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Tenth Year—No. 116.

Lord Rosebery, as Treasurer of the Royal Scottish Corporation, London, has issued an appeal to the Governors and their friends (16/11/03) for an additional £1000 per annum to meet the existing claims of the charity as well as the needs of new applicants. In an explanatory note it is stated that: "the war in South Africa and the growing cost of humble lodging accommodation in London (italics ours) has rendered necessary during the past four years a revision of the pensions and allowances granted to the more aged and infirm among the recipients, at an additional cost of £1000 per annum."

The growing cost of humble lodging accommodation in London and elsewhere justifies us in putting in a small appeal to the "' Governors and friends" of our movement for extra funds to endeavour to convert the people of Britain to the wisdom of a small tax on land values (to quote the words of the Royal Commission on the Housing of the Working Classes, 1885) '"'as a means of compelling the owners to part with these sites at their market value to those desirous of building, and as a new source of taxation that would lighten the rates on the present occupiers."

What a world of trouble and anxiety on behalf of the poor a small instalment of bare justice would save some people.

"A question that rather had him." Mr. Parker Smith, M.P. for Partick (Lanarkshire) at an address to his constituents 30/11/03.

Question.—Mr. Smith had said that the question of royalties was a matter of triviality, amounting only to 5 per cent. The order for steel rails at Barrow, to which Mr. Smith had referred, only went to Belgium because they were 5 per cent. cheaper than in this country. Where did the triviality come in? (Cheers.)

Answer.—That question rather has me. (Laughter.) The real danger was that if the steel-workers were to be put in competition with foreign 'steel without assistance, the item of cost of which the greatest saving could be made was wages.

Why not the Mining Royalties?

"The question of taxing land values (reports the Daily News, 24/11/03) is coming before all the Borough Councils again within the next few weeks. All the old Progressive Boroughs have already registered their opinion on the matter, some of them more than once. On the new Progressive Councils this promises to be one of the first big questions to be discussed. It is down for discussion at Lewisham to-morrow, the motion demanding that Parliament be petitioned to bring in a bill for the rating of ground values. Where the question is not to be brought forward by special resolution it will come before the Borough Councils by means of a letter which is being sent out by Hackney, urging all the Councils to join in an appeal to Parliament to rate ground rents and ground values."

An English correspondent writes: "It is a real pleasure to have J. H. Whitley, M.P. (Halifax), state the alternative policy boldly and clearly in a manner which leaves nothing to be desired. I wish all other radical members were doing the same thing."

Mr. Whitley is certainly doing thorough good work at this time. He understands what the taxation of land values means, and believes in its claims as-the radical cure for our inherently vicious systems of land tenure and _ taxation. There are many other M.P.'s and candidates who publicly declare the same faith, but who do nothing at this time to urge the question to the electors as the alternative to protection. Many of these M.P.'s and candidates cannot do so, we frankly admit, because they do not see or understand the question as Mr. Whitley does. But there are others, quite a large group, who do understand the question sufficiently well to advocate it with acceptance. They refuse to do this notwithstanding the splendid lead given by Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman in his recent public speeches,

In a leading article dealing with the election, the Daily News (16/12/03) says:—"Behind protection lies the far greater question of the land, that need will become apparent as the light of day. The Liberal Party must do its best not only to oppose the bad policy, but to promote the good, and to give the country the assurance of its power and its will to end the long and tragic divorce of the people from the land."

The Town Council of Eccles have adopted a motion approving the taxation of land values. Mr. Nuttall, referring to the English Bill, said that if carried into law it would have the effect of bringing into use vacant plots of land in large centres of population that were now being held up for speculative purposes.

A tit-bit for Mr. Chamberlain. A financial paper advocates the purchase of certain freehold agricultural land, by stating that, "in view of the new fiscal laws and the consequent increase in the value of agricultural land, we consider a purchase is, at the prices at present ruling, well advised." Just so—money into the pockets of the landed proprietors!—Daily News, 12/12/03.

Mr. Fred. Skirrow opened a discussion at the Bingley Liberal Club Debating Society (8/12/03) on the subject of " Direct v Indirect Taxation." He argued for the removal of taxes that now fall upon labour and capital, substituting for them a tax on land values. A discussion followed, and at the close a vote of thanks was heartily accorded to the opener of the debate on the motion of Mr. B. Garnett, seconded by Mr. Watson. Mr. Skirrow, as representing the English League for the Taxation of Land Values in Yorkshire, will be only too pleased to enrol members of the League, to send literature on the subject and attend similar meetings; his address is 59 Fell Lane, Keighley.

The two London Bye-Elections, Dulwich audand [sic] Lewisham, have gone protectionist by majorities of 1437 and 2012 respectively. At Dulwich 10,201 voted out of an electorate of 13,515. Compared with the election of 1895, which resulted in a Conservative majority of 3082, the Liberal vote has more than doubled, while the protectionist vote has increased

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{|style="width:100%; border-bottom:2px solid black"
 * VIIILand Protection Plan—Wyoming Toad Conservation Area, Wyoming
 * }
 * }

Laramie Plains is a cold desert basin located at an elevation of approximately 8,000 feet between two mountain ranges, the Snowy Range and the Laramie Range. Habitats include wetlands, riparian corridors, shrublands, and shortgrass and mixed-grass prairie. In addition to providing essential habitat for the Wyoming toad, the Laramie basin also is important for other federal trust species, including populations of migratory shorebirds, waterfowl, and neotropical songbirds. The region provides resident, nesting, and migration habitat for over 146 species of birds and over 320 species of plants. Bamforth, Hutton Lake, and Mortenson Lake National Wildlife Refuges are important stopovers for migrating birds and breeding sites for species such as the American white pelican, American bittern, white-faced ibis, and black-crowned night-heron. The National Audubon Society has designated the Laramie Plains Lakes Complex as an Important Bird Area because of the diversity of birds found within the basin.

To protect habitat, the Service recognizes that it is essential to work with private landowners on conservation matters of mutual interest. The project will use voluntary conservation easements and, on a limited basis, fee-title land throughout the Wyoming Toad Conservation Area to protect wetland, upland, and agricultural land from conversion to other uses. As a voluntary legal agreement between a landowner and the Service, an easement is a perpetual conservation agreement that the Service will purchase from willing landowners.

 * A conservation easement typically contains habitat protection measures that prohibit subdivision but allow for the continuation of traditional activities such as livestock grazing and haying.

 * Alteration of the natural topography and conversion of uplands or wetlands to cropland will be prohibited on a conservation easement.

 * Conservation easement land will remain in private ownership, and property tax and land management, including invasive weed control, will remain the responsibility of the landowner.

 * Public access to a conservation easement will remain under the control of the landowner.

The Service will purchase conservation easements and fee-title lands mainly with money generated by the Land and Water Conservation Fund Act of 1965. These funds are derived from oil and gas leases on the Outer Continental Shelf, motorboat fuel tax revenues, and sale of surplus federal property. The U.S. Congress appropriates money for a specific project, such as the Wyoming Toad Conservation Area. Easement and fee-title land prices offered to willing sellers will be determined by an appraisal completed by an appraiser familiar with the local market. Service staff from the Arapaho National Wildlife Refuge Complex will administer and monitor the conservation easement and fee-title program.

The Service would seek to strategically buy conservation easements or fee-title lands from willing sellers that provide potentially valuable habitat for the Wyoming toad. These areas would also provide perpetual protection of valuable wildlife habitat for threatened and endangered species and migratory birds by restricting some types of development.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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 "You have heard my decision, and it must be obeyed: the laws of our order forbid your stay: it would be perjury to conceal that a woman is within these walls, and my vows will oblige me to declare your story to the community. You must from hence. I pity you, but can do no more."

He pronounced these words in a faint and trembling voice; then, rising from his seat, he would have hastened towards the monastery. Uttering a loud shriek, Matilda followed, and detained him.

"Stay yet one moment, Ambrosio! hear me yet speak one word!"

"I dare not listen. Release me: you know my resolution."

"But one word! but one last word, and I have done!"

"Leave me. Your entreaties are in vain: you must from hence to-morrow."

"Go then, barbarian! But this resource is still left me."

As she said this, she suddenly drew a poniard. She rent open her garment, and


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 placed the weapon's point against her bosom.

"Father, I will never quit these walls alive."

"Hold! hold, Matilda! what would you do?"

"You are determined, so am I: the moment that you leave me, I plunge this steel in my heart."

"Holy St. Francis! Matilda, have you your senses? Do you know the consequences of your action? that suicide is the greatest of crimes? that you destroy your soul? that you lose your claim to salvation? that you prepare for yourself everlasting torments?"

"I care not, I care not," she replied passionately: "either your hand guides me to paradise, or my own dooms me to perdition. Speak to me, Ambrosio! Tell me that you will conceal my story; that I shall remain your friend and your companion, or this poniard drinks my blood."

As she uttered these last words, she lifted


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 her arm, and made a motion as if to stab herself. The friar's eyes followed with dread the course of the dagger. She had torn open her habit, and her bosom was half exposed. The weapon's point rested upon her left breast: and, oh! that was such a breast! The moon-beams darting full upon it enabled the monk to observe its dazzling whiteness: his eye dwelt with insatiable avidity upon the beauteous orb: a sensation till then unknown filled his heart with a mixture of anxiety and delight; a raging fire shot through every limb; the blood boiled in his veins, and a thousand wild wishes bewildered his imagination.

"Hold!" he cried, in an hurried, faltering voice; "I can resist no longer! Stay then, enchantress! stay for my destruction!".

He said; and, rushing from the place, hastened towards the monastery: he regained his cell, and threw himself upon his couch, distracted, irresolute and confused.

He found it impossible for some time to


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 arrange his ideas. The scene in which he had been engaged, had excited such a variety of sentiments in his bosom, that he was incapable of deciding which was predominant. He was irresolute what conduct he ought to hold with the disturber of his repose; he was conscious that prudence, religion, and propriety, necessitated his obliging her to quit the abbey: but, on the other hand, such powerful reasons authorised her stay, that he was but too much inclined to consent to her remaining. He could not avoid being flattered by Matilda's declaration, and at reflecting that he had unconsciously vanquished an heart which had resisted the attacks of Spain's noblest cavaliers. The manner in which he had gained her affections was also the most satisfactory to his vanity: he remembered the many happy hours which he had passed in Rosario's society; and dreaded that void in his heart which parting with him would occasion. Besides all this, he considered, that as Ma-


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 tilda was wealthy, her favour might be of essential benefit to the abbey.

"And what do I risk," said he to himself, "by authorizing her stay? May I not safely credit her assertions? Will it not be easy for me to forget her sex, and still consider her as my friend and my disciple? Surely her love is as pure as she describes: had it been the offspring of mere licentiousness, would she so long have concealed it in her own bosom? Would she not have employed some means to procure its gratification? She has done quite the contrary: she strove to keep me in ignorance of her sex; and nothing but the fear of detection, and my instances, would have compelled her to reveal the secret: she has observed the duties of religion not less strictly than myself: she has made no attempt to rouse my slumbering passions, nor has she ever conversed with me till this night on the subject of love. Had she been desirous to gain my affections, not my esteem, she would not have concealed from me her


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 charms so carefully: at this very moment I have never seen her face; yet certainly that face must be lovely, and her person beautiful, to judge by her—by what I have seen."

As this last idea passed through his imagination, a blush spread itself over his cheek. Alarmed at the sentiments which he was indulging, he betook himself to prayer: he started from his couch, knelt before the beautiful Madona, and entreated her assistance in stifling such culpable emotions: he then returned to his bed, and resigned himself to slumber.

He awoke heated and unrefreshed. During his sleep, his inflamed imagination had presented him with none but the most voluptuous objects. Matilda stood before him in his dreams, and his eyes again dwelt upon her naked breast; she repeated her protestations of eternal love, threw her arms round his neck, and loaded him with kisses: he returned them; he clasped her passionately to his bosom, and—the vision was dissolved. Sometimes his dreams presented the image of his


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 favourite Madona, and he fancied that he was kneeling before her: as he offered up his vows to her, the eyes of the figure seemed to beam on him with inexpressible sweetness; he pressed his lips to hers, and found them warm: the animated form started from the canvas, embraced him affectionately, and his senses were unable to support delight so exquisite. Such were the scenes on which his thoughts were employed while sleeping: his unsatisfied desires placed before him the most lustful and provoking images, and he rioted in joys till then unknown to him.

He started from his couch, filled with confusion at the remembrance of his dreams: scarcely was he less ashamed when he reflected on his reasons of the former night, which induced him to authorise Matilda's stay. The cloud was now dissipated which had obscured his judgment; he shuddered when he beheld his arguments blazoned in their proper colours, and found that he had been a slave to flattery, to avarice, and self-love. If in one hour's conversation Ma-


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{|style="width:100%; border-bottom:2px solid black" '''Figure LPP-1. Map of the Wyoming Toad Conservation Area in Wyoming.'''
 * 2Land Protection Plan—Wyoming Toad Conservation Area, Wyoming
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 tilda had produced a change so remarkable in his sentiments, what had he not to dread from her remaining in the abbey? Become sensible of his danger, awakened from his dream of confidence, he resolved to insist on her departing without delay: he began to feel that he was not proof against temptation; and that, however Matilda might restrain herself within the bounds of modesty, he was unable to contend with those passions from which he falsely thought himself exempted.

"Agnes! Agnes!" he exclaimed, while reflecting on his embarrassments, "I already feel thy curse!"

He quitted his cell, determined upon dismissing the feigned Rosario. He appeared at matins; but his thoughts were absent, and he paid them but little attention: his heart and brain were both of them filled with worldly objects, and he prayed without devotion. The service over, he descended into the garden; he bent his steps towards the same spot where on the pre-


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 ceding night he had made this embarrassing discovery: he doubted not that Matilda would seek him there. He was not deceived: she soon entered the hermitage, and approached the monk with a timid air. After a few minutes, during which both were silent, she appeared as if on the point of speaking; but the abbot, who during this time had been summoning up all his resolution, hastily interrupted her. Though still unconscious how extensive was its influence, he dreaded the melodious seduction of her voice.

"Seat yourself by my side, Matilda," said he, assuming a look of firmness, though carefully avoiding the least mixture of severity; "listen to me patiently, and believe that, in what I shall say, I am not more influenced by my own interest than by yours; believe that I feel for you the warmest friendship, the truest compassion; and that you cannot feel more grieved than I do, when I declare to you that we must never meet again."

"Ambrosio!" she cried, in a voice at


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 once expressive both of surprise and of sorrow.

"Be calm, my friend! my Rosario! still let me call you by that name so dear to me: our separation is unavoidable; I blush to own how sensibly it affects me.—But yet it must be so; I feel myself incapable of treating you with indifference; and that very conviction obliges me to insist upon your departure. Matilda, you must stay here no longer."

"Oh! where shall I now seek for probity? Disgusted with a perfidious world, in what happy region does Truth conceal herself? Father, I hoped that she resided here; I thought that your bosom had been her favourite shrine. And you too prove false? Oh God! and you too can betray me?"

"Matilda?"

"Yes, father, yes; 'tis with justice that I reproach you. Oh! where are your promises? My noviciate is not expired, and yet will you compel me to quit the monastery? Can you have the heart to drive me


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 {|style="width:100%; background-color:#000000; color:inherit;"
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A prairie dog colony in the uplands at Hutton Lake National Wildlife Refuge.

The Environmental Assessment (EA) (see appendix A) that was completed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (the Service or USFWS) during the planning process considered several alternatives, and two of them were selected for further analysis. Alternative A, the no-action alternative, considers the consequences of not doing anything beyond current actions at Bamforth, Mortenson Lake, and Hutton Lake National Wildlife Refuges. Alternative B considers the potential positive and negative consequences of purchasing limited fee-title land and conservation easements and establishing the Wyoming Toad Conservation Area (WTCA) (see figure LPP–1 for a map of the project area). The regional director found that establishing the Wyoming Toad Conservation Area (alternative B of the EA) would have no significant impact (refer to “Appendix C, Environmental Compliance”).

The Laramie Plains is an isolated mountain basin once covered by wetlands, riparian corridors, meadows, shrublands, and native prairie. In the spring, snow melt would fill streams and waterways as well as many shallow depressions scattered throughout the valley. These wetlands provided an oasis of food and rest for thousands of waterfowl and shorebirds making their northward migration to their breeding grounds. Linear riparian corridors bordered the Big and Little Laramie Rivers and their tributaries, supporting scattered woodlands of cottonwoods and willows. The relatively fine soils and low annual precipitation kept the uplands in short mixed-grass prairie with scattered patches of shrubland. The Wyoming toad, a species endemic to the Laramie Plains, was once a common sight. Waterfowl, shorebirds, and grassland birds would dominate the skies, with raptors following the migration. Many mammals that depended heavily on white-tailed prairie dogs for prey and burrow habitats also lived in the area, including the swift fox and the black-footed ferret. Big game herds, including the American bison, once occupied almost all parts of the basin. (See appendix E for a list of species found in the area).

Today, the landscape has changed. Some wetlands have been filled or drained, others have been altered, and new wetlands in the form of flood-irrigated fields have been created. Only 4 percent of existing wetlands within the Laramie Plains are protected (Copeland et al. 2010a). Much of the water in the area is managed to support various human needs such as


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And supported by the most distinguished physicians in the United States, among which are Professors Bigelow, Channing, Chapman, Coxe, De Butts, Dewees, Dickson, Dudley, Francis, Gibson, Hare, Henderson, Horner, Hosack, Jackson, Macneven, Mott, Mussey, Physick, Potter, Sewall, Warren, and Worthington; Drs. Daniell, Drake, Emerson, Fearn, Geddings, Griffith, Hale, Hays, Hayward, Ives, Jackson, Moultric, Ware, and Wright. It is published punctuclly on the first of November, February, May, and August. Each No. contains about 280 large 8vo. pages, and one or more plates—being a greater amount of matter than is furnished by any other Medical Journal in the United States. Price $5 per annum.

The following extracts show the estimation in which this Journal is held in Europe:—

{{smaller block| Several of the American Journals are before us. * * * Of these the American Journal of the Medical Sciences is by far the better periodical; it is, indeed, the best of the trans-{{SIC|atlantic|Atlantic}} medical publications; and, to make a comparison nearer home, is in most respects superior to the great majority of European works of the same description.”—The Lancet, Jan, 1831.

"We need scarcely refer our esteemed and highly eminent cotemporary, [The American Journal of the Medical Sciences) from whom we quote, to our critical remarks on the opinions of our own countrymen, or to the principles which influence us in the discharge of our editorial duties.” “Our copious extracts from his unequalled publication, unnoticing multitudes of others which come before {us, are the best proof of the esteem which we entertain for his talents and abilities."—London Medical and Surgical Journal, March, 1830.

The American Journal of the Medical Sciences is one of the most complete and best edited of the numerous periodical publications of the United States.”—''Bulletin des Sciences Medicales, Tom. XIV.'' }}

—Essays.—Chronic Intumescence of the Tongue. By Thomas Harris, M. D. Surgeon of the United States’ Naval Hospital, in Philadelphia, and one of the Surgeons of the Pennsylvania Hospital. [With a plate.]—Experiments and Observations on the Endosmose and Exosmose of Gases, and the Relation of these Phenomena with the Function of Respiration. By Edwin D. Faust, M. D. of Columbia, S. C.—On the Penetrativeness of Fluids. By. J. K. Mitchell, M. D. Lecturer on Medical Chemistry in the Philadelphia Medical Institute.—Notes of Cases of Angina Pectoris, with some Remarks. By N. Chapman, M. D. Professor of the Institutes and Practice of Physic and Clinical Practice in the University of Pennsylvania.—On the Comparative Influence of Vegetable and Animal Decomposition as a Cause of Fever. By Usher Parsons, M. D. Professor of Anatomy and Surgery, Providence College, R. [.—Reports of Cases treatéd at the Baltimore Alms-house Infirmary. By Thomas H. Wright, M. D. Physician to the Institution.—Case of Trismus Nascentium, m which Tracheotomy was successfully performed. By John Bellinger, M.D. Read to the Medical Society of South Carolina.—Irritation of the Spinal Cord. By William Hitch, M. D. of Baltimore.—Case of Ruptured Urethra. By S.J. Stratford, Esq. Member of the Royal College of Surgeons, London.Reviews.—Grundriss der Physiologie. Von Dr. Karl Asmund Rudolphi. Elements of Physiology. By Dr. Charles Asmund Rudolphi, Professor of Med. &c. Berlin, Vols. I., U., and III., 1821-1828.—Des Hémorrhoïdes, ou Traité Analytique de toutes les Affections Hemorrhoïdales. Par A.J. Montégre. 1 vol. in 8yo. 2d. ed. Paris, 1830.—Traité des Plaies de Téte et de Encéphalite. Par J. P. Gama, M. D. Prof. a l'Hopital Milit. de Instruct. du Val-de-Grace. Paris, 1830.Bibliographical Notices.—The Dyspeptic’s Monitor, &c. By S. W. Avery, M. D. New York, 1830, pp. 152, 8vo—Theorie der Krankheit, &c. Theory of Diseases, or General Pathology. By Ph. C. Hartmann, Doct. of Med. and Professor in the University of Vienna, &c.—Nouvelles Recherches sur l'Endosmose et l'Exosmose, &c. Par M. Dutrochet, Correspondent de l’Institute, &c. 8vo. pp. 106. Paris, 1828.—Encyclopadisches Worterbuch der medicinischen Wissenschaften. Herausgegeben von den Professoren der médicinischen Facultat zu Berlin. C. F. v. Graefe, C. W. Hufeland, H. F. Link, K. A. Rudolphi. Dritter Band. (Antiphathie—Attractio.) Berlin, 1829, und Vierter Band, (Attrahentia—Band, ) 1830.—Handbuch der speciellen, medicinischen Pathologie und Therapie, &e. Manual of Special Medical Pathology and Therapeutics. By J. N. von Raimann, M.D. &e. 3d edit. enlarged and improved. Zvols. Vienna, 1826.—Manuel Complet de Médecine Légale. Par C. Sedillot, D. M. P. Paris, 1830, pp. 511, 12mo.—Lectures on the Theory and Practice of Surgery. By John Abernethy, F. R. S. &e. C. S. Francis, New York, 1830, pp. 190, 8vo.—Recherches Anatomiques, Physiologiques et Pathologiques sur le Systeme Veineux. Par M. G. Breschet, 7 Livraisons, Fol. Paris, 1829.—The influence of Modern Physical Education of Females in producing and confirming Deformity of the Spine. By E. W. Duffin, Surgeon. Boston, 1830, pp. 140, 12mo,—Manual of Therapeutics. By L. Martinet, D. M. P. translated with alterations and additions. By R. Norton, M. D. Extraordinary Member of the Med. Society of Edinburgh. Lond. 1830, pp. 325, 12mo.


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to them is necessary, not only to those who desire to consult the onginal sources of information, but to every one who wishes to keep pace with the progress of knowledge, since a long period necessarily elapses after their publication before these discoveries become incorporated in the systematic works.

This is no less true in medicine than-in the other sciences. In this country, physicians select the Journals as the medium of communicating their observations and opinions to the public, but in Europe, this is not usually the case; the transactions of societies hold there a much higher rank than the Journals, and are preferred for that purpose.

So high, indeed, is the character of many of these societies, that the insertion of a memoir in their transactions is considered as an honour of which the most distinguished men are ambitious, and as the reputation of these societies is dependent upon the merits of the papers which appear under their sanction, they are careful to insert in their transactions such only as are of real utility.

Valuable, however, as are these works, 'and important as it is that access should be readily had to them, they are published in so expensive a manner, (many of them in quarto, and with costly plates, ) as to place them beyond the reach of the profession in this country; indeed they are to be found only in a few of our public libraries. Many of these memoirs are, moreover, in foreign languages, and not a few of them communicated to societies which embrace within their scope all the sciences, and hence to possess a single memoir, it would often be necessary to purchase a large volume, nine-tenths of the contents of which would be of no interest to the purchaser.

The profession are consequently dependent for all their knowledge of these publications, to the occasional notices and analyses in the Medical Journals, and although this may suffice, as respects some memoirs, others are of such a nature as not to admit of condensation within the limits that can be allotted for the purpose, and the latter are not unfrequently the most valuable.

These considerations have led to the belief that physicians would be pleased to possess a collection of such memoirs, and it is accordingly proposed to publish a volume occasionally as materials may offer.

It is intended that the "Select Medico-Chirurgical Transactions," shall comprise the best memoirs read before the Medical and Chirurgical Societies of London and Edinburgh; the Association of Fellows and Licentiates of the King and Queen's College of Physicians in Ireland; the Royal Academy of Medicine of Paris; the Royal Societies of London and Edinburgh; the Royal Academy of Turin; the Medical and Anatomical Societies of Paris; the Medical and Physical Society of Calcutta, &c. &c. and also the most interesting pepe from the Dublin Hospital Reports, &c. &c.

These memoirs will be published entire, with occasional notes by the editor; and in their selection, reference will be particularly had to their permanent value, and practical importance.

The editor is in possession of a larger collection of the transactions of foreign societies, than perhaps any other individual in this country, and he has access to nearly all those published in Europe.

A volume of the 'Select Medico-Chirurgical Transactions" is now in the press and will be published immediately. It can be had of all "Booksellers" in the United States.


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200 daughter (of .) Thou hast now known their names according to the order of their births. All of them were heroes and great charioteers, and skilled in the art of war. All of them were, besides, versed in the Vedas, and, O king, all of them had crossed the Shastras. All of them were mighty in attack and defence, and all were graced with learning. And, O monarch, all of them had wives suitable to themselves in grace and accomplishments. And, O king, when the time came, the Kaurava monarch bestowed his daughter on Jayadratha the king of Sindhu agreeably to the counsels of Sakuni.

"And, O monarch, know thou that king was a portion of Dharma; that  was of the diety [sic] of wind; that Arjuna was of Indra the chief of the celestials; and that Nakula and Sahadeva, the handsomest beings among all creatures, and unrivalled in beauty on earth, were similarly portions of the twin Aswinas. And he who was known as the mighty Varcha—the son of Shoma—became Abhimanyu of wonderful deeds, the son of Arjuna. And before his incarnation, O king, the god Soma had said these words to the celestials:—'I cannot give (part with) my son. He is dearer to me than life itself. Let this be the compact and let it not be transgressed. The destruction of the Asuras on earth is the work of the celestials and therefore is it our work as well. Let this Varcha therefore go thither but let him not stay there long. Nara, whose companion is Narayana, will take his birth as Indra's son and, indeed, will be known as Arjuna the mighty son of Pandu. This boy of mine shall be his son and become a mighty charioteer in his boyhood. And let him, ye best of immortals, stay on earth for sixteen years. And when he attaineth to his sixteenth year that war shall take place in which all who are born of your portions shall achieve the destruction of mighty warriors. But a certain encounter shall take place without both Nara and Narayana (taking any part in it.) And, indeed, your portions, ye celestials, shall fight having made that disposition of the forces which is known by the name of the . And my son shall compell all foes to retreat before him. The boy of mighty arms having


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Rh penetrated the impenetrable Vuha shall range within it fearlessly and send a fourth part of the hostile force, in course of half a day, unto the regions of the king of the dead. Then numberless heroes and mighty charioteers returning to the charge towards the close of the day, shall my boy of mighty arms re-appear before me. And he shall beget one heroic son in his line who shall continue the almost extinct Bharata race.' Hearing these words of Shoma, the dwellers of heaven replied, 'So be it.' And they then all together applauded and worshipped (Shoma) the king of the stars. Thus, O king, have I recited to thee the (particulars of the) birth of thy father's father!

"Know thou also, O monarch, the mighty charioteer Drishtadyumna was a portion of Agni. And know also that Shikhandi, who was at first a female, was (the incarnation of) a Rakshasa. And, O thou bull of the Bharata race, they who had become the five sons of Draupadi—those bulls amongst the Bharata princes—were the celestials known as the Viswas. Their names were Pritivindhya,, , the son of Nakula, and  endued with mighty energy.

"Shura—the first of the Yadus—was the father of Vasudeva. He had a daughter called Prithā who in beauty was unrivalled on earth. And Shura, having promised in the presence of fire that he would give his first-born child to the son of his paternal aunt who was without offspring, gave his daughter unto that monarch in expectation of his favors. And  thereupon made her his daughter. And she was thenceforth, in the house of her (adoptive) father, engaged in attending upon Brahmanas and guests. One day she had to attend upon the wrathful ascetic of rigid vows—Durvasha by name—acquainted with truth and fully conversant with the mysteries of religion. And Prithā with all possible care gratified the wrathful Rishi of soul under complete control. And the worshipful one gratified with the attentions bestowed on him by the maiden told her, 'I am satisfied, O fortunate one, with thee! By this mantra (that I am about to give thee, thou shalt be able to summon (to thy side) what- 26


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202 ever celestials thou likest. And by their grace shalt thou also obtain children!' Thus addressed, the girt, (a little while after) possessed with curiosity, summoned, during the period of her maiden-hood, the god Arka (Sun.) And the lord of light thereupon made her conceive and begat in her a son who was the first of all wielders of weapons. And from fear of her relatives she brought forth in sceresysecrecy [sic] that that child who came out with ear-rings and coal of mail. And he was gifted with the beauty of a celestial infant, and in splendour was like unto the maker of day himself and every part of his body was symmetrical and well embellished. And Kunti cast the handsome child into the water. But the child thus thrown into the water was taken up by the excellent husband of Radha and given by him to his wife to be by her adopted as their son. And the couple gave him the name of by which appellation the child soon became known all over the land. And as he grew up he became very strong and excelled in all arms. And the first of all successful persons, he soon mastered the Vedangas. And while the intelligent one who had truth for his strength was studying the Vedas, there was nothing he would not give to the Brahmanas. At that time Indra—the originator of all things—moved by the desire of benefiting his own son Arjuna, assuming the guise of a Brahmana, came to him and begged of the hero his ear-rings and natural armour. And the hero taking off his ear-rings and armour gave them unto the Brahmana. And Sakra (accepting the gifts) presented to the giver a Sakti (missile weapon) surprised (at his open-handedness) and addressed him these words:—'O invincible one, amongst the celestials, Asuras, men, Gandharvas, Nagas, and Rakshasas, he at whom thou hurlest (this weapon), that one shall certainly be slain!' And the son of Surya was at first known in the world by the name of. But for his deeds he subsequently came to be called Karna. And because the hero of great fame had taken off his natural armour therefore was he—the first son of Prithā—called Karna. And, O thou best of kings, the hero began to grow up in the Suta caste. And, O king, know thou that Karna—the first of all exalted men—the foremost of all wielders of weapons—the


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{|style="width:100%; border-bottom:2px solid black; text-align:right" residential use, hay and crop production, and recreation. The strong ranching culture in the area has kept many of the habitats of the basin from being converted to other uses and left much of the region’s biodiversity intact. There are growing concerns that a significant increase in residential development threatens the remaining natural character of this landscape, in particular the habitats and species that make the Laramie Plains regionally important for biological diversity. Rural development on exurban lots has been growing at a rate of 10 to 15 percent a year (USDA 2006). Such development will likely diminish the future value of these important biological resources and working landscapes.
 * Chapter 1—Introduction and Project Description3
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 * }

Once the western fringe of the range for many short mixed-grass prairie species, the Laramie Plains has increased in relative habitat value because of habitat loss, fragmentation, and conversion of native prairie to cropland elsewhere in the Great Plains. Because of the relatively large, intact ecosystem still available, the basin has become crucial habitat for many species. Without increased conservation measures to protect upland habitat from degradation and conversion to other uses, species that now depend on the high elevation prairie as a last remaining refuge would be vulnerable.

The remaining wetlands play a vital role in providing resting and feeding areas for the thousands of migratory birds that continue to use the central flyway each spring and fall. However, increased sedimentation, nutrient runoff, salinization, and decreased water runoff jeopardize the functions and values of these wetlands. Similarly, riparian corridors are also affected by sedimentation, nutrient runoff, decreased water runoff, and stream channelization, which affect fish and other aquatic species, such as the endangered Wyoming toad. With decreasing water quality and natural water flow in the rivers and remaining wetlands, the recovery of the Wyoming toad could be impaired.

While increased human activity in the Laramie Plains has generally reduced wildlife populations and habitat, there have been some compensating effects. For example, irrigated hay meadows provide nesting cover for waterfowl. Some of the same flood-irrigated meadows may also hold water longer during the summer months, helping to retain higher late-summer flows in the surrounding rivers. Large ranches in the basin provide large blocks of habitat that benefit wildlife.

The entire footprint of this project would be located in south-central Albany County, Wyoming, and would encompass three existing refuges: Bamforth, Mortenson Lake, and Hutton Lake National Wildlife Refuges. The WTCA would focus on the protection of wetlands, riparian corridors, and open landscapes with the objective of conserving land through the acquisition of up to 43,200 acres of voluntary conservation easements and up to a maximum of 10,000 acres in fee-title acquisition from willing sellers only (table LPP–1).

Acquisition of fee-title lands from willing sellers would be prioritized based on specific criteria that would help with meeting the criteria of the Wyoming Toad Revised Recovery Plan (USFWS 2015). These criteria are meant to contribute to the recovery and eventual delisting of the Wyoming toad. The Wyoming Toad Revised Recovery Plan (USFWS 2015) calls for the establishment of five independent, self-sustaining populations, all within the toad’s historical range. Furthermore, these five populations should be distributed across at least two basic habitat types: rivers and associated floodplains (lotic habitats) and ponds and lakes (lentic habitats). To accomplish this goal, other lands need to be acquired within the Wyoming toad’s historical range to reintroduce and conserve its populations in perpetuity. Management practices on fee-title lands could include prescribed fire, livestock grazing with periodic resting of pastures, exclusion of nonnative fish, invasive species control, and disease management. A compatibility determination would be completed to establish whether any land acquired in fee title could be opened for public use.

Conservation easements would be bought from willing sellers on parcels that contain habitat suitable


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302 the skin was brown and sunken; it stretched tightly over the cheek bones and made them stand out sharply; the crisp dead eyes were deep in the sockets; the nostrils were painfully prominent, the end of the nose being gone; the lips had shriveled away from the yellow teeth: and brought down to us through the circling years, and petrified there, was a weird laugh a full century old!

It was the jolliest laugh, but yet the most dreadful, that one can imagine. Surely, I thought, it must have been a most extraordinary joke this veteran produced with his latest breath, that he has not got done laughing at it yet. At this moment I saw that the old instinct was strong upon the boys, and I said we had better hurry to St. Peter’s. They were trying to keep from asking, “Is—is he dead?”

It makes me dizzy, to think of the Vatican—of its wilderness of statues, paintings, and curiosities of every description and every age. The “old masters” (especially in sculpture.) fairly swarm, there. I can not write about the Vatican. I think I shall never remember any thing I saw there distinctly but the mummies, and the Transfiguration, by Raphael, and some other things it is not necessary to mention now. I shall remember the Transfiguration partly because it was placed in a room almost by itself; partly because it is acknowledged by


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Rh slayer of foes—and the best portion of the maker of day—was the friend and counsellor of Duryodhana. And he called Vāsudeva, endued with great valor, was among men a portion of him called Narayana—the god of gods—eternal! And Valadeva of exceeding strength was a portion of the Naga Shesa. And, O monarch, know thou that Pradyumna (Kama) of great energy was. And in this way the portions of various other dwellers of heaven became exalted men in the race of Vasudeva increasing the glory thereof. And, O king, the portions of the Gana of Apsaras which I have mentioned already, also became incarnate on earth according to Indra's commands. And sixteen thousand portions of those goddesses became, O king, in this world of men the wives of Vāsudeva. And a portion of Sri herself became incarnate on earth, for the gratification of Narayana, in the line of Bhismaka. And she was by name the chaste Rukmini. And the faultless Draupadi, slender-waisted like the wasp, was born of the portion of Shachi (the queen of the celestials) in the line of Drupada. And she was neither low nor tall in stature. And she was of the fragrance of the blue lotus, of eyes large as lotus leaves, of thighs fair and round, of dense masses of black curly hair. And endued with every auspicious feature and of complexion like that of the emerald, she became the charmer of the hearts of five foremost of men. And the two goddesses Siddhi and Dhriti became the mothers of those give and were called Kunti and Madri. And she who was Mati became the daughter (Gandhari) of Suvala.

"Thus, O king, have I recited to thee all about the incarnations, according to their respective portions, of the gods, the Asuras, the Gandharvas, the Apsaras, and of the Rakshasas. They who were born on earth as monarchs invincible in war, those high-souled ones who were born in the wide extended line of the Yadus, they who were born as mighty monarchs in other lines, they who were born as Brahmanas and Kshatrias and Vaisyas, have all been recited by me duly. And this account of the incarnation (of superior being according to their respective portions) capable of bestowing wealth, fame, offspring, long life, and success, should always be heard


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perusing the manuscript of this work, a friend, whose judgment I am bound to esteem, represented to me, that in it there were some expressions calculated to give offence to my professional brethren. All I can say is, that, of an intention to cast reproach upon any one, I am perfectly innocent; but where a great and destructive evil prevails, and prevails to a frightful extent, the selection of mild language would be a mistaken delicacy, and would go far to neutralize the effects of the intended remedy.

With this single remark, I submit the work to the indulgent attention of the profession.


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Rh all to be the first oil painting in the world; and partly because it was wonderfully beautiful. The colors are fresh and rich, the “expression,” I am told, is fine, the “feeling” is lively, the “tone” is good, the “depth” is profound, and the width is about four and a half feet, I should judge. It is a picture that really holds one’s attention; its beauty is fascinating. It is fine enough to be a Renaissance. A remark I made a while avo suggests a thought—and a hope. Is it not possible that the reason I find such charms in this picture is because it is out of the crazy chaos of the galleries? If some of the others were set apart, might not they be beautiful? If this were set in the midst of the tempest of pictures one finds in the vast galleries of the Roman palaces, would I think it so handsome? If, up to this time, I had seen only one “old master” in each palace, instead of acres and acres of walls and ceilings fairly papered with them, might I not have a more civilized opinion of the old masters than I have now? I think so. When I was a school-boy and was to have a new knife, I could not make up my mind as to which was the prettiest in the show-case, and I did not think any of them were particularly pretty; and so I chose with a heavy heart. But when I looked at my purchase, at home, where no glittering blades came into competition with it, I was astonished to see how handsome it was. To this day my new hats look better out of the shop than they did in it with other new hats. It begins to dawn upon me, now, that possibly, what I have been taking for uniform ugliness in the galleries may be uniform beauty after all. I honestly hope it is, to others, but certainly it is not to me. Perhaps the reason I used to enjoy going to the Academy


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has long been a matter of surprise and regret to all thinking men in the profession, that there should be no book in existence that can be called a satisfactory treatise upon the various forms of Hysteria; none in which an attempt has been made to trace the cause of this disorder, and the elements of which it consists; nor any to which the pracWiener can resort, or direct others, with much prospect of useful information.

The apparent neglect in which this important disorder and its serious 'results have remained, does not arise from the paucity of writers; for the field of medical literature has, of late years, swarmed with labourers in almost every department: a fact


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304 of Fine Arts in New York was because there were but a few hundred paintings in it, and it did not surfeit me to go through the list. I suppose the Academy was bacon and beans in the Forty-Mile Desert, and a European gallery is a state dinner of thirteen courses. One leaves no sign after him of the one dish, but the thirteen frighten away his appetite and give him no satisfaction.

There is one thing I am certain of, though. With all the Michael Angelos, the Raphaels, the Guidos and the other old masters, the sublime history of Rome remains unpainted! They painted Virgins enough, and popes enough and saintly scare-crows enough, to people Paradise, almost, and these things are all they did paint. “Nero fiddling o’er burning Rome,” the assassination of Cæsar, the stirring spectacle of a hundred thousand people bending forward with rapt interest, in the Coliseum, to see two skillful gladiators hacking away each others’ lives, a tiger springing upon a kneeling martyr—these and a thousand other matters which we read of with a living interest, must be sought for only in books—not among the rubbish left by the old masters—who are no more, I have the satisfaction of informing the public.

They did paint, and they did carve in marble, one historical scene, and one only, (of any great historical consequence.) And what was it and why did they choose it, particularly? It was the Rape of the Sabines, and they chose it for the legs and busts.

I like to look at statues, however, and I like to look at pictures, also—even of monks looking up in sacred ecstacy, and monks looking down in meditation, and monks skirmishing for


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6 very creditable to the profession, .as evincing an unanimous desire to promote the interests of science, and to impart to others such knowledge and such light as may have resulted from individual experience and research.

Though it may, perhaps, be impossible to determine all the reasons that have operated to prevent these really interesting disorders from undergoing a more particular investigation, it is not improbable that the following may form part of them.

In the first place, Hysteria has been, from time immemorial, looked upon as a very trifling affair, made up of nervousness, fancifulness, and imbecility: not unfrequently it has scarcely been treated with common humanity; often turned into ridicule, and considered altogether undeserving of serious attention.

In the next place, with the exception of that common form which is popularly called "Hysterics," the characters it assumes are so various and indefinite, that they have seemed not to admit of being classed under the same general name, or to bear any resemblance to each other. Further, its pathological conditions have been very little understood; and its multifarious shapes are so


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{|style="width:100%; border-bottom:2px solid black" to support conservation efforts. Easement acquisitions would focus on the protection of wetlands and riparian corridors for Federal trust species (migratory birds and threatened and endangered species). Lands protected via easements would remain in private ownership and could continue to be grazed, hayed, farmed, or otherwise managed in accordance with current practices. However, subdivision and development would be restricted and subject to stipulations agreed on by the landowners and the Service. Furthermore, easements may include stipulations related to exercising water rights, which could be changed only if the changes would be beneficial to wildlife. Easement terms would be negotiated with landowners interested in a conservation easement. The WTCA project, in conjunction with other conservation efforts in the region, would help to keep unfragmented blocks of wetland, grassland, and shrubland habitat. The WTCA would complement the conservation efforts of land trusts and entities such as The Nature Conservancy, Wyoming Stock Growers Land Trust, Wyoming Game and Fish Department (WGFD), and Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS). A map showing the protected lands is in the EA (see appendix A, figure EA-2).
 * 4Land Protection Plan—Wyoming Toad Conservation Area, Wyoming
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The purpose of the WTCA is to protect the endangered Wyoming toad and other Federal trust species and provide strategic habitat conservation measures that are necessary to maintain, conserve, restore, protect, and enhance the native ecological communities within the Laramie Plains. Native habitats that make up the Laramie Plains, including wetlands, riparian areas, shrublands, and short mixed-grass prairie, are important for a variety of wildlife species. The wetlands and riparian habitats function as important breeding, foraging, and nesting areas for large populations of migratory shorebirds, waterfowl, and neotropical passerines, and are also the historical range of the endemic endangered Wyoming toad. The uplands, which are covered with shrubs and short mixed-grass prairie, are home to white-tailed prairie dogs, pronghorn, and many grassland birds, such as mountain plover and McCown’s longspur. Land acquisition (fee-title and easement) and management of the WTCA will focus on protecting those habitats that complement and connect to existing protected areas, along with protecting lands in perpetuity for the recovery of the Wyoming toad.

Nestled between the Snowy and Laramie mountain ranges, the Laramie Plains is a semiarid, high-elevation basin that was once the western fringe of many species’ ranges; due to habitat loss on the Great Plains and the largely intact ecosystem still available within the basin, the Laramie Plains has become crucial habitat for many species.

Among them, the endemic Wyoming toad, found only in the Laramie Plains, now stands at the precipice of extinction. With additional research and habitat protection, the toad has the ability to once again become a common sight. The mosaic landscape of wetlands, grasslands, and shrublands will continue to support a multitude of diverse wildlife species as well as provide abundant outdoor recreation opportunities to visitors. The WTCA fosters a collaborative effort between numerous partners to conserve the valuable natural resources of the Laramie Plains into the future and will be a model of cooperative conservation between private, State, and Federal partners shaping a common vision for the area related to conservation, agriculture, and open space.

Bamforth National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1932 by Executive Order 5783 to provide breeding grounds for birds and other wildlife.

Hutton Lake National Wildlife Refuge was established by Executive Order 5782 in 1932. The purpose of the refuge is to provide “a refuge and breeding ground for birds and wild animals.”

Mortenson Lake National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1993 to protect the Wyoming toad’s last known population. The Wyoming toad was listed as an endangered species in 1984. The population at Mortenson Lake was found in 1987. The purpose of the refuge is “to conserve fish or wildlife which are listed as endangered species or threatened species.”


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made the conclusion of the story of Saïdyah shorter than I might have done if I had felt inclined to a description of horrors. The reader will note how I dwelt on the account of my hero’s watch under the ketapan, as though I feared the approach of the grievous dénouement, on which aversion made me touch only lightly. And yet this was not my intention when I began to write about Saïdyah. For at the outset I feared that I should need stronger colouring to move the reader with the description of such strange conditions. But little by little I realized that it would be an insult to my public to believe that I ought to have spilt more blood on my picture.

And yet I might have done so, for I have before me documents but no: I will rather make a confession.

Yes, a confession, reader! I do not know whether Saïdyah loved Adinda. Nor whether he went to Batavia. Nor whether he was murdered in the Lampongs with Dutch bayonets. I do not know whether his father succumbed in consequence of the rattan-scourging he received for having left Badoor without a passport. I do not know whether Adinda counted the moons by notches in her rice-block

All this I do know!

But I know than all this. I know that there were many Adindas and many Saïdyahs, and that. I have said that I can give the names of persons who, like the parents of Saïdyah and Adinda, were driven out of their country by oppression. It is not my object to give in this work statements such as would be required before a Court of Justice sitting to pronounce a verdict on the manner in which Dutch authority is exercised in India, statements that would


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Rh something to eat—and therefore I drop ill nature to thank the papal government for so jealously guarding and so industriously gathering up these things; and for permitting me, a stranger and not an entirely friendly one, to roam at will and unmolested among them, charging me nothing, and only requiring that I shall behave myself simply as well as I ought to behave in any other man’s house. I thank the Holy Father right heartily, and I wish him long life and plenty of happiness.

The Popes have long been the patrons and preservers of art, just as our new, practical Republic is the encourager and upholder of mechanics. In their Vatican is stored up all that is curious and beautiful in art; in our Patent Office is hoarded all that is curious or useful in mechanics. When a man invents a new style of horse-collar or discovers a new and superior method of telegraphing, our government issues a patent to him that is worth a fortune; when a man digs up an ancient statue in the Campagna, the Pope gives him a fortune in gold coin. We can make something of a guess at a man’s character by the style of nose he carries on his face. The Vatican and the Patent Office are governmental noses, and they bear a deal of character about them.

The guide showed us a colossal statue of Jupiter, in the Vatican, which he said looked so damaged and rusty—so like the God of the Vagabonds—because it had but recently been dug up in the Campagna. He asked how much we supposed this Jupiter was worth? I replied, with intelligent promptness, that he was probably worth about four dollars—may be four and a half. “A hundred thousand dollars!” Ferguson said. Ferguson said, further, that the Pope permits no ancient work of this kind to leave his dominions. He appoints a commission to examine discoveries like this and report upon the value; then the Pope pays the discoverer one-half of that assessed value and takes the statue. He said this Jupiter was dug from a field which had just been bought for thirty-six thousand dollars, so the first crop was a good one for the new farmer. I do not know whether Ferguson always tells the truth or not, but I suppose he does. I know that an exorbitant export duty is


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204 in a proper frame of mind. And having listened to this account of incarnations, according to their portions, of gods, Gandharvas, and Rakshasas, the hearer becoming acquainted with the creation, preservation, and destruction of the universe and acquiring wisdom, is never depressed even under the most engrossing sorrows."

And so ends the sixty-seventh Section in the Sambhava of the Adi Parva.

( Sambhava Parva continued. )

Janamejaya said, "O Brahmana, I have, indeed, heard from thee this account of the incarnation, according to their portions, of the gods, the Danavas, the Rakshasas, and also of the Gandharvas and the Apsaras. I, however, again desire to hear of the dynasty of the Kurus from the very beginning. Therefore, O Brahmana, speak of this in the presence of all these Brahmarshis!"

Vaisampayana said, "O exalted one of the Bharata race, the founder of the Paurava line was Dushmanta gifted with great energy. And he was the protector of the earth bounded by the four seas. And that king had full sway over four quarters of this world. And he was the lord also of various regions in the midst of the sea. And that great oppressor of all foes had sway over the countries even of the mlecchas.

And during his rule there were no men of mixed castes, no tillers of the soil (for the land of itself yielded produce), no workers of mines (for the surface of the earth yielded abundance), and no sinful men. All were virtuous, and did every thing from motives, O tiger among men, of virtue. There was no fear of thieves, O dear one, no fear of famine, no fear of disease. And all the four orders took pleasure in doing their respective duties and never performed religious acts for obtaining fruition of desires. And his subjects depending upon him never entertained any fear. And Parjannya (Indra) poured showers at the proper time and the produce of the fields was always pulpy and juicy. And the earth was full of all kinds


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 only have force as evidence for those who had the patience to read them through with attention and interest, which cannot be expected from a public that reads for diversion. For this reason, instead of dry names of persons and places, with dates, instead of a copy, instead of these I have endeavoured to give a sketch of what pass in the hearts of the poor people who are robbed of that which has to serve for their maintenance, or I have even only allowed this to be guessed, fearing that I might be too greatly mistaken in delineating emotions which I never experienced.

But as to the Oh, that I were but summoned to prove what I have written! Oh, that they might say: “You have invented this Saïdyah he never sang that song  no Adinda ever lived at Badoor!” But then also, might it be said with the power and the desire to do justice, as soon as I had given the proofs that I am not a slanderer!

Is the parable of the good Samaritan a lie, because perhaps no robbed traveller was ever received in a Samaritan house? Is the parable of the Sower a lie, because no husbandman would cast his seed on a rock? Or—coming down to a level nearer to my book—may one deny the truth which is the main point in Uncle Tom’s Cabin, because perhaps there never was an Evangeline? Shall it be said to the writer of that immortal plea—immortal, not on account of art or talent, but because of its and the  made by it—shall it be said to her: “You have lied, the slaves are not ill-treated, for  there is untruth in your book: it is a novel”? Was not she also compelled to give, instead of an enumeration of dry facts, a story that clothed those facts, so that the realization of the need of reform might penetrate to the hearts? Would her book have been read, if she had given it in the form of a court-case? Is it her fault—or mine—that the truth, in order to gain access, has so often to borrow the guise of a lie?

And to others who will perhaps contend that I have idealized Saïdyah and his love, I must put the question: “How can you know


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306 exacted upon all pictures painted by the old masters, in order to discourage the sale of those in the private collections. I am satisfied, also, that genuine old masters hardly exist at all, in America, because the cheapest and most insignificant of them are valued at the price of a fine farm. I proposed to buy a small trifle of a Raphael, myself, but the price of it was eighty thousand dollars, the export duty would have made it considerably over a hundred, and so I studied on it awhile and concluded not to take it.

I wish here to mention an inscription I have seen, before I forget it:

“Glory to God in the highest, peace on earth !” It is not good scripture, but it is sound Catholic and human nature.

This is in letters of gold around the apsis of a mosaic group at the side of the scala santa, church of St. John Lateran, the Mother and Mistress of all the Catholic churches of the world. The group represents the Saviour, St. Peter, Pope Leo, St. Silvester, Constantine and Charlemagne. Peter is giving the pallium to the Pope, and a standard to Charlemagne. The Saviour is giving the keys to St. Silvester, and a standard to Constantine. No prayer is offered to the Saviour, who seems to be of little importance any where in Rome; but an inscription below says, “Blessed Peter, give life to Pope Leo and victory to King Charles.” It does not say, “Intercede for us, through the Saviour, with the Father, for this boon,” but “Blessed Peter, give it us.”

In all seriousness—without meaning to be frivolous—without meaning to be irreverent, and more than all, without meaning to be blasphemous,—I state as my simple deduction from the things I have seen and the things I have heard, that the Holy Personages rank thus in Rome:

First—“The Mother of God”—otherwise the Virgin Mary.

Second—The Deity.

Third—Peter.

Fourth—Some twelve or fifteen canonized Popes.and martyrs.

Fifth—Jesus Christ the Saviour—(but always as an infant in arms.)


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AN ACT to Amend and Re-enact Subdivision 6 of Section 3576 of Article 3, Civil Code of the Revised Codes of 1899, Relating to Acknowledgments by Deputies.

Be it Enacted by the Legislative Assembly of the State of North Dakota:

§ 1. ] That subdivision 6 of section 3576, article 3, civil code of the revised codes of 1899, be amended and reenacted to read as follows:

6. When any of the officers mentioned in this article are authorized by law to appoint a deputy, the acknowledgment or proof may be taken by such deputy in the name of his principal, as deputy, or by such deputy as deputy.

§ 2. All acts or parts of acts in conflict with this act are hereby repealed.

Approved March 9, 1903. S L.—1


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{|style="width:100%; border-bottom:2px solid black; text-align:right"
 * Chapter 1—Introduction and Project Description5
 * }
 * }

Please see discussion of Issues Identified and Selected for Analysis in section 1 of the EA in this volume (appendix A).

The Service released the draft WTCA EA and LPP on November 20, 2014, for a 47-day public review period. The draft documents became the basis for the final WTCA EA/LPP. They were made available to the general public as well as to Federal officials and agencies, State officials and agencies, four Native American tribes with aboriginal interests, and members of the public who had asked to be added to the project mailing list as well as via the project Web site. A public meeting was held December 4, 2014, in Laramie, Wyoming, to discuss and get public comments on the draft EA/LPP. Approximately 80 members of the public attended the meeting. In addition to comments provided at the public meeting, the Service received 16 written comments from government agencies, non-governmental organizations, corporations, and individuals. Comments were reviewed and incorporated into the administrative record. Comments and responses to substantive comments are included in appendix F.

The comments generally in favor of the WTCA mention items such as:

 * Support for WTCA acquiring conservation easements and fee-title lands with a willing seller program to facilitate additional toad reintroductions

 * WTCA using a partnership approach between private landowners and agencies

 * Restoring the Wyoming toad to its historic range by conserving toad habitat, water quality, migratory birds, and the biodiversity that riparian and upland areas support

 * Enlarging the WTCA project boundary to include additional acreage

 * Protecting wildlife while ensuring compatibility with most agriculture practices

 * Helping facilitate wildlife movements in our area and possibly mitigating the adverse effects of climate change on our local fauna and flora

 * Delineating the project boundary using a data-driven approach

Comments not in support of the project identified the following concerns:

 * Citing past experiences with other conservation agencies

 * Requesting that the Service consider longterm impacts of perpetual conservation easements

 * Stating that there is not enough known about what caused the decline of the Wyoming toad to ensure its successful recovery through the WTCA project

 * Expressing general dissatisfaction with the Federal government regarding land access, quality of life, and increased Federal land ownership

The following substantive questions were raised that were neither in opposition to nor in support of the WTCA:

 * How will the presence of a Safe Harbor Agreement or a toad reintroduction site affect an adjacent landowner who chooses not participatenot to participate [sic] in one of the WTCA conservation tools?

 * How will the various conservation tools (conservation easements, fee-title, or Safe Harbor Agreements) affect land management practices such as grazing, mosquito spraying, and water rights?

 * Asking if the Service could consider opening refuges and fee-title lands to public access.


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Rh I may be wrong in this—my judgment errs often, just as is the case with other men’s—but it is my judgment, be it good or bad.

Just here I will mention something that seems curious to me. There are no “Christ’s Churches” in Rome, and no “Churches of the Holy Ghost,” that I can discover. There are some four hundred churches, but about a fourth of them seem to be named for the Madonna and St. Peter. There are so many named for Mary that they have to be distinguished by all sorts of affixes, if I understand the matter rightly. Then we have churches of St. Louis; St. Augustine; St. Agnes; St. Calixtus; St. Lorenzo in Lucina; St. Lorenzo in Damaso; St. Cecilia; St. Athanasius; St. Philip Neri; St. Catherine, St. Dominico, and a multitude of lesser saints whose names are not familiar in the world—and away down, clear out of the list of the churches, comes a couple of hospitals: one of them is named for the Saviour and the other for the Holy Ghost!

Day after day and night after night we have wandered among the crumbling wonders of Rome; day after day and night after night we have fed upon the dust and decay of five-and-twenty centuries—have brooded over them by day and dreampt of them by night till sometimes we seemed moldering away ourselves, and growing defaced and cornerless, and liable at any moment to fall a prey to some antiquary and be patched in the legs, and “restored” with an unseemly nose, and labeled wrong and dated wrong, and set up in the Vatican for poets to drivel about and vandals to scribble their names on forever and forevermore.

But the surest way to stop writing about Rome is to stop. I wished to write a real “guide-book” chapter on this fascinating city, but I could not do it, because I have felt all the time like a boy in a candy-shop—there was every thing to choose from, and yet no choice. I have drifted along hopelessly for a hundred pages of manuscript without knowing where to commence. I will not commence at all. Our passports have been examined. We will go to Naples.


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 this?” For is it not a fact that only very few Europeans consider it worth while to condescend to an observation of the emotions of the coffee- and sugar-producing machines we call “Natives”? But even suppose their remarks were well-founded, he that adduces such considerations as a proof against the main tendency of my book gives me a great victory. For, translated, these considerations are as follows: “The evil you combat does not exist, or not in so high a degree, the Native is not like your Saïdyah  there is in the ill-treatment of the Javanese not so great an evil as would be the case if you had drawn your Saïdyah more accurately. This Soondanese does not sing such songs, loves not thus, feels not thus, and therefore ”

No, Minister for the Colonies, no, Governor-General retired from active service, it is not which you have to prove! You have to prove that the population is not ill-treated, apart from the question whether or no there are sentimental Saïdyahs among the population. Or would you dare maintain that it was lawful to steal buffaloes from people who do not love, who sing melancholy songs, who are  sentimental?

If an attack were made from a literary point of view, I should defend the accuracy of my drawing of Saïdyah; but as a question of politics I would at once concede any strictures on this accuracy, in order to prevent the main argument from being shifted to wrong premises. It is all the same to me whether I am considered an incompetent artist, provided the admission be made that the ill-treatment of the native is: ! For that is the word used in the note of Havelaar’s predecessor, and shown to Controller Verbrugge:.

But I have other proof! And this is fortunate, for even Havelaar’s predecessor might have been mistaken.

Alas! if was mistaken, he was severely punished for his mistake. He was.


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Rh of wealth and all kinds of animals. And the Brahmanas were always engaged in their duties and they were always truthful. And the youthful monarch was endued with wonderful prowess and a physical frame hard as thunder-bolt so that he could, taking up the mountain Mandara, support it in his arms with its forests and bushes. And he was well-skilled in four kinds of encounters with the mace (hurling it at foes in a distance, striking at those that are near, whirling it in the midst of many, and driving the foe before.) And he was skilled also in the use of all kinds of weapons and in riding elephants and horses. And in strength he was like unto Vishnu, in splendour like unto the maker of day, in gravity like unto the Ocean, and in patience like unto the Earth. And the monarch was loved of all his subjects, and he ruled his contented people virtuously."

And thus ends the sixty-eighth Section in the Sambhava of the Adi Parva.

( Sambhava Parva continued. )

Janamejaya said "I desire to hear from thee about the birth and life of the high-souled Bharata and of the origin of Sakuntala. And, O worshipful one, I also desire to hear all about Dushmanta—that lion among men—and how the hero obtained Sakuntala. It behoveth thee, O knower of truth and first of all intelligent men, to tell me everything."

Vaisampayana said, "Once on a time (king Dushmanta) of mighty arm and accompanied by a large force went into the forest. And he took with him also hundreds of horses and elephants. And the force that accompanied the monarch was of four kinds (foot-soldiers, charioteers, cavalry, and elephants,)—heroes armed with swords and darts and bearing in their hands maces and stout clubs. And surrounded by hundreds of warriors with Prasa and Tomara (missile weapons) in their arms, the monarch set out on his journey. And with the leonine roar of the warriors and with the notes of the conch and the sounds of the drum, with the rumbling of the chariot wheels,


text: Max Havelaar (Siebenhaar)/Chapter 17 (Continued)


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HE ship is lying here in the harbor of Naples—quarantined. She has been here several days and will remain several more. We that came by rail from Rome have escaped this misfortune. Of course no one is allowed to go on board the ship, or come ashore from her. She is a prison, now. The passengers probably spend the long, blazing days looking out from under the awnings at Vesuvius and the beautiful city—and in swearing. Think of ten days of this sort of pastime!—We go out every day in a boat and request them to come ashore. It soothes them. We lie ten steps from the ship and tell them how splendid the city is; and how much better the hotel fare is here than any where else in Europe; and how cool it is; and what frozen continents of ice cream there are; and what a time we are having cavorting about the country and sailing to the islands in the Bay. This tranquilizes them.

I shall remember our trip to Vesuvius for many a day—partly because of its sight-seeing experiences, but chiefly on account of the fatigue of the journey. Two or three of us had been resting ourselves among the tranquil and beautiful scenery of the island of Ischia, eighteen miles out in the harbor, for two days; we called it “resting,” but I do not remember now what the resting consisted of, for when we got back to Naples we had not slept for forty-eight hours. We were just about to go to bed early in the evening, and catch up on


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Rh Throughout his course of life a naturally quick temper was held in control; he was ever most affectionate in family relations, ever a faithful friend, and a sure keeper of countless secrets confided to his care. His courtesy to persons in the most humble walks of life was as unfailing as that displayed to those in a rank next the throne. A deputation of working men always left his presence, when he was Prince of Wales, with the conviction of his earnest sympathy with their troubles, and with a most grateful sense of his courteous behaviour. The London cabmen and the London police received from him, on certain occasions, emphatic public testimony to the merits which none but ill-natured and prejudiced people would attempt to deny. In his readiness to afford the people in provincial towns the longed-for opportunity of gazing upon him, he rode in open carriages, with personal discomfort, amid wintry cold and in storms of rain. Such a man could hardly fail to enjoy, in the best sense, what is called "popularity". We conclude this part of our subject by a reference to the breadth and diversity of intellectual culture possessed by him. Rarely, indeed, did any man receive such a training for such a position. The son of a most able and accomplished father, he was carefully educated by tutors chosen under the best advice. The teaching of his boyhood was followed by a brief university course at Edinburgh, Oxford, and Cambridge, where he received the soundest instruction from the ablest men in their several departments. His mind, in early and later manhood, was further developed and enlarged by travel extending to all the continents save Australia. In wanderings many, not of suffering, risk, and toilsome adventure, as in those of the Homeric hero, but of profitable and pleasurable ease, the King was a veritable modern Ulysses. Many men and cities he saw and knew, and many ways of mankind, and this knowledge he turned, on many occasions, to good account in social and political affairs as one of the best of non-professional diplomatists.


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About noon on November 9, 1841, the sound of the guns on the platform in front of the Tower, and in St. James's Park, was booming and re-echoing over the capital. Their thunders announced a most important event, one of joyous significance for the realm, to the loyal subjects of Queen Victoria. Her second child, the first son, Albert Edward, seventeenth Prince of Wales, had been born at Buckingham Palace about a quarter to eleven o'clock that morning. His sex fulfilled a cheerful prediction made by the Queen on the birth of his sister, the Princess Royal, nearly a year previously. When Prince Albert displayed some disappointment on the arrival of a girl, his wife exclaimed: "Never mind, the next will be a boy", and expressed a hope that she might have as many children as her grandmother, Queen Charlotte. The birth of the heir apparent was attended by the presence in the chamber itself of Dr. Clark and Dr. Locock, Mrs. Lilley the nurse, and the father of the child. In the anteroom were other doctors, and in accordance with custom, some high officials and other personages in Church and State. The Archbishop of Canterbury, Dr. Howley, had been unable to arrive at short notice, and was represented by Dr. Blomfield, Bishop of London. With him were the Prime Minister (Sir Robert Peel), the Lord Chancellor (Lord Lyndhurst), Sir James Graham (Home Secretary), and the most illustrious subject of the Crown, the Duke of Wellington. At the request of Prince Albert, the Bishop held a brief service of prayer for the safety of the sovereign, and the distinguished visitors departed after a brief view of the child, presented by the nurse. The spread of the news caused universal joy, and we may note some particulars which show the difference of past and present facilities for that purpose. The electric telegraph was still in a very early stage of development, and the wires conveyed tidings from London only to some of


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{|style="width:100%; border-bottom:2px solid black"
 * 6Land Protection Plan—Wyoming Toad Conservation Area, Wyoming
 * }
 * }

Please see a discussion of the Refuge System and authorities in section 1 of the EA in this volume (appendix A).

Please see a discussion of Related Actions and Activities in section 1 of the EA in this volume (appendix A).

Following the approval of a project boundary, habitat protection will occur through conservation easements and limited fee-title acquisition. It is the Service’s long-established policy to acquire the minimum interest in land from willing sellers that is necessary to achieve habitat protection goals.

The acquisition authorities for fee-title and easement lands within the WTCA boundary are the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Act of 1956 (16 U.S.C. 742a–j) and the National Wildlife Refuge System Administration Act of 1966 (16 U.S.C. 668dd-ee), as amended. Land would be acquired primarily through Land and Water Conservation Fund monies generated primarily from oil and gas leases on the Outer Continental Shelf, motorboat fuel tax revenues, and the sale of surplus Federal property. The Service could also buy land with Federal Duck Stamp revenue from the Migratory Bird Hunting and Conservation Stamp Act of 1934, other funds that meet fish and wildlife conservation purposes as identified by Congress, or donations from nonprofit organizations.

The basic considerations in determining whether land should be acquired through an easement or fee-title purchase include the biological significance of the area, existing and anticipated threats to wildlife resources, and landowner interest in the project. The buying of fee-title lands or conservation easements would occur with willing sellers only and would be subject to available funding. The social and economic impacts of conservation easements and fee-title acquisition are discussed in the EA (see appendix A, table EA-2).

An easement is a conservation tool that has been extensively employed by the Service and other organizations. Easements are bought from willing sellers and they involve the acquisition of specific property rights, such as the right to subdivide or develop certain types of new infrastructure, while all other rights are kept by the property owner. Easements tend to be a cost-effective means of habitat conservation that is acceptable to landowners, particularly in areas where current agricultural land use practices are consistent with wildlife resource protection.

Fee-title acquisition will be limited to lands that can be bought from willing sellers in areas that would facilitate Wyoming toad recovery and promote the reintroduction of toads onto the land. Fee-title acquisition could triple or quadruple the cost of land conservation and add significant increases to Service management costs compared to conservation easements. Up to 10,000 acres are targeted for potential fee-title acquisition because this is the estimated acreage necessary to help meet the recovery objectives for the Wyoming toad that are outlined in the recovery plan (USFWS 2015). Fee-title lands acquired under the WTCA would be managed in accordance with the Comprehensive Conservation Plan (CCP) for Mortenson Lake NWR until a compatibility determination can be completed on whether public use and access could potentially be allowed.


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Rh some of the sleep we had lost, when we heard of this Vesuvius expedition. There was to be eight of us in the party, and we were to leave Naples at midnight. We laid in some provisions for the trip, engaged carriages to take us to Annunciation, and then moved about the city, to keep awake, till twelve. We got away punctually, and in the course of an hour and a half arrived at the town of Annunciation. Annunciation is the very last place under the sun. In other towns in Italy the people lie around quietly and wait for you to ask them a question or do some overt act that can be charged for—but in Annunciation they have lost even that fragment of delicacy; they seize a lady’s shawl from a chair and hand it to her and charge a penny; they open a carriage door, and charge for it—shut it when you get out, and charge for it; they help you to take off a duster—two cents; brush your clothes and make them worse than they were before—two cents; smile upon you—two cents; bow, with a lick-spittle smirk, hat in hand—two cents; they volunteer all information, such as that the mules will arrive presently—two cents—warm day, sir—two cents—take you four hours to make the ascent—two cents. And so they go. They crowd you—infest you—swarm about you, and sweat and smell offensively, and look sneaking and mean, and obsequious. There is no office too degrading for them to perform, for money. I have had no op-


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 the larger towns in Great Britain. The birth of a prince was quickly known in the Midlands and the North, but in Dublin only on November 10, by means of a special train to Liverpool and a steamer thence to the Irish capital. Meanwhile Buckingham Palace was invested by crowds of joyful citizens, and the air was filled with the clangour of bells pealing from every steeple and tower.

A curious point arose in connection with the precise time of the birth. The alleged custom, for which there was found, on enquiry, to be no precedent, was that, on the birth of a royal child, the officer on guard at St. James's Palace was to be promoted to the rank of major. The guard was relieved at 10.45, and at that time the new guard marched into the Palace Yard. The bulletin posted up at Buckingham Palace for public view, at half-past eleven a.m., with the signatures of four doctors appended, stated that the Queen was delivered of a Prince at forty-eight minutes past ten o'clock. The question arose as to which officer could rightly have promotion. The' officer of the fresh guard claimed it on the ground that the relief marched in three minutes before the birth, and the keys were then delivered to him. The other officer based his claim on the assertion that the sentries had not been actually changed when the child was born, and that his men were still on guard; and he disputed the fact of the delivery of the keys as having, most probably, not taken place before the moment of birth, The matter was referred to the Commander -in-chief, Lord Hill, the veteran who was distinguished in the Peninsular War as Sir Rowland Hill, and also held a prominent command at Waterloo, and he awarded the promotion to the officer of the guard relieved.

It will have been observed that the day of birth coincided with what is popularly known as "Lord Mayor's Day". At that time the civic progress to Westminster was made by water with a procession including a great and gorgeous "State Barge" and other gaudy vessels starting from London Bridge westwards. The guns announced the birth at the time when the municipal party was setting out from Guildhall for the waterside. There are those


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 who love to see signs and portents in coincidences of time, and some might suggest that the day of the birth of an heir to the throne pointed to the fact that he was coming into life at a time in his country's history when municipal institutions, under the system of reformed corporations, were to have an ever-growing vigour and importance in our polity, and when, during a manhood's life of nearly forty years before acceding to the throne, he was to become the recipient of countless addresses from the hands of innumerable mayors. However this may be, the birth of the heir apparent was received in the City of London with the warmest welcome. The health of the infant was drunk with special honour, in what is called a Loving Cup, amidst uproarious cheering, at the Guildhall banquet. The principal guest, Sir Robert Peel, a master of stately and sonorous eloquence, referred in his speech to "the auspicious event which will make this day memorable in the annals of England" as one "completing the domestic happiness of Her Majesty, and filling the whole people with joy". He stated also his pleasure in the fact that distinguished foreigners were present, representing friendly and powerful States, to witness such a display of loyalty, and he looked forward to the day when, in the fulness of time, the young Prince should come to the throne of his ancestors, and, formed by the tender care and instructed by the example of his illustrious parents, should at some distant date prove himself worthy of so high a destiny. This was an anticipation which all good subjects of the Empire now admit to have been amply fulfilled. A few days later the civic dignitaries of London attended, with many distinguished persons, at Buckingham Palace, to offer their congratulations. The visitors were received by Prince Albert, and the little Prince was brought into the room and carried round for inspection, wrapped in a mantle of blue velvet and ermine. The party then tasted the "caudle". The very name of this beverage is, we suppose, quite unknown to most modern readers. A great wit and humorist of the early Victorian age, Douglas Jerrold, contributed to the pages of Punch, soon after the foundation of that famous and facetious periodical, many admirable sketches of a "nagging" wife, under the title of


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310 portunity to find out any thing about the upper classes by my own observation, but from what I hear said about them I judge that what they lack in one or two of the bad traits the canaille have, they make up in one or two others that are worse. How the people beg!—many of them very well dressed, too.

I said I knew nothing against the upper classes by personal observation. I must recall it! I had forgotten. What I saw their bravest and their fairest do last night, the lowest multitude that could be scraped up out of the purlieus of Christendom would blush to do, I think. They assembled by hundreds, and even thousands, in the great Theatre of San Carlo, to do—what? Why, simply, to make fun of an old woman—to deride, to hiss, to jeer at an actress they once worshipped, but whose beauty is faded now and whose voice has lost its former richness. Every body spoke of the rare sport there was to be. They said the theatre would be crammed, because Frezzolini was going to sing. It was said she could not sing well, now, but then the people liked to see her, anyhow. And so we went. And every time the woman sang they hissed and laughed—the whole magnificent house—and as soon as she left the stage they called her on again with applause. Once or twice she was encored five and six times in succession, and received with hisses when she appeared, and discharged with hisses and laughter when she had finished—then instantly encored and insulted again! And how the high-born knaves enjoyed it! White-kidded gentlemen and ladies laughed till the tears came, and clapped their hands in very ecstacy when that unhappy old woman would come meekly out for the sixth time, with uncomplaining patience, to meet a storm of hisses! It was the cruelest exhibition—the most wanton, the most unfeeling. The singer would have conquered an audience of American rowdies by her brave, unflinching tranquillity (for she answered encore after encore, and smiled and bowed pleasantly, and sang the best she possibly could, and went bowing off, through all the jeers and hisses, without ever losing countenance or temper:) and surely in any other land than Italy her sex and her helplessness must have been an ample protec-


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 Mrs. Caudle's Curtain Lectures. We find, on enquiry, that the drink in question was made up of ale or wine mingled with sugar, spices, and bread, and served warm, to a woman after childbirth, and to the gossips who gathered around her.

In connection with the event we also note that the Queen's mother, the Duchess of Kent, who had returned specially from Germany, was present at the birth; that a Privy Council was quickly assembled at Whitehall after the event, and an order was issued for a form of thanksgiving to be prepared by the Archbishop of Canterbury, "for use in all churches and chapels in England and Wales, and in the town of Berwick-upon-Tweed"; that the nurse appointed to suckle the Prince was Mrs. Brough, formerly a housemaid at Claremont, and at this time wife of a sailmaker in the Isle of Wight, and that she received for her important and, in the case of a sovereign whose public duties absolutely precluded her from this maternal function, indispensable service, the munificent fee of £1000. This was double the sum paid to the nurse of the Princess Royal. One of the Prince's nurses was Mrs. Hull, who became a great favourite in the royal family, and was always known as "dear old May". Under this name she was mentioned on the beautiful wreath sent to be placed on her coffin by King Edward and his Queen, then Prince and Princess of Wales, when she died at Windsor in 1888, at a good old age.

Amidst the general festivities which celebrated the event, an act of royal clemency took place in the Queen's command to the Home Secretary to commute the punishments of well-behaved convicts, and to grant liberty at once to any deserving men who were on board the prison hulks.

The Queen made a rapid recovery, and on November 21, the first anniversary of the Princess Royal's birthday, we learn from the royal journal that "Albert brought in dearest little Pussy (as "Vicky" was also called) in such a smart merino dress, trimmed with blue, which mamma had given her, and placed her on my bed, seating himself next to her. And as my precious, invaluable Albert sat there. and our little love between us, I felt quite moved


text: Land Protection Plan - Wyoming Toad Conservation Area/Summary


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 with happiness and gratitude to God." On November 29 the Queen wrote to her Uncle Leopold, King of the Belgians, regarding the young prince: "Our little boy is a wonderfully strong and large child, with very large dark-blue eyes, a finely formed but somewhat large nose, and a pretty little mouth; I hope and pray he may be like his dearest papa. He is to be called Albert, and Edward is to be his second name." On December 6 the Court was moved, for a healthful change, to Windsor Castle, whence letters were written to "Uncle Leopold" and other dear friends, speaking of domestic happiness and affection as the true compensation for inevitable trials and vexations; expressing her delight in having two children now, a thing "like a dream" to her, and uttering, as wife and mother, her prayer that her boy might in all respects come to resemble his father.

On December 8 the Queen, by letters patent, created her son "Prince of Wales" and "Earl of Chester". The ceremonial of investment was, no doubt, "taken as performed", the Gazette stating that the Queen thus ennobled and invested him with the principality and earldom "by girding him with a sword, by putting a coronet on his head, and a gold ring on his finger, and also by delivering a gold rod into his hand, that he may preside there, and may direct and defend those parts".

We must now take note of the title "Prince of Wales". Until the time of Charles the Second, the connection of the heir apparent with his principality was maintained, in a curious way, by the arrangement that the Prince always had a Welshwoman as wet-nurse. The first receiver of the principality, as well as of the dukedom of Cornwall, under the special existing limitations, was Edward the Black Prince. The "entail", or limited succession, of the principality, was "to him and his heirs the Kings of England", and of the dukedom "to him and his heirs the first-begotten sons of the Kings of England". Hence, when a Prince of Wales and Duke of Cornwall succeeds to the throne, the principality merges at once in the Crown, and cannot exist again except by a fresh creation. If the prince has a son, the dukedom descends