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 (21) April 20-23: Xi Jinping made an inspection tour to Shaanxi Province. He urged local officials to pursue steady performance, make new progress, and act according to the new development philosophy. He called on them to carry out the following tasks: stabilizing employment, finance, foreign trade, inbound investment, domestic investment, and market expectations, and guaranteeing jobs, daily living needs, food and energy, industrial and supply chains, the interests of market players, and the smooth functioning of grassroots government. By so doing, China could offset the adverse impact of Covid-19 and fulfill the goals of eliminating poverty and achieving moderate prosperity.

(22) April 23: Premier Li Keqiang chaired a video conference on the economic situation in some provinces and cities in order to promote economic and social development in these regions.

(23) April 26: The last hospitalized Covid-19 patient in Wuhan was discharged.

(24) April 27: Xi Jinping chaired the 13th meeting of the Commission for Further Reform under the CPC Central Committee. He pointed out that the CPC leadership and China‟s socialist system had played a critical role in Covid-19 control and the resumption of business activities in China. As the environment for development became more complicated, China should be more resolute in furthering reform and improving its governing systems, and it should fully leverage its strengths to deal with risks and challenges.

(25) April 27: The Central Steering Group returned to Beijing from Hubei.

Stage V: Ongoing Prevention and Control (Since April 29, 2020)

Sporadic cases have been reported on the mainland, resulting in case clusters in some locations. Inbound cases are generally under control. The positive momentum in Covid-19 control has thus been locked in, and nationwide virus control is now being conducted on an ongoing basis. China has made vigorous efforts to resume work and reopen schools. The ongoing control measures passed the test of the travel peak during the May Day holiday.

With the approval of the CPC Central Committee, an inter-departmental contact group under the Joint Prevention and Control Mechanism of the State Council was dispatched to Hubei to oversee local virus control (see Chart 8).

(1) April 29: Xi Jinping chaired a meeting of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee. He concluded that thanks to arduous efforts, China had won a vital battle in defending Wuhan and Hubei against the novel coronavirus, and achieved a major strategic success in the nationwide control efforts. At the same time, he emphasized that virus control should continue in key regions and target key groups, with a focus on inbound cases.


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 (2) April 30: The public health emergency response was lowered to Level 2 in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region.

Chart 8. Daily Figure for Newly Confirmed Cases on the Chinese Mainland

(April 29-May 31)

(3) May 1: The WHO announced that given the current international Covid-19 dynamics, the novel coronavirus still remained a "public health emergency of international concern".

(4) May 2: The public health emergency response was lowered to Level 2 in Hubei.

(5) May 4: An inter-departmental contact group under the Joint Prevention and Control Mechanism of the State Council was dispatched to Wuhan with the approval of the CPC Central Committee.

(6) May 6: Xi Jinping chaired a meeting of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee. He pointed out that under the strong leadership of the Central Committee and with the support of all the people, the Central Steering Group had been working with the people of Wuhan and other parts of Hubei Province. They had done their utmost in the fight to curb the spread of the virus and erected a first line of defense for the nation, making a significant contribution to beating the virus.

He said the contact group should guide and support follow-up work in Wuhan and other parts of Hubei and advise on the rehabilitation and psychological counseling of patients in recovery, to ensure that the gains would be consolidated.

(7) May 7: Through the Joint Prevention and Control Mechanism, the State Council released Guidelines on Conducting Covid-19 Prevention and

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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 Control on an Ongoing Basis.

(8) May 8: The CPC Central Committee held a meeting to hear the views and proposals from the central committees of China's eight other political parties, representatives of the All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce, and prominent figures without party affiliation. General Secretary Xi chaired and addressed the meeting.

He said that when the novel coronavirus struck, catching the country unawares, the CPC Central Committee gave its full attention to the matter. Putting people's lives and health first, it swiftly adopted a series of policies on prevention and control of the virus and treatment of the infected. It took the country over a month to achieve initial success in curbing the spread of the virus, about two months bring the daily figure of new domestic cases on the mainland down to single digits, and three months to win a decisive victory in defending Wuhan City and Hubei Province. For China, with a large population of 1.4 billion, this achievement did not come easily.

(9) May 11-12: Xi Jinping made an inspection tour to Shanxi Province to be briefed on what had been done in the province to conduct Covid-19 prevention and control on an ongoing basis while promoting economic and social development, and to consolidate gains in poverty alleviation.

He urged local officials to act according to the new development philosophy for making steady progress, and carry out supply-side structural reform. They were required to stabilize the six fronts (employment, finance, foreign trade, inbound investment, domestic investment, and market expectations), and guarantee the six priorities (jobs, daily living needs, food and energy, industrial and supply chains, the interests of market players, and the smooth functioning of grassroots government).

e called on local officials to overcome the adverse impact of the virus, accelerate high-quality economic transformation, and meet the goals of eliminating poverty and achieving moderate prosperity in all respects.

(10) May 14: Xi Jinping chaired a meeting of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee. He urged that Covid-19 control be strengthened in key areas and key places to prevent its resurgence, and that targeted measures be taken where case clusters had recently occurred. Flexible and effective measures should be adopted to respond to evolving Covid-19 dynamics overseas, and key sectors and weak links in the prevention of inbound infection should be shored up.

(11) May 15: Xi Jinping chaired a meeting of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee to discuss the draft Report on the Work of the Government, which the State Council would submit to the forthcoming Third Session of the 13th National People's Congress for deliberation.

He pointed out that to fulfill the tasks of the year, the nation must carry


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 out Covid-19 prevention and control as well as promoting economic and social development to reach the goal of achieving moderate prosperity in all respects.

He said that while conducting control on an ongoing basis, the country should continue to deliver steady performance, act according to the new development philosophy, conduct supply-side structural reform, promote high-quality development through further reform and opening up, and continue the three critical battles against poverty, pollution and major risks. There should be solid progress in stabilizing the six fronts and guaranteeing the six priorities. Domestic consumption must be expanded, and economic development and social stability must be maintained, so as to fulfill the goals of eliminating poverty and achieving moderate prosperity in all respects.

(12) May 18: President Xi delivered a speech titled "Fighting Covid-19 through Solidarity and Cooperation, Building a Global Community of Health for All" at the opening of the 73rd World Health Assembly.

(13) May 21-27: The Third Session of the 13th National Committee of the Chinese People‟s Political Consultative Conference was held in Beijing. May 22-28: The Third Session of the 13th National People‟s Congress was held in Beijing.

II. Well-Coordinated Prevention, Control and Treatment


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 The coronavirus caught China unawares. Putting people's lives and health first, the Chinese government has acted swiftly to fight the virus and provide medical treatment for patients. It has adopted the most thorough, rigorous and comprehensive prevention and control measures, enforced quarantine and isolation on a scale never seen before, and mobilized medical resources across the country. It has ensured that all those in need have been tested, quarantined, hospitalized or treated. With these measures in place, China has prevented a wider spread and further development of the virus. "The time that can be gained through the full application of these measures [in China] - even if just days or weeks - can be invaluable in ultimately reducing Covid-19 illness and deaths," says Report of the WHO-China Joint Mission on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) published on February 28, 2020.

1. Centralized and Efficient Command

Under the strong leadership of the CPC Central Committee with Xi Jinping at its core, China has put in place an efficient system under which the central authorities exercise overall command, while local authorities and all sectors follow the leadership and instructions of the central authorities, perform their respective duties, and cooperate with each other. This highly efficient system has made it possible for China to win its all-out people's war against the virus.

General Secretary Xi Jinping takes charge of Covid-19 response. Attaching high importance to Covid-19 prevention and control, Xi Jinping assumed full command over the control efforts from the very beginning. He highlighted the need to put people's lives and health first, to firm up confidence, strengthen solidarity, adopt a science-based approach, and take targeted measures. He called for a nationwide effort to block the spread of the virus and defeat it.

Xi Jinping has chaired 14 meetings of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee, 4 meetings of the Political Bureau, meetings of the Central Commission for Law-based Governance, Central Cyberspace Affairs Commission, Central Commission for Further Reform, and Central Commission for Foreign Affairs, and a meeting with prominent non-CPC figures. At these meetings, he heard briefings from the Central Leading Group for Novel Coronavirus Prevention and Control and the Central Steering Group, adjusted response measures in view of the evolving


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 Covid-19 dynamics, and made decisions on overall plans for strengthening control efforts and international cooperation.

He inspected community response and Covid-19 research in Beijing, and visited Wuhan to guide frontline response. He made inspection tours to Zhejiang, Shaanxi and Shanxi provinces where he was briefed on progress in coordinating epidemic prevention and control with economic and social development, and in poverty alleviation. He has closely followed developments in China's virus control and made timely decisions accordingly.

Government departments have made well-coordinated control efforts. Premier Li Keqiang, as head of the Central Leading Group for Novel Coronavirus Prevention and Control, has chaired more than 30 meetings of the leading group to discuss key issues concerning Covid-19 control and economic and social development, and important decisions were made at the meetings. He visited Wuhan and inspected China CDC, the Institute of Pathogen Biology CAMS & PUMC, Beijing West Railway Station, Beijing Capital International Airport, and the National Distribution Center for Major Anti-epidemic Medical Supplies.

The Central Steering Group responded swiftly to guide Hubei Province and Wuhan City to intensify their control efforts. It thus helped contain the virus and hold a strong first line of defense against the virus.

The Joint Prevention and Control Mechanism of the State Council has played the coordinating role and held regular meetings to keep abreast of the situation, dispatch medical teams, and allocate supplies, and it has made timely adjustments to control policies and priorities in response to new developments. Through its mechanism for promoting the return to work, the State Council has strengthened guidance and coordination, removed barriers in the industrial and supply chains, and ensured the resumption of normal daily life.

Local authorities and other stakeholders have lived up to their responsibilities. Emergency command mechanisms headed by leading Party and government officials were established in provinces, cities and counties across the country, forming a top-down system with unified command, frontline guidance, and coordination between departments and among provinces. Local authorities and other stakeholders have implemented each and every one of the decisions, plans and prohibitions of the central authorities, and strictly and effectively enforced all response measures. Thus, an effective and well-functioning whole-of-the-nation control mechanism is in place.

2. A Tight Prevention and Control System Involving All Sectors of Society

The Chinese New Year is marked by enormous population flows in dense groups. In view of this fact, the Chinese government quickly mobilized the


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There is a great royal command from His Majesty King Paramin Maha Chulalongkorn Phra Chunlachomklao Chaoyuhua declaring to all that it be announced for general knowledge as follows: The charters of all courts in Krung Thep and outer towns and the Civil Procedure Act, which are now in use in all courts by virtue of His royal permission, have been amended from time to time to suit their purposes, for which reason the laws regarding the powers of all courts and their procedure are scattering in many places. Now that He entertains an opinion that they ought to be compiled into chapters in order to increase facilitation for the trial of all cases, He orders with His gracious pleasure

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 whole of society and galvanized the people into a nationwide response. A targeted, law- and science-based approach was adopted, and public health emergency response measures were rolled out on an unprecedented and extensive scale across the country. Through the strictest social distancing and flexible, people-centered social management, China put in place a prevention and control system involving governments at all levels and the whole of society, and launched a people‟s war on the virus applying non-medical means that has effectively blocked its transmission routes.

Strong measures were taken to control sources of infection. The Chinese government defined a set of requirements: early detection, reporting, quarantine and treatment with a focus on the four categories of vulnerable people (confirmed cases, suspected cases, febrile patients who might be carriers, and close contacts). It had also taken measures to ensure that they were hospitalized, treated, tested or quarantined as appropriate. It has done everything in its power to reduce infections to the minimum.

While keeping all its outbound routes closed, Wuhan carried out two rounds of community-based mass screening of its 4.21 million households, leaving no person or household unchecked and ruling out all potential sources of infection.

The Chinese government redoubled efforts to increase the capacity of nucleic acid testing, supply more test kits, and approve more testing institutions. As a result, the testing period was shortened and the quality enhanced, ensuring that all those in need could be tested immediately and as appropriate. In Hubei Province, the testing period was shortened from 2 days to 4-6 hours, and the daily capacity expanded from 300 samples in the early stage of the epidemic to more than 50,000 in mid-April. Such advances made early detection and confirmation of infection possible and reduced the risk of transmission.

To identify the four categories of vulnerable people, community grid-based screening was carried out across the country. All residents were requested to report their health condition on a daily basis. Community workers for their part visited households door-to-door to collect and verify this information. Temperature checking was made a routine at all places. Work was done to strengthen the monitoring and online reporting of cases identified at fever clinics of medical facilities – all such cases had to be reported online to higher authorities within 2 hours; their test results sent back to the reporting clinics within 12 hours; and on-site epidemiological investigation completed within 24 hours – so that confirmed cases and asymptomatic carriers would be identified and reported without delay. Epidemiological tracing and investigation were enhanced to precisely detect and cut off virus transmission routes. As of May 31, a total of more than 740,000 close contacts had been traced and handled as appropriate.


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DEAR KNIGHT,

I NOW sit down to execute the threat in the tail of my last. The truth is, I am big with the secret, and long to be delivered. It relates to my guardian, who, you know, is at present our principal object in view.

T'other day, I thought I had detected him in such a state of frailty, as would but ill become his years and character. There is a decent sort of a woman, not disagreeable in her person, that comes to the Well, with a poor emaciated child, far gone in a consumption. I had caught my uncle's eyes several times directed to this person, with a very suspicious expression in them, and every time he saw himself observed, he hastily withdrew them, with evident marks of confusion—I resolved to watch him more narrowly,


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 Breaking the chains of transmission through early intervention. The strictest closure and traffic restrictions were enforced on all outbound routes from Wuhan and Hubei. International passenger flights, and ferries and long-distance passenger transport services in many parts of the province were suspended, as were road and waterway passenger services bound for Wuhan from other places of the country. Airports and railway stations were closed and intra-city public transport halted in Wuhan and many other parts of Hubei. All these restrictions effectively stopped the virus from spreading nationwide, especially in rural Hubei where public health infrastructure was relatively weak.

Areas outside Hubei took a differentiated approach to traffic control. The provinces abutting Hubei built traffic control "isolation zones" around the province, preventing the virus from spreading beyond Hubei. Other parts of China adopted a targeted, tiered, and region-specific approach. They exercised a dynamic control over urban and rural road transport services and strengthened health and quarantine measures for domestic routes.

Rigorous measures were taken to prevent public gatherings and cross-infection. The Chinese New Year holiday was extended, public gatherings were canceled or postponed, and the spring semester was postponed in schools. Cinemas, theaters, internet cafés, and gyms were all closed. Strict procedures had to be followed in essential public facilities, including bus stations, airports, ports, farmers markets, shopping malls, supermarkets, restaurants and hotels, and in enclosed transport vehicles such as buses, trains and planes. All persons were required to wear masks and undergo temperature monitoring when accessing these venues or vehicles. In addition, all such facilities had to be disinfected, meet certain hygiene standards, ensure good ventilation, monitor visitors' temperature, and control the number of passengers or visitors at a given period of time.

Government services were provided online and through prior reservation, non-physical-contact delivery or services were extended, people were encouraged to stay at home and work from home, and businesses were encouraged to telecommute – all these measures effectively reduced population flows and public gatherings. Clear signs urging people to maintain at least one meter of distance and avoid close contact could be seen in all public places.

Strict health and quarantine measures were enforced at points of entry and exit across China to prevent inbound and outbound spread of the virus. The strictest-ever measures were applied at border control to suspend non-urgent and nonessential outbound travel by Chinese citizens.

The community-based line of defense was well guarded. Communities and villages made up the first line of defense in epidemic prevention and control, a major barrier to inbound cases and local transmission. They served as the mainstay in China's Covid-19 response. Residents and villagers were


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 mobilized to help manage communities. Strict access control and grid-based management were exercised in communities, and human and material resources were channeled down to the community level to reinforce implementation of targeted measures. Task forces comprising both full-time and part-time community workers were set up, while officials at the sub-district/township and community/village levels, health workers of community medical facilities, and family doctors all performed their duties as a team. Through all these efforts, communities and villages were turned into strongholds, securing full implementation of response measures down to the lowest level.

To deal with the four categories of vulnerable people, a number of measures were taken in accordance with the law, such as tracing, registering, and visiting each individual, placing them under community management, and transferring them, if necessary, to designated medical facilities for quarantine or treatment as per due procedures. Community actions were taken to keep local areas in good condition and promote health education.

In Wuhan, rigorous 24-hour access control was enforced in all residential communities. No residents were allowed to leave and no non-residents allowed to access the community area other than for essential medical needs or epidemic control operations. Community workers were responsible for the purchase and delivery of daily necessities according to residents' needs. This approach was also applied in communities and villages in other parts of China, where all residents had to register and undergo temperature checking when leaving or entering the residential area or village.

Education programs were conducted to raise public awareness of the need for personal protection and enhance the sense of social responsibility. People observed self-quarantine at home and 14-day self-isolation after cross-region travel. They strictly followed personal protection measures such as wearing a mask when going out, maintaining proper social distancing, avoiding crowds, frequent handwashing, and regular ventilation. The tradition of the Patriotic Public Health Campaign which was initiated in the 1950s, with an emphasis on sanitation and personal hygiene, was also encouraged, along with a healthy, environment-friendly lifestyle. [sic]

A multi-level, category-specific, dynamic and targeted approach was adopted. China also applied a region-specific, multi-level approach to epidemic prevention and control. To better prevent and control the epidemic, each region at or above the county level was classified by risk level on the basis of a comprehensive evaluation of factors such as population and number of infections in a given period of time. There are three levels of risk: low, medium, and high. Regions could take measures according to the risk level, which was dynamic and adjusted in light of the evolving situation.

In response to Covid-19, a low-risk region was requested to remain


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 vigilant against any potential inbound transmission while fully restoring normal order in work and daily life; a medium-risk region had to prevent inbound and local transmission while restoring normal work and daily life as soon as possible; and a region classified as high-risk was obliged to prevent any spread in its jurisdiction or beyond, enforce strict control measures, and focus on containment. Once the situation stabilized, provincial-level authorities could step up efforts to restore order in work and daily life in areas under their jurisdiction, while adapting to the new normal of Covid-19 control by establishing a sound long-term epidemic response system that ensures early detection, quick response, targeted prevention and control, and effective treatment. Every effort has been made to stem the virus spread in the capital of Beijing to safeguard public health.

Appropriate measures were implemented to prevent any cluster outbreaks in key locations, major organizations, and priority population groups, and manage the aftermath of any such outbreaks. The elderly, children, pregnant women, students, and health workers were to be well protected as a priority.

Health management of priority population groups was enhanced. Protective measures were intensified in medical facilities, communities, office buildings, shopping malls and supermarkets, passenger terminals, transport vehicles, child-care centers and kindergartens, elementary and secondary schools, colleges and universities, nursing homes, charity houses, mental health institutions, and first-aid stations. These measures were implemented nationwide, covering all population groups, locations, and communities, and leaving no areas unattended and no hidden dangers unaddressed.

To control any inbound infections from overseas, China has strictly enforced its border health and quarantine rules to ensure a full, closed cycle of management of all arrivals, from their entry at the border to the doorstep of where they would stay. Sustained, meticulous efforts have been made to prevent both inbound cases and a recurrence in domestic cases.

Legal safeguards for epidemic prevention and control were strengthened. China listed Covid-19 as a Class B infectious disease, but addressed it with measures applicable to a Class A infectious disease under the Law of the People's Republic of China on Prevention and Treatment of Infectious Diseases. It also applied control and quarantine measures under the Frontier Health and Quarantine Law of the People's Republic of China consistent with relevant provisions of international law and other domestic laws. Standing committees of some sub-national people's congresses launched emergency legislation procedures as per the national legal framework, empowering local governments to introduce interim emergency administrative rules relating to healthcare and epidemic control.

The Law on Prevention and Treatment of Infectious Diseases and


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 measures for its implementation have been strictly enforced, and guidelines have been promulgated on controlling the disease, combating epidemic-related crimes in accordance with the law, and protecting people's lives and health. Law and order, and market supervision have been strengthened. Price gouging, hoarding and profiteering, production and sales of counterfeit or sub-standard products, and any other crimes impeding response efforts have been punished by law. Quality and price control of anti-epidemic supplies has been reinforced, and stronger measures have been taken against deceptive and illegal advertising, ensuring social order and stability. Supervision on administrative law enforcement has been intensified during epidemic control to ensure that the law is enforced in a strict, impartial, procedure-based, and non-abusive way. Legal disputes associated with the epidemic have been resolved in accordance with the law, and legal guarantees and services have been provided for Covid-19 response and for businesses returning to work. The government has also made greater efforts to raise public legal awareness and guide people to act within the parameters of the law.

Prevention and control efforts have been based on science. Covid-19 is a new virus and it will take time for humanity to understand it completely. In its quest for victory over the coronavirus, China has been mapping its own route to success - one based on reliable experience, tailored to its national conditions, and rooted in sound epidemiological practice.

China values the role of experts in virology, epidemiology, clinical medicine and related fields. China's response has been professional because its response measures were based on timely analyses and assessments by scientists and public health experts, whose views and proposals were fully respected.

China has given full support to factual and scientific research on virus infection, pathogenesis, transmission routes and transmissibility while maintaining exchanges and communication with the WHO and other countries and regions.

With a growing body of knowledge of the virus, China has modified and optimized its response measures in a timely manner to make them more effective. It has developed a Covid-19 prevention and control protocol and updated it five times based on assessments of the evolving epidemic dynamics. The protocol provides a set of reliable standards for case monitoring, epidemiological investigation, management of close contacts and of those suspected of exposure to infection, and procedure-based tests in laboratories. China has also published 15 technical manuals on epidemic prevention and control for key population groups, locations and organizations, 6 work plans on psychological counseling for people affected by Covid-19, and 50 specific technical guidelines. All of this has ensured that China's prevention and control efforts are more targeted and science-based.


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 3. An All-Out Effort to Treat Patients and Save Lives

From the outset, China's goal in its medical response to Covid-19 has been to improve the patient admission and cure rates and reduce the infection and fatality rates. The infected were treated in dedicated medical facilities where medical specialists from all over the country and all the necessary medical resources were concentrated. Both traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine were applied. A condition-specific and category-based approach was applied to medical treatment of patients. Severe cases were treated by the best doctors using the most advanced equipment, and critical supplies were pooled to save lives at all costs. It is through such efforts that the Covid-19 fatality rate in China has dropped sharply. Early medical intervention has made it possible to have patients with mild symptoms cured without delay, thus significantly reducing the risk that their condition might worsen.

Pooling premium resources to treat severe cases. The sudden appearance of Covid-19 in Wuhan put an overwhelming strain on its medical resources. There was a severe shortage of hospital beds in the early stage as the number of infections surged. By directing resources to Wuhan, China expanded the capacity of designated hospitals to deal with severe cases and increased the number of beds. Patients in severe and critical condition were gathered for treatment and intensive care at the best hospitals with the greatest capacity for accommodating patients with infectious respiratory diseases. Two hospitals with 1,000-plus beds each – Huoshenshan and Leishenshan – were built as specialist hospitals for treating infectious diseases, and a number of designated and general hospitals were expanded or remodeled. The number of beds for severe cases quickly increased from around 1,000 to more than 9,100. Hospitals were able to admit large numbers of patients who were seriously ill.

The treatment strategy for severe cases was improved, and tailored treatment provided to individual patients. Inspection teams consisting of top experts were organized to regularly inspect Wuhan's designated hospitals and evaluate patients in critical condition and their therapeutic regimen. For those with serious underlying medical conditions, who accounted for more than 80 percent of all severe cases, case-by-case treatment was prescribed after consultation with a multidisciplinary team consisting of experts on infection, respiratory diseases, heart and kidney diseases, and intensive care. In addition, a set of standards were formulated for nursing patients in severe and critical condition, and such measures as high-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy, non-invasive and invasive mechanical ventilation, and ventilation in a prone position were adopted. Expert consultation on complex, severe and critical cases, and fatal cases, and other core medical security systems were strictly implemented. Those who have been cured and discharged from hospital have received rigorous health monitoring, and patients in severe condition have been given


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 quality medical treatment.

The plasma of convalescent Covid-19 patients has been collected to set up an emergency plasma reserve, and convalescent plasma therapy has been applied in clinical treatment. As of May 31, convalescent plasma had been collected from 2,765 recovered patients, and 1,689 patients had been treated with the therapy, with positive results.

Early intervention for patients with mild symptoms. China has been quick to have patients with mild symptoms admitted to designated medical facilities for early medical intervention, and has done its best to prevent mild cases from worsening. The national clinical treatment network has been expanded to include more than 10,000 hospitals dedicated to the treatment of Covid-19 patients. A national network of medical treatment coordination has also been formed to provide technical support through online consultation.

In Wuhan, faced with surging infections and considering that 80 percent of cases were mild, the city government mobilized resources to repurpose stadiums and exhibition centers into 16 temporary treatment centers. With some 14,000 beds, these centers were able to admit all confirmed mild cases for treatment. This helped to reduce infections and virus transmission in communities and prevent mild cases from worsening. The 16 treatment centers received a total of more than 12,000 patients; 8,000 and more were cured and discharged; and more than 3,500 were transferred to hospitals. While in service, these facilities had zero cases of infection, death, or relapse.

Temporary treatment centers, or Fangcang shelter hospitals, are a major innovative solution that provided enough beds to admit all confirmed cases, thus turning the tide in the battle against Covid-19. An article in The Lancet wrote, "To relieve the huge pressure on the healthcare system, Fangcan shelter hospitals have also been crucial."

Reviewing diagnostic and therapeutic plans and applying effective ones on a broad scale. China's diagnostic and therapeutic plans for Covid-19 have been developed and improved through clinical practice, medical research, experimentation and regular reviews. Based on scientific knowledge and accumulated evidence, R&D results and the diagnostic and therapeutic regimens that proved effective were incorporated in the national diagnosis and treatment plans. These include seven versions of the diagnosis and treatment protocol, three editions of the protocol for severe and critical cases, two editions of the manual for mild case management, two editions of convalescent plasma therapy treatment protocol, and one rehabilitation treatment program for patients discharged from hospitals. All these protocols and plans have contributed to


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 and saw him speaking to her privately in a corner of the walk. At length, going down to the Well one day, I met her half way up the hill to Clifton, and could not help suspecting she was going to our lodgings by appointment, as it was about one o'clock, the hour when my sister and I are generally at the Pump-room.—This notion exciting my curiosity, I returned by a back-way, and got unperceived into my own chamber, which is contiguous to my uncle's apartment. Sure enough, the woman was introduced, but not into his bed-chamber; he gave her audience in a parlour; so that I was obliged to shift my station to another room, where, however, there was a small chink in the partition, through which I could perceive what passed.—My uncle, though a little lame, rose up when she came in, and setting a chair for her, desired she would sit down: then he asked if she would take a dish of chocolate, which she declined, with much acknowledgment. After a short pause, he said, in a croaking tone of voice, which confounded me not a little, "Madam, I am truly concerned for your misfortunes; and if this trifle can be of any service to you, I beg you will accept it with-


text: The Expedition of Humphry Clinker/Volume 1/Letter 10


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Rh and as we see, day after day, our country affording homes of peace and joy and plenty and gladness to over a hundred millions of our countrymen, while just across the sea destitution and suffering prevail in many lands—lands where new and strange ideas of government have gained alarming credence among despairing peoples filled only with a natural desire to ease their sufferings and improve their position, but whose efforts have resulted in their more complete undoing—it behooves us the more to look to our own safety and to the safety and prosperity of those we shall leave behind us here, and to know just where our course leads.

Ours is a country of the people and for the people, where the people rule through direct representation. From its very origin it has been a land of the free and a home for the oppressed of other and less happy lands. What it has been it must always be, and this is best assured by holding fast to those principles, ideals, and traditions that are purely American and adherence to which has brought wealth, gladness, prosperity and peace to the land. Liberty and freedom, truth and justice have been our watchwords. Respect for the will of the majority and for the rights of the minority; respect for law and established institutions; respect for other men's opinions and beliefs; respect for the processes of evolution as against those of revolution; and respect for the dignity of labor with complete freedom to engage therein as we desire, and to worship according to the dictates of our own conscience with no man or set of men to say us nay—there are some of the ideals which have served in the building of this Nation, and which all true Americans cherish; and, please God, let us all by our united effort, and by His aid, assure that America shall ever go forward, ever a land of liberty for her sons and for all others who here gain asylum.

Such a heritage as ours seldom comes to any people. Once gained, it must be insured to all posterity by the wisdom, foresight, and unflinching courage of generation after generation as these in turn succeed to the temporary charge as well as to the blessings thereof, so long as time and the world shall endure.

Despite ancient and inherited prejudices detrimental to the


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'''FIGURE 1. Road in mountainous eastern Czechoslovakia. Illustrated are terrain constraints on offroad movement. (U/OU)'''

difficult to achieve along a wide front because of the numerous alternate routes and bridges throughout most of the country—excepting Slovakia.

Although the two major systems comprising the inland waterways are not interconnected, each system provides significant logistical support routes. Main Elbe-system routes connect the strategically important areas of Kolin, Prague, Melnik, Usti nad Labem, and Decin to the East German waterway system, thence to the East German-West German border. The Danube river provides Komarno and Bratislava access to the Czechoslovakia-Austria border moving west, and to Hungary, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Romania, and the U.S.S.R. moving east as well as providing access to the lower Danubian river-maritime ports. The waterways lend themselves to Warsaw Pact logistical support of extended military operations as they are capable of moving large amounts of rations, POL (petroleum, oil, lubricants), ammunition, construction materials, and equipment. Most vulnerable are the lock-and-dam installations on the Elbe system, destruction of which would completely close through traffic by causing flooding and restrictive low water levels. Serious interdiction could also be accomplished by destroying the major ports on the Danube as well as those on the Elbe.

Military support by the Czechoslovak merchant fleet, based primarily at Polish ports, would be limited to logistic support of Warsaw Pact nations only.

Of the 10 oceangoing ships, at least 6 dry-cargo ships have a military lift and supply transport potential of 34,386 cargo deadweight tons for short-haul (48 hours steaming) nearseas operations. The four bulk-cargo ships would have only limited usefulness for logistic support; but, if accessible at the time of emergency, would also be assured for military support. Of the bulk-cargo ships, Praha, 32,240 d.w.t., has a heavy-lift capability with its 60-ton booms, and Vitkovice, 41,208 d.w.t., is equipped with a long hatch of 51 feet.

The lift capability could be augmented by an indeterminate number of smaller ships assigned to the inland waterway shipping companies.

No formal mobilization plan in regard to CSA and Slov-Air is known to exist. However, because of the status of the civil airlines as state-owned enterprises, civil aviation equipment and personnel could be absorbed into the military with little difficulty. Since most flight personnel are air force reservists, their conversion to the military during a national emergency could be quickly and easily performed. The 45 major transports would be of greatest value for their troop and cargo airlift potential. The light aircraft of Slov-Air could be used for a variety of military-oriented activities including reconnaissance, training, and medical evacuation.

The Czechoslovak military makes considerable use of the civil wire line facilities. Inasmuch as telecom facilities are owned by the government, integration or transfer of part or all of the networks from civil to military would be easy. In wartime, telecom facilities would come under complete control of the military.

C. Railroads (C)

The rail lines are owned and operated by the government and are administered through the Czechoslovak State Railways (CSD), an agency of the government under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Transportation. The CSD is the principal carrier of domestic long-haul freight and also carries a large amount of international traffic. Because of the thickly forested, rugged mountainous terrain, the pattern of the railroad system has remained basically unchanged since its development under the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Since that time emphasis has been placed primarily upon increased efficiency of the existing lines rather than on new line construction. The main developments have been improvement of east-west routes to provide for increased traffic with the U.S.S.R.

3

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 that a Court of Justice Charter and a Civil Procedure Act hereto annexed shall be enacted, and any of the previously announced legal provisions in relation to the powers of all courts and civil procedure which are contrary to these Acts shall all be repealed from the day of promulgation of these Acts onwards.

Announced on the 1st day of June 127 Rattanakosin Era, being the 41st year of this reign, the 14,447th day of this present reign.

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text: Index:The Harveian oration 1905.djvu

title: Index:The Harveian oration 1905.djvu


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18 development of needed powers, this country has always arisen to meet every emergency with which it has been confronted. Many of these efforts have proved costly, and have strained the Nation well nigh to the breaking point, but, like the race from which we sprung, we have somehow “muddled through.” But even though successful in the past, those very successes, in the light of deeper knowledge and changed conditions, warn us against any implicit faith in dependence upon emergency action. A city does not wait until the flames rage and the mob loots to organize fire and police protection, nor await the ravages of disease and pestilence to insure good water supply and establish proper health measures.

Our ability to meet and solve the great questions which have been vital to our development as a great free nation has rested mainly on the sound basic training of the entire body politic. The “little red schoolhouse” was the forum which primarily fitted for their life's work many of the greatest leaders known to our history. The nineteenth century was one devoted in the main to the settlement and upbuilding of our undeveloped territory and lands. Living thus close to the soil as a great agricultural people, simplicity was the rule in life, and the absorbing questions thought out and discussed were in the main those fundamental to the development of the Nation.

Now the free lands of our great West are no more. The industrial strides of the Nation have placed our industrial products ahead of the agricultural in value, and the environment of great masses of our people has changed from the freedom of the farm to the congestion of the cities. Life has grown harder and more complex. The fundamental has become clouded and overshadowed by the immediate questions of how to live and how to gain a competence, our avenues for which are concededly unequaled elsewhere.

Under these changed conditions the foundation for assured safe action, which is well-informed, sound judgement in all men, has become weakened. The motives for the establishment of the Nation, and which have set it free and far above all others on this globe, are in danger of becoming hopelessly obscured. As against party government and majority rule we


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 tually more evident without becoming morally less effective; without counteracting its own end by sacrificing the life of faith to the cold mechanism of a worthless because compulsory assent. The belief of a God and a future state (if a passive acquiescence may be flattered with the name of belief) does not indeed always beget a good heart; but a good heart so naturally begets the belief, that the very few exceptions must be regarded as strange anomalies from strange and unfortunate circumstances.

From these premises I proceeded to draw the following conclusions. First, that having once fully admitted the existence of an infinite yet self-conscious Creator, we are not allowed to ground the irrationality of any other article of faith on arguments which would equally prove that to be irrational, which we had allowed to be real. Secondly, that whatever is deducible from the admission of a self-comprehending and creative spirit may be legitimately used in proof of the possibility of any further mystery concerning the divine nature. Possibilitatem mysteriorum, (Trinitatis, &c.) contra insultus Infidelium et Hereticorum a contradictionibus vindico; haud quidem veritatem, quæ revelatione solâ stabiliri possit; says Author:Gottfried Leibniz in a letter to his Duke. He then adds the following just and important remark. "In vain will tradition or texts of scripture be


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Rh are drifting toward the dangerous shoals of the bloc, of many parties, and of minority rule. In these conditions the politician, rather than the statesman, flourishes, and his breed is not the one which builded this Nation from a wilderness.

The conditions of our masses to which we have alluded as establishing a danger line exist in practically all of the older countries, where they have been of far longer duration; but there they have fewer of our blessings, such as our higher wages, regulated industries, free hospitals and libraries, free schools, improved and sanitary living conditions, amusements unending and within the reach of all, in addition to our full possession of the individual rights guaranteed under our Constitution. Thus our dangers are less than theirs, and our structure of government safer. But with lesser questions permitted to fill and sufficing to occupy the public mind, lesser men suffice to meet the demands for filling public office mediocrity rules, and superficiality may be said to be one of the crimes of the day and age. Mere politicians are hailed as statesmen, malingerers and profiteers abound, and the public treasury is oppressed with demands the meeting of which has inordinately taxed agriculture and industry and endangered stability. To cure our real and imaginary political and economic ills, legislation is invoked on the slightest pretext, regardless of the fact that wealth results from the untrammeled operations of commerce under the laws of supply and demand. Freedom of speech too frequently verges on license, and discipline has all but vanished. Over-regulation of personal habits; the over-development of reforms into well established, well paying occupations for the professional reformers; governmental interference in business to an illogical degree; and widespread neglect of our religious duties to our own very decided detriment, are among our most common evils. Radicalism threatens established property interests, and until the rights of property are clearly respected—until the frame of mind throughout the great body politic demands most thorough respect for property as well as for life, business cannot gain that volume and stability which the natural impetus of world growth offers to impart. When business flourishes there is ample employment, fair prices, and good times for all.


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 adduced in support of a doctrine, donec clava impossibilitatis et contradictionis e manibus horum Herculum extorta fuerit. For the heretic will still reply, that texts, the literal sense of which is not so much above as directly against all reason, must be understood figuratively, as Herod is a fox, &c."

These principles I held, philosophically, while in respect of revealed religion I remained a zealous Unitarian. I considered the idea of the Trinity a fair scholastic inference from the being of God, as a creative intelligence; and that it was therefore entitled to the rank of an esoteric doctrine of natural religion. But seeing in the same no practical or moral bearing, I confined it to the schools of philosophy, The admission of the logos, as hypostasized (i.e. neither a mere attribute, nor a personification) in no respect removed my doubts concerning the incarnation and the redemption by the cross; which I could neither reconcile in reason with the impassiveness of the Divine Being, nor in my moral feelings with the sacred distinction between things and persons, the vicarious payment of a debt and the vicarious expiation of guilt. A more thorough revolution in my philosophic principles, and a deeper insight into my own heart, were yet wanting. Nevertheless, I cannot doubt, that the difference of my metaphysical notions from those of Unitarians in


text:
Author:John Rocke

1st series, vol 23 (1865) and 2nd series, vol 1 (1866)
Published in four parts:

title: Author:John Rocke


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 general contributed to my final re-conversion to the whole truth in Christ; even as according to his own confession the books of certain Platonic philosophers (libri quorundam Platonicorum) commenced the rescue of St. Augustine's faith from the same error aggravated by the far darker accompaniment of the Manichæan heresy.

While my mind was thus perplexed, by a gracious providence for which I can never be sufficiently grateful, the generous and munificent patronage of Mr., and Mr. enabled me to finish my education in Germany. Instead of troubling others with my own crude notions and juvenile compositions I was thenceforward better employed in attempting to store my own head with the wisdom of others. I made the best use of my time and means; and there is therefore no period of my life on which I can look back with such unmingled satisfaction. After acquiring a tolerable sufficiency in the German language at Ratzeburg, which with my voyage


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114 {| width="100%" Cay puncuta quichay. Open that door.
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Rh {| width="100%" Yayayquin camachicurcan Munaysapacc huananampac. Thy father ordered it, He willed it for her disobedience.
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116


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Author:Shaun Truelove

Works

 * A Failure to Communicate? How Public Messaging Has Strained the COVID-19 Response in the United States (2021) with Molly A. Sauer, Amelia K. Gerste, and Rupali J. Limaye

title: Author:Shaun Truelove


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Rh {| width="100%" Ñoccan chaytacca pascanay Ñaccaricta yanapanay. I ought to free her, I should be her friend.
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20 With business chained, threatened, constantly railed against, capital in very self-protection withholds that which it has, awaiting a more opportune day for release. Cities and States, seizing the opportunity in unemployed capital desirous of some safe return, are becoming increasingly burdened with debt through the ceaseless issue of tax-exempt securities to secure funds for local improvements, thus defeating the Federal aim for income to meet the national budget and throwing the burden of the load upon the merely well-to-do and the poorer class, as against the rich, upon whom Congress intended it to lie.

Thus the fact stands clear that the time is at hand when we must take inventory, separate truth from fallacy, and discard the latter.

It was John Ruskin, a man far ahead of his day, who said that if we would see a thing correctly we must see the whole of it. Any correct view of the needs and duties of government in America must, then, start with its beginning—with the Constitution or framework of the government in which we live. Better yet, it should go into Colonial history and note the facts which led our forefathers to the adoption of that Constitution, after trying weaker and unsatisfactory measures; study the failures of the Continental Congress and its successor, the Articles of Confederation; and when that is done any fair-minded American will concede that the purposes of government, so clearly enunciated in the preamble to the Great Document, are on and all as vital and essential today as when so decreed by those high-minded patriots who, with clear brains and stout hearts in rugged bodies, builded for themselves and for all posterity the very highest “place in the sun” known to the nations of the world.

Those basic purposes for forming this government, enunciated in the preamble to the constitution, are broad and vital: A more perfect Union, for union was found essential to strength and sovereignty; the establishment of justice, since justice was the demand of every colony from its very birth; domestic peace, so essential to happy internal relations and development; to provide for the common defense, a lesson thoroughly learned throughout Colonial history and in the dark


text: Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society/Volume 1/Meteorological Returns, 1877


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 and journey thither I have described in, I proceeded through Hanover to Göttingen.

Here I regularly attended the lectures on physiology in the morning, and on natural history in the evening, under, a name as dear to every Englishman who has studied at that university, as it is venerable to men of science throughout Europe! Eichhorn's lectures on the New Testament were


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RV 25 (Rh)

Note 3.5 Verb: /nə-/ 'be'.

The verb stem /nə-/ plus Verb Suffixed Pronouns (Note 3.2.1) constitute verb forms expressing simple equations: 'I am', 'you are', etc. These forms, illustrated in the Structure Sentences, may be either suffixed or separate words (e.g. /Tırúnəw/ or /Tırú nəw/ 'it's good'). They are themselves unstressed and the stress is regularly on the previous syllable, as in /təmariwóc nən/ 'we are students'.

The complete set of such pronouns is:

Note 3.6. Formation of the Plural

The general plural suffix in Amharic for both masculine and feminine is /-(w)oc/ (/-oc/ after consonants and /-woc/ after vowels.) With some speakers, words ending in vowels may drop the vowel and the suffix /-oc/ is affixed to the preceding consonant. Thus the Amharic word for 'students' may be either /təmariwoc/ or /təmaroc/. Before vowels the plural suffix is usually /-(w)occ/, as in /məSıhafoccaccıhu/ 'your books.'

The plural suffix /-yan/ is used exclusively with nouns denoting nationality ending in /-awi/ e.g. /ityoPıyawi/ 'Ethiopian' /ityoPıyawiyan/ 'Ethiopians', /amerikawi/ 'American', /amerikawiyan/ 'Americans', /ınglizawi/ 'Englishman', /ınglizawiyan/ 'Englishmen', /fərənsawi/ 'Frenchman', /ferensawiyanfərənsawiyan [sic]/ 'Frenchmen'. The use of the plural will be taken up in later units.


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Rh years immediately following on the Declaration of Independence, when the Nation's efforts were all but paralyzed in the actual establishment of that independence under the operation of the Continental Congress and, later, under the Articles of Confederation, the weakness of both establishing the necessity for centralized authority with full coercive and sovereign powers; the promotion of the general welfare, a broad provision carrying the necessary authority for all development and improvement for which time might develop the need and which might not be included under the other provisions; and lastly, the insuring of the blessings of liberty to themselves and to all posterity, than which no other desire was more strongly intrenched or more effective in securing independence.

These six broad purposes, the ground plan of the government we today enjoy, are as essential to the continued growth and the maintenance of this Nation as they were when originally enunciated and adopted. One hundred and thirty-four years of growth under the Constitution (during which period the Nation has endured through trials that would have terminated it had it other than the soundest of foundations) have thoroughly demonstrated its fitness to endure as planned, and further, that it could not endure as a free Nation if subjected to any vital change. Tinkering with the Constitution is most dangerous.

The facts above stated should lie deep in the minds of every man and every woman who exercises the rights of suffrage. That they are not so is very apparent from the constituencies which return to seats of power men who have demonstrated the most thorough unfitness to have voice in the affairs of government. Truly, “a little knowledge is a dangerous thing,” and it should become the vow of every good American to contribute all that he may to the furtherance of knowledge of the essentials of our government, and to give his unqualified support to every vital basic purpose thereof.

From the beginning of history men formed themselves into groups for mutual self-interest—primarily for self-protection and defense. This tendency of mankind—than which there is no other so humanly fundamental—resulting in obvious ad-


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text: Page:In the wilds of South America; six years of exploration in Colombia, Venezuela, British Guiana, Peru, Bolivia, Argentina, Paraguay, and Brazil (IA wildsofsouthamer00mill).pdf/195


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22 vantage to those within the groups, forced those who were without, and whose interests differed materially therefrom, to form other groups according to individual and collective needs. In the course of time some of the groups grew to great proportions and were called tribes, peoples, races, and nations.

The stronger and more virile groups and nations have always dominated the weak, compelling tribute or recognition in one form or another; and this dominance will continue so long as man possesses the primitive passions and the instinct for trade and commercial advantage. The teachings of civilization will ever soften and ameliorate the effects of power held by one nation superior to another; but it is contrary to human nature to yield power without an acceptable return or as the result of conquest, and “water won't run up hill.” A people who will not or cannot lead must then expect that other nations, more progressive, stronger, more virile, will seize the banner of leadership, which they can then only follow. And if they decline in emergency to defend their own—their homes, their business, their commerce, their domain—in a word, if they refuse to be soldiers when their very existence demands, then must they be prepared to yield—even to become slaves if that horrid condition be imposed; for without defensive strength and power they will be helpless to resist, however offensive to their civilization or to their sensitiveness be the demands. The mother who refuses “to raise her boy to be a soldier” in event of his country's need should then reflect: “Am I not then raising him to be a slave?”

Grave dangers to the Nation lie in our exposed and all too tempting wealth, which offers the very richest plunder to a warlike power or coalition prepared for quick struggle. They lie, too, in the discontent and the unbelief of certain classes in our ideals. They would substitute other forms, even communism (socialism), for this our heritage. The succession of communism in Russia, so recently witnessed, was a catastrophe; its establishment here would be a cataclysm. Americans mean that America shall endure. This demands our watchfulness of all nations and a wise guardianship of our own.


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Rh The purpose of good government is ever to improve the conditions and habitations of man; and an inglorious yielding by one nation to another can never serve that purpose or satisfy high ideals. A well-considered policy of National Defense is simply the sanest and the only sound insurance that our free institutions shall live and flourish. Its need is both paramount and fundamental.


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text: Why Defend the Nation?/National Defense—Its Need


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Rh


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RV 26 (Rh) Note 3.7 Transition vowel /ı/

The transition vowel, indicated above by /$ı$/ is a weak vowel glide that serves to interrupt a sequence of consonants across word boundaries.

This vowel occurs at the point of word division whenever two words coming together produce a cluster of three consonants, or a cluster of two consonants, the first of which is an affricate: /c/, /j/, /C/.

The transition vowel is not marked in our transcription because its presence is almost completely predictable.


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 repeated to me from notes by a student from Ratzeburg, a young man of sound learning and indefatigable industry, who is now, I believe, a professor of the oriental languages at Heidelberg. But my chief efforts were directed towards a grounded knowledge of the German language and literature. From professor I received as many lessons in the Gothic of Ulphilas as sufficed to make me acquainted with its grammar, and the radical words of most frequent occurrence; and with the occasional assistance of the same philosophical linguist, I read through  metrical paraphrase of the gospel, and the most important remains of the, or the transitional state of the Teutonic language from the Gothic to the old German of the Swabian period. Of this period (the polished dialect of which is analogous to that of our Chaucer, and which leaves the philosophic student in doubt, whether the language has not since then lost more in sweetness and flexibility, than it has gained in condensation and copiousness) I read with sedulous accuracy the (or singers of love, the provencal poets of the Swabian court) and the metrical romances;


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HE community desire of the country is that we be let alone in all that pertains to government. This Nation is homemade, and we are proud both of the product and of the handiwork. If there is any fault to be found with either we wish to find it ourselves, and anyone who reads our press or who listens from the galleries to our legislatures or to our Congress will soon be convinced that we are masters of that art. Admiring the real attainments and successes of other nations and individuals the whole world over, cognizant of our weaknesses but also of our ideals, and imbued with a feverish desire to improve, we are well pleased with our own Republic; and we are more than pleased—we are convinced that no nation, no other form of government, compares with our own in affording to freemen a desirable place of residence and one in which we can enjoy our work and amass a competence for old age.

We have said that the Nation is “homemade.” Mr. Gladstone said of our Constitution that it “is the most wonderful work ever struck off at a given time by the brain and purpose of man.” This intended compliment has aroused a storm of protest and some indignation over its imputation that the Constitution was made off-hand, the product of invention. As a matter of fact the Constitution was the outgrowth of over two centuries of purely American experience gained with some sixty-nine forms of government, including all the old Colonial charters and the many constitutions of 1776 or immediately following, from the first charter granted to Sir Walter Raleigh in 1584 down to the framing of the present Constitution in 1787. Each Colony knew intimately its own experiences as well as many of the experiences in government of its neighbors; and all the experience gained was ultimately availed of when the representatives of all the Colonies met to frame our present Constitution. Some claims are advanced


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Rh that our Constitution is based on the English and Dutch torms; but a careful study of the history of the times together with the actual product achieved, and the comparison of this, clause by clause, with the several constitutions in effect among the Colonies, refute such claims.

With the best of good will toward all peoples we hold no jealousy of their possessions or achievements, but glory with them in their successes; and we harbor no desire for aggrandizement. We want only what we win in commerce and business under rules that are fair to all nations; and as opposed to aggrandizement we stand ready to buy and pay for those other material things which excite in us, either nationally or as individuals, the desire for ownership, and which are open for purchase.

From the side lines in city and town, from the workshop and the farm, we have observed the effects of foreign diplomacy, listened to the smooth words of foreign representatives and to their inspired echoes from domestic stool-pigeons, and deplored much that has been apparent, and later proved, falsity. We are impressed with the fact that, though we possess influence, we have little real control, moral or other, over the motives or ambitions of foreign powers. We have always shown good faith and have exercised great patience; and because of our excessive good nature and forbearance and our national trait of listening to the very last word from those of our countrymen who “don’t believe it is loaded” we have been forced to shed the blood of our sons to prevent the unholy disruption of whole peoples, including our own. We can nowhere see in the attitude of the rest of the world any absolute safety for ourselves other than in our own inherent strength. We have observed the steady narrowing of the oceans, our former safeguards, but safeguards no longer. We desire, in common with all nations, and as right and essential to growth and welfare, the freedom of commerce with all the world, and we deny the rights of special privileges which bar us from equal opportunity and a fair share therein. We believe in competition in trade, based openly on values and fairness, and in the right of nations to protect what is actually


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26 their own. We believe in the sacredness of treaties, and in the utter inviolability both of these and of the spoken word, given in bond.

In the light of these convictions, we are impressed with the great wisdom of our forefathers in “providing for the common defense” and we regard that provision as absolutely vital to this free government.

In our utter abhorrence of war and all that war entails in suffering, want, hardship, and privation we have constantly invoked the real friendship of all civilized nations, and of their people as individuals, and sought their aid in all that might serve in the honorable avoidance of war, which we recognize as an effect as distinguished from a cause, and therefore avoidable through wise leadership and right conduct. To this end we have been a party to every conference that has been called to consider international measures for peace, and we ourselves called the Peace Conference in 1921 of all the Powers. And our own representatives to that conference led all others in proposing drastic reductions of fleets and of armament, proposals which met with not unready acceptance and which, in the present impoverished condition of much of the world, is of vast direct benefit to every living human being, and to all posterity for decades to come. No other nation has ever accomplished so much.

Because for its successful prosecution National Defense demands the services of every man and the use of every dollar, no nation can during peace maintain ample forces devoted solely to readiness for defense without unwise drains on all production and occupation. Power in defense lies in the will of the people, in the national morale, and in the national ability to rapidly convert all the potential powers in finance, industry, and manpower into elements for combat and for supply. No longer can regularly maintained forces alone afford adequate insurance to the Nation. War has utterly changed. Modern transportation and distribution make possible the accomplishing in weeks what formerly occupied months or years, or indeed was beyond accomplishment. A nation now at war must be all at war, else it is lost. It is felt that the late and lamented President Harding founded the greatest movement for the prevention of war, and one worthy of the award of


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Rh the Edward Bok prize, when he enunciated in one of his speeches on the tour which ended in his untimely death his conviction that in the next war into which we are forced we will draft every man, every industry, and every dollar for the prosecution of the war.

The term “draft” is not used in any sense of confiscation. Obviously, every man cannot fight, every factory turn out war munitions, every dollar be laid in the vaults of the treasury. But the services, use, and credit of all will be available to the government as may be required, with any necessary adjustments to follow after the war has been terminated.

Why should that action secure peace? For the simple reason that when the opponents of preparedness—the opponents of national insurance—realize that in the event of war they too must serve, and possibly must fight, they will change their tune; for such being the requirements on all persons and property, it will be well for them if the Nation can be made so ready for defense as to render attack on us most unlikely. And that most sane condition popularly called “preparedness” is the very condition which the men and women who fought the recent great war do most ardently desire, realizing the utter impotence of all other measures advanced for war prevention and being unwilling that this Nation shall remain exposed to dangers of attack while utterly unprepared. With the removal of all opposition, which the late President’s suggested method would accomplish, really sane measures insuring future defense should prove relatively simple and easy of accomplishment, to the Nation’s greatly increased safety.

Employing every resource of the Nation, success in defense demands the very highest in organization, leadership, and equipment, and further demands just and kindly consideration of the human element as never before; this to assure the upbuilding of confidence and of that high national morale without which no war of proportions can again be successfully waged. When severity is demanded by temporary conditions it must be founded on justice, and that fact must be apparent to all who are fair-minded. The human factor is of predominant value and must never be misused. Napoleon’s estimate was that in war the moral element is to all others as 3 to 1.


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Rh Nero: The crowd spurns sluggish men. Seneca: The hated, slays. Nero: Yet swords protect a prince. Seneca: Still better, faith. Nero: A Caesar should be feared. Seneca: And more be loved. Nero: But men must fear. Seneca: Enforced commands are hard. Nero: Let them obey our laws. Seneca: Make better laws— Nero: I'll be the judge. Seneca: Which all men may approve. Nero: The sword shall force respect. Seneca: May heaven forbid! Nero: Shall I then tamely let them seek my blood, That suddenly despised and unavenged, I may be taken off? Though exiled far, The stubborn spirits are not broken yet Of Plautus and of Sulla. Still their rage Persistent spurs their friends to seek my death; For still have they the people's love in Rome, Which ever nourishes the exile's hopes. Then let the sword remove my enemies; My hateful wife shall die, and follow him, That brother whom she loves. The high must fall. Seneca: How fair a thing it is to be the first Among great men, to think for fatherland, To spare the weak, to hold the hand of power From deeds of blood, to give wrath time to think, Give rest to a weary world, peace to the age. This is the noblest part; by this high path Is heaven sought. So did Augustus first, The father of his country, gain the stars, And as a god is worshiped at the shrines. Yet he was long by adverse fortune tossed On land and sea, in battle's deadly chance, Until his father's foes he recompensed. But fortune hath to thee in peaceful guise Bent her divinity; with unstained hand


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438 Hath she the reins of government bestowed, And given world-dominion to thy nod. Sour hate is overcome, and in its stead Is filial harmony; the senate, knights, All orders yield obedience to thy will; For in the fathers' judgment and the prayers Of humbler folk, thou art the arbiter Of peace, the god of human destinies, Ordained to rule the world by right divine. Thy country's father thou. This sacred name Doth suppliant Rome beseech thee to preserve, And doth commend her citizens to thee. Nero: It is the gift of heaven that haughty Rome, Her people, and her senate bow to me, And that my terror doth extort those prayers And servile words from their unwilling lips. To save the citizens! seditious men, Who ever 'gainst their land and prince conspire, Puffed up with pride of race—sheer madness that, When all my enemies one word of mine Can doom to death. Base Brutus raised his hand To slay that prince from whom he had his all; And he, who never 'mid the shock of arms Had been o'ercome, the world's great conqueror, Who trod, a very Jove, the lofty paths Of honor, he was slain by impious hands— Of citizens! What streams of blood hath Rome, So often rent by civil strife, beheld! That very saint of thine, Augustus' self, Who, as thou said'st but now, did merit heaven By piety—how many noble men Did he destroy, in lusty youth, in age, At home, abroad, when, spurred by mortal fear, They fled their household gods and that fell sword Of the Triumvirate, consigned to death Upon those mindful tablets' fatal lists. The grieving parents saw their severed heads Upon the rostra set, but dared not weep Their hapless sons; the forum reeked with blood,


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Rh And gore down all those rotting faces dripped. Nor this the end of slaughter and of death: Long did the plains of grim Philippi feed The ravenous birds and prowling beasts of prey; While ships and men, in deadly conflict met, Beneath Sicilia's waters were engulfed. The whole world trembled with the shock of arms; And now, when all was lost, with fleeing ships, That mighty leader sought the distant Nile, Doomed soon himself to perish there. And thus, Once more incestuous Egypt drank the blood Of Rome's great captains. Now his flitting shade Is hovering there; and there is civil strife, So long and impious, at last interred. Now did the weary victor sheathe his sword, All blunted with the savage blows he gave, And held his empire with the rein of fear. He lived in safety 'neath the ample shield Of loyal guards; and when his end was come, The pious mandate of his son proclaimed Him god, and at the temples' sacred shrines Was he adored. So shall the stars expect My godhead too, if first I seize and slay With sword relentless all who bear me hate, And on a worthy offspring found my house. Seneca: But she will fill thy house with noble sons, That heaven-born glory of the Claudian stock, Who by the will of fate was wed to thee, As Juno to her brother Jove was given. Nero: A child of hers would stain my noble line, For she herself was of a harlot born; And more—her heart was never linked to me. Seneca: In tender years is faith not manifest When love, by shame o'ercome, conceals its fires. Nero: This I myself long trusted, but in vain, Though she was clearly of unloving heart, And every look betrayed her hate of me. At length, in angry grief, I sought revenge; And I have now a worthy wife obtained,


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440 In race and beauty blessed, before whose charms Minerva, Venus, Juno—all would bow. Seneca: But honor, wifely faith, and modesty— These should the husband seek, for these alone, The priceless treasures of the heart and soul, Remain perpetual; but beauty's flower Doth fade and languish with each passing day. Nero: On her has heaven all its charms bestowed, And fate has given her from her birth to me. Seneca: But love will fail; do not too rashly trust. Nero: Shall he give way, that tyrant of the skies, Whom Jove, the Thunderer, cannot remove, Who lords it over savage seas, the realms Of gloomy Dis, and draws the gods to earth? Seneca: 'Tis by our human error that we paint Love as a god, wingéd, implacable, And arm his sacred hands with darts and bow, Assign him blazing torches, count him son Of fostering Venus and of Vulcan. Nay, But love is of the heart's compelling power, A fond and cozening passion of the soul; Of hot youth is it born, and in the lap Of ease and luxury, 'midst fortune's joys, Is fostered. But it sickens straight and dies When you no longer feed and fondle it. Nero: I deem the primal source of life is this, The joy of love; and it can never die, Since by sweet love, which soothes e'en savage breasts, The human race is evermore renewed. This god shall bear for me the wedding torch, And join me with Poppaea in his bonds. Seneca: The people's grief could scarce endure to see That marriage, nor would piety permit. Nero: Shall I alone avoid what all may do? Seneca: The state from loftiest souls expects the best. Nero: I fain would see if, broken by my power, This rashly cherished favor will not yield. Seneca: 'Tis better calmly to obey the state. Nero: Ill fares the state, when commons govern kings.


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RV 27 (Rh)

Substitute the words listed to the right of each sentence for the underlined word of the following sentences.

Replace the underlined pronoun with those listed to the right of each sentence.

Change the form of the verb 'to be' as necessary to agree with the pronoun used.


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 people are wise? Well, we will see if you are right. Who is it that you like best in the poorhouse?"

"Oh no, she's as poor as a beggar, she patches her clothes over and over, and eats what other people leave."

"H-m-m. Well, why then does she work so hard if she gets nothing out of it?"

Little Paul thought a while, finally he said, "I don't know."

"But I know—it is because she is stupid. Mary knows, too, that there are fashionable ladies who don't move a hand, who wear gorgeous clothes, eat costly food, live in luxury. Hasn't Mary ever asked herself: How is it that I, who work all day long have nothing, and they, who do nothing have everything?"

"I believe not."

"Well then, your Mary is stupid, very stupid. Whom do you still consider wise, you little sheep?"

"Old Jacob."

"Who is this Old Jacob?"

"He is an old laborer, he is eighty years old. He worked until his seventieth year. Now he can't do anything more, and has his hands and feet and legs crippled by rheumatism."

"He worked sixty years for others! A pretty long time. I suppose that Old Jacob is treated like a prince, everybody is terribly anxious to serve him? He has a wonderful soft bed for his tired 61


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 limbs, gets special kind of food every day, lives well and happily?"

"Oh no, the old matron always curses at him when he complains that the bread is too hard for his old teeth. And if he asks for a little tobacco, she gets angry and cries that he is unreasonable."

"Why then did Old Jacob work until he was seventy years old, if now when he's old he doesn't even live well?"

"I don't know."

"Because he is stupid. He knows also, just like Mary, that there are fine young gentlemen who do nothing at all and yet live like kings. Do you see now, little imp, that people are stupid?"

"Yes," said Paul sadly. "But I would like to ask you something, dear Mrs. Owl. Why are there rich people in the world?"

"You really ought to be able to answer this question yourself after our talk, little stupid head: Because the poor people are stupid."

"But why are they stupid?"

But now the owl became angry, the same as the fat matron and the brightly speckled hen.

"Didn't I tell you, little imp, you stupid little person, that I have been thinking about this question for years and years? Come back again eighty years from now, perhaps I will answer you then."

"But why ?"

"Quiet!" the owl commanded little Paul. "You have stolen enough valuable time from me already. Go to the Cuckoo!"

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 "Where does she live?" asked the frightened little boy.

But already the Owl had adjusted her spectacles, become absorbed in the green leaf, and gave no answer.

"Oh, poor me!" little Paul thought sadly. "Now I am to go to the Cuckoo, and I don't even know where he lives. Will the Cuckoo know more than the Owl? And I am already so tired, my feet hurt me."

He sank down upon the soft green moss at the foot of a slender young birch. Little by little he became very depressed. He was thinking how he was altogether abandoned and alone, how nobody was good to him, and all at once he began to weep bitterly. Thereupon he became aware of a thin small voice coming from somewhere high up; it sounded like little bells of pure silver.

"Why are you crying, little child?" the silvery voice asked.

Paul looked upward and he saw the most wonderful little creature he had ever beheld in his life. Upon a branch of the birch sat a fairy. She had long golden-blond hair, which reached down to her feet, her little face was pale and delicate as moonlight, and her big eyes shone green like the leaves of the birch. She fluttered down toward Paul very lightly, alighted on his shoulder, it was as tho a light leaf touched him, and stroked his face with her tiny white hands. Paul's heart warmed. How good it was to be touched by tender hands! His tears stopped, he stared at the little creature, and asked at last, "Who are you?"

"I am a Dryad, I am the soul of the birchtree," declared the little creature. "All day long I must sit in my tree, but when night comes I am free, I walk about on the earth, play with the other Dryads, my sisters. But tell me, for what reason are you sad?"

Paul told the Dryad of his unhappiness, saying at the end, "I must always ask why. The question burns in my heart, hurts me, and I believe if I ever receive an answer I will be happy. But now 63


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 this qustionquestion [sic] stands between me and all other people who do not ask the question like a big wall and this makes me so lonesome."

The little Dryad laughed and her pretty face became sweeter and more tender than before.

"You are mistaken, little Paul," she said softly. "You are not alone. Hundreds and thousands ask the same question, sad and troubled. Put your ear down to the earth and tell me what you hear."

Paul obeyed. At first he heard only an indistinct sighing and whispering, then he thought he heard a terrible weeping and crying, and at last he heard words.

"Mother, I am hungry, why is there nothing to eat?" cried a child's voice.

"I am stifling in this hot city, why can't I go to the country like my rich schoolmates?" murmured a boy's voice.

"I work all day, why are wages so low that I scarcely have enough to live on?" sobbed a woman's voice.

"Why have the idlers everything and the workers nothing?" said a man's voice threateningly.

And than all the voices rang together, crying, murmuring, sobbing, threatening, "Why? Why?"

Paul sat up, looked at the little Dryad who sat very quietly near him and asked, "Who are these people whom I heard?"

"They are your people," replied the little Dryad. "That is your family. You have heard all the languages in the world, you will hear questions from all mouths, angrily, anxiously, threateningly. Every day new voices join the chorus, and when the thousands of voices become millions and billions, then there will be an end to the misery and poverty and to those lazy parasites."

"When will that be?" asked Paul eagerly.

"That I cannot tell you, I know only this—every time I put 64


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 jects, and in our societies God himself arranges the order and hierarchy, enthrones his anointed ones (Prov. viii. 15), gives all the lower powers (Rom. xiii. 1), and ordains for each man his service and place.” (p. 415.)

For the first time a definite rule is patched on a dogma. 71. Soon after the creation of the angels and the devils, God created the material world in this fashion:

“In the beginning God created from nothing the heaven and the earth. The earth was without form and void. Then God successively produced: on the first day of the world, light; on the second, the firmament or visible heaven; on the third, the gathering of the waters on the earth, the dry land, and the plants; on the fourth, the sun, moon, and stars; on the fifth, fishes and birds; on the sixth, four-footed animals living on the dry land.” (p. 416.)

72. Moses’ account of the origin of the material world is history. A proof is given that history began when there was no time.

73. The meaning of Moses’ account of the creation is six days. It is argued that all of Moses’ words have to be taken in their literal sense.

74. A refutal of the objections made against Moses’ account. In refutal of the false opinion of the rationalists that there could not be any day and night when there was no sun, the following is said:

“Nowadays, indeed, there could be no day without the sun, but at that time it was possible. For that only two conditions were needed: (a) that the earth should turn around its own axis, and (b) that the light-bearing matter, which existed even then, should be brought into a quivering motion. But it cannot be denied that the earth began to turn around its own axis with the very first day of creation; nor that the Creator could in the first three days by his immediate power bring the light-bearing


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Rh Seneca: They justly chafe who pray without avail. Nero: When prayers do not avail, should force be sought? Seneca: Rebuffs are hard. Nero: 'Tis wrong to force a prince. Seneca: He should give way. Nero: Then rumor counts him forced. Seneca: Rumor's an empty thing. Nero: But harmful too. Seneca: She fears the strong. Nero: But none the less maligns. Seneca: She soon can be o'ercome. But let the youth, The faith and chastity of this thy wife, The merits of her sainted sire prevail To turn thee from thy will. Nero: Have done at last, For wearisome has thy insistence grown; One still may do what Seneca comdemns. And I myself have now too long delayed The people's prayers for offspring to the throne. Tomorrow's morn her wedding day shall prove, Who bears within her womb my pledge of love. [Exeunt.]

Ghost of Agrippina [bearing a flaming torch]: Through cloven earth from Tartarus I come, To bring in bloody hands this torch of hell To light these curséd rites; with such dire flames Let this Poppaea wed my son, which soon His mother's grief and vengeful hand shall turn To funeral fires. And ever 'mid the shades My impious murder in my memory dwells, A heavy weight upon my grieving soul Still unavenged; for, Oh, ingratitude He gave me in return for all my gifts, E'en for the gift of empire did he give A murderous ship designed to work my death. I would have wept my comrades' plight, and more, My son's most cruel deed: no time for tears


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442 Was given, but even higher did he heap His sum of crime. Though I escaped the sea, I felt the keen sword's thrust, and, with my blood The very gods defiling, poured my soul In anguish forth. But even yet his hate Was not appeased. Against my very name The tyrant raged; my merits he obscured; My statues, my inscriptions, honors—all, On pain of death he bade to be destroyed Throughout the world—that world my hapless love, To my own direful punishment, had given To be by him, an untried boy, controlled. And now my murdered husband's angry ghost Shakes vengeful torches in my guilty face, Insistent, threat'ning; blames his death on me, His murdered son, and loud demands that now The guilty cause be given up. Have done: He shall be given, and that right speedily. Avenging furies for his impious head Are planning even now a worthy fate: Base flight and blows, and fearful sufferings, By which the raging thirst of Tantalus He shall surpass; the cruel, endless toil Of Sisyphus; the pain that Tityus feels, And the dread, racking anguish of the wheel On which Ixion's whirling limbs are stretched. Let gold and marble deck his palace walls; Let arméd guards protect him; let the world Be beggared that its treasures vast may flow Into his lap; let suppliant Parthians bend To kiss his hands, and bring rich offerings: The day and hour will come when for his crimes His guilty soul shall full atonement make, When to his enemies he shall be given, Deserted and destroyed and stripped of all. Oh, to what end my labors and my prayers? Why did thy frenzied madness, O my son, And fate impel thee to such depths of crime That e'en thy mother's wrath, whom thou didst slay,


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 mortuus fucrit, vivet:" "He that believeth in Me, though he die, yet shall he live" (Revised Version: St. John, xi, 25.) The rising Lord has a scroll, "Ego sum Resurrectio et Vita:" "I am the Resurrection and the Life." In the border round the two side lights are alternately the monogram Maria (Mary) and a Crown: round the centre light the Crown and monogram I H S, being the three first letters of the words "Jesus Hominum Salvator," "Jesus the Saviour of Mankind," which is said to have been first used by St. Pernardine of Sienna, in 1347, as a Latin form of the original I H C, the Greek capital letters Iola, Eta, Sigma, being the first three letters of the sacred name in Greek. The three Greek letters are first found on a gold coin of the Emperor Basilius I., A.D. 867, and were very commonly used in England in the thirteenth and fifteenth centuries.

In the lower part of the centre light are the arms of the late Mr. and Lady Elizabeth Stanhope: in the north light are the arms of the Spencer family above and those of the Roddams below; in the south light, the Stanhope arms are above, the Collingwood below. Some very small fragments of the original coloured glass of this window were found in the tracery during the Restoration.

There are two lancet windows in the north wall: the one nearer the east has a figure representing Faith ("Fides") overcoming the world, with the inscription below, "In memory of Mary only child of John Roddam and Lilla Spencer Stanhope who died at Florence Febr. 23, 1867, and was buried in that city, aged 7." The window is Mr. Roddam Stanhope's own design.

The other of these two windows was, until March, 1882, filled with glass representing a tree in full foliage, with the text, "As of the green leaves on a thick tree, some fall and some grow; so is the generation of flesh and blood; one cometh to an end, and another is born" (Ecclus xiv. 18), and with the inscription below, "In memory of Eliza Tyrwhitt Born at Cannon Hall, April 20, 1826: Died and was buried at Oxford, September, 1859." The words of the text had special reference to her dying in child-birth. This former window has now been replaced by one which more harmonises with the other windows of the Church, having the figure of St. Catharine with her usual emblems of the wheel and palm.

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 adhere to this view I here roughly state my opinion, founded on the authority of the Vinaya.

The regulations of clothing are the most important for the life of a homeless priest (i. e. Pravragyâ), and I should therefore mention here in detail the style of garments, because these cannot be neglected or curtailed. As to the three garments (collectively called 'kîvara'), the patches are sewn close in the five parts of India, while in China alone they are open and not sewn. I myself have made inquiry as to the custom adopted in the northern countries (beyond India) and found out that patches are sewn close, and never open in all the places where the Vinaya of the four divisions (i. e. Katurnikâya) is practised.

Suppose that a Bhikshu of the West (i. e. India) has obtained a priestly dress of China; he would probably sew the patches together and then wear it.

The Vinaya texts of all the Nikâyas mention that the patches ought to be sewn and fastened.

There are strict rules about the six Requisites and the thirteen Necessaries fully explained in the Vinaya. The following are the six Requisites of a Bhikshu : —

 * 1. The Saṅghâtî, which is translated by the 'double cloak.'
 * 2. The Uttarâsaṅga, which is translated by the upper garment.'
 * 3. The Antarvâsa, which is translated by the inner garment.'

The above three are all called kivara. In the countries of the North these priestly cloaks are generally called kâshâya from their reddish colour. This is not, however, a technical term used in the Vinaya.

 * 4. Pâtra, the bowl.
 * 5. Nishidana, something for sitting or lying on.
 * 6. Parisrâvana, a water-strainer.

A candidate for Ordination should be furnished with a set of the six Requisites.

The following are the thirteen Necessaries : —