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Rh we say now, "obliged to go to," and which he so evidently enjoyed.

He is careful, however, to remind his readers that old age, to be really either happy or venerable, must not be the old age of the mere voluptuary or the debauchee; that the grey head, in order to be, even in his pagan sense, "a crown of glory," must have been "found in the way of righteousness." Shakespeare might have learned from Cicero in these points the moral which he puts into the mouth of his Adam—

It is a miserable old age, says the Roman, which is obliged to appeal to its grey hairs as its only claim to the respect of its juniors. "Neither hoar hairs nor wrinkles can arrogate reverence as their right. It is the life whose opening years have been honourably spent which reaps the reward of reverence at its close."

In discussing the last of the evils which accompany old age, the near approach of death, Cicero rises to something higher than his usual level. His Cato will not have death to be an evil at all; it is to him the escaping from "the prison of the body,"—the "getting the sight of land at last after a long voyage, and coming into port." Nay, he does not admit that death is

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148 death. "I have never been able to persuade myself," he says, quoting the words of Cyrus in Xenophon, "that our spirits were alive while they were in these mortal bodies, and died only when they departed out of them; or that the spirit then only becomes void of sense when it escapes from a senseless body; but that rather when freed from all admixture of corporality, it is pure and uncontaminated, then it most truly has sense." "I am fully persuaded," he says to his young listeners, "that your two fathers, my old and dearly-loved friends, are living now, and living that life which only is worthy to be so called." And he winds up the dialogue with the very beautiful apostrophe, one of the last utterances of the philosopher's heart, well known, yet not too well known to be here quoted—

"It likes me not to mourn over departing life, as many men, and men of learning, have done. Nor can I regret that I have lived, since I have so lived that I may trust I was not born in vain; and I depart out of life as out of a temporary lodging, not as out of my home. For nature has given it to us as an inn to tarry at by the way, not as a place to abide in. O glorious day! when I shall set out to join that blessed company and assembly of disembodied spirits, and quit this crowd and rabble of life! For I shall go my way, not only to those great men of whom I spoke, but to my own son Cato, than whom was never better man born, nor more full of dutiful affection; whose body I laid on the funeral pile—an office he should rather have done for me. But his spirit has never left

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2 Wien, 1838, p. 14,) they in like manner consist of cells, the partition-walls of which become obliterated.

Animals, which present a much greater variety of external form than is found in the vegetable kingdom, exhibit also, and especially the higher classes in the perfectly-developed condition, a much more complex structure in their individual tissues. How broad is the distinction between a muscle and a nerve, between the latter and cellular tissue, (which agrees only in name with that of plants,) or elastic or horny tissue, and so on. When, however, we turn to the history of the development of these tissues, it appears, that all their manifold forms originate likewise only from cells, indeed from cells which are entirely analogous to those of vegetables, and which exhibit the most remarkable accordance with them in some of the vital phenomena which they manifest. The design of the present treatise is to prove this by a series of observations.

It is, however, necessary to give some account of the vital phenomena of vegetable cells. Each cell is, within certain limits, an Individual, an independent Whole. The vital phenomena of one are repeated, entirely or in part, in all the rest. These Individuals, however, are not ranged side by side as a mere Aggregate, but so operate together, in a manner unknown to us, as to produce an harmonious Whole. ‘The processes which go forward in the vegetable cells, may be reduced to the following heads: 1, the production of new cells; 2, the expansion of existing cells; 3, the transformation of the cell-contents, and the thickening of the cell-wall; 4, the secretion and absorption carried on by cells.

The excellent researches of Schleiden, which throw so much light upon this subject, form the principal basis for my more minute observations on these separate vital phenomena. (See his “ Beitrage zur Phytogenesis,” in Müller’s Archiv, 1838, p. 137, plates 3 and 4.)

First, of the production of new cells. According to Schleiden, in Phenogamous plants, this process always (except as regards the cells of the Cambium,) takes place within the already mature cells, and in a most remarkable manner from out of the well-known cell-nucleus. On account of the importance of the


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130 done all that was right, and urges him to maintain the same course. But the advice would hardly have been needed if all had gone well hitherto.

"You will find little trouble in holding your subordinates in check, if you can but keep a check upon yourself. So long as you resist gain, and pleasure, and all other temptations, as I am sure you do, I cannot fancy there will be any danger of your not being able to check a dishonest merchant or an extortionate collector. For even the Greeks, when they see you living thus, will look upon you as some hero from their old annals, or some supernatural being from heaven, come down into their province.

"I write thus, not to urge you so to act, but that you may congratulate yourself upon having so acted, now and heretofore. For it is a glorious thing for a man to have held a government for three years in Asia, in such sort that neither statue, nor painting, nor work of art of any kind, nor any temptations of wealth or beauty (in all which temptations your province abounds) could draw you from the strictest integrity and self-control: that your official progresses should have been no cause of dread to the inhabitants, that none should be impoverished by your requisitions, none terrified at the news of your approach;—but that you should have brought with you, wherever you came, the most hearty rejoicings, public and private, inasmuch as every town saw in you a protector and not a tyrant—every family received you as a guest, not as a plunderer.

"But in these points, as experience has by this time taught you, it is not enough for you to have these

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I had some trouble converting this one to DjVu and ended up without an OCR layer. I therefore used google OCR. I realized, after going through about a third of it, that it often added periods at the end of lines. I've gone back to correct it and will be more careful, but there may be some left around. — Alien333 (what I did and why I did it wrong ) 11:41, 12 March 2024 (UTC)

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 spirit of God in the hearts of men which may fail which may fail which seems to me to fail."

He paused. Dr. Barrack cleared his throat.

"I don't want to seem obdurate," said Dr. Barrack. "I want to respect deep feeling. One must respect deep feeling But for the life of me I can't put much meaning into this phrase, the spirit of God in the hearts of men. It's rather against my habits to worry a patient, but this is so interesting—this is an exceptional occasion. I would like to ask you, Mr. Huss—frankly—is there anything very much more to it, than a phrase?"

There was no answer.

"Words," said Mr. Dad; "joost words. If Mr. Huss had ever spent three months of war time running a big engineering factory"

"My mind is a sceptical mind," Dr. Barrack went on, after staring a moment to see if Mr. Dad meant to finish this sentence. "I want things I can feel and handle. I am an Agnostic by nature and habit and profession. A Doubting Thomas, born and bred. Well, I take it that about the universe Mr. Huss is very much of an Agnostic too. More so. He doubts more than I do. He doubts whether there is any trace of plan or purpose in it. What I call a Process, he calls a windy desolation. He sees Chaos still waiting for a creator. But then he sets up against that this undying fire of his, this spirit of God, which is


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 lit in him and only waiting to be lighted in us, a sort of insurgent apprentice creator. Well"

The doctor frowned and meditated on his words.

"I want more of the practical outcome of this fire. I admit a certain poetry in the idea, but I am a plain and practical man. Give me something to know this fire by and to recognise it again when I see it. I won't ask why 'undying.' I won't quibble about that. But what does this undying fire mean in actual things and our daily life? In some way it is mixed up with teaching history in schools." A faint note of derision made him glance at the face to his right. "That doesn't strike me as being so queer as it seems to strike Mr. Farr. It interests me. There is a case for it. But I think there are several links Mr. Huss hasn't shown and several vital points he still has to explain. This undying fire is something that is burning in Mr. Huss, and I gather from his pretty broad hints it ought, he thinks, to be burning in me—and you, gentlemen. It is something that makes us forget our little personal differences, makes us forget ourselves, and brings us all into line against—what. That's my first point;—against what? I don't see the force and value of this line-up. I think we struggle against one another by nature and necessity; that we polish one another in the struggle and sharpen our edges. I think that out of this struggle for existence come better things and better. They may not be better things by our standards now, but by the standards of the Process, they are. Sometimes the mills of the Process may seem overpoweringly grim and high and pitiless; that is a question of scale.


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INTRODUCTION. 3 latter in reference to animal organization, I here introduce an abridgment of Schleiden’s description of it. A delineation is given in plate I, fig. 1, a, a, taken from the onion. This structure — named by R. Brown, Areola or cell-nucleus, by Schleiden, Cytoblast — varies in its outline between oval and circular, according as the solid which it forms passes from the lenticular into the perfectly spheroidal figure. Its colour is mostly yellowish, sometimes, however, passing into an almost silvery white; and in consequence of its transparency, often scarcely distinguishable. It is coloured by iodine, according to its various modifications, from a pale yellow to the darkest brown. Its size varies considerably, according to its age, and according to the plants, and the different parts of a plant in which it is found, from 0:0001 to 0:0022 Paris inch. Its internal structure is granular, without, however, the granules, of which it consists, being very clearly distinct from each other. Its consistence is very variable, from such a degree of softness as that it almost dissolves in water, to a firmness which bears a considerable pressure of the compressorium without alteration of form. In addition to these peculiarities of the cytoblast, already made known by Brown and Meyen, Schleiden has discovered in its interior a small corpuscle (see plate I, fig. 1, 4,) which, in the fully-developed cytoblast, looks like a thick ring, or a thick-walled hollow globule. It appears, however, to present a different appearance in different cytoblasts. Sometimes only the external sharply-defined circle of this ring can be distinguished, with a dark point in the centre,—occasionally, and indeed most frequently, only a sharply circumscribed spot. In other instances this spot is very small, and sometimes cannot be recognized at all. As it will frequently be necessary to speak of this body in the following treatise, I will for brevity’s sake name it the “nucleolus,” (Kernkorperchen, ‘nucleus-corpuscle.”) According to Schleiden, sometimes two, more rarely three, or, as he has personally informed me, even four such nucleoli occur in the cytoblast. Their size is very various, ranging from the semi-diameter of the cytoblast to the most minute point. The following is Schleiden’s description of the origin of the cells from the cytoblast. So soon as the cytoblasts have attained their full size, a delicate transparent vesicle, the young cell, rises upon their surface, and is placed upon the flat cytoblast


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INTRODUCTION. like a watch-glass upon a watch. It is at this time so delicate that it dissolves in distilled water in a few minutes. It gradually expands, becomes more consistent, and at length so large, that the cytoblast appears only as a small body inclosed in one of the side walls. The portion of the cell-wall which covers the cytoblast on the inner side, is, however, extremely delicate and gelatinous, and only in rare instances to be observed; it soon undergoes absorption together with the cytoblast, which like-wise becomes absorbed in the fully-developed cell. The cytoblasts are formed free within a cell, in a mass of mucus-granules, and the young cells lie also free in the parent cell, and assume, as they become flattened against each other, the polyhedral form. Subsequently the parent cell becomes absorbed. (See a delineation of young cells within parent cells, plate I, fig. 2, b, b,b.) It cannot at present be stated with certainty that the formation of new cells always takes place from a cystoblast, and always within the existing cells, for the Cryptogamia have not as yet been examined in this respect, nor has Schleiden yet expressed his views in reference to the Cambium. Moreover, according to Mirbel, a formation of new cells on the outside of the previous ones takes place in the intercellular canals and on the surface of the plant in the Phanerogamia. (See Mirbel on “Marchantia,’ in Annales du Musée, 1, 55; and the counter-observations of Schleiden, Müller’s Archiv, 1838, p. 161.) A mode of formation of new cells, different from the above de- scribed, is exhibited in the multiplication of cells by division of the existing ones ; in this case partition-walls grow across the old cell, if, as Schleiden supposes, this be not an illusion, inasmuch as the young cells might escape observation in consequence of their transparency, and at a later stage, their line of contact would be regarded as the partition wall of the parent cell.

The expansion of the cell when formed, is, either regular on all sides, in which case it remains globular, or it becomes polyhedral from flattening against the neighbouring cells, or it is irre- gular from the cell growing more vigorously in one or in several directions. What was formerly called the fibrous tissue, which contains remarkably elongated cells, is formed in this manner. These fibres also become branched, when different points of the cell-wall expand in different directions. This expansion of


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 But Mr. Huss does not believe in the struggle. He wants to take men's minds and teach them so that they will not struggle against each other but live and work all together. For what? That is my second point;—for what? There is a rationality in my idea of an everlasting struggle making incessantly for betterment, such an idea does at any rate give a direction and take us somewhere; but there is no rationality in declaring we are still fighting and fighting more than ever, while in effect we are arranging to stop that struggle which carries life on—if we can—if we can. That is the paradox of Mr. Huss. When there is neither competition at home nor war abroad, when the cat and the bird have come to a satisfactory understanding, when the spirit of his human God rules even in the jungle and the sea, then where shall we be heading? Time will be still unfolding. But man will have halted. If he has ceased to compete individually he will have halted. Mr. Huss looks at me as if he thought I wronged him in saying that. Well, then he must answer my questions; what will the Human God be leading us against, and what shall we be living for?"

"Let me tell you first what the spirit of God struggles against," said Mr. Huss.

"I will not dispute that this Process of yours has made good things; all the good things in man it has made as well as all the evil. It has made them indif-


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INTRODUCTION. 5 the cell-wall cannot be explained as a merely mechanical effect, which would continually tend to render the cell-membrane thinner. It is often even combined with a thickening of the cell-wall, and is probably effected by that process of nutrition called intussusception. (See Hugo Mohl’s “Erläuterung und Vertheidigung meiner Ansicht von der Structur der Pflanzen substanzen,” Tübingen, 1836.) The flattening of the cells may also be ascribed to the same cause.

With regard to the changes which the cell-contents and cell-wall undergo during vegetation, I only take into consideration the thickening of the latter, as I have but a few isolated observations upon the transformations of the contents of animal cells, which however indicate analogous changes to those of plants. The thickening of the cell-walls takes place, either by the deposition from the original wall, of substances differing from, or more rarely, homogeneous with it, upon the internal surface of the cell, or by an actual thickening of the substance of the cell- wall. The first-mentioned form of deposition occurs in strata, at least this may be distinctly seen in many situations. (See Meyen’s Pflanzen-Physiologie. Bd. 1, tab. I, fig. 4.) Very frequently,—according to Valentin, universally,—-these depositions take place in spiral lines ; this is very distinct, for example, in the spiral canals and spiral cells. The thickening of the cell-membrane itself, although more rare, appears still in some instances indubitable, for instance, in the pollen-tubes, (e. g. Phormium tenax.) Probably that extremely remarkable phenomenon of the motion of the fluid, which has now been observed in a great many cells of plants, is connected with the transformation of the cell-contents. In the Charae, in which it is most distinct, a spiral motion may also be recognized in it. But, for the most part, the currents intersect each other in the most complex manner.

Absorption and Secretion may be classed as external operations of the vegetable cells. The disappearance of the parent cells in which young ones have formed, or of the cell-nucleus and of other structures, affords sufficient examples of absorption. Secretion is exhibited in the exudation of resin in the intercellular canals, and of a fluid containing sugar by the nectar-glands, &c. &c.

In all these processes each cell remains distinct, and main-


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INTRODUCTION. tains an independent existence. Examples, however, also occur in plants, where the cells coalesce, and this not merely with regard to their walls, but the cavities also. Schleiden has found that in the Cacti, the thickened walls of several cells unite to form a homogeneous substance, in which only the remains of the cell-cavities can be distinguished. Pl. I, fig. 3, represents such a blending of the cell-walls observed by Schleiden. The entire figure is a parent cell, with thickened walls, in which four young cells have formed, the walls of which are likewise thickened and have coalesced with each other, as well as with those of the parent cell; so that only the four cavities remain with their nuclei in a homogeneous substance. The spiral vessels, and, according to Unger, the lactiferous vessels also, afford examples of the union of the cavities of several cells by the absorption of the partition walls.

After these preliminary remarks we pass on to animals. The similarity between some individual animal and vegetable tissues has already been frequently pointed out. Justly enough, however, nothing has been inferred from such individual points of resemblance. Every cell is not an analogous structure to a vegetable cell; and as to the polyhedral form, seeing that it necessarily belongs to all cells when closely compacted, it obviously is no mark of similarity further than in the circumstance of densely crowded arrangement. An analogy between the cells of animal tissues and the same elementary structure in vegetables can only be drawn with certainty in one of the following ways: either, 1st, by showing that a great portion of the animal tissues originates from, or consists of cells, each of which must have its particular wall, in which case it becomes probable that these cells correspond to the cellular elementary structure universally present in plants; or, 2dly, by proving, with regard to any one animal tissue consisting of cells, that, in addition to its cellular structure, similar forces to those of vegetable cells are in operation in its component cells; or, since this is im- possible directly, that the phenomena by which the activity of these powers or forces manifests itself, namely, nutrition and growth, proceed in the same or a similar manner in them as in the cells of plants. I reflected upon the matter in this point of view in the previous summer, when, in the course of my re-


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INTRODUCTION. searches upon the terminations of the nerves in the tail of the Larvae of frogs (Medic. Zeitung, 1837), I not only saw the beautiful cellular structure of the Chorda Dorsalis in these larvæ, but also discovered the nuclei in the cells. J. Müller had already proved that the chorda dorsalis in fishes consists of separate cells, provided with distinct walls, and closely packed together like the pigment of the Choroid. The nuclei, which in their form are so similar to the usual flat nuclei of the vegetable cells that they might be mistaken for them, thus furnished an additional point of resemblance. As however the importance of these nuclei was not known, and since most of the cells of mature plants exhibit no nuclei, the fact led to no farther result. J. Müller had proved, with regard to the cartilage-corpuscles discovered by Purkinje and Deutsch in several kinds of cartilage, from their gradual transition into larger cells, that they were hollow, thus in a more extended sense of the word, cells; and Miescher also distinguishes an especial class of spongy cartilages of a cellular structure. Nuclei were likewise known in the cartilage-corpuscles. Müller, and subsequently Meckauer, having observed the projection of the cartilage-corpuscles at the edge of a preparation, it became very probable that at least some of them must be considered as cells in the restricted sense of the word, or as cavities inclosed by a membrane. Gurlt also, when describing one form of permanent cartilage, calls them vesicles. I next succeeded in actually observing the proper wall of the cartilage-corpuscles, first in the branchial cartilages of the frog’s larvae, and subsequently also in the fish, and also the accordance of all cartilage-corpuscles, and by this means in proving a cellular structure, in the restricted sense of the word, in all cartilages. During the growth of some of the cartilage-cells, a thickening of the cell-walls might also be perceived.

Thus was the similarity in the process of vegetation of animal and vegetable cells still further developed. Dr. Schleiden opportunely communicated to me at this time his excellent researches upon the origin of new cells in plants, from the nuclei within the parent-cell. The previously enigmatical contents of the cells in the branchial cartilages of the frog’s larve thus became clear to me; I now recognized in them young cells, provided with a nucleus. Meckauer and Arnold had already found fat-vesicles in the cartilage-corpuscles. As I soon afterwards suc-


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 "This paper (pursued Mr. D'Alenberg) she has written herself for the farther satisfaction of the Countess, not that I think there will ever exist any cause that shall make it necessary to produce it, only that there were some persons in the room when Mr. Hautweitzer claimed the Count as his daughter's husband; but as the affair fell to the ground, and that claim has never been renewed, there is no great chance that it will be noticed; if it should, this paper will be conclusive, and, Louisa being almost entirely unknown, has consented to adopt our name, and to reconcile the Countess to herself, agrees to accept a very handsome independent settlement.

"Thus all parties are satisfied at last, and all this business has been begun and ended in little more than three hours."

Mr. D'Alenberg having concluded, introduced the Count to the Ladies. He was much struck with the fine person and noble air of the young Countess, and with admiration gazed on three such women, as it would


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 have been extremely difficult to produce their equals.

He earnestly inquired after Eugenia.—"I have a letter for you, Sir," said the Countess, "from my amiable friend. Thank Heaven, her health is amazingly restored, though the fatigues and fasts she voluntarily inflicts upon herself are great trials to a delicate constitution. I have left my child to her tender care, and shall feel inconceivable regret to part from that Lady, and attend to the necessary cares my friends have heaped upon me for the advantage of my son. All my objections are over-ruled and silenced, Sir, but I shall never feel half satisfied with myself."

The Count joined heartily in the opinion before given, and then mentioned the civilities for which he was indebted to Baron Reiberg and his son. The Countess blushed at the name; but with a noble frankness she said, "I doubt not, Sir, from the expression of your countenance, but that you have heard of the early attachment the young Baron


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 honoured me with. My dear father was pleased to consign both my person and fortune to the care of Baron Nolker, and made his consent absolutely necessary to my marriage with any man, at the same time recommending Count Wolfran for my husband, if he desired my hand.

The Baron, though a good man, availed himself of this authority in favour of his nephew, whom he certainly thought a good character; my preference of the Baron was reprobated, the acquaintance broken off, and in obedience to the will of my father I consented to sacrifice myself rather than wound my character and delicacy, by forfeiting my fortune to indulge what might have been deemed a juvenile attachment in a giddy young woman.

I owe the Baron much respect, and many obligations for his strict adherence to my wishes and entreaties. He respected my peace, and I had too much regard for his, ever to inform him of the cruel duplicity of


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 Count Wolfran; I rather wished him to believe our separation was my own work, and the effects of my own weak and discontented spirit."

"And your secret, Madam," said the Count, "has never transpired; the Baron feared you was unhappy, suspected the Count did not behave well; but he had no grounds to form his opinion from, as upon inquiry he was told the Count opposed your retirement; and grieved at your absence."

"I am glad the Baron was so informed," returned she; "but the hypocrite never regretted me; the possession of my estates easily consoled him for my absence."

As the Countess was now compelled to appear as the widow of the late Count Wolfran, she was obliged to confine herself till after the funeral, which was ordered to be at the burial-place of his family near Ulm, and every preparation was set on foot to forward the procession in a day or two.


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 It was singular enough to the company to see two widows, both of whom disdained to assume any appearance of sorrow for a man they equally despised, whose interests, one would suppose, must have been incompatible with each other, linked in the firmest bands of friendship, and each feeling the highest admiration for the merits of her friend.

The fortunate escape of Louisa being talked of, naturally led to the situation of Heli, and she avowed much pain that the poor Turk should have been so great a sufferer by affording her an asylum in his house. "I think it a duty upon me," said she, "to reimburse his losses in some degree, and the Countess having made me so handsome a provision, infinitely beyond my wants, I shall certainly appropriate a part of it for his use, since it is through him ultimately that I am indebted for the blessings I at present enjoy."

This generous intention was only opposed in part, the Count insisting both for himself and Ferdinand, that they should participate


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 in the benefits she proposed for Heli. This claim was at length allowed, and he was commissioned to get a settlement drawn up for the advantage of the Turk.

The day following Mr. D'Alenberg and his daughter was to be presented at Court; she would gladly have declined a fatiguing, and to her little pleasing, ceremony; but as her father appeared desirous of it, she submitted to his wishes. The Count, the two Barons, and the Lady of the first Minister, were to be of the party.

The day came, and Miss D'Alenberg went through the ceremony, was graciously received, and very much admired. One Nobleman of high rank and fortune, was particularly charmed with her, fixed himself in her party, and paid her the most marked attention.

In the evening, when all the friends met at Mr. D'Alenberg's lodgings, the Count gave an account of his commission to Heli, which he had executed that morning, and at


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 length prevailed upon him to accept the settlement; but he declared he would not relax in his endeavours to trace Fatima, and should he recover his jewels, or such part of them as would enable him to live, he would throw up his obligations to Christians, and enjoy the pleasure of revenge upon an ungrateful, abandoned woman.

After the Count had repeated his negotiation with Heli, the Gentlemen all rallied Miss D'Alenberg on the conquest she had made that morning at Court.—"I have no doubt," said Baron Reiberg, "but that Mr. D'Alenberg will receive a visit from Count Dusseldoff."

"It will be an unnecessary piece of politeness," said the young Lady, hastily; "for I hope in a few days we shall leave Vienna, and return home. Our appearance this morning I thought a work of supererogation, as our stay here will be so very short."

"Indeed, Madam," returned the Baron, "few young Ladies would think so lightly of


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 such a conquest. Count Dusseldoff is a very worthy young Nobleman, highly in favour with his Royal Master, a very handsome fortune in possession, and his reversionary ones."

"Dear Sir," exclaimed she, "neither his possessions, or reversions, can be any thing to me. I hope and believe you mistake the nature of his attentions, which certainly extended no farther than common politeness. I beg," continued she, very seriously, seeing the Baron smile, and going to speak, "I entreat you, Sir, to choose some other subject for your observations. Your present ideas are very visionary ones."

"I beg your pardon, Madam," said he, "and have done."

The Countess gladly availed herself of the privilege allowed her as a widow to retire from company, and therefore avoided being seen by the young Baron; but he was changed into a new man, life and animation informed his whole person, and the hope, though a distant one, that a day would ar-


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 rive when he might be permitted to see his adored Theodosia, and resume his former claims upon her heart, made him submit with a tolerable grace to the rules of decorum.

The next morning the Baron's predictions were verified; Count Dusseldoff sent in his name to Mr. D'Alenberg, his daughter was not present, and he received a visit he considered as an honour. After a very little prefatory discourse, the Count frankly avowed his admiration of Miss D'Alenberg, and requested permission to visit her.

Her father most respectfully acknowledged the honour intended to her, told him that he had long since resigned all parental authority to dictate to her choice, having reason to be perfectly satisfied with her prudence, and assured that she would never form an imprudent attachment; that his Lordship being but little acquainted with her person, and not at all with her disposition, or understanding, he hoped he might be excused for saying, "it was rather a premature declaration."


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 The Count said, "that it became his character to be candid towards Mr. D'Alenberg; but to the young Lady he should be more reserved, and only requested, for the present, permission to pay him and his daughter that attention, which, as strangers, they were entitled to." This politeness could not be refused, and on that footing the Count was permitted to pay his respects to them in the evening.

He had scarcely left the house before Count M was announced, who with great joy produced a few lines he had received from Ferdinand, the same he had written at Lintz. The Ladies were soon informed of the letter, which conveyed his best respects to them, and the whole party seemed rejoiced to hear of his safe arrival there: But this pleasure was short-lived, when Mr. D'Alenberg mentioned the visit he had received, and the permission he had granted.

For a few minutes his daughter seemed in great agitation; she stole several looks at the


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 Count; his countenance said nothing. She soon recovered, and only replied, "her father had a right to see whom he pleased, although she could not see the necessity of adding to their acquaintance for the very short time they should stay in that city."—No answer was made to this observation, and the Count receiving an invitation for himself and his friends, they separated soon after.

As he walked back he recollected the secret attachment which Louisa had hinted at as the cause of her friend's disorder upon her spirits, and revolving every occurrence as they rose to his mind, he began to entertain an idea, that either Ferdinand or himself was the object of it. He was many years older than his friend, and he thought very inferior to him in every personal endowment; yet he had remarked she generally addressed herself to him, and the particular looks she had eyed him with when her father spoke of the Count's visit, had not passed unobserved then, and now, from several cor-


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 roborating circumstances, seemed to proceed from no common cause.

There is no man, at any time of life, but has some latent spark of vanity, which may be raised by accidental and concurring incidents. Count M had still such advantages of person, as might well warrant more than a bare supposition that he was not deficient in attraction, and from the idea once obtruding on his mind, many little trifling instances were recollected, that fixed it there, and he concluded Miss D'Alenberg had certainly entertained a decided partiality for him.

He was too noble and generous not to lament that he was so distinguished, because he still retained a warm affection for Eugenia, and had that affection been cooled, yet his honour and feelings never would suggest him to pay particular attention to any woman whilst she existed; he therefore concluded it would be most prudent and proper for him to relax in his visits, and, if possible, to avoid


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 being a companion in their journey when they should return into Suabia.

Count Dusseldoff made his visit, and was still more charmed with Miss D'Alenberg than at first. The little she did say, and that was as little as was consistent with politeness, gave him the highest opinion of her understanding and cultivated mind. She was above assuming any consequence from his partiality to her, and being perfectly indifferent to him, she treated him as a Gentleman chance had thrown in her way, and whom possibly she might never see again; for she took an opportunity of saying they should soon leave Vienna, and that she was so devoid of fashion, as to prefer the country to all the amusements a gay and crowded city could hold out to her.

In the course of a week his visits were several times repeated, and at length he took courage to avow his admiration in very explicit terms. Her answer was short, but decided: "I am truly sensible of the honour


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 of your good opinion; but, my Lord, there are insuperable obstacles to any union between us. My father has the goodness to permit me in this important business to decide for myself; therefore I am not accountable to any other person. My Lord, I never can be your's: I respect you, I am grateful, but I can entertain no other sentiments for you, and I beg that I may never more hear a word on this subject."

The Count, mortified and disappointed, appealed to the father, he absolutely declined any interference, though he acknowledged the Count's proposals were highly honourable both to himself and daughter; but he was convinced her resolution was unalterable.—Thus ended the hopes of Count Dusseldoff, and he ceased to importune her farther.

Whilst this affair was pending Count M very seldom called, and when he did his visits were short, his behaviour cool. The Ladies noticed this alteration, but supposed it was occasioned by his uneasiness in not


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 hearing from Ferdinand; indeed all grew impatient at his silence, as they only waited to hear of his arrival and situation to fix on a day for following him.

Baron Reiberg had received a letter from his steward that the valet was safe with him, and appeared to be a very good sort of a man. This indefinite term was not misapplied to him, for he had a few good traits in his character, which, if he had belonged to a better master, might have made him a valuable servant; for he was strictly faithful to him, and made his inclinations and conscience subservient to what he thought was his duty to his employer; unfortunately he had not understanding, or strength of mind, to distinguish between that duty, and what he owed to himself and society, the consequence of that slavery and vassalage, which the German Lords exact from their poor tenantry and servants.

Ferdinand had been gone now ten days, no news was received, and they were ex-


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 tremely uneasy; when one day an express arrived to Baron Reiberg from Count Rhodophil, requesting to know "if any servant of his had appeared at the Baron's house to attend on his brother, he had dispatched a messenger more than a fortnight since to implore Ferdinand's return, as he supposed himself then at the point of death; that although much recovered, he was still in a weak state, and very unhappy from not seeing or hearing of his brother, or whether the messenger had reached Vienna or not."

Never was consternation greater than what the Baron and his friends felt on the receipt of this letter; from the date Ferdinand ought to have been there several days preceding it. This, with his silence to them, gave unspeakable apprehensions to the whole party, and accelerated their resolution to quit Vienna. The messenger was sent back with an account of Ferdinand's arrival at Lintz on his way to Baden, since which they had heard nothing of him.


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 Mr. D'Allenberg declined acquainting the Ladies of the cause which hastened their journey, and Miss D'Alllenberg was so desirous of returning, that she readily fell in with her father's opinion, that it was unnecessary to wait for letters from Ferdinand, as they were going to him, and letters could be dispatched after them. Louisa had no will but her friends, and the Countess was anxious to see her son, and had much business to go through at Ulm. Thus the whole party made up their mind for the journey, and the second day after the next was fixed upon for their departure. Here then we leave them to follow Ferdinand.


text: Romance of the Rose (Ellis)/Prologue

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CHAP. VI.

comforts of a bed, and the prospect of being soon able to pursue his journey, gave him some hours of quiet rest at the castle of Danhaet; he awoke refreshed, and in spirits.—The steward and his wife were worthy people; advanced rather above the middle age, plain in their language and habits, but with excellent hearts, and an honest frankness that engaged confidence.

Ferdinand was extremely desirous to write to his brother and friends; the steward fur-


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 nished him with materials for writing, and advised his taking a passage in one of the boats that took passengers between Lintz and Ulm. This advice the other readily agreed to follow, as the most easy way of proceeding for a person whose limbs had not yet recovered their strength and pliability. The steward told him they were about seven miles from a post town, but he would get his letters conveyed thither, and also inquire about his passage.

Ferdinand was charmed with the situation of this castle; it was built on the side of a hanging wood, which rose gradually to the top of a high hill, and sheltered it from the keen blasts of the north.—Large plantations of chestnuts seemed to surround it, among which were cut several beautiful walks and narrow vistas, terminated by some picturesque views. In front was a hanging garden of large extent, from whence there was a declivity down to the banks of the river. The castle itself was old and out of repair, but the


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 apartments were noble, and the furniture, though faded and decayed, yet perfectly clean and commodious.

Talking with the steward, he observed the situation was so romantic, and the environs so beautiful, that he was astonished his lord never came to it.

"Why, Sir," answered he, "it is the general opinion of the country, that the left wing of the castle, or rather a detached pavilion, which you see is almost enveloped by the trees, is haunted; and the reason is this; a state prisoner was once confined there, and, as the story goes, was murdered; one of my lord's ancestors had the care of him; 'tis an old and a foolish story, I think—but so it is, our old lord never permitted any one to live in it, and they do say that the present lord was once much frightened, for he and his lady disagreed, and he confined her for a time in that place, only going to her by day himself; how it was, I don't know, but he was frightened, as they say; so he took her away, and


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 put her into a convent, and since that time never returned here."

"A strange story," said Ferdinand; "but did you ever hear or see any thing to terrify you."

"Why, Sir," replied he, "I never go there, because 'tis shut up; but some of the peasants, who have come here of a night, or early in a morning, swear that they have heard strange noises.—For my part, I had no concern in the business, whatever it was; I do no harm to any one, and therefore I live here very quietly; and if there are ghosts there, why I never disturb them, nor they me; I have often wished that strange old man of the rock to live here with us, because the more the merrier; but whether he is afraid of ghosts, or likes his hole in the rock better than a good chamber, I can't tell, but here he won't live, because he says he likes to be alone.

"Here is a fine library—I offer him what books he likes; but two or three will serve


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 him for months; he likes nothing but fishing, and lives upon very little."

"He is a strange worthless being, I think," said Ferdinand, "and altogether such a character as I had no idea of; for he is not a religious man, a man of knowledge, or in any shape desirous of obtaining useful information; a poor pusillanimous idle creature, that crawls upon the earth, insensible to every thing.

"However, if he has no curiosity, I have, and should like of all things, to examine this pavilion."

"You may walk to it, if you can, with all my heart," said the man; 'tis but a little way detached from the building you see;—there is a private communication below stairs, but that has long been nailed up.

"By day, Sir, I am sure you may go, because I often pass it, and never heard any thing in my life."

"Well, then," said Ferdinand, "I will take an opportunity to look at it; you have the keys, I suppose."


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 "I have, Sir; but the doors have never been opened for more than twelve, aye, more than fourteen years, I believe; therefore I don't suppose the keys will turn now; they hang in the hall, with a ticket to them."

"I shall try them to-morrow," said Ferdinand.

"As you please, Sir," answered he.

But the wife was not quite so easy; she besought him not to go; told several strange stories; declared she had heard odd noises sometimes, when down stairs near the communication passage, and though she trusted in Heaven, and injured no one, yet she would not go into the pavilion for any money.

Ferdinand, who had no fears of supernatural beings, and much curiosity, waited impatiently for the next day; and taking the keys, which the steward had cleaned a little from the rust, he walked to the pavilion;—he was yet but feeble, and when he came to a flight of steps, which led up to the apartments, he seated himself to take breath.


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 This sequestered spot was surrounded by high trees, at the foot of which were a profusion of shrubs and wild flowers; it seemed formed for retirement and contemplation;—but being long and totally neglected, the outside was decaying; the weeds almost obscured the lower apartments; the glass, in many places, was broken; and in short, the whole bore the marks of desolation.

After having rested for some time, Ferdinand prepared to view the inside of this forlorn place; he tried his keys, but found it impossible to turn them.—Vexed and disconcerted, he descended, and walked round among the weeds, when he discovered another small door with a padlock to it, but he had no key that looked likely to open that; he drew near to it, and taking up the lock in his hand with a sort of quick pull, the staple fell out, and directly he heard the sound of a bell, and saw a string was fastened to the staple.—Surprised, he waited a few moments, to see


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 if any consequence followed the sound of the bell, but all remained still.

This is very singular, thought Ferdinand; and looking round, he observed the weeds seemed to be more broken, as if trodden down; he turned to pull open the door, which resisted his endeavour, and he found must be fastened inside.—He took up the staple, and pulling the string, the bell sounded a second time, and presently a hollow voice was heard, that muttered some inarticulate words, and then groaned.—Though extremely startled at the moment, yet he was convinced the voice was human; that some mystery was attached to the building, and that something more substantial than ghosts or shadowy forms resided there; else why the bell to alarm, and inside fastenings.

Revolving these circumstances in his mind, he made no reply for the present, but determined to watch near that place in the evening. He returned to the steward, repeated the strange account, and his own con-


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 jectures; but he found it impossible to encourage him in the idea of its being inhabited by living persons; and instead of deriving any help from him to elucidate the mystery, he had only strengthened the steward's apprehensions, and confirmed the report which he had often been inclined to doubt, and think proceeded from the superstition and credulity of the peasants.

No persuasions, therefore, could induce him to accompany Ferdinand in the evening to hide among the trees and make observations; he then applied to the two men who looked after the grounds and cattle, but they were still more terrified.—One of them declared, that oftentimes he had heard groans, and had seen smoke ascending among the weeds, which, however, were never burnt, and therefore it must come from "the old one's" house under-ground, where he would take good care never to disturb him.

It was in vain to combat against ignorance and cowardice; therefore Ferdinand saw he


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Author:Stephen Roper

Works

 * Hand-book of Land and Marine Engines: Including the Modelling, Construction, Running, and Management of Land and Marine Engines and Boilers

title: Author:Stephen Roper


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Author:Paul Radin

As translator

 * The Legends of the Jews (1913) by Louis Ginzberg tr. with Henrietta Szold

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INTRODUCTION. ceeded in rendering the origin of young cells from nuclei within the parent-cells in the branchial cartilages very probable, the matter was decided. Cells presented themselves in the anima body having a nucleus, which in its position with regard to the cell, its form and modifications, accorded with the cytoblast of vegetable cells, a thickening of the cell-wall took place, and the formation of young cells within the parent-cell from a similar cytoblast, and the growth of these without vascular connexion was proved. This accordance was still farther shown by many details; and thus, so far as concerned these individual tissues, the desired evidence, that these cells correspond to the elementary cells of vegetables was furnished. I soon conjectured that the cellular formation might be a widely extended, perhaps a universal principle for the formation of organic substances. Many cells, some having nuclei, were already known; for example, in the ovum, epithelium, blood-corpuscles, pigment, &c. &c. It was an easy step in the argument to comprise these recognized cells under one point of view; to compare the blood-corpuscles, for example, with the cells of epithelium, and to consider these, as likewise the cells of cartilages and vegetables, as corresponding with each other, and as realizations of that common principle. This was the more probable, as many points of agreement in the progress of development of these cells were already known. C. H. Schultz had already proved the preexistence of the nuclei of the blood-corpuscles, the formation of the vesicle around the same, and the gradual expansion of this vesicle. Henle had observed the gradual increase in size of the epidermal cells from the under layers of the epidermis, towards the upper ones. The growth of the germinal vesicle, observed by Purkinje, served also at first as an example of the growth of one cell within another, although it afterwards became more probable that it had not the signification of a cell, but of a cell-nucleus, and thus furnished proof that everything having the cellular form does not necessarily correspond to the cells of plants. A precise term for these cells, which correspond to those of plants, should be adopted; either elementary cells, or vegetative cells (vegetations-zellen). By still further examination, I constantly found this principle of cellular formation more fully realized. The germinal membrane was soon discovered to be composed entirely of cells, and


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INTRODUCTION shortly afterwards cell-nuclei, and subsequently also cells were found in all tissues of the animal body at their origin; so that all tissues consist of cells, or are formed by various modes, from cells. The other proof of the analogy between animal and vegetable cells was thus afforded.

I shall follow the same course in communicating the separate observations, and shall speak, therefore, in the next place of the structure and growth of the chorda dorsalis and cartilage, and in the second section treat of the germinal membrane and the remaining tissues.


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 match his tremendous speed against that of these pigmy cousins each time he sighted them. This was no part of Moran’s plan, and Flash, to his everlasting disgust, spent much of his time chained to a staple in the cabin wall.

Morning and evening Moran lay concealed on some commanding ridge, sweeping the country with his powerful glasses as he tried to determine the locality where the swift family had their home.

Riders from the BarT ranch often dropped by, sometimes stopping to see Moran or lolling sidewise in their saddles to exchange a few words before riding on. Those who came to the cabin when Moran was gone always spoke in a friendly tone to Flash but made no move to touch him. It was known to them that this great wolf dog with the bright yellow eyes would allow no hand to touch him but Moran’s.

Long before they came in sight the thudding hoofs and creak of the saddle leather informed Flash of their approach. Then the wind announced their identity to his quivering nose.

Thus it happened that on the morning Brent rode to the cabin Flash was standing tense and rigid, his shoulder hair bristling, even before Brent turned the corner of the corral.

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 As the man dropped from his horse and strode to the door, Flash moved only his eyes as they followed Brent.

Finding that Moran had gone, Brent started back to his horse. In his hand he carried a heavy blacksnake stock whip of plaited rawhide, and as he passed Flash he flipped it carelessly at the wolf. Flash snapped at it and the pop-lash drew the blood from his lip.

Without a sound he launched himself straight for Brent. His splendid body was three feet in the air when he struck the end of the chain and was jerked flat by his own force. His fangs had gleamed within a foot of the man’s face before he was snatched back, and for one brief instant Brent had seen death staring him in the face.

The sudden, numbing shock from this unexpected move was followed instantly by a blind rage and he swung the whip again and again. The very intensity of his desire to hurt defeated its own purpose as he lashed out in a frenzy of harmless blows, swinging the pliable whip as he would a club, when the deathly sting of the blacksnake whip is carried only in the back-snap of the popper.

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 Brent’s gust of reason-shaking hatred cooled into definite purpose and he stepped back.

“You yellow-eyed devil! I’ll start you for hell in slivers the size of a horse hair,” he said.

From long and gloating practice, Brent knew himself a master of what he was about to do.

He sent the long lash curving toward Flash, and with the sudden backward twist of his wrist the pop-lash hissed sharply, then cracked like a rifle as the bare tip reached through the hair and drew blood from the chained wolf dog.

His only answer to the deadly hurt was to spring full length of his chain at Brent.

The man settled to his work. Each report of the whip wrung agony from Flash and brought a thrill of joy to Brent.

With the pride of an expert the man chose a fresh spot for each bite of the whip. Once it would strike blood from the knee joint of the hind leg where the hair was short; next pluck a patch of skin the size of a dime from the tender flank.

Burning agony wrecked Flash’s frame; hot tongues of flame shot through him with every tortured pulse of blood in his veins. His senses were beginning to dull under the ordeal and at last the lash cut a half inch gash at the corner of

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 one eye and the flow of blood partially obscured his sight.

Brent craved audible evidence of pain. With the same lash he had often worked on the tough hide of a steer until the crazed animal bawled. But the glazing yellow eyes of the wolf dog faced him with as deadly a hatred as before, and he surged against the chain which held him back from Brent.

“You big gray devil, I’ll make you talk,” said Brent. “I’ll drag a yelp out of you.” And he started in again.

Moran came over a ridge of two hundred yards behind the cabin and saw Brent’s big blue roan standing in the yard. As he looked, the horse jerked his head and sidled a half step farther from the house. Again and again he repeated this strange move, and Moran stopped to listen. He heard a faint hiss followed by a sharp report. Once more the horse jerked his head and sidestepped. Then came the rattle of a chain and a dull thud, such as a roped steer makes when he strikes the ground. Moran started running for the house.

“Sing for me,” Brent was mumbling. “Sing for me. I’ll make you sing.”

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 A rough hand seized his collar, and he was snatched violently back, dropping the whip and reaching for his gun as he fell.

It flashed forth as he struck the ground, and Moran’s boot struck square across his knuckles. The gun sailed twenty feet away, and Moran ground the hand into the gravel with his heel.

Brent wrapped his arms about the other’s knees, shifted one hand to the belt and literally climbed up Moran against the rain of solid blows which rocked his head. He lurched to his feet with his long arms locked around Moran. As they swayed, Moran drew up one knee and braced it against Brent’s chest in an effort to break the hold. The two fell together and rolled into a deadlock on the ground.

It was a silent, savage fight. Each man saved his breath and spoke no word. There was no sound but the shuffle of heaving bodies on the ground, the labored breathing of the two men and the repeated, heavy slam as the great wolf dog drove straight to the end of his chain.

Each man fought for a hold that would pin the other helpless to the ground. Moran writhed on top and freed one hand, driving it full into Brent’s upturned face.

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Rh $undefined$  the conflicting views concerning the day on which the angels were created by assuming that the higher ranks were created on the first day, and the lower ones later; comp. Tan. Wa-Yesheb 4 and Yelammedenu in Ozar Midrashim, I, 64 (where two contrary opinions are found besidesbeside [sic] one another); ER 1, 3, as well as 19, 160, and perhaps also BR 21.9 (ER, loc. cit., understands BR to say that the Cherubim were created first, taking to mean “in the beginning”); PRE 4; Konen 24 (in the two last-mentioned sources the archangels are differentiated from the other angels; comp. the words, and Luria, note 1); Zohar I, 46a (the contrary opinion is given in III, 217); Ketab Tamim 59; Peletat Soferim 2; Zohar Hadash lib and 12a (mention is made here of angels who existed prior to the creation of the world; comp. Excursus I); R. Bahya on Gen. 38.12The authoritative view maintaining that the angels were created on the second day (as to the reason given for this view, comp. also the statement in Alphabetot 89 and 103 concerning the disappearance of all the angels before the creation of the new world; see further Tertullian, Adversus Hermogenem 34) is also found in Tan. Hayye Sarah 3 and in the quotation from this Midrash in Makiri Is. 43, 141; Batte Midrashot IV, 33; Targum Yerushalmi Gen. 1.26Comp. also note 22 on vol. I, p. 59.  $undefined$ PRE 4; Konen 25 and 24The fact that the angels were created of fire does not interfere with their incorporeality, for in legend fire, particularly the heavenly fire, is incorporeal (comp. Konen 24); see also Enoch, at the beginning and 20, which reads: “All the fiery hosts of great archangels and incorporeal powers”Although they are incorporeal, they are not eternal, since there are angels who come into being for a moment only and vanish immediately afterThus there are angels who spring up daily out of the stream Dinur (=“stream of fire”; comp. Dan. 7. 10); they praise God, and then disappearOut of every word uttered by God angels are createdComp. Hagigah 13b–14a; BR 78.1 (Michael and Gabriel are the only angels who do not vanish); Alphabetot 88; Trypho in Justin’s Dialogue, 128Trypho’s remarks concerning angels are particularly important with respect to the attitude of the Synagogue towards angelologyHis remark, 60, that wherever Scripture speaks of the appearance of angels, it wishes to express symbolically God’s visible activity, is also found in BR 97.3; ShR 2.5 and 32.9His other statement, 128, that the angels are borne by God’s power, corresponds to the view poetically expressed by the Rabbis that the


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 Then Brent got his hold. With his right arm clamped around the small of Moran’s back he squeezed down on it with a grip of death while his left arm was doubled under the other’s chin. Slowly, like opening a pair of shears, he lifted the left forearm, forcing Moran’s head up and back to snap the neck.

Moran could not break the hold. The veins purpled at his temples as he strained neck and shoulder muscles to resist the terrible pressure that was cutting off his wind. Specks danced before his eyes, and a nasty rattle sounded in his throat. Six times while the lock held he heard the wicked smash of the wolf against his chain.

His weight shifted to one side. The two men turned as one until they rested on their sides, but the grip still held. Brent arched his back for the final heave that would snap the neck, but instead his arms flew wide apart and Moran felt the blessed air rush back to his lungs.

The slight arching of his back had edged Brent just one bare inch within the limits of the chain, and Flash instantly struck just one inch deep and slashed the full length of his hip.

The two rose to their knees, and Moran bored his fist full against Brent’s mouth to drive him

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 back. Brent did not strike but groped toward him, trying to regain his hold, and they rolled together in another lock.

Brent used his head and butted Moran in the face. It was a fast pace and was telling upon both men; the strain of heaving muscles knotted the cords of neck and face. Their breath sounded in spasmodic gasps.

Fear began to assault Brent from within.

The regular, deady slam of the chain was beginning to shake his nerve. If the wolf would only make a sound! Only growl or rage aloud—anything but this silent, murderous concentration upon one point—to break that chain.

Moran found his chance to writhe on top and force Brent down on his face, stretching him full length, toe locking toe, and hands pinioned to his sides, with his forehead pressed down upon Brent’s head, jamming his face in the ground.

Both men heard a screech, such as a rusty nail makes when drawn from a board, and a shape hurtled above them, propelled by the driving force behind its own release. The staple had given away from the wall.

A dog, in trying to punish Brent, would have fallen in a fighting frenzy upon both men, but

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 Flash would not touch Moran—and Moran was on top.

As he lit sprawling and darted back, one waving foot was all Flash saw of Brent and there was a choked grant of pain as his long fangs sank through leather and flesh and reached the bones of the foot.

The wolf leaped for the sound of the hated voice.

Moran felt a hot breath fan his cheek, and something pressed against his hair as Flash pushed under him and stretched his long jaws as far down each side of Brent’s head as he could reach.

There was a sudden scream of mortal agony and fear as he closed the jaws, and the savage teeth cut through Brent’s scalp and grated along his skull.

As Flash reached under a second time, Moran fastened both hands in his heavy collar.

“Run, Brent!” he gasped. “Run or he’ll kill you sure!”

Brent scrambled away on hands and knees with Flash after him, dragging Moran, and twice more his teeth slashed Brent’s legs before he could rise. Then he gained his feet and made a staggering

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STRUCTURE AND GROWTH

THE Chorda Dorsalis in the larve of frogs and fishes lies in, or in some instances, under the bodies of the vertebra, and is continued behind the coccyx, through the whole length of the tail. It is inclosed by a firm sheath, and forms a spindle-like, consistent, gelatiniform, transparent cord, which is thickest at the commencement of the tail, and thence gradually diminishes in each direction, both towards the skull and the point of the tail. It cannot well be separated entire in recently killed animals, but is best obtained from them in the form of delicate transverse sections. If the animal be placed in water for twenty-four hours or longer after death, and the tail then severed from the body at their point of junction, the chorda dorsalis may be entirely pressed out, by gently scraping along its course from the point of the tail, or from the head, towards the wound. As this does not succeed if the animal be allowed to let out of water for the same period after death, the easier separableness appears to depend upon a penetration of the water between the chorda dorsalis and its sheath; the firmer connexion of it in the fresh condition, however, only upon a more close contact, or wedging in of the chorda dorsalis, and not upon a vascular connexion, for I do not suppose that it contains any vessels. Microscopically examined, it exhibits, as J. Müller has discovered in fishes, a cellular structure in its interior, surrounded externally by a proportionately thin cortical substance (rinde), which is beset with scattered granules. The interior exactly resembles the parenchymatous cellular tissue of plants. (See plate I, fig. 4.) It is readily seen, especially at the point of contact of three cells, that each one is surrounded by its own proper membrane. The cells vary much in size, being


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OF THE CHORDA DORSALIS. usually largest in the centre, and becoming somewhat smaller towards the outside. They have an irregular polyhedral shape, mostly with spherical surfaces, which are sometimes convex towards the outside, sometimes towards the cavity of the cell. Their walls are very thin, colourless, smooth, and almost completely transparent, firm, and slightly extensible. They dissolve readily in caustic potash. The rudiments of the chorda dorsalis in the conical interstices of the vertebrae of cartilaginous fishes are not dissolved by dilute or concentrated acetic acid. The chorda dorsalis of fishes according to J. Müller does not become converted into gelatine after long boiling.

The cells of the chorda dorsalis of frog’s larvee contain in their interior a colourless, homogeneous, transparent fluid, which does not become cloudy at a boiling heat; the slight clouding observed in the chorda dorsalis after boiling, appears to be situated more in the cell-walls, which afterwards appear minutely granulated.

In the larva of Pelobates fuscus another formation occurs, inasmuch as by far the greater proportion of these cells containv a very distinct nucleus. It has the appearance of a somewhat yellowish-coloured small disc, of a roundish oval form, rather smaller than a blood-corpuscle of the frog, and almost as flat. (See plate I, fig. 4a, where it is represented from the chorda dorsalis of Cyprinus erythrophthalmus.) In frog’s larvae the nucleus is nearly twice as large. It has a sharp, dark margin, and appears minutely granulated. In this little disc may be seen one, rarely two, and very seldom three dark, sharply circumscribed spots. It thus entirely resembles, both as a whole as well as in its modifications, the cytoblast of vegetable cells with its nucleolus, and microscopically, cannot at all be distinguished from it. Compare plate I, fig. 4a, with plate I, fig. 1a. But it also corresponds with it in its position in the cell. In very many cells, the vertical wall of which is viewed from above, it may be seen that the nucleus lies close on the inner surface of the wall of the cell, or even embedded in the wall. It appears then, as in plate I, fig. 1 a, only still somewhat flatter. I have not, however, succeeded in observing that a lamella of the cell-wall passes over its internal surface, which is also but rarely seen in plants. If the external minutely granulated cortical substance of the chorda dorsalis of Pelobates fuscus


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 whatever their own ideas on their work may be, were men who came up at a critical point to reinforce Liverpool and Bristol and London merchants, who had fought for centuries—not to put too fine a point on it—from the days of Edward IV. for the richest feeding grounds in all the world for England's manufacturing millions. The dissensions, distrust and misunderstandings which have raged among these three representatives of England's majesty and power, are no affair of mine, as a mere general student of the whole affair, beyond the due allowance one must make for the grave mischief worked by the human factors. Well, as aforesaid, Mr. Chamberlain alone of all our statesmen saw the great possibilities and importance of Western Africa, and thinking to realise them, forthwith inaugurated a policy which if it had had sound ground to go on, would have succeeded. It had not, it had the Crown Colony system—and our hope for West Africa is that so powerful a man as he has shown himself to be in other political fields, may show himself to be yet more powerful, and formulate a totally new system suited for the conditions of West Africa, and not content himself with the old fallacy of ascribing failure to the individuals, white or black, government official or merchant or missionary, who act under the system which alone is to blame for England's present position in West Africa; but I own that if Mr. Chamberlain does this he will be greater than one man can ever be reasonably be expected to be, and again it is, I fear, not possible to undo what has been done by the resolution of 1865.

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STRUCTURE AND GROWTH be more accurately examined, it is found that the granules are oval, and furnished with a nucleolus, and that, with the exception of their being only about half as large, they entirely resemble the cell-nuclei. This cortical substance is not sharply separated from the proper tissue of the chorda dorsalis; and as the cells of the latter suddenly diminish very much towards the cortical substance, I think that these granules upon the latter are the cytoblasts of flattened cells which form it. Sometimes, although but indistinctly even with a very favorable light, very fine lines may be perceived in the intermediate spaces between these granules, where the cells come in contact, as in the common tabular (or scaly) epithelium. In the chorda dorsalis of the larva of Rana esculenta, where the nuclei in the cells are not distinct, these nuclei in the cortical substance are not seen; the tabular structure, however, is evident in them. One must be very cautious in denying the presence of the cytoblasts, when they are not immediately recognizable. They may in animals, as in plants, attain such a degree of transparency, as renders them very difficult of observation. Thus, I could not for a long time detect them in the rudiment of the chorda dorsalis, which is found in the conical intermediate spaces of the vertebra, in a large Carp, until on a very clear day they appeared very pale but quite recognizable, and of precisely the form above described. They were somewhat more distinct in the Pike and Cyprinus erythrophthalmus. The delineation, plate I, fig. 4, is taken from the latter. They are however smaller in these fishes than in frog’s larvee.

To return to the larva of Pelobates fuscus. Here the cells of the chorda dorsalis lie so close to each other, that the walls of the two neighbouring cells are in immediate contact. Even when three or more cells are in contact, they are generally so close, that only the contiguous walls are observable. Sometimes, however, in such instances, a small intermediate space remains, which is larger than could be filled up by the unthickened cell-wall; and there is then seen, as in plants, a species (apparent or real?) of intercellular substance, or an intercellular canal. With regard to this latter (intercellular canal), occasionally, though rarely, in such an instance of close contiguity of three cells, upon making a transverse section, the cell-walls are observed sharply bounded, as well towards the cell as externally,


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 been working really against each other. Possibly the greatest touch of irony in modern politics is to be found in a despatch dated March 30th, 1892, addressed to the British Ambassador at Paris, wherein it is said, "The colonial policy of Great Britain and France in West Africa has been widely different. France from her basis on the Senegal coast has pursued steadily the aim of establishing herself on the Upper Niger and its affluents; this object she has attained by a large and constant expenditure, and by a succession of military expeditions. Great Britain, on the other hand, has adopted the policy of advance by commercial enterprise; she has not attempted to compete with the military operations of her neighbour." I should rather think she hadn't! Let alone the fact that France did not expand mainly by military operations, but through magnificent explorers backed up by sound sense. While, as for Great Britain "adopting the policy of advance by commercial enterprise"—well, I don't know what the writer of that despatch's ideas on "adoption" are, but suppression would be the truer word. Had Great Britain given even her countenance to "commercial enterprise," she would have given it by now representation in her councils for West Africa, a thing it has not yet got. True, there is the machinery for this representation ready in the Chambers of Commerce, but these Chambers have no real power whatsoever as far as West African affairs are concerned; they are graciously permitted to send deputations to the Colonial Office and write letters when they feel so disposed, but practically that is all.

Truly it is a ridiculous situation, because West Africa matters to no party in England so much as it matters to the mercantile. I am aware I shall be told that it is

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63] $undefined$  of the Shekinah sustains the angels.Comp. PK 6, 57a; ShR 32.4 and 47.5.A statement like that of Jub. 15.27 to the effect that certain classes of angels bear the sign of the Abrahamic covenant on them would have struck the Rabbis as blasphemy.Comp. the following note and note 6 on vol. I, p. 50.  $undefined$ BR 21.9; Yelammedenu in Yalkut II, 69 and 925; ShR 25.2; PRE 4; Tehillim 104, 442 (in the two last-named sources the angels are wind when performing their duties, in God’s presence they are fire).Comp. also BR 50.1.On angels as shades, see BaR 10.5; perhaps also Baba Batra 91a.In WR 31.5 it is said that the angels are males and not females, i.e., they never assume the form of women; but comp. the parallel passages in Mishle 21, 89, and BR, ''loc. cit.''It is, however, to be observed that Lekah, Gen. 3.24, in citing the last-named passage does not read the word .Men, women, boys, and maidens among angels are mentioned in mystical literature, but this description has hardly anything to do with their forms; it merely expresses the different degrees of their ranks.Comp. Yalkut Hadash, s.v. Nos. 63, 93; R. Moses ha-Darshan in Magazin, XV, 80; Hasidim 277.Although the rabbinic sources hardly offer any remarks concerning the forms of angels, many a statement is found in the older literature regarding their size and rapidity; comp. Enoch 40.1; Berakot 4b; Hullin 91b; BR 68.12 and 51.1.As to the material out of which the angels were created, comp. the preceding note, as well as PK 1, 3a–3b; ShR 3.11; BaR 15.8; DR 5.12; Yerushalmi Rosh ha-Shanah 2, 58a; 2 ARN 24, 48–49; Tan. Wa-Yiggash 6; Targum Job 25.2; Pesahim, 118a (bottom).Along with fire which is the peculiar heavenly element, water and snow (also hail) are mentioned as the material out of which the angels were fashioned.On fire, water, and snow as the primeval elements, comp. Index, s.v. The statement found in many passages of rabbinic literature that Michael was created of fire and Gabriel of snow or water (see Index, s.v. “Michael”, “Gabriel”) implies the view that the former belongs to heaven and the latter to the earth.The idea that the residence of the angels is in heaven is unanimously expressed by the Rabbis, as well as by the authors of the pseudepigraphic writings.Philo’s view, De Gigant., 2, and De Somn., 22, that the angels inhabit the air is entirely unknown to the Rabbis (BR 26.5, to which Siegfried, Philo, 147, alludes, has nothing to do with the place inhabited by the angels; this passage was misunderstood by Siegfried; for the correct translation thereof, see note 1 on vol. I, 105).Similarly there is


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 impossible that one section of Englishmen can have a greater interest in any part of the Empire than another section, and, for example, that West Africa matters quite as much to the religious party as it does to the mercantile. But, to my mind, neither Religion nor Science is truly concerned in the political aspect of West Africa. It should not matter, for example, to the missionary whether he works under one European Government or another, or a purely native Government, so long as he is allowed by that Government to carry on his work of evangelisation unhindered; nor, similarly, does it matter to the scientific man, so long as he is allowed to carry on his work; but to the merchant it matters profoundly whether West Africa is under English or foreign rule, and whether our rule there is well ordered. For one thing, on the merchants of West Africa falls entirely the duty of supplying the revenue which supports the government of our colonies there; and for another, it seems to me that whether the Government he is under is English or no does matter very much to the English merchant. His duty as an Englishman is the support of the population of his own country, directly the support of its manufacturing classes. Everything that tends to alienate his influence from the service of his fellow-countrymen is a degradation to him. He may be individually as successful in trading with foreign-made goods, but as a member of the English State he is at a lower level when he does so; he becomes a mere mercenary in the service of a foreign power engaged in adding to the prosperity of an alien nation. Again, in this matter the difference between the religious man and the commercial shows up clearly. Let

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Knight.

LONDON

Printed for William Ponsonby.

1595.


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Rh $undefined$  in the older sources of rabbinic literature in support of Philo's statement concerning the identity of the angels with the souls (Noë 4; De Gigan., and De Somn., loc. cit.), which is only found in the Kabbalah; comp., e.g., Zohar I, 7a, and note 444 on vol. II, p. 184.  $undefined$ Enoch 20.1; Yerushalmi 'Erubin 1, 19d, and Shemuel 23 (for the two last mentioned passages see Ginzberg, Unbekannte Sekte, 243 note 2; concerning the presence of the Shekinah in the assembly of ten, comp. also Sanhedrin 39a; Berakot 6a); Adamschriften, 27, speaks of nine hosts of angels.On the names of the ten classes of angels, found only in medieval sources, comp. Azilut (beginning); Maimonides, Yad ha-Hazakah, Yesode ha-Torah, 2.7; Zohar II, 43a; R. Moses ha-Darshan (from a manuscript in Gross, Gallia Judaica, 411); Konen 25; Derek Erez 2.The last two sources know only of five (six?) classes of angels; comp. the following note.The division of angels into seven classes mentioned in Enoch 61.10 is an older view which makes the number of classes correspond to the number of archangels and to the heavens.On the other hand, there is one view which counts three heavens (comp. note 22), and hence knows only of three archangels (see note 13 on vol. I, p. 54).Accordingly the idea that there are ten classes of angels is based on a combination of two older views.On the number of angels comp. Sifre N., 42; Sifre D., 51; Tehillim 68, 319; ER 6, 32 and 34; 17, 84; 29, 156, and 160; EZ 12, 193; Alphabet R. Akiba 21; Seder Rabba di-Bereshit 28; a midrashic quotation (the source is a somewhat different version of the description of Solomon's throne given in BHM. V, 34.) by R. Bahya on Gen. (beginning).The statement "as great as is the multitude of the angels, so great is the race of man" (Revelation of John towards the end) has a parallel in Tehillim, ''loc. cit.All these classes of angels reside at a very great distance from the Shekinah, whereas God is near to those that are broken-hearted (Ps. 34.19), because He loves them more than the angels; Alphabet R. Akiba 29; Midrash Shir 16b (frequently quoted by the mystics, as, e.g., Rokeah, Hasidut, at the end; Teshubah 28; Orehot Hayyim'' I, 101a).  $undefined$ PRE 4; Enoch 9.1; 40. 2–10 (here the reading is Phanuel instead of Uriel); 71.9.On these four archangels comp. vol. III, p. 232, and the note 440 appertaining to it.The very old view concerning the seven archangels (Enoch 20, 1–8; 81.5; 90.21–22: 12 Testaments, Levi 8.1, and in many other works of the pseudepigraphic literature, as well as rabbinic writings of the post-talmudic period as PRE, loc. cit., and particularly in mystic works; comp.


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Hen the right vertuous E.W. and I, were at the Emperours Court togither, wee gaue our selues to learne horsemanship of Ion Pietro Pugliano, one that with great commendation had the place of an Esquire in his stable: and hee according to the fertilnes of the Italian wit, did not onely affoord vs the demonstration of his practise, but sought to enrich our mindes with the contemplations therein, which he thought most precious. But with none I remember mine eares were at any time more loaden, then when (either angred with slow paiment, or mooued with our learner like admiration) hee exercised his speech in the praise of his facultie. He said souldiers were the noblest estate of mankind, and horsemen the noblest of souldiers. He said they were the maisters of warre, and ornaments of peace, speedie goers, and strong abiders, triumphers both in Camps and Courts: nay to so vnbleeued a point he proceeded, as that no earthly thing bred such wonder to a Prince, as to be a good horseman. Skill of gouernment was but a Pedanteria, in


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 comparison, then would he adde certaine praises by telling what a peerlesse beast the horse was, the onely seruiceable Courtier without flattery, the beast of most bewtie, faithfulnesse, courage, and such more, that if I had not bene a peece of a Logician before I came to him, I thinke he would haue perswaded me to haue wished my selfe a horse. But thus much at least, with his no few words he draue into me, that selfeloue is better then any guilding, to make that seem gorgious wherin our selues be parties. Wherin if Pulianos strong affection and weake arguments will not satisfie you, I wil giue you a nearer example of my selfe, who I know not by what mischance in these my not old yeares and idlest times, hauing slipt into the title of a Poet, am prouoked to say somthing vnto you in the defence of that my vnelected vocation, which if I handle with more good will, then good reasons beare with me, since the scholler is to be pardoned that followeth the steps of his maister. And yet I must say, that as I haue more iust cause to make a pittifull defence of poore Poetrie, which from almost the highest estimation of learning, is falne to be the laughing stocke of children, so haue I need to bring some more auaileable proofes, since the former is by no man bard of his deserued credit, the silly later, hath had euen the names of Philosophers vsed to the defacing of it, with great daunger of ciuill warre among the Muses. And first truly to all them that professing learning enuey against Poetrie, may iustly be obiected, that they go very neare to vngratefulnesse, to seeke to deface that which in the noblest nations and languages that are knowne,


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 must make his own discoveries; and his strength not admitting of much exertion to force his way, or even to escape, if such a step should be necessary, he felt extremely perplexed how to proceed.

After several schemes formed and rejected, it suddenly darted into his mind, to wrap himself up in a sheet, outside of which he would throw the steward's great coat, and having a dark lanthorn with him, he could conceal himself among the trees, and if in danger of being discovered, by throwing off the coat, and presenting himself with the light, he had little doubt but that he might frighten those who had endeavoured to terrify others. This plan he prepared to put in execution, heedless and deaf to the prayers and remonstrances of his host and hostess, who gave him up for lost.

Towards the close of the evening, Ferdinand, properly habited with a tinder box and a dark lanthorn, placed himself among the trees, opposite to this small door, where he


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 could see every transaction without being observed.

Night came on; every thing was still and silent; he began to grow weary of his situation; the castle clock had gone eleven, when suddenly he espied the figures of four people coming through the trees; he could not distinguish their persons, there being no moon. It must be observed, that Ferdinand had replaced the staple and padlock; they made towards the door; he saw them stand, and heard a faint sound of the bell, and in a moment he lost sight of them, and was convinced they were let in through the door.

"Now, then," said he, "the whole is discovered; this is a retreat for robbers, and we shall soon clear the haunted pavilion."

He returned to the castle, to the no small joy of his friends, but he found it impossible to convince them that the persons he described were living ones; they grew more strongly assured that they were wicked spirits, but that Mr. Ferdinand being good, they


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 had no power to hurt him. He, provoked at their incredulity, at length asked the steward if it was possible to open the door of communication, which he said led underneath to the pavilion: The other hesitated a long time; but on being urged, said,

"Perhaps it might, as it was nailed up on this side, supposing that the ghosts had not fastened it on the other, as they did the padlock door."

"But," said the woman, "it would be better to go in the day-time, and force open the front door of the pavilion."

Ferdinand hesitated and considered.—"If, as I suppose," said he, "some part of the gang are always in the house, they are doubtless prepared for resistance, and will sell their lives dearly; in forcing the door, some of us may be killed; no, let us discover, if possible, who and what they are, and then we can take measures to surprise them, perhaps without danger."

The woman shook her head.


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 "Ah!" said she, "they are no living folks, I dare say; and it would be better to go by day, when they do not appear."

"But," replied Ferdinand, "that won't do; I wish to see them appear."

He then went down to the passage, which was like the colonnade of a cloister, and saw the door: By the help of an instrument, he drew the screws from the hinges, and with very little noise, opened the door, which discovered a similar passage to the one he was in, but quite dark; he procured his dark lantern, and proceeded softly through the passage; lamps were hung on one side, which no doubt were formerly lighted, but all was extremely gloomy and damp.

He came at length to a flight of steps, and hesitated a few minutes whether he should venture to proceed, yet it would be folly to go back so unsatisfied; he had just ascended the first stair, when he heard a loud laughing, as if of two or three persons: He listened—-


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 the sound seemed to come from no great distance, and he heard voices as if extremely merry.

He continued to ascend with great caution, and entered a sort of lobby, from whence he heard the voices more distinctly; to go forwards alone, he thought would be madness, as he must expect instant death, if discovered. He was now sufficiently assured of what mind the inhabitants were, and proper steps might be taken to secure them through this passage.

He turned, therefore, to make good his retreat; he heard the noise of feet directly over his head, and stepped forwards as quick and softly as possible, blaming his own rashness for advancing so far; he looked for the stairs, in his confusion he had past them; for this lobby went the whole length of the building. Sensible of his error, he was going back, when he heard some one coming down stairs, and the glimmering of a light approaching, he could not advance, but turned his lanthorn


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 and retreated on one side, giving himself up for lost.

A man appeared with a light, and passed so close to Ferdinand, that it was impossible to avoid seeing him; he just snatched a look at him as he started, and, with a groan, fell on the floor.—Though infinitely surprised, he had no time to lose, as the fall and groan must alarm the others; he therefore quickly trod back through the lobby, found the stairs, and, with all the strength he could exert, run through the passage, which, having gained, he ventured not to close the door, but in a moment got up to the stair-case of the castle apartments, and appeared before the steward and his wife so out of breath and agitated, that they both concluded he had seen the ghosts.

When he could speak, he informed them of what he had heard and seen; and so far, said he, are the persons there from being shadowy beings, that I have no doubt, from the fellow's fright, but that he took me for


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 one; at least I hope he did, as then my progress through the passages will not be discovered.

"And if it is," said the woman, 'then for a certain we shall all be murdered."

Ferdinand was not perfectly free from the same idea; yet still he thought no time should be lost, to get proper persons to secure those men, who were evidently a gang of banditti.

The steward was persuaded to take a horse, and ride immediately to the next post-town, declare what had happened, and bring a party as private as possible, to seize upon them at night—much against the opinion of the wife, who was for letting them rest quiet, whoever they were, alive or dead, rather than bring themselves into trouble; but at length Ferdinand prevailed, by saying what a great reward they would obtain by taking them.—This consideration a little reconciled her to the absence of her husband; therefore, at day-break, he got his horse, and set off with all haste.


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 He had been gone about three hours, when there was a knocking at the door; Ferdinand was gone to lay down on a sofa in the library; the good woman was alone, the men being about the grounds, and she was afraid to open the door without some one with her; she came to him in the library, and entreated he would have the goodness to come out, and then she would speak from the window, which she did, and asked the person what he wanted; he wished to speak with her husband; he was not at home; could he come in and wait for him, as he had business of consequence to tell him.—Without answering, she drew in her head to ask Ferdinand's opinion; he advanced to the window, and just as he was in view of the man, the fellow started, screamed, attempted to run, but fell on the ground.

Ferdinand hastened out, spoke, and took the man's arm to assist him; he turned, and looking up, discovered the very face of the


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 servant his brother had sent to attend him back to Baden.

Both were thunderstruck, and for a moment speechless.—The man exclaimed,

"Alive! is it possible—alive!"

"Yes, my good friend," replied the other, "most wonderfully preserved from death, and I rejoice to see you; for I have often felt much concern for the uncertainty of your fate."

"Concern for me! Good God! but I see Providence will always bring wicked deeds to light.—Pray, Sir, tell me. Did I see you last night in the lobby of yonder pavilion?"

"I was certainly there," answered Ferdinand, and frightened a man, I believe—could that be you?"

"It was, Sir; and from that fright, you will now know all; for though I find it was no ghost, as I thought, yet, as I said before, Providence discovers all things, and I will make a free confession."