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258 sure, that the heroines of such books are acting very wrongly in embarking upon these secret intrigues; but I had much rather she did not know that such things go on in the world at all.’ ‘This is really too much!’ thought Murasaki. ‘That he should come straight from one of his interminable visits to Tamakatsura and at once begin lecturing me on how to bring up young ladies!’

‘I should be very sorry,’ she said, ‘if she read books in which licentious characters were too obviously held up to her as an example. But I hope you do not wish to confine her reading to The Hollow Tree. Lady Até certainly knows how to look after herself, in a blundering sort of way; and she gets her reward in the end, but at the expense of so grim a tenacity in all her dealings that, in reading the book, we hardly feel her to be a woman at all.’ ‘Not only did such women actually exist in those days,’ replied Genji, ‘but I can assure you that we have them still among us. It comes of their being brought up by unsocial and inhuman people who have allowed a few one-sided ideas to run away with them. The immense pains which people of good family often take over their daughters’ education is apt to lead only to the production of spiritless creatures whose minds seem to grow more and more childlike in proportion to the care which is lavished on their upbringing. Their ignorance and awkwardness are only too apparent; and after wondering in what, precisely, this superior education consisted, people begin to regard not only the children as humbugs but the parents as well.

‘On the other hand if the children happen to have natural talents, parents of this kind at once attribute the faintest sign of such endowment to the efficacy of their own inhuman

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Rh system, and become distressingly pleased with themselves, using with regard to some very ordinary girl or stripling terms of the most extravagant eulogy. The world consequently expects much more of the unfortunate creatures than they can possibly perform, and having waited in vain for them to do or say something wonderful, begins to feel a kind of grudge against them….’

‘Overpraise,’ he added, ‘does a great deal of harm to the young. Servants are very dangerous in this respect….’ Nevertheless he did not object, as Murasaki had often noticed, to the little Princess from Akashi being praised by any one who came along, and he often put himself to immense trouble in order that she might escape a scolding which he knew she thoroughly deserved.

Step-mothers in books usually behave very spitefully towards the children entrusted to them. But he was now learning by his own experience that in real life this does not always happen. In choosing books for Murasaki and her charge he was therefore careful to eliminate those that depict step-mothers in the traditional light; for he feared she might otherwise think he was trying to give her a quite unnecessary warning.

Yūgiri, as has been said before, saw very little of Murasaki; but it was natural that he should sometimes visit his little sister, the Princess from Akashi, and Genji did not discourage this. On the contrary he was anxious to establish an affectionate relationship between them. For Genji, young though he still was, often thought of what would happen after his death, and he could imagine circumstances in which the princess might stand sorely in need of her brother’s help. He therefore gave the boy permission to visit her and even go behind her curtains-of-state as often as he chose, though he still forbad him to enter into conversation with Lady Murasaki’s gentlewomen. So few

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

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 3. The General Synod of Zerawitz (1616), in the official preface to the Ratio Disciplinae, (p. 3 and 4) says:

4. Comenius (Ratio Disciplinae, Sect. 61, p. 18) says:

5. Adrian Wengersky (Regenvolscius, I, 8, p. 33), to quote the translation which Perceval has himself given, says:

6. Gindely, in his “Geschichte der Bœhmischen Brueder” (vol. I, p. 37), says:

7. The Roman Catholic Encyclopaedia, one of the greatest modern works of the Romish Church—“Kirchen-Lexicon, oder Encyclopaedie der Katholischen Theologie und Kirche, von Wetzer und Welte. Freiburg, in Breisgau, 1848”—which called forth the Protestant Encyclopaedia edited by Herzog, in its article on the Bohemian and Moravian Brethren (vol. II, p. 65), says:

“The Brethren living scattered through the country occasionally met in council for the purpose of mutual deliberations. One subject, which at such times particularly engaged their attention, was the manner in


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260 were the children of the house that a great deal more trouble was taken about them than is usually the case. Yūgiri certainly seemed to have repaid this care. In the ordinary affairs of life he showed great judgment and good-sense, and Genji had the comfortable feeling that whatever went amiss, Yūgiri at least could always be relied upon.

The little girl was only seven years old and dolls were still her principal interest. Yūgiri, who a year or two ago used so often to play just such games with his little companion at the Great Hall, made an excellent major-domo of the doll’s-house, though the part, bringing as it did a host of recollections to his mind, was often a painful one. Indeed more than once he was obliged to turn away for an instant, his eyes full of tears. During these visits he naturally met many of the princess’s other playmates, and a great deal of chattering took place on every conceivable subject. He took his share in these conversations; but he did not get to know any of the little girls at all well, nor did they, so far as he could see, take any particular interest in him. Was all that side of life forever to be closed to him? Yūgiri asked himself. But though this was the thought which instantly recurred to him during these meetings, his outward behaviour seemed only to betoken complete indifference. His green badge! Yes, it was that which lay at the bottom not only of these smaller troubles but also of the great disaster which had wrecked all his chances of happiness.

Sometimes the idea came to him that if he simply went straight to Kumoi’s father and tackled him about the matter—insisted, shouted, made a great scene—Tō no Chūjō would suddenly give in. But he had suffered enough

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Rh already in private; there was nothing to be gained by also making himself publicly ridiculous. No, the better way was to convince Kumoi herself by his behaviour, above all by a complete and obvious indifference to the rest of the world, that so far as his own feelings were concerned nothing was altered by one jot or tittle since the day when he first told her of his love.

Between him and her brothers slight difficulties were always arising which resulted, for the time being, in a certain coldness. For example, Kashiwagi, Kumoi’s eldest brother, in ignorance of the fact that Lady Tamakatsura was his sister, continued to pay his addresses to her, and finding that his letters often failed to reach their destination, naturally turned to Yūgiri for assistance. Never once did he offer to perform a similar service in return, though it was presumably as easy for him to see Kumoi as it was for Yūgiri to see Tamakatsura. The request irritated him and he firmly refused. Not that they ceased to be friends; for their relationship, like that of their fathers, had always been built up of small rivalries and feuds.

Tō no Chūjō had an unusually large number of children, most of whom had amply fulfilled, as regards both popularity and attainments, the high promise of their early years. His position in the State had enabled him to do extremely well for all his sons. As regards his daughters (who were, however, not so numerous) he had been less fortunate. His plans for the future of the eldest girl had entirely miscarried; he had signified his desire to present Lady Kumoi at Court, but had hitherto received no command to do so. He had not in all these years ever forgotten the little girl who, along with her mother, had so mysteriously disappeared, and sometimes spoke of her to those who had at the time been aware of his attachment to that unhappy

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262 lady. What had become of them both? He imagined that her strange timidity had driven the mother to take flight with that exquisite child into some lonely and undiscoverable place. He fell into the habit of staring hard into the face of every girl whom he met; and the commoner, the more ill-clad and wretched the creature was, the surer he became that this was his lost child. For the lower she had sunk, the less likely it was that she would be able to persuade any one that she was indeed his daughter. It was impossible, he felt, that sooner or later one or other of his agents should not get news of her, and then what reparation he would make for the down-trodden existence that she must now be leading! He told his sons her child-name and begged them to report to him immediately if they should ever come across any one who bore it. ‘In my early days,’ he said, ‘I am afraid I became involved in a great many rather purposeless intrigues. But this was quite a different matter. I cared for the mother very deeply indeed, and it distresses me intensely that I should not only have lost the confidence of the lady herself, but also have been able to do nothing at all for the one child that bore witness to our love.’

For long periods, especially if nothing happened to remind him of the matter, he succeeded in putting it out of his head. But whenever he heard of any one adopting a stray girl or taking some supposed poor relation into their house, he at once became very suspicious, made innumerable enquiries and was bitterly disappointed when it was finally proved to him that his supposition was entirely unfounded.

About this time he had a curious dream, and sending for the best interpreters of the day asked them what it meant. ‘It seems to mean,’ they said, ‘that you have at last heard what has become of a child that you had lost sight of for

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Rh many years, the reason that you have failed to discover her being that she is thought by the world at large to be some one else’s child.’ ‘Heard what has become…’ he faltered. ‘No, on the contrary I have heard no such thing. I cannot imagine what you are talking about.’

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text: A Wreath of Cloud/Chapter 7

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 which they should supply the want of ministers which they already began to feel. After long consultations, about seventy of the most influential of the Brethren from Bohemia and Moravia met, in the year 1467, and chose by lot three men, Matthias Kunwald, Thomas Prelautsch und Elias Krenov, who were recognized as se apart by God for the ministry of the Brethren. And as a body of Waldenses bad settled on the Moravian Austrian frontier, of whom the Brethren knew that they had legitimate Bishops, descended from the Apostles in an unbroken succession, they caused those three elected candidates (this is evidently an inaccuracy, it should be, three previously ordained priests) to be consecrated Bishops with the imposition of hands, by the Waldensian Bishop Stephen, who was afterward burned at Vienna.”

8. Zeschwitz, a Doctor of the University of Erlangen, of Moravian parentage, but himself a bigoted Lutheran, in his recent work, which we have repeatedly cited, which is wholly devoted to the relation subsisting between the Waldenses and the Bohemian Brethren, and which contains, as was to be expected, not a few unfavorable opinions concerning the latter, says, speaking of the consecration of the first Moravian Bishops by Stephen:

9. The Brethren’s earliest enemies and persecutors, whose tacit acknowledgment of the validity of their episcopacy is a most remarkable evidence. Never did these bitter controversialists and bloody men call it into question. Rokycana denounced the institution of a separate ministry, and heaped woes upon the heads of the Brethren, not because he could say that they pretended to have lawful bishops, but because they had consecrated unlearned laymen, and inducted them into ao holy an office. If he had known that the claims of the Waldensian episcopacy were invalid, as he would have known in case they had been invalid, is it credible that he would have remained silent upon this subject?

Omitting the numerous Moravian writers of modern times, whose evidence might be added, and summing up merely these nine points of testimony, we find: that the most ancient historian of the Brethren, appointed to collect materials for their history; the Reformed author in point of time next after him, and fully conver-


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 {|style="width:100%"|
 * style="width:50%"|[文學 과 知性] 詩人選
 * style="width:50%"|“Munhak kwa chisŏng” siinsŏn
 * [詩 와 解放] 동인 시집
 * “Si wa haebang” tongin sijip
 * }
 * }

Appendix 1: Suggested Dictionaries

For contemporary publications from South Korea and North Korea:

1. 국립 국어 연구원. 표준 국어 대사전. (Online Version)

Kungnip Kugŏ Yŏn’guwŏn. P’yojun Kugŏ taesajŏn http://stdweb2.korean.go.kr/main.jsp

2. 과학 백과 사전 출판사. 조선 말 사전. (평양: 과학 백과 사전 출판사, 2004)

Kwahak Paekkwa Sajŏn Ch’ulp’ansa. Chosŏn mal sajŏn (P’yŏngyang: Kwahak Paekkwa Sajŏn Ch’ulp’ansa, 2004)

For reading and pronunciation of Chinese characters:

1. 張 三植. 大 漢韓 辭典. (서울 특별시: 성문사, 1964)

Chang Sam-sik. Tae Han-Han sajŏn (Sŏul T’ŭkpyŏlsi : Sŏngmunsa, 1964)

2. 新 字典. ([Seoul]: 신문관, 1915: Reprint: [Seoul]: 조 용승, 1973)

Sin chajŏn. ([Seoul: Sinmun’gwan, 1915: Reprint: [Seoul]: Cho Yongsŭng, 1973]]) [sic]

Appendix 2: List of Auxiliary verbs

Please consult suggested dictionaries for additional auxiliary verbs

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 #가다 (진행) 늙어 간다, 되어 간다
 * 1) 가지다 (보유) 알아 가지고, 잡아 가지고
 * 2) 나다 (종결) 살아 나다, 살아 났다, 견뎌 났다
 * 3) 내다 (종결) 이겨 낸다, 참아 냈다
 * 4) 놓다 (보유) 열어 놓다, 적어 놓다
 * 5) 대다 (반복) 떠들어 댄다
 * 6) 두다 (보유) 알아 둔다, 적어 두어라
 * 7) 드리다 (수혜) 읽어 드린다, 도와 드린다
 * 8) 버리다 (종결) 놓쳐 버리다, 끊어 버렸다
 * 9) 보다 (시행) 뛰어 본다, 먹어 보다, 입어 보다, 들어 보다
 * 10) 쌓다 (반복) 웃어 쌓는다
 * 11) 오다 (진행) 참아 오다, 견뎌 온다, 견뎌 온
 * 12) 있다 (상태) 깨어 있다, 피어 있다, 앉아 있다, 살아 있었다
 * 13) 주다 (수혜) 도와 주다
 * 14) 지다 (피동) 넓어 지다, 이루어 진다, 예뻐 진다

Appendix 3: List of numeral quantifiers

Please consult suggested dictionaries for additional auxiliary verbs
 * 1) Amount: 양, 돈, 푼, 리, 전, 원
 * 2) Animals: 마리, 필, 두, 손
 * 3) Length: 자, 치, 푼, 마, 리, 마장, 발, 뼘
 * 4) Meals: 끼
 * 5) People: 사람, 분, 명, 인
 * 6) Quantity: 개, 가지, 그루, 포기, 자루, 켤레, 채, 대, 척, 장, 권, 짐, 쌈, 두름, 돗, 쾌, 손, 바퀴, 단, 다발, 건
 * 7) Time: 시, 분, 초, 일, 월, 년, 세기, 식경,
 * 8) Volume: 섬, 가마니, 푸대, 말, 되, 홉, 통, 동이, 잔, 병, 접시, 그릇
 * 9) Weight: 양, 돈, 푼, 근, 관

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 author and publisher were both in earnet. I therefore took it into my hands with all the expectation, and read it through with all the attention due to a treatie that made such a noise at its coming abroad, and cannot but confess my elf mightily urpried, that in a book, which was to provide chains for all mankind, I hould find nothing but a rope of and, ueful perhaps to uch, whole kill and buines it is to raie a dut, and would blind the people, the better to milead them; but in truth not of any force to draw thoe into bondage, who have their eyes open, and o much ene about them, as to conider, that chains are but an ill wearing, how much care oever hath been taken to file and polih them.

§. 2. If any one think I take too much liberty in peaking o freely of a man, who is the great champion of abolute power, and the idol of thoe who worhip it; I beeech him to make this mall allowance for once, to one, who, even after the reading of Sir Robert's book, cannot but think himelf, as the laws allow him, a freeman: and I know no fault it is to do o, unles any one better killed in the fate of it, than I, ould have it revealed to him, that this treatie, which has lain dormant o long, was, when it appeared in the world, to carry, by trength of its arguments, all liberty out of it; and that from


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 #Width: 간, 평, 마지기, 정보

Appendix 4: List of Prefixes

Please consult suggested dictionaries for additional auxiliary verbs

 * 1) 가 (假) - : 가건물, 가계약
 * 갓- : 갓스물
 * 강- : 강추위, 강호령, 강타자, 강행군
 * 개- : 개꿈, 개죽음, 개나발, 개수작, 개떡, 개망신, 개망나니
 * 1) 고 (古)- : 고가구, 고문서, 고서적, 고시조
 * 2) 고 (高)- : 고기압, 고소득, 고임금
 * 3) 과 (過)- : 과보호, 과소비
 * 4) 구 (舊)- : 구세대, 구시대, 구시가지
 * 군- : 군말, 군살, 군침, 군식구
 * 1) 난 (難)- : 난공사
 * 날- : 날강도, 날고기
 * 1) 냉 (冷)- : 냉가슴, 냉커피, 냉국
 * 2) 노 (老)- : 노부부, 노총각, 노처녀
 * 늦- : 늦더위, 늦장마, 늦둥이, 늦바람
 * 1) 다 (多)- : 다수확, 다목적, 다용도, 다방면
 * 2) 담 (淡)- : 담갈색, 담청색
 * 3) 대 (大)- : 대가족, 대기자 (大記者), 대보름, 대성공, 대선배
 * 덧- : 덧문, 덧니, 덧버선, 덧붙이다
 * 돌- : 돌미나리, 돌김, 돌미역
 * 되- : 되감다, 되돌아가다, 되찾다, 되잡다, 되살리다, 되씹다, 되새기다
 * 뒤- : 뒤끓다, 뒤덮다, 뒤얽히다, 뒤흔들다
 * 들- : 들개, 들기름, 들국화, 들새
 * 1) 들이- : 들이마시다, 들이받다, 들이밀다, 들이닥치다
 * 막- : 막국수, 막노동, 막말, 막일, 막벌이, 막차, 막판

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 #맏- : 맏딸, 맏며느리, 맏아들
 * 말- : 말벌, 말매미
 * 맞- : 맞대결, 맞대면, 맞먹다
 * 맨- : 맨손, 맨바닥, 맨주먹
 * 맹- : 맹물, 맹탕
 * 1) 맹 (猛)- : 맹공격, 맹활약
 * 2) 명 (名)- : 명가수, 명문장, 명사수, 명배우
 * 몰- : 몰매, 몰표
 * 1) 몰 (沒)- : 몰상식, 몰염치, 몰인정, 몰지각
 * 2) 무 (無)- : 무감각, 무일푼, 무질서
 * 3) 미 (美)- : 미소녀, 미남자
 * 4) 미 (未)- : 미개척, 미결재, 미성년, 미완성, 미해결
 * 민- : 민소매, 민머리, 민며느리
 * 1) 반 (反)- : 반비례, 반작용, 반지성적, 반체제
 * 2) 백 (白)- : 백구두, 백여우, 백장미, 백포도주
 * 3) 범 (汎)- : 범국민적, 범세계적, 범태평양
 * 4) 복 (復)- : 복모음
 * 5) 본 (本)- : 본계약, 본줄기, 본회의, 본뜻, 본고장, 본부인
 * 6) 부 (不)- : 부도덕, 부자유, 부정확
 * 7) 부 (副)- : 부반장, 부사장, 부산물, 부수입
 * 불- : 불호령, 불여우, 불개미
 * 1) 불 (不)- : 불가능, 불규칙, 불균형
 * 2) 비 (非)- : 비공개, 비공식, 비무장, 비민주적, 비인간적
 * 빗- : 빗대다, 빗면, 빗나가다, 빗맞다
 * 살- : 살얼음
 * 새- : 새까맣다, 새빨갛다 (only for color)
 * 샛- : 샛노란
 * 1) 생 (生)- : 생고기, 생쌀, 생나무, 생맥주, 생방송, 생트집, 생지옥
 * 선- : 선무당, 선웃음, 선하품
 * 1) 선 (先)- : 선이자

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 #설- : 설익다
 * 1) 성 (聖)- : 성만찬, 성주간
 * 2) 소 (小)- : 소강당, 소규모, 소극장, 소문자, 소사전
 * 수- : 수꿩, 수탉
 * 1) 수 (數)- : 수백, 수천
 * 숫- : 숫처녀
 * 시- : 시꺼멓다, 시퍼렇다
 * 1) 시 (媤)- : 시어머니, 시동생, 시누이
 * 2) 신 (新)- : 신기록, 신세대, 신여성, 신제품
 * 실- : 실개천, 실눈, 실버들, 실핏줄
 * 싯- : 싯누렇다, 싯뻘겋다
 * 알- : 알곡, 알몸, 알밤, 알부자, 알거지
 * 1) 양 (洋)- : 양과자, 양담배, 양약
 * 2) 양 (養)- : 양부모, 양아들, 양아버지
 * 엇- : 엇갈리다, 엇나가다, 엇비슷하다
 * 1) 여 (女)- : 여동생, 여배우, 여사장, 여학생
 * 2) 역 (逆)- : 역방향, 역선전, 역수출, 역효과
 * 3) 연 (延)- : 연건평, 연인원
 * 4) 연 (軟)- : 연노랑, 연분홍
 * 엿- : 엿듣다, 엿보다
 * 1) 왕 (王)- : 왕방울, 왕소금, 왕고집
 * 2) 외 (外)- : 외삼촌, 외숙모
 * 3) 요 (要)- : 요시찰, 요주의
 * 웃- : 웃거름, 웃돈, 웃어른
 * 1) 원 (原)- : 원위치, 원자재, 원줄기
 * 잔- : 잔가지, 잔꾀, 잔일
 * 1) 잡 (雜)- : 잡것, 잡상인, 잡소리, 잡생각
 * 2) 장 (長)- : 장거리, 장기간, 장시일
 * 3) 재 (再)- : 재수술, 재시험, 재작년, 재확인
 * 4) 저 (低)- : 저개발, 저기압, 저학년, 저혈압

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 #조 (助)- : 조감독, 조교수
 * 1) 준 (準)- : 준결승, 준우승, 준회원
 * 2) 중 (重)- : 중공업, 중금속, 중무기, 중과실, 중노동, 중환자
 * 진- : 진간장, 진국, 진보라
 * 1) 진 (眞)- : 진면모
 * 짓- : 짓누르다, 짓뭉개다, 짓밟다, 짓이기다
 * 찰- : 찰떡, 찰거머리
 * 참- : 참교육, 참뜻, 참말, 참사랑, 참숯
 * 처- : 처먹다, 처넣다, 처박다
 * 첫- : 첫사랑
 * 1) 초 (超)- : 초강대국, 초당파, 초만원, 초자연
 * 2) 총 (總)- : 총감독, 총결산, 총궐기, 총인구, 총파업
 * 3) 최 (最)- : 최고위, 최우수, 최첨단
 * 치- : 치닫다, 치솟다
 * 1) 친 (親)- : 친부모, 친할머니, 친삼촌, 친정부, 친미
 * 2) 토 (土)- : 토담, 토방
 * 통- : 통가죽, 통마늘, 통닭
 * 풋- : 풋고추, 풋과일, 풋사랑
 * 1) 피 (被)- : 피보험, 피선거권, 피지배
 * 2) 탈 (脫)- : 탈공업화, 탈공해, 탈냉전
 * 한- : 한걱정, 한시름, 한복판, 한가운데, 한겨울, 한밤중, 한집안
 * 핫- : 핫바지
 * 1) 항 (抗)- : 항암제, 항결핵제
 * 해- : 해맑다
 * 햇- : 햇감자, 햇곡식, 햇과일
 * 헛- : 헛소문, 헛걸음, 헛고생, 헛되다, 헛살다, 헛디디다
 * 1) 호 (好)- : 호경기, 호남자, 호시절
 * 2) 호 (胡)- : 호떡, 호주머니, 호콩
 * 홀- : 홀몸, 홀아비, 홀어미
 * 홑- : 홑바지, 홑이불

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 #휘- : 휘감다, 휘날리다, 휘젓다

Appendix 5: List of Suffixes

Please consult suggested dictionaries for additional auxiliary verbs

 * 1) -가 (哥) : 김가, 이가
 * 2) -가 (家) : 건축가, 소설가, 전술가, 자본가, 대식가, 명문가, 세도가
 * 3) -가 (街) : 금융가, 대학가, 번화가, 주택가
 * 4) -가 (歌) : 애국가, 유행가, 응원가
 * 5) -가 (價) : 감정가, 소매가, 적정가, 최고가
 * 6) -각 (閣) : 임진각, 판문각
 * 7) -간 (間) : 대장간, 뒷간, 마구간, 방앗간, 외양간
 * –개 : 오줌싸개, 날개, 덮개
 * 1) –고 (高) : 생산고, 수출고, 판매고
 * 2) –곡 (曲) : 교향곡, 합창곡, 협주곡
 * 3) –공 (工) : 견습공, 기능공, 숙련공, 인쇄공
 * 4) –공 (公) : 충무공
 * 5) –과 (課) : 인사과, 자재과
 * 6) –관 (官) : 경찰관, 법무관, 하사관
 * 7) –관 (觀) : 가치관, 교육관, 세계관, 인생관
 * 8) –관 (館) : 대사관, 도서관, 씁화관, 국일관
 * 9) –광 (狂) : 낚시광, 독서광, 수집광
 * 10) –광 (鑛) : 금광, 석탄광
 * 11) –구 (口) : 통풍구, 하수구, 비상구, 출입구, 매표구
 * 12) –구 (具) : 문방구, 필기구
 * 13) –국 (局) : 보도국, 총무국
 * 14) –국 (國) : 가맹국, 강대국, 선진국, 중립국
 * 15) –권 (券) : 상품권, 승차권, 입장권
 * 16) –권 (圈) : 고기압권, 상위권, 수도권

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 #–권 (權) : 사법권, 평등권
 * 1) –금 (金) : 격려금, 계약금, 기부금, 장학금, 찬조금
 * 2) –기 (氣) : 기름기, 소금기, 시장기
 * 3) –기 (記) : 방문기, 여행기, 일대기
 * 4) –기 (期) : 유아기, 청년기, 환절기, 회복기
 * 5) –기 (器) : 녹음기, 세면기, 주사기
 * 6) –기 (機) : 경운기, 기중기, 비행기, 탈곡기
 * 7) –까짓 : 이까짓, 그까짓
 * –깔 : 맛깔, 빛깔, 색깔, 성깔
 * 1) –꾸러기 : 심술꾸러기, 욕심꾸러기, 잠꾸러기
 * –꾼 : 사기꾼, 사냥꾼, 구경꾼, 일꾼
 * –내 : 겨우내, 여름내, 끝내, 마침내
 * –네 : 동갑네, 여인네
 * 1) –단 (團) : 방문단, 선수단, 회장단
 * 2) –담 (談) : 경험담, 무용담, 성공담, 여행담
 * 3) –답다 : 남자답다, 너답다, 신사답다, 학생답다
 * 4) –당 (當) : 마리당, 시간당, 평당
 * 5) –당 (堂) : 경로당, 공회당
 * 6) –대 (代) : 도서대, 신문대, 책대
 * 7) –대 (帶) : 녹지대, 공감대, 분리대, 화산대
 * 8) –대 (臺) : 억대
 * 9) –도 (度) : 금년도, 작년도, 2000 년도
 * 10) –도 (島) : 거제도, 백령도, 울릉도
 * 11) –도 (徒) : 과학도, 문학도
 * 12) –도 (圖) : 산수도, 설계도
 * 13) –동 (洞) : 석회동, 종유동
 * –들 : 나라들, 사람들, 책들
 * 1) –뜨기 : 사팔뜨기, 촌뜨기, 시골뜨기
 * 2) –로 (路) : 교차로, 활주로, 세종로, 종로
 * 3) –로 (爐) : 경수로, 용광로, 원자로

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 #–론 (論) : 경제론, 국부론
 * 1) –롭다 : 명예롭다, 수고롭다, 신비롭다, 향기롭다
 * 2) –료 (料) : 관람료, 수업료, 원고료, 입장료, 조미료, 향신료
 * 3) –루 (樓) : 경회루, 회씁루
 * 4) –류 (流) : 낭만파류
 * 5) –류 (類) : 금속류, 식기류, 야채류
 * 6) –률 (律) : 결합률, 도덕률, 희석률
 * 7) –률 (率) : 경쟁률, 사망률, 입학률, 출생률
 * 8) –리 (裡) : 비밀리, 성황리, 암암리
 * 9) –림 (林) : 국유림, 방풍림, 보호림, 휴양림
 * –막 : 내리막, 오르막
 * –매 : 눈매, 몸매, 입매
 * 1) –모 (帽) : 등산모, 방한모, 안전모
 * 2) –문 (文) : 감상문, 기행문, 논설문, 설명문
 * 3) –물 (物) : 농산물, 불순물, 청과물, 해산물
 * 4) –민 (民) : 유목민, 수재민, 실향민, 피난민
 * 5) –발 (發) : 대전발 열차
 * –발 : 끗발, 눈발, 서릿발
 * 1) –뱅이 : 가난뱅이, 게으름뱅이, 주정뱅이
 * 2) -– [sic]범 (犯) : 살인범, 정치범, 현행범
 * 3) –법 (法) : 계산법, 교수법, 조리법
 * 4) –별 (別) : 능력별, 성별, 연령별, 직업별
 * –보 : 겁보, 먹보, 심술보, 울보, 웃음보
 * 1) –보 (補) : 차관보
 * 2) –복 (服) : 신사복, 위생복, 체육복
 * 3) –부 (附) : 기한부, 시한부, 조건부
 * 4) –부 (部) : 중심부, 어휘부
 * 5) –분 (分) : 감소분, 증가분, 당분, 씁양분, 지방분
 * 6) –붙이 : 살붙이, 일가붙이, 피붙이, 금붙이, 쇠붙이
 * 7) –비 (費) : 교통비, 도서비, 생계비, 하숙비

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 #–빼기 : 곱빼기
 * 1) –사 (士) : 감정사, 변호사, 세무사
 * 2) –사 (史) : 문학사, 서양사, 정치사, 한국사
 * 3) –사 (寺) : 불국사, 수덕사
 * 4) –사 (事) : 관심사, 세상사, 인간사, 중대사
 * 5) –사 (社) : 신문사, 잡지사, 출판사
 * 6) –사 (師) : 미용사, 사진사, 요리사
 * 7) –사 (詞) : 명사, 동사, 형용사
 * 8) –사 (辭) : 개회사, 기념사, 취임사
 * 9) –상 (上) : 미관상, 사실상, 역사상
 * 10) –상 (狀) : 나선상, 방사상
 * 11) –상 (商) : 건재상, 도매상, 포목상
 * –새 : 걸음새, 꾸밈새, 모양새, 쓰임새, 짜임새
 * 1) –생 (生) : 갑자생, 10 월생, 1 년생, 견습생, 연구생
 * 2) –석 (席) : 경로석, 관람석, 내빈석, 특별석
 * 3) –선 (船) : 여객선, 유람선, 화물선
 * 4) –선 (腺) : 구강선, 내분비선, 점액선
 * 5) –선 (線) : 경부선, 장항선, 호남선
 * 6) –선 (選) : 걸작선, 명시선, 문학선
 * 7) –설 (說) : 지동설, 진화설
 * 8) –성 (性) : 순수성, 신축성, 인간성, 적극성, 진실성
 * 9) –소 (所) : 강습소, 교습소, 연구소
 * 10) –수 (手) : 소방수, 교환수, 공격수
 * 11) –수 (囚) : 미결수, 양심수, 탈옥수
 * 12) –순 (旬) : 육순, 칠순
 * 13) –순 (順) : 도착순, 선착순, 연령순
 * 14) –술 (術) : 공격술, 사격술, 최면술, 화장술
 * 15) –시 (視) : 등한시, 백안시, 적대시
 * 16) –실 (室) : 기획실, 홍보실, 숙직실, 양호실
 * 17) –아 (兒) : 패륜아, 풍운아, 행운아

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 #–아치 : 벼슬아치
 * 1) –암 (庵) : 관음암, 연주암
 * 2) –암 (巖) : 변성암, 석회암, 화강암
 * 3) –애 (愛) : 동포애, 모성애, 조국애
 * 4) –액 (額) : 수입액, 수출액, 예산액, 초과액
 * 5) –양 (孃) : 교환양, 안내양
 * 6) –어 (語) : 중국어, 한국어, 고유어, 외래어
 * 7) –업 (業) : 건설업, 관광업, 수산업
 * 8) –연 (然) : 학자연
 * 9) –옥 (屋) : 강남옥, 춘천옥
 * 10) –왕 (王) : 발명왕, 저축왕
 * 11) –용 (用) : 개인용, 사무용, 업무용, 씁업용
 * 12) –원 (員) : 공무원, 수행원, 회사원
 * 13) –원 (院) : 감사원, 보육원, 양로원
 * 14) –원 (園) : 유치원, 동물원
 * 15) –율 (律) : 교환율, 반사율
 * 16) –율 (率) : 감소율, 백분율, 이혼율
 * –이 : 길이, 송충이, 재떨이, 목걸이
 * 1) –자 (子) : 미립자, 유전자, 중성자
 * 2) –작 (作) : 당선작, 대표작, 야심작, 처녀작, 이모작, 평년작
 * 3) –잡이 : 고기잡이, 고래잡이, 왼손잡이, 총잡이
 * 4) –장 (丈) : 노인장, 주인장, 춘부장
 * 5) –장 (狀) : 감사장, 임명장, 연하장, 초청장
 * 6) –장 (帳) : 매출장, 출납장, 일기장
 * 7) –장 (張) : 구름장, 얼음장
 * 8) –장 (場) : 경기장, 사격장, 회담장
 * 9) –장이 : 미장이, 유기장이
 * 10) –재 (材) : 가구재, 건축재, 한약재
 * 11) –쟁이 : 거짓말쟁이, 겁쟁이, 게으름쟁이, 고집쟁이
 * 12) –적 (的) : 가급적, 과학적, 세계적, 적극적

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 #–전 (展) : 개인전, 미술전, 발명전, 서예전
 * 1) –전 (殿) : 대웅전, 석조전, 무량수전
 * 2) –전 (戰) : 국지전, 세균전, 전면전, 결승전, 후반전
 * 3) –전 (傳) : 자서전, 위인전, 명인전
 * 4) –점 (店) : 백화점, 양복점, 음식점
 * 5) –정 (亭) : 세검정, 팔각정, 우미정
 * 6) –정 (艇) : 경비정, 잠수정
 * 7) –정 (錠) : 당의정
 * 8) –제 (制) : 추첨제, 내각제
 * 9) –제 (祭) : 기우제, 예술제, 위령제, 추모제
 * 10) –제 (製) : 강철제, 금속제, 독일제, 한국제
 * 11) –제 (劑) : 소화제, 진통제
 * 12) –조 (朝) : 세종조, 조선조, 고려조
 * 13) –족 (族) : 만주족, 몽고족, 장발족, 제비족
 * 14) –종 (種) : 개량종, 재래종, 희귀종
 * 15) –주 (主) : 고용주, 세대주, 건물주
 * 16) –주 (酒) : 과일주, 포도주
 * 17) –증 (症) : 결벽증, 빈혈증, 현기증, 궁금증
 * 18) –증 (證) : 신분증, 자격증, 출입증, 학생증
 * 19) –지 (地) : 간척지, 거주지, 목적지, 휴양지
 * 20) –지 (紙) : 포장지, 모조지, 창호지
 * 21) –지 (誌) : 여성지, 월간지, 일간지, 주간지
 * 22) –진 (陣) : 간부진, 보도진, 의료진, 임원진
 * –질 : 가위질, 부채질, 주먹질, 딸꾹질
 * 1) –집 (集) : 논문집, 단편집, 시집, 수필집
 * –짝 : 낯짝, 볼기짝
 * –째 : 그릇째, 뿌리째, 통째
 * 1) –쩍다 : 겸연쩍다, 미심쩍다, 수상쩍다
 * –쯤 : 내일쯤, 어디쯤, 이쯤, 얼마쯤
 * –차 : 사업차, 연구차

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 sant with these materials; an official document of a General Synod of the whole Unitas Fratrum; the distinguished exile-bishop, whose literary fame was wide as Europe, and of whom Gindely testifies that he had studied the history of his forefathers with the most devoted care;” and his companion in exile, who had closely examined the original records as his many references prove—therefore all the ancient authorities, except Camerarius, unite in affirming that the apostolical succession was given by the Bohemian Waldenses to the Bohemian Brethren: and further, that the present Archivist of Bohemia, a Roman Catholic Professor, who has made their history his particular and favorite study; the Roman Catholic Encyelopædia, the modern standard in that Church on ecelesiastical history and cognate questions; and an intensely Lutheran author who, with much research, tries to unravel the true relationship between the Bohemian Waldenses and the Bohemian Brethren—explicityexplicitly [sic] corroborate this affirmation: and, finally,¨that the very oppressors and persecutors of the Church silently do the same.

But why cannot Camerarius be added to the list of witnesses? Let us see.

Joachim Camerarius, speaking of the mission of the Brethren to the Waldenses, represents it as follows, to adopt the translation of Perceval:

This extract is the mainstay of Perceval’s whole argument upon historic grounds: this shows, he imagines. that there was no


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 #–창 : 시궁창, 진창
 * 1) –창 (廠) : 기지창, 병기창, 피복창
 * –채 : 바깥채, 사랑채, 행랑채
 * 1) –책 (責) : 선전책, 조직책
 * 2) –책 (策) : 개선책, 보호책, 수습책, 해결책
 * 3) –처 (處) : 접수처, 판매처, 총무처
 * 4) –천 (川) : 중랑천, 청계천
 * 5) –철 (綴) : 서류철, 신문철, 자료철
 * 6) –첩 (帖) : 사진첩, 서화첩
 * 7) –청 (廳) : 검찰청, 관세청, 구청
 * 8) –체 (體) : 유동체, 직육면체, 기업체, 허약체, 고딕체, 구어체
 * 9) –층 (層) : 고객층, 노년층, 상류층, 화강암층, 이온층
 * 10) –치 (値) : 기대치, 평균치
 * 11) –통 (通) : 외교통, 종로통
 * 12) –파 (波) : 전자파, 충격파
 * –판 : (版) : 재판, 개정판, 증보판
 * 1) –품 (品) : 가공품, 모조품, 화장품
 * 2) –풍 (風) : 도시풍, 복고풍, 민요풍
 * 3) –학 (學) : 경제학, 역사학
 * 4) –항 (港) : 자유항, 무역항, 속초항
 * 5) –해 (海) : 다도해, 지중해
 * 6) –행 (行) : 광주행, 부산행
 * 7) –형 (形) : 계란형, 나선형, 삼각형
 * 8) –형 (型) : 권력형, 비만형, 수재형
 * 9) –호 (號) : 무궁화호, 새마을호
 * 10) –화 (化) : 기계화, 도시화, 민주화
 * 11) –화 (畵) : 동양화, 수채화, 풍경화
 * –히 : 다행히, 무사히, 열심히, 씁원히

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 Appendix 6: List of Imperfect Nouns

Please consult suggested dictionaries for additional imperfect nouns

 * 것
 * 겸
 * 김
 * 깐
 * 나름
 * 나위
 * 나절
 * 녘
 * 노릇
 * 놈
 * 대로
 * 데
 * 둥
 * 듯
 * 등
 * 등지
 * 따름
 * 따위
 * 딴
 * 때문
 * 리
 * 마련
 * 만
 * 만큼
 * 무렵
 * 바
 * 바람

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 #분
 * 뻔
 * 뿐
 * 셈
 * 수
 * 십상
 * 양
 * 이
 * 일쑤
 * 자
 * 적
 * 줄
 * 즈음
 * 지
 * 지경
 * 쪽
 * 참
 * 채
 * 척
 * 체
 * 축
 * 치
 * 터
 * 턱
 * 통
 * 폭
 * 해

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 thought of an episcopal consecration, but merely of a fraternal communion; with this he collates Adrian Wengersky’s narrative, cited above, and is then led, speaking mildly, to affirm that these incongruous accounts present very great difficulty in arriving at the truth of the story:” this induces him to explain the Anglican recognition of the Moravian Episcopacy by saying: “Possibly they (the English prelates) knew only the accounts of Regenvolsch and Comenius, and had not noted the totally different accounts to be found in the earlier histories and documents collected and published by Camerarius.”

Now remembering that Perceval was unacquainted with Blahoslav and Lasitius, excepting the eighth book of the latter on the Brethren’s Discipline, pablished by Comenius; and further, that he wrote his paper in the “Christian Miscellany” one year before the discovery of the Lissa Folios, sixteen years before the researches of Gindely and Palacky were given to the world, and eighteen years before the Quellen zur Geschichte der Bœhmischen Brueder” appeared; and finally, that he was ignorant of and hence misconceived the circumstances under which the work of Camerarius was compiled let us inquire what weight, if any, the conflicting evidence of this ancient writer has in the present aspect of the case.

In former parts of this article it has been shown: first, that Camerarius undertook the history of the Brethren at their own request, as is obvious from the original correspondence between them found in the Lissa Folios and recently published by Gindely, and as we may now substantiate—although testimony other than that correspondence will hardly be demanded—by Zeschwitz, who says, “Heretofore writers depended almost exclusively on the work of Camerarius, but they seem to have been little acquainted with the fact that this Lutheran historiographer compiled his delicately drawn narrative at the direct instigation of the Brethren themselves and was enabled to do this by the sources which they sent him:” second, that every page of his work proves that these sources were principally Blahoslav’s Summa &c., and Lasitius’ History, which point we may again make good by our Lutheran witness, Zeschwitz, who writes, “Every page of the book demonstrates


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 that Camerarius drew his information chiefly from Blahoslav and Lasitius:” third, that Blahoslav, whose very words we have adduced, and Lasitius, as quoted by Plitt, both positively declare that the deputies of the Brethren were conseerated Bishops by the Waldensian Bishops. Consequently the conclusion is self-evident, that Camerarius falsified history.

He did not give an account, as Perceval for want of better knowledge would have us believe, drawn from histories and documents earlier than those which Comenius and Regenvolscius had, and disproving their narrative, but with precisely the same “earlier histories and documents” before him that guided them, be changed the truth, whereas they faithfully reproduced it.

Nor is it difficult to divine the motives by which he was actuated. Camerarius wrote from the standpoint of the German Reformers, who rejected episcopacy. He was a warm friend and admirer of er me the Brethren, but this feature of their ecclesiastical constitution so neither accorded with his views nor presented itself to his mind as important. It would rather, he thought, tend to awaken mistrust among his fellow-Reformers, to whom he was anxious to commend the Brethren. For these reasons, which he deemed to be sufficient, he laid aside, in this instance, the exalted character of an honest historian. Is it surprising that, under such circumstances, his work remained in manuscript for thirty years after his death, and was at last published, not by the Brethren, but by his own grandson?

The conflicting testimony of Joachim Camerarius is, therefore, proven to be wholly without weight, a mere idiosyncratic whim.

Having critically investigated the origin and validity of the Moravian Episcopacy, it yet remains for us to consider its development and preservation, and the transfer of the succession to the present Church.

After the return of the newly consecrated Bishops from the Waldenses, a second Synod was held at Lhota, in the midst of which the three candidates for the ministry, designated by lot on the


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 occasion of the former Synod, were ordained, Matthias of Kunwald bishop, Thomas and Elias priests. At the same time, a regular form of episcopal government was instituted. The four bishops formed an ecclesiastical council over which Bishop Michael, as primate, presided, and which, in conjunction with a body of ten elders occupying the position of counsellors, ruled the young church. Ever after, the episcopal succession was carefully preserved, and when the Brethren had extended their bounds, divided into two lines, the Bohemian-Moravian and the Polish. The three grades of deacon, presbyter and bishop, were as carefully kept distinct. In the course of time classes of acolyths, or candidates for the ministry, were established, and assistant bishops consecrated. The Ratio Disciplinae gives a complete account of the character and functions of these grades, and of the manner in which ordination to each of them was performed (Comenius, Ratio Disciplinae p. 7—92).

That, in spite of all this, Perceval tells us (Christian Miscellany p. 6), “the terms minister, consenior, senior and bishop did but express different offices of one order, as among us the offices of vicar, rector. rural-dean and archdeacon, are all held by clergy of one order, even presbyters,” basing this view upon misinterpretations of extracts from the eighth hook of Lasitius, which extracts show the exact converse, is a disingenous argumentation and involves a palpable absurdity. A more explicit statement of the distinctions of the three grades of the Christian ministry was never given than that found in the Ratio Disciplinae. It would lead us too far to furuish citations; they would fill pages. The reader will find the substance of this document in Holmes’ Brethren’s History, Vol. I. Sect. III, p. 64—91. To suppose, therefore, that the assembled bishops and ministers of the Unitas Fratrum would publish to the world a full account of the three ministerial grades established among them, when there really existed but one, is to suppose that they were a body of arch-deceivers.

That Perceval, furthermore, flings out the charge that “none of their (the Brethren’s) writers exhibit any succession of consecrations beyond a few at first” (Christian Miscellany p. 6), is truly unfortunate for his general credibility as an author. For Regenvolscius, whom he repeatedly quotes and whose work he must have had before him, presents in his Third Book, Chapter, x, p. 315–382, a com-


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 plete succession from the beginning to his own time (1644); and this succession is reprinted in “Cranz’s Brueder Historie” (p. 91–99)—a book also several times cited by Perceval—and brought down, in accordance with Jablonsky’s letter of 1717 to Dr. Wake, Archbishop of Canterbury, to the times of the present Church. The same succession is given by Gindely, in an Appendix to his “Quellen” (p. 450–453). The succession in the present Church is set forth by Plitt from the official records in the archives at Herrnhut; and the entire succession from 1467 to 1859 is printed in the Moravian Manual” (p. 129–133), embracing one hundred and sixty bishops, since which time six more have been consecrated.

That, finally, Perceval argues against the Moravian episcopacy from the circumstance that the newly created bishops of 1467, and their successors in the old Church, were generally called Seniors and not Bishops, will but provoke a smile; for himself declares that the title was rejected en account of the abuse of it among the adversaries. So far, therefore, from its “being hard to conceive that men should have been careful to preserve that, the name of which they shrank from owning” it is precisely what we would expect from a body of Christians protesting, with all the fire of their first love, not against the existence of bishops in the Roman Catholic and Calixtine churches, which was acknowledged to be an ancient and wise institution and hence adopted among themselves, but against the misuse of that holy office. Moreover the title of bishop (episcopus) is constantly employed in the Ratio Disciplinae, and in the voluminous Annotations with which Comenius has enriched that document, be disapproves of the position the fathers had in this respect occupied, pronouncing it to have been a needless scruple (Annotata ad Caput 1, Q, p. 71).

When the Bohemian Anti-reformation had swept the Church of the Brethren from her original seats, she continued to exist, for some time longer, in Poland, where she had been previously


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 Appendix 7: Korean Romanization Table

This table illustrates the general application of the Korean Romanization rules; exceptions are noted in Korean romanization guideline above.

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 established, and where a number of the exiled ministers now sought refuge. These, in conjunction with their Polish brethren, held a Synod at Lissa, in 1632. The victories which Gustavus Adolphus, the champion of Protestantism, was gaining, filled them with the confident hope of a speedy restoration to their native land, and suggested the idea of perpetuating the Bohemian-Moravian line of Bishops. One representative of it. Bishop Gregory Erastus, was still living, while the Polish succession was vested in Bishops Daniel Micolajevius and Paul Paliurus. These three, accordingly, consecrated Laurentius Justinus, Matthias Procopius, and John Amos Comenius, for Bohemia and Moravia, as also Paul Fabricius for Poland. In the following year (1633), Paul Paliurus having died, Martin Orminius and John Rybinius received consecration at Ostrorog; and eleven years afterward (1644)—Gregory Erastus, Daniel Miculajevius and Matthias Procopius being no more—Martin Gertichius and John Byttner, at Lissa. Twenty-two years passed away, and the only Bishops that remained were John Amos Comenius, an exile in Holland, and John Byttner, in Poland. The sanguine anticipations of the Brethren had not been fulfilled; the Thirty Years’ War had left Behemia and Moravia under the heel of the Austrian oppressor. But still they hoped against hope, and by the advice and with the episcopal concurrence of the now venerable Comenius given in writing, in as much as the infirmities of old age prevented him from being present, Bishop John Byttner, at a Synod held at Mielencin, (1662), consecrated Nicholas Gertichius and Peter Jablonsky, that the succession might not be lost. But the latter died January 12th, 1670—in which year Comenius was also gathered to his fathers, and Nicholas Gertichius, May 24th, 1671. Thereupon, although the scattered Brethren had greatly decreased, and the Polish branch of the Church was being absorbed by the Reformed, John Byttner, the sole surviving Bishop, still anxious to preserve the episcopate in the event of a future resuscitation, and mindful, in particular, of the prophetical hope: of Comenius, consecrated Adam Samuel Hartman, on the 28th of October, 1673, at Lissa. Byttner dying soon after, and on his death-bed designating John Zugehoer as the next bearer of the succession, he was consecrated, in the presence of a number of his brethren, by Bishop Hartman, on the 13th of August, 1076, in the Church of St. Peter and Paul, at Danzig.


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 Again, upon the death of Hartman in 1691, Bishop Zugehoer continued the succession by consecrating Joachim Gulichius, on the 26th of June, 1692, at Lissa; and Bishop Gulichius transferred it, at the same place, after the death of Zugehoer, to John Jacobides and Daniel Ernst Jablonsky, (the grandson of Comenius and Court-Preacher at Berlin), on the 10th of March, 1699. The former died in 1709, whereupon Bishop Danie Ernst Jablonsky consecrated Solomon Opitz, the 11th of July, 1712, at Zulchow, on the Polish confines of Prussia, and David Cassius and Christian Sitkovius, the 4th of November, of the same year, at Thorn.

In this way the succession was carefully and piously preserved even in that period in which the Moravian Church remained a “hidden seed.” These bishops did not make use of their title except when they met the remnant of their Brethren at occasional Synods, held here and there, for the confirmation of their hopes and the amelioration of their sufferings. They were ministers in the Reformed Church, but with the consent of the same, and of their respective sovereigns, received consecration as Bishops of the Unitas Fratrum in order that the succession might not die out. Hence the difficulty disappears which Perceval tries to create by assuming that Jablonsky’s episcopal character could neither have been known nor recognized even in his own time, because candidates for the ministry went from Prussia to England in order to be episcopally ordained, and because there was an active correspondence between the courts of Berlin and St. James’s with the view to obtaining episcopal consecration (Christian Miscellany p. 6). Not that he might officiate as a bishop in the National Establishment of Prussia, nor that he might make it an episcopal church, had he been admitted into the Moravian Episcopate. To do either would have been entirely contrary to the purpose for which it was maintained. Let us hear his own account of the case. In a letter to Count Zinzendorf, dated the 13th of August, 1729, he writes:

The Bohemian Brethren’s Church in Great Poland is steadily decreasing by reason of the uninterrupted oppression of its enemies, but she entertains the hope that God, in His great and marvellous mercy, will


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 sustain her, yea and even cause her again to extend and spread. My parents were born in this Church; my father begot me in his exile. In this same Church I was brought up, and my love to her I imbibed with my mother’s milk. It has, indeed, pleased the Lord to separate me from her in the body, but their Majesties, the late King, who rests in God, and the reigning King, have most graciously thought proper to allow me to take part in the administration of ber bishoprick.”

A subsequent letter, dated October 31st, of the same year, adds:

In the year 1722, the prayers and hopes of the aged Comenius were at last fulfilled, although in a way different from what he had anticipated. At Herrnhut, on an estate of Count Zinzendorf, in Saxony, the ancient Church of Bohemian and Moravian confessors was renewed. That this was a legitimate renewal, that the Moravian immigrants who had there found a refuge were the spiritual descendants of his own spiritual fathers; Jablonsky joyfully acknowledged. Hence when the Brethren laid before him a formal request to transfer to them the venerable succession, preserved amidst perils, persecutions and exile, he willingly consented, and, at Berlin, on the 13th of March, in the year 1735,


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6 foot-solder: the troops of a previous generation would have scorned such a device, accustomed as they were to drive back with ease the assaults of the Parthian and Sarmatian ''

This tendency to deterioration on the part of the Roman infantry, and the consequent neglect of that arm by the generals of the time, were brought to a head by a disaster. The battle of Adrianople was most fearful defeat suffered by a Roman army since Cannæ; a slaughter to which it is aptly compared by the military author Ammianus Marcellinus. The Emperor Valens, all his chief officers, and forty thousand men were left upon the field; indeed the army of the East was almost annihilated, and was never reorganized upon the same lines as had previously served for it.

The military importance of Adrianople was unmistakable; it was a victory of cavalry over infantry. The imperial army had developed its attack on the position of the Goths, and the two forces were hotly engaged, when suddenly a great body of horsemen charged in upon the Roman flank. It was the main strength of the Gothic cavalry, which had been foraging at a distance; receiving news of the fight it ha ridden straight for the battle-field. Two of Valens' squadrons, which covered the frank of his array, threw themselves in the way of the oncoming mass, and were ridden down and trampled under foot. Then the Goths swept down on the infantry of the left wing, rolled it up, and drove it in upon the centre. So tremendous was their impact that the legions and cohorts were pushed together in helpless confusion. Every attempt to stand firm failed, and in a few inutes left, centre, and reserve were one undistinguishable mass. Imperial guards, light troops, lancers, foederati and infantry of the line were wedged togethe in a press that grew closer every moment. The Roman cavalry saw that the day was lost, and rode off without another effort. Then the abandoned infantry realised the horror of their position: equally


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 solemnly consecrated, with the concurrence of Christian Sitkovius, the other surviving Bishop, David Nitschmann to be the first Bishop of the Renewed Church of the Brethren. Two years afterward (May 20, 1787) he and Bishop Nitschmann, again with the concurrence of Sitkovius, and also with the permission of the King of Prussia, consecrated Count Zinzendorf to be her second Bishop. And now both Jablonsky and Sitkoviys deemed the purpose accomplished for which the succession had been thus far upheld, and neither of them consecrated any more bishops. They had given the episcopate to the resuscitated Church of their hopes and love, and conferred upon the new Bishops all the functions which belong to this office.

In the archives of the Moravian Church at Bethlehem, Pa., where Bishop Nitschmann died and lies buried, is preserved the original certificate of his consecration, in Jablonsky’s own hand writing, and signed with the ancient episcopal seal, which is the same as that in use at present. This document, by way of conclusion, we here present in an English dress:

Whereas it has pleased the Eternal God, whose name is Wonderful, to suffer his faithful confessors, the Bohemian-Moravian Brethren, to fall into circumstances so grievous that many of them are necessitated to leave their native land, and to seek other places where they may serve God with a free conscience, and confess His truth, whence it hath come to pass that they are scattered in part to the northernmost countries of Europe, and in part even to the American Continent, and to several islands near the same: and whereas this Allwise God hath put into the heart of the high and noble born Count and Lord, Lord Nicholas Lewis, Count of Zinzendorf and Pottendorf, in a fatherly manner to care for these Bohemian Moravian Brethren in their dispersion, and to make provision for their temporal and spiritual well-being, but especially for their well established, ancient, Christian statutes and Church discipline: and whereas, with the knowledge and consent of their congregation, he has adopted the godly resolution to have consecrated, in the old Moravian manner, as a Senior and Bishop of the said, and of future colonies, together with all their churches and pastors,—the Reverend Mr. David Nitschmann, one of the first of those Moravian witnesses in America who must venture all upon God, and to whom the Lord hath given the first converts from the heathen:

Therefore, upon proper request to this effect to me made, I, the undersigned, oldest Senior and Bishop of the Bohemian and Moravian Brethren in Great Poland, with the knowledge and sanction of my colleague in Great Poland, the Bishop Christian Sitkovius, have ordained the said Mr. David Nitschmann, on the 13th day of March, 1735, in the name of God, and according to our Christian method, with the laying on of


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{|cellspacing=0
 * Letter |||Position |||Rules for Romanization|||Examples
 * |||Medial|||1. B between vowels, or after ㄴ, ㄹ, ㅁ and ㅇ|||갈비 kalbi 냄비 naembi
 * ||| |||2. M before ㄴ, ㄹ and ㅁ|||섭리 sŏmni 잡무 chammu
 * ||| |||3. P before and after all other consonants|||접시 chŏpsi 문법 munpŏp
 * |||Final|||Always P|||헌법 hŏnpŏp
 * ㅅ|||Initial|||1. SH before ‘ㅟ’|||쉽게 shwipke
 * ||| |||2. S before other vowels|||상업 sangŏp
 * |||Medial|||1. SH before ‘ㅟ’|||아쉬운 ashwiun
 * ||| |||2. S before other vowels|||농산물 nongsanmul 웃음 usŭm
 * ||| |||3. NN as syllabic final before ‘ㅣ’ and yotized vowels in compound words|||옛일 yennil 숫양 sunnyang
 * ||| |||4. S as syllabic final before ‘ㅣ’ and yotized vowels in single words|||깨끗이 kkakkŭsi
 * ||| |||5. T as syllabic final before ㄱ, ㄷ, ㅂ, ㅅ, ㅈ and ㅎ|||못하다 mothada 엇갈린 ŏtkallin
 * ||| |||6. D as syllabic final in prefixes after all other vowels|||웃옷 udot 첫아들 ch’ŏdadŭl
 * |||Final|||Always T|||삿갓 satkat
 * ㅇ|||Initial|||Not romanized|||얼굴 ŏlgul
 * |||Medial|||1. Not romanized as syllabic initial|||독일 Togil 금융 kŭmyung
 * ||| |||2. NG as syllabic final|||농민 nongmin
 * |||Final|||Always NG|||사랑 sarang
 * ㅈ|||Initial|||Always CH|||진리 chilli
 * |||Medial|||1. J between vowels, or after ㄴ, ㅁ and ㅇ|||도장 tojang 민족 minjok
 * ||| |||2. CH after all other consonants|||목장 mokchang
 * ||| |||3. N as syllabic final before ㄴ, ㅁ|||젖니 chŏnni 젖먹이 chŏnmŏgi
 * ||| |||4. T as syllabic final before other consonants|||짖다 chitta
 * |||Final|||Always T|||빚 pit
 * ㅊ|||Initial|||Always CH’|||차별 ch’abyŏl
 * |||Medial|||1. Always CH’ as syllabic initial|||김치 kimch’i
 * ||| |||2. N as syllabic final before ㄴ, ㅁ|||빛낸 pinnaen
 * ||| |||3. T as syllabic final before all other consonants|||찾다 ch’atta 쫓기다 ch’otkida
 * ||| |||4. J as syllabic final before vowels|||찾아 ch’aja
 * |||Final|||Always T|||장미꽃 changmikkot
 * ㅋ|||Initial|||Always K’|||코끼리 k’okkiri
 * |||Medial|||Always K’|||단칸방 tank’anpang
 * |||Final|||Always K|||동녘 tongnyŏk
 * }
 * |||Final|||Always NG|||사랑 sarang
 * ㅈ|||Initial|||Always CH|||진리 chilli
 * |||Medial|||1. J between vowels, or after ㄴ, ㅁ and ㅇ|||도장 tojang 민족 minjok
 * ||| |||2. CH after all other consonants|||목장 mokchang
 * ||| |||3. N as syllabic final before ㄴ, ㅁ|||젖니 chŏnni 젖먹이 chŏnmŏgi
 * ||| |||4. T as syllabic final before other consonants|||짖다 chitta
 * |||Final|||Always T|||빚 pit
 * ㅊ|||Initial|||Always CH’|||차별 ch’abyŏl
 * |||Medial|||1. Always CH’ as syllabic initial|||김치 kimch’i
 * ||| |||2. N as syllabic final before ㄴ, ㅁ|||빛낸 pinnaen
 * ||| |||3. T as syllabic final before all other consonants|||찾다 ch’atta 쫓기다 ch’otkida
 * ||| |||4. J as syllabic final before vowels|||찾아 ch’aja
 * |||Final|||Always T|||장미꽃 changmikkot
 * ㅋ|||Initial|||Always K’|||코끼리 k’okkiri
 * |||Medial|||Always K’|||단칸방 tank’anpang
 * |||Final|||Always K|||동녘 tongnyŏk
 * }
 * |||Medial|||1. Always CH’ as syllabic initial|||김치 kimch’i
 * ||| |||2. N as syllabic final before ㄴ, ㅁ|||빛낸 pinnaen
 * ||| |||3. T as syllabic final before all other consonants|||찾다 ch’atta 쫓기다 ch’otkida
 * ||| |||4. J as syllabic final before vowels|||찾아 ch’aja
 * |||Final|||Always T|||장미꽃 changmikkot
 * ㅋ|||Initial|||Always K’|||코끼리 k’okkiri
 * |||Medial|||Always K’|||단칸방 tank’anpang
 * |||Final|||Always K|||동녘 tongnyŏk
 * }
 * ㅋ|||Initial|||Always K’|||코끼리 k’okkiri
 * |||Medial|||Always K’|||단칸방 tank’anpang
 * |||Final|||Always K|||동녘 tongnyŏk
 * }
 * |||Final|||Always K|||동녘 tongnyŏk
 * }
 * }

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Page:Bierce - Collected Works - Volume 09.djvu/69

Rh in a vain endeavor to escape. He goes on to explain that the invisible tether will be, astronomically speaking, but a stone's throw in length: the captive world will have in fact the astonishing propinquity of only a quarter of a million miles 1 We shall be able to see, even with unassisted eyes, the very mountains and valleys upon its surface, while a glass of moderate power will show, not only these mountains (many times higher than those of our own orb) with perfect definition, their long black shadows projected upon the plains, but will reveal the details of extinct craters wide enough to engulf a terrestrial province, and how deep Heaven knows. Upon this strange new world, the great man goes on to say, we shall be able to observe the mutations of its day and night, tracing the lines of its dawn and sunset exactly as, if we were there, we could observe the more rapid changes upon the body of our own planet; and surely it would be worth something to stand away from our spinning orb and take in all its visible vicissitudes in one comprehensive view.

It is easy to see the effect of such an announcement, verified by the apparition of the orb at the calculated place and time. All the civilized nations would be in a ferment. The


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Page:Hundredversesfro00fujiuoft.djvu/97

UR courtship, that we tried to hide, Misleading is to none; And yet how could the neighbours guess, That I had yet begun To fancy any one?

This poet was the son of the writer of, and he is said to have composed the poem on the same occasion as is mentioned for.

The word omoi in the last line is a ‘pivot-word’, used firstly in connexion with the fourth line, meaning ‘I thought’ (nobody knew), and also in conjunction with someshi, where it means ‘I began to be in love’.

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Page:Korean Romanization.pdf/64

{|cellspacing=0
 * Letter |||Position |||Rules for Romanization|||Examples
 * ㅌ|||Initial|||Always T’|||태풍 t’aep’ung
 * |||Medial|||1. T’ before vowels, or after ㄱ, ㄷ, ㄹ, ㅂ, ㅅ, ㅇ and ㅈ|||국토 kukt’o 같은 kat’ŭn
 * ||| |||2. T before ㄱ, ㄷ, ㅅ and ㅈ|||같던 kattŏn 낱셈 natsem
 * ||| |||3. N before ‘ㅣ’ in compound word, or before ㄴ,ㅁ|||밭일 pannil 낱말 nanmal
 * |||Final|||Always T|||햇볕 haetpyŏt
 * ㅍ|||Initial|||Always P’|||편지 p’yŏnji
 * |||Medial|||1. Always P’ as syllabic initial|||병풍 pyŏngp’ung
 * ||| |||2. P as syllabic final|||짚신 chipsin
 * |||Final|||Always P|||풀잎 p’ullip
 * ㅎ|||Initial|||Always H|||황금 hwanggŭm
 * |||Medial*|||1. H as syllabic initial after ㄱ, ㅂ and ㅅ|||북한 Pukhan
 * ||| |||22. [sic] CH’ as syllabic initial after ㄷ and ㅈ|||잊혀진 ich’yŏjin
 * ||| |||3. Not romanized as syllabic final before vowels|||낳은 naŭn
 * ||| |||4. NN as syllabic final before ㄴ|||낳는 nannŭn
 * |||Final|||Always T|||히읗 hiŭt
 * ㄲ|||Initial|||Always KK|||까마귀 kkamagwi
 * |||Medial|||1. KK, except after ㄱ, as syllabic initial|||깔끔 kkalkkŭm 호박꽃 hobakkot
 * ||| |||2. KK as syllabic final before vowels|||낚이다 nakkida 묶음 mukkŭm
 * ||| |||3. K as syllabic final before others|||낚시 naksi
 * |||Final|||Not applicable|||
 * ㄸ|||Initial|||Always TT|||땅 ttang
 * |||Medial|||Always TT|||찰떡 ch’alttŏk
 * |||Final|||Not applicable|||
 * ㅃ|||Initial|||Always PP|||빨래 ppallae
 * |||Medial|||Always PP|||오빠 oppa
 * |||Final|||Not applicable|||
 * ㅆ|||Initial|||Always SS|||씨름 ssirŭm
 * |||Medial|||1. Always SS as syllabic initial or, between vowels|||불쌍 pulssang 있으며 issŭmyŏ
 * ||| |||2. N as syllabic final before ㄴ|||있는 innŭn 있냐 innya
 * ||| |||3. T as syllabic final before other consonants|||했다 haetta 오갔고 ogatko
 * |||Final|||Not applicable|||
 * ㅉ|||Initial|||Always TCH|||짜증 tchajŭng
 * |||Medial|||Always TCH|||가짜 katcha
 * }
 * |||Medial|||1. KK, except after ㄱ, as syllabic initial|||깔끔 kkalkkŭm 호박꽃 hobakkot
 * ||| |||2. KK as syllabic final before vowels|||낚이다 nakkida 묶음 mukkŭm
 * ||| |||3. K as syllabic final before others|||낚시 naksi
 * |||Final|||Not applicable|||
 * ㄸ|||Initial|||Always TT|||땅 ttang
 * |||Medial|||Always TT|||찰떡 ch’alttŏk
 * |||Final|||Not applicable|||
 * ㅃ|||Initial|||Always PP|||빨래 ppallae
 * |||Medial|||Always PP|||오빠 oppa
 * |||Final|||Not applicable|||
 * ㅆ|||Initial|||Always SS|||씨름 ssirŭm
 * |||Medial|||1. Always SS as syllabic initial or, between vowels|||불쌍 pulssang 있으며 issŭmyŏ
 * ||| |||2. N as syllabic final before ㄴ|||있는 innŭn 있냐 innya
 * ||| |||3. T as syllabic final before other consonants|||했다 haetta 오갔고 ogatko
 * |||Final|||Not applicable|||
 * ㅉ|||Initial|||Always TCH|||짜증 tchajŭng
 * |||Medial|||Always TCH|||가짜 katcha
 * }
 * |||Final|||Not applicable|||
 * ㅆ|||Initial|||Always SS|||씨름 ssirŭm
 * |||Medial|||1. Always SS as syllabic initial or, between vowels|||불쌍 pulssang 있으며 issŭmyŏ
 * ||| |||2. N as syllabic final before ㄴ|||있는 innŭn 있냐 innya
 * ||| |||3. T as syllabic final before other consonants|||했다 haetta 오갔고 ogatko
 * |||Final|||Not applicable|||
 * ㅉ|||Initial|||Always TCH|||짜증 tchajŭng
 * |||Medial|||Always TCH|||가짜 katcha
 * }
 * |||Final|||Not applicable|||
 * ㅉ|||Initial|||Always TCH|||짜증 tchajŭng
 * |||Medial|||Always TCH|||가짜 katcha
 * }
 * |||Medial|||Always TCH|||가짜 katcha
 * }
 * }

title: Page:Korean Romanization.pdf/64


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Page:Hundredversesfro00fujiuoft.djvu/99

UR sleeves, all wet with tears, attest That you and I agree That to each other we’ll be true, Till Pine-tree Hill shall be Sunk far beneath the sea.

Moto-suke lived towards the close of the tenth century, and was the son of the writer of. The idea of one’s sleeves being wet with tears is a common one in Japanese poetry. Matsu-yama, or Pine-tree Hill, is in Northern Japan, on the boundaries between the Provinces of Rikuchu and Nambu. In the illustration the hill with the pine tree on the top appears to be just sinking beneath the waves.

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Page:Korean Romanization.pdf/65

{|cellspacing=0
 * Letter |||Position |||Rules for Romanization|||Examples
 * |||Final|||Not applicable|||
 * }
 * |||Final|||Not applicable|||
 * }

 * For further detail regarding syllabic final medial ㅎ, see Romanization rule 7

title: Page:Korean Romanization.pdf/65


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Page:Hundredversesfro00fujiuoft.djvu/101

OW desolate my former life, Those dismal years, ere yet I chanced to see thee face to face; ’Twere better to forget Those days before we met.

Yatsu-tada was a member of the great Fujiwara family, and is said to have died in the year 943.

It is interesting to note in these illustrations, as in nearly all old Japanese pictures, that the artist either takes off the roof of the house or removes part of the wall when he wishes you to see what is going on indoors.


text: ALA-LC Romanization Tables: Korean Romanization and Word Division


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Page:Hundredversesfro00fujiuoft.djvu/103

O fall in love with womankind Is my unlucky fate; If only it were otherwise, I might appreciate Some men, whom now I hate.

The writer of this verse was the son of Sadakata, a Minister-of-the-Right, and is said to have died in the year 961. The verse was composed at the instance of the Emperor Daigo, and is apparently written in praise of a life of single blessedness. The translation does not give the full force of the last two lines, which mean literally, ‘I should not dislike both other people and myself too.’ The illustration shows Asa-tada walking on the verandah outside his house, perhaps composing this verse.


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Page:Hundredversesfro00fujiuoft.djvu/105

DARE not hope my lady-love Will smile on me again; She knows no pity, and my life I care not to retain, Since all my prayers are vain.

The real name of the writer of this verse was Koretada Fujiwara; he died in the year 972, and Prince Ken-toku is his posthumous name.

Aware to mo means, in conjunction with the next line, ‘that she would give me words of pity’; but aware tomo can also mean ‘to meet as a friend’.

In spite of the Prince’s fears, the illustration seems to suggest that his lady-love changed her mind, and came to visit him once more.


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Page:De Schweinitz - The Moravian episcopate (1865).pdf/30

 hands, and with prayer, to be a Bishop of said Churches and have given him power to hold the necessary visitations, to ordain the pastors and servants of the churches, and to fulfill all the functions which belong to a Senior and Bishop.

The faithful Savior, to whose service he has dedicated himself, powerfully support him; grant him courage and strength; and accompany his apostolical office with the fullness of blessings to the honor of God, and to the salvation of many souls; so that he may, in the vineyard of the Lord, bear much fruit, and his reward may be great in eternity!

The above I have myself written, signed, and sealed with our Churchseal.

Given at Berlin,

the 14th day of June, 1737. ,


text:
Page:History of the Literature of the Scandinavian North.djvu/437

Rh

ism & poor-laws in Sweden and Norway. 8°. London, J: S. Levey, 1877.

——— Report made to the department of state on the condition of the industrial classes in Sweden and Norway. 8° Washington, Government printing office, 1874.

——— Report on the revenue from spirits and on the civil service in Sweden. 8°. London, J: S. Levey, 1877.

——— Reports on the commerce of the United States with Sweden and Norway, and on fire insurance and building regulations in Sweden. 8°. Stockholm, P. A. Norstedt & söner, 1876.

——— See also Department of the interior.

(J:) The history of the revolutions of Denmark. With an account of the present state of that kingdom and people. Appendix containing remarks on the laws and internal government of Denmark. 2 v. 8° London, printed for J. Nourse, 1774.

on the pretended account of Denmark. 1694. See King (W:)

(W. S. W., editor). See (Dr. W.) Asgard and the gods. 1880.

(G: F., translator). See King of Sweden. A memoir of Charles XII. 1879.

(Jón). Icelandic legends. Translated by G: E. J. Powell and Eiríkur Magnússon. Eng. tit. 17 pl. 12°. London, R: Bentley, 1864.

——— The same: Second series. With notes and introductory essay. 2 pl. 12° London, Longmans, 1866.

(E. Lester Linden). A summer holiday in Scandinavia. With a preface by Edwin Arnold. 12°. London, S. Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington, 1877

(Peter Christian). Popular tales from the Norse. By G: Webbe Dasent. With an introductory essay on the origin and diffusion of popular tales. 2d ed., enlarged. 12° Edinburgh, Edmonston & Douglas, 1859.

——— The same. 12° New York, D. Appleton & co., 1859. (21a)

——— Round the Yule log: Norwegian folk and fairy tales. Translated by H. L. Brækstad. With an introduction by Edmund W: Gosse; and with 100 illustrations by the first Norwegian artists. 8°. London, S. Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington, 1881.

——— The same: Folk and fairy tales. 26 pl. sq. 12° New York, A. C. Armstrong & son, 1883 [1882.]

——— Tales from the fjeld. A second series of popular tales, from the Norse. By G: W. Dasent. Front, 12° London, Chapman & Rail, 1874.


text:
Page:The Galvanic Circuit Investigated Mathematically.pdf/23

 16

These mathematical researches are of the most difficult order, and can therefore obtain general acquiescence but gradually; it is thus a fortunate chance that in an important part of the propagation or transmission of electricity in consequence of its peculiar nature, those difficulties almost entirely disappear.

To place this portion before the public is the object of the present Memoir, and therefore so many only of the complex cases have been admitted as seemed requisite to render the transition apparent.

The nature and form commonly given to galvanic apparatus favor the propagation of the electricity only in one dimension; and the velocity of its diffusion combined with the constancy with which a source of galvanic electricity acts, is the cause of the assumption by the galvanic phenomena, for the most part, of a character which does not vary with time. These two conditions, to which galvanic phenomena are most frequently subjected, viz., change of the electric state in a single dimension, and its independency of time, are however


text:
Page:The Galvanic Circuit Investigated Mathematically.pdf/24

 17

precisely the reasons why the investigation is brought to a degree of simplicity, which is not surpassed in any branch of natural philosophy, and is altogether adapted to secure incontrovertibly to mathematics the possession of a new field of physics, from which it had hitherto remained almost totally excluded.

Fluid Portions of a Circuit introduce Chemical Changes which complicate the Consideration.—The chemical changes which so frequently occur in some—generally fluid—portions of a galvanic circuit, deprive the result of much of its natural simplicity, and by the complications they produce, conceal to a considerable extent the peculiar progression of the phenomenon; they cause an unexampled change of the phenomenon which gives rise to many apparent exceptions to the rule, frequently amounting even to contradictions, in so far as the sense of this word is itself not in contradiction to nature.


text:
Page:History of the Literature of the Scandinavian North.djvu/438

420

(G: Francklin). Pictures from the north, in pen and pencil; sketched during a summer ramble. 3 pl. 8°. London, J: Ollivier, 1848.

Contains: Finland, Sweden and Denmark, pp. 160-251.

(Joseph Beavington). An art tour to northern capitals of Europe. 8° London, Macmillan & co., 1873.

elucidation of the history of Counts Struensee and Brandt, and of the revolution in Denmark in the year 1772. Printed by a personage principally interested. Translated from the German by B. H. Latrobe. [Anon.] 12° London, for J. Stockdale, 1789.

(Gustav Ludvig). The history of Norway, from the earliest times, by G. L. Baden, and from the union of Calmar, by Baron Holberg. Translated from the Danish, and continued to the present time by A. Andersen Feldborg. 8° London, printed for J. Bumpus, 1817.

(Karl). Norway and Sweden. Handbook for travellers. With 15 maps and 3 plans. 12° London, Dulau & co., 1879.

(Philip James). The international policy of the great powers. 12° London, Saunders, Olley & co., 1861. Contains: Germany and Scandinavia, pp. 63-97.

(Robert). Visit to northern Europe; or sketches descriptive, historical, political and moral, of Denmark, Norway, Sweden and Finland and the free cities of Hamburg and Lubeck, &c. 2 v. 12°. New York, J. S. Taylor & co., 1841.

(Oscar, translator). See (Esaias). The saga of Frithiof. 1841.

(James). The story of Siegfried. Illustrated by Howard Pyle. 6 pl. 12°. New York, C. Scribner's sons, 1882

(Sabine). Iceland: its scenes and sagas. 16 pl. 1 map. 8° London, Smith, Slider & co., 1863.

(Rev. Mordaunt Roger). Sport in Norway, and where to find it. Together with a short account of the vegetable productions of the country. To which is added, a list of the alpine flora of the Dovre fjeld and of the Norwegian ferns, &c. 2 pl. 12°. London, Chapman & Hall, 1864. — Translator. See (Jacob Rudolf). The private life of the old Northmen. 1868.— (Carl Wilhelm von). A summer in Iceland. 1868.— (Frederik Christian). Synopsis of the vegetable products of Norway. 1862.— (Just Matthias). The life of Thorvaldsen. 1865.

(J: jr.) Excursions in the north of Europe, through parts of


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Page:The Galvanic Circuit Investigated Mathematically.pdf/25

 18

[De La Rive writes thirty years later: "There is a special resistance due to the mere fact of the passage of the current from a solid into a liquid, or from a liquid into a solid. We call this resistance the resistance to passage. It always takes place while a liquid is being traversed by an electric current; for in order to put this liquid into the circuit, solid conductors called electrodes must necessarily be employed. This resistance to passage . . . is the result of the electro—chemical phenomena which in virtue of the decomposing action of the current necessarily occur on the surfaces of the solid conductors that are in contact with the liquids in which they are transmitting this current."—Treatise on Electricity. DE LA RIVE. 1856. Vol. ii. p. 73.]

I have distinctly separated the consideration of such galvanic circuits in which no portion undergoes a chemical change. from those whose activity is disturbed by chemical action, and have devoted separate space in the Appendix to the latter.


text:
Page:The Galvanic Circuit Investigated Mathematically.pdf/26

 19

This total separation of the two parts constituting the whole, and as might be thought the less dignified position of the latter, will find in the following circumstance a sufficient explanation.

A theory which asserts itself to be an enduring and fruitful one, must in all its consequences be in accordance with observation and experiment.

It seems to me that with respect to the first of the above-mentioned parts, this is sufficiently established, partly by the previous experiments of others, and partly by some performed by myself, which first made me acquainted with the theory here developed, and subsequently rendered me entirely devoted to it. Such is not the case with regard to the second part. A more accurate experimental verification is in this case still required, for which I have neither time nor means; and therefore it is for the present set in a corner, from whence, if it prove to be worth the trouble, it may be hereafter withdrawn, and may then also be further matured under better nursing.


text:
Page:The Galvanic Circuit Investigated Mathematically.pdf/27

 20

First case:—

A Circuit of Uniform Material and Uniform Size of Conductor.—By means of the first and third fundamental positions, we obtain a distinct insight into the primary galvanic phenomenon, as follows. Imagine, for instance, a ring everywhere of equal thickness and homogeneous, having at any one place one and the same electrical potential; i.e., inequality in the electrical state of two surfaces situated close to each other; from which causes, when they have come into action, and the equilibrium is consequently disturbed, the electricity will in its endeavor to re-establish itself, if its mobility be solely confined to the extent of the ring, flow off on both sides.

If this tension were merely momentary, the equilibrium would very soon be re-established; but if the tension is permanent, the equilibrium can never be restored; but the electricity by virtue of its expansive force, which is not sensibly restrained, produces in an almost inappreciably brief space of time, a state which


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Page:The Galvanic Circuit Investigated Mathematically.pdf/28

 21

approximates closely to equilibrium, and consists in this: that by the constant transmission of the electricity, a perceptible change in the electric condition of the parts of the conductor through which the current passes is nowhere produced.

The peculiarity of this state, which occurs also frequently in the transmission of light and heat, arises from the fact that each particle of the conducting medium situated in the circuit of action receives each moment just the same amount of the transmitted electricity from the one side. as it gives off to the other, and therefore constantly retains an unchanged quantity.

Now, since by reason of the first fundamental position the electrical transition only takes place directly from the one particle to the other, and is under otherwise similar circumstances, determined according to its energy by the electrical difference of the two particles, this state must evidently indicate itself on the ring uniformly excited in its entire thickness, and similarly constituted in all its parts, by a constant change in the electric con-