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 MUSHROOM SANDWICH

Boiled mushrooms chopped fine, cold boiled tongue chopped fine, season with pepper and salt, add a little mayonnaise dressing, mix, and spread between thin slices of buttered white bread. Garnish with an olive.

WESTERN SANDWICH

Chop five olives, a dozen capers, and one gherkin fine and mix with two tablespoonfuls of mayonnaise dressing. Spread the lower slices of buttered white bread with fresh cream cheese, season with salt and pepper, then put another slice on top of that and spread with the olive mixture. On top place a third slice, press together, cut round, and garnish with a sprig of parsley.

PICCALILLI SANDWICH

Between thinly cut slices of lightly buttered white bread, place a layer of sweet piccalilli; cut in diamond shape. Garnish with a sprig of parsley.


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 GREEN PEPPER AND EGG SANDWICH

Between thinly cut slices of lightly buttered white bread, place seedless green peppers that have been chopped fine and mixed with a little mayonnaise dressing. On top of that place slices of hard-boiled egg. Garnish with a sprig of parsley and a small pickle.

NASTURTIUM SANDWICH

Spread thin slices of lightly buttered white bread with mayonnaise dressing; place nasturtium blossoms overlapping one another half way; roll up the sandwich and fasten with a toothpick.

RIPE OLIVE SANDWICH

Chop ripe olives fine, mix with a little mayonnaise, and place between thin slices of lightly buttered white bread.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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 OLIVE SQUARES

Cut thin squares of brown bread and lightly butter, adding a dash of pepper and salt. Stone eight olives, chop them with two stalks of celery, one tiny cucumber pickle, a teaspoonful of catsup, a dash of salt and pepper, and a very little mustard. Mix well and spread on the brown bread, covering with another square.

OLIVE AND PEPPER SANDWICH

Chop olives fine, add a little finely chopped green and red (sweet) peppers, a dash of mayonnaise dressing; mix and place between thin slices of lightly buttered white bread.

OLIVE AND CHICKEN LIVER SANDWICH

Chop olives and cold boiled chicken livers fine; mix with mayonnaise and spread on thin slices of whole wheat bread. Put the slices together.


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 On his tombſtone good Robert theſe Verſes engrav'd, Which he hop'd ſome gay fellow might read and be ſav'd,

The EPITAPH.

HERE lies a poor Youth who call'd ſinning his bliſs, And was ruin'd by ſaying what harm is in this? Let each Paſſer-by to his error attend, And learn of poor Dick to remember the End.

THE END.


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 OLIVE AND CHEESE SANDWICH

Thin slices of white bread lightly buttered, cut in hexagon shape. Between each two slices place a layer of Neufchatel cheese mixed to a paste with a little thick cream and mayonnaise dressing, and cover thickly with chopped olives.

OLIVE AND CAPER SANDWICH

Stone the olives and chop fine, adding one-third quantity of capers, mix with a little mayonnaise dressing, and spread between thin slices of lightly buttered white bread.

OLIVE AND CAPER SANDWICH NO. 2

Chop equal amount of capers and olives fine, season with celery salt and paprika, add a little olive oil or melted butter, mix until smooth. Spread on slices of lightly buttered white bread.


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 When a position of regional chief judge becomes vacant or when the holder of such position becomes unable to serve, the most senior deputy regional chief judge shall act instead. If the most senior officer is unable to serve, the person who is next in line of seniority shall act instead.

In the event that there is no person to act in accordance with paragraph 2, the President of the Supreme Court of Justice may order any particular judge to act instead.

No senior judge or junior judge shall act in any position under paragraph 1."

The following stipulations shall be inserted in the Charter of the Courts of Justice as paragraph 2 of section 14:

"A deputy regional chief judge shall also be a judge of the courts under his jurisdiction, shall have the power designated in section 11, paragraph 1(2), and shall have the duty to assist the regional chief judge as authorised by the regional chief judge."

The stipulations of (3) of section 28 of the Charter of the Courts of Justice shall be repealed and replaced by the following stipulations:

"for a court of first instance, the chief judge of the court of first instance, a regional chief judge, the presiding judge of the court, or a deputy chief judge of the court of first instance, a deputy regional chief judge, or a court of first instance judge of such court who has been authorised by the chief judge of the court of first instance, regional chief judge, or presiding judge of the court, as the case may be."

The stipulations of (3) of section 29 of the Charter of the Courts of Justice shall be repealed and replaced by the following stipulations:

"for a court of first instance, the chief judge of the court of first instance, regional chief judge, deputy chief judge of the court of first instance, regional deputy chief judge, or presiding judge of the court, as the case may be."

The President of the Supreme Court of Justice shall be in charge of the execution of this Act.


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 OLIVE AND NUT SANDWICH

Chop olives and English walnuts fine, add a dash of mayonnaise dressing, and spread on lightly buttered brown bread.

CUCUMBER SANDWICH

Peel cucumbers and cut into the thinnest possible slices and sprinkle with salt and pepper and a few drops of lemon juice. Place between thin slices of lightly buttered bread.

CUCUMBER SANDWICH NO. 2

Sprinkle thin slices of lightly buttered white bread with cayenne. Place thinly sliced cucumbers that have been mixed with a little French dressing between the slices.


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 CUCUMBER SANDWICH NO. 3

Soak thin slices of cucumber for one hour in good white vinegar, season with salt and pepper. Place between thin slices of buttered brown bread. Cut in strips.

CUCUMBER SANDWICH NO. 4

Chop cucumbers fine, add a pinch of salt and pepper and a dash of French dressing. Mix and place between thin slices of lightly buttered white bread, with a crisp lettuce leaf between.

CUCUMBER AND CHIVES SANDWICH

On thin slices of lightly buttered white bread, place thin slices of cucumber, over which sprinkle chopped chives; cover with another slice of bread and cut in squares.


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 CUCUMBER AND CHEESE SANDWICH

Slice cucumbers thin, let stand in salt water ten minutes, drain, and place slices on thinly buttered white bread. Sprinkle with grated American cheese, put slices together, and garnish with a radish.

CUCUMBER AND RED PEPPER SANDWICH

Chop three medium sized cucumbers and one red pepper, add a little mayonnaise dressing, and place between thin slices of lightly buttered white bread.

CUCUMBER AND ONION SANDWICH

Chop fine one large cucumber and a small white onion. Add a dash of pepper and salt and moisten with a little mayonnaise dressing. Place between thin slices of lightly buttered Boston brown bread.


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 DILL SANDWICH

Lightly butter slices of white bread; cover half of them with thin slices of the white meat of roasted chicken; put over this a thin layer of dill pickles; cover with another slice of buttered bread, trim off the crusts, cut in triangles, and serve on a lettuce leaf.

SPINACH SANDWICH

Chop cold boiled spinach and the yolks of hard-boiled eggs fine, add a dash of salt and vinegar. Spread between thin slices of buttered white bread. Garnish with a pickle.

ONION SANDWICH

Slice a mild sweet onion and lay in salted ice water for a half-hour. Mix with a good mayonnaise dressing, and place slices of onion between well buttered slices of Boston brown bread cut thin.


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 Now diſturb'd in his dreams poor Molly each night With her babe ſtood before him; how ſad was the ſight! O bow ghaſtly-ſhe look'd as ſhe bade him attend, And ſo awtully told him-" Remember the End.”

She talk'd of the woes and unquenchable fire Which await the gay Sinner, the Drunkard, and Liar; How he ruin'd more maidens ſhe bade him beware, Then ſhe wept, and ſhe groan'd; ſhe vaniſh'd in air,

Now beggar'd by Gaming, diſtemper'd;by Drink, Death ſlar'd in his face, yet he dar'd not to think. Deſpairing of mercy, deſpiſing all truth, He dy'd of old age in the prime of his youth.


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 MUSTARD SANDWICH

Cream two tablespoonfuls of butter with one tablespoonful of prepared mustard. Spread a thin layer between thinly cut slices of rye bread. Garnish with a pickle.

MOSAIC SANDWICH

White, brown, and graham bread are used for this sandwich. Cut the slices thin and spread with green butter. The butter is made by putting cold boiled spinach through a sieve, season with finely chopped parsley and capers, and mix smooth with creamed butter. Put slices together.

HORSE-RADISH SANDWICH

Cream two tablespoonfuls of butter, add three tablespoonfuls of prepared horse-radish, spread between exceedingly thin slices of white bread. Garnish with parsley; serve as soon as made.


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 They parted and Richard his paſtimes begun, 'Twas Richard the Jovial, the ſoul of all fun; Each dancing bout, drinking bout, Dick would attend, And he fung and he ſwore—nor once thought of the End.

Young Molly he courted, the pride of the plain, He promis' her marriage, but promis'd in vain; She truſted his vows, but ſhe ſoon was undone, And when ſhe fell weeping he thought it good fun.

Thus ſcorn'd by her Richard fad Molly run wild, And roam'd thro' the woods with her deſtitute child; 'Till poor Molly and Molly's poor Baby were found One evening in Richard's own mill pond both drown'd.

Then his conſcience grew troubl'd by night and by day, But it's clamour he drown'd in more drink and more play; Still Robert exhorted, and like a true friend, He warn'd him he pray'd- him to think on the End.


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text: Index:พรบ แก้ไขเพิ่มเติม ธศย (๕) ๒๕๕๘.pdf


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Phra Bat Somdet Phra Paramin Maha Bhumibol Adulyadej gives a great royal command by which He orders with His pleasure that it be announced as follows:

Whereas it is appropriate to amend the Charter of the Courts of Justice;

Therefore, by and with the advice and consent of the National Legislative Assembly, He orders with His gracious pleasure that the following Act be enacted:

This Act is called the "Charter of the Courts of Justice Amendment Act (No. 5), 2550 BE".

This Act shall come into force from the day following the day of its publication in the Royal Gazette onwards.

The stipulations of section 1 of the Charter of the Courts of Justice shall be repealed and replaced by the following stipulations:

"The courts of justice under this Charter are of three tiers, namely, courts of first instance, courts of second instance, and Supreme Court of Justice, save where a law otherwise prescribes."

The stipulations of section 3 of the Charter of the Courts of Justice shall be repealed and replaced by the following stipulations:

"The courts of second instance are the Court of Appeal, Regional Courts of Appeal, and other courts of justice designated as courts of second instance by their constituent acts."


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 The stipulations of section 4 of the Charter of the Courts of Justice shall be repealed and replaced by the following stipulations:

"The Supreme Court of Justice, courts of second instance, and courts of first instance may divide their public service into divisions or agencies called otherwise and may permit them to separately and specifically exercise their powers over any types of cases or over cases in any territory under their jurisdiction. This shall be effected by announcements issued by the Courts of Justice Judicial Administration Commission.

A court of first instance may open in any other territory a branch with separate and specific powers over any types of case or over cases in any territory under its jurisdiction. This shall be effected by an announcement issued by the Courts of Justice Judicial Administration Commission.

The designation and changing of the location of a court shall be effected by an announcement issued by the Courts of Justice Judicial Administration Commission.

Announcements issued by the Courts of Justice Judicial Administration Commission by virtue of the stipulations of this section shall come into force upon publication in the Royal Gazette.

The stipulations of paragraph 1 of section 10 of the Charter of the Courts of Justice shall be repealed and replaced by the following stipulations:

"In the event that the public service of the Supreme Court of Justice, court of second instance, or court of first instance is divided into divisions or agencies called otherwise, there shall be one presiding judge of the division or presiding judge of the agency called otherwise for each of those divisions or agencies."

The stipulations of paragraph 4 of section 16 of the Charter of the Courts of Justice shall be repealed.

The stipulations of section 18 of the Charter of the Courts of Justice shall be repealed and replaced by the following stipulations:

"Subject to section 19/1, a provincial court has the power to try and adjudicate upon all the civil and criminal cases which are not under the power of the other courts of justice."

The following stipulations shall be inserted in the Charter of the Courts of Justice as section 19/1:

"As regards all cases which occur in the territory of a municipal court and is under the power of such municipal court, if they are instituted before the Civil Court, Bangkok South Civil Court, Thon Buri Civil Court, Criminal Court, Bangkok South Criminal Court, Thon Buri Criminal Court, or provincial court, it shall be the discretion of such court to decide whether any of them should be accepted for trial or should be ordered to be transferred to any jurisdictional municipal court. Notwithstanding this, if the Civil Court, Bangkok South Civil Court, Thon Buri Civil Court, Criminal Court, Bangkok South Criminal Court, Thon Buri Criminal Court, or provincial court has already issued an order accepting the case, the said court shall continue to try and adjudicate upon that case.


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 If, at the time of its institution, the case is already under the power of the Civil Court, Bangkok South Civil Court, Thon Buri Civil Court, Criminal Court, Bangkok South Criminal Court, Thon Buri Criminal Court, or provincial court, even there later occurs a change in the circumstances which causes the case to become subject to the power of a municipal court, such court shall continue to try and adjudicate upon the case."

All the provisions of any law which refers to the submission of an appeal to an appellate court shall be deemed to refer to the submission of an appeal to a court of second instance, save where the said provisions appear to be solely applicable to the Court of Appeal, a Regional Court of Appeal, or any other particular court of justice designated as a court of second instance by its constituent act.

The President of the Supreme Court of Justice shall be in charge of the execution of this Act.


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text: The Two Angry Women of Abingdon

title: The Two Angry Women of Abingdon


text: The Two Angry Women of Abingdon/Introduction


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UW Pocket Guide ''Operations Command (USASOC)—all supported by the Sustainment Brigade (Special Operations) (Airborne) (SB[SO][A]). http://armypubs.army.mil/doctrine/DR_pubs/dr_a/pdf/adrp3_05.pdf''

Army Tactical Tasks (ART)

ART 7.6.4 Conduct Irregular Warfare ''Irregular warfare is a violent struggle among state and non-state actors for legitimacy and influence over the relevant population(s) (JP 1). United States Army forces operations grouped under irregular warfare are foreign internal defense, support for insurgencies, counterinsurgency, combating terrorism, and unconventional warfare. (JP 3-26) (JS) https://rdl.train.army.mil/catalog-ws/view/100.ATSC/60E015C4-01FE-4235-8775-F386C48654A7-1361576471062/report.pdf''

Field Manuals (FM)

FM 3-05 Army Special Operations, January 2014 ''Field Manual 3-05, Army Special Operations, provides the United States (U.S.) Army special operations forces commander and staff information on the structure and functions involved in Army special operations forces activities. Army special operations forces represent all forces assigned to the United States Army Special Operations Command: Special Forces, Military Information Support Operations, Civil Affairs, Rangers, Army special operations aviation, the 528th Sustainment Brigade (Special Operations) (Airborne), and Special Mission Units. The principal audience for Field Manual 3-05 is Army special operations forces, joint, and land component force commanders and staff; the publication provides a broad understanding of Army special operations forces. This publication also provides guidance for Army special operations forces commanders who determine the force structure, budget, training, materiel, and operations and sustainment requirements necessary to prepare Army special operations forces to conduct their missions. This Service doctrine is consistent with joint doctrine. https://armypubs.us.army.mil/doctrine/DR_pubs/dr_c/pdf/fm3_05.pdf''

FM 3-18 Special Forces Operations, 08 May 2014 ''FM 3-18 is the principal manual for Special Forces (SF) doctrine. It describes SF roles, missions, capabilities, organization, mission command, employment, and sustainment operations'' 22


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UW Pocket Guide ''NAVSPECWARCOM and MARSOC Active, National Guard, and Reserve units, and is useful to the larger joint and interorganizational environment. (SIPR ACCESS ONLY)''

ATP 3-18.72 (S//NF) Special Forces Personnel Recovery (U), 13 January 2016

ATP 3-18.72 provides the doctrinal framework for U.S. Army special operations forces (ARSOF) ''personnel recovery operations from both the perspective of the recovery force, as well as that of the individual evader. It also provides an explanation of the various personnel recovery mission tasks, capabilities, limitations, general guidance, and employment techniques at both the strategic and tactical levels. Prepared under the direction of the Special Forces Doctrine Division, United States Army Special Operations Center of Excellence, USAJFKSWCS. This publication outlines the contributions of SF to the theater personnel recovery effort. SF personnel recovery missions seek to achieve specific, well defined and often sensitive results of strategic or operational significance. SF personnel recovery missions are conducted in support of their own operations, when directed by the joint task force commander to support combat search and rescue (CSAR) operation, when the threat to the recovery force is high enough to warrant the conduct of a special operation, and when SF are the only forces available or capable. (SIPR ACCESS ONLY)''

Training Circulars (TC)

TC 18-01 Special Forces Unconventional Warfare, January 2011 ''Training Circular (TC) 18-01, Special Forces Unconventional Warfare, defines the current United States (U.S.) Army Special Forces (SF) concept of planning and conducting unconventional warfare (UW) operations. For the foreseeable future, U.S. forces will predominantly engage in irregular warfare (IW) operations. TC 18-01 is authoritative but not directive. It serves as a guide and does not preclude SF units from developing their own standing operating procedures (SOPs) to meet their needs. It explains planning and the roles of SF, Military Information Support operations (MISO), and Civil Affairs (CA) in UW operations.There are appropriate manuals within the series that addresses the other primary SF missions in detail. The primary users of this manual are commanders, staff officers, and operational personnel at the team (Special Forces operational detachment A [SFODA]), company (Special Forces operational detachment B [SFODB]), and battalion (Special Forces operational detachment C [SFODC]) levels. This TC is specifically for SF Soldiers; however, it is also intended for use Army wide to improve the integration of SF into the plans and operations of other special operations forces (SOF) and conventional forces. https://armypubs.us.army.mil/doctrine/DR_pubs/dr_c/pdf/tc18_01.pdf''

TC 31-16 (S//NF) Special Forces Guide to Preparation of the Environment (U), 6 June 2007 This TC provides concepts, functions, and procedures for SF conducting PE to support current and future SOF operations. (SIPRNET) https://intelshare.intelink.sgov.gov/site/usasocg3/uwpedia 24


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UW Pocket Guide V1.0, 5 April 2016 ''across the range of military operations. This manual is a continuation of the doctrine established in the JP 3-05 series, ADP 3-05, ADRP 3-05, and FM 3-05. The principal audience for FM 3-18 is all members of the profession of arms. Commanders and staffs of Army headquarters serving as joint task force (JTF) or multinational headquarters should also refer to applicable joint or multinational doctrine concerning the range of military operations and joint or multinational forces. Trainers and educators throughout the Army will also use this publication. https://armypubs.us.army.mil/doctrine/DR_pubs/dr_c/pdf/fm3_18.pdf''

Army Training Publications (ATP)

ATP 3-05.1 Unconventional Warfare, September 2013 ''ATP 3-05.1, Unconventional Warfare, is the Army’s doctrinal foundation for UW and is the broadest and most comprehensive United States Government (USG) doctrinal publication on the subject of UW. ATP 3-05.1 therefore provides doctrine directly useful to all users within the U.S. Army, but is deliberately intended to be useful to other Services in the Department of Defense (DOD) and joint, interagency, intergovernmental, and multinational (JIIM) audiences. Moreover, although UW is inherently a sensitive subject, ATP 3-05.1 is intentionally kept unclassified to make it accessible to civilian policy makers with a role in oversight and support of UW activities. ATP 3-05.1 is written to emphasize the strategic and operational utility of UW as a policy option available to national-level and theater-level decision makers. The ATP is therefore written for planners at the TSOC and SF group level who would be charged with recommending and planning strategic and operational options to geographic combatant commanders (GCCs), Ambassadors, and interagency decision makers at all levels of the USG. ATP 3-05.1 contains five chapters and six appendices that are summarized in the following paragraphs. https://armypubs.us.army.mil/doctrine/DR_pubs/dr_c/pdf/atp3_05x1.pdf''

ATP 3-05.1, C1 Unconventional Warfare, 25 November 2015 ''Army Techniques Publication (ATP) 3-05.1, Unconventional Warfare, provides the current United States (U.S.) Army Special Forces (SF) concept of planning and conducting unconventional warfare (UW) operations. ATP 3-05.1 describes UW fundamentals, activities, and considerations involved in the planning and execution of UW throughout the full range of military operations, and emphasize UW as a strategic policy option. This publication serves as the doctrinal foundation for subordinate Army special operations forces (ARSOF) UW doctrine, force integration, materiel acquisition, professional education, and individual and unit training. This publication also serves as the Army’s description of UW, which will be useful in the larger joint and interagency environment. https://armypubs.us.army.mil/doctrine/DR_pubs/dr_c/pdf/atp3_05x1c1.pdf''

ATP 3-18.20, (S//NF) Advanced Special Operations Techniques (ASOT) (U), 30 December 2015 ''Defines the Special Forces concept of planning and employing ASOT in support of special operations forces (SOF) core activities, describes the fundamentals, activities, and considerations for planning and employing ASOT, and serves as the doctrinal foundation for ASOT to Army special operations forces (ARSOF). ATP 3-18.20 applies to ARSOF and may apply to'' 23


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text:
Weird Tales/Volume 8/Issue 3/The Tower Ghost

I have written the title of this, my true story, and my eyes have wandered for a moment to the mirror which hangs almost directly in front of me. Strange that I should find myself smiling when but a short while ago I had sat down to my task so full of seriousness and deliberation. Yet so it is. I am smiling, and I cannot help myself. Look with me into the mirror, and see whether you cannot also find cause for mirth in the incongruity between my appearance and the mighty subject of ghosts. What can a somewhat portly, good-humoured, and, my friends say, pleasant- looking woman, of little over forty years old, know about ghosts? There are no troubled lines in my face, no nerveless glitter in my eyes, or look of apprehension lurking about my countenance; I am altogether an unromantic looking personage, devoid of superstition, lacking in imaginative power, and possessed of a very fair supply of common-sense. And yet I alone amongst the living can tell the true story of the Ghost of Culbone Tower.

To do so I must go back to the days of my earliest childhood. I was born not many miles from Lynton, on the north coast of Devonshire, and I was an only child. Our home was a beautiful one—beautiful, indeed, seems a weak word. The house, perched on a narrow plateau of green turf, literally overhung the sea four hundred feet below, and above us a forest of pine trees stretched away precipitously to the head of the cliff. The only approach to it was by a steep winding path, dangerous after dark, and never safe for strangers, of whom, however, we saw none. The place is now a common resort of tourists; but in the days of my girlhood tourists were scarce; and if one did, by chance, present himself at the lodge gate, old Andrews knew better than to admit him. To have done so would have resulted in his instant dismissal.

From the sea our dwelling-place must have seemed perfectly inaccessible, owing to the steepness of the cliff above, and the sheer descent. Many a time have I seen yachts brought in as near to the rock-strewn coast as the pilot would allow, that their owners or passengers might level their glasses with wonderment at our strangely situated abode. But I fancy that what most excited their wonderment was the curious little tower built on the summit of a huge boulder of bracken-covered rock, which seemed ever threatening to fall upon us and crush our frail tenement like a house of cards. Who built it, and wherefore, no one can tell. There were legends about it, of course, which, at a later period, were raked up and eagerly discussed by a terror-stricken community. But any authentic record as to its builder or its intended purpose was wanting. There it stood, like a Rhenish tower—massive, picturesque, of quaint foreign architecture, and, at the time when I best remember it, an object of ceaseless dread and terror to every member of our little household. Between it and the house yawned a cleft-like chasm, into the bottom of which, at high tide, the sea came curling in. At one time, before my recollection, there had been a hand-bridge across; and my father would often go and smoke there, and even persuade such of his friends that were sure-footed and free from dizziness to accompany him. But that was many years before I reached girlhood, and I never thought of it, or heard it mentioned, save with bated breath and shuddering awe.

Well had it earned its evil reputation, for it had been the scene of the terrible tragedy which cast a deep gloom over my early life. My father had been one of three sons, who had lived with their widowed mother at a place called Munster Castle, on the borders of Exmoor, some ten miles inland. Of these three sons my father, Frank Catherall, had been the eldest. Next to him came Francis, and the name of the younger was Cecil. Like many other mothers, Mrs. Catherall leaned most to her youngest son, and failed altogether in concealing her preference. All three were strangely alike, in disposition—stern, and reserved, with hot, fierce tempers, but generous withal, and passionately devoted to their mother. My father married first, and came to live at Glencoombe, where I was born. My mother never got on very well with old Mrs. Catherall, but there was no actual unpleasantness, and I have faint recollections of some very early visits to Munster Castle. She, on her part, never returned these visits, but invariably excused herself on account of the peculiar situation of our house an excuse against which we could urge nothing, for certainly the descent to it was by no means a pleasant one for any one unaccustomed to the cliffs. Both my uncles were frequent visitors, however, and were welcomed warmly whenever they came. All three brothers seemed to be the closest of friends, and spent most of their time fishing, or shooting, or hunting together. They were popular in the neighbourhood, and were generally supposed to be as they appeared—on the best of terms.

One November afternoon—how well I remember it!—they had all three gone out shooting over Dunkery Beacon. I was sitting at the window, wondering how long it would be before they returned, when suddenly the door opened, and my father entered the room. Directly I saw him I knew that something terrible had happened. His face, usually ruddy and sunburnt, was ghastly pale; and he tottered rather than walked into the room.

I was curled up on the floor reading, but I sprang up at once and ran over to him. I cried out to know what had happened.

"Don't ask me," he answered in a fearfully hollow voice; "don't ask me." He took me in his arms and kissed me a great number of times; and when he put me down, he said "Good-bye."

I asked him where he was going, but, before he could answer, my mother, who had heard him in the hall, came down to know why he had returned so soon, and alone. He answered her never a word, but simply kissed her as he had been doing me, until she got frightened and began to cling to him and cry. Then he turned his head away with a great sob, and rushed out of the room without another word.

I tried to follow, but he had locked the door. I heard him talking for a few moments with Perkins outside, and then he hurried out of the house. My mother was ringing the bell violently; but though the servants came to the door at once, they could not get us out, for my father had taken the key with him in his pocket.

While they were trying some other keys, I remembered the side window, and running to it, jumped out upon the lawn. What I saw made me sink dumb and helpless to the ground. The cry which I tried to force out froze upon my lips, and my limbs refused their office. On the other side of the chasm, standing on a part of the smooth boulder where I had often heard him say that he would not trust himself for a thousand pounds, was my father, holding in his hand the little hand-bridge by which he had crossed, and which he seemed to have caught up, to prevent Perkins from following him. While I watched him he flung the frail piece of carpentry down into the chasm, and from side to side I heard it rumble and bump until, with a sickening crash, it reached the bottom, and struck against the jagged edge of a rock, when in half a dozen rapid strides my father reached the other side of the boulder; and it flashed upon me that he meant to cast himself into the sea. For a moment he straightened himself, and I saw his powerful, massive form standing out as it were against the sky, when throwing his arms over his head with a wild, despairing gesture, he crouched down for the spring. I fell on my face, faint and trembling; when I looked up again, roused by a horrified shout from Perkins, he was gone.

After that I lost all consciousness, and for weeks I lay between life and death. When I slowly regained my senses, I found the one subject which I was burning yet dreading to hear about was denied me. No one would talk to me all about my father. No one would tell me why he had done that fearful deed. To mention the tower before any of the servants was sufficient to send them trembling from the room. My mother would faint if I even tried to talk about my unhappy father, and Perkins strenuously refused to come near me for fear of being questioned.

As I grew stronger, I began to think it strange that neither of my uncles ever came to see us in our great sorrow. When I mentioned this to my mother, she was seized with great trembling, and bade me never mention them again. I had made up my mind, however, to be kept in ignorance no longer, and I was persistent. I would know everything. If they refused to tell me, I would run away to Castle Munster and find out from my grandmother, or from the servants there. I was so positive that my mother at last gave way, and leaning back in her chair amidst frequent storms of sobs and tears, she told me all that had happened.

I listened hungrily, standing back in a far corner of the solemnly darkened room, and with my eyes riveted upon the thick folds of crape which hung about my mother's frail form, I heard now that scarcely an hour after my father had cast himself from the summit of Culbone Tower news came that my uncle Francis had been picked up from amongst the rocks below Bossington headland, dead, and with unmistakable marks of violence about his throat. An inquest was held upon the body, and an old shepherd, who had been ascending the hill from Allercombe, deposed, with great reluctance, that he had seen, far away from him, the figures of two men struggling together on the verge of the cliff, and that one had cast the other over. Then my uncle Cecil had been called upon, and in a low tone, and amongst the deep sympathy of every one present, he had told his tale. They had all three been shooting together, he said, and were returning by the cliffs. There had been a slight unpleasantness between his two brothers during the earlier part of the day, and it suddenly blazed out again into a fierce quarrel as they stood on Bossington headland, prepared to descend into Porlock. He himself had been a little way behind at the time of the crisis, adjusting the strap of his gaiter, and just as he was straightening himself and preparing to move forward the calamity had occurred. He could tell them no more, he said; nor could he, for, strong man though he was, he suddenly reeled against the table and was carried from the room in a dead faint. There was a profound sensation amongst the little body of sympathizing men; but, though the coroner pronounced the verdict in a broken voice, and with tears in his eyes, it was the only one which they dared give, and it was:

"Wilful murder against Frank Catherall."

My first impulse, on hearing this awful story, was to disbelieve it. But then I remembered the fiery temper of all the Catheralls, which had led many of them in days gone by to commit deeds as rash, if not so sinful. And I thought of my father's wild appearance when he had burst in upon us, and of his mad climb up to Culbone Tower and its fearful sequel. Then, too, I remembered my Uncle Cecil's reluctant evidence, and my heart sank. The web of testimony was too closely woven. My father had died a murderer—had cast himself into eternity with the curse of Cain upon his head.

Slowly the months dragged by at our lonely home, and, as winter drew on, a fresh terror crept in upon us. In the middle of the night strange sounds often came from the dreary tower which loomed almost over our heads, and with the whistling of the November wind came cries and moans which seemed to us, listening in awe and trembling, like the outpourings of an anguished spirit. Others heard them beside ourselves, and strange tales reached us of a tall, majestic figure, in flowing garb and long white beard, which, whenever a storm was raging, could be seen standing by the side of the tower, gazing out over the furious sea. Such tales as these spread, and one by one our servants left us.

At first I was incredulous; but one afternoon at dusk, when the wild west wind was roaring down the coombs, and sheets of rain were rolling over the cliffs in curling clouds, I crept on my hands and knees along our tiny strip of lawn, and, soaked through and through, and dreading every moment lest I should be blown over the cliffs, I crouched down with my eyes fixed upon the tower. Then I too saw it.

A chill, more icy than the driving rain or the cold earth could give, passed through my shuddering frame as I saw suddenly emerge from the tower the tall figure which I had know and loved so well. With swift, even footsteps he seemed to pass without effort up the slippery, almost perpendicular rock, where I knew that no mortal footsteps could tread without slipping and falling backward amongst the wet-bespangled heather—there, in the same place that I had seen him pause before, between earth and sky, he stood still for a moment.

"Father!" I cried, "father!" But the rushing wind driving in my face refused to carry the sound, and bore it back over my head. For a moment I closed my eyes, and when I re-opened them again the figure was gone. Then I knew that I had seen my dead father's spirit.

For a while I dared not look upon the scene of this terrible apparition; and when I told my mother what I had seen, she too was overwhelmed with fear, for she was by nature nervous, although I was not. One afternoon, however, not many weeks afterwards, I summoned up my courage and walked almost to the edge of the chasm, gazing steadily up at the frowning tower above me. There was no sign of life there, mortal or ghostly, and gradually I felt my fears subside.

I was just turning away with a sigh of relief, when I heard the shuffle of footsteps, and found Perkins by my side. He looked at me narrowly, almost suspiciously, for a moment.

"What be'st doing here, Miss Lizzie?" he asked, peering up at me from underneath his shaggy eyebrows. "Dost want to see t' poor master's ghost? You'll no see it in fine weather. He'll only come to us in a storm."

I shuddered.

"You have seen it, then?" I exclaimed eagerly. "Perkins, why does he come? It is awful!"

The old man turned round upon me, his voice in trembling anger.

"Why do 'e come, Miss Lizzie? Ay, you may well ask that. How do 'e think a poor spirit can rest in its dark watery grave when it's been so sorely wronged? I tell 'e this," he continued hoarsely, holding his withered arms out towards the sea, with a dramatic, almost majestic, gesture, "never'll his spirit rest quiet, never'll the waves give up his body for decent burial, till Master Cecil Catherall takes back his lying words, and the whole world knows as my poor dear master was no murderer. I tell 'e that, Miss Lizzie; I tell 'e that!"

He shuffled away, leaving me almost paralysed by his strange words. Latterly we had come to look upon Perkins as weak in the head, and he spent all his time rambling about the place, no one knew where; but his words were spoken with such intense earnestness, that they made a strange impression on me. All day long I was restless and uneasy, but in the morning I had come to a decision. I would go and see my Uncle Cecil.

The next morning, before any one was astir, I started on my solitary expedition, leaving word only that I had gone for a long walk. Since the day of that terrible tragedy we had had no visit or message from either my grandmother or my uncle, and I felt not a little nervous at the idea of presenting myself before stern old Mrs. Catherall, who disliked my mother, and had never taken much notice of me. But for my age I had a wonderful amount of resolution, and I never shrank from my self-imposed task.

The road to Munster Castle lay across a great stretch of moorland, radiant with a purple glory and with gleaming yellow gorse in the summer, but barren and desolate-looking on that chill November morning. White clouds of mist came rolling down from the hills, at times soaking me through, and often I had to wade through the swollen streams which flowed across the rough track. Still I held on, though at times there came gusts of wind which carried me nearly off my feet, and though the path grew no better than the bed of a mountain torrent. At times a solitary signpost standing out against the grey sky or the black hills cheered me on my way; but not a human being did I meet till, after five hours of walking, the dreary towers of Munster Castle rose up before me. How my heart throbbed then!

I forgot how faint and weary I was as I entered the great courtyard and timidly rang the bell. No one answered the summons; so, as the door was open, I walked inside and sat down upon one of the carved oak chairs. Presently a tall, grave-looking servant came across the hall, and started back in amazement at the sight of me. I rose and explained my presence.

"You'll not be able to see Mr. Cecil, Miss," he said, staring at me as though I were a wild creature. "He only came home from abroad yesterday; that is to say, he was brought home ill. I'll tell Mrs. Catherall, though, if you'll be pleased to take a seat. She's with him now."

He moved away and opened a door on the opposite side of the hall. I watched my opportunity, and followed him noiselessly through two great rooms into a smaller one, on the threshold of which he paused and said something to its inmates in a subdued tone. Before he had finished I had slipped past him and had entered the apartment.

In an invalid's chair, nearly smothered with magnificent furs, and drawn up before a blazing fire, lay my Uncle Cecil. His face was thin and haggard, and his great brown eyes seemed burning with a fierce but weary light. By his side stood my grandmother, majestic and handsome as ever, with her grey hair coiled in many plaits about her head, and an angry light gleaming in her still bright eyes.

"Child, how dared you come here?" she said in a low tone full of intense vibrating anger. "Who are you?"

Before I could answer, my Uncle Cecil had sprung up from his couch with a quick, startled exclamation.

"My God!" he cried, "it is his child! It is Frank's child! What does she want?"

I moved towards him, quivering with excitement, and striving to steady my voice.

"Uncle Cecil," I cried, "I have come to you because my father's ghost is crying out night and day from Culbone Tower, and Perkins says that it will never be quiet until you speak. I am come to know all about the day when Uncle Francis was killed."

Such a cry as mortal lips have seldom uttered burst from my grandmother's trembling lips. Uncle Cecil was shaking all over like a man stricken with a deadly ague. I gazed from one to the other, frightened, bewildered, yet not one whit disposed to withdraw my question.

"Child," she exclaimed in a tone tremulous with passion, "why have you come here with this mad story about your father's ghost? What can your uncle know about that miserable day that he has not already declared? Go home at once; or, stay, I will send some one home with you," and she stretched out her hand towards the bell.

He stopped her quietly, but firmly. There was a new look in his face which I liked little to look upon, although it gave me hope.

"Mother," he said calmly, "the time has come to speak. I will not die with this sin upon my conscience. Child! Lizzie your father was no murderer. It was I who threw Francis over the cliff."

I looked at him, and thought that I must be dreaming. With a great sob of agony my grandmother had thrown her arms around his neck, and was imploring him to be silent.

"He is raving," she said to me excitedly. "Take no notice of him; he is raving. Cecil, my darling, what good can this do? Be silent; oh, be silent, for my sake!"

"Mother, I cannot," he faltered. "God have mercy upon me, I cannot! Lizzie, ring the bell!"

Mechanically I obeyed him. He asked a question of the servant who appeared, which was answered in the affirmative. A minute or two later a clergyman was shown into the room.

"Mr. Greyson," said my Uncle Cecil, stretching out his hand imploringly to where my grandmother kneeled on the floor beside him, "I want you to listen to a few words from me. I am going to tell you the truth about my brother Francis's death."

A deep groan from the prostrate figure by his side, and my uncle passed his hand across his forehead as though the task was almost beyond his strength.

"On that afternoon," he continued hoarsely, "Francis had spoken bitter but just words to me about a matter in which I was much to blame. While we waited at Bossington Hill for Frank, who was some distance behind, he recurred to the subject, and told me what steps he had decided to take in it. I called him an impertinent meddler, and struck him. We closed together, and in the struggle I threw my brother over the cliff. Frank came up just in time to witness the awful deed. For some minutes we could neither of us speak. Then, trembling with horror and fear, I stammered out a few wild words.

"'Cecil,' he cried, with his hands upon my shoulders, 'God help you! I am the only one who saw this. I will die sooner than give evidence against you, remember that. Get home now, and say it was an accident.'

"He rushed away from me, and before I reached home I heard of his death. Then the shepherd came to me who had seen the struggle, and I was at my wits' end. Frank had died to save me. Should I let his sacrifice be in vain, or should I tell a lie which could hurt his memory only? I told the lie, and it has killed me; it has eaten the life away within me. I am a dying man, Mr. Greyson; and with the knowledge that in a day or two I shall stand before my God, I swear that this is the truth. I implore you to fetch a magistrate."

They took but little notice of me; and when Mr. Greyson left them, I slipped out, and, heedless of the wind and rain, started homeward. Across the bleak, desolate moor I sped, revelling in the wild blasts which swept down the mountain's side upon me, for I knew that the storm was increasing, and he would be there to- night.

I reached home; but, avoiding the house, I stepped out on to the tiny strip of lawn, and, holding tightly on to the iron railing, crept along towards the chasm. When I reached it, I could see nothing but the sea below, curling and hissing, sweeping in with a long hungry roar, and dashing its foaming spray far up the side of the cliff. Above me the fast-moving leaden clouds seemed descending almost within reach, and a hurricane was raging amongst the thickly-grown pine trees, whistling with a fierce mirth amongst their slender tops, shaking together with a harsh grating the cones, and bending them down like blades of grass. I crouched in a corner, waiting in awe till this fierce revelry of the elements should subside a little, and straining my eyes through the darkness to catch sight of the tower which loomed directly in front of me. Suddenly I heard a voice close to my side.

"Miss Lizzie, what in God's name are you doing here?"

I peered out into the darkness, and recognized the dim outline of Perkins' bent form.

"Perkins," I cried, "I have been to Castle Munster and seen Uncle Cecil. It was he who killed his brother. He is dying; and he has confessed."

He seized me by the shoulders, with a strange light in his bleared eyes. "Be you lying? Tell me quick—"

"It is true," I cried, frightened by his vehemence. "The ghost will trouble us no longer."

"The Lord be praised!" he muttered. "God! what's that?"

Two young pine trees, torn up by their roots, were whirled across the lawn close to us, and, smashing through the iron palisading as though it had been rotten timber, disappeared over the edge of the cliff.

The old man fell on his knees, and prayed for a moment or two. Then he stood up, holding on to the remnant of the railing.

"I seen many a storm in my life," he muttered, "but ne'er such a one as this. God grant the tower may stand! Miss Lizzie, ye're a brave child. Dare 'e follow me?"

I nodded. The wind would have Mocked at my efforts at speech had I attempted it.

"Come, then!" He moved slowly forward to the very verge of the chasm, dragging something behind him. I followed on hands and knees.

He paused and threw a rough plank across to the boulder on which the tower stood. He stepped carefully across, and presently I heard his voice from the other side.

"I ha' made it fast, Miss Lizzie. Dare 'e come?"

I crept to the edge and looked down with a shudder at the black yawning chasm.

"Shall I see the ghost, Perkins?" I cried.

"Ay, ay," he answered. "See!" and he half roused himself from the bracken amongst which he had been crouching, and pointed with a long trembling finger towards the tower. To my amazement there was a feeble light burning in the topmost chamber.

"I will come, Perkins," I cried. "Walt for me."

I knelt down, clinging to a shrub until there was a momentary lull in the gusts which came tearing and roaring down the coomb. Then I sprang up, and, holding my breath, hurried across the frail little bridge. The moment I was in safety we commenced the ascent to the tower; but we had got little more than halfway up when another burst of wind and rain came round the corner of the coomb, and we had to sink down amongst the wet bracken and dig our fingers into the very earth to save ourselves from being carried away and swept over the edge of the cliff. There we lay, cowed and shuddering, for what seemed to me an interminable while, listening to the wild, melancholy shrieking of the wind amongst the pine trees, and the loud angry roaring of the furious sea below. At last it seemed to abate a little, and almost on our hands and knees we crept up to the door of the tower. My heart was beating with a fierce excitement, increased by all that I had gone through during that wonderful day, and I seemed to have a distinct consciousness that something extraordinary was going to happen.

Perkins pushed open the door with his foot, and we tumbled together into the narrow chamber. A tall figure sprang from the other end of the place towards us, and at first I shrank away in an agony of fear; but then I heard my name in well-remembered accents, and saw a familiar pair of arms stretched out towards me, and my fear died away. "Father," I cried, "father!", and with one bound I threw myself into the passionate embrace of the Ghost of Culbone Tower.

That same night, after my tale had been told, my father abandoned his self-imposed exile, and returned with me to Glencoombe. On the morrow news reached us of my Uncle Cecil's death; but his confession had been signed and witnessed, and my father found himself a hero.

For a while we continued to live at Glencoombe. But so constant was the stream of visitors who came to gaze upon the haunted tower, and over the edge of the rock on to the shelf-like plateau which had served as a hiding-place, that to escape them we moved to Munster Castle, which, since the death of Mrs. Catherall—she had not long survived her favourite son—had become my father's property. And there I lived until my name was no longer Catherall, and some one took me away to another part of the country.


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UW Pocket Guide ''U.S. Government maintaining positional advantage, specifically our ability to influence partners, populations, and threats toward achievement of our regional or strategic objectives. In essence, it means retaining decision space, maximizing desirable strategic options, or simply denying an adversary a decisive positional advantage. http://ndupress.ndu.edu/Media/News/NewsArticleView/tabid/7849/Article/643108/unconventional-warfare-in-the-gray-zone.aspx''

“The New Social Media Paradox: a Symbol of Self-Determination or a Boon for Big Brother?” Sara Smyth, International Journal of Cyber Criminology, (August 2, 2012). 2011 International Journal of Cyber Criminology (IJCC) ISSN: 0974 – 2891 January – June 2012, Vol. 6 (1): 924–950 ''Examines social media applications and tools impact on demand for political reform. Part II discusses the use of Facebook, Twitter, Internet, and mobile phones by protesters around the world in 2011; Part III discusses democratic and authoritarian government response; Part IV studies relevant policy concerns in American and Canadian legal contexts; and Part V notes implications for other online social networking sites. http://ssrn.com/abstract=2122939''

“A Social Movement Approach to Unconventional Warfare,” Doowan Lee, Special Warfare Magazine, U.S. Army Special Warfare Center and School, July 2013 ''Delineates major components of social movement theory to inform UW planners on how to foment a resistance movement capable of garnering popular support as well as waging guerrilla warfare. Illustrates how the social movement approach can be operationalized for UW campaigns to enhance operational flexibility and strategic utility of UW by incorporating the logic of social mobilization and understanding of how to leverage existing social infrastructure. Examines UW-relevant lessons from the Arab Spring and other resistance movements. https://static.dvidshub.net/media/pubs/pdf_12346.pdf''

“Quick Reference Guide of Terms” in “Defining War,” Jeffrey Hasler, Special Warfare, US Army John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School, January 2011. ''Mr. Hasler discusses the importance in using properly approved doctrinal terms and definitions to provide continuity, unity, and clarity amongst Soldiers and leaders of every echelon. http://www.soc.mil/swcs/swmag/archive/SW2401/SW2401DefiningWar.html''

''“Continuity in the Chinese Mind for War,” Jeffrey Hasler, Special Warfare, US Army John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School, July 2012. This article asserts the People’s Republic of China (PRC) as an expanding power and examines Chinese history to consider the continuity of special-warfare stratagem and will alive in the eternal Chinese military mind. It characterizes Chinese military tradition and discusses Confucianism, Lao Tzu’s Tao Te Ching, and Sun Tzu’s The Art of War, recommending further study of the PRC, Chinese traditions, and their challenges to American interests.'' 30


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UW Pocket Guide Guerrilla Base - A temporary site where guerrilla installations, headquarters, and some guerrilla units are located. A guerrilla base is considered to be transitory and must be capable of rapid displacement by personnel within the base. (ATP 3-05.1)

Guerrilla Force - A group of irregular, predominantly indigenous personnel organized along military lines to conduct military and paramilitary operations in enemy-held, hostile, or denied territory. (JP 3-05)

Guerrilla Warfare - Military and paramilitary operations conducted in enemy-held or hostile territory by irregular, predominantly indigenous forces. See also unconventional warfare. (JP 3-05.1)

Insurgency - The organized use of subversion and violence by a group or movement that seeks to overthrow or force change of a governing authority. Insurgency can also refer to the group itself. (JP 3-24)

Intelligence Operations - The variety of intelligence and counterintelligence tasks that are carried out by various intelligence organizations and activities within the intelligence process. (JP 2-01)

Intelligence Preparation of the Battlespace (IPB) - The analytical methodologies employed by the Services or joint force component commands to reduce uncertainties concerning the enemy, environment, time, and terrain. Intelligence preparation of the battlespace supports the individual operations of the joint force component commands. See also joint intelligence preparation of the operational environment. (JP 2-01.3)

Joint Intelligence Preparation of the Operational Environment (JIPOE) - The analytical process used by joint intelligence organizations to produce intelligence estimates and other intelligence products in support of the joint force commander's decision making process. It is a continuous process that includes defining the operational environment; describing the impact of the operational environment; evaluating the adversary; and determining adversary courses of action. (JP 2-01.3)

Low-Visibility Operations - Sensitive operations wherein the political-military restrictions inherent in covert and clandestine operations are either not necessary or not feasible; actions are taken as required to limit exposure of those involved and/or their activities. Execution of these operations is undertaken with the knowledge that the action and/or sponsorship of the operation may preclude plausible denial by the initiating power. (JP 3-05.1)

Mission Support Site - A preselected area used as a temporary base or stopover point. The mission support site is used to increase the operational range within the joint special operations area. (ATP 3-05.1) 38


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UW Pocket Guide V1.0, 5 April 2016 Area Complex - a clandestine, dispersed network of facilities to support resistance activities. It is a “liberated zone” designed to achieve security, control, dispersion, and flexibility. To support resistance activities, an area complex must include a security system, base camps, communications, logistics, medical facilities, supply caches, training areas, and escape and recovery mechanisms. The area complex may consist of friendly villages or towns under guerrilla military or political control. (ATP 3-05.1)

Auxiliary - For the purpose of unconventional warfare, the support element of the irregular organization whose organization and operations are clandestine in nature and whose members do not openly indicate their sympathy or involvement with the irregular movement. (ADRP 3-05)

Cache - A source of subsistence and supplies, typically containing items such as food, water, medical items, and/or communications equipment, packaged to prevent damage from exposure and hidden in isolated locations by such methods as burial, concealment, and/or submersion, to support isolated personnel. (JP 3-50)

Clandestine Operation - An operation sponsored or conducted by governmental departments or agencies in such a way as to assure secrecy or concealment. A clandestine operation differs from a covert operation in that emphasis is placed on concealment of the operation rather than on concealment of identity of the sponsor. In special operations, an activity may be both covert and clandestine and may focus equally on operational considerations and intelligence-related activities. (JP 3-05.1)

Covert Operation - An operation that is so planned and executed as to conceal the identity of or permit plausible denial by the sponsor. (JP 3-05)

Denied Area - An area under enemy or unfriendly control in which friendly forces cannot expect to operate successfully within existing operational constraints and force capabilities. (JP 3-05)

Government-in-Exile - A government that has been displaced from its country, but remains recognized as the legitimate sovereign authority. (ATP 3-05.1)

Guerrilla - An irregular, predominantly indigenous member of a guerrilla force organized similar to military concepts and structure in order to conduct military and paramilitary operations in enemy-held, hostile, or denied territory. Although a guerrilla and guerrilla forces can exist independent of an insurgency, guerrillas normally operate in covert and overt resistance operations of an insurgency. (ATP 3-05.1) 37


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UW Pocket Guide Michael Collins (1996) Biopic of Michael Collins, Irish revolutionary, veteran of the Easter Rising (1916) against the British Army, and leader of the Irish Republican Army (IRA) during the Irish War of Independence (1919-1921). Details Collins' role in the development of the IRA's anti-British guerrilla tactics; his emergence as one of the era's preeminent Irish political leaders and a key architect of the 1921 Anglo-Irish Treaty; and his death during the Irish Civil War (1922-1923).

Farewell to the King (1989) ''A U.S. military deserter takes refuge among Dayak tribesmen in Borneo during World War II (1939-1945). After being named king of the tribe, the deserter is approached by British forces who aim to stage a guerrilla resistance struggle against the Japanese, who have occupied Borneo. The deserter mobilizes his tribe in the anti-Japanese struggle.''

Red Dawn (1984) ''This Cold War classic tells the story of a rag-tag group of Colorado high school students who take to the hills to wage a guerrilla insurgency against the Soviet-Cuban-Nicaraguan military forces who have invaded the continental United States, initiating World War III. Fighting behind enemy lines, living off the land, and using stealth and maneuverability, the kids manage to severely disrupt a much larger conventional military's campaign of occupation.''

The Dogs of War (1980) James Shannon, an American Vietnam War veteran working as mercenary, is hired by a British corporation to assess the fictional resource-rich West African country of Zangaro in order to determine the stability of the regime and the country's foreign investment potential.

Lawrence of Arabia (1962) ''Englishman who led Arab Bedouin fighters against Ottoman Turkish military forces during World War I (1914-1918). Fluent in Arabic and an expert in Bedouin and Muslim culture, Lawrence lived among the Bedouin and managed to unite various warring tribes, leading them in a guerrilla campaign against the Turkish army.''

The Special Operations Executive 1940 - 1946 ''What was the foundation of the underground army that helped turn the balance of power during World War Two? The agents of the SOE demonstrated tremendous courage, and enjoyed many successes, in their guerrilla war against Hitler's forces. This is their amazing story. http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/soe_01.shtml''

Terms

Area Command- In unconventional warfare, the irregular organizational structure established within an unconventional warfare operational area to command and control irregular forces advised by Army Special Forces. It denotes the resistance leadership that directs, controls, integrates, and supports all resistance activities in the area of operations (AO). (ATP 3-05.1) 36


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UW Pocket Guide V1.0, 5 April 2016 http://www.soc.mil/SWCS/SWmag/archive/SW2503/SW2503ContinuityInTheChineseMindForWar.html

“Crossing the Red Line: Social Media and Social Network Analysis for Unconventional Campaign Planning,” Seth Lucente and Greg Wilson, Special Warfare Magazine, Special Operations Command, July 2013 ''Analysis of considerations in Syria to develop unconventional intervention strategies that achieve U.S. policy objectives and limit expenditures. Discusses creation of a common operational picture from which policymakers and SOF military commanders can make informed decisions using open source, social media, temporal records, geospatial data and relational analysis.'' https://static.dvidshub.net/media/pubs/pdf_12346.pdf

Demystifying the Title 10-50 Debate: Distinguishing Military Operations, Intelligence Activities and Covert Action, Presidents and Fellows of Harvard College, Andru E. Wall, 2011 ''This article asserts that modern warfare requires close integration of military and intelligence forces. The Secretary of Defense possesses authorities under Title 10 and Title 50 and is best suited to lead U.S. government operations against external unconventional and cyber threats. Titles 10 and 50 create mutually supporting, not mutually exclusive, authorities. Operations conducted under military command and control pursuant to a Secretary of Defense-issued execute order are military operations and not intelligence activities. Attempts by congressional overseers to redefine military preparatory operations as intelligence activities are legally and historically unsupportable. Congress should revise its antiquated oversight structure to reflect our integrated and interconnected world. http://www.soc.mil/528th/PDFs/Title10Title50.pdf''

Guidelines for Relations Between U.S. Armed Forces and Non-Governmental Humanitarian Organizations in Hostile or Potentially Hostile Environments, 2007 ''Short pamphlet with recommended guidelines to facilitate interaction between U.S. Armed Forces and NGOs. http://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/guidelines_pamphlet.pdf''

Guide to Non-Governmental Organizations for the Military: A Primer, 2009 ''This book is about NGOs, often referred to as private voluntary organizations (PVOs), nonprofits, charities, and (humanitarian) aid organizations. Its aim is to orient the military with NGOs: their operations, strengths, limitations, budgets, practices, and other characteristics that make them unique actors in a large and dynamic humanitarian community. This book has been produced specifically for uniformed services personnel, but it may prove useful to others in understanding some of the military-specific issues in foreign aid. Designed as a quick reference, annex 2 is a compilation of the most informative websites highlighted in different sections of the book. Annex 1 covers the basics for NGOs commonly found in humanitarian emergencies around the world and ones the military are likely to encounter. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235163824_Guide_to_Nongovernmental_Organizations_for_the_Military_A_primer_for_the_military_about_private_voluntary_and_nongovernmental_organizations_operating_in_humanitarian_emergencies_globally or http://fas.org/irp/doddir/dod/ngo-guide.pdf'' 31


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User talk:Swingmovie

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title: User talk:Swingmovie


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— billinghurst  sDrewth  11:04, 10 October 2023 (UTC)

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UW Pocket Guide V1.0, 5 April 2016 ''Dissatisfied with the compartmentalization of studies concerning strikes, wars, revolutions, social movements, and other forms of political struggle, McAdam, Tarrow, and Tilly identify causal mechanisms and processes that recur across a wide range of contentious politics. Critical of the static, single-actor models (including their own) that have prevailed in the field, they shift the focus of analysis to dynamic interaction.''

SOE: The Special Operations Executive 1940-1946 1984, M.R.D. Foot ISBN-0-563-20193-2 ''SOE, the Special Operations Executive was small but tough British secret service that was set up in July 1940. It was composed of 10,000 men and 3,200 women of whom a full third were secret agents. The unit exercised vast influence on the war all over the world. This book clearly explains how SOE was run, the caliber of its men and women, the tools they used, how and where they applied them and their successes and failures''

The Secret Army: The Memoirs of General Bor-Komorowski, December 1, 2011, Tadeuz Bor-Komorowski ISBN-978-1-84832-595-1 ''The tale of Bor-Komorowski and the Uprising is the story of a proud nation and their fight against enemies and betrayal by allies. Based on true encounters when Germany invaded Poland in 1939. Bor was the commander of units defending the Vistula River before being pushed eastwards by the German’s fierce advance. Despite being surrounded be German forces, he escaped to Cracow. Although he planned to escape to the West, he was ordered to stay and start a resistance movement. In the summer of 1941, he was sent to Warsaw and by 1943 had been appointed lead of the Home Army. The Polish resistance carried out sabotage and vital intelligence for the allies but their main task was to prepare for an uprising when the Nazis were in retreat to help liberate the country. After receiving orders from the Polish Government-in-Exile to commence operations on 1 August 1944, the Resistance held out for sixty-three days against vastly superior armaments. It was compromised when the oft-promise counter-attack from the Russians failed to materialize.''

Guiding Principles for Stabilization and Reconstruction, United States Institute for Peace, November 1, 2009. ISBN 978-1-60127-033-7 Discusses American Peace-building in developing countries. http://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/guiding_principles_full.pdf

Videos

Defiance (2008) ''A historic war drama based on the real-life Bielski Partisans. During World War II (1939- 1945), two Polish Jewish brothers join anti-Nazi freedom fighters in the Białowieża Forest, straddling the border of Belarus and Poland, where they eventually manage to create a make-shift town harboring over 1000 Eastern European Jews. Details the tactics used by the Bielski Partisans to evade and counter-attack anti-partisan police forces and the German military.'' 35


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text: The Earliest English Translations of Bürger's Lenore: a Study in English and German Romanticism/Chapter 8/Lenore by H. J. Pye


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 ciples, or forcing them beyond their due bounds: this is of all others the readiest way to destruction. Neither is there any thing so easily done. There is not an error into which a man can fall, which he may not press Scripture into his service as proof of the probity of, and though your boasted theologian shunned the full discussion of the subject before me, while you pressed it, I can easily see that both you and he are carrying your ideas of absolute predestination, and its concomitant appendages, to an extent that overthrows all religion and revelation together; or, at least, jumbles them into a chaos, out of which human capacity can never select what is good. Believe me, Mr. Robert, the less you associate with that illustrious stranger the better, for it appears to me that your creed and his carries damnation on the very front of it."

I was rather stunned at this; but I pretended to smile with disdain, and said, it did not become youth to control age; and, as I knew our principles differed fundamentally, it behoved us to drop the subject. He, however, would not drop it, but took both my principles and me fearfully to task, for Blanchard was an eloquent and powerful-minded old man; and, before we parted, I believe I


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 promised to drop my new acquaintance, and was all but resolved to do it.

As well might I have laid my account with shunning the light of day. He was constant to me as my shadow, and by degrees he acquired such an ascendency over me, that I never was happy out of his company, nor greatly so in it. When I repeated to him all that Mr. Blanchard had said, his countenance kindled with indignation and rage; and then by degrees his eyes sunk inward, his brow lowered, so that I was awed, and withdrew my eyes from looking at him. A while afterward, as I was addressing him, I chanced to look him again in the face, and the sight of him made me start violently. He had made himself so like Mr. Blanchard, that I actually believed I had been addressing that gentleman, and that I had done so in some absence of mind that I could not account for. Instead of being amused at the quandary I was in, he seemed offended: indeed, he never was truly amused with any thing. And he then asked me sullenly, if I conceived such personages as he to have no other endowments than common mortals?

I said I never conceived that princes or potentates had any greater share of endowments than


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 other men, and frequently not so much. He shook his head, and bade me think over the subject again; and there was an end of it. I certainly felt every day the more disposed to acknowledge such a superiority in him, and from all that I could gather, I had now no doubt that he was Peter of Russia. Every thing combined to warrant the supposition, and, of course, I resolved to act in conformity with the discovery I had made.

For several days the subject of Mr. Blanchard's doubts and doctrines formed the theme of our discourse. My friend deprecated them most devoutly; and then again he would deplore them, and lament the great evil that such a man might do among the human race. I joined with him in allowing the evil in its fullest latitude; and, at length, after he thought he had fully prepared my nature for such a trial of its powers and abilities, he proposed calmly that we two should make away with Mr. Blanchard. I was so shocked, that my bosom became as it were a void, and the beatings of my heart sounded loud and hollow in it; my breath cut, and my tongue and palate became dry and speechless. He mocked at my cowardice, and began a-reasoning on the matter with such powerful


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 {|

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 * This Act shall be called the Court of Justice Charter, 127 Rattanakosin Era, and shall only apply to the courts herein named.
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 * In the Ministry of Justice, there shall be a presiding minister to exercise command, and to resolve obstruction to litigation, and to be responsible for ensuring that the trial and adjudication proceed in a smooth and fair manner, which duties shall be separated from the trial and adjudication of cases, and there shall be officials for the Ministry as may be appropriate. In addition, in order to appoint, or promote, or replace a judge of a court of justice, the Minister of Justice has the duty to inform His Gracious Majesty.
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 * In the Ministry of Justice, there shall be a presiding minister to exercise command, and to resolve obstruction to litigation, and to be responsible for ensuring that the trial and adjudication proceed in a smooth and fair manner, which duties shall be separated from the trial and adjudication of cases, and there shall be officials for the Ministry as may be appropriate. In addition, in order to appoint, or promote, or replace a judge of a court of justice, the Minister of Justice has the duty to inform His Gracious Majesty.
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 Num. 134.

April 23. 1677.

The CONTENTS.

SIR,

Have thought fit to give you notice of a discovery that hath been made here, (about three years since, or more) which I suppose may not be unacceptable to those of the Royal Society, who are Musical and Mathematical. 'Tis this; whereas it hath been long since observed, that, if a Viol string, or Lute firing, be touched with the Bow or Hand, another string on the same or another Instrument not far from it, (if an Unison to it,


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text: Author:Robert Murray

title: Author:Robert Murray


text: Author:James Langran

title: Author:James Langran


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Page:The International Journal of Psycho-Analysis II 1921 3-4.djvu/116

370 in his power every time to enforce active intervention on the part of the doctor by incorrect conduct, and because some quantities which have been temporarily freed from their fixations flow off directly as short-circuits.

I have, on the other hand, occasionally tried to safeguard myself against this by transferring the management of the discipline and all active intervention to the head nurse, but I found that she now received the bulk of the transference which should have helped my analysis.

Each case has to be decided on its merits. Preceding or inter- current physical examination has proved advantageous in some cases, but in the majority unusually hindering.

Finally one has to take into account that the temporary symptom formation can assume a very crude form. A schizophrenic to whom I had proved that he was in love with one of his female relatives, rewarded me by a sudden blow with his fist that left a depressed spot as a lasting remembrance. Another schizophrenic who had confessed a secret to me immediately attacked me and then tiarned upon himself with the result that he wounded himself in the wrist with a window-pane that he had struck. Later he so far recovered that he was able to take up his difficult occupation.

Of course such sudden acts of violence occur also in consequence of trifling motives outside analytic investigation, they are not to be ascribed to the analysis, but to the low stage of organisation of the patient's motility, though an analytic talk, like any other, can cause the excitation. This possibility compels us to be more careful with communications to the patient, and to take care of ourselves. Dangerous patients I place in a corner behind a heavy table, or I use the hours when he is in a cold bandage.

I am not so pessimistic as most people regarding the possibility of a therapy for the insane in institutions, a therapy which, if not true analysis, is nevertheless carried out according to the theses gained from analysis. The improvements seen after moving the patient to another location should make us think. There are many possibilities in the direction of Ferenczi's 'active psycho-analytic technique', and in the direction of combination with the cathartic pro- cedure, which still lie within our scotoma owing to our personal imperfections. If, as is likely, schizophrenia finds an organic basis in the loss of equilibrium between the germ and puberty glands, we can point out that both are interpolated in the whole chain of


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 :lff:

PSYCHO-ANALYSIS AND PSYCHIATRY 3??l

the sympathetic paths, and are accessible to psychic influence. The chief aim is the study of the aetiology and with it of pro- phylaxis.

The success ah-eady attained by Freud also shows us the method that will play the principle part in the later development f-M ' of psychiatry. The psychiatrist will have to renounce a further

^■^% portion of his narcissism. '• '^

';ij«' We have arrived at the conviction that important sources of ,;'„^ error as regards the results lie in the person of the investigator.

i;'^, 'In astronomy it has long been known that the personal error has

^:h" . to be taken into account in the observation. Besides, it is known

how the utility of working theories has previously suffered from '^ ■ the fact that the earth was considered the centre of the universe,

 * >^., and how the sacrifice of this over-valuation led at once to a great

if#- V advance of science, even though at first it suffered from strong

Y.^f- and active opposition on the part of the ruling powers.

f^^;, i -ill, What was possible for astronomy has also to serve for psychiatry.

tjM We also have to learn to sacrifice that part of our self-overestimation

1^;^^ ' which places in the centre and considers unassailable our truth, our

^£ religion, our standard of civilisation. We have to give up the

!&•; narcissistic and infantile idea that development is the path to

 * '_v|;. greater ' purposiveness ' of action. Every action is purposive for

^ ■ our one purpose, that of the libido, and without purpose for our

other purpose, that of the ego impulses, or vice versa, or for both. In human development is to be seen perhaps only the one guiding line — that of the progressive retardation of the discharge, i. e. pro- longation of life. Biologically considered this certainly is not always an advantage for the species, and if carried out unchecked the principle, which paralyses the elasticity of the' species, could just as well destroy it as it has destroyed other great species.

The psycho-analytical continuation of psychiatry will have to free itself from the arrogance that lies hidden in the word 'subli- mation'. This word has been invented by a philosopher, and is better replaced by 'domestication', or 'taming'. Where possible ' these judgements as to value must be avoided. In the end nobody can do this, but they can be postponed — and in the meantime analysed — to the point where the doctor steps in, i. e. the therapy, or the prophylaxis. It is then found that the points of attack and the direction of this help are quite different from those of the present psychiatry, which leaves its aims wholly to the rest of


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 372 AUGUST STARCKE

society. The psycho-analytic psychiatry which has developed from the Freudian 'behaviour '-psychology of the human being has further aims. It should not be forgotten that it has a double task. When the analyst teaches the individual to limit his libidinous ex- pressions to vi^hat is allowed by society, and to lead the infantile fixed libido again to civilised aims, and educates him to endure mental privation, he has then a second more comprehensive duty towards society, which, although dictated by the same healing endeavour, leads in an opposite direction. He must reconcile society with the libido, with death, in short with the unconscious.

This then will be the last and practically important consequence of the difference between the psychiatrist and analyst. The old- style psychiatrist is a servant of the censorship, an instrument of society, he treats the 'out-casts'. The analyst, who has here and there to some slight extent pushed aside the barrier of the cen- sorship in himself, should use society itself as an instrument for social progress, he must serve society without reference to the censorship.

The reality-principle protects against dangers of a direct kind which threaten from without, the pleasure-principle against the inner danger of overloading and against remoter biological dangers. To the neurotic the disadvantages of the pleasure-principle are made clear, to society the disadvantages of a too exclusive homage to the reality-principle must be brought forward. The normal being, of whom we know least of all, must be discovered and if necessary cured.

THE RELATIONS BETWEEN NEUROSES AND PSYCHOSES*

^ I THE UNCONSCIOUS CRITERION

In Grimm's fairy tale of the white snake the servant tastes a small portion from the king's secret dish, which contains a white snake, and then all of a sudden he can understand the language of birds.

' Including material presented in a paper read before the Sixth Inter- national Psycho-Analytical Congress, The Hague, September, 1920.


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 PSYCHO-ANALYSIS AND PSYCHIATRY 373

This simile characterises the revolutioa which Freud's teaching has brought into the hfe of the psychiatrist who ventures to taste the forbidden dish. The patient's gesticulations, his phantastic delusions and confused nonsense, become full of meaning, and he becomes again a human being among human beings. He is no longer considered, as previously and even to-day by a number of scientific physicians of institutions, a more or less worthless appendage to his brain, his death being waited for with scarcely repressed impatience; and not till dead, dissected in the laboratory, does he become the object of an aesthetic cult of the dead. In other words, Freud has made possible a useful counter-transference to the failure or repression of which is due the retarded develop- ment of psychiatry.

We have therefore arrived at a point which belongs to my paper — namely, the problem of the relations between neuroses and psychoses. The neurosis itself absorbs the interest of the physician in the patient; the transference of the patient to the physician in- creases this interest and helps to get over the advancing hostile transferences. In mental patients transferences to the physician are not lacking; their unpleasant, gross and hostile expressions are too well known, they are transferences of an infantile or a negative libido (hate transferences). The transference mania of hysterics corresponds to the delusions of persecution in the psychoses, the latter being the negative-libidinal analogue of the former, i Negativism also is a kind of transference mania of negative libido.

The first aim is to fix the criteria of the concepts ' neurosis ' and 'psychosis', and this is by no means easy. It has happened in foro that the psychiatric expert, asked what actually constituted a mental patient, has answered that he did not know. Therefore we will consider the different criteria given by the laity (whose opinion is here authoritative and also is expressed in legislation), by psychiatry, and finally by psycho-analysis. Here we shall have to make two digres-sions, one of which takes for its subject the nosological position of civilisation as an entire phenomenon, the other keeps in view the development of motor inhibition.

Difficulties arise from the fact that the psychotic person like

» Freud: ' Zur Dynamik der tJbertragung ', Zcntralbl. f, Psa., Bd. II, S. 168 ff.: 'Where the capability of transference has become essentially negat- ive, as in paranoia, the possibility of influence and cure ceases.'


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 374 AUGUST STARCKE

the neurotic only seeks advice on his own initiative in exceptional cases. The concept of psychosis is only conceivable in a society ; an isolated individual, Robinson Crusoe for instance, could have a neurosis, but not a psychosis, because a psychosis can only exist in relation to a society regarded as normal. Its criteria are:

1. Social troublesomeness, harmfulness, or failure of co-operation, in as far as their motives are unintelligible to society. When they are intelligible then the deviating individual is regarded as an offender or criminal if he is defeated. If he knows how to carry himself through, then he is regarded as a hero or great man.

2. Inability to appreciate the feelings of others. The relativity of this criterion is evident ; so we have the constantly repeated conflicts as to whether this or that symptom stamps a person as a mental case.

3. B'ailure of relation to reality. I need only allude to the per- secutions which science has suffered at the hands of religion in order to demonstrate the subjective character of this criterion. Whoever does not feel convinced of tliis might consider how psycho-analysts are reproached by their opponents with failure of relation to reality, and that it finally depends solely on the numerical superiority of the one or other party whether society considers the opponents as unfortunately left behind, or Freud's pupils as a paranoiac sect. r.fs-.icu.

4. Lack of insight into the illness, or defence of his position

on the part of the patient by means of projection. As concerns ,.

logical response the mental patient is inaccessible. We trace this peculiarity to reinforced narcissism. The number of 'normal' people 1

who lack any insight into the morbid nature of their peculiarities, for example, alcoholics, is very great, yet they are not considered mental cases; not to speak of religious and philosophical convic- j'

tions, the adherents of which mutually reproach one another with '^

the same charges. ^ ^i^ufo ^rprt rti :nm^']"

Failure of co-operation is also found in neurotics arid many normal parasitic natures, and so our first mentioned criterion is incomplete. Obviously a certain degree of capacity for positive transference and intellectual performances can cause society to

' See also Dresslar's questionnaire referred to by Ernest Jones in the Zmtralbl. f. Psa., Bd. II. Dresslar found 7176 descriptions of different super- stitions in 875 American students; in 3225 cases there was belief in the truth of the superstition.

■» -■.


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 PSYCHO-ANALYSIS AND PSYCHIATRY 375

<3isregard failure which otherwise would be considered complete.

The example of the intelligent paranoiac on the one hand, and

that of the lazy, superstitious and dishonest war-profiteer on the

other shows how little this criterion gratifies logical feelings.

I We might expect tiiat besides the conscious criteria one or

■, ,, more unconscious criteria exist, and that these will be decisive.

L?M Behind those various ways in which the mentally diseased are

openly recognised as constituting a danger to society there lies

another unmentioned one. We find indications of it in the attitude

with which the public regards the insane person; this attitude

contains a certain horror and at the same time an equally ill-

/ ', founded sympathy. The normal person has a feeling of uncanni-

, Bess as regards the mental patient. The patient's incapability for

.;, normal conversation disturbs the belief in the power of spoken

!;p: words, and his apparent incapability of being influenced and his

 * v incurability disturb the belief in one's own omnipotence. The belief

t:^. .. in the magic power of the spoken word and the belief in the

.power over other human beings and nature in general rest on

narcissism. The normal person protects his narcissism, and prob-

}^- ably in a certain respect quite righdy, since physical health partly

^My depends upon it. This unconscious narcissism is severely affected

by association with mental patients.

The repressions of the normal person are endangered in yet another way. In the wards of the troublesome mental patients one is literally on a visit to the unconscious. Here the uncanny forces of the deep can be denied no longer, they show themselves openly like the glowing fire of a volcano, and call up in the visitor their deep and distant rumblings.

Society considers as mad him who threatens to reveal to men

its unconscious, and knows no other means of defence against

such revelation than to isolate the madman. ,i.(Oi)i?,of|

This fifth criterion is the most important and compared with

it the remainder appear as pretexts. ; . ••.

,:?; -hy -"i-^ THE NORMAL AND THE ABNORMAL -i-'ini'r.'.H.

The criteria which psychiatry gives for mental disease will not detain us long: there are none. On the other hand, the boundaries

i%-


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 376 AUGUST STARCKE

between the normal and abnormal are precisely stated. But as soon as the question is put: How much abnormal performance /

must there be in order to constitute mental disease? the answer ,

is awaited in vain. When the psychiatrist has to express an opinion on this matter he manifestly acts just like a layman with a general |

education. Here and there attempts are made to answer this question on principle, but they are either too indefinite, for j|

example: (dans les psycho-nevroses) '. . . les symptomes psychiques ui

sont plus d^velopp6s que dans les nevroses simples ou partielles, mais ils y sont moins accentu^s et moins constants que dans les |

v^sanies; le ddire, notamment, n'y est qu'un Episode accidentel .;

et transitoire alors qu'il est dp regie dans les v^sanies' (Ray- mond) ;l or they appeal in the last resort to the above criticised lay criteria of failure in adaptation to society, or of unintelligibility as I

regards logic: '. . . in consequence of their coildition they are unable to guide themselves or preserve or respect the rights of others (Forel) ; '. . . in consequence of their condition other persons are i

needed for their care and protection, or they cause annoyance, |

injury and danger to other individuals or to the public' (Erlen- meyer).

It can be seen that these definitions are made according to society, the rights of which are considered unassailable in contrast to thosis of individuals. Forel's definition would include the maj- ority of normal people.

There is no * medico-technical' diagnosis of 'mental disease'. ^

Psychiatry has good grounds for the fact that it will not define the boundary sharply and according to scientific laws, otherwise it would be inevitable that phenomena which have to be account- ed as normal— like religion, superstition, amourousness, or even j the normal feeling of 'reality'— would place it in an awkward position.

Legislation makes it just as bad. In general it lays down that j,

'raving', 'mad', or 'weak-minded' persons, who through their I

illness are either robbed wholly of the use of their reason, or at least incapacitated from perceiving the results of their actions, must be put under restraint, and regarded as not or only partly

accountable or responsible for their actions: ' failure of the

capacity to act reasonably' (Switzerland, Z. G. B., par. 16.); *A state

' Nevroses et psycho-n6vroses. Trait6 international de Psychologie patho- logique (A. Marie), Alcan, Paris, 1911.


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 PSYCHO-ANALYSIS AND PSYCHIATRY 377

of morbid disturbance of mental activity excluding the free deter- mination of the will, so far as this state according to its nature is not temporary'. (Germany, B, G. B., par. 104.); 'The concept of mental disturbance has a special significance for every sphere of law. Here it concerns something so specific that the same individual can be a mental case in the meaning of one law and not one in the meaning of another law ' (E. Schultze in Aschaffenburg, Hand- buch der Psychiatrie).

The juridical definition of the concept of mental disease ('Failure of free determination of will', 'Failure of the necessary insight') has led a legal psychiatrist (O. Bumke in Aschaffenburg, Hand- buch der Psychiatrie) to allude expressly to the lack of scientific method underlying psychological concepts: 'Under circumstances the expert has to emphasise in opposition to this that this insight can exist, yet the capacity for employment — perhaps through dis- turbances of the mental qualities or qualities of the will — can have disappeared'.

While the absolute dependency of the concept of mental disease on the tolerance of society is wholly unconscious in the juridical definition of the concept, it begins to emerge in the psychiatric formulations.

Psycho-analysis can only continue this order of development. It has to accept the existence of the lay concept of mental disease and trace it back to its unconscious origin, which we found in the menace to cultural repression by the mentally affected person in consequence of his inadequate capacity for untruth and dis- simulation or repression and domestication. Psycho-analysis traces back these incapabilities to definite consequences of instinctive forces. It also shows that these consequences are found in numerous occurrences of normal hfe which are not looked upon as 'mental', because, as experience has shown, they only last a short time and admit of a definitely favourable prognosis (Hke the slips of everyday life), or — and tliis is valid for similar types of longer duration — because they occur in so many individuals that the average human being has been able to establish his repressions particularly firmly in this respect, and that he is always opposed to them and there- fore no longer shocked by them (idealism).

There is also a difference in the disposition. A regressive format- ion which affects simultaneously a number of individuals standing in social relationship to one another will easily find a social outlet


text: Author:Thomas Worsley Staniforth

title: Author:Thomas Worsley Staniforth


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 men placing each the middle joint of the fore-finger of his right hand under the rim of the bowl on opposite sides, and so supporting it about six inches above the floor. The vessel being large and full of water was heavy, and the men supported the strain by resting their right elbows on their knees as they sat cross-legged on the floor and face to face. It was then that I selected one of the folded papers, and placed it on the cover of the vessel. The Chief read a page of the Korân, and as nothing happened he said that was not the name of the guilty person, and I changed the paper for another. This occurred four times, but at the fifth the reading had scarcely commenced when the bowl began to slowly turn, round from left to right, the supporters letting their hands go round with it, until it twisted itself out of their fingers and fell on the floor with a considerable bang and a great spluttering of water through the thin cover. "That," said the Chief, "is the name of the thief."

It was the name of the person already mentioned by him.

I did not, however, impart that piece of information to the company, but went on to the end of my papers, nothing more happening.

I said I should like to try the test again, and as

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