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Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger first language, but this may be restricted to specific social domains (such as the home, where children interact with their parents and grandparents).

''Definitely endangered (3): The language is no longer being learned as the mother tongue by children in the home. The youngest speakers are thus of the parental generation. At this stage, parents may still speak their language to their children, but their children do not typically respond in the language.''

Severely endangered (2): The language is spoken only by grandparents and older generations; while the parent generation may still understand the language, they typically do not speak it to their children, or among themselves.

''Critically endangered (1): The youngest speakers are in the great-grandparental generation, and the language is not used for everyday interactions. These older people often remember only part of the language but do not use it on a regular basis, since there are few people left to speak with.''

Extinct (0): There is no one who can speak or remember the language.

For this edition, these are the definitions that have been adopted, and we have decided to represent languages in the last five categories: vulnerable, definitely endangered, severely endangered, critically endangered and extinct.

It is a sign of the vigour of language revitalization efforts in various parts of the world that, in the course of preparing this Atlas, our team has met with objections to the term 'extinct' to refer to languages that have lost their last first-language speakers within living memory of present generations, according to our objective criteria. Our term has caused offence among those who are successfully revitalizing languages with only a handful of speakers, and even reviving the use of languages that had once been thought to be beyond saving. This gives us new hope, and we are pleased to acknowledge that the bald term 'extinct' does not reflect the true situation for some languages. These are the languages whose use and transmission have been interrupted for a generation or more. Previous editions of this Atlas had not had to consider revitalization movements, but since the last edition, in many places, they have gained strength and second-language speakers. Such languages, which might now be classified as 'critically endangered', 'vulnerable' or some other term within our terminology, will be identified as being in the process of revitalization.

Lastly, a word should be added about an all-important factor in the transmission of language: literacy. It would have been desirable in this Atlas to indicate on the maps whether each marked language possesses a written form. But this is not easy or straightforward. First, the speakers may possess literacy, but not in their own tongue – rather, in one of greater prestige and a longer written tradition. Second, the ‘written form’ may have been devised by outside linguists for transcription purposes, rather than for the creation of a body of written work, or a means of ordinary communication, by the speakers. Third, a written tradition in the language may have died out before the spoken form, and it may have been unstable and not in general use. With so many variables, it is not possible to present this information in graphically coded form. Literacy, however, figures prominently in the discussions by the regional editors in the different chapters of this volume.


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116 a basket, but I don’t dare, because they would make so much fun of me.”

The girls sent out for lunch and I asked of them the prices. For five cents they get a good pint of coffee, with sugar and milk if desired. Two cents will buy three slices of buttered bread. Three cents, a sandwich. Many times a number of the girls will put all their money together and buy quite a little feast. A bowl of soup for five cents will give four girls a taste. By clubbing together they are able to buy warm lunch.

At one o’clock we were all at work again. I having completed sixty-four lids, and the supply being consumed was put at “molding in.” This is fitting the bottom into the sides of the box and pasting it there. It is rather difficult at first to make all the edges come closely and neatly together, but after a little experience it can be done easily.

On my second day I was put at a table with some new girls and I tried to get them to talk. I was surprised to find that they are very timid about telling their names, where they live or how. I endeavored by every means a woman knows, to get an invitation to visit their homes, but did not succeed.

“How much can girls earn here?” I asked the forewoman.

“I do not know,” she said; “they never tell each other, and the bosses keep their time.”

“Have you worked here long?” I asked.

“Yes; I have been here eight years, and in that time I have taught my three sisters.”

“Is the work profitable?”

“Well, it is steady; but a girl must have many years’ experience before she can work fast enough to earn much.”

The girls all seem happy. During the day they would make the little building resound with their singing. A song

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Rh would be begun on the second floor, probably, and each floor would take it up in succession, until all were singing. They were nearly always kind to one another. Their little quarrels did not last long, nor were they very fierce. They were all extremely kind to me, and did all they could to make my work easy and pleasant. I felt quite proud when able to make an entire box.

There were two girls at one table on piecework who had been in a great many box factories and had had a varied experience.

“Girls do not get paid half enough at any work. Box factories are no worse than other places. I do not know anything a girl can do where by hard work she can earn more than $6 a week. A girl cannot dress and pay her boarding on that.”

“Where do such girls live?” I asked.

“There are boarding-houses on Bleecker and Houston, and around such places, where girls can get a room and meals for $3.50 a week. The room may be only for two, in one bed, or it may have a dozen, according to size. They have no conveniences or comforts, and generally undesirable men board at the same place.”

“Why don’t they live at these homes that are run to accommodate working women?”

“Oh, those homes are frauds. A girl cannot obtain any more home comforts, and then the restrictions are more than they will endure. A girl who works all day must have some recreation, and she never finds it in homes.”

“Have you worked in box factories long?”

“For eleven years, and I can’t say that it has ever given me a living. On an average I make $5 a week. I pay out $3.50 for board, and my wash bill at the least is 75 cents. Can any one expect a woman to dress on what remains?”

“What do you get paid for boxes?”


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118 “I got 50 cents a hundred for one-pound candy boxes, and 40 cents a hundred for half-pound boxes.”

“What work do you do on a box for that pay?”

“Everything. I get the pasteboard cut in squares the same as you did. I first ‘set up’ the lids, then I ‘mold in’ the bottoms. This forms a box. Next I do the ‘trimming,’ which is putting the gilt edge around the box lid. ‘Cover striping’ (covering the edge of the lid) is next, and then comes the ‘top label,’ which finishes the lid entire. Then I paper the box, do the ‘bottom labeling,’ and then put in two or four laces (lace paper) on the inside as ordered. Thus you see one box passes through my hands eight times before it is finished. I have to work very hard and without ceasing to be able to make two hundred boxes a day, which earns me $1. It is not enough pay. You see I handle two hundred boxes sixteen hundred times for $1. Cheap labor, isn’t it?”

One very bright girl, Maggie, who sat opposite me, told a story that made my heart ache.

“This is my second week here,” she said, “and, of course, I won’t receive any pay until next week, when I expect to receive $1.50 for six days’ work. My father was a driver before he got sick. I don’t know what is wrong; but the doctor says he will die. Before I left this morning he said my father will die soon. I could hardly work because of it. I am the oldest child, and I have a brother and two sisters younger. I am sixteen, and my brother is twelve. He gets $2 a week for being office-boy at a cigar-box factory.”

“Do you have much rent to pay?”

“We have two rooms in a house on Houston Street. They are small and have low ceilings, and there are a great many Chinamen in the same house. We pay for these rooms $14 per month. We do not have much to eat, but then father doesn’t mind it because he can’t


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Rh eat. We could not live if father’s lodge did not pay our rent.”

“Did you ever work before?”

“Yes, I once worked in a carpet factory at Yonkers. I only had to work there one week until I learned, and afterward I made at piecework a dollar a day. When my father got so ill my mother wanted me at home, but now when we see I can earn so little they wish I had remained there.”

“Why do you not try something else?” I asked.

“I wanted to, but could find nothing. Father sent me to school until I was fourteen, and so I thought I would learn to be a telegraph operator. I went to a place in Twenty-third Street, where it is taught, but the man said he would not give me a lesson unless I paid fifty dollars in advance. I could not do that.”

I then spoke of the Cooper Institute, which I thought every New Yorker knew was for the benefit of just such cases. I was greatly astonished to learn that such a thing as the Cooper Institute was wholly unknown to all the workers around me.

“If my father knew that there was a free school he would send me,” said one.

“I would go in the evenings,” said another, “if I had known there was such a place.”

Again, when some of them were complaining of unjust wages, and some of places where they had been unable to collect the amount due them after working, I spoke of the mission of the Knights of Labor, and the newly organized society for women. They were all surprised to hear that there were any means to aid women in having justice. I moralized somewhat on the use of any such societies unless they entered the heart of these factories. One girl who worked on the floor below me said they were not allowed to tell what they earned. However, she had been working here five years, and she did not


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120 average more than $5 a week. The factory in itself was a totally unfit place for women. The rooms were small and there was no ventilation. In case of fire there was practically no escape.

The work was tiresome, and after I had learned all I could from the rather reticent girls I was anxious to leave. I noticed some rather peculiar things on my trip to and from the factory. I noticed that men were much quicker to offer their places to the working-girls on the cars than they were to offer them to well-dressed women. Another thing quite as noticeable, I had more men try to get up a flirtation with me while I was a box-factory girl than I ever had before. The girls were nice in their manners and as polite as ones reared at home. They never forgot to thank one another for the slightest service, and there was quite a little air of “good form” in many of their actions. I have seen many worse girls in much higher positions than the white slaves of New York.


text: Ten Days in a Mad-House/Nellie Bly as a White Slave


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Introduction ■ ■Acknowledgements

The team of regional editors and their assistant contributors prepared this vast project over several months and working to a tight schedule; inevitably, the work involved constant consultation. The project was ably managed at UNESCO by my colleagues in the Intangible Cultural Heritage Section, to whom I as General Editor am indebted for much wise guidance. The named authors of the regional chapters have collaborated wonderfully well, and at any time of the day or night, somewhere in the world, they were working away, teasing out apparently intractable problems and inconsistencies and keeping me abreast of their progress.

They in turn have been greatly helped by a number of contributors, among whom I should particularly like to mention Gustavo Solis Fonseca, Tulio Rojas Curieux, Denny Moore and Bruna Franchetto, who have all made significant contributions to our knowledge of the language situation in South America. In Central America, too, a team of helpers worked on the project; they are named in the appropriate chapter. Of the regional editors, Tapani Salminen deserves special praise for his vigilance in spotting inconsistencies and lacunae between regions, and in helping to solve methodological and terminological issues. We have all learned a great deal from each other.


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320

When they of Bern pass’d onward, and from the place had gone,

The men from Bechelaren, of Rüdeger’s, came on.

Before the hall five hundred with shield on arm rode they:

Well pleased had been the margrave could they have kept away.

Then wisely, as behoved him, he rode the host throughout,

And said unto his warriors, they could no longer doubt

But that the men of Gunther ill will towards them had:

If they would leave the combat he would in truth be glad.

When these now had pass’d onward— high-mettled heroes bold—

Came horsemen from Thuringia, as hath to us been told;

And then the knights of Denmark, a thousand gallant men;

One saw right many a lance-shaft fly in the onset then.

Then Haward came and Imfried unto the tournament.

The Rhinelanders a challenge to them had proudly sent.

The warriors of Thuringia were offer’d many a joust;

In many a noble buckler were lances deeply thrust.

There, too, the lordly Blœdlin came with his thousands three.

By Etzel and Kriemhilda right closely watch’d was he;

For all the knightly jousting was held within their sight.

The queen rejoiced to see it for Burgundy’s despite.

And Gibecke and Scrutan unto the melée rode,

With Hornboge and Ramung, all in the Hunnish mode.

They held the lists, withstanding the chiefs of Burgundy;

And over the king’s palace the shafts went whirling high.


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36 when her leg had been cut off they gave one of iron, and Ghōshā, to whom they brought a husband. Many other helpful acts are ascribed to them, and it is very likely that at least some of these stories are more or less true. Another legend relates that they jointly wedded Sūryā, the daughter of the Sun-god, who chose them from amongst the other gods.

Amidst the medley of saga and facts and poetical imagination which surrounds the Aśvinā, can we see the outlines of their original character? It is hard to say: opinions must differ. The Aryans of India are inclined to say that they are simply divine kings active in good works; but the priests are perhaps beginning to fancy that they may be embodiments of powers of nature — they are not sure which — and in course of time they will have various theories, partly connected with their rituals. But really all that is certain in the Vēdic age about the Aśvins is that they are an ancient pair of saviour-gods who ride about in a chariot and render constant services to mankind. We are tempted however to see a likeness between them and the of the distant Hellenes, the heroes Kastor and Polydeukes, Castor and Pollux, the twin Horsemen who are saviours of afflicted mankind by land and sea. There are difficulties in the way of this theory; but they are not unsur-

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text: Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger (Third Edition)/Introduction


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Rh immediately after that of the Ṛig-vēda will be found to treat Indra as the type of the warrior order. They will describe an imaginary coronation-ceremony of Indra, ending with these words: "Anointed with this great anointment Indra won all victories, found all the worlds, attained the superiority, pre-eminence, and supremacy over all the gods, and having won the overlordship, the paramount rule, the self rule, the sovereignty, the supreme authority, the kingship, the great kingship, the suzerainty in this world, self- existing, self-ruling, immortal, in yonder world of heaven, having attained all desires he became immortal." Thus we see that amidst the maze of obscure legends about Indra there are three points which stand out with perfect clearness. They are, firstly, that Indra was a usurper; secondly, that the older gods fought hard but vainly to keep him from supreme divinity, and that in his struggle he killed his father; and thirdly, that he was identified with the warrior class, as opposed to the priestly order, or Brahmans. This antagonism to the Brahmans is brought out very clearly in some versions of the tales of his exploits. More than once the poets of the Ṛig-vēda hint that his slaying of Vṛitra involved some guilt, the guilt of brahma-hatyā, or slaughter of a being in whom

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 The Red Badge Of Courage

An Episode of the American Civil War

BY

Stephen Crane

New York

D.Appleton and Company

1896


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 Copyright, 1894, By STEPHEN CRANE.

Copyright, 1895, By D. APPLETON AND COMPANY.


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XXXI.]

Whate’er was done by any was nothing else but sound.

Loud was the din that echo’d palace and hall around,

From clash of shields and bucklers, by Gunther’s liegemen made;

Whence praises and great honour unto his folk were paid.

The ardour of their pastime so mighty was and great,

That from the goodly horses whereon the heroes sate

The snow-white foam was soaking through the caparisons.

In every courtly fashion they sought to meet the Huns.

Then up and spake the minstrel, Volker the fiddle-player:

“I trow that to withstand us these warriors will not dare.

I’ve ever heard it said that they hate us verily;

Now is the time to show it; a better ne’er will be.

“Straightway unto the stables,” so Volker loudly cried,

‘We’ll have the horses taken; till towards the eventide

We’ll ride some further courses, if there be time enow.

What if to us Burgundians the queen some praise allow!”

Then saw they some one coming; with stately mien rode he,

Such that no other Hunsman with him compared could be.

Belike in some high lattice a sweetheart there he had;

No knightly bride was ever than he more fairly clad.

Then Volker said: “How can I pass over such a chance?

Yon darling of the ladies must feel a thrust of lance,—

There’s not a man could help it! ’will stand him in his life:

I care not though I anger thereby King Etzel’s wife.”


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34 the brahma, or holy spirit, was embodied ; and this is explained clearly in a priestly tale (TS. II. V. 2, 1 ff.; cf. ŚB. I. i. 3, 4, vi. 3, 8), according to which Indra from jealousy killed Tvashṭā's son Viśvarūpa, who was chaplain of the gods, and thus he incurred the guilt of brahma-hatyā. Then Tvashṭā held a sōma-sacrifice; Indra, being excluded from it, broke up the ceremony and himself drank the sōma. The sōma that was left over Tvashṭā cast into one of the sacred fires and produced thereby from it the giant Vṛitra, by whom the whole universe, including Agni and Sōma, was enveloped (cf. the later version in Mahābhārata, V. viii. f.). By slaying him Indra again became guilty of brahma-hatyā; and some Ṛigvēdic poets hint that it was the consciousness of this sin which made him flee away after the deed was done.

These bits of saga prove, as effectually as is possible in a case like this, that Indra was originally a warrior-king or chieftain who was deified, perhaps by the priestly tribe of the Aṅgirasas, who claim in some of the hymns to have aided him in his fight with Vṛitra, and that he thus rose to the first rank in the pantheon, gathering round himself a great cycle of heroic legend based upon those traditions, and only secondarily and by artificial invention becoming associated with the control of the rain and the daylight.

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 *Rivers of West Africa as waterways, 634, 635, 638
 * Rubber collecting, 289-292
 * Rumby Mountains, 99 (note) 894

S , 451-454, 455

Samba, 137

Sanatoriums, 604,near Ambas Bay, 615-618, 620

Sanctuaries, 466

Santa Isabel, 50

San Thomé, 46

Sasabonsum, 509, 511

Sass Wood, 464

Schools, Mission, 28, 29

Sciurus eborivorus, 325

Seasons of the West Coast, 375

Second sight, 460

Sete Kama, 372

Shandi Island, 185

Sierra Leone, 14, 25

Sierra del Cristal, 99 (note) 159, 177, 185, 262, 407

Sissa souls, 517

Slessor, Miss, 74, 474, 524

Slavery among the Bubis, 70, 678

Sleep Disease, 401

Small Pox, 401

Societies, Secret, 526-543

 * Crocodile, 538

 * Egbo, 532

 * Ikun, 521, 527, 529

 * Leopard, 537, 543

 * Ukuku, 445, 535, 540

 * Vassi, 535, 542

Soil character of the West Coast,620-62

Songs, of the Bubis, 66

Soul of the Igalwa and 'Mpongwe, 180, 459

Spaniards at Fernando Po, 53, 55

Spirits and Apparitions, 443-445, 505, 509, 555

Srahmandazi, the underworld of the Tschwis, 517-520

Suhman (tutelary deity), 510, 511

Sun Worship, absence of, in Native Creeds, 508; surf, 513

Swamps (see Mangrove, 87, 95)

T , 485, 456, 455

Talagouga, 152, 156 (note) 165

 * gorge, 143

 * Mt., 144

Talismans, Mahommedan, 19

Tando, God, 521

Tattooing, 530

Tea-planting, 644

Teneriffe, 13

Tetze Fly, 637

Theft, Laws of, 496

Tunber, 638

Tomanjawki, Mt., 182

Tornados, 374

Trade, Enghish, 432-434, 502-504

 * W. Africa, 631

Transport, means of, from the interior to the Coast, 634

Twins, Native superstitions regarding, 472-3

U Ubanji Nation, 359

Ukuku Society, 541

Underwarld, the, 483, 517-520

V , 644

Vicloria, 606, 607

Victoria, Peak, (see Mungo Mah Lobet

Vipera Nasicornis, 205

Volcanoes, 437

Volcanic Islands on the W. Coast, 46

Volta, River, 634

Vultures, legends regarding, 235 (note)

W Walker, Mr., his explorations, 369-3

Water-drinking, 687

Widows, Native treatment of, 487-491, 516

Witchcraft, Native, 442-458, 463-467, 482, 515

Witch Doctors, 463-464

Wives, Native, 466, 497

Women, 527

 * their rights of property, 484-485

Wonga Wonga, the Hole, 437

Wards, Magic, 453

Z , Lake Eliza z Onange, (Lac Anengue in map), 226


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18 appear in his published works. Those that are before us contain more expressions of suspicions of surveillance and inspection on the part of the post-office than of opinions on the situation. His general views are, however, sufficiently well known. He wholly opposed the course the government was pursuing, but deplored any thought of violent measures, arguing very forcibly in a letter to John Taylor of Carolina, that men were prone to differ, parties were inevitable, and the constant rule of either party impossible; that, therefore to consider secession and separate existence with North Carolina alone, as suggested by him, was to flee from the evil without escaping it; that one might thus continue to divide and subdivide and yet never attain the desired goal. At the same time he recognized the importance, even the imperative necessity, especially for party purposes, of prompt action, and soon came to share the opinion of those who thought that the legislatures should be made the mouth-pieces of their protests. In a less pleasing tone he wrote to S. T. Mason : "The Alien and Sedition laws are working hard. I fancy that some of the State legislatures will take strong ground on this occasion. For my own part I consider those laws as only an experiment on the American mind to see how far it will bear an avowed violation of the Constitution. If this goes down, we shall immediately see attempted another act of Congress declaring that the President shall


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Rh The name Aśvinā means "The Two Horsemen"; what their other name, Nāsatyā, signifies nobody has satisfactorily explained. But even with the name Aśvinā there is a difficulty. They are described usually as riding together in a chariot which is sometimes said to be drawn by horses, and this would suit their name; but more often the poets say that their chariot is drawn by birds, such as eagles or swans, and sometimes even by a buffalo or buffaloes, or by an ass. I do not see how we can escape from this difficulty except by supposing that popular imagination in regard to this matter varied from very early times, but preferred to think of them as having horses. At any rate they are very ancient gods, for the people of Iran also have traditions about them, and in the far-away land of the Mitanni, in the north of Mesopotamia, they are invoked together with Indra, Mitra, and Varuṇa to sanction treaties. In India the Aryans keep them very busy, for they are more than anything else gods of help. Thrice every day and thrice every night they sally forth on their patrols through earth and heaven, in order to aid the distressed : and the poets tell us the names of many persons whom they have relieved, such as old Chyavāna, whom they restored to youth and love, Bhujyu, whom they rescued from drowning in the ocean, Atri, whom they saved from a fiery pit, Viśpalā, to whom

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322

“For love of me, forbear ye!” King Gunther quickly spake;

“These people will upbraid us if we the onset make;

Let ye the Huns begin it, more seemly ’twere, I ween.”

Now all this time King Etzel was sitting by the queen.

“I’ll make the hubbub greater,” quoth Hagen, in his turn;

“We needs must let the ladies and these same champions learn

How we can sit our horses: ’twill be good sport withal,

Though little praise to any of Gunther’s men befall.”

Then rode the ready Volker into the fray again:

Whereby had many a woman, ere long, right grievous pain.

The noble Hunsman’s body transfix’d he with his spear;

Which soon both wife and maiden bewail’d with many a tear.

With hurtling speed did Hagen rush forward with his men,

His sixty chosen warriors; and quickly rode he then

Upon the fiddler’s footsteps, to where the joust was held.

Both Etzel and Kriemhilda plainly the whole beheld.

The kings were all unwilling their minstrel brave to leave

Amid the foemen fighting, and succour none to give;

A thousand heroes therefore towards him deftly rode,—

In high-accomplish’d fashion they did whate’er they would.

When that the noble Hunsman in death was stricken low,

One heard among his kinsmen complaints and cries of woe.

And all the folk were asking: “Who can this deed have done?”

“Volker, the fearless minstrel, yon fiddler is the one!”


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Rh continue in office during life, reserving to another occasion the transfer of the succession to his heirs and the establishment of the Senate for life. At least this may be the aim of the Oliverians, while Monk and the cavaliers (who are perhaps the strongest) may be playing their game for the restoration of his most gracious Majesty, George the Third. That these things are in contemplation I have no doubt; nor can I be confident of their failure after the dupery of which our countrymen have shown themselves susceptible." This letter was written so late as October 11th, when the fact that some action would be taken in the legislatures of Kentucky and Virginia was generally known. The tone of these remarks, a tone common in Jefferson's letters, is remarkable for the extreme measures he attributes to his opponents, and also for the pessimistic view of popular action. The question is inevitably suggested: Did he really think these things of men, most of whom he had served with, many of whom he had watched from the vantage-ground of a presiding officer, practically without a vote, or the people toward whom he ever practised a wide optimism and showed a confidence honorable alike to himself and them? Or on the other hand, was this tone assumed for purposes of policy, to urge his followers on to spirited action by painting the picture in the most sombre colors? Neither alternative can be regarded as worthy of a man of such a vigorous mind and such a genius for politics.

But it was in Kentucky that the greatest


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XXXI.]

For swords and bucklers called they, and held them soon in hand,

The kinsmen of this margrave of the Hungarian land.

They would have set on Volker, and slain him where he stood;

The host ran from his window with all the haste he could.

Then rose a mighty tumult among the people all.

The kings and their attendants dismounted at the hall;

Behind the throng his charger sent each Burgundian;

King Etzel came: to sever the nobles he began.

From one of the Hun’s kinsmen, who chanced by him to stand,

He seiz’d a deadly weapon, and wrench’d it from his hand;

Then drave the people backwards, for very wroth was he:

“How vain unto these warriors had been my courtesy

“If ye had slain the minstrel before my very face;”

So spake to them King Etzel: “that were a foul disgrace!

For well I marked him riding, what time he pierced the Hun,

And through no fault on his part, but by a slip, ’twas done.

“To leave my guests in freedom, I charge ye to take heed.”

So gave he them safe-conduct; then led they every steed

Unto the hostel stables; and many squires they had

Right diligent in service, who did whate’er they bade.

The host into the palace took with his friends his way.

No wrath in any of them would he allow to stay.

The tables were made ready, the water was brought in:

Yet bitter foes in plenty had they from o’er the Rhine.


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16 rank as chief god were appropriated by a deified hero. How natural such a process was in those days may be seen from the liturgy of Unȧs on the pyramids at Sakkarah in Egypt. Here Unȧs is described as rising in heaven after his death as a supreme god, devouring his fathers and mothers, slaughtering the gods, eating their "magical powers," and swallowing their "spirit-souls," so that he thus becomes "the firstborn of the first-born gods," omniscient, omnipotent, and eternal, identified with the Osiris, the highest god. Now this Unȧs was a real historical man; he was the last king of the Fifth Dynasty, and was deified after death, just like any other king of Egypt. The early Egyptians, like many savage tribes, regarded all their kings as gods on earth and paid them formal worship after their death; the later Egyptians, going a step further, worshipped them even in their lifetime as embodiments of the gods. What is said in the liturgy for the deification of Unȧs is much the same as was said of other kings. The dead king in early Egypt becomes a god, even the greatest of the gods, and he assumes the name of that god ; he overcomes the other gods by brute force, he

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Rh Sūrya the Sun-spirit, and even to their beloved Agni the Fire-god; but sing as much as they will, they never can make the people in general take them to their hearts.

Observe what a different history is that of Zeus among the Greeks — Zeus, Father of Gods and Men, the ideal of kingly majesty and wisdom and goodness. The reason is patent. Ages and ages before the days when the Homeric poets sang, the Greeks had forgotten that Zeus originally meant "sky": it had become to them a personal name of a great spiritual power, which they were free to invest with the noblest ideal of personality. But very likely there is also another reason: I believe that the Olympian Zeus, as modelled by Homer and accepted by following generations, was not the original at all, but a usurper who had robbed the old Sky-father of his throne and of his title as well, that he was at the outset a hero-king who some time after his death was raised to the seat and dignity of the old Sky-father and received likewise his name. This theory explains the old hero-sagas which are connected with Zeus and the strange fact that the Cretans pointed to a spot in their island where they believed Zeus was buried. It explains why legends persistently averred that Zeus expelled his father Kronos from the throne and suppressed the Titan dynasty: on my view, Kronos was the original Father Zeus, and his name of Zeus and

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Rh of four years, after which they may continue to prosecute their studies as long as they please, but without that indulgence. In one of the schools under Missionary superintendence one rupee per month is allowed for the hire of a boat to bring some of the scholars over a stream and to convey them back.

The remarks respecting the school-houses in the district of Beerbhoom are generally applicable to those of Burdwan, except that in the latter I have met with more numerous instances in which school-houses have been built by general subscription amongst the parents of the scholars.

In 629 schools conducted by 639 teachers the total number of scholars is 13,190, giving to each school an average of 20.9 scholars. The average age of the whole number at the time when the different schools were visited was 9.9 years, the average age at the time when they entered school was 5.7 years, and the average age at the time when they would probably leave school was estimated to be 16.6 years. The average period passed at school would thus appear to be about eleven years.

Of the whole number of scholars 13 are Christians, 769 Musalmans, and 12,408 Hindus. The following enumeration exhibits the castes of the Hindu scholars and the number of each:—


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324

Ere all the lords were seated a good long time was spent;

Whilst tortured was Kriemhilda by cares within her pent.

She said: “I seek thy counsel, O prince of Bern, thy grace

And aid: in sooth my business is now in evil case.”

Then Hildebrand made answer, a worthy warrior he:

“Whoever slays the Niblungs shall have no help from me,

Nay, not for any treasure! thereby he grief may get:

These knights of ready courage have ne’er been conquerd yet.”

And, in his courtly fashion, thereto Sir Dietrich spake:

“O mighty queen, I pray thee, thy purpose to forsake.

To me thy kinsmen never have done such injury,

That I the gallant warriors in combat would defy.

“The wish doth ill beseem thee, most noble prince’s wife,

That thou anent thy kinsfolk wouldst plot against their life.

Trusting unto thy favour they came unto this land:

Siegfried is not avengéd by aid of Dietrich’s hand.”

When she could find no falseness the knight of Bern within,

Then on the spot she promised to give to Blœdelin

A far-extending march-land, which Nudung own’d of yore.

As Dankwart shortly slew him, he thought of it no more.

Quoth she: “Thou ought’st to aid me, my good Sir Blœdelin,

For in this very palace are now these foes of mine

Who slew my husband Siegfried, so well-beloved of me.

To him who helps avenge him, I ever bound shall be.”


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170 Compared with the preceding districts there is a much larger number of scholars, and all the castes, both high and low, partake of the increase. There are some low castes also which here appear for the first time as the Tior, Garar, and Mal castes. The number of scholars of low caste is so considerable that, without explanation, it might be supposed that they were chiefly found in the Missionary schools which are more numerous in this district than in any other I have visited, and which, of course, do not recognize distinctions of caste. The fact, however, is otherwise, for the number of scholars belonging to sixteen of the lowest castes amounts to 760, of whom only 86 are found in Missionary schools, and the remaining number in native schools. This fact appears to be of sufficient interest to be exhibited in detail.

It thus appears that the proportion of scholars of these low castes in Missionary schools is high; but the total number of the same castes in native schools is so considerable as to prove that other and independent causes are in operation, stimulating the humbler classes of native society to the improvement of their condition and to the attainment of those advantages, hitherto for the most part denied to them, that arise from a knowledge of letters.

The following is the distribution of the scholars into the four established grades of instruction:—

In 13 schools Christian instruction is communicated, in one school commercial accounts only, in three schools agricultural accounts only, and in 186 schools both accounts are taught. In one school commercial accounts and written works, in two schools agricultural account and written works, and in 423 schools both descriptions of accounts and written works are taught.

Most of the written works mentioned as school books under the heads of Moorshedabad and Beerbhoom are also used in this district; and in addition the following works were found in various schools, viz., the Ganga Bandana, describing the virtues of the river-goddess; the Yugadya Bandana, describing those of the goddess Durga; Data Karan, the generous Karna, illustrating the


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20 was evoked. The feeling in that State was, indeed, little short of frenzy, and a singular unanimity was displayed even in the most extreme acts and sentiments. This grew out of no passing passion. It was based upon the most vigorous elements in her character as a people. Kentucky was at this time somewhat apart from the rest of the Union. With the single exception of the newly created State of Tennessee, the only one of the sisterhood west of the mountains, of very recent and rapid growth, she had, to a very large degree, interests peculiar to herself; her needs were not clearly understood, and sometimes, when understood, disregarded by the others. Her complaints, just and unjust, had been many, but hitherto she had not gained the nation's ear. But the time was now ripe for her to assert herself, and as she played the most important part in the little drama that was then hurrying upon the stage, it is important to understand the circumstances which prepared her for her role, and in order that it may be quite plain that it was no mere chance which assigned to her this place, but a manifest destiny long in preparing, this point will be presented somewhat at length.


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XXXI.]

To her then answer’d Bloedel: “Lady, be sure of this,

To them, for fear of Etzel, I dare do naught amiss,

Since he thy kinsmen happy is ever fain to see.

And did I aught to hurt them, he ne’er would pardon me.”

“Nay, rather, my lord Bloedel, your friend I’ll ever be.

Guerdon of gold and silver I will bestow on thee;

And eke a lovely damsel— Nudung’s betrothéd bride—

Whom thou mayst love and cherish right gladly at thy side.

“The land, too, and the castles, all unto thee I give;

So, noble knight, thou mayest in gladness ever live,

If thou but winn’st the earldom which Nudung held in fee.

Whate’er to-day I promise, in truth I’ll give to thee.”

When now the noble Bloedel the guerdon heard her tell,

And seeing that the damsel in beauty pleased him well,

By means of strife he purposed to earn this lovely wife:

But for that cause the warrior was doom’d to lose his life.

Unto the queen then spake he: “Within the hall go back:

Ere any guess my purpose, an uproar I will make.

Hagen will have to answer for what to you he wrought;

King Gunther’s man, I warrant, shall bound to you be brought.”

“Now arm yourselves,” cried Bloedel, “my gallant liegemen all!

We will upon the foemen within the hostel fall;

I may not be acquitted of this by Etzel’s wife.

On this must every hero among us stake his life.”


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14 warrior Indra and the twin charioteers called Aśvinā and Nāsatyā. All these, with many others, have their worship in the Ṛig-vēda: the priests sing their praises lustily, and often speak now of one deity, now of another, as being the highest divinity, without the least consistency.

Some savage races believe in a highest god or first divine Being in whom they feel little personal interest. They seldom speak of him, and hardly ever worship him. So it seems to be with Dyaush-pitā. The priests speak of him and to him, but only in connexion with other gods; he has not a single whole hymn in his honour, and the only definite attribute that attaches to him is that of fatherhood. Yet he has become a great god among other races akin in speech to the Aryans of India: Dyaush-pitā is phonetically the same as the Greek and the Latin Iuppiter. How comes it then that he is not, and apparently never was, a god in the true sense among the Indian Aryans? Because, I think, his name has always bewrayed him. To call a deity "Sky-father" is to label him as a mere abstraction. No mystery, no possibility of human personality, can gather round those two plain prose words. So long as a deity is known by the name of the physical agency that he represents, so long will he be unable to grow into a personal god in India. The priests may sing vociferous psalms to Vāyu the Wind-spirit and

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326

When the queen found that Bloedel was on the fray intent,

She tarried there no longer, but back to table went

And sat beside King Etzel and with his men as well:

She for the guests’ undoing had taken counsel fell.

Since means there were not elsewise to cause the strife to start

(Kriemhilda’s olden sorrow lay graven in her heart)

She bade them bring to table King Etzel’s little son:

How could a vengeful woman more cruelly have done?

Then went that selfsame minute of Etzel’s liegemen four,

And thither from his chamber the young king Ortlieb bore

Unto the prince’s table, where Hagen also sate.

(The boy was doom’d to perish through Hagen’s deadly hate.)

As soon as mighty Etzel espied his little son,

He turned to his wife’s kinsmen and spake in kindly tone:

“Now, my good friends, behold ye, my only son is he,

And eke your sister’s offspring: which well for you may be.

“If he his kindred likens, he’ll be a gallant wight,

Right powerful and noble, a well-grown man of might.

Should I live some while longer he’ll own a dozen lands;

So look ye for good service at my young Ortlieb’s hands.

“I therefore fain would pray you, O well-loved friends of mine

When ye are homeward riding unto the river Rhine,

That ye upon the journey would take your sister’s son,

And let your loving kindness unto the child be shown.


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The first settlement effected in Kentucky only dates from 1774. The whole of her growhgrowth [sic] up to 1798 was, therefore, embraced in the brief period of twenty-four years. And in addition to this the dark days of the Revolution almost entirely checked emigration from the older States. Not only were the calls at home all engrossing, but the Indians, under the stimulus of British excitation, were unusually warlike. Thus the first years repeated the old story of frontier struggle. The little ground won was gained hardly and retained by desperate means. But the war once over, a perfect tide of emigration swept over the mountains. The termination of a great war always throws upon a country a band of restless spirits, to whose existence excitement has become well-nigh a necessity. Some escape or some proper application of this spirit is necessary to the peace and well-being of the State. The veterans of the Revolution found


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Rh from the religion of the people, and dressed in new garb according to the imagination of the priest; and a few are priestly inventions altogether. There is Dyaush-pitā, the Sky-father, with Pṛithivī Mātā, the Earth-mother; there are Vāyu the Wind-spirit, Parjanya the Rain-god, Sūrya the Sun-god, and other spirits of the sky such as Savitā; there is the Dawn-goddess, Ushās. All these are or were originally deified powers of nature: the people, though their imagination created them, have never felt any deep interest in them, and the priests who have taken them into their charge, though they treat them very courteously and sing to them elegant hymns full of figures of speech, have not been able to cover them with the flesh and blood of living personality. Then we have Agni the Fire-god, and Sōma the spirit of the intoxicating juice of the sōma-plant, which is used to inspire the pious to drunken raptures in certain ceremonies; both of these have acquired a peculiar importance through their association with priestly worship, especially Agni, because he, as bearing to the gods the sacrifices cast into his flames, has become the ideal Priest and divine Paraclete of Heaven. Nevertheless all this hieratic importance has not made them gods in the deeper sense, reigning in the hearts of men. Then we find powers of doubtful origin, Mitra and Varuṇa and Vishṇu and Rudra, and figures of heroic legend, like the

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12 imperfection may mar their efficacy. Their psalms are called Ṛig-vēda, "lore of the verses," and they set themselves to find grace in the ears of the many gods whom these priests worship, sometimes by open praise and sometimes by riddling description of the exploits and nature of the gods. Often they are very fine; but always they are the work of priests, artists in ritual. And if you look heedfully into it you will also mark that these priests are inclined to think that the act of sacrifice, the offering of, say, certain oblations in a particular manner with particular words accompanying them, is in itself potent, quite apart from the psalms which they sing over it, that it has a magic power of its own over the machinery of nature. Really this is no new idea of our Vēdic priests; ten thousand years before them their remote forefathers believed it and acted upon it, and if for example they wanted rain they would sprinkle drops of water and utter magic words. Our Vēdic priests have now a different kind of symbols, but all the same they still have the notion that ceremony, ṛita as they call it, has a magic potency of its own. Let us mark this well, for we shall see much issuing from it.

Who are the gods to whom these priests offer their prayers and psalms? They are many, and of various kinds. Most of them are taken

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XXXII.]

“And rear him up in honour till he to manhood grow.

If any in your borders hath wrought you any woe,

When he is of full stature he will your vengeance aid.”

King Etzel’s wife Kriemhilda heard also what he said.

“If unto days of manhood the child should grow and thrive,

These thanes, I trow,” said Hagen, “their trust to him will give.

Yet the young king, meseemeth, is of a weakly sort:

Folk will not often see me attending Ortlieb’s court.”

The king look’d round at Hagen,— this speech had vext him sore;

And though, with princely breeding, he spake thereof no more,

His heart was very heavy and troubled was his mind.

Nor was the mood of Hagen a whit to joy inclined.

The princes all were sorry, together with the king,

That of his child had Hagen e’er spoken such a thing.

With ill content they bore it: nor knew they aught at all

Of what through this same warrior was shortly to befall.

The warriors of Bloedel were ready for the fray;

Clad in their thousand hauberks they thither took their way

Where Dankwart with his yeomen still at the table sate;

There rose between the heroes a strife of deadly hate.


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 ’If’m IIINI‘I’I ff! rm”

336

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OUR. I

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GARDEN

FOR

APRIL.

M’MNf/Nlr I IM‘KN-‘M’Mvwy‘ MVW'/~V~“N‘J‘J-l' /'-"/ IINI-I‘I‘I INIIJWJ/l {III-I

Tea Cream—To half a pint of milk put a quarter of an ounce of ﬁne Ilyson tea; boil them together, strain the

~‘/I-'J’‘/IM'IJJ'I I/lf/JI If.‘¢/'n“JI¢~V/lNMW‘J'/fI .‘/f,I /{Ifl/Iv‘u!J' -lJ/

Jilly-III,

Cqfﬁc China—Into one pint of sweet milk put quarter of a pound of good butter. and four ounces of sugar: stir it over

Place it in the dish you intend to

the tire When it boils, stir half a pound of ﬂour into it, and work it with a spoon until it becomes smooth; then let

send it to table in, cover it with a tin plate, and set it over

it get cold, and when cold stir six eggs into it, one after am

some hot embers until it thickens.

other. Butter some tins. and drop the batter on them any size you please. Beat the whites of three eggs, and wash the cakes with it, strewiug loaf sugar over them. Bake

leaves out, and add to the milk half a pint of cream, and

tire spoonfuls of runnet.

Serve it garnished with

swcetmeats.

Rice Flummcry.—-Have ready one pint of milk sweetened to your taste, and four spoonfuls of ground rice, mixed with milk about as thick as good cream. Stir the rice- into tho pint of milk while it is boiling; let it boil till it becomes thick. You may add rose-water or spice, as you may prefer. Put the flnmmery into cups, and let it stand until it becomes cold. Spanish Guam—Boil one ounce of gelatin in one pint of new milk until dissolved; add four eggs, well beaten, and half pound of sugar. Stir it. over the fire, until the eggs thicken; take it off the ﬁre, add a full wiueglass of peach water, and when cool pour it into moulds. Servo it with

them in a moderately heated oven. SIoIIen—A Famous German Cake—Ingredients:

Four

pounds of ﬂour, one and three-quarter pounds of butter, one

pound and a half of sifted loaf sugar, half pound of sweet, and quarter of a pound of bitter almonds, six ounces of citron, four eggs, well beaten, one pound of raisins, one pound of currents, one quart. of milk, warmed; rosewater

and spices to your liking. To be set to rise with good yeast; the butter and other ingredients to be worked in afterward. Dutch Collin—Ingredients for four loaves: Two and a half pounds of ﬂour, three-quarters ofa pound of sugar. one pint of milk, six ounces of butter, (the milk and butter must be warmed together.) one tablcspoonful of yeast, four eggs. one tablespoonful of cinnamon, one winsglasJ-rful of bra ndy, half a pound each ot' currants and raisins. Work all together into a good dough, and bake in earthen pans. To be eaten

cream. a

CAKES.

Crumpets.—-Ingredients: Two pounds of sifted flour, four eggs, three tablespoonfuls of brewers yeast, and a pint of milk. Mix a teaspoonful of salt with the ﬂour, in a pan. and set the pan before the ﬁre. Then wartn the milk, and stir into the ﬂour so as to make a stiff dough. Beat the eggs

(‘Oltl Willi t‘ollt‘t‘.

(‘hacI:nds.——To a pint of rich milk put about two ounces of butter and a good spoonful of yeast. Make it just warm,

very light. and stir them into the yeast. and beat all Well

and mix into it as much ﬁne ﬂour as will make it a. light

together; if it is too stiil‘ add a. little more warm milk, cover the pan, and set the dough to rise near the tire. When quite light bake. your crumpets. Have your baking iron hot. grease it, and put on it a ladlel'ul of the dough. ' Let it bake slowly. and when done on one side turn it on the other. Cut the cakes crosswise, butter them, and send them to table hot. . Crwm qf Tartar Cake—Sill: dry, and rub well together two tv-aspooufuls cream of tartar, with one quart of ﬂour; then dissolve three-quarters of a teaspoonful of super car bonate of soda in a. sufﬁcient quantity of sweet milk—about

dough; roll it out very thin, and cut it into long pieces two

inches broad. Prick them well, and bake them in a slow oven upon tin plates. VWINI_WIJIINNMII,M

OUR GARDEN FOR APRIL. Out-of- Donrs Work—All the varieties of annual ﬂower seeds that are capable of bearing in the open air, and bloom

ing Well in our climate, may be sown in this month. In the early part of April, annual and ten-weeks stock, winged, sweet and Tangier peas, lupins, larkspurs, heart’s-ease, cy press, candytuft, chinaoastcrs, &c., &c. About the middle,

half a pint—~mlding as much salt as you may deem proper.

Mix all the ingredients well together and work it hard. The dough must not be too stiﬂ'; it must be formed into cakes

and baked immediately. If you have a suil‘it-ient quantity of milk with which to mix the compound, it will require little or no shortening. If water is used instead of milk, shortening will be required. If you have sweet, white lard, it will answer instead of butter; or else take part butter and part lard. Galena—Always have your materials quite ready before you begin to make your cke. Beat your eggs well. and do not leave them till you have ﬁnished your cake. else they will go back again, and the cake will not be light. Wine. nose-water, and brandy must be put in cakes before thoeggs. When you use butter. be sure to beat it to a ﬁne cream

be fore you add your sugar. Bake all kinds of cake in a good oven, according to the size of your caka and follow the directions of your receipt. Noto.—An accomplished himse keeper says. that, as a general rule, it is best, in making cake. to stir in the ﬂour lightly after all the other ingre dienls are well mixed. Buns.-—lngredients: One and a half pounds of flour. (a quarter of a pound must be left out to sift in last.) half a pound of butter, (cut up fine) four eggs. (beat to a light froth) four teacupfuls of milk. half a wineglassful of brandy. halfa wincglassful of wine. halfn wineglassful of rose-water. and one wineglassful of yeast. Stir all together with aknife,

and add half a pound of sugar, stirring in also the reserved quarter of a pound of ﬂour. When the lumps are all beaten line, set the cakes to rise in the pans they are. to be baked in.

If you prefer it, you may etrew a few currants over the

cakes.

J I{If ll llrxrr. Ill/l ‘l-'./ NI'lJNf/v'JIflAi/I-lFJfMN/l'IJW!/

sweet alyson, love-lies-blooding. prince‘s feathers. mignic» nette, amaranthus, cock’s-comb, cape marigold. china holly hock, and china pinks, marvel of Peru, &c.. &c., may be

sown. All the preceding sorts may be sown in small patches in the borders, but they should be so interspersed as to form a pleasing variety and long succession of bloom. If the weather is dry. the beds should be frequently watered. both before and after the plants appear, and when they have been up a few weeks, the larger ones should be thinned where they have grown too thick; and should it be desirable. you may transplant into another place the ﬁner kinds of those you have pulled up.

Bimnal- and Perennial ﬁbrous-rooted flowers of various sorts may be sown with good success this month. The seeds may be sown in borders. or in beds of rich earth. three. or four feet wide. and covered evenly with ﬁne. light earth. The largest seeds should not be more than from half to three-quarters of an inch deep. and the smallest from an eighth to a quarter of an inch. In sowing these or any other kinds of seeds, you must make shallow drills. propor tioning the depth to the Filo of the seeds, and after the semis are in. draw the earth lightly over them. always remember» ing that it is better to cover too light than too deep; for if covered lie-ht. they will come up when moist Weather ensues, but if covered too deeply. you will probably never see them. If the weather should be dry. it will be necessary to water the beds lightly. frequently. both before and after the plants appear: and remember to keep them free from weeds. Some of the more delicate kinds of plants. when up, may not be able to bear the heat of the mid-day sun at first. These


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5 Four Hour Pudding.—Ingredients: One pound of beef PAITBY. Pastry Crust—Germam—Stir the yolks of four eggs in a k suet, ten eggs, one pound of sugar, one glass of brandy, one nutmeg, and a little cinnamon. Take a stale loaf, cut 08 dish, adding half a pint of sweet milk, and salt in propor tion; mix in as much ﬂour as will resist the stirring spoon; all the crust, and rub it ﬁne; mix with it all the other in then place the dough on your rolling board, and knead it gredients and boil it four hours. For sauce, mix together until the dough will spring up under the pressure of the butter, wine, nutmeg, and the juice of one lemon. Lemon Pudding—Take one pound of ﬂour well dried and ﬁnger. It is then to be rolled out half of its size. and a vf-IJ Ifl {If I/fl f -l‘v'l l /If/N‘JI

pound of butter to be cut over half of the dough; the re

sifted, one pound of ﬁne sugar, the rind of a lemon, grated,

maining half must then be folded over the butter, be well beaten and rolled out thin. Then fold the dough like a nap kin, and care must be taken that it does not wrinkle; it must then be rolled out a second time as thin as at ﬁrst, and again be beaten on the same side. Raspberry Fritters —Grate two Naples biscuits. or some sponge-cake, and pour over it a gill of boiling cream. When it is almost cold. beat the yolks of four eggs to a strong froth—beat the biscuits a little, and then beat both together exceedingly well, and put to it two ounces of sugar, and as much raspberry juice as will make it a nice pink color; drop the batter by the spoonful into a pan of boiling lard. When

twelve eggs, the yolks beaten awhile by themselves, and the whites beaten to a froth; then gently mix all together, pm it into a pan, and bake it half an hour. JBLLIEB

Calf's-Foet Jelly—Made of Gdatine.--.No. 1.—To one quart of cold water take one ounce and a quarter of gelatine, and set it over the fire until dissolved. To this quantity take four lemons, juice and rinds, two sticks of cinnamon, three gills of wine, four eggs, whites and shells. (whip the whites of the eggs to a ﬁll" froth.) and fourteen ounces of sugar. Mix all well together, and place it over the ﬁre until it boils you dish up the fritters, stick bits of citron in some of them, up once; then pour it through a ﬁn nel bag, several times, and in others blanched almonds, cut lengthwise. .i if necessary. until it runs clear. llace the bag near the Cream for Pies—Take two eggs and break them into a ﬁre, to prevent the liquid from congealing before running saucepan; mix in with the eggs two ounces of ﬁne flour— through it. then pour in three half pints of milk. You must stir it with CaIf’s-Fcct JcIly.—.No. 2.—Clean one sett of feet well, put a silver spoon. Then add two ounces of white sugar and 5 them in as much cold water as will cover them; boil them one ounce of butter; put the mixture on the tire, and keep until the meat falls from the bones,then strain them through stirring it until it begins to boil; then take it off and let it a cullender; let the jelly stand until it becomes cold, skim cool, when it will be ready for use. off the fat, and put it on the tire to melt. Add to it half a Grtm Apple Pie—Without .4ppZ(8.—Breilk up into small pound of white sugar, one pint of wine, the whites of four eggs, beaten light, and the shells, and the juice of two pieces six soda biscuits, and pour over it two teacupfuls of cold water. Grate in two whole lemons. adding three cup 5 lemons. Let it boil. and skim it while boiling; then strain tale of fine white sugar, and halfa nutmeg. Beat the whole Q it through a ﬂannel bag until it becomes clear. Let it cool well together. Bake the pie in a quick even without any in forms. upper crust. Gzlf’s-Fcet Jelly—No. 3.—Take two quarts of water to Raspberry Dumplings.--Make a puff paste and roll it out. two setts of feet, boil it down to one quart, strain it; when Spread raspberry jam upon it and make it into dumplings. cold, skim off all the fat, and let it melt over a slow ﬁre; Boil them an hour. Serve them with wine sauce, or sugar then add half a pint of wine, thejuice of a lemon, the peel of a lemon, and the whites of three eggs, to clarify it, also and butter well mixed together. sugar to your taste; let it all boil together for a few minutes, PUDDINGS. then strain it through a flannel bag. Be careful not to press Par-tam Apple Pudding.—Pare and core some tender the bag, or your jelly will not be clear. CaJf‘s-Fezt Jelly—Made of American Is1'nglass.-—No. 4.— apples. stew them in a little water, add a good sized piece of butter, and sweeten to your taste, (after the apple is Procuro two ounces of isinglass, soak it in cold water for stewed.) When it is cold beat four eggs and stir in. Grate half an hour, then take it out and pour on it two quarts of nutmeg over the top, and eat it with cream. Or, butter a boiling water. When it is cold, add to it the whites of four pudding dish, strew it very thickly with bread crumbs. then eggs, well beaten, one pound of sugar, thejuice and rind of add the mixture, and straw bread plentifully over the top. three lemons, and one pint of wine. Mix all well together, Set it in a tolerably hot oven, and when baked sift sugar boil it three minutes, strain it through a ﬂannel bag, and set it to cool. over it. Gooseberry Pudding.—Scald half a pint of green goose CREAMS,CUSTARD8,IC bsrries in water till they are soft, then put them into a sieve to drain. When cold, work them through an hair sieve with Oat-Meal Flummcry.—Take a pint of bruised greats, and the hack of a clean wooden spoon; add to them half a. pound put three pints of water to them, early in the morning, and I sugar. and the same of butter, with four ounces of Naples ' let it stand till noon; then add the same quantity of water biscuits; beat six eggs very well, then mix all together: and as before, stir it well, and let it stand till four o‘clock: then beat them a quarter of an hour. Pour it into an earthen run it through a sieve; boil it; keep stirring it all the while, dish, without paste: half an hour will bake it. and put in a spoonful of water now and then as it boils. Orange I‘udding.—Boil the rind of an orange very soft, When it begins to thicken, drop a little on a plate; when it and heat in a marble mortar with the juice of the orange; leaves the plate it is complete. Put it in glasses, and when put to it two Naples biscuits grated Very tine, half a pound cold turn it out. of butter. quarter of a pound of sugar, and the yolks of six Chocolate Cream.—-Ingredients: One quart of milk. four eggs; mix all well together. Put put'f paste round your pic eggs, and three tablespoonfuls of grated chocolate. Boil the dish, pour in the mixture, and bake it for about half an chocolate ﬁrst in a little water, then add the milk and sugar hour. to your liking; also flavor it with Vanilla, or whatever you Imiihn Pudding—Sweden one pint of milk to your liking, most prefer. Add the eggs as for boiled custard; stir it till add to it two tablespooufuls of molasses, a small piece of it thickens, and then pour it into cups. butter. (about the size of a walnut) three-quarters of a tea 8190 Cream.--Tuke a dessert spoonful of sago, and boil it spoonful of salinratus. a small portion of salt, three eggs, and in one pint of water to a jelly. Add a teacupful of cream, raisins, or currants. Mix with the ingredients one quart of Q let it boil again; beat up an egg Vt'l')’ light, and pour the good Indian meal. Boil it in a bug about an hour and a half. t boiling sago on it. Add sugar and nutmeg to your taste. fill/II}

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5 spice, cloves, whole peppers, salt, a bay leaf or two, some § slices of onion—also a red pepper, and alternate the layers 3‘ of ﬁsh and spice till the pot is ﬁlled, pouring between thea layers a little sweet oil. Then mix vinegar and water, and ﬁll the pot with it. Make a paste of ﬂour and water to cover the outside of the pot ; over that tie a piece of muslin, and send it to a bake-house. Charge them not to burn it. Shad -—Bai.-ed.—Procure a ﬁne, large shad—clean it thoroughly, then ﬁll it with the same sort of stuﬁ‘lng used for fowles. Tie a string round it in order to keep it to gether, put it into your bake-pan, and haste it with butter, pepper and salt. When well cooked, (it will require about twenty minutes to bake,) untie the string, and serve it upon a ﬁsh dish, with melted butter poured over it. Lobster Sauce.—Boil half a pint of water—with a small portion of mace and whole pepper in it—long enough to with the backs downward; strew over them some whole all~

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lemon peel—cut exceedingly ﬁne—and a tablespoonful of lemon pickle; put it over the ﬁre and thicken it with ﬂour and butter. When it boils put in your veal, and just before you dish it up add a spoonful of cream.

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take out the strong taste of the spice, then strain it oﬁ‘, melt

three-quarters in a lobster in very of a pound small pieces; of butter stew smooth it allintogether the water, gently out {IIII/l ll/III! I -f/ r‘NI/l!JaIA-/‘Il-I/’NVmId/‘l

with anchovy, and serve it hot. Pearch, or Trout—Fried.—When you have scaled, cleaned

and washed the ﬁsh, dry them well, and lay them separately on a board before the ﬁre; two minutes before you fry them dust them well with ﬂour, and fry them in drippings or lard. Servo them up with melted butter and crisped parsley—or drawn butter. Herring—Fried.—Scale, wash, and dry your hcrrings well; lay them separately on a board, and set them to the ﬁre two or three minutes before you want to use them; dust the ﬁsh with ﬂour, and when your lard is boiling hot. put in the ﬁsh, a few at a time, and fry them over a brisk ﬁre. L0bstcr—BoiZcd.—Put a lobster into a kettle of boiling water, with some salt added to it.

mace, some crumbs of bread, two ounces of marrow sliced

ﬁne, a handful of chopped parsley, and the rind of half a lemon. grated.

if it be a large one, it

comes dark brown; then serve it up with rich drawn butter.

I s A 'r s. Turkey—Boiled.—After your turkey is properly prepared, out ed the legs, put the ends of the thighs into the body, skewer them down, and tie them with a string. Then gnte u very small loaf of bread, chop a number of oysters ﬁne, add a little lemon peel, shred ﬁnely, nutmeg, pepper, and salt to your liking: mix all up into a light forcemeat with a quarter of a pound of butter, a spoonful or two of cream, and three eggs. Stuﬁ“ the turkey with this forccmeat, sew it up, dredge it well with ﬂour, put it into a kettle of cold water, cover it, and set it on the ﬁre.

our r03 INVALIDS.

When the scum

III/

very slowly for half an hour, then take the kettle off the ﬁre, keep it close covered, and let the turkey remain about half an hour in the hot water. Serve it with oyster sauce, made as follows :-Wash the oysters in their own liquor, and when the liquor is settled pour it clean off .into a saucepan,

Strew them all over your steaks, roll them

up, skewer them close, and set them before the ﬁre to brown; then put them into a pan with a pint of gravy, a spOonful of catchup, the same of browning, and a teaspoonful of lemon juice: thicken the mixture with a little butter rolled in ﬂour. Lay round the dish hard boiled eggs, cut in half. ChicIrms—BoiIal.—When you have drawn your chickens, lay them in skimmed milk for two hours; then truss them, singe, and dust them well with ﬂour. put them in a pan with Cold water, cover them close, set them over a slow ﬁre, take OK the cum, and let them boil slowly ﬁve or six minutes; then take them off the ﬁre, but keep them close covered in the water for half an hour. When about to dish them, set them over the ﬁre to make them hot, drain them, and pour over them white sauce. Sauce for Boiled Chickens—Take two eggs and boil them hard, with the livers of the chickens. Chop them ﬁue, adding thyme, lemon peel, anchovies. salt, (a small quantity of each) and lemon juice. if you prefer it. Mix all well to gether. lliclt half a pound of butter, keeping it as thick ll possible, and stir it in.

will require to be boiled half an hour. Lobstcr—Roasted.~—lialf boil your lobster, rub it over with butter. set it before the ﬁre, basto it till the shell be

begins to rise take it oﬂ‘, put on the cover again, let it boil

[ADE-DISHES.

Browning for Madc-Dt'shrs.—Take four ounces of very ﬁne white sugar, put it in a clean iron frying-pan, with one ounce of butter—set it over a clear ﬁre, and mix it very well together all the time; when it begins to be frothy and the sugar is dissolving, hold it higher over the ﬁre, and have ready one pint of red wine. When the sugar and butter is of a deep brown. pour in a portion of the wine, stir it well together, add more wine, and keep stirring it constantly; then add half an ounce of Jamaica pepper, six cloves. four small onions, peeled, two or three blades of mace, three spoonfuls of mushroom catchup. a little salt, and the rind of one lemon. Boil the whole mixture slowly for ten minutes—pour it into a dish, when cold scum it carefully, and bottle it for use. Berf Olives—Cut slices oﬁ' a rump of beef about six inches long and half an inch thick. beat them well. and rub them over with the yolk of an egg. some pepper, salt, ground

with a little white gravy, and a teaspoonful of lemon pickle; thicken it with flour and a good lump of butter, boil it three or four minutes, add a spoonful of nice cream, and then put 3 in your oysters. Keep shaking them over the the till they ‘ become quite hot—but do not let them boil. Tongue—Bot'led.-—If your tongue be a dry one, steep it in water all night, and then boil it three hours. If you serve it hot. stick it with cloves, rub it over with the yolk of an egg. strew bread crumbs over it, haste it with butter. and set it before the ﬁre till it becomes of a light brown color. “'hcn you dish it up, pour over it a little brown gravy, or red wine sauce, mixed the same way as for venison. N. B.— If it be a pickled tongue, only wash it out of water. § VmI—Hashrd.——Cut your veal in thin, round slices, thes line of half a crown. Put into a saucepan some gravy, some >

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Food for Delicate Infants.—Take a piece of gelatin. (or American isinglass) about one inch square, dissolve it in half a gill of water over the ﬁre—then add a gill of milk. When it comes to a boil, stir in a good half teaspoonful of arrow~root. When taken off the ﬁre stir in two tablespoon fuls of cream. This food is suitable for a child four or ﬁve months old. As the child becomes older, increase the strength of the food. C'hocoIate.—Scmpe four ounces of chocolate, and pour one quart of boiling water upon it. Mill it well with a choco late mill, and sweeten it to your liking; give it a boil and let it stand for some length of time. Then will it again very well, boil it two minutes. and ﬁnally mill it till it will leave a froth upon the top of your cups. Bariry Gruel.—Take four ounces of pearl barley; boil it in two quarts of water with a stick of cinnamon in it till it is reduced to one quart. Add to it a little more than one pint of red wine, and sugar to your liking. Two or three ounces of currnnts (well picked and washed clean) may be added. Chicken Broth.-—Skin a small chicken.and split it in two; boil one half in three half pints of water, with a blade or two of mace. and a small crust of broad; boil it over a slow ﬁre till it is reduced one half.


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The 05d Piuntotiou, and What I Gathered There in an Autumn Mmth. By James Hunger/ant, of Maryland. 1 vol, 12 mo. A'ew York: Harper d3 Brothcrs.—There is an inexpressiblo charm in the local color of this volume, a [6&ture to which it would be Well if authors would pay more attention. In plan, the book is like one of those ivory toys, which the Chinese delight in carving, where ball lies within

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Pauline mazes“ roa “rs'rxasou’s mourn.”

—— [Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1859, by Charles J. Peterson. in the Clerk’s Oﬁico of the District Court of the United States, in and for the Eastern District

of Pennsylvania]

-

ball; for while it is a novel, complete in itself, it yet has

numerous sketches woven into the plot, which diversify, and perhaps increase, the interest. Altogether the work ought to be a favorite. Its very title will ensure it a wel come among thousands of the sons and daughters of Mary land and Virginia, whom marriage or the pursuit of fortune has scattered over these United States.

39‘ These TGCGPCS have all been tested, either by the author herself, or by some of her friends. Every month, wc shall gins several receipts, in various departments; and the whole, at the end of the year, will be found to make the most complex cook— book ever published. SOUPS.

rm'oum of Scotland. By Agnes Strickland. m. r11, Portable Soup—For Travelers. (Ea—Take three large legs of veal, and one of beef, with the lean part of half a ham; cut them in small pieces, put a quarter of a pound of butter at the bottom of a large cauldron, then lay in the meat and

12 mo. New York: Harper 12 Brothcrs.—This volume con eludes the mournful story of the life of Mary Queen of Scots. It is written in the highest strain of enthusiastic admiration for that unfortunate lady, and is sustained by

bones. with four ounces of anchovies, and two ounces of

an array of documents and a plausible reasoning, which it is difﬁcult to simmer. The publishers have issued tho volume in a style to match exactly the preceding ones. ex cept in the paper on which it is printed, which seems to us inferior.

mace. Cut off the green leaves of ﬁve or six heads of celery, wash the heads quite clean, cut them small, put them in the cauldron, adding three large carrots, out small; cover the cauldron close, and set it over a moderate ﬁre. When you ﬁnd the gravy begins to draw, keep taking it up till you

Life of John H. 7V. Hawkins. Compiled by his son, Rev. W G. Hawkins, A. M. 1 1:01., 12 mo. Boston: John P. Jmtt it Co.—A labor of filial love, executed with taste, and yet enthusiastically. The labors of Mr. Hawkins in behalf of the incbriate will long be remembered, and fully deserved this testimonial to his heroism and self-devotion.

have got it all out; then put water in to cover the meat. set it on the ﬁre again, and let it boil slowly for four hours; then

£1111”: Lore-Life: A h'orcl. By Margaret J. DI. Sweat. 1 ml, 12 mo. .Ncw York: Rudd if CarZcton.—A pleasant romance, on a theme that will never lose its interest, We recommend it to our female readers especially. The volumo :; is published in the neat style which distinguishes all of the i publications of this house. southward: A Novel. By 1mm UmsmL 1 vol" 12 m. New York: Rudd é Carlcton.—'l‘his is an agreeable ﬁction, which ought to have an extensive sale, especially in the

strain it through a hair sieve into a clean pan and let it boil three parts away; then strain the gravy that you drew from the meat into the pan, let it boil gently (and keep skim ming the fat off, very clean, as it rises,) till it looks like thick glue; you must take care that it does not burn. Put in pepper to your taste: then pour the mixture on flat earthen dishes a quarter of an inch thick; let it stand till the next day, and then cut it out into small cakes. Lay the cakes on dishes. and set them in the sun to dry. When the cakes are dry, put them in a tin box, with writing paper between every cake, and keep them in a dry place. This is a very useful soup to be kept in families, for, by pouring a pint of boiling water on one cake, (the cakes ought to be only a little larger than a quarter of a dollar,) with the addition of a 8111"“ (Dummy Of till-ll; it Will make 1‘ 800d bad" or broth The longer it is kept the betttcr. Be careful to turn the callus as they dry. This soup will answer better to be made in rm“, weather‘ Fm'ma soup—Ham ready some lﬂrd’ boning hOt‘ pour

present dearth of ﬁrst-rate novels. The publishers issue the

into it 3 lug“ cum—"l 0f faring! and let u becom‘) Of “ “Km

Biographies of Distinguished Scientiﬁc Men. By Francois Arago. 1 vol, 12 mo. Second Scria. Boston: Ticknor d Fr'dds.—This is a continuation of a work noticed in our last number. The subjects of the present biographies are Car- ‘ not, Males, Fresnel, Thomas Young and James Watt.

It is

an extremely interesting book.

’I I I 'I-FNJ'I IJ

'o'k in a very neat style'

yellow color. Previously, chop together—very ﬁne—some Q parsley and a few potherbs, add these to the farina, and pour over it one quart of water, and let it simmer slowly for about three-quarters of an hour: whilst simmering add some water to it occasionally, until it becomes as thin as you desire to have it. Boat two eggs quite light, and pour the soup upon them—by degrees—stirring it constantly. Cmnmon Pea: Soup—To one quart of split peas put four quarts of water, and a small piece of lean bacon; wash a 2 head of celery, and cut it in with a turnip; boil a“ together till it is reduced to two quarts, then work it through a cul ]ender__s|ice in another head of celery, cayenne pepper And 8,,“ to yum. mm. Bo“ the soup we“ Before serving it, place some pieces of was; on the bottom of your soup mm”, and pm"- the broth over mom. 0km Soup__'rake quarto,- of Q peck of Okra, slice them round, and put them on the are, with a moo of ham, and a MI IIN‘IIIIJ III

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PARLOR AMUSEMENTS. Fer AWAY, Fromm—This is a quick, lively, little game, very different from many. The leader sits with his feet on a stool, so as to make a large lap; or, which is better, all [it round ll- littlﬁ table. The leader then puts his ﬁnger down upon it. and the others place all their fingers round his. “' Fly away, pigeonl” cries he, suddenly, and up all the ﬁngers start. Then they all settle down again. “Fly away, eagle!" cries he, again, and off they all go once more. “Fly away, bnlll" is now the cry, and army most of the ﬁngers ﬂy as before, not remembering that bulls have no wings. Those who make the mistake pay a forfeit amidst the langh-

u" “f the omen

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“my Mm)" “when” cries the leader

gallon of water; boil the whole about five hours. Half an

again; but the others, taught by the last experience, keep all their ﬁngers fixed to the table, and the leader's ﬁles up alone. “Why don‘t you ﬂy ?” says he. “Why. feathers don‘t ﬂy, do they? They have no wings!”

hour befom serving the map, add quarter of a peck of toma z to“, skimmy

S no 8. g Herring—Potted.—Clean your ﬁsh. cut off the heads and

“No, but they ﬂy for all that!”

So the leader, like an

Eastern king, settles all disputes by his own decision.

tails. and sprinkle salt over them to draw out the blood.

2

Then wash them, and lay a layer of ﬁsh in an earthen pot,


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Gaoss’s NEW Msrnon roa run Puzvo-l-‘oa'rs—Those popu ‘ during the years 1853, ’54, ’55 and ’56, under the orders of lar music publishers, Lee 6: Walker, propose to publish, early the United States government. As the author commanded in April, “A New Method for the Piano,” by Charles Grobe, the expedition. the work may be considered, in one sense, which will be incontestibly the best work of its kind ever oﬂicial. For centuries, the regions explored were closed to printed. A good instruction book for the piano has long the world, by the jealousy of b‘paiu. But the Argentine been wanting, and nobody is more competent to prepare Confederation, in 1852, having declared the waters of the such a book than the well known teacher, who has taken confederation free to the ﬂags of all nations, the United this in hand. We understand that Mr. Grobc has adopted States authorities immediately hastened to send out this substantially, in his “New 1Method,” the plan employed by government expedition. The exploraticms, described by Ollendorf in teaching langdagcs. He begins with the sim Lieutenant Page, embrace an extent of thirty—six hundred. plest elements, and by passing gradually to what is more miles of river navigation, and forty-four hundred miles difﬁcult, makes every step perfectly intelligible. Teachers, of land journey in Paraguay and the Argentine Con we think, will find in this new work a well-digested, pro federation. The La I’lata river alone has a basin nearly gressive and entertaining plan, by which the art of playing equal to that of the Mississippi, and not inferior in fertility the piano may be imparted, and in comparatively little time. of soil or salubrity of climate. In time, and when peopled The volume will contain ten engraved ﬁgures, illustrating by a more energetic population, these vast regions must the ditferent positions ofthe hands and ﬁngers. A copy will contribute greatly to the extension of commerce and manu be sent, post-paid, for $2.50, bound in paper, or for $3.00, factures. The civilized world owes our government a debt bound in cloth. Address Lee 8: Walker, No.722 Chesnut of gratitude for having set this expedition on foot, as the reading public own one, hardly less heavy, to Lieutenant street, Philadelphia. Page, for the agreeable manner in which he has narrated New Music—We have received, from Lee 6: Walker, a his explorations. The volume is handsomely printed, and number of new pieces of music, all of them more or less contains numerous maps and illustrations, as well as engrav meritorious. and many of them particularly so. Among the ings of scenery, public characters, incidents, &c. best are " The Mother and her Child,” as sung by Madame Travels and Discmicrirs in North and Gmtral Afn'ca. By Gazzan'rga; "Del Conte," from Norma; “Buds and Blos~ soms," a sacred melody, by (irobe; “Revs do Gloire,” a Henry Burt-h. Ibis. IV. and V., 8 en. New York: Harper (9 Brothcrs.-—What Livingston has done for Southern Africa, triumphal march for the piano; and a “Piccolomini Schot tish,” with a capital portrait of Piccolomini. But “Tho Berth has achieved for the Northern and Central portions Duke of Malakotl‘s March ;” “The Syrcn Polkaf’ “Sweet of that hitherto “term incognito.” The earlier volumes heart, Thinkest Thou of Me,” “I Love the Little Laughing of this work We noticed at the time of their publication. The present and concluding volumes describe the author’s Rill;” “Oh! Come Let Us Celebrate," and “Empire Quad journey to Timbnctoo and his researches in the neighbor rilles,” are deserving of only less commendation. ing regions. Every chapter abounds with valuable informa. NEW ORNAMENT roa 'rns HAUL—Tho prettiest and most tion. Frequent narrative episodes of personal adventure novel ornament for the hair is formed by taking ten large diversify the theme. The portraitures of scenery, tho gold Eugenie beads. Thread them on ﬁne wire, bend them sketches of the various tribes, and the scientific knowledge slightly into the form of a bow; suspend from each end a imparted. render this work one of the most interesting and string of eleven of the same beads; within that, another of valuable in the whole range of the literature of travel. The nine; and within that, a third of seven. The two last each American publishers have brought out the volumes with . a bead apart on the foundation row. Any lady may make great neatuess. No library, that pretends to completeness, can afford to do without Barth. this ornament with little trouble, and it is very elegant. l/IIIMNWJ ‘III INJIIII/V /I/J‘N'.fvIMJ‘/II/Wfl M'fa‘lf l

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The Life and Remains of Douglas Jerrold. Tar. Saul Wircncasrr.—Wo return our thanks to a bor respondent in Salem, Mass, for a Wooden cup made out of the sill of the house in which the alleged witches were tried and condemned, nearly tw'o centuries ago. We shall never look on this goblet without thinking of the unhappy beings, whose feet tottercd over the now worm-eaten oak, as they were led forth to an unjust and ignominious death. “TARA’S H.iar."—A collection of songs and giees, exceed ingly meritorious. intended principally for the young. An excellent series of elementary instructions adds to the value of the volume. We know nothing, similar in character, which is as good as this little volume. Lee & Walker, Philadelphia. have published it. Ans W1: A Bicurma.—A lady subscriber writes to us:— “Mr. Peterson, are you a bachelor? I say you are not, be oause you are always so pleasant and good'humored.” Think of that, oh! miserable, unloved bachelors, a lady of taste pronounces that you cannot be amiable. And in our humble opinion she is right. UM

I'm

Blanchard Jcrrold.

1 1:01., 12 m0.

Boston:

By his son ﬂ'chsor

é

Fields.—-To us this is the most interesting book of the month. Blanchard Jerrold has executed the diﬂicult task of writing his father’s biography in a manner that must

elevate his own character in the opinion of all right think ing minds: for while he has piously screened the memory of that father, he has yet not left a substantially erroneous impression of the man and his wit. The volume is full of anecdote. A graceful, yet characteristic portrait of Douglas Jerrold embcllishes the title-page.

'IuJ’‘IivI 'NILVIle/ IJN/v

Symbol: of the Capitol; or, Civilization in New York. By A. D. Mayo. 1 1:01., 12 me. New York: Thatcher 4E HutcIu'nson.—In his preface, the writer says that his pur pose in writing this work was to “aid the young men and women of our land in the attempt to realize a character that shall justify our expressions of republicanism, and to estab lish a civilization, which, in becoming national, shall illus trate every principle of a pure Christianity.” In many respects this purpose has been accomplished. The principal defect of the book is its local prejudices. Bouvier’s Famﬂiar Astronomy. Ibr the Use of Schools, 1Families 1:01., small and8 Privale e0. Philada: Students. Child: By 6 Hannah Petersvm.—We ill. be

REVIEW OF NEW BOOKS.‘ La Plata: The Argentine. Cbnfaleration, and Paraguay. lieve it is generally acknowledged, by those conversant with By Thomas J. Page. U. S. N. 1 vol., 8 220. New York. astronomy. that this is the best book of its kind ever writ Harper (£- Brothcrs.-This is a narrative of the exploration ; ten. The present is a new edition. More than two hundred of the tributaries of the river La Plato and adjacent countries, < wood-cuts illustrate and expain the text.


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 The Lizard takes charge of Renzolla

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EDITORIAL

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Miss Summer on Ilousswxrsar.—We have rarely read Q and misery of house-keeping, from the rising to the setting more goal sense than in the following, by Catharine M. sun, from our Canadian frontier to far south of Mason 8 Svdgwick, on “The Qualiﬁed Housewife.” She begins:— Dixon‘s line, will lie—“'8 will not say overcome, but most “Many parents expect their daughters to many, and thus certainly greatly diminished.” To all of which we say be provided for; the daughters themselves expect it. But Amen! it may be well for both parent and child to consider the A BEAUTIFUL Posse—Where, in the whole range of Eng chances against the provision. Marriage may come, and a lish poetry, can be found a better description of an infant life of pecuniary adversity, or a widowhood of penury may follow; or marriage may not come at all. As civilization than in the following lines? RUTH, '(so called} goes on, multiplying wants, and converting luxu xxzsuxo AND aocxnvo 'rnz cunts. ties into necessities, the number of single women fearfully What is the little one thinking about? increases, and is in greatest proportion where there is most Very wonderful things, no doubt, refinement, whereby women are least qualiﬁed to take care Unwritten history! Uufuthomable mystery! of themselves. In the simple lives of our ancestors, men Yet he laughs and cries. and cats and drinks, were not deterred from marriage by the difﬁculty of meeting And chuckles and crows, and nods and winks, the expenses of their families. Their win-s were helpmates. As if his hand were as full of kinks, And curious riddles as any sphinxl If they could not earn bread they could make it. If they Warped by colic, and wet by tears. did not comprehend the ‘rights of women,’ they practised ., Punctured by pins, and tortured by than, her duties. If they did not study political economy and Our little nephew will lose twa years; algebra. they knew the calculation by which ‘the penny And he'll never know ~Where the Summers go— nved is the penny gained.’ Instead of waiting to be stiﬂed Ile need not laugh, for he‘ll ﬁnd it 80! by costly and wasteful Milcsians, they ‘looked Well to the Who can tell what a baby thinks? ways of their household, and ate not the bread of idleness.’ Who can follow the gosszuuer links By which the mnnnikin feels his way The Puritan wife did not ask her husband to be decked in Out from the rllOl't‘ of the great unknown, French gauds, but was truly Blind. and wailing, and alone, Into the light of day?— ‘The gentle wife who decks his board, Out from the shore of the unknown sea, And makes the day to have no night.’ Tossing in pitiful agony— Of the. unknown sea that reels and rolls, “In giving the reasons that restrain men from marrying Spccked with the barks of little souls d the present day, and thereby diminish the chances of this 'f /"I-W/'NI/‘I/'I /IJfNI J I"

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Barks that were launched on the other side, absolute provision for women, we beg not to be misunder

And slipped from Heaven on an ebbing tide! What does he think of his mother's eyes? What does he think of his mother’s hair? What of the cradle roof that flies Forward and backward through the air! What (1008 he think of his mothtrs breast— Bare and beautiful. smooth and white, Seeking it ever with fresh deli lit— Cup of his life and couch of giis rest! What does he think when her quick embrace Pres<cs his hand and buries his face, Deep where the heart-throhs sink and swell With a tenderness she can never tell, Though sho murmur the words

stood. We would not restrict women to the humble ofﬁces of maternal existence. The btﬂt instructed and most thoroughly accomplished women we have ever known. have best understood and practised the saving arts of domestic life. If parents, from pride, or prejudice. or honest judg ment. refuse to provide their daughters with a profession or trade, by which their independence may be secured; if they persist in throwing them on one chance; if daughters them selves Wrnevere in trusting to this ‘neck-or-nothing’ fate, then let them be qualified in that act and craft in which their grandmothers, and which is now, more than at any preceding time. the necessary and boundeu duty of every i American wife, whatever be her condition.

Never by women

in any civilization was this art so needed, for never, we be lieve, were there such obstructions to prosperity and com fort as exist in our domestic service. And how are the young women of the luxurious classes prepared to meet them? How are the women of the middle classes fitted to overcome them? And how are the poorer class trained to rejoice in their exemption from them? “If a parent look forward to provision by marriage for his daughter, he should, at least qualify her for that condi

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or all [he lJh'ilF—

Words she has learned to murmur well? ‘

Now he thinks he’ll go to sleepl

I can see the shadow creep Over his eyes, in soft eclipse, Over his brow, and over his lips, Out to his little ﬂnger-tlpsl Softly sinking, down he goes!

Down he goes!

Down he goes!

(Rising and carefully retreating to her 5003,)

See!

110 is hushed in sweet repose!

Wns'r THOUSANDS SAY.——Tl10 Ztlarrietta (0.) Republican sayez—“We have read nearly all the articles that have ap peared in ‘ Peterson‘s Magazine,’ and yet have never seen in tion, and be ashamed to give her to her husband unless she one of them, one word that was morally improper, or one is able to manage her house, to educate her children. to .nrticle that did not contain some great moral lesson. Pro nurse her sick, and to train her servants—the inevitable bably no book designed exclusively for the ladies, possesses destiny of American housewives. If she can do all this well, higher claims to their patronage than this, and it is equally she is a productive partner, and, as Madame Bodichon says, certain that its editors bring to their labor a greater amount does much for the support of her household as her husband. of ability, than is employed upon any similar work in Ame It may. or may not be the duty of a mother to educate her rica. It“ you want a pleasant companion, send for this dlildren in the technical sense. b'nt if her husband is Magazine." We quote this, because it embodies, in few straining~ every nerve to support his family, it would be words, what scores of other editors have said during the both relief and help if she could save him the immense ex past three months, as well as thousands of private indivi pense of our ﬁrst rate schools, or the cost of governess. If duals, and because it is due to ourselves as editors, to show she be skilled in the art of nursing, she may stave off the what impartial persons think of this Magazine. fearful bill of the physician. If she know the cost and " Poa A’ Ten. an’ A’ Turf—The air of this ballad is so necoi-sary consumption of provision, the keeping of accounts. and, in short, the whole art and mystery of domestic eco old that the authorship is unknown. Burns wroti- for it the noble lyric which we give. Some of the words require de nomy. she will not only preserve her husband from an im ﬁnitions? For iiistant‘e, “birkie” means “a young fellow;” meme amount of hamsinglcare, but secure to him the safety, bleesing and honor of living within his means. If "coil" means “a simpleton;" “fa’” means “to try,” and aha be a qualified housewife, the great burden, perplexity, “gree” means “superiority.” -—


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