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 finally conquered the courageous mauntaineers, emigrated for the most part to Turkey, while a smaller number of them settled down in the plain of Kuban.

“Look, every inch of soil here bears witness to the fame of Barjatynsky,” exclaimed the old Colonel with sparkling eyes. “It was a hard piece of heroic labor that he accomplished before he finally broke down the desperate resistance of the Circassians in these remote mountain regions.”

“Hm, fame—fame—“remarked Aglaja Andrejevna, disdainfully curling her pink lips. “What is fame?”

“Oh, Aglaja Andrejevna, you ask what fame is,” said the Colonel in a tone of surprise. “Perhaps you scorn the laurels of the hero, who in noble enthusiasm to good effect helped with his sword to clear the way for the great world-wide mission of his country?”

“If fame is based on wholesale slaughter in general, and on gratifying the ambition or domineering instincts of an individual or of a whole nation in particular,—yes, fame of that sort fills me not merely with contempt, but with disgust as well,” exclaimed the girl-student in a decisive tone and her cold green eye flashed vividly for a moment.

“In this matter I must express my agreement with Aglaja Andrejevna, sir” said Suslikov, intervening in the conversation with his little sing-song voice. “Before very long the time will come when the history of mankind will have to be revised in the spirit of true and pure humanity, when Clio will erase from her scroll the names of ambitious egoists, who for the sake of fame have waded through an ocean of human blood, and during long ages have led mankind astray by their pernicious example. In their places will be inscribed only the names of the real benefactors of mankind, the great thinkers, scholars, poets, artists and geniuses who are worthy of a share in immortality. Yes, from this point of view, fame is in truth a worthy goal for human endeavor. See, such a man departs as an individual to the grave, he perishes and disappears for ever, and with him what we call his spirit or soul, but his name and the memory of his works live in the hearts of countless future generations,—this is the true and only immortality.”

“Excellent, Roman Lvovič,” said Aglaja Andrejevna with an ironical smile, “the most competent German professor would not need to be ashamed of your lecture. But in spite of it all, I could very well do without even that kind of immortality. To live beyond the grave in the praise bestowed by future generations, of which I shall know nothing, nothing whatever—no, that prospect does not attract me. And fame during one’s lifetime,—believe me, that ambition is a craving which causes mankind not only a hundred times more harm than good, but for individuals, as well, is the source of far more suffering than happiness. However, all this is an amusing game with words, phrases—phrases—phrases.”

“Oh, this is a fine thing indeed,” exclaimed Colonel Revnin, now really indignant. “These, then, are the opinions held by our young people, in whom our hopes are set? These, then, are the fruits of the present-day advanced education? We have grown grey in the opinion that, by fighting for the honor and victory of our country, we acquire honorable and lasting merits,—and in the meanwhile, we learn at the close of our lives, that our honorable wounds are in reality a sign of shame and disgrace And our highly educated daughters actually declare that it is not worth while for a man to acquire any merits in respect of posterity,—for the grave is an end to everything, and it is a matter of indifference what opinions future people will form about us. Tell me, Uljana, have you imbibed similar views at your college?”

Uljana has listened only to the beginning of the discusion, and had then become dreamily immersed in the mountain landscape. Interrupted now by her father’s question, she collected her thoughts for a moment and then said with increasing enthusiasm: “What do I think of fame? I myself would not trouble about it. But I see sublime beauty in the idea of a man who, by bravery or wisdom, uplifts himself high above the unknown multitude, and snatches from heaven upon his brow, at least a twinkling ray of immortality. That is in truth beautiful, sublimely beautiful,—is it not?” At this she fixed upon me her beautiful eyes, in whose deep blue glittered stars of enthusiasm, even though I might have had my own ideas about fame, how could I help agreeing with her after such a glance?

“Assuredly,” I assented. “Eagerness for fame is not the guiding principle of my life either, and I feel no resentment at being submerged without a memory in the unknown multitude. But I entirely agree that the longing for fame,—perhaps not the vain ambition and conceit, which pursue only immediate recognition, but the longing for fame beyond grave, is one of the most beautiful and at the same time one of the most noble passions of man. The longing for the praise of future generations, which he will never hear, for the preservation of his name upon this earth, from which his individuality would otherwise vanish without a trace,—is that not,—besides,—yes,—the immortality of mankind as a whole, in which the individual, urged by an unconscious instinct like a dying polyp in its coral abode,—yes,—besides,—”

“Tea, tea, if you please,” announced Anna Kirilovna in a loud voice, thus helping me out of the straits to which my scanty abilities as an orator, and my lack of fluency in Russian had reduced me.


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Veronica.] A well-marked plant, the only near ally of which is the following species, which may prove to be a form of it.

48. V. quadrifaria, T. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxviii. (1896) 521.—Habit, size, and general appearance of V. tetrasticha, but the branchlets are more slender and wiry, about $1⁄15$ in. diam. with the leaves on, tetragonous with the faces flat, not concave. Leaves most densely quadrifariously imbricated, opposite pairs very shortly connate at the base and forming a ring clasping the branch, closely appressed, $1⁄18$–$1⁄16$ in. long, broadly triangular, acute or subacute, coriaceous, concave in front, rounded on the back, not keeled; margins ciliolate towards the base or throughout their whole length. Flowers small, white, $1⁄10$ in. diam., arranged in very short axillary 2–4-flowered spikes, the spikes usually capitate at the tip of tiie branchlets. Calyx 4-partite ahnost to the base; segments linear-oblong, obtuse, ciliolate. Corolla-tube short, equalling the calyx; lobes 4, rounded, spreading. Stamens 2; filaments short. Ovary seated in a cupular disc. Capsule twice as long as the calyx, oblong-obovoid, compressed, obtuse.—Mitrasacme Cheesemanii, ''Buch. in Trans. N.Z. Inst.'' xiv. (1882) 348, t. 29, f. 2.

49. V. tumida, T. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxviii. (1896) 521.—A prostrate or decumbent much-branched plant forming broad depressed patches 6–18 in. diam.; branches very numerous, obtusely tetragonous, with the leaves on $1⁄12$–$1⁄10$ in. diam., black when dry. Leaves densely imbricated, opposite pairs connate at the base, $1⁄15$–$1⁄12$ in. long, broadly ovate-deltoid, tumid, obtuse, concave in front, rounded or obtusely keeled at the back, margins ciliolate. Flowers in 2–4 flowered abbreviated spikes at the ends of the branchlets, small, ⅛–⅙ in. diam., white. Calyx deeply 4-partite; segments linear-oblong, obtuse, ciliolate. Corolla-tube short; limb with 4 nearly equal spreading oblong obtuse lobes. Stamens 2, included; anthers almost as long as the filaments. Ovary seated in a cupular disc. Capsule exceeding the calyx, subcompressed. broadly oblong, obtuse.

Nelson—Gordon's Nob and St. Arnaud Mountains, Monro, T. F. C.; Mount Rintoul and Ben Nevis, F. G. Gibbs! Mount Starveall, W. H. Bryant! Mount Richmond, J. H. Macmahon! Otago—''Herb. Buchanan!'' (exact locality not stated). 3000–5000 ft. December–February.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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VERY REV. H. MONTAGU BUTLER, D.D.


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text: Archaeological Journal/Volume 3/Observations on the Wait Service mentioned in the Liber Winton, and on the supposed Monastery of Sapalanda


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Page:Voyage in search of La Perouse, volume 2 (Stockdale).djvu/396

334 been struck by lightning, and they informed me that the same circumstance frequently happens upon many other hills in the island. In fact, these high trees are particularly exposed by their situation, to the terrible effects of the lightning; besides, the sap, with which they abound, contributes in a great degree to attract the electric matter.

On the 5th of April, we were informed that a packet was shortly to sail from Batavia for Europe. The Governor of Samarang was willing that two of us should go to Batavia, to solicit permission of the Regency for themselves to return in this vessel. As we were all animated by the same desire of revisiting our native country, we agreed to cast lots. The fortunate persons were Citizens Riche and Legrand, and on the 6th of May they set out for Batavia.

Twelve days after we received orders from the Governor of Samarang, to go to the same place, and there to wait for another opportunity of returning to France, than that of the packet above mentioned; for it was even very uncertain, whether or not Riche and Legrand would find a place in it.

Some of the Dutch who were interested about us, informed us that the fleet, upon which our hopes of returning to Europe depended, was not


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 Introduction, lines 1–50. Address to Nero, 51–75. Causes of the Civil War, 76–135. Character of Pompeius, 136–159; of Cæsar, 160–176. Corruption of the times, 177–207. Cæsar crosses the Rubicon, 208–257; and advances to Arīminum, 258–293. The Tribunes meet him and Curio addresses him, 294–334. Cæsar's speech to his soldiers, 335–402. The reply of Lælius, 403–449. The Roman forces are summoned from Gaul, 450–523. Terror at Rome and flight of Citizens and Senators, 524–579. Prodigies related, 580–641. Aruns the Seer is summoned to aid the nation, and makes an expiatory sacrifice, 642–705. Figulus prophesies the coming disasters, 706–743; and so does a frenzied nation, 751–772.


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Page:Scott's Last Expedition, Volume 1.djvu/599

1911] nothing but gilded drift clouds. Yet it is grand to have daylight rushing at one.

Wednesday, August 23.—We toasted the sun in champagne last night, coupling Victor Campbell's name as his birthday coincides. The return of the sun could not be appreciated as we have not had a glimpse of it, and the taste of the champagne went wholly unappreciated; it was a very mild revel. Meanwhile the gale continues. Its full force broke last night with an average of nearly 70 m.p.h. for some hours: the temperature has been up to +10° and the snowfall heavy. At seven this morning the air was thicker with whirling drift than it has ever been.

It seems as though the violence of the storms which succeed our rare spells of fine weather is in proportion to the duration of the spells.

Thursday, August 24.—Another night and day of furious wind and drift, and still no sign of the end. The temperature has been as high as +16°. Now and again the snow ceases and then the drift rapidly diminishes, but such an interval is soon followed by fresh clouds of snow. It is quite warm outside, one can go about with head uncovered—which leads me to suppose that one does get hardened to cold to some extent—for I suppose one would not wish to remain uncovered in a storm in England if the temperature showed 16 degrees of frost. This is the third day of confinement to the hut: it grows tedious, but there is no help, as it is too thick to see more than a few yards out of doors.

Friday, August 25.—The gale continued all night and


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Page:Agreement relating to Malaysia (1963).djvu/164

(2) The Government shall exercise its functions in such manner as to recognise the special position of the Malays, who are the indigenous people of the State, and accordingly it shall be the responsibility of the Government to protect, safeguard, support, foster and promote their political, educational, religious, economic, social and cultural interests and the Malay language.

90. (1) Subject to the provisions of the Federal Constitution and to the following provisions of this Article, the provisions of this Constitution may be amended by a law enacted by the Legislature.

 * (2) A Bill for making an amendment to this Constitution (other than an amendment excepted from the provisions of this clause) shall not be passed by the Legislative Assembly unless it has been supported on Second and Third Readings by the votes of not less than two-thirds of the total number of members thereof.

 * (3) The following amendments are excepted from the provisions of clause (2) of this Article, that is to say—

 * (a) any amendment consequential on such a law as is mentioned in Article 23 of this Constitution;

 * (b) any amendment the effect of which is to bring the Constitution of the State into accord with any of the essential provisions contained in the Eighth Schedule to the Federal Constitution.

 * (4) In this Article " amendment " includes addition and repeal.

91. (1) In this Constitution unless it is otherwise provided or the context otherwise requires—

" Cabinet " means the Cabinet constituted under this Constitution;

" Civil List " means the provision made under Article 4 of this Constitution for the maintenance of the Yang di-Pertuan Negara;

" citizen of Singapore " means any person who, under the provisions of this Constitution, has the status of a citizen of Singapore;

" citizen of Malaysia " means any person who under the provisions of the Federal Constitution has the status of a citizen of the Federation of Malaysia;

" Conference of Rulers " means the Conference of Rulers constituted by the Federal Constitution;

" Consolidated Fund " means the Consolidated Fund established by this Constitution;

"existing law" means any law having effect as part of the law of the State immediately before the coming into operation of this Constitution; "Federal Constitution" means the Constitution of the Federation and includes the Malaysia Act 1963;


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1910] with the temperature well below freezing, made everything look bright and cheerful. The sun also brought us wonderful cloud effects, marvellously delicate tints of sky, cloud, and ice, such effects as one might travel far to see. In spite of our impatience we would not willingly have missed many of the beautiful scenes which our sojourn in the pack afforded us. Ponting and Wilson have been busy catching these effects, but no art can reproduce such colours as the deep blue of the icebergs.

'Scientifically we have been able to do something. We have managed to get a line of soundings on our route showing the raising of the bottom from the ocean depths to the shallow water on the continental shelf, and the nature of the bottom. With these soundings we have obtained many interesting observations of the temperature of different layers of water in the sea.

'Then we have added a great deal to the knowledge of life in the pack from observation of the whales, seals, penguins, birds, and fishes as well as of the pelagic beasts which are caught in tow-nets. Life in one form or another is very plentiful in the pack, and the struggle for existence here as elsewhere is a fascinating subject for study.

'We have made a systematic study of the ice also, both the bergs and sea ice, and have got a good deal of useful information concerning it. Also Pennell has done a little magnetic work.

'But of course this slight list of activity in the cause of science is a very poor showing for the time of our numerous experts; many have had to be idle in regard to their own specialities, though none are idle otherwise.


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Author:Gertrude Ross

Works

 * Art Songs of Japan (1917)

title: Author:Gertrude Ross


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Author:Oskar Nachod

Works

 * Bibliography of the Japanese Empire (1928)

title: Author:Oskar Nachod


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Page:Books from the Biodiversity Heritage Library (IA mobot31753000820123).pdf/62

 Rh

tatoes, with a little salt Mackarel, and a Calabash or two for Cups and Spoons.

There are very good Bricks and Pots made here of the Clay of the Country, to the easie making of which the few Rains, as well as plenty of Fire-wood conduces much.

The Air here being so hot and brisk as to corrupt and spoil Meat in four hours after 'tis kill'd, no wonder if a diseased Body must be soon buried. They usually bury twelve hours after death at all times of the day and night.

The burial place at Port Royal is a little way out of Town, in a sandy Soil, because in the Town or Church it is thought unhealthy for the living. Planters are very often buried in their Gardens, and have a small Monument erected over them, and yet I never heard of any of them who walk'd after their deaths for being buried out of Consecrated ground.

An ampurated Member buried there, and dug up some days after, was found eaten by the Ants all but the Bones. In the Caves where the Indians used to bury, the Ants would eat the whole Flesh off of the Bodies, and would perforate the Bones, and eat up the Marrow, of which I have a proof, having brought with me from thence the Bone of the Arm of an Indian so perforated, and its Marrow eaten by them.

The Negroes from some Countries think they return to their own Country when they die in Jamaica, and therefore regard death but little, imagining they shall change their condition, by that means from servile to free, and so for this reason often cut their own Throats. Whether they die thus, or naturally, their Country people make great lamentations, mournings, and howlings about them expiring, and at their Funeral throw in Rum and Victuals into their Graves, to serve them in the other world. Sometimes they bury it in gourds, at other times spill it on the Graves.

They have every one his Wife, and are very much concern'd if they prove adulterous, but in some measure satisfied if their Masters punish the Man who does them the supposed injury, in any of his Hogs, or other small Wealth. The care of the Masters and Overseers about their Wives, is what keeps their Plantations chiefly in good order, whence they ever buy Wives in proportion to their Men, lest the Men should wander to neighbouring Plantations, and neglect to serve them. The Negros are much given to Venery, and although hard wrought, will at nights, or on Feast days Dance and Sing; their Songs are all bawdy, and leading that way. They have several sorts of Instruments in imitation of Lutes, made of small Gourds fitted with Necks, strung with Horse hairs, or the peeled stalks of climbing Plants or Withs. These Instruments are some-


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text: Tristram (Robinson)/Canto 9

title: Tristram (Robinson)/Canto 9


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 Specific projects included preparation and inspection of shipboard electronic equipment: provision of technical communications for the flagship USS Mount McKinley (AGC-7), press ships, and instrumentation ships; electromagnetic propagation studies and provision of sonobuoys for pressure recording; telemetering technical data from certain target ships; television recording of wave motion and wave heights; provision of timing signals for most projects (excluding bomb detonation timing signals); and provision of electronics equipment necessary for operation of the drone boats. The types of shipboard electronic equipment that had to be prepared and inspected included radios, radiosondes, radars, Identification Friend or Foe (IFF) systems, sonars, radar repeaters, homing devices, radar beacons, and interior communications systems.

The Electronics Group was berthed aboard Avery Island. USS Coasters Island (AG-74) was designated as an electronics repair ship for this group. Group personnel were evacuated from Bikini Lagoon the day before each shot and returned to the lagoon after each shot. For ABLE, group members were not part of initial boarding teams, but began their inspections when general reboarding was authorized. After BAKER, radioactivity delayed most inspections until mid-August. In fact, on 7 August the Target Inspection Section of the Electronics Group was reberthed aboard USS Fulton (AS-11), and Avery Island returned to the United States with most of the Electronics Group personnel. The Instrument Repair Unit also remained behind aboard Wharton and Haven to repair and maintain radiac instruments (Reference C.9.208, p. 3.43; Reference C.9.190, pp. 192-225).

Army Air Group (Task Group 1.5)

Although not under the control of the DSM, Task Group (TG) 1.5 assisted the DSM in determining the bombs' effects on in-flight aircraft. In addition to its several missions as TG 1.5, this group carried out blast and radiation experiments using B-17 drone and B-29 and F-13 aircraft. The drones were equipped with flight analyzers that recorded acceleration, airspeed, and overpressure. Some data were telemetered by a television arrangement. Upon landing at Enewetak, the instrumentation was removed for analysis. The drones were monitored for radiation and inspected for damage. The B-29 and F-13 aircraft had similar instrumentation except for the television system. Additional information on TG 1.5 is found in Chapter 8.

Table 4 is a tabulation of badging and exposures of personnel in the various groups of the Ship Material and Inspection Division. Since personnel were not badged all the time, these figures should be recognized as a partial statement of potential total exposure for these groups. Dose reconstruction techniques, discussed in Chapter 12, provide a way of estimating total dose figures.

NUCLEAR WEAPON PHENOMENA

The program to measure and record the various effects produced by the ABLE and BAKER nuclear detonations was the responsibility of the Technical Director, who headed the Instrumentation Division. The Instrumentation Division was responsible for measuring and recording weapon diagnostic data (blast, heat, radiation, etc.). The plan to measure and record the weapons' effects

70

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text: Talk:Minutes on Education In India, Written in the Years 1835, 1836 and 1837/Minute by Mr. Macaulay (2 February, 1835)


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4


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Rh perfect history to be written in Latin. This work is of great importance as a collection of original documents, and it contains a multitude of acts, letters and similar valuable contributions to the history of Denmark, which otherwise would have perished, but it is as far as possible from being what Vedel had intended, a popular description of the events of his native country in the ages past. The materials are almost wholly in crude form and the style is very faulty. It is, we admit, upon the whole even and clear, but it is dry and colorless and in all respects inferior to Vedel's simple and attractive style.

A detailed chronicle of the time of Frederik II was compiled by (1625-1688), on the basis of a manuscript left by Huitfeldt.

Danish historiography in the national tongue during the period of learning is in the main limited to these works, and of the men mentioned Vedel alone is of any real importance to the national literature. Aside from these works, the chronicling of the events of the national history was attended to in an official way by the royal historiographers. Frederik II had created this office in 1553, and it was expressly stipulated that everything proceeding from the same should be written in the Latin language. The first of these royally appointed historians was (1508-1584), who compiled a history of the reigns of kings Johan and Christian II. (1558-1623) deserves special mention. His work "Scriptores Danici" is the first attempt at a history of Danish literature, or rather, at a dictionary of authors, a work which even at the present time is of importance for a knowledge of the literature of the sixteenth century. In a book written in Danish "Danske Kongers Slægtbog," a kind of genealogy of the Danish kings, intended to serve as an introduction to a great historical work in the national tongue, he proved himself the possessor of a remarkable talent for style, which if properly applied might have been productive of great results. But he was so wholly lacking in critical


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12

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text:
Author:Henry C. Lockwood

Works

 * Constitutional History of France (1890)

title: Author:Henry C. Lockwood


text: The Literary Souvenir for 1825/The Mother and Child


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174 sense that he carried the genealogical tree of the Danish kings up to Adam, always giving the length of their reigns, and this moreover with perfect faith in the correctness of the dates which he pretends to have copied from "old documents." He was inspired with deep interest in his own native tongue, and in it he made some efforts not wholly unsuccessful as a poet, and thus he may justly be numbered among the truly national authors of the age of learning. Among the historians we must also mention. (1599-1650), chiefly on account of his edition of Svend Aagesön's and Saxo's works, the latter of which he enriched with a wealth of learned notes.

Toward the close of the sixteenth century there was awakened a hitherto unknown interest in the. It was probably owing to the circumstance that men had begun at this time to devote themselves extensively, to the study of history, and so the taste for this kind of inquiry was cultivated. In this connection scholars were naturally led to the study of Old Norse language and literature, and this again had a beneficial influence on the Danish, which, up to this time, had been kept a stranger to literature. Vedel had already in his time, both through his historical studies and through his love of Danish, been induced to study the Old Norse tongue, and for this purpose he projected various plans. He also began antiquarian studies in reference to an introduction for the great history of Denmark which he was preparing, made copies of runic alphabets, etc. Still, all this was merely the feeble beginning of a genuine antiquarian study. The first man who achieved something worthy of note in this respect was the above named physician and naturalist, (1588-1654). He made a number of collections, among which were to be found many archæological


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text: The Literary Souvenir for 1825/Christine


text: A Wreath of Cloud

title: A Wreath of Cloud


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text: The Literary Souvenir for 1825/The Criminal


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text: Tristram (Robinson)/Canto 10

title: Tristram (Robinson)/Canto 10


text:
Author:Calvin Franklin Swingle

Works

 * Cyclopedia of Locomotive Engineering, with Examination Questions and Answers; a Practical Manual on the Construction Care and Management of Modern Locomotives (1916)

title: Author:Calvin Franklin Swingle


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 endodermal cell fate and maintain the quiescent center function (Helariutta et al. 2000; Nakajima et al. 2001). Both WUS and SHR have been demonstrated to trafﬁc through the PD.

The passage of proteins through the PD is highly selective and is mediated by callose (β-1,3 glucan polymer) deposition at the PD oriﬁce, reducing the size exclusion limit. The PD-located proteins, including PD-localized proteins (PDLPs), PD-associated β-1,3 glucanase, PD-associated callose binding protein, callose synthase (CalS)/glucan synthase-like (GSL), and remorin-like proteins, regulate PD-callose homeostasis. A decreased PD permeability correlates with ROS accumulation (Cui and Lee 2016). The redox states of the cellular organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplast regulate PD permeability (Benitez-Alfonso et al. 2009; Stonebloom et al. 2012).

PLANT-PATHOGEN INTERACTION DURING CELL-TO-CELL COMMUNICATION

Preformed defense.

As the ﬁrst line of defense, plants use physical barriers to restrict the spread of pathogens from one cell to another. These barriers include the cuticle in leaves (cutin and waxes) and the cell wall (cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, and proteins) (Somerville et al. 2004; Yeats and Rose 2013). In roots, cell-wall modiﬁcations include forming Casparian strips in the endodermis and depositing lignin, suberin (phenolic compound), lamellae, and secondary walls (Geldner 2013; Thomas et al. 2007). These act as apoplastic barriers for the entry and colonization of pathogens because mutants that are defective in cellulose or lignin synthesis are more susceptible to pathogens (Miedes et al. 2014).

The second level of defense includes a range of constitutive secondary metabolites such as antimicrobial proteins (defensin or defensin-like proteins) and chemicals (saponin and glucosinolates), generally called phytoanticipins (Osbourn 1996; Tierens et al. 2001). When a potential pathogen enters the host’s apoplast by releasing cell-wall-degrading enzymes (Bellaﬁore et al. 2008; Kämper et al. 2006), the “danger” cues (ROS and damage-associated molecular components) can be sensed by neighboring cells via intercellular signaling, priming the neighboring cells through the de novo synthesis of phytoalexins. Phytoalexins (e.g., camalexin) can interfere with the pathogen’s metabolism or maturation, leading to their inhibition. Plants also secrete proteases in the apoplast to suppress bacterial growth at a low pH (Wang et al. 2020), followed by intricate intra- and intercellular signaling, collectively known as apoplast immunity, an interface between preformed and induced defense.

Induced defense.

When potential phytopathogens breach the barriers mentioned above and reach the apoplasts, the plants activate the third level of inducible defense. This type of plant-pathogen interaction operates as a zig-zag model in three successive steps: pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI), effector-triggered susceptibility (ETS), and effector-triggered immunity (ETI) (Jones and Dangl 2006) (Fig. 1).

PTI.

Plants recognize PAMPs by speciﬁc membrane-localized pattern recognition receptors. The recognition of PAMPs (e.g., ﬂg22, a conserved ﬂagellar 22 amino acid long peptide) via pattern recognition receptors (FLS2 and BAK1) induces a complex network of signaling pathways such as mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, Ca2+ signaling, ion ﬂux changes, defense hormones, and transcriptional reprogramming, collectively called PTI (Fig. 1B) (Jones and Dangl 2006; Zhou and Zhang 2020). Some defense responses are executed through the apoplast, including the accumulation of apoplastic ROS, a restricted efﬂux of nutrients from the cytosol to the apoplast, and the production and secretion of antimicrobial compounds such as camalexin (Ahuja et al. 2012; O’Brien et al. 2012).

Moreover, MPK3- and MPK6-mediated phosphorylation of transcription factor WRKY33 regulates the production of camalexin (Mao et al. 2011). One of the hallmarks of PTI is the increased regulation of symplastic trafﬁcking through callose deposition in the PD oriﬁce to limit cell-to-cell communication (Faulkner et al. 2013; Stahl and Faulkner 2016; B. Xu et al. 2017). A lower level of callose deposition is often correlated with higher infection and vice versa (Voigt and Somerville 2009). The PD-localized calcium-binding protein calmodulin-like protein 41 plays a crucial role in ﬂg22-induced PD closure to regulate plant immunity (B. Xu et al. 2017).

Chitin (a fungal PAMP), perceived by the PD PM-located lysin motif domain-containing glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein 2 (LYM2), triggers PD closure (Faulkner et al. 2013). The PD closure does not require the receptor chitin elicitor receptor kinase 1 located in the cellular PM. Cheval and Faulkner (2018) demonstrated that LYM2 induces phosphorylation and activation of NADPH oxidase respiratory burst oxidase homolog protein D and requires the calcium-dependent protein kinases (CPKs) CPK6 and CPL11 to mediate chitin-triggered PD closure through callose deposition.

These studies illustrated the speciﬁcity and signiﬁcance of PD in the PTI response that integrates calcium and ROS signaling. However, the degree and mode of action or inhibition cannot be generalized. For instance, the roots have a zone type-speciﬁc response. The ﬂg22-induced PTI response is spatially restricted in the root cap and the elongation zone, whereas elf18 induces little response overall. Moreover, chitin elicits a directional response in the differentiated zone (Kunze et al. 2004; Zhou et al. 2020). Laser-induced cell ablation in the epidermis strongly induces the PAMP response in the stele of the root but not in the neighboring epidermal cells (Zhou et al. 2020). This outcome could be due to less counter-mechanical stimulation or pressure from underlying cells or the perception of the collapse of PD integrity, which are of different degrees and quality in cortical and epidermal cells.

The application of ROS decreases the permeability of the PD, presumably via regulating callose synthesis and deposition (Cui and Lee 2016; Thomas et al. 2008). However, the mechanism and key players behind the ROS-mediated PD regulation during PTI in unknown. It is speculated that PDLP1 and PDLP5, which are associated with the immune response in Arabidopsis (Caillaud et al. 2014; Wang et al. 2013), could function with the domain of an unknown function protein (DUF26), which is proposed to be involved in ROS perception and signaling (Bourdais et al. 2015) and, thus, could mediate PAMP-triggered ROS signals (Cheval and Faulkner 2018).

ETS.

To overcome PTI, some pathogens deliver specialized virulence factors or effectors to the plant apoplast (apoplastic effectors) or directly inside cells (cytosolic effectors) which cause disease in susceptible plants, commonly called ETS (Fig. 1C). Pathogens’ diverse effectors may interfere with defense by various mechanisms in a spatially or temporally dependent manner, and the mode of invasion and action can vary from effector to effector (Toruño et al. 2016). Some effectors open up natural openings such as stomata for apoplastic colonization. Others move from cell to cell, exploiting the intercellular connection, and may target different cellular processes. For instance, effector protein RxLR3 from Phytophthora brassicae interacts with the PD-localized callose synthases CalS1, CalS2, and CalS3 and inhibits callose deposition to promote symplastic cell-to-cell Vol. 35, No. 2, 2022 / 99


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 100 / Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions


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222 history; but he did far better work in his hymns and in his charming patriotic songs, such as "Boer jeg paa det höie Fjeld" (Dwell I on the lofty mount), and "For Norge, Kjæmpers Födeland" (To Norway, mother of the brave), etc. By his grand and commanding individuality Johan Nordal Brun played an important part in the intellectual life of his time. In a national sense he was one of the most fearless advocates of independence and emancipation from the foreign influences that monopolized everything, and in his religious work he was an ardent and powerful champion of Christianity against rationalism. His "Hellige Taler" (sermons) are characterized not only by freshness and vigor, but also by a sublime and perfectly entrancing eloquence. To the day of his death the people came in vast numbers to listen to him. In 1803 he was appointed bishop in Bergen, and few men have left behind them a more fondly cherished name. The brothers (1746-1829) and  (1752-1839) became very popular by their national songs, full of graphic descriptions of the natural scenery of Norway. The former also distinguished himself as a popular poet, and the poetical collections "Almuens Sanger" (the people's bard), published in 1790, and "Den syngende Sömand" (the singing sailor), published in 1793, became great favorites. The latter made in his romance, "Axel Thordsön og skjön Valborg," published in 1775, an attempt at reproducing a theme from the old heroic lays; but he failed for the reason that he substituted for the charming style of the ballad a broad rhetorical declamation; but still his works show that the author was the first to discover the true sources of Scandinavian poetry. (1746-91) became distinguished by his epigrams, and (1748-82) by his songs. The elegiac poet, (1760-1821), and the merry bard of joy,  (1761-1821), enjoyed much celebrity, though their productions have no longer any special value.


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Rh Among the Norwegian poets who did not belong to the Norwegian society, (1749-94) was the greatest. His songs, "Hr Zinklar" and "Thorvald Vidförle" deserve attention on account of their perfect imitation of the style of the heroic ballads. His fables and his songs composed in a Norwegian peasant dialect are very fine.

Of Danish poets, in addition to those already named, the following deserve mention: The brothers (1743-96) and  (1754-84) distinguished themselves as composers of satires. (1736-1806) was born in Germany, came to Denmark in 1757 and acquired a thorough knowledge of Danish, in which tongue he afterward became a prolific writer, especially of medical works and poems. He was most successful in merry songs and in farces. The physician (1767-1814) also wrote hymns and songs that were received with much favor. , mentioned above, was also a fertile poet, and his poetical productions stood in high repute among his contemporaries. His epic poem, "Stærkodder," was universally admired, though it is now of interest solely because it was the first production of its kind in Denmark. Nor can much present value be attributed to the poetical productions of, though his sentimental tales and domestic works were highly appreciated in their day. On the other hand, his drinking songs, a kind of poetry that was much in vogue in the clubs and social circles of the period, have not lost their peculiar freshness and charm.

In the field of the drama there were in addition to those already described and to, of whose bitter farces we have already spoken, the following: (1749-1821), especially known as the author of the little dramatic idyls "Höstgildet" (the harvest feast) and "Peders Bryllup" (Peter's wedding), which found many readers on account of their simple homely style and their sympathetic and sweet songs. The latter especially was very popular.


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 trafﬁcking in the leaf (Tomczynska et al. 2020). In addition, PWL2 and BAS1 effectors secreted by the infection hyphae of the rice blast fungus ﬁrst accumulate at the biotrophic interfacial complex, then symplastically move from one cell to another. The effectors may move ahead of the infection hyphae, depending on the size of the effector and the cell type (Khang et al. 2010).

In contrast, another effector, BAS4, uniformly expressed in the infection hyphae, does not translocate through the cytoplasm. The corn smut effector Cmu1, which disrupts the SA signaling pathway, moves symplastically (Djamei et al. 2011). Bacteria such as Pseudomonas syringae strain DC3000 deliver dozens of effectors using the type III secretion system, affecting multiple components and manipulating cellular processes and intercellular communication (Aung et al. 2020; Lewis et al. 2009). A recent study demonstrated that the movement of effectors such as other molecules across the PD largely depends on their molecular weight (Li et al. 2021). The cell-to-cell movement of effectors possibly primes host cells for further pathogen colonization (Toruño et al. 2016). The exact mechanism of the movement of effectors through the PD and whether this movement is regulated remain to be deciphered.

ETI.

Resistant plants have evolved to recognize effectors via intracellular nucleotide binding site (NBS) and the leucine-rich (LRR) repeat domain or resistance proteins and counterattack by inducing ETI (Fig. 1D). The amplitude and acceleration of ETI are faster than PTI, usually causing localized cell death, called hypersensitive response (HR), at the infection site.

However, recent data indicate positive feedback regulation between PTI and ETI. The ETI boosts PTI responses, and PTI strengthens ETI-induced HR during P. syringae strain DC3000 infection (Ngou et al. 2020). In addition, HR is believed to work in concert with callose deposition (Rinne and van der Schoot 2003). One of the hallmarks of ETI is the synthesis of pathogenesis-related proteins, which are localized to PD in maize and restrict PD permeability (Murillo et al. 1997).

Recently, more evidence associates ETI with the PD function. For instance, upon recognizing an effector from P. syringae, HopW1-1 induces a resistance response such as the accumulation of the signal molecule SA, inducing the expression of several defense-related genes (Lee et al. 2008). One of the induced genes is HopW1-1, a member of the PDLP gene family, indicating the role of ETI in PD trafﬁcking (Lee and Lu 2011; Thomas et al. 2008). In addition, PDLP5 and PDLP7 negatively regulate the symplastic movement of the P. syringae strain DC3000 effector HopAF1.

Another study demonstrated that two effectors, Avr2 and Six5, from the fungus Fusarium oxysporum are required for ETI in the tomato. Furthermore, Avr2 and Six5 interact at the PD, and Avr2 moves from cell to cell in the presence of Six5, causing disease in susceptible plants. However, HR is induced when the I-2 protein recognizes Avr2 in the xylem-adjacent cell of the resistant plant (Cao et al. 2018). The electrophysical study of HR induced by the effector avrRpt2 revealed the occurrence of a rapid, irreversible depolarization of the membrane that might propagate through the PD (Pike et al. 2005).

Systemic acquired resistance.

Activation of the abovementioned local defense signaling might lead to the induction of cell-to-cell communication and execution defense responses at the systemic level, known as systemic acquired resistance (SAR) (Fig. 1E). In addition, SAR can be described as the fourth level of defense response because it ensures enhanced resistance against the subsequent pathogenic challenge. Furthermore, SAR activation depends on two signaling pathways to generate signaling molecules, such as azelaic acid and glycerol-3-phosphate: (i) SA and the signaling protein NONEXPRESSOR OF PATHOGENESIS-RELATED GENES 1 (NPR1) and (ii) ROS and nitric oxide (Singh et al. 2017). The SAR signaling molecule is transported from the site of infection to distantly located uninfected tissues.

Moreover, SA moves apoplastically, whereas azelaic acid and glycerol-3-phosphate both use the symplastic route to track the vasculature and eventually distribute to systemic tissues (Lim et al. 2016; Yu et al. 2013). Defective in induced resistance 1 (DIR1) is a lipid transfer protein involved in SAR, moving symplastically (Carella et al. 2015). When these signals arrive at systemic tissues, they initiate the de novo synthesis of defense-related molecules, which could lead to activating SAR (Lim et al. 2016; Singh et al. 2017; Yu et al. 2013).

The PDLPs interact and modulate the stability of SAR components. For instance, azelaic acid induced 1 (AZI1), a DIR1-interacting protein required for SAR, interacts with PDLP1 and PDLP5. In addition, PDLP1 and PDLP5 are required for AZI1 stability, and the loss of either PDLP1 or PDLP5 leads to the delocalization of AZI1 to chloroplasts (Carella et al. 2015; Lim et al. 2016). The systemic movement of DIR1 is also abolished in plants overexpressing PDLP1 and PDLP5, indicating that feedback regulation through PD is crucial for long-distance SAR signaling (Carella et al. 2015). It is suggested that PDLPs involved in SAR retain their localization to PD but PDLPs can relocalize to different cell compartments during defense (Caillaud et al. 2014).

Another mobile element contributing to SAR is pipecolic acid. Pipecolic acid functions upstream of nitric oxide or ROS, azelaic acid, and glycerol-3-phosphate pathways and is synthesized by aberrant growth and death 2 (AGD2)-like defense response protein 1. Wang et al. (2018) demonstrated that the accumulation of pipecolic acid and expression of AGD2-like defense response protein 1 are induced by the activation of the MAPK enzymes MPK3 and MPK6 and the phosphorylation of downstream WRKY33, suggesting the critical role of MAPK signaling in SAR establishment.

CELL-TO-CELL COMMUNICATION, HORMONES, AND DEFENSE

Plant hormones such as auxin, gibberellins (GA), abscisic acid (ABA), cytokinins (CK), SA, ethylene (ET), jasmonates Vol. 35, No. 2, 2022 / 101


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 (JA), brassinosteroids, and strigolactones, play essential roles in integrating developmental and environmental cues. Although these are transported through the PD, many (e.g., SA, JA, GA, and auxin) regulate PD permeability under stress (Farmer et al. 2014; Han et al. 2014; Wang et al. 2013). In addition to the intercellular movement, phytohormones are detected in the phloem sap (e.g., SA), suggesting that plants may strategically use these micromolecules as signaling molecules at the local or systemic level (Lee and Frank 2018). Pathogens have evolved to manipulate the host defense system by producing hormones or their functional mimics or exploiting their antagonistic relationships and complex crosstalk. Selected hormones involved in defense and PD regulation are discussed below.

SA.

The accumulation of SA is required for both basal and induced immune responses (Fu and Dong 2013). A recent study found that intercellular communication during ETI is essential for cell survival (Zavaliev et al. 2020). Moreover, HR in distal tissue from the infection site promotes SA-inducing NPR1 condensation, in which NPR1 associates with an E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, and stress-related proteins are targeted to the proteasome. This phenomenon was not observed in the npr1 mutant, indicating that NPR1 is required for cell survival and inhibits ETI in secondary infections (Mittag and Strader 2020).

Although manipulating hormone signaling may confer resistance in plants, their constitutive induction also leads to pleiotropic effects on plant growth. This can, however, be avoided by the spatiotemporal regulation of gene expression. For example, a rice-blast-resistant plant was produced using controlled transcription and translation of NPR1 without affecting the growth and yield (G. Xu et al. 2017).

A molecular link between the regulation of immunity, hormonal signaling, and PD permeability has also been demonstrated. A PD-resident protein required for PD closure and basal immunity, PDLP5 is expressed at a low level in the absence of a pathogen attack. However, the expression is increased upon a pathogenic attack and the exogenous application of SA (Lee et al. 2011). Overexpression of PDLP5 reduced the PD permeability but both overexpression and loss of function result in a compromised SAR (Lim et al. 2016).

Another study found that the exogenous application of SA induces callose deposition and regulates PD closure (Wang et al. 2013). Callose synthase genes CALS1 and CALS8 are upregulated by an increased level of SA and ROS, respectively, both playing a role in PD closure (Cui and Lee 2016). A recent study demonstrated that SA triggers PD closure by reorganizing the PM lipid raft nanodomain (Huang et al. 2019). In addition, SA modulates the lipid raft-regulatory protein remorin (which is crucial for PM nanodomain assembly) and triggers the compartmentalization of the lipid raft nanodomain. This action results in the closure of the PD to restrict the spread of the virus (Huang et al. 2019). A remorin from Nicotiana (REM4) was recently found to interact with the effector HopZ1a, inducing ETI (Albers et al. 2019).

JA.

Plants produce JA, which can be apoplastically or symplastically transported from cell to cell as a defense hormone against various pathogens (Li et al. 2017; Mielke et al. 2011). Plants overexpressing PDLP5 have high JA in exudates and a reduced size exclusion limit, suggesting lower symplastic access of JA to the phloem (Lim et al. 2016). In addition, RipE1, an effector from Ralstonia solanacearum, is delivered in the host through the Hrp type III secretion system. Moreover, RipE1 is a protease that degrades the JAZ repressor and induces the expression of JA-responsive genes. The induction of JA signaling suppresses SA signaling and helps bacteria establish successful infection and bacterial wilt through ETS (Nakano and Mukaihara 2019).

Auxin.

Auxin regulates growth and development, which may be closely linked to defense signaling (Kazan and Manners 2009). Despite being a small and expectedly freely diffusible molecule, its tissue gradient is highly regulated across the PD through de novo callose deposition (Han et al. 2014). The auxin-PD-callose feedback loop regulates the symplastic transport of auxin in the hypocotyl and leaf for the phototropic response in the root for lateral root emergence (Gao et al. 2020; Sager et al. 2020). The reduction of enzyme activity such as GLS8/CalS10 (an enzyme involved in callose synthesis) indicates reduced apoplastic auxin transport and increased PD permeability (Han et al. 2014). The synthesis of callose suppresses cell death induced by a low calcium level. In addition, GSL10/CalS9 is required to alleviate defense response and cell-wall damage under low calcium conditions (Shikanai et al. 2020). Furthermore, GSL8 interacts with PDLP5 and GSL10 (Saatian et al. 2018). Symplastic transport of other signaling agents, including macromolecules, might be regulated by auxin or regulated with cross-talk in different pathways (Band 2021; Han et al. 2014). Overall, these data point to an intricate signaling network of defense (calcium signaling and callose synthesis) and hormone (auxin) transportation through the PD.

ABA.

ABA is known to play a role in stomatal immunity (closure of the stomata after PAMP perception to restrict pathogen entry) against a broad spectrum of pathogens. However, ABA perception through the PYR1 receptor modulates the cross-talk between SA and ET signaling, redirecting the defense outcome (García-Andrade et al. 2020). Overexpression of ERF8, an ABA-inducible transcriptional repressor, negatively regulates ABA-mediated signaling and induces PCD in plants. In addition to accumulating apoplastic ROS, ABA signaling plays a role in bud dormancy and biotic stress such as the cell-to-cell spread of viruses and fungi by regulating the PD permeability through callose deposition, the number of PD, and the formation of a secondary PD (Alazem and Lin 2017; Kitagawa et al. 2019). The antiviral role of ABA is also achieved by the induced expression of RNA-silencing pathway genes (Alazem and Lin 2017).

CK.

A recent study found that CK induces systematic immunity in the tomato against fungi, dependent on SA and ET (Gupta et al. 2020). The exogenous application of CK also enhances the formation of a secondary PD in Sinapis alba (Ormenese et al. 2006). The PD callose regulates the long-distance movement of CK (Bishopp et al. 2011).

ET and GA.

The role of ET and GA in immunity has been extensively studied (De Bruyne et al. 2014; Guan et al. 2015). However, its dual function in regulating PD permeability and immunity is not yet reported. Moreover, P. syringae effector HopAF1, whose translocation is regulated by PDLPs during ETI, blocks ET induction to suppress immunity (Washington et al. 2016). In addition, GA regulates PD permeability, presumably through PD-associated β-1,3 glucanase, and the expression of PDBG mRNAs requires GA during development and stress (Rinne et al. 2001; Wu and Bradford 2003). Due to this evidence, it would be interesting to study how ET and GA (individually or through hormonal cross-talk) regulate cell-to-cell communication during plant-pathogen interaction (Table 1). 102 / Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions


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It was a strange gathering. In this magnificent mountain region, which ten or so years previously had still swarmed with savage Circassians, on the slope of a Caucasian height, was this cheerful European party, comfortably arranged in the thick grass around a huge shining samovar, with two sturdy Cossacks and the horses grazing in the background as a picturesque setting.

The tea gave an inner warmth, the sun glowed from above, several faces were beaded with drops of sweat, what did it matter! The Chinese nectar fulfilled its duty. Whenever I saw such a party of Russians around the samovar, and then noticed how their faces became radiant, their eyes gleamed with satisfaction, their lips became inclined for mirth and conversation, and even their gestures and movements acquired a greater vivacity, I always used to think that tea is to the Russians almost what water is to the fish, a vital element in which they must be continually splashing about, if they are not to lose their proper humor. From the samovar comes the breath of the Russian animation.

“What were you arguing about so excitedly just now?” asked Anna Kirilovna suddenly.

“About something which I expect is of little interest to you, darling.” said Tabunov with a smile. “About fame.”

“About fame? You are right. An argument about the preserving of fruit would certainly have interested me more.”

“But,—Anna Kirilovna!” twittered Duňaška. “Do you think so little of fame then? Ah, I should like to be famous. What a pity that I can’t become a General How lovely that would be! You know, like in Lermontov’s poem:

At this she became silent, her face bashfully reddening, and in embarrassment she lowered her little auburn head....but she immediately raised it again, looked round merrily with gleaming eyes, her white teeth flashing with suppressed laughter; she rubbed her hands hastily and wriggled like a chicken among the ashes,—a charming combination of child-like shyness and playfulness.

“Well,” Suslikov chimed in, “we have all expressed our opinions about this subject, but Pavel Semenovič has contributed only a mysterious smile to our discussion. Let us hear your ideas as well, Pavel Semenovič.”

“Yes, yes, Pavel Semenovič,—you also must tell us what you think about fame,” exclaimed the rest.

Tabunov smiled and reflected for a moment. Something like a shadow flitted suddenly across his face, and with his former smile he remarked: “So you are asking me what fame is in my opinion? Very well then, I will tell you. But I warn you that it will take a very long time,—it is a regular history.”

“That doesn’t matter. Let us hear it. We have still plenty of time,” announced the voices of the inquisitive members of the party round about.

While at the touch of Anna Kirilovna’s plump hand the steaming liquid from the silvery falcon’s beak which formed the ornamental cap of the samovar filled his glass, Tabunov rolled a cigarette, whereupon, after taking a hearty gulp of tea and blowing a few whitish rings of fragrant smoke, he began thus: “Last year, one day in the spring, I was in the bazaar, when a Czech settler from Metodějovka came to me and asked me to ride over to see his son who was ill. I promised that I would look in there during the afternoon, and immediately after lunch I galloped on horseback to the Czech settlement near by.”

“Have you paid a visit yet to your fellow countrymen there?” asked the surgeon turning to me, and when I nodded my head in reply, he continued: “Well, you saw there a group of tiny huts standing between the foot of the mountains on one side and the fringe of the impenetrable, marshy forest on the other. As a matter of fact you can catch a glimpse of the village from where we are now.. Besides that one, there are a number of other Czech settlements in this district, Kyrilovka, Glebovka, Vladimirovka, Pavlovka and Varvarovka. Well, our Government wanted to form a settlement of Czechs all over the district which had been left bare after the migration of the Circassians. But somehow or other it was not successful. Why? I do not wish to express a definite opinion on the subject. What is certain is that the whole of this scheme for colonisation fell through. The emigrants cannot carry on agriculture here entire-


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John Brown's Body

 * "John Brown's Body", American marching song
 * John Brown's Body, poem by Stephen Vincent Benét (1928)

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 ly as they are accustomed. It is true that a certain amount of rye and barley,—corn to a smaller extent,—is cultivated, but the chief attention has to be paid to tobacco, vines, maize and cattle breeding. That at least is my view. There is little outlet for the produce. Our people are not used to the climate which is rather unhealthy. Besides that there is the remoteness of this region, the sparse population, the scanty connection with the rest of the world. But I think that in spite of it all the Czech settlers could have prospered here after overcoming the first difficulties and getting used to the character of the country. The soil is fertile, there is an abundance of supplies. If you go over to the Government of Tiflis, you will see there a number of pleasant German settlements; a stone church, a school, neat and inviting cottages built of bricks and beams, covered with vines, with beautiful little gardens in front, everything is orderly and clean, there are stalwart men in German attire, sturdy girls in broad straw hats,—in short, you would imagine that you had been conveyed by magic to some township right in the middle of Germany. But I must cease reflecting about colonisation, and return to my story.

“So I rode to Metodějovka, and on the way my thoughts were occupied with my new patient. From what the father had told me in the morning about his only son, he was not an uninteresting person, especially in our district. I understood that he had completed his studies at school in his native land, and had in fact even attended the University, but he had not finished his studies, he had got hold of various queer ideas, had given up studying, and, to make matters worse, had fallen ill,—in short, he had returned as a worthless student to his father in the country and had remained there. Then his health had gradually improved. But shortly after that, his father had been induced by unfavorable circumstances to emigrate to the Caucasus. He had taken his son with him. The latter was not a suitable partner for this region, where there is a need for strong and industrious hands. The young man then began to fall ill again, and this time he had to take to his bed. As far as I could judge from his father’s brief remarks. he was suffering from a disease of the chest. This was a sad ending for a voung man’s wasted life, here in this distant and lonely foreign country.

“Amid such thoughts I reached the end of my journey. The sick man’s parents. a solemn, elderly farmer, and his statelv middle-aged wife with kind features now filled with sadness, led me amid the freshly whitewashed walls of a low room, the ceiling of which consisted only of logs and planks, and the floor of which was formed of earth stamped down flat. Unvarnished chairs and a table of soft wood, a small mirror decorated with a switch of catkins and a number of tawdry pictures of Saints,—this was the whole furniture. One part of the room was divided off by a plank partition of medium height something like a screen, upon which were pasted little pictures cut out of calendars and papers. Behind it I found my patient.

He was a young man of about twenty-four, of slender build and with a longuish face, the features of which were exactly regular and beautiful, but which nevertheless, and also in spite of the thinness and pallor caused by his illness, could not be called ugly. His pallor was heightened by his thick black hair which in a state of disorder enclosed his high white forehead and his sunken temples and cheeks. His eyes were dark, large and with a kind of dreamy stare. He was lying upon a straw mattress on top of a coarse sheet which covered a wretched bedstead of plain wood, with three ordinary red-striped pillows under his head, and dressed in an old, faded and tattered dressing gown. In the recess behind him, upon the chair by the bed and upon the ground, various books and papers lay scattered in disorder. Upon my arrival he raised himself laboriously from the bed, slipped a pair of worn-out slippers on his feet, and propped himself up with his delicate and almost transparantlytransparently [sic] white hand against the back of the chair. But at that moment he was shaken by a violent and painful fit of coughing, and his weak body sank halfway back on to the bed.

When his coughing had become easier, I addressed him in Czech. I am something of a Panslav, as they call it in Western countries; I have become especially fond of your language, and from grammars and books as well as from frequent contact with the settlers here, I have acquired it sufficiently well to speak it with a fair amount of fluency. I asked him a number of questions directed towards the diagnosis of his illness. He replied briefly. but all at once he asked with a vivid gleam in his eye:—“Are you a Czech, sir?”

“No, but I understand Czech fairly well’ I answered.

“How glad I am of that” said the sick man and added softly: “I am anxious for you, sir, to ask my parents to go out of the room. I should very much like to speak to you alone.”

After looking at him with a slight astonishment, I complied with his request. When we were left alone in the room, the sick man stood up and throwing the books off the chair by the bed, he offered it to me with a weary movement of his hand and a beseeching glance: then he sat or rather sank down on the edge of the bed and pronned himself up with his hands against the bed-post. Through the small windows, from which could be seen the rankly tangled brushwood of the forest close by, pierced a narrow strip of sunshine, which, lightly sprinkling a golden tinge unon the hair by the sick man’s temples, fell like a halo upon the


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 sinall portrait of Byron pasted among the other pictures on the partition.

“I dare say” began the young man in a low voice, and from time to time his speech was interrupted by a fit of coughing, “that my father told you I deserted my studies and ruined my prospects. And yet I have conscientiously fulfilled my task in life. I know very well that I have not much longer to live. Do not shake your head, do not smile comfortingly,—I do not need any consolation. Whether my end comes within a year, or within a week,—I shall die contented. What I was able to accomplish in this short life of mine, I have accomplished. I have worked diligently, of course, my good but simple parents could not appreciate this work, but I have concealed it from others as well. A comparison with the growth of maize forces itself upon my mind; in its green husk, concealed from human eyes, it seethes and ripens until finally the leafy covering withers and falls, and the splendid crop of golden grain emerges to view. In the same way, what I have created in secret will soon come to light. This bodily wrapping will fall and decay, but the fruit will remain and shine for evermore. You are an educated man. Moreover I have had confidence in you from the very first moment I saw you. Well then, I will entrust you with my secret,—I am a poet.”

So he was a poet! So he was a victim of that youthful sickness from which happily the vast majority recover soon after their moustache begins to grow, but which nevertheless causes a few to rhyme themselves gradually to death. In my youth I myself meddled with “The golden strings of the lyre.” But now it is a long time since I even read any poems. I do not care for them, especially lyrical ones. I am not fond of exciting myself over other people’s fantasies, especially as they are always a little artificial. My poem is the starry night, when I am returning on horseback from a patient through the slumbering forest, in whose black chaos glimmers the flowery cynosure of the wild elder-tree which dazes me with the strength of its fragrance. when the thicket in front of me is set asparkle by a swarm of glow-worms, so that it lookes like Moses’ burning bush My poem is the hurricane when it sweeps down with its mighty blast upon our golf. so that masts are shattered, waves beat howling and hissing upon the shore, and the forest shrieks and groans dreadfully. It might be supposed that, holding such opinions as these. I coldly drew the young poet’s attention to the fact that I was not an editor but a doctor, and that I had no time for literary discussions. But actually I felt deep compassion for this young man.

“Yes. I am a poet,” continued the sick man after a while. “Not one of those vain young men who rack their brains with the counting of syllables merely so that they can plume themselves with the name of poets. I am a true poet, one of the elect. Yes, I am,—I am! It is only ecstacy which summons me to song, now, even now it approaches afresh,—it roars like an ocean,—I feel it here in my throbbing temples,—here upon my trembling lips,—here within my quivering breast,—my whole body from head to foot is set astir by this blissful tempest.”

At that moment he was like a different man. He stood up with lifted hand; it seemed as if his limbs had suddenly gained strength and suppleness, movements of fire. His eyes glittered rapturously beneath the arched curve of their delicate brows, his cheeks reddened slightly, his gentle beardless face was at that moment almost beautiful. And his cough had left him for the time being.

It was like the outburst of some mental malady. I pointed out to him that excitement of that sort would do him harm. He sat down again silently and lifting up the pillow, reached deep down beneath the straw mattress. With a trembling hand he drew forth a voluminous pile of paper which was covered with verses. He laid it down upon his lap and slowly turning over the leaves, he continued: “Here you see my life’s work which is now all but completed. I composed the greater part of it here in the Caucasus, but secretly, because my good father would not allow this “everlasting useless writing.” Nobody has yet had a glimpse of these papers, and except you, nobody will see them before my death. I am not concerned about fame during my life time, about appearing in the literary arena, where the feverish bustle of the ambitious, the petty intrigues of rivals, the verdicts of unqualified judges, the applause or abuse of the common rabble tarnish the pure radiance of poetry and poison the soul,—what I am striving after is fame beyond the grave, the wafting of my spirit, as I have embodied it in this poem, above the stream of future ages. But sir, I have an urgent favor to ask of you. I regard you as the one whom fate has sent me as the executor of my will. Are you willing to undertake this task?”

“Oh, you have plenty of time to make your will.” I remarked with a forced smile. “however, if you have a wish and if it is in my power to fulfill it, I shall be glad to be of service to you.”

“Well sir, I want you to take charge of the publication of this work of mine after I am dead. I will give you the names of persons in my country to whom you could apply in this matter. I am certain that you will soon find someone there who would undertake to publish my literary remains. You need only send a copy for their inspection. Perhaps I shall still have time myself—”

“No, you must not write now.” I interrupted him. “I will see to the copy myself. You can rely upon me entirely.”


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 “Thanks, my warmest thanks”, whispered the sick man, at the same time handing me the manuscript of his work. “But for the present please take these poetical remains of mine, and read something of them when you get home, even if it is only few pages. Perhaps you will find some spare time for it. And then tell me candidly, what impression it has made on you. You will be the only man whose opinion I shall hear.”

“But I must confess to you,” I objected, “that I do not know very much about poetry.”

“Oh, every educated man can understand a real poem. Anyhow, your opinion will not change my own opinion in any way. Well, will you grant my second request as well?”

“If it means a lot to you,—with pleasure.”

Embarrassed by the strange task which I had undertaken, I turned the leaves over. The first one was blank. “You have not found a title yet?” I could not help asking.

“I have not even thought about it yet. What does a title matter?”

“And here is a dedication: To the Unknown. Of course you have left this Unknown with your heart on the shores of Vltava?”

“Oh, not at all. She really is unknown to me,—and yet known. I cannot tell, how I am to explain this properly to you. While I was still a child, a bewitching form, a beautiful face, hovered before my imagination,—but I never saw it as a real thing. I might call it my ideal of maidenly beauty. And yet I always felt convinced that it is not mere ideal, that this lovely form does actually live, and that one day I shall certainly meet with it. Now of course I have already abandoned this foolish hope. But in dreams and meditations this vision has accompanied me through my whole life. Nay, more than that. I have seen it not only in dreams and in meditations when my eyes were closed, but at times it hovered in the air before me, as if it were woven from sunbeams, mistily fragile and vet visible. I could almost draw her charming features for you,—only those eyes,—no, not the brush of the greatest master could catch the beauty of those eyes, the radiant blue, like the peaceful surface of the sea, when the gleaming sky is reflected in it. Whether I gazed into the shifting clouds, into the dusk of tangled forest branches, into the drab corner of this room,—her beautiful countenance always emerged from there at the last. My spirit had no place for any other besides her. She was the invisible queen of my heart. How often in imagination have I walked with her through the alluring solitude of old parks, amid the festive stir of splendid halls, in enchanted palaces and gardens of a fairy world. I hope that when my last moment comes, her face will emerge from his ceiling above me, that she will tremblingly descend towards me with open embrace, and that I shall die with her kiss upon my brow as it grows numb.”

This is very much like a fixed idea, I thought to myself. In order to end the conversation, which was causing the sick man more and more excitement, I said as I stood up: “Well then, I will read it through, and I will visit you again the day after tomorrow.”

“I shall be very grateful to you,” declared the young man. “But please bring back the manuscript with you. I will let you have it again later,—if it comes to the worst, you will find it here in the bed, in the hiding-place under my pillow. I only want to finish writing the epilogue now.”

“You must write nothing now,” I urged him insistently; “it would do you a great deal of harm. You must keep your mind completely at rest.”

He said nothing.

I made the necessary medical arrangements with regard to his illness, and having comforted his distressed parents, I galloped back to Novorossijsk, with the voluminous manuscript clutched to my chest. As I passed the last cottage of Metodějovka, I caught sight of a girl running amongst the trees of the dense wood which skirts the roadway. Where the thicket hid the village from me at the bend in the road, the girl suddenly stepped out from behind a tree-trunk. Clearly she had run across the wood so as to intercept me and speak to me without being observed from the village. She called out to me in Czech, and jumped nimbly up to my horse. I stopped.

“What do you want?” I asked.

“I wanted,—to ask you, Doctor,—” stammered the girl in embarrassment.

“Well?”

“—How Jan is.”

“Jan? Ah, the sick student? Why do you want to know? Are you a relative of his?”

I looked at her more closely. She was a sturdy village girl of about eighteen. Good-looking and well-made. She had a pleated kerchief, displaying the fiery color of wild poppy, twisted at the back around her fair hair, which was almost of a whitish color, and her lear brown eyes were full of radiance and life. Her full fresh lips resembled the most beautiful cherries. Her body, dressed in the simple garb of Czech village girls, revealed an abounding vitality, but at the same time a symmetry and beauty of figure. In short, she was a guilelessly alluring village girl in the full fresh bloom of youth and beauty. As I looked at her lowered eyes and the glowing blush with which her face was suffused, I easily guessed all.

“Confess,” I said, pointing my finger in playful threat.

She blushed still more vividly and bent her head. She raised the tip of her flower-pattern apron to her eyes, and when she turned them


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BIRMINGHAM NATURAL HISTORY AND MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY.—August 6th.—. The Chairman made some general remarks upon the recent excursion to Arran, and spoke in rich terms of the cordial disposition displayed by every individual composing the party, which contributed as much towards the general success, He also stated that the unanimous opinion of the party was that the excursion should he for fourteen days, and that it be to Falmouth. Mr. J. F. Goode exhibited a photograph of the steam boat "Lizzie," and described the arrangements on board and the mode of dredging. Mr. W. H. Wilkinson exhibited a number of plants collected in Arran, amongst which were Drosera anglica, Pinguicula lusitanica, Polypodium Phegopteris, P. Drvopteris, Lastrea montana, L. recusea, Asplenium macitimum, and Lycopodium alphinum, Mr. W. R. Hughes made some observations upon some of the mare remarkable specimens which were dredged. These included the rare star fish, Luidia fragilissima, and Carinella lineata, a Turbellarian worm, one of the most handsome and graceful of the whole order, also several Nudibranchiate Mollusca, notably Dota coronaia, Ducis pilosa and Aueilla cristata, new to the district. The collection, which was very numerous, included an undescribed worm, and a species of Goby not vet determined. Mr. Hughes said the specimens would be carefully examined and a further report made. The results with the towing net devised by Mr. Allport were very successful, and included Bipinnaria and larval forms of Echmodermus and living Foraminifera. Mr. Miles exhibited a beautiful series of mounted specimens of Marine Algæ, from Drummadoon Bay.—.—August, 20th, Mr. Rolston exhibited Cristatella mucedo, and the cash shell of a small crab: Mr. M. Browne exhibited the larvæ of the Death’s Head Moth, (Acherontia Atropos) taken in George Street, Spring Hill; and (on behalf of Sir Arthur Scott) two specimens of an African Moth, (Leta renur.)—September 2nd.—. Mr. Bolton exhibited Lacianalaria socialis; Mr. J. Levick exhibited Actinophrys Eichhoruii in conjugation, and Spirostomum ambiguum. Mr. T. J. Slatter exhibited Fredericella sultana and Paludicella Ehrenbergi, from near Redditch. Mr. W. Southall exhibited the following plants, from the Lake district:—Parnassia palustris, Utricularia vulgaris, Saxifraga stellaris, S. aizoides, Lycopodium selaginoides, Equisetum sylvaticum, and Oxyria reniformis.—On Monday, September 16th, an excursion took place, when about sixty ladies and gentlemen visited Malvern and Eastnor Park and Castle. The party left Birmingham at 9.30. Carriages were in waiting at Malvern Link to convey the visitors to the British Camp. After luncheon the Rev. W. S. Symonds, of Pendock, near Tewkesbury, delivered a graphic and interesting address on the geological and historical features of the Malvern range, Afterwards a portion of the party walked over the hills to Eastnor. Mr. Symonds' intimate acquaintance with the neighbourhood eminently qualified him for his position of guide, and enabled him to point out the numerous objects of interest both on the hills and in the distance. On Midsummer Hill, Mr. J. T. Burgess, of Worcester, gave a brief description of the British Camp formerly existing on that spot, and also indicated the probable site of the camp occupied by the opposing Roman forces, Having inspected the quarries at Ragged Stone Hill, the party proceeded to Eastnor, where, in the meantime, the Castle and grounds had, by permission of Earl Somers, been visited by another portion of the company. Mr. W. Coleman (the Head Gardener) courteously conducted the members over the grounds, which are most lovely. Having been joined by the contingent who had explored the hills, ample justice was done to an excellent tea provided in a tent adjoining the Somers' Arius Hotel. During tea the Rev. W. S. Symonds gave a short account of the Ragged Stone Hill, and related some interesting legends connected with its history, Votes of thanks were then passed by acclamation to the Rev. W. S. Symonds and Mr. J. T. Bargess, for the admirable way in which they had acted as guides; and to the Right Hon. Earl Somers for his kindness in allowing access to his Castle and grounds. A charming drive to Malvern Link in the fresh autumn air, and then a two hours' ride by rail, brought the party safe back again, everyone being delighted with one of the most enjoyable excursions of the season, the arrangements for which were admirably carried out by the hon. sec., Mr. J. Morley.


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We had to comply. Soon afterwards our caravan was proceeding in the opposite direction down a gradual slope of the mountain into the wooded valley. At first the road led again only through dense thickets, but lower down we were surrounded by a regular leafy forest. Riding was pleasant through the deep hollow, above which on both sides an irregular array of beech, elm, ash, sycamore and other trees, covered with a clinging abundance of various creeping plants, with a thick undergrowth of thorn-bushes, laurel, flowering azaleas and manifold other shrubs, scattered by the wind lay slantwise across the hollow, and from them hung almost to the road way tangled creepers of ivy and honeysuckle, of wild hops and vine; in these spots we had to dismount from our horses and lead them by the bridle under these natural bridges, during which process strips of the tangled green fabric frequently got caught in the saddles. From the dim thicket above the hollow peeped forth many flowers, some of which were truly magnificent, with their large, glowing and many-colored eyes, and also upon the roadway among the ruts tall irises stretched forth their blue or yellow blossoms.

At the foot of the slope the forest opened out before us and disclosed to us a glimpse into the long narrow valley. We were afforded a view of unusually luxuriant vegetation. From both sides along the slope of the picturesque heights extended the shaggy fresh green of the forest down to the bottom, which was completely hidden in an incredible abundance of water-plants. I had never before seen leaves of such a girth and such a height. A very wide area was covered here by circular expanses of foliage which could easily have been used as umbrellas, and all the bottom of the valley, including the invisible stream in its midst, was thicky bespread with these green discs, among which projected the jagged leaves of some other species of plants, attaining almost the height of a grown man. It was as if beneath us in long and serried ranks an army of elves were marching through the valley in that military formation known to the ancients as a “Testudo”; from above I could see nothing but circular green shields and between them jutting green lances.

We rode on through this valley along a rarely frequented road which twined past the edge of the forest and here and there twisted into it. Although there was no trace of human habitation or of grazing herds to be seen anywhere, our journey proceeded nevertheless in the midst of ever-changing and absorbing views. The forest itself around which we ambled, was a perpetual source of delight to our eyes; the most expert of gardeners could not have contrived to form from the various trees, shrubs and creeping plants such manifold and picturesque arrangements of which this grove was composed. Those who are familiar only with the appearance afforded by the foliage in the woods of Central Europe—drab, mossy tree-trunks and green clouds delicately woven from just a few leafy shapes which are generally mingled only in the immediate vicinity of separate tree-tops and easily distinguishable summits,—cannot form any proper idea of this. Here the various trees show the greatest fondness for gathering together in close clusters of rankly intertwined branches and in unchecked entanglements of leafage most varied in shape; there below, one trunk fervidly clings to the other, yonder a vine-stem twists around a third one in huge coils like a boa constrictor; up yonder, leaves large and small, with plain edges and clipped into various patterns, of dark and light green, with coppery and silvery glitter, are woven into a picturesque chaos, amid which diverse tinges of greenish twilight effectively alternate with the fiery gleam of the sui.—And everywhere the wild vine trails with its peculiar charm. As you gaze at such an arrangement, there flits across your mind the thought of a swarm of priests and priestesses of Bacchus, mingling with joyous intoxication in a dancing cluster, around which the loosened vine garlands picturesquely beckon and flutter from the thyrsi, tresses and shoulders.

It was a ride through a park such as no magnate in our country could have procured. At every bend in the zigzag path I was astonished by the fresh and pleasing conjunctions of the forest upon one side, and upon the other by a new and beautiful outlook on to the varegiate green tree-tops, amid which from time to time a glimpse could be caught of the valley at the sides with the bluish silhouette of the mountains in the background.

Our party rode slowly, feasting their eyes upon the sight of this natural beauty, and expanding their lungs with the pure aid which was sheer lustre and fragrance. Insects hummed around the blossoms, in the bright blue sky a bird of prey wheeled here and there, some where beside the path there was a noisy splash in the water; doubtless a water-turtle, scared by the trotting of our horses. We were silent; only Duňaska twittered from time to time snatches of some half melancholy, half merry folk-song,


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 thus compensating us for the lack of singing birds which was the only thing we missed so far in this charming spring landscape.

After riding through the valley for some time, we banched off from the pathway—which led on through the midst of the deserted mountains heaven knows whither—to something which Tabunov certainly designated by the name of road, but which in reality by no means deserved such a name. As we ascended the hill-side on this alleged road behind the surgeon and the Cossacks, I searched in vain upon the ground for any ruts or other traces of conveyances, horses or wayfarers; I saw nothing but high grass, stones and prickly shrubs. Later on in the forest I came to the conclusion that this gap between the dense trees which was narrow and overgrown with lower and sparser shrubs and along which we passed with some difficulty, was the trace of a roadway long since abandoned. And Tabunov partly corroborated my conjecture by informing us that this road was a survival. from Circassian days, and that owing to the remarkable rankness of the vegetation here, it would have long been covered up, if from time to time the Cossacks had not made use of it on their expeditions into the mountains.

It was not over pleasant to ride upon. The horses had to keep out of the way of the thorny brushwood, and our two Cossacks frequently drew the long broad daggers from their leathern scabbards at their sides to elip the long overgrowth of branches and the cross-wise outstretched tendrils and garlands with which the hops and the vine covered in our pathway, as the villagers used to do for a wedding procession. From the forest we then rode out on to a stony level where a deadly heat blazed down on to us, sweltering from above and below, and from where we had a difficult task to mount across the boulders along a bare steep hill-side to a rocky ravine from which we caught a discouraging glimpse of the troublesome road to the high stony slope opposite. To this we could at the most look forward like Eulenspiegel because of the journey down again, but this journey was even worse than the upward one. And so it went on the whole time.

Our humor became less cheerful. I myself no longer even looked at the landscape. It is difficult to take any pleasure in picturesque views when the sweat is trickling in streams from your forehead, when your jaded limbs grow aching and numb, and your cramped knees are chafed by a feeling as if they were being cut into two with a saw. Duňaška stopped singing. Suslikov had started some mordant argument with Aglaja Andrejevna, but they soon gave it up; argue, if you will, when your tongue is being perpetually threatened by jolts, and when at a most telling point in your speech your opponent suddenly disappears behind a boulder.

During this journey the ladies had to dismount from their horses several times, and upon us younger men devolved the more or less agreeable duty of helping them across the worst obstacles. Anna Kirilovna was especially insistent in her demands upon our support, and the task of helping her along was all the more laborious, since in addition to the burden of her capacious charms it was necessary at the same time to bear the brunt of her continual lamentations and reproaches: “Oh, oh—what a journey!—dear, dear!—how terribly hot it is!—my poor darlings (this was intended for the girls, who with a smile and as nimbly as fawns, were leaping across the stones)—what a hard time you are having! oh, Pavel Semenovitch, have you no conscience?—This is an outrageous sin, to lead us astray among such horrible precipices and abysses.”

The sinner obstinately held his peace. But all at once, as we were riding out towards the wood on the spacious projection of a peak, he stopped his horse and exclaimed, pointing to the little wood: “We are at our journey’s end, ladies and gentlemen. Look, there is the aúl—aúl—well, I do not know its name. Imagine, if you like, that this is the same Circassian aúl in which Pushkin’s prisoner of the Caucasus spent his days in grievous hardship and his nights in secret wooing of the unhappy Circassian girl.”

We stopped and looked more closely at the place which the surgeon pointed out, but we could see only the little wood which was indeed of recent growth and not very high, but extremely dense and full of wild beauty. And yet Tabunov was right—it was a decayed Circassian village of bygone times.

A decayed village. What a depth of poetry reposes in these words. Imagine in the slumbering depths of the forest a group of half-ruined cottages, or rather only the remains of low walls in the interior of which among ferns and heather there is a rank growth of dense briar which thrusts its prickly branches with wild roses through the cavities of the windows. The deserted scene of former human activity with its joys and sorrows, with its love and hatred is concealed and grown over by the victorious forest with its thick branches, through the gaps in which a sun-ray seldom penetrates into the dull, mysterious dusk and plays like a will-o-the-wisp on the rich velvety moss from which compassionate nature is weaving a green shroud for the dead village. Perhaps you also imagine in its midst a half-ruined chapel into whose bare interior the branches of old oak trees force their way through the Gothic windows and with their thick leafage replace the fallen roof, and in whose moss-covered belfry with its rusty cross instead of the sacred chimes only the song of the forest birds now resounds.

Well, the decayed Circassian village, before which we stood, presented a somewhat different appearance. The mountain hamlets in the Cau-


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 casus bear a strange resemblance to ruins, even before they are destroyed. You can see somewhere under a rock or upon a rock a heap of low, flat-rooted huts densely packed together and forming in appearance only a single terrace-like mass, in which can be seen only the narrow lines of windows like loop-holes in a castle wall. The whole thing is not distinguished in color from the rocky background. Sometimes a tapering, pinnacle turret projects from the aúl, and then such a village reminds you very strongly of some of the ruined masses of rock in Bohemia. That is generally the appearance of a Caucassian mountaneer’s hamlet, and that, no doubt, had been the appearance of this one as well. But its inhabitants, the Circassians, had deserted it, enemies had destroyed it, and the terribly luxuriant nature of the Caucasus held sway over a bare pile of stones. In the comparatively short number of years since the last inhabitant of the village had departed from his native treshold, nature had contrived to enwrap these ruins with an almost impenetrable forest thicket.

When with the help of our daggers we lad hacked a pathway to the ruins through the Gordian knots of clinging plants and thorn-bushes, it was with difficulty that we could distinguish a half-fallen stone hut; around the twisted walls there was a rank growth of prickly shrubs and weeds spread densely almost to the flat roofs, where huge ferns and other plants were mouldering in the shadow of thickly interwoven branches with which the young trees veiled the empty hut; in the low entrance a snake rose up and hissed, as if it wanted to prevent the intruders from making their way into the hut, of which it was now the sole inhabitant. And at the back could be seen, as far as the eye could at all penetrate the wild thicket, several other such ruins, which were more like a waste pile of stones overgrown with vegetation. The surgeon informed us that amid this desolation we should neither find nor see anything particular, and so we returned—all the more willingly, since any further penetration into this wild chaos which was inhabited by snakes and other reptiles, would have caused us much exertion and unpleasantness.

We mounted still further on to the flat mountain-ridge, and there we pitched our tents. Of course, only in a figurative sense. In spite of the scorching noon-tide sun, we had no need of artificial covering; a group of bushy trees with a thick undergrowth of shrubs, afforded us all shady and fragrant shelter. It was a delightful little spot with which the apostles would probably have been even more pleased than they were on the peak of Mount Tabor.

Thence upon all sides we had a captivating view of the surrounding mountains which filled the landscape along the horizon with billows of various form and size. Here was everything that the heart of a painter could desire; mountains and valleys covered with thick forests in all shades of green, fantastic rocks of various colors, delightful blossoming hollows, charming quiet dales, in the distance snowy peaks half concealed by a torn veil of mist, and then the sea appeared through the cleft of a distant rock like a moist sapphire-colored eye—but yet something was missing. There was no town which spread itself out in a valley, no tower which peeped forth behind the forests, no cottage which nestled against quiet hill-sides, no sign of a peasant, a shepherd or a forester which animated the landscape, nowhere could be seen a garden or a plot of land, nor any sign whatever of human life—amid a deep and holy calm nature alone held sway here in her utter beauty and magnificence.

On the western side of the flat mountain-ridge upon which we had ensconced ourselves, the mountain descended by a suddeh and almost vertical precipice into a deep inaccessible hollow filled with wild forest; our view in this direction was shut off by a rather beautiful young ash-tree, growing above the edge of the abyss isolated in the picturesque embrace of rich vine-tendrils, like a slender youth in the arms of a passionate girl.

Having feasted our gaze, we saw to it that our appetites were also satisfied. For a considerable while jaws were busy upon various wings, thigh-bones and similar matters, and finally the inevitable samovar again glittered in the midst of the party.

At first, as was natural, conversation centred around the decayed Circassian village and the Circassians generally, and in the course of this the curious circumstance was remarked upon by various persons that we were able to sit here so peacefully and undisturbedly gossiping in the midst of a region where only a short time previously the valiant nation of mountaneers dwell untroubled in their stone retreats, devoted with a fanatical love to Islam and their wild liberty. But suddenly Uljana, who during this conversation had fixed her dreamy eyes in silence upon the grass, turned to the surgeon with the bashful question: “But what else happened to the sick man in the Czech settlement, Pavel Semenovitch?”

“Of course, of course—first of all you must finish your rather lengthy definition of fame,” added Suslikov facetiously, and the others also joined him in this request.

And Tabunov continued his narrative thus:

“First of all you perhaps want to know whether the poetical accomplishments of my patient were real or only a sick man’s fancy. Don’t be afraid, Aglaja, I am not going to launch forth into a literary and critical analysis, for which I feel neither desire nor qualification. I will merely tell you this: On the evening of the same day that I returned from Metodějovka, I was lying tired out in bed, and with a yawn I took up a book to read a few pages, according to my


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 clean beast of dishonest idleness. "The Bend" is the home of the tramp as well as the rag-picker.

It is not much more than twenty years since a census of "the Bend" district returned only twenty-four of the six hundred and nine tenements as in decent condition. Three-fourths of the population of the "Bloody Sixth" Ward were then Irish. The army of tramps that grew up after the disbandment of the armies in the field, and has kept up its muster-roll, together with the in-rush of the Italian tide, have ever since opposed a stubborn barrier to all efforts at permanent improvement. The more that has been done, the less it has seemed to accomplish in the way of real relief, until it has at last become clear that nothing short of entire demolition will ever prove of radical benefit. Corruption could not have chosen ground for its stand with better promise of success. The whole district is a maze of narrow, often unsuspected passage-ways—necessarily, for there is scarce a lot that has not two, three, or four tenements upon it, swarming with unwholesome crowds. What a birds-eye view of "the Bend" would be like is a matter of bewildering conjecture. Its everyday appearance, as seen from the corner of Bayard Street on a sunny day, is one of the sights of New York.

Bayard Street is the high road to Jewtown across the Bowery, picketed from end to end with the outposts of Israel. Hebrew faces, Hebrew signs, and incessant chatter in the queer lingo that passes for Hebrew on the East Side attend the curious wanderer to the very corner of Mulberry Street. But the moment he turns the corner the scene changes abruptly. Before him lies spread out what might better be the market-place in some town in Southern Italy than a street in New York—all but the

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