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Page:Hyderabad in 1890 and 1891; comprising all the letters on Hyderabad affairs written to the Madras Hindu by its Hyderabad correspondent during 1890 and 1891 (IA hyderabadin1890100bangrich).pdf/58

Page 50 Police Prosecutor. All this is no do doubt demanded by prudential considerations. But then whether it is reason or justice the people are free to ask. In one of the two letters before the Court, there is a threat, I am credibly informed, on the part of Abdul Wahid to lay a trap, for Abdool Husain and the murdered woman. Why was this slurred over? Why was it that the clothes said to be blood-stained were not submitted to a chemical examination? Why was not the Police Vakeel permitted to put in 'more evidence'? Why was the Police Commissioner hurried on to bring up the case before the court? Why was it that within three days two Roobkars were issued to him to bring up the case "at once"? And how is this hurry to be reconciled to the delay caused by the granting of long adjourn- ments? These are some of the many questions that suggest themselves to all unprejudiced men who cannot bring themselves to believe in the innocence of the man who had the barefacedness to tell the Nawab Akbar Jung Bahadur in the presence of Messrs. Aiengar, Gilder and Fox; "write to the Judge a Roobkar and secure from him my pardon, and I shall make a clean breast of the whole affair." The Police and their, Vakeel have, it is admitted on all hands, done all that they ought to have. For this the Police head is in for an unwarranted and damaging imputation and the Police Vakeel has deserved dismissal. This is how the ends of justice are accomplished here.

I hear that Bishop Thoburn has written to the Rev. Mr. Gilder, of the Chadarghat Methodist Episcopal Church, to ask him not to identify himself in any way with the prosecution in the murder case. I hope, this is not true. If true, there is little chance of all the murderers getting their due. Being left without funds Sadullah, the husband of the murdered woman, will not be able to appeal against Ahmed Raza Khan's decision or do anything by way of getting justice meted out to the criminals. And the impression that justice is a costly commodity and the poor cannot get it, will find another confirmation


text:
Author:Harry Lyman Koopman

Works

 * The Anointed (1891)
 * The Mastery of Books: Hints on Reading and the Use of Libraries (1896)
 * The Narragansett Country:Glimpses of the Past (1927)

Articles

 * Book Treasures of New York in The Printing Art (March 1910)
 * On Taking Time and Pains in The Printing Art (April 1910)
 * A Pilgrimage To a Typographic Shrine in The Printing Art (August 1910)

Poetry

 * The Gothic Minster (1891)
 * The Watchers of the Troad in The New York Times Current History of the European War (April 1915)
 * Libra: The Eternal Balance of Good and Ill in The Monist (July 1917)
 * Hesperia: an American national poem, I-VI (1919)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Author:Harry Lyman Koopman


text:
Page:Ukpga 20000036 en.pdf/2

iic. 36

title: Page:Ukpga 20000036 en.pdf/2


text:
Presidential Decree No. 637-A (Marcos)

, I have authorized the Commission on Elections to study the advisability of revising the referendum questions as embodied in Presidential Decree No. 637, for the purpose of simplifying the questions to enable the barangay members to understand them fully;

, the Commission on Elections has submitted its recommendations which I find to fulfill the purposes which necessitated the restudy of the questions;

, President of the Philippines, by virtue of the powers in me vested by the Constitution, do hereby order and decree as follows:

Section 1 of Presidential Decree No. 637, dated January 7, 1975 is hereby amended to read as follows:

 * " Questions for February 27, 1975 Referendum. — The questions to be submitted in the February 27, 1975 National Referendum shall be as follows:

 * "For the Greater Manila Area comprising the cities of Manila, Quezon, Pasay, and Caloocan; and the municipalities of Valenzuela in the province of Bulacan; and Las Piñas, Makati, Malabon, Mandaluyong, Muntinlupa, Navotas, Parañaque, San Juan del Monte, Taguig, Pateros, Pasig, and Marikina in the province of Rizal:

 * On Local Governments and Officials

 * 1. Do you want the present Mayor-Council form of government now existing in the cities and municipalities of Greater Manila to continue?

 * 2. If you do not want the Mayor-Council type to continue, do you favor the President exercising his powers to restructure the local governments in Greater Manila (four cities and 13 municipalities) into an integrated system like a Manager or Commission form under such terms and conditions as he may decide?

 * On Martial Law

 * 1. Do you approve of the manner President Marcos has been exercising his powers under Martial Law and the Constitution, including the power to issue proclamations, orders, decrees and instructions with the force of law?

 * 2. Do you want the President to continue exercising the same powers?

 * For Areas outside of the Greater Manila Area.

 * On Local Officials

 * At the expiration of the terms of office of your local elective officials on December 31, 1975, how do you want their successors chosen: to be appointed by the President or elected in accordance with the Election Code?

 * On Martial Law

 * 1. Do you approve of the manner President Marcos has been exercising his powers under Martial Law and the Constitution, including the power to issue proclamations, orders, decrees and instructions with the force of law?

 * 2. Do you want the President to continue exercising the same powers?

Section 4 of the same Presidential Decree is hereby amended to read as follows:

 * " Translation into Major Dialects. — The questions shall be translated into AS MANY MAJOR DIALECTS AS POSSIBLE [all the dialects spoken by at least 50,000 persons] and such translation shall be printed in LEAFLET or poster form in sufficient number using cheap but appropriate material.

 * At least thirty days before referendum day, the translated questions in leaflet form shall be disseminated as widely as possible to all barangays where the dialect used in the translation is spoken.

Done in the City of Manila, this 17th day of January, in the year of Our Lord, nineteen hundred and seventy-five.

Rh

By the President: Rh

title: Presidential Decree No. 637-A (Marcos)


text:
Page:The Works of John Locke - 1823 - vol 03.djvu/358

 Adversariorum Methodus.] As to the language, in V. which one ought to express the heads, I esteem 8. the Latin tongue most commodious, provided the nominative case be always kept to, for fear lest in words of two syllables, or in monosyllables that begin with the vowel, the change, which happens in oblique cases, should occasion confusion. But it is not of much consequence what language is made use of, provided there be no mixture in the heads of different languages.

To take notice of a place in an author, from whom I quote something, I make use of this method: before I write any thing, I put the name of the author in my common-place-book, and under that name the title of the treatise, the size of the volume, the time and place of its edition, and (what ought never to be omitted) the number of pages that the whole book contains. For example, I put into the class M a, "Marshami Canon Chronicus Ægyptiacus, Græcus, et disquisitiones fol." London, 1672, p. 626. This number of pages serves me for the future to mark the particular treatise of this author, and the edition I make use of. I have no need to mark the place, otherwise than in setting down the number of the page from whence I have drawn what I have wrote, just above the number of pages contained in the whole volume. You will see an example in Acherusia, where the number 259 is just above the number 626, that is to say, the number of the page, where I take my matter, is just above the number of pages of the whole volume. By this means I not only save myself the trouble of writing Canon Chronicus Ægyptiacus, &c. but am able by the rule of three to find out the same passage in any other edition, by looking for the number of its pages; since the edition I have used, which contains 626, gives me 259.


text:
Page:Harnden's garden book for 1928 - (IA CAT31327723).pdf/30

 24

Sow in drills 1 foot apart, 1 inch deep. When a few inches high thin a foot apart. In the fall prepare the grround for the final bed by deep trenching. Mix manure with the soil; the richer the soil and the deeper it is worked, the better. Set the plants 3 feet apart each way. The stalks should not be cut the first spring.

'''Large roots, each 15c; two for 25c; per dozen, $1.50. Small roots, each 10c; 3 for 25c; per dozen, 75c; add 5c each for postage if to go by mail.'''

One of the most desirable winter vegetables. The roots when cooked are very palatable and are served in a variety of different ways. CULTURE—It succeeds best in a light, well enriched soil: coarse and fresh manure should be avoided, as it will surely cause the roots to grow uneven and ill-shaped. Sow the seed as early as possible, and quite deep in drills about 18 inches apart and thin the plants to 3 inches in the row.

CULTURE—Spinach is an important market gardener’s crop, of easy culture. For spring and summer use, sow in drills 1 foot apart and 1 inch deep as early as the ground can be worked, and every two weeks for a succession. For winter and early spring use, sow in September in well manured ground; cover with straw on the approach of severe cold weather. The ground cannot be too rich; the stronger the ground the more delicate and succulent will be the leaves. The New Zealand spinach, which requires more room, as it makes a large and spreading plant, may be started from seed early in the spring to give greens during the heat of summer. Light applications of nitrate of soda have often a magical effect on spinach.

The plants are of rapid growth, resemble the Long Season in type, but leaves are more crumpled or blistered and are of a darker green color. The leaves are thick, stand well after cutting and are of good quality.

We believe this variety will in a few years be one of the leading sorts as its distinctive qualities are sure to win favor for it from both the home and market gardener. Pkt., 10c; ¼ lb., 20c; 1 lb., 50c.

{{hi|1em|PRINCESS JULIANA—Large, crumpled dark green leaves, suitable for summer or autumn planting. We are convinced that the Princess Juliana Spinach will become the most popular variety on the market, not only for its rapid, uniform growth and delicious and tempting flavor, but also because it remains In prime condition longer before bolting to seed than an}' other sort. Prepaid, pkt., 10c; ¼ lb., 20c; 1 lb., 50c.}}

Do not plant until the weather is warm and settled. The plants are very tender and sensitive to cold. Use the same culture as for cucumbers and melons, but squash is less particular as to soil. Three plants are sufficient for one hill. For early squashes, seed can be planted in boxes and transplanted.


text: Page:In war time, and other poems (IA inwartimepoems00whitrich).pdf/32


text: Eugenics

title: Eugenics


text: Page:In war time, and other poems (IA inwartimepoems00whitrich).pdf/33


text: Page:In war time, and other poems (IA inwartimepoems00whitrich).pdf/34


text: Page:In war time, and other poems (IA inwartimepoems00whitrich).pdf/35


text: Virgin's Choice, or, Youth Preferred to Old Age


text: Virgin's Choice, or, Youth Preferred to Old Age/Let Ambition Fire Thy Mind


text: Virgin's Choice, or, Youth Preferred to Old Age/The Virgin's Choice


text:
User:AshaWalid

Hi, Its Asha Walid Here,

Trying to make the wiki a Better place.

title: User:AshaWalid


text:
Index:The Friend of China and Hongkong Gazette (vol 3, no 197).pdf/styles.css

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Talk:Gillespies Beach Beginnings

Missing pages at the end of Part 1
There are two pages present in the "Source" that are not present in the published version. The pages in the source are the last two pages in Part 1, and have the file suffixes /29 and /30. These are not in the published version for some reason.Marshelec (talk) 08:10, 26 September 2023 (UTC)
 * I think I've fixed this: the page range for the numbering of that section was based on the page numbers, not the scanned page image file numbers. —Giantflightlessbirds (talk) 19:28, 2 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gillespies Beach Beginnings


text:
Page:Ukpga 20000036 en.pdf/3

Rh

title: Page:Ukpga 20000036 en.pdf/3


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Page:Ukpga 20000036 en.pdf/4

ivc. 36

title: Page:Ukpga 20000036 en.pdf/4


text: Virgin's Choice, or, Youth Preferred to Old Age/Fidele's Tomb


text: Virgin's Choice, or, Youth Preferred to Old Age/Tarry Woo


text:
Page:Supplement to the fourth, fifth, and sixth editions of the Encyclopaedia Britannica - with preliminary dissertations on the history of the sciences - illustrated by engravings (IA gri 33125011196181).pdf/748

 which circumstances are of material consequence to the success of the operation. It is essential, that some of the larvæ should not have been hatched above three days before this attempt is made. The frames must then be gently separated at the middle of the hive, and two empty frames be introduced in the interval between the former; each of these new frames having a partition which closes them completely, so as to enable the two portions to be entirely separated without leaving any opening. The door of that portion, in which the queen happens to be at this time, may remain open; but the one belonging to the other part must be closed, so as to retain the bees that have no queen, prisoners for four-and-twenty hours, allowing still, however, sufficient circulation of air. After this interval of time, they appear to have forgotten their queen; at least they are no longer anxious to seek for her, but bestow all their solicitude in the education of the larvæ, so as to convert a certain number of them into queens to supply the loss they have sustained. This they accomplish in ten days or a fortnight after the operation. The two colonies are now perfectly distinct, and are never found afterwards to intermix.

Another advantage attending a hive of this construction consists in its enabling us to force the bees to produce a much greater quantity of wax than they would naturally do. The interval which separates the combs, when the bees have not been disturbed in their operations, is constantly the same, namely, about four times. Were they too distant, it is evident that the bees would be much dispersed, and unable to communicate their heat reciprocally, and the brood would not be preserved in a sufficient degree of warmth. Were the combs too close, on the contrary, the bees could not freely traverse the intervals, and the work of the hive would suffer. It is evident that we may avail ourselves of this instinct, and by separating farther asunder the combs that are already built, induce the bees either to extend the breadth of those they had begun, or to build others in the interval, if sufficient space be allowed them for this purpose. Thus, by interposing three empty frames, one between every alternate interval of the combs in a hive containing six combs, three additional combs, if the proper season be chosen, will be obtained at the end of a week; and if the weather continue favourable, the operation may be repeated, and the same number of additional combs procured the week after.

The principal obstacles to the general employment of M. Huber’s hives are the expence of constructing them, and the greater degree of attention which they perhaps require from the Cultivator. It has also been objected that the flatness of the roof was prejudicial, by allowing the moisture which exhales from the bees to collect at the top, and to fall in drops at different parts, to the great injury of the subjacent contents of the hive. Féburier proposes therefore the employment of frames in the form of a trapezium, so that the roof shall be considerably inclined to the horizon. He borrows this shape from Bosc, whose hive consists, however, only of two boxes joined together sideways, and separable in order to form artificial swarms. This was an improvement upon Gelieu’s hive, which was formed of two square boxes united laterally. Delator had recommended a still more simple form than that of Bosc, though less convenient, namely, that of a triangle resting on its base. Mr Ravenel’s hive consists of three square boxes instead of two; Mr Scrain’s is also made up of three boxes; but they are low and of great length, and are joined endwise: a communication being established between them by apertures made in the divisions which separate the boxes. It is now, however, well established, that partitions of any kind are detrimental to the prosperity of the colony. The same objection applies, though perhaps in an inferior degree, to the system of storied hives, or those which are divided into stories one above another. A great variety of the latter description, however, have been recommended by different Cultivators. In France they are known by the name of ruches en hausses. Mr Thorley’s improved hive, of which there is an account in the article, is of this class, and Mr Lombard’s ruche villageoise may also be referred to the same head, although it be of much simpler construction than any other compound hive. Mr Lombard’s hive is composed of two parts, a body, and a cover, forming together an elevation of from seventeen to twenty inches, on a uniform diameter of one foot; excepting the upper part, which ought to be convex. The body is formed of bands of straw, similar to that of the cottages in this country. At the top and bottom of the body is placed an exterior band, which forms a projecting border, on each end; the lower one giving the hive a firm station on its pedestal; the upper one contributing to secure the attachment of the cover, or allowing of another similar body being placed above the first, if such an addition should be deemed necessary. At the top of the body, and even with the upper band, is placed a flooring hoard, made of a light plank, ten inches in breadth in ail directions; and the four corners of which are sawed off in such a manner that the breadth along the diagonal measures one foot. This board is fixed by nails inserted in the upper double band, and entering a little into the front. The four openings that are left on the sides are necessary for the passage of the bees, and for the escape of the vapours which are exhaled from them in winter. A flat rod traverses the hive immediately under the board; and projecting from the two sides about on inch and a half, affords handles for lifting the hive, and facilitates the fastening of the cover, which has also a projecting rod, corresponding with that of the hive. At the bottom is an opening, two inches broad, and nine lines in height, for the ingress and egress of the bees. The cover is formed in the shape of a dome, with a vertical handle at the top, and a cross bar at the lower part, by the projecting ends of which it may be tied to the ends of the bar in the body; and which serves also as a support to the combs that are constructed in the cover. For the latter purpose, also, two other bars are placed crosswise, one above the other. All the hives, and all the bases of the covers, are to be made of one uniform diameter, in order that Rh


text: Virgin's Choice, or, Youth Preferred to Old Age/Love and Despair


text: Virgin's Choice, or, Youth Preferred to Old Age/The Queen of France's Lamentation


text:
Page:The Friend of China and Hongkong Gazette (vol 3, no 197).pdf/3

Rh being occupied by Blacksmiths, who there carry on their trade, to the annoyance of neighbours, and the great danger of property. Some sage friend replies, "true but these are government doings." Of course they are government doings; but is there one set of laws in Hongkong for Gentlemen connected with the local government, and another set for those who have not the honour? We think not, and trust such also will be the opinion of His Honour the Chief Justice.

But X may be mistaken, the whole affair is probably a stupid hoax. It was but the other day that some evil disposed youth (for such jokes can only proceed formfrom [sic] extreme youth combined with extreme folly) took the liberty of killing a respectable Shipmaster through the medium of our paper, at the same time committing a forgery, by sending a letter bearing a signature not his own. The notice sent to X, must surely be the production of some equally promising youth as the one we have referred to, and we trust should such be the case, every means will be used which may tend to his discovery and punishment.

As this is Christmas time, however, it is just possible, that some one who has been pertaking largely of the gaities of the season, may in a moment of extreme excitement have applied to the Magistrate for an inderdict upon those who lay down bricks for such a purpose as the building a house.

The approach of the Chinese new year will remind our readers of the necessity for an additional degree of watchfulness to protect their property from the attacks of bands of robbers from the mainland, or from the equally dangerous characters who are settled among us. However imminent the danger may still be, it is much less than last winter, when scarcely a night passed without outrages being committed, and when the inhabitants may literally be said to have been in a constant state of preparation for the attack of the mid-night robber. We may congratulate ourselves upon the improvement, but we must also remember that the danger exist though in a less degree than formerly. The vigilance of the police, but the more especially the establishing of a night police has been the principal cause of the comparative safety which we now enjoy, and we trust when the registration system is fully carried out, many of the worthless native inhabitants will be driven from the island.

Every step which the colony makes in advance is satisfactory, whether it be in commerce, in public works, in institutions or in the moral condition of the inhabitants, and however melancholy may be our present condition in some respects, it must candidly be admitted that in others most important changes have taken place. It is to be feared however that in protecting property in the colony from the aggression of robberies, we are increasing the danger of navigating the surrounding waters, the desperadoes who no longer can follow their calling on land, seeking a fresh field for their atrocities by water, where it appears the boasted Mistress of seas cannot follow them.

If the Merchants of China complain of the neglect of their interests by those who are employed to protect them, their complaints are not groundless. The British, and the British Indian commerce with China, pours directly and indirectly not less than seven millions sterling into to the national exchequer, it employs upwards of 100,000 tons of shipping with 25,000 seamen, and further requires the services of thousands of the manufacturing classes in England and Scotland. Such an important source of national-greatness, would, it might be supposed, be guarded with that maternal solicitude which every government is supposed to bestow upon its commerce. But such, alas is not the case with the trade of China. It has been cramped through the pride and ignorance of diplomatists, and now it is left to the assaults of pirates, Upwards of one hundred and seventy British vessels enter the port of Canton yearly with valuable cargoes, and an equal member depart, giving an average of one ship daily having ingress or egress with that river. The river and estuary be now be said to swarm with pirates, but ships continue to pass to and fro, without the slightest protection further than that afforded by their own crews and guns, nor are we yet aware that any means are to be adopted for protecting British life and property, or for vindicating the honour of the British flag. We do not at present intend to enter fully into this subject, but would simply remark that, if the Merchants of China make complaints, they unfortunately have too much cause for doing so.

It is pleasing to mark the advance of the colony, and the present is an appropriate season for intimating to our readers at a distance that, in two essential particulars, Hongkong has taken a decided step—we allude to the establishment of a night police, and the various public improvements now in progress. Much of our present security from robbery, may fairly be ascribed to the services of the former, and we are satisfied that every member of our community will acknowledge that in this instance the Executive has exercised care the important powers with which it is intrusted. The benefits to be to be derived from the latter are no less important—property has become enhanced in value—there is more personal convenience in passing from the town to another—and what  sequence, next summer we may probably predict that, there will be less.

In other respects the year that away without seeing  establishing a Supreme Court is an  colonial history, and will not be overlooked in that of Hongkong; and we may say without risk of being accused of flattery that, the official changes which have taken place, are with a trifling exception, such as will yet tend towards the establishing of Hongkong on a firm basis.

Much—very much—yet requires to be done, before the colony arrives at that degree of prosperity, for which she is destined; and ere another year is gone, we trust to see an open Legislative Council, having an equal number of official, and non-official members, calmly deliberating upon the measures which are required to break the shackles which have been placed upon our commerce; and not occupying their attention in devising measures to coerce the inhabitants, or to give greater power to the Executive than it is the pleasure of our gracious Sovereign to bestow upon it.

Of a Proclamation issued by the Imperial Commissioner and Governor General Ke, and the Governor Ching, and the Superintendent of customs Wan, on the 11th November, 1844, to levy the tonnage and Tariff duties at Macao.

These officers some time ago reported to His Imperial Majesty that it is not necessary to prohibit the merchants of the various nations, who are inclined to do so, from resorting to Macao for trade, to rent houses or to store goods, that those who are not inclined to go there may suit their own convenience, and that as to the Regulations respecting tonnage dues and duties, these may all be settled according to the new Tariff.

They have now received the Imperial Rescript in answer, which after saying that the barbarians of Macao have dwell a long time in China and have heretofore been considered reverent and obedient goes on to state that as the Governor General and his Colleagues find that no abuses will flow from allowing the merchantmen of all nations to repair to Macao for trade "the alterations required by the change of circumstances may be carried into effect in the manner agreed upon."

The above officers have therefore commanded the Portuguese Wei-le-to to act in obedience thereto, besides which fearing the merchants from afar have not yet been sufficiently acquainted with this, they now reverently transcribe the Imperial Commands and perspicuously notify for the full information of the merchants of all countries, that if, they wish to repair to Macao to trade, rent houses, or store goods they may altogether suit their own convenience and do so, and that as to the regulations respecting tonnage dues and duties, those which have been agreed on are in all respects to be acted upon.

For Whampoa, Foam and Challenger.

Passengers per Isabella Anna Messrs. Johnson, Goddard and Miles, Mr. and Mrs. Bluett 2 children, and D. Wright.

H. M. Ships Agincourt, Iris, Wolf; Troop Ship Sapphirs; H. E. C. Steamer Medusa; Ships Hellas, Gem, Wm. Hughes, Lady Adams, Lynx. Snipe. Vanguard. The Alligator and Poppy daily expected from Woosung.

.—Nov. 23rd America, (Am.) from Van Dieman's Land in 60 days; 27th Samarang, Capt. Sir Edward Belcher, from Borneo in 24 days.

.—Nov. 23rd, Fortunado, (Sp.) Shanghai; Nov. 25th Zafiro, (Sp.) for Cadiz; Vanguard, for Hongkong, also the French frigate Alcemene; 26th Osprey, for Van Dieman's Land; Correo, (Sp.). for Hongkong, Cahota, for Macao; 29th Fanny Connel, for Amoy.

H. M. S. Castor, Capt. Graham.

H. C. Str. Proserpine, Com. Hough.

Miaden, Master Commanding, Wellington, Hospital and Store Ship.

H. M. F. S. Syrene, 50, Capt. Chamier.

H. M. F. S. Victorieuse, 20, Com, Guisielle.

H. M. F. S. Sabine, 36.

HE fine A 1, ship HINDOSTAN 700 tons Capt. Bowen will leave Whampoa for London within 3 weeks from this date. For Passage apply to

DENT & Co., or Capt. BOWEN on board.

28th Dec., 1844.

HE A 1, first sailing Bark ADEN, Capt. Ring, having the greater part of her homeward cargo engaged will have quick despatch for Liverpool.

For Freight apply to

DENT & Co.

28th Dec. 1844.

HE Clipper schooner ISLAND QUEEN will be despatched about the 10th January from Macao.

For Freight apply to

DENT & Co, Canton, Macao or Hongkong

26th. Dec, 1844.

Memorandum—Treasure or Silk will be conveyed from Canton or Hongkong to Macao free of charge.

HE KELPIE will have despatch. For Freight apply to

MAC & Co.

H. Franklyn will offer for Public Sale on Monday evening next the 30th inst. at 7 in Chinam's House the following—

A small Anchor & Chains, one Dining Table Rosewood sidebarde, sofas, Almirahs, Book cases, Chairs Tables, Bronze hanging-lamp. patent do., A small but valuable collection of Books. Crockery glass, Knives & Forks, Cloth caps, Children do Hats and a variety of other articles.

Terms of sale as per printed hand-bills.

N Monday next the 30th Instant, at 11 o'clock,, at the Godown of Messrs, FLETCHER LARKINS, & Co., on account of whom it may concern, about 150 Bags Saltpetre, more or less damaged by Sea Water.

☞ TERMS OF SALE:—Cash in Dollars, before the Lots are delivered and all Lots to be cleared before 4 o'clock, the same day.

c'EWEN & Co. beg to announce, that on the evening of Monday next, the 30th instant, they will put up to public Sale, at their Auction Room, Queen's Road, a quantity English Standard publications with a variety of elegant Engravings recently received from England.

The Books &c, will be seen at the Sale Room during Monday, where printed Catalogues will be furnished.

The Sale will commence at six o'clock precisely.

☞ Terms——Cash on delivery.

Victoria, 27th Dec., 1844.


text:
Proclamation No. 2045 (Marcos)

, by virtue of the powers granted under Article VII, Section 10, Paragraph 2 of the 1935 Constitution, the President of the Philippines promulgated Proclamations Nos. 1081 on September 21, 1972 and 1104 on January 17, 1973 placing the entire Philippines under martial law in order to protect the integrity of the Republic from lawless elements then conspiring to seize political and state power by means of anarchy, rebellion and secession;

, the ultimate objective of Proclamations Nos. 1081 and 1104, beyond repelling the threat to the government, was to remove the causes of popular grievance which had accumulated through decades of neglect and oppression and given rise to discontent, chaos and violence, and thereby re-establish democracy, restore individual rights, and promote the welfare of the Filipino people;

, on submission of the government itself, the constitutional validity of Proclamation Nos. 1081 and 1104 and acts done pursuant to them have been litigated before the Supreme Court which subsequently affirmed their validity, thereby strengthening the tradition that ours is a government of laws and not of men and that even the government is subject to law;

, anarchy has been successfully checked;

, the leftist-rightist rebellion has been substantially contained, its ranks reduced to disorganized bands alienated from the people;

, the secessionist movement has been effectively overcome with the signing of the Tripoli Agreement on December 23, 1976, the signing of cease-fire agreements in Tripoli on December 23, 1976 and in Zamboanga City on January 29, 1977, and the establishment of autonomous governments in Region IX and Region XII, and on account of all these manifestations of goodwill and concord more than 37,000 former secessionist rebels have reciprocated the sincerity of the martial law regime by supporting the reforms of the New Society and participating constructively in political, social, economic, cultural and spiritual development;

, in pursuit of its long-range goal of recovering the substance of democracy, restoring individual rights and promoting the welfare of the Filipino people, the government has successfully waged a Democratic Revolution founded upon a series of reforms, as follows:

1. Land reform, which has liberated 523,153 farmers from the shackles of tenancy and transformed land ownership from a system of exploitation to a self-reliant and creative act, so that the income of the Filipino farmer has increased twofold in some areas, threefold in others, a condition altogether different from the times when land reform legislation repeatedly failed because Congress was controlled by landowners, giving rise to the Hukbalahap uprising.

The land reform decree in one sweep eradicated the centuries-old condition of the typical Filipino farmer which virtually imprisoned him in indebtedness handed down from one generation to another and converted him from a mendicant to a self-assured and dignified individual. Part of this new life granted to the farmer was the capability granted to him for self-reliance, liberating him from the tentacles of usurious landlords by limiting payments for the land allotted him by the latter to a part of the harvest. The New Society also extended the newly liberated farmer credit without collateral and gave him irrigation, farm-to-market roads, the assistance of technologists, subsidized fertilizer and pesticides, a guaranteed and established minimum level of price for rice and other cereals under the National Grains Authority (now the National Food Authority), a policy responsive to changes in the economic situation.

2. Political reform, including a reorganization of the government, which has retired from the ancient past the Filipino concept of the barangay as the basic unit of community development and political action; set up the Tanodbayan and the Sandiganbayan as the people's instrument against corruption in government; reorganized the prosecution service, and, through the Batasang Pambansa, is now in the process of reorganizing the judiciary; elevated the quality of the civil service through professionalization, training and better incentives to excellence in the form of increased salaries and improved working conditions.

Reflecting the spirit of reform was the passage of the new Constitution by a convention that opened in 1970, its ratification at barangay assemblies on January 17, 1972, its weathering of close scrutiny by the Supreme Court which declared in its decision in Javellana vs. The Executive Secretary (50 SCRA 141) that "there is no further judicial obstacle to the new Constitution being considered in force and effect," and its further formal ratification on July 27, 1973, by free and secret ballot in a plebiscite conducted under the control and supervision of the Commission on Elections.

The Constitution, although passed and ratified after the promulgation of martial law, contained principles of government which were conceived and approved by the constitutional convention before Proclamation No. 1081 was issued. Among these basic tenets which preceded the declaration of martial law was the parliamentary system into whose full implementation the government is now moving.

The new Constitution authenticated several expressions of popular will which followed its ratification, including referenda and plebiscites (July 27, 1973; February 27, 1975; October 16, 1976; December 17, 1977) conducted to determine whether the people wanted the incumbent President to continue in his position, and whether or not the incumbent President should, in accordance with Amendment No. 3 of the Constitution, also exercise the powers of the Prime Minister after the organization of the Interim Batasang Pambansa, (National Assembly), and successive elections, starting with the election of members of the interim Batasang Pambansa on April 7, 1978, followed by the election of the members of the Sangguniang Pampook of the autonomous regions of Mindanao, Region IX and Region XII, and finally the elections of local officials on January 30, 1980.

A sustained program of action against corruption, started even before the Tanodbayan and the Sandigan bayan were organized, has enabled the national leadership to rid the government of undersirable elements. The present administration is the first one in which an anti-graft campaign has been successful; cases have been filed and officials punished. In the military, 8,884 — more than 9,000 including members of the Integrated National Police — have been punished for abuses they had committed. The Tanodbayan, in its zeal to perform its responsibility, even initiates investigations of officials and employees on the basis of mere anonymous complaints.

Under the martial law government legitimate political dissent received full protection, although constant vigilance has been exercised to protect the government and society from the inroads of subversion and violence. The care and attention given by the government to distinguish between legitimate political dissent and subversion or violence has promoted greater citizen awareness of the contribution they are expected to make to the peace, security and stability of the nation.

A widely accepted innovation in democratic government has been the election of representatives of the youth, labor and agricultural sectors in the Batasang Pambansa and in the Sanggunian, a system which permits three important segments of society to participate directly in legislation.

3. Labor reform, which produced a new Labor Code, introduced tripartite conferences of labor, management and government as a means of protecting industrial peace, and enabled the government to maintain the unemployment rate at 4.5 per cent considerably lower than that of many other countries, including highly developed ones.

4. Economic reform, which has enabled the nation to maintain the momentum of growth at an average of 6 to 7 per cent from 1970 to 1980, a period wracked by repeated crises mostly generated by external factors, in contrast to the comparatively placid and prosperous decade of the '60s when the growth rate was below 5 per cent; converted the Philippines from a rice-deficient country (its last importation, in 1974, was $500 million) to a rice-exporting country; enabled the nation to diversify its exports, from the four traditional items (consisting of sugar, coconut products, wood products and mineral ores which together comprised 80 per cent of our exports before 1966 and now constitute only 15 per cent) to a broad new range of products, including electronic items, semi-processed food and raw materials, garments, and cottage industry products; developed an accelerated energy program whose scope and robustness have been acknowledged by most member-countries of the United Nations as well as by recognized experts and scientists; undertaken a vigorous electrification program which has increased the number of rural households with access to electricity from 76,000 in 1972 to more than a million in 1980; in sum, produced these economic indicators —

 * a) The gross National Product increased from ₱55,526,000 in 1972 to ₱192,911,000 in 1979 at constant prices or ₱269,781,000 at current prices;

 * b) The budget has increased from ₱5 billion in 1972 to ₱55 billion in 1981, government capital expenditures from a mere ₱0.9 billion in 1972 to ₱14.9 billion in 1979;

 * c) Collections of government from taxes have increased from ₱5.1 billion in 1972 to ₱36.6 billion in 1980;

 * d) Per capita income has more than trebled from US$214 in 1972 to US$755 in 1979 — in 1972 the percentage of Filipino families with a family income of ₱1999 and below was 24.3 per cent while in 1979 it was reduced to 11.2 per cent, and those with family incomes of ₱30,000 or over increased from 5.0 per cent in 1972 to 12.8 per cent in 1979;

 * e) Total exports increased from US$1.106 billion in 1972 to US$5.935 billion in 1980;

 * f) Showing the stability of our currency, notwithstanding the fluctuations of the dollar, the rate of exchange of the peso to the US dollar has barely moved from the 1972 rate of 6.6710 to the 1979 rate of 7.3775;

 * g) Savings and time deposits increased from ₱5.402 billion in 1972 to ₱49.116 billion as of September 1980;

 * h) Effective minimum wage increased from ₱4.75 daily in 1972 to ₱23.30 — ₱24.70 in 1980;

 * i) Cross domestic investment increased from ₱11,572 million in 1972 to ₱78,198 million in 1980, while gross national savings increased from ₱11,679 million in 1972 to ₱62,395 million in 1980;

 * j) The debt service ratio has been reduced from 20 per cent of foreign exchange earnings in 1972 to 18.7 per cent of foreign exchange earnings in 1980;

 * k) The international reserves were increased from US$282 million in 1972 to US$3.1 billion in 1980;

 * l) The inflation rate has been contained at less than 15 per cent, which is very much below the inflation rates of most countries, which range from 20 per cent to 25 per cent;

 * The economy gained incalculable benefits from the roadbuilding program, which has built 65,972 kilometers of highways from 1969 to 1980, compared to the 84,722 kilometers built between 1900 to 1965, as well as from the accelerated program of irrigation, which has produced irrigation systems for more than 1,300,000 hectares as of 1980, in contrast to the systems built from 1900 to 1972, which could serve no more than 600 thousand hectares.

 * Under the New Society, foreign loans have been rationalized. Short-term loans, which comprised 90 per cent of foreign borrowings under the previous administration, were converted to long-term loans. These foreign loans are not made to support ordinary or current expenditures, instead are utilized exclusively for capital expenditures aimed at productive enterprise. They are therefore self-amortizing and self-regenerating.

 * Before the administration of the incumbent President, the credit standing of the Philippines was notoriously low, so much so that the World Bank was not willing to lend more than $40 million a year. During the present administration, the Philippines has become so dependable as a borrower that the World Bank has been willing to lend $500 million at any single time, indicating the competence and stability of the Philippine government, which has never been delinquent in its payments. In the previous administration the government could hardly borrow any amount in view of its inefficient handling of borrowed funds, lack of coordinated economic planning, and the hazy policies of leadership. Aggravating the situation were government threats of confiscation of private enterprise.

 * We have increased the direct taxes. Before 1965, only 1.5 million tax payers filed income tax returns; in 1980, 5 million tax payers filed returns. The corporate tax was also increased by 5 per cent to 40 per cent. Indirect taxes have been reduced comparatively and even suspended when the situation required. Incentives to new industry are of this class. The indirect taxes are so structured that higher taxes are imposed on luxury goods, these being the items desired by the rich or are normally available to them. The government protects the welfare of the poor by imposing very low taxes on essential items. This is evident in food items and in crude oil products — low taxes are imposed on diesel and industrial fuel, higher taxes on gasoline.

 * The taxes have been altogether moderate. In other countries, tax collected constitute from 17% to 25% of the gross national product. In the Philippines, taxes are only 14 per cent of the GNP.

 * Also in line with our commitment to promote the welfare of the poor, we have deliberately controlled the prices of 15 essential items. We have set up the Kadiwa Centers of the Human Settlements ministry and the National Grains Authority to bring down prices even more. A massive food production and supply system has been established under a new corporation, the National Food Authority, to which the NGA has been converted with a capitalization of ₱5 billion.

 * Underlying the economy is the basic policy to uphold private enterprise. We have never confiscated or nationalized private enterprise, and there is absolutely no intention to take this socialist course. The previous administration threatened to do so, that is why investments before the present administration were discouraged from entering the Philippines. The situation created by the threat of the past administration to confiscate or nationalize private enterprise was corrected with the organization of the National Economic and Development Authority and the Board of Investments.

 * Martial law provided the opportunity to install the requisite institutions for coping with the energy crisis now and in the future, starting with the formulation of a comprehensive, long-term program which has been singled out by the World Bank as a suggested model for Third World countries. The program includes the mobilization and recruitment of the critical manpower to undertake the various activities of energy exploration and development which made possible commercial oil production for the first time in 1979 and made the Philippines the second largest developer of geothermal energy by 1980; fuel processing and refining, planning and construction of the energy delivery logistics, power generation and transmission infrastructure, as well as research and development and diffusion of alternative energy forms and technologists to cover fossil fuels, biomass, energy farms, wind, wave, tidal and solar power, all the way to more energy-efficient devices, machines and appliances that should spawn rural energy systems.

 * The ultimate objective of our economic policy is a balanced agro-industrial economy. This is why we are shifting slowly to the 11 principal industries which are needed for the fulfillment of this objectives. We can therefore hope that in time we shall cease completely to import factories and heavy machinery and will instead engineer and fabricate them. We are even now in the process of gradually manufacturing automobile, heavy truck and diesel engines.

 * These 11 basic industries are in the process of being set up; copper smelter, phosphate fertilizer, aluminum smelter, heavy equipment industries, integrated steel mills, petrochemical complex, diesel engine manufacturing, cement industry expansion, coconut industry rationalization, alcogas, and integrated pulp and paper.

5. The program for peace and order, which has eliminated the private armies of the Old Society, immobilized such lawless elements as the Light-a-Fire Movement, the April 6 Movement, and the Partido Nagkaisang Sosyalistang Demokrata ng Pilipinas, or SOCDEM; organized self-defense units in barangays to protect them, on a self-reliant basis, from criminal elements; and developed the PC-Integrated National Police as an effective professionalized force capable of maintaining peace and order, with the possible support of the Armed Forces of the Philippines in case this becomes necessary because of actual combat.

The vigorous and unrelenting quality of the peace and order campaign enabled the government to identify 250 criminal syndicates and apprehend or neutralize their members; to seize or collect 650,000 firearms of all classes, makes and varieties, including artillery, machine guns, assault rifles, tanks, armored cars, and the latest models of sophisticated armaments; to arrest and bring to trial more than 2,000 ordinary criminals long wanted under unserved warrants.

Both factions of a subversive organization were similarly dealt a heavy blow, one faction surrendering en masse to the President before and after the proclamation of martial law, and the entire leadership of the other faction being arrested and detained to face trial.

Following negotiations led by the First Lady Minister Imelda R. Marcos, with the President of Libya, Col. Khaddafi, and the Quadrapartite Committee of the Islamic Conference, a settlement of the secessionist movement in the South was finally reached with the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF), represented by its Chairman, Nur Misuari, who signed with our own representatives the Tripoli Agreement in Libya on December 23, 1976. The agreement provided for the organization of autonomous regions where Muslims reside, and for a ceasefire agreement, of which two were in fact signed, one in Tripoli also on December 23, 1976 and another in Zamboanga City on January 20, 1977, between Admiral Romeo Espaldon of the Southern Command of the Armed Forces of the Philippines and Dr. Tham Manjoorsa, authorized representative of the MNLF. A subsequent plebiscite led to the creation of two autonomous regions, Regions IX and XII, in Mindanao, where elections were held to choose the members of their respective regional assemblies or Sangguniang Pampook and members of their respective Executive Councils or Lupong Tagapagpaganap were appointed from those recommended by the said regional assemblies.

6. Educational reform, which has succeeded in reorienting the curriculum to the requirements of economic development, placing emphasis on vocational and technological skills in high school and science and engineering in college; provided a suitable atmosphere for the promotion of science and research, as shown in the studies and experiments conducted by the International Rice Research Institute, the new Institute of Plant Breeding, the recently organized Institute of Microbiology which seeks to employ the new science of recombinant DNA, and the Southeast Asia Fisheries Development Council (SEAFDEC), which has done intensive work for the full development of the country’s fisheries potential, including the launching of “blue farming” or farming of the seas.

Greater support has also been given for the Science High School, and scholarships are being set up for science and engineering to promote the involvement of more talented Filipinos in these fields.

7. Reform in the social services, which has produced remarkable advances in nutrition, health and family planning. With respect to nutrition, we have developed in the space of less than three years a program on both the barangay and the national levels which has become a model for many countries, as the United Nations itself has acknowledged. At the core of this program is the day care center provided for in Presidential Decree 1567 issued in 1978, which calls for the setting up of a day care center in every barangay with at least 100 residents. As of last year, 4,000 such day care centers have been established.

In the field of social security and social insurance, administered for the benefit of the public servant and his family, substantial improvements have been made through Presidential Decree No. 1146, as amended, which expands, increases and liberalizes social security and insurance benefits of government employees at a time when global economic conditions and realities have eroded the purchasing power of pensions.

The pith of the government’s effort to provide social services is, however, the human settlements program which we commenced a few years ago and is now an acknowledged model for similar efforts in other countries. Into the human settlements program we have introduced the principle, the first country to do so, that livelihood is essential to its success, and that housing units, through the most visible evidence of progress in the skyline in both town and country, are merely a part of the whole human settlements program. With livelihood as the core of this program, we are able to assure that the acquisition of a housing unit by a family is truly meaningful. To carry out this objective, we set up the source of livelihood in a human settlement or teach skills that would provide income, and in this way enable the government to recover funds spent for housing and infrastructure and utilize these as self-regenerating funds for other human settlements.

Much of the success of the human settlements program will depend on our full and continuing compliance with the rational land use policy that we have adopted. This policy contemplates Manila as the starting point from which would then proceed the building of satellite cities in the outlying areas to prevent urban sprawl and all its attendant evils. The same policy commands us to maintain agricultural areas and desist from converting agricultural flat lands to housing and industrial sites. We are therefore now pushing for the establishment of housing and industrial sites. We are therefore now pushing for the establishment of housing and industrial sitestherefore now pushing for the establishment of housing and industrial sites [sic] on 18º slopes towards hillsides so as to make more rational use of the limited land space.

Another important element of the rational land use policy is the limitation and eventual stoppage of the exportation of raw logs and conversion to the processing of wood products. As a consequence, we have successfully kept 45 per cent of our land area of 30 million hectares as forests throughout the country. At the same time, we are even now slowly shifting from extensive to intensive agriculture and blue farming, or farming of the oceans.

Fundamental to all this is the recognition that we are principally a private enterprise society which knows the value of private initiative but which at the same time has an egalitarian base, inasmuch as the New Society is basically a revolution of the poor. By adhering to this concept, we should be able to prevent the misuse of wealth, such as by brutalizing and degrading those who don’t have it.

The importance of the private sector, therefore, cannot be overemphasized. The private sector is the cutting edge, the most active element of change. The initiative of the private sector will thus be called upon in such crucial undertakings as zonification and the land ususe [sic] rationalization approved by the government.

, all these benefits and advances to which every man is entitled have been gained because of the order and discipline fostered by matialmartial [sic] law, which was instituted with the full awareness that anarchy, such as existed at the time Proclamation No. 1081 was promulgated, is harmful to human rights, that it sweeps away human rights with its violence and lawlessness, making it impossible to provide the individual the tools and opportunities for his advancement and dignity on guarantees for his safety and comfort, so that the removal of anarchy becomes a condition to the protection and progress of every man;

, such progress wrought by reforms under conditions of peace and public order are merely a reflection of the profound transformation in the spirit of the Filipino, who as a consequence of the support and the challenge of the New Society has acquired the community spirit, a sense of belonging and a sense of pride in his community, his nation, his history and traditions, a sense of national identity that fills him with the resolve to stand his ground against any intruder;

, the Philippines has broadened its outlook and reached for larger horizons, in keeping with its new stature as a truly sovereign nation, discarding the parochialism of the past in favor of a world view that encompasses every nation that would reciprocate its goodwill, including socialist countries, and performing an important role in the organization of the Association of Southeast Asian nations, in the process gaining unwonted prestige in the international community, recently enhanced by its membership in the Security Council of the United Nations;

, the self-respect and patriotism reawakened by the New Society have been most evident in the country's complete political independence which the national leadership vividly and unequivocally demonstrated when it obtained the formal recognition by the United States of the sovereignty of the Republic of the Philippines over all military bases, including Subic Naval Base and Clark Air Base;

, as an essential part of the reforms accomplished by the New Society under martial law the Filipino people have given expression to their political will through free and voluntary participation in plebiscites, referenda and elections, achieved an unprecentedunprecedented [sic] growth of the economy, a just and compassionate sharing of wealth, an orderly growth of human settlements and communities, a dignified and sovereign participation in international relations, and a flowering of Filipino art and culture;

, the Filipino people having subdued threats to the stability of government, public order and security, are aware that the time has come to consolidate the gains amended by the nation under a state of martial law by assuming their normal political roles and shaping the national destiny within the framework of civil government and popular democracy;

, the experience gained by the nation under martial law in subduing threats to the stability of the government, public order and security, has enabled the Filipino people to rediscover their confidence in their ability to command the resources of national unity, patriotism, discipline and sense of common destiny;

, the government and the people are at the same time also aware that the public safety continues to require a degree of capability to deal adequately with elements who persist in endeavoring to overthrow the government by violent means and exploiting every opportunity to disrupt the peaceful and productive labors of the government;

, President/Prime Minister of the Philippines, by virtue of the powers vested in me by the Constitution, do hereby revoke Proclamation No. 1081 (Proclaiming a State of Martial Law in the Philippines) and Proclamation No. 1104 (Declaring the Continuation of Martial Law) and proclaim the termination of the state of martial law throughout the Philippines; Provided, that the call to the Armed Forces of the Philippines to prevent or suppress lawless violence, insurrection, rebellion and subversion shall continue to be in force and effect; and Provided that in the two autonomous regions in Mindanao, upon the request of the residents therein, the suspension of the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall continue; and in all other places the suspension of the privilege of the writ shall also continue with respect to persons at present detained as well as others who may hereafter be similarly detained for the crimes of insurrection or rebellion, subversion, conspiracy or proposal to commit such crimes, and for all other crimes and offenses committed by them in furtherance or on the occasion thereof, incident thereto, or in connection therewith;

General Order No. 8 is also hereby revoked and the military tribunals created pursuant thereto are hereby dissolved upon final determination of cases pending therein which may not be transferred to the civil courts without irreparable prejudice to the state in view of the rules on double jeopardy or other circumstances which render further prosecution of the cases difficult, if not impossible;

Pursuant to Article XVII, Section 3, Paragraph 2 of the Constitution, all proclamations, orders, decrees instructions, and acts promulgated, issued or done by the incumbent President constitute part of the law of the land, and shall remain valid, legal, binding, and effective even after lifting of martial law, unless modified, revoked, or superseded by subsequent proclamations, orders, decrees, instructions, or unless expressly and explicitly modified or repealed by the regular National Assembly.

, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the Republic of the Philippines to be affixed.

Done in the City of Manila, this 17th day of January, in the year of Our Lord, nineteen hundred and eighty-one.

Rh

By the President: Rh

title: Proclamation No. 2045 (Marcos)


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172 FOOTFALLS OF INDIAN HISTORY slaughter must have killed the sacrifices, and the Brahmans of Benares would take to cherishing a system of theology in which the great God was represented as remote, solitary, and meditative. The right of all classes to interest themselves in religious philosophy was indisputable, in face of the work done by the Buddhist Orders, and Vedantic theories and explanations were given freely to all comers, and by them carried back over the country to their distant homes.

We may suppose, meanwhile, that the memorial stupas continued to be placed in the sacred city, as at other scenes of Buddhist memory, by pious pilgrims. Little by little the stupas changed their shape. At first plain, or simply ornamented, they came to have the four Buddhas on them, looking North, South, East and West. Some were then made, by a natural transition, with four large heads instead of four seated figures. According to the Brahmans, the God of the Aryans was Brahma, the personal aspect of Brahman. According to the thought of the world at that period, again, God, or Brahma, was "the Ordainer, with face turned on every side." Hence the four-headed stupa was first, perhaps, regarded as the image of Brahma. But it could not long be so taken. The new conception of God was growing, and presently, with the post in the middle, it came to be regarded as Mahadeya, and then as Shiva.

There was a good deal of hesitation at this period. Anyone who has seen the bathing ghat


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THE SYNTHESIS OF HINDUISM 173 at Baragaon, between Behar and Rajgir, will be in a position to judge in how many different directions the emblem of Shiva might have been evolved. The four-headed stupa, for instance, was sometimes made to refer to Parvati. Finally, however—with the perfecting of the theological idea of Maheswara—the modified stupa was taken as Shiva. This particular phase must have occurred just as the Rajputs began to settle in Rajputana, and this accounts for the prevalence of the four-headed Shiva in that country. The family-God of the royal line of Udaipur is said to be a four-headed Mahadeva. In Benares again there may be more, but there is certainly one temple in the Tamil quarter behind the monastery of Kedar Nath, where a Shiva of the period in question is worshipped to this day. When first erected this temple was doubtless on a level with the street. Owing to the accumulation of debris in the interim, however, it is now some eight or ten steps down. This fact alone gives us some notion of the age of the building.

The image of Mahadeva has gone through many further phases of simplification since the day we speak of, but this Shiva of Benares and the other of Elephanta belong to a single historic period, and the small four-headed stupa outside the caves is one of their most precious relics.

Hinduism throbs with the geography and history of India. In every image of Shiva speaks the voice of pre-Gupta Benares. In that complex conception


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174 FOOTFALLS OF INDIAN HISTORY of Krishna which blends in one the Holy Child of Brindaban, the Hero of the Gita, and the Builder of Dwarka, we celebrate the vision of the royal house of Pataliputra. In the Ramayana we unravel the earlier dream of Kosala. And here in Elephanta on the extreme West, we are confronted with a rendering of the great synthesis that comes after the formulation of Shiva. Whence did Elephanta take her Lakshmi-Narayana? And what must have been the solidarity of the country when the dream dreamed in Benares finds expression here a thousand miles away!

Wherever we turn we are met by the same phenomenon of the marvellous and effective unity of pre-mediaeval India. The Narayana, who is constantly worshipped in Madras, is the same whose images were wrought in Behar so long ago as the fifth century. A single style of architecture characterises a single period, from Bhubaneshwar to Chitore. Every child knows the names of the seven sacred rivers; and the perfect tirtha, for every province of India, has taken a man these many centuries to the Himalayas, to Dwarka, to Cape Comorin, and to Puri.


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 was no common language to conduct the meeting. Many farmers’ leaders were not fluent in Hindi or English and could express themselves effectively only in their mother tongue. Several local issues based on caste, religion or region dominated their views. Tamil Nadu and Karnataka were divided over waters of Kaveri river, whereas Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra were divided over sharing of Krishna water. Punjab and Haryana were bitter towards each other over the issue of Sutlej. Then there were border issues between the States. Local politics affected them considerably. The level of overall development in different States was also vastly different which affected the nature of their grievances. Ideologically also they differed. Most of them believed in Socialist policies and very few like Bhupinder Singh Mann of Punjab or Hemant Kumar Panchal of Karnataka supported Joshi in his liberal views. Joshi always insisted on his one-point programme of “securing remunerative price for farm produce” while others always focused on getting more and more subsidies from the government on farm input like diesel, power, tractors, fertilizers, pesticides etc. Most leaders were also opposed to genetically modified seeds and most such high-tech developments. Realizing these difficulties, later on Joshi shifted his efforts of forming one national organization to forming a coordination committee of different famers’ organizations. As a first step in that direction, he called a meeting at Wardha on 30 and 31 October 1982. Leaders from fourteen States attended. Interstate Coordination Committee (ICC) for farmers was formed in that meeting. The same ICC was later expanded and converted into Kisan Coordination Committee (KCC). Unfortunately, a major personal tragedy struck Joshi while that meeting was going on. The news reached him at eleven in the morning that his wife Leela had passed away in Pune. She Farmers on the National Agenda

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 had consumed poison and her body was found on the terrace of their Pune bungalow. However, he stayed on to complete the meeting and at one in the afternoon rushed to Pune. Many years later, in 2009, while speaking at the meeting of the SS Executive Committee in Parbhani, Joshi recalled that tragic incident in very moving words. He said, ‘There is one more memory which I don’t generally share with anybody but it keeps pricking my mind all the time. We had realized that the farmers’ movement which we had started in Maharashtra had to be an all India movement. Keeping that in mind we called a meeting of like-minded farmers’ leaders in October 1981. While I was preparing for the travel to Wardha, my wife Leela insisted that I should not go. When she realized that I was firm on going, she said, with much exasperation and anger, “Though we are insisting that you should not go, you are leaving me and our daughters behind and going there. Remember that one day these farmers would also desert you in the same manner.” When I see whatever has happened in this family of Sanghatana in the past and whatever keeps happening even now, I feel that my wife’s curse has come true.’

The work of KCC continued albeit at a low key. Joshi himself got immersed in fighting local agitations and the same was true of other leaders. All that they could do was to meet once or twice a year and when there was any possibility to support each other by participating in local struggles. But such participation was largely symbolic. Goodwill for each other could not be converted into a united force to confront the powerful government. However, Joshi was always keen to do some major action at the national level. One issue arose in subsequent years which had the potential to make a national headline; freedom from perpetual 266

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 indebtedness. It was an issue on which all farmers’ leaders agreed. It was almost impossible to find a farmer anywhere in the country who was not indebted to some bank or lender. As was his usual practice, Joshi spent a lot of time in studing that issue. That provided strong logical basis to his struggle. Joshi realized that the policy of the earlier British government was more just to the farmers. Way back in 1918 British government in India had passed Usurious Loans Act. Usurious implied the loan on which extortionist interest was charged. The first clause of this Act was that a farmer could not be charged interest at the rate higher than five and a half percent per annum. As against that, even the cooperative banks, ostensibly formed for the benefit of the farmers, were routinely charging twelve, fourteen or even sixteen percent interest. The next provision of the Act was to prevent charging compounding rate of interest on the loan given to farmers. Otherwise, compounding interest when added to the original loan amount often used to be much bigger than the original loan. Another point Joshi realized was that the Contracts Act was applicable to the transaction of taking loan. As a part of that Act, if any one side did something that made it impossible for the other side to hounour that Contract, the said Contract became null and void. While the loan was taken by the farmers from the institutions owned or approved by the Government, the Government itself had taken various steps that made the repayment of that loan impossible for the farmers. Hence that loan had become illegal. Still, various Governments over the years had announced waving off certain percentage of farmers’ loan and always flaunted it as some kind of benevolence. Joshi’s argument in nutshell was as follows : “Government deliberately gave so less a price to the farm produce that it did not cover the cost of production and thereby compelled the farmer to take loan. Naturally, all such loans are Farmers on the National Agenda

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Leaving Nottidge to consider his next movement, Wedgwood hurried back to Hunter Street as fast as a taxi-cab could carry him. He anticipated little from another meeting with Mr. Patello, but the mention of Mrs. Patello's name had aroused a good deal of curiosity in him. Until a few minutes before his departure from Nottidge House he had stuck to his theory that Mrs. Patello, as the result of certain machinations known only to herself and her sister Mrs. Clagne, was the tall, spare woman in a long fur coat who had lured Avice Mortover away from her lodgings.

There was nothing in the statement of Marco the waiter and Hobson the cab-driver to controvert that theory. But when he heard that Mrs. Patello had called to see him at the police-station he began to be doubtful: it was scarcely likely, he thought, that Mrs. Patello would come seeking a police-officer if she had been mixed up in what to say the least of it was a doubtful proceeding. Still—he did not know Mrs. Patello. Mrs. Patello might be one of those


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 persons who are endowed with a double share of craft and ingenuity; she might be coming to see him with the idea of ascertaining exactly how much he, as the detective in charge of the case, really knew: he had known instances of that sort in his time. And when he walked into the room in which Mr. and Mrs. Patello sat awaiting his arrival he made a careful inspection of his lady visitor, and as a result decided that she was a worthy second to her sister Janet Clagne in respect of her possession of those qualities which may be summed up in one word—cunning. He saw, too, that whoever the woman was who had called on and gone away with Avice Mortover from Mornington Crescent, Mrs. Patello, as far as outward appearance was concerned, fitted in well with the description given by the landlady and Marco the waiter. She was tall, she was sparę of figure; she wore a fur coat that came down to her ankles. All this struck the detective so much that as soon as he had said good morning to his visitors, he begged them to excuse him a moment, left the room and seeking out a colleague gave him some instructions.

"Look here!" he said, drawing the man to the street door. "Do something for me, at once! Get a taxi. Drive to Cipriani's Restaurant, in Tottenham Court Road. Ask for a


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Page:The Friend of China and Hongkong Gazette (vol 3, no 197).pdf/1

VOL. III. No. 197

Terms of Subscription to the "Friend of China and Hongkong Gazette," per annum $12. Six months $7. Three months $4; all paid in advance. Credit prices, $14, $8.50, and $5, for the periods of twelve, six, and three months respectively. Single numbers to Subscribers 25 cts. each, to Non-Subscribers 1 Rupee. Parties calling or sending to the office for papers are requested to pay cash.

Terms of Advertising.—Ten lines and under $1; additional 10 cents per line. Repetitions one third of the first insertion. Advertisements to have written on the face of them, the number of times they are required to appear, otherwise they will be published until countermanded. In all instances, those who are not Subscribers, must pay in advance.

HE Barque TEAZER, Capt. Budd, will have quick despatch for the above places, and has good accommodation for passengers. For freight apply to

JARDINE MATHESON & Co.

Victoria, 21st December 1844.

HE Bremen brig MARGARETHE, Captain J. G. Klencke, will have early despatch. For freight apply to

KENNEDY MACGREGOR & Co.

Victoria, 19th December 1844.

HE Barque LORD ELPHINSTONE, Capt. Crawford, will sail for the above ports, on or about the 25th Instant. For freight or passage, Apply to

LINDSAY & Co

Hongkong, 11th December 1844.

HE SCALEBY CASTLE now loading at Whampoa, to sail about the 10th of January next; for passage, having spacious accommodations. Apply to Capt. W. N. LEMON on board, or BURD LANGE & Co., Hong Kong.

Victoria, Dec. 24th, 1844.

HE A. A. Brig ANNIE Capt. Potter 177 tons N. M.

Apply to

Messrs. HOLLIDAY WISE & Co,

Dec. 24th, 1844.

HE Dutch ship MARIA TAWBA CORNELIA, Commander D. B. Rutgens, daily expected from Batavia, will receive freight for the above places in Macao roads, and will have quick dispatch. Apply to

Macao, 7th December, 1844.

HE Dutch ship, being condemned at Macao, as unseaworthy and to be Sold by Public Auction within a short time. Her crew consisting of European Sailors, prefer shipping as seamen on board of any vessel going along the coast of China or going to Europe, to be sent home as passengers. The undersigned begs to draw the attention of Masters of ships in want of European Seatmen, to apply to him, to apply to him, for any of the crew they may wish to ship, either Carpenter, Sailmaker or seamen of the above mentioned ship,

Macao, 18th November, 1844.

HE Schooner Ormen formerly ROSA. She was built at Medford in the U. N. States of America in the year 1836 of the best live and white Oak, is coppered and copper fastened up to the wales has a complete suit of Sails principally new, has carried 3,000 of Rice from Java to this port sails remarkably fast drawing only 6 feet in ballast, 9 feet loaded.

This vessel upon inspection and by written Surveys will be found perfectly sound and good, and will be sold at a very low price for further particulars. Apply to N. DUUS, 18 Queen's Road, or to W. H. FRANKLYN. Chinam's hong,

HE commodious Bungalow at present occupied by Framjee Jamsetjee Esq.,—The situation is healthy; the house is in a perfect state of repair, having a large compound, and has a fine view of the harbour and shipping.

Apply on the premises.

Victoria, 22nd October, 1844.

neat Bungalow situated on a convenient spot of ground and commonly known as Holliday's Bungalow. The house is well supplied with Offices stabling and coach house and has a small compound railed in.

The Bungalow can be let either wholly or in part. For particulars apply to

Queen's Road.

Victoria, 13th December, 1844.

Bungalow,

Victoria, 7th August, 1844.

N elegant and well built House Situate East of Mr. Scott's, contains Ten Rooms and a spacious Hall.

HUGHESDON CALDER & Co.

Victoria, 10th December, 1844.

OR SALE.—Pale and Brown Sherry

E. I. Madeira Port Hock (Graefenberg) Claret Champagne, and Cognac Brandy.

Apply at the Godowns of

W. & T. GEMMELL & CO.

Victoria, 17th May, 1844.

OR SALE.—From 16 to 32 oz. Sheathing Copper, and Nails. Bolts, Rings Butt Bolts and Spikes. Also, Canvass, from No. 1 to 6.

Apply at the Godowns of

W. & T. GEMMELL & CO.

Victoria, 17th May, 1844

OR SALE.—AT the Godowns of Messrs. Fox Rawson & Co., Burton Ale in Hhds, from Worthington and Robinson.

Hongkong. 13th December, 1844.

ILLS on London at 30, 60 and 90 days, and at 6 months sight, under letters of credit, for sums to suit purchasers,

Bills on the Bengal Government by the Hon. Court of Directors, accepted and payable on presentation. Apply to,

RUSSELL & Co., Canton. or WARREN DELANO JUN., Macao.

October 2nd, 1844.

HE undersigned have taken the portion of Chinam's Hong fronting the sea, next Mr Duus's wharf, and will remove there on the 1st proximo.

Victoria, 27th September, 1844.

HE Undersigned beg to notify that they have authorised, and , to sign for their firm by procuration in Hongkong and Macao.

MURROW & CO.

Canton, 1st June. 1841844 [sic].

HE undersigned having been appointed Agents in China, are prepared to Grant Policies payable here, in London, Bombay and Calcutta.

MURROW & Co.

Canton & Macao, 10th July, 1844.

HE Undersigned having been appointed Agents in China are prepared to grant Policies payable here in London, Calcutta, Singapore, Madras, Colombo and Mauritius.

(signed) MURROW & Co.

Canton and Macao, 15th August, 1844.

ILLS on Messrs. Baring Bros. & Co, London at six months sight. Also large coast Sycee. Apply to

AUGUSTIN HEARD & Co.

Canton, 1st November, 1844.

HE undersingnedundersigned [sic] requests all parties, who may have in their possession registers and other papers of Dutch Vessels sold in this country since the year 1840, and not delivered at the time of Sale of the vessel to deliver the same to him.

Netherl. Counsul.

Macao, 2d Nov., 1844.

HE decease of Mr. having caused a vacancy in our Firm we have associated Mr. with us as a Partner.

SignedWETMORE & Co.

Canton, 1st October, 1844.

LL persons indebted to the Estate of the late Mr., or having claims against the said Estate, are hereby requested to send their accounts to the Subscribers for adjustment.

WETMORE & Co.

Canton, 2nd September, 1844.

ILLS on Bengal at 30 and 40 days sight. For sale by

WETMORE & Co.

Canton, 10th October 1844.

ILLS on London at 6 months sight. For sale by

WETMORE & Co.

Canton, th October 1844.

HE interest and responsibility of Mr. Josiah McGregor, in our firm, ceased on the 1st December, 1843: on which day Mr. Alfred Wilkinson, and Mr. Joseph Mackrill Smith, were admitted Partners.

BELL & Co.

Canton, 1st December, 1844.

ADEIRA in Pipes from the house of Scott, Penfold & Co., Madeira:

BELL & Co.

HE undersigned hereby notify that they have this day commenced Business as CommisionCommission [sic] Merchants and General Agents in China, in connection with Messrs. Bates Willis & Co. of Liverpool.

FISCHER WILLIS & Co.

HE Undersigned having been appointed Agents in China for the above Company are prepared to accept Assurances in Hongkong.

Of the first Class Assurance will be accepted to the events of  10,000, on one risk. Of the second & third Class, 5,000.

A Building and its contents taken together form one Risk, and the above mentioned amounts may be insured either on the building alone or the contents alone, or part on each.

No Assurance to be considered in force until the premium be paid.

The Undersigned are also authorized to grant policies on Buildings and their contents at Macao and Manila.

Parties applying for Insurance will be pleased to send in full particulars of the risk, any deviation from which without the consent of the Company will vitiate the policy.

Macao, 27 July, 1844.

R MANACKJEE NANABHOY has been admitted a Partner in our establishment from this date and our business in future will be carried on under the firm of Pestonjee Framjee Cama & Co.

PESTONJEE MERVANJEE & Co.

Canton, 11th November, 1844.

OTICE is hereby given, that the business of the late Henry Pybus in China, (which has been temporarily carried on by John Mackey & Co.,) will in future be conducted by the undersigned, who have associated themselves as Merchants and Agents, under the style of Murrow & Co.

Canton, 1st June, 1814.

DUCATION.—Young Ladies are received as Resident Boarders by the Misses Norgate at their residence. No. 3 Tavistock Villa Tavestock Square London. Board including Music, Dancing and French by a Resident Lady, Fifty Pounds per annum. Professors of eminence attend the Establishment to instruct in the various accomplishments necessary to complete the education of a young lady when she has reached the age of ten years. An extra charge of 8 guineas for remaining the vacation.

TORAGE can be obtained in safe Co downs at a very moderate rent, situated on the Queen's Road in the vicinity of a public Wharf on application to

M. FORD & Co.

Victoria, 6th December, 1844.

HE Undersigned has taken a godown adjoining the Store of C. W. Bowen where he will in future carry on his business

UST LANDED.—A quantity of Alles Pale Ale. in bottle. and superior London bottled Sherry, for Sale by

EDWARD NEWMAN.

Victoria, 4th Dec, 1844.


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 waiter named Marco. Tell him the man who saw him just now at Mr. Nottidge's house wants to see him immediately. Bring him back here. When you get here stay with him outside, strolling in front until I come out with a man and woman who've come to see me. Tell him to take a good, close look at the woman, but don't attract her attention. Understand?"

The other man understood and hurried off, and Wedgwood returned to his callers and closed the door on them and himself.

"Now, Mr. Patello?" he said quietly. "What brings you and your wife here?"

Mr. Patello, who it was easy to see was a mere cypher in the presence of his better-half, looked helplessly in her direction. But Mrs. Patello was only too ready to act as spokesman.

"Well, you see, Mr. Wedgwood," she began in a soft, silky voice that seemed strangely in contrast with her vinegary appearance. "My husband came to see me early this morning in consequence of your calling on him last night, when, of course, I was not at home. For the last few days I've been nursing a sick friend of mine—Mrs. Parkinson, of Mavisdale Avenue, Clapham Common—which is why you didn't find me at Tooting. Now, Mr. Patello was so much upset by what you told him last night that he came to me and told me all about your


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 conversation as soon as he'd breakfasted this morning, and as a result, and though Mrs. Parkinson is really not fit to be left, I came here with him to see you."

"What about?" asked Wedgwood, curtly.

Mrs. Patello's thin lips smiled, and she inclined her head to one side with something of archness.

"Well, of course, Mr. Wedgwood, you'll allow that what you told Mr. Patello must needs be very disquietening to us," she answered. "I mean—to us as a family. This young woman that you speak of, and that's being advertised for in the newspapers, you know."

"What about her?" enquired Wedgwood.

"Well, according to you or to what she told you, she's the daughter of Matthew Mortover and of his wife Louisa, who was my husband's sister," replied Mrs. Patello. "If that's so it's a queer thing in my opinion that none of her relations had ever heard of her!"

"According to my information," said Wedgwood, "and to what Mr. Patello told me last night, none of you had ever heard of either Matthew or Louisa since they were married!"

"That is so, Mr. Wedgwood," agreed Mrs. Patello. "But they were far away—in Canada, we believed. Now according to the information you afforded to Mr. Patello last night, Matthew


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 died over there, and his widow, my sister-in-law Louisa, came back to England, and here to London, soon after his death bringing with her their only child, this girl we're hearing about. Well, now, why didn't Louisa, Mrs. Matthew Mortover as she was, communicate with her relations? She'd know of the Mortovers, of Mortover Grange, in Derbyshire; she'd also know of her own family, the Patellos. And Patello, Mr. Wedgwood, is, I believe, a very uncommon name—Louisa could easily have traced my husband, her brother. Why didn't she? Why was nothing ever heard of her until this girl comes forward to say what she does—that she's Matthew and Louisa's daughter and that her father and mother are both dead?"

"Can't say!" answered Wedgwood. "No idea, Mrs. Patello. I know nothing about the family secrets. My only concern in this is that it has to do with a much more serious affair—the murder of Mr. John Wraypoole."

Mrs. Patello shook her head.

"Oh, well, of course, Mr. Wedgwood, I know nothing about that!" she said. "Excepting what I've read in the papers. My only concern is about this young woman. I say it's a very strange thing that neither Mortovers nor Patellos had ever heard of her until now. My


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 husband never had; I never had; my sister Mrs. Clagne never had. Nobody had!"

"Are you sure your sister Mrs. Clagne never had?" asked Wedgwood.

"I'm sure of this, Mr. Wedgwood—my sister Mrs. Clagne was visiting us at Tooting not so very long ago, and stayed with us some days, and she didn't know of it then! She may know of it now, for she gets a London paper down there, regular, and I'm sure there was plenty about this girl in every paper yesterday! But she didn't know when she was at Tooting or she'd have mentioned the matter to me, of course."

"Did Mrs. Clagne ever mention Mr. John Wraypoole to you?" asked Wedgwood, permitting himself a direct question. "I mean—when she was staying with you?"

Mrs. Patello looked her astonishment, and the detective watching her narrowly, came to the conclusion that it was genuine.

"John Wraypoole? The man that was murdered? Never! How should my sister know anything about him?" she exclaimed. "Of course she didn't!"

"No 'of course' about it, Mrs. Patello!" retorted Wedgwood. "Your sister, I understand, is housekeeper to Mr. Philip Mortover at Mortover Grange, near Netherwell. Now


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 immoral as well as illegal and a farmer was not obliged to repay them. The amount farmers lost because of the non-remunerative prices fixed by the government over the years was a few lakh crore rupees, whereas the entire amount due from the farmers towards loan repayment was only thirty three thousand crore rupees. Government should wave off that entire loan amount and clear the slate. Instead of doing that every now and then Government waived off a few hundred crores of loans, which was almost like giving alms to the beggar. And to call that loan waiver as karj mafi was like adding salt to the wound. Because you offer pardon to criminals and we farmers are not criminals. ‘Freedom from loan (karj mukti)’ would be the right expression.” Having done this homework Joshi announced a farmers’ rally in Jalgaon on 18 April 1988. In that rally he launched karj mukti andolan (agitation for freedom from debts). As a part of that it was decided that all farmers would declare themselves as insolvent thereby protecting them from the obligation of repaying that loan. A specific form in legal language was prepared and farmers filled up that form. It was later submitted in various courts as “insolvency petition”. In many courts there was not sufficient space to keep these petitions. The biggest chunk of such insolvency petitions was filed in the Nagpur High Court. While writing about the cotton growers’ agitation it has been mentioned how Advocate Bhausaheb Bobade and his son Advocate Sharad Bobade helped Joshi and SS in December 1986 in fighting the High Court case pertaining to their arrests. Even in the case of filing of these insolvency petitions the same Advocate Sharad Bobade played an important role. It is worth mentioning that Advocate Sharad Bobade later became the Chief Justice of India. This karj mukti andolan was led in Punjab as well. Joshi personally went to Punjab to assist with their struggle. On 22 August 1989 he addressed a mammoth crowd on the famous 268

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 John Wraypoole came from that neighbourhood."

"So do a great many other people, Mr. Wedgwood," said Mrs. Patello. "I could name many here in London. But that proves nothing. Mrs. Clagne never mentioned Mr. John Wraypoole to me. Nor did she mention this young woman who calls herself, I'm told, Avice Mortover! There was nothing known of her, then—I mean at the time my sister was here."

Wedgwood remained silent for a few minutes. He was thinking; fitting things together. He knew, as a result of his investigations at Netherwell, that Janet Clagne was in London—that is to say, at Tooting—at the time of Wraypoole's murder; that just previous to that she had been in conversation with Wraypoole at Mrs. Chipchase's shop in Netherwell; and that there was strong presumption that when she and Wraypoole separated at the tea-shop door they arranged a meeting at the Russell Square Tube Station on the very evening on which, as it turned out, Wraypoole met his death. So—either Mrs. Patello was lying, with consummate art, or Janet Clagne had kept things strictly to herself.

"Why should you be concerned, Mrs. Patello, about this girl Avice Mortover?" he asked


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Rh I find a writer upon Cats who speaks thus In their praise:—

"It has been said that the Cat is one of those animals which has made the least return to man for his trouble by its services; but it is certain that it renders very essential service to man."

And another says:—

"Authors seem to delight in exaggerating the good qualities of the Dog, while they depreciate those of the Cat; the latter, however, is not less useful, and certainly less mischievous, than the former."

Indeed, it would be unfair not to state that Pussy has had many able defenders, who have argued her case in verse as well as prose; for example, in Edmond Moore's fable of "The Farmer, the Spaniel and the Cat," the Spaniel, when Puss drew near to eat some of the fragments of a feast, repelled her, saying she does nothing to merit being fed, etc.:—

'I own' (with meekness Puss replied) 'Superior merit on your side; Nor does my breast with envy swell To find it recompens'd so well. Yet I, in what my nature can, Contribute to the good of man. Whose claws destroy the pilf'ring mouse? Who drives the vermin from the house?

title: Page:The Book of Cats.djvu/73


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 Parade Ground of Chandigarh. According to the report in “The Tribune”, the local paper, nearly fifty thousand farmers were present. It was announced that since all these farm loans were illegal, farmers would not be repaying them. It was announced that minimum fifty thousand farmers would file the insolvency petitions in Chandigarh High Court. Renowned advocate Ram Jethmalani also addressed that meeting. He said that the loan recovery legally stops from the day on which you file such insolvency petition. No fresh interest is added on that loan till the court delivered its judgment. Industry regularly took advantage of that provision and farmers too should do likewise. Loss to the farmers every year because of natural calamity was to the tune of at least rupees ten thousand crores. If industry suffered a similar loss, then the insurance company or the government covered most of that loss. The same should happen in case of farmers as well. In every agreement there was a provision that if due to natural calamity or an act of God any one side was unable to honour that agreement, that side was pardoned. The same facility should be extended to the farmers. According to a report in the Indian Express of 23 August 1989, Ram Jethmalani and Joshi had spoken on the same day before the Punjab and Haryana Bar Association. There, Advocate Jethmalani had read out a list of different kinds of protection a farmer who had declared insolvency was entitled to get. He said, ‘Government cannot attach such farmer’s farm, farm equipment or his animals. Any act by the government which would obstruct his farming would be illegal. Twenty thousand farmers from Maharashtra have submitted a memorandum to declare such insolvency and if it is not accepted by the government then all those farmers would go to Court. I am personally going to fight such cases without charging any fee Farmers on the National Agenda

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 suddenly. "How does the fact that she's turned up affect you?"

Mrs. Patello gave him a swift glance, which transferred itself to Mr. Patello. And Mr. Patello, who during the conversation between his wife and the detective had remained in obscurity, sucking the handle of his umbrella, uttered a sort of mournful exclamation, expressive of unrest. Mrs. Patello nodded, and spoke.

"Well, of course, Mr. Wedgwood," she said in a voice that was meant to be confidential, "of course, in these family matters there always is wheels within wheels: you'll know that as well as I do, and I daresay a great deal better, as you're a professional gentleman. You see, it's this way—I believe Mr. Patello told you last night that we know that old Gilson Mortover died intestate. He did—there's no doubt of it. Now Matthew survived him and was eldest son. And if this girl really is Matthew's only child"

"She's a claim, and a strong one, to the Mortover property," interrupted Wedgwood. "Just so, Mrs. Patello! If she establishes that claim, it's hers. Well?"

"That's not agreeable to our plans, Mr. Wedgwood! You see," continued Mrs. Patello, her voice growing more suave, "the fact is, me and my sister Janet, Mrs. Clagne, has practi-


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 and the lawyers from Punjab and Haryana should also fight such cases without charging anything.’ This agitation continued for three years. When V.P. Singh was the Prime Minister he had written off all the loans of the farmers to the extent of Rs. 10,000. He wanted to write off the entire loan amount, but because of the strong opposition from the then finance minister Madhu Dandavate he could not do that. As a compromise, Singh accepted the limit of Rs. 10,000 to that loan waiver. While writing about Joshi’s attempts to take farmers’ issues to the national level, it is important to note his association with Mahendra Singh Tikait, a strong and rustic Jat leader from Western UP. He came from a village called Sisouli where he had a small ancestral farm. That region was divided into different Khaps and Tikait was head of one such Khap called Baliana. Eighty four surrounding villages came under his jurisdiction. Head of the Khap is referred to as Choudhary. It is a hereditary position. All disputes in the area, including family feuds, are settled in the Khap and Choudhary’s decision is final. To be a Choudhary was regarded as a matter of great pride. Charan Singh was also a head of a Khap and even after Charan Singh became the Prime Minister, he insisted on adding the title ‘Choudhary’ behind his name. Tikait had studied only up to the sixth standard in school and was not known as a scholar. But he was very popular in his jat community and was respected for his honesty. He could at any time gather thousands of Jat farmers. The sphere of his influence extended in Western UP from Meerat to Muzaffarnagar. This was a fertile area and comparatively close to Delhi. Several agitations led by him had taken place in Delhi and since most of the media was centered in Delhi, the news was carried far and wide. As a result, he had large influence in Delhi as well and 270

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