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 Rh  Religious Cautions againt hewing too much Favour to Batards; and a great Dicovery made by Mrs. Deborah Wilkins. p. 84.  The Decription of a dometic Government founded upon Rules directly contrary to those of Aritotle. p. 89.  Containing one of the mot bloody Battles, or rather Duels, that were ever recorded in Dometic Hitory. p. 97.  Containing much Matter to exercie the Judgment and Reflection of the Reader. p. 106.  The Trial of Partridge, the Schoolmater, for Incontinency; the Evidence of his Wife; A hort Reflection on the Widom of our Law; with other grave Matters, which thoe will like bet who undertand them mot. p. 117.


text:
Template:Tom Jones/toc chapter/continues

 Cha p.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text: The Further Side of Silence/At a Malayan Court


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By virtue of the power under the provisions of section 20 of the Epidemics of Livestock and Beasts of Burden Act, 2474 BE, the Minister of Economic Affairs issues the following Regulation:

In this Ministerial Regulation, save where the text indicates otherwise—

“Act” means the Epidemics of Livestock and Beasts of Burden Act, 2474 BE;

“designated” means designated by the Act or this Regulation.

There shall be veterinary officers in the localities where the Act is in operation, and in all the import ports, export ports, animal quarantines, train stations for loading and unloading of animals, and at the head-

title: Page:กม ร ๘ - ๒๔๗๗.pdf/17


text: The Further Side of Silence/L'Envoi

title: The Further Side of Silence/L'Envoi


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Page:On the influence of uneven temperature distribution on the propagation of sound.pdf/4

 the velocity of the particle along the axes of the coordinates passing, at a known time $$t$$, through the point $$A(x,y,z).$$ Pressure and density at the same point for the moment $$t$$ are denoted by $$p$$ and $$\rho$$.

We will also assume that the changes in gas densities occurring during oscillations in each individual points of the space are very small in relation to equilibrium density. A similar assumption for pressure is also assumed. As a result, letting

or in other words,

we assume $$s$$ and $$q$$ to be small quantities of the first order, on par with the values $$u,v,w$$ and therefore, we agree to discard in the equations any term containing the product of any pair of the these five quantities.

In addition, we will accept, as is usually done when deriving the basic equations of the theory of sound, that the oscillating gas is subject to the laws of Mariotte and Gay-Lussac, and that each particle of gas retains all its warmth. Mariotte and Gay-Lussac law for the moment $$t$$ is expressed by the equation

in which $$k$$ is the known constant; for the adiabatic process accompanying the vibration of particles, we will use the known equation

in which $$\gamma$$ represents the constant ratio of specific heats and $$h$$ is a constant quantity


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Page:Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society (IA journalofstra23241891roya).pdf/215

 SOME NOTES ON THE SAKAI DIALECTS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.

BY

HUGH CLIFFORD.

"For the purpose of disclosing to us the real character of language left to itself to follow its own laws, without let or hindrance, a study of Chinese and the Turanian dialects, a study even of the jargons of the savages of Africa, Polynesia and Melanesia is far more instructive than the most minute analysis of Sanskrit or Hebrew."

"On the Stratification of Languages."—.

HE present paper deals with some of the jargons referred to by Professor in the extract from the lecture above quoted, and as the dialects spoken by the largest Sakai tribes of the Peninsula have hitherto practically escaped observation, I trust that even the scanty data in my possession may prove of interest to the readers of this Journal. I do not propose to publish at the present time an exhaustive vocabulary of any of the dialects in question, as the material in my possession is not, in my opinion, sufficiently complete to render any publication that I could now make, of permanent value. I venture to think, however, that as during the last seven years I have visited many aboriginal tribes, and have collected vocabularies of their dialects in several parts of the Peninsula, many of the facts which I have ascertained, and the conclusions to which, in my opinion, these facts point, may be new and worthy of consideration by those who care for philological study. At some future date, when I have had further


text: Page:Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society (IA journalofstra23241891roya).pdf/232


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Rh today or in one context might have meant something else at the time of its adoption or might mean something different in another context. And we must be attuned to the possibility that a statutory phrase ordinarily bears a different meaning than the terms do when viewed individually or literally. To ferret out such shifts in linguistic usage or subtle distinctions between literal and ordinary meaning, this Court has sometimes consulted the understandings of the law’s drafters as some (not always conclusive) evidence. For example, in the context of the National Motor Vehicle Theft Act, this Court admitted that the term “vehicle” in 1931 could literally mean “a conveyance working on land, water or air.” McBoyle v. United States, 283 U. S. 25, 26 (1931). But given contextual clues and “everyday speech” at the time of the Act’s adoption in 1919, this Court concluded that “vehicles” in that statute included only things “moving on land,” not airplanes too. Ibid. Similarly, in New Prime, we held that, while the term “contracts of employment” today might seem to encompass only contracts with employees, at the time of the statute’s adoption the phrase was ordinarily understood to cover contracts with independent contractors as well. 586 U. S., at ___–___ (slip op., at 6–9). Cf. (, dissenting) (providing additional examples).

The employers, however, advocate nothing like that here. They do not seek to use historical sources to illustrate that the meaning of any of Title VII’s language has changed since 1964 or that the statute’s terms, whether viewed individually or as a whole, ordinarily carried some message we have missed. To the contrary, as we have seen, the employers agree with our understanding of all the statutory language—“discriminate against any individual ... because of such individual’s ... sex.” Nor do the competing dissents offer an alternative account about what these terms mean either when viewed individually or in the


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 quarters of the Department of Agriculture, as specified in Annex 1 to this Regulation.

A veterinary officer has the following duties:

to consider all applications for permission, to inspect animals, to conduct inquiries as to those applications for permission, to issue permits or deny permission, as well as to follow the provisions of this Regulation;

to immediately follow the order of the Commissioner of the Province which directs him to go to and inspect a locality, and to make a report to the Commissioner of the Province to which he belongs and notify the Commissioners or veterinary officers of the nearby provinces if an epidemic occurs, provided that the letter of notification shall indicate the boundaries of the regions where the epidemic occurs and where the epidemic is suspected to occur;

to advise the administrative competent authorities to give any orders directing animal owners to arrange for protection and treatment of animals, to arrange for buying and destroying of animals, and to perform all general actions designated for the prevention of the spread of an epidemic or for the suppression of such epidemic;

title: Page:กม ร ๘ - ๒๔๗๗.pdf/18


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Page:Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society (IA journalofstra23241891roya).pdf/231

 but not explained, any more than it can be told why in Malay words with an initial s form the verb by dropping that letter and substituting meny مڽا. In both Sakai and Malay it is pro- bable that euphony to the native ear is alone responsible for such rules. In Sakai the following are the phonetic changes which words adopted by the aborigines from Malay undergo, accord- ing to the original termination of the Malay word:—

(I) All Malay words split up into component syllables.

(II) A final vowel becomes that vowel in its abrupt (') form. Thus, luka, a wound, becomes in Sěn-oi lu-ka ' .

(III) Final m becomes final nasal pⁿ. The vowel in the last syllable sometimes changing from a to u. Thus, jeram, a rapid, becomes je rupⁿ.

(IV) Final ng becomes final nasal kⁿ. Thus, kuching, a cat, becomes ku-chikⁿ; cherang, a clearing, becomes cherakⁿ.

(V) Final ak, ek, ik, ok and uk in Malay, though silent in that language, are pronounced as they are written and not as they are pronounced by the Malays of the Peninsula.

The reason for rule (V) is apparent. The Malay sound of the finals written ak, ek, ik, ok and uk are already in use by the Sakai for another class of words adopted from the Malay, as will be seen by rule (II) above. As stated in rule (IV), kⁿ, the only other appropriate sound, is employed for words adopted from the Malay ending in ng. The only resource left to the Sakai is, therefore, to pronounce the k in order to distinguish between the final a, e, i, o or z, and the final ak, ek, ik, ok and uk, and this is accordingly done.

I have now written all that I think it advisable to publish at the present time, and finally I will briefly recapitulate the conclusions which, I think, are shewn to be probable, if not certain, from the evidence which I have submitted. Firstly, then, I hold that the Sakai all speak various dialects of a common tongue; secondly, that they are more ancient inhabitants of the Peninsula than are the Malays; and lastly, that the former have not derived any elementary roots from the Sakai.

15th September, 1891.


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Page:On the influence of uneven temperature distribution on the propagation of sound.pdf/5

 for each individual particle. Understanding $$h_0$$ to be value of $$h$$ for the moment $$t_0$$ and neglecting quantities of second order, we have from equations (2) and (4)

Let us agree to denote by the symbol $$D$$, the total differentiation with respect to time of any function that characterises the state of each gas particle, i.e., let us define

The adiabatic nature of the oscillations can then be expressed by the equation

In here, letting

and neglecting infinitesimal terms of higher order, we find

§ 2. Differential equations of small oscillations in unevenly heated air mass

Applying the basic formulas of hydrodynamics to the large fluctuations in the air mass and discarding very small terms of the second order, we have the equations

Substituting here the expressions p and p from (2) and again discarding second-order terms, we have


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Page:Bostock v. Clayton County (2020).pdf/30

26. Rather than suggesting that the statutory language bears some other meaning, the employers and dissents merely suggest that, because few in 1964 expected today’s result, we should not dare to admit that it follows ineluctably from the statutory text. When a new application emerges that is both unexpected and important, they would seemingly have us merely point out the question, refer the subject back to Congress, and decline to enforce the plain terms of the law in the meantime.

That is exactly the sort of reasoning this Court has long rejected. Admittedly, the employers take pains to couch their argument in terms of seeking to honor the statute’s “expected applications” rather than vindicate its “legislative intent.” But the concepts are closely related. One could easily contend that legislators only intended expected applications or that a statute’s purpose is limited to achieving applications foreseen at the time of enactment. However framed, the employer’s logic impermissibly seeks to displace the plain meaning of the law in favor of something lying beyond it.

If anything, the employers’ new framing may only add new problems. The employers assert that “no one” in 1964 or for some time after would have anticipated today’s result. But is that really true? Not long after the law’s passage, gay and transgender employees began filing Title VII complaints, so at least some people foresaw this potential application. See, e.g., Smith v. ''Liberty Mut. Ins. Co.'', 395 F. Supp. 1098, 1099 (ND Ga. 1975) (addressing claim from 1969); Holloway v. Arthur Andersen & Co., 566 F. 2d 659, 661 (CA9 1977) (addressing claim from 1974). And less than a decade after Title VII’s passage, during debates over the Equal Rights Amendment, others counseled that its language—which was strikingly similar to Title VII’s—might also protect homosexuals from discrimination. See, e.g., Note, The Legality of Homosexual Marriage, 82 Yale L. J. 573, 583–584 (1973).


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 to follow (2) and (3) when ordered by the Department of Agriculture to perform assisting duties in the area of another province, and to immediately go to render the assisting duties and make a report to the Commissioner of the Province to which he belongs in the event of emergency where he receives a note from a local administrative officer stating that an epidemic has occurred in the area of a nearby province and his assistance is requested.

There shall be regular inspectors in every subdistrict where the Act has been promulgated, and in the initial period, the chiefs of the said subdistricts shall serve as inspectors. The inspectors have the following duties:

title: Page:กม ร ๘ - ๒๔๗๗.pdf/19


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Page:The history of Tom Jones (1749 Volume 1).pdf/35

xxiv  Reaons for their Opinions, and other Matters. p. 178.  Containing a better Reaon till for the beforementioned Opinions. p. 187.  In which the Author himelf makes his Appearance on the Stage. p. 195.  A childih Incident, in which, however, is een a good-natured Dipoition in Tom Jones. p. 198.  Containing an Incident of a more heinous Kind, with the Comments of Thwackum and Square. p. 203.  In which Mater Blifil and Jones appear in different Lights. p. 208.


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Rh Why isn’t that enough to demonstrate that today’s result isn’t totally unexpected? How many people have to foresee the application for it to qualify as “expected”? Do we look only at the moment the statute was enacted, or do we allow some time for the implications of a new statute to be worked out? Should we consider the expectations of those who had no reason to give a particular application any thought or only those with reason to think about the question? How do we account for those who change their minds over time, after learning new facts or hearing a new argument? How specifically or generally should we frame the “application” at issue? None of these questions have obvious answers, and the employers don’t propose any.

One could also reasonably fear that objections about unexpected applications will not be deployed neutrally. Often lurking just behind such objections resides a cynicism that Congress could not possibly have meant to protect a disfavored group. Take this Court’s encounter with the Americans with Disabilities Act’s directive that no public entity can discriminate against any qualified individual with a disability. Pennsylvania Dept. of Corrections v. Yeskey, 524 U. S. 206, 208 (1998). Congress, of course, didn’t list every public entity the statute would apply to. And no one batted an eye at its application to, say, post offices. But when the statute was applied to prisons, curiously, some demanded a closer look: Pennsylvania argued that “Congress did not ‘envisio[n] that the ADA would be applied to state prisoners. Id., at 211–212. This Court emphatically rejected that view, explaining that, “in the context of an unambiguous statutory text,” whether a specific application was anticipated by Congress “is irrelevant.” Id., at 212. As Yeskey and today’s cases exemplify, applying protective laws to groups that were politically unpopular at the time of the law’s passage—whether prisoners in the 1990s or homosexual and transgender employees


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Whereas it is found appropriate to designate the method for selection of persons to be instated in positions with special conditions in the Marine Department according to the dispositions of the last paragraph of section 13 of the Act on Rules for Civil Officials, 2476 Buddhist Era;

Therefore, the Council of Regency, in His Majesty's name, orders that the following Royal Decree be enacted:

title: Page:กม ร ๘ - ๒๔๗๗.pdf/71


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Page:Bostock v. Clayton County (2020).pdf/32

28 in the 1960s—often may be seen as unexpected. But to refuse enforcement just because of that, because the parties before us happened to be unpopular at the time of the law’s passage, would not only require us to abandon our role as interpreters of statutes; it would tilt the scales of justice in favor of the strong or popular and neglect the promise that all persons are entitled to the benefit of the law’s terms. Cf. (, dissenting); (, dissenting).

The employer’s position also proves too much. If we applied Title VII’s plain text only to applications some (yet-to-be-determined) group expected in 1964, we’d have more than a little law to overturn. Start with Oncale. How many people in 1964 could have expected that the law would turn out to protect male employees? Let alone to protect them from harassment by other male employees? As we acknowledged at the time, “male-on-male sexual harassment in the workplace was assuredly not the principal evil Congress was concerned with when it enacted Title VII.” 523 U. S., at 79. Yet the Court did not hesitate to recognize that Title VII’s plain terms forbade it. Under the employer’s logic, it would seem this was a mistake.

That’s just the beginning of the law we would have to unravel. As one Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) Commissioner observed shortly after the law’s passage, the words of the sex provision of Title VII [are] difficult to ... control. Franklin, Inventing the “Traditional Concept” of Sex Discrimination, 125 Harv. L. Rev. 1307, 1338 (2012) (quoting Federal Mediation Service To Play Role in Implementing Title VII, [1965–1968 Transfer Binder] CCH Employment Practices ¶8046, p. 6074). The “difficult[y]” may owe something to the initial proponent of the sex discrimination rule in Title VII, Representative Howard Smith. On some accounts, the congressman may have wanted (or at least was indifferent to the possibility


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 This Royal Decree shall be called the "Royal Decree Designating the Method for Selection of Persons to Be Instated in Positions With Special Conditions in the Marine Department, 2477 Buddhist Era".

This Royal Decree shall come into force from the day of its publication in the Royal Gazette on.

The functions in the Marine Department which require the selection method under this Royal Decree are—

 * 1) navigation officers;
 * 2) port inspection officers (levels 1 and 2);
 * 3) chief ship inspection engineers;
 * 4) ship inspection engineers (levels 1 and 2);
 * 5) seagoing ship commanding officers;
 * 6) seagoing ship chief mates;
 * 7) seagoing ship chief engineers.

The selection of persons to be instated in the functions specified in section 3 shall follow the following criteria:

shall be selected by the CSSC of the Ministry of Economic Affairs from amongst the persons who are regular or retired naval officers of any type in the General Line of the Royal Siamese Navy,

title: Page:กม ร ๘ - ๒๔๗๗.pdf/72


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Page:On the influence of uneven temperature distribution on the propagation of sound.pdf/6

which, following the relations (1) take the form:

This must be accompanied by the condition of continuity, which, with the accepted degree of approximation, can be represented by the equation

Equations (5), (6) and (7) serve to determine small oscillation of gas under pressure and any external forces and under the influence of any temperature distribution.

§ 3. On the influence of gravity on vertically propagating plane sound waves.

Let us consider the vertical propagation of a plane sound wave in uniformly heated air, taking in account of the effects of gravity. Directing the $$x$$ axis vertically up and denoting the gravitational acceleration by $$g$$, we will have for the case under consideration,