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 to be their protector. Charles Waterton, the very type of the real Naturalist, proved at Walton Hall how much might be dona by non-interference. The Park, under his care, was soon filled with birds and Animals, who were attracted not by feeding and other artificial contrivances, but by its peaceful retreats, where they soon acquired the knowledge that they might abide there undisturbed; no gamekeeper was employed, nor was any gun or trap used for the purpose of keeping down vermin; birds and beasts of prey had full liberty to range through those real preserves, where nature alone determined the balance; the result was, with no dearth of game, both great and small, a greater variety of other living creatures congregate on a limited area than can now be found in extended districts. There the Naturalist might study the habits of the various tribes which make the country beautiful, with an ease afforded in few other resorts, for freedom from interference had made them fearless and tame; elsewhere, with good reason, they dread the sight of man, and so far as is possible keep themselves out of his range. We cannot turn the whole country into a preserve like this; the necessities of a teeming population must take precedence; but there will be yet for a long time many nooks and corners which will be frequented by the varied objects of our study, if we leave them alone, and content ourselves to—

Look on this beautiful world, and read the truth In her fair page; see, every season brings New change to her, of everlasting youth; Still, the green soil with joyous living things Swarms, the wide air is full of joyous wings, And myriads still are happy in the sleep Of ocean's azure gulfs.

Dr., F.R.S., then addressed the meeting. He said he had listened to many addresses in years past, but he had never listened to one affording more pleasure, and more instruction and satisfaction, than that delivered by their President. He congratulated the President on his address, inasmuch as he had left no stone unturned in marking the course the Union should take. The range of the address they had just heard was very extensive, With whomsoever the idea of the Union of Midland Natural History Societies originated, he (Dr. Cobbold) must say that the thought was a most happy one; he had no doubt that the origin in the first instance might be traced to the British Association for the Advancement of Science. Now the British Association had no doubt done much good york, but still its name was, to some extent, a misnomer, The British Association should ba called "The British Association for the Diffusion of Science." It had done its work well, inasmuch as it had set going many persons, in places where it had established what he might call a temporary home, and perhaps in no town hail its effects been more felt than in the town of Birmingham. He thought the union of the Natural History Societies of the Midlands would really prove a greater vehicle for the advancement of science than the projectors of the Union ever dreamt of, inasmuch as members would no doubt adapt what was insisted upon in the President's paper, and become actual workers in the cause of science, here was another subject which he had no doubt would be achieved by the Union, namely the encouragement of native talent. Men who had hitherto not had the opportunities would endeavour to make them, and being encouraged by those around


text:
Portal talk:Commonwealth Acts of the Philippines

Act 4
"FUNDS TO HE LOANED" - is that correct ? Or should it say BE ? -- Beardo (talk) 22:22, 11 February 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Author:Hatsuo Kitamura

Works

 * "Rough Seas" in Fifteen Poets of Modern Japan (1928)

title: Author:Hatsuo Kitamura


text:
Talk:Volksmährchen der Deutschen

Love Loyal
Mary Catherine Rowsell – whose first book was The Spirit of the Giant Mountains (1864), a translation of about forty Rübezahl legends, including Musäus' – also published a three part novel Love Loyal (1878). This was also one of her early works. According to Wikipedia, "Her education in Belgium and Germany resulted in books based on German folk tales". It's worth checking whether this very long book (each of its three volumes has over three hundred pages) is based on Musäus' "Liebestreue". The book has been digitized by the British Library, and scans are available here: -- Yodin T 22:28, 11 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Volume 1
 * Volume 2
 * Volume 3

title: Talk:Volksmährchen der Deutschen


text:
Author talk:Hatsuo Kitamura

Birth/death dates from National Library of Australia
https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/catalog/2975483 Prosfilaes (talk) 22:29, 11 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Author talk:Hatsuo Kitamura


text:
Page:Poetical works of William Cullen Bryant (IA poeticalworksof00brya).pdf/82

50


text:
Author:Kitamura Tōkoku

Works

 * "The Parting of the Butterflies" in Fifteen Poets of Modern Japan (1928)

title: Author:Kitamura Tōkoku


text:
Page:The Net of Faith.pdf/645

Saint Augustine, speaking about the City of God, was Standing on a bloody ground when he said, "If someone is killed justly, he is killed by the law and not by the lawyer." And Saint Jerome says, "It is not cruelty but kindliness to punish the sins for God." Ani by punishment he means death as is evident by his examples of Phinehas ani his justice, the justice of Elijah, the justice of Simon of CaananCanaan [sic] who sent fiery serpents on the magicians, the justice of Peter in punishing Ananias and Saphira, the justice of Paul who humbled Elymas the magician, and he adds: "If thy own brother, or friend, or wife, should dare to defile truth, let thy hand fall upon them, and shed their blood." So much Jerome. The old saints have certainly gathered enough food for the sword so that it would not starve! (:All these arguments are false, and meant only to confuse the issues and to justify violence.:) Num.25:7–8.

1-Ki. 18:40.

Reference to the old legend of Simon Magus (Acts8:9–24) who is supposed to have reverted to his old practice of sorcery and to become a persistent antagonist of the Apostle Peter.

Acts 5:1–10.

Acts. 13: 8–11. 218*

title: Page:The Net of Faith.pdf/645


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Page:The Net of Faith.pdf/647

St. Gregory says, "the commandment 'thou shalt not kill' forbids anyone to kill a man, but not to hand over to death a man condemned by the law." For he who exercises public authority and punishes the evildoers by virtue of the law, is not a transgressor of the commandment "thou shalt not kill." And Saint Augustine, speaking of the City of God, says:

He wallows in blood saying this. So the soldier is obeying the law when he mercilessly murders people, but is a transgressor of the law if he should show mercy! This is what he says, he who is supposedly filled of the Holy Spirit! And again he says, that the House of David could not have had peace, had it not extinguished Absalom

Master Aegidius used these as well as many other arguments in order to justify the right to spill blood by the secular authority. He quoted the Fathers, some of whom I have ., I, 20.

219*

title: Page:The Net of Faith.pdf/647


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Page:The Net of Faith.pdf/649

220* mentioned here, to show how much Christendom has been stained by blood through these learned Doctors With their interpretations they are making God as having two mouths, with one saying "thou shalt not kill," and with the other, "thou shalt kill."

Who, then, can tell what God wants, when there are two ways, contrary to each other? (In doing this) men turn away from God.

., I, 20.

title: Page:The Net of Faith.pdf/649


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Page:The Innocents Abroad (1869).djvu/615

Rh only a year or two ago that the ancient edict prohibiting Christian rubbish like ourselves to enter the Mosque of Omar and see the costly marbles that once adorned the inner Temple was annulled. The designs wrought upon these fragments are all quaint and peculiar, and so the charm of novelty is added to the deep interest they naturally inspire. One meets with these venerable scraps at every turn, especially in the neighboring Mosque el Aksa, into whose inner walls a very large number of them are carefully built for preservation. These pieces of stone, stained and dusty with age, dimly hint at a grandeur we have all been taught to regard as the princeliest ever seen on earth; and they call up pictures of a pageant that is familiar to all imaginations—camels laden with spices and treasure—beautiful slaves, presents for Solomon’s harem—a long cavalcade of richly caparisoned beasts and warriors—and Sheba’s Queen in the van of this vision of “Oriental magnificence.” These elegant fragments bear a richer interest than the solemn vastness of the stones the Jews kiss in the Place of Wailing can ever have for the heedless sinner.

Down in the hollow ground, underneath the olives and the


text:
Page:The Net of Faith.pdf/651

(:The Church defends warfare and violence with the reasonings of famous men, saintly men, and men rull of the Holy Spirit.:) They sanctioned with the Holy Spirit the spilling of blood committed by the Church. Yes, the Holy Spirit has gone into blood-letting for the peace of the holy mother Church.

Therefore, in order that their justifications might stand honorably and firmly among the Christians, they cunningly based their law on the words of Saint Paul who, condemning sins, said:

The doctors interpret the words, "deserve to die," as sanctioning civil courts and executions. But these words apply to the transgressors of the law of Christ and their punishment is the death of damnation. Jesus Christ sent St. Paul to call the transgressors to the judgment of death and repentance And St. Paul preached to them repentance, giving himself for an example, that he was a mur- Rom. 1:32,.

221*

title: Page:The Net of Faith.pdf/651


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Page:The life of Charlotte Brontë (IA lifeofcharlotteb02gaskrich).pdf/218

 This visit to Ambleside did Miss Brontë much good, and gave her a stock of pleasant recollections, and fresh interests, to dwell upon in her solitary life. There are many references in her letters to Miss Martineau's character and kindness.

"She is certainly a woman of wonderful endowments, both intellectual and physical; and though I share few of her opinions, and regard her as fallible on certain points of judgment, I must still award her my sincerest esteem. The manner in which she combines the highest mental culture with the nicest discharge of feminine duties filled me with admiration; while her affectionate kindness earned my gratitude." "I think her good and noble qualities far outweigh her defects. It is my habit to consider the individual apart from his (or her) reputation, practice independent of theory, natural disposition isolated from acquired opinions. Harriet Martineau's person, practice, and character, inspire me with the truest affection and respect." "You ask me whether Miss Martineau made me a convert to mesmerism? Scarcely; yet I heard miracles of its efficacy, and could hardly discredit the whole of what was told me. I even underwent a personal experiment; and though the result was not absolutely clear, it was inferred that in time I should prove an excellent subject. The question of mesmerism will be discussed with little reserve, I believe, in a forthcoming work of Miss Martineau's; and I have some painful anticipations of the manner in which other subjects,


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582 orange-trees that flourish in the court of the great Mosque, is a wilderness of pillars—remains of the ancient Temple; they supported it. There are ponderous archways down there, also, over which the destroying “plough” of prophecy passed harmless. It is pleasant to know we are disappointed, in that we never dreamed we might see portions of the actual Temple of Solomon, and yet experience no shadow of suspicion that they were a monkish humbug and a fraud.

We are surfeited with sights. Nothing has any fascination for us, now, but the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. We have been there every day, and have not grown tired of it; but we are weary of every thing else. The sights are too many. They swarm about you at every step; no single foot of ground in all Jerusalem or within its neighborhood seems to be without a stirring and important history of its own. It is a very relief to steal a walk of a hundred yards without a guide along to talk unceasingly about every stone you step upon and drag you back ages and ages to the day when it achieved celebrity.

It seems hardly real when I find myself leaning for a moment on a ruined wall and looking listlessly down into the historic pool of Bethesda. I did not think such things could be so crowded together as to diminish their interest. But in serious truth, we have been drifting about, for several days, using our eyes and our ears more from a sense of duty than any higher and worthier reason. And too often we have been glad when it was time to go home and be distressed no more about illustrious localities.

Our pilgrims compress too much into one day. One can gorge sights to repletion as well as sweetmeats. Since we breakfasted, this morning, we have seen enough to have furnished us food for a year’s reflection if we could have seen the various objects in comfort and looked upon them deliberately. We visited the pool of Hezekiah, where David saw Uriah’s wife coming from the bath and fell in love with her.

We went out of the city by the Jaffa gate, and of course were told many things about its Tower of Hippicus.

We rode across the Valley of Hinnom, between two of the


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Page:The Net of Faith.pdf/653

222* derer, and an enemy, and that (in spite of that) Christ Jesus showed him supreme patience, accepting him into his grace for the edification of those who are to believe in the Son of God and to repent for that for which they deserve death, yea, hell. The doctors have built a false foundation on these words with which they murder people, having perverted these words into a law for the spilling of free blood; and they gave this law as a testament to state authorities.

Rom. 1:32,.

Literally, "clerks of all blood."

Literally, "clerks of all blood."

title: Page:The Net of Faith.pdf/653


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Rh Pools of Gihon, and by an aqueduct built by Solomon, which still conveys water to the city. We ascended the Hill of Evil Counsel, where Judas received his thirty pieces of silver, and we also lingered a moment under the tree a venerable tradition says he hanged himself on.

We descended to the canon again, and then the guide began to give name and history to every bank and boulder we came to: “This was the Field of Blood; these cuttings in the rocks were shrines and temples of Moloch; here they sacrificed children; yonder is the Zion Gate; the Tyropean Valley; the Hill of Ophel; here is the junction of the Valley of Jehoshaphat—on your right is the Well of Job.” We turned up Jehoshaphat. The recital went on. “This is the Mount of Olives; this is the Hill of Offense; the nest of huts is the Village of Siloam; here, yonder, every where, is the King’s Garden; under this great tree Zacharias, the high priest, was murdered; yonder is Mount Moriah and the Temple wall; the tomb of Absalom; the tomb of St. James; the tomb of Zacharias; beyond, are the Garden of Gethsemane and the tomb of the Virgin Mary; here is the Pool of Siloam, and—”

We said we would dismount, and quench our thirst, and. rest. We were burning up with the heat. We were failing under the accumulated fatigue of days and days of ceaseless. marching. All were willing.

The Pool is a deep, walled ditch, through which a clear stream of water runs, that comes from under Jerusalem somewhere, and passing through the Fountain of the Virgin, or being supplied from it, reaches this place by way of a tunnel of heavy masonry. The famous pool looked exactly as it looked in Solomon’s time, no doubt, and the same dusky, Oriental women, came down in their old Oriental way, and carried off jars of the water on their heads, just as they did three thousand years ago, and just as they will do. fifty thousand years hence if any of them are still left on earth.

We went away from there and stopped at the Fountain of the Virgin. But the water was not good, and there was no comfort or peace any where, on account, of the regiment of boys


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584 and girls and beggars that persecuted us all the time for bucksheesh. The guide wanted us to give them some money, and we did it; but when he went on to say that they were starving to death we could not but feel that we had done a great sin in throwing obstacles in the way of such a desirable consummation, and so we tried to collect it back, but it could not be done.

We entered the Garden of Gethsemane, and we visited the Tomb of the Virgin, both of which we had seen before. It is not meet that I should speak of them now. A more fitting time will come.

I can not speak now of the Mount of Olives or its view of Jerusalem, the Dead Sea and the mountains of Moab; nor of the Damascus Gate or the tree that was planted by King Godfrey of Jerusalem. One ought to feel pleasantly when he talks of these things. I can not say any thing about the stone column that projects over Jehoshaphat from the Temple wall like a cannon, except that the Moslems believe Mahomet will sit astride of it when he comes to judge the world. It is a pity he could not judge it from some roost of his own in Mecca, without trespassing on our holy ground. Close by is the Golden Gate, in the Temple wall—a gate that was an elegant piece of sculpture in the time of the Temple, and is even so yet. From it, in ancient times, the Jewish High Priest turned loose the scapegoat and let him flee to the wilderness and bear away his twelve-month load of the sins of the people. If they were to turn one loose now, he would not get as far as the Garden of Gethsemane, till these miserable vagabonds here would gobble him up, sins and all. They wouldn’t care. Mutton-chops and sin is good enough living for them. The Moslems watch the Golden Gate with a jealous eye, and an anxious one, for they have an honored tradition that when it falls, Islamism will fall, and with it the Ottoman Empire. It did not grieve me any to notice that the old gate was getting a little shaky.

We are at home again. We are exhausted. The sun has roasted us, almost.


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Rh We have full comfort in one reflection, however. Our experiences in Europe have taught us that in time this fatigue will be forgotten; the heat will be forgotten; the thirst, the tiresome volubility of the guide, the persecutions of the beggars —and then, all that will be left will be pleasant memories of Jerusalem, memories we shall call up with always increasing interest as the years go by, memories which some day will become all beautiful when the last annoyance that incumbers them shall have faded out of our minds never again to return. School-boy days are no happier than the days of after life, but we look back upon them regretfully because we have forgotten our punishments at school, and how we grieved when our marbles were lost and our kites destroyed—because we have forgotten all the sorrows and privations of that canonized epoch and remember only its orchard robberies, its wooden sword pageants and its fishing holydays. We are satisfied. We can wait. Our reward will come. To us, Jerusalem and to-day’s experiences will be an enchanted memory a year hence—a memory which money could not buy from us.


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223*

The second justification of war is also affixed to the words of Saint Paul who says:

(:Paul speaks of the civil authority; in his case it was personalized by Emperor Nero. :) And Paul admits that Nero with his sword is a servant of God, and an executioner of God's anger. (:Yet Nero used his sword even against Paul condemning him to death. The apostle committed no wrong and yet the Emperor killed him. And here come the Church's obedient apologists and say: "he did not kill, it was the law that killed.":) Accordingly, the soldiers do not take to their consciences their murders because their murdering is not killing but simply the exercise of the law, and so a service to God. The sanctity of the great saints is removing the (stigma) of a bad conscience from (killing) Rom. 13:4,.

title: Page:The Net of Faith.pdf/655


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Page:The life of Charlotte Brontë (IA lifeofcharlotteb02gaskrich).pdf/219

 offering less legitimate ground for speculation, will be handled."

"Your last letter evinced such a sincere and discriminating admiration for Dr. Arnold, that perhaps you will not be wholly uninterested in hearing that, during my late visit to Miss Martineau, I saw much more of Fox How and its inmates, and daily admired, in the widow and children of one of the greatest and best men of his time, the possession of qualities the most estimable and endearing. Of my kind hostess herself, I cannot speak in terms too high. Without being able to share all her opinions, philosophical, political, or religious,—without adopting her theories,—I yet find a worth and greatness in herself, and a consistency, benevolence, perseverance in her practice, such as wins the sincerest esteem and affection. She is not a person to be judged by her writings alone, but rather by her own deeds and life, than which nothing can be more exemplary or nobler. She seems to me the benefactress of Ambleside, yet takes no sort of credit to herself for her active and indefatigable philanthropy. The government of her household is admirably administered: all she does is well done, from the writing of a history down to the quietest female occupation. No sort of carelessness or neglect is allowed under her rule, and yet she is not over-strict, nor too rigidly exacting: her servants and her poor neighbours love as well as respect her.

"I must not, however, fall into the error of talking too much about her merely because my own mind is just now deeply impressed with what I have seen of


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Page:The Net of Faith.pdf/657

Now we shall speak of the arguments of Albertus Magnus, a doctor; they too, will leave us disconsolate. He says that in our time there was born from our disputations, in the depths of an abyss that is, in the depths of the devil's snares, a small frog which has the audacity to croak against the justice and the law of God, and to assume that it is in no wise and for no reason permissible to kill a man. Not only must they who refuse to do justice be chastised and called unjust, but also they must be punished and called enemies of justice. Therefore justice and discipline must muster all strength and power and arm itself against injustice and lack of discipline.

And Master Albertus goes into great details in his arguments against the little frog whose croaking is so dis- Albertus Magnus ( 1206?–1280), a German scholastic doctor and Dominican. He taught in various German towns, especially at Cologne, and at the University of Paris. He became provincial of his order and was, for a while, bishop of Regensburg. He outlived his most famous pupil, Thomas Aquinas. He published twenty-one folio volumes. He took as his special task the writing of commentaries on all the works of Aristotle; in addition he compiled extensive works on geography, botany, and zoology: His treatise on plants and animals is, according to Singer (,, New York: 1928), the best work on natural history in the Middle Ages. This "Doctor Universalis" became the authority for the thirteenth century.

224*

title: Page:The Net of Faith.pdf/657


text:
Page:The life of Charlotte Brontë (IA lifeofcharlotteb02gaskrich).pdf/220

 her intellectual power and moral worth. Faults she has; but to me they appear very trivial weighed in the balance against her excellences."

"Your account of Mr. A tallies exactly with Miss M's. She, too, said that placidity and mildness (rather than originality and power) were his external characteristics. She described him as a combination of the antique Greek sage with the European modern man of science. Perhaps it was mere perversity in me to get the notion that torpid veins, and a cold, slow-beating heart, lay under his marble outside. But he is a materialist: he serenely denies us our hope of immortality, and quietly blots from man's future Heaven and the Life to come. That is why a savour of bitterness seasoned my feeling towards him.

"All you say of Mr. Thackeray is most graphic and characteristic. He stirs in me both sorrow and anger. Why should he lead so harassing a life? Why should his mocking tongue so perversely deny the better feelings of his better moods?"

For some time, whenever she was well enough in health and spirits, she had been employing herself upon "Villette;" but she was frequently unable to write, and was both grieved and angry with herself for her inability. In February, she writes as follows to Mr. Smith:—

"Something you say about going to London; but the words are dreamy, and fortunately I am not obliged to hear or answer them. London and summer are


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225* tressing to him. And he goes on to say: Every life that is taken is taken by God. Who resists God must be killed. Whoever lives unjustly, rebels against God; and it is particularly the heretics and pagans who rebel against God. One must necessarily take away from them their physical life as well as their mortal soul. Eternal death must be the reward of sin, and it is more easily given with a physical death! So we ask the frog: is it allowed to go to war against the enemies of God? It is clear that in a just war all enemies of God must be killed. For if the frog says that one should not kill the enemies of God then the honor of God would be exterminated in retreat.

The iniquitous frog asks that the City of God be left defenseless and abandoned to robberies and violence. And, adds Master Albertus, if the worth of life should be the cause of no killing, then, it seems to us, much more worthy is the spiritual life; and the physical life should not be pardoned if the spiritual can thus be saved.

Albertus Magnus ( 1206?–1280), a German scholastic doctor and Dominican. He taught in various German towns, especially at Cologne, and at the University of Paris. He became provincial of his order and was, for a while, bishop of Regensburg. He outlived his most famous pupil, Thomas Aquinas. He published twenty-one folio volumes. He took as his special task the writing of commentaries on all the works of Aristotle; in addition he compiled extensive works on geography, botany, and zoology: His treatise on plants and animals is, according to Singer (,, New York: 1928), the best work on natural history in the Middle Ages. This "Doctor Universalis" became the authority for the thirteenth century.

title: Page:The Net of Faith.pdf/659


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Page:The Net of Faith.pdf/661

This shows (says Albertus) what a disgrace against God and human souls are the croakings of the erring little frog. (:Therefore, Albertus reasons: since the spiritual sufferings of hell are much more painful than all physical mortal woes, it is better to torture the sinners while they are alive than to have them suffer after death!:) This we say about the little frogs who, under the disguise of saintliness, corrupt the faithful by their iniquity, thus damaging the vineyard of the Lord of hosts. 226*

title: Page:The Net of Faith.pdf/661


text:
Module:PD-1996/sandbox

require('strict')

--[=[ Implements Template:PD-1996 and country-specific derivatives thereof ]=]

local p = {} --p stands for package

local getArgs = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs local yesno = require('Module:Yesno') local PD = require('Module:PD') local country_data = require('Module:PD-1996/data')

local function PD_1996_condition(args) if not args then args = {} end local home_country = args.home_country or PD.license_grammar({"its", "their"}) .. " home country" local uraa_date = args.uraa_date or "January 1, 1996 for most countries" local text = " in the public domain in the United States because " .. PD.license_grammar({"it was", "they were"}) .. " first published outside the United States (and not published in the U.S. within 30 days), and " .. PD.license_grammar({"it was", "they were"}) .. " first published before 1989 without complying with U.S. copyright formalities (renewal and/or copyright notice) and " .. PD.license_grammar({"it was", "they were"}) .. " in the public domain in " .. home_country .. " on the URAA date (" .. uraa_date .. ")." return text end

function p._PD_1996(args) local film = args.film local anon = yesno(args.anon) or false local deathyear local pubyear if anon then deathyear = nil pubyear = PD.getPublicationYear({args[1], args.pubyear}) else deathyear = PD.getAuthorDeathYear({args[1], args.deathyear}) pubyear = PD.getPublicationYear({args[2], args.pubyear}) end local basecat local category local text if anon then basecat = "PD-anon" category = args.category or PD.category_with_year_floor(basecat, {80, 70, 60, 50}, pubyear) .. "-1996"		text = PD.license_scope .. " anonymous or pseudonymous, and " .. PD.license_grammar({"is", "are"}) .. " " .. PD_1996_condition if pubyear then text = text .. " " .. PD.license_grammar({"It is", "They are"}) .. " also in the public domain in other countries and areas where the copyright terms of anonymous or pseudonymous works are '''" .. PD.currentyear - pubyear - 1 .. " years or less since publication'''." end else basecat = "PD" category = args.category or PD.category_with_deathyear_floor(basecat, deathyear) .. "-1996"		text = PD.license_scope .. PD_1996_condition end text = text .. PD.shorter_term_text(deathyear, film) -- Should we use a different license? if pubyear and pubyear < PD.PD_US_cutoff then if anon then return require('Module:PD-anon-US')._PD_anon_US({['pubyear'] = pubyear, ['category'] = args.category}) else return require('Module:PD-US')._PD_US({['deathyear'] = deathyear, ['category'] = args.category}) end elseif pubyear and pubyear > 1988 then return PD.error_text(basecat .. "-1996 does not apply to works published after 1988.", basecat .. "-1996") else return PD.license({			['image'] = PD.PD_image,			['text'] = text,			['category'] = category		}) end end

function p.PD_1996(frame) return p._PD_1996(getArgs(frame)) end

-- Country-specific templates

local function info_text(args) local author_text if args.deathyear or args.rehabyear then author_text = "The author" if args.gpw then author_text = author_text .. ", who fought in the Great Patriotic War," end if args.deathyear then author_text = author_text .. " died in '''" .. args.deathyear .. "'''"			if args.rehabyear then author_text = author_text .. " and" end end if args.rehabyear then author_text = author_text .. " was rehabilitated" if not (args.deathyear and args.deathyear > args.rehabyear) then author_text = author_text .. " posthumously" end author_text = author_text .. " in '''" .. args.rehabyear .. "'''"		end author_text = author_text .. "."	elseif args.anon then author_text = PD.license_scope .. " anonymous or pseudonymous due to unknown authorship." end local work_text if args.posthumous or args.pubyear or args.creationyear then work_text = PD.license_scope({past = true}) if args.creationyear then work_text = work_text .. " created in '''" .. args.creationyear end if args.posthumous or args.pubyear then if args.creationyear then work_text = work_text .. " and" end work_text = work_text .. " published" if args.posthumous and not (args.deathyear and args.pubyear and args.deathyear > args.pubyear) then work_text = work_text .. " posthumously" end if args.pubyear then work_text = work_text .. " in '''" .. args.pubyear .. "'''"			end end work_text = work_text .. "."	end if author_text and work_text then return author_text .. " " .. work_text elseif author_text or work_text then return (author_text or "") .. (work_text or "") else return nil end end

function p._PD_1996_also(args) args.deathyear = PD.getAuthorDeathYear({args[1], args.deathyear}) args.pubyear = PD.getPublicationYear({args[2], args.pubyear}) args.rehabyear = tonumber(args.rehabyear) args.creationyear = tonumber(args.creationyear) args.posthumous = yesno(args.posthumous) or false args.anon = yesno(args.anon) or false args.gpw = yesno(args.gpw) or false local country = args.country -- Is the country specified? if not country then return PD.error_text("Module:PD-1996 error: _PD_1996_also requires a country to be specified.", nil) end local template if country == "India" or country == "South Africa" or country == "South Africa speech" then template = "PD " .. country else template = "PD-" .. country end -- Do we have data for the country? if not country_data[country] then return PD.error_text("Module:PD-1996 error: " .. country .. " is not yet a country supported by this module.", nil) end -- Should we use a different license? if args.pubyear and args.pubyear < PD.PD_US_cutoff then return require('Module:PD-US')._PD_US({['deathyear'] = args.deathyear, ['category'] = args.category}) elseif args.pubyear and args.pubyear > 1988 then return PD.error_text(template .. " does not apply to works published after 1988.", template) end -- Is the license inappropriate? local country_error_text = country_data[country]['error_text'] if country_error_text then return PD.error_text(country_error_text, template) end -- text local text = country_data[country]['text'] .. "\n\n" .. PD.license_scope .. " also" .. PD_1996_condition({['home_country'] = country, ['uraa_date'] = country_data[country]['uraa_date']}) .. " This is the combined effect of " .. country .. " having joined the Berne Convention in " .. country_data[country]['berne_year'] .. ", and of 17 USC 104A with its critical date of January 1, 1996." text = table.concat({text, country_data[country]['uraa_text'], info_text(args)}, "\n\n") .. PD.shorter_term_text(args.deathyear, args.film) return PD.license({		['image'] = PD.PD_image,		['image_r'] = country_data[country]['image_r'],		['text'] = text,		['category'] = args.category or template,		['warning'] = country_data[country]['warning']	}) end

function p.PD_1996_also(frame) return p._PD_1996_also(getArgs(frame)) end

return p

title: Module:PD-1996/sandbox


text:
Page:The Net of Faith.pdf/663

All this is said by that great lord Albertus. (:His wisdom shows how far the poison poured into the Church eleven hundred years ago has spread.:) It is poison which has become life to the people, and the medicine used against poison itself is such a mortal venom that those who have been nurtured by poison consider injustice as a healthy state; they call that which has grown out of poison, life. If Albertus is right, then Christ and all the apostles were wrong. (:But Christ and his disciples went about preaching salvation through long-suffering and patience and humility.:) The teaching of Albertus Magnus is contrary to the teaching of the apostles. He is now considered a great doctor in the field of Christian knowledge. Many a priest regards himself rich in wisdom when he preaches his reasonings to the peasants. He does not know what a poverty there is in his books! and how far they are from the apostles!

And as to the humble and suffering apostolic Christians – behold! he calls them frogs crawling out of an abyss, arrogantly croaking against the justice of God! The justice of God he makes out to be injustice, and falseness, and evil. 227*

title: Page:The Net of Faith.pdf/663


text:
Page:Poetical works of William Cullen Bryant (IA poeticalworksof00brya).pdf/83

Rh


text:
Module:PD-1996/data

local PD = require('Module:PD')

return { ['Argentina'] = { ['image_r'] = 'Flag of Argentina.svg', ['text'] = table.concat({			PD.license_scope .. " in the public domain in Argentina because " .. PD.license_grammar({"it was", "they were"}) .. " created in Argentina and the term of copyright has expired. According to Law No. 11.723 as amended up to Law No. 26.570 of November 25, 2009, the following works are public domain:",			"* sound recordings published more than 70 years ago (before January 1, ".. PD.currentyear - 70 .. "),",			"* photographs published more than 20 years ago (before ".. PD.currentyear - 20 .. ") and created more than 25 years ago (before " .. PD.currentyear - 25 .. "),",			"* cinematographic works whose author, producer, director and composer died over 50 years ago (before " .. PD.currentyear - 50 .. "),",			"* other anonymous works published over 50 years ago (before January 1, " .. PD.currentyear - 50 .. "), and",			"* other works whose author died over 70 years ago (before January 1, " .. PD.currentyear - 70 .. ").",		}, '\n'), ['uraa_text'] = "Because the Argentine p.m.a. term in 1996 was 50 years, the critical date for copyright in the United States under the URAA is January 1, 1946.", ['uraa_date'] = 'January 1, 1996', ['berne_year'] = 1967 },	['Australia'] = { ['image_r'] = 'Flag of Australia.svg', ['text'] = table.concat({			PD.license_scope .. " in the public domain in Australia because " .. PD.license_grammar({"it was", "they were"}) .. " created in Australia and the term of copyright has expired. According to Australian Copyright Council - Duration of Copyright, the following works are public domain:",			"* published non-government works whose author died before January 1, " .. math.max(1955, PD.currentyear - 70) .. ",",			"* anonymous or pseudonymous works and photographs published before January 1, " .. math.max(1955, PD.currentyear - 70) .. ", and",			"* government works published more than 50 years ago (before January 1, " .. PD.currentyear - 50 .. ")."		}, '\n'), ['uraa_text'] = "Because the Australian copyright term in 1996 was 50 years, the critical date for copyright in the United States under the URAA is January 1, 1946.", ['uraa_date'] = 'January 1, 1996', ['berne_year'] = 1928 },	['India'] = { ['image_r'] = 'Flag of India.svg', ['text'] = PD.license_scope .. " in the public domain in India because " .. PD.license_grammar({"it originates", "they originate"}) .. " from India and " .. PD.license_grammar({"its term of copyright has", "their terms of copyright have"}) .. " expired. According to The Indian Copyright Act, 1957, all documents enter the public domain after 60 years counted from the beginning of the following calendar year after the death of the author (i.e. as of " .. PD.currentyear .. ", prior to January 1, " .. PD.currentyear - 60 .. "). Film, sound recordings, government works, anonymous works, and works first published over 60 years after the death of the author are protected for 60 years after publication.\n\nWorks by authors who died before 1941 entered the public domain after 50 years (before 1991) and copyright has not been restored.", ['uraa_text'] = "The critical date for copyright in the United States under the URAA is January 1, 1941.", ['uraa_date'] = 'January 1, 1996', ['berne_year'] = 1928 },	['Israel'] = { ['image_r'] = 'Flag of Israel.svg', ['text'] = PD.license_scope .. " in the public domain in Israel because " .. PD.license_grammar({"its term of copyright has", "their terms of copyright have"}) .. " expired. According to Israel's copyright statute from 2007, a work is released to the public domain 70 years after the death of its last surviving author, except for in these cases:\n#For photographs, if created before 25 May 2008—the old British Mandate act applies, i.e. 50 years after creation (paragraph 78(i) of the 2007 statute, and paragraph 21 of the old British Mandate act).\n#If owned by the State, and there is no special agreement between the State and the creator—50 years after creation (paragraphs 36 and 42 in the 2007 statute).", ['uraa_text'] = "For most works, the critical date for copyright in the United States under the URAA is January 1, 1926; the critical date for photographs created before is May 25, 2008; and the critical date for works owned by the state is January 1, 1946.", ['uraa_date'] = 'January 1, 1996', ['berne_year'] = 1950 },	['South Africa'] = { ['image_r'] = "Flag of South Africa.svg", ['text'] = PD.license_scope({past = true}) .. " created and first published in South Africa and " .. PD.license_grammar({"is", "are"}) .. " now in the public domain in South Africa, because " .. PD.license_grammar({"its term of copyright has", "their terms of copyright have"}) .. " expired. According to the Copyright Act, 1978, texts enter the public domain after 50 years counted from the end of the year of the death of the author, or in the case of works of the government, from the end of the year of publication (i.e. as of " .. PD.currentyear .. ", prior to January 1, " .. PD.currentyear - 50 .. ").", ['uraa_text'] = "The critical date for copyright in the United States is January 1, 1946.", ['uraa_date'] = 'January 1, 1996', ['berne_year'] = 1928 },	['South Africa speech'] = { ['image_r'] = "Flag of South Africa.svg", ['text'] = PD.license_scope({past = true}) .. " created and first published before January 1, 1989 in South Africa and " .. PD.license_grammar({"is", "are"}) .. " in the public domain there because " .. PD.license_grammar({"it is a speech", "they are speeches"}) .. " of a political nature or " .. PD.license_grammar({"a speech", "speeches"}) .. " delivered in the course of legal proceedings.\n\nAccording to the Copyright Act, 1978, § 12 (8) (a), "No copyright shall subsist [...] in speeches of a political nature or in speeches delivered in the course of legal proceedings."", ['warning'] = "South African speeches published since 1989 are not necessarily in the public domain in the United States; further information is required to determine their status in US copyright law.", ['uraa_text'] = "The critical date for copyright in the United States is January 1, 1989.", ['uraa_date'] = 'January 1, 1996', ['berne_year'] = 1928 },	['Russia'] = { ['image_r'] = "Flag of Russia.svg", ['text'] = table.concat({			PD.license_scope .. " in the public domain in Russia (Article 1281 of the Russian Civil Code; Article 6 of Federal Law 231-FZ from December 18, 2006) because:",			"* " .. PD.license_grammar({"it was", "they were"}) .. " published anonymously or under a pseudonym before January 1, 1943 and the name of the author did not become known during 50 years after publication (before January 1, 1993), or",			"* " .. PD.license_grammar({"it was", "they were"}) .. " published anonymously or under a pseudonym after January 1, 1943, and the name of the author did not become known during 70 years after publication (as of " .. PD.currentyear .. ", this applies to works published before January 1, " .. PD.currentyear - 70 .. "), or",			"* the work is non-amateur cinema or television film (or shots or fragments from it), which was first shown between January 1, 1929 and January 1, " .. PD.currentyear - 70 .. " (over 70 years ago), or",			"* the creator died over 74 years ago (before January 1, " .. PD.currentyear - 74 .. "), or",			"* the creator died over 70 years ago (before January 1, " .. PD.currentyear - 70 .. ") and did not fight in or work during the Great Patriotic War (June 22, 1941–May 9, 1945).",			"\nIf the author was subjected to repression and rehabilitated posthumously, countdown of copyright protection begins not from the death date, but from the rehabilitation date. If the work was first published posthumously, the copyright term is counted from the date of that first publication, unless the author was later rehabilitated, in which case it runs again from that later rehabilitation date."		}, '\n'), ['uraa_text'] = "The critical dates for copyright in the United States are January 1, 1943 for anonymous works; January 1, 1922 if the creator fought in the Great Patriotic War; January 1, 1926 otherwise.", ['uraa_date'] = 'January 1, 1996', ['berne_year'] = 1995, ['error_text'] = function(args) if args and args.anon and args.pubyear and args.pubyear >= 1943 then return "Anonymous works published after 1942 were not in the public domain in Russia in 1996." else return nil end end },	['Ukraine'] = { ['image_r'] = "Flag of Ukraine.svg", ['text'] = table.concat({			PD.license_scope .. " a Ukrainian or Ukrainian SSR work and " .. PD.license_grammar({"is", "are"}) .. " presently in the public domain in Ukraine. Due to the retroactive Ukrainian copyright law of 1993, a work is in the public domain in Ukraine according to the following criteria:",			"* Copyright in a work arises from the fact of its creation and takes effect from the date of creation.",			"* Copyright is valid throughout the life of the author and for 70 years after the author's death, except as provided below.",			"* For works published anonymously or under a pseudonym, copyright expires 70 years after the work was released. If the pseudonym adopted by the author leaves no doubt as to the identity of the author or the author is revealed no later than 70 years after the publication of the work, copyright lasts for the author's life plus 70 years.", "* Copyright in collaborative works is valid for life and 70 years after the death of the last co-author.", "* Copyright in works of posthumously rehabilitated authors is valid for 70 years after their rehabilitation.", "* Copyright in a work first published within 30 years after the author's death is valid for 70 years from the date of its lawful publication.", "* Persons who first publish an unpublished work after its copyright protection expires enjoy protection for 25 years from the time when the work was first published.", "* Calculation of the terms of copyright starts from January 1 of the year following the relevant event.", "\nCopyright protection under the 1993 act applied to all works where the copyright had not expired before the act became effective. A Ukrainian or Ukrainian SSR work is in the public domain in Ukraine if it was published before January 1, 1951, and the creator (if known) died before that date, or if another event listed above occurred before January 1, 1951. This is the effect of the copyright term extension from 50 to 70 years in 2001." }, '\n'),		['uraa_text'] = "Because the Ukrainian copyright term in 1996 was 50 years, the critical date for copyright in the United States is January 1, 1946.",		['uraa_date'] = 'January 1, 1996',		['berne_year'] = 1995	} }

title: Module:PD-1996/data


text:
Page:The life of Charlotte Brontë (IA lifeofcharlotteb02gaskrich).pdf/221

 many months away: our moors are all white with snow just now, and little redbreasts come every morning to the window for crumbs. One can lay no plans three or four months beforehand. Besides, I don't deserve to go to London; nobody merits a change or a treat less. I secretly think, on the contrary, I ought to be put in prison, and kept on bread and water in solitary confinement—without even a letter from Cornhill—till I had written a book. One of two things would certainly result from such a mode of treatment pursued for twelve months; either I should come out at the end of that time with a three-volume MS. in my hand, or else with a condition of intellect that would exempt me ever after from literary efforts and expectations."

Meanwhile, she was disturbed and distressed by the publication of Miss Martineau's "Letters," &c.; they came down with a peculiar force and heaviness upon a heart that looked, with fond and earnest faith, to a future life as to the meeting-place with those who were "loved and lost awhile."

1em

"My dear Sir,—Have you yet read Miss Martineau's and Mr. Atkinson's new work, 'Letters on the Nature and Development of Man?' If you have not, it would be worth your while to do so.

"Of the impression this book has made on me, I will not now say much. It is the first exposition of avowed atheism and materialism I have ever read; the first un-


text: Poetical Works of William Cullen Bryant/A Walk at Sunset


text:
Page:The life of Charlotte Brontë (IA lifeofcharlotteb02gaskrich).pdf/222

 equivocal declaration of disbelief in the existence of a God or a future life I have ever seen. In judging of such exposition and declaration, one would wish entirely to put aside the sort of instinctive horror they awaken, and to consider them in an impartial spirit and collected mood. This I find it difficult to do. The strangest thing is, that we are called on to rejoice over this hopeless blank—to receive this bitter bereavement as great gain—to welcome this unutterable desolation as a state of pleasant freedom. Who could do this if he would? Who would do it if he could?

"Sincerely, for my own part, do I wish to find and know the Truth; but if this be Truth, well may she guard herself with mysteries, and cover herself with a veil. If this be Truth, man or woman who beholds her can but curse the day he or she was born. I said, however, I would not dwell on what I thought; I wish to hear, rather, what some other person thinks,—some one whose feelings are unapt to bias his judgment. Read the book, then, in an unprejudiced spirit, and candidly say what you think of it. I mean, of course, if you have time—not otherwise."

And yet she could not bear the contemptuous tone in which this work was spoken of by many critics; it made her more indignant than almost any other circumstance during my acquaintance with her. Much as she regretted the publication of the book, she could not see that it had given any one a right to sneer at an action, certainly prompted by no worldly motive, and which


text: Poetical Works of William Cullen Bryant/No Man Knoweth his Sepulchre


text:
Page:The Net of Faith.pdf/665

228* The life of poverty is not appealing to Albertus Magnus; he prefers the life of comfort, of abundant food, of a big belly, of a red ruddy face, the life of security, sitting in a castle protected by swords, unafraid of temptations This life appeals to Albertus more than it did even to Sylvester who was hiding in the caves and in forests. The apostles, the fools of Christ, were chased from town to town, as it is written,

(:What the Church of Albertus is fighting for is not the justice of God but the justice of this world.:) Pope Sylvester I ( 314–335), cf. . Chelc̄icky̍ believed with many contemporaries that Sylvester I and Peter Waldo were living at the same time, and that both were in hiding before the imperial forces; they lived frugally in mountains, forests and caves, but finally Sylvester became tired of such life of poverty and accepted the Donation of Constantine (,, ; , I, , chaps.–, , ), while Peter Waldo remained faithful to the vow of poverty. Holinka,, Prague: Melantrich, p.31.

Rom.8:36.

title: Page:The Net of Faith.pdf/665


text:
Page:The Voyage Of Italy Or A Compleat Journey through Italy, The Second Part.pdf/234

 the weight and thickness of it, valued it to be richly worth a hundred thousand Crownes between Marchant and Marchant, and a hundred and fifty thousand Crownes between Prince and Prince.

8. Going from the Great Dukes Pallace, we fell presently upon the Augustins Church. This is a neat Church designed by Brunelleschi, and much beautified with handsome pillars. The Tabernacle and High Altar cost a hundred thousand Crownes, and yields to few in Italy for neatness and state. Behind the High Altar in the very end of the Church, is a rare picture of our Saviour absolving the poor woman catched in Adultery. The confusion that appears in the face of this woman, makes it appear what a rare Painter Allori was, who made this Picture.

9. Passing from hence over the bridge (where four white Marble Statues representing the four seasons of the year, stand, all made by Michael Angelo) we came to the Piazza of the Gran Duca, where I


text: Page:Journal of the Optical Society of America, volume 30, number 12.pdf/70


text:
Page:Poetical works of William Cullen Bryant (IA poeticalworksof00brya).pdf/164

132


text:
Module:PD-1996/data/doc

Supporting module for Module:PD-1996.

title: Module:PD-1996/data/doc


text:
Page:The Net of Faith.pdf/667

The justice of revenge and of shedding blood, as adopted by the Church, is pagan and of this world. Even the Church is of this world, following in the footprints of the pagans.The justice of Albertus shall be judged a great injustice in the eyes of God. It is therefore safer to be with the little croaking frog in prison than in freedom with the loudly howling Albertus. The crucified Jesus shall hear the weak voice of the little frog. Among all Christendom there is no executioner as ferocious as that Albertus Magnus who opened the way to legal bloodshed, so contrary to brotherly love. He thinks it is better to kill off all transgressors than letting them live with the chance of repentance God gives them an opportunity of repentance so that they would not die in perdition; and he says of them:

I have no pleasure in the death of the wicked, but rather in this, that the wicked man turn from his way and life.

But Albertus wants it otherwise, he wants that all be murdered. Ezek. 33:11,. 229*

title: Page:The Net of Faith.pdf/667


text:
Page:The Voyage Of Italy Or A Compleat Journey through Italy, The Second Part.pdf/235

 saw the Equestrian Statue of Cosmus the Great in Bronze, with his Victories and prime actions in the Pedestal of the same mettal. At the corner of the old Pallace in this Piazza, stands the brave Fountain, with a Neptune, Tritons, and Nereides. Near the Gates of the Pallace here, stand two Statues of more then Gygantean bulk: that of David is the hand of Michael Angelo: and that of Hercules killing Cacus is of the hand of Bandinelli. The other Statues here in the Portico hard by, are much cryed up for rare Pieces, as that of Perseus in Brass; that of the rape of the Sabins, in Marble; and that of Judith in brass holding a sword in one hand, and Holofernes his head in the other.

10. Looking up from this Piazza to the top of the Pallace, I beheld the high Tower mounted thereupon. Its a hundred and fifty yards from the ground, and which is the wonder, it hath no other foundation then the wall of the Pallace and the top of the house: Hence its said, that the Florentins have


text:
Page:The Voyage Of Italy Or A Compleat Journey through Italy, The Second Part.pdf/236

 3 wonderfull Towers: one in the air', to wit, this Tower: another in the water, to wit the Fanal of Ligorne: and the third in the Earth, to wit, the Campanile of Florence, whose foundations are exceeding deep in the ground.

11. Going from the Piazza towards the Domo, we were presently stopt by the Church of S. Michael, a square flat Church, whose outside is adorned with rare statues, if not of Gold, yet worth their weight in Gold. The best are, that of S. Matthew in brass made by Laurentius Cion: that of S. Thomas in brass touching the side of our Saviour, with great demonstration of diffidence in his lookes, is of Andrea Varrochios hand. That of S. Peter in marble is excellent for the Drapery of it. That of S. George in marble, is compared to the best in Rome, and hath been praised both in Prose and Verse: that of St. Marks hath so grave and honest a countenance, that Michel Angelo (a competent judge) stopping one day to behold it, and


text:
Page:The Net of Faith.pdf/669

Here I shall list again a few other propositions of Master Aegidius.

For instance, among many other arguments, he says that law is given to people according to their various dispositions and characters. There are different laws for different kinds of people.

Thus adultery which is regarded as sin and is so punished if committed by honorable burghers is not punished in cities where it is tolerated for the common good of all. In order to strengthen his position he quoted old saints, such as Augustine and Jerome, who said, "Shall you empty the city of harlots and fill it with lustfulness?" "Aegidius posuit suam positionem, in qua inclusit, meretrices esse fovendas non in civitatibus, sed extra, secundum suum videre. Item non in ornatu auri et argenti, crinium aut vestium, sed in habitu ab aliis mulieribus honestis distincto. Item non in loco occulto propter alia peccata majora, sed publico, sed immundo. Pro confirmatione allegavit Augustinum qui dicit: 'Tolle meretrices de civitatibus, et omnia turbabis libidine'; et Hieronymum, qui dicit: 'Venter mero aestuans, cito spumat in libidinem. Item Judaeos asseruit in civitatibus esse permittendos, quia sunt testimonium figurarum, quarum nos tenemus veritatem." (Petri Zatecensis Liber diurnus, notes for the 13th of Feb. 1433, ., p.309.)

230*

title: Page:The Net of Faith.pdf/669


text: Page:Journal of the Optical Society of America, volume 30, number 12.pdf/71


text:
Page:The Net of Faith.pdf/671

231* The old saints, in their concern for the wellbeing of the communities, provided them with legality concerning harlots, so that a town, suffering from lustfulness, might be relieved of it by communal prostitutes. This the Master Aegidius confirms with the help of the Church Doctors. (:There is one type of law for honorable burghers, says Aegidius, and another type of law for harlots; the human law is so perfect that it has a provision for all mortal sins.:)

(:As long as things are done in accordance with the accepted laws, they are not wrong and not punishable. But Aegidius and the doctors are terribly wrong.:) Did not our Lord Jesus Christ say,

Thus, the human law is contrary to the law of Christ, because the end of the human law is the satisfaction of the community, to which satisfaction belong all virtues and mores. The prosecution of public prostitution would only lead to secret vices, causing much discomfort in the community, and all these would offend God more than harlotry.

"Aegidius posuit suam positionem, in qua inclusit, meretrices esse fovendas non in civitatibus, sed extra, secundum suum videre. Item non in ornatu auri et argenti, crinium aut vestium, sed in habitu ab aliis mulieribus honestis distincto. Item non in loco occulto propter alia peccata majora, sed publico, sed immundo. Pro confirmatione allegavit Augustinum qui dicit: 'Tolle meretrices de civitatibus, et omnia turbabis libidine'; et Hieronymum, qui dicit: 'Venter mero aestuans, cito spumat in libidinem. Item Judaeos asseruit in civitatibus esse permittendos, quia sunt testimonium figurarum, quarum nos tenemus veritatem." (Petri Zatecensis Liber diurnus, notes for the 13th of Feb. 1433, ., p.309.)

At the time of the Council there were in Basel over 700 prostitutes. The Hussites refused to go to Basel until these were confined to a certain district beyond the city walls. The Roman clergy was opposed to this seclusion.

Matt. 5:27f.

At the time of the Council there were in Basel over 700 prostitutes. The Hussites refused to go to Basel until these were confined to a certain district beyond the city walls. The Roman clergy was opposed to this seclusion.

Matt. 5:27f.

title: Page:The Net of Faith.pdf/671


text:
Page:United States Statutes at Large Volume 128.pdf/3169

Rh : concession contract and shall carry over as the initial value of the leasehold surrender interest (instead of construction cost) an amount equal to the value of the existing possessory interest as of the termination date of the previous concession contract. In the event of a dispute between the concessioner and the Secretary as to the value of the possessory interest, the matter shall be resolved through binding arbitration.
 * (3) —A new concessioner awarded a concession contract and required to pay a prior concessioner for possessory interest in prior improvements shall have a leasehold surrender interest in the prior improvements. The initial value in the leasehold surrender interest (instead of construction cost) shall be an amount equal to the value of the existing possessory interest as of the termination date of the previous concession contract.
 * (4) —If the Secretary, or either party to a value determination proceeding conducted under a Service concession contract issued before November 13, 1998, considers that the value determination decision issued pursuant to the proceeding misinterprets or misapplies relevant contractual requirements or their underlying legal authority, the Secretary or either party may seek, within 180 days after the date of the decision, de novo review of the value determination decision by the United States Court of Federal Claims. The Court of Federal Claims may make an order affirming, vacating, modifying or correcting the determination decision.

(d) —On expiration or termination of a concession contract entered into after November 13, 1998, a concessioner shall be entitled under the terms of the concession contract to receive from the United States or a successor concessioner the value of any leasehold surrender interest in a capital improvement as of the date of the expiration or termination. A successor concessioner shall have a leasehold surrender interest in the capital improvement under the terms of a new concession contract and the initial value of the leasehold surrender interest in the capital improvement (instead of construction cost) shall be the amount of money the new concessioner is required to pay the prior concessioner for its leasehold surrender interest under the terms of the prior concession contract.

(e) —Title to any capital improvement constructed by a concessioner on land owned by the United States in a System unit shall be vested in the United States.

§ 101916. Reasonableness of rates and charges

(a) —A concession contract shall permit the concessioner to set reasonable and appropriate rates and charges for facilities, goods, and services provided to the public, subject to approval under subsection (b).

(b) —
 * (1) —A concessioner’s rates and charges to the public shall be subject to approval by the Secretary. The approval process utilized by the Secretary shall be as prompt and as unburdensome to the concessioner as possible and shall rely on market forces to establish reasonableness of rates and charges to the maximum extent practicable.


text: Page:The Belfry of Bruges and Other Poems - Longfellow (1846).djvu/44


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Page:United States Statutes at Large Volume 128.pdf/3170

128 STAT. 3146 : The Secretary shall approve rates and charges that the Secretary determines to be reasonable and appropriate. Unless otherwise provided in the concession contract, the reasonableness and appropriateness of rates and charges shall be determined primarily by comparison with those rates and charges for facilities, goods, and services of comparable character under similar conditions, with due consideration to the following factors and other factors deemed relevant by the Secretary:
 * (A) Length of season.
 * (B) Peakloads.
 * (C) Average percentage of occupancy.
 * (D) Accessibility.
 * (E) Availability and costs of labor and materials.
 * (F) Type of patronage.
 * (2) —Rates and charges may not exceed the market rates and charges for comparable facilities, goods, and services, after taking into account the factors referred to in paragraph (1).

(c) —Not later than 6 months after receiving recommendations from the Advisory Board regarding concessioner rates and charges to the public, the Secretary shall implement the recommendations or report to Congress the reasons for not implementing the recommendations.

§ 101917. Franchise fees

(a) —A concession contract shall provide for payment to the Federal Government of a franchise fee or other monetary consideration as determined by the Secretary, on consideration of the probable value to the concessioner of the privileges granted by the particular contract involved. Probable value shall be based on a reasonable opportunity for net profit in relation to capital invested and the obligations of the concession contract. Consideration of revenue to the United States shall be subordinate to the objectives of protecting and preserving System units and of providing necessary and appropriate services for visitors at reasonable rates.

(b) —The amount of the franchise fee or other monetary consideration paid to the United States for the term of the concession contract shall be specified in the concession contract and may be modified only to reflect extraordinary unanticipated changes from the conditions anticipated as of the effective date of the concession contract. The Secretary shall include in concession contracts with a term of more than 5 years a provision that allows reconsideration of the franchise fee at the request of the Secretary or the concessioner in the event of extraordinary unanticipated changes. The provision shall provide for binding arbitration in the event that the Secretary and the concessioner are unable to agree on an adjustment to the franchise fee in those circumstances.

(c) —
 * (1) —All franchise fees (and other monetary consideration) paid to the United States pursuant to concession contracts shall be deposited in a special account established in the Treasury. Twenty percent of the funds deposited in the special account shall be available for expenditure by the Secretary, without further appropriation, to support activities throughout the System regardless of the System unit


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 Rh

in that 17. of John, ver. 21. That the world may beleeve that thou hast sent me. Some by the world in that place understand the elect, who then were dispersed abroad, or them that were to be converted from infidelity to the faith. But because the word world in the whole Chapter is taken in another sence, it is most naturall in this place to understand it as before, for men that be of the world, not illightened, or converted to the faith: and the word Beleeve to be put improperly for to acknowledge or confesse. The sense is, that the world, although unbeleeving, although an adversary to me, yet seeing the great love and concord of my Disciples, may be compelled to beleeve, that is, to acknowledge and confesse, that I was sent of God, that is, that I am not as now it thinketh, a seducer, but that I am truly sent of the Father; or that the Infidels may by experience be convinced to confesse my glory, and be compelled to acknowledge and confesse that thou hast sent me a Saviour into the world. This sense is so plain and easie, that we need not seek any further for the meaning: but if we grant it to be meant of true and sound faith, it will not follow thence, that Christ made intercession for every man in the world, that he might beleeve. For the world is usually taken for men in the world indefinitely, and not simply for every man, nor yet for the greater part of men in the world. There went out a decree from Cesar Augustus, that all the world should be taxed, Luk 2. 1. but this cannot be extended to every nation, much lesse to every man. ''The impure spirits goe forth unto the Kings of the earth, and of the whole world. Rev.'' 16. 14. ''All the world wondred after the beast. Rev.'' 13. 3. The whole world lyeth in iniquity. 1 Joh. 5. 19. ''He was in the world, and the world knew him not. Joh.'' 1. 10. ''Behold, the world is gone after him. Joh.'' 12. 19. The Syriacke Interpreter, vulgar Interpreter, and Mannus the Greeke Paraphrast, adde the universall particle and reade it, the whole world; But if the world be taken for every man in the world, we must conclude, that every man in the world did follow Christ, and that no man in the world did know him.

They aske again, what is it the Intercession of Christ required? Psal. 2. 8. Aske of me, and I will give thee the heathen for thine Inheritance. Is it not for unbeleevers to bring them to the faith? and doth not Christ intercede for the comming of Gods Kingdome, as he taught his Disciples to doe? There is therefore an


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 was but one error—the gravity of which she admitted—in the conduct of a person who had, all her life long, been striving, by deep thought and noble words, to serve her kind.

"Your remarks on Miss Martineau and her book pleased me greatly, from their tone and spirit. I have even taken the liberty of transcribing for her benefit one or two phrases, because I know they will cheer her; she likes sympathy and appreciation (as all people do who deserve them); and most fully do I agree with you in the dislike you express of that hard, contemptuous tone in which her work is spoken of by many critics."

Before I return from the literary opinions of the author to the domestic interests of the woman, I must copy out what she felt and thought about "The Stones of Venice."

The Stones of Venice' seem nobly laid and chiselled. How grandly the quarry of vast marbles is disclosed! Mr. Ruskin seems to me one of the few genuine writers, as distinguished from book-makers, of this age. His earnestness even amuses me in certain passages; for I cannot help laughing to think how utilitarians will fume and fret over his deep, serious (and as they will think), fanatical reverence for Art. That pure and severe mind you ascribed to him speaks in every line. He writes like a consecrated Priest of the Abstract and Ideal.


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 transported from place to place. The whole tribe or nation changes its situation according to the different seasons of the year, as well as according to other accidents. When its herds and flocks have consumed the forage of one part of the country, it removes to another, and from that to a third. In the dry season, it comes down to the banks of the rivers; in the wet season it retires to the upper country. When such a nation goes to war, the warriors will not trust their herds and flocks to the feeble defence of their old men, their women and children, and their old men, their women and children will not be left behind without defence and without subsistence. The whole nation, besides, being accustomed to a wandering life, even in time of peace, easily takes the field in time of war. Whether it marches as an army, or moves about as a company of herdsmen, the way of life is nearly the same, though the object proposed by it be very different. They all go to war together, therefore, and every one does as well as he can. Among the Tartars, even the women have been frequently known to engage in battle. If they conquer, whatever belongs to the hostile tribe is the recompense of the victory. But if they are vanquished, all is lost, and not only their herds and flocks, but their women and children become the booty of the conqueror. Even the greater part of those who survive the action are obliged to submit to him for the sake of immediate subsistence. The rest are commonly dissipated and dispersed in the desert.

The ordinary life, the ordinary exercises of a Tartar or Arab prepare him sufficiently for war. Running, wrestling, cudgel-playing, throwing the javelin, drawing the bow, etc., are the common pastimes of those who live in


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 the open air and are all of them the images of war. When a Tartar or Arab actually goes to war, he is maintained by his own herds and flocks which he carries with him, in the same manner as in peace. His chief or sovereign, for those nations have all chiefs or sovereigns, is at no sort of expense in preparing him for the field; and when he is in it, the chance of plunder is the only pay which he either expects or requires.

An army of hunters can seldom exceed two or three hundred men. The precarious subsistence which the chase affords could seldom allow a greater number to keep together for any considerable time. An army of shepherds, on the contrary, may sometimes amount to two or three hundred thousand. As long as nothing stops their progress, as long as they can go on from one district, of which they have consumed the forage, to another which is yet entire; there seems to be scarce any limit to the number who can march on together. A nation of hunters can never be formidable to the civilized nations in their neighborhood. A nation of shepherds may. Nothing can be more contemptible than an Indian war in North America. Nothing, on the contrary, can be more dreadful than a Tartar invasion has frequently been in Asia. The judgment of Thucydides, that both Europe and Asia could not resist the Scythians united, has been verified by the experience of all ages. The inhabitants of the extensive but defenceless plains of Scythia or Tartary have been frequently united under the dominion of the chief of some conquering horde or clan; and the havoc and devastation of Asia have always signalized their union. The inhabitants of the inhospitable deserts of Arabia, the other great nation of shepherds, have never been united but once; under Mahomet and his imme-


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Rh : in which the funds were collected. The funds deposited in the special account shall remain available until expended.
 * (2) —There shall be established within the special account a subaccount for each System unit. Each subaccount shall be credited with 80 percent of the franchise fees (and other monetary consideration) collected at a single System unit under concession contracts. The funds credited to the subaccount for a System unit shall be available for expenditure by the Secretary, without further appropriation, for use at the System unit for visitor services and for purposes of funding high-priority and urgently necessary resource management programs and operations. The funds credited to a subaccount shall remain available until expended.

§ 101918. Transfer or conveyance of concession contracts or leasehold surrender interests

(a) —No concession contract or leasehold surrender interest may be transferred, assigned, sold, or otherwise conveyed or pledged by a concessioner without prior written notification to, and approval by, the Secretary.

(b) —The Secretary shall approve a transfer or conveyance described in subsection (a) unless the Secretary finds that—
 * (1) the individual, corporation, or other entity seeking to acquire a concession contract is not qualified or able to satisfy the terms and conditions of the concession contract;
 * (2) the transfer or conveyance would have an adverse impact on—
 * (A) the protection, conservation, or preservation of the resources of the System unit; or
 * (B) the provision of necessary and appropriate facilities and services to visitors at reasonable rates and charges; and
 * (3) the terms of the transfer or conveyance are likely, directly or indirectly, to—
 * (A) reduce the concessioner’s opportunity for a reasonable profit over the remaining term of the concession contract;
 * (B) adversely affect the quality of facilities and services provided by the concessioner; or
 * (C) result in a need for increased rates and charges to the public to maintain the quality of the facilities and services.

(c) —The terms and conditions of any concession contract under this section shall not be subject to modification or open to renegotiation by the Secretary because of a transfer or conveyance described in subsection (a) unless the transfer or conveyance would have an adverse impact as described in subsection (b)(2).

§ 101919. National Park Service Concessions Management Advisory Board

(a) —There is a National Park Service Concessions Management Advisory Board whose purpose shall be to advise the Secretary and Service on matters relating to management of concessions in the System.

(b) —


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 "I shall bring with me 'The Stones of Venice;' all the foundations of marble and of granite, together with the mighty quarry out of which they were hewn; and, into the bargain, a small assortment of crotchets and dicta—the private property of one John Ruskin, Esq."

As spring drew on, the depression of spirits to which she was subject began to grasp her again, and "to crush her with a day- and night-mare." She became afraid of sinking as low as she had done in the autumn; and to avoid this, she prevailed on her old friend and schoolfellow to come and stay with her for a few weeks in March. She found great benefit from this companionship,—both from the congenial society in itself, and from the self-restraint of thought imposed by the necessity of entertaining her and looking after her comfort. On this occasion, Miss Brontë said, "It will not do to get into the habit of running away from home, and thus temporarily evading an oppression instead of facing, wrestling with and conquering it, or being conquered by it."

I shall now make an extract from one of her letters, which is purposely displaced as to time. I quote it because it relates to a third offer of marriage which she had, and because I find that some are apt to imagine, from the extraordinary power with which she represented the passion of love in her novels, that she herself was easily susceptible of it.


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128 STAT. 3148 :(1) —The Advisory Board shall advise on each of the following:
 * (A) Policies and procedures intended to ensure that services and facilities provided by concessioners—
 * (i) are necessary and appropriate;
 * (ii) meet acceptable standards at reasonable rates with a minimum of impact on System unit resources and values; and
 * (iii) provide the concessioners with a reasonable opportunity to make a profit.
 * (B) Ways to make Service concession programs and procedures more cost effective, more process efficient, less burdensome, and timelier.
 * (2) —The Advisory Board shall make recommendations to the Secretary regarding each of the following:
 * (A) The Service contracting with the private sector to conduct appropriate elements of concession management.
 * (B) Ways to make the review or approval of concessioner rates and charges to the public more efficient, less burdensome, and timelier.
 * (C) The nature and scope of products that qualify as Indian, Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian handicrafts within the meaning of this subchapter.
 * (D) The allocation of concession fees.
 * (3) —The Advisory Board shall provide an annual report on its activities to the Committee on Natural Resources of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources of the Senate.

(c) —Members of the Advisory Board shall be appointed on a staggered basis by the Secretary for a term not to exceed 4 years and shall serve at the pleasure of the Secretary. The Advisory Board shall be comprised of not more than 7 individuals appointed from among citizens of the United States not in the employment of the Federal Government and not in the employment of or having an interest in a Service concession. Of the 7 members of the Advisory Board—
 * (1) one member shall be privately employed in the hospitality industry and have both broad knowledge of hotel or food service management and experience in the parks and recreation concession business;
 * (2) one member shall be privately employed in the tourism industry;
 * (3) one member shall be privately employed in the accounting industry;
 * (4) one member shall be privately employed in the outfitting and guide industry;
 * (5) one member shall be a State government employee with expertise in park concession management;
 * (6) one member shall be active in promotion of traditional arts and crafts; and
 * (7) one member shall be active in a nonprofit conservation organization involved in parks and recreation programs.

(d) —Service of an individual as a member of the Advisory Board shall not be deemed to be service or employment bringing the individual within the provisions of any Federal law relating to conflicts of interest or otherwise imposing restrictions, requirements, or penalties in relation to the


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 diate successors. Their union, which was more the effect of religious enthusiasm than of conquest, was signalized in the same manner. If the hunting nations of America should ever become shepherds, their neighborhood would be much more dangerous to the European colonies than it is at present.

In a yet more advanced state of society, among those nations of husbandmen who have little foreign commerce, and no other manufactures but those coarse and household ones which almost every private family prepares for its own use; every man, in the same manner, either is a warrior, or easily becomes such. They who live by agriculture generally pass the whole day in the open air, exposed to all the inclemencies of the seasons. The hardness of their ordinary life prepares them for the fatigues of war, to some of which their necessary occupations bear a great analogy. The necessary occupation of a ditcher prepares him to work in the trenches, and to fortify a camp as well as to inclose a field. The ordinary pastimes of such husbandmen are the same as those of shepherds, and are in the same manner the images of war. But as husbandmen have less leisure than shepherds, they are not so frequently employed in those pastimes. They are soldiers, but soldiers not quite so much masters of their exercise. Such as they are, however, it seldom costs the sovereign or commonwealth any expense to prepare them for the field.

Agriculture, even in its rudest and lowest state, supposes a settlement; some sort of fixed habitation which cannot be abandoned without great loss. When a nation of mere husbandmen, therefore, goes to war, the whole people cannot take the field together. The old men, the women and children, at least, must remain at home to take


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 "Could I ever feel enough for, to accept of him as a husband? Friendship—gratitude—esteem—I have; but each moment he came near me, and that I could see his eyes fastened on me, my veins ran ice. Now that he is away, I feel far more gently towards him; it is only close by that I grow rigid, stiffening with a strange mixture of apprehension and anger, which nothing softens but his retreat, and a perfect subduing of his manner. I did not want to be proud, nor intend to be proud, but I was forced to be so. Most true it is, that we are over-ruled by One above us; that in His hands our very will is as clay in the hands of the potter."

I have now named all the offers of marriage she ever received, until that was made which she finally accepted. The gentleman referred to in this letter, retained so much regard for her as to be her friend to the end of her life; a circumstance to his credit and to hers.

Before her friend E took her departure, Mr. Brontë caught cold, and continued for some weeks much out of health, with an attack of bronchitis. His spirits too, became much depressed; and all his daughter's efforts were directed towards cheering him.

When he grew better, and had regained his previous strength, she resolved to avail herself of an invitation which she had received some time before, to pay a visit in London. This year, 1851, was, as every one remembers, the time of the great Exhibition; but even with that attraction in prospect, she did not intend to


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 care of the habitation. All the men of the military age, however, may take the field, and, in small nations of this kind, have frequently done so. In every nation the men of the military age are supposed to amount to about a fourth or a fifth part of the whole body of the people. If the campaign too should begin after seed time, and end before harvest, both the husbandman and his principal laborers can be spared from the farm without much loss. He trusts that the work which must be done in the meantime can be well enough executed by the old men, the women and the children. He is not unwilling, therefore, to serve without pay during a short campaign, and it frequently costs the sovereign or commonwealth as little to maintain him in the field as to prepare him for it. The citizens of all the different States of ancient Greece seem to have served in this manner till after the second Persian war; and the people of Peloponnesus, Thucydides observes, generally left the field in the summer, but returned home to reap the harvest. The Roman people under their kings, and during the first ages of the republic, served in the same manner. It was not till the siege of Veii, that they, who stayed at home, began to contribute something toward maintaining those who went to war. In the European monarchies, which were founded upon the ruins of the Roman empire, both before and for some time after the establishment of what is properly called the feudal law, the great lords, with all their immediate dependants, used to serve the crown at their own expense. In the field, in the same manner as at home, they maintained themselves by their own revenue, and not by any stipend or pay which they received from the king upon that particular occasion.

In a more advanced state of society, two different causes


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Rh employment of individuals, the performance of services, or the payment or receipt of compensation in connection with claims, proceedings, or matters involving the United States. Service as a member of the Advisory Board shall not be deemed service in an appointive or elective position in the Federal Government for purposes of section 8344 of title 5 or other comparable provisions of Federal law.

(e) —The Advisory Board shall continue to exist until December 31, 2009. In all other respects, it shall be subject to the Federal Advisory Committee Act (5 U.S.C. App.).

§ 101920. Contracting for services

(a) —
 * (1) —To the maximum extent practicable, the Secretary shall contract with private entities to conduct or assist in elements of the management of the Service concession program considered by the Secretary to be suitable for non-Federal performance. Those management elements shall include each of the following:
 * (A) Health and safety inspections.
 * (B) Quality control of concession operations and facilities.
 * (C) Strategic capital planning for concession facilities.
 * (D) Analysis of rates and charges to the public.
 * (2) —The Secretary may also contract with private entities to assist the Secretary with each of the following:
 * (A) Preparation of the financial aspects of prospectuses for Service concession contracts.
 * (B) Development of guidelines for a System capital improvement and maintenance program for all concession occupied facilities.
 * (C) Making recommendations to the Director regarding the conduct of annual audits of concession fee expenditures.

(b) —The Secretary shall consider, taking into account the recommendations of the Advisory Board, contracting out other elements of the concessions management program, as appropriate.

(c) —Nothing in this section shall diminish the governmental responsibilities and authority of the Secretary to administer concession contracts and activities pursuant to this subchapter and (a),, and (a), , , and of this title. The Secretary reserves the right to make the final decision or contract approval on contracting services dealing with the management of the Service concessions program under this section.

§ 101921. Multiple contracts within a System unit

If multiple concession contracts are awarded to authorize concessioners to provide the same or similar outfitting, guiding, river running, or other similar services at the same approximate location or resource within a System unit, the Secretary shall establish a comparable franchise fee structure for those contracts or similar contracts, except that the terms and conditions of any existing concession contract shall not be subject to modification or open


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 stay there long; and, as usual, she made an agreement with her friends, before finally accepting their offered hospitality, that her sojourn at their house was to be as quiet as ever, since any other way of proceeding disagreed with her both mentally and physically. She never looked excited except for a moment, when something in conversation called her out; but she often felt so, even about comparative trifles, and the exhaustion of reaction was sure to follow. Under such circumstances, she always became extremely thin and haggard; yet she averred that the change invariably did her good afterwards.

Her preparations in the way of dress for this visit, in the gay time of that gay season, were singularly in accordance with her feminine taste; quietly anxious to satisfy her love for modest, dainty, neat attire, and not regardless of the becoming, yet remembering consistency, both with her general appearance and with her means, in every selection she made.

"By the bye, I meant to ask you when you went to Leeds, to do a small errand for me, but fear your hands will be too full of business. It was merely this: in case you chanced to be in any shop where the lace cloaks, both black and white, of which I spoke, were sold, to ask their price. I suppose they would hardly like to send a few to Haworth to be looked at; indeed, if they cost very much, it would be useless, but if they are reasonable and they would send them, I should like


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 contribute to render it altogether impossible that they, who take the field, should maintain themselves at their own expense. Those two causes are, the progress of manufactures, and the improvement in the art of war.

Though a husbandman should be employed in an expedition, provided it begins after seed time and ends before harvest, the interruption of his business will not always occasion any considerable diminution of his revenue. Without the intervention of his labor, nature does herself the greater part of the work which remains to be done. But the moment that an artificer, a smith, a carpenter, or a weaver, for example, quits his workhouse, the sole source of his revenue is completely dried up. Nature does nothing for him, he does all for himself. When he takes the field, therefore, in defence of the public, as he has no revenue to maintain himself, he must necessarily be maintained by the public. But in a country of which a great part of the inhabitants are artificers and manufacturers, a great part of the people who go to war must be drawn from those classes, and must therefore be maintained by the public as long as they are employed in its service.

When the art of war, too, has gradually grown up to be a very intricate and complicated science, when the event of war ceases to be determined, as in the first ages of society, by a single irregular skirmish or battle, but when the contest is generally spun out through several different campaigns, each of which lasts during the greater part of the year; it becomes universally necessary that the public should maintain those who serve the public in war, at least while they are employed in that service. Whatever in time of peace might be the ordinary occupation of those who go to war, so very tedious and expensive a service


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128 STAT. 3150 to renegotiation by the Secretary because of an award of a new contract at the same approximate location or resource.

§ 101922. Use of nonmonetary consideration in concession contracts

Section 1302 of title 40 shall not apply to concession contracts awarded by the Secretary pursuant to this subchapter.

§ 101923. Recordkeeping requirements

(a) —A concessioner and any subconcessioner shall keep such records as the Secretary may prescribe to enable the Secretary to determine that all terms of a concession contract have been and are being faithfully performed. The Secretary and any authorized representative of the Secretary shall, for the purpose of audit and examination, have access to those records and to other records of the concessioner or subconcessioner pertinent to the concession contract and all terms and conditions of the concession contract.

(b) —The Comptroller General and any authorized representative of the Comptroller General shall, until the expiration of 5 calendar years after the close of the business year of each concessioner or subconcessioner, have access to and the right to examine any pertinent records described in subsection (a) of the concessioner or subconcessioner related to the contract involved.

§ 101924. Promotion of sale of Indian, Alaska Native, Native Samoan, and Native Hawaiian handicrafts

(a) —Promoting the sale of authentic United States Indian, Alaskan Native, Native Samoan, and Native Hawaiian handicrafts relating to the cultural, historical, and geographic characteristics of System units is encouraged, and the Secretary shall ensure that there is a continuing effort to enhance the handicraft trade where it exists and establish the trade in appropriate areas where the trade does not exist.

(b) —In furtherance of the purposes of subsection (a), the revenue derived from the sale of United States Indian, Alaska Native, Native Samoan, and Native Hawaiian handicrafts shall be exempt from any franchise fee payments under this subchapter.

§ 101925. Commercial use authorizations

(a) —To the extent specified in this section, the Secretary, on request, may authorize a private person, corporation, or other entity to provide services to visitors to System units through a commercial use authorization. A commercial use authorization shall not be considered to be a concession contract under this subchapter and no other section of this subchapter shall be applicable to a commercial use authorization except where expressly stated.

(b) —
 * (1) —The authority of this section may be used only to authorize provision of services that the Secretary determines—
 * (A) will have minimal impact on resources and values of a System unit; and


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 would otherwise be by far too heavy a burden upon them. After the second Persian war, accordingly, the armies of Athens seem to have been generally composed of mercenary troops, consisting, indeed, partly of citizens, but partly too of foreigners; and all of them equally hired and paid at the expense of the State. From the time of the siege of Veii, the armies of Rome received pay for their service during the time which they remained in the field. Under the feudal governments the military service both of the great lords and of their immediate dependants was, after a certain period, universally exchanged for a payment in money, which was employed to maintain those who served in their stead.

The number of those who can go to war, in proportion to the whole number of the people, is necessarily much smaller in a civilized, than in a rude state of society. In a civilized society, as the soldiers are maintained altogether by the labor of those who are not soldiers, the number of the former can never exceed what the latter can maintain, over and above maintaining, in a manner suitable to their respective stations, both themselves and the other officers of government and law, whom they are obliged to maintain. In the little agrarian States of ancient Greece, a fourth or a fifth part of the whole body of the people considered themselves as soldiers, and would sometimes, it is said, take the field. Among the civilized nations of modern Europe, it is commonly computed that not more than one hundredth part of the inhabitants of any country can be employed as soldiers, without ruin to the country which pays the expense of their service.

The expense of preparing the army for the field seems not to have become considerable in any nation, till long


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 to see them; and also some chemisettes of small size, (the full woman's size don't fit me) both of simple style for every day and good quality for best." "It appears I could not rest satisfied when I was well off. I told you I had taken one of the black lace mantles, but when I came to try it with the black satin dress, with which I should chiefly want to wear it, I found the effect was far from good; the beauty of the lace was lost, and it looked somewhat brown and rusty; I wrote to Mr., requesting him to change it for a white mantle of the same price; he was extremely courteous, and sent to London for one, which I have got this morning. The price is less, being but 1l. 14s. 0d.; it is pretty, neat and light, looks well on black; and upon reasoning the matter over, I came to the philosophic conclusion, that it would be no shame for a person of my means to wear a cheaper thing; so I think I shall take it, and if you ever see it and call it 'trumpery' so much the worse."

"Do you know that I was in Leeds on the very same day with you—last Wednesday? I had thought of telling you where I was going, and having your help and company in buying a bonnet, &c., but then I reflected this would merely be making a selfish use of you, so I determined to manage or mismanage the matter alone. I went to Hurst and Hall's for the bonnet, and got one which seemed grave and quiet there amongst all the splendours; but now it looks infinitely too gay with its pink lining. I saw some beautiful silks of pale sweet