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June 1917

''"Good-bye, Bill!" he called out in a high, cheerful, almost banteringly tone, flinging up his hands as the crash came.''

HEN I consented to accompany my old friend, Lenny Briscom, on the trial trip of his new runabout, it was not because I was braver than my fellows. It was rather that I lacked courage to refuse. And although one and all is of my fellow townsmen declared that nothing could have induced them to accept his invitation, I knew better.

Every one always did as Uncle Lenny wanted. He was far and away the most popular man in Harmony Centre, the peaceful Canadian town in which we lived. And yet I find that the word popular calls up a vision of a politician talking himself into favour, or of one who canvasses a town for its good opinion, so I should rather say Uncle Lenny Briscom was our best-beloved citizen.

He was as unobtrusive as a sunbeam, and almost as silent, much of his conversation consisting of nods and understanding looks. On only one or two epoch-marking occasions had I seen him excited and aid him indulge in his one profanity, "Great Crimson Christopher!"

When his small, shambling figure appeared on the street, he was greeted with affection by all ranks of our society. Had he expressed a desire for such an office, to a man and with one voice, we would have proclaimed him Mayor of Harmony Centre; nay, we would have done more; we would gladly have loan him our lawn-mower—supreme test of devotion. But Uncle Lenny, who could have asked all, wanted nothing. Was this his secret?

My niece, Pinky Patterson, who is highly educated, and dabbles in what she calls "the occult," corners me sometimes and tells me curious tales of clairvoyance, mesmerism, hypnotism, and such new-fangled notions; but, as far as I can judge, Len Briscom leaves all those fellows out of sight. The pictures which Pinky shows me of famous hypnotists represent these uncanny chaps as being of what a novelist calls "a majestic mien," their hair abundant and curly, and their eye so magnetic and terrible that even a lion would quail before it.

Uncle Lenny is not like that. He has no more presence than a wisp of hay or a dried-up leaf. He buys his clothes, ready-made, at the Harmony Centre Emporium, and nature has not built him for ready-mades. The pockets of his coat always come down too low, the knees of his trousers are too near his ankles, and altogether too much of his trousers legs go to waste and have to be turned up at the bottom. As for hair! If, in some sentimental mood, he gave a lock to a friend, what was left would not be worth combing!

But his eye! With such an eye, why should he need to talk? An eye that an angel might have coveted—not piercing or dominating, but limpid, confiding, candid as a child's, and yet with the exceeding wise and sombre look an infant sometimes brings with him as he comes from far, far places. It was of the purest and most celestial blue I have ever seen in a human head. Such a charm was in his glance, that strangers were attracted to the silent little man, children followed him as though he were the Pied Piper; and Dan Pinson, town drunkard and brawler, of whom even our policeman was afraid, he had so tame that he would have eaten from his hand.

So who was I, that I could refuse when Uncle Lenny beamed beguilingly and coaxed, "Come on, Bill; come out fora little spin! Aw, come on!"

Exaggerated as it may seem, I would have followed the quaint figure in the ready-mades to Kamchatka; or even stepped aboard a Zeppelin steered by Len, and bound for the Kaiser.

Plinky Patterson says it was my Karma—I am not educated, like her; I am not up on metaphysics, if that's what you call 'em. I am only a Presbyterian, a Liberal, and a Registrar of Deeds, so I can only say if Karma had taken the shape of my next-door neighbour, Simpson Cutter, he would have got the cold shoulder.

I was under no delusion as to Lenny's mechanical ability. In Harmony Centre we know all about each other. Our system made the Bertillon, or vat other, seem careless. If any Eugene Aram had sought to hide a guilty secret in Harmony Centre, Pikesville, Cranberry Corners, or anywhere near our neighbourhood, I would have said, "In vain, in vain, Eugene; try somewhere else!"

Household tasks which the rest of us take for granted we must do—although loathing them—he shirked—screens, double-windows, stove-pipes, etc.—until some one else did it for him. Once, to my knowledge, he spent a whole morning putting a fastening on his gate, and then he had put the staple on the gate and the hook on the post! Of course I changed it for him and said nothing, and he never even noticed! Need I say more?

I am very fond of Lenny Briscom. Except for Pinky, who calls me a "cushiony old dear," (whatever she may mean by that) I have no one else I am so drawn to. My wife abhors sentiment and insists on all the world being "sensible." She is always reminding me, "A man of your years—"

Uncle Lenny is the only man in Harmony Centre who calls me "Bill." I insist on "Mr. Plumpty," or "William." When one has the outline and gait of a fat robin, it takes a lot of dignity to counterbalance Plumpty; but I let Len, unrebuked, call me "Bill" in public, and even submit to "Old Hundred" when he is in affectionate mood and we are alone.

So I stepped aboard the car of destiny. As we zig-zagged down the main street of ey, Centre, we had the right-of-way. Grocery teams ducked hastily into alleys; people fled to shop steps; children scattered from the road like partridges; and the Baptist minister drove into the hotel yard. And yet from the Hon. W. P. V. Sprague, our Liberal member, came hearty greeting.

"Good for you, Briscom," and Dan Pinson waved an inebriated arm and shouted, "Doin' fine, Uncle Lenny!"

I am not brave; perhaps I am too fat. I do not plan to be heroic, but respectable. I am, as I said, a Registrar of Deeds, a position not demanding physical prowess, so I have no shame in confessing that before I had been in that predestined machine five minutes, I was in a cold funk; another five minutes and my scalp was crawling with horror; I could have shrieked aloud, but my tongue was paralyzed. I sat, incapable of motion.

T was just thirty minutes and twenty-three seconds, as computed by our local mathematician, when the climax came. At first we had been on the level, marking the dusty road on the bias as we went, but now, behold us approaching Sky Hill, a short, steep, twisty hill, at its foot a bridge spanning Trout Brook, a wide, brawling stream. On either side the road fell away sharply into deep gullies leading down to the brook.

Afterward, when I asked Lenny why he had not turned to the West, where the road was level, he said simply, "I thought I did steer to the right," and I had no heart to reproach him.

Our speed seemed to increase every second. Trees, horses, cattle, farmyards flew past us in a streak; we jumped, we skidded, we biased, we thumped over bridges and the boards flew up, we struck the top of Sky Hill with a bang, and, for the first time conscious of my companion, I heard him say in a voice of curdling terror, and the words seemed not he but seared on my brain:

"Great Crimson Christopher! She has run amuck!"

ALF way down the hill he moaned, "Oh, my poor wife!" Then at the far end of the bridge, where the crash came, a second later, he flung up his hands and called out in a high cheerful tone, almost banteringly:

"Good-by Bill!"

A long, long silence.

When I awoke, I looked into the leather face of old Dr. Ketchum. I was in my own bed. I had sense enough to recognize the familiar, gay log-cabin quilt.

"How are you now, Mr. Plumpty?" the old man asked in his professional tone, which was not at all the same he used when trading horses. He was born to be a horse-dealer, but circumstances had made him a doctor.

I meant to say, that I had not had time to find out, but to my astonishment replied in an accent of concentrated horror:

"Great Crimson Christopher! She has run amuck!"

My wife drew near, anxiety in her eye.

"Oh, William! Do you know me?"

With an exceeding "patness" I groaned, "Oh, my poor wife!"

Then I realized that dear little Pinky was hovering over my pillow, her eyes full of tears, her rosy cheeks pale.

"Dear Uncle," she whispered, and kissed my cheek.

I tried to say, "Cheer up, Pink!" but heard a voice, the identical high, courageous, cheerful note of Uncle Lenny, but yet issuing from my own throat, call banteringly, "Good-bye, Bill!"

Then I fainted dead away.

Although not noticed by me at the time, Len Briscom had been an anxious watcher over my unconsciousness. Of course he was comparatively unhurt. What could hurt an autumn leaf? I believe Uncle Len simply floated into safety, although he explains it this way: The bank of the road, just where we crashed into the end of the bridge, fell down into a deep roadway leading to the creek, where teamsters drove their horses down to drink. A canny countryman, coming toward us with a load hay, had seen our eccentric approach. Deciding that not even all the road was too much for us, he hastily started to drive down to the creek. Uncle Lenny was tossed lightly into the air and fell like a bird into the cosy nest Providence had prepared for him. I was flung into the creek, and if you think that a soft couch, just try it!

I was cut about the face and head, bruised from head to foot, and when I came to myself, I was one big ache and unable to move. But this was not serious. The real injury was in the shock, which left me absolutely unable to speak, except to utter the three sentences which had been bitten into my consciousness as if with a hot iron:

"Great Crimson Christopher! She has run amuck!"

"Oh, my poor wife!"

"Good Bye, Bill!"

RADUALLY this awful state of affairs became known to our own circle, first to myself—too tired and collapsed to care much for awhile—and then to my wife, Pinky, and poor Len, who looked like a broken-hearted ghost, and to Dr. Ketchum.

The old. doctor was, as he said, "Kerfoozled." He had no past experience to guide him.

Pinky says he understands horses intuitively, but humans only instinctively, and mostly merely professionally. My, that girl is educated!

Nerves he held in contempt. He recognized only two diseases, consumption and rheumatism, both incurable, and I could not be classified with either. So he could only say that perhaps time would restore my speech when I had gone long enough past the event for the shock to fade from my mind. So, by-and-by, when his famous Ketchum's Spavin Cure had limbered up my stiff body, he departed.

I sat in my large, pleasant room, cheered by the companionship of Pinky Patterson and Len, and tried to wait patiently and woo back my lost speech.

Love—wonderful love—teaches wisdom; and I have thought since that I was saved much agony of mind by the courageous, outspoken, matter-of-fact way in which Pink and Lenny spoke of my case. They refused to see Tragedy, even when her black wings were flapping over us.

I was provided with a slate and pencil. I found I could think as clearly and express myself in writing as readily as ever. It was as though the cords of speech were frozen to all other ideas, and responded only to a three-fold suggestion. No matter what I meant to say, it could not assume enough importance in my mind to dominate my speech, and so the three sentences came forth, or rather, one at a time, and always in their original order. They bad marked the three stages of a drama. Pinky took a keen interest in my case—what I might call a professional interest—as she read volumes on nervous diseases, but confessed she could not find a case just like mine. I could have said, like Emerson, (Continued on page 42.)


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102 covertly studying signs. "Well," he presently said, "in view of the very great interest combined with the very great rarity, more than—ah more than can be estimated off-hand."

It made Lord Theign turn round. "But a fine Moretto has a very great rarity and a very great interest."

"Yes—but not on the whole the same amount of either."

"No, not on the whole the same amount of either!"—Mr. Bender judiciously echoed it. "But how," he freely pursued, "are you going to find out?"

"Have I your permission, Lord Theign," Hugh brightly asked, "to attempt to find out?"

The question produced on his lordship's part a visible, a natural anxiety. "What would it be your idea then to do with my property?"

"Nothing at all here—it could all be done, I think, at Verona. What besets, what quite haunts me," Hugh explained, "is the vivid image of a Mantovano—one of the glories of the short list—in a private collection in that place. The conviction grows in me that the two portraits must be of the same original. In fact I'll bet my head," the young man quite

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text: Index:Peterson's Magazine 1850.pdf

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Rh ardently wound up, "that the wonderful subject of the Verona picture, a very great person clearly, is none other than the very great person of yours."

Lord Theign had listened with interest. "Mayn't he be that and yet from another hand?"

"It isn't another hand"—oh Hugh was quite positive. "It's the hand of the very same painter."

"How can you prove it's the same?"

"Only by the most intimate internal evidence, I admit—and evidence that of course has to be estimated."

"Then who," Lord Theign asked, "is to estimate it?"

"Well"—Hugh was all ready—"will you let Pappendick, one of the first authorities in Europe, a good friend of mine, in fact more or less my master, and who is generally to be found at Brussels? I happen to know he knows your picture—he once spoke to me of it; and he'll go and look again at the Verona one, he'll go and judge our issue, if I apply to him, in the light of certain new tips that I shall be able to give him."


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104 Lord Theign appeared to wonder. "If you 'apply' to him?"

"Like a shot, I believe, if I ask it of him—as a service."

"A service to you? He'll be very obliging," his lordship smiled.

"Well, I've obliged him!" Hugh readily retorted.

"The obligation will be to me"—Lord Theign spoke more formally.

"Well, the satisfaction," said Hugh, "will be to all of us. The things Pappendick has seen he intensely, ineffaceably keeps in mind, to every detail; so that he'll tell me—as no one else really can—if the Verona man is your man."

"But then," asked Mr. Bender, "we've got to believe anyway what he says?"

"The market," said Lord John with emphasis, "would have to believe—that's the point."

"Oh," Hugh returned lightly, "the market will have nothing to do with it, I hope; but I think you'll feel when he has spoken that you really know where you are."

Mr. Bender couldn't doubt of that. "Oh, if he gives us a bigger thing we won't complain.


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Rh Only, how long will it take him to get there? I want him to start right away."

"Well, as I'm sure he'll be deeply interested"

"We may"—Mr. Bender took it straight up—"get news next week?"

Hugh addressed his reply to Lord Theign; it was already a little too much as if he and the American between them were snatching the case from that possessor's hands. "The day I hear from Pappendick you shall have a full report. And," he conscientiously added, "if I'm proved to have been unfortunately wrong!"

His lordship easily pointed the moral. "You'll have caused me some inconvenience."

"Of course I shall," the young man unreservedly agreed—"like a wanton meddling ass!" His candour, his freedom had decidedly a note of their own. "But my conviction, after those moments with your picture, was too strong for me not to speak—and, since you allow it, I face the danger and risk the test."

"I allow it of course in the form of business."

This produced in Hugh a certain blankness. "'Business'?"


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106 "If I consent to the inquiry I pay for the inquiry."

Hugh demurred. "Even if I turn out mistaken?"

"You make me in any event your proper charge."

The young man thought again, and then as for vague accommodation: "Oh, my charge won't be high!"

"Ah," Mr. Bender protested, "it ought to be handsome if the thing's marked up!" After which he looked at his watch. "But I guess I've got to go, Lord Theign, though your lovely old Duchess—for it's to her I've lost my heart—does cry out for me again."

"You'll find her then still there," Lord John observed with emphasis, but with his eyes for the time on Lord Theign; "and if you want another look at her I'll presently come and take one too."

"I'll order your car to the garden-front," Lord Theign added to this; "you'll reach it from the saloon, but I'll see you again first."

Mr. Bender glared as with the round full force of his pair of motor lamps. "Well, if you're ready to talk about anything, I am. Good-bye, Mr. Crimble."


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Rh "Good-bye, Mr. Bender." But Hugh, addressing their host while his fellow-guest returned to the saloon, broke into the familiarity of confidence. "As if you could be ready to 'talk'!"

This produced on the part of the others present a mute exchange that could only have denoted surprise at all the irrepressible young outsider thus projected upon them took for granted. "I've an idea," said Lord John to his friend, "that you're quite ready to talk with me."

Hugh then, with his appetite so richly quickened, could but rejoice. "Lady Grace spoke to me of things in the library."

"You'll find it that way"—Lord Theign gave the indication.

"Thanks," said Hugh elatedly, and hastened away.

Lord John, when he had gone, found relief in a quick comment. "Very sharp, no doubt—but he wants taking down."

The master of Dedborough wouldn't have put it so crudely, but the young expert did bring certain things home. "The people my daughters, in the exercise of a wild freedom, do pick up!"


text:
Author:James Smith (1605-1667)

Works

 * Wits Recreations selected from the finest Fancies of Moderne Muses (1640)
 * Musarum Deliciæ, or the Muses' Recreation (1655)
 * Wit Restor'd. In severall Select Poems, not formerly publish't. (1658)
 * Merrie Newes from Epsom Wells (1663) (attribution uncertain)

title: Author:James Smith (1605-1667)


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108 "Well, don't you see that all you've got to do—on the question we're dealing with—is to claim your very own wild freedom? Surely I'm right in feeling you," Lord John further remarked, "to have jumped at once to my idea that Bender is heaven-sent—and at what they call the psychologic moment, don't they?—to point that moral. Why look anywhere else for a sum of money that—smaller or greater—you can find with perfect ease in that extraordinarily bulging pocket?"

Lord Theign, slowly pacing the hall again, threw up his hands. "Ah, with 'perfect ease' can scarcely be said!"

"Why not?—when he absolutely thrusts his dirty dollars down your throat."

"Oh, I'm not talking of ease to him," Lord Theign returned—"I'm talking of ease to myself. I shall have to make a sacrifice."

"Why not then—for so great a convenience—gallantly make it?"

"Ah, my dear chap, if you want me to sell my Sir Joshua!"

But the horror in the words said enough, and Lord John felt its chill. "I don't make a point of that—God forbid! But there are


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Rh other things to which the objection wouldn't apply."

"You see how it applies—in the case of the Moretto—for him. A mere Moretto," said Lord Theign, "is too cheap—for a Yankee 'on the spend.'"

"Then the Mantovano wouldn't be."

"It remains to be proved that it is a Mantovano."

"Well," said Lord John, "go into it."

"Hanged if I won't!" his friend broke out after a moment. "It would suit me. I mean"—the explanation came after a brief intensity of thought—"the possible size of his cheque would."

"Oh," said Lord John gaily, "I guess there's no limit to the possible size of his cheque!"

"Yes, it would suit me, it would suit me!" the elder man, standing there, audibly mused. But his air changed and a lighter question came up to him as he saw his daughter reappear at the door from the terrace. "Well, the infant horde?" he immediately put to her.

Lady Grace came in, dutifully accounting for them. "They've marched off—in a huge procession."


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110 "Thank goodness! And our friends?"

"All playing tennis," she said—"save those who are sitting it out." To which she added, as to explain her return, "Mr. Crimble has gone?"

Lord John took upon him to say, "He's in the library, to which you addressed him—making discoveries."

"Not then, I hope," she smiled, "to our disadvantage!"

"To your very great honour and glory." Lord John clearly valued the effect he might produce. "Your Moretto of Brescia—do you know what it really and splendidly is?" And then as the girl, in her surprise, but wondered: "A Mantovano, neither more nor less. Ever so much more swagger."

"A Mantovano?" Lady Grace echoed, "Why, how tremendously jolly!"

Her father was struck. "Do you know the artist—of whom I had never heard?"

"Yes, something of the little that is known." And she rejoiced as her knowledge came to her. "He's a tremendous swell, because, great as he was, there are but seven proved examples"


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Rh "With this of yours," Lord John broke in, "there are eight."

"Then why haven't I known about him?" Lord Theign put it as if so many other people were guilty for this.

His daughter was the first to plead for the vague body. "Why, I suppose in order that you should have exactly this pleasure, father."

"Oh, pleasures not desired are like acquaintances not sought—they rather bore one!" Lord Theign sighed. With which he moved away from her.

Her eyes followed him an instant—then she smiled at their guest. "Is he bored at having the higher prize—if you're sure it is the higher?"

"Mr. Crimble is sure—because if he isn't," Lord John added, "he's a wretch."

"Well," she returned, "as he's certainly not a wretch it must be true. And fancy," she exclaimed further, though as more particularly for herself, "our having suddenly incurred this immense debt to him!"

"Oh, I shall pay Mr. Crimble!" said her father, who had turned round.

The whole question appeared to have


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112  in Lord John a rise of spirits and a flush of humour. "Don't you let him stick it on."

His host, however, bethinking himself, checked him. "Go you to Mr. Bender straight!"

Lord John saw the point. "Yes—till he leaves. But I shall find you here, shan't I?" he asked with all earnestness of Lady Grace.

She had an hesitation, but after a look at her father she assented. "I'll wait for you."

"Then a tantôt!" It made him show for happy as, waving his hand at her, he proceeded to seek Mr. Bender in presence of the object that most excited that gentleman's appetite—to say nothing of the effect involved on Lord John's own.

 IX

, when he had gone, revolved—it might have been nervously—about the place a little, but soon broke ground. "He'll have told you, I understand, that I've promised to speak to you for him. But I understand also


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{{c|{{xx-larger block|THE RHYTHM OF HEALTH}}}

By }}

"This is a graceful and natural position of the body in repose," Miss Allan remarks of his very beautiful position.

NE of the broadest visioned of all the nature dancers who practise the translation of music into motion is Maud Allan, a most charming Canadian, born in Toronto.

Those who witness her interpretation of life, through rhythmic movement, cannot help but recognize the obvious, that always Miss Allan will remain a girl, even although she demurely confesses to memories of having lived and danced in the Syracusan groves of Sicily, more than two hundred years before Christ

The essence of youth is one with her whole life and being, for she is young in the spirit of æsthetic ages; an inheritance which has come down to her out of the cloud-curtained realms of Mythology, even from Cybele herself, daughter of Earth and Sky, who taught dancing to the gods and goddesses in the Fairyland of Myth, at a time when the world was in the momentous throes of Creation.

Blessed with so rich a spiritual inheritance from other centuries, it is not at all difficult to understand how Miss Allan so fully and delightedly experiences the youthful joy of living, having a soul attuned to the heart-song of the world and to the rhythmic movements of the later Hieratic dances of Egypt, which 2500 years B.C. so beautifully interpreted the Music of the Spheres and the harmonic progression of the Stars, and which, centuries after, the Greek, Simonides, so felicitously characterized as "silent poetry."

Miss Allan would have the whole world enjoy with her the practice of natural dancing, to the end of attaining to a more complete and perfect life; a life of more exquisite spiritual beauty, of higher physical development and strength, of more exalted artistic ideals, of greater moral, mental, and physical stamina.

"Every one should dance," says Miss Allan, "but in the free, spontaneous spirit of the Greeks, giving vent to self-expression. This fever can be accomplished through the medium of modern ballroom dances, which are, for the most part, hideous. They inspire no worthy emotions, because they are based on decadent dances of inferior races.

"Much more can be accomplished," she declares, "by teaching children than adults whose prejudices and conventionalities must be overcome. Dancing, therefore, should hold a prominent place in school life. Adults could be reached by community dancing, where the spirit of emulation and fellowship would enter, as in community singing.

"The necessity for music and art in the lives of people cannot be exaggerated," continued Miss Allan. "It can be scientifically demonstrated that even a gramaphone by its vibrations changes the rate of vibration temporarily of those who are listening, and this modification of themselves (if the music is not base) is beneficial, It helps to shake from off their feelings and thoughts all that is of a lowering nature. It cleanses the mind and feelings, just as soap and water does the body, thus uplifting the moral standard, expanding the intellect, and making man more apiritual, That, according to Christian teaching, is why man is on earth: that he may grow more spiritual.

"In an age long prior to the Aryan race, humanity first expressed music. The rhythm—the music—of the spheres was then, as it still is, inherent in everything, animate and inanimate, just as everything is subject to the laws of gravitation. Quite naturally, therefore, bodily music—or dancing—was the first attempt at expressing impressions, so far as art is concerned.

"Going back tens of thousands of years, we find that Thoth, the wonderful Egyptian teacher, gave an impetus to dancing, and this dancing, combined with the reverence of the Greek artists for Thoth, whom they called Hermes, was the inspiration for that marvellous music in stone—ancient Greek sculpture—which never since has been surpassed.

"Dancing flourished greatly under the wonderful influence of Orpheus, whom I believe to have been a real man and not merely a myth. Orpheus was a great world-teacher, who came as the 'artist' to sound the note of harmony and establish a mighty reservoir of beauty that has since fed the artistic veins of Europe, bursting into expression whenever we have given it a chance by creating an atmosphere conducive to it. The reverence and the spirit of worship of the early Christians found expression in the beautiful Cathedrals which decorate Europe.

USIC and dancing are the appropriate and normal methods of expression of the whole community, but systems and theories of expression must be made subservient to spontancity, which is the Divine spark in us seeking outlet.

"As for myself," went on Miss Allan, "I believe that in one of my previous incarnations I danced in ancient Greece, and I want to do what I can to bring back its message to the Twentieth Century. I hope soon to give Revival Dances based on the old Greek style and in the real spirit of ancient Greece, but with some improvements on the antique. These Revival Dances will be for the whole community. My plan now is to reproduce a part of ancient Greece. I intend to secure the co-operation of five or ten thousand people who feel the same way, and we shall endeavour to entertain, on a colossal scale, upwards of 20,000 people daily, by giving them’ glimpses of the life that many of them lived in past incarnations.

"Merely as a matter of physical exercise, I believe Greek dancing is far more beneficial than calisthenics, because of the element of joy which so largely eaters into the former, but which has no place in the dull routine of the latter.

"If proof were wanting of the importance that the Greeks attached to dancing. It may be found throughout the pages of Plato's 'Republic,' where it is prescribed as one of the principal branches of education. All the dances of antiquity took their derivation from the four dances referred to by Plato; and among them, what more idyllic than that known as Caryatis, the dance sacred to Diana, danced by noble Spartan maidens in the forest near Caryae? It was the Dance of Innocence, danced naked around the altars of the goddess, and their chaste rites have been immortalized in our modern architecture by the pillars which are known to us as 'Caryatides.'

"Sparta, again, was the home of another dance sacred to Diana, the Hormos, a kind of farandole instituted by Lycurgus to inculcate in the youths and maidens, who danced it without draperies, the fearless modesty which was the boast of the Spartan national character. Even in such early days, there were those in whom nudity in women awoke base thoughts, and to whom Lycurgus replied, 'I wish them to perform the same exercises as men, that they may equal men in strength, health, virtue, and generosity of soul, and that they may learn to despise the opinion of the vulgar.'

"The youth of Greece were educated to the dance principally with a view to the exercise and training of their muscles, although the æsthetic and artistic influence of the nature dancing practised by the Spartans was by no means overlooked."

T may well be noted in passing, that Lycurgus planned to have so normally developed and made pliable the abdominal muscles of the Spartan girls through the medium of the Greek or "natural" form of dancing, that when they came to be mothers they might experience painless, or, at least, less painful, childbirth. And if some of the available records may be depended on as accurate, he almost, if not quite, attained his purpose. The wife of one of the most noted directors of physical education in the United States declares that as a result of living as much and as nearly as possible an out-door life, a la Sparta (while conforming, of course to modern conventions as to draperies) from early girlhood to the present, she actually has attained to that greatly desired boon—painless childbirth.

This remarkable woman, herself a notable figure in the field of physical education, as directed to the proper physical development of girls, personally told me that because of long and continual practice of such natural exercises she had experienced no discomfort whatever at any period before, nor mentionable pain or exhaustion the time of childbirth. "And all because," she said, "when on my long extended outings in the open. I discarded, as nearly as consistent with the conventions, the burdensome hamper of clothes, and thus as much as possible exposed my body to the free play of the sun, the wind, and the rain of the great out-of-doors, dancing with playful, joyous abandon along the streams and through the woods and fields." This experience-wise woman's creed in physical culture is to "take only such exercise—for the sake of exercise—as is pleasing, naturally, spontaneously, without restraint, without set 'method' or regulating formula—simply the doing of some physical exercise as play, or, in other words, just because you want to do it; and natural dancing comes very near to being the ideal form for such exercise, for we do that for (Continued on page 50)


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 —and most nobly do you aim at truth, when you philosophize about it in your moods and passions.

Nor is it to be imagined, for the same reason, I should stop to enquire, whether love is a disease,—or embroil myself with Rhasis and Dioscorides, whether the seat of it is in the brain or liver;—because this would lead me on, to an examination of the two very opposite manners, in which patients have been treated—the one, of Aætius, who always begun with a cooling glyster of hempseed and bruised cucumbers;—and followed on with thin potations of water lillies and purslane—to which he added a pinch of snuff, of the herb Hanea;—and where Aætius durst venture it,—his topaz-ring.

—The other, that of Gordonius, who (in his cap. 15. de Amore) directs


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 they should be thrashed, "ad putorem usque,"—till they stink again.

These are disquisitions, which my father, who had laid in a great stock of knowledge of this kind, will be very busy with, in the progress of my uncle Tobys affairs: I must anticipate thus much, That from his theories of love, (with which, by the way, he contrived to crucify my uncle Tobys mind, almost as much as his armours themselves)—he took a single step into practice;—and by means of a camphorated cerecloth, which he found means to impose upon the taylor for buckram, whilst he was making my uncle Toby a new pair of breeches, he produced Gordonius's effect upon my uncle Toby without the disgrace.

What changes this produced, will be read in its proper place: all that is need-


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 ful to be added to the anecdote, is this,—That whatever effect it had upon my uncle Toby,—it had a vile effect upon the house;—and if my uncle Toby had not smoaked it down as he did, it might have had a vile effect upon my father too.

come out of itself by the bye.—All I contend for it, that I am not obliged to set out with a definition of what love is; and so long as I can go on with my story intelligibly, with the help of the word itself, without any other idea to it, that what I have in common with the rest of the world, why should I differ from it a moment before the time?—When I


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took in 158 mail bags and 342 passengers at Queenstown, and there was a good deal of confusion as the steamer headed away to the west, for we had shipped 560 passengers in all at Liverpool, and it was a pretty tight fit in the steerage. I stayed on deck till after eleven at night. 'She's going it,' I said, by way of opening conversation. 'Yes, by the hokey, she's doing sixteens now, and if the wind only comes round she'll score eighteens like a winking.'


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JUNE 1917

REAMY, and living much in the dreams she fashioned from the old romances she read, Hope Fielding lived in a world unreal, but real to her.

To her father’s lonely ranch in Alberta came three strangers talking of the railroad which was coming through; one of these, Conroy Edgerton, who had a daughter about Hope's age, sent her a box of chocolates. When the railroad did come, Mr. Fielding, who was a path maker, and not a money maker, moved back farther north.

Hope was ambitious and needed money to pay her way through the Normal School. She went to the city and engaged as housemaid in a hotel where Evan Hardy—one of the men—was boarding. Here Conroy Edgerton came and she recognized him instantly. He was interested and they met a few times.

Jim Sanderson—boarder—had been pursuing Hope for months, and finding her alone, made himself so objectionable that she knocked him down with the butt end of a revolver. Then she left the hotel.

Hope taught school and found life flat and unprofitable; she made friends with Mary Dark and Mrs. Patton, and with Allen Kirby who happened to be Edgerton's chauffeur. He took her motoring until Edgerton came—then Edgerton took her. He wanted to send her to college, but she would not decide without time to think it over.

HOPE was dressing for the Tennis dance. She had been out half the night before, and had wakened from a cat nap meant to atone for it. Now she brushed her hair and read at the same time. Her ears did not burn, though they should have. They were only pleasantly pink.

Mary Dark and Mrs. Patten were discussing her. Rather, Mrs. Patten talked and Mary listened, her sorrowful grey eyes veiled, her mouth curled at the corner.

"You should have some influence with her," mourned Mrs. Patten. "She's getting herself talked about."

"Yes, we're proving that," remarked Mary, in a detached manner. "What do you want me to do?"

"Give her a hint," said Mrs, Patten, distinctly irritated. "Eleanor Travers asked me about it only to-day. She was seen in Mr. Edgerton's automobile last week."

"She shouldn't have been seen," agreed Mary, gravely. "I'll tell her so." Mrs. Patten opened her mouth to speak, then stopped, and a tide of painful colour flowed into her face. Mary saw it, through her eyelashes, and dropped them lower.

"I will really try to," said Mary, her tones subtly altered. "Of course she's a little fool. That's why we like her—"

"Oh, yes, I know," said Mrs. Patten, thoughtfully. She was not a fool, though she might act like one on occasion. "You mean she's herself; she's different. But one has to pretend." She flushed again. "Of course I told Eleanor it was all a mistake."

"She's known Edgerton since she was a baby, almost," said Mary, twisting the truth to the comforting effect of a lie.

"Yes, we understand," said Mrs. Patten.

"Perfectly," said Mary, who did.

"It would be such a pity," went on Mrs. Patten. "People would like her, if she'd give them a chance. But she can't afford to do that sort of thing."

"That's it," agreed Mary again, with unperceived irony.

"Mr. Edgerton is so conspicuous. What is he like? Mrs. Shane told me—"

"He snubbed Cora Shane. She tried to add him to her collection. I can fancy what she told you. He's—not bad. An overgrown boy; shrewd, kind, selfish, simple, very simple. He doesn't like women who swear, and tell smoking-room stories. So Cora—"

"Of course," interrupted Mrs. Patten, with an inflection of malice. "Is it true that he doesn't live with his wife?"

"Not quite, yet," said Mary, allowing that to be interpreted as it might chance. The possible, though remote, significance of the remark in that context did not escape her. She he quietly. "Oh, yes, it might happen. In that case—Hope could afford to."

Mrs. Patten was silent, thoughtful.

"But," added Mary, meanly, "it's really the chauffeur Hope is flirting with," again making a half truth serve. It served. Mrs. Patten almost turned pale.

"Oh, that's impossible," she gasped.

"Or the automobile,” said Mary, dreamily. "Getting down to essentials, Hope is rather direct, you know."

"It was Ned who mentioned it to me," said Mrs. Patten, distinctly distressed. "He wouldn't believe it, of course."

"She must have snubbed Ned," said Mary profoundly, forgetting her audience: Mrs. Patten winced. They sat awhile in silence. Mary was thinking of the friendship between Hope and Edgerton.

It had all been under her eyes; she had watched it with a certain pity, but no desire to interfere. She knew the uselessness of attempting to deflect from any course such a secretive, yet straightforward nature as Hope's. Somewhere the girl would find an outlet. She would go through, under, or over an obstacle, softly and silently and as though unaware of opposition. There was nothing meanly obstinate about her, but in certain ways there was no approach to her, either. She would do no harm, probably; but certainly, having been born, not under a star that danced, but under a little, faint, wondering comet, she would never fall in tune with the world to the extent of establishing a fixed orbit. One must take or leave her. Which of these the world would do depended, Mary justly reflected, largely on her luck.

Mary had come to know Edgerton well. To him she was only a quizzical smile, a clever brain, deft hands. He trusted her. Sometimes he sent word to Hope through her—little notes, punctiliously unsealed. She had been unwilling, at first, but he could easily reach Hope, and it was better this way than through another, less her friend. Mary, sitting at her desk in his own office, fancied she could tell when he was thinking of Hope, and at such times, when he caught her eyes on him, he would redden slightly and pore over his letters and estimates again. Squared up to his big mahogany desk, which failed to dwarf his solid proportions, absorbed in files and legal papers, he would look the very embodiment of sanity and well-rewarded shrewdness. And presently he would give her a small, white envelope, addressed to Hope, and, putting on his hat, go out suddenly, without looking at her.

She loved the gay and gallant spirit she read into him, and it seemed, absurdly, to do with the way his hair grew off his temples and with the wrinkles that came across his nose when he laughed.

ATER, Hope would take the note, read it with quick carelessness, nod, and chatter of other things. Or she might telephone to Allen Kirby, and tell him she could not see him that evening. Then Mary would laugh, and Hope would join her very gaily. Sometimes she merely tore up the missive and said, "Oh, bother!"

The day before, she had said, as though to herself, "All right," and sat awhile thinking. Mary went away. She was not a mind-reader, or she might have remained to remonstrate. Later, she imagined Hope tearing through the night in the black and brassy eighty-horse power monster with Allen Kirby gravely at the wheel and Edgerton tangling himself up in meaningless words, trying to explain to Hope things about them both which neither understood. In reality, that young lady was curled up cross-legged on the deep-red carpeted floor of Edgerton's rooms, beside an open suit case, neatly folding an assortment of cheerful neckties and carrying on a desultory conversation with the owner of them.

"Did any one see you coming?" had been his first apprehensive question, as he closed the door sharply behind her.

"No. I guess not," she replied, carelessly. "Do you mind?"

"I?" he said, and stared at her. But he was aware of the extraordinary recklessness of women. "I don't think I should have let you come here."

"But it's cold out," she argued. "And I can't have any one where I live. Besides, I wanted to see. Your room looks like you." It did, being large and substantially comfortable, but without originality. There were no books; she commented on that, roaming about and tossing aside a newspaper or so disdainfully. She tried the big leather chairs, and presently insisted on helping him pack. He was going on the midnight train, to be absent a month or more.

T was characteristic of him to have these expensive rooms, across the hall from his offices, in the one really large and modern office building in town. He had furnished them himself; the small, rather shabby hotel annoyed him, and the expense was a matter of indifference to him. But he did think he should not have let her come. He had not. known where to see her; had asked her to appoint a place. Allen told him the car was out of order. She had suggested his office; mere hospitality had prompted this alternative. He felt rather strange when she assented immediately; he didn't know what he felt, until she entered, and then he had expressed everything in that apprehensive question. He thought of his own daughter, and he made a vow that if ever she needed him, he would stand back of her. What else could you do for a girl?

It gave him a wistful delight to see her stroll about, half tiptoe, touching this and that. When she came near him once, he put his arms about her timidly, and gave her a clumsy kiss. She squirmed away laughed, and prodded his broad chest with a slim finger. "Aren't you fat?" she teased irrelevantly. "I daresay you wouldn't feel it if I tried to beat you." But he did feel it. Good heavens, to be over forty, and have sweet-and-twenty laugh at you! Then she folded his expensive silk shirts, and socks, his innumerable ties, his fine linen handkerchiefs, with the care of a child keeping house, and made herself very busy, and said she was sorry he was going. His trunk was enormous; she said she could get into it, and proved the fact. The extent of his wardrobe filled her with frank amazement. People, she reflected, were very interesting, when one saw them thus at first hand, surrounded by the evidences of their own taste and personality. This was so unlike her own room, which was a bare little cell, with queer sketches of her own on the walls, one small battered trunk, a highly uncomfortable chair an imitation couch covered with real cushions, and a pair of Japanese clogs pathetically toeing toward each other in the centre of the room. They were always in the centre of the room, never neatly ranged against the wall. How out of place he would be there! [t made her laugh. But he broke in on her thoughts. He had been pacing up and down, lighting and throwing away cigarettes, watching her.

"Are you going to college?" he asked at last, abruptly.

Her own answer surprised her a little, for she said involuntarily: "No." And she was sorry she felt forced to say it, for he looked generously disappointed.

"Then, what can I do for you?" he asked finally.

To that she had no answer.

This refusal had crystallized suddenly in her mind, as the result of long, rather inchoate reflections on it. Dimly she perceived that college would not give her what she wanted. The end of college would be simply the end of college, not the beginning of anything else, She was seeking youth, not trying to give it up, to college or anything. What had college given to Mary? She would have read more books. She could read them anyway. She would still have her part to (Continued on page 34)


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 'It's rather thick to drive her, isn't it?' 'Thick be blowed. We ain't got to mind that much. We shall slow her down a bit if we blunder into a regular fog, but she can't spare a yard. Reckon we shall average seventeens right across.' Our talk went on till the curtain of midnight was fairly folded round us, and then I went aft to lend a hand with the log. Sure enough we were going 'sixteens,' and our progress was rather like that of a mackerel than a ship.

The enormous pulse of the engines sent great tremors from stem to stern, and at every wheeling lash of the propeller the boat thrust her way through the black mountains that came down on her, tossing their savage white crests. In the morning the gale blew harder, and the decks were almost deserted save by the few seasoned hands who came up to smoke in the alleys. It was not till the fourth day we had a fine spell of sunshine, and from the fore hatch to the spare wheel the deck was crammed with jostling lines of pale but cheerful people. I did not much like the appearance of our Liverpool lot. I had an intermediate ticket, but I wandered among the steerage company without much interruption until I happened to stumble against one of the English roughs. I begged pardon, but the surly fellow said: 'What be'est moochin' round here for? Say, Curly, see this blank swine majorin' round's zif the place b'longed to'm. I'll give you my toe, my joker, 'fore you can say knife if you come that agin!' I said: 'I've asked your pardon, my man, and I assure you it was an accident. As for your toe, I advise you not to try it on. I have a full allowance of toes and boots.' He was a fellow with that type of snake head which denotes the fighting man; his jowl was vast, the point of his jaw was covered by the strained skin which showed how he was clenching his teeth; and his evil little eyes looked venomous under his rugged, bestial brows. He said: 'Do you know who I am? I'm Jim Cormick and I'm going out to spar with the Boston Boy.' I was not much alarmed, though I saw that his fist would mark me if he got home. His friends came round, and I am bound to say that they were as unpleasant a lot as you can meet. There was no sign of discipline among the 560 steerage passengers, though it is fair to say that the foreigners behaved admirably. When a vessel hove up there was a nasty rush to the side where she could be seen, and the women had to get out of the way as best they could. The officers' uniforms cowed the most offensive of the rowdies, but I don't think the terror was very deep-seated. The after-cabin passengers were a nice lot, and I particularly admired some of the ladies who came out in their sea rig, and made the deck gay. One Englishman of distinction attracted me strangely. He had his wife and family with him, and a more beautiful group I never saw. The eldest girl was a dark beauty about eighteen years of age, and it was a pretty sight to see the father beau-ing her about. The time went by pleasantly enough with us all, but I did wish that some sort of discipline could have been established among the more blackguardly males, for their games were senseless and offensive.

On the fifth night out the moon shown beautifully, and we were surrounded by a fretwork of silver. I could not sleep for the very delight of living, and I walked up and down crooning over old rhymes under the glad mystery of the night. A sudden freak prompted me to hoist myself up from the alley, and I had a look at four of the boats. The thole-pins were laid ready, water casks made fast forward, oars lashed handily, plugs out. I counted the thwarts, and it struck me that the other four boats must be pretty big, for the four amidships were certainly small enough. At the finish I calculated that, by loading all the eight boats down lo the water's edge and packing the children along the bottom boards, we might accommodate 390 people. We were carrying 916 altogether.

The next morning at three o'clock I felt restless; so I came up, and found that we were lungeing over a long, true sea, that moved in grey hillocks under a thick haze. It was not really a fog, but it was puzzling. The look-out man sang shrilly, 'Vessel away on the starboard bow, sir.' 'All right.'


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 We steamed on, and I watched the looming ship. 'Shows his green, sir!' 'All right.' A minute after the boatswain ran swiftly aft, and said softly to the officer on the bridge: 'He's going about, sir. D—d if I know what he wants to do.' We lost sight of the vessel's green just as we cleared the big bank of haze, and then I saw that a big barque was standing right across our bows. I glanced at the mate, and saw him compress his lips; then I saw that we were edging away to port, and I knew that our man was going to shoot across the barque's bows. Distances are so deceptive that I still had no thought of nervousness till the barque suddenly shook out her square mainsail and came surging away till we saw her red light. What could one make of this? The officer yelled of a sudden, with an oath, 'Starboard, for Christ's sake, starboard!' and then, as if by magic, the cloud of canvas seemed to overtop us. I saw the officer hanging to the rail, and as I jumped on the hatches I noticed, with forlorn curiosity, that his knuckles were white. I heard a long scraunch, and then the barque bounded back a few yards, while the steamer trailed on; she came slowly into us again, and I heard her bows crashing, for she had dashed clean against the bulks of the stokehole. One shrill scream came shuddering up from the cabin—only one—then a murmur, then a hoarse burst of yelling; then a man came came up and cried, 'Oh, my God!' and then, in a wild, remorseless, ferocious crowd, the steerage men trampled up, struggling, tearing each other's clothes, cursing, praying. Some of the women battered and screamed as they tried to force the bolts of their door; then the whole crowd broke clear, and soon they were clinging to the men, praying, jabbering with notes of horrible pathos all kinds of incoherences. I ran aft, and saw the barque waver, lurch, and then sink.

I remember now observing how her masts quivered, and I heard a report like that of a heavy cannon as her hatches were thrust up by the air. A green and white mountain gleamed in the grey of the dawn, and then the ship was no more seen. The ladies from the cabin were mostly in their nightdresses, and the men also had taken no time to dress. I saw white, drawn faces, and I noticed particularly my English gentleman and his daughter. She was hanging to his arm, and I thought she was shaking convulsively, but she kept her lips tight, and only the deadly stare of her eyes flashing from the pallor of her writhing face told of her trouble. The captain rushed forward, buckling his belt as he came. He was in his shirt sleeves, and I saw the butt of a Deringer peeping from his Yankee pocket behind him. From below there came a queer sucking sound, with an occasional long gurgle, and I saw that the vessel seemed to 'hang' as the seas met her. The second officer, who was a smart man, had passed a spare sail over the side, and I knew he wanted to reeve it under her, but he might just as well have tried to stop the middle arch of London Bridge. The engines were still kept going, but the deck slanted, slanted steadily, and the list to starboard reached an angle that made it difficult to stand at all, especially as the uneasy, staggering lunges of the steamer were taking her anyhow. An awkward rush of men swayed forward; the boxer and his gang made a desperate attempt to get one of the boats clear; cursing and praying, they hacked at the tackles with knives; some of them swarmed up, and stood on the thwarts tearing savagely at the chains; but the boats were made fast to stand heavy weather, and only skilled sailors could launch them. A loud crack, followed by a wallowing noise like thunder, rendered all other sounds insignificant, and a captain who was going out to New York said; 'The bulkhead's gone. We must take our chance now.' The ship stopped nearly dead, and began to tremble curiously, but that was only the river of water pouring aft, and we soon saw the firemen driven up like rats from a burrow. 'Stand by the boats!'

The order was given, and the boatswain's call rose in a long, tremulous screech. The sailors tried to get to their quarters, and I observed that their occasional drills had done them good. But then the drills had been carried on


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 while the passengers stood aloof, so that the sailors were used to having their own way. At this juncture there was a maddened host of cowardly men and hysterical women to be dealt with. I forced my way forward toward one of the starboard boats, and as I thrust my way through the crush, an Irishwoman clung to me with one arm, while she held up a shivering baby with the other. The woman was nearly naked, but she never heeded the cold. 'Mother of God,' she cried, 'take my little one, and make sure of him.' I shook her off and pushed on. A terrified navvy sought to keep me back, and he scratched at my face like a cat; but I reached the davits. The men had the boat swung round, and the carpenter was about to let her run, when a mixed mob of English and foreigners took possession, and in an instant the little craft was packed with a weltering heap of men who had quite lost their senses. I saw the captain leave the bridge with a flying spring, and I saw also the gleam of the pistol barrels; then I heard on the starboard side the rapid 'Smash, smash' of a revolver-shot, and the captain shouted, 'You hear what they're getting on the other side! Out of it, or I take you one after the other.' The sailors were fighting hard, but the men in the boat fought also with the oars and boathooks; one seaman had his head split; another received a wound from a boathook which took his cheek away in one nasty flap.

Still the ruffians did not know how to lower away, and one of them began to lash at the forward fall with an axe. 'Come down, you sir.' 'You be d—d.' Crack! The man flung up his arms, dropped his axe, and fell headlong into the sea. 'Now down with you,' said the captain, livid and half-blind with fury. But no. A furious fool succeeded in letting the boat go by the head and the whole crowd of poltroons were dumped into the swashing sea, where they gasped and struggled till the last two men throttled each other and rolled under. One of the starboard boats was successfully launched, and the chief officer stood, revolver in hand. 'Women first here. Thompson, you will steer her. Take four men, and no more.' The young English lady was lowered down, although she clung hard to her father and begged him to let her stay. 'No, darling, good-bye. Be happy!' he said, and then stood composedly amid the hurly-burly. A pretty actress and two Irish women were next sent down; then four children were put in, and then the sailors sprang over the side and prepared to help others. An Irishman shouted, 'Now, boys!' His voice seemed to send an impulse through the crowd, and the roughs tore themselves away from the women, and flung themselves recklessly—some into the boat, some into the water. The officer fired two barrels and missed each time; a sailor shoved off, and we saw an overladen boat lumber heavily away astern.

All this scene of horror took place in less than two minutes, and the ship settled more and more every second. The prize fighter and his gang were not successful in their attempt to steal the boat forward. The purser and the steward armed themselves with firemen's rods and beat the fellows down; then the baker—a quick young lad, who had learned his business as a seaman in addition to his trade—let the boat slip, and four gallant men withstood the ferocious rowdies until eighteen women had been pitched over the side and carelessly lowered. A seaman took the tiller; four stokers, the purser, and the baker jumped in at the last moment, and this second boat went adrift. Meanwhile the captain had reloaded—alas! what a pity he only had two barrels—and a third and fourth boat went off with half their proper complement. Another boatload might have escaped, but six men sprang from the port side, and actually stove the cutter in. At last, only one light boat remained, and still there were over 700 of us jammed in the narrow space left by the awful list. The captain had dropped his hands; he could do no more. The third mate took a handspike and went smashing among the men who were wrestling around our last hope. One sailor said, 'We've stood it long enough, Tom. Let's have our turn.' And he, with three sturdy Swedes, managed to get at the davits.


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 They were just in time, for the steamer began to sway as they floated, and they flung themselves into the water. Then I was left with a great multitude, whose agonized clamour stunned me. I felt a mighty, convulsive movement; then the sea seemed to flash down on me in one mass, as if the wall of water fell from a high crag. Then I heard a humming noise in my ears, and with a gasp I was up amid a blackened, wriggling sheet of drowning creatures. A boat came past me, and I struck out lustily. I raised myself to the gunwale. 'Shall I hit his fingers,' said a man. 'No, let him come,' and then I was laid, sick and dizzy, on the bottom boards of a crowded boat. You know that we were picked up after a nasty time, and I am at home minus my kit.

[.—This is exactly what might take place and what will take place if the liners are sent to sea short of boats.—.]


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 12

These elections, poor as they are and so readily liable to change from an election into a conspiracy, are not for the purpose of sending representatives to the Central Government. The elections of the Deputies to the All-Russian or Central Congress are indirect. The peasants have three or four grades of delegates between them and the All-Russian Congress. The city workmen are two or three steps removed from their deputies in the Congress. Nor is the All-Russian Congress, far removed as it is from the people, itself the real Government. According to the Constitution, the Congress is "the supreme power of the Russian Socialist Federated Soviet Republic." But it meets only twice a year for short sittings; to supply the intervening period, it elects an executive committee which is "the supreme legislative, executive and controlling organ," and in the periods between the sessions of the Congress, is the supreme power of the country. The acting power thus, for most of the year, is another step removed from the voters.

Still another step intervenes. The Executive Committee appoints Commissars "for the purpose of general management of the affairs" of the Republic. Theoretically, they are under the control of the Executive Committee, but from various sources it is learned that they, who are still another step removed. from the voters, are the real rulers of Russia. One of them, Lenin, the President of the Council of Commissars, is their chief, and, according to Lincoln Steffins in a report favorable


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 Rh to the Soviet Republic, Lenin "is farther removed from the people than the Tsar was, or than any actual ruler in Europe." He adds: "To form an idea of his stability, independence and power, think of the process that would have to be gone through with_by the people to remove and elect a successor."

These Commissars, who are farther removed from the people than the Tsar was, have more power than the Tsar had. They exercise the power of a government introducing Socialism and such power, no State in the world enjoys. They impress their wills upon the lives of the people with greater force and continuity. than any other government in the world. A Socialist State or a State introducing Socialism, is a most powerful State. Russia, introducing Socialism, is ruled by a few Commissars, who are, in turn, ruled by Lenin. They are practically irremovable. But they confiscate property and bank deposits; they make the land laws; they are the great employer of the Russian workmen; they ration food; they make laws about religion and determine the type of education for Russian children; they stifle criticism leveled against them; they forbid meetings and newspapers; they are the executioners and the jailers and have an army at their command. Yet they gained their power through the will of 200,000 Bolsheviks in a country of 180,000,000 people, and they have retained their power through the energy of the militant "vanguard of the toilers."

They have called on terrorism to keep their power. Lenin told American workmen that "to get power and


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 14 keep it, civil war, terrorism, etc., are necessary." Bolsheviki do not desire blood, but they will not hesitate to murder those who inconveniently stand in their way. Apologists for the Soviet Republic say that not more than 5,000 were killed in the Russian Red Terror. A recent report has it that the Soviet Republic has executed 9,641 and arrested 128,000 in the struggle against the counter-revolution. But the number killed and imprisoned is not the chief consideration. The central point is the fact that a revolution by a minority, particularly if it is a Socialist revolution, will meet with determined and justifiable opposition. But, according to the Bolshevik leaders, any such opposition, whether it comes from individuals or groups or armed bands, must be crushed without mercy. The exact numbers killed and imprisoned is of secondary importance before this fact.

Besides terrorism, they have other ways of keeping their power. One source of their power is that the State is the Capitalist. The power of the Capitalist becomes the power of a Monopolist-Capitalist, and then to it is joined the power of the State. The State and the Commissars, who control the State, control the jobs, the livelihood, and the lives of a part of the people; as Capitalist or as Executioners they can crush opposition.

But perhaps the chief strength of the Bolsheviki lies in the compromises they have made with Socialism to quell the opposition of such groups as the peasants and the members of the coöperative societies. It is of the very nature of Socialism to have common ownership of production and distribution. The Bolsheviki have compromised on their principles, perhaps irredeemably, to retain their power and effect ultimately the Socialist Society. Unlike Reformist Socialists, who compromise


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 Rh before they obtain political power by the ballot, the Revolutionary Socialists seize the political power first and compromise afterwards.

The first compromise became in practice a fundamental attack upon common ownership. The Constitution declares that "for the purpose of realizing the socialization of the land, all private property in land is abolished and the entire land is declared to be national property and is to be apportioned among husbandmen, without any compensation to the former owners, in the measure of each ones' ability to till it." Earlier decrees of a similar nature had been passed. The land was nationalized according to the law, and the distribution of the land was left to the local communities. Theoretically, almost all private ownership in land was abolished, but what the laws have really done has been to confiscate the large landed estates and divide some of them among the landless people of the community. Practically, private ownership has been extended wider than before the decree was issued. For a time "Committees of the Poor" tried to confiscate the land of the more comfortably situated peasants. This failed, however, and the administration of the land laws has remained in the hands of the peasants. Sareda, the Commissar of Agriculture, told Arthur Ransome that "they had no intention of any such idiocy as the attempt to force the peasants to give up private ownership. The establishment of communes (collective farming) was not to be compulsory in any way; it was to be an illustration of the idea of communal work, not more."

What attempts they may make against the small proprietors in the future remains to be seen. The first land decree specifically exempted from confiscation lands belonging to enlisted Cossack soldiers and peasants. Whether even this explicit exemption will continue or


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 16 not is a question, for the Bolsheviki have the law behind them for general confiscation. They might perhaps try to take by taxation all land values and leave to the peasants the shell of ownership. But thus far the Socialist theory has run against a stone wall in the peasant's love for personal ownership; the theory has encountered a fact and met defeat. And from all appearances its defeat is permanent.

City real estate has not all been nationalized, but arrangements have been made so that even when property has remained in the possession of its owners, it yields no profit. Mansions, etc., have been opened to the poor of the slums, and the homes of workingmen have escaped nationalization. Thus the situation of city real estate is similar to that of farm lands.

Very early after the Soviet Revolution, all the joint-stock banks were merged into the State bank. The chief purpose of this was to control the investment market. But the coöperative banks were able to resist nationalization and have grown very much under the Bolshevist régime. The most important of these is the Moscow Narodny Bank,. which has branches in sixteen other Russian cities, and in London and New York. The share capital of this bank has even been increased from 10 million to 100 million rubles. Credit socities were also allowed to continue. Being the sole competitors of the State banks, these coöperative banks have made great progress. The large bank deposits have been confiscated, as well as all the gold that had been hoarded in the safety vaults. Besides, only a certain amount of money can be withdrawn from deposit every week. As for the securities, there was no need of confiscating them since they could be reached, if of domestic issue, more easily in other ways. It is reported that foreign securities were confiscated by the Government. Capital levies were also made, and in this way much money was taken from its


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Rh


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82 the Egyptian, and the feminine affix might be considered the same in the Namaqua, Galla, and Old Egyptian.” This was not known to Dr. Bleek, however, before he made the same discovery and others of a similar nature that placed beyond question the fact that the little group of Hottentots living on the western and southern shores of South Africa must have descended from men who once resided on or near the other extremity of the continent, though now the whole space between is filled by people the structure of whose speech is entirely different.

The question then arose how could the Hottentots, who differ almost as much from the present black inhabitants of Central Africa as they do from Europeans, have found their way to the south? Various answers were suggested, but as every one who attempted to solve this question regarded the black race as having occupied the whole of Central Africa from remote times, through whom migration would have been impossible, none were conclusive or satisfactory. The mystery remained unsolved, like that which veils from our knowledge the cause and the manner of the early migrations of our own race.

A satisfactory answer has now, however, been given at least to part of what is implied in the question. Mr. George


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Rh administrative connection benefits families, but a strict commercial union between the first manufacturing and the first producing country in the world, would be a solid foundation of strength and prosperity to our whole nation. If this course be adopted, there will, properly speaking, be no separation. A precarious and temporary relation will almost imperceptibly pass into another far more durable and beneficial. Trained by us to happiness and independence, and endowed with our learning and our political institutions, India will remain the proudest monument of British benevolence; and we shall long continue to reap, in the affectionate attachment of the people, and in a great commercial intercourse with their splendid country, the fruit of that liberal and enlightened policy which suggested to us this line of conduct.

In following this course we should be trying no new experiment. The Romans at once civilised


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196 the nations of Europe, and attached them to their rule by Romanising them; or, in other words, by educating them in the Roman literature and arts, and teaching them to emulate their conquerors instead of opposing them. Acquisitions made by superiority in war, were consolidated by superiority in the arts of peace; and the remembrance of the original violence was lost in that of the benefits which resulted from it. The provincials of Italy, Spain, Africa, and Gaul, having no ambition except to imitate the Romans, and to share their privileges with them, remained to the last faithful subjects of the empire; and the union was at last dissolved, not by internal revolt, but by the shock of external violence, which involved conquerors and conquered in one common overthrow. The Indians will, I hope, soon stand in the same position towards us in which we once stood towards the Romans. informs us, that it was the policy of to instruct the sons of the leading men among the Britons in the literature and science of Rome, and to give them a taste for the refinements of Roman civilisation. We


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Rh all know how well this plan answered. From being obstinate enemies, the Britons soon became attached and confiding friends; and they made more strenuous efforts to retain the Romans, than their ancestors had done to resist their invasion. It will be a shame to us if, with our greatly superior advantages, we also do not make our premature departure be dreaded as a calamity. It must not be said in after ages, that “the groans of the Britons” were elicited by the breaking up of the Roman empire; and the groans of the Indians by the continued existence of the British.

We may also take a lesson from the Mahommetans, whose conquests have been so extensive and so permanent. From the Indian Archipelago to Portugal, Arabic was established as the language of religion, of literature, and of law; the vernacular tongues were saturated with it; and the youth of the conquered countries soon began to vie with their first instructors in every branch of Mahommedan learning. A polite education was understood to mean a Mahommedan education; and the most cultivated and active minds were every where engaged on the side of the Mahommedan system.


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Rh W. Stow, a geologist of good repute in the government service, who spent many years in research among the Korana clans, the purest Hottentots now existing—if some small sections of the Namaqua be excepted,—and who was aided in his investigations by missionaries and other inquirers, learned from the traditions of those clans that their ancestors had indeed moved down from the north, and that too at no very remote time. These traditions, collected in different localities and from individuals who could have had no intercourse with each other, carried back the history of the Hottentots to a period when they were residing in a region somewhere in the centre of the continent, from which they were driven by more powerful people, of a black colour, who came down from the north or north-east. They do not go beyond that point, and are so dim that they merely state the fact of a migration from a particular direction and its cause, being in this respect even less complete than the traditions of the Bantu concerning their coming down from the north. This is owing to the Hottentot migration being of an earlier date than that of the Bantu. Mr. Stow was of opinion that the particular Bantu who drove the Hottentots to the south were the ancestors of the very Betshuana with whom the Koranas in his time were at war, and this is highly probable.

His discovery of the migration, however, does not take the people here dealt with to the still distant north, where their language indicates that they once lived. But there is strong reason to believe that the race had its origin in the country now termed Somaliland, and was formed there by the intercourse of men of a light-coloured stock with women of Bushman blood.


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84 Herodotus mentions that a large band of Egyptian soldiers, said by him to be two hundred and forty thousand in number, deserted and marched into Ethiopia at a date corresponding to about 650 before Christ, and were settled by the Ethiopian king as far beyond Meroë as Meroë was beyond Elephantine. These people he termed the Automoli or Deserters, but by succeeding writers they are called the Sembritæ or Sebritæ. The locality assigned to them was in about 13° to 14° north latitude, Meroë being not far above the junction of the Atbara with the Nile, or in latitude 17° north. This may not be correct, and certainly, if there was any foundation for the statement, the number of the deserters must be enormously exaggerated, but it shows that such migrations were not deemed impossible at that time.

It is therefore not unlikely that at a much earlier date a small body of men, perhaps soldiers, did make their way from Egypt to Somaliland, and took to themselves there women of the Bushman race, there being no other females for them to associate with. All the difficulties of the problem are solved by this supposition, and to support it there are the following facts:—

1. The Egyptian picture of the queen of Punt is seen to be a correct portrait.

2. The Hottentot language, in its structure North African, and yet containing the four Bushman clicks most easily pronounced, is at once accounted for.

3. The possession by the Hottentots of horned cattle and Syrian sheep covered with hair and having very large tails is immediately explained.

4. The peculiarly shaped drilled stones found recently in considerable numbers by Germans in Somaliland, and now to be seen in the museum at Berlin, which are exactly similar to those used by Hottentots in South Africa and to one in the British museum found in Central Africa, also support this view.

The original Hottentots were therefore mixed breeds, but judging by analogy, there must have been a second intrusion of


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Rh males, who took consorts from the first cross and so obtained a preponderance of blood, or the newly formed race would not long have remained fertile. They must have been like the Griquas of modern times, who were originally half Hottentots, and who die out speedily if they intermarry only among themselves, but who have often large families if they take consorts of either of the races from which they have sprung.

How long these mixed breeds remained in Somaliland, and what caused them at length to leave that locality cannot be stated, but in all probability they were driven out by the arrival there of people more powerful than themselves. The date of their removal must have been earlier than the occupation of Central Africa by Bantu tribes, for they could not have passed through a region inhabited by any other people than Bushmen, especially as they had horned cattle and sheep with them. Their route was south-westward to the region of the great lakes, but whether they tarried at any place or places on the way, there are no means of ascertaining. Nor can it be even conjectured how long they remained at this new home, though probably it was a period of many centuries.

While they were there the Bantu tribes were increasing in the north and pushing their way down the continent, until they too reached the lake region, and then the Hottentots were compelled to move again. They were acquainted with the use of copper and iron, and were better armed than the Bushmen in advance of them, but they were too few in number to hold their own against the stalwart black men who had now come in contact with them. They had not the energy and alertness of the Bushmen either, for their mode of existence as herdsmen did not need the exercise of those qualities. Thus it is not likely that their resistance was protracted, if indeed they made any resistance at all. Before them the country was open, that is it had no other inhabitants than the pygmy aborigines, so they set out in quest of a place where they could live in safety. It is this point of their history that tradition reaches back to.

They turned their faces to the south-west. Eastward they could not go, because in that direction the Bantu were pressing


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202 are at present left. I never heard that the education given in the national schools unfitted the common people of England for the ranks of the army; although the inducements to honourable and faithful service, which are open to them after they enter the army, are much inferior to those which are held out to our Sepoys.

Religious instruction forms no part of the object of the Government seminaries. It would be impossible for the State to interfere at all with native education on any other condition; and this is now so well understood, that religious jealousy offers no obstruction to our success. The general favour with which English education is regarded, and the multitudes who flock to our schools, prove this to be the case. The Brahmins, it is true, ruled supreme over the old system. It was moulded for the express purpose of enabling them to hold the minds of men in thraldom; and ages had fixed the stamp of solidity upon it. Upon this ground they were unassailable. But popular education, through the medium of the English language, is an entirely new element, with which they are incapable of dealing. It did not enter into the calculation of the founders of their system; and they have no machinery to oppose to it. Although they have been priest-ridden for ages,


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86 down the coast, and probably were already far beyond the latitude they were in. Northward their way was blocked by the enemy they were endeavouring to escape from. Their choice of a route was thus limited, and even in the country apparently open to them, it was only to the south-west that they could proceed in safety. In migrations such as this, the line of least resistance is of course followed, but in the present instance that had to be determined by more than the usual considerations. It was not only the absence of enemies more powerful than themselves, and the physical features of the country to be traversed, its mountains and rivers, that the Hottentot fugitives had to take into account. The question was complicated to them by the existence of the tsetse fly in a broad belt of land to the south, which barred their retreat with cattle in that direction. That insect alone, whose sting is fatal to domestic animals, would have prevented them from crossing the Zambesi until they had travelled very far to the westward. The Bushmen could not oppose them with any chance of success, or they could not have journeyed with their women and children, much less have driven their flocks and herds, through the country, for no right is recognised by savages and barbarians but the right of the strong, even as men observe it to be among the lower animals.

Naturally, all details of the long journey have been lost, the only circumstance preserved by tradition being the point from which it commenced. That it must have been very slow after the danger of immediate pursuit was over, seems certain, however. Cows and sheep cannot be transferred hastily from one kind of pasture to another without heavy loss, and there could have been no motive for hurrying on when only Bushmen were in the neighbourhood. Probably many years were spent at each favourable halting place, though the design of a continued advance, once initiated, was never entirely lost sight of.

At length the shore of the Atlantic was reached, and then the wave of migration turned to the south. In some parts of this course, after the twentieth parallel of latitude is passed, the pasture is better at a distance inland than on the margin of the sea. The rainfall along the coast, owing to the prevailing


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Rh the people of India are, for all purposes of improvement, a new, and more than a new, people. Their appetite for knowledge has been whetted by their long-compelled fast; and aware of the superiority of the new learning, they devour it more greedily than they ever would have done Sanskrit lore, even if that lore had not been withheld from them: they bring to the task, vacant minds and excited curiosity, absence of prejudice, and an inextinguishable thirst for information. They cannot return under the dominion of the Brahmins. The spell has been for ever broken. Hinduism is not a religion which will bear examination. It is so entirely destitute of any thing like evidence, and is identified with so many gross immoralities and physical absurdities, that it gives way at once before the light of European science. Mahommedanism is made of tougher materials; yet, even a Mahommedan youth who has received an English education is a very different person from one who has been taught according to the perfect manner of the law of his fathers. As this change advances, India will become quite another country: nothing more will be heard of excitable religious feelings: priestcraft will no longer be able to work by ignorance: knowledge and power will pass from a dominant caste to the


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204 people themselves; the whole nation will co-operate with us in reforming institutions, the possibility of altering which could never have been contemplated if events had taken any other course; and many causes will concur to introduce a more wholesome state of morals, which, of all the changes that can take place, is the one in which the public welfare is most concerned.

There has been a time at which each of the other branches of the public service has particularly commanded attention. The commercial, the political, the judicial, the revenue departments, have in turn been the subject of special consideration; and decisive steps have been taken to put them on a satisfactory footing. My object will be sufficiently attained if I succeed in producing a conviction that the time has arrived for taking up the question of public instruction in the same spirit, and with the same determination to employ whatever means may be requisite for accomplishing the object in view. The absence of any sensible proof that increased taxation is attended with any proportionate benefit to India, has long been extremely disheartening both to the natives and to the European public officers serving in that country. The entire abolition of the transit duties,


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Rh winds being offshore, is trifling compared with that of the thunderstorms in the interior, and the sandy soil does not long retain moisture. It is an arid, sterile belt of land, destitute of running streams and fountains, where in places the sand hills blown about by the wind are constantly changing their form. It is traversed with difficulty even by those who are acquainted with the localities where scanty pasture and a little water are to be found. Here therefore the migrating horde, which must have been broken up into small parties, moving on slowly at long intervals, turned inland for a short distance and then kept on towards the south, but as soon as possible it moved westward again and pursued its course along the terrace nearest the ocean. Did the wanderers expect that the shore would somewhere turn and lead them to a fairer land, where they could rest at last? No one can tell. Perhaps they themselves did not know of an object in view, but were merely impelled onward by a ruling desire for change. They were not now driven forward by enemies stronger than themselves, but still they advanced. Leaving a section behind in the territory now termed Great Namaqualand, they crossed the Orange river and entered the present Cape province.

During their march they must have had constant conflicts with the Bushmen, the only earlier inhabitants of the land, who could not look on unmoved while the country was thus invaded. These puny savages were capable of causing much mischief, though they could not prevent the strangers from either advancing or taking possession of the choicest pastures along the shore. The Hottentots did not regard them as human beings having rights, but simply as noxious animals to be got rid of as quickly as possible. In one respect, however, this was not the case. Young girls of Bushman blood, when captured, were detained and incorporated as inferior members of the families of those who slew their kindred without the slightest feeling of remorse. In this manner, probably from the first contact of the two peoples, a mixture of blood took place, which, though slight in the beginning of the journey from the centre of the continent, was considerable by the time the intruding horde reached the Cape promontory. On the other hand, there was no intercourse between Bushmen


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Rh and the establishment of an adequate system of public instruction, would furnish this proof, and would excite the warmest gratitude of every body who from any cause feels interested in the welfare of India. The interest of a single million sterling, in addition to what is already expended, would be sufficient to answer every present purpose as far as education is concerned. Even on the narrowest view of national interest, a million could not be better invested. It would ensure the moral and intellectual emancipation of the people of India, and would render them at once attached to our rule and worthy of our alliance.


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88 and Hottentot women, either before or after this period. Their arrival at the southern shore of Africa must have preceded that of the first Portuguese explorers by only a very few centuries, certainly not more than two or three at most, and probably even less.

At different stages between the mouth of the Orange river and Table Bay sections of the horde were left behind, each of which took a tribal name, and thereafter carried on war with its nearest neighbours on its own account. As the majority of the Bushmen who had lived at these localities were either exterminated or forced to retreat farther inland, the incorporation of girls necessarily almost ceased, so that each tribe of Hottentots from north to south was of purer blood than the next in advance. Nearly all of the former dwellers on the coast, the people who raised the great shell heaps that cannot now be distinguished from natural mounds unless the materials of which they are composed are discovered by accident, must have been cut off at this time. A few only may have survived in situations favourable for concealment, and at a distance from localities where the invaders settled. All the others disappeared, and then dust and sand accumulated on the mounds, and plants began to grow upon them, and when centuries went by all traces of them were lost to view.

When the southern point of the continent was reached, the migratory movement did not end, but, turning eastward, a portion of the horde continued its march, still keeping close to the shore of the sea. At no point except the one mentioned on the long journey, which may have occupied several centuries, was any attempt made to penetrate the interior country. Yet these people did not possess the skill to make even a rough canoe, and only when they were without cattle resorted to catching fish for food. It was therefore not from any attachment to the ocean or from any benefit derived directly from it that they continued their course along its margin, but from the pastures, owing to the greater rainfall, being more luxuriant in its neighbourhood than farther inland.

The character of the country had now entirely changed. The south-east wind sweeping over the Indian ocean reached the land


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Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2005/Division A/Title VI

Salaries and Expenses

 * For necessary expenses of the Food and Drug Administration, including hire and purchase of passenger motor vehicles; for payment of space rental and related costs pursuant to Public Law 92-313 for programs and activities of the Food and Drug Administration which are included in this Act; for rental of special purpose space in the District of Columbia or elsewhere; for miscellaneous and emergency expenses of enforcement activities, authorized and approved by the Secretary and to be accounted for solely on the Secretary's certificate, not to exceed $25,000; and notwithstanding section 521 of Public Law 107-188; $1,788,478,000:

 * Provided, That of the amount provided under this heading, $284,394,000 shall be derived from prescription drug user fees authorized by 21 U.S.C. 379h, and shall be credited to this account and remain available until expended; $33,938,000 shall be derived from medical device user fees authorized by 21 U.S.C. 379j, and shall be credited to this account and remain available until expended; and $8,354,000 shall be derived from animal drug user fees authorized by 21 U.S.C. 379j, and shall be credited to this account and remain available until expended;

 * Provided further, That fees derived from prescription drug, medical device, and animal drug assessments received during fiscal year 2005, including any such fees assessed prior to the current fiscal year but credited during the current year, shall be subject to the fiscal year 2005 limitation;

 * Provided further, That none of these funds shall be used to develop, establish, or operate any program of user fees authorized by 31 U.S.C. 9701;

 * Provided further, That of the total amount appropriated:
 * (1) $439,038,000 shall be for the Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition and related field activities in the Office of Regulatory Affairs;
 * (2) $498,647,000 shall be for the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research and related field activities in the Office of Regulatory Affairs;
 * (3) $172,714,000 shall be for the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research and for related field activities in the Office of Regulatory Affairs;
 * (4) $98,964,000 shall be for the Center for Veterinary Medicine and for related field activities in the Office of Regulatory Affairs;
 * (5) $235,078,000 shall be for the Center for Devices and Radiological Health and for related field activities in the Office of Regulatory Affairs;
 * (6) $40,530,000 shall be for the National Center for Toxicological Research;
 * (7) $57,722,000 shall be for Rent and Related activities, other than the amounts paid to the General Services Administration for rent;
 * (8) $129,815,000 shall be for payments to the General Services Administration for rent; and
 * (9) $115,970,000 shall be for other activities, including the Office of the Commissioner; the Office of Management; the Office of External Relations; the Office of Policy and Planning; and central services for these offices;

 * Provided further, That funds may be transferred from one specified activity to another with the prior approval of the Committees on Appropriations of both Houses of Congress.

 * In addition, mammography user fees authorized by 42 U.S.C. 263b may be credited to this account, to remain available until expended.

 * In addition, export certification user fees authorized by 21 U.S.C. 381 may be credited to this account, to remain available until expended.

Commodity Futures Trading Commission

 * For necessary expenses to carry out the provisions of the Commodity Exchange Act (7 U.S.C. 1 et seq.), including the purchase and hire of passenger motor vehicles, and the rental of space (to include multiple year leases) in the District of Columbia and elsewhere, $94,327,000, including not to exceed $3,000 for official reception and representation expenses.

Limitation on Administrative Expenses

 * Not to exceed $42,350,000 (from assessments collected from farm credit institutions and from the Federal Agricultural Mortgage Corporation) shall be obligated during the current fiscal year for administrative expenses as authorized under 12 U.S.C. 2249:

 * Provided, That this limitation shall not apply to expenses associated with receiverships.


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 structure of a wing than the perfect gradation in strength and stiffness, as well as in modification of form, which marks the series from the first of the primary quills to the last and feeblest of the tertiaries. Now, the sharpness or roundness of a wing at the tip depends on the position which is given to the longest primary quill. If the first, or even the second primary is the longest, and all that follow are considerably shorter, the wing is necessarily a pointed wing, because the tip of a single quill forms the end; but if the third or fourth primary quills are the longest, and the next again are very little shorter, the wing becomes a round-ended wing. The common rook and all the crows are examples of this. The peregrine falcon, the common swallow, and all birds of very powerful flight, have been provided with the sharp-pointed structure."

FIG. III.—STERNUM OF THE PIGEON.

The mechanism by which the wing is moved has now to be described. Tt consists of the mass of muscles on the front of the chest. The sternum, or breast-bone of the pigeon. Figure III., has an exceedingly deep keel, a, serving for

FIG. IV.—MUSCLES OF THE WISH OF THE PIGEON.

the attachment of the powerful muscles which form the great mass of flesh on the breast. These muscles, as shown in Figure IV., pass from the keel of the