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 20 ==== CHAPTER II. ====

Discovery of Shoal-water Bay by Meares in 1788.— His Description of it. — Indians come out of the Bay in a Canoe. — Thick Fog. — Meares's Long-boat Expedition to the Bay. — Attack by Indians. — Vancou- ver's Description.— Alden's Survey.— First Settlers.— Description of Shoal-water Bay.

lies north of the Columbia River, between Capes Shoal-water and Disappointment. Cape Disappointment is in latitude 46° 16^ north, and longitude 124° 01' west from Greenwich. And Toke's Point, or the extreme northwest point of Cape Shoal-water, and the northern shore at the entrance of Shoal-water Bay, is in latitude 46° 43^ north, and longitude 124° 02" west, making the distance from the entrance of the Columbia Eiver to that of Shoal-water Bay twenty-seven miles.

Cape Shoal-water and Shoal-water Bay were discovered by Lieutenant John Meares, commanding the East India Company's Ship Felice, of London, on Saturday, July 5th, 1788. Meares, who had been to Nootka, and other trading-posts north, for the purpose of collecting furs, had left a part of his company to build a small schooner, and was proceeding to the south to explore the great river discovered by the Spanish navigator Heceta on the 15th of August, 1775, and named by him Rio de San Roque, or River of St. Roc, and which was afterward entered by Captain Robert Gray, in the ship Columbia, of Boston, in 1792, and named by him the Columbia, Meares writes, "At noon our latitude was 47° 01' north, and the lofty mountains seen the preceding day bore east-northeast distant seven leagues. Our dis-


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 CONTENTS

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32 just below the semilunar notch of the ulna. The radius is expanded distally to articulate with the wrist, or carpal bones. Longitudinal grooves cross this expansion; medially it bears the pointed styloid process.

The ulna is laterally compressed, the lateral surface bearing a pronounced groove extending from the level of the head of the radius two-thirds of the way to the distal end. Like the radius, the ulna bows forward and out- ward, so that an articulated skeleton looks "bow-legged." The ulna terminates distally in the conical, blunt styloid process for articulation with the wrist bones. The semi-lunar notch is the saddle-shaped depression near the proximal end, which, with the head of the radius, articulates with the humerus. The flat surface at its ventral border corresponds to the radial notch of other animals ; it articulates with the head of the radius. The olecranon is the stout projection behind the semilunar notch for the insertion of the extensor muscles of the upper arm.

The joint between the humerus and scapula is of the "ball and socket" type, permitting of lateral as well as anteroposterior movement. The elbow joint, however, is of the hinge type, which permits only of extension and flexion of the arm.

There are nine carpal or wrist bones. The metacarpal bones are the relatively long bones in the palm of the hand. Counting from the medial side of the manus, the third and fourth are the longest, the fifth is considerably shorter, while the first is so short as to be readily mistaken at first glance for one of the carpal bones. Each digit contains three phalanges, except the thumb (pollex), which contains two. Each terminal phalanx bears a claw, that of the thumb being flattened like a nail.

Exercise VIII. Draw and label the lateral view of the scapula and the bones of the fore limb.


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The terms High and Low Malay, which appear to have originated with the Dutch, have given rise to a great deal of controversy, and to some confusion and misunderstanding. As used in Java and other parts of the Netherlands Indies the term

means the language of Malay literature, and as the classical literature of the Malays was written when Malacca and Acheen were the great centres of Malay power and learning, it is not surprising to find that the language of Malay literature is the language which is spoken to-day all along the sea coast on both sides of the Straits of Malacca, with only this difference, namely that a few words of foreign origin used in the classical literature never became assimilated in the spoken language, and therefore continue to be purely literary words, and are not understood by the common people. It is a remarkable fact that the Malay language in the Straits of Malacca has remained practically the same for centuries. The English of the time of Queen Elizabeth is now almost unintelligible to those who have not made the literature of that time a special study; but the letters written from the court of Acheen to Queen Elizabeth and King James I. of England could to-day be read and thoroughly understood by any 4th standard boy in the Malay vernacular schools of the Straits Settlements. In the Dutch Indies, however, the only parts where this language is now spoken are the Riouw-Lingga Archipelago and the East coast of Sumatra; hence to the vast majority of Dutch residents in the East the Malay of the Straits of Malacca is an unknown tongue, and those who have studied for the most part know it only as the language of Malay literature, and look upon it as being practically a dead language, whereas it is really a very live language in those parts of the Archipelago where it is spoken.

On the other hand the term

is used in the Netherlands Indies to describe the language employed by Europeans, Eurasians, Chinese, and other foreigners in Java as a common means of communication between themselves and the Javanese, Sundanese and other inhabitants of that most populous


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 some striking wholesale undertaking; it might, for example, be flooded for a few days, and then disinfected with volcanic chlorine. Whether, when all the inferior races have been stamped out, the superior race would not proceed at once, or after a brief millennial period of social harmony, to divide itself into sub-classes, and begin the business over again at a higher level, is an interesting residual question into which we need not now penetrate.

That complete development of a scientific Welt-Politik is not, however, widely advocated at present, no doubt from a want of confidence in the public imagination. But we have a very audible and influential school, the Modern Imperialist school, which distinguishes its own race—there is a German, a British, and an Anglo-Saxon section in the school, and a wider teaching which embraces the whole "white race" in one remarkable tolerance—as the superior race, as one, indeed, superior enough to own slaves, collectively if not individually; and the exponents of this doctrine look with a resolute, truculent, but slightly indistinct eye to a future in which all the rest of the world will be in subjection to these elect. The ideals of this type are set forth pretty clearly in Mr. Kidd's "Control of the Tropics." The whole world is to be administered by the "white" Powers—Mr. Kidd did not anticipate Japan—who will see to it that their subjects do not "prevent the utilisation of the immense natural resources which they have in charge." Those other races are to be regarded as children, recalcitrant children at times, and without any of the tender emotions of paternity.


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 of all the islands of Malaysia, which contains probably more than three-fourths of the entire population of the Archipelago. The immense numerical preponderance of the Javanese and Sundanese has resulted in the admixture of a very large proportion of the words of those two languages in the "Low Malay" of Java, so that the Malays of the Straits of Malacca have difficulty in understanding it. On the island of Java there are very few people of the Malay race properly so called, and the "Low Malay" of Java is not the spoken language of the Malays at all, but merely a jargon concocted by the mixed multitude of various tongues who live together in that island, and must necessarily have a common language as a means of communication. Having been made the official language of the Dutch government, Low Malay is fostered by the strong arm of the law, newspapers are published in this bastard dialect, and it promises to be the permanent colloquial language of the southern part of the Archipelago.

In the British possessions on the Malay Peninsula the linguistic conditions are entirely different. Here the strongest native race numerically is the Malay, and there is absolutely no other native language to compete with the Malay language for the ascendancy. There are, however, two very distinct dialects of the Malay language spoken on the Malay Peninsula, namely, (1) The pure Malay as it is spoken by the Malays among themselves, with its peculiarly terse idiom, its grammar of prefixes and suffixes, and its immensely rich vocabulary of words of pure Malay origin; and (2) The so-called colloquial Malay of the Settlements, the common means of communication between Europeans, Chinese, Tamils, Malays, and all the other nationalities of these great trading centres, which has comparatively a very small vocabulary, and makes but little use of those grammatical changes in the form of words which make the pure Malay language so expressive.

Of these two dialects we will first deal with

As already stated above in our remarks on what the Dutch call High Malay, "the spoken language of the Peninsula Malays is in fact the language of Malay literature, and has undergone practically no change whatever in the past three centuries. This is due very largely to the fact that the Malays hold themselves almost entirely aloof from the peoples of other races who come here to trade and to develop the natural resources of the country, leaving the heavy manual labour of the mines and plantations, and all the wholesale and retail trade to be done by the Chinese. The only important changes which have taken place in the spoken lan- guage of the Malays in the past 300 years appear to have been through the addition of those Arabic words required to express the religious ideas which have come to them through the teachings of Mohamedanism. Even when the Malays are in the closest pro-


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 ximity to the busy life of our great trade centres their speech is only very slightly affected, so little do they come in contact with people of other nationalities; hence it comes that the Malay lan- guage is spoken with practically the same purity at Telok Blanga, or in any of the other outlying villages of Singapore as it is in the villages of the interior of Malacca or Johor. Those who have dealings with the Malays, and desire to speak their language correctly, as they themselves speak it, must study Malay literature, and especially such modern works as the writings of the famous Munshi Abdullah, or the recently published Riddles written by Guru Sleiman of the Malay College at Malacca, which are in an excellent conversational style.

From what has just been said, it is plain that throughout our British possessions the pure Malay language is the language of the villages. On the other hand the language of the great Settlements and large towns and of the markets and shops everywhere, in fact the business language of the Malay Peninsula, is

that is to say, Malay as it is spoken by the Malay-speaking Chinese. This is quite a distinct dialect, the prevailing characteristic of which is its tendency to follow the Chinese rather than the Malay idiom. It is true that the number of Chinese words which have become assimilated with this dialect is not very large, and that many words have been borrowed from English, Portuguese, Dutch and Tamil, and from other neighbouring tongues, but it is rightly called "Baba Malay," for it is largely the creation of the Baba Chinese, and is their mother tongue, so that it belongs to them in a sense that no other people can or do claim it as their own. In this respect it differs greatly from the so-called "Low Malay" of Java, for though those Chinese who are born and live in the Dutch Indies all speak that language, yet they have not by any means had the strongest influence in its formation, for "Low Malay" has a very much stronger affinity with Javanese and Sundanese than it has with Chinese, and has not been so much affected by the Chinese idiom as the Baba Malay of the Malay Peninsula, the Chinese in the Dutch Indies having always been few in number as compared with the natives of the country. In the British Settlements, on the other hand, the Chinese have always had a commanding influence in all business affairs, and in a proportionate degree have left their impress upon the language in which the business of the Settlements has always been transacted, and in which it will probably continue to be carried on long after the present generation has passed away. The fact that Baba Malay is now, and is likely to be for an indefinite period, the business language of Singapore, Penang, and the Federated Malay States, would in itself be a sufficient reason why it should be studied as a distinct dialect; but a still more weighty reason is found in the fact that it is the


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Rh tance might be four leagues from the shore, which appeared to run in the direction of east-southeast and west-northwest, and there appeared to be a large sound or opening in that direction. By two o'clock we were within two miles of the shore, along which we sailed, which appeared to be a perfect forest, without the vestige of a habitation. The land was low and flat, and our soundings were from fifteen to twenty fathoms, over a hard sand. As we were steering for the low point which formed part of the entrance into the bay or sound, we shoaled our water gradually to six fathoms, when breakers were seen to extend quite across it, so that it appeared to be quite inaccessible to ships. We immediately hauled off the shore till we deepened our water to sixteen fathoms.

"This point obtained the name of Low Point (now Leadbetter Point), and the bay that of Shoal-water Bay, and a headland that was high and bluff, which formed the other entrance, was also named Cape Shoal-water, The latitude of the headland we judged to be 46° 47^ north, and the longitude 23/)° IV east of Greenwich." (Vancouver makes the latitude of Cape Shoal-water 46° 40^ north, and longitude 236° east, while Captain Al- den, of the United States Coast Survey, makes the latitude 46° 43^ minutes north, a mean which is most prob- able to be correct.) " The distance from Low Point to Cape Shoal-water was too great to admit of an observation in our present situation. The shoals still appeared to run from shore to shore, but when about midway we bore up near them in order to discover if there be not a channel near the cape. We accordingly steered for the mouth of the bay, when we shoaled our water to eight fathoms. At this time the breakers were not more than three miles from us, when it was thought prudent to again haul off. From the mast-head it was observed


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 mother-tongue of the majority of the Chinese women and children in the Straits Settlements, and of a considerable and increasing number in the Federated Malay States. It is the language of the homes of the Straits-born Chinese—the most highly educated and the most influential section of the Chinese community in the British possessions, and therefore it is the language in which the women and children of this important class can most readily and most successfully be educated. The pure Malay language, as the Malays themselves speak it, the Babas will never learn, for they despise it, calling it Malayu hutan—the language of the jungle. Their dialect—Baba Malay—they look upon as the language of the refined and wealthy class of Malay-speaking Chinese. That being the case it is hopeless to try and force upon them what others consider to be "Classical Malay," however much superior it may be from the view-point of the scholar and the historian. Baba Malay is the language of the man of the street; it is a strong and virile tongue, more easily acquired than the pure Malay, and sufficiently expressive for all ordinary purposes; moreover it has a remarkable capacity for borrowing and assimilating such words as it needs from other languages. It is sure to live. When the principles of its grammatical construction are better understood, when those who speak it are able also to read and write it correctly, and when it has a literature of its own, Baba Malay will prove itself to be an adequate medium for conveying thought and for imparting instruction.

Malacca, being the oldest foreign settlement in Malaysia, is the most favourable place to study the history of Chinese immi- gration to this part of the world, and the origin of the dialect which they now speak. It is now nearly 400 years since Europeans first made their appearance at Malacca, but the Chinese were there some time before that. Bukit China, the burial ground of the Chinese from time immemorial, was so called before the time when the Malay history "Sjarah Malayu" was written, which is more than 300 years ago. The first immigrants were probably from Amoy, for nearly all the words of Chinese origin which have come into the Malay language approach more closely to the sounds of the Hok-kien than to those of any other dialect, and the Babas of all the old families claim to be Hok-kiens. There is also very little doubt that the Chinese who came to this part of the world in the early days were exclusively males, that they married Malay women, but brought up their children as Chinese. Even to the present day the marriage customs of the Baba Chinese approximate more closely to those of the Malays than to those of the natives of China, but intermarriage between the Babas and the Malays has entirely ceased, and probably for hundreds of years past the Babas have married exclusively amongst their own people.


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 It is a little doubtful whether the races lacking "in the elementary qualities of social efficiency" are expected to acquire them under the chastening hands of those races which, through "strength and energy of character, humanity, probity, and integrity, and a single-minded devotion to conceptions of duty," are developing "the resources of the richest regions of the earth" over their heads, or whether this is the ultimate ideal.

Next comes the rather incoherent alternative that one associates in England with official Liberalism.

Liberalism in England is not quite the same thing as Liberalism in the rest of the world; it is woven of two strands. There is Whiggism, the powerful tradition of seventeenth-century Protestant and republican England, with its great debt to republican Rome, its strong constructive and disciplinary bias, its broad and originally very living and intelligent outlook; and interwoven with this there is the sentimental and logical Liberalism that sprang from the stresses of the eighteenth century, that finds its early scarce differentiated expression in Harrington's "Oceana," and after fresh draughts of the tradition of Brutus and Cato and some elegant trifling with noble savages, budded in "La Cité Morellyste," flowered in the emotional democratic naturalism of Rousseau, and bore abundant fruit in the French Revolution. These are two very distinct strands. Directly they were freed in America from the grip of conflict with British Toryism, they came apart as the Republican and Democratic parties respectively. Their continued union in Great Britain is a political acci-


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 rest of it is a mass of rubbishy mud and palm-leaf huts, and corrugated-iron dwellings for the Europeans.

Corrugated iron is my abomination. I quite understand it has points, and I do not attack from an aesthetic standpoint. It really looks well enough when it is painted white. There is, close to Christiansborg Castle, a patch of bungalows and offices for officialdom and wife that from a distance in the hard bright sunshine looks like an encampment of snow-white tents among the coco palms, and pretty enough withal. I am also aware that the corrugated-iron roof is an advantage in enabling you to collect and store rain-water, which is the safest kind of water you can get on the Coast, always supposing you have not painted the aforesaid roof with red oxide an hour or two before so collecting, as a friend of mine did once. But the heat inside those iron houses is far greater than inside mud-walled, brick, or wooden ones, and the alternations of temperature more sudden: mornings and evenings they are cold and clammy; draughty they are always, thereby giving you chill which means fever, and fever in West Africa means more than it does in most places.

Going on shore at Accra with Lady MacDonald gave me opportunities and advantages I should not otherwise have enjoyed, such as the hospitality of the Governor, luxurious transport from the landing place to Christiansborg Castle, a thorough inspection of the cathedral in course of erection, and the strange and highly interesting function of going to a tea-party at a police station to meet a king,—a real reigning king—who kindly attended with his suite and displayed an intelligent interest in photographs. Tackie (that is His Majesty's name) is an old, spare man, with a subdued manner. His sovereign rights are acknowledged by the Government so far as to hold him more or less responsible for any iniquity committed by his people; and as the Government do not allow him to execute or flagellate the said people, earthly pomp is rather a hollow thing to Tackie.

On landing I was taken in charge by an Assistant Inspector of Police, and after a scrimmage for my chief's baggage and my own, which reminded me of a long ago landing on the distant island of Guernsey, the inspector and


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Rh

The two coxal bones (os coxae), sometimes called the innominate bones, comprise the pelvic girdle. Each bone is firmly united dorsally to the two anterior sacral vertebrae. Ventrally the two are held together by connective tissue at the pubic symphysis. The lateral surface of each bone bears a deep pit, the acetabulum, for the reception of the head of the thigh bone (femur). Unlike the pectoral girdle the direct attachment of the pelvic girdle to the backbone furnishes a rigid support for the strong and active hind legs of the animal. The coxal bone consists of three fused elements, the ilium, ischium, and pubis, which radiate from the acetabulum. The distal ends of the pubis and ischium are also fused, so that these two bones surround an oval space, the obturator foramen. Though the sutures are completely obliterated in the adult, they can be very easily seen in a very young animal. The cartilaginous boundaries between the three bones in such an animal all lie in the acetabular wall, though the end of the pubis forms only a very small part of this wall. The distal connection of pubis and ischium will be observed at the ventral extremity of the obturator foramen. The acetabular wall of the adult is well supported with bone. The acetabulum itself is funnel-shaped. The inner, or constricted portion, of this funnel expands medially to form a dorsoventrally elongated pit.

The ilium (os ilium) is the anterior branch of the triradiate coxal bone. It consists of two parts, the body and the wing. The former is somewhat flattened laterally, forms the anterior part of the acetabulum, and bears the anterior inferior spine on its lateral surface just in front of the acetabulum. The greater sciatic notch is a depression along the dorsal border of the ilium, extending back


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 The Baba community, however, is still growing by the same process which must have been going on for centuries, something after the following manner:—An immigrant comes from China, and as soon as he has saved up enough money he opens a small shop in a Malay village, where he soon learns to make himself understood. in the Malay language. When he is able to support a wife, he looks out for a girl from some of the poorer Baba families, or perhaps a daughter of one of the numerous concubines to be found in the homes of the wealthy. Baba women of this class are to be found to-day in all the villages of Malacca, married to small shopkeepers, who were born in China, and speak Malay very imperfectly; their children, however, are Babas pure and simple, and in many cases know nothing whatever of the Chinese language. They have learnt the Malay language from their mothers, and from constant association with Malay children in the village where they live; in fact they know much more Malay than they are generally given credit for. Nevertheless there is a marked difference between the Malay spoken by these Chinese children and that spoken by the Malay children with whom they seem to mix so freely; but this is of course easily accounted for by the influence of the Chinese parents upon the language spoken by their children, for however intimately the children of different nationalities may be thrown together in their games, the language of the home must necessarily have the strongest influence upon them. As time went by and the Babas became more numerous, they would begin to form a community by themselves and would not come so much into contact with the Malays; this would be especially the case in the town of Malacca rather than in the villages, in fact it is noticeable even at the present day that the Babas in the villages speak much more like the Malays themselves than those who live in the town. As the Babas in the town ceased to associate with the Malays, their peculiarities of idiom would tend to become fixed, and their speech would be influenced less and less by the Malay standards of pronunciation, grammar or the use of words. The Malays have had a literature of their own for hundreds of years, and a considerable proportion of the population have been able to read and write for probably at least 300 years, and their literature has undoubtedly tended to maintain the purity of their spoken language; the Babas on the other hand have never learned to read and write Malay, hence their knowledge of the language has always been purely colloquial, and therefore the more liable to be corrupted.

The differences between the Malay language as spoken by the Babas and the colloquial language of the Malays themselves are principally as follows:—(1) They have introduced a number of words of Chinese origin most of which are wholly unknown to the Malays; (2) They are entirely unacquainted with a large number of Malay words which are in common use among the Malays themselves; (3) They mispronounce many Malay words, and in some


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 that this Bay extended a considerable way inland, spreading into several arms or branches to the northward and eastward. The back of it was bounded by high and mountainous land, which was at a great distance from us.

"A narrow entrance appeared to the northwest, but it was too remote for us to discover, even with our glasses, whether it was a river or low land. We had concluded this wild and desolate shore was uninhabited ; but this opinion proved to be erroneous, for a canoe now came off to us from the point with a man and a boy. On their approach to the ship they held up two sea-otter skins ; we therefore hove to, when they came alongside and took hold of a rope, but could not be persuaded to come on board. We then fastened several trifling articles to a cord, and threw them over the side of the ship, when they were instantly seized by the boy and delivered by him to the man, who did not hesitate a moment to tie the otter skins to the cord, and waved his hand as a sign for us to take them on board, which was accordingly done, and an additional present conveyed to him in the same manner as the former.

"These strangers appeared to be highly delighted with their unexpected treasure, and seemed at first to be wholly absorbed in their attention to the articles which composed it. But then their curiosity was in a short time entirely transferred to the ship, and their eyes ran over every part of it with a most rapid transition, while their actions expressed such extreme delight as gave us every reason to conclude that this was the first time they had ever been gratified with the sight of such an object. * * * * During the time we had been lying to for these natives, the ship had drifted bodily down to the shoals, which obliged us to make sail, when the canoe paddled into the Bay.

" It was our wish to have sent the long-boat to sound


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 cases have altered the pronunciation so much that the word is almost unrecognisable; and (4) to a great extent they use the Chinese idiom rather than the Malay, putting their sentences together in a way which is quite different from the colloquial language of the Malays. We will consider these different points one by one.

In dealing with the question of the Chinese words used by the Babas it must first be remarked that their pronunciation of such words is Malay rather than Chinese. The Hok-kien Chinese in the pronunciation of their words use seven very clearly defined "tones," and the meaning of a word depends entirely upon the tone of voice in which it is pronounced. Of the use of these tones the Babas for the most part know absolutely nothing, and if they ever pronounce a Chinese word correctly as far as the tone is concerned, it is by accident rather than by design. I am referring of course to those Chinese words which have become incorporated with the Baba Malay language; many of the Babas can speak Hok-kien Chinese with some fluency, and when doing so must of necessity use the tones, though usually very imperfectly, yet when speaking Malay they use Chinese words without attempting to give the correct tones, and in some cases Chinese words have been so much corrupted that it is difficult to recognise their derivation. This we will illustrate later on.

The Chinese words which are most frequently used in Baba Malay are undoubtedly the pronouns goa, "I," and lu, "you." In speaking among themselves the Babas never use the Malay pronouns aku and angkau, but curiously enough for the pronouns of the 3rd person singular and 1st person plural they invariably use the Malay dia and kita, and never use the Chinese equivalents. It is well known that in polite conversation the Malays avoid the use of pronouns as far as possible, whereas the Chinese use pronouns with much greater freedom; in this respect the Babas conform to Malay usage. Children would never think of using the pronoun lu to their parents, and in conversation with their seniors the greatest care is taken to use the proper form of address, so that all the little children know the proper titles to be given to all their relations; it is a remarkable thing, however, that these relationships are expressed by Chinese and not by Malay words, exceptions to this rule being the words for mother (mak) and younger brother or sister (adek) and elder brother (abang). The Chinese words for the various relationships have in most cases the prefix ńg which is used by the Chinese in addressing relatives, but this is corrupted sometimes to n or m by the Babas: for instance for father the Babas do not use the ordinary Hok-kien word pẽ or lāu-pẽ, but the more unusual word tia-tia in the form ’ntia; for grandfather, kong has become ’ngkong; elder sister, tõa-chí has become tachi; father's elder brother, peh, is ’mpek; father's younger


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 near the shoals, in order to discover if there was any channel, but the weather was so cloudy, and. altogether had so unsettled an appearance, that we were discouraged from executing such a design. Nothing, therefore, was left to us but to coast it along the shore and endeavor to find some place where the ship might be brought to a secure anchorage.

" On the morning of the sixth, the wind blew from the north, with a strong, heavy sea. At half past ten, being within three leagues of Cape Shoal-water, we had a perfect view of it, and with the glasses we traced the line of coast to the southward, which presented no opening that promised any thing like a harbor. A high, bluff promontory bore off us southeast at the distance of only four leagues, for which we steered to double, with the hope that between it and Cape Shoal-water we should find some sort of a harbor.

" We gave the name of Cape Disappointment to the promontory."

Meares having failed to discover the Columbia, or, as it was then called by Heceta, the San Roque, steered for the north, and entered Fuca Straits, and being anxious to procure some farther information and knowledge of the people of Shoal-water Bay, he fitted out his long- boat, and manned her with thirteen of his men, with provisions for one month, intending to send her down to the Bay ; but the boat was attacked while in the strait by the Indians, and the project abandoned.

Vancouver writes that in 1792, "after leaving Cape Disappointment, we made Cape Shoal-water, and endeavored to enter Shoal-water Bay ; but considering, from the appearance of the breakers, that the harbor was inaccessible to the ship, and having a fair wind, we sailed on to the northward."

Although Shoal-water Bay is laid down on the charts


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 I got into a 'rickshaw, locally called a go-cart. It was pulled in front by two government negroes and pushed behind by another pair, all neatly attired in white jackets and knee breeches, and crimson cummerbunds yards long, bound round their middles. Now it is an ingrained characteristic of the uneducated negro, that he cannot keep on a neat and complete garment of any kind. It does not matter what that garment may be; so long as it is whole, off it comes. But as soon as that garment becomes a series of holes, held together by filaments of rag, he keeps it upon him in a manner that is marvellous, and you need have no further anxiety on its behalf. Therefore it was but natural that the governmental cummerbunds, being new, should come off their wearers several times in the course of our two mile trip, and as they wound riskily round the legs of their running wearers, we had to make halts while one end of the cummerbund was affixed to a tree-trunk and the other end to the man, who rapidly wound himself up in it again with a skill that spoke of constant practice.

The road to Christiansborg from Accra, which runs parallel to the sea and is broad and well-kept, is in places pleasantly shaded with pepper trees, eucalyptus, and palms. The first part of it, which forms the main street of Accra, is remarkable. The untidy, poverty-stricken native houses or huts are no credit to their owners, and a constant source of anxiety to a conscientious sanitary inspector. Almost every one of them is a shop, but this does not give rise to the animated commercial life one might imagine, owing, I presume, to the fact that every native inhabitant of Accra who has any money to get rid of is able recklessly to spend it in his own emporium. For these shops are of the store nature, each after his kind, and seem homogeneously stocked with tin pans, loud-patterned basins, iron pots, a few rolls of cloth and bottles of American rum. After passing these there are the Haussa lines, a few European houses, and the cathedral; and when nearly into Christiansborg, a cemetery on either side of the road. That to the right is the old cemetery, now closed, and when I was there, in a disgracefully neglected state: a mere jungle of grass infested with snakes. Opposite to it is the


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text: Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society/Volume 66


text: Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society/Volume 67


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Author:James Gilchrist Swan

Works

 * (1857). The Northwest coast, or, Three years' residence in Washington Territory (DJVU). Harper. OCLC 55630405.
 * (1870). The Indians of Cape Flattery : at the entrance to the Strait of Fuca, Washington Territory (DJVU). Smithsonian Institution. OCLC 3602788.

title: Author:James Gilchrist Swan


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Rh

Proclamation 10194 of April 30, 2021

National Physical Fitness and Sports Month, 2021

By the President of the United States of America

A Proclamation

Despite the unprecedented challenges and disruptions of the past year, we continue to see examples of Americans finding innovative ways to stay active and healthy. Some have moved their workouts into their living rooms or garages. Others have taken up new sports. Many have simply rediscovered the satisfaction of a walk through their neighborhood. Despite this creativity, far too many people struggle to incorporate regular physical activity into their daily lives. Socioeconomic disparities, lack of opportunities for safe play, and limited access to programs for increased activity are just a few of the inequities that many Americans face—inequities that have been further exacerbated by the pandemic. During this National Physical Fitness and Sports Month, we encourage all Americans to stay active for their health and wellbeing. Whether by pursuing a more active lifestyle, making physical activity a priority and an essential part of everyday living, or supporting efforts in local communities that increase access to sports and physical fitness opportunities for all, participating in physical activities leads to a healthier lifestyle.

Physical activity is one of the best tools we have to help combat chronic diseases experienced by over half of all Americans. Even a single session of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity can boost your mood, sharpen your focus, reduce your stress, and improve your sleep. More regular physical activity—over months or years—can contribute to a reduced risk of depression, heart disease, several types of cancer, dementia, type 2 diabetes, and obesity.

No matter our age or ability, the more that we can make regular physical activity and participation in sports a part of our lives, the better off both we and our Nation will be. Greater amounts of physical activity can have positive effects in every stage of life and lead to better overall health outcomes for both children and adults, including those with disabilities. The Department of Health and Human Services’ Move Your Way campaign provides helpful tips to encourage children and adults to meet the recommendations from the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Active People, Healthy Nation initiative provides a blueprint for building active communities to make it easier for all Americans to attain the physical activity they need, with a goal of getting 27 million more Americans physically active by 2027.

By transcending differences and uniting in celebration of physical activity, healthy competition, and shared enjoyment, sports are a fun and engaging way to stay active and keep fit for people of all ages. For our Nation’s youth, playing sports can also help to build confidence on and off the field, while team sports foster the added virtues of service to common causes and communal responsibility—win or lose, every game offers the opportunity to learn something new or hone your skills. Every athletic challenge is an avenue to greater mental and physical resilience. While social distancing has made participation in organized sports challenging, we can use this time to renew our focus on fundamental skills and training in preparation for a return to play, especially for young athletes.


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 [No. 64]

JOURNAL

of the

of the

June, 1913.

SINGAPORE:

1913.


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23854 Our Nation can and must do more to make sure that every child has the opportunity to play sports and obtain the benefits that come with play, including greater physical fitness and better health. As we recover from the COVID–19 pandemic, it is more important than ever that we ensure equal access to sports and fitness activities for everyone. To that end, my Administration continues to promote programs that provide opportunities for all of our young people to play sports—regardless of their race, ethnicity, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, religion, disability, or neighborhood—in support of the National Youth Sports Strategy.

I encourage every American to discover an enjoyable exercise activity that fits into their daily routine. It does not matter how you choose to be active—whether you are trying your hand at a new sport, exploring a local park, or going for a walk or a jog in your own neighborhood, physical activity holds the key to better health and wellness. During National Physical Fitness and Sports Month, let us all strive to be more active together.

NOW, THEREFORE, I, JOSEPH R. BIDEN JR., President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim May 2021 as National Physical Fitness and Sports Month. I call upon the people of the United States to make daily physical activity a priority, to support efforts to increase access to sports opportunities in their communities, and to pursue physical fitness as an essential part of healthy living.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this thirtieth day of April, in the year of our Lord two thousand twenty-one, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-fifth.

[FR Doc. 2021–09591 Filed 5–4–21; 8:45 am] Billing code 3295–F1–P


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91


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 [No. 65]

JOURNAL

of the

of the

December, 1913.

SINGAPORE:

1913.


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 [No. 66]

JOURNAL

of the

of the

March, 1914.

SINGAPORE:

1914.


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 [No. 67]

JOURNAL

of the

of the

December, 1914.

SINGAPORE:

1914.


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 cemetery now in use, and I remember well my first visit to it under the guidance of a gloomy Government official, who said he always walked there every afternoon, "so as to get used to the place before staying permanently in it,"—a rank waste of time and energy, by the way, as subsequent events proved, for he is now safe off the Gold Coast for good and all.

He took me across the well-kept grass to two newly dug graves, each covered with wooden hoods in a most business-like way. Evidently those hoods were regular parts of the cemetery's outfit. He said nothing, but waved his hand with a "take-your-choice,-they-are-both-quite-ready" style. "Why?" I queried laconically. "Oh! we always keep two graves ready dug for Europeans. We have to bury very quickly here, you know," he answered. I turned at bay. I had had already a very heavy dose of details of this sort that afternoon and was disinclined to believe another thing. So I said, "It's exceedingly wrong to do a thing like that, you only frighten people to death. You can't want new-dug graves daily. There are not enough white men in the whole place to keep the institution up." "We do," he replied, "at any rate at this season. Why, the other day we had two white men to bury before twelve o'clock, and at four, another dropped in on a steamer."

"At 4.30," said a companion, an exceedingly accurate member of the staff, "How you fellows do exaggerate! Subsequent knowledge of the Gold Coast has convinced me fully that the extra funeral being placed half-an-hour sooner than it occurred is the usual percentage of exaggeration you will be able to find in stories relating to the local mortality. And at Accra, after I left it, and all along the Gold Coast, came one of those dreadful epidemic outbursts sweeping away more than half the white population in a few weeks. It is customary for the Government authorities to pooh-pooh the mortality, or to allege that it is owing to the bad habits of the white men; but this latter statement is far more untrue than any fever story an old coaster will tell you. The authorities at home, both of merchant firms and mission societies, follow suit and make the same statements. The true statistics


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 Tan Tock Seng's Hospital, Singapore.

The early history of this valuable institution is briefly given by the inscriptions on tablets still to be seen in front of the new Hospital premises on Moulmein Road, as follows:—

This hospital for the Diseased of all Countries was built A.D. 1844 at the cost of Seven Thousand Dollars wholly defrayed by Tan Tock Seng.

The wings were added with large improvements effected at a cost of Three Thousand Dollars wholly defrayed by Tan Kim Ching son of the founder.

This tablet was erected by the Committee of Management 1854.

The Hospital above referred-to was erected on Pearl's Hill. Mr. Tan Tock Seng was a prosperous merchant here, and had, it was stated, intended to make a sufficient endowment to provide for the maintenance of a given number of patients, but he died in 1850 without having made this arrangement.

In the early years of the Hospital it was mainly maintained by subscriptions, chiefly from Chinese, though Europeans also contributed, and European medical men freely rendered their services.

These Settlements were then politically under the Government of India, and the Military authorities in course of time thought it convenient to take possession of the Pearl's Hill buildings for Military Offices, and the establishment on Seranggong Road was provided in their place.


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 The tablets above quoted, which, of course, had been attached to the original buildings, were then removed to the front of the new premises, with the addition of another, setting forth—

The hospital was removed from its original site to the present buildings in 1860.

Additional accommodation became necessary as patients increased in number; also wards built of materials not permanent had from time to time to be replaced, and the money for these purposes was commonly raised by appeals for subscriptions from members of the Chinese community. Mr. Tan Kim Ching by no means stopped at the liberality which is recorded on the tablet above quoted, and many Chinese gentlemen of means have from time to time freely contributed. In 1879 Mr. Tan Beng Swee, then a member of the Committee of Management,—son of Tan Kim Seng, in whose memory the fountain near the Exchange was built, and father of the Hon'ble Tan Jiak Kim,—built three wards at his own expense, one of which was of permanent materials, accommodating about 30 patients.

In process of time the expense of the Hospital has become so great that it has to be mainly supported by Government grant, but it still has an income derived from interest on invested money, from subscriptions and donations, and rents of property made over to the Hospital, which was incorporated by Ordinance No. VII of 1880.

The Corporation consists of the holders for the time being of certain high offices in the Public Service (the Colonial Secretary being President), of the eldest resident male descendant of the Founder, and of subscribers (generally Chinese) of not less than $12 per annum and donors of not less than $1,000. The late Mr. C. B. Buckley was also one of the original members of the Committee of Management.

While it is interesting to note that so far as the institution is and has been indebted to private support it is almost wholly to Chinese, there is one notable exception which should not be passed over—that is the gift of the property now known as Syed Ali's Land, by an Arab merchant, Syed Ali bin Mahomed al Junied. This property abuts on Victoria Street, Queen Street, and Arab Street, and contains an area of over five acres. It was taken by this Arab gentleman in 1857 on a lease from Government for 99 years, and he in the same year assigned it for a nominal consideration to trustees for the benefit of the Hospital. By the Incorporation Ordinance the property is vested in the Hospital, and it has


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 are difficult to get at in English colonies, because the Government reports are as a general rule very badly prepared, and dodge giving important details like this with an almost diabolical ingenuity. And, added to this, they come out so long after the incidents referred to in them have taken place, that they are only fit for the early literature shelves of the British Museum.

But to return to our state journey along the Christiansborg road. We soon reached the castle, an exceedingly roomy and solid edifice built by the Danes, and far better fitted for the climate than our modern dwellings, in spite of our supposed advance in tropical hygiene. We entered by the sentry-guarded great gate into the courtyard; on the right hand were the rest of the guard; most of them asleep on their mats, but a few busy saying Dhikr, etc. towards Mecca, like the good Mohammedans these Haussas are, others winding themselves into their cummerbunds. On the left hand was Sir Brandford Griffiths' hobby—a choice and select little garden, of lovely eucharis lilies mostly in tubs, and rare and beautiful flowers brought by him from his Barbadian home; while shading it and the courtyard was a fine specimen of that superb thing of beauty—a flamboyant tree—glorious with its delicate-green acacia-like leaves and vermilion and yellow flowers, and astonishing with its vast beans. A flight of stone stairs leads from the courtyard to the upper part of the castle where the living rooms are, over the extensive series of cool tunnel-like slave barracoons, now used as store chambers. The upper rooms are high and large, and full of a soft pleasant light and the thunder of the everlasting surf breaking on the rocky spit on which the castle is built.

From the day the castle was built, now more than a hundred years ago, the surf spray has been swept by the on-shore evening breeze into every chink and cranny of the whole building, and hence the place is mouldy—mouldy to an extent I, with all my experience in that paradise for mould, West Africa, have never elsewhere seen. The matting on the floors took an impression of your foot as a light snowfall would. Beneath articles of furniture the cryptogams


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 been leased out in lots at 99 years, yielding a yearly rental now amounting to $1,231.50.

For some years the question was discussed of removing the Hospital from Seranggong Road to a more favourable site. There had therefore been no building of new wards, except two experimental ones constructed by the Government a few years ago. The Government has now erected entirely new buildings, of a permanent nature, on Moulmein Road. For this new foundation no call has been made upon the general funds of the Corporation, but the Government expenditure was lessened by the generous gift by Towkay Loke Yew of $50,000, which, having been kept at interest for some time, swelled to $58,960.24; also by a legacy of $4,000 from Wee Boon Teck, who was at the time of his death, in 1888, a member of the Committee of Management. This remained on fixed deposit at cumulative interest until last year, when it reached a total of $9,073.18. This legacy having been made for the construction of a new ward, it was also handed over to Government to be used in the construction of one of the wards in the new buildings, which is inscribed with the testator's name. Similarly, five wards have been named after Towkay Loke Yew and one after Mr. Tan Beng Swee.

On the completion of the new Hospital (vested in the Corporation in exchange for the old property, which was formally surrendered), it was decided, with the sanction of His Excellency the Governor, that it should continue to bear the name of the Founder, Tan Tock Seng, and a new tablet was prepared for the entrance with the following additional historical inscription:—

Tan Tock Seng's Hospital For the Sick Poor of all Nations Incorporated by Ordinance VII of 1880, and supported by Government with the aid of Voluntary Contributions.

The original hospital was built in 1844 by Mr. Tan Tock Seng at bis own charges and was afterwards enlarged at the expense of bis son, Mr. Tan Kim Ching.

It was removed to a new site, in Seranggong Road, by the Government of India in 1860, and additional wards were added in 1879 by Mr. Tan Beng Swee, and at subsequent dates by the Straits Settlements Government.

The present buildings, erected at a cost of $481.210 (including the cost of site), principally from Government funds, with the aid of a donation of $50,000 by Mr. Loke Yew and a bequest made by Mr. Wee Boon Teck, were completed in 1909, Sir John Anderson, K.C.M.G., being Governor of the Straits Settlements.


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 Then attention was drawn to the large number of Chinese inmates—nearly 40—who were incurably blind, most of whom were otherwise in good health, but who were occupying space which should be available for the sick. It was therefore desirable that a separate ward should be prepared for the blind, and this want was met by the munificent gift of $12,000 from Mr., of Malacca. The new ward was, by the sanction of His Excellency the Governor, erected on a site adjoining the new buildings, and named after the generous donor, his gift to be recorded by a suitable tablet.


text: Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society/Volume 64/Tan Tock Seng's Hospital, Singapore


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22 before God under oath, no.

BY :

May I just ask, Mr. Alexander, was there anyone other than Caroline Wren who you were talking to at the time who claimed to be speaking on behalf of the White House that you can remember whether about this or any other aspect of that event?

Oh man, that. On behalf of the White House. Well, you said White House, and I haven't said White House at all.

On behalf—replaying what the President's plans were.

There was a lot of chatter and in these situations, sometimes you'll hear something third party and it is credible and sometimes not. And, you know, as a professional in this space, somebody—what I will say is unique about Donald J. Trump to politics is everyone thinks they are his adviser, that everyone thinks they know exactly what he's saying. It has been very widely reported that—that, you know, the last thing said in his ear is the thing he'll do. And, so, if I gave you a specific answer, it wouldn't be doing you justice or me justice. My main point of contact with what I'm calling Trump world was Caroline Wren regarding what I consider the scope of the committee, and that's January 6th.

Mr. That's all.

Mr I would like to note for the record that Mr. Kinzinger has left and that Mr. Schiff has joined the deposition.

 * BY

So going back to January 5th, when you are thinking about the plans, after leaving the Ellipse, where were the attendees supposed to go on the Capitol complex Grounds?


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 attained a size more in keeping with the coal period than with the nineteenth century. That unhappy furniture! Ilow it suffers! From everything save one noble old gilt chair with the arms of Denmark embroidered on its throne-like form which is apparently acclimatised, the veneer hung in strips, as if each article had been trying to throw its clothes off to get cooler.

The looking-glasses, too, were in a sorry plight. You only saw yourself in sections in them. A dangerous thing, I should imagine, for shaving operations, just to be able to dimly catch sight of the top of your head, one eye, a portion of your nose, and a bit of shirt front. One member of the Government, I observed, was considerably done up with sticking-plaster round the jaw, which I mentally put down to a shaky hand, until I had trouble with my back hair with those governmental mirrors. One must never judge a fellow creature unkindly, especially on the Gold Coast.

Along the front of the living-rooms facing the sea is a single immense verandah. This is the place for social gatherings, and after dinner the ladies arrange themselves in a hard and fast row on chairs, while the gentlemen hang round about and talk. Conversation is carried on under difficulties, because of the ceaseless roar of the surf. In the middle of January I found conversation with a new-comer consisted of "You should have been here last week." "Eh?" "You should have been here last week when we had the races (f)." "Oh! you have a race-meeting? (m.f)." "Yes, we have a regular race-course, you know (ff)." Then details regarding the races which you don't quite catch, but you say "Indeed," "Really though!" "That must have been very nice," at random, and get regarded as being sympathetic, and are rewarded with more details. Another individual, whose name you do not catch, is introduced. He says something. You say "Eh?" He says, "You should have been here last week when we had our races (ff)." Then come the details as before, and so on, da capo, throughout the evening. The other subjects of conversation with which one had to deal during meals relate to the new cathedral and Ashanti affairs. You of course know about the cathedral, and you ought to know about Ashanti affairs, and


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 brother, chek, is ’nchek; sister's husband, chiá-hu, is chau; and so forth.

Another very large class of words which the Babas have borrowed from the Chinese language are those relating to household affairs. The construction of their houses is Chinese in plan rather than Malay, and they have given Chinese names to the different parts of the house—the front room or hall where the idols are placed is called the tiaⁿ (Chinese thiaⁿ); the central court open to the sky is chimchi (chhim-chíⁿ); the upper floor is loteng (lâu-téng); the inside balcony is langkan (Chinese làng-khang, open space); bedroom is pangkeng (pâng-keng); the outer balcony open to the sky is la-peⁿ (? lâu-pîⁿ); a lamp is teng or tanglong (teng-liông); a carpet or rug is tanak (thán-à); paint is chat (chhat); and even a cockroach is kachuak (ka-tsoâh). Kitchen utensils are called by Malay names, but anything peculiar to the Chinese receives a Chinese name, as, tea pot, tekuan (tê-koàn); soup spoon, tngsi (thng-si); kettle, teko (tê-kó͘); chopsticks however are known as sumpit, presumably a corruption of the Malay spit; the table at which they eat their meals is invariably known by the Chinese name toh; to cook by steaming is known by the Chinese name tim (tīm), but Malay words are used for all other cooking operations; many kinds of food are known by Chinese names, such as, bami (bah-mī), tauyu (tāu-iû), kiamchai (kiâm-chhài), kuchai (ku-chhài), pe-chai (peh-chhài), chaipo (chhài-pó͘), kueh chang (ké-chàng), kueh tiau (ké-tiâu), etc. Several articles of clothing have names of Chinese origin, that which is most familiar being of course the queue, tauchang (thâu-tsang); also we have Chinese mourning, toaha (toà-hà); a child's binder, oto (io-tó͘); a man's purse, opau (io-pau); a woman’s purse, kotoa (khó͘-toà); stockings, boek (bèh); to adorn one's self, chngkan diri (tsng); and we might here mention the flat-iron, utau (ut-táu).

As might be expected, nearly everything connected with the religious ceremonies of the Babas is known by names of Chinese origin: the Chinese temple is bio (biō), the Buddhist priest is hoe-sio (hê-siūⁿ); the idol is topekong (tōa-peh-kong), sio-hio (sio-hiuⁿ) is to burn incense, kui (kūi) is to kneel, and teyan (tôe-iên) is to give a subscription.

Business affairs, medicine, and games (gambling) also contribute a number of words of Chinese origin, such as, toko (thô͘-khò͘) for shop, kongsi (kong-si) association or company, taukeh (thâu-ke) head of a firm, jiho (jī-hō) shop sign; koyok (ko-io̍h) plaster, po'ho (po̍h-hô) peppermint, pekak (poeh-kak-hiuⁿ) aniseed, sinse (sien-siⁿ) teacher; and the following games, pakau (phah-káu), susek (sù-sek), chki (chit-ki), kau (kau), tan (tán), etc.

The Babas also use a good many words of Chinese origin to express abstract ideas, but not always to express the same meaning that the word conveys to the Hok-kien chinaman. For instance, for ungrateful the Babas use bo-jin-cheng (bô-jin-chêng), for a


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Exile of Erin

 * "The Poor Exile of Erin" in The Musical Charmer (1819), a chapbook printed in Falkirk
 * "The Poor Exile of Erin" in Sailor's Tragedy (1826), a chapbook printed in Stirling
 * "Exile of Erin" in The Poetical Works of Thomas Campbell (1837)
 * "The Exile of Erin" in Bruce's Address (n.d), a chapbook printed in Glasgow

Parodies

 * "The Exile of Erin" in In Other Words (1912), by Franklin Pierce Adams

title: Exile of Erin


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23 Nowhere, anywhere and everywhere. And I would say, you know, supposed to—these are adults, and there are, I think, a dozen events happening in D.C. The only reason I'm aware of this again is because a lot of people and a lot of chatter are talking to me. There's Lot 8 this, that's my event obviously. There's Lot 9. And the U.S, Capitol Police represented to my consultant that there was an event at 9, 10, at 11, and then I heard something was adjacent like a medical freedom rally or whatever. And so, could all of the attendees, were they supposed to go anywhere? No. Did we want same attendees to attend Lot 8? Absolutely. But it was our understanding that obviously all of those people could not fit on Lot 8. Lot 8 has a—we are in a 3-D world.

Let's go to your event on Lot 8 at the Capitol Grounds. Who was supposed to speak at your event on Lot 8?

Well, I think for the purpose of this deposition, we should clarify just to do the record justice that it wasn't an event, that it was a planned event, that it was an event that was supposed to happen. It is an event that was prevented from happening. When you get a permit from the U.S. Capitol Police, they say that they will provide you barricades and protection. We got neither one of those. And that's the not the fault of U.S. Capitol Police, but we weren't provided either one of those. Okay.

So there was no way our event was going to be able to take place. And then, obviously, there's everything else that was happening. So, but who did I plan to, you know, speak at the Lot 8 event? Some of those people were at the website that you guys infamously have. And others of those had expired because the event moved. So the original Lot 8 event was scheduled for like 7—not 7, 9 a.m. or something like that.

And when the Ellipse event emerged, we moved that event to whenever Trump would be done speaking. And the best guess we could have was 1 o'clock, because that's when Congress was, you know, constitutionally ordered to gavel in in their joint


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 the real reason why King Kwoffe Karri Karri crossed the Prah in '74. But you usually don't, for both these subjects require sound previous education; superficial dealings with them are quite impossible, for the names of places and people in Ashanti are strange and choppy, and you will get mixed as to which is which if you don't take care.

Superficial things may have changed now Sir Brandford Griffiths has left the Gold Coast after his long term of service—the longest term, I think, ever served on the whole West Coast by a Governor. But they cannot have improved either in the way of courteous hospitality or in the thoughtful personal kindness which the late Governor gave his visitors.

For example, when we left the castle after receiving from him all manner of kind wishes, to say nothing of pipes and walking-sticks, he energetically went out of his way to save the life and reason of a young member of our party, a mere new-comer, who wore a light felt hat in the blazing mid-day sun. My chief and I went off respectively in go-carts to the landing-place at James Town, and the young man, who had also to return to the Batanga, followed not for some minutes. When he rejoined us we observed beautiful cool green leaves sticking out from under his hat in a wreath. The Governor had not done what many an old coaster would have done, namely, said: "There! that fellow will certainly peg out with that fool of a hat," and preserved a masterly inactivity. No, he had gathered with his own hands certain suitable herbs from his own garden, and filled the inadequate hat with them.

While we were waiting for the surf-boat, we had an object lesson in the surf trouble. Several stalwart negroes strolled to and fro along the sand in front of us, poking down iron bars into it ever and anon. Ever and anon they left these sticking in and strolled off, not as one might hastily have thought because they had had enough of the job, but to go and fetch a spade. What they were sounding for in the sand were the iron rails which had been capsized in coming ashore and which belong to a tramway in course of construction for running goods from the beach to the sheds. When we got on board the Batanga, we saw


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 sarcastic or ironical remark they use siaupi (sau-phî), to be satisfied kam-guan (kam-guān), nice, homia (hó-miâ), etc.

It should be remembered that for nearly all the ideas and objects mentioned above the Malays have their own proper words, which they would use among themselves. Those Malays who come frequently into contact with the Chinese are of course well acquainted with such words as goa and lu, loteng, tekuan, kuchai, pechai, toaha, taukeh, and so forth, but with many of the words of Chinese origin given above even the Malays in the town of Malacca are quite unfamiliar. Similarly the Babas are utterly unacquainted with the Malay equivalents of nearly all these words.

From what has been said above it is evident that the Babas are unfamiliar with those Malay words of which they are accustomed to use the Chinese equivalents, but there are also a large number of other words in common use among the Malays of which the Babas are entirely ignorant. It is of course well known in European countries that those who cannot read their own language use but a very small number of words in ordinary conversation; we can only hope to acquire a large vocabulary in our own language by constant reading. With few exceptions the Babas read absolutely nothing in the Malay language, and consequently their knowledge of Malay words is very limited. The Malay language is rich in synonyms, and has words to express the finest shades of meaning; but where a number of words have somewhat similar meanings, the Baba uses only one or two to express them all. For instance, for looking and seeing the Malays use the words lihat, pandang, tengok, nampak, tampak, tngadah, mnoleh, tilek, belek, etc.; but the Babas hardly ever use any of these except tengok and nampak, and occasionally lihat and pandang. Similarly they make the one word taroh serve the purpose where the Malays use taroh, buboh and ltak; and the word angkat is used by them where the Malays would say pikul, kelek, tatang, kandong, kendong, junjong, dokong. Many of the Babas would know some of these words if they heard a Malay use them, but they for the most part do not know the exact shades of meaning which they express, and consequently they do not attempt to use them. Where the Malays use two words of somewhat similar meaning, the Babas generally use one to the entire exclusion of the other, for instance they use berjumpa and not bertmu, tuang and not churah, pegang (for pgang) and not chapai, tngkar and not bantah; spak and not tampar, kosong and not hampa, panas and not hangat. Of the formation of derived words from roots by means of prefixes and suffixes the Babas as a rule know nothing whatever; in many cases however they use derived words, but do not seem to understand their connection with the root word: as for instance the word pnyapu, broom, is well known, but they would not understand its connection with sapu,


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 more of this tramway. A large surf-boat was being laden with its rails, and as it persisted, owing to the long heavy swell, in playing bob cherry with every bundle of them, the time came when the man at the winch "came back a bit" suddenly instead of "softly, softly" as he had been carefully ordered to do. This happened when the boat was nearly laden, and one of the bundles of rails hanging on the chain swung round and speared that lively surf-boat right through.

A scene of some excitement followed, accompanied by a perfect word-fog of directions and advice. The chain was hastily lowered into the boat and put round bundles of rails which were as hastily hauled back on to the Batanga's deck, but still the boat with the balance of the rails continued sinking, and her black crew when they realised this went "for water one time" and swam round at a respectful distance so as to avoid the coming down suck, in spite of being most distinctly requested to return to the boat and sling rails like fury. Then Captain Murray came upon the scene and rose to the occasion, ordering ropes to be passed bodily under the boat and round her in such a manner that she was held up, whether she would or no, until she was unloaded. Then she was hauled on deck and repaired during the rest of the voyage by my old friend the Portuguese carpenter, although he announced himself as "suffering from rheumatism under the influence of the doctor."

The Gold Coast is one of the few places in West Africa that I have never felt it my solemn duty to go and fish in. I really cannot say why. Seen from the sea it is a pleasant-looking land. The long lines of yellow, sandy beach backed by an almost continuous line of blue hills, which in some places come close to the beach, in other places show in the dim distance. It is hard to think that it is so unhealthy as it is, from just seeing it as you pass by. It has high land and has not those great masses of mangrove-swamp one usually, at first, associates with a bad fever district, but which prove on acquaintance to be at any rate no worse than this well-elevated open-forested Gold Coast land. There are many things to be had here and in Lagos which tend to make


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24 session.

So I couldn't—I can't recall all the speakers. I'm trying ta be—you know, I'm trying to provide the record and y'all, the committee, with as much an information as I can. Obviously, the Members of Congress were no longer going ta be able to speak, because they were in session. But the original plan was that they would be able to speak if there was no Ellipse event.

So what Members of Congress were originally supposed to speak at your event?

I can say with certainty one name, and that's, you know, Representative Paul Gosar was going to speak if the event was happening at 9 a.m. or whenever, whenever I said it was starting. And what happens is that a variety of people, like, for example, you know, there's a Pennsylvania radio show hast Rose Tennent who is very close friends with Representative Mike Kelly. And so, what I would say is I didn't talk to Representative Mike Kelly, and I didn't talk to his staff. And I didn't get a confirmation. And I didn't even know that he's on the website. And probably shouldn't be volunteering information.

But what I am saying is that I try my best to represent things that are true. And things get updated or moved and that's been butchered in the press. I actually think that this committee, you know, obviously is going to understand a truer version of events than has ever been reported, and that's unfortunate, because a lot of people are taking even deepfakes, or photoshops, or real images online and saying this didn't happen or this, this. And it is like, well, things were moving all the way up until the morning of January 6th when my speech is canceled.

So, you know, Dr. Paul Gosar was certainly scheduled to originally speak, but no Member of Congress was going to be able to speak because they were in joint session


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 yang are never used by Malays; instead of ini macham punya orang fikir, a Malay would say pada fikiran orang yang dmkian; and instead of apa yang banyak salah, a Malay would say ksalahan yang bsar; a Malay would probably say the whole sentence somewhat as follows:—Pada fikiran orang yang dmkian, ksalahan yang bsar tiada patut di-perbuat, dan kesalahan yarg sdikit boleh di-perbuat. The last clause "Apa punja bodoh satu fikiran ini?" is even more utterly foreign to Malay idiom. It will be noticed that in the above sentence as reconstructed in the Malay idiom, the passive form di-perbuat is used; the Malays of course make a great deal of use of this construction both in writing and in conversation, but the Babas hardly ever use it at all. Another peculiar of the Babas is that they almost always make the adjectival pronouns itu and ini, that and this, precede the noun which they qualify instead of following it, as it should be according to Malay idiom. Again the Babas use the verb "to be" quite differently from the Malay idiom; take such sentences as, "Ini ada btul salah;" "ini macham punya orang ada bodoh"—no Malay would ever use ada in such a connection at all. They also follow the English idiom of placing the verb "to be" at the end of a sentence, thus, "brapa chantek dia-orang ada," "how beautiful they are." Another Chinese idiom is the use of datang for "here" or "hither," as the Chinese use lâi, as, "knapa t'ada bawa dia datang?" and "Kalau lu jalan datang." Pernah is used in the sense "at some time," as opposed to ta'pernah, "never," in the same way that the Hok-kiens used bat and m̄-bat, as, "kuda yang sudah pernah tanggorg seksa," "a horse which has suffered at some time;" "kuda yang sudah pernah jatoh," " a horse which at some time has fallen;" these quotations are from the translation of "Black Beauty" by Mr. Goh Hood Keng, who speaks very little Chinese. The following may also be given as examples of phrases which are distinctly Chinese—"Di-piarakan sampai mnjadi orary," "taken care of until he grew up" = Chinese chiâⁿ-lâng; tengok rengan, instead of the Malay pandang mudah = khoàⁿ-khin; "orang yang kna dia pukol," "the man who was beaten by him" = hō͘ i phah.

The following list of words, though not by any means complete, will be useful for reference.

Being principally corruptions of Malay and Chinese words.


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 life more tolerable, that you cannot have elsewhere until you are south of the Congo. Horses, for example, do fairly well at Accra, though some twelve miles or so behind the town there is a belt of tsetse fly, specimens of which I have procured and had identified at the British Museum, and it is certain death to a horse, I am told, to take it to Aburi.

The food-supply, although bad and dear, is superior to that you get down south. Goats and sheep are fairly plentiful. In addition to fresh meat and tinned you are able to get a quantity of good sea fish, for the great West African Bank, which fringes the coast in the Bight of Benin, abounds in fish, although the native cook very rarely knows how to cook them. Then, too, you can get more fruit and


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The reproductive and excretory organs are closely associated in structure and function, and are therefore collectively termed the urogenital, or urinogenital, system. In dissecting the urogenital organs be careful not to cut the blood vessels, which will be studied later.

The two kidneys are the two principal excretory organs of the body. The renal arteries carry the blood to the kidneys, where urea, salts, excess water, etc. are removed from the blood, which then passes to the inferior vena cava through the renal veins. Each kidney is a bean-shaped organ, covered ventrally by peritoneum, and attached to the dorsal wall of the abdomen. The hilum, or depression where the renal blood vessels and ureter enter, is on the median surface. The dorsal surface is flattened, the ventral surface is convex. The anterior end of the right kidney fits into the concave surface of the right lateral lobe of the liver. The left kidney is displaced caudad, so that its hilum is slightly posterior to the level of the posterior end of the right kidney. This displacement is probably due to the presence of the stomach on the left side of the body. The ureter is the tubule which conveys the urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder. Find where it leaves the hilum of the kidney and trace it back to the bladder.

The suprarenal gland is a somewhat hemispherical body immediately anterior to each kidney. It lacks a duct. The secretion (adrenalin) known as an internal secretion, enters the blood, which carries it to those parts of the body where it performs its functions.


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Rh Remove both kidneys from the body. With a sharp razor or scalpel divide one kidney into its dorsal and ventral halves, and bisect the other by a transverse cut passing through the hilum. The cut surfaces reveal the outer cortical and inner medullary regions of the kidney. Within the latter note the dorsoventrally flattened papilla which projects into the internal cavity, or sinus, of the kidney. The urine collects in the sinus and drains into the ureter through its funnel-shaped anterior end, the pelvis, which is located at the hilum of the kidney. Insert a fine bristle into the pelvis where it surrounds the tip of the papilla and by careful probing locate the lumen of the ureter.

Exercise XXII. Draw the cut surfaces of the bisected kidneys.

The spermatozoa, or male sex cells, are produced in the two testes, which develop in the embryo near the attachment of the mesentery to the dorsal side of the abdominal cavity. In the lower vertebrates the testes remain through- out life near their embryonic position, but in most mammals they come to lie in an integumentary sac, the scrotum, ventral to the anus. This scrotal sac incloses two extensions of the coelom, each of which communicates in the embryo with the abdominal cavity through the inguinal canal. This canal marks the position of the scrotal evagination. The testes usually descend from the abdominal cavity, through the inguinal canals, into the scrotal sac, though in the whale and elephant they remain in the abdominal cavity. Such a condition (cryptorchism) occasionally occurs in man. The inguinal canal remains open in marsupials, bats, rodents (including the rat), insectivores, etc. The descent of the testes in these animals is temporary, and at the close of the breeding season the testes are withdrawn into the abdomen by the cremaster


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 vegetables on the Gold Coast than at most places lower down: the plantain, not least among them—very good when allowed to become ripe, and then cut into longitudinal strips, and properly fried; the banana, which surpasses it when served in the same manner, or beaten up and mixed with rice, butter, and eggs, and baked. Eggs, by the way, according to the great mass of native testimony, are laid in this country in a state that makes them more fit for electioneering than culinary purposes, and I shall never forget one tribe I was once among, who, whenever I sat down on one of their benches, used to smash eggs round me for ju-ju. They meant well. But I will nobly resist the temptation to tell egg stories and industriously catalogue the sour-sop, guava, grenadilla, aubergine or garden-egg, yam, and sweet potato.

The sweet potato should be boiled, and then buttered and browned in an oven, or fried. When cooked in either way I am devoted to them, but in the way I most frequently come across them I abominate them, for they jeopardise my existence both in this world and the next. It is this way you are coming home from a long and dangerous beetle-hunt in the forest; you have battled with mighty beetles the size of pie dishes, they have flown at your head, got into your hair and then nipped you smartly. You have been also considerably stung and bitten by flies, ants, &c., and are most likely sopping wet with rain, or with the wading of streams, and you are tired and your feet go low along the ground, and it is getting, or has got, dark with that ever-deluding tropical rapidity, and then you for your sins get into a piece of ground which last year was a native's farm, and, placing one foot under the tough vine of a surviving sweet potato, concealed by rank herbage, you plant your other foot on another portion of the same vine. Your head you then deposit promptly in some prickly ground crop, or against a tree stump, and then, if there is human blood in you, you say d—n!

Then there are also alligator-pears, limes, and oranges.


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86 muscle. Rats dissected in the laboratory frequently show the testes more or less completely retracted into the abdomen.

The scrotum of the rat is a prominent swelling, about four centimeters long in a large male, lying on the ventral side of the body between the anus and penis. Like the rest of the integument it is covered with hair. A longitudinal groove on its ventral surface marks the position of the septum scroti, an internal partition which separates one testis from the other.

Carefully slit the scrotum ventrolaterally on one side throughout its entire length, using care to cut no deeper than the integument. Cautiously separate the integument, which is the scrotum proper, from the underlying layer of connective tissue. This connective tissue forms a sac which joins a similar sac surrounding the other testis to form a median partition, the septum scroti. Slit the connective tissue sac lengthwise and determine the number of layers in it. A muscular sac will be observed immediately under the connective tissue. It may be traced forward to the ventral abdominal muscles. Microscopic examination of a piece of this muscle will show that it is two-layered and that the fibers are cross striated. The fibers of one layer cross those of the other nearly at right angles.

Each testis is an ovoid body about two centimeters long. It lies lengthwise of the scrotum. The epididymis is closely associated with the testis phylogenetically, structurally, and functionally. It comprises three parts. The enlarged anterior end, or caput epididymidis (head), curves around the anterior end of the testis, and is attached ventrally and mesially to it by a mesentery. The slender corpus epididymidis (body) passes along the dorsal side of the testis, connecting the caput epididymidis in front with the


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Rh cauda epididymidis behind. The latter expands posteriorly and curves down around the posterior end of the testis. The ductus deferens is the conspicuous tube which passes forward from the median side of the cauda epididymidis, through the inguinal canal into the abdominal cavity.

The epididymis and ductus deferens are both attached to a mesentery which extends from the dorsal side of the testis to the dorsal wall of the scrotal cavity. Anteriorly this mesentery also incloses the blood vessels which carry blood to and away from the testis. Fat accumulates in consider- able quantity in front of the epididymis and within ventral prolongations of the mesentery which extend through the inguinal canal into the abdominal cavity.

The mammalian scrotal cavity, like the abdominal cavity from which it is derived, is lined with peritoneum, the tunica vaginalis. The testis, like the intestine, is almost completely invested with peritoneum and is suspended in the scrotal cavity by the mesentery, which is covered on both sides by the peritoneal layer. The wall of the testis is a very tough, fibrous, transparent membrane, the tunica albuginea. This incloses a mass of convoluted seminiferous tubules, readily seen through the tunic. Slit the latter lengthwise of the testis and with a needle tease out some of the tubules, noting their convolutions. These tubules produce the spermatozoa.

The epididymis is covered by a tough transparent membrane similar to the tunica albuginea of the testis. Through the membrane may be seen tubular convolutions. The ductus deferens becomes coiled when it enters the cauda epididymidis. Verify this by a careful dissection.

In man the spermatozoa, produced by the epithelial lining of the seminiferous tubules, pass through efferent ducts, the ductuli efferentes testis, to the caput epididymidis, where they are collected into a single duct, the duct of the


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88 epididymis. The convolutions of this tube form the body and tail of the epididymis. The tube emerges from the cauda epididymidis, and as the ductus deferens conducts the sperm cells to the urethra. This arrangement doubtless obtains, in all essential details, in the rat also.

The epididymis of Amniotes is homologous to a part of the mesonephros of the adult Ichthyopsida. The mesonephros is a kidney and a sperm carrier in the latter group. The excretory function is retained by the mesonephros in the mammalian embryo, but in the development of the male the organ undergoes partial degeneration, so that in the adult only the sperm-carrying function is retained.

The ductus deferens of the rat, after entering the abdominal cavity through the inguinal canal, turns medianly, curves around the ventral surface of the ureter, and joins the urethra.

There are several accessory glandular structures in this region. The vesicular glands are a pair of conspicuous, warty structures at the posterior end of the abdominal cavity. The anterior end of each gland bends abruptly caudad, so that each gland, as a whole, somewhat resembles an interrogation point. The gland is hard and brittle in a preserved animal. Open it and remove some of the coagulated secretion. It breaks into fine particles when rubbed between the fingers. This secretion is produced by the wall of the gland, which is said to contain a strong mantle of smooth muscle. Find the duct and trace it caudad to its entrance into the anterior end of the urethra. These organs were formerly called seminal vesicles, but they contain no spermatozoa. It is said that the glands produce an alkaline secretion which is mixed with the sperms, upon whose movements the secretion probably exerts a favorable influence. It is claimed that extirpation of the glands reduces the animal's reproductive capacity.


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 promised one. What I do sometimes regret is that the scheme, which my meetings with you are but a part of, has not been carried out completely. You said, Nicholas, that if I consented to swear to keep faith with you, you would go away and travel, and see nations, and peoples, and cities, and take a professor with you, and study books and art, simultaneously with your study of men and manners; and then come back at the end of two years, when I should find that my father would by no means be indisposed to accept you as a son-in-law. You said your reason for wishing to get my promise before starting was that your mind would then be more at rest when you were far away, and so could give itself more completely to knowledge than if you went as my unaccepted lover only, fuming with anxiety as to how I should be when you came back. I saw how reasonable that was; and solemnly swore myself to you in consequence. But instead of going to see the world you stay on and on here to see me.'

'And you don't want me to see you?'

'Yes—no—it is not that. It is that I have latterly felt frightened at what I am doing when not in your actual presence. It seems so wicked not to tell my father that I have a lover close at hand, within touch and view of both of us; whereas, if you were absent my conduct would not seem quite so treacherous. The realities would not stare at one so. You would be a pleasant dream to me, which I should be free to indulge in without reproach of my conscience; I should live in hopeful expectation of your returning fully qualified to boldly claim me of my father. There, I have been terribly frank, I know.'

He in his turn had lapsed into gloomy breathings now. 'I did plan it as you state,' he answered. 'I did mean to go away the moment I had your promise. But, dear Christine, I did not foresee two or three things. I did not know what a lot of pain it would cost to tear myself from you. And I did not

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 There is something about those oranges I should like to have explained. They are usually green and sweetish in taste, nor have they much white pith, but now and again you get a big bright yellow one from those trees that have been imported, and these are very pithy and in full possession of the flavour of verjuice. They have also got the papaw on the Coast, the Carica papaya of botanists. It is an insipid fruit. To the newcomer it is a dreadful nuisance, for no sooner does an old coaster set eyes on it than he straightway says, "Paw-paws are awfully good for the digestion, and even if you just hang a tough fowl or a bit of goat in the tree among the leaves, it gets tender in no time, for there is an awful lot of pepsine in a paw-paw,"—which there is not, papaine being its active principle. After hearing this hymn of praise to the papaw some hundreds of times, it palls, and you usually arrive at this tired feeling about the thing by the time you reach the Gold Coast, for it is a most common object, and the same man will say the same thing about it a dozen times a day if he gets the chance. I got heartily sick of it on my first voyage out, and rashly determined to check the old coaster in this habit of his, preparatory to stamping the practice out. It was one of my many failures. I soon met an old coaster with a papaw fruit in sight, and before he had time to start, I boldly got away with—"The paw-paw is awfully good for the digestion," hoping that this display of knowledge would impress him and exempt me from hearing the rest of the formula. But no. "Right you are," said he solemnly. "It's a powerful thing is the paw-paw. Why, the other day we had a sad case along here. You know what a nuisance young assistants are, bothering about their chop, and scorpions in their beds and boots, and what not and a half, and then, when you have pulled them through these, and often enough before, pegging out with fever, or going on the fly in the native town. Did you know poor B—? Well! he's dead now, had fever and went off like a babe in eight hours though he'd been out fourteen years for A— and D—. They sent him out a new book-keeper, a tender young thing with a dairymaid complexion and the notion that he'd got the indigestion. He fidgeted about it something awful. One


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Rh Note the elongated flattened gland lying against the concave surface of the vesicular gland. Find its duct and trace it to the anterior end of the urethra. Find also the pair of small glands (probably the ampullary glands), each of which encircles the ductus deferens near its entrance into the urethra.

The prostate gland comprises two regions. One attaches to the dorsal and lateral surfaces of the proximal end of the urethra, and to the dorsal side of the vesicular gland. The other region consists of two prominent lobes lying ventral to the urinary bladder, to which they are attached. The lobes are also fastened to the adjacent body wall. Dissect away the tough external tunic of connective tissue, and note that both parts of the gland are a mass of tubules. The prostatic secretion in man dilutes and lends bulk to the seminal fluid. It has been suggested that in rodents the secretion assists the locomotion of the sperm cells, and also nourishes them.

The urinary bladder is an oval sac attached to the dorsal surface of the ventral part of the prostate gland. The bladder narrows proximally to the neck, which joins the ductus deferentia to form the urethra. Each ureter, or urinary drainage tube of the kidney, joins the corresponding side of the bladder near the neck. Urine entering the bladder through the ureters, is stored there temporarily, then flows through the neck into the urethra, which conveys it to the outside. The urethra also carries the spermatic fluid during copulation.

The descent of the testis carries the ductus deferens ventral to the ureter. This accounts for the way these tubes loop around each other in the adult.

A mesentery in the sagittal plane connects the bladder and posterior part of the prostate gland with the ventral body wall.


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 Flax is now all pulled. Changed sheep & Cattle pens, a party making up fences round grain sheds. Pigs have now the range of the fields. Indian Women collecting clover seed. Carrier fixing Kitchen.

Thursday 26th. Close sultry weather, smoke exceedingly dense, unable to see more than a few paces before us. Em ployed cutting binding & Carting Wheat from field No 19. Collecting & thrashing Clover seed. Received from Mr. Handcock 640 bricks for a new oven. 2 carts at the manure. 3 Nisqually lads at the well.

Friday 27th. Clam [calm] weather, smoke very very thick. Employed cutting & binding wheat-carting out manure thrashing clover seed making up fences round the different sheds. 3 Nisqually Indians digging well. Received from Mr. Handcock 430 bricks.

Saturday 28th. Clam weather—the plain still enveloped in dense smoke. Cutting & binding wheat which is barely ripe in field No 19. As there is no grain to cart in, set all the carts & spare indians to cart out manure upon field No 2. Cleared out Salmon & wheat store. Counted the flock of lambs; there are 49 Wether lambs & 54 ewe lambs. Began to serve out potatoes on rations to the men.

Sunday 29th. Light westerly wind, air filled with smoke.

Monday 30th. Smoke still very dense, light westerly breeze-cutting binding & carting wheat of field No I9. Indian Women collecting timothy, thrashing clover & &. Potatoes are now suffering for the want of rain, indians