text:
Beatty v. Kurtz/Opinion of the Court

Mr Justice delivered the opinion of the Court.

This is an appeal in a suit in equity from a decree of the circuit court of the district of Columbia, sitting for the country of Washington.

Georgetown was erected into a town by an act of the legislature of Maryland, passed in 1751, ch. 25. By subsequent acts additions were made to the territorial limits of the town; and the town was created a corporation, with the usual municipal officers, by an act of the Maryland legislature, passed in 1789, ch. 23. The charter of incorporation has been subsequently amended by congress, by various acts passed upon the subject since the cession.

In the year 1769, Charles Beatty and George F. Hawkins laid out a town, known by the name of Beatty and Hawkins's addition to Georgetown; and which is now included within its corporate limits. The lots of this addition were disposed [p579] of by way of lottery, under the direction of commissioners appointed to lay out the same, and conduct the drawing of the lottery. The books of the lottery and the plan of the lots, and a connected survey thereof, were afterwards, by act passed in 1796, ch. 54, ordered to be recorded in the clerk's office for the territory of Columbia, and copies thereof to be good evidence in all courts of law and equity in the state. Upon the original plan so recorded, one lot was marked out and inscribed with these words, "for the Lutheran church;" and this lot was in fact part of the land of which Charles Beatty was seised.

The bill was brought up by the original plaintiffs, alleging themselves to be trustees and and agents for the German Lutheran church composed of the members of the German Lutheran church of Georgetown, duly organized as such, in behalf of themselves and the members of the said church. It charges the laying out of the lot in question for the sole use and benefit of the Lutheran church, to be held by them for religious purposes and the use of the congregation, as abovementioned. That soon afterwards the lot was taken possession of by the said German Lutherans in Georgetown; who organized themselves into a church or congregation, and erected a church or house of worship thereon; and the lot was enclosed by them and a church erected thereon; and hath been kept and held by them during a period of fifty years; and hath been used as a burying ground for the members of the church, with the avowed intention of building thereon another church or place of worship, the first building erected thereon being decayed, whenever their funds would enable them so to do. That during all this period their possession has never been questioned, and the lot has been exempted from taxation as property set apart for a religious purpose. It further charges that upon the organization of the church or congregation, certain officers, called a committee and trustees, were appointed to take care of the said church, which appointments have been from time to time renewed; that in 1824 the plaintiffs were re-appointed as such, having been so appointed at former times. It further charges that Charles Beatty died about sixteen years ago, [p580] without having made any conveyance of the said lot, and that Charles A. Beatty, the defendant, is his heir, and has the title by descent; and prays that he may be compelled to convey it to them. It further charges that Ritchie, the other defendant, has unwarrantably disputed their title; and has entered upon the lot and removed some of the tomb stones erected thereon, and means to dispossess the plaintiffs and to remove the tomb stones and graves. The bill therefore prays that they may be quieted in their possession, and that a writ of injunction may issue, and for further relief.

The defendants put in a joint answer. They admitted that the lot was so marked in the plot as the bill states, and that it was Charles Beatty's intention to appropriate the same to the use of the Lutheran congregation, provided they would build thereon, within a reasonable time, a house of public worship. They deny that the German Lutherans were ever organized, as stated in the bill; or that any such church has been built; or that there has been any such possession or enclosure as the bill asserts; or that Charles Beatty ever made any conveyance of the property to transfer his title. They admit that the lot has been used as a grave yard, but not exclusively appropriated to the use of the Lutheran congregation. They admit that a building was erected thereon, but that it was used as a school house. They admit that the defendant, Beatty, is heir at law, and as such, that he claims the lot in question, and has authorized the defendant, Ritchie, to take possession thereof. They deny all the equity in the bill, as well as the authority of the plaintiffs to sue; declaring them to be mere volunteers, and demanding proof of their authority, &c.

The general replication was filed, and the cause came on for a hearing upon the bill, answer, exhibits and depositions; and the court decreed a perpetual injunction against the defendants, with costs. The appeal is brought from that decree.

Upon examining the evidence, it appears to us that the material allegations of the bill are satisfactorily established. It is proved that, shortly after the appropriation, and more [p581] than fifty years ago, the Lutherans of Georgetown proceeded to erect a log house on the lot, which was used as a church for public worship, by that denomination of Christians; and was also occasionally, and at different times since, used as a school house under their direction. That at a much later period, a steeple and bell were added to the building; that the land was used as a church yard; that a sexton appointed by Lutherans had the direction of it; that more than half of the lot is covered with graves; and others as well as Lutherans have been buried there; that the Lutherans have caused the lot to be enclosed from time to time, as the fences fell into decay, and procured subscriptions for that purpose; that the possession of the Lutherans, in the manner in which it was exercised over the lot, by erecting a house, by public worship, by enclosing the ground, and by burials, was never questioned by Charles Beatty in his life time, or in any manner disturbed until a short period before the commencement of the present suit. That Charles Beatty in his life time constantly avowed that the lot was appropriated for the Lutherans, and that they were entitled to it.

The Lutherans have constituted but a small number in the town of Georgetown; they have not been able, therefore, to maintain public worship constantly in the house so erected, during the whole period; and sometimes it has been intermitted for a considerable length of time. But efforts have been constantly made, as far as practicable, to keep together a congregation, to use the means of divine worship, and to support public preaching. The house, however, in consequence of inevitable decay, fell down some time ago; the exact period of which, however, does not appear; but it seems to have been more than forty years after its first erection. Efforts have since been made to rebuild it, but hitherto they have not been successful.

The Lutherans in Georgetown, who have possessed the lot in question, are not and never have been incorporated as a religious society. The congregation has consisted of a voluntary society, acting in its general arrangement by committees and trustees, chosen from time to time by the Lutherans belonging to it. There do not appear to have been [p582] any formal records kept of their proceedings; and there have been periods of considerable intermission in their appointment and action. There is no other proof that the plaintiffs are a committee of the congregation, than what arises from the statement of witnesses, that they were so chosen by a meeting of Lutherans, and that their appointment has always been acquiesced in by the Lutherans, and they have assumed to act for them without any question of their authority; that they are themselves Lutherans, living in Georgetown, and forming a part of the voluntary society, is not disputed.

There is decisive evidence also that the defendant Beatty has, since the decease of his father, repeatedly admitted the claim of the Lutherans to the lot, and his willingness that it should remain for them, as it had been originally appropriated. No assertion of ownership was ever made by him, until the acts were committed, which form the gravamen of the present bill.

Such are the material facts; and the principal questions arising upon this posture of the case, are; first, whether the title to the lot in question ever passed from Charles Beatty, so far at least as to amount to a perpetal appropriation of it to the use of the Lutheran church, or to the pious uses to which it has been in fact appropriated. And secondly, if so, whether it is competent for the plaintiffs to maintain the present bill.

As to the first question, it is not disputed that Charles Beatty did originally intend that this lot should be appropriated for the use of a Lutheran church in the town laid off by him. But as there was not at that time any church, either corporate or unincorporated, of that denomination in that town, there was no grantee capable of taking the same, immediately by grant. Nor can any presumption of a grant arise from the subsequent lapse of time, since there never has been any such incorporated Lutheran church there capable of taking the donation. If, therefore, it were necessary that there should be a grantee legally capable of taking, in order to support the donation in this case; it would be utterly void at law, and the land might be resumed at [p583] pleasure. To be sure, if an unincorporated society of Lutherans had, upon the faith of such donation, built a church thereon, with the consent of Beatty, that might furnish a strong ground why a court of equity should compel him to convey the same to trustees in perpetuity for their use; or at least to execute a declaration of trust, that he and his heirs should hold the same for their use. For such conduct would amount to a contract with the persons so building the church, that he would perfect the donation in their favour; and a refusal to do it would be a fraud upon them, which a court of equity ought to redress. And if the town of Georgetown had been capable of holding such a lot for such uses, there would be no difficulty in considering the town as the grantee under such circumstances; since the uses would be of a public and pious nature, beneficial to the inhabitants generally. But it does not appear that Georgetown, in 1769, or indeed until its incorporation in 1789, was a corporation, so as to be capable of holding lands as an incident to its corporate powers.

If the appropriation, therefore, is to be deemed valid at all, it must be upon other principles than those which ordinarily apply between grantor and grantee. And we think it may be supported as a dedication of the lot to public and pious uses. The bill of rights of Maryland gives validity to "any sale, gift, lease or devise of any quantity of land, not exceeding two acres, for a church, meeting or other house of worship, and for a burying ground, which shall be improved, enjoyed or used only for such purpose." To this extent, at least, it recognizes the doctrines of the statute of Elizabeth for charitable uses, under which it is well known, that such leases would be upheld, although there were no specific grantee or trustee. In the case of The Town of Pawlet vs. Clarke, 9 Cranch, 292. 331, this Court considered cases of an appropriation or dedication of property to particular or religious uses, as an exception to the general rule requiring a particular grantee; and like the dedication of a highway to the public. There [p584] is no pretence to say, that the present appropriation was ever attempted to be withdrawn by Charles Beatty during his life time, and he did not die until about sixteen years ago. On the contrary, the original plan and appropriation were constantly kept in view by all the legislative acts passed on the subject of this addition. The plan was required to be recorded as an evidence of title, and its incorporation into the limits of Georgetown had reference to it. We think then it might at all times have been enforced as a charitable and pious use, through the intervention of the government as parens patriae, by its attorney general or other law officer. It was originally consecrated for a religious purpose; it has become a depository of the dead; and it cannot now be resumed by the heirs of Charles Beatty.

The next question is as to the competency of the plaintiffs to maintain the present suit. If they were proved to be the regularly appointed committee of a voluntary society of Lutherans, in actual possession of the premises, and acting by their direction to prevent a disturbance of that possession, under circumstances like those stated in the bill, we do not perceive any serious objection to their right to maintain the suit. It is a case, where no action at law, even if one could be brought by the voluntary society, (which it would be difficult to maintain,) would afford an adequate and complete remedy. This is not the case of a mere private trespass; but a public nuisance, going to the irreparable injury of the Georgetown congregation of Lutherans. The property consecrated to their use by a perpetual servitude or easement, is to be taken from them; the sepulchres of the dead are to be violated; the feelings of religion, and the sentiment of natural affection of the kindred and friends of the deceased are to be wounded; and the memorials erected by piety or love, to the memory of the good, are to be removed so as to leave no trace of the last home of their ancestry to those who may visit the spot in future generations. It cannot be that such acts are to be [p585] redressed by the ordinary process of law. The remedy must be sought, if at all, in the protecting power of a court of chancery; operating by its injunction to preserve the repose of the ashes of the dead, and the religious sensibilities of the living.

The only difficulty is whether the plaintiffs have shown in themselves a sufficient authority, since it is not evidenced by any formal vote or writing. If it were necessary, to decide the case on this point, we should incline to think that under all the circumstances it might be fairly presumed. But it is not necessary to decide the case on this point; because, we think it one of those cases, in which certain persons, belonging to a voluntary society, and having a common interest, may sue in behalf of themselves and others having the like interest, as part of the same society; for purposes common to all, and beneficial to all. Thus, some of the parishioners may sue a parson to establish a general modus, without joining all; and some of the members of a voluntary society or company, when the parties are very numerous, may sue for an account against others, without joining all.

And upon the whole we are of opinion, that the decree of the circuit court ought to be affirmed with costs.

This cause came on to be heard on the transcript of the record from the circuit court of the United States, for the district of Columbia, holden in and for the county of Washington, and was argued by counsel; on consideration whereof, it is considered, ordered and decreed by this Court that the decree of the said circuit court in this cause be, and the same is hereby affirmed with costs.

title: Beatty v. Kurtz/Opinion of the Court


text:
User talk:Pigsonthewing/Archive 1

Welcome
— billinghurst  sDrewth  10:42, 11 January 2013 (UTC)

FWIW we are allowed to choose our own version of the template. — billinghurst  sDrewth  10:42, 11 January 2013 (UTC)
 * What would be useful is for someone to meld Botanist and Bot auth — billinghurst  sDrewth  10:48, 11 January 2013 (UTC)

Illegible text
Hi, Pigsonthewing --

I saw you recently worked on Page:Description and Use of a New Celestial Planisphere.pdf/38 and used [??] to indicate illegible characters. I'm not sure if you're aware, but we have a template illegible which serves the same purpose, and also automatically sorts the problematic page into a special tracking category of pages with illegible text.

Just a heads up about the template if you were not aware. --Mukkakukaku (talk) 19:40, 12 August 2018 (UTC)

Template:nop for terminating a paragraph at the end of a page
When we transclude pages they are joined with a "space". So when a paragraph terminates at the end of a Page: ns page, we need to stick a nop (div coded) on a new line after the paragraph to make it force a paragraph when transcluded. There is a gadget that allows one to put a "nop", on the preceding page, which is useful for when you get to any next page and see that you should have poked a "nop". Hope that helps. — billinghurst  sDrewth  06:01, 17 August 2018 (UTC)

 * Thank you, both, for your tips. Is there a single page cheat-sheet that lists such things, to aid those of us new to this method of working? Andy Mabbett ( Pigsonthewing ); Talk to Andy; Andy's edits 11:41, 17 August 2018 (UTC)

The links in the welcome message are meant to provide that, though as we are reproducing works and these works take so many different perspectives over the past 300 years, a one page representation is too tricky. Part of the reason that we patrol and look to provide a supportive environment. We take whatever positive feedback about how we can improve things. We cover NOP in four help pages, depending on your approach There may be some duplication. A smaller community focusing on transcription is not necessarily always burying its head in documentation. — billinghurst  sDrewth  02:14, 18 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Help:Beginner's guide to typography (beginning)
 * Help:Page breaks (quirkiness of joining consecutive pages of a book in a mediawiki environment on the web)
 * Help:Templates (our favoured and predominant)
 * Help:Formatting conventions (addressing miscellaneous difficulties)

 * Thank you. I saw all those, but I specifically wanted a single page cheat-sheet, akin to the one at en:w:Help:Cheatsheet (precisely to avoid "burying my head in documentation"!). I've started drafting one, at User:Pigsonthewing/Cheatsheet. Andy Mabbett ( Pigsonthewing ); Talk to Andy; Andy's edits 11:34, 18 August 2018 (UTC)
 * There really isn't one. I refer back to those pages constantly, and anything that I figure out in the meantime I put in a personal cheat sheet in my own userspace -- generally templates and things I tend to use more often but which are not included in the general documentation. And even now I am still learning about new templates -- no longer as often as I used to, of course, but often enough.
 * (In addition to the above links, I also find the WS:Style guide useful to refer back to on occasion.)
 * As an example/annecdote, I generally work on government reports related to aviation accidents, and cookbooks. I rarely have to work with poems, or with musical scores -- so when I do end up running into such things, I have to go look at the documentation and examples, and even now occasionally ask for help. (Especially with the musical scores.) But typewritten documents usually have certain kinds of quirks that I've figured out how to template around, and I've documented those in my userspace in a way that I'll remember. I probably make more use of the illegible template than most other editors just because of the types of documents I deal with. My cheat sheet would be of limited global use since the majority of our works are, well, not typewritten aviation accident reports from the early 20th century. :)
 * I would heartily recommend that you start a cheat sheet of your own in your userspace somewhere -- possibly in your sandbox unless you're using that for something else -- and put in there the templates and syntaxes and policies and other oddities that you find yourself having to look up/reference constantly, or that are the most common in the types of works that you're addressing. The works that we deal with are generally too widely varied to support a single cheat sheet, but you can always maintain your own based on your interests and the types of works that you're dealing with. --Mukkakukaku (talk) 06:20, 20 August 2018 (UTC)

Were you going to have a go at page transclusion?
I am not sure whether you are pausing at the end of a day, or thinking "now for images", or looking left and right to see what is happening. As there can be a pleasure with transcluding and (finally) seeing all that work come together, it is unusual for someone to step into the breach, well at least until a work sits at proofread for an extended period. If you were wanting some pointers, or assistance, you can pop into WS:S or just ping someone, plenty of people would be happy to show you the reins. — billinghurst  sDrewth  04:22, 20 August 2018 (UTC)

 * The latter of your three options, with the added issue of not knowing whether the images must come before anything else. Any suggestions gratefully received. Also, I have an old book which I would like to scan and upload. Where do I start? Andy Mabbett ( Pigsonthewing ); Talk to Andy; Andy's edits 10:47, 20 August 2018 (UTC)
 * As images are not everyone's speciality, it has been acceptable to leave images as problematic and allow transclusion. If marked with raw image rather than missing image, the whole page displays, and every so often Hesperian runs his bot through and uploads JP2000 images here from the scans at archive.org, which allows a cleanup for those, and their migration to Commons. Others will head over to a page like https://archive.org/stream/indickenslondon00smituoft#page/4 then magnify to the greatest level, right click and save, then cleanup from there. There is some info at Help:Digitising texts and images for Wikisource. I am no graphics expert, though I somewhat successfully (my opinion, maybe not factually supported) prod around with GIMP, and I use a locally developed script User:Inductiveload/Remove-background-colour.scm to help on image cleanup. — billinghurst  sDrewth  23:21, 20 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Re scans, it is our general recommendation that users upload to Internet Archive in best quality, and let them do their processing with their high end tools; then we import to Commons using IA-upload. If you felt that you wanted to do more leg work, there are local pages explaining what others have done. — billinghurst  sDrewth  23:24, 20 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Re transclusion, tell me/us what you would like to happen and what assistance you would like (OR if examples are needed, I could do the root page, as that usually needs a little more tinkering, and one of the chapters, and you can play from there). (Within the realms of Style guide) as I indicated, it is your contribution, and we have a practice of being guided by lead contributor, rather than us forcing the pace. While not a perfect approach, it is less confrontational and has been mostly successful, especially when someone has slaved over a work for days, months, years. — billinghurst  sDrewth  23:33, 20 August 2018 (UTC)
 * "I could do the root page... and one of the chapters" - sounds good; please do. Andy Mabbett ( Pigsonthewing ); Talk to Andy; Andy's edits 20:29, 21 August 2018 (UTC)
 * ✅ If you are a mobile app person, you may wish to have a look to see that it renders okay in that form. To also consider whether you think that the ToC and the ToI might be better with a max-width set  (we can wrap those inside ) as some ToC and the pages look better a little more compact.  You can also toggle through the [default layouts] in the left hand toolbar to see if any representation looks preferable. — billinghurst  sDrewth  23:49, 21 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Thank you again. Please check now. Andy Mabbett ( Pigsonthewing ); Talk to Andy; Andy's edits 12:57, 22 August 2018 (UTC)
 * There are subpages for the chapters, and obviously the links are not sufficiently overt. Maybe have a look at In Dickens's London/Chapter 2 and work forward.  You will see the red links at Index:Hopkinson Smith--In Dickens's London.djvu — billinghurst  sDrewth  13:14, 22 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Please try now. We seem to be missing half of the expected chapters(!), and there's an issue with text after image captions on some pages. Andy Mabbett ( Pigsonthewing ); Talk to Andy; Andy's edits 17:45, 22 August 2018 (UTC)
 * So how would I, for example, get the images I just put on c:Category:The Monk's Prophecy into IA? (Feel free to point me at an FAQ; and thanks for your lead on the Dickens book.) Andy Mabbett ( Pigsonthewing ); Talk to Andy; Andy's edits 23:39, 23 August 2018 (UTC)
 * A strong of gifs is difficult with which to play. We would ideally grab as a pdf, or find the overarching edition of "Irish Monthly". If you are stuck with a string of gifs, then I would suggest that we build an index page with an artificial page listing.  A recent example of something very simple is Index:What Can I Do^ - NARA - 534471.jpg, and for yours we would just build the respective images with the respective gifs, and each link is the corresponding page number.  Then we just use the google ocr gadget to pump out the text. — billinghurst  sDrewth  23:57, 26 August 2018 (UTC)

we also have a reasonable gadget that allows addition/input to WD from this end (use the "FRBR edition" link). The gadget still lacks some components though covers most needed components. — billinghurst  sDrewth  23:52, 21 August 2018 (UTC)

Missing images
When pages do not yet have their images; we tag them as "problematic". Marking a page as "proofread" on Wikisource implies that not only has the text been proofread for errors, but it has been formatted and images have been included. --EncycloPetey (talk) 17:12, 25 August 2018 (UTC)

If you would like help setting up the book's Table of Contents, I'd be happy to do so. --EncycloPetey (talk) 17:26, 25 August 2018 (UTC)

House style
Older books usually include a half-space on wither side of an em-dash. English Wikisource collapses that half-space, in accordance with modern typography, rather than expanding it to a full space or attempting to recreate the compacted spacing. --EncycloPetey (talk) 17:32, 25 August 2018 (UTC)

nop is used when there is a new paragraph on the following page. Normally, when pages are transcluded, the paragraph at the end of a page is assumed to continue onto the following page. So when the next page begins a new paragraph, we have to add nop on its own line at the end of the previous page to keep the software from concatenating the two paragraphs. --EncycloPetey (talk) 19:17, 25 August 2018 (UTC)

Also useful: sc (small-caps). --EncycloPetey (talk) 19:19, 25 August 2018 (UTC)

Nightingale
Hello. I was wondering if you have another source for the last page of this text (that is not Google books) where I could compare text for validation purposes where words are missing. Perhaps upload an image of the alt source you used so we can document it here? Thanks, Londonjackbooks (talk) 13:46, 17 October 2018 (UTC)
 * I found the source I used fully legible, once the contrast and gamma were adjusted. Andy Mabbett ( Pigsonthewing ); Talk to Andy; Andy's edits 21:33, 17 October 2018 (UTC)
 * Thank you. Played around with the image in Photoshop a bit and it did help significantly—almost fully legible. Londonjackbooks (talk) 03:44, 18 October 2018 (UTC)

Wikilivres page
Your edits don't correct the link; it merely breaks the link to the wrong site without establishing the correct link.

As I see it, we have two options: (1) wait for the issue to be fixed at Meta, or (2) temporarily disable all links through this template. --EncycloPetey (talk) 21:00, 26 December 2018 (UTC)

 * Try again. Andy Mabbett ( Pigsonthewing ); Talk to Andy; Andy's edits 21:00, 26 December 2018 (UTC)
 * Seems to be working now. Thanks. --EncycloPetey (talk) 21:02, 26 December 2018 (UTC)

The actual fix has gone through at meta now. --EncycloPetey (talk) 15:59, 27 December 2018 (UTC)

Author:Marcus Ward Lyon, Jr.
House style is not to use "Sr.", "Jr.", "III", etc. in Author page names, because that is not part of the individual's name. Instead we use parenthetical dates following the name to distinguish individuals with the same name (using a hyphen between the birth and death dates, not an en-dash). A redirect from the form with "Jr.", Sr.", etc can be used, but such elements should not appear in the title of the Author page itself. --EncycloPetey (talk) 20:20, 26 March 2019 (UTC)

See (e.g.) Author:Martin Luther King and Author:Richard Henry Dana (1815-1882). --EncycloPetey (talk) 20:23, 26 March 2019 (UTC)

The Nidiologist
Will you be adding articles from The Nidiologist this week? Wikisource does not host articles about works; we host copies of works. So blurb pages like this with no content are usually deleted. --EncycloPetey (talk) 18:49, 12 May 2019 (UTC)

DOI and BHL
These links don't belong on the Author pages. They should be stored on Wikidata at the data item for the publication in question, and repeating the links locally is a waste of time.

If you want to make the information available for a work that Wikisource does not yet host, one option is Wikidata edition, which will link to the Wikidata item and its links. --EncycloPetey (talk) 18:45, 18 May 2019 (UTC)

Wikisource is not a link farm. Please use Wikidata for metadata links. --EncycloPetey (talk) 19:05, 18 May 2019 (UTC)

 * Work on improving your tone; and assume good faith. Andy Mabbett ( Pigsonthewing ); Talk to Andy; Andy's edits 19:07, 18 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Feel free to follow your own advice. --EncycloPetey (talk) 19:09, 18 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Don't post here again until you have sufficiently addressed the above. Andy Mabbett ( Pigsonthewing ); Talk to Andy; Andy's edits 19:12, 18 May 2019 (UTC)

I so need to get wikidata edition to be smarter and cleverer. I started working on that and it was missing components, and I lost patience. I think that I asked Mike Peel to look at it at one time, though I would have to dig through my bits of discussions. — billinghurst  sDrewth  13:21, 10 June 2019 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure if I ever thanked you (I do so now) for your kind use of doi on the Author page here. Andy Mabbett ( Pigsonthewing ); Talk to Andy; Andy's edits 17:58, 10 June 2019 (UTC)

Author pages
I have had a look at what has been done, and it is my opinion that you are over-complicating author pages. They are not meant to be an authoritative listing of every work, and all the related detail of publisher, etc.. They are meant to be listing/find aids, a ready access place to a compilation of works, somewhere between notepad, and bibliography, not a hagiography. There is meant to be the element of simplicity and readability, so we would consider that we have a well-tried KISS principle here, at least for the primary presentations, so edition data appears in an edition. — billinghurst  sDrewth  13:19, 10 June 2019 (UTC)

That said, it would be lovely (at some point) to be able to pull from Wikidata a generated list with all the paraphernalia of published works and editions, translations, etc., and doing that via a link in the author page, or maybe a permanent regenerating standard subpage to author ns: page, though not as the primary presentation.

All that said, you obviously have a vision for what you are trying to achieve, and I don't want to have a closed-mind to what you are trying to achieve. So can you explain what it is you think that we are missing, and how the additions that you are making make things better. — billinghurst  sDrewth  13:19, 10 June 2019 (UTC)

 * As I said on the Scriptorium, "edition" pages for the individual works did not exist when I created Author:Frederick W. Lanchester; and in all but one case, they still do not. By including the publisher and publisher's location of the linked, scanned versions the works I listed, I suppose I was trying to do the same thing that you did, when you included the publisher and location in, for example, NIE link, Americana link and Collier's link and thus on the hundreds of pages on which they appear; or as you did here; or those you left here. And as I also said on Scriptorium, "I note that publisher details are often included in author pages without drama, for example: Author:Henry Eliot Howard; Author:Brooks Adams; Author:Choudhary Rahmat Ali". I'd be fascinated, by the way, to know which author page you think I made a "hagiography". Andy Mabbett ( Pigsonthewing ); Talk to Andy; Andy's edits 17:54, 10 June 2019 (UTC)
 * In case you missed this. Andy Mabbett ( Pigsonthewing ); Talk to Andy; Andy's edits 10:13, 21 June 2019 (UTC)

Images
Hi, regarding this request. I've been looking at a couple of your projects recently, and was wanting to inquire -- could I maybe be of assistance in showing you how to extract high quality scans from the Internet Archive? I have a short blog post, which contains an instructional video, aimed at just that. However, since I wrote that up I've learned a number of things, mainly how to download, convert, and optimize images from the JP2 archives that IA generally maintains. For myself, I've found that the conversion from missing image to raw image is an unnecessary and time-consuming step; once you have the right tools, it's less work to just upload the final image and link that. I've been meaning to create a new set of instructions, or screencast, now that I have a fuller understanding (since I haven't found any good overview here yet). If you're interested, that would give me a little extra motivation to get around to it "sooner rather than later." -Pete (talk) 07:23, 21 June 2019 (UTC)

Radio Times/1923/10/19/My Assault on Mount Everest and annotations
Hi. The user annotations on this work would be considered out of scope per Annotations as we are not presenting the work as produced, but your version of it. We don't treat our users as being clueless so annotating the reasonably obvious is not our style, and you could cover some by some straight wikilinks. Stick a portal statement to "Tibet" or Everest, etc. Thanks for your consideration. — billinghurst  sDrewth  14:58, 5 August 2019 (UTC)

 * That's not my reading of Annotations . Andy Mabbett ( Pigsonthewing ); Talk to Andy; Andy's edits 15:03, 5 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Really? Please show to me the unadulterated version of the text, especially in context of the published work. Please demonstrate to me that these may not be better undertaken with wikilinks to enWP, rather than annotations. Please explain to me why you think that the general user needs an explanation that Thibet and Tibet are the same, and do this in consideration of the use of a portal: ns link from the header, and in consideration of all the other works that we have at Wikisource, and whether we are going to undertake that same treatment. Thanks. There has been much discussion about annotations, and they are not our practice for good reason. — billinghurst  sDrewth  06:33, 6 August 2019 (UTC)
 * If you're telling me it's OK to use wikilinks instead of footnotes, I'm happy to use those; but early in my Wikisource career I was told not to use wikilinks. And yes, it is necessary to make clear that "Thibet" refers to what we now call Tibet  Andy Mabbett ( Pigsonthewing ); Talk to Andy; Andy's edits 12:58, 6 August 2019 (UTC)

(The) Radio Times
I noticed that you made Radio Times a redirect to The Radio Times, even though all the articles listed there are under Radio Times. Additionally, neither Wikipedia nor the modern company use the "the". Am I missing something? BethNaught (talk) 14:01, 1 September 2019 (UTC)

 * Throughout it's first decade and more - and for all the articles that are currently out of copyright - it's title was "The Radio Times". Andy Mabbett ( Pigsonthewing ); Talk to Andy; Andy's edits 20:16, 1 September 2019 (UTC)

Jannion S. Elliott
Hi Andy,

I moved the OCLC nrs (which were not linked, by the way) to the talk page of: Author:Jannion Steele Elliott. I'm not sure about this, but I recently had a conversation with User:Billinghurst. He made this advice. see: User_talk:Dick_Bos. So there is a certain difference with Wikipedia: here on Wikisource the main target is on digital copies (and especially on copies on WS, of course). That's how I understand the - partly not formalized - policy regarding author pages. But perhaps it would be good to create something like a guideline for these things. Moreover, on Wikipedia, I sometimes put the whole OCLC-stuff (and relating links) in a footnote, because it indeed does not look really decent, when you have all these links etc. in the main text.

I'm really curious to hear your opinion. Greetings, --Dick Bos (talk) 16:17, 7 October 2019 (UTC)

site style is a dash/hyphen in titles for dates
Hi. For date separations, like in author page titles Author:Edward Baines (1774-1848), it would be great if you could please use the style of a dash/hyphen. It definitely cuts down on some of the maintenance if you do it for us. Thanks. — billinghurst  sDrewth  00:37, 18 November 2019 (UTC)

local style for author pages
Hi Andy. Please reread Help:Author pages, as the style for author pages is not to use peer styles, just to use their name, and expanded as much as possible. Where disambiguation is required, to then use years of life, as known. We are comfortable with their being redirects from expected variations to the target page. Thanks. — billinghurst  sDrewth  06:34, 15 December 2019 (UTC)

Template:Uksi/paragraph
I wrote uksi and the uksi/paragraph family a while ago, and was recently updating some of it so that formatting could all be done in a stylesheet. Perhaps you could review your recent addition, and Uksi/styles.css, so that it's not relying on a lot of manual gap's? ShakespeareFan00 (talk) 23:13, 26 March 2020 (UTC)

 * uksi/paragraph and it's higher level variants, do some anchor generation, which the current manual formatting doesn't. ShakespeareFan00 (talk) 23:14, 26 March 2020 (UTC)
 * If you'd like to make a start, I'll try to follow suit. Andy Mabbett ( Pigsonthewing ); Talk to Andy; Andy's edits 17:34, 30 March 2020 (UTC)

 * Well.. Review of the stylesheet first would be good at any rate. ShakespeareFan00 (talk) 17:39, 30 March 2020 (UTC)

Index:Some Particulars of the Life and Adventures of James Guidney - third edition.pdf
The above index is no longer in 'Limbo' - now validated. --kathleen wright5 (talk) 03:43, 13 August 2020 (UTC)

 * That's very kind; thank you. Andy Mabbett ( Pigsonthewing ); Talk to Andy; Andy's edits 08:05, 13 August 2020 (UTC)

Author:Lemuel Wellman Wright
Are we certain that he is British?

I can see the American (1790-1886) ... https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/177025292/lemuel-wellman-wright He shows as being an engineer in "Massachusetts, State Census, 1865" — billinghurst  sDrewth  07:15, 9 September 2020 (UTC)

 * Wikidata has him as British; not having any other sources to hand, I followed suit. Andy Mabbett ( Pigsonthewing ); Talk to Andy; Andy's edits

PD-1923 and pd/1923 are different
Hi. PD-1923 is used when we don't have a death date and is just the simple static template. pd/1923 is used where we do have a death date and it is does the more complex jiggery pokery of displaying dynamic templates based on the year of death. Similar difference happens with PD-1996 and pd/1996. — billinghurst  sDrewth  01:06, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

 * Indeed so, and for things with such different functions, they are far too similarly - and thus incredibly badly - named, as I have pointed out previously. Andy Mabbett ( Pigsonthewing ); Talk to Andy; Andy's edits 12:20, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

completeness of new text
Hi Andy, I see the new entry on Scots is missing the section, listed in the toc "Bold Experiment, A", and the images still need modification. Near enough? CYGNIS INSIGNIS 11:20, 8 April 2021 (UTC)

 * The section is not missing; the entries in the table of contents do not match the actual chapter headings (I'll add a footnote to that effect shortly). If you have a usable source for the images (I was advised not to use the .djvu file, and those in the PDFhe, from which the former was sourced are too low quality), please point it out. Andy Mabbett ( Pigsonthewing ); Talk to Andy; Andy's edits 11:25, 8 April 2021 (UTC)
 * What is the source of the pdf, forgive me if I don't see where that is on either file. CYGNIS INSIGNIS 12:03, 8 April 2021 (UTC)
 * The source is correctly credited on Commons as being the book; as to its intermediate source, the PDF has that watermarked on each page. Andy Mabbett ( Pigsonthewing ); Talk to Andy; Andy's edits 12:06, 8 April 2021 (UTC)
 * I honestly don't see a watermark, please save me the trouble of looking by providing the url (or that I've misunderstood and you scanned it). CYGNIS INSIGNIS 12:51, 8 April 2021 (UTC)
 * I removed this as a new item on the front page for the moment. A source and image improvement, from same or other, would be an exemplar new text. CYGNIS INSIGNIS 13:31, 8 April 2021 (UTC)

Please put ToC on the root page, it makes for better e-publications. Thanks. — billinghurst  sDrewth  14:10, 10 April 2021 (UTC)

Extracting the images from a PDF
Hi!

In reference to the above, this is a ZIP of all the images in the PDF (no compression or other processing applied). You can do this yourself with  (it won't include the red watermark, because that's not an image, it's text) Some PDF viewers let you right click and save images too. Inductiveload— talk/contribs 13:33, 10 April 2021 (UTC)

Index:A biographical dictionary of modern rationalists.djvu
Just in case it is of interest, I have brought the work in, and am having my bot put in the text from the page layers. Only basics there at the moment, though will endeavour to get the framework better configured in the next few days. — billinghurst  sDrewth  15:11, 17 April 2021 (UTC)

wikidata templates
"Importing" some templates has been on my todo list for a while. The information you provided me, while grieving me to no end, also saved me a lot of other grief finding this on my own. So, thank you.

There are some other wikidata templates. As Billinghurst mentioned wdl and I started some which have been thankfully improved WD version and others listed there, for the author and version pages.

Another wikidata thing is that if the data has a main subject, then if the book does not have a wikipedia article, the Header template will pull in the wikipedia page for the main subject.

I am looking forward to the wikidata form filled Index page creator. So, thanks for the early concentrated grief!--RaboKarbakian (talk) 16:59, 3 February 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Pigsonthewing/Archive 1


text: The Garret-Window

title: The Garret-Window


text:
Page:The life of Charlotte Brontë (IA lifeofcharlotteb01gaskrich).pdf/297

 settling at Burlington, or any other place which would take them away from their father; but the small sum which they each independently possessed would enable them to effect such alterations in the parsonage-house at Haworth as would adapt it to the reception of pupils. Anne's plans for the interval were fixed. Emily quickly decided to be the daughter to remain at home. About Charlotte there was much deliberation and some discussion.

Even in all the haste of their sudden departure from Brussels, M. Héger had found time to write a letter of sympathy to Mr. Brontë on the loss which he had just sustained; a letter containing such a graceful appreciation of the daughters' characters, under the form of a tribute of respect to their father, that I should have been tempted to copy it, even had there not also been a proposal made in it respecting Charlotte, which deserves a place in the record of her life.

"Samedi, 5 9undefined.

",

"Un événement bien triste décide mesdemoiselles vos filles à retourner brusquement en Angleterre, ce départ qui nous afflige beaucoup a cependant ma complète approbation; il est bien natural qu'elles cherchent à vous consoler de ce que le ciel vient de vous ôter, en se serrant autour de vous, pour mieux


text:
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 vous faire apprécier ce que le ciel vous a donné et ce qu'il vous laisse encore. J'espère que vous me pardonnerez, Monsieur, de profiter de cette circonstance pour vous faire prevenir l'expression de mon respect; je n'ai pas l'honneur de vous connaître personellement, et cependant j'éprouve pour votre personne un sentiment de sincere vénération, car en jugeant un père de famille par ses enfants on ne risque pas de se tromper, et sous ce rapport l'éducation et les sentiments que nous avons trouvés dans mesdemoiselles vos filles, n'ont pu que nous donner une très haute idée de votre mérite et de votre caractère. Vous apprendrez sans doute avec plaisir que vos enfants ont fait du progrès très remarquable dans toutes les branches de l'enseignement, et que ces progrès sont entièrement du à leur amour pour le travail et à leur perséverance; nous n'avons eu que bien peu à faire avec de pareilles élèves; leur avancement est votre œuvre bien plus que la notre; nous n'avons pas eu à leur apprendre le prix du temps et de l'instruction, elles avaient appris tout cela dans la maison paternelle, et nous n'avons eu, pour notre part, que le faible mérite de diriger leurs efforts et de fournir un aliment convenable à la louable activité que vos filles ont puisée dans votre exemple et dans vos leçons. Puissent les éloges méritées que nous donnons à vos enfants vous être de quelque consolation dans le malheur qui vous afflige; c'est là notre espoir en vous écrivant, et ce sera, pour Mesdemoiselles Charlotte et Emily, une douce et belle récompense de leurs travaux.

"En perdant nos deux chères élèves nous ne devons


text:
Page:Cicero (Collins 1871).djvu/25

reputation as a brilliant and successful pleader, and the social influence which this brought with it, secured the rapid succession of Cicero to the highest public offices. Soon after his marriage he was elected Quæstor—the first step on the official ladder—which, as he already possessed the necessary property qualification, gave him a seat in the Senate for life. The Ædileship and Prætorship followed subsequently, each as early, in point of age, as it could legally be held. His practice as an advocate suffered no interrup-

title: Page:Cicero (Collins 1871).djvu/25


text:
Page:Principia Discordia (Loompanics Unlimited edition).pdf/96

 Gypsie: Perhaps. Later.

Occupant: You are smiling.

Gypsie: Hey, guy, later. [to Hill]: Doesn't this leave you a little schizy?

Hill: It's OK, I'm half Gemini.

Gypsie: What's the other half?

Hill: Taurus. That makes me a stubborn schizy.

Ignotius: I'm a Whale.

Occupant: I choose Satyr.

Malik: Spirits don't have signs.

Hill: A character can have a sign if I want it so.

Occupant: Well I can have a sign if I want to and screw both of you.

Malik: Come on Greg, you just think that we are your characters....

Occupant: You were inhabited by Malaclypse the Younger. He caused you to create roles and those roles are being performed by us spirits.

Ignotius: A perfectly normal pagan relationship.

Hill: Well you can look at it like that if you want to, but I created Mal2 to my specifications just as I conceived all the rest of you.

Occupant: You didn't invent Eris. She caused you to think you created the spirit of Malaclypse.

Hill: Oh bull! Besides, I changed her so much the Greeks would never recognize her.

Occupant: That's what She wanted!

Ignotius: Deities change things around all the time.

Malik: What you don't realize is that a spirit has a self identity.

Hill: Nope. A spirit is a product of definition and the one who is doing the defining around here is me. Your identity is what I say it is. Just to prove it, I'm going to change your name.


text:
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 pas vous cacher que nous éprouvons à la fois et du chagrin et de l'inquiétude; nous sommes affligés parceque cette brusque séparation vient briser l'affection presque paternelle que nous leur avons vouée, et notre peine s'augmente à la vue de tant de travaux interrompees, de tant des choses bien commencées, et qui ne demandent que quelque temps encore pour être menées à bonne fin. Dans un an, chacune de vos demoiselles eût été entièrement prémunie contre les éventualités de l'avenir; chacune d'elles acquerrait à la fois et l'instruction et la science d'enseignement; Mlle. Emily allait apprendre le piano; recevoir les leçons du meilleur professeur que nous ayons en Belgique, et déjà elle avait elle-même de petites élèves; elle perdait donc à la fois un reste d'ignorance, et un reste plus gènant encore de timidité; Mlle. Charlotte commençait à donner des leçons en français, et d'acquerir cette assurance, cet aplomb si necessaire dans l'enseignement; encore un au tout au plus, et l'œuvre était achevée et bien achevée. Alors nous aurions pu, si cela vous eût convenu, offrir à mesdemoiselles vos filles ou du moins à l'une de deux une position qui eût été dans ses gouts, et qui lui eût donne cette douce indépendance si difficile à trouver pour une jeune personne. Ce n'est pas, croyez le bien monsieur, ce n'est pas ici pour nous une question d'interet personnel, c'est une question d'affection; vous me pardonnerez si nous vous parlons de vos enfants, si nous nous occupons de leur avenir, comme si elles faisaient partie de notre famille; leurs qualités personnelles, leur bon vouloir, leur zèle extrème sont les seules causes qui


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 nous poussent à nous hasarder de la sorte. Nous savons, Monsieur, que vous peserez plus mûrement et plus sagement que nous la conséquence qu'aurait pour l'avenir une interruption complète dans les études de vos deux filles; vous deciderez ce qu'il faut faire, et vous nous pardonnerez notre franchise, si vous daignez considérer que le motif qui nous fait agir est une affection bien désinterressée et qui s'affligerait beaucoup de devoir déjà se résigner à n'être plus utile à vos chers enfants.

"Agréez, je vous prie, Monsieur, d'expression respectueuse de mes sentiments de haute considération.

"C. ."

There was so much truth, as well as so much kindness, in this letter—it was so obvious that a second year of instruction would be so far more valuable than the first, that there was no long hesitation before it was decided that Charlotte should return to Brussels.

Meanwhile, they enjoyed their Christmas all together inexpressibly. Branwell was with them; that was always a pleasure at this time; whatever might be his faults, or even his vices, his sisters yet held him up as their family hope, as they trusted that he would some day be their family pride. They blinded themselves to the magnitude of the failings of which they were now and then told, by persuading themselves that such failings were common to all men of any strength of character; for, till sad experience taught them better,


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14 tion, except that his Quæstorship involved his spending a year in Sicily. The Prætor who was appointed to the government of that province had under him two quæstors, who were a kind of comptrollers of the exchequer; and Cicero was appointed to the western district, having his headquarters at Lilybæum. In the administration of his office there he showed himself a thorough man of business. There was a dearth of corn at Rome that year, and Sicily was the great granary of the empire. The energetic measures which the new Quæstor took fully met the emergency. He was liberal to the tenants of the State, courteous and accessible to all, upright in his administration, and, above all, he kept his hands clean from bribes and peculation. The provincials were as much astonished as delighted: for Rome was not in the habit of sending them such officers. They invented honours for him such as had never been bestowed on any minister before.

title: Page:Cicero (Collins 1871).djvu/26


text:
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Rh No wonder the young official's head (he was not much over thirty) was somewhat turned. "I thought," he said, in one of his speeches afterwards—introducing with a quiet humour, and with all a practised orator's skill, one of those personal anecdotes which relieve a long speech—"I thought in my heart, at the time, that the people at Rome must be talking of nothing but my quæstorship." And he goes on to tell his audience how he was undeceived.

"The people of Sicily had devised for me unprecedented honours. So I left the island in a state of great elation, thinking that the Roman people would at once offer me everything without my seeking. But when I was leaving my province, and on my road home, I happened to land at Puteoli just at the time when a good many of our most fashionable people are accustomed to resort to that neighbourhood. I very nearly collapsed, gentlemen, when a man asked me what day I had left Rome, and whether there was any news stirring? When I made answer that I was returning from my province—'Oh! yes, to be sure,' said he; 'Africa, I believe?' 'No,' said I to him, considerably annoyed and disgusted; 'from Sicily.' Then somebody else, with the air of a man who knew all about it, said to him—'What! don't you know that he was Quæstor at Syracuse?' [It was at Lilybæum—quite a different district.] No need to make a long story of it; I swallowed my indignation, and made as though I, like the rest, had come there for the waters. But I am not sure, gentlemen, whether that scene did not do me more good than if everybody then and there had publicly

title: Page:Cicero (Collins 1871).djvu/27


text:
Page:Principia Discordia (Loompanics Unlimited edition).pdf/97

 SINISTER DEXTER: It's OK with me. Fate is fate. I never much liked "Mad Malik" anyway.

Ignotius: Besides people confused him with Joe Malik in Illuminatus.

Dexter: I sort of enjoyed the confusion part.

Occupant: Doesn't prove anything anyway.

Gypsie: That name sounds familiar. Where is it from?

Hill: ItsIt's [sic] a name I came up with in the old days and never used much. ItsIt's [sic] on page 38 of the Principia referring to Vice President Spiro Agnew. I always thought I invented it but now it sounds like a Stan Freberg name now that I think about it. It may have stuck in my preconscious memory from early TV.

Gypsie: Can you use it without his permission?

Hill: If it is his? I don't know. I hope so. It means "left right" in Latin and is a perfect name for a libertarian anarchist. Actually in my kind of art the question of what can I use freely and what can I not is a very tricky problem.

Gypsie: How do you mean?

Hill: Well, take a collage for example. Like the early one on page 36 of the Principia. Each little piece was extracted from some larger work created by some other artist and published and maybe copyrighted. I find them in newspapers and magazines mostly. Often from ads. With a collage you select and extract from your environment and then assemble into an original relationship.

The Principia itself is a collage. A conceptual collage. All of it happens simultaneously. But visually it is a montage, passing through time, like a book does.

There is a lot of pirated stuff in the Principia, especially in the margins. But also I sympathize with artists who must own and sell their works to earn a living. Art, like knowledge, should be free fodder for everyone. But it isn't. It is perplexing.

Gypsie: Where did all the things in Principia come from?

Hill: Well, a full answer would take a whole book in itself. Most of the writing credited to a name is a true person and almost always a different name means a different person. Most of the non-credited, you know,


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16 congratulated me. For after I had thus found out that the people of Rome have somewhat deaf ears, but very keen and sharp eyes, I left off cogitating what people would hear about me; I took care that thenceforth they should see me before them every day: I lived in their sight, I stuck close to the Forum; the porter at my gate refused no man admittance—my very sleep was never allowed to be a plea against an audience."

Did we not say that Cicero was modern, not ancient? Have we not here the original of that Cambridge senior wrangler, who, happening to enter a London theatre at the same moment with the king, bowed all round with a gratified embarrassment, thinking that the audience rose and cheered at him?

It was while he held the office of Ædile that he made his first appearance as public prosecutor, and brought to justice the most important criminal of the day. Verres, late Prætor in Sicily, was charged with high crimes and misdemeanours in his government. The grand scale of his offences, and the absorbing interest of the trial, have led to his case being quoted as an obvious parallel to that of Warren Hastings, though with much injustice to the latter, so far as it may seem to imply any comparison of moral character. This Verres, the corrupt son of a corrupt father, had during his three years' rule heaped on the unhappy province every evil which tyranny and rapacity could inflict. He had found it prosperous and contented: he left it exhausted and smarting under its wrongs. He met his impeachment now with considerable confidence.

title: Page:Cicero (Collins 1871).djvu/28


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Rh The gains of his first year of office were sufficient, he said, for himself; the second had been for his friends; the third produced more than enough to bribe a jury.

The trials at Rome took place in the Forum—the open space, of nearly five acres, lying between the Capitoline and Palatine hills. It was the city market-place, but it was also the place where the population assembled for any public meeting, political or other—where the idle citizen strolled to meet his friends and hear the gossip of the day, and where the man of business made his appointments. Courts for the administration of justice—magnificent halls, called basilicæ—had by this time been erected on the north and south sides, and in these the ordinary trials took place; but for state trials the open Forum was itself the court. One end of the wide area was raised on a somewhat higher level—a kind of daïs on a large scale—and was separated from the rest by the Rostra, a sort of stage from which the orators spoke. It was here that the trials were held. A temporary tribunal for the presiding officer, with accommodation for counsel, witnesses, and jury, was erected in the open air; and the scene may perhaps best be pictured by imagining the principal square in some large town fitted up with open hustings on a large scale for an old-fashioned county election, by no means omitting the intense popular excitement and mob violence appropriate to such occasions. Temples of the gods and other public buildings overlooked the area, and the steps of these, on any occasion of great

title: Page:Cicero (Collins 1871).djvu/29


text:
Page:The life of Charlotte Brontë (IA lifeofcharlotteb01gaskrich).pdf/301

 they fell into the usual error of confounding strong passions with strong character.

Charlotte's friend came over to see her, and she returned the visit. Her Brussels life must have seemed like a dream, so completely, in this short space of time, did she fall back into the old household ways; with more of household independence than she could ever have had during her aunt's life-time. Winter though it was, the sisters took their accustomed walks on the snow-covered moors; or went often down the long road to Keighley, for such books as had been added to the library there during their absence from England.


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the end of January, the time came for Charlotte to return to Brussels. Her journey thither was rather disastrous. She had to make her way alone; and the train from Leeds to London, which should have reached Euston-square early in the afternoon, was so much delayed that it did not get in till ten at night. She had intended to seek out the Chapter Coffee-house, where she had stayed before, and which would have been near the place where the steam-boats lay; but she seems to have been frightened by the idea of arriving at an hour which, to Yorkshire notions, was so late and unseemly; and taking a cab, therefore, at the station, she drove straight to the London Bridge Wharf, and desired a waterman to row her to the Ostend packet, which was to sail the next morning. She described to me, pretty much as she has since described it in "Villette," her sense of loneliness, and yet her strange pleasure in the excitement of the situation, as in the dead of that winter's night she went swiftly over the dark river to the black hull's side, and was at first refused leave to ascend to the deck. "No passengers might sleep on


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18 excitement, would be crowded by those who were anxious to see at least, if they could not hear.

Verres, as a state criminal, would be tried before a special commission, and by a jury composed at this time entirely from the senatorial order, chosen by lot (with a limited right of challenge reserved to both parties) from a panel made out every year by the prætor. This magistrate, who was a kind of minister of justice, usually presided on such occasions, occupying the curule chair, which was one of the well-known privileges of high office at Rome. But his office was rather that of the modern chairman who keeps order at a public meeting than that of a judge. Judge, in our sense of the word, there was none; the jury were the judges both of law and fact. They were, in short, the recognised assessors of the prætor, in whose hands the administration of justice was supposed to lie. The law, too, was of a highly flexible character, and the appeals of the advocates were rather to the passions and feelings of the jurors than to the legal points of the case. Cicero himself attached comparatively little weight to this branch of his profession;—"Busy as I am," he says in one of his speeches, "I could make myself lawyer enough in three days." The jurors gave each their vote by ballot,—'guilty,' 'not guilty,' or (as in the Scotch courts) 'not proven,'—and the majority carried the verdict.

But such trials as that of Verres were much more like an impeachment before the House of Commons than a calm judicial inquiry. The men who would have to try a defendant of his class would be, in very

title: Page:Cicero (Collins 1871).djvu/30


text:
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 Deserving also of special praise was his exactness in every duty, no matter how trivial, and his constant attendance at the classes, in spite of all difficulties and of his long walk to the school. He was by no means a robust or vigorous boy, and this going to and from school, a distance of nearly three miles each way, would in itself be ample proof of his assiduity in his studies. But during that year, 1852–1853, he showed signs of weakness and general failing health, so that his parents decided on a change of abode. I was disappointed at losing so promising a pupil, to whom I had become attached, but I had expected to lose him, for I had seen that his delicate constitution was beginning to give way under the strain; and when I heard later on that he was to go to the Oratory at Turin, I was quite satisfied, as I knew he would there have the opportunity for the cultivation of his rare intellect and piety."

Such is the account given by the master of his class.

title: Page:Life of Dominic Savio.djvu/35


text:
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Rh few cases, honest and impartial weighers of the evidence. Their large number (varying from fifty to seventy) weakened the sense of individual responsibility, and laid them more open to the appeal of the advocates to their political passions. Most of them would come into court prejudiced in some degree by the interests of party; many would be hot partisans. Cicero, in his treatise on 'Oratory,' explains clearly for the pleader's guidance the nature of the tribunals to which he had to appeal. "Men are influenced in their verdicts much more by prejudice or favour, or greed of gain, or anger, or indignation, or pleasure, or hope or fear, or by misapprehension, or by some excitement of their feelings, than either by the facts of the case, or by established precedents, or by any rules or principles whatever either of law or equity."

Verres was supported by some of the most powerful families at Rome. Peculation on the part of governors of provinces had become almost a recognised principle: many of those who held offices of state either had done, or were waiting their turn to do, much the same as the present defendant; and every effort had been made by his friends either to put off the trial indefinitely, or to turn it into a sham by procuring the appointment of a private friend and creature of his own as public prosecutor. On the other hand, the Sicilian families, whom he had wronged and outraged, had their share of influence also at Rome, and there was a growing impatience of the insolence and rapacity of the old governing houses, of whose worst qualities the ex-governor of Sicily was a fair type. There were many reasons which would

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 board," they said, with some appearance of disrespect. She looked back to the lights and subdued noises of London—that "Mighty Heart" in which she had no place—and, standing up in the rocking boat, she asked to speak to some one in authority on board the packet. He came, and her quiet simple statement of her wish, and her reason for it, quelled the feeling of sneering distrust in those who had first heard her request; and impressed the authority so favourably that he allowed her to come on board, and take possession of a berth. The next morning she sailed; and at seven on Sunday evening she reached the Rue d'Isabelle once more; having only left Haworth on Friday morning at an early hour.

Her salary was 16l. a year; out of which she had to pay for her German lessons, for which she was charged as much (the lessons being probably rated by time) as when Emily learnt with her and divided the expense; viz., ten francs a month. By Miss Brontë's own desire, she gave her English lessons in the classe, or school-room, without the supervision of Madame or M. Héger. They offered to be present, with a view to maintain order among the unruly Belgian girls; but she declined this, saying that she would rather enforce discipline by her own manner and character than be indebted for obedience to the presence of a gendarme. She ruled over a new school-room, which had been built on the space in the play-ground adjoining the house. Over that First Class she was surveillante at all hours; and henceforward she was called Mademoiselle Charlotte,


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T would seem that Divine Providence had designed to make it clear to Dominic that this world is truly a land of exile, where, like pilgrims, we are always moving from place to place; or it may have been that it was in order to make him known in several districts, that his virtues might be displayed in each.

As has been mentioned, it was towards the close of the year 1852 that Dominic's parents found that their boy's health would necessitate another change of abode, and this time they went to Mondonio, a village not far away from Castelnuovo. Here again we find that nothing but the most edifying reports are given of Dominic. It will not be necessary to quote a full account given by his master at Mondonio, for it repeats the good points mentioned by his former master at Murialdo. Attention will be drawn only to certain facts of particular importance.

The priest in question, writes: "I can state, without hesitation, that during my twenty years

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 experience with boys never met one to equal Savio in frank and genuine piety. He was gifted, too, with a wisdom beyond his years; and his diligence, application and affability, made him a favourite both with masters and companions. When I noticed him in church his recollection was such as to fill me with wonder; his manner and attitude suggested the thought: "Here is an innocent soul to whom the delights of heaven are opened, and who by his piety soars aloft to the company of the angels in Heaven."

The following incident is worthy of special record:

"One day a serious offence had been committed by certain pupils of mine, and the guilty ones, when found, were to be expelled. The culprits thought out several expedients in order to escape the punishment, and at last settled on the plan of accusing Dominic of the offence. I very naturally refused entirely to believe that Dominic would be capable of any such thing, but the story and accusation were so skilfully put together, that it had all the semblance of truth and conviction.

When I entered the school in the morning, prepared to deal with the matter, I was in an indignant frame of mind, and spoke in general terms to the class. Then I turned to Savio and spoke very severely to him, telling him that he

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20 lead Cicero to take up such a cause energetically. It was a great opening for him in what we may call his profession: his former connection with the government of Sicily gave him a personal interest in the cause of the province; and, above all, the prosecution of a state offender of such importance was a lift at once into the foremost ranks of political life. He spared no pains to get up his case thoroughly. He went all over the island collecting evidence; and his old popularity there did him good service in the work.

There was, indeed, evidence enough against the late governor. The reckless gratification of his avarice and his passions had seldom satisfied him, without the addition of some bitter insult to the sufferers. But there was even a more atrocious feature in the case, of which Cicero did not fail to make good use in his appeal to a Roman jury. Many of the unhappy victims had the Roman franchise. The torture of an unfortunate Sicilian might be turned into a jest by a clever advocate for the defence, and regarded by a philosophic jury with less than the cold compassion with which we egardregard [sic] the sufferings of the lower animals; but "to scourge a man that was a Roman and uncondemned," even in the far-off province of Judea, was a thought which, a century later, made the officers of the great Empire, at its pitch of power, tremble before a wandering teacher who bore the despised name of Christian. No one can possibly tell the tale so well as Cicero himself; and the passage from his speech for the prosecution is an admirable specimen both of his power of pathetic narrative and scathing denunciation.

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 by M. Héger's orders. She continued her own studies, principally attending to German, and to Literature; and every Sunday she went alone to the German and English chapels. Her walks too were solitary, and principally taken in the alleé défendue, where she was secure from intrusion. This solitude was a perilous luxury to one of her temperament; so liable as she was to morbid and acute mental suffering.

On March 6th, 1843, she writes thus:—

"I am settled by this time, of course. I am not too much overloaded with occupation; and besides teaching English, I have time to improve myself in German. I ought to consider myself well off, and to be thankful for my good fortunes. I hope I am thankful; and if I could always keep up my spirits, and never feel lonely, or long for companionship, or friendship, or whatever they call it, I should do very well. As I told you before, M. and Madame Héger are the only two persons in the house for whom I really experience regard and esteem, and, of course, I cannot be always with them, nor even very often. They told me, when I first returned, that I was to consider their sitting-room my sitting-room also, and to go there whenever I was not engaged in the school-room. This, however, I cannot do. In the day-time it is a public room, where music masters and mistresses are constantly passing in and out; and in the evening, I will not, and ought not to intrude on M. and Madame Héger and their children. Thus I am a good deal by myself, out of school-hours;


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 but that does not signify. I now regularly give English lessons to M. Héger and his brother-in-law. They get on with wonderful rapidity; especially the first. He already begins to speak English very decently. If you could see and hear the efforts I make to teach them to pronounce like Englishmen, and their unavailing attempts to imitate, you would laugh to all eternity.

"The Carnival is just over, and we have entered upon the gloom and abstinence of Lent. The first day of Lent we had coffee without milk for breakfast; vinegar and vegetables, with a very little salt fish, for dinner; and bread for supper. The Carnival was nothing but masking and mummery. M. Héger took me and one of the pupils into the town to see the masks. It was animating to see the immense crowds, and the general gaiety, but the masks were nothing. I have been twice to the D.'s." (those cousins of Mary's of whom I have before made mention). "When she leaves Bruxelles, I shall have nowhere to go to. I have had two letters from Mary. She does not tell me she has been ill, and she does not complain; but her letters are not the letters of a person in the enjoyment of great happiness. She has nobody to be as good to her as M. Héger is to me; to lend her books; to converse with her sometimes, &c.

"Good-bye. When I say so, it seems to me that you will hardly hear me; all the waves of the Channel heaving and roaring between must deaden the sound."


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Alternanthera.] base into a membranous cup, with or without intervening staminodia; anthers 1-celled. Ovary orbicular or obovoid; style short or almost wanting; stigma capitellate or rarely 2-fid; ovule solitary, pendulous from an elongated basal funicle. Utricle compressed, ovoid or orbicular or obcordate; margins often thickened or winged. Seed vertical, lenticular; testa coriaceous.

1. A. sessilis, R. Br. Prodr. 417.—A prostrate or decumbent herb. Stems numerous from the root, branched, creeping and rooting, sometimes ascending at the tips, 4–18 in. long, glabrous or with 2 opposite pubescent lines. Leaves variable in size, ½–3 in. long, linear-lanceolate to linear-oblong or oblong-obovate, obtuse or acute, narrowed to the base, entire or obscurely denticulate, glabrous or pubescent in the axils. Flowers aggregated in dense axillary clusters ¼–⅓ in. diam. minute, whitish, about $1⁄12$ in. long. Perianth-segments glabrous, rigid, acute. Stamens 2–3. Utricle broadly obcordate, with broad corky wings.—''Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 212; Handb. N.Z. Fl.'' 234. A. denticulata, ''R. Br. Prodr. 417; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 367; Raoul, Choix, 43; Benth. Fl. Austral.'' v. 249.

Annual or perennial herbs or shrubs, usually succulent and fleshy, sometimes covered with a mealy scurf. Leaves alternate or very rarely opposite, simple, sometimes wanting, exstipulate. Flowers small, regular, hermaphrodite or unisexual, often dimorphic, variously disposed but usually sessile and clustered, clusters often aggregated into dense or interrupted spikes or panicles. Bracts often wanting, when present herbaceous, not scarious. Perianth inferior, 3–5-lobed or -cleft, herbaceous, persistent, imbricate. Stamens 4–5, rarely fewer, hypogynous or perigynous; filaments subulate or filiform; anthers 2-celled. Ovary superior, 1-celled; style-branches 2–3, either free or united at the base; ovule solitary, basal or lateral, amphitropous. Fruit usually a utricle, rarely a berry, enclosed in the persistent perianth, which is often enlarged or fleshy. Seed horizontal or vertical, testa crustaceous; albumen present and farinaceous or wanting; embryo curved or annular or spiral.

A widely spread order, found in all climates, but most plentiful in maritime or saline localities. Genera 80; species between 500 and 600, often difficult of discrimination. The order includes the sugar-beet and mangold, two plants of great commercial importance; also the garden-beet, the spinach,


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 b. Motherwell's printed copy has these variations: 11. It is talked, it is talked; a variation found in the MS.

31. O when … loud, loud cry.

32. an arrow frae thy bow.

41, cauld and dead.

51. loud, loud cry.

61. has houkit.

62. babie.

71. came hame.

72, dancing mang them a': this variation also in the MS.

91, 101. There are.  "I have heard the 'Broom blooms bonnie' sung by our poor old nursery-maid as often as I have


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 From the tone of this letter it may easily be perceived that the Brussels of 1843 was a different place from that of 1842. Then she had Emily for a daily and nightly solace and companion. She had the weekly variety of a visit to the family of the D.'s; and she had the frequent happiness of seeing Mary and Martha. Now Emily was far away in Haworth—where she, or any other loved one, might die, before Charlotte, with her utmost speed, could reach them, as experience, in her aunt's case, had taught her. The D.'s were leaving Brussels; so, henceforth, her weekly holiday would have to be passed in the Rue d'Isabelle, or so she thought. Mary was gone off on her own independent course; Martha alone remained—still and quiet for ever, in the cemetery beyond the Porte de Louvain. The weather, too, for the first few weeks after Charlotte's return, had been piercingly cold; and her feeble constitution was always painfully sensitive to an inclement season. Mere bodily pain, however acute, she could always put aside; but too often ill-health assailed her in a part far more to be dreaded. Her depression of spirits, when she was not well, was pitiful in its extremity. She was aware that it was constitutional, and could reason about it; but no reason prevented her suffering mental agony, while the bodily cause remained in force.

The Hégers have discovered, since the publication of "Villette," that, at this beginning of her career as English teacher in their school, the conduct of her pupils was often impertinent and mutinous in the highest degree. But of this they were unaware at the


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 time, as she had declined their presence, and never made any complaint. Still, it must have been a depressing thought to her at this period, that her joyous, healthy, obtuse pupils, were so little answerable to the powers she could bring to bear upon them; and though, from their own testimony, her patience, firmness, and resolution, at length obtained their just reward, yet, with one so weak in health and spirits as she was, the reaction after such struggles as she frequently had with her pupils, must have been very sad and painful.

She thus writes to her friend E.:—

"April, 1843.

"Is there any talk of your coming to Brussels? During the bitter cold weather we had through February, and the principal part of March, I did not regret that you had not accompanied me. If I had seen you shivering as I shivered myself, if I had seen your hands and feet as red and swelled as mine were, my discomfort would just have been doubled. I can do very well under this sort of thing; it does not fret me; it only makes me numb and silent; but if you were to pass a winter in Belgium, you would be ill. However, more genial weather is coming now, and I wish you were here. Yet I never have pressed you, and never would press you too warmly to come. There are privations and humiliations to submit to; there is monotony and uniformity of life; and, above all, there is a constant sense of solitude in the midst of numbers. The Protestant, the foreigner, is a solitary being, whether


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 as teacher or pupil. I do not say this by way of complaining of my own lot; for though I acknowledge that there are certain disadvantages in my present position, what position on earth is without them? And, whenever I turn back to compare what I am with what I was—my place here with my place at Mrs. 's for instance—I am thankful. There was an observation in your last letter which excited, for a moment, my wrath. At first, I thought it would be folly to reply to it, and I would let it die. Afterwards, I determined to give one answer, once for all. 'Three or four people,' it seems, 'have the idea that the future épouse of Mademoiselle Brontë is on the Continent.' These people are wiser than I am. They could not believe that I crossed the sea merely to return as teacher to Madame Héger's. I must have some more powerful motive than respect for my master and mistress, gratitude for their kindness, &c., to induce me to refuse a salary of 50l. in England, and accept one of 16l. in Belgium. I must, forsooth, have some remote hope of entrapping a husband somehow, or somewhere. If these charitable people knew the total seclusion of the life I lead, that I never exchange a word with any other man than Monsieur Héger, and seldom indeed with him, they would, perhaps, cease to suppose that any such chimerical and groundless notion had influenced my proceedings. Have I said enough to clear myself of so silly an imputation? Not that it is a crime to marry, or a crime to wish to be married; but it is an imbecility, which I reject with contempt, for women, who have neither fortune nor beauty, to


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 deserved to be expelled, and it was only because it was the first offence he had been guilty of, that he would not be sent away; but that if ever the like occurred again, expulsion would certainly follow. Dominic might have very easily shown that he was entirely innocent, but he made no reply. He hung down his head, as one who was deservedly reproved, and made no attempt at clearing his character.

But it is seldom God's way to let the innocent remain under the cloud of calumny, and on the very next day the culprits were discovered. Deeply regretting now the harsh terms of the reproof I had made to the boy, I sent for him and said: "Why did you not tell me that you had had nothing to do with it?" He replied in his usual candid manner: "I knew that the guilty boy was already under threat of expulsion for other things, but I hoped to be forgiven, since it was the first act of misconduct ever imputed to me at school. I also remembered that Our Lord had been unjustly accused."

At this reply I was silent; I somehow felt that there was nothing more to be said; not only the masters, but the whole school admired this act of generous resignation to suffering and insult on behalf of others, especially at the risk of being humiliated and disgraced.

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Rh but a small arrow but carries even to the sky. And at his back is a little golden quiver, but in it lie the keen shafts with which he ofttimes woundeth e’en me. And cruel though all this equipage be, he hath something crueller far, his torch; ’tis a little light, but can set the very Sun afire.

Let any that shall take him bind and bring him and never pity. If he see him weeping, let him have a care lest he be deceived; if laughing, let him still hale him along; but if making to kiss him, let him flee him, for his kiss is an ill kiss and his lips poison; and if he say ‘Here, take these things, you are welcome to all my armour, then let him not touch those mischievous gifts, for they are all dipped in fire.” Rh


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Index talk:The English and Scottish Popular Ballads, Volume 01.djvu

Quick notes
 —CalendulaAsteraceae (talk • contribs)
 * Use straight quotes
 * Use ppoem for verse in the main text
 * Use  or just   for verse in footnotes; if there is also text in the footnotes, wrap the verse in
 * Use  and
 * Use asc for volume numbers like "The Heart of Mid-Lothian, vol., ch. 10"
 * Format section headers like so:  and subheaders like so:
 * Use  and   to mark passages in Scots
 * Use  for the smaller rules and   for the section-divider rules (width and margins are handled in index CSS)
 * Use ordered list and fine block for the notes at the beginning of a section
 * Use block center and smaller block for the notes at the beginning of a ballad version:
 * For examples, see
 * page 185 of part 1
 * page 259 of part 3 for endnotes


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HE matter contained in the following chapters is based upon more personal and complete evidence, for almost all the incidents occurred under my own notice, and also in the presence of a large number of boys who are unanimous in their attestation of them.

It was in 1854 that Fr. Cugliero, the priest who relates the incidents mentioned in the foregoing chapter, came to see me about a pupil of his. "Here in your Oratory," he said, "there might possibly be boys equal to him, but I can safely assert that there is none to excel him; in fact you will find him to be another St. Aloysius."

At that time I used to take my boys occasionally to Murialdo. It was a little country place, where a short time was spent for the benefit of enjoying the country air and open life; and there we usually made the Novena in preparation for, and celebrated the Feast of the Holy Rosary. It was accordingly arranged that while I was at Murialdo, Dominic should be brought over from Mondonio to see me.

It was therefore at Murialdo, on the first Monday

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 make marriage the principal object of their wishes and hopes, and the aim of all their actions; not to be able to convince themselves that they are unattractive, and that they had better be quiet, and think of other things than wedlock."

The following is an extract from one of the few letters which have been preserved, of her correspondence with her sister Emily.

"May 29, 1843.

"I get on here from day to day in a Robinson-Crusoe-like sort of way, very lonely, but that does not signify. In other respects, I have nothing substantial to complain of, nor is this a cause for complaint. I hope you are well. Walk out often on the moors. My love to Tabby. I hope she keeps well."

And about this time she wrote to her father.

"June 2nd, 1843.

"I was very glad to hear from home. I had begun to get low-spirited at not receiving any news, and to entertain indefinite fears that something was wrong. You do not say anything about your own health, but I hope you are well, and Emily also. I am afraid she will have a good deal of hard work to do now that Hannah" (a servant-girl who had been assisting Tabby) "is gone. I am exceedingly glad to hear that you still keep Tabby" (considerably upwards of seventy). "It is an act of great charity to her, and I do not think it will be unrewarded,


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 in October 1864, that I became acquainted with Dominic Savio. He was accompanied by his father, and as they came up to speak to me, I noticed his pleasant, but respectful manner, and something in his demeanour fixed my attention upon him. When he came up I put a question to him, to which he answered: "I am the boy of whom Fr. Cugliero has spoken to you. I have come with my father from Mondonio.

We walked together and I questioned him about his studies, and his desires for the future, and we were immediately on the most friendly and confidential terms. I may say that I at once recognised a boy after God's own heart, and I could not help being struck by the workings of grace, already manifest in one of such tender years.

After some minutes conversation, and before I could turn aside to speak to his father, he said to me: "Well, what do you think of the matter; will you take me to Turin to study?" I replied that I thought there was very good material to work upon. "And what do you think you can make of it?" Seeing that he fully grasped my meaning I said: "Something beautiful and acceptable to God." To this he replied:

"Then I must be the material and you are to fashion it; take me with you therefore." "But," I said, "I am afraid that your delicate health would

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 not stand the strain of much study." "I don't think we need fear on that point," he said. "God has given me health and every assistance till now, and He will surely help me in the future." I then asked him what he thought of doing when his preliminary course was finished. To this he replied: "If I could hope for such a favour from God, I ardently desire to become a priest." "Very well," I replied; "now I want to see whether you are able to learn quickly; take this little book and study this page of it; to-morrow I shall see if you know it."

I then sent him to see the other boys and to join in their games, while I talked to his father. But a little surprise awaited me, for hardly ten minutes had elapsed when Dominic came back, and said with his usual pleasant manner: "If you like, I will recite that page to you now." I took the book in some astonishment, and this only increased when he recited the page by heart, and could explain any passage in it. "Well done," I said, "as you have anticipated your lesson, I shall anticipate my answer. I will take you to Turin and you will be one of my chosen boys; you must now pray that God will help both you and me to do His Holy Will."

Not knowing how to express his great gratitude he took my hand, and said: "I hope my behaviour will never give you cause for complaint."

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may be ascertained from Dion Cassins's account of the appearance of Boadicea, Queen of the Iceni. Her light hair fell down her shoulders. She wore a torque of gold, a tunic of several colours, all in folds, and over it, fastened by a fibula or brooch, a robe of coarse stuff.

and the less civilized tribes that inhabited the interior, as we have already .stated on the authority of Cæsar, went simply clad in skins The hide of the brindled or spotted ox was generally preferred, but some wore the ysgyn, which was the name for the skin of any wild beast, but more particularly the bear; while others assumed the sheepskin cloak, according as they were herdsmen, hunters, or shepherds. That, in the absence of more valuable fastenings, the cloak was secured, as amongst the ancient Germans, by a thorn, we have tolerable evidence in the fact of this primitive brooch being still used in Wales.

There remains another class to be considered—

It was divided into three orders. The Druids, the Bards, and the Ovates. The dress of the druidical or sacerdotal order was white, the emblem of holiness and peculiarly of truth. The Welsh bard Taliesin calls it "the proud white garment which separated the elders from the youth.

The bards wore a one-coloured robe of sky-blue, being emblematical of peace; thus another bard, in


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 for she is very faithful, and will always serve you, when she has occasion, to the best of her abilities; besides, she will be company for Emily, who, without her, would be very lonely."

I gave a devoir, written after she had been four months under M. Héger's tuition. I will now copy out another, written nearly a year later, during which the progress made appears to me very great.

"31 Mai, 1843.

"Napoléon naquit en Corse et mourut à St. Hélène. Entre ces deux îles rien qu'un vaste et brûlant désert et l'océan immense. Il naquit fils d'un simple gentilhomme, et mourut empereur, mais sans couronne et dans les fers. Entre son berçeau et sa tombe qu'y a-t-il? la carrière d'un soldat parvenu, des champs de bataille, une mer de sang, un trône, puis du sang encore, et des fers. Sa vie, c'est l'arc en ciel; les deux points extrêmes touchent la terre; la comble lumineuse mesure les cieux. Sur Napoléon au berceau une mère brillait; dans la maison paternelle il avait des frères et des sœurs; plus tard dans son palais il eut une femme qui l'aimait. Mais sur son lit de mort Napoléon est seul; plus de mère, ni de frère, ni de sœur, ni de femme, ni d'enfant!! D'autres ont dit et rediront ses exploits, moi, je m'arrête à contempler l'abandonnement de sa dernière heure!


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 The ornaments of the Britons, like those of the Gauls, consisted of rings, bracelets, armlets, a collar or necklace of twisted wires of gold or silver, called torch or dorch in British, and peculiarly a symbol of rank and command. The ancient Lord of Yale was called Llewellyn am Dorchog, or Llewellyn with the Torques. The one here represented is of brass, and was found on the Quantoc Hills. So fond, indeed, were the Britons of ornaments of this kind, that those who could not procure them of the precious metals wore torques of iron, "of which they were not a little vain " The ring, according to Pliny, was worn on the middle finger.

Fig. a, a torque of brass found on the Quantoc Hills, and engraved in the Archæologia, vol. xiv.; b, an ornament of brass; c, a bracelet ; d, an annular ornament of bronze for fastening the mantle, Archæologia, vol. xxii. pi. 25, but therein called a bracelet; e, a piece of British earthenware, Archaeologia, vol. xxi. Appendix.


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Rh square block of wood. Lifting it up, she found great heaps of milkweed pods, kept from springing open by the pressure of the earth against them. She rejoiced in this too. There was enough of the milkweed to make a bed for herself. She covered the bed with her old dress, which she had kept all this time in case she should need it. Never was such a soft bed seen. In the burrow she also built several shelves of boards, and on these she heaped up more cordary berries and their seeds, which were just beginning to come.

The next day was the last of November. In the morning Eepersip, after a long sleep in the burrow, woke up to find the world white with the first snow. The entrance of the tunnel was placed at Such an angle that never a flake found its way down in Eepersip was delighted; she danced and skipped about, with the chipmunk at her heels.

The next day it stopped snowing, and the sun came out, shining dimly. Every snow-crystal sparkled like a diamond. Eepersip and the chipmunk dashed across the meadow and looked far, far down. Though ordinary eyes could not have seen to the end of this mass of glittering whiteness, Eepersip's could, and beyond all the icicles and snowflakes she saw the river calmly shining, blue as the sky. In its rippling surface Eepersip could

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 "Il est là, exilé et captif, enchaîné sur un écueil. Nouveau Promethée il subit le châtiment de son orgueil! Promethée avait voulu être Dieu et Créateur; il déroba le feu du Ciel pour animer le corps qu'il avait formé. Et lui, Buonaparte, il a voulu créer, non pas un homme, mais un empire, et pour donner une existence, une âme, à son œuvre gigantesque, il n'a pas hésité à arracher la vie à des nations entières. Jupiter indigné de l'impiété de Promethée le riva vivant à la cime du Caucase. Ainsi, pour punir l'ambition rapace de Buonaparte, la Providence l'a enchaîné jusqu'a ce que mort s'en suivit, sur un roc isolé de l'Atlantique. Peutêtre là aussi a-t-il senti lui fouillant le flanc cet insatiable vautoursvautour [sic] dont parle la fable, peutêtre a-t-il souffert aussi cette soif du cœur, cette faim de l'âme, qui torturent l'exilé, loin de sa famille, et de sa patrie. Mais parler ainsi n'est-ce pas attribuer gratuitement à Napoléon une humaine faiblesse qu'il n'éprouva jamais? Quand donc s'est-il laissé enchaîner par un lien d'affection? Sans doute d'autres conquérants ont hésité dans leur carrière de gloire, arrétés par un obstacle d'amour ou d'amitié, retenus par la main d'une femme, rappelés par la voix d'un ami—lui, jamais! Il n'eut pas besoin comme Ulysse, de se lier au mât du navire, ni de se boucher les oreilles avec de la cire; il ne redoutait pas le chant des Sirènes—il le dédaignait; il se fit marbre et fer pour exécuter ses grands projets. Napoléon ne se regardait pas comme un homme, mais comme l'incarnation d'un peuple. Il n'aimait pas; il ne considérait ses amis et ses proches que comme des instruments auxquels il tint, tant qu'ils