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92 knows the heart. Secondly, When we fall under the censures of men, it is very comfortable to be able with a humble confidence to appeal to God concerning our sincerity. See 1 Cor. 4. 3, 4.

2. A sober apology presented to their brethren. Israel, he shall know. Though the record on high, and the witness in our bosoms, are principally to be made sure for us, yet there is a satisfaction besides, which we owe to our brethren, who doubt concerning our integrity, and which we should be ready to give with meekness and fear. If our sincerity be known to God, we should study likewise to let others know it by its fruits, especially those, who, though they mistake us, yet show a zeal for the glory of God, as the ten tribes here did.

3. A serious abjuration or renunciation of the design which they were suspected to be guilty of. With this they conclude their defence, v. 29. "God forbid that we should rebel against the Lord; as we own we should, if we had set up this altar for burnt-offerings; no, we abhor the thought of it. We have as great a value and veneration for the altar of the Lord at Shiloh, as any of the tribes of Israel have, and are as firmly resolved to adhere to it, and constantly to attend it; we have the same concern that you have for the purity of God's worship, and the unity of his church; far be it, far be it from us, to think of turning away from following God."

II. They fully explain their true intent and meaning in building this altar; and we have all the reason m the world to believe that it is a true representation of their design, and not advanced now to palliate it afterward; as we have reason to think that these same persons meant very honestly, when they petitioned to have their lot on that side Jordan, though then also it was their unhappiness to be misunderstood even by Moses himself.

In their vindication they make it out, that the building of this altar was so far from being a step toward a separation from their brethren, and from the altar of the Lord at Shiloh, that, on the contrary, it was really designed for a pledge and preservative of their communion with their brethren, and with the altar of God, and a token of their resolution to do the service of the Lord before him, v. 27. and to continue to do so.

1. They gave an account of the fears they had, lest in process of time, their posterity, being seated at such a distance from the tabernacle, should be looked upon and treated as strangers to the commonwealth of Israel, v. 24. it was for fear of this thing, and the word signifies a great perplexity and solicitude of mind which they were in, until they eased themselves by this expedient. As they were returning home, (and we may suppose it was not thought of before, else they would have made Joshua acquainted with their purpose,) some of them in dicoursediscourse - as per 1806 London edition [sic] started this matter, and the rest took the hint, and represented to themselves and one another, a very melancholy prospect of what might, probably, happen in after-ages, that their children would be looked upon by the other tribes as having no interest in the altar of God, and the sacrifices there offered. "Now indeed they were owned as brethren, and were as welcome at the tabernacle as any other of the tribes; but what if their children after them should be disowned? They by reason of their distance, and the interposition of Jordan, which it was not easy at all times to pass and repass, could not be so numerous and constant in their attendance on the three yearly feasts as the other tribes to make a continual claim to the privileges of Israelites, and would therefore be looked upon as inconsiderable members of their church, and by degrees would be rejected as not members of it at all, so shall your children, (who in their pride will be apt to monopolize the privileges of the altar,) make our children (who perhaps will not be so careful as they ought to be to keep hold of those privileges) cease from fearing the Lord. Note, (1.) They that are cut off from public ordinances, are likely to lose all religion, and will by degrees cease from fearing the Lord. Though the form and profession of godliness are kept up by many without the life and power of it, yet the life and power of it will not long be kept up without the form and profession of it. You take away grace, if you take away the means of grace. (2.) They who have themselves found the comfort and benefit of God's ordinances, cannot but desire to preserve and perpetuate the entail of them upon their seed, and use all possible precautions that their children after them may not be made to cease from following the Lord, or be looked upon as having no part in him.

2. The project they had to prevent this, v. 26..28. "Therefore to secure an interest in the altar of God to those who shall come after us, and to prove their title to it, we said, Let us build an altar, to be a witness between us and you." That having this copy of the altar in their custody, it might be produced as an evidence of their right to the privileges of the original. Every one that saw this altar, and observed it was never used for sacrifice and offering, would inquire what was the meaning of it, and this answer would be given to that inquiry, that it was built by those separate tribes, in token of their communion with their brethren, and their joint-interest with them in the altar of the Lord. Christ is the great Altar that sanctifies every gift; the best evidence of our interest in him will be the pattern of his Spirit in our hearts, and our conformity to him: if we can produce that, it will be testimony for us, that we have a part in the Lord, and an earnest for our perseverance in following him.

30. And when Phinehas the priest, and the princes of the congregation, and heads of the thousands of Israel which were with him, heard the words that the children of Reuben and the children of Gad, and the children of Manasseh, spake, it pleased them. 31. And Phinehas the son of Eleazar the priest said unto the children of Reuben, and to the children of Gad, and to the children of Manasseh, This day we perceive that the is among us, because ye have not committed this trespass against the : now ye have delivered the children of Israel out of the hand of the. 32. And Phinehas the son of Eleazar the priest, and the princes, returned from the children of Reuben, and from the children of Gad, out of the land of Gilead, unto the land of Canaan, to the children of Israel, and brought them word again. 33. And the thing pleased the children of Israel; and the children of Israel blessed God, and did not intend to go up against them in battle, to destroy the land wherein the children of Reuben and Gad dwelt. 34. And the children of Reuben, and the children of Gad, called the altar Ed: for it shall be a witness between us that the is God.

We have here the good issue of this controversy, which, if there had not been on both sides a disposition to peace, as there was on both sides a zeal for


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 each other's hands, as if we never had to let go and could go on forever singing in our hearts the same childish songs.

. We might sing if you like.

. Yes, yes! Do! What shall we sing?

. Whatever has least sense in it.

. How now? What is this? Will you never learn sense? This is no way to get married.

. I don't want to get married.

. Neither do I.

. Oh, I do! I do!

. Why do you want to get married?

. So that I may wear beautiful clothes and jewels, and have golden carriages with white horses, and plumes of birds of paradise.

. How foolish! Suppose you should have a bad husband?

. Suppose you had lots of children and didn't have time to wear clothes?

. I should hire governesses for the children. And I should buy my husband a carriage—one of those that goes by itself—so that he might run off and amuse himself.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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text: Poems (Allen)/Violet-Planting

title: Poems (Allen)/Violet-Planting


text: Poems (Allen)/Snow

title: Poems (Allen)/Snow


text: Poems (Allen)/November

title: Poems (Allen)/November


text: Poems (Allen)/Among the Laurels

title: Poems (Allen)/Among the Laurels


text:
Page:Plays by Jacinto Benavente - Third series (IA playstranslatedf03benauoft).pdf/65

. You are out of your heads, and that is what everybody thinks and it is a public disgrace! Do you know what they say of me—and of you, too, for that matter—everywhere?

. Who under the sun ever said that? You ought to have had him hanged!

. No, I should not have had anybody hanged for that. I like it! It amuses me.

. We never all three dressed alike.

. No, so as not to agree in anything.

. I had rather dress always in purple, which is the color which is royal, and is worn by bishops and great dignitaries, and by ladies who govern in their own houses well.

. I had rather dress in green, which is the color of the fields and of the sea, all hope and all cheer, and happiness for all. For one ought not to be thinking only of oneself and one's house.

. I had rather dress in white, which is the color of the snow, and which takes the color of all lights and all shadows and of all the sunbeams—whiter than the moon, more golden than the noonday, red like fire, blue like the deep water of the mountain lake, silver on the brimming borders of the rippling fountains…


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text: Poems (Allen)/In Illness

title: Poems (Allen)/In Illness


text: Poems (Allen)/My Soldier

title: Poems (Allen)/My Soldier


text: Author:A. R. Decker

title: Author:A. R. Decker


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. You are out of your heads, and I shall never be able to get you married, and you will ruin my kingdom.

. Oh, look! Look! Here comes a handsome young man.

. Yes, here he comes.

. It must be the Blue Prince who is travelling through the world, so they say, in search of an education.

. And to get married.

. And have a good time.

. If it indeed be he, he shall be welcome, for the King, his father, is my friend and ally, and I should like nothing better than to marry him to one of my children. Be very careful not to do anything to frighten him away, or by the fourteen points of my crown, I will end by doing to you as the people say:

. Hail, great King! Beautiful Princesses, hail! Is this the palace of King Chuchurumbo?

. [Aside] The more you look, the less you see. The boy is a numskull!

. [Aside] Be prudent and remember your manners. [Aloud] I am King Chuchurumbo, the ninety and ninth of that name, but a duplicate, as I am the second of that number. I have been unwilling in prolonging the line to require my subjects to count above a hundred. This is my palace, and these are my three daughters. And you, my amiable young man, who are you?

. Do you know this ring?


text: Poems (Allen)/True

title: Poems (Allen)/True


text: Poems (Allen)/Broken Faith

title: Poems (Allen)/Broken Faith


text: Poems (Allen)/In Washington

title: Poems (Allen)/In Washington


text:
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4

continued.

Kidd on the Adaptation, of External Nature to the Physical Condition of Man. 3s. 6d.

Chalmers on the Adaptation of External Nature to the Moral and Intellectual Constitution of Man. 5s.

BRINE (B.ten) Early English Literature. By Bernhard ten Brink. Vol. I. To Wyclif. Translated by Horace M. Kennedy. 3s. 6d.

Vol. II, Wyclif, Chaucer, Earliest Drama Renaissance. Translated by W. Clarke Robinson, Ph.D. 3s. 6d.

Vol. III, From the Fourteenth Century to the Death of Surrey, Edited by Dr. Alots Brandl. Trans. by L. Dora Schmitz. 3s. 6d.

——— Five Lectures on Shakespeare. Trans, by Julia Franklin. 3s. 6d.

BROWNE'S (Sir Thomas) Works Edited by Simon Wilkin. 3 vols. 3s. 6d. each.

BUCHANAN'S Dictionary of Science and Technical Terms used in Philosophy, Literature, Professions, Commerce, Arts, and Trades, 6s.

BURKE'S Works. 8 vols. 3s. 6d. each. each.

I.—Vindication of Natural Society—Essay on the Sublime and Beautiful, and various Political Miscellanies.

II.—Reflections on the French Revolution—Letters relating to the Bristol Election—Speech on Fox's East India Bill, &c.

continued.

III.—Appeal from the New to the old Whigs—On the Nabab of Arcot's Debts—The Catholic Claims, &c.

IV.—Report on the Affairs of India, and Articles of Charge against Warren Hastings.

V.—Conclusion of the Articles of Charge against Warren Hastings—Political Letters on the American War, on a Regicide Peace, to the Empress of Russia.

VI.—Miscellaneous Speeches—Letters and Fragments—Abridgments of English History, &c. With a General Index.

VII. & VIII.—Speeches on the Impeachment of Warren Hastings; and Letters. With Index. 2 vols. 35. 3s. 6d. each.

——— Life. By Sir J. Prior. 3s. 6d.

BURNEY’S Evelina. By Frances Burney (Mme. D’Arblay}. With an Introduction and Notes by A. R. Ellis. 3s. 6d.

——— Cecilia. With an Introduction and Notes by A. R. Elis, 2vols. 3s. 6d. each.

BURN (R.) Ancient Rame and its Neighbourhood. An Illustrated Handbook to the Ruins in the City and the Campagna, for the use of Travellers. By Robert Burn, M.A. With numerous Illustrations, Maps, and Plans. 7s. 6d. each.

BURNS (Robert), Life of. By J. G. Lockhart, D.C.L. A new and enlarged Edition. Revised by William Scott Douglas. 3s. 6d.


text: Poems (Allen)/Time

title: Poems (Allen)/Time


text: Poems (Allen)/Babyhood

title: Poems (Allen)/Babyhood


text: Poems (Allen)/Going to sleep

title: Poems (Allen)/Going to sleep


text: Poems (Allen)/Left Behind

title: Poems (Allen)/Left Behind


text: Poems (Allen)/The Dream

title: Poems (Allen)/The Dream


text: Poems (Allen)/Endurance

title: Poems (Allen)/Endurance


text: Poems (Allen)/The Sparrow at Sea

title: Poems (Allen)/The Sparrow at Sea


text: Poems (Allen)/White Head

title: Poems (Allen)/White Head


text: Poems (Allen)/Loved too late

title: Poems (Allen)/Loved too late


text: Poems (Allen)/Singing in the Rain

title: Poems (Allen)/Singing in the Rain


text:
Page:The lay of the Nibelungs; (IA nibelungslay00hortrich).pdf/495

Rh

BURTON'S (Robert) Anatomy of Melancholy. Edited by the Rev. A. R. Shilleto, M.A. With Introduction by A. H. Bullen, and full Index. 3 vols. 3s. 6d. each.

BURTON (Sir R. F.) Personal Narratives of a Pilgrimage to Al-Madinah and Meccah. By Captain Sir Richard F. Burton, K.C.M.G. With an Introduction by Stanley Lane-Poole, and all the original Illustrations. 2 vols. 3s. 6d. each.

⁂ This is the copyright edition, containing the author’s latest notes.

BUTLER'S (Bishop) Analogy of Religion, Natural and Revealed, to the Constitution and Course of Nature; together with two Dissertations on Personal Identity and on the Nature of Virtue, and Fifteen Sermons, 3s. 6d.

BUTLER’S (Samuel) Hudibras. With Variorum Notes; a Biography, Portrait, and 28 Illustrations. 5s.

——— or, further Illustrated with 60 Outline Portraits. 2 vols, 5s. each.

'''CÆSAR. Commentaries on the Gallic and Civil Wars,' Translated by W. A. McDevitte, B.A. 5s''. CAMOENS’ Lusiad ; or, the Discovery of India. An Epic Poem. Translated by W. J. Mickle. 5th Edition, revised by E. R. Hodges, M.C.P. 3s. 6d.

CARAFAS (The) of Maddaloni, Naples under Spanish Dominion. Translated from the German of Alfred de Reamant. 3s. 6d.

CARLYLE’S Sartor Resartus. With 75 Illustrations by Edmund J. Sullivan. 5s.

CARPENTER’S (Dr. W. B,) Zoology. Revised Edition, by W. S. Dallas, F.L.S. With very numerous Woodcuts, Vol, I. 5s. [Vol. II. out of print.

CARPENTER’S Mechanical Philosophy, Astronomy, and Horology. 181 Woodcuts. 5s.

——— Vegetable Physiology and Systematic Botany. Revised Edition, by E. Lankester, M.D., &c. With very numerous Woodcuts. 6s.

——— Animal Physiology. Revised Edition. With upwards of 300 Woodcuts. 6s.

CASTLE (E.) Schools and Masters of Fence, from the Middle Ages to the End of the Eighteenth Century. By Egerton Castle, M.A., F.S.A. With a Complete Bibliography. Illustrated with 140 Reproductions of Old Engravings and 6 Plates of Swords, showing 114 Examples. 6s.

CATTERMOLE’S Evenings at Haddon Hall. With 24 Engravings on Steel from designs by Cattermole, the Letterpress by the Baroness de Carabella. 5s.

CATULLUS, Tibullus, and the Vigil of Venus. A Literal Prose Translation, 5s.

'''CELLINI (Benvenuto). Memoirs of,''' written by Himself. Translated by Thomas Roscoe. 3s. 6d.

CERVANTES’ Don Quixote de la Mancha. Motteaux’s Translation revised. 2 vols. 3s. 6d. each.

——— Galatea. A Pastoral Romence. Translated by G. W. J. Gyll, 3s. 6d.

——— Exemplary Novels. Translated by Walter K. Kelly. 3s. 6d.

CHAUCER'S Poetical Works. Edited by Robert Bell, Revised Edition, with a Preliminary Essay by Prof. W. W. Skeat, M.A. 4 vols. 3s. 6d. each.


text: Poems (Allen)/Then

title: Poems (Allen)/Then


text: Poems (Allen)/An Autumn Violet

title: Poems (Allen)/An Autumn Violet


text: Poems (Allen)/The Mountains

title: Poems (Allen)/The Mountains


text: Poems (Allen)/A Spring Love-Song

title: Poems (Allen)/A Spring Love-Song


text: Poems (Allen)/The Amber Rosary

title: Poems (Allen)/The Amber Rosary


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Page:History of the Literature of the Scandinavian North.djvu/174

HE Reformation did not accomplish as much for the advancement of popular enlightenment and popular literature as had at first been expected from it. So long as the real struggle continued it was found expedient to abandon the appliances of learning, or at least not to employ them where they came in conflict with the needs of the common people. But as soon as the struggle had subsided, and when the new doctrine had become rooted, the old practices were gradually resumed. The honor of learning could not be gained through Danish, but only through the Latin, and this was the case throughout the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The Danish was not extensively employed except in a very few branches of literature. It was used only when the people were directly concerned, as for instance in the case of devotional books, of which a large number were written in Danish. The only one of the sciences accessible to the laity was history, a few historical works being produced in the Danish language.

The age of the Reformation was accordingly followed by an age of learning, preeminently theological learning, and the university, which had been completely broken up by the great fermentation attending the struggle between Protestantism and Catholicism, and had now been opened again


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157 by Christian III, acquired a decided influence on the entire course of events. Just as the Danish university had originally been founded after a German pattern, so its reorganization and reconstruction into a Protestant university were like the new disposition of the affairs of the church, with which it became intimately connected, carried out wholly in a German spirit. The real model of the Copenhagen University was the Wittenberg institution, for Luther's friend, Bugenhagen, who had been summoned to Denmark by Christian III for the purpose of superintending the reconstruction of the church and the university, had been a professor in Wittenberg. It was now thought to be of the greatest importance to protect the doctrine against corruption of every kind, and accordingly the professors of theology were armed with the power of exercising censure, and this power, which was originally supposed to apply only to religious works, was gradually extended, and made to embrace other departments of literature, and thus necessarily became a great obstacle to the literary development of the country. The Latin soon gained the upper hand both in the university and in the other schools, and even the men who had the preservation of Danish at heart were unable to free themselves from the tyranny of the Latinists. It must be admitted that learning was now pursued with an ardor and success never before attained, but a spiritless pedantry soon became associated with it, and literature developed in a direction which could not but prove fatal to that cultivation of the national tongue which had been inaugurated under so favorable auspices in the time of the Reformation by the publication of works for the people. Just as the priests in the middle age had been the sole representatives of intellectual action, so the learned class now also gradually isolated themselves from the rest of the people and buried themselves in studies, which too frequently were empty and barren and utterly without any bearing on life and reality. The whole period is therefore, in spite of the array of splendid names of which it can boast, essen-


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158 tially a period of positive regression. Throughout this whole period scientific studies were pursued to an extent and with an ardor and industry worthy of the highest praise and commanding our admiration, but the attitude of the scholar in relation to his intellectual work was altogether different in the first and in the second half of this period. At the close of the sixteenth century and during the early part of the seventeenth, the scholar devoted himself to researches, because he really desired to solve the riddles which he did not understand, but during the greater part of the seventeenth century the chief aim was simply to become learned, to gather together as much knowledge as possible without any concern about the mutual relation of facts and without regard to the value of learning for the mind and heart. There was no true learning, and thus it was possible that side by side with a most energetic production of new materials there was a great deal of day-dreaming and fruitless occupation with a mass of trifling details, and so it came to pass that the learning of the polyhistor thrived as it never has before or since.

The reformation of the church unquestionably had for a time a beneficial influence on theological learning. The scholasticism which had become petrified into a barren form disappeared. Everybody could now consult the Bible for himself, and an earnest effort to appropriate its contents was manifest. But it soon appeared that the time for a genuine appreciation of truth had not yet come, and that the road now entered upon could not but lead to intellectual slavery. What the great humanists of the Reformation period had stated, namely, that there was danger that the increasing influence of theology would produce a second age of barbarism, was but too true, though the age did not by any means confine itself to theology, but following the impulse given by the humanists, it entered every department of science. Theology, however, intruded itself everywhere, and put its stamp on the whole century. It was not long before it lost that


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Rh weekly reports of work done, although this was contrary to my express injunctions.

“The forms I prepared were adapted to ascertain, first, the state of school-instruction; and second, the state of domestic and adult instruction. For the former purpose a separate form was employed for each description of school—one for Bengali or Hindi schools, another for Sanskrit schools, a third for Persian and Arabic schools, &c.—each embracing, with modifications, the following details, viz. the name of the town or village in which the school was situated; the description of place employed as a school-house; the name, religion, caste, and age of the teacher; the sources and amount of his receipts; the extent of his instructions; the number of his scholars, present and absent; their religion and caste; the age at which each had entered school, his present age, the probable age at which he would leave school, and the progress he had made in the cause of instruction; and, finally, the books, if any, written by the teacher. To ascertain the state of domestic and adult instruction, another form was prepared, including the following particulars, viz., the number of families in each town or village; the name, religion, caste, and principal occupation of the head of each family; the number of persons in each family, male and female, above fourteen years of age; the number, male and female, between fourteen and five; and the number, male and female, before five; the number of families in each town or village giving domestic instruction to the children; and the number of children in each such family receiving domestic instruction; the number of persons of adult age in each family who had received a learned education; the number who, without having received a learned education, knew something more than mere reading and writing, whether Bengali or Hindi accounts, the Persian and the English language, or any two or more of these; the number who could merely read and. write; and the number who could barely decipher or write their own names.”

In order, however, to render the matter more palpable, not merely to the eye of the mind but to the very eye of sense, we print, on the two following pages, the three tabulated forms first employed by Mr. Adam, when he commenced his inquiries in the thana Nattore of the zillah Rajshahi. These forms were afterwards considerably enlarged and improved so as to embrace various other interesting particulars. We therefore add a fourth, exhibiting some of these additional particulars as detailed in the written report:—


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Rh freshness by which it had been characterized during the years of strife and fermentation, and the more theology was developed, the more it relapsed into subtleties fully on the level with the scholastic methods of an earlier day. In this field the censure was particularly able to exert its influence so detrimental to all healthy intellectual growth, and from the theological domain it also invaded the field of secular knowledge, becoming increasingly oppressive with the lapse of years. The dread of being denounced as a heretic compelled all scientific research to move in one definite approved groove, and woe unto him who dared to depart from it.

Niels Hemmingsen (1513-1600), Denmark's greatest theologian in the sixteenth century, had bitter experiences in this respect even in his time. He was the son of poor peasants on the island of Lolland, and, having lost his father, he was as a mere boy adopted by his paternal uncle, who was a village smith, and there he was to learn his uncle's trade. Meanwhile his love of books was so great that he overcame all obstacles and succeeded in getting into school. When he was prepared to enter the university, the Copenhagen University had become utterly broken up. He therefore continued his studies three years longer in Lund, where the rector happened to be one of the most celebrated humanists of Denmark, and under his direction he enjoyed exceptional opportunities of getting a thorough knowledge of Greek, and thence he went to Wittenberg in 1537, where he attended the university for five years and took the master's degree. By his industry and talents he won in a high degree the favor of Melancthon and on his recommendation he was made professor of Greek and afterward of theology at the University of Copenhagen. He published numerous theological works, mostly in the Latin language, and only one of his larger works, a volume on Christian dogmatics, "The Way of Life," was written in Danish. As a theological scholar who early received the cognomen, "The Teacher of Denmark," and who gathered around him a school of grateful disciples,


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160 he enjoyed a high reputation far beyond the boundaries of his own country, and by his many works intended for the Danish clergy, works written in a popular style, he contributed much to the elevation of the clerical profession. His views differed, however, essentially from the officially established orthodoxy in many important points. In regard to the Lord's supper, for instance, he had embraced and advocated Melancthon's opinions which were never in harmony with Calvin's nor with Luther's views. The friends of Calvin claimed him as their own, while the strictly orthodox Lutherans tried to make him an object of suspicion. The king, Frederick II, received warnings against him from Germany, and the result was that Hemmingsen was compelled to renounce his "heretical" doctrines. It being urged that he still continued to spread his supposed dangerous doctrines by word of mouth, the old man was without any legal procedure discharged from his position as professor and priest which he had filled with marked ability for a long series of years. He spent the remaining years of his life in Roskilde, deeply engaged in study and literary work. So long as king Frederik II lived he published nothing, but no sooner was the king dead, than there appeared in rapid succession from his pen a series of polemical writings, in all of which, despite his advanced years, he showed himself to be in possession of his whole intellectual vigor. A proof of the high reputation which he enjoyed is also found in the fact, that even after his dismissal he was regularly consulted in ecclesiastical matters, and that his writings continued to enjoy great popularity. The Pope placed his works on the list of dangerous books. Even in his lifetime many of his works were published in foreign countries, while the Danish bishops recommended his books as very profitable reading for the clergy.


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Rh But the independent development of thought in the religious field, the development for which the Reformation had furnished the germs, was nevertheless essentially obstructed by this suppression of its most eminent champion. Every free utterance was forbidden, and henceforth the exclusive task of theology was to maintain and develop the established system and to see that religious thought was "kept permanently and rigorously within the limits assigned to it. A genuine type of this whole tendency, and at the same time its foremost representative, is, Bishop of Zealand (1585-1652), the most learned theologian of Denmark in the seventeenth century. By his activity as a writer, university professor and as clergyman, he was above all others the man who impressed upon Danish theology the stamp which it long afterward bore, by guiding it into the groove of strict Lutheran orthodoxy in opposition to the more independent direction which Hemmingsen represented. He sprang from a prominent burgher family, and the circumstance that as a boy, scarcely sixteen years old, he was appointed instructor in the school in which he had received his own education is a proof of the confidence which his talents inspired. After having been a tutor (Hörer) for two years, he went abroad, studied for three years in the University of Leyden, devoting himself particularly to Greek, history, and philosophy, remained another couple of years in Holland, and then after serving two years as rector in the school where he had been educated as a boy, he was, in his twenty-fifth year, appointed professor in the University of Copenhagen. He was at first made professor of pedagogics, afterward of Greek, and, finally, in 1615, of theology. As theological professor his commanding and energetic individuality developed that great authority and exercised that decisive influence on his epoch, and his autocracy became even more established, when, in 1639, he became Bishop of Zealand, an office which he held together with his professorship in theology until his death in 1652. His literary activity belongs to


text:
Page:The Hunterian Oration 1832.djvu/30

26 cease; and the sublime truth to be acknowledged, that reverence for the dead does not consist in withholding the scalpel from what, we know, can no longer be sensible of pain, or pleasure, but in perpetuating our love and admiration of whatever may have been amiable, great, and virtuous, in their transactions upon the stage of life.

Anatomy was entirely neglected by the Arabians; nor was it till the beginning of the fourteenth century, that Mondini made public dissections in Italy. One circumstance, deserving of particular notice, as having had great influence in dispelling the vulgar prejudice formerly entertained in different parts of Europe against dissection, was the patronage, conferred upon several great painters, who flourished towards the close of the fifteenth centurv, and availed themselves of anatomical information for the perfection of their works. Michael Angelo, Raphael, Leonardo da Vinci, and Albert Durer, we know, were all either frequent dissectors, or draftsmen of dissected bodies. Here we may say, that the love of

title: Page:The Hunterian Oration 1832.djvu/30


text:
Page:The Hunterian Oration 1832.djvu/40

 any correct description of the theory of suppuration and ulceration ; or for any rational explanation of the manner in which the sanguiferous, the absorbent, and the nervous systems are respectively concerned in the phenomena of disease. His novel experiments and beautiful reasoning on the vital properties of the blood—his views of sympathy, as it exists between different parts of the animal body—his contrast of it with mental sympathy — his application of this doctrine to the elucidation of various obscure points in pathology—the novelty and truth of many of his conclusions respecting the nature of syphilis; and the ingenious considerations, which led to his improvement of the operation for aneurism—all furnish abundant proof of his original mind.

As in that fine portrait of his countenance, which made Lavater exclaim, when he saw it, "That man thinks for himself," I behold in everv thins: that emanated from his labours a confirmation of the same sentiment. His mind, as Pope would have said, was not a simple multiplier of images, and not one of

title: Page:The Hunterian Oration 1832.djvu/40


text:
Page:History of the Literature of the Scandinavian North.djvu/180

162 the time between the year in which he became professor of theology and that in which he was raised to the episcopal dignity. His dogmatical works written in Latin also enjoyed great reputation abroad, while his most important Danish book, a family postil, was widely read long after his death, and was translated into several foreign languages. The Wittenberg school of theology is exclusively represented in his numerous works, which, judged by themselves, are both learned and important, and embrace subjects from every department of theology. During his stay abroad, where he devoted himself exclusively to the study of the humanities, he seems to have remained an entire stranger to the more liberal tendencies, which were at that time cropping out in theology, and which, particularly in Holland, received the support of the mighty intellect of Hugo Grotius. At the time when circumstances made him the theological leader in Denmark, the Lutheran orthodoxy had already gained the supremacy and he became one of its most scrupulous adherents. Thus he did not found any new school, but by his superior faculties and vast learning he distinguished himself in many directions within the limits of his individuality and circumstances, and his chief work, "Universæ Theologiæ Systema," on which his reputation is based in the whole Lutheran church, must be regarded as a particularly excellent work of its kind. His strong points are the subtlety with which each dogma is discussed in all its bearings, and the dialectic acumen, with which he meets real and imaginary objections on the part of his adversaries.

The constitute an important part of the religious literature of this period, not, indeed, so much on account of their quality as on account of their great quantity. These books, like the very elaborate funeral sermons then in vogue, consisted chiefly in Bible passages strung together in the most astonishing and tasteless manner. By


text: Poems (Allen)/Our Soldiers

title: Poems (Allen)/Our Soldiers


text:
Page:The problem of China - Russell 1922.pdf/190

188Rh founder of Taoism. "Lao-Tze" is not really a proper name, but means merely "the old philosopher." He was (according to tradition) an older contemporary of Confucius, and his philosophy is to my mind far more interesting. He held that every person, every animal, and every thing has a certain way or manner of behaving which is natural to him, or her, or it, and that we ought to conform to this way ourselves and encourage others to conform to it. "Tao" means "way," but used in a more or less mystical sense, as in the text: "I am the Way and the Truth and the Life." I think he fancied that death was due to departing from the "way," and that if we all lived strictly according to nature we should be immortal, like the heavenly bodies. In later times Taoism degenerated into mere magic, and was largely concerned with the search for the elixir of life. But I think the hope of escaping from death was an element in Taoist philosophy from the first.

Lao-Tze's book, or rather the book attributed to him, is very short, but his ideas were developed by his disciple Chuang-Tze, who is more interesting than his master. The philosophy which both advocated was one of freedom. They thought ill of government, and of all interferences with Nature. They complained of the hurry of modern life, which they contrasted with the calm existence of those whom they called "the pure men of old." There is a flavour of mysticism in the doctrine of the Tao, because in spite of the multiplicity of living things the Tao is in some sense one, so that if all live according to it there will be no strife in the world. But both sages have already the Chinese characteristics of humour, restraint, and under-statement. Their humour is illustrated by Chuang-Tze's account of


text: Poems (Allen)/Good by

title: Poems (Allen)/Good by


text: Poems (Allen)/Foreshadowing

title: Poems (Allen)/Foreshadowing


text: Poems (Allen)/The Clay-Child

title: Poems (Allen)/The Clay-Child


text: The Problem of China/Chapter 10

title: The Problem of China/Chapter 10


text: Poems (Allen)/Lost Light

title: Poems (Allen)/Lost Light


text: Poems (Allen)/The City of the Living

title: Poems (Allen)/The City of the Living


text:
Page:The problem of China - Russell 1922.pdf/191

189Rh Po-Lo who "understood the management of horses," and trained them till five out of every ten died. Their restraint and under-statement are evident when they are compared with Western mystics. Both characteristics belong to all Chinese literature and art, and to the conversation of cultivated Chinese in the present day. All classes in China are fond of laughter, and never miss a chance of a joke. In the educated classes, the humour is sly and delicate, so that Europeans often fail to see it, which adds to the enjoyment of the Chinese. Their habit of under-statement is remarkable. I met one day in Peking a middle-aged man who told me he was academically interested in the theory of politics; being new to the country, I took his statement at its face value, but I afterwards discovered that he had been governor of a province, and had been for many years a very prominent politician. In Chinese poetry there is an apparent absence of passion which is due to the same practice of under-statement. They consider that a wise man should always remain calm, and though they have their passionate moments (being in fact a very excitable race), they do not wish to perpetuate them in art, because they think ill of them. Our romantic movement, which led people to like vehemence, has, so far as I know, no analogue in their literature. Their old music, some of which is very beautiful, makes so little noise that one can only just hear it. In art they aim at being exquisite, and in life at being reasonable. There is no admiration for the ruthless strong man, or for the unrestrained expression of passion. After the more blatant life of the West, one misses at first all the effects at which they are aiming; but gradually


text: Poems (Allen)/October

title: Poems (Allen)/October


text:
Page:The problem of China - Russell 1922.pdf/192

190Rh the beauty and dignity of their existence become visible, so that the foreigners who have lived longest in China are those who love the Chinese best.

The Taoists, though they survive as magicians, were entirely ousted from the favour of the educated classes by Confucianism. I must confess that I am unable to appreciate the merits of Confucius. His writings are largely occupied with trivial points of etiquette, and his main concern is to teach people how to behave correctly on various occasions. When one compares him, however, with the traditional religious teachers of some other ages and races, one must admit that he has great merits, even if they are mainly negative. His system, as developed by his followers, is one of pure ethics, without religious dogma; it has not given rise to a powerful priesthood, and it has not led to persecution. It certainly has succeeded in producing a whole nation possessed of exquisite manners and perfect courtesy. Nor is Chinese courtesy merely conventional; it is quite as reliable in situations for which no precedent has been provided. And it is not confined to one class; it exists even in the humblest coolie. It is humiliating to watch the brutal insolence of white men received by the Chinese with a quiet dignity which cannot demean itself to answer rudeness with rudeness. Europeans often regard this as weakness, but it is really strength, the strength by which the Chinese have hitherto conquered all their conquerors.

There is one, and only one, important foreign element in the traditional civilization of China, and that is Buddhism. Buddhism came to China from India in the early centuries of the Christian era, and acquired a definite place in the religion of the country. We, with the intolerant outlook which


text:
Page:The problem of China - Russell 1922.pdf/193

191Rh we have taken over from the Jews, imagine that if a man adopts one religion he cannot adopt another. The dogmas of Christianity and Mohammedanism, in their orthodox forms, are so framed that no man can accept both. But in China this incompatibility does not exist; a man may be both a Buddhist and a Confucian, because nothing in either is incompatible with the other. In Japan, similarly, most people are both Buddhists and Shintoists. Nevertheless there is a temperamental difference between Buddhism and Confucianism, which will cause any individual to lay stress on one or other even if he accepts both. Buddhism is a religion in the sense in which we understand the word. It has mystic doctrines and a way of salvation and a future life. It has a message to the world intended to cure the despair which it regards as natural to those who have no religious faith. It assumes an instinctive pessimism only to be cured by some gospel. Confucianism has nothing of all this. It assumes people fundamentally at peace with the world, wanting only instruction as to how to live, not encouragement to live at all. And its ethical instruction is not based upon any metaphysical or religious dogma; it is purely mundane. The result of the co-existence of these two religions in China has been that the more religious and contemplative natures turned to Buddhism, while the active administrative type was content with Confucianism, which was always the official teaching, in which candidates for the civil service were examined. The result is that for many ages the Government of China has been in the hands of literary sceptics, whose administration has been lacking in those qualities of energy and destructiveness which Western nations demand of their rulers. In fact, they have


text: Poems (Allen)/At Last

title: Poems (Allen)/At Last


text: Poems (Allen)/Little Losses

title: Poems (Allen)/Little Losses


text: Poems (Allen)/Last

title: Poems (Allen)/Last


text: Poems (Allen)/Thistles

title: Poems (Allen)/Thistles


text: Poems (Allen)/Gertrudie

title: Poems (Allen)/Gertrudie


text: Poems (Allen)/Forgotten

title: Poems (Allen)/Forgotten


text: Poems (Allen)/Water-Lilies

title: Poems (Allen)/Water-Lilies


text: Poems (Allen)/In an Attic

title: Poems (Allen)/In an Attic


text: Poems (Allen)/Castles in Spain

title: Poems (Allen)/Castles in Spain


text:
Page:Hutcheson Macaulay Posnett - Comparative Literature (1886).djvu/368

§ 89. first sight it might seem that the individual and not the social spirit laid the foundations of national literature throughout Europe. In such early extant specimens of Saxon, German, and French poetry as Beowulf, the Lay of the Nibelungs, and the oldest Chansons de Geste, the note of communal song is subordinated to that of personal glory. Whatever choral odes or hymns the clans and village communities of Teuton and Celt may have possessed, we have now but scanty indications of their existence; and such glimpses of communal literature as we do find are to be observed only through a dense growth of individualised poetry.

At this fact, however apparently inimical to our view of literary development, we need not be surprised; for the most powerful causes united to obscure the social beginnings of modern European literatures. Clan songs and hymns, full of pagan worship and unchristian conceptions of clan duties, like Blood-revenge and a Shadow=world such as the gathering-place of the Hebrew kinsmen, could have little to attract the class to which we are indebted for almost all we know of European barbarism—the Christian clergy. Moreover, contact with Roman life and habits of military service in the imperial armies


text: Poems (Allen)/October to May

title: Poems (Allen)/October to May


text: Poems (Allen)/Evening

title: Poems (Allen)/Evening


text: Poems (Allen)/Prophecy

title: Poems (Allen)/Prophecy


text: Poems (Allen)/Skeletons

title: Poems (Allen)/Skeletons


text: Poems (Allen)/A Fantasy

title: Poems (Allen)/A Fantasy


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 must have done much to weaken clanship and strengthen the power of the chiefs long before the inroads of the barbarians commenced. This aristocracy of chiefs had as little interest in treasuring up the folk-songs of their tribesmen (which could not but contain many a reminder of the social equality typified by the story of the Vase of Soissons) as the monks; and, even if they had the desire to perpetuate such songs, they lacked the requisite degree of education. Thus on all sides causes combined to obscure the very existence of any rude literary beginnings save those which the individualising life of the chiefs and, later on, the seigneurs permitted, or the laborious learning of the monks attempted in their Latin world-language in the belief that it alone was the proper instrument of literature. Local isolation and feudal individualism could not create national languages or sentiments; the universal religion of Christ had its world-language already made; it seemed for a time as if no social maker of national literature were to arise.

We cannot now enter upon that vast field at present attracting the labours of antiquarians, jurists, historical economists—the changes undergone by the clans of barbaric Europe in their degradation into the serfs of feudal lords. Even a general picture of these changes could not fail to introduce features more or less untrue in certain places, and suggesting a transition in some cases too rapid, in others too slow. In Northern Italy, for example, town life and the municipal system, upon which Rome's empire had been based, were so strong that the barbarians readily adopted city organization, and feudalism as known elsewhere was checked in its development. In Southern France, also, the municipal system continued to hold its own; and here, as among the Italian towns, arose by degrees an individualism of the old Greek and Roman stamp,


text: Poems (Allen)/Rothermel's Willow

title: Poems (Allen)/Rothermel's Willow


text:
Page:Hutcheson Macaulay Posnett - Comparative Literature (1886).djvu/370

 and quite different from that of the feudal castle. Elsewhere, however, the old domination of city life was overthrown, and a lasting preponderance of the country over the town established. It was during this preponderance of country life that the villagers, dependent on feudal lords and their men-at-arms, fell into a serfdom frequently more oppressive than pagan slavery. Unbound to their masters by any ties of sentiment or kinship, held together solely by the force of their local despot, hopeless for the future, ignorant of the past, shut out from each other and made the enemies of each other by their lords' raids, these villages, whether descended from provincials of Rome or barbarian clans, could feel none of that free enthusiasm in life which makes the flesh and blood of song. Before the life of men in groups could again become a song-maker, some degree of social happiness, some width of social sympathy, some sense of a free equality which slaves attached to the land or person of a lord could not feel, needed to be developed. This development was the work of the towns throughout Europe; it is with their struggle into independence from feudal control that social sentiments, the earliest makers of song, rise as in resurrection from the grave in which they had been buried with the old clan communities of Celt and Teuton.

§ 90. Thus from the fifth to the twelfth centuries, from the fall of Rome to the rise of the cities, two individualising types of human character prevail—the monk and the baron; and the Christian resignation of the former as well as the brutal or chivalrous prowess of the latter need not here be illustrated from Latin chronicle or early chanson. For neither of these types can any deep sense of personality be claimed. The man of mail, you may see from his songs, thinks of personality as so


text: Poems (Allen)/"My Dearling"

title: Poems (Allen)/"My Dearling"


text: Poems (Allen)/Bonds

title: Poems (Allen)/Bonds


text:
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 much blood, bone, and muscle, whose duty it is to joust or war, if possible, in the romanceful twilight of love and chivalry, but in any case to war. The man of prayer, if his sense of personality be less material, clothes his spiritual self and his entire spirit-world in sensual shapes, and would treat as a heretic any who might hint an objection against such earthly dress. Warrior and saint alike touch but the surface of personality; if it be so objective for the former as to be identified with animal strength, it is for the latter the sensual prop on which his "Realism" is supported. How is the growth of the cities connected with these types of weak personality? If these show themselves in monkish chronicle or baronial "epic," do not the commune and the bourg reflect themselves in a literary form of their own?

It is no mere accident that brings together the rise of the modern European drama and that of towns; a brief contrast of feudal and town life will prove this. The lord in his fortified castle, surrounded by his family and armed retinue—such is the centre of each feudal molecule. Beyond the castle walls a group of serfs cultivates the lord's lands; and, though the village church may stand as a reminder that there-is an ideal of human unity before which even the gulf which separates serf and lord disappears, the castle chapel has its own caretaker of souls who is himself of knightly parentage, loftily patronises the village priest, and reminds the villagers that the Christian ideal of human equality is indeed only an ideal. Between this outer circle of the feudal group and the lord's family there is, in fact, no tie save that of force, no spiritual link save the ceremonial of Christian worship. This ceremonial is, indeed, a drama in miniature; but so long as there is only one gigantic personality of force (that of the lord), so long as bonds of social sympathy


text: Poems (Allen)/My Peace

title: Poems (Allen)/My Peace


text:
Page:Hutcheson Macaulay Posnett - Comparative Literature (1886).djvu/372

 are wanting, sacred story alone can supply the personages or incidents of a dramatic spectacle.

Let us change the scene to a medieval town. Insurrection, or aid from the king, or commerce, has been here at work; that servile circle of the feudal camp which had been hewers of wood and drawers of water now lives within stone walls, and can stand a siege or make a sally as well as the best of armoured knights. The burghers have little feeling of fellowship with other towns; their group is rather an offensive and defensive alliance against all comers than any forecast of national burghership and the modern rule of the European bourgeois. But though their social sympathies are narrow, they are also intensely real; moreover, an infantine subdivision of labour and trade is going on; the magistracy and the clergy are being organised; new types of character, far different from knight and squire and man-at-arms, are being developed. If modern prose is being roughly hammered into shape in the townsmen's assemblies and their preachers' pulpits, the elements of a drama are also at hand. How does the communal life of the medieval bourg display itself in the townsmen's drama?

The relation of Mysteries, Miracle-plays, Moralities, to the growth of towns all over Europe is a subject which has not received the attention it deserves; and the consequences have been that neither has the peculiar nature of this early drama been understood as reflecting contemporary social life, nor has the growth of the drama of personal character out of these old spectacles been explained as accompanying the evolution of society. We must at the outset get rid of a fallacy which blinds the eyes of many students to the influences of the towns upon the early drama of modern Europe—the fallacy of finding in the Biblical incidents and personages of the Mysteries


text: Poems (Allen)/Christmas Carols

title: Poems (Allen)/Christmas Carols


text: Poems (Allen)/The Vision of Violets

title: Poems (Allen)/The Vision of Violets


text: Poems (Allen)/The New Temple

title: Poems (Allen)/The New Temple


text: Poems (Allen)/Werter to Charlotte

title: Poems (Allen)/Werter to Charlotte


text:
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 and Miracle-plays the key to all their characteristics. The abstract, allegorical, impersonal characters of these spectacles cannot be attributed to the nature of the Christian faith; for in the early days of that faith profound problems of personal being—personal immortality, responsibility, and the like—had formed, with subtle speculations on the subject of the Trinity, the great questions of Christianised Greek intellect. The truth is that a new communal life was giving a new prominence to the impersonal, the allegorical, in religion and philosophy and poetry. Men again, but under very different conditions from those of the clan, had merged their sense of personality in that of group life, content to leave to feudal lords those sentiments of individualism which, in the ears of serfs or townsmen but lately freed from serfdom, sounded of the lord's tyranny and the tortures of hell, devoutly believed and hoped to be reserved for such strongly marked personalities. No doubt there are wide differences between a body of feudal serfs fighting their way to burghership and clan corporations of kinsmen. No doubt there are differences almost as wide between a commune of France, or a chartered town of medieval Spain, Germany, England, and the city commonwealths of Greece before they began to lose the clan feeling of identity between the citizen and his city group. Yet in one fundamental point the characteristics of the city commonwealth and the clan are repeated in these European organisations—in the subordination of the individual to the corporation of which he is a member. It is here that we discover the social maker of the medieval drama's abstract and allegorical and impersonal characteristics.

§ 91. The communal authorship of the Mysteries and Miracle-plays recalls that clan ownership of early song to


text: Poems (Allen)/Restlessness

title: Poems (Allen)/Restlessness


text: Poems (Allen)/Bella

title: Poems (Allen)/Bella


text: Poems (Allen)/April Rain

title: Poems (Allen)/April Rain


text: Poems (Allen)/Consolation

title: Poems (Allen)/Consolation


text:
Page:How the other half lives.djvu/30

 to that class of industrious poor whose small earnings limited their expenses, and whose employment in workshops, stores, or about the warehouses and thoroughfares, render a near residence of much importance." Not for long, however. As business increased, and the city grew with rapid strides, the necessities of the poor became the opportunity of their wealthier neighbors, and the stamp was set upon the old houses, suddenly become valuable, which the best thought and effort of a later age has vainly struggled to efface. Their "large rooms were partitioned into several smaller ones, without regard to light or ventilation, the rate of rent being lower in proportion to space or height from the street; and they soon became filled from cellar to garret with a class of tenantry living from hand to mouth, loose in morals, improvident in habits, degraded, and squalid as beggary itself." It was thus the dark bedroom, prolific of untold depravities, came into the world. It was destined to survive the old houses. In their new rôle, says the old report, eloquent in its indignant denunciation of "evils more destructive than wars," "they were not intended to last. Rents were fixed high enough to cover damage and abuse from this class, from whom nothing was expected, and the most was made of them while they lasted. Neatness, order, cleanliness, were never dreamed of in connection with the tenant-house system, as it spread its localities from year to year; while reckless slovenliness, discontent, privation, and ignorance were left to work out their invariable results, until the entire premises reached the level of tenant-house dilapidation, containing, but sheltering not, the miserable hordes that crowded beneath smouldering, water-rotted roofs or burrowed among the rats of clammy cellars." Yet so illogical is human greed that, at a later

title: Page:How the other half lives.djvu/30


text: Poems (Allen)/When the Leaves are turning brown


text:
Page:How the other half lives.djvu/31

 day, when called to account, "the proprietors frequently urged the filthy habits of the tenants as an excuse for the condition of their property, utterly losing sight of the fact that it was the tolerance of those habits which was the real evil, and that for this they themselves were alone responsible."

Still the pressure of the crowds did not abate, and in the old garden where the stolid Dutch burgher grew his tulips or early cabbages a rear house was built, generally of wood, two stories high at first. Presently it was carried up another story, and another. Where two families had lived ten moved in. The front house followed suit, if the brick walls were strong enough. The question was not always asked, judging from complaints made by a contemporary witness, that the old buildings were "often carried up to a great height without regard to the strength of the foundation walls." It was rent the owner was after; nothing was said in the contract about either the safety or the comfort of the tenants. The garden gate no longer swung on its rusty hinges. The shell-paved walk had become an alley; what the rear house had left of the garden, a "court." Plenty such are yet to be found in the Fourth Ward, with here and there one of the original rear tenements.

Worse was to follow. It was "soon perceived by estate owners and agents of property that a greater percentage of profits could be realized by the conversion of houses and blocks into barracks, and dividing their space into smaller proportions capable of containing human life within four walls. … Blocks were rented of real estate owners, or 'purchased on time,' or taken in charge at a percentage, and held for under-letting." With the appearance of the middleman, wholly irresponsible, and ut-

title: Page:How the other half lives.djvu/31


text: Poems (Allen)/The Singer

title: Poems (Allen)/The Singer


text:
Page:The spirit of the Hebrew poetry 1861.djvu/126

 ARADISE was lost! Nevertheless, in accordance with the primæval Biblical Idea, the religious man—the chief of a family—was permitted to enjoy, through a long term of years, a terrestrial lot in which were conserved the rudiments, at least, of the forfeited felicity, and thus through the lapse of centuries a conception of Life on Earth was authenticated, in meditation upon which Piety might re-assure its confidence in the Divine wisdom and goodness.

The Patriarchal Idea is Oriental, not European; it excludes the energy, the individual development, the progress, that are characteristic of the Western races:—it is—Repose, and the fruition of unambitious well-being. The Patriarchal life, in part nomadic, in part precariously dependent upon the chase, in part agricultural and of the vine culture;—the life of the tent, more than of strongholds and walls, combines those conditions of earthly existence which are the most favourable to religious contemplative tranquillity, and under which the sanctities


text: Poems (Allen)/Autumn Rain

title: Poems (Allen)/Autumn Rain


text:
Page:How the other half lives.djvu/32

 terly reckless and unrestrained, began the era of tenement building which turned out such blocks as Gotham Court, where, in one cholera epidemic that scarcely touched the clean wards, the tenants died at the rate of one hundred and ninety-five to the thousand of population; which forced the general mortality of the city up from 1 in 41.83 in 1815, to 1 in 27.33 in 1855, a year of unusual freedom from epidemic disease, and which wrung from the early organizers of the Health Department this wail: "There are numerous examples of tenement-houses in which are lodged several hundred people that have a pro rata allotment of ground area scarcely equal to two square yards upon the city lot, court-yards and all included." The tenement-house population had swelled to half a million souls by that time, and on the East Side, in what is still the most densely populated district in all the world, China not excluded, it was packed at the rate of 290,000 to the square mile, a state of affairs wholly unexampled. The utmost cupidity of other lands and other days had never contrived to herd much more than half that number within the same space. The greatest crowding of Old London was at the rate of 175,816. Swine roamed the streets and gutters as their principal scavengers. The death of a child in a tenement was registered at the Bureau of Vital Statistics as "plainly due to suffocation in the foul air of an unventilated apartment," and the Senators, who had come down from Albany to find out what was the matter with New York, reported that "there are annually cut off from the population by disease and death enough human beings to people a city, and enough human labor to sustain it."

title: Page:How the other half lives.djvu/32


text: Poems (Allen)/Out at Sea

title: Poems (Allen)/Out at Sea


text:
Page:How the other half lives.djvu/33

 And yet experts had testified that, as compared with uptown, rents were from twenty-live to thirty per cent. higher in the worst slums of the lower wards, with such accommodations as were enjoyed, for instance, by a "family with boarders" in Cedar Street, who fed hogs in the cellar that contained eight or ten loads of manure; or "one room 12 × 12 with five families living in it, comprising twenty persons of both sexes and all ages, with only two beds, without partition, screen, chair, or table." The rate of rent has been successfully maintained to the present day, though the hog at least has been eliminated.

Lest anybody flatter himself with the notion that these were evils of a day that is happily past and may safely be forgotten, let me mention here three very recent instances of tenement-house life that came under my notice. One was the burning of a rear house in Mott Street, from appearances one of the original tenant-houses that made their owners rich. The fire made homeless ten families, who had paid an average of §5 a month for their mean little cubby-holes. The owner himself told me that it was fully insured for $800, though it brought him in $600 a year rent. He evidently considered himself especially entitled to be pitied for losing such valuable property. Another was the case of a hard-working family of man and wife, young people from the old country, who took poison together in a Crosby Street tenement because they were "tired." There was no other explanation, and none was needed when I stood in the room in which they had lived. It was in the attic with sloping ceiling and a single window so far out on the roof that it seemed not to belong to the place at all. With scarcely room enough to turn around in they had been compelled to pay five dollars and a half a month in advance. There were four such

title: Page:How the other half lives.djvu/33


text: Poems (Allen)/A Bride

title: Poems (Allen)/A Bride


text: Poems (Allen)/Chrysanthemums

title: Poems (Allen)/Chrysanthemums


text: Poems (Allen)/A Dream

title: Poems (Allen)/A Dream


text:
Page:How the other half lives.djvu/35

 three hundred underground lodging-houses in the city when the Health Department was organized. Some fifteen years before that the old Baptist Church in Mulberry Street, just off Chatham Street, had been sold, and the rear half of the frame structure had been converted into tenements that with their swarming population became the scandal even of that reckless age. The wretched pile harbored no less than forty families, and the annual rate of deaths to the population was officially stated to be 75 in 1,000. These tenements were an extreme type of very many, for the big barracks had by this time spread east and west and far up the island into the sparsely settled wards. Whether or not the title was clear to the land upon which they were built was of less account than that the rents were collected. If there were damages to pay, the tenant had to foot them. Cases were "very frequent when property was in litigation, and two or three different parties were collecting rents." Of course under such circumstances "no repairs were ever made."

The climax had been reached. The situation was summed up by the Society for the Improvement of the Condition of the Poor in these words: "Crazy old buildings, crowded rear tenements in filthy yards, dark, damp basements, leaking garrets, shops, outhouses, and stables converted into dwellings, though scarcely fit to shelter brutes, are habi-

title: Page:How the other half lives.djvu/35


text: Poems (Allen)/City Smoke

title: Poems (Allen)/City Smoke


text: Poems (Allen)/In Vain

title: Poems (Allen)/In Vain


text:
Page:How the other half lives.djvu/37

HE dread of advancing cholera, with the guilty knowledge of the harvest field that awaited the plague in New York's slums, pricked the conscience of the community into action soon after the close of the war. A citizens' movement resulted in the organization of a Board of Health and the adoption of the "Tenement-House Act" of 18G7, the first step toward remedial legislation. A thorough canvass of the tenements had been begun already in the previous year; but the cholera first, and next a scourge of small-pox, delayed the work, while emphasizing the need of it, so that it was 1869 before it got fairly under way and began to tell. The dark bedroom fell under the ban first. In that year the Board ordered the cutting of more than forty-six thousand windows in interior rooms, chiefly for ventilation—for little or no light was to be had from the dark hallways. Air-shafts were unknown. The saw had a job all that summer; by early fall nearly all the orders had been carried out. Not without opposition; obstacles were thrown in the way of the officials on the one side by the owners of the tenements, who saw in every order to repair or clean up only an item of added expense to diminish their income from the rent; on the other side by the tenants themselves, who had sunk, after a generation of unavailing protest, to the level of their surroundings, and were at last content to remain there.

title: Page:How the other half lives.djvu/37


text: Poems (Allen)/Sea-Birds

title: Poems (Allen)/Sea-Birds


text: Poems (Allen)/The Chamber of Rest

title: Poems (Allen)/The Chamber of Rest


text:
Page:How the other half lives.djvu/38

 The tenements had bred their Nemesis, a proletariat ready and able to avenge the wrongs of their crowds. Already it taxed the city heavily for the support of its jails and charities. The basis of opposition, curiously enough, was the same at both extremes; owner and tenant alike considered official interference an infringement of personal rights, and a hardship. It took long years of weary labor to make good the claim of the sunlight to such corners of the dens as it could reach at all. Not until five years after did the department succeed at last in ousting the "cave-dwellers" and closing some five hundred and fifty cellars south of Houston Street, many of them below tide-water, that had been used as living apartments. In many instances the police had to drag the tenants out by force.

The work went on; but the need of it only grew with the effort. The Sanitarians were following up an evil that grew faster than they went; like a fire, it could only be headed off, not chased, with success. Official reports, read in the churches in 1879, characterized the younger criminals as victims of low social conditions of life and unhealthy, overcrowded lodgings, brought up in "an atmosphere of actual darkness, moral and physical." This after the saw had been busy in the dark corners ten years! "If we could see the air breathed by these poor creatures in their tenements," said a well-known physician, "it would show itself to be fouler than the mud of the gutters." Little improvement was apparent despite all that had been done. "The new tenements, that have been recently built, have been usually as badly planned as the old, with dark and unhealthy rooms, often over wet cellars, where extreme overcrowding is permitted," was the verdict of one authority. These are the houses that to

title: Page:How the other half lives.djvu/38


text:
Page:How the other half lives.djvu/39

 day perpetuate the worst traditions of the past, and they are counted by thousands. The Five Points had been cleansed, as far as the immediate neighborhood was concerned, but the Mulberry Street Bend was fast outdoing it in foulness not a stone's throw away, and new centres of corruption were continually springing up and getting the upper hand whenever vigilance was relaxed for ever so short a time. It is one of the curses of the tenement-house system that the worst houses exercise a levelling influence upon all the rest, just as one bad boy in a school-room will spoil the whole class. It is one of the ways the evil that was "the result of forgetfulness of the poor," as the Council of Hygiene mildly put it, has of avenging itself.

The determined effort to head it off by laying a strong hand upon the tenement builders that has been the chief business of the Health Board of recent years, dates from this period. The era of the air-shaft has not solved the problem of housing the poor, but it has made good use of limited opportunities. Over the new houses sanitary law exercises full control. But the old remain. They cannot be summarily torn down, though in extreme cases the authorities can order them cleared. The outrageous over-crowding, too, remains. It is characteristic of the tenements. Poverty, their badge and typical condition, invites—compels it. All efforts to abate it result only in temporary relief. As long as they exist it will exist with them. And the tenements will exist in New York forever.

To-day, what is a tenement? The law defines it as a house "occupied by three or more families, living independently and doing their cooking on the premises; or by more than two families on a floor, so living and cooking

title: Page:How the other half lives.djvu/39


text:
Page:How the other half lives.djvu/41

 for a long time to come. The dim light admitted by the air-shaft shines upon greater crowds than ever. Tenements are still "good property," and the poverty of the poor man his destruction. A barrack down town where he has to live because he is poor brings in a third more rent than a decent flat house in Harlem. The statement once made a sensation that between seventy and eighty children had been found in one tenement. It no longer excites even passing attention, when the sanitary police report counting 101 adults and 91 children in a Crosby Street house, one of twins, built together. The children in the other, if I am not mistaken, numbered 89, a total of 180 for two tenements! Or when a midnight inspection in Mulberry Street unearths a hundred and fifty "lodgers" sleeping on filthy floors in two buildings. Spite of brown-stone trimmings, plate-glass and mosaic vestibule floors, the water does not rise in summer to the second story, while the beer flows unchecked to the all-night picnics on the roof. The saloon with the side-door and the landlord divide the prosperity of the place between them, and the tenant, in sullen submission, foots the bills.

Where are the tenements of to-day? Say rather: where are they not? In fifty years they have crept up from the Fourth Ward slums and the Five Points the whole length of the island, and have polluted the Annexed District to the Westchester line. Crowding all the lower wards, wherever business leaves a foot of ground unclaimed; strung along both rivers, like ball and chain tied to the foot of every street, and filling up Harlem with their restless, pent-up multitudes, they hold within their clutch the wealth and business of New York, hold them at their mercy in the day of mob-rule and wrath.

title: Page:How the other half lives.djvu/41


text: Poems (Allen)/Where the Roses grew

title: Poems (Allen)/Where the Roses grew


text:
Page:How the other half lives.djvu/42

 The bullet-proof shutters, the stacks of hand-grenades, and the Gatling guns of the Sub-Treasury are tacit admissions of the fact and of the quality of the mercy expected. The tenements to-day are New York, harboring three-fourths of its population. When another generation shall have doubled the census of our city, and to that vast army of workers, held captive by poverty, the very name of home shall be as a bitter mockery, what will the harvest be?

title: Page:How the other half lives.djvu/42


text: Poems (Allen)/Little Nannie

title: Poems (Allen)/Little Nannie


text:
Page:Frenzied Fiction.djvu/88

was probably owing to the fact that my place of lodgment in New York overlooked the waving trees of Central Park that I was consumed, all the summer through, with a great longing for the woods. To me, as a lover of Nature, the waving of a tree conveys thoughts which are never conveyed to me except by seeing a tree wave.

This longing grew upon me. I became restless with it. In the daytime I dreamed over my work. At night my sleep was broken and restless. At times I would even wander forth at night into the park, and there, deep in the night shadow of the trees, imagine myself alone in the recesses of the dark woods remote from the toil and fret of our distracted civilization.

This increasing feeling culminated in the resolve which becomes the subject of this narrative. The thought came to me suddenly one night. I woke from my sleep with a plan fully matured in my mind. It was this: I

title: Page:Frenzied Fiction.djvu/88


text: Poems (Allen)/Whom the Lord loveth

title: Poems (Allen)/Whom the Lord loveth


text:
Page:How the other half lives.djvu/43

HEN once I asked the agent of a notorious Fourth Ward alley how many people might be living in it I was told: One hundred and forty families, one hundred Irish, thirty-eight Italian, and two that spoke the German tongue. Barring the agent herself, there was not a native-born individual in the court. The answer was characteristic of the cosmopolitan character of lower New York, very nearly so of the whole of it, wherever it runs to alleys and courts. One may find for the asking an Italian, a German, a French, African, Spanish, Bohemian, Russian, Scandinavian, Jewish, and Chinese colony. Even the Arab, who peddles "holy earth" from the Battery as a direct importation from Jerusalem, has his exclusive' preserves at the lower end of Washington Street. The one thing you shall vainly ask for in the chief city of America is a distinctively American community. There is none; certainly not among the tenements. Where have they gone to, the old inhabitants? I put the question to one who might fairly be presumed to be of the number, since I had found him sighing for the "good old days" when the legend "no Irish need apply" was familiar in the advertising columns of the newspapers. He looked at me with a puzzled air. "I don't know," he said. "I wish I did. Some went to California in '49, some to the war and never came back.

title: Page:How the other half lives.djvu/43


text: Poems (Allen)/Sleep

title: Poems (Allen)/Sleep


text:
Page:Frenzied Fiction.djvu/89

 Rh would, for one month, cast off all the travail and cares of civilized life and become again the wild man of the woods that Nature made me. My plan was to go to the edge of the great woods, somewhere in New England, divest myself of my clothes—except only my union suit—crawl into the woods, stay there a month and then crawl out again. To a trained woodsman and crawler like myself the thing was simplicity itself. For food I knew that I could rely on berries, roots, shoots, mosses, mushrooms, fungi, bungi—in fact the whole of Nature’s ample storehouse; for my drink, the running brook and the quiet pool; and for my companions the twittering chipmunk, the chickadee, the chocktaw, the choo-choo, the chow-chow, and the hundred and one inhabitants of the forgotten glade and the tangled thicket.

Fortunately for me, my resolve came to me upon the last day in August. The month of September was my vacation. My time was my own. I was free to go.

On my rising in the morning my preparations were soon made; or, rather, there were practically no preparations to make. I had but to supply myself with a camera, my one necessity in the woods, and to say good-bye to my friends. Even this last ordeal I wished to make as brief as possible. I had no wish to arouse their

title: Page:Frenzied Fiction.djvu/89


text: Poems (Allen)/Answer me

title: Poems (Allen)/Answer me


text:
Page:Peterson Magazine 1869B.pdf/192

MRS. MARCH'S BOARDERS. 191 “Land of pity!” says I, hiding my face in my apron, and getting that dough all over it—“how you do talk!”

“I know it’s a little sudden,” says he, squezing my hand so that the pinch-~beck ring, that I wear on my forefinger to keep off the rhumatiz, cut rite into, the flesh, ‘I know it’s sudden, and I beg your pardon for speaking of it. But I must confide my trouble to some feeling heart— and to whom shall I speak unless to you, my dear Mrs. March?”

“Sarting!” says I. “I’m the very one. Talk rite along, and tell me everything.”

“I’m unfortunate,” says he. “I cannot be married without losing a fortune, unless I am married privately. My grandfather is very wealthy, and has made a will in my favor; but if I marry in his lifetime I forfeit all the property. He is opposed to matrimony.”

“The old hunks!” says I, indignantly.

“Yes,” says he, “so he is, though I must not say so; and, Mrs. March, what I want is, that you will consent to a private marriage, and allow me to remain here afterward with my wife;” and he laughed, and blushed, and looked as silly as could be,

“Lawful heart!” says I; “of course I con- sent. ’Tain’t nobody’s business, no way. When is it to be?”

“Next Saturday night, if it pleases you. I have already spoken to Squire Moss about it, and he has consented, We shall go down to his house in the six o’clock train, be united, and return at eight to your house. You'll not fail to be at the depot?”

“No, indeed!” says I, “you can depend on me!” and then he kissed my hand jest as they do in novels, and never seéméd to notice the dough that was still sticking to it.

I was as happy as can be; and I made up my mind that I'd deed the six-acre field to Mr. Cliffe the minnit we was married, That would show him how much confidence I had in him.

I should have somebody now to esquart me home from evening meetings, and to go to the sowing-circle with me Thursday nights. It was dreadful nice to think of; and I didn’t go to sleep till nigh midnight that night for thinking of it; and when I did get asleep, I dreamed of a funeral, which is a safting sign of a wedding.

I went and had a buff delaine gound made for the occasion, and Sotterday night, at half past five, I sot sail for the depot. It seemed that Mr. Cliffe didn’t want to excite no suspicions by our going to the depot together. Jest as I turned into the road that led to the depot them consarned cars whistled in, and I knowed I was late. I started upon the run, stepped onto my gound, and fell flat, rite into a mud-puddle, and spattered myself from top to toe.

But I jumped up immegiately, and made for the depot, I seed a man standing on the platform. I waved my handkercher to him, and screamed at the top of my voice,

“Stop ’em! Don’t let ’em went on without me!”

“They've already went!” says the man—and, shure enough, so they had! I asked the man— who got in? And he said a man and woman— and described Mr. Cliffe exactly.

“«Look bere!” says I. “Hain’t there no way that I can git to Stickneyville without waiting for the next train?”

He scratched his head to scratch up an idee, and said, he and another man there would kerry me down on a hand-car for a dollar. I told them the money was ready for him the mianit I was landed at Stickneyville—and we sot forth rite off.

“Turn like all possessed!” says I. “It's necessary for me to git there as soon as I can!”

And they turned. I guess they fairly airned their dollar.

I paid ’em as soon as we arriv, and hurried to Suire Moss’ at the top of my speed. There was a light in the parlor, and I rushed in without knocking.

And, gracious deliverance! I wonder I hadn't swoonded rite on the spot, for jest as true as you live, there stood Cliffe and the widder Westly hold of hands, and the squire was jest a saying,

“I pronounce you man and wife!”

I grabbed Cliffe’s arm, and brought him round facing of me in a seckont.

“Land of Goshen!” says I. What does this mean?”

“She’s mine!” says he. “Nobody can separate us now!’ and he fell to kissing the widder.

“You're a false, desateful man!” says I;: ‘cand I’m a good mind to have you arrested for begotry and breeches of promise! You pro- mised to marry me; aad here I’ve been to the expense of gitting a new gound P

“My dear Mrs. March!” says he; “what a. mistake! I have been engaged to Myra ever since her husband died, and we came to your house to be together. And we hope still to remain.”

“Well, you won't,” says I, “not by two. chalks! I won’t keep such a man in my house!: You’ll tramp tomorrer, both of ye! Oh, dear! dear! what shall I do! If this should get out, how folks would talk! What shall I do?”

‘«

Land of pity!" says I, hiding my face in my I was late. I started upon the run, stepped apron, and getting that dough all over it-" how outo my gound, and fell flat, rite into a mudyou do talk !" puddle, and spattered myself from top to toe. "I know it's a little sudden, " says he, squezBut I jumped up immegiately, and made for ing my haud so that the pinch-beck ring, that I the depot, I seed a man standing on the platwear on my forefinger to keep off the rhumatiz, form. I waved my handkercher to him, and cut rite into the flesh, "I know it's sudden, and screamed at the top of my voice, "Stop ' em! Don't let ' em went on without I beg your pardon for speaking of it. But I must confide my trouble to some feeling heart- { me!" and to whom shall I speak unless to you, my "They've already went !" says the man - and , dear Mrs. March?" shure enough, so they had! I asked the man"Sarting!" says I. "I'm the very one. Talk who got in? And he said a man and womanand described Mr. Cliffe exactly. rite along, and tell me everything. " " I'm unfortunate, " says he. "I cannot be " Look here !" says I. " Hain't there no way married without losing a fortune, unless I am that I can git to Stickneyville without waiting married privately. My grandfather is very for the next train ?" He scratched his head to scratch up an idee, wealthy, and has made a will in my favor; but if I marry in his lifetime I forfeit all the pro- and said, he and another man there would kerry me down on a hand- car for a dollar. I perty. He is opposed to matrimony." " The old hunks ! " says I, indignantly. told them the money was ready for him the "Yes," says he, "so he is, though I must not mianit I was landed at Stickneyville-and we say so ; and, Mrs. March, what I want is, that sot forth rite off. "Turn like all possessed !" says I. "It's you will consent to a private marriage, and allow me to remain here afterward with my necessary for me to git there as soon as I can !"' wife ;" and he laughed, and blushed, and looked And they turned. I guess they fairly airned their dollar. as silly as could be. "Lawful heart!" says I ; " of course I conI paid ' em as soon as we arriv, and hurried sent. Tain't nobody's business, no way. When to Suire Moss' at the top of my speed. There is it to be ?" was a light in the parlor, and I rushed in with"Next Saturday night, if it pleases you. I out knocking. And, gracious deliverance ! I wonder I hadn't have already spoken to Squire Moss about it, and he has consented. We shall go down to his { swoonded rite on the spot, for jest as true as house in the six o'clock train, be united, and you live, there stood Cliffe and the widder return at eight to your house. You'll not fail Westly hold of hands, and the squire was jest a to be at the depot ?" saying, "I pronounce you man and wife !" "No, indeed !" says I, "you can depend on I grabbed Cliffe's arm, and brought him round me!" and then he kissed my hand jest as they do in novels, and never seemed to notice the facing of me in a seckont. " Land of Goshen !" says I. "What does this dough that was still sticking to it. I was as happy as can be ; and I made up my mean ?" mind that I'd deed the six-acre field to Mr. " She's mine !" says he. " Nobody can sepa-. Cliffe the minnit we was married. That would rate us now !" and he fell to kissing the widder.. show him how much confidence I had in him. "You're a false, desateful man !" says I ;: I should have somebody now to esquart me "and I'm a good mind to have you arrested for home from evening meetings, and to go to the begotry and breeches of promise ! You prosowing-circle with me Thursday nights. It was mised to marry me ; and here I've been to the "" dreadful nice to think of; and I didn't go to expense of gitting a new gound"My dear Mrs. March !" says he ; "what a. sleep till nigh midnight that night for thinking of it ; and when I did get asleep, I dreamed of mistake ! I have been engaged to Myra evera funeral, which is a sarting sign of a wedding. since her husband died, and we came to your I went and had a buff delaine gound made house to be together. And we hope still to for the occasion, and Sotterday night, at half { remain. " past five, I sot sail for the depot. It seemed "Well, you won't," says I, "not by two . that Mr. Cliffe didn't want to excite no sus- chalks ! I won't keep such a man in my house !: picions by our going to the depot together. Jest You'll tramp to-morrer, both of ye ! Oh, dear ! as I turned into the road that led to the depot dear ! what shall I do ! If this should get out, them consarned cars whistled in, and I knowed how folks would talk ! What shall I do ?" VOL. LVI -- 13

title: Page:Peterson Magazine 1869B.pdf/192


text:
Page:Frenzied Fiction.djvu/90

 Rh anxiety over the dangerous, perhaps foolhardy, project that I had in mind. I wished, as far as possible, to say good-bye in such a way as to allay the very natural fears which my undertaking would excite in the minds of my friends.

From myself, although trained in the craft of the woods, I could not conceal the danger that I incurred. Yet the danger was almost forgotten in the extraordinary and novel interest that attached to the experiment. Would it prove possible for a man, unaided by our civilized arts and industries, to maintain himself naked—except for his union suit—in the heart of the woods? Could he do it, or could he not? And if he couldn’t, what then?

But this last thought I put from me. Time alone could answer the question.

As in duty bound, I went first to the place of business where I am employed, to shake hands and say good-bye to my employer.

“I am going,” I said, “to spend a month naked alone in the woods.”

He looked up from his desk with genial kindliness.

“That’s right,” he said, “get a good rest.”

“My plan is,” I added, “to live on berries and funguses.”

“Fine,” he answered. “Well, have a good time, old man—good-bye.”

title: Page:Frenzied Fiction.djvu/90


text: Poems (Allen)/Cradle-Time

title: Poems (Allen)/Cradle-Time


text:
Page:The Proletarian Revolution in Russia - Lenin, Trotsky and Chicherin - ed. Louis C. Fraina (1918).djvu/207

 der Czarism. And immediately the question of the secret treaties came up and became imperative. To restore the "preparedness" of the army under these circumstances meant breaking up the revolutionary-democratic resistance of the soldiers, putting to sleep again their newly-awakened political sense, and, until the "revision" of the old treaties should be announced as a principle, placing the revolutionary army in the service of the same old objects. This task was more than a match for the Octobrist-Bourbon Guchkov, who broke down under it. Nothing less than a "Socialist" would do for this purpose. And he was found in the person of the "most popular" of the ministers, Kerensky.

Citizen Kerensky exposed his theoretical equipment at one of the first sessions of the All-Russian Congress. One can hardly imagine anything more insipid than his provincial, complacent truisms on the French Revolution and on Marxism. Citizen Kerensky's political formulas were characterized neither by originality nor by depth. But he possesses, indisputably, the talent of bestowing upon philistine reaction the necessary revolutionary trimmings. In the person of Kerensky, the intelligent and semi-intelligent bourgeois recognize themselves, in more "representative" form, and in surroundings which are not those of every day, but rather the trappings of melodrama.

By lavishly exploiting his popularity in accelerating the preparedness for an offensive (on the entire imperialistic front of the Allies), Kerensky naturally becomes the darling of the possessing classes. Not only does Minister of Foreign Affairs Tereschenko express himself approvingly of the high esteem in which our Allies hold the "labors" of Kerensky; not only does Rech, which so severely criticizes the ministers of the left, continually emphasize its favoritism toward the minister of the Army and Navy, Kerensky;—but even Rodzianko considers it his duty to point out "the noble, patriotic endeavors which our Minister of the Army and Navy, Kerensky, is engaged in: "this young man" (to quote the words of Rodzianko, the Octobrist chairman of the Duma) "experiences (?) daily a new lease of life, for the benefit of his country and of constructive work." Which glorious circumstance does not, however, in any way prevent Rodzianko from hoping that when the "constructive work" of Kerensky shall have attained a proper eminence, it may be succeeded by Guchkov's labors instead.

Meanwhile, Tereschenko's Department of Foreign Affairs is endeavoring to persuade the Allies to sacrifice their imperialistic


text: Poems (Allen)/Kisses

title: Poems (Allen)/Kisses


text: Poems (Allen)/April Snow

title: Poems (Allen)/April Snow


text: Poems (Allen)/Voyaging

title: Poems (Allen)/Voyaging


text:
Page:History of the Literature of the Scandinavian North.djvu/181

Rh the side of them existed a whole literature of stories about devils and witches. In these the superstition of the age is reflected, and they furnish a striking illustration of the low condition of intellectual culture at a time when erudite theology monopolized the pulpit and the educational institutions.

Besides, there prevailed during this period a decided taste for, which, in most cases, led to superficiality in all branches of knowledge. When the period of learning, therefore, in spite of these noxious tendencies, in spite of all the pedantry and of the growing restraining influence of the censure, still produced a number of distinguished men in the various departments of knowledge, then these scholars surely deserve all the more credit.

One of the most marked individuals of the period was (born 1546), who belonged to one of the oldest noble families of Denmark. Prom his early youth he occupied himself with astronomy, and already in his sixteenth year he began to make observations, which he carefully recorded. In 1572 he discovered a new star, and reported his discovery in his first work, "De Stella Nova." But by his scientific works, and especially by his marriage to a girl of humble parentage, he aroused the ill-will of his noble family to such an extent that he preferred to leave Denmark in 1575. King Frederik II, however, induced him to return, made him a present of the little island Hveen, in Öresund, and gave him liberal help in the building of two grand observatories, Uranienborg and Stjerneborg. From here his fame soon spread throughout Europe, and the little island in the sound became the trysting-place of savants from all lands; even kings and princes did not think it beneath their dignity to make pilgrimages to the Isle of Hveen. But when in


text:
Page:The Proletarian Revolution in Russia - Lenin, Trotsky and Chicherin - ed. Louis C. Fraina (1918).djvu/208

 appetite on the altar of revolutionary democracy. It would be difficult to imagine any undertaking more fruitless, and—in spite of all the tragic humiliation of it—more ridiculous than this! When M. Tereschenko, in the manner of the provincial newspaper editorial of the democratic variety, endeavors to explain to the hardened ring leaders of the international plunderbund that the Russian Revolution is really a "powerful intellectual movement, expressive of the will of the Russian people in its struggle for equality …" etc., etc.,—when he furthermore "does not doubt" that "a close union between Russia and her Allies (the hardened ring-leaders of the international plunderbund) will assure in the fullest measure an agreement on all the questions involved in the principles proclaimed by the Russian Revolution,"—it is difficult to free one's self from a feeling of disgust at this medley of impotence, hypocrisy and stupidity.

The bourgeoisie secured for itself, in this document of Tereschenko's, it appears, all the decisive words: "unfaltering fidelity to the general cause of the Allies," "inviolability of the agreement not to make a separate peace," and a postponement of the revision of the aims of the war until "a favorable opportunity;" which amounts to asking the Russian soldier, until this "favorable opportunity" arrives, to shed his blood for those same imperialistic aims of the war which it seems so undesirable to publish, so undesirable to revise. And Tseretelli's whole political horizon is revealed in the complacent smugness with which he recommended to the attention of the All-Russian Congress this diplomatic document in which "there is clear and open speech, in the language of a revolutionary government, concerning the strivings of the Russian Revolution." One thing cannot be denied: the cowardly and impotent appeals addressed to Lloyd George and Wilson are couched in the same terms as the appeals of the Soviet Executive Committee addressed to Albert Thomas, the Scheidemanns and the Hendersons. In both there is all along the line an identity of purpose, and—who knows?—perhaps even an identity of authorship.


text: Poems (Allen)/Believe in me

title: Poems (Allen)/Believe in me


text: Poems (Allen)/Rock me to sleep

title: Poems (Allen)/Rock me to sleep


text: Poems (Allen)/March

title: Poems (Allen)/March


text: Poems (Allen)/Spring at the Capital

title: Poems (Allen)/Spring at the Capital