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faith comes between: but that faith is merited by the death of Christ, and for Christ vouchsafed to them, for whom he died, Tit. 3. 6. Ephes. 1. 3. Phil. 1. 29. Ephes. 6. 23.

Some have answered, that all men are the sheep of Christ, as the dispersed, torne, and devoured of evill pastors and beasts of the field, and the seduced and destroyed are acknowledged to be sheep, Jer. 23. 1, 2. Ezek. 34. 5, 6. But the Prophets speake only of the people of the Jewes, which at that time was distinct from the Gentiles, as the flock and inheritance of the Lord: so that hence nothing can be gathered, but that they, who live in Christs Church and fold, are his people and sheep of his pasture.

Againe, the Scripture speakes of the sheep of Christ, two wayes, according to vocation or according to election. According to vocation they are sheep, who externally pertaine to the number of Gods people and the Church: according to election, many sheep are without, many wolves within, and many sheep within, many wolves without. Although there be a distinction betwixt the merit of Christ by his obedience even to death, and his intercession, yet one of them cannot be separated from the other: for he maketh intercession for them to his Father for whom he hath merited reconciliation by his death, and we cannot thinke he should lay downe his life for them, for whom he would not pray. If we looke unto the signification of the words, Mediatour and Intercessor note the same thing: and if Christ have put himselfe betwixt the wrath of God and man to obtaine reconciliation by making satisfaction to offended justice, can it be thought, he will not request, that for the virtue of his sacrifice they for whom he hath satisfied, might be accepted of the Father. If we looke to these two functions of Mediation, suffering death and making intercession, they are conjoyned in Scripture. It is Christ that died, ''yea rather that is risen againe, who is even at the right hand of God, who also maketh intercession for us. If any man sinne we have an Advocate with the Father Iesus Christ the righteous, and he is the propitiation for our our sinnes''. Christ is our Advocate, if he be our propitiation, if we will receive the testimony of the Apostle and not separate things that God hath conjoyned. Incredible it is, that Christ out of his incredible love should vouchsafe to lay downe his life for them as well as others, for whom, the time of his passion being at hand, he would not power out a prayer. How


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Rh though the two little animals were glad to stay in the brier-patch, Eepersip generally took them along with her when she went anywhere, for she thought that possibly Mr. Brunio might come up with an ax to chop down the briers. In this Eepersip proved wise, for, about the third day that Mr. Brunio and the children had been coming up Eiki-Ennern Peak to rescue Snowflake, Mr. Brunio did bring an ax; But this time Eepersip had taken the little animals out with her; they had gone exploring, finding sweet roots and brilliant berries.

Eepersip spent that summer in continual fits of dancing, laughing, and merriment. She had never before been so happy. Every day she felt as though loved the animals, birds, and butterflieseverything of Naturemore than the day before. She loved to see the same birds coming back this year. Above all she loved the delicate butterflies with wings of all colours. She would lie in the meadow for hours and watch what was happening. She could imagine miniature cities in the air, and saw little butterflies and birds constantly going and coming from them. There were cities on the ground too, where orchestras of grasshoppers and crickets played in the grass.

She sometimes made up words for her melodieslittle songs of Nature. She would sing them

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I would acknowledge with particular gratitude the liberality of the in allowing the examination and use of the rich store of ballads accumulated at Abbotsford by her immortal ancestor; and also that of  in sending to Edinburgh for inspection the collection of rare Scottish broadsides formed by the late David Laing, and permitting me to print several articles.

The has done me the great favor of furnishing me with copies of traditional ballads and songs taken down by him in the West of England.

I am much indebted to the for his good offices, and to, as I have been all along, for help of every description.

F. J. CHILD.


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portion of this eighth number is devoted to texts from Abbotsford. Many of these were used by Sir in the compilation of the Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border; many, again, not less important than the others, did not find a place in that collection. They are now printed either absolutely for the first time, or for the first time without variation from the form in which they were written. All of them, and others which were obtained in season for the Seventh Part, were transcribed with the most conscientious and vigilant care by Mr, who has also identified the handwriting, has searched the numerous volumes of letters addressed to Sir for information relating to the contributors and for dates, and has examined the humbler editions of printed ballads in the Abbotsford library; this without remitting other help.

Very cordial thanks are offered, for texts or information, or for both, to the Rev., the Rev. , Mr , Dr , Mr , Dr , Mr , Dr , of Palermo, Mr , of Aberdeen, Mr , of Edinburgh, Mr , of Joppa, Mr , of York, Rev. , of London, Mrs , of Fochabers, and Mr , late of Harvard College; for notes on Slavic popular literature, to Mr , of Warsaw, and Professor ; and for miscellaneous notes, to my colleague, Professor.

So far as can be foreseen, one part more will bring this book to a close; it is therefore timely to say again that I shall be glad of any kind of assistance that will make it less imperfect, whether in the way of supplying omissions or of correcting errors, great or small.


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delay of the publication of this Ninth Part of the English and Scottish Ballads has been occasioned partly by disturbances of health, but principally by the necessity of waiting for texts. It was notorious that there was a considerable number of ballads among the papers of Charles Kirkpatrick Sharpe, and it was an important object to get possession of these, the only one of the older collections (with a slight exception) which I had not had in my hands. An unexpected opportunity occurred upon the sale of Sharpe's manuscripts last year. All the ballads, including, besides loose sheets, several sets of pieces, were secured by Mr Macmath, and turned over to me (mostly in transcripts made by his own hand) with that entire devotion to the interests of this undertaking which I have had so frequent occasion to signalize. A particularly valuable acquisition was the "old lady's complete set of ballads," mentioned by Scott in his correspondence with Sharpe, which was the original of most of the pieces in the Skene MS.

This Ninth Part completes the collection of English and Scottish ballads to the extent of my knowledge of sources, saving that William Tytler's Brown-MS. has not been recovered. Copies, from Mrs Brown's recitation, of all the pieces in this MS. are, however, elsewhere to be found, excepting in a single instance, and that of a ballad which is probably a variety of one or another here given in several forms (No 99 or No 158).

I have to thank Mr once more for his energetic and untiring co-operation; the Rev., of Sabine, for permission to make use of his ballad-gatherings; the Rev. , Mr , Mr , and Mr , for texts; Professor , of Leipzig, for the most liberal assistance in Slavic matters; Mr , of the University of Helsingfors, for a minute and comprehensive study of the Esthonian and Finnish forms of No 95; Dr Axel Olrik for Scandinavian texts and information relating thereto; Professor  for notes; and Mr , of Edinburgh, Dr , of Upsala, Miss , of London, Mr , of the Library of the University of Cambridge, Mr , late of Harvard College, and Mrs , for kind help of various descriptions.

It is intended that Part X (completing the work) shall contain a list of sources, a full and careful glossary, an index of titles and matters and other indexes, and a general preface.


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Rh enough of it for the ample support of their six hundred men and their families, too.

When we got fairly down on the level part of the Danite farm, we came to places where we could actually run our horses. It was a notable circumstance.

We had been painfully clambering over interminable hills and rocks for days together, and when we suddenly came upon this astonishing piece of rockless plain, every man drove the spurs into his horse and sped away with a velocity he could surely enjoy to the utmost, but could never hope to comprehend in Syria.

Here were evidences of cultivation—a rare sight in this country—an acre or two of rich soil studded with last season’s dead corn-stalks of the thickness of your thumb and very wide apart. But in such a land it was a thrilling spectacle. Close to it was a stream, and on its banks a great herd of curious-looking Syrian goats and sheep were gratefully eating gravel. I do not state this as a petrified fact—I only suppose they were eating gravel, because there did not appear to be any thing else for them to eat. The shepherds that tended them were the very pictures of Joseph and his brethren I have no doubt in the world. They were tall, muscular, and very dark-skinned Bedouins, with inky black beards. They had firm lips, unquailing eyes, and a kingly stateliness of bearing. They wore the parti-colored half bonnet, half hood, with fringed ends falling upon their shoulders, and the full, flowing robe barred with broad black stripes—the dress one sees in all pictures of the swarthy sons of the desert. These chaps would sell their younger brothers if they had a chance, I think. They have the manners, the customs, the dress, the occupation and the loose principles of the ancient stock. [They attacked our camp last night, and I bear them no good will.] They had with them the pigmy jackasses one sees all over Syria and remembers in all pictures of the “Flight into Egypt,” where Mary and the Young Child are riding and Joseph is walking alongside, towering high above the little donkey’s shoulders.

But really, here the man rides and carries the child, as a


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texts, information, or correction of errors, I have the pleasure of expressing my indebtedness to the following gentlemen in Europe: Mr ; Mr of Manchester; Professsor [sic]  of Oxford; Messrs  and  of Edinburgh; Mr  of Aberdeen; Dr  of Copenhagen; and in America to the following ladies and gentlemen: Miss  of Massachusetts; Miss  of South Carolina; Professor, Dr , Dr  and Mr  of Harvard ; Professor  of the Harvard Medical School; Dr  of Indiana, and Mr , editor of the Journal of American Folk-Lore. The services of Mr of Harvard College have been at my full command in Slavic matters, and had time been at my disposal would have been employed for a much wider examination of the very numerous collections of Slavic popular songs. , late of Harvard College Library, obligingly undertook the general bibliographical index at the end of this volume; but the labor proving too great for his delicate health, this index was completed by my friend Miss, who besides has generously devoted a great deal of time to the compilation or correction of all the other indexes and the preparation of them for the press. Still further favors are acknowledged elsewhere. In conclusion I would recognize with thanks and admiration the patience, liberality and consideration shown me by my publishers from beginning to end.

F. J. C.

[The manuscript of this Tenth and final Part of the English and Scottish Ballads (including the Advertisement), was left by Professor Child substantially complete, with the exception of the Bibliography, and nearly ready for the press. The Bibliography, which Miss Ireland had in hand at the time of Professor Child's death, has been completed by her, with some assistance. In accordance with Professor Child's desire, and at the request of his family, I have seen the present Part through the press. My own notes, except in the Indexes and Bibliography, are enclosed within brackets, and have been confined, in the main, to entries in the Additions and Corrections. Acknowledgments are due to Mr, Professor , and Dr for various contributions, and to Mr  for reading the proof-sheets of the music. Mr, Instructor in Slavic Languages in Harvard University, has had the great kindness to revise the Slavic titles in the List of Ballads, the List of Collections of Ballads, and the Bibliography. To Miss I am especially indebted for material assistance of various kinds, especially in the proofreading.

G. L. K.]


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482 general thing, and the woman walks. The customs have not changed since Joseph’s time. We would not have in our houses a picture representing Joseph riding and Mary walking; we would see profanation in it, but a Syrian Christian would not. I know that hereafter the picture I first spoke of will look odd to me.

We could not stop to rest two or three hours out from our camp, of course, albeit the brook was beside us. So we went on an hour longer. We saw water, then, but nowhere in all the waste around was there a foot of shade, and we were scorching to death. “Like unto the shadow of a great rock in a weary land.” Nothing in the Bible is more beautiful than that, and surely there is no place we have wandered to that is able to give it such touching expression as this blistering, naked, treeless land.

Here you do not stop just when you please, but when you can. We found water, but no shade. We traveled on and found a tree at last, but no water. We rested and lunched, and came on to this place, Ain Mellahah (the boys call it Baldwinsville.) It was a very short day’s run, but the dragoman does not want to go further, and has invented a plausible lie about the country beyond this being infested by ferocious Arabs, who would make sleeping in their midst a dangerous pastime. Well, they ought to be dangerous. They carry a rusty old weather-beaten flint-lock gun, with a barrel that is longer than themselves; it has no sights on it; it will not carry farther than a brickbat, and is not half so certain. And the great sash they wear in many a fold around their waists has two or three absurd old horse-pistols in it that are rusty


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Rh from eternal disuse—weapons that would hang fire just about long enough for you to walk out of range, and then burst and blow the Arab’s head off. Exceedingly dangerous these sons of the desert are.

It used to make my blood run cold to read Wm. C. Grimes’ hairbreadth escapes from Bedouins, but I think I could read them now without a tremor. He never said he was attacked by Bedouins, I believe, or was ever treated uncivilly, but then in about every other chapter he discovered them approaching, any how, and he had a blood-curdling fashion of working up the peril; and of wondering how his relations far away would feel could they see their poor wandering boy, with his weary feet and his dim eyes, in such fearful danger; and of thinking for the last time of the old homestead, and the dear old church, and the cow, and those things; and of finally straightening his form to its utmost height in the saddle, drawing his trusty revolver, and then dashing the spurs into “Mohammed” and sweeping down upon the ferocious enemy determined to sell his life as dearly as possible. True the Bedouins never did any thing to him when he arrived, and never had any intention of doing any thing to him in the first place, and wondered


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484 what in the mischief he was making all that to-do about; but still I could not divest myself of the idea, somehow, that a frightful peril had been escaped through that man’s dare-devil bravery, and so I never could read about Wm. C. Grimes’ Bedouins and sleep comfortably afterward. But I believe the Bedouins to be a fraud, now. I have seen the monster, and I can outrun him. I shall never be afraid of his daring to stand behind his own gun and discharge it.

About fifteen hundred years before Christ, this camp-ground of ours by the Waters of Merom was the scene of one of Joshua’s exterminating battles. Jabin, King of Hazor, (up yonder above Dan,) called all the shieks about him together, with their hosts, to make ready for Israel’s terrible General who was approaching.

But Joshua fell upon them and utterly destroyed them, root and branch. That was his usual policy in war. He never left any chance for newspaper controversies about who won the battle. He made this valley, so quiet now, a reeking slaughter-pen.

Somewhere in this part of the country—I do not know exactly where—Israel fought another bloody battle a hundred years later. Deborah, the prophetess, told Barak to take ten thousand men and sally forth against another King Jabin who had been doing something. Barak came down from Mount Tabor, twenty or twenty-five miles from here, and gave battle to Jabin’s forces, who were in command of Sisera. Barak won the fight, and while he was making the victory complete by the usual method of exterminating the remnant of the defeated host, Sisera fled away on foot, and when he was nearly exhausted by fatigue and thirst, one Jael, a woman he seems to have been acquainted with, invited him to come into her tent and rest himself. The weary soldier acceded readily enough,


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Rh and Jael put him to bed. He said he was very thirsty, and asked his generous preserver to get him a cup of water. She brought him some milk, and he drank of it gratefully and lay down again, to forget in pleasant dreams his lost battle and his humbled pride. Presently when he was asleep she came softly in with a hammer and drove a hideous tent-pen down through his brain!

“For he was fast asleep and weary. So he died.” Such is the touching language of the Bible. “The Song of Deborah and Barak” praises Jael for the memorable service she had rendered, in an exultant strain:

Stirring scenes like these occur in this valley no more. There is not a solitary village throughout its whole extent—not for thirty miles in either direction. There are two or three small clusters of Bedouin tents, but not a single permanent habitation. One may ride ten miles, hereabouts, and not see ten human beings.

To this region one of the prophecies is applied:

No man can stand here by deserted Ain Mellahah and say the prophecy has not been fulfilled.

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486 significance from what it always did at home. I can see easily enough that if I wish to profit by this tour and come to a correct understanding of the matters of interest connected with it, I must studiously and faithfully unlearn a great many things I have somehow absorbed concerning Palestine. I must begin a system of reduction. Like my grapes which the spies bore out of the Promised Land, I have got every thing in Palestine on too large a scale. Some of my ideas were wild enough. The word Palestine always brought to my mind a vague suggestion of a country as large as the United States. I do not know why, but such was the case. I suppose it was because I could not conceive of a small country having so large a history. I think I was a little surprised to find that the grand Sultan of Turkey was a man of only ordinary size. I must try to reduce my ideas of Palestine to a more reasonable shape. One gets large impressions in boyhood, sometimes, which he has to fight against all his life. “All these kings.” When I used to read that in Sunday School, it suggested to me the several kings of such countries as England, France, Spain, Germany, Russia, etc., arrayed in splendid robes ablaze with jewels, marching in grave procession, with sceptres of gold in their hands and flashing crowns upon their heads. But here in Ain Mellahah, after coming through Syria, and after giving serious study to the character and customs of the country, the phrase “all these kings” loses its grandeur. It suggests only a parcel of petty chiefs—ill-clad and ill-conditioned savages much like our Indians, who lived in full sight of each other and whose “kingdoms” were large when they were five miles square and contained two thousand souls. The combined monarchies of the thirty “kings” destroyed by Joshua on one of his famous campaigns, only covered an area about equal to four of our counties of ordinary size. The poor old sheik we saw at Cesarea Philippi with his ragged band of a hundred followers, would have been called a “king” in those ancient times.

It is seven in the morning, and as we are in the country, the grass ought to be sparkling with dew, the flowers enrich-


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44 the sun rise and send away the shadows to right and left, flushing the sky with delicate pink and yellow. The deer were still laying down. Eepersip heard a sound of voices talking, followed by a roar of laughter; and instantly, of course, she grew suspicious. She heard: "Mr. Wraspane, will you come with me?" "Certainly, Mr. Eigleen." "Mrs. Ikkisfield, you come with me. We are the ones that are not so skilled in slyness. We will go up on the hill and guard there." "All right, Mrs. Eigleen."

As Eepersip lay there in the field, two men broke out of the woods right near where she was lying. She sprang to her feet, caught Chippy and Snowflake in her arms, and ran. Before she could snatch up the two little animals, Mr. Eigleen was just able to seize her dress as she darted by him. But, of course, the fern that he caught hold of came out in his hand, and she ran along toward the hilla foolish thing to do, for she had just heard that there were two people guarding it. Still, that was just about the only thing that she could do, for the other two, Mr. Ikkisfield and Mrs. Wraspane, had also come out of the woods and blocked her path.

Eepersip fled up on the hill and nearly ran int Mrs. Eigleen and Mrs. Ikkisfield. Mrs. Eigleen

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Rh ing the air with their fragrance, and the birds singing in the trees. But alas, there is no dew here, nor flowers, nor birds, nor trees. There is a plain and an unshaded lake, and beyond them some barren mountains. The tents are tumbling, the Arabs are quarreling like dogs and cats, as usual, the camp-ground is strewn with packages and bundles, the labor of packing them upon the backs of the mules is progressing with great activity, the horses are saddled, the umbrellas are out, and in ten minutes we shall mount and the long procession will move again. The white city of the Mellahah, resurrected for a moment out of the dead centuries, will have disappeared again and left no sign.


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Rh remains of Semimaru’s hut, and cross the Tanagami River to visit the tomb of Sarumaru. On the way back, according to the season, I admire the cherry blossoms or the autumn leaves, pick fern-shoots or fruit, both to offer to the Buddha and to use in my house.

If the evening is still, in the moonlight that fills the window I long for old friends or wet my sleeve with tears at the cries of the monkeys. Fireflies in the grass thickets might be mistaken for fishing-lights off the island of Maki; the dawn rains sound like autumn storms blowing through the leaves. And when I hear the pheasants’ cries, I wonder if they call their father or their mother; when the wild deer of the mountain approach me unafraid, I realize how far I am from the world. And when sometimes, as is the wont of old age, I waken in the middle of the night, I stir up the buried embers and make them companions in solitude.

It is not an awesome mountain, but its scenery gives me endless pleasure regardless of the season, even when I listen in wonder to the hooting of the owls. How much more even would the sights mean to someone of deeper thought and knowledge!

When I first began to live here I thought it would be for just a little while, but five years have already passed. My temporary retreat has become rather old as such houses go: withered leaves lie deep by the eaves and moss has spread over the floor. When, as chance has had it, news has come to me from the capital, I have learned how many of the great and mighty have died since I withdrew to this mountain. And how to reckon the numbers of lesser folk? How many houses have been destroyed by the numerous conflagrations? Only in a hut built for the moment can one live without fears. It is very small, but it holds a bed where I may lie at night and a seat for me in the day; it lacks nothing as a place for me to dwell. The hermit crab chooses to live in little shells because


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140 140 T. G. BONNET ON COLUMNAR, FISSILE,

18. On Columnar, Fissile, and Spheroidal Structure. By the Bev. T. G. Bonnet, M.A., F.G.S., Fellow and Tutor of St. John's College, Cambridge. (Bead February 23, 1876.)

The subject of the columnar jointing and spheroidal structure of rocks has of late received considerable attention, the most im- portant papers on the subject being those by Professor James Thomson* and by Mr. K. Mallet f. The former explains the colum- nar structure by a contraction of the mass in cooling, and advances a novel theory to account for the cup-and-ball structure observed in cross-jointing, viz. — that the fracture commenced at the centre, owing to a longitudinal tensile stress, starting often from a " small [included] mass of stone different in texture and in hardness from the rest" of the rock, and proceeded outwards towards the peri- phery. The cause of this tensile stress he considers to be, probably, chemical action set up by infiltration of water, which has produced an expansion of the outside of the column, so that the outer part, growing longer, has strained and finally snapped the interior. The spheroidal structure, often manifested in decaying basalts, he considered not to be " an original concretionary structure, but due to decomposition penetrating from without inwards in blocks or fragments, into which the rock has been fissured."

Mr. E. Mallet commences his paper by an ingenious mathematical demonstration of the cause of hexagonal fracture in the contracting body. He then passes on to consider the cup-and-ball structure. This he regards as a further product of contraction from loss of heat in a prism which is now cooling from the sides as well as from an end, so that the curved surface of the joint is always concave to the end which is losing heat ; and he regards the spheroidal structure as the result of the residual forces of contraction which yet remain in the imperfectly cooled prismatic blocks into which the column is divided.

That columnar structure was clue to contraction was clearly pointed out many years since by Mr. Scrope in his admirable work on the AuvergneJ; so that the confused statements in subsequent text-books of geology well deserve the severe comments of the above- named authors. With their explanation I fully concur ; and the .demonstration of Mr. E. Mallet seems to me unanswerable. I shall therefore pass rapidly over this part of the subject, merely calling attention to one or two points of interest in connexion with columnar structure. As, however, I entirely dissent from Professor J. Thomson's conclusions in the rest of his paper, and differ to some extent from those of Mr. Mallet, I venture to think there is yet room for a few remarks on the subject — one which I have for some time past lost no opportunity of studying.

t Phil. Mag. ser. 4, vol. 1. pp. 122, 201. X Volcanoes of Central France, p. 92.
 * Eeport of Belfast Naturalists' Field Club, 18G9-70.


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142 142

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regular structure. The same may be observed in the prismatic lava at Torre del Greco (Naples), and at Fingal's Cave (Staffa).

The curved forms of the columns have been so fully discussed by Mr. Scropo and Mr. R. Mallet that I pass them by, merely stating that while some of the cases of slight flexure may be produced by a small motion of the lava-stream, after the formation of the columns, but before it has become perfectly solid, the majority must be due to changes in the form of the surface of what we may call breaking- tension in the cooling mass. It is extremely difficult to explain such complicated cases as the Clam-shell Cave (Staffa), Pouk Hill (Walsall), the Roche Sanadoire (Auvergne), and Jaujac (Ardeche) ; but we must remember that the surface of cooling must be closely related to the surface of the mass, and that partial denudation has often deprived us of the data for that part of the problem. Varia- tion in the conductivity of the superincumbent materials might also produce some effect. Further complication has been sometimes introduced by large fissures, which appear to have opened out in the the mass somewhat anterior to its breaking into columns, and have allowed of a more rapid escape of heat from their surfaces. Thus columns will often be found to curve to a large, more or less hori- zontal joint (see fig. 1).

Fig t l, — Columns of Trachyte curving to a joint (Pic de Saucy, near Cascade of tlie Bore).

A, B. Great joint. C. Minute cross-joints.

The structures more or less parallel to the surfaces of the mass, and consequently generally at right angles to the columnar, have next to be noticed. These may be roughly classified as (a) Fissile and Platy, (6) Tabular, (c) Curvitabular, (d) Cup-and-ball struc- ture.

(a) Fissile. — A distinct tendency to a cleavage, at first sight closely resembling that of ordinary slates, is often visible in igneous rocks. A pitchstone on the north side of the hill of Bunfion (Arran) splits with tolerable ease in one direction. ■ The great intrusive sheet of pitchstone on the Corriegills shore of the same island also has a distinctly fissile character, especially near the upper and lower surfaces, to which the structure is parallel. The same structure may be often observed near the surface of basalt dykes, as on this same shore ; usually, however, it extends only for a few inches into


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144 144

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to the annexed diagram (fig. 2), together with the following extract from my note-book may make this plain : —

" The columns are frequently rather rude and quadrangular in shape ; in part, however, they are tolerably regular and hex- agonal. They are bent in a most singular manner, so that those toward the outside curve round and roughly overarch an interior nearly vertical sheaf or boss. These columns are cut by numerous cross joints which run parallel to great curving divisional planes, and traverse their axes at a high angle. Thus the columns appear to be built up of slabs. The cross joints are commonly not at right angles to the axis, the inclination sometimes not exceeding 50°. In parts this platy structure becomes so conspicuous as almost to obliterate the prismatic ; and a very singular effect is produced by this alterna- tion of bands of ' frilled ' and ' crimped ' rock. The whole mass, whether distinctly columnar or not, has more or less of a fissile structure, which is of course most distinct where the columns are least so, and is (so far as I could see, and as one would expect) parallel to the great curving divisional planes. This description applies especially to the south-western part of the hill ; when a view is obtained of the whole of the western face, as from the slopes on the opposite sides of the valley, the same complicated double structure will be seen continued throughout."

Turning now to the lloche Tuilliere, we find that its eastern face is divided into a number of large columns ; these are very distinctly marked, and are cut by a great number of cross joints, which are not at right angles to the axis of the columns, but dip outwards. These joints also, when viewed from a distance, are seen not to traverse the face of the cliff horizontally, but to arch upward from its two extremities so as to become horizontal in the centre,

Fig. 3. — Diagram of Columns and Cross joints {lloche Tuilhere).

Fig. 4. — Fissile structure. (Roche Tuillihre).

^

A B. Vertical joints. C C. Direction of cross joints. D. Direction of southern end of cliff.

following very nearly the curve of its sky-line, which has no doubt been determined by the direction of these divisional planes. On climbing the steep wooded talus to the base of the columns their structure becomes more evident. In shape they are rather less


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gular prisms, which are traversed by so many cross joints as to make the rock almost platy in structure ; then, after a distance of about a yard, where the normal joints become rather more frequent and somewhat confused, a series of magnificent columns commences, which run with great regularity, and are singularly free from cross joints, the shafts often being unbroken for a distance of several yards. On approaching a contact with the tuff on the lower side of the mass a platy structure again sets in.

This tabular structure, it will be observed, is roughly parallel to the bounding surface of the mass, as is the bedding in the case noticed under Burntisland Castle. Intrusive dykes also sometimes show a tabular or roughly platy structure running parallel to their bounding surfaces.

(c) Curvitabular Structure. — I proceed next to describe a struc- ture which I have not often noticed myself, and do not remember to have seen described by others — which, for the sake of a name, I may denominate curvitabular jointing. As an example of it I will de- scribe the basalt of the Plateau de Prudelle, above the valley of Yillar (Auvergne), a sketch of which is engraved by Mr. Scrope, in plate vi. of his work on the Auvergne. This basalt crowns a rib or promontory of granite, resting on this or on a thin intervening bed of sandy (and ashy ?) marl containing rolled felspar crystals and a few bits of scoriaceous basalt. Above the marl comes a rather irregular, hard, " ropy "-looking, brown band, probably only the baked crust of the marl, which is united irregularly to the base of the basalt flow. This is very rough, slaggy and scoriaceous, in places re- sembling an agglomerate of cinders, sometimes partly fused together, sometimes loose. This crust is about a foot thick, and passes rather suddenly into a somewhat slaggy-looking basalt, with a few elongated vesicles and occasional irregular vertical joints. This continues for about 2 feet ; and then the curvitabular structure sets in rather suddenly. The mass is traversed by a series of more or less

Fig. 6. — Diagram of Curvitabular structure (Plateau de la Prudelle).


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intervening between these and the curved boundary of the ball, which, as a rule, nowhere touches them.

These curves generally point in one direction, sometimes upward, sometimes downward ; occasionally, however, cases may be noticed where they are differently directed in adjoining columns*. So far as I can remember, they are most frequent where the rock exhibits the spheroidal structure which I am about to describe ; but before doing this I should wish to call attention to a curious form of cross- jointing which 1 observed in some of the basalt columns at the upper part of the hill of Bonnevie, Murat (fig. 8).

Here, in the upper part of the excavation opened for quarrying, a curious interruption to the regularity of the columns may be observed in the form of a sort of projection, like a part of a capital from which springs the base (curving till the old direction is

Fig. 8. — Crots joints at Bonnevie.

Pig. 0. — /Structure of Columns in the Lava at lioyat.

A. Plane of parallel joints.

resumed) of another column. A closer examination shows that this structure is connected with a series of cross joints, which cut the columns (here at angles of about 60°), and to whose plane the axes of the imperfect prisms forming the brackets are parallel. These joints are from 4-6' apart; and the ordinary cross-jointing in the other parts of the hill seems rather regular.

A singular case of columnar and joint-structure occurs in the valley of the Tirtaine, near the grotto of the springs between Old and New lloyat (Auvergne). Here the lava-stream, which is generally irregularly jointed, and sometimes (according to Mr. Scrope) spheroidal, is rudely columnar at its base (fig. 9). The columns are irregularly hexagonal, and about 18" in diameter. At first sight they seem cross-jointed at intervals of about 12" or 15";

in the columns in possession of our Society.
 * As is the case (pointed out, by Mr. Scrope, Geol. Mag. Dec. 11, vol. ii. p. 412)


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roidal structure, though on a minute scale ; and here examination of the rocks, both macroscopic and microscopic, proves that the structure is in no way connected with previously formed cubes, or capable of being explained by simple exfoliation during decompo- sition. But the following instances of its occurrence will, I think, show that no theory of mere decomposition is adequate to explain the facts.

The annexed diagram (fig. 11) is taken from a large spheroid ex-

Fig. 10. — Spheroidal structure in Agglomerate (Burntisland).

Fig. 11. — Sjpheroid in Basalt near Murat.

hibited in a mass of basalt by the roadside on the way from Murat to the bridge over the Alagnon (Auvergue). A glance at it will, I think, show that the curious prolongation of the outer layer is impossible to explain on any principle of weathering. I may add that this occurrence of an isolated spheroid or small group of sphe- roids in a mass which generally does not show the structure is by no means rare.

But I can produce yet stronger cases. A few kilometres from Le Puy on the lloute de Brioude, close to where a road turns off to Polignac, is a mass of columnar basalt rather decomposed, part of which exhibits veiy well the spheroidal structure. Here spheroids may be seen, one above another, enclosed three or four at a time in a columnar shell without any dividing cross joints, so that they are just like Dutch cheeses packed in hexagonal cases (the interstices being filled up). The lid of the box has more or less fallen away, and exposed the contained spheroids (See fig. 12).

Again, a mass of trachyte, intrusive in trachytic ash, by the road- side on the flank of the Puy Gros (near the Roche Sanadoire men- tioned above) showed structures bearing on this as well as other points of interest. The surface in contact with underlying tuff exhibited a. platy structure for about three inches; then came a layer rudely spheroidal ; above that were some irregularly vertical joints ; two of these curved in opposite directions so as to enclose a


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caused shells to be formed, they would be spherical, because the sphere is, for au equal volume, the figure of least area, and there- fore of least resistance ; and as its surface is at every point at right angles to the radius, there is no tangential component to the central force, and thus the whole of it is effective in rupturing. Thus a hexagon is the figure which w T ill result from uniform contraction in two dimensions, a sphere from contraction in three dimensions.

But now, supposing that the contraction is mainly in one dimen- sion, or, to put it otherwise, suppose that all the points lying in one surface in a body are in a state of uniform strain in one direction, naturally there would be a tendency to rupture along a surface at right angles to the strain. Suppose, for example, a number of tiles placed on a floor were subjected to strains perpendicular to the floor, they would naturally split parallel to it. Something analogous to this happens in the cooling of an igneous mass, where heat is lost from a surface (suppose the upper). The strains in a horizontal direction, due to contraction, are at once eased by the formation of joints, more or less regular ; but if the loss of heat from the surface be rather rapid, there will be a strong normal strain, which will not be relieved thus, and so slabs or tabulae will be broken off by a kind of exfoliation ; and the more the adjacent particles in a straight line normal to the cooling surface differ in temperature, as will be the case in rapid cooling, the more frequent will these cross joints be. Thus the mass near the surface is generally platy or tabular.

The matter may be expressed, perhaps, rather more simply in another way. Suppose a body contracting uniformly towards a point within it, and its particles incapable of differential motion ; then if rupture takes place, a series of spherical shells, concentric with this point, will be formed. Suppose now (the law remaining the same) this point bo in the surface of the body ; then it will break in concentric hemispherical shells. Suppose the point towards which contraction takes place be outside, still the body will break into segments of large concentric spheres whose curvature will become less and less as the point becomes more remote, the limit being, of course, a plane when the distance of the point is infinite. Head, for a force causing contraction to a point, loss of heat from a surface causing contraction, and the case remains the same. When heat was lost with tolerable uniformity throughout any part of the mass, spheroids both large and small would be formed ; when it was lost from a more or less plane surface, but from certain points on it more than others (which is equivalent to what would happen when cooling had advanced a little distance within a lava-stream, owing to either superficial irregularities or surface-fissures), curved cross joints and cur vitabular joints would be formed; and when cooling was taking place uniformly from all the points of a plane surface, then platy or tabular forms would result. It must also be remem- bered that the form of the exterior surface would greatly modify these results; for, speaking generally, all points of equal tension would lie in surfaces parallel to the exterior one, whatever it might be. Still, the principle of least action would cause a certain svin-


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E traversed some miles of desolate country whose soil is rich enough, but is given over wholly to weeds—a silent, mournful expanse, wherein we saw only three persons —Arabs, with nothing on but a long coarse shirt like the “tow-linen” shirts which used to form the only summer garment of little negro boys on Southern plantations. Shepherds they were, and they charmed their flocks with the traditional shepherd’s pipe—a reed instrument that made music as exquisitely infernal as these same Arabs create when they sing.

In their pipes lingered no echo of the wonderful music the shepherd forefathers heard in the Plains of Bethlehem what time the angels sang “Peace on earth, good will to men.”

Part of the ground we came over was not ground at all, but rocks—cream-colored rocks, worn smooth, as if by water; with seldom an edge or a corner on them, but scooped out, honeycombed, bored out with eye-holes, and thus wrought into all manner of quaint shapes, among which the uncouth imitation of skulls was frequent. Over this part of the route were occasional remains of an old Roman road like the Appian Way, whose paving-stones still clung to their places with Roman tenacity.

Gray lizards, those heirs of ruin, of sepulchres and desolation, glided in and out among the rocks or lay still and sunned themselves. Where prosperity has reigned, and fallen; where glory has flamed, and gone out; where beauty has dwelt, and passed away; where gladness was, and sorrow is; where the pomp of life has been, and silence and death brood in its high


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generally form at the points where the spheroid's surface was nearest to the outside of the column, because the shell would be rather weaker there.

The independence of the structures is to some extent confirmed by the fact that a thin plane lamina of rock sometimes exists between two spheroids in a column.

All the divisional structures, therefore, which can be observed in igneous rocks are, if the above considerations be admitted, to be re- ferred to one and the same cause, viz. contraction of the mass while cooling. It is not, of course, denied that in some cases effects may have been produced by subsequent chemical or mechanical action (as the true cleavage in certain of the Welsh felstones) ; but it is con- tended that those above described are all the result of one and the same cause.

Discussion.

Prof. Ramsay inquired whether Mr. Bonney had observed the cup- and-ball structure in narrow dykes at right angles to the planes of cooling.

Mr. Koch stated that he had tried many experiments bearing on the subject of prismatic and spheroidal structure. Slag at 1500° C, when suffered to run into water, has a perfectly smooth surface, and exhibits distinct prismatic structure. Fragments of ironstone placed on the sole of a furnace cracked off in shells, leaving spheres ; and quartzite under similar circumstances flaked off in the same way.

Mr. Judd noticed the interesting bearing of the numerous facts described in this paper on the theories concerning the production of columnar structures propounded by Prof. James Thomson and Mr. Robert Mallet. He, however, deprecated the introduction by the author of the question of the fissile structure of phonolites (which microscopic examination proved to be the result of peculiarities in the arrangement of the crystalline constituents of the rock) as having any relation to the structures resulting from contraction.

Mr. Rutley stated that one of the felstone dj^kes in the Lake- district showed spurious cleavage in the direction of the dyke.

Mr. Murphy remarked that as the cooling commenced at the surface, the percolation of water between the first formed columns would aid in the production of the columnar structure lower down.

The Author, in reply to Mr. Judd, said that he did not regret having introduced the Auvergne phonolites into his paper, for he was convinced that their structure could not be explained by pressure ; he considered that' the intricacy of the arrangement shown by his diagrams negatived the supposition. Separation of the minerals, as described by Mr. Judd, would not necessarily be fatal to his theory ; but in the case of the Roche Sanadoire, he had examined a section to see if it existed, and had not found it.


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Rh places, there this reptile makes his home, and mocks at human vanity. His coat is the color of ashes: and ashes are the symbol of hopes that have perished, of aspirations that came to nought, of loves that are buried. If he could speak, he would say, Build temples: I will lord it in their ruins; build palaces: I will inhabit them; erect empires: I will inherit them; bury your beautiful: I will watch the worms at their work; and you, who stand here and moralize over me: I will crawl over your corpse at the last.

A few ants were in this desert place, but merely to spend the summer. They brought their provisions from Ain Mellahah—eleven miles.

Jack is not very well to-day, it is easy to see; but boy as he is, he is too much of a man to speak of it. He exposed himself to the sun too much yesterday, but since it came of his earnest desire to learn, and to make this journey as useful as the opportunities will allow, no one seeks to discourage him by fault-finding. We missed him an hour from the camp, and then found him some distance away, by the edge of a brook,


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metry in the surface of rupture ; and thus surfaces of revolution (such as spheroids, hyperboloids, &e.) would be generally produced.

There is thus a certain relation between the spheroids, the curved horizontal joints, and the great curving cross joints, such as are seen at the Koche Tuilliere. Hence the fissile structure so well exhibited both here and at the Eoche Sanadoire is not a cleavac/e structure in the ordinary * sense of the word ; for it is the result of force acting in exactly the opposite direction, being the result of tension ; whilst cleavage is due to compression — somewhat similar results being thus produced by forces with changed algebraic signs.

I consider the cup-and-ball joint structure a special case of the spheroidal ; and the only point on which I feel some doubt is whether one should regard the division as beginning at the centre or at the exterior, or as to some extent independent, — namely, whether as a column cools tolerably uniformly, it tends by symmetry to divide into approximately equal lengths, and so spheroids are formed in the more plastic though warmer parts (the exterior shell being a little more rapidly chilled), and whether the cracks thus formed between two adjacent spheroids are continued toward the exterior, which then, being in a state of strain, is cracked horizontally at these points of weakness ; or whether the exterior, cracking first, caused a line of weakness, which determined the commencement of a spheroid in the inner parts ; or, as a third possibility, whether the two divisional surfaces are to some extent independent — the spheroids forming within in the more plastic part of the column, the cracks opening from without to the more solidified part, and the two surfaces of division running together at last so as to complete the separation.

Some independence in these surfaces of division seems to be indi- cated by the occurrence of distinctly formed spheroids in an unbroken column, and by the fact that the spheroids are occasionally again subdivided into segments which to some extent continue the same structure, two or even more of these being enclosed in a more regular spheroidal shell (see fig. 13). This independence, too, would explain the fact that the ends of columns pointing in the same direction show sometimes cups and sometimes balls. It is quite true that the divisional curves, if due to strain from contraction, should be concave to the surface of cooling, as Mr. Mallet has proved (and this, I have little doubt, is the case in the curvitabular structure) ; but, as Mr. Scrope objects, and as my own experience has shown me, in the case of cup-and-ball structure in columns there is great uncertainty, adjacent columns showing at top, one a cup, the other a ball. If, however, the two fissures were formed to some extent inde- pendently (the curved one beginning at the interior, the plane one at the exterior), this would be likely to happen, though still the one or the other structure might predominate : the outside cracks would

of this being produced in rocks which are not likely to have been subjected to great earth-movements and must have always been of rather a superficial cha- racter, and (2), in the cases quoted, by the impossibility of explaining the ar- rangement of the divisional planes on any theory of cleavage.
 * That it cannot be a true cleavage is shown (1) by the extreme improbability


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210 it well knows the size of its body. The osprey stays on deserted shores because it fears human beings. I am like them. Knowing myself and the world, I have no ambitions and do not mix in the world. I seek only tranquillity; I rejoice in the absence of grief.

Most people do not build houses for their own sake. Some build for their families or their relatives; some for their friends and acquaintances. Some build for their masters or teachers, and some even to hold their possessions or beasts. I have built for myself and not for others. This is because in times like these, being in the position I am, I have no companion and no servant to help me. Supposing that I had built a spacious house, whom should I have lodged? Whom should I have had live there?

A man’s friends esteem him for his wealth and show the greatest affection for those who do them favors. They do not necessarily have love for persons who bear them warm friendship or who are of an honest disposition. It is better to have as friends music and the sights of nature. A man’s servants crave liberal presents and are deferential to those who treat them generously. But however great the care and affection bestowed on them, they do not care the slightest for their master’s peace and happiness. It is best to be one’s own servant.

If there is something which must be done, I naturally do it myself. I do sometimes weary of work, but I find it simpler to work than to employ a servant and look after him. If some errand requires walking, I do the walking myself. It is disagreeable at times, but it is preferable to worrying about horse-trappings or an oxcart. I divide my body and make two uses of it: my hands are my servants, my feet my vehicle, and they suit me well. When my mind or body is tired, I know it at once and I rest. I employ my servants when they are strong. I say “employ,” but I do not often overwork them. If I do not feel like working, it does not upset me. And is it not true that to be thus always walking and working is good for the body? What would be the point in idly doing nothing? It is a sin to cause physical or mental pain: how can we borrow the labor of others?

My clothing and food are as simple as my lodgings. I cover my


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lenticular space. In this, two internal spheroids were exposed by the exfoliation of the face, which were not connected with any cross joints. In the adjoining mass four large, rude and very irregular spheroids were shown (the bounding surfaces being incomplete or with more than one centre). Similar instances of spheroids discon- nected from the main joints may be seen in a quarry called Turner's Pit in the Rowley-Eegis basalt, where also, in some cases, the nuclei of the spheroids are further subdivided, so that imperfect spheroids are enclosed by a spheroidal shell, like the twin kernels of a nut (fig. 13). It is therefore clear that, though the spheroids often do corre-

Fig. 12. — Spheroids in an 2in- jointed column near Le Puy.

Fig. 13. — Complicated spheroidal, structure {Rowley-Regis bascdt).

( }— f, , -1

spond with the spaces between cross joints in the column, there is no necessary connexion ; both maybe due to a somewhat similar cause; but the spheroid can exist without the cross joint, and vice versa.

Is it, then, possible to find any one cause which will explain these various divisional structures from the fissile to the spheroidal ? I think that which has already been suggested (I may say proved) for some of them, viz. the contraction of a cooling mass, is capable of explaining all. Mr. Mallet has shown that if a mass of molten rock be cooling uniformly from a surface, it will, in consequence of the mathematical principle of least action, break into hexagonal prisms at right angles to the surface of cooling. By the same principle, if a cube were contracting in consequence of a uniform loss of heat from each of its sides, it would be more likely to rupture internally (supposing that the solidification of the exterior prevented diminution of volume) in spheroidal shells ; for the more rapid loss of heat from the angles would tend to bring the isothermal surfaces within into a rudely spherical form ; and then, when the strain


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hut on closer examination it becomes evident that this apparent division is caused by a change in the direction of the faces of the column, so that for a very short space, at this point, they are no longer vertical, but bend very slightly in or out. Nearly all these apparent bands curve a little upwards. Sometimes they correspond with actual cross joints; at others there may be very fine con- cealed cross joints; but in many there is not the slightest sign of any division at all. Still these bands indicate a tendency to division ; for at a short distance the columns become less regular, and the real cross joints (still curving upwards) more numerous, so that the lava is first divided into irregular rectangular blocks, with curved upper and under surfaces, and then broken by irregular curving joints, which in a few cases approach the curvitabular structure already described ; so that in one part the columnar, in another the curvitabular structure is dominant.

To proceed to the spheroidal structure. Professor J. Thomson regards it as the result of a process of exfoliation due to the action of the weather on a tolerably regular-shaped homogeneous mass. Though undoubtedly cuboidal blocks of rock have, for obvious reasons, a tendency to weather into rough spheroids, and though further action of the weather might occasionally produce concentric exfoliation in such spheroids, yet I trust to show that this explana- tion is wholly inadequate in the present case, although doubtless the weather has great effect in developing the structure. The ex- amples which I am about to mention will, I think, establish these two propositions : —

(1) Spheroidal structure is to be seen in rocks which are not homogeneous and are not at all cuboidal in form.

(2) Spheroids may be found in columnar rock which have evi- dently formed inside a prism, the exterior of which was not broken by joints.

Spheroidal structure has been observed in plaster on a wall*. A very fine example of it in bedded shale is figured by Mr. Jukes in his * Manual of Geology 'f. I have seen it well developed (of an ellipsoidal form) in a lenticular fragment of shale caught up in basalt on the Fifeshire coast, near Elic. A very fine instance of it may be seen in volcanic ash near the village of Santa Lucia (Yalle do Cordevole, Italian Tyrol). Here it is so conspicuous that the rock at a short distance might be readily mistaken for a decomposing basalt. Instances of it can also be found in the agglomeratic ash of the Binns, Burntisland (Fife). The annexed diagram (fig. 10) will show that here the structure is wholly independent of the form of the rock. Sometimes also it occurs where a distinct stratification may be observed, through the planes of which it cuts.

Again, perlitic J obsidian and pitchstone is a true case of sphe-

 * Geol. Mag. vol. viii. p. 333. t Manual of Geology, p. 311 (ed. Geikie).

cimens which have come under my own notice have been from Hungary : for the opportunity of examining a very interesting example I am indebted to Mr. Judd'e kindness.
 * I distinguish, of course, perlitic from sph;ernlitic structure. The best spe-


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horizontal curving joints with their convexities upward ; so that the whole is divided into a series of plano-convex, meniscoid, or concavo-convex blocks, in length perhaps about 2 to 4 feet, and in thickness 4 to 12 inches (fig. 6). This structure continues with but slight indications of any tendency to vertical master joints for some 35 feet ; and then the basalt for the remaining space (perhaps about 4 yards) becomes rather suddenly rudely columnar*. How much has been removed by denudation from the top of the flow it is impossible to say. At the end of the spur there is evidence that its surface was uneven and a ridge already defined when the basalt flowed; for the tabular structure curves in both the longitudinal and transverse sections, so as to remain symmetrical with the surface of the ground. It is therefore evident that it is con- nected with the form of the surface of the rock. Close to the station of Eougeac (railway from Le Puy to Arvant) I saw a similar structure in a mass of basalt. A very rough sketch of this in- teresting section (jotted down from the railway -carriage window) is given below (fig. 7).

Fig. 7. — Section at Eougeac.

A B C D

A. Basalt. B. Stratified volcanic ash. C. Aggloineratic volcanic ash. D. Basalt, with curvitabular structure.

Here also the structure is affected by the form of the bounding surface ; but in this case the convexities of the curves are turned downward.

(d) Cup-and-ball Structure. — The next structure to be noticed is that form of cross-jointing of columnar rock which goes by the name of cup-and-ball structure. Usually the columns are divided across, at variable distances, by plane cross joints at right angles to their axes. These sometimes, as in the Gross Oelberg and Weilberg (Siebengebirge), and at Murat (De'partement de Cantal, Auvergne), are as much as 15 or 20 feet apart ; but commonly they are not more than a yard, and sometimes less. Occasionally, however, the joint- surface is not a plane, but more or less curved, so that the convex extremity of one segment fits into the concave extremity of the next. The form of this curve varies : sometimes its curvature is but slight, and it is continued down to the sides of the prism ; at others the curvature is more marked, the outline of the ball being more nearly circular, and is not continued to the sides of the prism, a flat space

very regular prisms of five or six sides, which exfoliate by decomposition in slaty lamina; at right angles to their axes. I do not remember to have seen this structure conspicuous in the part which I examined.
 * Mr. Scrope (p. 106) describes this basalt as separated at some points into


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regular than their distant appearance would lead one to infer, as they vary from irregular quadrangular to hexagonal, the majority appearing to be pentagonal. They are often as much as 6 feet in diameter. The great cross joints cut the columns at distances from 2 to 5 feet apart ; and the whole mass is traversed by a fissile struc- ture curiously resembling that of a roughly cleaved slate, parallel to these joints. As the outward dip of these planes is some 20°, it produces a most unpleasant idea of instability upon the mind ; for the columns look as if the least disturbance would cause them to slip forward. At the southern end of the cliff the columns are less distinct ; and here the curve of the divisional planes makes a much higher angle with the horizon than elsewhere, becoming nearly vertical (see figs. 3 & 4).

From the above descriptions it will be evident that the fissile structure in these rocks cannot be a true cleavage ; its explanation will be attempted presently.

(b) Tabular Structure. — In many igneous rocks the horizontal joints are so regularly and strongly defined as to produce a tabular or bedded structure. Instances of this may be seen in many granites, as, for example, at Pardenick Point, near the Land's End ; in dolerite, in an intrusive mass under " the Castle," Burntis- land (Fife) ; in the gabbro of the Gimlet rock, Pwlhelli, and of the Cuchullin Hills ; and, though less perfectly, in some of the " traps " in the Lake-district. A case which I have more than once observed seems to suggest some connexion between this and the platy struc- ture described above. An excellent example of it may be found in a quarry on the Gross Weilberg (Siebengcbirge) (fig. 5). Here a mass of

Fig. 5. — Columns Sfc. (Gross Weilberg).

A. Trachytic tuff. B. Closely jointed rude columns. C. Bent columns. D. Upper stage of quarry with good columns. E. Lower stage. F, Platy structure. G. The same in rude columns.

basalt is intruded into a trachytic tuff. The exterior of the mass at the top is for the space of 3 or 4 feet divided into rude quadran-


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the mass. The outer part of the mass of basalt at the Spindle and Montiquey (mentioned above) exfoliates in rather thin plates ; and the columns are, so to speak, enclosed in a fissile spheroidal shell a few inches thick.

The phenomenon is very conspicuous in some of the trachytic rocks of the Auvergne ; those in the Cantal and Mont Dore are so fissile as to be used for roofing-slates. The well-known Roche Sanadoire and lloche Tuilliere*, the latter of which is extensively quarried for the above purpose, are very remarkable instances of this structure, and throw much light upon its origin. I shall therefore describe them in some little detail. "Near the highest part of the great Auvergne plateau, from which rise the groups of the Puy-de- Dome volcanoes and the chain of the Pic de Sancy, and at the northern extremity of the latter, two rocky bluffs rise on either side of the deep cirque-like head of a wooded glen. That on the right bank of the valley is the Sanadoire, on the left La Tuilliere. Both are phonolite; but the character of the rockf, and still more its structure, are different.

The Roche Sanadoire forms the extremity of a rather short spur from the Puy de T Angle. On the southern side it is not very con- spicuously columnar; but the rock, which is exposed in several abrupt crags, is divided into a vast number of small rather irregular prisms, with numerous cross joints. Yhen, however, a view is gained of the precipitous western face, the columnar structure becomes more conspicuous, together with another set of divisional planes, which give a more fissile character to the rock. A reference

Fig. 2. — Columnar and Fissile structures. Roche Sanadoire.

A, C. Jointed columns. B. Fissile bands.

Tuilliere basalt, and the fissile structure a " slaty cleavage" due to subsequent pressure. The rock is a phonolite, and has not the slightest resemblance to basalt ; and the structure, I trust to show, is not a case of ordinary cleavage.
 * Mr. R. Mallet (Phil. Mag. ser. 4, vol. 1. p. 218) calls the rock of La

t For full account see ' Neues Jahrbuch fiir Mineralogie,' 1872, p. 351. Q. J. G. S. No. 126. L


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490 and with no umbrella to protect him from the fierce sun. If he had been used to going without his umbrella, it would have been well enough, of course; but he was not. He was just in the act of throwing a clod at a mud-turtle which was sunning itself on a small log in the brook. We said:

“Don’t do that, Jack. What do you want to harm him for? What has he done?”

“Well, then, I won’t kill him, but I ought to, because he is a fraud.”

We asked him why, but he said it was no matter. We asked him why, once or twice, as we walked back to the camp, but he still said it was no matter. But late at night, when he was sitting in a thoughtful mood on the bed, we asked him again and he said:

“Well, it don’t matter; I don’t mind it now, but I did not like it to-day, you know, because I don’t tell any thing that isn’t so, and I don’t think the Colonel ought to, either. But he did; he told us at prayers in the Pilgrims’ tent, last night, and he seemed as if he was reading it out of the Bible, too, about this country flowing with milk and honey, and about the voice of the turtle being heard in the land. I thought that was drawing it a little strong, about the turtles, any how, but I asked Mr. Church if it was so, and he said it was, and what Mr. Church tells me, I believe. But I sat there and watched that turtle nearly an hour to-day, and I almost burned up in the sun; but I never heard him sing. I believe I sweated a double handful of sweat—I know I did—because it got in my eyes, and it was running down over my nose all the time; and


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Rh AND SPHEROIDAL STRUCTURE. 141

I shall begin by describing the various structures which may be observed in rocks, more especially volcanic, and then consider how far they can be explained by the theory of contraction, as stated by the above-named authors. The advantage of this method will be that we shall see more clearly what phenomena have to be explained. I shall consider the spheroidal structure apart from the others.

It is almost needless to remark that though columnar structure* appears to be most frequent in basalt, it is not confined to that rock ; I have myself seen it in trachyte (district of Mont Dor, Auvergne), pitchstone (Arran), fclstone (Cader Idris, &c), phonolitc (Eoche Sa- nadoirc &c, Auvergne). Xor is it confined to igneous rock. I have observed it in volcanic mud (beneath a bed of basalt in Tides well Dale, Derbyshire), in coal at contact with basalt from Ayrshire (Geological Museum of Edinburgh) and from Yorkshire (AVoodwardian Museum, Cambridge), in haematite iron-ore (ib. ; the columns are about J inch in diameter), and, though rather imperfect, in palagonite tuff (Iceland), and in a large quartz vein (Svolvaer, Lofoten Islands). Ice also, when kept for some time very near a temperature of 32° Fahrenheit, as it is during a slow thaw or in those singular caverns termed glacieres, in the Alps, also exhibits a beautifully regular columnar structure, which I can only attribute to a contraction of the mass, probably as it passes from the point of minimum den- sity to the melting-point f.

. Occasionally one set of parallel divisional planes is more strongly marked than the others, so that, while the majority of the columns retain the hexagonal type, an oblong form dominates, and a some- what platy or bedded aspect is given to the rock-mass. I remember observing this especially in a trachyte in the ravine of the cascade of the Dore, on the Pic dc Sancy ; and it is very conspicuous in the great mass of felsite which rises above Llyn-y-Gader (Cader Idris).

Columnar structure is rarely set up quite close to the exterior of the mass ; there is usually an interval, varying from a few inches to several yards ; this is either affected by some other form of jointing or is quite irregularly cracked.

Where the space intervening between the columnar part and the exterior is but small, as, for example, in " the Spindle," near St. Andrew's, Fife, and at Montiqucy quarry, near Balmuto in the same county, it may be concluded that the mass soon began to lose heat very uniformly. Hence this structure is more likely to occur in intrusive masses (especially when the lava cooled at some depth like the above) than in streams of subaerial lava. In the latter also the columns often approach nearer to the under than to the upper surface. Thus the lava-stream of Eoyat is rudely columnar almost close to its base at the grotto of the Tirtaine, as is the stream from the eastern side of the Puy de Gravenoir, where it is exposed in a quarry on the east of the road from Clermont-Ferrand to Beaumont, while the upper part, still some yards thick, exhibits a far less

normal to the surface of cooling, I shall not multiply instances to prove this, t See 'Nature,' vol. i. p. 481, vol. iii. p. 288.
 * As it may be considered to be now agreed that the sides of the prisms are


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Rh nakedness with whatever clothes woven of wistaria fiber and quilts of hempen cloth come to hand, and I eke out my life with berries of the fields and nuts from the trees on the peaks. I need not feel ashamed of my appearance, for I do not mix in society and the very scantiness of the food gives it additional savor, simple though it is.

I do not prescribe my way of life to men enjoying happiness and wealth, but have related my experiences merely to show the differences between my former and present life. Ever since I fled the world and became a priest, I have known neither hatred nor fear. I leave my span of days for Heaven to determine, neither clinging to life nor begrudging its end. My body is like a drifting cloud—I ask for nothing, I want nothing. My greatest joy is a quiet nap; my only desire for this life is to see the beauties of the seasons.

The Three Worlds are joined by one mind. If the mind is not at peace, neither beasts of burden nor possessions are of service, neither palaces nor pavilions bring any cheer. This lonely house is but a tiny hut, but I somehow love it. I naturally feel ashamed when I go to the capital and must beg, but when I return and sit here I feel pity for those still attached to the world of dust. Should anyone doubt the truth of my words, let him look to the fishes and the birds. Fish do not weary of the water, but unless one is a fish one does not know why. Birds long for the woods, but unless one is a bird one does not know why. The joys of solitude are similar. Who could understand them without having lived here?

Now the moon of my life sinks in the sky and is close to the edge of the mountain. Soon I must head into the darkness of the Three Ways: why should I thus drone on about myself? The essence of the Buddha’s teaching to man is that we must not have attachment for any object. It is a sin for me now to love my little hut, and my attachment to its solitude may also be a hindrance to salvation. Why should I waste more precious time in relating such trifling pleasures?


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212 One calm dawning, as I thought over the reasons for this weakness of mine, I told myself that I had fled the world to live in a mountain forest in order to discipline my mind and practice the Way. “And yet, in spite of your monk’s appearance, your heart is stained with impurity. Your hut may take after Jōmyō’s, but you preserve the Law even worse than Handoku. If your low estate is a retribution for the sins of a previous existence, is it right that you afflict yourself over it? Or should you permit delusion to come and disturb you?” To these questions my mind could offer no reply. All I could do was to use my tongue to recite two or three times the nembutsu, however inacceptable from a defiled heart.

It is now the end of the third moon of 1212, and I am writing this at the hut on Toyama.


text: Anthology of Japanese Literature/An Account of My Hut


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2 beautiful as day, in coloured jackets which you might have taken for outer shirts, came bounding down, one after the other; and Wilhelm had opportunity of viewing them more closely, as they faltered on observing him, and stopped for a moment. Round the elder boy's head waved rich, fair locks, which you looked at first, on observing him; and then his clear blue eyes attracted your attention, which spread itself with delight over his beautiful shape. The younger, more like a friend than a brother, was decked with brown, sleek hair, which hung down over his shoulders, and the reflection of which appeared to be imaged in his eyes.

These strange, and, in this wilderness, quite unexpected, beings, Wilhelm had not time to view more narrowly; for he heard a man's voice calling down round the corner of the crag, in a serious, but friendly, tone, "Why do you stand still? Don't stop the way."

Wilhelm looked upwards; and, if the children had surprised him, what he now saw filled him with astonishment. A stout, firm-set, not too tall, young man, tucked up for walking, of brown complexion and black hair, was stepping firmly and carefully down the rockway, and leading an ass behind him, which first presented its glossy, well-trimmed head, and then the fair burden it bore. A soft, lovely woman was seated on a large and well-panelled saddle: in her arms, within a blue mantle which hung over her, lay an infant, which she was pressing to her breast, and looking at with indescribable tenderness. The man did as the children had done, —faltered for a moment at sight of Wilhelm. The beast slackened its step, but the descent was too precipitous: the travellers could not halt; and Wilhelm with astonishment saw them vanish behind the contiguous wall of rocks.

Nothing was more natural than that this singular procession should cut short his meditations. He rose in no small curiosity, and looked from his position


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Author talk:John Powers Smith

John Powers Smith
J Smith drilling, has a son called C Smith (there is a C Smith who is a draper in Greymouth at this time)

https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/WCT19070412.2.16

This article about his paper calls him S P Smith

https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/ODT19071114.2.3

"In 1908 J. P. Smith described a series of lamprophyric rocks, found in pleistocene gravels, interpreted as having i been derived from the Hohonu Range."

https://theses.otagogeology.org.nz/files/original/6a8b0070628f08598b4a77398dbc000c.pdf

1903: GOLD-SAVING ON DREDGES. By J. P. Smith, M.A.Inst.M.E., Dunedin. In a paper on the above subject, published in the annual report for 1900,1 stated that " among the first improvements that will be made in the gold-saving appliances in use on dredges will be the addition to every dredge of a distributer. https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/parliamentary/AJHR1903-I.2.1.4.3

1903 Electoral Roll for Dunedin: John Powers Smith, Rattray Street, Dunedin, mining engineer

CONFIRMED: Encyclopedia of New Zealand entry has J P Smith, MA, Inst ME, of Rattray Street, on page 290: https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Cyc04Cycl-t1-body1-d2-d30-d5.html

Wainuiomartian (talk) 00:46, 29 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Author talk:John Powers Smith


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stood foremost among the prisoners, entwining her arms in those of Alice, in the fondest tenderness of sisterly love. Notwithstanding the fearful and menacing array of savages on every side of her, no apprehension on her own account could prevent the noble-minded maiden from keeping her eyes fastened on the pale and anxious features of the trembling Alice. Close at their side stood Heyward, with an interest in both, that, at such a moment of intense uncertainty, scarcely knew a preponderance in favour of her whom he most loved. Hawk-eye had placed himself a little in the rear, with a deference to the superior rank of his companions, that no


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 similarity in the state of their present fortunes could induce him to forget. Uncas was not among them.

When perfect silence was again restored, and after the usual, long, impressive pause, one of the two aged chiefs, who sate at the side of the patriarch, arose, and demanded aloud, in very intelligible English—

"Which of my prisoners is la Longue Carabine?"

Neither Duncan nor the scout made any answer. The former, however, glanced his eyes around the dark and silent assembly, and recoiled a pace, when they fell on the malignant visage of Magua. He saw, at once, that this wily savage had some secret agency in their present arraignment before the nation, and determined to throw every possible impediment in the way of the execution of his sinister plans. He had witnessed one instance of the summary punishment of the Indians, and now dreaded that his companion was to be selected for a second. In this dilemma, with little or no time for reflection, he suddenly determined to cloak


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 his invaluable friend, at any or every hazard to himself. Before he had time, however, to speak, the question was repeated in a louder voice, and with a clearer utterance.

"Give us arms," the young man haughtily replied, "and place us in yonder woods. Our deeds shall speak for us!"

"This is the warrior whose name has filled our ears!" returned the chief, regarding Heyward with that sort of curious interest, which seems inseparable from man, when first beholding one of his fellows, to whom merit or accident, virtue or crime, has given notoriety. "What has brought the white man into the camp of the Delawares?"

"My necessities. I come for food, shelter, and friends."

"It cannot be. The woods are full of game. The head of a warrior needs no other shelter than a sky without clouds, and the Delawares are the enemies, and not the friends, of the Yengeese. Go—your mouth has spoken, while your heart has said nothing."

Duncan, a little at a loss in what manner


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 to proceed, remained silent; but the scout who had listened attentively to all that passed, now advanced boldly to the front, and assumed the task of explaining.

"That I did not answer to the call for la Longue Carabine, was not owing either to shame or fear," he said; "for neither one nor the other is the gift of an honest man. But I do not admit the right of the Mingoes to bestow a name on one, whose friends have been mindful of his gifts, in this particular; especially, as their title is all a lie; 'kill-deer' being a genuine grooved barrel, and no carabine. I am the man, however, that got the name of Nathaniel from my kin; the compliment of Hawk-eye from the Delawares, who live on their own river; and whom the Iroquois have presumed to style the 'long rifle,' without any warranty from him who is most concerned in the matter."

The eyes of all present, which had hitherto been gravely scanning the person of Duncan, now turned, on the instant towards the upright, iron frame of this new pretender to so distinguished an appellation.


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 It was in no degree remarkable, that there should be found two who were willing to claim so great an honour; for impostors, though rare, were not unknown amongst the natives; but it was altogether material to the just and severe intentions of the Delawares, that there should be no mistake in the matter. Some of their old men consulted together, in private, and then, as it would seem, they determined to interrogate their visitor on the subject.

"My brother has said that a snake crept into my camp," said the chief to Magua; "which is he?"

The Huron pointed to the scout, but continued silent.

"Will a wise Delaware believe the barking of a wolf!" exclaimed Duncan, still more confirmed in the evil intentions of his ancient enemy; "a dog never lies, but when was a wolf known to speak the truth!"

The eyes of Magua flashed fire; but suddenly recollecting the necessity of maintaining his presence of mind, he turned away in silent disdain, well assured that the sagacity of the Indians would not fail to


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 extract the real merits of the point in controversy. He was not deceived; for, after another short consultation, the wary Delaware turned to him again, and expressed the determination of the chiefs, though in the most considerate language.

"My brother has been called a liar," he said; "and his friends are angry. They will show that he has spoken the truth. Give my prisoners guns, and let them prove which is the man."

Magua affected to consider the expedient, which he well knew proceeded from distrust of himself, as a compliment, and made a gesture of acquiescence, well content that his veracity should be supported by so skilful a marksman as the scout. The weapons were instantly placed in the hands of the friendly opponents, and they were bid to fire, over the heads of the seated multitude, at an earthen vessel, which lay, by accident, on a stump, some fifty yards from the place where they stood.

Heyward smiled to himself, at the idea of such a competition with the scout, though he determined to persevere in the de-


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 ception, until apprised of the designs of Magua. Raising his rifle, then, with the utmost care, and renewing his aim three several times, he fired. The bullet cut the wood within a few inches of the vessel, and age nerala general [sic] exclamation of satisfaction announced that the shot was considered a singular proof of great skill in the use of the weapon. Even Hawk-eye nodded his head, as if he would say, it was better than he had exectedexpected [sic]. But, instead of manifesting an intention to contend with the successful marksman, he stood leaning on his rifle for more than a minute, like a man who was completely buried in deep thought. From this reverie he was, however, speedily awakened, by one of the young Indians who had furnished the arms, and who now touched his shoulder, saying, in exceedingly broken English—

"Can the pale-face beat it?"

"Yes, Huron!" exclaimed the scout, raising the short rifle in his right hand, and shaking it at Magua, with as much apparent ease as though it were a reed; "yes, Huron, I could strike you now, and no power of 'arth could prevent the deed!


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Lightning Conductor

 * The Lightning Conductor (1905), by C. N. and A. M. Williamson

title: Lightning Conductor


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 The soaring hawk is not more certain of the dove, than I am this moment of you, did I choose to send a bullet to your heart! Why should I not! Why!—because the gifts of my colour forbid it, and I might draw down evil on tender and innocent heads! If you know such a being as God, thank him, therefore, in your inward soul—for you have reason!"

The flushed countenance, angry eye, and swelling figure of the scout, produced a sensation of secret awe in all that heard him. The Delawares held their breath in intense expectation; but Magua himself, even while he distrusted the forbearance of his enemy, remained as immovable and calm, where he stood, wedged in by the crowd, as though he grew to the fatal spot.

"Beat it," repeated the young Delaware at the elbow of the scout.

"Beat what, fool!—what!" exclaimed Hawk-eye, still flourishing the weapon angrily above his head, though his eye no longer sought the person of Magua.

"If the white man is the warrior he pretends," said the aged chief, "let him strike nigher to the mark."


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 The scout laughed tauntingly, and aloud—a noise that produced the startling effect of unnatural sounds on Heyward—and then dropping the piece, heavily, into his extended left hand, it was discharged, apparently by the shock, driving the fragments of the vessel high into the air, and scattering them on every side of the stump. Almost at the same instant, the heavy rattling sound of the rifle was heard, as he suffered it to fall, contemptuously, to the earth.

The first impression of so strange a scene was deep and engrossing admiration. Then a low, but increasing murmur, ran through the multitude, and finally swelled into sounds, that denoted lively opposition in the sentiments of the spectators. While some openly testified their satisfaction at such unexampled dexterity, by far the larger portion of the tribe were inclined to believe the success of the shot was the result of accident. Heyward was not slow to confirm an opinion that was so favourable to his own pretensions.

"It was all a chance!" he exclaimed; "none can shoot without an aim!"


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 "Chance!" echoed the excited woodsman, who was now stubbornly bent on maintaining his identity, at every hazard, and on whom the secret hints of Heyward to acquiesce in the deception were entirely lost. "Does yonder lying Huron, too, think it chance? Give him another gun, and place us face to face, without cover or dodge, and let Providence, and our own eyes, decide the matter atween us? I do not make the offer to you, major; for our blood is of a colour, and we serve the same master."

"That the Huron is a liar, is very evident," returned Heyward, coolly; "you have, yourself, heard him assert you to be la Longue Carabine."

It were impossible to say what violent assertion the stubborn Hawk-eye would have next made, in his headlong wish to vindicate his identity, had not the aged Delaware once more interposed.

"The hawk which comes from the clouds, can return when he will," he said; "give them the guns."

This time the scout seized the rifle with


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1846, when the boundary question (that of the Oregon Territory in particular) was at its height, the Hon. delivered in the United States Senate a decisive speech, of which the following is an extract:—

"Now for the proof of all I have said. I happen to have in my possession the book of all others, which gives the fullest and most authentic details on all the points I have mentioned—a book written at a time, and under circumstances, when the author (himself a British subject and familiar on the Columbia) had no more idea that the British would lay claim to that river, than


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Talk:The Art of Kissing/Chapter 3

"Love, to man, is leaping fire,"
I can't find what poem this is. Interesting... FPTI (talk) 01:43, 29 January 2024 (UTC)

 * I, too, have looked without success. I resorted to AI (Microsoft), which claims it is from a poem called 'Love', by Robert Bridges, and quotes what it claims is the whole poem, consisting of two 5-line stanzas. However, only the first two lines correspond, the rest is completely different from the quote in 'The Art of Kissing'. I have checked editions of Bridges' collected works on IA and none feature a poem called 'Love' or one with an opening line of "Love, to man, is leaping fire". The evidentiary link Bing provides is to an article about a completely different poem by a different poet. Chrisguise (talk) 04:08, 29 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Art of Kissing/Chapter 3


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Rh with such metaphorical,—mythological,—phrases as “the hot wind melts the ice,” or “his conversation delights me,” where the words “wind” and “conversation” are spoken of as if they were personal agents. No, the idea is invariably rendered in some other and impersonal way. Yet what a distance separates such statements, in which the ordinary European reader unacquainted with any Altaïc tongue would scarcely recognize the existence of any personification at all, from the bolder flights of Aryan metaphor! Indeed, though Altaïc Asia has produced very few wise men, the words of its languages closely correspond to the definition of words as “the wise man’s counters”; for they are colourless and matter-of-fact, and rarely if ever carry him who speaks them above the level of sober reality. At the same time, it is patent that the sun plays some part in the Japanese mythology; and even the legend of Prince Yamato-Take, which has hitherto been generally accepted as historical or semi-historical, bears such close resemblance to legends in other countries which have been pronounced to be solar by great authorities that it may at least be worth while to subject it to investigation from that point of view. The present writer has already expressed his conviction that this matter is not one for the specialist to decide alone. He would only, from the Japanese point of view, suggest very particular caution in the application to Japanese legend of a method of interpretation which has elsewhere been fruitful of great results.

A further particular which is deserving of notice is the almost certain fact of a recension of the various traditions at a comparatively late date. This is partly shown by the amount of geographical knowledge displayed in the enumeration of the various islands supposed to have been given birth to by Izanagi and Izanami (the “Male who Invites” and the “Female who Invites”),—an amount and an exactness of knowledge unattainable at a time prior to the union under one rule of all the provinces mentioned, and significantly not extending much beyond those provinces. Such a recension may likewise be inferred,—if the opinion of the manifold origin of the Japanese traditions be accepted,—from the fairly ingenious manner in which their component parts have generally been welded together. The way in which one or two

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lxviii instance, that of the curious curse pronounced by the younger brother Ho-wori on the elder Ho-deri—are repeated more than once exemplifies a less intelligent revision. Under this heading may, perhaps, be included the legends of the conquest of Yamato by the Emperor Jim-mu and of the conquest of the same country by the Empress Jin-gō, which certainly bear a suspicious likeness to each other. Of the subjection of Korea by this last-named personage it should be observed that the Chinese and Korean histories, so far as they are known to us, make no mention, and indeed the dates, as more specifically given in the “Chronicles,” clearly show the inconsistency of the whole story; for Jin-gō’s husband, the Emperor Chiū-ai, is said to have been born in the 19th year of the reign of Sei-mu, i.e. in A. D. 149, while his father, Prince Yamato-Take, is said to have died in the 43rd year of Kei-kō, i.e. in A. D. 113, so that there is an interval of thirty-six years between the death of the father and the birth of the son!

One peculiarly interesting piece of information to be derived from a careful study of the “Records” and “Chronicles” (though it is one on which the patriotic Japanese commentators preserve complete silence) is that, at the very earliest period to which the twilight of legend stretches back, Chinese influence had already begun to make itself felt in these islands, communicating to the inhabitants both implements and ideas. This is surely a fact of very particular importance, lending, as it does, its weight to the mass of evidence which goes to prove that in almost all known cases culture has been introduced from abroad, and has not been spontaneously developed. The traces of Chinese influence are indeed not numerous, but they are unmistakable. Thus we find chopsticks mentioned both in the Idzumo and in the Kiushiu legendary cycle. The legend of the birth of the Sun-Goddess and

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Rh Moon-God from Izanagi’s eyes is a scarcely altered fragment of the Chinese myth of P‘an Ku; the superstition that peaches had assisted Izanagi to repel the hosts of Hades can almost certainly be traced to a Chinese source, and the hand-maidens of the Japanese Sun-Goddess are mentioned under the exact title of the Spinning Damsel of Chinese myth, while the River of Heaven , which figures in the same legend, is equally Chinese,—for surely both names cannot be mere coincidences. A like remark applies to the name of the Deity of the Kitchen, and to the way in which that deity is mentioned. The art of making an intoxicating liquor is referred to in the very earliest Japanese legends. Are we to believe that its invention here was independent of its invention on the continent? In this instance moreover the old histories bear witness against themselves; for they mention this same liquor in terms showing that it was a curious rarity in what, according to the accepted chronology, corresponds to the century immediately preceding the Christian era, and again in the third century of that era. The whole story of the Sea-God’s palace has a Chinese ring about it, and the “cassia-tree” mentioned in it is certainly Chinese, as are the crocodiles. That the so-called maga-tama, or “curved jewels,” which figure so largely in the Japanese mythology, and with which the Early Japanese adorned themselves, were derived from China was already suspected by Mr. Henry von Siebold; and quite latterly Mr. Milne has thrown light on this subject from an altogether unexpected quarter. He has remarked, namely, that jade or the jade-like stone of which many of the maga-tama are made, is a mineral which has never yet been met with in Japan. We therefore know that some at least of the “curved jewels” or of the material for them came from the mainland, and the probability that the idea of carving these very oddly shaped ornaments was likewise imported thence gains in probability. The peculiar kind of arrow called nari-kabura is another trace of Chinese influence in the material order, and a thorough search by a competent Chinese scholar would perhaps reveal others. But enough at least has been said to show the indisputable existence of that influence. From other sources we know

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