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 Mr. Perkwite looked his astonishment.

"You mean—he had it on him when he was murdered?" he asked.

"So it's believed," replied Mr. Pawle.

"In that case it might form a clue," said the barrister.

"When it's heard of," admitted Mr. Pawle, with a grim smile. "Not till then!"

"From what we have heard," remarked Viner, "Ashton carried that diamond in the pocketbook which contained his papers—the papers you have told me of, and some of which have certainly come into possession of this claimant person. Now, whoever stole the papers, of course got the diamond."

Mr. Perkwite seemed to consider matters during a moment's silence; finally he turned to the old lawyer.

"I have been thinking over something that might be done," he said. "I see that the coroner's inquest was adjourned. Now, as that inquest is, of course, being held to inquire into the circumstances of Ashton's death, I suggest that I should come forward as a witness and should prove that Ashton showed certain papers relating to the Ellingham peerage to me at Marseilles; I can tell the story, as a witness. It can then be proved by you, or by Carless, that a man claiming to be the missing Lord Marketstoke showed these stolen papers to you. In the meantime, get the coroner to summon this man as a witness, and take care that he's brought to the court. Once there, let him be asked how he came into possession of these papers? Do you see my idea?"

"Capital!" exclaimed Mr. Pawle. "An excellent


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 notion! Much obliged to you, Perkwite. It shall be done—I'll see to it at once. Yes, to be sure, that will put this fellow in a tight corner."

"Don't be surprised if he hasn't some very clever explanation to give," said the barrister warningly. "The whole thing is evidently a well-concocted conspiracy. But when is the adjourned inquest?"

"Day after tomorrow," replied Mr. Pawle, after glancing at his desk-diary.

"And tomorrow morning," remarked Viner, "Hyde comes up before the magistrate again, on remand."

He was half-minded to tell Mr. Pawle there and then of his secret dealings with Methley that day, but on reflection he decided that he would keep the matter to himself. Viner had an idea which he had not communicated even to Methley. It had struck him that the mysterious deux ex machina who was certainly at the back of all this business might not improbably be so anxious about his schemes that he would, unknown and unsuspected, attend the magistrates' court. Would Hyde, his wits sharpened by danger, be able to spot him as the muffled man of Lonsdale Passage?

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Author:Mary Catherine Rowsell

Works

 * The Spirit of the Giant Mountains: A Series of Fairy Tales  (1864)
 * Abbots' Crag: A Tale  (1872)
 * Plays for Home Performance: Thornrose and Sparkledor; Riquet with the Tuft  (1874)
 * Saint Nicolas' Eve, and Other Tales  (1876)
 * Love Loyal  (1878)
 * Jeannette  (1880)
 * Hymns and Narrative Verses for Children (third edition)  (1882)
 * Tales of Filial Devotion: Examples of the Faithful Heroism of Girls, Drawn from French History  (1883)
 * Number Nip; or, the Spirit of the Giant Mountains  (1884)
 * Traitor or Patriot? A Tale of the Rye-House Plot  (1884)
 * The Pedlar and his Dog  (1885)
 * Miss Vanbrugh: A Stage Story  (1885)
 * Fisherman Grim  (1886)
 * Sepperl the Drummer-Boy  (1886)
 * The Silver Dial  (1886)
 * Hans the Painter  (1887)
 * Hatto's Tower and Other Stories  (1887)
 * The Red House  (1888)
 * John a' Dale; or, The King and the Tinker.  (1889)
 * Whips of Steel  (1889)
 * The Story of a Queen  (1890)
 * Thorndyke Manor  (1890)
 * Petronella; and Madame Ponowski  (1891)
 * Richard's Play: A Comedietta, in One Act  (1892)
 * The Friend of the People  (1894)
 * The Green Men of Norwell, and Other Stories  (1896)
 * France: The Children's Study  (1897)
 * The Boys of Fairmead  (1898)
 * Honour Bright  (1899)
 * Dick of Temple Bar  (1900)
 * The Last Link  (1902)
 * My Lady's Favour, a Comedy by M. C. Rowsell and E. G. Howell  (1903)
 * The Life-Story of Charlotte de la Trémoille: Countess of Derby  (1905)
 * The Wild Swans, or, The Adventure of Roland Cleeve  (1905)
 * Monsieur de Paris: a Romance  (1907)
 * Ninon de L'Enclos and Her Century  (1910)
 * The Sea-King's Son and Fisherman Grim  (1920)

title: Author:Mary Catherine Rowsell


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 "There is my Lord Beaconsfield."

"Powerful—but a dolt."

"Well," thought Vivian, "it must out at last; and so to it boldly. And, Mr. Cleveland, there is little fear that we may secure the powerful interest, and tried talents of— the Marquess of Carabas."

"The Marquess of Carabas!" almost shrieked Mr. Cleveland, as he started from his seat and paced the room with hurried steps; and the greyhound and the Newfoundland jumped up from their rug, shook themselves, growled, and then imitated their master in promenading the apartment, but with more dignified and stately paces.—"The Marquess of Carabas! Now, Mr. Grey, speak to me with the frankness which one high-bred gentleman should use to another;—is the Marquess of Carabas privy to this application?"

"He himself proposed it."

"Then, Sir, is he baser than even I con-

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 appear a broken-hearted man. He lived neither as a recluse, nor a misanthrope. He became extremely addicted to field sports, especially to hunting the wild boar; for he feared nothing so much as thought, and dreaded nothing so much as the solitude of his own chamber. He was an early riser, to escape from hideous dreams; and at break of dawn, he wandered among the wild passes of the Bergstrasse; or climbing a lofty ridge, was a watcher for the rising sun; and in the evening he sailed upon the star-lit Neckar.

I fear me much, that Vivian Grey is a lost man; but, I am sure that every sweet and gentle spirit, who has read this sad story of his fortunes, will breathe a holy prayer this night, for his restoration to society and to himself.

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Page:AModestEnquiryIntoTheNatureOfWitchcraft.djvu/2

 Title Page

Page 1

A Modest Enquiry Into the Nature of Witchcraft, AND How Persons Guilty of that Crime may be Convicted: And the means used for their Discovery Discussed, both Negatively and Affirmatively, according to SCRIPTURE and EXPERIENCE. By John Dale, Pastor of the Church of Christ in Beverley, Anno Domini 1697. When they say unto you, seek unto them that have Familiar Spirits and unto Wizzards, that peep, and c To the Law and to the Testimony; if they speak not according, to this word, it is because there is no light in them, Isaiah VIII. 19, 20. That which I see not teach thou me, Job 34. 32. BOSTON in N. E. Printed by B. Green, and J. Alten, for Benjamin Eliot under the Town House. 1702.

Page 2

Any general Custom against the Law of God is void. St. Germans Abridgment of Common Law. Lib. 1. C. 6. Omnium legum est inanis censura nisi Divin legis imaginem gerat. Finch of Common Law. Lib. 4. C. 3. Where a Law is grounded upon a Presumption, if the Presumption fail the Law is not to be holden in Conscience. Abridgment of C. Law. Lib. 1. C. 19.

To the Reader

Page 3

An Epistle to the READER. It hath been said of Old, That Time is the Mother of Truth, and Truth is the Daughter of Time. It is the Prerogative of the God of Truth, to know all the truth in all things at once and together: It is also his Glory to conceal a matter, Prov. 25. 2. And to bring the truth to light in that manner and measure, and the times appointed, as it pleaseth him; it is our duty in all humility, and with fear and trembling to search after truth, knowing that secret things belong to God, and only things revealed belong to us, and so far as they are revealed; for in many things it may be said what God is doing we know not now; but we, or others that succeed us; shall know hereafter. Omitting other Examples, I shall Instance only in the matter of Witchcraft, which on the Humane side, is one of the most hidden Works of Darkness, managed by the Rulers of the darkness of this World, to the doing of great spoil amongst the Children of men: And on the Divine side, it is one of the most awful and tremendous


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 When everybody from the man who loves me, for whom I have renounced my rank, my position, without so much as one regret, down to the humblest servant and the shopkeeper who waits upon me to sell me some trinket, and the beggar who follows me down the street, when everybody insists upon reminding me that I am Princess of Suavia, neither in my actions nor in my appearance nor in my expenditures can I cease to be so. The honors which the government of Suavia denies me officially, the world returns to me privately, for its own advantage. It is utterly useless to say: "I am merely a woman, like any other woman, who is in love, who wishes to be happy, to be forgotten, without being responsible for her conduct to anybody." Immediately the world is up in arms: "No, Your Highness! It is impossible! To us you are always the Princess—Princess Helena of Suavia!" The Emperor assured me that I had forfeited popular respect through my foolishness, but I have never been so much respected, nor treated with so much consideration, nor so beprincessed as now. That is why I could not help being pleased when that roué took me for a disreputable woman, and I showed it. For the first time in my life I found out what I really looked like.

. Have pity on my poor nerves! I never listened to such conversation. Surely you did not imagine that anybody was going to forget who you are? If we did, you would be the last person to thank us for it. Being treated like a princess is not what you object to; it is the difficulty of making both ends meet while you submit to the process.

. It may be so. It is impossible to continue as we are doing now.

. Although the crisis will be a passing one. The Emperor cannot afford to permit his niece

. When it is a question of spending money, the Emperor cannot afford anything.


text: Author:Kasson Stanford Gibson

title: Author:Kasson Stanford Gibson


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. In that contingency

. I have considered several alternatives, but Herr Rosmer disapproves of all of them. They are incorrect, he says—beneath the dignity of a princess.

. Undoubtedly, although the impropriety would be merely a matter of form. In the end the Emperor will be obliged to pay. Of that we may be certain.

. I hope so, to avoid an open scandal. The difficulty is that Albert is opposed to scandals. He believes that the Emperor will consent to my divorce, and then we shall be able to return to Suavia and live like princes.

. I doubt it. The Emperor will never consent that a princess of Imperial blood should suffer divorce.

. And he is perfectly right. All divorce is ridiculous. Besides, it destroys the only certainty which there is to marriage—the certainty that you will never be able to do it again. I no longer give divorce a second thought; it leads nowhere. Suppose I were to marry Herr Rosmer now after all this talk? It would be too much like the table of errata at the end of a book, when you have read the book. It corrects nothing and recalls everything.

. Do you see? That fellow again. Move on. He is capable

. Let us find out of what he is capable. Whatever it is, it will not shock me.

. Baroness von—von… Pardon if the title escapes my mind.

. Von Rosenberg.

. In my confusion, consequent upon my regrettable mistake, I neglected to offer my apologies as a gentleman, to beg pardon of the Baroness and of Her Highness


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. Duchess, if you please. Her Highness is travelling incognito.

. Pardon. Her Highness will always be Her Highness to me.

. And to everybody else. It makes no matter.

. I might say in my defense that I approached Your Highness only at the suggestion of the Comte de Tournerelles, as his private secretary. The Comte is somewhat near-sighted. He supposed

. Quite naturally. In this cosmopolis where everybody pretends to be what they are not, it is not surprising that a princess should be taken for a cocotte where there are so many cocottes who are taken for princesses.

. Did you say the Comte de Tournerelles? Not that Comte who enjoys the reputation for spending money? Why, they call him— I beg your pardon; I forgot that you were his secretary.

. Not at all; it is no secret. In Paris they dub him the "Little Chocolateer," as the origin of his fortune was in chocolate. His grandfather arrived in Paris without a sou to his name, and established a small factory.

. Needless to add that he came barefoot; it is the legend of all great fortunes.

. However, after living in Paris twenty years conducting a modest factory, he branched out suddenly into other lines, bought land, and commenced to build houses.

. All of them dispensing chocolate?

. Or with it, as the case might be. To-day his grandson is a multimillionaire, and a Comte. He has attracted more attention in Paris, such as it is, over a longer period of years, than any other person still living, except Sarah Bernhardt and Otero. He sets the fashions.


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. Including those in Parisian beauties, according to my information. Was not the celebrated Diana de Lys a creation of his?

. Are you referring to the Comtesse Diana de Lys?

. Ah! So he has also made her Comtesse?

. She is an extraordinarily intelligent woman, who dominates the Comte by her ability. She is able to do with him whatever she wants, even to the point of marriage, which is exactly what she wants.

. Do you know, this gossip interests me? These people fight, they live

. They do; and you will find plenty of them here. No doubt Your Highness's life has been rather retired, as unquestionably is better suited to the tastes of Your Highness; it facilitates without attracting attention. Did you ever hear of the Wilf and Wulf Concerts Company?

. What was the name of the company?

. A most ingenious device for preparing the ground so that one may meet everybody, whatever one may have in mind, all the while apparently in the exclusive pursuit of art—that is to say, Wilf's music. An immense theatre is to be erected—nothing else is mentioned in public. Perhaps Your Highness would be interested to attend a little concert at the Comte's villa? The Comte would deem it a great honor if you would accept his invitation.

. I should be charmed. You said, did you not, that the company would be rather mixed?

. Highness!

. Oh! The guests will all be distinguished people. His Highness, Prince Stephen, has promised to be present.


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. I am so sorry! I am not on the best of terms with my cousin; I find him entirely too serious.

. Your Highness! You cannot appear at a function at which Prince Stephen is present. You would be obliged to meet his wife, la Königsberg, a comic-opera singer.

. Of course, in my position I am obliged to be particular. Baroness, you amuse me.

. Highness, I am deeply grieved; I must positively give you up. You play havoc with my most cherished convictions.

. Nonsense! We left our convictions behind us when we left Suavia. Tell the Comte that I shall be delighted to accept his invitation and to attend his concert.

. Oh!

. The Comte will be greatly pleased. I bow, Your Highness… Baroness, a word. A moment with you alone…

. Sir! Do you intend to offer me another hundred-franc note?

. No, it is something worth your while this time.

. Sir!

. Don't be nervous. I am told that Her Highness is negotiating a loan. She has encountered difficulties, as the sum is considerable.

. Oh, Baroness!

. Just a minute. How interesting!… So you know, then?

. The Comte will be glad to oblige Her Highness and to assist the negotiations by any means in his power.

. No, no! Impossible! I did not know that the Comte was in this business.


text:
Author:Rosalie Koch

Works

 * Rübezahl volume 1 (1845)
 * ‘Once Upon a Time’ translated by Charles Nordhoff (1858)
 * The Spirit of the Giant Mountains translated by Mary Catherine Rowsell (1864)
 * Silesian Folk Tales (The Book of Rübezahl) retold by James Lee and James Thomas Carey (1915)

title: Author:Rosalie Koch


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RV 443 (ANSWER.])


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 pledge the health of an infernal spirit, in order to have a confidant."

"Meanwhile my new companion had stretched himself upon the grass, and I followed his example."

"Thy brandy has given me new life," said I, "we must be better acquainted with each other."

"He struck fire and lighted his pipe."

"Is it long since thou hast carried on this trade?"

"He stared at me—"What means that question?"

"I took the knife from his girdle, resuming, "Has this instrument done much execution."


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 "Who art thou?" he roared in a terrible accent, flinging his pipe on the grass and starting up."

"A murderer like thyself—but only a beginner."

"He gazed at me and took up his pipe."

"Thou art no inhabitant of these districts," he resumed, at length."

"I am; hast thou heard of Wolf, the innkeeper, at A?"

"He started up as if frantic, exclaiming in a rapturous accent, 'Wolf the inn-keeper, who has been punished so severely for game-stealing?"

"That very man I am."

"Welcome, comrade, a thousand times welcome!' he exclaimed, shaking me joy-


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 fully by the hand, 'how glad am I that I have found thee at last, I have been many many months in search of thee; I know thee very well, know all what thou hast suffered, and have been longing for thy assistance this great while."

"For my assistance? To what purpose?"

"Every body speaks of thee: Thou hast many enemies, hast suffered glaring injuries, hast been entirely ruined and persecuted with unheard of severity.'—He grew warm.—'They have immured thee in the house of correction, have treated thee like a galley-slave at the fortress, have stripped thee of thy fortune, and reduced thee to beggary, because thou hast killed a few paltry deer, which the Prince suffers to prey on our corn, and to rob us of the fruit of our diligence. Is it come to that, brother, that a human being is valued less than a hare or a boar? Are we not better than


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 the wild beasts of the field? And a fellow like thyself could brook such injury."

"What could I do?"

"That we shall see: But pray tell me, whence dost thou come, and on what errand?"

"I related my whole history to him, and, without awaiting the end of it he jumped up with joyful impatience, pulling me after him with all his might."

"Come along, brother,' he said, 'now art thou ripe, art the very man I wanted for my purpose. I shall reap great honor by introducing thee to our common wealth. Make haste and follow me."

"Whither art thou going to conduct me?"


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Runo XLIII]

Bows delivered to her army,

And the men with swords provided,

Fitted out a ship of Pohja,

As a war-ship she prepared it.

In the ship the men she stationed,

And equipped for war the heroes,

As the duck her ducklings musters,

Or the teal her children marshals;

There she ranged a hundred swordsmen,

And a thousand men with crossbows.

In the boat the mast she lifted,

Put the yards and spars in order,

On the mast the sails adjusted,

Spread the canvas o’er the sailyards;

Like a hanging cloud it waved there,

Like a cloud in heaven suspended;

Then upon her voyage she started,

Sailed away and speeded onward,

Soon to struggle for the Sampo,

With the boat of Väinämöinen.

Väinämöinen, old and steadfast,

O’er the blue lake steered his vessel,

And he spoke the words which follow,

From the stern where he was seated:

“O thou lively son of Lempi,

Of my friends the dearest to me,

Climb thou quickly to the masthead,

And among the canvas hasten.

Look thou to the air before thee,

Look thou to the sky behind thee,

Whether clear is the horizon,

Or the sky is somewhat clouded.”

Then the lively Lemminkainen,

Ruddy youth, accomplished scoundrel,

Very active, though unbidden,

Very quick, though never boastful,

To the masthead then ascended,

Up aloft among the canvas.

East he looked, and looked to westward,

Looked to north-west and to southward,

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 "Don't ask questions but come and see;" so saying, he dragged me forcibly after him."

"As we proceeded the forest grew more and more intricated, impenetrable and gloomy: None of us spoke a word until I was suddenly roused from my apathy by the whistle of my leader: I looked around and beheld myself at the declivity of a steep rock, projecting over a deep cavern. A second whistle answered from the womb of the rock, and a ladder rose slowly from the abyss, a thundering voice hallooed from the deep, and the winding cavern echoed to the sound. My leader descended, first bidding me to wait 'till he should return. 'I first must secure the mastiff which guards the entrance to our abode,' he said, 'thou art a stranger, and the ferocious beast would tear thee to pieces.'—So saying, he disappeared."


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 taking any notice of their studied insults, the next thing was to get spades and mattocks, and set to work digging all over his territory, in search of the great copper of dollars. Rubezahl let them fag away as much as they liked, amused, indeed, at the folly of these blockheads, whom he deemed quite beneath his anger. Now and then, for the better sport, when some treasure-seeker, eager to get ahead of his competitors, would come in the night-time to dig, he would cause a small bluish flame to spring out of the earth, in a particular spot; the dupe would run up to this, thinking all his hopes about to be realized, and after working away like a horse for three or four hours, till he was ready to drop, would come to an old iron-bound box. Oh! how his heart would beat! Ay, he knew what he was about; all the other fellows were fools! Then, oh! how hard would he labour in dragging the treasure home! And oh! how difficult ’twas to keep his fingers from breaking it open until the nine days enjoined by custom in such cases to be first passed over had expired; and oh! with what palpitations of the heart would he force the lid on the tenth day; and oh! how very miserable would he look when he found nothing in the treasure-chest but stones and clods of earth! But, nothing deterred, the vagabonds persisted in coming, bawling “Rubezahl! Rubezahl!” and digging away like mad. At last the Gnome quite lost all patience, and drove


text:
Author:Eleanor Sleath

Works

 * The Orphan of the Rhine (1798)
 * Who's the Murderer? (1802)
 * The Bristol Heiress; or the Errors of Education (1809)
 * The Nocturnal Minstrel; or the Spirit of the Woods (1810)
 * Pyrenean Banditti (1811)
 * Glenowen; or The Fairy Palace (1812)

title: Author:Eleanor Sleath


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 she had begun to collect leaves and dead branches, and was getting on bravely with her work, when the infant, getting weary of his situation, began to cry. The mother instantly ran to him, danced and tossed him for awhile, playing at the same time with the other children, and then, soothing him off to sleep, once more returned to her fuel-picking. In a few minutes the gnats again awoke the little sleepers, who all set up a tune. The mother, far from expressing the least impatience, ran to gather wild strawberries for the bigger children, and quieted the youngest by giving it the breast. These maternal attentions strongly affected the Gnome. By-and-bye, the little fellow who had been carried pick-a-back became perfectly untractable, stormed and roared, and when his mother offered him strawberries, threw them away, and only bawled the louder. The poor woman at last grew impatient. “Rubezahl!” cried she, “come here and eat up this noisy boy.” The Gnome immediately assumed his wonted form of a collier, and jumping over the hedge, said: “Here I am; what dost thou want?” The woman was at first terribly frightened at this apparition, but being naturally stout-hearted, she soon collected herself, and answered undauntedly: “I only called you to make my children quiet; now that they are so, I do not need your services; but I thank you kindly for your ready attention.”—“Knowest thou


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184

Looked across to Pohja’s coast-line,

And he spoke the words which follow:

“Clear in front is the horizon,

Dark behind is the horizon,

Rises north a cloud, a small one,

Hangs a single cloud to north-west.”

Said the aged Väinämöinen,

“What you say is surely nonsense,

For no cloud is there ascending,

Nor a single cloud arising,

But perchance a sailing vessel;

Look again, and look more sharply.”

Then he looked again more sharply,

And he spoke the words which follow:

“Far away I see an island,

Dimly looming in the distance,

Aspens covered o’er with falcons,

Speckled grouse upon the birch-trees.”

Said the aged Väinämöinen,

“What you say is surely nonsense,

For no falcons do you see there,

And no speckled grouse you see there,

But perchance the sons of Pohja;

Look more sharply for the third time.”

Then the lively Lemminkainen

For the third time looked around him,

And he spoke the words which follow,

And in words like these expressed him:

“’Tis a ship from Pohja sailing,

With a hundred rowlocks fitted,

And I see a hundred oarsmen,

And a thousand men beside them.”

Then the aged Väinämöinen,

All the truth at once perceiving,

Spoke aloud the words which follow:

“Row, thou smith; row, Ilmarinen;

Row, O lively Lemminkainen;

Row ye also, all ye people,

That the boat be hurried forward,

And the vessel onward driven.”

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Paragraph 1, lines 7–8: should "foot-/baths" be "foot-baths" or "footbaths"? -- Yodin T 12:40, 12 February 2024 (UTC)


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Runo XLIII]

Rowed the smith, rowed Ilmarinen,

Rowed the lively Lemminkainen,

All the people joined in rowing.

Swayed about the pinewood oars,

Loudly rang the rowan rowlocks,

And the pinewood boat was swaying.

Like a seal the prow dashed onward,

Boiled the waves behind like cataract,

Like a bell uprose the water,

And the foam flew up in masses.

As for wager rowed the heroes,

As in race the heroes struggled,

But they rowed, and made no progress,

Nor could urge the wooden vessel

Further from the sailing vessel,

And the ship that came from Pohja.

Then the aged Väinämöinen

Saw misfortune fast approaching.

On his head was doomsday falling,

And he pondered and reflected,

How to act and how to save him,

And he spoke the words which follow:

“Still I know a plan of safety,

Still I see a little marvel.”

Then he took a piece of tinder,

In his tinder-box he found it,

And of pitch he took a little,

And a little piece of tinder,

And into the lake he threw it,

O’er his shoulder left he threw it,

And he spoke the words which follow,

And in words like these expressed him:

“Let a reef of this be fashioned,

And a cliff be fashioned from it,

Where may run the ship of Pohja,

Fitted with a hundred rowlocks,

And may strike in lake tempestuous,

And amid the waves be shattered.”

Thereupon a reef grew upward,

In the lake a cliff was fashioned,

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 not,” returned the Gnome, “that people never call upon me thus with impunity? I take thee at thy word; give me that little squaller, that I may eat him; ’tis long since I’ve come across such a delicate morsel.” So saying, he stretched forth his great rough black hand, as if to lay hold of the child. As the anxious hen, when she sees the devouring fox enter the farm-yard, and make his way towards her tender darlings, dashes, regardless of all disparity of strength, at the cruel enemy of her race, so this alarmed mother, forgetting everything but the safety of her threatened child, rushed at the collier, and clawing with one hand his long beard, and clinching the other, cried: “Monster! ere thou touch my child thou shalt tear out my heart.” Rubezahl, who had by no means anticipated so fierce an assault, hastily drew back, and, after his first astonishment, burst out into a hearty laugh; he had been deceived ere now by a woman; but to be beaten by one!—faith, that was too good! “Don’t be in a passion,” said he good-humouredly; “I am not a cannibal, as thou art so ready to believe, and mean no harm to either thee or thy children; on the contrary, I am willing to serve you all. I like this boy; leave him with me; I will bring him up like a nobleman; he shall be clothed in satin and velvet; shall have money enough, when he grows up, to support you all comfortably; and, meantime, I’ll give thee a hundred crowns down.” 6em


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 or suffered them to be stolen by her gross negligence; or, he would add, for aught he knew, she had sold them and wasted the money; and in this way, he calculated, he should get rid of the whole difficulty.

Full of this notable device, the worthy man slunk into a copse adjoining the village, and there waited with terrible impatience for midnight to come, so that he might go and rob himself. As the clock struck twelve he left his hiding-place like a thief, scaled the low wall of his own yard, and went on tip-toe, and with a palpitating heart—for he trembled lest his wife should catch him at his tricks—across to the stable. Much to his wonder, he found the door open; but he was glad of the circumstance, as strengthening the case he proposed to make out against his poor wife. On entering the stable, however, he found everything at sixes and sevens; not a living creature was there, goat or kid. He was perfectly overwhelmed. Some thief had been beforehand with him. Misfortunes, says the proverb, never come singly. Seeing his last resource for replacing his lost stock in trade thus fail him, he lay down among the straw, plunged in the most bitter grief.

On her return home from the Priest’s, the active Lisa set to work, in the best possible humour, to make every preparation for giving her husband a 6em


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 consequences of fear. The Countess readily consented; as to the young ladies, it required all the maternal authority to overcome their objections, but at last they yielded; nor was the blood-thirsty Doctor satisfied until he had breathed a vein also in the pretty foot of the lady’s maid. So there they all four sat, with their bleeding extremities in foot-baths, Mama full of fear, the rest full of fury, until it pleased their tormentor to say, hold, enough!

These operations being concluded, the ladies, though considerably weakened, were handed down to the great dining-room, where a splendid supper was served up. The sideboard groaned under the weight of gold and silver plate, of the most magnificent and exquisite description. An admirable band in an adjoining apartment, gave, by its sweet sounds, double zest to the banquet. On the removal of the cloth, a most comprehensive and elegant dessert was tastefully arranged on the table. In the centre, on hills, mountains, valleys, and rocks in marchpane, encrusted with sugar of a thousand colours, the ingenious confectioner, anxious to please the eye as well as the palate, had, by means of small wax figures, represented the whole adventure on the mountain. The Countess, who had hitherto been looking on in silent amazement, could now no longer contain herself. She turned to her next neighbour, a gentleman bedecked with all sorts of orders, who had been in- 6em


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 I thought that anybody might be Rubezahl that liked: I have now found out my mistake. I am quite at your mercy; and I hope that the sincerity of my confessions may disarm your anger. Nay, with what perfect ease to yourself might you have the satisfaction of making an honest man of me; ’twould be nothing to you to give me a handful of dollars out of the copper, or to treat me as you did the hungry traveller who, having gathered a score or two of sloes from your hedge, broke one tooth, indeed, with the first, but was indemnified for his loss by finding all the rest of the fruit turned into gold; or suppose it were your good pleasure to give me one of the eight golden nine-pins you have still left (you gave the ninth to a student of Prague who had been playing with you); or the little pitcher, the milk from which becomes gold cheese; or, being as I am a guilty wretch, suppose you were to beat me with such a gold rod as served you once upon a time to castigate the travelling shoemaker, and then let me, as you did him, carry away the instrument of my punishment as a memorial. In any of these ways my fortune would be made. Indeed, my Lord, if you will reflect upon the wants we poor mortals are subject to, you must admit it is very difficult to act with strict integrity when one is in want of everything, and can get nothing by honest industry. The proverb says: ‘Necessity has no law.


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 “Get thee gone, rascal,” cried the Gnome, giving him a hearty kick; “get thee gone, as fast as thy legs will carry thee, to the gallows, the true summit of thy fortunes.” Worthy Kunz, delighted to escape so cheaply, which he ascribed entirely to his own powers of rhetoric, was in such haste to get out of the presence of his Lordship, that he left his black mantle behind him. He soon lost sight of the castle in which he had been imprisoned, but after that, he did not appear to make any advance; walk on as fast and sturdily as he might, he still saw the same mountains, the same valleys, the same objects. Fatigued by this endless movement without progress, he lay down under a tree to take a little rest, and to wait for some passing traveller to tell him the way; he soon fell fast asleep; when he awoke he found himself in total darkness. He very distinctly remembered that it was under a tree he had fallen asleep; yet he heard not the slightest rustling of leaves, nor could he discern one star through the branches. In his alarm he would have arisen, but he felt himself restrained by an unseen power, the effort he made being attended by a loud noise, like the rattling of chains. Finding that he was in irons, he imagined himself in some dungeon of Rubezahl, a hundred leagues below the surface of the earth, and was hereupon overcome by horrible fear.

After some hours day began to appear; but the 6em


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186

Half its length to east directed,

And its breadth to north directed.

Onward sped the ship of Pohja,

Gliding swiftly through the lake-waves,

And upon the reef came rushing,

And upon the rocks wedged firmly.

Broke across the wooden vessel,

And to splinters it was broken;

In the lake the masts fell crashing,

And the sails fell drooping downward,

By the wind away were carried,

And the spring wind all dispersed them.

Louhi, Pohjola’s old Mistress,

Plunged her feet into the water,

And she tried to push the vessel,

And she tried to raise the vessel,

But no spear could lift the vessel,

And she could not even move it,

For the ribs had all been shattered,

All the rowlocks had been broken.

And she pondered and reflected,

And she spoke the words which follow:

“Who can aid me now with counsel?

Who can help me in this trouble?“

Then her form she quickly altered,

To another shape transformed her,

And she took five scythes the sharpest,

And six hoes, worn out completely;

These she fashioned into talons,

Into claws did she convert them;

Half the broken vessel’s fragments

Did she then arrange beneath her,

And the sides to wings she fashioned,

And to tail she turned the rudder,

’Neath her wings took men a hundred,

On her tail she took a thousand,

And the hundred men were swordsmen,

And the thousand men were archers.

Then she flew, her wings extending,

And she soared aloft as eagle,

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 to-morrow he won’t know you; ever in contradiction with himself, he gives way to the impulse of the moment, and you have no more hold upon him than upon a shadow.

A long, long time ago, ere the race of Japhet had extended itself so far northwards, so that these regions were as yet uninhabited by man, Rubezahl used to divert himself in their wild solitudes with setting the bears and the aurochs together by the ears, exciting them to fight it out to the death; or else with frightening, by his hideous shouts and uproar, the more timid animals, driving them up and down, here and there, until at last the poor things blindly threw themselves over some precipice, and got dashed to pieces. After a time, tired of this sport, he withdrew to his underground domain, where he remained quiet for ever so many centuries, until, by and by, it came into his head that he should like to go up and bask in the sun once more, and see what was going on in the world above. How great was his surprise, on stepping out upon the snow-capped summit of the Riesengeberg, to find the whole surrounding region utterly changed from what it was when he last saw it. The vast forests which then stretched out miles and miles on every side, dark, gloomy, impenetrable by man, were now well nigh all cleared away, and a large portion of their site converted into rich corn fields, glowing with golden crops. Amid flourishing


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 “Fairest of mortals,” replied the Gnome, submissively, “be not unjust in thy anger; I have no will but thine, I do all in my power to please thee, but ask not impossibilities. I command the powers of nature, but I cannot change her inflexible laws. So long as the turnips preserved any vegetative vigour, the magic wand was capable of metamorphosing them at thy pleasure; but now that their juices are dried up, they inevitably verge towards dissolution, the elementary spirit by which they were vivified having now evaporated. But grieve not for this, my beloved; a second basket of turnips will easily restore all thou hast lost, and give thee back thy companions. Return to Mother Nature those gifts which have served to amuse thee for the past few weeks; thou wilt find more agreeable company on the great grass plot in the garden.”

Having thus spoken, the Gnome withdrew. Emma touched the old women with her wand, and they became a set of shrunken and withered turnips, which she forthwith treated as a child does a plaything he is tired of; threw the rubbish out of the window, and thought no more about it.

Then she ran off to the great grass plot, in hope of there finding another basket of turnips; but found it not. In vain did she search through every part of the garden, up and down: no basket was to be seen. Near the grape espaliers she met the Gnome, whose 6em


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 braver and braver, and would downright abuse and vilify him. They little thought that the reason why the apparently peaceful Spirit took no notice of their impertinences was simply that in the depths where he had retreated their insolent bravadoes never reached his ear. What was Rubezahl’s amazement, what his indignation, when he now found that his unhappy amour was an ordinary subject of jest and mockery in the mouths of the contemptible creatures who had made good their intrusion on his domains. Like a whirlwind, and as invisible, he rushed through the thick forest of firs, and was just about to strangle the fellow who had, however unconsciously, insulted him, when, on the instant, he reflected that so terrible a vengeance, necessarily exciting general alarm throughout the country, would drive away all travellers from his mountains, and thus deprive him of the pleasure he promised himself, of playing a thousand pranks upon the children of Adam; he therefore permitted the delinquent and his companions to pass on undisturbed for the present, with the clear intention, however, of punishing him most severely for his offence on a very early occasion.

At the next cross-roads, the Spirit-mocker parted from his two companions, and reached his native town, Hirschberg, safe and sound, and without the slightest notion of the scrape he had got into. Rubezahl having followed him to the inn where he 6em


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 such was the revulsion in poor Benedict’s feelings that he burst into an agony of tears, sobbing as if his heart would break.

This was too much for the Gnome, who, as we have intimated, was a good fellow at bottom, and he resolved at once to “cut short all intermission,” and end his victim’s troubles.

“My poor Benedict,” said he, “be of good cheer; resume thy wonted spirits, thou shalt not die. I have learned that thou art innocent, and I have come to release thee from thy bonds and from prison.”

He then drew a key from his pocket. “Let us see,” said he, “if it will fit.”

The padlock flew open at a touch, and the chains fell from the hands and feet of the prisoner. The benevolent confessor having then changed dresses with the tailor, dismissed him with these instructions:

“Walk slowly, with an air as grave as a monk, till thou hast passed the guards at the doors of the prison and at the town gate; then tuck up thy robe, and be off as fast as thou canst to the mountains, nor stop till thou hast reached Liebenau, and art at Clara’s door; knock gently at her window; she awaits thee with heart’s impatience.”

Benedict at first imagined this was all a dream; but having, by dint of rubbing his eyes and soundly pinching his legs and arms, ascertained that he was quite awake, he threw himself at the feet of his de- 6em


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 trouble forced their way through the bushes, they found themselves at the mouth of a dark cavern. Poor Veit was not without his misgivings while groping his way through the deep gloom. A cold chill began to come over him, and his hair was getting on end. “I should not be the first,” thought he, “whom Rubezahl has deceived. Who knows on the brink of what abyss I may at this moment be walking, into which the next step may hurl me!” At that moment he began to hear a terrible roaring, rushing noise, as of a torrent dashing into a gulf. The farther he advanced the more was his heart oppressed with fear; but at length, to his great consolation, he perceived in the distance a bluish flame, which, on nearer approach, he found to proceed from a large lamp suspended from the centre of the rocky ceiling of a spacious grotto, throughout which it diffused a brilliant light. On the floor, beneath the lamp, stood an immense copper, brimful of new, hard, glittering dollars. At sight of this treasure all Veit’s fears vanished, and his heart leaped with joy. “Take,” said the Spirit, “what thou needest, be it more or less; and then, if thou canst write, draw up thy note of hand for the amount.” Veit having replied that he could write, scrupulously counted out the hundred dollars, not one more, not one less. The Gnome, affecting to pay no attention


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 them or not; however, when a knight, well known to her, announced himself, she no longer objected. He had often, in the days of their prosperity and profusion, attended the tournaments at the castle, had manifested rare skill in the joust, had received many a prize from the fair Bertha’s hand, and led off many a dance with her; but at the time of the change in the Count’s fortunes, he had disappeared with the other knights. The worthy Countess was ashamed of having her poverty exposed to the noble chevalier and his suite, for she had nothing to serve up for their refreshment.

He, however, accosted her in a most friendly manner, and requested nothing but a draught of pure water from the castle well, just as he used to do erewhile, for he had never drunk wine, and had, indeed, been therefore called in joke the Water Knight.

The fair Bertha hastened, at her mother’s bidding, to the well, filled a jug, then poured its sparkling contents into a crystal cup, and, after putting it to her lips, presented it tothe Knight. He received it from her delicate hand, and placing his mouth to the spot where her coral lips had touched the vase, pledged her with ineffable delight.

The Countess meantime was in the greatest embarrassment at not being able to offer her guest anything for breakfast; at length she recollected that there was


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 three, and was therefore still in the full bloom of woman’s life. The same condition held good for her husband and the whole enchanted court.

All this the noble pair related to the amiable young knight, as they took a turn in the park, under an arched walk of wild jasmine and honeysuckle interwoven together. The happy day passed but too rapidly amid the varied pageantry and amusement of a gay court gala, and mutual demonstrations of friendship. After dinner there was a drawing-room and cards. Some of the courtiers rambled about the park with the ladies till the trumpet summoned them to supper, which was served up in a gallery lined with looking glasses and illuminated with countless wax lights. They ate, drank, and were merry till near midnight, and according to custom Wulfild took care to fill her pockets, and advised her brother not to forget his. When the dishes were cleared away, Albert seemed to grow uneasy, and whispered something in his wife’s ear. She thereupon took her brother aside, and said to him sorrowfully: “Dearest brother, we must part, for the time of the transformation is just at hand, when all the delights of this palace will disappear. Albert is afflicted about you; he fears for your life, since, were you to await the coming change here, he would not be able to withstand his animal impulse to devour you. Leave this luckless forest, and seek it not again.”


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Paragraph 2, lines 3–4: should "inter-/woven" be "interwoven" or "inter-woven"? -- Yodin T 12:56, 12 February 2024 (UTC)


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 Notes


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Author:Caroline Mehitable Sawyer

As translator

 * "A Legend of Ruebezahl, the Spirit of the Silesian Mountains" in Universalist Union (1845) by Johann Karl August Musäus

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. It is not business. Her Highness's name will be sufficient guarantee. You may say so on behalf of the . I await Her Highness's reply.

. What was your secret with the secretary?

. Most remarkable! I scarcely know what to say. Would you believe it? He asked me to offer you in the name of the Comte whatever you require, without any other guarantee than your reputation, which to him is sufficient.

. Not really? We are saved!

. Highness! I am amazed. Money offered in this spirit, by a person whom you have not even met

. By a person who knows perfectly well that sooner or later he will have to be repaid. He has sufficient sense and business acumen to realize that his apparent confidence and disinterestedness only place me still more deeply in his debt.

. Very possibly he has. One must be upon one's guard with these parvenus. How can we tell but that what he really wishes is to compromise your reputation, so as to capitalize it afterward in some discreditable enterprise?

. Quite unlikely. My personal influence is no longer of account, and I am scarcely in a position to betray political or financial secrets. I believe that the Comte is merely anxious to pay handsomely for the luxury of presenting another Highness in his house, at his entertainments, where the tone of society is somewhat mixed. My cousin is certainly not on friendly terms with the Comte for nothing. Prince Stephen's condition must be far worse than mine by this time. He is the person to advise us…

. The adventure is perilous. This Comte, this Comtesse, that secretary, these musicians, especially now


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 that they are associated with Prince Stephen, and that means, of course, his wife… When all is said and done, the Court of Suavia will overlook your separation from your husband far more readily than it will condone the indecent marriage of Prince Stephen.

. That in itself is sufficient commentary upon the moral status of the Court of Suavia. We have arrived at an impasse at which we cannot afford to be particular. When one rises every day to see the sun shining upon an income which is adequate to one's needs and social position, it is all very well to be fastidious in the choice of one's friends, but morality is like army discipline: it is very different in peace from what it is in time of war. I am fighting now to make my own way in the world. I have only myself to rely upon, and I fight at a disadvantage. Ah! It is easy to rise, to force oneself up from the depths through sheer power of will, through one's unaided efforts, like this Comtesse of whom we have just heard from the secretary. She had no one but herself to consider, there was nothing to stop her. All she had to do was to say to herself, "I want this," and she had it. But to drop down from above, to hide oneself, to disappear, if such a thing were possible, so as to live a new life more personal, more one's own, that is difficult, because it is to the interest of all with whom we come in contact not to permit us to come down, since their social position is dependent upon ours, and they live by our lives, which for that reason were never ours, and it is to their interest to rise. However, you deceive yourself if you imagine that I shall allow myself to be restrained by any such ridiculous scruples.

. I do not imagine that they will interfere with you in the least. What a place this world would be if other people were to behave as you do! It would become an orgy


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 of wild beasts. If there is no limit to selfishness merely because we wish to be happy

. But there is a limit to happiness—it is the pain which we give to others.

. And do you mean to say that you have not long since passed that limit? Consider how Their Majesties feel! How does your husband feel? Think of me!

. Absurd! You do not call that unhappiness? It is not my idea of pain. What I have offended is merely vanity, their pride, prejudices of rank, Court etiquette. No human being has shed one real tear because of me. Anger, not sorrow, is the emotion which they feel. One single tear in the eyes of those who love us deserves the sacrifice of all the happiness in the world, but the shrieks and yells of this childish rage, which is neither sorrow, nor love, nor even genuine rage, are not worth the sacrifice of one passing caprice, much less of the happiness which might have been ours in the world.

. If I borrowed of the bank, my friend, it was because the sum was utterly insignificant. I have been playing in abominable luck this evening—although I had a presentiment that my luck was about to change.

. I forgive you upon the understanding that this evening is to be an exception. Any reflection upon my friendship, I could never forgive.

. My dear Comte, I await a fitting opportunity of demonstrating my appreciation of your generosity and esteem fully.

. Will you be so kind as to present me to your cousin, the Princess Helena? I owe her an explanation and an apology.


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. With pleasure—or, rather, I should do so were I certain of my own reception. My relations with Princess Helena have never been overcordial, as perhaps you know. Under different circumstances, through a coincidence, we encountered opposition at Court at the same time. It seems that the accident aggravated the condition of the Emperor, so that if we were not sympathetic before, our antipathy has since increased rapidly.

. I beg your pardon; I had no idea…

. [To the ] Discussion is useless. My mind is made up. Do as I tell you.

. Oh, for the heroic soul of my ancestors and the courage to oppose your wishes! Think—think again, for the last time!

. Otherwise I shall speak to him myself.

. No! Never that! Wait… [To the ] Highness!

. Eh? Ah, yes! My dear Baroness! I am delighted—delighted and surprised. In fact, I scarcely expected—certainly not before the Princess…

. It was Her Highness who insisted upon my speaking to you.

. She did? It seems incredible.—If you do not mind… one moment, my dear Comte.

. I retire in Her Highness's favor. Apparently she wishes a word with you.

. Yes, wait outside. The introduction will be possible very shortly. [The  retires] Did you say it was she?… I thought she avoided me.

. She had the same impression of Your Highness.

. Of me? How could she? On the contrary… My dear cousin!


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. Why, cousin! Really, have you no grudge against me?

. I thought you were avoiding me.

. A stupid misunderstanding has existed between us. Now we are imited by misfortune. We have both been banished for the same offense—for having dared to declare the independence of our hearts.

. Although mine was already free.

. Is that a reproach? Mine was bound to a tyrant whom another tyrant had imposed. I consider myself much more heroic than you. You are a Prince and I a Princess, but you had the advantage of being a single man. I had three tyrannies to overcome—my rank as Princess, marriage, and the disability of being a woman. I do not need to tell you what a valiant spirit I had in me.

. No, indeed. Your marriage was a mistake, an inexplicable caprice of the Emperor's. You must have suffered tortures. But you are happy now, as I am.

. Yes, very happy—as happy as you are. This is life at last, it is liberty, love, and they are well worth all the sacrifices which we have made to enjoy them. For my part, I regard them as negligible, absolutely negligible.

. So do I, I assure you; although it seems hardly fair to ask those whom we love to endure these privations with us.

. We cannot call ourselves rich. We expect nothing from the Emperor—in fact, I expect less than you do. My debts are already heavy, and my credit is becoming exhausted.

. Do not tell me.

. It occurred to me, perhaps, that the Comte de Toumerelles… Is he a close friend of yours?

. Of course; although I should scarcely


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Runo XLIII]

And she poised herself and hovered,

To attack old Väinämöinen;

In the clouds one wing was flapping,

In the water splashed the other.

Then the fairest Water-Mother

Spoke aloud the words which follow:

“O thou aged Väinämöinen,

Turn thy head beneath the sunrise,

Do thou turn thine eyes to north-west,

Look a little now behind thee.”

Väinämöinen, old and steadfast,

Turned his head beneath the sunrise,

And he turned his eyes to north-west,

Looked a little just behind him.

Onward came the crone of Pohja,

And the wondrous bird was hovering

Like a hawk about his shoulders,

With the body of an eagle.

Soon she came near Väinämöinen,

And she flew upon the masthead,

Clambered out upon the sailyard,

And upon the pole she sat her,

And the boat was nearly sinking,

And the vessel’s side lurched downward.

Thereupon smith Ilmarinen

Sought from Jumala assistance,

And invoking the Creator,

Then he spoke the words which follow:

“Save us, O thou good Creator,

Gracious Jumala, protect us,

That the son may not be hurried,

Nor the mother’s child hurled downward,

From among the living creatures,

From the creatures whom thou rulest.

“Ukko, Jumala the Highest,

Thou our Father in the heavens,

Cast a fiery robe around me,

Over me a shirt of fire,

That I thus may fight protected,

And may thus contend protected,

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 1. and P. W. Cobb, “The effect on foveal vision of bright and dark surroundings,” J. Exp. Psych. 5, 39 (1922).

2. E. Q. Adams, “” J. Opt. Soc. Am. 30, A (1940).

3. G. K. Adams, “An experimental study of memory color and related phenomena,” Am. J. Psych. 34, 359 (1923).

4. P. Angier, “Uber den Einfluss des Helligkeitskontrastes auf Farbenschwellen,” Zeits. f. Sinnesphysiol. 41, 343 (1906).

5., “Industrial color tolerances,” Am. J. Psych. 52, 428 (1939).

6.,  (Century, New York, 1929).

7. E. G. Boring, The Physical Dimensions of Consciousness (Century, New York, 1933).

8. E. G. Boring, “Isochromatic contours,” Am. J. Psych. 49, 130 (1937).

9. E. G. Boring, “The psychophysics of color tolerance,” Am. J. Psych. 52, 384 (1939).

10., “Grundlinien einer allgemeinen Theorie der Farbenmetrik. I,” Proc. Kon. Akad. Wet. 38, 35 (1935); ibid. II, 38, 148 (1935).

11. P. J. Bouma and G. Heller, “Grundlinien einer allgemeinen Theorie der Farbenmetrik. III.”’ Proc. Kon. Akad. Wet. 38, 258 (1935).

12., “Systems of color classification,’ Tech. Studies 6, 240 (1938).

13., “A reinterpretation of the color-pyramid,” Psych. Rev. 36, 83 (1929).

14. F. L. Dimmick and C. H. Holt, “Gray and the colorpyramid,” Am. J. Psych. 41, 284 (1929).

15. K. S. Gibson and D. Nickerson, “,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. 30, 591 (1940).

16. J. J. Glenn and J. T. Killian, “,” Mass. Inst. Tech. Thesis (1935); J. Opt. Soc. Am. '30, 609 (1940).

17. P. H. Geiger and F. A. Firestone, “The estimation of fractional loudness,” J. Acous. Soc. Am. 5, 25 (1933).

18., “Neutral value scales. II. A comparison of results and equations describing values scales,“ J. Opt. Soc. Am. 23, 419 (1933).

19. C. H. Graham, “Psychophysics and behavior,” J. Gen.Psych. 10, 299 (1934).

20. J. P. Guilford,Psychometric Methods (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1936).

21. L. B. Ham and J. S. Parkinson, “Loudness and intensity relations,” J. Acous. Soc. Am. 3, 511 (1932).

22., Handbook of Colorimetry (Technology Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1936).

23. and A. C. Hardy, “,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. 30, 587 (1940).

24. I. A. Haupt, “The selectiveness of the eye’s response to wave-length and its change with change of intensity,” J. Exp. Psych. '5, 347 (1922).

25. H. Helson, “Fundamental problems in color vision.” I. The principle governing changes in hue, saturation, and lightness of non-selective samples in chromatic illumination,”’ J. Exp. Psych. 23, 439 (1938).

26. H. Helson, “Color constancy, conversion, contrast and adaptation,”’ Psych. Bull. 35, 672 (1938).

27. H. Helson, “Color tolerances as affected by changes in composition and intensity of illumination and reflectance of background,” Am. J. Psych. '52, 406 (1939).

28. H. Helson and V. B. Jeffers, “Fundamental problems in color vision. II. Hue, lightness, and saturation of selective samples in chromatic illumination,” J. Exp. Psych. '26, 1 (1940).

29. H. Helson and D. B. Judd, “A study in photopic adaptation,” J. Exp. Psych. '15, 380 (1932).

30. S. Ishihara, Tests for Colour Blindness, 5th Ed. (Kanehara, Tokyo. U. S. Agent, C. H. Stoelting, Chicago.)

31. L. A. Jones, “Colorimetry: Preliminary draft of a report on nomenclature and definitions,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. '27, 207 (1937).

32. D. B. Judd, “Saturation scale for yellow colors,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. 23, 35 (1933).

33. D. B. Judd, “The 1931 I. C. I. standard observer and coordinate system for colorimetry,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. 23, 359 (1933).

34. D. B. Judd, “An extension of the three-attribute system of color description,“ Mimeographed (1934).

35. D. B. Judd, “A Maxwell triangle yielding uniform chromaticity scales,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. 25, 24 (1935).

36. D. B. Judd, “Specification of color tolerances at the National Bureau of Standards,“ Am. J. Psychol. 52, 418 (1939).

37. D. B. Judd, “Hue, saturation, and lightness of surface colors with chromatic illumination,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. 30, 2 (1940).

38. D. B. Judd, “Color systems and their inter-relation,” Illuminating Eng., to be published.

39. D. B. Judd and K. L. Kelly, “Method of designating colors,” J. Research Nat. Bur. Stand. 23, 355 (1939).

40. D. B. Judd and D. Nickerson, “Review of the spacing of the Munsell colors,” Mimeographed (1936).

41. D. Katz, The World of Colour, Tr. by R. B. MacLeod and C. W. Fox (Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner and Co. London, 1935).

42. T. Karwoski, “The dimming effect,” Psych. Bull. 27, 86 (1930).

43. R. Luther, “Aus dem Gebiet der Farbreizmetrik,” Zeits. f. tech. Physik 8, 540 (1927).

44., “The theory of the maximum visual efficiency of colored materials,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. 25, 249 (1935).

45. D. L. MacAdam, “Maximum visual efficiency of colored materials,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. 25, 361 (1935).

46. D. L. MacAdam, ”Representation of color tolerances on the chromaticity diagram,” Am. J. Psych. 52, 412 (1939).


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188

That my head may fear no evil,

Nor my hair may be disordered,

When the shining swords are clashing,

And the steely points are meeting.”

Said the aged Väinämöinen,

And he spoke the words which follow:

“Hail, O Pohjola’s great Mistress!

Wilt thou now divide the Sampo,

Out upon the jutting headland,

On the misty island’s summit?”

Then said Pohjola’s old Mistress,

“No, I’ll not divide the Sampo,

Not with thee, thou wretched creature,

Not with thee, O Väinämöinen!”

And she swooped to snatch the Sampo

From the boat of Väinämöinen.

Then the lively Lemminkainen

Drew his sword from out his swordbelt,

Firm he grasped the sharpened iron,

And from his left side he drew it,

Striking at the eagle’s talons,

At the claws of eagle striking.

Struck the lively Lemminkainen,

As he struck, these words he uttered:

“Down ye men, and down ye swordsmen,

Down with all the sleepy heroes!

From her wings, ye men a hundred,

Ten from ends of every feather.”

Answered then the crone of Pohja,

And she answered from the masthead:

“O thou lively son of Lempi,

Wretched Kauko, worthless fellow,

For thou hast deceived thy mother,

Lied unto thy aged mother!

Thou wast pledged to seek no battle

In the space of sixty summers,

Whether need of gold should tempt thee,

Or the love of silver urge thee.”

Väinämöinen, old and steadfast,

He the great primeval minstrel,

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 ing they have contrived to seize her—the sons of Abdasherah, and (there is) none who lives to carry the message to the King. But counsel now thy faithful servant. I say also the whole of the fortress they have destroyed I sent to the King  of advice as to the city Simyra. As a bird in the midst of the net she has remained. The siege of the usurpers is exceeding strong, and the messenger who from ”

The letter is much broken. It refers to Yapaaddu and to his own faithfulness to the Pakas (“chiefs”) of the King. He also appears to refer to the King destroying the Amorites, and goes on:

“The ruins perchance he will assign to his servant; and he has been constant and is upright against this thing—to subdue all the King’s (provinces?). He has lost all the cities which this has befallen to  and from the destruction  against me none who  them. The two or three that have held fast are turning round. But he hears his faithful servant’s message, and a servant who has been constant in all labor, and his handmaid the city of Gebal (is) the only one that holds fast for me. The evils of this deed are equally thine, but I am broken in pieces. Henceforth Aziru is the foe of Yapaaddu. They have marched; and (there is) news that they have been cruel in their ravages against me. They rest not: they desire the evil of all that are with me. So they have waxed strong, powerful against me (a servant) faithful to the King from of old Moreover, behold I am a faithful servant: this evil is wrought me: behold this message: lo! I am the dust of the King’s feet. Behold thy father did not wring, did not smite the lands of his rulers (Khazani) and the

Gods established him—the Sun God, the God and Baalath of Gebal. But the sons of Abdasherah have destroyed from us the throne of thy father’s house, and  to take the King’s lands for themselves. They have joined the King of the land of Mitana, and the King of the land of Casi and the King of the land of the Hittites the King


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Runo XLIII]

Thought his doom had come upon him,

And he felt his bane approaching;

From the lake he drew the rudder,

Took the oak-spar from the billows,

And with this he struck the monster,

On the claws he struck the eagle,

All the other claws he shattered,

There remained the smallest only.

From her wings the youths dropped downward,

In the lake the men splashed downward,

From beneath her wings a hundred,

From her tail a thousand heroes;

Down there dropped the eagle likewise,

Crashing down upon the boat-ribs,

As from tree the capercailzie,

Or from fir-branch drops the squirrel.

Then she tried to seize the Sampo,

Seized it with her nameless finger,

From the boat she dragged the Sampo,

Down she pulled the pictured cover,

From the red boat’s hold she pulled it,

’Mid the blue lake’s waters cast it,

And the Sampo broke to pieces,

And was smashed the pictured cover,

Then the fragments all were scattered,

And the Sampo’s larger pieces

Sank beneath the peaceful waters

To the black ooze at the bottom;

Thence there springs the water’s riches,

And the wealth of Ahto’s people.

Nevermore in all his lifetime,

While the golden moon is shining,

Shall the wealth of Ahto fail him,

Neither shall his watery honours.

Other pieces were remaining,

Rather small those other fragments,

On the blue lake’s surface floating,

Tossing on the broad lake’s billows,

And the wind for ever rocked them,

And the billows drove them onward.

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190

And the wind still rocked the fragments,

And the lake-waves ever tossed them,

On the blue lake’s surface floating,

Tossing on the broad lake’s billows;

To the land the wind impelled them,

To the shore the billows drove them.

Väinämöinen, old and steadfast,

In the surf beheld them floating,

Through the breakers shoreward driving,

Then on shore upcast by billows,

Saw the fragments of the Sampo,

Splinters of the pictured cover.

Very greatly did it please him,

And he spoke the words which follow:

“From these seeds the plant is sprouting,

Lasting welfare is commencing,

Here is ploughing, here is sowing,

Here is every kind of increase,

Thence there comes the shining moonlight,

Thence there comes the lovely sunlight,

O’er the mighty plains of Suomi,

And the lovely land of Suomi.”

Then did Pohjola’s old Mistress

Speak aloud the words which follow:

“Still can I devise a method,

Find a method and contrivance,

’Gainst thy ploughing and thy sowing,

’Gainst thy cattle and thine increase,

That thy moon shall cease its shining,

And thy sun shall cease its shining.

In the rocks the moon I’ll carry,

Hide the sun in rocky mountains,

And will send the Frost to freeze you,

That the frozen air destroyeth

What thou ploughest and thou sowest,

Thy provisions and thy harvests.

I will send a hail of iron,

And a hail of steel o’erwhelming,

Over all thy finest clearings,

And the best among the cornfields.

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Runo XLIII]

“On the heath the bear I’ll waken,

From the pines the wide-toothed monster,

That he may destroy thy geldings,

And that he thy mares may slaughter,

And that he may kill thy cattle,

And that he thy cows may scatter.

I’ll with sickness slay thy people,

And thy race will wholly slaughter,

That so long as shines the moonlight,

In the world no more ’tis mentioned.”

Then the aged Väinämöinen

Answered in the words that follow:

“Never Lapland spell affects me,

Neither threats from Turjalainen.

Jumala is lord of weather,

Keys of fate are the Creator’s,

Not to wicked men entrusted,

Neither to malicious fingers.

“If I turn to my Creator,

To my Jumala upreaching,

From my corn he’ll banish maggots,

That they do not spoil my harvests,

That they may not harm my seed-com,

Nor destroy my corn when growing,

Nor may take my seed-corn from me,

Nor my splendid corn when growing.

“Go thou, Pohjola’s great Mistress,

Drag unto the stones the lost ones,

Crush thou in the rocks the wicked,

Evils in thy chosen mountain,

Not the shining of the moonlight,

Nor the shining of the sunlight.

“Send the Frost to freeze the country,

Send the frozen air destroying,

Send it only on thy seed-corn,

That thy corn when sown be injured.

Send thou forth a hail of iron,

And a hail of steel o’erwhelming,

Let it fall on thine own ploughing,

Only on the fields of Pohja.

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192

“On the heath the bear awaken,

And the fierce cat in the bushes,

From the wood the curving-clawed one,

’Neath the pines the wide-toothed monster,

But to range the paths of Pohja,

And to prey on Pohja’s cattle.”

Then did Pohjola’s old Mistress

Answer in the words which follow:

“Now my might has all departed,

And my strength has greatly weakened.

By the lake my wealth was taken,

By the waves was crushed the Sampo.”

Then she hastened homeward weeping,

Back to Pohjola lamenting.

Nothing worthy to be mentioned

Of the Sampo brought she homeward,

Nothing but a little fragment,

By her nameless finger carried,

But a fragment of the cover,

Which to Sariola she carried:

Hence the poverty of Pohja,

And the starving life of Lapland.

Väinämöinen, old and steadfast,

Went back likewise to his country,

But he took the Sampo’s fragments,

And the fragments of the cover,

From the lakeshore where he found them,

From the fine sand of the margin.

And he sowed the Sampo’s fragments,

And the pieces of the cover,

Out upon the jutting headland,

On the misty island’s summit,

That they there might grow and flourish,

Might increase and yield their produce,

As the ale obtained from barley,

As the bread that rye is yielding.

Then the aged Väinämöinen

Spoke aloud the words which follow:

“Grant, O Jumala, Creator,

That we now may live in comfort,

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Runo XLIII]

And be joyous all our lifetime,

And thereafter die in honour,

In our pleasant land of Suomi,

And in beautiful Carelia.

“Keep us, O thou great Creator,

Guard us, Jumala most gracious,

From the men to us unfriendly,

And from that old woman’s malice.

Guard us from terrestrial evils,

And the spells of water-sorcerers.

“O protect thy sons for ever,

May’st thou always aid thy children,

Guard them always in the night-time,

And protect them in the daytime,

Lest the sun should cease from shining,

Lest the moon should cease from beaming,

Lest the winds should cease from blowing,

Lest the rain should cease from falling,

Lest the Frost should come and freeze us,

And the evil weather harm us.

“Build thou up a fence of iron,

And of stone a castle build us,

Round the spot where I am dwelling,

And round both sides of my people.

Build it up from earth to heaven,

Build it down to earth from heaven,

As my own, my lifelong dwelling,

As my refuge and protection,

That the proud may not devour us,

And they may not spoil our harvests,

In the course of all our lifetime,

When the golden moon is shining.”

Rh

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 30 before his father, and therefore, never became supreme Khákán in the regions he governed; but they descended intact to his own son and successor, Batu, as an appanage direct from Chingiz. The centre of this dominion may be taken to be the plains of Kipchak, but it comprised all the country lying north of the lower course of the Sir Daria (the Sihun or Jaxartes) and of the Aral and Caspian seas—"wherever the hoofs of Mongol horses had tramped"; it included also the valleys of the Volga and the Don, and some wide-spread regions on the north shore of the Black Sea; while towards the north it extended beyond the Upper Yaik (or Ural River) into Western Siberia. On its southern and south-eastern confines, this appanage of the Juji line marched with that of Chingiz's second son, Chaghatai, whose central kingdom, Mávará-un-Nahr, or Transoxiana, was situated chiefly between the rivers Sir and Amu (the Jihun or Oxus), but included, in its extension towards the north-east, the hill ranges and steppes lying beyond the right bank of the Sir, east of the Kipchak plains, and west of lakes Issigh-Kul and Ala-Nor. Towards the east, the Chaghatai domain took in the greater part of the region now known as Chinese (or Eastern) Turkistan, Farghána (or Khokand) and Badakhshan; while towards the south it embraced Kunduz, Balkh, and, at the outset, Khorasán—a country which, at that time, spread eastward to beyond Herat and Ghazni, and southward to Mekrán. This was, perhaps, the most extensive appanage of all, and within its limits were to be found the greatest variety of races and tribes, and the greatest diversity of modes of life. It comprised, on the one hand, some of the richest agricultural districts, peopled by settled inhabitants, far advanced in Asiatic civilisation, and some of the most flourishing cities in Asia; while, on the other hand, some of the rudest hill tribes, or Hazáras as they were called then, had their homes in the


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 Rh southern highlands, and large tracts of barren steppe-land were occupied by almost equally primitive nomads, who drove their flocks from hill to valley and valley to hill, in search of pasture, according to season.

Eastward, again, of this "middle dominion," as it was often termed, came that of Oktai (or Ogodai), the third son of Chingiz Khan. His allotment was the country of the original Mongols with that of the tribes immediately around it, while he was also heir to his father's capital, Karakorum, and to the supreme authority over the Mongol people. On its western confines his dominion bordered, at first, on that of Chaghatai, in the country since known as Jungar or Zungaria —a region that, for want of more exact boundaries, may be roughly described as lying north of the Tian-Shan, from about Urumtsi on the east, to the river Chu on the west, and having for its middle line the upper course of the Ili river. This region became the subject of much contention among the descendants of Oktai and Chaghatai, in the latter half of the thirteenth century, and as the house of the former declined, the greater part of it, if not the whole, appears to have gradually merged into the territories of the Chaghatai Khans; while the clans that inhabited it, were dispersed among the tribes of Transoxiana and Kipchak, and their chiefs lived in obscurity under the Khans, or conquerors, for the time being.

Chaghatai himself appears to have been a just and energetic governor, though perhaps rough and uncouth, and addicted to the vice, common among the Mongols, of hard drinking. At any rate, he was animated by the soldier-like spirit of his father, and succeeded in keeping order among as heterogeneous a population, as a kingdom was ever composed of. In 1232, for instance, when sedition showed itself at Bokhara, he acted with promptitude, if with severity, and saved his country from a far-reaching calamity. He was, in all probability, an old-fashioned Mongol, for we read that he stood by the Yasák, or code of laws instituted by Chingiz Khan, and that he showed little favour to what was, at that time in his dominions, the comparatively new and rising religion of Islám. He must, however, have been fairly tolerant, for it is recorded that his minister for Transoxiana was a Musulman, called the Jumilat-ul-Mulk, and that mosques and colleges were founded during his reign, But if Chaghatai did not lean towards Islám, neither does it appear


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 32 that he ever inclined towards Christianity, though that religion, as practised by the Nestorians, must have been familiar to him. It existed in his own dominions and in those of his brother Oktai, who seems to have been thoroughly tolerant, and to have encouraged at his capital, Karakorum, every form of worship, besides the enlistment in his service of men of all religions—a circumstance which had, as will be seen later, an important bearing on subsequent history.

Chaghatai's own capital was at Almáligh, in the valley of the Upper Ili, near the site of the present Kulja, and consequently in the extreme east of his dominion. His reason for fixing it in that remote position, instead of at Bokhara or Samarkand, was probably one of necessity. His Mongol tribesmen and followers—the mainstay of his power—were passionately fond of the life of the steppes: the only existence worthy of men and conquerors, was that passed in the felt tents of their ancestors, among the flocks and herds that they tended in time of peace, and led with them on their distant campaigns. The dwellers in houses and towns were, in their eyes, a degenerate and effeminate race;—the tillers of the soil, slaves who toiled like cattle, in order that their betters might pass their time in luxury. They would serve no Khan who did not pass a life worthy of free-born men and "gentlemen rovers"; and Chaghatai and his immediate successors probably saw, as his later descendants are described by Mirza Haidar to have seen, that the one way of retaining the allegiance of his own people, was to humour their desires in this respect, and live, with them, a nomad's life.

Chaghatai died in 1241, after a reign of about fourteen years, and within the same year the death of Oktai occurred at Karakorum. Thus two out of four of the chief divisions of the Mongol empire were suddenly deprived of their sovereigns, with the result that nearly the whole of the successors of Chingiz were set disputing for the succession. "Among the most violent as regards party spirit and warlike temper," writes Mr. Oliver in his summary of this period, "were some of the representatives of Chaghatai. For the time being, it ended in Turakina, Oktai's widow, being appointed regent; but there were set up lasting disputes among the rival claimants, and the seeds of much future mischief were sown. For long after, the disputes regarding the succession to the throne of the great Kaán became inextricably mixed up with the affairs, more


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 Rh especially of the eastern part, of Chaghatai's Khanate, and it is impossible to give an intelligible account of the latter without occasional references to the former."

Little is known of the way in which Chaghatai disposed of his kingdom at his death, and there appears to be no mention, anywhere, of his having followed the ancestral custom of his house in distributing it among his descendants. He is recorded to have left a numerous family, but to have been succeeded by a grandson, and a minor, named Kara Hulaku, while his widow, Ebuskun, assumed the regency. This statement, however, seems to apply to Turkistan, Transoxiana, and the adjacent regions: at all events not to Kashghar, Yarkand, Khotan, Aksu, and the southern slopes of the Tian Shan mountains—or, in other words, to the province south of the line of the Tian Shan, which is called, in our times, Eastern Turkistan. As regards this province, Mirza Haidar tells us that it was given by Chaghatai, presumably at his death, to the clan or house of Dughlát, whose members were reckoned to be of the purest Mongol descent, and one of the noblest divisions of that people. We shall hear more of this clan and the province they ruled, farther on; but the important point to notice here, with reference to subsequent events, is that the Dughláts were made hereditary chiefs, or Amirs, of the various districts of Eastern Turkistan, as far back as the time of Chaghatai, for it is chiefly on this incident that hinges the permanent division of the Chaghatai realm into two branches, at a later date.

Ebuskun's sway was a short one, for as early as 1247 Almáligh was attacked by Kuyuk, the son and successor of Oktai, and she was deprived of her power. For a time, disorder prevailed throughout the Khanate; but Kuyuk seems to have had sufficient power to set up one Yasu (or Isu) Mangu, who, being himself a worthless debauchee, governed the country through the agency of a Musulman Wazir, called Khwája Bahá-ud-Din. Kuyuk died within three years of his accession, and was followed, as supreme Khakán, by Mangu, who, in 1252, restored Kara Hulaku and Ebuskun to their former dignities. Bahá-ud-Din and Yasu Mangu were now, in their turn, removed, the former being put to death at once. Kara Hulaku died within a few months of his restoration, and after his death we hear no more of Ebuskun. Hulaku's throne passed over to his own widow—one Orgánah Khatun—whose first act was to execute Yasu Mangu,


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 34 under some compact, which appears to have been made for his riddance, between her predecessor and the Khakán Mangu.

Orgánah is described as possessing much beauty, wisdom, and influence, and as long as Mangu lived she was allowed to reign in peace. But he died in 1259, when a war of succession to the supreme Khakánate broke out between his brothers Irtukbuka and Kublai. In this strife, the Chaghatai princess appears to have taken no part, but she suffered nevertheless, for in 1261 she was driven from Almáligh by Algu (a great-grandson of Chingiz), who had been nominated by Irtukbuka to rule in her place, and to bring over the Chaghatai forces to assist him in his war with Kublai. Algu, however, betrayed his patron, who, abandoning Karakorum to his rival Kublai, marched against Almáligh, whence Algu had to fly for safety, first to Kashghar and Khotan, and finally to Samarkand. Irtukbuka spent the winter of 1263 in Almáligh, devastating the district and putting to death many of Algu's followers. By these excesses he weakened his own army and resources to so great a degree, that he had to submit to Kublai and make peace with Algu, stipulating to retain for himself a portion only, of the eastern part of the Chaghatai Khanate. These transactions brought about not only a reconciliation between Algu and Orgánah, but a marriage. Both, however, died within a few months, and Irtukbuka, having done homage to Kublai, by prostrating himself at the door of Kublai's tent, the latter remained supreme from Peking to Transoxiana, and acquired the title of Khakán. He was the "Great Kaán" of Marco Polo.

But a rival was beginning to show himself in the person of Kaidu, a grandson of Oktai. This prince was plotting, in western Kipchák, for the assistance of his uncle Batu, in asserting his claim to the province of Turkistan—the north-western division of the Chaghatai Khanate—and probably also for the region then becoming known as Moghulistan, which lay immediately to the eastward of Turkistan, and comprised the Zungar country, already alluded to. At the death of Algu, Kublai nominated Mubárak Shah, a son of Algu and Orgánah, to the Chaghatai succession, but immediately afterwards is said to have appointed, as his vice-regent, another great-grandson of Chaghatai, named Borák (or Barák), to support Mubárak Shah in resisting Kaidu. So far from assisting the young Khan, Borák drove him from the throne, made common cause with Kaidu, and for a time exercised joint sovereignty


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 Rh with the latter over Transoxiana. But jealousies were not long in showing themselves between the allies, and quarrels ensued which were only partially composed at a kuriltai, or conference of the chiefs of the tribes, held in Turkistan in 1269, when certain points were agreed on, the most important being "the implied recognition of Kaidu as the rightful Khakán of the Moghuls, which from this time was extended by the Chaghatai Khans both to him and his son Chapár."

Borák now proceeded to indemnify himself by invading Khorasán, but his campaigns resulted in nothing but defeat, and eventually he retired to Bokhara, where he died, or was perhaps poisoned, in 1270. "His reign," says Mr. Oliver, "had extended only to some four years, but they were years of misery and destruction to some of the fairest lands and most prosperous cities on the Zaráfshán. His death delivered them from at least one cowardly tyrant and persecutor, though they still continued to suffer from the fratricidal wars that constantly raged between the rival chiefs of the lines of Oktai and Chaghatai, and the unhappy citizens had even more reason than Venice of old for invoking 'a plague on both their houses.'

"Borák's death left Kaidu sole master of the western portion of the Khanate. The dispossessed Mubárak Shah and other chiefs took the oath of allegiance to him, thus rendering him a still more dangerous rival of Kublai. In 1270 (668 ), much to the indignation of the sons of Borák, he nominated Nikpai, a grandson of Chaghatai, chief of the tribe, but in less than two years Nikpai seems to have revolted, been killed, and succeeded by Tuka Timur, another scion of the house (circa 1271, or 670 ), who, in less than two years more, was ousted by Davá, the son of Borák (circa 1273, or 672 ). Davá had made up his quarrel with Kaidu, his claims having been constantly urged by the latter's son Chapár. His reign was the longest ever enjoyed by a descendant of Chaghatai, and the Khanate might have hoped for some peace from an alliance between the rival houses, but unfortunately a third firebrand appeared on the scene. Abáká, the Il-Khán of Persia, who had always acknowledged Kublai as the rightful Khakán in opposition to Kaidu, and who had never forgiven Borák's invasion of Khorasán, was only watching his opportunity, and his Wazir, Shams-ud-Din Juyaini,


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N he Swedish literature of the beginning of this century, the French academical school manifestly predominated, though it had lost its best talents. The foundation on which the foreign structure was built, was, however, in fact, completely undermined. The national tones, which had been heard, had not been unheeded by the people; on the contrary they had given far more satisfaction and pleasure than the rigid style of the Academy. Moreover, the correctness of the rules of taste which it established had been seriously questioned. The successful efforts made in Denmark by Ewald and Baggesen to establish a poetry on a genuine national foundation had contributed much to increase the desire in Sweden for an independent national poetry. But none of the opponents of the old school were well qualified to become the leader of the new, and the positive conditions for the latter were also wanting. As soon as these appeared the old school was doomed. The revolution of 1809, which was followed by an almost unrestricted freedom of the press, cleared the ground, and a more intimate acquaintance with modern German literature, particularly with Schelling's philosophy and the new romanticism based thereon, gave the decisive impulse. The banner of the new ideas was first raised by, around whom there soon


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374 gathered a circle of young enthusiastic poets. From the periodical "Phosphoros," which they edited, they received the name Phosphorists. In their poetry they worshipped romanticism in the form in which it had appeared in Germany, with its vague longing, abstract reflections, its depreciation of reality, and its partiality for the misty middle age and graceful southern form of versification. But side by side with this hyperidealistic tendency there sprang up another movement, which was in some respects akin to it, but which had more of interest for real life, and which was preëminently national. It received the name of the Gothic school, because it strove to make Old Norse (Gothic) mythology and poetry and in general the whole antiquity of the North the basis of national culture and art. Besides the adherents of these two schools there were also some talented poets, who were independent not only of both schools, but also of the Academy. The two most eminent among these neutrals, Franzén and Wallin, appeared before the conflict between the old and the new schools had broken out.

was born in 1772 at Uleåborg in Finland, and became professor, at Åbo, but after the conquest of Finland he went to Sweden, where he died as bishop in Hörnesund in 1847. Already at the close of the eighteenth century his poems and songs, that were published in Kellgren's periodical, were read with pleasure by the public, and in 1797 he gained the prize offered by the Academy, for an exquisite poem in honor of Creutz, which did not, however, receive the unqualified approval of the Academy, since the form had been treated with more freedom than seemed desirable. Though Franzén did not blindly follow the precepts of the Academy, still he was unable to rise entirely above its influence. This fact is especially apparent in some of his longer poems, which are more or less didactic in their character. The didactic element is particularly prominent in his poem on the destiny of man, but the idyllic


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None approved.

Constituted 18 April 1967 in the Regular Army as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 10th Military Police Prisoner of War Camp. Activated 1 August 1967 at Fort George C. Meade, Maryland. Inactivated 15 May 1970 at Fort George G. Meade, Maryland.

None.

None. 24


text: The Works of Abraham Cowley/Volume 1/Ode upon Occasion of a Copy of Verses of my Lord Broghill's


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None approved.

Constituted 1 February 1972 in the Army Reserve as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 301st Military Police Prisoner of War Camp, assigned to the Fifth United States Army, and activated at Livonia, Michigan. Reorganized and redesignated 21 May 1976 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 301st Military Police Camp. Location changed 20 October 1980 to Inkster, Michigan. Relieved 1 October 1984 from assignment to the Fifth United States Army and assigned to the Fourth United States Army.

Home Area: Fourth United States Army

None.

None. 25


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Rh element, which was natural to him, predominates in his "Emili, eller en afton i Lappland" (Emili, or an evening in Lapland). Of his epic compositions "Svante Sture," a tale in verse in Walter Scott's style, is of importance, while his "Columbus" and the fragments of the national epic, "Gustav Adolph i Tyskland," are, in spite of the many beautiful episodes, upon the whole failures. This also applies to his very discursive drama "Lappflickan i Kungsträdgarden" (The Lapp-maid in the king's park.) His talent was limited to lyrics, but there it was rich and original. He was endowed with a keen eye for the idyllic in nature and in life; he loved to dwell thereon, and knew how to clothe his thoughts in the most graceful and elegant form. His religious songs are also exquisite."

(1779-1839), "The David's harp of the North," as Tegner called him, was born in very needy circumstances, but by Herculean efforts of mind and will he raised himself to high positions and died as archbishop of Sweden. He was a man of great eloquence, giving his vigorous, pithy thoughts the most finished utterance, while his delivery was also very effective. The same qualities are also found in his hymns, many of which are of unrivalled beauty. In the excellent Swedish psalm-book, which was compiled under his direction, there are one hundred and twenty hymns by Wallin, while a large number of the others were translated or adapted by him. His last work of this kind was the touching hymn "Dödens Engel" (the angel of death). Wallin's secular poems cannot be compared with his religious songs, but still they too are marked by great warmth of feeling and an elegant style. They are partly idyllic and partly humorous. Humor seemed to be Wallin's element whenever he abandoned the religious field. By his didactic poem "Uppfostraren" (the educator), he won a prize from the Academy. His dithyrambic song, "George


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26


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LINEAGES AND HERALDIC DATA

Constituted 1 May 1959 in the Army Reserve as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 400th Military Police Prisoner of War Camp, and assigned to the Third United States Army. Activated 1 June 1959 at Jacksonville, Florida. Location changed 2 February 1968 to Tallahassee, Florida. Relieved 1 October 1973 from assignment to the Third United States Army and assigned to the First United States Army. Reorganized and redesignated 21 May 1976 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 400th Military Police Camp. Relieved 1 October 1983 from assignment to the First United States Army and assigned to the Second United States Army.

Home Area: Second United States Army

None.

None.


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46 {|style="font-size:90%" cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0
 * Atheta bucolica n. sp.—Dark piceous, the head black, the abdomen dark testaceous, shaded black subapically, the ventral segments darker toward their bases, the legs very pale, the elytra pale, slightly darker extero-posteriorly and near the scutellum; surface moderately shining, not strongly sculptured; head transversely orbicular, the eyes at less than their own length from the base, the carinæ fine, subentire; antennæ slender and pale through the fourth joint, then gradually and moderately incrassate and black to the tip, rather small in size, the outer joints very moderately transverse, the last gradually and acutely pointed and notably longer than the two preceding, the second and third slender and elongate, the latter slightly the longer; prothorax moderately transverse, parallel and evenly rounded at the sides, distinctly wider than the head and narrower than the elytra, which are rather strongly transverse, though evidently longer than the prothorax; abdomen narrower than the elytra, the sides parallel and feebly arcuate; mesosternal process long, extending to apical fourth of the coxæ, gradually and sinuously narrowing but still rather wide even at the strongly rounded apex, which is not very distant from the broadly and obtusely angulate and blunt metasternum, the depression broadly, transversely convex; first two joints of the hind tarsi short, equal, the next two longer and equal. Length 2.75 mm.; width 0.73 mm. Mississippi (Vicksburg).
 * }
 * }

Though described from the female, this species is so evidently homologous in its structure with the preceding, that there can be but little doubt that the sixth male tergite is crenate at tip. It is distinct in its antennal and sternal structure and in coloration.

 I have applied this subgeneric name to a few species which resemble Atheta in all essential structural characters, but are of very small size and rather slender form.


text: Memoirs on the Coleoptera/Volume 1/New Species of the Staphylinid Tribe Myrmedoniini/Tribe Myrmidoniini/Group Athetæ/Atheta/Atheta


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