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Rh Chaldee Paraphrase reads it, The burthen of the cup of the curse to drink to Damascus in; and the ten tribes being in alliance, they must expect to pledge Damascus in this cup of trembling that is to go round.

1. Damascus itself, the head city of Syria, must be destroyed; the houses, it is likely, will be burnt, at least the walls and gates and fortifications demolished, and the inhabitants carried away captive, so that for the present it is taken away from being a city, and is reduced, not only to a village, but to a ruinous heap, v. 1. Such desolating work as this does sin make with cities.

2. The country towns are abandoned by their inhabitants, frightened or forced away by their invaders; The cities of Aroer (a province of Syria so called) are forsaken, (v. 2.) the conquered dare not dwell in them, and the conquerors have no occasion for them, nor did they seize them for want, but wantonness; so that the places which should be for men to live in, are for flocks to lie down in, which they may do, and none will disturb or dislodge them. Stately houses are converted into sheep-cotes. It is strange that great conquerors should pride themselves in being common enemies to mankind. But, how unrighteous soever they are, God is righteous in causing these cities to spue out their inhabitants, who bytheir wickedness had made themselves vile; it is better that flocks should lie down there, than that they should harbour such as are in open rebellion against God and virtue.

3. The strong-holds of Israel, the kingdom of the ten tribes, will be brought to ruin; the fortress shall cease from Ephraim, (v. 3.) that in Samaria, and all the rest. They had joined with Syria in invading Judah very unnaturally; and now they that had been partakers in sin, should be made partakers in ruin, and justly. When the fortress shall cease from Ephraim, by which Israel shall be weakened, the kingdom will cease from Damascus, by which Syria will be ruined. The Syrians were the ringleaders in that confederacy against Judah, and therefore they are punished first and sorest; and because they boasted of their alliance with Israel, now that Israel is weakened, they are upbraided with those boasts; The remnant of Syria shall be as the glory of the children of Israel; those few that remain of the Syrians, shall be in as mean and despicable a condition as the children of Israel are, and the glory of Israel shall be no relief or reputation to them. Sinful confederacies will be no strength, no stay, to the confederates, when God's judgments come upon them.

See here what the glory of Jacob is, when God contends with him, and what little reason Syria will have to be proud of resembling the glory of Jacob.

(1.) It is wasted like a man in a consumption, v. 4. The glory of Jacob was their numbers, that they were as the sand of the sea for multitude; but this glory shall be made thin, when many are cut off, and few left. Then the fatness of their flesh, which was their pride and security, shall wax lean, and the body of the people shall become a perfect skeleton, nothing but skin and bones. Israel died of a lingering disease, the kingdom of the ten tribes wasted gradually. God was to them as a moth, Hos. v. 12. Such is all the glory of this world, it soon withers, and is made thin; but there is a far more exceeding and eternal weight of glory designed for the spiritual seed of Jacob, which is not subject to any such decay; fatness of God's house, which will not wax lean.

(2.)It is all gathered and carried away by the Assyrian army, as the corn is carried out of the field by the husbandman, v. 5. The corn is the glory of the fields; (Ps. lxv. 13.) but when it is reaped and gone, where is the glory? The people had by their sins made themselves ripe for ruin, and their glory was as quickly, as easily, as justly, and as irresistibly, cut down and taken away, as the corn is out of the field by the husbandman. God's judgments are compared to the thrusting in of the sickle, when the harvest is ripe, Rev. xiv. 15. And the victorious army, like the careful husbandmen in the valley of Rephaim, where the corn was extraordinary, would not, if they could help it, leave an ear behind, would lose nothing that they could lay their hands on.

6. Yet gleaning-grapes shall be left in it, as the shaking of an olive-tree, two or three berries in the top of the uppermost bough, four or five in the outmost fruitful branches thereof, saith the God of Israel. 7. At that day shall a man look to his Maker, and his eyes shall have respect to the Holy One of Israel. 8. And he shall not look to the altars, the work of his hands, neither shall respect that which his fingers have made, either the groves or the images.

Mercy is here reserved in a parenthesis, in the midst of judgment, for a remnant that should escape the common ruin of the kingdom of the ten tribes. Though the Assyrians took all the care they could that none should slip out of their net, yet the meek of the earth were hid in the day of the Lord's anger, and had their lives given them for a prey, and made comfortable to them by their retirement to the land of Judah, where they had the liberty of God's courts.

1. They shall be but a small remnant, a very few which shall be marked for preservation; (v. 6.) Gleaning-grapes shall be left in it; the body ofthe people were carried into captivity, but here and there one was left behind, perhaps one of two in a bed, when the other was taken, Luke xvii. 34. The most desolating judgments in this world are short of the last judgment, which shall be universal, and which none shall escape. In times of the greatest calamity, some are kept safe, as in times of the greatest degeneracy some are kept pure. But the fewness of those that escape, supposes the captivity of the far greatest part; those that are left, are but like the poor remains of an olive-tree, when it has been carefully shaken by the owner; if there be two or three berries in the top of the uppermost bough, (out of the reach of them that shook it,) that is all. Such is the remnant according to the election of grace, very few in comparison with the multitudes that walk on in the broad way.

2. They shall be a sanctified remnant; (v. 7, 8.) these few that are preserved, are such as, in the prospect of the judgment approaching, had repented of their sins, and reformed their lives, and therefore were snatched thus as brands out of the burning; or, such as, being escaped, and becoming refugees in strange countries, were awakened, partly by a sense of the distinguishing mercy of their deliverance, and partly by the distresses they were still in, to return to God. (1.) They shall look up to their Creator, shall inquire, Where is God my Maker, who giveth songs in the night, in such a night of affliction as this? Job xxxv. 10, 11. They shall acknowledge his hand in all the events concerning them, merciful and afflictive, and shall submit to his hand; they shall give him the glory due to his name, and be suitably affected with his providences; they shall expect relief and succour from him, and depend upon him to help them; their eyes shall have respect to him, as the eyes of a servant to the hand of his master, Ps. cxxiii. 2. Observe, It is our duty


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title: The Works of Charles Dickens/Volume 2


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 May. If filled with warm manure early in February, it will grow Cucumbers that will be in use from April to July, or grow Radishes and small sallading in quantity. In summer the sashes can be used for growing fine varieties of Grapes. See our article on Fruits.

Sash Light, Fig. 16. Made of yellow or the best seasoned white pine, 1½ to 2 inches thick. The sash should be 3 feet 8 inches wide, and 6 or more feet long; the glass we prefer is 6 by 6, or 6 by 8, and of the best quality. The wood must have two coats of oil paint before glazing, and at least one coat afterwards. All the glass must be bedded in soft putty; the laps of the glass should not exceed half an inch: one-fourth of an inch, if well done, is quite sufficient. A sash well painted and protected when not in use, will last from thirty to forty years. The smaller the panes of glass the less will be the damage from breakage.

The Common Hot-Bed Frame is a box of wood, bottomless, of any length or breadth to suit the object in view, but generally six feet wide and from six to sixteen feet long, highest at the side to be placed to the north, and subdivided by cross-bars, and each division covered by a glazed sash. The component parts of the above frame, instead of being mortised into one another, should be fastened with hooks and staples, or keyed iron bolts, which easily admit of their being taken asunder and put under cover when they are not wanted for use. I have about a hundred sashes that can be taken apart and stowed away, or erected in one day.

Vegetable or Kitchen Garden, with a select assortment of Fruit combined, Fig. 17. This arrangement affords great facilities for croping the ground and a rotation of crops. It also confines the trees to one place, for the purpose of giving a partial shade to the main walk in summer, without injuring any of the vegetables. This plan is decidedly preferable to the mode of distributing the trees over the garder.


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 "Markis Gran By dorken Wensdy.

"My dear Sammle,

"I am wery sorry to have the pleasure of bein a Bear of ill news your Mother in law cort cold consekens of imprudently settin too long on the damp grass in the rain a hearin of a shepherd who warnt able to leave off till late at night owen to his havin vound his-self up vith brandy and vater and not being able to stop hisself till he got a little sober which took a many hours to do the doctor says that if she'd svallo'd varm brandy and vater artervards insted of afore she mightn't have been no vus her veels wos immedetly greased and everythink done to set her agoin as could be inwented your farther had hopes as she vould have vorked round as usual but just as she wos a turnen the corner my boy she took the wrong road and vent down hill vith a welocity you never see and notvithstandin that the drag wos put on drectly by the medikel man it wornt of no use at all for she paid the last pike at twenty minutes afore six o'clock yesterday evenin havin done the jouney wery much under the reglar time vich praps was partly owen to her haven taken in wery little luggage by the vay your father says that if you vill come and see me Sammy n b he vill take it as a wery great favor for I am wery lonely Samivel nb he vill have it spelt that vay vich I say ant right and as there is sich a many things to settle he is sure your guvner wont object of course he vill not Sammy for I knows him better so he sends his dooty in which I join and am Samivel infernally yours

"."

"Wot a incomprehensible letter," said Sam; "who's to know wot it means, vith all this he-ing and I-ing! It ain't my father's writin', 'cept this here signater in print letters; that's his."


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been superseded by the discussion of F. Gérres in the Zeitsch. f. wiss. Theologie, xvi. 1890, p. 454 sqq. ‘‘ Ritter St. Georg in Geschichte, Legende, u. Kunst.” [There is no question that the Acta (in Act. Sanct. 23rd April) are ei ae and legendary. They are remarkable for the horrible descriptions of scenes of martyr- dom, which might serve as a text to elucidate the pictures on the walls of the curious round Church of San Stefano on the Esquiline.] Gdérres arrives at practically the same conclusion as Tillemont (Mém. eccl., v. 185-9, 658-60). AU the details of St. George’s martyrdom are uncertain ; but St. George existed and suffered as a martyr in the East in some pre-Constantinian persecution. Tillemont established the reality of St. George by the existence of his cult (he was a MeyaAsuaprvs) in the sixth century ; Gérres proves that it already existed in the fifth century. (1) The round Church of St. George at Thessalonica is not younger than the fifth century and possibly belongs to the fourth; (2) Venantius (Carm. ii. 12, p. 41, ed. M. H. G.) mentions a Gallic basilica to St. George, founded by Sidonius Apollinaris; (3) the decree of Pope Gelasius de libris non recipiendis, at end of fifth century, condemns the Acta of St. George as apocryphal, but confesses his historical existence.

The connexion of his name with a dragon-slaying legend does not relegate him to the region of myth. For over against the fabulous Christian dragon-slayer, Theodore of the Bithynian Heraclea, we can set Agapetus of Synnada and Arsacius, who though celebrated as dragon-slayers were historical persons.

Gibbon’s theory which identifies St. George with George of Cappadocia has nothing to be said for it ; but Gérres points out that it is not open to any objection on the ground that George of Cappadocia was an Arian. For there are examples of Arians admitted into the Martyrologium: he cites Agapetus of Synnada and Auxentius, afterwards bishop of Mopsuestia. (It is to be noted that one recension of the Acta 8. Georgii was edited by Arians.)

23. THE CHURCHES OF CONSTANTINE AT JERUSALEM—(P. 455)

In regard to Constantine’s Churches at Jerusalem it may be said, without

entering upon the question as to the true positions of Golgotha and the Holy Sepulchre, that it is certain that these Churches—(1) the round Church of the Anastasis which contained the Sepulchre, and the (2) adjacent Basilica, dedicated to the Cross—stood on the site of the present Church of the Holy Sepulchre. Injured by the Persians (614 a.p.) they were restored some years later, and a plan of the buildings drawn up, towards the end of the seventh century, by the pilgrim Arculfus is extant, and is of great importance for the topography. Some traces of the old buildings still remain. ‘‘The relative position of the Churches is the same ; the circular Church of the Anastasis has preserved its form ; the south wall of the Basilica can be traced from ‘ Calvary’ eastward, and one of the large cisterns constructed by Constantine has been discovered” (Sir C. Wilson, in Smith’s Dict. of the Bible, new ed., 1893, p. 1654). Mr. Fergusson’s theory which identified the Church of the Resurrection with the mosque known as Kubbet-es-Sakkra, the Dome of the Rock (within the so-called ‘‘ Haram area”), is now quite exploded. _ The Dome of the Rock has its own question, but has nothing to do with Constantine. Is it of Saracenic origin dating from the end of the seventh century—built perhaps by a Greek architect? or was it originally a Christian Church, and converted into a mosque? It has been identified by Professor Sepp with a Church of St. Sophia built by Justinian. Sir C. Wilson thinks that it stands on the site of St. Sophia, which was destroyed by the Persians; ‘‘that it was rebuilt with the old material by Abdul-Melik who covered it with a dome, and that it was again repaired and redecorated by El Mamiin” (zb., p. 1657).

The adjacent mosque el-Aksa ig gr the site of the mosque of Omar. It was built by Abd al-Malik, ‘‘out of the ruins of Justinian’s Church of St. Mary” (Wilson, 7b.), which is fully described by Procopius; but there is a difference of opinion whether the Sgr was on the same site as the mosque or

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(so Fergusson and others) in the south-eastern corner of the ‘‘ Haram area,” where there are vaults apparently of the Justinianean age.

For further details see Sir C. Wilson’s article Jerusalem, cited above; Mr. T. H. Lewis’ essay on the Church of Constantine at Jerusalem in the Palestine Pilgrims’ Text Society, 1891; Sepp, Die Felsenkuppell eine Jus- tinianische Sophien-kirche; various papers in the Palestine Exploration Fund publications.

24. THE TIGRIS AND EUPHRATES—(P. 495)

The recent publication of a geographical description of Mesopotamia and Baghdad by an Arabic writer, Ibn Serapion, of whom nothing is known except that he wrote in the early years of the tenth century, by Mr. Guy Le Strange (with translation and commentary, in the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Soc., 1895, January and April; cp. addenda in July, and 1896, October), is of considerable importance.

It shows that since the tenth century great alterations have taken place in the course of the Tigris and Euphrates, and shows what these alterations were ; it gives a clear account of the canal system which drew the overflow of the Euphrates into the Tigris; and it supplies most important data for the recon- struction of the topography of Baghdad.

Before the Caliphate, the River Tigris followed its present course, from Kit-al-Amarah (about 100 miles below Baghdad) flowing in a south-easterly direction to its junction with the Euphrates. But during the middle ages—in the tenth century for example—it flowed almost dues outh “‘running down the channel now known as the Shatt-al-Hay, and passing through the city of Wasit” (Le Strange, 2b., Jan., p. Ay The changes in the Euphrates are thus summed up by Mr. Le Strange (p. 4): A little above Al-Kifa ‘‘the stream bi- furcated. The branch to the right—considered then as the main stream of the Euphrates, but now known as the Hindiyya Canal—ran down past AI- Kifa, and a short distance below the city became lost in the western part of the great Swamp,” which also swallowed up the waters of the Tigris. ‘‘The stream to the left or eastward called the Stra Canal—which, in its upper reach, follows the line of the modern Euphrates—ran a short course and then split up into numerous canals whose waters for the most part flowed out into the Tigris above Wasit.” The great Swamp in which the streams of both Tigris and Euphrates lost themselves was drained by the Tidal Estuary which reached the sea at Abbadan, ‘‘a town which, on account of the recession of the Persian Gulf, now lies nearly twenty miles distant from the present shore-line”.

It should be carefully remembered in reading the account of the events after - Julian’s death that the Tigris has also altered its course to the north of Ctesiphon since the tenth century. From a point below Samarra to a point above Baghdad, it followed a shorter and more westerly channel than at the present day.

As to the canal Nahr-al-Malik (see above, p. 503), Mr. Le Strange says (¢b., Jan., p. 75), that ‘“‘roughly speaking it followed the line of the modern Radh- waniyya Canal”.

It may be added that the geographical work of Abu-l-Fida, mentioned by Gibbon, p. 495, n, 54, is not very valuable, being neither good nor early. The authoritative Arabic text is that of Reinaud, 1840, and there is a French transla- tion by S. Guyard, 1883. On early geographical works in Arabic, see Le Strange’s Palestine under the Moslems (Pal. Explor. Fund).

o | aw, ABERDEEN UNIVERSITY PRESS. RTS 27 M¥ 1904

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For the Tyche, to whom Constantine dedicated his new city, the most recent and instruetive study is the brief paper of Strzygovski, in Analecta Greciensia (Graz, 1893).

As to the connexion of Constantine with the Donatist controversy, attention may be drawn to the article of O. Seeck in Brieger’s Zeitsch. f. Kirchengeschichte, x. 505-568 (Quellen und Urkunden iiber die Anfange des Donatismus). He fixes the date of the Council of Arles to a.p. 316 (cp. Euseb., V. C. i. 44-45). The general result of his discussion is to discredit the authority of Optatus, whom he regards as a liar, drawing from a lying source. The only value of the work of Optatus is to be found, he concludes, in the parts which rest on the protocols of the Synods of Cirta and Rome, and the lost parts of the Acta of the process of Felix (viz, 1., 13, 14, 23, 24, 27, and perhaps the story of the choice of Cecilian, 16-18).

For Constantine in medieval legend see the Incerti Auctoris de C. Magno eiusque matre Helena, edited yy Heydenreich (1879); Extracts from a popular Chronicle (Greek) given by A. Kirpitschnikow, Byz. Ztsch. i. p. 308 sqq. (1892) ; Heydenreich, C. der Grosse in den Sagen des Mittelalters, Deutsche Ztsch. f. Geschichts-wissenschaft, 9, 1 sqqg. (1893), and Griechische Berichte tiber die Jugend C. des G., in Gr. Stud. H. Lipsius zum Geburtstag dargebracht, p. 88 sqq. (1894). For his father Constantius in medizval legend see Li contes dou roi Constant I’Emperor, ed. in the Bibl. Elzevir, by MM. Moland and d’Hericault, 1856. An English translation by Mr. Wm. Morris has appeared 1896.

20. ECCLESIASTICAL GEOGRAPHY—(P. 315)

The ecclesiastical divisions of the empire, referred to incidentally by Gibbon, are not closely enough connected with the subject to require an editorial note. But, as they sometimes throw light on the len boundaries, and as they have been recently much investigated, some bibliographical indications of literature on the eastern bishoprics may be useful.

Parthey : Notitie Gree Episcopatuum (along with Hierocles).

H. Gelzer: Die Zeitbestimmung der griech. Not. Epise., Jahrb. f. protest. Theo- logie, xii. 556 sqq. ; Zeitsch. f. wiss. Theologie, xxxv. 419 qq. ; Byz. Ztsch., i. 245 (on eastern Patriarchates); ii. 22. Also edition of Basil’s Notitia (early in ninth century) in ‘‘ Georgius Cyprius” (edition Teubner, 1890).

W. Ramsay: Articles in the Journal of Hellenic Studies, 1884, 1887 ; Historical Geography of Asia Minor, 1890, passim.

De nee i deme f. Kirchengeschichte, xii. 303 sqq., 519 sqqg. (1890) ; xiv. 573 sqq.

893). Duchesne: Byz. Ztsch., i. 531 sqq. (eccl. geogr. of Illyricum).

21. LEGEND OF THE FINDING OF THE TRUE CROSS—(P. 456)

The legend of the discovery of the Cross by Judas for St. Helena has come down in Syriac, Greek and Latin versions. See E. Nestle, Byz. Zeitschrift, iv. p. 319-345, who makes it probable that the original Helena legend was in Syriac, and prints the oldest Greek version extant from a Sinai Ms. of the eighth cen- tury copied by Mr. Rendel Harris. (The Greek from later Mss. (1) in J. Gretser’s huge treatise, De Cruce Christi (1600), ii. 530 sqgq., and Holder, Inventio verae crucis, 1889; (2) in Gretser, op. cit., ii. 543 sqq. ; (3) Wotke, Wiener Studien, 1891, p. 300 sqq. ; the Latin (1) in the Sanctuarium (a rather rare book ; c. 1479) of Mombritius, and in Acta Sanct., May 4, I., 445 sqq. ; (2) in Holder, op. cit. ; (3) in Mombritius, op. cit.; the Syriac (1) from seventh century Ms., in Nestle’s De sancta Cruce, 1889; (2) ib. ; (3) in Bedjan’s Acta Martyrum et Sanctorum, 1890, p. 326 sgq.)

22, ST. GEORGE—(P. 472)

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genius pop. Rom., and with Sol, but certainly not in the two first cases, perhaps not in the last case, after 315 a.p. Further, Constantinian coins with Juppiter were not struck in the west, but in the mints of Licinius. Thus we may say that between 315 and 323 pagan emblems were disappearing from Constantine’s coinage, and indifferent legends took their place, such as Beata tranquillitas.

We also find coins with 4, a8 a sign of the mint ; and at the end of Constan- tine’s reign a series of copper coins was issued in which two soldiers were repre- sented on the reverse holding the labarum, that is a flag with the monogram fg.

We see then two stages in Constantine’s policy. At first he removes from his coins symbols which might offend his Christian soldiers and subjects whom he wished to propitiate (this is Schiller’s interpretation) ; and finally he allows to appear on his money symbols which did not indeed commit him to Christianity, but were susceptible of a Christian meaning.

(2) Laws. After the great Edict of Milan, 312-3 a.p. (which, according to Seeck, was never issued), the following measures were taken by Constantine to put Christianity on a level with the old religion. (1) 313 a.p., the Catholic clergy were freed from all state burdens. (2) 313 (or 315), the Church was freed from annona and tributum. (3) 316 (321), Manumissions in the Church were made valid. (4) 319, (1) was extended to the whole empire. (5) 320, exception to the laws against celibacy made in favour of the clergy, allowing them to inherit. (6) 321, wills in favour of the Catholic Church permitted. (7) 323, forcing of Christians to take part in pagan celebrations forbidden, On the other hand, a law of 321 (Cod. Theod. xvi. 10, 1) forbids private consultation of haruspices, but allows it in public. [Cp. further Seuffert, Constantins Gesetze und das Christenthum, 1891.

(3) Evszsrus describes in his Ecclesiastical History (bk. x. 1 sgq.) a number of acts of Constantine after his victory over Maxentius, which attest not only toleration but decided favour towards the Christians. He entertains Christian priests, heaps presents on the Church, takes an interest in ecclesiastical questions. There is no reason to doubt these statements ; but Schiller urges us to remember (1) that Eusebius does not mention what favour Constantine bestowed on the pagans, and (2) that, when the final struggle with Licinius came and that Emperor resorted to persecution, policy clearly dictated to Constantine the expediency of specially favouring Christianity. In general, according to Schiller, from 313 to 323 Constantine not only maintained impartial toleration, but bestowed positive benefits on both the old and the new religion. The account of Eusebius is'a misrepresentation through omission of the other side.

One or two points may be added. Eusebius states that after the victory over Maxentius Constantine erected a statue of himself with a cross in his right hand at Rome. This statement occurs in Hist. E. ix. c. 10, 11; Paneg. ix. 18 ; Vit. C. i. 40. Is this to be accepted as a fact? A statement in H. E. is more trust- worthy than any statement in the Vit. C.; and Brieger thought that in this case the passage in H. E. is an interpolation from that in the Vit. C. (Ztsch. f. Kirchengesch, 1880, p. 45). But Schultze (ib. vii. 1885, 343 sqg.) has shown that Eusebius mentioned the statue in question, in his speech at Tyre in 314 a.p., from H. E. x. 4, 16. This adds considerable weight to the evidence.

In regard to the monogram g » Rapp in his paper, Das Labarum und der Sonnenkultus (Jahrb. des Vereins von Altertumsfreunden im Rheinlande, 1866, p- 116 sqqg.), showed that it appears on Greco-Bactrian coins of 2nd and 1st centuries B.c. It appears still earlier on Tarentine coins of the first half of the 3rd century. It is not clear that Constantine used it as an ambiguous symbol ; nor yet is there a well-attested instance of its use as a Christian symbol before A.D. 323 (cp. Brieger in his Ztschr. iv. 1881, p. 201).

Several examples of the Labarum as described by Eusebius are preserved ; I may refer especially to one on a Roman sarcophagus in the Lateran Museum.

For ‘‘ Christian emblems on the coins of Constantine the Great, his family and his successors” see Madden in the Numismatic Chronicle, 1877-8.


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 that his views were calculated to subvert the authority of the Scriptures and undermine the very foundations of morality and religion. His little practice fell away, and he was left almost without a friend. This lasted for some years, until the great truth, held fast by Harvey amidst all his adversity, and which had dropped into many thoughtful minds, gradually ripened by further observation, and after a period of about twenty-five years, it became generally recognized as an established scientific truth.

The difficulties encountered by Dr. Jenner in promulgating and establishing his discovery of vaccination as a preventive of small-pox were even greater than those of Harvey. Many, before him, had witnessed the cow-pox, and had heard of the report current among the milkmaids in Gloucestershire, that whoever had taken that disease was secure against small-pox. It was a trifling, vulgar rumour, supposed to have no significance whatever; and no one had thought it worthy of investigation, until it was accidentally brought under the notice of Jenner. He was a youth, pursuing his studies at Sodbury, when his attention was arrested by the casual observation made by a country girl who came to his master's shop for advice. The small-pox was mentioned, when the girl said, "I can't take that disease, for I have had cow-pox." The observation immediately riveted Jenner's attention, and he forthwith set about inquiring and making observations on the subject. His professional friends, to whom he mentioned his views as to the prophylactic virtues of cow-pox, laughed at him, and even threatened to expel him from their society, if he persisted in harassing them with the


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agreement. Burckhardt, in his attractive monograph, developed the view that Constantine was “‘ ganz wesentlich unreligiés,” constitutionally indifferent to religion, because he was a “‘ genialer Mensch,” dominated by ambition ; and that in his later years he exhibited personal inclinations rather towards paganism than towards Christianity. H. Richter has some remarkable pages on Constantine’s system of parity between the two religions ; and Brieger, in an excellent article in his Zettschrift f. Kirchengesch. (iv., 1881, p. 163 sqq.), agrees with Gibbon that Constantine’s Christianity was due entirely to political considerations. Many of the data admit of different interpretations. Those who ascribe to him a policy of parity, or the idea of a state religion which might combine elements common to enlightened paganism and Christianity (so Schiller), appeal to the fact that the sacerdotales and jlamines in Africa were granted privileges ; but it is replied that they had ceased to carry on the ritual and simply, as a matter of equity, had the old rights secured to them, while they no longer performed the old duties. If the ‘cult ” of Tyche at Constantinople is alleged, it is urged that she had no temple- service. The temples of Constantinople are explained away ; and the “aedes Flaviae nostrae gentis ” of the remarkable inscription of Hispellum (date between 326 and 337; Orelli, 5580) is asserted not to have been intended for the worship of the Emperors, but simply as a fine hall for public spectacles.! (See V. Schultze, in Brieger’s Zeitschrift, vii. 352 sqq.) The indulgence to paganism was simply the toleration of a statesman who could not discreetly go too fast in the accomplish- ment of such a great reformation. And certainly on the hypothesis that Con- stantine had before his eyes, as the thing to be achieved, the ultimate establish- ment of Christianity as the exclusive state religion, his attitude to paganism would be, in general, the attitude we should expect from a really great statesman. Ranke’s remark hits the point (Weltgesch. iii. 1, 532): ‘‘Er konnte unmoglich zugeben dass an die Stelle der Unordnungen der Verfolgung die vielleicht noch grosseren einer gewaltsamen Reaction traten ”.

It seems to me that Seeck, in holding that Constantine had really broken with the old religion and was frankly a Christian, is nearer the mark than Gibbon or Schiller. From the evidence which we have, I believe that Constantine adopted the Christian religion and intended that Christianity should be the State religion. As to a great many details, there may be uncertainty im regard to the facts themselves or their interpretation, but I would invite attention to the following general considerations.

(1) The theory that the motives of Constantine’s Christian policy were purely political, and that he was religiously indifferent, seems perilously like an anach- ronism,—ascribing to him modern ideas. There is no reason to suppose that he was above the superstitiousness of hisage. (2) The theory that he was a Deist, that he desired to put Paganism and Christianity on an equality, emphasizing some common features, and that circumstances led him to incline the balance towards Christianity in his later years, is not the view naturally suggested by the (a) Christian education he gave his children, and (b) the hostility of the pagan Emperor Julian to hismemory. (3) The fact that he countenanced Paganism and did not completely abolish the customs of the old State religion proves nothing ; the remark of Ranke quoted above is a sufficient answer. In fact, those who have dealt with the question have sometimes failed to distinguish between two different things. It isone thing to say that Constantine’s motives for establishing Christianity were purely secular. It is quite another to say that he was guided by secular considerations in the methods which he adopted to establish Christianity. The second thesis is true—Constantine would have been a bad statesman if he pa not been so guided ;—but its truth is quite consistent with the falsity of the

rst.

Schiller (iii. 301 #94) has conveniently summarized the chief facts, and his results may be arranged as follows :—

(1) Corns. In Constantine’s western mints coins appeared with Mars, with

1 Compare the words: ne aedis nostro nomini dedicata cuiusquam contagiosae supersti- tionis fraudibus polluatur, insisted on by Seeck, Untergang der antiken Welt, p. 439.


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 APPENDIX 565

Aréak, the son of Tiran, who declined to resume the sovereignty. Aréak first married Olympias, a Greek lady connected with the Constantinian house ; and afterwards a daughter of the Persian king. His policy was to hold the balance between Rome and Persia throughout the wars of Constantius and Julian.

4. In Eusebius, H. E. vi. 46, 2, we find this notice: «ai rots nara 'Appeviav aoavrws mepi peravoias emaréAdee dv emerxomeve Mepovgavys, Gelzer (p. 171 sqq.) points out that this bishopric of Meruzanes cannot have been in the Roman pro- vinces called Armenia, and therefore was in Great Armenia; and he seeks to show that it may have been in the south-eastern corner, the district of Vaspura- kan. The words in Eusebius are from a letter of Dionysios of Alexandria (248- 265), and the inference seems to be that Christianity was introduced into an out- lying district of Armenia in the fifties of the third century.! But the formal conversion of Armenia began about 280 under the auspices of King Trdat, through the labours of Gregory the Illuminator. The destruction of the temples of the gods, in spite of strong opposition from the priests, was one of the first parts of the change, and preceded Gregory’s journey to Cesarea (between 285 and 290 according to Gelzer) to be consecrated by Leontius. The Armenian Church was yee on the see of Caesarea, and under Greek influence for nearly a century.

ter the death of the Patriarch Nersés, it was severed and made autocephalous by King Pap (circa a.v. 373-4. Cp. Ter Mikelian, p. 31). During the fourth cen- tury the seat of the Catholicus and the spiritual centre of Armenia, was A&tiSat in the southern district of Taron, as has been well brought out by Gelzer. It was afterwards removed to ValarSapat, when no longer dependent on Czsarea, and then the priests of ValarSapat invented stories to prove the antiquity of their seat and the original independence of the Armenian Church. In the fourth century, the chief feature of the domestic history of Armenia is the struggle between the monarch and the Catholicus, between the spirit of nationality and the subjection to foreign influences. It culminated in the reign of Pap, who solved the question by poison.

In regard to the conversion of Armenia, its progress was partly determined by the feudal condition of the country (Gelzer, 132). The nobles were easily won over by the personal influence of the king; the priests were naturally the most obstinate opponents. The new faith seems to have been slow in taking root among the people, and it is noteworthy that women, even in high rank, clung tenaciously to the old religion (like the wife of Chosrov, Faustus, iii. 3, and the mother of Pap, ib. 44).

I have read with interest the remarkable study of N. Marr, O nachalnoi istorii Armenii Anonima, in Viz. Vremennik, i. 263 sqq. (1894). He discusses the character of the brief History of Armenia, which is prefixed to Sebeos’ History of the Emperor Heraclius (Russ. tr. by Patkanian, 1862); and its relation to Moses of Chorene. This document (which appears in the collection of Langlois under the title Pseudo-Agathange) he regards as the earliest extant Armenian history of early Armenia ; it was worked up by a later (also anonymous) writer, of whose composition a large extract has been preserved in Moses of Chorene, bk. i. c. 8 (in ae under the title, Mar Apas Catina). Moses also used the original work. Marr points out a number of resemblances between Faustus and the first Anonymous, and hazards the conjecture (295 sqq.) that this history of Armenia may be part of the first two books of Faustus, whose work, as we have it, begins with book iii.

19. CONSTANTINE AND CHRISTIANITY—(C. XX.)

The attitude of Constantine to the Christian religion has been the theme of many discussions, and historians are still far from having reached a general

1My friend Mr. F. C. Conybeare is inclined to believe that Gregory the Illuminator used an Armenian version of New Testament Scriptures made from a pre-Peshito Syriac text, long before the time of Mesrop. This version may have been due to the Church in Waaghirakort: Apparently the non-existence of Mesrop's alphabet did not prevent literary composition in Armenian.


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 A.D.

257

CONTENTS

Toleration of the Jewish Religion ...

The Jews were a People which followed, the Christians a Sect which deserted, the Religion of their Fathers

Christianity accused of Atheism, and mistaken by the People and Philosophers

The Union and Assemblies of the Christians considered as a dangerous Conspiracy

Their Manners calumniated

Their Imprudent Defence ale

Idea of the Conduct of the Emperors towards the Christians ...

They neglected the Christians as a Sect of Jews

The Fire of Rome under the Reign of Nero pe

Jag aaa of the Christians as the Incendiaries of the

ity

Remarks on the Passage of Tacitus relative to the Persecution of the Christians by Nero sia

Oppression of the Jews and Christians by ‘Domitian

Execution of Clemens the Consul.

Ignorance of Pliny concerning the Christians

Trajan and his Successors establish a ae Mode of proceeding against them Se Oe

Popular Clamours

Trials of the Christians

Humanity of the Roman Magistrates

Inconsiderable Number of Martyrs 5

Example of Cyprian, Bishop of Carthage

His Danger and Flight aa A

His Banishment

His Condemnation

His Martyrdom ae Ml

Various Incitements to Martyrdom

Ardour of the first Christians

Gradual Relaxation

Three Methods of escaping Martyrdom

Alternatives of Severity and Toleration

The Ten Persecutions

Supposed Edicts of Tiberius and Marcus ‘Antoninus

180 State of the Christians in the Reigns of Commodus and Severus 211-249. Of the Successors of Severus Sa

Of Maximin, Philip, and Decius

253-260. Of Valerian, Gallienus, and his Successors

260 Paulof Samosata, his Manners _... ee

270 He is degraded from the See of Antioch ...

274 The Sentence is executed by Aurelian...

284-303. Peace and Prosperity of the Church under Diocletian

393

Progress of Zeal and Superstition among the Pagans

Maximian and Galerius punish a few Christian Soldiers ‘ Galerius prevails on Diocletian to begin a apa Persecution Demolition of the Church of Nicomedia ... 5 wb The first Edict against the Christians

Zeal and Punishment of a Christian

Fire of the Palace of Nicomedia imputed to the Christians Execution of the first Edict aa Ba


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 troops or the incompetence of our generals, as might be imagined, but through treachery

. This time I must interrupt you without asking pardon. There never was any such treachery as that to which you now refer. You are speaking of one of my ancestors, whose memory has been completely vindicated from that infamous calumny.

. Countess, pardon me. I was not aware that Baron von Rosenkranz of the battle of Kuntz was related in any way to the present Counts of Rosenkranz.

. The succession is direct, except for a charge of bastardy, which is an honor to our house, as the blemish was of royal blood. To be sure, historians speak of a betrayal of his country, but who are historians? I could show you over six hundred letters from the archives of our family, all of them in Baron von Rosenkranz's own hand, had you leisure to examine them, in which he explains away the vile accusation. It is impossible to read them without being convinced. Teach history to the Princes of Suavia, among whose loyal vassals the Rosenkranz have always been and are. As the last, the most unworthy of their line, it is my duty to declare to the Princes of Suavia, on behalf of my ancestors, that there never was a traitor, either to his king or to his country, whose name was Rosenkranz!

. Of course we should not believe it, Countess. Herr Stirger did not wish to give offense.

. On the contrary, my aim is to emphasize virtue and heroism in our lessons, passing over all doubtful points in silence, or touching them but lightly, as the case may be. They are not altogether absent from public or private history.

. It is as His Majesty desires. History should be a mirror of virtue to those who some day must be kings.


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. Fortunately, since the beginning of the seventeenth century the Kings of Suavia

. Highness, since your glorious dynasty ascended the throne.

. They have all been mirrors of virtue.

. The kings and the queens have, but since the beginning of the twentieth century the princes and princesses

. Highness! Take care! His Majesty has prohibited expressly reference or allusion to the recent unhappy events which have saddened his heart, alas!—and the hearts of his loyal subjects.

. Alas!

. The Emperor told us yesterday that our uncle and aunt, Prince Stephen and Princess Helena, were both dead.

. [Aside to ] I have a surprise for you later.

. [Idem] What is it?

. [Idem] Wait until we are alone.

. [Idem] What does Alex say?

. Some foolishness or other. Wait until we are alone.

. His Majesty returns to the Palace.

. Then the study hour is over…

. Yes, that will be all for to-day.

. Does the Emperor visit us or shall we go to him?

. As yet I have received no instructions. The confusion at Court because of the arrival of— I forgot that it was not to be mentioned.

. Oh! What harm can it do? The ar-


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 rival of Prince Stephen. You can tell it by the humor the Emperor is in. And the Empress!…

. The Empress refused to see us.

. She saw me.

. You are the favorite grandchild.

. The Emperor is furious. When I asked if I could go sleighing in the park yesterday, he forbade me.

. I must obtain the order of the day. Be discreet during my absence. Herr Stirger will remain with you.

. Although I have not yet had luncheon

. I shall not be long.

. Alex! Alex! It's all right. Herr Stirger doesn't mind; we are alone now. He dislikes the Countess as much as we do.

. Wasn't it jolly while he was telling us about the treason of her old ancestor?

. He promised to do it yesterday. We knew it would make her angry.

. Did you notice what she has been doing to her hair?

. Yes, the old cathedral has put in stained glass. Alex, what have you got? Hurry up!

. Before the Countess comes back.

. Here it is… L'Illustration Française. Guess what is in it. Look!

. Give it to me! Let me see.—Watch the door, Herr Stirger. Tell us if any one is coming.

. Perhaps I had better see myself first… Oh, Highness! Where did you get this paper?

. In the Empress's room. She had it hidden away, but I found it.

. You surprise me.


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. Nobody cares what he does, because he is the spoiled darling. It would be different if it were one of us. What does it say? "Latest Scandals at the Court of Suavia."

. With pictures of Prince Stephen and la Königsberg, his wife…

. His morganatic wife.

. His mistress.

. Highness!

. Say favorite, Alex.

. Yes, a cocotte. It sounds better in French, doesn't it? French is the diplomatic language.

. Your Highness appears to have developed a talent for piquant observation, wholly improper in a prince. Princes should be of a benevolent, optimistic turn of mind. The lady is an actress, not a cocotte, as you miscall it.

. What is the difference, as long as she is good-looking? Look out! Is any one coming?

. No, no, no one— Ah! she is good-looking.

. Oh, she is pretty! Yes, she is!

. His Highness, Prince Alex, thinks that she is pretty. What do you know about it, little imp?

. Well, she is prettier than the women in our family. The paper says so: "In the Royal Family of Suavia the women are all insignificant. The Princes, however"—listen to this—"Ils sont le type accompli de la beauté virile."

. I shall box your ears for that.

. I dare you to!

. Highness! She is your sister.

. What is the use of being silly?

. Stop quarrelling. Hello! More pictures… "Princess Helena of Suavia, popularly known as Princess Bebé."


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. She is better-looking than la Königsberg. How distinguished!

. "Herr Albert Rosmer, with whom the Princess"

. Put the paper down. Your Highness. When you see their pictures on the same page, the rest is suggested. Give me that paper; it ought not to remain in your hands another moment. Suppose this should be brought to the attention of Their Majesties? These French papers stop at nothing which can prejudice a ruling house. France is a country without faith, without religion; it is a blot with its republic upon the face of Europe. Kings and princes should unite against it, as they did in the days of Napoleon. These articles make me blush, they—they— [Continuing to read in spite of himself] Yet there is something about them which is fascinating, the style… These Frenchmen are the devil!

. What does it say?

. Nothing, nothing— Lies! Slander!

. The Emperor!…

. A nice fix we are in!

. Confined to our rooms for a week!

. The storm always bursts upon my innocent head.

. Have you finished the lesson?

. Grandfather! Grandfather dear!

. Alex, what is this? Military salute! I have appointed Your Highness to my body-guard. You have been made sergeant.

. Shall I wear a cuirass over my uniform? Promise to make me lieutenant next year, like Maurice.

. Next year? Wait until you deserve it.

. You will be promoted just as he was—for your fighting qualities.


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Rh erotic and elegiac songs received but little attention from his contemporaries, other qualities being then demanded of the poet, and he was accordingly soon forgotten. But he has since been rescued from his oblivion, and valued according to his merits. His religious poems rank the highest, being equally attractive for their elegant form, and for the warm and genuine sentiment which pervades them.

Besides these there were also a number of others who were considered by their contemporaries as genuine poets, and whose works were received with great favor, while they were in fact mere rhymesters. Among them are (1679-1713), and the learned lady,  (1659-1730), the latter of whom also wrote verses in foreign languages. Others again had more or less poetic talent, but, like the former, were unable to produce other than mere amateur work. According to the opinion shared by all the poets, almost without exception, poetry was only a pleasant pastime, a fact openly expressed by (died 1673) in a book which he wrote on the art of poetry. The poetical literature of this period has been strikingly though somewhat severely characterized in the following words: "Stjernhjelm sang with his eyes fixed on the poets of Greece and Borne; his successors sang with their eyes fixed on him, but as they lacked his genius, the majority of them sank into servile imitation or fell into insipid rhyming." The religious poetry of the period is an exception, especially the hymns, in the composition of which the bishop, (1645-1714), distinguished himself. In his excellent psalms, many of which are still sung in the Swedish churches, we find deep feeling and genuine poetic sentiment. They are far superior to his long religious poems, among which is found "Gud's Werck och Hvila" (God's work and rest), a free translation of Arreboe's "Hexaëmeron." 22


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. Oh, I do wish we might have war!

. Not so fast! War is never desirable, especially now that it has become so expensive. Herr Stirger, are your pupils making rapid progress? I charge you to be strict with them. Always, always forget that they are princes, or rather never forget it. Bear in mind that it is for them to be first in the rigid performance of duty. What paper is that you hold behind your back? Its appearance seems familiar. One moment— What? Is it French? Upon my soul! How did this paper come into the Palace? Herr Stirger, is this your conception of history, of literature? Countess Adelaide, is this the influence which you exert over the Princes? To permit such papers in their study hour! How did this paper come into your possession? There is no security any longer in the Palace. I never know at what moment I may lay my hand upon an anarchistic proclamation, or a libel, or upon publications such as this, with pictures, with stories

. Your Majesty, I am at a loss to understand how this paper escaped my attention.

. His Highness Prince Alex may explain to Your Majesty.

. You? Have you seen it? You!

. Too bad you have joined the army! You will be shot.

. [Bursting into tears] Grandfather!

. What is this? You are speaking with your superior officer. Military salute! Explain how this paper came into your possession.

. I found it in the Empress's room; I didn't know that there was anything in it

. Silence! Of course there is nothing in it. In the Empress's room, did you say? Women are curious creatures. Countess, you may return it to the Empress.


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Near the police-station Viner fell in with his solicitor, Felpham, who turned a corner in a great hurry. Felpham's first glance showed his client that their purposes were in common.

"Seen that paragraph in the evening papers?" said Felpham without preface. "By George! that's serious news! What a pity that Hyde ever made that statement about his doings on the night of the murder! It would have been far better if he'd held his tongue altogether."

"He insisted on it—in the end," answered Viner. "And in my opinion he was right. But—you think this is very serious?"

"Serious? Yes!" exclaimed Felpham. "He says he spent the night in a shed in the Harrow Road district. Now the things that were taken from Ashton's body are discovered in such a place—nay, the very place; for if you remember, Hyde particularized his whereabouts. What's the obvious conclusion? What can anybody think?"

"I see two or three obvious conclusions, and I think several things," remarked Viner. "I'll tell you what they are when we've seen Drillford. I'm not alarmed about this discovery, Felpham. I think it may lead to finding the real murderer."


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 "You see further than I do, then," muttered Felpham. "I only see that it's highly dangerous to Hyde's interests. And I want first-handed information about it."

Drillford, discovered alone in his office, smiled as the two men walked in—there was an irritating I-told-you-so air about him.

"Ah!" he said. "I see you gentlemen have been reading the afternoon papers! What do you think about your friend now, Mr. Viner?"

"Precisely what I thought before and shall continue to think," retorted Viner. "I've seen no reason to alter my opinion."

"Oh—but I guess Mr. Felpham doesn't think that way?" replied Drillford with a shrewd glance at the solicitor. "Mr. Felpham knows the value of evidence, I believe!"

"What is it that's been found, exactly?" asked Felpham.

Drillford opened a locked drawer, lifted aside a sheet of cardboard, and revealed a fine gold watch and chain and a diamond ring. These lay on two or three sheets of much crumpled paper of a peculiar quality.

"There you are!" said Drillford. "Those belonged to Mr. Ashton; there's his name on the watch, and a mark of his inside the ring. They were found early this morning, hidden, in the very place in which Hyde confessed that he spent most of the night after Ashton's murder—a shed belonging to one Fisher, a greengrocer, up the Harrow Road.

"Who found them?" demanded Felpham.

"Fisher himself," answered Drillford. "He was


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 pottering about in his shed before going to Covent Garden. He wanted some empty boxes, and in pulling things about he found—these! Couldn't have made a more important find, I think.

"Were these things loose?" asked Viner.

"Wrapped loosely in the paper they're lying on," replied Drillford.

Viner took the paper out of the drawer, examined it and lifted it to his nose.

"I wonder, if Hyde really did put those things there," he said, "how Hyde came to be carrying about with him these sheets of paper which had certainly been used before for the wrappings of chemicals or drugs?"

Felpham pricked his ears.

"Eh?" he said. "What's that?"

"Smell for yourself," answered Viner. "Let the inspector smell too. I draw the attention to both of you to the fact, because we'll raise that point whenever it's necessary. Those papers have at some time been used to wrap some strong-smelling drug."

"No doubt of it!" said Felpham, who was applying the papers to his nose. "Smell them, Drillford! As Mr. Viner says, what would Hyde be doing with this stuff in his pocket?"

"That's a mere detail," remarked Drillford impatiently. "These chaps that mooch about, as Hyde was doing, pick up all sorts of odds and ends. He may have pinched them from a chemist's shop. Anyway, there's the fact—and we'll hang him on it! You'll see!"

"We shall never see anything of the sort!" said Viner. "You're on the wrong tack, Inspector. Let


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 me put two or three things to your intelligence. Where's Ashton's purse? I know for a fact that Ashton had a purse full of money when he went out of his house that night—Mrs. Killenhall and Miss Wickham saw him take it out just before he left to give some cash to the parlourmaid, and they saw him replace it in his trousers pocket; I also know for another fact where he spent money that evening—in short, I know now a good deal about his movements for some hours before his death."

"Then you ought to tell us, Mr. Viner," said Drillford a little sulkily. "You oughtn't to keep any information to yourself."

"You're going on the wrong tack, or I might," retorted Viner. "But you'll know all in good time. Now, I ask you again—where's Ashton's purse? You know as well as I do that when his clothing was examined, almost immediately after his death, all his effects were gone—watch, chain, rings, pocketbook, purse. If Hyde took the whole lot, do you think he would ever have been such a consummate ass as to wait until next morning to pawn that ring in Edgware Road? The idea is preposterous!"

"And why, pray?" demanded Drillford, obviously nettled at the turn which the conversation was taking.

"I wonder your own common sense doesn't tell you," said Viner with intentional directness. "If Hyde took everything from his victim, as you say he did, he would have had a purse full of ready money. He could have gone off to some respectable lodging-house. He could have put a hundred miles


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 between himself and London by breakfast-time. He would have had ready money to last him for months. But—he was starving when he went to the pawnbrokers! Hyde told you the truth—he never had anything but that ring."

"Good!" muttered Felpham. "Good, Viner! That's one in the eye for you, Drillford."

"Another thing that you're forgetting, Inspector," continued Viner: "I suppose you attach some value to probabilities? Do you, as a sensible man, believe for one moment that Hyde, placed in the position he is, would be such a fool, such a suicidal fool, as to tell you about that particular shed if he'd really hidden those things there? The mere idea is absurd—ridiculous!"

"Good again, Viner!" said Felpham. "He wouldn't!"

Drillford, obviously ill-pleased, put the strongly-smelling paper and the valuables which had been wrapped in it, back in the drawer and turned the key.

"All very well talking and theorizing, Mr. Viner," he said sullenly. "We know from his own lips that Hyde did spend the night in that shed. If he didn't put these things there, who did?"

Viner gave him a steady look.

"The man who murdered and robbed Ashton!" he answered. "And that man was not Hyde."

"You'll have that to prove," retorted Drillford, derisively. "I know what a jury'll think with all this evidence before it!"

"We shall prove a good many things that'll sur-


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 prise you," said Viner quietly. "And you'll see, then, the foolishness of jumping at what seems to be an obvious conclusion."

He motioned Felpham to follow, and going outside, turned in the direction of the Harrow Road.

"I'm going to have a look at the place where these things were found," he said. "Come with me. You see for yourself," he continued as they walked on, "how ridiculous it is to suppose that Hyde planted them. The whole affair is plain enough, to me. The real murderer read—or may have heard—Hyde's statement before the coroner, and in order to strengthen the case against Hyde and divert suspicion from himself, sought out this shed and put the things there. Clumsy! If Hyde had ever had the purse, which more certainly disappeared with the rest of the property, he'd never have gone to that shed at all."

"We'll make the most of all that," said Felpham. "But I gathered, from what you said just now to Drillford, that you know more about this case than you've let out. If it's in Hyde's favour—"

"I can't tell you what I know," answered Viner. "I do know some strange things, which will all come out in good time. If we bring the murder home to the right man, Hyde of course will be cleared. I'll tell everything as soon as I can, Felpham."

They walked quickly forward until they came to the higher part of the Harrow Road; there, at a crowded point of that dismal thoroughfare, where the shops were small and mean, Felpham suddenly lifted a finger towards a sign which hung over an open front filled with the cheaper sorts of vegetables.


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 "Here's the place," he said, "a corner shop. The shed, of course, will be somewhere behind."

Viner looked with interest at the refuge which Hyde had chosen after his hurried flight from the scene of the murder. A shabby looking street ran down from the corner of the greengrocer's shop; the first twenty yards of it on that side were filled with palings, more or less broken and dilapidated; behind them lay a yard in which stood a van, two or three barrows, a collection of boxes and baskets and crates, and a lean-to shed, built against the wall of the adjoining house. The door of this yard hung loosely on its rusty hinges; Viner saw at once that nothing could be easier than for a man to slip into this miserable shelter unseen.

"Let's get hold of the tenant," he said. "Better show him your card, and then he'll know we're on professional business."

The greengrocer, a dull-looking fellow who was measuring potatoes, showed no great interest on hearing what his callers wanted. Summoning his wife to mind the shop, he led Viner and Felpham round to the yard and opened the door of the shed. This was as untidy as the yard, and filled with a similar collection of boxes, baskets and crates. In one corner lay a bundle of empty potato sacks—the greengrocer at once pointed to it.

"I reckon that's where the fellow got a bit of a sleep that night," he said. "There was nothing to prevent him getting in here—no locks or bolts on either gate of the yard or that door. He may have been in here many a night, for all I know."

"Where did you find those valuables this morning?" asked Viner.


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 The greengrocer pointed to a shelf in a corner above the bundle of sacking.

"There!" he answered. "I wanted some small boxes to take down to Covent Garden, and in turning some of these over I came across a little parcel, wrapped in paper—slipped under a box that was turned top downwards on the shelf, you understand? So of course I opened it, and there was the watch and chain and ring."

"Just folded in the papers that you handed to the police?" suggested Viner.

"Well, there was more paper about 'em than what I gave to Inspector Drillford," said the greengrocer. "A well-wrapped-up bit of parcel it was—there's the rest of the paper there, where I threw it down."

He pointed to some loose sheets of paper which lay on the sacking, and Viner went forward, picked them up, looked quickly at them, and put them in his pocket.

"I suppose you never heard anybody about, that night?" he asked turning to the greengrocer.

"Not I!" the man replied. "I sleep too sound to hear aught of that sort. There's nothing in here that's of any value. No—a dozen folk could come into this yard at night and we shouldn't hear 'em—we sleep at the front of the house."

Viner slipped some silver into the greengrocer's hand and led Felpham away. And when they reached a quieter part of the district, he pulled out the papers which he had picked out of the corner in the shed and held them in front of his companion's eyes.


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 "We did some good in coming up here, after all, Felpham!" he said, with a grim smile. "It wasn't a mere desire to satisfy idle curiosity that made me come. I thought I might, by sheer good luck, hit on something, or some idea that would help. Now then, look at these things. That's a piece of newspaper from out of a copy of the Melbourne Argus of September 6th last. Likely thing for Langton Hyde to be carrying in his pocket, eh?"

"Good heavens, that's certainly important!" exclaimed Felpham.

"And so is this, and perhaps much more so," said Viner, making a second exhibit. "That's a sheet of brown wrapping-paper with the name and address of a famous firm of wholesale druggists and chemical manufacturers on one side—printed. It's another likely thing for Hyde to possess, and to carry about, isn't it?"

"And the same bitter, penetrating smell about it!" said Felpham.

"Hyde, of course, if Drillford is correct, had all this paper in his pocket when he went into that shed," said Viner. "But I have a different idea, and a different theory. Here," he went on, folding his discoveries together neatly, "you take charge of these—and take care of them. They may be of more importance than we think."

He went home full of thought, restored the sisters to something like cheerfulness by assuring them that the situation was no worse, and possibly rather better, and spent the rest of the evening in his study, silently working things out. Viner, by the time he went to


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 bed, had evolved an idea, and it was still developing and growing stronger when he set out next morning to accompany Mr. Pawle to Lord Ellingham's solicitors.


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TABLE III. ''Tristimulus specifications (X, Y, Z) and trichromatic coefficients (x, y) computed for 260 Munsell designations according to instructions by Professor Munsell for making a pigment color-solid. These computed specifications are based upon the five principal Munsell colors specified in Table II.''


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152

, old and steadfast,

Steered the vessel swiftly forward,

On beyond the jutting headland,

On beyond the wretched village,

Singing songs upon the water,

Joyous songs upon the billows.

On the cape were maidens standing,

And they looked around and listened.

“From the lake there comes rejoicing,

And what song from lake re-echoes,

Far more joyous than aforetime,

And a finer song than any?”

Onward steered old Väinämöinen,

For a day o’er lake was steering,

For the next through marshy waters,

For the third day past a cataract.

Then the lively Lemminkainen

Thought of spells he heard aforetime,

For the ears of furious cataract,

And the sacred river’s whirlpool.

And he spoke the words which follow,

And expressed himself in singing:

“Cease, O Cataract, thy foaming,

Mighty water, cease thy rushing,

Thou, foam-maiden, Cataract’s daughter,

On the foam-flecked stones, O seat thee,

On the wet stones do thou seat thee,

In thy lap the waters gather,

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attacks of Mrs. Wadman, you will readily conceive to be of different kinds; varying from each other, like the attacks which history is full of and from the same reasons. A general looker on, would scarce allow them to be attacks at all—or if he did, would confound them all together—but I write not to them: it will be time enough to be a little more exact in my descriptions of them, as I come up to them, which will not be for some chapters; having nothing more to add in this, but that in a bundle of original papers and drawings which my father took care to roll up by themselves, there is a plan of


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 Bouchain in perfect preservation (and shall be kept so, whilst I have power to preserve any thing) upon the lower corner of which, on the right hand side, there is still remaining the marks of a snuffy finger and thumb, which there is all the reason in the world to imagine, were Mrs. Wadman's; for the opposite side of the margin, which I suppose to have been my uncle Toby's, is absolutely clean: This seems an authenticated record of one of these attacks; for there are vestigia of the two punctures partly grown up, but still visible on the opposite corner of the map, which are unquestionably the very holes, through which it has been pricked up in the sentry-box

By all that is priestly! I value this precious relick, with it's stigmata and


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 pricks, more than all the relicks of the Romish church—always excepting, when I am writing upon these matters, the pricks which enter'd the flesh of St. Radagunda in the desert, which in your road from  to, the nuns of that name will shew you for love.

Think, an' please your honour, quoth Trim, the fortifications are quite destroyed—and the bason is upon a level with the mole—I think so too; replied my uncle Toby with a sigh half suppress'd—but step into the parlour, Trim, for the stipulation—it lies upon the table.


text: The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman/Volume 8/Chapter 17


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 Bureau of Standards 1926 measurements of Munsell papers ; the adoption in 1939 of a system of standardized color designations by the Inter-Society Color Council, the limits being defined in terms of the Munsell notation ; the measurement of a master set of Munsell papers at the National Bureau of Standards; the conversion of the colors of the Maerz and Paul Dictionary of Color, the color standards of The Textile Color Card Association of the United States, Inc., and of other standard color data, into Munsell notation. Certain of this work is already partially or wholly available, certain of it appears in the four reports which follow and the rest will be made available as it becomes ready for publication.

From this review it is hoped that the reader will be able to recognize the vitality of a color system that has grown so much in usefulness since first proposed in the early 1900’s. That we should know in exact detail the various plans of the originator is now more interesting than important. His simple notation for color and the descriptions and charts made available for practical work, not only for teaching and understanding color, but for color measurement and coordination, have been an outstanding contribution to color knowledge. For this contribution the science of colorimetry is truly indebted to Albert H. Munsell, artist and art teacher.

1. Who’s Who in America (A. N. Marquis & Company, Chicago, Vol. X, 1918-19) and National Cyclopedia of American Biography, Vol. 12, p. 316.

2. A. H. Munsell,  (1st edition, 1905; 2nd edition, 1907; 3rd edition, with new preface, 1913; 4th edition, 1916; Geo. H. Ellis Co., Boston): (5th edition, 1919; 6th edition, 1923; 7th edition, 1926; 8th edition, edited and rearranged, 1936; Munsell Color Company).

3. A. H. Munsell,  (Wadsworth-Howland & Company, Malden, Massachusetts, 1915). (Preliminary charts A and B published 1910.)

4. A. H. Munsell, Color Diary. Bibliofilm Document No. 1307 ($2.50) obtainable from the American Documentation Institute, 2101 Constitution Avenue, Washington, D. C.

5. A. H. Munsell, “A new classification of color,” Trans. No. 78, New England Cotton Mfrs. Assn. (1905); “On a scale of color values and a new photometer,” Technology Quarterly (1905); ‘‘A new color system based on photometric measurement,” Eastern Assn. of Physics Teachers (1907); ‘Children’s studies in measured colors,” published by author (1907); “A new color system,’ Proc. Joint Report, Massachusetts Normal Art School (1907); “‘A measured training of the color sense,” Education (1909); “On the relation of the intensity of chromatic stimulus (physical saturation) to chromatic sensation,” Psychol. Bull. 6, 238 (1909); “Color and an eye to discern it,” Eastern Art & Manual Training Teachers Assn. (1912); “A pigment color system,” Psychol. Bull. 9, 68-69A (1912); “A pigment color system and notation,” Am. J. Psychol. 23, 236 (1912); Color Balance, Illustrated, published by author (1913); “A quantitative classification of color,” Archives Internationales de Physiologie, Vol. 14, p. 77 (Abstract of paper given at Groningen, 1913); “An introduction to the Munsell Color System,” from A Grammar of Color (1921)

6. A. H. Munsell,  (Strathmore Paper Company, Mittineaque, Massachusetts, 1921).

7., A Practical Description of the Munsell Color System (Munsell Color Company, 1921).

8., Gibson and McNicholas, “An examination of the Munsell Color System,” Bur. Stand. Technologic Paper No. 167 (September, 1920).

9., “A comparison of the Fechner and Munsell scales of luminous sensation value,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. and Rev. Sci. Inst. 6, 9 (1922).

10., and , “Colorimetry with reflection standards: a quasi-psychological method and data for the interconversion of physical and psychological color specification,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. 24, 267 (1934).

11. Munsell, and Godlove, “,”’ J. Opt. Soc. Am. '23, 394(1933).

12. I. H. Godlove, “Neutral value scales. II. A comparison of results and equations describing value scales,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. 23, 419 (1933).

13. Munsell Book of Color (, standard edition, 1929; pocket-size edition, 1929).

14.,  (Munsell Color Company, 1929).

15., “Color specification—physical, physiological and psychological,” Am. Dyestuff Reporter 17, 775 (1928); “Color science applied to textiles”, ibid., 18, 60 (1929); “Practical matching and recording of colors,” Melliand, 1, 265 (1929); “The Munsell system of color specification,” paper presented at the conference on color, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, July 24, 1936. Reprinted in Modern Plastics (Feb. 1937); Rayon Textile Monthly (Dec. 1936); abstracted in Scientific American, p. 241 (Oct. 1936).


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 It has lain there these six weeks, replied the corporal, till this very morning that the old woman kindled the fire with it—

Then, said my uncle Toby, there is no further occasion for our services. The more, an' please your honour, the pity, said the corporal; in uttering which he cast his spade into the wheel-barrow, which was beside him, with an air the most expressive of disconsolation that can be imagined, and was heavily turning about to look for his pick-ax, his pioneer's shovel, his picquets and other little military stores, in order to carry them off the field—when a heigh ho! from the sentry-box, which, being made of thin slit deal, reverberated the sound more sorrowfully to his ear, forbad him.


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16. Color News (Munsell Color Company, first 4 issues obtainable in Bibliofilm Document No. 1330 (50 cents) from the American Documentation Institute, 2101 Constitution Avenue, Washington, D. C.)

17. Munsell Color Company. Munsell Student Charts (in choice of either 10 or 20 blank charts, with colors provided to be pasted on).

18., “A trichromatic additive colorimeter,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. 12, 479A (1926).

19. Dorothy Nickerson, ‘‘Colorimeter for use with disk mixture,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. 21, 640 (1931).

20., HSB Color Analyzer, special catalog (1935).

21. Dorothy Nickerson, “Color grading of agricultural products,” U. S. Dept. Agriculture Tech. Bull. 154 (1929).

22. Dorothy Nickerson, “Color measurement in psychological terms,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. 21, 643 (1931).

23. Dorothy Nickerson, “Disk colorimetry; including a comparison of methods for computing tristimulus values for certain disks,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. 25, 253 (1935).

24., “Tomato color as related to quality in the tomato canning industry,’ Purdue University, Agricultural Experiment Station, Lafayette, Indiana. Bull. 350 (April, 1931).

 * , “Color of potato chips as influenced by storage temperatures of the tubers and other factors,” Maine Agricultural Experiment Station (October, 1930).

 * B. H. Webb, and G. E. Holm, “Color of evaporated milks,” J. Dairy Sci. 13, 25 (Jan. 1930).

 * Emily Grewe, “Effect of variation in ingredients on color of chocolate cake,” Cereal Chemistry 7, No. 1, 59 (1929).

 * , et al. Report of soil color committee. Report of the 2nd Annual Meeting of the American Assn. of Soil Survey workers, Bull. 3 (1922); “Soil colors, their nomenclature and description.” Proc. Pap. 1st Internat. Cong. Soil Sci. Vol. 4, 164-172 (1927); Report of soil color committee. Report of the 7th Meeting of the American Soil Survey Assn., Bull. 8 (1927).

 * U. S. Dept. Agriculture, S. R. A., F. D. No. 4, Rev. 2, (1932), superseded by Title 21, paragraphs 5-8, p. 3323-3324, Federal Register, vol. 4, No. 136 (July 18, 1939).

25. J. J. Glenn, and J. T. Killian, “,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. 30, 609 (1940).

26. S. M. Newhall, “,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. 30, 617 (1940).

27., Nickerson and Foss, “Measurements of all special Munsell papers,” mimeographed report available from authors (1939).

28. J. E. Tyler and A. C. Hardy, “,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. 30, 90A (1940); 30, 587 (1940).

29. Dorothy Nickerson and W. C. Granville, “Hue sensibility to dominant wave-length change and the relation between saturation and colorimetric purity,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. 30, 159 (1940).

30. K. S. Gibson and Dorothy Nickerson, “,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. 30, 591 (1940).

31. D. B. Judd, and K. L. Kelly, “Method of designating colors,” J. Research Nat. Bur. Stand. 23, 356 (1939).


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 —No; said the corporal to himself, I'll do it before his honour rises to-morrow morning; so taking his spade out of the wheel-barrow again, with a little earth in it, as if to level something at the foot of the glacisbut with a real intent to approach nearer to his master, in order to divert him—he loosen'd a sod or two—pared their edges with his spade, and having given them a gentle blow or two with the back of it, he sat himself down close by my uncle Toby's feet, and began as follows.


text: The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman/Volume 8/Chapter 18


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text: The Earth Turns South/Calendar

title: The Earth Turns South/Calendar


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 to be even with him); that by this pipe which I hold in my hand I ever expect to be beaten, as in the days when old Doctor Twiggs, if I made a bad stroke in my exercise, shouted aloud with a sour joy, "John Ridd, sirrah, down with your small-clothes!"

Let that be as it may, I deserved a good beating that night, after making such a fool of myself, and grinding good fustian to pieces. But when I got home, all the supper was in, and the men sitting at the white table, and mother and Annie and Lizzie near by, all eager, and offering to begin (except, indeed, my mother, who was looking out at the doorway), and by the fire was Betty Muxworthy, scolding, and cooking, and tasting her work, all in a breath, as a man would say. I looked through the door from the dark by the wood-stack, and was half of a mind to stay out like a dog, for fear of the rating and reckoning; but the way my dear mother was looking about, and the browning of the sausages, got the better of me.

But nobody could get out of me where I had been all the day and evening; although they worried me never so much, and longed to shake me to pieces, especially Betty Muxworthy, who never could learn to let well alone. Not that they made me tell any lies, although it would have served them right almost for intruding on other people's business; but that I just held my tongue, and ate my supper rarely, and let them try their taunts and jibes, and drove them almost wild after supper, by smiling exceeding knowingly. And indeed I could have told them things, as I


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 "I will tell you if you like, but you must not think me impertinent. I thought that for some reason you were in great distress of mind, and I was sorry for you."

"You are right. You are quite right. I am in terrible trouble. I—I should like to tell you something about it, if I may."

"Oh, dear," Katherine thought to herself, "how extraordinarily alike the world seems to be everywhere! People were always telling me things in St. Mary Mead, and it is just the same thing here, and I don't really want to hear anybody's troubles!"

She replied politely:

"Do tell me."

They were just finishing their lunch. Ruth gulped down her coffee, rose from her seat, and quite oblivious of the fact that Katherine had not begun to sip her coffee, said: "Come to my compartment with me."

They were two single compartments with a communicating door between them. In the second of them a thin maid, whom Katherine had noticed at Victoria, was sitting very upright on the seat, clutching a big scarlet morocco case with the initials R. V. K. on it. Mrs. Kettering pulled the communicating door to and sank down on the seat. Katherine sat down beside her.

"I am in trouble and I don't know what to do. There is a man whom I am fond of—very fond of indeed. We cared for each other when we were young, and we were thrust apart most brutally and unjustly. Now we have come together again."

"Yes?"

"I—I am going to meet him now. Oh! I dare say you


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 think it is all wrong, but you don't know the circumstances. My husband is impossible. He has treated me disgracefully."

"Yes," said Katherine again.

"What I feel so badly about is this. I have deceived my father—it was he who came to see me off at Victoria to-day. He wishes me to divorce my husband, and, of course, he has no idea—that I am going to meet this other man. He would think it extraordinarily foolish."

"Well, don't you think it is?"

"I—I suppose it is."

Ruth Kettering looked down at her hands; they were shaking violently.

"But I can't draw back now."

"Why not?"

"I—it is all arranged, and it would break his heart."

"Don't you believe it," said Katherine robustly; "hearts are pretty tough."

"He will think I have no courage, no strength of purpose."

"It seems to me an awfully silly thing that you are going to do," said Katherine. "I think you realize that yourself."

Ruth Kettering buried her face in her hands. "I don't know—I don't know. Ever since I left Victoria I have had a horrible feeling of something—something that is coming to me very soon—that I can't escape."

She clutched convulsively at Katherine's hand.

"You must think I am mad talking to you like this, but I tell you I know something horrible is going to happen."


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Rh


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 as were payable respectively to the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker of the Legislative Assembly and the President and the Deputy President of the Legislative Council of the corresponding Province immediately before the commencement of this Constitution and, where the corresponding Province had no Legislative Council immediately before such commencement, there shall be paid to the Chairman and the Deputy Chairman of the Legislative Council of the State such salaries and allowances as the Governor of the State may determine.

9. [(1) There shall be paid to the Judges of the Supreme Court, in respect of time spent on actual service, salary at the following rates per mensem, that is to say:—

 * The Chief Justice
 * [10,000 rupees.]
 * Any other Judge
 * [9,000 rupees.]
 * }
 * [9,000 rupees.]
 * }
 * }

Provided that if a Judge of the Supreme Court at the time of his appointment is in receipt of a pension (other than a disability or wound pension) in respect of any previous service under the Government of India or any of its predecessor Governments or under the Government of a State or any of its predecessor Governments, his salary in respect of service in the Supreme Court [shall be reduced—
 * (a) by the amount of that pension, and
 * (b) if he has, before such appointment, received in lieu of a portion of the pension due to him in respect of such previous service the commuted value thereof, by the amount of that portion of the pension, and
 * (c) if he has, before such appointment, received a retirement gratuity in respect of such previous service, by the pension equivalent of that gratuity].

(2) Every Judge of the Supreme Court shall be entitled without payment of rent to the use of an official residence.

(3) Nothing in sub-paragraph (2) of this paragraph shall apply to a Judge who, immediately before the commencement of this Constitution,—
 * (a) was holding office as the Chief Justice of the Federal Court and has become on such commencement the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court under clause (1) of article 374, or
 * (b) was holding office as any other Judge of the Federal Court and has on such commencement become a Judge (other than the Chief Justice) of the Supreme Court under the said clause,

during the period he holds office as such Chief Justice or other Judge, and every Judge who so becomes the Chief Justice or other Judge of the Supreme Court shall, in respect of time spent on actual service as


text:
Presidential Decree No. 824 (Marcos)

, in the referendum held on February 27, 1975, the residents of the Greater Manila Area authorized the President to restructure the local governments of the four cities and 13 municipalities thereof into an integrated unit of the manager or commission form of government, under such terms and conditions as the President may decide;

, the rapid growth of population and the corresponding increase of social and economic requirements in the contiguous communities referred to above has brought into being a large area that calls for simultaneous and unified development;

, many public services now rendered by local governments separately for themselves may and should be administered more efficiently and more economically, to the common benefit of the cities and municipalities in the area, if they are integrated and harmonized, under a system of central planning which would take separate municipal needs into account as a common problem;

, it is vital to the survival and growth of the aforementioned Greater Manila Area that a workable and effective system be established for the coordination, integration and unified management of such local government services or functions within the metropolitan community;

, it is necessary that the unified metropolitan services or functions be planned, administered, and operated in accordance with the highest professional technical standards; and

, such coordination, integration, and unified management especially in the maintenance of peace and order at the eradication of social and economic ills that fan the flames of discontent and rebellion are part of reform measures under Martial Law essential to the safety and security of the State;

, President of the Philippines, by virtue of the powers vested in me by the Constitution, do hereby decree and order:

Creation of the Metropolitan Manila.—There is hereby created a public corporation, to be known as the Metropolitan Manila, vested with powers and attributes of a corporation including the power to make contracts, sue and be sued, acquire, purchase, expropriate, hold, transfer and dispose of property and such other powers as are necessary to carry out its purposes. The Corporation shall be administered by a Commission created under this Decree.

Territorial Jurisdiction.—The Commission shall have jurisdiction over the cities of Manila, Quezon, Pasay and Caloocan and the municipalities of Makati, Mandaluyong, San Juan, Las Piñas, Malabon, Navotas, Pasig, Pateros, Parañaque, Marikina, Muntinlupa, and Taguig in the province of Rizal; and the municipality of Valenzuela, in the province of Bulacan, all of which together shall henceforth be known as Metropolitan Manila.

Organization and Personnel of the Commission.—The Commission shall be composed of a Chairman or Governor, a Vice-Chairman or Vice-Governor and three Commissioners or Board Members, one for plannigplanning [sic], another for finance and a third one for operations, all of whom shall be appointed by the President and shall hold office at his pleasure. The Chairman or Governor shall receive an annual salary of ₱60,000.00, the Vice-Chairman or Governor, ,₱50,000.000 and the three Commissioners or Board Members, ₱45,000.00 each per annum. All heads of departments and/or offices and subordinate personnel shall be appointed by the Chairman or Governor and their compensation shall be fixed by the Commission. All positions, except those of highly professional and highly technical personnel, shall be subject to Civil Service Law, rules and regulations. Non-presidential appointees shall enjoy security of tenure and may be removed or otherwise disciplined only for cause, in accordance with Civil Service Law, rules and regulations.

The Chairman or Governor and Vice-Chairman or Vice-Governor shall be the General Manager and Deputy General Manager, respectively, of the Commission.

Powers and Functions of the Commission.—The Commission shall have the following powers and functions:

(1) To act as a central government to establish and administer programs and provide services common to the area;

(2) To levy and collect taxes and special assessments, borrow and expend money and issue bonds, revenue certificates, and other obligations of indebtedness. Existing tax measures should, however, continue to be operative until otherwise modified or repealed by the Commission;

(3) To charge and collect fees for the use of public service facilities;

(4) To appropriate money for the operation of the metropolitan government and review appropriations for the city and municipal units within its jurisdiction with authority to disapprove the same if found to not be in accordance with the established policies of the Commission, without prejudice to any contractual obligation of the local government units involved existing at the time of approval of this Decree;

(5) To review, amend, revise or repeal all ordinances, resolutions and acts of cities and municipalities within Metropolitan Manila.

(6) To enact or approve ordinances, resolutions and to fix penalties for any violation thereof which shall not exceed a fine of ₱10,000.00 or imprisonment of six years or both such fine and imprisonment for a single offense.

(7) To perform general administrative, executive and policy-making functions;

(8) To establish a fire control operation center, which shall direct the fire services of the city and municipal governments in the metropolitan area;

(9) To establish a garbage disposal operation center, which shall direct garbage collection and disposal in the metropolitan area;

(10) To establish and operate a transport and traffic center, which shall direct traffic activities;

(11) To coordinate and monitor governmental and private activities pertaining to essential services such as transportation, flood control and drainage, water supply and sewerage, social, health and environmental services, housing, park development, and others;

(12) To insure and monitor the undertaking of a comprehensive social, economic and physical planning and development of the area;

(13) To study the feasibility of increasing barangay participation in the affairs of their respective local governments and to propose to the President of the Philippines definite programs and policies for implementation;

(14) To submit within thirty (30) days after the close of each fiscal year an annual report to the President of the Philippines and to submit a periodic report whenever deemed necessary; and

(15) To perform such other tasks as may be assigned or directed by the President of the Philippines.

Functions of the General Manager.—The General Manager shall have the following powers and functions:

(1) To execute policies and measures approved by the Commission and be responsible for the efficient discharge of management functions;

(2) To submit for the consideration of the Commission such other policies and measures as he may deem necessary to carry out the purposes and provisions of this Decree;

(3) Subject to the guidelines and policies set by the Commission, to prepare the staffing pattern and to appoint and fix the number and compensation of subordinate officials and employees thereof; and for cause, to suspend or otherwise discipline any subordinate official or employee; and with the approval of the Commission, to remove for cause any such official or employee:

(4) To prepare an annual report on the activities of the Commission at the close of each fiscal year and submit a report thereof to the President of the Philippines;

(5) To submit for the approval of the Commission an annual budget for its operations; and

(6) To perform such other duties as may be assigned to him by the Commission.

Functions of the Commissioner for Planning.—The Commissioner for Planning shall have the following functions:

(1) To formulate, and submit to the General Manager for approval, long-range plans for the integration of common, essential, municipal and public services;

(2) To translate all policy directives on the common, essential, municipal and public services into detailed operational plans and programs;

(3) To undertake researches, investigation and other activities on the policy areas and to submit comprehensive reports and appropriate recommendations to the General Manager;

(4) To perform such other functions related to planning as may be assigned by the Commission or the General Manager from time to time.

Functions of the Commissioner for Finance.—The Commissioner for Finance shall have the following functions:

(1) To determine financial requirements for the common, essential, municipal and public services to be integrated;

(2) To determine sources of, and allocate, funds for the purpose thereof;

(3) To conduct a continuous and detailed financial analysis of the integration of common, essential, municipal and public services;

(4) To perform such other functions related to finance as may be assigned by the Commission or the General Manager from time to time.

Functions of the Commissioner for Operations.—The Commissioner for Operations shall have the following functions:

(1) To maintain a monitoring system of execution of, and/or compliance with, approved policies and plans for the common policy areas which shall be used as a basis in the evaluation both qualitatively and quantitatively, of performance, such as time schedule and costs.

(2) To perform such other functions related to operations as may be assigned by the Commission or the General Manager from time to time.

Until otherwise provided, the governments of the four cities and thirteen municipalities in the Metropolitan Manila shall continue to exist in their present form except as may be inconsistent with this Decree. The members of the existing city and municipal councils in Metropolitan Manila shall, upon the promulgation of this Decree, and until December 31, 1975, become members of the Sangguniang Bayan which is hereby created for each city and municipality of Metropolitan Manila.

In addition, the Sangguniang Bayan shall be composed of as many barangay captain as may be determined and chosen by the Commission, and such number of representatives from other sectors of the society as may be appointed by the President upon recommendation of the Commission.

Existing provisions of the law to the contrary notwithstanding, members of the Sangguniang Bayan shall not collect regular salaries or compensation, except per diems and reasonable allowances on reimbursement basis, in such amounts as may be fixed by the Commission.

The Sangguniang Bayan may recommend to the Commission ordinances, resolutions or such measures as it may adopt; Provided, that no such ordinance, resolution or measure shall become effective until after its approval by the Commission; and Provided, further, that the power to impose taxes and other levies, the power to appropriate money and the power to pass ordinances or resolutions with penal sanctions shall be vested exclusively in the Commission.

Functions of Local Chief Executives.—In addition to present powers and functions which are not inconsistent with this Decree, the local chief executive shall have the following functions:

(1) To implement the integration of the common, essential, municipal and public services approved by the Commission as they pertain to their respective local government units;

(2) To furnish the Commission such information as it may require and to assist it in carrying out the integration of the common, essential, municipal and public services;

(3) To perform such other functions as the Commission may direct.

All the city or municipal treasurers of the local government units placed under the Commission shall close their respective books of accounts for submittal to the Commission not later than December 15. 1975. Thereafter, their functions and responsibilities shall be performed or discharged by the Commissioner for Finance.

Operating Expenses.—The Commission shall have the following financial resources:

(1) The sum of Two Million Five Hundred Thousand Pesos (2,500,000.00) is hereby appropriated out of any funds in the National Treasury for the operation of the Commission;

(2) Proceeds of the franchise taxes now allocated to local government units in the metropolitan area;

(3) Proceeds of the fixed or privilege tax on occupation accruing to local government units in the metropolitan area;

(4) Proceeds of the corporate residence tax accruing to the local government units in the metropolitan area; and

(5) Such other sources of funds as the President may authorize to meet the needs of the Metropolitan Manila Commission.

Thereafter, the necessary funds for the operation of the Commission shall be included in the General Appropriations Decree.

The Commission, the General Manager and any official of the Commission shall be under the direct supervision and control of the President. Notwithstanding any provision in this Decree, the President shall have the power to revoke, amend or modify any ordinance, resolution or act of the Commission, the General Manager and the Commissioners.

To enable the President to assess and determine the efficacy of the integration of governmental functions and services under this Decree and with the end in view of establishing a more responsive and effective government for Metropolitan Manila, the Commission shall submit a special report with appropriate recommendations as shall be required.

All laws or part of laws, as well as all executive orders or regulations, inconsistent herewith are hereby repealed or modified accordingly.

This Decree, except those provisions otherwise indicated above, shall take effect immediately.

in the City of Manila, this 7th day of November, in the year of Our Lord, nineteen hundred and seventy-five.

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By the President:

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title: Presidential Decree No. 824 (Marcos)