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{|
 * Baba. || Chinese. || Malay. || English.
 * Bami || bah-mī || || maccaroni and pork
 * Ba'sat || ba̍t-sat || || bed-bug
 * Bikin || || || to make
 * Boek || be̍h || || stocking
 * Bo-jin-cheng || bô-jîn-chêng || || ungrateful
 * Buntut || || ekor || tail
 * Busa || || bueh || foam
 * Cha || chhá || || fry
 * Chat || chhat || || paint
 * Chau || chiá-hu || || sister's husband
 * Changkir || || || small cup
 * Chaipo || chhài-pó͘ || || turnips salted and dried
 * Chek-m || chek-’m || || brother's mother-in-law
 * Chek-m-po || chek-’m-pô || || uncle's mother-in-law
 * Chiang || chiāng || || ride a horse
 * Chimchi || chhim-chíⁿ || || central court in a house
 * Chinchu || tsûn-tsú || || supercargo
 * Chin-ke || chhin-ke || || relation between parents of husband and wife
 * Chio || chiò || || taoist rites
 * Chki || chit-ki || || a card game
 * Chikeweh || chit-ke-ê || || family
 * Chngkan diri || tsng || || to adorn one's self
 * Cho || cheng-tsó͘-bú || || great grandmother
 * Chokin || chho͘-kun || || bathing cloth
 * Chongpo || tsóng-phò͘ || || cook
 * Datok || kong || berhala || idol, god
 * Dlaki || || laki-laki || male
 * Feshen || || || fashion
 * Goa || goá || || I
 * Gumpal || || gumol || wrestle
 * Hia || hiaⁿ || || elder brother
 * Hio-soa || hiuⁿ-soàⁿ || || incense stick
 * Hoe-sio || hê-siūⁿ || || Bhuddist priest
 * Homia || hó-miā || || fortunate, nice
 * Hu, kertas hu || hû || || magical charm, amulet
 * Hun || hūn || || one-tenth of an inch
 * Jamut || || nyamok || mosquito
 * Jiho || jī-hō || || sign over the door
 * Jerki || || rzki || food
 * Jijit || || ejek || tease
 * Jose || jiàuⁿ-se || || shiny silk (crape)
 * Justa || || dusta || false
 * Kachuak || kā-tsoa̍h || || cockroach
 * Kalot || || || reprove
 * Kamguan || kam-goān || || willing
 * Kau || káu || || a game
 * }
 * Chokin || chho͘-kun || || bathing cloth
 * Chongpo || tsóng-phò͘ || || cook
 * Datok || kong || berhala || idol, god
 * Dlaki || || laki-laki || male
 * Feshen || || || fashion
 * Goa || goá || || I
 * Gumpal || || gumol || wrestle
 * Hia || hiaⁿ || || elder brother
 * Hio-soa || hiuⁿ-soàⁿ || || incense stick
 * Hoe-sio || hê-siūⁿ || || Bhuddist priest
 * Homia || hó-miā || || fortunate, nice
 * Hu, kertas hu || hû || || magical charm, amulet
 * Hun || hūn || || one-tenth of an inch
 * Jamut || || nyamok || mosquito
 * Jiho || jī-hō || || sign over the door
 * Jerki || || rzki || food
 * Jijit || || ejek || tease
 * Jose || jiàuⁿ-se || || shiny silk (crape)
 * Justa || || dusta || false
 * Kachuak || kā-tsoa̍h || || cockroach
 * Kalot || || || reprove
 * Kamguan || kam-goān || || willing
 * Kau || káu || || a game
 * }
 * Hun || hūn || || one-tenth of an inch
 * Jamut || || nyamok || mosquito
 * Jiho || jī-hō || || sign over the door
 * Jerki || || rzki || food
 * Jijit || || ejek || tease
 * Jose || jiàuⁿ-se || || shiny silk (crape)
 * Justa || || dusta || false
 * Kachuak || kā-tsoa̍h || || cockroach
 * Kalot || || || reprove
 * Kamguan || kam-goān || || willing
 * Kau || káu || || a game
 * }
 * Justa || || dusta || false
 * Kachuak || kā-tsoa̍h || || cockroach
 * Kalot || || || reprove
 * Kamguan || kam-goān || || willing
 * Kau || káu || || a game
 * }
 * Kamguan || kam-goān || || willing
 * Kau || káu || || a game
 * }
 * Kau || káu || || a game
 * }


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Rh months, others in years, or in hundreds of years, are denominated Periodic Inequalities.

The inequalities of the other kind, though occasioned likewise by the disturbing energy of the planets, are entirely independent of their relative positions: they depend upon the relative positions of the orbits alone, whose forms and places in space are altered by very minute quantities in immense periods of time, and are, therefore, called Secular Inequalities.

In consequence of the latter kind of disturbances, the apsides, or extremities of the major axes of all the orbits, have a direct but variable motion in space, excepting those of the orbit of Venus, which are retrograde; and the lines of the nodes move with a variable velocity in a contrary direction. The motions of both are extremely slow; it requires more than 114755 years for the major axis of the earth's orbit to accomplish a sidereal revolution, that is, to return to the same stars; and 21067 years to complete its tropical motion, or to return to the same equinox. The major axis of Jupiter's orbit requires no less than 200610 years to perform its sidereal revolution, and 22748 years to accomplish its tropical revolution, from the disturbing action of Saturn alone. The periods in which the nodes revolve are also very great. Besides these, the inclination and eccentricity of every orbit are in a

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Rh the food. The cardiac sac of the rodent, with its horny lining, is thought to be a storehouse for holding chewed food pending gastric digestion. It has been suggested that the dangers involved in feeding have led Rodents to develop this thin-walled sac in which quickly procured food may be stored.

The intestine is the part of the alimentary canal in which the digestion and absorption of food is completed. It is an extensively coiled tube occupying a large part of the abdominal cavity. It is physiologically and morphologically divisible into two parts, the small and the large intestine. The discussion of the mesenterial supports will be deferred until after the description of the alimentary canal itself. The length of the small intestine may be about 70 centimeters, more than three times the length of the animal from the tip of the snout to the base of the tail. The large intestine, including caecum and rectum, is about 20 centimeters long. The small intestine comprises the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.

The duodenum lies on the right side of the abdominal cavity. It is approximately u-shaped, and is therefore composed of three parts — a descending, a transverse, and an ascending limb. The first joins the stomach at the pylorus. From this attachment it turns posterodextrad in a broad curve, and runs backward about four centimeters near the right abdominal wall. The transverse duodenum is the sharp short curve at the posterior end of the descending limb, connecting the latter with the ascending limb. The latter passes forward along the right side of the colon, and is connected by a mesentery with the distal edge of the mesocolon. lii a preserved specimen the duodenum is pinkish or slightly grayish in color. The gross structure of the internal surface may be observed to good advantage with a dissecting microscope if a fresh


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 (iii) That all obstacles be removed out of the way of schools.

“For it is of no use to give precepts,” says Seneca, “unless the obstacles that stand in the way be removed.” But of this we will treat in the following chapter.

26. Nature is not confused in its operations, but in its forward progress advances distinctly from one point to another.

For example: if a bird is being produced, its bones, veins, and nerves are formed at separate and distinct periods; at one time its flesh becomes firm, at another it receives its covering of skin or feathers, and at another it learns how to fly, etc.

27. Imitation.—When a builder lays foundations he does not build the walls at the same time, much less does he put on the roof, but does each of these things at the proper time and in the proper place.

28. In the same way a painter does not work at twenty or thirty pictures at once, but occupies himself with one only. For, though he may from time to time put a few touches to some others or give his attention to something else, it is on one picture and one only that he concentrates his energies.

29. In the same way the gardener does not plant several shoots at once, but plants them one after the other, that he may neither confuse himself nor spoil the operation of nature.

30. Deviation.—Confusion has arisen in the schools through the endeavour to teach the scholars many things at one time. As, for example, Latin and Greek grammar, perhaps rhetoric and poetic as well, and a multitude of other subjects. For it is notorious that in the classical schools the subject-matter for reading and for composition is changed almost every hour throughout the day. If this be not confusion I should like to know what is. It is just as if a shoemaker wished to make six or seven new


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76 duodenum be slit lengthwise, spread out, thoroughly cleaned, and hardened with formalin. The mucous membrane is folded into very closely packed, relatively short, flat, transverse ridges. The longer ridges follow a zig-zag course and their distal edges are lobed. The ridges probably facilitate digestion by increasing the secretory and absorptive surface of the intestine.

The jejunum follows the duodenum. It constitutes in man two-fifths of the small intestine, exclusive of the duodenum. Its inner surface, like that of the duodenum, is thickly covered with short, flat, transverse ridges.

The ileum is not sharply separated from the jejunum in man. It connects the jejunum and the colon. In the rat it is characterized by its dark color, due to the color of the contained feces. The mucous membrane of the ileum is also thrown into numerous closely packed transverse ridges.

The contents of the ileum pass through the ileocolic valve into a small chamber which communicates by wide openings both with the colon and the caecum. The latter is a sac measuring about two and one-half centimeters on its longest axis. It varies in shape, sometimes resembling an interrogation mark, or assuming the form of a short spiral. Thus it has a greater, or outer, and a lesser, or inner, curvature. At one end it opens into the intestines. A mesentery connects the lesser curvature with the ileum. The caecum contains a mass of dark fecal matter. When this is removed it will be seen that the inner surface presents smooth areas of considerable extent, but bears folds also. These folds are transverse along the inner curvature, but near the proximal end they radiate, in general, from the opening of the caecum.

From the caecum and ileum the feces enter the ascending colon. This follows an irregular route forward, ventral to the duodenum but dorsal to loops of the jejunum


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 shoes at once, and took them up one by one in turn, only to lay them aside in a few minutes; or as if a baker, who wished to place various kinds of bread in his oven, were to take them out again immediately, removing one kind as he put in another. Who would commit such an act of folly? The shoemaker finishes one shoe before he begins another. The baker places no fresh bread in the oven until that already in it is thoroughly baked.

31. Rectification.—Let us imitate these people and take care not to confuse scholars who are learning grammar by teaching them dialectic, or oducing rhetoric into their studies. We should also put off the study of Greek until Latin is mastered, since it is impossible to concentrate the mind on any one thing, when it has to busy litself with several things at once.

That great man, Joseph Scaliger, was well aware of this. It is related of him that (perhaps on the advice of his father) he never occupied himself with more than one branch of knowledge at once, and concentrated all his energies on that one. It was owing to this that he was able to master not only fourteen languages, but also all the arts and sciences that lie within the province of man. He devoted himself to these one after the other with such success that in each subject his learning excelled that of men who had given their whole lives to it. And those who have tried to follow in his footsteps and imitate his method, have done so with considerable success.

32. Schools, therefore, should be organised in such a manner that the scholar shall be occupied with only one object of study at any given time. {{dhr|0.5em{{ {{c|{{sc|Fifth Principle}}}}

33. In all the operations of nature development is from within.

For example in the case of a bird it is not the claws, or the feathers, or the skin that are first formed, but the inner parts; the outer parts are formed later, at the proper season. {{nop}}


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18 state of perpetual but slow change. At the present time the inclinations of all the orbits are decreasing, but so slowly that the inclination of Jupiter's orbit is only about six minutes less now than it was in the age of Ptolemy. The terrestrial eccentricity is decreasing at the rate of about 41·44 miles annually; and, if it were to decrease equably, it would be 37521 years before the earth's orbit became a circle. But, in the midst of all these vicissitudes, the major axes and mean motions of the planets remain permanently independent of secular changes; they are so connected by Kepler's law of the squares of the periodic times being proportional to the cubes of the mean distances of the planets from the sun, that one cannot vary without affecting the other.

With the exception of these two elements, it appears that ail the bodies are in motion, and every orbit in a state of perpetual change. Minute as these changes are, they might be supposed to accumulate in the course of ages sufficiently to derange the whole order of nature, to alter the relative positions of the planets, to put an end to the vicissitudes of the seasons, and to bring about collisions which would involve our whole system, now so harmonious, in chaotic confusion. It is natural to inquire what proof exists that nature will he preserved from such a catastrophe? Nothing


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{|
 * Baba. || Chinese. || Malay. || English.
 * Tan || tán || || a game
 * Tanak || thán-á || || carpet
 * Tanglong || teng-liông || || lamp
 * Tangsi || thâng-si || || catgut
 * Taugek || tāu-gê || || bean sprouts
 * Tauchang || thâu-tsang || || queue
 * Tauyu || tāu-iû || || bean sauce
 * Tebien || thé-biēn || || influence, prestige
 * Teh || tê || || tea
 * Teko || tê-kó͘ || || kettle
 * Tekoan || tê-koàn || || tea-pot
 * Teng || teng || || lamp
 * Teyan || tôe-iên || || subscription
 * Tiaⁿ || thiaⁿ || || front hall
 * Tim || tīm || || cook in a double boiler
 * Tngsi || thng-sî || || a large spoon
 * Toaha || toà-hà || || mourning
 * Toak || thoah || || a drawer
 * Tochang || thâu-tsang || || queue
 * Toh || toh || || table
 * Topekong || toā-peh-kong || || idol
 * Usut || || asut || incite
 * Ut-tau || ut-táu || || flat iron
 * }
 * Teng || teng || || lamp
 * Teyan || tôe-iên || || subscription
 * Tiaⁿ || thiaⁿ || || front hall
 * Tim || tīm || || cook in a double boiler
 * Tngsi || thng-sî || || a large spoon
 * Toaha || toà-hà || || mourning
 * Toak || thoah || || a drawer
 * Tochang || thâu-tsang || || queue
 * Toh || toh || || table
 * Topekong || toā-peh-kong || || idol
 * Usut || || asut || incite
 * Ut-tau || ut-táu || || flat iron
 * }
 * Tochang || thâu-tsang || || queue
 * Toh || toh || || table
 * Topekong || toā-peh-kong || || idol
 * Usut || || asut || incite
 * Ut-tau || ut-táu || || flat iron
 * }
 * Usut || || asut || incite
 * Ut-tau || ut-táu || || flat iron
 * }
 * Ut-tau || ut-táu || || flat iron
 * }


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Rh can be known from observation, since the existence of the human race has occupied comparatively but a point in duration, while these vicissitudes embrace myriads of ages. The proof is simple and convincing. All the variations of the solar system, secular as well as periodic, are expressed analytically by the sines and cosines of circular arcs, which increase with the time; and, as a sine or cosine can never exceed the radius, but must oscillate between zero and unity, however much the time may increase, it follows that when the variations have, by slow changes, accumulated, in however long a time, to a maximum, they decrease, by the same slow degrees, till they arrive at their smallest value, and again begin a new course, thus for ever oscillating about a mean value. This, however, would not be the case if the planets moved in a resisting medium, for then both the eccentricity and the major axes of the orbits would vary with the time, so that the stability of the system would be ultimately destroyed. The existence of such a fluid is now clearly proved; and although it is so extremely rare that hitherto its effects on the motions of the planets have been altogether insensible, there can be no doubt that, in the immensity of time, it will modify the forms of the planetary orbits, and may at last even cause the destruction


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Rh and ileum, to the region of the stomach. Here the colon (transverse colon) circles dorsally and to the left as far as the sagittal plane of the body. The descending colon follows approximately the sagittal plane of the body back to the rectum. The ascending limb of the duodenum lies at the right of the descending colon, and both are close to the dorsal surface of the abdominal cavity. The rectum is the continuation of the colon through the pelvis. It terminates posteriorly at the anus where the feces are expelled. There is no sharp boundary between colon and rectum. The dark fecal matter in the colon forms pellets shaped like cotton seeds. Wherever these masses occur the inner surface of the colon is smooth. Elsewhere the lumen is practically devoid of feces and the surface is thrown into prominent folds, the colic ridges. The absence of ridges and the greater diameter of the colon where the fecal pellets occur shows that at least one purpose of the ridges is to permit distension of the mucous membrane of the colon without undue strain upon it.

The liver is a firm, bulky, dark red organ lying in the anterior region of the abdominal cavity. Its convex, cranial surface rests against the concave posterior face of the diaphragm. Ventrally it rests upon the abdominal wall. Its caudal surface is concave and is in contact with the stomach and intestines. The organ is deeply cleft into several very distinct lobes and lobules.

The median lobe occupies a median position in front of the other lobes of the liver. A longitudinal fissure near the sagittal plane of the body partly divides this into two lateral lobules, approximately equal in size, sometimes referred to as the right and left central lobes. This fissure extends from the thin posterior edge of the lobe nearly to the ventral border of the diaphragm, where it receives the round ligament. Dorsal to this point the two lobules are


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 34. Imitation.—In the same way the gardener does not insert his graft into the outer bark nor into the outside layer of wood, but making an incision right into the pith, places the graft as far in as it will go. In this way he makes the joint so firm that the sap cannot escape, but is forced right into the shoot, and uses all its strength in vivifying it.

35. So too, a tree, that is nourished by the rain of heaven and the moisture of the earth, assimilates its nutriment, not through its outer bark, but through the pores of its inmost parts. On this account the gardener waters, not the branches, but the roots. Animals also convey their food, not to their outer limbs, but to the stomach, which assimilates it and nourishes the whole body. If, therefore, the educator of the young give special attention to the roots of knowledge, the understanding, these will soon, impart their vitality to the stem, that is, to the memory, and finally blossoms and fruits, that is to say, a facile use of language and practical capacity will be produced.

36. Deviation.—It is on this point that those teachers fall into error who, instead of thoroughly explaining the subjects of study to the boys under their charge, give them endless dictations, and make them learn their lessons off by heart. Even those who wish to explain the subject-matter do not know how to do so, that is to say, do not know how to tend the roots or how to engraft the graft of knowledge. Thus they fatigue their pupils, and resemble a man who uses a club or a mallet, instead of a knife, when he wishes to make an incision in a plant.

37. Rectification.—It therefore follows

(i) That the scholar should be taught first to understand things, and then to remember them, and that no stress should be laid on the use of speech or pen, till after a training on the first two points.

(ii) That the teacher should know all the methods by which the understanding may be sharpened, and should put them into practice skilfully.


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78 united anteriorly, and are in contact with the diaphragm. Posteriorly, the fissure extends upward, sometimes reaching the region of the inferior vena cava. The right lobule passes upward to the right of this vein, the left lobule to the left. The median lobe is fastened in this region to the vena cava. Very little, if any, hepatic glandular tissue connecting this lobe with the rest of the liver, is visible in a gross dissection.

The left lateral lobe is immediately behind and at the left of the median lobe of the liver. It attaches to the other lobes of the liver only at its dorsomedial angle, and here merely by its ducts, blood vessels, and connective tissue. The anterior surface is strongly convex, the posterior surface is concave and rests against the stomach and intestines. The lobe is thick near the center, tapering to a thin edge peripherally. The right side pushes in between the median and right lateral lobes.

The right lateral lobe lies behind and at the right of the median lobe. A vertical transverse cleft divides it into two almost completely separated lobules, one anterior, the other posterior. A bridge of hepatic tissue crossing the dorsal side of the inferior vena cava connects the two lobules with one another and with the caudate lobe on the left side of the abdomen. The posterior lobule is frequently annexed to the caudate lobe by a strip of hepatic glandular tissue crossing the ventral surface also of the inferior vena cava. Both lobules attach to the right surface of the vena cava. Aside from the glandular bridges mentioned above, a gross dissection fails to reveal connections of hepatic tissue with the other lobes of the liver. The anterior lobule is thick near the center, thinning out toward the sharp peripheral edges. Its convex anterior surface fits into a concavity near the right border of the median lobe. The right lateral surface rests against the diaphragm.


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20 of our system, which in itself contains no principle of decay.

Three circumstances have generally been supposed necessary to prove the stability of the system: the small eccentricities of the planetary orbits, their small inclinations, and the revolutions of all the bodies, as well planets as satellites, in the same direction. These, however, though sufficient, are not necessary conditions; the periodicity of the terms in which the inequalities are expressed is enough to assure us that, though we do not know the extent of the limits, nor the period of that grand cycle which probably embraces millions of years, yet they never will exceed what is requisite for the stability and harmony of the whole, for the preservation of which every circumstance is so beautifully and wonderfully adapted.

The plane of the ecliptic itself, though assumed to be fixed at a given epoch for the convenience of astronomical computation, is subject to a minute secular variation of 45"·7, occasioned by the reciprocal action of the planets; but, as this is also periodical, and cannot exceed 3°, the terrestrial equator, which is inclined to it at an angle of about 23° 27' 34"·5, will never coincide with the plane of the ecliptic: so there never can be perpetual spring. The rotation of the earth is uniform;


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38. Nature, in its formative processes, begins with the universal and ends with the particular.

For example: a bird is to be produced from an egg. It is not the head, an eye, a feather, or a claw that is first formed, but the following process takes place. The whole egg is warmed; the warmth produces movement, and this movement, brings into existence a system of veins, which mark in outline the shape of the whole bird (defining the parts that are to become the head, the wings, the feet, etc.) It is not until this outline is complete that the individual parts are brought to perfection.

39. Imitation.—The builder takes this as his model. He first makes a general plan of the building in his head, or on paper, or in wood. Then he lays the foundations, builds the walls, and lays on the roof. It is not until he has done this that he gives his attention to the small details that are necessary to complete a house, such as doors, windows, staircases, etc.; while last of all he adds ornamentation such as paintings, sculptures, and carpets.

40. An artist proceeds in the same way. He does not begin by drawing an ear, an eye, a nose, or a mouth, but first makes a charcoal sketch of the face or of the whole body. If he be satisfied that this sketch resembles the original, he paints it with light strokes of the brush, still omitting all detail. Then, finally, he puts in the light and shade, and, using a variety of colours, finishes the several parts in detail.

41. The procedure of the sculptor is the same. When he wishes to carve a statue, he takes a block of marble and shapes it roughly. Then he sets to work more carefully and outlines the most important features. Finally, he chisels the individual parts with the greatest accuracy and colours them artistically.

42. In the same way the gardener takes the most simple and universal part of a tree, namely, a shoot.


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Rh The caudal surface presents a ventral convexity and a dorsal concavity to the cranial surface of the posterior lobule. The concavity receives also the anterior surface of the right kidney and the accompanying adrenal gland. A ventral strip of the posterior surface is presented to the descending limb of the duodenum. The posterior lobule is approximately pyramidal. The base of the pyramid fastens to the right side of the inferior vena cava. The triangular surface facing the anterior lobule is slightly concave medially, decidedly convex laterally, so that the apex of the pyramid points backward. The renal impression is the concave triangular dorsal surface which receives the ventral side of the right kidney. A spur of the lobule runs dorsal in front of the kidney. Occasionally the posterior lobule is more or less divided into two secondary lobules.

The caudate lobe (Spigelian lobe) comprises two distinct semicircular lobules, the anterior and the posterior lobules. These unite mediad with each other and with the left side of the inferior vena cava, but are separated laterally. As previously mentioned, the caudate lobe is annexed to the right lateral lobe dorsal, and sometimes ventral, to the inferior vena cava. These lobules fit neatly into the lesser curvature, and adjacent surfaces, of the stomach. The anterior lobule is in front of this organ, the posterior behind it, lying in the lesser peritoneal cavity. The esophagus fits into a groove, the esophageal impression, on the caudal surface of the anterior lobule.

The liver and diaphragm are united by several membranous ligaments which radiate outward from the region where the inferior vena cava pierces the diaphragm. The falciform (or suspensory) ligament of the liver lies in the sagittal plane of the body. It connects the diaphragm ventral to the inferior vena cava with the anterior surface


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 Later on, this can put forth as many branches as it possesses buds.

43. Deviation.—From this it follows that it is a mistake to teach the several branches of science in detail before a general outline of the whole realm of knowledge has been placed before the student, and that no one should be instructed in such a way as to become proficient in any one branch of knowledge without thoroughly understanding its relation to all the rest.

44. It follows also that arts, sciences, and languages are badly taught unless a general notion of the elements be first given. I remember well that, when we began to learn dialectic, rhetoric, and metaphysics, we were, at the very beginning, overburdened with long-winded rules, with commentaries and notes on commentaries, with comparisons of authors and with knotty questions. Latin grammar was taught us with all the exceptions and irregularities; Greek grammar with all its dialects, and we, poor wretches, were so confused that we scarcely understood what it was all about.

45. Rectification.—The remedy for this want of system is as follows: at the very commencement of their studies, boys should receive instruction in the first principles of general culture, that is to say, the subjects learned should be arranged in such a manner that the studies that come later introduce nothing new, but only expand the elements of knowledge that the boy already mastered. Just as a tree, even if it live for a hundred years, puts forth no new branches, but only suffers those that already exist to develope and to spread.

(i) Each language, science, or art must be first taught in its most simple elements, that the student may obtain a general idea of it. (ii) His knowledge may next be developed further by placing rules and examples before him. (iii) Then he may be allowed to learn the subject systematically with the exceptions and irregularities; and (iv), last of all, may be given a commentary, though only where it is absolutely necessary. For he who has thoroughly mastered a subject


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 from the beginning will have little need of a commentary, but will soon be in the position to write one himself.

46. Nature makes no leaps, but proceeds step by step.

The development of a chicken consists of certain gradual processes which cannot be omitted or deferred, until finally it breaks its shell and comes forth. When this takes place, the mother does not allow the young bird to fly and seek its food (indeed it is unable to so), but she feeds it herself, and by keeping it warm with her body promotes the growth of its feathers. When the chick’s feathers have grown she does not thrust it forth from the nest immediately and make it fly, but teaches it first to move its wings in the nest itself or perching on its edge, then to try to fly outside the nest, though quite near it, by fluttering from branch to branch, then to fly from tree to tree, and later on from hill to hill, till finally it gains sufficient confidence to fly right out in the open. It is easy to see how necessary it is that each of these processes should take place at the right time; that not only the time should be suitable but that the processes should be graduated; and that there should be not graduation merely, but an immutable graduation.

47. Imitation.—The builder proceeds in the same manner. He does not begin with the gables or with the walls, but with foundations. When the foundations are laid he does not go on with the roof, but builds the walls. In a word, the order in which the several stages are combined depends on the relation that they mutually bear to one another.

48. The gardener likewise has to adopt the principle of graduation. The wild-stock must be found, dug up, transplanted, pruned, and cut; the graft must be inserted and the joint made firm, etc., and none of these processes can be omitted or taken in a different order. But, if these processes are carried out properly and in the right order,


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80 of the median lobe. The round ligament (ligamentum teres hepatis) is the ventral thickened border of the falciform ligament. It enters the dorsal end of the fissure in the median lobe. The left triangular ligament is a triangular sheet connecting the dorsal edge of the left lateral lobe with the diaphragm. It unites with the diaphragm along a line running from the vena cava to the left and to the dorsal margin of the diaphragm. The right triangular ligament is a comparatively broad sheet connecting the dorsal side of the right lateral lobe with the diaphragm.

The rat's liver possesses no gall bladder for storing the bile, the digestive secretion of the liver. The hepatic ducts convey the bile from the liver lobes to the bile duct (ductus choledochus) which then passes along the duodenohepatic omentum, ventral to the portal vein. The duct traverses the dorsal side of the pancreas and enters the mensenterial side of the duodenum about three centimeters from the pylorus. The liver receives arterial blood from the hepatic artery, and venous blood from the alimentary canal through the portal vein. Food substances absorbed from the alimentary canal are carried to the liver through this vein. Carbohydrates are stored there in the form of glycogen. Blood leaving the liver enters the inferior vena cava through the hepatic veins.

The digestive organs of the vertebrates are connected with one another and with the walls of the abdominal cavity by membranes. The membranes uniting the organs with the dorsal abdominal walls are called mesenteries. Of these the mesogastrium supports the stomach, the mesentery proper the intestine, and the mesocolon supports the colon. The alimentary canal in all vertebrates except


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 it is scarcely possible, in fact it is impossible, for the result to be unsuccessful.

49. Deviation.—It is an evident absurdity, therefore, if teachers, for their own sake and that of their pupils, do not graduate the subjects which they teach in such a way that, not only one stage may lead on directly to the next, but also that each shall be completed in a given space of time. For unless goals are set up, means provided for reaching them, and a proper system devised for the use of those means, it is easy for something to be omitted or perverted, and failure is the result.

50. Rectification.—It follows therefore (i) That all studies should be carefully graduated throughout the various classes, in such a way that those that come first may prepare the way for and throw light on those that come after.

(ii) That the time should be carefully divided, so that each year, each month, each day, and each hour may have its appointed task.

(iii) That the division of the time and of the subjects of study should be rigidly adhered to, that nothing may be omitted or perverted.

51. If nature commence anything, it does not leave off until the operation is completed.

If a bird, urged by the impulse of nature, begin to sit on eggs, she does not leave off until she has hatched out the chickens. If she sat on them for a few hours only, the embryo in the egg would become cold and die. Even when the chickens are hatched she does not cease to keep them warm, but continues to do so until they have grown strong, are covered with feathers, and can endure the cold air.

52. Imitation.—The painter also, who has begun a picture, will produce his work best if he finish it without any interruption. For in this case the colours blend better and hold faster.


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 53. For this reason it is best to finish the erection of a building without any interruption; otherwise the sun, the wind, and the rain spoil the work, the later additions will not be so firm, and on every side there will be cracks, weak spots, and loose joints.

54. The gardener too acts with wisdom, for when once he has begun to work at a graft he does not cease until the operation is completed. Since, if the sap dry in the stock or in the graft, owing to a delay in completing the process, the plant is ruined.

55. Deviation.—It is therefore injurious if boys are sent to school for months or years continuously, but are then withdrawn for considerable periods and employed otherwise; equally so if the teacher commence now one subject, now another, and finish nothing satisfactorily; and lastly, it is equally fatal if he do not fix a certain task for each hour, and complete it, so that in each period his pupil can make an unmistakable advance towards the desired goal. Where such a fire is wanting, everything grows cold. Not without reason does the proverb say “Strike while the iron is hot.”

For if it be allowed to cool it is useless to hammer it, but it must once more be placed in the fire, and thus much time and iron are wasted. Since every time that it is heated, it loses some of its mass.

56. Rectification.—It follows therefore

(i) That he who is sent to school must be kept there until he becomes well informed, virtuous, and pious.

(ii) That the school must be situated in a quiet spot, far from noise and distractions.

(iii) That whatever has to be done, in accordance with the scheme of study, must be done without any shirking.

(iv) That no boys, under any pretext whatever, should be allowed to stay away or to play truant.


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57. Nature carefully avoids obstacles and things likely to cause hurt.

For example, when a bird is hatching eggs it does not allow a cold wind, much less rain or hail, to reach them. It also drives away snakes, birds of prey, etc.

58. Imitation.—In the same way the builder, so far as is possible, keeps dry his wood, bricks, and lime, and does not allow what he has built to be destroyed or to fall down.

59. So, too, the painter protects a newly-painted picture from wind, from violent heat, and from dust, and allows no hand but his own to touch it.

60. The gardener also protects a young plant by a railing or by hurdles, that hares or goats may not gnaw it or root it up.

61. Deviation.—It is therefore folly to introduce a student to controversial points when he is just beginning a subject, that is to say, to allow a mind that is mastering something new to assume an attitude of doubt. What is this but to tear up a plant that is just beginning to strike root? (Rightly does Hugo say: “He who starts by investigating doubtful points will never enter into the temple of wisdom.”) But this is exactly what takes place if the young are not protected from incorrect, intricate, and badly written books as well as from evil companions.

62. Rectification.—Care should therefore be taken

(i) That the scholars receive no books but those suitable for their classes.

(ii) That these books be of such a kind that they can rightly be termed sources of wisdom, virtue, and piety.

(iii) That neither in the school nor in its vicinity the scholars be allowed to.mix with bad companions.

63. If all these recommendations are observed, it is scarcely possible that schools should fail to attain their object.


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Rh therefore day and night, summer and winter, will continue their vicissitudes while the system endures, or is undisturbed by foreign causes.

Yonder starry sphere Of planets, and of fixed, in all her wheels Resembles nearest mazes intricate, Eccentric, intervolved, yet regular, Then most, when most irregular they seem.

The stability of our system was established by La Grange: 'a discovery,' says Professor Playfair, that must render the name for ever memorable in science, and revered by those who delight in the contemplation of whatever is excellent and sublime.' After Newton's discovery of the mechanical laws of the elliptical orbits of the planets, La Grange's discovery of their periodical inequalities is, without doubt, the noblest truth in physical astronomy; and, in respect of the doctrine of final causes, it may be regarded as the greatest of all.

Notwithstanding the permanency of our system, the secular variations in the planetary orbits would have been extremely embarrassing to astronomers when it became necessary to compare observations separated by long periods. The difficulty was in part obviated, and the principle for accomplishing it established, by La Place; but it has since been extended by M. Poinsot; it appears that there exists an invariable plane passing through


text: The Great Didactic of John Amos Comenius/The Great Didactic/Chapter 6


text: The Great Didactic of John Amos Comenius/The Great Didactic/Chapter 7


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22 the centre of gravity of the system, about which the whole oscillates within very narrow limits, and that this plane will always remain parallel to itself, whatever changes time may induce in the orbits of the planets, in the plane of the ecliptic, or even in the law of gravitation; provided only that our system remains unconnected with any other. The position of the plane is determined by this property—that if each particle in the system be multiplied by the area described upon this plane in a given time, by the projection of its radius vector about the common centre of gravity of the whole, the sum of all these products will be a maximum. La Place found that the plane in question is inclined to the ecliptic at an angle of nearly 1° 35' 31", and that, in passing through the sun, and about midway between the orbits of Jupiter and Saturn, it may be regarded as the equator of the solar system, dividing it into two parts, which balance one another in all their motions. This plane of greatest inertia, by no means peculiar to the solar system, but existing in every system of bodies suomittcd to their mutual attractions only, always maintains a fixed position, whence the oscillations of the system may be estimated through unlimited time. Future astronomers will know, from its immutability or variation, whether the sun and his attendants are connected or not with


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text: The Great Didactic of John Amos Comenius/The Great Didactic/Chapter 10


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Rh the other systems of the universe. Should there be no link between them, it may be inferred, from the rotation of the sun, that the centre of gravity of the system situate within his mass describes a straight line in this invariable plane or great equator of the solar system, which, unaffected by the changes of time, will maintain its stability through endless ages. But if the fixed stars, comets, or any unknown and unseen bodies, affect our sun and planets, the nodes of this plane will slowly recede on the plane of that immense orbit which the sun may describe about some most distant centre, in a period which it transcends the powers of man to determine. There is every reason to believe that this is the case; for it is more than probable that, remote as the fixed stars are, they in some degree influence our system, and that even the invariability of this plane is relative, only appearing fixed to creatures incapable of estimating its minute and slow changes during the small extent of time and space granted to the human race. 'The development of such changes,' as M. Poinsot justly observes, 'is similar to an enormous curve, of which we see so small an arc that we imagine it to be a straight line.' If we raise our views to the whole extent of the universe, and consider the stars, together with the sun, to


text: The Great Didactic of John Amos Comenius/The Great Didactic/Chapter 11


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text: The Great Didactic of John Amos Comenius/The Great Didactic/Chapter 14


text: The Great Didactic of John Amos Comenius/The Great Didactic/Chapter 15


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text: The Great Didactic of John Amos Comenius/The Great Didactic/Chapter 16


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Page:A Treatise concerning the Use and Abuse of the Marriage Bed.djvu/389

 she began to enquire into the Discourse; and the subtil Creature took care to tell her a thousand fine Things of him, which he never said; how he toasted her Health, and what fine Things he said of her, when, perhaps, not a Word was ever mentioned. But the saw it work'd as she would have it, till, in short, she brought her to be in Love with the Gentleman too, and that before she had seen him.

brought Things about; and the young Lady was weak enough to go and visit the Lady at the House where this Gentleman had been seen, and which, it seems, was but a few Doors off, and the Spy had so much Knowledge of it, as to give the Gentleman notice, who found Ways to get into the Company, and to make his Acquaintance with her. And thus it began.

this Beginning, the Manager carry'd on all the rest, The Gentleman was represented as an Heir to a great Estate, but not quite of Age, and that if she had him she might depend upon a thousand a Year Jointure; and, in a word, she drew the unwary Lady into a private Marriage, and so to throw herself away upon a young Fellow, without a Shilling in his Pocket, and a good-for-nothing empty-headed Fellow to boot. As good hap was, he was not a Rake, and so she was less ruined than she would otherwise have been; but still she was so far undone, as to be able to make no Provision for her self but what he pleased to do in good Nature, which was about One hundred Pounds a Year; and was all the could save out of about Thirteen thousand Pounds.

I could fill up this Account with such Matrimonial Frauds as this, and some much more tragical, but there is no Room for it: This


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Page:Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. (IA mobot31753002412044).pdf/170

{|
 * Baba. || Chinese. || Malay. || English.
 * Kaudu || || || malicious
 * Kek-ki || keh-khí || || irritate
 * Kek-sim || ke̍k-sim || || broken-hearted
 * Kiam-chai || kiâm-chhài || || salt vegetables
 * Kiasai || sin-kiáⁿ-sài || || bridegroom
 * Kichiak || khit-chia̍h || || beggar
 * Kimpo || kīm-pô || || wife of maternal grandmother's brother
 * Kimpocho || kim-pô-tsó͘ || || ancestors of above
 * Kionghi || kiong-hí || || congratulations
 * Kitang || kí-tāng (?) || || tea cup
 * Kmantin || || pngantin || bride or bridegroom
 * Ko || ko͘ || || father's sister
 * Komba (Port.) || || || dove
 * Kongsi || kong-si || || company, firm
 * Kopo || ko͘-pô || || great paternal aunt
 * Kotoa || khò͘ toà || || woman's purse
 * Koyok || ko-io̍h || || medicinal plaster
 * Ksiat || || khasiat || power, virtue
 * Ksian || || kasehan || pity
 * Kuchai || kú-chhài || || leeks
 * Kueh tiau || ké-tiâu || || vermicelli
 * Kueh chang || ké-tsàng || || rice in bamboo leaves
 * Kui || kūi || || to kneel
 * Kuli po || ku-lí-pô || || female servant
 * Kuntau || kun-thâu || || boxing
 * Kuping || || tlinga || ear
 * Kusin || ku-sîn || || aphis
 * Lanchak || || anchak || offerings to spirits
 * Langkan || làng-khang || || space round chimche
 * Lapeⁿ || lâu-pîⁿ || || terrace roof
 * Lngkat || || lkat || to stick
 * Locheng || lô, cheng || || bell (in Chinese two kinds of gong)
 * Lo'chuan || liok-chhoàn || || a silk fabric
 * Loki || ló͘-kí || || Cantonese prostitute
 * Loteng || lâu-téng || || upstairs
 * Lsing || || ali-ali || sling
 * Lu || lú || || thou
 * Mek || me̍hⁿ || nadi || pulse
 * Mertua || || mntua || father-in-law, mother-in-law
 * Mingkin || || makin || more
 * Mnimpi || || mimpi || dream
 * Mnjela || || jndela || window
 * 'Mpek || ng-peh || || father
 * Ng-chek || ńg-chek || || uncle
 * }
 * Kui || kūi || || to kneel
 * Kuli po || ku-lí-pô || || female servant
 * Kuntau || kun-thâu || || boxing
 * Kuping || || tlinga || ear
 * Kusin || ku-sîn || || aphis
 * Lanchak || || anchak || offerings to spirits
 * Langkan || làng-khang || || space round chimche
 * Lapeⁿ || lâu-pîⁿ || || terrace roof
 * Lngkat || || lkat || to stick
 * Locheng || lô, cheng || || bell (in Chinese two kinds of gong)
 * Lo'chuan || liok-chhoàn || || a silk fabric
 * Loki || ló͘-kí || || Cantonese prostitute
 * Loteng || lâu-téng || || upstairs
 * Lsing || || ali-ali || sling
 * Lu || lú || || thou
 * Mek || me̍hⁿ || nadi || pulse
 * Mertua || || mntua || father-in-law, mother-in-law
 * Mingkin || || makin || more
 * Mnimpi || || mimpi || dream
 * Mnjela || || jndela || window
 * 'Mpek || ng-peh || || father
 * Ng-chek || ńg-chek || || uncle
 * }
 * Loki || ló͘-kí || || Cantonese prostitute
 * Loteng || lâu-téng || || upstairs
 * Lsing || || ali-ali || sling
 * Lu || lú || || thou
 * Mek || me̍hⁿ || nadi || pulse
 * Mertua || || mntua || father-in-law, mother-in-law
 * Mingkin || || makin || more
 * Mnimpi || || mimpi || dream
 * Mnjela || || jndela || window
 * 'Mpek || ng-peh || || father
 * Ng-chek || ńg-chek || || uncle
 * }
 * Mingkin || || makin || more
 * Mnimpi || || mimpi || dream
 * Mnjela || || jndela || window
 * 'Mpek || ng-peh || || father
 * Ng-chek || ńg-chek || || uncle
 * }
 * 'Mpek || ng-peh || || father
 * Ng-chek || ńg-chek || || uncle
 * }
 * }


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Page:CTRL0000034607 - Deposition of Ali Alexander, (Dec. 9, 2021).pdf/26

26 percent certainty was Representative Gosar. And that there was a coalition effort to recruit several members and get them confirmed for the original Lot 8 event which was supposed to take place in the morning there was no Ellipse rally.

So with 100 percent certainty you only recall reaching out to Mr. Gosar's staff for the January 6th event?

That's the only specific name I can recall right now. Yeah.

Thank you.

So let's stay on January 5th

Can I insert something in the record to help?

No, I will keep asking the questions.

Oh, also, did you ever talk to Mr. Anthony Foti, F-o-t-i, from Mr. Gosar's staff?

That name doesn't ring a bell.

So let's stay on January 5th. Did you speak to Ms. Guilfoyle, Ms. Kimberly Guilfoyle on January 5th?

Yes.

All right. When did you talk to her, approximately? Was it afternoon, morning, evening?

I believe it was the evening.

And how did you talk to her, was it in person, was it over the phone?

Phone.

And what did you discuss with Ms. Guilfoyle on January 5th?

On January 5th, it was a surprise phone call. It wasn't one I requested, it wasn't planned. And I remember being thanked for making voting rights and election integrity key issues for the Republican Party. I remember back and forth about the Georgia election. And I'm pressing my memory right nowit really was a thank-you


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 may suffice to shew the Meaning of the thing, 'tis not so remote from the Design as may be suggested. Trapanning of Women is not much better than Whoring. It is true, the Woman is innocent, the Whoredom is on the Man's Side only, but on his Side it is evidently so, and no otherwise, 'tis a Complication of Crime; 'tis a double Robbery, for they plunder the innocent Lady of her Honour and of her Estate, both at once; not only her Money is seiz'd on, and immediately wasted, squander'd, perhaps gam'd away, or worse, but the is exposed to the utmost Contempt and Disgrace.

, expecting that he is received into the Arms of a Gentleman, and that she takes into her Embraces and to her Affection, a Man of Honour and Fortune, she is prostituted to a Scoundrel, a Mechanick, or, which is infinitely worse, a Rake, a debauch'd infected Carkase, who at once despoils her of her self, so we may justly call it, and communicates to her the worst of all Contagion, a Poison in her Blood, an impure and loath some Plague, so that she is ruin'd at once in Life and Estate.

is worse than Matrimonial Whoredom, for it is Matrimonial Murther, and the poor Lady is undone; she is Beggar'd on one hand, and ruin'd on the other, and is soon transpos'd from a fine furnished House to an Hospital, and from thence to the Grave, and perhaps starv'd too, to make her Miseries more compleat.

is a Mischief we yet want a Law for; and, indeed, 'tis wonderful to me that we should do so. It seems to me, that a Man in such Circumstances merits as much the Gallows for an attempt of that Nature, as it is possible for him to do by any other Crime he can commit. I


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Page:The Works of H G Wells Volume 9.pdf/347

 walk slowly side by side towards the dirt-littered basin of the fountain, and stand regarding two grimy tramps who sit and argue on a further seat. One holds a horrible old boot in his hand, and gesticulates with it, while his other hand caresses his rag-wrapped foot. "Wot does Cham'lain si?" his words drift to us. "W'y, 'e says, wot's the good of 'nvesting your kepital where these 'ere Americans may dump it flat any time they like?"

(Were there not two men in green sitting on a marble seat?)

We walk on, our talk suspended, past a ruthlessly clumsy hoarding, towards where men and women and children are struggling about a string of omnibuses. A newsvender at the corner spreads a newspaper placard upon the wood pavement, pins the corners down with stones, and we glimpse something about:—

Dear old familiar world!

An angry parent in conversation with a sympathetic friend jostles against us. "I'll knock his blooming young 'ed orf if 'e cheeks me again. It's these 'ere brasted Board Schools"


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Page:A Treatise concerning the Use and Abuse of the Marriage Bed.djvu/391

 would humbly recommend it to the Legislature to think of proper Remedies for so dreadful a Mischief.

is not for me to dictate Measures in such Cases; 'tis enough that I represent the Crime, that I endeavour to dress it up in such Cloaths as are proper to set it forth in. All that is due to a Robber, a Ravisher, and a Murtherer, seems to be due to the Person that is thus guilty; for he manifestly commits all these Crimes, and that in the most intense Degree. 1. He is a Robber, for he vests himself with a legal Claim to the Lady's Estate, by a fraudulent, surreptitious and deceitful Attack, a Feint and Disguise, making himself appear to be what he is not, and taking Possession as a Robber; being quite another Person than him he was supposed to be.

2. is a Ravisher of the worst Kind, because he possesses the Person and Honour of the Lady by Fraud, and in a Circumstance, which if she was acquainted with, she would never submit to, but by the utmost Violence, and perhaps would much rather chuse to be murthered than to be so used.

3. conclude: He is a Murtherer, and that in the most horrid Method of Murther that can be imagined. I need go no farther to describe the Case, than is done in an Example given in this very Work, Page 177. where the Tragedy was lamentable indeed.

now can be esteemed a Punishment equal to this Crime? And why might it not be called a righteous Law to punish with Death a Man, that, deceiving a Woman in Marriage, should bring to her a Body infected with the foul Disease, and give it his Wife, it being


text: Index:A Recitall of that which hath happened in the Kings Armie.pdf


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Page:Protective Intelligence and Threat Assessment Investigations - A Guide for State and Local Law Enforcement Officials.pdf/42

 inappropriate or unusual interest coupled with actions based on that interest makes the case more serious. In even more serious cases, the individual's actions involve weapons-seeking or weapons use. It is then reasonable to presume that the individual poses a real threat. Investigators of these persons should gather information refuting the assumption that the individual poses a threat, if such information is available or exists.

Threats

An individual may come to the attention of authorities after making a threat against a protected person or after being accused of making such a threat. Threats should always be taken seriously and investigated. Although many people who make threats against protected persons do not pose a real threat, some make threats in order to convey a warning that they are prepared to act. These individuals may interpret a lack of investigative interest in their threats as permission or encouragement to mount an attack.

Also, some people make threats against protected persons to signal that they are in danger of losing control and hurting someone. Making a threat is a way for them to get attention (albeit less direct than desirable) from authorities who they believe can prevent them from acting violently. Ignoring these threats might make the individual more desperate, possibly increasing the risk of violence to others, such as family members of the individual.

Occasionally, anonymous threats by phone, letter, or electronic mail come to the attention of law enforcement authorities. Individuals have various motives for communicating anonymous threats. ECSP information suggests that a few attackers and near-lethal approachers of prominent persons who made anonymous threats were trying to warn authorities that they were considering attacks. These individuals were ambivalent about attacking and were communicating with the hope that they might be stopped. Yet they did not want to identify themselves and make it more likely that the attack would be prevented. 36


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Page:Zora Neale Hurston - Meet the Mamma.pdf/44

Brown Skin Cora, from way down Dixie way, Came up North, budbut [sic] did not want to stay -- Old man Trouble -- that's how she felt Was hitting her below the belt So she rubbed her tummy, looked at her shoes And wiled them low-down belly-rub Blues.

CHORUS I want my good old chicken and stuff Um - um - um (hum) I know I never got enought (hum) Want my chicken good and brown With lots of gravy flowing round and round (hum) Oh, I wish my daddy send would for me Buy me a ticket on the F.E.C.
 * Oh Gravy, um - (hum)

Is another thing I miss And the sunshine of his kiss That's way down south in Dixie.

(Note: The belly is rubbed on each hum.)


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Page:Protective Intelligence and Threat Assessment Investigations - A Guide for State and Local Law Enforcement Officials.pdf/43

 Anonymous threats, though rarely acted upon, should be taken seriously and investigated to the fullest extent possible. Specific threats indicating that the threatener has plans to attack or that the threatener may have been in proximity to a protected person should be regarded with special concern.

Once a case has been opened, the protective intelligence investigator develops an investigation plan with the primary goal of collecting information and evidence that will help determine whether an individual has the interest, motive, and capacity to mount an attack on a target.

A protective intelligence investigation differs from other kinds of assessments of danger because the goal is to prevent a particular kind of violence: attacks directed against public officials or figures. For example, a parole board may try to assess the likelihood that an inmate, if released, will commit another crime. A mental health professional may attempt to predict whether a mentally ill person is likely to act violently if he or she is not hospitalized. These are different kinds of evaluations than the assessment required in a protective intelligence investigation.

Interviewing the subject

Traditionally, protective intelligence investigators have relied on their interview of the individual who is the focus of a protective intelligence investigation as a key (if not the key) source of information. But this rule is not ironclad—for example, if the subject is known to be a member of a radical or militant group, any interview should be considered only within the context of the overall strategy for investigating the group.

The timing of the interview is often a major question. It usually makes sense to first gather preliminary information about a subject's background and interests before conducting an interview, as background information can guide an investigator during the interview. Such background information may lead Rh


text: A Treatise concerning the Use and Abuse of the Marriage Bed/Conclusion


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 the interviewer to areas relevant to whether the person poses a threat to particular targets.

Interviews can provide investigators with valuable information about subjects' thinking, motives for engaging in the behavior that initially brought them to the attention of the authorities, behavior that might be of concern, and leads for further investigation. Interviews may corroborate subjects' statements and be the basis for judging their veracity. Interviews also give subjects the opportunity to tell their personal stories, to be heard, and to reassess and redirect their behavior away from activities that concern investigators.

If at all possible, an interview should be conducted in a subject's "natural environment"—for example, at home—permitting the investigator to observe and gather nonverbal information and evidence that is relevant to the investigation, such as writings, pictures, and weapons that are within sight. Also, the investigator will learn about the subject's overall lifestyle and personality traits.

Investigators must sometimes interview persons who appear to be mentally ill. Such interviews often require special patience. Investigators should remember several basic principles regarding interviews with mentally ill subjects:

38
 * Any subject, including a mentally ill subject, will behave in accord with how he or she perceives reality. Thus, to understand how a mentally ill subject has behaved or may behave in the future, investigators must learn how the person perceives reality. For example, a subject who believes that aliens are controlling his mind and telling him to attack the Governor may feel that he is being forced to stalk the Governor, even though he sees himself as generally law-abiding and knows that attacking the Governor is illegal. An investigator who dismisses this thinking as crazy, concluding that the subject is unlikely to act, and who stops the interview may not explore whether the subject has made efforts to get a weapon or travel to sites where the Governor is likely to be.


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Rh the Cyclostomes is more or less convoluted, and the parts are held together by mesentery-like structures. The hepatogastric ligament ties the stomach to the liver, the gastrosplenic ligament connects stomach and spleen, the hepatoduodenal ligament unites duodenum and liver.

Though the mesenteries of the rat have doubtless evolved from a simpler arrangement, such as that found in the dogfish, they are relatively complex, and require careful study.

The mesogastrium of the rat is expanded into the form of a sac, the greater omentum, which projects backward from the stomach region. The rim of this sac unites with the stomach upon a line extending from the pylorus along the greater curvature of the stomach, around the left end and back to the esophagus on the lesser curvature. Dorsad the greater omentum unites with the body wall between the adrenal glands. The omental sac thus comprises two limbs, a dorsal one united anteriorly with the dorsal abdominal wall, and a ventral limb attached to the greater curvature of the stomach.

The spleen is suspended along its median surface to the left side of the omental sac. It lies parallel to the greater curvature of the stomach. The part of the great omentum connecting the spleen and stomach is the gastrosplenic or gastrolienal ligament. A part of the pancreas is lodged in the descending limb of the great omentum.

The descending colon lies in the sagittal plane of the body. It is held in this position throughout its length by the relatively narrow mesocolon, which joins the dorsal abdominal wall just beneath the inferior vena cava. The mesocolon terminates about three and one-half centimeters from the anus. Anteriorly it fastens on the left to the great omentum. The duodenocolic omentum connects the descending colon and the ascending limb of the duodenum.


text: A Treatise concerning the Use and Abuse of the Marriage Bed/Errata


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 Protective Intelligence and Threat Assessment Investigations

 * People, including those who are mentally ill, are more likely to reveal their thoughts and actions when treated with respect. Mentally ill subjects who perceive their interviewers as interested in hearing what they have to say are more likely to tell their stories than those who feel humiliated or scorned.
 * Someone who is acutely or chronically mentally ill may still be able to think clearly in some areas and to determine whether an investigator is speaking truthfully. Interviewers who use a style that is clear, direct, and nonjudgmental are more likely to solicit useful information than those using an approach in which they pretend to agree with a subject's delusions. An interviewer needs to be an active listener and to communicate a genuine interest in hearing and understanding the subject's story, no matter how outlandish it may seem. However, listening and understanding do not mean agreeing; an investigator should take care not to inadvertently reinforce the views of a delusional subject. Respectful skepticism will elicit more useful information: "I haven't had that experience, but I'm very interested in what you believe."

Although interviews can provide valuable information, relying too heavily on interviews does present problems. The information provided by the subject may be incomplete, misleading, or inaccurate. The interviewer may fail to solicit the information that is most relevant to the protective intelligence strategy called for in the investigation. The interviewee may present different information at different points in time, depending on his or her current circumstances, degree of desperation, mental health treatment, or other factors. In some cases, a subject's mental condition may be worsened by the interview.

Content of a protective intelligence investigation

Protective intelligence investigations differ from many other kinds of investigations in that the ultimate goal of these investigations is to prevent an attack, not to secure an arrest or conviction or to verify facts. Thus, any errors should be made on the side of safety and violence prevention. Rh


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82 Its attachment extends throughout nearly the whole ascending limb of the duodenum. Its connection with the descending colon is in common with that of the mesocolon.

The mesoduodenum spans the gap between the ascending and descending limbs of the duodenum. It joins the dorsal abdominal wall at the anterior end of the duodenal loop, as described below.

At its anterior end the duodenum turns sharply ventrad to join the jejunum. The mesentery of the jejunum and ileum serves also for the ascending colon, and is therefore both mesentery of the small intestine and a part of the mesocolon. The central axis of the mesentery carries the blood vessels which bear blood to and away from the intestines. The jejunum and ileum are very much longer than the axis of the mesentery. Therefore the mesentery's edge attached to them is expanded into many convolutions. This arrangement gives great freedom for movement of the small intestines, so that the peristaltic action, which forces the food along the canal, is not hindered by the mesenterial attachments. If an anaesthetized animal is opened, the movements of the small intestines can be seen.

The ascending colon is about as long as the axial portion of the mesentery. Therefore this edge of the mesocolon is not thrown into folds. A short triangular mesentery passes between the caecum and the distal end of the ileum. The transverse colon is tied to the mesoduodenum by a short mesentery. The length of the ascending mesocolon, as compared with the relatively short mesenterial connections of the transverse and descending colons, leaves the ascending colon relatively free for movement. Proximally this complex of jejunal and ilial mesenteries and mesocolon, fuses with the anterior part of the mesoduodenum. The combined mesenteries then join the dorsal wall of the ab


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Rh domen between the kidneys and at the left of the inferior vena cava.

The pancreas secretes a digestive fluid, the pancreatic juice, which contains three enzymes, trypsin, steapsin, and amylopsin. The gastric juice of the stomach contains pepsin which reduces protein food substances to soluble peptones. These, in turn, the trypsin breaks down into amino acids, which are absorbed in the intestines. Steapsin decomposes fats into fatty acids and glycerin. Amylopsin reduces all digestible carbohydrates to glucose, which is absorbed and stored in the liver as glycogen.

The pancreas of the rat is irregular in shape and divided into many large and small lobes. Some of these lobes anastomose with each other. The pancreas is suspended in the descending limb of the great omentum, and throughout the mesoduodenum. It bends dorsally in the mesen- terial junction of these membranes, and also sends a lobe to the pyloric region of the stomach. Its left end is dorsal to the spleen. Pancreatic tissue lies close against the mesenterial side of the duodenum throughout the duodenal loop.

The pancreatic juice enters the bile duct, as it crosses the pancreas, through several small ducts. The openings of these ducts into the bile duct may be seen if the latter is slit and its inner surface examined under the dissecting microscope. The bile duct conducts the pancreatic juice, with the bile, to the duodenum. These ducts are identified with difficulty unless a careful dissection be executed using a microscope.

Exercise XXI. Make an enlarged drawing of the opened abdominal cavity, showing as many as possible of the contained organs and mesenteries.


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Men -- and other drinkers that's feeling blue, Gather round, I got good news for you -- I see the tear drops in your eye I know your throats are dusty dry. You yearn for suds - you miss the pail The glistening bar -- the siningshining [sic] rail. But keep your soul bright -- let nothing dim it-- Neither rum hounds -- nor twelve mile limit The way to do it from day to day Is do your daily dozen with old Coue',

Quart by quart from date to date It's getting better and better Crate by crate in every state It's getting wetter and wetter Still by still and more and more The stuff is coming from every shore A straw vote shows how the wind is blowing Rum must go! And we must keep it going Coue', Coue', Coue' Just say this every day.


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Blood from the parts of the rat posterior to the heart enters the right auricle through the inferior vena cava (post cava). Trace the vena cava caudally to the diaphragm, which it pierces, then enters the abdominal cavity. In the thoracic cavity the vein is surrounded by the lobes of the lungs, and lies at the right of the esophagus.

Study the structure and attachments of the diaphragm. It comprises a central V-shaped tendinous portion, surrounding which is a muscular region with fibers radiating from the central tendon to the adjacent body walls. Note the relative positions of the apertures through which the inferior vena cava, esophagus, and descending aorta penetrate the diaphragm. Observe the number and distribution of the phrenic veins which traverse the diaphragm, carrying blood from its substance to the inferior vena cava. Follow the inferior vena cava posteriorly from the diaphragm, exposing its tributaries, which are described below.

The hepatic veins convey the blood from the liver, which received it from the portal circulation and hepatic artery, to the inferior vena cava. The hepatic veins may be exposed by carefully chipping away the brittle tissue of the liver with a blunt instrument. Determine the number and location of these veins. The two renal veins, short but of large calibre, drain the blood from the kidneys into the


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98 inferior vena cava. As the right kidney lies anterior to the left, so the right renal vein joins the inferior vena cava anterior to the left renal. Locate and trace the suprarenal veins, which drain the suprarenal glands. The two ovarian veins pass from the vicinity of the ovary, along the broad ligament of the uterus, in company with the ovarian arteries, thence along the dorsal side of the abdominal cavity. The left ovarian vein joins the left renal vein, the right ovarian opens into the inferior vena cava some distance caudad to the right renal vein. Do you find spermatic veins corresponding in general location to the ovarian veins? In other mammals, the cat and man for instance, right and left spermatic veins are present which open into the inferior vena cava and left renal veins, respectively. The right and left iliolumbar veins join the inferior vena cava in the lumbar region. They accompany the corresponding iliolumbar arteries. Follow the course of each vein from its mouth caudolaterally across the dorsal surface of the abdominal cavity.

Trace the inferior vena cava caudally to the region where it is formed by the confluence of the right and left common iliac veins. Follow each common iliac distally to its bifurcation into the external iliac and hypogastric (internal iliac) veins. The latter may be traced dorsally into the mass of muscle, then posteriorly close to the median surface of the pelvic girdle. The external iliac vein gives off several branches, one of which, the femoral vein, accompanies the femoral artery along the inner portion of the thigh. Note any veins which carry blood away from the urogenital organs. Locate the junction of the middle sacral vein with the dorsal side of the inferior vena cava near the union of the latter with the common iliac veins. Trace the caudal vein posteriorly through the pelvic region ventral to the sacrum.


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Rh Carefully clear away the tissues in which the inferior vena cava is imbedded and find the lumbar veins, which join the dorsal side of the inferior vena cava. Note their number, position, and distribution.

Exercise XXV. Make a full-page drawing of the veins anterior and posterior to the heart, incorporating the sketch required by Exercise XIV.

The descending aorta is the posterior continuation of the aortic arch. It courses caudally through the thorax and abdomen, ventral to the vertebral column, carrying blood to the body walls, viscera, hind limbs, etc. Its position and conspicuous size make its identification easy. The main branches are as follows, beginning at the anterior end of the series.

The paired intercostal arteries pass dorsally from the thoracic section of the aorta to the muscles between the ribs. Determine the number, arrangement, and distribution of these arteries.

The first large artery leaving the dorsal aorta after it enters the abdominal cavity is the coeliac. Passing ventrally, this divides into three branches: the splenic, the hepatic, and left gastric arteries. The splenic artery splits into several branches which terminate in the spleen. It sends smaller rami to the pancreas and stomach. The hepatic artery, some distance from its origin, delivers blood to the following branches. The right gastric artery goes to the region of the pylorus, thence along the lesser curvature of the stomach, and anastomoses with the left gastric artery, which is described below. The right gastro-epiploic artery passes to the greater curvature of the stomach. The superior pancreatico-duodenal artery courses along the


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 that tho' they may be clear of it themselves, that therefore no Body is guilty; and as for the rest, tho' they are harden'd against Blushing at it, I don't find any of them harden'd enough to deny it.

are come to an Age, wherein 'tis not the Mode to acknowledge and reform a Mistake, but to add a Front to the Fact, and Triumph in the Crimes, which they should be ashamed of: It seems below them to vindicate their Character, they'll rather illustrate it with the Fault they should wipe off, and count the Shame of it their Glory.

happy Custom is the Author's Vindication in this Work; for now scorning to deny the Charge, or enter into an Enquiry in form, whether guilty or not guilty; they are for giving the Matter of Fast in Evidence, and insisting that there is no Crime in it. And thus we join Issue upon the Merit of the Cause.

it be so; if there is no such thing as Immodesty after Matrimony, and that nothing can be indecent or unlawful between a Man and his Wife; if Matrimonial Liberties are without Bounds, and there are no Limitations to that conjugal Freedom, neither by the Laws of or of Nature.

the Man cannot sin against his Wife, or the Wife against her Husband; if no Excesses can be complained of, and nothing can be either out of Measure, or out of Season; if no unnatural Violences can be offered, and the Woman can have no reason to turn her Slipper the wrong Side upward against her Husband.

the Laws of Matrimony cannot be broken, the Ends of Matrimony not defeated, the Reason of Matrimony not be mistaken, and a Marriage cannot be made a Masque to a Crime.


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Bald head men and other sojourners Who spend their time at drug-store corners To watch the shebas tripping by Looking "come hither" out your eye I got great comfort for you too It isn't hard for you to do. keep your seats! Don't crowd and push Don't kill mo blind men in the rush Just take a lesson from Coué And do your dozen every day.

Skirt by skirt on every flirt They're getting higher and higher, Inch by inch they cling and pinch There's more to admire Sock by sock and knee by knee The more they show the more we see Hour by hour and day by day Let's hope that things keep on this way. Oh, Coue', Coue', Coue' Let's pray this every day.

ZORA NEALE HURSTON.


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100 duodenum, to which it sends branches. The right gastro-epiploic and superior pancreatico-duodenal arteries may arise from the hepatic artery by a short gastro-duodenal artery. Still another branch supplies the pancreas. After giving off the above vessels, the hepatic artery passes anteriorly and breaks up into several branches which enter the liver. The left gastric artery runs to the lesser curvature of the stomach. A large terminal branch supplies the dorsal surface of the stomach, another goes to the ventral surface of this organ. Small vessels are given off to the esophagus. A small branch traverses, to the right, the lesser curvature of the stomach, and anastomoses with the right gastric artery, as previously mentioned. Determine the variability of the branches of the coeliac.

The superior mesenteric artery leaves the dorsal aorta a short distance posterior to the coeliac in the region of the renal arteries. It sends numerous branches through the mesenteries to all the divisions of the small intestine, to the caecum, and the colon. The branch to the colon joins the inferior mesenteric artery.

The two large renal arteries carry blood from the dorsal aorta to the kidneys. The right renal supplies the right kidney, the left renal the left kidney. Each renal artery gives off anteriorly a suprarenal artery to the suprarenal gland on the same side.

The two spermatic arteries of the male rat leave the dorsal aorta a short distance caudad to the renals and course posteriorly along the dorsal surface of the abdominal cavity. The right spermatic finally enters the right testis, the left spermatic artery the left testis. Expose each artery throughout its length. The two ovarian arteries of the female similarly supply the ovaries. They correspond in position to the spermatic arteries of the male. Each ovarian artery anastomoses with the uterine artery, which runs


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Rh parallel to the horn of the uterus in the broad ligament. Trace the uterine artery caudally to its origin.

The two iliolumbar arteries pass laterally in the lumbar region from the dorsal aorta, along the dorsal surface of the abdominal cavity, giving off branches to the muscles of the back. Trace the terminal branches.

The inferior mesenteric artery branches from near the posterior end of the dorsal aorta, sends branches to the rectum and descending colon, passes anteriorly along the latter, and anastomoses with the superior mesenteric artery. Is this anastomosis always present?

The aorta bifurcates at its posterior extremity, forming the right and left common iliac arteries. These give off dorsal branches to the muscles of the back, then divide into the external and internal iliac (hypogastric) arteries. The latter, which runs dorsally, divides into two main branches, one which passes laterally to the proximal region of the thigh, while the other passes caudally through the pelvic region. Dissect out these branches. The external iliac artery passes to the median surface of the thigh, there becoming the femoral artery. This gives off the saphenous artery, then penetrating the thigh it courses distally to the foot, supplying branches to the muscles of the thigh and shank. Trace the saphenous along the median surface of the shank, and note that its terminal branches enter the foot.

The middle sacral artery arises from the dorsal aorta near its posterior end and proceeds caudally through the pelvic region into the tail. Trace it and observe its branches.

The unpaired lumbar arteries pass dorsally from the abdominal section of the dorsal aorta. They correspond to the intercostal arteries of the thoracic region. The lumbar arteries bifurcate ventral to the vertebral column,


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102 the branches of each artery proceding dorsally on each side of the column. Determine the number of lumbar arteries, and follow them into the dorsal musculature of the lumbar region.

Exercise XXVI. Make a full-page drawing of the arteries anterior and posterior to the heart, incorporating the sketch required by Exercise XV.