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 Sovereign, is permitted to exhibit that colour in any portion of his dress. It shows how little importance attaches to the female sex that a lady, even a slave, can sport yellow in her dress, or any colour she chooses. Theoretically the duties of the Bandahara are those of a Home Secretary; the di Gadong is Keeper of the Seal and Chancellor of the Exchequer; the Pamancha's functions I am rather uncertain about, as the post has remained unfilled for many years past, but they would seem to partake of those of a Home Secretary; and the Temenggong is the War Minister and Military and Naval Commander-in-chief, and appears also to hear and decide criminal and civil cases in the city of Brunai. These appointments are made by the Sultan, and for life, but it will be understood that, in such a rough and ready system of government as that of Brunai, the actual influence of each Minister depends entirely on his own character and that of the Sultan. Sometimes one Minister will practically usurp the functions. of some, or, perhaps, all the others, leaving them only their titles and revenues, while often, on a vacancy occurring, the Sultan does not make a fresh appointment, but himself appropriates the revenue of the office leaving the duties to take care of themselves.

To look after trade and commerce there is, in theory, an inferior Minister, the Pangeran Shabander.

There is another class of Ministers—Mantri—who are selected by the Sultan from among the people, and are chosen for their intelligence and for the influence and following they have amongst the citizens. They possess very considerable political power, their opinions being asked on important matters. Such are the two Juwatans and the Orang Kaya di Gadong, who may be looked upon as the principal officers of the Sultan and the Wazirs.

The State officials are paid by the revenues of certain districts which are assigned, as will be seen below, to the different offices.

The Mahomedan Malays, it has already been explained, were an invading and conquering race in Borneo, and their chiefs would seem to have divided the country, or, rather, the


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 inhabitants, amongst themselves, in much the same way as England was parcelled out among the followers of. The people of all the rivers and of the interior, up to the limits where the Brunai Malays can enforce their authority, own as their feudal lord and pay taxes to either the Sultan, in his unofficial capacity, or to one of the nobles, or else they are attached to the office of Sultan or one of the great Ministers of State, and, again theoretically speaking, all the districts in the Sultanate are known, from the fact of the people on them belonging to a noble, or to the reigning Sultan for the time being, or to one of the Ministers of State, as either :—

1. Ka-rájahan-belonging to the Sultan or Rája.

or 2. Kouripan—belonging to certain public officials during their term of office.

or 3. Pusaka or Tulin—belonging to the Sultan or any of the nobles in their unofficial capacity.

The crown and the feudal chiefs did not assert any claim to the land; there are, for instance, no "crown lands," and, in the case of land not owned or occupied, any native could settle upon and cultivate it without payment of any rent or land tax, either to the Sultan or to the feudal chief of the district; consequently, land was comparatively little regarded, and what the feudal chief claimed was the people and not the land, so much so that, as pointed out by Mr. in a Consular report, in the case of the people removing from one river to another, they did not become the followers of the chief who owned the population amongst whom they settled, but remained subject to their former lord, who had the right of following them and collecting from them his taxes as before, It is only of quite recent years, imitating the example of the English in Labuan, where all the land was assumed to be the property of the Sovereign and leased to individuals for a term of years, that the nobles have, in some instances, put forward a claim to ownership of the land on which their followers

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Rh

Webster’s New International Dictionary 2296 (2d ed. 1953):


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56


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Rh Webster’s Third New International Dictionary 2081 (1966):


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 the end of the year when I am really in harness?" He found it hard to control the desire to be straight with Peggy and tell her the story of his mad race in pursuit of poverty.

Preparations for the ball went on steadily, and in a dull winter it had its color value for society. It was to be a Spanish costume-ball, and at many tea-tables the talk of it was a god-send. Sarcastic as it frequently was on the question of Monty's extravagance, there was a splendor about the Aladdin-like entertainment which had a charm. Beneath the outward disapproval there was a secret admiration of the superb nerve of the man. And there was little reluctance to help him in the wild career he had chosen. It was so easy to go with him to the edge of the precipice and let him take the plunge alone. Only the echo of the criticism reached Brewster, for he had silenced Harrison with work and Pettingill with opportunities. It troubled him little, as he was engaged in jotting down items that swelled the profit side of his ledger account enormously. The ball was bound to give him a good lead in the race once more, despite the heavy handicap the Stock Exchange had imposed. The "Little Sons" took off their coats and helped


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 Pettingill in the work of preparation. He found them quite superfluous, for their ideas never agreed and each man had a way of preferring his own suggestion. To Brewster's chagrin they were united in the effort to curb his extravagance.

"He'll be giving automobiles and ropes of pearls for favors if we don't stop him," said "Subway" Smith, after Monty had ordered a vintage champagne to be served during the entire evening. "Give them two glasses first, if you like, and then they won't mind if they have cider the rest of the night."

"Monty is plain dotty," chimed Bragdon, "and the pace is beginning to tell on him."

As a matter of fact the pace was beginning to tell on Brewster. Work and worry were plainly having an effect on his health. His color was bad, his eyes were losing their lustre, and there was a listlessness in his actions that even determined effort could not conceal from his friends. Little fits of fever annoyed him occasionally and he admitted that he did not feel quite right.

"Something is wrong somewhere," he said, ruefully, "and my whole system seems ready to stop work through sympathy."

Suddenly there was a mighty check to the


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 preparations. Two days before the date set for the ball everything came to a standstill and the managers sank back in perplexity and consternation. Monty Brewster was critically ill.

Appendicitis, the doctors called it, and an operation was imperative.

"Thank heaven it's fashionable," laughed Monty, who showed no fear of the prospect. "How ridiculous if it had been the mumps, or if the newspapers had said, 'On account of the whooping-cough, Mr. Brewster did not attend his ball.'"

"You don't mean to say—the ball is off, of course," and Harrison was really alarmed.

"Not a bit of it, Nopper," said Monty. "It's what I've been wanting all along. You chaps do the handshaking and I stay at home."

There was an immediate council of war when this piece of news was announced, and the "Little Sons" were unanimous in favor of recalling the invitations and declaring the party off. At first Monty was obdurate, but when some one suggested that he could give the ball later on, after he was well, he relented. The opportunity to double the cost by giving two parties was not to be ignored.

"Call it off, then, but say it is only postponed."


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 A great rushing to and fro resulted in the cancelling of contracts, the recalling of invitations, the settling of accounts, with the most loyal effort to save as much as possible from the wreckage. Harrison and his associates, almost frantic with fear for Brewster's life, managed to perform wonders in the few hours of grace. Gardner, with rare foresight, saw that the Viennese orchestra would prove a dead loss. He suggested the possibility of a concert tour through the country, covering several weeks, and Monty, too ill to care one way or the other, authorized him to carry out the plan if it seemed feasible.

To Monty, fearless and less disturbed than any other member of his circle, appendicitis seemed as inevitable as vaccination.

"The appendix is becoming an important feature in the Book of Life," he once told Peggy Gray.

He refused to go to a hospital, but pathetically begged to be taken to his old rooms at Mrs. Gray's.

With all the unhappy loneliness of a sick boy, he craved the care and companionship of those who seemed a part of his own. Dr. Lotless had them transform a small bedchamber into a model operating room and Monty took


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 no small satisfaction in the thought that if he was to be denied the privilege of spending money for several weeks, he would at least make his illness as expensive as possible. A consultation of eminent surgeons was called, but true to his colors, Brewster installed Dr. Lotless, a "Little Son," as his house surgeon. Monty grimly bore the pain and suffering and submitted to the operation which alone could save his life. Then came the struggle, then the promise of victory and then the quiet days of convalescence. In the little room where he had dreamed his boyish dreams and suffered his boyish sorrows, he struggled against death and gradually emerged from the mists of lassitude. He found it harder than he had thought to come back to life. The burden of it all seemed heavy. The trained nurses found that some more powerful stimulant than the medicine was needed to awaken his ambition, and they discovered it at last in Peggy.

"Child," he said to her the first time she was permitted to see him, and his eyes had lights in them: "do you know, this isn't such a bad old world after all. Sometimes as I've lain here, it has looked twisted and queer. But there are things that straighten it out. To-day I feel as though I had a place in it—as


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 Rh I wash your feet. He that wishes to be first shall be last, and a servant unto all the others.' Because I read in the holy book where he says, 'Blessed are the poor in spirit, for they shall surely go to heaven.' He also says, 'Blessed are the kind, the generous.'

Old Stepanovitch became so interested in all that Martin said that he forgot to drink his tea. The old soldier was easily moved to tears, and as he sat listening to Martin they slowly trickled down his cheeks.

"Come, Stepanovitch, won't you have some more tea?" asked Martin.

But the old soldier's only reply was to make the sign of the cross, after which he turned his glass upside down, and, thanking his host, arose.

"Thank you again," he said to Martin; "you have been very kind tome. You have warmed my body and refreshed my soul."

The old man then took his departure.

Martin, after having drunk the rest of the tea, put the dishes on the shelf, and sitting by the


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 168 window he resumed his work. He was stitching on a patch, and as he worked he kept constantly looking out of the window. He continued to think of Christ's sayings and of his marvellous deeds. He was also wondering if Christ would really pay him a visit it.

As he looked through the window two soldiers passed by. The boots of one had been furnished by the Government, while those of the other had been made by Martin himself. Soon the owner of the next house went by, wearing new goloshes. Then came a baker with a large basket, and he, too, passed on. The last to appear in sight of the window was a woman whose woollen stockings were plainly visible through the lacings of her lapti (shoes made of the bark of the linden tree). She went by and stopped at the wall close to the window-sill.

Martin on looking up saw a woman poorly clad and hugging a baby to her breast. She was standing with her back to the wind, endeavoring to protect the child from its biting


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Rh American Heritage Dictionary 1187 (1969):

Webster’s Third New International Dictionary 2081 (2002):


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 Rh blasts, but without sufficient clothes to do so. Those which she wore were old and very shabby. They were also of thin material, and only fit for summer weather. Through the window Martin could hear the baby crying and the mother trying to quiet it; but her efforts were not successful. Martin arose and, going to the outer door, called out from the steps, saying: "My good woman! my good woman!"

On hearing a strange voice the woman with difficulty turned around, as the wind was blowing hard.

"Well," said Martin, "why are you standing in the cold with a babe in your arms? Come right into my room, where it is nice and warm, and where you can wrap the child up better. Here, come this way," he said, pointing to the door.

The woman looked greatly surprised, but, seeing a gentle, kindly-faced old man calling her, with his apron and eye-glasses on, she cheerfully followed him. They descended a few steps,


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 170 which brought them into the room, and Martin, leading the way, conducted her to the bed, when, smiling pleasantly, he said: "Be seated, my good woman, on the side nearest the stove, where you can warm yourself and feed your baby."

The woman smiled sadly as she said: "I have no milk. I have not eaten any food since yesterday." She, however, placed the baby to her breast.

Martin, on hearing this, sadly shook his head, and going to the table got some bread. He next opened the door of the oven and took from it some cabbage-soup, a portion of which he poured into a dish and placed before the starving woman. Then he brought out a pot of gruel, but it was not quite ready; so he gave her bread and soup to satisfy her hunger, adding a drink of quass (fermented rye) in a wooden bowl. Taking a towel from the nail, he placed it also on the table beside the other things.

"My good woman," said Martin, "be seated by the table, and I will care for the babe while


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 Rh you eat. I once had little children myself," continued Martin, "and know how to take care of them and amuse them." The woman took a seat beside the table, the one which Martin had indicated, and, after crossing herself, she began to eat.

Martin seated himself on the bed beside the little one. He chirped to the child several times, but owing to the loss of his teeth the sound was not an agreeable one and the babe began to cry. Martin then tried another means of amusement, by dangling his fingers in its face and then quickly withdrawing them without touching the child. The little trick pleased the babe and it soon ceased to cry, and, becoming quiet, it watched Martin until a smile spread over its little face, and Martin was happy. Meanwhile the woman was enjoying her meal and relating her family history to Martin, telling him who she was and where she came from. "I," she said, "am a soldier's wife, and eight months ago my husband was ordered a long distance from here,


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 though I could fight things and win out. What do you think, Peggy? Do you suppose there is something that I could do? You know what I mean—something that some one else would not do a thousand times better."

But Peggy, to whom this chastened mood in Monty was infinitely pathetic, would not let him talk. She soothed him and cheered him and touched his hair with her cool hands. And then she left him to think and brood and dream.

It was many days before his turbulent mind drifted to the subject of money, but suddenly he found himself hoping that the surgeons would be generous with their charges. He almost suffered a relapse when Lotless, visibly distressed, informed him that the total amount would reach three thousand dollars.

"And what is the additional charge for the operation?" asked Monty, unwilling to accept such unwarranted favors.

"It's included in the three thousand," said Lotless. "They knew you were my friend and it was professional etiquette to help keep down expenses."

For days Brewster remained at Mrs. Gray's, happy in its restfulness, serene under the charm of Peggy's presence, and satisfied to be hope-


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 172 and I have not since heard from him. I was out at service as a cook when my little baby came, and after that no one seemed to care to have me. No one wanted a servant who had to have a child with her, and since that time I have been without a place. The few things I once possessed have been sold to purchase food. I tried at many places to get a position as wet-nurse, but was always told that I was too thin. I have just now been to the merchant's house where our grandmother lives. His wife said she would give us shelter, and I thought that at last we were about to get settled, when she told me to come again next week. I was very tired, for I had travelled a long distance. My sweet babe was tired, too, and the road back is long. It is a good thing for us that the landlady where we live has a kind heart and has taken pity on us, and for Christ's sake has let us have a room free of charge; otherwise I do not know how I should manage to live."

Martin, as he heard the pitiful tale, sighed


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 lessly behind in his daily expense account. The interest shown by the inquiries at the house and the anxiety of his friends were soothing to the profligate. It gave him back a little of his lost self-respect. The doctors finally decided that he would best recuperate in Florida, and advised a month at least in the warmth. He leaped at the proposition, but took the law into his own hands by ordering General Manager Harrison to rent a place, and insisting that he needed the companionship of Peggy and Mrs. Gray.

"How soon can I get back to work, Doctor?" demanded Monty, the day before the special train was to carry him south. He was beginning to see the dark side of this enforced idleness. His blood again was tingling with the desire to be back in the harness of a spendthrift.

"To work?" laughed the physician. "And what is your occupation, pray?"

"Making other people rich," responded Brewster, soberly.

"Well, aren't you satisfied with what you have done for me? If you are as charitable as that you must be still pretty sick. Be careful, and you may be on your feet again in five or six weeks."


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60


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 Rh deeply and at last said: "Have you no warm clothing?"

"My dear old friend," the woman answered, "I know this is the season of the year for warm clothing, but I have none. Yesterday I pawned my last shawl for twenty kopecks."

Having finished her meal, the woman went to the bed and took the child in her arms. Martin went to the corner and began hunting for something, and finally found an old coat which he brought out, and handing it to the woman, said: "Take it. It is old and shabby, I know, but it may be of some service to you."

The woman looked at the old man and then at the coat, and she burst into tears. Martin was also greatly affected and turned his head aside so that the woman might not see the expression of his face. Going over to the bed, he stooped down and drew from under it a small box, out of which he took something which he held in his hand as he again seated himself opposite to the woman.


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 174 "May Christ bless you, diedushka [little uncle]," the woman said. "It seems as if he himself must have sent me to your window, for if it had not been for your kindness my babe must have frozen to death. When I started from my home this morning it was quite warm, but since then the weather has changed, and now it is bitter cold. And it was he," she continued, "the dear Christ, that led you to look through the window and have pity on a poor unfortunate."

Martin smiled as he said: "Truly it was he who put the thought into my mind, and (as it has proved) he had good reasons for doing so."

Martin then related his dream to the soldier's wife, and how he had heard a voice which he believed to be the Lord's promise to come that day to see him.

"With the Lord all things are possible," said the woman.

She then arose, and wrapping the old overcoat about herself and the babe, she prepared to take her departure. She first, however, with tears


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62 Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English 1164 (5th ed. 1964):

Random House Dictionary of the English Language 1307 (1966):


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 Harrison came in as Lotless left. Peggy smiled at him from the window. She had been reading aloud from a novel so garrulous that it fairly cried aloud for interruptions.

"Now, Nopper, what became of the ball I was going to give?" demanded Monty, a troubled look in his eyes.

"Why, we called it off," said "Nopper," in surprise.

"Don't you remember, Monty?" asked Peggy, looking up quickly, and wondering if his mind had gone trailing off.

"I know we didn't give it, of course; but what date did you hit upon?"

"We didn't postpone it at all," said "Nopper." "How could we? We didn't know whether—I mean it wouldn't have been quite right to do that sort of thing."

"I understand. Well, what has become of the orchestra, and the flowers, and all that?"

"The orchestra is gallivanting around the country, quarreling with itself and everybody else, and driving poor Gardner to the insane asylum. The flowers have lost their bloom long ago."

"Well, we'll get together, Nopper, and try to have the ball at mid-Lent. I think I'll be well by that time."


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 Rh in her eyes, thanked the old man for his kindness to her.

"Accept this 'for Christ's sake, said Martin, as he thrust a twenty-kopeck piece into her hand, "and redeem your shawl from the pawn-shop."

The woman made the sign of the cross. Martin did likewise, and then he accompanied her to the door.

After the woman left Martin had something to eat, and when he had finished he washed the dishes, and, putting the room in order, he once more sat down to work. A feeling of satisfaction filled his heart.

Martin while working did not forget the window, and as the shadow of each passer-by darkened its dingy panes he looked up. Friends and strangers both passed by, but nothing out of the ordinary occurred.

Suddenly a dark shadow fell across the little window, and Martin hastily looked up to see what caused it. What he saw was an old wom-


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 Peggy looked appealingly at Harrison for guidance, but to him silence seemed the better part of valor, and he went off wondering if the illness had completely carried away Monty's reason.


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64


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 176 an, a fruit-vender, who had stopped before the window. Her basket of fruit was still unsold. On her back she had a bag filled with chips, which she had apparently collected from some new building in course of erection. Feeling tired from the weight of her double burden, she had stopped to change their position. She had placed the bag on the ground near the door, while she rested her basket against a pillar.

She began to arrange the chips in the bag, and while so engaged a poorly-dressed boy appeared on the scene and stole an apple from the basket. The boy thought he would get away safely with his booty, but just as he was about to start the old woman suddenly turned around and discovered her loss, when she grabbed the thief by the arm.

He was a little fellow, and tried hard to free himself, but the woman dropped everything else and held him with both her hands. She snatched his hat from his head and threw it into the street and then began to pull his hair. The boy began


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 Rh to cry and the woman to swear. Martin threw his work on the floor, and in his hurry to get to the door he stumbled and dropped his eye-glasses.

When Martin finally reached the street he found the woman still pulling the boy's hair and swearing and threatening to call a policeman. The boy struggled desperately to free himself from the woman, all the while saying: "I did not take the apple. Why do you beat me? You must let me go."

Martin, on reaching the struggling boy and woman, tried to separate them, and taking the poor child by the arm said: "Let him go, babushka [little grandmother], forgive him, for Christ's sake."

"Yes," she replied; "I will forgive him in such a manner that he will not forget it during the remainder of his life. I will take the little imp to the police station!"

But Martin still pleaded with the old woman, saying:


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Rh Random House Webster’s Unabridged Dictionary 1754 (2d ed. 2001):

American Heritage Dictionary 1605 (5th ed. 2011):


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66

 * 2 U. S. C. §658a(2) (Congressional Budget and Fiscal Operations; Federal Mandates)
 * 2 U. S. C. §1311(a)(1) (Congressional Accountability; Extension of Rights and Protections)
 * 2 U. S. C. §1503(2) (Unfunded Mandates Reform)
 * 3 U. S. C. §411(a)(1) (Presidential Offices; Employment Discrimination)
 * 5 U. S. C. §2301(b)(2) (Merit System Principles)
 * 5 U. S. C. §2302(b)(1) (Prohibited Personnel Practices)
 * 5 U. S. C. §7103(a)(4)(A) (Labor-Management Relations; Definitions)
 * 5 U. S. C. §7116(b)(4) (Labor-Management Relations; Unfair Labor Practices)
 * 5 U. S. C. §7201(b) (Antidiscrimination Policy; Minority Recruitment Program)


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 178 "Please let him go, little grandmother. He will not do it again. Let him go, for Christ's sake."

The woman, with great reluctance, finally released him, and the boy started to run; but Martin took hold of him, saying:

"Ask the old lady to forgive you and promise her that you will not do it again. I saw you take the apple myself."

The boy began to cry and soon asked to be forgiven, promising that he would not repeat the offence.

"That is the right way to do," said Martin; and taking an apple from the old woman's basket he handed it to the boy, saying: "Now you may have it." Then turning to the woman, he said: "I will pay you for it, my dear little grandmother."

"Such kind treatment is what makes those young rascals so bad," she replied. "This one deserves a reward that would render him unable to play such tricks for at least a week."


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 It was the cottage of a New York millionaire which had fallen to Brewster. The owner had, for the time, preferred Italy to St. Augustine, and left his estate, which was well located and lavishly equipped, in the hands of his friends. Brewster's lease covered three months, at a fabulous rate per month. With Joe Bragdon installed as manager-in-chief, his establishment was transferred bodily from New York, and the rooms were soon as comfortable as their grandeur would permit. Brewster was not allowed to take advantage of his horses and the new automobile which preceded him from New York, but to his guests they offered unlimited opportunities. "Nopper" Harrison had remained in the north to renew arrangements for the now hated ball and to look after the advance details of the yacht cruise. Dr. Lotless and his sister, with "Subway" Smith and the Grays, made up Brewster's party. Lotless dampened Monty's spirits by relentlessly putting him on rigid diet, with most dis-


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 Rh "Oh, babushka!" said Martin. "That may be our way, but it is not God's. If you think the boy should be so severely punished for stealing only an apple, what punishment do you think should be meted out to us for our sins?"

The old woman did not reply.

Martin then related to her the parable of how a certain lord had released his tenant from a large debt, and how the tenant went out and began to abuse one who owed him a much smaller sum.

The old woman and the boy listened with great interest to the Bible story.

"God has commanded us to forgive," said Martin, "that we also may be forgiven. Everybody should be forgiven, especially the hasty and thoughtless."

The woman shook her head and heaved a deep sigh.

"Yes, yes," she said; "that is all very true. But nowadays boys are too wicked to be benefited by such Christian kindness."


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 couraging restrictions upon his conduct. The period of convalescence was to be an exceedingly trying one for the invalid. At first he was kept in-doors, and the hours were whiled away by playing cards. But Monty considered "bridge" the "," and preferred to play piquet with Peggy. It was one of these games that the girl interrupted with a question that had troubled her for many days. "Monty," she said, and she found it much more difficult than when she had rehearsed the scene in the silence of her walks; "I've heard a rumor that Miss Drew and her mother have taken rooms at the hotel. Wouldn't it be pleasanter to have them here?"

A heavy gloom settled upon Brewster's face, and the girl's heart dropped like lead. She had puzzled over the estrangement, and wondered if by any effort of her own things could be set right. At times she had had flashing hopes that it did not mean as much to Monty as she had thought. But down underneath, the fear that he was unhappy seemed the only certain thing in life. She felt that she must make sure. And together with the very human desire to know the worst, was the puritanical impulse to bring it about.

"You forget that this is the last place they


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Rh to stay around the house now that dad's away. But Aunt Gertrude is there and if we can make a getaway without her seeing us I guess it'll be all right."

"Look us up if you can make it."

"You bet we will! Let's go home now, Joe, and see if we can go."

The boys separated and Frank and Joe returned home. They found their mother and Aunt Gertrude still discussing the letter.

"It's absolute foolishness, Laura Hardy, that's all it is!" Aunt Gertrude declared. "You'll just scare the man out of his wits and he'll be back here on the first train."

"Well, I've sent the message, and at least I'll know where he is. I haven't had any word from Fenton since he left and it's been making me nervous."

"Fiddlesticks! The man is too busy to write."

"It isn't like him not to drop a line every two or three days. He is usually very particular about it. He always sends me a note at least twice a week while he's away."

"Well," sighed Aunt Gertrude, as though giving it up as a bad job, "I suppose you know your own affairs best; but I'm telling you I would not have sent that telegram. There!" and she picked up her knitting, the needles flashing furiously.

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 180 "But we older ones should teach them," replied Martin.

"That's just what I have said," remarked the old woman. "I myself have had seven children, and only one daughter is left."

The woman then began to relate where and how she and her daughter lived, and the number of grandchildren she had.

"As you see, I am only a feeble old woman," she continued, "and yet I am obliged to work. I have the greatest pity for my grandchildren, and they in return are very good and kind to me. They always run to meet me with a welcome which I receive nowhere else. Aksiutka will come to no one but myself. 'Babushka, my darling little grandmother—dear one,' she often cries."

At these tender recollections the old woman became so deeply affected that she burst into tears. "Well," she said, finally recovering her composure, "it is, after all, only a childish trick. God bless him," and she pointed to the boy.


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 Rh Perfectly pacified, the old woman made a movement as if to continue on her way. She made an attempt to raise the bag of chips to her shoulder, but the boy jumped up and said: "Let me carry it, babushka; I am going in the same direction in which you live."

The old woman shook her head as she handed the bag to the boy, and together they started down the street. In the excitement she forgot to take the money from Martin for the apple.

Martin, with a smile of satisfaction on his face, stood silently gazing after them; and he heard them talking in a friendly manner as the sound of their voices died away in the distance.

After their departure Martin returned to his basement. Going down the steps he found his eye-glasses. Fortunately, they were not broken.

Martin again took up his work and began to stitch. After working some little time he saw that it was growing dark and he could no longer see to sew. Looking through the window, he


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80 "What's the matter?" asked Frank.

"Little boys should be seen and not heard," grunted Aunt Gertrude, glaring at him over the tops of her spectacles.

"I sent a telegram to your father, telling him about the letter," their mother explained. "I think he should know about it. And, besides, I've been worrying because he hasn't written."

"Where did you address the telegram?"

"He gave me two addresses where I would be sure to find him in Chicago," said Mrs. Hardy. "He gave me the name of the hotel he would be staying at and he also said that Police Headquarters would reach him. I sent the same telegram to each place so I'd be sure to get him."

"Waste of money," sniffed Aunt Gertrude.

At that moment the telephone rang. Mrs. Hardy answered it. The 'phone was in the hallway and the boys could not hear their mother's words, but when she returned to the room a few minutes later they saw that she was pale with apprehension.

"The telegraph company tells me that there is no Fenton Hardy registered at the hotel and that Police Headquarters say he hasn't shown up there either," she announced gravely.

The boys looked at each other in surprise.

"That's strange," said Frank. "And he

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 182 saw a lamplighter pass by. "Well," he thought to himself, "it is time for me to have a light." He arose, and after trimming his lamp and lighting it, he hung it up and again prepared to work.

Turning around the boot, which he had already finished, he looked at it critically and said, "Well done."

Getting up, he put his tools away and brushed up the scraps, after which he placed the lamp on the table. He next took down the holy book from the shelf. He intended opening it at a place which he had marked with a piece of leather, but on placing the book on the table it opened at an entirely different place, and as it did so he remembered yesterday's dream. At the same time he heard a noise in the room, as if some one was moving behind him. He turned suddenly around and saw a number of people standing in the corner, but he was unable to recognize them. Presently a voice whispered in his ear:


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Rh hasn't written. There's something mighty queer about this!"

Aunt Gertrude, for once, was at a loss for words. The knitting needles remained suspended in mid-air. Behind the spectacles, her eyes were wide and her mouth remained open in astonishment.

"This affair gets more puzzling every minute," remarked Frank, at last. "Of course dad might have been delayed, or he might have picked up a clue that took him away from Chicago after all. But I think he would have written."

"Perhaps he didn't report at Police Headquarters in Chicago because he was afraid Baldy Turk's gang might find out he was in the city," Joe suggested.

"There's something in that."

"But why wouldn't he be at the hotel?" asked Mrs. Hardy.

"He might be there under an assumed name. If Baldy Turk's gang are on the lookout for him he wouldn't register under his real name. They would be checking up on all the hotels to find him if they thought he was in Chicago," said Frank eagerly. "Perhaps that's why your message didn't reach him."

"Of course, that's why!" sniffed Aunt Gertrude, returning to her knitting, much relieved. "Any one might have known that. It was a

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 would care to invade." And in Brewster's face Peggy seemed to read that for her martyrdom was the only wear. Bravely she put it on.

"Monty, I forget nothing that I really know. But this is a case in which you are quite wrong. Where is your sporting blood? You have never fought a losing fight before, and you can't do it now. You have lost your nerve, Monty. Don't you see that this is the time for an aggressive campaign?" Somehow she was not saying things at all as she had planned to say them. And his gloom weighed heavily upon her. "You don't mind, do you, Monty," she added, more softly, "this sort of thing from me? I know I ought not to interfere, but I've known you so long. And I hate to see things twisted by a very little mistake."

But Monty did mind enormously. He had no desire to talk about the thing anyway, and Peggy's anxiety to marry him off seemed a bit unnecessary. Manifestly her own interest in him was of the coldest. From out of the gloom he looked at her somewhat sullenly. For the moment she was thinking only of his pain, and her face said nothing.

"Peggy," he exclaimed, finally, resenting the necessity of answering her, "you don't in the least know what you are talking about. It


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 Rh "Martin, ah! Martin, did you not know me?"

"Whom?" muttered Martin.

"Me," repeated the voice. "It is I," said Stepanovitch, smiling pleasantly as he advanced from the dark corner; and then like a cloud he vanished into space.

"And this is I," said another voice, when the woman with her child stepped forth. The woman also smiled, while the infant laughed gleefully; and they, too, quickly disappeared.

"And here are we," said a third voice; when both the old woman and the boy with an apple in his hand came forward. They also smiled, and instantly faded away.

Martin was now almost overcome with a feeling of joy more sweet than he had ever before experienced. Making the sign of the cross, he began to read the following passage, at which the Bible had accidentally opened:

"For I was an hungered, and ye gave me meat: I was thirsty, and ye gave me drink: I was a stranger, and ye took me in."


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 is not a fit of anger on Barbara Drew's part. It is a serious conviction."

"A conviction which can be changed," the girl broke in.

"Not at all." Brewster took it up. "She has no faith in me. She thinks I'm an ass."

"Perhaps she's right," she exclaimed, a little hot. "Perhaps you have never discovered that girls say many things to hide their emotions. Perhaps you don't realize what feverish, exclamatory, foolish things girls are. They don't know how to be honest with the men they love, and they wouldn't if they did. You are little short of an idiot, Monty Brewster, if you believed the things she said rather than the things she looked."

And Peggy, fiery and determined and defiantly unhappy, threw down her cards and escaped so that she might not prove herself tearfully feminine. She left Brewster still heavily enveloped in melancholy; but she left him puzzled. He began to wonder if Barbara Drew did have something in the back of her mind. Then he found his thoughts wandering off toward Peggy and her defiance. He had only twice before seen her in that mood, and he liked it. He remembered how she had lost her temper once when she was fifteen, and


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 184 And lower down on the page he read:

"In as much as ye have done it unto one of the least of these my brethren, ye have done it unto me."

And Martin understood that his dream had been realized, and that the Saviour had in very truth visited him that day, and that he had received him in the proper spirit.


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82 waste of time to try to reach him with a telegram, and I said that from the start." The needles clashed.

"Oh, I guess we needn't worry about dad very much. He can look after himself," said Frank, with a warning glance at his brother. Nevertheless, he was deeply worried over the fact that the telegraph company had failed to locate his father. However, he was trying to make light of the matter so as to relieve his mother of worry.

Joe saw his motive.

"Sure, dad can look after himself. There's nothing to be alarmed about. He's probably keeping out of sight in Chicago for fear Baldy Turk's gang will find out he is there. If they ever knew he was on their trail they wouldn't stop at trying to kill him. He said so himself. If he tried to communicate with us it might give them just the clue they are waiting for."

"I suppose you're right," Mrs. Hardy agreed, brightening up. "Well, we won't worry about it."

"Of course we won't worry about it!" declared Aunt Gertrude. "Worry is unhealthy. Worry has sent more people to their graves than anything else. Look at me. I never worry. That's why I'm so healthy. I'll live to be a hundred."

"Yes, it would take quite a lot to kill you,

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 hated a girl he admired. Suddenly he laughed aloud at the thought of the fierce little picture she had made, and the gloom, which had been so sedulously cultivated, was dissipated in a moment. The laugh surprised the man who brought in some letters. One of them was from "Nopper" Harrison, and gave him all the private news. The ball was to be given at mid-Lent, which arrived toward the end of March, and negotiations were well under way for the chartering of the "Flitter," the steam-yacht belonging to Reginald Brown, late of Brown & Brown.

The letter made Brewster chafe under the bonds of inaction. His affairs were getting into a discouraging state. The illness was certain to entail a loss of more than $50,000 to his business. His only consolation came through Harrison's synopsis of the reports from Gardner, who was managing the brief American tour of the Viennese orchestra. Quarrels and dissensions were becoming every-day embarrassments, and the venture was an utter failure from a financial point of view. Broken contracts and lawsuits were turning the tour into one continuous round of losses, and poor Gardner was on the point of despair. From the beginning, apparently, the concerts had been


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Rh Aunt Gertrude," agreed Frank innocently.

Aunt Gertrude looked up at him suspiciously.

"I don't know just what you mean by that, young man, but I'll warrant there's something behind it! What are you two rascals waiting around here for, anyway? What do you want?"

"We were just wanting to talk to mother."

"Well, go ahead. Who's stopping you? I won't listen, I'm sure. If it's none of my business you needn't be afraid that I'll listen. Not at all. Not at all. Go right ahead. Talk to your mother if you wish. Of course, if you want to leave your poor old aunt out of everything I'm sure I don't mind. I'm not interested, anyway."

Whereupon Aunt Gertrude indignantly hitched her chair around toward the window and knitted vigorously.

"Go ahead! I'm not listening. Talk away. I won't listen to a word of it," she shrilled.

Mrs. Hardy smiled.

"What is it, boys?"

"I'm not listening," declared Aunt Gertrude.

"We think we've found a new clue about Chet and Biff," said Frank. "We wanted to go on another search for them!"

"What!" shrieked Aunt Gertrude, quite

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84 forgetting that she had not been listeningg. [sic] She wheeled about in her chair. "Go on another search for those two boys! Of all the idiotic ideas! Laura Hardy, if you let these two children go gallivanting out into the ocean again it will be against my advice."

"Where are you planning to look for them?" asked Mrs. Hardy.

"Blacksnake Island!"

Aunt Gertrude gasped. In her astonishment she dropped her knitting needles. "Blacksnake Island! Frank Hardy, have you gone completely off your head?"

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text: Life Is Worth Living and Other Stories

title: Life Is Worth Living and Other Stories


text: The Missing Chums/Chapter 9

title: The Missing Chums/Chapter 9


text: Life Is Worth Living and Other Stories/Preface


text: Life Is Worth Living and Other Stories/Life Is Worth Living


text: Talk:Arise, My Soul, Arise (unsourced)

title: Talk:Arise, My Soul, Arise (unsourced)


text:
The Candle (Tolstoy)

 * "A Candle" in Iván Ilyitch and Other Stories (1887) translated by Nathan Haskell Dole
 * "The Candle" in Life Is Worth Living and Other Stories (1892) translated by Adolphus Norraikow
 * "The Candle: Or How The Good Muzhik Overcame The Evil Overseer" in Tales from Tolstoi (1901) translated by R. Nisbet Bain
 * "The Candle" in The Complete Works of Count Tolstoy (1904) translated by Leo Wiener

title: The Candle (Tolstoy)


text: Life Is Worth Living and Other Stories/Two Old Men


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 poems of Gordon have an interest beyond the mere personal one which his friends attach to his name. Written, as they were, at odd times and leisure moments of a stirring and adventurous life, it is not to be wondered at if they are unequal or unfinished. The astonishment of those who knew the man, and can guagegauge [sic] the capacity of this city to foster poetic instinct, is, that such work was ever produced here at all. Intensely nervous and feeling much of that shame at the exercise of the higher intelligence which besets those who are known to be renowned in field sports, Gordon produced his poems shyly, scribbled them on scraps of paper, and sent them anonymously to magazines. It was not until that he discovered one morning that everybody knew a couplet or two of "How we beat the Favourite" that he consented to forego his anonymity and appear in the unsuspected character of a versemaker. The success of his republished “collected” poems gave him courage, and the unreserved praise which greeted "Bush Ballads" should have urged him to forget or to conquer those evil promptings which unhappily brought about his untimely death. Adam Lindsay Gordon was the son of an officer in the English army, and was educated at Woolwich, in order that he might follow the profession of his family. At the time when he was a cadet there was no sign of either of the two great wars which were about to call forth the strength of English arms. and, like many other then of his day, he quitted his prospects of service and emigrated. He went to South Australia and started as a sheep farmer. His efforts were attended with failure. He lost his capital, and owning nothing but a love for horsemanship and a head full of Browning and Shelley, plunged into the varied life which gold-mining, “overlanding,” and cattle-driving affords. From this experience he emerged to light in Melbourne as the best amateur steeplechase rider in


text: Life Is Worth Living and Other Stories/God is Love


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 SECTION I: Introduction

This report represents Volume I of the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office's (AARO) Historical Record Report (HR2) which reviews the record of the United States Government (USG) pertaining to unidentified anomalous phenomena (UAP). In completing this report, AARO reviewed all official USG investigatory efforts since 1945, researched classified and unclassified archives, conducted approximately 30 interviews, and partnered with Intelligence Community (IC) and Department of Defense (DoD) officials responsible for controlled and special access program oversight, respectively. AARO will publish Volume II in accordance with the date established in Section 6802 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2023 (FY23); Volume II will provide analysis of information acquired by AARO after the date of the publication of Volume I.

Since 1945, the USG has funded and supported UAP investigations with the goal of determining whether UAP represented a flight safety risk, technological leaps by competitor nations, or evidence of off-world technology under intelligent control. These investigations were managed and implemented by a range of experts, scientists, academics, military, and intelligence officials under differing leaders—all of whom held their own perspectives that led them to particular conclusions on the origins of UAP. However, they all had in common the belief that UAP represented an unknown and, therefore, theoretically posed a potential threat of an indeterminate nature.

AARO's mission is similar to that of these earlier organizations. AARO methodology applies both the scientific method and intelligence analysis tradecraft to identify and help mitigate risks UAP may pose to domain safety and to discover, characterize, and attribute potential competitor technological systems. A consistent theme in popular culture involves a particularly persistent narrative that the USG—or a secretive organization within it—recovered several off-world spacecraft and extraterrestrial biological remains, that it operates a program or programs to reverse engineer the recovered technology, and that it has conspired since the 1940s to keep this effort hidden from the United States Congress and the American public.

AARO recognizes that many people sincerely hold versions of these beliefs which are based on their perception of past experiences, the experiences of others whom they trust, or media and online outlets they believe to be sources of credible and verifiable information. The proliferation of television programs, books, movies, and the vast amount of internet and social media content centered on UAP-related topics most likely has influenced the public conversation on this topic, and reinforced these beliefs within some sections of the population.

The goal of this report is not to prove or disprove any particular belief set, but rather to use a rigorous analytic and scientific approach to investigate past USG-sponsored UAP investigation efforts and the claims made by interviewees that the USG and various contractors have recovered and are hiding off-world technology and biological material. AARO has approached this project with the widest possible aperture, thoroughly investigating these


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 assertions and claims without any particular pre-conceived conclusion or hypothesis. AARO is committed to reaching conclusions based on empirical evidence.

Lastly, AARO thanks all participants in this review who made this report possible, to include the interviewees who came forward with information.

SECTION II: Executive Summary

AARO found no evidence that any USG investigation, academic-sponsored research, or official review panel has confirmed that any sighting of a UAP represented extraterrestrial technology. All investigative efforts, at all levels of classification, concluded that most sightings were ordinary objects and phenomena and the result of misidentification. Although not the focus of this report, it is worthwhile to note that all official foreign UAP investigatory efforts to date have reached the same general conclusions as USG investigations.

 * Although many UAP reports remain unsolved or unidentified, AARO assesses that if more and better quality data were available, most of these cases also could be identified and resolved as ordinary objects or phenomena. Sensors and visual observations are imperfect; the vast majority of cases lack actionable data or the data available is limited or of poor quality.
 * Resources and staffing for these programs largely have been irregular and sporadic, challenging investigatory efforts and hindering effective knowledge transfer.
 * The vast majority of reports almost certainly are the result of misidentification and adirect consequence of the lack of domain awareness; there is a direct correlation between the amount and quality of available information on a case with the ability to conclusively resolve it.

'AARO found no empirical evidence for claims that the USG and private companies have been reverse-engineering extraterrestrial technology. AARO determined, based on all information provided to date, that claims involving specific people, known locations, technological tests, and documents allegedly involved in or related to the reverse-engineering of extraterrestrial technology, are inaccurate. Additional claims will be addressed in Volume II.' AARO successfully located the USG and industry programs, officials, companies, executives, and documents identified by interviewees. In many cases, the interviewees named authentic USG classified programs well-known and understood to those appropriately accessed to them in the Executive Branch and Legislative Branch; however, the interviewees mistakenly associated these authentic USG programs with alien and extraterrestrial activity. AARO has reached the following, high confidence conclusions related to:

UAP Nondisclosure Agreements (NDA): AARO has found no evidence of any authentic UAP-related NDA or other evidence threatening death or violence for disclosing UAP information.


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 A CIA Official Allegedly Managed UAP Experimentation: The named, former CIA official was not involved in the movement of extraterrestrial technology. The same former CIA officer signed a memo rejecting a claim made by interviewees that he managed the movement of and experimentation on off-world technology.

Alleged UAP Intelligence Community Document: An alleged 1961 Special National Intelligence Estimate that was "leaked" to online sources and suggests the extraterrestrial nature of "UFOs," is inauthentic.

"Aliens" Present During a DoD Technology Test: AARO reviewed information related to an account of an interviewee overhearing a conversation about a technology test at a military base where "aliens" allegedly were observing, and AARO judges that the interviewee misunderstood the conversation.

Claim That a Military Officer Touched an Off-World Craft: An interviewee claim that a named former military officer explained in detail how he physically touched an extraterrestrial spacecraft is inaccurate. The claim was denied on the record by the named former officer who recounted a story of when he touched an F-117 Nighthawk stealth fighter that could have been misconstrued by the interviewee, though the named former officer does not recall having this conversation with the interviewee.

Test of Off-World Technology: An interviewee claim that he witnessed what he believed to be the testing of extraterrestrial technology at a USG facility almost certainly was an observation of an authentic, non-UAP-related, technology test that strongly correlated in time, location, and description provided in the interviewee's account.

UAP Disclosure Study: Interviewees' claims that between 2004 and 2007 the White House requested a research institute in Virginia study the theoretical societal impacts of disclosing that UAP are extraterrestrial in origin; AARO confirmed the study was conducted, but it was not requested by the White House.

Named Companies Allegedly Experimenting on Alien Technology: AARO has found no evidence that U.S. companies ever possessed off-world technology. The executives, scientists, and chief technology officers of the companies named by interviewees met with the Director of AARO and denied on the record that they have ever recovered, possessed, or engaged in reverse-engineering of extraterrestrial technology.

Experimentation on Alleged Extraterrestrial Spacecraft Sample: AARO has concluded that a sample from an alleged crashed off-world spacecraft that AARO acquired from a private UAP investigating organization and the U.S. Army is a manufactured, terrestrial alloy and does not represent off-world technology or possess any exceptional qualities. The sample is primarily composed of magnesium, zinc,


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 and bismuth with some other trace elements, such as lead. This assessment was based on its materials characterization.

AARO assesses that all of the named and described alleged hidden UAP reverse-engineering programs provided by interviewees either do not exist; are misidentified authentic, highly sensitive national security programs that are not related to extraterrestrial technology exploitation; or resolve to an unwarranted and disestablished program. AARO created a secure process in partnership with the highest-level security officials within the DoD, IC, and other organizations to research and investigate these programs; AARO was granted full, unrestricted access by all organizations. It is important to note that none of the interviewees had firsthand knowledge of these programs—they were not approved for access to nor did they work on these efforts—which likely resulted in misinterpretation of the programs' origins and purpose.

 * The interviewees and others who have mistakenly associated authentic sensitive national security programs with UAP had incomplete or unauthorized access to these programs; discussion of these programs outside of secure facilities presents a high risk of exposing national security information.

 * One named program was a UAP-related Prospective Special Access Program (PSAP) called KONA BLUE that was proposed to the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and supported by individuals who believed the USG was hiding off-world technology. The program was never approved by DHS and its supporters never provided empirical evidence to support their claims.

 * In 2021, without sufficient justification, the scope of an IC Controlled Access Program was expanded to protect UAP reverse-engineering. This program never recovered or reverse-engineered any UAP or extraterrestrial spacecraft. This IC program was disestablished due to its lack of merit.

AARO assesses that the inaccurate claim that the USG is reverse-engineering extraterrestrial technology and is hiding it from Congress is, in large part, the result of circular reporting from a group of individuals who believe this to be the case, despite the lack of any evidence. AARO notes that although claims that the USG has recovered and hidden spacecraft date back to the 1940s and 1950s, more modern instances of these claims largely stem from a consistent group of individuals who have been involved in various UAP-related endeavors since at least 2009.

 * Many of these individuals were involved in or supportive of a cancelled DIA program and the subsequent but failed attempt to reestablish this program under DHS, called KONA BLUE.

AARO assesses that UAP sightings and reports of these sightings to USG organizations and claims that some UAP constitute extraterrestrial craft and that the USG has secured and is experimenting on extraterrestrial technology have been influenced by a range of cultural, political, and technological factors. AARO bases this conclusion on the following factors:


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 *The aggregate findings of all USG investigations to date have not found even one case of UAP representing off-world technology.

 * None of the programs mentioned by interviewees are UAP reverse-engineering programs, and all the authentic programs have been properly notified and reported to Congress through the congressional defense and/or intelligence committees.

 * AARO has no evidence for the USG reverse-engineering narrative provided by interviewees and has been able to disprove the majority of the interviewees' claims. Some claims are still under evaluation.

 * AARO determined that a piece of metal alleged to be recovered from an off-world spacecraft is ordinary, of terrestrial origin, and possesses no exceptional qualities.

Several factors—domestic and international—most likely influenced sightings, reports, and the belief by some individuals that there is sufficient proof that some UAP represent extraterrestrial technology. AARO's examination of the historical context of UAP investigations from 1945 to the present reveals that these factors—some common to and distinct between the earlier era of UAP investigations (pre-2009) and the modern era (post-2009)—undoubtedly influenced the direction of these investigations, the volume of and spikes in sightings, and the overall public interest, concern, and debate. These periods are divided into pre- and post-2009 timeframe because this is the year of the standup of the Advanced Aerospace Weapons System Application Program (AAWSAP) and Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program (AATIP) efforts. Prior to AAWSAP/AATIP there was about a 40 year gap in UAP investigation programs since the termination of Project BLUE BOOK in 1969.

 * Common contextual factors between earlier and modern investigations include a rapidly evolving and dynamic national security environment, concern about technological surprise, intense secrecy related to government military programs, public interest in UAP, perceived bureaucratic barriers, and the persistent lack of quality data.

 * Some contextual factors that were distinct between earlier and modern investigations include: differences in the level of public trust in the government; the large volume of popular culture content related to UAP; the perception within some segments of the population that the USG is hiding extraterrestrial technology; unauthorized disclosures of classified programs mistaken for UAP observations; the proliferation of online sources that reinforce these beliefs; the impact that social media has had on circular reporting; and the rapid spread of misinformation.

AARO assesses that some portion of sightings since the 1940s have represented misidentification of never-before-seen experimental and operational space, rocket, and air systems, including stealth technologies and the proliferation of drone platforms. From the 1940s to the 1960s especially, the United States witnessed a boom in experimental technologies driven by World War II and the Cold War.


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 *Many of these technologies fit the description of a stereotypical Unidentified Flying Object (UFO). It is understandable how observers unfamiliar with these programs could mistake sightings of these new technologies as something extraordinary, even other-worldly.

 * Along with these conventional technology research areas, the USG started the Manhattan Project in 1942. This program operated in secrecy and led to the establishment of several "secret cities" across the United States to support the development of the nuclear bomb. Any misunderstanding stemming from the intense secrecy surrounding this and similar programs could have been misconstrued for other efforts.

SECTION III: Scope & Assumptions

Scope

This HR2 is provided by DoD in response to a requirement established in the National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) for FY 2023, Section 6802(j), which states: "Not later than 540 days after the date of the enactment of the Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2023, the Director of the Office shall submit to the congressional defense committees, the congressional intelligence committees and the congressional leadership a written report detailing the historical record of the United States Government relating to unidentified anomalous phenomena." This report, pursuant to the legislation, is based upon the records and documents of the IC and DoD, oral history interviews, open source analysis, interviews of current and former government officials, and classified and unclassified archives.

AARO will provide its findings to Congress in two volumes:

 * Volume I contains AARO's findings from 1945 to 31 October 2023 based on the requirements, and:

 * Volume II will include any findings resulting from interviews and research completed from 1 November 2023 to 15 April 2024.

AARO interviewed approximately 30 people who claimed to have insight into alleged USG involvement in off-world technology exploitation or to possess knowledge of UAP that have allegedly disrupted U.S. nuclear facilities in the past.

Assumptions

AARO and DoD assume that individuals convey their accurate recollection of their perception of the events they observed or heard. It is important to note that AARO cannot discount nor rely on interviewee accounts alone because of the extraordinary claims contained in their reports. Although individual accounts are important, they are only one element of the larger picture and provide AARO with the opportunity to initiate an investigation. However, any final assessment on the veracity of these accounts must be accompanied by provable facts.


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 *Some literature suggests individual accounts can be unreliable as they are subject to a person's interpretation of sensory data through the filter of their experiences, beliefs, or state of mind during the event. A person who reports a case might be credible, in that they believe the elements of their account to be accurate. However, their reliability, which is their ability to accurately interpret events—as well as to recall and convey those events due to a range of factors—is altogether different from their inherent sincerity.

 * Similarly, confirmation bias is a recognized subconscious cognitive process whereby a person tends to seek and believe information that supports their hypothesis and to discount information that undermines their hypothesis.

 * AARO remains open to additional, verifiable information that may alter the conclusions rendered in Volume I and will note any changes to the findings in this report in Volume II.

Note on "UAP" Nomenclature

Use of the UAP naming convention, while imperfect, is the best manner in which to characterize the multitude of unidentified reported sightings. AARO understands that the use of "UAP" to refer to all potential possibilities provides a false sense of commonality; such as their origins, identity, purpose, type, and threat they may pose. The only commonality that they all share, at least initially, is that they are each unidentified. Beyond initially being unidentified or misidentified, drones, balloons, aircraft, rockets, rocket exhaust plumes, satellites, infrared (IR) aberrations, sensor artifacts, birds, stars, planets, indistinct lights, vague radar returns, meteors, and optical effects—such as parallax—have nothing in common.

Congressional Oversight

DoD is committed to providing timely and thorough reporting to Congress and to transparency with the American public. Since its establishment, AARO has endeavored to keep Congress fully and currently informed of its activities and findings at all levels of classification. AARO and DoD will continue to share the status and findings of its research at the appropriate level of classification with Congress.

AARO's HR2 Program of Analysis

AARO established six complementary lines of effort (LOEs) to conduct the HR2 research with the goal of ensuring this report conveys an accurate and complete picture. LOEs were conducted in parallel and reinforced each another; a lead in one LOE drove new research and pursuits in another. AARO's goal was to conduct thorough cross-checks to vet all information to discover and close gaps in its understanding. These LOEs were to:

 * Conduct open-source research on claims (through historical interviews) about USG investigations of, contact with, and recovery of UAP, as well as exploitation of alleged UAP material and technology.


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rt the Preface, wherein is hewed, that this maner of teaching is after the councell of the excellent Latine rethorician Quintilian, who died aboue. xv. C. yeres pat: And which ort of the learned liuing doe wihe the furtheraunce thereof: with examples after what ort our predeceors and we haue bene heretofore taught to miname our letters, to the hinderance of all the willing to learne.

2 Then followeth the newe maner of teaching, whereby who o can reade Englih onely, may alone learne the order folowing, and o bee able to teach the ame to others that knowe no letter, to reade thereafter in a very hort time.

3 Thirdly and lat, there is in a great letter, the Chritian beliefe, the ten Commaundmentes of God, and the Lordes prayer, where the illables are undered, for the eae of all learners olde or yong.


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wardes the latter ende of the euenth Chapter, of my Treatie of the Englih Orthographie, published in June. . I declared opinion, in teaching of letters, where I alo profeed, if I did et forth an A. B. C. for teaching of the rude, I would follow his councell, which I doe hereafter very neare. And although it hath appeared by my ayde Treatie, that we maye write certainely and well without the doubling of cononants for the hortnee of the voel before them, yet for that it doth none otherwie import but for the twie writing of them, I doe ve them hereafter doubled: and thinke it ufficient that men may ee, what our prediceors might very well haue done. And for the, l, apired, for the which Welhmen and Spanyardes doe ue the, ll, For our Englih tongue, the, l, without any mark for the apiration, may ufficiently erue, after the folowing maner of teaching: but otherwie not. And therefore, I ve hereafter no marke for the l, apired. Which yet hould be very meete for any man that would write the Welh. As by the way of patime, I haue done from a Welhmans mouth, though I vndertood no worde thereof, and did reade it againe to him, and diuers others of that language, o as one amongt them (which knew me not) ayde vnto the ret in Welh, that I coulde peake Welh o well as he. But the ret knowing the contrary, laughing tolde me what he ayde, whom I forthwith certified, that I did it, by an order and certaine knowledge what I did write, and not by any acquaintance with the tongue. The like haue I done of the Irihe, and may as eaily doe of the Barbarian, or Ruian peaches, or any other o traunge as they, hearing them ditinctly poken. And though I ve not their letters or maner of writing, I would well hope o to write, as at any time thereafter eeing it, I hould be able to reade and pronounce it againe, euen as he that I heard it of, pake it vnto me. And I haue of late experi- Rh


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 *Conduct classified program research across the IC, DoD, and interagency to validate or invalidate any claims of classified programs derived from historical interviews.

 * Conduct historical interviews of individuals who claim knowledge of alleged USG activities related to UAP.

 * Partner with the U.S. National Archives on locating UAP data, refining requests based on the discovery of new leads derived from historical interviews, as well as open-source and classified research.

 * Engage with commercial entities on named companies alleged to have worked with the USG on UAP recovery and alleged exploitation of UAP technology.

 * Partner with the archives of key intelligence and national security agencies such as the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA), the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), Department of Energy (DOE), National Security Agency (NSA), the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA), the Services, and DoD Combatant Commands.

SECTION IV: Accounts of USG UAP Investigatory Programs Since 1945

Summary

AARO reviewed official USG efforts involving UFOs/UAP since 1945. This research revealed the existence of approximately two dozen separate investigative efforts, depending on how they are counted. These efforts ranged from formal, distinct programs employing a dedicated staff with some measure of longevity including: Projects SAUCER/SIGN, GRUDGE, and BLUE BOOK, the DoD UAP Task Force (UAPTF) led by the U.S. Navy (USN), the Airborne Object Identification and Management Synchronization Group (AOIMSG), and the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO). There were also short-term projects that supported some of these established programs including: Projects TWINKLE and BEAR and short-term inquiries into or reviews of specific cases, such as the USAF's two Roswell reports. Additionally, there were efforts that amounted to short-term, outside reviews of USAF-established programs; such as the CIA-sponsored Study Group, the Robertson Panel, the Durant Report, and the University of Colorado's Condon Report (contracted by the USAF). Some of these efforts, including Projects SAUCER and SIGN, were closely connected and essentially the same organization. Project GRUDGE was the name given to two related, but different organizations; the second—reorganized Project GRUDGE—was established about a year after the dissolution of the original Project GRUDGE.

Project SAUCER (1946/1947–January 1948)

Background: The exact date of the founding of this first effort as well as its official and unofficial name are unclear. According to one source, General Nathan Twining, Commander of the Air Technical Services Command, established Project SAUCER on December 30, 1947, to


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Rh mented and proued the certaintie and profite, in the eae and readinee of the ayde newe maner of teaching, to the comfort of diuers which are extant and liuing, to certifie uch as maye doubt therof: and o the ame is mot profitable for uch as can not read, and are otherwie out of al hope euer to be able to attain to read. Yet I wrote my ayde Treatie for the learned ort to conider of, to proue what they woulde like or milike thereof: and finding that few haue thought it worth their labour to reade, and fewer, yet ome uch as to their learning are of greater experience & acquaintance with vulgare tongues of our Southerly neighbors, haue ounded it o deepely as to foreee the commodity which may come by the renuing, and haue wihed the meanes were deuied and put in execution, for the general ve therof: which they themelues could not begin, except they knew others (to whome they might write) were in likewie perfite therein. And the other ort finding themelues erued, haue no regarde to the multitude, liuing nor for to come. It is manifet that no priuate man, or any one profeion of men, eyther of the Uniuerities, or of the Innes of Court, or of Marchaunts, or Scriueners, are able vpon a odaine to chaunge a peoples manner of writing, no more than of their peaking: and yet time and occaions haue done both, and that much in England within thee few hundreds of yeares. And if a certaintie, order, and reaon may by experience be found to be profitable for the vnlearned ort, it may in hort time preuaile generally: for the effect of writing coniteth not in the letter, but to hew what is ment by the letter. So that, as there is no thankes nor benifite to be hoped for, in the continuaunce of uch letters as our prediceors ved: no more hall it offende or grieve any reaonable creature liuing, to ée other letters ved, than uch as hée hath learned, nor is any man bounde to the hape of this or that letter, but that which is eaiet to be written, and bet giueth the Reader the vndertanding of the writers meaning, and is mot eaieft to be taught, to the ignorant of all letters, that is to be accounted the bet maner of writing. And therefore, when the learned ort of all poeions hall ée the experience, how eaily, and


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Rh in what hort time their vnlearned parentes, friendes, and other acquaintance which they haue occaion to trafick and deale with, haue learned to reade, and ome peraduenture to write, after the following maner, they knowe they may turne their penne to ve it, or leaue it when they lit. And then there may be good hope that in hort time therafter, it will be generally ved. For if euery one learned may ve it with the turning of his hande, they all maye conent therevnto, within the turning of one Moneth. Nowe in what maner we doe miname our letters, you may vndertande by that which followeth. As for example. For uch as are learned in the names of things, by termes of other languages than their mother tongue, and yet vndertanding thereby the thing ment, no doubt but they finde it ufficient for them o to ve the ame names they haue learned, though vndertanding the etymologie and meaning of uch termes by their owne peach, they may well thinke howe it houlde giue the hearers (being onely acquainted with their mother tongue) the better ignification of the thing wherfore it is poken. But it mut néedes be, that eyther blind affectation in ome, and nice curioitie, or vaine imitation in others, haue caued our predeceors to conent to certaine traunge termes, when their owne mother peach might much better expree the qualitie of the thing (from the mother and nure) to their ucceion. Howbeit, I mut confee it beautifieth an Orators tale, which knoweth what he peaketh, and to whom: but it hindereth the vnlerned from vndertanding of the matter, and caueth many of the Countrie men to peake chalke for chéee, and o nickname uch traunge tearmes as it pleaeth many well to heare them: as to ay for temperate, temporall: for urrender, ullender: for tature, tatute: for abiea, obiea: for heare, heier: certiffied, for both certified, and atified: dipence, for upence: defende, for offende: urgiant, for urgian: which the French terme chirurgian, which is fleh clener. In like maner the French and we doe vse Bicuyte, which ignifieth twie backt: and for the Duen héeder, furner, deriued from Four an Duen: Barbier of Barbe, we aye Barber, which deriued from the Englihe Primitiue Bearde, Rh


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Rh


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Rh hould by like reaon be in English bearder: the like for Raoer a hauer, or euen maker: a Furbieur, a Skowrer: a Cutteleir, a kniuer, or knife maker: a garde, or warde, a kéepe or defence: a Gardebras, or wardebras, an arme kéeper: a Portier a gate wayter, or gater, a Porteur, a bearer, or a burdener: a Pantier, or Pantler, a Breaderuer: a Bottellier, a Botteleruer: Cordoanier, a Shoomaker: a Marenier, a Seaman, or ayler: a Scribe, or Scriuener, a writer: a Plumber, of Plumb for Lead: a Tailour, a cutter, or haper, as we ay for the woman, Shapeter, a Marchaunt a Monger, a Lauãdier & Lauandiere, a waher, and many others. And yet were our Predeceours contented for infinit other wordes, as Arbaletraer, for Croebowmaker: and uch like (as eaie in French, as those aboue) to kepe them in their mother tongue, as good reaon was, except they woulde haue chaunged the whole Englihe Saxon language, to the French tongue, or nere vnto it. Thee and uch like hinderances to the rude, haue o long continued, as they are hard to be reformed. And though the rude doe endeuour to immitate the learned, though it be to a conttrarye ene: yet I meruaile howe by any meanes the lyke hould come in print, eeing it doth pae o many handes, as for this worde Mestier in French, ignifying a handie craft, I find imprinted by the worde misterie, ignifying a worde or ceremonie, ounding or hewing one thing, and meaning another.

And others there are of farre Wet, or North Countryes, which ve differing English termes from thoe of the Court, and London, where he flower of the English tongue is ved. And if ome uch one come to any good learning, by great continuance, and putteth ome worke in print, his authoritie maketh many a rude English worde to be printed. And greatly they are not to be blamed, bicaue they thinke they doe for the bet: for fewe men knowe of diuers wordes ignifying one thing, which hould be the bet, and mot méete to be preferred: except it be uch as are learned, and therewith much exercied with hearing, peaking, and writing of the bet: as for thee wordes, the tone part and the tother, who doubtes but it hould be written, that one part, Rh


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Rh and that other, and ome will ay and write, my tother, and thy tother: we ve to ay, commaundment, why hould we be bounde to write it as the Frenche worde is poken commaundement, and infinite others which I doe omit at this time. Nowe calling to mind what hath bene ayde for wordes, euen the like may be as iutly ayd of letters: for they are minamed much from their offices and natures, whereby the deirous are much the more hindered from learning to reade, though they were neuer o willing. For by the former maner the more reaon a man or woman hath, the latter, and with more trauaile and paine hal he or he learne it. And by this following order, the reaonable will delite therein, for that the eye, the tongue, and the eare, may altogether find it to frame with reaon: which is the mother and roote of all ciences and mans workers. And by how much reaon wanteth in any of them, o much doe they want of their perfection. As for example by part of our letters, wherby you may undertand the like of mot of the ret. For H. what reaon is it to call it ache which we peak when we would expree the griefe of braine, fleh, or bone, and ay and write heade ache, &c. where as the nature and office of H. is to signifie the only putting forth of the breath, before or after the pure voyces callde vowels. So as in teaching a reaonable man, ignorant of letters, as they are now accutomed, and ake him how oundeth in his care which is now taught by pelling, whereby they mut make that which is not giuen by the name of the letter to ounde t, h, r, he will aunwere teacher, for o are your letters taught, as might be thus, te, ache, er, which oundes iutly, as you teache thoe letters to be named. But you will ay, he must know what it pelles, which pelling is as reaonable, as to ay, a Woodcocke, a Snite, and a Curlue, doe make a preent of Godwittes: yet though they haue all long bils, they differ in hape and tate, and ought to kéepe till their owne names, o long as their naturall proportion is eene, and o of the ret. It is a ophiticall maner of teaching when the letters apart must be named in one ort, and being put togither, in another, it is a maner of Metamorpois, or worke of, o to tran- Rh


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4


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 collect and evaluate all information relating to UFO sightings which could be construed as of concern to the national security. Captain Edward Ruppelt claimed that Project SAUCER was the informal name of Project SIGN and it was designated a high priority. However, in an interview with an employee of Project SIGN, the employee claimed the project started a year earlier, in 1946, and that Project SAUCER was its original, informal name. A dearth of data and information is associated with this effort.

Project SAUCER investigated one of the first well-known accounts provided by a private pilot, Kenneth Arnold. The pilot claimed that on June 23, 1947, while flying near Mount Rainier, Washington, he saw nine, large circular objects flying in a formation, objects that periodically flipped and were traveling at 1,700 miles per hour. He also compared the flight characteristics as the "tail of a Chinese kite." Arnold described their shape as "saucer-like aircraft." His account was picked up by several media outlets, and the term "flying saucer" emerged.

Results: Project SAUCER did not find evidence of extraterrestrial technology.

Project SIGN (January 1948–February 1949)

Background: Project SAUCER was formalized into an official, high-priority program named Project SIGN. The Air Technical Intelligence Center (ATIC) assumed control of Project SIGN on January 23, 1948. (ATIC later became the National Air and Space Intelligence Center NASIC). The impetus for this effort was to determine if these objects might be Soviet secret weapons or "extra-planetary" objects. The staff seemed confident that after a few months of work they could reach a conclusion. As part of their work, the staff at Project SIGN reviewed all of the military's intelligence on German weaponry and aeronautical capabilities to determine if some might have fallen into Soviet possession.

Results: The project evaluated 243 reported UFO sightings, and in February 1949, it concluded that "no definite and conclusive evidence is yet available that would prove or disprove the existence of these unidentified objects as real aircraft of unknown and unconventional configuration." Project SIGN determined that nearly all were caused by either misinterpretation of known objects, hysteria, hallucination, or hoax. It also recommended continued military intelligence control over the investigation of all sightings. It did not rule out the possibility of extraterrestrial phenomena.

 * Although the historical account is unsubstantiated and derived from only one source, Project SIGN staff in late July 1948 allegedly drafted, signed, and sent a report ("Estimate of the Situation") up the military chain for approval. This report allegedly concluded that UFOs were "interplanetary" in origin, but it was rejected by USAF Chief of Staff General Hoyt S. Vandenberg as lacking proof.

 * This rejected report may have resulted in the Pentagon leadership's loss of confidence in the staff at Project SIGN leading to the establishment of Project GRUDGE, which some sources claim possessed an institutional bias for debunking UFO claims.


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Rh forme them from their natures and offices. Wherefore (though nowe in the latter dayes, being better late then neuer) here followeth a certain rule with demonstrations, o as the firt breath or ound, or both togither, of the name of the thing figured vnder eche letter, is the breath or ounde, or both togither of the letter aboue it, with examples therafter in diuers wordes. Which euery one that is able to read, may at firt ight vndertande, and o be able to teach it to others. The cae wherof is uch, that o oone as one is able to name the .xxv. letters perfitly and readily, wheroeuer they preent themelues to his eye, o oone hall he be able to reade. Which may be in o hort a time, or horter, than he hall be able to learne to know, xxv. diuers men, women, and children (though he neuer aw them before) and to name them readily and perfitly whereoever he might meete them. And this haue I trauayled for the behoofe of the multitude, whereby they may the better with bookes (which are dumbe maters) which often preuaile more than the liuely voyce, comfort themelues, meditate and record prayers méete for Christians, and learned the better to obay their Princes and Magitrates, which I present vnto my Countrie as a good beginning, firt to learne to reade before they houlde learned to write, for that it is farre more readier and eaie. And as I maye ee this profite, I hall hereafter by Gods grace, frame a little intruction to teche the deirous the bet order and reaon. I can deuie, for their furtheraunce to learne to write, wherein beides the deligence of the wit and reaon, which erueth for reading, there is further necearie the ve and exercie of the hande. Nothing doubting, but uch as may profite thereby, will hartily thank God for it, and remember me in their good prayers, as I hall doe them in mine, that after our trauaile pat in this earthly vale, we may togither enioy the heauenly blisse. So be it.


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 men of twice our stature. This island Mr. Major thinks, and doubtless rightly, is connected with the tradition of our old friend—you know what I mean, as Captain Marryat's boatswain says—the Atlantis of Plato. This affair I will no further mention or hint at, but hastily pass on to that other early authority, Herodotus, who was born 484 years before Christ, and whose works, thanks be, have survived. He says: "The Phoenician navigators under command of Pharaoh-Necho, King of Egypt, setting sail from the Red Sea, made their way to the Southern Sea; when autumn approached they drew their vessels to land, sowed a crop, waited until it was ripe for harvest, reaped it, and put again to sea." Having spent two years in this manner, in the third year they reached the Pillars of Hercules, (Jebu Zatout, and Gibraltar), and returned to Egypt, "reporting," says Herodotus, "what does not find belief in me, but may perhaps in some other persons, for they said in sailing round Africa they had the sun to the right (to the North) of them. In this way was Libya first known."

Much has been written regarding the accuracy of these Phoenician accounts; for, as frequently happens, their mention of a thing that seemed at first to brand their account as a lie remains to brand it as the truth—and although I have no doubt those Phoenician gentlemen heartily wished they had said nothing about having seen the sun to the North, yet it was best for them in the end, as it demonstrates to us that they had, at any rate, been South of the Equator; and we owe to Herodotus here, as in many other places in his works, a debt of gratitude for honestly putting down what he did not believe himself; he

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Beech-Jones J

convicted of" the offences for which he was sentenced by the Children's Court when he was under the age of 16 years.

The "convictions" and findings of guilt could not be considered

The plaintiff contended that, once it is concluded that he is taken never to have been convicted of the offences for which he was sentenced by the Children's Court when he was under the age of 16 years for any purpose, then s 85ZR(2) is engaged, and it follows from Thornton that s 85ZR(2) and, to the extent necessary, s 85ZS(1)(d)(ii) precluded the delegate from relying on those convictions (or the findings of guilt they embody). This contention should be accepted.

On behalf of the Minister, it was submitted that s 85ZR(2) is only engaged by a State law that deems a person never to have been convicted in circumstances where at one point in time they were convicted. The Minister relied on the judgment of Kiefel J, as her Honour then was, in Hartwig v PE Hack, in which her Honour held that the effect of a provision of State law that engages s 85ZR(2) must be that it "take[s] away the fact of [a] conviction, as a pardon might do" (emphasis in original).

This submission is inconsistent with Thornton. A common premise of the majority judgments in Thornton is that s 85ZR(2) is not restricted to a State law that sets aside the fact, or relieves the effects, of a previous conviction. Instead, s 85ZR(2) is engaged by a State law that prevents a finding of guilt being recorded as a conviction and provides that, at least for some purposes or in some circumstances, a person is not to be taken, or treated, as having been convicted. It is also a common premise of the majority judgments in Thornton that the phrases "particular circumstances" and "particular purpose" can include all circumstances and all purposes.

Two further matters should be noted about the Minister's reliance on Hartwig v PE Hack. First, a pardon, even one that is free and absolute (ie, free of


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 also has suffered from this habit of accuracy, becoming himself regarded by the superficial people of this world as a credulous old romancer, which he never was. Good man, he only liked fair play. "Here," he says as it were, "is a thing I am told. It's a bit too large for my belief hatch, but if you can get it down yours, you're free and welcome to ship it." Herodotus, however, accepts the fact that Africa was surrounded by water, save at its connection with the great land mass of the earth (Europe and Asia) by the Isthmus of Suez.

Several other attempts to circumnavigate Africa were made prior to Herodotus's writings. One that we have mention of was made by a Persian nobleman named Sataspes, whom Xerxes had, for a then capital offence, condemned to impalement. This man's mother persuaded Xerxes that if she were allowed to deal with her son she would impose on him a more terrible punishment even than this, namely, that he should be condemned to sail round Libya. There is no doubt this good lady thought thereby to save her son; but, as events turned out, Xerxes, by accepting her suggestion, did not cheat justice by granting this as an alternative to immediate execution. However, off Sataspes sailed with a ship and crew from Egypt, out through the Pillars of Hercules, and doubling the Cape of Libya, then named Solois, he steered south, and, says Herodotus, "traversed a vast extent of sea for many months, and finding he had still more to pass he turned round and returned to Egypt and then back to Xerxes, who had him then impaled, because, for one thing he had not sailed round Libya, and for another, Xerxes held he lied about those regions of it that he had visited; for Sataspes

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 said he had seen a nation of little men who wore garments made of palm leaves, who, whenever his crew drew their ships ashore, left their cities and flew into the mountains, though he did them no injury, only taking some cattle from them; and the reason he gave for his not sailing round Libya was that his ships could go no further." Sataspes's end was sad, but one cannot feel that he was a loss to the class of romancers of travel.

Another and a more determined navigator was Eudoxus of Cyzicus (. 117). The scanty record we have of his exploration is of great interest. While he was making a stay in Alexandria, he met an Indian who was the sole survivor of a crew wrecked on the Red Sea coast. He is the Indian who persuaded Ptolemy Euergetes to fit out an expedition to sail to India, and off they went and succeeded in it greatly, but on their return the king seized the cargo; so therefore, as a private enterprise, the thing was a failure. However, Eudoxus was a man of great determination, and on the death of Ptolemy VII. in the reign of his successor, he set out on another expedition to India. On his return voyage he was driven down the African Coast, and found there on the shore amongst other wreckage the prow of a vessel with the figure of a horse carved on it. This relic he took with him as a curiosity, and on his successful return to Alexandria exhibited it there in the market place, and during its exhibition it was recognised by some pirates from Cadiz (Gades) who happened to be in that city, and they testified that the small vessels which were employed in the fisheries along the West African Coast as far as the River Lixius (Wadi al Knos) always had the figure of a horse on their prows, and on this account were called "horses." The fact

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