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 "Why did you run to open?" asked Clifford in his quiet, calm voice, that showed he was displeased. "Mellors would have done it."

"I thought you would go straight ahead," said Connie.

"And leave you to run after us?" said Clifford.

"Oh, well, I like to run sometimes!"

Mellors took the chair again, looking perfectly unheeding, yet Connie felt he noted everything. As he pushed the chair up the steepish rise of the knoll in the park, he breathed rather quickly, through parted lips. He was rather frail really. Curiously full of vitality, but a little frail and quenched. Her woman's instinct sensed it.

Connie fell back, let the chair go on. The day had greyed over: the small blue sky that had poised low on its circular rims of haze was closed in again, the lid was down, there was a raw coldness. It was going to snow. All grey, all grey! the world looked worn out.

The chair waited at the top of the pink path. Clifford looked round for Connie.

"Not tired, are you?" he asked.

"Oh no!" she said.

But she was. A strange, weary yearning, a dissatisfaction had started in her. Clifford did not notice: those were not things he was aware of. But the stranger knew. To Connie, everything in her world and life seemed worn out, and her dissatisfaction was older than the hills.

They came to the house, and round to the back, where there were no steps. Clifford managed to swing himself over on to the low, wheeled house-chair; he was very strong and agile with his arms. Then Connie lifted the burden of his dead legs after him.

The keeper, waiting at attention to be dismissed, watched everything narrowly, missing nothing. He went pale, with a sort of fear, when he saw Connie lifting the inert legs of the man in her arms, into the other chair, Clifford pivoting round as she did so. He was frightened.

"Thanks, then, for the help, Mellors," said Clifford casually, as he began to wheel down the passage to the servants' quarters.

"Nothing else, Sir?" came the neutral voice, like one in a dream.


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 "Nothing, good morning!"

"Good morning, Sir."

"Good morning! it was kind of you to push the chair up that hill . I hope it wasn't heavy for you," said Connie, looking back at the keeper outside the door.

His eyes came to hers in an instant, as if wakened up. He was aware of her.

"Oh no, not heavy!" he said quickly. Then his voice dropped again into the broad sound of the vernacular: "Good mornin' to your Ladyship!"

"Who is your gamekeeper?" Connie asked at lunch.

"Mellors! You saw him," said Clifford.

"Yes, but where did he come from?"

"Nowhere! He was a Tevershall boy son of a collier, I believe."

"And was he a collier himself?"

"Blacksmith on the pit-bank, I believe: overhead smith. But he was keeper here for two years before the war before he joined up. My father always had a good opinion of him, so when he came back, and went to the pit for a blacksmith's job, I just took him back here as keeper. I was really very glad to get him it's almost impossible to find a good man round here, for a game-keeper and it needs a man who knows the people."

"And isn't he married?"

"He was. But his wife went off with with various men but finally with a collier at Stacks Gate, and I believe she's living there still."

"So this man is alone?"

"More or less! He has a mother in the village and a child, I believe."

Clifford looked at Connie, with his pale, slightly prominent blue eyes, in which a certain vagueness was coming. He seemed alert in the foreground, but the background was like the Midlands atmosphere, haze, smoky mist. And the haze seemed to be creeping forward. So when he stared at Connie in his peculiar way, giving her his peculiar, precise information, she felt all the background of his mind filling up with mist, with nothingness. And it frightened her. It made him seem impersonal, almost to idiocy.

And dimly she realised one of the great laws of the human soul:


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 half the duties imposed by the old subsidy upon importation are drawn back upon exportation; but the whole of those imposed by the latter subsidies and other imposts are, upon the greater part of the goods, drawn back in the same manner. This growing favor of exportation, and discouragement of importation, have suffered only a few exceptions, which chiefly concern the materials of some manufactures. These, our merchants and manufacturers are willing should come as cheap as possible to themselves, and as dear as possible to their rivals and competitors in other countries. Foreign materials are, upon this account, sometimes allowed to be imported duty free; Spanish wool, for example, flax and raw linen yarn. The exportation of the materials of home produce, and of those which are the particular produce of our colonies, has sometimes been prohibited, and sometimes subjected to higher duties. The exportation of English wool has been prohibited. That of beaver skins, of beaver wool, and of gum-senega, has been subjected to higher duties; Great Britain, by the conquest of Canada and Senegal, having got almost the monopoly of those commodities.

That the mercantile system has not been very favorable to the revenue of the great body of the people, to the annual produce of the land and labor of the country, I have endeavored to show in the Fourth Book of this Inquiry. It seems not to have been more favorable to the revenue of the sovereign; so far at least as that revenue depends upon the duties of customs.

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 that when the emotional soul receives a wounding shock, which does not kill the body, the soul seems to recover as the body recovers. But this is only appearance. It is really only the mechanism of the re-assumed habit. Slowly, slowly the wound to the soul begins to make itself felt, like a bruise, which only slowly deepens its terrible ache, till it fills all the psyche. And when we think we have recovered and forgotten, it is then that the terrible after-effects have to be encountered at their worst.

So it was with Clifford. Once he was "well," once he was back at Wragby, and writing his stories, and feeling sure of life, in spite of all, he seemed to forget, and to have recovered all his equanimity. But now, as the years went by, slowly, slowly, Connie felt the bruise of fear and horror coming up, and spreading in him. For a time it had been so deep as to be numb, as it were non-existent. Now slowly it began to assert itself in a spread of fear, almost paralysis. Mentally he still was alert. But the paralysis, the bruise of the too great shock, was gradually spreading in his affective self.

And as it spread in him, Connie felt it spread in her. An inward dread, an emptiness, an indifference to everything gradually spread in her soul. When Clifford was roused, he could still talk brilliantly, and as it were, command the future: as when, in the wood, he talked about her having a child, and giving an heir to Wragby. But the day after, all the brilliant words seemed like dead leaves, crumpling up and turning to powder, meaning really nothing, blown away on any gust of wind. They were not the leafy words of an effective life, young with energy and belonging to the tree. They were the hosts of fallen leaves of a life that is ineffectual.

So it seemed to her everywhere. The colliers at Tevershall were talking again of a strike, and it seemed to Connie there again it was not a manifestation of energy, it was the bruise of the war that had been in abeyance, slowly rising to the surface and creating the great ache of unrest, and stupor of discontent. The bruise was deep, deep, deep the bruise of the false inhuman war. It would take many years for the living blood of the generations to dissolve the vast black clot of bruised blood, deep inside their souls and bodies. And it would need a new hope.

Poor Connie! As the years drew on it was the fear of nothingness in her life that affected her. Clifford's mental life and hers gradually began to feel like nothingness. Their marriage, their integrated life


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Rh On that day the wife also got up and began to roam about. The muzhik shaved himself, put on a clean shirt (the old woman had washed it), and went to the village to a rich muzhik to beg mercy of him. His meadow land and the corn land had been mortgaged to this rich muzhik, and he went to beg him to give back the land before the crops were ripe. Towards evening the man returned, vexed and tearful. The rich muzhik would have no mercy; he said, "Bring the money!"

Elisyei fell a-thinking: "How will they be able to live now? People are going out to reap now, but they have nothing, for their crops are mortgaged. The rye is ripening, people are preparing to gather it in (and our mother earth has given bountifully), but these have nothing to gather, their desyatin is sold to the rich muzhik. When I go away they'll be just as wretched as ever." And Elisyei cudgelled his brains about it, and did not go away that evening, but put it off till the morrow. He went to sleep in the barn. He said his prayers, laid down, and could not close an eye. He ought to have gone, he had already spent a lot of time and money there, but he was sorry for the people. "You've not done all you might," he thought, "you would give them a drop of water and some crumbs of bread, but what's the good of that? Now you should redeem their field and crop. Redeem their field, buy a cow for the children, and a cart to carry the muzhik's sheaves. Verily, brother Elisyei Kuz'mich, thou art all at sea

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 modities, by reducing the importers to the necessity of smuggling. It has entirely prevented the importation of foreign woollens; and it has very much diminished that of foreign silks and velvets. In both cases it has entirely annihilated the revenue of customs which might have been levied upon such importation.

The high duties which have been imposed upon the importation of many different sorts of foreign goods, in order to discourage their consumption in Great Britain, have in many cases served only to encourage smuggling; and in all cases have reduced the revenue of the customs below what more moderate duties would have afforded. The saying of Dr. Swift, that in the arithmetic of the customs two and two, instead of making four, made sometimes only one, holds perfectly true with regard to such heavy duties, which never could have been imposed, had not the mercantile system taught us, in many cases, to employ taxation as an instrument, not of revenue, but of monopoly.

The bounties which are sometimes given upon the exportation of home produce and manufactures, and the drawbacks which are paid upon the re-exportation of the greater part of foreign goods, have given occasion to many frauds, and to a species of smuggling more destructive of the public revenue than any other. In order to obtain the bounty or drawback, the goods, it is well known, are sometimes shipped and sent to sea; but soon afterward clandestinely relanded in some other part of the country. The defalcation of the revenue of customs occasioned by bounties and drawbacks, of which a great part are obtained fraudulently, is very great. The gross produce of the customs in the year which ended on the 6th of January, 1755, amounted to £5,068,000. The bounties which were paid


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 based on a habit of intimacy, that he talked about: there were days when it all became utterly blank and nothing. It was words, just so many words. The only reality was nothingness, and over it a hypocrisy of words.

There was Clifford's success: the bitch-goddess! It was true he was almost famous, and his books brought him in a thousand pounds. His photograph appeared everywhere. There was a bust of him in one of the galleries, and a portrait of him in two galleries. He seemed the most modern of modern voices. With his uncanny lame instinct for publicity, he had become in four or five years one of the best known of the young "intellectuals." Where the intellect came in, Connie did not quite see. Clifford was really clever at that slightly humorous analysis of people and motives which leaves everything in bits at the end. But it was rather like puppies tearing the sofa cushions to bits; except that it was not young and playful, but curiously old, and rather obstinately conceited. It was weird and it was nothing. This was the feeling that echoed and re-echoed at the bottom of Connie's soul: it was all nothing, a wonderful display of nothingness. At the same time a display. A display! a display! a display!

Michaelis had seized upon Clifford as the central figure for a play; already he had sketched in the plot, and written the first act. For Michaelis was even better than Clifford at making a display of nothingness, It was the last bit of passion left in these men: the passion for making a display. Sexually they were passionless, even dead. And now it was not money that Michaelis was after. Clifford had never been primarily out for money, though he made it where he could, for money is the seal and stamp of success. And success was what they wanted. They wanted, both of them, to make a real display a man's own very display of himself, that should capture for a time the vast populace.

It was strange the prostitution to the bitch-goddess. To Connie, since she was really outside of it, and since she had grown numb to the thrill of it, it was again nothingness. Even the prostitution to the bitch-goddess was nothingness, though the men prostituted themselves innumerable times. Nothingness even that.

Michaelis wrote to Clifford about the play. Of course she knew about it long ago. And Clifford was again thrilled. He was going to be displayed again this time, somebody was going to display him,


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Tales from Tolstoi with thyself, and thy anchor is drifting, and thou canst find no bottom."

Elisyei arose, took up his kaftan from beneath his head, turned it round, got out his snuff-horn, took a pinch, and tried to think more clearly, but no—he thought and thought, and nothing at all came of it. He had to go, and he was sorry for the people. But what to do he had no idea. He wrapped up his kaftan, put it beneath his head, and lay down again. There he lay and lay. The cocks already began to crow, and he went right off to sleep. Suddenly it was as though someone aroused him. He saw that he was quite dressed, and with his knapsack and his staff, and he had to go out of the door, but the door was so disposed that a single person could scarcely pass through it. He tried to go through, and the door on one side hooked his knapsack. He would have unhooked it, but then it laid hold of his rag buskins on the other side, and the buskins all came undone. He tried to tear himself loose, but then he got entangled in the fence, and yet it was not the fence but the little girl who held on to him and cried, "Grandad, dear grandad, bread!" He looked down at his other foot, and there was the little boy holding on to his other buskin, and the muzhik and his wife were looking out of the window all the time. Elisyei awoke, and found himself saying, "Yes, I'll redeem it all, both field and crop, to-morrow. I'll buy a horse and I'll buy a cow for the children. Thou wouldst seek the Christ across the sea, and yet thou losest sight of the Christ that is within thee all the time. One must put these people right." And Elisyei slept 178


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Rh on till morning. Elisyei awoke early. He went to the rich muzhik and bought the crops from him, and gave him money for the meadow as well. He bought back the scythe (for that had been sold too), and brought it home. He sent the muzhik to reap, and he himself went about among the other muzhiks. He found out a horse and cart at the innkeeper's for sale; after some haggling he bought them, and went to buy a cow. Elisyei went along the street and overtook two ragged-haired peasant women. The women were chattering together, and Elisyei heard what they said. One of the women was speaking about him.

"First of all," said she, "they don't know what manner of man he is; they think he is a simple pilgrim. He went there, they say, for a drink, and has lived there ever since. He buys everything for them, they say. I myself saw him to-day at the innkeeper's buying a horse and cart. To think that there really should be such people in the world; let us go and see him."

Elisyei heard this, and understood that they were praising him, and he did not go and buy the cow. He turned in to the innkeeper and gave him the money for the horse. He inspanned it, and went on to the hut. He drove up to the door, stopped there, and dismounted. The people of the hut saw the horse, and were astonished. They thought indeed that he had bought the horse for them, but they dared not say so. The master went out to open the door.

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 and to advantage. He invited Michaelis down to Wragby with Act I.

Michaelis came: in summer, in a pale-coloured suit and white suède gloves, with mauve orchids for Connie, very lovely, and Act I was a great success. Even Connie was thrilled thrilled to what bit of marrow she had left. And Michaelis, thrilled by his power to thrill, was really wonderful and quite beautiful, in Connie’s eyes. She saw in him that ancient motionlessness of a race that can’t be disillusioned any more, an extreme, perhaps, of impurity that is pure. On the far side of his supreme prostitution to the bitch-goddess he seemed pure, pure as an African ivory mask that dreams impurity into purity, in its ivory curves and planes.

His moment of sheer thrill with the two Chatterleys, when he simply carried Connie and Clifford away, was one of the supreme moments of Michaelis’ life. He had succeeded: he had carried them away. Even Clifford was temporarily in love with him if that is the way one can put it.

So next morning Mick was more uneasy than ever: restless, devoured, with his hands restless in his trousers pockets. Connie had not visited him in the night and he had not known where to find her. Coquetry! at his moment of triumph.

He went up to her sitting-room in the morning. She knew he would come. And his restlessness was evident. He asked her about his play did she think it good? He had to hear it praised: that affected him with the last thin thrill of passion beyond any sexual orgasm. And she praised it rapturously. Yet all the while, at the bottom of her soul, she knew it was nothing.

"Look here!" he said suddenly at last. "Why don’t you and I make a clean thing of it? Why don’t we marry?"

"But I am married," she said amazed, and yet feeling nothing.

"Oh that!. he’ll divorce you all right.. Why don’t you and I marry? I want to marry. I know it would be the best thing for me marry and lead a regular life. I lead the deuce of a life, simply tearing myself to pieces. Look here, you and I, we’re made for one another hand and glove. Why don’t we marry? Do you see any reason why we shouldn’t?"

Connie looked at him amazed: and yet she felt nothing. These men, they were all alike, they left everything out. They just went


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 out of this revenue, though in that year there was no bounty upon corn, amounted to £167,800. The drawbacks which were paid upon debentures and certificates, to £2,156,800. Bounties and drawbacks together amounted to £2,324,600. In consequence of these deductions the revenue of the customs amounted only to £2,743,400: from which, deducting £287,900 for the expense of management in salaries and other incidents, the net revenue of the customs for that year comes out to be £2,455,500. The expense of management amounts in this manner to between five and six per cent upon the gross revenue of the customs, and to something more than ten per cent upon what remains of that revenue, after deducting what is paid away in bounties and drawbacks.

Heavy duties being imposed upon almost all goods imported, our merchant importers smuggle as much, and make entry of as little as they can. Our merchant exporters, on the contrary, make entry of more than they export; sometimes out of vanity, and to pass for great dealers in goods which pay no duty; and sometimes to gain a bounty or a drawback. Our exports, in consequence of these different frauds, appear upon the custom-house books greatly to overbalance our imports; to the unspeakable comfort of those politicians who measure the national prosperity by what they call the balance of trade.

All goods imported, unless particularly exempted, and such exemptions are not very numerous, are liable to some duties of customs. If any goods are imported not mentioned in the book of rates, they are taxed at 4s. d. for every twenty shillings value, according to the oath of the importer, that is, nearly at five subsidies, or five poundage duties. The book of rates is extremely comprehensive, and


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 off from the top of their heads as if they were squibs, and expected you to be carried heavenwards along with their own thin sticks.

"But I am married already," she said. "I can't leave Clifford, you know."

"Why not? but why not?" he cried. "He'll hardly know you've gone, after six months. He doesn't know that anybody exists, except himself. Why the man has no use for you at all, as far as I can see; he's entirely wrapped up in himself."

Connie felt there was truth in this. But she also felt that Mick was hardly making a display of selflessness.

"Aren't all men wrapped up in themselves?" she asked.

"Oh, more or less, I allow. A man's got to be, to get through. But that's not the point. The point is, what sort of a time can a man give a woman? Can he give her a damn good time, or can't he? If he can't he's no right to the woman" He paused and gazed at her with his full, hazel eyes, almost hypnotic. "Now I consider," he added, "I can give a woman the darndest good time she can ask for. I think I can guarantee myself."

"And what sort of a good time?" asked Connie, gazing on him still with a sort of amazement, that looked like thrill; and underneath feeling nothing at all.

"Every sort of a good time, damn it, every sort! Dress, jewels up to a point, any night-club you like, know anybody you want to know, live the pace travel and be somebody wherever you go Darn it, every sort of good time."

He spoke it almost in a brilliancy of triumph, and Connie looked at him as if dazzled, and really feeling nothing at all. Hardly even the surface of her mind was tickled at the glowing prospects he offered her. Hardly even her most outside self responded, that at any other time would have been thrilled. She just got no feeling from it all, she couldn't "go off." She just sat and stared and looked dazzled, and felt nothing, only somewhere she smelt the extraordinarily unpleasant smell of the bitch-goddess.

Mick sat on tenterhooks, leaning forward in his chair, glaring at her almost hysterically: and whether he was more anxious out of vanity for her to say Yes! or whether he was more panic-stricken for fear she should say Yes!—who can tell?

"I should have to think about it," she said. "I couldn't say now.


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Tales from Tolstoi "I've bought it," said he. "I've got it cheap. Chop up a little grass for him in the trough for the night," said he.

The master unyoked the horse, chopped up a little grass, and put it in the trough. They lay down to sleep. Elisyei laid him down in the courtyard whither he had already taken his knapsack. All the people were asleep. Then Elisyei arose, tied on his knapsack, tied on his boots, threw his kaftan over him, and went on his way after Efim.

Elisyei went along for five versts—it began to dawn. He sat down under a tree, undid his knapsack, and began to count up his money. He counted it all over and found that he had seventeen roubles and twenty kopecks left. "Well," thought he, "I shall never make my way across the sea with this, and to beg the money in Christ's Name would be a sin. Efim must go on his way alone, and light a candle for me, and I can work off my vow before I die. Yet, thank God, the Master is merciful, and will bear with me."

Elisyei arose, fastened his knapsack to his shoulder, and turned back, only he went a long circuit round the village so that the people might not see him, and so Elisyei soon got on his way. From home he had found it hard, nay, oftentimes beyond his strength, and it had been as much as he could do to drag him-

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 enumerates a great variety of articles, many of them little used, and therefore not well known. It is upon this account frequently uncertain under what article a particular sort of goods ought to be classed, and consequently what duty they ought to pay. Mistakes with regard to this sometimes ruin the custom-house officer, and frequently occasion much trouble, expense, and vexation to the importer. In point of perspicuity, precision, and distinctness, therefore, the duties of customs are much inferior to those of excise.

In order that the greater part of the members of any society should contribute to the public revenue in proportion to their respective expense, it does not seem necessary that every single article of that expense should be taxed. The revenue, which is levied by the duties of excise, is supposed to fall as equally upon the contributors as that which is levied by the duties of customs; and the duties of excise are imposed upon a few articles only of the most general use and consumption. It has been the opinion of many people, that, by proper management, the duties of customs might likewise, without any loss to the public revenue, and with great advantage to foreign trade, be confined to a few articles only.

The foreign articles, of the most general use and consumption in Great Britain, seem at present to consist chiefly in foreign wines and brandies; in some of the productions of America and the West Indies, sugar, rum, tobacco, cocoanuts, etc., and in some of those of the East Indies, tea, coffee, chinaware, spiceries of all kinds, several sorts of piece-goods, etc. These different articles afford, perhaps, at present, the greater part of the revenue which is drawn from the duties of customs. The taxes which at present subsist upon foreign manufactures, if you except


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 It may seem to you Clifford doesn't count, but he does. When you think how disabled he is"

"Oh damn it all! if a fellow's going to trade on his disabilities, I might begin to say how lonely I am, and always have been, and all the rest of the my-eye-Betty-Martin sob-stuff! Damn it all, if a fellow's got nothing but disabilities to recommend him"

He turned aside, working his hands furiously in his trousers pockets. That evening he said to her:

"You're coming round to my room tonight, aren't you? I don't darned know where your room is."

"All right!" she said.

He was a more excited lover that night, with his strange, small boy's frail nakedness. Connie found it impossible to come to her crisis before he had really finished his. And he roused a certain craving passion in her, with his little boy's nakedness and softness; she had to go on after he had finished, in the wild tumult and heaving of her loins, while he heroically kept himself up, and present in her, with all his will and self-offering, till she brought about her own crisis, with weird little cries.

When at last he drew away from her, he said, in a bitter, almost sneering little voice:

"You couldn't go off at the same time as a man, could you? You'd have to bring yourself off! You'd have to run the show!"

This little speech, at the moment, was one of the shocks of her life. Because that passive sort of giving himself was so obviously his only real mode of intercourse.

"What do you mean?" she said.

"You know what I mean. You keep on for hours after I've gone off and I have to hang on with my teeth till you bring yourself off by your own exertions."

She was stunned by this unexpected piece of brutality, at the moment when she was glowing with a sort of pleasure beyond words, and a sort of love for him. Because after all, like so many modern men, he was finished almost before he had begun. And that forced the woman to be active.

"But you want me to go on, to get my own satisfaction?" she said.

He laughed grimly: "I want it!" he said. "That's good! I want to hang on with my teeth clenched, while you go for me!"


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 those upon the few contained in the foregoing enumeration, have the greater part of them been imposed for the purpose, not of revenue, but of monopoly, or to give our own merchants an advantage in the home market. By removing all prohibitions, and by subjecting all foreign manufactures to such moderate taxes as it was found from experience afforded upon each article the greatest revenue to the public, our own workmen might still have a considerable advantage in the home market, and many articles, some of which at present afford no revenue to government, and others a very inconsiderable one, might afford a very great one.

High taxes, sometimes by diminishing the consumption of the taxed commodities, and sometimes by encouraging smuggling, frequently afford a smaller revenue to government than what might be drawn from more moderate taxes.

When the diminution of revenue is the effect of the diminution of consumption, there can be but one remedy, and that is the lowering of the tax.

When the diminution of the revenue is the effect of the encouragement given to smuggling, it may perhaps be remedied in two ways; either by diminishing the temptation to smuggle, or by increasing the difficulty of smuggling. The temptation to smuggle can be diminished only by the lowering of the tax; and the difficulty of smuggling can be increased only by establishing that system of administration which is most proper for preventing it.

The excise laws, it appears, I believe, from experience, obstruct and embarrass the operations of the smuggler much more effectually than those of the customs. By introducing into the customs a system of administration as similar to that of the excise as the nature of the different duties will


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 "But don't you?" she insisted.

He avoided the question. "All the darned women are like that," he said. "Either they don't go off at all, as if they were dead in there or else they wait till a chap's really done, and then they start in to bring themselves off, and a chap's got to hang on.  I never had a woman yet who went off just at the same moment as I did."

Connie only half heard this piece of novel, masculine information. She was only stunned by his feeling against her his incomprehensible brutality. She felt so innocent.

"But you want me to have my satisfaction too, don't you?" she repeated.

"Oh, all right! I'm quite willing. But I'm darned if hanging on waiting for a woman to go off is much of a game for a man"

This speech was one of the crucial blows of Connie's life. It killed something in her. She had not been so very keen on Michaelis; till he started it, she did not want him. It was as if she never positively wanted him. But once he had started her, it seemed only natural for her to come to her own crisis with him. Almost she had loved him for it almost that night she loved him, and wanted to marry him.

Perhaps instinctively he knew it, and that was why he had to bring down the whole show with a smash; the house of cards. Her whole sexual feeling for him, or for any man, collapsed that night. Her life fell apart from his as completely as if he had never existed.

And she went through the days drearily. There was nothing now but this empty treadmill of what Clifford called the integrated life, the long living together of two people, who are in the habit of being in the same house with one another.

Nothingness! To accept the great nothingness of life seemed to be the one end of living. All the many busy and important little things that make up the grand sum-total of nothingness!


text: Lady Chatterley's Lover/Chapter 5

title: Lady Chatterley's Lover/Chapter 5


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 admit, the difficulty of smuggling might be very much increased. This alteration, it has been supposed by many people, might very easily be brought about.

The importer of commodities liable to any duties of customs, it has been said, might at his option be allowed either to carry them to his own private warehouse, or to lodge them in a warehouse provided either at his own expense or at that of the public, but under the key of the custom-house officer, and never to be opened but in his presence. If the merchant carried them to his own private warehouse, the duties to be immediately paid, and never afterward to be drawn back; and that warehouse to be at all times subject to the visit and examination of the custom-house officer, in order to ascertain how far the quantity contained in it corresponded with that for which the duty had been paid. If he carried them to the public warehouse, no duty to be paid till they were taken out for home consumption. If taken out for exportation, to be duty free; proper security being always given that they should be so exported. The dealers in those particular commodities, either by wholesale or retail, to be at all times subject to the visit and examination of the custom-house officer; and to be obliged to justify by proper certificates the payment of the duty upon the whole quantity contained in their shops or warehouses. What are called the excise duties upon rum imported are at present levied in this manner, and the same system of' administration might perhaps be extended to all duties upon goods imported; provided always that those duties were, like the duties of excise, confined to a few sorts of goods of the most general use and consumption. If they were extended to almost all sorts of goods, as at present, public warehouses of sufficient extent could not easily be provided,


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Author:Edward Thurlow

As translator

 * The Frog-and-Mouse-Fight by Homer, in Moonlight, a Poem: with Several Copies of Verses (1814) by Edward Hovell-Thurlow
 * Translation of a Chorus from the Hippolytus of Euripides by Euripides, in Moonlight, a Poem: with Several Copies of Verses (1814) by Edward Hovell-Thurlow

title: Author:Edward Thurlow


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 and goods of a very delicate nature, or of which the preservation required much care and attention, could not safely be trusted by the merchant in any warehouse but his own.

If by such a system of administration smuggling, to any considerable extent, could be prevented even under pretty high duties; and if every duty was occasionally either heightened or lowered according as it was most likely, either the one way or the other, to afford the greatest revenue to the State; taxation being always employed as an instrument of revenue and never of monopoly; it seems not improbable that a revenue, at least equal to the present net revenue of the customs, might be drawn from duties upon the importation of only a few sorts of goods of the most general use and consumption; and that the duties of customs might thus be brought to the same degree of simplicity, certainty and precision as those of excise. What the revenue at present loses, by drawbacks upon the re-exportation of foreign goods which are afterward relanded and consumed at home, would under this system be saved altogether. If to this saving, which would alone be very considerable, were added the abolition of all bounties upon the exportation of home produce; in all cases in which those bounties were not in reality drawbacks of some duties of excise which had before been advanced; it cannot well be doubted but that the net revenue of customs might, after an alteration of this kind, be fully equal to what it had ever been before.

If by such a change of system the public revenue suffered no loss, the trade and manufactures of the country would certainly gain a very considerable advantage. The trade in the commodities not taxed, by far the greater number, would be perfectly free, and might be carried on


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 A Letter of Instructions from the East Indian Company to its Agent, circ. 1614.

With Notes by W. G. MAXWELL.

Among the Cottonian manuscripts in the British Museum is a letter of instructions from the East India Company to its principal agent in the East India.

The manuscript consists of nineteen pages and is regis- tered as "Cottonian Manuscript, Otho E. VIII. ff. 231-240 (ink foliation)." There is no date to the letter, but Mr. W. Noel Sainsbury the editor of the "Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series, East Indies, China and Japan 1513-1616" assigns to it, with a query, the date 1614. In this case the addressee would be John Jourdain, who was in that year the East India Company's principal agent in the East and who resided at Bantam, some sixty miles north of the present city of Batavia.

It will be noticed that in the manuscript there is a refer- ence to the date 1620 as the date of Raja Api's death. This, if correct, would of course make the date suggested by Mr. Sainsbury impossible. I think however that there can be no doubt that 1620 is a slip of the pen for 1610. In one of the notes which I have appended to this article, I show that the account of Raja Api is identical with that given by Peter Will- iamson Floris, who gives the date as 1610. Floris was one of the merchants of the company's seventh voyage in 1611, and the writer of this letter [which gives such "descriptions and intelligences as he has been able to gather from the advises given by the company's factors"] almost certainly had Floris' letter before him.

This manuscript was partially destroyed by fire in 1731, some three lines being consumed at the head of each leaf. The recurring omissions in the transcript mark the places.


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 to and from all parts of the world with every possible advantage. Among those commodities would be comprehended all the necessaries of life, and all the materials of manufacture. So far as the free importation of the necessaries of life reduced their average money price in the home market, it would reduce the money price of labor, but without reducing in any respect its real recompense. The value of money is in proportion to the quantity of the necessaries of life which it will purchase. That of the necessaries of life is altogether independent of the quantity of money which can be had for them. The reduction in the money price of labor would necessarily be attended with a proportionable one in that of all home manufactures, which would thereby gain some advantage in all foreign markets. The price of some manufactures would be reduced in a still greater proportion by the free importation of the raw materials. If raw silk could be imported from China and Hindustan duty free, the silk manufacturers in England could greatly undersell those of both France and Italy. There would be no occasion to prohibit the importation of foreign silks and velvets. The cheapness of their goods would secure to our own workmen, not only the possession of the home, but a very great command of the foreign market. Even the trade in the commodities taxed would be carried on with much more advantage than at present. If those commodities were delivered out of the public warehouse for foreign exportation, being in this case exempted from all taxes, the trade in them would be perfectly free. The carrying trade in all sorts of goods would under this system enjoy every possible advantage. If those commodities were delivered out for home consumption, the importer not being obliged to advance


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 The thanks of the Society are due to Mr. G. F. Warner, Keeper of Manuscripts, for permission to take a copy of this letter which is now for the first time published.

I have prepared some brief notes of the places, people and things specified in the letter. These are given in alphabetical order in an appendix.

This manuscript appears to me to be interesting in two respects; firstly not so much on account of its contents as for its purport to contain all that was then known in England of this part of the world. Indeed when one sees that the letter was written in 1614, more than a century after the Portuguese had been in occupation of Goa and Malacca, it seems astounding that the Directors of the East India Company (which had been founded some fourteen years before the date of this letter) should have so little information to give their principal agent in the East. The reason that there is no reference to Goa, Malacca or any other Portuguese possession is, of course, that the British could not trade there.

The document is interesting in a second respect as show- ing how small a place in the early aims of the Honourable East India Company, India itself occupied. In later years the Company so much confined itself to India that one is apt to think of India and the Company as co-extensive.

But India at one time stood for nearly everything outside Europe, Africa, and Asia Minor. Thus Marco Polo wrote (A. D. 1298). "India the greater is that which extends from: Maabar to Kesmacoran (i.e. from Coromandel to Mekran) and it contains thirteen great Kingdoms. In lia the Lesser extends from the province of Champa to Mutfili (i.e. from Cochin-China to the Kistna Delta). Abash (Abyssinia) is a very great province and you must know that it constitutes the Middle India."

To this day each country calls by the name of India that part of this vast area that it has acquired for itself: thus India to us means British India, to the French it means Pondicherry, to the Portuguese it means Goa, and to the Dutch it means the magnificent possession of Netherlands-India. The West Indies were so called because Columbus imagined that he had dis- covered a new route to the "Indias" by sailing West instead of


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 the tax till he had an opportunity of selling his goods, either to some dealer, or to some consumer, he could always afford to sell them cheaper than if he had been obliged to advance it at the moment of importation. Under the same taxes, the foreign trade of consumption, even in the taxed commodities, might in this manner be carried on with much more advantage than it can at present.

It was the object of the famous excise scheme of Sir Robert Walpole to establish, with regard to wine and tobacco, a system not very unlike that which is here proposed. But though the bill which was then brought into Parliament, comprehended those two commodities only; it was generally supposed to be meant as an introduction to a more extensive scheme of the same kind. Faction combined with the interest of smuggling merchants, raised so violent, though so unjust, a clamor against that bill, that the minister thought proper to drop it; and from a dread of exciting a clamor of the same kind, none of his successors has dared to resume the project.

The duties upon foreign luxuries imported for home consumption, though they sometimes fall upon the poor, fall principally upon people of middling or more than middling fortune. Such are, for example, the duties upon foreign wines, upon coffee, chocolate, tea, sugar, etc.

The duties upon the cheaper luxuries of home produce destined for home consumption, fall pretty equally upon people of all ranks in proportion to their respective expense. The poor pay the duties upon malt, hops, beer and ale, upon their own consumption: The rich, upon both their own consumption and that of their servants.

The whole consumption of the inferior ranks of people, or of those below the middling rank, it must be observed,


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 East; and the word "Indian," of which "Red Indian" is the best known form, has been applied (so it is said) by discoverers to almost every tribe from the Esquimaux to the Patagonians.

Of course one knows, but perhaps hardly realizes, that when the East India Company started operations it did not own a foot of land in India. It was really the task of making India British that withdrew the operations of the East India Com- pany from the vast area of the East India, with which it first set out to trade, to the comparatively restricted area of British India.

[British Museum. Cotton. MS. Otho E. VIII, ff. 131–240 (ink foliation.)

N.B. The MS. was burned in the fire of 1731—possibly about three lines at the head of each leaf being consum- ed-hence the recurring omissions in this trans- cript.]

ecting thereof, advised you to goe (?) you may from place to place for thethereof: Wee have since Notwithstanding [f]allen (3) into the considera- tion of the groat want wee shall contynuallie haue of your presence in the places where most of our shippes are to bo laden and where you shall thinck it most convenient to settle the place for our principall Rendeuowes which wee still perswade our selues wilbee Jacatra whither all our shippes both from England and elswhere should touch and take from you their directions, to bee ymployed vnto such places as shall scome best vnto you, by advise you shall receaue from our other ffactories adviseing them what returnes you desire, aswell for England as for other places and factories abroade to whose commaund with the advise of your Counsell both our Captaines and ffactors shalbee subiect vnto; both for staying,


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 remooveing or settling in such place and places as you and your Councell shall appoinct that by emulation one with annother they may by their industrie, discouer the Trade, giue you large information, redress such euill Custome as they finde gather goodes together to dispatch the shippes richly and speedilie to you againe to looke yt their charges beenot exces- siue and that they send their accompts and Copies of their Bookes orderlie vnto you contynuallie, where wee wishe you to haue a speciall Care for the pervseing Comptrolling or allowing of the accompts and soo post them ouer vnto your generall bookes. And as often as you shall thinck itt expedient, that the Factor himself come to giue vpp his said Accompts ffrom which place of Jacatra or Banta both for your healthes. sake as otherwise wee would not haue you goe vnles itt were for some extraordinarie and waightie occasion and so allowed by your Councell: ffor by the Contynuall coming of our shippes from England, of the Pinnaces from the Indies, and the giueing good orders for goodes to bee in a readings for the reladeing of our shippes in tyme for all places you shall from you that nd not finding the gouer- ment as it oughttake order therein, either remooueing suchpsons, and putting others in their places, or ells to redresse their faults according as the matter requireth, of which his proceeding hee is afterwards to make an vpright report to you, whereby you may bee of all thinges well Informed, both in the poinct of Trade, the Charges gouerment, and all other matters, and by your good care, industrie with mildnes, keepe all in subiection. Likewise that you hereby may take Care ouer the victualls and provizions of our shippes that come out and goe for England, to take accompts of them howe the same is spent and what may bee spared to take a shoare for the pro- vizion of other shippes and the Pinnaces that tarrie in the Countrie.

And for the better gouerment of all the factories we hould itt fitt you Choose four principall places where the cheife persons ought to bee resident vizt.


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 is in every country much greater, not only in quantity, but in value, than that of the middling and of those above the middling rank. The whole expense of the inferior is much greater than that of the superior ranks. In the first place, almost the whole capital of every country is annually distributed among the inferior ranks of people, as the wages of productive labor. Secondly, a great part of the revenue arising from both the rent of land and the profits of stock, is annually distributed among the same rank, in the wages and maintenance of menial servants, and other unproductive laborers. Thirdly, some part of the profits of stock belongs to the same rank, as a revenue arising from the employment of their small capitals. The amount of the profits annually made by small shopkeepers, tradesmen, and retailers of all kinds, is everywhere very considerable, and makes a very considerable portion of the annual produce. Fourthly and lastly, some part even of the rent of land belongs to the same rank; a considerable part of those who are somewhat below the middling rank, and a small part even to the lowest rank; common laborers sometimes possessing in property an acre or two of land. Though the expense of those inferior ranks of people, therefore, taking them individually, is very small, yet the whole mass of it, taking them collectively, amounts always to by much the largest portion of the whole expense of the society; what remains, of the annual produce of the land and labor of the country for the consumption of the superior ranks, being always much less, not only in quantity but in value. The taxes upon expense, therefore, which fall chiefly upon that of the superior ranks of people, upon the smaller portion of the annual produce, are likely to be much less productive than either those which fall indifferently upon the expense of all


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 Surratt, Coromandell, Bantam, Patania, to which principall persons in those foure places you may giue Name of Agents, Directors Consulles or such like. The gouer- ment of him in Surratt should stretch ouer all the Countrie of the great Mogore as Surratt it self Cambaia, Barocha, Amadanar, Agra, Lahor and the places thereaboutes. Hee of Coromandell should haue commaund ouer those ffactores that shalbee planted in Narsinga.

Hee of Bantam should haue his commaund ouer Sumatra Jaua Succadana Macassar vnto the Mulluccos.

And the commaund of him at Patania to stretch ouer Siam, Camboja, Cochin-china, Japan, Bernee and the places thereaboutes, And if a factor bee also to bee planted at Mocha, there likewise to be a cheife head, which aforesaid Directors may haue the highest commaund as your Liuten- antestuall env (?)[a]ndsend any shipp or Capitallplaces to consigne the same to thewho shall give a receept thereof and dispose thereof amongst the Factories that are under hym, according as hee shall finde requesite for euerie perticuler place, and you to advise the said Director what goodes you desire for your returne and they to take order for the same where it is to bee had.

And if any of the ffactories stand in need of any thing, they shall Certifye the same to their respectiue Directors, and if hee cannott help them thereto, the said Director to advise the same vnto you, and you to giue Order vnto such other Directors vnder whose gouerment the said commodities are to bee had to provide the same.

So likewise if any faults bee committed, that ye goodes. bec not as they ought, or otherwise bee not well Condytioned, to Certifye the same presentlie one to annother, to have such faults amended.


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 ranks, or even those which fall chiefly upon that of the inferior ranks; than either those which fall indifferently upon the whole annual produce, or those which fall chiefly upon the larger portion of it. The excise upon the materials and manufacture of home-made fermented and spirituous liquors is accordingly, of all the different taxes upon expense, by far the most productive; and this branch of the excise falls very much, perhaps principally, upon the expense of the common people. In the year which ended on the 5th of July, 1775, the gross produce of this branch of the excise amounted to £3,341,837 9s. 9d.

It must always be remembered, however, that it is the luxurious and not the necessary expense of the inferior ranks of people that ought ever to be taxed. The final payment of any tax upon their necessary expense would fall altogether upon the superior ranks of people; upon the smaller portion of the annual produce, and not upon the greater. Such a tax must in all cases either raise the wages of labor, or lessen the demand for it. It could not raise the wages of labor, without throwing the final payment of the tax upon the superior ranks of people. It could not lessen the demand for labor, without lessening the annual produce of the land and labor of the country, the fund upon which all taxes must be finally paid. Whatever might be the state to which a tax of this kind reduced the demand for labor, it must always raise wages higher than they otherwise would be in that state; and the final payment of this enhancement of wages must in all cases fall upon the superior ranks of people.

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 Moreouer wee thinck itt requesite for your more case that euerie ffactorie shall give accompt vnto such Directors as are ouer them, and the Director to keepe generall bookes, whereby hee may see the estate of eche ffactorie, To which ende euerie Director is to haue a Bookekeeper ioyned with him as a Secretarie whereby the generall Bookekeeper ouer the Indies resident with you may bee eased of a greate trouble, and many errors and mistakeinges prevented, all places provided with principall heades, your aucthoritie kept in reputation and the whole estate to be euerie yeare sett and sent vs in Ballance and thereby the gaine & losse which euerie place yeildeth will presentlie bee found out, and so accordinglie remeadie provided for the same.

Neither doo wee thinck itt fitt, that the Directors should bee bound to keepe their residence in one place, but to bee in their power to visit their factories vnder them, from place to place to prevent allvise Anshall come vnto you wee wspectes according to their estate, and ha places and voices amongst your Counsell.

Moreouer we hould it convenient that euerie Direct haue 4. or 5. of the best experienced to ymploy in the ffactories. that are vnder his Commaund and each Factorie to haue 3. or 4. Newe Comers, one to learne the Languadge which in tyme wilbee verie available vnto our affaires, and by degrees in case of mortallitie, or otherwise may rise in succession ac- cording as they may seeme to deserve. And for further Light vnto the Trade of all those partes wee haue thought fitt to annex herevnto such discriptions and intelligences as wee haue receau- ed and gathered out of such advises as wee haue had from our ffactors whereof you may make such vse, as you find most convenient.

The Discription of Zeilan. Zeilan in it self is a rich Iland and hath the best Cinamon of all the Indies, it hath also some Rubies, Spinels, Cattes eyes the best and finest of all the worlde, onlie they are not found in any quantitie, and such as are found come for the most parte into the bandes of the


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 which the object is to save private families from the odious visit and examination of the tax-gatherer, occasions the burden of those duties to fall frequently much lighter upon the rich than upon the poor. It is not, indeed, very common to distil for private use, though it is done sometimes. But in the country, many middling and almost all rich and great families brew their own beer. Their strong beer, therefore, costs them eight shillings a barrel less than it costs the common brewer, who must have his profit upon the tax, as well as upon all the other expense which he advances. Such families, therefore, must drink their beer at least nine or ten shillings a barrel cheaper than any liquor of the same quality can be drunk by the common people, to whom it is everywhere more convenient to buy their beer, by little and little, from the brewery or the alehouse. Malt, in the same manner, that is made for the use of a private family, is not liable to the visit or examination of the tax-gatherer; but in this case the family must compound at seven shillings and sixpence a head for the tax. Seven shillings and sixpence are equal to the excise upon ten bushels of malt; a quantity fully equal to what all the different members of any sober family, men, women, and children, are at an average likely to consume. But in rich and great families, where country hospitality is much practiced, the malt liquors consumed by the members of the family make but a small part of the consumption of the house. Either on account of this composition, however, or for other reasons, it is not near so common to malt as to brew for private use. It is difficult to imagine any equitable reason why those who either brew or distil for private use should not be subject to a composition of the same kind.


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 Portingalles. Here also by the Iland of Manar hath been the famous fishing of Pearles which within theise 8 or 9 years. is whollie decayed, so that for this presente there is nothing to bee done. The Dutch haue their men lying att Candie but do nothing, neither doth this land vent any forraine com- modities, saue onlie some Course Lawnes, which in great abundance are brought to them from Negapatam by the Calenders and Chulias whoe for their returne bring from thence fiue Matts and Cinamon Arecas, ffor the Cinamon cometh most parte

The Discription of of Coromandell

This Coast of Coromandell according to the Common Computation of the Chulias and Portingalles beginneth at Negapatam and stretcheth to Casincotta in Ozira; In this Coast of Coromandell or Chulia mandell bee two principall Kinges, the one of Narzinga or att this presente of Velour, which beginneth at Negapatam and endeth at Carick, or Montepoli: The King of this Countrie is called Wencapeti Raija, the other kingdome beginneth from Montepoli vnto Cassimcotta and is called teligana or Badaga whose King is called Cotobaxa, the one beeing a Gentile the other a Moore each of them haueing their sundrie Lawes, manners and goverment which breiflie to recite, wee will first bogin with ye King of Velour.

The Discription of the kingdome of Norsinga alongst the Coast of Coromandell.

The King Wencapati Raïa beeing a Gentile deceas- ed in October 1604 aboute the age of 86. yeares, hee was


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 A greater revenue than what is at present drawn from all the heavy taxes upon malt, beer and ale might be raised, it has frequently been said, by a much lighter tax upon malt; the opportunities of defrauding the revenue being much greater in a brewery than in a malt house; and those who brew for private use being exempted from all duties or composition for duties, which is not the case with those who malt for private use.

In the porter brewery of London, a quarter of malt is commonly brewed into more than two barrels and a half, sometimes into three barrels of porter. The different taxes upon malt amount to six shillings a quarter; those upon strong beer and ale to eight shillings a barrel. In the porter brewery, therefore, the different taxes upon malt, beer and ale amount to between twenty-six and thirty shillings upon the produce of a quarter of malt. In the country brewery for common country sale, a quarter of malt is seldom brewed into less than two barrels of strong and one barrel of small beer; frequently into two barrels and a half of strong beer. The different taxes upon small beer amount to one shilling and fourpence a barrel. In the country brewery, therefore, the different taxes upon malt, beer and ale seldom amount to less than twenty-three shillings and fourpence, frequently to twenty-six shillings, upon the produce of a quarter of malt. Taking the whole kingdom at an average, therefore, the whole amount of the duties upon malt, beer and ale cannot be estimated at less than twenty-four or twenty-five shillings upon the produce of a quarter of malt. But by taking off all the different duties upon beer and ale, and by tripling the malt tax, or by raising it from six to eighteen shillings upon the quarter of malt, a greater revenue, it


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 Cosen to the great King Rama Raia, It is an auncient Custome in this kingdome, that the Kinges devide their Countrie in 3 principall Naicques in manner of a Loanc to them and their heires, paying yearlie a certen Rent, and when the King hath any warres, they serve him with a certen Number of Elephantes horses and Souldiers att their owne Costs and Charges, and att this presente tyme this Kingdome is devided into 3 principall Naieques to witt to him of Tanianeo; him of Tirepopelir and to the Naicque of Madurie of which country of theise 3 Naicques betweenc Negapatam vntill St. Tome and deeper towards thecttle for himself and ffortes, and although the King eth the souereigne goverinent to himself and t without his Confirmation nothing is of any valliditie but must come yearlie to shewe their obedience, yct notwithstanding they are sufficiently Kinges, ech of them in his gouerment doing what hee will, which happened for the most parte by the Kinges age whoe hath not beene able to settle a good order in all thinges; through which meanes theise Naicques do much pill and poll their subiects, ffarming out their townes to the Bramanes, which whollie do consume the poore Commons, that it is too bee wondred howe they are able to mainteyne their famillies; This is the principall goverment of this country. And touching the trade here, the Portingalles haue had a mightie rich trade which might bee accompt- ed the verie best in the Indies, but in regarde they are put from their Trade in Jaua, Amboine, Banda, Moluccos, Solor, Borneo, Siam and Petania, this also is much decayed, so that at this tyme they are hardlie able to mainteyne their famillies; Negapatam and St. Thome beeing so much decayed as is vnspeakeable. In this kingdome the Dutch haue two ffactories, (to witt) one in Tanagapatam belonging to the Naique of Tirepopelir;


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 "It is the largest port in India and the best river. Thus, it is resorted to by a great number of ships from different parts of Europe, Persia, Arabia, Mecca, Bassora, the coasts of Malabar and Coromandal, Massulapatas (Masulapatam), Bengal, Siam, Acheen, Queddah, the Maldiver, Malacca, Batavia, Manilla, China and many other parts of the world."

Taffesiles—Tafsila—a stuff from Mecca. It is spelt in various ways. Van Twist in his account of India (A.D. 1648) gives a list of stuffs which includes gamiguins and toffochillen. Valentijn (A.D. 1624–1626, in a similar list in Oud en Niew Oost-Indien, includes taffatshelas and ginggangs.

Tanagapatam—I cannot identify this place.

Tanesseci—Tenasserim, a town on a river of the same name in the Mergui District. Founded by the Siamese in A.D. 1373, it suffered much in the struggles between the Burmese and the Siamese. It was an important city in the seventeenth city, when there was an over- land route to Sian, and much of the trade between India and Siam was carried between Masulipatam and Tenasserim. It is now an insignificant town.

Tanianco—I cannot locate this place.

Telingana—A term vaguely applied by the Muhammadans to the country of the Telugus in the North East portion. of the Madras Presidency. See the articles Teliga and Teloogoo in Yule and Burnell.

Ticao : Tecoa : Tecoo.—Tiku. On the West Coast of Sumatra, above 18 miles North of Priaman.

Tirepopelir—Tirupapeliur or Cuddalore New Town. In the Cuddalore District of Madras near Vellore.

Velur : Velour—Vellore in the North Arcot District of Madras.

Wisnagara—Vijayanagara. See Narzinga.

Xama :—The great, but imaginary, lake of Chiamay. See the article Chiamay in Yule and Burnell.


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1. In publishing this work, my chief object is to remove the general and erroneous impression from the minds of European and Christian writers regarding Islam, that Mohammad waged wars of conquest, extirpation, as well as of proselytizing against the Koreish, other Arab tribes, the Jews, and Christians; that he held the Koran in one hand and the scimitar in the other, and compelled people to believe in his mission. I have endeavoured in this book, I believe on sufficient grounds, to show that neither the wars of Mohammad were offensive, nor did he in any way use force or compulsion in the matter of belief.


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 upon cider produced only £3,083 6s. 8d. It probably fell somewhat short of its usual amount; all the different taxes upon cider having, that year, produced less than ordinary. The tax upon mum, though much heavier, is still less productive, on account of the smaller consumption of that liquor. But, to balance whatever may be the ordinary amount of those two taxes, there is comprehended, under what is called The country excise—first, the old excise of six shillings and eightpence upon the hogshead of cider; secondly, a like tax of six shillings and eightpence upon the hogshead of verjuice; thirdly, another of eight shillings and ninepence upon the hogshead of vinegar; and, lastly, a fourth tax of elevenpence upon the gallon of mead or metheglin: the produce of those different taxes will probably much more than counterbalance that of the duties imposed, by what is called The annual malt tax upon cider and mum.

Malt is consumed not only in the brewery of beer and ale, but in the manufacture of low wines and spirits. If the malt tax were to be raised to eighteen shillings upon the quarter, it might be necessary to make some abatement in the different excises which are imposed upon those particular sorts of low wines and spirits of which malt makes any part of the materials. In what are called Malt spirits, it makes commonly but a third part of the materials; the other two-thirds being either raw barley, or one-third barley and one-third wheat. In the distillery of malt spirits, both the opportunity and the temptation to smuggle are much greater than either in a brewery or in a malt-house; the opportunity, on account of the smaller bulk and greater value of the commodity, and the temptation, on account of the superior height of the duties, which amount to 3s.


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 whereas they are at great charges and little profitt, so that they have been often minded to raise that Factorie; the other is att Paleacattee which belonged to the Queene Obaijana, here the Dutch haue great privillidges, so that they might here build a howse of brick att their pleasure, and that no Nation in Europe might come to trade there without Com- mission from Graue Mowrice, so that the Globe coming there and the James after them, were denyed the Trade; The Hollanders haueing built there a strong Castle with 4 Bull- workes and 16 pecce of they haueSolor, Moeccasser, Jaua and other places for the venting of theCloth, wherein consisteth the proffitt, here are made the best Callicos and best sortes of the whole Coast. In regarde of the long tyme that they have beene brought vpp in itt by the Portingalles, so that they presentlie knowe what sortes will fitt when a man telleth them for what place hee will goe, for that there is no great difference betweene the Clothes fitting Jaua, Mulleij and Siam, as also between the sortment for men, women, and Children, which is to bee had at Mesulpatan ffor although they haue the best musters in the world yet they cannott make them as one would haue them; ffor which Cause this place concerneth the Dutch verie much although they are att great charges. The Commodities that are requested here are Pepper, Nutmegges, Mace, Cloues, but not many, Sandellwoodd, Brimstone, Camphir, all sortes of China. Commodities except porcelane, which is worth nothing here because the Gentiles may not eate out of porcelane, but onlie out of Leaues, of trees beeing ioyned together, or out of Copper dishes, whereby purslane is only vented to the Mores, a parcell of lead and quicksiluer, vermillion, redd branched Corall is here vented, but no vent of English=Cloth, and although Ambergreece, Musk Ciuitt and other such like perfumes are


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 The Dutch established a factory at Syriam in 1631; The English were some years later. Both were expelled about the year 1670. The English factory was re-established in 1698 by the Government of Madras. In 1740 the Peguans drove out the Burmese, but left the British alone. In 1743 the Burmese re- took the town. They held it only three days, when the Peguans recaptured it, and, suspecting the British. Agent of duplicity, burnt his factory and expelled him. The town went through many vicissitudes in the wars. between the Peguans and the Burmese in the eight- eenth centuries. See article Syriam in Yule and Burnell.

Solor—Sulu. The Sulu islands or archipelago, for there are 150 islands, extend between Borneo and the Mindano Islands, the Southern group of the Philippines.

St. Thomé—Now a southern suburb of Madras city.

Succadana—A place on the western Coast of Borneo. In the early part of the seventeenth century, the East India Company had great hopes of it. Its principal reports were wax and diamonds. One account indeed (Calen- dar of State Papers, Vol. I. No. 522) says that "the best diamonds in the world" were to be procured there. It was once the seat of a Javanese Settlement, and the name, given probably by the Javanese, means, in Sanskrit, the parrot's gift."

Surat—This was a great port at the mouth of the Gulf of Cambay (See Cambaia). When the merchandise of the East was carried, to Europe through the Red Sea and thence overland, it was one of the most important trading places in India. With the discovery of the passage round the Cape of Good Hope, its importance diminished; and now, with silting-up of the gulf, trade has deserted it. The following account of it in the Storia do Mogor (Vol. I p. 61) is interesting from its mention of the trade of this part of our part of the world.


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ii 2. All the wars of Mohammad were defensive. He and those who took interest in his cause were severely oppressed at intervals, and were in a sort of general persecution at Mecca at the hands of the ungodly and fierce Koreish. Those who were weak and without protection had to leave their city, and twice fly to the Christian land of Abyssinia, pursued by the wrathful Koreish, but in vain. Those who remained at Mecca were subject to all sorts of indignities, malignity and a deprivation of all religious and social liberty, because they had forsaken the inferior deities of the Koreish, and believed in the only ONE GOD of Mohammad, in whose mission they had full belief. Mohammad and his followers had every sanction, under the natural and international law, then and there to wage war against their persecutors with the object of removing the (fitnah) persecution and obtaining their civil rights of freedom and religious liberty in their native city.

3. The fierce persecutions renewed by the Koreish at the time of the expulsion of the Moslems from Mecca were acts of hostility tantamount to a declaration of war. From that time commenced the state of war between the parties. In the Arab society at Mecca there was neither an organized Government, nor any distinction between a public and private person