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title: User:Brad606/TUB09


text: Page:กม ร ๘ - ๒๔๗๘ fixed.pdf/1257

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Page:กม ร ๘ - ๒๔๗๘ fixed.pdf/1257


text:
Page:Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society (IA journalof283018951897roya).pdf/11

 TABLE OF CONTENTS.


text: Page:Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society (IA journalof283018951897roya).pdf/132


text:
Page:Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society (IA journalof283018951897roya).pdf/133

 TABLE OF CONTENTS.


text: Page:Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society (IA journalof283018951897roya).pdf/218


text:
Page:กม ร ๘ - ๒๔๗๘ fixed.pdf/1258

 if the cases are before a municipal court, when the single judge has considered the evidence therein and found that the punishment of the accused should be imprisonment over six months or a fine over two hundred baht, the municipal court shall send its opinion and the files to the Criminal Court or provincial court, as the case may be, for adjudication;

and has the powers—

to examine and give decisive rulings on motions or applications submitted to the court in civil cases, save where the interpleading or requesting parties are the plaintiffs or defendants;

to conduct preliminary examinations and give orders in all criminal cases.

In other courts of first instance than municipal courts, a judicial panel to try and adjudicate upon all civil and criminal cases must be established by at least two judges.

When judges cannot sit in full panel for trying a case, the judges sitting for trying such case shall have the power to invite persons of the following characteristics to sit as substitute judges in order that the panel be complete:

title: Page:กม ร ๘ - ๒๔๗๘ fixed.pdf/1258


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Page:กม ร ๘ - ๒๔๗๘ fixed.pdf/1259

 being qualified, mutatis mutandis, according to section 20 of the Act on Rules for Civil Officials, 2476 Buddhist Era; provided, however, that the age must be twenty-five years or more;

being regular or irregular public officials at the division or higher level, or being Siamese barristers, or having been conferred with foreign bachelor's degrees, certificates, or degrees of law.

When any person has been invited to serve as a substitute judge assisting in trying a case as said above, a report shall be made to the Minister of Justice with dispatch.

If the person invited to serve as a substitute judge is recused, the judges trying the case shall further invite another person to serve as a substitute judge. Any act done by the court prior to the recusal shall remain valid.

A panel competent to try and adjudicate upon cases must be established by, in an appellate court, at least two judges or, in the Supreme Court of Justice, at least three judges.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS.


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RV 77 (SESSIONAL PAPER No. 41) tories, and factories producing arms, munitions and explosives capable of being used by aircraft, to visit all aerodromes, sheds, landing grounds, parks and depots, to authorize, where necessary, a removal of material and to take delivery of such material.

The German Government must furnish to the Aeronautical Inter-Allied Commission of Control all such information and legislative, administrative or other documents which the Commission may consider necessary to ensure the complete execution of the air clauses, and in particular a list of the personnel belonging to all the German Air Services, and of the existing material, as well as of that in process of manufacture or on order, and a list of all establishments working for aviation, of their positions, and of all sheds and landing grounds.

After the expiration of a period of three months from the coming into force of the present Treaty, the German laws must have been modified and shall be maintained by the German Government in conformity with this Part of the present Treaty.

Within the same period all the administrative or other measures relating to the execution of this Part of the Treaty must have been taken.

The following portions of the Armistice of November 11, 1918: Article VI, the first two and the sixth and seventh paragraphs of Article VII; Article IX; Clauses I, II and V of Annex No. 2, and the protocol, dated April 4, 1919, Supplementing the Armistice of November 11, 1918, remain in force so far as they are not inconsistent with the above stipulations.

So long as the present Treaty remains in force, Germany undertakes to give every facility for any investigation which the Council of the League of Nations, acting if need be by a majority vote, may consider necessary.


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640 He has learned not only how to see, but what to see, and how best to represent what he sees. A teacher of the most advanced students of Art and Nature, he offers himself now as a teacher of beginners; and this little book of his contains a course of instruction admirably adapted not only to teach drawing, but also to teach the object and end for which it is worth while to learn to draw. "I would rather teach drawing," says Mr. Kuskin, in his Preface, "that my pupils may learn to love Nature, than teach the looking at Nature that they may learn to draw." And no one can study Mr. Ruskin's book without gaining a profounder sense of the infinite beauty and variety of Nature, and of the unfathomable stores of her freely lavished riches,—or without acquiring clearer perceptions of this beauty, and of its relations to the Divine government and order of the world.

Mr. Ruskin's book is essentially a practical one. His long experience as teacher of drawing in the Working-Men's College has given him knowledge of and sympathy with the perplexities and difficulties of beginners. It is a book for children of twelve or fourteen years old; and it is especially fitted for circulation in district and school libraries. All teachers of schools, in which drawing forms a part of the course, will find invaluable hints and directions in it. In every case, the English edition—which is easily obtainable, and at a very moderate price—should be procured, not merely for the sake of the original illustrations, but also as a mark of respect and gratitude to the author.

In an Appendix containing many wise and genial directions with regard to "Things to be studied" is a passage concerning Books, which we quote for its coincidence of opinion with our own views expressed in the January Number, and for the sake of enforcing its recommendations.

"I cannot, of course, suggest the choice of your library to you; every several mind needs different books; but there are some books which we all need; and assuredly, if you read Homer, Plato, Æschylus, Herodotus, Dante, Shakspeare, and Spenser, as much as you ought, you will not require wide enlargement of shelves to right and left of them for purposes of perpetual study. Among modern books, avoid generally magazine and review literature. Sometimes it may contain a useful abridgment or a wholesome piece of criticism; but the chances are ten to one it will either waste your time or mislead you Avoid especially that class of literature which has a knowing tone; it is the most poisonous of all. Every good book, or piece of book, is full of admiration and awe; it may contain firm assertion or stern satire, but it never sneers coldly nor asserts haughtily, and it always leads you to reverence or love something with your whole heart A common book will often give you much amusement, but it is only a noble book which will give you dear friends. Remember, also, that it is of less importance to you, in your earlier years, that the books you read should be clever, than that they should be right; I do not mean oppressively or repulsively instructive, but that the thoughts they express should be just, and the feelings they excite generous. It is not necessary for you to read the wittiest or the most suggestive books; it is better, in general, to hear what is already known and may be simply said Certainly at present, and perhaps through all your life, your teachers are wisest when they make you content in quiet virtue, and that literature and art are best for you which point out, in common life and familiar things, the objects for hopeful labor and for humble love." pp. 347-350.


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234 liberately to heighten the impression of medievalism or seventeenth century quaintness which is often present in his style.

Thompson's sentence structure often delays the reader, for one reason or another, mere length of sentence, involved expression, the omission of a verb or pronoun or both.

Some readers will no doubt find in these things a positive charm, but Thompson is not likely, because of them, to win a very wide fame.

In his stanzaic structure he again escapes the commonplace. Only twenty-three of the seventy-two poems contained in his two volumes (excluding 'Sister Songs') have any regularly repeated stanza form, and, except six sonnets, only three of these forms are ever exactly duplicated by him. Compared with the markedly unoriginal form of many modern poets, his variety is a welcome thing.

The finest of his work takes the form of odes, and this, considered with the very small number of his sonnets, seems significant of the fact that at his best he is the poet of a strong and powerful emotion which will not be contained in the regular levels of repeated stanzas, but which is entirely under his control once he has a free enough form for its expression. His quickly varying thoughts and emotions need a variable meter, which he finds in his odes, where, with iambic tetrameter or pentameter for a norm, he contracts or stretches his line from one to sixteen or twenty syllables. This rapidly changing mode of expression which can hardly grow monotonous explains in some measure the fact that Thompson, with all his subtlety and depth of thought, has a wonderful ability to sustain the fervor and exaltation of his poetry, so that even when a reader loses sight of the sequence of thought he stills feels the emotion, and when both thought and emotion have become clear, the irregular form to which he becomes accustomed, slowly, keeps the poem fresh.

It is not possible to learn the order in which the poems were written. Except for three poems saved for separate comment,


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RV 78 (SESSIONAL PAPER No. 41)

The repatriation of prisoners of war and interned civilians shall take place as soon as possible after the coming into force of the present Treaty and shall be carried out with the greatest rapidity.

The repatriation of German prisoners of war and interned civilians shall, in accordance with Article 214, be carried out by a Commission composed of representatives of the Allied and Associated Powers on the one part and of the German Government on the other part.

For each of the Allied and Associated Powers a Sub-Commission, composed exclusively of Representatives of the interested Power and of Delegates of the German Government, shall regulate the details of carrying into effect the repatriation of the prisoners of war.

From the time of their delivery into the hands of the German authorities the prisoners of war and interned civilians are to be returned without delay to their homes by the said authorities.

Those amongst them who before the war were habitually resident in territory occupied by the troops of the Allied and Associated Powers are likewise to be sent to their homes, subject to the consent and control of the military authorities of the Allied and Associated armies of occupation.

The whole cost of repatriation from the moment of starting shall be borne by the German Government who shall also provide the land and sea transport and staff considered necessary by the Commission referred to in Article 215.

Prisoners of war and interned civilians awaiting disposal or undergoing sentence for offences against discipline shall be repatriated irrespective of the completion of their sentence or of the proceedings pending against them.

This stipulation shall not apply to prisoners of war and interned civilians punished for offences committed subsequent to May 1, 1919.

During the period pending their repatriation all prisoners of war and interned civilians shall remain subject to the existing regulations, more especially as regards work and discipline.


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Rh contained in the present number, is £3 12s., or without the rolling press, fox Which an ordinary copying press may be substituted, £2 2s. The gelatine plates, when used, will be exchanged for new ones by the patentee, win very low price. Each plate will yield from 150 to 200 perfect copies, according to the style of drawing, When larger plumbers are required, the best plan is to take am impression, while the plate is at its best, with transfer ink on transfer paper; if this be sent to a lithographer, more than 5,000 prints can be obtained from each of such impressions, thus multiplying, almost indefinitely, the number of exact facsimiles which can be produced. There is a great advantage in being able to transfer to stone, as any number of sketches can be combined together, or with letter-press printing. The latter is elected by taking an impression from the type with transfer ink, which can then be placed upon the stone with the drawing.

The autographic process is superior to lithography in the delicacy of its results. The only care required in making drawings for this purpose is to keep the lines us fine as possible, and to use only open shading. It is especially applicable to cases where only a limited number of copies is required, as for circulars, examination papers, music, &c., which can be printed at home, but, above all, for securing a record of any original microscopical or other observation; the drawing can he made without any elaborate preparation, and the absolute fidelity of the copies ensured. W. B. G.

Want of space compels the compression of the monthly meteorological article, so that, instead of printing the remarks from each station in full, we must be content with a general summary. Notwithstanding this, we trust that every observer will continue to favour us with as many details as possible. especially of any remarkable occurrences, and of those facts in relation to animal and vegetable life which impart to meteorology much meaning and interest. We have quoted the references by our observers to the now famous "Eurydice squall” of the 24th of March in a special note,

March opened with charming and genial weather, "Coming in likea lamb," but it left us with a very ill grace, "Going out like a lion," thus literally reversing the old proverb. Temperature rose to 61° at Sedgley, on the 7th; and to 60° at Belvoir Castle (7th.) Worksop (1st.) and Dudley (1st.) The nights were very cold from the 22nd to the end of the month. the Cheltenham return of 12.2° (and on the grass 8.5°) on the night of the 25th, being very remarkable, Rainfall was decidedly below the average, and in most places the heavy land was so hard and dry that sowing was rendered impossible. Frequent falls of snow were experienced in the last week, those of the 27th and 28th covering the ground to a depth of 4in, or 6in. At Much Wenlock buttercups were in blossom on the 3rd, and the Wood Anemone on the 6th; Coltsfoot, Daffodil, and Palm, near Hereford, on the 7th. The Chiffchaff was heard at Kibworth on the 21st, and the small Bat seen flying near Stroud on the evening of the 3rd. The remarkable squall of the 24th is noticed separately.


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 of course, carried it before him, and with the crinoline, of course, went my aunt.

But nobody knew the explanation. My aunt herself did not know what had happened. Nobody had seen the dog creep inside the crinoline. All that the people did see was a staid and eminently respectable middle-aged lady suddenly, and without any apparent reason, throw her umbrella down in the road, fly up the High Street at the rate of ten miles an hour, rush across it at the imminent risk of her life, dart down it again on the other side, rush sideways, like an excited crab, into a grocer's shop, run three times round the shop, upsetting the whole stock-in-trade, come out of the shop backwards and knock down a postman, dash into the roadway and spin round twice, hover for a moment, undecided, on the curb, and then away up the hill again, as if she had only just started, all


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RV 79 (SESSIONAL PAPER No. 41)

Prisoners of war and interned civilians who are awaiting disposal or undergoing sentence for offences other than those against discipline may be detained.

The German Government undertakes to admit to its territory without distinction all persons liable to repatriation.

Prisoners of war or other German nationals who do not desire to be repatriated may be excluded from repatriation; but the Allied and Associated Governments reserve to themselves the right either to repatriate them or to take them to a neutral country or to allow them to reside in their own territories.

The German Government undertakes not to institute any exceptional proceedings against these persons or their families nor to take any repressive or vexatious measures of any kind whatsoever against them on this account.

The Allied and Associated Governments reserve the right to make the repatriation of German prisoners of war or German nationals in their hands conditional upon the immediate notification and release by the German Government of any prisoners of war who are nationals of the Allied and Associated Powers and may still be in Germany.

Germany undertakes:—

(1) To give every facility to Commissioners to inquire into the cases of those who cannot be traced; to furnish such Commissions with all necessary means of transport; to allow them access to camps, prisons, hospitals and all other places; and to place at their disposal all documents, whether public or private, which would facilitate their inquiries;

(2) To impose penalties upon any German officials or private persons who have concealed the presence of any nationals of any of the Allied and Associated Powers or have neglected to reveal the presence of any such after it had come to their knowledge.

Germany undertakes to restore without delay from the date of the coming into force of the present Treaty all articles, money, securities and documents which have belonged to nationals of the Allied and Associated Powers and which have been retained by the German authorities.

The High Contracting Parties waive reciprocally all repayment of sums due for the maintenance of prisoners of war in their respective territories.

The Allied and Associated Governments and the German Government will cause to be respected and maintained the graves of the soldiers and sailors buried in their respective territories.


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Rh the order followed here is simply the order in which they appear in the three volumes, 'Poems,' 'Sister Songs' and 'New Poems.' In the tables of contents the poems are grouped as follows:

In 'Poems' the first group, called 'Love in Dian's Lap,' is a series of seven love poems. They represent some of the less interesting and perhaps some of the poorest of Thompson's work (though that means neither that they are uninteresting or poor). It is here that he is most the seventeenth century writer; the poems are full of quaint phrases, extravagant fancies, artful metaphors. It is unlike Thompson to be imitative or to be obviously conscious of his art, and the poems of this first group lack his usual spontaneity, though they seem entirely sincere. They are very striking on a first reading, being wholly different from other love


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RV 80 (SESSIONAL PAPER No. 41) They agree to recognize any Commission appointed by an Allied or Associated Government for the purpose of identifying, registering, caring for or erecting suitable memorials over the said graves and to facilitate the discharge of its duties.

Furthermore they agree to afford, so far as the provisions of their laws and the requirements of public health allow, every facility for giving effect to requests that the bodies of their soldiers and sailors may be transferred to their own country.

The graves of prisoners of war and interned civilians who are nationals of the different belligerent States and have died in captivity shall be properly maintained in accordance with Article 225 of the present Treaty.

The Allied and Associated Governments on the one part and the German Government on the other part reciprocally undertake also to furnish to each other:

(1) A complete list of those who have died together with all information useful for identification;

(2) All information as to the number and position of the graves of all those who have been buried without identification.


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 NOTES ON THE FOLK-LORE AND POPULAR RELIGION OF THE MALAYS.

HE folk-lore and the popular religious beliefs and practices of any race form a wide subject which it is hardly possible to compress within the limits of a short paper. I do not propose here to give a complete survey of the subject, but merely to offer a few notes illustrating the general character of Malay ideas and customs under this head so far as they have come within my own personal observation.

A good deal has been written on these matters, and amongst other papers I would refer particularly to that by Mr. W. E. MAXWELL, which appeared in the seventh number of the Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, in 1881. The chief point made in that paper is the thoroughly non-Muhammadan character of many of the common Malay beliefs and practices. That characteristic is also perhaps the only one that I can claim to illustrate.

Malays in the country districts are in fact only superficially Muhammadan. It is true they often carry out all the ritual precepts of that religion: many of them pray the required number of times daily, most attend the Mosque with decent regularity on Fridays, and a fair proportion (but by no means all) keep the fast of Ramadhan. But to their Muhammadan observances they superadd a good many practices which, from the Muhammadan point of view, are at least unorthodox, in fact almost pagan, and which can often be traced to a heathen origin.

For instance, although officially the religious centre of the village community is the Mosque, there is usually in every


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 small district a holy place known as a kramat, at which vows are paid on special occasions, and which is invested with a very high degree of reverence and sanctity.

These kramats abound in Malacca territory; there is hardly a village but can boast some two or three in its immediate neighbourhood, and they are perfectly well known to all the inhabitants.

Theoretically, kramats are supposed to be the graves of deceased holy men, the early apostles of the Muhammadan faith, the first founders of the village who cleared the primeval jungle, or other persons of local notoricty in a former age; and there is no doubt that many of them are that and nothing more. But even so the reverence paid to them and the ceremonies that are performed at them savour a good deal too much of ancestor-worship to be attributable to an orthodox Muhammadan origin.

It is certain, however, that many of these kramats are not graves at all: many of them are in the jungle, on hills and in groves, like the high places of the Old Testament idolatries; they contain no trace of a grave (while those that are found in villages usually have grave-stones) and they appear to be really ancient sites of a primitive nature-worship or the adoration of the spirits of natural objects.

Malays, when asked to account for them, often have recourse to the explanation that they are kramat jin, that is, "spirit"-places; and if a Malay is pressed on the point and thinks that the orthodoxy of these practices is being impugned, he will sometimes add that the jin in question is a jin islam, a Muhammadan and quite orthodox spirit!

Thus on Bukit Nyalas, near the Johol frontier, there is a kramat consisting of a group of granite boulders on a ledge of rock overhanging a sheer descent of a good many feet; bamboo clumps grow on the place, and there were traces of religious rites having been performed there, but no grave whatever. This place was explained to me to be the kramat of one Nakhoda HUSSIN described as a jin (of the orthodox variety) who presides over the water, rain and streams. People occasionally burned incense there to avert drought


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RV 81 (SESSIONAL PAPER No. 41)

The Allied and Associated Powers publicly arraign William II of Hohenzollern, formerly German Emperor, for a supreme offence against international morality and the sanctity of treaties.

A special tribunal will be constituted to try the accused, thereby assuring him the guarantees essential to the right of defence. It will be composed of five judges, one appointed by each of the following Powers: namely, the United States of America, Great Britain, France, Italy and Japan.

In its decision the tribunal will be guided by the highest motives of international policy, with a view to vindicating the solemn obligations of international undertakings and the validity of international morality. It will be its duty to fix the punishment which it considers should be imposed.

The Allied and Associated Powers will address a request to the Government of the Netherlands for the surrender to them of the ex-Emperor in order that he may be put on trial.

The German Government recognizes the right of the Allied and Associated Powers to bring before military tribunals persons accused of having committed acts in violation of the laws and customs of war. Such persons shall, if found guilty, be sentenced to punishments laid down by law. This provision will apply notwithstanding any proceedings or prosecution before a tribunal in Germany or in the territory of her allies.

The German Government shall hand over to the Allied and Associated Powers, or to such one of them as shall so request, all persons accused of having committed an act in violation of the laws and customs of war, who are specified either by name or by the rank, office or employment which they held under the German authorities.

Persons guilty of criminal acts against the nationals of one of the Allied and Associated Powers will be brought before the military tribunals of that Power.

Persons guilty of criminal acts against the nationals of more than one of the Allied and Associated Powers will be brought before military tribunals composed of members of the military tribunals of the Powers concerned.

In every case the accused will be entitled to name his own counsel.

The German Government undertakes to furnish all documents and information of every kind, the production of which may be considered necessary to ensure the full knowledge of the incriminating acts, the discovery of offenders and the just appreciation of responsibility.


text: The Diary of a Pilgrimage/Evergreens

title: The Diary of a Pilgrimage/Evergreens


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 and get enough water for irrigating their fields. There was another kramat of his lower down the hill, also consisting of rocks, one of which was shaped something like a boat. I was informed that this jin is attended by tigers which guard the hill and are very jealous of the intrusion of other tigers from the surrounding country. He is believed to have revealed himself to the original Pawang of the village, the mythical founder of the kampong of Nyalas. In a case like this it seems probable that the name attached to this object of reverence is a later accretion and that under a thin disguise we have here a relic of the worship of the spirit of rivers and streams, a sort of elemental deity, localized in this particular place and still regarded as a proper object of worship and propitiation, in spite of the theoretically strict monotheism of the Muhammadan creed. Again, at another place, the kramat is nothing but a tree, of somewhat singular shape, having a large swelling some way up the trunk. It was explained to me that this tree was connected in a special way with the prospects of local agriculture, the size of the swelling increasing in good years and diminishing in bad seasons! Hence it was naturally regarded with considerable awe by the purely agricultural population of the neighbourhood.

As may be imagined, it is exceedingly difficult to discover any authentic facts regarding the history of these numerous kramats: even where there is some evidence of the existence of a grave, the name of the departed saint is usually the one fact that is remembered, and often even that is forgotten. The most celebrated of the Malacca kramats, the one at Machap, is a representative type of the first class, that in which there really is a grave: it is the one place where a hardened liar respects the sanctity of an oath, and it is occa- sionally visited in connection with civil cases, when the one party challenges the other to take a particular oath: a man who thinks nothing of perjuring himself in the witness box and who might not much mind telling a lie even with the Koran on his head, will flinch before the ordeal of a falsehood in the presence of the "Dato' Machap." The worship there, as with most other kramats, consists of the burning of incense, the


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 the while screaming out at the top of her voice for somebody to stop her!

Of course, everybody thought that she was mad. The people flew before her like chaff before the wind. In less than five seconds the High Street was a desert. The townsfolk scampered into their shops and houses and barricaded the doors. Brave men dashed out and caught up little children and bore them to places of safety amid cheers. Carts and carriages were abandoned, while the drivers climbed up lamp-posts!

What would have happened had the affair gone on much longer—whether my aunt would have been shot, or the fire-engine brought into requisition against her—it is impossible, having regard to the terrified state of the crowd, to say. Fortunately for her, she became exhausted. With one despairing shriek she gave way, and sat down on the dog; and peace reigned once again in that sweet rural town.


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 offering of nasi kunyet (yellow rice) and the killing of goats; but I also noticed a number of live pigeons there which illustrate the practice, common in Buddhist countries, of releasing an animal in order to gain "merit" thereby.

To return to the elemental spirits: it was explained to me by a Malay, with whom I discussed the subject at leisure, that apart from the spirits which are an object of reverence and which when treated with proper deference are usually bene- ficent, there are a variety of others. To begin with, spirits (the word used on this occasion was hantu) are of at least two kinds—wild ones, whose normal habitat is the jungle, and those that are, so to say, domesticated. The latter, which seem to correspond to what in Western magic are called "familiars," vary in character with their owners or the persons to whom they are attached. Thus in this particular village of Bukit Senggeh, a few years ago, there was a good deal of alarm on account of the arrival of two or three strangers believed to be of bad character, who were supposed to keep a familiar spirit of a particularly malignant disposition which was in the habit of attacking people in their sleep by throttling them. One or two cases of this kind occurred, and it was seriously suggested that I should make the matter the subject of a magisterial enquiry, which, however, I did not find it necessary to do. But familiar spirits are by no means necessarily evil: indeed the Pawang (a functionary of whom more will be said later on) keeps a familiar spirit, which in his case is a hantu pŭsâka, that is, an hereditary spirit which runs in the family, in virtue of which he is able to deal sum- marily with the wild spirits of an obnoxious character. The chief point of importance is to keep these wild spirits in their proper place, viz. the jungle, and to prevent them taking up their abode in the villages. For this reason charms are hung up at the borders of the villages, and whenever a wild spirit breaks bounds and encroaches on human habitations it is necessary to get him turned out. Some time ago, one of these objectionable hantus had settled down in a kĕrayong tree in the middle of this same village of Bukit Senggeh, and used to frighten people who passed that way in the dusk: so


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 the Pawang was duly called upon to exorcize it, and under his superintendence the tree was cut down, after which there was no more trouble. But it is certain that it would have been excessively dangerous for an ordinary layman to do so.

This point may be illustrated by a case which was reported. to me soon after it occurred and which again shows the intimate connection of spirits with trees. A Javanese coolie, on the main road near Ayer Panas, cut down a tree which was known to be occupied by a hantu. He was thereupon seized with what from the description appears to have been an epileptic fit and showed all the traditional symptoms of demoniac possession. He did not recover till his friends had carried out the directions of the spirit (speaking through the sufferer's mouth, it seems), viz., to burn incense, offer rice and release a fowl. After which the hantu left him.

In many places there are trees which are pretty generally believed to be the abodes of spirits, and not one Malay in ten would venture to cut one down, while most people would hardly dare to go near one after dark. On one occasion an exceptionally intelligent Malay, with whom I was discussing the terms on which he proposed to take up a contract for clearing the banks of a river, made it an absolute condition that he should not be compelled to cut down a particular tree which overhung the stream, on the ground that it was a "spirit" tree. That tree had to be excluded from the contract.

The accredited intermediary between men and spirits is the person who has already been referred to several times as the Pawang: the Pawang is a functionary of great and traditional importance in a Malay village, though in places near towns the office is falling into abeyance. In the inland districts, however, the Pawang is still a power, and is regarded as part of the constituted order of society, without whom no village community would be complete. It must be clearly understood. that he has nothing whatever to do with the official Muham- madan religion of the Mosque: the village has its regular staff of elders—the Imam, Khatib and Bilal—for the Mosque service. But the Pawang is quite outside this system, and belongs to a different and much older order of ideas; he may


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 be regarded as the legitimate representative of the primitive "medicine-man" or "village sorcerer" and his very existence in these days is an anomaly, though it does not strike Malays as such.

Very often the office is hereditary, or at least the appointment is practically confined to the members of one family. Sometimes it is endowed with certain "properties" handed down from one Pawang to his successor, known as the kaběsâran, or, as it were, regalia. On one occasion I was nearly called upon to decide whether these adjuncts—which consisted, in this particular case, of a peculiar kind of head-dress—were the personal property of the person then in possession of them (who had got them from his father, a deceased Pawang) or were to be regarded as official insignia descending with the office in the event of the natural heir declining to serve! Fortunately I was spared the difficult task of deciding this delicate point of law, as I managed to persuade the owner to take up the appointment.

But quite apart from such external marks of dignity, the Pawang is a person of very real significance. In all agricultural operations, such as sowing, reaping, irrigation works, and the clearing of jungle for planting, in fishing at sea, in prospecting for minerals, and in cases of sickness, his assistance is invoked. He is entitled by custom to certain small fees: thus, after a good harvest, he is allowed, in some villages, five gantangs of padi, one gantang of rice (běras) and two chupaks of ĕmping (a preparation of rice and coco-nut made into a sort of sweetmeat) from each householder. After recovery from sickness, his remuneration is the very modest amount of tiga wang baharu, that is, 7 1/2 cents.

It is generally believed that a good harvest can only be secured by complying with his instructions, which are of a peculiar and comprehensive character.

They consist largely of prohibitions, which are known as pantang. Thus, for instance, it is pantang in some places to work in the rice-field on the 14th and 15th days of the lunar month; and this rule of enforced idleness being very congenial to the Malay character is, I believe, pretty strictly observed.


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RV 82 (SESSIONAL PAPER No. 41)

The Allied and Associated Governments affirm and Germany accepts the responsibility of Germany and her allies for causing all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her allies.

The Allied and Associated Governments recognize that the resources of Germany are not adequate, after taking into account permanent diminutions of such resources which will result from other provisions of the present Treaty, to make complete reparation for all such loss and damage.

The Allied and Associated Governments, however, require, and Germany undertakes, that she will make compensation for all damage done to the civilian population of the Allied and Associated Powers and to their property during the period of the belligerency of each as an Allied or Associated Power against Germany by such aggression by land, by sea and from the air, and in general all damage as defined in Annex I hereto.

In accordance with Germany's pledges, already given, as to complete restoration for Belgium, Germany undertakes, in addition to the compensation for damage elsewhere in this Part provided for, as a consequence of the violation of the Treaty of 1839, to make reimbursement of all sums which Belgium has borrowed from the Allied and Associated Governments up to November 11, 1918, together with interest at the rate of five per cent (5%) per annum on such sums. This amount shall be determined by the Reparation Commission, and the German Government undertakes thereupon forthwith to make a special issue of bearer bonds to an equivalent amount payable in marks gold, on May 1, 1926,, [sic] or, at the option of the German Government, on the 1st of May in any year up to 1926. Subject to the foregoing, the form of such bonds shall be determined by the Reparation Commission. Such bonds shall be handed over to the Reparation Commission, which has authority to take and acknowledge receipt thereof on behalf of Belgium.

The amount of the above damage for which compensation is to be made by Germany shall be determined by an Inter-Allied Commission, to be called the Reparation Commission and constituted in the form and with the powers set forth hereunder and in Annexes II to VII inclusive hereto.

This Commission shall consider the claims and give to the German Government a just opportunity to be heard.


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 "Why don't you call your dog off, you wicked old man?"

"Because I can't recollect his name, you old fool, you!"

Fond parent accuses uncle of having set dog on,—uncle, indignant, reviles fond parent,—exasperated fond parent attacks uncle,—uncle retaliates with umbrella,— faithful dog comes to assistance of uncle, and inflicts great injury on fond parent,—arrival of police,—dog attacks police,—uncle and fond parent both taken into custody,—uncle fined five pounds and costs for keeping a ferocious dog at large,—uncle fined five pounds and costs for assault on fond parent,—uncle fined five pounds and costs for assault on police!

My uncle gave the dog away soon after that. He did not waste him. He gave him as a wedding-present to a near relation.

But the saddest story I ever heard in connection with a bull-dog, was one told by my aunt herself.

Now you can rely upon this story, because it is not one of mine, it is one of my aunt's, and she would scorn to tell a lie. This is a story you could tell to the heathen, and feel that you were teaching them the truth and doing them good. They give this story out at all the Sunday-schools in our part of the country, and draw moral lessons from it. It is a story that a little child can believe.

It happened in the old crinoline days. My aunt, who was then living in a country-town, had gone out shopping one morning, and was standing in the High Street, talking to a lady friend, a Mrs. Gumworthy, the doctor's wife. She (my aunt) had on a new crinoline that morning, in which, to use her own expression, she rather fancied her-


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RV 83 (SESSIONAL PAPER No. 41) The finding of the Commission as to the amount of damage defined as above shall be concluded and notified to the German Government on or before May 1, 1921, as representing the extent of that Government's obligations.

The Commission shall concurrently draw up a schedule of payments prescribing the time and manner for securing and discharging the entire obligation within a period of thirty years from May 1, 1921. If, however, within the period mentioned Germany fails to discharge her obligations, any balance remaining unpaid may within the discretion of the Commission, be postponed for settlement in subsequent years, or may be handled otherwise in such manner as the Allied and Associated Governments, acting in accordance with the procedure laid down in this Part of the present Treaty, shall determine.

The Reparation Commission shall after May 1, 1921, from time to time, consider the resources and capacity of Germany, and, after giving her representatives a just opportunity to be heard, shall have discretion to extend the date, and to modify the form of payments, such as are to be provided for in accordance with Article 233; but not to cancel any part, except with the specific authority of the several Governments represented upon the Commission.

In order to enable the Allied and Associated Powers to proceed at once to the restoration of their industrial and economic life, pending the full determination of their claims, Germany shall pay in such instalments and in such manner (whether in gold, commodities, ships, securities or otherwise) as the Reparation Commission may fix, during 1919, 1920 and the first four months of 1921, the equivalent of 20,000,000,000 gold marks. Out of this sum the expenses of the armies of occupation subsequent to the Armistice of November 11, 1918, shall first be met, and such supplies of food and raw materials as may be judged by the Governments of the Principal Allied and Associated Powers to be essential to enable Germany to meet her obligations for reparation may also, with the approval of the said Governments, be paid for out of the above sum. The balance shall be reckoned towards liquidation of the amounts due for reparation. Germany shall further deposit bonds as prescribed in paragraph 12 (c) of Annex II hereto.

Germany further agrees to the direct application of her economic resources to reparation as specified in Annexes III, IV, V, and VI, relating respectively to merchant shipping, to physical restoration, to coal and derivatives of coal, and to dyestuffs and other chemical products; provided always that the value of the property transferred and any services rendered by her under these Annexes, assessed in the manner therein prescribed, shall be credited to her towards liquidation of her obligations under the above Articles.

The successive instalments, including the above sum, paid over by Germany in satisfaction of the above claims will be divided by the Allied and Associated Governments in proportions which have been determined upon by them in advance on a basis of general equity and of the rights of each.

For the purposes of this division the value of property transferred and services rendered under Article 243, and under Annexes III, IV, V, VI, and VII, shall be reckoned in the same manner as cash payments effected in that year.


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 Again, in reaping, certain instruments are proscribed, and in the inland villages it is regarded as a great crime to use the sickle (sabil) for cutting the padi: at the very least the first few ears should be cut with a tuai, a peculiar small instrument consisting of a semi-circular blade set transversely on a piece of wood or bamboo, which is held between the fingers and which cuts only an ear or two at a time. Also the padi must not be threshed by hitting it against the inside of a box, a practice known as banting padi.

In this, as in one or two other cases, it may be supposed that the Pawang's ordinances preserve the older forms of procedure and are opposed to innovations in agricultural methods. The same is true of the pantang rule which prescribes a fixed rate of price at which padi may be sold in the village community to members of the same village. This system of customary prices is probably a very old relic of a time when the idea of asking a neighbour or a member of your own tribe to pay a competition price for an article was regarded as an infringement of communal rights. It applies to a few other articles of local produce besides padi, and I was frequently assured that the neglect of this wholesome rule was the cause of bad harvests. I was accordingly sometimes pressed to fine transgressors, which would perhaps have been a somewhat difficult thing to do. The fact, however, that in many places these rules are generally observed is a tribute to the influence of the Pawang who lends his sanction to them.

In agricultural operations the animistic ideas of the Malays are clearly apparent: thus, before the rice is cut, a sort of ritual is performed which is known as puji padi, and which is regarded apparently as a kind of propitiatory service, a sort of apology to the padi for reaping it. The padi is usually


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 cook the dinner themselves, assisted by the housemaid—a willing-enough girl, but necessarily inexperienced,—we felt that the woman was being subjected to persecution.

My uncle, after this, decided that the dog's training must be no longer neglected. The man next door but one always talked as if he knew a lot about sporting matters, and to him my uncle went for advice as to how to set about it.

"Oh yes," said the man, cheerfully, "very simple thing, training a bull-dog. Wants patience, that's all."

"Oh, that will be all right," said my uncle; "it can't want much more than living in the same house with him before he's trained does. How do you start?"

"Well, I'll tell you," said the next-door-but-one man.

"You take him up into a room where there's not much furniture, and you shut the door and bolt it."

"I see," said my uncle.

"Then you place him on the floor in the middle of the room, and you go down on your knees in front of him, and begin to irritate him."

"Oh!"

"Yes,—and you go on irritating him until you have made him quite savage."

"Which, from what I know of the dog, won't take long," observed my uncle, thoughtfully.

"So much the better. The moment he gets savage he will fly at you."

My uncle agreed that the idea seemed plausible.

"He will fly at your throat," continued the next-door-but-one man, "and this is where you will have to be careful. As he springs towards you, and before he gets hold of you, you must hit him a fair straight blow on his nose, and knock him down."

"Yes, I see what you mean."


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RV 84 (SESSIONAL PAPER No. 41)

In addition to the payments above Germany shall effect, in accordance with the procedure laid down by the Reparation Commission, restitution in cash of cash taken away, seized or sequestrated, and also restitution of animals, objects of every nature and securities taken away, seized or sequestrated, in the cases in which it proves possible to identify them in territory belonging to Germany or her allies.

Until this procedure is laid down, restitution will continue in accordance with the provisions of the Armistice of November 11, 1918, and its renewals and the Protocols thereto.

The German Government undertakes to make forthwith the restitution contemplated by Article 238 and to make the payments and deliveries contemplated by Articles 233, 234, 235 and 236.

The German Government recognizes the Commission provided for by Article 233 as the same may be constituted by the Allied and Associated Governments in accordance with Annex II, and agrees irrevocably to the possession and exercise by such Commission of the power and authority given to it under the present Treaty.

The German Government will supply to the Commission all the information which the Commission may require relative to the financial situation and operations and to the property, productive capacity, and stocks and current production of raw materials and manufactured articles of Germany and her nationals, and further any information relative to military operations which in the judgment of the Commission may be necessary for the assessment of Germany's liability for reparation as defined in Annex I.

The German Government will accord to the members of the Commission and its authorized agents the same rights and immunities as are enjoyed in Germany by duly accredited diplomatic agents of friendly Powers.

Germany further agrees to provide for the salaries and expenses of the Commission and of such staff as it may employ.

Germany undertakes to pass, issue and maintain in force any legislation, orders and decrees that may be necessary to give complete effect to these provisions.

The provisions of this Part of the present Treaty do not apply to the property, rights and interests referred to in Sections III and IV of Part X (Economic Clauses) of the present Treaty, nor to the product of their liquidation, except so far as concerns any final balance in favour of Germany under Article 243 (a).

The following shall be reckoned as credits to Germany in respect of her reparation obligations:—

(a) Any final balance in favour of Germany under Section V (Alsace-Lorraine) of Part III (Political Clauses for Europe) and Sections III and IV of Part X (Economic Clauses) of the present Treaty;

(b) Amounts due to Germany in respect of transfers under Section IV (Saar Basin) of Part III (Political Clauses for Europe), Part IX (Financial Clauses), and Part XII (Ports, Waterways and Railways);


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 MEMOIR OF CAPTAIN FRANCIS LIGHT, WHO FOUNDED PENANG.

RANCIS LIGHT was born at "Dallington (? Dal- lingho) in Suffolk" about 1745, and came to the East at an early age in the Marine Service of the East India Co.

There is scarcely one of our Straits worthies of whom so few personal particulars are known. He has of course left official records, and several of his private letters have been printed and preserved. There is also the official Diary he kept during the first few months in Penang, which is printed in Logan's Journal Vol. III; but this is all. Captain LIGHT belongs to the "active period of the Straits, to which, as in other places, the "literary period" succeeded. The latter began with MARSDEN and LEYDEN of "many-languaged lore," who commenced his journeys in Sumatra and the Peninsula in 1805. During the next fifty years there was no lack of scholars and writers in these countries.

But before their time almost the only English literature of the Far East consisted of accounts by ship captains, like DAMPIER and FORREST, of their own and others' voyages. In these narratives there is much that is useful; but we miss the literary side and the personal details that make LEYDEN, MARSDEN and RAFFLES seem so much more familiar to us than their predecessors.

The first heard of Captain LIGHT is in 1771, when he states he entered into correspondence with WARREN HASTINGS as to the desirability of a repairing harbour in these waters, recommending Penang as a "convenient magazine for the Eastern trade." There was no doubt negotiation for many years after in the intervals of trading tours.


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 In 1779, we come across Captain LIGHT in one of these voyages; more than one reference being made to him in the Journal of Dr. KOENIG, the Danish Botanist, during that year. He met Captain LIGHT trading at Junk Ceylon in May, and at Malacca in November, 1779; and he refers to him in terms that show there was friendship between them, and that the Botanist found him an enlightened and sympathetic companion. It is curious that this MS. also contains for the first time a tolerably full mention of Penang and of the deep-water approaches in the North channel, which justified its selection by Captain LIGHT seven years later.

In 1780-1, a scheme had at last been matured for settling Junk Ceylon, through private subscription but with the consent of the Governor-General in Council (then WARREN HASTINGS). There is in the British Museum a Paper which bears on this scheme, being a description of Junk Ceylon transmitted by Captain LIGHT to Lord CORNWALLIS in his letter of 18th June, 1787. The wars with the French and Dutch in 1781-3 delayed its execution, and shortly after Captain LIGHT decided on the superior merits of Penang harbour. He was at first for settling at one and the same time in both places; but when the friendly ruler of Junk Ceylon died in December, 1785, it was finally resolved by the Governor-General to make the experiment at Penang alone, which the young Raja of Kedah had offered to cede for $6,000 a year.

In June, 1786, Captain LIGHT left Calcutta with Sir J. MACPHERSON'S authority to act. He was given 100 Native "new-raised Marines" and 30 Native Lascars, as well as 15 Artillerymen (European) and 5 Officers to support him in his undertaking to carry out the settlement of Penang. He first proceeded to Kedah. There he completed his negotiations, and provisioned his party. Sailing thence with three vessels on the evening of the 14th July, 1786, he anchored off Pulau Tikus the following day. The first two days he stayed on board, and was busy surveying the harbour and testing the


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 "Quite so, well,—the moment you have knocked him down, he will jump up and go for you again. You must knock him down again; and you must keep on doing this until the dog is thoroughly cowed and exhausted. Once he is thoroughly cowed, the thing's done,—dog's as gentle as a lamb after that."

"Oh!" said my uncle, rising from his chair, "you think that a good way, do you?"

"Certainly," replied the next-door-but-one man; "it never fails."

"Oh! I wasn't doubting it," said my uncle; "only it's just occurred to me that, as you understand the knack of these things, perhaps you'd like to come in and try your hand on the dog? We can give you a room quite to yourselves; and I'll undertake that nobody comes near to interfere with you. And if—if," continued my uncle, with that kindly thoughtfulness which ever distinguished his treatment of others,—"if, by any chance, you should miss hitting the dog at the proper critical moment, or, if you should get cowed and exhausted first, instead of the dog—why, I shall only be too pleased to take the whole burden of the funeral expenses on my own shoulders; and I hope you know me well enough to feel sure that the arrangements will be tasteful, and, at the same time, unostentatious!" And out my uncle walked.

We next consulted the butcher, who agreed that the prize-ring method was absurd, especially when recommended to a short-winded, elderly, family man, and who recommended instead plenty of out-door exercise for the dog, under my uncle's strict supervision and control.

"Get a fairly long chain for him," said the butcher, "and take him out for a good stiff run every evening. Never let him get away from you; make him mind you,


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 anchorages. At last, on the 17th, he "disembarked Lieut. GRAY with the Marines upon Point Penagger—a low sandy point covered with wood-and employed them in clearing the ground." This ground is the present Esplanade, which with great foresight he reserved when so freely giving away all other lands. He took formal possession of the Island on the 11th August.

The place was practically unoccupied; the only Malay inhabitants heard of were 52 Malays who came over, apparently from near Tanjong Tokong, to help in felling the forest.

Shortly afterwards an ancient clearing with coco-nuts, fruit trees and a burial-ground came to notice at Datoh Kramat; and in 1795 a grant of this clearing (measuring 13 orlongs) was given to Maharaja SETIA, on the express ground that he was a "relation by descent of the Datoh Kramat who cleared the ground 90 years before."

With these exceptions, the whole place was one great jungle. Clearing went on with energy; wells were dug which yielded water that was fit to drink, but uninviting through being stained red by the roots of the penaga tree. Huts were run up for the marines and lascars, the tents which the settlers had brought not affording sufficient room. A month passed away quietly enough in the performance of these first labours, and the little party on the point was still unmolested by prying and undesirable intruders. But this was not to last long. Writing to Mr. ANDREW Ross of Madras, Captain LIGHT says: "Before we could get up any defence we had visitors of all kinds, some for curiosity, some for gain, and some for plunder."

No Malay wearing a kris was at first allowed ashore, and care was taken to confine to their boats parties of those Achinese


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 and other warlike spirits who were above using the bliong in the jungle. Captain LIGHT had seen too many ruins of the old factories which these gentry had "cut off" to trust them as settlers. To encourage the wood-cutters, he is said to have ingeniously loaded a gun with a bag of dollars and fired it into the jungle. It is mentioned also that the Malays provided nibongs for the stockade which was the precursor of Fort Cornwallis. On the roth August, two of the Company's ships, the Vansittart and the Valentine, hove in sight, and Captain LIGIT, thinking the occasion a favourable one for the christening of the infant colony, invited the Captains ashore to assist in the ceremony on the 11th August. "At noon," he tells us, "all the gentlemen assembled under the flagstaff, and unitedly hoisted the flag, taking possession of the island in the name of His Britannic Majesty and for the use of the Honourable East India Company, the artillery and ships firing a Royal salute, the marines three volleys." The following day being the birthday of the PRINCE OF WALES, it occurred to our founder to name the island in his honour; but this name has been unable to compete with the shorter one of native origin, and exists only in official docu- ments. Once the establishment of the Settlement became known, people began to flock in from all quarters to live under the protection of the British flag.

His work progressed favourably, especially in the matter of health. The early entries in his Diary often express surprise at the absence of all serious sickness; until the following year. Then the dry season affected many, and struck him down with fever very severely in January, 1787. About the same time he began to feel the want of support from Calcutta. In February, 1787, he writes to Mr. A. Ross, of Madras:—"I have received nothing from the Bengal Government since my departure from Calcutta." But the Settlement prospered and grew notwithstanding, the number of settlers being stated at "about 10,000" by the end of 1789, and at over 20,000 in 1795.


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 An account of THE CULTIVATION OF RICE IN MALACCA.

The following account of the method of rice cultivation in the territory of Malacca was written in 1893, by Inche Muhammad Ja'far, Malay Writer in the Resident Councillor's Office, at the request of Mr. E. M. Merewether, who has contributed it to this Journal.

For the translation the sole responsibility rests with me, but I am indebted for the interpretation of certain words and phrases to the kind assistance of Mr. H. T. Haughton and the author.

The Notes (except such as are enclosed in square brackets) are part of the original, but to their English renderings the same remarks apply.

C. O. BLAGDEN.


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text: Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society/Volume 31/An Account of some of the oldest Malay MSS. now extant


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best known and the most popular of our author's multifarious writings are his "Dialogues," many of which would form admirable dramatic scenes, containing more of the spirit of comedy, as we moderns understand it, than either the broad burlesque of Aristophanes or the somewhat sententious and didactic tone of Terence. The "Dialogues of the Gods," in which the old mythological deities are introduced to us as it were in undress, discussing their family affairs and private quarrels in the most familiar style, were composed with a double purpose by their writer. He not only seized upon the absurd points in religious fable as presenting excellent material for burlesque, but he indulged at the same time in the most caustic form of satire upon the popular belief, against which, long before his day, the intellect of even the heathen world had revolted. It is possible that his apprenticeship, brief as it was, to the manufacture of stone Mercuries helped to make him an iconoclast. The man who assists in the chiselling out of a god must know more or less that he "has a lie in his right


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Rh hand." The unhesitating faith in which (apparently) he accepts the truth of all the popular legends about Jupiter and his court, treating them in the most matter-of-fact and earnest way, and assuming their literal truth in every detail, makes the satire all the more pungent. To have sifted the heap of legends into false and true, or to have explained that this was only a poetical illustration, or that an allegorical form of truth, would not have damaged the popular creed half so much as this representation of the Olympian deities under all the personal and domestic circumstances which followed, as necessary corollaries, from their supposed relations to each other. We need not wonder that the charge of atheism was hurled against him by all the defenders, honest or dishonest, of the national worship. Many as had been the blows struck against it by satirists and philosophers, Lucian's was, if not the hardest, the most deadly of all.

The Dialogue called "," though it stands alone, and is not classed among the "Dialogues of the Gods," is quite of the same character with these, and may be regarded as a kind of prologue to the series. As a punishment for the offence which he has given to Jupiter, Prometheus is being chained down upon Mount Caucasus, the idea of the scene being borrowed undoubtedly from the tragedy of Æschylus. The executioners of the punishment, however, in this case, are Vulcan and Mercury alone, without the aid of Strength and Force. The victim protests against the cruelty and injustice of his doom, and the mean and


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i FAR FROM THE MADDING CROWD.

BY THOMAS HARDY,

AUTHOR OF

A PAIR OF BLUE EYES," "UNDER THE GREENWOOD TREE," ETC.

WITH TWELVE ILLUSTRATIONS.

IN TWO VOLUMES. VOL. II.

LONDON: SMITH, ELDER & CO., 15, WATERLOO PLACE.

1874.

(All rights reserved.)


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RV 85 (SESSIONAL PAPER No. 41) (c) Amounts which in the judgment of the Reparation Commission should be credited to Germany on account of any other transfers under the present Treaty of property, rights, concessions or other interests.

In no case however shall credit be given for property restored in accordance with Article 238 of the present Part.

The transfer of the German submarine cables which do not form the subject of particular provisions of the present Treaty is regulated by Annex VII hereto.

Compensation may be claimed from Germany under Article 232 above in respect of the total damage under the following categories:—

(1) Damage to injured persons and to surviving dependents by personal injury to or death of civilians caused by acts of war, including bombardments or other attacks on land, on sea, or from the air, and all the direct consequences thereof, and of all operations of war by the two groups of belligerents wherever arising.

(2) Damage caused by Germany or her allies to civilian victims of acts of cruelty, violence or maltreatment (including injuries to life or health as a consequence of imprisonment, deportation, internment or evacuation, of exposure at sea or of being forced to labour), wherever arising, and to the surviving dependents of such victims.

(3) Damage caused by Germany or her allies in their own territory or in occupied or invaded territory to civilian victims of all acts injurious to health or capacity to work, or to honour, as well as to the surviving dependents of such victims.

(4) Damage caused by any kind of maltreatment of prisoners of war.

(5) As damage caused to the peoples of the Allied and Associated Powers, all pensions and compensation in the nature of pensions to naval and military victims of war (including members of the air force), whether mutilated, wounded, sick or invalided, and to the dependents of such victims, the amount due to the Allied and Associated Governments being calculated for each of them as being the capitalized cost of such pensions and compensation at the date of the coming into force of the present Treaty on the basis of the scales in force in France at such date.

(6) The cost of assistance by the Governments of the Allied and Associated Powers to prisoners of war and to their families and dependents.

(7) Allowances by the Governments of the Allied and Associated Powers to the families and dependents of mobilized persons or persons serving with the forces, the amount due to them for each calendar year in which hostilities occurred being calculated for each Government on the basis of the average scale for such payments in force in France during that year.

(8) Damage caused to civilians by being forced by Germany or her allies to labour without just remuneration.

(9) Damage in respect of all property wherever situated belonging to any of the Allied or Associated States or their nationals, with the exception of naval and military works or materials, which has been carried off, seized, injured or destroyed by the acts of Germany or her allies on land, on sea or from the air, or damage directly in consequence of hostilities or of any operations of war.

(10) Damage in the form of levies, fines and other similar exactions imposed by Germany or her allies upon the civilian population.


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14 petty revenge taken by Jupiter (upon a deity of much older family than himself, too), just because he had been outwitted in the division of the sacrifice: for this he believes to have been the head and front of his offending. What would be said of a mortal who should crucify his cook for tasting the soup, or cutting a bit off the roast? As for his creation of men,—the gods ought to be very much obliged to him: for where would be their temples, their honours and their sacrifices, if the earth had remained untenanted? Even the beauty of the universe would have had no admirers. If it be said that these same mortals are wicked,—murderers, adulterers, and so forth,—the gods had better hold their tongues on that point, considering the examples set by themselves. Then, as to his gift of fire to men—it is mere envy in Jupiter to grudge it them; and gods ought surely to be widely beneficent, not envious and selfish. And, if the gods do not like to see fire used upon earth, at least they seem very much delighted with the smoke, when it comes up to them in the shape of incense. Mercury admits that his defence is, to say the least, very clever; but,


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Rh he remarks, "you may think yourself very fortunate that Jupiter does not hear what you say, for he would surely send down a hundred vultures upon you instead of one."

The change of dynasty in heaven presents of course a salient point, here and elsewhere, to the satirist. He makes Prometheus in his agony appeal to the ancient deities,—Saturn, Jupiter, and Earth,—not recognising any of the new introductions. In this, too, he has followed Æschylus, who makes the great Titan call upon Earth and Sea and Air, to witness his treatment at the hands of a usurper.

Some of the shorter and more amusing of these "Dialogues of the Gods" are here given entire, and are a fair specimen of the humour of the rest.

Cupid. Well, even if I have done wrong, pray forgive me, Jupiter; I am only a child, you see, and don't know any better.

Jupiter. Child, indeed, Master Cupid! you who are older than Iapetus! Because you don't happen to have grown a beard yet, and because your hair isn't grey, you are to be considered a child, I suppose—old and crafty as you are.

Cup. Why, what great harm have I done you—old as you say I am—that you should think of putting me in the stocks?

Jup. Look here, then, you mischievous imp! is this a trifle—the way in which you have disgraced me?


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 with him, hee went to ioyne in companie with the ſaid Lord Sallerin, in Guierche, with thirtie good horſe, and an hundred harguebuſiers on horſeback, who reſolued firſt to goe and ſee the three troupes of the Regiment of Vatan, which were lodged in the Suburbes, neere the Bridge of Guierche, and to knowe particularlie what want of munition for warre they were in, for their defence, geuing them to vnderſtande of the reſolute attempt which the night following he meant to make to them of the Caſtle, by aſſaulting of them: Foreſeeing that if the Vicont came before hee did aſſault, it might make the thing more hard vnto him.

He alſo willed the Gentlemen which were within, to deliuer vp the place, otherwiſe hee would burne their houſes which were neer vnto Guien, and puniſh them rigorouſlie when he had taken the place, whereof he hoped verie ſhortly to be poſſeſſor. To which commaundement they in the end conſented, for the cauſes aboueſaid, and yeelded the Caſtle the fifte daie of Februarie, three houres within the euening, which was contrarie to the old mans will.

Which Caſtle the Lord Campagnoll did take poſſeſſion of with twentie Soldiers onelie, which thing fell out happilie, for that the Vicont arriued that day following about three of the clock, with all his troupes, meaning indeede to beſiege the Towne and Caſtle, with thoſe


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Rh stedfast, in which one and the same way of salvation is shown throughout the whole world. For to her is entrusted the light of God; and therefore the "wisdom" of God, by means of which she saves all men, "is declared in [its] going forth; it uttereth [its voice] faithfully in the streets, is preached on the tops of the walls, and speaks continually in the gates of the city." For the church preaches the truth everywhere, and she is the seven-branched candlestick which bears the light of Christ.

2. Those, therefore, who desert the preaching of the church, call in question the knowledge of the holy presbyters, not taking into consideration of how much greater consequence is a religious man, even in a private station, than a blasphemous and impudent sophist. Now, such are all the heretics, and those who imagine that they have hit upon something more beyond the truth, so that by following those things already mentioned, proceeding on their way variously, inharmoniously, and foolishly, not keeping always to the same opinions with regard to the same things, as blind men are led by the blind, they shall deservedly fall into the ditch of ignorance lying in their path, ever seeking and never finding out the truth. It behoves us, therefore, to avoid their doctrines, and to take careful heed lest we suffer any injury from them; but to flee to the church, and be brought up in her bosom, and be nourished with the Lord's Scriptures. For the church has been planted as a garden {paradisus) in this world; therefore says the Spirit of God, "Thou mayest freely eat from every tree of the garden," that is, Eat ye from every Scripture of the Lord; but ye shall not eat with an uplifted mind, nor touch any heretical discord. For these men do profess that they have themselves the knowledge of good and evil; and they set their own impious minds above the God who made them. They therefore form opinions on what is beyond the limits of the understanding. For this cause also


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 which were before beſieged.

The Vicont with his forces made an aſſault vnto the Suburbes neere adioyning to the bridge, which was the quarter defended by the three Companies before named, and forced them to retire, but they recouering the forces, droue him back againe, and forced him to departe, hauing firſt had intelligence of the yeelding of the Caſtle, and reſolued to paſſe the riuer of the Ile, where he had a houſe at commandement, very neere the paſſage.

The day being come, the Lord de Sallerin, with the Lorde d’Abain, reſoluing to prouide for the garde of that place, wente with foureſcore good horſemen, and two hundred Harguebuſies on horſeback, to the intent to doe all the honour to the Vicont, in conducting him to the gates of Poictiers, and to recompence him (if it might be) by the way, for the great paines hee had taken.

Alſo he followed them euen to the Suburbs of the caſtle of Vieux, being diſtaunt from Guierche three leagues, he encountred one of their companies of Harguebuſies, which went to refreſh themſelues, the which he quickly put to flight without anie great reſiſtance.

And the ſaid Lords, to follow their firſt


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110 the apostle says, "Be not wise beyond what it is fitting to be wise, but be wise prudently," that we be not cast forth by eating of the "knowledge" of these men (that knowledge which knows more than it should do) from the paradise of life. Into this paradise the Lord has introduced those who obey His call, "summing up in Himself all things which are in heaven, and which are on earth;" but the things in heaven are spiritual, while those on earth constitute the dispensation in human nature (secundum hominem est dispositio). These things, therefore, He recapitulated in Himself: by uniting man to the Spirit, and causing the Spirit to dwell in man, He is Himself made the head of the Spirit, and gives the Spirit to be the head of man: for through Him (the Spirit) we see, and hear, and speak.

1. He has therefore, in His work of recapitulation, summed up all things, both waging war against our enemy, and crushing him who had at the beginning led us away captives in Adam, and trampling upon his head, as thou canst perceive in Genesis that God said to the serpent, "And I will put enmity between thee and the woman, and between thy seed and her seed; He shall be on the watch for (observabit ) thy head, and thou on the watch for His heel." For from that time He who should be born of a woman, [namely] from the Virgin, after the likeness of Adam, was preached as keeping watch for the head of the serpent. This is the seed of which the apostle says in the Epistle to the Galatians, "that the law of works was established until the seed should come to whom the promise was made." This fact is exhibited in