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Copyright, 1918, by The New York Times Company.

Special Cable to.

Nov. 10.—The spirit of victory is in the air. The British troops are following up the retreating enemy with bands playing and are going up the roads with flags on their rifles and on their gun limbers through villages from which the German rear guard had gone only an hour or two before, and where the French and Flemish cheer them as they pass with cries of "Vivent les Anglais!"

It is glorious Autumn weather with a sparkle of gold in the sunlight and the glint of gold on the russet leaves and shining pools along the roads, so that it seems as though Nature rejoiced with man because the horror was being lifted from the world by the ending of this war and was smiling through her tears like the old men we meet, and then women who take our hands telling of their thankfulness.

It is Sunday, and in many churches in France and Belgium and in cathedrals which escaped destruction by a narrow chance, only scathed a little by battles around the town, "Te Deums" are being sung, and people who a week ago crept to church close in the shadow of the walls, afraid of the noise of gunfire around them, and who a day or two ago saw the gray wolves of the German Army still prowling in the streets, though with a hangdog look, are now singing their praises to God because of their deliverance, almost doubting, even yet, that after four years under the hostile yoke they are free—free to speak their minds, free to display the flag of their nation, free of fines and punishment and requisitions and spying and German police and German arrogance, free in their souls and hearts after four years of servitude under hostile rule.

So it was in Tournal today. For three weeks the people there had lived in cellars, listening to the fury of gunfire along the Scheldt Canal and closing in about them. They were afraid of having their old city smashed above their heads and being buried under its ruins. They were afraid of asphyxiating gas creeping down linto their cellars and killing them with its poison fumes.

The Germans had said:

"The English will do this to you. You will all be killed before they come."

But in spite of their fear they would not leave and prayed for the coming of the English.

A month ago more than 10,000 went away from Tournai, but that was behind German bayonets after a rollcall of all able-bodied men, who were forced to go while their women wept for them. A week ago the roar of the bombardment increased and never ceased day or night, and the people became haggard in their cellars because of this awful noise above them. But they were comforted by the knowledge that this British gunfire was not directed on Tournai, and they said:

"The Germans have lied again. We shall not be killed by our friends."

Then, two nights ago, above the noise of the guns there were loud noises—stupendous explosions shaking every stone of their cellars and their vaulted roofs as by an earthquake, and the people of Tournai guessed that the Germans were blowing up the bridges over the Scheldt Canal, and that it was the signal of their retreat.

They crept out of their houses on Friday morning and went down to the canal dividing one part of the town from the other, where all the houses had had their windows blown out and were badly shattered by the blowing up of the bridges. A few German machine gunners remained hidden in those houses, but presently the last of them came out and went away. One of them turned and said to a woman of Tournai:

"Your friends will soon be here. So much the better, because the war is ended for us. Germany is 'kaput.

The men and women waited, and presently they saw an English soldier make his way across the broken girders of a bridge. He was a tall, gallant-looking fellow, and as he stepped on the inner bank of the canal he drew his revolver and held it ready, looking about keenly for an enemy.

But they were friends who rushed at him, shouting: "English! English!" and the women flung their arms about his neck, kissed him and led him into the town with seething crowds about him. One family took him into their house and gave him wine which they had hidden for this day, and raising their glasses cried: "Vivent les Anglais!" as today another family brought out their wine for me and touched my glass with all their glasses and said "Vive l'Angleterre!"

After the first soldier had come, there came a small patrol, while the enemy fired some shells into the town and killed some civilians, and after that other British soldiers and staff officers arrived, and today there came marching through the long columns of troops with their guns and field cookers and transport, and they had the welcome of heroes and liked it with the laughter of British soldiers for hero worship.

That was just after the singing of the Te Deum in the Cathedral of Tournai, that Romanesque building with four tall towers, raised when Richard Coeur de Lion and the second Henry of England were living. Many people had gathered in its great nave, and between its round-headed arches, and in the twilight of those gray old stone going up to the rich color of the painted windows of the high choir behind the altar, beyond the forest of tall piers and pointed arches with Gothic sculpture. The scene reminded one of some Dutch painting of the Middle Ages, toned down to noble solemnity.

The Bishop of Tournai was there on his throne, and after high mass, when the Te Deum was sung, he came down the long nave, in procession with priests and acolytes, bearing before him the banner of Belgium. The organ pealed out the national anthem, "La Brabanconne," and all the people sang it from full hearts, and the Bishop, like many of his people, had tears in his eyes.

Then cheers rose strangely in this church, whose bells have rung the tocsin for many wars, and clashed out for joy and peace, and women's voices rose shrill above the deep cheers of the men as they poured out of the cathedral doors.

Then the Highlanders came swinging through in all their war kit with heavy packs—long, lean, hardy men, with the warrior look about them and knees brown as the aprons to their kilts. They came swinging through Tournai to the music of their pipes, heard for the first time by these, into whom it put a new fire of enthusiasm, so that their cheers rose higher. The "Jocks" grinned and answered cheer for cheer with shrill Highland cries, and it was fine to see them pouring out of the funnel of narrow streets with their old Flemish gables, and I wished a painter had been there to record it in color and in spirit for all time.

Nov. 8.—In wet weather, and mud, and Autumn mists, our men keep trudging after the retreating Germans east of Valenciennes and the Forest of Mormal, keeping in touch with their rearguards, and hastening their abandonment of villages and woods where they have machine-gun screens.

It is not a walk-over, for the enemy is still losing prisoners, and we still are losing a few men, and here and there, as late as yesterday, the German resistance stiffened at various places, like Eclaibes and Limont Fontaine, to gain time for an orderly retreat. We are within a few thousand yards of Maubeuge, and working toward Mons.

It, indeed, would be an astonishing coincidence if the British Army were to end the war where they began it, at Mons, where the "Old Contemptibles" fought their first big fight, and it looks as though it might happen. These small, rearguard actions, with fights for machine guns, and the stealthy forward movement of the advanced screens, feeling their way through the forest lands of this country beyond Valenciennes, and hearing by the sudden chatter of machine guns that the enemy is close ahead of them, make hard work for the men engaged, and are great adventures, with all the risks of death and wounds.

But now, for our armies as a whole, there is only one all-absorbing interest and thought, and that is to know whether the terms of the armistice have been signed by that party of four men who went over last night into the French lines, with a trumpeter heralding their approach, and a white flag for safe conduct.

They were late, it seems, and by wireless regretted that they had been delayed by transport on their roads, as one might well imagine with a knowledge of what a retreat means in weather like this. They were late, but by this time, one way or another, the fate of Germany must have been settled—for the peace terms, however hard they are, are for the last ditch of war in front of revolution and anarchy.

As far as I know our armies, their hope is for a quick ending of this business, for saving of needless bloodshed, for return to normal life, and for all that peace means to men who fought long and hard in exile from their homes, under daily menace of death. On the other hand, if those four plenipotentiaries refuse the terms, our men will fight on again, sure that whatever happens now, the Germans cannot hold them on this front and are bound to break.

The German commanders are anxious to maintain their fighting pride to the end. It is not an easy thing to do when many of their divisions are broken to pieces, and when entire regiments consist of a few hundred men or less, as in the case of the 15th Reserve Infantry Regiment, which counted only thirty-five men after fighting in Flanders, and then had 500 drafts of returned wounded. It is not an easy thing to do, with the certain knowledge of defeat among all their men, with revolution threatened at home, with thousands of desertions, and a state almost of revolt within ranks; but regimental and battalion commanders are still trying to goad their men into resistance, so that the German Army may keep up a show before the world to the bitter end.

On the last day of last month the following order was issued by the headquarters of the 23d Reserve Division, and it is interesting in its psychology:

"English prisoners have expressed surprise that the German soldier now offers so little resistance. Is this is so, it will be easy for them to carry the battle, at a not far distant date, only German soil, and attain a decision. A French officer is of the opinion that an incomprehensible, almost diseased indifference has laid hold of the whole German Army. * * * I am convinced that this battalion will be driven by these statements, which are a disgrace to us, to show the enemy that in us there still lives the old, unbroken, German fighting spirit which for four years has defied all onslaughts on the western front."

There is not one British soldier who under-rates the courage of the German soldier or his wonderful fighting qualities. Even now, hard pressed as he has been, he is conducting his retreat in a skillful way, preventing his front from being utterly broken, carrying away much of his material, and saving many of his guns, while his rearguard machine gunners offer stubborn resistance. But that is not good enough now to save his armies. After four years of slaughter, with enormous losses and all their hopes of victory gone, the courage of picked and stubborn men is not enough to rally the rank and file who have a clear vision of their doom, and dread the menace that is creeping closer to them. There is a frightful hatred in their hearts for the leaders who duped them with false promised, and made all their sacrifices vain, and brought the hate of the world upon them. The worst among them are afraid now of their own villainies, and the best among them are ashamed and sick of the atrocious things done by official command. They are under fear of punishment from the gods and from men, and chagrined by the thought of the retribution which will be exacted from their race. If the armistice is not signed today or tomorrow there may be a momentary rally of men, called upon to die in the last ditches, with some pride of manhood, but there will be no rally which will last until the revolution begins, and the four plenipotentiaries have had that thought behind them on their journey.

Nov. 7.—Our very gallant men, who have gone so long and so far along the road to victory, which now seems just ahead at the turn of the road—that seems too good to be true, like a mirage which eludes men as they walk—are still pursuing an enemy in retreat.

They are well on the other side of the Sambre, to the east of the Forest of Mormal, through the villages of Carignies and Marbaix and Dompierre, and are fighting about Beval, where yesterday evening heavy counterattacks were repulsed with grade losses to the Germans. The enemy is retiring behind a screen of rearguards, who here and there are trying to check our troops by machine-gun fire from the villages and woods and railway embankments; but nothing can hide from us the truth that it is a general retirement on a wide front by exhausted men whose divisions and battalions have been shattered so that only weak remnants can be gathered for this last show of resistance.

In the north, along our Second Army front, about Tournai, the line of the Scheldt is still held by machine gunners beyond the canal and floods, but they now are at the pivot of the salient, which is sharply increasing every day, so that it is only a question of time when they must get out of that pocket. Tournai must be ours before long, and then all the enemy's line will have to landslide as far as north of Ghent. There, with water in front of them and lines of machine guns well placed, and with a well-hindering rearguard garrison, it makes it difficult for the Belgians to enter that fine old city of theirs where thousands of people are awaiting liberation, and even now this could only be done by tragic loss of life. The Belgians would not spare themselves that price if it were worth while, but things are happening behind the lines on the Belgian front, as on ours, which may make more sacrifice unnecessary.

News came to us last night over the wires that Germany was sending plenipotentiaries to ask for the terms of armistice from Marshal Foch, and those men were coming over under a white flag, knowing through President Wilson what those terms were, and what surrender they would have to make of all their pride. Last night when that news came among British officers in touch with headquarters, they drew a sudden breath and said:

"Then it is the end. The last battle has been fought. It is too wonderful to believe."

I heard those words this morning again in Valenciennes among Generals and staff officers gathered there in the Place d'Armes.

"It must mean the end of the war. Surely it is the end at least. Who would every have believed it?"

And one man, standing near me, said very gravely:

"Thank God!"

And another, who was a younger man, laughed with a queer break in his voice, and raised a big bouquet of flowers, given to him by the townspeople, and gave a little dance and said:

"Back to peace again, and not too quick for me. * * * Back to life."

In Valenciennes, where on the first day of its liberation I walked through empty streets past windows from which no face looked out, with the rush of shells overhead, and the tumult of great gunfire all round, and the rat-tat-tat of machine gunfire in the streets, somewhere on my right, there was today a ceremony which seemed to be in celebration of this spirit of peace which is like a shining light before the eyes of all our soldiers. There men who had saved the city came in with their Generals to receive thanks from representatives of the people.

All told, there are only 5,000 people left in Valenciennes, for all the rest of its inhabitants were forces to leave by the enemy, who, on the very last day, as I have written before, summoned the remaining manhood to depart, and would have compelled them to go if we had now stormed the gates in time to save them. So there were not vast crowds to see the enemy and review, and most of the streets were still and empty, and many of the houses deserted, beyond the ruins of the railway station, flung into fantastic wreckage, but in the spacious Place d'Armes, in old high-gabled houses, on each side of the Hotel de Ville, with its richly carved frontage, above its wide flight of steps, many of the the remaining 5,000 gathered or crowded at windows and balconies which bore traces of recent bombardment, and on the roofs of buildings pierced here and there by shells.

It was only last Saturday that happened. It was only five days ago—the morning I went in—that the bodies of German soldiers were lying in their blood on these cobblestones, and that one of the priests of Valenciennes, burying a child, was mortally wounded by the side of that small, open grave, and that two other citizens were killed as they ran toward the waterlogged cellars, where women and children crouched with the floods rising about them. But five says made a difference in Valenciennes, and today for these people there it was a time of thanksgiving and pageantry.

Colors of many flags were displayed down their streets and fluttered above their gables and their balconies, draped with the Tricolor and Union Jack and Stars and Stripes. Old citizens wore their tall hats, saved up for this day, and girls had taken their lace from hiding places where the Germans had not found it and wore it around their necks and wrists for the honor of this day. Old women in black bonnets sat in the centre of the window places and clapped their hands, their wrinkled, hard-working old hands, to every British soldier who passed—and there were thousands who passed.

It was glorious to see them march by and to know, perhaps, that these fighting men, these square-jawed boys of ours who have gone through the fires of war unscathed, may have fought their last battle and gained the final victory. They were troops of our First Army, commanded by General Sir Henry Horne, and were the English divisions who, with the Canadians, were the first in their entry of the city to share the honor of the battle of Valenciennes, which was hard fought by the enemy and ourselves.

The army commander drove in with his corps and divisional generals, among whom was Sir William Curries, commanding the Canadian troops. The Prince of Wales was with Sir Henry Horne and took part in the inspection of troops. Flowers were showered on all these generals—great bouquets which they handed to their aids, who help them with a touch of embarrassment in their English way.

Nobody heard a word of the speeches of tribute of the councillors of Valenciennes to the glory of the British and Canadian troops who rescued their people from their servitude under the ruthless enemy, and the answer of Sir Henry Horne, expressing the pride of his soldiers in the rescue of that fair old city, and their admiration for the courage of its people. Every word was overwhelmed by cheering. Then the pipers of the Highlanders Division, whose fighting I have helped to record through many years of heroic endurance, played a tune, and the music of those pipes was loud in the square of Valenciennes and will echo in the hearts of its people through many centuries of history and in old traditions. There was the march past and thousands of bayonets shone above the steel helmets of the men; and they were heroes who went by, and they had the tribute of heroes from those they had saved.

WASHINGTON, Nov. 10.—The following dispatches were given out by the State Department today. In each case the dispatch was preceded by the following caution:

The following dispatches were given out by the State Department. In each case the dispatch was preceded by the following caution:

"The Department of State makes public the following message received by the United States Naval Radio from the German Station at Nauen. The Department of State does not, however, in any way vouch for the accuracy of the statement except as to the fact that it was sent out from Nauen."

The dispatch made public follows:

From Nauen, November 9, 1918.

On the morning of Saturday, November ninth, Socialist Party declared that (it ?) leaves Cabinet. Since then Socialists and Independent Socialist Committee were holding permanent joint sitting in Reichstag; there soon afterwards appeared delegations of various regiments garrisoned in Berlin and neighborhood towns in order to express their allegiance to new popular government.

Building of Socialist newspaper Vorwärts was occupied by squads of 300 riflemen in order to protect it against possible eventualities on side of former régime. Movement among troops had originated by speech made by Reichstag member Wels in courtyard of barracks of Alexander Regiment, upon which regiment, together with large number of its officers, decided upon sending mentioned delegation to Reichstag. At noon Socialists Ebert and Scheidemann went in military automobile, accompanied by troops, to Chancellor and declared that (they?) were decided (?) by 3,000 sailors who are marching in direction Berlin and are expected during afternoon. It is reported that they equally are ready to express allegiance to new popular Government.

Transocean, Berlin.

From Nauen, Nov. 9, 1918.

Reports come in from all parts of German Empire of similar disturbances which remain almost everywhere workmen (within?) the limits of economic order. Everywhere Workmen's and Soldiers' Councils are rapidly forming which act with already existing authorities, result of which is that carrying on of public service—partly under control of Workmen's and Soldiers' Council—continues to work undisturbed. Concerning events of 9th November in Berlin, semi-official telegraph bureau under control of Workmen's and Soldiers' Council gives out following report:

"This morning at 9 o'clock workmen of great industrual enterprises went on a general strike. They hastened in processions before which red flags were carried and at head of which armed soldiers of all branches of the service marched from all suburbs to interior of city. First processions arrived in interior of city from Homer and Brunnenstreet. AT first soldiers and officers were commanded to take off their cockades and shoulder straps. To a large extent this took place voluntarily; general fraternization of sailors, soldiers and workmen took place, many went into the barracks and found also here enthusiastic reception from the soldiers. Military garrisons of factories had laeft the workshops in common with workmen and acted together with them. So far as is now known it came only to a collision between the crowd and the armed force in the case of the garrison of the Guard Fuseliers' barracks, but here also there were only two officers who were shot. It is to be regretted that there were three killed and one wounded. Taking possession of most of public buildings and institutions was without difficulty, after it was clear that the military had gone over to the side of the people. Procession of striking workmen to Society for Wireless Telegraphy arrived at half-past 1 before Reichstag. A deteachment of Chasseurs occupied the open steps before which the crowd assembled. Reichstag Member Scheidemann made a speech:

"Emperor and Crown Prince have abdicated. Dynasty is overthrown. A splendid victory for German people. Ebert has been requested to form a new Government with participation of all branches of Social Democratic parties. Ordinances of Government have only validity with Ebert's signature; ordinances of War Ministry only when countersigned by Social Democratic Assistant."

Scheidemann called upon the crowd to preserve order and to avoid disturbances. Parliament Member Vogherr and some soldiers spoke from an automobile. Delegate of officers' corps of a guard battalion stated that officers were on side of people. Stormy applause and jubilation accompanied all speeches.

Transocean, Berlin.

From Nauen, Nov. 9, 1918.

It has been officially reported concerning the delay in transmission of armistice terms:

The courier commissioned to bring armistice conditions sent in night of 9th of November, by wireless from Eiffel tower, (made?) statement that he could not pass the lines since Germans had not ceased firing. He was probably led to this statement by circumstances that on German side an ammunition depot had caught fire and was blown up with the continuous detonations. Courier had the circumstances explained to him by wireless and received directions immediately to cross the lines. Arrival of armistice terms in Berlin can be expected at any hour.

From Nauen, Nov. 9, 1918.

Extra edition of Central organ of Social Democratic Party of Germany, Vorwärts, publishes following call for a general strike:

"Workmen's and Soldier' Council of Berlin have determined upon a general strike. All works are at a standstill. The necessary provisioning of the population will be maintained. A large part of the garrison has placed itself in organized bodies of troops with machine guns and rifles at the disposition of Workmen's and Soldiers' Council. Movement is directed in common by Social Democratic Party of Germany and by Independent Social Democratic Party. Workmen and soldiers, take care for maintenance of quiet and order. Long live the Social Republic.

"WORKMEN'S AND SOLDIERS' COUNCIL."

The Plaza and Vanderbilt Hotels, where 500 employes—waiters, cooks, and storeroom girls—went on strike Saturday in continuation of the strike of the International Federation of Hotel Employés, which began in the Waldorf-Astoria, McAlpin, and Claridge Hotels two weeks ago, suffered very little inconvenience yesterday. H. F. Shaul, Secretary to Fred Sterry, manager of the Plaza, said many of the patrons had congratulated the management on the service that had been given, and twenty-five of them had volunteered their personal services in any capacity should it be necessary. Women are employed in the dining room, but in the kitchen on each floor negro men are employed.

W. H. Marshall, manager of the Vanderbilt Hotel, said that the service at his hotel was impaired but very little, and the patrons were co-operating. Negro waiters and cooks have taken the places of the strikers.

Prominent hotel and restaurant managers said they would give ready compliance to the reuqest made on Saturday by the Federal Food Administration for continued conservation of foodstuffs. The Food Administration has asked that the people give up afternoon teas, theatre suppers, and all "fourth meals," and make the banquet, club luncheon, or church supper a simple substitute for one of the three regular daily meals.

Paul Bourget, a member of the Strike Committe, denied yesterday that waiters at the Plaze and Vanderbilt Hotels earned $200 a month, as asserted by the management. "If the waiters received $200 a month," he said, "they would not be asking for $15 a week. The wage at the two hotels has been $40 a month—less than $10 a week. War regulations restricting the serving of bread and sugar have causes a reduction of tips amounting to as much as 80 per cent. in many hotels. Men and women who pose as patriots demand that waiters violate the rules of the Food Administration by serving additional portions of sugar and bread. When the waiter explains the portions are limited the diners become enraged and leave no tips."

Striking waiters from the six hotels affected will meet this afternoon in the New Amsterdam Opera House to arrange for permanent picketing of the hotels. The pickets will be stationed at all entrances to urge men and women cooks, waiters, and storeroom employes to join them.

CAMP UPTON, N.Y., Nov. 10.—One thousand persons who tried to enter Camp Upton today in spite of repeated warnings that quarantine restrictions were still in force were compelled to spend the afternoon in an open field or at the railroad station. They were warned at the ticket offices in New York, and again by military police passing through trains between New York and Jamaica. No persons without a special pass were permitted to enter camp, and the crowd arriving on the 1 o'clock train was kept in the open for fear of the reintroduction of influenza here.

Saying that the victory of democracy is due to two small armies, the Americans at Château-Thierry and the British at Mons, Major Charles Gordon, "Ralph Connor," chaplain of the Gordon Highlanders, spoke here this afternoon. He was cheered heartily for the statement that the Kaiser's abdication was the downfall of the greatest tyranny the world has ever known. Major Gordon stated his confidence that the leaders who are dictating the armistice know that Germany can understand only what is thrust upon them by the bayonet. He said his appearance was in recognition of the opening here tomorrow of a camp effort in behalf of the welfare drive, the first of its kind in Upton since the First Liberty Loan.

Other speeches were made by Mrs. August Belmont, recently returned from France with the red Cross, and the McAllister sisters, who have been in this country only a few days since their return from France. As members of the Salvation Army they served American shock troops in the front line trenches.

John Anderson, a member of the Legislative Council of Newfoundland, who has been called the father of the one-hour daylight saving plan, said, on a recent visit to this city, that the time had come for teh authorities of Great Britain, Canada, and the United States to come to some agreement for uniformity in changing the clock in the Spring and Fall.

"There is already uniformity between Canada and the United States, and the next step is uniformity with England," said Mr. Anderson. "This season Great Britain put her clocks back on Sept. 27, one month earlier than the United States, making the difference in time between the two countries six hours instead of five. This upsets satisfactory business relations between the Stock Exchanges of the two countries, bringing about a condition similar to that of the year before the United States adopted the plan. There should be no difficulty in arranging a uniform time for altering the clock time between England and America, for, besides benefitting the exchanges, it would also be a decided convenience to shipping and many other interests in providing a uniform time schedule throughout the year."

Mr. Anderson gives the credit for the daylight saving plan to William Willett, an English architect, who died two years ago and who began his campaign, to aid the working man in saving an hour of daylight for labor in 1907.

"Looking at the daylight saving measure from an economic standpoint, and that is a great factor, I believe it would be a conservative statement to say that the saving in the British Isles, the United States, and Canada during the last six onths has been fully $170,000,000," said Mr. Anderson. "That only allows a saving in lighting and fuel expense of $1 a person, as I am estimated a population of 110,000,000 for the country, 50,000,000 for Great Britain, and 8,000,000 for Canada and Newfoundland."

WASHINGTON, Nov. 10.—The American section of the International High Commission, of which Secretary McAdoo is Chairman, has just adopted a resolution recommending more extensive use of the metric system in the trade and commerce of this country. The commission has regarded this subject as of particular importance in the United States. One of the main obstacles to documentary uniformity as between the United States and Latin America is to be found in the fact that the United States does not make the use of the metric system obligatory, and consequently its Consular documents have to allow the use of that system merely as optional.

Any uniform system of classifying merchandise, however, will require on the part of the United States thoroughgoing and complete adherence to the metric system. Of more importance than statistical and administrative questions is the use of the metric system in trade. Now that the United States is obviously being drawn into closer and more vital commercial relations with the rest of the world, and particularly with Latin America, our manufacturers and exporters will be obliged to meet the demands of their prospective customers in a somewhat more accommodating frame of mind that hitherto. Only the English-speaking nations still have to adopt the metric system of weights and measures, and among them the British Empire.

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Advertisement. Advertisement. Advertisement.

Chapter 1 of the Revised Statutes of 1918 as adopted by the BUSINESS MEN OF GREATER NEW YORK

AN ACT. To provide revenue for the welfare of the boys in camp and on the battle line.

SECTION 1. EACH and every corporation doing business in Greater New York shall impose upon itself, during the week of Nov. 11th to 18th, a voluntary tax of not less than 1/4 of 1% on its outstanding capital stock and shall pay the same to the UNITED WAR WORK CAMPAIGN, INC., in four equal installments—beginning on the first of December, 1918, and on the first of each of the three following months.

SECTION 2. EACH and every firm doing business in Greater New York shall impose upon itself, during the aforesaid week, a voluntary tax of not less than 2 1/2 % of its net profits, and shall pay the same in accordance with the provisions of the preceding section.

SECTION 3. EACH and every employee of the corporations and firms specified in the foregoing paragraphs (except the higher salaried officers and firm members, who are expected to make sur-gifts) shall impose upon themselves a voluntary tax of One Full Day's Pay, and shall pay the same in accordance with the provisions of the foregoing Section 1.

The law allows corporations to give one per cent on their capital stock. Your are asked to give only 1/4 of 1% to seven out of the eight great War Agencies.

This system of "Voluntary Taxation" has been devised to give recognition to the principle that there should be EQUALITY in GIFTS, just as there should be EQUALITY in TAXATION. Business men and their employees are constantly asking when solicited for funds to support the Great War Agencies—"What is my share? What is the other fellow giving?" The answer is: "The Industries Division of the UNITED WAR WORK CAMPAIGN suggests a uniform basis of giving as outlined above. It is a ready-to-hand measuring rod which will spread the load evenly and without undue burden on anyone. Special circumstances may make it necessary for some to give less. In many instances others will give more. The decision in every instance rests on the consciences of the business men and their employees. The Campaign managers can only indicate a uniform basis which must be averaged in order to produce the amount needed."

PEACE is coming. The right kind of peace, too, from a military and political standpoint; but the complete fruits of the right kind of peace will not be gathered until, and unless, our boys are sustained through the long months of demobilization so that they come back to their homes and to their industries KEEN, FIT and CLEAN.


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This journal can be obtained at 27 Farringdon Street, E.C. (offices of the Socialist League); Progressive Publishing Company, 28 Stonecutter Street, E.C.; Edward Truelove, 256 High Holborn, W.C.; Freethought Publishing Company, 63 Fleet Street, E.C.; Cattell and Co., Bouverie Street, E.C.

attention of Branches, Members, and Foreign Socialist Bodies is directed to the report from the Central Office of the Socialist League. Exchanges are asked to copy the resolution on the Soudan War.

by the Socialist League on the Soudan War will be issued on March 1. Copies will be sent to anyone on receipt of stamp for postage.

(Cantab).—We never notice anonymous letters. Forgive us for saying that the tone of yours makes it difficult to believe that your nom de plume is genuine.

—Your letter is not of sufficient interest for publication. We by no means admit “that the English-speaking people are by far the most advanced in both political and social forms.” And even if they were, “leadership” of nations is as objectionable to the Socialist as leadership of individuals. This however does not prevent us from saying with you “any changes effected here will doubtless have a very powerful effect upon all the other nations of the civilised world.”

—Whoever stated that any one of the members of the Socialist League had offered to give lessons in dynamite was either unwittingly or willfully telling an untruth.

—Christian Globe—Defense des Travailleurs (organ of the Socialist and Revolutionary Workers of the north-east of France)—Co-operative News—Liberty (Boston)—Cri du Peuple (daily)—La Revue Socialiste (Paris).

following resolution has been unanimously passed: “That the Provisional Council of the Socialist League is convinced that the invasion of the Soudan was undertaken with the covert intention of exploiting that country for commercial greed, and that therefore the check inflicted on the British invaders should be hailed by all supporters of the Cause of the People as a triumph of right over wrong, of righteous self-defence over ruffianly brigandage.”

—The Socialist League has heavy expenses—rent of offices, halls for meetings and lectures, printing of hand-bills, and so forth; it is necessary also that it should at once set about publishing pamphlets and leaflets setting forth the principles of Socialism, and that it should engage in organising Socialism in the provinces. Many of those who are giving the most valuable personal help to the propaganda are not in a position to give money-help of it; we therefore ask those who can afford to give money to do their best in that way also. It is most desirable that the League should have a steady income, and we ask therefore that where possible the subscriptions should be regular, weekly or otherwise. Names and subscriptions should be sent to the Treasurer, William Morris, Kelmscott House, 26 Upper Mall, Hammersmith; they will be acknowledged through the post.—, Treasurer.

WILLIAM MORRIS.

years ago England stood face to face with a crisis, solvable to all appearances by force only. The immense and rapid development of manufactures had outstripped the extension of foreign markets and the increase of demand. Every ten years the march of industry was violently interrupted by a general commercial crash, followed, after a long period of chronic depression, by a few short years of prosperity, and always ending in feverish over-production and consequent renewed collapse. The capitalist class clamored for Free Trade in corn, and threatened to enforce it by sending the starving population of the towns back to the country districts, whence they came: to invade them, as John Bright said, not as paupers begging for bread, but as an army quartered upon the enemy. The working masses of the towns demanded their share of the political power—the People's Charter; they were supported by the majority of the small trading class, and the only difference between the two was whether the Charter should be carried by physical or by moral force. Then came the commercial crash of 1847 and the Irish famine, and with both the prospect of revolution.

The French Revolution of 1848 saved the English middle class. The Socialistic pronunciamentoes of the victorious French workmen frightened the small middle clas of England

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 However, I told him no: for how could a man who goes to the House every day, and attends committees in a morning, be able to be riding every day with me? And I know what it is to lend and borrow horses and carriages. When I used to desire my carriage to go and fetch any friend, my coachman was sure to say, 'My lady, the horses want shoeing;' or the footman would come in with a long face, 'My lady, John would like to go and see his sister to-day, if you please:' there was always some excuse. All this considered, I made up my mind to remain at home."

For some time did Lady Hester remain in Montague Square: but her brother and General Moore, having fallen at the battle of Corunna, I believe she grew entirely disgusted with London; and, breaking up her little establishment, she went down into Wales, and resided in a small cottage at Builth, somewhere near Brecon, in a room not more than a dozen feet square. Here she amused herself in curing the poor, in her dairy, and in other rustic occupations: until, not finding herself so far removed from her English acquaintances but that they were always coming across her and breaking-in upon her solitude, she resolved on going abroad, up the Mediterranean.

Arrived at Gibraltar, she was lodged at the governor’s, in the convent, where she remained some


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N Old Babylon there once lived a certain very rich man named Arkad. Far and wide he was famed for his great wealth. Also was he famed for his liberality. He was generous in his charities. He was generous with his family. He was liberal in his own expenses. But nevertheless each year his wealth increased more rapidly than he spent it.

And there were certain friends of younger days who came to him and said: “You, Arkad, are more fortunate than we. You have become the richest man in all Babylon while we struggle for existence. You can wear the finest garments and you can enjoy the rarest foods, while we must be content if we can clothe our families in raiment that is presentable and feed them as best we can. Yet, once we were equal. We studied under the same master. We played in the same games. And in neither the studies nor the games did you outshine us. And in the years since, you have been no more honorable citizen than we. Nor have you worked harder or more faithfully, in so far as we can judge. Why, then, should a fickle fate single you out to enjoy all the good things of life and ignore us who are equally deserving?”

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 the years since we were youths, it is because you either have failed to learn the laws that govern the building of wealth, or else you do not observe them. ‘Fickle fate’ is a vicious goddess that brings no permanent good to anyone. On the contrary she brings ruin to almost every man upon whom she showers unearned gold. She makes wanton spenders, who soon dissipate all they receive and are left beset by overwhelming appetites and desires they have not the ability to gratify. Yet others whom she favors become misers and hoard their wealth, fearing to spend what they have, knowing they do not possess the ability to replace it. They further are beset by fear of the robbers and doom themselves to lives of emptiness and secret misery. Others, there probably are, who possess such level heads they can take unearned gold and add to it and continue to be happy and contented citizens. But so few are they, I know of them but by hearsay. Think you of the men who have inherited sudden wealth, and see if these things are not so.”

His friends admitted that of the men they knew who had inherited wealth, these words were true, and they besought him to explain to them how he had become possessed of so much property, so he continued:

“In my youth I looked about me and saw all the good things there were to bring happiness and contentment. And I realized that wealth increased the potency of all these.

Wealth is a power. With wealth many things are possible.

One may ornament the home with the richest of furnishings.

One may sail the seven seas.

One may feast on the delicacies of far lands.

One may buy the ornaments of the gold worker and the stone polisher.

One may even build mighty temples for the Gods.

One may do all those things and many others in


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which there is delight for the senses and gratification for the soul.

And when I realized all this I declared to myself that I would claim my share of the good things of life. I would not be one of those who stand afar off, enviously watching others enjoy. I would not be content to clothe myself in the cheapest raiment that looked respectable. I would not be satisfied with the lot of a poor man. On the contrary, I would make myself a guest at this banquet of good things.

Being, as you know, the son of an humble merchant, one of a large family with no hope of an inheritance, and not being endowed, as you have so frankly said, with superior power or wisdom, I decided that if I was to achieve what I desired, time and study would be required.

As for time, all men have it in abundance. You, each of you, have let slip by sufficient to have made yourselves wealthy. Yet, you admit you have nothing to show except your good families, of which you can be justly proud.

As for study, did not our wise master teach us that learning was of two kinds, the one kind being the things


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 we learned and knew, and the other being in the training that aught us how to find out what we did not know.

Therefore, did I decide to find out how one might accumulate wealth, and when I had found out, to make this my task and do it well. For, is it not wise that we should enjoy while we dwell in the brightness of the sunshine, for sorrows enough shall descend upon us when we depart for the darkness of the world of spirit.

I found employment as scribe in the hall of records, and long hours each day I labored upon the clay tablets. Week after week, and month after month, I labored, yet for my earnings I had naught to show. Food and clothing and penance to the gods, and other things of which I could remember not what, absorbed all my earnings. But my determination did not leave me.

And one day Algamish, the money lender, came to the house of the city master and ordered a copy of the Ninth Law, and he said to me, ‘I must have this in two days, and if the task is done by that time, two coppers will I give to thee.’

So I labored hard, but the law was long, and when Algamish returned the task was unfinished. He was angry, and had I been his slave he would have beaten me. But knowing the city master would not permit him to injure me, I was unafraid, so I said to him:

‘Algamish, you are a very rich man. Tell me how I may also become rich, and all night I will carve upon the clay, and when the sun rises it shall he completed.’

He smiled at me and replied. ‘You ate a forward knave, but we will call it a bargain.’

All that night I carved, though my back pained and the smell of the wick made my head ache until my eyes could hardly see. But when he returned at sunup the tablets were complete.


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‘Now,’ I said, ‘tell me what you promised.’

‘You have fulfilled your part of our bargain, my son,’ he said to me kindly, ‘and I am ready to fulfill mine. I will tell you these things you wish to know because I am becoming an old man, and an old tongue loves to wag. And when youth comes to age for advice he receives the vision of years. But too often does youth think that age knows only the wisdom of days that are gone and therefore profits not. But remember this, the sun that shines today is the sun that shone when thy father was born, and will still be shining when thy last grandchild shall pass into the darkness.

‘The thoughts of youth,’ he continued, ‘are bright things that shine forth like the meteors that oft make brilliant the sky, but the wisdom of age is like the fixed stars that shine so unchanged that the sailor may depend upon them to steer his course.

‘Mark you well my words, for if you do not you will fail to grasp the truth that I will tell you, and you will think that your night’s work has been in vain.’

Then he looked at me shrewdly from under his shaggy brows and said in a low, forceful tone, ‘I found the road to wealth when I decided that a part of all I earned was mine to keep. And so will you.’


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night! We'll be lucky if we get away on the trip at all!" exclaimed Frank, as he and Joe hastened down the stairs.

Mrs. Hardy was already at the front door welcoming Aunt Gertrude, who was expatiating on the wickedness of taxi drivers in general.

"So!" she ejaculated, as the boys appeared. "Standing up at a front window laughing at your great-aunt instead of coming down and helping carry up her bags like little gentlemen! I'm surprised at you!"

"We were just getting dressed, Aunt Gertrude," explained Frank meekly.

"Getting dressed, eh!" snorted Aunt Gertrude, taking in their attire. "Getting dressed! What kind of an outfit do you call that?" She poked Joe in the ribs with her umbrella, indicating the faded khaki shirt he was wearing "Speak up, boy! What kind of

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 Then he continued to look at me with a glance that I could feel pierce me but said no more.

‘Is that all?’ I asked.

‘That was sufficient to change the heart of a sheep herder into the heart of a money lender,’ he replied.

‘But all I earn is mine to keep, is it not?’ I demanded.

‘Far from it,’ he replied. ‘Do you not pay the garment-maker? Do you not pay the sandal-maker? Do you not pay for the things you eat? Can you live in Babylon without spending? What have you to show for your earnings of the past month? What for the past year? Fool! You pay to everyone but yourself. Dullard, you labor for others. As well be a slave and work for what your master gives you to eat and wear. If you did keep for yourself one-tenth of all you earn, how much would you have in ten years?’

My knowledge of the numbers did not forsake me, and I answered, ‘As much as I earn in one year.’

‘You speak but half the truth,’ he retorted. ‘Every gold piece you save is a slave to work for you. Every copper it earns is its child that also can earn for you. If you would become wealthy, then what you save must earn, and its children must earn, and its children’s children must earn, that all may help to give to you the abundance you crave.

‘You think I cheat you for your long night’s work,’ he continued, ‘but I am paying you a thousand times over if you have the intelligence to grasp the truth I offer you.

‘A part of all you earn is yours to keep. It should not be less than a tenth no matter how little you earn. It can be as much more as you can afford. Pay yourself first. Do not buy from the clothes-maker and the sandal-maker more than you can pay out of the rest and still have enough for food and charity and penance to the Gods.


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58 an outfit is that? No necktie. Holes in your trousers. Shoes not shined."

"We were just getting ready to go on a boat trip, Aunt Gertrude," Joe explained.

"Boat trip! Boat trip! No! That settles it!" declared Aunt Gertrude, coming into the house and banging the umbrella decisively on the floor by way of emphasis. "I shan't allow it. The very idea! Laura," she said, turning to Mrs. Hardy, "I'm surprised at you. Ab-so-lute-ly astonished! The very idea of letting these children go out in a boat! Don't you remember what happened to my Cousin Peter? He went out in a boat, didn't he? And what happened? The boat upset. He might have been drowned if the water had been deep enough. Thank goodness he was only a few feet from shore. But it only goes to show what can happen. If these boys go out in a boat they'll be drowned. I can't permit them to be drowned. They shan't go on any boat trip. That settles it!" She strode into the living room. "Boys—bring in my bags!" she commanded.

Mrs. Hardy smiled, for she was quite accustomed to the eccentricities of Aunt Gertrude, and the Hardy boys scuttled down the front steps for the baggage.

"Do you think she means it?" whispered Joe.

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‘Wealth, like a tree, grows from a tiny seed. The first copper you save is the seed from which your tree of wealth shall grow. The sooner you plant that seed the sooner shall the tree grow. And the more faithfully you nourish and water that tree with consistent savings, the sooner may you bask in contentment beneath its shade.’ So saying, he took his tablets and went away.

I thought much about what he had said to me, and it seemed reasonable. So I decided that I would try it. Each time I was paid I look one from each ten pieces of copper and hid it away. And strange as it may seem, I was no shorter of funds than before. I noticed little difference as I managed to get along without it. But often I was tempted as my hoard began to grow, to spend it for some of the good things the merchants displayed, brought by camels and ships from the land of the Phoenicians. But I wisely refrained.

A twelfth month after Algamish had gone he again returned and said to me, ‘Son, have you paid to yourself not less than one-tenth of all you have earned for the past year?’

I answered proudly, ‘Yes, master, I have.’


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Rh "Sure, she means it. But we'll get out somehow. She'll rave for a while, but she'll forget all about it when she starts to show mother how to run the house."

The boys deposited Aunt Gertrude's luggage in the guest room, then went downstairs for inspection. By this time the old lady had taken off her coat and hat and was seated in the most comfortable chair, fanning herself with a newspaper.

"Boat trip!" she was snorting, as they entered the room. "Never heard of such a thing. Letting little boys like that go out in a boat alone. If they were my boys I wouldn't let them out of my sight. Up to some mischief, I'll be bound."

"They are going out to look for two chums of theirs who have been lost for three days," Mrs. Hardy explained.

"And serve them right! I suppose they were out on a boat trip, too. I knew it! And now they're lost. That's what happens when you let children go out in boats. They get lost. Or drowned. And now you would let these two youngsters go out in a boat, too. And I suppose in a few days some of their chums would have to go out in a boat to look for them. They'd get lost, too. And then some more little boys would go out to look for them. And they'd get lost. By the end of the

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 ‘That is good,’ he answered beaming upon me. ‘And what have you done with it?’

‘I have given it to Azmur, the brickmaker, who told me he was traveling over the seven seas and in Tyre he would buy for me the rare jewels of the Phoenicians. When he returns we shall sell these at high prices and divide the earnings.’

‘Every fool must learn,’ he growled, ‘but why trust the knowledge of a brickmaker about jewels? Would you go to the breadmaker to inquire about the stars? No, by my tunic, you would go to the astrologer, if you had power to think. Your savings are gone, youth, you have jerked your wealth tree up by the roots. But plant another. Try again. And next time if you would have advice about jewels, go to the jewel merchant. If you would know the truth about sheep, go to the herdsman. Advice is one thing that is freely given away, but watch that you take only what is worth having. He who takes advice about his savings from one who is inexperienced in such matters, shall pay with his savings for proving the falsity of their opinions.’ Saying this he went away.

And it was as he said. For the Phoenicians are scoundrels and sold to Azmur worthless bits of glass that looked like gems. But as Algamish had bid me, I again saved each tenth copper, for I now had formed the habit and it was no longer difficult.

A twelfth month later Algamish again came to the room of the scribes and addressed me. ‘What progress have you made since last I saw you?’

‘I have paid myself faithfully,’ I replied, ‘and my savings I have entrusted to Agger the shieldmaker, to buy bronze, and each fourth month he does pay me the rental.’

‘That is good. And what do you do with the rental?’


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‘I do have a great feast with honey and fine wine and spiced cake. Also I have bought me a scarlet tunic. And some day I shall buy me a young ass upon which to ride.’

To which Algamish laughed. ‘You do eat the children of your savings? Then how do you expect them to work for you? And how can they have children that will also work for you? First get thee an army of golden slaves and then many a rich banquet may you enjoy without regret.’ So saying he again went away.

Nor did I again see him for two years, when he once more returned and his face was full of deep lines and his eyes drooped, for he was becoming a very old man. And he said to me, ‘Arkad, hast yet achieved the wealth thou dreamed of?’

And I answredanswered [sic], ‘Not yet all that I desire, but some I have and it earns more, and its earnings earn more.’

‘And do you still take the advice of brickmakers?’

‘About brickmaking they give good advice,’ I retorted.

‘Arkad,’ he continued, ‘you have learned your lessons well. You first learned to live upon less than you could earn. Next you learned to seek advice from those who were competent through their own experiences to give it. And, lastly, you have learned to make gold work for


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60 summer there wouldn't be a boy left in Bayport. Not that it would be much of a loss," sniffed Aunt Gertrude; "but I hate to see people making fools of themselves."

"Did you have a pleasant journey?" asked Mrs. Hardy, anxious to change the subject.

"Did I ever have a pleasant journey?" countered Aunt Gertrude. "What with the rudeness of conductors and ticket-sellers and baggage-men and taxi drivers there's no enjoyment in traveling nowadays. But I put 'em in their place. I know my rights and I insist on them!"

She glared ferociously about the room as though confronting a multitude of conductors, baggage-men and taxi drivers awaiting judgment.

"Now, boys! what are you staring at? Don't you know it's rude to be staring at people? Run away and play. I want to talk to your mother. Run away and play! Shoo!" She brandished the umbrella at them and the Hardy boys left the room precipitately. Their mother excused herself for a moment and followed them into the hall.

"Run!" she said, smiling. "I'll take care of Aunt Gertrude. Run along while you have the chance."

They kissed their mother good-bye and hastily departed, wondering how she was to

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purpose of this book is to describe a method of helping people out of trouble. The principles underlying this method are applicable, not only when one is with an individual whose personal affairs are at a crisis, but whenever one finds himself so placed that he may influence other people—whether as parent, teacher, employer, or neighbor, whether with patient, parishioner, friend, or client.

It is a method both old and new, old in that its point of view toward life and many of its processes has been appreciated and used by understanding men and women since human beings first began to live and work together, new in that not until recent years has a sustained and directed effort to cultivate it been made.

This effort is being carried on by social workers and is inspired by their experience in meeting the perplexities and difficulties of the people who seek their help in clinics and hospitals, in schools and courts, in children's and family welfare or charity


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 organization societies, and in many other institutions.

The method that has thus been developed has come to be known as social case work. The practice of it as applied to the more complicated forms of trouble is a vocation requiring, in addition to native ability, special knowledge and much preparation and training. There are many situations, however, in which this method may be of help to any one who can sympathetically interpret its spirit and its principles. Social case workers, having found it effective in the lives of those whom they serve and in their own lives also, believe that its point of view should form part of the philosophy of everybody and that an understanding of its processes would be useful in the daily relationships of life and particularly to those persons to whom other people turn for advice and guidance. It is in the interest of a wider application of social case work that this book has been written.

Social case work is not a panacea. While it can be helpful to any one in any economic or social status, it is not a cure of economic and social evils. Although an interpretation of it as universally applicable obviously avoids emphasis upon any one group of people, it must be remembered that


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 where economic and social conditions are adverse, as they are for thousands of human beings, all the problems of life are aggravated, trouble is induced where trouble might otherwise be avoided, and its treatment is rendered vastly more difficult. The present discussion holds it to be axiomatic that only as environment and the organization of society improve can men and women hope to reach their fullest self-expression.

In illustrating the principles of social case work, I have made frequent use of incidents and crises that have arisen in human lives. Names and other identifying details have been changed. I hope that these stories will not lead the reader to think that the helping of people out of trouble is an instant and easy process. It is difficult, a matter usually of months and years, with many failures. Even some of the experiences which here appear to be successes were later followed by disaster, for just as a man may recover from one disease only to succumb to another, so, too, an individual, after overcoming one difficulty, may be overwhelmed by the next, or, as not infrequently happens, he may suffer from nervous and mental instabilities that prevent any permanent solution of his problems. Again and again the


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 person who helps, and the person who is helped, struggle through mistake after mistake to achieve but a modicum of what they had hoped. Yet, despite all this there are successes, successes that more than justify faith in social case work as a method of helping people out of trouble, and as a key to the secret of a happier association with our fellows.

In the preparation of this book I have been helped by many persons, but particularly by my associates in the Philadelphia Society for Organizing Charity. Their insight and understanding, their experience and their skill are the inspiration of much that appears in the pages which follow.


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Rh explain their flight to the terrible Aunt Gertrude, in view of that lady's melancholy predictions concerning their fate should they venture out in the boat.

They found Slim Robinson waiting for them at the boathouse, and with many chuckles the boys told him of their escape from the tyrant who would have prevented their departure.

"We'd better hurry or she'll be down here after us if she finds we've got away from her," declared Joe.

"Tony and the other fellows are over in the other boathouse," Slim told them. "I think they're ready now."

"All right. Let's be going."

Frank started the engine of the Sleuth and the motorboat moved slowly out into the open bay. He steered a course for the entrance to Prito's boathouse, where Tony and the others were waiting. As soon as Tony saw him he started his own craft, and the Napoli nosed its way out abreast of them.

"All set?" shouted Frank.

"All set."

"Away we go."

The two boats drummed their way out into Barmet Bay and headed out toward the sea, side by side, picking up speed when they had threaded their way through the shipping near the docks.

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has yet to be generally recognized as one of the arts. Being born and growing up are such common experiences that people seldom consider what they involve. As most readers of books pass from cover to cover, realizing not at all that the letters which form the words are the product of painstaking craftsmanship and that the imposition of the type upon the page, the composition of the title-piece, the binding of the volume, are the result of centuries of study and design, so also we take as a matter of course the miracle of being alive, and the comings and goings of the men and women about us.


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 No matter how close our neighbors, no matter how intimate our friends, we rarely appreciate the effort by which they achieve a mastery of life. This is a thing that they keep to themselves. Except in such moments of self-revelation as that in which Lafcadio Hearn found his Japanese cook, human beings truly wear the mask of happiness as an etiquette; since all the while they are engaged in a constant and relentless struggle.

For man is not born into a world made to fit him like a custom tailored suit of clothes, or a house built to order. He enters a universe that was eons old before his appearance, and that in all likelihood will continue for eons after his departure, an infinitely complex, eternally changing universe that evolves its processes unmindful of his presence. It sets the conditions. It is man who must do the fitting.

The task engrosses his every moment. He must adjust himself to the changeless laws of nature. He must adapt himself to the men and things about him. His very life at birth depends upon his ability in an instant to oxygenate his blood from the outside air instead of through the circulatory system of the mother. Within a very few hours he must learn the process of digestion.


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 As he grows older, he must accustom himself to variations in temperature, to the passage of the seasons, to the peculiarities of his physical environment. He must develop immunity from the swarm of bacterial parasites. Failure in many of these things may mean an end to his existence; yet they are the least perplexing adjustments he must make. For mostly they are automatic. In a sense they are beyond his conscious control. It is rather the adjustments to people and to events that involve the most vivid struggle. It is these which make the greatest demands upon his character and ability, and they throng every minute of every day.

His waking must be determined, not by the sun, but by the demands of his occupation. The time of breakfast and the food upon the table are the result of adjustment to the convenience and tastes of the different members of the household. His clothes must suit the weather and the day's engagements. He must adapt himself to train schedules, traffic regulations, library rules. He must compromise between his income and his needs and desires. Adaptations must be made to the house and to the neighborhood in which he lives, to manners and customs, to the organiza-


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 you. You have taught yourself how to acquire money, how to keep it, and how to use it. Therefore, are you competent for a responsible position. I am becoming an old man, my sons think only of spending and give no thought to earning. My interests are great and I fear too much for me to look after. If you will go to Nippur and look after my lands there, I shall make you my partner and you shall share in my estate.’

So I went to Nippur and took charge of his holdings, which were large. And because I was full of ambition and because I had mastered the three laws of successfully handling wealth, I was enabled to increase greatly the value of his properties. So I prospered much, and when the spirit of Algamish departed for the sphere of darkness, I did share in his estate as he had arranged under the law.”

So spake Arkad, and when he had finished his tale, one of his friends said, “You were indeed fortunate that Algamish made of you an heir.”

“Fortunate only in that I had the desire to prosper before I first met him. For four years did I not prove my definiteness of purpose by keeping one-tenth of all I earned? Would you call a fisherman lucky who for years so studied the habits of the fish that with each changing wind he could cast his nets about them? Opportunity is a haughty goddess who wastes no time with those who are unprepared.”

“You had strong will power to keep on after you lost your first year’s savings. You are unusual in that way,” spoke up another.

“Will power,” retorted Arkad. “What nonsense. Do you think will power gives a man the strength to lift a burden the camel cannot carry, or to draw a load the oxen cannot budge? Will power is but the unflinching purpose to carry a task you set for yourself to


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 tion of business, to the city, to the country, to accidents, to old age, to birth, to death.

Man is like a canoeist directing his course through waves. One after another he meets them. They may be heavy and powerful or they may be light ruffles of a sunshiny day in midsummer. He must ride them all. To each one he must slant his craft, dipping his paddle at just the right moment, giving it just the right twist, putting just the right amount of force into the stroke. Each wave requires a decision. Let him fail in judgment, or in skill and strength, and his canoe may ship water until it fills, or, in the lift of some great breaker, overturn immediately.

And as upon the ocean, a wave occasionally approaches which overtops its fellows, so, too, in life there towers before the voyager not infrequently a 'ninth born son of the hurricane and the tide.' These waves call forth all the skill that the mariner possesses. He who rides them may well count himself a master of the sea, for while the lesser adaptations of life cause many a wreck, it is these which occasion the greatest disasters. Would one learn to appreciate the art of living, he need but observe the manner in which people meet these portentous relationships and events.


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 Such are the adjustments to adolescence, to independence, to marriage, to single life, to widowhood, to a marked change in income, to sickness, to physical handicaps, to work, to parenthood, to disappointment in love, to the first visit away from home, to school, to college, to divorce, to home after the children have grown up and left it. Life is full of other similar situations. Not all of them are met by everybody, and people who have been confronted by the same problem find that to each individual it has presented itself in a different aspect. Yet one need study only a few of these experiences to realize that underlying all is the fundamental question of adjustment.

During adolescence there is the adjustment that accompanies the awakening of the child to the world outside the home. Hitherto the mother has been the refuge of sympathy and understanding, the father the source of recreation and adventure, and both the final authority upon questions of taste, of information, and of right and wrong. The boy—and in this he usually anticipates the experience of his sister—now discovers a kinship with those of his own age and develops an increasing respect for their standards of life and conduct. He becomes impatient of parental


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 'mays' and 'may nots,' all the more so because with the burgeoning of a new physique he is conscious of aspirations and emotions that he thinks the apparently staid and settled middle years cannot appreciate. He demands emancipation. He wants to be himself.

This spiritual emergence from the confines of the home does not often occur in a girl until she goes to work or to college. It then becomes a struggle for independence. Up to this time her goings and comings have been more closely supervised than those of her brother. In many households she is more her mother's daughter than she is herself. And now a greater freedom is opened to her. Going to work gives her the power of earned money and the broadened horizon of new companions. Going away to college brings her new associates and removes her from the immediate oversight of her parents. The result of either experience is to face her and her parents with much the same adjustment that her brother met in adolescence. The children seek self-expression and a larger control over themselves. The parents, regarding them still as children, want to continue to protect and direct them. Therein lies the possibility of conflict and the difficulty of the adjust-


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 ment. If the parents draw the bonds of authority closer, if they place walls about the home, youth rebels, sometimes to yield to sullenness or to an irritable discontent, sometimes to break away from the life of the family altogether and to replace it with unstable and unsatisfactory friendships. If, however, mother and father recognize the right of the children to their own lives, the reason for conflict will disappear. Best of all is that attitude of the parents toward both daughter and son which fosters a gradual unfolding and increasing of the girl's and the boy's responsibility, so that this phase of the adjustment to adolescence and independence never becomes critical or even conscious, but takes place as part of the evolution from childhood to youth and from youth to adult life.

The adjustment to marriage involves an institution that, ever changing, is yet ever the same. It varies as human beings vary. In the homes of neighbors it may exist in the tradition of one hundred years ago and as a prophecy of what it may be to-morrow.

The twentieth century finds it a more democratic and a more spiritual relationship than ever it has been before. Man is now an integral part of


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 the family in contrast to the days when he was lord and the woman subject. Then he was in a sense superior to the family and outside of its laws. For spiritual and intellectual companionship he looked to other men, and both before and in marriage, society condoned in him a standard of sex morality different from that which it demanded of his wife.

To-day, woman, with vastly increased opportunity for education and with an extension of interest to all human activities, offers to man a relationship that is rich in its intellectual and spiritual possibilities. She is capable of a fineness and delicacy of appreciation that challenges his understanding, while the single standard of sex morality causes the physical basis of marriage to be of increasing significance.

Even the appearance of the home has become a factor in determining the success of the association of husband and wife. The business of financing and administering the household calls forth ever greater ability and the growing appreciation of the psychology of childhood has added to the importance of the family as an educational institution.

Marriage is the most complicated of all adjust-


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 ments, for the man and the woman must adapt themselves, not only to a new task and a new environment, but they must determine the form of that task and the character of that environment, and they must do this, not each for himself, but together. Two individualities, two sets of likes and dislikes, and of manners and mannerisms, two sexes, two products of different inheritance and experience, must combine to give expression to a new entity, the family. It is the most intimate of all relationships. In it there is no such thing as the impersonality which simplifies association with human beings in other situations. Always there is the intangible emotional factor, capable of thwarting every attempt at adjustment or of making easy the adaptation of personalities whose union would otherwise be impossible. Analyze it though one may, marriage will continue to escape definition. It will be discussed and debated through the coming generations as it has been through the past, and yet will ever hold the quality of mystery, offering to its votaries an enduring source of happiness.

As the adjustment to marriage is not accomplished in a day, but must be made as long as the man and the woman continue to be husband and


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 wife, so also the adjustment to single life is a process of years. With a woman it begins usually midway between twenty and thirty. She is then mature, but not so settled that adjustment to another personality would be difficult. She is physically best equipped for the bearing of children. She has completed her formal education. If she has been at work, she has served her apprenticeship. All that has gone before has been a preparation. Nature and custom define marriage and motherhood as the next step. But the same intangible factor which can make or mar marriage cuts across her path. She does not meet the man with whom she would mate.

This is not a decision that can be made finally. The possibility of marriage affects her plans for ten or fifteen years, or even longer. If, as now most single women do, she turns toward a career, she is not likely to make the same whole-hearted adjustment to it as that of which a man is capable. Uncertainty about the future renders it difficult for her to be constant in work.

Unless she finds opportunity for achievement in civic activities, or in business, she may develop a feeling of ineffectiveness because of what she may consider to be her failure to marry. She may


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 think that there is a questioning in the minds of her friends, and in so thinking she may become supersensitive in her relations with other people.

Far more serious and more difficult of adjustment than either the feeling of uncertainty or that of ineffectiveness is the lack of an emotional outlet. That part of the single woman's nature which in marriage would be directed toward lover, husband, and child has not this trinity of the affections. In its place she must find a medium for expression. The quality of her relationship with her parents and the other members of the family becomes therefore of greater importance to her than to her married sister. This is true of all her friendships, particularly of her friendships with women. As she grows older, she probably finds her association with men increasingly casual and infrequent. She must replace this with other interests, taking care to avoid the dangers of an ingrowing existence that expresses itself in a frigidity in personal relationships or in a parasitic emotion for some other woman.

To chart a straight course through the shoals and reefs of single life, to attain to the happiness of dignified and affectionate friendships, to keep a sense of proportion and balance, to maintain a


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 tolerance of temperament and attitude is truly an achievement. Yet women are making this adjustment, developing in the process richer personalities, and sounding new depths of understanding and appreciation.

The single man usually is close to thirty years before his thoughts are affected by the fact that he is not married. With him marriage is not a career as with woman. It is rather a motive for a career. Lacking this, he must combat a feeling of futility. He has no one for whom to labor. The tendency in the single woman toward instability in work becomes with him an instability in his manner of living. He has no sense of permanence in abode or in his social relations. Helping still further to unsettle him is the solicitude of his friends. He is never allowed to forget that he ought to be married. There is always the implication of a responsibility shirked.

The instinct to parenthood is generally not so dynamic a force in him as in woman. It rarely develops until after he becomes a father, but there is a compensating instinct to protect. Frequently this transfers itself into loyalty and devotion to his mother, who may, particularly if she is a widow, consciously or unconsciously, play upon


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62 It was evening before they reached the first village on the coast, after leaving the bay, and although they made numerous inquiries they failed to find any trace of their chums. No one in the village had seen or heard a motorboat during the storm, although they readily admitted that the craft might have passed without being noticed, owing to the gloom and the violence of the gale. The chums spent the night at this village and resumed their journey the next morning, going farther up the coast.

Their progress was necessarily slow because there were numerous small villages and they stopped at them all to make inquiries.

But in every case the answer was the same.

No motorboat answering to the description of the Envoy had been seen. None of the fishermen had heard of the craft.

"It's ten chances to one that they was wrecked in that storm," an old fisherman at one of the villages declared when they told him their story. "Unless they were mighty lucky they wouldn't get past Ragged Reef. They might get this far up the coast, but they'd never get past the Reef."

"Where is that?"

"Not far from here. Up past the next point. Seems to me I heard one of the boys sayin' this mornin' that there was some wreckage on the reef yesterday. There's none of our boats

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 this instinct, preventing both his marriage and the free development of his career.

In making the adjustment to single life, the man must guard both against a devotion of this kind which hinders him from attaining to a true self-expression, and against a self-centered existence that at the worst may drift into sensuality. At the best he may, in adjusting himself to single life, achieve an intense application to work and a variety of interests and friendships that can bring him a large measure of happiness.

Widowhood, like all other adjustments, presents itself under a multitude of varying circumstances. The widowhood which follows a happy marriage is primarily the adjustment to a great loneliness, a loneliness that is both spiritual and physical. Life has hitherto been arranged on a communal basis; the family instead of the individual has been the unit, every responsibility has been shared, the habit of intimate association with another person has been formed. Now this is all changed. Some people attempt to fill the empty place by summoning memories of the past and idealizing the one who has gone, a form of substitution which if indulged too greatly may degenerate into self-pity and a withdrawal from whole-


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 some activity. Far wiser is it to rely upon work and other interests, inside the home or without, in which variety and inspiration can play their part.

Children both simplify and complicate the adjustment. They provide an outlet for the affections, but they offer the temptation to emotional dependence. Some parents become almost parasitic in this respect, handicapping the children in their efforts at self-expression and preventing them from the freedom which their development requires. Even where this does not happen, the problem of training and of education is most difficult. The mother must be both father and mother. Hitherto, the children have had the benefit of the thought and experience of two people. Widowhood involves a loss which the mother cannot make up by duplicating herself through the devotion of more time and energy. She must seek other contacts and other associates for her children to compensate them for what their father would have contributed.

When it is the father who has been left, the problem becomes still more perplexing. Only too often in the absence of the mother the family breaks. She has been the home, and without her the whole structure collapses, leaving the hus-


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 . If I set for myself a task, be it ever so trifling, I shall see it through. How else shall I have confidence in myself to do important things? Should I say to myself, for a hundred days as I walk across the bridge into the city, I will pick from the road a pebble and cast it into the stream, I would do it. If on the seventh day I passed by without remembering, I would not say to myself, tomorrow I will cast two pebbles which will do as well. Instead, I would retrace my steps and cast the pebble. Nor on the twentieth day would I say to myself, ‘Arkad, this is useless. What does it avail you to cast a pebble every day? Throw in a handful and be done with it.’ No, I would not say that nor do it. When I set a task for myself, I complete it. Therefore, am I careful not to start difficult and impractical tasks, because I love leisure.”

And then another friend spoke up and said, “If what you tell us is true, and it does seem as you have said, reasonable, then being so simple, if all men did it there would not be enough wealth to go around.”

“Wealth grows wherever men exert energy,” Arkad replied. “Does a rich man build him a new palace, is the gold he pays out gone? No, the brickmaker has part of it and the laborer has part of it, and the artist has part of it. And everyone who labors upon the house has part of it. Yet when the palace is completed, is it not worth all it cost? And is the ground upon which it stands not worth more because it is there? And is the ground that adjoins it not worth more because it is there? Wealth grows in magic ways. No man can prophecy the limit of it. Have not the Phoenicians built great cities on barren coasts with the wealth that comes from their ships of commerce on the seas?”

“What then do yon advise us to do that we also may become rich?” asked still another of his friends. “The


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 band to make a new adjustment to single life, and the children to face the whole series of difficulties which confronts those who are homeless and orphaned.

Sickness involves a twofold adjustment, the adjustment which the patient must make to his disease and that which his family and his friends must make to him. In either case the crux of the problem is much the same. What is he able to do and what is he unable to do? What exertion is wise and what is not wise? When should he yield to invalidism and when should he refuse to listen to the suggestion of ill-health? When should he reconcile himself to a continuance of nursing and when should he resume activity? When should his friends take care of him and when should they expect him to take care of himself? It is a problem that the diagnosis of the physician cannot always solve, for it has as much to do with the spirit as with the body. Often, the commiseration of friends and their desire to pamper is a more insidious foe for the patient to overcome than the bacteria of his disease.

Sometimes sickness affects the attitude and expression of the invalid so that he becomes a different person from what he would wish to be. Then


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 all that experience, insight, and understanding can provide are required by his friends so that they can appreciate the reasons for his otherwise inexplicable behavior, and make the necessary allowances for it. This is particularly true when the man is not confined to his bed, but is suffering one of the minor and less apparent chronic illnesses. Wherever sickness appears, it brings new and unforeseen problems. There are few things that more quickly precipitate the true character of an individual and his friends.

Work is one of the most important of adjustments because it is chief among the mediums through which a man expresses his personality. Let Colas Breugnon describe it:

"There is one old chum that never goes back on me, my other self, my friend—my work. How good it is to stand before the bench with a tool in my hand and then saw and cut, plane, shave, carve, put in a peg, file, twist and turn the strong fine stuff, which resists yet yields—soft smooth walnut, as soft to my fingers as fairy flesh; the rosy bodies or brown limbs of our wood-nymphs which the hatchet has stripped of their robe. There is no pleasure like the accurate hand, the clever big fingers which can turn out the most


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 fragile works of art, no pleasure like the thought which rules over the forces of the world, and writes the ordered caprices of its rich imagination on wood, iron, and stone. . . . To serve my art the elves of the sap push out the fair limbs of the trees, lengthen and fatten them until they are polished fit for my caresses. My hands are docile workmen, directed by their foreman, my old brain here, and he plays the game as I like it, for is he not my servant too? Was ever man better served than I?"

Here was a well-adjusted workman. He had what every one needs: an employment in which his faculties had the freest possible play. Happy is that person who finds this in his pursuit of a livelihood. A man cannot expend too great pains in the search for appropriate employment. Sometimes it is a quest of years, involving many trials. The more encouragement, therefore, should we offer the youth who, after leaving school or college, experiments with a number of different occupations. Instead of being reminded of the dismal proverb about the rolling stone, he should be received with sympathy and with interest and should be helped to discover the best channel for self-expression and service.


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 Sometimes this means creating in his present employment the desired opportunity. Imagination and invention can often delve into their own environment and find the seeds of growth. There are, however, many jobs that are so mechanical, so limited in scope, and so monotonous in the activities which they require, that there is little hope for self-expression in them. Those who earn their living in such ways, if they cannot change their work, should seek place for the play of their faculties in an avocation. There are many examples of this. Hawthorne's interest was writing, but he supported himself for years by a clerkship in a customs house. A man may be an operative in a factory and yet may make the art of photography his work, and not infrequently an inspired evangelist is concealed within the overalls of a janitor or behind the leathern apron of a cobbler.

Self-expression in work includes more than the achievement of brain and hand. It is dependent also upon the quality of the association that the individual has with his fellows. The office and the shop stand next to the home in the adaptability that they require of people. They are the very crossroads of life where personalities meet and


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 pass and where there are multitudes of human contacts.

Truly the adjustment to work is enough alone to call forth all the skill that a man possesses. What renders it and every other adjustment vastly more difficult is the presence at the same time of other problems. It is not possible for him to concentrate upon work to the exclusion of everything else; for while he is making this adaptation he may also be confronted with the adjustment to illness or with the necessity of helping his son to meet the problems of adolescence. The adjustment to widowhood may be accompanied by a sudden change in income. The adaptations to single life and to unemployment may appear together. The adjustment to marriage may include the adjustment to parenthood.

Rarely do adjustments come alone and rarely do they concern only one person. Usually a number of people are affected. In marriage, man and woman and the relatives of both may be involved: in independence, the woman and her family; in work, employer and employee; in sickness, the invalid and the household.

The problem is always complex, and it is universal. All about us the struggle is going on, and


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 in it human beings everywhere are engaged; silently, perhaps, and with countenances as cheerful as that of Lafcadio Hearn's Japanese cook, but none the less intently. Event succeeds event; accidents, people, happenings, one after another come toward us. Each must be met and dealt with, and upon the manner of our dealing depends the issue of our lives. If successful, men say that we are happy. If unsuccessful, they say we are in trouble. For this process of adjustment is life, and the mastery of it is the art of living which, who that considers the stakes, will deny to be the greatest of all the arts.


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of all the arts, living is also the most exacting in its demands upon its practitioners. It delights in crises. It chooses its own times and seasons, considering neither the convenience nor the preparedness of its followers. It may present itself in some instant dilemma or it may develop its problems so gradually that one does not realize that an adjustment is at hand. It appears characteristically in the sort of cumulative sequences that seem to pile difficulty upon difficulty, giving rise to the saying that troubles never come singly. Age, youth, wealth, experience—none of these


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 does it spare or respect. It compels the attention and the energy of all mankind.

It is the most exacting of the arts, but it is not beyond mastery. Men have achieved it, are achieving it constantly. Rare is he who has not a fundamental capacity to adjust himself to life. When a man fails where his neighbors succeed, when under substantially the same economic and physical conditions and in the same crisis he falls into trouble which they avoid, it is not necessarily because he lacks the ability to achieve. It may be because he is prevented from using the powers with which he has been endowed. He is blocked; he is handicapped; he is not free. He is bound by habits, emotions, fears, prejudices, superstitions. He is thwarted by those with whom he is intimately associated in work or in pleasure, even by his friends, by the members of his family. He is thrust into trouble as was the little girl whose teacher said of her:

"If Martha is learning anything I don't know it. She never answers any questions. She never has anything to say in class. She just sits and looks."

So stupid did Martha appear to be that until an examination at a psychological clinic showed that