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 the African if he does choose to close up the top of his head early, and that the whole attempt to make out that the African is a child-form, "an arrested development," is—well, not supported by facts. The very comparison between white and black children's intelligence to the disadvantage of the former is all wrong. The white child is not his inferior; he is not so quick in picking up parlour tricks; but then where are either of the children at that alongside a French poodle? What happens to the African from my observations is just what happens to the European, namely, when he passes out of childhood, he goes into a period of hobbledehoyhood. During this period, his skull might just as well be filled inside with wool as covered outside with it. But after a time, during which he has succeeded in distracting and discouraging the white men who hoped so much of him when he was a child, his mind clears up again and goes ahead all right. It is utter rubbish to say "You cannot teach an adult African," and that "he grows backwards"; for even without white interference he gets more and more cunning as the time goes on. Does any one who knows them feel inclined to tell me that those old palm-oil chiefs have not learnt a thing or two during their lives? or that a well-matured bush trader has not? Go down to West Africa yourself, if you doubt this, and carry on a series of experiments with them in subjects they know of—trade subjects—try and get the best of a whole series of matured adults, male or female, and I can promise you you will return a wiser and a poorer man, but with a joyful heart regarding the capacity of the African to grow up. Whether he does this by adding convolutions or piling up his gray matter we will leave for the present. All that I wish to urge regarding the African at large is that he has been mismanaged of late years by the white races. The study of this question is a very interesting one, but I have no space to enter into it here in detail. In my opinion—I say my own, I beg you to remark, only when I am uttering heresy—this mismanagement has been a by-product of the wave of hysterical emotionalism that has run through white culture and for which I have an instinctive hatred.

I have elsewhere briefly pointed out the evil worked by misdirected missionary effort on the native mind, but it is not the missionary alone that is doing harm. The government does nearly as much. Whether it does this because of the fear of Exeter Hall as representing a big voting interest, or whether just from the tendency to get everything into the hands of a


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190 that they must not fall to come this summer to my feast, for much of my joy doth lie upon the kinsmen of my wife.”

Then spake the minstrel, the proud Swemmel: “When shall your feasting be in these lands, that I may tell it yonder to your kin?”

King Etzel answered: “On next midsummer’s day.”

“We’ll do as ye command,” spake then Werbel.

The queen bade them be brought secretly unto her bower, where she then talked with the envoys. From this but little joy happed to many a knight. To the two messengers she spake: “Now earn ye mickle goods, in that ye do my pleasure full willingly and give the message which I send to my native land. I’ll make you rich in goods and give you the lordly robes. And if ye see any of my kin at Worms upon the Rhine, ye must not tell them that ye ever saw me sad of heart. Tender my service to the heroes brave and good. Beg that they do as the king doth bid and thus part me from all my grief. The Huns ween, I be without kith and kin. Were I a knight, I’d visit them myself at times. And say to Gernot, too, the noble brother of mine, that none in the world doth love him more. Beg him to bring with him to this land our best of friends, that it may be to our honor. Say also to Giselher, that he remember well, I never gained grief through fault of his. Therefore would mine eyes fain sue him. For his great loyalty I would gladly have him here. Tell my mother also of the honors which I have, and if Hagen of Troneg be minded to stay at home, who then should lead them through the lands? From a child he knoweth the roads to Hungary.“

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 suitable for performing; has read a number of plays and is at work preparing of a more detailed list of carefully selected plays. The following principles have been accepted by the committee as a basis for the repertoire: 1) the list can include only plays whose artistic value is beyond reproach; 2) these plays by the impression they create on the audience, must be of nature coinciding with the spirit of the times, i. e. they must evoke a vigorous disposition and intensify the revolutionary fervor of the masses. The committee is preparing for publication a book which will include, in addition to a list of plays, a brief summary of them and stage-director's notes regarding their production. This book ought to aid the local players in the selection of plays, as well as in improvement of their staging. The committee is also preparing for publication a number of new plays, chiefly translations, beginning to publish out-of-print plays and preparing for publication a collection of articles on history and theory of the theatres and also of a number of books bearing on practical questions connected with the technique of the theatre.

Lastly, the Section is issuing its own magazine—The Izvestia of the Art-Educational Section. Judging by the demands for the magazine from the provinces the need of such a publication is very great.

This is what has been done by the Section:

Wishing to widen the scope of this activity, raising it to a level befitting that of the Workmen's Government, the Section has worked out a detailed plan of activity for the next summer season, listed a number of individuals who have already, in principle, expressed their willingness to participate in the execution of the plan; drawn up an estimate for the meeting of possible expenditures needed. The following are the steps under the consideration of the Section:

1. Staging of Verhaeren's unique play "Dawn";

2. Organization of district performances and employment of the Sections own casts for this purpose;

3. Organization of symphony (two) orchestras, chamber concerts and wind orchestras (eight) at the boulevards;

4. Organization of juvenile performances for and by the children;

5. Organization (at six places) of people’s holidays and pageants, its object being not only to offer to the people sensible,


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Rh The envoys wist not, why it was done, that they should not let Hagen of Troneg stay upon the Rhine. Later it repented them full sore. With him many a knight was doomed to a savage death. Letters and messages had now been given them. They rode forth rich in goods, and well could lead a sumptuous life. Of Etzel and his fair wife they took their leave, their persons adorned full well with goodly weeds.


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 : Phraya Pridanaruebet;
 * Luang Praditmanutham;
 * Luang Sinatyotharak;

to form the Subcommittee.


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 council, or an office, to be everlastingly nagging and legislating and inspecting, matters little; the result is bad, and it fills me with the greatest admiration for my country to see how in spite of this she keeps the lead. That she will always keep it I believe, because I believe that it is impossible that this phase of emotionalism—no, it is not hypocrisy, my French friends, it is only a sort of fit—will last, and we shall soon be back in our clear senses again and say to the world, "We do this thing because we think it is right; because we think it is best for those we do it to and for ourselves, not because of the wickedness of war, the brotherhood of man, or any other notion bred of fear."

The way in which the present ideas acting through the government do harm in Africa are many. English government officials have very little and very poor encouragement given them if they push inland and attempt to enlarge the sphere of influence, which their knowledge of local conditions teaches them requires enlarging, because the authorities at home are afraid other nations will say we are rapacious land-grabbers. Well, we always have been, and they will say it anyhow; and where after all is the harm in it? We have acted in unison with the nations who for good sound reasons of their own have cut down Portuguese possessions in Africa because we were afraid of being thought to support a nation who went in for slavery. I always admire a good move in a game or a brilliant bit of strategy, and that was a beauty; and on our head now lie the affairs of the Congo Free State, while France and Germany smile sweetly, knowing that these affairs will soon be such that they will be able to step in and divide that territory up between themselves without a stain on their character—in the interests of humanity—the whole of that rich region, which by the name of Livingstone, Speke, Grant, Burton, and Cameron, should now be ours.

Then again in commercial competition our attitude seems to me very lacking in dignity. We are now just beginning to know it is a fight, and this commercial war has been going on since 1880—since, in fact, France and Germany have recovered from their war of 1870.

And if we are to carry on this commercial war with any hope of success, we must abandon our "Oh! that's not fair; I wont play" attitude—and above all we must have no more government restrictions on our foreign trade. In West Africa governmental restriction settles, like dew in autumn, on the liquor traffic. It is a case of give a dog a bad name and


text: Poems, Chiefly Lyrical/English Warsong

title: Poems, Chiefly Lyrical/English Warsong


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 hang him. Moreover, raising the import dues on liquor may bring into the government a good revenue; but it is a short-sighted policy—for the liquor is the thing there is the best market for in West Africa. The natives have no enthusiasm about cotton-goods, as they seem from some accounts to have in East Central, and the supply of them they now get, and get cheap and good, is as much as they require. And if the question of the abstract morality of introducing clothes, or introducing liquor, to native races, were fairly gone into, the results would be interesting—for clothing native races in European clothes works badly for them and kills them off. Indeed the whole of this question of trade with the lower races is full of curious and unexpected points. Speaking at large, the introduction of European culture—governmental, religious, or mercantile—has a destructive action on all the lower races; many of them the governmental and religious sections have stamped right out; but trade has never stamped a race out when disassociated from the other two, and it certainly has had no bad effect in tropical Africa. With regard to the liquor traffic, try and put yourself in the West African's place. Imagine, for example, that you want a pair of boots. You go into a shop, prepared to pay for them, but the man who keeps the shop says, "My good friend, you must not have boots, they are immoral. You can have a tin of sardines, or a pocket-handkerchief, they are much better for you." Would you take the sardines or the pocket-handkerchiefs? more particularly would you feel inclined to take them instead of your desired boots if you knew there was a shop in a neighbouring street where boots are to be had? And there is a neighbouring shop-street to all our West Coast possessions which is in the hands of either France or Germany.

I do not for a moment deny that the liquor traffic requires regulation, but it requires more regulation in Europe than it does in Africa, because Europe is more given to intoxication. In Africa all that is wanted is that the spirit sent in should be wholesome, and not sold at a strength over 45° below proof. These requirements are fairly well fulfilled already on the West Coast, and I can see no reason for any further restriction or additional impost. If further restrictions in the sale of it are wanted, it is not for interior trade where the natives are not given to excess, but in the larger coast towns, where there is a body of natives who are the débris of the disintegrating process of white culture. But even in those towns like Sierra Leone and Lagos these men are


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 artistically conceived recreations, but also to involve the masses themselves in a creative artistic activity.

6. Establishment of courses for instructors with a view of educating the future directors of People's Houses;

7. Establishment of an information bureau continually in touch with the Moscow districts, its suburbs and provinces; the bureau will not only inform on the Section's activities but will serve also as an advisory board to persons connected with such kind of work in localities;

8. Organization of a technical and art supervision over theatrical and musical Moscow enterprises and organization of a control of State taxes in theatrical establishments;

9. Further widening of activity of the repertoire committee and of the Section's magazine. For all these beginnings detailed plans have been worked out and on their basis an estimate has been drawn and already submitted to the Soviet.

The Documents presented under Part III showed the methods used by the Soviet Government to popularize the study and production of contemporary art; Part IV contains documents to illustrate the piety with which the Soviets approach the art of the past, as preserved in museums, and the affectionate zeal with which they are safeguarding its treasures. Document No. 21 is a lengthy general statement on activities in this direction covering a period of one month (May 28–June 28, 1918); Documents No. 22 and No. 23 deal with individual famous collections: the Tretiakov Gallery in Moscow, which is the subject of No. 23, is one of the most celebrated collections of recent paintings in Europe, including, among other fine things, many of the paintings of the famous Russian painter, Verestchagin (1842—1904).

The Section in charge of museums and preservation of art


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 the acquaintance of Mrs. Mackgil, Mrs. Guthrie, or some other, or all, of these Edinburgh friends while he was still Douglas of Longniddry's private tutor. But our certain knowledge begins in 1549. He was then but newly escaped from his captivity in France, after pulling an oar for nineteen months on the benches of the galley Nostre Dame; now up the rivers, holding stealthy intercourse with other Scottish prisoners in the castle of Rouen; now out in the North Sea, raising his sick head to catch a glimpse of the far-off steeples of St. Andrews. And now he was sent down by the English Privy Council as a preacher to Berwick-upon-Tweed; somewhat shaken in health by all his hardships, full of pains and agues, and tormented by gravel, that sorrow of great men; altogether, what with his romantic story, his weak health, and his great faculty of eloquence, a very natural object for the sympathy of devout women. At this happy juncture he fell into the company of a Mrs. Elizabeth Bowes, wife of Richard Bowes, of Aske, in Yorkshire, to whom she had borne twelve children. She was a religious hypochondriac, a very weariful woman, full of doubts and scruples, and giving no rest on earth either to herself or to those whom she honoured with her confidence. From the first time she heard Knox preach she formed a high opinion of him, and was solicitous ever after of his


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 society. Nor was Knox unresponsive. "I have always delighted in your company," he writes, "and when labours would permit, you know I have not spared hours to talk and commune with you." Often when they had met in depression he reminds her, "God hath sent great comfort unto both." We can gather from such letters as are yet extant how close and continuous was their intercourse. "I think it best you remain till the morrow," he writes once, "and so shall we commune at large at afternoon. This day you know to be the day of my study and prayer unto God; yet if your trouble be intolerable, or, if you think my presence may release your pain, do as the Spirit shall move you Your messenger found me in bed, after a sore trouble and most dolorous night, and so dolour may complain to dolour when we two meet And this is more plain than ever I spoke, to let you know you have a companion in trouble." Once we have the curtain raised for a moment, and can look at the two together for the length of a phrase. "After the writing of this preceding," writes Knox, "your brother and mine, Harrie Wycliffe, did advertise me by writing, that your adversary (the devil) took occasion to trouble you because that I did start back from you rehearsing your infirmities. I remember myself so to have


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 objects and relics of the past attached to the People's Commissariat of Education was instituted by the High State Committee of Education May 28th, 1918. The object of the Section in charge of museums, preservation of art treasures and relics of the past attached to the People’s Commissariat of Education, is the finding of ways and means towards the creation of conditions favorable to the growth of Russian museums.

In addition to this task it is also the Section's duty to take care and apply measures for the preservation of art objects and relics of the past.

The immediate problem confronting the Section is the mapping out of the standing types of museums and carrying this plan into effect through reorganization of the existing museums and establishment of new ones. Also, the Section's task is the unification of activities of individual museums, introduction of a well-defined system into their activity, drawing up of general principles governing the State's museum policy and carrying it out into execution. Each year the Section presents a general museum plan and a common museum estimate, completed in conformity with reports and suggestions submitted by all museums and elaborating it by corrections and supplements necessary from the point of view of general State interest.

The Section intends to devote its foremost attention to the question of museum accessions. Preserving for the museums their right of purchase at their own initiative, within the limits of annual estimate appropriations, the Section advances the idea of creating a National Museum Fund which would enable us to obtain, on a large scale, individual works as well as complete collections, in full conformity with the needs of individual museums, as well as of the whole museum undertaking, thus putting an end to the mutual competition among the museums, so detrimental to the interests of the State.

In connection with this there also ought to function special exhibition places of the Museum Fund, wherein the Section's accessions might be subjected to a free valuation and criticism by the whole people.

There should be established an institute of "Correspondents," reporting to the Section on the condition of market, auctions, sales, possible accessions, and generally speaking, about everything pertaining to museum art; also there should be estab-


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 attention to the importance of the mouth of the Columbia. “Upon the people of Eastern Asia,” said that ardent advocate of western measures, Thomas Hart Benton, in 1820, “the establishment of a civilized power on the opposite coast of America could not fail to produce great and wonderful benefits. Science, liberal principles in government, and the true religion, might cast their lights across the intervening sea.

The debate in the House in 1822-3 on Floyd’s bill to occupy the mouth of the Columbia brought out from rather unexpected sources the full idea of Manifest Destiny, even if the actual words were not used. Although George Tucker of Virginia opposed the bill, he was bound to admit that “we cannot arrest the progress of our population to the West. In vain may the Government attempt to set limits to its course. It marches on, with the increasing rapidity of a fire, and nothing will stop it until it reaches the shores of the Pacific.” But it was Francis Baylies of Massachusetts who preached the doctrine most fully and eloquently. Even, said he, if the settlers who went to Oregon should later decide to form their own separate government, “with a nation of kindred blood, governed by laws similar to yours, cherishing your principles, speaking your language, and worshipping your God, you may rear a monument more magnificent than the Arch of Trajan, more durable than the pyramids; a living, animated, and everlasting monument of your glory and your greatness.”’ Addressing the timid and reluctant, he predicted that if they passed the bill they might in later life “cherish delightful recollections of this day, when America, almost shrinking from the ‘shadows of coming events,’ first placed her feet upon untrodden ground, scarcely daring to anticipate the grandeur which awaited her.” Returning to the discussion at a later point in the debate, he said: “Gentlemen are talking of natural boundaries. Sir, our natural boundary is the Pacific ocean. The swelling tide of our population must and will roll on until that mighty ocean interposes its waters, and limits our territorial empire.” Finally, to conclude these


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 lished an institute of "Purchasing Agents" sufficiently trained in the history of art.

The Section intends to widely utilize the special commissions for purposes of art-archeologic discoveries, investigations of architectural styles, restoration work, uncovering of frescoes, etc. It has been planned to publish a special magazine devoted to the science of museums, and also to organize regular congresses of museum workers and to establish exemplary exhibitions demonstrating the process and development of the science of museums and activities thereof. It has been also planned to rearrange the art treasures in the museums with the view of endowing each museum with greater value and individuality and abolishing the existing chaos and dullness.

The Section considers the immediate problem of our times the establishment of a number of museums in those fields of art which in Russia have heretofore been wholly neglected, for instance, a museum of Oriental Art, a museum of the most recent art and a museum of sculpture.

Special attention will be given by the Section to the provincial museums. The establishment of new museums in the localities and a wholehearted support of those functioning, is, in the opinion of the Sections, one of the most fundamental problems of the Russian museum policy. Another such pressing problem is democratization and popularization of the museums' activities, which can be accomplished at first by making the attendance of the museums easier and by the aid which a museum can render to the spectators during the study of collections through lectures or lecture cycles.

The object of the Section shall have been considered completed by a thoroughly drawn up program of excursions and tours within the reach of the masses of the people; and by the widest distribution of carefully executed reproductions and popular editions on art subjects.

Also, regarding scientific art works, the Section will meet the museums' needs in the sphere of technique and budget for the purpose of advancing, in the best possible way, the Science of Museums—a science so young in Russia. For this purpose each museum will be given an opportunity to have photographic archives, a library of an informative character, and specially fitted technical shops wherever needed; photographic, restorative,


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 a very small percentage of the population. If things are even made no worse for him than they are at present, the English trader may be trusted to hold the greater part of the trade of West Africa for the benefit of the English manufacturers; if he is more heavily hampered, the English trade will die out, the English trader remain, because he is the best trader with the natives; but it will be small profit to the English manufacturers because the trader will be dealing in foreign-made stuff, as he is now in the possessions of France and Germany. English manufacturers, I may remark, have succeeded in turning out the cloth goods best suited for the African markets, but there has of late years been an increase in the quantity of other goods made by foreigners used in the West Coast trade. The imports from France and Germany and the United States to the Gold Coast for 1894 (published 1896) were £217,388 0s. 1d., the exports £212,320 1s. 3d.; and the Consular Report (158) for the Gold Coast says that while the trade with the United Kingdom has increased from £1,054,336 17s. 6d. in 1893 to £1,190,532 1s. 3d. in 1894, or roughly 13 per cent., the trade with foreign countries has increased upwards of 22 per cent., namely, from £350,387 3s. 5d. to £429,708 1s., 4d. In the Lagos Consular Report (No. 150) similar comparative statistics are not given, but the increase at that place is probably greater than on the Gold Coast, as a heavy percentage of the Lagos trade goes through the hands of two German firms; but this increase in foreign trade in our colonies seems to be even greater in other parts of Africa, for in a Foreign Office Report from Mozambique it is stated, regarding Cape Colony, that "while, British imports show an otherwise satisfactory increase, German trade has more than trebled."

There is a certain school of philanthropists in Europe who say that it is not advisable to spread white trade in Africa, that the native is provided by the Bountiful Earth with all that he really requires,and that therefore he should be allowed to live his simple life, and not be compelled or urged to work for the white man's gain. I have a sneaking sympathy with these good


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 done, and that is my common on consuetude when anything pierceth or toucheth my heart. Call to your mind what I did standing at the cupboard at Alnwick. In very deed I thought that no creature had been tempted as I was; and when I heard proceed from your mouth the very same words that he troubles me with, I did wonder and from my heart lament your sore trouble, knowing in myself the dolour thereof." Now intercourse of so very close a description, whether it be religious intercourse or not, is apt to displease and disquiet a husband; and we know incidentally from Knox himself that there was some little scandal about his intimacy with Mrs. Bowes. "The slander and fear of men," he writes, "has impeded me to exercise my pen so oft as I would; yea, very shame hath holden me from your company, when I was most surely persuaded that God had appointed me at that time to comfort and feed your hungry and afflicted soul. God in His infinite mercy," he goes on, "remove not only from me all fear that tendeth not to godliness, but from others suspicion to judge of me otherwise than it becometh one member to judge of another." And the scandal, such as it was, would not be allayed by the dissension in which Mrs. Bowes seems to have lived with her family upon the matter of religion, and the counte-


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 framing, bindings, carpentry, and so forth, with a corresponding technical personnel at their service.

As regards protection of art objects and relics of the past the first and immediate problem of the Section is the drawing of regulations designed to thwart the export of art treasures from the territory of the Russian Republic.

The drawing up of such legislative measures though incomplete and, so to say, temporary, should be immediately commenced by the Section in order to safeguard the country's art treasures which are threatened to forever disappear abroad.

Next to this must be instituted a careful scientific account and description of these treasures, without which—as the State Museum policy of Italy has shown—the realization of the aforesaid problems cannot be accomplished.

Those institutions and persons who are in possession of collections of great cultural value will receive from the Section projective charters.

Flying detachments will be dispatched to the localities in order to bring about an actual control of the "disappearing" art valuables from the provinces. An instruction concerning protection shall be drawn up. The Section shall protect not only State and public museums, but also all private collections in so far as they present a State-wide interest.

Finally, its most important function, without which it would, generally speaking, be impossible to realize a State-wide program for a Museum Policy, will be its contact with the province. The Section will effect a close contact with the local organs, propose the organization of local organs of analogous functions, thus creating throughout Russia a net of cultural institutions which shall actually carry through in life the instructions of the central directing organ at the People’s Commissariat of Education.

Already prior to the official establishment of the Collegium in charge of museums and preservation of art objects and relics of the past, the question of nationalization of the Tretiakov Gallery had been discussed at the initiative of the present Collegium's membership.

For a long time a contradiction was apparent between the formal status of the Gallery as a regional-municipal art treasury and the all-Russian artistic and scientific reputation it has long


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 enjoyed—a reputation which has been growing from year to year. When attempts by reactionary currents in art to profit by such state of affairs were recently revealed, the problem connected with the Gallery became important. The initiative of the Collegium's membership met with the most enthusiastic reception from the People's Commissary, A. V. Lunacharsky, who submitted this problem for discussion to the Soviet of People's Commissaries, and on June 3rd, 1918, the latter body issued a decree on the nationalization of the Tretiakov Gallery, placing the Gallery under jurisdiction of the People's Commissariat of Education. Finally, on June 17th, 1918, in accordance with a proposal unanimously submitted by the Petrograd and Moscow sections of the Collegium in charge of museums, the well-known artist and museum expert, J. E. Grabar, was appointed director of the Tretiakov Gallery by the People's Commissary, A. Lunacharsky.

Similarly at the initiative of the Museums' Collegium a question was raised on the necessity to requisition a Botticelli (Tonto) painting belonging to the citizen, Mrs. E. P. Meschersky. It was reported that the painting was to be shipped abroad.

The matter was brought to the attention of the Soviet of People's Commissaries, which on May 30th, 1918, decreed to requisition this painting and declare it property of the Russian Socialist Federated Soviet Republic and place it in one of the national museums of the Russian Socialist Federated Soviet Republic. At present the Botticelli picture is exhibited at the Rumiantzev Museum.

The same instruction directs the People's Commissariat of Education to draw, within a period of three days, a plan of a decree prohibiting shipment from the territory of the Russian Socialist Federated Soviet Republic of pictures and generally of all great artistic treasures—this plan to be submitted for examination to the Soviet of People's Commissaries.

The Collegium has also obtained an appropriation of 250,000 rubles for the needs of the Rumiantzev Museum. This sum is to be spent for purchasing historically important art treasures which appear now in abundance on the market and which are irretrievably lost by being smuggled abroad.

Besides, the Section has commenced to execute (and partially has already executed) a number of commissions of artistic and


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 people, because I like the African in his bush state best; and one can understand any truly human being being horrified at the extinction of native races in the Polynesian, Melanesian, and American regions. But still their view is full of error as regards Africa, for one thing I am glad to say the African does not die off as do those weaker races under white control, but increases; and herein lies the impossibility of accepting this plan as within the sphere of practical politics, most certainly in regard to all districts under white control, for the Bountiful Earth does not amount to much in Africa with native methods of agriculture. It sufficed when a percentage of the population were shipped to America as slaves; now it suffices only to help to keep the natives in their low state of culture—a state that is only kept up even to its present level by trade. The condition of the African native will be a very dreadful one if this trade is not maintained; indeed, I may say if it is not increased proportionately to the increase of white government control—for this governmental control does many things that are good in themselves, and glorious on paper. It prevents the export slave trade; it suppresses human sacrifice; it stops internecine war among the natives—in short, it does everything save suppress the terrible infant mortality (why it does not do this I need not discuss) to increase the native population, without in itself doing anything to increase the means of supporting this population; nay, it even wants to decrease these by importing Asiatics to do its work, in making roads, &c.

It may be said there is no fear of the trade, which keeps the native, disappearing from the West Coast, but it is well to remember that the stuff that this trade is dependent on, the stuff brought into the traders' factory by the native, is mainly—indeed, save for the South-West Coast coffee and cacao, we may say, entirely—bush stuff, uncultivated, merely collected and roughly prepared, and it is so wastefully collected by the native that it cannot last indefinitely. Take rubber, for example, one of the main exports. Owing to the wasteful methods employed in its collection it gets stamped out of districts. The trade in it starts on a bit of coast; for some years so rich is the supply, that it can be collected almost at the native's back door, but owing to his cutting down the vine, he clears it off, and every year he has to go further and further afield for a load. But his ability to go further than a certain point is prevented by the savage interior tribes not under white control; and also on its paying him to go on these long journeys, for the price at home takes little notice of his difficulties, because of the more carefully collected supply of rubber sent into the home markets by


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 rather extended excerpts from this early apostle of Manifest Destiny, Baylies reached his climax when, in his peroration, he exclaimed : “To diffuse the arts of life, the light of science, and the blessings of the gospel over a wilderness, is no violation of the laws of God; it is no invasion of the rights of man to occupy a territory over which the savage roams, but which he never cultivates. . . The stream of bounty which perpetually flows from the throne of the Almighty ought not to be obstructed in its course, nor is it right that his benevolent designs should be defeated by the perversity of man.”

During the ensuing two decades, little happened to elicit similar exuberant predictions regarding the Pacific Coast and its destiny. And yet the idea lay not far below the current of thought and appeared occasionally on the surface in western newspapers. For instance, in 1825 the Ohio State Journal, speaking of the Oregon country, said: “One fourth part of this territory, that part which contains the Oregon harbor, will, at a future day, enter the Republican Confederacy as Oregon State; and the City of Oregon, will arise on its banks, which shall rival New York or Philadelphia in their wealth and population. Then the busy hum of commerce and the shouts of freemen, shall re-echo from the Atlantic to the Pacific oceans.” Five years later the Buffalo Journal reviewed the irresistible westward march of American pioneers. “This course of empire,” said the editor, “may—must be stayed, when the shore of the Pacific has been reached.” In a speech in the House of Representatives Caleb Cushing rejoiced in “the spectacle of the Anglo-American stock extending itself into the heart of the Continent. . . advancing with, as it were, the preordination of inevitable progress, like the sun moving westerly in the heavens, or the ascending tide on the seashore, or, in the striking language of a foreign traveller, as a deluge of civilized men rising unabatedly and driven onwards by the hand of God.” When the settlers should reach the Pacific he desired them to


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 Pole Star which lies on the tail of Draco, just above the handle of the Big Dipper, and reflect that this star was once the hub of the starry universe, with the Big Dipper whirling round and round it in a close circle.

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 “carry along with them the laws, education, and social improvements, which belong to the older states. . . worthily fulfilling the great destiny reserved for this exemplar American Republic.”

Then carne the “fabulous forties” when American buoyancy reached its highest point. Now it was that the desire for territorial expansion came out into the open, unashamed and aggressive. During this decade the Oregon question was settled, after there had been set up that “redoubtable line” of 54° 40’, up to which, in the words of Benton, “all true patriots were to march! and marching, fight! and fighting, die! if need be! singing all the while, with Horace—‘Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori.’” Before the ownership of Oregon was determined there were abundant opportunities for enthusiasts to portray the inevitability of our possession and the wonders that were to follow. Benton, himself, though scorning our claim up to 54° 40’, was an ardent advocate of our right to the entire valley of the Columbia. “Such a country is formed for union, wealth, and strength,” he said in a speech in 1842, which dims into dullness the most glowing prognostications of the modern chamber of commerce promoter. “It can have but one capital, and that will be a Thebes; but one commercial emporium, and that will be a Tyre, queen of cities. Such a country can have but one people, one interest, one government: and that people should be American—that interest ours—and that government republican. . . Accursed and infamous be the man that divides or alienates it!” A year later he declared that the white race had always gone for land and, said he, “they will continue to go for it, and will go where they can get it. Europe, Asia, and America have been settled by them in this way. All the States of this Union have been so settled. The principle is founded in their nature and in God’s command; and it will continue to be obeyed.”

It was in the debate on the termination of joint occupancy in Oregon in January, 1846, according to J. W. Pratt, that Con-


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 scientific character. In this field the immediate concern has been the examination of ancient fresco works and iconography, The results are as follows:

1. At the Salvation-Adroniey Monastery, the walls of the cathedral at several places have been scraped from the old time white-washing. Ancient frescoes have, been discovered but so damaged by late coatings that it is impossible to define the nature and subject of these frescoes.

2. At the Church of Conception of Saint Anna (in the so-called Chinese Town) built in 1493, a priest was the source of a statement purporting to prove the existence of ancient frescoes screened from sight by the wall's plaster; no frescoes were discovered after a careful examination. An iconostasis and some ikons examined incidentally have been found to be of very ancient origin and of great importance and, therefore, subject to restoration.

3. At the Blagovyeschensk Cathedral of the Kreml, following the washing and cleaning of mural paintings, several ancient frescoes have been discovered.

4. At the Assumption Cathedral it has been decided to continue the already begun restoration work of some of the ancient ikons of the iconostasis. It has also been decided to directly supervise the restoration of mural decorations.

5. At the Archangel's Kreml Cathedral several ancient ikons have been singled out for the purpose of their complete restoration.

The restoration work is being directed by experienced prominent iconographers and supervised by the members of the Collegium and its associates (Grabar, Baklanov, Grischendo, Annisimov, Muratov). Iconographers: Tuilin, Chirikov, Youkin and photographer—Liadov.

A special committee, elected by the Collegium and composed of J. E. Grabar, T. C. Trapeznikov, V. R. Vipper and M. M. Chusid, after an examination of the Great Kreml Palace, have found there a few paintings of great artistic value. Owing to extremely unsatisfactory conditions, affecting their safety at the Palace, and also because of their inaccessibility for the larger masses of the people, the committee, pending the question of their transfer to the Rumiantzev Museum, has in the mean-


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 time transferred 26 paintings for the purpose of restoration. Of special prominence among the latter are the Rubens canvasses.

The Collegium's activities outside Moscow have been demonstrated by the following measures:

A detailed plan of transferring the universally known Uvaroy Collections to the Moscow Historical Museum has been drawn up. Competent persons for this commission have been appointed.

At the initiative of Comrade Vikensiev, fellow-member of the Collegium, it has been decided to undertake a scientific expedition for the purpose of examining the Burilinsk Museum at Iyanov-Voznesensk.

The Section has paid especial attention to requests coming from different localities and striving to immediately effect connections and contact with provincial organizations pursuing similar aims.

In order to arrive at a uniform science and art policy in this field at the present time—a specimen instruction is in course of preparation for the establishment of local Collegiums in charge of museums and preservation of art objects and relics of the past.

Of the broad cultural measures introduced through the initiative of the Section the transference of the famous Stroganov archive to the Perm State University deserves mention. The well-known specialist, Professor Grekov, has taken charge of scientific examination of the archive.

Of the important concrete measures to be carried out by the Section in the nearest future deserves mention: a decision to investigate the Moscow governmental and public institution with the object of determining the character of art objects treasured up therein; investigation of the antiquarian market; organization of new sub-sections, as for an example, librarian, etc.

The Collegium in charge of museums and preservation of art objects and relics of the past attached to the People's Commissariat of People's Education has entrusted to a special committee the examination of the picture gallery at the former Kremlin which heretofore has been hardly accessible.


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84

Buck. Even that, I hope, which pleaseth God above,

And all good men of this ungovern'd isle.

Rich. I do suspect I have done some offence

That seems disgracicus in the city's eye;

And that you come to reprehend my ignorance.

Buck. You have, my lord: would it might please your Grace,

On our entreaties to amend your fault!

Rich. Else wherefore breathe I in a Christian land?

Buck. Know then, it is your fault that you resign

The supreme seat, the throne majestical,

The sceptred office of your ancestors,

Your state of fortune and your due of birth,

The lineal glory of your royal house,

To the corruption of a blemish'd stock;

Whiles, in the mildness of your sleepy thoughts,—

Which here we waken to our country's good,—

The noble isle doth want his proper limbs;

His face defac'd with scars of infamy,

His royal stock graft with ignoble plants,

And almost shoulder'd in the swallowing gulf

Of dark forgetfulness and deep oblivion.

Which to recure we heartily solicit

Your gracious self to take on you the charge

And kingly government of this your land:

Not as protector, steward, substitute,

Or lowly factor for another's gain;

But as successively from blood to blood,

Your right of birth, your empery, your own.

For this, consorted with the citizens,

 111 disgracious: ungracious

124 want: lack

his: its

126 graft: engrafted

128 deep: profound

129 recure: restore (to normal)

130 charge: responsibility

133 factor: hireling

134 successively: by right of succession

135 empery: empire

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 perty has been consumed by the flames. Good heaven! how shall we keep our little helpless babes from starving."

Repeating my question, when that terrible accident had happened, the poor unfortunate people told me, their village had been set on fire the day after we had left them.

Dreadful apprehensions filled my soul, and the Austrian's looks seemed to confirm them.

When I inquired after my former host, I was told that he had lost his life in the flames. The fire, said the poor people, broke out suddenly, in different places, in the dead of night, they had not been able to save their property, and a great number of the inhabitants, with their cattle, had perished in the flames. This horrid tale made my blood run chill, being convinced that I had been the primary cause of that dreadful event.


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text: Travels in West Africa, Congo Français, Corisco and Cameroons/Chapter 22


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Page:Pacific Historical Review, volume 1, number 1.djvu/11

 gress first heard the doctrine of Manifest Destiny expressed in those exact words. Robert C. Winthrop of Massachusetts spoke of this ‘“‘new revelation of right” justifying expansion over the whole continent. He apparently referred to an editorial which had recently appeared in the New York Morning News. The editor pushed aside all the time-honored rights to territorial possession and based our claim to Oregon on a manifest destiny originating in a divine purpose and command that we should extend far and wide the blessings of liberty and self- government. This concise and convenient formula met with ready acceptance. We may well imagine with what gratitude it was seized upon by some of those advocates of expansion who had been troubled by secret misgivings that national aggrandizement was not a wholly altruistic ambition.

Oregon was not the only Pacific project during the forties to which this formula or a similar viewpoint might be applied. Caleb Cushing’s mission to China in 1843 was undertaken, according to his own words, “in behalf of civilization.” The amazing letter from President Tyler, attributed to Webster, which he bore to the Emperor of China, breathed condescension and cited “the will of Heaven” that a treaty should be the outcome of the mission.

During this decade also the pioneer promoters of a railroad to the Pacific, like John Plumbe and Asa Whitney, were painting alluring pictures of the great development of commerce with the orient that would follow the fruition of their plans. They did not neglect to call attention to the attendant opportunities for the dissemination of the light of American civilization. Benton became a convert to the plan and made his famous speech in which he suggested that the completed line should “be adorned with its crowning honor, the colossal statue of the great Columbus, whose design it accomplishes, hewn from the granite mass of a peak of the Rocky Mountains, overlooking the road, the mountain itself the pedestal, and the statue a part


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Richard the Third, III. vii

Your very worshipful and loving friends,

And by their vehement instigation,

In this just cause come I to move your Grace.

Rich. I cannot tell, if to depart in silence,

Or bitterly to speak in your reproof,

Best fitteth my degree or your condition:

If not to answer, you might haply think

Tongue-tied ambition, not replying, yielded

To bear the golden yoke of sovereignty,

Which fondly you would here impose on me;

If to reprove you for this suit of yours,

So season'd with your faithful love to me,

Then, on the other side, I check'd my friends.

Therefore, to speak, and to avoid the first,

And then, in speaking, not to incur the last,

Definitively thus I answer you.

Your love deserves my thanks; but my desert

Unmeritable shuns your high request.

First, if all obstacles were cut away,

And that my path were even to the crown,

As the ripe revenue and due of birth,

Yet so much is my poverty of spirit,

So mighty and so many my defects,

That I would rather hide me from my greatness,

Being a bark to brook no mighty sea,

Than in my greatness covet to be hid,

And in the vapour of my glory smother'd.

But, God be thank'd, there is no need of me;

And much I need to help you, were there need;

The royal tree hath left us royal fruit,

Which, mellow'd by the stealing hours of time,

Will well become the seat of majesty,

 140–172 Cf. n.

142 condition: rank

143 haply: perhaps

148 season'd with: rendered palatable by

149 check'd: should rebuke

154 Unmeritable: undeserving

157 ripe revenue: ready inheritance

165 And need; cf. n.

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 As we entered one of the miserable huts, we were met by the lamentations of people half naked; they all recollected me, receiving me with hideous groans. All my money was not sufficient to comfort the unhappy sufferers, but I divided it willingly amongst them, feeling an inward pleasure in being able to ease at least their sufferings a little. The Austrian smiling at me, followed my example as far as the expences of our journey would admit.

At last I ventured to inquire after the Haunted Castle; the poor sufferers shuddered at the question, telling me, without reserve, that they did not doubt that the last visit we had paid to that abode of horror, had drawn upon them the dreadful ire of the revengeful spirits, which I in vain wished to be able to contradict. Unwilling to behold any longer the marks of sorrow and distress so deeply imprinted on the faces around me, and stung to the heart by the tormenting thought to have partly contributed, by my idle curiosity, to


text: Travels in West Africa, Congo Français, Corisco and Cameroons/Chapter 25


text: Travels in West Africa, Congo Français, Corisco and Cameroons/Chapter 26


text: Travels in West Africa, Congo Français, Corisco and Cameroons/Chapter 27


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 Rh tion of hostility with regard to the Federation of Labor combined with friendship to Bolshevism. There can be no doubt that some of them are subsidized by Moscow. A resolution passed by the Second Congress of the Communist Internationale declared:

One of the first actions taken by the new Bolshevist Government after it seized power was to vote money for such purposes. Here is one of its first decrees:

The Soviet of People's Commissaries deems it necessary to bring all possible means, including money to the aid of the Left International Wing of the workers' movement in all lands, quite regardless of whether these countries are at war or in alliance with Russia; or whether they are neutral.

To that end the Soviet of People's Commissaries, orders to appropriate for the needs of the revolutionary international movement 2,000,000 rubles, to be taken charge of by the foreign representative of the Commissariat of Foreign Affairs.


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 166 Far from denying this governmentally subsidized propaganda the entire Bolshevist press of the world openly boasts of it.

In the report of the Executive Committee of the Communist Internationale to the Second World Congress of the Communist Internationale, Zinoviev wrote:

This last statement was publicly denied by the


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Nibelungenlied

 * The Lay of the Nibelungs, 2nd ed., poetic translation by Alice Horton (1901)
 * The Nibelungenlied, prose translation by Daniel Bussier Shumway (1909)

 * Works about the Nibelungenlied

title: Nibelungenlied


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 Rh Daily Herald, but many facts are known to point in the contrary direction. It will be noted that the Bolshevists treat the entire labor press and even the non-Bolshevist Socialist press as "bourgeois."

The Bolshevists regard their enormous expenditures in mendacious propaganda as having been brilliantly successful and there is some ground for their claim. Zinoviev has recently summed up this success at length in Pravda, November 7, 1920. We note a few sentences:

Zinoviev's reference to the Second Internationale also includes as non-proletarian and bourgeois the entire non-Bolshevist Labor Union and Socialist press of Europe.

Krassin has also made recent reference to the success of the Soviet propaganda, frankly stating that "the hostility of Great Britain had been overcome by propa-


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 168 ganda." If we recall the ceaseless campaign of falsification concerning not only Russia but the entire labor movement of the world that is being carried on by the London Daily Herald and other Sovietist or pro-Soviet organs of Great Britain, circulated not only in that country but all over the world, we can realize the enormous damage that has been inflicted upon the British labor movement by the gold which the Bolshevists have looted from the poverty-stricken population of Russia.


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Page:Pacific Historical Review, volume 1, number 1.djvu/12

 of the mountain, pointing with outstretched arm to the western horizon, and saying to the flying passenger, “There is the East! There is India!”

Last, but not least, it was during this decade that California came within the scope of practical politics and Manifest Destiny. “California,” declared Benton in 1846, “become independent of Mexico by the revolt of the Picos, and independent of them by the revolt of the American settlers, had its destiny to fulfill — which was, to be handed over to the United States. So that its incorporation with the American Republic was equally sure in any and every event.” In a political letter in the same year, William H. Seward announced his belief that “Our population is destined to roll its resistless waves to the icy barriers of the North, and to encounter oriental civilization on the shores of the Pacific.”

Thus early did Seward enter upon his grandiloquent career as perhaps the most persistent exponent of the doctrine of America’s unescapable and all-including destiny. To him no prospect was more exhilarating than that offered by the opportunities on the shores of the Pacific and across its waters. “The Atlantic states, through their commercial, social, and political affinities and sympathies,” said he, during the debate on the admission of California in 1850, “are steadily renovating the governments and the social constitutions of Europe and of Africa. The Pacific states must necessarily perform the same sublime and beneficient functions in Asia. If, then, the American people shall remain an undivided nation, the ripening civilization of the West, after a separation growing wider and wider for four thousand years, will, in its circuit of the world, meet again and mingle with the declining civilization of the East on our own free soil, and a new and more perfect civilization will arise to bless the earth, under the sway of our own cherished and beneficient democratic institutions.” Later in


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As early developed almost as the conceptive faculty, the sense of Resemblance agrees with it in the circumstance that it comes into play independently of any conscious effort of the mind: it is an ; and the culture of both may be carried very far without making any demand upon the power of continuous attention, and therefore, without expending that force which we wish to keep in reserve. The same nearly may be affirmed concerning the perception of analogy.

Nevertheless, while a field is open to us in this direction, where much may be done with little labour, the ultimate product of the means we are using is great and manifold. The culture of these spontaneous faculties may be compared to the farming of pasture land, where the produce is large in proportion to the number of hands employed, or to the labour annually bestowed; but the culture of the abstractive and reasoning faculties, is like the farming of arable land; where the crop, how valuable soever it may be, is hardly obtained, by dint of toil—acre by acre, rood by rood, foot by foot.

The due culture of the two, that is to say of the Conceptive faculty, and of the perception of Resemblance and Analogy, constitutes the preparation for whatever else,


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Rh argument has been sustained by Protestants, in proof of the scepticism of the Roman system. Who does not see that Romanism erring on the whole in superstition not in unbelief, this is an unreal argument, which will but offend doubting and distressed minds, as if they were played with; however plausibly and successfully it might be sustained in a trial of strength, and whatever justice there really may be in it? Nor is it becoming, over and above its inexpediency, to dispute for victory not for truth, and to be careless of the manner in which we urge conclusions, however sound and important. Again, when it is said that the saints cannot hear our prayers, unless God reveal them to them; so that Almighty God, upon the Roman theory, conveys from us to them those requests which they are to ask back again of Him for us, we are certainly using an unreal, because an unscriptural argument; Moses on the Mount having the sin of his people first revealed to him by God, that he in turn might intercede with God for them. Indeed, it is through Him "in whom we live, and move, and have our being," that we are able in this life to hear the requests of each other, and to present them to Him in prayer. Such an argument then, while shocking and profane to the feelings of a Romanist, is shallow even in the judgment of a philosopher. Here may be mentioned the unwarrantable application of texts, such as that of John v. 39. "Search the Scriptures," in disproof of the Roman doctrine that the Apostles have handed down some necessary truths by Catholic Tradition; or again, Eccles. xi. 3. "If the tree fall towards the south, or towards the north, in the place where the tree falleth, there it shall be," as a palmary objection to Purgatory.

The arguments, then, which we use, must be such as are likely to convince serious and earnest minds, which are really seeking for the truth, not amusing themselves with intellectual combats, or desiring to support an existing opinion any how. However popular these latter methods may be, of however long standing, however easy both to find and to use, they are a scandal; and, while they lower our religious standard from the first, they are sure of hurting our cause in the end. But again, our arguments must not only be true and practical, they must avoid being abstract arguments and on abstract points. For instance, it will do

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8 us little good with the common run of men, in the question of the Pope's power, to draw the distinction, true though it is, between his primacy in honour and authority, and his sovereignty or his universal jurisdiction. The force of the distinction is not here questioned, but it will be unintelligible to minds unpractised in ecclesiastical history. Either the Bishop of Rome has really a claim upon our deference, or he has not; so it will be urged; and our safe argument at the present day will lie in waiving the question altogether, and saying that, even if he has, according to the primitive rule, ever so much authority, (and that he has some, e.g. the precedence of other bishops, need not be denied,) that it is in matter of fact altogether suspended, and under abeyance, while he upholds a corrupt system against which it is our duty to protest. At present all will see he ought to have no "jurisdiction, power, superiority, preeminence, or authority, within this realm." It will be time enough to settle his legitimate claims, and make distinctions, when he removes all existing impediments to our acknowledging him; it will be time enough to argue on this subject, after first deciding the other points of the controversy. Again, the question of the Rule of Faith is an abstract one to men in general, till the progress of the controversy opens its bearings upon them. True, the intelligible argument of ultra-Protestantism may be taken, and we may say, "The Bible, and nothing but the Bible," but this is an unthankful rejection of another great gift, equally from God, such as no true Anglican can tolerate. If, on the other hand, we proceed to take the sounder view, that the Bible is the record of necessary truth, or of matters of faith, and the Church Catholic's tradition is the interpreter of it, then we are in danger of refined and intricate questions, which are uninteresting and uninfluential with the many. It is not till they are made to see that certain notable tenets of Romanism depend solely on the Apocrypha, or on Tradition, not on Scripture, that they will understand why the question of the Rule of Faith is an important one.

It has been already said that our arguments must also keep clear, as much as possible, of the subjects more especially sacred. This is our privilege in these latter days, if we understand it, that with all that is painful in our controversies, we are spared that distressing necessity which lay upon the early Church, of discus-

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Rh sing questions relative to the divine nature. The doctrines of the Trinity and Incarnation, form a most distressing subject of discussion, for two reasons; first, as involving the direct contemplation of heavenly things, when one should wish to bow the head and be silent; next as leading to arguments about things possible and impossible with God, that is (practically) to a rationalistic line of thought. How He is Three and yet One, how He could become man, what were the peculiarities of that union, how He could be every where as God, yet locally present as man, in what sense God could be said to sufier, die, and rise again,—all these questions were endured as a burden by the early Christians for our sake, who come after; and with the benefit of their victories over error, as if we had borne the burden and heat of the day, it were perverse indeed in us, to plunge into needless discussions of the same character. This consideration will lead us to put into the back ground the controversy about the Holy Eucharist, which is almost certain to lead to profane and rationalistic thoughts in the minds of the many, and cannot well be discussed in words at all, without the sacrifice of "godly fear," while it is well nigh anticipated by the ancient statements, and the determinations of the Church concerning the Incarnation. It is true that learned men, such as Stillingfleet, have drawn lines of distinction between the doctrine of transubstantiation, and that high mystery; but the question is, whether they are so level to the intelligence of the many, as to secure the Anglican disputant from fostering irreverence, whether in himself or his hearers, if he ventures on such an argument. If transubstantiation must be opposed, it is in another way; by showing, as may well be done, and as Stillingfleet himself has done, that, in matter of fact, it was not the doctrine of the early Church, but an innovation at such or such a time; a line of discussion which requires learning both to receive and to appreciate.

In order to illustrate the above view, the following are selected by way of specimen of those practical grievances, to which Christians are subjected in the Roman Communion, and which should be put into the foreground in the controversy.

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10 1. The denial of the cup to the laity. Considering the great importance of the holy eucharist to our salvation, this seems a very serious consideration for those who seek to be saved. Our Lord says, "Except ye eat the flesh of the Son of Man and drink His blood, ye have no life in you." If it be recriminated, as it sometimes is, that we think it no risk to sprinkle instead of immersing in baptism, it is obvious to answer that we not only do not forbid, we enjoin immersion; we only do not forbid sprinkling in the case of infants, and that the laity are defrauded, if defrauded, by their own fault, or the fault of the age, not the fault of the Church.

2. The necessity of the priest's intention to the validity of the Sacraments. The Church of Rome has determined, that a Sacrament does not confer grace unless the priest means it to do so; so that if he be an unbeliever, nay, if he, from malice or other cause, withholds his intention, it is not a means of salvation. Now, considering what the Romanists themselves will admit, the great practical corruption of the Church at various times,—considering that infidels and profligates have been in the Papal Chair, and in other high stations,—who can answer, on the Church of Rome's own ground, that there is still preserved to it the Apostolical succession as conveyed in its sacrament of Orders? what individual can answer that he himself really receives in the consecrated wafer, even that moiety of the great Christian blessing which alone remains to him in the Roman Communion? We indeed, believe, (and with comfort) that the administration of the Sacrament is effectual in those Churches, in spite of their undermining their own claim to the gift. Still let it be recollected, no one can become a Romanist without believing that the Church he has joined has no truer certainty of possessing it than that communion which, probably on the very account of its uncertainty in this matter, he has deemed it right to abandon.

3. The necessity of confession. By the council of Trent, every member of the Church must confess himself to a priest once a year at least. This confession extends to all mortal sins, that is, to all sins which either are done willingly or are of any magnitude. Without this confession, which must be accompanied by hearty sorrow for the things confessed, no one can be partaker of

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Rh the Holy Communion. Here is a third obstacle in the way of our receiving the grace of the Sacraments in the Roman Church, which surely requires our diligent examination, before it be passed over. That there is no such impediment sanctioned in Scripture, is plain, yet to believe in it is a point of faith with the Romanist. The practice is grievous enough; but it is not enough to submit to it; you must believe that it is part of the gospel doctrine, or you are committing one of those mortal sins which are to be confessed; and you must believe, moreover, that every one who does not believe it, is excluded from the hope of salvation. But, not to dwell on the belief in the necessity of confession itself, consider the number of points of faith which the Church of Rome has set up. You must believe every one of them; if you have allowed yourself to doubt any one of them, you must repent of it, and confess it to the priest. If you knowingly omit any one such doubt you have entertained, and much more if you still cherish it, your confession is worse than useless; nay, such conduct is considered sacrilege, or the sin against the Holy Ghost. Further, if, under such circumstances, you partake of the Communion, it is a partaking of it unworthily to your condemnation.

4. The unwarranted anathemas of the Roman Church is a subject to which the last head has led us. Here let us put aside, at present, the prejudice which has been excited in the minds of Protestants, against the principle itself of anathematizing, by the variety and comparative unimportance of the subjects upon which the Roman Church has applied it in practice. Let us consider merely the state of the case in that Church. Every Romanist is, by the creed of his Church, in mortal sin, unless he believes every one else excluded from Christian salvation, who, with means of knowing, yet declines any one of those points which have been ruled to be points of faith. If a man for instance, who has had the means of instruction, doubts the Church's power of granting indulgences, he is exposed, according to the Romanists, to eternal ruin. Now this consideration, one would think, ought to weigh with those of our own Church who may be half converts to the Roman; not that our own salvation is not our first concern, but

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PAGE 32 BRASSIERES

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beheld a gentleman walking briskly up to the house.

"Another of them! What'll the neighbours be saying!" moaned Miss Virginia, turning pale. Nevertheless, with a courageous front, and carrying behind her back a rolling-pin, she opened the door at the gentleman's ring.

"Miss Grantley, I presume?" he suggested politely. Even while he spoke her quick eye had gathered a number of impressions. He was tallish, a bit stout—but not noticeably so—wore a Vandyke beard, and glasses, and was well dressed in dark grey. "The wretch!" thought Miss Virginia, as she nodded silently in acquiescence, and slowly she brought the rolling-pin into view.

"I am very sorry," the stranger said in a well-modulated voice, "to disturb you at your baking, but"

"I wasn't baking," Miss Virginia interjected crisply.

"Oh, then, that is all right. I called to ask"

"If your name is Kidd and if you have lost a suit case I will talk business," said Miss Grantley, her chin lifted high. "Otherwise I must request you to go away, before"

And she lifted the rolling-pin to her shoulder with an intimidating movement.

"My dear Madam, I"

"Not a word! You are here to take up my time, I see. I am leaving town on the nine-thirty train and haven't a moment to waste."

"Ah! well, in that case, of course, I must look up some one else, Can you tell me if there is another lady in the village who occasionally does home-nursing, besides yourself?"

“Home-nursing! Who told you that I"

"Why, a number of people warmly recommended you. I am in search of a gentlewoman, not necessarily a trained nurse, who will look after my little girl for a few days. She has sprained her ankle and I don't care to move her just yet."

"Where is she?" asked Miss Virginia, now feeling like the proverbial penny-with-a-hole-in-it.

"She is at the only hotel there seems to be here. We motored in late last night from Jackson's Point where the accident occurred, thinking when we set out that we could make Toronto, but I had tire trouble and we were delayed."

"Of course, I'll go. I can easily put off my visit until another time," said Miss Grantley cordially, "I beg your pardon for my—er—shortness. Won't you come in and sit down? I'll be ready in no time. Poor little thing! Her mother, I suppose, wasn't along. She'll certainly be shocked to know of the accident."

"Dorothy has no mother," said the gentleman,

"I am a widower, Thank you, this chair will do nicely."

"What does the doctor say about her?"

"Why, the fact is I'm her doctor."

The gentleman took out a card-case, selected a card and extended it.

She read: "O. W. Kidd, M. D."

HEN she grew pale. Was this a clever hoax? She sent a sidelong glance at Dr. Kidd. He looked quite unequivocal.

"You—you—haven't lost a suit case?" she queried faintly.

"Oh, that's twice you've mentioned a suit case!" he exclaimed. "And I was just going to ask you, by-the-way, why you addressed me by my name, almost as soon as you saw me? To my knowledge I never saw you before, unless—wait, now I have it! I was wondering of whom you reminded me. Did you ever get swamped from a leaky boat?"

For a full minute Miss Grantley stared at the speaker. Affairs were moving with too great rapidity for even her brisk intellect.

"I—I had a narrow escape from drowning, once," she said at last.

"And a red-headed youth, who happened to be the only person about, fished you out?"

"Yes! Gracious goodness! Are you a wizard? Are you—you're not"

"Yes, I am! Of course the hair has become toned down a bit. Twenty years make a difference, you know. But something about your face struck me after you spoke to me."

"You didn't leave your name that time."

"Why should I have done so?"

"You save me life. A hero"

"A thief, not a hero! I was but a bird of passage—bicycling bird—and if I remember rightly, I had gone down to the bank to steal some St. Lawrence apples. They have always been my favourites."

Miss Virginia's face was pink with excitement.

“Why, some of those very trees are still standing! I—I have always loved St. Lawrences, too, There'll be a good crop this year."

ISS VIRGINIA put on her hat, her hands all stremble. Then they set out for the hotel and on the way told the tale of the missing suit case and of her two callers.

"That reminds me," said Dr. Kidd suddenly, "my man lost his suit case only last week, when he was on his way to London to see a sick brother. He and somebody else got their wires crossed, and he arrived at his destination with a grip full of dressgoods, ribbon, laces, and embroideries, and women's fal-lals"

"Is he a short man?" cut in Miss Virginia almost stopping in her tracks.

"Yes, indeed."

"And sandy?"

"Sandy as—as a dishonest grocer's sugar barrel!"

"With a finger missing?"

"Yes, Miss Sherlock! and it was Dr. Kidd's turn to look astonished: "The plot thickens methinks."

"Then, for goodness' sake send him to Cloverdale at once, please. My blue crepe de chine must be made up before the end of the month "

But the doctor clapped his hands. "Ha! Now, I know! Two or three months ago I presented Bates with an old suit case of my own. It very probably had my name in it and that is why Kidd tripped so easily off your lips! You see I wondered how you knew my name when, to my certain knowledge, I hadn't been near this charming little village since my early manhood."

"You—you haven't changed very much—really."

"I am flattered to have been remembered."

"If you will accept a bit of advice"

"Gladly."

"Then do try to make a proper 'W'."

Little Dorothy fell in love with Miss Grantley So soon as she saw her. As the doctor had already done so, there can be but one ending to this tale. When the St. Lawrence apples were ripe Miss Virginia became Mrs. Oliver William Kidd, and she always insists on writing it out in full just like that. What she calls her husband in private is none of our business, but it is said that they are a very happy couple, and who are we that we should doubt it?

you come in that first night at the Practice, and afterward at church you watched and listened to me so eagerly that sometimes I forgot that there was any one else in the church and I seemed to sing for you alone—just as I had sometimes fancied she did.

"After that a great friendship grew between us that soon ripened into intimacy. I believed that her friendliness for me was simply out of sympathy for my need of her, both physically and spiritually, for I had told her frankly that I had not been a good man, and how I had been afraid of the "Afterwards." But I knew I loved her—worshipped the very ground she walked on—but I never once dreamed of telling her go. Then one day when we knew I was soon to be sent back here, there were tears in her eyes as she said she would miss me and did not want me to forget her after I left.

"Forget her! Oh, God knows I did not mean to do it, but in a minute I was Pouring out all my love for her, reminding her of how I had never forgotten her for one moment since the first night I had seen her; how it was the thought of her that had inspired me to any little good I had ever done, and if I ever got to Heaven it be because of her. I told her that I was not speak to even—me, with a prison record. When I got through I expected to find her angry, but, instead, she simply looked at me for a moment with a world of love in her eyes and then stooped and kissed me.

"'Perhaps you have been bad in the past,' she smiled, 'but there is still a great deal of good in one who can do what you have done.'

"You see she had been reading the papers, and some of them had been saying a lot of flattering things about a bit of a job I did out there—the time I won this ornament. I tried to tell her that what I had done was nothing—that any soldier would have been only too glad of the opportunity to do it. But I could not convince her. Then I spoke again of how wicked I used to be.

"'We shall forget all about your past,' she answered. 'It is burled now. We shall talk only of our future.'

"Do you realize it? didn't, at first; but that sweet, pure-hearted girl loved me and was willing to share the future with me. In vain I protested that I was unworthy. She said that my love and service had atoned for my past.

"And so we became engaged and I was wondrously happy, though I knew all the time that it was too good to last, and that I would eventually awaken from my dream. Only once did ever hear her speak unkindly of any one,


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12 that such cruelty as this is, such narrowing the Scripture terms of salvation, (for no one can say this doctrine is found in Scripture,) is a presumption against the purity of that Church's teaching. But a further reflection may be added to the above. Such as have not had an opportunity of knowing the truth, are, it must be observed, not exposed to this condemnation. This at first sight would seem a comfort to those whose relations and friends have died in Protestantism. But observe, the Church of Rome, we know, retains the practice of praying for the dead. It will be natural for a convert from Protestantism, first of all, to turn his thoughts towards those dearest relations, say his parents, who have lived and died in involuntary ignorance of Catholicism. He is not allowed to do so, he can only pray for the souls in Purgatory; none have the privilege of being in Purgatory but such as have died in the communion of the Roman Church, and his parents died in Protestantism.

5. Purgatory may be mentioned as another grievous doctrine of Romanism. Here again, if Scripture, as interpreted by tradition, taught it, we should be bound to receive it; but, knowing as we do, that even St. Austin questioned the doctrine in the fifth century, we may well suspect the evidence for it. The doctrine is this; that a certain definite punishment is exacted by Almighty God for all sins committed after baptism; and that they who have not by sufferings in this life, whether trouble, penance, and the like, run through it, must complete it during the intermediate state in a place called Purgatory. Again, all who die in venial sin, that is, in sins of infirmity, such as are short of mortal, go to Purgatory also. Now what a light does this throw upon the death of beloved and revered friends! Instead of their "resting from their labours," as Scripture says, there are (ordinarily speaking) none who have not to pass a time of trial and purification, and, as Romanists commonly believe, in fire, or a torment analogous to fire. There is no one who can for himself look forward to death with hope and humble thankfulness. Tell the sufferer upon a sick bed that his earthly pangs are to terminate in Purgatory, what comfort can he draw from religion? If it be said, that it is a comfort in the case of bad men, who have

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86

And make, no doubt, us happy by his reign.

On him I lay that you would lay on me,

The right and fortune of his happy stars;

Which God defend that I should wring from him!

Buck. My lord, this argues conscience in your Grace;

But the respects thereof are nice and trivial,

All circumstances well considered.

You say that Edward is your brother's son:

So say we too, but not by Edward's wife;

For first was he contract to Lady Lucy,—

Your mother lives a witness to his vow,—

And afterward by substitute betroth'd

To Bona, sister to the King of France.

These both put off, a poor petitioner,

A care-craz'd mother to a many sons,

A beauty-waning and distressed widow,

Even in the afternoon of her best days,

Made prize and purchase of his wanton eye,

Seduc'd the pitch and height of his degree

To base declension and loath'd bigamy:

By her, in his unlawful bed, he got

This Edward, whom our manners call the prince.

More bitterly could I expostulate,

Save that, for reverence to some alive,

I give a sparing limit to my tongue.

Then, good my lord, take to your royal self

This proffer'd benefit of dignity;

If not to bless us and the land withal,

Yet to draw forth your noble ancestry

 171 happy stars; cf. n.

174 respects nice: considerations on which your arguments are founded are overscrupulous

178 contract: contracted; cf. n. line 5

179 a witness; cf. n.

183 care-craz'd: shattered by care

186 purchase: booty

187 pitch; cf. n.

188 declension: gradual falling away from a high standard

bigamy; cf. n.

191 expostulate: expound

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THE LADIES'

NATIONAL MAGAZINE,

EDITED BY

M RS.

---

ANN

S.

S T E P H E N S.

-

-

W 0 L U M E W III. FROM JULY TO DECEMBER, INCLUSIVE.

PHIL AD E L PHIA:

C H A R L E S J. PETER SON. 1845.

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 |T. Ngw YoFK PU BLIC LIBRARY

597618 As roa, LEwox * TILLEN Fous ox7.*.*. R

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JUNE 1917 and that was just a couple of days before I came away.

"I had been speaking of my unworthiness. "'Why,' I said, 'the very name I offer you is not my own; it is assumed.'

"'Oh,' she laughed, 'there is no great crime in that. As a matter-of-fact, Alice Ferguson is not my real name either. You see, my parents are dead, and when Mr. and Mrs. Ferguson adopted me they insisted that I take their name.'

"Even as she said these words some presentiment chilled my blood before she continued, a little brokenly, as if it were hard for her to say what she did.

"'You see,' she went on, 'I have a brother who is a disgrace to the family, and Mr, Ferguson was afraid that, some day, he might come back and find me out by my name and bring sorrow to me, so I took their name.'

"'You have a brother,' I stammered, 'is he still living?'

"'I don't know, but sometimes I hope not.' Her voice had grown so bitter I scarcely recognized it. 'I don't remember very much about him, for I was very little when he left home. But I know he killed my mother—she died because of the disgrace he brought on his name; and my father never got over it either. On his death-bed Father made me promise that if ever my brother came back I would not speak to him. He must have been very bad; though, perhaps, Father may have been too harsh with him, for what little I can remember of him he was very good and kind to me.'

HE had been looking out of the window while she said this; as if she were half-ashamed to speak of her brother. Ashamed before me! Good Lord! Had she been looking at me, she surely must have guessed! In my anguish I groaned aloud. Alice turned to me quickly.

"'Oh, George, you are ill, I should not have worried you about this. You are deathly white,'

"She got me a glass of water, but she never suspected the truth—that I was the brother she had been taught to remember so bitterly. And I did not dare tell her. Oh, I am a moral coward all right, even if I was never once afraid of all the guns and shells on the battle-field. No, I did not tell her; I could not. But before I came away I left a letter for her in which I asked her to try to forget me, as I was all unworthy of her and it was utterly impossible that I could let her share my name.

"I have had one letter from her since. Poor girl! She does not understand, and still believes that some day she will be my wife. I have not written to her again. I cannot; I cannot own up to her that I am the brother she has been taught to hate. I have lost her completely; and I have even lost the father to whom I had begun to plan of going back, to make what reparation I could in his old age—even my father is dead."

"Why are you so sure your father is dead?" suddenly asked my companion, who had kept perfectly still while the man had been speaking. So absorbed in his story had I been that I had quite forgotten the girl with me. Now, as I looked at her, I was astonished; she was leaning eagerly forward, two great tears glistened on her cheeks but her eyes shone wondrously.

"Why do you think your father is dead?" she repeated.

The man stared at her.

"Why, Alice told me he was dead," he answered wonderingly.

"Alice Ferguson is not your sister, There is ho reason why you should not marry her."

The soldier started, and stared incredulously.

"Back at the old home," the young woman continued, "your father, James Holden, still lives and has learned of what you have done. He is feeble and ailing, but is praying that his strength will last until his boy comes back to forgive and be forgiven. He was not able to come to you himself, but he sent me." She was standing now, looking eagerly at the man.

He had also risen and was gazing at her, his face bright with a great, yearning hope.

"And you—you are—" his outstretched arms finished the question.

"I am your sister. I am Alice Holden."

bout one woman in five hundred knows how to make a cup of good tea, but not one in five thousand knows how to serve a cup of good tea.

The making is simple; warm the pot, have fresh water freshly boiled and still boiling, put the tea into the pot, pour on the boiling water and—there you are! The flavour depends on the taste in teas of the housekeeper, and the strength depends on what she considers good for the family.

The serving is equally simple—when you know how. Time is of the utmost importance, but although we have heard this over and over again, how few of us really realize it? The best tea ever grown can be spoilt in the serving. We tell each other that tea should not be allowed to steep more than three minutes, and sometimes—when we happen to think of it—we do pour it out about that time.

But even when this is done with the first cup, how about the unfortunate second cup? Isn't it equally true of it, that it should not steep more than three minutes? Remember, the steeping process does not stop when we decide that it is sufficiently steeped to be ready to pour. It goes on steeping so long as it is on the leaves. Therefore, to serve tea properly, pour it into another warmed teapot at the end of three minutes.

Tre LUX Bath

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The air of perfect seg Uae and contentment of babies brought up on Savory & Moore's Food is con- stantly a subject of remark. This is simply because it is so easily di- gested, so nourishing and satisfy- ing, in fact an ideal food for babies in every way.

Get a tin of Savory & Moore's Food to-day from your Stores, and note how eagerly baby will take it, and what marked improvement and steady progress will follow its use,

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