text:
Page:The Female Advocate.djvu/43

 evil? And, how shocking it must be, at length, to hear these poor victims of wretchedness, defend themselves, by exclaiming, "I sought not redress in vice, till urged to it by self-defence, in order to support an existence, which, though I no longer covet, it is my duty to preserve: nor is there any other remedy for ills like mine; for, as the wise Solomon says, "extreme oppression maketh us desperate!"

What a horrid and shocking state! to be driven, by absolute necessity, to support a wretched existence by the forfeiture of every thing she holds most dear in this life, and at the hazard of what is still more precious, her immortal soul!

Besides, what must not be the agonies of her soul in this wretched state, on the dreadful approach of death? a death which, though so much desired in innocence, is dreaded with so great horror in guilt, when all her crimes appear at once to her distracted view. Worn out with intemperance and disease, she feels the dreadful period near at hand, when she must appear before the grand tribunal!

title: Page:The Female Advocate.djvu/43


text:
Page:The Female Advocate.djvu/44

 How many are her penetential tears in such a horrid situation? She calls, and calls again, upon her great Creator, "O Lord, rebuke me not in thy fury, nor chastise me in thy wrath; for who can stand before the face of thy indignation?" And thus surrounded with all these dismal and heart-piercing sensations, without a friend to comfort, or the still more invaluable consolations of a dying Christian; her every sense is racked with horror, and little unlike the infernal regions is her wretched situation.

Whilst her associates in vice are revelling in drunkenness, in order to banish from their reflections all ideas of the horrid scene, and thus she lies, "Groaning out the poor remains of life," her limbs bathed in sweat, and struggling with convulsive throws, pains insupportable throbbing in every pulse, and innumerable darts of agony transfixing her conscience.

"In that dread moment, how the frantic soul "Raves round the walls of her clay tenement, "Runs to each avenue and shrieks for help, "But shrieks in vain. How wishfully, she looks

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Page:The Female Advocate.djvu/44


text:
Page:The Female Advocate.djvu/45

 "On all she's leaving, now no longer her's. "A little longer, yet a little longer."

Thus her exhausted breath expires, and she dies in all the bitterness of woe. And this alike must continue to be the fate (as it has been so long to numbers) of both parents and children, unless the kind hand of interference shall sever the chain of misery, by which they have so long been held down.

But will not a serious investigation into these scenes of horror be sufficient to arouse the most callous of mankind? for who would not use their utmost endeavours to relieve such unheard-of distress? Or, what is still better, prevent such dire calamities, and all such complicated scenes of misery and wretchedness: for, is it not always granted, that prevention is better than cure?

Then let it not be said, that a country so famed for its justice and humanity, should suffer a continuance of such distress; or that any of our fellow creatures should be compelled to take shelter under the baneful shades of vice, in order to support a miserable existence.

title: Page:The Female Advocate.djvu/45


text:
Page:The Female Advocate.djvu/46

 Much, very much, indeed, may be said or this subject, but it is not my wish or intention to delineate, or dwell longer upon the tragical history, than may serve to lead to the avenue of investigation; when a small part of these striking truths, to a reflecting mind, will be sufficient to conciliate, and cause them to exert a cheerful readiness to serve our fellow, creatures; by doing which we are well assured it is performing a three-fold duty, viz. to God to our neighbour, and ourselves. I am fully persuaded, it will appear equally as political as humane; for the poor, miserable, and oppressed creatures cannot say with Job, "I have erred, mine error remains with myself." No: their crimes are contagious, and their errors extend and spread their baneful influence through cities, towns, and whole countries, to the utter destruction of families of all descriptions; in which case, is it possible unwary youth should escape ?

What numbers of unguarded young men, even with hearts inclined to virtue, have unhappily been drawn on to vice, by the powerful insinuations of these poor abandoned fe-

title: Page:The Female Advocate.djvu/46


text:
Page:The Female Advocate.djvu/47

 males, who, like Eve in Paradise, is no sooner fallen herself, than, by deceitful artifice, she spreads the net of destruction to catch others. For example: need we go any farther than the theatres, the resort of all, both good and bad, and where abandoned females, of all ages and degrees of profligacy, attend to make their harvest, and gather in their unlawful plunder, to supply the ordinary wants of the ensuing day ? And what can better answer the purpose of decoy than the drama? for, should it be comedy, the obscenity which prevails in many of our modern plays, cannot fail to act as poison upon the young mind: or is it tragedy, what can have a greater influence upon the feelings of sensibility, or sooner awaken the tender passions, which these miserable women take special care to translate to their own evil purposes? Perhaps, in drawing a simile of their own distress, or by some other artful representation or pretence, by which such numbers of innocent and inexperienced young men are artfully led astray, in their most unguarded moments, whilst seeking a rational and innocent amusement, as a relax-

title: Page:The Female Advocate.djvu/47


text: Page:กม ร ๗ - ๒๔๗๓.pdf/13

title: Page:กม ร ๗ - ๒๔๗๓.pdf/13


text:
Page:The Female Advocate.djvu/48

 ation from the toils of the day, from which too many have found themselves, at once, immerged in destruction, and ingulphed in the quicksands of vice.

Horrid destruction! if all, or the greatest part, of this originates from women being precluded from supporting themselves by means of some lawful employment, who will continue to countenance a precedent, big with so much destruction?

How many unhappy young men have fallen a sacrifice, both in mind and body, to the diabolical artifices which these poor, miserable, abandoned women are driven to practice for bread! And how many Barnwells, who, not able to support, by honest industry, the wants of a favourite mistress, have forcibly pursued such methods as have brought them to misery, shame, and death, and their distracted parents with sorrow to their graves! leaving behind them the remainder of an unprovided family, to toil up the steep of difficulty; and, if females, with all the tribulations before them which we have been just tracing in others!

title: Page:The Female Advocate.djvu/48


text:
Page:The Female Advocate.djvu/49

 Nor does the dreadful calamity end here; for, notwithstanding so many unfortunate females have been obliged to seek bread in the paths of vice, and so many young men have fallen victims to their solly and wickedness, still the same devouring jaws of destruction are open for its future prey; nor can they ever possibly close, until the grievous precedent of men usurping females' occupations is entirely done away, or some proper substitute provided, so as to enable women to share the common necessaries along with their fellow-creatures: till then, we need not wonder at the vast number of pickpockets and housebreakers which, at all times, infest the streets, to the disturbance of all civil society; for we may again repeat with Milton, when night

For when "young men, void of understanding," are seduced by such lawless and licentious methods to squander away, in riot and drunkenness, what they have obtained by unlawful plunder, it is no difficult talk to find

title: Page:The Female Advocate.djvu/49


text:
Page:The Female Advocate.djvu/50

 out the cause of these nocturnal depredations; for we may naturally suppose, these poor unhappy women are always ready to benumb and drown their reflections with intoxicating liquors, the effects of which must lead them, with their wretched associates, into every excess of sin and wickedness, to the utter demolition of public happiness and safety, as well as incurring a heavy burden of expences upon the inhabitants.

It is said, the city of London alone pays upwards of twenty thousand pounds annually to patrols, beadles, and watchmen; and it may be a much greater sum; yet, that of itself seems a vast sum indeed, to be raised by levy, in which the honest trader must unavoidably contribute a large share. Would not that contribution answer a much better purpose in providing for the necessitous poor, such as we have just been treating of, and who are judged unfit objects to be received into a parish workhouse; being, as it is termed, able enough to earn their own bread out of the house?

Yet, so long as there continues a prohibition against women having an employment, it

title: Page:The Female Advocate.djvu/50


text:
Page:The Female Advocate.djvu/51

 is to be feared, double the sum already raised by the inhabitants will be found inefficacious. But such is the link of progression, arising from this dreadful usurpation; which shews the necessity of entering into the origin of these melancholy truths, that so the chain of connection may be found whole; otherways, far be it from me to entertain a wish to offer to the generous part of my readers a work fraught with so many tragic representations: but, least the want of a full narrative should leave the subject dark to comprehend, I still pursue my plan; and even should my zeal in the cause of happiness lead into an eccentric mode of writing, be it remembered it is an eccentric cause, but with a most sanguine wish to see all the inhabitants of this favoured isle become useful and happy members of society, instead of being the harpies of destruction.

That political and private happiness are invariably connected, is beyond a doubt; and that the morals of this nation are very corrupt, is but too visible, from the vast numbers of disgraceful women who infest the face of the country. As for the number of these mi

title: Page:The Female Advocate.djvu/51


text:
Page:The Female Advocate.djvu/52

 serable beings, it cannot be an easy matter to ascertain: but suppose, from the prodigious numbers, that are seen scattered about, like sheep having no shepherd, that in London, for example, there are five or six thousand: Nay; I have either read, or heard it said, ten thousand! but how that calculation can be made, I shall not take upon me to say; yet, suppose we call it half that number; are not five thousand destitute females too many to suffer through so poor a cause, and will not a much less number suffice to contaminate the morals of more than half the youths in town, and prove a source of destructive oppression to a vast number of inhabitants? for, without morals, how can we expect happiness, or what is to support the public good?

Then, what sort of beings are they, who can, with impunity, oppress these unfortunate women, to the entire destruction of all happiness, both national and domestic? Or where is the breast, truly warm in the cause of virtue and a country's good, who will suffer the continuance of a precedent so destructively oppressive, without exerting themselves in the

title: Page:The Female Advocate.djvu/52


text:
Page:The Female Advocate.djvu/53

 cause? for granting it is a great part of the Christian religion, to assist our neighbours as far as we are empowered. To neglect an investigation of these grievances admits no excuse, when once the clouds of obscurity are dispersed; for enquiry is the great source of knowledge.

From the holy scriptures we learn, that "Wisdom is justified in all her children;" and from what but wisdom and justice is derived the support of our common weal, by investigating which, will not the judicious quickly discover a numerous train of oppressive grievances not yet told. Let him but enquire the cause of such vast numbers of convicts having been sent abroad, to the great expence of the nation; and see if their connection with these necessitous women has not been a great means of their misfortunes: for, alas! young men, upon their first entrance into the world, are too often inebriated with the pleasing, but baneful, draught of pleasures, till their senses are so much intoxicated, that they run they know not where, and at length find themselves ensnared in

title: Page:The Female Advocate.djvu/53


text:
Page:The Female Advocate.djvu/54

 the net, which these poor abandoned women, or rather the instigators of their misery, have so artfully set to entrap the unwary.

Yet, a serious consideration, no doubt, will prompt an enquiry, and a perseverance in the pursuit; and surely we may hope, an undertaking, founded on such a basis as the laws of humanity, and a general good, can never fail of success. Nor will the more generous part of men-traders, such as are before described, delay to resign a privilege, maintained upon such unjust principles; for far, very far, be it from me to suppose, or entertain a with to insinuate a supposition, that all effeminate tradesmen are equally guilty of a known violation. Nor is any individual accused for involuntary crimes: yet, does it not behove every member of society to inform themselves, especially when the object of enquiry is of such great magnitude, as to extend beyond the interest of individuals, and affect a whole community?

It is beyond a doubt, that many men, through the force of custom, are ignorant of the injury they are doing their neighbour,

title: Page:The Female Advocate.djvu/54


text:
Page:The Female Advocate.djvu/55

 and mankind in general, the details of which I have very scrupulously collected, and may say with Shakespeare, I have "nothing extenuated, nor set down aught in malice."

Indeed, I have not a wish to accuse, or call in question, the conduct or motive of any individual. No: suffice it that appeal to their own feelings, to humanity, and the gospel truths; after which, let the inward monitor of the guilty say, 'Thou art the man.' But permit me to infer, this self accusation only extends to one part of the oppressive body; yet, what is to be said for the remainder, who shall still persevere in persecuting these poor helpless women, to the subversion of all civil society? for, are we not told by the inspired writer, "It is not the will of our Father, which is in heaven, that one of these little ones should perish." Then, in compliance with our threefold obligation, are we not strictly enjoined to exhort our brethren to turn from their evil ways. What says St. Matthew, "If thy brother shall tres-

title: Page:The Female Advocate.djvu/55


text:
Page:The Female Advocate.djvu/56

 pass against thee, go and tell him his faults: but if he will not hear thee, then take with thee one or two more, that in the mouth of two or three witnesses, every word may be established; and if he shall neglect to hear them, tell it unto the church; but if he neglect to hear the church, let him be unto them as an heathen man and a publican.

But by what means, less than enquiry, are we to know who our offending brother is? or why, in this enlightened age, is a business of so much consequence neglected! a business on which nothing less than the ruin or prosperity of a state depends; independent of Christianity or humanity, the great characteristic of the nation. Then, in a case where the whole is so strongly connected, why delay a single moment in the research. Indeed, it is a well-known maxim, and must be allowed, that those who are not forward in a cause, may be justly said to be against it; or, in other words, whoever is not the encourager of virtue, must unavoidably be the encourager of vice. But let the breast of sympathy participate in the sufferings of their fellow creatures. Let the tender eye

title: Page:The Female Advocate.djvu/56


text:
Page:The Female Advocate.djvu/57

 of pity, which can so soon dissolve at an imaginary tragedy, a mere mock representation in a theatre, be truly melted into pity at real calamity.

That great numbers would be happy in contributing to the aid and relief of those who appear to be objects of distress, is beyond a doubt: but, alas! for helpless, injured females! the heavy clouds of prejudice and misrepresentation have thrown so dark a veil between them and the pity of the world, that they are despised by all. Yet, when the curtain is once withdrawn, and the tragic scene exposed to open view, leading these poor creatures from obscurity into open light, then will be the crisis, when every good Christian may be impowered to soften the affliction of another's woes; and though it may not be in the power of every sympathising breast to contribute towards their temporal wants, they may still be impowered to sooth their sorrows, rather than drive the envenomed arrows of censure still deeper into their afflicted bosoms.

What kind of monument did the immortal Hervey make choice of for himself? "Let

title: Page:The Female Advocate.djvu/57


text:
Page:The Female Advocate.djvu/58

 me," says he, "leave a memorial in the breasts of my fellow-creatures. Let surviving friends bear witness, that I have not lived to myself alone, nor been altogether unserviceable in my generation. O! let an uninterrupted series of beneficent offices be the inscription, and the best interests of my acquaintance the plate that exhibits it. Let the poor, as they pass by my grave, point at the little spot, and thankfully acknowledge, there lies the man, whose unwearied kindness was the constant relief of my various distresses; who tenderly visited my languishing bed, and readily supplied my indigent circumstances. How often were his councils a guide to my perplexed thoughts, and a cordial to my dejected spirits."

And why may not the same inscriptive monument belong to many? It is in the power of any one to merit it, even by the good offices and tender concern for these poor objects, who, like a foot-ball, are still rolling upon the surface, ready to receive the next stroke, without being able to make the smallest resistance. Nor is there any other set of being under the heavens, who stand in greater need of conso-

title: Page:The Female Advocate.djvu/58


text:
Page:The Female Advocate.djvu/59

 lation, than these poor unfortunate women: or who, through vile censure, receive less; consequently, the more desperate and distressing the case, the sympathy and condolence the more welcome; and will always, in some degree, soften and alleviate afflictions.

Indeed, it is not any, but the luke-warm, or misinformed, who requires to be reminded of such distress; for, where is the breast, truly warm in the cause of happiness, that is not hurt at the very sight of so many shocking spectacles in the streets. Even under the appearance of guilt, it is horrid to see human nature debased so low: but how much greater the sensations of pity, when it appears, the greatest part of the distress we see, is not through a vicious or depraved disposition, but absolute compulsion; through the encouragement given to a destructive custom, which permits men to enjoy a privilege, which nature never assigned them; and they are thereby encouraging vice to predominate, and holding virtue in fetters.

Consequently, whether this evil be persisted in through ignorance, from its being an an-

title: Page:The Female Advocate.djvu/59


text:
Page:The Female Advocate.djvu/60

 cient custom, or whether from the interested narrow views of a malignant passion for gain; or from whatever cause, seeing it robs such a number of helpless women of employment and bread, it is a privilege, which, in justice to every tie of honour or conscience, ought to be relinquished, unless—I repeat it—a substitute is found.—Can it be termed either manly, honourable, or humane, to oppress industry and helpless innocence, and place them under the absolute necessity of sacrificing their virtue, their happiness, and every thing they hold dear, at the shrine of the avaricious, and (for the sake of distinction) effeminate tradesmen; and flying to the rendezvous of sin and wickedness, to support a miserable existence; and after, perhaps, having fallen a sacrifice to discase or compunction of mind, are possibly so fortunate as to gain the privilege of an asylum ; a charity, which will ever redound honour to its illustrious patrons and benefactors, and will be a lasting monument of British munificence: and, it is hoped, and fervently wished, the noble example, and the

title: Page:The Female Advocate.djvu/60


text:
Page:The Female Advocate.djvu/61

 many proofs of its utility, may extend its influence over the remaining part of the benevolent, who are blessed with affluence, and that we may shortly see a similar institution take place, as an asylum of prevention, until a more effectual relief can be procured or given; for, whilst such salutary benefits may be derived from protecting the repenting sinner, how much greater will be the satisfaction in protecting innocence!

The Orphan Hospital also, is undoubtedly a most excellent charity, and preserves numbers of poor young creatures from the devouring jaws of seduction; and, to the immortal honour of its liberal benefactors, is most nobly and spiritedly supported: yet, it can but contain a small number out of the many who are left destitute; and even admitting the Orphan Asylum and the Magdalen Charity could contain the whole number of these unfortunate fugitives, there is still certain ages of admission and dismission, the extent of which, though I am not certain, I presume seldom exceeds five or six and twenty years.

title: Page:The Female Advocate.djvu/61


text:
Page:The Female Advocate.djvu/62

 Give me leave then to ask, what provision there is for unfortunate women, who are turned of that period, amongst whom are great numbers of widows, but just in the meridian of their days, who, after a life of affluence, and, perhaps, every ease and comfort, are now wandering about through this vale of tears, in the abject and forlorn condition just described; possibly driven from their homes by keen adversity, naked and destitute, in the most inclement season of the year, without a prospect, or means of any sort, for providing the common necessaries of life, since every branch of trade is occupied by these usurpers of a female's right, till, at length, quite weary with fatigue and pining with hunger, the dreaded period arrives, "when, like a hunted bird, she becomes quite exhausted with fatigue," and weariness obliges her to fall to the ground, and become the prey or sport of every school-boy.

Poor, helpless creatures! will no one fly to their relief? They assuredly have a claim on the assistance and compassion of every one and, I flatter myself, the generous feelings

title: Page:The Female Advocate.djvu/62


text:
Page:The Female Advocate.djvu/63

 of the humane will no sooner be sensible of their sufferings, than all, who wish well to the cause of virtue, will lend their assistance towards abolishing so destructive a precedent; and every lady, that has a wish to support the general character of her sex, will retire with indignation, when offered to be served by any of these authors of female destruction.

The efficacy of these reflections to a feeling and generous mind that can participate in another's woes, cannot be doubted; yet what will all that pity or all that sympathy avail, unless some exertions are used towards effecting a redress?

Suppose no lady would suffer herself to be served, in the shops of these effeminate traders, by any of the short clothed gentry, would it not be a means of compelling all those who chuse to carry on the tragi-comic farce, to effect the business under the disguise of gown and petticoat?

But joking apart: believe me, ladies, it is past a joke, when poor, unfortunate females are compelled to go without clothing, in order to support an army of Herculian figures

title: Page:The Female Advocate.djvu/63


text:
Page:Varied Types (1903).djvu/244

 hands on to Edward VII. William IV. was a limited monarch; that is to say, he had a definite, open, and admitted power in politics, but it was a limited power. Queen Victoria was not a limited monarch; in the only way in which she cared to be a monarch at all she was as unlimited as Haroun Alraschid. She had unlimited willing obedience, and unlimited social supremacy. To her belongs the credit of inventing a new kind of monarchy; in which the Crown, by relinquishing the whole of that political and legal department of life which is concerned with coercion, regimentation, and punishment, was enabled to rise above it and become the symbol of the sweeter and purer relations of humanity, the social intercourse which leads and does not drive. Too much cannot be said for the wise audacity and confident completeness with which the Queen cut away all those cords of political supremacy to which her predecessors had clung madly as the only stays of the monarchy. She had her reward. For while William IV.'s supremacy may be called a survival, it is not too much to say that the Queen's

title: Page:Varied Types (1903).djvu/244


text:
Page:The Female Advocate.djvu/64

 at the back of a counter, displaying the beauties of a lady's bandeau, or commenting upon the device of a fan.

Fie upon such conduct! let men act like men, and, as men of honour, support the dignity of their character. To hear them talk, they profess the finest feelings; but what do all these professions tend to? is it not an apparent solecism, that the same person, in the very moment they profess to be friends to civil society, should be loading the defenceless with unheard-of oppression? But let us, if you please, develope these assertions in the full light of impartial truth.

" applause is not due to that excellent youth, "(The last and the best of Darius's pages) "Who wisely and nobly contended that truth "Is the majesty, kingdom, and power of all ages."

"How different the wretch, who to right prefers wrong "To the guilt of his lie adding treason. "For surely the miscreant, whose treacherous tongue "Rebels against Truth, is a traitor to Reason.

title: Page:The Female Advocate.djvu/64


text:
Page:The Female Advocate.djvu/65

 "Together they sprung from th' Eternal great mind, "The honour, the peace, and the bond of mankind."

Since truth and reason closed the last sentence, what is there forbids making the next appeal to justice? and enquire, why these poor, helpless women are to be cut off from all civil society, and that at a period of life which might have been to them the most happy. Instead of rendering them noxious to community, they might have been useful members, as well as good Christians, and, in the end, have died the death of the just, having calmly passed through life, instead of being the dupes of an avaricious set of useless members, who, by their professions, are a degradation to the honourable title of.

What is life? a bare existence, when compared with a life of civil security and freedom, neither of which do these unfortunate women experience: for, notwithstanding, sometimes even difficulties are instructive, and, in many cases, may prevent a number of unforeseen troubles, they cannot profit by their knowledge, from their not being empowered to

title: Page:The Female Advocate.djvu/65


text:
Page:The Female Advocate.djvu/66

 exercise their talents. It is truly shocking to see such numbers of miserable wretches wandering about without employment, or any human comfort, either dressed up at the cost of their virtue and peace of mind, or in so wretched, forlorn, and abject a state, that they scarely retain an appearance of their sex; thus dragging on a miserable existence, which nothing but the effects of a religious education can induce them to preserve. For, what is life without hope? and where is there the smallest glimpse of hope for them? they cannot fly from the frowns of the world, which on all sides attack them. Yet how astonishing is it, that the oppressions of these men, who are the authors of so much mischief, should so long have been passed unnoticed!

"But, every one that doeth evil hateth the light;" therefore the sufferings of these poor creatures are hid by the dark shade of misrepresentation. Did every one candidly deliver their sentiments without restraint, would it not be a means of affording a light to the discerning eye of impartiality to examine into these heinous grievances? for where no less

title: Page:The Female Advocate.djvu/66


text:
Page:The Female Advocate.djvu/67

 than private interest is the foundation of so much misery, dragging after it the most dreadful consequences, the origin of which, may we not suppose, proceeds from one of the three following causes, viz. A want of reflection, from its being a precedent of long standing; a wilful blindness, through avaricious views; or a downright want of understanding. The latter of which we hope is the case, that it may rest in their favour; for, where little is given, little may be required.

But ye of the world, whose understandings have so long been carried down the stream of misrepresentation, suffer not yourselves to be any longer led away by false and mistaken prejudice, nor let the innocent suffer with the guilty; for pity's sake, spare the innocent, although it be at the risk of suffering the guilty to go unpunished; mercy is Heaven's distinguished attribute, and contains a greatness next to celestial.

In searching for a date to the era of this destructive precedent, wherein men have been made substitutes in women's occupations, it will be found to be of very long standing; and

title: Page:The Female Advocate.djvu/67


text:
Page:The Female Advocate.djvu/68

 in its infancy might not, nor, perhaps, was not attended with the evils it has since produced; for, in those days, when manufactures and commerce were not so extensive, every situation and scene in life were in a more contracted state, and while the father and the brother were employed in trade, the mother and daughters were employed in the domestic concerns of the household. In fact, they were then the manufacturers also, and consequently were never at a loss for employment; they found enough to do in spinning, knitting, and preparing necessaries for the use of the family, which, being common, was not looked upon as any degradation.

But were the tradesman, in this refined age, to employ his wife or daughters in any such low capacity, what would the world suppose, or where would be his credit? Therefore, in exploring the case and its evil consequences, shall we not be well convinced, it is not custom alone which ought to constitute a right; for what precedent or practice ought to be supported upon unjust principles. Doubtless there have been various precedents, which

title: Page:The Female Advocate.djvu/68


text:
Page:The Female Advocate.djvu/69

 seemed good at the beginning, and yet have been productive of much evil in the end, as the one in question; at the commencement of which, as I before observed, it might be, and was, a very laudable pursuit; for, in those days, when all things were in a more contracted state, and trade not so universally extended, the father of a family was glad to dispose of his sons to such mechanical branches of trade as first presented, that his son might be empowered to improve or increase his little fund, and be able to make a provision, not only for himself, but for a wife which, in primitive times, he was obliged to endow.

Alas! how much unlike our modern days, when women endow their husbands, and, with large portions, frequently purchase a very heavy bondage.

In fact, the generality of things appear to be diametrically opposite to what they were in former times.

We need but look back about three centuries, and then see the vast change; for example: What would be the consequence, were a labourer, in the present times, to receive no

title: Page:The Female Advocate.djvu/69


text:
Page:The Female Advocate.djvu/70

 better wages than a penny a day, which used to be the standard even in the reign of Henry VII and in the reign of Henry VIII. it did not exceed three halspence? Must not every one allow, so small a recompence, in the present times, insufficient to exist upon, and much less to support a family. Still, in those days, it was found a sufficient provision, and they could live comfortably upon it; but the reason is evident; every article of provision at that time bore a very inferior price to what it does now. Wheat, for example, which we may call the first grand article of provision, sold in King Henry VII.'s reign at so low a price as three shillings per quarter, and every other article equally cheap; which enforces a conviction, that through time all things alter. Therefore, to come to the point in view, whilst all things change according to the state of times and contingencies, why exclude poor females from a small share in the

title: Page:The Female Advocate.djvu/70


text:
Page:The Female Advocate.djvu/71

 improvements? it is well known they cannot defend themselves.

Were a body of miserable women, be they really virtuous or not, to assemble with a petition to parliament, where is the person who would be persuaded to present it, particularly when they are all considered as worthless wretches.

But were a body of men artificers (be their conduct or morals as they may) to offer a representation of grievances, doubtless their case would be heard, and considered, in every sense of the word, both political and humane.

Yet I would gladly believe, these differences must alone proceed from the defect of not knowing the true state of grievances; for, in every other case of oppression, except the one in question, do we not always find a protection from the police of the country? consequently, there is no fear, but a serious investigation will throw open the iron gates of misrepresentation, and lead to the avenues of happiness, both for these poor women and the community in general.

title: Page:The Female Advocate.djvu/71


text:
Page:The Female Advocate.djvu/72

 I acknowledge, we are too apt to call things just, that have been long in practice; and, through ancient custom, these oppressive tradesmen act in open defiance of either equity or conscience, thinking none will call them to account, and they may still ride triumphant upon the stream of avarice. But let not a precedent, abounding with so much mischief, any longer disgrace the age; let not virtue and happiness any longer be bartered, which, in the present case, they evidently are, to the abuse of all civil society, and disuniting the very bands of mutual benefit and preservation; nor suffer these men to monopolize the whole from the female part of the creation, unless there is a provision made to secure them from penury.

Nothing, it is presumed, can be more reasonable and just, than that those who deprive others of subsistence should contribute to their support. For what law, either divine or human, will justify the continuance of a precedent, which has influence sufficient to prevail over the virtue of individuals? What statute is there, which grants that men alone shall live,

title: Page:The Female Advocate.djvu/72


text:
Page:The Female Advocate.djvu/73

 and women scarcely exist?—Is it not an usurpation which every violator must blush at, when considered in the light it ought to be, as an act of the greatest injustice? Then, drive hence all such distress: let it not be said, that Britons can cherish a wish to oppress their sisters, wives, and mothers, but rather that they are merciful to the fatherless and the widow; and though the mischief of this iniquitous precedent should lie too deep to be cured by any thing less than a total suppression, can it be called an invasion of right? No; it is only the suppression of an usurped prerogative; and cannot fail to be productive of every good, not only in clearing the streets of prostitutes, but in providing a sufficient number of proper and fit hands, in time of peace, for the various manufactories which, it must be granted, it is always the interest of Britain to cherish; and in such calamitous times as these, by having ready a sufficient number of soldiers and sailors fit for service, without being driven to so many expensive and oppressive expedients: independent of the little need there is of throwing any thing in the way to send

title: Page:The Female Advocate.djvu/73


text:
Page:The Female Advocate.djvu/74

 such colonies abroad, to the prodigious expence of the nation, or suffering such numbers of men idling at the back of a counter, when they might be employed to so much better advantage. The enormous expence attending all these things, must be visible to every one who will take the trouble to look; therefore, it is unnecessary to weary my readers with a recital of these heavy expences or grievances, farther than is absolutely necessary; for a short reflection must convince every enquirer, that to countenance this evil precedent, is not only robbing poor females of their birthrights, which they are not empowered to contend for, but is actually robbing the whole country of its right, as well as safety and happiness, and doubtless is tending to impoverish the nation.

These are facts, not founded on theory alone, which might be greatly enlarged upon, were the pen of information in the hand of one of those humane, generous, and

title: Page:The Female Advocate.djvu/74


text:
Page:The Female Advocate.djvu/75

 learned philanthropists, who distinguish themselves by a cheerful and ready exertion in the cause of justice and retribution, and who, being conversant in the language of the law, might trace all the precedents, acts, and repeals, with their conveniencies and inconveniencies, from Adam to Magna Charta, and from thence to the present day; when, alas! it is a female's province only (if a mother) to nurse, cherish, and watch over her darling son, who, perhaps, in maturity, may be the foremost in adding to the weight of this oppressive burden. "Art thou one of them!" said Julius Caesar to his son, when he saw him amongst those that murdered him. That went deeper to his heart than the swords of all his enemies.

Let then the claim to these female occupations be developed; let not an indelible stain be fixed on the character of men; for, when the affair is finally discussed, will these grievances sound credible to the ear of posterity? Let not then our annals be stained with suffering a longer continuance of so much misery, but let an immediate interference take place.

title: Page:The Female Advocate.djvu/75


text:
Page:The Female Advocate.djvu/76

 Why shall the deliberate destroyers of happiness be suffered to continue, without some notice being taken of their in human and avaricious guilt? To refuse a compliance with this request, is to become enemies to peace and happiness: to enjoy the necessaries of life is an invaluable right, which each individual expects to share in common with his neighbour; and, in fact, is what all do share, more or less, except the identical women in question.

The very poor, who are born in an abject state, are taught from their infancy to struggle through life in the same manner they see their needy connections: bread must be had, and all the instructions they can possibly get, is in what way to obtain it. Consequently, if by labour and industry, they can acquire a sufficiency to exist upon, they are perfectly at case, without bestowing a single thought upon to-morrow.

But the poor, unfortunate woman, who has seen better days, and been reared and educated with tenderness and care, she it is that feels her broken slumbers can no longer give relief

title: Page:The Female Advocate.djvu/76


text:
Page:The Female Advocate.djvu/77

 to her weary limbs. Her inability to wrestle with difficulties are great indeed; especially when she finds her whole endeavours fruitless: and, what is still as bad, by running to and fro, in pursuit of some means for bread, (which she is not able to obtain) the shrill voice of censure, or the destructive whisper of calumny, having breathed such a poisonous vapour over her character, she is despised by all, in the manner described in the foregoing pages, and irremediably doomed to sink, never more to rise; for, who will admit a woman of lost reputation into their house? O, cruel censure! what must be the sensations of oppressed innocence, under the censure of guilt! Even what is it they do not feel, on the bare appellation of idle and disorderly, when they have tried every expedient to obtain employment, though to no effect?

Under such a pressure of misfortunes, they must bear their sorrows in silence, unknown and unpitied! and must frequently put on a face of cheerful serenity, when their hearts are torn with secret grief. Thus they pass their time in sorrow, till they meet the

title: Page:The Female Advocate.djvu/77


text:
Page:The Female Advocate.djvu/78

 fatal alternative, either to be passive under the horrors of a prison, or compound for their preservation, by entering under the infernal roof of vice for protection.

When such an alternative is presented, what is to be expected? Should they evade the latter by conforming to the former, what is to be the advantage? I believe, it is generally allowed, that all prisons, or places of confinement, are but poor schools for virtue; and that youth and inexperience, or even those of a more advanced age, seldom return to the world without being, in some degree, contaminated; for it is not to be supposed, that these poor, miserable mortals are invulnerable. Indeed, should they even pass through these tracts unpolluted, it is next to impossible they should still escape destruction. After the death of kindred, faithlessness of friends, misfortunes, and disgrace, where are they to find a plank to save them from the wreck, where they see so many tossing up and down before them? and may very applicably say, with Pope's Sappho,

title: Page:The Female Advocate.djvu/78


text:
Page:The Female Advocate.djvu/79

But it is yet to be hoped, the charitable and humane will step forward in the cause, and no longer suffer the noble faculties of the understanding to remain buried in a torpid state of acquiescence to outward appearances, whilst such numbers are labouring under the most pitiable distress, and so many honest, industrious tradesmen and mechanics are obliged to contribute to the cause, which the profligacy of these distressed women brings upon the community.—Although it be supposed the most judicious cannot foresee or provide against every fraud or accident, yet, from the deep penetration and strict justice of such as are in power, there is not a doubt, but some plan will be adopted for the benefit of the whole, and some expedient thought of, as a temporary relief, for these distressed women, until a more permanent arrangement of things can take place. Indeed, it is possible some difficulties may arise, from the complication of the undertaking, yet what is it hu-

title: Page:The Female Advocate.djvu/79


text:
Page:The Female Advocate.djvu/80

 man efforts cannot effect, when aided by divine promise? which says, "Whatever you do unto one of the least of these, ye have done it unto me."

An undertaking commenced upon such grounds, must infallibly be productive of great good, and in that step alone, can we fail to see many of these usurpers drop away in confusion and shame, whilst the remainder, being held up to public ridicule, which they so justly merit, must quickly follow? for, should they be suffered to continue in their effeminate and unmanly employment, and neither be forced nor shamed out of their evil courses, where will they stop, or what will be the consequence?

"But whatsoever thou findeth to do, do it with thy might; for there is no work, nor device, nor knowledge, nor wisdom, in the grave, whither thou goest "

title: Page:The Female Advocate.djvu/80


text:
Page:The Female Advocate.djvu/180

 6. THE STORY OF DAVID DOUBTFUL, or the Reprobate Reformed, from the Fool of Quality, enlarged and improved. Elegant Frontispiece. Vellum Back, 19. 60.

7. SCRIPTURE HISTORIES, or interesting Narratives extracted from the Old and New Testament, for the Instruction of Youth. By Mrs. Pilkington, Elecant Frontispiece. Bound, 28. 6d.

8. OBEDIENCE REWARDED, and PREJUDICE CONQUERED; or the History of Mortimer Lascells. By Mrs. Pilkington. Elegant Frontiipicce, Bound 38.

9. BEAUTIES OF STURM, in Lessons on the Works of God and of his Providence, rendered familiar to the Capacitics of Youth, By Miss Andrews, Elegant Frontispiece. Bound, 38. 6d.

10. THE FAMILY BOOK, or Children's Journal, containing Moral and Amusing Tales, with instructiv Dialogues, upon subjects which generally occur in familiar society. Translated from the French of Bei quin. Bound, 38. 6d.

11. ZUMMERMAN ON SOLITUDE; translated t. om the German; with 7 beautiful Plates by Ridley. Boards, 6s, 6d,

12. PAUL AND VIRGINIA, an interesting and beautiful Tale, founded on Fact. Translated from the French of St. Pierre, by Helen Maria Williams. A new Edition, with 5 beautiful Plates by Richter. Bound, Vellum Back, 283. 6d.

title: Page:The Female Advocate.djvu/180


text:
Page:The Independence of the Czecho-Slovak Nation.pdf/11

 and strife, the direction, magnitude and the end of which it is impossible to foresee We Slavs are looking toward these events with a sincere regret, but without fear. We were before Austria was, and when Austria no longer is, we still shall be. Czech Statesman and Historian, 1865

The national ideals of Bohemia and her reformation are unrealizable in Austria-Hungary where the organization of brute force secures to the minority the means of exploiting the majority. Bohemia can never accept the ideal of Prussia and Germany which would enslave the world by military drill and Machiavellian misuse of science and culture


text:
Page:The Independence of the Czecho-Slovak Nation.pdf/12

 Bohemia has not been conquered by Austria she joined Austria and Hungary as par inter pares; she is legally just as independent a state as Hungary, and by the same right. The right has been violated by the dynasty but law and justice cannot be affected by material force or so-called historical necessities  The Habsburgs have forfeited their rights in regard to Bohemia by their repeated and almost continuous treachery. Not the Czechs alone, but no nation can trust or accept Austro-Hungarian policy, for it is a policy of a single family, and only the advocates of mediaeval theocracy and absolutism can prefer the rights of one family to the rights of ten nations If Europe is to be regener-


text:
User:Brolulu

A person that loves books and does things with code.

title: User:Brolulu


text:
Page:The Independence of the Czecho-Slovak Nation.pdf/13

 ated this immoral and obsolete tradition must be finally overcome.

Relying in this historical moment upon the natural right of each nation to self-determination and free development, fortified further by irrevocable historical rights and state papers of undoubted validity, we shåll demand at the head of our people the union of all branches of the Czecho-Slovak people into one democratic Bohemian state, which shall include the Slovak branch connected geographically with the historical Bohemian fatherland


text: Page:กม ร ๗ - ๒๔๗๓.pdf/14

title: Page:กม ร ๗ - ๒๔๗๓.pdf/14


text:
Page:The Independence of the Czecho-Slovak Nation.pdf/14

 The Bohemian nation declares solemnly before all the world its determination to have liberty and independence, enjoyed by the ancient Bohemian crown. While demanding political independence, the Bohemian nation in accordance with the new democracy postulates for the entire Czecho-Slovak race the right of self-determination.


text:
Author:Napoléon Adrien Marx

As editor

 * Around the World in Eighty Days (1872), by Jules Verne

title: Author:Napoléon Adrien Marx


text:
User:Brolulu/Header/styles.css

/* * Styles used by header templates (perhaps not just ) */

.wst-header .wst-header-mainblock { border: 1px solid #ACA; background-color: #E6F2E6; }

.wst-header .wst-header-notes { border-bottom: 1px solid #A0A0A0; }

.wst-header .wst-header-notes > div:first-child { background-color: #FAFAFF; }

/* microformat */ .wst-header #ws-data { display: none; }

title: User:Brolulu/Header/styles.css


text:
Page:Osorio; a tragedy, as originally written in 1797 (IA cu31924105501831).pdf/22

 acquaintance with the German drama, which, in the hands of Schiller at least, redeems all its faults by its excellence, and among its other striking beauties, abounds in the picturesque. We never saw more interest excited in a theatre than was expressed at the sorcery-scene in the third act. The altar flaming in the distance, the solemn invocation, the pealing music of the mystic song, altogether produced a combination so awful as nearly to overpower reality, and make one half believe the enchantment which delighted our senses. The characters most laboured by the author are Ordonio and Alhadra. Both are developed with a force of thinking and a power of poetry which have been long strangers to the stage, and the return of which we hail as the omen of better days. In none of his works has Mr. Coleridge exhibited so much of his sentimental and descriptive power, so little deformed with his peculiar affectations. His images have his usual truth and originality without their usual meanness: his tenderness is as exquisite as in his best pieces, and does not degenerate into his usual whining."

The following criticism of Remorse is from the Times of Monday, Jan. 25, 1813:—


text:
Page:The Independence of the Czecho-Slovak Nation.pdf/15

 urope, I hope, also realizes the awful moral situation of a nation which wholly sympathizes with the Allies, but whose sons, by the mere mechanical or ganization of militarism, are forced to fight against those whom they consider as Allies and whom they love as brethren. In New Europe, January 25, 1917

The international position of Bohemia after the war will be the truest test of victory When once a free Bohemia emerges in the heart of Europe we shall know that the


text:
Page:The Independence of the Czecho-Slovak Nation.pdf/16

 flood of German-Magyar aggression is receding, never to rise again. The New Statesman December 9, 1916

Little is said of Bohemia, because everyone is agreed upon her rights and her hopes; because in each of the Allied countries it is considered that victory will restore independence to that vigorous nation which, under the German heel, has given such fine proofs of vitality, alike in the economic and intellectual sphere.

Bohemia has shown by her whole past history an idealism and capacity for sacrifice and powers of endurance


text:
Page:The Independence of the Czecho-Slovak Nation.pdf/17

 and organization such as prove her a thousand times over to be worthy and able to live her own life. The nation which was the first in Europe to vindicate the principle of religious liberty has a great part to play in the task which lies before the Allies today the vindication of political liberty for all the nations of Europe.

If at the end of this war the Czecho-Slovak nation attains its liberty and an open road to a new greatness and glory, no one will be able to say that this comes to them as a gift and that they had not done enough to deserve it. They are working and fight-


text:
Page:Osorio; a tragedy, as originally written in 1797 (IA cu31924105501831).pdf/23

 "The drama was presented for the first time on Saturday, and called, or in the more scrupulous phrase of the author, is to be called, Remorse. The plot was singularly involved and laboured

"Mr. Coleridge is a poet, and it would be next to impossible that a work of his could be utterly destitute of poetic value; but he is one of a school whose conceptions scorn the bounds of humble taste, and his 'vaulting ambition hath o'erleapt them all.' There are, however, intermingled with those fierce ventures, occasional passages of true poetic cadence. The speech of the Moresco woman, describing her imprisonment, is a strong and deep picture of feelings that could scarcely be coloured too strongly. Her story of her husband's murder is finely told; her eager listening,—her hearing his last groan from the bottom of the chasm,—her finding his sword,—and her solemn determination to have blood for blood, did honour to the capacity that conceived and expressed them; and in defiance of the foolish blasphemy, in which she is made to talk about 'plucking the dead out of Heaven,' and other exploded plagiarisms from the German school, the whole dialogue of the part received great applause.


text:
Page:The Independence of the Czecho-Slovak Nation.pdf/18

 ing in the best spirit of a modern democracy, without narrow calculation of sacrifice and immediate reward. “The Czecho-Slovaks” London 1917

We will do nothing to oppose your just desire for independence and free national expansion

The transformation of Austria-Hungary into a state of nationalities, in the sense of Slay demands, is equivalent to the defeat of Germany, Deutsche Politik, Nov. 23, 1917


text:
Page:The Independence of the Czecho-Slovak Nation.pdf/19

 he Czecho-Slovaks, perfidiously abandoned at Tarnopol by our infantry, fought in such a way that the world ought to fall on its knees before them.

Monsieur le President

France has always supported with all her power the national claims of the Czechs and Slovaks. The number of volunteers of these nationalities who placed themselves under the


text:
Page:Osorio; a tragedy, as originally written in 1797 (IA cu31924105501831).pdf/24

 "We speak with restraint and unwil- lingly of the defects of a work which must have cost its author so much labour. We are peculiarly reluctant to touch the anxieties of a man who has already exhibited talent, and whose various acquirements and manly application of them deserve the favour of those who value literature. But to conceal the truth is only to do final injury, and it must be acknowledged that this drama has sins, nay, a multitude, almost beyond the covering of charity. Its first fault is its unwieldy length: it was almost five hours long. Its next is its passion for laying hold of everything that could allow an apology for a description. Murderers stop short with the dagger in their hands to talk of 'roses on mountain sides;' fathers start back from their children to moralise; and a lover, in the outrage of disappointed love, lingers to tell at what hour of the day he parted from his mistress,—how she smiled, and how the sun smiled,—how its light fell upon the valleys, and the sheep, and the vineyards, and the lady,—and how red her tears were in 'the slant beam.' This may be poetical, but it has no connexion with the plain, rapid, and living truth of the drama. There is an essential difference in those two


text: Page:กม ร ๗ - ๒๔๗๓.pdf/15

title: Page:กม ร ๗ - ๒๔๗๓.pdf/15


text:
Page:Osorio; a tragedy, as originally written in 1797 (IA cu31924105501831).pdf/25

 branches of the art. With the mere poet, time is as nothing,—he may wonder and rest, and indulge his eye—like a pilgrim offer his hymn at every shrine by the way and then resume his sandals and his staff, and pace onward to the altar of his patron. To the dramatist, time is as everything. He has not a moment to waste,—he carries an important mission,—life and death are hanging on his steps,—and he must speed forward without venturing to turn his eye from that spot in the horizon which at every moment enlarges as he speeds, and where his coming is to agitate or appease so many hearts. We are slow to speak of faults as applied to this writer: but he has not yet learned this value of time. His plot is intolerably curved and circuitous, indistinct beyond all power of pleasurable apprehension, and broken beyond all reach of continued interest

"The Prologue was, we hope, by some 'dd good-natured friend,' who had an interest in injuring the play; it was abominable. The


text:
Page:CTRL0000034605 - Transcribed Interview of Angela McCallum, (December 8, 2021).pdf/109

109 to ask youabout. You can take a look—take a chance to review.

Yeah, I have reviewed.

Okay. So is this the part of the text chain that you said that it was a random person texting you and you couldn't recall—

Yeah.

—or you didn't know who they were?

This looks like the same—same exact text chain where—that we talked about earlier. And, you know, I'd like to repeat, I don't know who sent me these and so—

So—

Anything on this page, I've never seen, so—

Okay. So this first message, "Well done!", exclamation point, from, that phone number, you don't know who that is?

No idea who that is.

And that link that's provided, it looks like it's a LinkedIn post. Do you recall clicking that link to review what was in that post?

No, I don't think I would've clicked on any of these links.

Do you even remember this text chain?

When I was doing my document review, you know, I obviously found them and O remembered, "Oh, someone sent me, you know, seven messages in 1 week with links." And, you know, beyond that, I don't have any memory of it.

So you're not sure why you received the text as part of this chain of "well done"?

No, I have no idea. No one—I–I don't know. As you can see, I did not respond to any messages that were ever sent in this chain.


text:
Page:CTRL0000034605 - Transcribed Interview of Angela McCallum, (December 8, 2021).pdf/110

110 Got it. Let's—if you could turn to tab 13, it's one communication, Bates 1514/

Okay. I've reviewed.

So if you look at the first message, it’s from Michael Brawn. He says, "Alright. This is now the EDO Michigan team. It's Tulip + Flynn." And the date he sent this, I believe, is December 1st, 2020.

Is that accurate based off of what you're looking at?

Yes.

Okay. Do you know what EDO Michigan team or the EDO Michigan team refers to?

I believe that just refers to, you know, the group of people I had said making calls, Kerrick, Chelsea, Madison, myself, and directed by Michael Brown, plus Shawn Flynn.

And do you know—and EDO, just for clarity on the record, is that election day operations?

Correct.

Do you know why he was calling it election day operations if it was December 1st when he sent the message?

No.

And do you know who Tulip is?

Tulip is the name of the street that the office in Philadelphia was on, so—

In the Trump campaign office in Philly?

You know, I'm not sure whose name was actually on the lease at the building, but that's where, you know, like I mentioned James Fitzpatrick earlier, the State director, that was his office space that he was working out of, would assume that the


text:
Page:Hans Brinker, Or, The Silver Skates- A Story of Life in Holland (IA hansbrinkerorsi00dodggoog).pdf/42

 her hands with delight, "oh! Hans, was it for nothing the stork settled on our roof last summer? Do you remember how the mother said it would bring us luck, and how she cried when Janzoon Kolp shot him? And she said it would bring him trouble. But the luck has come to us at last! Now, Hans, if mother sends us to town to-morrow you can buy the skates in the market place."

Hans shook his head. "The young lady would have given us the money to buy skates; but if I earn it, Gretel, it shall be spent for wool. You must have a warm jacket.".

"!" cried Gretel, in real dismay, "not buy the skates! Why I am not often cold! Mother says the blood runs up and down in poor children's veins humming 'I must keep 'em warm! I must keep 'em warm.'

"Oh, Hans," she continued with something like a sob, "don't say you wont buy the skates, it makes me feel just like crying—besides, I want to be cold—I mean I'm real, awful warm—so now!"

Hans looked up hurriedly. He had a true Dutch horror of tears, or emotion of any kind, and, most of all, he dreaded to see his sister's blue eyes overflowing.

"Now mind," cried Gretel, seeing her advantage, "I'll feel awful if you give up the skates. I don't want them. I'm not such a stingy as that; but I want you to have them, and then when I get bigger they'll do for me—oh-h—count the pieces, Hans. Did ever you see so many!"

Hans turned the money thoughtfully in his palm. Never in all his life, had he longed so intensely for a pair of skates, for he had known of the race and had,


text:
Page:CTRL0000034605 - Transcribed Interview of Angela McCallum, (December 8, 2021).pdf/111

111 Trump campaign's name was on the lease.

So it's not—Tulip does not refer to any specific person?

No. It refers to a place, which I guess he's referring to all of us as Team Tulip.

Okay. And Flynn, you said, is Steve Flynn?

Shawn.

Or, excuse me, Shawn Flynn. And what was—how did he help with your effort in terms of calling elected officials?

He was the State director for election day operations in Michigan. So, you know, I guess he was looped in on what we were doing. I don't have any specific memory of how this call went with Flynn or what Flynn said on this call, so—

De you recall if Mr. Flynn, Mr. Shawn Flynn, was involved with any of the other States in the outreach that you and others did to elected officials there or just in Michigan?

I think that's a question you'd have to ask Shawn. I believe it was just Michigan. He wasn't looped in on, you know, any other States that we were making these calls in, to my knowledge.

Was Mr. Flynn ever at, like, the meetings that you all had in Philly?

Shawn—I did not see Shawn Flynn in person until we were fully working on the Senate runoffs in Georgia. That was the first time I had met him in person.

And about when was that, when you were fully working on the Senate runoffs in Georgia, if you have an approximate date?

Yeah. So like I said, our contract officially—well, my contract, and I would assume Shawn's contract also, started on the 1st of December. But we arrived in Atlanta, Georgia, I would say, sometime between the 7th of December and the 9th or


text:
Page:CTRL0000034605 - Transcribed Interview of Angela McCallum, (December 8, 2021).pdf/112

112 10th of December, very early that month, so—

And is this chain kind of an example of, you know, Mike Brown saying, "Here's the team, this is our assignment, and we're going to, you know, meet up and then call elected officials"? Is this kind of an example of that?

Yeah, this would be an example of us texting about, you know, one of the meetings that we've discussed previously.

And "we" meaning us today?

"We" as in, yes, us in this room.

Okay. Great.

Let's go to tab 17. And this is a lengthier communication, so please take your time to review it. And this is Bates 1501 is the first page.

There's a lot of these.

(Pause.)

Okay.

So my first question relates to this first message from Mr. Brown. It's sent November 30th, 2020. So his message is, "Good morning. We are going to call State leadership across the country later today. We may set up in the Union League or in my room, but we are going to win this thing. We are going to explain the process for legislative redress and tell them how to send representatives to th"—and he forgot the "e"—"electoral college. They've heard from lawyers who failed to explain it. So we will. And we will convince them. There's no team I'd trust more to do this. Touch base at 10 a.m. Be ready to deliver."

So my question is, he says, "They've heard from lawyers who failed to explain it." Do you know what he's referring to in that sentence?

No.


text: Page:กม ร ๗ - ๒๔๗๓.pdf/16

title: Page:กม ร ๗ - ๒๔๗๓.pdf/16


text:
Page:กม ร ๗ - ๒๔๗๓.pdf/336

Phra Bat Somdet Phra Paramin Maha Prajadhipok Phra Pok Klao Chaoyuhua gives a great royal command by which He declares and decrees to all as follows:

Whereas He entertains an opinion that it is appropriate to amend the Constitution of the Courts of Justice to better benefit the public service and expedite the trial and adjudication of cases;

Therefore, He orders with His gracious pleasure that enacted shall be an Act containing the following sections:

This Act shall be called the Constitution of the Courts of Justice Amendment, 2473 Buddhist Era.

This Act shall come into force from the 1st day of April 2474 Buddhist Era onwards.

Articles 2 and 3 of the Announcement Regarding the Modification of the Powers of the Circle Courts, 128 RE (2452 BE), shall be repealed.

Paragraph 1 of section 19 of the Constitution of the Courts of Justice, 127 RE (2451 BE), shall be repealed and replaced by the following provisions:

title: Page:กม ร ๗ - ๒๔๗๓.pdf/336


text:
Page:The Philippine Islands, 1493-1803 (Volume 09).pdf/154

148 person who governs all that kingdom) delivered me the letter which he brought for your Majesty, he told me to tell your Majesty that the emperor was your friend, and that on his part the friendship would not fail; and that your Majesty should not, because he was so far away, consider it as of little account. Gomez Perez de Las Marinas, governor of the Philipinas, sent me with father Fray Pedro Baptista and three other fathers of St. Francis, to take a letter to that emperor in response to the one which he had written. We went with this arrangement, that the fathers would remain in Japon (as they did) and that I should return with the answer that the governor desired. Having delivered the letter to the emperor, when he learned from the letter that the governor of the Philipinas wished to notify your Majesty of this emperor’s intentions, he said, without giving me an answer, that since the governor wished to advise you, he could not do it better than through me. That I might be the better able to do so, he ordered that I should examine his fortresses, cities, and rich palaces, and the indications of his great power, so that I could give your Majesty a good account of it all, as well as of the kind treatment that was always given to me, and to the Franciscan fathers who remained there. These fathers asking him for a small piece of ground on which to build a house and church, he told them that he would give them a large piece in the place where they were, and also furnish them food. Then he ordered that the site and house that they might select should be given to them. And because the land was so cold, he ordered the fathers (who are barefooted) to be shod and clothed; and said that he would give them these things and would


text:
Page:กม ร ๗ - ๒๔๗๓.pdf/337

 "In a circle court, there shall be one chief judge and other judges. The participation of two judges shall constitute a quorum competent to fully exercise the power of the court to try and adjudicate cases.

In a provincial court, there shall be no less than two judges and the participation of two judges shall constitute a quorum competent to fully exercise the power of the court to try and adjudicate cases.

In circle courts and provincial courts, a mere single judge has the power to try and adjudicate cases if the cases are subject to his positional power to conduct trials and render judgments.

In a municipal court, there may be only one judge.

The chief judge or his representative shall lead and have the power to command judges of all the courts in the circle."

Section 26 of the Constitution of the Courts of Justice, 127 RE (2451 BE), shall be repealed and replaced by the following provisions:

"Provincial courts have the power to try and adjudicate all cases under every provision of law."

The chief judge of a circle court shall have the power to sit at every court in that circle in order to try and adjudicate upon cases or, after

title: Page:กม ร ๗ - ๒๔๗๓.pdf/337


text:
Page:Jstraitsrsa31-33.pdf/684

 ; Police Superintendent's Office :
 * Hokkien, Goā po-lè-chú 外玻璃主 "outer police magistrate."
 * Cantonese, San sham lau 新審樓

 * Police Station :
 * Hokkien, Má-táⁿ liaû 馬打寮 "police house."
 * Cantonese, Mata liu 馬打寮
 * Hokkien, Ba lai 峇唻 the Malay word balai, a station.
 * Hokkien, Ba lai 峇唻 the Malay word balai, a station.

 * Detective Police Station :
 * Hokkien, Âm pai keng 暗牌間 "secret badge house"; detectives are called "secret badge," because they, not wearing any uniform, are supposed to wear a police badge secretly on their persons.
 * Cantonese, Am phai kun 暗牌館

 * Marine Police Station :
 * Hokkien, Sūn hai má-táⁿ liaû 巡海馬打寮 "inspecting sea police house."
 * Cantonese, Shui si mata liu 水師馬打寮 shui si means marine.
 * Hokkien. Sūn haí ba laí 巡海峇唻
 * Hokkien. Sūn haí ba laí 巡海峇唻

 * Criminal Prison :
 * Hokkien, Kha khu keng 腳樞間 "foot-fettering house."
 * Cantonese, Kam fong 監房 "confining house"

 * Debtor's Prison :
 * Hokkien, Khiàm chà kha khu keng 欠債腳樞間 "Owing debts prison."
 * Cantonese, Chhin chai kam 錢債監 "Debt prison."

 * General Hospital :
 * Hokkien, Pīⁿ chhù 病厝 "Sick house."
 * Cantonese, Yi shang kun 醫生館
 * Hokkien, Ló kun chhù 老君厝 "Doctor's house."
 * Hokkien, Ló kun chhù 老君厝 "Doctor's house."

title: Page:Jstraitsrsa31-33.pdf/684


text:
Template:TOC row 2dot-1/s

 * - class="__toc_row_m-1 __toc_row_2dot-1 wst-toc-row-2dot-1 " style=""
 * colspan=2|

title: Template:TOC row 2dot-1/s


text:
Template:TOC row 2dot-1/e

 * style="text-align:; width:;" |

title: Template:TOC row 2dot-1/e


text:
Page:Jstraitsrsa31-33.pdf/685

 * Chamber of Commerce :
 * Hokkien, Âng mô siang kong-si 紅毛商公司 "European merchants' Kong-si."
 * Cantonese, Sai yan sheung mo kuk 西人商務局 "Western people's commercial business board."

 * Hongkong & Shanghai Bank :
 * Hokkien, Hui hong bang 匯豐𠻾 Hui hong being the Chinese chop of this bank and bang=bank,
 * Cantonese, Ui fung ngan hong 匯豐銀行 Ui fung being the Chinese chop of this bank, and ngan hong means money firm-bank.
 * Hokkien, Siāng haí bang 上海𠻾 "Shanghai bank."
 * Cantonese, Shung hoi ngan hong 上海銀行 "Shanghai bank."
 * Cantonese, Shung hoi ngan hong 上海銀行 "Shanghai bank."

 * Chartered Bank;
 * Hokkien, Cha-ta bang 查噠𠻾 "Chartered Bank."
 * Cantonese, Cha-ta ngan hong 查打銀行 "Chartered Bank."

 * Netherlands Trading Society :
 * Hokkien, Hô-lân bang 和蘭𠻾 "Holland bank."
 * Cantonese, Ho-lan ngan hong 和蘭銀行

 * Telegraph Office :
 * Hokkien, Phah tâng soàⁿ koan 打銅線關 "striking brass wire office."
 * Cantonese, Tin po kuk 電報局 "electricity report board."

 * Tin Exchange :
 * Hokkien, Chip siang só͘ 集商所 "assembling merchant's place.
 * Cantonese, Chap sheung so 集商所
 * Hokkien, Siak Kong-si 錫公司 "the tin Kong-si."
 * Cantonese, Shek kung-si 錫公司
 * Cantonese, Shek kung-si 錫公司

title: Page:Jstraitsrsa31-33.pdf/685


text:
Template:TOC row 2dot-1/top

 * - class="__toc_row_m-1 __toc_row_2dot-1 wst-toc-row-2dot-1 " style=""
 * colspan=2|

title: Template:TOC row 2dot-1/top


text: Template:TOC row 2dot-1/bottom

title: Template:TOC row 2dot-1/bottom


text:
From OER to Open Pedagogy: Harnessing the Power of Open

Editors' Commentary
The unaffordability of education—whether in terms of tuition or textbooks—has undoubtedly made the ‘free’ element of Open a rallying cry. However, as the open education movement matures, the fulcrum of this discussion appears to be shifting from an emphasis on the adoption of open educational resources to an embrace of open educational practices. In this chapter, authors Robin DeRosa and Scott Robison draw on a variety of examples to illustrate the empowering potential of open pedagogy, an approach in which students are not just consumers of content but active and visible participants in the construction of knowledge. The chapter concludes with a reflection on some of the challenges and lessons learned from engaging students in public scholarship.

Understanding the Value of Open
There is no question that Open Educational Resources can save students money, and there is no question that the cost of higher education can be prohibitive for many students, so lowering costs is a shared imperative for those of us who are committed to educational access. But lowering costs always has to be contextualized into larger goals about learning. For example, a struggling university might curtail library hours or lower the heat in classrooms in order to save money; these cost-saving measures could make education more accessible and could lower tuition and fees for students, but they could also impede learning. In this sense, cost savings is a complex issue, and any effort to save students money needs to be weighed against a range of repercussions distinct from the financial bottom line. The fact that learning materials now exist in digital formats does not necessarily mean that these learning materials can compete with traditional printed textbooks or other analog tools in terms of helping students learn. We have probably all tried some new-tech way of doing some old-tech process and found that the old-tech way worked better. So what about OER make them a good choice for adoption in the classroom? What, aside from cost-savings, make them valuable to education?

OER are free, digital, easily shared learning materials. Though colleges will have to address hardware issues (it would be a mistake not to acknowledge that access to the online world has real costs, and that free materials can only be freely available when institutions assure provision for all students), the potential that OER have to lower skyrocketing textbook costs is promising. When you look at the majority of research and press about OER, they focus on the rising costs of textbooks and the phenomenal cost-saving potential of OER. Individual students could save thousands of dollars over the course of an academic degree; colleges and universities could save hundreds of thousands — even millions — for their student bodies. In addition, institutions stand to strengthen their own financial health as they improve retention and enrollment rates by committing to OER initiatives. So should faculty convert to OER because it’s cheaper for students? Or because it can improve the financial health of our institutions? Should we adopt OER simply because the technology is available? Or is something larger at stake here?

First, we need a corrective to the definition in the previous paragraph, since it’s not enough to say that ‘OER are free, digital, easily shared learning materials.’ To be ‘open’ as well as free, educational materials must carry an open license (usually a Creative Commons license), meaning that OER can be reused, remixed, revised, redistributed, and retained. In other words, OER are flexible, and they empower faculty and students to work together to customize learning materials to suit specific courses and objectives. It’s the way that the learning materials respond to learners and teachers that makes OER exciting; what should really galvanize faculty with an interest in educational transformation are the possibilities for pedagogical change that OER make explicit.

Student-centered pedagogy is clearly in fashion at the moment. But what does it mean to call an educational experience ‘student-centered’? In many cases, people seem to conflate student-centered pedagogy with a customer service model aimed at student satisfaction. Often, we hear ‘student-centered’ trotted out in policy discussions aimed at eliminating bureaucratic obstacles for students (for example, making transferring credits between institutions easier), or in faculty conversations about teaching methods. In the latter, faculty talk about increasing class discussion and refocusing classroom dynamics away from traditional lectures and toward a more interactive model. But in many cases, these new ‘student-centered’ policies do little more than respond to market demand, and these ‘student-centered’ pedagogies do little more than acknowledge a baseline student voice as part of the course. How can OER offer a more robust vision for centering our students in their educational experience?

By replacing a static textbook — or other stable learning material — with one that is openly licensed, faculty have the opportunity to create a new relationship between learners and the information they access in the course. Instead of thinking of knowledge as something students need to download into their brains, we start thinking of knowledge as something continuously created and revised. Whether students participate in the development and revision of OER or not, this redefined relationship between students and their course ‘texts’ is central to the philosophy of learning that the course espouses. If faculty involve their students in interacting with OER, this relationship becomes even more explicit, as students are expected to critique and contribute to the body of knowledge from which they are learning. In this sense, knowledge is less a product that has distinct beginning and end points and is instead a process in which students can engage, ideally beyond the bounds of the course. If texts — content — are at the heart of a course, and content is now shaped into a process that depends on learner engagement in order to function fully, then OER propel us into truly student-centered territory. This territory might more aptly be described as ‘learner-centered’ or even ‘learner-directed’ if we follow through on the open pedagogy towards which OER gesture. (For the purposes of this inquiry, this article defines ‘open pedagogy’ in a way that remixes and revises the complex definition of ‘critical digital pedagogy’ set forth by Jesse Stommel.)

OER make possible the shift from a primarily student-content interaction to an arrangement where the content is integral to the student-student and student-instructor interactions as well. What we once thought of as pedagogical accompaniments to content (class discussion, students assignments, etc.) are now inextricable from the content itself, which has been set in motion as a process by the community that interacts with it. Moreover, students asked to interact with OER become part of a wider public of developers, much like an open-source community. We can capitalize on this relationship between enrolled students and a broader public by drawing in wider communities of learners and expertise to help our students find relevance in their work, situate their ideas into key contexts, and contribute to the public good. We can ask our students — and ourselves as faculty — not just to deliver excellence within a prescribed set of parameters, but to help develop those parameters by asking questions about what problems need to be solved, what ideas need to be explored, what new paths should be carved based on the diverse perspectives at the table. Open pedagogy uses OER as a jumping-off point for remaking our courses so that they become not just repositories for content, but platforms for learning, collaboration, and engagement with the world outside the classroom.

To help explore how this theory can be put into practice, we will offer a few specific examples of how open pedagogy − in concert with OER or even distinct from it − can empower learners in a course.

Wikipedia Assignments: an example of open scholarship
According to Alexa Internet, Wikipedia is the sixth most-visited website in the United States. When the general public searches the internet for information, Wikipedia articles are generally at the top of the search results. The accuracy of the information on Wikipedia is dependent on the constant contributions, revisions and confirmations from diligent contributors. An article can receive ‘Good Article’ status by the Wikipedia community if it meets six criteria (well written, verifiable, broad in coverage, neutral, stable, and if possible, illustrated with images). At the time of this writing, of the nearly more than 5 million articles in English Wikipedia, only about 35,000 (>1%) have achieved a Good Article status or better. Much work is yet to be done. The Wiki Education Foundation provides resources to help educators involve students in advancing access to knowledge while building their digital literacy skills. Their model involves an ‘assignment’ that replaces a more traditional research paper where the task is to write or edit and improve a Wikipedia article; perhaps attaining Good or even Featured Article status. Instead of writing solely for their instructor and a grade, they are writing for the public. This is vastly different than the disposable assignment where students’ work (and feedback from the instructor) often end up in the class recycling bin at the end of the semester. Rather than only being ‘graded’ by an instructor, they may have to respond to other Wikipedia readers and reviewers. Have they written clearly enough for a general audience? Does their writing have a logical flow? Have they supported their statements properly and soundly? These are some of the questions and skills that Jon Beasley-Murray and his students at the University of British Columbia confronted when they worked on this kind of a project for a class called ‘Murder, Madness, and Mayhem: Latin American Literature in Translation.’ Their goals (all of which were attained) included improving Wikipedia’s coverage of selected articles on Latin American literature, submitting these articles to Wikipedia review processes, and increasing the number of featured articles in this area. In Beasley-Murray’s words:

‘I decided to include wikipedia as a central part of a course I was teaching in the belief that it was only by actively contributing to the encyclopedia that they would learn about its weaknesses, and also its strengths. And also with the idea that they would thereby, and perhaps rather incidentally, improve articles in a field (Latin American literature) in which in my experience wikipedia has been especially weak.’

‘I liked the idea that students would be engaging in real world project, with tangible and public, if not necessarily permanent, effects. In the end, an essay or an exam is an instance of busywork: usually written in haste; for one particular reader, the professor; and thereafter discarded.’

‘I’d like to think that it is teaching the students research skills and writing skills in what is very much a real world environment. They were set a medium- to long-term goal at the beginning of the semester, and were required to work collaboratively both within their own groups and with strangers in the public domain to plan how to achieve and deliver that goal. And their final product is to be a professional piece of work that will be viewed by many thousands of people, a resource that is in most cases the first port of call for future researchers, whether students like themselves or the any of the many millions from all over the world who visit wikipedia. Most of these articles are, after all, the top hit (or very close to it) in any internet search of the topic. By comparison, the usual essays and exams that we assign our students really are rather pointless busywork.’

To date, more than 22,000 students enrolled in >1,000 courses have participated in the Wikipedia assignments, collectively working on more than 37,000 articles. Professional bodies like the Association for Psychological Science and the American Sociological Association have called on their membership to participate in their own Wikipedia initiatives. These calls have been heeded, with faculty like Paula Marentette, Erik Olin Wright, and Martha Groom among the 97% of instructors who report that they would teach with Wikipedia again.

Noba Project Student Video Awards: an example using video
The use of video can be a highly effective way to communicate information. In 2011, Salman Khan of the Khan Academy urged educators to use video to ‘reinvent education’ by flipping instructor content online. An open pedagogy perspective invites students to be content creators. Willmott et al. (2012) found such learner-centered activities can inspire and motivate students when they are engaged with course content. The Noba Project (see Chapter 16) offers an annual competition in which students submit creative short videos which address one of Noba’s suggested psychology topics or issues. The videos should help viewers understand and remember the concepts around the topic and must be three minutes or less. The US$10,000 in prize money is distributed among the top videos each year. The ‘products’ that students create are impressive. The 2015 Noba Student Video Award projects are free and ‘open’ for review and reuse under a Creative Commons license. Not only does an experience like this engage and empower the students who create the content, but the content then becomes part of the learning process for future psychology students.

The Class-Created Textbook: An example from Robin's literature course
In my English course on early American literature, I realized that students were paying close to US$100 for a textbook filled with literature that was virtually all in the public domain. Of course, they were also paying for a host of helpful edits to that literature: spelling updates, excerpting decisions, explanatory annotations. One summer before I was going to teach the course again, I posted a call to alums of the course and asked if anyone wanted to help me track down public domain versions of the texts. About ten students were interested in working on the project, since the idea that they could build a replacement no-cost text for future generations of students in their program was appealing to them. By the end of the summer, we had a solid skeletal framework of texts assembled into an eBook that we built using PressBooks, a free user-friendly WordPress platform that makes it easy to create books and publish them online. When the course began, new students in the class took on editing duties: updating spelling; excerpting selected longer texts; and adding front matter for each chapter which included discussion questions and some interactive video. These were students with virtually no familiarity with early American literature, but they were able to do this work better than I could have, since they were essentially producing a collection targeted at their exact demographic. In addition, they felt remarkably more attached to their course textbook given the fact that they, in essence, were its authors. We have only taken one course of students through the book so far, and much of it is rough, but we share it openly and look forward to improving it every time a new group of learners engages with it and offers updates, corrections, and additions.

Part of what we realized was fun about the open textbook was the way that students in the course could do the work of real scholars, and the way that they could imagine a connection to future learners who would engage with their work. To capitalize on the sense of connection to a scholarly community (both senior and junior to them), I introduced a tool called Hypothes.is into the mix. Hypothes.is is a web annotation tool that allows readers of any website to annotate the text on that site, and these annotations can be public, allowing for other readers to reply and engage with the annotations. Our open textbook allowed us to share our text but also open conversations around that text, and represent our reading as something that was, in very visible ways, an act of participation in a scholarly community. Students loved it, and the whole process, from creating the OER to revising it with students to annotating it publicly, was catalyzed by the idea of the open textbook.

The Crowd-Sourced Syllabus: An example from Robin's writing course
Creating or adopting an open textbook can allow for exciting interactions between students, content, and broader academic and non-academic publics. But once we commit to student-directed learning, we can use open pedagogy to rethink our courses beyond the textbook, from the ground up, in ways that can ultimately make a student’s experience in our class more meaningful. In my Composition course this semester, I started by asking students what they felt like they needed to learn. Together, we crafted our course objectives, just the way my American lit students had crafted our textbook. Some of the objectives they developed were predictably connected to writing, but others surprised me: for example, they wanted to add objectives about time management and about engaging with current events. From there, students crafted their own writing assignments and tied them to the course objectives. After that, we worked out a grading process that would allow them to self-grade using rubrics that we agreed on. Finally, all work would be done on their own public websites (their ‘ePorts’), which they would build from scratch, control themselves, and take with them after the class ended. In effect, the course is centrally student-directed. It’s also unfolding in public, in a kind of triangle between my website which contains our syllabus and readings, their ePorts where they do their work, and Twitter, where we chat together and share ideas with others who are interested. Obviously, this course is a fairly radical enacting of the principles of ‘open pedagogy,’ and it is probably too extreme a model for many faculty in many courses, but it does show us that when begin to empower learners to engage with the course content in truly dialogic ways, we can envision new possibilities for every level of course design.

Working in Public: Lessons and challenges on the ground
While some students will surely long for the days where they could just open a textbook, memorize a list of facts, and recite that list on an assessment, most students seem truly thrilled to finally be participating in − rather than just absorbing − their educations. Of course, as teachers, we have to weigh this kind of student empowerment against the very real challenges of working in public in these ways. First of all, privacy concerns are not only legitimate, they are also sometimes a matter of life and death. One of our students had transferred to our university as part of an elaborate plan to go into hiding from her abusive boyfriend; there could have been deadly consequences had she used her real identity online. There are good ways that students can protect themselves while working in public, but often times the risks are different for different students, and instructors need to educate themselves about safety concerns, about big data and how it is used, and about how the tools they recommend protect or compromise student privacy.

In addition to safety and privacy, another challenge relates to the idea that students will be putting work into the public commons that might reflect poorly on them because it is not polished or sophisticated. This was very clear in Robin’s Composition course, where students sometime struggled with basic literacy issues that made their online writing very rough. To us, this is less about a problem with the students or their work, and more about the way that the web has been underutilized as a workshop space. The reason that we changed the term for student websites from ‘ePortfolio’ to ‘ePort’ is that we wanted to de-emphasize the idea that only perfectly polished work belongs on the web, and instead suggest that the internet is far more powerful and helpful to us if we use it as portal through which we can communicate with others. We try to model this ourselves by sharing our work online before it is polished and complete, and we try to emphasize all writing and creation as an iterative, ongoing process that the web can facilitate. If they post work that is not perfect (and of course, they only post work that is not perfect), we all offer suggestions and comments − publicly − and they keep working to improve the piece. It is our belief that the ‘future employers’ that we are often fearful will penalize our students for their imperfect public work will overlook the imperfection in favor of the evidence of a student’s ability to engage in the digital world for the benefit of improving their projects. But this is something we all have to do together: to change the web from a stale collection of rapidly-outdating artifacts of perfection to a living, growing collaborative space where new ideas are always developing.

The Power of Open: A concluding thought
If we think of OER as just free digital stuff, as products, we can surely lower costs for students; we might even help them pass more courses because they will have free, portable, and permanent access to their learning materials. But we largely miss out on the opportunity to empower our students, to help them see content as something they can curate and create, and to help them see themselves as contributing members to the public marketplace of ideas. Essentially, this is a move from thinking about OER as open textbooks and thinking about them as opening textbooks...and all sorts of other educational materials and processes. When we think about OER as something we do rather than something we find/ adopt/acquire, we begin to tap their full potential for learning.

Previous publication
A previous version of this chapter appeared in Educause Review on November 9, 2015 (CC-BY 4.0).


text: Talk:From OER to Open Pedagogy: Harnessing the Power of Open


text:
Page:กม ร ๗ - ๒๔๗๓.pdf/338

 inspecting the file of any case, shall have the power to give signature as part of the adjudicative panel or to express a dissenting opinion.

The provincial courts in the metropolitan zones shall have the same powers as other provincial courts, and the chief judges of police courts and provincial courts in the metropolitan zones shall have the same powers as chief judges of circle courts over those provincial courts and their judges.

All the cases instituted before the day of coming to force of this Constitution of the Courts of Justice Amendment shall be tried and enforced in accordance with former laws and ordinances.

Announced on the 9th day of January 2473 Buddhist Era, being the 6th year of the present reign.

title: Page:กม ร ๗ - ๒๔๗๓.pdf/338


text:
Author:Robin DeRosa

Works

 * From OER to Open Pedagogy: Harnessing the Power of Open, with Scott Robison (2017)

title: Author:Robin DeRosa


text:
Author:Scott Robison

Works

 * From OER to Open Pedagogy: Harnessing the Power of Open, with Robin Derosa (2017)

title: Author:Scott Robison


text:
Page:CTRL0000034605 - Transcribed Interview of Angela McCallum, (December 8, 2021).pdf/113

113 Okay. Did he ever talk about lawyers who weren't making arguments that they should be or not in a way that he felt was effective?

No, I have no knowledge of that.

Did he ever say how you all could deliver any sart of message in a more effective way than lawyers?

No.

So it sounds like you don't really know what he's referring to here with "lawyers who failed to explain it."

No. I mean, as you can see, I also never responded to these messages, so—

And a little bit further down, so Madi, Madison Crawley responds, "Copy."

And then Michael Brown responds, "We're gonna be lobbyists. Woot."

Do you know what he means by "lobbyists"?

No, I don't. I mean, I think that was partially, you know, exaggerating, jokingly. But, again, you'd have to ask him for what he meant. That's at least how I interpret this message reading it now. I don't know what he meant. That's something for him.

Did you ever ask him what he meant by, "We're gonna be lobbyists," what that meant?

No.

Do you recall him saying that other times, that you all were going ta be lobbyists?

No.

If you turn the page to Bates 1502, at—so November 30th, 2020, 7:53 a.m., Chelsea Barnett writes, "Got it." And then Michael Brown responds, "Waiting to hear from Roman. But let's be ready."


text: Translation:Announcements, Acts, and Decrees From the Reign of Rama VII/Tome 6


text: Translation:Announcements, Acts, and Decrees From the Reign of Rama VII/Tome 6/Part 20