text:
Page:General Investigations of Curved Surfaces, by Carl Friedrich Gauss, translated into English by Adam Miller Hiltebeitel and James Caddall Morehead.djvu/121

 or $u$  independent of $s,$ and therefore a function of $\theta$  alone. But for $s = 0,$ it is evident that $t = 0,$  $\frac{\partial t}{\partial \theta} = 0,$  and therefore $u = 0.$  Whence we conclude that, in general, $u = 0,$  or

$$\cos \lambda\lambda' = 0.$$

From this follows the beautiful theorem:

 * "If all lines drawn from a point on the curved surface are shortest lines of equal lengths, they meet the line which joins their extremities everywhere at right angles."

We can show in a similar manner that, if upon the curved surface any curved line whatever is given, and if we suppose drawn from every point of this line toward the same side of it and at right angles to it only shortest lines of equal lengths, the extremities of which are joined by a line, this line will be cut at right angles by those lines in all its points. We need only let $\theta$ in the above development represent the length of the given curved line from an arbitrary point, and then the above calculations retain their validity, except that $u = 0$  for $s = 0$  is now contained in the hypothesis.

18.

The relations arising from these constructions deserve to be developed still more fully. We have, in the first place, if, for brevity, we write $m$ for $\frac{\partial t}{\partial \theta},$

 * (1) $\displaystyle

\begin{alignedat}{3} \frac{\partial x}{\partial s} &= \xi, \qquad & \frac{\partial y}{\partial s} &= \eta, \qquad & \frac{\partial z}{\partial s} &= \zeta, \quad \end{alignedat}$
 * (2) $\displaystyle

\begin{alignedat}{3} \frac{\partial x}{\partial \theta} &= m\xi',\quad & \frac{\partial y}{\partial \theta} &= m\eta',\quad & \frac{\partial z}{\partial \theta} &= m\zeta', \end{alignedat}$
 * (3) $\begin{alignedat}{4}

&\xi^{2} &&+ \eta^{2}  &&+ \zeta^{2} &&= 1, \end{alignedat}$
 * (4) $\begin{alignedat}{4}

&\xi'^{2} &&+ \eta'^{2} &&+ \zeta'^{2} &&= 1, \end{alignedat}$
 * (5) $\begin{alignedat}{4}

&\xi\xi' &&+ \eta\eta' &&+ \zeta\zeta' &&= 0. \end{alignedat}$ Furthermore,
 * (6) $\displaystyle\begin{alignedat}

{4} &X^{2} &&+ Y^{2} &&+ Z^{2} &&= 1, \end{alignedat}$
 * (7) $\displaystyle\begin{alignedat}

{4} &X\xi &&+ Y\eta &&+ Z\zeta &&= 0, \end{alignedat}$
 * (8) $\displaystyle\begin{alignedat}

{4} &X\xi' &&+ Y\eta' &&+ Z\zeta' &&= 0,\end{alignedat}$ and
 * [9] $\begin{aligned}

&\left\{ \begin{alignedat}{2} X &= \zeta\eta' &&- \eta\zeta', \\ Y &= \xi\zeta' &&- \zeta\xi', \\ Z &= \eta\xi'  &&- \xi\eta'; \end{alignedat} \right. \end{aligned}$


text: Poems, in Two Volumes (Wordsworth, 1807)/Volume 1

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text: Page:The Hind and the Panther - Dryden (1687).djvu/102


text:
Page:Lorna Doone - a romance of Exmoor (IA lornadooneromanc691blac).pdf/121

 their bills snapping and bending, and the roof of their mouths exhibited.

Annie began to cry "dilly, dilly, einy, einy, ducksy," according to the burden of a tune they seem to have accepted as the national duck's anthem; but instead of being soothed by it, they only quacked three times as hard, and ran round till we were giddy. And then they shook their tails all together, and looked grave, and went round and round again. Now I am uncommonly fond of ducks, both roasted, and roosting, and roystering; and it is a fine sight to behold them walk, poddling one after other, with their toes out, like soldiers drilling, and their little eyes cocked all ways at once, and the way that they dib with their bills, and dabble, and throw up their heads and enjoy something, and then tell the others about it. Therefore I knew at once by the way they were carrying on that there must be something or other gone wholly amiss in the duck-world. Sister Annie perceived it too, but with a greater quickness; for she counted them like a good duck-wife, and could only tell thirteen of them, when she knew there ought to be fourteen.

And so we began to search about, and the ducks ran to lead us aright, having come that far to fetch us; and when we got down to the foot of the court-yard where the two great ash-trees stand by the side of the little water, we found good reason for the urgence and melancholy of the duck-birds. Lo! the old white drake, the father of all, a bird of high manners and chivalry, always the last to help himself from the pan of barley


text:
Author:William Nassau Lees

Works

 * Tea Cultivation, Cotton, and Oher Agricultural Experiments in India (1863)
 * The Drain of Silver to the East (1864)
 * Land and Labour in India (1867)
 * (attr.) The Central Asian Question (1869)
 * Indian Musulmáns (1871)

title: Author:William Nassau Lees


text:
Page:General Investigations of Curved Surfaces, by Carl Friedrich Gauss, translated into English by Adam Miller Hiltebeitel and James Caddall Morehead.djvu/123

 and also

$$p' = X\, \frac{\partial \xi'}{\partial s}  + Y\, \frac{\partial \eta'}{\partial s}   + Z\, \frac{\partial \zeta'}{\partial s}.$$

Further [we obtain], from the result obtained by differentiating (8),

$$-p' = \xi'\, \frac{\partial X}{\partial s}   + \eta'\, \frac{\partial Y}{\partial s}    + \zeta'\, \frac{\partial Z}{\partial s}.$$

But we can derive two other expressions for this. We have

$$\frac{\partial m\xi'}{\partial s} = \frac{\partial \xi}{\partial \theta},\qquad \left[ \frac{\partial m\eta'}{\partial s} = \frac{\partial \eta}{\partial \theta},\qquad \frac{\partial m\zeta'}{\partial s} = \frac{\partial \zeta}{\partial \theta}, \right]$$

therefore [because of (8)]

$$mp' = X\, \frac{\partial \xi}{\partial \theta} + Y\, \frac{\partial \eta}{\partial \theta} + Z\, \frac{\partial \zeta}{\partial \theta}.$$

[and therefore, from (7),]

$$-mp' = \xi\, \frac{\partial X}{\partial \theta} + \eta\, \frac{\partial Y}{\partial \theta} + \zeta\, \frac{\partial Z}{\partial \theta}.$$

After these preliminaries [using (2) and (4)] we shall now first put $m$ in the form

$$m = \xi'\, \frac{\partial x}{\partial \theta} + \eta'\, \frac{\partial y}{\partial \theta} + \zeta'\, \frac{\partial z}{\partial \theta},$$

and differentiating with respect to $s,$ we have

$$\begin{aligned} \frac{\partial m}{\partial s} &= \frac{\partial x}{\partial \theta}. \frac{\partial \xi'}{\partial s} + \frac{\partial y}{\partial \theta}. \frac{\partial \eta'}{\partial s} + \frac{\partial z}{\partial \theta}. \frac{\partial \zeta'}{\partial s} + \xi'\, \frac{\partial^{2} x}{\partial s\, \partial \theta} + \eta'\, \frac{\partial^{2} y}{\partial s\, \partial \theta} + \zeta'\, \frac{\partial^{2} z}{\partial s\, \partial \theta} \\ &= mp'(\xi'X + \eta'Y + \zeta'Z) + \xi'\, \frac{\partial \xi}{\partial \theta} + \eta'\, \frac{\partial \eta}{\partial \theta} + \zeta'\, \frac{\partial \zeta}{\partial \theta} \\ &= \xi'\, \frac{\partial \xi}{\partial \theta} + \eta'\, \frac{\partial \eta}{\partial \theta} + \zeta'\, \frac{\partial \zeta}{\partial \theta}. \end{aligned}$$


text:
Page:The Tarikh-i-Rashidi - Mirza Muhammad Haidar, Dughlát - tr. Edward D. Ross (1895).djvu/70

 Rh 819 (1416), by Nakhsh-i-Jahán, who is described as a son of Shama-i-Jahán of Moghulistan; thereby implying, it would seem, that Nakhsh-i-Jahán was reigning in that year in Moghulistan. This date accords with the Chinese indication for the accession of Nakhsh-i-Jahán—or the year when he would most probably have despatched envoys to his neighbours. The same work mentions also that in 823 (1420) Shah Rukh's ambassadors, then on their way to China, learned that disorder prevailed in Moghulistan in consequence of Vais Khan, who was then reigning, having attacked Shir Muhammad Oghlán. This statement stands by itself; but it has some resemblance to that of Mirza Haidar, who relates that between Vais Khan and "Shir Muhammad Khan there arose great disputes." It also appears, from the Matlaʾ Asaadin, that in 1425 Shir Muhammad held powers of some kind in Moghulistan, though he may not have been the reigning Khan. It is stated, at any rate, that in that year Mirza Ulugh Beg, who was ruling in Mávará-un-Nahr, undertook an expedition into Moghulistan and defeated Shir Muhammad. Yet, according to the Chinese, Vais Khan was then reigning, he having slain Nakhsh-i-Jahán in 1418. On the subject of Shir Muhammad, therefore, the Matlaʾ Asaadin and the Tarikh-i-Rashidi would seem to be at one, in so far that they both name him as living at a period immediately previous to the accession of Vais, though neither states precisely that he was a reigning Khan of the dynasty.

As I have placed in juxtaposition above, the lists of reigning Khans, according to the various authorities, it may be useful also to show how they vary in their statements regarding the sons of Khizir Khwája, some of whom reigned, though some did not.

Thus the Rauzat us Safá has—

The Zafar-Náma gives:—


text: Sea Spray and Smoke Drift/Whisperings in Wattle-Boughs


text:
Page:General Investigations of Curved Surfaces, by Carl Friedrich Gauss, translated into English by Adam Miller Hiltebeitel and James Caddall Morehead.djvu/124

 If we differentiate again with respect to $s,$ and notice that

$$\frac{\partial^{2} \xi}{\partial s\, \partial \theta} = \frac{\partial(pX)}{\partial \theta},\quad\text{etc.},$$

and that

$$X\xi' + Y\eta' + Z\zeta' = 0,$$

we have

$$\begin{aligned} \frac{\partial^{2} m}{\partial s^{2}} &= p\left(\xi'\, \frac{\partial X}{\partial \theta}         + \eta'\, \frac{\partial Y}{\partial \theta}          + \zeta'\, \frac{\partial Z}{\partial \theta}\right) + p'\left(X \frac{\partial \xi}{\partial \theta}         + Y \frac{\partial \eta}{\partial \theta}          + Z \frac{\partial \zeta}{\partial \theta}\right) \\ &= p\left(\xi'\, \frac{\partial X}{\partial \theta}         + \eta'\, \frac{\partial Y}{\partial \theta}          + \zeta'\, \frac{\partial Z}{\partial \theta}\right) + mp'^{2} \\ &= -\left(\xi\, \frac{\partial X}{\partial s}         + \eta\, \frac{\partial Y}{\partial s}          + \zeta\, \frac{\partial Z}{\partial s}\right) \left(\xi'\, \frac{\partial X}{\partial \theta}         + \eta'\, \frac{\partial Y}{\partial \theta}          + \zeta'\, \frac{\partial Z}{\partial \theta}\right) \\ &\phantom{={}} + \left(\xi'\, \frac{\partial X}{\partial s}         + \eta'\, \frac{\partial Y}{\partial s}          + \zeta'\, \frac{\partial Z}{\partial s}\right) \left(\xi\, \frac{\partial X}{\partial \theta}         + \eta\, \frac{\partial Y}{\partial \theta}          + \zeta\, \frac{\partial Z}{\partial \theta}\right) \\ &= \left(\frac{\partial Y}{\partial \theta}\, \frac{\partial Z}{\partial s}        - \frac{\partial Y}{\partial s}\, \frac{\partial Z}{\partial \theta}\right)X + \left(\frac{\partial Z}{\partial \theta}\, \frac{\partial X}{\partial s}        - \frac{\partial Z}{\partial s}\, \frac{\partial X}{\partial \theta}\right)Y + \left(\frac{\partial X}{\partial \theta}\, \frac{\partial Y}{\partial s}        - \frac{\partial X}{\partial s}\, \frac{\partial Y}{\partial \theta}\right)Z. \end{aligned}$$

[But if the surface element

$$m\, ds\, d\theta$$

belonging to the point $x,$  $y,$  $z$ be represented upon the auxiliary sphere of unit radius by means of parallel normals, then there corresponds to it an area whose magnitude is

$$\left\{ X\left(\frac{\partial Y}{\partial s}\, \frac{\partial Z}{\partial \theta}    - \frac{\partial Y}{\partial \theta}\, \frac{\partial Z}{\partial s}\right) + Y\left(\frac{\partial Z}{\partial s}\, \frac{\partial X}{\partial \theta}    - \frac{\partial Z}{\partial \theta}\, \frac{\partial X}{\partial s}\right) + Z\left(\frac{\partial X}{\partial s}\, \frac{\partial Y}{\partial \theta}    - \frac{\partial X}{\partial \theta}\, \frac{\partial Y}{\partial s}\right) \right\}ds\, d\theta.$$

Consequently, the measure of curvature at the point under consideration is equal to

$$\left.-\frac{1}{m}\, \frac{\partial^{2} m}{\partial s^{2}}.\right]$$


text:
Page:Sea spray and smoke drift (IA seaspraysmokedri00gord).pdf/90

72


text: Index:Kelley v. Chicago Park District.pdf


text:
Page:General Investigations of Curved Surfaces, by Carl Friedrich Gauss, translated into English by Adam Miller Hiltebeitel and James Caddall Morehead.djvu/122

 : [10] $\displaystyle \left \{ \begin{alignedat}{2} \xi'  &= \eta  Z &&- \zeta Y, \\ \eta' &= \zeta X &&- \xi   Z, \\ \zeta' &= \xi  Y &&- \eta  X; \end{alignedat}\right.$
 * [11] $\displaystyle

\left\{ \begin{alignedat}{2} \xi  &= Y\zeta' &&- Z\eta', \\ \eta &= Z\xi'   &&- X\zeta', \\ \zeta &= X\eta' &&- Y\xi'. \end{alignedat}\right. $

Likewise, $\frac{\partial \xi}{\partial s},$ $\frac{\partial \eta}{\partial s},$  $\frac{\partial \zeta}{\partial s}$  are proportional to $X,$  $Y,$  $Z,$  and if we set

$$\frac{\partial \xi}{\partial s}  = pX,\qquad \frac{\partial \eta}{\partial s} = pY,\qquad \frac{\partial \zeta}{\partial s} = pZ,$$

where $\frac{1}{p}$ denotes the radius of curvature of the line $s,$  then

$$p = X\, \frac{\partial \xi}{\partial s} + Y\, \frac{\partial \eta}{\partial s}  + Z\, \frac{\partial \zeta}{\partial s}.$$

By differentiating (7) with respect to $s,$ we obtain

$$-p = \xi\, \frac{\partial X}{\partial s}  + \eta\, \frac{\partial Y}{\partial s}   + \zeta\, \frac{\partial Z}{\partial s}.$$

We can easily show that $\frac{\partial \xi'}{\partial s},$ $\frac{\partial \eta'}{\partial s},$  $\frac{\partial \zeta'}{\partial s}$  also are proportional to $X,$  $Y,$  $Z.$  In fact, [from 10] the values of these quantities are also [equal to]

$$\eta\, \frac{\partial Z}{\partial s} - \zeta\, \frac{\partial Y}{\partial s},\qquad \zeta\, \frac{\partial X}{\partial s} - \xi\, \frac{\partial Z}{\partial s},\qquad \xi\, \frac{\partial Y}{\partial s} - \eta\, \frac{\partial X}{\partial s},$$

therefore

$$\begin{aligned} Y\, \frac{\partial \xi'}{\partial s} - X\, \frac{\partial \eta'}{\partial s} &= - \zeta\left(\frac{Y\, \partial Y}{\partial s} + \frac{X\, \partial X}{\partial s}\right) + \frac{\partial Z}{\partial s}(Y\eta + X\xi) \\ &= - \zeta\left(\frac{X\, \partial X + Y\, \partial Y + Z\, \partial Z}{\partial s}\right) + \frac{\partial Z}{\partial s}(X\xi + Y\eta + Z\zeta) \\ &= 0, \end{aligned}$$

and likewise the others. We set, therefore,

$$\frac{\partial \xi'}{\partial s} = p'X,\qquad \frac{\partial \eta'}{\partial s} = p'Y,\qquad \frac{\partial \zeta'}{\partial s} = p'Z,$$

whence

$$p' = \pm \sqrt{\left(\frac{\partial \xi'}{\partial s}\right)^{2} + \left(\frac{\partial \eta'}{\partial s}\right)^{2} + \left(\frac{\partial \zeta'}{\partial s}\right)^{2}}$$


text:
Page:Punch Vol 148.djvu/83

January 13, 1915.

After all the efforts and good nature sometimes exercised in getting on to the right platform in a Tube station, it is quite nice to be faced by the following bold announcement—

Each word that follows is a stab at your heated and gross imbecility:—

Possibly the Tube will take its revenge and post the following advertisement on the buses:—

Private writes from the Front:—

"'Dear Mother, I expected when I come to France ot hear the pheasants shouting the mayonnaise, but you dont.'"

"'Reinforcements subsequently arrived, and a squadron of dragons then courageously attacked the enemy.'—Westminster Gazette."

Thus heaping coals of fire on the head of poor.

title: Page:Punch Vol 148.djvu/83


text: New General Investigations of Curved Surfaces


text:
Page:Sophocles (Storr 1919) v2.djvu/192

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title: Page:Sophocles (Storr 1919) v2.djvu/192


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Page:Sophocles (Storr 1919) v2.djvu/194

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title: Page:Sophocles (Storr 1919) v2.djvu/196


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Page:Sophocles (Storr 1919) v2.djvu/198

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XPT2O0EMI2 Trdpear 'O/^ecrT?;? rj/xiv, 'lgOl tovt efxav kvov(t, ivapySi'^y coairep elaopd'i ifie.

HAEKTPA

aX)C rj /jLe/jir]va<;, m rdXatva, Kairl tol<; o-avTTjf; KaKolon KairX tol<; ipbolf; yeka^;;

XPY5O0EMI2 fjbd TTjv Trarpcpav kcTTiav, aXV ov'X^ v^pei Xiyct) TdS dioC eKelvov co? Trapovra v&v,

HAEKTPA

otfjiOL rdXaiva' Kal Tivo<; fiporcjv oyov rovS* eicraKOVGaa^ wSe 7n(TTev€i<; dyav;

XPT2O0EMI2 iya> fiev i^ ifiov re kovk aXKr)^, aa(f>rj (Tr]fjieT IBovaa, T&Be irtcTTeva) oya>. 192

title: Page:Sophocles (Storr 1919) v2.djvu/204


text:
Page:Sophocles (Storr 1919) v2.djvu/206

 HAEKTPA

tIv, m ToXatv, exovaa iricTTiv; h ri fiot ^eyfraaa OaXTrec tw8' avrjKeaTW irvpi;

XPY2O0EMI2 7r/)09 vvv OeMV aKOvaov, w? ixaQovcrd fiov TO XoiTTOV rj (jypovova-av rj fiwpav eyr)<;,

HAEKTPA

aif S' ovv Xiy, d gov tw Xo7ft) Ti? 17S01/77.

XPT2O0EMI2

KoX Brj Xeyco (tol irav 6<tov /caTeLBofMtjv. iirel yap rjXOov Trarpb^; apxcvlov Td(pov, opM Koo)vrj<; ef dKpa<; veoppvToy^ ^ Trrjyd^ ydXaKTO^ fcal TrepLarecpT] kvkXm irdvTcov 6a iarlv dvOecov 6rjKrjv irarpo^. IBovaa 8' ecTXov Oav/ia, koI TrepLO-fcoircb^ fir) TTOV TC^ r)iuv iyyv^^ iyxP^ff'^'^V ^porcov. o)? 3' iv yakrjvr) Trdvr iBepKojJbrjv tottov, ^ TVfJb^ov irpoaeipTTOV dacrov' €V%aT779 3' opM irvpd^ veoopr) jSoarpvxov reTfiVfievov- KevOv^ TaXaiv 009 elhov, ifinraiei tl fiot 'yrvxv (^^VTjOe^ o/jLfiay (f)tTdTOV ffporcov irdvTcov 'OpecTTOv rovO' opdv re/cfirjpLOV'^ Kol %epo-t /Saa-Tdaaaa Bva-cj^rj/icb fiev^ ov, Xapa Be Tri/JLTrXrjiJL evdv^ ofifia BaKpvcov. KoX vvv 0' ofjbOLO)^ KoX TOT i^eTTiaTafiai fiT] Tov T08' dyXdla/Jia irXrjv Kelvov fioXelv- T(o yap irpoar^Kei TrXrjv y ifiov kol aov ToSe; Kayco fiev ovK eBpaaa, tovt eiricTTafiaiy ovK av (TV- iT(a^ ydp; y ye fi^Se irph Oeov^ e^ea-T d/cXavo-TO) Trjah" aTrocrTrjvat aTeyr)^. dXX' ovBe fJLev Brj /jLVTpo<; ov6" 6 vov<; (fyLXel 194

title: Page:Sophocles (Storr 1919) v2.djvu/206


text:
Page:Sophocles (Storr 1919) v2.djvu/208

 rocavra Trpdcraeiv ovre Bpaxr' ekdvOav av aX)C ear "Opearov ravTa ra-mTU^i^ia. "^ aX}C, 0) av(0(

HAEKTPA

redvrjKev, w rdXaiva, raKeivov 3e aoL <T(OTi]pi epper fJiy]Bev ek Kelvov y opa.

XPT2O0EMI2

oifioL Tokaiva- rod raS' rjKOvaa^ 0poTMP;

HAEKTPA

Tov irXrjo-LOV irapovTO^;, rjViK mWvto.

XPT2O0EMI2

Kol TTOV 'a-TLV ovTO^; Oavfid tol fi u7rep%€Tai.

HAEKTPA

Kar oIkov, 9781/9 ovhe fir)Tpl 8u(T%epr;9.

XPY2O0EMI2

ol^ioL rdXaiva- tov yap dv6pa)7r(ov ttot yv ra TToXka irarpo^ 7r/909 rdtpov KTepto-fiara;

HAEKTPA

olfiat fidXuaT eycoye tov tcOvt^koto^^ fivt^/JbeT 'Opeo-Tov ravTU TrpoaOetvai riva.

1 idvdavev MSS., Heath corr.

2 rSLTrnlfxia MSS., Dindorf corr.

196

title: Page:Sophocles (Storr 1919) v2.djvu/208


text:
Page:Sophocles (Storr 1919) v2.djvu/210

 XPT5O0EMI2 ft) SycrTL'^779' ^ryo) Be avv yapa Xoyov^ TOLovcro 6')(ova ecnrevoov, ovk eiovi apa ti^ r]iji^v aT7)<;' aWa vvv, ou iKOjxrjv, TO, r ovra irpoaOev aXka 6^ evpiaKco Kaicd,

HAEKTPA

ovTcof; e^€i aot ravr' iav 8e jjlol itlOyi, Trj<; vvv Trapovar]'^ Trrj/xovrj'i va6i,<! ^dpo<;,

XPT2O0EMI2 ^ TOv<; 6av6vTa<^ i^avaaT^cro) irore; 940

HAEKTPA

ou/c e(7C7 7 eLTTov ov ^ap coo a(ppa)v ecpvv, XPY2O0EMI2

T6 yap K€k€U€L(Mv iyoD ipepiyyvo^;;

HAEKTPA

TXrjiai cre Spcoaav av iyco Trapaiveo-eo,

XPT2O0EMI2 a)OC ec TC(cd^eXeid y ovk aTrooao/jiai,

HAEKTPA

opa, TTovou Toi %ft)pt9 ovhev €VTV')(^el.

XPY2O0EMI2

opo}. ^vvolaco irav oaovirep av aOevoa,

HAEKTPA

aKOve St] vvv fj l36/3ovX€VfjLat Troelv. Trapovauav fiev oiaOa Kal av irov cJ^lXcov ft)? ovTL^ rjfjLtv ecTLV, aXV At8?;9 Xa^cov aTrearep^jKe Kal fxova XeXei/jifieOov. 950 iyoD 8'' 66)9 fiev tov KaaiyvrjTOV /3itp OdWovT er elarjKovov, elypv eriha<^ d)6vov TTOT avTov TrpaKTOp^ i^ecrdaL rrarpo^;' VVV rjvLK ovK€T €(TTLV, et9 cre or/ pXeTTca, 07rft)9 TOV avTO'X^ecpa irarpcpov ^ovov 198

title: Page:Sophocles (Storr 1919) v2.djvu/210


text:
Page:Sophocles (Storr 1919) v2.djvu/212

 ^vv rfjB^ aSe(l)7] /xr) KaTOKV)]a€i<; Kiaveiv AcyLadov ovSev yap ae Bei fcpvTrreiv fi en, TTol yap fjL€V€C(padvfjio^, eh tlv iXirihrov pKe'>^aa er opOrjv; rj Trdpearc fiev ariveLV ttXovtov iraTpcpov ktijctlv icrreprj/jbei'r}, irdpecTTL S oKyelv €<; roaovSe rod ')(^povov akeKTpa yripdcrKovaav dvvfiivaid re. Kal TCovSe /jbevTOi firfKer iri(jr)<; ottqx; rev^ei iror • ov yap coo apouXo<; ear avijp Ktyiado^ ware aov nror rj Kafiov yevo^ ^Xaarelv idaat, 7rr}fjbovr}v avrw aa^i). dlOC rjv iiTia'Trr) toi<; ifiol^ jSovXevfiacriVf irpoiTOV /jL€V evo-ejSeLav i/c Trarpo? Kdrco 6av6vTO<; ocaei rod Kaaiyvyrov 6^ dfia* eireira h Mcnrep i^icpv^, iXevOepa fcaXet TO XoLiTov Kal ydfiodv iTra^icov rev^er (jytXel yap tt/OO? ra '^^^prjard Tra? opdv. Xoycov ye firjv ev/cXecav ou^ 6pa<; oarjv cravrfj re Kafjuol irpoaj^aXelf; ireiadela i/jLoi; TL<; ydp TTOT darcbv rj ^ev(ov rj/iid^ IScov TOLolah^ iiraivoL^ ov^l Se^ccoo-erar theaOe T(*)Se to) KaaLyvrjTco, (j)iXoc, ft) Tov irarpSiov oIkov i^eawadTt^Vy 03 TolcFLv i'X^6po2 T^^f XPV 7rdvTa<; ae(3eiVj Ta)o ev u eoprat^; ev re rravorifjiw rroXec Tifidv drravra^ ovveic dvZpeia<^ ^^pecoi^. roiavrd roi v(b Tra? ri^ e^epel ^porcov, ^coaaiv Oavovaaiv 0* ware pJr) ^KXiirelv /cXeo<;, dXX oi (j)iXr], nreiadr^rL, Gvp/irovei irarpi, GvyKajxv d8eX(f)a>, rravaov e/c KaK(ov ifii, 200

title: Page:Sophocles (Storr 1919) v2.djvu/212


text:
Page:Sophocles (Storr 1919) v2.djvu/214

 Travcrov Se aavrrjv, tovto ycyvooa-Kovcr' on ^Tjv alaxpov ala')(^pco<; rot? Ka(o<; ire(^VK6GLV,

X0P02 eV T0t9 T0L0VT0L<; io-rlv rj TrpojuLrjOua ggQ Kai TO) eyovTC koX kXvovtl crvfxixa')(p<;,

XPY2O0EMI2

Koi iTpiv ye cjycovecv, w yvval/cef;, el (jypevcjv eTvyyav avrrj /nr) /caKMV, iaat^er av TTjv evXd^eiav, cocnrep ov)(l aco^erai. TTot yap TTOT e/jL^Xe'xjraora tolovtov 6pdao<; avTTj oTrXi^ec /cdjuu vTrrjperelv Kaec<;; ovK elaopa<;; yvvrj fiev ovS^ dvrjp e0f9, aOevei^ S eXaaaov rcov evavncov X^P^' Sal/bLcov Be Tol<; fiev evTV^et KaO* r^ixepaVy r}/MV S* diroppel Kairl jJurjBev epx^rai. 1000 Tt9 ovv TOLOVTOV dvhpa ^ovXevcov ekelv dXviro^ CLTT)'^ efa7raXXa%^?70"6Tat; opa KaKM<; irpdaaovTe fir) fieu^co /caKO, /CTTjcrcofied, et to<; tovoS' aKovoreTat X070U9. veL yap rj/juLV ovSev ovS* e7TCD(j)eet ffd^ip KoXrjv Xa^ovTe SvaKXeco^; Oavelv, ov yap Oavecv e^^taTov, dX)C OTav Oavelv XPV^^^ Tt9 elra firjSe tovt e^V Xa^elv. dXV dpTid^co, TTplv 7ravcoeOpov<; to irdv r]iia<; t oXeaOai, fcd^eprj/jucoaat yevo^, 1010 KaTaax^^ opyrjv. Kal to, fjuev XeXey/neva dppr^T iyco aoi xdTeXrj (fyvXd^ofiai,, avTf} 8e vovv o"p^e9 dXXa T(p xP^vfp iroTe, (rOivovaa fjbrjhev to?9 KpuTOvcrcv eiKadelu,

X0P02 ireiOov 7rpovoia<; ovSep dv6p(07roi<i e^v K€pBo<: Xa^elv d/Jbeipov ovBe vov ao(j)ov. 202

title: Page:Sophocles (Storr 1919) v2.djvu/214


text:
Page:Sophocles (Storr 1919) v2.djvu/216

 HAEKTPA

a'jrpo<Th6K7)TOV ovSev ecprjKaf;' Ka(t)<; 8 rjSr) (J arroppiylrovaav aTrrjjyeWo/xrjv, a)OC avTO-x^etpL fxoi p^ovrj re hpacrreov Tovpyov ToB'' ov yap Brj ksvov y a^rjaojiev, 1020

XPT2O0EMI2

eW wc^eXe? joidhe rrjv yvcofjirjv 7raTpo<; 6vrj(7KOVTO<; elvar irav yap av Karecpyaao).

HAEKTPA

a)OC ri (pvacv ye, rov he vovv rjaaoav Tore, XPY2O0EMI2

do-fcet Toiavrr} vovv Si al(ovo<; fieveiv.

HAEKTPA

0)9 OL'%1 arvvSpdcTOvaa vov6eT€l<; TdBe»

XPT2O0EMI2 €t/V09 yap ey)(eLpovvTa Kal Trpdcraetv icaK(o<^,

HAEKTPA

^r}M ae rov vov, rrj^ Be BeiXia<; arvyo),

XPY2O0EMI2 dve^ofiat KXvovaa -x^Mrav ev Xeyij<;,

HAEKTPA

aXX' ov TTor ef e/jiov ye /jlt) TTdOrj^; roBe. XPY2O0EMI2

fiaKpo^ TO Kplvai ravra %w oi7r6<; xpovo<;. 1030

HAEKTPA

direXde' ao yap oi^ekrjGL^; ov/c evi.

XPY2O0EMI5 eveartv aXXa aol iJbd6r)aL<i ov irdpa.

HAEKTPA

eXOovaa fxrjrpl ravra rrdvr e^eiire (rfj, 204

title: Page:Sophocles (Storr 1919) v2.djvu/216


text:
Page:Sophocles (Storr 1919) v2.djvu/218

 XPY2O0EMI2 ovB* av TocTovTOv e^Oo^ iyOaipoy a eyciy.

HAEKTPA

aXX' ovv eTTtCTCt) 7' 61 fi art/xta? dy6c<;, XPY2O0EMI2

drcfiw /JL€V ov, 7rpofMr]6ia<; 8e aov,

HAEKTPA

Tw (Tft) hiKaicp hrjT iiriaTTecrOaL fie ^el;

XPY2O0EMI2 orav yap ev (ppovfj^, t66^ rjyrjcrei av vwv,

HAEKTPA

Tf Secvov ev Xeyovaav i^a/ubaprdveiv,

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etprjKa^i 6pOa)<; cS av Trpoa/ceLaai kuko). 1040

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Tfc 8'; ot' BoKO) aoL ravra avv Blktj Xiyeiv; XPY2O0EMI5

aXX' eanv evBa ")(!) Slkt) ^Xd^rjv (fiipec.

HAEKTPA

TOVTOL^ iyo) ^rjv to?? vofioi^ ov ^oiiXofxat,

XPY5O0EMI2

dXX' €t TTorjaei^ ravT, i7raivea€i<; ifie,

HAEKTPA

KaX fjLr)v TTorjaw y ovhev iKTrXayecad a€, XPY2O0EMI2

Kol TOVT dr}6e<;, ovBe ^ovXevaei irdXiv;

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jSovXrjf; yap ovBev iartv €')(6iov KaK7J(» XPY2O0EMI2

(f)povelv eoiKa^ ovBev mv iycb Xeya, 206

title: Page:Sophocles (Storr 1919) v2.djvu/218


text:
Page:Sophocles (Storr 1919) v2.djvu/220

 HAEKTPA

TTaXai BiSoKTat ravra kov vewarl fiot»

XPY2O0EMI2 aTrei/jLi Toivvv ovre yap av layi eirr) 1050 Toxa^ eiraivelv ovr iyo) tov<; aov<; Tpo7rov<;,

HAEKTPA

a)OC elcn6 ov aou /jLT) /jbeOeylrofiai irore, ouS' r)V a^ohp l/jieLpovcra Tf^^az//??* iirei 7roWrj<; avola^ kol to 6rjpaa6aL Kevd.

XPY5O0EMI5 aX,X' el (TeavTTJ Tvy)(^dv6i<; SoKOVcrd to pov€2v, (j>p6v€L Totav6 orav yap iv KaKOL<; 7]B7] ^6^riKr)<;, Tcifi eiraivea-eL^ eTrrj.

XOP02 a-Tp. a

TL Tov<; avayOev (ppovifKOTarov; ol(ovov<^ io-opco/jievoL 1060 Tpo(f)d<; KTjSofjLevovf; d(f)^ wv re /SXdarcoaiv dcj) cov t ovaatv evp- (oaL, rdB^ ovK eV I'cra? reXovfiev; dX)C ov rdv Ato? darpaiTdv Ka rav ovpaviav ^ejJULv, hapov OVK dTrovrjToi. 0) ')(6ovia PpoTolaL (pd/jua, Kard /xoi /Boaaov oiKTpav oira To2<; evepO^ 'Arpet^ai?, dyopevra ^kpova ovetBrj'

dvT. a' OTC (7(j)lv rjBr) rd puev eK Bo/jlcov voael Btj,^ tcl Be 1070 7r/309 reKVcov BlttXt] (j>vXo7n<i ovKer i^Lo-ovrac <^ioTaai(p BLoi- TO,' 7rp6BoTO<; Be fiova (rdXeveo

^ Triclinius adds 5^.

208

title: Page:Sophocles (Storr 1919) v2.djvu/220


text:
Page:Sophocles (Storr 1919) v2.djvu/222

 *He/CT/)a, Tov ael ^ Trarpo^i heiXaia aTevdxova, 07rct)<? d irdvhvpTOf; drjBcov, ovT€ TC TOV davelv 7rpofMr]dr)<; to T6 fir} ^eireiv eToifjLa, BtBvfJbav eXova 'Epivvv Tt? av eviraTpL^ mBg ^XdcTTOi;

ovBeU TMV dyaOcjv yap ^ o"t/>. B ^cov /caKco<; evfcXeiav ala'xvvai OeXei vcovv/jLO<ii CO Tral irat' 0)9 KoX (TV irdyKKavTOv alcova kolvov clXov, TO fir] KoXov KaOoifKiaaaa, Bvo .(pepecv iv evl Xoyo), (TO(j)d T dpicTTa re irah KeKXrjo-Oac. ^(prj^ fioi Kadvirepdev clvt. ^ . Y€i/)l Kol irXovTw Tsoiv i'X^dpMV baov VVV VTTOX^l'p ^ vaUi^' eirel a i(j)r)vpr)Ka fioipa fiev ovk ev iadXa ^e^coaav, a 8e fxeyiaT e/SXacTTe vofxifia, TwvBe (j)€pO/Ji€VaV dpLO-Ta TO, Ztjvo^ * evae^eLa.

OPE2TH2 dp 0) yvvatK€<;, opOd t elcrrjKOvaa/iiev opOoi^ ff oBoLTTopovfiev evOa xPV^ofiev;

X0P02 Tt B^ e^€pevva<; /cat tl ^ovXtjOcU irdpei,;

1 The text is corrupt, and no plausible emendation has yet been suggested.

"^ Hermann adds yap metri gratia. 3 virh xe/pa MSS., Musgrave corr.
 * ^ibs MSS., Triclinius corr.

210

title: Page:Sophocles (Storr 1919) v2.djvu/222


text:
Page:Sophocles (Storr 1919) v2.djvu/224

 OPE5TH2 AiyiaOov evd^ a)KrjK€v Icrropoj iraKaL.

X0P05 aXX! ev 6^ lKdveL<^ %&) (f>pdcra<; d^')]fjLio(»

OPE5TH2 Ti9 ovv av vjJLMV TOt? eVo) €povT€<; avTOv (TficKpd Xei^jruv ev fipa'xel Tevyei OavbvTO^y cw? opci<;^ Kopi^op^ev,

HAEKTPA

01 700 ToXaiva, tovt eKeiv rjorj (racpe^ Trpo'x^eLpov d')(^0o<;, co? eoiKe, BepKop,at.

OPE2TH2

etirep tl KkaieL^ ra)v ^Opea-Teiwv KaKoyv, ToS* dyyo<i taOi (roop^a rovKelvov <neyov,

HAEKTPA

S) ^elve, S09 vvv, 7r/309 Oecov, etirep roBe KeKevdev avTov TeO;^^?, eU xelpa'i Xa^elv, 1120 212

title: Page:Sophocles (Storr 1919) v2.djvu/224


text:
Page:Sophocles (Storr 1919) v2.djvu/226

 OTTft)? i/JiavTr)v Kol yevo^i to irav o/nov ^tjv TrjBe KXavao) /caTroBvpoyfjiaL aTroBm,

OPE2TH5 B60 7]Ti,<; earl, tt poa^epovTe<^' ov yap co? eV Bv(T jxeveia 7' ova eiraiTelTat rdhey dXX rj (piXcov Ti9 ^ TTyoo? a'tfjLaTO<; (^vauv,

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w (^iKtcltov fjbvr} jxelov dvOpcoTrcov ifjuol y^v^Tj^ 'OpecTOU Xotirov, w? cr* avr' iXTTiScov ov')(^ odvirep i^eTre/jLTrov elaeSe^dfjLrjv. vvv jjuev yap ovBev ovra ^aard^co '^epolv, BofJbcov Be g 0) iral, XafXTTpov i^eTrefi'yJr iyd), 1130 fo)9 M(f)6Xov irdpoiOev eKXiTTelv ^lov, TTplv €9 ^evrjv ere yalav etcKkyj^ai yepolv KXey^raaa ralvBe /cdvaacoaacrOai <povov, oTTco^; davoov eKeiao ry roO^ rjfiepa, TVfJipov TTarpwov kolvov eiXri')((b<; fiipo'^. vvv S' iKTb<; OLKCov Kairl yrj^ dXXr}<^ (pvya^ Kafcco<; dircoXov, tr/}? Ka(TLyv7]Tr)<; 8t%a, KOVT iv (piXaLCTi, ')(€palv rj rdXaiv eyco XovTpol<i (7' iKoa/iiTja 0VT6 TrafjicpXeKrov 7rvpo9 dveiXofirjv, ax; €Ik6<;, aOXtov l3dpo<;, 1140 dXX! iv ^evacat %e/ocrl K7]Bev6el(rdXa^i (T[JbLKpo<^ iTpoa'qKeL^ oy/co<; iv afXLKpw KVTei, OL/Jioi rdXaLva Trj(e/t^? irdXai t/Oo^t}? dvQxpeXijTOV, TTjv iyo) Odjjb dfKpl a 01 TTOvcp yXv/cet irapeo-^^ov ovre ydp Trore jxr^Tpo's (TV 7' rjaOa fjbdXXov i) Ka/jbov <J)lXo<;, 01)0" ol Kar oIkov rjcrav, aXX 670) Tpo(j)o<;, iyo) S' dBeXcpT) aol TrpocrrjvBcofjLrjv deu. vvv B^ i/cXeXoiire ravr iv rjfiipa jxia 214

title: Page:Sophocles (Storr 1919) v2.djvu/226


text:
Page:Sophocles (Storr 1919) v2.djvu/228

 HAEKTPA

davovTL (Tvv aoi- iravra yap crvvapirdaa^; 1150 OveXK' oirm ^ejSrjKa^;. olx^rai iraTi^p' ^ redvrjK iyoD croi <ppovBo<; avrb<; el Oavcov ryeXaxTL 8' ix^poi fialverai Sv<p' rjBovrj^ fjLrjTTjp afjLTjTCOp, 979 ifjiol av iroWaKL^ (p'qfiaf; dBpa Trpovirefiire^ w? <f)avov^ievo<; TtfjL(opo<; auTO?. dWa ravd' 6 hvarvxn'i BaifKOV 6 o-6<; re Kdfjio<; i^acpeuXero, 09 a c58e /jlol TrpouTreyu-i/rei/ dvrl (/)tXTaT?79 fjLop<f)rj<; aTToBov re Kal (tklclv dvcLxfyeXr], " . 1160 Oi/JiOL jJLOt. 0) S6/J.a<; olKTpOV. (j)€V ^6V. o) heiVOTOLTa^, oo/ulol /jlol, 7re/Ji(f)d€U /ce€vdov<;, VKa<; iraTpo^, ^HXeKTpa, (f^povet, dp7]T0^ 5' ^OpeaTT)^, a>aT€ fir) Xiav aTeve. irdaiv yap r)fuv tovt ocpelXeTat, iradelv.

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^ev (pev. Ti Xefft); irol ya)V dfjurfxavoiv €(o; KpaTeiv yap ovKeTi ycoaar)<; aOevco,

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OPE2TH2

77 aov TO fcXeivov elBo^ ^HXeKTpa^ ToBe; 216

title: Page:Sophocles (Storr 1919) v2.djvu/228


text:
Swarb v. Lennox/Opinion of the Court

[p193] MR. JUSTICE BLACKMUN delivered the opinion of the Court.

This appeal, heard as a companion to D.H. Overmyer Co. v. Frick Co., ante, p. 174, decided today, also purports to raise for the Court the issue of due process validity of cognovit provisions. The system under challenge in this case is that of Pennsylvania. The three-judge District Court, with one judge dissenting in part because, in his view, the court did not go far enough, refrained from declaring the Commonwealth's rules and statutes unconstitutional on their face and granted declaratory and injunctive relief only for a limited class of cognovit signers. 314 F. Supp. 1091 (ED Pa. 1970). The plaintiffs, but not the defendants, appealed. We noted probable jurisdiction the same day certiorari was granted in Overmyer. 401 U.S. 991.

I
The cognovit system is firmly entrenched in Pennsylvania and has long been in effect there.

A confession of judgment for money "may be entered by the prothonotary... without the agency of an attorney and without the filing of a complaint, declaration or confession, for the amount which may appear to be due from the face of the instrument. Pa. Rule Civ. Proc. 2951 (a), except that the action must be instituted by a complaint if the instrument is more than 10 years [p194] old or cannot be produced for filing, "or if it requires the occurrence of a default or condition precedent before judgment may be entered." Rules 2951 (c) and (d). In an action instituted by a complaint, the plaintiff shall file a confession of judgment substantially in a prescribed form, and the attorney for the plaintiff "may sign the confession as attorney for the defendant" unless a statute or the instrument provides otherwise. Rule 2955. The prothonotary enters judgment "in conformity with the confession." Rule 2956. The amount due, interest, attorneys' fees, and costs may be included by the plaintiff in the praecipe for a writ of execution. Rule 2957.

Within 20 days after the entry of judgment the plaintiff shall mail the defendant written notice. Failure to do this, however, does not affect the judgment lien. Rule 2958 (a). Within the same 20 days the plaintiff may issue a writ of execution and may do so even if the notice is not yet mailed. Rule 2958 (b). If an affidavit of mailing is not filed within the 20-day period, the writ of execution may not issue until 20 days after the affidavit of mailing has been filed. Rule 2958 (c).

Relief from a judgment by confession may be sought by a petition asserting "[a]ll grounds for relief whether to strike off the judgment or to open it..." Rule 2959 (a). If the petition states prima facie grounds for relief, the court issues a rule to show cause and may grant a stay. A defendant "waives all defenses and objections" not included in the petition. The court "shall dispose of the rule on petition and answer, and on any testimony, depositions, admissions and other evidence." Rules 2959 (b), (c), and (e). If the judgment is opened in whole or in part, the issues are then tried. Rule 2960.

[p195] The procedure for confession of judgment for possession of real property is essentially the same except that the act shall be commenced by filing a complaint. Rules 2970-2973.

The prothonotary specifically is given power to "enter judgments at the instance of plaintiffs, upon the confessions of defendants." Pa. Stat. Ann., Tit. 17, § 1482. The prothonotary is the clerk of the court of common pleas. He has no judicial function. It has been said that his power is derived from the instrument under which he acts and not from his office, ''Smith v. Safeguard Mut. Ins. Co.'', 212 Pa. Super. 83, 87, 239 A. 2d 824, 826 (1968), and that his entry of judgment is a ministerial act, Lenson v. Sandler, 430 Pa. 193, 197, 241 A. 2d 66, 68 (1968).

It has also been said that the confession of judgment procedure in Pennsylvania exists "independent of statute." Equipment Corp. of America v. Primos Vanadium Co., 285 Pa. 432, 437, 132 A. 360, 362 (1926); Cook v. Gilbert, 8 Serg. & R. 567, 568 (1822); Hatch v. Stitt, 66 Pa. 264.

It is apparent, therefore, that in Pennsylvania confession-of-judgment provisions are given full procedural effect; that the plaintiff's attorney himself may effectuate the entire procedure; that the prothonotary, a nonjudicial officer, is the official utilized; that notice issues after the judgment is entered; and that execution upon the confessed judgment may be taken forthwith. The defendant may seek relief by way of a petition to strike the judgment or to open it, but he must assert prima facie grounds for this relief, and he achieves a trial only if he persuades the court to open. Meanwhile, the judgment and its lien remain.

The pervasive and drastic character of the Pennsylvania system has been noted. Cutler Corp v. Latshaw, 374 Pa. 1, 4-5, 97 A. 2d 234, 236 (1953). See Kine v. Forman, [p196] 404 Pa. 301, 172 A. 2d 164 (1961), and Atlas Credit Corp. v. Ezrine, 25 N.Y. 2d 219, 250 N.E. 2d 474 (1969).

II
Seven individuals are the named plaintiffs in the original complaint filed in December 1969. Jurisdiction is based on the civil rights statutes, 28 U.S.C. § 1343 and 42 U.S.C. § 1983. The plaintiffs purport to act on behalf of a class consisting of all Pennsylvania residents who have signed documents containing cognovit provisions leading, or that could lead, to a confessed judgment in Philadelphia County. The defendants are the county's prothonotary and sheriff, the officials responsible, respectively, for the recording of confessed judgments and for executing upon them. The complaint alleges that each plaintiff has signed one or another type of consumer financing agreement pursuant to which his creditor has entered judgment; that each faces immediate judicial sale of his home or personal belongings; that the Pennsylvania rules and statutes are unconstitutional on their face because they deprive members of the class of procedural due process in the denial of notice and hearing before judgment; that the signing of the cognovit contract was not an intelligent and voluntary waiver of the right to notice and hearing; that the only recourse against the recorded judgment is an action to strike or reopen; and that such recourse is costly and burdensome to low income consumers, and denies them equal protection. The relief sought is a declaration that the Pennsylvania rules and statutes are unconstitutional, and an injunction against the defendants' "operating under the above acts and rules." A three-judge court was requested.

The single District Judge entered a temporary restraining order staying execution of judgments against the seven plaintiffs. He also provided a procedure for [p197] adding additional plaintiffs. The three-judge court continued and expanded the restraining order to stay all executions upon confessed judgments in the Commonwealth. A number of additional plaintiffs were added, and one original plaintiff was dismissed from the case. A group of finance companies was permitted to intervene.

Stipulations were made. One was between counsel for the plaintiffs and the city solicitor; another was between counsel for the plaintiffs and for the intervenor finance companies. These stipulations are not identical but they do overlap. They established the following:

 * 1. Judgments by confession against the various plaintiffs had been entered ranging in amounts from $249.23 to $25,800.

 * 2. If called as witnesses, the original plaintiffs would testify to the facts alleged in the complaint. Each would also testify as to his unawareness of the cognovit clause, his lack of understanding of its significance if he had read it, and his inability to bargain about it anyway.

 * 3. If called, some of the plaintiffs would testify that they were encouraged not to read their contracts; that the judgments exceeded the debts because of the addition of penalties, costs, and fees; that they could not afford proceedings to strike or reopen; and that they believed they had meritorious defenses.

 * 4. The imposition and amount of sheriff's costs, bar association fee schedules, and necessary deposition and transcript costs in the cognovit procedure were acknowledged.

The three-judge court held a hearing. In addition to the appearance of counsel for the plaintiffs and for the intervenors, an assistant city solicitor of Philadelphia appeared for the named defendants, and a Deputy Attorney General appeared for the Commonwealth. The only plaintiff to testify was one of those added after the complaint had been filed. She was a postal [p198] clerk who earned $6,100 annually and who had agreed with a door-to-door salesman to buy a carpet for $1,300. Her contract contained a cognovit clause pursuant to which a finance company had obtained a confessed judgment. A detective and a finance company officer were presented by the plaintiffs. They testified to the pervasiveness of cognovit clauses and the "disbelief and shock" of those who had signed them.

The plaintiffs also introduced in evidence by stipulation a published report by David Caplovitz, Ph.D., Consumers in Trouble. This was a 1968 study of confessed-judgment debtors in four major Pennsylvania cities. It included 245 Philadelphia debtors. The study purported to show that 96% had annual incomes of less than $10,000, and 56% less than $6,000; that only 30% had graduated from high school; and that only 14% knew the contracts they signed contained cognovit clauses.

The only other witness at the hearing was one called by the intervenors. He was a finance company officer and testified as to the usual practice of making loans.

The three-judge District Court held:

 * 1. The Pennsylvania system leading to confessed judgment and execution does comply with due process standards provided "there has been an understanding and voluntary consent of the debtor in signing the document." 314 F. Supp., at 1095.

 * 2. If, however, there is no such understanding consent, the procedure violates due process requirements of notice and an opportunity to be heard. Ibid.

 * 3. The plaintiffs did not sustain their burden of proof with respect to the lack of valid consent in the execution of bonds and warrants of attorney accompanying mortgages. Id., at 1098.

 * 4. The record did not establish that the action could be maintained as a class action on behalf of individual [p199] natural persons with annual incomes of more than $10,000. Id., at 1098-1099.

 * 5. It could be maintained, however, as a class action on behalf of natural persons residing in Pennsylvania who earn less than $10,000 annually and who signed consumer financing or lease contracts containing cognovit provisions. Id., at 1099.

 * 6. There was no intentional waiver of known rights by members of that class in executing confession-of-judgment clauses. These were the right to have prejudgment notice and hearing, the right to have the burden of proof on the creditor, and the right to avoid the expenses attendant upon opening or striking a confessed judgment. Since the Pennsylvania procedure with respect to the designated class was based upon a waiver concept without adequate understanding, it was violative of due process. Id., at 1100.

 * 7. It was not the federal court's function to dictate to Pennsylvania "exactly what constitutes understanding waiver." Ibid. Where the debtor is an attorney, an affidavit to that effect may be all that is necessary to prove understanding, but where the debtor is not a high school graduate more proof "may be required." Id., at 1101. A "statewide rule or legislation providing for the filing of proof of intentional, understanding and voluntary consent," in order to comply with the court's opinion, was among the methods available to the State to permit continued use of the confession-of-judgment clause. Id., at 1100-1101, n. 24.

 * 8. No judgment by confession may be entered as to a member of the recognized class after November 1, 1970, unless it is shown that at the time of executing the document the debtor "intentionally, understandingly, and voluntarily waived" his rights lost under the Pennsylvania law. Id., at 1102-1103. [p200]

 * 9. Liens of judgments recorded prior to June 1, 1970 (the date of the filing of the court's opinion), were preserved. A confessed judgment on a contract signed before June 1 could be entered between that date and November 1, but could not be executed upon without a prior hearing to determine the validity of the waiver.

The court then declared the Pennsylvania practice of confessing judgments to be unconstitutional, prospectively effective as of the dates stated, as applied to the class designated, and enjoined the entry of any confessed judgment against a member of the class in the absence of a showing of the required waiver. Id., at 1103. The judge dissenting did so as to the limitation of relied to those earning less than $10,000 annually. Id., at 1102.

III
From this judgment only the plaintiffs appeal. Their claim is that the District Court erred in confining the relief it granted to certain members of the appellants' proffered class and that the court should have declared the Pennsylvania rules and statutes unconstitutional on their face. A holding of facial unconstitutionality, of course, wholly apart from any class consideration, would afford relief to every Pennsylvania cognovit obligor. Today's decision in Overmyer, although it concerns a corporate and not an individual debtor, is adverse to this contention of the plaintiff-appellants. In Overmyer it is recognized, as the District Court in this case recognized, that, under appropriate circumstances, a cognovit debtor may be held effectively and legally to have waived those rights he would possess if the document he signed had contained no cognovit provision.

On the plaintiff-appellants' appeal, therefore, the judgment of the District Court must be affirmed.

[p201] This affirmance, however, does not mean that the District Court's opinion and judgment are approved as to their other aspects and details that are not before us. As has been noted, the named defendants and the intervenors have taken no cross appeal. Furthermore, the Pennsylvania Attorney General's office, apparently due to an interim personnel change, no longer supports the position taken at the trial by the city solicitor and the deputy attorney general and, not choosing to pursue its customarily assumed duty to defend the Commonwealth's legislation, now joins the appellants in urging here that the rules and statutes are facially invalid. With the Attorney General taking this position, argument on the side of the defendant-appellees has been presented to us only by the intervenor finance companies and by amici. The permissible reach of this opposition, however, coincides with and goes no further than the extent of the appellants' appeal. In the absence of a cross appeal, the opposition is in no position to attack those portions of the District Court's judgment that are favorable to the plaintiff-appellants.

IV
The decision in Overmyer and the disposition of the present appeal prompt the following observations:

 * 1. In our second concluding comment in Overmyer, supra, at 188, we state that the decision is "not controlling precedent for other facts of other cases," and we refer to contracts of adhesion, to bargaining power disparity, and to the absence of anything received in return for a cognovit provision. When factors of this kind are present, we indicate, "other legal consequences may ensue." That caveat has possible pertinency for participants in the Pennsylvania system.

 * 2. Overmyer necessarily reveals some discomfiture on our part with respect to the present case. However that [p202] may be, the impact and effect of Overmyer upon the Pennsylvania system are not to be delineated in the one-sided appeal in this case and we make no attempt to do so.

 * 3. Problems of this kind are peculiarly appropriate grist for the legislative mill.

On the appellants' appeal, the judgment of the District Court is affirmed. The stay heretofore granted by the Circuit Justice is dissolved.

It is so ordered.

MR. JUSTICE POWELL and MR. JUSTICE REHNQUIST took no part in the consideration or decision of this case.

title: Swarb v. Lennox/Opinion of the Court


text:
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Page talk:The Girl Who Earns Her Own Living (1909).djvu/1

Legibility of cover
Shouldn't this image be cleaned up a bit so it's not so dark as to be illegible? FPTI (talk) 21:58, 25 February 2024 (UTC)
 * It's perfectly legible to me, so I'm not sure what the issue is. I have included much darker ones than this, to the degree that without squinting they actually are illegible. And cover images are seen as optional at Wikisource anyway, having wide ranges of known problems such as bar codes and other stickers or markings obscuring bits of the covers, or the covers being in very bad physical condition. And those other problems are incredibly difficult to actually fix, with very little value long-term (especially for covers as mundane as this one is), so I generally see any kind of cover edits as enhancements rather than absolute necessities.
 * But, I'll try and do what I can to fix it. SnowyCinema (talk) 22:24, 25 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Is that better? SnowyCinema (talk) 22:29, 25 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Yes, oh my gosh, sorry. I meant to mark this as something for me to do when I had access to photo-editing, I didn't want to make this a task for you. (I work weekends, so I'm a little off-kilter as to regular people's schedules. FPTI (talk) 02:10, 26 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Oh it was no big deal, it ended up only being a 1 minute fix. I'll just apply this brightness+contrast to images from now on. SnowyCinema (talk) 02:12, 26 February 2024 (UTC)


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Page:Batman upon Bartolome.djvu/87

 and alſo more ſwéete. And heate bringeth forth matter, and ſhape lykeneſſes that be hidde in the matters, as in ſmall beaſts and wormes. For by working of heate, golde, ſiluer, and other, and be beautified in a more noble ſhape. And by heate that diſſolueth and cleanſeth aſhes, the aſhes turne to glaſſe: And ſo it appeareth, that heate of aire and of kinde is miniſter and ſeruaunt. For by meane of heate the nobleſt ſhapes and likeneſſes as well of kinde as of craft, that be hid, commeth forth in act and in déede. Alſo heate that is printed in the aire, gendereth raine and clowdes, thundering and lightening, and dew, and other ſuch. For by the vertue thereof that worketh and draweth diuerſe vapours, drie & moiſt, be drawen vp to diuers places and regions of the aire, the which gathered together into clowdes, and the heate incloſed altereth and chaungeth them into diuerſe kindes, which at length it diſſolueth: and béeing diſſolued, ſome into Snowe, ſome into Hails, and ſome into raine, ſprinckleth them all about into the earth. And heate raiſeth the bodie that it is in; from the middle to the ouermoſt roundneſſe, as it is ſome in the Elements, in the which heate hath the maſterie: as in the Ayre & in the fire, that is fartheſt from the middle of the earth. And alſo this is ſéene in Oyle, that fléeteth and ſwimmeth alone, and in all other things, in which heate hath maſterie. Alſo it ſheweth the diſpoſition and qualitie of the body that it is in. As appeareth in the bodye, that heate hath the maſterie ouer. For as Conſtantinus ſayth, ''liber. 1. cha. 16. If the body be hot, then is much ſleſh, and little fatneſſe, redde coulour, much haire blacke or redde, hotte touching, good vnderſtanding, a man of great facunditie, a quicke goer, vardye, wrathfull, louelye, lecherous and deſiring much, and haſtelye defiring, or of good digeſtion, of ſharpe voyce, ſhamefaſt, of ſtrong and ſwifte pulſe, Conſtant'' ſheweth theſe ſignes, and many other, by the which an hot bodye is knowne. This ſufficeth at this time that is ſpoken of the propertie of heate.

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ldneſſe is a working propertye of an Element qualytie, more weaker in working then heate. For thereof the moouing is from the vter partes, to the middle. And therfore it maketh the partes of the bodye that it worketh in, to drawe néere togethers. And therefore it worketh his effect in the bodye more ſlowlye, and with the more difficultie. Alſo though it coole kindlye, and maketh colde, yet otherwhiles it heateth. Wée ſée in the winter, that when colde ſtoppeth the holes and powers of the bodie, the hot fumoſitie draweth inwarde, and hath not the frée out going, for that they bée held within, they ſmite togethers and heate themſelues. And ſo other whiles the colde that is without, maketh heate within. And colde maketh thicke and ſadde: for colde maketh the partes moue towarde the middle, and ſo the partes cleaue néere togethers, for the parts were before from the middle farre a ſunder, by moyſture put betwéene: but by drawing togethers of that moiſture, the partes drawe toward the middle, and bée néere togethers. Alſo though colde bringeth the partes toward the middle, and kindly ioyneth them together: yet it happeneth that it departeth and dealeth the parts a ſunder, as it is ſéene in braine that is thruſt with colde, by ſtrength of the uſing the moiſture that is therein, is wrong out, and falleth of, by diuers Emunctoryes of the braine, & is ſhedde or ſpilt, as appeareth in them that haue the catarre or ruine in the breaſt, cauſed of colde. Alſo kindlye colde maketh ſadde and rough: for when by working of colde, the partes come and cleeuie néere togethers, all the thing is made more ſadde and boyſtous. Farther by colde thruſting together firie partes, they bée thicked into airely, and airely, into watry, and the watry into earthly, and ſo the whole is made groſer. But it happeneth colde maketh the thing ſubtil. For when by colde conſtraining and thruſting

title: Page:Batman upon Bartolome.djvu/87


text: Author:John Bernard Wilkes

title: Author:John Bernard Wilkes


text: Author:Georg Neumark

title: Author:Georg Neumark


text:
Page:Bostock v. Clayton County (2020).pdf/152

8 *The Court refused a reading of “mineral deposits” that would include water, even if “water is a ‘mineral,’ in the broadest sense of that word,” because it would bring about a “major ... alteration in established legal relationships based on nothing more than an overly literal reading of a statute, without any regard for its context or history.” Andrus v. Charlestone Stone Products Co., 436 U. S. 604, 610, 616 (1978). Those cases exemplify a deeply rooted principle: When there is a divide between the literal meaning and the ordinary meaning, courts must follow the ordinary meaning. Next is a critical point of emphasis in this case. The difference between literal and ordinary meaning becomes especially important when—as in this case—judges consider phrases in statutes. (Recall that the shorthand version of the phrase at issue here is “discriminate because of sex.”)
 * The Court declined to interpret “facilitating” a drug distribution crime in a way that would cover purchasing drugs, because the “literal sweep of ‘facilitate’ sits uncomfortably with common usage.” Abuelhawa v. United States, 556 U. S. 816, 820 (2009).
 * The Court rebuffed a literal reading of “personnel rules” that would encompass any rules that personnel must follow (as opposed to human resources rules about personnel), and stated that no one “using ordinary language would describe” personnel rules “in this manner.” Milner v. Department of Navy, 562 U. S. 562, 578 (2011).
 * The Court explained that, when construing statutory phrases such as “arising from,” it avoids “uncritical literalism leading to results that no sensible person could have intended.” Jennings v. Rodriguez, 583 U. S. ___, ___–___ (2018) (plurality opinion) (slip op., at 9–10) (internal quotation marks omitted).


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HAEKTPA

tcb yovaiy crrp,

joval o-co/Jbdrcov ifiol (f)cTaTcov,

i/JboXer dpTi(o<;,

i^rjvpeT, riXOer, elheO' oU ixpV^^Te.

OPE2TH5 irdpea-p.ev dXka (Tiy exovaa Trpoa-fievs, 224

title: Page:Sophocles (Storr 1919) v2.djvu/236


text:
Page:Sophocles (Storr 1919) v2.djvu/238

 HAEKTPA

Tt o ecFTiv;

OPE2TH2

atyav afieivov, /jLI] rt? evhodev kXvtj.

HAEKTPA

ToBe fiev ov iror a^icocrco rpeaai, 1240 TrepLaaov dyOo^ evBov <yvvacKO)V ov aiei,

OPE5TH2 opa ye fxev Brj kolv yvvai^iv w? "Kpr)<; evearcv ev S* e^oiaOa ireipaOelad irov,

HAEKTPA OTOTOTOTol TOrol, ave<^eov ivel3de<^ ov irore KaTaXvGLjxoVj ovBe TTore Xiqaofxevov aixerepov olov ev KaKov. 1^50

OPE2TH2

e^ocSa, Tral, ravT- aX)C orav irapovaia (ppd^rj, TOT epywv tmvBg fjuefJuvfjcrOac Xpediv.

HAEKTPA

7ra9 i^ol, ^^'^*

7ra9 av irpeiroi irapcov ivveTreiv

TaBe Blko, Xpovo<;'

/jl6i<; yctp ea^ov vvv ekevdepov cTTo/xa.

OPE2TH2

^vfK^ripLi Kayci)' roiyapovv crcp^ov ToBe,

HAEKTPA

Tt Bpctxra;

OPE2TH2

ov firj Vrt Kaupo^ /jlv fjuaKpav ^ovkov Xeyeiv.

1 o' ov rav "ApTefiiv rav alev adfi'{)Tav MSS., Frohlich corr.

226

title: Page:Sophocles (Storr 1919) v2.djvu/238


text:
Page:Sophocles (Storr 1919) v2.djvu/240

 HAEKTPA

Tt9 ovv av a^iav ye <tov irec^r^voro'^ 126«

/jbera/SakoLT av wSe atyav Xoycov; eTret ae vvv cK^pdaTWs diXTTTCDf; T iaelhov.

OPE2TH2

TOT €t3e«?, evre ^ Oeoi fi eTrcorpvvav fxokelv ^ £_ ^ _ ^ /_ ^-^ — ^-*

HAEKTPA

e</)/)acr(X9 vireprepav

Ta9 7ra/309 en %a/9tT09, el' ere ^eo? ewopia-ev d/jArepa tt/jo? fieXaOpa- haijioviov avTO TiOrjiJL iyo). 1270

OPE2TH2

Ta )Ltei^ a okvm ^at/oovo-ai^ elpyaOelv, ra Se BeBoLKa Xiav rjBovfj VLKcofiev7]v.

HAEKTPA

tco xpovdd fxaicpw (piXTarav oBov, i'7ra^t(ocra<; coBe fjuot (jyavrjvai, fxri ri yu-e, iroXvirovov coS' IB^v

OPE5TH2 Ti fjur) 7ro7]cr(o;

HAEKTPA

fiij jjL d7rocTT6p')](Tr}<; Tcov <7MV iTpo(T(oiT(dv dBovciv fjieOeaOat,

OPE2TH2 7} Kapra icav aXXoiai OvfJLoifJLrjv IBcov,

HAEKTPA

Pvvatvel^;

OPE2TH2 Tt firjv ov; 1280

1 MSS. 3t€, Jebb. corr. MSS. Hrpwav, Reiske corr.

228

title: Page:Sophocles (Storr 1919) v2.djvu/240


text:
Page:Sophocles (Storr 1919) v2.djvu/242

 HAEKTPA

0) (piXai, €kvov av eyco ovo av rjATTia avdav, ovo av ecT'X^ov opfiav ^ dvavBov ovSe avv ^oa fcXvovaa, ToXatva. vvv 8' e^co ere* 7rpov(f)dvr)<; Be ^CkTCLTav 6%ft)i^ Trpoo-oyjriv, a<; iyo) ovS* av iv KaKol irapovri vvv y^povta (Trjixaiv,^ oTTov (^avevre^ rj KeKpvfiixevoi yeXcovra^ €^Opov<; iravaofjiev tj) vvv oBm. ovTco 5' OTTO)? firjTTip as /jLt) ^TTiyvcocreraL ^acBpo) Tr/oocrooTTft) vmv eTreXOovrotv Bo/jlov<s* aXV 0)9 eV arrj rfj fidrrjv XeXey/jLevr) areva^^' orav yap evTV')(rj(j(oixev, Tore X^Lpecv irapecnai Kal yeXdv iXevOipco^, joqq

HAEKTPA

dXX M KaaiyvrjO', o)B^ oircof; Kal crol (piXov Kal tov/jLOV earat rfjB'' iirel Ta9 rjBovds 7r/909 (Tov Xa/Sovcra kovk i/jbd<; eKTTjcrdfirjv, KovB^ av (T€ XvTrrjcraaa Be^aifMr]v I3pa')(y avTT) /jbiy evpelv /c€pBo<;' ov yap av /caX(o<^ vTTrjpeTOirjv tm irapovTL Baifjiovi. aXX' olaOa fiev rdvOivBe, 7rft)9 ydp ov; kXvcov oOovveK ALycaOo<; fiev ov Kara areya^;, p^rjTrjp B' iv otKOi<;' rjv av fxr) Beiar)^ ito6* ot)9

' Arndt adds ou5' kv. Blomfield reads bpfxhiv for opyhv of MSS.

230

title: Page:Sophocles (Storr 1919) v2.djvu/242


text:
Page:Sophocles (Storr 1919) v2.djvu/244

 yeK(i)Ti tov/jlov (patBpov 6^fr€TaL Kapa, pZao^ T€ yap iraXacbv ivTerrjKe /jlol, Kairei g^ icretSov, ov iror eKXij^co X^P^ SaKpvppoovaa- ttw? yap av Xrj^aLfJL iyo), ^Tt9 pid ae rfjB oBo) davovja re Kal ^(bvT^ icretBov; etpyacraL Be p! aaKOira* Mar el Trarrjp p.OL ^cov 'iKOLTO, p^ijKer av Tepa<; voput^etv avro, Trtareveiv S' opdv. or ovv TOLavTTjv r)pXv e^rjKeL<^ oBov, dpx ccvTO^; CW9 coi 6vp>6<;' ct)9 eyoa pbovrf ovK av Bvolv TjpLapTov' Tj yap av KaXca^ eawa ip^avrrjv rj KaXa)<; aTTCoXop^rjv,

OPE2TH2 aiyav eTrjjvea^ ax; eir e^6B(p kXvq) T(ov evBoOev %a)/5oi)i^T09.

HAEKTPA

€L(Tir, o) Revolt aXX(o<; re Kal (f)epovTe<; oV av ovre tl<; B6p,(idv aTToocfaLT ovT av rjadeiT) Xa^oov*

nAiAArnros w TrXetara piSypoi koX vXdcrao)v, rjv av vplv ev BopuoL^ TO, Bpoopiev vpLMV irpocrOev rj ra acopLara' vvv 3' evXdPetav rcovBe irpovdepLrjv iyco. fcal vvv diraXXax'd^VTe t(ov pia/cpcov Xoycov Kal T^9 dirXTjo-TOV rijaBe avv X^P^ ^or]<i 232

title: Page:Sophocles (Storr 1919) v2.djvu/244


text:
Page:Sophocles (Storr 1919) v2.djvu/246

 HAEKTPA

eXaw 'TTapede6 co? to fiev /jueXkeLV KaKov iv T0t9 TOiOVTOl^ 6(7t aTTTJWdydai h a/C/JLTJ.

0PE2TH2

TTW? ovv e'x^ei, ravrevdev elaiovTi fxoi;

nAiAArnro2 KaXoy<^' virapx^L yap ae firj yvwvai nva. 1340

OPE2TH2

^77eiXa9, ox; eoiKev, 009 reOvrjKora.

nAiAArnros eh Twv iv" Kihov fxdvOav^ ivddS' cov dvrjp, OPE5TH2

^(^cilpovcnv ovv rovTOKTLv; rj rive^ yoi;

nAiAArnros TeXovfiivcov clttoi/jl dv fo)9 3e vvv e%€t, Kaco<; rd Keivwv Trdvra, Koi ra /jlt) koXo)^,

HAEKTPA

t/9 OUT09 ear, dBeXcpe; 77/509 decov (j)pd(TOV, OPE2TH2

HAEKTPA OvSi 7' €9 OvflOV ^6/30).

OPE2TH2

ovK olad' 0T(p fjb eSco/ca^ eh %e/3a9 irore;

HAEKTPA

TTOtft); TL (ficoveh;

OPE2TH5

ou TO ^(OKecov TreBov V7r€^67re/Jbcl)6r]v ay irpofJurjOia ')(epolv. 1350

HAEKTPA T) fC€iVO(0UT09, 6v TTOT CK IToWoyV €J(0 f^iovov irpoarjvpov TTiaTOV iv irarpo^ (j)ov(p; 234

title: Page:Sophocles (Storr 1919) v2.djvu/246


text:
Page:Sophocles (Storr 1919) v2.djvu/248

 OPE2TH2 oS* iaTi' fir} fji eXejx^ TrXeloaiv Xoyoi^,

HAEKTPA

o) (f^lXraTOv <^W9, w fJLOVO^ acjrrjp Bo/jlcov ^Aya/xeiJVOvo<;, ttw? rjX6€<;; rj av Kelvo^i el, 09 T6i>Se fcci/jL €a(i)(Ta<; eK itoXXmv ttovcov; (h (fyiXTarai fiev x^lpe^, rj^Larov B' e')((ov ttoSmv v7r7]p6Tr}fia, ttw? ovtco iraXai ^vvcov fJb €Xr]6€<; ovS* ec^aive^, aXXa jxe Xojoif; aTTCoXXv^, epy e%&)z^ rjStar i/jLol; 1360 X^^^py ^ TTarep* TTaTepa yap elaopav Bokm' X^^'^P' ^'<^^^ ^' ^? /jLaXcaTa a avOpcoTroov iyco VX^VP^ fca6iX7]a iv rj/Jiipa fiia.

nAiAArnros apKelv Bo/cel fior tov<; yap iv p-ecrtp Xoyov^ iroXXal KVKXovvrat vv/cref; rjfiepac r taai, at ravra aoi Sei^ovaiv, HXe/crpa, aa<j)7]. (T(p(bv 8' ivveTTO) ye rolv it a pear cor otv otl vvv /caipo^; epheiv vvv K-Xyraifivrjcnpa fiovrjy vvv ovTi<; avhpoiv evBov el 5* i<j)e^eTov, (j)povTL^60' CO? TovTOLf; T€ Kttl ao(l)Q)Tepot<; 1370 dXXoicri TOVTcov irXeiocTLV fiaxovfjievoi.

OPE2TH2 OVK av fiaKpMV eB^ tj/jlIv ovSev av Xoycov, HvXdBr), ToS* ecT] Tovpyov, aXX' o<tov Ta%09 Xoypetv eaco, irarpMa irpodKvaavB* eBrj OeodVi oaoLirep TTpoirvXa vaiovcnv rdBe,

HAEKTPA ava^ "AttoXXov, iXeco^ avrolv kXv6 236

title: Page:Sophocles (Storr 1919) v2.djvu/248


text:
Page:Sophocles (Storr 1919) v2.djvu/250

 HAEKTPA

i/JLOV T6 7r/30<? TOVTOLCIV, Tj (T€ TTOWa BtJ a* oiv e^oijJLt Xiirapel irpovaTrjv x^P^' vvv h 0) AvKeC "AttoWov, ef oIloov e^o) alrco, TTpoTTiTvo), i(T(TOfJbaiy VKTOi KvveiXTaTaL yvvaiKe^;, dvBpe<; avriica o-rp, reXovaL rovpyov dXXd alya irpoo-fxeve*

X0P02 TTw? Brj; Tt vvv irpdaraovo'Lv;

HAEKTPA

7} fiev 69 rdcfiov 1400

Xi^TfTa KoafjLei, to) B* i(f>eaTaTov 7reXa9.

XOP02

(Tif B* €/CT09 ii^cL<; 7r/)09 tl; 238

title: Page:Sophocles (Storr 1919) v2.djvu/250


text:
Page:A Treatise of the Covenant of Grace (John Ball).djvu/276

 264 here I will breake off this controversie, and proceede to that which followeth in this intended discourse.

N the fulnesse of time, the eternall Sonne of God, took unto him our nature, and became God and Man in one person, that he might be an equall middle person between God and man. The necessity of a Mediatour appeares in this, that man is guilty, and God true and righteous; If man had continued in his integrity, he had stood in no need of an expiation: if God had been unrighteous in the passages of mans sinne, there had been due unto him no just debt of satisfaction. But seeing man created good but mutable, did willingly and by voluntary choice transgresse that Law, under the precepts whereof he was most justly created, and unto the malediction whereof he was as necessarily and righteously subject if he transgressed: and God was purposed not to suffer sinne to passe utterly unrevenged, because of his great hatred thereunto, and of his truth and the Law which he had established against it: of necessity either God must execute the severity of his Law, whereby the creature should everlastingly loose the fruition of him, and he should likewise loose the service and voluntary subjection of his creature, or some course or other must be found out to translate this mans sinnes on anothers person, who may be able to beare them, and to interest this mans person in that others righteousnesse, which may be able to cover him. Of necessity a Mediatour must be found out to stand between God and man, who must have one unto whom, and others for whom and in whose behalfe, and somewhat wherewith to make satisfaction to offended justice: In regard of God towards man he must be an officer to declare his righteousnesse, and in regard of man toward God a surety ready to procure pardon and deliverance, not by favour or request, but by way of satisfaction. He must be one with us in the fellowship of our nature, passions, infirmities


text:
Page:Sophocles (Storr 1919) v2.djvu/252

 HAEKTPA

.

KAYTAIMNH5TPA

alat. lo) (TrejaL (jiiXcov ep7]fjL0L, Toiiv 8' drroWvvTcov irXiac.

HAEKTPA

/3oa T^9 evSov ovk cLKover, co cfilXat;

X0P02 rfKovar* dvijKovara Sv(7Tavo<;, coare (ppl^at.

KAYTAIMNH2TPA

oifjLoo ToXatv' AiytcrOe, irov ttot cov Kvp6L<;;

HAEKTPA

LOov fiaX av upoec tl<;.

KATTAIMNH2TPA

W ri/CVOV T6KV0V, 1410 otfCTipe rrjv reKOvcrav.

HAEKTPA

a)OC OVK 6K aedev coKTLpeO^ ovTO<; ov8^ yevvrjaa<^ 7raT7]p.

X0P02 CO 7roXi9j M yevea raXaiva, vvv <jol ^ fjLolpa KaOaixepla (^Oivei ^dCvec.

KAYTAIMNH5TPA

cjfioc TriTrXrjy/jiat.

HAEKTPA

iToiaov, el cr^ez^et?, BlttXtjv,

KATTAIMNH5TPA

c^/jLOC fiaX^ avdc<;.

^ vvv (re MSS., corr. R. Whitelaw.

240

title: Page:Sophocles (Storr 1919) v2.djvu/252


text:
Page:Sophocles (Storr 1919) v2.djvu/254

 HAEKTPA

el yap AlyLadcp 6* 6/jlov.

XOP02 TeXova apar ^ayatv ol ya<; viral K€L/jb€voi, iraXippvTov yap alfx vTre^aipovcn tmv 1420 KTavovTcov ol TTcikai 6av6vT€<;.

Kal iJL7)v irdpetaiv o'l^e' (poivla Be %€t/3 dvT» crrd^ec dvrfKrj<; "Kpeo<i, ovh^ e^ay yjreyeLV,

HAEKTPA

Opeaja, ttw? Kvpelre;

OPE5TH2

rdv BofJLOiCTL fiev Ka(x)<;, ^AiroXkcov el /caXw? ideaTrcaev,

HAEKTPA

Te6vr)Kep rj rdXatva;

0PE2TH2

/jLrjKer eKcpofiov jUbrjrp&ov w? ere Xrjfju dTLfxdaei ttotc.

X0P02 Travo-aaOe' €V(t<tco yap AcycaOov ifc irpohrjKov.

HAEKTPA

S) TratSe?, ovk ay^oppov;

OPE2TH2 1430

elcTopdre irov Tov avop ;

HAEKTPA

e<jf)' rjiuv OL'TO? iic irpoaaTLOV

%a)/)et yeyr)0(b^ l ^ l. ^ ^'

XOP05 ^are kut avriOvpayv 6a ov Td')(^L(TTa, vvvt TCL irplv ev Oe/xevoi, rdB' to? TrdXiv* 242

title: Page:Sophocles (Storr 1919) v2.djvu/254


text:
Page:Sophocles (Storr 1919) v2.djvu/256

 0PE2TH2

HAEKTPA

rj voeU CTreiye vvv,

OPE2TH5 /cal Br) ^e^TjKa.

HAEKTPA

Tavuao av fxeXon e/xot.

X0P02 Zl coto? av nravpoL y* o)<; ^ttio)? ivveTreLv TTpcx; avBpa rovBe avfx(^epoL, adpalov a>? 1440

opovar) 7rpo<; BtKa^; aycopa.

Airi20O2 Tt9 oI8ei^ vfjbodv TTOV iTod^ ol ^coKrj<; ^evoi, 01/9 ^aa ^Op6<TT')]v rjfuv ayyelXat ^lov XeXoLTToO^ LTTTrtKotaiv iv vavayioL^; <r€ TOL, ae /cpLvo), vol ae, rrjv iv t& irdpo^ 'X^povG) Opaaelav w? fxaXiGTa crol /jbiXeiv olfiaL, fxakicna B^ av KareiBvlav ^pdaai.

HAEKTPA

e^oiBa' 7rw9 yap ov')(i; avfi^opa^; yap B,v e^coOev ei7]v tmv i/juwv T7J<; <piTdTr]<;.

Airi20O2 TTOV BrJT av elev ol ^evoi; BlBaarKe fie. ^^^^

HAEKTPA

evBov ^i)^ yap irpo^evov KaTrjvvaav,

Airi20O2 ri Kal OavovT ijyyeiXav 0)9 cttjt v/jL(o<;;

HAEKTPA

ovK, ^a KaireBei^av, ov Xoya fjLovov.

Airi20O2 irdpeaT dp' rjfilv coare JcdiKpavr] jxaOelv; 244

title: Page:Sophocles (Storr 1919) v2.djvu/256


text:
Page:Sophocles (Storr 1919) v2.djvu/258

 HAEKTPA

Trdpeari Srjra, koX fidX d^t]Xo<; 6ea,

Airi50O2 ?7 TToWa ')(aipeiv jx elira'^ ovk elwOoTM^;.

HAEKTPA

')(^aLpoL^ dv, el aoL 'X^aprd rvy')(^dvoi, rdBe,

Airi20O2 atydv dvcoya KavaSet/cvvvaL TruXa? TrdcTLv yivKr)vaiOi(T iv 'Ayoyetot? 6^ opdv, ft)9 el Ti? avTO)V iXiTLaip K6vaL<; 7rdpo<; i^yp€T dv8po<; TOvBe, vvv opMV ve/cpov (TTopbta Se)(r]Tai, rd/jud firjBe tt/^o? /Buav ifjLov KoXacTTOv irpocTTv^cbv (^var) (f)peva<;,

HAEKTPA

Kal 8r) TeXelrai Tair ifiov' to5 yap ')(^p6y(p vovv €(T)(^ov, cocrre avfKpipeiv toI<; Kpeiaaoaiv,

Airi2©05 M Zev, BiSop/ca (f)d<Tfx dvev (f)66vov puev ou TreTTTWACo?* el 8' eireaTL vepj€cri<;, ov Xeyco. ')(^aXdT€ Trdv KdXv^xp! dir o^OaXixoiv, OTrcoq TO avyyeve<i rot Kair ifiov dprjvcov tv^V'

OPE2TH2 auTo? av paara^ ' ovk e/aov too, aXXa aov, TO TavO^ opdv T€ Kal TTpoarfyopelv <^tXw9.

Airi20O2 dXX! €v wapaiveif; KaTriTreiaofxar crv he, et iTov KaT oIkov p^ot KXvTaipvrjaTpa, KoXeu

0PE2TH2

avTrj 7reXa<; <tov' p,^]KeT dXXoae (TKoireu 246

title: Page:Sophocles (Storr 1919) v2.djvu/258


text:
Page:Sophocles (Storr 1919) v2.djvu/260

 Airi20O5 OL/jLoi, TL Xevaao);

OPE5TH2 Tiva (po^el; riv ayvo€i<;;

Airi20O2 TLVWV TTOT CLvBpMV iv fl€(TOC<; apKVdTCLTOL^

7re7rTft)%' o Tr}fM(ov;

OPE5TH5

ov yap alaOdvec irdXai ^(bvTa<; ^ Oavovcnv ovveic dvTavBa<; Xcra;

Airi20O2 oi/jLOL, ^vvfJKa TOVTTo^' OV yap eaO^ otto)? 1480 00 ovK Up6(TTr]<; eao o 7rpo(7(p(ovo)V e/iie,

OPE2TH2

Kal pbdvTL^ MV dpiaTo<; ia(f>dWov iraXac,

Airi20O5 oXcoXa Brj BeiXaiof;. dXXd fxoi irdpe^ Kav ajxiKpov eliTelv.

HAEKTPA

yu-77 irepa Xeyecv ea 7r/oo9 OeSyv, dBeX^e, jUirjBe /jl7]/cvv€lv Xoyov^, TL yap fipOToyv dv avv /caKol<; /Jbe/My/ubevcov OvyaKeiv fjiiXXcov ov y^povov KepBo^ ^epot; dXX^ ft)9 rd'X^Lcrra Krelve Kal Kravoov irpoOe^i racpevcriv, d)v tovK eiKOf; iari Tvy')(^dveLv, aTTOTTTOV r^fiMV ft)? ijjiol ToB^ dv KaK(OV 1490 [xovov ykvoiTO rSyv irdXai Xvrijpiov.

OPE2TH2 ')(copolv rois MSS. , Tyrwhitt corr.

248

title: Page:Sophocles (Storr 1919) v2.djvu/260


text:
Page:Sophocles (Storr 1919) v2.djvu/262

 Airi20O2 Tt 8' 69 SoyLtou? dyec^ fie; ttw?, toB^ el Kaov Tovpyov, (TKOTOV Set fcov 7rp6)(^6Lpoi el Kravetv;

OPE2TH2 /jLTf Tciacre' %ft>/)et S* evOairep KareKravef; warepa rov ajioVy w? av ev ravTw 6dvrj<;,

Airi20O2 17 irdcr avdyKT) rrjvSe ttjv (JTeyrv IBelv rd T ovra koI fjueXKovTa YieXoirihoiv kuku;

OPE2TH2

ra yovv <7** eyco aroi fjidvTL<; el/M Twvh^ aKpo<;,

Airi20O2 aXX* ov Trarp^av rrjv re')(yr}v iKo/jLiraaa^, 1500

OPE2TH2

TToXV dvTccp covets, r) 8' 0S09 /SpaSwerai, aXX' ep^

Airi20O2 v<f)r]yov.

OPE2TH2

<7ol /SaBia-reov 7rapo9.

Airi20O2 77 yLt^ (f)vyGy ere;

OPE2TH2

/U.^ /xez^ ovv Ka&* rjBovrjv 6dvr)<^' (f)vd^at Bet fie rovro aoi iriKpov. XPV^ 8' et'^L'9 elvac TrjvBe to?9 iraaLv Blkt/v, 6(TTL<; Trepa Trpdacretv rt tmv vo/jlcov OiXei, KTeiveiv to yap nravovpyov ovk av rjv iroXv,

X0P02 (a GTrepp! ^Krpecd';, C09 iroWd iradov Bi eXevOepla^ /jl6Xl<; i^rjXSe^ rfj vvv 6p/jL§ TeXecoOiv, 1510 250

title: Page:Sophocles (Storr 1919) v2.djvu/262


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 Rh and temptations, that so he might the more readily suffer for us, who in so many things suffered with us: and one with God the Father in his divine nature, that so by the vertue of his sufferings and resurrection he might be able both to satisfie justice, to justifie our persons, to sanctifie our nature, to purifie and perfume our services, to raise our dead bodies, and to present us to his Father a glorious Church without spot or wrinkle. He must be man pure and undefiled; man, that he might suffer, it being no way fit that one having no communion with another, should make satisfaction by suffering for anothers fault: Man pure and undefiled, otherwise he could not have satisfied for himself, much lesse for them that had so grievously offended. He must be man, that he might have compassion on them that come unto God through him: and pure and undefiled, that his Sacrifice being pure and without spot, might be acceptable and pleasing to provoked justice. He must be God that he might beare the weight of Gods wrath without sinking under it, be the King and Head of the Church, defend his people against the enemies of their Salvation, send forth his Spirit into the hearts of his redeemed, and receive from them such divine worship as was due to so great and gracious a Saviour. He must be man, our neere kinsman, that he might have right of redemption, be a mercifull and faithfull high Priest, in all things like unto his brethren. He must be God, that by his death he might overcome death, and him that had the power of death, that is, the devill, free us from the guilt of sinne, and curse of the Law, and preserve his redeemed unto his everlasting Kingdome. He must be God and man in one person, and so of a middle condition between God and us, in that both the natures of God and man doe concurre and are conjoyned in his person, that he might joyne God and man in a firme and stable Covenant of friendship and reconciliation: and be the root, fountaine and beginning of supernaturall and spirituall being, in whom the whole nature of mankind should be found in a more eminent sort then it was in Adam. The horrour of sinne was so grievous, the curse of the Law so terrible, the price of redemption so great, that a meer creature could not take away the one, or pay the other: and that man might not fall away as he had done under the former Covenant, our Mediatour, who was the foundation of this new Covenant, did assume our humane nature unto his divine person.


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Rh Kling tau ajeh. Kling can do wonders. Ajeh iya datai. Perform a miracle and cause him to come. Aku ajeh iya mati. I wish him to die.

Aji {beaji or baji}, the Moon rat (Malay tikus bulan, Gymnura Raffles!}, a title of the Dyak fairy god Kling. Kling Aji brani. The god Kling Aji who is brave. Kling Aji ti brani tau srang. The god Kling Aji who is brave and can lead an army.

Ajok (v.f. ngajok; beajok or bajok}, to pierce, thrust, dip (i. e. to pierce the water J. Iya ngajok ka tunjok di tekarig asi. With his finger he pierced a lump of cooked rice.

Ajop (beajop or bajop}, tweezers, pincers.

Ajum (v.f. ngajnm ; beajum or bajum), to pierce, poke, encourage, incite. Ajum iya enggau jako aivak ka iya nyadi belaya. Say something to incite him to quarrel.

Aka (beaka or baka}, a bosom friend, a form of address to an elderly brother or sister, or, to an elder not related.

Akai! I Alas ! Oh ! Eh ! An exclamation of wonder or pain. Akai indai ! Oh dear !

Akal (v. f. ngakal; beakal or bakal}, s. cunning, craft, wiliness (not necessarily in a bad sense), v. to delude, deceive. Suah kami ngakal nuan. We have often deceived you. Akai pengaiwa tu. Use stratagem in doing this work. Jai akal iya enggau aku. Evil was his cunning toward me.

Akan. (beakan or bakari), a polite' form of address to young nephews or nieces, also used by old men to young persons.

Akap (v. f. ngakap; beakap or bakaff), s. thought, reasoning, v. to think (a short form of chakap}. Aku ngakap ka dulu. I think over it first, Akap, usually ban akap, the mouldy smell which rice has when kept too long.

Akar (beakar or bakar}, a creeper, any thing that can be used for binding purposes. Kami ka ngambi akar entuyut enggau beru mah. We are going to take the monkey-cup creeper binders for house building. Akar bar. A flexible coral (Gorgonid) of -which bracelets are sometimes made.

Akas (beakas or bakas}, the screw pine (pandanus) the leaves of which are used for making mats. Aku ka ngiga tikai akas dua lambar. I am going to look for two akas mats.

Akeh {beakeh. or bakeh}, a companion, friend. Dudok akeh. Sit down friend.

Aki (beaki or baki}, grandfather. Aki puyong. Great-grandfather Aki umboh. Great great-grandfather. datu. Great-great great-grandfather. Aki ini. Ancestors.

Akit ( beakit or bakit), for rakit, a raft.

Aku, I, me. Aku- ka nemuai. I am going on a journey. Bri ka aku. Give me.

Aku (v. f. ngaku; beaku or baku}, to confess, acknowledge, own, claim. Aku penyalah nuan. Confess your crime. Sida enggai nga ku menyadi sida They will not acknowledge their brother. Aku benda iya. Claim his jar.

Ala, or ala-ala, uncooked (of rice, vegetables, etc.) Engkayu tu agi ala. This vegetable is still uncooked.

Alah (v. f. ngalah; bealah or balah}, beaten, to subdue, vanquish, be able, can, could. Sida ngalah ka bala China. They vanquished the Chinese army. Nya alah kerja aku. I can do that work (i. e. can get the better of that work). Ni alah kitai ngada ka iya pinang salalul How can we always supply him with pinang ? Alah ma nuan utai tu ! Can you carry this?

Alai (bealai or balai}, place, room, reason, cause. Nadai alai agi di bangkong iya. There is no more room in his boat. Alai nuan bejalai. The place you walk in. Bri alai! Give room ! Nya alai nadai. For that reason there is none.

Alai, adv. therefore, as a term denoting command or entreaty. Iya enda ninga ka ajar nya alai iya sakit- He listens to no advice therefore he is ill. Bejalai alai! Go ! Walk on ! Be off! Alai bejalai nuan. Please go.

Alam (short form of dalam,} inside.

Alan (bealan or balan}, a resting or starting place. (This word is a short form of palan}.

Alang, a beam

Alang, or alang-alang, adj. insufficient, v. to do things by halves or in a half-hearted way; a proper name, m. Alang pemakai. Insufficient food. Alang jako iya leboh bechara. When his case was heard he said little. Alangalang aku bekerja. I do my work in a half hearted manner.

Alap, condition, state, fate. Alap utai nya udah badas digaga orang dibali nuan baru nyau jai. That thing which was made by others was in good condition, but you altered it and it has become worthless.

Alap, the name of a spirit. Antu Alap indai Anggat. The spirit Alap the mother of Anggat.

Alar (bealar or balar), sickness resulting from blood poisoning. (The pain commences with fever and only lasts a few days ; persons with elephantiasis are subject to alar).

Alas (bealas or balas}, foundation (Malay, introduced’in the translation of the New Test.) a species of jar value from ^io to nominal Dyak value two panding. [See Appendix, Dyak Fines.]

Alau {bealau or balau}—usually buntak alau, a locust. Untai kami rusak laban buntakalau. Our paddy farms are destroyed by the locusts.

Alau, an exclamation of assent, surprise, or to draw another’s attention. Alau me! I will. Alau! Look here ! or I say, come on ! Alau uji ! Come and try ! Alau bejako! Come and talk it over.

Alau-alau (bealau-alau or balau-alau}, a railing or support. Tanju iya digaga ka alaualau. He made a railing to his verandah. Iya nyau ka alau-alau aku bejalai. He be came my support when I walked.

Alir (v. f. ngalir; bealir or balir}, s. A species of hook for crocodiles, v. to catch crocodiles with the hook and line. Suah iya ngalir jagu ti makai anak mensia. He often catches crocodiles that eat men. Alir iya enda kala enda bulih. His hook never misses.


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 of this lower register, and frequently made use of it. The words "Spotted snakes" have a curious triplet accompaniment for two flutes in unison on the low D, Midsummer Night's Dream, Scherzo. and E, and at the words "Beetles black approach not near" they shake on the low C♮ and E respectively with thrilling effect. In the Nocturne we find most charming , Midsummer Night's Dream, Nocturne. writing for the flutes; notice the effective shakes. Mendelssohn is continually giving delicate little trills to the flutese.g., the scherzo in his "Reformation"


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 266

the eternall Sonne of God, being ordained of the Father to this office of Mediatorship, that he might intercede between God and man, and joyne God and man in one, did assume our nature into the unity of his person, and was born of a woman, that he might save and call sinners, and redeeme them who were under the Law, and shut up under the curse of the Law.

The second person in Trinity, the Son of God by nature, the Image of the Father, by whom all things were made, was made man, that he might renew what was disordered by sinne, and make us the sonnes of God by grace and adoption, who were by nature the children of wrath, it being fit our redemption should be wrought by the Sonne, and sealed by the holy Spirit. For whereas a double mission was necessary, the one to reconcile, the other to give gifts to reconciled friends: the Father being of none, sent his Sonne, the first proceeding person to take our nature and make satisfaction: the Father and the Sonne both send the Spirit, the second proceeding person, to seale up them that Christ hath redeemed by his bloud. And who was fitter to become the Sonne of man, then he that was by nature the Sonne of God? who could be fitter to make us the Sonnes of God by grace and adoption, then he that was the Sonne of God by nature? who fitter to repaire the Image of God decayed in us, then he by whom at first man was made after the Image of God? Thus Christ was a fit and equall middle person, conjoyned by the bands of friendly society, and peaceable agreement with both the parties, God and men, that he might be a Mediatour of reconciliation and peace betweene God and man. He tooke unto him the sanctified nature of man, that therein he might draw neere unto men, and be the root of them that are sanctified; and retained the nature of God, that so he might not depart from God.

Here it is questioned, according to which nature Christ is Mediatour, whether as man only, or as God and man. That he is a Mediatour according to the concurrence of both natures in the unity of his person, it is confessed by all; for if he were not both God and man, he could not mediate between God and man: but whether he be a Mediatour according to both natures concurring in the worke of Mediation, there be some that make question. Our resolution is, that Christ is Mediatour according to both


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the humane nature doing that which pertained to the humanity, and the divine nature that which pertained to the divinity, but the humane and divine both concurring to produce one act or work of Mediatorship. As the divine and humane nature concurre to make one Christ, so the acts of the divine and humane nature, distinct in vertue and operation, by co-operation concurre to make up the same work of Mediation. Some of the works of Christ the Mediatour, were the works of his humanity in respect of the thing done, and had their efficacy, dignity and value from his divinity, in that they were the works of him that had the divinity dwelling bodily in him: and some the works of his divinity, the humane nature concurring only instrumentally, as the remitting of sins, the giving of the Spirit, the raising of the dead, and such like. The works of Ministery, the Sonne of God performed them in the nature of man. It was the Sonne of God and Lord of life, that died for us on the Crosse, but it was the nature of man, not of God wherein he died. The works of Authority and power were all performed by the divine nature, yet not without an instrumentall concurrence of the nature of man. Christ suffered as man, but the divine nature did support and sustaine the humane. He died as man, as God he overcame death, conquered, and rose againe: as man he was made an offering for our sins, the worth and value of the Sacrifice was from the divinity. The two natures in Christ be distinct in their essence and properties, and so in their operations, that we must not imagine one action of both natures: but as the natures be united in one person, so the operations concurre to make up one work of a Mediatour. Many chiefe, necessary and essentiall acts concerning our reconciliation with God, are from the Deity of Christ as from the next, proper, immediate and formall beginning. The Incarnation of Christ is from the Deity, which did assume the humanity, which when it was not, could not assume it selfe. The manifestation of God was a work truly divine, from the humanity of Christ as an instrument, from the Deity as the true cause. Christ as man teacheth as an instrument, and Christ the Word teacheth as Mediatour: for he is not only Mediatour, who supplyeth the roome of an instrument: but the Deity did move the humanity as his instrument, that is, personally united, and not as anothers. To lay down his life passively belongs to the flesh, to lay down


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 first by slow degrees and by increasing momentum, going from bad to worse as they proceed. Time is an element in such changes, and I contend that the Negroes of the South have not had time to experience this great change and reach this lower depth of infamy. On the contrary, in point of fact, they have been, and still are, improving and ascending to higher and still higher levels of moral and social worth.

Again I utterly deny the charge on the fundamental ground that those who bring the charge do not and dare not give the Negro a chance to be heard in his own defence. He is not allowed to show the deceptive conditions out of which the charge has originated. He is not allowed to vindicate his own character from blame, or to criminate the character and motives of his accusers. Even the mobocrats themselves admit that it would be fatal to their purpose to have the character of the Negro's accusers brought into court. They pretend to a delicate regard for the feelings of the parties alleged to have been assaulted. They are too modest to have them brought into court. They are, therefore, for lynching and against giving a fair trial to the accused. This excuse, it is needless to say, is contemptible and hypocritical. It is not only mock modesty, but mob modesty. Men who can hundreds and thousands of their kind, if we believe them, thirsting for vengeance, and can spread before them in the tempest and whirlwind of vulgar passion, the most disgusting details of crime, connecting the names of women with the same, should not be allowed to shelter themselves under any pretence of modesty. Such a pretence is absurd and shameless upon the face of it. Who does not know that the modesty of womanhood is always and in every such case an object for special protection in a court of law? On the other hand, who does not know that a lawless mob, composed in part of the basest men, can have no such respect for the modesty of women, as has a court of law. No woman need be ashamed to confront one who has insulted or assaulted her in any court of law. Besides, innocence does not hesitate to come to the rescue of justice, and need not even in this case.


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 Symphony. The finale of this symphony appropriately opens with the German chorale "Eine feste Burg ist unser Gott" in G major (in its original form, and not as used by Bach and Meyerbeer) on the first flute absolutely alone. "The grand old air thus heard alone and on one instrument comes like a response from the skies [to the prayer in the preceding andante], and its introduction is perhaps the most impressive that could be conceived." In the andante to the "Italian" Symphony Mendelssohn uses the soft notes of the middle register to produce a feeling of desolation, and by way of contrast gives very lively solo parts to the two flutes in the subsequent "Salterello."

Next to his use of the flute to produce an impalpable, sylph-like effect ("He brought the fairies into the orchestra and fixed them there."Sir G. ), Mendelssohn's most outstanding feature in the treatment of the instrument is his use of rapid, iterated chords, often in triplets, on flutes and other wood-wind instrumentsa device previously used by Bach, Beethoven, and Weber, and .St. Paul, "Jerusalem."


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 44 while the Tarikh-i-Rashidi mentions:—

(1.) Muhammad Khan,

(2.) Shama-i-Jahán,

(3.) Nakhsh-i-Jahán,

The passage taken from Dr. Bretschneider's version of the Ming history runs thus :—

"After Yung-lo acceded to the throne he sent an envoy with a letter and presents to the King of Bie-shi-ba-li. But at that time Hei-di-rh-ho-djo had died, and had been succeeded by his son Sha-mi-cha-gan. The latter sent in the next year an embassy to the emperor, offering as tribute a block of rude jade and fine horses. The envoy was well treated and rewarded. At that time it had happened that An-ko Tie-mu-rh, Prince of Hami, had been poisoned by Gui-li-chi, Khan of the Mongols, and Sha-mi-cha-gan made war on the latter. The emperor was thankful, and sent an envoy with presents to him, exhorting the King to be on good terms with To-to, the Prince of Hami.

"In 1406 Sha-mi-cha-gan sent tribute, and the emperor accordingly despatched Liu Tie-mu-rh, a high officer, with presents to Bie-shi-ba-li. In the year 1407 Sha-mi-cha-gan presented three times tribute. His envoys had been ordered to solicit the assistance of Chinese troops for reconquering Sa-ma-rh-han, which country, as they stated, had formerly belonged to Bie-shi-ba-li. The emperor sent his eunuchs, Pa Tai and Li Ta, together with Liu Tie-mu-rh, to Bie-shi-ba-li to inquire cautiously into the matter. The envoys presented silk stuffs to the King, and were well received. They returned home in the next year, and brought the intelligence that Sha-mi-cha-gan was deceased, and his younger brother, Ma-ha-ma, had succeeded him. The emperor then sent the same envoys once more to Bie-shi-ba-li, to offer a sacrifice in memory of the late King and bestow presents on Ma-ha-ma. When, in 1410, imperial envoys on their way to Sa-ma-rh-han passed through Bie-shi-ba-li, they were well treated by Ma-ha-ma, who in the next year despatched an embassy to the Chinese court, offering fine horses and a wen pao (leopard).


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CHAP. I.

sooner had the struggling soul escaped from the clay-cold body of Count Renaud, than his eldest son, Count Rhodophil, hastened to the library, and opening the secret cabinet, where his late father usually deposited his papers of consequence, after a strict examination of the contents, returned to the anti-chamber, on the floor of which lay extended his brother, the deeply-afflicted Ferdinand, just recovering


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 from a fainting fit, and overwhelmed with inexpressible anguish.

"Brother!" said Rhodophil, in an accent of grief and tenderness, "Brother! here is my father's will, and I have little doubt but that you will find he was your father also, and that, however severely his resentment was expressed in his life-time, he has not extended it beyond the grave, nor forgotten, in the disposal of his effects, that he had a younger son, and a grand-child."

Ferdinand, who had been lifted from the floor, turning his eyes on his brother with a look of fixed sorrow, exclaimed, "His will! Alas! what have I to do with that? He expired without seeing me, without granting me, all I ever wished for, or expected, his pardon, and his blessing! O, Rhodophil! my friend—my brother—why, why did you not urge him to pronounce me forgiven in his last moments, to revoke that