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 given had just been sent in from Boston—this was during the war of 1812. At the grand national reception of Lafayette, in 1824, Horace Greeley sat on the right and Peter Cooper on the left. The other Tone-imparters of that day are sleeping the sleep of the just now. I was in the audience when Horace Greeley, Peter Cooper, and other chief citizens imparted tone to the great meetings in favor of French liberty, in 1848. Then I never saw them any more until here lately; but now that I am living tolerably near the city, I run down every time I see it announced that “Horace Greeley, Peter Cooper, and several other distinguished citizens will occupy seats on the platform;” and next morning, when I read in the first paragraph of the phonographic report that “Horace Greeley, Peter Cooper, and several other distinguished citizens occupied seats on the platform,” I say to myself, “Thank God, I was present.” Thus I have been enabled to see these substantial old friends of mine sit on the platform and give tone to lectures


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 on anatomy, and lectures on agriculture, and lectures on stirpiculture, and lectures on astronomy, on chemistry, on miscegenation, on “Is Man Descended from the Kangaroo?” on veterinary matters, on all kinds of religion, and several kinds of politics; and have seen them give tone and grandeur to the Four-legged Girl, the Siamese Twins, the Great Egyptian Sword Swallower, and the Old Original Jacobs. Whenever somebody is to lecture on a subject not of general interest, I know that my venerated Remains of the Old Red Sandstone Period will be on the platform; whenever a lecturer is to appear whom nobody has heard of before, nor will be likely to seek to see, I know that the real benevolence of my old friends will be taken advantage of, and that they will be on the platform (and in the bills) as an advertisement; and whenever any new and obnoxious deviltry in philosophy, morals, or politics is to be sprung upon the people, I know perfectly well that these intrepid old heroes will be on the platform too, in the interest


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74 of full and free discussion, and to crush down all narrower and less generous souls with the solid dead weight of their awful respectability. And let us all remember that while these inveterate and imperishable presiders (if you please) appear on the platform every night in the year as regularly as the volunteered piano from Steinway’s or Chickering’s, and have bolstered up and given tone to a deal of questionable merit and obscure emptiness in their time, they have also diversified this inconsequential service by occasional powerful uplifting and upholding of great progressive ideas which smaller men feared to meddle with or countenance.


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Most of the sketches in this volume were taken from a series the author wrote for The Galaxy from May, 1870, to April, 1871. The rest appeared in The Buffalo Express.


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56 THE IMPERIAL DURBAR ALBUM. of 1877 A.D. and he was made a Counsellor of the Empire. Next year he was made a CLE. He died in 1880 A.D. without a male issue. Khaim Singh, the younger brother of the Thakore of Isadra, who had been adopted by him, succeeded him, under the name of Sawai Madhav Singh 11, and was invested with full powers in 1882 A.D.

The official connection of Jaipur with the British Government dates from 1803 A.D. when Lord Lake, with a view to exterminate the Mahrattas from Hindustan, entered into a subsidiary alliance with the Rajput Chiefs. In 1805 A.D. this treaty with Jaipur, was abrogated under the policy of Lord Cornwallis which left the State a prey to the depredations of the Mahrattas. A treaty was, however, concluded in April 1818 A.D., by which the Jaipur State was guaranteed the protection of the British Government, the Maharaja agreeing, on his part, to furnish troops at the requisition of the Goverrment, and to pay an annual tribute of eight lacs of rupees until the revenue should exceed 40 lacs of rupees after which five sixteenths of the excess were to be paid in addition to the eight lacs. Large arrears of tribute had accumulated during a long course of misgovernment which made it necessary for the British Government to interfere in the internal administration. The tribute was found to be in excess of a fair proportion of the revenue, and, therefore, in 1842 A.D. the arrears which amounted to 42 lacs of rupees were remitted, and the annual payment was reduced from eight to four lacs of rupees. In 1871 A.D. that portion of clause 6 in the treaty of 1818 A.D. which provided for the payment of a progressive tribute, when the revenue exceeded 40 lacs of rupees a year, was rescinded by the Government of India, on the understanding that the Maharaja would correspondingly enlarge his grants for internal State improve- ments, a condition which has been carried out faithfully by His Highness.

Since His -Highness the present Maharaja Sawai Madho Singh became the ruler of this important State, he has proved himself to be a wise, capable and enlightened administrator. The State has prospered greatly under his able rule for which he has received marks of distinction from the British Government, signifying their appreciation of his efforts to advance the interests not only of his own State but of India.

The present ruler was created a G.C.S.I. in 1896 A.D., G.C.I.E. in 1901 A.D. and G. C. V. O. in 1903 A.D. In 1904 A.D. he was made Honorary Colonel of the 13th Rajputs. He visited England in 1902 and was present at the coronation of King Edward VII.

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The area of the State is 15,579 square miles with a population of about 26£ lacs. The total revenue of the State is about 65 lacs of rupees per annum.

The military force of the State consists of about 5,000 infantry divided into eight regiments, 5,000 Nagas (irregulars), 700 cavalry, 860 artillery-men, and 100 camel sowars, and about 1 1 guns of small calibre. The State further maintains an Imperial Service transport corps, which did very good service in the Chitral and Tirah campaigns.

Colonel His Highness Maharajadhiraja Sir Sawai Madho Singh Bahadur, G.C.S.I., G.C.I.E., G.C.V.O. who is the present ruler is entitled to a salute of 21 guns.


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 Karauli.

THE Maharaja of Karauli is the head of the Yadaw clan of Rajputs, who claim descent from Krishna. The Yadawas, who have nearly always remained in or near the country of Braj round Muttra, are said to have at one time held half of Alwar and the whole of Bharatpur, Karauli, and Dholpur, besides the British districts of Gurgaon and Muttra, the greater part of Agra west of Jumna, and portions of Gwalior lying along the Chambal. In the eleventh century, Bijai Pal said to have been eighty-eighth in descent from Krishna, established himself in Bayana, now belonging to Bharatpur, and built the fort. overlooking that town. His eldest son, Tahan Pal, built the well-known fort of Tahangarh, still in Karauli territory, about 1058 A.D., and, shortly afterwards, possessed himself of almost all the country now comprising the Karauli State as well as a good deal of land to the east as far as Dholpur. In 1 1 96 A.D. in the time of Kunwar Pal, Muhammad Ghori and his general, Kutb-ud-din, first captured Bayana and then Tahangarh; and, the Yadaw territory falling into the hands of the invaders, Kunwar Pal fled to a village in the Rewah State. One of his descendants, Arjun Pal, determined to recover the territory of his ancestors, and about 1327 A.D., he captured the fort of Mandrael, and gradually took possession of most of the country formerly held by Tahan Pal. In 1348 A.D. he founded the town which is the present capital of ' Karauli '.

About a hundred years later Mahmud I of Malwa is said to have conquered the country, and to have entrusted the government of it to his son, Fitwi Khan. In the reign of Akbar ( 1556-1605 A.D. ) the State became incorporated in the Delhi Empire, and Gopal Das, probably the most famous of the Chiefs of Karauli, appears to have been in considerable favour with the Emperor. He is mentioned as a Commander of 2,000, and is said to have laid the foundation of the fort of Agra at Akbar's request. On the decline of the Mogul power the State was so far subjugated by the Mahrattas that they exacted from it a tribute of Rs. 25,000, which, after a time, was commuted for a grant of Machilpur and its dependencies. By the treaty with the East India Company, in the year, 1817 A.D., Karauli was relieved of the exactions of the Mahrattas and taken under British protection. No tribute was levied, but the Maharaja was to furnish troops according to his means on a requisition from the British Government. In 1825 A.D. while the Burmese War was proceeding, and Bharatpur was preparing for resistance under its usurper Durjan Sal, Karauli sent troops to the aid of the latter; but on the fall of the fortress of Bharatpur in 1826 A.D. the Maharaja of Karauli made humble professions of submission, and it was deemed unnecessary to take any serious notice of his conduct.

The most important event in the annals of the Karauli State was the celebrated adoption case. Narsingh Pal, a minor became Chief in 1850 A.D. and died in 1852A.D., having adopted, a day before his death, a distant kinsman, named Bharat Pal. It was first proposed to enforce the doctrine of "lapse," but finally, the adoption of Bharat Pal was recognised. In the meantime a strong party had been formed in favour of Madan Pal, a nearer relative, whose claim was supported by the* opinions of several Chiefs in Rajputana. An inquiry was ordered, and it was ascertained that the adoption of Bharat Pal was informal, by reason of the minority of Narsingh Pal, and


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THE IMPERIAL DURBAR ALBUM. the omission of certain necessary ceremonies. Bharat Pal was, however, accepted by the Ranis, by nine of the most influential Thakurs, and by the general populace of the country, and so he was recognised as Chief in 1854 A.D. During the Mutiny of 1857 A.D., out of a spirit of loyalty towards the Paramount Power, he sent a body of troops against the Kotah mutineers; and, for these services he was created a G.C.S.I., the debt of two lacs of Rupees due by him to the British Government remitted, a dress of honour conferred on him, and the salute of the Maharajas of Karauli permanently increased from 15 to 17 guns. The usual sanad guaranteeing the privilege of adoption to the rulers of this State was granted in 1862 A.D., and it is curiously remarkable that the last seven Chiefs have all succeeded by adoption.

Madan Pal died in 1 869 A.D. and was succeeded by his nephew, Lachman Pal, but he died very soon after, and was followed by Jai Singh whose rule, too, was short, as he died in 1875 A.D. He was succeeded by Arjun Pal who ruled till 1886 A.D. After his death Maharaja Bhanwar Pal came to the gadi and obtained full powers in 1 889 A.D. He received the insignia of K. C. I. E. in 1 894 A.D., and was made a G. C. I. E. three years later. The nobles are all Yadaw Rajputs connected with the ruling house, and are a powerful factor in the State. The more important of the nobles are Hadoti, Amargarh, Inaiti, Raontra, and Barthum, who are called Thekanadars. Until quite recently they often defied the authority of the Durbar. The Rao of Hadoti is looked upon as the heir to the gadi of Karauli when the ruling Chief leaves no direct successor behind him.

The area of the State is 1,242 square miles with a population of a little over 1⅛ lacs of people. The normal revenue of the State is about five lacs of Rupees. The State is governed by the Maharaja assisted by a Council of five members.

H. H. Maharaja Sir Bhanwar Pal Deo Bahadur Yadukul-Chandra-Bhal, G.C.I.E. the present ruler of Karauli is entitled to a salute of 17 guns.


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 Kotah.

l/'OTAH is an offshoot of the State of Bundi. Jaitsi, one of the descendants 1 V of the rulers of Bundi, encountered a band of Koteah Bhils in a ravine on the banks of the river Chambal. The place where he killed them was walled by his son and named Kotah after the Bhils who had been destroyed by his father. Kotah came into existence as a separate State in 1625 A.D. on account of its having been granted by Shah Jahan along with 360 townships yielding a revenue of two lacs of Rupees to Maclho Singh, a scion of the Bundi family.

Bhim Singh, the fourth in descent from Jagat Singh, was permitted by the Mogul Emperor to style himself 'Maharao.' He was succeeded by his eldest son Arjun Singh in 1719 A.D., who in turn was followed by his son Durjan Sal in 1724 A.D. During his rule Esan Singh of Amber attacked Kotah but was repulsed. It was in this campaign that Foujdar Zahm Singh, who shaped and moulded the destinies of the State for over half a century, came into prominence. Durjan Sal added several tracts to his dominions. Having had no issue he adopted the eldest son of his cousin Ajit Singh who came to the gadi in 1756 A.D. Ajit Singh died after a short rule and Chhatar Sal, the adopted son of Durjan Sal, was proclaimed Maharao in 1759 A.D.

Chhatar Sal died childless in 1765 A.D. and was succeeded by his brother Guman Singh, in whose time the Mahrattas attacked Kotah. Zahm Singh succeeded in sending away the Mahrattas by paying them six lacs of rupees. Guman Singh died in 1776 A.D. and before his death had declared Zalim Singh as Regent during the minority of his son, Umed Singh. During the reign of Maharao Umed Singh, the administration of the State was carried on by the Regent in his name. Zalim Singh was known for his justice and uprightness. Ir was under him that for the first time in the history of Kotah a settled form of government was introduced. European arms -and methods of drill were adopted, and a definite land revenue system was introduced in the State which has very materially contributed to its prosperity. His contact with the British began in 1804A.D., and in 1817 A.D. a treaty was concluded by which Kotah was placed under British protection. By a supplementary article in the treaty Zalim Singh got ihe administration vested in himself and his heirs in regular succession and perpetuity.

Zalim Singh helped the British against the Pendharees and was awarded for his services the four districts he ad hitherto rented from Holkar. He declined to take them in his own name, but incorporated them with the State. Maharao Umed Singh died in 1819 A.D. and was succeeded by his son Kishor Singh, during whose time troubles arose out of the arrangement by which the principality was vested in one person and the actual administration in another. The Maharao claimed independence of the Regent. The British Government refused to recognise this. The people sided with the Maharao. The Regent called in British troops for his help. The Maharao was defeated at Mogral and went away in disgust to Nathdwara in Mewar. After a few years a reconciliation was effected with the Regent and the Maharao returned to Kotah. Zalim Singh, 'the Machiavelli of Rajasthan,' died in 1824 A.D. and was succeeded by his son Madho Singh, who was notoriously unfit for the post. He


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62 THE IMPERIAL DURBAR ALBUM. was in turn succeeded by his son Madan Singh. Kishor Singh died in 1828 A.D. and was succeeded by his nephew Ram Singh II.

A dispute arose between Ram Singh and his minister. The British Government saw that the arrangement of a hereditary minister was unworkable. In 1838 A.D., therefore, with the consent of the Chief seventeen districts of Kotah were formed into a new principality called Jhalawar, and bestowed upon Madan Singh and his heirs. A new treaty was concluded between the Government of India and Kotah, which reduced the tribute by Rs. 80,000 and required the Maharao to keep an auxiliary force, afterwards called the Kotah Contingent. In 1862 A.D. Ram Singh received the usual sanad guaranteeing to him and his successors the right of adoption. He died in 1866 A.D. leaving the affairs of the State in a very unsatisfactory condition.

Ram Singh was succeeded by his son Chhatar Sal. Soon after his accession the affairs of the State went from bad to worse. At His Highness' request Nawab Faiz Ali Khan C.S.I, afterwards K.C.S.I., sometime minister of Jaipur, was entrusted with the administration of the State, subject to the advice and control of the Governor' General's Agent in Rajputana. He resigned his post in 1876 A.D., and the administration was placed in the hands of a Political Agent assisted by a Council. All the State debts were gradually paid off by the end of 1885 A.D., and many reforms introduced. Chhatar Sal died in 1889 A.D. and was succeeded by his adopted son Umed Singh. He was educated at the Mayo College, Ajmer; installed on the gadi in 1892 A.D., and invested with full powers in 1896 A.D. He was made a K.C.S.I. in 1901 A.D., an Honorary Major of the 42nd Deoli Regiment in 1903 A.D., and a G.C.l.E. in 1907 A.D.

The most important event of His Highness' reign is the restoration by the Government of India, on the 1st of January 1899 A.D., 15 out of the 17 Jhalawar parganas which had been sliced off from Kotah in 1838 A.D. Maharao Umed Singhji takes keen interest in the welfare of his people, and his administration is considered progressive. Under his enlightened rule Kotah rightly ranks among the most prosperous and best governed States of Rajputana.

The military force which the Maharao may maintain is limited to 15,000 men. The present strength, however, is 7,913 all ranks, namely, 6,650 infantry, 910 cavalry, and 353 artillerymen, with 193 guns of which 131 are serviceable.

The total area of the State is 5,684 square miles containing 2,613 towns and villages of which the population, according to the latest Census, is 6,37,834, and the gross annual revenue about 33 lacs of Rupees.

His Highness the Maharajadhiraj Maharaj Mahi-Mahendra Maharao Rajah Major Shri Umed Singhji Bahadur, G.C.S.I., K.C.S.I., has full civil and criminal powers, and is entitled to a salute of 17 guns.


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 Jodhapur (Marwar.)

I HIS is the largest and most important State in Rajputana whose ruler is the head 1 of the Rathod clan of Rajputs. During the closing years of the 12th century, Jayachand Rathod, the ruler of Kanauj, was expelled from his capital by Muhammad Ghorr in 1194 A.D. and Siahji, grandson of Jaychand, roamed about with his followers, but eventually succeeded in planting the standard of the Rathods in the sand-hills of the Luni in 1212 A.D. One of his successors, Rao Jodha, laid the foundation of the present city of Jodhapur in 1459 A.D.

Rao Maldeo, styled by Ferishta "the most powerful prince in Hindustan," ascended the throne in 1532 A.D.; and during his time Jodhapur was at the zenith of its power, extent, and position. He died in 1573 A.D. and was succeeded by Udai Singh, whose accession marks a fresh epoch in the history of Marwar; for, the Rathods were now forced, not only to acknowledge the supremacy of the Mogul Emperors, but to form matrimonial alliances with them. Udai Singh gave his sister, Jodhabai, in marriage to Akbar, and his daughter, Manbai, to Jehangir. Sur Singh and Gaj Singh, the two successors of Udai Singh, were warriors of great note. They acquired large territories for the Mogul Emperor in the Gujrath and the Deccan, and received several grants from him as rewards, besides which, the first was conferred the title of 'Sawai Raj', and the latter was styled ' Dalabhanjari and ' Dalasthambhan' by the Emperor.

Between 1638 A.D. and 1803 A.D. six rulers came on the gadi of Marwar. They were more or less directly associated with the Moguls. The history of this period is extraordinarily romantic and glorious for the Rathods, and their deeds may well compare with the deeds of chivalry and heroism of mediaeval Europe. During this period several independent principalities were established by the off-shoots of the Jodhapur house, among which may be mentioned the Rathod States of Bikaner and Kishangarh in Rajputana, and Idar and Ahmadnagar in Gujrath. The princes and nobles of Marwar were renowned for their valour and became the valued allies or dreaded foes of the Mogul Emperors.

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The Marhattas at this time commenced to harass the Rajput States who, for their own safety and political existence, formed a coallision. The Sindhia who attacked the Rajputs was defeated by them in 1787 A.D.; but nothing daunted, he soon returned with redoubled force and defeated them in the battles of Pattan and Merta. Man Singh, who was the ruler of Jodhapur at this period, refused to take any part in the affairs of the State and feigned insanity. His only son Chattar Singh, was nominated his successor. The minister of the young prince sent envoys to Delhi to seek an alliance with the British Government, and, in 1818 A.D., a treaty was conluded by which Jodhapur was taken under British protection. Chattar Singh died soon after the treaty, whereupon his father threw off the mask of insanity and resumed the administration. Internal dissensions, however, continued, and in 1839 A.D. mis- government and general disaffection of the people had reached such a pitch that the British Government considered it expedient to interfere.


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66 THE IMPERIAL DURBAR ALBUM. Man Singh died in 1843 A.D. without issue, and Takhta Singh, Chief of Ahmednagar who had been taken in adoption, became the ruler of Jodhapur with the concurrence of the Paramount Power. This Maharaja rendered good service to the British Government in the Mutiny of 1 857 A.D. The management of the State fell into confusion on account of too good a nature of the Chief. The British Government once more intervened in 1868 A.D. and set matters right. In 1873 A.D. Takhta Singh was succeeded by his son, Jawan Singh, whose rule was characterised by a progressive policy. The two fine regiments of Imperial Service Cavalry raised by him are a direct testimony of his unswerving loyalty to the British Crown. He was created a G.C.S.I. in 1875 A.D., and subsequently his salute (ordinarily 17 guns) was first raised to 19, and then to 2 1 guns. He died in 1 895 A.D. leaving a strong and sound administration to his only son, Sardar Singh, who was invested with powers in 1898 A.D. The administration, during the minority of Sardar Singh, was carried on by his uncle H. H. Major-General Maharaja Sir Pratap Singh, as Regent, assisted by a Council. The Regent not only kept up the prestige of the State and the policy of Jawan Singh, but handed the trust to his nephew in a prosperous and happy condition. Sardar Singh died in 1911 A.D. and has been succeeded by his son Kunwar Sumer Singh.

The present ruler of Jodhapur is a minor and the State is being managed by his grand-uncle His Highness Major-General Maharajadhiraj Sir Pratap Singh Bahadur, G.C.S.I., K.C.B., L.L.D., D.C.L., and A.D.C., as Regent, assisted by a Council of six members including Maharaja Sri Zalim Singhji, who is the vice- President of the Council.

His Highness Maharaja Sir Pratap Singh Bahadur is Honorary Major-General in the Army, Honorary Colonel Imperial Cadet Corps, and an Honorary A.D.C. to His Majesty the King-Emperor. He has not only proved himself to be a statesman and administrator but has shown himself to be a soldier. He served with the Mohmand Expedition of 1897 A.D. as Extra A.D.C. where he was wounded, and went to China in 1900 A.D. in command of the Jodhapur Imperial Service Troops. His Highness became the Maharaja of Idar in 1902 A.D., the gadi of which State he abdicated in order to look after the State of his grand-nephew. While Regent of Jodhapur Sir Pratap Singhji retains the titles— His Highness and Maharaja Bahadur, and enjoys a personal salute of 17 guns.

The State maintains two regiments of Imperial Service Lancers (normal strength 605 per regiment) and a local force consisting of about 600 cavalry (including camel sowars) and 2,400 infantry. The artillery numbers 254 of all ranks, and there are 121 guns of various kinds of which 75 (namely, 45 field and 30 fort) are said to be serviceable. In addition, the irregular militia, supplied by the jahagirdars, musters about 2,019 of whom 1,785 are mounted men and 234 infantry. The Imperial Service Regiments were raised between 1889 and 1893 A.D. and are called the Sardar Risala.

The State covers an area of 35,016 square miles and has a population according to the Census of 1911 A.D. of 20,42,967 persons. The gross revenue of the State for the year 1909-10 was Rs. 77,81,488. It pays annually to the British Government Rs. 1,08,000 as tribute and Rs. 15,000 towards the up-keep of 1500 horses.

The present Chief of the Jodhapur State is H. H. Raj Rajeshwar Maharajadhiraj Maharaja Sumer Singh Saheb Bahadur, who is entitled to a salute of 17 guns.


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 Patiala.

PATIALA is the largest of a!) the Sikh states in the Punjab. A peasant named Chaudhari Phul established a small village in the territory of Nabha about the middle of the 17th century. He had two sons, Tiloka and Rama. The descendants of the former are the rulers of Nabha and Jhind, while those of the latter are the rulers of Patiala. The history of Patiala, as a separate power, may be said to date from 1 762 A.D., in which year Ahamad Shah Durani conferred the title of ' Raja ' upon Ala Singh, its chief; but it may be more justly regarded as dating from 1763 A.D. when the Sikh confederation took the fortress of Sirhind with its surrounding country from Ahmad Shah's governor. Ala Singh died in 1765 A.D. and was succeeded by his grandson Amar Singh, whose half-brother Himmat Singh also laid claim to the throne. After a hard contest the latter was allowed to retain possession of the Bhawni- garh pargana. In 1767 A.D. Amar Singh met Ahamad Shah, on his last invasion of India, at Karabawana and received the title of ' Raja-i'Rajgan ' from him.

After Ahmad Shah's departure from India, Amar Singh undertook several expeditions and largely extended his dominions. In one of these Amar Singh turned his arms against the fortress of Govindgarh, which commanded the town of Bhatinda. After a protracted siege it was taken in 1771 A.D. Soon after this Himmat Singh got possession of Patiala itself, but was induced to give it to Amar Singh in 1774 A.D. Amar Singh died in 1781 A.D. and was succeeded by his son Sardar Singh during whose reign the neighbouring chiefs, who owned allegiance to Saheb Singh, rose up in arms, but they were all vanquished by him.

Maharaja Ranjit Singh of Lahore determined upon seizing all the tranS'Sutlej principalities. It became clear to the cis^Sutlej chiefs that they had to choose between absorption by Ranjit Singh and the protection of the British. Accordingly in 1808 A.D. Patiala, Jhind, and Kaithal made overtures to the British Resident at Delhi. No definite promise of protection was given at the time; but in 1809 A.D., the treaty with Ranjit Singh secured the cis-Sutlej territory from further aggression on his part, and a week later the desired proclamation of protection ' was issued. After two years it became necessary to issue another proclamation of protection, this time to protect the ciS'Sutlej chiefs against one another. Meanwhile internal confusion in Patiala led to the armed interposition of the British Agent, who established Maharani As Kaura as Regent with sole authority. She showed administrative ability and an unbending temper, and managed the State till the death of Maharaja Saheb Singh, which took place in 1813 A.D. He was succeeded by Maharaja Karam Singh, who was largely influenced at first by his mother, and then by his minister Missar Naudha.

The Gurkha War broke out in 1814 A.D., between the English and the Gurkhas, a hardy race of mountaineers in the Himalayan tracts, in which the Patiala contingent served under Colonel Ochterlony and rendered good assistance. In reward for this the British Government made a grant of sixteen paraganas in the Simla Hills to Patiala on payment of a nazarana of Rs. 2,80,000. Karam Singh's government was much hampered by misunderstandings, first, with his mother and later on, with his younger brother, Ajit Singh. In the hostilities between the British and the Maharaja


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THE IMPERIAL DURBAR ALBUM. 69 of Lahore at the close of 1845 A.D., Maharaja Karam Singh of Patiala declared his loyalty to the British, while the Maharaja of Nabha sided with the Sikhs. Karam Singh died the day after the battle of Ferozpur, and was succeeded by his son Narendra Singh, then 23 years old. He remained a staunch ally of the English in the Sikh War, as well as in the Mutiny of 1857 A.D.; and in recognition of this adherence the Paramount Power bestowed upon him the estate of Narnaul having an income of about two lacs of rupees. Maharaja Narendfa Singh died in 1 862 A.D. at the age of thirty-nine. He was one of the first Indian Chiefs to receive the K.C.S.l. and was also a Member of the Indian Legislative Council during Lord Canning's viceroyalty.

His only son Mahendra Singh, who was a boy ten years of age, succeeded him to the gadl. A Council of Regency was appointed, which carried on the administration for eight years, when Mahendra Singh was invested with full powers in 1870 A.D. The Maharaja only lived for six years after assuming powers. During his rule the Sirhind Canal was sanctioned, though it was not opened until 1882 A.D. Patiala contributed one crore and twenty three lacs of rupees to the cost of its construction. The Maharaja was liberal in measures connected with the improvement and general well-being of his country. He gave Rs. 70,000 to the University College, Lahore; and in 1873 A.D. he placed ten lacs of rupees at the disposal of the British Government for the relief of the famine-stricken people of Bengal. In 1875 A.D., the Mahendra College was founded for the promotion of higher education in the State. Mahendra Singh died suddenly in 1876 A.D. He received the G.C.S.I. in 1871 A.D. He was succeeded by his infant son Tikaji Rajendra Singh.

A long minority followed; for, Maharaja Rajendra Singh was only four years old when his father died. During his period of non-age, which came to end in 1890 A.D. the administration was carried on by a Council of Regency, composed of three officials under the presidency of Sardar Sir Dewa Singh, K.C.S.l. The finances of the State were carefully watched and considerable saving effected, from which have been met the charges in connection with the Sirhind Canal and the Broad-gauge line of railway between Rajpura, Patiala and Bhatinda. The Maharaja was the first chief to organize a corps of Imperial Service troops and served with a regiment of these in the Tirah expedition of 1897 A.D. Maharaja Rajendra Singh died in 1900 A.D. and was succeeded by his son the present Maharaja Bhupendra Singh. He was educated at the Aitchison College, Lahore.

In 1900 A.D. it was decided by the Government of India to appoint a Political Agent for Patiala, and the other two Phulkian States of Jhind and Nabha were included in the Agency, to which was afterwards added the Mahomedan State of Bahawalpur. The head-quarters of the Agency are at Patiala.

The area of the State is nearly five thousand square miles with about 16 lacs of population, and its revenue in normal years amounts to a little over 60 lacs of rupees.

The present ruler, H. H. Maharaja Raja-i-Rajgan Mansural-Zaman Amir-ul-Umra Farzind-i-Khas Daulat-i-Inglishia Shrt Maharajadhiraj Maharaja Bhupendra Singh Mahindra Bahadur, is entitled to a salute of 17 guns.


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 Rewa.

REWA is a treaty State in Baghelkhand Agency, Central India. Its Chiefs are Bagel or Vaghel Rajputs descended from the Solanki clan which ruled over Gujrath from the eighth to the thirteenth century. Veerdhaval, the ruling prince of the province of Gujrath, had two sons, Sukha Deo, and Vyaghra Deo also called Beeag Deo, of whom the latter left his house in 580 A.D. and went into Northern India in quest of fortune, where he made himself master of the fort of Murpha near the modern Kalinjar. Gradually he extended his dominions on all sides, and, before his death, became master of most of the territory between Kalpee and Chandalgarh. Beeag Deo died in 615 A.D. and was succeeded by his son Karan Deo.

Karan Deo was a prince full of spirit and ambition. He added to his possessions a large portion of what at present constitutes Rewa and called it Bagelkhand. He married the daughter of the Raja of Mandala, and obtained the famous fort of Bandhugarh as a dowry. Here he removed his court. The period between this Chief's rule and that of Beerbhan Deo is more or less uneventful. During the reign of Beerbhan Deo, the Mogul Emperor Humayun was forced by Sher Khan the Afgan to fly from Delhi. The Mogul Emperor took refuge in Umarkote, in Sindh. The Begum of the unfortunate Emperor, known as Choli Begum in Baghelkhand, was in a distressing condition and had to take rest in the vicinity of Bandhugarh. Beerbhan Deo did all he could to make her comfortable, and generously offered her shelter. She expressed her anxiety to join her husband, whereupon Beerbhan Deo sent her to Umarkote under a strong escort, regardless of incurring the displeasure of the Afgan. Humayun was naturally pleased with the hospitality and kindness shown to his consort. Akbar, the Mogul Emperor of immortal fame, was the son born at Umarkote, who looked upon Beerbhan Deo with feelings of gratefulness.

The third ruler from Beerbhan was Vikramaditya Singh who came to the throne in 1618 A.D. and, although, it is said, he founded the town of Rewa at the confluence of the Vichchia and Bihar, yet, in all probability, he added palaces and other buildings to the already existing town.

It was during the reign of Jai Singh Deo that British influence was first established in Rewa in 1809A.D., in connexion with the extirpation of the Pendharees. Although Jai Singh Deo was a soldier, he lacked administrative tact, and, as a consequence, there was great disorder and discontent in the State; and, but for the timely aid of the British, an open rebellion would have broken out. Jai Singh Deo abdicated the throne in favour of his eldest son Vishwanath Singh in 1813 A.D. This Chief entrusted the State to his eldest son Raghuraj Singh in 1843 A.D. and went about visiting holy places.

Raghuraj Singh faithfully assisted the British Government during the Mutiny of 1857 A.D. for which the parganas of Shohagpur and Amarkantak, which had been seized by the Mahrattas in the beginning of the century, were restored to him. In 1 864 A.D. he was made a K. C. S. I. and his salute of 1 7 guns was increased to 1 9. He died in 1880 A.D. and was succeeded by his son, Raman Singh, who was only three years of age at the time. During his minority the State was, as has generally


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72 THE IMPERIAL DURBAR ALBUM. been the case, managed by a Council of Regency under the control of the Political

Agent, Baghelkhand. Maharaja Raman Singh was created a G.C. S. I. in I897A.D. in

recognition of his famine policy at the time, which was characterised by judicious liberality and forethought.

The State of Rewa is rich in mineral products, of which the most important is coal from the Umaria mines, the mining rights over which were ceded to the Govern- ment of India in 1885 A.D. on the annual payment of a certain amount of royalty. The geology of Rewa is particularly interesting, as it contains type-areas of several important series within its limits, and almost every formation met within the State yields products of value. The forests of Rewa are very extensive and of considerable commercial value. Till 1875 A.D. no proper supervision was exercised over them, but since then a systematic management has been introduced, and certain tracts now carefully protected against the inroads of the jungle tribes, who practise the dahiya ( shifting ) cultivation in which trees are felled, burnt, and seed sown in their ashes.

The country possessed by the Chief of Rewa is covered with old remains,

almost every village having in it, or in its vicinity, signs of former habitation, but

these have not yet been fully examined, and is an open field for the archaeologist and antiquarian.

The State forces consist of 1,140 infantry, 574 cavalry, and 13 guns.

The area of the State is 3,778 square miles, containing four towns and 5,565 villages, having a population of 13,27,390 inhabitants. The total revenue of the State under all heads is Rs. 29,08,000.

His Highness Maharaja Sir Venkat Raman Singh Bahadur G. C.S.I, has first class powers including that of life and death over his subjects, and is entitled to a salute of 17 guns.


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THE State of Tonk is situated partly in Rajputana and partly in Central India.

Its territory consists of six districts which are separated by varying distances from each other. Of these, Tonk, Aligarh, and Nimbahera come within Rajputana; while Chhabra, Pirawa, and Sironj come in Central India. Each of these districts has its own configuration and climate. The building up and formation of this State has been very peculiar. It has grown out of an accretion of territory conglomerated by an adventurer according to circumstances.

The family of the ruler of Tonk is Pathan or more accurately Afgan. Tale Khan, a Pathan of Buner, left his home and travelled on up to Rohilkhand, where he took up a small service with a Rohila Soldier. His grandson, the famous Amir Khan, a mere adventurer, relying on the strength of his right arm and his good sword rose within the short space of thirty years to be the commander of a large army in the service of Maharaja Yashwantrao Holkar. It was one of the stipulations of the compact between Amir Khan and Holkar that they should share equally in all plunder and conquest; and accordingly, Amir Khan got the district of Sironj in 1798 A.D. To this were added, one after another, the districts mentioned above.

When the British entered Malwa, Amir Khan with his characteristic astuteness sought their protection. After certain amount of negotiation, Amir Khan was guaranteed the possession of all the lands he held under grants from Holkar, on condition of his abandoning his predatory system of conquest and his connection with the Pendharees, disbanding his battalions of disciplined regiments and the Pathan cavalry. A treaty was concluded on these lines in 1817 A.D. Rampura, now called Aligarh, was made a free grant by the British Government to Amir Khan.

Nawab Amir Khan, originally no more than a free-booter, and dreaded everywhere throughout India, died in 1834 A. D.; and was succeeded by his son Wazir Mohammad Khan. During the Mutiny of 1857 A.D., he signally defeated Tatya Topi and the Nawab of Banda in their combined attack on the fort of Tonk. He rendered very good help to the British at this critical period, for which his salute was raised from 15 to 17 guns; and in 1862 A.D. he received the sanad guaranteeing to his family the succession to the masnad according to Mohamedan law of inheritance. His son and successor, Mohammad Ali Khan, made himself very unpopular with his subjects, and was moreover treacherous in his conduct. He was discovered to have abetted the attack on the Thakore of Lawa, for which he was deposed in 1867 A.D. and placed under surveillance at Benares, where he died in 1 895 A.D. As a mark of displeasure the salute of the ruler of the State was reduced to 11 guns, which, however, was restored in the time of Mohammad Ali Khan's successors in 1878 A.D.

Mahammad Ibrahim Ali Khan, the son of the deposed ruler, was placed on the masnad in 1867 A.D., the management of the State was kept in the hands of a Council of Regency for about two years, and it was handed over to the Nawab in 1870 A.D. He introduced a regular survey and settlement in his territory, opened a railway line in the Chhabra district, laid out a number of metalled roads, established regular courts


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Rh of justice, and is in every way a ruler who takes interest in the well-being of his subjects. He was created a G. C. I. E. in 1890 A.D. by the Paramount Power to mark its appreciation of his rule.

The administration is ordinarily carried on by the Nawab assisted by a Council; but, recently, the British Government has directed that the Political Agent, subject to the control of the Governor-General's Agent in Rajputana, is to supervise and guide the management, a course that has been adopted to extricate the State from indebtedness.

The total, area of the State is about 2,553 square miles, of which a little less than half is in Rajputana, and the remaining in Central India. The number of towns and villages in the State has been computed to be nearly 1,300 and the population which was 3,38,000 in the year 1881 A.D has gone down to 2,73,000 in the year 1901 A.D., a feature ascribed to the famine of 1899-1900 A.D. and the virulent type of fever that followed it.

The normal annual revenue of the State is about eleven lacs of rupees of which nearly three-fourth is derived from land. The State is now in debt to the extent of about fourteen lacs of rupees.

The State of Tonk having been carved out by a soldier of fortune, its military force was naturally very large; but it has been considerably reduced and now numbers 1,732 of all ranks, comprising 1,046 infantry, 443 cavalry, 243 artillery-men, and 82 guns of which 74 are believed to be serviceable.

His Highness Amin-ud-daula Vazir-ul-mulk Sir Mahammad Ibrahim Ali Khan Bahadur Daulat Jung G. C. S. I. the present ruler has full powers, civil and criminal, as in other states of similar status, and enjoys a salute of 17 guns.


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 , May 10. The Richardson-McFarland jury had been out one hour and fifty minutes. A breathless silence brooded over court and auditory—a silence and a stillness so absolute, notwithstanding the vast multitude of human beings packed together there, that when some one far away among the throng under the northeast balcony cleared his throat with a smothered little cough it startled everybody uncomfortably, so distinctly did it grate upon the pulseless air. At that imposing moment the bang of a door was heard, then the shuffle of approaching feet, and then a sort of surging and swaying disorder among the heads at the entrance from the jury-room told them that the Twelve were coming. Presently all was silent again, and the foreman of the jury rose and said:


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Rh “ We, the jury charged with the duty of determining whether the prisoner at the bar, Daniel McFarland, has been guilty of murder, in taking by surprise an unarmed man and shooting him to death, or whether the prisoner is afflicted with a sad but irresponsible insanity which at times can be cheered only by violent entertainment with firearms, do find as follows, namely:

That the prisoner, Daniel McFarland, is insane as above described. Because:

1. His great grandfather’s stepfather was tainted with insanity, and frequently killed people who were distasteful to him. Hence, insanity is hereditary in the family.

2. For nine years the prisoner at the bar did not adequately support his family. Strong circumstantial evidence of insanity.

3. For nine years he made of his home, as a general thing, a poor-house; sometimes (but very rarely) a cheery, happy habitation; frequently the den of a beery, drivelling, stupefied animal; but never, as far as ascertained,


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112 the abiding place of a gentleman. These be evidences of insanity.

4. He once took his young unmarried sister-in-law to the museum; while there his hereditary insanity came upon him to such a degree that he hiccupped and staggered; and afterward, on the way home, even made love to the young girl he was protecting. These are the acts of a person not in his right mind.

5. For a good while his sufferings were so great that he had to submit to the inconvenience of having his wife give public readings for the family support; and at times, when he handed these shameful earnings to the barkeeper, his haughty soul was so torn with anguish that he could hardly stand without leaning against something. At such times he has been known to shed tears into his sustenance till it diluted to utter inefficiency. Inattention of this nature is not the act of a Democrat unafflicted in mind.

6. He never spared expense in making his wife comfortable during her occasional confine-


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Rh ments. Her father is able to testify to this. There was always an element of unsoundness about the prisoner’s generosities that is very suggestive at this time and before this court.

7. Two years ago the prisoner came fearlessly up behind Richardson in the dark, and shot him in the leg. The prisoner’s brave and protracted defiance of an adversity that for years had left him little to depend upon for support but a wife who sometimes earned scarcely anything for weeks at a time, is evidence that he would have appeared in front of Richardson and shot him in the stomach if he had not been insane at the time of the shooting.

8. Fourteen months ago the prisoner told Archibald Smith that he was going to kill Richardson. This is insanity.

9. Twelve months ago he told Marshall P. Jones that he was going to kill Richardson. Insanity.

10. Nine months ago he was lurking about Richardson’s home in New Jersey, and said he was going to kill Richardson. Insanity.


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114 11. Seven months ago he showed a pistol to Seth Brown and said that that was for Richardson. He said Brown testified that at that time it seemed plain that something was the matter with McFarland, for he crossed the street diagonally nine times in fifty yards, apparently without any settled reason for doing so, and finally fell in the gutter and went to sleep. He remarked at the time that McFarland acted strange—believed he was insane. Upon hearing Brown's evidence, John W. Galen, M.D., affirmed at once that McFarland was insane.

12. Five months ago, McFarland showed his customary pistol, in his customary way, to his bed-fellow, Charles A. Dana, and told him he was going to kill Richardson the first time an opportunity offered. Evidence of insanity.

13. Five months and two weeks ago McFarland asked John Morgan the time of day, and turned and walked rapidly away without waiting for an answer. Almost indubitable evidence of insanity. And—


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Rh 14. It is remarkable that exactly one week after this circumstance, the prisoner, Daniel McFarland, confronted Albert D. Richardson suddenly and without warning, and shot him dead. This is manifest insanity. Everything we know of the prisoner goes to show that if he had been sane at the time, he would have shot his victim from behind.

15. There is an absolutely overwhelming mass of testimony to show that an hour before the shooting, McFarland was, and that five minutes after it he was Thus the accumulating conjectures and evidences of insanity culminate in this sublime and unimpeachable proof of it. Therefore—

Your Honor and Gentlemen—We the jury pronounce the said Daniel McFarland ”

The scene that ensued almost defies description. Hats, handkerchiefs and bonnets were frantically waved above the massed heads in the


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 courtroom, and three tremendous cheers and a tiger told where the sympathies of the court and people were. Then a hundred pursed lips were advanced to kiss the liberated prisoner, and many a hand thrust out to give him a congratulatory shake—but presto! with a maniac's own quickness and a maniac's own fury the lunatic assassin of Richardson fell upon his friends with teeth and nails, boots and office furniture, and the amazing rapidity with which he broke heads and limbs, and rent and sundered bodies, till nearly a hundred citizens were reduced to mere quivering heaps of fleshy odds and ends and crimson rags, was like nothing in this world but the exultant frenzy of a plunging, tearing, roaring devil of a steam machine when it snatches a human being and spins him and whirls him till he shreds away to nothingness like a “Four o'clock” before the breath of a child.

The destruction was awful. It is said that within the space of eight minutes McFarland killed and crippled some six score persons and


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Rh tore down a large portion of the City Hall building, carrying away and casting into Broadway six or seven marble columns fifty-four feet long and weighing nearly two tons each. But he was finally captured and sent in chains to the lunatic asylum for life. (By late telegrams it appears that this is a mistake.—Editor Express.)

But the really curious part of this whole matter is yet to be told. And that is, that McFarland’s most intimate friends believe that the very next time that it ever occurred to him that the insanity plea was not a mere politic pretense, was when the verdict came in. They think that the startling thought burst upon him then, that if twelve good and true men, able to comprehend all the baseness of perjury, proclaimed under oath that he was a lunatic, there was no gainsaying such evidence and that he

Possibly that was really the way of it. It is dreadful to think that maybe the most awful calamity that can befall a man, namely, loss of


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 reason, was precipitated upon this poor prisoner's head by a jury that could have hanged him instead, and so done him a mercy and his country a service. M.T.

May 11—I do not expect anybody to believe so astounding a thing, and yet it is the solemn truth that instead of instantly sending the dangerous lunatic to the insane asylum (which I naturally supposed they would do, and so I prematurely said they had) the court has actually. Comment is unnecessary. M.T.


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 , Tuesday.

No battle has been fought yet. But hostilities may burst forth any week.

There is tremendous excitement here over news from the front that two companies of French soldiers are assembling there.

It is rumoured that Austria is arming—what with, is not known.


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 , Wednesday.

No battle has been fought yet. However, all thoughtful men feel that the land may be drenched with blood before the Summer is over.

There is an awful excitement here over the rumour that two companies of Prussian troops have concentrated on the border. German confidence remains unshaken!!

There is news to the effect that Russia espouses the cause of Prussia and will bring 4,000,000 men to the field.

England proclaims strict neutrality.

The report that Austria is arming needs confirmation.


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No battle has been fought yet. But Field Marshal McMahon telegraphs thus to the Emperor:

“If the Frinch army survoives until Christmas there'll be throuble. Forninst this fact it would be sagacious if the divil wint the rounds of his establishment to prepare for the occasion, and tuk the precaution to warrum up the Prussian depairtment a bit agin the day. .”

There is an enormous state of excitement here over news from the front to the effect that yesterday France and Prussia were simultaneously invaded by the two bodies of troops


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 which lately assembled on the border. Both armies conducted their invasions secretly and are now hunting around for each other on opposite sides of the border.

Russia espouses the cause of France. She will bring 200,000 men to the field.

England continues to remain neutral.

Firing was heard yesterday in the direction of Blucherberg, and for a while the excitement was intense. However the people reflected that the country in that direction is uninhabitable, and impassable by anything but birds, they became quiet again.

The Emperor sends his troops to the field with immense enthusiasm. He will lead them in person, when they return.


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 No battle has been fought thus far, but a million impetuous soldiers are gritting their teeth at each other across the border, and the most serious fears entertained that if they do not die of old age first, there will be bloodshed in this war yet.

The prodigious patriotic excitement goes on. In Prussia, per Prussian telegrams, though contradicted from France. In France, per French telegrams, though contradicted from Prussia.

The Prussian invasion of France was a magnificent success. The military failed to find the French, but made good their return to Prussia without the loss of a single man. The French invasion of Prussia is also demonstrated to have been a brilliant and successful achieve-


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 Banswara.

THE greater part of the state, now styled Banswara, was formerly ruled by the chiefs of Dungarpur, and it became a separate state about 1530 A.D. The chiefs of Banswara belong to a junior branch of the Dungarpur family, and consequently, they are Sesodia Rajputs of the Aharia sept. Of the subsequent chiefs, two are worthy of mention; namely, Kushal Singh, who, towards the end of the seventeenth century, is said to have wrested from the Bhils the country in the southeast and called it Kushalgarh after himself; and Prithwi Singh (17.4 7^86), who plundered the neighbouring state of Sunth and seized its districts of Chilkhari in the soutlveast of Banswara. These two tracts are now held respectively by the Raos of Kushalgarh and Garhi, two of the principal nobles of the Banswara Durbar.

Towards the end of the eighteenth century, Banswara became more or less subject to the Mahrattas and paid tribute to the Raja of Dhar. In 1812 A.D. the Maharawal offered to become tributary to the British Government on condition of the expulsion of the Mahrattas, but no definite relations were formed with him till the end of 1818 A.D. By the treaty then concluded, he agreed to act in subordinate co'Opera' tion, and settled his affairs in accordance with the advice of the British Government.

The late Maharawal, Luchman Singh, who came to the gadi in 1844 A.D., ruled the Banswara State with tact and zeal for a period of 61 years. He died in the year 1905 A.D. and was succeeded by his eldest son, Shambhu Singh, who was born in October 1868 A.D. and was invested with ruling powers in 1906 A.D. He has been conducting the administration in an efficient manner.

The area of Banswara State is 1,946 square miles, with a population of 1,65,350 souls. The normal revenue of the State excluding the income of the nobles is about Rs. 1,75,000.

The present chief, His" Highness Maharawal Shri Shambhu Singh Bahadur, is entitled to a salute of 11 guns.


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 ment. The army failed to find the Prussians, but made good their return to the Vaterland without bloodshed, after having invaded as much as they wanted to.

There is glorious news from Russia to the effect that she will side with both sides.

Also from England—she will fight both sides.

, Thursday evening.

I rushed over too soon. I shall return home on Tuesday's steamer and wait until the war begins. M. T.


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HERE has been so much talk about the mysterious “wild man” out there in the West for some time, that I finally felt it was my duty to go out and interview him. There was something peculiarly and touchingly romantic about the creature and his strange actions, according to the newspaper reports. He was represented as being hairy, long-armed, and of great strength and stature; ugly and cumbrous; avoiding men, but appearing suddenly and unexpectedly to women and children; going armed with a club, but never molesting any creature, except sheep, or other prey; fond of eating and drinking, and not particular about the quality, quantity, or character of the beverages and edibles; living in the woods like a wild beast, but never angry; moaning, and sometimes howling, but never uttering articulate sounds.


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Such was “Old Shep” as the papers painted him. I felt that the story of his life must be a sad one—a story of suffering, disappointment, and exile—a story of man's inhumanity to man in some shape or other—and I longed to persuade the secret from him.

“Since you say you are a member of the press,” said the wild man, “I am willing to tell you all you wish to know. Bye and bye you will comprehend why it is that I wish to unbosom myself to a newspaper man when I have so studiously avoided conversation with other people. I will now unfold my strange story. I was born with the world we live upon, almost. I am the son of Cain.”

“What?”

“I was present when the flood was announced.”

“Which?”

“I am the father of the Wandering Jew.”

“Sir?”

I moved out of range of his club, and went


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 Dholpur.

THE family of the Ranas of Dholpur goes back to the eleventh century, when in 1068 A.D. Jai Singh is said to have acquired lands near Bairat, to the south of Alwar. He was a loyal and faithful adherent of Anang Rao Pawar, Emperor of Delhi, who gave him the title of 'Rana', and the right to use the royal umbrella and the chowri or yak-tail.

Palan Singh, a century later, transferred his allegiance on the fall of the Tuars to Prithi Raj Chohan, and was slain at his side in 1175 A.D. in the raid which he made in order to carry off Sanyogita, Princess of Kanauj. His son, Birhan Pal, settled in 1195 A.D. at Bamrolia, near Agra. From this place the family takes its present name, and there it remained until 1367 A.D. when it was turned out by the Mahomedan Subhedar of Agra. Rana Ratan Pal, the eighth from Birhan Pal, who went to Bamrolia, recrossed the Chambal river to Gwalior, and joined the Tuar Chieftain.

Sugan Dev, the fifth from Ratan Pal, was formally invested, after a successful expedition by Raja Man Singh of Gwalior with the kingdom of Gohad, of which he became Rana in 1505 A.D. This position was confirmed by Sikandar Lodi. At Gohad these Jat Ranas remained for eleven generations, and held fifty-six mahals or districts, with a revenue of 66 lacs. In 1761 A.D. Rana Bhim Singh became possessed of Gwalior, which he held for six years. The Mahrattas took it, but after the conclusion by Maharana Chattar Pal of a treaty with the British Government under Warren Hastings, it was again retaken.

Treachery on the part of the Rana ended in his losing Gohad and Gwalior to Sindhia. Gwalior fell by the treachery of the garrison, and the Rani of Chattar Pal blew herself up with her followers. Kirat Singh, the son of Chattar Pal, was home- less for nineteen years, but was restored by the British Government in 1803 A.D. to the greater part of Gohad. In 1805 this was given up to Sindhia, and the smaller territory of Dholpur, Bari, and Rajkhera was made over to the Rana in exchange.

The feud between the houses of Sindhia and Dholpur was only abandoned in 1875 A.D. when Maharaja Jayaji Rao Sindhia visited Maharaja Nihal Singh at Dholpur and made friendship with him.

The Chief, Bhagwant Singh, was loyal to the British Goverment in 1 857 A.D. On his death in 1870 A.D. his grandson, Maharaj Rana Nihal Singh succeeded him. He was born in 1863 A.D. and died in 1901 A.D. He was succeeded by his son Maharaj Rana Ram Singh, who too did not live long to rule over Dholpur. He died recently and his minor son has succeeded him.

The area of Dholpur is 1,154 square miles, and the population 2,71,496 and the State revenue Rs. 8,44,197. The administration of Dholpur is under the management of a Council of Regency, which is supervised by a British officer.

The Rana is entitled to a salute of 15 guns.


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 on taking notes, but keeping a wary eye on him all the while. He smiled a melancholy smile and resumed:

“When I glance back over the dreary waste of ages, I see many a glimmering and mark that is familiar to my memory. And oh, the leagues I have travelled! the things I have seen! the events I have helped to emphasise! I was at the assassination of Caesar. I marched upon Mecca with Mahomet. I was in the Crusades, and stood with Godfrey when he planted the banner of the cross on the battlements of Jerusalem. I—”

“One moment, please. Have you given these items to any other journal? Can I—”

“Silence. I was in the Pinta's shrouds with Columbus when America burst upon his vision. I saw Charles I beheaded. I was in London when the Gunpowder Plot was discovered. I was present at the trial of Warren Hastings. I was on American soil when the battle of Lexington was fought when the declaration was promulgated—when Cornwallis surrendered—When


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 Washington died. I entered Paris with Napoleon after Elba. I was present when you mounted your guns and manned your fleets for the war of 1812—when the South fired upon Sumter—when Richmond fell—when the President's life was taken. In all the ages I have helped to celebrate the triumphs of genius, the achievements of arms, the havoc of storm, fire, pestilence, famine.”

“Your career has been a stirring one. Might I ask how you came to locate in these dull Kansas woods, when you have been so accustomed to excitement during what I might term so protracted a period, not to put too fine a point on it?”

“Listen. Once I was the honoured servitor of the noble and illustrious” (here he heaved a sigh, and passed his hairy hand across his eyes) “but in these degenerate days I am become the slave of quack doctors and newspapers. I am driven from pillar to post and hurried up and down, sometimes with stencil-plate and paste-brush to defile the fences with cabalistic


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 Dungarpur.

THE founder of this family was Mahas, son of Karan and grandson of Samarsi of Mewar, who was driven from Chitore by his brother-in-law, the Chief of Jhalor, and who, rather than fight, established himself in the hills south of Udaipur, thus forming a separate division of the Aharea sept, the younger one being thence- forward termed the Sesodia family. The Dungarpur chronicle says that he voluntarily gave up Chitore to his younger brother, at the wish of his father Karansi, and retired to Delhi about the end of the twelfth century, where the Emperor received him with distinction. On Sibardi, the ninth in descent, was conferred the sovereignty of Bagor, on condition of his wresting the country from a troglodyte named Chosuan Mai, who was committing great enormities. This person was conquered in 1248, and Bagor became independent with Baroda, near the present Dungarpur, as its chief town. Sibardi, its Rawal, moved the capital to Gulliakot; and his son, Gir Singh, by a stratagem, slew Dungar, a noted Bhil, with his followers, when they were stupefied with drink, seized his lands, and founded Dungarpur.

Udai' Singh, the ninth prince in descent from the last-named Rawal, was killed in a battle; and, when dying, divided his country, giving that west of the river Myhe to his eldest son, Prithi Raj, and that to the east to his younger son. Jug Mai, thus forming the two States of Dungarpur and Banswara.

Jaswant Singh, the twelfth from Prithiraj, who was incompetent and addicted to the lowest vices, was dethroned by the British Government, and banished to Brindaban, where, before his death, he adopted Dalpat Singh, the second son of the Chief of Partabgarh. This Chief reigned for a short time at Dungarpur, and in 1884 A.D. succeeded at Partabgarh. He adopted Udai Singh, as his successor at Dungarpur. Udai Singh was followed by Khuman Singh who died in 1898 A.D. and was succeeded by his son, H. H. the Maharawal Bijai Singh, on the gadi of Dungarpur in the same year.

The State was tributary to Dhar in Malwa, which transferred its rights to the British Government. The State pays about Rs, 27,387 as. tribute. Its area is 1,447 square miles, its population 1,65,400, and the revenue Rs. 1,82,226.

Dungarpur stands on the side of a small lake about 18 miles from the British cantonment of Kherawara in the Mewar hill tracts. The State is chiefly inhabited by Bhils.

The present Chief of Dungarpur is His Highness Maharawal Bijai Singh Bahadur and is entitled to a salute of 15 guns.


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 legends, and sometimes in grotesque and extravagant character at the behest of some driving journal. I attended to that Ocean Bank robbery some weeks ago, when I was hardly rested from finishing up the pow-wow about the completion of the Pacific Railroad; immediately I was spirited off to do an atrocious, murder for the benefit of the New York papers; next to attend the wedding of a patriarchal millionaire; next to raise a hurrah about the great boat race; and then, just when I had begun to hope that my old bones would have a rest, I am bundled off to this howling wilderness to strip, and jibber, and be ugly and hairy, and pull down fences and waylay sheep, and waltz around with a club, and play 'Wild Man' generally—and all to gratify the whim of a bedlam of crazy newspaper scribblers? From one end of the continent to the other, I am described as a gorilla, with a sort of human seeming about me—and all to gratify this quill-driving scum of the earth!”

“Poor old carpet bagger!”


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“I have been served infamously, often, in modern and semi-modern times. I have been compelled by base men to create fraudulent history, and to perpetrate all sorts of humbugs. I wrote those crazy Junius letters, I moped in a French dungeon for fifteen years, and wore a ridiculous Iron Mask; I poked around your Northern forests, among your vagabond Indians, a solemn French idiot, personating the ghost of a dead Dauphin, that the gaping world might wonder if we had 'a Bourbon among us'; I have played sea-serpent off Nahant, and Woolly-Horse and What-is-it for the museums; I have interviewed politicians for the Sun, worked up all manner of miracles for the Herald, ciphered up election returns for the World, and thundered Political Economy through the Tribune. I have done all the extravagant things that the wildest invention could contrive, and done them well, and this is my reward—playing Wild Man in Kansas without a shirt!”

“Mysterious being, a light dawns vaguely


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 Jaisalmer.

JAISALMER is founded by a very ancient family descended from the Yadawas or Jadhawas of the Chandra-Bansi or lunar race, who were paramount in India at a very early period. The descendants of this race settled beyond the Indus, and one of them founded Ghizni in Afganistan from where the tribe was driven into the Punjab part of which was conquered by Shalivahan, who founded Shalbhanpur after his name, which has been identified with Sialkot. His son Bhatti, a great warrior, gave his name to- the clan in 280 A.D., and founded the city called Bhatner in the Punjab. After several moves, the Jadhawas settled in the desert of India, and in 1 156 A.D. founded the town of Jaisalmer which was named after Jaisal, who became the first Maharawal The town stands on ,a low ridge of lime-stone hills. Emperor Allauddin sacked the place in 1204 A.D. The twenty-fifth Maharawal Sabal Singh acknowledged the supremacy of the Moguls in 1650 A.D. and got the command of 6,000 horse, and the Fish Insignia (Mahi Maratib). The family was now at the height of its power, as it held the whole of Bahawalpur and many districts in Marwar and Bikaner.

Maharawal Mulraj was the first prince with whom the British Government entered into a treaty of unity and friendship in 1818 A.D. He died in 1820 A.D. and was succeeded by his grandson Maharawal Gaj Singh. In 1826 A.D. Ratan Singh, the Chief of Bikaner, sent a large army against Gaj Singh, which marched up to a few miles of Jaisalmer. Maharawal Gaj Singh prepared to meet it; but the British Government and the Maharana of Udaipur interfered and the dispute was amicably settled.

During the war with the Amirs of Sindh in 1838 A.D., Maharawal Gaj Singh supplied camels to the British Government for transporting their army to Sindh In 1844A.D., the forts of Shahgarh, Garsia. and Ghosaru, which were once under the sway of Jaisalmer Chiefs, were Recovered from Amir Ali Murad and restored to Gaj Singh by the British in recognition of his services to them. Gaj Singh died in 1846 A.D. and was succeeded by Ranjit Singh. In 1862 A.D. the sanad of adoption was granted to the Jaisalmer Chief. Maharawal Ranjit Singh died in 1864 A.D. without issue, and his younger brother Bairi Sal succeeded him. Maharawal Bairi Sal was granted an Imperial flag in honour of the Queen of England being proclaimed 'Empress of India' at the Imperial Assemblage at Delhi on the 1st January 1877 A.D.

On the death of Maharawal Bairi Sal in 1891 A.D., the present Chief was adopted by the widows, of Bairi Sal and with the concurrence of the Paramount Power was placed on the gadi as His Highness Maharajadhiraj Maharawal Shalivahan Bahadur. In 1908 A.D. the Maharawal was invested with full powers of administration and since then he has been ruling his State with credit.

The area of State is 16,060 square miles with a population of 73.370 and revenue of nearly one lac of Rupees.

The Maharawal of Jaisalmer State has a salute of 15 guns and possesses full civil and criminal powers.


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 upon me—it grows apace—what—what is your name?”

“SENSATION!”

“Hence, horrible shape!”

It spoke again:

“Oh pitiless fate, my destiny hounds me once more. I am called. I go. Alas, is there no rest for me?”

In a moment the Wild Man's features seemed to soften and refine, and his form to assume a more human grace and symmetry. His club changed to a spade, and he shouldered it and started away sighing profoundly and shedding tears.

“Whither, poor shade?”

“TO DIG UP THE BYRON FAMILY!”

Such was the response that floated back upon the wind as the sad spirit shook its ringlets to the breeze, flourished its shovel aloft, and disappeared beyond the brow of the hill.

All of which is in strict accordance with the facts.

M. T.


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 Marshal Neil's last words were: “L'armee fran-caise!” (The French army.)—Exchange.

HAT a sad thing it is to see a man close a grand career with a plagiarism in his mouth. Napoleon's last words were: “Tete d'armée.” (Head of the army.) Neither of those remarks amounts to anything as “last words,” and reflect little credit upon the utterers. A distinguished man should be as particular about his last words as he is about his last breath. He should write them out on a slip of paper and take the judgment of his friends on them. He should never leave such a thing to the last hour of his life, and trust to an intellectual spirit at the last moment to enable him to say something smart with his latest gasp and launch into eternity with grandeur. No—a man is apt to be too much fagged and


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 Jhalawar.

THE Rulers of Jhalawar belong to the Jhala clan of Rajputs, which has given its name to the State. The founder of the family was one Bhao Singh, who came to Rajputana from Halwad in Kattiawar. His son, Madho Singh, coming to Kotah in the time of Maharao Bhim Singh, was appointed Faujdar or Commander of the State-troops, and received the estate of Nanta as jahagir. The post and the jahagir became hereditary in the family, and Madho Singh's great-grandson, the famous Zalim Singh, succeeded to both in 1758A.D. when only eighteen years of age. Three years later, he was the means of securing a great victory for the Kotah troops over the Jaipur army at Bhatwara. Subsequently, however, the relations between him and the Maharao Guman Singh of Kotah became strained. Consequently he went away to Udaipur, where he did good service and received from the Maharana, the title of Raj- Rana. Later on he returned to Kotah and was reconciled to the Maharao. In 1771 A.D. when the Maharao was on his death-bed, he sent for Zalim Singh and charged him with the care of his son, Umed Singh, and his State. From this time Raj- Rana Zalim Singh was the real ruler of Kotah, and raised it to a state of high prosperity under his administration, which lasted for more than fifty years. Through his agency & treaty was made with the British Government in 1817 A.D., by which Kotah was taken under British protection: and by a supplementary article added in 1818 A.D. the entire administration of the State was vested in Raj-Rana Zalim Singh and his heirs, in regular succession and perpetuity. Raj-Rana Zalim Singh was a great statesman, and the services he rendered to the Kotah State and the British Government, are matters of history. It was in recognition of these services that when the arrangements made in 1818 A.D. were found unworkable, the British Government made a separate provision for Raj-Rana Zalim Singh's descendants, and made over to his grandson, Madan Singh, and his heirs and successors, seventeen districts taken from Kotah, yielding a revenue of twelve lacs of rupees a year. This was the origin of the State of Jhalawar, which by the treaty of 1838 A.D. was taken under British protection.

The present Raj-Rana, who is a descendant of Madho Singh, the first Jhala Faujdar of Kotah, was born on the 4th of September 1874 A.D. He entered the Mayo College, Ajmer, in 1881 A.D., and left it in 1891 A.D. While there he distinguished himself both in his studies and outdoor sports.

Raj-Rana Bhawani Singh was selected by the British Government to succeed the ex-Raj-Rana Zalim Singh in 1897A.D., and was installed on the gadi in 1899 A.D., being at the same time invested with full powers by Sir Arthur Martindale, the then Agent to the Governor-General for Rajputana.

No sooner had His Highness taken the reins of administration in his hands, than he had to contend with the dire famine of 1899-1900 A.D. He at once opened relief works and poor-houses, which saved the lives of thousands; and at the same time he caused large quantities of food-grains to be imported from the United Provinces and to be sold to the State employees as also to the general public, at prices much below the current rate. Moreover, one of his first acts on his accession to the gadi was the grant of remission of Rs. 3,64,627. in the arrears of rent due to the State.


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 exhausted, both in body and mind, at such a time, to be reliable; and maybe the very thing he wants to say, he cannot think of to save him; and besides there are his weeping friends bothering around; and worse than all as likely as not he may have to deliver his last gasp before he is expecting to. A man cannot always expect to think of a natty thing to say under such circumstances, and so it is pure egotistic ostentation to put it off. There is hardly a case on record where a man came to his last moment unprepared and said a good thing—hardly a case where a man trusted to that last moment and did not make a solemn botch of it and go out of the world feeling absurd.

Now there was Daniel Webster. Nobody could tell him anything. He was not afraid. He could do something neat when the time came. And how did it turn out? Why, his will had to be fixed over; and then all the relations came; and first one thing and then another interfered, till at last he only had a chance to say, “I still live,” and up he went.


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Of course he didn't still live, because he died—and so he might as well have kept his last words to himself as to have gone and made such a failure of it as that. A week before that fifteen minutes of calm reflection would have enabled that man to contrive some last words that would have been a credit to himself and a comfort to his family for generations to come.

And there was John Quincy Adams. Relying on his splendid abilities and his coolness in emergencies, he trusted to a happy hit at the last moment to carry him through, and what was the result? Death smote him in the House of Representatives, and he observed, casually, “This is the last of earth.” The last of earth! Why “the last of earth” when there was so much more left? If he had said it was the last rose of summer or the last run of shad, it would have had as much point in it. What he meant to say was, “Adam was the first and Adams is the last of earth,” but he put it off a trifle too long, and so he had to go with that unmeaning observation on his lips.


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And there we have Napoleon's “Tete d'armee.” That don't mean anything. Taken by itself, “Head of the army,” is no more important than “Head of the police.” And yet that was a man who could have said a good thing if he had barred out the doctor and studied over it a while. Marshal Neil, with half a century at his disposal, could not dash off anything better in his last moments than a poor plagiarism of another man's words, which were not worth plagiarizing in the first place. “The French army.” Perfectly irrelevant—perfectly flat—utterly pointless. But if he had closed one eye significantly, and said, “The subscriber has made it lively for the French army,” and then thrown a little of the comic into his last gasp, it would have been a thing to remember with satisfaction all the rest of his life. I do wish our great men would quit saying these flat things just at the moment they die. Let us have their next-to-the-last words for a while, and see if we cannot patch up from them something that will be more satisfactory.


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The public does not wish to be outraged in this way all the time.

But when we come to call to mind the last words of parties who took the trouble to make the proper preparation for the occasion, we immediately notice a happy difference in the result.

There was Chesterfield. Lord Chesterfield had laboured all his life to build up the most shining reputation for affability and elegance of speech and manners the world has ever seen. And could you suppose he failed to appreciate the efficiency of characteristic “last words,” in the matter of seizing the successfully driven nail of such a reputation and clinching on the other side for ever? Not he. He prepared himself. He kept his eye on the clock and his finger on his pulse. He awaited his chance. And at last, when he knew his time was come, he pretended to think a new visitor had entered, and so, with the rattle in his throat emphasised for dramatic effect, he said to the servant, “Shin around, John, and get the


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90 THE IMPERIAL DURBAR ALBUM. In 1904 A.D., His Highness proceeded to Europe for the benefit of his health; and after visiting England and most of the countries of Europe, returned to India in November of the same year. While in England, he was received in audience by His Majesty, the late King'Emperor, at Buckingham Palace. While at Marienbad, His Imperial Majesty often met him and showed him great consideration. The travel to Europe widened his views on all matters, and ever since his return from there, he has been trying to improve the condition of his subjects in various ways.

The more important reforms introduced by His Highness in the State are: — (1) Adoption of the Imperial Postal Union, (2) Introduction of British Currency and Weights. (3) Introduction of the Nagri script in the Courts and Offices of the State. (4) Remission of a number of petty vexatious cesses.

In May 1908A.D. His Highness was created Knight Commander of the Exalted Order of the Star of India, and ' received the insignia at the investiture held in Calcutta in February 1909 A.D.

The military force of the State consists of 100 cavalry, 71 gunners, with 45 serviceable guns and 420 infantry.

The area of the Jhalawar State is 808 square miles and a population of 96,153 according to the Census of 1911 A.D. The number of villages in the State is 461, and the gross revenue, based on an average of the past five years, is roughly between 4j and 5 lacs. The State pays a tribute of Rs. 30,000 a year to the Imperial Government.

The present ruler of Jhalawar, His Highness Raj-Rana Sir Bhawani Singh Bahadur K. C. S. I., is entitled to a salute of 1 1 guns.


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 gentleman a chair.” And so he died, amid thunders of applause.

Next we have Benjamin Franklin. Franklin, the author of Poor Richard's quaint sayings; Franklin the immortal axiom-builder, who used to sit up at nights reducing the rankest old threadbare platitudes to crisp and snappy maxims that had a nice, varnished, original look in their regimentals; who said, “Virtue is its own reward;” who said, “Procrastination is the thief of time;” who said, “Time and tide wait for no man” and “Necessity is the mother of invention;” good old Franklin, the Josh Billings of the eighteenth century—though, sooth to say, the latter transcends him in proverbial originality as much as he falls short of him in correctness of orthography. What sort of tactics did Franklin pursue? He pondered over his last words for as much as two weeks, and then when the time came, he said, “None but the brave deserve the fair,” and died happy. He could not have said a sweeter thing if he had lived till he was an idiot.


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Byron made a poor business of it, and could not think of anything to say, at the last moment but, “Augusta-sister-Lady Byron—tell Harriet Beecher Stowe”—etc., etc.,—but Shakespeare was ready and said, “England expects every man to do his duty!” and went off with splendid eclat.

And there are other instances of sagacious preparation for a felicitous closing remark. For instance:

Joan of Arc said, “Tramp, tramp, tramp the boys are marching.”

Alexander the Great said, “Another of those Santa Cruz punches, if you please.”

The Empress Josephine said, “Not for Jo—” and could get no further.

Cleopatra said, “The Old Guard dies, but never surrenders.”

Sir Walter Raleigh said, “Executioner, can I take your whetstone a moment, please?” though what for is not clear.

John Smith said, “Alas, I am the last of my race.”


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Queen Elizabeth said, “Oh, I would give my kingdom for one moment more—I have forgotten my last words.”

And Red Jacket, the noblest Indian brave that ever wielded a tomahawk in defence of a friendless and persecuted race, expired with these touching words upon his lips, “Wawkawampanoosuc, winnebagowallawsgamoresaskatchewan.” There was not a dry eye in the wigwam.

Let not this lesson be lost upon our public men. Let them take a healthy moment for preparation, and contrive some last words that shall be neat and to the point. Let Louis Napoleon say,

“I am content to follow my uncle—still, I do not wish to improve upon his last word. Put me down for 'Tête d'armée.'”

And Garret Davis, “Let me recite the unabridged dictionary.”

And H. G., “I desire, now, to say a few words on political economy.”

And Mr. Bergh, “Only take part of me at


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 a time, if the load will be fatiguing to the hearse horses.”

And Andrew Johnson, “I have been an Alderman, Member of Congress, Governor, Senator, Pres—adieu, you know the rest.”

And Seward., “Alas!-ka.”

And Grant, “O.”

All of which is respectfully submitted, with the most honorable intentions. M. T.

P. S.—I am obliged to leave out the illustrations. The artist finds it impossible to make a picture of people's last words.


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 In disk combinations when a pure color is combined with both a white and black disk the result will be a broken color. When a color is mixed with both black and white, i. e., with gray, and becomes thereby a broken color, it then belongs to a broken scale and educationally has no place in any pure scale, i. e., a scale in which the key tone is a pure color. Neither has a broken scale of a color any place in a chart of pure scales or spectrum scales.

Neutral Colors.—A term often improperly applied to grays, white, black, silver and gold. See passive colors.

Passive Colors.—A term suggested as covering black, white, silver, gold and very gray colors. The term "neutral colors" is often used in this sense but this is evidently improper if we are to confine the term "neutral gray" to the representation of white in shadow because as soon as a gray has any color in it, it is no longer neutral.

Active Colors.—Those colors neither passive or neutral. Necessarily both the terms "active" and "passive" used in relation to colors must be quite indefinite.

Complementary Colors.—As white light is the sum of all color if we take from white light a given color the remaining color is the complement of the given color. When the eye has been fatigued by looking intently for a few seconds at a red spot on a white wall and is then slightly turned to the wall, a faint tint of a bluish green is seen, and this is called the accidental color of the red, and. is supposed to be identical with its complementary color. If with the disks we determine a color which with a given color will produce by rotation a neutral gray, we have the complementary color more accurately than by any other means at present known in the use of pigmentary colors.

Harmony.—Two colors are said to be in harmony or to combine harmoniously if the effect is pleasing when they are in juxtaposition or are used in a composition.

Spectrum Circuit.—If a pigmentary imitation of the solar


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 spectrum with the addition of violet red at the red end and red violet at the violet end be made, and the two ends joined, we shall have a spectrum circuit. This may be in the form of a circle, an ellipse or an oval.

Primary Colors.—In the Brewster theory red, yellow and blue. In the Young-Hemholtz theory red, green and violet are termed primary colors because it is supposed that from these three sensations all color perceptions are experienced. In purely scientific investigations of color perceptions these last three or others which are supposed to serve the same purpose are also called fundamental colors. Practically every spectrum color is a primary, because each has its own wave length.

Secondary Colors.—In the Brewster theory orange, green and purple have been called secondary because it is claimed that they are produced by the combination of primary colors in pairs.

Tertiary Colors.—A term used in the Brewster theory to denote three classes of colors called russet, citrine and olive, made by mixing the secondaries in pairs. These are all broken spectrum colors. The orange and purple produce russet; the orange and green form citrine; the green and purple, olive. There seems to be no good reason for perpetuating the indefinite terms secondaries and tertiaries as applied to color. .

Values.—This word is very freely used in discussing effects in works of art, both in color and in black and white. At present it seems to be a very difficult term to define, and yet each artist is quite sure that he can "feel" it, although few will attempt to put into words a definition satisfactory even to themselves. When an engraver, who is also an artist, attempts to interpret nature in black and white on the metal plate or wooden block, he endeavors to reproduce the "values" of the various parts of the subject before him. In doing this he, for one thing, attempts to produce a variety of neutral grays which will express to the eye by means of black and white lines the same tones of color effect as are seen in the several parts of the subject under investigation. If this were the whole prob-


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 lem the matter would be easily expressed by the disk nomenclature, For instance, if we are to consider a certain red object which may be represented by the standard red disk, we place a medium sized disk of that color on the spindle, and in front of it, smaller disks of white and black united. By rotation the white and black disks become a neutral gray at the center of the red disk. If this gray is made nearly white all observers will agree that the gray is lighter than the red, and if it is nearly black the opinion will be equally unanimous that it is darker than the red. Consequently there evidently must be a gray somewhere, between these two extremes which a large majority of experts may agree to be equal in depth or tone to the red, i. e., neither lighter nor darker. But the artist-engraver will insist that to him the term "value" expresses much more than this and that he must use different lines in the sky or distance from those which he uses in the foreground; and some engravers will also insist that two different colors in the foreground must receive different treatment with the graver in order to express their true values. We know that true values of colors are not expressed in a photograph, as the warm colors are too dark and the blue far too light. If the term "value of a color" is to be used as expressing something more than a neutral gray of such a tone as to seem equal to it, then possibly this latter quality must be expressed by the word tone, and yet this use of that word will seem to enlarge its scope beyond its present limits as it now is used to express the relations between the different localities in one scale of color, while this new use will extend to the comparison of tones in various color scales, including neutral grays.

Luminosity.—The luminosity of a color is determined by comparing it with a neutral gray. When a color seems to be of the same brightness as a given neutral gray, i. e., not lighter nor darker, then that gray is its measure of luminosity.

A noted authority says: "No colored object can have the luminosity of a white object reflecting practically the whole of


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.—No experience is set down in the following letters which had to be invented. Fancy is not needed to give variety to the history of a Chinaman’s sojourn in America. Plain fact is amply sufficient.

, 18—.

EAR CHING-FOO: It is all settled, and I am to leave my oppressed and overburdened native land and cross the sea to that noble realm where all are free and all equal, and none reviled or abused—America! America, whose precious privilege it is to call herself the Land of the Free and the Home of the Brave. We and all that are about us here look over the waves longingly, contrasting the privations of this our birthplace with the opulent comfort of that happy refuge. We know how America has welcomed the Germans and the Frenchmen


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 and the stricken and sorrowing Irish, and we know how she has given them bread and work, and liberty, and how grateful they are. And we know that America stands ready to welcome all other oppressed peoples and offer her abundance to all that come, without asking what their nationality is, or their creed or color. And, without being told it, we know that the foreign sufferers she has rescued from oppression and starvation are the most eager of her children to welcome us, because, having suffered themselves, they know what suffering is, and having been generously succored, they long to be generous to other unfortunates and thus show that magnanimity is not wasted upon them. .

, 18—.
 * We are far away at sea now; on our way to the beautiful Land of the Free and Home of the Brave. We shall soon


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 be where all men are alike, and where sorrow is not known.

The good American who hired me to go to his country is to pay me $12 a month, which is immense wages, you know—twenty times as much as one gets in China. My passage in the ship is a very large sum—indeed, it is a fortune—and this I must pay myself eventually, but I am allowed ample time to make it good to my employer in, he advancing it now. For a mere form, I have turned over my wife, my boy, and my two daughters to my employer’s partner for security for the payment of the ship fare. But my employer says they are in no danger of being sold, for he knows I will be faithful to him, and that is the main security.

I thought I would have twelve dollars to begin life with in America, but the American Consul took two of them for making a certificate that I was shipped on the steamer. He has no right to do more than charge the ship two dollars for one certificate for the ship, with the number of her Chinese passengers set


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 down in it; but he chooses to force a certificate upon each and every Chinaman and put the two dollars in his pocket. As 1,300 of my countrymen are in this vessel, the Consul received $2,600 for certificates. My employer tells me that the Government at Washington know of this fraud, and are so bitterly opposed to the existence of such a wrong that they tried hard to have the extor—the fee, I mean, legalised by the last Congress; but as the bill did not pass, the Consul will have to take the fee dishonestly until next Congress makes it legitimate. It is a great and good and noble country, and hates all forms of vice and chicanery.

We are in that part of the vessel always reserved for my countrymen. It is called the steerage. It is kept for us, my employer says, because it is not subject to changes of temperature and dangerous drafts of air. It is only another instance of the loving unselfishness of


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 the Americans for all unfortunate foreigners. The steerage is a little crowded, and rather warm and close, but no doubt it is best for us that it should be so.

Yesterday our people got to quarrelling among themselves, and the captain turned a volume of hot steam upon a mass of them and scalded eighty or ninety of them more or less severely. Flakes and ribbons of skin came off some of them. There was wild shrieking and struggling while the vapour enveloped the great throng, and so some who were not scalded got trampled upon and hurt. We do not complain, for my employer says this is the usual way of quieting disturbances on board the ship, and that it is done in the cabins among the Americans every day or two.

Congratulate me, Ching-Foo In ten days more I shall step upon the shore of America, and be received by her great-hearted people; and I shall straighten myself up and feel that I am a free man among freemen. .