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vast historical project which was in its execution to occupy nearly the whole remaining portion of Carlyle's working life may first have suggested itself to him as early as 1844, a good many years, that is to say, before it took definite shape as a determined plan. For, as we know from his distinguished biographer, it was in 1844, that he first came across Preuss's work upon Frederick, and he had thoughts of an expedition to Berlin after finishing Cromwell. In the interval, however, between the birth of his conception and the beginnings of his attempt to realise it, he had still much literary work to do. It was during these years that he published the Latter Day Pamphlets, the most vehemently controversial of all his writings, and the Life of Sterling, which, on the other hand, is perhaps the one among them all which divides readers the least. Not until this last-named volume had been got off his hands did he at length resolve upon undertaking the great biography and settle resolutely down to the collection and arrangement of his mountainous materials. From that time forth until the appearance of the last volume—fourteen years later—his life, according to his own incessant complaints, was a continuous martyrdom, in which Mrs. Carlyle too often involuntarily shared. It was at the end of 1851 that he set seriously to work, commencing by six months of steady reading, during which he cut himself almost entirely from his wife's society, and was only at last driven from his seclusion by the 'maddening' noise of the workmen engaged in the repairs of his house. A tour in Germany followed in the autumn of 1852, and, returning enriched with fresh materials for his biography, Carlyle applied himself doggedly to his task in


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Rh intercourse of the country has been carried on for ages; its perfect adaptation to the language which it is intended to express being universally allowed.

To what purpose is this innovation to be made? The reply resolves itself into its possibility, practicability, and expediency.

As to the possibility: this does not admit of doubt. The Roman alphabet, with the invention of new letters, and the application of dots and other marks to supply its deficiencies, may be rendered capable of representing any sound in the oriental, or, indeed, any language. This was demonstrated many years ago by and Sir. Letters are but mere arbitrary signs, or pictures, to denote certain sounds. What one set of letters can be made to express, can be equally well conveyed by another, provided we have an interpreter to explain their signification. An entirely new character, or several, may be invented for the same purpose.

The practicability of the plan may also be admitted, if sufficient means be employed to enforce it; for it will never be adopted voluntarily by the mass of the people. I have already alluded to the causes which favoured the adoption of the Roman character, in the countries which became subject to that power. Its introduction among the Gauls, and many other nations whom they subdued, was the natural consequence of knowledge and civilisation, over barbarism and ignorance. The existence of letters among the far greater proportion of their foreign subjects, is, of itself, a matter of doubt; and the little learning they possessed was confined to an inconceivable few. The Romans established schools, and favoured the study of their own language. They taught their own letters naturally in their own character; and these, having among the mass of the people nothing to supplant, were adopted by all who hoped for promotion or advancement at their hands. Every instance of a change of the written character of a people, has taken place from one or other of these powerful causes. 2


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4 The Erse language is now instanced as an example of the triumph of the Roman over the Gaelic character, though the language itself still remains in use. It seems to be exactly a case in point, for this dialect of the Celtic language is one in which an original character has been doubted to exist. The opinion of Johnson, who took no little pains to investigate the subject, was decidedly against it ; and as, in the establishment of schools in the Highlands, the Roman character was the only means of education afforded, no choice was left to those who were desirous to learn, but to adopt it.

I by no means assert the impracticability of the project in India, provided sufficient means are brought into action. This, like many other extraordinary measures, may doubtless be enforced; but we should take a fair view of the difficulty. Suppose the African government, so often alluded to, in England, were to make the attempt to induce us to abandon our written character, and adopt that of Timbuctoo; would the English readily accede to such a proposal? Yet there is little doubt that it might be carried into effect by the strong arm of power. If such an overwhelming military force were established that resistance was hopeless; if all the existing professors of learning in the colleges, tutors, and school-masters were discharged, and African teachers appointed in their stead, if the English were compelled to send their children to these schools, and severe punishment were inflicted on all who should presume to teach the Engtish character, even extending it to the case of a parent instructing his own child; such measures as these, in the course of time, could scarcely fail to succeed. Those who were candidates for employment, would of course learn any language, or any character, which might be pointed out by their masters; but nothing short of such a plan would ever establish the general use of the Timbuctoo characters in English. Men are much the same in most countries, and are influenced by the same feelings, passions, and


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Rh prejudices. Why should we imagine that the natives of India will give up their character for ours? They are not illiterate savages; hundreds of thousands among them are able to read and write, and carry on their public and private concerns through this medium, like all other civilised people. We have, unfortunately, regulated our conduct towards them, both officially and as individuals, so as to have excited the strongest prejudices against us, and to have rendered our authority odious to them; but still, as long as it prevails, it will be their interest to submit to our will, and accommodate themselves to our whims and wishes. All those who aspire to official employment will, therefore, learn whatever we choose to dictate; but, with respect to the mass of the people, the very attempt to introduce the proposed change even in the mildest manner, will only still further exasperate their feelings against us; and, as to success, it may undoubtedly be attained by such means as are above described, but certainly not by any less decisive.

But, with regard to the expediency of the measure, what object is to be gained? What benefit will result? The four classes into which those who, in this country, can read and write may be divided, are described in No. XXX.

The Roman character, as it at present exists, has been found so deficient in proper symbols to express the sounds of the oriental letters, that all sorts of diacritical marks, points, and dots, are to he adopted, and attached to different letters in order to denote the sounds required. After the labours of Davy, Williams, Halhed, Sir William Jones, Forster, Carey, Shakspeare, Haughton, Arnot, and Forbes, we are still so far from the desideratum, that a system different from any of these is now


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xii London throughout the whole of the next two years. Nor indeed till the autumn of the year following does he seem to have allowed himself any respite from his labours. In August 1855, however, and at intervals in 1856, we find him indulging in occasional holidays; but in the winter of the latter year, he again buried himself among his books at Chelsea and took another long spell of work in the 'sound-proof' room which he had erected at the top of his house. In July 1857 the first chapters of Frederick were at last getting into print, and in the autumn of 1858 he again visited Germany on a tour of inspection of the historic scenes of the Seven Years' War, thus enabling himself to combine the fine dramatic quality of his battle-pieces with a technical and scientific accuracy which has earned for his Frederick the Great a well-merited place among the text-books of German military students. He returned to England in September 1858, and a little later—that is to say, more than seven years after the commencement of the work—its first two volumes were given to the world. Its success was immediate, and considering its subject, remarkable, four thousand copies being sold before the end of the year. The third volume appeared in 1862, the fourth in 1864, and the fifth and sixth, by which the great work was brought to a conclusion, in 1865.

To call in question the merits of this colossal biography would be of course absurd. Even were it not informed—one cannot perhaps say throughout, but in many brilliant passages and pages—by Carlyle's extraordinary genius, it would yet remain a monument of historical industry and acumen, and an achievement on which, though it stood alone, the most ambitious of historians might be well content to rest his fame. We cannot even say that, with due allowance made where allowance is due, it is in any way inferior in execution to its author's lofty standard of literary workmanship. Emerson, as quoted by Mr. Leslie Stephen, pronounced it 'the wittiest book in the world,' and it is certainly rich in the inimitable humour of the mind which gave it birth.


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 productive of strange scenes, and I am in a very perplexing predicament; but I will repeat the circumstances to you, and you will be the more competent to advise me. Mean time, permit this man to retire into your kitchen; when his presence is necessary, I will call him.—"Go," said he to the valet, "keep your own secret, and wait my orders."

The man bowed, and withdrew.

"What!" cried the Baron, "do you permit him to be at liberty?"

"Keep your surprise for my story," answered he, "and then judge according to the circumstances that will appear before you."

He then entered upon all the events of the day; described Fatima's extraordinary assurance and menaces, and the astonishment that overcame him, and impeded him from making any efforts to stop or to pursue her.

"Her wickedness," added he, "is so complete, that I am confident there is nothing she would leave undone, no perjuries she would scruple at, to be revenged on those who interfere to the prejudice of her schemes. Where,


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 or with whom she is gone, I know not, or whether I ought to inform Heli of the particulars I have related to you. Have you heard of him to-day; has the Baron produced the servant who made the discoveries?"

"Yes," replied the Count; 'the man was carried this morning before the magistrate, and, as his story was partly corroborated by Heli, and many particulars confirmed by Louisa, on whom the magistrate waited to take her information, orders were given to discharge the men who kept Heli in custody: Your innocence was declared, and fresh orders sent forth to search for Fatima and the valet, on account of the robbery.—How they have contrived to hide themselves, and yet venture at a place so public as the pleasurable little Island of Pratt, I can't conceive; but I think it very probable Fatima will be discovered."

"Though she justly deserves punishment," returned Ferdinand, "I must hope she will elude the search.—I am sorry, indeed, she is possessed of the jewels; but she is so profligate


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 a creature, that I am persuaded she will derive but little benefit from the possession.—Mean time, what is to be done with this valet of the Count's: If he is discovered, we shall not be able to serve him, because his guilt is clearly proved; yet I think he deserves consideration, for the fellow seems penitent; followed me without reluctance, and certainly proved, by their conversation, that he had some principle—a conscience that resisted the idea, and was proof against the persuasion of committing a murder."

"What you say is very true," said the Count; "and I have other reasons for wishing he may escape punishment; the story of Count Wolfran will not bear an investigation." Ferdinand took the hint: This fellow had been present at the marriage of Louisa; had entered into all his master's schemes against her; the whole would therefore come before the public; himself and his friends exposed; the deceit and indignity put upon the Countess would be brought forward, to the mortification of her and young Reiberg. In short,


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6 proposed. To acquire an accurate knowledge of the sounds conveyed by the various letters of any one of the alphabets which have been devised, marked as they are respectively with double, treble, and even quadruple dots, is just as difficult as to learn the Deva Nagree, or any other entirely new character; of the truth of which we may be in some measure convinced, when we reflect that, of all those who have professed to study any one of the above systems, some of which have been in vogue full fifty years, hardly any two of them adopted entirely the same orthography. To write oriental languages in the Roman character may be useful to students in Europe, who have no native tutors at hand to teach them the pronounciation; but it certainly will be no advantage whatever to the people of India. The three first classes above-named will never adopt the new mode, which will be confined to the fourth, and the people in general will be as much excluded from all hope of official employment, or of acquiring any share in the administration of the affairs of their country, as they are at this moment.

But enough has been said, and it is time to act. Government ought, without further delay, to declare its intentions, and these


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Rh should be guided, not by any visionary views, but by the rule of common sense and expediency. I will even take higher ground, and assert that the people have a right, as a mere measure of justice, to demand that the business of the courts and of the country generally should be administered in the vernacular language and character. Such a proceeding as this would tend, in a great degree, to restore confidence, and promote a kindly feeling among our native subjects towards their British-Indian rulers.

June 1, 1834.

No. XXXVI.

ON THE PROCEEDINGS OP THE CIVIL COURTS.

For 'tis a question, (law you know*s our boast,)

If plainti£f or defendant suffer mosU-^/mlia, a Po§m,

The extreme difference between precept and practice in the British-Indian legislation has been often remarked ; and notice has been taken of the little distinction which has been drawn between these in the numerous and just complaints which have been made of the difficulty, indeed, almost impossibility, of obtaining justice from our courts. As regards suits and causes between individuals. Government certainly have been actuated by good intention; and the laws which have been enacted, although undoubtedly capable of great improvement, exhibit provisions in a considerable degree calculated to promote the end in view. Where the interests of the Government have been concerned, (or what has been supposed to be such, for, unfor- tunately, our British-Indian rulers have not yet made the dis- covery that the true interests of Government and of the people


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Rh Still it cannot be denied that the work is guilty of a double offence against the canons of proportion. Great as was the part played by Frederick II. in the history of his country, and indirectly in that of Europe, it can hardly be contended that it deserved treatment at such portentous length. Nor, even if such a contention were tenable, can it be admitted that the various parts of this monumental structure stand in due relation to each other. The biographer unquestionably dwells at excessive length on the parentage and upbringing of his hero, and takes an unconscionable time in getting to close quarters with the real subject of his narrative. The early years and training of Frederick, and the stern experiences of his youth, had, no doubt, an important bearing on his future career, which indeed would be hardly intelligible without a somewhat full account not only of his predecessor's work of military organisation, but of the singularly though undesignedly fortifying discipline to which he subjected his son. But Carlyle lingers beyond all tolerable measure over his minute portrait of the brutal old grenadier, and his readiness in excuse or palliation of Frederick William's half-insane excesses of savagery, is not only irritating in itself, but, worse still, is apt to beget a not unnatural distrust of his advocacy when he comes to deal with the more questionable passages of his hero's life.

The general dimensions, however, of the 'Frederick,' and even the undue elaboration of its preliminaries, were determined by causes which it is not difficult to indicate. Carlyle had always been too apt to write both history and biography in the spirit of the denunciatory political prophet, and the habit had grown upon him with years. The spirit in question may almost be said to have dictated his choice of a subject. His enthusiasm for the founder of the Prussian Monarchy was partly factitious; indeed if certain reported remarks may be taken as seriously meant, he had in reality no very high opinion of Vater Fritz. But, unsatisfactory though he was as a hero in one sense of the word, he served Carlyle's turn well enough in another. When Carlyle speaks of Frederick


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 seemed to me like that would probably be the only chance that I would have to be near such a valuable prize. I recall clearly being so bold one day as to pin the medal on the lapel of my coat and strut with it for five minutes in front of the mirror.

However, it was in the books that within a comparatively short time that medal was to be all my own—the reward of my first victory in a bicycle race. My entry into this event was an accident pure and simple. I had gone out to witness the event, which attracted the cream of the amateur riders of Indiana, and had taken a vantage point near the start when Mr. Hay spotted me. Thinking to inject a laugh into the race for the benefit of the thousands that lined the course, Mr. Hay insisted that I take my place on the starting line. I rebelled, but he fairly dragged me and my bicycle across the road saying, “Come on here, young man, you have got to start in this race.” I was badly scared at the thought as one may well imagine since I had never seen a bicycle race before.

Although the band was playing a lively tune and the crowd was cheering wildly I was crying. When Mr. Hay saw that he started to lift me from my wheel, but stopped and whispered in my ear, “I know you can’t go the full distance, but just ride up the road a little way, it will please the crowd, and you can come back as soon as you get tired.”

Crack! went the pistol, and with tears in my eyes I was off with a fifteen minute handicap on the scratch man. There were hundreds of cyclists stretched along the route, and it seemed to be a friendly sort of cheer and one that encouraged me and inspired me to keep on going even after I had begun to feel very tired. Those words telling me that I could turn back after going a short distance inspired me on when it seemed like fatigue was about to overtake me. They made me all the more determined to show my employer that I could go the distance. As I pedalled along the seemingly endless route I felt sure my knees had been torn out of their sockets by my pedals, but I was determined to cover the entire distance no matter how long it took.

After I had ridden some distance I noticed a group of riders coming to meet me. As they drew closer I recognized My. Hay among them. He had the gold medal that was hung up for first prize and dangled it in front of my eyes as we rode along. As he did so he informed me that I was a mile ahead of the field and had half of the distance left to go. The thought flashed through my mind that I had a chance to own that medal which I had so many times pinned on myself in the store. The sight of it seemed to give me a fresh start, and I felt as though I had only just begun the race. The thought of that gold medal becoming my property spurred me on to my greatest efforts.


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4 The act on Mr. Hay's part was the psychological turning point of the race for me. From then on I rode like mad and wobbled across the tape more dead than alive in first place about six seconds ahead of the scratch man, Walter Marmon. Incidentally this same Walter Marmon is president of the Marmon Automobile Co. today.

Once across the finishing line I collapsed and fell in a heap in the roadway. Kind hands revived me shortly and I recall clearly that the first thing I saw on regaining consciousness was that big gold medal pinned on my chest. I had been through a nerve-racking, heart-breaking race, my legs pained me terribly, but I felt amply repaid for my efforts as I scanned that medal. My first thought was to take it home and show it to my mother. Fast as I had ridden that race I rode with greater speed to my home. My mother laughed and cried in turn as I related the incident of my first race. And one may well imagine my enthusiasm as I told her about the race, as I was but thirteen years old at the time.


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 he saw the most painful consequences would ensue, should this man be taken up; and how to aid his escape now, seemed a very difficult affair, without risque or reflection to themselves.

"I think," said the Baron, after a little pause, "I can manage this matter.—The description of his person, with the particular orders for seizing him, can hardly take place 'till to-morrow; I want to send an express to my steward in Bavaria: If he sets off immediately this night with credentials from me, he will precede the orders for his arrest, which are not likely to extend far beyond the city. I will give orders to my steward to employ him upon my estate, to use him well, but to keep a watchful eye upon him 'till my return; what think you of this scheme?"

"Let us hear him," said Ferdinand, and called for his servant.—He appeared with a confused and mortified air.—Ferdinand told him of the orders given for his apprehension; explained to him the magnitude of his guilt in the bad actions he had been guilty of, and


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 privy to, for his late master; and then repeated the Baron's noble and generous offer to preserve him from shame and death:—"An offer," said he, "so inconsistent with prudence, in trusting to a reformation of your life, that it must appear wonderful to you, and for which you are indebted solely to a few words I heard you say to Fatima, which makes us hope you are not quite abandoned; and if we can save a guilty being to atone for his past offences, and by penitence and good behaviour, to deserve forgiveness from Heaven, we are willing to run the chance in your favour—What say you?"

"My Lords," said the man, throwing himself at their feet, "I humbly thank your goodness: I have been a very wicked wretch; I had a very bad master; and I was too ready to obey him, and join in bad actions; but if your Lordships will please to trust me, in return for a life saved, I will devote it to you, and as faithfully obey a good master, as I too well served a wicked one."


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 "Rise," said the Baron; "your words please me, and I will trust you; within two hours you shall set off; I am only apprehensive the servants may recollect his person."

"My Lord," said he, "fearful that I might be known, I have had my handkerchief to my face, complaining of a violent tooth-ache, and only two servants have seen me at all."

"That's well," returned the Baron; "retire to the antechamber, until all is ready."—The Baron bid his servants instantly to get a horse at the door, as he was going to send Mr. Ferdinand's new servant off with an express.—Mean time, among them, they contrived a small parcel of linen; got him boots and a great coat, and being furnished with money for the journey, and letters from the Baron, he was soon on horseback, and lost no time in pursuing his journey; doubtless no less anxious to get beyond the environs of Vienna, than they were to have him.


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 This whole business, from the return of Ferdinand, had been planned and executed in about three hours, and he felt great relief to his mind, and a heavy weight taken from his spirits, when the man was gone.

CHAP. III.

, then," said Ferdinand, "I begin to breathe; and unless Fatima should be apprehended, the preceding circumstances may as well remain untold to Heli."

His friends were of the same opinion, and then mentioned to him the little resentment Mr. d'Allenberg had expressed, and his subsequent uneasiness.


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My next race was in Peoria, Illinois, in the summer of 1892, an event for boys under sixteen. I was fourteen at the time. Although I did not win the race, I was third, but the kindly manner of the public toward me created a lasting impression in my mind. Little did I imagine then that the next time I appeared on this track that I would be greeted as the Champion of America and it is a safe bet that nobody else imagined so. Thanks to the encouragement given me on that occasion I continued striving towards championship honors, and was elated several years later to be able to return to Peoria as champion sprinter of America.

Peoria was the Mecca of bicycle racing in those days. On its historical track all of the fastest riders in the world struggled for fame and glory. Among the most noted of them were: Zimmerman, Windle, Van Sicklen, Lumsden, Munger, Spooner, Githens, Stone, Temple, Davis, Thorne, Dernberger, Barrett, Kinsley and Hollinsworth, in fact that galaxy of stars participated in the feature event of the program which included the race for boys under sixteen in which I rode.

I clearly recall seeing one of the racers in that meet, William Laurie, participating on his racing machine which was equipped with the first pneumatic tires ever ridden in a bicycle race in this country. Hitherto all racers had their wheels equipped with solid rubber tires as pneumatics had not been perfected up to that time. Hoots and jeers greeted Laurie throughout the afternoon as he blazed the trail for the use of pneumatic tires, which revolutionized bicycle racing, and the manufacture of bicycles simultaneously. Shortly came the cushion tires and soon thereafter the self same pneumatic tires that Laurie demonstrated so well that day came into common use on the bicycle tracks in the country.

The following spring I went to work for H. T. Hearsey, a bicycle dealer in Indianapolis. My principle occupation was giving bicycle lessons, although I also did general work about the store.

While in the employ of Mr. Hearsey I won a number of races, the most important one being a 75-mile road race from Indianapolis to Matthews, Indiana. It was promoted by Mr. George Catterson, a very wealthy sportsman who made his home in Indianapolis. Because of a growing feeling against me on the part of the crack bicycle riders of the day, due wholly to the fact that I was colored, the greatest secrecy surrounded the arrangements for this big event.


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 "I expect him every moment," said the Baron; "for I would not send him word of your return, whilst we had so much business in hand; but I am persuaded his anxiety for your safety will bring him here very shortly."

The Baron was right; for in less than a quarter of an hour afterwards, Mr. d'Allenberg was announced. On entering the room, the first object that met his eyes was Ferdinand, who rose to receive him.

"What a truant you are," exclaimed he, embracing him.—"I hope you can well account for your absence, or I know not what punishment you do not deserve, for giving so much uneasiness to your friends."

"A consciousness of that," replied Ferdinand, "would be as severe a one as you can wish, since I never yet gave a pain to the bosom of a friend, that did not tenfold wound my own."

"I believe you" returned the other;—"and therefore, without being impertinently inquisitive, or arrogating to myself the power of punishing you, for depriving us of a com-


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 fortable breakfast, I shall only say that I am glad to see you returned in safety."

"Most cordially, Sir, I thank you; but I should ill deserve your indulgence, if I held any reserves to you."

He then briefly recapitulated the events which had happened, down to the conclusion of them, just before Mr. d'Allenberg had entered the house.

"This has indeed been a busy day," said that gentleman; "for the young Baron has had an infinity of perplexities on his hands to procure Heli's freedom, and the grant of an indulgence to the man who made a confession.

"He is under a gentle restraint at present; and if, at the expiration of three weeks, Fatima and the Count's valet cannot be found, he is to have his liberty, when the Baron has promised to provide for him; though, for my own part," continued Mr. d'Allenberg, "I think it is showing too much indulgence to vice, to set them on a footing with honest men."


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 Rh making a career for himself. But within his soul there were intense and complex strivings. Although this striving, which had been going on ever since his childhood, seemed to vary in its nature, it was essentially one and the same, and had for its object that absolute perfection in every undertaking which would give him the applause and admiration of the world. Whatever it might be, accomplishments or learning, he worked to merit praise and to stand as an example to the rest. Mastering one subject he took up another, and so obtained first place in his studies. For example, while he was still in the corps, conscious of a lack of fluency in his French, he contrived to master the language so that he knew it like his own. Then again, when he became interested in chess while still in the corps, he worked at the game till he acquired proficiency.

Apart from the chief end of life, which was in his eyes the service of the Tsar and his country, he had always some self-appointed aim; and however unimportant it might be, he pursued this with his whole soul, and lived for it until it was accomplished. But the moment it was attained another arose in its place. This passion for distinguishing himself and for pursuing an object in order to distinguish himself filled his life. So it was that after entering upon his career he set himself to acquire the


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 "Not if they repent, my dear Sir," said Ferdinand; "you will allow it possible, I hope, that a wicked person may, from conviction, repent of his crimes; and if the world is merciless, if no good humane man holds out a hand to help the humble and contrite spirit; if they are shunned, reprobated, and despised, where can they seek for shelter, from the sting of conscience, and the scorn of the world? Desperate, wretched and undone; renounced by the good, they are driven—they are compelled to return to the society of the wicked.—Hopeless, enraged, and disappointed, a hundred to one but they grow more wicked, more abandoned, than in their first career; and are lost, perhaps, body and soul, because the too fastidious, or uncharitable good man, conceives it an abomination to show mercy to the sinner, or stretch forth his hand to drag him from the vortex of vice, into which he is sinking."

"You are right my young monitor," said Mr. d'Allenberg; "I acknowledge my error; your system is consistent with humanity


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 and our duty; and whether our endeavours to reform the wicked succeed or not, the consciousness of having performed that duty, is a sufficient recompense to us, and over-pays all our trouble. You see I am your convert at least, and will remember your short lesson as long as I live.

"But to return to ourselves, I must inform you, two fair ladies think themselves extremely neglected, and I fancy you will find it difficult to exculpate a gallant young man who has proved so very un gallant as not to pay his devoirs to a young lady that has come post here to see her friends."

"If I have been deficient in those duties, I, Sir, am the sufferer; and the circumstances that has impeded my attendance on the ladies, will, I hope, acquit me in your eyes. Doubtless, my friend, the Count has made his peace there, and then my presence or absence can be of little consequence."

The moment these words escaped from the lips of Ferdinand, he would have given the world to have recalled them, apprehensive


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 38 utmost perfection in the knowledge of the service, and, except for his uncontrollable temper, which was sometimes the occasion of actions that were inimical to his success, he soon became a model officer.

Once during a conversation in society he realized the need of a more general education: so, setting himself to work to read books, he soon attained what he desired. Then he wanted to hold a brilliant position in aristocratic society: he learned to dance beautifully, and was presently invited to all the balls and parties in the best circles. But he was not satisfied with this: he was accustomed to being first in everything, and in this instance he was very far from that. Society at that time consisted, as I suppose it has done in every time and place, of four kinds of people—rich people who are received at Court; people who are not rich, but are born and brought up in Court circles; rich people who ape the Court; and people, neither rich nor of the Court, who copy both.

Kasatsky did not belong to the first two, but was gladly received in the last two sets. On entering society his first idea was that he must have a liaison with a society lady; and quite unexpectedly it soon came about. Presently, however, he realized that the circle in which he moved was not the most exclusive, and that there were


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 Rh higher spheres, and that, notwithstanding he was received there, he was a stranger in their midst. They were polite to him, but their manner made it plain that they had their own intimates, and that he was not one of them. Kasatsky longed to be one of them. To attain this end he must become an aide-de-camp—which he expected to be—or else he must marry into the set. He resolved upon this latter course. His choice fell upon a young girl, a beauty, belonging to the Court, and not merely belonging to the circle he wished to move in, whose society was coveted by the most distinguished and the most firmly rooted in this circle. This was the Countess Korotkova. Kasatsky began to pay court to her purely for the sake of his career; she was uncommonly attractive, and he very soon fell in love with her. She was noticeably cool towards him at first, and then suddenly everything changed. She treated him graciously, and her mother continually invited him to the house.

Kasatsky proposed, and was accepted. He was rather astonished at the facility with which he gained his happiness, and he noticed something strange in the behaviour towards him of both mother and daughter. He was deeply in love, and love had made him blind, so he failed to realize what nearly the whole town knew—that


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 It may be well at this time for me to outline just how this race prejudice feeling against me came to a head. A few months before the 75-mile road race was held, Walter Sanger, one of the greatest bicycle riders of the day, made an attempt to establish a new track record for -mile on the Capital City race track in Indianapolis. Before an immense throng he established a mark of 2.18 and was paid a handsome bonus for his stunt.

A number of my friends secretly arranged to have me make an attempt on Sanger’s record shortly after he left the track. Because of the color prejudice that my previous success had earned for me I had to be taken into a dressing room secretly. Hardly had the cheers of the immense throng which greeted the announcement of Sanger’s time died away before I made my appearance on the track ready to endeavor to lower Sanger’s record. Quickly the news flashed through the crowd that I was to make an attack on his recently established mark, and the crowd held their seats as I took a few preliminary trips around the track, which measured one-fifth of a mile to a lap.

One could hear a pin fall as I made my way up the track for a flying start against Sanger’s record. I was paced by a number of my friends who were mounted on tandems. The first one paced me on the first three laps, and a second tandem took me over the balance of the distance going as fast as the track would permit. Those pacemakers were spurred on in their efforts by the thought that they were fighting for a principle as well as for my personal success. They were all white men, and had stacked their all in the belief that I was capable of breaking Sanger’s newly established record. Because of the feeling that was stirred up against me among the bicycle riders in general simply because of my color, my pacemakers stood a chance of being scoffed at had I failed to break his record.

I made my last great effort and pulled up alongside the tandem in the last fifty yards, beating them about two lengths across the tape, and finishing the mile in 2:11, seven seconds under the highly paid Sanger.

Just to show what I could do, I came out on the track later in the evening and did a fifth of a mile unpaced. I rode around the track twice to get going properly, and then took the word. The crowd grew enthusiastic, for it was seen that the way I was riding I would come close to the fifth of a mile record on a five-lap track: The time-keepers compared watches, and I was surprised to learn that I had made a record of :23 3/5, beating the record made in Europe that spring by Macdonald, on the famous Paris track 2/5 of a second.

When the time for my ride was announced I received one of my most flattering ovations. The white riders attracted by the cheering of the spectators, crowded on to the track to see what was going on.


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XIV as the last specimen of the King ('King, König, Canning, Able-Man, 'one who kens or cans'), his eulogies must be taken with some reservation. All that can fairly be said of Frederick in the character of the 'Hero as King,' is that he was a good enough stick to beat the dog of Democracy withal. Carlyle was just then in his most contentious mood. The Latter-day Pamphlets had, as has been said, aroused vehement protest. He had a feeling that it had set the world against him, and he became daily more and more convinced that he had been cast by destiny for the rôle of Athanasius. This is hardly the spirit in which to look about for a subject of biography, and certainly if a writer is to select a hero with a special view to using his biography for a temporary polemical purpose, it is just as well that he should not plan his work on such a scale as to make it last him the remainder of his life. But no doubt it was the selection which determined the plan, and it was the mass of biographical detail which German industry, German formlessness, and German inartistic lack of perception for the inessential had accumulated round the hero, which made the choice so fatal a one. It was not exactly a free choice either. Theoretically speaking, any born 'leader of men,' any one of the figures, for instance, whom he had robed and crowned as ideal rulers in his lectures on Hero-Worship, would have answered that temporary polemical purpose to which he eventually made so gigantic a sacrifice. But practically he found on examination that none of them would do. 'He thought of Ireland,' writes the late Professor Nichol,' but that was too burning a subject; of William the Conqueror, of Simon de Montfort, the Norsemen, the Cid; but these may have seemed to him too remote. Why, ask patriotic Scotsmen, did he not take up his and their favourite Knox? But Knox's life had been fairly handled by M'Crie, and Carlyle would have found it hard to adjust is treatment of that essentially national hero to the exodus from Houndsditch. Luther might have been an apter theme; but there too it would have been a strain to steer clear of theological con


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 As I passed through them to my dressing room I heard several threatening remarks aimed at me. They were not only angry at me for having broken the records, but also at the track manager as well for having allowed me to race on the track, even though I had no white men opposing me. Incidentally my track records stood as long as the track remained.

My friends had put over a clever little trick in smuggling me on the track for my record-breaking ride, but in so doing they incurred the enmity of a group of narrow-minded people. I received no pay for my record-breaking mile, other than the satisfaction that it gave me, that feeling being enjoyed also by my good friends who were pleased that they had a part in my demonstration to the public of my riding ability provided I got a square deal. Down in my heart I felt that if I could get an even break I could make good as a sprinter on the bicycle tracks of the country. That was ample pay for me.

Thereafter I was barred from ever competing again on any track in Indianapolis. However, my being debarred from those tracks fortunately paved the way for one of the greatest races I ever participated in.

Several weeks after I had established the record for the Capital City track in Indianapolis, the See-Saw Circle Club which was composed of more than 100 colored riders, held a ten-mile road race. It was announced in advance of the event that the nder who won from scratch would represent the club in a big ten-mile road race in Chicago, all expenses being paid for by the club, including a trainer. This event was open only to Negro riders, and they came from all parts of the country.

Henry Stewart, who was known the country over as the “St. Louis Flyer,” was easily the outstanding star of the event. Just before the race started one of the club officials accompanied Stewart into my tent and introduced him to me. Stewart and I were the scratch men of the occasion. He was a man of powerful physique, having well- developed legs and muscular arms and shoulders. He smiled at me cynically, being evidently bent on unnerving me. For a time it had the desired effect on me as I grew weak and nervous. It was the first time in my life that I had experienced such a reaction. As I lay trembling on my cot I heard Stewart talking, evidently for my benefit just outside. He ridiculed me and requested the secretary of the race to give me the limit handicap, as he said he felt I looked as though I needed it. His sarcastic remarks proved to be his undoing, however, as they stirred me as I never had been stirred before. Instantly all my fighting spirit rushed back to me, and I jumped into my racing togs determined to beat Stewart at any cost.

As he strutted to the starting line in his bright bath robe, I became more determined than ever to defeat him. He got a wonderful re-


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Rh troversy, of which he had had enough. Napoleon was at heart too much of a gamin for his taste. Looking over Prussia in more recent times, he concluded 'that the Prussian monarchy had been the centre of modern stability, and that it had been made so by its actual creator Frederick II. called the Great.' And thus it was that he found himself at last, spade in hand, before that Titanic midden, that 'Pelion laid on Ossa of Prussian Dryasdust,' which in the result it took him fourteen mortal years to dig through.

Merely to have played the 'Golden Dustman' to this huge pile of biographical refuse; merely to have 'screened' and sifted it with such resolute and untiring labour; to have extricated, stored, arranged, labelled and catalogued its buried treasures, and to have carted away the mass of superincumbent rubbish, to be 'shot' once for all in its proper limbo of oblivion — this alone would have been a great and valuable work. But seeing that to this Carlyle has added the construction of a magnificently imposing, if imperfectly proportioned, museum, for the safe custody and perpetual preservation of the recovered treasures, it might seem ungracious to grudge the long years that were consumed on the accomplishment of the work. Regret only awakens when we turn away from what we have gained—no doubt a quite indefensible proceeding—to consider what we have lost; to reflect on the matchless excellence and perfect adequacy of so many of Carlyle's shorter pieces; and mentally to enumerate all those memorable events in the world's history which have waited in vain to hear their story told as he alone could tell it, all those its epic figures who might be living for us now with the full and vivid life of a Mirabeau or a Cromwell, had not he who of all men was best fitted to play their vates sacer been 'otherwise engaged.' H. D. TRAILL.


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Rh Several horticultural varieties have been introduced, viz.:—

3. Var. lætevirens, Masters, ''Jour. Linn. Soc. (Bot.''), xviii. 486.

A dwarf shrub having no definite leader, with slender and much-ramified branchlets, and very small and bright green leaves. This variety often shows acicular leaves, spreading all round the shoot, and is apparently a fixed seedling form. It was introduced in 1861 from Japan by J. Gould Veitch.

4. Var. variegata. This only differs from the ordinary cultivated form in having the tips of many of the branchlets pale yellow or cream colour. It was introduced by Fortune in 1861.

Thujopsis dolabrata was discovered by Kaempfer, who mentions it in his Amœnitates Exoticæ, p. 884, as "a kind of Finoki." His specimen is still preserved in the Natural History Museum at South Kensington, and was figured by Lambert in his account of the species. Thunberg long afterwards (about 1776) sent specimens to Linnæus, who first gave a scientific description of the tree. Thunberg cites the locality as follows:—"Crescit in regionibus Oygawæ et Fakoniæ, inter Miaco et Iedo."

Thujopsis dolabrata in Japan is known under the name of Hiba, and is found in a wild state north of about lat. 35°, and in the southern part of this area is a mountain tree only, occurring in the forest of the Kisogawa district from about 3000 to 5000 feet. In the vicinity of Nikko it is common between about 4000 and 6000 feet according to Sargent, but I only saw it here near Lake Yumoto where it did not appear to attain such large dimensions as farther north. The variety found in the forests of Atera is distinct in its fruit from the northern form. The excellent figure on Plate xi. in Shirasawa's Essences Forestières appears to be taken from the southern variety.

The northern form has been described by Makino as var. Hondai, but the latter is not mentioned either by Goto or Shirasawa, nor is it recognised as specifically distinct in any of the Japanese collections which I saw. Though the tree usually occurs in mixture with Tsuga at Nikko, and with Sciadopitys at Atera, yet in the extreme north of Japan, on the hills north of Aomori, it is found in pure forest on hills of volcanic formation from near sea-level up to about 3000 feet. An excellent account of the forest of Uchimappe is given in Forestry and Forest-Products of Japan, where it is stated that the mountains are of Tertiary formation, and the under-lying rock composed of tufa, sandstone, and slate. Pieces of this rock which I brought home have been examined by Mr. Prior of the British Museum of Natural History, who considers that in all probability they represent a rather basic andesite or basalt, but owing to the weathered and decomposed state of the specimens, satisfactory sections could not be made. I visited this forest in the


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Rh cases occur in which the wood is curiously mottled and freckled. A ceiling and a screen made of such wood, which I saw in the Forestry Bureau at Aomori, were very beautiful.

The wood weighs about 30 lbs. per cubic foot, and is worth at Aomori from 40 to 50 yen per 100 cubic feet, or about 1s. per cubic foot. It is much valued not only for joinery and building purposes, but for foundations, ship and boat building, as it is stronger and more resinous than other woods of the same character.

The bark also, which is thin, tough, and durable, is much used for roofing and for partitions and walls of out-houses, fences, etc.

T. Lobb sent a plant from the Botanical Garden at Buitenzorg in Java, to Exeter in 1853, which died; and soon after, Capt. Fortescue, a cousin of Earl Fortescue, brought a plant from Japan which was planted at Castlehill in 1859. But this tree, as I learn from Mr. Pearson, the head gardener, has been dead for some time, though plants raised from its cuttings are still growing at Castlehill and elsewhere.

In 1861 Mr. J.G. Veitch and R. Fortune sent seeds from Japan to the Chelsea and Ascot Nurseries, from which plants were raised and generally distributed, so that the tree is now common in England.

From what I have said of its habitat in Japan it is clear that though this tree is hardy as regards frost in winter, it requires conditions which are rarely found in England to bring it to any size, and, as a matter of fact, it has not yet become a tree anywhere except in Devonshire and Cornwall, though perhaps if seeds from North Japan are obtained the results might be better.

Though no doubt it has ripened seeds elsewhere, I have never obtained any which germinated, except from a tree planted about 1881 by Queen Alexandra in the Earl of Northbrook's grounds at Stratton Park, Hants, which I gathered in October 1900. One of these grew, and is now a healthy plant about g inches high. It seems to suffer less from spring frost than many Japanese and Himalayan conifers.

The finest tree that I have seen in England is at Killerton, which in 1902 measured 35 feet 6 inches in height and 2 feet 4 inches in girth. It is growing on a slope facing south-west in a peculiar soil, which Sir C.T.D. Acland describes as "Trap, soft below the surface, but hard after exposure. This trap overlies red sandstone, but is rather darker and more porous." This soil evidently suits most conifers admirably, as I have seen no other collection which contains so many fine specimens as this.

At Boconnoc, at Carclew, and at other places in Cornwall there are trees approaching this in height, but we have not seen any specimen above 15 to 20 feet in other parts of England, though as a bushy shrub 12 feet high it exists in most modern gardens. In Scotland it seems hardy in the west and in Perthshire, whilst at Castlewellan in Ireland it has attained 30 feet in height. At Powerscourt and Kilmacurragh, Wicklow, there are trees with the lower branches layering and forming numerous independent stems.


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Rh lobed. Petals four or five, claws not longer than the calyx; stamens exserted. This section includes all the old-world species.

1. Æsculus Hippocastanum, Linnæus. Greece.

2. Æsculus indica, Colebrooke. Afghanistan, north-western Himalaya.

3. Æsculus punduana, Wallich, List 1189 (1828). Sikkim, western Duars, Khasia Hills, Upper Burma, Tenasserim, Siam, Tonking. Large tree. Leaflets six to seven, very large, thinly coriaceous, stalked, acuminate, serrate. Panicles 12 to 15 inches or more, flowers white or yellow. Fruit brown, smooth.

Not introduced and not likely to be hardy.

4. Æsculus chinensis, Bunge, ''Enum. Pl. Chin. Bor.'' 10 (1835). Northern and Central China. A tree, 4o to 50 feet high. Leaflets five to seven, large, stalked, obovate-oblong, rounded at the base, abruptly acuminate at the apex, finely serrate, shining above, glabrescent below except for pubescence along the nerves, petioles pubescent. Panicles, 8 inches long, pubescent. Flowers small, white; sepals shortly and unequally five-lobed, pubescent. Petals four, minute. Filaments glabrous. Fruit pear-shaped or globular, small (¾ inch diameter), one-celled, threevalved, brown, covered with warts, not spiny.

This species has been much confused with the next, from which it differs in every way. The flowers, though small, are numerous in the large panicle, and the foliage is very handsome. It is common enough in the mountains of central China, in Shansi, and in the hills to the west of Peking; and when introduced is likely to prove hardy in England.

5. Æsculus turbinata, Blume. Japan.

II. Buds not resinous. Calyx tubular, five-toothed. Petals four, yellow or scarlet.

6. Æsculus glabra, Willdenow. North America.

7. Æsculus octandra, Marshall. North America.

8. Æsculus Pavia, Linnæus, Sp. Pl. 344 (1753); ''Bot. Reg.'' t. 993 (1826). Middle United States. A shrub. Leaves with slender grooved petioles, the edges of the grooves jagged. Leaflets five, obovate, acute at the base, acuminate at the apex, finely serrate without cilia, slightly pubescent beneath. Flowers in loose panicles, 4 to 7 inches long. Petals red, meeting at the tips; upper pair longer, with claws about three times as long as the small spathulate limb; lateral pair shorter, with claws as long as the calyx, and rounded limb equalling the claw in length; margin of petals beset with minute dark glands. Stamens as long as the upper pair of petals. Fruit brown, without spines.

This species, though only a shrub, is mentioned here at some length, as it closely resembles Æsculus octandra, and moreover enters into such important hybrids as Æsculus carnea, versicolor, etc. All its hybrids may be recognised by the red colour of the flowers and the glandular margin of the petals. It is readily distinguished from Æsculus octandra by its smaller leaves and peculiar petioles. In winter it shows the following characters:—Twigs slender, glabrous, shining, with numerous lenticels.


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 that he had betrayed the Count's secret, and the confidence of Louisa.

Mr. d'Allenberg looked at him with a keen and penetrating eye; the Count, with much surprise, and was for a moment silent.

"I take shame to myself," said he at last, 'that I have not performed a duty gratitude, respect, and esteem, claimed from me; but in truth, the business of the day, your unexpected elopement this morning, and a variety of perplexing thoughts, totally unqualified me for paying visits. You see, therefore, that you have not only been guilty of omissions yourself, but are the cause of other people's deficiencies."

The Count spoke the last words with a gay air, that a little reconciled Ferdinand to himself for the petulancy of his answer to Mr. D'Alenberg, which he sought to cover by saying, "To-morrow, Sir, I hope we shall have the honour of waiting upon the ladies, and apologizing for our seeming neglect."

"Very well," replied he, "I shall so report it, that you may receive a tolerable welcome;


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 and now that I see you safe, I bid you good evening; remember to come early, as I wish to confer with you respecting Louisa's affairs."

Mr. d'Allenberg having left them, the Baron expressed some surprise at the absence of his son.—He had scarcely spoken before he entered, and was rejoiced to see Ferdinand.—He said that he had been with Heli, who was in a very gloomy way for the loss of his riches: Fortunately they had not stripped his person; he had a snuff-box of value, a watch, and two rings, that were in his pocket; the whole might be worth about eight hundred Louis d'ors; but this, he said, was a trifle; what could he do with a sum like that.

"I then," continued Reiberg, "told him of the generous intentions the Count and Ferdinand had adopted.—I saw he was by no means grateful; and the interpreter told me, that he peremptorily declined all favours from them.—I did not urge the point, from an idea, that when he is in better


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 health, his temper may lose its present ferocity. The women servants had called there, under some apprehensions at having concealed themselves in a small cottage on one side of the wood, and two days being elapsed, they prevailed upon a man and woman to accompany them back.

The poor creatures were rejoiced to find their little property untouched; one of these he discharged; the other, with the interpreter, remains; I have promised to send an honest jeweller to him tomorrow; for he is resolved to dispose of his property, and lodge the money in safe hands; and when he is well, he intends to give up the cottage, and lodge with the interpreter. So much for Heli." The gentlemen retired at an early hour, with a strict injunction to Ferdinand, not to steal away at day-break again.

"The next morning, when they met at breakfast, all seemed to have recovered their spirits, except Ferdinand; his looks denoted a mind ill at ease; he eat little, and soon left


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 them to write letters, previous to their purposed visit to Mr. d'Allenberg.

"He wrote to Mr. Dunloff, to Ernest, and a short epistle to his brother; he mentioned, that he hoped, in a fortnight or three weeks, he should revisit Suabia; that however earnestly he wished to be at Baden, and see his dear children, the painful remembrance of past scenes, made him dread an interview that must renew all his sorrows.

"Having a little relieved his mind by communicating his thoughts, he rejoined his friends, and prepared to accompany them.

"They soon arrived at the Doctor's, who had kindly accommodated them all.—Mr. D'Alenberg was ready to introduce them;—the two Barons, as strangers, were first announced; but when the Count and Ferdinand approached Miss D'Alenberg, the latter observed her emotions; she blushed, turned pale, trembled, and, with difficulty, replied to the compliment the Count made her; he, guessing at the situation of her heart, felt extremely for her and the Count; to relieve


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 both, he advanced, and paid his respects;—congratulated himself on the happiness of seeing her; and then turning to Louisa, "I rejoice, my amiable friend, to see you so perfectly recovered."

"I am, indeed," said she, "much better in health, and cannot be otherwise than happy, when blessed with the society of my friends and benefactors."

"The two Barons were charmed with the ladies, and Mr. D'Alenberg, studious to avoid any retrospection to unpleasant scenes, entered into a spirited conversation on Germanic affairs; the peace concluded with the Turks, the Emperor's schemes in favour of his daughter, Maria Theresa, and such themes as carried them out of their own concerns.

"But on talking more fully about the late war, Louisa cried out, "will you forgive me, gentlemen, for interrupting your politics, I long to hear the story of our friends" captivity, and how they amused themselves in Turkey."

"Our amusements, Madam," said the Count, "were very limited; but Ferdinand


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 had certainly the advantage of me, and therefore is best qualified to gratify your curiosity."

"Will you have the goodness to indulge us," Sir, asked Miss d'Allenberg, in a voice so low and tremulous, that it touched Ferdinand, who passed the momentary thought, "What an amazing alteration between Miss d'Allenberg and Louisa! the ladies seem to have changed characters."

Then addressing himself to her—"There is so little to entertain you, Madam, in the relation, that it is soon made; for no great variety could be thrown into a life of confinement; he very readily obeyed her, however, and gave a brief recital of particulars, which have been already noticed."

When he had concluded, the ladies thanked him; Louisa observed archly, "You were peculiarly unfortunate, in not being noticed by some Turkish beauty, who might have broken your chains, and become a partner in your flight.—What a pretty romantic tale is here spoiled for want of a lady to embellish it."


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 "You will recollect, Madam," answered he, 'that I never was permitted to walk, but when Heli was with me; and the side where the ladies resided, was far distant from the apartments I inhabited; therefore I cannot, with any plausibility, violate truth, by boasting of ladies favours; indeed I have no obligations of that kind."

"How!" returned she; "are you so vain as to consider our friendship and good opinion so entirely your due, that it confers neither favour nor obligation?" "Pardon me, Madam, to deserve the friendship of two such ladies, would be my highest ambition; and to obtain it, I must consider as an honour that will gratify my vainest wishes."

"You have extorted a compliment, my dear Louisa," said Miss D'Alenberg, "and now I hope are satisfied."

Ferdinand ought to have replied to this "extorted," but he was out of spirits, and gladly availed himself of some trivial observation of young Reiberg's, to change the subject. This evasion passed not unobserved,


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 which, with the melancholy air of his countenance, made them feel great compassion for him.

For his part, he was not sorry when the visit ended; Mr. d'Allenberg was requested by the Baron to accompany them back to dinner, as the ladies were engaged in making preparations for their appearance in public the next day, Louisa's health being much restored, and company and amusement being indeed indispensables towards removing the dejection of Miss d'Allenberg's spirits.

In their walk home, Ferdinand and the Count being together, the former remarked how thin and pale Miss d'Allenberg was grown.

"She is much altered," added he; "yet I think her more captivating than ever:—There is something so interesting in the softness of her looks, and the melody of her voice."

"You are partial to melancholy beauties," said the Count, smiling.—"I remember you


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 admired Louisa much when she was sorrowful, and apparently declining into her grave; now, that the goddess, health, deigns to revisit, she seems to have lost her estimation with you."

"Not so," quickly replied Ferdinand, apprehensive that his friend was jealous of his attention to Miss d'Allenberg; "I am rejoiced to see her so unexpectedly recovered, and admire her as greatly as ever I did; her pleasing vivacity will, I hope, be of service to her friend.—Yet you must allow, the Count's death so recent, a man whom she so passionately loved, 'tis rather extraordinary that she appears to be so little affected."

"Not at all," answered the Count; "she had long ceased to esteem him; his conduct merited her scorn; and his late attempt against her must have eradicated every trait of affection; nor could she think herself safe from his machinations whilst he had existed. Her behaviour, therefore, is very natural;—she is freed from a villain, who had cruelly used her, and relieved from that fear and


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 anxiety which must have embittered every hour in his life time. I applaud her for not pretending to a regret or sorrow, it was impossible she should feel."

"Do you suppose, then," said Ferdinand, tis so easy a matter to teach the heart to resign its affections; can the unworthiness of a beloved object so soon eradicate all tenderness from a bosom accustomed to love?"

"I know at least, that it ought to be so," replied the Count; "because love ought to be grafted on esteem; and the loss of one should be the death of the other."

"Should be," repeated Ferdinand with a sigh.—"Alas! how seldom is the refractory heart under the guidance of reason."

Being joined by their friends, the conversation became general, and they walked together to the Baron's house.

They had hardly dined, when a servant entered and said, a man on horseback had a letter for Count Ferdinand, which he refused to deliver to any but himself.—Surprised, he hastily run to the door; the man respectfully


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 gave him the letter "from my master, Count Rhodophil Renaud." Ferdinand, with a trembling hand, broke the seal:—The contents were these:

"My Dear Brother,

"Life is ebbing fast; all hopes are over; if you ever wish to see me more, lose no time; set off directly; I have things of consequence to impart, for your interest; if you ever loved me, hasten to the dying

"."

"Good God!" exclaimed Ferdinand, "how long has my brother been ill?"

"He has been drooping some time," answered the servant; "but 'tis only a week since the doctor told him his danger, and the Countess is half distracted; for I have heard that day and night he wishes to see you."

"Go to the next inn," said Ferdinand; "refresh yourself; order post horses from the post house; I will be ready in two hours to accompany you."


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 Excessively agitated, he returned to his friends, produced the letter, and announced his intention of quitting Vienna immediately.

This design produced a general concern; every face was clouded.

"I will go with you," said the Count.

"Indeed you will not," replied Ferdinand; "it was your intention to stay some time longer; the business we have been engaged in may require your presence here; I cannot ask you to my brother's castle; a short time may decide how I am at liberty to act; I shall write the moment I get home."

"Indeed," said Mr. d'Allenberg, "this is very unlucky, and will shorten our stay in Vienna."

"Perhaps, then," said the Baron, "we may all soon follow you; for I have business that calls me into Bavaria, though I postponed it until the time for your departure was fixed, and which indeed I concluded would not happen for some time."


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 "I wish," said the Count, "you would permit me to go with you; I feel as if I ought to go."

"Not a word on the subject," returned Ferdinand; "I leave you here to answer for me to Miss d'Allenberg, to her friend, and all other claims upon me; have the kindness to acquaint the ladies of the necessity which tears me from them for the present, though I hope it will not be long before we meet again."

"I hope the same," said Mr. d'Allenberg; "for you possess my warmest esteem and best wishes."

Ferdinand felt the kindness of his friends, and withdrew, to hide his emotions, and prepare for his journey.

"You will excuse me," said Mr. d'Allenberg, "if I leave you; I like not the parting minute, and have an unpleasant task to perform, in preparing my young folks to receive you in the evening without your friend. I shall expect you, however; we will mingle our regrets."


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 He left them; the Count repaired to Ferdinand's apartment; again urged his wish to accompany him; but the other as firmly refused it.

"Stay here," said he, till you hear from me, and then perhaps I shall solicit, as the first wish of my heart, what I now refuse, the company of my friend."

The Count was silenced, though not satisfied, and assisted very reluctantly in settling things for their separation. The moment arrived; the post horses were at the door, and they parted with equal regret on all sides. Ferdinand determined to take no rest until he arrived at Lintz, but merely changed horses, and proceeded with the greatest expedition. The servant informed him he had business of consequence to do for Madam, the Countess, at Lintz, but which would not detain him many hours.

Here then Ferdinand thought he might rest, and to Lintz they at length arrived, excessively fatigued with long and hard riding. When Ferdinand had ordered some refresh-


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 ment, the servant left him, and he seized five minutes to write a few lines to Count M; the man was not long absent; they retired for a few hours to sleep, and then rose to pursue their journey with fresh spirits.

They had got near five miles from Lintz, and had ascended a steep hill, which was covered with trees.—On one side, you saw the plain through which the road lay; on the other side was a craggy mountain, at the foot of which run the river: The path-way was narrow; one horse only could with safety proceed at a time: Ferdinand was turning his horse round a clump of trees, when he received a shot, that brought him tumbling on the earth, and in the same moment, before he had recovered any recollection, he was precipitated down the broken mountain, and fell into the river, so bruised and senseless, that when he recovered his reason, he could scarcely recollect what had befallen him, nor the smallest idea from what hand he had received the injury.


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 Providentially, in rolling into the river, one of his hands got entangled in some low bushes, that grew on the edge of the water, that he was suspended from sinking, as he might otherwise have done, and the chill of the water restored his senses, but he saw the water was coloured with his blood, and felt that he was growing very faint; he therefore made an effort, by clinging fast to the wood and weeds, to drag himself out, and with some difficulty succeeded.

He found the shot had gone through the fleshy part of his right arm, and slightly wounded his side. With no small labour he got his coat off; for he had many bruises which began to grow painful; he tore his shirt, and with that and his handkerchief, bound up the wound as well as pain would enable him to do; but the effort, loss of blood, and the soreness of his limbs, rendered him extremely faint, and he had just time to drag himself farther on the bank, when he again felt his senses leaving him, and supposed death was at hand.


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 He returned a second time to life, but so enfeebled, and in so much pain, that he found it impossible to rise, and saw no prospect of relief: He looked round to see if the servant was in a similar situation, but no object met his view, and he had much reason to fear that he was killed upon the spot, and thrown into the river, where he sunk; for he had no doubt upon his mind but that he received the wound from some banditti, and even seemed to have an idea of seeing some objects among the trees just as he was wounded; and he supposed, by falling from the horse, he had accidentally rolled down the mountain, as their intention was doubtless to plunder him. Having settled the matter in his own mind, he pitied the fate of the servant, and lamented the distress his brother and friends would feel, when hearing no intelligence of him.

Hopeless of assistance, he thought his struggles for life, had only protracted his fate a few short hours, when he must inevitably perish; his only chance of help was the pas-


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 sing of a boat, and that hope was a very feeble one.

He happened to have two small biscuits, which he had put into his pocket at one of their last stages, but which he found broken in pieces by his fall; for the present he wanted no refreshment; his faintness arose from pain, and the sickness occasioned by rolling down such a tremendous height, which, when he raised his eyes to view it, he considered it as next to a miracle that he had not been dashed to pieces.

For some hours, he remained comfortless and despairing on the bank, when suddenly he saw a figure issue from a cavity in one of the hanging fragments of the rock, that appeared like something human, though bent almost double with age; a blanket wrapped round him, with holes to let out his arms, and tied round the middle with a cord; a long beard, and feeble steps, proclaimed his age and weakness. As this object approached nearer, Ferdinand saw his head was uncover-


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 290 endeavour to reconcile Catholics to the new Decree by extenuating the greatness of the change. Bishop Ullathorne informed his people that "the Pope always wielded this Infallibility, and all men knew this to be the fact. What practical change, then, has the definition made?" Yet the same writer could urge that the character of the age, and the opposition within the Church, "rendered it all the more important that the Pope should be armed with that full strength." It was then a great practical change. And this is what many Romans felt. There was something naïve in the simplicity with which Ullathorne wrote: "The Infallibility leaves all things as before, excepting that now it is a term of communion." Leaves all things as before! except that formerly men could disbelieve it and openly deny it, while now it is a term of communion, and to disbelieve is to be cast out. Ullathorne clearly found it beyond his power to give any satisfaction to the intelligence of his people. It amounted to a demand of blind assent to the hitherto discredited.

It remains to trace the attitude of the minority toward the new Decree. As a whole they give the impression of having been crushed, almost stunned. The dreamlike rapidity of the movements during these last six months; the sudden forcible erection of a hitherto controvertible and controverted opinion into an essential element of the Eternal Faith; the consequent intellectual and moral reversions demanded of them, left them in a state of complete disorganisation and confusion. Their collective inability in Rome to resist in the final Public Session; their opinion that such resistance would be incompatible with the respect due to the papal office, form conclusive evidence beforehand of their inability


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 ed, exposed to the weather, his venerable silver locks flowing round his shoulders.

He was so struck with wonder and admiration, that he had no power to cry out; and, as he lay, the weeds and wild shrubs almost hid him from being seen. The old man was passing on slowly, and seemingly deeply meditating, when the other exerted himself to say, "Stop! Oh! stop!"

The man started.—"From whence comes that voice?" said he, advancing, and presently discovered Ferdinand.

"Gracious Father!" exclaimed he, "who are you, and how came you here, my son?"

"I fell from the brow of the hill into the river."

"Wonderful Providence! What, unhurt?"

"I cannot say that," replied he; "I am very much bruised, I believe, besides being wounded by a pistol in my arm and side, which occasioned my falling."

"Alas! my son, how shall I help you;—you cannot rise."


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 "Indeed I cannot; but perhaps I may endeavour to crawl a small distance, if there is any place to receive me."

"Try, then, my child; for I have a comfortable cell, if 'tis possible for you to reach it."

Ferdinand, suddenly inspired with hope, and fresh desires for life, exerted himself with uncommon resolution, and though he felt agonies of pain, he bore it without a groan, so anxious was he to obtain rest and help.

Such is the natural fondness for life implanted in the mind of man, that when sickness and despair has annihilated hope, and taught the suffering wretch to look forward to the close of his existence, as his only refuge from misery, if some unlooked for crisis changes the nature of his disorder, or a dawn of better prospects is presented to his view—he no longer courts death as the end of his troubles, but with new desires, new hopes, he struggles to retain and preserve life, though sure of encountering future ills, and of going through the same sad scene again.


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 So was it with Ferdinand, to whom an existence for many months, nay, even for years, had been an evil, he thought, he should have felt grateful to be released from, but the near prospect of death had taught him a different lesson; he found he had still some ties on earth that clung to his heart, and whom he shuddered to think of parting with for ever.

Eager, therefore, to profit by the old man's offer, he so successfully laboured, that he got to the part of the rock from whence he saw him emerge; but it was a work of extreme difficulty, and with all the assistance that old age was capable of lending, that he crawled up the broken fragments, and at length crept through the cavity into a spacious cell. The moment he entered, the spirit that had supported him failed, and he fainted.

The venerable man poured water upon him, and when he perceived returning life, forced a little wine down his throat, that revived him.—He next examined his bruises, and anointed them with some oil, the only


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 thing he had that could do good, and having shook up his mattress of straw, he covered it with a blanket, and laid Ferdinand upon it. In a very short time, overcome with fatigue and weakness, he dropped asleep, and enjoyed comfortable rest for more than six hours.

When he awoke, though stiff and sore, yet his spirits and strength seemed much recruited; the good man gave him some bread and wine, and with a few simple herbs and oil, prepared to dress his wound and bruises.—Luckily the ball passed quite through his arm, and wounded his side, without lodging in it; therefore his venerable host gave him hopes no ill consequences would ensue from that; the bruises would be more troublesome than the wound; but as he observed, 'twas a miracle that every bone had not been broken.

Ferdinand mentioned to him the accident as well as he could recollect; for the whole was so momentary, that he was hardly sensible how it happened. The old man paused, and considered.


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 ] to continue a permanent resistance when isolated in their different dioceses. The individual Bishop was a lesser power than the Bishops assembled. He was separated in his diocese from the support of like minded prelates. And, if released from the immediate pressure of papal influence, he was incapacitated for anything like concerted action. As Bishop, he lived and spoke alone. Communication was difficult owing to war. International Meetings were impossible. Meanwhile the solitary Bishop was beset by all the local influences which the Nuncios, and Jesuits and other religious orders, knew so thoroughly well how to wield. Rome, it has been said, disbelieved in the capacity of the opposition to stand firm; and Rome had calculated with profound insight and accuracy.

Several fugitive Bishops took the precaution before they left Rome of sending a letter of submission to the coming Decree.

The Archbishop of Cologne explained to the Pope that having given a qualified vote on 13th July he cannot conscientiously vote Yes on 18th July. Accordingly, with great distress, and out of reverence for the Pope, he will avail himself of the permission to depart: adding that he submits himself to what the Council is about to decree.

The Archbishop of Maintz wrote a similar apology. To oppose, in the Public Session, was repugnant to his feelings: nothing, therefore, remained but to depart; except to add that he submitted himself to the Council's Decree, just as if he had remained to vote approval.

Before submission to the new dogma, the question was discussed, What constitutes promulgation of a Decree? Such discussion was quite in keeping with precedent. The Decrees of Trent had been discussed before they


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 "Possibly," said he, "there may be banditti in the neighbouring hills and woods, but I never heard of any accident there; 'tis a strange business; but thank Heaven, my son, whatever was their evil intent, you have escaped with life; and if in a few days you are able to walk, there is a castle not far off, where you will be better taken care of than by me."

Ferdinand thanked the venerable man, and was grateful to Heaven, who had so wonderfully preserved him. The simple remedies applied to his hurts, agreed perfectly well with them; and in the course of two days he began to feel considerably better.


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CHAP. IV.

this time he had inquired of his host "how long he had lived in that rock?"

"Many years (replied he;) I had once a place at Court, was esteemed by the late Emperor, and not a small favourite with a Lady he loved. I often attended him when he visited her privately, and I happened to be young and pleased her fancy: I do not pretend to defend my conduct, I ought to have remembered the Emperor was my master and benefactor; but the seductive arts of women it is difficult to withstand, and perhaps I made no efforts for the pur-


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 292 were admitted into the Church of France. Was any collective acceptance necessary, before the dogma could become obligatory upon the consciences of the faithful? True that Infallibility had been passed at Rome; but the Vatican Council was not closed—it was only adjourned. Did the decisions of a Council become obligations until the Council itself had finished its work? Questions of this character were argued at considerable length in the hope of some loophole or relief. They were, however, promptly crushed by a letter from the watchful Antonelli to the Brussel's Nuncio to the effect that the Decree was ipso facto binding on the Catholic world, and needed no further publication. This cut away the hope to which some Bishops clung, that they would not be required to take open action in cases where they knew acceptance of the doctrine to be morally impossible.

1. The Archbishop of Paris voted, consistently with his entire attitude, against the doctrine of Papal Infallibility, on the critical day, 13th July. In the interview on Saturday 16th, he prefaced his expostulations with a promise to submit; but he also resolved to absent himself from the Public Session, and wrote to the Pope to say that he should not be present. On Sunday the 17th he saw the Pope again, and said farewell. No allusion was made to the events of the morrow, or to the Council's voting. Pius confined himself to benevolent generalities, on the devotion of the Archbishop and clergy of Paris to the interests of the Church and of the Holy See. The Pope and the Archbishop corresponded


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 thing we know, indefinitely and inexhaustably. From whence then this vain Opinion of our selves? May we not more justly suppose these glorious Orbs, inhabited by those numberless Orders of more glorious Beings which are betwixt Us and our Creator? (For surely, there are more Gradations, more Ranks of Beings betwixt Us and God Almighty, than there are betwixt Us and the meanest Insect we know;) and as we cannot, with any shew of Reason, imagine all these glorious Beings were created at the same Time with our selves, neither can we believe their Habitations to have been formed at the same Time with this of Ours; but by a Parity of Reason must suppose them to have been created as long before our World as these other Beings have existed before Mankind. in his Account of the Creation ( Chap. 1. verse 16. God made two Lights: the greater Light to rule the Day, and the lesser Light to rule the Night,) seems to imply as much: for he is here describing whatever was created at the same Time with this Earth of ours, and the two great Lights here mentioned, can only relate to this solar System, since they are far from being Great, if considered with the other Stars: for the Sun itself, if not less, is no bigger certainly than many of the fixed Stars; and a very small Knowledge in Astronomy will convince any one, that the Moon is less, without Comparison, than any Star discovered by the naked Eye. As to his subjoyning, He made the Stars also: it indeed attests God to be the Creator of all Things, but seems, at the same time, to insinuate their former Creation; as if he had said, After this manner God created the Earth, and made two great Lights to give Light unto it, even the same God who had created the Stars. And in the 17th and 18th Verses, where it is said, God set them in the Firmament of Heaven, to give Light upon the Earth, and to rule over the Day and over the Night, and to divide the Light from the Darkness: still is meant only the Sun and Moon, as may be learnt from Verse the


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 pose; be that as it may, the intrigue was discovered, the Lady was disgraced and confined; a criminal accusation, certainly without the least foundation, was set on foot against me; I fled to save my life, for a price was set on my head.

"In a boat I got landed on this side of the river, and strolled to these mountains, resolved to hide myself in a cave till the search was over, and then leave Germany for ever. Climbing the different rocks I at length discovered this cavity, and took courage to enter it: I found it such as you see, whether made by the hand of nature, or the work of some unhappy proscribed man, I know not. This I made my resting place; water and a few herbs, that grew wild here, was all I had for three days, and I found life could not long be supported in that way.

"The fourth day I followed the course of the river a good way, and saw one of the packet-boats, that goes between Ulm and Lintz, with passengers, going by: I called


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 to them, and they drew near; I entreated some provisions; they offered to take me on board; that I declined, telling them peculiar misfortunes had made society hateful to me, and that I had resolved to live in an uninhabited place. The people I believe supposed me to be deranged, but very humanely supplied me. I had not fled without money, which, in the situation I had chosen, was likely to last me a great while; I bargained therefore with the master of the packet-boat regularly to call near that spot, and relieve my necessities, for which I would pay him liberally. This he never failed doing, and though doubtless I ran some risque from the variety of passengers who saw me, yet, whether want of curiosity, indolence, or compassion, saved me I know not; but I suppose the Emperor's wrath abated, and I was totally forgotten.

"I had resided here near two months without venturing to climb the hills, or explore the country beyond the spot I inhabited;


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 but the failure of the regular packet, from what cause I know not, had exhausted my provisions, and gave me a prospect of approaching death if I was not relieved. I saw several boats pass, but at too great a distance to make myself heard. The weather set in cold and dreary, and I was almost in a state of despair, which at length conquered my fears of being discovered, and I resolved to ascend the hills, and penetrate through the woods.

"One morning I set off, but from want of food was too feeble to proceed with any expedition; however I persevered, and with much labour got round the side of these rocky hills to a most beautiful wood of chestnuts, about three miles from hence, and in the midst of the grove saw a Castle. Overcome with fatigue, without hesitation, I advanced and rung at the gate; a man appeared, to whom I mentioned my necessities. I was courteously invited in, had some food given me, and questioned how far I was travelling?


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 Without any disguise I freely told my place of abode, and that hunger had driven me to make application there.

"This story was related to the Lord of the Castle, and I was ordered to attend him. He was a venerable old man, two youths, his sons, were with him. Without telling my name, or assigning my motives, I briefly said, misfortunes had deprived me of my fortune, and driven me from my country.

"The old Lord blamed me for seeking an abode among the mountains, told me that a young and active mind ought not to indulge in solitude and idleness, that there were other countries, and many situations, in which a young man might be useful to society, and creditable to himself.—He was certainly right, but I felt no inclination to seek my fortune, without a name I dared avow, or recommendations to give me consequence.

"I liked the solitary rambling life I had led for some time, an habitual indolence, perhaps an unsocial temper, and I acknow-


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 ledge, not the smallest inclination for a military life, had altogether received strength from the silence and obscurity of my present dwelling; I therefore declined all his kind advice, and indeed offers, evaded his inquiries, and persisted in my resolution of living among the mountains, woods and glens, so that I could find sufficient sustenance.

"When he found my determination was fixed, I thought he eyed me with contempt: 'A young man to live secluded from society, and from choice lead such an inactive desultory kind of life (said he) can have but a very weak mind, an ignoble soul, or must have deserved to be proscribed by mankind: However, as a fellow creature, you claim relief, therefore I will order for you a few necessaries that may make your cave comfortable, and twice a week my steward shall have orders to relieve your wants. I am going to leave this country in a few days; but will take care you shall not want the means to support your existence.'


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 "He turned from me and I felt severely humbled. Two servants were sent with me loaded with blankets, a mattress, and several little conveniences. I was something amused by the mixture of curiosity and fear those fellows expressed when they saw my habitation, they assisted me in disposing of the things, and seemed extremely glad when I dismissed them.

"From that hour to this my life has been uniformly the same. My dislike of society gained ground daily, and accustoming myself to live upon little, and finding many palatable herbs round the mountains, I have been no great tax upon the bounty of the Castle.—The old Lord I never saw more; one of his sons married and resided in the Castle, but I have understood, from little hints thrown out by the present steward, that he was unhappy, and now lives at some distant part of the country.

"As my clothes wore out I refused others, determined to appear as I lived, like a her-


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 mit detached from the world. I take fish here sometimes, and still have what I please from the Castle, which has been long deserted by the family, and only inhabited by the steward, his wife, and two men, who look after the ground and cattle."

Here the hermit stopped; Ferdinand had been very attentive to him, and had decided in his own mind, that he had glossed over his conduct by only a slight account of his falseness and ingratitude to his Prince: He concluded his errors had been of no common magnitude, and such as deserved the severest punishment, or he would never have given up the world. This conclusion was strengthened as he proceeded in the story, and though he felt himself indebted for his assistance, yet the contempt that naturally arose in his mind for a character so unamiable, lessened his sense of gratitude.

He had continual occasions to observe an unequal and unpleasant temper in the hermit. He had a few books, with which he was sup-


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 plied from the Castle, pens, ink and paper, neither of which seemed to afford him amusement. He was always rambling about, as if weary of his existence, and though he affected the language, as well as the manners, of a hermit, yet he paid but little attention to the duties of religion; his devotions were by fits and starts, and seemed not to proceed from a regular and habitual course.

From all these observations Ferdinand could not respect his host, and therefore was very impatient to get well enough to leave him; but more than a week passed without having strength to walk, his bruises being infinitely more painful than the wound.

During this time the hermit had not been at the Castle, for he had received his usual supply of bread, meat and wine, the very day that Ferdinand was so wonderfully saved from a dreadful death, and having caught a good deal of fish, they had not felt any want of provisions; but now the stock being exhausted, he signified his intention of going to the


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 Castle.—"I should think (said Ferdinand) that blanket covering must be very troublesome to walk any distance with."

"No (replied the other) it is as commodious as a coat, and, were it otherwise, custom would render it easy."

The hermit set off for his walk; Ferdinand, just able to creep about, came out of the cave to enjoy the sun and fresh air; looking round him, he observed on one side a smaller opening nearer to the ground; curiosity led him to this, and stooping almost to the earth, he saw that it widened, and appeared to have light within. This discovery engaged him to crawl into it; at first he found some difficulty, the passage was dark, and the faint light seemed farther off; still he persisted to crawl on, when on a sudden it opened into a large cave, with a rill of water running through it, and dropping from the sides.

A ray of light, which proceeded from a small chasm at the top, served to discover


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 the most beautiful sight that imagination can form: the waters petrified round looked like so many diamonds, hanging in long spars, and twisted into a variety of shapes, glittering so as to dazzle the eye; several large pieces of rock-work hung over the top; many of those shining spars suspended from them, which, with the rill of water, and the solemn stillness of the place, had a most wonderful effect upon the mind of Ferdinand; he was never tired of admiring the beauties of this enchanting cavern.

"How comes it (said he) that the hermit never mentioned this sweet place? What an insensible blockhead he must be; he is fit indeed to live alone, since neither society, nor the beauties of nature have any charms for him, he merely vegetates: What a horrid life! The wild and foolish scheme of rambling that once possessed me, though I am now convinced of its absurdity, yet was ordered by Providence to prove beneficial to others; but this man can have no opportunity


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