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In their campaign of vile calumny gainst the militants in the labor movement, the champions of the interests of the steel and other capitalist magnates have posed as the heavenly annointed defenders of the "hearth and home." The unbridled hypocrisy of these apostles of the profit system is brought into bold relief by the following example of the wretched family life amongst the steel workers as found by the Interchurch World Movement investigators:

"None can dispute the demoralizing life of the inhuman Twelve-Hour Day. As a matter of arithmetic Twelve-Hour Day workers, even if the jobs were as leisurely as Mr. Gary says they are, have absolutely no time for family, for town, for church, or for self-schooling, for any of the activities that begin to make full citizenship; they have not the time, let alone the energy, even for recreation.

"At Johnstown a member of the Commission was approached by a man of middle age who said that he was determined never to go back to work until the question of hours was settled. He gave as his reason the fact that his little daughter had died within the last few months; he said he had never known the child because he was at work whenever she was awake, or else she was asleep during the day time. He was determined that he would know the other children and for that reason felt that it was imperative that he should have the Eight-Hour Day.

"This man was an American getting good wages and embittered, not by outside agitators, but by the facts of his life as he found them."

The starvation wage goes hand in hand with the Twelve-Hour Day. One is dependent on the other. The Steel Barons pay the workers miserable wages so as to compell them to accept the two shift system. Thus the evils of the low wages paid to the workers are part and parcel of the Twelve-Hour Day and can properly be charged to it. For the steel worker the longer day means lower pay. He will never realize the shorter day without at the same time winning higher pay.

According to the findings of the Interchurch Movement based on the official conclusion of the U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. "The annual earnings of 72 percent of all workers were, and had been for years, below the level set by Government experts as the MINIMUM OF COMFORT level for families of five.

"The annual earnings of over one-third of all productive iron and steel workers were, and had been for years below the level set by Government experts as the MINIMUM OF SUBSISTENCE standard for families of five.


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 "This second standard being the lowest which scientists are willing to term an 'American standard of living,' it follows that nearly three quarters of the steel workers could not earn enough for an American standard of living.

"The bulk of unskilled labor earned less than enough for the average family's minimum subsistence; the bulk of semi-skilled labor earned less than enough for the average family’s minimum comfort." …

The minimum of subsistence level is the lowest level for mere animal well-being with little or no attention to the comforts or social demands of human beings. The minimum of comfort level allows for a "modest amount of recreation."

This Commission also found that:

"A comparison of common labor earnings in steel with common labor earnings in five other major industries in the Pittsburgh district for the latter part of 1919 on the basis of a common standard week showed steel labor the lowest of the six."

It is under such long hours and low pay—the Twelve-Hour Hell Shift System—that the powerful Trust magnates would have us believe the steel workers can have any but wretched living conditions and miserable family and social life.

This degradation of the steel workers was brought home to the Senate when it investigated the Steel Strike of 1919.

"Senator Sterling: Now, about the housing conditions, will you describe those?

"Father Kazinski: Well, two rooms as a rule, are the headquarters of the workers. The lower part is a kitchen and upstairs is the living room, if you can call it such, and the sleeping room for the family, and they have to sleep there. Sometimes they have boarders and sometimes there are four or five sleeping in a room.

"Senator Sterling: As a matter of fact, do many of them have less than four rooms?

"Father Kazinski: Yes; most of them have only two rooms."

And the Interchurch Report goes on to say:

"A dozen years ago the Pittsburgh Survey revealed conditions of housing which shocked public opinion and which Pittsburgh authorities state, have been improved practically not at all since then. It was impossible to conduct another such exhaustive housing survey in this investigation but sufficient observation was made to bear out the local statement, that housing was as bad as ever… The census takers found in Braddock, for example, that in this steel suburb of Pittsburgh 200 families were living in 61 houses; 35 boarders were in one house

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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124 They put Alyonushka into a little room, and then went down and made merry till nightfall.

"Now we had better go and kill that girl," cried one.

"No, brothers," returned the Fool, "let her live till the morning."

"But, Fool," said they, "she may run away."

"No, brothers, I shall look after her."

The robbers agreed to this, and fell fast asleep. While the Fool went up to the little room in which Alyonushka was kept prisoner.

"Let me go out into the forest," begged Alyonushka of her husband, "or I shall die for want of fresh air."

"Impossible! Suppose my brothers were to hear or to see you?"

"Oh, no! I shall be so careful not to make any noise; you might let me down through this window."

"How am I to know that you would not run away?"

"No, I won't; you can tie a rope round my waist and let me down. When I pull, you can draw me up again, do you see?"

The Fool tied the rope round her, and let her down through the window.

Now Alyonushka was a very cunning young person; so as soon as she reached the ground, she untied the rope from round her waist, and seeing a goat quite close, she tied the unfortunate animal by the horns, and pulling the rope gently, called out in a low voice,—

"Pull me up!"


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Page:Macaula yʼs minutes on education in India, written in the years 1835, 1836 and 1837 (IA dli.csl.7615).pdf/9

Rh books were circulated among the fourteen or fifteen members of the Committee, others were sent only to Sub-committees, containing five or six members. There were Sub-committees on finance, on books, on the selection of schoolmasters, on the Medical College, and on the Hooghly College. Of the books which went the round of the whole Committee, two were reserved for particular subjects, one marked G. was for the selection and printing of books, and another marked I. for Medical College questions. The other books were kept in constant circulation, and as they came back to the Secretary, were started afresh with precis of new topics for discussion. The same matter is consequently discussed at its different stages in different books. The General Committee seldom met. All business was transacted by the books. Several of the Members urged their opinions with greater warmth and earnestness than is now customary in official correspondence. Lord Auckland in his elaborate educational minute of the 24th November, 1839, remarks concerning their discussions, “Unhappily I have found violent differences existing upon the subject of education, and it was for a time (now I trust past or fast passing away,) a watchword for violent dissension and in some measure of personal feelings. I judged it best, under these circumstances, to abstain from what might have led me into unprofitable controversy, and to allow time and experience to act with their usual healing and enlightening influence upon general opinion.”

Mr. Macaulay formally gives his assent to the amended instructions issued to Mr., who was appointed by the Supreme Government to report on the state of Vernacular Education in Bengal. More than a quarter of a century has elapsed since Mr. Adam was instructed to prepare his reports, which he executed in so full and exhaustive a manner, that they


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Rh And away she ran as fast as ever her legs could carry her.

The Fool meanwhile began pulling at the rope, while the goat, which evidently did not like the position it was placed in, cried out,—

"Me-ke-ke! Me-ke-ke! Me-ke-ke!" as loud as ever it could.

"What on earth are you making all that row about?" asked the Fool, thinking it was Alyonushka whom he was drawing up. "My brothers will be sure to hear you if you keep going on like that, and will murder you."

But the goat cared little for what the Fool said, and went on crying all the louder—"Me-ke-ke! Me-ke-ke!"

The Fool at last pulled up the rope, but what was his fright at beholding the goat and not his wife.

"Oh! the bad girl," he cried, "she has run away, and cheated me after all."

When morning came the robbers went up to the little room to fetch Alyonushka.

"Where is your young wife?" they asked.

"Gone!" said the Fool.

"We told you so, we said she would be sure to run away if we did not kill her at once, but you would save her. O, you Fool, you Fool! you really are a Fool. But we must lose no time, we must chase her and catch her."

So they mounted their horses, and rode off with their dogs, after Alyonushka.

Meanwhile the girl had run a good way, when she


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126 suddenly heard the barking of the dogs, and the galloping of horses behind her.

She quickly climbed up an old oak-tree, and sat down on one of its branches, where she was completely hidden.

As the horsemen came riding along, Alyonushka saw they were the robbers, and began trembling, especially when all the dogs made a sudden rush at the tree, and stood barking round it.

"It seems as though she is hidden in this old tree, but no one can see anything, it is so thick," said one of them.

"We shall soon find out," said the captain, as he threw his sharp javelin up into the oak. It flew right to where Alyonushka sat, and wounded her in the knee. But she was as brave as she was cunning; and before the javelin could fall on the ground she seized it, and wiping the blood off it with her handkerchief, threw it back to the robbers, who looked at it carefully, but finding that there was no blood on it, they rode away.

Alyonushka jumped down from the tree and ran on as fast as her wounded knee would let her, till she again heard the robbers galloping in her direction; just then she noticed a poor old peasant with a cart full of boats for sale.

"Hide me, little father," she cried, "hide me under the last boat in your cart."

The man looked at her in surprise, and said,—

"But a maiden so beautifully dressed as you would soil her clothes under those boats."

"Never mind, little father; hide me for goodness'


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Rh sake, as some robbers are chasing me, and I want to get away from them; please hide me."

The man, full of pity for so charming a girl, threw off his boats, and putting her under the very last one, threw the boats on again.

He had hardly finished when up rode the robbers, who asked him,—

"Have you seen any richly-dressed maiden come this way?"

"No, gentlemen, I have not."

"You lie! Throw off your boats at once, and let us see; she may be hidden under them."

The peasant threw them off one by one, as slowly as he could, till he came to the two or three last ones, then he said,—

"You see, gentlemen, there is nothing here!"

Off went the robbers, while Alyonushka asked the old peasant to let her out.

She ran and ran until she heard the robbers galloping at some distance behind her; just at that moment she saw another old peasant with a cart full of leather.

"Hide me, little father," she said, "under the last bit of leather in your cart, for there are some robbers coming after me, and I don't want them to find me."

The peasant hid her, and up came the robbers, who asked as before,—

"Have you seen a richly-dressed maiden come this way?"

"No, I have not."

"You lie! Throw off your leather, she may be hidden in your cart."


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128 The peasant threw off all the leather with the exception of the two last pieces.

"You see there is nothing here," said he.

Away rode the robbers, while Alyonushka, as soon as she got out of the cart, ran on again until, to her great delight, she beheld her home. As it was midnight by the time she reached the hut, she naturally found it in darkness, so she climbed into the back yard, and lay down and hid herself in some hay, and soon fell fast asleep.

Alyonushka did not wake from her peaceful slumbers until she felt a very uncomfortable grab with a hay-rake. She caught hold of it lightly, as she did not wish to get hurt, nor would she get out of the hay until she heard the voice of the raker.

"Whoever is in this hay?" she at last heard her father exclaim. "Get out, whoever it is!"

Up sprang Alyonushka and embraced her much astonished parent.

"Upon my word!" cried the old man, "how on earth did you get here?"

Alyonushka told her father the whole story in a few words, and said that she thought the robbers would be coming to the hut presently.

The peasant at once called in some policemen, and made several other small preparations to welcome the robbers in case they arrived, while Alyonushka took care to hide herself.

They had not to wait long before the robbers made their appearance. They rode up to the hut, and walked in; the peasant received them with great kindness, and asked them how his daughter was getting on.


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Rh "Oh, she is all right," they answered; "she is at home keeping house."

"Indeed!" said the peasant.

He then left the room and brought in Alyonushka, "Who is this?" he asked them.

The robbers looked foolish, but said not a word. They were immediately seized and marched off to prison. But what became of the Robber Fool I don't know; however, I hope he is quite well. K


text:
Author:Lyman Horace Weeks

Works

 * with Edwin M. Bacon
 * 1911

title: Author:Lyman Horace Weeks


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130

a pleasant little Russian village a long, long time ago, there lived an old peasant and his wife, who had an only son, by name Ivashko, whom they dearly loved.

One bright summer morning Ivashko asked his parents to let him go fishing in a little lake hard by.

"Fishing!" exclaimed his mother, "how can so small a boy as you go a-fishing? You would surely drown yourself!"

"No, mother dear!" replied the boy, "I will not drown myself, but will bring you some fish for supper. So please let me go!"

The old woman at last consented, and, dressing him up in a little white shirt and a red sash, let him go.

Ivashko, when he came to the lake, got into his father's little boat and cried,—

Away swam the little boat, far into the middle of the lake, and Ivashko began fishing. He caught so many fish that the little boat soon became quite full. Still he went on catching more, when he suddenly heard his father's voice calling to him,—


text:
Page:Macaula yʼs minutes on education in India, written in the years 1835, 1836 and 1837 (IA dli.csl.7615).pdf/4

The Indian career of Lord Macaulay extends from the close of 1834 to the beginning of 1838. During these years he was the means of reforming the education, and simplifying the law of the land. Few men have set their stamp so broadly and deeply on the history of a nation’s progress. By his educational reforms, the whole course of instruction was directed into new channels, which more or less it still occupies. His Penal Code, after lying under consideration for nearly twenty-four years, has recently become the law of India. Seldom, does it fall to one man to be at once the chief Educator and the chief Lawgiver of a vast nation. Besides all this, his latest efforts in establishing the Civil Service Competitive Examination for India have contributed powerfully to stimulate native industry and ability by opening to young men of ambition a prospect of sharing in the government of their country. True it is, that no native student has yet gained a footing in the Civil Service, but the feeling that such a position is possible, and can be attained by merit, has exercised much influence, and will exercise more. Already two young Hindoos of high connexions have started for England, and others are eager to follow them. The restrictions which caste lays on travelling are felt by Hindoos of education with intense and increasing bitterness. It is highly probable that the Competitive Examination will bring to a head in Bengal some grand social outburst against caste, and thus Macaulay’s name may become connected with one of the greatest benefits this country can receive—the overthrow of caste.

The latest statistics from all India, those for 1859, shew 13 Government colleges containing 1909 students, and 4 aided colleges with 878 students; 74 superior Government schools containing 10,989 scholars, and 209 aided schools of the same or somewhat lower grade with 16,956 scholars; 25 normal schools containing 2241 students; and 16 colleges for special subjects containing 1154 students. Besides this, there are 5,454 vernacular schools with 1,27,507 pupils under Government management, and 380 aided vernacular schools with 20,744 scholars. This gives the whole of the educational institutions as 5,582 under Government management, and 593 aided, of which the former contain 1,43,700 pupils, and the latter 38,578. The whole cost has been for direction and inspection £68,400, for direct instruction £189,200, for aided institutions £18,700; forming in all a total of £276,300. In the Lower Provinces of Bengal there are about 10,000 students learning English in Missionary and private institutions unaided by Government. Such are the results in a quarter of a century of Macaulay’s labours in India.


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Rh The first attempt for the enlightenment of the natives of India in the science and literature of Europe was the establishment in 1816 of the Hindu College. This celebrated institution owes its origin to the exertions of Sir, , and Raja. When the native community of Calcutta were roused to consider the plan for the establishment of a Maha Bidyálaya (i.e. great seat of learning) as the was originally termed, it was found that many of the orthodox Hindus held aloof from the plan, and refused to cooperate in any movement with Raja Rammohun Roy. Rammohun Roy accordingly, with a magnanimity worthy of his noble character, retired from the management of the proposed institution. Self-denial such as this is almost unknown in Calcutta, for he was the earliest advocate of the establishment of the College, and was eminently fitted by the gifts of nature, by his high position, wise discretion, deep learning, and earnest patriotism, to develop and carry out his own project. He was willing nevertheless to be laid aside, if by suffering rather than by acting he could benefit his country.

The Hindu College was for many years under native management. In 1823, the funds were so low that application was made to Government for aid, which was liberally conceded. The capital of the College moreover was reduced to Rupees 21,000, by the failure in 1827 of Baretto’s house in which it was deposited. The income accordingly fell to less than Rs. 100 a month. Government supplemented the rest with ever increasing liberality, but till 1841, when its contribution was Rs. 30,000 a year, took but little share in the management. The Hindu College therefore is seldom mentioned in the controversies which raged in the Committee of Public Instruction concerning the management of Government schools.

This Committee was established in 1823 by the Governor-General in Council, and in the instructions addressed to its members, the object of their appointment is stated to be the “considering and from time to time submitting to Government the suggestion of such measures as it may appear expedient to adopt with a view to the better instruction of the people, to the introduction of useful knowledge, including the sciences and arts of Europe, and to the improvement of their moral character.”

The institutions placed under its charge were the Arabic College at Calcutta, and the Sanscrit College at Benares. The Calcutta College was established in 1,781 by, who at his own expense supplied a school house. Government gave lands yielding about Rs. 30,000 a year, and designed the


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Rh college for instruction in the principles and practice of Mahomedan law. The Benares College was projected by Mr., the Resident at that city, in 1791, with a view to “endear our Government to the native Hindus, by our exceeding in our attention to them and their systems the care ever shown by their own native princes.” Lord in 1791 assigned for the support of the College, Rupees 14,000 a year, afterwards increased to Rupees 20,000.

On their foundation the Colleges at Calcutta and Benares were placed under native management, and abuses of the grossest kind soon became universal. Mr. says in his work on the Charities of Calcutta that “The Madrussa was almost useless for the purposes of education;” and that “its ample resources were dissipated among the superior and subordinate drones of the establishment.” In 1820, Dr. Lumsden was appointed Secretary and, under his charge, abuses were checked and many reforms in discipline and study were introduced.

After the departure of Mr. Duncan, the early years of the Benares College were remarkable only for an utter absence of instruction and order. Gigantic misappropriations of funds were made by the first Rector, styled by the wonderful name of Sero Shastri Gooroo Tarkalankar Cashinath Pundit Juder Bedea Behadur. Mr. Brooke, the Governor-General’s Agent suggested improvements which were with some amendments carried out by Mr. W. W. Bird in 1812. In 1820, Captain Fell was appointed Secretary and Superintendent, and under him the College attained the reputation for Sanscrit learning that it has since maintained.

With these two institutions the General Committee of Public Instruction commenced its labours. The Sanscrit College at Calcutta was opened by it in 1824; the Delhi College was opened in 1825, for instruction in Arabic, Persian and Sanscrit. The Allahabad School was opened in 1884, and encouragement was given to private Schools at Bhagulpore, Sagar, Midnapore, &c.

In 1834, the operations of the Committee were brought to a stand by an irreconcileable difference of opinion as to the principles on which Government support to education should be administered. Half of the Committee called the “Orientalists” were for the continuation of the old system of stipends tenable for twelve or fifteen years to students of Arabic and Sanscrit, and for liberal expenditure on the publication of works in those language. The other half called the a “Anglicists” desired to reduce the expenditure on stipends held by “lazy and stupid school boys of 30 and 35 years of age,”


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 would stay near the huts with his playfellow, so that he might hide himself quickly in case the rich man might pass by.

It was as tho the little grey dog knew that Benjamin had saved his life. He did not leave the side of the little boy, obeyed him, and showed himself to be quite intelligent. Benjamin spoke to him like to a person, and the dog looked at him as wisely as tho he understood every word.

Benjamin's parents were young and strong, the best workers on the sugar plantation. Therefore the severe overseer was satisfied with them and beat them less often than he did the other slaves. On that account they were both, in spite of their hard life, satisfied, and in the evenings when they returned to their hut and their little Benjamin, all three of them were gay and happy.

Benjamin's mother Hannah was also an excellent seamstress, she knew how to weave pretty baskets from reeds and rushes, and was a very good cook.

One day the eldest daughter of the rich man, who lived with her husband in the north, come to visit her father. She was glad to see her old home again and everything seemed to her more beautiful than in the north. She complained of the trouble she had in getting servants in the city, "These whites are not nearly as desirable as the blacks," said she. "They cannot be driven to work with whips. You should present me with a good slave, father, so that it will be more comfortable for me. My husband will be quite angry about it, for the people in the north are crazy, they claim that the blacks are also human beings, and that slavery must be abolished. But he loves me dearly, and will be glad if he sees me happy."

The rich man thought a while and said, "The young slaves that I own are all clumsy, incapable; the old ones of course could not become accustomed to living in a large city and would be more trouble than help to you. Whom can I give you?" 40


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 He considered for a moment, then cried happily, "Now I know, Hannah is just the right one for you. How could I forget her? Of course, she has a little boy"

"I don't want him," the daughter interrupted. "My dear little son must not play with a dirty Negro child. You can keep Hannah's son here."

"You are a good mother, my beloved child," said the rich man, moved. "You always think of your son. Good, Benjamin shall remain here and when you go back to the city tomorrow, I will give you Hannah to take along. I will immediately tell the overseer, so that he may tell her to be ready."

And the rich man called a servant and bade him bring the overseer.

Ah, what a sad night that was in the little hut of the Negroes. Poor Hannah hugged her little son close in her arms and cried as though her heart would break. Her husband Tom gazed at her with worried eyes and was so miserable that he could not say a word. Hannah kept looking anxiously toward the little window, trembling with the fear of seeing the first ray of light that meant that day was near, when she would leave her loved ones.

41


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Page:Macaula yʼs minutes on education in India, written in the years 1835, 1836 and 1837 (IA dli.csl.7615).pdf/8

Rh Should some of the opinions of Macaulay concerning expenditure appear unnecessarily harsh and niggardly, it must be remembered that the sum available for English education was but the pittance that could be saved by reductions in the Oriental assignments, and that it was right for him to spend with strict frugality, what was gained at the cost of many painful struggles.

It is often said that if a person cannot write five lines of English without blots and corrections, he must be a very poor scholar indeed. Now, there is no doubt that neatness and accuracy are highly desirable, and that the clear and beautiful writing and the finished style of Lord and of Lord  indicate a wonderful power in the use of language. Yet it is a great mistake to imagine that the absence of a habit of writing without corrections is a sure mark of inferiority. Scarcely five consecutive lines, in any of Macaulay’s minutes will be found unmarked by blots or corrections. He himself in a minute, dated 3rd November, 1835, says, “After blotting a good deal of paper I can recommend nothing but a reference to the Governor-General in Council.” No member of the Committee of Public Instruction in 1835, wrote so large and uneven a hand as he, and my copyist was always able instantly to single out his writing by the multiplicity of corrections and blots which mark the page. These corrections are now exceedingly valuable, more valuable than the minutes to which they belong. They are themselves a study, and well deserve a diligent examination. When the first master of the English language corrects his own composition, which appeared faultless before, the correction must be based on the highest rules of criticism.

The great minute of the 2nd February, combines in a small compass the opinions which are expressed in nearly the same words through a score or two of detached remarks in the records. This minute was published in England in 1838, but is difficult to obtain in India. I could not find it in any one of the four great Libraries of Calcutta, in the Public Library, nor in the Libraries of St. Paul’s Cathedral, of the Asiatic Society, and of the Presidency College. Mr., the Director of Public Instruction in Madras, has conferred an obligation on all interested in the preservation of valuable papers by including it in one of his Reports. To rescue it from the oblivion into which it has fallen in Bengal, I add it to these unpublished minutes.

Macaulay's unpublished educational minutes are scattered among some twenty volumes of the records of the General Committee. Four of these volumes are now lost. Some of the


text: The Emancipation of South America/Chapter 4


text: Jessie the Flower o' Dumblain

title: Jessie the Flower o' Dumblain


text: Jessie the Flower o' Dumblain/Jessie the Flower o' Dumblain


text: Jessie the Flower o' Dumblain/Barbara Bell


text: Jessie the Flower o' Dumblain/Oh! to be married if this be the way


text: Jessie the Flower o' Dumblain/A Hunting Song


text: Young Grigor's Ghost (1840s)

title: Young Grigor's Ghost (1840s)


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Page:Social Dancing of To-day (1914) Kinney.djvu/31

Rh proceed with the actual mechanism of the dances, of which the first to be considered is

1. (invented and introduced by Mr. and Mrs. Vernon Castle). This is a walking step of direct advance and retreat, not used to move to the side. The couple are in closed position, the woman, therefore, stepping backward as the man steps forward, and vice versa. The advancing foot is planted in fourth position, the knee straight, the toe down so that the ball of the foot strikes the floor first. The walk presents an appearance of strutting, although the shoulders are held level, and the body firm; a sharp twist that punctuates each step is effected by means of pivoting on the supporting foot. The shoulder and hip movements that originally characterised the "trot" are no longer practiced.

In all the following floor-plan diagrams, the right foot is indicated by solid black, the left foot by outline.

2. is a walking step, pivoting on one foot to change direction.

The right foot comes from the preceding step to the place of starting; while it makes two successive long steps (1, 2) the left foot turns "on its place." The turn's completion brings the right foot into anterior fourth position. The woman's steps are the converse of the man's, her left foot making the long steps, while her


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Index:Lectures on Ten British Physicists of the Nineteenth Century.djvu/styles.css

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text: The Murdered Minstrel

title: The Murdered Minstrel


text: The Murdered Minstrel/The Murdered Minstrel


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Page:Macaula yʼs minutes on education in India, written in the years 1835, 1836 and 1837 (IA dli.csl.7615).pdf/7

Rh and to cut down the sums lavished on Sanscrit and Arabic printing. At this juncture, Government requested the Committee to prepare a scheme of instruction for a College at Agra. The Committee were utterly unable to agree on any plan. Five members were in favour of Arabic, Persian, and Sanscrit learning, and five in favour of English and the Vernacular, with just so much of the Oriental learned languages as would be necessary to satisfy local prejudices. The Orientalist party consisted of The Hon’ble, Messrs. , , , and , the Secretary of the Committee. The Anglicists were Messrs. Bird, Saunders, Bushby,, and.

Of this Committee, Sir W. H. Macnaghten became Envoy in Afghanistan and was assassinated there, and the Hon’ble J. R. Colvin died during the mutinies at Agra. James Prinsep is immortalized by his Sanscrit discoveries, and Sir Charles Trevelyan still remains alive, beloved and honored. He deserved, though he did not obtain, for his zealous educational labours in Bengal, the love he has won for his Government at Madras.

Over this Committee, Macaulay on his arrival in India was appointed President, but he declined to take an active part in its proceedings, till the decision of the Supreme Government should be given on the question at issue. The letters of the two parties in the Committee setting forth at great length their opinions, and bearing date the 21st and 22nd January, 1835, came before Macaulay in his capacity of Legislative Member of the Supreme Council, and on them he wrote his minute of the 2nd February, which, was followed on the 7th March by Lord Bentinck’s decision of the case in favour of the English language. Soon after this decision many new Members were added to the Committee, among whom may he mentioned Sir, Mr. Boss D. Mangles, Mr. , Colonel James Young, Baboo, now Raja, Baboo , Mr. C. W. Smith, Captain, now General Sir J. R. H. Birch, and Dr. Grant. Sir was added at a later time.

The business of the Committee was chiefly conducted by minute books. The minutes of Sir Charles Trevelyan are very elaborate. He was indefatigable in the cause of education, and had something to say on every subject. Macaulay’s minutes are neither so numerous nor so long as Trevelyan’s. Three-fourths of his opinions on the proposals submitted by Mr. Sutherland, the Secretary, are conveyed in the concise expressions “I approve,” “I do not object,” “I would decline the offer,” &c.


text: The Murdered Minstrel/Mary, the Maid of the Inn


text: The Murdered Minstrel/Thrummy Cap

title: The Murdered Minstrel/Thrummy Cap


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Page:Social Dancing of To-day (1914) Kinney.djvu/33

Rh right foot turns on its place. The turn gains smoothness by means of allowing the right knees to touch each other lightly.

3. . Starting with (say) the right foot in posterior fourth position: during the first beat, sink (for form see photograph); on the second beat, rise, transferring the weight to the left (advanced) foot, gliding the right foot up to third position, on arriving at which it instantly receives the weight again, if the dip is to be repeated. In that case the left foot again glides to anterior fourth position, and the step is effected as before. Frequently several dips are made in succession. They often succeed a turn, the latter's finish leaving the feet in appropriate (fourth) position for the purpose.

The dip is executed in any direction, with the performers in any position of the couple. It occurs in other dances, but its technique is always the same.

4. is an alternation of second and fourth positions of the feet; one foot travelling sidewise on a straight line, the other foot going from anterior

to posterior fourth position, and vice versa. The step travels to the woman's right (the man's left), without turning.

The man's steps are the converse of the woman's, he


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Rh Secretary has already communicated the orders of Government to the Agra Committee. I should propose that we should call on the Agra Committee to propose a plan for the management of the College in conformity with those orders.—[Book F. page 68.] 12th May, 1835.

Essentials of a School.—I will not oppose the wishes of the local Committee on a question which is not of very great importance. But I do not think that it is at all desirable to encourage a building, planting, and improving taste in the Agra College or in any similar institution. Plain school-rooms and good school-masters, an unadorned compound and a well-furnished library, are what, in the present state of our funds, I should most wish to see. As, however, the outlay is not great, and is made, not out of the public money, but out of the separate resources of the Agra College, I will not object.—[Book E. page 139.] 24th August, 1835.

Agra College.—The prospects at Agra seem to be highly encouraging, and much of what is proposed by the Local Committee appears to me very judicious. But we are not rich enough to do all that they wish, and, were we much richer, I should think that the establishing of Medical scholarships, at least in such numbers, would be a waste of money, and that the founding of Tehsildaree schools would be a premature measure.

The financial statement, if I understand it rightly, when cleared of all extraneous matter, may be exhibited thus—

To this sum of 861 Rs. per mensem, an addition will be constantly taking place by the falling in of stipends. The following establishment would I think be found efficient for the purpose of giving the students a liberal English education.

The Principal should be Mr. Duncan, that gentleman already draws 300 Rs. as Secretary. This office is almost a sinecure. He is ready and desirous to take a more active part in superintending the College; and his fitness for the functions which I propose to assign to him is, I believe, admitted.


text:
Author:William Howship Dickinson

Works

 * 1) The Harveian Oration 1891

title: Author:William Howship Dickinson


text:
Author:George Owen Rees

Works

 * 1) The Harveian Oration 1869

title: Author:George Owen Rees


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Author:William Withey Gull

Works

 * The Harveian Oration 1870

Works about Gull

 * William Withey Gull - a biographical sketch (1896)

title: Author:William Withey Gull


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14 starting with his left foot. The step is executed in closed position of the couple, and is usually performed several times in succession.

The arrival of the feet in fourth position (i. e., the steps marked "2" in the diagram) is usually punctuated with a slight dip.

5., so called from the number of beats it occupies, is distinct from the Tango Huit, described later, which describes a figure 8 on the floor. The eight of the One-Step is a simple walk, with turn.

The man's steps are the converse of the woman's; she pivots on her right foot, he on his left foot. Executed in closed position of the couple.

6., originally a Tango figure, is equally effective in the One-Step. From posterior third

position, the right foot steps to (1) anterior fourth position; left foot glides to (2) second position; right foot glides into (3) first position; left foot steps back


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Page:An Exposition of the Old and New Testament (1828) vol 5.djvu/176

170 Pharisees practised this themselves, and with a great deal of strictness imposed it upon others, not under civil penalties, but as matter of conscience, and making it a sin against God if they did not do it. Rabbi Joses determined, "that to eat with unwashen hands is as great a sin as adultery." And Rabbi Akiba being kept a close prisoner, having water sent him both to wash his hands with, and to drink with his meat, the greatest part being accidentally shed, he washed his hands with the remainder, though he left himself none to drink, saying he would rather die than transgress the tradition of the elders. Nay, they would not eat meat with one that did not wash before meat. This mighty zeal in so small a matter would appear very strange, if we did not still see it incident to church-oppressors, not only to be fond of practising their own inventions, but to be furious in pressing their own impositions.

2. What was the transgression of this tradition or injunction by the disciples; it seems, they did not wash their hands when they ate bread, which was the more offensive to the Pharisees, because they were men who in other things were strict and conscientious. The custom was innocent enough, and had a decency in its civil use. We read of the water for purifying at the marriage where Christ was present, (John 2. 6.) though Christ turned it into wine, and so put an end to that use of it. But when it came to be practised and imposed as a religious rite and ceremony, and such a stress laid upon it, the disciples, though weak in knowledge, yet were so well taught as not to comply with it, or observe it; no, not when the Scribes and Pharisees had their eye upon them. They had already learned St. Paul's lesson, All things are lawful for me; no doubt, it is lawful to wash before meat; but I will not be brought under the power of any; especially not of those who said to their souls, Bow down, that we may go over, l Cor. 6. 12.

3. What was the complaint of the Scribes and Pharisees against them. They quarrel with Christ about it, supposing that he allowed them in it, as he did, no doubt, by his own example; "Why do thy disciples transgress the canons of the church? And why dost thou suffer them to do it ?" It was well that the complaint was made to Christ; for the disciples themselves, though they knew their duty in this case, were perhaps not so well able to give a reason for what they did as were to be wished.

II. Here is Christ's answer to this cavil, and his justification of the disciples in that which was charged upon them as a transgression. Note, While we stand fast in the liberty wherewith Christ has made us free, he will be sure to bear us out in it.

Two ways Christ replies upon them:

1. By way of recrimination, v. 3—6. They were spying motes in the eyes of his disciples, but Christ shows them a beam in their own. But that which he charges upon them, is, not barely a recrimination, for it will be no vindication of ourselves to condemn our reprovers; but it is such a censure of their tradition (and the authority of that was it they built their charge upon) as makes not only a non-compliance lawful, but an opposition a duty. That human authority must never be submitted to, which sets up in competition with divine authority.

(1.) The charge in general is, You transgress the commandment of God by your tradition. They called it the tradition of the elders, laying stress upon the antiquity of the usage, and the authority of them that imposed it, as the church of Rome does upon fathers and councils; but Christ calls it their tradition. Note, Illegal impositions will be laid to the charge of those who support and maintain them, and keep them up, as well as of those who first invented and enjoined them; Mic. 6. 16. You transgress the commandment of God. Note, Those who are most zealous of their own impositions, are commonly most careless of God's commands; which is a good reason why Christ's disciples should stand upon their guard against such impositions, lest though at first they seem only to infringe the liberty of christians, they come at length to confront the authority of Christ. Though the Pharisees, in this command of washing before meat, did not intrench upon any command of God; yet, because in other instances they did, he justifies his disciples' disobedience to this.

(2.) The proof of this charge is in a particular instance, that of their transgressing the fifth commandment.

[1.] Let us see what the command of God is, (v. 4.) what the precept, and what the sanction of the law is.

The precept is, Honour thy father and thy mother; this is enjoined by the common Father of mankind, and by paying respect to them whom Providence has made the instruments of our being, we give honour to him who is the Author of it, who has thereby, as to us, put some of his image upon them. The whole of children's duty to their parents is included in this of honouring them, which is the spring and foundation of all the rest. If I be a Father, where is my honour? Our Saviour here supposes it to mean the duty of children's maintaining their parents, and ministering to their wants, if there be occasion, and being every way serviceable to their comfort. Honour widows, that is, maintain them, 1 Tim. 5. 3.

The sanction of this law in the fifth commandment, is, a promise, that thy days may be long; but our Saviour waves that, lest any should thence infer it to be only a thing commendable and profitable, and insists upon the penalty annexed to the breach of this commandment in another scripture, which denotes the duty to be highly and indispensably necessary; He that curseth father or mother, let him die the death: this law we have, Exod. 21. 17. The sin of cursing parents is here opposed to the duty of honouring them. Those who speak ill of their parents, or wish ill to them, who mock at them, or give them taunting and opprobrious language, break this law. If to call a brother Raca be so penal, what is it to call a father so? By our Saviour's application of this law, it appears, that denying service or relief to parents is included in cursing them. Though the language be respectful enough, and nothing abusive in it, yet what will that avail, if the deeds be not agreeable? It is but like him that said, I go, Sir, and went not, ch. 21. 30.

[2.] Let us see what was the contradiction which the tradition of the elders gave to this command. It was not direct and downright, but implicit; their casuists gave them such rules as furnished them with an easy evasion from the obligation of this command, v. 5, 6. You hear what God saith, but ye say so and so. Note, That which men say, even great men, and learned men, and men in authority, must be examined by that which God saith; and if it be found either contrary or inconsistent, it may and must be rejected, Acts 4. 19. Observe,

First, What their tradition was; That a man could not in any case bestow his worldly estate better than to give it to the priests, and devote it to the service of the temple: and that, when any thing was so devoted, it was not only unlawful to alienate it, but all other obligations, though ever so just and sacred, were thereby superseded, and a man was thereby discharged from them. And this proceeded partly from their ceremoniousness, and the superstitious regard they had to the temple, and partly from their covetousness, and love of money: for what was given to the temple they were gainers by. The former was, in pretence, the latter was, in truth, at the bottom of this tradition.

Secondly, How they allowed the application of


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 {|
 * colspan="5" align="center" | Pięciu, ‘five.’
 * N. || pięciu (a), pięc (d). || || A. || pięciu (a), pieć (d).
 * G. || pięciu. || || I. || pięcią.
 * D. || pięciu || || L. || pięciu.
 * }
 * D. || pięciu || || L. || pięciu.
 * }
 * }

Jeden, dwaj, dwa, dwie, trzej, trzy, czterej, cztery are considered are adjectives, and in consequence the substantive goes with them in the nominative case. Dwaj, trzej, and czterej, however, are only so used when they precede their nouns; if they follow them the noun is put in the genitive, as miast dwa, ‘two cities.’ Pięć and the rest up to tysiąc are substantives, and take a genitive case after them.

Pięciudziesiąt, ‘fifty,’ inflects the word pięciu (as given previously): the word dziesiąt remains unaltered. All the numerals till czterdjieści are declined like jedenascie, and all the others till dziewięcdziesiąt like pięćdziesiąt.

c


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 {|
 * colspan="5" align="center" | Dwustu, ‘two hundred.’
 * N. || dwustu (a), dwieście (d). || || A. || dwóchset (a), dwieście (d).
 * G. || dwóchset. || || I. || dwomaset, dwiemaset (c).
 * D. || dwómset || || L. || dwóchset.
 * }
 * D. || dwómset || || L. || dwóchset.
 * }
 * }

For the others, e.g. 500, take the word pięc, as previously declined, and add in each case set.

Pięciudziesiąt, ‘fifty,’ inflects the word pięciu (as given previously): the word dziesiąt remains unaltered. All the numerals till czterdjieści are declined like jedenascie, and all the others till dziewięcdziesiąt like pięćdziesiąt.

The ordinal numbers are not given here, as they are inflected like adjectives, and can be easily learned from a dictionary. In the Slavonic languages we also find collective numerals, as czworo, ‘a collection of four;’ piecioro dzieci, ‘a band of five children.’ Cf. English ‘a dozen,’ ‘a score.’ These collective numerals take for the most part the genitive case after them.


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 {|
 * colspan="5" align="center" | Plural.
 * For Men.
 * For all except Men.
 * N. || oni, ‘they.’ || || one, ‘they.’
 * G. || ich, nich. || || ich, nich.
 * D. || im, nim. || || im, nim.
 * A. || ich, nich. || || je.
 * I. || nimi. || || niemi.
 * L. || nich. || || nich.
 * }
 * G. || ich, nich. || || ich, nich.
 * D. || im, nim. || || im, nim.
 * A. || ich, nich. || || je.
 * I. || nimi. || || niemi.
 * L. || nich. || || nich.
 * }
 * I. || nimi. || || niemi.
 * L. || nich. || || nich.
 * }
 * }

The abridged forms of the pronouns are only used after verbs, and cannot be employed after prepositions, or when emphasis is to be laid upon the pronoun.

The pronoun niego is sometimes changed into ń in the genitive and accusative, and is united with the preposition, as dlań for ‘him;’ so also the pronoun ci is changed into c, and is attached to a previous word ending in a vowel.

The pronoun siebie, się is reflexive: it is used to express the singular and the plural of all three genders, and may refer to all three persons.

The are declined like adjectives, as mój, ‘my,’ twój, ‘thy;’ for the third person the genitive singular and plural of the person pronoun is used, as jego, ich.


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Kto, co, który, która, które are both relatives and interrogatives. Kto refers to masculines and feminines; co to animals and inanimate things: they have no plural. Który is decline like an adjective, the only irregularity being którzy for the masculine nominative plural.


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Index talk:Xenophon by Alexander Grant.djvu

Incomplete map
This work features a fold-out map. When unfolded it should present a map from Thrace to Armenia (26° to 46° E longitude). The folds divide the map at about the 32° and 38° lines of longitude. Of the seven or eight versions (including different editions) of this book on IA, some have a scan of the first 'page' (26-32°), some have a scan of the third page (40 to 46°) and some don't have it at all. None of them has the middle 'page' and none has an image of the map folded out.A low resolution scan of the map has been located and uploaded to Commons. It was sourced from a Google Books scan of the Blackwood's 1877 reprint of Grant's book (which originally appeared in 1871). Chrisguise (talk) 09:23, 8 October 2023 (UTC)


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Incomplete map
This work features a fold-out map. When unfolded it should present a map from Greece to Armenia (26° to 46° E longitude). The folds divide the map into three, at the 32° and 38° lines of longitude. Only the first 'page' of the fold-out appears in this scan.A low resolution scan of the map has been located and uploaded to Commons and is shown here. It was sourced from a Google Books scan of the Blackwood's 1877 reprint of Grant's book (which originally appeared in 1871). The version of the map on Commons should be replaced with a higher resolution version should one become available. Chrisguise (talk) 09:31, 8 October 2023 (UTC)


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Page:Harveian Oration for MDCCCXXXVIII; being a tribute of respect for the memory of the late James Hamilton, Sen. M.D (IA b30377353).pdf/4

 fame of a benefactor of his species, because, while he enlarged the boundaries of speculative truth, he established on his splendid discoveries the most important practical results. The experiments, by which he ascertained the great tact of the circulation of the blood, were conducted on the sure principles of the inductive logic, and may be regarded as one of the finest specimens of philosophical investigation. The history of the reception which his work “De Cordis et Sanguinis motu” experienced from a large proportion of his contemporaries, presents a mortifying view of the effect of prejudice and envy, even on minds which have been enlightened by liberal study. It would be irksome and unprofitable to dwell on the elaborate but abortive animadversions of Dr of Hull, and the still more frivolous work of of Venice, containing a pretended refutation of the doctrine of the Circulation. So mean was the jealousy of other contemporaries of, that, while they were conscious that they knew nothing of this doctrine till it was promulgated by him in the year 1628, they endeavoured to detract from his merit, by alleging that he had borrowed it from some ancient writers. It would be


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5 very easy to shew that no writer before Harvey had any conception of any other movement of the blood than an undulating progress in the vessels, or a flux and reflux from one extremity of a vessel to the other. It is not so very wonderful that men of learned education should have been tenacious of the opinions which they derived from venerated names, at a time when dissection was little practised, and when experiments on living animals had been made to a very limited extent; but it is certainly surprising, that, even since the commencement of this century, there should have been a volume published by a medical practitioner of acknowledged ability, Mr George Kerr of Aberdeen, who undertook to disprove the Harveian doctrine, and to demonstrate the truth of system of the ancients, by a parade of veteran authorities.

It is not, however, my intention to make any further reference to the illustrious individual under whose name we are here assembled to-day, and to whose great discovery the revolution of two centuries has now given the impress of acknowledged truth. I proceed at once to introduce to your notice the subject of the present sketch, himself one of Harvey’s most distinguished admirers, and one of the earliest


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BY THE

REV. W. LUCAS COLLINS, M.A.

WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS

EDINBURGH AND LONDON

MDCCCLXXIII


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Rh monitoring processes in several countries. Undermining democracy has been directly linked to the pursuit of profit through the weakening of government capacity, processes and controls.

Gained access to natural resources on preferential terms, to the detriment of the national economy. In Sudan, Wagner-linked gold mining companies have benefited from generous concessions. The network appears to have a “chokehold” over Libya’s natural resources and export facilities; consequently, “Libyan oil output has drastically decreased”.

23. The consequences of the network’s involvement in the Central African Republic are particularly far-reaching. The Sentry’s many years of investigation led it to warn that CAR is “a successful testing ground for Wagner to perfect the art of state capture with a view to outsourcing it to more vulnerable countries”. The deep involvement of the Wagner Network in the country is examined in Box 1 and shows the growing reliance of the CAR national government on the network for security. In the process, this undermines freedom of the press, political opposition, good governance, international engagement and even potentially the national constitution.

Box 1: Case study on the Wagner Network’s involvement in the Central African Republic


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 [No. 17.]

OF THE

OF THE

JUNE, 1886.

SINGAPORE:

1887.

London and America, ...

Paris, ...

Germany, ..., Leipzig.


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 [No. 18.]

OF THE

OF THE

DECEMBER, 1886.

SINGAPORE:

1887.

London and America, ...

Paris, ...

Germany, ..., Leipzig.


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Page:Memoirs of Vidocq, Volume 3.djvu/33

and Goupil having failed in their plans for my destruction, Corvet resolved to try his success in the same way. One morning, when I was in want of some particular information, I went to the house of this agent, whose wife was also attached to the police. I found both roan and wife at their lodging, and although I only knew them from having once or twice cooperated with them in some unimportant discoveries, they gave me the information I required with so much good will, that, like a man who has the feelings of good fellowship towards those with whom he is associated, I offered to regale them with a bottle of wine at the nearest cabaret. Corvet alone accepted the proffer, and we went together and seated ourselves in a private room.

The wine was excellent; we drank one, two, three bottles. A private room and three bottles of wine leads on to confidence. About an hour afterwards, I thought I perceived that Corvet had some proposal to make, and at length he somewhat suddenly said, "Listen, Vidocq, (and he knocked his glass on the table with some emphasis,) you are a jolly lad, but you are not open amongst friends; we know well enough that you are a fellow workman, but you're a deep file: we two might do a fine stroke of business."

I pretended not to comprehend him.

"Nonsense, come, come," he replied, "no gammon, that will not go down with me, I know you are a


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 TABLE OF CONTENTS.


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Rh '''international criminal mafia, fuelling corruption and plundering natural resources. Some regimes’ reliance on the network for survival means that Wagner actors show little respect for the citizens or the laws of the countries where they operate. The network’s military and political involvement in the Central African Republic is all-encompassing and should serve as a warning of what may happen elsewhere. Even when Wagner’s deployments do not result in benefits for the host country, they are often a great success for the network itself due to the lucrative resources it accesses, particularly in the Central African Republic and Sudan.'''

26. Before February 2022, Wagner offered to a great extent a “deniable military capability” for the Russian Government. Their role and visibility transformed over the subsequent year and a half. They have played an increasingly visible role in the renewed illegal invasion by Russia of Ukraine, particularly in the battles of Soledar and Bakhmut. Wagner became a “key node within Russian’s fighting force in Ukraine” —in what a UK Minister called a “sign of wholesale institutional failure on the part of Putin’s military”. Q197 [Leo Docherty Support from the Russian Ministry of Defence to the network increased significantly. British defence chiefs stated in January 2023 there were up to 50,000 Wagner fighters in Ukraine; the United States Government provided further detail, estimating around 10,000 contractors and 40,000 convicts.

27. Prigozhin’s willingness to admit his role in founding the Wagner Group and his arguments with the Russian Ministry of Defence over the supply of ammunition to Wagner fighters were some of the most public signs that the network no longer felt the need to exist in the shadows. The Russian state celebrated Wagner fighters as patriots. In November 2022, the Russian dissident, Mikhail Khodorkovsky, told of their increased popularity in the war, as “people believe that the alternative to this [using a PMC] would be conscripts”.


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 * 184. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu München, 1883, pp. 22,—Kuhn—Über Herkunft und Sprache der Transgangetischen Völker.
 * 184a American Baptist Missionary Magazine.
 * 185. Annales de l'Extrême Orient, edited by Count Meyners d'Estrey, Paris 1878-84, 6 vols. large 8vo.
 * Vol. I, p. 97. Les Monuments de l'ancien Cambodge, by the Marquis de Croizier.
 * Vol. I, p. 152. Indo-Chine. Etudes d'après les voyages du Dr. Bastian, by the Marquis de Croizier.
 * Vol. I, p. 169. Idem.
 * p. 277. Idem.
 * p. 306. Idem.
 * p. 329. Notes de Voyage en Indo-Chine, by Dr. J. Harmand. (Maps.)
 * Vol. I, p. 347. Summary of a paper entitled "Rapport sur une Mission en Indo-Chine de Bassac à Hué, by Dr. J. Harmand. See also p. 393.
 * Vol. I, p. 361. Notes de Voyages en Indo-Chine, by Dr. J. Harmand.
 * Vol. I, p. 380. Indo-Chine. Etudes d'après les voyages du Dr. Bastian, by the Marquis de Croizier.
 * Vol. II, p. 12. Une audience au Palais Royal de Bangkôk sous le roi Monkût, by Albert


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ENGLISH, SULU, AND MALAY VOCABULARY.

(Continued from Journal No. 16.)


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[The Malay text of the following story, which is printed in the vernacular in this No. of the Journal, has never before been committed to writing. It is one of the cheritras which have been taken down verbatim from the lips of. See Journal No. 17, p. 87.—)

NCE upon a time, there was a very powerful King who was called Raja BESAR; his consort was called Princess LINDONGAN BULAN, and the name of his kingdom was Mandi Angin. He had all that the monarch of a great kingdom ought to have—chiefs and ministers, warriors, soldiers and subjects, a fortified capital with a palace in it, and inside the palace a complete array of attendants, maids of honour, and officers in wailing. He was unfortunately childless, and so, of course, the one desire of himself and the Princess was to have a son and heir. They made vows at shrines and gave alms to the poor and presents to religious men, but it was not until the King had been on the throne for seven years and nine montlis that, to his great joy, it became apparent that the Princess was enceinte. She was three months advanced in her preg- nancy when the King summoned his astrologers, seven bro- thers. to divine whether the unborn infant would be a boy or a girl and whether it would be fortunate or unfortunate. The attendants got everything ready for the ceremony—a large wax candle, holy water, parched rice, yellow rice, white cloth, and a small platform, sitting on which the diviners would become entranced. This done, the astrologers performed their incan- tations, commencing in the evening and going on until day- break, when they emerged from the coverings with which they had enveloped themselves. By this time, they had become aware, through their mysterious art, and by indications the secrets of which had come down to them from their fore- fathers, that the expected infant would be a prince, and that he would be possessed of extraordinary qualities (ter-lalu besar tuah-nia menurus sampei ka langit yang ka-tujoh lapis dan ter-sĕndam ka bawah sampei ka batu hampar tuah-nia).


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N the Straits Settlements the "Survey Question is one which has been before the public for some years and which, especially since 1883, has been the subject of much discussion-discussion which has just culminated in the publication by Govern- ment of a valuable report by an officer of the Survey of India (Lieut.-Colonel BARRON, B.C.S.) especially deputed to study the subject on the spot.

Some of the questions connected with land-revenue ad- ministration which have been engaging the attention of the Government of these Settlements (1,310 square miles) have recently been under discussion in a much larger Colony- Cochin China and I have thought that it may be of interest to the members of our Society, and to persons in the Colony interested in land, if I republish here in English a paper on the subject which appeared last year in the Bulletin de la Société des Etudes Indo-Chinoises de Saigon.

I have translated this paper, not because I agree with the principles which M. CAMOUILLY advocates, but because I have been desirous of understanding, in what manner it has been thought possible to carry out, in an Asiatic Colony, registration of title on the Torrens system with- out a preliminary general allotment survey. The argu- ments of the writer are chiefly directed against any project for carrying out a cadastral survey, but he does not to realise that some of these arguments, if their cogency is admitted, will militate equally against the intro- duction of the Torrens system, which he advocates. "Never think," says M. CAMOUILLY, "of carrying out a systematic survey of holdings. Do you know what the effect could be? Why you would destroy the communal system, by which the land-revenue is collected in a lump for each village and would introduce a system of revenue-settlement, holding by holding, which would give infinite trouble."

Later on, his argument in favour of the Torrens system is something of this sort:—"Annamite land-holders are terribly fleeced by money-lenders. Give them Government titles and they will be able to raise money at reasonable rates from respec- table establishments. Confine your survey to those lots which


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 cunning fellow although I don't know your place of work I will speak to you as I would to my own brother, if I think I may depend upon you. It is all very well to serve the police, but there is nothing to be made out of it, and a crown changed is a crown spent and gone. Now if you will keep counsel, there is a job or two which I have in my eye which we will do together, and which will not hinder us from doing our friends a good turn."

"How," said I, "would you abuse the confidence placed in you? that is not right, and I am sure that if it were known at the prefecture they would give you two or three years of it at Bicêtre."

"Ah! you are like all the rest," replied Corvet, "you are going to be mealy-mouthed and squeamish; you are delicate, are you; come, come, we know one another.." [sic]

I testified much astonishment at his holding such language to me, and added that I was fully persuaded that he only said so to try me, or perhaps lay a snare for me.

"A snare!" cried he, "a snare! I bring you into trouble, I had rather put my own neck in jeopardy; you must be mad to suppose it. I do not beat about the bush; when I say anything it is blunt and straight-forward; with me there is no back door, and as a proof that all is not as you believe, I will tell you that no later than this evening I am going to work. I have already laid my plan, the keys are made, and if you will come with me, you shall see how I will do the job."

"I doubt you have either lost your senses, or you wish to entangle me in your net."

"What, do you not give me any credit for better feeling? (Elevating his voice.) I tell you then you shall not have a finger in the pie. What more would you have? I shall take my wife with me, it will not be the first time, but it will be the last if you choose to make it so. With two men there is always a resource at hand. The business of to-day regards you nothing;


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 "Dogs' heads! Most convenient for barking, and for cannibals."

"What has been proved is unfortunately this, that the people are most savage, and they are very desirous of human flesh, which they seek for with avidity."

"All I ask is," said Joe, "that they won't seek me individually so anxiously."

"I say!" cried Dick.

"I mean it this way, Mr. Dick. If ever I am to be eaten in a moment of scarcity, I hope that it will be for your advantage, and for my master's. But to sustain those blackamoors, never! I should die of shame!"

"Well, then my brave Joe, now that is understood, we may count upon you at a pinch," said Kennedy.

"At your service, gentlemen," said Joe.

"Joe talks like that," said the doctor, so that we may take great care of him, and feed him up."

"Very likely," replied Joe. Man is a terribly selfish animal."

During the afternoon the sky was hidden by a thick mist, which made the earth damp. The fog scarcely allowed objects to be distinguished on the ground, and, fearful of striking against some invisible peak, the doctor ascended for about five hours. The night passed without accident, but it was necessary to be doubly vigilant in the profound darkness.

The trade-wind blew with extreme violence during the early part of the following day. The wind roared in the lower part of the balloon, and shook the appendages by which the tubes of dilatation penetrated with great force. They were compelled to fasten them with ropes, in which work Joe acquitted himself very skillfully.

They ascertained, at the same time, that the opening at the top of the balloon remained hermetically sealed. "This is of the utmost importance to us," said Doctor Ferguson. "We obviate the escape of the precious gas; besides, we leave nothing round us of an inflammable nature by which, if a light were applied, we should be stopped altogether."

"That would be a very unpleasant incident of our journey," said Joe.

"Should we be precipitated to the ground?" asked Dick.

"No, not precipitated. The gas would burn quietly, and we should descend by degrees. A similar accident happened


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To his Annual Report on the Forest Department for 1886, Mr. CANTLEY, Superintendent of the Botanical Gardens, Singapore, has added some notes on Economic Plants-notes to which it seems desirable to give wider publicity than can be obtained by incorporation in a volume of "Proceedings of the Legislative Council." They are, therefore, reprinted here.

The introduction of trees and plants into countries in which they are not indigenous often involves, if the acclimatisation. is successful, a growth of nomenclature which creates puzzles for future philologists. "Tobacco” and ananas "have gradually been adopted, in varying forms, by all the languages. of the East, but what are we to say of "jamrose," the name given in Mauritius to one of the jambu family, perhaps the rose-apple (jambosa vulgaris), which seems to be an odd mixture of the Malay and English words?

In Penang, where the cho-cho (sechium edule) is called "the Bainie fruit," a name has been established which will perhaps find a place some day in dictionaries and glossaries. The vegetable in question was first grown at Bellevue on Penang Hill in 1865 by the Recorder, Sir BENSON MAXWELL, to whom one ripe specimen was presented by Mr. ROBERT BAIN, a merchant in the island. The name of the new pro- duct was not known, and it was christened by the children of the family after the donor. The plant has grown freely on Penang Hill ever since, and is known both to Europeans and natives in Penang by the name invented in the nursery of the Recorder's family.

What is now being done by a Government Department in


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 to the French aëronaut, Madame Blanchard. She set fire to the balloon while setting off fireworks, but she did not fall; and she would not have lost her life had her car not been hurled against a chimney, and she herself thrown to the ground."

"Let us trust that no such accident will happen to us," said Dick. "So far our journey has not appeared to me dangerous, and I see no reason why we should not reach our destination."

"Nor do I, my dear Dick. Accidents, moreover, have always been caused either by imprudence on the part of the aëronauts, or by the badly-constructed apparatus they make use of. So, out of many thousands of aërial ascents, we can reckon only about twenty fatal accidents. Generally it is the landings or the departures which offer most danger. So, in like case, we ought not to neglect any precautions."

"It is breakfast time," said Joe; we must content ourselves with preserved meat and coffee until Mr. Kennedy has the opportunity to treat us to a haunch of venison."

wind was becoming violent and squally. The "Victoria" made "tacks" in the air. Sometimes tossed to the north, sometimes to the south, it could not meet with any steady slant of wind.

"We are going very fast without advancing much," said Kennedy, as he remarked the frequent oscillations of the magnetic needle.

"The 'Victoria' is flying at a speed of nearly thirty leagues an hour," said Ferguson. "Lean over and see how quickly the country disappears from beneath us. Mind, this forest appears as if it were about to precipitate itself against us!"

"The forest is already an open space," said Kennedy.

"And the open space is now a village," added Joe, a few seconds later. "Look at the astonished faces of the niggers!"

"No wonder," replied the doctor. "The French peasants, when they first saw balloons, ran away, taking


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Rh '''Ministry of Defence confirmed the network’s long-suspected links to the Russian state. The brutality of its fighters in Ukraine is appalling but not atypical. So long as the network survives in some form, we believe that countries may still turn to it in future. Many leaders—mostly in insecure environments in Africa—are likely already to have known the price of engaging the network when they decided to work with it.'''

32. 'We recommend that the Government explicitly states that it opposes the co-operation of any country with the Wagner Network, or future iterations thereof, due to the security threats of the ‘Wagner model’ of business and governance. Where countries can be incentivised not to partner with the network or to re-engage after partnering with it, they should be. National governments that collude with the Wagner Network to breach UN sanctions, or that take no steps to protect their populations from Wagner-perpetrated atrocity crimes, should face financial and diplomatic consequences, where appropriate.'


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 them for monstrous air-sprites; so we must not be surprised at the natives of the Soudan looking astonished."

"I declare," said Joe, as the "Victoria" just skimmed over a village about 100 feet above it. "I have a great mind to shy an empty bottle at them if you have no objection, sir. If it arrive unbroken they will worship it, if it smash they will make 'charms' of the pieces."

And as he spoke he threw a bottle over; it of course was broken to fragments, while the natives ran into their huts uttering loud cries.

A little farther on Kennedy cried:

"Look at that extraordinary tree—it appears to be of one species at the top and another lower down!"

"Yes," said Joe; "this is apparently a country where trees grow one on top of the other!"

"It is only the trunk of a fig-tree," replied the doctor, "upon which a little mold has fallen. One fine day the wind happened to bring a seed of the palm here, and the palm tree has grown up accordingly."

"A capital plan," said Joe, "and one I shall introduce into England. It would answer capitally in the London parks, not to mention that it would be a way of multiplying fruit trees; one might have gardens in the air, which would be quite to the taste of small proprietors."

At this moment they were obliged to elevate the "Victoria" to about 300 feet, so as to avoid a forest of high trees—very ancient banyans.

"What magnificent trees!" cried Kennedy; "I know nothing finer than these old forests. Look, Samuel!"

"The height of these banyans is truly marvelous, my dear Dick; yet they are not to be compared with the American forests."

"What! are there bigger trees in America?"

"Certainly! amongst those called 'mammoth trees.' Thus in California there is a cedar 450 feet high, which is higher than the tower of the Houses of Parliament or even than the great Pyramid of Egypt. The trunk is 120 feet round at the base, and the concentric rings of the tree declare it to be more than 4,000 years old!"

"Well, sir," said Joe, "that is not very wonderful. When you have lived 4,000 years it is only natural that you should be very big."


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 During the above conversation the forest had given place to a large collection of huts, disposed in a circle round a clear space. In the center rose an extraordinary tree. Joe cried out when he saw it: "Well, if that tree has produced such flowers as those for 4,000 years, I shall not pay it any compliment."

It was a gigantic sycamore, whose trunk was completely concealed by a heap of human bones. The "flowers" of which Joe spoke were human heads lately cut off, and suspended by daggers fixed in the bark.

"The 'war-tree' of the cannibals," said the doctor. "The Indians take the scalp, the Africans the entire head."

"A matter of taste," said Joe.

But the village of the bleeding heads was fast disappearing on the horizon; yet another farther on offered a not less horrible spectacle. Half-eaten human bodies, crumbling skeletons, human remains, were scattered about, and were left to be devoured by the hyenas and jackals.

"Those are doubtless the bodies of criminals, and, as is the practice in Abyssinia, they are exposed to the attacks of wild beasts, who devour them at their leisure, having first killed them with teeth and claws."

"It is not much more cruel than hanging," said the Scot, "it is more horrible, that's all."

"In the south of Africa," replied the doctor, they merely shut the offender up in his own hut with the wild beasts; perhaps his family is also included. The hut is then set on fire and the occupants are all roasted together. I do call that cruelty, but I agree with Kennedy that if hanging be less cruel it is equally barbarous."

Joe, with the excellent sight which served him so well now, cried that he could perceive some birds of prey appearing above the horizon.

"They are eagles," replied Kennedy, after having examined them with his telescope; "splendid birds!—their flight is as rapid as our own."

"Heaven preserve us from their attacks!" said the doctor; "they are more to be dreaded than the most ferocious beasts or the most savage tribes."

"Bah!" replied Dick, "we shall drive them off with our rifles."

"I should very much prefer not to be obliged to resort


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It having been suggested that the following Index of Articles contained in the above periodical, and forming a portion of the notice under that head in a forthcoming "Dictionary of the Malay Peninsula and Straits Settlements" would be of special use to members of the Society I have much pleasure in placing it at their disposal.

 * N. S. = New Series. The numbering of the volumes follows the binding of the copies in the Raffles Library.

N. B. DENNYS.


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 to your skill, my dear Dick. The taffeta could not resist their beaks. Fortunately they appear to be more frightened than attracted by our balloon."

"Yes, but I have got an idea," said Joe, "for ideas are tumbling in by dozens to-day. If we were to procure a team of eagles, we might harness them to the car, and they would draw us through the air."

"The proposal is seriously made," said the doctor; "but I very much question its practicability with such very restive animals."

"We might train them," replied Joe; "instead of bits we could guide them with blinkers, which would cover their eyes completely. Unloose one eye, they would go to the right or left as the case might be; blind them again, and they would stop."

"You must allow me, my good Joe, to prefer a favorable wind to your harnessed eagles. It costs less to keep—that is certain, at any rate."

"Oh, by all means, sir; but I will keep my idea all the same."

It was mid-day. For some time the "Victoria" had been going along steadily, not flying as it lately had been. Suddenly cries and whistling sounds reached the ears of the travelers; they leaned over and perceived in the open plain a sight not easily to be forgotten. Two tribes were engaged in deadly combat and exchanging clouds of arrows. The combatants were so deeply engaged that they did not perceive the "Victoria." They numbered about 300, and were mingled in an inextricable mêlée; the greater part of them were reddened with the blood in which they appeared literally steeped. It was a horrible sight. At the appearance of the balloon there was a pause, the shouts were redoubled, some arrows were launched at the car, and one of them came near enough for Joe to catch it.

"We must get out of reach," said the doctor. "No imprudence, we cannot allow that."

The battle continued. So soon as an enemy "bit the dust," his opponent hastened to decapitate him. The women mixed in this rout, collected the bleeding heads, and piled them up at either extremity of the battle-field, and often fought among themselves for possession of these hideous trophies.


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 OCCASIONAL NOTES.

SUMATRA IN 1886.

THE island of Sumatra is entirely under Dutch rule, nomi- nally so at all events, though there are large tracts of country where Dutch rule is not yet recognised, or where no attempt has as yet been made to introduce it. This applies particu- larly to the interior of Atjeh (Achcen), the countries of the Alas, Gayus, and the different tribes of the Battaks.

The island is divided into a number of districts, provinces, or kingdoms, some of which are under direct Dutch rule, whereas others continue to be governed by their native rulers with the assistance of European advisers.

The latest official statements give the following particu- lars:—

Area, 8,567 6/10 geographical miles. (This includes the Riouw residency, Banka and Billiton. Though geographically dependencies of Sumatra, these are considered and treated as separate parts in official records.)

Population : —

These figures must, of course, be regarded as more or less conjectural, as it is only as far as Europeans are concerned that there can be any attempt at accuracy.

The following are the political divisions into which the country has been sub-divided by the Dutch Government:—

1. West Coast of Sumatra, 2,200 geographical square miles under direct Dutch rule. A Governor is at its head with his head-quarters at Padang.


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 "Horrible scene," said Kennedy, with profound disgust.

"Wretched creatures," cried Joe. "They only want a uniform now to be like all other soldiers."

"I have a great mind to interfere in the battle," cried Kennedy, brandishing a carbine.

"Not so," replied the doctor; "nothing of the sort. Let us mind our own business. How do you know who is right or wrong, that you should play the part of Providence? Let us get farther away from this repulsive scene. If great generals could only look down as we do upon their fields of battle, they would end, perhaps, in losing their taste for blood and conquest."

The chief of one of the bands of savages was remarkable for his tall form and Herculean strength. With one hand he plunged his lance into the thick masses of his enemies, and with the other he cleared the way with tremendous blows of his hatchet. Presently he cast his gory lance from him, and cast himself upon a wounded man, whose arm he swept off with a blow of his hatchet. He then seized the arm and began to devour it on the spot.

"Ugh! cried Kennedy, "the brute! I can't stand any more." And the warrior, hit by a bullet in the forehead, fell dead on his back.

At his fall, a profound terror seized his band. This supernatural death served to reanimate the ardor of their adversaries, and in a moment the battle-field was abandoned by half the combatants.

"Let us seek a higher current to take us along," said the doctor, "I am sick of this."

But they could not get away so quickly, but that they could perceive the victorious tribe seize upon the dead and wounded, and fight over the still warm flesh, and devour it eagerly. "Pugh," said Joe, "that is sickening."

The "Victoria" rose. The shouts of the frenzied crowd followed them for some moments, but at length, impelled towards the south, they escaped from this scene of carnage and cannibalism.

The country appeared undulating with several watercourses, which ran towards the east, and fell doubtless into the affluents of the lake Nu, or of the River of Gazelles, respecting which M. Lejean has given some curious details. When night fell the "Victoria" dropped anchor in


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 27° E. longitude, and 4° 20′ N. latitude, after a journey of 150 miles.

night was very dark. The doctor had not been able to recognize the country. He made fast to a tall tree, of which he could scarcely distinguish the confused mass in the gloom. According to arrangement, he took the nine o'clock watch, and at midnight Dick came to relieve him.

"Watch carefully, Dick, please; very carefully."

"Anything new, then?"

"No; I believe I have heard some strange noises below us, and I do not know quite where the wind has carried us. A little extra prudence, then, cannot do any harm."

"You have heard cries of wild beasts?"

"No, it appeared to me something quite different. However, at the least alarm do not fail to wake us."

"All right," replied Dick.

After listening attentively once more, and hearing nothing, the doctor retired, and slept soundly.

The sky was covered with thick clouds, but not a breath of wind was stirring. The "Victoria," held by a single grapnel, felt no movement.

Kennedy leaned upon the car so as to watch the action of the blow-pipe, and began to think of this Erebus-like gloom. He scanned the horizon, and as it happens to restless or preoccupied persons, he fancied he could perceive at times a faint glimmering of light. At one moment he actually believed he saw it 200 paces distant, but it was only a flash, after which he could perceive nothing. It was doubtless one of those luminous sensations which the eye produces in the midst of profound darkness.

Kennedy was satisfied, and resumed his contemplative mood, when a sharp whistle broke the silence. Was it the cry of an animal or of a bird of night? Or did it emanate from human lips?

Kennedy, recognizing all the gravity of the situation, was about to rouse his companions, but he considered that in any case, whether man or beast, it was out of range.


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 you will wait for us in the coffee-house at the corner of the Rue de la Tabletterie. It is almost facing where we are going to work, and as soon as you see us come out do you follow; we will sell the booty, and we will go snacks. After that you will no longer distrust us. What think you?"

There was so much appearance of sincerity in this discourse, that I really hardly knew how to act with Corvet. Did he want an accomplice, or did he seek a means of destroying me? I have still my doubts on this point; but in either case Corvet was a manifest rogue.

By his own confession, his wife and he committed robberies. If he had spoken the truth, it was my duty to deliver him up to justice; if, on the contrary, he had lied, in the hope of entrapping me into a criminal action to denounce me, it was only right to prosecute the plot to its termination, that I might show to the authorities that to tempt me was labour in vain.

I had endeavoured to dissuade Corvet from his design, but when I saw that he persisted, I feigned to allow myself to be seduced.

"Well then," I said, "since it must be so, I accept the proposal."

He instantly embraced me, and the rendezvous was fixed for four o'clock, at a vintner's. Corvet returned home, and as soon as he had left me I wrote to M. Allemain, commissary of police, in the Rue Cimetière St. Nicolas, to inform him of the robbery which was to be perpetrated in the evening. I gave him, at the same time, all the necessary information for seizing on the culprits in the very commission of their crime.

I was at my post at the agreed hour; Corvet and his wife were not long after me, and after drinking a bottle or two of wine to cheer them in their work they proceeded on their enterprise. A moment afterwards; and I saw them enter a court-yard in the Rue de la Haumerie. The commissary had so well contrived that he apprehended the two at the moment when, laden


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 He looked to his arms, however, and, with the night-glass, resumed his scrutiny into the darkness.

He soon fancied that he could distinguish below him shadowy forms, which glided towards the tree. By a ray of moonlight, which glinted like a lightning flash between two clouds, he perceived distinctly a group of people moving about in the gloom.

The adventure with the apes came to his mind; he laid his hand on the doctor's shoulder. Ferguson woke immediately.

"Silence!" whispered Kennedy.

"Is anything the matter?"

"Yes, wake Joe."

So soon as Joe was awake, the Scot related what he had seen.

"Those cursed apes again," said Joe.

"Possibly! but we must take our precautions. Joe and I will descend into the tree by the ladder," said Kennedy.

"And in the meantime," said the doctor, "I will take steps to ensure a rapid retreat upwards."

"Agreed!"

"Let us get down," said Joe.

"Do not resort to firearms except in the last necessity," said the doctor. "It is no use to reveal our whereabouts in these parts."

Dick and Joe signed assent and glided noiselessly into the tree. They took their position upon the fork of two large branches which the grapnel had caught.

For some minutes they listened mute and motionless in the tree. At a certain crackling of the bark Joe seized the Scot's hand.

"Don't you hear something?"

"Yes; it is approaching."

"If it be a serpent? The hissing you heard"

"No, it is something human."

"I prefer savages to serpents," said Joe. "Those reptiles are most repugnant to me."

"The noise is increasing," said Kennedy some moments afterwards.

"Yes, they are ascending—creeping up."

"Do you watch this side; I will look out on the other."

"All right, sir."


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Rh

So Ivashko said to the little boat,—

"Swim across, little boat, to the shore, for my father is calling me."

Back went the little boat to the side of the lake, where the father stood waiting. He gave his little son something to eat and drink, and then, taking all the fish out of the boat, let Ivashko go on with his fishing.

cried the boy.

When he had got to the middle he commenced fishing again, and caught still more fish than he had before.

After a little while he heard his mother's voice calling him,—

Ivashko again told his boat to swim to the shore, and, giving his mother the fish, he took his food, and returned to fishing.

It so happened that a wicked old witch had been listening to the call of the boy's parents, and wondered whether she could imitate the peasants' voices, and get Ivashko and the fish, for she was very hungry. So she went to the shore, and called out in a harsh voice,—


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 They found themselves isolated upon the main branch, growing right in the middle of the miniature forest, which a "baobab" tree makes. The obscurity, increased by the thickness of the foliage, was profound; nevertheless Joe, stooping to Kennedy's ear, and pointing to the lower portion of the tree, said: "Niggers!"

Some words in a low voice then, reached even to the ears of the travelers. Joe shouldered his rifle.

"Wait a bit," said Kennedy.

The savages had actually scaled the "baobab." They rushed along it on every side, creeping along the branches like snakes—approaching slowly but surely; but they betrayed their presence by the smell of the horrible grease with which their bodies were smeared.

Soon two heads presented themselves to our travelers' gaze on a level with the very branch which they occupied.

"Attention!" cried Dick. "Fire!"

The double discharge echoed like thunder, and arose amid cries of distress. In a moment all the crowd had disappeared.

But in the midst of the shoutings a most extraordinary cry arose. It was incredible—impossible! A human voice, and speaking French!

"Help, help!" it cried.

Kennedy and Joe were stupefied. They regained the car with all speed.

"You heard it?" asked the doctor.

"Most decidedly a supernatural cry—Help! help!"

"'Tis a Frenchman in the hands of the savages!" said the doctor.

"A traveler!"

"A missionary, very likely!"

"The unhappy man!" cried Kennedy. They are about to kill him to make him suffer martyrdom!" The doctor endeavored in vain to hide his emotion.

"There can be no doubt," said he, "some unhappy Frenchman has fallen into the hands of the savages. But we will not leave this spot till we have made every effort to rescue him. The sound of our guns he looked upon as inspired succor—a providential intervention. We will not render this last hope false. Is this your opinion?"

"It is, Samuel, and we are ready to obey you."


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But Ivashko knew better. He knew that the voice was not that of his parents, but of a well-known witch; so he told his little boat to swim away from the shore and more towards the other side of the lake.

The witch, seeing that it was useless to call Ivashko unless she had a voice like his mother's, began thinking what she had better do. Then a sudden idea struck her, and she ran off to a blacksmith, and cried,—

"Blacksmith! blacksmith! make me a thin voice like that of Ivashko's mother, or I will eat you up, and not leave a bone in remembrance of you!"

The blacksmith, greatly alarmed, sat down at once to make the thin voice, leaving his other work till later.

In the evening the old witch went to the shore, and called out in the thin voice,—

The voice was so like that of Ivashko's mother that the boy thought it was she, and told the boat to swim towards the shore. But, alas! what was his horror when the witch suddenly seized him and his fish, and took them home to her hut, where she told her daughter, Alenka, to heat the stove and bake Ivashko for her dinner, while she went to invite some of her fellow-witches to make merry!


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 "Let us then arrange our plans, and so soon as daylight comes we will endeavor to release him."

"But how shall we drive away those horrible negroes?"

"It seems to me," said the doctor, "that after the way in which they dispersed, they were not acquainted with firearms. We must then profit by their fright; but it will be necessary to wait for daylight, and we will form our plan of rescue according to the circumstances."

"This unhappy man cannot be very far distant," said Joe. "For"

"Help, help!" cried the voice, but this time in weaker accents.

"The barbarians!" cried Joe angrily. "Suppose they kill him to-night?"

"Yes, Samuel!" said Kennedy. "If they murder him to-night?"

"That is not likely, my friends. These savage tribes kill their prisoners in open day: the sun is necessary for them."

"Suppose I were to take advantage of the darkness," said the Scot, to approach this poor victim?"

"I will go with you, Mr. Dick."

"Stop, stop, my friends. This suggestion does equal honor to your courage and your feelings; but you will put everything in jeopardy, and will only endanger the man we want to save."

"How so?" asked Kennedy. "The savages are frightened and dispersed. They will not return."

"Dick, obey me, I beg of you. I ask it for the common safety. If by any chance you were discovered, everything would be lost."

"But this poor wretch who is waiting and hoping all this time. No one answers him, no one comes to his assistance. He will think his senses have deceived him; that he has heard nothing."

"He can be reassured," said the doctor.

And standing up in the darkness and putting his hands to his mouth, the doctor called out to the stranger, in French:

"Whoever you are, be confident. Three friends watch over you."

A terrible uproar was the reply, which doubtless drowned the prisoner's answer.