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 continually stood before her and appeared in her dreams and yet it would not permit her to approach it. If she had thus encountered Hurka the first time they met, it is possible he would have won her affection, it is possible they would have been still entirely his own.

She could not sleep. When she had rearranged the violets which yet remained for Havel’s little daughter she looked at Havel’s window, which still illuminated threw a dusky shadow on the balcony and court-yard. As she smelt the violets her heart trembled with a strange sensation. That portion of the bouquet which she had given to Havel was laid to rest in a living tomb: all the remnant of it which she wished to give his little daughter seemed to awaken out of its tomb.

It occurred to Karla that in the silence of night she might unobserved crawl to Havel’s lighted window and through it look at his domestic happiness. This idea had never before occurred to her. Perhaps it was a crazy whim, but it possessed her like the fixed idea of a crazy brain. What would result from acting thus? Might she not by one unguarded look destroy the happiness she had enjoyed in her quiet corner?

Karla arose, and like a marten when it steals upon its prey, crawled over the staircase. Her heart beat with a strange unrest. If she carried away a picture of his tranquillity perhaps it would pain her more than if she had never seen it. But the strange influence which had prompted her to leave her hard couch hurried her forward and if at that moment she had been about to commit a crime, she could not have turned aside. Perhaps some objections did occur to her mind but her heart felt a need of what she did even if she had at the next moment to atone for it by death.

She drew near to the window and her first look fell on Havel’s little daughter, who slept in a little bed by the window and had put Karla’s doll to rest beside her. An air of calm repose breathed throughout the chamber. A little bird in a a cage suspended by the window dreamt of its image reflected in the opposite mirror. Havel slept by the other window: by his bed on a small table a candle still burnt and beside it lay a half-opened book which he had been reading. She recognized the book. It was one from which Havel used to read aloud to her and she used to listen listlessly enough. If she had had a single leaf out of that book now, it would have been sacred to her, it would have been her most highly prized possession. A soft carpet covered Rh


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 the floor, on the walls hung various pictures, and among them she recognized her own.

Havel had not forgotten her, but that picture cut her to the heart. She was represented with a rose in her hands, she was dressed in a white dress, her features bloomed, on them were youth and smiles and in her figure fullness and health. Karla stood by the window and seeing the image of the little song-bird in the opposite mirror, she unexpectedly caught her own reflection and saw what changes sorrow had wrought. That cowering posture, those wrinkled features, the dress of poverty, the shrunken body—and in her hands violets. She was transfixed by the contrast and retreated from herself as if before some awful spectre. What had dared her to this comparison? She turned again to the other window beside which slept the little daughter. How pleased she would have been to give it those violets in bed, only once to kiss it as doubtless Havel kissed it every day, and then never show herself again! The violets in her hand seemed to burn her. She tried the window to see if it was bolted and found that the pane which opened was ajar. In the window stood a large vase with water. Karla carefully opened the window-pane, placed her violets in the vase with water and closed the window with as much care as she had opened it.

The act was unobserved. The picture affected Karla more than she had expected. She did not feel strength in herself to bear her whole burden of sorrow. Her steps strayed again towards the house and she stopped by Havel’s window. Only once again she wished to look closely at his face and then never again to torment either his sleeping or his waking hours. Only once again she wished to cast her eyes over that peaceful chamber and then to go away for ever, lost among the measureless sufferings of life.

She stood by the window like a child which looks for the first time at an elegantly appointed salon, feasting upon it with delighted eyes, and fearful of disarranging its beautiful furniture. How that window made all the difference! Within was a world of comfort kept safe like a tree in a garden, outside it was a world of misery, despised like the wild brier on which are only thorns. Once they had gone hand in hand together, now there was no bridge to unite their severed lives.

Yet one moment more and Karla meant to turn away, she looked a last look at Havel’s face and it seemed to her as though he smiled, he evidently struggled with something in his sleep,

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 threw his hand beside him and overturned the candle which was burning itself out beside him.

Karla held her breath. Should she go away or should she raise the alarm? The candle fell on the book whose leaves began to burn and Karla by its light caught sight of a small wreath of Italian lilac, which she herself had placed in it. The leaves smouldered one after another, the wreath was already half devoured. Karla felt herself rooted to the ground so that she could not advance a step, her breast heaved and yet she could not utter a syllable.

The book was already half consumed, of her wreath nothing remained but a cinder which glowed for a moment and then fell in fragments in which no one could recognize its original form.

Karla only now observed that above the fire hung a curtain which would certainly catch fire as soon as the flames leapt higher and that might happen at any moment.

Karla fell a choking in her throat, a voice broke forth in a terrible shriek. She threw herself like a tigress on the window, wrenched it till the very house shook, with a piercing voice exclaimed: “It burns!”

Havel started out of sleep as though he had roused himself by a violent effort. Sleepy though he was, he yet recognized the danger his house was in, quickly sought for water and in his haste seized the vase in the window by his little daughter’s bed, quickly drenched the curtain and the burning book. He trembled all over and stood as if turned to stone. In the room it was quite dark.

Then he lit another candle to see what the fire had consumed. The book was almost wholly a cinder. Karla’s souvenir was destroyed and Havel held in his hands a bunch of violets. He knew not whence they came nor what had saved his life.

At the entrance to the Volskansky cemetery, just as at this day, stood a group of beggars male and female. They lived by appealing for alms at the dwelling-place of death. People bringing forth their relations for burial in that place where all must pause at last were more easily inclined to offer some small tribute to those living bones, who stand out in testimony against the vaunted progress of our age in which spiritual excellence must perish that the body may survive.

By them sat an aged woman whom they called “garland grandmother”. She only differed from the rest in this that she did not Rh


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 magnetical; but in proximity they raise enmities. But if one part of the stone is turned round, so that C faces D and F faces E, then A pursues B within its orbe until they are united.

The Southern parts of the stone avoid the Southern parts, and the Northern parts the Northern. Nevertheless, if by force you move up the Southern cusp of a piece of iron too near the Southern part of the stone, the cusp is seized and both are linked together in friendly embraces: because it immediately reverses the implanted verticity of the iron, and it is changed by the presence of the more powerful stone, which is more constant in its forces than the iron. For they come together according to their nature, if by reversal and mutation true conformity is produced, and just coition, as also regular direction. Loadstones of the same shape, size, and vigour, attract one another mutually with like efficacy, and in the opposite position repel one another mutually with a like vigour.

Iron rods not touched, though alike and equal, do yet often act upon one another with different forces; because as the reasons of their acquired verticity, also of their stability and vigour, are different, so the more strongly they are excited, the more vigorously do they incite.

Pieces of iron excited by one and the same pole mutually repel one another by those ends at which they were excited; then also the opposite ends to those in these iron pieces raise enmities one to another.

In versoria whose cusps have been rubbed, but not their cross-ends, the crosses mutually repel one another, but weakly and in proportion to their length.

In like versoria the cusps, having been touched by the same pole of the loadstone, attract the cross-ends with equal strength.

In a somewhat long versorium the cross-end is attracted rather weakly by the cusp of a shorter iron versorium; the cross of the shorter more strongly by the cusp of the longer, because the cross of the longer versorium has a weak verticity, but the cusp has a stronger.

The cusp of a longer versorium drives away the cusp of a shorter one more vehemently than the cusp of the shorter the cusp of the longer, if the one is free upon a pin, and the other is held in the hand; for though both were equally excited by the same loadstone, yet the longer one is stronger at its cusp on account of its greater mass.

The Southern end of an iron rod which is not excited attracts the Northern, and the Northern the Southern; moreover, also the Southern parts repel the Southern, and the Northern the Northern.

If magnetick substances are divided or in any way broken in pieces, each part has a Northern and a Southern end.


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 A versorium is moved as far off by a loadstone when an obstacle is put in the way, as through air and an open medium.

Rods rubbed upon the pole of a stone strive after the same pole and follow it. Therefore Baptista Porta errs when he says, chapter 40, "If you put that part to it from which it received its force, it will not endure it, but drives it from it, and draws to it the contrary and opposite part."

The principles of turning round and inclining are the same in the case of loadstone to loadstone, of loadstone to iron, of iron also to iron.

When magnetick substances which have been separated by force and dissected into parts flow together into a true union and are suitably connected, the body becomes one, and one united virtue, nor have they diverse ends.

The separate parts assume two opposite poles, if the division has not been made along a parallel: if the division has been made along a parallel, they are able to retain one pole in the same site as before.

Pieces of iron which have been rubbed and excited by a loadstone are more surely and swiftly seized by a loadstone at fitting ends than such as have not been rubbed.

If a spike is set up on the pole of a loadstone, a spike or style of iron placed on the upper end is strongly cemented to it, and draws away the erect spike from the terrella when motion is made.

If to the lower end of the erect spike the end of another spike is applied, it does not cohære with it, nor do they unite together.

As a rod of iron draws away a piece of iron from a terrella, so is it also with a minute loadstone and a lesser terrella, though weaker in strength.

The piece of iron C comes into conjunction with the terrella A, and the vigour in it is magnetically exalted and excited, both in the adjoining end and in the other also which is turned away through


text: The Surnames of the Chinese in America/Merchants


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Rh glorious safeguard of our liberties! Nullus liber homo capiatur aut imprisonetur.…aut aliquo modo destruatur, nisi per judicium parium.…Liber homo; frank home; a capital thing for him—but how about the villeins? Oh, there are none now! But there were. Who cares for villains, or barbarians, or helots? And so England, and Athens, and Sparta, were free States: all the freemen in them were free. Long after Magna Charta, villains were sold with their 'chattels and offspring,' named in that order. Long after Magna Charta, it was law that 'Le Seigniour poit rob, naufrer, et chastiser son villein a son volunt, salve que il ne poit luy maim.'

The Royal Society was founded as a co-operative body, and co-operation was its purpose. The early charters, &c. do not contain a trace of the intention to create a scientific distinction, a kind of Legion of Honour. It is clear that the qualification was ability and willingness to do good work for the promotion of natural knowledge, no matter in how many persons, nor of what position in society. Charles II. gave a smart rebuke for exclusiveness, as elsewhere mentioned. In time arose, almost of course, the idea of distinction attaching to the title; and when I first began to know the Society, it was in this state. Gentlemen of good social position were freely elected if they were really educated men; but the moment a claimant was announced as resting on his science, there was a disposition to inquire whether he was scientific enough. The maxim of the poet was adopted; and the Fellows were practically divided into Drink-deeps and Taste-nots.

I was, in early life, much repelled by the tone taken by the Fellows of the Society with respect to their very mixed body. A man high in science—some thirty-seven years ago (about 1830)—eave me some encouragement, as he thought. 'We shall have youa Fellow of the Royal Society in time,' said he. Umph! thought I: for I had that day heard of some recent elections, the united science of which would not have demonstrated I. 1, nor explained the action of a pump. Truly an elevation to look up at! It came, further, to my knowledge that the Royal Society—if I might judge by the claims made by very influential Fellows—considered itself as entitled to the best of everything: second-best being left for the newer bodies. A secretary, in returning thanks for the Royal at an anniversary of the Astronomical, gave rather a lecture to the company on the positive duty of all present to send the very best to the old body, and the absolute right of the old body to expect it. An old friend of mine, on a similar occasion, stated as


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啓者考活摩亞律師辦事房設在加罅寬省山 多寫埠做戲樓第一百零一號至一百零四號 房接理大小衙門案件與工商部華人做護照 回唐返美登岸各等事務本律師精熟律例辦 事周致　考活摩亞律師啓


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20 a fact that the thing was always done, as well as that it ought to be done.

Of late years this pretension has been made by a President of the Society. In 1855, Lord Rosse presented a confidential memorandum to the Council on the expediency of enlarging their number. He says, 'In a Council so small it is impossible to secure a satisfactory representation of the leading scientific Societies, and it is scarcely to be expected that, under such circumstances, they will continue to publish inferior papers while they send the best to our Transactions.'

And, again, with all the Societies represented on the Council, 'even if every Science had its Society, and if they published everything, withholding their best papers [i.e., from the Royal Society], which they would not be likely to do, still there would remain to the Royal Society…" Lord Rosse seems to imagine that the minor Societies themselves transfer their best papers to the Royal Society; that if, for instance, the Astronomical Society were to receive from A. B. a paper of unusual merit, the Society would transfer it to the Royal Society. This is quite wrong: any preference of the Royal to another Society is the work of the contributor himself. But it shows how well hafted is the Royal Society's claim, that a President should acquire the notion that it is acknowledged and acted upon by the other Societies, in their joint and corporate capacities. To the pretension thus made I never could give any sympathy. When I first heard Mr. Christie, Sec. R. S., set it forth at the anniversary dinner of the Astronomical Society, I remembered the Baron in Walter Scott—

And I remembered the answer—

Fully conceding that the Royal Society is entitled to preeminent rank and all the respect due to age and services, I could not, nor can I now, see any more obligation in a contributor to send his best to that Society than he can make out to be due to himself. This pretension, in my mind, was hooked on, by my historical mode of viewing things already mentioned, to my knowledge of the fact that the Royal Society—the chief fault, perhaps, lying with its President, Sir Joseph Banks—had sternly set itself against the formation of other societies; the Geological


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 Merchants' Sons.

Males under the age of twenty-one years and females under eighteen years are minors, and entitled to land if they are children of domiciled merchant.

The father must be actively engaged in a mercantile business. He must own an interest in the business. He must prove by at least two reputable witnesses, other than Chinese, that he has been engaged in such business as a merchant for one year prior to the application to land the minor children.

The application of any minor child must be properly prepared, and all names should be spelled correctly and according to the David Jones System.

The application should give the father's family and given name; his business and its location; his interest and employment in said business; the name and photograph of the minor child. It should be signed and sworn to by the father.

Another person acquainted with the minor and his parent, and the circumstances of the case, should make affidavit of the facts within his knowledge.

The photograph and name of the father should be identified under oath by at least two reputable witnesses. other than Chinese, who are acquainted with his mercantile standing.

If the application to land of a merchant's son is denied by the Commissioner of Immigration at the port of arrival, he may appeal from this decision to the Department at Washington, D. C. If the adverse decision is sustained and the appeal dismissed he has no other resource but must return to China.

商子

凡華商之子年未過二十一歲女年未過十八歲例當准入美國湏有名望西人二名証實其父係 做正項買賣之生意一年以上方爲合例

凡華商子女之名華音英字務湏謹愼調串清楚照依約翰大 衛德之法所串之華音英字最爲合宜

凡商子或女之父母欲代其子女取囘華返美之護照湏繕備其 姓名其生意其股本若干其舖店之門牌住 址其子或女之姓名與原照正面相頭井湏 自簽其名與發誓爲據別人有知該商子與 其父之事實者亦可以代爲取此等護照但 其父之姓名與生意亦必湏有名望之西人 二名矢誓信實方准

凡商子執照回美經 關口之管理外人入境委員不准登岸可將 案做禀寄呈華盛頓京都工商部處求情再 判若工商部判照原判是不能再爲提案該 商子必要撥回中國


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the two worshipful warriors parted, Hagen of Troneg and Sir Dietrich. Over his shoulder Gunther’s liegeman gazed for a comrade-at-arms, whom he then quickly won, Folker he saw, the cunning fiddler, stand by Giselher, and begged him to join him, for well he knew his savage mood. He was in all things a bold knight and a good. Still they let the lordings stand in the court, only these twain alone men saw walk hence far across the court before a spacious palace. These chosen warriors feared the hate of none. They sate them down upon a bench before the house over against a hall, the which belonged to Kriemhild. Upon their bodies shone their lordly weeds. Enow who gazed upon them would fain have known the knights; as wild beasts the haughty heroes were stared upon by the Hunnish men. Etzel’s wife, too, gazed upon them through a window, at which fair Kriemhild waxed sad again. Of her sorrows it minded her and she began to weep. Much it wondered Etzel’s men what had so quickly saddened her mood. Quoth she: “That Hagen hath done, ye heroes brave and good.”

To the lady they spake: “How hath that happed, for but newly we did see you joyful? None there be so bold, an’ he hath done you aught, but it will cost him his life, if ye bid us venge you.”

“Ever would I requite it, if any avenged my wrongs.


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Rh I would give him all he craved. Behold me at your feet,” spake the queen; “avenge me on Hagen, that he lose his life.”

Then sixty bold men made them ready eftsoon for Kriemhild’s sake. They would hence to slay the bold knight Hagen and the fiddler, too. With forethought this was done. When the queen beheld the band so small, grim of mood she spake to the knights: “What ye now would do, ye should give over. With so few durst ye never encounter Hagen. And however strong and bold Hagen of Troneg be, he who sitteth by his side, Folker, the fiddler, is stronger still by far. He is an evil man. Certes, ye may not so lightly match these knights.”

When they heard this, four hundred doughty warriors more did make them ready. The noble queen craved sore to do them harm. Thereby the heroes later fell in mickle danger. When she saw her followers well armed, the queen spake to the doughty knights: “Now bide a while, ye must stand quite still in truth. Wearing my crown, I will go to meet my foes. List ye to the wrongs that Hagen of Troneg, Gunther’s man, hath done me. I know him to be so haughty that he’ll not deny a whit. Little I reck what hap to him on this account.”

Then the fiddler, a bold minstrel, spied the noble queen walk down the flight of steps that led downward from a house. When bold Folker saw this, to his comrade-at-arms he spake: “Now behold, friend Hagen, how she walketh yonder, who hath faithlessly bidden us to this land. I have never seen with a queen so many men bearing sword in hand march in such


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 officer, against a citizen, and that the inn-keeper would have been induced, by fear or bribe, to contradict our denounciation; nevertheless, I should have had the satisfaction of having performed my duty, and cautioned the inhabitants of F against that dangerous villain.

Tormented with this and similar thoughts did I finish my first day's journey, struggling in vain to recover my wonted cheerfulness, my mind being then too much occupied by gloominess, and an entire stranger to joyful feelings. My travelling companions prefered sleep to an amusing conversation, and I wished ardently for my corporals to chat with them, and thus to chase away the cheerless thoughts crowding upon my mind; but I had most unfortunately ordered them, along with my, servant, to meet me at N, by a different route.

Not being able to get a wink of sleep all night long, I was haunted without rest, by


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it right to give the proof that the ratio of the circumference to the diameter is incommensurable. This method of proof was given by Lambert, in the Berlin Memoirs for 1761, and has been also given in the notes to Legendre's Geometry, and to the English translation of the same. Though not elementary algebra, it is within the reach of a student of ordinary books.

Let a continued fraction, such as

$$$$

be abbreviated into $$\frac{a}{b} \! {{}\atop{+}} \frac{c}{d} \! {{}\atop{+}} \frac{e}{f} \! {{}\atop{+\text{ }\&\text{c.:}}}$$ each fraction being understood as falling down to the side of the preceding sign $$+$$. In every such fraction we may suppose $$b$$, $$d$$, $$f$$, &c. positive; $$a$$, $$c$$, $$e$$, &c. being as required: and all are supposed integers. If this succession be continued ad infinitum, and if $$\frac{a}{b}$$, $$\frac{c}{d}$$, $$\frac{e}{f}$$ &c. all lie between $$-1$$ and $$+1$$, exclusive, the limit of the fraction must be incommensurable with unity; that is, cannot be $$\frac{A}{B}$$, where $$A$$ and $$B$$ are integers.

First, whatever this limit may be, it lies between $$-1$$ and $$+1$$. This is obviously the case with any fraction $$\frac{p}{q + w}$$, where $$w$$ is between $$\pm 1$$: for, $$\frac{p}{q}$$, being $$< 1$$, and $$p$$ and $$q$$ integer, cannot be brought up to $\pm$1 [sic], by the value of $$w$$.

Hence, if we take any of the fractions

say $${a \over b} {{}\atop+} {c \over d} {{}\atop+} {e \over f} {{}\atop+} {g \over h}$$ we have, $$\frac{g}{h}$$ being between $$\pm 1$$, so is $${e \over f} {{}\atop+} {g \over h}$$, so therefore is $${c \over d} {{}\atop+} {e \over f} {{}\atop+} {g \over h}$$; and so therefore is $${a \over b} {{}\atop+} {c \over d} {{}\atop+} {e \over f} {{}\atop+} {g \over h}$$.


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240 warlike guise. Know ye, friend Hagen, whether she bear you hate? If so be, I counsel you to guard the better your life and honor. Certes, methinks this good. They be wroth of mood, as far as I can see, and some be so broad of chest that he who would guard himself should do so betimes. [ ween there be these among them who wear bright breastplates. Whom they would attack, I cannot say.”

Then, angry of mood, the brave knight Hagen spake: “Well I wot that all this be done against me, that they thus bear their gleaming swords in hand. For aught of them, I still may ride to the Burgundian land. Now tell me, friend Folker, whether ye will stand by me, if perchance Kriemhild’s men would fight me? Pray let me hear that, if so be ye hold me dear, aid you evermore with faithful service.”

“I’ll help you surely,” spake the minstrel; “and should I see the king with all his warriors draw near us, not one foot will I yield from fear in aiding you, the while I live.”

“Now may God in heaven requite you, noble Folker; though they strive against me, what need I more? Sith ye will help me, as I hear you say, let these warriors come on full-armed.”

“Let us rise now from our seats,” spake the minstrel. “Let us do her honor as she passeth by, she is a high-born dame, a queen. We shall thereby honor ourselves as well.”

“For my sake, no,” quoth Hagen. “Should I go hence, these knights would think ’t was through fear. Not for one of them will I ever rise from my seat. It beseemeth us both better, forsooth, to leave this un-


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Hanc Mogul illius Uulielmi Harveii scnls octogcuarii imaginem, qui sanguinis circuitum primus monstravit, medicinamque rationale'm instituit, ad pioturam archetypam, quam in suo servat museo, elfictam, honoris oausfl. hie ponendam curavit Riohardus Mead, Med. Reg. A.D. 17.39. (a)


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 the gloomy offsprings of my fancy, distressed by the appearing slowness of time, and entirely cut off from every comfort by the snoring disposition of my fellow travellers, which made me resolve to leave the stage next morning, and to continue my journey on horseback. I left, therefore, my cheerless and sullen companions, with the first dawn of day, bought a horse in the first village where we stopped, and trotted briskly onward.

I was not in the least acquainted with the roads in those parts, a circumstance which ought to have come sooner in my mind: I was obliged to ride back several times, and when it began to grow dark, found myself bewildered in a dreary forest, without knowing which way to turn. My jaded horse being hardly able to stir, I alighted, leading the poor beast by the bridle, in order to advance with more expedition.


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Rh done, for why should I honor one who doth bear me hatred? Nor will I do this, the while I live; I reck not how King Etzel’s wife doth hate me.”

Haughty Hagen laid across his knees a gleaming sword from whose pommel a sparkling jasper, greener than grass, did shine. Its hilt was golden, its sheath an edging of red. That it was Siegfried’s, Kriemhild knew full well. She must needs grow sad when that she knew the sword, for it minded her of her wrongs; she began to weep. I ween bold Hagen had done it for this cause. Folker, the bold, drew nearer to the bench a fiddle bow, strong, mickle, and long, like unto a broad, sharp sword, and there the two lusty knights sate undaunted. These two brave men did think themselves so lordly, that they would not leave their seats through fear of any man. The noble queen walked therefore to their very feet and gave them hostile greeting. She spake: “Now tell me, Hagen, who hath sent for you, that ye durst ride hither to this land, sith ye know full well what ye have done me? Had ye good wits, ye should have left it undone, by rights.”

“No one sent for me,” quoth Hagen. “Men bade to this land three knights, who hight my lords. I am their liegeman, and full seldom have I stayed behind when they journeyed to any court.”

Quoth she: “Now tell me further, why ye did this, through the which ye have earned my hate? Ye slew Siegfried, my dear husband, for which I have cause enow to weep until mine end.”

Quoth he: “What booteth more, enow is already said. It is just I, Hagen, who slew Siegfried, a hero of his hands. How sorely did he atone that Lady


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40 apparently. The malformations, defects, or special characteristics may die out, or the course of trans- mission may be interrupted. The disease or peculiarity may not appear again for one or more generations; or it may be limited to certain lines of transmission, as through the males only, or through the females only, of the family; and in these again, according to certain restrictions. It is probably little known how much Harvey had thought upon this subject of hereditary trans- mission, and how very clearly and concisely he expresses his own views upon several matters which, under new names, are at this moment exciting the greatest attention. In reference to the subject of family likeness,' says Harvey, 'we may be permitted to inquire as to the reason why the offspring should at one time bear a stronger resemblance to the father, at another to the mother, and at a third to progenitors, both ma- ternal and paternal, further removed; particu- larly in cases where at one bout, and at the same moment, several ova are fecundated. And this, too, is a remarkable fact, that virtues and vices, marks and moles, and even particular dispositions to disease, are transmitted by parents to their


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50 stated, in perfect ignorance; although numerous most interesting facts have been collected regard- ing the circumstances of the begetting; such as the relative condition of the parents, regarded as the two factors; their relative ages; the equality of their potency in regard to the production of sex, or a preponderance on one or other side of a tendency to produce males or females (in some cases so remarkable as to take the matter entirely out of the category of so-called chance or accident); the tendency, again, to the prevalence of a single sex in quadruple or quintuple births, and the almost constant occurrence of the same sex in duplex monsters. These are matters which may ultimately lead to a better understanding of the whole question; while, at the same time, they serve to show how little is as yet known beyond the bare ascertainment of these and similar facts. Before I conclude, I will refer to one other sub- ject, to which I have occasionally adverted in the course of this address. Again and again, passages occur in Harvey's work which lead to the conviction that he is in some sense a supporter of the doctrine of 'equi- vocal' or 'spontaneous' generation. And as, when


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 beg for alms, but offered garlands for sale. She had settled herself here beside a single tomb which belonged ’twas said to a certain brewer. From that time she found in the spot a veritable home and never left it.

She conducted a small sale of nosegays, but every beggar woman declared that she was a bad manager. She need not have lived in want—they said—if she had been more chary of her earnings. Of the garlands which she bought from time to time, she laid one on the tomb of the brewer, another on that of her husband, and a third on the tomb of her child. But as to her child she did not know exactly where it was laid—so they said—because it was buried in the common pauper’s grave. But in order not to miss the spot she each day placed the garland on a different part of the common grave, and thus she was certain not to pass over her child. Besides there was this advantage in so doing she said that other children also got a garland who otherwise would have been forgotten by every one.

From time to time a widow with a grown-up daughter came to visit the brewer’s tomb. They were not unmindful of the tomb it is true; but said the beggars what was all that worth compared with “garland grandmother”. She never separated herself from the tomb. And if ever she found a pretty flower, she planted it there. Havel’s tomb was in reality a very pretty flower-bed and the garlands on it were always the freshest.

Karla, this “garland grandmother”, haunted Havel’s tomb even when the moon flung a network of mysterious rays among the crosses, the tomb-stones, and trees of the cemetery. Many a star tired in the heaven and fell below the horizon. Many a drop of dew collected and dried upon the flowers; but the heart of Karla beat without weariness on that tomb. Not even the firmament of heaven was so constant a guardian of Havel’s tomb as she. The birds wheeled and fluttered around the tomb, and winter scared them all away; but in the heart of Karla sprang feelings like the first-sown corn of spring.

Whether the dead arise from the tomb it were hard to say; but that Karla was worthy that Havel should embrace her a thousand times is true enough. Those flowerets which she planted on the tomb struck their rootlets only a few inches into the soil; but the heart of Karla penetrated all the ground to the coffin. She understood those flowers, many a word she confided to them. Many an answer she feigned from them. Karla felt blessed in the thought that Havel had not known about her. If ever he had gained


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59 means of changing generations, the preserver and perpetuator of the fleeting things of mortal life ; which is omnipresent, not less in the single and several operations of natural things than in the infinite universe; which, by his deity or provi- dence, his art and mind divine, engenders all things; whether they arise spontaneously without any adequate efficient, or are the work of male and female associated together, or of a single sex, or of other intermediate instruments, here more nume- rous, there fewer; whether they be definite, or are equivocally or accidentally produced: all natural bodies are both the work and the instruments of that Supreme Good, for He also makes use of the motions, or forces, or vital principles, of animals in some certain way, to the perfection of the uni- verse and the procreation of the several kinds of animated beings.'


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 knowledge of her, where indeed could she have found home and shelter?

But Karla here rested in calm content. Beneath the rays of the moon one night she lay down and her heart ceased to beat. She had no one to close her eyes and the last thought which gleaned in her was that though they were fated not to live together no one had hindered them from dying close beside each other.

Who among the living could compare with her or say that he had raised himself so high? She drooped in rags, but in those she raised herself as high as the lark when from full throat it trills its carol of the spring.


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242 Kriemhild railed at comely Brunbild. ’T is not to be denied, O mighty queen, I alone am to blame for this scathful scathe. Let him avenge it who will, be he wife or man. Unless be I should lie to you, I have done you much of harm.”

Quoth she; “Now hear, ye knights, how he denieth no whit of my wrongs. Men of Etzel, I care not what hap to him from this cause.”

The proud warriors all gazed at one another. Had any begun the fight, it would have come about that men must have given the honors to the two comrades, for they had oft wrought wonders in the fray. What the Huns had weened to do must now needs be left undone through fear.

Then spake one of the men-at-arms: “Why gaze ye thus at me? What I afore vowed, I will now give over. I will lose my life for no man’s gift, Forsooth King Etzel’s wife would fain lead us into wrong.”

Quoth another hard by: “Of the selfsame mind am I. An’ any give me towers of good red gold, I would not match this fiddler, for his fearful glances, the which I have seen him cast. Hagen, too, I have known from his youthful days, wherefore men can tell me little of this knight. I have seen him fight in two and twenty battles, through which woe of heart hath happed to many a dame. He and the knight from Spain trod many a war path, when here at Etzel’s court they waged so many wars in honor of the king. Much this happed, wherefore one must justly honor Hagen. At that time the warrior was of his years a lad. How gray are they who then were young! Now is he come


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Rh to wit and is a man full grim. Balmung, too, he beareth, the which he won in evil wise.”

Therewith the strife was parted, so that no one fought, which mightily rued the queen. The warriors turned them hence; in sooth they feared their death at the fiddler’s hands, and surely they had need of this. Then spake the fiddler: “We have now well seen that we shall find foes here, as we heard tell afore. Let us go to court now to the kings, then dare none match our lords in fight. How oft a man doth leave a thing undone through fear, the which he would not do, when friend standeth by friend in friendly wise, an’ he have good wits. Scathe to many a man is lightly warded off by forethought.”

Quoth Hagen: “Now will I follow you.”

They went to where they found the dapper warriors standing in the court in a great press of welcoming knights.

Bold Folker gan speak loudly to his lords: “How long will ye stand and let yourselves be jostled? Ye must go to court and hear from the king of what mind he be.”

Men then saw the brave heroes and good pair off. The prince of Berne took by the hand the mighty Gunther of Burgundian land. Irnfried took the brave knight Gernot, while Rüdeger was seen to go to court with Giselher. But however any paired, Folker and Hagen never parted, save in one fray, when their end was. come, and this noble ladies must needs greatly bewail in after time. With the kings one saw go to court a thousand brave men of their fellowship, thereto sixty champions that were come with them, whom the


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244 bold Hagen had taken from his land. Hawart and Iring, two chosen men, were seen to walk together near the kings. Men saw Dankwart and Wolthart, a peerless knight, display their chivalry before all eyes.

When the lord of the Rhine had entered the hall, the mighty Etzel delayed no longer, but sprang from his throne when he saw him come. Never did so fair a greeting hap from any king. “Be welcome, Sir Gunther, and Sir Gernot, too, and your brother Giselher. I sent you truly my faithful service to Worms beyond the Rhine. All your fellowship, too, I welcome. Now be ye passing welcome, ye two knights, Folker, the brave, and Sir Hagen likewise, to me and to my lady, here in this our land, She sent you many a messenger to the Rhine.”

Then spake Hagen of Troneg: “I heard much talk of that, and were I not come to the Huns for the sake of my lords, I should have ridden in your honor to this land.”

The noble host then took his dear guests by the hand and led them to the settle where he sate himself. Busily they poured out for the guests in broad bowls of gold, mead, morat, and wine and bade those far from home be welcome. Then spake King Etzel: “Let me tell you this; it might not liefer hap to me in all this world, than through you heroes, that ye be come to see me. Through this much sadness is also taken from the queen, Me-wondereth greatly what I have done you noble strangers, that ye never recked to come into my land. My sadness is turned to joy, since now I see you here.”

To this Rüdeger, a high-mettled knight, made


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Rh ward line of sleek hills, blue with distance and distant woods, while nearer it range the suave decorum of the lawn and the Lebanon cedar, the branches of which are like darkness made palpable, and the mandatory gauntnesses of the topmost pines in the wood that breaks downward, its bare boughs a close texture of browns and purples, from the pond on the edge of the hill.

That day its beauty was an affront to me, because, like most Englishwomen of my time, I was wishing for the return of a soldier. Disregarding the national interest and everything else except the keen prehensile gesture of our hearts toward him, I wanted to snatch my Cousin Christopher from the wars and seal him in this green pleasantness his wife and I now looked upon. Of late I had had bad dreams about him. By nights I saw Chris running across the brown rottenness of No-Man's-Land, starting back here because


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Rh answer: “Ye may be glad to see them. Good is the lealty which the kingmen of my lady wot how to use so well. They bring also to your house many a stately knight.”

Upon a midsummer’s eve the lords were come to the court of the mighty Etzel. Seldom hath there been heard such lofty greeting as when he welcomed the heroes. When now the time to eat was come, the king went with them to the board. Never did host sit fairer with his guests. Men gave them meat and drink to the full. All that they craved stood ready for them, for mickle wonders had been told about these knights.


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title: The Nibelungenlied (Shumway)/29


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, don't begin to fuss!" wailed Kitty. "If a woman began to worry in these days because her husband hadn't written to her for a fortnight! Besides, if he'd been anywhere interesting, anywhere where the fighting was really hot, he'd have found some way of telling me instead of just leaving it as 'Somewhere in France.' He'll be all right."

We were sitting in the nursery. I had not meant to enter it again, now that the child was dead; but I had come suddenly on Kitty as she slipped the key into the lock, and I had lingered to look in at the high room, so full of whiteness and clear


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4 colors, so unendurably gay and familiar, which is kept in all respects as though there were still a child in the house. It was the first lavish day of spring, and the sunlight was pouring through the tall, arched windows and the flowered curtains so brightly that in the old days a fat fist would certainly have been raised to point out the new, translucent glories of the rosebud. Sunlight was lying in great pools on the blue cork floor and the soft rugs, patterned with strange beasts, and threw dancing beams, which should have been gravely watched for hours, on the white paint and the blue distempered walls. It fell on the rocking-horse, which had been Chris's idea of an appropriate present for his year-old son, and showed what a fine fellow he was and how tremendously dappled; it picked out Mary and her little lamb on the chintz ottoman. And along the mantelpiece, under the loved print of the snarling tiger, in attitudes that were


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Rh combining, and re-casting in various forms, the fables and speculations of past ages. The amount of authorship shown to exist in the different districts is a measure of the intellectual activity which, however now misdirected, might be employed for useful purposes. The same men who have wasted, and are still wasting, their learning and their powers in weaving complicated alliterations, re-compounding absurd and vicious fictions, and revolving in perpetual circles of metaphysical abstractions, never ending still beginning, have professed to me their readiness to engage in any sort of literary composition that would obtain the patronage of Government. It is true that they do not possess the knowledge which we desire should be communicated to their countrymen; but where the desire to bestow information exist on our part, and the desire to receive it on theirs, all intermediate obstacles will speedily disappear. Instead of regarding them as indocile, intractable, or bigoted in matters not connected with religion, I have often been surprised at the facility with which minds under the influence of habits of thought so different from my own have received and appreciated the ideas which I have suggested. Nor is it authors only who might be employed in promoting the cause of public instruction, it is probable that the whole body of the learned, both teachers and students, might be made to lend their willing aid towards the same object.

The class of institutions next in importance to vernacular and Sanscrit schools consists of those in which the Persian and Arabic languages and the learning they contain are taught. Persian and Arabic schools are so intimately connected that they are regarded here as one class.

In 20 thanas of this district there are 17 Persian and 2 Arabic schools; but it is to be understood in this and in similar cases that Persian is taught in the Arabic schools also, and that sometimes an Arabic is distinguishable from a Persian school only by the circumstance that one or two of the pupils have begun the study of one of the earliest and easiest works on the grammar of the Arabic language.

One village contains two Persian schools, and the remaining seventeen, Persian and Arabic, are contained in the same number of villages or mohallas.


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Rh the 2nd report, p. 27—29, 93 Persian schools and 8 Arabic schools.

Seven of these schools are found in one village and three in another, six villages contain two each and eighty-two villages contain one each.

There are three Musalman teachers to the three schools for the formal reading of the Koran, and twelve Musalman teachers to the eight schools of Arabic learning; two of these schools having each three teachers, of whom one teaches Arabic, the second Persian, and the third watches over the manners and general conduct of the pupils. The ninety-three Persian schools have the same number of teachers, of whom eighty-six are Musalmans and seven Hindus. Of the latter four are Kayasthas, two Brahmans, and one a Gandhabanik. The average age of all the teachers is 39.5 years.

Twenty-two teachers instruct gratuitously, and of that number six also support and clothe the whole or a part of their scholars. I have not found any instance in which Hindu students receive from a Musalman teacher or patron anything beyond gratuitous instruction. Thus in one instance a maulavi gratuitously instructs seven Hindu scholars, but in addition to gratuitous instruction he gives also food and clothing to eleven Musalman students; in another, a maulavi gratuitously instructs two Hindu and six Musalman students, and he gives also food and clothing to five other Musalman students; and in a third case, a maulavi has thirteen Musalman students, all of whom he both instructs and supports. The rule appears to be that those students, whether Hindus or Musalmans, who are natives of the village in which the school is situated, receive gratuitous instruction only, while those Musalman students who are natives of other villages, and have come from a distance for the sake of instruction, receive also food and clothing. On the other hand, when a Hindu is the patron, as in the case of the Rajah of Burdwan, who supports two Persian schools, Musalman and Hindu scholars enjoy equal advantages, although the number of the former is less. Thus in one of the Rajahs schools 13 Hindus and 2 Musalmans, and in the other 13 Hindus and 1 Musalman, receive instruction and food for four years, after which they may continue to study but without receiving food. Some of the patrons and gratuitous teachers are men of great wealth or high character, and others, without possessing either of these, are holders of land by the tenure of Ayma which was apparently regarded in several instances as involving an obligation to give gratuitous instruction. This is more apparent in one case from the fact that the holder of the land, after long neglecting this obligation, lately sent three or four scholars to the neighbouring


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Rh at once angular and relaxed, as though they were ready for play at their master's pleasure, but found it hard to keep from drowsing in this warm weather, sat the Teddy Bear and the chimpanzee and the woolly white dog and the black cat with eyes that roll. Everything was there except Oliver. I turned away so that I might not spy on Kitty revisiting her dead. But she called after me:

"Come here, Jenny. I'm going to dry my hair." And when I looked again I saw that her golden hair was all about her shoulders and that she wore over her frock a little silken jacket trimmed with rosebuds. She looked so like a girl on a magazine cover that one expected to find a large "15 cents" somewhere attached to her person. She had taken Nanny's big basket-chair from its place by the high-chair, and was pushing it over to the middle window. "I always come in here when Emery has washed my hair. It's


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 The old lady was afraid of the mysterious big stranger, and was glad to see him go. But her curiosity was roused, and she went straight to the sack and brought away the paper. It began as follows:

"TO BE PUBLISHED; or, the right man sought out by private inquiry—either will answer. This sack contains gold coin weighing a hundred and sixty pounds four ounces—"

"Mercy on us, and the door not locked!"

Mrs. Richards flew to it all in a tremble and locked it, then pulled down the window-shades and stood frightened, worried, and wondering if there was anything else she could do towards making herself and the money more safe. She listened awhile for burglars, then surrendered to curiosity and went back to the lamp and finished reading the paper:

"I am a foreigner, and am presently going back to my own country, to remain there permanently. I am grateful to America for what I have received at her hands during my long stay under her flag; and to one of her citizens—a citizen of Hadleyburg—I am especially grateful for a great kindness done me a year or two ago. Two great kindnesses, in fact. I will explain. I was a gambler. I say I WAS. I was a ruined gambler. I arrived in this village at night, hungry and without a penny. I asked for help—in the dark; I was ashamed to beg in the light. I begged of the right man. He gave me twenty dollars—that is to say, he gave me life, as I considered it. He also gave me fortune; for out of that money I have made myself rich at the gaming-


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248 but with the population which by reason of age may be assumed to be capable of committing crime; and, second, because the proportion of instruction possessed by the population above 14 can be correctly compared only with the proportion of crime committed by the population of the same age. The conclusion to which this comparison or rather contrast conducts is most curious and interesting, and is the more so to me because it is wholly unexpected. It will be seen from the table that, in the district of Burdwan, where the proportion of instruction is highest, there the proportion of crime is lowest; and in the district of Tirhoot where the proportion of instruction is lowest there the proportion of crime is highest. The intermediate proportions have the same correspondence. In South Behar, where instruction is double in amount of what it is in Tirhoot, crime is only one-half of what it is in the same district. In Beerbhoom the proportion of instruction is a little higher than in South Behar, and the proportion of crime a little lower; and in the city and district of Moorshedabad where instruction rises still a little higher, there crime falls to a still lower proportion. I have said that this conclusion was unexpected, for although I had no doubt of the general salutary effect of education, yet I saw little in the native institutions and in the systems of native instruction from which to infer that they exercised a very decided moral influence on the community, and I therefore did not anticipate that the state of education would have any observable or striking relation to the state of crime. It is impossible, however, to resist the conclusion from the preceding data that the relation is most intimate, and that even the native systems of instruction, however crude, imperfect, and desultory, most materially contribute to diminish the number of offences against the laws and to maintain the peace and good order of society.

If we pass from the consideration of crime in the aggregate to the particular crimes enumerated in the table at pp. 245 and 246, other inferences will be suggested illustrating the relation of instruction to crime, although the conclusions to be drawn are not very definite in consequence of the form in which the returns have been made, crimes against the person and crimes against property not being in all cases distinguished. Taking, however, the returns as they stand, we find that in Tirhoot, where instruction is lowest, dacoity or gang robbery was almost wholly unknown during the six years in question, and that it prevailed in an increasing degree in South Behar, Burdwan, Beerbhoom, and Moorshedabad in the order in which those districts are now mentioned. Thus, therefore, the description of crime ordinarily attended with the greatest violence to the person is apparently neither promoted by ignorance nor checked by education. Highway robbery prevailed during the period under consideration more in South Behar than in any of the other districts; but it is when we look at the


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Rh records of burglary, cattle-stealing, theft, and affrays that we perceive the excess of crime in the less instructed districts of Behar as compared with the better instructed districts of Bengal. Cases of homicide, assault, and wounding, are also much in excess in the Tirhoot district. Forgery deserves special attention. This is a description of crime which with much seeming probability has been usually supposed to be facilitated and increased by education; but we find that, in the three Bengal districts during a period of six years, there were only three convictions for forgery, while in the two Behar districts during the same period not fewer than nineteen occurred. The comparative prevalence of forgery in the less instructed, and of gang robbery in the more instructed districts shows the necessity of more extended and precise investigation into the connection between instruction and crime.

I have not attempted to show the increase or diminution of crime from year to year in the different localities, because that would have no relation to the state of instruction unless it could also be shown that education had advanced or retrograded during the same periods and in the same localities for which no data at present exist. The future inquirer into the statistics of education in this country will derive some aid in this branch of his investigation from the results recorded in this Report.

The preceding Sections embrace all the most important information I have collected respecting the state of education, omitting many details which might have embarrassed the attention of the reader and lessened the distinctness of his impressions. For the same reason I abstain at present from entering on the results of a census of castes and occupations which was included in the census of the population, on the state of native medical practice, in the extent to which the most remarkable diseases prevail, and on the peculiar institutions and practices of the respective districts—all illustrative of the physical, moral, and intellectual condition of the people, but only indirectly connected with the amount and means of general instruction.

The information now placed upon record in this and the preceding Report may be summed up in a very few words. By means of a census of the population, the amount of domestic and adult instruction has been ascertained in the city of Moorshedabad and in one thana or police sub-division of the districts of Rajshahi, Moorshedabad, BeeerbhoomBeerbhoom [sic], Burdwan, South Behar, and Tirhoot respectively; and by means of educational survey, the state of


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250 school instruction has been ascertained in the City of Moorshedabad in one thana or police sub-division of the districts of Rajshahi and Moorshedabad in the entire districts of Beerbhoom, Burdwan, South Behar, and Tirhoot, and, with the aid of Mr. Malet, in the entire district of Midnapore.

In so extensive a country, inhabited by so numerous a population, it would have been impossible, without far more ample means than were placed at my command, to extend the inquiry over the whole without exception, and to exhaust the subject, so as to leave nothing unexamined and unknown. The investigation therefore, with the distinct contemplation of this impossibility, has been conducted on the principle of learning something with precision and certainty; of causing the information thus acquired to embrace such an extent of space, such an amount of population, and such a diversity of conditions and circumstances as would afford the grounds of legitimate inference; and consequently of inferring from the known the unknown, from what is certain that which is doubtful. Accordingly from the state of domestic and adult instruction ascertained in one large city and in one thana of each district, I infer the same or a similar state of domestic and adult instruction in all the thanas of the same districts. The population of which an actual census has been taken to afford the basis of such an inference is 692,270, and the additional population to which the inference is made to extend is 7,332,500, together amounting to 8,124,770. In like manner, from the state of school instruction ascertained in one large city, in two thanas of two different districts, and in five entire districts, I infer the same or a similar state of school instruction in all the remaining districts of Bengal and Behar. The population of which an educational survey has been made to afford the basis of such an inference is 7,789,152, and the estimated additional population to which the inference is made to extend is 27,671,250 together amounting to 35,460,402. There is no reason to suppose that the state of domestic and adult instruction diffiersdiffers [sic] materially in the thanas in which that branch of the inquiry was carried on from its state in those to which it was not extended; nor is there any reason to suppose that the state of school instruction differs materially in the districts in which it was investigated from its state in those which the investigation did not embrace. There is probably no district in Bengal and Behar in which the amount and proportion of juvenile and adult instruction are so high as in Burdwan or so low as in Tirhoot, and we may thus assume without much danger of error that we have ascertained both the highest and the lowest existing standard of intructioninstruction [sic] in those two provinces. Actually the state of instruction of nearly eight millions of its subject is before the Government with a degree of minuteness which, even if it should fatigue, may give some assurance of an approach to accuracy, and exhibiting an amount of ignorance which demands


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Rh was only by dint of many reiterated questions that I elicited from the poor scared children the truth of what had occurred. The spot where they had landed was a strip of level sward a few hundred yards in width between the river and the forest behind. Here they had played games, run races, and enjoyed themselves with a hundred childish sports, till just before sundown a loud hoot was heard from the neighbouring trees. When they turned round startled to discover what might be the source of the sound, they were horrified to see emerging from the wood two monstrous engines, far larger, they declared, and far more elaborate than any of those that had besieged Jefferson City, bearing directly down upon them. Too terrified to move, they gazed open-mouthed, till Aurelia, who not only retained her presence of mind, but in an instant had taken her resolution, shouted, "Run for the boats, children, run," at which the spell was


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Rh verse lacks all beauty of form, yet is alive with intense spiritual force. This style is often termed Kalirian, from the name of its best representative. The Kalirian Piyut in the end spread chiefly to France, England, Burgundy, Lorraine, Germany, Bohemia, Poland, Italy, Greece, and Palestine. The other type of new-Hebrew Piyut, the Spanish, rises to higher beauties of form. It is not free from the Kalirian faults, but it has them in a less pronounced degree. The Spanish Piyut, in the hands of one or two masters, becomes true poetry, poetry in form as well as in idea. The Spanish style prevailed in Castile, Andalusia, Catalonia, Aragon, Majorca, Provence, and in countries where Arabic influence was strongest.

Kalir was the most popular writer of the earlier type of new-Hebrew poetry, but he was not its creator. An older contemporary of his, from whom he derived both his diction and his method of treating poetic


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Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2005/Division C/Title III

Energy Supply

 * For Department of Energy expenses including the purchase, construction, and acquisition of plant and capital equipment, and other expenses necessary for energy supply activities in carrying out the purposes of the Department of Energy Organization Act (42 U.S.C. 7101 et seq.), including the acquisition or condemnation of any real property or any facility or for plant or facility acquisition, construction, or expansion, and the purchase of not to exceed 9 passenger motor vehicles for replacement only, and one ambulance, $946,272,000, to remain available until expended.

Non-Defense Site Acceleration Completion

 * For Department of Energy expenses, including the purchase, construction, and acquisition of plant and capital equipment and other expenses necessary for non-defense environmental management site acceleration completion activities in carrying out the purposes of the Department of Energy Organization Act (42 U.S.C. 7101 et seq.), including the acquisition of condemnation of any real property or any facility or for plant or facility acquisition, construction, or expansion, $151,850,000, to remain available until expended.

Uranium Enrichment Decontamination and Decommissioning Fund

 * For necessary expenses in carrying out uranium enrichment facility decontamination and decommissioning, remedial actions, and other activities of title II of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended, and title X, subtitle A, of the Energy Policy Act of 1992, $499,007,000, to be derived from the Fund, to remain available until expended, of which $80,000,000 shall be available in accordance with title X, subtitle A, of the Energy Policy Act of 1992.

Non-Defense Environmental Services

 * For Department of Energy expenses necessary for non-defense environmental services activities that indirectly support the accelerated cleanup and closure mission at environmental management sites, including the purchase, construction, and acquisition of plant and capital equipment and other necessary expenses, $291,296,000, to remain available until expended.

Science

 * For Department of Energy expenses including the purchase, construction and acquisition of plant and capital equipment, and other expenses necessary for science activities in carrying out the purposes of the Department of Energy Organization Act (42 U.S.C. 7101 et seq.), including the acquisition or condemnation of any real property or facility or for plant or facility acquisition, construction, or expansion, and purchase of not to exceed four passenger motor vehicles for replacement only, including not to exceed one ambulance, $3,628,902,000, to remain available until expended.

Nuclear Waste Disposal

 * For nuclear waste disposal activities to carry out the purposes of Public Law 97-425, as amended, including the acquisition of real property or facility construction or expansion, $346,000,000, to remain available until expended:

 * Provided, That of the funds made available in this Act for Nuclear Waste Disposal, $2,000,000 shall be provided to the State of Nevada solely for expenditures, other than salaries and expenses of State employees, to conduct scientific oversight responsibilities and participate in licensing activities pursuant to the Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982, Public Law 97-425, as amended;

 * Provided further, That $8,000,000 shall be provided to affected units of local governments, as defined in Public Law 97-425, to conduct scientific oversight responsibilities and participate in licensing activities activities pursuant to the Act;

 * Provided further, That the distribution of the funds as determined by the units of local government shall be approved by the Department of Energy;

 * Provided further, That the funds for the State of Nevada shall be made available solely to the Nevada Division of Emergency Management by direct payment and units of local government by direct payment;

 * Provided further, That within 90 days of the completion of each Federal fiscal year, the Nevada Division of Emergency Management and the Governor of the State of Nevada and each local entity shall provide certification to the Department of Energy that all funds expended from such payments have been expended for activities authorized by Public Law 97-425 and this Act;

 * Provided further, That failure to provide such certification shall cause such entity to be prohibited from any further funding provided for similar activities;

 * Provided further, That none of the funds herein appropriated may be:
 * (1) used directly or indirectly to influence legislative action on any matter pending before Congress or a State legislature or for lobbying activity as provided in 18 U.S.C. 1913;
 * (2) used for litigation expenses; or
 * (3) used to support multi-State efforts or other coalition building activities inconsistent with the restrictions contained in this Act;

 * Provided further, That all proceeds and recoveries realized by the Secretary in carrying out activities by the Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982, Public Law 97-425, as amended, including but not limited to, any proceeds from the sale of assets, shall be available without further appropriations and shall remain available until expended.

Departmental Administration (Including Transfer of Funds)

 * For salaries and expenses of the Department of Energy necessary for departmental administration in carrying out the purposes of the Department of Energy Organization Act (42 U.S.C. 7101 et seq.), including the hire of passenger motor vehicles and official reception and representation expenses (not to exceed $35,000), $240,426,000, to remain available until expanded, plus such additional amounts as necessary to cover increases in the estimated amount of cost or work for others notwithstanding the provisions of the Anti-Deficiency Act (31 U.S.C. 1511 et seq.):

 * Provided, That such increases in cost of work are offset by revenue increases of the same or greater amount, to remain available until expended;

 * Provided further, That moneys received by the Department for miscellaneous revenues estimated to total $122,000,000 in fiscal year 2005 may be retained and used for operating expenses within this account, and may remain available until expended, as authorized by section 201 of Public Law 95-238, notwithstanding the provisions of 31 U.S.C. 3302;

 * Provided further, That the sum herein appropriated shall be reduced by the amount of miscellaneous revenues received during fiscal year 2005, and any related unappropriated receipt account balances remaining from prior years' miscellaneous revenues, so as to result in a final fiscal year 2005 appropriation from the general fund estimated at not more than $118,426,000.

Office of the Inspector General

 * For necessary expenses of the Office of the Inspector General in carrying out the provisions of the Inspector General Act of 1978, as amended, $41,508,000, to remain available until expended.

Weapons Activities (Including Transfer of Funds)

 * For Department of Energy expenses, including the purchase, construction, and acquisition of plant and capital equipment and other incidental expenses necessary for atomic energy defense weapons activities in carrying out the purposes of the Department of Energy Organization Act (42 U.S.C. 7101 et seq.), including the acquisition of condemnation of any real property or any facility or for plant or facility acquisition, construction, or expansion; and the purchase of not to exceed 19 passenger motor vehicles, for replacement only, including not to exceed two buses, $6,226,471,000, together with $300,000,000 to be derived by transfer from the Department of Defense, to remain available until expended:

 * Provided, That the Secretary of Defense shall reduce proportionately each program, project, and activity funded by appropriations in titles I through VI of the Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 2005 (Public Law 108-287) to fund this transfer;

 * Provided further, That $91,100,000 is authorized to be appropriated for Project 01-D-108, Microsystems and engineering sciences applications (MESA), Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico;

 * Provided further, That $40,000,000 is authorized to be appropriated for Project 04-D-125, chemistry and metallurgy facility replacement project, Los Alamos Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico;

 * Provided further, That $1,500,000 is authorized to be appropriated for Project 04-D-103, Project engineering and design (PED), various locations;

 * Provided further, That a plant or construction project for which amounts are made available under this heading but not exclusive to the Atomic Energy Defense Weapons Activities account, with a current estimated cost of less than $10,000,000 is considered for purposes of section 3622 of Public Law 107-314 as a plant project for which the approved total estimated cost does not exceed the minor construction threshold and for purposes of section 3623 of Public Law 107-314 as a construction project with a current estimated cost of less than the minor construction threshold.

Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation

 * For Department of Energy expenses, including the purchase, construction, and acquisition of plant and capital equipment and other incidental expenses necessary for atomic energy defense, defense nuclear nonproliferation activities, in carrying out the purposes of the Department of Energy Organization Act (42 U.S.C. 7101 et seq.), including the acquisition or condemnation of any real property or any facility or for plant or facility acquisition, construction, or expansion, $1,420,397,000, to remain available until expended.

Naval Reactors

 * For Department of Energy expenses necessary for naval reactors activities to carry out the Department of Energy Organization Act (42 U.S.C. 7101 et seq.), including the acquisition (by purchase, condemnation, construction, or otherwise) of real property, plant, and capital equipment, facilities, and facility expansion, $807,900,000, to remain available until expended.

Office of the Administrator

 * For necessary expenses of the Office of the Administrator in the National Nuclear Security Administration, including official reception and representation expenses (not to exceed $12,000), $356,200,000, to remain available until expended.

Defense Site Acceleration Completion

 * For Department of Energy expenses, including the purchase, construction, and acquisition of plant and capital equipment and other expenses necessary for atomic energy defense site acceleration completion activities in carrying out the purposes of the Department of Energy Organization Act (42 U.S.C. 7101 et seq.), including the acquisition or condemnation of any real property or any facility or for plant or facility acquisition, construction, or expansion, $6,096,429,000, to remain available until expended.

Defense Environmental Services

 * For Department of Energy Expenses necessary for defense-related environmental services activities that indirectly support the accelerated cleanup and closure mission at environmental management sites, including the purchase, construction, and acquisition of plant and capital equipment and other necessary expenses, and the purchase of not to exceed three ambulances for replacement only, $937,976,000, to remain available until expended.

Other Defense Activities

 * For Department of Energy expenses, including the purchase, construction, and acquisition of plant and capital equipment and other expenses, necessary for atomic energy defense, other defense activities, and classified activities, in carrying out the purposes of the Department of Energy Organization Act (42 U.S.C. 7101 et seq.), including the acquisition or condemnation of any real property or any facility or for plant or facility acquisition, construction, or expansion, $692,691,000, to remain available until expended.

Defense Nuclear Waste Disposal

 * For nuclear waste disposal activities to carry out the purposes of Public Law 97-425, as amended, including the acquisition of real property or facility construction or expansion, $231,000,000, to remain available until expended.

Bonneville Power Administration Fund

 * Expenditures from the Bonneville Power Administration Fund, established pursuant to Public Law 93-454, are approved for official reception and representation expenses in an amount not to exceed $1,500. During fiscal year 2005, no new direct loan obligations may be made.

Operation and Maintenance, Southeastern Power Administration

 * For necessary expenses of operation and maintenance of power transmission facilities and of marketing electric power and energy, including transmission wheeling and ancillary services, pursuant to the provisions of section 5 of the Flood Control Act of 1944 (16 U.S.C. 825s), as applied to the southeastern power area, $5,200,000, to remain available until expended:

 * Provided, That notwithstanding the provisions of 31 U.S.C. 3302, up to $34,000,000 collected by the Southeastern Power Administration pursuant to the Flood Control Act of 1944 to recover purchase power and wheeling expenses shall be credited to this account as offsetting collections, to remain available until expended for the sole purpose of making purchase power and wheeling expenditures.

Operation and Maintenance, Southwestern Power Administration

 * For necessary expenses of operation and maintenance of power transmission facilities and of marketing electric power and energy, for construction and acquisition of transmission lines, substations and appurtenant facilities, and for administrative expenses, including official reception and representation expenses in an amount not to exceed $1,500 in carrying out the provisions of section 5 of the Flood Control Act of 1944 (16 U.S.C. 825s), as applied to the southwestern power area, $29,352,000, to remain available until expended:

 * Provided, That, notwithstanding the provisions of 31 U.S.C. 3302, up to $2,900,000 collected by the Southwestern Power Administration pursuant to the Flood Control Act to recover purchase power and wheeling expenses shall be credited to this account as offsetting collections, to remain available until expended for the sole purpose of making purchase power and wheeling expenditures; in addition, notwithstanding 31 U.S.C. 3302, beginning in fiscal year 2005 and thereafter, such funds as are received by the Southwestern Power Administration from any State, municipality, corporation, association, firm, district, or individual as advance payment for work that is associated with Southwestern's transmission facilities, consistent with that authorized in section 5 of the Flood Control Act, shall be credited to this account and be available until expended.

Construction, Rehabilitation, Operation and Maintenance, Western Area Power Administration

 * For carrying out the functions authorized by title III, section 302(a)(1)(E) of the Act of August 4, 1977 (42 U.S.C. 7152), and other related activities including conservation and renewable resources programs as authorized, including official reception and representation expenses in an amount not to exceed $1,500; $173,100,000, to remain available until expended, of which $167,236,000 shall be derived from the Department of the Interior Reclamation Fund:

 * Provided, That of the amount herein appropriated, $10,000,000 shall be available until expended on a non-reimbursable basis to the Western Area Power Administration to design, construct, operate, and maintain transmission facilities and services for the Animas-LaPlata Project as authorized by section 301(b)(10) of Public Law 106-554;

 * Provided further, That of the amount herein appropriated, $6,200,000 is for deposit into the Utah Reclamation Mitigation and Conservation Account pursuant to title IV of the Reclamation Projects Authorization and Adjustment Act of 1992;

 * Provided further, That of the amount herein appropriated, $6,000,000 shall be available until expended on a nonreimbursable basis to the Western Area Power Administration for Topock-Davis-Mead Transmission Line Upgrades;

 * Provided further, THat notwithstanding the provision of 31 U.S.C. 3302, up to $227,600,000 collected by the Western Area Power Administration pursuant to the Flood Control Act of 1944 and the Reclamation Project Act of 1939 to recover purchase power and wheeling expenses shall be credited to this account as offsetting collections, to remain available until expended for the sole purpose of making purchase power and wheeling expenditures.

Falcon and Amistad Operating and Maintenance Fund

 * For operation, maintenance, and emergency costs for the hydroelectric facilities at the Falcon and Amistad Dams, $2,827,000, to remain available until expended, and to be derived from the Falcon and Amistad Operating and Maintenance Fund of the Western Area Power Administration, as provided in section 423 of the Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Years 1994 and 1995.

Salaries and Expenses

 * For necessary expenses of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission to carry out the provisions of the Department of Energy Organization Act (42 U.S.C. 7101 et seq.), including services as authorized by 5 U.S.C. 3109, the hire of passenger motor vehicles, and official reception and representation expenses (not to exceed $3,000), $210,000,000, to remain available until expended:

 * Provided, That notwithstanding any other provision of law, not to exceed $210,000,000 of revenues from fees and annual charges, and other services and collections in fiscal year 2005 shall be retained and used for necessary expenses in this account, and shall remain available until expended;

 * Provided further, That the sum herein appropriated from the general fund shall be reduced as revenues are received during fiscal year 2005 so as to result in a final fiscal year 2005 appropriation from the general fund estimated at not more than $0.

SEC. 301.

 * (a) (1) None of the funds in this or any other appropriations Act for fiscal year 2005 or any previous fiscal year may be used to make payments for a noncompetitive management and operating contract unless the Secretary of Energy has published in the Federal Register and submitted to the Committees on Appropriations of the House of Representatives and the Senate a written notification, with respect to each such contract, of the Secretary's decision to use competitive procedures for the award of the contract, or to not renew the contract, when the term of the contract expires.
 * (2) Paragraph (1) does not apply to an extension for up to 2 years of a noncompetitive management and operating contract, if the extension is for purposes of allowing time to award competitively a new contract, to provide continuity of service between contracts, or to complete a contract that will not be renewed.

 * (b) In this section:
 * (1) The term "noncompetitive management and operating contract" means a contract that was awarded more than 50 years ago without competition for the management and operation of Ames Laboratory, Argonne National Laboratory, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, and Los Alamos National Laboratory.
 * (2) The term "competitive procedures" has the meaning provided in section 4 of the Office of Federal Procurement Policy Act (41 U.S.C. 403) and includes procedures described in section 303 of the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949 (41 U.S.C. 253) other than a procedure that solicits a proposal from only one source.

 * (c) For all management and operating contracts other than those listed in subsection (b)(1), none of the funds appropriated by this Act may be used to award a management and operating contract, or award a significant extension or expansion to an existing management and operating contract, unless such contract is awarded using competitive procedures or the Secretary of Energy grants, on a case-by-case basis, a waiver to allow for such a deviation. The Secretary may not delegate the authority to grant such a waiver. At least 60 days before a contract award for which the Secretary intends to grant such a waiver, the Secretary shall submit to the Committees on Appropriations of the House of Representatives and the Senate a report notifying the Committees of the waiver and setting forth, in specificity, the substantive reasons why the Secretary believes the requirement for competition should be waived for this particular award.

SEC. 302.

 * None of the funds appropriated by this Act may be used to—
 * (1) develop or implement a workforce restructuring plan that covers employees of the Department of Energy; or
 * (2) provide enhanced severance payments or other benefit for employees of the Department of Energy, under section 3161 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1993 (Public Law 102-484, 42 U.S.C. 7274h).

SEC. 303.

 * None of the funds appropriated by this Act may be used to augment the funds made available for obligation by this Act for severance payments and other benefits and community assistance grants under section 3161 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1993 (Public Law 102-484; 42 U.S.C. 7274h) unless the Department of Energy submits a reprogramming request subject to approval by the appropriate congressional committees.

SEC. 304.

 * None of the funds appropriated by this Act may be used to prepare or initiate Requests For Proposals (RFPs) for a program if the program has not been funded by Congress.

SEC. 305.

 * The unexpended balances of prior appropriations provided for activities in this Act may be transferred to appropriation accounts for such activities established pursuant to this title. Balances so transferred may be merged with funds in the applicable established accounts and thereafter may be accounted for as one fund for the same time period as originally enacted.

SEC. 306.

 * None of the funds in this or any other Act for the Administrator of the Bonneville Power Administration may be used to enter into any agreement to perform energy efficiency services outside the legally defined Bonneville service territory, with the exception of services provided internationally, including services provided on a reimbursable basis, unless the Administrator certifies in advance that such services are not available from private sector businesses.

SEC. 307.

 * When the Department of Energy makes a user facility available to universities or other potential users, or seeks input from universities or other potential users regarding significant characteristics or equipment in a user facility or a proposed user facility, the Department shall ensure broad public notice of such availability or such need for input to universities and other potential users. When the Department of Energy considers the participation of a university or other potential user as a formal partner in the establishment or operation of a user facility, the Department shall employ full and open competition in selecting such a partner. For purposes of this section, thee term "user facility" includes, but is not limited to:
 * (1) a user facility as described in section 2203(a)(2) of the Energy Policy Act of 1992 (42 U.S.C. 13503(a)(2));
 * (2) a National Nuclear Security Administration Defense Programs Technology Deployment Center/User Facility; and
 * (3) any other Departmental facility designated by the Department as a user facility.

SEC. 308.

 * The Administrator of the National Nuclear Security Administration may authorize the manager of a covered nuclear weapons research, development, testing, or production facility to engage in research, development, and demonstration activities with respect to the engineering and manufacturing capabilities at such facility in order to maintain and enhance such capabilities at such facility:

 * Provided, That of the amount allocated to a covered nuclear weapons facility each fiscal year from amounts available to the Department of Energy for such fiscal year for national security programs, not more than an amount equal to 2 percent of such amount may be used for these activities;

 * Provided further, That for purposes of this section, the term "covered nuclear weapons facility" means the following:
 * (1) The Kansas City Plant, Kansas City, Missouri.
 * (2) The Y-12 Plant, Oak Ridge, Tennessee.
 * (3) The Pantex Plant, Amarillo, Texas.
 * (4) The Savannah River Plant, South Carolina.
 * (5) The Nevada Test Site.

SEC. 309.

 * Funds appropriated by this or any other Act, or made available by the transfer of funds in this Act, for intelligence activities are deemed to be specifically authorized by the Congress for purposes of section 504 of the National Security Act of 1947 (50 U.S.C. 414) during fiscal year 2005 until the enactment of the Intelligence Authorization Act for fiscal year 2005.

SEC. 310.

 * (a) The Secretary of Energy was directed to file a permit modification to the Waste Analysis Plan (WAP) and associated provisions contained in the Hazardous Waste Facility Permit for the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP). For purposes of determining hereafter compliance of the modifications to the WAP with the hazardous waste analysis requirements of the Solid Waste Disposal Act (42 U.S.C. 6901 et seq.), or other applicable laws waste confirmation for all waste received for storage and disposal shall be limited to:
 * (1) confirmation that the waste contains no ignitable, corrosive, or reactive waste through the use of either radiography or visual examination of a statistically representative subpopulation of the waste; and
 * (2) review of the Waste Stream Profile Form to verify that the waste contains no ignitable, corrosive, or reactive waste and that assigned Environmental Protection Agency hazardous waste numbers are allowed for storage and disposal by the WIPP Hazardous Waste Facility Permit.

 * (b) Compliance with the disposal room performance standards of the WAP hereafter shall be demonstrated exclusively by monitoring airborne volatile organic compounds in underground disposal rooms in which waste has been emplaced until panel closure.

SEC. 311.

 * Section 3113 of Public Law 102-486 (42 U.S.C. 2297h-11) is amended by adding a new paragraph (4) subsection (a), as follows:
 * "(4) In the event that a licensee requests the Secretary to accept for disposal depleted uranium pursuant to this subsection, the Secretary shall be required to take title to and possession of such depleted uranium at an existing DUF6 storage facility.".

SEC. 312.

 * The Department of Energy may use the funds appropriated by this Act to undertake any procurement action necessary to achieve its small business contracting goals set forth in subsection (g) of the Small Business Act, 15 U.S.C. 644(g):

 * Provided, That, none of the funds appropriated by this Act may be used by the Department of Energy for procurement actions resulting from the break-out of requirements from current facility management and operating contracts unless, consistent with requirements of Subpart 19.4 of the Federal Acquisition Regulation, the Secretary of Energy or his duly authorized designee formally requests, considers, and renders an appropriate decision on the views of the Small Business Administration Breakout Procurement Center Representative or the Representative's duly authorized designee concerning cost effectiveness, mission performance, security, safety, small business participation, and other legitimate acquisition objectives of procurement actions at issue. No later than April 1, 2005, the Secretary of Energy shall submit a report to the Comptroller General and to Congress discussing the Secretary's plans required by section 15(h) of the Small Business Act, 15 U.S.C. 644(h), for meeting the Department's statutory small business contracting goals while taking into account other legitimate acquisition objectives. In preparing the report, the Secretary shall request and consider the views of the Administrator of the Small Business Administration and the Director of the Office of Small and Disadvantaged Business Utilization of the Department of Energy. The report shall discuss the Department's policies and activities concerning break-outs of procurement requirements from current management and operating contracts, consistent with requirements of this Act, section 15(h) of the Small Business Act, and Subpart 19.4 of the Federal Acquisition Regulations.

SEC. 313.

 * None of the funds appropriated by this Act may be used by the Department of Energy to require its management and operating contractors to perform contract management, oversight, or administration functions prohibited by section 7.503 of the Federal Acquisition Regulation in connection with any small business prime contract awarded by the Department of Energy.

SEC. 314.

 * None of the funds in this Act may be used to dispose of transuranic waste in the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant which contains concentrations of plutonium in excess of 20 percent by weight for the aggregate of any material category on the date of enactment of this Act, or is generated after such date. For the purpose of this section, the material categories of transuranic waste at the Rocky Flats Environmental Technology Site include:
 * (1) ash residues;
 * (2) salt residue;
 * (3) wet residues;
 * (4) direct repackage residues; and
 * (5) scrub alloy as referenced in the "Final Environmental Impact Statement on Management of Certain Plutonium Residues and Scrub Alloy Stored at the Rocky Flats Environmental Technology Site".


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Rh It is strange that it is impossible to fix with any certainty the date at which Jannai and Kalir lived. Kalir may belong to the eighth or to the ninth century. It is equally hard to decide as to his birth-place. Rival theories hold that he was born in Palestine and in Sardinia. His name has been derived from Cagliari in Sardinia and from the Latin calyrum, a cake. Honeycakes were given to Jewish children on their first introduction to school, and the nickname “Kaliri,” or “Boy of the Cake,” may have arisen from his youthful precocity. But all this is mere guess-work.

It is more certain that the poet was also the singer of his own verses. His earliest audiences were probably scholars, and this may have tempted Kalir to indulge in the recondite learning which vitiates his hymns. At his worst, Kalir is very bad indeed; his style is then a jumble of words, his meaning obscure and even unintelligible. He uses a maze of alphabetical acros-


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88 tics, line by line he wreathes into his compositions the words of successive Bible texts. Yet even at his worst he is ingenious and vigorous. Such phrases as “to hawk it as a hawk upon a sparrow” are at least bold and effective. Ibn Ezra later on lamented that Kalir had treated the Hebrew language like an unfenced city. But if the poet too freely admitted strange and ugly words, he added many of considerable force and beauty. Kalir rightly felt that if Hebrew was to remain a living tongue, it was absurd to restrict the language to the vocabulary of the Bible. Hence he invented many new verbs from nouns.

But his inventiveness was less marked than his learning. “With the permission of God. I will speak in riddles,” says Kalir in opening the prayer for dew. The riddles are mainly clever allusions to the Midrash. It has been pointed out that these allusions are often tasteless and obscure. But they are more often beautiful and in-


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50 endeavoring to transgress the boundary of that desolate domain falls frosted in its flight.

Some one — Colonel Ingersoll, I fancy — has said that Washington is a steel engraving. That is hardly an adequate conception, being derived from the sense of sight only; the ear has something to say in the matter, and there is much in a name. Before my studies of his character had effaced my childish impression I used always to picture him in the act of bending over a tub.

There are two George Washingtons — the natural and the artificial. They are now equally "great," but the former was choke-full of the old Adam. He swore like "our army in Flanders," loved a bottle like a brother and had an inter-colonial reputation as a lady-killer. He was, indeed, a singularly interesting and magnetic old boy — one whom any sane and honest lover of the picturesque in life and character would deem it an honor and an education to have known in the flesh. He is now known to but few; you must dig pretty deeply into the tumulus of rubbishy panegyric — scan pretty closely the inedited annals of his time, in order to see him as he was. Criss-crossed upon these failing parchments of the past are the lines of the sleek


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180 cluded, the penning of verses was a fashion. On the other hand, music was not so much cultivated by the Italian Hebrews as by the Spanish. Hence, both Immanuel and Kalonymos lack the lightness and melody of the best writers of Hebrew verse in Spain. The Italians atoned for this loss by their subject-matter. They are joyous poets, full of the gladness of life. They are secular, not religious poets; the best of the Spanish-Hebrew poetry was devotional, and the best of the Italian so secular that it was condemned by pietists as too frivolous and too much “disfigured by ill-timed levity.”

Immanuel was born in Rome in about 1270. He rarely mentions his father, but often names his mother Justa as a woman of pious and noble character. As a youth, he had a strong fancy for scientific study, and was nourished on the “Guide” of Maimonides, on the works of the Greeks and Arabs, and on the writings of the


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was one of the earliest writers to effect a reconciliation between the French and the Spanish schools of Jewish literature. On the one side, his Spanish birth and training made him a friend of the widest culture; on the other, he was possessed of the French devotion to the Talmud. Moses, the son of Nachman (Nachmanides, Ramban, 1195-1270), Spaniard though he was, says, “The French Rabbis have won most Jews to their view. They are our masters in Talmud, and to them we must go for instruction.” From the eleventh to the fourteenth century, a French school of