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 why, when a ligature is applied, the veins swell beyond and not on this side of the obstruction, which those who practise venesection know by experience; but the opposite ought to occur if the motion of the blood and spirit is from the viscera over the entire body; for the passage outward being blocked, a swelling of the veins should occur on this side of the ligature.' Then, after quoting Aristotle's explanation, which is quite unintelligible, he gives his own: 'In explanation of this it is to be observed that the orifices of the heart are so arranged by nature that there is an entrance from the vena cava into the right ven- tricle, whence there is an open passage into the lungs, and from the lungs there is an entrance into the left ventricle, and thence into the aorta, valves being placed at the orifice of the vessels to prevent reflux. There is thus a perpetual move- ment from the vena cava through the heart and lungs to the aorta, as we have explained in our peripatetic questions.' Up to this point Cesal- pino's description is clear and correct; but it goes not beyond the knowledge of his contempo- raries. After this, confusion begins to be appa-


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 the arteries emptied in a very short time by the efflux from their corresponding arteries."

NOTE e, page 36.

Prof. Ceradini maintains that Cesalpino meant by auctive blood in this passage, blood which had passed through the organs and is returning towards the heart to augment the blood which is there being constantly fabricated, and he accuses Harvey's bio- grapher, in the College edition of his works (p. xx.), of having with bad faith inverted the sense of the passage (pp. 244-5). But it clearly admits of no other interpre- tation. For as, in accordance with Aristotle's doctrine, Cesalpino believed that the veins contained the auctive blood, while the nutrient blood is in the arteries (Quæst. Per.' 117 E), it is evident that the arteries could 'elicit' auctive blood from the veins through the anastomoses, only by a direct current from the veins into the arteries. Cesalpino, in his entire ignorance of the hydraulics of the circulation, could not know that if there were such anastomoses as he supposed between the veins and the arteries, the current of blood must of necessity, in con- sequence of the greater pressure in the arteries, set from them to the veins-as in a case of aneurism by anastomosis.

NOTE f, page 42.

Dr. Ceradini refers to Cesalpino's statement that all the veins swell when obstructed, as conclusive proof that he had actually seen the effect of obstructing all

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Harvey demonstrated the passage of blood through the lungs and the impermeability of the septum cordis by an experiment which he thus describes in one of his letters to Schlegel:-

'Having tied the pulmonary artery, the pulmonary veins, and the aorta in the body of a man who had been hanged, and then opened the left ventricle of the heart, we passed a tube through the vena cava into the right ventricle of the heart, and having at the same time attached an ox's bladder to the tube we filled it nearly full of warm water, and forcibly injected the fluid into the heart, so that a greater part of a pound of fluid was injected into the right auricle and ventricle. The result was that the right ventricle and auricle were enormously distended, but not a drop of water or of blood made its escape through the orifice in the left ventricle. The ligatures having been undone, the same tube was passed into the pulmonary artery, and a tight ligature having been put round it to prevent any reflux into the right ventricle, the water in the bladder was now pushed towards the lungs, upon which a torrent of the


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like a in about or in adoro

, & in far' or in aro „ i in «thin ' or in aridus „ i in police or in marinus , u in 'full' or in coluber ,, u in 'rule ' or in rubor s centre

vocalized short r, nearly as r in o

long r

like e in 'effort' or in comedo „ ea in 'swear' or as e in terra C.

» ei in 'height O

, o in ‘not or in operari O

, o in 'vote' or in ordine ou

, ou in 'house' or in laudo

w ų or ą, viz. half vowel.

್ sign of the absence of a vowel (Sanskrit virāma).

ಂ ň nasal sound, an indistinct n.

ಃ vocalized h.


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Author:George MacLaren Brydon

Works about Brydon

 * A Virginia Beauty Married (1901-09-06) published in the Baltimore Sun
 * Rev. G. MacL. Brydon Resigns (1907-07-21) published in the Baltimore Sun

title: Author:George MacLaren Brydon


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Me. President and Gentlemen, accepting the invitation with which you, Sir, honoured me, to undertake the arduous and responsible duty of Harveian orator, my first intention was to take as the main subject of address the additions to our knowledge of the vascular system, with its nerve supply, which have been made within the last thirty years, and thus to continue the history of these interesting discoveries from the point at which, for want of time, it was left by Dr. Sanderson in the learned oration which he delivered here four years ago. On further consideration, however, it appeared to me that my attention should, by preference, be directed to the systematic attempts which have been made in Italy to rob our illustrious Harvey of the honour which


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 new evidence which Harvey could adduce in proof of the circulation, he maintains that the valves in the veins are not at all necessary for the circulation of the blood ('Le valvole delle vene non sono punto necessarie alla circolazione del sangue,' p. 202). Perhaps it has not happened to the learned Professor of Physiology to witness the many distressing and even fatal consc- quences of the impeded circulation that result from such a dilated and varicose condition of the veins as renders their valves incompetent to prevent the reflux and backward gravitation of the blood.

The best piece of criticism in Dr. Ceradini's book is that to be found at the commencement of the first chapter, in which, after referring to a tablet in the Veterinary Institute of the University of Bologna, attributing to Carlo Ruini the discovery of the circula- tion of the blood, he mercilessly exposes the plagiarisms of Ruini and demonstrates the utter absurdity of the attempt to make of him a great discoverer. At the end of the chapter (p. 74) he expresses a hope, in which he believes that every friend of truth and justice will join, that the lying inscription (l'epigrafe menzognera) which speaks of Ruini as the discoverer of the circulation may be removed from the walls of the University of Bologna. It is somewhat embarrassing for zealous patriots that Italy should simultaneously havo monuments in honour of two supposed discoverers of the circulation that of Cesalpino at Rome, and that of Ruini at Bologna.

Spottiswroode & Co., Printers, New-street Square, London.


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I premise as the foundation of this Chapter, that from the very beginning of this Grammar, I intended 1) to write a Grammar to be circulated privately only among my brethren of the Society who know Latin, other Grammars etc.; 2) to omit all niceties, although required by exactness, especially as regards spelling, in which point I did not follow the Kanarese but the Roman alphabet. Hence many things are to be found, which are not exact, if we judge of them according to the full science of Grammar. But there is a rule of common sense to judge of such works, not bad in themselves, according to the intention of the author. In order to judge about other things, e.g., order, style etc.,consider that this Grammar has been composed within a few months. As to Gleaning, I must limit myself to the most necessary things, leaving many other things to the Dictionary, and omitting others in order not to increase too much the size of this book. As to Cleaning, I do not correct things which depend on the extraordinary circumstances, in which this book has been composed, e.g. order, style, exercises, foreign words etc. Some Cleaning will be left to the Dictionary, for the above reason.

1) The explanation of the vowels and consonants is only approximate; strictly we should distinguish four a (see p. 191); hence short vowels too can have the stress of the voice as "tzăḍ =much” (see l.c. and p. 231, para. 8, d.). 2) What I say of the Kanarese manner of writing etc. must be understood not of the Kanarese language, but of the Kanarese letters, used also for Tuļu by the Basel Mission Press in Mangalore. This regards especially the ್ which in Kanarese very seldom occurs and even then shows absence of a vowel; in


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Author:George Parkin Atwater

Works

 * The young crusaders:the story of a boys' camp (1911)
 * The Episcopal church: its message for men of today (1917)

title: Author:George Parkin Atwater


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 in Latin and Italian under the title of Mercurius Bilinguis, and again at Basle in 1636 under the title of Mercurius Quadrilinguis, the latter edition being in Latin, German, Greek, and Hebrew.

The work carried into effect the scheme suggested by Bodinus. All the principal words in Latin were arranged in 1200 sentences. Each word, with the exception of auxiliary verbs and connecting particles, only occurred once, and, by a careful study of the whole, Latin was to be learned in an incredibly short time. As Isaac Habrecht remarked, the book was a kind of Noah's Ark, in which all the important words were grouped together, and the necessity of reading voluminous authors in order to find them was obviated.

The book was so very faulty that its undoubted success points to the very great demand that existed for a practical method of teaching beginners. Many of the most important words were altogether omitted, and others that were included were uncommon and quite unsuited for beginners. No care was taken to use the words in their root-signification, and the sentences themselves, far from possessing any educational value, were so ill-conceived as to make it scarcely credible that the book had been translated into eight languages by 1629.

From this work, therefore, Comenius borrowed nothing but its name, the Gate of Languages, and, indeed, his own attempt showed so much originality that it would be unfair to hint that he was indebted to his predecessors for the chief points in its construction.

The Grammar School, as Comenius found it, was as far removed as possible from the spirit of scientific observation. Boys were set to translate crabbed authors by the help of still more crabbed commentaries, and might easily acquire


text: Author:Francis Brown

title: Author:Francis Brown


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 a fair knowledge of Latin without having any acquaintance with the objects to which the Latin words referred. The professed object of Comenius was to write a book for beginners in Latin, but the bent of his mind was too practical, and his love of the “real” too pronounced, to allow him to work out in detail a class-book that could produce nothing but superficial literary knowledge. With Spencer and the modern Realists he believed that for training of any kind—intellectual, moral, or religious—the study of surrounding phenomena was immensely superior to the study of grammars and lexicons. But grammar could not be ousted from the schools, and the study of the classics, that even now takes the giant’s share of the energy devoted to secondary education, was the only subject to which any serious attention was given. A compromise had therefore to be made, and the elements of Latin became the medium through which an accurate knowledge could be obtained of the world and of the function played by the various objects met with in daily life.

The material with which he started was about 8000 of the most common Latin words, which he arranged so as to form 1000 sentences. At the beginning of the book these were short and simple to suit the stumbling efforts of the beginner, gradually becoming complex and involving more difficult constructions towards the end. Each word was used in its root-signification, and, with the exception of particles like et, sed, quia, etc., only occurred once in the whole work. In the formation of the sentences care was taken to bring out the differences that existed between the vernacular, Czech in the first instance, and Latin, while no grammatical construction of importance was omitted.

The scientific side of the work was accentuated by its division into one hundred sections or chapters, each dealing with some one class of phenomena in nature, art, or society, such as fire, diseases, trade, arithmetic, learned conversation, and angels.


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 Sec. 36. Of Gardening gives a good idea of the nature of these sentences.

379. Hortus, vel pomarium est vel viridarium vel vivarium.

380. Sepitur vel aggere, vel macerie, vel plancis, vel sepe palis [sudibus] longuriis aliisque vitilibus plexa.

381. Hortulanus [olitor] ligone, et rutro, bipalioque fodit, et per pulvinos semina spargit.

382. Arborator seminario vel taleis vel viviradicibus consisto [concinnitas est et elegantia si per quincuncem digerantur] surculos inserit et rigat, scalproque germi germina putat, stolones amputat.

383. Oleum ex olivis exprimitur; subtus amurca fidit, fraces abjiciuntur.

384. Aviarius alvearia curat, ceramque liquat.

The sec. Of Constancy shows how abstract subjects are treated.

897. In honesto instituto immoti persistere, constantiæ est, non perseverare levitatis.

898. Sed heus tu, aliud est constantem, aliud pervicacem esse.

899. Si quis ergo meliora suadet aut dissuadet, adhortatur vel dehortatur, ne sis contumax, ne præfracte repugna, nec obstinate contradic, sed obsequere.

900. Verum si quis te in bono labefactat, obfirma animum et obstina, usque dum perrumpas obstacula: rata enim irrata reddere dedecet.

The reader will at once ask himself if it could be possible to teach a boy Latin from a book constructed on such a plan. The first of the illustrations given above contains a number of words by no means easy to remember, and each of these is only used once. If the student found that a word or a construction did not stick in his memory his only resource was to go over the sentence again; and


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316 "What a donkey you are to be sure!" cried the second brother. "Fancy coming back without any fire after all! Let me go, I shall be sure to bring it in a moment!"

So off he went, and on arriving at the hut he said to the old man,—

"Give me some fire, little father!"

"First sing me a song."

"I can't; I never learnt singing."

"Well then, tell me a story."

"I can't, little father; I know nothing!"

"Well then, send somebody who is more clever than you, and who understands something."

So this one also returned to his brothers, and the two clever ones sat looking at each other, wondering what they had best do.

Meanwhile the fool of the family looked at his brothers and laughed to himself,—

"They call themselves clever, indeed; but yet could not get the fire!" So he went to the hut to try his luck.

"Have you got any fire to spare, little father?" asked the fool.

"Yes, my boy; but first of all you must let me see you dance!"

"I can't dance, little father."

"Well then, tell me a story!"

"Ah, that is more in my line! Come outside and sit upon the hurdle which is lying on the ground near the door, and I will tell you a story. But do not interrupt me; if you do—then you must give me a hundred roubles. Do you understand?"


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Rh "Yes, my son!"

So they went out, and the old man seated himself on the hurdle near his door, while the fool sat down opposite him and began his tale.

"I had once a little piebald pony; I seated myself on him one fine day and rode off into the forest to cut wood. I had stuck my axe into my belt behind me, and as the pony ran the axe kept on knocking the unfortunate little creature on his back, until it cut him right in two! Are you listening, little father?"

"Yes, yes, my son!"

"Well, I rode on and on in this way for three whole years, until what should I see but the hinder part of my horse near a lake! I dismounted, and after catching it I sewed the two halves together, and rode on for another three years. Are you listening, little father?"

"Yes, yes, my son!"

"I rode and rode, until I came to a forest, where I saw a tremendously high tree. I climbed up this tree, higher and higher, until I came to the next world. After having looked about me, I found out that the cattle was wonderfully cheap about there, but the flies and mosquitoes were dreadfully dear; so I came down again to the earth, and after catching some bags full of flies and mosquitoes I climbed up to the next world again, where I disposed of them, and got in exchange a great number of cattle, so many in fact that it was impossible to count them all! Well, I collected all these sheep and oxen, and drove them to the place from which I had descended before;


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318 but when I looked over the edge of the cloud I found that the big tree was there no longer, it had evidently been cut down. I was greatly troubled in my mind, and began to wonder what I had better do, how I could best descend. At last I decided to make a rope and let myself down; to do this I had to cut up the cattle. When I had made a very long strap I began to descend; down, down I went until I came to the end of the strap, and then I found that it was not long enough, another piece of skin much longer than your hut is high was wanting, and I did not care to jump it, for I was afraid. Are you listening, little father?"

"Yes, yes, my son; go on!"

"Well, just as I was hanging there a very high wind arose and began blowing me about from one place to another, first to Moscow, then to St. Petersburg, until the strap broke and I was thrown into the mire, where I sunk and sunk so deep that at last nothing but my head remained above the surface. I tried to get out but could not, I had to stop in that position for a very long time, unable to move or do anything. At last a wild duck built her nest upon my head, and I could do nothing to prevent it! One day a wolf who was walking about in the fields came up to the nest on my head, and commenced eating the eggs. I somehow managed to free my hand from the mire, and seizing the wolf by the tail, yelled out as loud as ever I could, 'Too-loo-loo-whoo!' And he ran off dragging me out after him. Are you listening, little father?"

"Yes, yes, my son!"


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Rh The fool felt rather disgusted; he had finished his story, but the old man had kept his word and had not interrupted him once. What was he to do to get the hundred roubles out of him as well as the fire? At last he thought he would try and tease him, so he began a new story.

"I have a document in my possession, old man, showing that your father will for ever have to pay his debts to my father for having used forged documents, and—"

"That is a lie!" cried the old man, interrupting the story; "it is more likely that your father will for ever have to pay his debts to my father!"

The fool laughed; it was just what he wanted, and just what he expected. He took the fire and the hundred roubles from the old man, and returned to his brothers. They then hung the pot of porridge by means of a tripod over the fire, and when it was ready they wisely set to work to eat it up. And this is the end of our story.


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 “On my journey to my ultimate destination, I contented myself with viewing the cloister in passing, and I was well pleased with the Amtman that he was not willing, merely for the sake of a new house, to destroy the fine old Gothic pile, which looked so venerable in the plain from the surrounding hills. I rejoiced in my approaching acquaintance with him, and his curious antique neighbourhood. On my return, I arrived rather late at Wallbach; the setting moon, occasionally obscured by heavy thunderclouds, partially illumined the old towers and dark grey walls, which seemed to me to bear their age tolerably well. The Amtman’s lady, an elderly but still an active woman, welcomed me, and apologized for the absence of her husband on a professional journey, from which he was not expected back till the following day. She seemed much embarrassed, and I was obliged repeatedly to assure her that I could not be surprised at the absence of her husband, as my visit was totally unexpected by him, and that it would be quite time enough on the morrow to transact the business I was commissioned upon. As I soon found that my presence disturbed the family, I requested to be shown to my chamber, and a dunce of a servant conducted me through many cross and winding passages, to an antique room with Gothic windows and ornaments, and there left me, humbly wishing me a good night. Fatigue from my journey, and ennui, induced me to go to bed, and I soon fell asleep. I was awakened I know not how in a few hours, and, while endeavouring to compose myself again, I heard most remarkable sounds, as if caused by slow, heavy, gigantic footsteps: the longer I listened, the more I was alarmed at this noise. The steps seemed to indicate the presence of some supernatural being, and occasionally the very floor trembled under them. Although the noise itself was not very loud, and appeared to proceed from a distance, I could not help shuddering, though I endeavoured to banish my apprehension; but it was in vain I attempted to sleep. The noise at last ceased, to my great joy, but ere long I heard a rustling at my door, and thought I could distinguish a slight knocking: I sat up in my bed, and looked earnestly towards it, but it remained fast; I had hardly laid myself down again when the rustling and knocking were repeated; and when I again looked towards the door, I clearly saw that it was moved ”

“Fancy!” cried the professor, “nothing but fancy, delusion of an excited imagination.”

“No such thing,” resumed the narrator, “you shall hear more. I saw the door move, and I cried out, ‘Who is there?’ All was again still for a short time, then again something knocked louder and stronger, and the door opened ”

“No! are you serious?” interrupted the professor.

“Perfectly:—this was too much for me, I sprang out of bed towards the door, and there I saw distinctly a slender white female figure in a faint gleam of light that instantly glided away. It seemed to beckon to me. I seized my light, my fear giving way to an almost wild courage. The figure glided through some dark passages; I hastened after, but could not overtake it; on a sudden it vanished, but when I reached the spot where I saw it last, I discovered a staircase; I thought I could still descry at the bottom of it something of the pale light, and therefore hastily descended, but there was no one to be seen. A doorway


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 shall be able to look at your beautiful works of art as perfectly at our ease as if we only knew Cosaks and Bashkirs from the descriptions of travellers.”

The counsellor seemed not of this opinion, he became somewhat absent, and the remarks of the professor on the antiquities of Germany, which had been reserved for this evening’s discussion, and which he uttered with all the enthusiasm of an antiquary, scarcely gained attention. The professor laughed repeatedly at the belief in forebodings which his friend’s anxiety manifested, and adduced many arguments, founded on natural history and experience, to prove its fallacy.

“I can object nothing to your reasoning,” said the counsellor at last, “except the numerous results of experience, which should seem to confirm the reverse of your doctrine, and which would open to us a temporary view into realms inaccessible to human knowledge.—We cannot entirely reject the testimony of men worthy of credit, and who must be acquitted of any attempt to deceive.”

“Why not,” replied the professor, “when the doctrine itself is opposed to all the laws of possibility? Men of the greatest veracity and sincerity, may be deceived themselves; it is, in truth, with these forebodings as with ignes fatui,—many tell you they have heard of them, but not one with whom I have ever spoken has, himself, witnessed them. Till I meet with a ghost-seer, who assures me seriously and on his word that he has experienced the truth of them himself, when wide awake, and in full possession of reason and consciousness—till then, I reject the whole as futile.”

“And if such a person were to be found,” said the Counsellor, “would you then believe?”

“Hum,” replied the professor, shrugging his shoulders, “only after a very close investigation. Deception is so easy—it is in all cases only a more apparent or more hidden deception, that cherishes this credulity.”

“In all cases!” repeated the other: “I cannot agree with you there, I myself was once a witness of a circumstance of this nature, which, though I have not thought of it for some years, now recurs to my memory, and which was neither a dream nor an illusion. I will narrate it to you. You will believe me when I assure it is not a fictitious adventure; and when you have heard the particulars, you may judge whether I could have been deceived.

“It must be now nearly ten years since I was appointed a counsellor in the chamber at M. I was then unmarried, and was fond of travelling; while my elder comrades, on the contrary, loved their ease, and I often undertook to transact business for them at a distance from home. Once when I was preparing for one of these expeditions, which would cause me to pass near the convent at Wallbach, one of the older counsellors requested me to take that opportunity of viewing the place for him. It had been for a long time changed into an Amthaus, and the officer who held the situation had often petitioned for a repair of the old building; but when the chamber agreed to the request, the then Amtman found the new building unnecessary, and stated that he would content himself with the habitable part of it, if, in recompense, some other conveniences were allowed him. In short, I was commissioned to survey the place narrowly, and report on the expediency of repairing the old, or of building altogether a new Amthaus.


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174 mutually increased each other's sin, will mutually exasperate each other's ruin.

V. Instruction given to the disciples concerning the truth Christ had laid down, v. 10. Though Christ rejects the wilfully ignorant who care not to be taught, he can have compassion on the ignorant who are willing to learn, Heb. 5. 2. If the Pharisees, who made void the law, be offended, let them be offended; but this great peace have they who love the law, that nothing shall offend them, but, some way or other, the offence shall be taken off, Ps. 119. 165.

Here is, 1. Their desire to be better instructed in this matter; (v. 15.) in this respect, as in many others, Peter was their speaker; the rest, it is probable, putting him onto speak, or intimating their concurrence; Declare unto us this parable. What Christ said, was plain, but, because it agreed not with the notions they had imbibed, though they would not contradict it, yet they call it a parable, and cannot understand it. Note, (1.) Weak understandings are apt to turn plain truths into parables, and to seek for a knot in a bulrush. The disciples often did so, as John 16. 17. even the grasshopper is a burden to a weak stomach, and babes in understanding cannot bear and digest strong meat (2.) Where a weak head doubts concerning any word of Christ, an upright heart and a willing mind will seek for instruction. The Pharisees were offended, but kept it to themselves; hating to be reformed, they hated to be informed; but the disciples, though offended, sought for satisfaction, imputing the offence, not to the doctrine delivered, but to the shallowness of their own capacity.

2. The reproof Christ gave them for their weakness and ignorance; (v. 16.) Are ye also yet without understanding? As many as Christ loves and teaches, he thus rebukes. Note, They are very ignorant indeed, who understand not that moral pollutions are abundantly worse and more dangerous than ceremonial ones. Two things aggravated their dulness and darkness.

(1.) That they were the disciples of Christ; "Are ye also without understanding? Ye whom I have admitted into so great a degree of familiarity with me, are ye so unskilful in the word of righteousness?" Note, the ignorance and mistakes of those that profess religion, and enjoy the privileges of church-membership, are justly a grief to the Lord Jesus. "No wonder that the Pharisees understand not this doctrine, who know nothing of the Messiah's kingdom; but ye that have heard it, and embraced it yourselves, and preached it to others, are ye also such strangers to the spirit and genius of it?"

(2.) That they had been a great while Christ's scholars; "Are ye yet so, after ye have been so long under my teaching?" Had they been but of yesterday in Christ's school, it had been another matter, but to have been for so many months Christ's constant hearers, and yet to be without understanding, was a great reproach to them. Note, Christ expects from us some proportion of knowledge, and grace, and wisdom, according to the time and means we have had. See John 14. 9. Heb. 5. 12. 2 Tim. 3. 7, 8.

3. The explication Christ gave them of this doctrine of pollutions. Though he chid them for their dulness, he did not cast them off, but pitied them, and taught them, as Luke 24. 25—27. He here shows us,

(1.) What little danger we are in of pollution from that which entereth in at the mouth, v. 17. An inordinate appetite, intemperance, and excess in eating, come out of the heart, and are defiling; but meat in itself is not so, as the Pharisees supposed. What there is of dregs and defilement in our meat, nature (or rather the God of nature) has provided a way to clear us of it; it goes in at the belly, and is cast out into the draught, and nothing remains to us but pure nourishment. So fearfully and wonderfully are we made and preserved and our souls held in life. The expulsive faculty is as necessary in the body as any other, for the discharge of that which is superfluous, or noxious; so happily is nature enabled to help itself, and shift for its own good: by this means nothing defiles; if we eat with unwashen hands, and so any thing unclean mix with our food, nature will separate it, and cast it out, and it will be no defilement to us. It may be a piece of cleanliness, but it is no point of conscience, to wash before meat; and we go upon a great mistake if we place reUgion in it. It is not the practice itself, but the opinion it is built upon, that Christ condemns, as if meat commended us to God; (1 Cor. 8. 8.) whereas Christianity stands not in such observances.

(2.) What great danger we are in of pollution from that which proceeds out of the mouth, (v. 18.) out of the abundance of the heart: compare ch. 12, 34. There is no defilement in the products of God's bounty; the defilement arises from the products of our own corruption. Now here we have,

[1.] The corrupt foundation of that which proceeds out of the mouth; it comes from the heart; that is the spring and source of all sin, Jer. 8. 7. It is the heart that is so desperately wicked; (Jer. 17. 9.) for there is no sin in word or deed, which was not first in the heart. There is the root of bitterness, which bears gall and wormwood. It is the inward part of a sinner, that is very wickedness, Ps. 5. 9. All evil speakings come forth from the heart, and are defiling; from the corrupt heart comes the corrupt communication.

[2.] Some of the corrupt streams which flow from this fountain, specified; though they do not all come out of the mouth, yet they all come out of the man, and are the fruits of that wickedness which is in the heart, and is wrought there, Ps. 58. 2.

First, Evil thoughts, sins against all the commandments. Therefore David puts vain thoughts in opposition to the whole law, Ps. 119. 113. These are the first-born of the corrupt nature, the beginning of its strength, and do most resemble it. These, as the son and heir, abide in the house, and lodge within us. There is a great deal of sin that begins and ends in the heart, and goes no further. Carnal fancies and imaginations are evil thoughts, wickedness in the contrivance, wicked plots, purposes, and devices of mischief to others, Mic. 2.1.

Secondly, Murders, sins against the sixth commandment; these come from a malice in the heart against our brother's life, or a contempt of it. Hence he that hates his brother, is said to be a murderer; he is so at God's bar, 1 John 3. 15. War is in the heart, Ps. 55. 21. James 4. 1.

Thirdly, Adulteries and fornications, sins against the seventh commandment; those come from the wanton, unclean, carnal heart; and the lust that reigns there, is conceived there, and brings forth these sins, James 1. 15. There is adultery in the heart first, and then in the act, ch. 5. 28.

Fourthly, Thefts, sins against the eighth commandment, cheats, wrongs, rapines, and all injurious contracts; the fountain of all these is in the heart, that is it that is exercised in these covetous practices, (2 Pet. 2. 14.) that is set upon riches, Ps. 62. 10. Achan coveted, and then took, Joshua 7. 20, 21.

Fifthly, False witness, against the ninth commandment; this comes from a complication of falsehood and covetousness, or falsehood and malice in the heart. If truth, holiness, and love, which God requires in the inward parts, reigned as they ought, there would be no false-witness bearing, Ps. 64. 6. Jer. 9. 8.

Sixthly, Blasphemies, speaking evil of God, against


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 keep us in our Wits. Although if it be the black Broth which the Lacedemonians us'd, as some learned Authors are of Opinion, I grant it hath a sovereign Operation to strengthen politic Notions, especially such as concern Republics, and is the same which Lycurgus himself drank, when he form'd his Commonwealth; and among other excellent Constitutions, hit upon that excellent Law, that enjoins Women to wear Slits in their Petticoats, and Boys to steal Bread and Butter, as Plutarch writes in his Life; and I could wish Mr. Harrington may be desired by this Assembly to introduce it into his Oceana—But this is not that, which I purpose to propose at this Time, but something that does more immediately concern the present Government, which as yet we live under, for whose Service I suppose these Meetings are pe-


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 unchanging so long as the heart continued to beat; in fact, that it was a law of Nature.

If my memory serves me rightly, it is to John Stuart Mill that philosophy is indebted for the induction, that all laws of Nature, as at present known to us, are unfailing; and, further, that this induction must form what logicians call the major premiss in every argument regarding such obscure subjects as—e.g., in medical science—the origin of life, generation, development, growth, decay, and death. What, then, do we mean by "Laws of Nature?" A law, if I understand the question, implies the existence of a Law-giver. It implies that if I, who am a living sentient being, acting and thinking for myself, am subject to such laws, there must be a Superior Being; who is over me, above me; who can give laws to me; who can act, and think too; one who meets me, when boasting of my own existence as the highest type with which I am familiar, as a higher Being still. Further: I feel that I must submit to these laws, and that their supremacy and duration are bounded only by the Will of Him who framed them.

I am not sure that this was what Mill meant. He conceived the laws of Nature to be immutable, eternal; and I suspect that he based this belief on the ground that matter was eternal too—though he positively disclaims the necessity for any such supposition. If I mistake not, he believed that


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 can bear a nearer Resemblance to this Rump Bone than the present Parliament, that has been so many Years dead and rotten under Ground to any Man's thinking, that the Ghosts of some of the Members thereof have transmigrated in to other Parliaments, and some into those Parts from whence there is no Redemption, should nevertheless at two several and respective Resurrections start up, like the Dragon's Teeth that were sown, into living, natural, and carnal Members? And hence it is, I suppose, that Physicians and Anatomists call this Bone Os sacrum, or the holy Bone.

The Ægyptians in their Hieroglyphics decyphered a Prince by a Bee: now a Bee, you know, does carry not only his Militia or Defence, but his whole politic Interest in his Tail; for when he has lost his Sting he is presently banished that well order'd Government, as an unprofitable Member and a Drone.


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MR. PRESIDENT, FELLOWS AND MEMBERS OF THE ROYAL COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS, AND GENTLEMEN,—

Our late President, in assigning to me the office which I have undertaken to fulfil this day, very justly styled it an honourable and onerous task. In his kindness and partiality, he hoped that I might have something to say which would interest such an assembly as usually greets the Harveian orator. It can be no reproach if, in each succeeding year, the well-worn theme becomes more threadbare, and loses some of its original brilliancy. The enjoyment of listening to some of the most gifted of my predecessors must produce a somewhat unfavourable contrast when the work has to be accomplished by feebler hands. I cannot but feel that to give real vitality to my address demands a skill in oratory which I do not possess, an originality of thought to which I can lay no claim. I have purposely avoided looking


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 back to previous orations. A pot-pourri of the thoughts of others is not what I want to produce in this assembly; and I am sure you will forgive me if, on the one hand, I repeat what has already been said so well by others, or if, on the other, I depart from the lines laid down by precedent as those on which this oration should be framed.

Though so far removed from the Harvey of the past, we may surely learn something from observing the way in which the great master worked. It is only by treading in his footprints that any one can hope to gain entrance into that temple of enduring fame in which he will ever hold so high a place. It was, indeed, no mind of ordinary stamp which animated the discoverer of the circulation. It does not appear that he had prepared himself by any special training for the work of his life; indeed, it is quite remarkable that no record of devotion to science in his earlier days is anywhere to be found. It is true that when he entered the University of Cambridge he enrolled his name among the pensioners of Gonville and Caius College; and among the MSS. preserved in its library is the original grant by Queen Elizabeth to the Master and Fellows of the bodies of two criminals annually, condemned to death and executed in Cambridge or its Castle, free of all charges, to be used for the purpose of dissection, with a view to the increase of the knowledge of medicine, and the


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 benefit of the health of Her Majesty's lieges, without interference on the part of any of her officials." This grant was obtained by the influence of Dr. Caius, in the sixth year of her reign, just twenty-nine years before Harvey entered as undergraduate. Unfortunately, no record has been kept of whether the privilege thus conferred was ever used, but taken in connection with the existence of medical fellowships, it shows that the College was in those days marked as one specially devoted to medical science; and we may, perhaps, be entitled to assume that some part of Harvey's subsequent career was due to this early training. That when he had finished his terms at Cambridge he left England to study in the school of medicine held in the greatest repute in those days, we all know; and that he brought back from thence a very high testimonial of his skill in anatomy and physiology is also a matter of history; but as yet we find no trace of the first steps of his progress. We can but picture to ourselves what a glorious awakening must have followed that early dawn when the idea first occurred to his mind that the blood propelled from the heart must return to it. "At length," to use his own expression, "by using greater and daily diligence, having frequent recourse to vivisections, employing a variety of animals for the purpose, and collating numerous observations, he thought that he had attained to the truth." He


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 had questioned Nature, and the early dawn had brightened into day.

Harvey's discovery came so soon after the publication of the Novum Organon, that it is not surprising to find in his writings phrases almost identical with those of Bacon, proving, as they do, that the general principles of that philosophy were congenial to his mind. But, to my thinking, he was not in any sense a logician, and did not attempt to frame his arguments on any defined rulc. His was a mind to which a false argument was impossible; he rejected it, not because he had applied to it any test of its logical fallacy, but simply because, tonhis clear intellect, the argument itself was unsound. I trust my younger hearers will not misunderstand me. The clear perception of truth, the faculty to analyse, and the power to grasp it in all its bearings, belong but to a few gifted individuals. Even to them, the cultivation of these talents is of the utmost importance; to the great majority of us, such education of mind is absolutely essential if we would arrive at truth. Almost all the mistakes into which men of pure and simple aim have fallen may be traced to the imperfect development of the logical faculty. Without it true theories and correct practice are equally impossible. Where was it, we may well ask, when in Paris half a century ago, patients were actually bled to death in rheumatic fever? Where is it now, in this enlightened


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 country of ours, as we draw on towards the end of the nineteenth century, when we find the sustaining treatment in enteric fever pushed to such an extreme that the alimentary canal becomes over loaded with undigested aliment, and the consequent tympanitic distension of the bowel bursts the slender bonds, which have hitherto saved from rupture the thinned walls of a deep ulcer, and the patient from a fatal peritonitis? Alas! medical science is ever bending the knee to the idols of fashion and prejudice, forgetful of her high mission, to seek after and follow only the truth.

I think we may trace, in the method in which Harvey first propounded his views, a very early attempt at the inductive mode of reasoning associated with the name of Bacon, which was then but in its infancy. In the light of further knowlege, the discovery of the circulation must be regarded as one of the most brilliant examples of that philosophy, surpassed perhaps only by Newton's magnificent discovery of the laws of gravitation, some seventy years later. All of these great thinkers were working on the same lines; embued with the same spirit; each alike casting aside the dry logic of the schoolmen, which was once replete with life, but had become in their hands an almost unintelligible jargon.

In the recent revival of medical science-based, as it has been, on pathological research-one of


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 the greatest hindrances to progress has arisen, as it seems to me, from a misunderstanding of what Bacon meant. To many, it conveys no idea beyond that of the dry accumulation of facts, in the hope that some great truth may be elicited from their comparison. All honour to those who, in the past as in the present day, have made, and are making, our knowledge of various departments of medicine and the allied sciences more full and complete. But theirs is not the path which leads to such discoveries as those of Harvey and Newton. They have missed the first link in the chain. If I may venture so to speak of those who have done so much, they have missed the grasp of some great truth that ought to link together all those details over which the best energies of their minds have been spent. It cannot be too often repeated, with reference to this subject, that no two consecutive facts are exactly alike, and that, as a consequence, the second observation does not fully confirm the first, but of necessity differs from it, in some particulars, to a greater or less extent. A mind that has grasped the cause of the successive facts, will regard only the differences, and seek for their explanation : a mind that labours after their simple enumeration will regard only the analogies. It is true that, by adding together the results of a large number of well-recorded instances, we obtain a general average, which is more or less correct in


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 eloquence, that before we parted, I felt fully convinced that it was my bounden duty to slay Mr. Blanchard; but my will was far, very far from consenting to the deed.

I spent the following night without sleep, or nearly so; and the next morning, by the time the sun arose, I was again abroad, and in the company of my illustrious friend. The same subject was resumed, and again he reasoned to the following purport: That supposing me placed at the head of an army of Christian soldiers, all bent on putting down the enemies of the church, would I have any hesitation in destroying and rooting out these enemies?—None surely.—Well then, when I saw and was convinced, that here was an individual who was doing more detriment to the church of Christ on earth, than tens of thousands of such warriors were capable of doing, was it not my duty to cut him off, and save the elect? "He, who would be a champion in the cause of Christ and his Church, my brave young friend," added he, "must begin early, and no man can calculate to what an illustrious eminence small beginnings may lead. If the man Blanchard is worthy, he is only changing his situation for a better one, and if unworthy, it


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 proportion to the number of cases taken; and they thus form the basis of what are called statistics. If I am right, it is of the very essence of statistics that each instance differs from the rest; and that the very next observation made will necessarily be different from the average already calculated. For example: if one frame, from fifty years' observations, a curve indicating the average daily tempe- rature at any given locality, it is almost certain that this year's curve will differ from the average; and it is absolutely certain that a large proportion of the daily ranges of temperature will be quite different from those calculated for corresponding days from the fifty years' observations.

This was not what Bacon meant, or what Harvey did. His aim was to establish the law by which one of the great and essential processes of life was carried on, and that this law was constant and unchangeable. IIe showed that the circulation was just as certain as the heat of summer and the cold of winter; but, in the law which he traced, there is nothing to indicate the quickness of the pulse any more than, in the changes of season, can there be found anything to determine before-hand the degree of heat or cold which may be registered by the thermometer. He saw that the blood, propelled from the heart, must return to it; he sought for the law of this phenomenon, and, having found it, was able to show that it was


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 each atom of matter had ever possessed the same properties which it exhibits now; that these atoms associated themselves in certain groups, in consequence of their special requirements; and that, out of these groups, certain definite results of combination occurred, which were like matter itself eternal, and, for this reason, entitled to be called "Laws of Nature."

Now mark that, from the very definition of the subject, it must be admitted that these combinations are secondary, not primary, and, as compared with eternity, are but of recent origin. One might concede to an exponent of this philosophy, that countless ages have passed since the first dawn of life in this world's history; that, prior to that period, any most extreme duration was assigned to the slow aggregation of microscopical elements to form centres of spheres; that, going still backward in dim and fading antiquity, atoms filled space before they had assumed such dimensions as even the microscope can take cognisance of. Let us grant that the atom at the centre of our solar sphere was but the beginning of our own system, and try to guess how long it must have taken to elaborate this small unimportant orb, which is yet all the world to us; let him, if he please, add cipher to cipher in calculating this world's antiquity; it is to me quite immaterial whether he multiplies his numerals by thousands or by millions; it cannot be


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 is better that one fall, than that a thousand souls perish. Let us be up and doing in our vocations. For me, my resolution is taken; I have but one great aim in this world, and I never for a moment lose sight of it."

I was obliged to admit the force of his reasoning; for though I cannot from memory repeat his words, his eloquence was of that overpowering nature, that the subtility of other men sunk before it; and there is also little doubt that the assurance I had that these words were spoken by a great potentate, who could raise me to the highest eminence, (provided that I entered into his extensive and decisive measures,) assisted mightily in dispelling my youthful scruples and qualms of conscience; and I thought moreover, that having such a powerful back friend to support me, I hardly needed to be afraid of the consequences. I consented! But begged a little time to think of it. He said the less one thought of a duty the better; and we parted.

But the most singular instance of this wonderful man's power over my mind was, that he had as complete influence over me by night as by day. All my dreams corresponded exactly with his sugges-


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 of the slightest consequence how long he makes the total of his figures. They all have a beginning; eternity has none.

Let us just for a moment, by an examination of one of our most acute and most prized faculties, the sense of sight, try to conceive what this idea means. Let us accompany the astronomer into his observatory, where, in the glory of a magnificent starlit night, he gazes out on the heavens, decked in the splendour of countless myriads of stars. Some meteor gleams in fitful brightness across the expanse as it enters the region of our atmosphere. Further off, he knows that our moon revolves in regular circuit round the earth. Sometimes nearer, sometimes at greater distance, each planet in its own orbit revolves round the centre of the system. Beyond all these, reaching into boundless space, minute scintillations of light gleam forth, each possibly the centre of other harmonious systems of perpetual motion. With his present knowledge, the star-gazer has almost forgotten that, in long bygone days, there were astronomers who could reconcile their minds to the idea that our world was enclosed by a sort of crystal sphere, which, day and night, ever rolled round and round. He has actually measured how far we are separated from the nearer bodies; he has got the length of computing, with some degree of accuracy, the more startling distances which intervene between us and


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 a few of the fixed stars. From these data, he is tempted, by the help of the more perfect instruments of the day, to guess at the possible intervals between our system and the more distant lights. The nebulae, which have been already resolved into countless myriads of stars, tempt him to conclude that those which he yet cannot solve are but more distant groups; and thus a faint glimmer is borne in upon his understanding of the utterly immeasurable distances at which some of these self-luminous bodies stand from our insignificant sphere. So long as a foothold, however slender, can tempt the philosopher to spring from point to point in the contemplation of this marvellous whole, his mind seems to grasp, though but faintly, a picture of its immensity. Myriads of miles, such as an untrained mind can barely conceive, become to him little more than the inches on a mechanic's rule. But, even by him, a point is at last reached where the mind has no object to contemplate, no resting-place from whence it can make a fresh start. Beyond his farthest-reaching speculations there is still a beyond, and yet a beyond more distant still! Surely the mind of man must recoil from any attempt to grasp the infinite. It is easy to argue in words that we ought to know the beyond from what we have already proved within the limits of our knowledge. But, if we ask ourselves the simple question what that beyond


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 tions; and when he was absent from me, still his arguments sunk deeper in my heart than even when he was present. I dreamed that night of a great triumph obtained, and though the whole scene was but dimly and confusedly defined in my vision, yet the overthrow and death of Mr. Blanchard was the first step by which I attained the eminent station I occupied. Thus, by dreaming of the event by night, and discoursing of it by day, it soon became so familiar to my mind, that I almost conceived it as done. It was resolved on: which was the first and greatest victory gained; for there was no difficulty in finding opportunities enow of cutting off a man, who, every good day, was to be found walking by himself in private grounds. I went and heard him preach for two days, and in fact I held his tenets scarcely short of blasphemy; they were such as I had never heard before, and his congregation, which was numerous, were turning up their ears and drinking in his doctrines with the utmost delight; for O, they suited their carnal natures and self-sufficiency to a hair! He was actually holding it forth, as a fact, that "it was every man's own blame if he was not saved!" What horrible misconstruction! And then he was al-


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 is, and how far it may reach, I think we shall all admit that we cannot comprehend the infinite. Infinity is, but we understand it not.

So, too, of eternity. I make bold to say in this place that the man who talks of the eternity of matter knows not of what he speaks. It is a question that human reason cannot grasp, that logic cannot reach. One thing, however, comes out very clearly in the argument, which might almost have been predicated of the dictum when evolved out of the finite human understanding. Every speculation tacitly assumes a beginning for this evolution of matter. Eternity counts no beginning in its history. History, indeed, it knows not; duration is not of it; it is ever the same; a thousand years and the thousandth part of a second are just alike in that calendar; the limits of time and space are unknown; the present, the finite, the tangible, can scarcely be regarded as fragments of that great unfathomable abyss.

When I assert my belief in a Law-giver, it is because thus alone can I account for my own existence; its beginning and ending; and the existence of a world around me. That laws are impressed upon matter, and that it is governed by them, no educated man can deny; that matter framed these laws for itself seems to me to be too gross a hypothesis for anyone to conceive. Let me crave your indulgence if I further attempt to


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 define the meaning of the term "Laws of Nature." No greater hindrance to progress can arise than when, in the employment of scientific language, a restrictive sense is present to the mind of the person using it, which others are not aware of, and are consequently not prepared to adopt. It will be in the recollection of most of my hearers that not long ago, when the laws of the development of life during putrefaction were very much under discussion, Professor Tyndall announced an observation of some importance, as bearing on the subject. Dr. Bastian had cited experiments in which he found that in a certain putrescible fluid, the most rigid exclusion of the atmosphere failed to prevent the development of living organisms, and concluded that some other cause must be sought than the introduction of germs by that medium. Professor Tyndall, on the other hand, alleged that such fluids might be fully exposed to the atmosphere, provided It was so free from suspended matter that it seemed quite pure to a beam of electric light, and argued that the development of such organisms as are commonly found was due to the presence of impure air. Dr. Bastian's reply was short, sharp, and decisive. Professor Tyndall had not used the same fluid as Dr. Bastian, and the assertions made regarding a-bio-genesis applied to that fluid, and that fluid only, and to none other. Between the two philosophers, there could be


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 neither agreement nor argument, because the one had mentally imposed a restrictive sense upon the terms employed, which was not recognised by the other.

The importance of this subject will be noted hereafter; it has been mentioned here merely as an illustration of the need of clear definitions. But I think we may draw other useful lessons from the controversy which has occupied so large a portion of the days of living physiologists. It had been formulated as a law, that putrefaction and the development of living organisms bore some constant relation to each other. Its exact bearing had not been reached, but its application seemed to be universal. Here let me just observe the difference between a "law" and a "cause." The law merely declares the certainty with which the cause acts. The law does not compel obedience; it merely shows how the result is to be traced, as the effect of some definite, though perhaps unknown, influence. In the case before us, the law was a very imperfect one, the cause utterly unknown. It had been suggested that, somehow or other, the presence of atmospheric air was essential, and experiments were being made to ascertain which of its constituents originated the change. Tyndall's experiment seemed to point to some ingredient mechanically suspended in the air; other observations tended in the same direction,


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 and the law has thus been so far simplified, that it is now comprehended under the more general laws of the perpetuation of living beings on the earth's surface. The cause of life is just as distant and as obscure as before.

One more lesson let me deduce from the discordant views of these philosophers. In limine the questioning of Nature should have proceeded from both in the very same form; the answers could not otherwise be in harmony. It is very remarkable that later observations have shown that there were special circumstances affecting Bastian's solution, not present in Tyndall's, which made it of some importance that the formula should have been exactly copied. On the other hand, it seems almost incredible that a law of Nature should have been based on a single instance, when all other experiments on similar substances failed to confirm it. In fact, it ought to have been regarded simply as an exception to the law, and the modifying circumstances closely investigated.

In attempting, then, to give a definition of the term "law," I wish merely to place before you the idea of what is present to my own mind in its employment. It may be regarded as a short statement of the certainty arrived at by our reason, that out of one condition another necessarily arises, and that the two conditions are associated together by some principle or mode of causation which may or may


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 character, she was the more careful to avoid giving the slightest pain or displeasure, as she ceased to fear that either would be immediately and intentionally visited upon herself. She evidently thought that on this account there was the greater danger lest a series of trivial annoyances, unnoticed at the time, might cool the affection she valued so highly. Diffident of her own charms, she knew how little hold the women of her race generally have on the hearts of men after the first fever of passion has cooled. It was difficult for her to realise that her thoughts or wishes could truly interest me, that compliance with her inclinations could be an object, or that I could be seriously bent on teaching her to speak frankly and openly. But as this new idea became credible and familiar, her unaffected desire to comply with all that was expected from her drew out her hitherto undeveloped powers of conversation, and enabled me day by day to appreciate more thoroughly the real intelligence and soundness of judgment concealed at first by her shyness, and still somewhat obscured by her childlike simplicity and absolute inexperience. In the latter respect, however, she was, of course, at the less disadvantage with a stranger to the manners and life of her world. A more perfectly charming companion it would have been difficult to desire and impossible to find. If at first I had been secretly inclined to reproach her with exaggerated timidity, it became more and more evident that her personal fears were due simply to that nervous susceptibility which even men of reputed courage have often displayed in situations of sudden and wholly unfamiliar peril. Her tendency to overrate all dangers,


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 not merely as they affected herself, but as they might involve others, and above all her husband, I ascribed to the ideas and habits of thought now for so many centuries hereditary among a people in whom the fear of annihilation—and the absence of all the motives that impel men on earth to face danger and death with calmness, or even to enjoy the excitement of deadly peril—have extinguished manhood itself.

I could not, however, conceal from Eveena that I was about to leave her for an adventure which could not but seem to her foolhardy and motiveless. She was more than terrified when she understood that I really intended to join the professional hunters in an enterprise which, even on their part, is regarded by their countrymen with a mixture of admiration and contempt, as one wherein only the hope of large remuneration would induce any sensible man to share; and which, from my utter ignorance of its conditions, must be obviously still more dangerous to me. The confidence she was slowly learning from what seemed to her extravagant indulgence, to me simply the consideration due to a rational being, wife or comrade, slave or free, first found expression in the freedom of her loving though provoking expostulations.

"You must be tired of me," she said at last, "if you are so ready to run the risk of parting out of mere curiosity."

"Sheer petulance!" I answered. "You know well that you are dearer to me every day as I learn to understand you better; but a man cannot afford to play the coward because marriage has given new value to life. And you might remember that I have threefold the strength which


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 emboldens your hunters to incur all the dangers that seem to your fancy so terrible."

That no shade of mere cowardice or feminine affectation influenced her remonstrance was evident from her next words.

"Well, then, if you will go, however improper and outrageous the thing may be, let me go with you. I cannot bear to wait alone, fancying at every moment what may be happening to you, and fearing to see them carry you back wounded or killed."

Touched by the unselfishness of her terror, and feeling that there was some truth in her representation of the state of mind in which she would spend the hours of my absence, I tried to quiet her by caresses and soft words. But these she received as symptoms of yielding on my part; and her persistence brought upon her at last the resolute and somewhat sharp rebuke with which men think it natural and right to repress the excesses of feminine fear.

"This is nonsense, Eveena. You cannot accompany me; and, if you could, your presence would multiply tenfold the danger to me, and utterly unnerve me if any real difficulty should call for presence of mind. You must be content to leave me in the hands of Providence, and allow me to judge what becomes a man, and what results are worth the risks they may involve. I hear Ergimo's step on deck, and I must go and learn from him what arrangements he has been able to make for to-morrow."

My escort had found no difficulty in providing for the fulfilment of both my wishes. We were to beat the forests which covered the southern seabord in the


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 neighbourhood, driving our game out upon the open ground, where alone we should have a chance of securing it. By noon we might hope to have seen enough of this sport, and to find ourselves at no great distance from that part of the inland sea where a yet more exciting chase was to employ the rest of the day. Failing to bring both adventures within the sixteen hours of light which at this season and in this latitude we should enjoy, we were to bivouac for the night on the northern sea-coast and pursue our aquatic game in the morning of the morrow, returning before dark to our vessel.

Ergimo, however, was more of Eveena's mind than of mine. "I have complied," he said, "with your wishes, as the Camptâ ordered me to do. But I am equally bound, by his orders and by my duty, to tell you that in my opinion you are running risks altogether out of proportion to any object our adventure can serve. Scarcely any of the creatures we shall hunt are other than very formidable. Eyen the therne, with the spikes on its fore-limbs, can inflict painful if not dangerous wounds, and its bite is said to be not unfrequently venomous. You are not used to our methods of hunting, to the management of the caldecta, or to the use of our weapons. I can conceive no reason why you should incur what is at any rate a considerable chance, not merely of death, but of defeating the whole purpose of your extraordinary journey, simply to do or to see the work on which we peril only the least valuable lives among us."

I was about to answer him even more decidedly than I had replied to Eveena, when a pressure on my arm


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 drew my eyes in the other direction; and, to my extreme mortification, I perceived that Eveena herself, in all-absorbing eagerness to learn the opinion of an intelligent and experienced hunter, had stolen on deck and had heard all that had passed. I was too much vexed to make any other reply to Ergimo's argument than the single word, "I shall go." Really angry with her for the first and last time, but not choosing to express my displeasure in the presence of a third person, I hurried Eveena down the ladder into our cabin.

"Tell me," I said, "what, according to your own rules of feminine reserve and obedience, you deserve? What would one of your people say to a wife who followed him without leave into the company of a stranger, to listen to that which she knew she was not meant to hear?"

She answered by throwing off her veil and head-dress, and standing up silent before me.

"Answer me, child," I repeated, more than half appeased by the mute appeal of her half-raised eyes and submissive attitude. "I know you will not tell me that you have not broken all the restraints of your own laws and customs. What would your father, for instance, say to such an escapade?"

She was silent, till the touch of my hand, contradicting perhaps the harshness of my words, encouraged her to lift her eyes, full of tears, to mine.

"Nothing," was her very unexpected reply.

"Nothing?" I rejoined. "If you can tell me that you have not done wrong, I shall be sorry to have reproved you so sharply."

"I shall tell you no such lie!" she answered


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 almost indignantly. "You asked what would be said."

I was fairly at a loss. The figure which Martial grammarians call "the suppressed alternative" is a great favourite, and derives peculiar force from the varied emphasis their syntax allows. But, resolved not to understand a meaning much more distinctly conveyed in her words than in my translation, I replied, "I shall say nothing then, except—don't do it again;" and I extricated myself promptly if ignominiously from the dilemma, by leaving the cabin and closing the door, so sharply and decidedly as to convey a distinct intimation that it was not again to be opened.

We breakfasted earlier than usual. My gentle bride had been subdued into a silence, not sullen, but so sad that when her wistful eyes followed my every movement as I prepared to start, I could willingly, to bring back their brightness, have renounced the promise of the day. But this must not be; and turning to take leave on the threshold, I said—

"Be sure I shall come to no harm; and if I did, the worst pang of death would be the memory of the first sharp words I have spoken to you, and which, I confess, were an ill return for the inconvenient expression of your affectionate anxiety."

"Do not speak so," she half whispered. "I deserved any mark of your displeasure; I only wish I could persuade you that the sharpest sting lies in the lips we love. Do remember, since you would not let me run the slightest risk of harm, that if you come to hurt you will have killed me."

"Rest assured I shall come to no serious ill. I hope


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 this evening to laugh with you at your alarms; and so long as you do not see me either in the flesh or in the spirit, you may know that I am safe. I could not leave you for ever without meeting you again."

This speech, which I should have ventured in no other presence, would hardly have established my lunacy more decisively in Martial eyes than in those of Terrestrial common sense. It conveyed, however, a real if not sufficient consolation to Eveena; the idea it implied being not wholly unfamiliar to a daughter of the Star. I was surprised that, almost shrinking from my last embrace, Eveena suddenly dropped her veil around her; till, turning, I saw that Ergimo was standing at the top of the ladder leading to the deck, and just in sight.

"I will send word," he said, addressing himself to me, but speaking for her ears, "of your safety at noon and at night. So far as my utmost efforts can ensure it you will be safe; an obligation higher, and enforced by sanctions graver, than even the Camptâ's command forbids me to lead a brother into peril, and fail to bring him out of it."

The significant word was spoken in so low a tone that it could not possibly reach the ears of our companions of the chase, who had mustered on shore within a few feet of the vessel. But Eveena evidently caught both the sound and the meaning, and I was glad that they should convey to her a confidence which seemed to myself no better founded than her alarms. To me its only value lay in the friendly relation it established with one I had begun greatly to like. I relied on my own strength and nerve for all that human exertion


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 could do in such peril as we might encounter; and, in a case in which these might fail me, I doubted whether even the one tie that has binding force on Mars would avail me much.

Immediately outside the town were waiting, saddled but not bridled, some score of the extraordinary riding-birds Eveena had described. The seat of the rider is on the back, between the wings; but the saddle consists only of a sort of girth immediately in front, to which a pair of stirrups, resembling that of a lady's side-saddle, were attached. The creature that was to carry my unusual weight was the most powerful of all, but I felt some doubt whether even his strength might not break down. One of the hunters had charge of a carriage on which was fixed a cage containing two dozen birds of a dark greenish grey, about the size of a crow, and with the slender form, piercing eyes, and powerful beak of the falcon. They were not intended, however, to strike the prey, but simply to do the part of dogs in tracing out the game, and driving it from the woods into the open ground. Our birds, rising at once into the air, carried us some fifty feet above the tops of the trees. Here the chief huntsman took the guidance of the party, keeping in front of the line in which we were ranged, and watching through a pair of what might be called spectacles, save that a very short tube with double lenses was substituted for the single glass, the movement of the hawks, which had been released in the wood below us. These at first dispersed in every direction, extending at intervals from end to end of a line some three miles in length, and moving slowly forwards, followed by the hunters. A sharp call from one bird


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text: The European Magazine/Volume 87

title: The European Magazine/Volume 87


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6 with the Act is not unconstitutional as in violation of the article forbidding excessive fines, nor is it class legislation.—Flick vs. Industrial Commission, 239 Pac. 1022, (Colo.). (Note—this is contra to the decision of the North Dakota Court in a similar case.)

In a claim for death of employe it was found that a path over tracks was used as an approach to the plant; that the employer had never objected to such use; and it was, therefore, held that the use of such path represented a risk annexed by the conduct of the parties as an incident to the employment, and the injury was in the course of employment.—Corvi vs. Stiles & Reynolds, 130 Atl. 674, (Conn.).

Services of a wife in nursing an injured workman, who was removed from hospital to his home because surgeon believed recovery would thereby be hastened, are held to be reasonably expected without compensation from affectionate wife who is physically able to render such services.— Galway vs. Steel Erecting Co., 130 Atl. 705, (Conn.).

Where the question of dependency arises in death claims, the existence of such dependency as of the time of the accident must be proved.—Maryland Casualty Co. vs. Campbell, 129 S. E. 447, (Ga.).

A mine examiner, who left the place where his duties required him to go, and went to a motor shed, where he was not supposed to go, and undertook to operate dangerous machinery, which the rules and instructions of the employer forbade him to use or attempt to operate, voluntarily went outside the reasonable sphere of his employment and put himself beyond the protection of the Compensation Act.—Lumaghi Coal Co. vs. Industrial Commission, 149 N. E. 11, (Ill.).

A night watchman, whose place of duty was on premises of employer, cannot fairly be said to have been injured in the course of employment where injury occurred on street after he had left the premises to go two blocks away for lunch.—Dreyfus vs. Meade, 129 S. E. 336, (Va.).

We accept as a fact that, under our system of legal procedure, the jury is the final judge of all facts in criminal cases. Whenever, therefore, an appellate tribunal has brought before it problems of the admission or exclusion of testimony that might have had a bearing upon the result attained by the jury, cases are sent back for a new trial in order that another jury may determine the case upon the basis of the proof that was actually admissible in evidence. We have had a number of such cases in this state as well as elsewhere.

There are those who call such errors "technical errors," and advocate the determination of such cases by the appellate court upon the basis of the general result achieved by the jury, regardless of these technical errors. The reply of others, voiced at the annual meeting by Mr. John


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Rh H. Lewis of Minot, in his address on the English system, for instance, is that this represents a change in our system and should be recognized as such, if adopted.

As a matter of actual fact, is it a change of our system? Are not ninety per cent of the verdicts of juries, whether in civil or criminal cases, the result of compromise, rather than the result of strict consideration of evidence? We have in mind a recent term of a District Court during which three successive cases came to our attention, two criminal and one civil, in none of which the jury arrived at a determination that was in accord with the evidence. One in particular, resulting in a criminal conviction for a lesser charge than that brought, was quite clearly not in accord with the actual facts presented—yet the expressions of disinterested bystanders, and the private acknowledgment of the Court itself, was to the effect that the verdict represented substantial justice.

Let us suppose now that in this particular case evidence was admitted or excluded that might have had a bearing upon the judgment of the jury. Should such a case be sent back for a new trial just for that reason? If we accept as actual fact the theory that, under our system, the jury is the body to determine every issue of fact, and does so determine it upon all of the evidence presented, without resort to compromise or consideration for what is termed "substantial justice," the answer should, undoubtedly, be yes. But, if we acknowledge and accept what we know to be the actual facts underlying all—or the great percentage—of jury verdicts, then why not recognize the theory for what it is, a myth, and govern our appellate pronouncements accordingly, namely, by paying very slight attention to errors in the admission or exclusion of evidence?

Dean Pound's discussion of "The Crisis in American Law" in the current Harper's is causing wide comment in the press.

A constitutional amendment adopted by the state of New York at the last election permits the reduction of state departments from more than one hundred sixty to not more than twenty. Another amendment adopted at the same time is calculated to make the judicial machinery more efficient.

The committee on Jurisprudence and Law Reform of the American Bar Association is urging bills before Congress providing for declaratory judgments and for simplifying procedure on appeals in the federal courts, and is opposing the Carroway bill calculated to limit the powers of federal judges upon the trial of jury cases.

The comprehensive survey recently undertaken by the Missouri Association for Criminal Justice contemplates thorough scientific research as a basis for reform. Its results will be awaited with interest.


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8 It is expected from pledges made by senators and representatives that congress will pass the measure giving the supreme court power to make rules on the law side as well as the equity side of federal courts.

It appears that the movement for more rigid requirements for admission to the bar is rapidly gaining favor in states in which only two or three years ago it had scant support among the members of the profession.

Our state association now has a committee on Cooperation with the Press whose function it will be to enlist the interest and service of the press in improving the administration of justice and to assure the dis- semination of accurate information regarding judicial matters. The first report of the judicial council of Massachusetts was filed recently.

A primer for jurors has been prepared by Judge William B. Carswell of the New York Supreme Court. The practice of giving formal instructions to jurors regarding their powers and duties as officers of the court should become general.

Thos. W. Shelton, one of the organizers of the Judicial Section of the American Bar Association, is preparing a book on the practical operation of the English Courts. He was granted special favors by the English Bar to enable him to make a personal study of the procedure there.

The Governor of Minnesota has ordered an investigation of the entire machinery of law enforcement of that state and has appointed a group of twenty-five prominent citizens to conduct the inquiry. The action was prompted by the general crime situation and calls for suggestions as to changes in law and court rules and the machinery of justice to secure more adequate results.

The United States Chamber of Commerce has distributed a pamphlet which in a few pages sets out clearly the substance and meaning of the Locarno Treaties.

The mid-winter examinations for admission to the bar will open on January 12th, at Bismarck. There are fourteen applicants for admission.

The bar examiners of Vermont at their last examination used a research test in, connection with the subject of common law pleading, with a view to judging the ability of applicants in using the authorities, each applicant having access to a library.


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Author:Samuel Osborne Habershon

Works

 * Pathological and Practical Observations on Diseases of the Abdomen (1857)
 * On diseases of the stomach : the varieties of dyspepsia, their diagnosis and treatment (1866)
 * The Harveian Oration 1883

title: Author:Samuel Osborne Habershon


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Rh

The establishment of registrars of electors in London, Edinburgh, and Dublin, who may promote uniformity of action by the officers appointed to frame the local registers, and attend to their constant correction, forming a constant medium of communication in this important matter, would be of vast advantage, even if their duties ended there. They


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 task, and have rendered it almost impossible to find new subject matter to place before you. I must ask your indulgence, whilst I seek to fulfil the object of Harvey in establishing this Annual Oration, namely, to commemorate those who have shewn themselves benefactors to the College, and to exhort the members to search out and study the secrets of nature by way of experiment.

Harvey was a lover of scientific truth, and he sought to advance science by observation and by direct experiment. Like others who had preceded, and still more those who have followed in the same pursuit, the mind not only became absorbed but enraptured in the work, and as any fragment of truth was unfolded, the desire to discover more became intensified. The eye was not satisfied by seeing, the intellectual thirst could not be quenched nor the hunger assuaged; and such is always the character of true scientific research. There is a dignity in science, and the mind that seeks to find out its mysteries is ennobled in the search;


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 may yet perform other very important functions in facilitating the action of voters, saving the expense and labour of travelling, and affording the means of receiving the votes of electors unable to attend personally. On these points, and others which are not necessarily connected with the scheme of representation which it is the chief purpose of the present treatise to submit, something will be said in a subsequent page.

Some portion of the duties of the registrars, in respect of this system of forming the representative assembly, has been necessarily mentioned elsewhere. They are to superintend all the local and other registers of electors, ascertain and certify the quota of voters at general elections, and conduct the occasional elections. They are to receive the names of the candidates, and the payments suggested, which will form a fund to be called the "Registrars' Fund," applicable to the support of the establishment, and the expense of performing its various duties; and they are to publish the lists of the candidates in the respective Gazettes, and transmit copies to the various constituencies.

The registrars, in their duties of sorting and appropriating the votes which are forwarded to them from the various constituencies, will be strictly governed by prescribed rules, calculated most perfectly to give effect to the will of every individual elector, as expressed on his voting paper.

The returning officers at the general election which is now supposed to be in progress will in many of the larger consti-


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 tnencies, have been enabled to make their returns of members; and in those places it will be only the excess of, or unappropriated, voting papers that will be transmitted to the registrars. The completed returns will have greatly reduced the aggregate number of voting papers of which the results are undetermined,—the number unappropriated, however, would be still large. In addition to these there would be the whole of the votes given in the smaller constituencies, which have not singly sufficient electors to make up a quota, and in others, where a sufficient number had not concurred in doing so.

A large amount of clerical or mechanical labour will, of course, be necessary in dealing with the mass of documents thus brought to the offices of the registrars, and an extensive space must necessarily be occupied as office room for the few days during which the sorting and appropriation of the voting papers are in progress; but neither will probably be greater than is employed daily at the General Post-office.

The registrars will have a small permanent establishment of experienced clerks attached to their several offices. They will, on the occasion of a general election, have the assistance of the poll-clerks from the local constituencies, by whom the lists are brought from the returning officers, and of whom all the more efficient may be retained during the business of the appropriation of votes. Of these clerks there will be 400 or 500, or more. They may be further assisted by a sufficient number of clerks of character and experience, permitted to attend, at extra remuneration, for two or three days, from other public offices. The services of the several classes of clerks thus employed will be paid from the "Registrars' Fund."

At the point to which the election is now supposed to have reached, the registrars have before them the certificates of the various returning officers, and the voting papers which have accompanied them. Their duties, and the


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 laws by which those duties are to be regulated, have now to be stated.

Some of the registrar's clerks being provided with, tables of the names of the candidates arranged alphabetically, at the head of distinct columns, like the tabular book before described, the number of votes expressed on the returning officers' certificates to have been given for every candidate may be called over, and speedily entered under the names of the respective candidates, thereby showing how many votes every candidate has received, according to those certificates. This process, when completed—which it would probably be in an hour or two,—will show that many candidates who have been returned as elected by the constituencies which they named first in the gazetted list, have received votes in other constituencies. This will doubtless be the case to a great extent with all men of high character and eminence. In all such cases, the names of the members so previously returned will be cancelled upon the voting papers in which their names are repeated, in the manner directed by Section XIX.

The registrars have then to address themselves to the cases in which no returns of members have been made. The numbers of votes expressed in the certificates of the returning officers have now ceased to be guides, as to many candidates; for by displacing the names of the members who have been already returned, the names of other candidates are brought forward to the first place on many of the voting papers, which will make so many additions to the votes now to be counted for such other candidates. The extent of this alteration will be readily ascertained by the use of the tabular books which have been mentioned. Every clerk having the charge of the voting papers of a constituency will in a few minutes ascertain the numerical variation effected in those


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Author:John Russell Reynolds

Works

 * The Harveian Oration 1884

title: Author:John Russell Reynolds


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 If the Episodes were taken elsewhere, and added to the Action, whereof they were not parts, it would signifie little whether they were join'd and connected with one another or no, but they should be join'd to the Action, and this Aristotle should have taught us. And yet he does no such thing, but orders us to connect them with one another.

He does not say, that after one has prepar'd the Platform of the Fable, and made Choice of the Names, one should add the Episodes; but he makes use of a Verb deriv'd from this Word; as if we should say in our Language, "That the Poet ought to Episodize his Action. And elsewhere he says, "That the Episodes should not be foreign, but proper to the Subject.

In fine, we might likewise alledge this very Chapter, wherein Aristotle lays down the first Draught of the Odysseïs, and which he concludes by saying, that whatever he has propos'd is proper to the Subject, and that the Episodes make up the rest. In this Passage, to give us a reason of the different Extent of Tragedy and the Epopéa; or to inform us how this last becomes longer: He does not say, that they Add a few Episodes to the Tragick Action, and a great many to the Epick; but he says more exactly, That the Episodes of Tragedy are short and concise, and the Epopéa is extended and amplified by its Episodes. He demonstrates this Length of the Epopéa amplified by the Extent of its Episodes, by the Poem of the Odysseïs, which he brings as an Example, and says, The Subject of it is long. Now if the Episodes (take the Word in what sense you please) be not part of the Subject, 'tis plain the more room they take up the less is left for the Subject; and that the longer they are, the more straitned and short will the Subject be. If then the Epopéa be stretch'd out by its Episodes, and if for this very reason the Subject of the Odysseïs is long, as Aristotle affirms; it then necessarily follows, that the Subject is nothing else but the very Episodes.

The better to demonstrate this Length of the Odysseïs, Aristotle adds, That the Subject of this Poem is a Voyage for several Years; That Neptune did all he could to hinder the chief Personage from returning home; that he does return thither notwithstanding; where he meets with very great Disorders, the Authors of which he punishes, and so restores Peace and Quietness to his Kingdom. This Subject is indeed a great deal longer than that of the Iliad; and it requires a longer time, and more Actions for all these things, than for the simple Anger of an


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 enrag'd and pacified person, where every thing was transacted in one and the same place.

This Length of the Odysseïs, compar'd to that of the Iliad, would still hold good, though we should substract from it the several Years which precede the opening of the Poem; and began the Action only at the time of the first Council of the Gods. For it would be still longer than that of the Iliad by a fifth part; the one taking up 58 Days, and the other only 47 or 48.

But one cannot exclude from the Subject that which precedes the opening of the Poem, and that which Ulysses relates to Alcinous, without contradicting Aristotle, by reducing into the Compass of less than two Months, what he says took up several Years. This would be to give Homer himself the Lye, who says, That his Subject contains the Voyages and Travels of a Man, who after the taking of Troy, saw several Cities, and knew the Customs of a great many States and People: he says, that he suffer'd much by Sea, and did all he could to secure the Return of his Attendants as well as of himself. Now all this did not happen since the first Council of the Gods. Then, there were seven whole Years, in which he never so much as thought of his Attendants, for they were all destroy'd. And since that, there happen'd but one Tempest, and he visited no more than one City. These seven Years then, and all the Adventures, the Travels, and the Tempests which preceeded, from the Ruin of Troy down to that time, are not extraneous, foreign, or additional Pieces; but are with the rest the Subject of the Poem. And yet they are Episodes, as Aristotle asserts in these Words, The rest are Episodes: for this Rest is all that he did not name in particular. Now he spoke only in general, of the Absence of Ulysses, of the Storms he met with, of the Disturbances of Ithaca, and of the Re-establishment of this Prince.

In short, when we discours'd of the Nature of the Fable, we there took notice of the absolute Necessity the Poet lay under of keeping Ulysses from his Country a very long time; of ordering his Absence as caused by the Storms he met with; of casting this Hero upon several different Countries; of raising great Disorders in Ithaca; of making an Example of his Enemies by punishing them; and of re-establishing the Prince himself. This was so far necessary to the Subject, that the Poet was not left to his Liberty of changing it, without destroying his Design, spoiling his Fable, and making another Poem of it.