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Rh miles out of the 95,000 square miles is an elevated plateau, inclining, however, as the flow of the rivers indicate, gently inland towards the Parana, from the crest or summit of the "Serra do Mar." This mountain range, as already stated, rises abruptly to a height of from 2,500 feet to 3,000 feet above the level of the sea, forming a sea cliff, the summit of which, in this province, is rarely more than from 10 miles to 15 miles from the shore line, which at no very remote geological period has been coincident with the base of the mountain itself. The sea face of the Serra is broken up into the wildest gorges and ravines by numerous mountain torrents, but no river or stream of any magnitude finds its way down the Serra, nor is there any gorge or pass of importance to break the uniformity of level of the summit. The narrow belt of country intervening between the sea coast and the foot of the Serra, is an alluvial deposit, in places forming an almost impassable salt marsh, covered with mangrove trees, and intersected with occasional spurs from the Cordilléra, which terminate in bold bluffs; or relieved by insular oases of high and dry ground, which rise prominently from the surrounding marsh. On such an island is built Santos, the seaport of the province, and the eastern terminus of the railway, on the shores of a bay which forms a well-sheltered harbour, readily entered by large vessels at all states of the tide. Although the seaboard of the province is 300 miles in extent, there is no other seaport worthy of the name along the coast. It will thus be seen that Santos, at present a small but thriving city of about 10,000 inhabitants, must eventually be a place of great commercial importance, as the only outlet and inlet to the entire province, which lies almost wholly on thehigh land above the mountain barrier.

São Paulo, the capital of the province, the seat of a university, and the largest inland town of the empire, is situated on the line of railway, about 45 miles from Santos. But the fertile district peculiarly adapted to the cultivation of coffee, the staple of the province, commences about 100 miles from the sea coast, in the neighbourhood of the city of Campinas, and about 30 miles beyond the terminus of the present line at Jundiahy. The cultivation of the coffee-plant is comparatively recent in this province, having only been introduced in 1840. There are, however, already in the province about thirty million trees, producing an average annual yield of 80,000,000 lbs. of coffee, and fresh plantations are year by year being added to those now existing. But, although coffee is the staple of this rich district, other tropical products, such as cotton, sugar, tobacco, rice, Indian corn, beans, arrowroot, tapioca, indigo, as well as the cereals and fruits of Central Europe, are cultivated in the interior. Cotton, especially, bids fair to rival in importance the cultivation of coffee, such has been the stimulus [1869-70. 11. N.s.]


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Rh But do I hear them sobbing? Has Creon pitied me and sent my children, my darlings? Has he done this?

. Yes, I ordered it, for I know how greatly you have always loved them.

. Then may you be blessed, and may Heaven be kinder to you than it has been to me. My children, where are you? Come hither—hither—come to the hands of him whose mother was your mother; the hands that put out your father’s eyes, eyes once as bright as your own; his, who understanding nothing, seeing nothing, be came your father by her that bore him. I weep when I think of the bitter life that men will make you live, and the days that are to come. Into what company dare you go, to what festival, but that you shall return home from it not sharing in the joys, but bathed in tears. When you are old enough to be married, what man dare face the reproach that must cling to you and to your children? What misery is there lacking? Your father killed his father, he begat you at the spring of his own being, offspring of her that bore him. That is the taunt that would be cast upon you and on the man that you should marry. That man is not alive; my children, you must wither away in barrenness. Ah, son of Menoeceus, listen. Seeing that you are the only father now left to them, for we

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Page:Sophocles' King Oedipus.pdf/59


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Page:CTRL0000034608 - Deposition of John Eastman, (Dec. 9, 2021).pdf/10

10 Did President Trump authorize you to discuss publicly your January 4th, 2021, conversation with him?

Fifth.

So is it your position that you can discuss in the media direct conversations you had with the President of the United States, but you will not discuss those same conversations with this committee?

Fifth.

Mr. And, committee's indulgence, just to be clear, I advised my client not only to take the Fifth, but we're not in a position to go into the basis of the Fifth without defeating the position itself, which is likely to be answers to—similar answers will be offered to questions such as the one just asked, if that helps.

BY

Dr. Eastman, you've not produced any documents in response to the subpoena, which is in exhibit 1. Why have you not produced any documents to the committee?

Fifth.

Just so I understand, is it your position that the act of producing documents, as opposed to the content of the documents themselves, could tend to incriminate you?

Fifth.

Dr. Eastman, did you use a Chapman University email account for any communications related to the 2020 election?

Fifth.

Dr. Eastman, did you use a Gmail account for any communications related to the 2020 election?

Fifth.


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50 their parents are lost, both of us lost, do not let them wander in beggary—are they not your own kindred?—do not let them sink down into my misery. No, pity them, seeing them utterly wretched in helpless childhood if you do not protect them. Show me that you promise, generous man, by touching me with your hand, [ touches him.] My children, there is much advice that I would give you were you but old enough to under stand, but all I can do now is bid you pray that you may live wherever you are let live, and that your life be happier than your father’s.

. Enough of tears. Pass into the house.

. I will obey, though upon conditions.

. Conditions?

. Banish me from this country. I know that nothing can destroy me, for I wait some incredible fate; yet cast me upon Cythaeron, chosen by my father and my mother for my tomb.

. Only the gods can say yes or no to that.

. No, for I am hateful to the gods.

. If that be so you will get your wish the quicker. They will banish that which they hate.

. Are you certain of that?

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Page:The life and opinions of Tristram Shandy (Volume 7).pdf/119

! There is a sweet æra in the life of man, when, (the brain being tender and fibrillous, and more like pap than any thing else)—a story read of two fond lovers, separated from each other by cruel parents, and by still more cruel destiny

each ignorant of the other's course,

Amandus taken captive by the Turks, and carried to the emperor of Morocco's court, where the princess of Morocco falling in love with him, keeps him


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Rh. I would not say it if I did not mean it.

. Then it is time to lead me within.

. Come, but let your children go.

. No, do not take them from me.

. Do not seek to be master; you won the mastery but could not keep it to the end.

Make way for Oedipus. All people said

‘That is a fortunate man’;

And now what storms are beating on his head?

Call no man fortunate that is not dead.

The dead are free from pain.

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Page:CTRL0000034608 - Deposition of John Eastman, (Dec. 9, 2021).pdf/11

11 Dr. Eastman, did you use any other email account for communication related to the 2020 election?

Fifth.

Did you send or receive any text messages related to the 2020 election using your personal cell phone?

Fifth.

Do you have any documents regarding the 2020 election on your personal computer?

Fifth.

Do you have any documents regarding the 2020 election on any server?

Fifth.

Dr. Eastman, were you in Philadelphia in connection with your participation in a panel on federalism and separation of powers at the Federalist Society National Lawyers Conference that took place in November 2020?

Fifth.

While you were in Philadelphia, did you meet with Corey Lewandowski?

Fifth.

Dr. Eastman, did you represent President Trump or his campaign in challenging the results of the 2020 election?

Fifth.

Dr. Eastman, do you have an engagement letter or other document memorializing your relationship with President Trump or his campaign?

Fifth.

Dr. Eastman, did you receive any legal fees for your work on behalf of President Trump or his campaign?


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 twenty years in prison, for the love of his Amanda

She—(Amanda) all the time wandering barefoot, and with dishevell'd hair, o'er rocks and mountains enquiring for Amandus—Amandus! Amandus!—making every hill and vally to echo back his name

at every town and city sitting down forlorn at the gateHas Amandus!—has my Amandus enter'd?—till,—going round, and round, and round the world—chance unexpected bringing them at the same moment of the night, though by different ways, to the gate of Lyons their native city, and each in well known accents calling out aloud,


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Page:CTRL0000034608 - Deposition of John Eastman, (Dec. 9, 2021).pdf/12

12 Fifth.

During a Georgia State Senate Judiciary Committee hearing dated December 3rd, 2020, Mayor Rudy Giuliani stated that the legislators were provided with copies of a 7-page paper that you authored.

Will you produce to the committee this document that was previously shared with Georgia legislators?

Fifth.

Okay. Dr. Eastman, did you reach out to State legislators after the 2020 Presidential election?

Fifth.

Okay. Just so I understand, we've been trying to save—allow you to save some time by saying "Fifth," but I just want to make sure that with regard to the question of whether you reached out to State legislators after the 2020 Presidential election, you're invoking your Fifth Amendment right on the grounds that answering the question could potentially incriminate you?

Mr. That's correct.

I think I need the witness to say it.

The I'm claiming the Fifth.

BY

Dr. Eastman, did you contact any State legislative leadership in Arizona?

Fifth.

Dr. Eastman, did you contact the office of Arizona House Speaker Rusty Bowers in mid-December?

Fifth.

Dr. Eastman, are you going to take—invoke your Fifth Amendment right


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music was used at the production of the play in the Abbey Theatre. It was written for a Leader and five others. The Leader’s voice should be of tenor quality, the Second Voice a baritone, the Third Voice a bass, the other voices—and there can be as many as the producer likes—should be bass. The music should not be sung in strict time. If necessary, one of the Chorus can have a small flute or whistle and softly play a note or two before each chorus begins.

L. R.

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Page:CTRL0000034608 - Deposition of John Eastman, (Dec. 9, 2021).pdf/13

13 against self-incrimination with regard to any other questions that I would ask regarding whether you reached out to State legislators regarding the 2020 election?

Mr. If I may, Dr. Eastman will probably assert the Fifth in response to that question, but from my perspective as counsel the answer is yes.

Okay. And Ms. Lofgren, I believe, has joined us. And we're going to need to take just a very short break, and we'll go off the record.

[Discussion off the record.]

I think we just need to hear from Dr. Eastman the invocation of the Fifth that counsel just made.

The Yes. I'm taking advice of counsel and invoking the Fifth.

Okay. We'll take a 5-minute break and then we'll come back on the record. And I'll just remind you that the camera is still rolling. If you want to talk privately, you can use that room. I think we need to speak amongst each other also. So 5 minutes.

[Recess.]

Okay. We'll go back on the record.

I believe Mr. Kinzinger has joined us. So I believe we have Vice Chair Cheney, Mr. Raskin, Ms. Lofgren, and Mr. Kinzinger on.

BY

Dr. Eastman, if you could turn your attention to exhibit 7 in your binder, which has a cover memo dated December 14th, 2020. If you turn to the next page, it's a document entitled, "Certificate of the votes of the 2020 electors from Arizona."

Dr. Eastman, have you seen that document before?

Fifth.

Dr. Eastman, did you have any role in drafting that document?


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Page:CTRL0000034608 - Deposition of John Eastman, (Dec. 9, 2021).pdf/14

14 Fifth.

Dr. Eastman, do you know who drafted that document?

Fifth.

Dr. Eastman, did you draft any certificates of electoral votes for any other States?

Fifth.

Okay. I think Mr. Raskin may have a question.

Mr. Yes. Thank you.

I wanted to ask Dr. Eastman whether he's asserting the Fifth just with respect to the actions he took on January 6th and days leading up or whether he is asserting the Fifth with respect to the ideas that he has promoted about the electoral college.

Mr. I beg the Congressman's pardon. As I mentioned to a moment ago, I've instructed my client that he should claim the Fifth not only in response to questions about the subject matter of the subpoena, but also as to questions about the basis for the Fifth Amendment, as doing so would defeat the protection of the Fifth Amendment itself.

But to help, as best as I can, I suspect that most of the questions asked under the heading of the general subject matters that were just offered would probably result in an invocation.

I hope that's helpful.

Mr. I appreciate that. But I'm not asking with respect to the basis for his invocation of the Fifth. I'm asking for which questions he will answer and which not.

Will he answer questions with respect to the substantive content of his ideas about the Vice President and the electoral college?

Mr. I've advised him not to answer such questions on Fifth


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Complete Copies at all Music Stores or direct from the Publishers at one-half marked price.

title: Page:Turkey in the Straw.pdf/6


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 it, and the fact of its survivance of each of them in turn. The Jew—such as we now meet him in the crowded ways of European cities—is indeed a mystery insoluble, unless we are willing to accept the Biblical explication of the problem. So understood, we do indeed yield credence to the supernatural; but then, in not yielding it, the alternative is a congeries of perplexities that are utterly offensive to reason.

Taken on the ground of ordinary historical reasoning, the earliest literary remains of the Israelitish people give evidence of a far higher range of the moral and religious consciousness than is anywhere else presented in the circle of ancient literature. The inference hence derivable is not abated in its meaning by the anomalous and remarkable fact—a fact which has no parallel—that these writings, through a great extent of them, take a form of remonstrant antagonism toward the people—toward the masses, and toward their princes and rulers. Those who take upon themselves the unwelcome and dangerous office of administering national rebuke, and of uttering denunciations, are not wont to attribute to their hearers more of intelligence and of right feeling than they find among them. We may believe, then, that there was, in fact, with these hearers that measure of mind and of virtue, the existence of which is fairly to be inferred from the language of these public censors, whose often-recurring phrases are of this order—"Ye are a stiff-


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Rh

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text: Turkey in the Straw

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58

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Page:On the Influence of Carbonic Acid in the Air upon the Temperature of the Ground.pdf/36

Rh removed from the atmosphere in all times, namely the chemical weathering of siliceous minerals, is of the same order of magnitude as a process of contrary effect, which is caused by the industrial development of our time, and which must be conceived of as being of a temporary nature.

"In comparison with the quantity of carbonic acid which is fixed in limestone (and other carbonates), the carbonic acid of the air vanishes. With regard to the thickness of sedimentary formations and the great part of them that is formed by limestone and other carbonates, it seems not improbable that the total quantity of carbonates would cover the whole earth's surface to a height of hundreds of metres. If we assume 100 metres, – a number that may be inexact in a high degree, but probably is underestimated, – we find that about 25,000 times as much carbonic acid is fixed to lime in the sedimentary formations as exists free in the air. Every molecule of carbonic acid in this mass of limestone has, however, existed in and passed through the atmosphere in the course of time, Although we neglect all other factors which may have influenced the quantity of carbonic acid in the air, this number lends but very slight probability to the hypothesis, that this quantity should in former geological epochs have changed within limits which do not differ much from the present amount. As the process of weathering has consumed quantities of carbonic acid many thousand times greater than the amount now disposable in the air, and as this process from different geographical, climatological and other causes has in all likelihood proceeded with very different intensity at different epochs, the probability of important variations in the quantity of carbonic acid seems to be very great, even if we take into account the compensating processes which, as we shall see in what follows, are called forth as soon as, for one reason or another, the production or consumption of carbonic acid tends to displace the equilibrium to any considerable degree. One often hears the opinion expressed, that the quantity of carbonic acid in the air ought to have been very much greater formerly than now, and that the diminution should arise from the circumstance that carbonic acid has been taken from the air and stored in the earth's crust in the form of coal and carbonates. In many cases this hypothetical diminution is ascribed only to the formation of coal, whilst the much more important formation of carbonates is wholly overlooked. This whole method of reasoning on a continuous diminution of the carbonic acid in the air loses all foundation in fact, notwithstanding that enormous quantities of carbonic Rh


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Rh

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text: Index:Steamboat Bill.pdf

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60

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Rh

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text: Index:Sid & Marty Krofft Television Productions v. McDonald's Corporation.pdf


text:
Author:Mary Ross

Works

 * "A Ballad of the Forty-five"

title: Author:Mary Ross


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text: Page:Margaret Mead - Coming of age in Samoa; a psychological study of primitive youth for western civilisation.pdf/24


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 as unavoidable periods of adjustment through which every one has to pass. The whole psycho-analytic approach is largely based on this supposition.

The anthropologist doubts the correctness of these views, but up to this time hardly any one has taken the pains to identify himself sufficiently with a primitive population to obtain an insight into these problems. We feel, therefore, grateful to Miss Mead for having undertaken to identify herself so completely with Samoan youth that she gives us a lucid and clear picture of the joys and difficulties encountered by the young individual in a culture so entirely different from our own. The results of her painstaking investigation confirm the suspicion long held by anthropologists, that much of what we ascribe to ‘human nature’ is no more than a reaction to the restraints put upon us by our civilisation.


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descriptions of primitive people give us a picture of their culture classified according to the varied aspects of human life. We learn about inventions, household economy, family and political organisation, and religious beliefs and practices. Through a comparative study of these data and through information that tells us of their growth and development, we endeavour to reconstruct, as well as may be, the history of each particular culture. Some anthropologists even hope that the comparative study will reveal some tendencies of development that recur so often that significant generalisations regarding the processes of cultural growth will be discovered.

To the lay reader these studies are interesting on account of the strangeness of the scene, the peculiar attitudes characteristic of foreign cultures that set off in strong light our own achievements and behaviour.

However, a systematic description of human activities gives us very little insight into the mental attitudes of the individual. His thoughts and actions appear merely as expressions of rigidly defined cultural forms. We learn little about his rational thinking, about his friendships and conflicts with his fellowmen. The personal side of the life of the individual is almost


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Page:Hutcheson Macaulay Posnett - Comparative Literature (1886).djvu/403

 and shipwrecks with which they were acquainted, were those of Ulysses and Æneas." Even in Chaucer we find the conventional garden of the Italian or Provençal muse rather than the landscape of England. Not only does Chaucer know nothing of Nature in the Wordsworthian sense—for his allegories and types bespeak an age in which there was no profound individualism capable of feeling "the silence and the calm of mute insensate things"—but his merely animal enjoyment of her beauty prefers colourless generalities to local truth; he would, perhaps, have shrunk as little from transplanting Italian scenery into England as from making Duke Theseus an English noble, just as Shakspere sets the London guilds in Athens, and places lions in the forest of Arden.

Just when the resurrection of Greek thought was beginning to send forth scholars bound hand and foot in the grave-clothes of antiquity, while mental freedom, fostered by growing towns and decaying feudalism, sought to clothe itself in classical dress so as to escape the censure of Christian dogma—an excuse for much of the Renaissance pedantry—voyages of discovery in the East and West spread new ideas of Nature's handiwork in distant climes. From the letters of Columbus and his ship's journal we may feel the overpowering amazement with which the navigator gazed on impenetrable forests, "where one could scarcely distinguish which were the flowers and leaves belonging to each stem," palms "more beautiful and loftier than date trees," "rose-coloured flamingoes fishing at the mouths of rivers in the early dawn." "Once," he tells us, "I came into a deeply enclosed harbour, and saw high mountains which no


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 in the systematic presentation of the cultural life of the people. The picture is standardised, like a collection of laws that tell us how we should behave, and not how we behave; like rules set down defining the style of art, but not the way in which the artist elaborates his ideas of beauty; Like a list of inventions, and not the way in which the individual overcomes technical difficulties that present themselves.

And yet the way in which the personality reacts to culture is a matter that should concern us deeply and that makes the studies of foreign cultures a fruitful and useful field of research. We are accustomed to consider all those actions that are part and parcel of our own culture, standards which we follow automatically, as common to all mankind. They are deeply ingrained in our behaviour. We are moulded in their forms so. that we cannot think but that they must be valid everywhere.

Courtesy, modesty, good manners, conformity to definite ethical standards are universal, but what constitutes courtesy, modesty, good manners, and ethical! standards is not universal. It is instructive to knew that standards differ in the most unexpected ways. It is still more important to know how the individual reacts to these standards.

In our own civilisation the individual is beset with difficulties which we are likely to ascribe to fundamental human traits. When we speak about the difficulties of childhood and of adolescence, we are thinking of them


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Rh


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272 acid in the course of time have been fixed in carbonates, if we consider more closely the processes by means of which carbonic acid has in all times been supplied to the atmosphere. From these we may well conclude that enormous variations have occurred, but not that the variation has always proceeded in the same direction.

"Carbonic acid is supplied to the atmosphere by the following processes: – (1) volcanic exhalations and geological phenomena connected therewith; (2) combustion of carbonaceous meteorites in the higher regions of the atmosphere; (3) combustion and decay of organic bodies; (4) decomposition of carbonates; (5) liberation of carbonic acid mechanically inclosed in minerals on their fracture or decomposition. The carbonic acid of the air is consumed chiefly by the following processes: – (6) formation of carbonates from silicates on weathering; and (7) the consumption of carbonic acid by vegetative processes. The ocean, too, plays an important rôle as a regulator of the quantity of carbonic acid in the air by means of the absorptive power of its water, which gives off carbonic acid as its temperature rises and absorbs it as it cools. The processes named under (4) and (5) are of little significance, so that they may be omitted. So too the processes (3) and (7), for the circulation of matter in the organic world goes on so rapidly that their variations cannot have any sensible influence. From this we must except periods in which great quantities of organisms were stored up in sedimentary formations and thus subtracted from the circulation, or in which such stored-up products were, as now, introduced anew into the circulation. The source of carbonic acid named in (2) is wholly incalculable.

"Thus the processes (1), (2), and (6) chiefly remain as balancing each other. As the enormous quantities of carbonic acid (representing a pressure of many atmospheres) that are now fixed in the limestone of the earth's crust cannot be conceived to have existed in the air but as an insignificant fraction of the whole at any one time since organic life appeared on the globe, and since therefore the consumption through weathering and formation of carbonates must have been compensated by means of continuous supply, we must regard volcanic exhalations as the chief source of carbonic acid for the atmosphere.

"But this source has not flowed regularly and uniformly. Just as single volcanoes have their periods of variation with alternating relative rest and intense activity, in the same manner the globe as a whole seems in certain geological epochs to have exhibited a more violent and general volcanic


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 burghers of the Commune, seeing few but enemies beyond their walls, viewed the scenery of the country with much the same feelings as those of the old Greek town-republics. But, in spite of confining men's interest within the city walls at first, the towns of Europe were destined to expand directly and indirectly our modern sentiments of Nature. Their commerce, bringing back knowledge of new climates, animals, vegetation, gave currency to new ideas, new contrasts, of Nature; and the various types of character developed within their walls diversified the human standpoints from which Nature might be perceived. The soul of the free burgher, filled with new sights and sounds, was soon capable of adding much to the songs of feudalism. At the court of the monarch burgher and feudal elements could find a quiet union. Here, then, we might have expected to find a true poetry of Nature springing up. But the Latin and Greek Renaissances were to make our European poetry of Nature an exotic cared of courts before it became a home-growth of democratic taste.

The fantastic geography of the Divina Commedia has too little to do with the world of Nature to admit truthful and sympathetic pictures of her forms. The individualism of Dante's town-born muse leaves as few signs of Nature's handiwork as the town-drama of Athens. Here and there we meet descriptive touches—"il tremolar di marina," "la divina foresta spessa e viva;" but even in the pine-forests on the shore of Chiassi we hear echoes from Vergil—

If we turn to Petrarch expecting to find natural de-


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34 given to its culture by the high prices caused by the civil war in the United States.

The principal engineering features of the São Paulo railway (Plate 5) will now be noticed:- first, of the locomotive line both below and above the Serra,-and then of the inclined planes by which the ascent of the "Serra do Mar" is accomplished, with the mode of working them.

.

This portion of the railway runs over the low swampy ground which intervenes between the seaboard and the foot of the "Serra do Mar," and for the first 8 miles consists of a low embankment, alongside the existing public road constructed by Government over the marsh. Leaving the road, the line crosses the valleys of the Cubatão and the Mugi rivers, both subject to high and dangerous floods from the mountains, by embankments of considerable magnitude, and terminates at the foot of the spur of the Serra which has been selected for the inclined planes. There are three principal bridges on this length. The first, across the arm of the sea which divides the island on which Santos is situated from the mainland, is 500 feet in length, consisting of ten openings of 50 feet, each spanned by wrought-iron lattice girders placed under the rails, supported on piers composed of single rows of four cast-iron screw piles, 15 inches in external diameter. The bridge over the Cubatão river has four spans of 75 feet each, with lattice girders supporting cross-plate girders, the piers consisting of cast-iron cylinders 18 inches in diameter, also on screw foundations; and the bridge over the Mugi river is of three spans of 66 feet, also composed of lattice girders resting on cast-iron columns. There are six other bridges, with spans varying from 15 feet to 40 feet, all of wrought iron, resting on cast-iron piles, or on stone abutments. The steepest gradient is 1 in 75, for 51 chains, and the sharpest curve is 17-chains' radius. At the terminal station at Santos, a wharf was constructed on cast-iron piles, with creosoted pine superstructure, and a junction line affords direct communication with the harbour. The buildings for the passenger station and general stores are of masonry, but the goods sheds, engine and coke sheds, &C., are of corrugated iron. The intermediate stations are of brickwork. Great difficulty was experienced on this section in obtaining suitable ballast, as the sand available was much too fine, and broken stone is inapplicable for 'pot' sleepers.

The locomotive line recommences at the summit of the Serra, and runs in a N.W. direction, for a distance of 30 miles, to the city of São Paulo. In the neighbourhood of the Serra the


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HEN Tristan came back, to that land, King Mark and all his Barony were mourning; for the King of Ireland had manned a fleet to ravage Cornwall, should King Mark refuse, as he had refused these fifteen years, to pay a tribute his fathers had paid. Now that year this King had sent to Tintagel, to carry his summons, a giant knight; the Morholt, whose sister he had wed, and whom no man had yet been able to overcome: so King Mark had summoned all the barons of his land to Council, by letters sealed.

On the day assigned, when the barons were gathered in hall, and when the


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 King had taken his throne, the Morholt said these things:

"King Mark, hear for the last time the summons of the King of Ireland, my lord. He arraigns you to pay at last that which you have owed so long, and because you have refused it too long already he bids you give over to me this day three hundred youths and three hundred maidens drawn by lot from among the Cornish folk. But if so be that any would prove by trial of combat that the King of Ireland receives this tribute without right, I will take up his wager. Which among you, my Cornish lords, will fight to redeem this land?"

The barons glanced at each other but all were silent.

Then Tristan knelt at the feet of King Mark and said:

"Lord King, by your leave I will do battle."


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Rh are of considerable magnitude, most of the excavations being through schistose rock. The line is undulating for the first 12 miles, crossing a succession of short ridges and valleys, with occasional deep cuttings and embankments, after which it follows the course of a valley to São Paulo, with easy gradients and works. The steepest gradient on this section is 1 in 50. The station at the Alto da Serra is unavoidably placed on a curve of 12-chains’ radius, but apart from this the sharpest curve is 20-chains’ radius. There are two iron bridges, each consisting of lattice girders of 40 feet span, supported on cast-iron screw-piles, and four minor bridges from 15 feet to 40 feet span, erected on a similar principle. There are also one hundred and twelve bridges and culverts of substantial masonry, having openings of from 2 feet to 18 feet.

The central station at São Paulo is situated on a level stretch at the summit of inclines of 1 in 60; and ample accommodation for the passenger and goods traffic is provided, with carriage sheds, and workshops for the repairs of the locomotives and rolling stock generally. The head offices of the administration of the Company are situated at São Paulo. Ther eare also two small roadside stations, both provided with sidings, and one with a goods shed, and a small suburban station near São Paulo. All the stations are substantial and neat buildings of brickwork with tile roofs.

From São Paulo to Jundiahy, the present terminus of the line, the distance is 38 miles. Its engineering character is similar to that of the district between the top of the Serra and São Paulo, though the country is more difficult, and the works heavier. After crossing the river Tiété, the main drain of the district, about 7 miles from São Paulo, there is no leading valley to follow, and the railway is, for the most part, carried across a succession of valleys and ridges. The steepest gradient on this section is 1 in 40, for a distance of If mile, and the sharpest curve is 17-chains’ radius. The bridge over the Tiété consists of six openings of 33 feel 4 inches, spanned by lattice girders, supporting cross-plate girders, on which are placed longitudinal balks for carrying the rails. The piers are cast-iron cylinders 2 feet in diameter, sunk to the rock, with a centre pier of masonry on an isolated rock. Another bridge, of three spans of 30 feet, and two single-span bridges of 30 feet and 40 feet, are of a similar construction. There are also one hundred and forty-three culverts, mostly of masonry, and, where practicable, open, with iron or timber girders, and three under road bridges of substantial rubble masonry.

A tunnel, 650 yards in length, was unavoidable at the summit of the gradient of 1 in 40,and a cutting at the northern approach, 30 chains’ in length, which was a source of great trouble. The tunnel for a length of 370 yards is driven through mica schist of a hard and coarse description, with large quantities of quartz, and Rh


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 And in vain would King Mark have turned him from his purpose, thinking, how could even valour save so young a knight? But he threw down his gage to the MorhoLt, and the Morholt took up the gage.

On the appointed day he had himself clad for a great feat of arms in a hauberk and in a steel helm, and he entered a boat and drew to the islet of St. Samson's, where the knights were to fight each to each alone. Now the Morholt had hoisted to his mast a sail of rich purple, and coming fast to land, he moored his boat on the shore. But Tristan pushed off his own boat adrift with his feet, and said:

"One of us only will go hence alive. One boat will serve."

And each rousing the other to the fray they passed into the isle.

No man saw the sharp combat; but thrice the salt sea-breeze had wafted or


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 seemed to waft a cry of fury to the land, when at last towards the hour of noon the purple sail showed far off; the Irish boat appeared from the island shore, and there rose a clamour of "the Morholt!" When suddenly, as the boat grew larger on the sight and topped a wave, they saw that Tristan stood on the prow holding a sword in his hand. He leapt ashore, and as the mothers kissed the steel upon his feet he cried to the Morholt's men:

"My lords of Ireland, the Morholt fought well. See here, my sword is broken and a splinter of it stands fast in his head. Take you that steel, my lords; it is the tribute of Cornwall."

Then he went up to Tintagel and as he went the people he had freed waved green boughs, and rich cloths were hung at the windows. But when Tristan reached the castle with joy, songs and joy-bells sounding about him, he drooped


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Rh activity, whilst other epochs have been marked by a comparative quiescence of the volcanic forces. It seems therefore probable that the quantity of carbonic acid in the air has undergone nearly simultaneous variations, or at least that this factor has had an important influence.

"If we pass the above-mentioned processes for consuming and producing carbonic acid under review, we find that they evidently do not stand in such a relation to or dependence on one another that any probability exists for the permanence of an equilibrium of the carbonic acid in the atmosphere. An increase or decrease of the supply continued during geological periods must, although it may not be important, conduce to remarkable alterations of the quantity of carbonic acid in the air, and there is no conceivable hindrance to imagining that this might in a certain geological period have been several times greater, or on the other hand considerably less, than now."

As the question of the probability of quantitative variation of the carbonic acid in the atmosphere is in the most decided manner answered by Prof. Högbom, there remains only one other point to which I wish to draw attention in a few words, namely: Has no one hitherto proposed any acceptable explanation for the occurrence of genial and glacial periods? Fortunately, during the progress of the foregoing calculations, a memoir was published by the distinguished Italian meteorologist L. De Marchi which relieves me from answering the last question. He examined in detail the different theories hitherto proposed – astronomical, physical, or geographical, and of these I here give a short résumé. These theories assert that the occurrence of genial or glacial epochs should depend on one or other change in the following circumstances: –

De Marchi arrives at the conclusion that all these hypotheses must be rejected (p. 207). On the other hand, he is of the


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 in the arms of King Mark, for the blood ran from his wounds.

The Morholt's men, they landed in Ireland quite cast down. For when ever he came back into Whitehaven the Morholt had been wont to take joy in the sight of his clan upon the shore, of the Queen his sister, and of his niece Iseult the Fair. Tenderly had they cherished him of old, and had he taken some wound, they healed him, for they were skilled in balms and potions. But now their magic was vain, for he lay dead and the splinter of the foreign brand yet stood in his skull till Iseult plucked it out and shut it in a chest.

From that day Iseult the Fair knew and hated the name of Tristan of Lyonesse.

But over in Tintagel Tristan languished, for there trickled a poisonous blood from his wound. The doctors found that the Morholt had thrust into him a poisoned


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 barb, and as their potions and their theriac could never heal him they left him in God's hands. So hateful a stench came from his wound that all his dearest friends fled him, all save King Mark, Gorvenal and Dinas of Lidan. They always could stay near his couch because their love overcame their abhorrence. At last Tristan had himself carried into a boat apart on the shore; and lying facing the sea he awaited death, for he thought: "I must die; but it is good to see the sun and my heart is still high. I would like to try the sea that brings all chances I would have the sea bear me far off alone, to what land no matter, so that it heal me of my wound."

He begged so long that King Mark accepted his desire. He bore him into a boat with neither sail nor oar, and Tristan wished that his harp only should be placed beside him: for sails he could


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36 veins of trap intersecting the rock. Sometimes it was not possible, with four hammers, to advance the bottom heading, 14 feet by 9 feet, through the rock, more than from 12 inches to 18 inches per day of twenty-four hours. The rest of the tunnel, 2S0 yards in length, was through earth, The side walls and haunches are of rubble masonry, with the crown of the arch, for 10 feet, of brickwork. Two shafts, one of which was 190 feet in depth, were sunk to expedite the work.

In the summit cutting north of the tunnel, a slip or landslide on a large scale threatened to endanger the stability of the line. It was temporarily overcome by driving heavy piles along the face of the slip, with transverse stretchers, placed about 3 feet under the rails, on which broken stone was laid. The movement continued, however, and in the commencement of 1869 a solid invert of stone, 12 feet deep, and for the whole width of the formation, was placed under the road bed in 8-feet lengths, without interfering with the traffic. The piles were thencut down, and a retaining mall was built.

The earthworks on this division have amounted to about 40,000 cubic yards per mile; but the quantities were increased by the contractors preferring to run their cuttings to spoil, and to make up the banks from side cuttings. The maximum depth of cutting is 74 feet, and the maximum height of embankment is 70 feet. The average slope of the cuttings is from 3/4 to 1, to 1 to 1, and of the embankments 1 1/2 to 1.

The terminal station at Jundiahy is of a most inexpensive description, as it would have been unwise to spend money unnecessarily on a station, which must, as the line is extended, become of secondary importance; but ample goods sheds and yard room have been provided, with an engine shed for four engines, coal platform, tank, carriage shed, &c.

There are three small roadside stations, two of which are provided with sidings, but no goods sheds.

The laying out of the works of these inclines was a task of no ordinary difficulty, as in addition to the precipitous and inaccessible nature of the ground, the whole mountain side was covered by impenetrable forest. Nor was the difficulty confined to the engineers who were the pioneers in this desolate region;the contractors who followed them had to make roads, and undertake preliminary operations on a scale and to an extent never contemplated by those who have only carried out railway works under ordinary circumstances. Those about to undertake the responsibility of executing works in an unexplored and sparsely inhabited


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 not lift, nor oar ply, nor sword wield; and as a seaman on some long voyage casts to the sea a beloved companion dead, so Gorvenal pushed out to sea that boat where his dear son lay; and the sea drew him away.

For seven days and seven nights the sea so drew him; at times to charm his grief, he harped; and when at last the sea brought him near a shore where fishermen had left their port that night to fish far out, they heard as they rowed a sweet and strong and living tune that ran above the sea, and feathering their oars they listened immovable.

In the first whiteness of the dawn they saw the boat at large: she went at random and nothing seemed to live in her except the voice of the harp. But as they neared, the air grew weaker and died; and when they hailed her Tristan's hands had fallen lifeless on the strings though they still trembled. The


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 fishermen took him in and bore him back to port, to their lady who was merciful and perhaps would heal him.

It was that same port of Whitehaven where the Morholt lay, and their lady was Iseult the Fair.

She alone, being skilled in philtres, could save Tristan, but she alone wished him dead. When Tristan knew himself again (for her art restored him) he knew himself to be in the land of peril. But he was yet strong to hold his own and found good crafty words. He told a tale of how he was a seer that had taken passage on a merchant ship and sailed to Spain to learn the art of reading all the stars,—of how pirates had boarded the ship and of how, though wounded, he had fled into that boat. He was believed, nor did any of the Morholt's men know his face again, so hardly had the poison used it. But when, after forty days, Iseult of the Golden Hair had all


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 but healed him, when already his limbs had recovered and the grace of youth returned, he knew that he must escape, and he fled and after many dangers he came again before Mark the King.


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662-671] himself after having killed King Godepert with his sword; Perctarit had fled from Milan to the Avars and his wife and young son Cunincpert had been sent into exile to Benevento. Grimoald now married Aripert's daughter; who was already betrothed to him, and legitimated his power by a later election at Pavia; for the purpose of gaining firm support he bestowed royal domains in upper Italy on several of his faithful followers of Benevento. He was the first Lombard king who united the king's royal domain in the north with Benevento under his actual government.

Mighty as he was, Grimoald had a long struggle for the preservation of his royal power. Perctarit came back, and seemed to submit himself, but was soon obliged to fly to the Franks, after the discovery of a conspiracy between his followers and some disaffected dukes. The intervention of a Frankish army in favour of the banished dynasty had no success; by stratagem Grimoald contrived to attack them suddenly near Asti and slew them. In the year 663 the Emperor Constans had landed at Tarentum, in order to obtain a new base for his heavily oppressed empire by conquests in the West, and the expulsion of the Lombards was naturally the first condition for this enterprise. The Emperor occupied Luceria with superior forces, assaulted Acerenza without success, and then besieged Grimoald's young son Romuald at Benevento. The latter pledged his sister Gisa in token of submission after having offered resistance bravely; but Grimoald had already reached the river Sangro with a relieving army, though many Lombards had left him, and young Romuald did not fulfil his pledge; the Emperor gave up his siege and moved on to his own city of Naples. This imperial army was said to have been defeated twice: at all events Constans gave up war against the Lombards for a time and after a short visit to Rome went on to Sicily, where he was murdered. Romuald then occupied Tarentum, Brundusium, and all the rest of the imperial dominion on the Adriatic coast of South Italy, with the exception of Hydruntum; and Grimoald, after having installed Transamund, a duke of his choice, in Spoleto, again devoted himself to his most urgent tasks in North Italy, where he found in rebellion the duke Lupus of Friuli, whom he had left in his place at Pavia. Evidently menaced by other rebellions as well, the king himself appealed to the Khagan of the Avars, for help against the duke; Lupus perished in the battle, but the Avars now prepared to occupy Friuli as conquered land. But, in spite of the insufficiency of his military forces, Grimoald induced them to depart, and set up Wechthari, a powerful soldier and the terror of the Slavs, as duke of Friuli in place of Arnefrit, the son of Lupus, who had tried to regain his father's inheritance by help of the Slavs, but had been beaten and killed near Nimis. Grimoald took away Forli from the imperials and razed to the ground Oderzo, where his brothers had once been murdered: then he made peace with the Franks, so that Perctarit did not feel safe any longer in his asylum, and prepared to fly


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Rh region, cannot be too careful in ascertaining how far allowance has been made for contingencies of the nature referred to.

The length of the inclines is about 5 miles, the rise being 2,557 feet above the foot of the Serra, or 2,652 feet above the sea level. There are four inclines, each with a gradient of 1 in 9.75, and 6388, 5842, 6876, and 7017 feet long respectively. At the top of each incline there is a bank head, about 250 feet in length, with an inclination of 1 in 75 downwards, where the stationary engines are placed. The radii of the curves range from 30 chains to 80 chains. The earthworks on these inclines are of extraordinary magnitude. Not only are the cuttings and the embankments of great depth on the centre line of the railway, in some instances as much as 75 feet and 95feet;but owing to the steep cross section and the treacherous nature of the ground, the slopes of the cuttings on the upper side, although never flatter than 1 1/4 to 1 1/2 to 1, are in some instances 330 feet in length, whilst the inferior slopes of the embankments are of corresponding extent. Nearly all the banks are secured by heavy dry stone retaining walls, varying in height from 10 feet to 60 feet. Earthworks of this nature were subject to extensive and sudden slips from the mountain side, and embankment after embankment was carried away during construction, often after completion to the formation level. The only effectual mode of stopping these slips, which threatened permanently to endanger the stability of the line, was by a thorough system of drainage, searching for, and gathering all the water on the upper side of the railway, and conducting it across the line as often as possible in pitched channels set in cement; by pitching the entire surface of the inferior slopes of all the embankments, thus preventing wash; and by draining the upper slopes of the cuttings,and securing the same by massive retaining walls. These measures have been so far successful, that during the two last wet seasons not a single slip either in cutting or bank occurred on the Serra works. An extensive slip from the mountain in one of the largest cuttings, during the term of maintenance, was cleared out by the agency of water. A considerable mountain stream was diverted into the cutting, and as many men as could be crowded on, pulled down the soil, others working it up; the force of the water on the incline of 1 in 10 rapidly carried the soil away, leaving behind the stone which was available for pitching the banks, &c. It is estimated that 1,200,000 cubic yards of excavation in cuttings and borrow pits were taken out. No attempt at equation of cuttings and banks was made, as owing to the precipitous character of the ground, haulage for even ordinary distances was impossible, Less rock was met with than was to be expected, the proportion between rock and earth being probably 1 to 10; but abundance of good building stone was always close at hand. There are fifty


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35 eight culverts, varying from 3 feet to 10 feet opening, which in every instance have been proved fully equal to the discharge of the torrents during the greatest floods.

At the foot of the fourth incline a chasm of more than ordinary depth has been crossed by an iron viaduct (Plate 6). It is 705 feet in length, and consists of ten spans of 66 feet, and one of 45 feet. The greatest depth from the rails to the ground is 185 feet. The abutments are of substantial rubble masonry, with hammer-dressed string course and coping. The piers are ten in number, and of varying heights according to the section of the gorge. Each pier is composed of eight cast-iron columns, four of which carrying the main centre girders are vertical, the four outside columns columns, 1 2 raking transverselywith a slope of 1 in12.The inches in external diameter, are firmly braced together horizontally, at perpendicular distances of 1 0 feet, by double T-irons, and diagonally by wrought-iron tie bars. The columns rest on castiron foundation pieces, firmly united by cast-iron tie girders, and bolted down to a base of solid ashlar masonry. The superstructure consists of four wrought-ironlatticegirders, two of which are placed under the rails. The girders are braced together inthe usual way, andrest on cast-iron bed plates, designed to brace firmly together the columns in the piers, and at the same time to provide for the inclination of 1 in 9.75, and to act as sliding plates on which the girderscan move withincertain limits. The rails are fixed onnativetimber cross-sleepers, 12 inchessquare, and planks 2 inches thick are laid between the sleepers. No scaffolding was used duringthe erection. An iron wire rope was stretched across the chasm, and piece by piece of the columns was lowered into its place, by means of a block and pulley running along the rope, with the necessary tackle. The piers were thus run up simultaneously, or, at least, independently one of the other. The danger of their being blowndown, when they reached a certain height, by the furious winds to which the locality is subject, was guarded against by simply laying a balk, 66 feet long, from pier to pierabout the mid height of the structure, which, with a temporary hand-rail, served as a bridge for the men engaged on the work. The girders were erected by means of a crane, with a jib reaching half the span, mounted on a suitable frame and wheels. On the completion of the first pier, the girders were one by one placed ‘insitu ’ from the abutments. The road was then made good over the first span, and the cranemoved to the first pier, when the girders were deposited for the second span, over which the road was then laid; and thisprocess was continued until theviaduct was completed. The first stone was laid on the 22nd of July, 1863; but, owing to difficulties inseparable from such a work in such a sitnation, principally to the impossibility of getting the material on Downloaded by [ University of Sussex] on [19/09/16]. Copyright © ICE Publishing, all rights reserved.


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Y lords, there were in the court of King Mark four barons the basest of men, who hated Tristan with a hard hate, for his greatness and for the tender love the King bore him. And well I know their names: Andret, Guenelon, Gondoïne and Denoalen. They knew that the King had intent to grow old childless and to leave his land to Tristan; and their envy swelled and by lies they angered the chief men of Cornwall against Tristan. They said: "There have been too many marvels in this man's life. It was marvel enough that he beat the Morholt, but by what sorcery did he try the sea alone


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206 to England. At this time the mighty king Grimoald died, after having made sure the limits of his realm, and broken the dukes' power, in the ninth year of his reign (671). His eldest son Romuald took his place in the dukedom of Benevento, while the young boy Garibald, his son by Aripert's daughter, inherited the royal crown.

By this time Perctarit returned from his exile and dethroned his nephew Garibald with the help of his numerous followers; he and his dynasty now held the throne for more than 40 years consecutively. He made his son Cunincpert co-regent (680) and entered into friendly terms with Romuald of Benevento, whose son, the younger Grimoald, married Perctarit's daughter. In the south as well as in the north-west Catholicism gained exclusive power, and in Benevento and Pavia many foundations of cloisters spoke of a growing piety, shewn especially by the two princesses. Numerous Lombard bishops had already assisted at the Roman synod of 680; on the other hand the Three Chapters Schism lasted on in Austrasia, on the east border of the Adda, in contrast to Neustria westwards, where royalty had taken root more decidedly. The duke Alahis of Tridentum, who had extended his territory northward in the direction of the Bavarians, was too strong for Perctarit and even added the dukedom of Brescia to his own. After Perctarit's death he also occupied Pavia, drove King Cunincpert to a refuge on an isle in the Lake of Como and acted as king, acknowledged by the greater part of the north of Italy. But passing for a heretic and acting recklessly against the Church, he made an enemy of the hierarchy, and Cunincpert was soon able to return to Pavia, protected by their adherents. Between Neustria and Austria on the field of Coronate a battle was fought between them; Alahis fell, and a great part of his followers perished in the flood of the Adda. This was at once a victory of kingdom over dukedom, and orthodoxy over the Three Chapters Schism. An insurrection in Friuli was also subdued; at a synod that had been convoked at the king's request in Pavia (698 ?) even those bishops of Austrasia who were still schismatic acknowledged the fifth and sixth oecumenical councils, and thus the unity of Catholic faith was established in Lombard Italy. The only lasting effect of this schism was the division of the patriarchate of Aquileia between the bishops of Grado and of Old-Aquileia, following the civil boundaries between Lombards and Romans. Even before the Roman Church triumphed throughout the whole Lombard realm, after the Emperor Constans' attempt to reconquer what he had lost had failed, and the Bavarian dynasty's traditional policy of peace had replaced Grimoald's belligerent policy — even at that time definite peace had been made between the Empire and the Lombards, thereby placing the Lombard State amid the States which were officially acknowledged by the respublica. The acknowledgment of the status quo, the limits, which had been fixed by a hundred years of war, formed the basis of peace; and the Lombards renounced any further policy of conquest. This peace


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 at the point of death, or which of us, my lords, could voyage without mast or sail? They say that warlocks can. It was sure a warlock feat, and that is a warlock harp of his pours poison daily into the King's heart. See how he has bent that heart by power and chain of sorcery! He will be king yet, my lords, and you will hold your lands of a wizard."

They brought over the greater part of the barons and these pressed King Mark to take to wife some king's daughter who should give him an heir, or else they threatened to return each man into his keep and wage him war. But the King turned against them and swore in his heart that so long as his dear nephew lived no king's daughter should come to his bed. Then in his turn did Tristan (in his shame to be thought to serve for hire) threaten that if the King did not yield to his barons, he would


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 himself go over sea serve some great king. At this, King Mark made a term with his barons and gave them forty days to hear his decision.

On the appointed day he waited alone in his chamber and sadly mused: "Where shall I find a king's daughter so fair and yet so distant that I may feign to wish her my wife?"

Just then by his window that looked upon the sea two building swallows came in quarrelling together. Then, startled, they flew out, but had let fall from their beaks a woman's hair, long and fine, and shining like a beam of light.

King Mark took it, and called his barons and Tristan and said:

"To please you, lords, I will take a wife; but you must seek her whom I have chosen."

"Fair lord, we wish it all," they said, "and who may she be?"


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 "Why," said he, "she whose hair this is; nor will I take another."

"And whence, lord King, comes this Hair of Gold; who brought it and from what land?"

"It comes, my lords, from the Lady with the Hair of Gold, the swallows brought it me. They know from what country it came."

Then the barons saw themselves mocked and cheated, and they turned with sneers to Tristan, for they thought him to have counselled the trick. But Tristan, when he had looked on the Hair of Gold, remembered Iseult the Fair and smiled and said this:

"King Mark, can you not see that the doubts of these lords shame me? You have designed in vain. I will go seek the Lady with the Hair of Gold. The search is perilous: never the less, my uncle, I would once more put my


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 body and my life into peril for you; and that your barons may know I love you loyally, I take this oath, to die on the adventure or to bring back to this castle of Tintagel the Queen with that fair hair."

He fitted out a great ship and loaded it with corn and wine, with honey and all manner of good things; he manned it with Gorvenal and a hundred young knights of high birth, chosen among the bravest, and he clothed them in coats of home-spun and in hair cloth so that they seemed merchants only: but under the deck he hid rich cloth of gold and scarlet as for a great king's messengers.

When the ship had taken the sea the helmsman asked him:

"Lord, to what land shall I steer?"

"Sir," said he, "steer for Ireland, straight for Whitehaven harbour."


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 At first Tristan made believe to the men of Whitehaven that his friends were merchants of England come peacefully to barter; but as these strange merchants passed the day in the useless games of draughts and chess, and seemed to know dice better than the bargain price of corn, Tristan feared discovery and knew not how to pursue his quest.

Now it chanced once upon the break of day that he heard a cry so terrible that one would have called it a demon's cry; nor had he ever heard a brute bellow in such wise, so awful and strange it seemed. He called a woman who passed by the harbour, and said:

"Tell me, lady, whence comes that voice I have heard, and hide me nothing."

"My lord," said she, "I will tell you truly. It is the roar of a dragon the most terrible and dauntless upon earth. Daily it leaves its den and stands at one


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 of the gates of the city: Nor can any come out or go in till a maiden has been given up to it; and when it has her in its claws it devours her."

"Lady," said Tristan, "make no mock of me, but tell me straight: Can a man born of woman kill this thing?"

"Fair sir, and gentle," she said, "I cannot say; but this is sure: Twenty knights and tried have run the venture, because the King of Ireland has published it that he will give his daughter, Iseult the Fair, to whomsoever shall kill the beast; but it has devoured them all."

Tristan left the woman and returning to his ship armed himself in secret, and it was a fine sight to see so noble a charger and so good a knight come out from such a merchant-hull: but the haven was empty of folk, for the dawn had barely broken and none saw him as he rode to the gate. And hardly had


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 he passed it, when he met suddenly five men at full gallop flying towards the town. Tristan seized one by his hair, as he passed, and dragged him over his mount's crupper and held him fast:

"God save you, my lord," said he, "and whence does the dragon come?" And when the other had shown him by what road, he let him go.

As the monster neared, he showed the head of a bear and red eyes like coals of fire and hairy tufted ears; lion's claws, a serpent's tail, and a griffin's body.

Tristan charged his horse at him so strongly that, though the beast's mane stood with fright yet he drove at the dragon: his lance struck its scales and shivered. Then Tristan drew his sword and struck at the dragon's head, but he did not so much as cut the hide. The beast felt the blow: with its claws he dragged at the shield and broke it from


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 the arm; then, his breast unshielded, Tristan used the sword again and struck so strongly that the air rang all round about: but in vain, for he could not wound and meanwhile the dragon vomited from his nostrils two streams of loathsome flames, and Tristan's helm blackened like a cinder and his horse stumbled and fell down and died; but Tristan standing on his feet thrust his sword right into the beast's jaws, and split its heart in two.

Then he cut out the tongue and put it into his hose, but as the poison came against his flesh the hero fainted and fell in the high grass that bordered the marsh around.

Now the man he had stopped in flight was the Seneschal of Ireland and he desired Iseult the Fair: and though he was a coward, he had dared so far as to return with his companions secretly, and


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Page:On the Influence of Carbonic Acid in the Air upon the Temperature of the Ground.pdf/39

274 opinion that a change in the transparency of the atmosphere would possibly give the desired effect. According to his calculations, "a lowering of this transparency would effect a lowering of the temperature on the whole earth, slight in the equatorial regions, and increasing with the latitude into the 70th parallel, nearer the poles again a little less. Further, this lowering would, in non-tropical regions, be less on the continents than on the ocean and would diminish the annual variations of the temperature. This diminution of the air's transparency ought chiefly to be attributed to a greater quantity of aqueous vapour in the air, which would cause not only a direct cooling but also copious precipitation of water and snow on the continents. The origin of this greater quantity of water-vapour is not easy to explain." De Marchi has arrived at wholly other results than myself, because he has not sufficiently considered the important quality of selective absorption which is possessed by aqueous vapour. And, further, he has forgotten that if aqueous vapour is supplied to the atmosphere, it will be condensed till the former condition is reached, if no other change has taken place. As we have seen, the mean relative humidity between the 40th and 60th parallels on the northern hemisphere is 76 per cent. If, then, the mean temperature sank from its actual value +5.3 by 4°–5° C., i. e. to +1.3 or +0.3, and the aqueous vapour remained in the air, the relative humidity would increase to 101 or 105 per cent. This is of course impossible, for the relative humidity cannot exceed 100 per cent. in the free air. A fortiori it is impossible to assume that the absolute humidity could have been greater than now in the glacial epoch.

As the hypothesis of Croll still seems to enjoy a certain favour with English geologists, it may not be without interest to cite the utterance of De Marchi on this theory, which he, in accordance with its importance, has examined more in detail than the others. He says, and I entirely agree with him on this point: – "Now I think I may conclude that from the point of view of climatology or meteorology, in the present state of these sciences, the hypothesis of Croll seems to be wholly untenable as well in its principles as in its consequences".

It seems that the great advantage which Croll's hypothesis promised to geologists, viz. of giving them a natural chronology, predisposed them in favour of its acceptance. But this circumstance, which at first appeared advantageous, seems with the advance of investigation rather to militate


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 he found the dragon dead; so he cut off its head and bore it to the King, and claimed the great reward.

The King could credit his prowess but hardly, yet wished justice done and summoned his vassals to court, so that there, before the Barony assembled, the seneschal should furnish proof of his victory won.

When Iseult the Fair heard that she was to be given to this coward first she laughed long, and then she wailed. But on the morrow, doubting some trick, she took with her Perinis her squire and Brangien her maid, and all three rode unbeknownst towards the dragon's lair: and Iseult saw such a trail on the road as made her wonder—for the hoofs that made it had never been shod in her land. Then she came on the dragon, headless, and a dead horse beside him: nor was the horse harnessed in the fashion of Ireland. Some foreign man had slain the beast,


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 but they knew not whether he still lived or no.

They sought him long, Iseult and Perinis and Brangien together, till at last Brangien saw the helm glittering in the marshy grass: and Tristan still breathed. Perinis put him on his horse and bore him secretly to the women's rooms. There Iseult told her mother the tale and left the hero with her, and as the Queen unharnessed him, the dragon's tongue fell from his boot of steel. Then, the Queen of Ireland revived him by the virtue of an herb and said:

"Stranger, I know you for the true slayer of the dragon: but our seneschal, a felon, cut off its head and claims my daughter Iseult for his wage; will you be ready two days hence to give him the lie in battle?"

"Queen," said he, "the time is short, but you, I think, can cure me in two days. Upon the dragon I conquered


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 Iseult, and on the seneschal perhaps I shall reconquer her."

Then the Queen brewed him strong brews, and on the morrow Iseult the Fair got him ready a bath and anointed him with a balm her mother had conjured, and as he looked at her he thought, "So I have found the Queen of the Hair of Gold," and he smiled as he thought it. But Iseult, noting it, thought, "Why does he smile, or what have I neglected of the things due to a guest? He smiles to think I have forgotten to burnish his armour."

She went and drew the sword from its rich sheath, but when she saw the splinter gone and the gap in the edge she thought of the Morholt's head. She balanced a moment in doubt, then she went to where she kept the steel she had found in the skull and she put it to the sword, and it fitted so that the join was hardly seen.


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 She ran to where Tristan lay wounded, and with the sword above him she cried:

"You are that Tristan of the Lyonesse, who killed the Morholt, my mother' [sic] brother, and now you shall die in your turn."

Tristan strained to ward the blow, but he was too weak; his wit, however, stood firm in spite of evil and he said:

"So be it, let me die: but to save yourself long memories, listen awhile. King's daughter, my life is not only in your power but is yours of right. My life is yours because you have twice returned it me. Once, long ago: for I was the wounded harper whom you healed of the poison of the Morholt's shaft. Nor repent the healing: were not these wounds had in fair fight? Did I kill the Morholt by treason? Had he not defied me and was I not held to the defence of my body? And now this


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 second time also you have saved me. It was for you I fought the beast

"But let us leave these things. I would but show you how my life is your own. Then if you kill me of right for the glory of it, you may ponder for long years, praising yourself that you killed a wounded guest who had wagered his life in your gaining."

Iseult replied: "I hear strange words. Why should he that killed the Morholt seek me also, his niece? Doubtless because the Morholt came for a tribute of maidens from Cornwall, so you came to boast returning that you had brought back the maiden who was nearest to him, to Cornwall, a slave."

"King's daughter," said Tristan, "No One day two swallows flew, and flew to Tintagel and bore one hair out of all your hairs of gold, and I thought they brought me good will and peace, so I came to find you over-seas. See


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 here, amid the threads of gold upon my coat your hair is sown: the threads are tarnished, but your bright hair still shines."

Iseult put down the sword and taking up the Coat of Arms she saw upon it the Hair of Gold and was silent a long space, till she kissed him on the lips to prove peace, and she put rich garments over him.

On the day of the barons' assembly, Tristan sent Perinis privily to his ship to summon his companions that they should come to court adorned as befitted the envoys of a great king.

One by one the hundred knights passed into the hall where all the barons of Ireland stood, they entered in silence and sat all in rank together: on their scarlet and purple the gems gleamed.

When the King had taken his throne, the seneschal arose to prove by witness and by arms that he had slain the dragon


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 and that so Iseult was won. Then Iseult bowed to her father and said:

"King, I have here a man who challenges your seneschal for lies and felony. Promise that you will pardon this man all his past deeds, who stands to prove that he and none other slew the dragon, and grant him forgiveness and your peace."

The King said, "I grant it." But Iseult said, "Father, first give me the kiss of peace and forgiveness, as a sign that you will give him the same."

Then she found Tristan and led him before the Barony. And as he came the hundred knights rose all together, and crossed their arms upon their breasts and bowed, so the Irish knew that he was their lord.

But among the Irish many knew him again and cried, "Tristan of Lyonesse that slew the Morholt!" They drew


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 their swords and clamoured for death. But Iseult cried: "King, kiss this man upon the lips as your oath was," and the King kissed him, and the clamour fell.

Then Tristan showed the dragon's tongue and offered the seneschal battle, but the seneschal looked at his face and dared not.

Then Tristan said:

"My lords, you have said it, and it is truth: I killed the Morholt. But I crossed the sea to offer you a good blood-fine, to ransom that deed and get me quit of it.

"I put my body in peril of death and rid you of the beast and have so conquered Iseult the Fair, and having conquered her I will bear her away on my ship.

"But that these lands of Cornwall and Ireland may know no more hatred,


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Page:Sid & Marty Krofft Television Productions v. McDonald's Corporation.pdf/4

 Anthony E. Liebig, Lillick, McHose & Charles, Los Angeles, Cal., argued for McDonald’s Corp. et al.

Melville B. Nimmer, Kaplan, Livingston, Goodwin, Berkowitz & Selvin, Bayard F. Berman and James P. Tierney, Beverly Hills, Cal., argued for Sid & Marty Krofft Television.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of California.

Before CARTER, GOODWIN, and SNEED, Circuit Judges.

JAMES M. CARTER, Circuit Judge:

This is a copyright infringement action. Plaintiffs Sid and Marty Krofft Television Productions, Inc., and Sid and Marty Krofft Productions, Inc. were awarded $50,000.00 in their action against defendants McDonald’s Corporation and Needham, Harper & Steers, Inc. Defendants were found to have infringed plaintiffs’ “H. R. Pufnstuf” children’s television show by the production of their “McDonaldland” television commercials.


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 but love only, learn that King Mark, my lord, will marry her. Here stand a hundred knights of high name, who all will swear with an oath upon the relics of the holy saints, that King Mark sends you by their embassy offer of peace and of brotherhood and goodwill; and that he would by your courtesy hold Iseult as his honoured wife, and that he would have all the men of Cornwall serve her as their Queen."

When the lords of Ireland heard this they acclaimed it, and the King also was content.

Then, since that treaty and alliance was to be made, the King her father took Iseult by the hand and asked of Tristan that he should take an oath; to wit that he would lead her loyally to his lord, and Tristan took that oath and swore it before the knights and the Barony of Ireland assembled. Then the King put Iseult's right hand into Tristan's right


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 hand, and Tristan held it for a space in token of seizin for the King of Cornwall.

So, for the love of King Mark, did Tristan conquer the Queen of the Hair of Gold.


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Page:Margaret Mead - Coming of age in Samoa; a psychological study of primitive youth for western civilisation.pdf/27

the last hundred years parents and teachers have ceased to take childhood and adolescence for granted. They have attempted to fit education to the needs of the child, rather than to press the child into an inflexible educational mould. To this new task they have been spurred by two forces, the growth of the science of psychology, and the difficulties and maladjustments of youth. Psychology suggested that much might be gained by a knowledge of the way in which children developed, of the stages through which they passed, of what the adult world might reasonably expect of the baby of two months or the child of two years. And the fulminations of the pulpit, the loudly voiced laments of the conservative social philosopher, the records of juvenile courts and social agencies all suggested that something must be done with the period which science had named adolescence. The spectacle of a younger generation diverging ever more widely from the standards and ideals of the past, cut adrift without the anchorage of the respected home standards or group religious values, terrified the cautious reactionary, tempted the radical propagandist to missionary crusades


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 Plaintiffs argue on appeal that the district court erred in awarding damages pursuant to 17 U.S.C. § 101(b). They contend that the court should have ordered an accounting of profits by defendants or, alternatively, should have awarded statutory “in lieu” damages.

Defendants cross-appeal. They contend that their television commercials did not infringe upon plaintiffs’ television series as a matter of law. To find infringement, they suggest, would abridge their first amendment rights. They also refute plaintiffs’ contentions as to damages.

We believe that the district court’s finding of infringement was not clearly erroneous, and see no merit to defendants’ first amendment claims. We find, however, that the district court was in error in awarding damages. We therefore affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand for further proceedings.

In 1968, Sid and Marty Krofft were approached by the NBC television network to create a children’s television program for exhibition on Saturday morning. The Kroffts spent the next year creating the H. R. Pufnstuf television show, which was introduced on NBC in September 1969. The series included several fanciful costumed characters, as well as a boy named Jimmy, who lived in a fantasyland called “Living Island,” which was inhabited by moving trees and talking books. The television series became extremely popular and generaed a line of H. R. Pufnstuf products and endorsements.

In early 1970, Marty Krofft, the President of both Krofft Television and Krofft Productions and producer of the show, was contacted by an executive from Needham, Harper & Steers, Inc., an advertising agency. He was told that Needham was attempting to get the advertising account of McDonald’s hamburger restaurant chain and wanted to base a proposed campaign to McDonald’s on the H. R. Pufnstuf characters. The executive wanted to know whether the Kroffts would be interested in working with Needham on a project of this type.

Needham and the Kroffts were in contact by telephone six or seven more times. By a letter dated August 31, 1970, Needham stated it was going forward with the idea of a McDonaldland advertising campaign based on the H. R. Pufnstuf series. It acknowledged the need to pay the Kroffts a fee for preparing artistic designs and engineering plans. Shortly thereafter, Marty Krofft telephoned Needham only to be told that the advertising campaign had been cancelled.

In fact, Needham had already been awarded McDonald’s advertising account and was proceeding with the McDonaldland project. Former employees of the Kroffts were hired to design and construct the costumes and sets for McDonaldland. Needham also hired the same voice expert who supplied all of the voices for the Pufnstuf characters to supply some of the voices for the McDonaldland characters. In January 1971, the first of the McDonaldland commercials was broadcast on network television. They continue to be broadcast.

Prior to the advent of the McDonaldland advertising campaign, plaintiffs had licensed the use of the H. R. Pufnstuf


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Page:Operation Crossroads 1946.pdf/81

 :ships. Gauge removal was closely monitored by radiological safety (radsafe) personnel.

Project Report: Reference C.9.209, Enclosure C.

Program III -- Wave Motion Oceanography

 * Agencies: Smithsonian Institution
 * U.S. Geodetic Survey
 * U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
 * Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

 * Operations: This program had 20 separate projects to measure and record wave motion and to study detonation effects in the area of Bikini Lagoon. Some instrumentation was placed on the bottom of the lagoon, some suspended in the water from target ships, and some on nearby islands.

 * Staffing: Program III personnel were from the Wave Motion and Oceanography group of the Instrumentation Division. Ninety-three personnel were assigned, 30 of whom were badged. Recorded exposures during the periods they were badged were all less than 0.5 R.

 * Removal of instrumentation from target ships, particularly after BAKER, exposed personnel to radioactivity on the ships. Removal of instrumentation from the lagoon bottom also exposed recovery personnel to some radiation after BAKER since the water in some areas of the lagoon was radioactive. However, recovery times apparently were relatively short and this minimized radiation exposure. Some islands were also contaminated after BAKER and instrument recovery there created exposure potential depending on recovery date and stay time.

Program IV -- Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves

 * Agencies: Los Alamos Laboratory
 * Army Air Forces (AAF)
 * Electronics Group
 * National Bureau of Standards (NBS)
 * Federal Communications Commission (FCC)

 * Operations: There were 18 separate projects in Program IV. Radars and radios, some operating at detonation time, were placed on selected islands at Enewetak, Kwajalein, Bikini, and on selected target ships. Television cameras were installed on B-17 drones and controllers. Two projects provided timing and firing signals for BAKER. Four projects measured electromagnetic properties from remote locations in Hawaii, Germany, Manila, Alaska, and the United States. One project telemetered air- and water pressure readings from target ships to receivers on Avery Island.

 * Staffing: Personnel from the Electronics Group of the Instrumentation Division accomplished all the projects in this program except for IV-9 through IV-13, which were done by Los Alamos Laboratory and the Army Air Forces.

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 human eye had seen before, mountains with lovely waters streaming down. Firs and pines and trees of various form, and beautiful flowers, adorned the heights. Ascending the river which poured itself into the bay, I was astonished at the cool shade, the crystal-clear water, the number of singing birds. It seemed as if I never could quit a spot so delightful—as if a thousand tongues would fail to describe it—as if the spell-bound hand would refuse to write."

Here were materials for Chateaubriands and Lamartines, yet, excepting the great national epic of Portugal, the influences of the new discoveries on literature as distinct from science were not very remarkable. It has been observed that Camoens, like Lucretius, gives us a picture of the water-spout; and no doubt his "cloud of woven vapour whirling round and round and sending down a thin tube to the sea" is at least as graphic as the Roman's "column reaching down from heaven to ocean." But, though Camoens tauntingly bids the learned "try to explain the wonderful things hidden from the world," the spirit of Lucretius was abroad. Before the poet's life closed (1579) Bacon was eighteen years of age; and that "experience," which against "so-called science" he had praised as "the sailor's only guide," was on its way


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Page:Hutcheson Macaulay Posnett - Comparative Literature (1886).djvu/405

 to be systematised. Independent inquiry readily sought an outlet in studies which at first wore the look of being unconnected with dogma; and, in spite of Bacon's imaginative style, the disciples of experience began to separate science from literature as if they possessed no bond in that imaginative element without which experience is a dead thing. Literature, too, just now becoming the toy of courts, without sorrow surrendered to science a study of Nature which would not only have limited the freedom of romance, but bred dissatisfaction with the scenic models of Theocritus and Vergil. It was through classical spectacles that the culture of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries preferred to see Nature; and it was just in their sentiments of Nature that classical literatures, as already explained, were weakest. Moreover, such sentiments of nature as classical literature had possessed were likely to be gravely misinterpreted by Christian imitators. The pastoral elegy of Modern Europe is a striking evidence of this misinterpretation. The essence of the Greek pastoral elegy is the contrast of man's individual life with Nature's apparent eternity—a melancholy sentiment becoming the lips of a modern materialist, but in the author of Lycidas, the poetic champion of a faith before which the material universe is but as dust and ashes compared with the soul of the veriest wretch who wears the form of man, almost grotesquely out of place. Why should Nature lament the escape of a divinity greater than herself from its clay prison? The Greek chorus in the social life of the Hebrews speaking the Puritanism of England in Samson Agonistes is not a stranger union of incongruities than the poet of individual immortality repeating the materialism of the Greek in lamentations for Edward King. Plainly the individualism of the sixteenth and seventeenth


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