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 and is firſt kindlye diſpoſed to receiue a reaſonable ſoule. Alſo in it is a ſoule and ſpirit, it is defined foure manner of wayes. Firſt in compariſon to creatures generally, as in the booke , Auſten ſaith in this manner: A ſoule is made to the likeneſſe of all wiſdome, and beareth in it ſelfe the likneſſe of all things. For it is like to the earth by : to water, by imagination: to Aire, by reaſon: to the Firmament, by vnderſtanding: to the knowledge of heauenly ioyes. In the ſixt manner it is defined in compariſon to God, as to his maker, thus. A ſoule is like to God, a quickening of lyfe. Héereby we knowe that the ſoule is not begotten of the father and mother, but it is compound and created of God to the liuing of the bodie. Alſo in the ſeauenth manner it is deſcribed in compariſon to God, as to the end that he is made, thus: A ſoule is a ſpirit intellectuall, ordeined to bliſſe in it ſelfe. Héereof ſhineth the propertye of the ſoule, that is to meane, that the ſoule béeing departed from the body is not onely beautified with Angelles, or as an Angell is, but the felicitie thereof is inlarged, and in the bodie glorified. ''Iohannis Damaſcene. Homel. 26.'' comprehendeth all theſe differences and definitions vnder a generall diſcription, and ſayth, That a ſoule is a ſubſtaunce liuing, ſimple, and bodileſſe, in his own kinde vnſéene with bodilye eyen, neyther ſhall die, and is the reaſonable vnderſtanding, without ſhape of limmes. And it vſeth a bodie, and giueth thereto heart of lyfe, and of growing and of begetting, and hath none other vnderſtanding, but in it ſelfe it is moſt pure and cleane. And as the eye is in the bodie, ſo is the intellect vnderſtanding in the ſoule, and it hath frée aduiſement and will, and is chaungeable by couenable will. For it maye fréelye take eyther refuſe. All theſe the ſpirit taketh of his grace, that made him, and of him hée hath béeing and kinde. Hetherto ſpeaketh ''Iohn Damaſcene. Bernard'' deſcribeth a right ſuch properties and ſaith. O thou ſoule, beautified and made fayre with the Image and lykeneſſe of God, ſpouſed in ſpirit, with Faith: bought with Chriſts owne bloud, aſſiſted with Angells, pertaker of bliſſe, heyre of ſaluation, and partener of reaſon. What haſt thou to doe with the fleſh? By which thou ſuffereſt much. By theſe many and diuerſe definions, and deſcriptions, diuerſe and ſundrie properties of the ſoule be knowen, touching his béeing of kinde and of grace.

¶How the ſoule is of Philoſophers deſcribed. Chap. 4.
But what thing a Soule is, it is vnknowen to many men. For in this matter wée reade, that olde Philoſophers gaue diuerſe, and as it were contrarie determinations. In, Ariſtotle rehearſeth that Plato ſayde, that a ſoule is a béeing mouing it ſelfe. And Zeno ſayth, that a ſoule is a number that moueth it ſelfe. Pythagoras calleth the ſoule Harmonie, a concord of melodie. Paphinons calleth it Idea, a manner example. And Aſolepides calleth it a manner of corde, that ſetteth the fine wittes a worke. Hipocras calleth it a ſubtile ſpirite ſpread through all the bodie. Eraclius the Philoſopher, calleth the ſoule a lyght, or a ſparcle of béeing. Democritus calleth it an vncerteine ſpirite Athomis, a little thing, as it were of the meates in the Sunne beame, and ſo hée ſayth, that all the bodye of the ſoule is ſuch a lyttle thing. Permenides ſaith, that it is made of earth and of fire. Epicurus ſayth, that the ſoule is a manner kinde of fire and ayre. Ipertus ſaith, the ſoule is a firye ſtrength.  Sith that wiſe men haue ſpoken ſo many wayes, and ſo diuerſely of the ſoule: at this time onelye this ſhall ſuffice that is ſayde of holy men. That the ſoule is a manner of ſpiritual and reaſonable ſubſtaunce, that GOD maketh of naught for to giue lyfe and perfection to mans body. And becauſe it is a ſubſtaunce that maye receyue contraryes: It receiueth vnderſtanding,

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Nota Lepi. 44: 239–247

flower buds of Balbisia microphylla (Phil.) Reiche (Vivianiaceae) (Vargas 2016). However, the two species are easily separated based on morphology, because in the latter the male sternum VIII is a narrow piece with two short apical arms, the larger cornutus is a broad piece slightly shorter than the phallus and the smaller cornutus is a C-shaped piece, all of which remarkably contrast with the morphological pattern of E. copaquillaensis sp. nov.

Rindge (1987) arranged the species of Eupithecia of Chile in two Sections, namely 1 and 2, with the latter subdivided into four Groups named A to D, based on the morphology of the male segment VIII and male and female genitalia. The tergum fully sclerotized and the sternum as two separate longitudinal rods in the male segment VIII, the elongated valva, uncus with single apex and vesica with two cornuti in the male genitalia, and the corpus bursae with longitudinal striations in the female genitalia suggest that E. copaquillaensis sp. nov. is related to the species of Section 1, in which Rindge (1987, 1991) included the morphologically close E. atacama and four others: E. atacamaensis Rindge, E. guayacanae Rindge, 1991, E. osornoensis Rindge, 1987 and E. seatacama Rindge, 1987. However, the monophyly of this species group, as well as the phylogenetic relationships of all the Neotropical fauna of Eupithecia, must be reassessed using modern procedures.

Perhaps discouraged by the extremely arid conditions, surveys for geometrid moths have been scarce on the western slopes of central Andes. For instance, in the case of Eupithecia, the holotype

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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" must know, Mr. Grey, that this is my favourite walk, and I therefore expect that it will be yours."

"It cannot indeed fail to be such, the favourite as it alike is, of nature, and Mrs. Felix Lorraine."

"On my word, a very pretty sentence!—and who taught you, young gentleman, to bandy words so fairly?"

"I never can open my mouth, except in the presence of a woman," bolted out Vivian, with the most impudent mendacity, and he looked interesting and innocent.

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Cavaliers have left the ancient hall, and the old pictures frown only upon empty tables. The Marquess immediately gained a seat by Mrs. Million, and was soon engrossed in deep converse with that illustrious lady. In one room, the most eminent and exclusive, headed by Mrs. Felix Lorraine, were now winding through the soothing mazes of a slow waltz, and now whirling, with all the rapidity of Eastern dervishes, to true double Wiën time. In another saloon, the tedious tactics of quadrilles commanded the exertions of less civilized

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their passage to the Hall, the Marquess and Mrs. Million met Vivian Grey, booted and spurred, and covered with mud.

"Oh!—Mrs. Million—Mr. Vivian Grey. How's this, my dear fellow? you'll be too late."

"Immense honour!" said Vivian, bowing to the ground to the lady. "Oh! my Lord, I was late, and made a short cut over Feamley Bog. It has proved a very Moscow expedition.  However I'm keeping you. I shall be in time for the guava and liqueurs, and you know that's the only refreshment I ever take."

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 about a house. Besides which, I have noticed that the Marchioness always selects the nicest morsels for that little poodle; and I'm also clearly of opinion, Miss Graves, that the fit it had the other day arose from repletion."

"Oh! I've no doubt of it in the world. She consumes three pounds of arrow-root weekly, and two pounds of the finest loaf sugar, which I have the trouble of grating every Monday morning.—Mrs. Million appears to be a most amiable woman, Miss Gusset?"

"Oh! quite perfection—so charitable, so intellectual, such a soul! it's a pity though her manner is so abrupt, she really does not appear to advantage sometimes—eh! Dr. Sly?"

The Toadey's Toadey bowed assent as usual. "Well," rejoined Miss Graves, "that's rather a fault of the dear Marchioness,—a little want of consideration for another's feelings, but she means nothing.'"

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 long to know all about it. I saw an account of it in the papers. Every thing seemed to go off so well. Do tell me who was there?"

"Oh! there was plenty of Royalty at the head of the list. Really I can't go into particulars, but every body was there—who is any body—eh! Dr. Sly?"

"Certainly, Madam. The pines were most admirable; there are few people for whom I entertain a higher esteem than Mr. Gunter."

"The Marchioness seems very fond of her dog and parrot. Miss Graves—but she's a sweet woman!

"Oh, a dear, amiable creature! but I can't think how she can bear the eternal screaming of that noisy bird."

"Nor I, indeed. Well, thank goodness, Mrs. Million has no pets—eh! Dr. Sly?"

"Certainly—I'm clearly of opinion that it can't be wholesome to have so many animals

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Vivian retired to his room, he found a notellette on his dressing-case, which contained two lines. They were as follows:—"A walk on the Terrace before breakfast, is the fashion at Château Desir." The esprit of the note sufficiently indicated the authoress, even if the perfumed paper, and the diminutive French gem, with its piquant and peculiar motto, had allowed him, for an instant, to hesitate.

In spite of his travelling, and his champagne, and his sound sleep, Vivian rose early, and was on the Terrace at a most reasonable hour,

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246 of E. tarapaca was until a few years ago the only specimen reported in the scientific literature from above 3000 m in the northernmost part of Chile (Vojnits 1985, 1992, 1994; Rindge 1987, 1991). In accordance with recent additions to other genera of Geometridae (Palacios et al. 2020; Vargas et al. 2020; Vargas 2021), the discovery of E. copaquillaensis sp. nov. confirms the need for further studies to characterize better the overlooked fauna of geometrid moths harbored by the high elevation environments of central Andes.

AcknowledgementsAcknowledgments [sic]

I would like to thank Anthony Galsworthy for kind and valuable comments and suggestions on a previous version of the manuscript; Marcelo Vargas-Ortiz for the kind company in fieldwork and for performing DNA extraction; Wilson Huanca-Mamani for allowing the use of the molecular biology equipment and Lafayette Eaton for checking the English.

References

Brehm G, Hebert PDN, Colwell RK, Adams MO, Bodner F, Friedemann K, Möckel L, Fiedler K (2016) Turning up the heat on a hotspot: DNA barcodes reveal 80% more species of geometrid moths along an Andean elevational gradient. PLoS ONE 11(3): e0150327. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0150327

Brehm G, Murillo-Ramos L, Sihvonen P, Hausmann A, Schmidt BC, Õunap E, Moser A, Mörtter R, Bolt D, Bodner F, Lindt A, Parra LE, Wahlberg N (2019) New World geometrid moths (Lepidoptera: Geometridae): Molecular phylogeny, biogeography, taxonomic updates and description of 11 new tribes. Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 77: 457–486.

Ferris CD (2007) Three new species of Eupithecia Curtis from Arizona and New Mexico with discussion of associated species (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Eupitheciini). Zootaxa 1516: 49–60. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1516.1.5

Hebert PDN, Cywinska A, Ball SL, deWaard JR (2003) Biological identification through DNA barcode. Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Science 270: 313–321. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2002.2218

Hebert PDN, Penton EH, Burns JM, Janzen DH, Hallwachs W (2004) Ten species in one: DNA barcoding reveals cryptic species in the neotropical skipper butterfly Astraptes fulgerator. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 101: 14812–14817. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0406166101

Herbulot C (2001) On Neotropical Eupithecia. Spixiana 24: 196.

Kumar S, Stecher G, Li M, Knyaz C, Tamura K (2018) MEGA X: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis across computing platforms. Molecular Biology and Evolution 35: 1547–1549. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msy096

Mironov V, Ratzel U (2012) Eupithecia Curtis, 1825 of Afghanistan (Geometridae: Larentiinae). Nota Lepidopterologica 35: 197–231.

Mironov VG, Galsworthy AC (2012) A generic level review of Eupithecia Curtis and some closely related genera based on the Palaearctic, Nearctic and Oriental fauna (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Larentiinae). Zootaxa 3587: 46–64. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3587.1.2

Mironov V, Galsworthy A (2014) A survey of Eupithecia Curtis, 1825 (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Larentiinae) in Mongolia with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa 3774: 101–130. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3774.2.1

Õunap E, Viidalepp J, Truuverk A (2016) Phylogeny of the subfamily Larentiinae (Lepidoptera: Geometridae): integrating molecular data and traditional classifications. Systematic Entomology 41: 824–843. https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12195


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first week at Château Desir, passed pleasantly enough. Vivian's morning was amply occupied in maturing with the Marquess the grand principles of the new political system: in weighing interests, in balancing connections, and settling "what side was to be taken on the great questions?" Oh! politics, thou splendid juggle!—The whole business, although so magnificent in its result, appeared very easy to the two counsellors, for it was one of the first principles of Mr. Vivian Grey, "that every thing was possible." Men did

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second week of Vivian's visit had come round, and the flag waved proudly on the proud tower of Château Desir, indicating to the admiring county, that the most noble Sydney, Marquess of Carabas, held public days twice a week at his grand Castle. And now came the neighbouring peer, full of grace and gravity, and the mellow baronet, with his hearty laugh, and the jolly country squire, and the middling gentry, and the jobbing country attorney, and the flourishing country surveyor. Some honouring by their presence, some who felt the

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 equal, and others bending before the noble host, as if paying him adoration, was almost an equal pleasure with that of guzzling his venison pasties, and quaffing his bright wines.

Independent of all these periodical visitors, the house was full of permanent ones. There was the Viscount and Viscountess Courtown, and their three daughters, and Lord and Lady Beaconsfield, and their three sons, and Sir Berdmore and Lady Scrope, and Colonel Delmington of the Guards, and Lady Louisa Manvers, and her daughter Julia. Lady Louisa was the only sister of the Marquess—a widow, proud and pennyless.

To all these distinguished personages, Vivian was introduced by the Marquess as "a monstrous clever young man, and his Lordship's most particular friend"—and then the noble Carabas left the game in his young friend's hands.

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that Julia Manvers was really the most beautiful creature that ever smiled in this fair world. Such a symmetrically formed shape, such perfect features, such a radiant complexion, such luxuriant auburn hair, and such blue eyes, lit up by a smile of such mind and meaning, have seldom blessed the gaze of admiring man! Vivian Grey, fresh as he was, was not exactly the creature to lose his heart very speedily. He looked upon marriage as a certain farce in which, sooner or later, he was, as a well-paid actor, to play his part; and

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several centuries after the completion of the Talmud, Babylonia or Persia continued to hold the supremacy in Jewish learning. The great teachers in the Persian schools followed the same lines as their predecessors in the Mishnah and the Talmud. Their name was changed more than their character. The title Gaon (“Excellence”) was applied to the head of the school, the members of which devoted themselves mainly to the study and interpretation of the older literature. They also made original contributions to the store. Of their extensive works but little has been preserved. What has survived


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" on that old hag! Her eye looked evil on me, at the very moment! Although a pretty wife is really the destruction of a young man's prospects, still, in the present case, the niece of my friend, my patron—high family—perfectly unexceptionable, &c. &c. &c. Such blue eyes! upon my honour, this must be an exception to the general rule." Here a light step attracted his attention, and, on turning round, he found Mrs. Felix Lorraine at his elbow.

"Oh! you're here! Mr. Grey, acting the

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Nota Lepi. 44: 239–247 Palacios C, Farfán J, Cerdeña J, Lazo-Rivera A, Parra LE, Vargas HA (2020) A new species and a new record of Pero Herrich-Schäffer, 1855 (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) in the Andes of southern Peru. Nota Lepidopterologica 43: 301–309. https://doi.org/10.3897/nl.43.54177

Parra LE, Ibarra-Vidal H (2002) A new species of Eupithecia (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) of Juan Fernández Islands. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 95: 9–15. https://doi.org/10.1603/0013-8746(2002)095 [ 0009:ANSOEL 2.0.CO;2]

Parsons MS, Scoble MJ, Honey MR, Pitkin LM, Pitkin BR (1999) The Catalogue. In: Scoble MJ (Ed.) Geometrid Moths of the World: a Catalogue (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) (2 volumes). CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, [xxv,] 1016 pp. https://doi.org/10.1071/9780643101050

Ratnasingham S, Hebert PDN (2007) BOLD: the barcode of life data system (www.barcodinglife.org). Molecular Ecology Notes 7: 355–367. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.01678.x

Rindge FH (1987) The Eupithecia of Chile (Lepidoptera, Geometridae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 186: 269–363.

Rindge FH (1991) The Eupithecia of Chile (Lepidoptera, Geometridae) II. American Museum Novitates 3020: 1–14.

Seven E, Mironov V, Akin K (2019) A new species of Eupithecia Curtis (Lepidoptera: Geometridae, Larentiinae) from Turkey. Zootaxa 4668: 443–447. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4668.3.9

Shorthouse DP (2010) SimpleMappr, an online tool to produce publication-quality point maps. https://www.simplemappr.net [accessed 13 August 2021]

Skou P, Mironov V, Rietz H (2017) Eupithecia gypsophilata, a new species in the graphata species group of the genus Eupithecia Curtis (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Larentiinae). Zootaxa 4272: 291–295. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4272.2.10

Vargas HA (2011) A new species of Eupithecia Curtis (Lepidoptera, Geometridae) from the Azapa Valley, northern Chile. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 55: 568–570. https://doi.org/10.1590/S008556262011000400012

Vargas HA (2016) First notes on the life history of Eupithecia tarapaca Rindge (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) in the western slopes of the Andes of northern Chile. Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society 70: 167–169. https://doi.org/10.18473/lepi.70i2.a14

Vargas HA (2021) Iridopsis socoromaensis sp. n., a geometrid moth (Lepidoptera, Geometridae) from the Andes of northern Chile. Biodiversity Data Journal 9: e61592. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.9.e61592

Vargas HA, Hausmann A, Parra LE (2020) A new species of Macaria Curtis (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Ennominae) from the Andes of northern Chile. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 64(2): e20200016. https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9665-rbent-2020-0016

Vojnits AM (1985) New South American genera and species of Eupithecini (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). Acta Zoologica Hungarica 31: 405–418.

Vojnits AM (1992) New data to the Eupithecia fauna of Chile and Peru (Lepidoptera, Geometridae). Acta Zoologica Hungarica 38: 125–143.

Vojnits AM (1994) New data on the Eupithecia fauna of Chile (Lepidoptera, Geometridae). Entomofauna 15: 361–376.


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gloom which the parting had diffused over all countenances, was quite dispelled when the Marquess entered.

"Lady Carabas," said he, "you must prepare for crowds of visitors to-day. There are the Amershams, and Lord Alhambra, and Ernest Clay, and twenty other young heroes, who, duly informed that the Miss Courtowns were honouring us with their presence, are pouring in from all quarters—Isn't it so, Juliana?" gallantly asked the Marquess of Miss

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arrived, and kept her promise; only three carriages and four! Out of the first descended the mighty lady herself, with some noble friends, who formed the most distinguished part of her suite: out of the second came her physician, Dr. Sly; her toad-eater. Miss Gusset; her secretary, and her page. The third carriage bore her groom of the chambers, and three female attendants. There were only two men servants to each equipage; nothing could be more moderate, or, as Miss Gusset said, "in better taste."

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 an awful moment! I should have been in fits for three days. Eh! Dr. Sly?"

"Certainly you would. Madam—your nerves are very delicate."

"Well! I, for my part, never could see much use in giving up to one's feelings. It's all very well for commoners," rather rudely exclaimed the Marchioness' Toadey—"but we did not choose to expose ourselves to the servants, when the old General died this year. Every thing went on as usual. Her Ladyship attended Almacks; my Lord took his seat in the House; and I looked in at Lady Doubtful's; where we don"t visit, but where the Marchioness wishes to be civil."

"Oh! we don't visit Lady Doubtful either," replied Miss Gusset: she hadn't a card for our fête champêtre. Oh! I was so sorry you were not in town. It was so delightful!

"Oh! do tell me who was there. I quite

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 WHY ARE WOMEN REDUNDANT? - W. R. GREG.

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the very heart of the Gaonate, the eighth century witnessed a religious and literary reaction against Rabbinism. The opposition to the Rabbinite spirit was far older than this, but it came to a head under Anan, the son of David, the founder of Karaism. Anan had been an unsuccessful candidate for the dignity of Exilarch, and thus personal motives were involved in his attack on the Gaonim. But there were other reasons for the revolt. In the same century, Islam, like Judaism, was threatened by a fierce antagonism between the friends and the foes of tradition. In Islam the struggle lay between the Sunnites, who


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 most grotesque and glorious moments of high life below stairs.

"Dear Miss Graves," said Miss Gusset, "you can't imagine how terrified I was at that horrible green parrot flying upon my head! I declare it pulled out three locks of hair."

"Horrible green parrot, my dear madam! why it was sent to my Lady by Prince Xtmnprqtosklw, and never shall I forget the agitation we were in about that parrot. I thought it would never have got to the Château, for the Prince could only send his carriage with it as far as Toadcaster; luckily my Lady's youngest brother, who was staying at Desir, happened to get drowned at the time,—and so Davenport, very clever of him! sent her on in my Lord Dormer's hearse."

"In the hearse! Good heavens, Miss Graves! How could you think of green parrots at such

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 WHY ARE

WOMEN REDUNDANT?

BY W. R. GREG.

LONDON:

N. TRÜBNER & CO., 60, PATERNOSTER ROW.

1869.

[All Rights reserved.]

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text: A new species of Eupithecia Curtis (Lepidoptera, Geometridae) from the Andes of northern Chile


text: Chapters on Jewish Literature/Chapter 5

title: Chapters on Jewish Literature/Chapter 5


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text: Chapters on Jewish Literature/Chapter 6

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 WHY ARE WOMEN REDUNDANT?

A STATE of society so mature, so elaborate, so highly organized as ours cannot fail to abound in painful and com- plicated problems. One after another these excite attention. The philosopher seeks to solve them; the philanthropist endeavours to relieve the suffering, and the moralist to cure the evil, they involve or imply. There is enough, alas, in the various forms of wrong, of error, and of wretchedness which multiply around us, not only to make our hearts bleed, but to bewilder our understanding, to disturb our conscience, to shame our indolence and ignorance, and al- most to stagger and to strain our faith; and enough also to afford ample occupation to that vast amount of restless, pry- ing, energetic, impatient benevolence, which is perhaps the most remarkable, as it is certainly the most hopeful, feature of this age. It would seem as if, in this respect, our strength was equal to our day,' and our resources to the work which lies before us: all that appears necessary is, that the diagnosis should be complete before the medicine is ad- ministered, and that the physician should be sure of his pre- scription before the surgeon begins to operate. For ourselves, we can say that we never despaired of the Republic;' we have never done the Creator the wrong of doubting (to use an expression we once heard from Dr Chalmers) that the world is so constituted that if we were morally right, we should

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Author:Héctor Andrés Vargas Ortiz

Works

 * A new species of Eupithecia Curtis (Lepidoptera, Geometridae) from the Andes of northern Chile (2021)

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 to enjoy a curious sight, you must watch die Toadeys, when they are unembarrased by the almost perpetual presence of their breeders—when they are animated by "the spirit of of freedom;" when, like Curran's Negro, the chain bursts by the impulse of their swelling veins. The great singularity is the struggle between their natural and their acquired feelings: the eager opportunity which they seize of revenging their voluntary bondage, by their secret taunts on their adopted task-masters; and the servility, which they habitually mix up, even with their scandal. Like veritable Grimalkins, they fawn upon their victims previous to the festival—compliment them upon the lengths of their wiskers, and the delicacy of their limbs, prior to excoriating them, and dwelling on the flavour of their crashed bones. Oh! 'tis a beautiful scene, and ten thousand times more piquant than the humors of a Servants' Hall, or the

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course of Jewish literature in Italy ran along the same lines as in Spain. The Italian group of authors was less brilliant, but the difference was one of degree, not of kind. The Italian aristocracy, like the Moorish caliphs and viziers, patronized learning, and encouraged the Jews in their literary ambitions.

Yet the fact that the inspiration in Spain came from Islam and in Italy from Christianity produced some consequences. In Spain the Jews followed Arab models of style. In Italy the influence of classical models was felt at the time of the Renaissance. Most noteworthy of all was the in-


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act as mediators between various peoples and ages. They bring the books and ideas of one form of civilization to the minds and hearts of another. In the Middle Ages translations were of more importance than now, since fewer educated people could read foreign languages.

No men of letters were more active than the Jews in this work of diffusion. Dr. Steinschneider fills 1100 large pages with an account of the translations made by Jews in the Middle Ages. Jews co-operated with Mohammedans in making translations from the Greek, as later on they


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WHY ARE WOMEN REDUNDANT? to be able to accomplish, - so far from there being too many women for the work that must be done, and that only women can do well, there would be too few. The work would be seeking for the women, instead of, as now, the women seeking for the work. We are disordered, we are suffering, we are astray, because we have gone wrong; and our philanthropists are labouring, not to make us go backward and go right, but to make it easier and smoother to persist in wrong. JOHN CHILDS AND SON, PRINTERS.

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 WHY ARE WOMEN REDUNDANT? cally dealt with. As an immediate result of the removal of 500,000 women from the mother-country, where they are redundant, to the colonies, where they are sorely needed, all who remain at home will rise in value, will be more sought, will be better rewarded. The number who compete for the few functions and the limited work at the disposal of women being so much reduced, the competition will be less cruelly severe, and the pay less ruinously beaten down. As the re- dundancy at home diminishes, and the value is thereby in- creased, men will not be able to obtain women's companion- ship and women's care so cheaply on illicit terms. As soon as the ideas of both sexes in the middle and upper ranks, on the question of the income and the articles which refine- ment and elegance require, are rectified,-as soon, that is, as these exigencies are reduced from what is purely factitious to what is indisputably real,-thousands who now condemn themselves and those they love to single life will find that they can marry without foregoing any luxury or comfort which is essential to ladylike and cultivated and enjoyable existence. Finally, as soon as, owing to stricter principles, purer tastes, or improved social condition,-or such combination of all these as the previous movements spoken of must gradually tend to produce,-the vast majority of men find themselves compelled either to live without all that woman can bestow, or to purchase it in the recognized mode,-as soon, to speak plainly, as their sole choice lies between marriage and a life of real and not nominal celibacy, the apparent redundance of women complained of now will vanish as by magic, if, indeed, it be not replaced by a deficiency. We are satisfied that Ir the gulf could be practically bridged over, so that women went where they are clamoured for; and IF we were contented with the actualities instead of the empty and un- real and unrewarding shadows of luxury and refinement; and Ir men were necessitated either to marry or be chaste, -all of which things it is a discreditable incapacity in us not 38

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 ,,/,v,

24

“LILLIEF “Then,” I cried, ‘‘you love me when you sleep! May I think so?” “Oh! yes, if you choose: for Rory O’More: says that dreams go by contraries, you know” I eat down beside her. ‘Ah!’ I said, sighing, “Rory’s idol dreamed she hated him.” ‘sYos,” said Gusy, ‘that was the difference between his case and yours.” We chatted away foratime. At last I began, ‘Miss Busy, I came up this evening to tell you that I-—I-——” How she was listening! A bright thought struck me: I would tell her of my journey, and in the emotion she was certain to betray, it would be easy to declare my love.

“Miss Susy,” I said, ‘‘I am going South to- morrow.”

She swept her hands across the keys of the piano into a stormy polka. I tried to see her face, but her curls fell over it. I was prepared to catch her, if she fainted, or comfort her, if she wept. I listened for the sobs I fancied the musio was intended to conceal; but throwing beck the curls with a sudden toss, she struck the last chord of the polka, and said, gayly,

“Going away?”

 * ¢ Yes, for some months.”

‘Dear me, how distressing! Just stop at Levy’s, a8 you go home, and order me some extra pocket-handkerchiefs for this melancholy cecasion, will you?”

‘‘You do not seem to require them,” I said, rather piqued. ‘I shall stay some months.”

_ Well, write to pa, won’t you? And, if you get married, or die, or anything, let us know.” “T have an offer to be o partner in a law

office in Kentucky,” I said, determined to try

her, ‘‘and if I accept it, as I have some thoughts ef doing, I shall never return.”

Her face did not change. The old, saucy look was there, as I spoke; but I noticed that one little hand closed convulsively over her watch-shain, and thet the other fell upon the keys, making, for the first time, a discord.

“Going away forever?” she said, with a sad one, that made my heart throb.

‘Mies Susy, I hoped you, at least, would niss me, and sorrow in my absence.”

She opened her eyes with an expression of profound amazement.

ssyp””

“Yes, it might change ell my plans, if my sbeence would grieve you.”

‘¢Change all your plans?”

 * Yea, I hoped—thought——"”’

Oh! that earnest, grave face. My cheeks burned, my hands and feet seemed to swell, and [ felt cold chills all over me. I could not go on. [ broke down for the third time.

There was an awkward silence. I glanced st Susy. Her eyes were resting on my hand, which lay on the arm of the sofa. The contrast between the black horse-hair and the flesh seemed © strike her.

‘What a pretty little hand!” she said.

A brilliant idea passed through my brain.

ing it.
 * You may have it if you will!” I said, offor-

She took it between her own, and, toying with the fingers, said,

“May I?”

‘Yes, if—if you will give me this one,” and I raised her beautiful hand to my lips.

She looked into my face. What she read there I cannot say; but if ever eyes tried to talk, mine did then. Her color rose, the white lids fell over the glorious eyes, and the tiny hand struggled to free iteelf. Was I fool enough te release it?

What I said, I know not; but I dare say my wife can tell you. Five minutes later, my arm encircled the brown dress, the brown curls fell upon my breast, and my lips were in contact with—another pair.

“LILLIE.” DY

MYRTA

W1!!! the Summer ﬂowers were dying, And the Autumn ﬂowers were slghlng, Mournfuliy and low, Then we left our Lillie sleeping, Where the willow tree is wet-ping, And the ﬂowers grow.

There our darling one rcposes With the blushing summer roses, She has passed away.

W1~M1~» 1' 1,~

Where the violets are springing, And the woodland birds are singing, All the summer day,

MAY.

And our hearts are very lonely, For she saw the ﬁrst, and only Link in love’s bright chain; Yet although on earth ’tis rlven, Soon in yonder glorious Heaven ’Twill be joined agniul


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 "IN

THE

BITTER

COLD.”

BY FRANK LEE BENEDICT.

“AND you never knew that your husband had been engaged to anybody else? Perhaps I ought not to have spoken, but it is such an old story that it never occurred to me it could be news to you. I have not hurt your feelings, have I?”

The listener shook her head; for the moment she could not trust her voice to speak.

“I don’t think you seem well, Margaret; you ; looked pale when I first came into the room.”

“I am well, quite well,” she said, faintly. “But you did not tell me your story connectedly. . “Mr. Hope was engaged.”

“Of course, my dear; no doubt of that. He: had been spending the winter South, and he met this Miss Melville—a beautiful girl she was, and very rich. What broke off the affair I never knew, but we were all sorry, it seemed just the match for him—beauty and wealth. Not that I eare now, you know, Margaret, for you are a nice little thing; but I own at the time I did feel provoked to see my cousin take up with such a} sickly-looking body as you were when I first saw you.”

“I had suffered so much,” Margaret said, ‘and I never was handsome,” she added, moura- fully.

“Oh, beauty isn’t as much——”

“I know, I know! I was poor, and that is; worse than a misfortune, it is a crime.”

“Oh, Margaret, I am sure I have said nothing te deserve so bitter a speech.”

“Was it bitter? I am sorry, I did not mean itto be eo. But I should like to hear something more of this Miss Melville.”

“Oh, it is not easy to explain! She was very proud and impetuous, and Arthur was not patient in those days! I suppose there was some little misunderstanding which ended in a rupture.”

“Have you ever heard that this was the case?’

“No—not in so many words—one gathers those things one scarcely knows how. Arthur looked pale and sad for some time: but he seems very happy at present; I am sure I am glad that it is so. To be sure, he conceals his feelings wonderfully always—that is a peculiarity of our family—still I have no doubt that he is quite contented.”

Contented! How Margaret Hope's whole soul rose in rebellion at the word! She, who had given the undivided devotion of ber woman’s heart to meet with this reward, and to know that she must be satisfied therewith! But she gave no expression to those feelings, and sat waiting to hear what her companion might next relate, what other firm life-hope was to be torn ‘away by the utterance of a single careless word.

“You are not annoyed by all this, are you, Margaret?”

“No,” she replied, in a voice which only betrayed her repressed emotion by its peculiar gentleness; ‘I am very glad to have heard it— it was best every way.”

“I dare assy it was; now you will know pre- cisely how to manage—only if Arthur ever dreamed of my telling you he would be frightfully angry.”

_ Have no fear; I shall never speak of it te him.”

‘‘That is right! He is very kind—he told me he was going to have a governess for your nephew; the care of him and your baby was too much for you—I am sure you both humor the boy to death.”

‘‘He was my only sister’s child,” Margaret said, firmly, ‘“‘and when she died he became mine; while I have a crust of bread he shall share it.”

‘*Oh, of course, I haven’t a word to say against it! But isn’t that the baby Ihear? I won't keep you-——good-night, I shall see you soon again.”

Mrs. Chilton went out of the room and left Margaret Hope sitting alone in the grey of the gathering twilight. The girl crouched down into her chair, clasping her hands tightly together, and trembling in every limb from the. chill which had fallen upon her heart.

Only a year before Margaret had become the wife of Arthur Hope: a year in which had been. concentrated much happiness, disturbed only by. the wayward fancies that she had at times conjured up to mar her own quiet. Mr. Hope had. become acquainted with her only a few months before their marriage, during a season of much suffering, when she saw her fortune wrested from her by distant relatives, and herself and little nephew left in absolute poverty.

Then in the midst of her anguish came Arthur Hope, and before she had recovered from the


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 painful, dream-like state of feeling which suc- ceeds acute suffering, she found herself his wife.

There followed long weeks of happiness, for Margaret truly loved her husband, and his man- ner to her, though always quiet, was full of affectionate interest. At length a sort of shadow crept between them, which threatened wholly to blot out their sunshine. Margaret was exacting and jealous, though she made no complaints. Mr. Hope never knew what was passing in her mind, but he felt at times that a change had come over both, and strove in vain to assign a cause for the alteration. Margaret was morbidly zensitive in regard to pecuniary affairs, and her pride suffered intolerably at the thought of the obligations under which Mr. Hope had placed her, for every debt of her mother’s had been paid out of his own fortune. The slightest cool- ness in his manner caused her pain, and as his was a sensitive, uncommunicative nature, she found a thousand trifles over which to make her- self wretched for days. A single suspicion of her feelings would have led to an explanation om Mr. Hope’s part, but he never dreamed of her sufferings. and so the shadows darkened imper- ceptibly around them.

A few weeks before Margaret had become a mother, and in the engrossing cares of maternity, she forgot, for a little time, the thousand fancied annoyances which had caused her so much pain. But now a sudden reality was given to her doubts | —Mr. Hope had married her from pity, while his. heart was another's. The thoughtless gossip of | Mrs. Chilton, o silly, frivolous woman, had de- | stroyed the happiness of that wayward, but high- ; minded girl, and there was no power to remedy | the evil. :

There Margaret sat in the solitude of her: |

chamber, almost maddened by the tide of jeal- : ous bitterness which desolated her soul. All was 3 explained now; Mr. Hope’s coldness, his ead, 3 gentle manner: he did not love her, she was an ; -alien from his heart, a burthen in his home. Her firat impulse was to leave the house forever, ; it seemed impossible for her to remain there ; another hour, to meet again as her husband the ; man who had made her his wife only from feel-’; ings of commiseration.

The crying of her child roused her from those :

‘harrowing reflections, and she went into the: inner apartment where it lay. She took up the: infant and returned to the sitting-room, hushing 3 it to rest again with her soothing voice. While 3 the babe slumbered upon her knee, the little boy | stole into the chamber, and crept to her side with : 2 the confiding air which her gentleness had made | habitual with him.

‘*You must be quiet,” she said, when he began to talk, ‘*T cannot hear you now.”

The child looked wonderingly in her face, and

7 then stole away into a corner of the room intimi- dated by that strange severity. Margaret was not even aware that she had spoken to him, and } sat engrossed by her painful thoughts.

. At length her busband’s step sounded upon the stair, chilling her very heart as she listened. the door; “shall I ring for lights?’
 * ‘Allin the dark, Margaret,” he said, opening

If you choose,” she replied, coldly.

When the lamps were brought, he stooped for & moment over the child, then seated himself at @ table to read some letters.

‘He does not even notice that I am suffering,” thought Margaret, and her heart grew hard.

A sudden exclamation from her busband caused her to turn toward him. When he caught her eye he strove to appear calm, but she had dis- tinctly heard the smothered expression of pain, and saw his features working with agitation. But she made no remark, and Mr. Hope sat leaning his head upon his hand in deep thought.

When the bell rang for dinner, he rose and turned toward her.

‘“‘That was the bell, I think?’

“‘T am not going down to dinner,” she replied.

‘Are you ill?” he asked, anxiously.

“There is nothing the matter, but I do nt wish any dinner.”’

He urged her for several moments, and then left the room. When he returned he was dressed to go out.

‘I may not be in till late, Margaret,” he said, ‘‘do not sit up for me. Good-night, dear.”

He kissed the child, and would have pressed his lips to hers, but she resolutely turned away her head. He regarded her for a moment with ® surprised, pained look, and went away. She heard the hall door close behind him, and for the first time gave way to a burst of tears.

‘‘Mamma!” exclaimed the boy.

‘(Are you here still?” she said. ‘Go to bed at once.”

‘‘Has Willie been naughty?” he pleaded, ‘‘he is very sorry.”

‘*No, no; good-night—God bless my boy.”

She rang the bell and gave both children to the nurse. As she returned to her seat, she saw a paper lying upon the floor and picked it up— it was the letter her husband had been reading. Even at that moment Margaret would not have been guilty of the meanness of looking at it, but her eye fell upon a name—it was Miss Melville's —and she read the lines.

‘‘It seems that your particular friend, George


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 “IN THE BITTER conn.”

Andersen, is to marry your old flame, Julia Melville—so goes the world. They say you married to annoy her—is she returning the compliment?

The sheet fell from her hand—this was the cause of Mr. Hope’s agitation—he had left the house in order to conceal his suffering.

“What right had he to marry me?” she exclaimed, indignantly. “Then it was to revenge himself upon that girl—cowardly traitor!—and I have loved this man.’

When her husband. entered the chamber late in the evening she seemed asleep, for he addressed her and she returned no answer. But all night long she lay listening to his irregular breathing, and many times caught a low sigh, which proved that he was wakeful as herself.

The next morning Mr. Hope rose early, and when Margaret woke from the uneasy slumber into which she had fallen after daybreak, he was standing by the bedside in a traveling dress.

“I am obliged to leave town for a few days, Margaret,” he said; “the business is urgent, and I knew nothing of it until last night.”

That letter was the cause of this sudden journey—Margaret felt certain of it, and her grief gave way to a sort of stony indignation.

“If you are going at once I will not rise,” she said, coldly, and when he kissed her farewell, her lips returned no kindly pressure. Mr. Hope paused at the door and looked back—he seemed about to speak, then checking himself, regarded his wife fixedly for an instant, and with a sorrowful gesture passed out of the room.

All that day Margaret was alone, and in a state of excitement which was little less than insanity. She was convinced that her husband had loved Miss Melville, and that ins moment of anger he had married another. The weight of obligation which had always weighed heavily on Margaret’s soul could no longer be borne.

There was only one thing to be done—she must go away forever. She would not remain. under that roof which could never again be a home to her. Let her husband be happy if he could; and she felt a bitter satisfaction at her own desolation.

She had in her possession a few hundred dollars, realized from the sale of some valuables, which Mr. Hope had insisted upon her retaining as her own; that little pittance would serve; anything, beggary itself, would be more endurable than that luxurious home.

On the evening of that terrible day, Margaret Hope stole out from the shelter of ber husband’s roof, and with those two helpless children went forth into the wide world.

Three days after, Mr. Hope returned home and found the place desolate. He could obtain no clue to his wife’s departure—the only trace of her was a note upon his dressing-table.

Date sh di ctieadiad

“I have left your house forever; henceforth we must be as dead to one another. Do not search for me, it would be in vain. Be happy in your own way, and forget even the existence of MARGARET.”

He sank into a seat completely unmanned by a blow so unexpected and terrible. Beside Margaret’s note lay a folded paper which he opened eagerly—it was the letter that contained the allusion to Miss Melville’s former engagement with himself.

A perception of the truth dawned upon him; that letter, or some exaggerated and untruthful account, had been the cause of Margaret’s leaving his house.

How much unhappiness a false, artful woman had wrought for him. He had met Miss Melville several years before, while he was a very young man, and had been fascinated by her beauty and manner. ° She was a bold, unscrupulous woman, who had passed beyond her girlhood, and had left there every relic of youth or enthusiasm. Cold and designing, she determined from the first to secure so rich a prize as Mr. Hope, and she nearly succeeded. Fortunately for him, circumstances disclosed her treachery before he had gone too far to retreat, and he left her forever.

Several years passed before he even again thought of love, and when he met Margaret Foster, with her pale, still loveliness, and her sby, proud manner, it was a new revelation of the sex to him. He loved her devotedly, and it was that feeling only which prompted him to make her his wife.

Mr. Hope had one serious fault which had aided much in bringing upon him that great misery—he never confided to any his real feelings. Brought up by a stern, harsh father, who looked upon any outbreak of enthusiasm as an actual crime, and regarded an imaginative child much in the same light as our forefathers did those possessed of a devil, Arthur had learned to appear cold and unsympathizing, though he had a kind heart, full of generous impulses and feelings. And so, even in his affection, Arthur Hope could not be demonstrative. When the thousand tender follies of a lover rose to his lips, his father’s bitter laugh seemed ringing in his ear to check them; when in oonversation he would have indulged in the fanciful theories and comparisons peculiar to an imaginative mind, the recollection of the biting sarcasm which of


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 PRIZE ESSAYS.

AGRICULTURE AND THE CORN LAWS.

The Councilof the National Anti-Corn Law League hereby offer the following PRIZES for the BEST PRACTICAL ESSAYS, each not to exceed sixteen pages octavo, demonstrating the Injurious Effects of . the Corn Laws on Tenant Farmers and Farm Labourers, and the Advantages which those classes would derive from its Total and Immediate Repeal :—

WTet PHEO. cst pthigrels cestes eavates eseeee 20 Guineas. Second ditto........... easievl siadediels eae Se eiats ait stas HT Eft 1 2 ROSE ESC SADE ICE Ptr mae: “3

The Council will publish the three best Essays, with or without the authors’ names, as may be most agreeable to them, The Essays to be sent in not later than the Ist of November, addressed to GEORGE WILSON, Esq., Anti-Corn Law League, Manchester,

THE CouNCIL HAVE AWARDED THE HIGHEST PRIZE TO EACH OF THE THREE ACCOMPANYING ESSAYS.


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46 convict never renews his offense until driven by hunger or again persuaded by his poor brute brain that he can escape detection; he does not enter and rob the first house that he comes to, nor murder the first enemy that he meets.

That there are honest, clean-minded patriotic socialists goes without saying. They are theorists and dreamers with a knowledge of life and affairs a little profounder than that of a horse but not quite so profound as that of a cow. But the "movement" as a social and political force is, in this country, born of envy, the true purpose of its activities, revenge. In the shadow of our national prosperity it whets its knife for the throats of the prosperous. It unleashes the hounds of hate upon the track of success — the only kind of success that it covets and derides.

How bit and bridle this wild ass of civilization? How make the socialist behave himself, as in Germany, or unmask himself, as in France? It looks as if this cannot be done. It looks as if we may eventually have to prevent the multiplication of millionaires by setting a legal limit to private fortunes. By some such cowardly and statesmanlike concession we may perhaps anticipate and fore-


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 There is a splendid star, or , on the breast of Scorpio.

9. A centaur or man on horseback bearing a bow.

10. . A goat with the hinder extremities of a fish.

11. . Aquarius bears on his right arm an urn, from which water is flowing, and in his left hand probably some ears of corn, emblems of the primitive offering to the Deity before the introduction of wine and animal sacrifices. When the Sun was in Aquarius the Romans commenced their year: the ninth of February was "Veris initium."

12. . One is called the northern and the other the southern. Their tails are united by a band.


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Richard the Third, V. ii

Thus doth he force the swords of wicked men

To turn their own points in their masters' bosoms.

Thus Margaret's curse falls heavy on my neck:

'When he,' quoth she, 'shall split thy heart with sorrow,

Remember Margaret was a prophetess.'

Come, lead me, officers, to the block of shame:

Wrong hath but wrong, and blame the due of blame.

Exeunt Buckingham with Officers.

Richm. Fellows in arms, and my most loving friends,

Bruis'd underneath the yoke of tyranny,

Thus far into the bowels of the land

Have we march'd on without impediment:

And here receive we from our father Stanley

Lines of fair comfort and encouragement.

The wretched, bloody, and usurping boar,

That spoil'd your summer fields and fruitful vines,

Swills your warm blood like wash, and makes his trough

In your embowell'd bosoms, this foul swine

Is now even in the centry of this isle,

Near to the town of Leicester, as we learn:

From Tamworth thither is but one day’s march.

In God's name, cheerly on, courageous friends,

 24 bosoms; ''cf. n.''

25 Cf. n.  3 bowels: center

6 Lines: letters

8 spoil'd: despoiled; cf. n.

10 embowell'd: disemboweled

11 centry: exact center

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 Sea, that was lovely to the eye, but turned to ashes when tasted, was productive only of disappointment to him, because he mistook it for the real fruit its appearance resembled, and found only bitterness in its taste.

There was that in Byron which would have yet nobly redeemed the errors of his youth, and the misuse of his genius, had length of years been granted him; and, while lamenting his premature death, our regret is rendered the more poignant by the reflection, that we are deprived of works which, tempered by an understanding arrived at its meridian, would have had all the genius, without the immorality of his more youthful productions, which, notwithstanding their defects, have formed an epoch in the literature of his country.


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Countess of Blessington, was born at Knockbrit, near Clonmel, Tipperary County, Ireland, on the 1st of September, 1789, and was the third daughter of Mr. Edmund Power, who was of respectable family, but broken fortune and reckless habits.

She was married in her fifteenth year to a Captain Farmer, but the marriage was a very unhappy one, and Mrs. Farmer after a time quitted his house. He was killed by falling from a window in the King's Bench prison while in a state of intoxication, and within four months his widow was married to the Earl of Blessington, February, 1818. After exhausting every means of enjoyment in England and Ireland, the Earl and Countess started in September, 1822, on a continental tour which, partly owing to the Earl's property having become considerably encumbered, was prolonged till his death.

At Paris they were joined by Count Alfred D'Orsay, who in 1827 married a daughter of Lord Blessington by his first wife. It was an unhappy marriage, and a sep-


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Index talk:משנה תורה דפוס ווארשא-ווילנא כרך ראשון 1.pdf

Title
User:Xover changed the (as of now, red) link to "Translation:Mishneh Torah/Volume 1". However, I'm not sure about that because: Sincerely, Sije (talk) 19:38, 1 December 2023 (UTC)
 * 1) According to User:Dovi at Wikimedia Commons, this file represents only part 1 of volume I. So perhaps the title should be either "Translation:Mishneh Torah/Volume 1 part 1" or "Translation:Mishneh Torah/Volume 1/part 1", or something similar.
 * 2) The author (Maimonides) did not divide the book into volumes, but into 14 "books", or sections (with each "book", or section, divided into chapters) and the number of volumes differ from edition to edition. So I'm not sure that the division of volumes should be part the title. In the Hebrew Wikisource, it is not divided into volumes at all; and perhaps we should do the same.
 * Without knowing the full structure, it's hard to say. If the sections of the work cross volume boundaries, then organizing mainspace pages by volumes might not be suitable at all. --EncycloPetey (talk) 19:42, 1 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Yes, in this particular edition, the section titled Sefer Zera`im begins in volume II and continues in volume III. Sije (talk) 20:03, 1 December 2023 (UTC)
 * @Sije: The structure of this edition, as it was published, is what determines the page structure. What Maimonides did a millennium ago doesn't matter here.But how it makes sense to divide this edition into pages I'm not sure I can comment sensibly on. Some rules of thumb, though… Don't make up your own subdivisions unless absolutely necessary: use some extant subdivision in the work (whether that is volume, part, chapter, section, poem, etc.). Gross subdivisions (part, volume, book, etc.) can be skipped, but are often necessary for sensible organization (for example if chapter numbers are restarted in the next volume). The wikipages onto which the text is transcluded should not grow too large, but if you use too small subdivisions you might get an unmanageable number of wikipages. I'm not sure I can give you any specific guidance for "too large", as it's a fairly subjective judgement, but somewhere between ten and thirty book pages is likely where most experienced contributors would start considering whether they've picked the right subdivision level. We do have some that are much longer, but those are driven more by necessity than choice. Not knowing Hebrew I can't really give specific advice, but the scan does look like it has something similar to a chapter heading at intervals roughly commensurate with the sizes I suggest above. I also seem to recall the deleted text was divided into "books": if these are present in this published edition then those may be a good subdivision to use.In any case, I can't recall just now why I added the "/Volume 1" but most likely it was just because some metadata field said that it was volume 1. There's no requirement to use it if doesn't make sense for this text. Xover (talk) 21:02, 1 December 2023 (UTC)
 * So since in this edition, the section (or "book") titled Sefer Zera`im (don’t remember exactly how that was translated in the deleted text) does cross volume boundaries, I think both of you would agree that we should not organise the pages by this edition’s volumes. Now, being that this file (part 1 of volume I) contains Maimonides' introduction followed by the first two “books” (Sefer ha-Mada` and Sefer Ahavah; translated as “The Book of Wisdom” and “The Book of Love”); my question is what to put down in the “Volume” field? Should we just leave it empty? Sije (talk) 19:26, 3 December 2023 (UTC)
 * I would ignore the volume field for now. We can decide later what to do.  If the book does not have a Table of Contents, you should start an Auxilliary ToC.  For that, we do need to know how the parts are coing to be labelled in the Translation. --EncycloPetey (talk) 19:28, 3 December 2023 (UTC)
 * I think the way they were labelled in the deleted text was just fine. So, I would request that you or another administrator give me that information from the deleted revisions. Thanks for your continuous help, Sije (talk) 19:43, 3 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Below is the list of section titles as they appeared in the previous Translation. --EncycloPetey (talk) 19:50, 3 December 2023 (UTC)

Contents

 * Translation:Mishneh Torah/Introduction
 * Translation:Mishneh Torah/The Book of Wisdom
 * Laws of the Foundations of the Torah (10 chapters)
 * Laws of Human Dispositions (7 chapters)
 * Laws of Torah Study (7 chapters)
 * Foreign Worship and Customs of the Nations (12 chapters)
 * Laws of Repentance (10 chapters)
 * Translation:Mishneh Torah/The Book of Love
 * Laws of Reading the Shema (4 chapters)
 * Laws of Prayer and the Priestly Blessing (15 chapters)
 * Laws of Tefillin, Mezuzah and a Torah Scroll (10 chapters)
 * Laws of Fringes (3 chapters)
 * Laws of Blessings (11 chapters)
 * Laws of Circumcision (3 chapters)
 * The Order of Prayer
 * Translation:Mishneh Torah/The Book of Seasons
 * Translation:Mishneh Torah/The Book of Women
 * Translation:Mishneh Torah/The Book of Holiness
 * Laws of Forbidden Intercourse (22 chapters)
 * Laws of Forbidden Foods (17 chapters)
 * Laws of Animal Slaughter (14 chapters)
 * Translation:Mishneh Torah/The Book of Pledges
 * Translation:Mishneh Torah/The Book of Agriculture
 * Translation:Mishneh Torah/The Book of Temple Service
 * Translation:Mishneh Torah/The Book of Temple Offerings
 * Translation:Mishneh Torah/The Book of Purity
 * Translation:Mishneh Torah/The Book of Damages
 * Translation:Mishneh Torah/The Book of Acquisition
 * Translation:Mishneh Torah/The Book of Judgements
 * Translation:Mishneh Torah/The Book of Judges

 * Thank you. I see that the book does have a detailed Table of Contents on pages 12-14, including the subtitles of each of the 14 "books" (for example, "Mishneh Torah/The Book of Wisdom/Laws of Repentance", etc.). So, I would need the names of all of those subdivisions as well. Thanks again, --Sije (talk) 20:31, 7 December 2023 (UTC)
 * I've added all the contents that had been translated, which was only three of the books. --EncycloPetey (talk) 19:46, 9 December 2023 (UTC)


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 aration eventually took place; but Count D'Orsay continued after the death of Lord Blessington to reside with Lady Blessington during the remainder of her life. Lord Blessington died at Paris in May, 1829.

Lady Blessington on her return to London made her house the centre of a brilliant circle of persons of social and intellectual eminence. She quickly became one of the celebrities of London; and for nearly twenty years the Salon, first of Seamore Place, and afterwards of Gore House, disputed the palm with those of Holland House as the resort of the learned, the witty, and the famous of the day.

In the twelfth letter of "the Pencillings," dated 1834, Mr. Willis gives an account of his first visit to Lady Blessington in London, then residing in Seamore Place, certainly more graphic than any other description of her réunions that has been given:—

"A friend in Italy had kindly given me a letter to Lady Blessington, and with a strong curiosity to see this celebrated authoress, I called on the second day after my arrival in London. It was 'deep i' the afternoon,' but I had not yet learned the full meaning of town hours. 'Her ladyship had not come down to breakfast.' I gave the letter and my address to the powdered footman, and had scarce reached home, when a note arrived inviting me to call the same evening at ten.

"In a long library, lined alternately with splendidly-bound books and mirrors, and with a deep window, of the breadth of the room, opening upon Hyde Park, I found Lady Blessington alone. The picture, to my eye,


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270 rock faces and screens, and held on only in anticipation of gaining the top of the Island and an easy descent. Instead of this I came to an impossible overhanging cliff of lava, and was forced to descend as I had come up. It was no easy task, and I was glad to get down with only one slip, when I brought myself up with my ice-axe in the nick of time to prevent a fall over a cliff. This Island is very steep on all sides. There is only one known place of ascent; it will be interesting to try and find others.

After tea Atkinson came in with the glad tidings that the dog team were returning from Hut Point. We were soon on the floe to welcome the last remnant of our wintering party. Meares reported everything well and the ponies not far behind.

The dogs were unharnessed and tied up to the chains; they are all looking remarkably fit—apparently they have given no trouble at all of late; there have not even been any fights.

Half an hour later Day, Lashly, Nelson, Forde, and Keohane arrived with the two ponies—men and animals in good form.

It is a great comfort to have the men and dogs back, and a greater to contemplate all the ten ponies comfortably stabled for the winter. Everything seems to depend on these animals.

I have not seen the meteorological record brought back, but it appears that the party had had very fine calm weather since we left them, except during the last three days when wind has been very strong. It


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 as the door opened, was a very lovely one—a woman of remarkable beauty, half buried in a fauteuil of yellow satin, reading by a magnificent lamp suspended from the centre of the arched ceiling; sofas, couches, ottomans, and busts arranged in rather a crowded sumptuousness through the room; enamel tables, covered with expensive and elegant trifles in every corner, and a delicate white hand relieved on the back of a book, to which the eye was attracted by the blaze of its diamond rings. As the servant mentioned my name, she rose and gave me her hand very cordially; and a gentleman, entering immediately after, she presented me to Count D'Orsay, the well-known Pelham of London, and certainly the most splendid specimen of a man, and a well-dressed one, that I had ever seen. Tea was brought in immediately, and conversation went swimmingly on.

"Her ladyship's inquiries were principally about America, of which, from long absence, I knew very little. She was extremely curious to know the degrees of reputation the present popular authors of England enjoy among us, particularly Bulwer and D'Israeli, (the author of 'Vivian Grey.') 'If you will come to-morrow night,' she said, 'you will see Bulwer. I am delighted that he is popular in America. He is envied and abused—for nothing, I believe, except for the superiority of his genius, and the brilliant literary success it commands; and knowing this, he chooses to assume a pride which is only the armor of a sensitive mind afraid of a wound. He is to his friends the most frank and noble creature in the world, and open to boyishness with those who he thinks under-


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Hebrew poets, scientists, philosophers, and statesmen had made Spain famous in Jewish annals, Rashi and his school were building up a reputation destined to associate Jewish learning with France. In France there was none of the width of culture which distinguished Spain. Rashi did not shine as anything but an exponent of traditional Judaism. He possessed no graces of style, created no new literature. But he represented Judaism at its simplest, its warmest, its intensest. Rashi was a great writer because his subject was great, not because he wrote greatly.

But it is only a half-truth to assert that Rashi had no graces of style. For, if grace be the quality of producing effects with the


text: Chapters on Jewish Literature/Chapter 11


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 Rh

this is to be taken notice of, that the Sea-Breeze blows stronger or longer near the Sea, as at Port-Royal, or Passage-Fort, than it does within Land, as at St. Jago de la Vega, or Spanish Town. As contrariwise the Land-wind blows harder at the Town than at Passage-Fort, or Port-Royal. These things are evident to any who peruses the preceding Journal, where when the Breeze is mentioned, 'tis to be understood the Sea-Breeze in the day, or if in the night, the Land-Breeze; those Breezes ordinarily succeeding each the other.

As the Trade-Wind, between the Tropics, comes not directly from the East, but varies from North-East to South-East, according to the place and position of the Sun, so the Sea-Breeze here has the like Variation, not coming always from the same Point; on the contrary, the Land-Winds or Breezes, come always from the Ridge of Hills, and from the same point of them, and this holds both on the North and South sides of this Island. In Valleys amongst the Mountains, the Sea-Breeze, or Land one, has seldom any great influence, but the North-Winds very much, prostrating very great Trees, &c.

The Land-wind blowing at night, and Sea-Breeze in the daytime, is the Reason why no Shipping can come into Port, except in the day, nor go out but soon after break of day.

The Norths come in when the Sun is near the Tropic of Capricorn, and so farthest off Southerly. Mariners going from England meet the Trade Wind in such or such Latitudes, later if the Sun is farther off, or sooner if nearer to them. This North is a very cold and unhealthy Wind, it is more violent in the night, because it then has the additional force of the Land-Wind with it, and comes through the Gulf of Florida, and a great deal farther off, which is evident from no Ships being able to go that way in the Norths Season. This Wind is more violent in the North-side of the Island than South, wherefore it checks the growth of Canes, and all Vegetables, and is hinder'd by the ridge of Mountains from shewing as much of its fury in the South, where it seldom Rains with this Wind.

The South-Winds in the South-side are usually rainy, and the lasting Seasons come in with the Sea-Breeze, it being certain in the South-side that no Rains from the Land are lasting.

As at Sea in the Trade-winds one meets with Tornados, so at Land sometimes will be a violent West, directly contrary to the Trade-Wind, for a few hours, with generally violent Rains, but this happens seldom, and is soon over.

The Sea Breeze, when it blows hard, is thought to hinder the Rain from coming to the Plains; it for the most part then raining in the Hills. On this account 'tis that there are in the Mountains many Springs and Rivers, and few or none in the Plains, and this is likewise the cause why there is never want of water in the Rivers coming from


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152 technical for fuller treatment in the present book. More will be found in the works cited below.

 * Graetz.—III, p. 397 [409].

 * Graetz.—III, p. 566 [584].
 * Karpeles.—Sketch of Jewish History (Jewish Publication Society of America, 1897), pp. 49. 57.

 * Steinschneider, Jewish Literature, p. 62 seq.

 * Steinschneider.—Ibid., pp. 179 seq., 260 seq.
 * Also, A. Friedenwald.—Jewish Physicians and the Contributions of the Jews to the Science of Medicine (Publications of the Gratz College, Vol. I).


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Rh

(for he had been but lately baptized, before his departure out of this life,) doth, notwithstanding, pray that the Lord will be pleased to receive him.

Divers instances of the like practice in the ages following, I have produced in another place; to which I will add some few more, to the end that the reader may, from thence, observe how long the primitive institution of the Church did hold up head among the tares that grew up with it, and in the end did quite choke and extinguish it. Our English Saxons had learned of Gregory, to pray for relief of those souls that were supposed to suffer pain in Purgatory; and yet the introducing of that novelty was not able to justle out the ancient usage of making prayers and oblations for them, which were not doubted to have been at rest in God's kingdom. And, therefore, the brethren of the Church of Hexham, in the anniversary commemoration of the obit of Oswald, King of Northumberland, used

and having spent the night in praising of God with Psalms,

as Bede writeth; who telleth us yet withal, that he "reigned with God, in heaven," and by his prayers procured many miracles to be wrought on earth. So likewise doth the same Bede report, that when it was discovered, by two several visions, that Hilda, the Abbess of Streamsheale, or Whitby, in Yorkshire, was carried up by the angels into heaven, they, which heard thereof, presently caused prayers to be said for her soul. And Osberne relateth the like of Dunstan; that being at Bath, and beholding in such another vision, the soul of one that had been his scholar, at Glastonbury, to be carried up into "the palace of heaven," he

and entreated the lords of the place, where he was, to do so likewise.

Other narrations, of the same kind, may be found among them that have written of the saints' lives; and particularly in the tome published by Mosander, p. 69, touching the decease of

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8 Bathildis, Queen of France, and p. 25, concerning the departure of Godfrey, Earl of Cappenberg, who is said there to have appeared unto a certain abbess, called Gerbergis, and to have acquainted her,

And the monk, that writ the legend, addeth, that she presently, thereupon

Which, how fabulous soever it may be for the matter of the vision, yet doth it strongly prove, that within these five-hundred years, (for no longer since is it that this is accounted to have been done,) the use of offering for the souls of those that were believed to be in heaven, was still retained in the Church. The letters of Charles the Great, unto Offa, King of Mercia, are yet extant; wherein he wisheth, that "intercession" should be made "for the soul of" Pope Adrian, then lately deceased:

Where the two ends of this kind of intercession are to be observed; the one, to show their love to their friend; the other, to get profit to themselves thereby, rather than to the party deceased.

Lastly, Pope Innocent the Third, or the Second rather, being inquired of by the Bishop of Cremona, concerning the state of a certain priest, that died without baptism, resolveth him out of St. Augustine, and St. Ambrose, that

Upon which ground, at last, he maketh this conclusion;

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Page:Travels in West Africa, Congo Français, Corisco and Cameroons (IA travelsinwestafr00kingrich).pdf/762

 fontanelle is elongate, slightly encroaching upon the base of the triangular process, The length of the head (measured to the end of the process) is two-ninths of the total (without caudal); the width of the interorbital space is one-half of the length of the head. Barbels moderately long, that of the nostril not reaching the gill-opening, and that of the maxillary extending to the origin of the dorsal fin, which is opposite to the end of the pectoral. Anal fin not low. Vertical fins separated from each other by a small interspace. Coloration uniform blackish brown.

Ogowé River.

style=font-size: 90%;|hanging-indent=2em|

Clarias gabonensis, Günth, Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1867, xx. p. 110.

Vomerine teeth villiform, forming a band which is a little broader than the intermaxillary band, without posterior projection; each half of the intermaxillary band is twice as wide as it is broad, and laterally scarcely extends so far as the vomerine band. Head naked above, finely granular and striated. The occipital process triangular, with rounded end, its base being a little longer than its sides, The fontanelle is ovate, and does not encroach upon the base of the triangular process. Length of the head one-fourth of the total (without caudal); snout contracted, the width of the interorbital space being less than one-half of the length of the head. Barbels moderately long, that of the nostril reaching to the root of the pectoral fin and that of the maxillary to the origin of the dorsal, which is nearly opposite to the end of the pectoral. Anal fin not low. Vertical fins separated from each other by a small interspace. Coloration uniform blackish brown.


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Now, having thus declared, unto what kind of persons the Commemorations ordained by the ancient Church did extend, the next thing that cometh to consideration is, what we are to conceive of the primary intention of those prayers, that were appointed to be made therein. And here we are to understand, that first, prayers of praise and thanksgiving were presented unto, for the blessed estate that the party deceased was now entered upon: whereunto were afterwards added, prayers of deprecation and petition, that would be pleased to forgive him his sins, to keep him from hell, and to place him in the kingdom of heaven. Which kind of intercessions, however at first they were well meant, as we shall hear, yet, in process of time, they proved an occasion of confirming men in divers errors; especially when they began once to be applied, not only to the good, but to evil livers also, unto whom, by the first institution, they never were intended.

The term of, a thanksgiving prayer, I borrow from the writer of the Ecclesiastical Hierarchy; who, in the description of the funeral observances, used of old in the Church, informeth us, first, that the friends of the dead

And then that the Bishop likewise offered up a prayer of thanksgiving unto, when the dead was afterward brought unto him, to receive, as it were, at his hands a sacred coronation. Thus at the funeral of Fabiola, the praising of by singing of Psalms and resounding of Hallelujah, is specially mentioned by St. Jerome; and the general practice and intention of the Church therein is expressed and earnestly urged by St. Chrysostom in this manner:

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10

Whereupon he thus presseth them that used immoderate mourning for the dead:

And in the end he concludeth somewhat prophetically, that he

Whether the doctrine now maintained in the Church of Rome, that the children of God, presently after their departure out of this life, are cast into a lake that burneth with fire and brimstone, be not a spice of this disease, and whether their practice in chanting of Psalms, appointed for the expression of joy and thankfulness, over them whom they esteem to be tormented in so lamentable a fashion, be not a part of that scene and pageant at which St. Chrysostom dost so take on, I leave it unto others to judge. That his fear was not altogether vain, the event itself doth show. For howsoever in his days the fire of the Romish purgatory was not yet kindled, yet were there certain sticks then a-gathering, which ministered fuel afterwards unto that flame. Good St. Augustine, who was then alive, and lived three and twenty years after St. Chrysostom's death, declared himself to be of this mind; that the oblations and alms usually offered in the Church

Which, although it were but a private exposition of the Church's meaning in her prayers and oblations for the dead, and the opinion of a doctor too that did not hold purgatory to be any article of his creed, yet did the Romanists in times following

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Rh greedily take hold thereof, and make it the main foundation upon which they laid the hay and stubble of their devised Purgatory.

A private exposition I call this; not only because it is not to be found in the writings of the former Fathers, but also because it suiteth not well with the general practice of the Church, which it intendeth to interpret. It may indeed fit in some sort that part of the Church service, wherein there was made a several commemoration, first of the patriarchs, prophets, apostles, and martyrs, after one manner; and then of the other dead, after another; which together with the conceit, that

was it that first occasioned St. Augustine to think of the former distinction. But in the

to imagine that one and the same act of praying should be a petition for some, and for others a thanksgiving only, is somewhat too harsh an interpretation: especially where we find it propounded by way of petition, and the intention thereof directly expressed, as in the Greek Liturgy attributed to St. James, the brother of our Lord:

And in the offices compiled by Alcuinus:

{{fine block|"O Lord, holy Father, Almighty and everlasting {{sc|God}}, we humbly make request unto thee for the spirits of thy servants and handmaids, which from the beginning of this world thou hast called unto thee; that thou wouldest vouchsafe, O Lord, to give unto them a lightsome place, a place of refreshing and ease, and that they may pass by the gates of hell and the ways of darkness, and may abide in the mansions of the saints, and in the holy light which thou didst promise of old unto Abraham and his seed."

So the "commemoration of the faithful departed," retained as yet in the Roman missal, is begun with this orison:

{{fine block|"Eternal rest grant unto them, O Lord, and let everlasting light shine unto them."}} {{nop}}

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12 Whereunto we may add these two prayers, to omit a great number more of the like kind, used of old in the same Church:

Where you may observe, that the souls unto which "everlasting bliss" was wished for, were yet acknowledged to rest "in peace," and, consequently, not to be disquieted with any purgatory torment. Even as in the canon of the mass itself, the priest, in the commemoration for the dead, prayeth thus:

Nay, the Armenians, in their Liturgy, entreat God to "give eternal peace," not only in general "unto all that have gone before us in the faith of Christ;" but also in particular to the "patriarchs, apostles, prophets, and martyrs." Which maketh directly for the opinion of those, against whom Nicolas Cabasilas both dispute, who held that these "commemorations" contained "a supplication for the saints unto ," and not a "thanksgiving" only. As also do those forms of prayer, which were used in the Roman liturgy in the days of Pope Innocent the Third:

And especially that for St. Leo, which is found in the elder copies of the Gregorian Sacramentary:

For which the latter books have chopped in this prayer:

Concerning which alteration, when the Archbishop of Lyons propounded such another question unto Pope Innocent, as our challenger at the beginning did unto us,


text: Index:Brittlestar diversity at the dawn of the Jenkyns Event (early Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event) - new microfossils from the Dudelange drill core, Luxembourg.pdf


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 another note with unexpected novelties of phrasing. She thought we were not suited to each other, we differed so in tastes and ideas, she had long thought of releasing me from our engagement. In fact, though I really did not apprehend it fully at the first shock, I was dismissed. Her letter had reached me when I came home after old Rawdon's none too civil refusal to raise my wages. On this particular evening of which I write, therefore, I was in a state of feverish adjustment to two new and amazing, two nearly overwhelming facts, that I was neither indispensable to Nettie nor at Rawdon's. And to talk of comets!

Where did I stand?

I had grown so accustomed to think of Nettie as inseparably mine—the whole tradition of "true love" pointed me to that—that for her to face about with these precise small phrases towards abandonment, after we had kissed and whispered and come so close in the little adventurous familiarities of the young, shocked me profoundly. I! I! And Rawdon didn't find me indispensable either. I felt I was suddenly repudiated by the universe and threatened with effacement, that in some positive and emphatic way I must at once assert myself. There was no balm in the religion I had learned, or in the irreligion I had adopted, for wounded self-love.

Should I fling up Rawdon's place at once and then in some extraordinary, swift manner make the fortune of Frobisher's adjacent and closely competitive pot-bank?

The first part of that programme at any rate would be easy of accomplishment, to go to Rawdon


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 This species inhabits also the Ogowé River. To facilitate comparison with the other species here described, I have given a fuller diagnosis than my former one.

style=font-size: 90%;|hanging-indent=2em|

? Clarias læviceps, Gill, Proc, Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad, 1862, p. 139.

Clarias buthupogon, Sauvage, Bull. Sec. Philom, 1878, p. 96.

Clarias gabonensis (Clarias megapogon), Sauvage, N. Arch. Mus. iii. 1880, p. 39, pl. i. fig. 2 (not Günth).

Vomerine teeth villiform, forming a rather broad band, without posterior projection, and as bread as the intermaxillary band; each half of the latter is twice as wide as broad, and both the intermaxillary and vomerine bands have the same lateral extent. Head covered above with a very thin skin and finely and rather sparsely granular. The occipital process projects as an isosceles triangle, the hind margin of the head being deeply notched on each side of the process. The fontanelle is of an oval shape, its greater portion lying in advance of the base of the process. The length of the head (measured to the end of the process) is two-sevenths or one-fourth of the total (without caudal); the width of the interorbital space is somewhat less than one-half of the length of the head. All the barbels very long, the nasal reaching beyond the head and the maxillary beyond the origin of the anal. Pectoral fin extending to the vertical from the first dorsal ray. Anal fin low; both the dorsal and anal extend to the root of the caudal. Sides of the head and neck with whitish specks.

The specimens were obtained at Kondo-Kondo and in Corisco Island. The original description of C. læviceps runs as follows:—"Height at anus a tenth of length; head (laterally) a sixth, its breadth an eighth; the surface smooth; maxillary barbels twice as long as head. D. 86, A. 61,"—and is quite insufficient for exact determination of specimens. The typical specimen came probably from Liberia.


text: Index:พรบ ชื่อบุคคล ๒๕๐๕ (๑).pdf

title: Index:พรบ ชื่อบุคคล ๒๕๐๕ (๑).pdf


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 and say, "You will hear from me again," but for the rest, Frobisher might fail me. That, however, was a secondary issue. The predominant affair was with Nettie. I found my mind thick-shot with flying fragments of rhetoric that might be of service in the letter I would write her. Scorn, irony, tenderness—what was it to be?

"Bother!" said Parload suddenly.

"What?" said I.

"They're firing up at Bladden's iron-works, and the smoke comes right across my bit of sky."

The interruption came just as I was ripe to discharge my thoughts upon him.

"Parload," said I, "very likely I shall have to leave all this. Old Rawdon won't give me a rise in my wages, and after having asked I don't think I can stand going on upon the old terms any more. See? So I may have to clear out of Clayton for good and all."

That made Parload put down the opera-glass and look at me.

"It's a bad time to change just now," he said after a little pause.

Rawdon had said as much, in a less agreeable tone.

But with Parload I felt always a disposition to the heroic note. "I'm tired," I said, "of humdrum drudgery for other men. One may as well starve one's body out of a place as starve one's soul in one."

"I don't know about that altogether," began Parload, slowly


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Phra Bat Somdet Phra Paramin Maha Bhumibol Adulyadej commands that it be announced as follows:

Whereas it is appropriate to improve the law on names of persons;

Therefore, He permits, by and with the advice and consent of the Constitution Drafting Assembly in its capacity as the National Assembly, the enactment of the following Act:

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 This Act is called the Names of Persons Act, 2505 BE.

This Act shall come into force from the day following the day of its publication in the Royal Gazette onwards.

Repealed shall be—

the Designation of Family Names Act, 2456 Buddhist Era;

the Additional Royal Ordinance on Designation of Family Names, 2465 Buddhist Era;

the Designation of Family Names Act (No 2), 2481 Buddhist Era;

the Names of Persons Act, 2484 Buddhist Era.

All the provisions of other laws, regulations, and rules which have already been incorporated into this Act or which are contrary or repugnant to the provisions of this Act shall be replaced by this Act.

In this Act—

“given name” means the name which identifies a person;

“secondary name” means a supplementary name next to the given name;

“family name” means the name which identifies a family;

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text: Page:The Works of H G Wells Volume 10.pdf/49


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Rh Pauline helped the girl to make the place hideous by singing the most horrible songs. After the Irish girl had been there an hour or so, Dr. Dent came in, and as he walked down the hall, Miss Grupe whispered to the demented girl, “Here is the devil coming, go for him.” Surprised that she would give a mad woman such instructions, I fully expected to see the frenzied creature rush at the doctor. Luckily she did not, but commenced to repeat her refrain of “Oh, Lucifer.” After the doctor left, Miss Grupe again tried to excite the woman by saying the pictured minstrel on the wall was the devil, and the poor creature began to scream, “You divil, I’ll give it to you,” so that two nurses had to sit on her to keep her down. The attendants seemed to find amusement and pleasure in exciting the violent patients to do their worst.

I always made a point of telling the doctors I was sane and asking to be released, but the more I endeavored to assure them of my sanity the more they doubted it.

“What are you doctors here for?” I asked one, whose name I cannot recall.

“To take care of the patients and test their sanity,” he replied.

“Very well,” I said. “There are sixteen doctors on this island, and, excepting two, I have never seen them pay any attention to the patients. How can a doctor judge a woman’s sanity by merely bidding her good morning and refusing to hear her pleas for release? Even the sick ones know it is useless to say anything, for the answer will be that it is their imagination.” “Try every test on me,” I have urged others, “and tell me am I sane or insane? Try my pulse, my heart, my eyes; ask me to stretch out my arm, to work my fingers, as Dr. Field did at Bellevue, and then tell me if I am sane.” They would not heed me, for they thought I raved.

Again I said to one, “You have no right to keep sane


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92 people here. I am sane, have always been so and I must insist on a thorough examination or be released. Several of the women here are also sane. Why can’t they be free?”

“They are insane,” was the reply, “and suffering from delusions.”

After a long talk with Dr. Ingram, he said, “I will transfer you to a quieter ward.” An hour later Miss Grady called me into the hall, and, after calling me all the vile and profane names a woman could ever remember, she told me that it was a lucky thing for my “hide” that I was transferred, or else she would pay me for remembering so well to tell Dr. Ingram everything. “You d—n hussy, you forget all about yourself, but you never forget anything to tell the doctor.” After calling Miss Neville, whom Dr. Ingram also kindly transferred, Miss Grady took us to the hall above, No. 7.

In hall 7 there are Mrs. Kroener, Miss Fitzpatrick, Miss Finney, and Miss Hart. I did not see as cruel treatment as down-stairs, but I heard them make ugly remarks and threats, twist the fingers and slap the faces of the unruly patients. The night nurse, Conway I believe her name is, is very cross. In hall 7, if any of the patients possessed any modesty, they soon lost it. Every one was


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Rh compelled to undress in the hall before their own door, and to fold their clothes and leave them there until morning. I asked to undress in my room, but Miss Conway told me if she ever caught me at such a trick she would give me cause not to want to repeat it.

The first doctor I saw here—Dr. Caldwell—chucked me under the chin, and as I was tired refusing to tell where my home was, I would only speak to him in Spanish.

Hall 7 looks rather nice to a casual visitor. It is hung with cheap pictures and has a piano, which is presided over by Miss Mattie Morgan, who formerly was in a music store in this city. She has been in the asylum for three years. Miss Mattie has been training several of the patients to sing, with some show of success. The artiste of the hall is Under, pronounced Wanda, a Polish girl. She is a gifted pianist when she chooses to display her ability. The most difficult music she reads at a glance, and her touch and expression are perfect.

On Sunday the quieter patients, whose names have been handed in by the attendants during the week, are allowed to go to church. A small Catholic chapel is on the island, and other services are also held.

A “commissioner” came one day, and made the rounds with Dr. Dent. In the basement they found half the nurses gone to dinner, leaving the other half in charge of us, as was always done. Immediately orders were given to bring the nurses back to their duties until after the patients had finished eating. Some of the patients wanted to speak about their having no salt, but were prevented.

The insane asylum on Blackwell’s Island is a human rat-trap. It is easy to get in, but once there it is impossible to get out. I had intended to have myself committed to the violent wards, the Lodge and Retreat, but


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94 when I got the testimony of two sane women and could give it, I decided not to risk my health—and hair—so I did not get violent.

I had, toward the last, been shut off from all visitors, and so when the lawyer, Peter A. Hendricks, came and told me that friends of mine were willing to take charge of me if I would rather be with them than in the asylum, I was only too glad to give my consent. I asked him to send me something to eat immediately on his arrival in the city, and then I waited anxiously for my release.

It came sooner than I had hoped. I was out “in line” taking a walk, and had just gotten interested in a poor woman who had fainted away while the nurses were trying to compel her to walk. “Good-bye; I am going home,” I called to Pauline Moser, as she went past with a woman on either side of her. Sadly I said farewell to all I knew as I passed them on my way to freedom and life, while they were left behind to a fate worse than death. “Adios,” I murmured to the Mexican woman. I kissed my fingers to her, and so I left my companions of hall 7.

I had looked forward so eagerly to leaving the horrible place, yet when my release came and I knew that God’s sunlight was to be free for me again, there was a certain pain in leaving. For ten days I had been one of them. Foolishly enough, it seemed intensely selfish to leave them to their sufferings. I felt a Quixotic desire to help them by sympathy and presence. But only for a moment. The bars were down and freedom was sweeter to me than ever.

Soon I was crossing the river and nearing New York. Once again I was a free girl after ten days in the mad-house on Blackwell’s Island.