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 The next older girls were definitely divided as to whether or not they lived in the pastor's households. A glance at the table in the appendix will show that among the girls a couple of years past puberty, there is a definite inverse correlation between residence at home and chastity, with only one exception, Ela, who had been forgiven and taken back into the household of a pastor where workers were short. Ela's best friend was her cousin, Talo, the only girl in the group who had sex experience before menstruation had begun. But Talo was clearly a case of delayed menstruation; all the other signs of puberty were present. Her aunt shrugged her shoulders in the face of Talo's obvious sophistication and winning charm and made no attempt to control her. The friendship between these two girls was one of the really important friendships in the whole group. Both girls definitely proclaimed their preference, and their homosexual practices were undoubtedly instrumental in producing Talo's precocity and solacing Ela for the stricter régime of the pastor's household.

These casual homosexual relations between girls never assumed any long-time importance. On the part of growing girls or women who were working together they were regarded as a pleasant and natural diversion, just tinged with the salacious. Where heterosexual relationships were so casual, so shallowly channelled, there was no pattern into which homosexual relationships could fall. Native theory and vocabulary recog-


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 the forest, which they had now entered, and keeping his eyes fixed on objects before him, like a man who is looking deep into futurity, he replied as follows:—

"There has always been one point of difference between us, Judge Temple, I may say, since our nativity; not that I would insinuate that you are at all answerable for the acts of nature; for a man is no more to be condemned for the misfortunes of his birth, than he is to be commended for the natural advantages he may possess; but on one point we may be said to have differed from our births, and they, you know, occurred within two days of each other."

"I really marvel, Richard, what this one point can be; for, to my eyes, we seem to differ so materially, and so often"—

"Mere consequences, sir," interrupted the Sheriff, "all our minor differences proceed from one cause, and that is, our opinions of the universal attainments of genius."

"In what, Dickon!" exclaimed the Judge.

"I speak plain English, I believe, Judge Temple; at least I ought; for my father, who taught me, could speak"—

"Greek and Latin," interrupted Marmaduke—"I well know the qualifications of your family in tongues, Dickon. But proceed to the point; why are we travelling over this mountain to-day?"

"To do justice to any subject, sir, the narrator must be suffered to proceed in his own way," continued the Sheriff. "You are of opinion, Judge Temple, that a man is to be qualified by nature and education to do only one thing well, whereas I know that genius will supply the place of learning, and that a certain sort of man can do any thing and every thing."


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 "Like yourself, I suppose," said Marmaduke, smiling.

"I scorn personalities, sir," returned the Sheriff; "I say nothing of myself; but there are three men on your patent, of the kind that I should term talented by nature for her general purposes, though acting under the influence of different situations."

"We are better off, then, than I had supposed," said Marmaduke. "Who are they?"

"Why, sir, one is Hiram Doolittle; he is a carpenter by trade, as you know, and I need only point to the village to exhibit his merits. Then he is a magistrate, and might shame many a man, in his distribution of justice, who has had better opportunities than himself."

"Well, he is one," said Marmaduke, with the air of a man that was determined not to dispute the point.

"Yes, sir, and Jotham Riddel is another."

"Who!" exclaimed the Judge.

"Jotham Riddel."

"What, that dissatisfied, shiftless, lazy, speculating fellow! he who changes his county every three years, his farm every six months, and his occupation every season! an agriculturist yesterday, a shoemaker to-day, and a schoolmaster to-morrow! that epitome of all the unsteady and profitless propensities of the settlers, without one of their good qualities to counterbalance the evil! Nay, Richard, this is too bad for even—but who is the third?"

"As the third is not used to hearing such comments on his character, Judge Temple, I shall not name him," said the indignant Sheriff.

"The amount of all this, then, Dickon, is, that the trio, of which you are one, and the principal, have made some important discovery."


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 get, what is of equal value to our manufacturing classes, raw material at a cheap enough rate to enable the English manufacturers to turn out into the markets of the civilised world articles sufficiently cheap themselves to compete with those of other manufacturing nations.

The importance to us of such markets as Africa affords us seems to me to give us one sufficient reason for taking over these tropical African regions. I do not use the word justification in the matter, it is a word one has no right to use until we have demonstrated that our interference with the native population and our endeavours for our own population have ended in unmixed good; but it is a sound reason, as good a reason as we had in overrunning Australia and America. Indeed, I venture to think it is a better one, for the possession of a great market enables thousands of men, women and children to live in comfort and safety in England, instead of going away from home and all that home means; and this commercial reason,—for all its not having a high falutin sound in it,—is the one and only expansion reason we have that in itself desires the national peace and prosperity of the native races with whom it deals.

It seems to me no disgrace to England that her traders are the expanding force for her in Africa. There are three classes of men who are powers to a State—the soldier, the trader, and the scientist. Their efforts, when co-ordinated and directed by the true statesman—the religious man in the guise of philosopher and poet—make a great State. Being English, of course modesty prevents my saying that England is a great State. I content myself by saying that she is a truly great people, and will become a great State when she is led by a line of great statesmen

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 "I have not said that I am one, Judge Temple. As I told you before, I say nothing of myself. But a discovery has been made, and you are deeply interested in it."

"Proceed—I am all ears."

"No, no, 'duke, you are bad enough, I own, but not so bad as that either; your ears are not quite full grown."

The Sheriff laughed heartily at his own wit, and put himself in good humour thereby, when he gratified his patient cousin with the following explanation:—

"You know, 'duke, that there is a man living on your estate that goes by the name of Natty Bumppo. Here has this man lived, by what I can learn, for more than forty years—by himself, until lately; and now with strange companions."

"Part very true, and all very probable," said the Judge.

"All true, sir; all true. Well, within these last few months have appeared as his companions, an old Indian chief, the last, or one of the last of his tribe that is to be found in this part of the country, and a young man, who is said to be the son of some Indian agent, by a squaw."

"Who says that!" cried Marmaduke, with an interest that he had not manifested before.

"Who! why common sense—common report. But listen till you know all. This youth has very pretty talents—yes, what I call very pretty talents—and has been well educated, has seen very tolerable company, and knows how to behave himself, when he has a mind to. Now, Judge Temple, can you tell me what has brought three such men as Indian John, Natty Bumppo, and Oliver Edwards, together?"

Marmaduke turned his countenance, in evident surprise, to his cousin, and replied quickly—


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 statesmen who are not only capable, as indeed most of our statesmen have been, of seeing the importance of India and the colonies, but also capable of seeing the equal importance to us of markets.

England's democracy must learn the true value of the markets that our fellow-countrymen have so long been striving to give her, and must appreciate the heroism those men have displayed, only too often unrequited, never half appreciated by the sea-wife, who "breeds a breed of rovin' men and casts them over sea." Those who go to make new homes for the old country in Australia and America do not feel her want of interest keenly; but those heroes of commerce who go to fight and die in fever-stricken lands for the sake of the old homes at home, do feel her want of interest.

I am not speaking hastily, nor have I only West Africa in my mind in this matter; there are other regions where we could have succeeded better, with advantage to all concerned Malaya, British Guiana, New Guinea, the West Indies, as well as West Africa. If you examine the matter I think you will see that all these regions we have failed in are possessed of unhealthy climates, while the regions we have succeeded with are those possessed of healthy climates. The reason for this difference in our success seems to me to lie mainly in our deficiency of statesmanship at home. We really want the humid tropic zone more than other nations do; a climate that eats up steel and hardware as a rabbit eats lettuces is an excellent customer to a hardware manufacturing town, &c. A region densely populated by native populations willing to give raw trade stuffs in exchange for cotton goods, which they bury or bang out on stones in the course of washing

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 nised the real pervert who was incapable of normal heterosexual response, and the very small population is probably sufficient explanation for the rarity of these types. I saw only one, Sasi, a boy of twenty who was studying for the ministry. He was slightly but not pronouncedly feminine in appearance, was skilled at women's work and his homosexual drive was strong enough to goad him into making continual advances to other boys. He spent more time casually in the company of girls, maintained a more easy-going friendship with them than any other boy on the island. Sasi had proposed marriage to a girl in a pastor's household in a distant village and been refused, but as there was a rule that divinity students must marry before ordination, this has little significance. I could find no evidence that he had ever had heterosexual relations and the girls' casual attitude towards him was significant. They regarded him as an amusing freak while the men to whom he had made advances looked upon him with mingled annoyance and contempt. There were no girls who presented such a clear picture although three of the deviants discussed in the next chapter were clearly mixed types, without, however, showing convincing evidence of genuine perversion.

The general preoccupation with sex, the attitude that minor sex activities, suggestive dancing, stimulating salacious conversation, salacious songs and definitely motivated tussling are all acceptable and attractive diversions, is mainly responsible for the native attitude


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 towards homosexual practices. They are simply play, neither frowned upon nor given much consideration. As heterosexual relations are given significance not by love and a tremendous fixation upon one individual, the only forces which can make a homosexual relationship lasting and important, but by children and the place of marriage in the economic and social structure of the village, it is easy to understand why very prevalent homosexual practices have no more important or striking results. The recognition and use in heterosexual relations of all the secondary variations of sex activity which loom as primary in homosexual relations are instrumental also in minimising their importance. The effects of chance childhood perversions, the fixation of attention on unusual erogenous zones with consequent transfer of sensitivity from the more normal centres, the absence of a definite and accomplished specialisation of erogenous zones—all the accidents of emotional development which in a civilisation, recognising only one narrow form of sex activity, result in unsatisfactory marriages, casual homosexuality and prostitution, are here rendered harmless. The Samoan puts the burden of amatory success upon the man and believes that women need more initiating, more time for the maturing of sex feeling. A man who fails to satisfy a woman is looked upon as a clumsy, inept blunderer, a fit object for village ridicule and contempt. The women in turn are conscious that their lovers use a definite technique which they regard with a sort of


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 "Thou hast unexpectedly hit on a subject, Richard, that has often occupied my mind. But knowest thou any thing of this mystery, or are they only the crude conjectures of"—

"Crude nothing, 'duke, crude nothing; but facts, stubborn facts. You know there are mines in these mountains; I have often heard you say that you believed in their existence"—

"Reasoning from analogy, Richard, but not with any certainty of the fact."

"You have heard them mentioned, and have seen specimens of the ore, sir; you will not deny that! and, reasoning from analogy, as you say, if there be mines in South America, ought there not to be mines in North America too?"

"Nay, nay, I deny nothing, my cousin. I certainly have heard many rumours of the existence of mines, in these hills; and I do believe that I have seen specimens of the precious metals that have been found here. It would occasion me no surprise to learn that tin and silver, or, what I consider of more consequence, good coal,"—

"Damn your coal, sir," cried the Sheriff; "who wants to find coal, in these forests? No, no, silver, 'duke; silver is the one thing needful, and silver is to be found. But listen: you are not to be told that the natives have long known the use of gold and silver; now who so likely to be acquainted where they are to be found, as the ancient inhabitants of a country? I have the best reasons for believing that both Mohegan and the Leather-stocking have been privy to the existence of a mine, in this very mountain, for many years."

The Sheriff had now touched his cousin in a sensitive spot, and Marmaduke lent a more attentive ear to the speaker, who, after waiting a mo-


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 or otherwise actively help their local climate to consume, is invaluable to a textile manufacturing town. Yet it would be idle to pretend that our Government has realised these things. Our superior ability as manufacturers, and the great enterprise of our men who have gone out to conquer the markets of the tropics, have given us all the advantages we now enjoy from those markets, but they could do no more; and now, when we are confronted by the expansion of other European nations, those men and their work are being lost to England. Our fellow-countrymen will go anywhere and win anywhere to-day just as well as yesterday, where the climate of the region allows England to throw enough of them in at a time to hold it independent of the home government; but in places where we cannot do this, in the unhealthy tropical regions where those men want backing up against the aggression on their interests of foreign governments, well, up to the present they have not had that backing up, and hence we have lost to England in England the advantages we so easily might have secured.

An American magazine the other day announced in a shocked way that I could evidently "swear like a trooper!" I cannot think where it got the idea from; but really!—well, of course I don't naturally wish to, but I cannot help feeling that if I could it would be a comfort to me; for when I am up in the great manufacturing towns, England properly so called, their looms and forges seem to me to sing the same song to the great maker of Fate—we must prosper or England dies. And there is but one thing they can prosper on—for there is but one feeding ground for them and all the thousands of English men, women and children dependent on them

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 ing that the dullest, the most incurious, cannot fail to notice it. And this diversity is so old, so embodied in semi-solutions, in those compromises between different philosophies which we call Christianity, or democracy, or humanitarianism, that it baffles the most intelligent, the most curious, the most analytical.

So for the explanation of the lack of poignancy in the choices of growing girls in Samoa, we must look to the temperament of the Samoan civilisation which discounts strong feeling. But for the explanation of the lack of conflict we must look principally to the difference between a simple, homogenous primitive civilisation, a civilisation which changes so slowly that to each generation it appears static, and a motley, diverse, heterogeneous modern civilisation.

And in making the comparison there is a third consideration, the lack of neuroses among the Samoans, the great number of neuroses among ourselves. We must examine the factors in the early education of the Samoan children which have fitted them for a normal, unneurotic development. The findings of the behaviourists and of the psychoanalysts alike lay great emphasis upon the enormous rôle which is played by the environment of the first few years. Children who have been given a bad start are often found to function badly later on when they are faced with important choices. And we know that the more severe the choice, the more conflict; the more poignancy is attached to the demands made upon the individual, the more neuroses will re-


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 sult. History, in the form of the last war, provided a stupendous illustration of the great number of maimed and handicapped individuals whose defects showed only under very special and terrible stress. Without the war, there is no reason to believe that many of these shellshocked individuals might not have gone through life. unremarked; the bad start, the fears, the complexes, the bad conditionings of early childhood, would never have borne positive enough fruit to attract the attention of society.

The implications of this observation are double. Samoa's lack of difficult situations, of conflicting choice, of situations in which fear or pain or anxiety are sharpened to a knife edge will probably account for a large part of the absence of psychological maladjustment. Just as a low-grade moron would not be hopelessly handicapped in Samoa, although he would be a public charge in a large American city, so individuals with slight nervous instability have a much more favourable chance in Samoa than in America. Furthermore the amount of individualisation, the range of variation, is much smaller in Samoa. Within our wider limits of deviation there are inevitably found weak and non-resistant temperaments. And just as our society shows a greater development of personality, so also it shows a larger proportion of individuals who have succumbed before the complicated exactions of modern life.

Nevertheless, it is possible that there are factors in the early environment of the Samoan child which are


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 the open market of the World. To me the life blood of England is her trade. Her soul, her brain is made of other things, but they should not neglect or spurn the thing that feeds them—Commerce—any more than they should undervalue the thing that guards them—the warrior.

But, you will say, we will not be tied down to this commercial reason as England's reason for taking over the administration of tropical Africa. My friend, I really think on the whole you had better—it's reasonable. I grant that it has not been the reason why English missionaries and travellers have risked their lives for the good of Africa, or of human knowledge, but as a ground from which to develop a policy of administering the country this commercial one is good, because it requires as aforesaid the prosperity of the African population; and your laudable vanities in the matter I cannot respect, when I observe right in the middle of the map of Africa an enormous region called the Congo Free State. I have reason to believe that that region was opened up by Englishmen―Livingstone, Stanley, Speke, Grant and Burton. If you had been so truly keen on suppressing Arab slavery and native cannibalism, there was a paradise for you! Yet, you hand it over to some one else. Was it because you thought some one else could do it better? or—but we will leave that affair and turn to the consideration of the possibility of administering tropical Africa, governmentally, to the benefit of all concerned.

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 ment, to see the effect of this extraordinary developement, proceeded—

"Yes, sir, I have my reasons, and at a proper time you shall know them."

"No time is so good as the present," exclaimed Marmaduke.

"Well, well, be attentive," continued Richard, looking cautiously about him, to make certain that no eavesdropper was hid in the forest, though they were in constant motion. "I have seen Mohegan and the Leather-Stocking, with my own eyes and my eyes are as good as any body's eyes—I have seen them, I say, both going up the mountain and coming down it, with spades and picks; and others have seen them carrying things into their hut, in a secret and mysterious manner, after dark. Do you know what they could be?"

The Judge did not reply, but his brow had contracted, with a thoughtfulness that he always wore when much interested, and his eyes rested on his cousin in expectation of hearing more. Richard continued—

"It was ore. Now, sir, I ask if you can tell me who this Mr. Oliver Edwards is, that has made a part of your household since last Christmas?"

Marmaduke again raised his eyes, but continued silent, shaking his head in the negative.

"That he is a half breed we know, for Mohegan does not scruple to call him, openly, his kinsman; that he is well educated we know. But as to his business here—do you remember that about a month before this young man made his appearance among us, Natty was absent from home several days? You do; for you inquired for him, as you wanted some venison to take to your friends, when you went for Bess. Well, he was not to be found. Old John was left in the hut alone; and when Natty did appear, although


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, you will say, Wherefore should the general public in England interest itself in this matter? Surely things are now governmentally administered in England's West African Colonies for the benefit of all parties concerned.

Well, that is just exactly and precisely what they are not. The system of Crown Colonies, when it is worked by Portuguese, does, at any rate, benefit some of the officials; but English officials are incapable of availing themselves of the opportunities this system offers them; and therefore, as this form of opportunity is the only benefit the thing can give any one, the sooner the Crown Colony system is removed from the sphere of practical politics and put under a glass case in the South Kensington Museum, labelled "Extinct," the better for every one.

I beg you, before we go further in this matter, to look round the world calmly, and then, when you have allowed the natural burst of enthusiasm concerning the extent and the magnificence of the British Empire to pass, you will observe that in the more unhealthy regions England has failed. I say she has failed because of the Crown Colony

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 "I can recollect, when I was ten or twelve years old, going to Hastings’s trial. My garter, somehow, came off, and was picked up by Lord Grey, then a young man. At this hour, as if it were before me in a picture, I can see his handsome but very pale face, his broad forehead; his corbeau coat, with cut-steel buttons; his white satin waistcoat and breeches, and the buckles in his shoes. He saw from whom the garter fell, but, observing my confusion, did not wish to increase it, and with infinite delicacy gave the garter to the person who sat there to serve tea and coffee.

"The first person I ever danced with was Sir Gilbert Heathcote.

"When I was young, I was never what you call handsome, but brilliant. My teeth were brilliant, my complexion brilliant, my language—ah! there it was—something striking and original, that caught everybody’s attention. I remember, when I was living with Mr. Pitt, that, one morning after a party, he said to me, 'Really, Hester, Lord Hertford' (the father of the late lord, and a man of high pretensions for his courtly manners) 'paid you so many compliments about your looks last night, that you might well be proud of them.'—'Not at all,' answered I: 'he is deceived, if he thinks I am handsome, for I know I am not. If you were to take every feature in my


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 system—failed with them even during days wherein she has had to face nothing like what she has to face to-day from the commercial competition of other nations.

In order to justify myself for holding the view that it is possible for any system of English administration to fail anywhere, I would draw your attention to the fact that the system used by us for governing unhealthy regions is the Crown Colony system. The two things go together, and we must assign one of them as the reason of our failure. You may, if it please you, put it down to the other thing, the unhealthiness. I cannot, for I know that no race of men can battle more gallantly with climate than the English—no other race of men has shown so great a capacity as we have to make the tropics pay. Still to-day we stand face to face with financial disaster in tropical regions.

If you will look through a list of England's tropical unhealthy possessions, leaving out West Africa, you will see nothing but depression. There are the West Indies, British Guiana, and British Honduras. All of these are naturally rich regions and accessible to the markets of the world. There is not one of them hemmed in by great mountain chains or surrounded by arid deserts, across which their products must be transported at enormous cost. They are all on our highway—the sea; nor are they sparsely populated. Their population, according to the latest Government returns, is 1,653,832, and this estimate is acknowledged to be necessarily imperfect and insufficient. But with all these advantages we find no prosperity there under our rule. Nothing but poverty and discontent and now pauperisation in the shape of grants from the Imperial Exchequer. You say, "Oh! but that is on account of the sugar bounties and the majority of the population not being

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 English;" but that argument won't do. Look at the Canary Islands. They were just as hard hit by aniline dyes supplanting cochineal. Their population is not mainly English; but down on those islands came an Englishman, the Spanish Government had the sense to let him have his way, and that Englishman, Mr. A. L. Jones, of Liverpool, has, in a space of only fifteen years, made those islands a source of wealth to Spain, instead of paupers on an Imperial bounty. "But," you say, "we have other regions under the Crown Colony system that are not West Indian." Granted, but look at them. There are the West African group; a group of three in the Mediterranean, Gibraltar, Malta, and Cyprus, two fortifications and a failure; away out East another group, which are prosperous from the fact that they are surrounded by countries whose fiscal arrangements are providentially worse than their own, and this seems to be the only condition which can keep a Crown Colony on its financial legs at all. For all our Crown Colonies adjacent to countries who can compete with them in trade matters are paupers, or their efficiency and value to the Empire is in the sphere of military and naval affairs, as posts and coaling stations. These possessions of the Gibraltar, Malta, and Hong-Kong brand should be regarded as being part of our navy and army, and not confused with colonies, though essential to them.

"Still," you say, "you are forgetting Ceylon, the Fiji Islands, the Falklands, and the Mauritius." I am not. Ceylon is part of India and practically an Indian province, so is out of my arguments. I present you with the others wherefrom to build up a defence of the Crown Colony system. Say, "See the Falklands off Cape Horn, with a

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 he came on in the night, he was seen drawing one of those jumpers that they carry their gram to mill in, and to take out something, with great care, that he had covered up under his bear-skins. Now let me ask you, Judge Temple, what motive could induce a man like the Leather-stocking to make a sled, and toil with a load over these mountains, if he had nothing but his rifle or his ammunition to carry?"

"They frequently make these jumpers to convey their game home, and you say he had been absent many days."

"How did he kill it? His rifle was in the village to be mended. No, no—that he was gone to some unusual place is certain; that he brought back some secret utensils is also certain; and since then he has not allowed a soul to approach his hut."

"He was never fond of intruders"—

"I know it," interrupted Richard; "but did he drive them from his cabin morosely? Within a fortnight of his return, this Mr. Edwards appears. They spent whole days in the mountains, pretending to be shooting, but in reality exploring; the frosts prevented their digging at that time, and he availed himself of a lucky accident to get into good quarters. But even now, he is quite half of his time in that hut—many hours in each night. They are smelting, 'duke, they are smelting, and as they grow rich you grow poor."

"How much of this is thine own, Richard, and how much comes from others? I would sift the wheat from the chaff."

"Part is my own, for I saw the jumper, though it was broken up and burnt in a day or two. I have told you that I saw the old man with his spades and picks. Hiram met Natty, as he was crossing the mountain, the night of his arrival


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 with the sled, and very good-naturedly offered—Hiram is good-natured—to carry up part of his load, for the old man had a heavy pull up the back of the mountain, but he wouldn't listen to the thing, and repulsed the offer in such a manner that the Squire said he had half a mind to swear the peace against him. Since the snow has been off, more especially after the frosts got out of the ground, we have kept a watchful eye on the gentlemen, in which we have found Jotham very useful."

Marmaduke did not much like the associates of Richard in this business; still he knew them to be cunning and ready in expedients; and as there was certainly something mysterious, not only in the connexion between the old hunters and Edwards, but in what his cousin had just related, he began to revolve the subject in his own mind with more care. On reflection, he remembered various circumstances that tended to corroborate these suspicions, and, as the whole business favoured one of his infirmities, he yielded the more readily to their impression. The mind of Judge Temple, at all times comprehensive, had received from his peculiar occupations, a bias to look far into futurity, in speculations on the improvements that posterity were to make in his lands. To his eye, where others saw nothing but a wilderness, towns, manufactories, bridges, canals, mines, and all the other resources of an old country, were constantly presenting themselves, though his good sense suppressed, in some degree, the exhibition of these expectations.

As the Sheriff allowed his cousin full time to reflect on what he had heard, the probability of some pecuniary adventure being the connecting link in the chain that brought Oliver Edwards into the cabin of Leather-stocking, appeared to him


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 each moment to be stronger. But Marmaduke was too much in the habit of examining both sides of a subject, not to perceive the objections, and reasoned with himself aloud:—

"It cannot be so, or the youth would not be driven so near the verge of poverty."

"What so likely to make a man dig for money, as being poor?" cried the sheriff.

"Besides, there is an elevation of character about Oliver, that proceeds from education, which would forbid so clandestine a proceeding."

"Could an ignorant fellow smelt?" continued Richard.

"Then Bess hints that he was reduced to his last shilling, when we took him into our dwelling."

"He had been buying tools. And would he spend his last sixpence for a shot at a turkey, had he not known where to get more."

"Can I have possibly been so long a dupe! His manner has been rude to me, at times: but I attributed it to his conceiving himself injured, and to his mistaking the forms of the world."

"Haven't you been a dupe all your life, 'duke? and an't what you call ignorance of forms deep cunning, to conceal his real character?"

"If he were bent on deception, he would have concealed his knowledge, and passed with us for an inferior man."

"He cannot. I could no more pass for a fool, myself, than i could fly. Knowledge is not to be concealed, like a candle under a bushel."

"Richard," said the Judge, turning to his cousin, "there are many reasons against the truth of thy conjectures; but thou hast awakened suspicions which must be satisfied. But why are we traveling here?"

"Jotham, who has been much in the mountain


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 latterly, being kept there by me and Hiram, has made a discovery, which he will not explain, he says, for he is bound by an oath; but the amount is, that he knows where the ore lies, and he has this day begun to dig. I would not consent to the thing, 'duke, without your knowledge, for the land is yours;—and now you know the reason of our ride. Don't you call this a countermine for their mine, ha!"

"And where is the desirable spot?" asked the Judge, with an air half comical, half serious.

"Close by; and when we have visited that, I will show you one of the places that we have found within a week, where our gentlemen hunters have been amusing themselves for six months past."

The gentlemen continued to discuss the matter, while their horses picked their way under the branches of trees, and over the uneven ground of the mountain. They soon arrived at the end of their journey, where, in truth, they found Jotham already buried to his neck in a hole that he had been digging.

Marmaduke questioned the miner very closely, as to his reasons for believing in the existence of the precious metals near that particular spot; but the fellow maintained an obstinate mystery in his answers. He asserted that he had the best of reasons for what he did, and inquired of the Judge what portion of the profits would fall to his own share, in the event of success, with an earnestness that proved his faith. After spending an hour near the place, examining the stones, and searching for the usual indications of the proximity of ore, the Judge remounted, and suffered his cousin to lead the way to the place where the mysterious trio had been making their excavation.

The spot chosen by Jotham was on the back


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 of the mountain that overhung the hut of Leather-stocking, and the place selected by Natty and his companions was on the other side of the same hill, but above the road, and, of course, in an opposite direction to the route taken by the ladies in their walk.

"We shall be safe in approaching the place now," said Richard, while they dismounted and fastened their horses; "for I took a look with the glass, and saw John and Leather-stocking in their canoe fishing, before we left home, and Oliver is in the same pursuit; but these may be nothing but shams, to blind our eyes, so we will be expeditious, for it would not be pleasant to be caught here by them."

"Not on my own land!" said Marmaduke, sternly. "If it be as you suspect, I will know their reasons for making this excavation."

"Mum," said Richard, laying his finger on his lip, and leading the way down a very difficult descent to a sort of a natural cavern, which was formed in the face of the rock, and not unlike a fire-place in shape, in front of this place lay a pile of earth, which had evidently been taken from the recess, and part of which was yet fresh. An examination of the exterior of the cavern, left the Judge in doubt whether it was one of nature's frolics that had thrown it into that shape, or whether it had been wrought by the hands of man, at some earlier period. But there could be no doubt that the whole of the interior was of recent formation, and the marks of the pick were still visible, where the soft, lead-coloured rock had opposed itself to the progress of the miners. The whole formed an excavation of about twenty feet in width, and nearly twice that distance in depth. The height was much greater than was required for the ordinary purposes of experiment;


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 but this was evidently the effect of chance, as the roof of the cavern was a natural stratum of rock, that projected many feet beyond the base of the pile. Immediately in front of the recess, or cave, was a little terrace, partly formed by nature, and partly by the earth that had been carelessly thrown aside by the labourers. The mountain fell off precipitately in front of the terrace, and the approach by its sides, under the ridge of the rocks, was difficult, and a little dangerous. The whole was wild, rude, and apparently incomplete; for, while looking among the bushes, the Sheriff found the very implements that had been used in the work.

When the Sheriff thought that his cousin had examined the spot sufficiently, he cried—

"Well, Judge Temple, are you satisfied?"

"Perfectly that there is something mysterious, and to me perplexing in this business. It is a secret spot, and cunningly devised, Richard; yet I see no symptoms of ore."

"Do you expect, sir, to find gold and silver lying like pebbles on the surface of the earth?—dollars and dimes ready coined to your hands! No, no—the treasure must be sought after to be won. But let them mine; I shall countermine."

The Judge took an accurate survey of the place, and noted in his memorandum-book such marks as were necessary to find it again, in the event of Richard's absence; when the cousins returned to their horses.

On reaching the highway they separated, the Sheriff to summon twenty-four "good men and true," to attend as the inquest of the county, on the succeeding Monday, when Marmaduke held his stated court of "common pleas and general sessions of the peace," and the Judge to return, musing deeply on what he had seen and heard in the course of the morning.


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 When the horse of the latter reached the spot where the highway fell towards the valley, the eye of Marmaduke rested, it is true, on the same scene that had, ten minutes before, been so soothing to the feelings of his daughter and her friend, as they emerged from the forest; but it rested in vacancy. He threw the reins to his sure-footed beast, and suffered the animal to travel at its own gait, while he soliloquized as follows:—

"There may be more in this than I at first supposed. I have suffered my feelings to blind my reason, in admitting an unknown youth in this manner to my dwelling;—yet this is not the land of suspicion. I will have the Leather-stocking before me, and, by a few direct questions, extract the truth from the simple old man."—

At that instant the Judge caught a glimpse of the figures of Elizabeth and Louisa, who were slowly descending the mountain, but a short distance be fore him. He put spurs to his horse, and riding up to them, dismounted, and drove his steed along the narrow path. While the agitated parent was listening to the vivid description that his daughter gave of her recent danger, and her unexpected escape, all thoughts of mines, vested rights, and examinations, were absorbed in his emotions; and when the image of Natty again crossed his recollection, it was not as a lawless and depredating squatter, but as the preserver of his child.


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The golf match between Walter J. Travis and Findlay S. Douglas, in the United War Work campaign exhibition, over the links of the Garden City Golf Club yesterday afternoon, in a way found history repeating itself. Travis won on the home green, even as he did eighteen years ago in the final of the national championship. The winner's margin was 1 up.

Approximately $3,000 was raised for the cause. That phase of the program began just prior to the start of the players, when Frank M. Bacon, President of the club, asking for bids on the scoring privilege, and also for caddie rights. Martin W. Littleton paid $100 to be the official scorer, and he also bid $250 to be Travis's caddie. Howard Maxwell bid a similar amount for the privilege of caddying for Douglas, and he suited the action to the word by carrying the clubs. Instead of Littleton carrying for Travis, the job was turned over to a small boy.

After the match the auctioneering was renewed, the object being to dispose of the much-prized putter with which Travis won the British title at Sandwich in 1904. The bidding quickly mounted up, until L. H. Lapham of the home club topped the list with a bid of $1,700. Lapham then did a thing which was appreciated by every one, making a present of the putter to the Garden City Golf Club.

As was expected, when Douglas kept straight he had the greater distance with his wooden clubs, but lack of control landed him into much trouble. He kept out of the pitfalls fairly well on the outward journey, and, thanks to a steady streak of putting, more than held his own with the Garden City veteran.

Travis lost the first hole after twice being in trouble. Douglas, who had reached the green on his second, won in 4.

Travis showed all his old-time cunning at the second hole, where he supplemented a mashie shot over the sandpit with a neat ten-foot putt for a 2. Douglas also had a chance for a 2, but failed to give the ball quite enough force.

They halved the third in 5, and then Travis won the long fourth, practically 500 yards, in 4. The veteran got that "bird" by a beautiful third shot that left him no putt to speak of. Travis was 1 up then, but Douglas squared accounts with a 4 at the fifth hole.

Travis took three putts on the sixth green, which cost him that hole. Douglas was therefore 1 up, and, after a half in 5 at the seventh, he became 2 up, winning the eighth in 3, by holing a fifteen-footer. The hole is 357 yards long. Douglas missed a short putt at the ninth and lost that hole, but turned for home 1 up. Douglas was out in 40 to Travis's 42.

Douglas rolled up a long approach putt dead at the tenth, and won there with a 4 from his opponent, who had twice been in trouble. That made Douglas 2 up again, but he took three putts on the next two greens, losing at No. 11 and halving the next. The way they played the twelfth hole is worthy of mention. Both found the big pit guarding the green on their tee shots, and, after recovering well from the sand, fussed around for three putts each. It looked a certainty that Travis would get a 4 there, but he missed a wee one of scarcely two feet. A little later the veteran squared the match by winning the thirteenth in 5, Douglas overplaying the green on his third shot.

Sad putting marked the efforts of the players on the fourteenth green, but as Douglas had reached the zone in the immediate vicinity of the pin in a stroke less than his opponent he managed to win in 5 to 6. This saw Douglas 1 up again, but that was the last time he looked like a winner, as Travis won the next two holes. Douglas got into so much trouble at the fifteenth that he finally conceded the hole, while at the next he never had a chance after his drive caught the trap.

A beautiful recovery from a trap near the seventeenth green enabled Douglas to get a half in 5 there, when he appeared almost certain to lose the hole. That carried the match to the home green, and as they halved in 3 it left Travis a winner by 1 up.

Both were credited with a round in 86, the card reading as follows:

While preparations for the opening of the Horse Show at Madison Square Garden today were receiving the finishing touches and some three hundred horses were being exercised on the tanbark, the men responsible for this week's exhibition in aid of the United War Work campaign, together with the judges and some of the prominent exhibitors, including many army officers, were the guests of John McE. Bowman at a horse show breakfast yesterday in the music room of the Biltmore Hotel.

Covers were laid for two hundred inside and outside of the huge horseshow table. Among those present were Alfred B. Maclay, Reginald C. Vanderbilt, E. R. Bowne, Arthur G. Leonard, Thomas E. Wilson, John R. Thompson and Guy Woodin of Chicago; R. J. Skofield, Treasurer; Charles W. Smith, Secretary, and Frank T. Clarke, Superintendent of the Horse Show; James G. Marshall, Charles A. Baudouine, George B. Hulme, Carll S. Burr, Clinton B. Seeley, E. Vonder Horst Koch, J. A. P. Ramsdell, Bexley Hocombe, Alden S. Blodget, H. Stuart Hollis, George Willing, William H. Wanamaker, William T. Hunter and Harry D. Holloway of Philadelphia; Hamilton H. Salmon, Fred S. Field of Brockton, Mass.; I. J. R. Muurling, Louis Haight, William Durland, Ernest Iselin, E. S. J. McVickar, Thomas J. Regan, James J. Fox, Guy A. Ward, W. S. Blitz, George A. Coleman, W. A. McGibbon, Peter Hauck, Jr.; Major John K. Brown, Franklin B. Jourdan, W. R. Coe, Major D. O. Nelson, Rufus C. Finch, G. D. F. Leith and Major Alfred Wendt.

Reversing the usual order of things, the judges of the Horse Show will tonight give a dinner at the Manhattan Club to James McLean, President of the National Horse Show Association; Judge William H. Moore, Robert A. Fairbairn and Alfred B. Maclay, the four men who have made possible this week's unreserved benefit for the United War Work Campaign Fund.

Judging at the Garden will begin at 11 o'clock this morning. The following is the program for today:

The fastest paced half-mile of the season for the Harlem Speedway was returned yesterday by M. S. Kearins's bay gelding, Lustrous McKinney, at the Road Drivers' Association seventh Fall matinee. The Kearins gelding, in winning the 1:05 pace, covered the half-mile in 1:00 1/2 in the second heat.

Opposed to Lustrous McKinney was Moe Aronson's Hal Direct, and J. F. Fisherty's Lillian W. In the initial heat the three animals got off on a line and raced to the quarter pole abreast. Then Hal Direct and Lustrous McKinney broke badly and Lillian W. won handily. Kearins, first to get his pacer under control, brought Lustrous McKinney home second. The time was 1:03.

Kearnins' gelding kept its stride throughout the second heat, but was forced hard by Lillian W., which was beaten only a length. In this heat Lustrous McKinney continued its good work in the third heat and won by more than a length from Hal Direct, in 1:03.

Silent Sister and Oakland Boy, Jr., indulged in a pacing duel at 1:10 which went to Silent Sister in three heats. The other three-heat victory was registered by Gene Carpenter's Bessie Baron in the 1:09 trot.

Lustrous McKinney's victory in the 1:05 page, placed it within one point of J. Leonard's Silent Sister for the year's pacing championship cup. Leonard's mare has 23 points while Lustrous McKinney has 22. Countess Kohl is third with 16. In the trotting division American Girl leads with 29 points and Kitty Justo has 25. L. Albano's Pavana is third with 19.

Pelham Bay Naval Training Station's football machine rode roughshod over the eleven representing the Peekskill Naval Range at Travers Island yesterday, winning by the one-sided score of 49 to 0. The Pelham tars completely outclassed the Peekskill team. Lear was the leader in Pelham Bay's scoring, annexing four touchdowns.

The line-up:

Touchdowns—Lear, 4; Ged, 2; Hannen, 1. Goals from touchdowns—Nordstrom, 6; Christie. Substitutes—For Pelham Bay; Ducan for Rafferty; Siegler for McShelley; Hannen for Nordstrom; Wakefield for Ged; White for Wakefield; Blaine for McMahon. For Peekskill: Curley for Nelson; Carmody for Truz; Von Day for Duval; Kelly for Sorenson; Small for Curtis; Field for Tauscher; Curtis for Small; Referee—Tom Thorp, Columbia. Umpire—Mr. Andrews, Yale. Head linesman—Bernie Wefers, New York A. C. Time of periods—Ten minutes.

William Stokeley of the St. Christopher Club scored his eighth successive road running triumph yesterday in the series now being conducted by the Morningside A. C. over a Harlem course of about five and one-half miles. Stokeley easily outdistanced a field of six rivals. His time was 25:44, and he was leading L. Milofsky of the Kings County A.A. by about one-quarter of a mile. Milofsky wrested second position from M. Seinfeld when Seinfeld was stopped by a pain in his side.

The order of finish:

William Stokeley, St. Christopher Club, 25:44; L. Milofsky, Kings County A. A., 27:43; M. Seinfeld, unattached, 28:16; G. Thompson, High School of Commerce, 28:44; P. Kalivas, Morningside A. C., 30:04; M. Primoshic, St. Anselm's A. C., 30:26; N. Ralph, Morningside A. C., 32:50.

José R. Capablanca and Boris Kostich divided the honors of their return match adjourned from the final round of the international tournament at the Manhattan Chess Club yesterday, when, after a difficult ending in which both had to exercise the utmost caution, a draw was agreed to after fifty-six moves. At that stage, Capablanca had a queen and two pawns against Kostich's two rooks, but the latter was in a position to enforce the draw by means of a perpetual check.

It was the second draw between the two leaders, winners of the first and second prizes, respectively, and neither was defeated in any game of the twelve each contested.

NEWARK, Nov. 10.—Bob Spears was the star in a bicycle meet run at the Velodrome this afternoon for the benefit of the United War Fund Drive, at which $1,1561 was realized. Spears won the ten-mile open race and beat Frank Kramer and Alfred Goullet in a special one-mile, three-cornered match race.

Collegiate football organizations of the country bid for 1918 laurels with as delectable a dish of gridiron tidbits Saturday as has been offered in several seasons. Few of the institutions so well known in intercollegiate ranks lacked representation in teh long list of scores, and those elevens which in the last few years have been placed among the leaders again exhibited such prowess as to be accepted again as ready for the spotlight.

Glenn Warner's Pittsburgh Panthers came out of obscurity for the first time this season and ably demonstrated the usual Pittsburgh power and dash by smothering Washington and Jefferson by 54 to 0. With the veterans McLaren and Easterday in the back field, Pittsburgh again seeks gridiron laurels of the highest.

The showing of the Panthers was such as to raise the hopes of football followers for a battle pre-eminent when Pittsburgh and Georgia Tech get together later this month in a game for the War Work Fund. Georgia Tech rolled up 128 points against North Caroline A. and E., a well-drilled and conditioned aggregation. With such scoring possibilities the Tech-Pittsburgh contest should develop into one of the greatest gridiron feasts ever concocted.

Two more the leading elevens of the East added brilliantly to their season's records. Rutgets smothered all opposition offered by Penn State and swept aside Hugo Bezdek's charges by 26 to 3. The only balm enjoyed by Penn State was a field goal kicked in the first few minutes of play. After this score Rutgers seemed beset by a fury which drove Penn State almost off the field. Foster Sanford has developed a back field in Gardner, Baker and Kelly which, with the hlep of Robeson, the giant negro end, seems the most formidable now playing. Once in action and speeded up to its best strength, Rutgers is almost unstoppable. Charley Brickley, who played against Rutgers a week or so ago, says that the Sanford pile-driving line attack would dishearten any opposition. Brickley's team was beaten by Rutgers 40 to 0.

Syracuse added Brown to its 1918 victims alongside of Dartmouth, and it may be consoling to Dartmouth adherents to learn that Brown was handled even more severely by the up-State farmers. Syracuse rolled up 53 points against Brown, and only let down when it appeared as if the Providence eleven was not going to be able to stand the punishment. Syracuse has crowded into the Eastern football limelight with such certainty that it now is to be figured among the leading elevens of the year.

Pennsylvania, after a series of misfortunes which almost disrupted the team, seems to have regained its proper sphere, since the eleven hammered its way through that of Lafayette for a victory by 34 to 0. Penn sent an entirely new backfield into the game against Lafayette, and the line was so shifted that few of the spectators knew the lineup. The new team gave promise of offering some kind of opposition to Pittsburgh when the two elevens get together soon.

New York seems to be represented by a football eleven of ability once more, judging from the efforts of the Columbia team to bring fame to itself and its coach, Fred Dawson. The Union team was totally unprepared for the slashing attack of Columbia's backfield, and went under promptly and decisively. With Robb, Houlahan, Shaw, and Collins alternating in carrying the ball, Columbia pounded the Union forward wall to nothing, and rolled up five touchdowns. Columbia students are eagerly accepting as a fact that Columbia has the greatest football team that ever represented the institution since the days of Foster Sanford football there.

Fordham had a hard time getting rid of the opposition offered by New York University in their local football battle, but eventually, with Frisch outdoing himself, managed to win by 7 to 0. N. Y. U. showed unusual strength, and earned almost as much glory as that of the victor.

After having been denied a chance for gridiron revenge since 1905, Michigan went to Chicago and gave A. A. Stagg's eleven a 13 to 0 trouncing in the most exciting game played in the West. Notre Dame and Iowa also figured in prominent contests.

The Harvard Informals got started on a 1918 journey by taking advantage of a momentary lapse on the part of Tufts and scoring a 7 to 0 victory. Harvard will not engage in many games, but it seeks victory with a representative team.

Opening the cup tie competition for the benefit of the United War Work Fund, under the auspices of the Southern New York State Football Association, at Lenox Oval yesterday, the New York Football Club qualified for the second round by defeating the Macomb's A.C. eleven by the score of 4 goals to 2, after leading at half time by 2-0.

At a meeting of the American Football Association, held in Newark, the cup game between New York and Paterson was ordered to be played at Paterson Dec. 1. New York, however, will carry its protest up to the United States Football Association.

Presenting a formidable team against the Queen's Rangers in the War Fund cup game at Bay Ridge yesterday, the Morse Dry Dock eleven won handsomely by 6 goals to 0, scoring three in each half, and earned the right to play New York in the second round.

Clan MacDuff's soccer eleven obtained the verdict by 4 goals to 0 against the Fulton A.C. in the first round of the Southern New York Associations' cup series for the War Work Fund at Lenox Oval yesterday.

The Longfellows of Brooklyn captured the honors in the War Fund Cup with the Manhattans at Bay Ridge yesterday, winning by 3 goals to 1.

Defeating the Vikings by 4 goals to 1 at Astoria yesterday, the White Rose eleven entered the second round of the State Association Cup competition for the War Fund.

The Triangle and Speedway elevens had a stubborn struggle for supremacy in the New Jersey League at Bayside Park in Jerset City yesterday, the game ending in a tie with a score at 2-2.

The Prospect Football Club won its cup game with the Newburg F. C. of Newburg, N. Y., by default.

Not a single straight score was returned at the Sunday shoot of the New York Athletic Club over its Traverse Island traps yesterday. A high wind whirled the targets all over the lot and the nimrods were mighty fortunate in being able to hit any of the tiny clay birds. George J. Corbett, Chairman of the committee, was the high scratch gunner with the low total of 89 out of a possible 100 targets.

In the shoot for the Red Cross Cup legs were scored by G. W. Derrick, W. R. Delehanty, and A. P. Walker. In the Tournament Cup race a leg was scored by F. Ham. These gunners all had full cards of 25 targets. G. W. Derrick and M. Howe scored in the Byronel Cup shoot. They each had 49 out of 50 targets.

Today the New York A.C. nimrods hold the first of the big shoots for the War Charity Funds at Traverse Island.

The scores:

Professional golfers took part in a fourball match at the Marine and Field Club yesterday. Ted Galligan and Carl Anderson defeating their opponents, A. W. Chiappa of Richmond County and C. B. Jacobus of the home club, by 2 up.

[[File:New York Times - 1918.11.11 - 12 - Advert - Rogers Peet Company.png|center|300px|alt= Cast your eagle eye on this—

The United War Work Campaign means you make but one contribution. Means one for all; all for one.

Be generous!

We make to fit, not to measure. Clothes that fit the various types of figure, from the "lithe to the sumptuous and superb."

Finest fabrics; highest type of tailoring. Money-back if you want it!

Broadway at 13 St. Broadway at Warren Broadway at 34th St. Fifth Ave. at 41st St. "The Four Corners" ]]

[[File:New York Times - 1918.11.11 - 12 - Advert - J P Smith Shoe Co.png|center|300px|alt= Send for Booklet, "An Idea from Nature"

Conserve Your Force

Are your shoes a drag? Do they seem to add effort to your every step? Or are they an aid to walking because they are buffers between feet and pavement?

If they fill such a position it is safe to say you are wearing Dr. A. Reed Cushion Shoes, for that quality is the basic principle upon which the Dr. A. Reed Shoe has been built. It is this unique characteristic which makes these shoes so valuable to the man or woman who is engaged in strenuous work.

SOLD ONLY AT 1372 Broadway, at 37th St., 12 Park Place, Woolworth Bldg.

Dr. A. Reed CUSHION SHOES

For Men Made by J. P. SMITH SHOE CO. ]]

[[File:New York Times - 1918.11.11 - 12 - Advert - Munsingwear.png|center|400px|alt= Munsing Wear

PERFECT FITTING UNION SUITS

Long service develops to faults in Munsingwear.

The fine quality, softness, elasticity, and unusual durability of the fabric, the comford-giving smoothness of the seams, the perfect fit and the perfection of finish, all are points of lasting satisfaction and service that have made Munsingwear the Nation's underwear.

All sizes in many styles for men, women, and children. Sold at the better stores.

Let Munsingwear cover you with satisfaction. ]]

ADVERTISEMENT. ADVERTISEMENT. ADVERTISEMENT. ADVERTISEMENT.

UNITED WAR WORK CAMPAIGN

NOVEMBER 11 to 18

This is one of a series of seven announcements, each prepared by one of the seven great organizations that are coming before the American people this week in a United Appeal for $170,500,000—which sum has been approved by the U.S. Government.

[[File:New York Times - 1918.11.11 - 12 - Advert - United War Work Campaign.png|center|500px|alt= keep 'em smiling!

War Camp Community Service is keeping smiling through its organized hospitality and entertainment 150,000 men a week in New York City alone.

Ten thousand man a week sleep at its big hotel and clubs.

It serves 80,000 meals a week.

It gives from 300 to 500 automobile sight-seeing trips a week.

It distributed weekly 80,000 free tickets to the best Broadway shows.

Five thousand men attend its dances.

Five to six hundred officers enjoy its hospitality, use the clubs which it has opened to them, go to the hotels where it has secured them half rates.

But big as it is, New York City is only a small part of the United States. As a member of Uncle Sam's great family, your hospitality to his fighting sons extens from Key West to Seattle, from San Diego to Boston, in 224 completely organized communities, and reaching 368 more.

From the time the boys entrain from home for camp until they embark from port for service overseas, you, through War Camp Community Service, are taking the place of their home folks. Through this Service you big them good-bye with a smile.

Has any one for a moment supposed that you are goig to let up on your share of the cost of this hospitality before you have cheered the boys back up Fifth Avenue and returned them into the arms of their homefolks, with the same victorious smile with which you are now sending them overseas? ]]


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1912] Land disappearing in satisfactory manner. Pray God we have no further set-backs. We are naturally always discussing possibility of meeting dogs, where and when, &c. It is a critical position. We may find ourselves in safety at next depôt, but there is a horrid element of doubt.

Camp R. 41. Temp. −32°. Still fine clear weather but very cold—absolutely calm to-night. We have got off an excellent march for these days (12·2) and are much earlier than usual in our bags. 31 miles to depôt, 3 days' fuel at a pinch, and 6 days' food. Things begin to look a little better; we can open out a little on food from to-morrow night, I think.

Very curious surface—soft recent sastrugi which sink underfoot, and between, a sort of flaky crust with large crystals beneath.

Tuesday, February 28.—Lunch. Thermometer went below −40° last night; it was desperately cold for us, but we had a fair night. I decided to slightly increase food; the effect is undoubtedly good. Started marching in −32° with a slight north-westerly breeze—blighting. Many cold feet this morning; long time over foot gear, but we are earlier. Shall camp earlier and get the chance of a good night, if not the reality. Things must be critical till we reach the depôt, and the more I think of matters, the more I anticipate their remaining so after that event. Only 24½ miles from the depôt. The sun shines brightly, but there is little warmth in it. There is no doubt the middle of the Barrier is a pretty awful locality.

Camp 42. Splendid pony hoosh sent us to bed and sleep happily after a horrid day, wind continuing; did


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 face, and put them, one by one, on the table, there is not a single one would bear examination. The only thing is that, put. together and lighted up, they look well enough. It is homogeneous ugliness, and nothing more.'

"Mr. Pitt used to say to me, 'Hester, what sort of a being are you? We shall see, some day, wings spring out of your shoulders; for there are moments when you hardly seem to walk the earth.' There was a man who had known me well for fifteen years, and he told me, one day, that he had tried a long time to make me out, but he did not know whether I was a devil or an angel. There have been men who have been intimate with me, and to whom, in point of passion, I was no more than that milk-jug" (pointing to one on the table); "and there have been others who would go through fire for me. But all this depends on the star of a person.

"Mr. Pitt declared that it was impossible for him to say whether I was most happy in the vortex of pleasure, in absolute solitude, or in the midst of politics; for he had seen me in all three; and, with all his penetration, he did not know where I seemed most at home. Bouverie used to say to me, when l lived at Chevening, 'I know you like this kind of life; it seems to suit you.' And so it did: but why did I quit home? Because of my brothers and sisters, and for my father's sake. I


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fectly cured. The Clay used for Sugar is ordinary pale Clay expos'd to the Air, then mixt with Water to the consistence of a Syrup, afterwards it is strained through a Colender, and powred on the Pots where it stands till it sinks the Sugar in them pretty low, sometimes half in half. No quick Lime is used in double Refined Sugar the second time. The Molossus dropt from once Refined Sugar is called Bastard, it is boil'd up again, and clay'd to make it white. Four Gallons of Molossus yield three of Rum, but in England four, because of the Fermentation, which in Jamaica being brisker from the heat of the Air, evaporates more of the Spirits. Three Loaves of once refined Sugar, make two of double refined. The small quantity that is sent into England is beaten to pieces in a wooden Trough. Claying Sugar, as they report here, was first found out in Brazil, a Hen having her Feet dirty, going over a Pot of Sugar by accident, it was found under her tread to be whiter than elsewhere. A Refining-House is worth six thousand Pounds, of which there are but two in the whole Island, one at the Angels and this here. The Stoves are belt arched. Pots for refining Sugar are made at Liguanee, though more brittle and dearer than when brought from England, but they are made here to supply the present need of the Planters; the Clay of which they are made, is dug up near the place.

I have seen Sugar made at several Plantations; they make it by bruising the Canes between Iron Rollers, in a Mill drawn by Oxen, the Figure whereof is to be seen in Piso, and several Authors. The juice is conveyed into the Boiling house, where in a Cistern is mixt about two handfuls of Lime, with One hundred and fifty Gallons of juice, and then both are let into six Coppers one after another, where it is boiled and scumm'd. The Scum is conveyed to the Still-house, only that of the fifth Copper is put into a Jar, that it may be again boiled, in the first Copper, because it is purer than the rest, and so will yield Sugar. In the sixth, with a little Oil or Grease, to lay its huffing and boiling over, it is boil'd up to Sugar, and so cool'd in Troughs, and carried into Pots, where, by a stick run through it, a hole is made, whereby the Molossus is drained from it, and leaves the Sugar white. This Molossus mix'd with Water, as well as scum or juice from bad Canes, is carried into the Distilling-house; where, after Fermentation, when it begins to subside, they in the night time distil it till thrown into the Fire it burns not: this in the day time is Re-distilled, and from Low-Wines is call'd high Wines or Rum.

Every several Soil requires a several Temper, as a Lye of Ashes with Lime or Lime-water, &c. which is mixt in the fourth Copper. For this reason the Overseer always gives notice to the Sugar


text: The Laying of the Foundation Stone of the Railway Station at Huddersfield


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34 not act in defiance of the wishes of her late husband, who had expressed the desire that in the event of his death the boy should be sent away and educated as a cadet. So she secured his admission to the corps.

The widow herself, with her daughter Varvara, moved to Petersburg in order to be in the same town with the boy and to take him home for his holidays. He showed brilliant capacity and extraordinary ambition, and came out first in military drill, in riding, and in his studies—mathematics especially, for which he had a particular liking.

In spite of his abnormal height he was a handsome, graceful lad, and had it not been for his violent temper he would have been an altogether exemplary cadet. He never drank or indulged in any sort of dissipation, and he was particularly truthful. The fits of fury which maddened him from time to time, when he lost all control over himself and raged like a wild animal, were the only faults in his character. Once, when a cadet ragged him because of his collection of minerals, he almost threw the boy out of the window. On another occasion he rushed at an officer and struck him, it was said, for having broken his word and told a direct lie.

For this he would surely have been degraded


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Rh to the rank of a common soldier, if it had not been for the head of the school, who hushed up the matter and dismissed the officer.

At eighteen Kasatsky left with the rank of lieutenant, and entered an aristocratic Guard regiment. The Emperor Nicholas had known him while he was in the cadet corps, and had shown him favour while in the regiment. It was on this account that people prophesied that he would become an aide-de-camp. Kasatsky desired it greatly, although less from ambition than from passionate love for the Emperor which he had cherished since his cadet days. Each time the Emperor visited the school—and he visited it very often—as Kasatsky saw the tall figure, the broad chest, the aquiline nose above the moustache, and the close-cropped side whiskers, the military uniform, and the brisk, firm step, and heard him greeting the cadets in his strident voice, he experienced the momentary ecstasy of one who sees his well-beloved. But his passionate adoration of the Emperor was even more intense. He desired to give up something, everything, even himself, to show his infinite devotion. The Emperor Nicholas knew that he inspired such admiration, and deliberately provoked it. He played with the cadets, made them surround him, and treated them sometimes with


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 36 childish simplicity, sometimes as a friend, and then again with an air of solemn grandeur.

After the incident with the officer, the Emperor, who did not allude to it, waved Kasatsky theatrically aside when the latter approached him. Then, when he was leaving, he frowned and shook his finger at the boy, saying, "Be assured that everything is known to me; but there are things I do not wish to know. Nevertheless they are here," and he pointed to his heart.

When the cadets were formally received by the Emperor on leaving the school, he did not remind Kasatsky of his insubordination, but told them all, as was his custom, that they could turn to him in need, that they were to serve him and their country with loyalty, and that he would ever remain their best friend. All were touched, as usual; and Kasatsky, remembering the past, shed tears, and made a vow to serve his beloved Tsar with all his might.

When Kasatsky entered the regiment his mother and sister left Petersburg, going first to Moscow and then to their estate in the country. Kasatsky gave half his fortune to his sister. What remained was quite sufficient to support him in the expensive regiment which he had joined.

Viewed from outside, Kasatsky seemed like an ordinary brilliant young officer of the Guards


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 woman: at last, two fairly came and seized my knees, to make me turn and look at them. But what was their confusion (for such women are not so hardened as in Europe) when they saw I had no beard or mustachios, and was one of their own sex!”

Lady Hester related this droll adventure to me more than once, to show, I believe, what a distinguished and real Turkish appearance she made on horseback, which was perfectly true: but to return to the servants.

A Turk for work is little better than a brute animal: he moves about nimbly, when roused by vociferation and threats, and squats down like a dog the moment he is left to himself. England produces no type of the Syrian serving-man. He sets about his work as a task that is given to him, and, when it is over, sits down immediately to smoke his pipe and to gossip, or seeks a snug place near at hand, and goes to sleep. You call him, and set him to do something else, and the same practice follows. The next day you expect he will, of his own accord, recommence what was shown to him on the preceding one; but no such thing: you have to tell him over again, and so every day. He is a thief from habit, and a liar of the most brazen stamp, as no shame is ever attached to detection. In plausible language, protestations of honesty and fidelity, he has no superior;


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 one of these abahs to show to your family. You must tell them," continued she, "that once I had all my servants clothed in such abahs as that: but they played me such tricks, I have given it up. Some sold them; and, on one occasion, four of them marched off within twenty-four hours after I had dressed them from head to foot, and I never saw them again: isn’t it abominable? At the time that I dressed them so well, and rode out myself with my borndéos, crimson and gold, the gold lace being everywhere where silk tape is generally put, I did not owe a shilling in the world.

"Once," she continued, "when riding my beautiful Arabian mare Asfoor, near a place called Gezýn, in that crimson bornôos, with a richly-embroidered dress under it, and on my crimson velvet saddle, I happened to approach an encampment of the Pasha’s troops. Several benát el hawa" (street ladies), "who were living with the soldiers, ran across a field to come up with me, thinking I was some young bey or binbashi. Every time, just as they got near, I quickened my horse’s pace, that they might not see I was a


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 covered with my thick capote, which, in the short distance of a few hundred yards, could hardly save me from being wet through.

November 25.—The annual fast of the Mahometans, called Ramazàn, had begun on the preceding day. It is customary for persons of rank to make presents of clothes and other things to their dependants, during the lunar month that the Ramazàn lasts, in order that they may appear dressed up in finery on the first day of the succeeding new moon, at the holyday of the Byràm, which succeeds it, as Easter-day does Lent among Christians. Lady Hester, who never was behindhand in beneficence, made it a rule to clothe all her Mahometan servants anew at this season, as she did all her Christian ones on New Year’s Day or at Easter. New capotes, pelisses, sherwals, shirts, shifts, turbans, gowns, &c., were always bought previous to the time; and, the best being given to the most deserving, the worst to the least so, with none at all to the lazy and worthless, some sort of activity was observable in their service previous to the expected time. But the objects they coveted once in their possession, they soon relapsed into their customary sloth.

Some of these articles of dress were lying on the floor, Lady Hester having had them brought for her to look at. She said to me, “You must take home


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 Poor Lady Hester! thought I, the contrast between your early days and your present sufferings is almost enough to break your heart. So I abused the maids handsomely; and then, being satisfied with the warmth of my expressions, and having vented her own anger, she began to talk composedly.

I remained until near dinner-time, and, after dinner, went to her again. She observed that the nights were dreadfully long, and that she should be obliged to me if I would read to her. Her stock of books, and mine too, was very small, and, after naming a few, which did not please her, I recollected she had asked me once if I had by me a heathen mythology, and she immediately fixed on that. So, writing on a slip of paper to my daughter to send me hers, Lady Hester said, “First let me order a pipe for you: for this was usually the preliminary to all business or conversation. Every sitting was opened with a Pipe, and generally terminated with one; as her ladyship would say, “But, before you go, doctor, you must smoke one pipe more.” When the book came, she desired me to turn to the part about Jupiter Ammon, and it will be seen farther on why she did so. After a page or two, she began to talk of the coming of the Mahadi, and the conversation was prolonged far into the night. She afterwards ordered tea—for I now drank tea with her almost every evening—and I then returned to my house,


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 had a letter to write to his steward about some estate or another—voilà l'embarras de richesses: but when he heard of some generous action done by a wealthy man—'There’s the pleasure of being rich,’ he would cry. He did not pretend to despise wealth, but he was not a slave to it, as will be seen by the following anecdotes:—

“At one time a person was empowered by his city friends to settle on him £10,000 a year, in order to render him independent of the favour of the king and of everybody, upon condition (as they expressed it) that he would stand forth to save his country. The offer was made through me, and I said I would deliver the message, but was afraid the answer would not be such as they wished. Mr. Pitt in fact refused it, saying he was much flattered by their approval of his conduct, but that he could accept nothing of the sort.

"Yet these people," added Lady Hester, "were not, as you might at first suppose, disinterested in their offer: I judged them to be otherwise. For if it had been to the man, and not to some hopes of gain they had by him, would they not, after his death, have searched out those he esteemed as angels, and have honoured his memory by enriching those he loved so much? (alluding to herself and brothers.) But no—they thought if Mr. Pitt retired from public affairs, the country and its commerce would go to ruin, and


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 they, as great city men, would be the losers; whereas, by a few thousand pounds given away handsomely, if they got him to take an active part in the government, they would in turn put vast riches into their own purses, and make a handsome profit out of their patriotism." She added, "There are no public philanthropists in the city."

"I recollect once a hackney-coach drawing up to the door, out of which got four men: doctor, they had a gold box with them as big as that" (and she held her hands nearly a foot apart to show the size of it), "containing £100,000 in bank-notes. They had found out the time when he was alone, and made him an offer of it. It was all interest that guided them, but they pretended it was patriotism:—rich merchants, who were to get a pretty penny by the job. He very politely thanked them, and returned the present.

"I was once in the city at an Irish linen warehouse—very rich people, but such a nasty place—so dark! You know those narrow streets. They offered to buy Hollwood for him, pay his debts, and make him independent of the king, if he would contrive to take office; for he was out at the time. I mentioned it to him, as I thought it my duty to do so; but he would not listen to any such proposal.

"When I think of the ingratitude of the English nation to Mr. Pitt, for all his personal sacrifices and


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 partly because they were so dazzled by their sur-surroundings [sic], and partly because they have no sort of memories whatever, they never mentioned the Scarecrow himself, nor said anything about his plan to hunt his family tree. They talked incessantly of the Mer City and told innumerable A-B-Sea stories to Scraps and the Tin Woodmen and the children of the Emerald City.

When they were ready to go, the A-B-Sea Serpent snapped off its X block for Ozma. X, he said, meant almost everything, and pretty well expressed his gratitude to the lovely little ruler of Oz. Ozma, in turn, gave each of the visitors an emerald collar, and that very morning they had started back to the Munchkin River, and all the celebrities of Oz had gotten up to see them off.

"Maybe they'll come again some time," said Betsy Bobbin, swinging her feet. "But look, Ozma, here comes a messenger." A messenger it surely was, dressed in the quaint red costume of the Quadlings. It was from Glinda, the Good Sorceress, and caused the Princess to sigh with vexation.

"Tell Jack Pumpkinhead to harness the Saw Horse to the red wagon," said Ozma, after glancing hastily at the little note. "The Horners and Hoppers are at

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 “Ouch!” roared the giant in a voice that shook every leaf in the forest. "You stop, or I'll tell my father!" With that he gave a hop that sent Sir Hokus flying into the tree tops, stumbled over a huge rock, and came crashing to the earth smashing trees like grass blades. At the giant's first scream, Dorothy shut her eyes, and putting her hands over her ears had run as far and as fast as she could. At the awful crash she stopped short, opened her eyes and stared 'round giddily.

The giant was flat on his back but, as he stretched as far as four city blocks, only half of him was visible. The Cowardly Lion still clung to his leg, and he was gurgling and struggling in a way Dorothy could not understand.

She looked around in a panic for the Knight. Just then Sir Hokus dropped from the branch of a tree.

"Uds daggers!" he puffed, looking ruefully at his sword which had snapped off at the handle, "'Tis a pretty rogue!"

"Don't you think we'd better run?" shivered Dorothy, thinking of the giant's song.

"Not while I wear these colors!" exclaimed Sir Hokus, proudly touching Dorothy's hair ribbon which still adorned his arm. "Come my good Lion, let us

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 fingers and hands in the attack of the sentry-box, was so outdone by that of the fair Beguine's, in Trim's story—that just then, that particular attack, however successful before—became the most heartless attack that could be made

O! let woman alone for this. Mrs. Wadman had scarce open'd the, when her genius sported with the change of circumstances.

She formed a new attack in a moment.


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I am half distracted, captain Shandy, said Mrs. Wadman, holding up her cambrick handkerchief to her left eye, as she approach'd the door of my uncle Toby's sentry-boxa moteor sandor somethingI know not what, has got into this eye of minedo look into it—it is not in the white—

In saying which, Mrs. Wadman edged herself close in beside my uncle Toby, and squeezing herself down upon the corner of his bench, she gave him an opportunity of doing it without rising upDo look into it—said she.


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 Honest soul! thou didst look into it with as much innocency of heart, as ever child look'd into a raree-shew-box; and 'twere as much a sin to have hurt thee.

If a man will be peeping of his own accord into things of that natureI've nothing to say to it

My uncle Toby never did: and I will answer for him, that he would have sat quietly upon a sopha from June to January, (which, you know, takes in both the hot and cold months) with an eye as fine as the Thracian Rodope's besides


text: Index:The Poems of Sir Thomas Wiat volume 1.djvu


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User:WearyDancer

Hello, WearyDancer (talk) 23:42, 11 March 2024 (UTC)

title: User:WearyDancer


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212 quired for the compilation of objective histories. Thus, in their aim to find religious consolation for their sufferings in the Middle Ages, the Jewish historians sought rather to trace the hand of Providence than to analyze the human causes of the changes in the affairs of mankind.

But in another sense the Jews were essentially gifted with the historical spirit. The great men of Israel were not local heroes. Just as Plutarch’s Lives were part of the history of the world’s politics, so Jewish biographies of learned men were part of the history of the world's civilization. With the “Order of the Tannaim and Amoraim” (written about the year 1100) begins a series of such biographical works, in which more appreciation of sober fact is displayed than might have been expected from the period. In the same way the famous Letter of Sherira Gaon on the compilation of the Rabbinical literature (980) marked great progress in the critical


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Rh examination of historical problems. Later works did not maintain the same level.

In the Middle Ages, Jewish histories mostly took the form of uncritical Chronicles, which included legends and traditions as well as assured facts. Their interest and importance lie in the personal and communal details with which they abound. Sometimes they are confessedly local. This is the case with the “Chronicle of Achimaaz,” written by him in 1055 in rhymed prose. In an entertaining style, he tells of the early settlements of the Jews in Southern Italy, and throws much light on the intercommunication between the scattered Jewish congregations of his time. A larger canvas was filled by Abraham Ibn Daud, the physician and philosopher who was born in Toledo in 1110, and met a martyr’s end at the age of seventy. His “Book of Tradition” (Sefer ha-Kabbalah), written in 1161, was designed to present, in opposition to the Karaites, the chain of