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 CHAPTER XVI

MILITARY AND CIVIL

" Peace hath her victories, no less renowned than war."

Milton, To the Lord General Cromwell.

Up to the middle of the eighteenth century, the Company em- ployed no regular forces, except the small garrisons of their chief factories. Their medical officers, therefore, were civilians, occasionally employed in the desultory fighting which took place from time to time, but for the most part engaged in purely civil duties. The wars in the Karnatik, with the French and with various native powers, from 1745 onwards, necessitated the formation and use of regular bodies of troops, and, as a conse- quence, the employment of mihtary Surgeons. A similar cause brought about a similar effect in Bengal, where the need for regular troops may be said to have begun with the capture of Calcutta by the Nawab of Bengal in 1756.

A General Letter from Court, dated 22nd Feb., 1764, orders in para. 64 (abstract) —

" Surgeons and Assistants who attend our Troops are equally upon the Establishm' with others & to succeed the Head Surgeons at the Pres^y, if capable."

The Fort William Cons, of 26th Nov., 1764, contain a repre- sentation about their rank and duties from Thomas Anderson, and Robert Hunter, Surgeons to the Army, on which the following orders were passed : —

" It is agreed in Consequence to estabhsh the following Regulation with respect to the Surgeons attending the Army.

" The first Surgeon of the Army shall have the Care of the Grand Hospital wherever it may be estabhshed. The next Senior Surgeon shall have the Care of a second Hospital, if it shall be necessary, and so on according to the Dates of their Warrants. Of course the Surgeons who are to attend the Army without any particular Charge must be the Jumors.

" Agreed further that the Commander in Chief of the Army be wrote to desiring that the same may be punctually observed in future."


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Rh "What has happened is that I've found it impossible to listen to you." And she moved as if fleeing she scarce knew whither before him.

He had already hastened round another way, however, so as to meet her in her quick circuit of the hall. "That's all you've got to say to me after what has passed between us?"

He had stopped her thus, but she had also stopped him, and her passionate denial set him a limit. "I've got to say—sorry as I am—that if you must have an answer it's this: that never, Lord John, never, can there be anything more between us." And her gesture cleared her path, permitting her to achieve her flight. "Never, no, never," she repeated as she went—"never, never, never!" She got off by the door at which she had been aiming to some retreat of her own, while aghast and defeated, left to make the best of it, he sank after a moment into a chair and remained quite pitiably staring before him, appealing to the great blank splendour.

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 CHAPTER XVII

RANK

" The rank is but the guinea's stamp."

Burns, Honest Poverty.

In the early settlements of the Company in India the question of rank seems to have been of Httle importance. The President or Agent of com-se stood first ; the other officers were under his orders. Next to the President came the members of his Council. Wilson, in his Early Annals, Vol. I, p. 62, gives the order of rank at the Hugh factory, then the Company's headquarters in Bengal, towards the end of the seventeenth century, as follows : The governing body consisted of four members : (i) the Agent, who was chief of all the Factories in the Bay ; (2) the Accountant ; (3) the Storekeeper ; (4) the Purser Marine. Fifth in rank was the Secretary. The Chaplain, when there was one, ranked third, next after the Accountant ; the Surgeon sixth, after the secretary. Then came the Steward, and after him the general body of mer- chants, factors, writers, and apprentices. The writers were then, as the name implies, only clerks ; the merchants and factors little more. But from this smaU body of commercial servants has developed the finest governing body in the world, the Indian Civil Service.

In Oct., 1678, Streynsham Master, then Agent at Fort St. George, passed the following orders regarding the relative rank of military and civil officers : — *

" Upon the Petition of the Officers of the Garrison, their places of Precedency were ranked with the Marchants and Factors as followeth ; Captain in the Degree of Senior Marchant, Lieutenant in the Degree of Marchant; Ensigne in the Degree of Factor; Serjeant in the Degree

by Sir R. C. Temple, two vols., 1911. The passage quoted is from Vol. I, Intro- duction, p. 73.
 * Indian Records Series, The Diaries of Streynsham Master, 1675-80 edited


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 CHAPTER XVIII

PAY

" The labourer is worthy of his hire."

Luke X. 7.

The early medical officers of the East India Company, like their other servants, were by no means highly paid. Prior to the foundation of the Service on ist Jan., 1764, the usual salary seems to have been £36 a year in Bengal and Madras, somewhat more in Bombay. Like the other servants of the Company, however, the Surgeon was not entirely dependent on his pay, which was supplemented, not only by professional practice, but in many cases by trade and similar means.

A Cons, held at Hugh on 12th Dec, 1679, gives a Hst of the Company's servants at that station, then their headquarters in the Bay, which includes —

" M"^ Robert Dowglass, Chyrurgeon, came out in the Eagle and changed place for the Bay. Arrived 16'^ December 1676. £^6 per year."

Five years later, a Letter from Court, dated 26th Nov., 1684, states —

" M"^ Henry Watson is likewise entertained to serve as a Chyrurgeon 's Mate at Hughly or Cassumbuzar (where there is most need of him) for five years at 25 rp a month for the first two years and 30 rs a month for the three last years."

Twenty-five rupees a month does not seem high pay, to our modern ideas, for a European medical officer. It is less than the lowest pay, Rs.30 per month, now drawn by a Civil Hospital Assistant, now called Sub. Asst. Surgeon, on first joining, under the new scale of pay granted in 1910.* But a simple calculation shows that Watson was reaUy better paid than most medical officers in Bengal. The rupee was then worth half a crown.

H.I. M.S. — VOL. I, OA
 * See Chap. XXVII, The Uncovenanted and Subordinate Services.


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 Luther, they are simple signs of divine promises for the sake of rousing our faith in Christ, who remits sins. According to Calvin and Zwingli, they are divine signs, by which the one who is chosen is confirmed in the faith into which he is received and in the divine promises, or, he still more confirms his church in his faith than he confirms himself. The Socinians and Arminians see in the sacraments mere external rites, by which the Christians differ from the Gentiles. The Anabaptists regard the sacraments as allegorical signs of spiritual life. The Swedenborgians regard them as symbols of a mutual union between God and man. The Quakers and our Dukhobors completely reject the visible side of the sacraments, and recognize them only as internal, spiritual actions of the heavenly light. All these and other similar conceptions about the sacraments, which are held by various Protestant sects, with all their differences, agree in this, that they equally reject the true conception about the sacraments as external sacramental actions, which actually communicate divine grace to the believers, and through it regenerate, renovate, and sanctify man. (2) Of the number of sacraments. As though not satisfied with the mere rejection of the true conception about the nature and efficacy of the sacraments, Protestantism has extended its sacrilegious hand upon this, in that it has diminished the number of sacraments, and, although in the beginning the Protestants showed a great diversity of opinions in this matter, they have finally agreed, of course each sect in its own way, to recognize only two sacraments: baptism and the eucharist. Of our dissenters, the so-called Popeless sectarians, though not denying that seven sacraments have been established, are satisfied with two only, saying, In need two of them are sufficient, baptism and repentance, and the others are not necessary.’ (3) Of the conditions for the performance and actuality of sacraments. According to Luther’s doctrine, no lawfully


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 established priest or bishop is needed for the performance of the sacraments; the sacraments may be performed by any clergyman or layman, by either man or woman, and they preserve their power, no matter how they are performed, even without any intention of performing, and even with ridicule or mystically. A full half of our dissenters, who form the Popeless sect, permit laymen also to perform the sacraments; but the other half, under the name of the Popish sect, leave them to the clergy, but to clergymen who are either under the ban or even entirely unfrocked, and who have in any case run away from the Orthodox Church, and have renounced it for the sake of joining the dissenting sect. On the other hand, the ancient Donatists, in the twelfth century, and later the Waldenses and the Albigenses, and beginning with the fifteenth century, the Wycliffites, fell into the opposite extreme, asserting that for the performance and efficacy of the sacraments not only a legally established priest but even a virtuous priest was needed, and that the sacraments which were performed by a tainted servant of the altar had no significance whatever. Finally the Reformers and Lutherans invented a doctrine that the efficacy of the sacraments depended not on the worth and inner disposition of the performer of the sacraments, but on the disposition and faith of the persons who received the sacraments, so that the sacrament is a sacrament and has power only during its acceptance and application together with faith, and that when it is not used, or when it is not accepted with faith, it is not a sacrament and remains sterile.” (pp. 314-316.)

The Theology does not refute these heresies, but proceeds to expound its doctrine about the sacraments, each separately. I will analyze each one of these so-called sacraments, but first it is necessary to point out the deceit of the specious proof of the divine establishment of the sacraments, which alone and in one and the same form


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102 useless against large game. The assagai of the Hottentot was a light javelin, which could be hurled with precision to a distance of thirty or forty metres. The knobkerie, or clubbed stick, was almost as formidable a weapon. It was rather stouter than an ordinary walking cane, and had a round head six or eight centimetres in diameter. Boys were trained to throw this with so accurate an aim as to hit a bird on the wing at twenty or thirty metres distance. It was projected in such a manner as to bring the heavy knob into contact with the object aimed at, and antelopes as large as goats had their legs broken or were killed outright with it.

The Hottentots were acquainted with the art of smelting iron, but were too indolent to turn their knowledge to much account. Only a few assagai and arrow heads were made of that metal. Horn and bone were ready at hand, were easily worked, and were commonly used to point weapons. Stone was also employed by some of the tribes for this purpose, but not to any great extent, though weights for digging sticks were formed of it by them as by the Bushmen. Masses of almost solid copper were obtained in Namaqualand, and this metal was spread over the neighbouring country by means of barter and war, but was not used for any other purpose than that of making ornaments for the person.

At different places occupied by the Hottentots along the coast a very few polished stone implements have been found. They consist of arrow heads whose points have been ground, and disks like quoits with sharp edges, which are supposed to have been held in the hand and used in combat. No European has ever seen a Hottentot in possession of such implements, or ever heard them spoken of, and any remarks concerning them can only be founded on conjecture. But few as is the number of such ground stones as yet discovered, they are evidence that individuals, if not tribes, were in the neolithic stage of progress, though iron was in use at the same period.

The Hottentots manufactured earthenware pots for cooking purposes, which, though in general clumsily shaped and


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Rh coarse in appearance, were capable of withstanding intense heat. The art was lost soon after Europeans came in contact with them and before observations upon their habits were made correctly and placed on record, so that it is only from specimens of their handiwork recently found that an opinion can be formed of the quality of such wares. Pots were useful at times, but were not much needed by people who seldom ate boiled food, nor were earthenware drinking vessels required where ox horns and ostrich egg-shells served that purpose. This may account for the small quantity and the coarse description of the utensils manufactured. Some of the pots found in recent shell heaps along the sea-shore have a number of holes neatly drilled in them, often near the bottom, probably to make them serve as strainers.


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 they are but beginnings. They may quite possibly wither and perish presently; they may much more probably be seized upon by adventurers and converted into a new cant almost as empty and fruitless as the old. The fact remains that, through this busy and immensely noisy confusion of nearly a hundred millions of people, these little voices go intimating more and more clearly the intention to undertake public affairs in a new spirit and upon new principles, to strengthen the State and the law against individual enterprise, to have done with those national superstitions under which hypocrisy and disloyalty and private plunder have sheltered and prospered for so long.

Just as far as these reform efforts succeed and develop is the organisation of the United States of America into a great, self-conscious, civilised nation, unparalleled in the world's history, possible; just as far as they fail is failure written over the American future. The real interest of America for the next century to the student of civilisation will be the development of these attempts, now in their infancy, to create and realise out of this racial hotchpotch, this human chaos, an idea of the collective commonwealth as the datum of reference for every individual life.

I have hinted in the last section that there is a possibility that the new wave of constructive ideas in American thought may speedily develop a cant of its


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though they seem to think of it, the people of this twenty-ninth century live continually in fairyland. Surfeited as they are with marvels, they are indifferent in presence of each new marvel. To them all seems natural. Could they but duly appreciate the refinements of civilization in our day; could they but compare the present with the past, and so better comprehend the advance we have made! How much fairer they would find our modern towns, with populations amounting sometimes to 10,000,000 souls; their streets 300 feet wide, their houses 1000 feet in height; with a temperature the same in all seasons; with their lines of aërial locomotion crossing the sky in every direction! If they would but picture to themselves the state of things that once existed, when through muddy streets rumbling boxes on wheels, drawn by horses—yes, by horses!—were the only means of conveyance. Think of the railroads of the olden time, and you will be able to appreciate the pneumatic tubes through which to-day one travels at the rate of 1000 miles an hour. Would not our contemporaries prize the telephone and the telephote more highly if they had not forgotten the telegraph?

Singularly enough, all these transformations rest upon principles which were perfectly familiar to our remote ancestors, but which they disregarded. Heat, for instance, is as ancient as man himself; electricity was known 3000 years ago, and steam 1100 years ago. Nay, so early as ten centuries ago it was known that the differences between the several chemical and physical forces depend on the mode of vibration of the etheric particles, which is for each specifically different. When at last the kinship of all these forces was discovered, it is simply astounding that 500 years should still have to elapse before men could analyze and describe the several modes of vibration that constitute these differences. Above all, it is singular that the mode of reproducing these

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forces directly from one another, and of reproducing one without the others, should have remained undiscovered till less than a hundred years ago. Nevertheless, such was the course of events, for it was not till the year 2792 that the famous Oswald Nier made this great discovery.

Truly was he a great benefactor of the human race. His admirable discovery led to many another. Hence is sprung a pleiad of inventors, its brightest star being our great Joseph Jackson. To Jackson we are indebted for those wonderful instruments the new accumulators. Some of these absorb and condense the living force contained in the sun's rays; others, the electricity stored in our globe; others again, the energy coming from whatever source, as a waterfall, a stream, the winds, etc. He, too, it was that invented the transformer, a more wonderful contrivance still, which takes the living force from the accumulator, and, on the simple pressure of a button, gives it back to space in whatever form may be desired, whether as heat, light, electricity, or mechanical force, after having first obtained from it the work required. From the day when these two instruments were contrived is to be dated the era of true progress. They have put into the hands of man a power that is almost infinite. As for their applications, they are numberless. Mitigating the rigors of winter, by giving back to the atmosphere the surplus heat stored up during the summer, they have revolutionized agriculture. By supplying motive power for aërial navigation, they have given to commerce a mighty impetus. To them we are indebted for the continuous production of electricity without batteries or dynamos, of light without combustion or incandescence, and for an unfailing supply of mechanical energy for all the needs of industry.

Yes, all these wonders have been wrought by the accumulator and the transformer. And can we not to them also trace, indirectly, this latest wonder of all, the great "Earth Chronicle" building in 253d Avenue, which was dedicated the other day? If George Washington Smith, the founder of the Manhattan "Chronicle," should come back to life to-day, what would he think were he to be told that this palace of marble and gold belongs to his remote descendant, Fritz Napoleon Smith, who,

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after thirty generations have come and gone, is owner of the same newspaper which his ancestor established!

For George Washington Smith's newspaper has lived generation after generation, now passing out of the family, anon coming back to it. When, 200 years ago, the political center of the United States was transferred from Washington to Centropolis, the newspaper followed the government and assumed the name of Earth Chronicle. Unfortunately, it was unable to maintain itself at the high level of its name. Pressed on all sides by rival journals of a more modern typtype [sic], it was continually in danger of collapse. Twenty years ago its subscription list contained but a few hundred thousand names, and then Mr. Fritz Napoleon Smith bought it for a mere trifle, and originated telephonic journalism.

Every one is familiar with Fritz Napoleon Smith's system—a system made possible by the enormous development of telephony during the last hundred years. Instead of being printed, the Earth Chronicle is every morning spoken to subscribers, who, in interesting conversations with reporters, statesmen, and scientists, learn the news of the day. Furthermore, each subscriber owns a phonograph, and to this instrument he leaves the task of gathering the news whenever he happens not to be in a mood to listen directly himself. As for purchasers of single copies, they can at a very trifling cost learn all that is in the paper of the day at any of the innumerable phonographs set up nearly everywhere.

Fritz Napoleon Smith's innovation galvanized the old newspaper. In the course of a few years the number of subscribers grew to be 85,000,000, and Smith's wealth went on growing, till now it reaches the almost unimaginable figure of $10,000,000,000. This lucky hit has enabled him to erect his new building, a vast edifice with four façades, each 3,250 feet in length, over which proudly floats the hundred-starred flag of the Union. Thanks to the same lucky hit, he is to-day king of newspaperdom; indeed, he would be king of all the Americans, too, if Americans could ever accept a king. You do not believe it? Well, then, look at the plenipotentiaries of all nations and our own ministers themselves crowding about his door, entreating his counsels,

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begging for his approbation, imploring the aid of his all-powerful organ. Reckon up the number of scientists and artists that he supports, of inventors that he has under his pay.

Yes, a king is he. And in truth his is a royalty full of burdens. His labors are incessant, and there is no doubt at all that in earlier times any man would have succumbed under the overpowering stress of the toil which Mr. Smith has to perform. Very fortunately for him, thanks to the progress of hygiene, which, abating all the old sources of unhealthfulness, has lifted the mean of human life from 37 up to 52 years, men have stronger constitutions now than heretofore. The discovery of nutritive air is still in the future, but in the meantime men today consume food that is compounded and prepared according to scientific principles, and they breathe an atmosphere freed from the micro-organisms that formerly used to swarm in it; hence they live longer than their forefathers and know nothing of the innumerable diseases of olden times.

Nevertheless, and notwithstanding these considerations, Fritz Napoleon Smith's mode of life may well astonish one. His iron constitution is taxed to the utmost by the heavy strain that is put upon it. Vain the attempt to estimate the amount of labor he undergoes; an example alone can give an idea of it. Let us then go about with him for one day as he attends to his multifarious concernments. What day? That matters little; it is the same every day. Let us then take at random September 25th of this present year 2889.

This morning Mr. Fritz Napoleon Smith awoke in very bad humor. His wife having left for France eight days ago, he was feeling disconsolate. Incredible though it seems, in all the ten years since their marriage, this is the first time that Mrs. Edith Smith, the professional beauty, has been so long absent from home; two or three days usually suffice for her frequent trips to Europe. The first thing that Mr. Smith does is to connect his phonotelephote, the wires of which communicate with his Paris mansion. The telephote! Here is another of the great triumphs of science in our time. The transmission of speech is an old story; the transmission of images by means of sensitive mirrors connected by wires is a thing but of yesterday. A valuable in-

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vention indeed, and Mr. Smith this morning was not niggard of blessings for the inventor, when by its aid he was able distinctly to see his wife notwithstanding the distance that separated him from her. Mrs. Smith, weary after the ball or the visit to the theater the preceding night, is still abed, though it is near noontide at Paris. She is asleep, her head sunk in the lace-covered pillows. What? She stirs? Her lips move. She is dreaming perhaps? Yes, dreaming. She is talking, pronouncing a name—his name—Fritz! The delightful vision gave a happier turn to Mr. Smith's thoughts. And now, at the call of imperative duty, light-hearted he springs from his bed and enters his mechanical dresser.

Two minutes later the machine deposited him all dressed at the threshold of his office. The round of journalistic work was now begun. First he enters the hall of the novel-writers, a vast apartment crowned with an enormous transparent cupola. In one corner is a telephone, through which a hundred Earth Chronicle littérateurs in turn recount to the public in daily installments a hundred novels. Addressing one of these authors who was waiting his turn, "Capital! Capital! my dear fellow," said he, "your last story. The scene where the village maid discusses interesting philosophical problems with her lover shows your very acute power of observation. Never have the ways of country folk been better portrayed. Keep on, my dear Archibald, keep on! Since yesterday, thanks to you, there is a gain of 5000 subscribers."

"Mr. John Last," he began again, turning to a new arrival, "I am not so well pleased with your work. Your story is not a picture of life; it lacks the elements of truth. And why? Simply because you run straight on to the end; because you do not analyze. Your heroes do this thing or that from this or that motive, which you assign without ever a thought of dissecting their mental and moral natures. Our feelings, you must remember, are far more complex than all that. In real life every act is the resultant of a hundred thoughts that come and go, and these you must study, each by itself, if you would create a living character. 'But,' you will say, 'in order to note these fleeting thoughts one must know them, must be able to follow them in their capri-

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cious meanderings.' Why, any child can do that, as you know. You have simply to make use of hypnotism, electrical or human, which gives one a two-fold being, setting free the witness-personality so that it may see, understand, and remember the reasons which determine the personality that acts. Just study yourself as you live from day to day, my dear Last. Imitate your associate whom I was complimenting a moment ago. Let yourself be hypnotized. What's that? You have tried it already? Not sufficiently, then, not sufficiently!"

Mr. Smith continues his round and enters the reporters' hall. Here 1500 reporters, in their respective places, facing an equal number of telephones, are communicating to the subscribers the news of the world as gathered during the night. The organization of this matchless service has often been described. Besides his telephone, each reporter, as the reader is aware, has in front of him a set of commutators, which enable him to communicate with any desired telephotic line. Thus the subscribers not only hear the news but see the occurrences. When an incident is described that is already past, photographs of its main features are transmitted with the narrative. And there is no confusion withal. The reporters' items, just like the different stories and all the other component parts of the journal, are classified automatically according to an ingenious system, and reach the hearer in due succession. Furthermore, the hearers are free to listen only to what specially concerns them. They may at pleasure give attention to one editor and refuse it to another.

Mr. Smith next addresses one of the ten reporters in the astronomical department—a department still in the embryonic stage, but which will yet play an important part in journalism.

"Well, Cash, what's the news?"

"We have phototelegrams from Mercury, Venus, and Mars."

"Are those from Mars of any interest?"

"Yes, indeed. There is a revolution in the Central Empire."

"And what of Jupiter?" asked Mr. Smith.

"Nothing as yet. We cannot quite understand their signals. Perhaps ours do not reach them."

"That's bad," exclaimed Mr. Smith, as he hurried away, not in the best of humor, toward the hall of the scientific editors.

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With their heads bent down over their electric computers, thirty scientific men were absorbed in transcendental calculations. The coming of Mr. Smith was like the falling of a bomb among them. "Well, gentlemen, what is this I hear? No answer from Jupiter? Is it always to be thus? Come, Cooley, you have been at work now twenty years on this problem, and yet——"

"True enough," replied the man addressed. 'Our science of optics is still very defective, and though our mile-and-three-quarter telescopes——"

"Listen to that, Peer," broke in Mr. Smith, turning to a second scientist. "Optical science defective! Optical science is your specialty. But," he continued, again addressing William Cooley, "failing with Jupiter, are we getting any results from the moon?"

"The case is no better there."

"This time you do not lay the blame on the science of optics. The moon is immeasurably less distant than Mars, yet with Mars our communication is fully established. I presume you will not say that you lack telescopes?"

"Telescopes? O no, the trouble here is about——inhabitants!"

"That's it," added Peer.

"So, then, the moon is positively uninhabited?" asked Mr. Smith.

"At least," answered Cooley, "on the face which she presents to us. As for the opposite side, who knows?"

"Ah, the opposite side! You think, then," remarked Mr. Smith, musingly, "that if one could but——"

"Could what?"

"Why, turn the moon about-face."

"Ah, there's something in that," cried the two men at once. And indeed, so confident was their air, they seemed to have no doubt as to the possibility of success in such an undertaking.

"Meanwhile," asked Mr. Smith, after a moment's silence, "have you no news of interest to-day?"

"Indeed we have," answered Cooley. "The elements of Olympus are definitively settled. That great planet gravitates beyond Neptune at the mean distance of 11,400,799,642 miles

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from the sun, and to traverse its vast orbit takes 1311 years, 294 days, 12 hours, 43 minutes, 9 seconds."

"Why didn't you tell me that sooner?" cried Mr. Smith. "Now inform the reporters of this straightway. You know how eager is the curiosity of the public with regard to these astronomical questions. That news must go into to-day's issue."

Then, the two men bowing to him, Mr. Smith passed into the next hall, an enormous gallery upward of 3200 feet in length, devoted to atmospheric advertising. Every one has noticed those enormous advertisements reflected from the clouds, so large that they may be seen by the populations of whole cities or even of entire countries. This, too, is one of Mr. Fritz Napoleon Smith's ideas, and in the Earth Chronicle building a thousand projectors are constantly engaged in displaying upon the clouds these mammoth advertisements.

When Mr. Smith to-day entered the sky-advertising department, he found the operators sitting with folded arms at their motionless projectors, and inquired as to the cause of their inaction. In response, the man addressed simply pointed to the sky, which was of a pure blue. "Yes," muttered Mr. Smith, "a cloudless sky! That's too bad, but what's to be done? Shall we produce rain? That we might do, but is it of any use? What we need is clouds, not rain. Go," said he, addressing the head engineer, "go see Mr. Samuel Mark, of the meteorological division of the scientific department, and tell him for me to go to work in earnest on the question of artificial clouds. It will never do for us to be always thus at the mercy of cloudless skies!"

Mr. Smith's daily tour through the several departments of his newspaper is now finished. Next, from the advertisement hall he passes to the reception chamber, where the ambassadors accredited to the American government are awaiting him, desirous of having a word of counsel or advice from the all-powerful editor. A discussion was going on when he entered. "Your Excellency will pardon me," the French Ambassador was saying to the Russian," but I see nothing in the map of Europe that requires change. 'The North for the Slavs?' Why, yes, of course; but the South for the Latins. Our common frontier, the Rhine, it seems to me, serves very well. Besides, my gov-

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ernment, as you must know, will firmly oppose every movement, not only against Paris, our capital, or our two great prefectures, Rome and Madrid, but also against the kingdom of Jerusalem, the dominion of Saint Peter, of which France means to be the trusty defender."

"Well said!" exclaimed Mr. Smith. "How is it," he asked, turning to the Russian ambassador, "that you Russians are not content with your vast empire, the most extensive in the world, stretching from the banks of the Rhine to the Celestial Mountains and the Kara-Korum, whose shores are washed by the Frozen Ocean, the Atlantic, the Mediterranean, and the Indian Ocean? Then, what is the use of threats? Is war possible in view of modern inventions—asphyxiating shells capable of being projected a distance of 60 miles, an electric spark of 90 miles, that can at one stroke annihilate a battalion; to say nothing of the plague, the cholera, the yellow fever, that the belligerents might spread among their antagonists mutually, and which would in a few days destroy the greatest armies?"

"True," answered the Russian; "but can we do all that we wish? As for us Russians, pressed on our eastern frontier by the Chinese, we must at any cost put forth our strength for an effort toward the west."

"O, is that all? In that case," said Mr. Smith, "the thing can be arranged. I will speak to the Secretary of State about it. The attention of the Chinese government shall be called to the matter. This is not the first time that the Chinese have bothered us."

"Under these conditions, of course——" And the Russian ambassador declared himself satisfied.

"Ah, Sir John, what can I do for you?" asked Mr. Smith as he turned to the representative of the people of Great Britain, who till now had remained silent.

"A great deal," was the reply. "If the Earth Chronicle would but open a campaign on our behalf——"

"And for what object?"

"Simply for the annulment of the Act of Congress annexing to the United States the British islands."

Though, by a just turn-about of things here below, Great

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Britain has become a colony of the United States, the English are not yet reconciled to the situation. At regular intervals they are ever addressing to the American government vain complaints.

"A campaign against the annexation that has been an accomplished fact for 150 years!" exclaimed Mr. Smith. "How can your people suppose that I would do anything so unpatriotic?"

"We at home think that your people must now be sated. The Monroe doctrine is fully applied; the whole of America belongs to the Americans. What more do you want? Besides, we will pay for what we ask."

"Indeed!" answered Mr. Smith, without manifesting the slightest irritation. "Well, you English will ever be the same. No, no, Sir John, do not count on me for help. Give up our fairest province, Britain? Why not ask France generously to renounce possession of Africa, that magnificent colony the complete conquest of which cost her the labor of 800 years? You will be well received!"

"You decline! All is over then!" murmured the British agent sadly. "The United Kingdom falls to the share of the Americans; the Indies to that of——"

"The Russians," said Mr. Smith, completing the sentence.

"Australia——"

"Has an independent government."

"Then nothing at all remains for us!" sighed Sir John, downcast.

"Nothing?" asked Mr. Smith, laughing. "Well, now, there's Gibraltar!"

With this sally the audience ended. The clock was striking twelve, the hour of breakfast. Mr. Smith returns to his chamber. Where the bed stood in the morning a table all spread comes up through the floor. For Mr. Smith, being above all a practical man, has reduced the problem of existence to its simplest terms. For him, instead of the endless suites of apartments of the olden time, one room fitted with ingenious mechanical contrivances is enough. Here he sleeps, takes his meals, in short, lives.

He seats himself. In the mirror of the phonotelephote is seen the same chamber at Paris which appeared in it this morn-

-

ing. A table furnished forth is likewise in readiness here, for notwithstanding the difference of hours, Mr. Smith and his wife have arranged to take their meals simultaneously. It is delightful thus to take breakfast tête-à-tête with one who is 3000 miles or so away. Just now, Mrs. Smith's chamber has no occupant.

"She is late! Woman's punctuality! Progress everywhere except there!" muttered Mr. Smith as he turned the tap for the first dish. For like all wealthy folk in our day, Mr. Smith has done away with the domestic kitchen and is a subscriber to the Grand Alimentation Company, which sends through a great network of tubes to subscribers' residences all sorts of dishes, as a varied assortment is always in readiness. A subscription costs money, to be sure, but the cuisine is of the best, and the system has this advantage, that it does away with the pestering race of the cordons-bleus. Mr. Smith received and ate, all alone, the hors-d'œuvre, entrées, rôti, and legumes that constituted the repast. He was just finishing the dessert when Mrs. Smith appeared in the mirror of the telephote.

"Why, where have you been?" asked Mr. Smith through the telephone.

"What! You are already at the dessert? Then I am late," she exclaimed, with a winsome naïveté. "Where have I been, you ask? Why, at my dress-maker's. The hats are just lovely this season! I suppose I forgot to note the time, and so am a little late."

"Yes, a little,' growled Mr. Smith; "so little that I have already quite finished breakfast. Excuse me if I leave you now, but I must be going."

"O certainly, my dear; good-by till evening."

Smith stepped into his air-coach, which was in waiting for him at a window. "Where do you wish to go, sir?" inquired the coachman.

"Let me see; I have three hours," Mr. Smith mused. "Jack, take me to my accumulator works at Niagara."

For Mr. Smith has obtained a lease of the great falls of Niagara. For ages the energy developed by the falls went unutilized. Smith, applying Jackson's invention, now collects this

-

energy, and lets or sells it. His visit to the works took more time than he had anticipated. It was four o'clock when he returned home, just in time for the daily audience which he grants to callers.

One readily understands how a man situated as Smith is must be beset with requests of all kinds. Now it is an inventor needing capital; again it is some visionary who comes to advocate a brilliant scheme which must surely yield millions of profit. A choice has to be made between these projects, rejecting the worthless, examining the questionable ones, accepting the meritorious. To this work Mr. Smith devotes every day two full hours.

The callers were fewer to-day than usual—only twelve of them. Of: these, eight had-only impracticable schemes to propose. In fact, one of them wanted to revive painting, an art fallen into desuetude owing to the progress made in color-photography. Another, a physician, boasted that he had discovered a cure for nasal catarrh! These impracticables were dismissed in short order. Of the four projects favorably received, the first was that of a young man whose broad forehead betokened his intellectual power.

"Sir, I am a chemist," he began, 'and as such I come to you."

"Well!"

"Once the elementary bodies," said the young chemist, "were held to be sixty-two in number; a hundred years ago they were reduced to ten; now only three remain irresolvable, as you are aware."

"Yes, yes."

"Well, sir, these also I will show to be composite. In a few months, a few weeks, I shall have succeeded in solving the problem. Indeed, it may take only a few days."

"And then?"

"Then, sir, I shall simply have determined the absolute. All I want is money enough to carry my research to a successful issue."

"Very well," said Mr. Smith. "And what will be the practical outcome of your discovery?"

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"The practical outcome? Why, that we shall be able to produce easily all bodies whatever—stone, wood, metal, fibers——"

"And flesh and blood?" queried Mr. Smith, interrupting him. "Do you pretend that you expect to manufacture a human being out and out?"

"Why not?"

Mr. Smith advanced $100,000 to the young chemist, and engaged his services for the Earth Chronicle laboratory.

The second of the four successful applicants, starting from experiments made so long ago as the nineteenth century and again and again repeated, had conceived the idea of removing an entire city all at once from one place to another. His special project had to do with the city of Granton, situated, as everybody knows, some fifteen miles inland. He proposes to transport the city on rails and to change it into a watering-place. The profit, of course, would be enormous. Mr. Smith, captivated by the scheme, bought a half-interest in it.

"As you are aware, sir," began applicant No. 3, "by the aid of our solar and terrestrial accumulators and transformers, we are able to make all the seasons the same. I propose to do something better still. Transform into heat a portion of the surplus energy at our disposal; send this heat to the poles; then the polar regions, relieved of their snow-cap, will become a vast territory available for man's use. What think you of the scheme?"

"Leave your plans with me, and come back in a week. I will have them examined in the meantime."

Finally, the fourth announced the early solution of a weighty scientific problem. Every one will remember the bold experiment made a hundred years ago by Dr. Nathaniel Faithburn. The doctor, being a firm believer in human hibernation—in other words, in the possibility of our suspending our vital functions and of calling them into action again after a time—resolved to subject the theory to a practical test. To this end, having first made his last will and pointed out the proper method of awakening him; having also directed that his sleep was to continue a hundred years to a day from the date of his apparent death, he unhesitatingly put the theory to the proof in his own person.

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Reduced to the condition of a mummy, Dr. Faithburn was coffined and laid in a tomb. Time went on. September 25th, 2889, being the day set for his resurrection, it was proposed to Mr. Smith that he should permit the second part of the experiment to be performed at his residence this evening.

"Agreed. Be here at ten o'clock," answered Mr. Smith; and with that the day's audience was closed.

Left to himself, feeling tired, he lay down on an extension chair. Then, touching a knob, he established communication with the Central Concert Hall, whence our greatest maestros send out to subscribers their delightful successions of accords determined by recondite algebraic formulas. Night was approaching. Entranced by the harmony, forgetful of the hour, Smith did not notice that it was growing dark. It was quite dark when he was aroused by the sound of a door opening. "Who is there?" he asked, touching a commutator.

Suddenly, in consequence of the vibrations produced, the air became luminous.

"Ah! you, Doctor?"

"Yes," was the reply. "How are you?"

"T am feeling well."

"Good! Let me see your tongue. All right! Your pulse. Regular! And your appetite?"

"Only passably good."

"Yes, the stomach. There's the rub. You are over-worked. If your stomach is out of repair, it must be mended. That requires study. We must think about it."

"In the meantime," said Mr. Smith, "you will dine with me."

As in the morning, the table rose out of the floor. Again, as in the morning, the potage, rôti, ragoûts, and legumes'' were supplied through the food-pipes. Toward the close of the meal, phonotelephotic communication was made with Paris. Smith saw his wife, seated alone at the dinner-table, looking anything but pleased at her loneliness.

"Pardon me, my dear, for having left you alone," he said through the telephone. "I was with Dr. Wilkins."

"Ah, the good doctor!" remarked Mrs. Smith, her countenance lighting up.

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"Yes. But, pray, when are you coming home?"

"This evening."

"Very well. Do you come by tube or by air-train? "

"Oh, by tube."

"Yes; and at what hour will you arrive?"

"About eleven, I suppose."

"Eleven by Centropolis time, you mean?"

"Yes."

"Good-by, then, for a little while," said Mr. Smith as he severed communication with Paris.

Dinner over, Dr. Wilkins wished to depart. "I shall expect you at ten," said Mr Smith. "To-day, it seems, is the day for the return to life of the famous Dr. Faithburn. You did not think of it, I suppose. The awakening is to take place here in my house. You must come and see. I shall depend on your being here."

"I will come back," answered Dr. Wilkins.

Left alone, Mr. Smith busied himself with examining his accounts—a task of vast magnitude, having to do with transactions which involve a daily expenditure of upward of $800,000. Fortunately, indeed, the stupendous progress of mechanic art in modern times makes it comparatively easy. Thanks to the Piano Electro-Reckoner, the most complex calculations can be made in a few seconds. In two hours Mr. Smith completed his task. Just in time. Scarcely had he turned over the last page when Dr. Wilkins arrived. After him came the body of Dr. Faithburn, escorted by a numerous company of men of science. They commenced work at once. The casket being laid down in the middle of the room, the telephote was got in readiness. The outer world, already notified, was anxiously expectant, for the whole world could be eye-witnesses of the performance, a reporter meanwhile, like the chorus in the ancient drama, explaining it all viva voce through the telephone.

"They are opening the casket," he explained. "Now they are taking Faithburn out of it—a veritable mummy, yellow, hard, and dry. Strike the body and it resounds like a block of wood. They are now applying heat; now electricity. No result. These experiments are suspended for a moment while Dr. Wilkins makes

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an examination of the body. Dr. Wilkins, rising, declares the man to be dead. 'Dead!' exclaims every one present. 'Yes,' answers Dr. Wilkins, 'dead!' 'And how long has he been dead?' Dr. Wilkins makes another examination. 'A hundred years,' he replies."

The case stood just as the reporter said. Faithburn was dead, quite certainly dead! "Here is a method that needs improvement," remarked Mr. Smith to Dr. Wilkins, as the scientific committee on hibernation bore the casket out. "So much for that experiment. But if poor Faithburn is dead, at least he is sleeping," he continued. "I wish I could get some sleep. I am tired out, Doctor, quite tired out! Do you not think that a bath would refresh me?"

"Certainly. But you must wrap yourself up well before you go out into the hall-way. You must not expose yourself to cold."

"Hall-way? Why, Doctor, as you well know, everything is done by machinery here. It is not for me to go to the bath; the bath will come to me. Just look!" and he pressed a button. After a few seconds a faint rumbling was heard, which grew louder and louder. Suddenly the door opened, and the tub appeared.

Such, for this year of grace 2889, is the history of one day in the life of the editor of the Earth Chronicle. And the history of that one day is the history of 365 days every year, except leap-years, and then of 366 days—for as yet no means has been found of increasing the length of the terrestrial year.

}}

title: User:Arcorann/In the Year 2889


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Author talk:Ernest Noble

= sources =

census
Name 	Ernest Noble Age in 1911 	29 Relation to Head 	Son Gender 	Male Birth Place 	London, England Civil parish 	Kings Norton County/Island 	Worcestershire Country 	England Street Address 	33 Ashfield Avenue, Kings Heath Marital Status 	Married Occupation 	Newspaper Artist Registration District Number 	383 Sub-registration district 	Kings Norton ED, institution, or vessel 	30 Piece 	17853 Household Members (Name) 	Age 	Relationship William Noble 69   Head   Minister society Of Friends Jane Noble  65   Wife Ernest Noble 	29 	Son Annie Bagley  21   Servant
 * 1911 England

Name 	Ernest Noble Age 	19 Relation to Head 	Son Gender 	Male Mother 	Jane Noble Birth Place 	Stoke Newington, London, England Civil parish 	Willesden Ecclesiastical parish 	All Souls County/Island 	Middlesex Registration district 	Hendon Sub-registration district 	Willesden ED, institution, or vessel 	22 Neighbors Piece 	1217 Folio 	70 Page number 	35 Household schedule number 	227 Household Members (Name) 	Age 	Relationship Jane Noble  56   Head Ernest Noble 	19 	Son, artist (black and white) Cecilia Hannah  46   Servant
 * 1901 England

"Not living with his parents in 1891, presumably at boarding school somewhere."
 * 1891 England

19239 register
Name 	Ernest Noble Gender 	Male Marital Status 	Married Birth Date 	24 Apr 1881 Residence Date 	1939 Address 	Westgale Lodge Residence Place 	Warwick, Warwickshire, England Occupation 	Cartoonist Line Number 	23 Schedule Number 	103 Sub Schedule Number 	1 Enumeration District 	Qepe Borough 	Warwick Registration district 	393-2 Household Members (Name) 	Gender Ernest Noble 	Male Nellie L Noble Female Beatrice M Wilson Female Reginald C Tomley Male Wilfred L Coppard Male

WWI
Name 	Ernest Noble Nationality 	British Rank 	2nd Lieutenant Birth Date 	24 Apr 1881 Military Start Date 	1 Apr 1918 Military Service Branch 	Royal Air Force Military Service Number 	22024;634 Residence Place 	Cleeve Ashfield Avenue, Kings Heath, Birmingham Spouse 	 E Noble
 * The National Archives; Kew, Surrey, England; AIR 76: Air Ministry Department of the Master-General of Personnel: Officers' Service Records; Series Number: AIR 76; Piece Number: 375

death
Name 	Ernest Noble Death Age 	77 Registration Date 	Dec Q. 1958 Registration district 	Brighton Volume 	5h Page 	182
 * FreeBMD

birth
Name 	Ernest Noble Registration Date 	1881 Jun Q. Registration Place 	Hackney, London, England Volume 	1b Page 	510
 * FreeBMD

websites

 * https://artuk.org/discover/artists/noble-ernest-18811958
 * https://ukcomics.fandom.com/wiki/Ernest_Noble
 * https://www.fulltable.com/VTS/aoi/n/noble/menuc.htm

title: Author talk:Ernest Noble


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Page:The Works of H G Wells Volume 9.pdf/454

 own. But even then, a constructive cant is better than a destructive one. Even the conscious hypocrite has to do something to justify his pretences, and the mere disappearance from current thought of the persuasion that organisation is a mistake and discipline needless, clears the ground of one huge obstacle even if it guarantees nothing about the consequent building.

But, apart from this, are there more solid and effectual forces behind this new movement of ideas that makes for organisation in American medley at the present time?

The speculative writer casting about for such elements lights upon four sets of possibilities which call for discussion. First, one has to ask: How far is the American plutocracy likely to be merely a wasteful and chaotic class, and how far is it likely to become consciously aristocratic and constructive? Secondly, and in relation to this, what possibilities of pride and leading are there in the great university foundations of America? Will they presently begin to tell as a restraining and directing force upon public thought? Thirdly, will the growing American Socialist movement, which at present is just as anarchistic and undisciplined in spirit as everything else in America, presently perceive the constructive implications of its general propositions and become statesmanlike and constructive? And, fourthly, what are the latent possibilities of the American women? Will women as they become more and more aware of themselves as a class and of the problem of their sex become a force upon the anarchistic side, a force favouring race-sui-


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 cide, or upon the constructive side which plans and builds and bears the future?

The only possible answer to each one of these questions at present is guessing and an estimate. But the only way in which a conception of the American social future may be reached lies through their discussion.

Let us begin by considering what constructive forces may exist in this new plutocracy which already so largely sways American economic and political development. The first impression is one of extravagant and aimless expenditure, of a class irresponsible and wasteful beyond all precedent. One gets a Zolaesque picture of that aspect in Mr. Upton Sinclair's "Metropolis," or the fashionable intelligence of the popular New York Sunday editions, and one finds a good deal of confirmatory evidence in many incidental aspects of the smart American life of Paris and the Riviera. The evidence in the notorious Thaw trial, after one has discounted its theatrical elements, was still a very convincing demonstration of a rotten and extravagant, because aimless and functionless, class of rich people. But one has to be careful in this matter if one is to do justice to the facts. If a thing is made up of two elements, and one is noisy and glaringly coloured and the other is quiet and colourless, the first impression created will be that the thing is identical with the element that is noisy and glaringly coloured. One is much less likely to hear of the broad plans and the quality of the wise, strong and constructive individuals in a class than of their foolish wives, their spendthrift sons, their mistresses, and their moments of irritation and folly.


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 Reprint of pp. 1-186, 217-264, of original edition: Philadelphia, 1839. "A Visit to the Sandwich Islands, Chili, &c., with a Scientific Appendix," also contained in this edition, is here omitted as irrelevant to the scope of the present series.


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158 to go and review their work among the Gentiles, and renew it; to take a circuit among the churches they had planted, and see what progress the gospel made among them. Antioch was now a safe and quiet harbour for them, they had there no adversary or evil occurrent; but Paul remembered that they only put in there to refit and refresh themselves, and therefore begins now to think of putting to sea again; and having been in winter quarters long enough, he is for taking the field again, and making another campaign, in a vigorous prosecution of this holy war against Satan's kingdom. Paul remembers that the work appointed him, was afar off among the Gentiles, and therefore he is here meditating a second expedition among them to do the same work, though to encounter the same difficulties; and this some days after, for his active spirit could not bear to be long out of work; no, nor his bold and daring spirit to be long out of danger. Observe,

1. To whom he makes this motion; to Barnabas, his old friend and fellow-labourer; he invites his company and help in this work. We have need one of another, and may be many ways serviceable one to another; and therefore should be forward both to borrow and lend assistance. Two are better than one. Every soldier has his comrade.

2. For whom the visit is designed; "Let us not presently begin new work, or break up new ground; but let us take a view of the fields we have sown. Come, and let us get up early to the vineyards, let us see if the vine flourish, Cant. 7. 12. Let us go again and visit our brethren in every city where we have preached the word of the Lord." Observe, He calls all the christians brethren, and not ministers only; for, Have we not all one Father? He has a concern for them in every city, even there where the brethren were fewest and poorest, and most persecuted and despised; yet let us visit them. Wherever we have preached the word of the Lord, let us go and water the seed sown. Note, Those that have preached the gospel, should visit those to whom they have preached it. As we must look after our praying, and hear what answer God gives to that; so we must look after our preaching, and see what success that has. Faithful ministers cannot but have a particular tender concern for those to whom they have preached the gospel, that they may not bestow upon them labour in vain. See 1 Thess. 3. 5, 6.

3. What was intended in this visit: "Let us see how they do," —how it is with them. It was not merely a compliment that he designed, nor did he take such a journey with a bare How do you do? No, he would visit them, that he might acquaint himself with their case, and impart unto them such spiritual gifts as were suited to it; as the physician visits his recovering patient, that he may prescribe what is proper for the perfecting of his cure, and the preventing of a relapse. Let us see how they do, that is, (1.) What spirit they are of, how they stand affected, and how they behave themselves; it is probable that they frequently heard from them; "But let us go see them; let us go see whether they hold fast what we preached to them; and live up to it, that we may endeavour to reduce them if we find them wandering, to confirm them if we find them wavering, and to comfort them if we find them steady." (2.) What state they are in; whether the churches have rest and liberty; or whether they are not in trouble or distress, that we may rejoice with them if they rejoice, ahd caution them against security; and may weep with them if they weep, and comfort them under the cross, and may know the better how to pray for them.

II. The disagreement between Paul and Barnabas about an assistant; it was convenient to have a young man with them that should attend on them and minister to them, and be a witness of their doctrine, manner of life, and patience; and that should be fitted and trained up for further service, by being occasionally employed in the present service. Now,

1. Barnabas would have his nephew John, whose surname was Mark, to go along with them, v. 37. He determined to take him, because he was his relation, and, it is likely, was brought up under him, and he had a kindness for him, and was solicitous for his welfare. We should suspect ourselves of partiality, and guard against it in preferring our relations.

2. Paul opposed it; (v. 38.) He thought not good to take him with them, —he did not think him worthy of the honour, nor fit for the service, who had departed from them, clandestinely as it should seem, without their knowledge, or wilfully without their consent, from Pamphylia, (ch. 13. 13.) and went not with them to the work, either because he was lazy, and would not take the pains that must be taken; or cowardly, and would not run the hazard. He run his colours just as they were going to engage. It is probable that he promised very fair now, that he would not do so again. But Paul thought it was not fit he should be thus honoured, who had forfeited his reputation; nor thus employed, who had betrayed his trust; at least, not till he had been longer tried. If a man deceive me once, it is his fault; but if twice, it is my own, for trusting him. Solomon saith, Confidence in an unfaithful man in time of trouble, is like a broken tooth, and a foot out of joint, which will hardly be used again, Prov. 25. 19.

III. The issue of this disagreement; it came to such a height, that they parted upon it. The contention, the paroxysm (so the word is,) the fit of passion which this threw them both into, was so sharp, that they departed asunder one from the other. Barnabas was peremptory that he would not go with Paul unless they took John Mark with them; Paul was as peremptory that he would not go if John did go with them. Neither would yield, and therefore there is no remedy but they must part. Now here is that which is very humbling, and just matter of lamentation, and yet very instructive. For we see,

1. That the best of men are but men, subject to like passions as we are, as these two good men had expressly owned concerning themselves; (ch. 14 15.) and now it appeared too true. I doubt there was (as usually there is in such contentions) a fault on both sides; perhaps Paul was too severe upon the young man, and did not allow his fault the extenuation it was capable of, did not consider what a useful woman his mother was in Jerusalem, (ch. 12. 12.) nor make the allowances he might have made to Barnabas's natural affection. But it was Barnabas's fault that he took that into consideration in a case wherein the interest of Christ's kingdom was concerned, and indulged it too much. And they were certainly both in fault to be so hot as to let the contention be so sharp, (it is to be feared they gave one another some hard words) as also to be so stiff, as each to stick so resolutely to his opinion, and neither to yield. It was a pity that they did not refer the matter to a third person; or that some friend did not interpose to prevent its coming to an open rupture. Is there never a wise man among them to interpose his good offices, and to accommodate the matter, and to put them in mind of the Canaanite and the Perizzite that were now in the land; and that not only Jews and heathens, but the false brethren among themselves, would warm their hands at the flames of the contention between Paul and Barnabas? We must own it was their infirmity, and is recorded for our admonition; not that we must


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 Columbia River Fishing and Trading Company was formed in 1834, by several individuals in New York and Boston. Capt., having an interest in the enterprise, collected a party of men to cross the continent to the Pacific, with the purpose chiefly of establishing trading posts beyond the Rocky Mountains and on the coast.

The idea of making one of Capt. Wyeth's party was suggested to the author by the eminent botanist, Mr., who had himself determined to join the expedition across the North American wilderness. Being fond of Natural History, particularly the science of Ornithology, the temptation to visit a country hitherto unexplored by naturalists was irresistible and the following pages, originally penned for the family-circle, and without the slightest thought of publication, will furnish some account of his travels.


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 In the making of very rich men there is always a factor of good fortune and a factor of design and will. One meets rich men at times who seem to be merely lucky gamblers, who strike one as just the thousandth man in a myriad of wild plungers, who are, in fact, chance nobodies washed up by an eddy. Others, again, strike one as exceptionally lucky half-knaves. But there are others of a growth more deliberate and of an altogether higher personal quality. One takes such men as Mr. J. D. Rockefeller or Mr. Pierpont Morgan—the scale of their fortunes makes them public property—and it is clear that we are dealing with persons on quite a different level of intellectual power from the British Colonel Norths, for example, or the South African Joels. In my "Future in America" I have taken the former largely at Miss Tarbell's estimate, and treated him as a case of acquisitiveness raised in Baptist surroundings. But I doubt very much if that exhausts the man as he is to-day. Given a man brought up to saving and "getting on" as if to a religion, a man very acquisitive and very patient and restrained, and indubitably with great organising power, and he grows rich beyond the dreams of avarice. And having done so, there he is. What is he going to do? Every step he takes up the ascent to riches gives him new perspectives and new points of view.

It may have appealed to the young Rockefeller, clerk in a Chicago house, that to be rich was itself a supreme end; in the first flush of the discovery that he was immensely rich, he may have thanked Heaven as if for a supreme good, and spoken to a Sunday


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 PREFACE. The Editor. . . . . . . . 9

OREGON; OR A SHORT HISTORY OF A LONG JOURNEY FORM THE ATLANTIC OCEAN TO THE REGION OF THE PACIFIC, BY LAND; drawn up from the notes and oral information of. . oneo fht eparty who left Mr. Nathaniel J. Wyeth, July 28th. 1832, four day's march beyond the Ridge of the Rocky Mountains, and the only one who has returned to New England. John B. Wyeth.

 * Author's Motto . . . . . . . . 20

 * Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

NARRATIVE OF A JOURNEY ACROSS THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS, TO THE COLUMBIA RIVER. John K. Townsend.

 * Copyright Clause . . . . . . . 112

 * Publisher's Advertisement . . 113

 * Author's Table of Contents . . 115

 * Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121


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188

Now when the noble Kriemhild a widow thus was made

Count Eckewart was with her, and in the land he stay’d

With all his men, and daily he served her without fail,

And helped his lady often his master to bewail.

At Worms, hard by the minster, they built for her a hall:

’Twas very wide and lofty, and richly deck’d withal.

There, with her own attendants, all joylessly sat she.

She loved the church’s service and went there willingly.

From where her love lay buried, she seldom was away;

With sorrow-laden spirit she went there every day.

She prayed to God Almighty to keep his soul aright.

And faithfully and often bewailéd was the knight.

Uté and all her women to cheer her aye were fain;

Yet was the heart within her so sorely smit with pain,

However they might comfort she took not any heed.

She had for her belovéd such all-surpassing need,

As for a well-loved husband no other wife ere found.

Thus might one see how virtues in her did much abound . Unto her end she mourn’d him, as long as she had life,

And soon a mighty vengeance took valiant Siegfried’s wife!


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XIX.]

So after all this sorrow— ’tis truth—she did abide

Until the fourth year’s halving from when her husband died;

Nor all this time ’twixt Gunther and her did speech arise,

Nor did she once on Hagen, her enemy, set eyes.

Then Hagen spake, of Tronjé: “Could you not so contrive

That you might with your sister in friendly fashion live?

That so unto this country might come the Niblung gold:

If but the queen were friendly, your gain were manifold.”

He said: “We must attempt it; my brothers are with her;

We’ll beg them so to urge her that she be friendlier,

Until at last prevail we that she thereto agree.”

Quoth Hagen: “I misdoubt me that that will ever be.”

He presently bade Ortwein unto her court to go

Likewise the margrave Gere: and both of them did so.

And Giselher the youthful and Gernot, too, they brought,

Who straightway Dame Kriemhilda in friendly wise besought.

To her the valiant Gernot of Burgundy then said:

“Too long hast thou, O Lady, bewail’d thy Siegfried dead!

The king to you will swear that by him he was not slain.

Still day by day one hears thee so bitterly complain.”

Said she: “None doth accuse him: ’twas Hagen’s hand that slew;

And where he might be stricken from me alone he knew.

How could I have believed that such hate to him he bore?

More care would I have taken”— the Queen said furthermore—


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190

“Ere any word of mine had his noble life betray’d:

Then little cause for weeping should I, poor wife, have had.

No more can I have kindness for those who this have done.”

Then Giselher besought her, the brave and comely one.

“To greet the king I’m willing,” she did at last declare:

With his best friends before her one saw him soon appear.

But Hagen durst at no time within her presence go

His guiltiness well knew he; ’twas he who wrought her woe.

Since she her hate to Gunther was willing to forswear,

’Twould better have beseem’d him to kiss her then and there.

Were’t not that by his counsel her sorrows had been made,

He might have met Kriemhilda with boldness undismay’d.

Ne’er was a reconcilement, when friend by friend was met,

More tearfully accomplish’d: her sorrow rankled yet.

Save only one amongst them, she pardon’d every one:

He ne’er were slain, if Hagen the murder had not done.

Not very long thereafter they brought it so about

That unto dame Kriemhilda the mighty hoard came out

Of Niblung-land, and safely was to the Rhine conveyed.

It was her wedding dowry, and rightly hers was made.

’Twas Gernot who went for it, and with him Giselher

And eighty-hundred liegemen, who had commands from her

To go and fetch the treasure from where it lay unseen,

Since Alberich its keeper, with trusty friends, had been.


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XIX.]

Now when they saw the Rhine-men coming the hoard to take,

The ever-valiant Albrich unto his comrades spake:

“We dare not keep the treasure withholden from her power,

Seeing the noble lady can claim it as her dower.

“Yet never would the matter have come to such a pass,

Had we not had,” said Albrich, “the evil luck, alas!

The goodly cap of darkness with Siegfried’s self to lose:

Which fair Kriemhilda’s husband was ever wont to use.

“Now evil unto Siegfried hath happen’d since the day

That from our hands the hero the Tarnhelm took away,

And all this land by conquest did to his service bind.”

Then went the treasure-keeper straightway the keys to find.

At the hill-foot were waiting the Queen Kriemhilda’s men

And sundry of her kinsmen; the treasure bore they then

Down to the lake-shore, lading their vessel with the same:

Then o’er the waves they took it and up the Rhine-stream came.

Now may you of this treasure a wondrous story hear:

It took a dozen wagons it from the mount to bear;

Four days and nights they ceased not to carry it away;

And each must make the journey, so laden, thrice a day.

Naught else but gold and jewels within this treasure lay;

And had one taken from it what would the whole world pay,

’Twould not have seem’d to eyesight of one mark’s value quit.

Ay! Not without some reason did Hagen covet it.


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192

The gem of all lay lowest— a little rod of gold.

Whoever understood it he might the mastery hold

In all the world’s dominions, o’er every race of men.

Of Albrich’s kinsmen many did follow Gernot then.

As soon as they had carried the hoard to Gunther’s land,

And thus the queen had taken the whole into her hand,

The storerooms and the towers were full as they could hold.

Never of such vast treasure the marvel hath been told.

And even were the treasure increased a thousand fold,

And she once more might Siegfried in health and strength behold,

Gladly to him would Kriemhild have empty-handed gone:

For never could a hero a truer wife have won.

Now that she had the treasure, she brought unto the land

Full many a stranger-warrior; in truth the lady’s hand

Her bounty gave so largely, the like had ne’er been known.

This queen had many virtues: that all the folk did own.

To poor men and to wealthy she now began to give

So much, that Hagen argued: if she perchance should live

For long enough, ’twas likely so many would she win

To stay there in her service, that ’twould go ill with him.

King Gunther said: “Her own are her body and estate;

What she shall do with either how then can I dictate?

Nay, hardly could I compass that she became thus kind.

So let both gold and silver go as she hath a mind.”


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XIX.]

But to the king said Hagen: “No prudent man and wise

Would leave to such a woman a treasure of this size.

In gifts we’ll see her spend it and squander the whole store,

And then the bold Burgundians may rue it evermore.”

Then answer’d him king Gunther: “To her an oath I swore

That I to her would never do any evil more;

And that will I abide by, for she my sister is.”

But thereunto said Hagen: “Let me be blamed for this.”

The oaths that they had taken they reckon’d all for naught.

And from the widow’s keeping the mighty hoard they brought,

And quietly did Hagen of all the keys get hold.

Wroth was her brother Gernot when he the truth was told.

Then spake the noble Giselher: “Hagen a deal of ill

Hath done unto my sister: reckon with him I will.

And were he not my kinsman, “twould stand him in his life.”

Then once again to weeping fell Siegfried’s widow’d wife.

Then up and spake Lord Gernot: “Ere we be troubled aye

By reason of this treasure, we’ll take it all away

And sink it in the Rhine-stream; then will it no man’s be.”

To Giselher her brother then went she woefully.

She spake: “Belovéd brother, thou must take thought for me;

Of both my life and substance the guardian thou shouldst be.”

Then spake he to the lady: “This will I undertake

When we have home returned: we have a ride to take.”


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 nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost; teaching them to observe all things whatsoever I have commanded you: and lo, I am with you alway, even unto the end of the world (Matt. xxviii. 18-20); he that believeth and is baptized, shall be saved; but he that believeth not, shall be damned (Mark xvi. 16).”

In the first place, Mark xvi. 16 is a later addition to the Gospel, like that other tempting addition that believers shall take up serpents and not be hurt by drinking deadly things. Even if the genuineness of this passage be admitted, neither from it, nor from Matt. xxviii. 19, does it follow that baptism communicates any special power to those who are baptized. In Matthew men are to be baptized and taught to observe whatever Christ has commanded; in Mark it is mentioned that he who believes and is baptized shall be saved. Where is there the establishment of the sacrament such as it is defined to be by the Theology? All that may be said from these verses in Matthew and in Mark in favour of the rite of bathing is that Christ has selected, or, more correctly, has not rejected, the external sign of bathing, adopted by his predecessor John, for all the believers in his teaching.

But everything which is understood by the hierarchy under the invisible action of baptism has been established by that hierarchy, and by no means by Christ. That may be seen from the subsequent exposition of the article, in which there is a detailed account of the visible and the invisible side of the sacrament, for which no indication can be found in Holy Scripture.

203. The visible side of baptism. There is a detailed exposition of the sacrament about what to bathe in, how many times to immerse, who is to do the bathing, and what is to be said during the act. The proof is given that those who do differently are heretics, and that grace does not operate if there is any deviation from these rules.


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 204. The invisible actions of the sacrament of baptism and its unrepeatedness. Here it is said that at the same time “that the catechumen is visibly immersed in the waters of baptism, with the words, ‘The slave of God is recognized in the name of the Father and the Son and the Holy Ghost,’ divine grace invisibly operates on the whole being of the one who is baptized and (1) regenerates or re-creates him; (2) purifies him from all sin, and justifies and sanctifies him; (3) makes him a child of God and a member of Christ’s body; (4) saves him from eternal punishment for sins and makes him an inheritor of eternal life.” All that has not the slightest foundation in Christ’s teaching.

205. The necessity of baptism for all. The baptism of babes. Baptism by blood. The proof is given that it is necessary to baptize infants because they are cursed by the original sin, and if an unbaptized child dies, it goes to hell, whereas if it is baptized it goes to heaven. All that is proved from Holy Scripture.

206. Who may perform baptism, and what is demanded of those who are baptized. It is proved that priests ought to baptize, but deacons may sometimes, and sometimes even simple people may. All that is proved from Holy Scripture. To be baptized, one needs faith, the same that was spoken of in the article about grace and repentance. When infants are baptized, the sponsors must guarantee their faith, that is, pronounce the words of the creed and renounce the devil.

It is evident that all that has been established, not by Christ, but by one of the many diverging hierarchies. After baptism follows unction with chrism.

207. Connection with what precedes; the place of the sacrament of unction with chrism in the series of the rest; the conception about this sacrament, and its name. "Through baptism we are born into spiritual life, and pure from all sin, justified, and sanctified do we enter into


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 with a crook upon my finger; so, you see; just so, Master Pooke, only a trifle harder."

"God sake, John Ridd, God sake, dear boy," cried Pooke, knowing me by this time; "don't 'e, for good love now, don't 'e show it to me, boy, as if I was to suck it. Put 'un down, for good, now; and thee shall have the very best of all is in the shop."

"Ho!" I replied, with much contempt, and swinging round the gun so that it fetched his hoop of candles down, all unkindled as they were; "Ho! as if I had not attained to the handling of a gun yet! My hands are cold coming over the moors, else would I go bail to point the mouth at you for an hour, sir, and no cause for uneasiness."

But in spite of all assurances, he showed himself desirous only to see the last of my gun and me. I dare say "villanous salt peter," as the great playwright calls it, was never so cheap before nor since. For my shilling Master Pooke afforded me two great packages over-large to go into my pockets, as well as a mighty chunk of lead, which I bound upon Peggy's withers. And as if all this had not been enough, he presented me with a roll of comfits for my sister Annie, whose gentle face and pretty manners won the love of everybody.

There was still some daylight here and there, as I rose the hill above Porlock, wondering whether my mother would be in a fright, or would not know it. The two great packages of powder, slung behind my back, knocked so hard against one another, that I


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Rh for a voyage of some thousands of miles our chance of safely reaching our destination was exceedingly problematical. Indeed, looking back upon the probabilities of the case, it seems to me it must have ended in disaster, had not Fortune at last played us a good turn, as welcome as it was unexpected.

It was the fourth morning after our arrival at New Orleans, when as we were cleaning decks we heard the sound of a signal gun at no great distance. Climbing to a look-out station I had established near our anchorage we were surprised to see a man-of-war of the corvette class steaming slowly up the river with the old Stars and Stripes flying at her main, and the signal for a pilot at the fore. If we did not stop them her crew would rush into the jaws of destruction. Calling to me a pilot and four men we hastily put out into the river to meet her. When we got out on board she proved to be the U.S. sloop of war "Roanoke," which has been commissioned two years before for an exploring cruise in the South Pacific. Her Commander had died on the homeward voyage, and she was now in charge of Lieut. Winthrop E. Danvers, a native (as it happened) of New Orleans.


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 gresse I make is not in plano, but about the circumference of the Terrestrial Globe, which at every step changeth inclination in respect to Heaven, and consequently maketh the same change in the Instrument which is erected upon the same.

You say very well: And you know withal, that by how much the bigger that circle shall be upon which you move, so many more miles you are to walk, to make the said star to rise that same degree higher; and that finally if the motion towards the star should be in a right line, you ought to move yet farther, than if it were about the circumference of never so great a circle?

True: For in short the circumference of an infinite circle, and a right line are the same thing.

But this I do not understand, nor as I believe, doth Simplicius apprehend the same; and it must needs be concealed from us under some mistery, for we know that Salviatus never speaks at random, nor proposeth any Paradox, which doth not break forth into some conceit, not trivial in the least. Therefore in due time and place I will put you in mind to demonstrate this, that the right line is the same with the circumference of an infinite circle, but at present I am unwilling that we should interrupt the discourse in hand. Returning then to the case, I propose to the consideration of Simplicius, how the accession and recession that the Earth makes from the said fixed star which is neer the Pole can be made as it were by a right line, for such is the Diameter of the Grand Orb, so that the attempting to regulate the elevation and depression of the Polar star by the motion along the said Diameter, as if it were by the motion about the little circle of the Earth, is a great argument of but little judgment.

But we continue still unsatisfied, in regard that the said small mutation that should be therein, would not be discerned; and if this be null, then must the annual motion about the Grand Orb ascribed to the Earth, be null also.

Here now I give Salviatus leave to go on, who as I believe will not overpasse the elevation and depression of the Polar star or any other of those that are fixed as null, although not discovered by any one, and affirmed by Copernicus himself to be, I will not say null, but unobservable by reason of its minuity.

I have already said above, that I do not think that any one did ever set himself to observe, whether in different times of the year there is any mutation to be seen in the fixed stars, that may have a dependance on the annual motion of the Earth, and added withal, that I doubted least haply some might never have


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 is a popular philosophical joke intended to typify the endless and useless arguments of philosophers; I mean the joke about which came first, the chicken or the egg. I am not sure that, properly understood, it is so futile an inquiry after all. I am not concerned here to enter on those deep metaphysical and theological differences of which the chicken and egg debate is a frivolous, but a very felicitous type. The evolutionary materialists are appropriately enough represented in the vision of all things coming form an egg, a dim and monstrous oval germ that got laid itself by accident. That other supernatural school of thought (to which I personally adhere) would be not unworthily typified in the fancy that this round world of ours is but en egg brooded upon by a sacred unbegotten bird—the mystic dove of the prophets. But it is to much humbler functions that I here call the awful power of such a distinction. Whether or no the living bird is at the beginning of our mental chain, it is absolutely necessary that it


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 understood what those mutations are, and amongst what stars they should be discerned; therefore it would be necessary that we in the next place narrowly examine this particular. My having onely found written in general terms that the annual motion of the Earth about the Grand Orb, ought not to be admitted, because it is not probable but that by means of the same there would be discoverd some apparent mutation in the fixed stars, and not hearing say what those apparent mutations ought to be in particular, and in what stars, maketh me very reasonably to infer that they who rely upon that general position, have not understood, no nor possibly endeavoured to understand, how the businesse of these mutations goeth, nor what things those are which they say ought to be seen. And to this judgment I am the rather induced; knowing that the annual motion ascribed by Copernicus to the Earth, if it should appear sensible in the Starry Sphere, is not to make apparent mutations equal in respect to all the stars, but those appearances ought to be made in some greater, in others lesser, and in others yet lesser; and lastly, in others absolutely nothing at all, by reason of the vast magnitude that the circle of this annual motion is supposed to be of. As for the mutations that should b• seen, they are of two kinds, one is the said stars changing apparent magnitude, and the other their variation of altitudes in the Meridian. Upon which necessarily followeth the mutation of risings and settings, and of their distances from the Zenith, &c.

Methinks I see preparing for me such a skean of these revolutions, that I wish it may never be my task to dis-intangle them, for to confesse my infirmity to Salviatus, I have sometimes thought thereon, but could never find the * Lay-band of it, and I speak not so much of this which pertains to the fixed stars, as of another more terrible labour which you bring to my remembrance by maintaining these Meridian Altitudes, Ortive Latitudes and distances from the Vertex, &c. And that which puzzleth my brains, ariseth from what I am now about to tell you. Copernicus supposeth the Starry Sphere immoveable, and the Sun in the centre thereof immoveable also. Therefore every mutation which seemeth unto us to be made in the Sun or in the fixed stars, must of necessity befall the Earth and be ous. But the Sun riseth and declineth in our Meridian by a very great arch of almost 47. degrees, and by arches yet greater and greatetgreater [sic], varieth its Ortive and Occidual Latitudes in the oblique Horizons. Now how can the Earth ever incline and elevate so notably to the Sun, and nothing at all to the fixed stars, or so little, that it is not to be perceived? This is that knot which could never get thorow my * Loom-Combe; and if you shall


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90 HISTORY OF THE INDIAN MEDICAL SERVICE 1720. On 22nd Sept., 1720, he resigned to go to Europe. John Bulkley was engaged as Factor for five years from 21st Aug., 1723, and became Junior Merchant on 9th Aug., 1728. He died on 29th April, 1732. On 30th May, 1747, Phihp Bulkley, perhaps of a third generation of the same family, was entertained as writer, in 1749 he received a commission as Ueutenant. and was killed at the siege of Conjeveram, as reported in a Letter to Court, dated 15th Feb., 1752.

Samuel Browne, Surgeon of the Dragon, was appointed Surgeon at Madras in the Cons, of 7th May, 1688.

" Doctor Heathfield being deceased and Doctor J^o Plummer gone home upon the Royall James, & the Hospitall being in great want of an able Chirurgeon, Doct^ Sam' Brown late Chirurgeon of the Dragon being reputed so, & desirous of the employ. It is order'd that he be entertain'd at the same sallary & allowance as his Predecessor Doct^ Heathfield had."

Four years later he was superseded by the appointment of Bulkley, on his return from Europe, as first Surgeon. In 1693 he apphed to rent six villages near Madras ; his request was refused on 7th Aug. On 28th Aug., 1693, he accidentally poisoned Mr. James Wheeler, Sea Customer and member of Council, and Chief Justice of the Choultry. The following account of this unfortu- nate occurrence is taken from the Cons, of 30th Aug., 1693. Bulkley's report of the post-mortem immediately follows the other entries.*

" Word being brought us while at Consultation on the 28*'' instant, that M"^ Wheeler was very sick, and soon after about 11 o'clock that he was dead, we went forthwith to his house, and appointed M"^ Mildmay and M'' Vander Anker to take account of the Right Honourable Companies books and papers which were in M"^ Wheeler's hands ; but on the way thither the following note was deUvered up into the hand of the President, viz.

" ' Hon'^ie Sir. I have murthered Wheeler by giving him Arsnick. Please to execute Justice on me the malefactor as I deserve.

" 'Your Honour's unfortunate obed* Servant, Sam" Browne.'

" Whereupon D"^ Browne after examination and his particular relation of the circumstances of his fatall mistake, was by warrant of the Judge Advocate committed, as allso his servant, who negUgently powdered Peajrl in a stone mortar wherein arsnick had been before beaten, the mixture whereof with the pearl is supposed to be the occasion of his Death ; and

to 31st January, 1693/94, except for the period ist to 26th June, 1693, are missing from the Fort St. George Factory Records. The papers are also quoted in J. Talboys Wheeler's Madras in the Olden Time, Vol. I, pp. 276-278.
 * Colin Mackenzie MSS., Vol. LVI. The Cons, from 15th October, 1690,


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HISTORY OF ST. LOUIS AND MISSOURI. officer to administer an authority without the approbation of his superiors. When he had instituted a government, things assumed a more flattering appearance, and several merchants of considerable wealth became residents of the village and built more commodious habitations. Until their advent the house of Liguest, which had the walls of the first story built of stone, while all the other dwellings had their walls built of flattened logs set with one end about two feet in the ground, and the interstices filled with small stones and mortar.

In 1766 St. Agne de Bellerive, having organized his system of government and procured that now venerable and well known book called Livre Terrien, commenced making grants of land, hoping for a retrocession of the country to France, when the grants would be legalized by a confirmation.

The First Marriage and First Dedication of a Church in St. Louis—The Death and Burial of the Great Ottowa Indian Chieftain Pontiac and his Dear Friend St. Ange de Bellerive; Bath Buried in St. Louis

The first marriage in the new colony was celebrated on the 20th of April, 1766, more than two years after its settlement, Toussaint Hanen and Marie Baugenon being the parties to the contract. The first mortgage was recorded as made on the 29th day of September, 1766, by Pierre Berger to Francis Latour, two merchants engaged in the peltry trade; it does not specify any particular article, but pledges all the goods of the mortgagor as security to the mortgagee for the payment of a specified number of bundles of deer skins at a specified time, but without any stipulated value being mentioned in the


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 untie it, I shall hold you for more than an Alexander.

These are scruples worthy of the ingenuity of Sagredus, and this doubt is so intricate, that even Copernicus himself almost despaired of being able to explain the same, so as to render it intelligible, which we see as well by his own confession of its obscurity, as also by his, at two several times, taking two different wayes to make it out. And, I ingenuously confesse that I understood not his explanation, till such time as another method more plain and manifest, had rendred it intelligible; and yet neither was that done without a long and laborious application of my thoughts to the same.

Aristotle saw the same scruple, and makes use thereof to oppose certain of the Ancients, who held that the Earth was a Planet; against whom he argueth, that if it were so, it would follow that it also, as the rest of the Planets, should have a plurality of motions, from whence would follow these variations in the risings and settings of the fixed stars, and likewise in the Meridian Altitudes. And in regard that he propoundeth the difficulty, and doth not answer it, it must needs be, if not impossible, at least very difficult to be resolved.

The stresse and strength of the knot rendereth the solution thereof more commendable and admirable; but I do not promise you the same at this time, and pray you to dispense with me therein till too morrow, and for the present we will go considering and explaining those mutations and differences that by means of the annual motion ought to be discerned in the fixed stars, like as even now we said, for the explication whereof certain preparatory points offer themselves, which may facilitate the answer to the grand objection. Now reassuming the two motions ascribed to the Earth (two I say, for the third is no motion, as in its place I will declare) that is the annual and diurnal, the first is to be understood to be made by the centre of the Earth in or about the circumference of the grand Orb, that is of a very great circle described in the plain of the fixed and immutable Ecliptick; the other, namely the diurnal, is made by the Globe of the Earth in it self about its own centre, and own Axis, not erect, but inclined to the Plane of the Ecliptick, with the inclination of 23. degrees and an half, or thereabouts, the which inclination is maintained all the year about, and that which ought especially to be observed, is alwayes situate towards the same point of Heaven: in so much that the Axis of the diurnal motion doth alwayes remain parallel to it self; so that if we imagine that same Axis to be continued out until it reach the fixed stars, whilst the centre of the Earth is encircling the whole Ecliptick in a year, the said Axis describeth the super-


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Rh there being symptoms of poyson, Doctor Buckley, the Chirurgeon of the Hospitall, was ordered to open the Corps and make his report.

"The Attorney Generall is ordered to prosecute Samuell Browne, and his Servants concerned for the Death of Mr James Wheeler, so soon as it can be done.-Nath Higginson.

"Yesterday at 8 a clock in the forenoon Mr James Wheeler was buryed, with the solemnity accustomed for one of his Station.

"May it please your Hon' with the Worshippfull Councill. According to your orders I did on Munday the 28th instant in the afternoon open the dead body of Mr James Wheeler about five hours after his death, and upon viewing the Viscera or Bowells found them not much altered from their naturall temper and Colour. The parts that seemed to suffer most were the stomach and gutts, which were a little inflamed, and almost wholly bared and stript of the mucous or slimy covering with which those parts are commonly invested. The Lungs allsoe were a little inflamed, the blood that I gathered out of severall Vessells all appeared blacker than usuall. But the suddenness of his death, and the severe symptoms he laboured under before he dyed, were greater arguments of Poyson received then anything I could trace out by dissection. This from, Sir, Your Honrs &ca most humble & obedient Servant. Edward Bulkley."

Browne and his servant were committed to custody. Browne was tried, and acquitted by the Grand Jury, "who brought in the bill Ignoramus." There was some dissatisfaction at this result. Many thought that a case of criminal negligence had been made out.

In 1694 Browne was deputed to attend the Nawab Qasim Khan for wounds, which he did with success. In 1695 he was again in trouble for challenging Dr. Blackwall to a duel, when drunk; and in April, 1696, for assault on a native, as recorded in Cons. of 27th April, 1696.

"Cons., 27th April, 1696. Complaint having been made by Madremtala in a letter received by the Governor last night, that Dr Brown had gone to the house of Ananta Terterra his Junkameer of Vepery, and carried him away by force, and robbed him to the value of six thousand Pagodas as by a list sent. Dr Brown being sent for gives this account. That on Saturday having rid out to Egmore in Company, in their return by the Vepery Choultry the Moor Peons called him names; and he riding up to them to demand the reason, there followed more aggravating words and they beat him. When he came home, being informed where the Chief man of the Choultry lived, he took his sword and pistol, and being followed by his boy with another pistol, and his horsekeeper went to the house and by force took out Ananta Terterra, and brought him to the Bridge Gate, where understanding that that was not the man which had abused him, he let him go.

"Ananta Terterra doth also further complain that Dr Brown broke his face with a pistol, pulled his beard, &c., and that he was robbed to the


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Author talk:Dirom Gray Crawford

Merging
Please link this page with Wikipedia article and Wikicommons category of this author. Rajasekhar1961 (talk) 14:09, 23 November 2023 (UTC)
 * ✅. There were two Wikidata items for Crawford; on connected to his Wikisource author page and a different one connected to his Wikipedia article and Commons category. I have merged the two Wikidata items so they should all be connected now. --Xover (talk) 15:28, 23 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Thank you very much sir.--Rajasekhar1961 (talk) 06:15, 24 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Author talk:Dirom Gray Crawford