empty talk. We need not be quite as severe in our judgment, but the fact remains that Israeli is little more than a compiler and, what is more to the purpose, he takes no attitude in his philosophical writings to Judaism as a theological doctrine or to the Bible as its source. The main problem, therefore, of Jewish philosophy is not touched upon in Israeli's works, and no wonder Maimonides had no use for them. For the purely scientific questions treated by Israeli could in Maimonides's day be studied to much better advantage in the works of the great Arabian Aristotehans, Al Farabi and Avicenna, compared to whom Israeli was mediocre. We are not to judge him, however, from Maimonides's point of view. In his own day and generation he was surpassed by none as a physician; and Saadia alone far outstrips him as a Jewish writer, and perhaps also David Al Mukam- mas, of whom we shall speak later. Whatever may be said of the intrinsic value of the content of his philosophical work, none can take away from him the merit of having been the first Jew, so far as we know, to devote himself to philosophical and scientific discussions, though not with the avowed aim of serving Judaism. The rest was bound to come later as a result of the impulse first given by him.

The two works of Israeli which come in consideration for our purpose are those mentioned by Maimonides in his letter to Samuel Ibn Tibbon spoken of above, namely, the "Book of the Elements," 30 and the "Book of Definitions." 31 Like all scientific and philosophic works by Jews between the ninth and thirteenth centuries with few exceptions, these were written in Arabic. Unfortunately, with the exception of a fragment recently discovered of the "Book of Definitions," the originals are lost, and we owe our knowledge of their contents to Hebrew and Latin translations, which are extant and have been published.32 We see from these that Israeli was a compiler from various sources, and that he had a special predilection for Galen and Hippocrates, with whose writings he shows great familiarity. He makes use besides of Aristotelian notions, and is influenced by the Neo-Platonic treatise, known as the "Liber de Causis," and derived from


text:
User talk:Loukus999

— billinghurst  sDrewth  10:33, 15 November 2023 (UTC)

Works of Xin Qiji
Please explain when, where, and by whom the translations were made.--Jusjih (talk) 05:03, 15 November 2023 (UTC)

 * The works as presented don't align with our existing scope so I have moved them fro the main namespace to your user space. If they can be corrected to align with our presentation guide, answer the questions that Jusjih posed, then we can look to put them back, or work out what needs to happen with these works. — billinghurst  sDrewth  10:26, 15 November 2023 (UTC)

 * Also, there are 定風波 (暮春漫興), 定風波 (賦杜鵑花) and 定風波 (送盧提刑，約上元重來) which shouldn't be under those names anyway.
 * And I note a couple of redlinked template - were you trying to put those as categories ? -- Beardo (talk) 11:51, 16 November 2023 (UTC)

Hi again. I have stopped your ability to add works to the main namespace and removed the works that you have added. We need for you to address the concerns raised by three users about the scope, source, and translations of those works. We have these requirements to have these works available, so please talk with us here. Thanks. — billinghurst  sDrewth  08:23, 17 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Please communicate. You need to operate within scope, and at this stage I am not seeing that. — billinghurst  sDrewth  07:17, 19 November 2023 (UTC)
 * You still do not communicate, and I am not seeing that your contributions are helpful to English Wikisource. I suggest that you should find somewhere else to contribute that can take some value for the skills that you may have. I would suggest that Chinese Wikisource could be such a place. It isn't here that you can add value. — billinghurst  sDrewth  23:44, 2 December 2023 (UTC)

Please do not link works in your User space to Wikidata. That is inappropriate. --EncycloPetey (talk) 23:03, 5 December 2023 (UTC)

User page
I have noticed that you do not communicate with others and do not try to reflect their comments, recently you have just contributed to your user page. However, the user pages should serve the users to provide some information about themselves as contributors to the project and about their efforts to contribute to the project. They are a feature helping to bring the project community closer together. So, may I ask about your plans at Wikisource? Do you wish to contribute here and help us develop the project? -- Jan Kameníček (talk) 09:30, 21 November 2023 (UTC)

Fundamental errors
On your user page, you indicate that you have a native understanding of English. However, your many edits reveal multiple basic mistakes in spelling, punctuation, capitalization, and word usage. The code you are using indicates that you do not understand the basics of templates used on Wikisource. And despite repeated requests, you have not responded nor shown any indication that you will interact with our community.

Again, what is it you wish to contribute? What is your source of information? Are you willing to learn and adapt? --EncycloPetey (talk) 21:12, 26 November 2023 (UTC)

It looks as though you are translating the Author pages from Chinese Wikisource, and posting the results here. That is not helpful. Chinese Wikisource lists works that were published in Chinese, but the English Wikisource hosts only works that were published in English. If a work has not been published in English, then it should not be listed on the Author page here. --EncycloPetey (talk) 00:26, 27 November 2023 (UTC)

At this point you're creating Author pages for characters in stories, creating blank Author pages, recreating deleted pages, and altering other people's User pages. None of this contributes to Wikisource, but it does create work for other people to clean up and violates norms here on Wikisource. If your editing continues to be disruptive and non-productive, you will be blocked. --EncycloPetey (talk) 15:15, 1 December 2023 (UTC)

Author:Wang Shizhen
There are multiple problems with this page, but the most important is that the information you put in does not match the information on the Wikidata page you linked to. Nor does it match any other person I have looked for by this name. With no known person matching the information you posted, this Author page will need to be deleted. We do not host pages for people that cannot be verified to have ever existed.

If we can verify a person by this name existed, we also need to know that his works have been published in English. If there are no known works by the author published in English, then there is no reason to have an Author page for him. --EncycloPetey (talk) 02:31, 30 November 2023 (UTC)

 * Well alright then. Loukus999 (talk) 05:10, 1 December 2023 (UTC)

UserLoukus999/Nanjing Chronicle; (Xin Qiji)
What is the source for this text? You cannot add texts to Wikisource without identifying a source. --EncycloPetey (talk) 15:13, 6 December 2023 (UTC)

Blocked
I have tried communicating with you about your contributions, and for four weeks you simply are non-communicative.

Wikisource has clear guidance about the works that we host and you have not met any of our guidelines. You continue to add to works without demonstrating that the works are within the scope of works we can host.

As you do not abide by our contribution guidelines, and do not communicate, you do not leave other options for us to deal with your out of scope contributions. I have blocked this account. — billinghurst  sDrewth  11:13, 7 December 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:Loukus999


text:
Page:HCF v The Queen.pdf/18

Gageler CJ Gleeson J Jagot J

Six jurors, including one reserve member who was not part of any deliberations of the jury, responded to the Sheriff's letter. Eight jurors did not respond. The Sheriff's report summarised the responses.

A juror, referred to as juror A, who was the author of the note to the trial judge, responded by saying:

 * 'Despite repeated statements by the judge that jurors must resist using the internet on this matter, the juror stated, that over the weekend, on two occasions, he had purposefully researched "rape" and "carnal knowledge" – definitions and custodial sentences for such. He used these sentencing durations to argue that a potential conviction could have severe personal consequences to defendant, and said, based on this, he did not believe that 20 year sentences were warranted on this "hearsay" charges over 30 years ago.'
 * 'The juror's behaviour demonstrated that his personal experiences informed his decision process significantly, and his blatant disregard for direction on internet use suggested even further his bias. He appeared to be "on a mission" to support the defendant in any way possible. My personal impression was that he was not so much "conspiring" with the defendant but a means to somehow justify his past issues. In conclusion, the juror's behaviour, in my opinion, demonstrated significant bias, but there were a small minority number of jurors who supported his views, over time, and most probably this would not have affected the totality of decisions.'"

A juror, referred to as juror B, responded by saying that a male juror (referred to as juror X) had "supposedly acknowledged he had indeed had some sort of incident occur where he was accused of sexual assault himself". In respect of the internet research issue, juror B said:

 * 'Juror X stated that he had researched the charge of carnal knowledge online, and as a result of what he perceived to be excessive severity in the potential sentencing outcome, he stated he was no longer willing to convict. Immediately, I brought everyone's attention to this, and I said very explicitly "It's not appropriate for you to base your decision on what you think the sentence will be–you can't do that."'"

The report of juror B's response continued:

 * [Juror B] seems to summarise the events by saying that 'because I had identified his bias, he had withdrawn his protest, and thus it

title: Page:HCF v The Queen.pdf/18


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58 them able to foretell an eclipse, or compose an almanac; and many of them derive some little pecuniary advantage from pretensions to judicial astrology. In medicine and chemistry they are just sufficiently advanced to talk of substances being moist, dry, hot, &c. in the third or fourth degree; to dissuade from letting blood or physicking on a Tuesday, or under a particular aspect of the heavens, and to be eager in their pursuit of the philosopher’s stone, and the elixir of immortality.

“The task of enlightening the studious youth of such a nation would seem to be a tolerably straightforward one. But though, for the college in Calcutta, (not Bishop’s College, remember, but the Sanskrit, or Hindu College,) an expensive set of instruments has been sent out, and it seems intended that the natural sciences should be studied there, the managers of the present institution take care that their boys should have as little time as possible for such pursuits, by requiring from them all, without exception, a laborious study of Sanskrit, and all the useless, and worse than useless, literature of their ancestors. A good deal of this has been charged (and in some little degree charged with justice) against the exclusive attention paid to Greek and logic, till lately, in Oxford.


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Gageler CJ Gleeson J Jagot J

seemed that the ultimate conclusion of the trial was to continue as it otherwise would have. Simply put, it seemed inconsequential.'"

A juror, whom we will call juror C, responded to the Sheriff's letter by referring to a male juror having "indicated from the beginning that he did not believe the evidence and that the [appellant] was not guilty on all charges". Juror C did not refer to a juror having conducted internet research or having said anything about internet research.

A juror, whom we will call juror D, responded that he was "not aware of any demonstrated bias, fraud or offence from any person's membership of the jury panel".

A female juror, whom we will call juror E, responded that on "the first occasion the jury entered the jury room together, a male juror announced to the others that he would not find the defendant guilty, regardless of the evidence". While juror E thought this announcement "shocking", it did not bother juror E "enough to contemplate discussions with the judge. It was after all the first morning". The report of juror E's response continued in these terms:

 * [Juror E] offers that at no time did she think she should have discussed the male juror's disclosure with the judge, nor does she think she was in breach of her obligations as a member of the jury.
 * There were no issues after that. The male juror 'did not indicate any bias and neither did any other panel members'.
 * 'This jury member did not follow through on his threat and the final jury verdict is testament to this'."

The "first occasion the jury entered the jury room together", as referred to by juror E, was during the morning of Tuesday, 13 October 2020. The "weekend", as referred to by juror A, was the weekend of 17 and 18 October 2020 before the jury reconvened on Monday, 19 October 2020.

A miscarriage of justice?

The appellant did not contend before this Court that any miscarriage of justice was occasioned by the circumstance that juror X, at the beginning of the trial (that is, before the evidence had been heard), said that he would not convict the appellant. The sole ground of appeal pursued in this Court focused instead on the combination of conduct involving: (a) juror X undertaking internet research about the definitions of and sentences for rape and unlawful carnal knowledge; (b) juror X informing the other members of the jury about this research; and (c) the other members of the jury not informing the trial judge of this conduct of juror X,

title: Page:HCF v The Queen.pdf/19