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 they made her the same offers of service, the same promises; Lacour, Decostard, and Chrestien took her to M. Bazile's, the vintner's, place du Palais de Justice; and there, in the presence of Leblanc's wife and a bottle of wine, exerted all their eloquence to prove to the mother of Peyois that if she seconded them, and her son was obedient to their orders, it would be easy to save him: "Be quiet," said Chrestien, "and we will do all that is requisite."

Such were the facts elucidated by the inquiry; it became evident to the magistrates that the incident of the crow-bar furnished by Vidocq was an invention of my agents; and, subsequently, on this foundation, a thousand and one tales were made more or less ridiculous; which the Plutarchs of the literary pillar will not fail to give as authentic, if ever Tiger, the printer, or his successor, should take a fancy to add to their collection of wonderful books, "The wonderful, but yet most true history of the deeds, actions, and adventures, memorable, extraordinary, and surprising, of the celebrated Vidocq; with a portrait of that great spy, as he appeared when living, just before his death, which happened without accident, on the day of his decease, in his house at Saint Mandé, at midnight, on the 22d July, in the year of grace, 1875."


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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text: Letter from Aubrey Hall to Helen, 1935-12-24


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 bellows to rayse water. Constat per ligaturam transitum sanguinis ab arterijs ad venas, unde A perpetuum sanguinis motum in circulo fieri pulsu cordis.

The two hyd atic conditions of the circula- tion are herein defined with geometrical accuracy, and read like the enunciation of a Theorem in Euclid. Indeed, it is remarkable what a strong mathematical element runs through the argument of both his great treatise and of the lectures; not of course mathematics as we now understand them, for at the date of Harvey's death, Newton was a boy of 15, but those of Euclid and of Archimedes. In the second page of the MS. work he speaks of form "ut trigonis in tetragonum," of proportion ut diapente in diapason," the relation of the triangle to the square, of the fifth in music to the octave. An even more remarkable reference to musical ratios occurs a few lines later, "ut semiditonos diapaso," like a semitone to an octave.

Again in the ninth page we find "Proportio pec- toris ad ventrem diapason ut 3.4 sesquitertia; pectoris ad caput diapente, pectoris ad alvum 2 diapason; both these last two ratios being expressed as fractions.


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178 in that which is discouraging, and get nearer to God by taking hold on that hand which is stretched out to push it away. So good a thing it is to be of quick understanding in the fear of the Lord, Isa. 11. 3.

Her plea is, Yet the dogs eat of the crumbs. It is true, the full and regular provision is intended for the children only, but the small casual, neglected crumbs are allowed to the dogs, and are not grudged them; that is, to the dogs under the table, that attend there expecting them. We poor Gentiles cannot expect the stated ministry and miracles of the Son of David, that belongs to the Jews; but they begin now to be weary of their meat, and to play with it, they find fault with it, and crumble it away; surely then some of the broken meat may fall to a poor Gentile; "I beg a cure by the by, which is but as a crumb, though of the same precious bread, yet but a small inconsiderable piece, compared with the loaves which they have." Note, When we are ready to surfeit on the children's bread, we should remember how many there are, that would be glad of the crumbs. Our broken meat in spiritual privileges, would be a feast to many a soul; Acts 13. 42. Observe here,

First, Her humility and necessity made her glad of crumbs. Those who are conscious to themselves that they deserve nothing, will be thankful for any thing; and then we are prepared for the greatest of God's mercies, when we see ourselves less than the least of them. The least of Christ is precious to a believer, and the very crumbs of the bread of life.

Secondly, Her faith encouraged her to expect these crumbs. Why should it not be at Christ's table as at a great man's, where the dogs are fed as sure as the children? Observe, She calls it their master's table; if she were a dog, she was his dog, and it cannot be ill with us, if we stand but in the meanest relation to Christ; "Though unworthy to be called children, yet make me as one of the hired servants: nay, rather let me be set with the dogs than turned out of the house; for in my Father's house there is not only bread enough, but to spare, Luke 15. 17, 19. It is good lying in God's house, though we lie at the threshold there.

4. The happy issue and success of all this. She came off with credit and comfort from this struggle; and, though a Canaanite, approved herself a true daughter of Israel, who, like a prince, had power with God, and prevailed. Hitherto Christ hid his face from her, but now gathers her with everlasting kindness, v. 27. Then Jesus said, O woman, great is thy faith. This was like Joseph's making himself known to his brethren, I am Joseph: so here, in effect, I am Jesus. Now he begins to speak like himself, and put on his own countenance. He will not contend for ever.

(1.) He commended her faith. O woman, great is thy faith. Observe, [1.] It is her faith that he commends. There were several other graces that shone bright in her conduct of this affair—wisdom, humility, meekness, patience, perseverance in prayer; but these were the product of her faith, and therefore Christ fastens upon that as most commendable; because of all graces faith honours Christ most, therefore of all graces Christ honours faith most. [2.] It is the greatness of her faith. Note, First, Though the faith of all the saints is alike precious, yet it is not in all alike strong; all believers are not of the same size and stature. Secondly, The greatness of faith consists much in a resolute adherence to Jesus Christ as an all-sufficient Saviour, even in the face of discouragements; to love him, and trust him, as a Friend, even then when he seems to come forth against us as an Enemy. This is great faith! Thirdly, Though weak faith, if true, shall not be rejected, yet great faith shall be commended, and shall appear greatly well pleasing to Christ; for in them that thus believe he is most admired. Thus Christ commenced the faith of the centurion, and he was a Gentile too: he had a strong faith in the power of Christ, this woman in the good will of Christ; both were acceptable.

(2.) He cured her daughter; "Be it unto thee even as thou wilt: I can deny thee nothing, take what thou camest for." Note, Great believers may have what they will for the asking. When our will conforms to the will of Christ's precept, his will concurs with the will of our desire. Those that will deny Christ nothing, shall find that he will deny them nothing at last, though for a time he seems to hide his face from them. "Thou wouldest have thy sins pardoned, thy corruptions mortified, thy nature sanctified; be it unto thee even as thou wilt. And what canst thou desire more?" When we come, as this poor woman did, to pray against Satan and his kingdom, we concur with the intercession of Christ, and it shall be accordingly. Though Satan may sift Peter, and buffet Paul, yet, through Christ's prayer and the sufficiency of his grace, we shall be more than conquerors, Luke 22. 31, 32. 2 Cor. 12. 7, 9. Rom. 16. 20.

The event was answerable to the word of Christ; Her daughter was made whole from that very hour; from thenceforward was never vexed with the devil any more; the mother's faith prevailed for the daughter's cure. Though the patient was at a distance, that was no hinderance to the efficacy of Christ's word. He spake, and it was done.

29. And Jesus departed from thence, and came nigh unto the sea of Galilee; and went up into a mountain, and sat down there. 30. And great multitudes came unto him, having with them those that were lame, blind, dumb, maimed, and many others, and cast them down at Jesus' feet; and he healed them: 31. Insomuch that the multitude wondered, when they saw the dumb to speak, the maimed to be whole, the lame to walk, and the blind to see: and they glorified the God of Israel. 32. Then Jesus called his disciples unto him, and said, I have compassion on the multitude, because they continue with me now three days, and have nothing to eat: and I will not send them away fasting, lest they faint in the way. 33. And his disciples say unto him, Whence should we have so much bread in the wilderness, as to fill so great a multitude? 34. And Jesus saith unto them, How many loaves have ye? And they said, Seven, and a few little fishes. 35. And he commanded the multitude to sit down on the ground. 36. And he took the seven loaves and the fishes, and gave thanks, and brake them, and gave to his disciples, and the disciples to the multitude. 37. And they did all eat, and were filled: and they took up of the broken meat that was left, seven baskets full. 38. And they that did eat were four thousand men, besides women and children. 39. And he sent away the multitude, and took ship, and came into the coasts of Magdala.


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 appended, in some corner of his manuscript notes. For the discovery which has rendered Harvey’s name famous was strictly physical, I may even say mechanical. It had, moreover, the one great e’ement of accuracy in applied mechanics; it was computational and quantitative.

There can be little doubt that general ideas were abroad on the subject of the circulation, and that similar views, not indeed incorrect, but loose and inaccurate, had been entertained by others. Even Cœsalpinus, pace Dr. George Johnson, undeniably had glimpses of the truth. It was, however, Harvey who first saw and proved that the problem was one of hydrostatics, and that it must be solved and could be solved by mechanics, and proved by numerical relations.

There is a remarkable page in the lectures, one of the best written and most legible in the book, in which this is stated with absolute clearness, and which at once disposes of any claims advanced in other quarters. It runs as follows:


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 Harveian lectures, and now the autotype copy with its transcript is fully before us.

My object therefore on the present occasion will be to endeavour briefly to comment on this most interesting and unique work, and to sketch the lineaments of Harvey, self-revealed, as a scholar, a lecturer, a physicist, and as a man of genial, not to say humorous, disposition.

In so doing we may gather from the ipsissima verba of one who “being dead yet speaketh”—two lessons, which I believe have not occupied the attention of my many far abler predecessors in this chair.

First, an instruction in the art and method of lecturing, and wherein in this age of printed books it may still be of service.

Secondly, what a large field of discovery and research still lies open to us, as it did to Harvey, on the borderground between physics and physiological medicine. For this reason I have ventured to give my oration the title of ’Ίατροφυσικà, just such a word as he would, I fancy, have delighted to jot down, possibly in red ink with his cypher


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 that a knowledge of the ancient tongues on which our English language is founded is incompatible with ability to search out the secrets of Nature by way of experiment.

A striking refutation of the fallacy exists in the very man whom and whose labours we are met here to-day to commemorate, and whose honoured name as written in Latin by his own hand should stand in the forefront of my discourse as it does on the titlepage of his manuscript:

I say in his own hand for, thanks mainly to the energy and labours of Sir E. Sieveking, we have now before us a noble production of his manuscript lectures delivered in 1616; not merely the, but the , the very autograph sign manual of a great mind, wherein we can read not only his verbal utterances, but can, with a little care at the same time, trace character, education, and temperament. It is just ten years since the gentleman named above announced to the College the rediscovery of the first


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 lete, and the annual feast has been relinquished. We may presume to say, that this act of self-denial has not been altogether the fruit of our modern virtues of economy and temperance; we must confess rather that it has resulted from the difficult problem of how to regale the two hundred and fifty Fellows of the present day by means of funds provided for the then existing twenty. Let us, notwithstanding these inevitable changes, hope that the mutual incitement to study and goodwill may be observed for ages yet to come.

Although, as we have stated, the time has almost passed away for pecuniary aids to flow in other than strictly charitable channels, and, although medical science needs no longer liberal donations to attract or to support its votaries, yet it is my pleasing duty, on this occasion, to record an exception, and I have to acknowledge a fresh instance of the very sort of liberality which Harvey loved to encourage. We owe grateful thanks to Dr. Dyster of Tenby for presenting to the college 400l., to be devoted to the presentation of a medal for the best essay on physiology-the foundation


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 owes to the learned President of the Royal Society.

One obvious consequence of fuller demonstration of this difficult subject is, that we may hope to find in it a settlement of the long vexed question about contagion; and that, together with that settlement, we may look for the abolition of many hurtful and of all needless regulations. Whilst no one disputes the evidence of many facts pointing to the theory of infection, no one, even in the present state of knowledge, can fail to perceive an imperative agent guiding the path of disease, and dominating both its progress and its degree of virulence. The final law, when once revealed, will of course reconcile all those apparent anomalies which are now perplexing to our partial knowledge. It will teach us better principles on which to work in our attempts to devise sanitary arrangements; and, whilst we shall still rejoice that measures for purification, disinfection, cleanliness, and an adequate supply of pure water and wholesome food, are unremittingly adopted, we shall be spared those misgivings which


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 mulgators of error. Harvey, no doubt, felt this; and, with his own peculiar patience, he waited for the triumph, and it came. His great discovery was fully accepted by his own generation; he was almost idolised by his profession; he was patronised by his sovereign; and he closed a long life cherished and revered by all.

If we take a brief review of the progress of English intellect during the last few centuries, and note the leading characteristic of each succeeding period, we may trace three especial epochs: first, that of English literature, which was in its zenith when our profession assumed a position in the scientific world.

Real medical science struggled feebly onward during that literary epoch; but when Shakspeare's sun set, and Harvey's rose, the true scientific age of England began to dawn. Harvey and Newton unveiled a galaxy of light, in an epoch of single but most significant discoveries.

After another century or more, during which science remained all but stationary, the chief workers rather reviewing the


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 the original design. It may be, moreover, that we shall be able to strike out applications that could not have been anticipated in a bygone age. Let us do this with no presumptuous satisfaction in our modern superiority, but with due reverence to the past.

By the terms of the endowment, we are charged to deliver a solemn oration in honour of all those who have approved themselves benefactors of the College; we are to exhort others to imitate their liberality; and, in the quaint and admirable words of Harvey, "for the honour of the profession to continue mutually in love." A little band they were who first met to comply with this injunction—in number not exceeding twenty; but those were days when even the great royal foundation of St. Bartholomew's had but one physician—that physician being Harvey. How great has been the expansion of the profession is apparent from the fact that, instead of twenty, some two hundred and fifty Fellows, besides an immense body of members, might now take part in this commemoration.


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4 is but one of those thousand changes which are daily going on around us, and which we remark chiefly when they affect our own occupations.

And when we note in how many instances

we need not shrink from Horace's conclusion,

But I may be permitted to hope that those whom I have the honour of addressing will continue to welcome change only when it is synonymous with progress, and will not be the less zealous for ancient lore, because they have wisely discarded its use on public occasions like this.

But, if we thus depart from the literal terms of the endowment, it is all the more our duty to revert to the intention of the founder—to seize his spirit; and, by reflecting that spirit on the new and varying circumstances of the present day, thus to perpetuate


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Rh tion of the two offices of President and Harveian Orator, I must beg to explain that, at the time when I accepted the office of Orator, I could not be aware that the period of delivering the Oration would find me, by the flattering award of the Fellows, in the occupation of this chair. Having thus undertaken to deliver the Oration, it has been no small encouragement to me not to withdraw, that I am furnished with a distinguished precedent. That precedent I find in ; who, in the year 1835, converted the Oration into a Presidential Address. Sir Henry Halford's great ability and influence were sufficient to redeem any step that he could take from bearing the character of an innovation; and any act of his must be sufficient sanction for a proceeding which otherwise a man of less pretension might hesitate to venture on.

Thirteen years have passed since I last addressed you on an occasion like the present; but, though my subject was the same, I then addressed you in a different tongue. I do not speak of this as matter for regret. It


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2 Scarcely less often have the most enlightened and distinguished of each passing generation been invited to assist at the annual commemoration, and adorn it by their presence; and I trust that I may be permitted on this occasion gratefully to acknowledge the response to this appeal.

I feel that it requires some apology if, for a moment, I postpone the especial topic of the day, in order to revert to certain peculiarities in the circumstances of the present occasion. I wish first to render my sincere thanks to our highly esteemed ex-President, for having done me the honour to appoint me Harveian Orator for this year. It is not possible to allude to him, without giving expression to the high sense we all entertain of the immense advantage enjoyed by this College and the whole profession in having been presided over by a man of such undisputed eminence; and I would not omit to add our cordial satisfaction that the sovereign has crowned with honour his laborious and successful career.

As regards the present unusual combina-


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 If we refer once more to the terms of the foundation, we perceive that it is still our proper duty thankfully to bear in mind the more ancient of the benefactors, such as Linacre, Caius,, and also : all these left property for foundations connected with the College. We will dwell on them only to bestow a brief tribute to the merit of Caius. Not only distinguished as one of the earliest Greek scholars, and as having given to the profession the first correct editions of Galen and, he was also the first to introduce and teach practical anatomy. It was he who began the Annals of the College, kept them in Latin, and set in order the finances. And his munificent re-endowment of Gonville Hall at Cambridge, was marked by especial reference to the faculty of medicine. It is a grateful task to vindicate the fame of a great man from the aspersions of intervening generations. Caius lived in a persecuting age, whilst mutual repression was still rampant between religious partisans, and whilst it was thought equally legitimate to resort to violence in the case of


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Rh heretics in science. At last, we have reached a time when happily we can afford to judge with fairness one who fell only into the error of his day. The generosity of Caius ought not to be obscured by the fault which belonged to all his compeers. Nor ought we to forget his loving act in raising that monument in old St. Paul's which once bore the inscription:—

The motto which Caius had inscribed to the honour of Linacre was afterwards adopted by whoever placed the stone over the remains of Caius, which is still to be seen, at the entrance into Caius College Chapel, with the brief addition, "Fui Caius."

I have alluded to those benefactors who preceded Harvey, because they must have been individually in his thoughts whilst he was framing his injunction.

On the subject of endowments generally, we perceive that, however rare they have become in modern times, they were then abun-


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 dant, and the cause which called for them is obvious. When Linacre obtained from Henry VIII. the first charter to incorporate this College of Physicians, the very existence of medicine as a separate calling was altogether new; for, until then, medicine had been studied in the cloister and practised almost exclusively in the murky den of the empiric, more sorcerer than professor of the healing art. The ancient literature of medicine had only just been brought to light by Linacre himself, at the epoch which we designate the revival of letters; and the stores of keen observation recorded by Hippocrates,, and Galen, as well as by the Latin Celsus and the Arabian , were new and rare helps to medical students. Yet the knowledge of those times could hardly be termed philosophy; and the practice, though displaying much acuteness, was no better than empirical.

When Harvey first entered the profession, though medical philosophy had made enormous progress, and though vigorous thinkers, not only in this country but in the schools of Italy, were already working at the important


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 A PILGRIMAGE TO PALESTINE, EGYPT, AND SYRIA. BY MARIE-JOSEPH DE GERAMB, MONK OF LA TRAPPE. IN TWO VOLUMES. VOL. II. LONDON: HENRY COLBURN, PUBLISHER, GREAT MARLBOROUGH STREET. 1840.


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 that I know of, at least nothing of the Kind, can be a worse Blot upon the Character of a Christian, than this of an unbounded, ungoverned Sensuality, and of doing scandalous Things from such a vile Principle. The Man himself, or the Woman either, will be as much ashamed of it, and as much reproach themselves afterwards as any Body else, unless the Crime it self hardens them against Shame.

H, was a noted Offender of this kind, he was a Commander of a good Ship, and his Name is now a standing Precedent, both of the Crime I am speaking of, and the Penitence; he buried a virtuous, sober, beautiful Wife, and with a Face of unconcerned Levity, looks immediately round him for another, even before his first Wife was buried. As the Thought was surprizing and impudent, so he could not expect any Woman of Modesty would talk with him upon that Subject, and as he found he was abhorr'd and scorn'd upon the very mention of it, he seeks out where he thought he should not be refused, and that Way he answered his wicked Design immediately; for he married in two Days after his Wife was buried.

an ill Hour, pursuing his vitious Appetite, he singles out a Woman, Fool as I was, (said he afterwards). What need I have ask'd her to marry? If it had been't'other Question, I need not have fear'd a Denial.

a word, he marry'd her, lov'd her, lay with her, and hated her, and all within the compass of a Fortnight; in another Fortnight he went to Sea and left her, and, in two Months more, was cast away, drown'd, and saw her no


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 more and the Woman marry'd again the next Day after she heard of it.

Man was always (before this Step) lov'd and esteem'd among his Friends; he pass'd till that time for a Man of Virtue and Sobriety; and, had he thought fit to have subdued his vitious Appetite but one Year, or perhaps half a Year, he had preserved that Character, and might have had his Choice of a Wife among the Ladies in his Neighbourhood; very few would have refus'd him. And this he acknowledged in the hearing of the Person from whom I had the Relation.

overjoy'd with the Liberty he had upon the change of his Circumstances; quitting a sick Companion, and left to range the World for another, he sacrificed his Fame to his Sensuality, and could not prevail with himself to stay, no not a Week, which Precipitation made him the scorn of all about him; and, as I said, in less than a Month he could have hang'd himself with the same satisfaction, compar'd to what he had in the preposterous Step he had taken: But it was too late to look back, he could never retrieve it. He was indeed a Penitent, as to the Folly of it, and own'd to me personally, that it was nothing but meer Matrimonial Whoredom. I use his own Words; and it was the very first Case that put the Purpose of reproving it in this manner, into my Thoughts.

Tragedy of this poor Gentleman was enough to fill any Man's Mind with a just Indignation at the Practice; and though we see it often done, where perhaps the Consequence is not so fatal, yet the particular Scandal of it is not at all lessen'd: Had he not found that fa-


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RV 257 (Rh)


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 LONDON:

¥, SHOBERL, JUN., PRINTER, 5] RUPERT ST

T, HAYMANKET

CONTENTS oF

THE SECOND VOLUME.

LETTER XXXV. Monastery of St. Saviour at Jerusalem—Table of the Fathers — Lent kept by them—Extortions of the Turks—Letter on this Subject to the French Ambassador at Constantinople— Franciscan Missionaries — Letter and Donation of Henry VIII. of England—Gifis of the Sovereigns of Europe to the Establishments in the Holy Land — Pilgrims of Dis- tinction in the Fifteenth Century — Annoyance of the Catholies by the Greeks—Comparison between the Greek and Latin Clergy—Retlexious on the Situation of the Latin Fathers of the Holy Land

LETTER XXXVI.

Preparations for leaving Jerusalem — Last Farewell to the Sanctua- ries at Bethlehem: the Tombs of Mary and Joseph; the Grotto of the Agony; the Garden of Olives—Last Night passed in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre—Grief at Leaving those Sacred Places—Departure from Jerusalem for Jaffa—The Plague in the Holy City — M. Catafago, Aus- trian Vice-Consul— Ravages of the Plague at Rome — Jaffa — Ibrahim Aga, the Governor; His Cruelty— Wedding of M, Catafago’s Ne- phew a g p 2 5 el 20 LETTER XXXVII.

Departure from Jaffa for Nazareth with M. Catafago and his Family —Supper in his Tent — Mysterious Frame — Exeessive Heat — Dust— Lurking Arabs—Fire—Hills of Galilee—Plain of Esdrelon, or Valley of Jesrael—Carmel — Tabor — Bedouins; their Hospitality—Reception of the new-married Couple at Nazareth — Entry into the Town — Visit to the Church. i é é : 3 + 80


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132 a little while, looked round once more as though expecting help from us, and went on. I have never seen anyone, drunk or sober, move as she did. Agafya seemed to be shrivelled up by her husband's eyes. At one time she moved in zigzags, then she moved her feet up and down without going forward, bending her knees and stretching out her hands, then she staggered back. When she had gone another hundred paces she looked round once more and sat down.

"You ought at least to hide behind a bush " I said to Savka. "If the husband sees you "

"He knows, anyway, who it is Agafya has come from The women don't go to the kitchen garden at night for cabbages—we all know that."

I glanced at Savka's face. It was pale and puckered up with a look of fastidious pity such as one sees in the faces of people watching tortured animals.

"What's fun for the cat is tears for the mouse " he muttered.

Agafya suddenly jumped up, shook her head, and with a bold step went towards her husband. She had evidently plucked up her courage and made up her mind.


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2 gneiss and granite which formed the bed-rock when, in the earliest beginnings of which geological science can take account, the Peninsula extended from the Aravallis to the present east coast. There is no evidence of any great change in the outline of the east coast of India since Palaeozoic times. No fossils are found in the marine deposits of Secondary and Tertiary age in the interior of the continent. No life, no slow movement of creeping things, disturbed the awful silence of that weird landscape of primaeval days, when India was represented by the central plateau and its northern fringe of Arāvalli mountains. This, then, was the first stage of evolution. Never since the Palaeozoic era has this part of the continent been depressed beneath the sea. Over the extra-peninsular area, north of it and west, where now exist the regions of Baluchistān, Afghānistān, the valley of the Indus, and Rājputāna, with the great extension of the North-western Himālayas, the tides of a wide and shallow sea ebbed and flowed. Then, in Tertiary times, followed the slow formation of the Gondwāna beds, the gradual spreading out of sandy deposits, and the outlining of the leading features of Indian topography as we see them now. After the Palaeozoic era, and during the secondary stage of evolution, when India was probably connected with Africa by dry land and ocean currents swept from the Persian Gulf to the Arāvallis, the rock area extended over Assam and the Eastern Himālayas, while Burma, the North-western Himālayas, and the uplands beyond the Indus were still submarine, or undergoing alternations of elevation and depression.

At the close of the Cretaceous period, the infinitely gentle process of sedimentary deposit and the dead repose of the geological world were rudely shaken. Then ensued a series of volcanic cataclysms, such as the eastern world has probably never seen since. Two hundred thousand square miles of India’s surface were covered with lava and volcanic deposits to a depth of thousands of feet, and the Deccan landscape was shaped to its present outlines. As the period of volcanic activity ceased, there commenced in the far north the throes of an upheaval, which has gradually (acting through inconceivable ages) raised marine limestone of Num- mulitic age to a height of 20,000 feet above the sea, and resulted in the most stupendous mountain system of the world. The North-western Himālayas, Tibet, and Burma were gradually upraised and fashioned during this epoch; but there is evidence that Burma is a much more recent

title: Page:Imperialgazettee030583mbp.pdf/42


text:
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, a bailiff from the Dementyev farm, exhausted by the sultry heat of the fir-wood and covered with spiders' webs and pine-needles, made his way with his gun to the edge of the wood. His Damka—a mongrel between a yard dog and a setter—an extremely thin bitch heavy with young, trailed after her master with her wet tail between her legs, doing all she could to avoid pricking her nose. It was a dull, overcast morning. Big drops dripped from the bracken and from the trees that were wrapped in a light mist; there was a pungent smell of decay from the dampness of the wood.

There were birch-trees ahead of him where the wood ended, and between their stems and branches he could see the misty distance. Beyond the birch-trees someone was playing on a shepherd's rustic pipe. The player produced no more than five or six notes, dragged them out languidly with no attempt at forming a tune, and yet there was something harsh and extremely dreary in the sound of the piping.

As the copse became sparser, and the pines were interspersed with young birch-trees, Meliton saw a herd. Hobbled horses, cows, and sheep were wandering among the bushes and, snapping the dry branches, sniffed at the herbage of the copse. A


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102 lean old shepherd, bareheaded, in a torn grey smock, stood leaning against the wet trunk of a birch-tree. He stared at the ground, pondering something, and played his pipe, it seemed, mechanically.

"Good-day, grandfather! God help you!" Meliton greeted him in a thin, husky voice which seemed incongruous with his huge stature and big, fleshy face. "How cleverly you are playing your pipe! Whose herd are you minding?"

"The Artamonovs'," the shepherd answered reluctantly, and he thrust the pipe into his bosom.

"So I suppose the wood is the Artamonovs' too?" Meliton inquired, looking about him. "Yes, it is the Artamonovs'; only fancy I had completely lost myself. I got my face scratched all over in the thicket."

He sat down on the wet earth and began rolling up a bit of newspaper into a cigarette.

Like his voice, everything about the man was small and out of keeping with his height, his breadth, and his fleshy face: his smiles, his eyes, his buttons, his tiny cap, which would hardly keep on his big, closely-cropped head. When he talked and smiled there was something womanish, timid, and meek about his puffy, shaven face and his whole figure.

"What weather! God help us!" he said, and he turned his head from side to side. "Folk have not carried the oats yet, and the rain seems as though it had been taken on for good, God bless it."

The shepherd looked at the sky, from which a


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RV 262


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 Here again Galton applied his method with remarkable success. Referring to the progenitors of A and B, determining how many of each type there were in the direct pedigree of A and of B, he arrived at the same formula as before, with the simple difference that instead of expressing the probable average intensity of one character in several individuals, the prediction is given in terms of the probable number of As and Bs that would result on an average when particular As and Bs of known pedigree breed together.

The law as Galton gives it is as follows:—

"It is that the two parents contribute between them on the average one-half, or (0·5) of the total heritage of the offspring; the four grandparents, one-quarter, or (0·5)2; the eight great-grandparents, one-eighth, or (0·5)3, and so on. Then the sum of the ancestral contributions pressed by the series

which, being equal to 1, accounts for the whole heritage."

In the former case where A and a are characters which can be denoted by reference to a common scale, the law assumes of course that the inheritance will be, to use Galton's term, blended, namely that the zygote resulting from the union of A with a will on the average be more like a than if A had been united with A; and conversely that an Aa zygote will on the average be more like A than an aa zygote would be.

But in the case of As and Bs, which are assumed to be mutually exclusive characters, we cannot speak of blending, but rather, to use Galton's term, of alternative inheritance.

Pearson, finding that the law whether formulated thus,


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 "Show Captain Tietjens those marching orders of his They're from Whitehall, aren't they? You never know where these things come from nowadays. I call them the arrow that flieth by night!"

The adjutant, a diminutive, a positively miniature gentleman with Coldstream badges up and a dreadfully worried brow, drifted a quarto sheet of paper out of a pile, across his tablecloth towards Tietjens. His tiny hands seemed about to fall off at the wrists; his temples shuddered with neuralgia. He said:

"For God's sake do protest to Garrison if you feel you can We can't have more work shoved on us Major Lawrence and Major Halkett left the whole of the work of your unit to us

The sumptuous paper, with the royal arms embossed at the top, informed Tietjens that he would report to his VIth battalion on the Wednesday of next week in preparation for taking up the duties of divisional transport officer to the XIX division. The order came from Room G 14 R, at the War Office. He asked what the deuce G 14 R was, of the adjutant, who in an access of neuralgic agony, shook his head miserably, between his two hands, his elbows on the tablecloth.

Sergeant-Major Cowley, with his air of a solicitor's clerk, said the room G 14 R was the department that dealt with civilian requests for the services of officers. To the adjutant who asked what the devil a civilian request for the employment of officers could have to do with sending Captain Tietjens to the XIX division, Sergeant-Major Cowley presumed that it was because of the activities of the Earl of Beichan. The Earl of Beichan, a Levantine financier and race-horse owner, was interesting himself in army horses, after a short visit to the lines of communication. He also


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 owned several newspapers. So they had been waking up the army transport-animals' department to please him. The adjutant would no doubt have observed a Veterinary-Lieutenant Hotchkiss or Hitchcock. He had come to them through G 14 R. At the request of Lord Beichan, who was personally interested in Lieutenant Hotchkiss's theories, he was to make experiments on the horses of the Fourth Army—in which the XIXth division was then to be found "So," Cowley said, "you'll be under him as far as your horse lines go. If you go up." Perhaps Lord Beichan was a friend of Captain Tietjens and had asked for him, too: Captain Tietjens was known to be wonderful with horses.

Tietjens, his breath rushing through his nostrils, swore he would not go up the line at the bidding of a hog like Beichan, whose real name was Stavropolides, formerly Nathan.

He said the army was reeling to its base because of the continual interference of civilians. He said it was absolutely impossible to get through his programme of parades because of the perpetual extra drills that were forced on them at the biddings of civilians. Any fool who owned a newspaper, nay, any fool who could write to a newspaper, or any beastly little squit of a novelist could frighten the Government and the War Office into taking up one more hour of the men's parade time for patent manoeuvres with jampots or fancy underclothing. Now he was asked if his men wanted lecturing on the causes of the war and whether he—he, good God!—would not like to give the men cosy chats on the nature of the Enemy nations

The colonel said:

"There, there, Tietjens There, there


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 We all suffer alike. We've got to lecture our men on the uses of a new patent sawdust stove. If you don't want that job, you can easily get the general to take you off it. They say you can turn him round your little finger

"He's my godfather," Tietjens thought it wise to say. "I never asked him for a job, but I'm damned if it isn't his duty as a Christian to keep me out of the clutches of this Greek-'Ebrew pagan peer He's not even Orthodox, colonel

The adjutant here said that Colour-Sergeant Morgan of their orderly room wanted a word with Tietjens. Tietjens said he hoped to goodness that Morgan had some money for him! The adjutant said he understood that Morgan had unearthed quite a little money that ought to have been paid to Tietjens by his agents and hadn't.

Colour-Sergeant Morgan was the regimental magician with figures. Inordinately tall and thin, his body, whilst his eyes peered into distant columns of cyphers, appeared to be always parallel with the surface of his table and, as he always answered the several officers whom he benefited without raising his head, his face was very little known to his superiors. He was, however, in appearance a very ordinary, thin N.C.O. whose spidery legs, when very rarely he appeared on parade, had the air of running away with him as a race-horse might do. He told Tietjens that, pursuant to his instructions and the A.C.P. i 96 b that Tietjens had signed, he had ascertained that command pay at the rate of two guineas a day and supplementary fuel and light allowance at the rate of 6s. 8d. was being paid weekly by the Paymaster-General's Department to his, Tietjens', account at his agents'. He suggested


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 that Tietjens should write to his agents that if they did not immediately pay to his account the sum of £194 13s. 4d., by them received from the Paymaster's Department, he would proceed against the Crown by Petition of Right. And he strongly recommended Tietjens to draw a cheque on his own bank for the whole of the money because, if by any chance the agents had not paid the money in, he could sue them for damages and get them cast in several thousand pounds. And serve the devils right. They must have a million or so in hand in unpaid command and detention allowances due to officers. He only wished he could advertise in the papers offering to recover unpaid sums due by agents. He added that he had a nice little computation as to variations in the course of Gunter's Second Comet that he would like to ask Tietjen's advice about one of these days. The colour-sergeant was an impassioned amateur astronomer.

So Tietjens' morning went up and down The money at the moment, Sylvia being in that town, was of tremendous importance to him and came like an answer to prayer. It was not so agreeable, however, even in a world in which, never, never, never for ten minutes did you know whether you stood on your head or your heels, for Tietjens, on going back to the colonel's private office, to find Sergeant-Major Cowley coming out of the next room in which, on account of the adjutant's neuralgia, the telephone was kept. Cowley announced to the three of them that the general had the day before ordered his correspondence-corporal to send a very emphatic note to Colonel Gillum to the effect that he was informing the competent authority that he had no intention whatever of parting with Captain Tietjens, who was invaluable in


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 his command. The correspondence-corporal had informed Cowley that neither he nor the general knew who was the competent authority for telling Room G 14 R at the War Office to go to hell, but the matter would be looked up and put all right before the chit was sent off

That was good as far as it went. Tietjens was really interested in his present job, and although he would have liked well enough to have the job of looking after the horses of a division, or even an army, he felt that he would rather it was put off till the spring, given the weather they were having and the state of his chest. And the complication of possible troubles with Lieutenant Hotchkiss who, being a professor, had never really seen a horse—or not for ten years!—was something to be thought about very seriously. But all this appeared quite another matter when Cowley announced that the civilian authority who had asked for Tietjens' transfer was the permanent secretary to the Ministry of Transport

Colonel Gillum said:

"That's your brother, Mark And indeed the permanent secretary to the Ministry of Transport was Tietjens' brother Mark, known as the Indispensable Official. Tietjens felt a real instant of dismay. He considered that his violent protest against the job would appear rather a smack in the face for poor old wooden-featured Mark who had probably taken a good deal of trouble to get him the job. Even if Mark should never hear of it, a man should not slap his brother in the face! Moreover, when he came to think of his last day in London, he remembered that Valentine Wannop, who had exaggerated ideas as to the safety of First Line Transport, had begged Mark to


text:
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 going at last, like Lewis the fourteenth, on to the top of the church, for spare ends, &c.—he had that very campaign brought no less than eight new battering cannons, besides three demiculverins into the field; my uncle Toby's demand for two more pieces for the redoubt, had set the corporal at work again; and no better resource offering, he had taken the two leaden weights from the nursery window: and as the sash pullies, when the lead was gone, were of no kind of use, he had taken them away also, to make a couple of wheels for one of their carriages.

He had dismantled every sash window in my uncle Toby's house long before, in the very same way,—though not always in the same order; for sometimes the pullies had been wanted, and not the lead,—so then he began with the pullies,—and the pullies being picked out, then


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 the lead became useless,—and so the lead went to pot too.

—A great might be picked handsomly out of this, but I have not time—'tis enough to say, wherever the demolition began, 'twas equally fatal to the sash window.

corporal had not taken his measures so badly in this stroke of artilleryship, but that he might have kept the matter entirely to himself, and left Susannah to have sustained the whole weight of the attack, as she could;—true courage is not content with coming off so.—The corporal, whether as general or comptroller of the train,—'twas no matter,—had done that, without which, as he imagined, the misfortune could never have happened,—at least in


text: The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman/Volume 5/Chapter 19


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 Susannah's hands;—How would your honours have behaved?—He determined at once, not to take shelter behind Susannah,—but to give it; and with this resolution upon his mind, he marched upright into the parlour, to lay the whole manœuvre before my uncle Toby.

My uncle Toby had just then been giving Yorick an account of the Battle of Steenkirk, and of the strange conduct of count Solmes in ordering the foot to halt, and the horse to march where it could not act; which was directly contrary to the king's commands, and proved the loss of the day.

There are incidents in some families so pat to the purpose of what is going to follow,—they are scarce exceeded by the invention of a dramatic writer;—I mean of ancient days.


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 Trim, by the help of his forefinger, laid flat upon the table, and the edge of his hand striking a-cross it at right angles, made a shift to tell his story so, that priests and virgins might have listened to it;—and the story being told,—the dialogue went on as follows.

I would be picquetted to death, cried the corporal, as he concluded Susannah's story, before I would suffer the woman to come to any harm,—'twas my fault, an please your honour,—not hers.

Corporal Trim, replied my uncle Toby, putting on his hat which lay upon the table,—if any thing can be said to be a fault, when the service absolutely requires it should be done,—'tis I certainly who deserve the blame,—you obeyed your orders.


text: The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman/Volume 5/Chapter 20


text:
Page:Diary of a Pilgrimage (1891).pdf/37

I say I was "awakened" at Ostend, I do not speak the strict truth. I was not awakened—not properly. I was only halfawakened. I never did get fairly awake until the afternoon. During the journey from Ostend to Cologne I was three-parts asleep and one-part partially awake.

At Ostend, however, I was sufficiently aroused to grasp the idea that we had got somewhere, and that I must find my luggage and B., and do something or other; in addition to which, a strange, vague instinct, but one which I have never yet known deceive me, hovering about my mind, and telling me that I was in the neighbourhood of something to eat and drink, spurred me to vigour and action.

I hurried down into the saloon, and there found B. He excused himself for having left me alone all night—he need not have troubled himself. I had not pined for him in the least. If the only woman I had ever loved had been on board, I should have sat silent, and let any other fellow talk to her that wanted to, and that felt equal to it—by explaining that he had met a friend and that they had been talking. It appeared to have been a trying conversation.

I also ran against the talkative man and his companion.


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 Such a complete wreck of a once strong man as the latter looked I have never before seen. Mere sea-sickness, however severe, could never have accounted for the change in his appearance since, happy and hopeful, he entered the railway-carriage at Victoria six short hours ago. His friend, on the other hand, appeared fresh and cheerful, and was relating an anecdote about a cow.

We took our bags into the Custom House and opened them, and I sat down on mine, and immediately went to sleep.

When I awoke, somebody whom I mistook at first for a Field Marshal, and from force of habit—I was once a volunteer—saluted, was standing over me, pointing melodramatically at my bag. I assured him in picturesque German that I had nothing to declare. He did not appear to comprehend me, which struck me as curious, and took the bag away from me, which left me nothing to sit upon but the floor. But I felt too sleepy to be indignant.


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 After our luggage had been examined, we went into the buffet. My instinct had not misled me: there I found hot coffee, and rolls and butter. I ordered two coffees with milk, some bread, and some butter. I ordered them in the best German I knew. As nobody understood me, I went and got the things for myself. It saves a deal of argument, that method. People seem to know what you mean in a moment then.

B. suggested that while we were in Belgium, where everybody spoke French, while very few indeed knew German, I should stand a better chance of being understood if I talked less German and more French.

He said:

"It will be easier for you, and less of a strain upon the natives. You stick to French," he continued, "as long as ever you can. You will get along much better with French. You will come across people now and then—smart, intelligent people—who will partially understand your French, but no human being, except a thought-reader, will ever obtain any glimmering of what you mean from your German."


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to tradition, Plato was born in 427 B.C. and died in 347 B.C., leaving behind him as his last work the Laws. We may, therefore, suppose that the last decade of his life was mainly occupied with its composition. The internal evidence of the work itself sufficiently confirms tradition. Not only does it lack the charm and vigour of the earlier dialogues, but it is marked also by much uncouthness of style, and by a tendency to pedantry, tautology and discursive garrulity which seems to point to the failing powers of the author. Moreover, the author himself indicates his own advanced age by the artistic device of representing the three interlocutors in the dialogue as old men, and by the stress he repeatedly lays upon the fact of their age, as well as upon the reverence due from the young to the old.

The scene is laid in Crete, and it is during a walk from Cnosus to the grotto of Zeus on Mount Ida, on a long midsummer day, that the conversation here related is supposed to have taken place. Of the three old men, one is an Athenian, one (Clinias) a Cretan, one (Megillus) a Spartan. The protagonist is the Athenian, and nearly all the talking is done by him. His companions are little more than listeners, rather dull of wit, and incapable of adding vii


text:
Author talk:John Rocke

Zoologist
I'm still working on completing the list of contributions to The Zoologist. --Dick Bos (talk) 12:02, 21 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Author talk:John Rocke


text: Daughters of Genius/Chapter 8

title: Daughters of Genius/Chapter 8


text: Daughters of Genius/Chapter 9

title: Daughters of Genius/Chapter 9


text: Daughters of Genius/Chapter 10

title: Daughters of Genius/Chapter 10


text: Daughters of Genius/Chapter 11

title: Daughters of Genius/Chapter 11


text:
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 "Come down!" cried cook, who kept outside the door.

"What's the matter?" demanded Judkins on opening the window. "Is the house on fire?"

"No! but the chimney's smoking awful! Come down."

Judkins left the window, and descended the stairs; but the moment he opened the door which led immediately into the kitchen, he was met by a dense mass of smoke which almost caused him to fall backwards. His presence of mind only saved him. Suffocated as he felt—oppressed as he was—he rushed through the kitchen with all the energy at his command, and on reaching the garden, began to cough with unprecedented power and zeal.

"What—Ho, o-ho, o-ho!" he cried, "What devils—ho, o—trick is this?"

"Come and put a stop to it!" said cook, with great severity. "Don't stand rolling about and barking there like a born fool!"

Judkins would have said that she was a nice woman, but couldn't. He kept on coughing like a frightfully-asthmatic individual, and continued to cough as if he had been thus afflicted, despite the hot remonstrances of cook, who did really indulge on this occasion in many unladylike expressions of disgust.

In the meantime the density of the smoke so much increased that it drove cook fiercely from the door; and when Judkins with coughing felt utterly exhausted, he managed to turn a tub upside down, with the view of taking a seat, but in his agony he came down upon it such a lump that he broke in the bottom, and there he stuck.

Cook was now ferocious. Her rage knew no bounds. She shook her fists fiercely, and threatened to claw the eyes out of the precious head of Judkins, who had not the slightest power to extricate himself, and whose spirit of independence was too noble, too pure, to allow him to solicit her assistance.

"What do you mean?" she exclaimed, when the scum of her rage had boiled over. "What is it you mean? This is not a trick of yours—Oh! no: it isn't your trick!"

My trick!" said Judkins, as well as he could. "Woman! you're a lunatic. I've told you so before."

"Don't provoke me!" she exclaimed, as her passion increased; "you'd better not provoke me!"

And Judkins too thought that this would not be advisable, seeing that she had all the power then in her own hands; and being thus fixed, he felt that, if she were to attack him, however fiercely, he couldn't help it; he couldn't defend himself; he couldn't get away.

"Call me a lunatic again, at your peril!" she continued, coming conveniently near to the tub. "Dare to call me a lunatic again, and I'll make you remember it the longest day you have to live. Now call me a lunatic again, if you dare!"

Judkins did not dare to do anything of the sort. He had to use his own discretion, and that discretion prompted silence; but just as he had recovered sufficient strength to make an effort to relieve himself, Mary—who, finding that she could not enter the kitchen, had opened the front door and come round the cottage—appeared, when Judkins, who was


text:
Page:Supplement to the fourth, fifth, and sixth editions of the Encyclopaedia Britannica - with preliminary dissertations on the history of the sciences - illustrated by engravings (IA gri 33125011196181).pdf/940

648 a year at the given rate, we must alter the value of $$v$$ accordingly.

For two joint lives, the complement of the elder, determined from the fraction $$\frac{3}{r+5}$$, being $$a$$, and that of the younger, deduced from the deaths in an equal number of years, $$b$$, we have for the binary combinations of the survivors, after x years, $$(a-x)(b-x)$$, and the fluent will be $$-pv^x (ab - (a+b)(x+p) + x^2 + 2px + 2p^2)$$, which, corrected and divided by $$ab$$, gives the value of the annuity $$p - \frac{p^2}{ab} (a+b-2p) - \frac{p^2v^a}{ab} (a-b+2p)$$; and this, with the deduction of half a payment, agrees with the tables calculated on Demoivre’s hypothesis, taking the same complements of life.

But for three lives we have no such tables, and this method of calculation becomes therefore of still greater importance. Employing here the fraction $$\frac{3}{r+7}$$ for the oldest life, we must determine the complement $$a$$ for this life, and those of the two younger, $$b>$$ and $$c$$, from an equal period. The combinations will then be $$(a-x)(b-x)(c-x) = abc - (ab+ac+bc)x + (a+b+c)x^2 - x^3$$, which we may call $$d - ex + fx^2 - x^3$$; hence the fluent is found $$-pv^x \left ( d - e(x+p) + f(x^2 + 2px + 2p^2) - (x^3 + 3px^2 + 6p^2 x + 6p^3) \right )$$ this, when $$x$$ vanishes, becomes $$-p (d - ep + fp^2 - 6p^3)$$, and calling this $$-pg$$, the corrected fluent will give the value of the annuity $$\frac{pg}{d} - \frac{pv^a}{d} (g - en + fa^a + 2fpa - a^3 - 3pa^2 - 6p^2 a)$$. Thus, if the ages are 10, 20, and 30, and the rate of interest 4 per cent. we find, in the Northampton tables, the survivors at 30 4385, of which are 3199; and at 46, the survivors are 3170; whence $$a = 57{\cdot}7$$, and $$b$$ and $$c$$ found also from periods of 16 years after the respective ages, are 68·5 and 91·7. Calculating with these numbers, we find the value of the annuity $$10{\cdot}954 - {\cdot}5 = 10{\cdot}454$$. Dr Price’s short table gives it 10·438; and Simpson’s approximation from the tables of two joint lives 10·563, which is less accurate in this instance, even supposing such tables to have been previously calculated.

It would, indeed, be easy to form, by this mode of computation, a table of the corrections required at different ages for Simpson’s approximation, since these corrections must be very nearly the same, whether Demoivre’s hypothesis, or the actual decrements of lives be employed, both for the two joint lives, and for the correct determination of the three. But the value thus found would still be less accurate, with respect to any other place, or perhaps even any other time, than the immediate result of the mode of calculation here explained.

It may, perhaps, save some trouble to subjoin a table of the values of $$p$$ and their logarithms.

(.)


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text: Page:The Works of Ben Jonson - Gifford - Volume 6.djvu/207


text: The Works of Ben Jonson/Volume 6/A Tale of a Tub/Act III/Scene V


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Rh


text: Index:Science and modern civilisation - the Harveian oration - delivered before the Royal College of Physicians, October 18, 1897 (IA b24976039).pdf


text:
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A290

PART VI.

67. If an application is made for—
 * (a) the registration of a school;
 * (b) approval to be a manager;
 * (c) registration as a manager or a teacher; or
 * (d) to employ a person as a permitted teacher in a school,

the Director may require the applicant or the proposed permitted teacher—
 * (i) to attend an interview with such person as the Director may specify; or
 * (ii) to make any declaration or to supply any further particulars that the Director considers necessary in connexion with the application.

68. (1) Notwithstanding any other provision in this Ordinance, the Director may—
 * (a) refuse to register any person as a teacher;
 * (b) cancel the registration of any person as a teacher;
 * (c) refuse to issue a permit to teach under subsection (1) of section 50 in respect of any person; or
 * (d) cancel a permit to teach issued in respect of any person,

if the Director is satisfied that the environment in which the person has received any part of his education has been such as to make the person unsuitable as a teacher in Hong Kong.

(2) The Director shall, if he refuses under paragraph (a) of subsection (1) to register any person as a teacher, or cancels under paragraph (b) of subsection (1) the registration of any person as a teacher, serve notice in writing of his decision on the person.

(3) The Director shall—
 * (a) if he refuses under paragraph (c) of subsection (1) to issue a permit to teach in respect of any person, serve notice in writing of his decision on the supervisor of the school in which the person was to be employed to teach; or
 * (b) if he cancels under paragraph (d) of subsection (1) a permit to teach, serve notice in writing of his decision on the supervisor of the school in which the permitted teacher is employed to teach.


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(4) A person on whom a notice is to be served under subsection (2) or (3) may, within twenty-one days after the service of the notice on him, appeal by way of petition to the Governor.

(5) On consideration of an appeal under subsection (4), the Governor may—
 * (a) reverse the decision of the Director; or
 * (b) refer the appeal to the Governor in Council.

(6) On consideration of an appeal referred to him under sub- section (5), the Governor in Council may confirm or reverse the decision of the Director.

(7) The Director may, if he cancels under paragraph (b) of subsection (1) the registration of any teacher, or cancels under paragraph (d) of subsection (1) a permit to teach, by notice in writing to the teacher whose registration is cancelled or to the supervisor of the school in which the permitted teacher is employed to teach, permit the teacher to continue to teach upon such conditions, if any, as the Director thinks fit until—
 * (a) the expiry of the time specified in subsection (4) for the bringing of an appeal to the Governor; and
 * (b) the determination of any appeal brought under subsection (4) to the Governor.

69. (1) Notwithstanding any other provision in this Ordinance, if it appears to the Governor in Council that it would be prejudicial to the public interest or the welfare of pupils or of education generally—
 * (a) that—
 * (i) a school should be registered;
 * (ii) a person should be approved to be a manager;
 * (iii) a person should be registered as a teacher; or
 * (iv) a person should be a permitted teacher;
 * (b) that a school should continue to be registered or provisionally registered;
 * (c) that a person should continue person should continue to be an approved manager;
 * (d) that a teacher should continue to be registered; or
 * (e) that a person should continue to be a permitted teacher,

the provisions of this section shall apply.


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 dialogues of Vives, were recommended as an extra study in the Pansophic school. This is the only occasion on which Comenius alludes to the Colloquies. It is, indeed, surprising that he makes so little mention of what must have been one of the most important instruments in the process of teaching conversational Latin.

More practical than either of the above-mentioned works were Maturin Cordier’s dialogues. Cordier did not publish these till 1564, when he was quite an old man. The choice of words and phrases speaks of a long life spent in intelligent teaching, while the vivid descriptions of the life and conversation of the typical school-boy show that Cordier, kindly and observant, did not confine his interest in his pupils to the hours of class-instruction. The anxious parent or schoolmaster desirous to obtain the best Colloquies possible had indeed a long list to choose from. Sturm, to whom Latin conversation was the most important element in education, published his Neanisci in 1570, a set of Dialogues that no longer survives since the burning of the library at Strasburg. Even Mosellanus, Professor of Greek at Leipzig, published a Pedology in 1517, though some persuasion had been necessary before he consented to compose it. “For a long time,” he writes in his preface to John Polyander, headmaster of St. Thomas’ School, who had asked him to write some colloquies, “I resisted your request, as you know, partly because the importance of my occupations made me disdain this work, doubtless useful, but humble and almost mean in appearance, and partly because, not being used to it, I found it difficult to play the part suitably, since I saw that for this kind of comedy a man must become a child once


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(2) The Governor in Council may cause a notice in writing, stating that it is made under this section, to be served—
 * (a) in any case referred to in sub-paragraph (i), (ii) or (iii) of paragraph (a) of subsection (1), on the applicant, calling on him to show cause why the application should not be refused;
 * (b) in the case referred to in sub-paragraph (iv) of paragraph (a) of subsection (1), on the supervisor of the school in which the person is to be employed to teach calling on him to show cause why the application should not be refused;
 * (c) in any case referred to in paragraph (b) of subsection (1), on the supervisor of the school, calling on him to show cause why the registration or provisional registration of the school should not be cancelled;
 * (d) in the case referred to in paragraph (c) of subsection (1), on the approved manager, calling on him to show cause why his approval to be a manager should not be withdrawn;
 * (e) in the case referred to in paragraph (d) of subsection (1), on the registered teacher, calling on him to show cause why his registration as a teacher should not be cancelled; or
 * (f) in the case referred to in paragraph (e) of subsection (1), on the supervisor of the school in which the permitted teacher is employed to teach, calling on the supervisor to show cause why the permit to teach issued in respect of the permitted teacher should not be cancelled.

(3) The Governor in Council may—
 * (a) in any case referred to in paragraph (b) of subsection (1), suspend the registration or provisional registration of the school until the determination of the proceedings under this section;
 * (b) in the case referred to in paragraph (c) of subsection (1), suspend the approval of the person to be a manager until the determination of the proceedings under this section;
 * (c) in the case referred to in paragraph (d) of subsection (1), suspend the registration of the teacher until the determination of the proceedings under this section; or


text:
Author:William Roberts (1830-1899)

Works

 * The Harveian Oration 1897

Works about the author

 * Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Roberts, William (1830-1899)

title: Author:William Roberts (1830-1899)


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by a statement to that effect in the notice served under subsection (2), and in such case the suspension shall take effect from the date of service of the notice and shall continue in effect until the proceedings under this section are determined.

(4) A person whose approval to be a manager has been suspended under subsection (3) shall, during the period of suspension, be deemed, if he is registered as a manager of any school, to have had such registration also suspended.

(5) A person who is served with a notice under subsection (2) shall be entitled to appear in person, and to hear the grounds on which it is proposed to take the course specified in the notice and to make such representations as he wishes against the course being taken.

(6) If, after opportunity for appearance and for making representations has been afforded under subsection (5), the Governor in Council is satisfied—
 * (a) in any case referred to in paragraph (a) of subsection (1), that the application should be refused;
 * (b) in any case referred to in paragraph (b) of subsection (1), that the registration or provisional registration of the school should be cancelled;
 * (c) in the case referred to in paragraph (c) of subsection (1), that the approval of the person to be a manager should be withdrawn;
 * (d) in the case referred to in paragraph (d) of subsection (1), that the registration of the teacher should be cancelled; or
 * (e) in the case referred to in paragraph (e) of subsection (1), that the permit to teach issued in respect of the permitted teacher should be cancelled,

he shall order accordingly, and the order shall be put into effect by the Director.

(7) Notwithstanding subsection (2) of section 16, if the Governor in Council orders under subsection (6) that an


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A294

for registration of a school be refused, and at the time when such order is made the school is already provisionally registered, the Director shall cancel the provisional registration of the school.

(8) The Governor may suspend the operation of an order made under subsection (6) for such period and on such conditions as he thinks fit.

(9) If under subsection (6)—
 * (a) the approval of a person to be a manager is withdrawn;
 * (b) the registration of a person as a teacher is cancelled; or
 * (c) a permit to teach issued in respect of any person is cancelled,

the person shall not thereafter be approved to be a manager nor be registered as a manager or a teacher, nor shall a permit be issued under subsection (1) of section 50 in respect of such person.

(10) The Governor may waive the provisions of subsection (9) in a particular case on such conditions, if any, as he thinks fit.

70. (1) The Director shall, on cancelling the registration or provisional registration of a school under subsection (6) of section 69, also withdraw his approval of every registered manager of the school.

(2) Any registered manager whose approval is withdrawn under subsection (1) may appeal by way of petition to the Governor in Council within fourteen days of the making of the order under subsection (6) of section 69 cancelling the registration or provisional registration of the school.

(3) If—
 * (a) the approval of any person to be a manager is withdrawn under subsection (1); or
 * (b) the permit to teach issued in respect of any permitted teacher is deemed to be cancelled under subsection (2) of section 52 by reason of the cancellation of the registration or provisional registration of a school under subsection (6) of section 69,

the person shall not thereafter be approved to be a manager, nor be registered as a manager nor shall a permit to teach be issued in respect of such person unless an appeal under subsection (2) has been allowed against the withdrawal of the approval or the cancellation of the registration.


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(4) The Governor may waive the provisions of subsection (3) in a particular case on such conditions, if any, as he thinks fit.

71. Notwithstanding any other provision in this Ordinance, if—
 * (a) a school ceases to be registered or provisionally registered;
 * (b) a person ceases to be approved to be a manager;
 * (c) a person ceases to be registered as a manager or a teacher; or
 * (d) a person ceases to be a permitted teacher,

every person who has in his possession any certificate or copy of a certificate relating to such registration, provisional registration or approval or, in the case referred to in paragraph (d), the permit to teach or a copy of the permit to teach issued in respect of the permitted teacher, shall within one month after being required to do so by the Director deliver such document to the Director.

72. (1) If the registration or provisional registration of a school has been cancelled under section 22 or subsection (6) of section 69, or is suspended under subsection (3) of section 69, no person who has at any time been a manager, teacher or pupil of the school shall enter or remain in any premises—
 * (a) in which the school was operated; and
 * (b) which are being used for the purposes of a school,

without the permission in writing of the Director.

(2) No person shall, without the permission in writing of the Director, enter or remain in any school—
 * (a) if at any time—
 * (i) he has been refused approval to be a manager, or having been so approved has had such approval with- drawn;
 * (ii) he has been refused registration as a manager or a teacher, or having been so registered has had his registration cancelled;
 * (iii) a permit to teach has been refused in respect of such person;
 * (iv) he has been a permitted teacher in respect of whom a permit to teach has been cancelled; or
 * (v) he has been refused approval as the supervisor of principal of a school, or having been so approved has had such approval withdrawn; or


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 * (i) his approval to be a manager;
 * (ii) his registration as a teacher; or
 * (iii) a permit to teach issued in respect of such person,
 * is suspended under subsection (3) of section 69.

(3) The Director may attach to any permission given under this section such conditions as he thinks fit. PART VII.

73. In this Part— “attendance order” means an order made under section 74;

“board” means the board of review established under section 75;

“child” means a child who has attained the age of six years but not the age of twelve years;

“parent” in relation to any child includes a guardian and the person having the actual custody of the child.

74. (1) Where it appears to the Director that a parent of a child is withholding the child from attending primary school with- out any reasonable excuse, the Director may, after making such inquiries as he considers necessary, serve upon a parent an attendance order in the prescribed form requiring him to cause the child to attend regularly as a pupil the primary school named in the attendance order.

(2) The Director may at any time, by notice in writing serve upon a parent of the child to whom an attendance order relates—
 * (a) vary the order by substituting another primary school for that named in the order;
 * (b) otherwise vary or withdraw the order,

and any variation of an attendance order shall take effect on the expiry of the period of fourteen days after the date of service of the notice in writing.

75. (1) For the purposes of this Part, there shall be a board of review, which shall consist of not less than five persons appointed by the Governor.


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(2) The Governor may appoint a public officer to be the secretary of the board.

76. (1) Subject to this Ordinance, the practice and procedure on a review by the board shall be such as the board may determine.

(2) For the purposes of a review the board shall have the following powers—
 * (a) to hear and examine witnesses on oath; and
 * (b) to summon any person to attend any hearing of the board to give evidence or produce any document or other thing in his possession and to examine him as a witness or require him to produce any document or other thing in his possession.

(3) A witness summons shall be in such form as the chairman of the board shall direct and shall be signed by the chairman.

(4) Any person who, being summoned to attend as a witness or to produce any document or any other thing at a hearing of the board, refuses or neglects to do so or to answer any questions put to him by or with the concurrence of the board shall be guilty of an offence and shall be liable on conviction to a fine of five hundred dollars and to imprisonment for three months:

Provided that no person shall be bound to incriminate himself and every witness shall in respect of any evidence given by him. before the board be entitled to the privileges to which he would be entitled if giving evidence before a court of justice.

(5) Any person—
 * (a) who behaves in an insulting manner or uses any threatening or insulting expression to or in the presence of the board; or
 * (b) wilfully disrupts the proceedings of the board,

shall be guilty of an offence and shall be liable on conviction to a fine of five hundred dollars and to imprisonment for three months.

77. (1) A parent aggrieved by—
 * (a) an attendance order; or
 * (b) any variation of an attendance order,

may within fourteen days of the date of the order or the notice in writing apply to the board for a review.

(2) An application under subsection (1) may be oral or in writing.


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39 there who run through the nervous system with hammer and chisel digging new trenches and deepening old ones. I am not sure that the problem when phrased in this way is a soluble one. I feel that there must come some simpler way of envisaging the whole process of habit formation or else it may remain insoluble. Since the advent of the conditioned reflex hypothesis in psychology with all of the simplifications (and I am often fearful that it may be an over-simplification!) I have had my own laryngeal processes [i.e. what others call "thoughts"] stimulated to work upon this problem from another angle."

I agree with Dr. Watson that the explanations of habit- formation which are usually given are very inadequate, and that few psychologists have realised either the importance or the difficulty of the problem. I agree also that a great many cases are covered by his formula of the conditioned reflex. He relates a case of a child which once touched a hot radiator, and afterwards avoided it for two years. He adds: "If we should keep our old habit terminology, we should have in this example a habit formed by a single trial. There can be then in this case no 'stamping in of the successful movement' and 'no stamping out of the un- successful movement.'" On the basis of such examples, he believes that the whole of habit-formation can be derived from the principle of the conditioned reflex, which he formulates as follows (p. 168):

Stimulus X will not now call out reaction R; stimulus Y will call out reaction R (unconditioned reflex); but when stimulus X is presented first and then Y (which does call out R) shortly thereafter, X will thereafter call out R. In other words, stimulus X becomes ever thereafter substituted for Y.

This law is so simple, so important, and so widely true that there is a danger lest its scope should be exaggerated, just as, in the eighteenth century, physicists tried to explain everything by means of gravitation. But when considered as covering all the ground, it seems to me to suffer from two opposite defects. In the first place, there are cases where no habit is set up, although by the law it should be. In


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(3) Upon a review the board may either—
 * (a) confirm the attendance order or the variation; or
 * (b) cancel the attendance order or the variation.

(4) The decision of the board shall be final.

(5) The secretary of the board shall notify the parent of the decision of the board.

78. Any parent who without reasonable excuse fails to comply with an attendance order (as the same may be varied from time to time) shall be guilty of an offence and shall be liable on conviction to a fine of five hundred dollars and to imprisonment for three months:

Provided that—
 * (a) if an application for a review of an attendance order is made, no offence shall be committed until after the secretary of the board has notified the parent under subsection (5) of section 77 of the decision on the review;
 * (b) if an application for a review of any variation of an attendance order is made, no offence shall be committed, by reason of a failure to comply with the variation, until after the secretary of the board has notified the parent under subsection (5) of section 77 of the decision on the review.

PART VIII.

79. The Governor may by notice in the Gazette appoint by name or office—
 * (a) any officer of the Education Department to be an inspector of schools;
 * (b) any Government medical officer to be a medical officer of schools; and
 * (c) any health inspector to be a health inspector of schools.

80. The Director and any inspector of schools may inspect any school for the purposes of ascertaining whether this Ordinance is being complied with and whether the school is being conducted satisfactorily.


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40 the second place, there are habits which, so far as we can see at present, have a different genesis.

To take the first point first: the word "pepper" does not make people sneeze, though according to the law it should. Words which describe succulent foods will make the mouth water; voluptuous words will have some of the effect that would be produced by the situations they suggest; but no words will produce sneezes or the reactions appropriate to tickling. In the diagram given by Dr. Watson (p. 106), there are four reflexes which appear to be not sources of conditioned reflexes, namely sneezing, hiccoughing, blinking, and the Babinski reflex; of these, however, blinking, it is suggested (p. 99), may be really itself a conditioned reflex. There may be some quite straightforward explanation of the fact that some reactions can be produced by substitute stimuli while others cannot, but none is offered. Therefore the law of the conditioned reflex, as formulated, is too wide, and it is not clear what is the principle according to which its scope should be restricted.

The second objection to Dr. Watson's law of habit, if valid, is more important than the first; but its validity is more open to question. It is contended that the acts by which solutions of problems are obtained are, in cases of a certain kind, not random acts leading to success by mere chance, but acts proceeding from "insight", involving a "mental" solution of the problem as a preliminary to the physical solution. This is especially the view of those who advocate Gestaltpsychologie or the psychology of configuration. We may take, as typical of their attitude on the subject of learning, Köhler's Mentality of Apes. Köhler went to Tenerife with certain chimpanzees in the year 1913; owing to the war he was compelled to remain with them until 1917, so that his opportunities for study were ex- tensive. He complains of the maze and cage problems set by American investigators that they are such as cannot be


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41 solved by intelligence. Sir Isaac Newton himself could not have got out of the Hampton Court maze by any method except trial and error. Köhler, on the other hand, set his apes problems which could be solved by what he calls insight". He would hang up a banana out of reach, and leave boxes in the neighbourhood so that by standing on the boxes the chimpanzees could reach the fruit. Sometimes they had to pile three or even four boxes on top of each other before they could achieve success. Then he would put the banana outside the bars of the cage, leaving a stick inside, and the ape would get the banana by reaching for it with the stick. On one occasion, one of them, named Sultan, had two bamboo sticks, each too short to reach the banana; after vain efforts followed by a period of silent thought, he fitted the smaller into the hollow of the other, and so manufactured one stick which was long enough. It seems, however, from the account, that he first fitted the two together more or less accidently, and only then realised that he had found a solution. Nevertheless, his behaviour when he had once realised that one stick could be made by joining the two was scarcely Watsonian: there was no longer anything tentative, but a definite triumph, first in anticipation and then in action. He was so pleased with his new trick that he drew a number of bananas into his cage before eating any of them. He behaved, in fact, as capitalists have behaved with machinery.

Köhler says: "We can, from our own experience, distinguish sharply between the kind of conduct which, from the very beginning, arises out of a consideration of the characteristics of a situation, and one that does not. Only in the former case do we speak of insight, and only that behaviour of animals definitely appears to us intelligent which takes account from the beginning of the lie of the land, and proceeds to deal with it in a smooth continuous course. Hence follows this characteristic: to set up as the


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81. The Director and any inspector of schools may, for the purposes of section 80—
 * (a) at all reasonable times enter the premises of any school;
 * (b) enter any premises in which he has reason to suspect that an offence against this Ordinance has been or is being committed;
 * (c) require any manager or teacher of a school to produce any book, document or other article relating to the management of the school, or to the teaching in or any other activity of the school, or to furnish any information relating to such management, teaching or activity;
 * (d) remove for further examination any book, document or other article which he has reason to suspect is evidence of the commission of an offence against this Ordinance, or is evidence of a ground for the withdrawal of the approval of any person to be a manager, or for the cancellation of the registration of any school, manager or teacher, or for the cancellation of the provisional registration of any school, or for the cancellation of any permit to teach; and
 * (e) do such other things as are necessary for the inspection of a school.

82. (1) The Director may, if it appears to him that—
 * (a) a school is not being managed satisfactorily;
 * (b) the education of the pupils of a school is not being promoted in a proper manner; or
 * (c) any provision of this Ordinance is being or has been contravened in respect of a school,

by notice in writing give such directions as he thinks necessary in order that the school will be operated satisfactorily, or that the education of the pupils of the school will be promoted in a proper manner, or that such provision of this Ordinance will be complied with in respect of the school.

(2) Any notice under subsection (1)—
 * (a) may be served on the supervisor and every other manager of the school concerned; and
 * (b) may specify a period of time within which the directions shall be complied with.


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42 criterion of insight, the appearance of a complete solution with reference to the whole lay-out of the field."

Genuine solutions of problems, Köhler says, do not improve by repetition; they are perfect on the first occasion, and, if anything, grow worse by repetition, when the excite- ment of discovery has worn off. The whole account that Köhler gives of the efforts of his chimpanzees makes a totally different impression from that of the rats in mazes, and one is forced to conclude that the American work is somewhat vitiated by confining itself to one type of problem, and drawing from that one type conclusions which it believes to be applicable to all problems of animal learning. It seems that there are two ways of learning, one by experience, and the other by what Köhler calls "insight". Learning by experience is possible to most vertebrates, though rarely, so far as is known, to invertebrates. Learning by "insight", on the contrary, is not known to exist in any animals lower than the anthropoid apes, though it would be extremely rash to assert that it will not be revealed by further observations on dogs or rats. Unfortunately, some animals—for instance, elephants—may be extremely intelligent, but the practical difficulty and expense of experimentation with them is so great that we are not likely to know much about them for some time to come. However, the real problem is already sufficiently definite in Köhler's book it is the analysis of "insight" as opposed to the method of the conditioned reflex.

Let us first be clear as to the nature of the problem, when described solely in terms of behaviour. A hungry monkey, if sufficiently near to a banana, will perform acts such as, in circumstances to which it has been accustomed, have previously enabled it to obtain bananas. This fits well with either Watson or Thorndike, so far. But if these familiar acts fail, the animal will, if it has been long without food, is in good health, and is not too tired, proceed to other acts which have never hitherto produced bananas. One may suppose, if one wishes to follow Watson, that these new acts are composed of a number of parts, each of


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 Harvey’s life. He was the eldest son of an opulent Kentish yeoman, and was born at Folkestone in 1578.

Harvey passed his schoolboy days at the King’s Grammar School in the pleasant city of Canterbury. From thence he migrated, at the age of sixteen, to Caius College, Cambridge. Harvey spent some three years at the University, and graduated as Bachelor of Arts in 1597, just three hundred years ago. At the age of twenty he proceeded to Padua to pursue his medical studies. At that period Padua was one of the foremost universities in Europe, and was especially famous as a school of anatomy. Harvey passed four years at Padua, and had for teachers the most celebrated anatomists of the day, namely, Fabricius of Aqua Pendente and Casserius, names which are still embalmed in our anatomical nomenclature. Tt was obviously of the greatest advantage to Harvey, in view of his future work, that his attention was thus early fixed on the solid data of descriptive anatomy, which could be directly verified by eye and hand in the dissecting room, rather than on the pedantic aphorisms and cloudy speculations which constituted so large a part of the medical learning of that time. At the end of his course of study at Padua he obtained the degree of Doctor of Medicine, and returned to England in 1603. In the same year he received his doctor’s degree from the University of The young Harvey now settled in

Cambridge.

of

1

In those days the yeomen of Kent were persons There is an old rhyme which runs 1

A A And

knight of Cales, squire of Wales,

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his yearly rent

of consideration.


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83. (1) The Director may, if it appears to him that—
 * (a) there is any danger or risk of danger to persons in any school premises;
 * (b) the conduct of the managers, teachers or pupils of a school is or has been unsatisfactory; or
 * (c) any provision of this Ordinance is being or has been contravened in respect of a school,

by order in writing served on any manager of the school—
 * (i) close the school premises, or any part of the school premises, for such period as he thinks fit or until further notice;
 * (ii) prohibit the use of any place for the purposes of a school for such period as he thinks fit or until further notice; or
 * (iii) give such directions and make such requirements as he thinks necessary.

(2) The Director may, if any direction or requirement given or made by him under paragraph (iii) of subsection (1) has not been complied with to his satisfaction, by order in writing—
 * (a) close the school premises, or any part of the school premises; or
 * (b) prohibit the use of any place for the purposes of the school,

until the direction or requirement is so complied with.

(3) The Director may by order in writing close any premises of a school which is not registered or provisionally registered.

(4) The Director may, if a school is operated in any premises which are not specified in the certificate of registration or provisional registration of the school, by order in writing close such premises.

(5) An order made by the Director paragraph (i) or (ii) of subsection (1) or subsection (2), (3) or (4) shall be published in the Gazette.

(6) No person shall enter or remain in—
 * (a) any premises or any part of any premises which have been closed by the Director under subsection (1), (2), (3) or (4); or
 * (b) any place the use of which for the purposes of a school has been prohibited by the Director under subsection (1) or (2),

unless—
 * (i) he is a public officer acting in the course of his duty; or
 * (ii) the Director has given him permission in writing to do so.


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43 which, on some former occasion, has occurred in a series which ended with the obtaining of the banana. Or one may suppose—as I think Thorndike does—that the acts of the baffled animal are random acts, so that the solution emerges by pure chance. But even in the first hypothesis, the element of chance is considerable. Let us suppose that the acts A, B, C, D, E have each, on a former occasion, been part of a series ending with success, but that now for the first time it is necessary to perform them all, and in the right order. It is obvious that, if they are only combined by chance, the animal will be lucky if it performs them all in the right order before dying of hunger.

But Köhler maintains that to anyone watching his chimpanzees it was obvious they did not obtain "a composition of the solutions out of chance parts". He says (pp. 199-200):

"It is certainly not a characteristic of the chimpanzee, when he is brought into an experimental situation, to make any chance movements, out of which, among other things, a non-genuine solution could arise. He is very seldom seen to attempt anything which would have to be considered accidental in relation to the situation (excepting, of course, if his interest is turned away from the objective to other things). As long as his efforts are directed to the objective, all distinguishable stages of his behaviour (as with human beings in similar situations) tend to appear as complete attempts at solutions, none of which appears as the produce of accidentally arrayed parts. This is true, most of all, of the solution which is finally successful. Certainly it often follows upon a period of perplexity or quiet (often a period of survey), but in real and convincing cases the solution never appears in a disorder of blind impulses. It is one continuous smooth action, which can be resolved into its parts only by the imagination of the onlooker; in reality they do not appear independently. But that in so many 'genuine' cases as have been described, these solutions as wholes should have arisen from mere chance, is an entirely inadmissible supposition."