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the chase was occurring on the lake, Miss Temple and her companion pursued their walk with the activity of youth. Male attendants, on such excursions, were thought to be altogether unnecessary, for none were ever known, there, to offer an insult to a female who respected the dignity of her own sex. After the embarrassment, that had been created by their parting discourse with Edwards, had dissipated itself, the girls maintained a conversation that was as innocent and cheerful as themselves.

The path they had taken led them but a short distance above the hut of Leather-stocking, and there was a point in the road which commanded a birds-eye view of the sequestered spot.

From a feeling, that might have been natural, but must have been powerful, neither of the maidens, in their frequent and confidential dialogues, had ever trusted herself to utter one syllable concerning the equivocal situation in which the young man, who was now so intimately associated with them, had been found. If Judge Temple had deemed it prudent


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 to make any inquiries on the subject, he had also thought it proper to keep the answers to himself; though it was so common an occurrence to find the well-educated youth of the eastern states, in every stage of their career to wealth, that the simple circumstance of his intelligence, connected with his poverty, would not, at that day, and in that country, have excited any very powerful curiosity. With his breeding it might have been different; but the youth himself had so effectually guarded against any surprise on this subject, by his cold, and even in some cases, rude deportment, that when his manners seemed to soften by time, the Judge, if he thought about it at all, would have been most likely to imagine that the improvement was the result of his late association. But women are always more alive to such subjects than men; and what the abstraction of the father had overlooked, the observation of the daughter had easily detected. In the thousand little courtesies of polished life, she had early discovered that Edwards was not wanting, though his gentleness was so often crossed by marks of what she conceived to be fierce and uncontrollable passions. It may, perhaps, be unnecessary to tell the reader that Louisa Grant never reasoned so much after the fashions of the world. The gentle girl, however, had her own thoughts on the subject, and, like others, she drew her own conclusions.

"I would give all my other secrets, Louisa," exclaimed Miss Temple, laughing, and shaking back her dark locks, with a look of childish simplicity that her intelligent face seldom expressed, "to be mistress of all that those rude logs have heard and witnessed."

They were both looking at the secluded hut

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 at the instant, and Miss Grant raised her mild eyes, as she answered—

"I am sure they would tell nothing to the disadvantage of Mr. Edwards."

"Perhaps not; but they might tell who he is."

"Why, dear Miss Temple, we know all that already," returned the other; "I have heard it all very rationally explained by your cousin"—

"The executive chief!" interrupted Elizabeth—"yes, yes, he can explain any thing. His ingenuity will one day discover the philosopher's stone. But what did he say?"

"Say!" echoed Louisa, with a look of surprise; "why every thing that seemed to me to be satisfactory; and I have believed it to be true. He said that Natty Bumppo had lived most of his life in the woods, and among the Indians, by which means he had formed an acquaintance with old John, the Delaware chief."

"Indeed! that was quite a matter of fact tale for cousin Dickon. What came next?"

"I believe he accounted for their close intimacy, by some story about the Leather-stocking saving the life of John in a battle."

"Nothing more likely," said Elizabeth, a little impatiently; "but what is all this to the purpose?"

"Nay, Elizabeth, you must bear with my ignorance, and I will repeat ail that I remember to have overheard; for the dialogue was between my father and the Sheriff, so lately as the last time they met. He then added, that the kings of England used to keep gentlemen as agents among the different tribes of Indians, and sometimes officers in the army, who frequently passed half their lives on the edge of the wilderness."

"Told with a wonderful historical accuracy! And did he end there?"


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Author:Edward Hovell-Thurlow

Works

 * Hermilda in Palestine: The first canto, and part of the second; with other poems (1812)
 * Poems on Several Occasions (1813)
 * An Appendix to Poems On Several Occasions (1813)
 * Althea: a poem (1813)
 * Ariadne : a poem in three parts (1814)
 * Moonlight; the Doge's Daughter; Ariadne; Carmen Britannicum, or the Song of Britain; Angelica, or the Rape of Proteus (1814)
 * Carmen Britannicum: or the song of Britain; written in honour of his Royal Highness George Augustus Frederick Prince Regent (1814)
 * The Doge's Daughter: A poem. in two cantos: with several translations from Anacreon and Horace (1814)
 * Moonlight, a Poem: with Several Copies of Verses (1814)
 * Select Poems of Edward Hovel Thurlow, Lord Thurlow (1816)
 * The Sonnets of Edward, Lord Thurlow (1819)
 * The Knight's Tale, and, The Flower and the Leaf: after Geoffrey Chaucer (1822)
 * Arcita and Palamon: After The excellent poet, Geoffrey Chaucer (1822)
 * Angelica; or, The rape of Proteus: A masque (1822)

As translator

 * Odes (1822), by Anacreon

As editor

 * The Defense of Poesy ... To which are prefixed several copies of verses (1811), by Sir Philip Sidney

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 "Oh! no then he said that these agents seldom married; and—and—they must have been wicked men, Elizabeth! but then he said—that—that"

"Never mind," said Miss Temple, blushing and smiling, though so slightly that both were unheeded by her companion—"skip all that."

"Well, then he said that they often took great pride in the education of their children, whom they frequently sent to England, and even to the colleges; and this is the way that he accounts for the liberal manner in which Mr. Edwards has been taught; for he acknowledges that he knows almost as much as himself, or your father—or even mine."

"Quite a climax in learning!" cried the heiress—"commencing with the last, I suppose. And so he made Mohegan the grand uncle or grandfather of Oliver Edwards."

"You have heard him yourself, then?" said Louisa.

"Often; but not on this subject. Mr. Richard Jones, you know, dear, has a theory for everything; but has he one which will explain the reason why that hut is the only habitation within fifty miles of us, whose door is not open to every person that may choose to lift its latch?"

"I have never heard him say any thing on this subject," returned the clergyman's daughter; "but I suppose that, as they are poor, they very naturally are anxious to keep the little that they honestly own. It is sometimes dangerous to be rich, Miss Temple; but you cannot know how hard it is to be very, very poor."

"Nor you neither, I trust, Louisa; at least I should hope, that in this land of abundance, no minister of the church could be left to absolute suffering."


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 "There cannot be actual misery," returned the other, in a low and humble tone, "where there is a dependence on our Maker; but there may be such suffering as will cause the heart to ache."

"But not you—not you," said the impetuous Elizabeth—"not you, dear girl; you have never known the misery that is connected with poverty."

"Ah! Miss Temple, you little understand the troubles of this life, I believe. My father has spent many years as a missionary, in the new countries, where his people were poor, and frequently we have been without bread; unable to buy, and ashamed to beg, because we would not disgrace his sacred calling. But how often have I seen him leave his home, where the sick and the hungry felt, when he left them, that they had lost their only earthly friend, to ride on a duty which could not be neglected for domestic evils. Oh! how hard it must be, to preach consolation to others, when your own heart is bursting with anguish!"

"But it is all over now!" exclaimed Elizabeth, "your father's income must now be equal to his wants—it must be—it shall be"—

"It is," replied Louisa, dropping her head on her bosom to conceal the tears which flowed in spite of her gentle Christianity, "for there are none left to be supplied but me."

The turn the conversation had taken drove from the minds of the young maidens all other thoughts but those of holy charity, and Elizabeth folded her friend in her arms, who gave vent to her momentary grief in audible sobs. When this burst of emotion had subsided, Louisa raised her mild countenance, and they continued their walk in silence.

By this time they had gained the summit of the mountain, where they left the highway, and pur-


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 sued their course, under the shade of the stately trees that crowned the eminence. The day was becoming warm, and the girls plunged more deeply into the forest, as they found its invigorating coolness agreeably contrasted to the excessive heat they had experienced in their ascent. The conversation, as if by mutual consent, was entirely changed to the little incidents and scenes of their walk, and every tall pine, and every shrub or flower, called forth some simple expression of admiration.

In this manner they proceeded along the margin of the precipice, catching occasional glimpses of the placid Otsego, or pausing to listen to the rattling of wheels and the sounds of hammers, that rose from the valley, to mingle the signs of men with the scenes of nature, when Elizabeth suddenly started, and exclaimed—

"Listen! there are the cries of a child on this mountain! is there a clearing near us? or can some little one have strayed from its parents?"

"Such things frequently happen," returned Louisa. "Let us follow the sounds; it may be a wanderer starving on the hill."

Urged by this consideration, the females pursued the low, mournful sounds, that proceeded from the forest, with quick and impatient steps. More than once, the ardent Elizabeth was on the point of announcing that she saw the sufferer, when Louisa caught her by the arm, and pointing behind them, cried—

"Look at the dog!"

Brave had been their companion, from the time the voice of his young mistress lured him from his kennel, to the present moment. His advanced age had long before deprived him of his activity; and when his companions stopped to view the scenery, or to add to their bouquets,


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 the mastiff would lay his huge frame on the ground, and await their movements, with his eyes closed, and a listlessness in his air that ill accorded with the character of a protector. But when, aroused by this cry from Louisa, Miss Temple turned, she saw the dog with his eyes keenly set on some distant object, his head bent near the ground, and his hair actually rising on his body, either through fright or anger. It was most probably the latter, for he was growling in a low key, and occasionally showing his teeth, in a manner that would have terrified his mistress, had she not so well known his good qualities.

"Brave!" she said, "be quiet, Brave! what do you see, fellow?"

At the sounds of her voice, the rage of the mastiff, instead of being at all diminished, was very sensibly increased. He stalked in front of the ladies, and seated himself at the feet of his mistress, growling louder than before, and occasionally giving vent to his ire by a short, surly barking.

"What does he see?" said Elizabeth, "there must be some animal in sight."

Hearing no answer from her companion, Miss Temple turned her head, and beheld Louisa, standing with her face whitened to the colour of death, and her finger pointing upward, with a sort of flickering, convulsed motion. The quick eye of Elizabeth glanced in the direction indicated by her friend, where she saw the fierce front and glaring eyes of a female panther, fixed on them in horrid malignity, and threatening instant destruction.

"Let us fly!" exclaimed Elizabeth, grasping the arm of Louisa, whose form yielded like melting snow, and sunk lifeless to the earth.

There was not a single feeling in the tempera-


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Author:Harry George Evarts

Works

 * , 1920.
 * The Bald face, and other animal stories
 * The Bald Face.
 * The Yellow Horde.
 * The Settling of the Sage.
 * The passing of the old West
 * Fur Sign.
 * Tumbleweeds.
 * Spanish Acres.
 * The Painted Stallion.
 * The Moccasin Telegraph.
 * Fur Brigade.
 * Tomahawk Rights.
 * The Shaggy Legion.
 * Shortgrass
 * Wolf Dog.

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 ment of Elizabeth Temple, that could prompt her to desert a companion in such an extremity; and she fell on her knees, by the side of the inanimate Louisa, tearing from the person of her friend, with an instinctive readiness, such parts of her dress as might obstruct her respiration, and encouraging their only safeguard, the dog, at the same time, by the sounds of her voice.

"Courage, Brave!" she cried, her own tones beginning to tremble, "courage, courage, good Brave."

A quarter-grown cub, that had hitherto been unseen, now appeared, dropping from the branches of a sapling that grew under the shade of the beech which held its dam. This ignorant, but vitious creature, approached the dog, imitating the actions and sounds of its parent, but exhibiting a strange mixture of the playfulness of a kitten with the ferocity of its race. Standing on its hind legs, it would rend the bark of a tree with its fore paws, and play all the antics of a cat, for a moment; and then, by lashing itself with its tail, growling, and scratching the earth, it would attempt the manifestations of auger that rendered its parent so terrific.

All this time Brave stood firm and undaunted, his short tail erect, his body drawn backward on its haunches, and his eyes following the movements of both dam and cub. At every gambol played by the latter, it approached nigher to the dog, the growling of the three becoming more horrid at each moment, until the younger beast overleaping its intended hound, fell directly before the mastiff. There was a moment of fearful cries and struggles, but they ended almost as soon as commenced, by the cub appearing in the air, hurled from the jaws of Brave, with a violence that sent


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 it against a tree so forcibly, as to render it completely senseless.

Elizabeth witnessed the short struggle, and her blood was warming with the triumph of the dog, when she saw the form of the old panther in the air, springing twenty feet from the branch of the beech to the back of the mastiff. No words of ours can describe the fury of the conflict that followed. It was a confused struggle on the dried leaves, accompanied by loud and terrific cries Miss Temple continued on her knees, bending over the form of Louisa, her eyes fixed on the animals, with an interest so horrid, and yet so intense, that she almost forgot her own stake in the result. So rapid and vigorous were the bounds of the inhabitant of the forest, that its active frame seemed constantly in the air, while the dog nobly faced his foe, at each successive leap. When the panther lighted on the shoulders of the mastiff, which was its constant aim, old Brave, though torn with her talons, and stained with his own blood, that already flowed from a dozen wounds, would shake off his furious foe, like a feather, and rearing on his hind legs, rush to the fray again, with his jaws distended, and a dauntless eye. But age, and his pampered life, greatly disqualified the noble mastiff for such a struggle. In every thing but courage, he was only the vestige of what he had once been. A higher bound than ever, raised the wary and furious beast far beyond the reach of the dog, who was making a desperate but fruitless dash at her, from which she alighted in a favourable position, on the back of her aged foe. For a single moment, only, could the panther remain there, the great strength of the dog returning with a convulsive effort. But Elizabeth saw, as Brave fastened his teeth in the side of his enemy, that the collar of brass around his


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 neck, which bad been glittering throughout the fray, was of the colour of blood, and directly, that his frame was sinking to the earth, where it soon lay prostrate and helpless. Several mighty efforts of the wild-cat to extricate herself from the jaws of the dog, followed, but they were fruitless, until the mastiff turned on his back, his lips collapsed, and his teeth loosened; when the short convulsions and stillness that succeeded, announced the death of poor Brave.

Elizabeth now lay wholly at the mercy of the beast. There is said to be something in the front of the image of the Maker, that daunts the hearts of the inferior beings of his creation; and it would seem that some such power, in the present instance, suspended the threatened blow. The eyes of the monster and the kneeling maiden met, for an instant, when the former stooped to examine her fallen foe; next to scent her luckless cub. From the latter examination it turned, however, with its eyes apparently emitting flashes of fire, its tail lashing its sides furiously, and its claws projecting for inches from its broad feet.

Miss Temple did not, or could not move. Her hands were clasped in the attitude of prayer, but her eyes were still drawn to her terrible enemy; her cheeks were blanched to the whiteness of marble, and her lips were slightly separated with horror. The moment seemed now to have arrived for the fatal termination, and the beautiful figure of Elizabeth was bowing meekly to the stroke, when a rustling of leaves from behind seemed rather to mock the organs, than to meet her ears.

"Hist! hist!" said a low voice—"stoop lower, gal; your bunnet hides the creater's head."

It was rather the yielding of nature than a compliance with this unexpected order, that caused


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 the head of our heroine to sink on her bosom; when she heard the report of the ride, the whizzing of the bullet, and the enraged cries of the beast, who was rolling over on the earth, biting its own flesh, and tearing the twigs and branches within its reach. At the next instant the form of the Leather stocking rushed by her, and he called aloud—

"Come in, Hector, come in, you old fool; 'tis a hard-lived animal, and may jump ag'in."

Natty maintained his position in front of the maidens, most fearlessly, notwithstanding the violent bounds and threatening aspect of the wounded panther, which gave several indications of returning strength and ferocity, until his rifle was again loaded, when he stepped up to the enraged animal, and, placing the muzzle close to its head, every spark of life was extinguished by the discharge.

The death of her terrible enemy appeared to Elizabeth like a resurrection from her own grave. There was an elasticity in the mind of our heroine, that rose to meet the pressure of instant danger, and the more direct to the senses her apprehensions came, the more her nature had struggled to overcome them. But still she was woman. Had she been left to herself, in her late extremity, she would probably have used her faculties to the utmost, and with discretion, in protecting her person, but encumbered with her inanimate friend, retreat was a thing not to be attempted.—Notwithstanding the fearful aspect of her foe, the eye of Elizabeth had never shrunk from its gaze, and long after the event, her thoughts would recur to her passing sensations, and the sweetness of her midnight sleep would be disturbed, as her active fancy conjured in dreams, the most trifling move-


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 ments of savage fury, that the beast had exhibited in its moment of power.

We shall leave the reader to imagine the restoration of Louisa's senses, and the expressions of gratitude which fell from the young women. The former was effected by a little water, that was brought from one of the thousand springs of those mountains, in the cap of the Leather-stocking; and the latter were uttered with all the warmth that might be expected from the character of Elizabeth. Natty received her vehement protestations of gratitude, with a simple expression of good will, and with indulgence for her present excitement, but with a carelessness that showed how little he thought of the service he had rendered.

"Well, well," he said, "be it so, gal; let it be so, if you wish it we'll talk the thing over another time; but I'm sore afeard you'll find Mr. Oliver a better companion than an old hunter, like me. Come, come—let us get into the road, for you've had tirror enough to make you wish yourself in your father's house ag'in."

This was uttered as they were proceeding, at a pace that was adapted to the weakness of Louisa, towards the highway; on reaching which the ladies separated from their guide, declaring themselves equal to the remainder of their walk without his assistance, and feeling encouraged by the sight of the village, which lay beneath their feet, like a picture, with its limpid lake in front, the winding stream along its margin, and its hundred chimneys of whitened bricks.

The reader need not be told the nature of the emotions, which two youthful, ingenuous, and well-educated girls would experience, at their escape from a death so horrid as the one which had impended over them, while they pursued their way in silence along the track on the


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 side of the mountain; nor how deep were their mental thanks to that Power which had given them their existence, and which had not deserted them in their extremity; neither how often they pressed each other's arms, as the assurance of their present safety came, like a healing balm, athwart their troubled spirits, when their thoughts were recurring to the recent moments of horror.

Leather-stocking remained on the hill, gazing after their retiring figures, until they were hid by a bend in the road, when he whistled in his dogs, and, shouldering his rifle, he returned into the forest.

"Well, it was a skeary thing to the young creaters," said Natty, while he retrod the path towards the slain. "It might frighten an older woman, to see a she-painter so near her, with a dead cub by its side. I wonder if I had aimed at the varmint's eye, if I shouldn't have touched the life sooner than in the forehead? but they are hard-lived animals, and it was a good shot, consid'ring that I could see nothing but the head and peak of its tail. Hah! who goes there?"

"How goes it, Natty?" said Mr. Doolittle, stepping out of the bushes, with a motion that was a good deal accelerated by the sight of the rifle, that was already lowered in his direction. "What! shooting this warm day! mind, old man, the law don't get hold on you."

"The law, Squire! I have shook hands with the law these forty year," returned Natty; "for what has a man who lives in the wilderness to do with the ways of the law?"

"Not much, maybe," said Hiram; "but you sometimes trade in ven'son. I s'pose you know, Leather-stocking, that there is an act passed to lay a fine of five pounds currency, or twelve dollars and fifty cents, by decimals, on every man


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 who kills a deer betwixt January and August. The Judge had a great hand in getting the law through."

"I can believe it," returned the old hunter; "I can believe that, or any thing, of a man who carries on as he does in the country."

"Yes, the law is quite positive, and the Judge is bent on putting it in force—five pounds penalty. I thought I heerd your hounds out on the scent of so'thing this morning: [ didn't know but they might get you in difficulty."

"They know their manners too well," said Natty, carelessly. "And how much goes to the state's evidence, Squire?"

"How much!" repeated Hiram, quailing under the honest, but sharp look of the hunter—"the informer gets half, I—I b'lieve;—yes, I guess it's half. But there's blood on your sleeve, man;—you haven't been shooting any thing this morning?"

"I have, though," said the hunter, nodding his head significantly to the other, "and a good shot I made'of it."

"He-e-m!" ejaculated the magistrate; "and where is the game? I s'pose it's of a good nater, for your dogs won't hunt any thing that isn't choish."

"They'll hunt any thing I tell them to, Squire," cried Natty, favouring the other with his laugh. "They'll hunt you, if I say so. He-e-e-re, he-e-e-re, Hector he-e-e-re, slut come this a-way, pups come this a-way—come hither."

"Oh! I've always heern a good character of the dogs," returned Mr. Doolittle, quickening his pace by raising each leg in rapid succession, as the hounds scented around his person. "And where is the game, Leather-stocking?"

During this dialogue, the speakers had been


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 walking at a very fast gait, and Natty swung the end of his rifle round, pointing through the bushes, and replied—

"There lays one. How do you like such meat?"

"This!" exclaimed Hiram, "why this is Judge Temple's dog Brave. Take kear, Leather-stocking, and don't make an inimy of the Judge. I hope you haven't harmed the animal?"

"Look for yourself, Mr. Doolittle," said Natty, drawing his knife from his girdle, and wiping it, in a knowing manner, once or twice across his garment of buck-skin; "does his throat look as if I had cut it with this knife?"

"It is dreadfully tore! it's an awful wownd—no knife never did this deed. Who could have done it?"

"That painter behind you, Squire-look, there's two of them."

"Painters!" echoed Hiram, whirling on his heel, with an agility that would have done credit to a dancing master; "where's a painter?"

"Be easy, man." said Natty; "there's two of the vinimous things; but the dog finished one, and I have fastened the other's jaws for her; so you needn't look so skeared, Squire; they won't hurt you."

"And where's the deer?" cried Hiram, staring about him with a bewildered air.

"Anan! deer!" repeated Natty.

"Sartain, an't there ven'son here, or didn't you kill a buck?"

"What! when the law forbids the thing, Squire!" said the old hunter. "I hope there's no law ag'in killing the painters."

"No; there's a bounty on the scalps-but-will your dogs hunt painters, Natty?"


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 ally get it back with a profit. Such a tax must, therefore, occasion a rise in the wages of labor proportionable to this rise of price.

It is thus that a tax upon the necessaries of life operates exactly in the same manner as a direct tax upon the wages of labor. The laborer, though he may pay it out of his hand, cannot, for any considerable time at least, be properly said even to advance it. It must always in the long run be advanced to him by his immediate employer in the advanced rate of his wages. His employer, if he is a manufacturer, will charge upon the price of his goods this rise of wages, together with a profit; so that the final payment of the tax, together with this overcharge, will fall upon the consumer. If his employer is a farmer, the final payment, together with a like overcharge, will fall upon the rent of the landlord.

It is otherwise with taxes upon what I call luxuries; even upon those of the poor. The rise in the price of the taxed commodities will not necessarily occasion any rise in the wages of labor. A tax upon tobacco, for example, though a luxury of the poor as well as of the rich, will not raise wages. Though it is taxed in England at three times, and in France at fifteen times its original price, those high duties seem to have no effect upon the wages of labor. The same thing may be said of the taxes upon tea and sugar, which in England and Holland have become luxuries of the lowest ranks of people; and of those upon chocolate, which in Spain is said to have become so. The different taxes which in Great Britain have in the course of the present century been imposed upon spirituous liquors are not supposed to have had any effect upon the wages of labor. The rise in the price of porter, occasioned by an additional tax of three shillings upon the


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 "Any thing;—didn't I tell you they'd hunt a man? He-e-re, he-e-re, pups"

"Oh! yes, yes, I remember. Well, they are strange dogs, I must say—I am quite in a wonderment."

Natty had seated himself on the ground, and having laid the grim head of his late ferocious enemy in his lap, was drawing his knife with a practised hand, around the ears, which he tore from the head of the beast in such a manner as to preserve their connexion, when he answered—

"What at, Squire? did you never see a painter's scalp afore? Come, you be a magistrate, I wish you'd make me out an order for the bounty."

"The bounty!" repeated Hiram, holding the ears on the end of his finger, for a moment, as if uncertain how to proceed. "Well, let us go down to your hut, where you can take the oath, and I will write out the order. I s'pose you have a bible? all the law wants is the four evangelists and the Lord's prayer."

"I rather guess not," said Natty, a little coldly; "not such a bible as the law needs."

"Oh! there's but one sort of bible, at least that's good in law," returned the magistrate; "and yourn will do as well as another's. Come, the carcasses are worth nothing, man; let us go down and take the oath."

"Softly, softly, Squire," said the hunter, lifting his trophies very deliberately from the ground, and shouldering his rifle; "why do you want an oath at all, for a thing that your own eyes has seen? won't you believe yourself, that another man must swear to a fact that you know to be true? You seen me scalp the creaters, and if I must swear to it, it shall be before Judge Temple, who needs an oath."


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 barrel of strong beer, has not raised the wages of common labor in London. These were about eighteenpence and twentypence a day before the tax, and they are not more now.

The high price of such commodities does not necessarily diminish the ability of the inferior ranks of people to bring up families. Upon the sober and industrious poor, taxes upon such commodities act as sumptuary laws, and dispose them either to moderate, or to refrain altogether from the use of superfluities which they can no longer easily afford. Their ability to bring up families, in consequence of this forced frugality, instead of being diminished, is frequently, perhaps, increased by the tax. It is the sober and industrious poor who generally bring up the most numerous families, and who principally supply the demand for useful labor. All the poor, indeed, are not sober and industrious, and the dissolute and disorderly might continue to indulge themselves in the use of such commodities after this rise of price in the same manner as before, without regarding the distress which this indulgence might bring upon their families. Such disorderly persons, however, seldom rear up numerous families; their children generally perishing from neglect, mismanagement and the scantiness or unwholesomeness of their food. If by the strength of their constitution they survive the hardships to which the bad conduct of their parents exposes them, yet the example of that bad conduct commonly corrupts their morals, so that, instead of being useful to society by their industry, they become public nuisances by their vices and disorders. Though the advanced price of the luxuries of the poor, therefore, might increase somewhat the distress of such disorderly families, and thereby diminish somewhat


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 their ability to bring up children, it would not probably diminish much the useful population of the country.

Any rise in the average price of necessaries, unless it is compensated by a proportionable rise in the wages of labor, must necessarily diminish more or less the ability of the poor to bring up numerous families, and consequently to supply the demand for useful labor; whatever may be the state of that demand, whether increasing, stationary or declining; or such as requires an increasing, stationary or declining population.

Taxes upon luxuries have no tendency to raise the price of any other commodities except that of the commodities taxed. Taxes upon necessaries, by raising the wages of labor, necessarily tend to raise the price of all manufactures, and consequently to diminish the extent of their sale and consumption. Taxes upon luxuries are finally paid by the consumers of the commodities taxed, without any retribution. They fall indifferently upon every species of revenue, the wages of labor, the profits of stock, and the rent of land. Taxes upon necessaries, so far as they affect the laboring poor, are finally paid, partly by landlords in the diminished rent of their lands, and partly by rich consumers, whether landlords or others, in the advanced price of manufactured goods; and always with a considerable overcharge. The advanced price of such manufactures as are real necessaries of life, and are destined for the consumption of the poor, of coarse woollens, for example, must be compensated to the poor by a further advancement of their wages. The middling and superior ranks of people, if they understood their own interest, ought always to oppose all taxes upon the necessaries of life, as well as all direct taxes upon the wages of


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 "But we have no pen or paper here, Leather-stocking; we must go to the hut for them, or how can I write the order?"

Natty turned his simple features on the cunning magistrate with another of his laughs, as he said—

"And what should I be doing with such scholars tools? I want no pens or paper, not knowing the use of 'ither; and so I keep none. No, no, I'll bring the scalps into the village, Squire, and you can make out the order on one of your law-books, and it will be all the better for it. The deuce take this leather on the neck of the dog, it will strangle the old fool. Can you lend me a knife, Squire?"

Hiram, who seemed particularly anxious to be on good terms with his companion, unhesitatingly complied. Natty cut the thong from the neck of the hound, and, as he returned the knife to its owner, carelessly remarked—

"'Tis a good bit of steel, and has cut such leather as this very same before now, I dare to say."

"Do you mean to charge me with letting your hounds loose!" exclaimed Hiram, with a consciousness that disarmed his caution.

"Loose!" repeated the hunter—"I let them loose myself. I always let them loose before I leave the hut."

The ungovernable amazement with which Mr. Doolittle listened to this falsehood, would have betrayed his agency in the liberation of the dogs, had Natty wanted any further confirmation; and the coolness and management of the old man now disappeared in open indignation.

"Look you here, Mr. Doolittle," he said, striking the breech of his rifle violently on the ground; "what there is in the wigwam of a poor man like me, that one like you can crave, I don't know; but


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 labor. The final payment of both one and the other falls altogether upon themselves, and always with a considerable overcharge. They fall heaviest upon the landlords, who always pay in a double capacity; in that of landlords, by the reduction of their rent; and in that of rich consumers, by the increase of their expense. The observation of Sir Matthew Decker that certain taxes are, in the price of certain goods, sometimes repeated and accumulated four or five times, is perfectly just with regard to taxes upon the necessaries of life. In the price of leather, for example, you must pay not only for the tax upon the leather of your own shoes, but for a part of that upon those of the shoemaker and the tanner. You must pay, too, for the tax upon the salt, upon the soap and upon the candles which those workmen consume while employed in your service, and for the tax upon the leather, which the saltmaker, the soapmaker and the candlemaker consume while employed in their service.

In Great Britain, the principal taxes upon the necessaries of life are those upon the four commodities just now mentioned, salt, leather, soap and candles.

Salt is a very ancient and a very universal subject of taxation. It was taxed among the Romans, and it is so at present in, I believe, every part of Europe. The quantity annually consumed by any individual is so small, and may be purchased so gradually, that nobody, it seems to have been thought, could feel very sensibly even a pretty heavy tax upon it. It is in England taxed at three shillings and fourpence a bushel; about three times the original price of the commodity. In some other countries the tax is still higher. Leather is a real necessary of life. The use of linen renders soap such. In countries where the winter


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 this I tell you to your face, that you never shall put a foot under the roof of my cabin with my consent, and that if you harbour round the spot as you have done lately, you may meet with treatment that you won't over and above relish."

"And let me tell you, Mr. Bumppo," said Hiram, retreating, however, with a quick step, "that I know you've broke the law, and that I'm a magistrate, and will make you feel it too, before you are a day older."

"That for you and your law too," cried Natty, snapping his fingers at the justice of the peace—"away with you, you varmint, before the divil tempts me to give you your desarts. Take kear, if I ever catch your prowling face in the woods ag'in, that I don't shoot it for an owl."

There is something at all times commanding in honest indignation, and Hiram did not stay to provoke the wrath of the old hunter to extremities. When the intruder was out of sight, Natty proceeded to the hut, where he found all quiet as the grave. He fastened his dogs, and tapping at the door, which was opened by Edwards, asked—

"Is all safe, lad?"

"Every thing," returned the youth. "Some one attempted the lock, but it was too strong for him."

"I know the creater," said Natty, but he'll not trust himself within reach of my rifle ag'in very soon, for I'll—What more was uttered by the Leather-stocking, in his vexation, was rendered inaudible by the closing of the door of the cabin.


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Tales from Tolstoi none to attend to her. The old woman raised her head and saw the strange man.

"What is it?" she said "What dost want? We have nothing here, good sir!"

Elisyei understood what she said (though she spoke in Ruthenian), and went up to her.

"I am God's slave," said he. "I come for something to drink."

"There's no one to send for it. There's no one to fetch it. Go and take it thyself!"

And Ehsyei fell to asking her questions. "Is there no one hale enough among you to look after that woman there?"

"There's nobody; the man is dying in the courtyard out there, and we are all alone here."

The little boy had suddenly grown dumb when he saw a stranger, but when the old woman began to speak he fell to twitching her sleeve again. "Bread, granny, give me bread," and again he burst out crying.

Just as Elisyei was about to ask the old woman all about it, a man staggered into the room, made his way towards the wall, and would have sat down on the bench, but fell down and rolled upon the floor. He did not even pick himself up, but tried to speak. He stopped short at the first word, tried again, panted for breath, and then uttered stray words broken by panting.

"Illness," he said, "has come upon us, and hunger.

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 nights are long, candles are a necessary instrument of trade. Leather and soap are in Great Britain taxed at three halfpence a pound; candles at a penny; taxes which, upon the original price of leather, may amount to about eight or ten per cent; upon that of soap to about twenty or five-and-twenty per cent; and upon that of candles to about fourteen or fifteen per cent; taxes which, though lighter than that upon salt, are still very heavy. As all those four commodities are real necessaries of life, such heavy taxes upon them must increase somewhat the expense of the sober and industrious poor, and must consequently raise more or less the wages of their labor.

In a country where the winters are so cold as in Great Britain, fuel is, during that season, in the strictest sense of the word, a necessary of life, not only for the purpose of dressing victuals, but for the comfortable subsistence of many different sorts of workmen who work within doors; and coals are the cheapest of all fuel. The price of fuel has so important an influence upon that of labor that all over Great Britain manufactures have confined themselves principally to the coal counties; other parts of the country, on account of the high price of this necessary article, not being able to work so cheap. In some manufactures, besides, coal is a necessary instrument of trade, as in those of glass, iron and all other metals. If a bounty could in any case be reasonable, it might perhaps be so upon the transportation of coals from those parts of the country in which they abound, to those in which they are wanted. But the legislature, instead of a bounty, has imposed a tax of three shillings and threepence a ton upon coal carried coastways; which upon most sorts of coal is more than


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Rh He's dying of hunger," and the muzhik nodded his head towards the little boy, and burst into tears.

Elisyei shook his shoulders loose from his knapsack, unfastened it with his hand, put his knapsack on the bench, and began to undo it. He undid it, got out a loaf, a knife, cut off a big slice and gave it to the muzhik. The muzhik would not take it, but pointed at the little boy and at a little girl.

"Give to them, please," said he.

Elisyei gave of it to the lad. The little boy caught sight of the bread, stretched himself out, seized the morsel with both his poor little hands, and regularly buried his nose in it. From behind the stove the young girl crept out and asked for bread. Elisyei gave her some too. Then he cut off another piece and gave it to the old woman. The old woman took it and began to chew.

"Bring some water," said she, "our mouths have quite dried up. I would have fetched some yesterday," said she, "or was it the day before yesterday, I don't quite remember which, but I wanted to fetch water. I dragged myself out with an effort, but could not manage it; I drew up the water and then spilt it all, and fell down myself. It was as much as I could do to crawl back to the house, and there the bucket still stands if nobody has taken it away."

Elisyei asked them where their well was. The old woman explained. Elisyei went, found the bucket, and gave the people to drink. The children ate some more bread with their water, and the old woman ate some too, but the muzhik did not eat. He had not the heart for it, he said; the wife, however, did not 173


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 sixty per cent of the original price at the coal pit. Coals carried either by land or by inland navigation pay no duty. Where they are naturally cheap, they are consumed duty free; where they are naturally dear, they are loaded with a heavy duty.

Such taxes, though they raise the price of subsistence, and consequently the wages of labor, yet they afford a considerable revenue to government, which it might not be easy to find in any other way. There may, therefore, be good reasons for continuing them. The bounty upon the exportation of corn, so far as it tends in the actual state of tillage to raise the price of that necessary article, produces all the like bad effects, and instead of affording any revenue, frequently occasions a very great expense to government. The high duties upon the importation of foreign corn, which in years of moderate plenty amount to a prohibition; and the absolute prohibition of the importation either of live cattle or of salt provisions, which takes place in the ordinary state of the law, and which, on account of the scarcity, is at present suspended for a limited time with regard to Ireland and the British plantations, have all the bad effects of taxes upon the necessaries of life, and produce no revenue to government. Nothing seems necessary for the repeal of such regulations, but to convince the public of the futility of that system in consequence of which they have been established.

Taxes upon the necessaries of life are much higher in many other countries than in Great Britain. Duties upon flour and meal when ground at the mill, and upon bread when baked at the oven, take place in many countries. In Holland, the money price of the bread consumed in towns is supposed to be doubled by means of such taxes. In lieu


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Tales from Tolstoi get up at all, and did not even come to herself, but writhed about upon her bed. Ehsyei went to the village shop, and bought millet, salt, meal, butter; searched till he found an old axe, chopped wood, and set the stove a-burning. The girl helped him a bit. Elisyei boiled some soup and water-gruel, and fed the people.

The muzhik ate a little, but not much, and the old woman ate some; the little boy and the little girl licked out the whole basin, and, embracing each other, went to sleep.

And the muzhik and the old woman began to tell how all this had befallen them.

"Up to this time we have managed to live," said they, "though poorly, but then the crops failed, and since autumn we have eaten up all there was. We ate up everything, and we began to beg of our neighbours and of all good people. At first they gave, but afterwards they refused to give. Those who were willing to give had nothing themselves. Then, too, we grew ashamed of asking any more, we owed everyone something—money, or grain, or bread. I sought for work," said the muzhik, "and no work was to be had. The people were fighting for work everywhere. One day you would have a little job to do perhaps, and then you would be wandering about two days more in search of another job. The old woman and the little girl went long distances 174


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Rh a-begging. The alms they got were wretched enough, not everyone had even bread. We all fed ourselves as best we could, thinking to struggle on till the spring crops came up. But by spring-time everyone had ceased to give, and sickness had fallen upon us here. A miserable time it was for us all. For every day we had a morsel we starved for two more. We began to eat grass. Whether 'twas the grass, or something else, I know not, but my wife now fell ill. My wife took to her bed, and I too had no more strength left in me," said the muzhik. "Nohow could we help ourselves."

"Only I struggled on," said the old woman, "and for want of food my strength ebbed away, and I grew weaker and weaker. The little girl also grew weaker, and began to be frightened. We wanted to send her to our neighbour's, and she would not go. She crouched down in a corner, and went not. Our dear neighbour came towards evening, and saw that we were sick and starving, she turned and went away. Her own husband had gone away, and there was nothing to feed the little children with. There they lay and waited for death."

Elisyei listened to their words, and he doubted whether he ought to try and overtake his comrade that day, so he passed the night there. In the morning Elisyei got up and put his hand to all sorts of work about the house, just as if he had been the master there. He helped the old woman to knead the bread, he heated the oven. He went with the little girl to the neighbour's to get what was necessary. There was nothing to be had, nothing at all, every- 175


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412 method. The pine usually occurs pure; but in the ravines small and unimportant groups of silver fir are often seen, and the edges of the streams are bordered in many places by Alnus cordifolia. The beech in Corsica attains as high an elevation as Laricio, and in some cases the two species are mixed, and a struggle occurs for predominance. Birch is occasionally a component of the pine forest, but is comparatively rare. The soil on which Laricio grows is usually extremely poor, consisting of debris of granite rocks, and contains very little humus or decayed vegetable matter.

The following observations which were taken in 1906, at 3200 feet altitude, in the midst of the Laricio forest at Vizzavona, show the climate in which the tree thrives:—

Snow and low but not extreme temperatures are common during nearly six months of the year, from November to the beginning of May. The sky is generally clouded more or less completely during a greater part of the year; a clear blue sky only being recorded on 77 days out of the whole year.

The Laricio forests are easy of access, owing to the railway, which goes through the heart of the mountains from Ajaccio to Bastia; and in spite of a heavy fall of snow I succeeded in seeing some of the most important forests in the last week of December 1906. The finest is Valdoniello, which lies about twenty miles west of Corte railway station, the road to it passing through the magnificent gorge of the Scala di Santa-Regina. This forest occupies the upper basin of the river Golo, which has a north-easterly exposure, and its wooded area covers 6682 acres lying between 3100 and 5100 feet altitude. The soil is very dry and extremely poor, consisting of granite debris; and the few beech and silver fir that were seen could only obtain a footing in the ravines. The forest is divided into two series, one of which, about 4000 acres in extent is being regularly felled, whilst the other series at a greater elevation is left untouched as a zone of protection, In the first series


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414 practically untouched by the axe, and contains many very old trees of peculiar habit.

The Laricio grows with extreme slowness in the mountains of Corsica, trees 40 inches in diameter averaging about 360 years old, and those over 5 feet in diameter are often as much as 700 years.

The timber of young trees is valueless in Corsica, as it contains practically only sapwood, which rapidly decays on exposure to the air. The sapwood is white in colour, and always considerable in thickness, varying on an average from 8 inches in young trees (77 years old) to 2 to 3 inches in old trees (250 years old and upwards), The heartwood, which is reddish brown, only develops in quantity when the trees attain an advanced age, exceptionally at 120 to 150 years, usually at 300 years. At the latter age the trees average 3 feet in diameter, and are considered to be mature and at the most profitable period for felling. Most of the timber is exported in the form of logs to Italy, where it is much esteemed, and is used for shipbuilding purposes generally. The logs are squared in the forest, all the sapwood being chipped off except a little at the four corners. Saleable logs must be at least 23 feet in length, and have a minimum section at the small end of 1 square foot. They fetch at Bastia, after a long haulage by road and railway, 36 to 4o francs per cubic metre, or about rod. to 11d. per cubic foot. A small proportion of the timber in the forests is cut up into planks and joists for local use. The timber is very strong but heavy, and often contains a great deal of resin; when of the first quality it is considered to be as good as American pitch pine. It is very seldom used in France, and the reasons for this are not very clear.

I could obtain no information as to the collection of the seed of Laricio in Corsica, though I made inquiries when visiting the forests and also at the Conservator's office in Ajaccio. Mr. M.L. de Vilmorin, however, kindly informs me in a letter that the annual collection amounts to about three or four tons, of which his firm disposes of about one-half. The main localities for collecting are near Corte and Calacuccia, and at Vivario, which is not far from Vizzavona. The cones are put in the ovens which the villagers use for drying chestnuts, and as the amount of heat is not regulated with any precision, the seed is often over-heated. Though the crop of cones in the forest varies very much in different years, there has been no difficulty so far in procuring always a quantity of seed sufficient to meet the demand.

In Sardinia the Corsican pine is recorded from only one locality, the valley of the Flumini Maggiore, where it was collected by Moris.

—In Sicily the Corsican pine is common, according to Schouw, on Mount Etna, where it forms woods between 4000 and 6000 feet. It is, however, in Calabria, in Sila and Aspromonte, that Laricio occurs in abundance, and there is little doubt that the tree here is identical with that of Corsica. Schouw, who compared specimens from the botanical garden at Naples with the large Corsican pine growing in the Jardin des Plantes at Paris, is convinced of their absolute identity. Longo, who has recently written an article on the flora


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Tales from Tolstoi thing was eaten up; there was no food and no clothes. So Elisyei had to supply what was necessary; he gave them something of his own store and something he bought. So Elisyei stayed there one day—he stayed there a second, he stayed there a third The little boy got well again; he began to move along the bench, and came and fondled Elisyei. But the little girl got quite merry, and was able to turn her hand to anything. They all quite haunted Elisyei, and cried "Grandfather, dear old grandfather!" The old woman too was now on her feet again, and was able to go to the neighbour's. The muzhik too was able to grope along by the wall. Only the wife still kept her bed, but she too, on the third day, suddenly awoke and asked for something to eat.

"Well," thought Elisyei, "I never meant to idle about so long, now I'll be off."

On the fourth day the rozgovyeni began, and Elisyei thought to himself, "Well, I'll keep the rozgovyeni with these people. I'll buy them something or other for the feast, and in the evening I'll be off."

Elisyei went again to the village, and bought milk, white flour, and salt. Then there was a great baking and boiling, and in the morning Elisyei went to mass, and then he came and ate flesh with the good people.

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 of a part of them, the people who live in the country pay every year so much a head, according to the sort of bread they are supposed to consume. Those who consume wheaten bread pay three guilders fifteen stivers; about six shillings and ninepence halfpenny. These, and some other taxes of the same kind, by raising the price of labor, are said to have ruined the greater part of the manufactures of Holland. Similar taxes, though not quite so heavy, take place in the Milanese, in the States of Genoa, in the duchy of Modena, in the duchies of Parma, Placentia and Guastalla, and in the ecclesiastical State. A French author of some note has proposed to reform the finances of his country by substituting in the room of the greater part of other taxes, this most ruinous of all taxes. There is nothing so absurd, says Cicero, which has not sometimes been asserted by some philosophers.

Taxes upon butcher's meat are still more common than those upon bread. It may, indeed, be doubted whether butcher's meat is anywhere a necessary of life. Grain and other vegetables, with the help of milk, cheese and butter, or oil, where butter is not to be had, it is known from experience, can, without any butcher's meat, afford the most plentiful, the most wholesome, the most nourishing and the most invigorating diet. Decency nowhere requires that any man should eat butcher's meat, as it in most places requires that he should wear a linen shirt or a pair of leather shoes.

Consumable commodities, whether necessaries or luxuries, may be taxed in two different ways. The consumer may either pay an annual sum on account of his


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416 It is divided into 4 stems near the ground and has a diameter of branches of about 25 yards. A tree called the Broad Pine at Mödling, near Vienna (fig. iii.), has an umbrella shape, very unusual in this species. It is only about 35 feet high but is no less than 60 feet broad. A tree called the Cross or Picture Pine in the Grossen Föhrenwalde (fig. v.) is considered the finest tree there. It measures about 65 feet high, of which two-thirds are clean trunk, and is 9 to 10 feet in girth at about 9 feet from the ground. The tallest specimen which is mentioned is not much over go feet, very much less than those I saw in Bosnia, some of which were considerably over 100 feet and probably over 120 feet, with clean stems to two-thirds of their height.

On good ground, however, in Austria this pine forms very fine timber; an example (shown on fig. viii.) at Gutenstein, near Zellenbach, is said to be 280 years old with an average height of 30 metres. Another of the same age at Fahrafelde is so like the growth of the tree in Bosnia that the photograph illustrating it (fig. ix.) shows the best form of this tree very well.

A hybrid between this tree and Pinus sylvestris was described by Reichhardt as growing in the Forest of Merkenstein.

In Hungary, according to Pax, the Austrian pine is only found at Mehadia on the lower Danube, where there are woods on dry stony mountain slopes. He noticed it, however, as a mere shrub at Talmacsel in the valley of the river Alt. In Styria its occurrence as a wild tree is doubtful. In Carinthia there are limited areas of this species on calcareous soil on the southern slopes of the Dobratsch. It is also recorded from Istria, Carniola, Croatia, and the island of Cherso. Ascherson mentions one locality in Galicia. In Bulgaria it grows in several localities in the Rilo-Dagh, and in the Rhodope Mountains above Stanimaka.

An excellent account of the distribution and forest conditions of this species in the western states of the Balkan peninsula is given by Beck. The most extensive forests in this region lie in south-eastern Bosnia and extend across into Servia, in the district of Novibazar. Fine pine forests occur at Semec, on the slopes of the Lim valley, and on the hills between the Lim and Ceatina rivers. Between the middle part of the course of the river Drina in Bosnia and the river Morava in Servia the tree usually grows on palæozoic rocks, though it is occasionally seen on limestone. In Servia the forests of Austrian pine are less extensive, but extend from Ivica to Kapaonik. In middle Bosnia, where the tree is found growing on serpentine, and in western Bosnia, it is not at all common.

Elwes saw the tree growing abundantly in the valley of the Drina, as already mentioned in our account of Picea Omorika, and brought home a quantity of seed from this locality in 1901, which he distributed under the MS. name of Pinus Laricio, var. bosniensis, believing at the time that it was not the same variety as the common Austrian pine; but he now considers that the difference observed is no more than might be caused by a good soil and a more southerly and warmer climate.


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 "I do! this is the old England, the heart of it; and I intend to keep it intact."

"Oh yes!" said Connie. But, as she said it she heard the eleven-o'clock hooters at Stacks Gate colliery. Clifford was too used to the sound to notice.

"I want this wood perfect untouched. I want nobody to trespass in it," said Clifford.

There was a certain pathos. The wood still had some of the mystery of wild, old England; but Sir Geoffrey's cuttings during the war had given it a blow. How still the trees were, with their crinkly, innumerable twigs against the sky, and their grey, obstinate trunks rising from the brown bracken! How safely the birds flitted among them! And once there had been deer, and archers, and monks padding along on asses. The place remembered, still remembered.

Clifford sat in the pale sun, with the light on his smooth, rather blond hair, his reddish full face inscrutable.

"I mind more, not having a son, when I come here, than any other time," he said.

"But the wood is older than your family," said Connie gently.

"Quite!" said Clifford. "But we've preserved it. Except for us it would go it would be gone already, like the rest of the forest. One must preserve some of the old England!"

"Must one?" said Connie. "If it has to be preserved, and preserved against the new England? It's sad, I know."

"If some of the old England isn't preserved, there'll be no England at all," said Clifford. "And we who have this kind of property, and the feeling for it, must preserve it."

There was a sad pause.

"Yes, for a little while," said Connie.

"For a little while! It's all we can do. We can only do our bit. I feel every man of my family has done his bit here, since we've had the place. One may go against convention, but one must keep up tradition." Again there was a pause.

"What tradition?" asked Connie.

"The tradition of England! of this!"

"Yes," she said slowly.

"That's why having a son helps; one is only a link in a chain," he said.


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418

Of all the conifers introduced into England, of which great expectations have been formed, none except the larch has shown such good results as the Corsican pine, which has proved a hardy and vigorous grower on almost all soils, and in almost all parts of Great Britain and Ireland. It has not, however, been long enough in the country to have established a position in the English timber market, and until it does it is difficult to say much of its economic value in the future. All accounts of this wood for estate purposes, though often used long before it has attained sufficient age to give the best results, agree in saying that though rough and knotty when grown singly, it is at least as good as Scots pine; probably more durable and stronger when used before maturity. Though it does not grow so fast on very barren and stony soils as the Austrian pine, it is far better from a timber point of view, and occupies less space. Its greatest defect is the difficulty of transplanting it when young on account of its very scanty root system, and as this often, indeed usually, entails considerable loss on both nurserymen and planters, the cost of getting a crop of Laricio established is very much higher than in the case of the Scots pine.

I have been most successful in avoiding a high death-rate by purchasing twoyear seedlings with as many roots as possible from French nurseries in the spring, not before the middle of March, planting them at once in nursery rows on as sandy a soil as possible, and transplanting them to their permanent habitation in March or April, two years afterwards. But the plants will not then be large enough for the better class of land, and may require another transplantation before finally going out, by which time they will have cost 40s. to 50s. per 1000, and in some cases much more. The seedling has a very long primary root at first with very little fibre. By cutting this tap-root when the plant is only a year old, without lifting it from its seed-bed, it may be induced to make more roots, but if left unprotected for the first winter on wet or heavy soil a great many of the seedlings will be thrown out of the ground altogether. In my own ground I prefer to sow the seed in boxes, as their growth in the open ground is slow in comparison with what are raised in France. In order to overcome this difficulty some nurserymen adopt the practice of lifting all their one-year seedlings before winter sets in, and laying them in until spring, when they are lined out for two seasons' growth before being again transplanted.

I have on two occasions tried sowing the seed in the field where I wished the trees to grow, but with little success. The seedlings remain so small for the first two or three years that they cannot be seen among the grass, which soon covers them, and though this species seems to suffer less than any tree from being planted among Coarse grass, it takes five or six years before the seedlings become conspicuous, and it will also be found that in some places they are too thick, and in others have entirely failed.

The Corsican pine is distasteful in the young state to hares and rabbits. An experiment to test this was made some years ago at Tortworth Court, where Lord Ducie planted a young Laricio in the centre of a rabbit warren, which, until the ground was covered with snow, the teeming population of the spot did not touch;


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 using or consuming goods of a certain kind; or the goods may be taxed while they remain in the hands of the dealer, and before they are delivered to the consumer. The consumable goods which last a considerable time before they are consumed altogether are most properly taxed in the one way. Those of which the consumption is either immediate or more speedy in the other. The coach tax and plate tax are examples of the former method of imposing; the greater part of the other duties of excise and customs, of the latter.

A coach may, with good management, last ten or twelve years. It might be taxed, once for all, before it comes out of the hands of the coachmaker. But it is certainly more convenient for the buyer to pay four pounds a year for the privilege of keeping a coach than to pay all at once forty or forty-eight pounds additional price to the coachmaker; or a sum equivalent to what the tax is likely to cost him during the time he uses the same coach. A service of plate, in the same manner, may last more than a century. It is certainly easier for the consumer to pay five shillings a year for every hundred ounces of plate, near one per cent of the value, than to redeem this long annuity at five-and-twenty or thirty years' purchase, which would enhance the price at least five-and-twenty or thirty per cent. The different taxes which affect houses are certainly more conveniently paid by moderate annual payments than by a heavy tax of equal value upon the first building or sale of the house.

It was the well-known proposal of Sir Matthew Decker that all commodities, even those of which the consumption is either immediate or very speedy, should be taxed in this manner; the dealer advancing nothing, but the consumer paying a certain annual sum for the license to consume


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Works

 * Batrachomuomachia: or, the Battle of the Frogs and Mice (1736)

title: Author:Henry Price


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 Rh drew off towards Khotan. Yet Khizir Khwája is known, from Mirza Haidar's narrative, to have made at least a temporary conquest of Turfán and Kara-Khoja.

These events occurred during the best days of the Moghul power, when raiding and general lawlessness flourished, and it is to be inferred from what little we know of the history of those times, that even if Kamar-ud-Din sometimes held sway in Uighuristán, he was not necessarily the recognised chief of the State. But, whoever was the chief, he seems to have been subdued by the Ming army, for we read of Turfán, in 1406, sending a mission of homage to Peking, while two years after that date another is recorded to have been despatched by the ruling Khan, this time under the leadership of a Buddhist priest. In 1422 a chief of Turfán, whose name is given as In-ghi-rh-cha, is reported to have been expelled from his government by Vais Khan of Bishbálik (i.e., Moghulistan), and to have personally carried his appeal for redress before the Emperor, who caused Vais Khan to restore In-ghi-rh-cha to his possessions. What means the Chinese Emperor took to compel the Moghul to perform this act of restitution is not stated, but the Ming-Shi goes on to relate that in 1425 and 1426 In-ghi-rh-cha appeared a second and third time at Peking, "at the head of his tribe," to present tribute. In 1428, shortly after his return home, he died.

The next reigning chief mentioned is one Ba-la-ma-rh, on whom the Ming Emperor bestowed presents in 1441, on the occasion of the Egyptian envoy passing through Turfán on his way homeward from Peking. It was about this time—the middle of the fifteenth century—that the Turfán chief, one Ye-mi-li Huo-jo (Imil Khwája?) took possession of Kara-Khoja and Lu-ko-tsin and assumed the title of Wang, or 'Prince.' Previous to this, says the Ming historian, Turfán was of little account, but it now became powerful, and appears to have extended its territory, for he incidentally mentions that it was bordered on one side by Moghulistan, and on another by Khotan. The rise in power of the Turfán chiefs did not prevent them from continuing to send tribute to China, and it was shortly afterwards (in 1465) settled that a mission should be despatched regularly once every five years.

The particulars of these missions, the demands they made at


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420 and Corsican pines, planted on what appears to be pure drift sea sand, but Colonel Feilden suggested to me that their health and vigour may be due to the presence of lime, produced by sea-shells in the underlying beds. These trees were, as I was told by Mr. Donald Munro, forester to the Earl of Leicester, partly raised from seeds produced by the old trees in the garden at Holkham, and planted thirty to forty years ago, together with Pinus insignis, P. Pinaster, and P. sylvestris, to form a shelter belt and bind the loose drifting sand. Though some of the trees had preserved the peculiar leaf, colour, and habit of the Corsican and Austrian varieties, there were many others which could not be identified with certainty. A great number of seedlings have sprung up on the south or landward side of the hills, of which the largest were twelve to thirteen years old and 9 to 10 feet high; and many smaller ones of various ages were growing freely even in wet spots among tall rushes. Plate 115 shows the appearance of these seedlings. Rabbits and hares do not seem very abundant here, and I saw none of the Corsican seedlings barked, though one or two of the much scarcer Pinasters had suffered.

Mr. Richards, forester to Lord Penrhyn, is enthusiastic as to the merits of this tree, and writes to me that in North Wales it will grow where all other trees fail, that it stands wind better than any other conifer, and if planted in March and April few deaths take place. He grows it from seed collected in March and April and sown in May. He says there are many trees on the Penrhyn estate 80 to 90 feet high, but I did not see any quite so large as this. He considers that the timber is very good, better than that of any conifer he knows.

Captain Rutherford, agent to the Earl of Carnarvon at Highclere, also speaks very well of this tree, and sends me the dimensions of two not over seventy years old, one of which contains 201, the other 150 cubic feet, and a plank which he was good enough to give me certainly bears out his good opinion of the timber. It has pale red heartwood and yellowish sapwood, though it seems somewhat coarser in grain, and inferior to the wood of the Calabrian variety which I brought from Italy.

The Corsican pine has not proved hardy in New England. It may be occasionally seen in the middle States, but there is no evidence, in large or old specimens, that this tree will really become a valuable acquisition for American plantations.

This tree is often sold as Corsican pine, but should never be planted knowingly except upon land where no better tree will grow, or to form a shelter belt on windy exposed hillsides of chalk or limestone, or on the sea-coast. For though a tree of extraordinary hardiness and rapid growth, it produces such a mass of large branches, and is so much inclined to fork, that its timber is extremely coarse, rough, and knotty, and would be unsaleable except at a very low rate or for pit-props. My father planted many of this tree, and I have found that though they make girth more rapidly than any other pine, they only thrive on sunny situations, where


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 certain goods. The object of his scheme was to promote all the different branches of foreign trade, particularly the carrying trade, by taking away all duties upon importation and exportation, and thereby enabling the merchant to employ his whole capital and credit in the purchase of goods and the freight of ships, no part of either being diverted toward the advancing of taxes. The project, however, of taxing, in this manner, goods of immediate or speedy consumption, seems liable to the four following very important objections. First, the tax would be more unequal, or not so well proportioned to the expense and consumption of the different contributors, as in the way in which it is commonly imposed. The taxes upon ale, wine and spirituous liquors, which are advanced by the dealers, are finally paid by the different consumers exactly in proportion to their respective consumption. But if the tax were to be paid by purchasing a license to drink those liquors, the sober would, in proportion to his consumption, be taxed much more heavily than the drunken consumer. A family which exercised great hospitality would be taxed much more lightly than one who entertained fewer guests. Secondly, this mode of taxation, by paying for an annual, half-yearly or quarterly license to consume certain goods, would diminish very much one of the principal conveniences of taxes upon goods of speedy consumption; the piecemeal payment. In the price of threepence halfpenny, which is at present paid for a pot of porter, the different taxes upon malt, hops and beer, together with the extraordinary profit which the brewer charges for having advanced them, may perhaps amount to about three halfpence. If a workman can conveniently spare those three halfpence, he buys a pot of porter. If


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 Connie was not keen on chains, but she said nothing. She was thinking of the curious impersonality of his desire for a son.

"I'm sorry we can't have a son," she said.

He looked at her steadily, with his full, pale-blue eyes.

"It would almost be a good thing if you had a child by another man," he said. "If we brought it up at Wragby, it would belong to us and to the place. I don't believe very intensely in fatherhood. If we had the child to rear, it would be our own, and it would carry on. Don't you think it's worth considering?"

Connie looked up at him at last. The child, her child, was just an "it" to him. It it it!

"But what about the other man?" she asked.

"Does it matter very much? Do these things really affect us very deeply? You had that lover in Germany what is it now?  Nothing almost. It seems to me that it isn't these little acts and little connections we make in our lives that matter so very much. They pass away, and where are they? Where  Where are the snows of yesteryear?  It's what endures through one's life that matters; my own life matters to me, in its long continuance and development. But what do the occasional connections matter? And the occasional sexual connections specially! If people don't exaggerate them ridiculously, they pass like the mating of birds. And so they should. What does it matter? It's the life-long companionship that matters. It's the living together from day to day, not the sleeping together once or twice. You and I are married, no matter what happens to us. We have the habit of each other. And habit, to my thinking, is more vital than any occasional excitement. The long, slow, enduring thing that's what we live by not the occasional spasm of any sort. Little by little, living together, two people fall into a sort of unison, they vibrate so intricately to one another. That's the real secret of marriage, not sex; at least not the simple function of sex. You and I are interwoven in a marriage. If we stick to that we ought to be able to arrange this sex thing, as we arrange going to the dentist; since fate has given us a check-mate physically there."

Connie sat and listened in a sort of wonder, and a sort of fear. She did not know if he was right or not. There was Michaelis, whom she loved; so she said to herself. But her love was somehow only an excursion from her marriage with Clifford; the long,


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 he cannot, he contents himself with a pint, and, as a penny saved is a penny got, he thus gains a farthing by his temperance. He pays the tax piecemeal, as he can afford to pay it, and when he can afford to pay it; and every act of payment is perfectly voluntary, and what he can avoid if he chooses to do so. Thirdly, such taxes would operate less as sumptuary laws. When the license was once purchased, whether the purchaser drunk much or drunk little, his tax would be the same. Fourthly, if a workman were to pay all at once, by yearly, half-yearly or quarterly payments, a tax equal to what he at present pays, with little or no inconvenience, upon all the different pots and pints of porter which he drinks in any such period of time, the sum might frequently distress him very much. This mode of taxation, therefore, it seems evident, could never, without the most grievous oppression, produce a revenue nearly equal to what is derived from the present mode without any oppression. In several countries, however, commodities of an immediate or very speedy consumption are taxed in this manner. In Holland, people pay so much a head for a license to drink tea. I have already mentioned a tax upon bread, which, so far as it is consumed in farmhouses and country villages, is there levied in the same manner.

The duties of excise are imposed chiefly upon goods of home produce destined for home consumption. They are imposed only upon a few sorts of goods of the most general use. There can never be any doubt either concerning the goods which are subject to those duties, or concerning the particular duty which each species of goods is subject to. They fall almost altogether upon what I call luxuries, excepting always the four duties


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 slow habit of intimacy, formed through years of suffering and patience. Perhaps the human soul needs excursions, and must not be denied them. But the point of an excursion is that you come home again.

"And wouldn't you mind what man's child I had?" she asked.

"Why, Connie, I should trust your natural instinct of decency and selection. You just wouldn't let the wrong sort of fellow touch you."

She thought of Michaelis! He was absolutely Clifford's idea of the wrong sort of fellow.

"But men and women may have different feelings about the wrong sort of fellow," she said.

"No," he replied. "You cared for me. I don't believe you would ever care for a man who was purely antipathetic to me. Your rhythm wouldn't let you."

She was silent. Logic might be unanswerable because it was so absolutely wrong.

"And should you expect me to tell you?" she asked, glancing up at him almost furtively.

"Not at all. I'd better not know . But you do agree with me, don't you, that the casual sex thing is nothing, compared to the long life lived together? Don't you think one can just subordinate the sex thing to the necessities of a long life? Just use it, since that's what we're driven to? After all, do these temporary excitements matter? Isn't the whole problem of life the slow building up of an integral personality, through the years? living an integrated life? There's no point in a disintegrated life. If lack of sex is going to disintegrate you, then go out and have a love affair. If lack of a child is going to disintegrate you, then have a child if you possibly can. But only do these things so that you have an integrated life, that makes a long harmonious thing. And you and I can do that together don't you think?  if we adapt ourselves to the necessities, and at the same time weave the adaptation together into a piece with our steadily-lived life. Don't you agree?"

Connie was a little overwhelmed by his words. She knew he was right theoretically. But when she actually touched her steadily-lived life with him she hesitated. Was it actually her destiny to go on weaving herself into his life all the rest of her life? Nothing else?


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 104 the Ming court, and the concessions granted from time to time by the Emperor, need not be followed here. One of them which appeared at Peking in 1469 reported that the Turfán chief had taken the title of 'Sultan,' and the name of this personage is recorded to have been Ali. In the Tárikh-i-Rashidi no mention is made of the name of Ali, in connection with Uighuristán. The date points to Kabak Sultan, as well as the title; but as Ali is represented further on in the Chinese history to have been the father of Ahmad, we can hardly assume Kabak to be the Sultan indicated. The father of Ahmad was Yunus, who nowhere appears under the name of Ali, while Kabak was grand-nephew of Yunus. That Sultan Ahmad (or Aláchá Khan)—and no other Ahmad—is the personage pointed to by the Chinese annals, seems more than probable, seeing that the dates of his succession and death agree very nearly with those given in the Tárikh-i-Rashidi, and that he is said to be the father of Mansur. But this is not the only reason to suspect inaccuracy in this matter, on the part of the Chinese chroniclers. Even if Ahmad were to be regarded as chief of Turfán, in the sense of being suzerain over the local prince, he could scarcely have played the part they attribute to him, without Mirza Haidar making some mention of his deeds. They represent him, for example, as having proceeded in person against Hami in 1488, as having captured the town, and put to death the local chief —a series of important events about which the Tárikh-i-Rashidi is silent. We find there only a brief statement that his son, Mansur, carried on several wars against Khitai, or China.

To proceed, however. In 1473 this Sultan Ali is said to have attacked and captured Hami, together with some tracts to the eastward, proceedings which called forth an expedition from China to recover these places from him. The Chinese had to retire unsuccessful; the Sultan retained Hami, but the tribute missions went on as before. About the same year that he annexed Hami, it appears that Sultan Ali also captured more than 10,000 of the tribe of Oirát, or Kalmáks, and in general he seems to have been a chief of warlike tendencies. He had in his hands the road by which all the tribute missions from the western


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 above mentioned, upon salt, soap, leather, candles, and, perhaps, that upon green glass.

The duties of customs are much more ancient than those of excise. They seem to have been called customs, as denoting customary payments which had been in use from time immemorial. They appear to have been originally considered as taxes upon the profits of merchants. During the barbarous times of feudal anarchy, merchants, like all the other inhabitants of burghs, were considered as little better than emancipated bondmen, whose persons were despised, and whose gains were envied. The great nobility, who had consented that the king should tallage the profits of their own tenants, were not unwilling that he should tallage likewise those of an order of men whom it was much less their interest to protect. In those ignorant times, it was not understood, that the profits of merchants are a subject not taxable directly; or that the final payment of all such taxes must fall, with a considerable overcharge, upon the consumers.

The gains of alien merchants were looked upon more unfavorably than those of English merchants. It was natural, therefore, that those of the former should be taxed more heavily than those of the latter. This distinction between the duties upon aliens and those upon English merchants, which was begun from ignorance, has been continued from the spirit of monopoly, or in order to give our own merchants an advantage both in the home and in the foreign market.

With this distinction the ancient duties of customs were imposed equally upon all sorts of goods, necessaries as well as luxuries, goods exported as well as goods imported. Why should the dealers in one sort of goods, it seems to have been


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 Was it just that? She was to be content to weave a steady life with him, all one fabric, but perhaps brocaded with the occasional flower of an adventure, But how could she know what she would feel next year? How could one ever know? How could one say Yes? for years and years? The little yes, gone on a breath! Why should one be pinned down by that butterfly word? Of course it had to flutter away and be gone, to be followed by other yes's and no's! Like the straying of butterflies.

"I think you're right Clifford. And as far as I can see I agree with you. Only life may turn quite a new face on it all."

"But until life turns a new face on it all, you do agree?"

"Oh yes! I think I do, really."

She was watching a brown spaniel that had run out of a side-path, and was looking toward them with lifted nose, making a soft, fluffy bark. A man with a gun strode swiftly, softly out after the dog, facing their way as if about to attack them; then stopped instead, saluted, and was turning down hill. It was only the new game-keeper, but he had frightened Connie, he seemed to emerge with such a swift menace. That was how she had seen him, like the sudden rush of a threat out of nowhere.

He was a man in dark green velveteens and gaiters the old style, with a red face and red moustache and distant eyes. He was going quickly down hill.

"Mellors!" called Clifford.

The man faced lightly round, and saluted with a quick little gesture, a soldier!

"Will you turn the chair round and get it started? That makes it easier," said Clifford.

The man at once slung his gun over his shoulder, and came forward with the same curious swift, yet soft movements, as if keeping invisible. He was moderately tall and lean, and was silent. He did not look at Connie at all, only at the chair.

"Connie, this is the new gamekeeper, Mellors. You haven't spoken to her ladyship yet, Mellors?"

"No, Sir!" came the ready, neutral words.

The man lifted his hat as he stood, showing his thick, almost fair hair. He stared straight into Connie's eyes, with a perfect, fearless, impersonal look, as if he wanted to see what she was like. He made her feel shy. She bent her head to him shyly, and he changed


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 thought, be more favored than those in another? or why should the merchant exporter be more favored than the merchant importer?

The ancient customs were divided into three branches. The first, and perhaps the most ancient of all those duties, was that upon wool and leather. It seems to have been chiefly or altogether an exportation duty. When the woollen manufacture came to be established in England, lest the king should lose any part of his customs upon wool by the exportation of woollen cloths, a like duty was imposed upon them. The other two branches were, first, a duty upon wine, which, being imposed at so much a ton, was called a tonnage; and, secondly, a duty upon all other goods, which, being imposed at so much a pound of their supposed value, was called a poundage. In the forty-seventh year of Edward III. a duty of sixpence in the pound was imposed upon all goods exported and imported, except wools, wool-fells, leather and wines, which were subject to particular duties. In the 14th of Richard II. this duty was raised to one shilling in the pound; but three years afterward it was again reduced to sixpence. It was raised to eightpence in the second year of Henry IV.; and, in the fourth year of the same prince, to one shilling. From this time to the ninth year of William III. this duty continued at one shilling in the pound. The duties of tonnage and poundage were generally granted to the king by one and the same act of Parliament, and were called the Subsidy of Tonnage and Poundage. The subsidy of poundage having continued for so long a time at one shilling in the pound, or at five per cent; a subsidy came, in the language of the customs, to denote a general duty of this kind of five per cent. This subsidy, which is now called


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 Rh countries were in the habit of coming and going, and he made the Emperor feel that it was well to be on good terms with him.

In 1478 Ali died, and his son A-hei-ma (Ahmad) succeeded him as Sultan of Turfán. He also was generally successful in holding Hami against the Chinese; if he lost it at one time, he regained it shortly afterwards, and he made the governor nominated by the Chinese, a prisoner. During the period 1478 to 1493 he was nearly always at war with the Chinese, yet he seems to have been ever ready with his tribute, and several missions, carrying lions and other presents, are recorded to have been despatched during these years. At length, however (in 1493) his mission, consisting of 172 men, was stopped and imprisoned near the Chinese border. This event, occurring at a time when the Kalmáks on his northern frontier were assuming a threatening attitude towards him, decided Ahmad to abandon Hami and finally peace was established with the Chinese in 1499. Five years later (1504) Ahmad died, and a struggle for the succession to the Khanate took place among his sons. The eldest, by name Man-su-rh (Mansur), got the upper hand, declared himself Sultan, and began at once to despatch tribute to Peking. In 1513 the subordinate Prince of Hami, Bai-ya-dsi by name, made over his province to Mansur, who soon afterwards began to make incursions on Chinese territory proper, by invading Su-chou and Kan-chou. Whether he obtained any but a mere temporary hold on these districts is not apparent, but he is related to have had dissensions with the Chinese, on subjects connected with Hami, till his death in 1545. He was succeeded by his son, Sha—i.e., Shah Khan.

This is a brief outline of Dr. Bretschneider's epitome of the chapters in the Ming history which relate to Turfán, or Uighuristán. It shows, briefly, the course of the history of the province according to the Chinese view; but when we come to compare the names and dates with the same story as gathered from the Tárikh-i-Rashidi, the two accounts are found not to agree. In the summary, or discursive table, given in Section II. of this Introduction, some of the Khans of Uighuristán have been mentioned, with the dates of their reigns (as far as obtainable), from Mirza Haidar's statements. They may be placed here in


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 his hat to his left hand and made her a slight bow, like a gentleman; but he said nothing at all. He remained for a moment still, with his hat in his hand.

"But you've been here some time, haven't you?" Connie said to him.

"Eight months, Madam your Ladyship!" he corrected himself calmly.

"And do you like it?"

She looked him in the eyes. His eyes narrowed a little, with irony, perhaps with impudence.

"Why, yes, thank you, your Ladyship! I was reared here He gave another slight bow, turned, put his hat on, and strode to take hold of the chair. His voice on the last words had fallen into the heavy broad drag of the dialect perhaps also in mockery, because there had been no trace of dialect before. He might almost be a gentleman. Anyhow, he was a curious, quick, separate fellow, alone, but sure of himself.

Clifford started the little engine, the man carefully turned the chair, and set it nose-forwards to the incline that curved gently to the dark hazel thicket.

"Is that all then, Sir Clifford?" asked the man.

"No, you'd better come along in case she sticks. The engine isn't really strong enough for the uphill work." The man glanced round for his dog a thoughtful glance. The spaniel looked at him and faintly moved its tail. A little smile, mocking or teasing her, yet gentle, came into his eyes for a moment, then faded away, and his face was expressionless. They went fairly quickly down the slope, the man with his hand on the rail of the chair, steadying it. He looked like a free soldier rather than a servant. And something about him reminded Connie of Tommy Dukes.

When they came to the hazel grove, Connie suddenly ran forward, and opened the gate into the park. As she stood holding it, the two men looked at her in passing, Clifford critically, the other man with a curious, cool wonder; impersonally wanting to see what she looked like. And she saw in his blue, impersonal eyes a look of suffering and detachment, yet a certain warmth. But why was he so aloof, apart?

Clifford stopped the chair, once through the gate, and the man came quickly, courteously, to close it.


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 the Old Subsidy, still continues to be levied according to the book of rates established in the 12th of Charles II. The method of ascertaining, by a book of rates, the value of goods subject to this duty, is said to be older than the time of James I. The new subsidy imposed by the 9th and 10th of William III. was an additional five per cent upon the greater part of goods. The one-third and the two-third subsidy made up between them another five per cent, of which they were proportionable parts. The subsidy of 1747 made a fourth five per cent upon the greater part of goods; and that of 1759, a fifth upon some particular sorts of goods. Besides those five subsidies, a great variety of other duties have occasionally been imposed upon particular sorts of goods, in order sometimes to relieve the exigencies of the State, and sometimes to regulate the trade of the country, according to the principles of the mercantile system.

That system has come gradually more and more into fashion. The old subsidy was imposed indifferently upon exportation as well as importation. The four subsequent subsidies, as well as the other duties which have since been occasionally imposed upon particular sorts of goods, have, with a few exceptions, been laid altogether upon importation. The greater part of the ancient duties, which had been imposed upon the exportation of the goods of home produce and manufacture, have either been lightened or taken away altogether. In most cases they have been taken away. Bounties have even been given upon the exportation of some of them. Drawbacks, too, sometimes of the whole, and, in most cases, of a part of the duties which are paid upon the importation of foreign goods, have been granted upon their exportation. Only


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