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Runo XV]

But as yet the man was speechless,

Nor the child to speak was able.

Then she spoke the words which follow,

And expressed herself in thiswise:

“Whence shall we obtain an ointment,

Whence obtain the drops of honey

That I may anoint the patient

And that I may cure his weakness,

That the man his speech recovers,

And again his songs is singing?

“O thou bee, thou bird of honey,

King of all the woodland flowerets,

Go thou forth to fetch me honey,

Go thou forth to seek for honey,

Back from Metsola’s fair meadows,

Tapiola, for ever cheerful,

From the cup of many a flower,

And the plumes of grasses many,

As an ointment for the patient,

And to quite restore the sick one.”

Then the bee, the bird so active,

Flew away upon his journey,

Forth to Metsola’s fair meadows,

Tapiola, for ever cheerful,

Probed the flowers upon the meadows,

With his tongue he sucked the honey

From the tips of six bright flowers,

From the plumes of hundred grasses,

Then came buzzing loud and louder,

Rushing on his homeward journey,

With his wings all steeped in honey,

And his plumage soaked with nectar.

Then did Lemminkainen’s mother,

Take from him the magic ointment,

That she might anoint the patient,

And she thus might cure his weakness,

But from this there came no healing,

And as yet the man was speechless.

Then she spoke the words which follow:

“O thou bee, my own dear birdling,

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Page:Frenzied Fiction.djvu/214

 Rh Lottery. It contained a draft on New York, signed by the treasurer of the State of Louisiana, for two hundred thousand dollars. The schoolmaster had won the Grand Prize.

The above story, I am afraid, is a little gloomy. I put it down merely for the moral it contained, and I became so absorbed in telling it that I almost forgot what the moral was that it was meant to convey. But I think the idea is that if the schoolmaster had long before abandoned the study of medicine, for which he was not fitted, and gone in, let us say, for playing the banjo, he might have become end-man in a minstrel show. Yes, that was it.

Let me pass on to other elements in success.

I suppose that anybody will admit that the peculiar quality that is called initiative—the ability to act promptly on one’s own judgment—is a factor of the highest importance.

I have seen this illustrated two or three times in a very striking fashion.

I knew, in Toronto—it is long years ago—a singularly bright young man whose name was Robinson. He had had some training in the iron and steel business, and when I knew him was on the look out for an opening.

I met him one day in a great hurry, with a valise in his hand.

“Where are you going?” I asked.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Page:Frenzied Fiction.djvu/214


text:
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160

Fly thou in a new direction,

Over nine lakes fly thou quickly

Till thou reach a lovely island,

Where the land abounds with honey,

Where is Tuuri’s new-built dwelling,

Palvonen’s own roofless dwelling,

There is honey in profusion,

There is ointment in perfection,

Fit to bind the veins together,

And to heal the joints completely.

From the meadow bring this ointment,

And the salve from out the meadow,

For upon the wounds I’ll spread it,

And anoint the bruises with it.”

Then the bee, that active hero,

Flew again on whirring pinions,

And across nine lakes he travelled,

Half across the tenth he travelled,

On he flew one day, a second,

And at length upon the third day,

Never on the reeds reposing,

Nor upon a leaf reposing,

Came he to the lovely island,

Where the land abounds with honey,

Till he reached a furious torrent,

And a holy river’s whirlpool.

In this spot was cooked the honey,

And the ointment was made ready

In the little earthen vessels,

In the pretty little kettles,

Kettles of a thumb-size only,

And a finger-tip would fill them.

Then the bee, that active hero,

Gathered honey in the meadow,

And a little time passed over,

Very little time passed over,

When he came on whirring pinions,

Coming with his mission finished,

In his lap six cups he carried,

Seven upon his back he carried,

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Runo XV]

Brimming o’er with precious ointment,

With the best of ointment brimming.

Then did Lemminkainen’s mother

Salve him with this precious ointment,

With nine kinds of ointment salved him,

And ten kinds of magic ointment;

Even yet there came no healing,

Still her toil was unavailing.

Then she spoke the words which follow,

And expressed herself in thiswise:

“O thou bee, thou bird aerial,

Fly thou forth again the third time,

Fly thou up aloft to heaven,

And through nine heavens fly thou swiftly.

There is honey in abundance,

In the wood as much as needed,

Which was charmed by the Creator,

By pure Jumala was breathed on,

When his children he anointed,

Wounded by the powers of evil.

In the honey dip thy pinions,

Soak thy plumage in the nectar,

Bring me honey on thy pinions,

In thy mantle from the forest,

As an ointment for the patient,

And anoint the bruises with it.”

But the bee, the bird of wisdom,

Answered her in words that follow:

“How can I perform thy bidding,

I a man so small and helpless?”

“Thou canst rise on high with swiftness,

Fly aloft with easy effort,

O’er the moon, below the daylight,

And amid the stars of heaven,

Flying windlike on the first day

Past the borders of Orion,

On the second day thou soarest

Even to the Great Bear’s shoulders,

On the third day soaring higher,

O’er the Seven Stars thou risest,

Rh

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162

Thence the journey is a short one,

And the distance very trifling,

Unto Jumala’s bright dwelling,

And the regions of the blessed.”

From the earth the bee rose swiftly,

On his honeyed wings rose whirring,

And he soared on rapid pinions,

On his little wings flew upward.

Swiftly past the moon he hurried,

Past the borders of the sunlight,

Rose upon the Great Bear’s shoulders,

O’er the Seven Stars’ backs rose upward,

Flew to the Creator’s cellars,

To the halls of the Almighty.

There the drugs were well concocted,

And the ointment duly tempered

In the pots composed of silver,

Or within the golden kettles.

In the midst they boiled the honey,

On the sides was sweetest ointment,

To the southward there was nectar,

To the northward there was ointment.

Then the bee, that bird aerial,

Gathered honey in abundance,

Honey to his heart’s contentment,

And but little time passed over,

Ere the bee again came buzzing,

Humming loudly on his journey,

In his lap of horns a hundred,

And a thousand other vessels,

Some of honey, some of liquid,

And the best of all the ointment.

Then did Lemminkainen's mother

Raise it to her mouth and taste it,

With her tongue the ointment tasted,

With the greatest care she proved it.

“’Tis the ointment that I needed,

And the salve of the Almighty,

Used when Jumala the Highest,

The Creator heals all suffering.”

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Runo XV]

Then did she anoint the patient,

That she thus might cure his weakness,

Salved the bones along the fractures,

And between the joints she salved him,

Salved his head and lower portions,

Rubbed him also in the middle,

Then she spoke the words which follow,

And expressed herself in thiswise:

“Rise, my son, from out thy slumber,

From thy dreams do thou awaken,

From this place so full of evil,

And a resting-place unholy.”

From his sleep arose the hero,

And from out his dreams awakened,

And at once his speech recovered.

With his tongue these words he uttered:

“Woe’s me, long have I been sleeping,

Long have I in pain been lying,

And in peaceful sleep reposing,

In the deepest slumber sunken.”

Then said Lemminkainen’s mother,

And expressed herself in thiswise:

“Longer yet hadst thou been sleeping,

Longer yet hadst thou been resting,

But for thy unhappy mother,

But for her in pain who bore thee.

“Tell me now, my son unhappy,

Tell me that my ears may hear it,

Who to Manala has sent thee,

There to drift in Tuoni’s river?”

Said the lively Lemminkainen,

And he answered thus his mother:

“Märkähattu, he the cowherd,

Untamola’s blind old rascal,

Down to Manala has sent me,

There to drift in Tuoni’s river;

And he raised a water-serpent,

From the waves a serpent lifted,

Sent it forth to me unhappy,

But I could not guard against it,

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164

Knowing nought of water-evil,

Nor the evils of the reed-beds.”

Then said Lemminkainen’s mother,

“Mighty man of little foresight,

Boasting to enchant the sorcerers,

And to ban the sons of Lapland,

Knowing nought of water-evil,

Nor the evils of the reed-beds!

“Water-snakes are born in water,

On the waves among the reed-beds,

From the duck’s brain springs the serpent,

In the head of the sea-swallow.

Syöjätär spat in the water,

Cast upon the waves the spittle,

And the water stretched it lengthwise,

And the sunlight warmed and softened,

And the wind arose and tossed it,

And the water-breezes rocked it,

On the shore the waves they drove it,

And amid the breakers urged it.”

Thus did Lemminkainen’s mother

Cause her son with all her efforts,

To resume his old appearance,

And ensured that in the future

He should even be superior,

Yet more handsome than aforetime,

And she asked her son thereafter

Was there anything he needed?

Said the lively Lemminkainen,

“There is something greatly needed,

For my heart is fixed for ever,

And my inclination leads me

To the charming maids of Pohja,

With their lovely locks unbraided,

But the dirty-eared old woman

Has refused to give her daughter,

Till I shoot the duck she asks for,

And the swan shall capture for her,

Here in Tuonela’s dark river,

In the holy river’s whirlpool.”

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Runo XV]

Then spoke Lemminkainen’s mother,

And she answered him in thiswise:

“Leave the poor swans unmolested,

Leave the ducks a peaceful dwelling,

Here on Tuoni’s murky river,

Here amid the raging whirlpool!

Best it is to journey homeward

With your most unhappy mother.

Praise thou now thy happy future,

And to Jumala be praises,

That he granted his assistance,

And has thus to life awaked thee,

And from Tuoni’s paths hath led thee,

And from Mana’s realms hath brought thee!

I myself had never conquered,

And alone had nought accomplished,

But for Jumala’s compassion,

And the help of the Creator.”

Then the lively Lemminkainen,

Went at once his journey homeward,

With his mother, she who loved him,

Homeward with the aged woman.

Here I part awhile with Kauko,

Leave the lively Lemminkainen,

Long from out my song I leave him,

While I quickly change my subject,

Turn my song in new directions,

And in other furrows labour.

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text: Kalevala (Kirby 1907)/Runo 15

title: Kalevala (Kirby 1907)/Runo 15


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Page:William Muir, Thomas Hunter Weir - The Caliphate; Its Rise, Decline, and Fall (1915).djvu/377

348 governors, of embezzlement. Having to set out on a campaign against the Kurds, he took them with his camp, under a Syrian guard. Yezīd was subjected to torture, which he bore with fortitude; but on one occasion the instrument of torture pierced his leg, and he cried aloud. His sister, one of Al-Ḥajjāj's wives, alarmed at the cry, screamed, whereupon the tyrant divorced her on the spot. The prisoners were fortunate enough to effect their escape; and Al-Ḥajjāj, thinking they had fled to Khorāsān, warned Ḳoteiba of the danger. But they had taken horse in the opposite direction, and fled to Ramleh in Palestine, where they took refuge with Suleimān, the Caliph's brother. Al-Ḥajjāj was instant with the Caliph that Yezīd should be delivered up; whereupon Suleiman sent him, and his own son with him, to Damascus, both in chains, with a letter supplicating mercy. Al-Welīd, touched at the sight, let them depart in peace, and forbade Al-Ḥajjāj to interfere. Yezīd continued to live with the heir-apparent as his intimate and, as we shall see hereafter, favourite courtier. His tribe, the Azd, was also that of the mother of Suleimān.

During the remainder of his life we do not hear much of Al-Ḥajjāj, and it was well for him that he died before Al-Welīd, for he had given mortal offence to Suleimān, whose right of succession Al-Welīd desired to set aside in favour of his son, and the design was encouraged by Al-Ḥajjāj. But the wrath of Suleimān, though escaped by the father, fell, as we shall see, with terrible severity on his family and adherents, Al-Ḥajjāj stands out in the annals of Islām as the incarnation of cruelty. But the Caliphate owed much to him. For twenty years, the absolute ruler of the East in times of trouble and danger, with anarchy abroad, perversity and fickleness at home, rebellion and wild fanaticism at his doors, Al-Ḥajjāj, by his bravery and resolution, maintained the strength and restored the prosperity of the Empire in Al-ʿIrāḳ, ʿArabia, and Khorāsān. Severity was no doubt often justified in quelling the turbulent elements around; but nothing can excuse the enormous bloodshed and inhumanity which have handed down his name as that of one of the


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Page:Martin Pippin in the Apple Orchard (1922).djvu/15

N Adversane in Sussex they still sing the song of The Spring-Green Lady; any fine evening, in the streets or in the meadows, you may come upon a band of children playing the old game that is their heritage, though few of them know its origin, or even that it had one. It is to them as the daisies in the grass and the stars in the sky. Of these things, and such as these, they ask no questions. But there you will still find one child who takes the part of the Emperor's Daughter, and another who is the Wandering Singer, and the remaining group (there should be no more than six in it) becomes the Spring-Green Lady, the Rose-White Lady, the Apple-Gold Lady, of the three parts of the game. Often there are more than six in the group, for the true number of the damsels who guarded their fellow in her prison is as forgotten as their names: Joscelyn, Jane and Jennifer, Jessica, Joyce and Joan. Forgotten, too, the name of Gillian, the lovely captive. And the Wandering Singer is to them but the Wandering Singer, not Martin Pippin the Minstrel. Worse and worse, he is even presumed to be the captive's sweetheart, who wheedles the flower, the ring, and the prison-key out of the strict virgins for his own purposes, and flies with her at last in his shallop across the sea, to live with her happily ever after. But this is a fallacy. Martin Pippin never wheedled anything out of anybody for his own purposes—in fact, he had none of his own. On this adventure he was about the business of young Robin Rue. There are further discrepancies; for the Emperor's Daughter was not an emperor's daughter, but a farmer's; nor was the Sea the sea, but a duckpond; nor——

But let us begin with the children's version, as they sing and dance it on summer days and evenings in Adversane.

( sits weeping in her Tower. Around her, with their backs to her, stand six maids in a ring,, with joined hands.


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 705–715] cruellest tyrants the world has ever seen. When, after twenty years of fighting he had pacified his provinces, he turned his attention to the arts of peace, developing the canal system, reclaiming land, and doing his best to prevent the peasantry from flocking from the country into the towns. He and Ziyād were the two great ministers of the Umeiyads, without whom the dynasty would not have survived, In one respect Ziyād was the greater of the two, since he did not use force in the shape of Syrian soldiers, but played off one faction against another, and so gained his end.

An indirect advantage has by some been attributed to the tyranny of Al-Ḥajjāj, in that his reign of terror drove many from their homes to swell the armies in the field, and so help forward the conquests for which the Caliphate of Al-Welīd is famous. A brief outline of these will now be given, beginning with the campaign of Ḳoteiba ibn Muslim in Central Asia. That great warrior, who was of Bāhila, a neutral tribe, advanced every summer into the provinces beyond the Oxus, retiring, as autumn advanced, to winter in Merv. Up to this time the Muslim campaigns appear to have been of the nature of ghazawāt, or raids, bringing the subdued lands into the category of allied, protected, or tributary, rather than of conquered and subject, states. The proceedings were now of a more permanent nature. Ḳoteiba's first advance was against Balkh, Tukhāristan, and Ferghāna. At Balkh, among the captives, was the wife of Barmek a physician, who was taken as a slave-girl into the ḥārīm of ʿAbdallah, Ḳoteiba's brother. Soon after, peace being made, the lady, as a matter of grace, was restored to her husband; but the result of the short union with ʿAbdallah was a son, acknowledged by him, and known in after-days as Ḳhalid the


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 While at his side the wanton Bassarid

Will throw the lion by the mane and catch the mountain kid!

Sing on! and I will wear the leopard skin,

And steal the moonèd wings of Ashtaroth,

Upon whose icy chariot we could win

Cithæron in an hour ere the froth

Has over-brimmed the wine-vat or the Faun

Ceased from the treading! ay, before the flickering lamp of dawn

Has scared the hooting owlet to its nest,

And warned the bat to close its filmy vans,

Some Mænad girl with vine-leaves on her breast

Will filch their beech-nuts from the sleeping Pans

So softly that the little nested thrush

Will never wake, and then with shrilly laugh and leap will rush

Down the green valley where the fallen dew

Lies thick beneath the elm and count her store,

Till the brown Satyrs in a jolly crew

Trample the loosestrife down along the shore,

And where their hornèd master sits in state

Bring strawberries and bloomy plums upon a wicker crate! 90

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 Sing on! and soon with passion-wearied face

Through the cool leaves Apollo's lad will come,

The Tyrian prince his bristled boar will chase

Adown the chestnut-copses all a-bloom,

And ivory-limbed, grey-eyed, with look of pride,

After yon velvet-coated deer the virgin maid will ride.

Sing on! and I the dying boy will see

Stain with his purple blood the waxen bell

That overweighs the jacinth, and to me

The wretched Cyprian her woe will tell,

And I will kiss her mouth and streaming eyes,

And lead her to the myrtle-hidden grove where Adon lies!

Cry out aloud on Itys! memory

That foster-brother of remorse and pain

Drops poison in mine ear,—O to be free,

To burn one's old ships! and to launch again

Into the white-plumed battle of the waves

And fight old Proteus for the spoil of coral-flowered caves!

O for Medea with her poppied spell!

O for the secret of the Colchian shrine!

O for one leaf of that pale asphodel

Which binds the tired brows of Proserpine, 91

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 350 Barmeki. The next campaign was against Peikund, a trading emporium of Bokhārā, beyond the Oxus. The Turkomans of Soghd and other hordes swarmed in such multitudes around Ḳoteiba for the defence of this rich city, as to cut off his communications. For two months Al-Ḥajjāj received no tidings, and had prayers offered up for him in the mosques throughout the East. At last the city fell. The fighting men were put to the sword, their families taken captive, and vast stores of arms and "spoil such as never before seen in Khorāsān." In 88 another advance was made on Bokhāra, and many places of note were taken. A heavy battle was fought with a vast host from Soghd and the surrounding districts, commanded by "a nephew of the Emperor of China," who after a determined resistance was put to flight. Next year, Ḳoteiba again advanced through Soghd and Kish, against Werdān, king of Bokhārā, who after two days' fighting took to flight; but the city, resisting every attempt, was left unstormed. Al-Ḥajjāj upbraided Ḳoteiba with the failure, and bade him renew the attack on a plan furnished to him of the defences. This he did with a strong force, which mainly through the bravery of the Beni Temīm (for the Azd at first gave way before the fierce onset of the Turks), routed the enemy. Bokhārā thus taken, the surrounding province was completely subdued.

On the approach of winter, the Muslim troops being withdrawn for the season, Nizak, minister of the Prince of Tukhāristan, formed a conspiracy with the surrounding powers to cast off the foreign yoke too evidently now settling down heavily upon them. To prevent his Sovereign, who opposed the design, from interfering, and


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 And sheds such wondrous dews at eve that she

Dreams of the fields of Enna, by the far Sicilian sea,

Where oft the golden-girdled bee she chased

From lily to lily on the level mead,

Ere yet her sombre Lord had bid her taste

The deadly fruit of that pomegranate seed,

Ere the black steeds had harried her away

Down to the faint and flowerless land, the sick and sunless day.

O for one midnight and as paramour

The Venus of the little Melian farm!

O that some antique statue for one hour

Might wake to passion, and that I could charm

The Dawn at Florence from its dumb despair,

Mix with those mighty limbs and make that giant breast my lair!

Sing on! sing on! I would be drunk with life,

Drunk with the trampled vintage of my youth,

I would forget the wearying wasted strife,

The riven veil, the Gorgon eyes of Truth,

The prayerless vigil and the cry for prayer,

The barren gifts, the lifted arms, the dull insensate air! 92

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 705–715] yet give an appearance of respect, he placed links of gold upon him. He then expelled the resident, and proceeded to enlist against Islām the potentates all around, from the Murghāb to the Oxus. Beyond posting a column under his brother, to guard the frontier, Ḳoteiba could do nothing to oppose this combination till the following year, when, largely reinforced from Persia, he again broke ground. Carrying all before him, he found Nīzak strongly posted in Khulm, at the entrance of a pass guarded by a fort. Bribing a deserter, he was shown a route to turn the pass, and so fell upon the rear of the enemy, who effected escape across the valley of Ferghāna. Here Nīzak was again taken in a defile guarded on one hand by Ḳoteiba and on the other by his brother. Thus hemmed in for months, he suffered the extremity of want. But the season again forcing a return to winter quarters, Ḳoteiba, unwilling to leave Nīzak still abroad, beguiled him into his camp with promise of safe-conduct. Reporting the capture to Al-Ḥajjāj, he asked for leave to put him to death. After a long delay permission came; and so, with 700 of his followers, Nīzak was slain and his head sent to Al-Ḥajjāj. The Prince of Tukhāristān was with his retinue sent to Damascus, where he was kept till Al-Welīd's decease. The perfidy of Ḳoteiba towards Nīzak was so gross, that the Muslim public, though not unused to guile in war, was scandalised, and upbraided him for it. Another painful, but less inexcusable, incident occurred about the same time. On Nīzak's defeat, the king of Jūzajan, a member of the coalition, sought terms of peace, which. being granted, Ḳoteiba invited him to his camp, sending one Ḥabīb as a hostage, and taking hostages in return. The king died while in Ḳoteiba's camp; and his subjects, suspecting foul play, put Ḥabīb to death; upon which Ḳoteiba retaliated by slaying the native hostages to a man. Having pushed his conquests still further into


text: Page:Mahometanism in its relation to prophecy - or, an inquiry into the prophecies concerning antichrist, with some reference to their bearing on the events of the present day (IA mahometanisminit00philrich).pdf/328


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 Sing on! sing on! O feathered Niobe,

Thou canst make sorrow beautiful, and steal

From joy its sweetest music, not as we

Who by dead voiceless silence strive to heal

Our too untented wounds, and do but keep

Pain barricadoed in our hearts, and murder pillowed sleep.

Sing louder yet, why must I still behold

The wan white face of that deserted Christ,

Whose bleeding hands my hands did once enfold,

Whose smitten lips my lips so oft have kissed,

And now in mute and marble misery

Sits in his lone dishonoured House and weeps, perchance for me?

O Memory cast down thy wreathèd shell!

Break thy hoarse lute O sad Melpomene!

O Sorrow, Sorrow keep thy cloistered cell

Nor dim with tears this limpid Castaly!

Cease, Philomel, thou dost the forest wrong

To vex its sylvan quiet with such wild impassioned song!

Cease, cease, or if 't is anguish to be dumb

Take from the pastoral thrush her simpler air,

Whose jocund carelessness doth more become

This English woodland than thy keen despair, 93

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 352 Soghdiana, Ḳoteiba returned by Bokhāra to Merv. Next year he proceeded to Sijistān against Zunbīl, but was set free by the conclusion of peace with that potentate.

In 93 Ḳoteiba again crossed the Oxus, and marched on Khwarizm, the Shāh having offered him 10,000 cattle if he would deliver him from a rebellious brother. The rebels were routed, and 4000 prisoners put to death. The brother and his followers were made over to the Shāh, who slew them and conferred their property on Ḳoteiba, who was now recalled by the news that Samarḳand had thrown off the Muslim yoke. Making a rapid descent upon it, Ḳoteiba thus in a speech addressed his troops:—"The wretched Soghdians are verily fallen into our hands; they have broken their treaty with us, as ye have heard; and truly the Lord will deliver Khowarizm and Soghd unto us, even as He delivered the Beni Ḳoreiẓa and the Naḍīr into the hands of the Prophet." The city held out long, and engines had to be brought up to batter the walls. Fearing an assault, the King sued for terms. Ḳoteiba agreed to retire on a heavy tribute and quota of horsemen; but first he must enter, build a Mosque, and inaugurate religious service in it; after that he would evacuate the place. He entered. The fire-temples were destroyed and the images burned, but the city was kept and not according to promise restored. Ḳoteiba's repeated perfidy was much spoken against; and some Syrian is said to have prophesied, but too truly, that the Caliphate would yet pay the penalty, and Damascus be ravaged by these wild Turkomans. Meantime the conqueror's hand fell


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 Ah! cease and let the north wind bear thy lay

Back to the rocky hills of Thrace, the stormy Daulian bay.

A moment more, the startled leaves had stirred,

Endymion would have passed across the mead

Moonstruck with love, and this still Thames had heard

Pan plash and paddle groping for some reed

To lure from her blue cave that Naiad maid

Who for such piping listens half in joy and half afraid.

A moment more, the waking dove had cooed,

The silver daughter of the silver sea

With the fond gyves of clinging hands had wooed

Her wanton from the chase, and Dryope

Had thrust aside the branches of her oak

To see the lusty gold-haired lad rein in his snorting yoke.

A moment more, the trees had stooped to kiss

Pale Daphne just awakening from the swoon

Of tremulous laurels, lonely Salmacis

Had bared his barren beauty to the moon,

And through the vale with sad voluptuous smile

Antinous had wandered, the red lotus of the Nile 94

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 Down leaning from his black and clustering hair,

To shade those slumberous eyelids' caverned bliss,

Or else on yonder grassy slope with bare

High-tuniced limbs unravished Artemis

Had bade her hounds give tongue, and roused the deer

From his green ambuscade with shrill halloo and pricking spear.

Lie still, lie still, O passionate heart, lie still!

O Melancholy, fold thy raven wing!

O sobbing Dryad, from thy hollow hill

Come not with such despondent answering!

No more thou wingèd Marsyas complain,

Apollo loveth not to hear such troubled songs of pain!

It was a dream, the glade is tenantless,

No soft Ionian laughter moves the air,

The Thames creeps on in sluggish leadenness,

And from the copse left desolate and bare

Fled is young Bacchus with his revelry,

Yet still from Nuneham wood there comes that thrilling melody

So sad, that one might think a human heart

Brake in each separate note, a quality

Which music sometimes has, being the Art 95

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succeeded at once to the throne. It went as a saying at Damascus that Al-Welīd's turn was for art; Suleimān's for the ḥarīm and good living; ʿOmar's (the next to follow) for devotion. The fashion of the Court changed accordingly. With the first, the talk was of culture; with the second, of slave-girls, marriage, and divorce; with the third, of austerity, and recitation of the Ḳorʾān by night. The prowess of the Empire waned under Suleimān. He was called, indeed, the Key of Blessing,—but only because he nominated ʿOmar for his successor.

Suleimān weakened the administration of Spain by conniving at,—if indeed he did not actually order,—the murder of ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz, the able follower of his father Mūsa; the Christians, profiting by the neglect that followed, rose upon their conquerors in the Asturias, and the mountainous region in the north, Moḥammad ibn al-Ḳāsim, the successful invader of India, recalled as a follower of the hated Al-Ḥajjāj, came to an evil end. And under one of the sons of Al-Muhallab the Azdi (now the favoured house) who succeeded, the progress of Islām in the far East slackened, and its prestige declined.

With Ḳoteiba, the death of Al-Welīd caused the utmost consternation, Appointed by Al-Ḥajjāj, he well knew the bitterness of Suleimān towards all his adherents, and the danger in which they stood from the enmity of Yezīd, the favourite of the day. In an evil hour he set up for himself, and called on the army to join him against the Government. But miscounting his influence, he fatally overshot the mark. 364


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Rh the millionaire, with satisfaction. "You like them, eh?"

"Like them? Dad, they're unique. How did you get hold of them.?"

Van Aldin smiled.

"Ah! that's my secret. They had to be bought privately, of course. They are rather well known. See that big stone in the middle? You have heard of it, maybe; that's the historic 'Heart of Fire.

"Heart of Fire!" repeated Mrs. Kettering.

She had taken the stones from the case and was holding them against her breast. The millionaire watched her. He was thinking of the series of women who had worn the jewels. The heartaches, the despairs, the jealousies. "Heart of Fire," like all famous stones, had left behind it a trail of tragedy and violence. Held in Ruth Kettering's assured hand, it seemed to lose its potency of evil. With her cool, equable poise, this woman of the western world seemed a negation to tragedy or heart-burnings. Ruth returned the stones to their case; then, jumping up, she flung her arms round her father's neck.

"Thank you, thank you, thank you, Dad! They are wonderful! You do give me the most marvellous presents always."

"That’s all right," said Van Aldin, patting her shoulder. "You are all I have, you know, Ruthie."

"You will stay to dinner, won't you, father?"

"I don't think so. You were going out, weren't you?"

"Yes, but I can easily put that off. Nothing very exciting."

"No," said Van Aldin. "Keep your engagement. I


text: The Caliphate: Its Rise, Decline, and Fall/Chapter 51


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 Which is most nigh to tears and memory,

Poor mourning Philomel, what dost thou fear?

Thy sister doth not haunt these fields, Pandion is not here,

Here is no cruel Lord with murderous blade,

No woven web of bloody heraldries,

But mossy dells for roving comrades made,

Warm valleys where the tired student lies

With half-shut book, and many a winding walk

Where rustic lovers stray at eve in happy simple talk.

The harmless rabbit gambols with its young

Across the trampled towing-path, where late

A troop of laughing boys in jostling throng

Cheered with their noisy cries the racing eight;

The gossamer, with ravelled silver threads,

Works at its little loom, and from the dusky red-eaved sheds

Of the lone Farm a flickering light shines out

Where the swinked shepherd drives his bleating flock

Back to their wattled sheep-cotes, a faint shout

Comes from some Oxford boat at Sandford lock, 96

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 * 1) Parents who wish to have their Children admitted into the School must attend with the Children on the day of admission. No Girl can be admitted until she is three years old. Boys are admitted from three until seven years old.
 * 2) The terms of admission are two-pence per week for each child in the first class, and one penny per week for each child in the other classes. Each child to pay regularly every Monday morning in advance.
 * 3) The children must be sent to school clean in person and neatly dressed.
 * 4) Children whose attendance is irregular will be dismissed.
 * 5) Children who are later than nine o'clock in the morning will be kept after school hours as many minutes as they were too late.
 * 6) Every child who behaves ill in the school will be kept after school hours.
 * 7) No corporal punishment will be used in the discipline of the school. The parents are requested instead of beating the children of the school, to complain to the governess, should they behave undutifully at home, that they may be punished at school.
 * 8) Parents who wish to withdraw their children are expected to give notice of such intention to the governess.
 * 9) The object of the school being to make the children useful in after life, they are taught as much household work as the circumstances of the school admit; for this purpose the elder girls are required to remain weekly in turn after school hours.
 * 10) Needlework, books, slates, pens, and copybooks will be provided for the children.

These Rules have been framed with no other object than the welfare of your children; you are requested to assist their governess to carry them into effect. Should you be dissatisfied you are requested to complain personally to the governess, instead of sending messages by the children.


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 And starts the moor-hen from the sedgy rill,

And the dim lengthening shadows flit like swallows up the hill.

The heron passes homeward to the mere,

The blue mist creeps among the shivering trees,

Gold world by world the silent stars appear,

And like a blossom blown before the breeze

A white moon drifts across the shimmering sky,

Mute arbitress of all thy sad, thy rapturous threnody.

She does not heed thee, wherefore should she heed,

She knows Endymion is not far away,

'T is I, 't is I, whose soul is as the reed

Which has no message of its own to play,

So pipes another's bidding, it is I,

Drifting with every wind on the wide sea of misery.

Ah! the brown bird has ceased: one exquisite trill

About the sombre woodland seems to cling

Dying in music, else the air is still,

So still that one might hear the bat's small wing 97

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 men and the older men without titles, the group that is called, not in euphemism but in sober fact, “the strength of this village.” Here he is badgered into efficiency by rivalry, precept and example. The older chiefs who supervise the activities of the Aumaga gaze equally sternly upon any backslidings and upon any undue precocity. The prestige of his group is ever being called into account by the Aumaga of the neighbouring villages. His fellows ridicule and persecute the boy who fails to appear when any group activity is on foot, whether work for the village on the plantations, or fishing, or cooking for the chiefs, or play in the form, of a ceremonial cail upon some visiting maiden. Furthermore, the youth is given much more stimulus to learn and also a greater variety of occupations are open to him. There is no specialisation among women, except in medicine and mid-wifery, both the prerogatives of very old women who teach their arts to their middle-aged daughters and nieces. The only other vocation is that of the wife of an official orator, and no girl will prepare herself for this one type of marriage which demands special knowledge, for she has no guarantee that she will marry a man of this class.

For the boy it is different. He hopes that some day he will hold a matai name, a name which will make him a member of the Fono, the assembly of headmen, the which will give him a right to drink kava with chiefs, to work with chiefs rather than with the young men,


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 Wander and wheel above the pines, or tell

Each tiny dew-drop dripping from the bluebell's brimming cell.

And far away across the lengthening wold,

Across the willowy flats and thickets brown,

Magdalen's tall tower tipped with tremulous gold

Marks the long High Street of the little town,

And warns me to return; I must not wait,

Hark! 't is the curfew booming from the bell at Christ Church gate. 98

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text: The Poems of Oscar Wilde/The Burden of Itys


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 to sit inside the house, even though his new title is only of "between the posts" rank, and not of enough importance to give him a right to a post for his back. But very seldom he absolutely assured of getting such a name. Each family hold several of these titles which they confer upon the most promising youths in the whole family connection. He has many rivals. They also are in the Aumaga. He must always pit himself against them in the group activities. There are also several types of activities in one of which he must specialise. He must become a house-builder, a fisherman, an orator or a wood carver. Proficiency in some technique must set him off a little from his fellows. Fishing prowess means immediate rewards in the shape of food gifts to offer to his sweetheart; without such gifts his advances will be scorned. Skill in house-building means wealth and status, for a youngman who is a skilled carpenter must be treated as courteously as a chief and addressed with the chief’s language, the elaborate set of honorific words used to people of rank. And with this goes the continual demand that he should not be too efficient, too outstanding, too precocious. He must never excel his fellows by more than a little. He must neither arouse their hatred nor the disapproval of his elders who are far readier to encourage and excuse the laggard than to condone precocity. And at the same time he shares his sister’s reluctance to accept responsibility, and if he should excel gently, not too obviously, he has good


text: Rules for the Girl's School at Coalbrookdale


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44 Mr. Laing, the Financial Minister, propounded the principle in his Budget Speech for 1861-62, when he said—

"“If this great empire is ever to have the roads, the Schools, the local Police, and the other instruments of civilization which a flourishing country ought to possess, it is simply impossible that the Imperial Government can find either the money or the management.”"

the principle is being adopted throughout India with success; in Scind the people see the advantages it brings with it; the working of the Bombay cess system is thus described in the Directors’ Report for 1865-66:—

"“One main cause of the School extension, now taking place in Western India, has been the institution of a local cess for educational purposes in 12 Collectorates of the Presidency, viz., Ahmedabad, Surat, Kaira, Khandeish, Sattara, Tanna, Poona, Rutnagherry, Belgaum, Dharwar, Canara, and Kulladghee. This cess having been imposed at a time of great agricultural prosperity, appears not to have been unpopular with the people. The Educational Inspectors report on it as follows:—

“That this cess is popular with the people, and that they recognise the advantages to be derived from its judicious administration, would appear from the fact that, in several places where it has not hitherto been levied, the people have come forward and volunteered to pay it. This has been the case in some villages of the Nusserapoor Talooka of the Tanna Collectorate, and in several detached villages of the Poona Collectorate.

“This year we have had the full benefit of the local cess, which has enabled us to open a large number of Vernacular Schools, and to erect School-houses in places where they were most urgently required, as mentioned above. The cess is, I believe, paid willingly, and the people appear to be fully alive to the benefits to be derived from it; and from the large increase in the number of scholars, it is evident that they are determined to avail themselves of its benefits to the utmost.’”"

In Bombay one of the Inspectors, Mr. Russel, reports—

"“The cess operations have already begun to bring the subject of popular education before both the masses and their rulers in a somewhat difierent and clearer light than before. The people are beginning to look on Schools as necessary popular institutions, and not merely as a part of the administrative machinery of a foreign government, with which they have little or no concern. The cess-payers now want something in return for their money, and the school attendance of the agricultural classes is increasing. The troublesome and precarious resource of ‘popular contributions’ for schoolmasters’ salaries is dispensed with, since the levy of the cess (but the people are too apt to think that the cess is sufficient for all their school requirements, or, at least, to allege this as a ground for refusing further local contributions, even when urgently needed). Another good effect of the cess is the good example it sets to Inamdars, Jagheerdars, &c., and their people, who see its operations, however humble at present, in the neighbouring British territory. For instance, I and my deputies have been asked by the people of non-government villages to get the School cess levied for them.”"

Mr. Curtis, another Inspector, states as follows:—

“The local cess continues popular, and from the numerous petitions received from the people for schools and school-houses, it seems that they are determined to receive the full benefit of the money they contribute towards the extension of Education. In many places where new school-houses, erected from Local Funds, were used for the first time, the people raised subscriptions to feast the pupils, and made the day one of rejoicing; and this without any hint from our Department. The sum of Rupees 428 in nine places in the Surat Collectorate alone was subscribed and spent in this manner.


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Rh “The expenditure of the local cess has been strictly limited to meeting (in the first place) the wants of the people for Vernacular, or as we call it, Primary Education. And the operation of this rule is most salutary. The money collected has been expended on the sort of schools required by the class of people (the cultivators) by whom it was subscribed. And the result has been to infuse into this class, for the first time, some interest in Education. I have been struck, when travelling in the country districts, by the large proportion of the sons of cultivators to be found in every Village School. The people, as a rule, look upon the local Educational cess as a voluntary contribution; they feel a certain amount of pride and pleasure in it, and are apparently eager in looking for advantages to be derived from it.”

The proposed local cess is new in Bengal, but the emergency is pressing, as Sir F. J. Halliday, late Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal, in his celebrated Minute on Police and Criminal Justice in Bengal, observes:—

"“While the mass of the people remain in their present state of ignorance and debasement, all laws and all systems must be comparatively useless and vain. Above all things that can be done by us for this people is their gradual intellectual and moral advancement through the slow but certain means of a widely spreading popular system of vernacular education.”"

Mr. Murdoch, in his pamphlet on National Education in India, assigns the following as special grounds why mass education is necessary:—

"“1. To protect them from oppression. The brutish ignorance of the ryots counteracts the best efforts of the higher authorities to shield them from injustice. They are subjected to illegal exactions from Zemindars, petty Government Officers, and the Police. The last have been ‘modelled and re-modelled,’ but with little improvement.

“All are agreed that the primary duty of Government is to afford protection. This seems impossible in India, unless the people are, in some measure, educated.

“2. To prevent absurd alarms endangering the peace of the country. H. Carre Tucker, Esquire, C. B., in his letter to Lord Stanley, gives the following illustrations of the manner in which the people are a prey to the most foolish rumours: ‘A report that Government intended to boil them down for their fat cleared Simlah of hill men! A clever rogue in Goruckpoor is said to have made his fortune by preceding Lord Hastings’ Camp as purveyor of fat little children for the Governor General’s breakfast!’ In 1862 miscreants in Oude levied contributions in villages, pretending that they had been ordered by Government to set them on fire. Had the sepoys received a sound education, the Mutiny would not have occurred.

“3. To promote sanitary reform. India is generally supposed to be the birth-place of that fell disease, cholera, which has more than once carried devastation round the globe. Rich and poor are equally ignorant of the laws of health. Open drains, reeking with filth, often surround the mansions of native millionaires. The annual mortality from preventible causes is frightful.

“4. To ‘develope the resources’ of the country, and improve the social condition of the people. As the brutes are governed by instinct, so the masses of India blindly follow custom. In most cases, it is a sufficient reason for the rejection of any proposal, however much adapted to benefit them, that their ancestors never did such a thing. Education would do much to call forth the enormous latent wealth of India.

“5. To elevate the people intellectually, morally, and religiously. Other considerations affect only this life; the reasons now urged are lasting as eternity.”"


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12 that crime prevails, and that in the adoption of measures of policy, however salutary or ameliorating their tendency, government cannot reckon with confidence on the moral support of an intelligent and instructed community? Is it possible that a benevolent, a wise, a just government can allow this state of things any longer to continue?”

Notwithstanding this state of things and Mr. Adam’s three laborious reports exposing it; the Calcutta Council of Education decided:—

"“They were of opinion that the execution of the plan would be ‘almost impracticable,’ and that it would also involve more expense than Mr. Adam supposed. ‘A further experience,’ they add, ‘and a more mature consideration of the important subject of Education in this country, has led us to adhere to the opinion formerly expressed by us, that our efforts should be at first concentrated to the chief towns or sudder stations of districts, and to the improvement of education among the higher and middling classes of the population; in the expectation that through the agency of these scholars, an educational reform will descend to the rural Vernacular Schools, and its benefits be rapidly transfused among all those excluded in the first instance by abject want from a participation in its advantages.”"

Time has shewn the fallacy of this conclusion. Mr., Inspector of Schools, who has thoroughly and practically studied the question, estimated in 1861, 22 years after the rejection of Mr. Adam’s plans, that, including every variety of Schools, Government, Missionary and Indigenous, in the richest and most populous portion of Bengal, there are about three persons in every hundred under education; while the proportion under instruction in England is one in 7 , in all India it is one in 400. Dr. Mouat, the Inspector of Jails, and for many years Secretary to the Council of Education, in his last Report of the Jails in Bengal in 1867, states:—

"“Of the 95,951 prisoners in prison in 1866—324 or 0.34 per cent. were fairly educated for their position in life, 5,367 males and seventeen females, or 5.61 per cent. could read and write, and 85,075 males and 5,168 or 94.05 per cent, were entirely ignorant. In the preceding five years from 1861 to 1865—2,974 men and two women, or 0.98 per cent, were fairly educated; 20,798 males and thirty-one females, or 6.87 per cent. could read and write; and 269,014 men and 10,496 women, or 92.15 per cent. were absolutely ignorant.”

“The collection of these statistics shows that, marvellous as the progress of the University of Calcutta is, the education of the mass of the people who form the bulk of the criminal population makes no advance, if the offenders against the law are a fair sample of the state of the general population in this important particular.”"

Mr. Adam resigned his office in disgust at his plans being rejected. Lord in 1844 established 101 Vernacular Schools, but they failed necessarily, as they were placed under no


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705–15] heavily on Samarḳand. Muslim families brought from Khorāsān in great numbers were settled there: fire-houses and idol-temples were destroyed; the natives were all disarmed and no heathen dared remain in the town over-night. Bokhārā and Khwarizm were similarly colonised; and these three places became famous in the after history of Islām.

During the next two or three years, aided by large contingents of horse from the tribes he had subdued (the favourite policy in the East of using subject peoples to rivet their own chain ), Ḳoteiba pushed his conquests forward, taking Khojanda, Shāsh, and other cities of Ferghāna, till he reached Kāshghār and the confines of China. A curious tale is told of an interview with "the King of China,"—probably a border Mandarin,—who, to release Ḳoteiba from an oath that he would take possession of the land, sent him a load of Chinese soil to trample on, a bag of Chinese coin by way of tribute, and four royal youths on whom to imprint his seal. Ḳoteiba had now reached the limit of his conquests. While on this campaign he received tidings of the Caliph's death: suddenly the scene is changed and his future, as we shall see, all overcast.

Like Ḳoteiba in Central Asia, Moḥammad ibn al-Ḳāsim of the Thaḳīf tribe, cousin of Al-Ḥajjāj and governor of Makrān, was the first great conqueror on the Indian border. With a well-appointed army of 6000 men, he advanced on Sind and laid siege to its capital, Deibul. A catapult named the Bride, worked by 500 men, laid waste the city, and a stone shot from it overthrew the pinnacle of the famous temple of Al-Budd [Buddha], from which flaunted its great red flag. The omen struck terror into the enemy; the King fled, and Ibn al-Ḳāsim, leaving a garrison in the city, pursued him across the Mihrān (Indus), where, surrounded by his elephants, he was slain in a severe engagement. His wife and maidens, rather than suffer ‘dishonour, set fire to their palace, and were consumed with


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354 all their treasure. Then the conqueror took Brahmanābād by storm, and having made terms with Rōr, crossed the Bayās and invested Al-Multān, which after a prolonged siege, the water having failed, surrendered at discretion. The fighting men were put to the sword, and their families, with the crowd of attendants on the shrine of Buddha, made captive. Al-Multān was then a centre of pilgrimage, people coming from all quarters to worship the idol. It was "the Gateway of India and the House of Gold." The spoil was incredible, and double the whole cost of the expedition, which was estimated by Al-Ḥajjāj at sixty million pieces. While Ibn al-Ḳāsim rested here, enjoying the fruits of his splendid conquests, tidings of Al-Welīd's decease arrested his further progress eastward. He was recalled to Al-ʿIrāḳ, where, with certain other adherents of Al-Ḥajjāj, he was put to the torture and died.

With Ibn al-Athīr, we may here anticipate a few years further the Muslim rule in India. Ḥabīb, one of Al-Muhallab's family (on which now shone the sun of courtly favour), as governor of Sind, fixed his court at Rōr, and allowed the princes displaced by Ibn al-Ḳāsim to return, as protected, to their several States. The pious ʿOmar II. summoned them to embrace Islām, on which they received Arabian names. In the days of Hishām, a little later, Juneid pushed the Muslim bounds still farther east. But the prestige of Islām again waned for a time. Most of the princes relapsed into heathenism, and to hold them in check, the fortified camp Al-Maḥfūẓa (the Protected) was founded, from which expeditions, both naval and military, were sent forth. "Things, however," says our Historian, "remained in India on a weak and feeble footing until the blessed accession of the ʿAbbāsids."

It should be noted here that in India there was an altogether new departure in the treatment of the subject races. Idolatry was tolerated. Temples were left standing, and their worship not disallowed. By Moḥammadan law, Jews and Christians might continue to profess their faith under Muslim rule; and even Parsees were, by a


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 705–15] strained interpretation, brought within the exemption, as followers of the "Book" of Zoroaster. But idolaters were to be pursued to the bitter end, and utterly rooted out. Such, the plain teaching of the Ḳorʾān, had been the habitual policy hitherto—the policy still, as we have seen, pursued in Central Asia. But in India a new leaf was turned. As Weil remarks—"It no longer was a holy war—with the view, that is to say, of the conversion of the heathen. That object was now dropped. Side by side with Allah, idols might be worshipped, if only tribute were duly paid." And thus, even under Moḥammadan rule, India remained largely a pagan land.

Throughout this reign Muslim armies, commanded generally by leaders of the royal blood, made yearly inroads into Armenia and Asia Minor, which the Greeks, from reverses nearer home, were little able to withstand. In the year 89 a campaign against the Turks on the Caspian was undertaken with notable success. But all other conquests of this reign fade before the conquest of Spain. That was a victory which, though demanding a separate chapter for itself, we must be here content to treat in briefest outline.

Mūsa ibn Noṣair, a Yemeni, was, in 89, appointed governor of the Mediterranean coast to the west of Egypt, by ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz, uncle of the Caliph and ruler of Egypt, of which "Africa" was a dependency. His predecessor had already retrieved the disasters that successively befell the Muslim army at Ḳairawān: and Mūsa, having consolidated his power in the older districts, now, with the aid of his two sons, pushed the Muslim conquests to the Farthest West. In successive engagements at Sūs and Tlemsen, he completely overthrew the Berbers, took incredible multitudes prisoners, and at last brought the native population, even to the bounds


text:
Author:Tachibana no Nagayasu

Works

 * Gengenshu
 * Nōin Utamakura
 * Nōin Utamakura

title: Author:Tachibana no Nagayasu


text:
Author:Ryōzen

Works

 * Goshūi Wakashū, as contributor
 * Goshūi Wakashū, as contributor

title: Author:Ryōzen


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 admired by those people. The velvets, however, have lost the value they had formerly, for many of them are manufactured in China. A good Flemish tapestry wrought with stories and figures, would be, I think, of particular novelty for them. Besides it would also be advantageous with the king's relatives, who also have influence in this kingdom. There should also be good and excellent paintings, and two suits of splendid armor. In this, Sire, I well see that I am bold and venturesome; but my intention is not evil, and the great importance of the aforesaid, and your Majesty's holy zeal, urge me thereto, as also the belief that it not contrary to the service of God and to your Majesty. May His Divine Majesty preserve your Majesty for as many long and happy years of life as possible, and as we your Majesty's vassals need. Manila, the sixth of December, 1595.


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 * Coat-of-arms of the city of Manila. Felipe II; March 20.
 * Decree regarding the bishopric of Nueva Segovia. Felipe II; May 15.
 * Instructions for Governor Tello. Felipe II; May 25.
 * Letter to Felipe II. L. P. Dasmariñas; June 30.
 * Letter to Felipe II. Antonio de Morga; July 6.
 * Letter to Felipe II. Francisco Tello; July 17.

 * The two royal decrees are taken from Doc. inéd. Amér. y Oceanía, xxxiv, pp. 95-98, 101-103; all the others are obtained from original MSS. in the Archivo general de Indias, Sevilla.

 * The first two documents are translated by Frederic W. Morrison, of Harvard University; the third and sixth, by James A. Robertson; the fourth and fifth, by José M. and Clara M. Asensio.


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 am so forced by necessity, I beseech your Majesty to please order the payment of the expenses of the voyage and the cost of the presents. The latter should not be charged to this treasury, which I fear could not meet the payment, thus forcing me to pay it, God knows with what or how. As a servant desirous that God be known and served in so great a kingdom as China, I venture to say that, if your Majesty would send this king some curiosities, that act might, according to the posture and condition in which God has now placed matters, be of great importance, benefit, and profit for the service of His Divine Majesty, the merit of your Majesty, and the good of so many souls as are lost and condemned there. I bear well in mind past events, Sire, from which it appears that there is neither merit nor room for this favor and present; but, King and Sire, the blood of Christ and the conversion of so many souls is of most importance. Much harm might also be suffered by this new state without traffic with this nation, this being its nerve and support. Even though it should be desired to treat of past events, and it should be considered best for the service of your Majesty to deal severely with this king, it would not be a bad idea to offer friendship at the same time. With this excuse, a present might be well received and be of considerable use. If, perchance, God should move your Majesty to this, I may say that, in my opinion, the presents which in years gone by your Majesty was pleased to have taken to this king, were and would be very appropriate and sufficient. Although it is true that he is a great, rich, and powerful monarch, the curiosity, novelty, and different fashion of the things that we use are greatly


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Don Philipe, by the grace of God, etc.

Inasmuch as you, Captain Agustin de Arce, in the capacity of procurador-general of the Filipinas Islands, have informed me that the inhabitants of the city of Manila did render me service in its discovery, and remain there continuing this work; and inasmuch as you have entreated me—in consideration of the said facts, and because the said city of Manila is the capital and principal city of the said islands, and it was therefore commanded that an audiencia be again established there, and its cathedral church elevated into a metropolitan church, by which the city will be ennobled—that I should order a coat-of-arms to be bestowed upon the city, such as is possessed by other cities of the Indias; and considering that my council on the affairs of the Indias, after consultation with me, has favored the above request; it has seemed to me fitting to grant it. By these presents I assign, as the special coat-of-arms of the said city of Manila in the Filipinas Islands, a shield which shall have in the center of its upper part a golden castle on a red field, closed by a blue door and windows, and which shall be surmounted by a crown; and in the lower half on a blue field a half lion and half dolphin of silver, armed and langued gules—that is to say, with


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 the little coming to me from the sale of my father's estate—a very small sum indeed—all the rest, I say, without omitting anything of money value, will amount, in my opinion, to something like five thousand pesos, and even that sum may not be reached. For, although, as I wrote and told your Majesty in former letters, it seemed—and when I wrote I believed—that I should have something to leave instead of so much to pay, yet matters have happened and fallen out in this way, and thus I find myself in my present condition. I am not grieving much over any need that may come to me, for by the mercy and goodness of God, if I had paid my debts and had nothing, I should be very rich in the pleasure of this knowledge. However, I am not without obligations to have some property, and I have very little and owe much that must be paid; and besides I have to give account both for myself and my father. My present declaration is not artifice, subterfuge, or a change of purpose from what I have previously expressed to your Majesty, as to my king and sovereign, but the truth and my earnest desire to see myself free from this burden and obligation of debt; and is intended that your Majesty might know that this least of your servants has these obligations and so little to pay them, in a country so distant and remote from his own. But leaving this in the hands of God and your Majesty, I say, Sire, that Don Ffernando set sail with the father prior upon the voyage; but, as it was late in the season, and the ship was Chinese, they put into port again, and thus I do not know if the voyage can be made and the reply received in time to advise your Majesty thereof by the ships which leave here in June, if perchance it can be made at all. Because I


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 there at present, and those who shall be sent in the future, shall be so distributed that adequate instruction may be given in all necessary districts, as doubtless can be done if all engage in the ministry for which chiefly they are sent. They are likewise sent for the conversion and instruction of the natives who are pacified and have acknowledged my service and obedience; and they shall not go elsewhere without your permission and that of the said superiors. Through the latter, you shall ascertain the results obtained in their respective districts, and their lack of instruction, in order that, having this certain knowledge, you may be able to advise me more clearly and precisely. And so that everything may be done better and with greater quietness, I charge you to maintain good relations with the superiors, so that, taking example from your harmony, those who are subordinate may also be in accord among themselves, and produce the result that I desire.

One of the things that have given rise to uneasiness among some of the religious, who have been divided among different opinions, and that have caused great doubts among the Spaniards, is the fact that the religious instruction of the newly-explored places was not looked after as it should have been; for in this regard the plan to be followed among them was explained specifically and explicitly, so that if it were observed, there could be no ground for doubt in regard to the justification of the beginning and continuing of the exploration in accord with my intention, will, and desire. Again I declare this to be that the said religious instruction must be looked after in every place pacified during your term; and that you shall not consent that it be transgressed, in whole or in part, or that


text: Author:Minamoto no Tsunenobu

title: Author:Minamoto no Tsunenobu


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 this time, to see the king, if such a thing were possible, and to offer to him certain presents together with the letter. This was written with much affection, respect, consideration, and vigor, and in it I bore in mind, as far as possible, your Majesty's holy zeal, aim, and desire for the conversion of this great kingdom. In the last part of it I referred to past events, so that in turn both matters might be discussed. The attempt was made accordingly. I purchased and collected some articles—namely, two swords well and curiously wrought and beautifully adorned in gold and silver; some articles of gold and precious stones; and some plate, although but a little. These, together with other things that we could find, approximated about eight thousand pesos or so, according to the value and appraisal made of them. All of this sum, together with the amount necessary for the voyage, I succeeded in obtaining without taking anything whatever from the royal treasury; for there was nothing there for it. I was confident that your Majesty would consider this to be for your service, and would order this sum paid, especially as it seemed fitting and of great possible importance. Although for such a matter and for one who owes so much as myself to the service of God and your Majesty, it seems small and of a mean, vile, and selfish mind, to discuss payment, yet His Divine Majesty knows that my present great need, obligations, and debts force me to say this, for I am obliged to pay out more than thirty-eight thousand pesos. And God knows that all I have and can call mine outside of the present sum, that which I shall have ready at the end of this year toward the day when God and your Majesty will be no longer served by me, and


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 Manila in the Filipinas Islands, so that they be allowed to place and possess them in the said city. And I order that no obstruction or impediment be offered to this concession or to any part of it, and that no one shall consent to place any obstruction whatever thereto, under penalty of my displeasure, and of a fine of ten thousand maravedis, to be paid to my exchequer, laid upon any person who shall act contrary to this order. Given in Aranxuez, on the twentieth day of March, one thousand five hundred and ninety-six.


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 rests on him. In this, and in all the rest, you shall maintain good relations with the latter.

The city of Manila has two hospitals, one for Spaniards, and the other for Indians. As I was informed that both were in want, and that it was desirable to preserve them, I ordered the said Gomez Perez to apply to the Spanish hospital, from the first repartimientos that should fall vacant in the said islands, enough to furnish an annual income of one thousand pesos; and to the Indian hospital, five hundred ducados, taken from the increase in the tributes of the same Indians—so that both should enjoy the said incomes as long as I should determine. Inasmuch as this is a work of so great charity, and to the service of our Lord, I charge you, immediately upon your arrival at the said city, to inspect the hospitals. You shall examine there the care and attention given to the sick; you shall endeavor to have the accounts kept with due care. You shall audit the accounts of the possessions of each hospital, by virtue of and in accordance with the decree that was sent, of which a duplicate will be given you. If the said Gomez Perez did not endow them with the above named incomes, you shall do it as soon as possible. First, you shall provide that all the necessary buildings be erected, so that the sick may have a place wherein to be sheltered and to avoid the inclemencies of the weather. I have been informed that this is especially necessary. At times when other business gives room for it, you shall attend to the inspection of the hospitals, both yourself and the auditors of the Audiencia which is about to be reëstablished. You shall do this in turn, so that when those at the head of the hospitals see the care that you take, they will fulfil


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 them in peace and justice, so that their labors may be satisfied. Therefore a most important means will be the care that you and the prelates are to observe in having divine worship celebrated with the greatest devotion and solemnity possible, at least on Easter and the holy days that the church is accustomed to solemnize and observe. You shall have especial care that the places of worship are kept in order and well served, and all this with due propriety, especially the cathedral church, inasmuch as it is the principal and archiepiscopal church, whose example must induce the same results in the other churches. Inasmuch as I was informed that things were quite to the contrary; and that the said church, besides being poorly roofed with wood and straw, was not properly served; and that it needed and lacked what it should have—a thing to which the former governors should not have consented—I charged your predecessor, Gomez Perez Dasmariñas, strictly that, immediately upon his arrival at the islands, he should have the said church rebuilt. I assigned for this work the sum of twelve thousand ducados in three parts: one from my royal exchequer, another from the encomenderos, and the third from the Indians. These said twelve thousand ducados were to be spent on the said building within four years, at the rate of three thousand ducados annually. In order that it might be done more easily, I gave an anticipatory order for two thousand ducados on the account of my third, on the treasury of Nueva España, whence the said Gomez Perez took them. Notwithstanding that he wrote to me in his last letters that the work was nearing completion, and although I think it ought to be finished now, yet, because it is in the gaze of so many enemies, idolaters,


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 their duties without any lack or neglect, or any possibility of the like. And in order that it may be known that no such lack or neglect occurs during your term of office, you shall advise me immediately of the condition in which you find the buildings of the said hospitals; the arrangements made in them in respect to administration, hospitality, treatment, and reception of the poor; and the new ordinances that you shall enact.

As I was informed that those islands were in great need of ministers of instruction, and that some Indians were dying without baptism; that, because of the same need, other islands were not being conquered and converted; and that to cause this condition to cease, it would be advisable to send religious of the orders established there—I designated and ordered one hundred and fifty-four religious to go there last year, one thousand five hundred and ninety-four, and they actually went. Although one hundred and ten others, chosen from all the said orders are going this year, nevertheless, in order that religious may be sent continually, until there is no lack of them, but a sufficient force to attend to the ministry of the preaching of the gospel, and the conversion of those heathen (which I so much desire), and so that those recently converted may be taught and instructed, I charge you to confer over this matter with the archbishop and Audiencia. You shall advise me of the number of religious, their convents, and their orders, their manner of living, and the  number whom it would be advisable to send now, the districts to which they should especially be sent, and the orders to which they should belong. In the meantime, you shall come to an understanding with all the superiors, so that all the religious


text:
Author:Yūshi Naishinnō-ke no Kii

Works

 * Shingoshūi Wakashū, as contributor
 * Senzai Wakashū, as contributor
 * Shokugosen Wakashū, as contributor
 * Shokugosen Wakashū, as contributor

title: Author:Yūshi Naishinnō-ke no Kii


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 any pacification be made by any other means or method, so that in regard to this there may be the peace and harmony among all which I desire. Putting an end to all past scruples, those already converted must receive good treatment; and those not converted must be converted with the mildness with which it is advisable that the gospel be preached and received, and the Catholic faith believed and confessed, from which the desired happiness and gain will result.

Bishop Don Fray Domingo de Salazar complained that the governors did not allow him to exercise his jurisdiction. This, he said, was one of the things that made him come here. And because it is not proper that those going now should do this, or that in the future the governors should meddle with ecclesiastical matters, as such is contrary to my will and desire, I charge you that you shall not meddle with the jurisdiction of the prelates. On the contrary you shall aid and protect them, so that they may occupy themselves with the matters which, in accordance with my ordinances and decrees, can and ought to occupy their time and attention, provided this does not oppose my royal jurisdiction. This latter it is proper that you and they preserve and respect, as well as what concerns the right of my patronage, which you shall cause to be observed according to the concession granted to the Castilian sovereigns by apostolic authority, and declared in the instruction which you will find there, which I am writing in like terms to the said prelates. Once more I charge you to maintain thoroughly good relations with the latter.

The bishop petitioned also that, in the appraisement of the revenues that were to be given to the


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 curates of Indian villages, it should be considered that the said Indians were not accustomed to pay fees for burials, marriages, or other ecclesiastical ministrations; and that it should be ordered that all the religious, in charge of and entrusted with instruction, should not collect the said fees, and that this extend also to the secular ecclesiastics. Inasmuch as he had ordered the same, under penalty of spiritual censure, and as it seemed quite proper to me, I declared and ordered that this custom be kept inviolate by both the seculars anad regulars throughout that entire district, as you will see by the decree that was despatched in accordance with this. You shall cause this to be observed and fulfilled. You shall advise me specifically of the fulfilment of this decree and its results.

It seems an inhuman thing, and contrary to all Christian charity, to have left the Indians of the Ladrone Islands without instruction, since all who go to the Philipinas make port in their lands; and since after receiving help from them, and no resistance or injuries, the governors and prelates have passed by those people without furnishing them any instruction. This is a great cause of grief, and a bad example. In order that it may be rectified, since you and the archbishop are going together, you shall examine the disposition of the land, and you shall leave there, from the religious who are sailing now, those who seem suitable for the conversion and instruction of those natives. If it seems advisable, you shall also leave with them some soldiers for their protection, and as a defense from the dangers of those barbarians, in accordance with the ordinance regarding new discoveries. You shall advise me of what is done in this.

The bishop and some of the religious were of opin-


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 red nails and tongue. The said lion shall hold in his paw a sword with guard and hilt. This coat-of-arms shall be made similar to the accompanying shield, painted as is indicated above.

I bestow these arms upon the said city of Manila, as its own, and as its appointed and recognized device, so that it may and shall bear and place them upon its banners, shields, seals, flags, and standards, and in all other parts and places desired and considered fitting, according to, and following the same form and manner as the other cities of my kingdoms to which I have given arms and device place and possess them. And by this my decree, I charge the most serene prince, Don Philipo, my very dear and well beloved son, and the kings succeeding to me, and I order the infants, prelates, dukes, marqueses, counts, and grandees; the masters, priors, commanders and sub-commanders of the orders; the governors of castles, forts, and open districts; the members of my council, and the president and auditors of the same royal audiencias; the alcaldes, constables of my house, court, and chanceries; all the councils, corregidors, asistentes, governors, veinte e cuatros, regidors, and jurors; and the knights, squires, officials, and freemen of all the cities, towns, and villages of these my kingdoms and seigniories, and of my said Indias, islands, and Tierra Firme of the Ocean Sea—both in the present and future, and each and every one of them in his jurisdiction, who shall be notified of this that they observe and regard, and cause to be observed and regarded the said grant of the said arms which I thus bestow upon the said city of


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To the reverend father in Christ, the Bishop of Nueva Segovia in the province of Cagayan, in the island of Luzon, and member of my council: Inasmuch as his Holiness at my supplication did see fit to elevate the cathedral church of Manila into a metropolitan see, and to appoint three other bishops, one of them in that city, the purpose thereof having been that there should be prelates who might care for the instruction and teaching of the Indians, the administering of the sacraments, the exercise of episcopal acts, and the visitation of their districts, all which a single prelate could not easily do; I have seen fit to inform you that, for the present, so long as affairs are undeveloped, and until a better arrangement is made, no cathedral church shall be erected in that city, nor dignities or prebends provided for. You are to dwell privately in the monastery of your order in that said city, and remain there as prelate for such time as may please you. That bishopric shall be suffragan to the archbishop of Manila, and you shall have the latter as your metropolitan bishop and shall repair to that city for the synods and other matters arranged by the canons and councils. It is my will that you shall have what is necessary for your sustenance and the main-


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 tenance of your episcopal dignities. The tithes in your district are at present to be gathered into one amount, and you are to have all that pertains to the prelates and to the prebendaries, dignitaries, and canons. In case this is not sufficient, you will repair to the officials of my royal exchequer in those islands, whom I command, upon establishment by evidence that all the aforesaid does not reach five hundred thousand maravedis yearly, that they shall grant and pay you such deficit from my royal exchequer. And with the said testimony, and with a copy of this my decree and your receipt, I order that what is thus granted and paid you be received and audited. Done in Ateca, the fifteenth of May, in the year one thousand five hundred and ninety-six.


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What you, Don Francisco Tello, knight of the order of Santiago, whom I have appointed as my governor and captain-general of the Philipinas Islands, and president of my royal Audiencia, which I have ordered to be reëstablished there, are to do in the service of God, and my own, and for the good government of those islands, is as follows:

Infinite praises must be given to our Lord, and I accordingly offer them to Him, for the great blessing that He has been pleased to grant me, inasmuch as, during the time that I by His mercy and will am king, He has chosen me as the instrument for the discovery of islands so remote and unknown; and because, after those peoples have lived for so many years in the blindness of their heathendom, the gospel has recently been published in them, the Catholic faith planted therein and received, and so many native Indians converted, who enjoy the teaching of the gospel. And thanks are due to God also for the natural expectation and hope that may and ought to exist that, by the same mercy of God, He must be pleased that the preaching of His gospel should be spread farther, and that all the other islands, of that vast archipelago, which extends through more than


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 ion that tributes could not be collected from the heathen Indians, and that the Indians could not be compelled to pay them until they were Christians. When the bishop came here, one of the matters, together with instruction, petitioned for by him was, that it should be ordered that no tributes be levied on the said heathen Indians. After conference and discussion regarding this in my Council of the Indias, in presence of the said bishop and other religious, it was resolved that tributes should be collected throughout, without any exceptions, from all the Indians who were pacified, even though they were not Christians; and that among those Indians who should not have any instruction, the portion to be applied to that purpose should upon collection be kept in a separate account for some hospitals as a means of benefit for the said Indians, and so that they may also be furnished instruction therefrom. A decree was sent in accordance with this, and its duplicate will be given you, so that after you shall have examined and understood it you shall cause its contents to be observed to the letter. And with that prudence which I expect from you, you shall see that the religious orders and the religious observe this matter. If, notwithstanding, they think that the ordinance is inadvisable and requires revision, they shall suspend revision until they have informed me thereof. They should be assured that my will in this, as in all other matters, is that all things be carried on with the most complete justification. You shall request this from them, and charge them with it in my name, in order that no disputes may arise among them for this cause or any other. Inasmuch as they all have the same aim, it is but just and necessary that they aid one another, for


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Rh branches of natural philosophy are also taught; and the whole course is crowned by the perusal of treatises on metaphysics deemed the highest attainment of the instructed scholar. Perhaps we shall not err widely if we suppose that the state of learning amongst the Musalmans of India resembles that which existed among the nations of Europe before the invention of printing.

Eighth.—In estimating the amount of intellectual ability and acquirement that might be brought into requisition for the promotion or improvement of education amongst the Mohammadan population, it may be remarked that the Persian teachers as a class are much superior in intelligence to the Bengali and Hindi teachers, but they are also much more frequently the retainers or dependents of single families or individual patrons, and being thus held by a sort of domestic tie they are less likely to engage in the prosecution of a general object. The Arabic teachers are so few that they can scarcely be taken into the account, and in the Bengal districts I did not find that any of them had attempted any form of literary composition. Among the few Arabic teachers of South Behar and Tirhoot the case was very different, four being authors of high repute for learning. With three of these I came into personal communication and they were evidently men of great mental activity and possessing an ardent thirst for knowledge. Various Persian and Arabic works of native learning given to me by the General Committee of Public Instruction for distribution were presented to these teachers and their pupils and they were not only thankfully but most greedily received. They had also a vague, but nevertheless a very strong desire to acquire a knowledge of European systems of learning, and I could reckon with confidence on receiving their co-operation in any measure which without offending their social or religious prejudices should have a tendency to gratify that desire.

There are four girls’ schools in the district, of which one, situated at Japat in the Culna thana, and superintended by the Reverend Mr. Alexander, is supported by the Ladies’ Society of Calcutta; a second, situated in the town of Burdwan, and superintended by the Reverend Mr. Linke, is supported by the same Society; a third, situated on the Mission premises in the neighbourhood of Burdwan, is supported and superintended by the Reverend Mr. Weitbrecht; and a fourth, situated in the neighbourhood of Cutwa in the thana of that name, and superintended by the Reverend William Carey of the Baptist Missionary Society, is supported by the Calcutta Baptist Society for promoting Native Female Education. In all these cases the wives of the Missionaries co-operate in the superintendence.


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 nine hundred leguas of latitude, and more than five hundred of longitude—exclusive of the great sur- rounding kingdoms of the mainland, round about those islands, namely China, Cochina, Cochinchina, Chanpa, Canboja, Sian, Patan, Joor, and others—by receiving Him and the faith, may come into the true knowledge of the faith.

Therefore, notwithstanding that all my will and desire is that, by the aid of the good spiritual and temporal government in what is explored of the said islands, and the care that must be had in the reduction of the rest, the end be attained to which the grace that God has shown me and is now showing me, constrains me so straitly; still, until He, in His infinite providence, shall dispose it, the most advisable thing is to watch carefully over the sure preservation and increase of what has been reduced and pacified at so great expense. I charge you that you strive for this end, considering the condition in which you find affairs and the great importance and advisability of bringing them to perfection and placing foundations so firm and secure that not only will there be naught to fear from the many enemies surrounding that part explored, but that it shall be preserved and increased.

Since there is nothing which will have so much influence over all affairs as the care that you are to exercise, I charge you with rigor that those new plants be instructed in the teachings of the gospel and of Christianity by the ecclesiastics whom I have sent, and am sending, for that purpose, with so great trouble and expense; and in civil and moral matters, by the temporal ministers, protecting them so that they may receive good treatment, and maintaining


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 and Mahometans, it is advisable that they should see, not only that there is no lack in this matter, but also that the church shall be an example of the solemnity of the divine ecclesiastical ceremonies, that should arouse and persuade them to enter the fold of the church. As soon as you shall have arrived at that country, you shall inspect the said church, and find out whether the building is finished. If there is anything wanting, you shall finish it. Likewise you shall see that it is provided with ornaments, chalices, crosses, and other things pertaining to its service, so that it may be fully provided with the articles for the celebration of divine worship, with the authority, pomp, and propriety suitable to the edification of the faithful, and the conversion of those who are unconverted. For this you shall make use of an additional two thousand ducados, which I ordered assigned by thirds after the completion of what pertains to the building, in accordance with the terms of the decree which shall be given you in duplicate. Besides this, you shall endeavor to furnish what is most necessary, and what you think needful and advisable, by the methods and means which appear most suitable, so that in any event this matter shall be well attended to. You shall keep me informed of the progress of the matter; and you shall send me a minute and specific report of the condition in which you find the building and edifice of the church, its service of ornaments, and everything needful for it, so that, by knowing this thoroughly, I may learn how well it is improved and placed in the condition which is fitting, and which I so much desire, in your term of office. And I charge you that you do all this with the knowledge and advice of the archbishop, since this care


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14 Provinces”. Sixteen thousand five hundred of Mr. Thomason Elementary Treatises were sold.

In 1850, the Lieutenant-Governor obtained the sanction of the Home authorities to a plan for the extension and more perfect supervision of Vernacular Education. It was proposed to afford an education suited to the wants of the agricultural classes, and hopes of permanent success were drawn from the following considerations:—

"“There are few of the agricultural classes who are not possessed of some rights of property in the soil. In order to explain and protect these rights, a system of registration has been devised, which is based on the Survey made at the time of settlement, and which annually shews the state of the property. It is necessary for the correctness of this register, that those whose rights it records should be able to consult it, and to ascertain the nature of the entries affecting themselves. This involves a knowledge of reading and writing, of the simple rules of arithmetic, and of land measurement. The means are thus afforded for setting before the people the practical bearing of learning on the safety of the rights in land, which they most highly prize, and it is hoped that when the powers of the mind have once been excited into action, the pupils may often be induced to advance further, and to persevere till they reach a higher state of intellectual cultivation.”"

But the most remarkable results have been witnessed in the Agra Jail under Dr. Walker: he began first in the Mainpuri Jail, teaching the prisoners to read from immense alphabet rolls, and to write on the black board. He next introduced his plan in 1851 into the Agra Prison. The Inspector of Prisons has reported of it—“Nothing is so conducive to the improvement of discipline as jail education.” The system of mutual instruction is adopted. They are engaged at reading, writing, and arithmetic from half-past four to half-past six Two thousand receive daily instruction, at an avergeaverage [sic] annual expense of six annas a head, or 2 pice a month! Dr. Walker gives the following account of his system:—

“To test the progress of the prisoner-pupils, voluntary examinations are held twice a month, when those who pass satisfactorily, receive as prizes the books required for the subsequent examination, and as an incentive to future application, they are furnished with certificates of good conduct, which entitles them to send a letter to their relatives and friends, and if presented on any Saturday morning within three months after date, to an interview; sometimes a little sweetmeat and fruit is distributed, and a bath in the river Jumna; or a visit to the Royal Gardens at the Taj, or Secundra, is permitted, as an additional incentive to study and good conduct.

“After having mastered the Elementary School Sheets, including the Alphabet, and the combination of the Letters, Proper Names, the Multiplication Table, and Tables of Money and Weights, &c., they are prepared for the first examination.


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 Rh “Over to England,” he said. “There is a firm in Liverpool that have advertised that they want an agent here, and I’m going over to apply for the job.”

“Can’t you do it by letter?” I asked.

“That’s just it,” said Robinson, with a chuckle, “all the other men will apply by letter. I’ll go right over myself and get there as soon or sooner than the letters. I’ll be the man on the spot, and I’ll get the job.”

He was quite right. He went over to Liverpool, and was back in a fortnight with English clothes and a big salary.

But I cannot recommend his story to my friends. In fact, it should not be told too freely. It is apt to be dangerous.

I remember once telling this story of Robinson to a young man called Tomlinson who was out of a job. Tomlinson had a head two sizes too big, and a face like a bun. He had lost three jobs in a bank and two in a broker’s office, but he knew his work, and on paper he looked a good man.

I told him about Robinson, to encourage him, and the story made a great impression.

“Say, that was a great scheme, eh?” he kept repeating. He had no command of words, and always said the same thing over and over.

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