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 of doing good, unless another is thrown over the mountain, or cast up from the river, and even his assistance is given with an apathy that is disgusting."

These ideas passed in his mind whilst he admired the dazzling petrifactions; but feeling himself very chilly, he wisely crept back to the entrance, and remained on the Beach till the old man appeared tolerably loaded.—"Here (said he) is some provisions, and I have related your accident to the steward; he will come here tomorrow, and you may be taken to the Castle if you like."

"Most certainly I shall like it (said Ferdinand) for many reasons." He then told him where he had been, and expressed his surprise, that he had not mentioned a place so replete with natural curiosities."

"To you indeed (answered he) I might have thought it would be interesting; but after once seeing it, I never went a second time, so it slipped my memory: I dare say there are a hundred such places about, but I never sought for any of them."


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 ] subsequently; but they never met again. Darboy left Rome when the Session was held, and returned home to his diocese. There he found everything in confusion, for the war against Prussia was declared. But he assembled his clergy at once, and commended them for refusing to be swayed by rumours which were necessarily unreliable, since those who spoke about the Council were not its members, while those who were its members had not the right to speak. If there had been diversities of opinion in the Council on certain questions, these diversities were concerned less with the intrinsic value of the questions than with the losses or gains which their discussion might involve. With these, and similar generalities, he dismissed them. Further discussion and conference was prevented by the Franco-Prussian War, but it is clear that Darboy took no steps whatever to coerce his priests into explicit confession of the new decree or to enquire into their individual convictions.

But it was evident that Rome was more than discontented with the Archbishop's indifference. It was desired that he should renew his assurances of personal belief, and exhibit some interest in the conversion of the reluctant. In February 1871 Bishop Maret wrote to the Archbishop of Paris to say that he had sent in his own submission in the previous November.

"I am glad to hear it," replied the Archbishop. "As for myself, separated from the world for five months by the siege of Paris, I have been unable to ascertain what was happening, or to correspond with my colleagues or with Rome. I have therefore done nothing; although I have given no one the right to doubt my opinions. Indeed the Pope knows them. He has my letter of

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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 "What a lifeless, inanimate lump!—(thought Ferdinand:) Yes, indeed, I shall be mighty glad to quit such a being, who has no more soul than the rock he inhabits."

The next day a well-looking, middle aged man appeared at the opening of the rock, and being invited, entered within it. He congratulated Ferdinand with kindness and respect on his miraculous escape from death, or at least broken limbs, and invited him to come and spend a few days at the Castle until he was able to travel.

Ferdinand accepted the offer, but was fearful he could not get there. "With my assistance, a good firm stick, and a little resting, I do not despair (said the steward) and the sooner you make the trial the better."—Ferdinand wanted but very few persuasions to a thing so agreeable to his inclinations as leaving his insensible companion; therefore, after returning his thanks, they parted with equal indifference, and taking the steward's arm he turned his back on the rock.


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 The distance to the Castle was about three miles, but it was through the woods on the side of the hills, and not very easy walking, which, with the weakness of Ferdinand, made it full three hours before they arrived at it. A bed was ordered to be got ready, and, as it was a luxury he had not enjoyed for some time, he soon fell asleep, and forgot all his cares. Whilst he enjoys a comfortable repose we will look back on his friends at Vienna.


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CHAP. V.

D'Alenberg, after leaving the Baron's, returned to his daughter, whom he found in tears, her head reclining on the shoulder of Louisa.—"My dear Theresa (said this tender father) have some compassion upon me; must the remnant of my days be embittered by seeing my child unhappy. I have already told you there exists a possibility that every wish of your heart may be gratified."

"No, my dear father, No (said she, raising her head) my happiness is beyond the reach of possibilities; but I trust despair will have


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 the same effects of making me composed and resigned, as if I could indulge a visionary hope. These tears will be the last you shall see me shed, not one sigh more shall give you pain; I have given too much indulgence to a fatal weakness which stole upon me insensibly, but now I throw it from my heart for ever. Your daughter never shall live to blush for her attachment to an insensible object; but she will admire the constancy of an unfortunate man, and imitate a character that rises upon her every hour. Yes, his fortitude, his discretion, his strict adherence to honour and rectitude of conduct, shall inspire me with equal courage, to bear the misfortunes of life without sinking under them, and teach me to respect your feelings by suppressing my own."

She rose, and kissing her father's hand.—"Do not look at me (said she) with such tender surprise; this is not a false heroism; you shall see what resolution and a sense of duty will enable me to perform."


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 294

18th July. It was not so much the basis of the Decree as the question of its opportuneness which made us hesitate. All the world knows this; and, for my own part, I said it in full Council. It seems, therefore, to me superfluous to affirm to-day that I accept the Decree. It would be even misleading; for it would give grounds to the suggestion that I withheld my adherence to the present time—which is false. Still, if the Holy Father wishes, for the sake of people in general, that such a declaration should be made, it is a formality to which I will unhesitatingly yield."

The Archbishop found it prudent to take this course. In March 1871, he sent to the Pope a statement of sincere assent to the Decree. He said that the War had prevented correspondence hitherto, and that his declaration might seem superfluous. But, as he hears that the Pope desires it, he hastens to gratify the wish. It was chiefly the question of opportuneness—he does not say entirely—which had prompted his opposition.

Pius IX. replied—but none too effusively. The Archbishop had been for years mistrusted and disliked in Rome, for the independence of his actions, his determination to govern his diocese himself, and his rejection of ultramontane convictions. It was scarcely to be expected that cordiality could exist in the very moment of his defeat. And his submission even now, was to say the least, somewhat curt. It stated the fact: no less, but no more. It is not the letter a man could write who believed himself to be the privileged recipient of a precious revelation of God's truth. It was the bare submission to a dictate which could not be avoided except by expulsion. The Pope replied that he was consoled by the Archbishop's sincere assent to the dogmatic definition of the Ecumenical Council of the


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 Mr. D'Alenberg was charmed with the behaviour of his daughter; but taking an opportunity, on her leaving him, of speaking to Louisa, she followed her friend to another apartment.

In the evening the Count and the two Barons paid a visit to the Ladies; every one expressed their regret at the sudden mandate which had taken their friend from Vienna, and every tongue was lavish in his praise. The Count seemed but half himself without Ferdinand, and could not reconcile it to his own feelings, that he submitted to let him go alone with only his brother's messenger.

Two days after the departure of Ferdinand, a messenger came to the Baron's from Mr. D'Alenberg, acquainting him with the arrival of the Countess Wolfran, and requested to see the Count immediately. He obeyed the summons. On being introduced to an apartment where that Gentleman waited to receive him, after saluting him, "I have been a witness (said he) to one of the most


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 ] Vatican. He trusts that the Archbishop will hasten to propound to his people what he professes himself to believe. With this, the Pope sends his apostolic benediction. Newman once accused Pusey of discharging an olive branch from a catapult; Pius IX. seems here to illustrate the art of conveying a rebuke through the instrumentality of a blessing. It is one of the ironies of this story that the letter was never received. These were the days of the Commune. The brave Archbishop, after exhibiting the most striking fortitude, was shot in prison. He never had the opportunity to read, or act upon, the Pope's advice. To his place, but not to his principles, succeeded Archbishop Guibert, who had so greatly assisted the aims of Pius IX. by recommending, in the Select Committee of Proposals, that the new doctrine should be introduced with the Council's deliberations. So the old order changed.

2. Dupanloup, Bishop of Orleans, voted against the doctrine on the 13th of July, and left for his diocese rather than be present at the Public Session when the dogma was decreed. He wrote a letter of submission on 18th February 1871. He says that he has been prevented from writing by the Franco-Prussian War. Hearing that His Holiness desires to know his attitude to the constitution of 18th July, he wishes to say that he has no difficulty in the matter.


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 interesting scenes you can possibly conceive, between two amiable and noble minded women. The indiscretion of Louisa, in marrying Count Wolfran without her parent's sanction, she has amply atoned for, not only by her subsequent sufferings, but by a generosity of conduct that highly exalts her.

You know the subject of the letter she wrote to the Countess, and her fixed determination never to avail herself of the Count's last declaration in her favour. The Countess, on the receipt of her letters, without communicating the contents to any one, set off post for Vienna, leaving her child to the care of a friend in the Convent.

She came directly to this house; the meeting was truly affecting, and the self-denying arguments on both sides, such as did honour to the goodness of their hearts.—Louisa held one that I thought was incontrovertible. "In resigning those rights (said she) which you wish me to assume, I forfeit nothing; claims which were never publicly made, nor


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 at any time allowed, from which I could derive but a trifling pecuniary advantage to myself only, which must subject me to the talk of the country, and drag me into public notice as an object of compassion for past injuries, and of curiosity for the claims and circumstances so mortifying, which I must adduce to prove my rights; advantages attained under all these considerations would be to me more humiliating than indigence if unnoticed.

Had the Count acknowledged me in the life time of my father, my duty, and regard for his honour, would certainly have made me act very differently, and then, my dear Countess, I should not have known the superior nobleness of your mind, so different from the jealousy and hatred a narrow and contracted heart would have felt towards an object who had, however innocently, interrupted her happiness.

Never, were I to live a thousand years, shall I forget your kind visit, and subsequent


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Page talk:W. E. B. Du Bois - The Gift of Black Folk.pdf/22

"& nbsp;"
@Koavf You wrote: "why arbitrarily remove _some_ non-breaking spaces prior to a short word like "New"?"

I apologize if I screwed anything up. I'm pretty new to the Wikis, and in the process of validating this page I removed nbsp, but didn't remove it from the "ref" tag as I don't totally understand how it works yet. Sorry. The page looked fine on preview and after my diff.

Clearly, though, those were intentional, when I thought they might be just transcription errors. I won't do this in the future, but if you could explain to me why you want nbsp in there, I would greatly appreciate it- I haven't seen it in any of the other works I've proofread or validated so far. Frankly I'm just confused. In return, I will donate $5 to the charity of your choice. Sincerely, FPTI (talk) 10:06, 12 March 2024 (UTC)

 * You didn't screw up anything. But my point was that there was another  at the beginning with " " that you didn't change, so it was unclear why you did some but not all. I think that a non-breaking space makes sense with a phrase like "New [place]" because it's not useful to have it split across two lines and the word "New" is short. And hey, you give to whatever source is doing the most good in the world, friend. Keep up the good work. <3 —Justin ( koavf ) ❤T☮C☺M☯ 10:09, 12 March 2024 (UTC)
 * $10 donated to Helen Keller International. I'm sorry for being a dunce, please forgive me... What's the point of using a non-breaking space rather than just a space? Like, what does that do, exactly? Sorry if it's obvious and I'm just missing it. FPTI (talk) 10:18, 12 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Please, you're too kind. A ensures that two pieces of text will not wrap across two lines. E.g. which of the following do you think makes for a better reading experience?:
 * Do not bring home 275dogs!
 * or
 * Do not bring home275 dogs!
 * In the latter example, I used a non-breaking space to ensure that the reader does not see "275" at the end of the line, keeping him in suspense until the subsequent line. When to use non-breaking spaces is a matter of personal judgement, but really common examples are things like numbers in measurements or titles with personal names, so  or , etc. Reasonable persons can disagree about when to use a non-breaking space, but I am inclined to use them when you have a proper noun with a short word, such as " " or " " or "  and while I would definitely use " , I would not use " " because that is way too long a string. I'm not aware of any guideline or policy on the usage of non-breaking spaces here, so it's left to the individual user to insert them. Thanks again for being so helpful and interested in learning. I wish I were as humble and industrious. —Justin ( koavf ) ❤T☮C☺M☯ 11:02, 12 March 2024 (UTC)


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 generosity: And will you deny the poor Louisa the heart-felt satisfaction of imitating, as well as she can, so bright an example?—But to do away every idea of any obligation to me, I own to you, my dear friends, that was I a parent, had I a child to inherit from the claims I might bring forward, then, I should feel it a duty to assert them; but to wrong the Countess, married in the face of the world, to disinherit a lawful heir, for such is your son; to throw the estates and titles into a very distant branch of the family, to the prejudice of his own child, merely for a temporary advantage to myself—never, never, can I think of it! And after all, what merit is there in giving up claims which the uncertainty of the law might long with-hold, and, perhaps, deny me at last for want of sufficient proofs."

"Those arguments of Louisa, which I think I have pretty exactly repeated," continued Mr. D'Alenberg, "seemed unanswerable; the Countess had only to oppose


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 what she termed justice and equity; the matter was at length referred to me, and both parties pledged themselves to abide by my determination; without hesitation I pronounced Louisa's conduct both just and proper, and that the Countess ought, without scruple, to act for her son according to the rights allowed her by the world.

"My opinion was decisive, and concluded the debate. Louisa has drawn up a short declaration in these words, to which myself and daughter have signed as witnesses, and to which you also are requested to put your signature.

"Louisa, the daughter of Claude Hautweitzer, thus publicly acknowledges Theodosia—to be the true and lawful wife of Frederic Count Wolfran; and as such entitled to all his estates and effects in right of her son, heir to the late Count Wolfran.—This declaration made before, and witnessed by, &c. &c."


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Rh Æsculus plantierensis, André, a supposed hybrid between Æsculus carnea and Æsculus Hippocastanum, will be mentioned under the former species. Æsculus versicolor, Dippel, a hybrid between Æsculus Pavia and Æsculus octandra, will be treated under the latter species.

The following key to the species in cultivation is based on the characters of the leaves and buds. In Plate 61 the leaves of all these species are shown; and in Plate 62 are represented the twigs and buds of six species, viz., Hippocastanum, carnea, indica, glabra, octandra, and californica:—

A. Leaflets sessile or nearly so; buds very viscid.
 * 1. Æsculus Hippocastanum.
 * Petioles glabrescent. Leaflets obtusely and irregularly serrate.
 * 2. Æsculus turbinata.
 * Petioles pubescent, especially towards their tips. Leaflets regularly and crenately serrate.

B. Leaflets stalked.
 * Buds viscid.
 * 3. Æsculus indica.
 * Leaflets finely and sharply serrate, pale beneath. Buds very viscid.
 * 4. Æsculus carnea.
 * Leaflets obtusely and irregularly serrate. Buds only slightly viscid, the brown scales having a dark-coloured margin.
 * 5. Æsculus californica.
 * Leaflets shallowly and crenately serrate, pale beneath. Buds viscid, glistening with white resin.
 * Buds not viscid.
 * 6. Æsculus parviflora.
 * Leaflets densely grey-tomentose beneath, finely serrate in margin. Buds minutely pubescent.
 * 7. Æsculus octandra.
 * Leaflets pubescent beneath, broadly lanceolate, shortly acuminate, with twenty or more pairs of nerves in the terminal leaflet; margin finely serrate but not usually ciliate. Petioles without jagged marginal ridges.
 * 8. Æsculus glabra.
 * Leaflets glabrous beneath, except for a slight pubescence along the midrib and tufts in the axils, long-acuminate, with about fifteen pairs of nerves in the terminal leaflet, finely serrate with ciliate tufts in the bases of the serrations. Petioles with smooth marginal ridges.
 * 9. Æsculus Pavia.
 * Leaflets slightly pubescent beneath, narrowly lanceolate, finely serrate but not ciliate in margin. Petioles flattened on the upper side, with marginal sharp ridges, usually jagged.

Rh


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Rh above the cotyledons the first pair of true leaves are produced, which are opposite, compound, digitately five-foliolate, and closely resemble the adult foliage except that they are smaller in size. Successive pairs of similar leaves follow on the stem, each pair being placed decussately with reference to the pair immediately below it.

The horse-chestnut sometimes produces a second crop of flowers in autumn, which appear in much smaller panicles than those of spring. This is due to the premature fall of the leaves in July or August, usually following an excessively dry season. The buds are stimulated to premature energy and put forth young leaf-shoots, which are terminated by flowers. This phenomenon, which is equivalent to an anticipation of the opening of the buds by several months, as they would normally open in the following spring, is frequently observed in the trees planted in the boulevards of Paris. In the dry season of 1884, a single tree at Kew produced small panicles of flowers in September, after previously shedding nearly all its leaves. In the following year it produced a few panicles of the ordinary size. At Hythe, near Southampton, a horse-chestnut is reported to have bloomed and fruited three times in 1868, once in spring, again after the rain which succeeded the long drought, and a third time in September.

In summer the common horse-chestnut is unmistakable. The only other species with large sessile leaflets, Æsculus turbinata, is easily distinguished by their regular crenate serration. In winter the twigs and buds show the following characters:—Twigs stout, brown, glabrous or minutely pubescent towards the tip; lenticels numerous. The large opposite leaf scars, flat on the twigs with no prominent cushion, are joined by a linear ridge, and vary in shape, the larger being obovate with seven bundle-dots, the smaller semicircular or crescentic with usually only five dots. Buds very viscid, larger than in the other cultivated species; the terminal much exceeding the lateral buds in size, occasionally absent, and replaced by the saddle-shaped scar of the previous year's inflorescence; scales imbricate, the external ones in four vertical ranks, rounded at the apex, glabrous, not ciliate, dark red-brown. The buds contain the next year's shoot in an advanced state of development, flowers being visible in them in October. The scales are morphologically equivalent to leaf-bases. In the interior of the bud, scales are observable with traces of leaf-blades, which gradually pass into the true leaves, visible in the upper part of the bud.

1. Var. flore pleno, Lemaire, ''Illust. Horticole'', 1855, ii. t. 50. A variety with double flowers, the pistil even in some cases becoming petaloid. Mr. A.M.


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Rh in the Caucasus. All the evidence goes to show that it is confined to northern Greece and Albania.

Heldreich states that the horse-chestnut was first found wild in Greece by Dr. Hawkins. In his own travels in Greece in 1897 he observed it in many stations, all lying in the lower fir region, between 3000 and 4000 feet altitude, where it grows in shaded moist gulleys, in company with alder, walnut, plane, ash, several oaks, Ostrya carpinifolia and Abies Apollinis. These stations, situated in remote uninhabited spots, establish the fact that the tree is really wild. Plants introduced into Greece by the Turks are always found in the neighbourhood of towns. Whether the tree was known to the ancient Greeks is doubtful.

The horse-chestnut was first mentioned by the Flemish doctor Quakleben, who was attached to the embassy of Archduke Ferdinand I. at Constantinople,—in a letter to Matthiolus in 1557. The latter received a fruit-bearing branch, and published the first description of the tree as Castanea equina, because the fruits were known to the Turks as At-Kastane (horse-chestnut), being useful as a drug for horses. suffering from broken wind or a cough.

The tree was introduced into western Europe from Constantinople, the first tree being raised by Clusius at Vienna from seeds sent by the Imperial Ambassador, D. Von Ungnad, in 1576. This tree quickly grew, and was mentioned by Clusius in 1601.

The horse-chestnut was introduced into France in 1615 by Bachelier, who brought the seeds from Constantinople. Gerard mentions it in his Herbal of 1579, p. 1254, as a tree growing "in Italy and sundry places of the eastern countries"; and in Johnson's edition of this work, published in 1633, the tree was stated to be growing in Tradescant's garden at South Lambeth. It was probably introduced into England about the same time as into France.

No tree is easier to raise from seed than the horse-chestnut. Its large fleshy fruit are so little hurt by frost and damp that they germinate freely where they fall, and do not seem to be eaten by mice like acorns and beech-mast.

Seeds which have been exposed all winter germinate more readily in spring than those which have been kept dry, and should be sown early and covered with about two inches of soil.

Though it is advised by French writers that the extremity of the radicle should be pinched off before sowing in order to prevent a strong tap-root from forming, as is done in the case of walnuts and chestnuts, I have not observed that they suffer from removal if this is not done; and if transplanted at one or at latest two years after sowing there are abundance of fibrous roots which make the tree an easy one


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Rh

So her companions showed beside

Her dazzling beauty’s winsome pride.

Than this fair damsel who shall find

A nobler face or gentler mind,

Or one who would more worship gain

Should she as Queen or Empress reign?

Beside her stood a valiant knight,

Who knew to choose his words aright

Whene’er he spake; well loved seemed he

Of her who bare him company.

Well skilled in feats of arms, his grace

Showed forth alike in form and face.

Then, Idleness came near to me,

Whose hand I took most willingly

To join the dance. Erewhile I’ve said

How fraught with grace and goodlihead

She was, and she ’twas raised the pin

That kept the wicket, and within

The close through her I entrance gained,

My trembling heart set free and fained.

HE last that lingers in my mind

Is Youth, to all but pleasure blind.

No more than twelve short years, I ween,

This innocent maiden yet had seen

Of good or ill, and looked to be

Still in her first simplicity.


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 a white of the same brilliance the critical flicker frequency is a function of saturation alone, so that colors possessing the same critical frequency will be of equal saturations. Since the spectral colors have radically different frequencies, with a minimum in the yellow at 575 mμ, it is necessary to add white to all except the latter to attain this equality. The per cents. of white (in terms of the total mixture) which were found necessary for the writer’s right eye are shown in.

Comparative Saturations of Spectral Colors

These figures are only tentative, as the sources of error in the experiment seem quite numerous. However, they indicate quite clearly that the differences in saturation of the spectral colors are of first order importance, so that it is highly improbable that the number of saturation steps from white is the same for them all. These conclusions appear to be corroborated by the relations of the spectral colors to white as represented on the color-mixture triangle (vide infra).

Westphal has determined stimuli, as nearly as possible homogeneous, for arousing the psychological primaries in the average normal observer. They are: for red, extreme visible long-wave end of the spectrum plus a small amount of blue or violet; for yellow, 574.5 mμ; for green, 505.5 mμ; and for blue, 478.5 mμ. It is interesting to note that three of these stimuli (for red, green and blue) correspond quite closely with the three fundamental physiological primaries determined by König and Dieterici.

Probably the most fundamental of all the psychophysical data relating to color are the three-color excitation curves, which represent

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. I am at a loss to know how you can say that. I side with him because he is right; I put myself in his place.

. Exactly! In his place.

. Yes, in his place—why not? I am sure that Pepe would remain to dinner unless some very important engagement took him away.

. No doubt it seems important to him, which is sufficient. Why does a broker have to be present at a reading of a zarzuela?

. I told you the author is a friend of mine and it is my idea, substantially. I know the manager. Great heaven, can't a man go to the theatre? I must have some relaxation after a long and tiring day. If I had had my way, I should have been an actor, and I might have written plays, too, if I had had time, which would not have been worse than other popular successes. I have plenty of ideas—original ideas—and I never make a mistake as to what will prove acceptable. One rehearsal is ample for me to judge. If I were a manager, I should make money, naturally.

. Who ever heard of such foolishness? All he thinks of is the theatre—a theatre.

. A theatre, a theatre! Yes, because the manager is a friend of mine.

. Pepe, I had no idea that you were so fond of the theatre.

. It is my hobby—as innocent a hobby, I suppose, as a man could well have. Don't you agree with me?

. All hobbies are innocent, although I must say I had supposed that you had some better reason for not remaining to dinner.

. You see that even father deserts you. The reading must be important if they want to have you at it.


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. I shall return immediately. I will ask my friends to postpone it until another day, or else go on without me. Unless I hurry, I shall be late… What is the matter? Don't make a scene. God knows nothing could be more unpleasant!

. [Aside to ] Yes, hurry as much as you can, you may slip away later. We shall not sit long at table, as I have an engagement myself. Better humor María Antonia.

. I shall be back directly—directly, I promise you.

. Suit yourself.

. Good-by, then. Now don't make up any stories about me.

. I shall not make up any stories.

. Isabel, make it all right with María Antonia. You know how it is…

. Of course, although if you are not coming back, I advise you to say so.

. No, I am coming—on my word of honor! Directly!

. Now you can tell us the truth. Isabel says that you are unhappy, that you are dissatisfied with your husband. How is that? Have you any ground for complaint?

. No, none whatever. I was joking with Isabel. It amuses me to see how fond Pepe has suddenly become of the theatre. Because his friend Castrojeriz, who is keeping some soprano or other, wants to exhibit his mistress in public and ruin himself as a manager, is no reason why Pepe should haunt the playhouse day and night. He isn't the prompter or leader of the orchestra. Now we have a steady stream of actors running to the house asking for recommendations, to say nothing of authors who want a good word said for their plays. Only yesterday, I re-


text: The Zoologist/3rd series, vol 1 (1877)/Issue 7/Ornithological Notes from Devon and Cornwall


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 to compel the human foot, naturally so beautiful, to resemble a hideous hoof. Here I saw the feet protected by a sandal carefully adapted to its purpose. This sandal might aptly be compared to a shoe with only a vestige of a heel, and having the upper leather cut away to below the instep. The sole consisted of a thin layer of some. highly elastic material, protected beneath by a harder substance, the latter not in one piece, but arranged in strips, so as to allow the foot to bend as freely as when unshod.

Over the shoulders was worn a sort of light scarf or mantilla, fastened in front, or over one shoulder, by a simple clasp of artistic design, the only article of jewellery that seemed to be worn. The scarf was worn of various hues, though of much fainter tones than the borders of the tunic, which were usually of some bright color, scarlet, blue, or pink. It was the girdle, however, that especially lent richness to the whole, by its brilliant color and elaborate embroidery.

The wearers of this costume displayed no other covering on their heads than their luxuriant masses of wavy hair, gathered into a graceful knot, with or without braids; or allowed to flow freely behind, confined, at most, by a ribbon. This fashion of allowing the hair to hang down was confined, as I afterwards learned, to maidens not betrothed. Matrons and betrothed maidens were, again, distinguished by other peculiarities in the arrangement of their hair. This was both prescribed by express law, and established by what is yet stronger,—the custom of immemorial ages. Coverings for the head were not worn except when gardening, or other outdoor exercise, ex-


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 posed them to sun or rain. When temporarily exposed to the sun, they would protect their heads by throwing over them a fold of the scarf.

This elegant, and to me novel, costume did not strike me with any great surprise. Even in the course of a lifetime feminine attire is, among us, subject to such extreme, and at times whimsical, changes, that we are not easily surprised by any vagary of fashion in the array of the fair sex. What did surprise me, however, was the information, that, with additions and changes of material for colder weather, this fashion had but slightly varied during hundreds of generations.

The male costume consisted of a short tunic, reaching not quite to the knee, and sandals. The latter were similar to those worn by the women, but of somewhat stronger make, and having the upper leather of a plain buff or brown, instead of red or yellow. These articles, tunic and sandals, with underclothing consisting of a thin woollen shirt and short drawers, constituted the entire summer clothing of the men. Neither hat nor glove was worn, except for actual protection against the rigor of the seasons.

The practice of keeping the head almost always uncovered seemed to have the best effect upon the covering provided by nature. Men wore their hair about as long as at present, but in no case could I detect any tendency to baldness. Even in those of advanced years, the hair, however white with age, clustered in thick, crisp locks. about their temples. A noble race, truly, they appeared to me, this people of the far-distant future, the men well made and vigorous, though somewhat sum-browned; the


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 ceived an applicant for the chorus, chaperoned by her mother…

. How exciting!

. She insisted upon the girl's singing the romanza from "The First Officer."

. If that was all, it was not so bad, though no doubt it was trying. You must remember that Pepe has seen very little of the world. His father brought him up very strictly; he was put to work when he was a mere boy. Naturally, he is interested in these light girlish frolics. An opportunity has offered to peep behind the scenes in a theatre—behind the scenes, just imagine it! And up to that time the boy had seen practically nothing. He was delighted, as was to be expected. A great many thoroughly respectable persons who have no connection with the theatre professionally, spend their time about the dressing-rooms and behind the scenes, studying the performances and observing what goes on at rehearsals. When we wish our own doctor, for example, we always send to the theatre for him, and his diagnoses have become purely theatric. If nothing is the matter, he says: "Pshaw! A performance will do you good to-morrow evening." If it is serious, he says: "This is too bad! I advise you to remain away from the opening." And our doctor is a sober and dignified man, a gentleman, and a fine physician.

. Do not exert yourself to convince me. I knew, of course, that you were going to side with Pepe.

. My point is that if you wish to prevent him from taking his relaxation away from home, and from you, sulking and complaining and making it thoroughly unpleasant is about the worst system you could adopt for the purpose.

. Your father is right about that.


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44

But gladness, joy, and gleesome play,

And only mirth and laughter sought,

Without one care or afterthought.

A lover had she, like in age

To her sweet self, and no more sage

Than she. The simple pair would kiss

From time to time, and nought amiss

They deemed it all the dance should see

When they embraced as lovingly

As cooing turtle-doves. The boy,

E’en as the girl, was nowise coy,

But was in artlessness for her

A fitting mate I dare aver.

Thus merrily this jovial throng

Disported them with dance and song,

And many another knight and dame,

Of gracious mien and goodly fame,

Soon joined them to the light-heart crew,

While through the air gay laughter flew.

HEN dance and dancers I had seen

To heart’s content, across the green

I turned to wander at mine ease

Beneath the burgeoning mulberry trees.


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 women beautiful and graceful beyond any of their distant ancestresses of the present. Their beauty arose, not from any mere regularity of feature: countenances as fair may even now be seen among us. But long ages of intellectual culture had imparted a character to their beauty that rendered it as superior to mere insipid perfection of feature as a living flower is to a waxen imitation. Many a fashionable belle may display hands and feet more diminutive than those I there saw, but certainly rarely so perfect in form, so graceful in movement. Could they but see for once the free, elastic step of those rationally shod dames and damsels of the future, they would cast aside forever the unsightly casings in which they now consent to torture and distort their feet.

So interesting to me was the observation of the features and costumes of this magnificent race, that we proceeded for some distance before I had eyes for any thing else, or found leisure for questioning my companion.

"How is it," I inquired at last, that we meet but one class of the population? These. I suppose, belong to the aristocracy of your city,—a noble and handsome race indeed. But where are the working-classes? For some time I have been looking around for a specimen, but in vain. All seem to belong to a superior class."

"We have no aristocracy," was the reply, "if by that you mean a class living in idleness by the toil of others. Nor have we any working-class, if you mean a class that spends its life in toil that leaves no leisure for their development as intellectual beings. Such as these you so greatly admire compose the only class among us. You may call them an aristocracy if by that you mean


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 a cultivated and ruling class, for such they are. You may also call them the working-class, for all support themselves by their own exertions."

"What!" I exclaimed. "That must imply Communism, or something like it."

"No: Communism, in the sense you mean, does not exist among us. Each is the owner of whatever property he acquires, whether by gift or his own exertions. But public opinion stigmatizes idleness as the meanest of vices, the fruitful parent of other vices, and of crime also. Now, it has been ascertained, by careful computation and by experiment, that if every able-bodied person in a community works between three and four hours every day, at some productive employment, the result will supply all with every necessary and comfort of life, with something to spare. Allowing other ten hours for sleep and refreshment, there remain still other ten for mental improvement, and such unproductive pursuits as individual taste may prefer.

"If any live in idleness, it is evident that others must toil to support them. Time-honored custom, therefore, requires that all children, whether boys or girls, shall acquire some handicraft. For the present, I must defer a full account of our social arrangements to some other occasion. I shall merely remark, that we consider the body as well as the mind to stand in need of due exercise to preserve it in sound condition. It has been found, that no physical exercise is so beneficial and pleasing as labor skilfully directed toward some definite object. All, therefore, whether possessing much or little, men and women, young and old, spend a certain number of hours each day


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 in some productive employment, and no more dream of having their work done by others than of having eating, sleeping, or digestion performed by deputy. In universal industry has been found a panacea for the worst of the evils that for long ages were the curse of society and the despair of legislators. Our labor, however, is not drudgery. A few steps will take us to a window where you may see and judge for yourself to what perfection machinery has been brought. We merely guide: the real work is performed by forces once allowed to go to waste."

Had I been one of that sex whose special delight is shopping, I should ere this, no doubt, have begun my observations on the shop-windows. But man has ever been to me of greater interest than things. What attention, therefore, I could spare from my companion's explanations, was directed to the persons that, by these very explanations, became objects of yet greater interest than before. Meanwhile we had been passing along, whither I had time neither to think nor inquire. As my companion ceased speaking, he brought me to a stand before a large window, formed, like the rest, of what appeared to be one immense sheet of plate-glass.

Within was displayed machinery, whose workmanship I could not help admiring, though I could form not the slightest idea of its purpose. My attention was first arrested by the fact, that those parts of the mechanism that now would be made of iron or steel appeared to be of polished silver. Glass, too, was employed to an extent that surprised me, considering the brittle nature of that material. In answer to my inquiry, I learned that


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 the laws of three-color mixture. Extant data on these relationships are due to Maxwell, Abney , and König and Dieterici , the results obtained by the first investigator, however, being at present of relatively little value. The remaining two investigations were made with quite different light sources and choices of reference points, but are capable of being reduced to a common denominator by appropriate calculations. This work has been carried out very painstakingly by Mr. E. A. Weaver of the present Committee, who finds that the two sets of data actually agree surprisingly closely, so that they may legitimately be averaged. The results, reduced to an equal energy spectrum and referred to average noon sunlight as an origin (in trilinear coördinates) are given in and.

. Elementary Color Excitations for Different Wave Lengths

(The ordinates correspond with the values listed under “Excitations” in .)

A detailed account of the method employed in the reduction of the two sets of data will be given in a separate publication, but may be outlined briefly here as follows. Abney’s luminosity curve values were first converted so as to refer to average noon sunligh

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. Are you jealous? Do you suspect that he is deceiving you?

. Suspect? Not at all; he is not deceiving me. I made up my mind before I married, exactly what I would do when the time came—and I proved it.

. It is foolish to make up one's mind in advance or to map out a course of action in life. We become wedded unconsciously to the attitude which we expect to assume, and the event often happens because we expected it. Never decide anything in advance. Life takes us by surprise, and determines the future without our advice, and life is always wise and always just. We may be deceived and betrayed, it may even seem that our lives have been wrecked completely, yet if we can truly say with a clear conscience that it was undeserved, we are happier by far than those who brought misfortune upon us. The only sorrow for which there is no consolation is the sorrow we have brought upon ourselves.

. She is perfectly right. Remember what she says. Gracious! It is time to dress. The guests will think that they are attending a funeral.

. No, it was foolish of me to complain. I was very silly. I ought to be—and I intend to be—happy.

. I see no reason why not.

. Why did you say anything to papa? I did not wish him to know.

. Am I closer to you than your own father?

. Certainly. You understand how I feel. A man's point of view is entirely different. A love-affair means so little in their lives, and they put so little heart in it, that they imagine that it means even less to us. But they are mistaken. I can understand how a great love, an irresistible passion, might sweep everything before it, until the


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 what seemed to me silver was, in reality, a peculiar variety of steel, coated with an extremely hard alloy of aluminum.

"Even in your day," said my informant, the ores of this metal were known to be more abundant than those of iron even. But, as none but expensive methods were known for extracting it from its ores, aluminum remained of slight practical importance. Since then processes have been discovered that render aluminum and other kindred metals as abundant as iron. On account of its lightness, and the slowness with which it tarnishes in the air, this metal is now preferred to iron for numberless purposes. Even when iron is employed, it is generally coated with this alloy, which preserves it from rust, and makes the use of machinery much cleanlier,—a matter of no slight importance, as machines are used for every purpose.

"That machine you see before you is a regulator, an indispensable article of household furniture. It supplies, or, rather, distributes, the motive-power required for any purpose to which machinery is applicable."

"But why is so much glass employed in these machines?" said I. "The mere vibration should be sufficient to utterly destroy it."

"Here is the explanation," he replied, and struck with all the power of his arm a heavy blow against the immense window-pane.

I started in consternation, expecting to see the splendid sheet of glass shattered, with all sorts of unpleasant consequences. The only result, however, was a dull, muffled sound, as if he had struck the side of a boiler.


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 Attracted by the sound, a pleasant, white-haired gentleman appeared in the door-way. Without a symptom of concern in regard to his costly window, he greeted my companion with a smile of recognition.

"I see, Utis,"—for so he addressed my friend,—"you, too, are interested by my window. The new system of packing works well. You notice there is scarcely any vibration."

After a few more words he retired; and my friend, seeing me still eying the window with astonishment, said, as be tapped the pane,—

"You might strike this with all the force you can put into a hammer. Dent it you possibly might, but shatter it you cannot."

"In the name of wonder!" exclaimed I, "what substance is this that appears to combine such incongruous properties? Is it glass, or iron?"

"This is malleable glass," was the reply, "perhaps the most useful invention of the last fifty centuries. Had a single man brought it to perfection, he would deservedly be reckoned among the chief benefactors of mankind. As it is, however, the name of the first inventor is unknown, or at least disputed; for this invaluable material is produced in its present perfection, only by the improvements slowly effected in the course of many ages.

"As now made, this material possesses most of the useful properties of a metal, combined with the important advantages of being transparent and practicably indestructible. We could spare almost any other of our inventions better than this. On the other side of the street is a range of buildings where nothing else is sold but ualin,


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 pain, the anxiety, and the humiliation of the woman might count as nothing and be forgotten—for this a man might have some excuse; but when he does not hesitate to give a woman pain merely to gratify a passing caprice, that is inexcusable; it shows exactly what men think of us.

. Has Pepe?…

. Yes, he has; and his unfaithfulness is more cowardly because it began at a time when of all others I was most deserving of his respect, if not as his wife, as the mother of his child. Who knows but that the horrible mortification of his cowardly, cruel behavior, may not have been the cause of our terrible sorrow? And all for a low, vulgar woman, who is the attraction which he finds in the theatre!

. Oh! So she is the one?

. Yes, and he thinks I suspect nothing. His friend, Castrojeriz, wheedles his money out of him to pay the expenses of his theatre. We shall be ruined and become public laughing-stocks at one and the same time, which I can never submit to, I promise you. I have not your patient disposition.

. My patient disposition?

. Yes, poor Isabel! You are like my own dear mother, as good and as patient as she. Life has had no secrets for me since I was a child. I was brought up alone with my father, or rather without him, for I seldom saw him at all. Nurses and servants did not hesitate to gossip when I was present, nor spare me the details of what they had heard. Aunt Rosario was the only person who really cared for me, and her affection consisted chiefly of an implacable hatred of my father. She was my mother's sister, so she could never forgive him. Her undying hate took no thought of my innocence, she never considered the harm which she did me by destroying my respect for my father,


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 as we call it, in its various applications. Our present civilization is founded to such an extent upon our possession of this material, that you cannot better begin your study of the one than by noting the manifold applications of the other."

Now that mention was made of crossing the street, I cast a look over the balustrade, and wondered how the crossing was to be effected. The surface of the street, I well saw, was occupied by four tracks. Upon the inner pair of these careered, at frequent intervals, vehicles of strange appearance, at a speed of ten or twelve miles an hour. To cross between these was evidently a matter of great risk, nor did I see any one attempting the passage. My guide solved the difficulty by simply leading me across one of the bridges already mentioned.

The arcades on this side presented as numerous a throng as those on the side we had just left. Here, too, the current of traffic showed a decided set toward the north. The windows of the various stores, which I now began to examine with more attention, displayed behind their glittering panes a vast array of objects, of whose names and uses I was as ignorant as a savage. One strange object after another met my view in such rapid succession that there was no time for asking questions.

Soon we had reached the place we were seeking. It would be useless to attempt a detailed description of the bewildering variety of crystal ware there displayed. The first store we visited was devoted to the sale of glass for floors and windows. There it lay, piled up in endless profusion,—plain, or curved, or curiously bent, colorless, or tinted in various hues; not tenderly packed in straw, but


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 heaped up much as we see tin or boiler-plate. Here I had the satisfaction of convincing myself, by actual experiment with a hammer, that I could not break even a thin piece of this malleable glass that was given me. I was able to beat it out of shape, but not to break it. In other stores I saw all sorts of culinary and other domestic utensils, all made of this glass. Elsewhere, again, were found baths, wardrobes, water-pipes, all kinds of ware, indeed, now usually made of wood, terra-cotta, or metal. In another place the chemical apparatus specially excited my interest. I had been somewhat of a dabbler in that science, but here I found my knowledge of small avail. I could not even guess at the uses of the great variety of articles displayed before my bewildered eyes. Some few instruments had, in some degree, preserved their present forms throughout the long series of intervening ages. But, with a sigh of humiliation, I felt within me that I belonged to the dark ages of the far past.

My friend took as much pleasure in explaining as I in questioning. Yet, as he remarked, many things are impossible of clear explanation to even the acutest intellect that lacks the requisite preliminary information. Science had taken immense strides, and many of them; and I had yet to acquire the rudiments of the new system of knowledge.

"It is about time to leave the city," said my companion, when we again found ourselves outdoors.

"My home is fully thirty miles ontside the city, and we most not be late for dinner. Punctuality. in even the minor affairs of life, is, with us, less a virtue than a mental habit."


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 Up to this moment, strange to say, I had given not a thought to my own dress. I had been too absorbed in observing that of others. But, at this most unexpected invitation to dinner, an alarming thought suggested itself. How was I to present myself before strangers, perhaps ladies, in the dressing-gown and slippers that formed my array before I left my chamber on this eventful journey? What a spectacle had I been presenting! With alarm I cast a hasty glance over my habiliments, and observed, for the first time, that the same influence that had translated me to a distant age had effected a corresponding alteration in my outward appearance. I found myself arrayed, as far as I could judge, in the prevailing style. of the period. It now occurred to me, that, among the great variety of glass-ware, I had noticed no mirrors, among us so important. On expressing my surprise, I was informed that the habits and costume of men were so simple that they rarely found occasion for such an article.

"But their wives and daughters?" I suggested.

He acknowledged, with a smile, that mirrors were in use among the fair sex.

"It is their privilege," said he, "to be beautiful, and, in some measure, a social obligation to keep themselves so. The arrangement of their hair, especially, though simple, requires the aid of a mirror. I understand, however, why you wish to see one; and, as it may put you more at your ease, I will take you to where you can view yourself at full length."

After a few moments' reflection, he bethought himself of a place where such articles were for sale, and took me there. Though of excellent quality, the glasses were


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AUTHOR’S PREFACE. in their physiological signification; and the diversity in the laws which it was necessary to assume in the development of a cell and a fibre, was also, only in a less degree, necessarily assumed between the different kinds of cells and the different sorts of fibres. Cells, fibres, &c. were therefore merely natural-history ideas, and no conclusion could be drawn from the mode of development of one kind of cell as to that of any other kind; and, in fact, no such deductions were made, although we were acquainted with some important points in the process of development of certain kinds of cells; for example, the blood-corpuscle (see p. 67 of this Treatise), and the ovum (see the Supplement, p. 217). Although the investigations quoted above determined the important fact of the non-vascular growth, they did not thereby effect any change in our views. The idea of proving the similarity of the principle of development for elementary particles which were physiologically different, by a comparison of animal cells with those of vegetables, was not contained in those researches, and with these, therefore, the investigators before mentioned might well come to a stand-still.

The discoveries of Schleiden made us more accurately acquainted with the process of development in the cells of plants. This process contained sufficient characteristic data to render a comparison of the animal cells in reference to a similar principle of development practicable. In this sense I compared the cells of cartilage and of the chorda dorsalis with vegetable cells, and found the most complete accordance. The discovery, upon which my inquiry was based, immediately lay in the perception of the principle contained in the proposition, that two elementary particles, physiologically different, may be developed in the same manner. For it follows, from the foregoing, that if we maintain the accordance of two kinds of cells in this sense, we are compelled to assume the same principle of development for all elementary particles, however dissimilar they may be, because the distinction between the other


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Rh

Laurels, lithe hazels, and dark pines.

Throughout the garden’s far confines.

And when the swaying dance was ended,

And, arms entwined, the partners wended

To seek soft couches ’neath the shade

That long lawn-kissing branches made,

Lord God! such jolly lives they led

As all must envy, by my head,

Who are not fools; for nought I ween

Is better than with one dear queen

To pass soft hours in tender love—

What more gives paradise above?

But straightway from the dance I went,

And o’er the lawn my footsteps bent

As fancy led, when suddenly

The God of Love, who followed me,

Signed to Sweet-Looks to bring his bow,

And shafts that ’longed thereto, and lo!

Without a word he claimed from him

The weapon fair, choosing the trim

And beauteous arrows from the ten

He held to serve his use, and then

Picked out the mighty God from thence

One of swift flight and great potence,

And, bow in hand, pursued me straight

Unseen; O God! how nearly fate

O’ertook me then.

But unaware

Of Love’s intent I wandered where

Green alleys led, the while that he,

Whereso I sped, still followed me.


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 generally of medium size. In one of the largest I surveyed my personal appearance in as serious earnest as ever did a young beauty arrayed for her first ball, or, indeed, as I myself had felt when about to—But that story has no business here.

Though not endowed with more than the average share of vanity that falls to my sex, I was certainly in some anxiety as to the appearance I presented in my novel garb. The inspection was satisfactory. Not only my clothing, but also my physique, had slightly changed, and for the better, so as to correspond with that of the new race among whom I found myself.

My somewhat prominent beak was toned down to a gentle aquiline. My eyes, for which I had lately been obliged to procure glasses, had recovered all the brightness of the days before they had been tried by much reading of poor print. They, as well as my hair, had also assumed a darker hue,—a tendency prevalent among the new race. My friend's surmise proved correct. This glance at the mirror had removed all uneasiness as to my personal appearance. Cheerfully I turned to announce my readiness to proceed, and remarked, for the first time, that a similar change had taken place in the well-known features of my companion. It might not unaptly be compared to the peculiar phonetic change that had softened to Utis Estai the name by which he had been known to me in that former life of mine.


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 and the faith which I had in his love. She even carried her resentment beyond the grave, and when she died she put into my hands my mother's letters, which she made me promise never to open until I had married myself.

. What was in those letters?

. They were terrible beyond words. My mother's life was torment and hell. When you see them, you will understand why I cannot confide in my father. So I open my heart to you, and cry my eyes out in bitterness when I realize that I have thrown myself away upon a contemptible cur, who, like all men, is a deceiver.

. Not like all men.

. Then let me believe that all men are like him, because I should be even more unhappy than I am if I thought that there was one who was not.

. Why? Are you keeping something back?… Are you trying to deceive me? This bitterness seems more like rebellion than regret, and I am frightened by it. I know that you loved another man before you did Pepe, you loved him with your whole soul… It may be, as you say, that life has never had any secrets from you since you were a child, yet perhaps you have never understood why you were obliged to give him up, perhaps you have never been able to forget…

. No, I understood. How could I help but understand? I accepted your reasons without question. It was not necessary for Enrique to go away in order to induce me to forget him.

. If that is true, you are in love with another man! He pursues, he torments you—and you struggle to defend yourself. Who is he? No, you need not tell me—I know who he is. His name has been too frequently upon your lips for me not to guess where the danger lies. But you cannot believe in his love! You could not be so false to yourself,


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AUTHOR’S PREFACE. particles and a cell differs only in degree from that which exists between two cells; so also the principle of development in the latter can only then be similar, when it repeats itself in the rest of the elementary particles. I therefore quickly asserted this position also, so soon as I was convinced of the accordance between the cells of cartilage and those of plants in this sense. It now became easy to accommodate the principle which I had laid down to the rest of the tissues, since the principle itself had already made me acquainted with the law of their development. Actual observation also completely confirmed the conclusion which had been drawn with respect to the rest of the tissues. It was not absolutely necessary that this principle should recur in the elementary particles of vascular tissues; for since no independent vitality of the elements, and therefore no diversity in the fundamental powers of growth, was assumed in their case, so, without prejudice to the principle, might they be subject to entirely different laws of development. But slight as was the probability at the commencement, that the principle could be carried out with respect to them, observation soon showed that vessels do not establish any essential difference in growth, but merely occasion some distinctions, which may be explained as the consequences of a more minute distribution of the nutrient fluid; of the change of material facilitated both by that means and by the circulation; and of a greater capacity of imbibition in the animal substance. Thus was the proposition firmly established by observation, that there is one common principle of development for the elementary particles of all organised bodies. It had already indeed been long known that all tissues were formed from a granulous mass; but that these granules bore some direct relation to the subsequent elementary particles, and what that relation might be was known in respect to but a few of the particles, and in them the mode of development appeared to differ so much, that unity neither


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46

No thought had I to stay or rest,

But roved north, south, and east and west,

Desiring leisurely to view

The close, and all that ’longed thereto.

I noted that from side to side

The garden was nigh broad as wide,

And every angle duly squared.

The careful planter had not spared

To set of every kind of tree

That beareth fruit some two or three.

Or more perchance, except some few

Of evil sort. Among them grew

Pomegranates filled with seeds and thick

Of skin, most wholesome for the sick;

Strange nut trees, which in season bore

Rich fragrant nutmegs, good for store,

And nowise cursed with nauseous taste,

But savouring well. Near by were placed

Almonds and gillyflower cloves,

Brought hither from hot Ind’s far groves,

Dates, figs, and liquorice which deals

Contentment while misease it heals,

And wholesome aniseed’s sweet spice,

And much-prized grains of paradise,

Nor must rare cinnamon be forgot,

Nor zedoary, which I wot

At end of great repasts men eat

In hope ’twill bring digestion meet.

Moreover in this garden rare

Grew many a tree familiar.

As cherry, pear and knotted quince,

’Neath which a tender tooth will wince.


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AUTHOR’S PREFACE. was nor could be recognised in it; for the conformity of the principle of development consists chiefly in the similar origin of these granules themselves, and this circumstance was not known, indeed the term granules or granulous mass was sometimes used to denote the entire cells, sometimes the nuclei, and sometimes granulous substances which form to a certain extent as chemical precipitates, and have no direct connexion with the elementary cells of organised bodies.

I communicated a preliminary review of the results gained, and which already comprehended most of the tissues, in the beginning of the year 1838, in Froriep’s ‘Notizen,’ Nos. 91, 103, and 112. The detailed description required a longer time; the first two portions of the present Treatise were placed before the Academy of Paris in August and December, 1838. J. Müller and Henle have already applied the theory to the most important pathological processes, and it now only requires to be extended to comparative anatomy, particularly amongst the lower animals.

At the conclusion of the Treatise I have attempted a theory of organisms, and for that purpose have excluded everything theoretical from the work itself, in order that facts might not be confused with hypothetical matter. The theory has at least this advantage, that by its aid any one may form a precise idea for himself of the organic processes, which may conduct to new researches; such a theory may therefore be of use, even if assumed to be decidedly false. It contains the principles of the organic phenomena, both of the healthy and diseased organism. It was my intention to have added an application of the theory to the several organic processes; but circumstances compelled me to bring the work to a conclusion. Perhaps at some future time I may find opportunity to fill up the deficiency.

Berlin, March 1839.


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 although in the bitterness of disillusionment you may feel that revenge is the only relief. You will not do it, because you believe in your mother and you believe in me. You have faith in us both—she is in heaven, and I am still here at your side. If you have read your mother's letters, you understand what my life is; we have both borne the same sorrows. Yours cannot be greater, so do not let your resignation be less… Dry your eyes; here comes Laura. She will see that we have been crying.

. My dear Isabel! María Antonia…

. How effective! Your new gown is most striking.

. Do you really like it? The taste of my maid. I have not had a moment to look in the glass. This has been a terrible day for me—seven hours spent in a coach, which I paid for myself, all for the love of my fellow man.

. Are you still so active in benevolent work? You belong to all the charitable societies.

. I am vice-president of two, secretary of three, and treasurer of four, which goes without saying. The most difficult assignments invariably fall to me. "As you have no family, Laura, no children to take care of"… "As you have nothing to occupy your time"… They forget that I have children on all sides of me, while the whole world is my family, and I feel responsible for them all. I console myself as best I may for the misfortune—or the crime—of remaining single.

. Gracious! In your case it has been neither a misfortune nor a crime. One home and one family were not enough for you; you have embraced a wider field.

. A vulgar misapprehension. I keep house myself; I am a model housekeeper. I need scarcely remind you of the demands society makes upon my time.

. No, you go everywhere; I admire you for it.


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. I am not narrow-minded like

. Like us, you were going to say?

. No, like most women. From the woman's point of view, home and family are of first importance, as is proper; on the other hand, it is not well to be excessively domestic. If I had married, I should have urged my husband on to glorious exploits, instead of intimidating and holding him back, as do most women, including yourselves.

. Including us?

. Yes, including you. A man of your father's ability and social position ought to amount to something; he should have had his fill by this time of being cabinet minister, or whatever it is that he would like most to be. Do you know what has always been lacking in your father's life? A woman.

. We had had a different idea.

. A woman who should be as unwomanly as possible. Exceptional men cannot be loved like ordinary men. Love watches beside genius as beside a sick bed, in silence and at a respectful distance, waiting until the patient calls, and is satisfied. To pester such a man with attentions or domestic trivialities is a crime, if you will pardon the suggestion. When I came in, I scented at once domestic discord in the air. You have both been crying.

. No, indeed—although memory brings tears to our eyes; we have no differences.

. You need not tell me. Was it serious? Has he had a letter? Or did your husband go out and neglect to tell you where he was going? Perhaps he stayed out too long. You have been quarrelling with your husband…

. In any event, my conscience will never reproach me with ruining a genius, however much I may quarrel with my husband.

. I was not thinking of your husband. Pepe is a


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Rh

Brown medlars, plums both black and white,

The Apples and chestnuts, peaches bright;

Sorb-apples, barberries, fruit of lote

And many more of lesser note.

And all around this pleasant close

Holly, and laurel, and holm arose

With yew and hornbeam, fit I trow

For flitting shaft, and speeding bow;

The cypress sad, and pines that sigh

To soft south breezes mournfully.

Beech, loved of squirrels, olive dark,

And graceful birch with silvery bark;

The shimmering aspen, maple tall,

And lofty ash that topped the wall,

The limber hazel, oak trees hoar,

But wherefore should I tell of more?

would your heart be ere

I numbered half that flourished there.

But this I say, such skilful art

Had planned the trees that each apart

Six fathoms stood, yet like a net

The interlacing branches met,

Through which no scorching rays could pass

To sear the sward, and thus the grass

Kept ever tender, fresh and green,

Beneath their cool and friendly screen.

Roebuck and deer strayed up and down

The mead, and troops of squirrels brown

The tree-boles scoured, while conies grey

Shot merrily in jocund play


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48

Around their burrows on the fresh

And fragrant greensward, void of mesh.

Within the glades sprang fountains clear:

No frog or newt e’er came anear

Their waters, but ’neath cooling shade

They gently sourded. Mirth had made

Therefrom small channelled brooks to fling

Their waves with pleasant murmuring

In tiny tides. Bright green and lush,

Around these sparkling streams, did push

The sweetest grass. There might one lie

Beside one’s love, luxuriously

As though ’twere bed of down. The earth.

Made pregnant by the streams, gave birth

To thymy herbage and gay flowers,

And when drear winter frowns and lowers

In spots less genial, ever here

Things bud and burgeon through the year.

The violet, sweet of scent and hue,

The periwinkle’s star of blue,

The golden kingcups burnished bright,

Mingled with pink-rimmed daisies white,

And varied flowers, blue, gold, and red,

The alleys, lawns and groves o’erspread,

As they by Nature’s craft had been

Enamelled deftly on the green,

And all around where’er I went

Fresh blooms cast forth scent.

Small need there is to fabulate

More fully of the fair estate

Of this most comely garden, lest

It wear your patience; nought expressed


text: The Hunterian Oration for 1829

title: The Hunterian Oration for 1829


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 nice boy, apt to learn; but that is all. Your father is an intelligent man; he has knowledge of the world, he has address…

. We realize it fully. All he lacks is inspiration, which I have been unable to supply.

. However, do not distress yourself. He has just been offered the direction of the new company in Paris, which, in fact, was his idea. It will control the world very shortly, because of the nature of its business, dominating the banks and consequently the politics and destinies of Europe; yet, instead of encouraging him to accept, you are in a panic for fear that, possibly, you may be obliged to move, to leave Spain.

. María Antonia and I are not ambitious. We are sufficiently well-to-do to be able to afford the luxury of remaining here at home among our friends, and the associations which have always been ours. Gonzalo has accepted the chairmanship for Madrid, and is entirely satisfied.

. Yes, why go to Paris? Do you wish us to separate?

. Oh, go along. Your father might find Pepe employment in some confidential capacity.

. My husband in Paris? No, thank you. His theatrical tastes have already been cultivated.

. Theatrical tastes? You surprise me.

. María Antonia is very silly.

. How absurd! I suppose you are jealous because your husband has attended the theatre once or twice, and one of your friends has had the bad taste to mention it. Ridiculous!

. Yes, I am ridiculous, I am jealous, and I am a woman! I should like to have my husband stay at home alone by me, and be satisfied. I have not the skill to make a Napoleon out of my husband, or a Bismarck, or any


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 population of 1,789, and heaps of sheep and a satisfactory budget." I can say nothing against them, and may possibly be forced to admit that for such a region, off Cape Horn, and with a population mainly of sheep, the Crown Colony system may be a Heaven-sent form of administration. But I think England would be wiser if she looked carefully at the West Indian group and recognised how like their conditions are to those of the West African group, for in their disastrous state of financial affairs you have an object lesson teaching what will be the fate of Crown Colonies in West Africa—Gambia, Sierra Leone, the Gold Coast and Lagos—if she will be not warned in time to alter the system at present employed for governing these possessions. It is an object lesson in miniature of what will otherwise be an infinitely greater drain on the resources of England, for West Africa is immensely larger, immensely more densely populated, and immensely more deadly in climate than the West Indies. For one Englishman killed by the West Indies West Africa will want ten; for every £1,000, £20,000—and all for what? Only for the sake of a system—a system intrinsically alien to all English ideals of government—a system that doddered along until Mr. Chamberlain expected it to work and then burst out all over in rows, and was found to be costing some 25 per cent. of the entire bulk of white trade with West Africa; a system that, let the land itself be ever so rich, can lead to nothing but heart-breaking failure.

Now I own the Crown Colony system looks well on paper. It consists of a Governor, appointed by the Colonial Office, supported by an Executive and Legislative Council (both nominated), and on the Gold Coast with two unofficial members in the legislative body. These Councils, as far as the

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treatise on 'Old Age,' which is thrown into the form of a dialogue, is said to have been suggested by the opening of Plato's 'Republic,' in which Cephalus touches so pleasantly on the enjoyments peculiar to that time of life. So far as light and graceful treatment of his subject goes, the Roman essayist at least does not fall short of his model. Montaigne said of it, that "it made one long to grow old;" but Montaigne was a Frenchman, and such sentiment was quite in his way. The dialogue, whether it produce this effect on many readers or not, is very pleasant reading: and when we remember that the author wrote it when he was exactly in his grand climacteric, and addressed it to his friend Atticus, who was within a year of the same age, we get that element of personal interest which makes all writings of the kind more attractive. The argument in defence of the paradox that it is a good thing to grow old, proceeds upon the only possible ground, the theory of compensations. It

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Rh becoming rather ciphers in society. This, in a condition of high civilisation, is really perhaps felt by most of us as the hardest to bear of all the ills to which old age is liable. We should not care so much about the younger generation rising up and making us look old, if we did not feel that they are "pushing us from our stools." Cato admits that he had heard some old men complain that "they were now neglected by those who had once courted their society," and he quotes a passage from the comic poet Cæcilius:—

But he dismisses the question briefly in his own case by observing with some complacency that he does not think his young friends find his company disagreeable—an assertion which Scipio and Lælius, who occasionally take part in the dialogue, are far too well bred to contradict. He remarks also, sensibly enough, that though some old persons are no doubt considered disagreeable company, this is in great measure their own fault that: testiness and ill-nature (qualities which, as he observes, do not usually improve with age) are always disagreeable, and that such persons attributed to their advancing years what was in truth the consequence of their unamiable tempers. It is not all wine which turns sour with age, nor yet all tempers; much depends on the original quality. The old Censor lays down some maxims which, like the preceding, have served as texts for a good many modern writers, and may be found expanded, diluted, or

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Rh is put into the mouth of Cato the Censor, who had died about a century before, and who is introduced as giving a kind of lecture on the subject to his young friends Scipio and Lælius, in his eighty-fourth year. He was certainly a remarkable example in his own case of its being possible to grow old gracefully and usefully, if, as he tells us, he was at that age still able to take part in the debates in the Senate, was busy collecting materials for the early history of Rome, had quite lately begun the study of Greek, could enjoy a country dinner-party, and had been thinking of taking lessons in playing on the lyre.

He states four reasons why old age is so commonly considered miserable. First, it unfits us for active employment; secondly, it weakens the bodily strength; thirdly, it deprives us of nearly all pleasures; fourthly and lastly, it is drawing near death. As to the first, the old senator argues very fairly that very much of the more important business of life is not only transacted by old men, but in point of fact, as is confessed by the very name and composition of the Roman Senate, it is thought safest to intrust it to the elders in the state. The pilot at the helm may not be able to climb the mast and run up and down the deck like the younger sailor, but he steers none the worse for being old. He quotes some well-known examples of this from Roman annals; examples which might be matched by obvious instances in modern English history. The defence which he makes of old age against the second charge—loss of muscular vigour—is rather more of the nature of special pleading. He says little more than

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142 that mere muscular strength, after all, is not much wanted for our happiness: that there are always comparative degrees of strength; and that an old man need no more make himself unhappy because he has not the strength of a young man, than the latter does because he has not the strength of a bull or an elephant. It was very well for the great wrestler Milo to be able to carry an ox round the arena on his shoulders; but, on the whole, a man does not often want to walk about with a bullock on his back. The old are said, too, to lose their memory. Cato thinks they can remember pretty well all that they care to remember. They are not apt to forget who owes them money; and "I never knew an old man forget," he says, "where he had buried his gold." Then as to the pleasures of the senses, which age undoubtedly diminishes our power of enjoying. "This," says Cato, "is really a privilege, not a deprivation; to be delivered from the yoke of such tyrants as our passions to feel that we have 'got our discharge' from such a warfare-is a blessing for which men ought rather to be grateful to their advancing years." And the respect and authority which is by general consent conceded to old age, is a pleasure more than equivalent to the vanished pleasures of youth.

There is one consideration which the author has not placed amongst his four chief disadvantages of growing old,—which, however, he did not forget, for he notices it incidentally in the dialogue,—the feeling that we are growing less agreeable to our friends, that our company is less sought after, and that we are, in short,

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 other genius now in fashion. When he goes out and stays later than he should, it is no consolation to me to think that he may be conquering new worlds or conducting experiments in navigation.

. Carmen and her husband with Luisa… Good evening, my dear! Luisita…

. Do not tell us that we are late. Ramón insists we are to blame.

. Obviously. A woman's toilette is inexhaustible: it takes three hours for them to dress—to no purpose. Now they are trying to persuade me to subscribe for seats at the theatre. But what is the use? If I wish to see a play or hear an opera, I must leave them at home. We are lucky to arrive in time for the second act if they go. Isn't it foolish to spend a fortune not being on time?

. Luisita, you are adorable this evening.

. Naturally—you heard papa; I have been three hours dressing. How he does love to exaggerate!

. Where is Gonzalo?

. He is almost ready. What do you hear from Enrique?

. Nothing; he never writes. I cannot understand what is the matter with that boy.

. [Aside to ] I am dreadfully worried; I must tell you about it later, Isabel. I don't want to disturb Ramón. You know what he is.

. Were you on the Exchange this afternoon?

. Yes, but there were no developments. It was unusually quiet.

. I must consult you about a plan which I am taking under consideration. It may be foolish


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 influence they have, are dead letters, and legislation is in the hands of the Governor. This is no evil in itself. You will get nothing done in tropical Africa except under the influence of individual men; but your West African Governor, though not controlled by the Councils within the colony, is controlled by a power outside the colony, namely the Colonial Office in London. Up to our own day the Colonial Office has been, except in the details of domestic colonial affairs, a dragchain on English development in Western Africa. It has not even been indifferent, but distinctly, deliberately adverse. In the year 1865 a Select Committee of the House of Commons inquired into and reported upon the state of British establishments on the western coast of Africa. "It was a strong Committee, and the report was brief and decided. Recognising that it is not possible to withdraw the British Government wholly or immediately from any settlements or engagements on the West African Coast, the Committee laid down that all further extension of territory or assumption of government, or new treaties offering any protection to native tribes, would be inexpedient, and that the object of our policy should be to encourage in the natives the exercise of those qualities which may render it possible for us more and more to transfer to them the administration of all the governments with a view to the ultimate withdrawal from all, except, perhaps, Sierra Leone."

Remember also this. This one in 1865 was not the first of those sort of fits the Colonial Office had in West African affairs. It was just as bad after the Battle of Katamansu in 1827, and had it not been for the English traders our honour

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 to the natives we had made treaties with would have been destroyed, and the Gold Coast lost whole and entire.

This policy of 1865 has remained the policy of the English Government towards West Africa up to 1894. In spite of it, the English have held on. Governor after Governor, who, as soon as he became acquainted with the nature of the region, has striven to rouse official apathy, has been held in, and his spirit of enterprise broken by official snubs, and has been taught that keeping quiet was what he was required to do. It broke many a man's heart to do it; but doing it worked no active evil on the colony under his control, the affairs of which financially prospered in the hands of the trading community so well, that not only had no West African colony any public debt, except Sierra Leone, which was a philanthropic station, but the Gold Coast, for example, had sufficient surplus to lend money to colonies in other parts of the world. But at last the time came when the aggression on Africa by the Continental powers fulfilled all the gloomy prophecies which the merchants of Liverpool had long been uttering; and one possession of ours in West Africa after another felt the effects of the activity of other nations and the apathy of our own. They would have felt it in vain, and have utterly succumbed to it, had it not been for two Englishmen. Sir George Taubman Goldie, who, when in West Africa on a voyage of exploration, recognised the possibilities of the Niger regions, and secured them for England in the face of great difficulties; and Mr. Chamberlain. Concerning Sir George Goldie's efforts in securing a most important section of West Africa for England, I shall have occasion to speak later. Concerning Mr. Chamberlain, I may as well speak now; but be it understood, both these men,

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144 strengthened, in the essays of Addison and Johnson, and in many of their followers of less repute. "I never could assent," says Cato, "to that ancient and much-bepraised proverb,—that 'you must become an old man early, if you wish to be an old man long.'" Yet it was a maxim which was very much acted upon by modern Englishmen a generation or two back. It was then thought almost a moral duty to retire into old age, and to assume all its disabilities as well as its privileges, after sixty years or even earlier. At present the world sides with Cato, and rushes perhaps into the other extreme; for any line at which old age now begins would be hard to trace either in dress or deportment. "We must resist old age, and fight against it as a disease." Strong words from the old Roman; but, undoubtedly, so long as we stop short of the attempt to affect juvenility, Cato is right. We should keep ourselves as young as possible. He speaks shrewd sense, again, when he says—"As I like to see a young man who has something old about him, so I like to see an old man in whom there remains something of the youth: and he who follows this maxim may become an old man in body, but never in heart." "What a blessing it is," says Southey, "to have a boy's heart!" Do we not all know these charming old people, to whom the young take almost as heartily as to their own equals in age, who are the favourite consultees in all amusements, the confidants in all troubles?

Cato is made to place a great part of his own enjoyment, in these latter years of his, in the cultivation of

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Rh

Could all the glorious beauty be

Of this most wondrous place by me,

And therefore stay from words’ increase

Thereon, and henceforth hold my peace.

Yet willing to explore each nook

And secret spot, my way I took

Hither and thither, left and right.

The God of Love still kept in sight

My every movement, even as he

Who tracks a quarry carefully

Seeks for the moment when his prey

Doth unawares his life betray.

So, wandering o'er this charmèd ground,

I lastly came to where I found

A fountain ’neath a glorious pine.

Ne’er since great Charles of Pepin’s line

Was born, hath mortal eye e’er scen,

In any garden as I ween,

A pine so tall, straight-grown, and fair.

And in a stone of marble rare,

Had Nature’s hand most deftly made

A fountain ’neath that pine tree’s shade.

And gazing on the side of it,

Beheld I small clear letters writ,

Which said: “Here fair Narcissus lay

And died, in tears dissolved away.”


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Rh his farm and garden (he had written, we must remember, a treatise 'De Re Rustica,'—a kind of Roman 'Book of the Farm,' which we have still remaining). He is enthusiastic in his description of the pleasures of a country gentleman's life, and, like a good farmer, as no doubt he was, becomes eloquent upon the grand subject of manures. Gardening is a pursuit which he holds in equal honour—that "purest of human pleasures," as Bacon calls it. On the subject of the country life generally he confesses an inclination to become garrulous—the one failing which he admits may be fairly laid to the charge of old age. The picture of the way of living of a Roman gentleman-farmer, as he draws it, must have presented a strong contrast with the artificial city-life of Rome.

"Where the master of the house is a good and careful manager, his wine-cellar, his oil-stores, his larder, are always well stocked; there is a fulness throughout the whole establishment; pigs, kids, lambs, poultry, milk, cheese, honey,—all are in abundance. The produce of the garden is always equal, as our country-folk say, to a double course. And all these good things acquire a second relish from the voluntary labours of fowling and the chase. What need to dwell upon the charm of the green fields, the well-ordered plantations, the beauty of the vineyards and olive-groves? In short, nothing can be more luxuriant in produce, or more delightful to the eye, than a well-cultivated estate; and, to the enjoyment of this, old age is so far from being any hindrance, that it rather invites and allures us to such pursuits." A. C. vol. ix.

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xx


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Rh A Table of the .vij. payres of cononants, eche payre of which may be compared to a brother and iter as to ayde, for that they are framed in the mouth in one elfe ort and maners and differ in nothing but that the one of eche hath an inwarde ound, as it were groning, ending with the breath thrut forth, and the other no ounde, but the breath onely: To exercie the learner in them euery way o as hath beene ayde for those former.

which perfitly knowne, with the others before, he may begin to reade in Gods name, as followeth. Rh


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146 He has no patience with what has been called the despondency of old age—the feeling, natural enough at that time of life, but not desirable to be encouraged, that there is no longer any room for hope or promise in the future which gives so much of its interest to the present. He will not listen to the poet when he says again—

The answer which he would make has been often put into other and more elaborate language, but has a simple grandeur of its own. "If any should ask the aged cultivator for whom he plants, let him not hesitate to make this reply,—'For the immortal gods, who, as they willed me to inherit these possessions from my forefathers, so would have me hand them on to those that shall come after.

The old Roman had not the horror of country society which so many civilised Englishmen either have or affect. "I like a talk," he says, "over a cup of wine." “Even when I am down at my Sabine estate, I daily make one at a party of my country neighbours, and we prolong our conversation very frequently far into the night." The words are put into Cato's mouth, but the voice is the well-known voice of Cicero. We find him here, as in his letters, persuading himself into the belief that the secret of happiness is to be found in the retirement of the country. And his genial and social nature beams through it all. We are reminded of his half-serious complaints to Atticus of his importunate visitors at Formiæ, the dinner-parties which he was, as

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ALTHOUGH plants present so great a variety of external form, yet they are no less remarkable for the simplicity of their internal structure. This extraordinary diversity in figure is produced solely by different modes of junction of simple elementary structures, which, though they present various modifications, are yet throughout essentially the same, namely, cells. The entire class of the Cellular plants consists only of cells; many of them are formed solely of homogeneous cells strung together, some of even a single cell. In like manner, the Vascular plants, in their earliest condition, consist merely of simple cells; and the pollen-granule, which, according to Schleiden’s discovery, is the basis of the new plant, is in its essential parts only a cell. In perfectly-developed vascular plants the structure is more complex, so that not long since, their elementary tissues were distinguished as cellular and fibrous tissue, and vessels or spiral-tubes. Researches on the structure, and particularly on the development of these tissues, have, however, shown that these fibres and spiral-tubes are but elongated cells, and the spiral-fibres only spiral-shaped depositions upon the internal surface of the cells. Thus the vascular plants consist likewise of cells, some of which only have advanced to a higher degree of development. The lactiferous vessels are the only structure not as yet reduced to cells; but further observations are required with respect to their development. According to Unger (Aphorismen zur Anatomie und Physiol. der Pflanzen,


text: The Universe (Baker)

title: The Universe (Baker)


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title: Page:Poems Cook.djvu/176


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 instead of to the carbon arc (as given), using Watson’s data for the energy distribution of the latter and Abbot’s data on that of the former (vide infra), The corresponding luminosity and percentage color excitation values were then combined as products to yield excitation values referred to sunlight, rendering them

Spectral Colors in Terms of Elementary Excitations

These values are for an equal energy spectrum. The relative magnitudes of the three elementary excitations have been chosen so that the curves for average noon sunlight have equal areas; that is, if the percentage values are plotted on a trilinear diagram, sunlight falls in the center. The absolute excitation values are based upon a convenient arbitrary unit. The percentage values are given for the red and violet only since those for the green can be found by subtracting the sum of the other two values from 100 in each case.

comparable in this respect with the values given by König and Dieterici. The respective trilinear representations of both sets of values then coincided, except for the positions of the elementary “green” excitations and the sides of the two triangles joining the green and the “violet” elementaries. Although the relation between the two green elementaries could not be determined directly, it

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