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 never accept that contumely. But I took little heed of them, looking in dull wonderment at John Fry, and Smiler, and the blunderbuss, and Peggy. John Fry was scratching his head, I could see, and getting blue in the face, by the light from Cop's parlour-window, and going to and fro upon Smiler, as if he were hard set with it. And all the time he was looking briskly from my eyes to the fist I was clenching, and methought he tried to wink at me in a covert manner; and then Peggy whisked her tail.

"Shall I fight, John?" I said at last; "I would an you had not come, John."

"Chraist's will be done; I zim thee had better faight, Jan," he answered, in a whisper, through the gridiron of the gate; "there be a dale of faighting avore thee. Best wai to begin gude taime laike. Wull the geatmnan latt me in, to zee as thee hast vair plai, lad?"

He looked doubtfully down at the colour of his cowskin boots, and the mire upon the horses, for the sloughs were exceeding mucky. Peggy, indeed, my sorrel pony, being lighter of weight, was not crusted much over the shoulders; but Smiler (our youngest sledder) had been well in over his withers, and none would have deemed him a piebald, save of red mire and black mire. The great blunderbuss, moreover, was choked with a dollop of slough-cake; and John Fry's sad-coloured Sunday hat was indued with a plume of marish-weed. All this I saw while he was dismounting, heavily and wearily, lifting his leg from the saddle-cloth as if with a sore crick in his back.


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 By this time the question of fighting was gone quite out of our own discretion; for sundry of the elder boys, grave and reverend signors, who had taken no small pleasure in teaching our hands to fight, to ward, to parry, to feign and counter, to lunge in the manner of sword-play, and the weaker child to drop on one knee when no cunning of fence might baffle the onset,—these great masters of the art, who would far liefer see us little ones practise it than themselves engage, six or seven of them came running down the rounded causeway, having heard that there had arisen "a snug little mill" at the gate. Now whether that word hath origin in a Greek term meaning a conflict, as the best-read boys asseverated, or whether it is nothing more than a figure of similitude, from the beating arms of a mill, such as I have seen in counties where are no waterbrooks, but folk make bread with wind—it is not for a man devoid of scholarship to determine. Enough that they who made the ring intituled the scene a "mill," while we who must be thumped inside it tried to rejoice in their pleasantry, till it turned upon the stomach.

Moreover, I felt upon me now a certain responsibility, a dutiful need to maintain, in the presence of John Fry, the manliness of the Ridd family, and the honour of Exmoor. Hitherto none had worsted me, although in the three years of my schooling I had fought more than threescore battles, and bedewed with blood every plant of grass towards the middle of the Ironing-box. And this success I owed at first to

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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 no skill of my own, until I came to know better; for up to twenty or thirty fights, I struck as nature guided me, no wiser than a father-long-legs in the heat of a lanthorn; but I had conquered, partly through my native strength and the Exmoor toughness in me, and still more that I could not see when I had gotten my bellyful. But now I was like to have that and more; for my heart was down, to begin with; and then Robert Suell was a bigger boy than I had ever encountered, and as thick in the skull and hard in the brain as even I could claim to be.

I had never told my mother a word about these frequent strivings, because she was soft-hearted; neither had I told my father, because he had not seen it. Therefore, beholding me still an innocent-looking child, with fair curls on my forehead, and no store of bad language, John Fry thought this was the very first fight that ever had befallen me; and so when they let him in at the gate, "with a message to the headmaster," as one of the monitors told Cop, and Peggy and Smiler were tied to the railings, till I should be through my business, John comes up to me with the tears in his eyes, and says, "Doon't thee goo for to do it, Jan; doon't thee do it, for gude now." But I told him that now it was much too late to cry off; so he said, "The Lord be with thee, Jan, and turn thy thumb-knuckle inwards."

It is not a very large piece of ground in the angle of the causeways, but quite big enough to fight upon, especially for Christians, who love to be cheek by jowl


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272 precepts, examples, maxims, and illustrations of native literature as shall render the school-books both useful and attractive. For this purpose the union of European and Native agency would be necessary,—European agency aided by the best works that have been framed in Europe and America for the use of schools, and Native agency of a high order of qualification to command readily the resources and appliances of native learning.

Under the guidance of such general principles, and in the employment of such a united agency, a series of school-books in Bengali might be framed on the following plan:—

The first of the series might be made with advantage to include all that is at present taught in scattered and disjointed portions in the vernacular schools, systematically arranged and presented in the clearest, most comprehensive, and most perfect form in which it can be prepared. It would thus be a text-book for instruction in writing on the ground, on the palm-leaf, on the plantain or sal-leaf, and on paper; in reading both written and printed compositions; in accounts both commercial and agricultural as taught in the works of Subhankar and Ugra Balaram; in the correct and fluent composition of letters, petitions, grants, leases, bonds, and notes of hand according to the most popular and approved forms; in the elements of grammar and lexicology as taught in Sabda Subanta, Ashta Sabdi, Ashta Dhatu, and the vocabulary of Amara Singh; and finally, in the moral verses of Chanakya. This work would make the learners, whether teachers or scholars, thoroughly competent in the knowledge and use of the most improved forms of their own vernacular system of instruction before introducing them to any higher grades of knowledge; and the first trial in every district would thus also be disembarrassed of the prejudices which might be raised if any new and strange subjects of instruction were suddenly and generally presented to them. Those portions of the above-mentioned native school-books that are in Sanscrit should be translated into Bengali.

The second book of the series might explain the most important arts of life that contribute to comfort, improvement, and civilization, and might give elementary views of the sciences which have produced and must help to perfect them. Trade and the sub-divisions of manual labour; manufactures and the uses of machinery; and above all agriculture,—the most valuable products, the best modes and seasons of culture, the most useful implements and manures, the rotation of crops, draining, irrigation, large and small farms—all these are subjects which, in plain language and with appropriate local illustrations, might be brought home to the business and bosoms of nine-tenths of the people. The modes of applying agricultural capital are notoriously very rude and unproductive, and the quantity of land cultivated by the


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 need of after-misrepresentation and calumny, as an additional sedative.

As an amusing anecdote, and in the wish to prepare future Authors, as young as I then was and as ignorant of the world, of the treatment they may meet with, I will add, that the person who by a twice conveyed recommendation (in the year 1797) had urged me to write a Tragedy: who on my own objection that I was utterly ignorant of all stage-tactics had promised that he would himself make the necessary alterations, if the piece should be at all representable; who together with the copy of the play (hastened by his means so as to prevent the full development of the characters) received a letter from the Author to this purport, "that conscious of his inexperience, he had cherished no expectations, and should therefore feel no disappointment from the rejection of the play; but that if beyond his hopes Mr. found in it any capability of being adapted to the stage, it was delivered to him as if it


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 ''had been his own manuscript, to add, omit, or alter, as he saw occasion; and that (if it were rejected) the Author would deem himself amply remunerated by the addition to his experience which he should receive, if Mr. would point out to him the nature of its unfitness for public representation;"—that this very person returned me no answer, and, spite of repeated applications, retained my manuscript when I was not conscious of any other copy being in existence (my duplicate having been destroyed by an accident); that he suffered this manuscript to wander about the town from his house, so that but ten days ago I saw the song in the third Act printed and set to music, without my name, by Mr. Carnaby, in the year 1802; likewise that the same person assorted (as I have been assured) that the play was rejected, because I would not submit to the alteration of one ludicrous line; and finally in the year 1806 amused and delighted (as who was ever in his company, if I may trust the universal report, without being amused and delighted?) a large company at the house of a highly respectable Member of Parliament, with the ridicule of the Tragedy, as "a fair specimen" of the whole'' of which he adduced a line:


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Rh ryot is generally so very small that the value of that portion of the produce which falls to him as wages or profits barely supports him and his family even in the most favourable seasons, and in times of scarcity leaves him without resource. With such a vast agricultural population, upon the proper application of whose labor the entire prosperity of the country and the Government depends, what duty can be more imperative than to instruct them in the best use of all the circumstances of their condition?

The third book of the series might be made explanatory of the moral and legal relations, obligations, and rights, whether personal, domestic, civil, or religions, of men living in a state of society and under the existing Government. A reference should be maintained throughout to the peculiar circumstances, wants, and character of the people. Thus, the expenditure of the people is in general so profuse and ill-directed as to account for much of the wretchedness of their condition. Inculcate, therefore, a prudent economy, and show not only by precept, but by examples and illustrations drawn from savings’ banks, &c., the advantages of steady industry and small accumulations as contrasted with the tyranny on the one hand, the slavery on the other, and the general distrust between man and man, arising out of the established system of money-lending and borrowing at exorbitant rates of interest. Again, the produce of their labor is often diminished by the illegal exactions of money-lenders, landlords, settlers, and the native officers of Government, whether of justice, revenue, or police. Teach the people their civil rights, the disposition of Government to protect them in the enjoyment of those rights, and the modes in which they may be most effectually protected. Still further, law to be obeyed, the violations of law to be shunned, and the punishments attached to those violations to be feared, should be known. But its requisitions, its prohibitions, and its sanctions are unknown to the body of the people, and law is to them, for the most part, the arbitrary will of the judge. In the absense of other means to make the penal laws generally known, let this school-book explain their principal provisions for the protection of person and property, the equal subjection of all to their authority, and the obligation and utility of contributing each person to the defence and security of every other subject of the State.

The fourth book of the series might be employed to correct, enlarge, and systematize the knowledge of the learner respecting his native country, other countries, and the system of the world. If prepared for Bengali schools, it would explain the natural features and resources of Bengal, the political Government of British India, the physical and political geography of the other countries of the world, and the leading facts and principles of modern astronomy.


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In the original copy of the Play, in the first Scene of the fourth Act, Isidore had commenced his Soliloquy in the Cavern with the words:

as far as I can at present recollect: for on the possible ludicrous association being pointed out to me, I instantly and thankfully struck out the line. And as to my obstinate tenacity, not only my old acquaintance, but (I dare boldy aver) both the Managers of Drury-Lane Theatre, and every actor and actress, whom I have recently met in the Green-room, will repel the accusation: perhaps not without surprise.

I thought it right to record these circumstances; but I turn gladly and with sincere gratitude to the converse. In the close of last year I was advised to present the Tragedy once more to the Theatre. Accordingly having altered the names, I ventured to address a letter to Mr. Whitbread, requesting information as to whom I was to present my Tragedy. My letter was instantly and most kindly answered, and I have now nothing to tell but a tale of thanks. I should scarce know where to begin, if the good-


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 ness of the Manager, Mr., had not called for my first acknowledgements. Not merely as an acting Play, but as a dramatic Poem, the has been importantly and manifoldly benefited by his suggestions. I can with severest truth say, that every hint he gave me was the ground of some improvement. In the next place it is my duty to mention Mr., the Stage Manager. Had the "" been his own Play—nay, that is saying too little—had I been his brother, or his dearest friend, he could not have felt or exerted himself more zealously.

As the Piece is now acting, it may be thought presumptuous in me to speak of the Actors: yet how can I abstain, feeling, as I do, Mrs. powerful assistance, and knowing the circumstances under which she consented to act Alhadra? A time will come, when without painfully oppressing her feelings, I may speak of this more fully. To I have an equal, though different acknowledgement to make, namely, for her acceptance of a character not fully developed, and quite inadequate to her extraordinary powers. She enlivened and supported many passages, which (though not perhaps, wholly uninteresting in the closet) would but for


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 her have hung heavy on the ears of a theatrical audience. And in speaking the Epilogue, a composition which (I fear) my hurry will hardly excuse, and which, as unworthy of her name, is here omitted, she made a sacrifice, which only her established character with all judges of tragic action, could have rendered compatible with her duty to herself. To Mr. judgment and full conception of Isidore; to Mr. accurate representation of the partial, yet honourable Father; to Mr. energy in the character of Alvar, and who in more than ono instance gave it beauties and striking points, which not only delighted but surprised me; and to Mr., to whose zeal and unwearied study of his part I am not less indebted as a man, than to his impassioned realization of , as an author;to these, and to all concerned with the bringing out of the Play, I can address but one word—!—but that word is uttered sincerely! and to persons constantly before the eye of the public, a public acknowledgment becomes appropriate, and a duty.


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 may claim for our knowledge of what is summed up under the modern term of State medicine a high position among the sciences that are directly conducive to the welfare of mankind.

In the application of medicine and the allied sciences to the prevention of disease, the present century may claim precedence of rank before any carlier periods in human civilisation. During the last forty years each decennium has been cha- racterised by an ever-growing appreciation of the great truths of sanitary science. From the days of the Health of Towns' Reports by Edwin Chad- wick to the later days of Parkes and Simon, medical men have continuously and unselfishly waged war against the vested interests of filth and zymosis. Nor have their efforts been futile, if increased salubrity and a higher average duration of life may be regarded as tests of success. No- where have these tests yielded more satisfactory results than in our naval and military forces; and seeing how much has been achieved, it does not appear out of place to express a hope that our Governments may always take the precautions that are necessary to insure to medical men, in their official capacities, such power and position that their representations may receive due support. I have already had occasion to dwell upon the Reports of the (late) Medical Officer of the Privy Council. The work of which he has been the


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 ruling spirit constitutes a memorial, which will remain an honour to himself and his colleagues, as it is to the time and people for which he laboured. It was with grief that the medical profession heard of Mr. Simon's resignation, and the pain was in- tensified by the report that his office was to be abolished. In the Supplementary Reports, which Mr. Simon has brought out since quitting his post, we are promised that some of the investigations, commenced under his supervision, shall be con- tinued; may we hope with the same zeal, earnest- ness, and success as before. It would be difficult to express adequately the sense the profession entertain of the value and significance of all that has been achieved by the Medical Department of the Privy Council; but I am sure that we all endorse the sentiments that are so well conveyed in the following passage, which I take from Mr. Simon's last Report*:"As for the general value and promise of that kind of work in its bearing on the progress of medicine, I entertain the strongest conviction that, in regard of all an- tagonism to disease, whether with preventive or curative measures, and whether by official or private hands, medicine's best prospects of increasc and success are inseparable from such studies of exact science; and that, in proportion as the

Reports of the Medical Officer of the Privy Council, new series, No. viii. p. 7.


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 pathological insight becomes more clear, the growth of practical power will surely follow.".

It would be tedious to dwell here upon details with which my audience is as well, or better, ac- quainted than I am; the more so, as the time is too short even remotely to do justice to the memory of past or to the labours of present workers. But it is well to bear in mind that, in this field also, we may quote Harvey as an autho- rity for the due appreciation of thosc elements of health which it is the object of State medicine to foster and to secure, and which he feelingly dwells upon in his account of Parr, whose body he examined after death by command of His Majesty. Here, as elsewhere in his writings, Harvey indicates much that he doubtless enlarged upon more fully in those works which, unfortu- nately for medical science, were destroyed in the revolutionary war.

No one can say how much more rapidly medicine would have advanced, had not ruthless hands been laid upon those works of Harvey, of which only the titles have been brought down to us. But any one who has learnt to revere Harvey in what we possess of him, and has become familiar with his marvellous industry, his logical mind, and his powers of observation, cannot but feel that every- thing that he committed to paper was worth pre- serving, and was certain to impart knowledge of


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 I defer all answers to the different criticisms on the Piece to an Essay, which I am about to publish immediately, on Dramatic Poetry, relatively to the present state of the Metropolitan Theatres.

From the necessity of hastening the publication I was obliged to send the manuscript intended for the Stage: which is the sole cause of the number of directions printed in italics.

1em


text: Category:Unity Library

title: Category:Unity Library


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 great value to those not possessed of the same qualities.

In the brief remarks that I have ventured to offer to you, I have dwelt upon the modern mani- festations of the Harveian spirit in scientific research. But Harvey has left us other features in his character worthy of imitation. Time does not serve to speak of more than the one that especially recommends itself to the Fellows and Members of this College, for it was the liberality of Harvey by which the resources of the College have so largely benefited. His munificence pro- vided the former library and museum; he endowed the College with his patrimonial estate of Bur- marsh; and left to it his "bookes, household stuffe, pictures, and apparell;" his "best Persia long carpet" his "blue embroyedyed cushion, one pair of brass and irons, with fire-shovell and tongues of brasse, for the ornament of the meeting-room".* This example has not been left without imitators in the present Fellows of the College, who, in their self-denial and gene- rosity, have of late years repeatedly shown them- selves to be not unworthy recipients of Harvey's gifts. It affords me particular pleasure to an- nounce publicly, for the first time, the special act of liberality of a recent distinguished Harveian

College of Physicians, vol. i. p. 132.
 * Quoted from Harvey's Will; see Dr. Munk's Roll of the Royal


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 orator, Dr. Arthur Farre, who, in his oration so eloquently and appropriately analysed Harvey's merits in connexion with the subject of gene- ration. Dr. Farre has within a few days pre- sented to the College, with his portrait, a most valuable library of ancient and modern works, which you may observe, conspicuous by their elc- gant binding, in the shelves above. It is the most important donation of the kind that our Corporation has received since that of the Marquis of Dorchester, a former Fellow, in 1680; and one that doubtless affords peculiar gratification to our distinguished Harveian librarian, Dr. Munk, in whose name, as in that of the well-wishers of this ancient body, I am sure I may challenge all asso- ciates to give or bequeath to it similar "pignora amoris", that each donor may deserve, in the ver- nacular, the record bestowed upon Harvey in the minutes of the extraordinary comitia of July 28th, 1666 "Fastis nostris honorificè semper comme- morandus." The grateful thanks of the College are certainly due to Dr. Farre for his gift; and it affords me particular pleasure to take the oppor- tunity of tendering him from this place our ac- knowledgments, and our heartfelt wishes for his health and happiness.

In bringing my address to a conclusion, I beg to offer to you, Mr. President, and the Assembly, many apologies for the very imperfect manner in


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 which I have dealt with the topics which I have ventured to touch upon. No one can be more sensible of my inadequacy to fulfil the task which you, Sir, with too indulgent trust, have imposed upon me. But though I crave your merciful con- sideration for my effort, I cannot but admit that I owe you, Sir, a debt of gratitude for having im- posed upon me what has indeed been a labour of love that of again poring over Harvey's works and studying those of his contemporaries. Every page that I have read has only served to convince me, more and more, of the magnitude of the obligations that this College and all generations of medical men who have lived, or will live, after Harvey, are under to him. Would that I could hope to have added the smallest tribute worthy of so great and good a man to the many offerings that his grateful successors have paid to his memory. But, while conscious of my own un- worthiness to dilate on so great a theme, I have no fear that, for want of better advocacy, the power of the Harveian spirit will cease to prevail in English medicine, while so many illustrious workers as grace the present roll of the Royal College of Physicians are evidences of its continued influence.

Though I may not have proved what none but future physicians may fitly endorse, I cling to the belief that in no period of the past has this


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Adrasteie legem nemo potest facile effuge^e£isi Galeno nostro, qui ipse suo exemplo hoe demonstr^vit. Sicut vero in mnltis aliis hoc patuit, ita nescio an unquam clarius quam in nava doctrina de motu sanguinis.” Pauli Mabquabti Slegelii, De Hofoi Scmguimt , Commentatio, Hamburgi: 1650. invicta vis est.

credendum veteribus

et

c LONDON:

PRINTED BY SAVILL, EDWARDS AND CHANDOS STREET, WEST STRAND,

CO.


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 although dinumed in the prevailing atmosphere of mysti- cism and hypothesis, had been kindled and was kept alive; notably at Salernum, where an attempt was made to sub- stitute a scientific procedure for the generally prevalent superstitions. (2) At Bologna, Padua, and other schools, anatomy, long discarded, began again to be studied; and thus the revival of learning, and the foundation of the modern scientific method by Bacon, did not find our art absolutely unprepared to receive them. None the less, in Harvey's day the whole work had to be begun anew; the preceding centuries had been almost so much lost time, all that had been handed down from them in the shape of fact was of the most meagre character; dissection had fallen into disuse; without knowledge of structure there could be no physiology, still less any rational pathology and diagnosis; and all that existed of therapeutics was an empirical ac- quaintance with the efficacy of a certain number of drugs.

It was not long, however, before improvement reached us. In 1518 the learned Linacre, who had studied at Salernum, returned to found our College by obtaining, through Wolsey's influence with Henry VIII., the charter 'whereby medicine was rescued from the tender mercies of the ecclesiastical profession.'

The history of our profession from this time presents a record of ever-increasing additions to our knowledge acquired by careful observation and experiment. Each the foun- division of our complex science received a fresh impetus, dation of the College. not a few becoming differentiated and distinct, and all pur- suing for the next two centuries a path of uninterrupted progress. Anatomy, which Vesalius, Fallopius, Fabricius, and others, had built up, reached, in the hands of their successors, a degree of precision only limited by the nature of the subject. Physiology, which can scarcely claim to have been a separate branch before Haller, was pursued with increasing energy by Hunter, Spallanzani, Hewson,


text: Page:The Recluse by W Paul Cook.djvu/84

title: Page:The Recluse by W Paul Cook.djvu/84


text: Page:The Crowne of all Homers Workes - Chapman (1624).djvu/127


text:
Bacchus

 * Bacchus, a poem by Ralph Waldo Emerson
 * Bacchus, translations of a poem by Homer

title: Bacchus


text: The Crowne of All Homers Workes/Bacchus, or the Pyrats


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 in this life, but will become known to us in the life to come.”

67. Various appellations of evil spirits and the authenticity of their existence. In addition to the angels there are the devil and his angels.

“That this devil and his angels are accepted in Holy Scripture as personal and actual beings, and not as imaginary beings, is to be seen (1) from the books of the Old Testament, (2) still more from the books of the New Testament.” Then follow proofs.

68. The evil spirits were created good, but they themselves became bad. How the good could have become bad is not explained, but there are many proofs from Scriptures. The devils became bad, some fathers of the church say, immediately before the creation of the world, while others say that the devils remained for a considerable time in the state of grace. (p. 406.) The devils became bad not all at once:

“At first one only fell, the chief of them, then he drew after him all the rest. This chief devil, according to some opinions, had been, previous to his fall, the very first and most perfect of all created spirits, who excelled before all the hosts of the angels; but according to the opinion of others, he belonged to the order of the supreme spirits (ταξιάρχων), to the leadership of which the lower orders of the angels were subject,—indeed he was among the number of those among whom the Lord apportioned the government of the parts of the world. The others, whom the fallen morning star drew after him, were the angels who were subject to him, who therefore could easily be carried away by his example, or suasion, or deception.” (pp. 406 and 407.)

What sin caused the devils to fall? Some say, because they mingled with the daughters of man, others say through envy, and others again say through pride.

“There have been various opinions as to what the pride


text:
Bacchus (Homer)

 * "Bacchus, or the Rovers", in Translations from Homer (1831), translated by William John Blew
 * "Bacchus, or the Pirates", in The Odyssey of Homer, with the Hymns, Epigrams, and Battle of the Frogs and Mice (1853), translated by Theodore Alois Buckley
 * "Bacchus, or the Pyrats", in The Crowne of All Homers Workes (1624), translated by George Chapman

title: Bacchus (Homer)


text: Index:The Heart of England.djvu

title: Index:The Heart of England.djvu


text: Author:Isaac Smith (1734-1805)

title: Author:Isaac Smith (1734-1805)


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 {|
 * Word||Affixes.
 * Rid-eg - is,laughed loudly.
 * eg denotes increase of degree.
 * Sulk-ig-is, wrinkled, from sulko, a wrinkle.
 * ig denotes causing to be.
 * Trunk-et-o, stem, stalk, from trunko, trunk.
 * et denotes diminution of degree.
 * Plej-mal-multe, in the least, from multe, more.
 * mal The opposite of.
 * Daŭr-ig-ad-is, 4 continued
 * ig denotes to cause to be.
 * (his erying),from daŭri, to last, to go on (intransitive).
 * ad denotes duration of the action. La plorado daŭris, the weeping lasted, ŝi daŭrigadis la ploradon, she continued the weeping.
 * Ek-timis, began to be afraid, from timi, to fear.
 * ek marks the beginning of an action.
 * Mal-zorgo, negligence, from zorgi, to care for.
 * mal denotes the opposite.
 * Jun-ul-et-o, youngster
 * ul denotes person charactertsed by.
 * (little young one).
 * et denotes diminution of degree.
 * Ek-kaptis, seized, from kapti, to capture.
 * ek marks the beginning ofamn action, as ekdormi, to doze.
 * Pen -ad-oj, efforts, from peni, to endeavour, to strive.
 * ad denotes duration of the action.
 * Konsil-ind-e, advisable, from konsili, to advise.
 * ind worthy of; ind and ebl are both often rendered -able, or -ible in English; but in Esperanto the one means worthy of, the other possible to.
 * Brul-ig-is, burnt, from bruli, to be-on-fire, to burn.
 * ig Bruligi isto burn (somethin,m eo to set on fire, to light (a fire) is ekbruligi (trans.)
 * kolekt-iĝ-is (became), gathered from kolekti, to gather.
 * iĝ denotes to become.
 * Special-ist-oj, specialists, from speciala, special.
 * ist denotes one following some occunution.
 * }
 * Pen -ad-oj, efforts, from peni, to endeavour, to strive.
 * ad denotes duration of the action.
 * Konsil-ind-e, advisable, from konsili, to advise.
 * ind worthy of; ind and ebl are both often rendered -able, or -ible in English; but in Esperanto the one means worthy of, the other possible to.
 * Brul-ig-is, burnt, from bruli, to be-on-fire, to burn.
 * ig Bruligi isto burn (somethin,m eo to set on fire, to light (a fire) is ekbruligi (trans.)
 * kolekt-iĝ-is (became), gathered from kolekti, to gather.
 * iĝ denotes to become.
 * Special-ist-oj, specialists, from speciala, special.
 * ist denotes one following some occunution.
 * }
 * iĝ denotes to become.
 * Special-ist-oj, specialists, from speciala, special.
 * ist denotes one following some occunution.
 * }
 * }
 * }


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 La ceteraj kazoj estas esprimataj per helpo de prepozicioj (la genitivo per de, la dativo per al, la ablativo per per aŭ aliaj prepozicioj laŭ la senco).

(3) La adjektivo finiĝas per a. Kazoj kaj nombroj kiel ĉe la substantivo. La komparativo estas farata per la vorto pli, la superlativo per plej; ĉe la komparativo oni uzas la prepozicion (konjunkcion) ol.

(4) Lanumeraloj fundamentaj (ne estas deklinaciataj ) estas : unu, du, tri, kvar, kvin, ses, sep, ok, naŭ, dek, cent, mil. La dekoj kaj centoj estas formataj per simpla kunigo de la numeraloj. Por la signado de numeraloj ordaj oni aldonas la finiĝon de la adjektivo; por la multoblaj—la sufikson obl, por la nombronaj—on, por la kolektaj—op, por la disdividaj—la vorton po. Krom tio povas esti uzataj numeraloj substantivaj kaj adverbaj.

(5) Pronomoj personaj - mi, vi, li, ŝi, ĝi (pri objekto aŭ besto), si, ni, vi, ili, oni ; la pronomoj posedaj estas formataj per la aldono de la finiĝo adjektiva. La deklinacio estas kiel ĉe la substantivoj.

(6) La verbo ne estas ŝanĝata laŭ personoj nek nombroj. Formoj de la verbo: la tempo estanta akceptas la finiĝon -as; la tempo estinta -is; la tempo estonta -os ; la modo kondiĉa -us; la modo ordona -u ; la modo sendifina -i. Participoj (kun senco adjektiva aŭ adverba): aktiva estanta -ant; aktiva estinta -int; aktiva estonta -ont; pasiva estanta -at; pasiva estinta -it; pasiva estonta -ot. Ĉiuj formoj de la pasivo estas formataj per helpo de responda formo de la verbo esti kaj participo pasiva de la bezonata verbo, la prepozicio ĉe la pasivo estas de.

(7) La adverboj finiĝas per e; gradoj de komparado kiel ĉe la adjektivoj.

(8) Ĉiuj prepozicioj postulas la nominativon.


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 (9) Ĉiu vorto estas legata, kiel ĝi estas skribita.

(10) La akcento estas ĉiam sur la antaŭlasta silabo.

(11) Vortoj kunmetitaj estas formataj per simpla kunigo de la vortoj (la ĉefa vorto staras en la fino) ; la gramatikaj finiĝoj estas rigardataj ankaŭ kiel memstaraj vortoj.

(12) Ĉe alia nea vorto la vorto ne estas forlasata.

(13) Por montri direkton, la vortoj ricevas la finiĝon de la akuzativo.

(14) Ĉiu prepozicio havas difinitan kaj konstantan signifon : sed se ni devas uzi ian prepozicion kaj la rekta senco ne montras al ni, kian nome prepozicion ni devas preni, tiam ni uzas la prepozicion je, kiu memstaran signifon ne havas. Anstataŭ la prepozicio je oni povas ankaŭ uzi la akuzativon sen prepozicio.

(15) La tiel nomataj vortoj fremdaj, t.e. tiuj, kiujn la plimulto de la lingvoj prenis el unu fonto, estas uzaitaj en la lingvo Esperanto sen ŝanĝo, ricevante nur la ortografion de tiu ĉi lingvo; sed ĉe diversaj vortoj de unu radiko estas pli bone uzi senŝanĝe nur la vorton fundamentan kaj la ceterajn formi el tiu ĉi lasta laŭ la reguloj de la lingvo Esperanto.

(16) La fina vokalo de la substantivo kaj de la artikolo povas esti forlasata kaj anstataŭigata de apostrofo.

Eltirita el “Fundamenta Krestomatio.”


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274 It is easy for me to sketch the principal topics of these works, and the series might be still further extended; but it would be a more difficult task to fill up the outline in such a manner that the whole would deserve the approbation of Government and be acceptable to the people. Their utility, however, would compensate for the labor, the time, and the expense bestowed, for a really good school-book is a powerful instrument of good to a country. By these and by similar works a small native standard library might be formed; and the most important ideas they contain might, by the means I am about to recommend, be gradually worked into, and embodied with, the earliest impressions and the permanent convictions of native society.

Having prepared and printed the first book of the series, the next step is to appoint a Government agent to each of the districts in which the plan is to be carried into effect. The duty to be assigned to him, as will afterwards more fully appear, is the examination of teachers and scholars, and with this view he should unite the acquirements both of a Native and English education. Without a good native education he could not, with credit and efficiency, act in the capacity of an examiner of native teachers and scholars; and an English education will be useful to conciliate the respect of his countrymen, to give him confidence in his own comparative attainments, and to enable him to receive and communicate to the people just views of the intentions of Government, and to the Government just views of the feelings and wishes of the people. In addition to these literary acquirements, an unimpeached character for steadiness, industry, and integrity is indispensable. Much will depend upon these examiners, and their appointment should be made with great care and discrimination. Those natives who have received an English education have in general too much neglected the ordinary branches of a Native education, and some difficulty may at first be experienced in obtaining competent persons; but a very little application on the part of the intelligent young men who have passed through the, the , and other public schools, will supply the requisite qualification, and the difficulty will speedily disappear.

The examiner will proceed to the district to which he has been appointed with a recommendation from the Commissioner of the division to the Magistrate who will be instructed to aid him with counsel, influence, and co-operation, as far as they can be bestowed, without trenching on his individual responsibility, or the unfettered action of the people. It will not be inconsistent with these restrictions if the magistrate should publish throughout the district a simple declaration or explanation of the intentions of Government addressed to all generally, to none individually; and if as in South Behar there is a district newspaper, the notice should receive all the publicity that can be given to it by that


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 Nova kanto Ho! eksonu nova kanto Pri la lingvo Esperanto, Pri ligil' internacia, Revo nia, amo nia! Kreitaĵ' la plej mirinda, Vere estas ĝi laŭdinda De verkistoj, de poetoj, En poemoj kaj odetoj,

Ĥoro: Ho, eksonu nova kanto Pri li lingvo Esperanto

Pli ol tondro de bataloj, Pli ol dolĉaj najtingaloj, Pli ol belaj aktorinoj, Pli ol fajfoj de maŝinoj, Pli ol oro la plej brila, Pli ol gloro senutila, Pli ol ĉiu, pli ol ĉio, Krom la amo kaj la Dio.

 * Ĥoro

Dum venonta la centjaro, Sciu esperantistaro, En Eŭropo, Ameriko, En Azio kaj Afriko, Kie ajn vi veturados Esperanton vi trovados, Sur la strato, en vagono, En hotelo, en salono

 * Ĥoro


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 Kaj eĉ en privata domo : Ĝin parolos ĉiu homo : Laboristo, profesoro, Kaj juĝisto, kaj doktoro, Kaj hebreo, kaj kristano, Kaj litovo kaj japano,— Kaj pereos la plendato : "Mi vin ne komprenas, frato".

Ĥoro

Iru kiel apostoloj Ĝin prediki por popoloj, Kaj eksonu nia voko Sur la ter' en ĉiu loko, En vilaĝoj, en urbetoj, En lernejoj, en gazetoj, Kaj servantajn al la vero Nin fortigu la Espero. DOMBROWSKI

Eltirita el "Fundamenta Krestomatio."

[Tune arranged by Arthur Trickett. To be obtained from the London Esperanto Club,14, Norfolk Street, Strand, W.C.]

Safo donas sian lanon, Por ke mastro havu. panon. Kiu ĉion senpripense parolas, Aŭdos tion, kion li ne volas. Vivu, progresu, Bed lerni ne ĉesu.


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 {|
 * Word.||Affixes.
 * Sun-brul-ig-ad-o (en la),
 * ig denotes causing to be.
 * exposed to the heatof the sun, from bruli, to be burning.
 * ad denotes continuation.
 * Re-vek-iĝ-is, awoke again,
 * re means again, anew.
 * from veki, to awaken (intrans. ).
 * iĝ denotes to become.
 * Mal-ŝatis, despised, from ŝati, to appreciate.
 * mal denotes the contrary (ŝati and sati are different words and must not be confused).
 * Mal-esper-ig-i, to cause to despair,
 * mal denotes the contrary.
 * from esperi, to hope.
 * ig denotes to cause to be.
 * Mal-kontenta, annoyed, from kontenta, content.
 * mal denotes the contrary, as malgaje, dismally.
 * Kri-em-an, crying, from kris, to cry.
 * em marks inclination to.
 * Uz-aĵ-ojn, utensils, from uzi, to use.
 * aĵ denotes something having the quality of.
 * Aparten-aĵ-ojn, belongings, from aparteni, to belong.
 * Tim-eg-e, affrightedly, from timi, to fear.
 * eg denotes increase of degree.
 * Re-en, back (again).
 * re is here an independent word taking the adverbial form ree, and the accusative ““n” as shewing motion.
 * Klin-iĝ-is, bent (became bent), from klini, to bend.
 * iĝ denotes to become.
 * Ŝlos-il-oj, keys, from ŝlosi, to lock.
 * il marks the instrument.
 * Rimark-ind-e, remarkable.
 * ind denotes worthy of, as rigardinde, worth looking at.
 * Dom-et-oj, cottages, from domo, a house.
 * et shows diminution of degree.
 * Vilaĝ-an-o, villager.
 * an denotes an inhabitant of.
 * Lac-ig-ita, tired (made tired), from laca, weary.
 * ig denotes causing to be.
 * Id-on, child.
 * id example of a suffix used independently
 * }
 * iĝ denotes to become.
 * Ŝlos-il-oj, keys, from ŝlosi, to lock.
 * il marks the instrument.
 * Rimark-ind-e, remarkable.
 * ind denotes worthy of, as rigardinde, worth looking at.
 * Dom-et-oj, cottages, from domo, a house.
 * et shows diminution of degree.
 * Vilaĝ-an-o, villager.
 * an denotes an inhabitant of.
 * Lac-ig-ita, tired (made tired), from laca, weary.
 * ig denotes causing to be.
 * Id-on, child.
 * id example of a suffix used independently
 * }
 * Lac-ig-ita, tired (made tired), from laca, weary.
 * ig denotes causing to be.
 * Id-on, child.
 * id example of a suffix used independently
 * }
 * }
 * }


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 {|
 * word||Affixes.
 * Mal - aperis, disappeared,from aperi, to appear.
 * mal denotes the direct opposite, as malespero, despair.
 * En-ig-ante, feeding (literally, causing to enter).
 * ig denotes making, or causing.
 * Kreit-aĵ-on, creature (created thing),from kreti, to create.
 * aĵ denotes that which has the quality of.
 * Ĉas-ad- -, hunting, from ĉasi, to hunt.
 * ad denotes an action which is continued ; armita por ĉasado means equipped for the chase.
 * Alproksim-iĝ-is, approached, fromproksime, near.
 * iĝ denotes to become.
 * Ek-rigardis, glanced up, from rigardi,to look at.
 * ek marks the beginning of an action.
 * Ĝoj-ig-as, delighted (it delights me; I am delighted), from ĝojo, joy (literally, made joyful).
 * ig denotes causing to be.
 * Tre-eg-e, extremely.
 * eg denotes increase of degree.
 * Pli -iĝ-on, addition, from pli, more.
 * iôg denotes to become.
 * Ekscelenca Moŝto, Your Excellency.
 * Moŝto used by itself, or added to a title to show respect.
 * Miks-aĵ-o, mixture, from miksi, to mix.
 * aĵ denotes that which has the quality of (see page 5, “aĵ”).
 * Furioz-ec-o, fury (furiousness), from furioza, furious.
 * ec denotes abstract quality (see page 5, “ec”).
 * Vir-in-oj, women, from viro, man.
 * in denotes the feminine, as vizitantinoj, lady visitors.
 * Babul-ad-as, 'chattered, from babili, to chatter.
 * ad denotes an aciton which is continued.
 * Mal-feliĉ-ul-o, the unhappy or unfortunate man,
 * mal denotes the direct opposite.
 * from feliĉa, happy, fortunate.
 * ul denotes person characterised by
 * }
 * Furioz-ec-o, fury (furiousness), from furioza, furious.
 * ec denotes abstract quality (see page 5, “ec”).
 * Vir-in-oj, women, from viro, man.
 * in denotes the feminine, as vizitantinoj, lady visitors.
 * Babul-ad-as, 'chattered, from babili, to chatter.
 * ad denotes an aciton which is continued.
 * Mal-feliĉ-ul-o, the unhappy or unfortunate man,
 * mal denotes the direct opposite.
 * from feliĉa, happy, fortunate.
 * ul denotes person characterised by
 * }
 * mal denotes the direct opposite.
 * from feliĉa, happy, fortunate.
 * ul denotes person characterised by
 * }
 * }


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the five songs printed at the end of this book, only "La Fille du Roi" has been published before, I believe. "The Holm Bank Hunting Song" and "Poor Old Horse" were sung by competitors for folk-song prizes at the annual Westmoreland Musical Festival, and I owe them to the kindness of Mr. George Rathbone. "The Mowing Song" and "Mary, come into the Field," were given to me by friends.

.

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N this age so prolific in anniversaries, one event should not be forgotten—at the end of April and the beginning of May, 1926, we celebrate the Tenth Anniversary of the Irish Rising in 1916, and the shooting of its leader, James Connolly.

During the past few years Ireland has been relatively quiet, both as regards general and internal British policy. But it would be a serious mistake to regard as permanent the present stagnation in the political life of the workers and toiling peasantry of Ireland. Already there are signs of revival. The Irish question has not been solved by the creation of the Irish "Free State" with Dominion rights, nor has the misery of the oppressed Irish workers and small peasantry been in any way alleviated thereby. Directly under the noses of the lords of the greatest Imperialist State in Europe exists the greatest anti-imperialist force, the significance of which will continue to develop the greater the decline of British capitalism. The mutual support of the British and Irish working masses in their struggle against the common enemy is of the greatest importance, and not least for the British worker.

It is noteworthy that Ireland, in spite of its revolutionary significance and possibilities, has hitherto played but an insignificant role in the Communist International. The main reason for this lies in the decline of the revolutionary Labor movement in Ireland itself; this of late years has reached a regrettable level, the causes of which call for investigation. Ireland with its complicated conditions presents special difficulties to the Communist movement. It is therefore most important for us to study these special conditions and the experience of the


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 revolutionary struggle in Ireland. The 1916 rising made by troops mainly composed of workers, agricultural laborers and laboring peasants, and the work of that great Irish Marxist who led this insurrection, played a most important role in this struggle. Here we have the opportunity of studying the strong and weak sides of the young Irish Labor movement, since Connolly himself in his qualities and faults was a typical representative of the best section of the working class of his country.

The British oppressor has always been a past master in the art of keeping not only Europe but also his own country in the dark about conditions and events in Ireland, thereby isolating the Irish fighters for freedom. This isolation was not without effects upon the workers also, and thus it happened that the works of a James Connolly must today be dug out, so to speak, while the workers are almost ignorant of the fact that in Ireland a revolutionary Marxist of the first water worked and struggled. A Marxist far beyond his contemporaries in the Labor movement of the Anglo-Saxon countries, he understood despite his early end, and put into practice, the basic theories of Leninism. The title of honor must be given him, in the following pages we will show how he applied this point of view to the basic questions of the Irish working class.

A biographer of Connolly who examined the origin of his popularity amongst the Irish workers refers to the problem of "Connolly's secret." As a solution he finds only a few general phrases about understanding how to subject the lesser to the greater, etc. "Connolly's secret," however, is quite clear. It is THE COMBINATION OF THE NATIONAL REVOLUTIONARY STRUGGLE AND OF THE REVOLUTIONARY CLASS STRUGGLE OF


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 THE WORKING CLASS. IT IS THE PROOF OF THE NECESSITY OF LEADERSHIP IN THE STRUGGLE FOR NATIONAL LIBERATION IN IRELAND.

Connolly ardently sympathized with the hatred of the masses against the imperialist oppression of Great Britain, and with their longing for national liberty. In the narrow sense of the word he was no nationalist; on the contrary, he was active both in theory and practice as a Marxist Internationalist. He was a stranger to any feeling against England as such. He spent the greater part of his youth in England, where he was active as an agitator in the Social Democratic Federation and frequently worked in the closest harmony with the British Labor movement against capitalists both in England and Ireland. He loved to use the declaration of the "United Irelanders" from the time of the first French Revolution.

Connolly took a deep interest in the history of the Irish struggle for liberation, those 700 years of tragic history of wars, unsuccessful risings, treason, terror and famine. He raised the question as to the causes of the failure of the former movements, especially those during the past hundred and fifty years. As answer he found that the national struggle had not been linked up with the social struggle. He declares in his most important work. "Labor in Irish History" :

" As we have again and again pointed out, the Irish question is a social question, the whole age-long fight of the Irish people against their oppressors


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6 his claim to be the discoverer of the circulation of the blood has been fully established, his writings have been found to be pregnant with the ideas and discoveries of later generations ; — nay, more, the man himself has been proved to be not less than his work. His great discovery was no chance find, no mere lucky hit, but the natural outcome of his genius and of his time. How then can the belated Harveian Orator of the present day hope to add even one fresh pebble to the cairn which the love and the labour of generations have raised over the '* im- mortal" Harvey.

On beginning my quest for something new it soon became clear that, of the two fields more espe- cially open to me. Sir James Paget had practically exhausted that of St. Bartholomew's Hospital in his journals of St. Bartholomew's Hospital ; with notes by James Paget,' published in 1846, but I still hoped to discover, by the help of learned friends, some hitherto unnoticed records of Harvey's life in Oxford. Nor, indeed, is it impossible that such do exist although I have failed to unearth them. The sole result of my search, and this I owe to the kind- ness of the present Warden of Merton College, is the following brief report, in the Register of Merton College, of Harvey's speech to the Fellows on April 11th, 1645, two days after his admission to the Wardenship.
 * Records of Wm. Harvey in extracts from the

" Dominus Custos, Convocatis in Alta Aula Sociis, haBC verba ad illos fecit. Forsitan decessores Custo- diara CoUegii ambiisse, ut exinde sese locupletarent.

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26 side diminished, the distension of the veins dis- appeared, and the blanched lungs again assumed a rosy hue. Distrusting his own personal observa- tion Dr. Brunton got two observers who knew nothing about the experiment and repeated it before them, noting down their observations, which agreed exactly with his own. It is all but impossible, I think, either to doubt the accuracy of the record of this experiment, or to attribute the phenomena observed, especially the simultaneous distension of the pulmonary artery and the blanching of the lungs, to any other cause than the action of vaso- motor nerves.

Subsequent observers seem to have failed to obtain the striking effects witnessed by Dr. Lauder Brunton, but his account is substantially confirmed by Mr. Bokenham, who tells me that in his experiments* muscarine in a small dose caused rapid fall in the carotid pressure, with, in most cases, a rise in the pulmonary pressure. This rise, however, was of short duration, and the pressure in the pulmonary artery soon fell to normal, whilst that in the carotid more slowly rose to its original level. A large dose produced paralysis of the heart and rapid fall of pressure in both circuits. (Plate I.)

Amyl nitrite (Plate II), given by injection into the jugular vein, or by inhalation, caused a rapid fall of carotid pressure, with simultaneous marked rise of pulmonary pressure. The absolute pressure in the

adopted being that used by Dr. J. Rose Bradford, and described by him in ' Jouni. Physiol.,' vol. x, p. 153.
 * These were performed on cats, dogs, and rabbits, the method

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 resolves itself in the last analysis into a fight for the mastery of the means of life, the sources of production in Ireland. Who would own and control the land? The people or the invaders; and if the invaders, which set of them—the most recent swarm of land thieves, or the sons of the thieves of a former generation? These were the bottom questions of Irish politics, and all other questions were valued or deprecated in the proportion to which they contributed to serve the interests of some of the factions who had already taken their stand in this fight around property interests."

The result of this was that very many struggles for freedom failed because they did not carry with them the working masses, for

This, however, does not give quite a clear interpretation of the failure of the national struggle. A further reason was to be found in the leadership of this struggle. The rich bourgeoisie, bound by a thousand ties to the ruling class in England and terrified of the class struggle, betrayed the struggle for national liberty; the middle and petty bourgeoisie wavered helplessly and sought a peaceful compromise in the most constitutional manner possible, always in fear that their agitation might cause the working masses to raise the social question.

"The spokesmen of the middle class, in the press and on the platform, have consistently sought the emasculation of the Irish National Movement, the distortion of Irish history, and, above all, the denial of all relation between the social rights of the Irish toilers and the political rights of the Irish nation. It was hoped and intended by this means to create what is termed 'a real National movement,' i. e., a movement in which each class would recognize the rights of the


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 THE HAEVEIAN OEATION.

The pleasure, Sir, with which I learnt from your lips that I had this year to discharge the time- honoured functions of " Harveian Orator" was largely alloyed with dismay at the difficult nature of the task before me. My predecessors have been so numerous (this commemoration of benefactors is held to-day for the 172nd time), they have also been so well equipped for the work by literary skill, by training and by knowledge, that it might well be thought that nothing could be easier, or more cer- tain to be successful, than to follow faithfully in their steps. But, unfortunately, the very number of my predecessors and their individual excellence render this course impossible : for, it is one thing to imitate with more or less success the style and method of a great writer or speaker, it is another and a very different matter to reproduce his actual words and facts, to publish, so to speak, a new edition of his work with no real change except in the title page. Now, Harvey's shield has been burnished so often and with such sharp-sighted devotion that no spot or stain remains upon it, —

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 other classes and laying aside their contentions would unite in a national struggle against the common enemy—England. Needless to say, the only class deceived by such phrases was the working class.

"When questions of 'class' interests are eliminated from public controversy a victory is thereby gained for the possessing, conservative class, whose only hope of security lies in such elimination. During the last hundred years every generation in Ireland has witnessed an attempted rebellion against English rule. Every such conspiracy or rebellion has drawn the majority of its adherents from the lower orders in town and country, yet under the inspiration of a few middle class doctrinaires the social question has been rigorously excluded from the field of action to be covered by the rebellion if successful; in hopes that by such exclusion it would be possible to conciliate the upper classes and enlist them in the struggle for freedom. The result has in nearly every case been the same. The workers, though furnishing the greatest proportion of recruits to the ranks of the revolutionists, and consequently of victims to the prison and the scaffold, could not be imbued en masse with the revolutionary fire necessary to seriously imperil a domination rooted for 700 years in the heart of their country. They were all anxious enough for freedom, but realizing the enormous odds against them, and being explicitly told by their leaders that they MUST NOT EXPECT ANY CHANGE IN THEIR CONDITION OF SOCIAL SUBJECTION. EVEN IF SUCCESSFUL, they as a body shrank from the contest, and left only the purest minded and most chivalrous of their class to face the odds and glut the vengeance of the tyrant."

Hence, declared Connolly, the liberation struggle in Ireland was only possible under the leadership of the working class, which should now take over the lead in this struggle.

"The result of the long drawn out struggle of Ire-


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 land has been, so far, that the old chieftainry has disappeared, or through its degenerate descendants has made terms with iniquity, and become part and parcel of the supporters of the established order; the middle class, growing up in the midst of the national struggle, and at one time, as in 1798, through the stress of the economic rivalry of England almost forced into the position of revolutionary leaders against the political despotism of their industrial competitors, have now also bowed the knee to Baal, and have a thousand economic strings in the shape of investments binding them to English capitalism, as against every sentimental or historic attachment drawing them towards Irish patriotism, only the Irish working class remain as the incorruptible inheritors of the fight for freedom in Ireland."

The National movement was at a low ebb when Connolly began his activities in Ireland in the '90's. The development of British capitalism had not been without its effects on Ireland, and crumbs from the table of imperialist England had fallen to the upper and middle classes in Ireland. The land reforms had had a temporary pacifying effect on the peasantry, hence the National movement had adopted a rather tame form. Its program was simply Home Rule, limited autonomy within the framework of Great Britain, and the road thereto was by constitutional methods.

Connolly started a bitter struggle against the Home Rulers. His program was clear and definite: complete separation from Great Britain, an independent Irish Republic. The road thereto was by means of mass organization and of mass struggle, using every possible legal method and in the final issue revolutionary instruction.

In 1898 Connolly founded the Irish Socialist Republican Party and its organ, "The Workers' Republic." The I. S. R. P. declares its program to be the development of an Irish Socialist Republic based on public ownership by


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 the Irish people of the land and the means of production, distribution and exchange.

Connolly himself writes about the effect of the new Party upon the political life on Ireland:

Just as Connolly founded the first Socialist Labor Party in Ireland, so too he worked with the greatest enthusiasm in organizing the trade unions. Together with Jim Larkin he roused with his fiery agitation and apt leadership the working masses in Ireland, and worked for the foundation of trade union organizations. When Jim Larkin founded the Irish Transport and General Workers' Union he received the full support of Connolly, who together with Larkin became the most important organizer in the movement. And what is still more, it can be justly said that Connolly was the theoretician of the movement. He applied in a brilliant manner the good that he had learned in America from the Industrialists. Still, although he fought for the correct revolutionary aspect of industrialism in contrast to the out-of-date reformist ideas of craft unionism, he struggled against every tendency towards separation from the "po-


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 litical movement." On the contrary, the Transport Workers' movement formed the basis for the creation of the Irish Labor Party, and was at the same time the most active factor in the national revolutionary movement for liberation.

The general strike of the Dublin workers in 1913 marked the brilliant climax of the trade union mass movement which was thus created.

Just as Connolly was convinced of the necessity of the leadership of the working class, so too he realized that its fate was inseparably involved with that of the peasantry, with whom union must be established if national and social liberation were to be attained. He stood for the Leninist interpretation of this alliance both in theory and in practice. Since the Irish question, at least until the beginning of this century, fundamentally revolved around the question, "Who possesses the land and governs?" he took as starting point the understanding of the Irish struggle for freedom.

During the 700 years of British rule the Irish peasantry, which had hitherto owned and tilled the land on the basis of a kind of clan kinship, had been robbed of their land with the most fearful cruelty. The land was given to the British conquerors and their supporters and servants. The peasants were driven away and physically destroyed by wars, hunger and terror, or remained as tenant farmers. In this way, the peasants came to live as tenants on that same ground which in reality belonged to them, and at the same time were obliged to pay the landlords scandalously high rents. The result was misery amongst the peasants, which was hard to distinguish from chronic famine. Ireland produced and exported large quantities of corn, hut the peasants mainly existed on potatoes.

Every bad potato harvest made a big change for the worse in the condition of the peasantry. In 1845–1849,


text:
Author:James Andrew (1829-1897)

Works

 * The Harveian Oration 1890

title: Author:James Andrew (1829-1897)


text: Page:The Harveian oration on Harvey in ancient and modern medicine (electronic resource) (IA b20420080).pdf/10


text:
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 PREFACE

I FEAR that the only portion of this Address which aspires to be other than commonplace, that which relates to dropsy, may have but limited interest; while even the few whom it interests may find that, compressed as it necessarily is, it suffers from the want of detailed argument and corroborative cases. It is my hope to bring some of the considera- tions here briefly touched upon before the Medico-Chirurgical Society in a somewhat more expanded form. I may add that the association of renal dropsy with the dynamics of the circulation was no hasty invention on my part, put together for a temporary pur- pose, but had occupied my mind long before


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viii HARVEY IN ANCIENT AND MODERN MEDICINE I thought I should be honoured with this opportunity of asserting its connection with the Harveian scheme. Without claiming any other value for the views I have put forward than that they were the results of observation and thought, I judged it more fitting to lay them before the College as such rather than to offer that which had cost me nothing.


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Rh means. The examiner, by the survey which has been already made of the district, is acquainted with the names, places of residence, and qualifications of all the school-masters in every thana, and by means of perwannahs, letters, and personal visits he will make known to them in still greater detail the intentions of Government, and the subsidiary arrangements by which he purposes to carry those intentions into effect.

The subsidiary arrangements will be variously modified by the circumstances of different districts and by the judgment and experience of different examiners. The object should be to bring the benefit as much as possible within the reach of the people with the least sacrifice on their part of time, labour, and money in travelling. For this purpose the examiner may fix on some central point of two or three contiguous thanas, at which he will invite all the school-masters of those thanas to meet him at a certain date. He will there explain to them verbally and at length, what he had before stated to the same persons in writing, that he had in charge from Government certain copies of a book, one of which he was prepared to give to any school-master, or to any person proposing to act as a school-master, who should, either by the written or verbal testimony of his neighbours, appear to be of respectable character, and who should engage to appear with it again at the same place six months thereafter; that the names, ages, castes, and places of residence of the receivers and those testifying to their character would be inscribed in a register; and that at the time and place appointed an examination of the receivers would be held, and rewards bestowed on those who should be found competent in the knowledge of its contents and in the capacity of explaining them.

The nature of the rewards to be bestowed will require much consideration. Money-rewards of three or six rupees to the teachers according to their proficiency might be promised, and the effect would no doubt be great and immediate, but I am inclined to recommend that in the first instance at least they should be withheld. If the plan can be made to work efficiently without money-rewards, the advantage in point of economy is obvious; and although that is a very inferior consideration with reference to a single district or division, the effect will be far from unimportant on a large scale by leaving in the hands of Government the means of giving general extension to the plan without weighing too heavily on the resources of the State. Another advantage will be in the greater simplicity of the plan without the suspicions, the wranglings, and the opportunitesopportunities [sic] and imputations of corruption and compromise between the Government examiners and the native teachers that may arise out of money-payments. Still further, by dispensing with those payments, the teachers will be thrown entirely on their own qualifications and on the support of parents for success in their


text: Index:Barford Abbey, vol 1.pdf

title: Index:Barford Abbey, vol 1.pdf


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 "The whole earth is in the hand of the most High God, and He gives it as an inheritance to whom He will of His subjects. The true religion, is also of God, and Heaven is the reward of those who fear the Most High. Salvation and peace are for those who follow the straight path, and only they will in the end arrive at real greatness. No Raja can do good, and none can be powerful except by the help of God the Most High, who is also Most Mighty.

"I make ten thousand salutations. I wish to inquire about the practice of bêr-hantu, driving oneself mad and losing one's reason, as has been the custom of Rajas and Chiefs in this State of Perak; is it right according to your religion. Mr. Resident, or is it not? For that practice is a deadly sin to the Muhammadan Faith, because those who engage in it lose their reason and waste their substance for nothing; some of them cast it into the water, while others scatter it broadcast through the jungle. How is such conduct treated by your religion. Mr. Resident, is it right or wrong? I want you in your indulgence to give me an answer, for this practice is very hard on the poor. The Headmen collect from the rayats, and then they make elaborate preparations of food, killing a buffalo

title: Page:Malay Sketches.pdf/227


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 Hungary, and preferred to print this version in Part III. of the Folio. The grammar for the Janua, under the title Januae Linguarum novissima clavis, Grammatica Latino-Vernacula, he gives in full, because, though also revised in Hungary, the two works are practically distinct. The grammar written at Elbing proved too long for young boys (it occupies over 100 folio pages), and is more suited to the master than to the pupil, while that written in Hungary is much shorter.

Following the grammar are some Annotationes super Grammaticam novam Janualem; additional information for teachers and hints as to the spirit in which the grammar should be used. “This is a grammar that I have given you,” he says, in a few concluding words, “but one that is to serve as a prelude to logic, rhetoric, and the sciences themselves. Do we wish to train up boys so that they may always remain boys? Nay, it is to higher things that they must be advanced.” The Lexicon Januale is not printed in the folio, since an edition of it was brought out by Thomas Gölz at Frankfort in 1656, while the publication of the Atrium was hindered by Comenius’ call to Hungary in 1650.

We thus see that the series of works composed for de Geer consisted of a philosophic treatise on Language, its nature, its functions, and the laws to be observed in teaching it, followed by a set of graduated reading-books and lexicons based on these laws. The Methodus Novissima deserves special notice, more indeed than can be given to it here. Its scope is not so wide as that of the Great Didactic, since it deals primarily with language, but in breadth of thought it is fully equal to it. Its great drawback is its bulk (it is half as long again as the Great Didactic). As a writer Comenius lacked the instinct of limitation, and in the Methodus, as in much that he wrote, allowed his pen to run away with him.

The work contains thirty chapters, and these fall naturally under seven heads.

I. cc. i.–iv.Theory of Language.—Philosophic dis-


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nothing,—I did not lose two drops of blood by it—'twas not worth calling in a surgeon, had he lived next door to us—thousands suffer by choice, what I did by accident.—Doctor Slop made ten times more of it, than there was occasion:—some men rise, by the art of hanging great weights upon small wires,—and I am this day (August the 10th, 1761) paying part of the price of this man's reputation.—O 'twould provoke a stone, to see how things are carried on in this world!—The chamber-maid had left no ******* *** under the bed:—Cannot you contrive, master, quoth Susannah, lifting up the sash with one hand, as she spoke, and helping me up into the window seat with the other,—cannot you manage, my dear,


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 cussion of the nature of language, the differences and resemblances that exist between various languages, and their respective defects and advantages.

II. cc. v.–viii.Historical.—Especial attention should be paid to one language in particular. Why this language should be Latin. The method of teaching it hitherto in vogue. Brief account of the efforts that have been made to improve upon that method.

III. cc. ix., x.Didactic.—A new method, based upon true didactic principles, is needed. Thorough exposition and analysis of these principles.

IV. cc. xi.-xiii.General description of the Methodus Novissima, with special reference to the principle of gradation involved.

V. cc. xiv.–xvii.This principle as applied to Latin. Description of the Vestibulum, Janua, Atrium, and Thesaurus.

VI. cc. xviii.–xxviii.Universal application of the method, not only to the teaching of Latin, but to the vernaculars as well; to polyglotty, to scientific ends, to the better understanding of the Scriptures, to the improvement of schools, and to the education of rude peoples.

VII. cc. xxix., xxx.Appeal to learned men, theologians, and rulers, to further the principles involved.

With a large portion of the detail in this work the reader has already been made familiar, and about one-sixth (chap. x.) is an abstract of the Great Didactic; but scattered through the earlier chapters there are a number of suggestive remarks that illustrate the author's versatility and breadth of mind, and these we will briefly indicate.

It must be confessed that some of Comenius’ philosophising on the nature of language is sorry stuff. The remark that language is derived from thought and thought from objects (rebus), has a plausible air, but is not developed. Of far greater interest is his description of a perfect language. For this, four things are necessary: (1) a complete nomenclature of objects, (2) no ambiguity in the meaning of words, (3) explicit laws for the proper construction of sentences, (4) the nomenclature


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 for a single time to **** *** ** *** ******?

I was five years old.—Susannah did not consider that nothing was well hung in our family,—so slap came the sash down like lightening upon us;—Nothing is left,—cried Susannah,—nothing is left—for me, but to run my country.

My uncle Toby's house was a much kinder sanctuary; and so Susannah fled to it.

Susannah told the corporal the misadventure of the sash, with all the circumstances which attended the murder of me,—(as she called it)—the blood forsook his cheeks;—all accessaries in murder, being principals,—Trim's conscience told him he was as much to blame as Susannah,—and if the


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 should not be redundant, each object being represented by one word and no more.

While such a conception of language is of logical value, it is evident that it could only seriously recommend itself to one who lacked all appreciation of literary style. Objects are limited, but the ways in which they may be viewed are indefinite, and it is the possession of several words of varying etymological significance to express different aspects of the same conception that lends a language its charm.

In the domain of comparative philology we find Leibnitz to a large extent anticipated. The similarities between the chief languages of Europe prove beyond a doubt that they have a common origin, and this can be none other than Hebrew. In proof of this assertion he purposes, so he tells us, to write a comparative lexicon of the five chief languages of Europe. It is scarcely necessary to say that the choice of Hebrew as a root-language is suggested by religious associations and by the Scriptural account of the manner in which diversity of language originated. The difficulty of intercourse between nation and nation, for which the Tower of Babel is answerable, can be overcome by the adoption of some one language as a medium of communication. Here Comenius forgets his former decision in favour of a philosophical language, and casts his vote for Latin. After giving at length the arguments of Vives, he adds a few of his own. Latin is easy to pronounce, and in this respect possesses an advantage over most modern tongues. It is free from the difficulties of the Hebrew ham and of the Arabic hha. It has no th like English, no nasal vowels like Polish, and its consonants are not sometimes hard and sometimes soft, as in the Slavonic languages. Hungarian words are monstrously long, Chinese and, to a large extent, German words are too short, and have to be joined agglutinatively; but Latin vocables are of a medium and practicable length.

This prominence given to Latin as a link between nation and nation is not to discourage the cultivation of modern languages. On the contrary, it is of great importance


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 doctrine had been true, my uncle Toby had as much of the blood-shed to answer for to heaven, as either of 'em;—so that neither reason or instinct, separate or together, could possibly have guided Susannah's steps to so proper an asylum. It is in vain to leave this to the Reader's imagination:—to form any kind of hypothesis that will render these propositions feasible, he must cudgel his brains sore,—and to do it without,—he must have such brains as no reader ever had before him.—Why should I put them either to tryal or to torture? 'Tis my own affair: I'll explain it myself.

a pity, Trim, said my uncle Toby, resting with his hand upon the corporal's shoulder, as they both stood surveying their works,—that we


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 THE

ATLANTIC iftaga$ine of literature, Science, art, ana

VOL. LXVIL JANUARY, 1891. No. COCXCIX.

 * L

NOTO: AN UNEXPLORED CORNER OF JAPAN.

AN UNKNOWN.

THE fancy took me to go to Noto.

It seemed a strange fancy to my friends. Yet I make no apology for it; for it was a case of love at first sight.

Scanning, one evening, in Tokyo, the map of Japan, in a vague, itinerary way, with the look one first gives to the crowd of faces in a ballroom, my eye was caught by the pose of a province that stood out in graphic mystery from the western coast. It made a striking figure there, with its deep-bosomed bays and its bold headlands. I liked its vowel color; I liked its consonant form, the liquid n and the decisive t. Whimsically, if you please, it suggested both womanliness and will. The more I looked the more I longed, until the desire carried me not simply off my feet, but on to them.

Nobody seemed to know much about my inamorata. Indeed, those I asked asked me, in their own want of informa- tion, why I went, and what there was to see : of which questions, the second it- self did for answer to the first. Why not in fact have set my heart on going to Noto just because it was not known ! Not that it is well to believe all the un- seen to be much worth the seeing, but that I had an itching sole to tread what others had not already effacingly be- trodden.

Privately, I was delighted with the general lack of knowledge on the sub- ject. It served admirably to put me in conceit with my choice ; although I will own I was rather at a loss to account for it, and I can only explain it now by the fact that the place was so out of the way, and not very unlike others, after all. Being thus candid, I ought per- haps to go a step farther and renounce the name. But, on the two great prin- ciples that the pursuit is itself the prize and that the means justifies the end, I prefer to keep it. For there was much of interest to me by the way ; and I cling to the name out of a kind of loy- alty to my own fancy. I like to think that Xenophon felt as much in his Ana- basis, though but one book out of eight deals with the going up, the other seven being occupied with the getting safely away again. It is not told that Xeno- phon regretted his adventure. Certainly I am not sorry I was wedded to my idea.

To most of my acquaintance Noto was scarcely so much as a name, and its local habitation was purely carto- graphic. I found but one man who had been there, and he had dropped down upon it, by way of harbor, from a boat Some sympathetic souls, however, went so far toward it as to ask where it was.

To the westward of Tokyo, so far west that the setting sun no longer seems to lose itself among the mountains, but plunges for good and all straight into the shining Nirvana of the sea, a strangely


text: The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman/Volume 5/Chapter 17


text: The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman/Volume 5/Chapter 18


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 have not a couple of field pieces to mount in the gorge of that new redoubt;—'twould secure the lines all along there, and make the attack on that side quite complete:—get me a couple cast, Trim.

Your honour shall have them, replied Trim, before to-morrow morning.

It was the joy of Trim's heart,—nor was his fertile head ever at a loss for expedients in doing it, to supply my uncle Toby in his campaigns, with whatever his fancy called for; had it been his last crown, he would have sate down and hammered it into a padarero to have prevented a single wish in his Master. The corporal had already,—what with cutting off the ends of my uncle Toby's spouts—hacking and chiseling up the sides of his leaden gutters,—melting down his pewter shaving bason,—and


text: The New Monthly Magazine/Volume 99/King Wenzel's Escape


text:
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 that each people should learn its own language thoroughly, and try to preserve it pure and free from admixture with others. A thorough knowledge of any tongue can be obtained by means of translations of the Vestibulum, the Janua, and the Atrium, and the desire to introduce foreign words will be diminished as the resources of the vernacular become better known. In this respect some nations are great offenders, and particularly the Bohemians, who continually borrow foreign words and expressions although their own language is an exceptionally rich one. The best method of maintaining the purity of a language is the inception of Academies, such as the Society della Crusca at Florence, or the Fruchtbringende Gesellschaft at Weimar. Some such society should exist in every country, and its first object should be to analyse the syntax and grammar of the vernacular, and to reduce them to definite rules. The conditions of those nations who are not sufficiently civilised to do this for themselves, exercises Comenius greatly. The task obviously falls to the lot of the neighbouring people. Thus, the language of the Laps must be set in order by the Swedes, Welsh by the English, and the American dialects by the Spaniards, Belgians, and English that live in America.

Such are a few of the interesting points, buried as usual beneath a mass of verbosity and repetition, that are raised in the Novissima Methodus. A short quotation from the fragment of the Vestibulum that immediately follows it in the folio edition of 1657, will show how closely the German was fitted to the Latin—


text:
Author:Moritz Hartmann

Works

 * "King Wenzel's Escape" translated by John Oxenford (1853)

title: Author:Moritz Hartmann


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 It was only in the introduction to the Vestibulum that the material was worked up into sentences. Comenius’ didactic principles had led him to think that it was a mistake to begin with sentences, no matter how simple. The body of the work, therefore, consisted of lists of words, arranged under the various headings of the Vestibulum, and these the child had to learn, preparatory to employing them later on. The Janua did not undergo so much alteration. In its new form the plan of not repeating individual words was abandoned; it was not written, as was the first edition, with special reference to the Bohemian language, and some fresh chapters, embodying an account of the world’s chief religions, were added.

The grammar composed for the Janua does Comenius little credit. It is far too long (it occupies sixty-three folio pages), it abounds in divisions, subdivisions, and such-like complications, and is thus totally at variance with the rules laid down in the Great Didactic. It is followed by some notes for the teachers who used it.

In the midst of his varied activity Comenius had ever kept his eyes fixed on one beacon light, and this was the triumphant return of the Bohemian Protestants to their fatherland. To this end he had devised plans for school-organisation, church discipline, social reform, and what not. For this he had courted Sweden and waited in Oxenstierna’s antechamber; for this he had buried himself at Elbing, and had spent the best part of six years in doing what he detested, writing school-books; for this he had pocketed his pride and eaten another’s bread; for this he had borne de Geer’s petulant humours and inconsiderate arrogance. And now it all proved to be in vain. The Thirty Years’ War was at an end. In 1648 the Peace of Westphalia had been ratified at Münster and at Osnabrück, and, while religious toleration had been granted to the Protestants in general, it had not been extended to the Bohemian Brethren. These found themselves as far as ever from the return to their beloved country.


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the sphere of the elemental cravings and necessities, the soul of man is in a perpetual vacillation between two conflicting impulses: the desire to assert his individual differences, the desire for distinction, and his terror of isolation. He wants to stand out, but not too far out, and on the contrary he wants to merge himself with a group, with some larger body, but not altogether. Through all the things of life runs this tortuous compromise, men follow the fashions but resent ready-made uniforms on every plane of their being. The disposition to form aggregations and to imagine aggregations is part of the incurable nature of man; it is one of the great natural forces the statesman must utilise, and against which he must construct effectual defences. The study of the aggregations and of the ideals of aggregations about which men's sympathies will twine, and upon which they will base a large proportion of their conduct and personal policy, is the legitimate definition of sociology.

Now the sort of aggregation to which men and women will refer themselves is determined partly by the strength and idiosyncrasy of the individual imagination, and partly by the reek of ideas that chances to be in the air at the time. Men and women


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 the setting in which these jewels lie has turned to purple. They are fragments of estuaries, deep waveless lagoons winding through the mangroves, and showing to the distant spectator only broken reaches, glimpses of bay and headland.

The shore-line is a ribbon of glistening light, bordering the wide expanse of forest trees, whose roots stand deep in water when the tide is high. The mangrove cannot live beyond the reach of the brine from which it seems to draw the sap of life, and these mud flats, in their gradual accretion, are as yet scarcely above the level of the sea.

Turning to the north-east, a deep valley lies beneath us, the source of a long river, the Kurau. Miles and miles beyond rise range after range of lofty mountains, Biong and Inas and Bintang, running into the heart of the Peninsula. Further eastward is the country near the sources of the Perak River, and across the narrow valley, through which its upper waters dance in a succession of rapids, may be discerned peaks of the main range which look down on the China Sea.

Now we are facing the south-east and the valley of the Perak River. The ridge on which we stand divides it from the Province of Larut, and surely there are few fairer sights in the East than this

title: Page:Malay Sketches.pdf/303


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 To the whole Unity the blow was tremendous, but to none more than to its bishop. The revulsion of feeling caused by the overthrow of all his hopes was sufficient to strain the mental equilibrium of a man more evenly balanced than Comenius, and it is from this juncture that he commenced to give way to those prophetic tendencies that made him the butt of every academic scoffer in Europe, and contributed more than anything else to neutralise the influence that his life should have had on the immediate future of school-organisation.

Hard work, the most easeful of anodynes, came to his rescue. The bond by which the Brethren had been kept together was loosened, and the Unity was fast dispersing. Comenius’ energies were divided between resisting this tendency and finding places as teachers for those who were leaving Lissa to seek their fortunes elsewhere. The Gymnasium had greatly declined since the days of his Rectorship, and the effort to bring it up to its former pitch of excellence laid an additional burden upon him. It was in literature, however, that he found the most complete refuge from the dull disappointments of life. His solicitude for the purity of modern languages was not confined to the general propositions laid down in the Methodus Novissima. In this year (1649) a German Dictionary from his pen was published, followed by a translation of the eighth book of Lasici’s History of the Bohemian Brethren; a last effort to keep the Unity together and excite the sympathy of Europe in its behalf. In cheerfulness his family history contrasted favourably with his political outlook. He had married again, now for the third time, and in the same year two of his daughters, Dorothea and Elizabeth, were married, the first to his literary collaborator Figulus, and the second to a young Hungarian, Molitor by name. It is to be regretted that we get no glimpse into the interior of the household, as, in the absence of definite information, it is difficult to imagine anything but a some-


text: Page:Osorio; a tragedy, as originally written in 1797 (IA cu31924105501831).pdf/204


text:
Author:Oskar von Sydow

Works

 * "Der Tischler und seine Gesellen" in Musenalmanach (1839)
 * "The Joiner and his Mates" translated by John Oxenford (1842)

title: Author:Oskar von Sydow


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 what dreary environment of depressed theologians and needy compilers of school-books.

In the following year (1650) he addressed to his flock a curious document entitled The Will of the Dying Mother. The “dying mother,” needless to say, is the Bohemian Church, who exhorts her children and divides among them her spiritual treasures. The title alone speaks of a morbidly sensitive state on the part of the author, and it was well that his activity was soon to find an outlet into a channel healthier than any provided by the somewhat moribund Lissa.

Attracted by the Methodus Novissima, which was printed at Lissa at the same time as a work of his own, Christopher von Bnin, the Palatine of Posen, had already asked Comenius to assist him in founding a three-class Gymnasium at Sirakow. This offer he was unable to accept, since he was already in communication with the son of George Rakoczy, his former well-wisher. Sigismund Rakoczy and his mother, the Countess Susanna, had read the Pansophia, some of which appears to have been published by this time, and invited its author to come to Hungary and open a school on the lines laid down in it. Several circumstances made Comenius anxious to go to Hungary. There he would find a large portion of the Moravian Church, and there lived Nicolas Drabik, in whose revelations of the future he took more interest daily. He accordingly set out for Saros-Patak, where he arrived in May (1650). A short journey to Tokai with his patrons, during which he discussed the matter, gave him time to make up his mind, and he accepted the offer on the following conditions. Count Rakoczy was to provide a well-built school-house with seven class-rooms, adjoining which there was to be boarding accommodation for as many pupils as possible. There were to be some scholarships by means of which poor students, of whom a certain number were to be Bohemians, might receive board and education for a nominal fee; a sufficient number of masters to allow one for each class;


text: Index:Substance of the speech of His Royal Highness the Duke of Clarence, in the House of Lords.djvu


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Page:The Works of H G Wells Volume 9.pdf/311

 may vary greatly both in their innate and their acquired disposition towards this sort of larger body or that, to which their social reference can be made. The "natural" social reference of a man is probably to some rather vaguely conceived tribe, as the "natural" social reference of a dog is to a pack. But just as the social reference of a dog may be educated until the reference to a pack is completely replaced by a reference to an owner, so on his higher plane of educability the social reference of the civilised man undergoes the most remarkable transformations. But the power and scope of his imagination and the need he has of response sets limits to this process. A highly intellectualised mature mind may refer for its data very consistently to ideas of a higher being so remote and indefinable as God, so comprehensive as humanity, so far-reaching as the purpose in things. I write "may," but I doubt if this exaltation of reference is ever permanently sustained. Comte, in his "Positive Polity," exposes his soul with great freedom, and the curious may trace how, while he professes and quite honestly intends to refer himself always to his "Greater Being" Humanity, he narrows constantly to his projected "Western Republic" of civilised men, and quite frequently to the minute indefinite body of Positivist subscribers. And the history of the Christian Church, with its development of orders and cults, sects and dissents, the history of fashionable society with its cliques and sets and every political history with its cabals and inner cabinets, witness to the struggle that goes on in the minds of men to adjust themselves to a body larger indeed than themselves,


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Author:Karel Lodewijk Ledeganck

Works

 * "On Virginie’s Name-Day" translated by John Oxenford (1852)

title: Author:Karel Lodewijk Ledeganck