text:
Page:Fairview Boys at Lighthouse Cove.djvu/24

20 "I think so, too," said Mrs. Haven.

So it was arranged, and Sammy and Frank were wild with delight.

"I can go!" shouted Sammy, as he came rushing out of the house, after his mother had consented. "I can go, Bob!"

"That's fine!"

"And we'll get that pirate gold!" added Frank, with a grin as he came out of his house to give the good news that he, too, could go.

"We'll, [sic] if we don't, we'll have fun anyhow," said Bob, who never had much faith in the wild plans of Sammy Brown.

"Oh, we'll get it!" declared Sammy. "All we need to do is to discover the right place and dig."

"Yes, discover it the way you discovered the treasure on Eagle Mountain!" laughed Bob.

"Oh, well, something came of that!" declared Sammy, in some confusion.

"Yes, something," admitted Bob, "but not what you expected. Now let's begin packing."

It was some days yet before the journey to Lighthouse Cove would be made, but the boys were so eager that they began to get ready at once.

Finally they did start. It was half a day's journey from Fairview to the seashore, and Lighthouse Cove was reached about three o'clock in the afternoon.

Mr. and Mrs. Bouncer, the servants, and the three boys drove up from the station in a large carriage.

"There's the cottage!" exclaimed Mrs. Bouncer, pointing to a large one a little way up from the beach of the cove. "Yes, and there's old Hamp to welcome us."

"What, the sailor who knows about the pirate gold?" cried Sammy. "I must see him at once!" And, without waiting for the carriage to stop, he gave a flying leap out of it.


text: Page:Fairview Boys at Lighthouse Cove.djvu/25

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text: Page:Fairview Boys at Lighthouse Cove.djvu/26


text: Fairview Boys at Lighthouse Cove/Chapter 2


text: Page:Poems Cook.djvu/50

title: Page:Poems Cook.djvu/50


text: Page:Poems Cook.djvu/51

title: Page:Poems Cook.djvu/51


text: Page:Poems Cook.djvu/52

title: Page:Poems Cook.djvu/52


text: Page:Poems Cook.djvu/53

title: Page:Poems Cook.djvu/53


text: Page:Poems Cook.djvu/54

title: Page:Poems Cook.djvu/54


text: Page:Poems Cook.djvu/55

title: Page:Poems Cook.djvu/55


text:
Page:Challenge of Facts and Other Essays.djvu/427

408 can do with a society and what you cannot do with it. People who know what a society is, and what we can do with a society by our best efforts, would know that it is great nonsense to talk about the re-organization of society as a thing that people are going to take in hand as a corrective measure, to be carried out by certain social enterprises so called. What we try to do, and what we want to try to do in class work, is to give the young men and young women (where the latter are concerned) a sound idea of some of these fundamentals, that would stop them from going over into a false line of effort and thought.

Now, it seems to me that in doing this one thing what we want to do is to get down to facts; and we ought to stick as close to facts as we can. I don't mean statistical facts, but I mean the realities and the truth of the life around us, the life that is going on, the motives of the people, their ideas and their fallacies, the false things on which they pin their faith, and so on. And the facts all show that there ought to be understood by students of sociology all fundamental facts about society, about what it is, what is possible in it, what is not possible in it, and so on. We have our work at New Haven so organized that we try to have the students take courses in ethnography and some related subjects which are of a fundamental character and which form a stock of knowledge that a student of sociology ought to have. If we do not do this, sociology becomes a thing up in the air. We have a lot of abstract definitions and abstract notions that may, of course, have some philosophical value or psychological truth; but the student starting out from them is in great danger, at any rate, of going off into the old-fashioned methods of deduction from these broad notions that he starts


text: Page:Poems Cook.djvu/56

title: Page:Poems Cook.djvu/56


text:
Page:Challenge of Facts and Other Essays.djvu/396

Rh to civilize them by any political measures. Communities do not take kindly to that kind of school-mastering, and I see in such a spirit only a threat of further interference, further coercion, further resistance, and prolonged trouble. The Southern States have on their hands a race problem of the first magnitude; they will have all they can do to manage it, if they are left free under the natural social and economic laws. They think, generally, that a black man is not the equal of a white man, which is not an essential question in the problem; but the Northern communities, a thousand miles away, insist that they shall first change their minds on that dogmatic point, and proceed to try to coerce their opinions. I think that Southern people are unwise and narrow in very many of their notions, but the only practical question is how to deal with erroneous opinions. Can we ever coerce opinions? Do we not all know rather that if we leave unwise men to pursue their folly, their own experience will teach them, but that if we attempt to impose contrary opinions, we shall only lead them to cling to their errors as the most sacred faiths? I, therefore, desire now, as regards this political question, that the South be left to work out its own social problems under no arbitrary political coercion, but simply under the constraint of social and economic forces. I want the Northern opinions kept to their own sphere of action, and the local self-government left free to act in the South under the plan and intention of our Constitution, without which the Union is impossible. If the Union is really secured and is to last, it must do so under peace between its parts and not under war, either military or political. I therefore condemn the attempt to revive and use the old war passions, suspicion, dread, or hostility. When it is done by demagogues I perceive


text: Page:Poems Cook.djvu/57

title: Page:Poems Cook.djvu/57


text:
Page:Challenge of Facts and Other Essays.djvu/397

Rh in it only their natural and disastrous activity; but when it is done by men of principle, who have some knowledge of history, of constitutional law, and of the science of government, I see in it only a proof of how hard it is to resist the current of party opinion, and the consistency of political passion. As for dread of the Southern influence in the general government, I would rather trust to-morrow, either on pecuniary or political questions, to a Congress made up entirely of ex-Confederates, then to one made up of such men as the Southern republican representatives have been since reconstruction. The man who won more of my respect than any other man in the last Congress was Randall Gibson, a democrat and an ex-rebel; if the South has any more such rebel brigadiers I would like to help get them back into politics, especially now that General Butler is going down to fight them.

Finally, in regard to another matter which I have very much at heart, but which is hardly an active issue in the campaign, whatever hope there is for free trade lies in the election of Tilden.

I have not written this to convert anybody, or do anything but state my opinions and feelings fully. I therefore add, with perfect frankness, that there is much in the canvass which I do not like and which makes a decision difficult. I find that this has been the case with independent men in almost every election since that of John Adams. In this case I find it very hard to vote for a Vice-President whom I think unfit for the Presidency, should he be called to it. Moreover, I cannot be thoroughly satisfied where any floating doubt remains in regard to the life-long uprightness of a candidate, but I shall try, even here, to keep my judgment clear. I cannot be carried away by the hot and exaggerated


text: Page:Poems Cook.djvu/58

title: Page:Poems Cook.djvu/58


text:
Page:Challenge of Facts and Other Essays.djvu/398

Rh assertion of a campaign charge whose injustice is apparent in its form of statement, which I am not competent to investigate, and which cannot be properly tried by anybody. I cannot be affected by a charge, which is no charge, but only a challenge to a man to divulge his private affairs. Above all I shall not commit that folly into which some, trusting in the moral fervor of the Independents, seem anxious to drive them, to hang an important political decision on disapproval of the course of conduct adopted by a man at one or another point of a long business and professional career, to the disregard of all the properly political considerations involved for the present or future. If, then, a decision is forced upon me, I simply judge, on all the information I possess, that Mr. Tilden has more knowledge, ability, skill, and will to do what I want to see done in politics, than Mr. Hayes. Nevertheless, I am not called upon to bind or pledge myself in any way, and I hold myself free to take any course which may, upon further information or reflection, seem best. However the election may result, I shall be guided in my relations to the next administration entirely by its performances in regard to the matters I have here discussed.


text:
Page:Challenge of Facts and Other Essays.djvu/226

 THE NEW SOCIAL ISSUE

effect of the great improvements in the arts during the last century is to produce a social and economic order which is controlled by tremendous forces, and which comprehends the whole human race; which is automatic in the mode of its activity; which is delicate and refined in its susceptibility to the influence of interferences. It is therefore at once too vast in its magnitude and scope for us to comprehend it, and too delicate in its operation for us to follow out and master its details.

Under such circumstances the conservative position in social discussion is the only sound position. We do not need to resist all change or discussion — that is not conservatism. We may, however, be sure that the only possible good for society must come of evolution not of revolution. We have a right to condemn, and to refuse our attention to flippant and ignorant criticisms or propositions of reform; we can rule out at once all plans to reconstruct society, on anybody's system, from the bottom up. We may refuse to act to-day under the motive of redressing some wrong done, ignorantly perhaps, one or two or more centuries ago; or under the motive of bringing in a golden age which we think men can attain to, one or two or more centuries in the future. We may refuse to listen to any propositions which are put forward with menaces and may demand that all who avail themselves of the right of free discussion shall remain upon the field of discussion and refrain from all acts until they have duly and fairly convinced the reason and conscience of the community.


text: Page:Poems Cook.djvu/59

title: Page:Poems Cook.djvu/59


text:
Page:Challenge of Facts and Other Essays.djvu/437

418 phenomena by reference to unimportant incidents and accidental coincidences, is pursued by preference. The whole discussion of social topics is conducted in a vein of sublimated and over-refined speculation. Of course the effect of holding this standpoint is that phenomena are not observed and that facts are left out of account.

Closely allied with this way of looking at sociological questions is one which is rather mystical than transcendental. There are German writers who are very fond of this mode of viewing society. Their influence seems to be spreading. They generally confuse political economy with sociology, and then give us a mystical political economy which is made to cover more or less the whole domain of sociology. The influence of this school is spreading both in England and America. Our American students go to Germany and, returning, need to prove that they have gained something by it. They undoubtedly do gain more than one can estimate and in a great variety of ways, but they fed bound to vindicate the specific instruction which they have received lest it might seem that their foreign study had not been necessary or advantageous. The particular effect produced is that the science of political economy, the art of government, and morals are confused together to the great disadvantage of all. Occult relations and laws are devised, and the path of social growth is held to lie in the cultivation of certain soul-states in the individual.

Then we have a certain peculiar dogmatism in sociology. Men who are eminent in other branches of science and who would vigorously resent any intrusion of dogmatism into their own departments will not hesitate to dogmatize in the most reckless manner about sociological questions. The reason is because they have never yet learned to think of social phenomena and laws


text:
Page:Challenge of Facts and Other Essays.djvu/436

Rh The preacher may be easily set aside if his authority seems to be destitute of foundation; the philosopher is certainly only entangling himself in a maze of rhetoric and metaphysics. The old biblical system unquestionably contained a sociology. The religion of the Jews and that of the Christians reaches out to the dimensions of a cosmic philosophy; it contains a whole system of natural philosophy, of the state, and of society, as well as of the church; it embraces, in short, the whole life of man in its scope and interest. So far as I know, that has been the case with all of the great religions; each one of them contained all things necessary to human life, the center of the system being in the religious bond or the religious consciousness. Modern science also embraces in its scope all human interests — all those at least which are limited by this world. These two systems cannot come to an adjustment and division of territory without many collisions and much friction. Now, however, there comes the metaphysician, the ethical philosopher, the sentimentalist, the man who wants to make everybody happy, the reformer, and the friend of humanity, and they all seek to conquer the domain which religion has not yet lost and science has not yet gained. Hence it is that sociology is to-day torn and distracted amongst them all and that science seems, as yet, to have but the smallest share in the treatment of social issues.

A consequence of this state of things is that sociology is dominated by all the evil forces which ever harm any subject of human interest. There is a kind of transcendentalism in regard to social matters which is cherished by a certain school. Often the least experienced students are captivated by subtleties of this kind. The most round-about discussion, or the one which treats


text: Page:Poems Cook.djvu/60

title: Page:Poems Cook.djvu/60


text:
Page:Challenge of Facts and Other Essays.djvu/430

Rh have thought that ethnography was at any rate one of the very broadest of these subjects. The books on sociology all refer constantly to certain things as true with regard to primitive or uncivilized people, and we ought to have a stock of knowledge about such matters that is firm and well-learned, so that the students know what we are talking about. They would know at once if all the things as asserted are actually and positively true. Then there are the economic courses: as has been well said, they have important limitations, but they furnish a convenient and practical introduction to our line of study. Again there is the great field of history; that furnishes us a vast amount of our material — the material on which we base our deductions and generalizations, so that a student who is going to be a sociologist never can know too much history. And if history is taught well and according to modern ideas and methods, it furnishes a very good introduction to sociological study.

Well, I myself am about at the end of it; only one or two more years remain, and I am most interested now to know what can be done for the sake of the future, for those who will come after and take up the work and carry it on. I hope we shall get up a discussion here — if necessary, a quarrel — which will develop ideas about this matter that will help. Somebody asked me last evening if this was going to be a gay discussion, and I said it had possibilities for a very gay discussion; and, Mr. Chairman, it is what I hope we shall have in the remainder of the session.


text: Page:Poems Cook.djvu/61

title: Page:Poems Cook.djvu/61


text: Page:Poems Cook.djvu/62

title: Page:Poems Cook.djvu/62


text:
Page:Challenge of Facts and Other Essays.djvu/428

Rh with, and the whole thing becomes lost in the clouds. That seems to me the greatest danger that sociology nowadays has to encounter. If we allow it to become foundationless — I mean in regard to the real facts — and make it a matter of thought and deduction, we cannot expect that we shall have great effect on public opinion; we cannot expect that people will pay very much attention to us or care much about what we say. The only way to get an influence that we want and that we think we deserve is to keep sociology directly and constantly in touch with common everyday life and with the forms of the social order.

If I were a man forty years old, and were beginning to be a professor in one of our American colleges, I should think that the opportunity to take hold of a department of sociology, and give it shape and control its tendencies, lay down its outlines, and so on, was really the most important thing that a man nowadays could undertake, because of the tremendous importance of these social questions that are arising. There cannot be any doubt of it, and I, at any rate, am perfectly convinced that within the next twenty-five or thirty years the questions that are going to shake American society to its foundations are questions of sociological character and importance. Some have already been referred to; such, for instance, as this race question that has been rising and getting more strenuous every year. It has got some truth at the bottom of it, if we can get at it; in the end it will have to be settled from the merit that is in it, and it is the sociologist who will have to find the truth that is in this matter. Again, such questions as are involved in conflicts about capital are unlimited in their influence on the welfare of the American people. And if I were at the beginning of a career, instead of at the end of it,


text:
Page:Challenge of Facts and Other Essays.djvu/429

410 I should think there was nothing that was better worth work than to get into the minds of the young men some notions that were sound in regard to such fundamental matters. Then in regard to this matter of divorce and the way in which it is acting upon the American people; it is a question that ramifies through the whole society and even the most dithyrambic of our orators have never gone beyond the truth of the importance of this matter to the American people.

My opinion in regard to this is that the way to build a science of sociology is to build it on the same fundamental methods that have proved so powerful in the other sciences — I mean the more or less exact sciences. We cannot pretend that we can ever make an exact science of sociology. We ought not to try. We haven't got the information, and I don't know that we ever can get it in the accurate, positive shape in which it is ascertained in the exact sciences. We are all the time dealing more or less with propositions that under certain circumstances will have to be modified. They are valuable, they are important, but more knowledge, more information, may force us to modify them. That will not do any harm. There have been sciences that have had a long and useful life, although they remained in that form. I don't think that is a fundamental difficulty, but it is one that we want to overcome so far as we can. We ought to be truly scientific so far as possible. We ought to use positive and well-tested methods and we ought not to trust any others. The methods that we use ought to be such as would be regarded as valid at any time and anywhere, on any subject.

Now if the young men are to be trained in this, you have got to bring them up to it by a study of a positive character that deals with facts and information. We


text:
Republic Act No. 3046

WHEREAS, the Constitution of the Philippines describes the national territory as comprising all the territory ceded to the United States by the Treaty of Paris concluded between the United States and Spain on December 10, 1898, the limits of which are set forth in Article III of said treaty, together with all the islands embraced in the treaty concluded at Washington, between the United States and Spain on November 7, 1900, and in the treaty concluded between the United States and Great Britain on January 2, 1930, and all the territory over which the Government of the Philippine Islands exercised jurisdiction at the time of the adoption of the Constitution;

WHEREAS, all the waters within the limits set forth in the above-mentioned treaties have always been regarded as part of the territory of the Philippine Islands;

WHEREAS, all the waters around, between and connecting the various islands of the Philippines archipelago, irrespective of their width or dimension, have always been considered as necessary appurtenances of the land territory, forming part of the inland or internal waters of the Philippines;

WHEREAS, all the waters beyond the outermost islands of the archipelago but within the limits of the boundaries set forth in the aforementioned treaties comprise the territorial sea of the Philippines;

WHEREAS, the baselines from which the territorial sea of the Philippines is determined consist of straight lines joining appropriate points of the outermost islands of the archipelago; and

WHEREAS, the said baselines should be clarified and specifically defined and described for the information of all concerned; Now, therefor,

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Philippines in Congress assembled:

SECTION 1.
The baselines for the territorial sea of the Philippines are hereby defined and described specifically as follows:

Section 2.
All waters within the baselines provided for in Section one hereof are considered inland or internal waters of the Philippines.

Section 3.
This Act shall take effect upon its approval.

 * Approved: June 17, 1961.

title: Republic Act No. 3046


text:
Page:Challenge of Facts and Other Essays.djvu/454

Rh tures on protectionism. This turned out to be a good thing, for the contrast was marked.

But Sumner's influence on the tariff and sound money was not confined to undergraduates. The New York Free Trade Club, and later its successor, the Reform Club, which for many years constituted the center of agitation against protectionism, were largely dominated by men who had come under his teaching and influence in one way or another.

The absence of the qualities which make the successful politician was as marked in Sumner as was the presence of those qualities which make the scientific man and teacher. When men seek to attain political ends they necessarily look for allies; and if they are opposed to those in power they cast their eyes on the discontented, the unsuccessful under the present regime, and bid for their support by offering what they believe will prove attractive. Political affairs are necessarily a series of compromises. The need of allies to make a majority prevents logical progress, and in political life an old evil is rarely eradicated without the planting of some seeds of a new evil. The politician must be a compromiser. Sumner was no compromiser. I heard him once speak of himself as a popular agitator; but his agitation consisted in pointing out to his fellow-citizens the folly of what they were doing. I do not believe he ever undertook to tell them what they should do. He never set up to be a statesman. Certainly he never attempted the politician's rôle, which is quite apt to be to point out to a part of the people how they can collect some unearned advantage from another part of the people.

Sumner continually called attention to the difference between the task of the political economist and patient


text: Page:Poems Cook.djvu/63

title: Page:Poems Cook.djvu/63


text:
Page:Challenge of Facts and Other Essays.djvu/435

416 put forward. Every one gets some experience of society and has an opportunity to make some observations of social phenomena. I believe, however, that any one who studies sociology will be very loath to give opinions on social topics which lead him far away from the most primary facts and doctrines of political economy or the simplest maxims of statecraft. We do not indeed lack those who are far more ambitious. I am not quite sure how much is intended in that clever satire, "The Revolt of Man," when the women who have come to rule the world and have destroyed civilization and lowered the population, are represented as chiefly interested in politics and political and social economy. If it means that people who are fond of talking a great deal in proportion to the working and thinking they do, are prone to pitch upon social and economic topics, there is a great basis of truth under the satire. All the world-reformers, the philanthropists, the friends of humanity, and in general the class of those who are anxious to mind their neighbors' business, pitch upon sociological topics with especial avidity. It is a broad and expansive sensation to feel one's self telling one's neighbor how he ought to live. It must be sublime to have the consciousness that one is capable of setting the world straight. A religious teacher, who speaks in the name of a creed of religious dogmas, does not believe that he is speaking for himself, but thinks that he is bringing a message of authority to a world lost and blind in the midst of perplexities; but one who speaks only in the name of an ethical philosophy or a sentimental desire for reform has no standards or guidance whatever. The orthodox preacher may insist strongly on the authority and absolute value of his message, but the a priori philosopher can only establish arbitrary points of departure and arbitrary deductions.


text: Page:Poems Cook.djvu/64

title: Page:Poems Cook.djvu/64


text: Page:Poems Cook.djvu/65

title: Page:Poems Cook.djvu/65


text:
Page:Weird Tales Volume 4 Number 3 (1924-11).djvu/63

62 Dr. Jones and his companion were already in custody, and several others had admitted their part in the scheduled uprising. But the head-spring of the movement was gone, for the room of the Great Panjandrum was empty. The carpet, perfectly synchronizing with the edges of the trap-door, concealed the tell-tale crevice that would otherwise have led the police to find the high priest and his captive in the dark hole directly beneath their feet.

George heard their exclamations of disappointment, as they caught sight of the overturned table, and other evidences of a struggle. One of the coppers picked up George's blood-stained hat.

"Don't this belong to that nigger who came to the station this morning, the one who told us where the Great Panjandrum could be found?" he asked. The coppers passed the hat from hand to hand. It was drenched in the goat's blood that had poured on it from the overturned bowl. The carpet was dabbled in blood. Evidently the struggle had been desperate.

"Poor devil," said one of the coppers. "He's dead enough now, I guess. The damn fool must have tried to capture the Grand Panjabrum all by himself! He had nerve, anyway, that bird had."

George swelled with pride. Not visibly, for it was very dark in the hole; but he swelled nevertheless. Why, he was a hero! Or at least he would be if he got out of this scrape alive. He tore at the hands of his captors, who held him fast by the mouth, effectually gagging him. He tried to scream out, to tell the coppers that he was there, just under their feet. But the tall, lean man pressed his thumb tight against the unhappy captive's windpipe, and shut off his breath. George struggled hard for a minute, and then lost consciousness.

How long afterwards he awoke from his swoon he did not know, but it seemed to him that a long time had elapsed, for his dreams had been long and troubled. He was still in the black hole, and a hand was held tightly over his mouth. But there was no longer a pressure on his windpipe. The men with him—the Great Panjandrum and his aids—were as silent as death. Not a whisper passed between them. Even their breathing was inaudible.

George opened his eyes. All was as dark as the pit. He heard a slight noise over his head, as if someone were rolling pebbles over the floor. Voices made themselves audible to him, and he distinctly heard a man cursing. The noise of pebbles stopped, then began again.

"Little Phoebe!" said a voice. "Come to papa!"

"A dollar he comes," said another voice.

"A dollar he doesn't."

By the voices George knew there were three men in the room above. They were coppers who had been left behind to seize the Great Panjandrum if he should return. George knew well enough what their conversation signified, for rolling the spotted cubes was one of his proudest accomplishments. He had lost more money that way than he had ever spent on all the other necessities of life put together. He had even been forced to put in many extra hours soliciting washing for Martha, to get the wherewithal to fling the flying dominoes.

The sound of the rolling dice recalled him to a sense of life and the pleasures thereof. He could not die like a rat in a trap, when liberty, life, joy, were flaunting themselves just a few feet above his head.

Wrenching himself free for an instant; he screamed for help. Instantly the struggle was renewed in the black hole; but the coppers had heard his cry. They


text: Page:Poems Cook.djvu/66

title: Page:Poems Cook.djvu/66


text:
Page:Challenge of Facts and Other Essays.djvu/453

434 he was teaching us. He gave us a point of view with respect to the individual's place in the political and industrial community. He warned us to allow for bias. He implanted in us certain fundamental notions which I for my part have never been able to get away from. A few years ago I came across in a lady's drawing-room his great work on "Folkways." I read it with delight, not only for what it gave me that was new, but also for what I found in it that awakened old memories. I continually ran across various expressions and thoughts which I recognized as old friends; thoughts which had influenced my whole intellectual life; in many cases thoughts of which I had forgotten the source and had, perhaps, foolishly believed them to be the result of my own reflection. I realized then more than ever before what an influence Sumner had been in my life.

While I was an undergraduate, there was going on in the country a trend toward the democratic party. Sumner's sledge-hammer blows in the cause of free trade and sound money, as well as his general treatment of economic subjects, were a powerful influence in that direction. His advocacy of the causes which so many younger men hoped the democratic party would represent added interest in his personality and made him to a greater extent the subject of discussion. It also led some of those who came from stalwart republican homes to withhold themselves, to a certain extent, from the full benefit they might have received from his leadership; for the normal man holds his politics like his religion, and treats with suspicion any one who undertakes to subject them to intelligent examination. A few of these obtained the attendance of a Pennsylvania professor to deliver a lecture or lec-


text:
Page:Challenge of Facts and Other Essays.djvu/459

 ADDRESS BY ALBERT GALLOWAY KELLER, YALE, 1896

Great in council and great in war, ... Rich in saving common-sense, And, as the greatest only are, In his simplicity sublime. ... O voice from which their omens all men drew, O iron nerve to true occasion true, O fall'n at length that tower of strength Which stood four-square to all the winds that blew!

loss which Yale has suffered in the retirement and death of Professor Sumner is one which no one of his colleagues can contemplate without a sinking of heart. We have needed him all this year; we could face our crises of the future with more of equanimity if his presence supported us. For almost forty years Yale has had the devoted service of a great man and, what is more» of a natural leader of men; his strongly molding hand has shaped to an extraordinary degree the destiny of the academic world in which it fell to him to live and work. We younger men are told that at a crisis the leadership has been wont to creep into his hand as by some inherent urge. Such men are rare in academic circles and our sense of loss is correspondingly heavy. It is what we pay for having had him — and the price is not too great. Yale could not have become what she now is if he had not been hers; all of us should rejoice that Sumner lived and labored here. It should


text: Page:Poems Cook.djvu/67

title: Page:Poems Cook.djvu/67


text:
Page:Challenge of Facts and Other Essays.djvu/458

Rh subjecting plans for political and social amelioration to scrutiny and investigation. It involved a life-time of running counter to popular tendencies. The man who adopts this course can never expect to attain a popular following such as comes to the man who advocates a happy thought which is believed to lead to prosperity and contentment. He attacked privilege, and naturally the Interests tried to destroy him. He told his contemporaries they were pursuing false and wasteful methods. They disliked to listen to him. When the whole country was laboring under delusions with respect to protectionism and bimetallism, he stood boldly for free trade and sound money. He turned not aside to ride on the wave, but headed straight for his mark, sturdily stemming wind and tide, and no one better than he knew that he could not expect popular applause, or better realized that his achievements could not be measured in the coin with which the politician or the demagogue is paid. like most philosophers who are not more politicians than philosophers, he must wait for the full results of his efforts from the work of his many pupils whom he started upon courses of correct thinking. The seeds he planted by his long years of teaching and by his writings we may hopefully expect to bear a substantial fruit in the strenuous times we must all anticipate in the immediate future. As was said of Socrates, he was more useful in devoting his energies to teaching the youth than if he had tried to rule the state.

It is not at all unlikely that the strongest advocates of Sumner's political philosophy will soon be found among the very class which looked upon him as its enemy when he denounced protectionism.


text:
Page:Challenge of Facts and Other Essays.djvu/451

 ADDRESS BY HENRY DE FOREST BALDWIN, YALE, 1885

I was an undergraduate we were lately launched upon a new epoch. The world had been assimilating Darwin's "Origin of Species" about twenty years. The intellectual world was looking at things from a new point of view. Tradition was less sacred, authority less compelling to us than it had been to our predecessors. We revered and admired the old men, but they did not altogether meet our needs. The college had not then departed very far from the old curriculum which characterized institutions of learning for the three or four previous centuries. From all I can learn, there has been more change in the college curriculum from 1880 to the present time than took place from the foundation of the college to the time when I entered it. We were looking for a teacher who we felt could free himself from the old ways of thought, and whom we could rely upon to speak boldly, honestly, and clearly from the new point of view. We found our intellectual leader in Sumner. He did not appear to be afraid of talking over our heads. We felt he was giving the best he had to give, and that he believed what he taught. We knew he was devoting his great talents to us and had stores of wealth to give us, if we chose to listen to him. As a scholar he asked no quarter from an antagonist. As a teacher he did not ask blind acceptance of his ideas from his pupils. He stated his views without any concessions to make them acceptable to his hearers and without


text: Page:Poems Cook.djvu/68

title: Page:Poems Cook.djvu/68


text:
Page:Challenge of Facts and Other Essays.djvu/450

Rh students. Against our will we became willing and eager, and we liked him and would follow him wherever he led, and if we wanted a cut we cut some other recitation. Sumner's was not drudgery; it was stimulation.

And he was so extraordinarily dear and practical and nothing of the metaphysician. He never preached for the sake of preaching. He was no crusader from habit or for effect. Take it or leave it, he presented what he knew.

And then the division would be dismissed from the class-room, and a remarkable transformation take place. This man of iron would step from the platform, the atmosphere still charged with his electricity, throw his cape over his shoulders, and at once become the most friendly, kindly, genial, generous, human, and sympathetic of companions, the best of good fellows. He was only cast iron when he was denouncing economic enemies. He had no others.

His duty was to teach truth and to lead, and never was there a more exalted teacher nor so valiant a leader. After thirty-five years we find his truths chiselled in a rock and we see him now and forever in dear outline against the sky, high and strong and true.


text: Page:Poems Cook.djvu/69

title: Page:Poems Cook.djvu/69


text: Page:Poems Cook.djvu/70

title: Page:Poems Cook.djvu/70


text:
Page:Challenge of Facts and Other Essays.djvu/434

 THE PREDICAMENT OF SOCIOLOGICAL STUDY

modern times science has gradually gained the mastery of one after another of the great departments of human interest. As yet its dominion is imperfect and disputed, but it is gaining ground every day as the authority to which we must all look for truth about the earthy human life, and the nature and destiny of man. As fast as science gains dominion it displaces arbitrary and personal elements. It gives correct notions of causation and so dispels superstition; it drives out transcendentalism, mysticism, and sentimentalism from every interest over which it obtains dominion. But science has not yet extended its domain over the social interests of mankind. Sociology is a science which has yet to come into being, and it is as yet only the name for an outline which we have to fill up by a long and laborious investigation.

If, as we well know, biology and its cognate developments are yet in their struggling infancy, how much more is sociology new and tentative. Yet if we can train a body of men to study it we shall undoubtedly win advantages as great as science has produced in any department which it has yet conquered. Let us now consider the sort of thing which the advance of science must drive out of sociology.

There are no topics which are more constantly discussed than social topics. Everybody has views about social questions; and these views are generally crude. That, however, does not prevent them from being freely


text: Page:Poems Cook.djvu/71

title: Page:Poems Cook.djvu/71


text: Page:Poems Cook.djvu/72

title: Page:Poems Cook.djvu/72


text: Page:Poems Cook.djvu/73

title: Page:Poems Cook.djvu/73


text: Page:Poems Cook.djvu/74

title: Page:Poems Cook.djvu/74


text:
Page:Weird Tales Volume 4 Number 3 (1924-11).djvu/64

Rh tore up the carpet, and the hidden push-button was revealed. Standing back from the trap, they pushed the button, and the door fell back. One of the coppers held it from springing into place again by inserting the dice in the springs, and another flashed his pocket light into the dark hole.

Resistance was futile, and the Great Panjandrum and his aids surrendered. One by one they gave their hands to the coppers, and were pulled out of the hole and handcuffed. George was last. He stood upon his two feet, a hero, and told his story, which he had to repeat later at the police station.

UT IN the meantime there was wail- ing and weeping at Martha Washington’s. She had received the news of George Washington’s death with the grief that was becoming and proper to a faithful and loving wife. First she buried her face in a pillow-slip that she had just ironed, and drenched it with tears, making a further ironing necessary. Then she took the blood-stained hat from the policeman who had brought it, and wept over it, and called upon heaven to witness that she had always loved this wonderful hero husband of hers with a love that surpassed all understanding.

The news of his death had spread rapidly, together with the story of his incredible heroism in attempting to take the Great Panjandrum single-handed, after the police had refused to help him. One report had it that he had slain the Great Panjandrum in mortal combat, and was thereupon foully done to death from behind by a craven disciple of voodoo, and dragged away and his body thrown down a well. But all accounts agreed that he had been a hero. And the blood-stained hat, still red from the life-fluid of the black goat, was mute witness that he had been murdered.

“Oh, mah man, mah man!” moaned Martha. "He was a hero, mah man was! An’ naow he done lef’ me! He won’t nevah come back to me, nevah no’ mo’! An’ all his life he was so kind, an’ we nevah ain’t had one cross word pass between, us all our lives. An’ naow he’s dead! Ain’t it awful?”

Her grief was sincere. There could be no doubt of that, although some of her neighbors thought she was overdoing it just a little.

"Wy, you Martha, doan’ tell so many lies, ef you wants to git to heb’n wen you dies,” Mandy Williams reproached her. “Jawge warn’t no hero, else he’d a gone in de ahmy. An’ you was always quarrelin’, you two. Lan’ sakes, ah nevah knowed two sech people fo' callin’ each othah names, as Jawge Washin’ton an’ you.”

“Mandy, yo’ quit talkin’ dat way! I’se enjoyin’ mah misery, an? heah yo’ comes an’ tries to spoil it all!"

UT George Washington was far from dead. He walked, homeward with a sprightly step, after he left the police station, for the world was his. He had vanquished the Great Panjandrum, and now and henceforth forever he would be a hero. What would Martha Washington say now?

She was almost alone when he burst in upon her grief. She looked Up through scared eyes, and blinked. The woman with her, who had come to console her and gather the latest news, shrank away.

"Watsa mattah?” asked George. “Wy you-all lookin’ dat way? You-all sho' does look skeered o’ sumpin. Watsa mattah, Martha?"

"Jawge Washin’ton! Yo’ hain’t no ghost? Yo’se all ’heah in de flesh?. An' yo’ hain’t ben murdered! Praise be!”


text:
Page:Weird Tales Volume 4 Number 3 (1924-11).djvu/65

64 This was something like what he had expected. George's chest swelled higher, with pride. But there was something else on Martha's mind. Her eyes were as big as saucers. She was looking at his manly shoulders, and the devil-may-care toss of his head.

"Jawge Washin'ton!" she scolded him. "Whah yo' ben all day? An' whah yo' rheumatiz done gone? Haow come yo' frows yo' shouldahs back lak dat, wen yo' hain't nevah ben good fo' nuffin' wid de rheumatiz?"

George was stunned.

"W-wy, Martha," he stammered. "Ah guess ah done fergot about de misery in mah back. Leastwise hit ain't botherin' me none now. But Martha, ain't you kinda glad to see me back again? Ain't you proud of me, Martha?"

"Well," said Martha, relenting, "mebbe ah is. Mebbe ah is proud ob yo'. But yo' hurry up naow"—her voice rose querulously—"an' get dem close offn de line, 'coz ah got a big ironin' an' ah got to git it done. Git a move on, niggah; yo' heahs me?"

George Washington obediently shouldered the basket and went out into the back yard. Martha Washington's high-pitched voice followed him. But there was a happy gleam in his dark eyes as he took down the clothes and threw them into the basket. For at last, after all these years, Martha Washington was proud of him.


text:
Page:Challenge of Facts and Other Essays.djvu/452

Rh any attempt to hide a weak spot. His method of teaching called for an exercise of his pupils' critical capacity.

He had a striking way of putting things which made them stick. I remember once there was under discussion the subject of socialism. In dismissing the class Sumner said: "If any of you are ever in a community where a committee runs the whole thing, take my advice and get on the committee." Nearly twenty-five years afterward I was sitting in Cooper Union, New York, enjoying the interesting experience of hearing a prospective candidate for President of the United States questioned by an audience politically, although not personally, hostile to him. He was asked some question about socialism, and he replied that he did not know very much about it; that he had read a book on it and had come to the conclusion that it involved having everything rum by a committee, and that he preferred not to live in a community where a committee ran the whole thing — unless he were on the committee. I then realized that Professor Sumner had repeated himself at least once, and that the result of his teaching had not been entirely lost, even though it had not made a democrat of this distinguished Yale graduate.

I hear it said that many economists question some of Sumner's conclusions. I do not care very much how you professional economists now look upon his views of the wage-fund theory or of any other particular economic problem. I do not mean to imply, by that, that it is not important that such questions should be thought out right. But I am sure that the most important thing we got from Professor Sumner did not lie wholly within the limits of the particular subject


text: Page:Poems Cook.djvu/75

title: Page:Poems Cook.djvu/75


text: Weird Tales/Volume 4/Issue 3/The Great Panjandrum


text:
Page:Challenge of Facts and Other Essays.djvu/448

 MEMORIAL ADDRESSES

ADDRESS OF OTTO T. BANNARD, YALE, 1876

one of the very early students of William Graham Sumner in Political and Social Science, I may be permitted to speak briefly — not as a scholar or economist — just as one of many who sat at his feet and never forgot, who listened and read and always rejoiced at meeting him. He was a great central figure and a large part of Yale, and Yale without Sumner taxes the imagination of us older men. He was a University Keystone not to be removed, and he will continue in our thoughts and in our life as long as we who knew him live.

Without any national official position, he was a national character. His subjects dealt with national policies and current events and his views were sought even by those to whom they were unwelcome. Oddly enough, no matter how unyielding his opposition, he generated no personal rancor, for it was self-evident that he was the apostle of truth, and interested only in the correctness of the conclusions. There was no vanity in the argument, no conscious pleasure in the words. He had the constructive faculty, and his logic was merciless, and as unanswerable as a problem of Euclid, because human nature, expediency, local environment, and the compromises of government by party had nothing to do with abstract essence of truth. One late evening in his library, as a senior, I timidly questioned him as to the anti-Chinese sentiment in San Francisco and I shall never forget his impersonal demoli-


text: Page:Poems Cook.djvu/76

title: Page:Poems Cook.djvu/76


text:
Page:Challenge of Facts and Other Essays.djvu/449

430 tion of every argument against the admission of the Chinese. The human rivalries of workmen were not to mar the comprehensive chart of the world studied as a whole. To a teacher, fundamental propositions must not be affected by local color.

Truth was a world-wide proposition founded on the testimony of the ages, and any community which found it useful to vary these laws for purposes of revenue, growth, or government would do so at its peril and with full notice.

And so Sumner convinced us and we students scattered from New Haven and drifted where we might, free-traders to the core — and economically sure of it until, later, contact with the world began to modify our ideas, adapting them to the local needs and conditions of some small industry in which we were trying to survive. We found pure economics somewhat theoretical and that many men must be consulted as to how governments may obtain revenue. In life few can have all they ask, and we ventured occasionally to take a liberty with a verity to meet an exigency, to clothe as it were a too naked truth.

The world happened to be already populated and must be operated by human beings. If we could begin anew it would be as he said, and as far and as fast as possible his laws must be arrived at, for fundamentally he was always right. Live and let live had nothing to do with truth as he taught it.

We never forgot what he said or how he said it or the tones of his voice or his gestures. They were stamped into our minds by his powerful, incisive personality and his rare gift of expression and illustration. He was a wonderful teacher without the slightest unpleasant accompaniment which some teachers have with unwilling


text: Page:Poems Cook.djvu/77

title: Page:Poems Cook.djvu/77


text:
Page:Challenge of Facts and Other Essays.djvu/455

436 student of the industrial and social consequences of certain courses of conduct, and the task of the statesman. He used to insist that there is no "ought" in political economy; that it is neither the study of the question of Christian charity, nor of morals, nor of statesmanship. These other subjects are well worthy of study, but he could see no gain in mixing them with the study of political economy. There flourished during his time many statesmen who believed themselves possessed of some happy thought which, if put into operation by legislation, would ameliorate the lot of mankind and change our social condition. There were also men calling themselves political economists who believed they saw the one thing needful as a cure for all poverty, discontent, and unhappiness. These he called "Prophets." Such people have always been assured of a following. Our great political parties have often been dominated by their ideas. Sometimes we hear that probably our national existence or, anyway, our prosperity, is due entirely to the beneficent operation of the protective tariff, and to perpetuate it was justification enough for saddling the country with the demoralizing, not to say expensive, pension system. Again, we hear that all will go well if the government will only give us the blessings of free silver coinage, or government ownership of railroads, or prohibition of the traffic in liquor. Against all such short cuts to welfare Sumner poured out his scorn. He had no place in such company. He laid the emphasis not on what the state or the individual ought to do, but upon the need of a careful inquiry into the consequences for the community and individuals of proposed actions however well-intended.

There is frequently drawn a distinction between


text: Index:Microscopicial researchers - Theodor Schwann - English Translation - 1947.pdf


text:
Page:Challenge of Facts and Other Essays.djvu/426

 SOCIOLOGY AS A COLLEGE SUBJECT

[1906]

I looked over the program of this meeting I chose to speak in the discussion on this question because it is the one that interests me most. I hope that in the course of the discussion we shall develop some useful suggestions in regard to it. The fact is, it seems to me, that to-day there is nothing more important for all young men to learn than some of the fundamental notions of sociology. I use the term now in the broad sense of a philosophy of society, the synthesis of the other things that we sometimes include under sociology; and it seems to me that in all the public discussion that is going on and in the matters that nowadays seem to interest people more than anything else, what they need is some sound fundamental notions that a sociologist might give them.

For instance, everybody ought to know what a society is. "Society" is a word that has a great many different uses. It is very much confused by these different uses; and at the same time a society is the fundamental thing with which sociology is concerned. The social sciences are all of them connected with particular details of social life, and if people could get an idea of what a society is, and perhaps still more exactly what it is not, it would correct and define a great number of false suggestions that nowadays perplex the public mind.

Then, again, it is most important in regard to a society that it shall be publicly understood what you


text: Page:Poems Cook.djvu/78

title: Page:Poems Cook.djvu/78


text: Page:Poems Cook.djvu/79

title: Page:Poems Cook.djvu/79


text:
Page:Challenge of Facts and Other Essays.djvu/457

438 take to decide what C shall do for D, D standing for the poor man and C, for the Forgotten Man, the man who pays. He saw the great net gain in the destruction of the ancient privileges of the old classes of society. He combated the tendency to fasten upon our social institutions new privileges which must inevitably create new classes. The European aristocracies always recognized some duties attached to their privileges by immemorial tradition and custom. The privileged classes which we are creating have no traditions and recognize no absorbing personal duties to society. They are as self-centered as corporations. Sometime this country may wake up and realize that the things Sumner specifically attacked — protectionism, trades-unionism, and the doctrine that it is beneficent to devise means to distribute among the poor the proceeds of taxes collected from the rich — perpetuate the same kind of injustice and inequality which characterized the feudal system and constitute the great dangers to democratic institutions. If, ultimately, the people of this country renounce the temptation to establish privileged classes as a part of our political and industrial policy, we shall owe a great debt to Sumner, who led, away in advance, against such tendencies.

In the comments that have been made since Professor Sumner's death, I have seemed to feel a suggestion that in his last years he felt some disappointment that he had not observed more tangible results in our national policy of his vigorous teaching. I cannot but believe that this has been assumed as something that might be the case rather than an impression gained by those intimate with him. His self-imposed rôle was that of a critic who called attention to the need of


text: Page:Microscopicial researchers - Theodor Schwann - English Translation - 1947.pdf/1


text: Page:Microscopicial researchers - Theodor Schwann - English Translation - 1947.pdf/2


text: Page:Microscopicial researchers - Theodor Schwann - English Translation - 1947.pdf/3


text: Page:Microscopicial researchers - Theodor Schwann - English Translation - 1947.pdf/4


text:
Page:Challenge of Facts and Other Essays.djvu/456

Rh democrats and "real democrats," or, as it is sometimes phrased, "democratic democrats." Sumner was a real democrat, a real apostle of democracy. But it was not in a party sense of the word that he was a democrat. He had faith in the possibilities of a true democracy, — as he expressed it, a society based on contract as distinguished from a society based on status. His democracy was of the kind that asked for each man a fair field and no favor. He would let the individual reap where he had sown, and suffer for his own vices, slothfulness, or stupidity. He was against privilege as wrong economically, as wrong morally, as against justice, against progress, against human welfare, and against civilization. He was as much opposed to those who would array the House of Want against the House of Have as he was against the beneficiaries of a protective tariff. He pointed out that "the real danger of democracy is that the classes which have the power under it will assume all the rights and reject all the duties — that is, they will use the power to plunder those who have," and he could see no difference between the poor plundering the rich and the rich plundering the poor.

If, as is sometimes said, faith in democracy is waning, it is doubtless due to our failure to be true to the democratic principles of equality and liberty. Sumner tersely and vigorously pointed out wherein that failure consists. He strove against the two strongest tendencies which have undermined our democratic faith — protectionism which has created a privileged class among the wealthy, and humanitarian social theories which would create a privileged class among workingmen and among the lowly and poor. He scornfully says that A and B, the reformers and the philanthropists, under-


text: Page:Microscopicial researchers - Theodor Schwann - English Translation - 1947.pdf/5


text: Page:Microscopicial researchers - Theodor Schwann - English Translation - 1947.pdf/6


text:
Page:Challenge of Facts and Other Essays.djvu/165

146 period of change and transition is found to be the period of prosperity, expansion, and happiness. Rest and peace would mean, not quiet and unruffled enjoyment, but stagnation, routine, and decay. A new measure of energy and strength is won, but it drives us on again; we make new achievements, and get once more all the exhilaration of advancing motion; but we throw aside and lose much of our old winnings. It is never in the quiet enjoyment of rest, or in exhausting the enjoyment which comes from consuming the achievements of the past that either power or happiness is won — it is in the work of achievement, in the sense of gain and progress, in the movement and transition from one plane to another. How then is it possible to imagine that the human race will ever get its work done? If it ever stops to rest it will retrograde. It will then have its work to begin all over again. Poverty, if ever conquered and banished, will come again through the vices engendered in a world without poverty, and so the conflict with it must begin again.

The Egyptians owed their power and civilization to the fact that the Nile mud so enriched the valley every season that one man's labor could produce subsistence for many. When the population increased, the power of social maintenance was not diminished but increased. When there was a great population there, using the land with very painstaking labor according to the stage of the arts, an immense surplus was produced which raised war, statecraft, fine arts, science, and religion up to a very high plane. Then they tried to satisfy the demand for men by slaves, that is, persons who contributed to the social power to their utmost yet shared in it only under the narrowest limitations. The system, after reaching the full flower of prosperity of which it was


text: Page:Microscopicial researchers - Theodor Schwann - English Translation - 1947.pdf/7


text: Page:Microscopicial researchers - Theodor Schwann - English Translation - 1947.pdf/8


text: Page:Poems Cook.djvu/80

title: Page:Poems Cook.djvu/80


text:
User talk:TiagoLubiana

Beeswaxcandle (talk) 08:41, 11 March 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:TiagoLubiana


text: Page:Poems Cook.djvu/81

title: Page:Poems Cook.djvu/81


text: Page:Microscopicial researchers - Theodor Schwann - English Translation - 1947.pdf/9


text:
Page:Challenge of Facts and Other Essays.djvu/164

 POWER AND PROGRESS

its simplest and most concrete form, social power consists in the power of an individual man to produce by his labor, from the ground, more than the subsistence of one man. Its grades and degrees follow the increasing ratio of the product to the labor. If one man can produce subsistence for a number, the population rapidly increases, a society grows up, and increases soon to great numbers. The men are "in demand," as we have expressed it before; the surplus product of those already here constitutes a supply of subsistence all ready for others, and thus measures the demand for them as an economic quantity. The greater the productive power of the members of society the more luxurious will be the life in it; existence will be broad and ample in its comfort, and all the social capital will be rapidly multiplied. The members of the society all participate in the advantage of the social capital where liberty exists, and imperfectly even where it does not exist, for not even slaves could be prevented from sharing in those facilities and advantages which are public and general in a highly civilized state. Thus the power of the individual to produce much turns into a social power.

It is a painful disillusion to find that increasing social power does not tend toward a final social condition in which rest and contentment would be found after a task finished and executed, but that the problem has only changed its form. If the society, after taking up new elements, tends toward a new equilibrium in which those new elements are to be absorbed and assimilated, the


text: Page:Poems Cook.djvu/82

title: Page:Poems Cook.djvu/82


text:
Page:Challenge of Facts and Other Essays.djvu/112

 INDUSTRIAL WAR

[1886]

who has attentively read the discussion of the so-called labor question during the past few months, must have observed that a strict definition of terms and phrases is the first thing needed in the discussion, and the one thing that has most been wanting. The loose use of terms tolerated by the economists has been extended by the newspapers, adopted erroneously by the preachers, abused by the professional labor reformers, and finally entirely misunderstood by the employed, until the popular notion of the matter has become little else than a tangle of fallacies and misconceptions of social facts, relations, and possibilities. He who says "social," nowadays, takes license to promulgate vague and whimsical notions or projects, having for their general aim to bridge the traditional gulf between meum and tuum, or to take from one of his neighbors and give to another, according to his good judgment of what would be more "just." As an illustration of misuse of terms I mention the use of "capital and labor" to designate employer and employee, and as an illustration of the abuse of catch phrases I refer to the almost suicidal misuse of "An injury to one is an injury to all" in the south-western strike.

The only attempt I have met with, in this discussion, to define what the labor question is, formulated it in this way: "With the growth of democracy the political power has passed into the hands of a numerical majority, while


text:
Page:Challenge of Facts and Other Essays.djvu/469

450 have had Sumner and shall always have him. We all need this thought to temper the sense of his loss and the concern for a future without him. His service will be more deeply missed and valued as time passes.

O fall'n at length that tower of strength Which stood four-square to all the winds that blew!


text: Page:Microscopicial researchers - Theodor Schwann - English Translation - 1947.pdf/10


text: Page:Poems Cook.djvu/83

title: Page:Poems Cook.djvu/83


text:
Page:Poems Cook.djvu/84

Rh

title: Page:Poems Cook.djvu/84


text:
Page:Challenge of Facts and Other Essays.djvu/468

Rh and above all there must be no whining, for he could stand almost anything else rather than that. He did not wish you to take even your legitimate castigation from his own hand, lying down. But presently those of us who emerged from the ordeal found a metamorphosis in our relations; instead of the austere, uncompromising propulsion we found an indulgent, unassuming, loyal, warm-hearted friendship. The fellowship of learning took on for us a new meaning when we found this great scholar, for whose power and erudition we had so profound an awe, assuming that we were all on a par and taking us into his confidence and listening to our views as if they were really worth anything. We now see how he overlooked our lapses into foolishness, even when it meant boredom for him, as it often did. And then came the time when his interest reached out and he took within his ample affections those who were near and dear to us. Indeed it has seemed to us sometimes as if the focus of his interest had moved over to the younger generation, for Sumner's love of children was almost a passion in his later years. The orator at the last Commencement said splendidly of Sumner: "His intellect has broadened, his heart has mellowed, as he has descended into the vale of years." But I do not know that one could subscribe entirely to that second clause. A heart so great and warm and human as that which Sumner revealed cannot be of any place or time or age; it must have been there from the beginning. All this gentleness was present while yet the joy of battle had not cooled. His was a Roman soul among us, and its essence was strength. Strong in mind, strong in will, strong in sentiment — a big, strong, human, soul. Yale and Yale men are rich in his life. We


text:
Page:Challenge of Facts and Other Essays.djvu/463

444 had not grappled with the grimnesses of thought, could thus, apparently without conscious effort, have compelled our intellectual homage. One reflects upon his old note-book again, and presently he sees that there was yet something more in the case — call it method, if one will, it was yet a living demonstration of the method being the man — and that was the simplicity always characteristic of Sumner and his work. No long words where a short one could be found, and no wastefulness even of the monosyllables; crisp, curt sentences as devoid as possible of latinity; no ideas so lofty and tenuous as to be incapable of full comprehension by the normal, healthy, youthful mind. The intellectual draught he reached us was so dear in its quality that sometimes, in retrospect, it looks as if there were nothing there at all. The ideas in the old notes seem so familiar as to be almost axiomatic; and yet, if we reflect upon them, we realize that they came to us first from Sumner and that they are in our notes because we hurried to get them down as being so new and grand to our youthful minds. Now they are part of us; for Sumner is living in us all and in those whom we shall influence, as he is living in this college, in whose service he found no labor too great — nor yet too small. He disciplined us and chastised us, and we return thanks for it; he opened our minds, taught us to detect and hate humbug, to trust to the truth, and to be faithful to duty — and for that we tender him our enduring reverence. The simple fidelity of a powerful man is an abiding treasure of remembrance, and a bracing one.

But I am privileged in being able to speak of Sumner as I could not have spoken if I had not remained at Yale and been closely associated with him for some


text:
Page:Microscopicial researchers - Theodor Schwann - English Translation - 1947.pdf/11

ANY attempt on my part by way of introduction or commendation of Professor Schwann’s work, must, I feel, be altogether misplaced and unnecessary. The treatise has now been seven years before the public, has been most acutely investigated by those best competent to test its value, and the first physiologists of our day have judged the discoveries which it unfolds as worthy to be ranked amongst the most important steps by which the science of physiology has ever been advanced. The ROYAL SOCIETY OFLONDON has evinced its sense of the great merit of the work by awarding to its Author the COPLEY MEDAL for the year 1845. The extensive reputation and fully-acknowledged value of the original work, then, forbid my presuming that any one of my readers can be altogether unacquainted with it and the general outlines of the CELL-THEORY; I may, however, I trust, be permitted to add a few words respecting the edition which is now presented to the Subscribers of the Sydenham Society.

In the first place, I desire to tender my most unfeigned and unreserved apologies to the Council and Subscribers of the Society for the delay which has occurred in the issuing of this translation, and to assure the latter body that their


text: Page:A Collection of the Acts of the Central Legislature and Ordinances of the Governor General of India, 1941.pdf/100


text: Page:A Collection of the Acts of the Central Legislature and Ordinances of the Governor General of India, 1941.pdf/104


text: Page:A Collection of the Acts of the Central Legislature and Ordinances of the Governor General of India, 1941.pdf/108


text:
Page:The Mysterious Warning - Parsons (1796, volume 4).djvu/4

 "I thank you most cordially (said the latter) for this kindness; but, my good friend, do not throw your eyes around thus, with such a revolting kind of horror in your features. A prison is not a desirable place I grant ye, but is disarmed of all its terrors when conscious innocence brightens the gloom. You know I have no cause for apprehension, this temporary confinement, therefore, is only a little variety in the chequered work of life."

"I am rejoiced (said Reiberg) to find your mind is cheerful in this horrid place; in similar circumstances I am sensible that I should possess neither your resignation or fortitude: However, I think your confinement will be of short duration. My father and the Count are gone earnestly to work, and I am certain will not give over until they have obtained your enlargement. I came here, I hope, to bring you some consolation, to bring you letters from your friends, that you have so much wished for."


text:
Page:The Mysterious Warning - Parsons (1796, volume 4).djvu/5

 Ferdinand eagerly took the letters, looking on the superscription, and then on the seal. "This black herald (said he) forebodes no good news I fear; but the worst must be known, and no place so proper as a prison to bear sorrow, or teach patience under unavoidable evils."

He had turned the letter two or three times whilst speaking, irresolute how to open it.—Reiberg observed his embarrassment: "Do you wish to be alone? (said he.) Speak, I will retire, and come to you by and bye."

"No (replied Ferdinand) for my own sake I do not wish it; but perhaps."

"Say no more (interrupted Reiberg) peruse your letters, I have a book in my pocket." The other obeyed, and with a trembling hand broke the seal.

"It is from Mr. Dunloff (exclaimed he) the guardian of my son! Ah! what am I to hear? Thank Heaven, my child is well."—Reading further on, he again cried out,—"How, Claudina dead! Poor, poor Clau-


text:
Page:Microscopicial researchers - Theodor Schwann - English Translation - 1947.pdf/12

TRANSLATOR’S PREFACE. Council is in no degree responsible for its tardy appearance; when, nearly three years since, the Council did me the honour to accept an offer on my part to present to the Society a translation of Professor Schwann’s treatise, I fully hoped to have proceeded with so pleasing a labour without interruption or hinderance; but various unforeseen circumstances, both of a professional and domestic nature, have occurred to prevent the accomplishment of my object until the present moment.

I am greatly indebted to the Author for the labour which he has expended in revising his work for this translation. Amongst the most important advantages which this edition has derived from his revision, I may mention the addition of many notes illustrative of the text, and the amalgamation of the two papers on Cartilage and Ossification, which, as they were originally written and printed at a considerable interval of time, led to some difficulty in the comprehension of the Author’s precise views on that subject; and that circumstance is also to be received as explanatory of the appearance of some of the delineations of Cartilage in Plate III. It was originally intended to have added notes, which should bring down the history of the subject to the period of publication, but it was found that they would form a mass of material almost as large as the original text, and the idea was therefore abandoned.

In order that the reader might be in possession of the whole of the evidence upon which the Cell-Theory was originally based, I have appended a translation of Dr. SCHLEIDEN's Monograph so frequently referred to by our Author.


text:
Page:The Mysterious Warning - Parsons (1796, volume 4).djvu/6

 dina! then I have indeed lost thee for ever!" He continued to read, his emotions increased, the big drops fell on his face, he turned from the Baron, and leaning against the wall,—"Excuse me (said he, falteringly) I have lost a wife, once dear to my heart!"

Attempting to read on, but being too greatly affected at the moment, "My dear Baron (said he) I avail myself of your considerate kindness. An hour or two hence I shall be better enabled to thank you for this visit."—Reiberg immediately withdrew, trusting on his return to bring an order for his enlargement. Ferdinand, at liberty to indulge the sorrow that oppressed him, read the following letter from Mr. Dunloff:

"Let not the black wax too much alarm you, Sir, your son, my amiable pupil, is well: My good old uncle is also well as a man can be, who is ready to expire with joy, on receiving intelligence so little hoped for and unexpected; but your Lady, Madam Claudina, who had retired from the


text:
Page:The Mysterious Warning - Parsons (1796, volume 4).djvu/7

 world, who was before dead to her friends, is now released from all her cares, and is happy, I trust, in Heaven!

"This event ought not, Sir, to afflict you. My uncle and myself attended her; with him she was some time alone, but before both she confessed herself unworthy of your affection, that she had deceived and injured you. She lamented most bitterly your supposed death, the report of which I believe accelerated her's, because she accused herself as the primary cause of all your misfortunes. Not to dwell on this melancholy subject, she died a true penitent, entreating mercy for her offences, and imploring blessings on her dear child, who had long before mourned the loss of his mamma, and was therefore spared any further concern.

"My uncle, who is confined to his bed with the gout, orders me to express his transports of joy for your health and safety.—The letters which conveyed the intelligence of your death had nearly deprived him of life,


text:
Page:The Mysterious Warning - Parsons (1796, volume 4).djvu/8

 and brought on that disorder which has hung upon him ever since. He hopes you will condescend to write to him once more before your return, that he may know where to attend you. He has not seen the Count, his master, since your letters arrived, but hears they have caused more surprise than pleasure; of that you will have a circumstantial account hereafter."

Mr. Dunloff concluded his letters with "praises of his young pupil, whose docility and good disposition gave promise of much future satisfaction to his father. His little daughter, whose delicate health would be most considerately attended to by his uncle and himself, was placed with a very worthy woman within a few doors of his own residence, and was visited by him daily. He conjured Ferdinand to divest himself of all anxiety for the health and safety of his children, and rely on his watchful care for the preservation of both."


text:
Page:The Mysterious Warning - Parsons (1796, volume 4).djvu/9

 When Ferdinand had recovered from the first shock naturally felt on hearing a woman he once adored was no more, when he had acquired composure sufficient to peruse the letter through, indignation kept pace with sorrow.

Claudina's last confession had confirmed the implied guilt frequently insinuated, but of which he never could have thought her capable; he resolved in his mind the whole tenor of her conduct; he saw nothing wrong, nothing reprehensible, in word or action, before their removal to Renaud Castle: There then she must have met with the object that seduced her from her duty to him and herself; but among all his brother's visitors, there was no particular man to whose artifices he could attribute the misfortune that so deeply wounded him. Lost in conjecture, he saw only that the fact was certain, and from Ernest only he could hope to have the mystery elucidated. He grieved for the unhappy Claudina, and from his soul forgave a crime


text:
Page:The Mysterious Warning - Parsons (1796, volume 4).djvu/10

 which her subsequent conduct proved she deeply and sincerely repented of.

"This then (said he) is the termination of an union formed in disobedience, pursued with rashness, which entailed upon me the curses of a parent, brought misery and guilt on her, sorrow, shame, and unavailing repentance, on the wretched Ferdinand!"

He remained for near three hours overwhelmed with the most painful reflections, and entirely forgetful of the other letter which he had put into his pocket. At length the remembrance of his brother made him start from his reverie, recollect the letter, and hastily search for it. The superscription was Count Rhodophil's. He tore it open; it was not a long one.

The Count expressed more surprise than Ferdinand thought needful; the joy was more reserved: He said, "that he was delighted to lay aside his mourning, and rejoice in the restoration of a brother;" but he wrote it as if he did not feel it; there was an air of con-


text: Page:TheTreesOfGreatBritainAndIreland vol02B.djvu/360


text:
Page:The Mysterious Warning - Parsons (1796, volume 4).djvu/11

 straint; the expressions seemed not the genuine feelings of the heart, but the laboured sentiments of a man fearful he should not say enough, and therefore ran into the contrary extreme, and said too much; at least so it appeared to Ferdinand.

"Ah! (thought he) all this eloquence breathes not the air of sincerity, which glows in the simple words of nature, uttered by Ernest through his nephew's pen." The farther he read the more he was dissatisfied, and when he had finished the letter he was thoroughly disgusted, and yet knew not well of what to complain.

"Whether it is ill-humour, prejudice, or the effects of a distempered mind, I know not (said he) but certainly this letter does not please me. He mentions the death of Claudina too so slightly, and with such little concern, that it is not decent, and of his own Lady he is entirely silent."

Revolving on those things which appeared so strange and unnatural, he had fallen into


text:
Page:The Mysterious Warning - Parsons (1796, volume 4).djvu/12

 a deep dejection, from which he was roused by the entrance of the Baron, and his friend Count M, who warmly embraced and congratulated him on his liberty.

"Liberty!" repeated Ferdinand, surprised.

"Yes," said the Baron, "we have succeeded in obtaining your freedom on our parole of honour. The accusation of an insignificant person like Heli, without he can adduce proofs to substantiate his charge, is not sufficient to weigh against a man of your birth and merit; but as all accusations claim attention from justice, though your innocence is not questioned, yet, for the due observance of form, we were obliged to be answerable for your appearance."

Ferdinand warmly thanked his generous friends, and preparing to leave the prison, asked after the young Baron.

"He is gone to Heli's (answered the Count) as we wish to know what is transacting there, and whether he still persists in the false story he has promulgated."


text:
Page:TheTreesOfGreatBritainAndIreland vol02B.djvu/362

422 me that "in nearly every place where this variety has been planted in France, it has proved to be in comparison with true Corsican pines the larger and finer of the two."

In Calabria the cones are gathered in December before they open, and kept till the following July, when they are spread out in the sun, and the seed falls out naturally, not being sown till the year after. I brought back in 1903 a sack of this seed which proved very good, and a large quantity of plants were raised from it by Prof. Fisher at Cooper's Hill, where they grew extremely well; better, as it seemed to me, than the Corsican pine, and much better than they did on my limestone soil. A number of these were sent to Culford, the seat of Earl Cadogan, in Suffolk, where his forester, Mr. Hankins, says that they stood the drought of 1906 very well on sandy soil. So far as I can see at present, the tree is quite hardy, and grows as fast or faster than the Corsican variety. It is equally difficult to transplant. Time alone will prove whether this tree has any economic value in England, but its superiority over the Corsican pine will be, I expect, only on soils deficient in lime, which the latter endures; and on granitic sand, in the warmer parts of England, it would certainly be worth a trial, either as a pure plantation, or, as recommended at Les Barres, in mixture with oak or beech.

A tree reputed to be of the variety calabrica is growing in the Royal Botanic Garden, Belfast, and was 39 feet high by 3 feet in girth in 1905. It is said to be columnar in habit. A tree at Glasnevin, growing on the side of a hill, measured in 1906 41 feet by 4 feet, and is pyramidal in habit, with branches ascending at an angle of 45°. It is reported to have been planted in 1888, when four years old from seed.

—One of the oldest, if not the oldest tree in England, stands near the entrance gate of Kew Gardens, and in 1903 measured 86 feet by 9 feet 3 inches. It was figured in the Gardeners' Chronicle, 1888, iv. 692, fig. 97, and according to J. Smith was brought to England by Salisbury in 1814, when a seedling only 6 inches high.

In the pleasure ground at Holkham are three large trees which the Earl of Leicester believes to have been brought to England by a relative early in the nineteenth century, but the date of planting is somewhat uncertain. In 1907 they measured 85 feet by 11 feet, 80 feet by 9 feet 11 inches, and 80 feet by 9 feet 4 inches. Plate 116 shows two of these trees.

The tallest I have seen is at Brocketts, Herts, the seat of Lord Mountstephen, which, growing in a sandy soil and sheltered situation, was, when I measured it in 1905, no less than 119 feet by 8 feet 6 inches.

At Arley Castle, six fine trees, all over 100 feet high, measure 10 feet 8 inches, 9 feet 8 inches, 7 feet 9 inches, 8 feet 1 inch, 7 feet 8 inches, and 6 feet in girth respectively. Plate 117 shows the largest of these. Two of them have the habit of var. Pallasiana, but are indistinguishable in cones and foliage from


text:
Page:Microscopicial researchers - Theodor Schwann - English Translation - 1947.pdf/13

TRANSLATOR’S PREFACE. It is to be feared that many of my readers may consider an apology to be necessary on my part for the style of the translation, and think that I might have followed the German less closely with advantage; the nature of the subject, however, involving as it does such very minute descriptions, and the constant repetition of the same terms, added to the impossibility of doing justice to the Author’s close deductions in any other form than a literal translation, necessitated a much more rigid adherence to the original text, than I should have thought requisite under any other circumstances.

The Plates have been most faithfully copied from the originals by Mr. Henry Adlard.


text: Page:Microscopicial researchers - Theodor Schwann - English Translation - 1947.pdf/14


text:
Page:TheTreesOfGreatBritainAndIreland vol02B.djvu/370

424

An alpine tree attaining rarely 90 feet in height and 6 feet in girth. Bark ashy grey, fissuring into irregular plates, averaging 6 inches in length and 3 inches in breadth. Buds like those of P. Laricio, but darker brown in colour. Young branchlets glaucous. Leaves in pairs, persisting five or six years, densely covering the branchlets, except at the base of each year's shoot, which is bare for a short distance, forming an apical cup-like tuft, and on the rest of the branchlet directed forwards and slightly outwards; the two leaves in each bundle only slightly divergent; dark green, stiff, short, 2 to 3 inches in length, ending in a sharp cartilaginous point; basal-sheaths as in P. Laricio. According to Koehne, the structure of the leaf differs from P. Laricio in the resin-canals not being surrounded by stereome cells; and Masters states that the hypoderm projects in wedge-shaped masses into the substance of the leaf, which is not the case generally in forms of Laricio.

Cones short-stalked, ovoid-conic, with a flat base, about 3 inches long, resembling generally those of Laricio, but differing in the uniform dull brown colour of the whole cone, the umbo being of the same colour as the rest of the apophysis. The lower scales of the cone have very prominent pyramidal apophyses, and the umbo has a well-marked short spine directed backwards. Concealed part of the scales light brown on both surfaces. Seeds as in P. Laricio.

Pinus leucodermis was discovered in 1864 by Maly, who introduced it into cultivation the same year in the Belvidere, Vienna. The best account of the tree is given by Beck, who considers it to be specifically distinct from Laricio, and names it the Panzerfohre or Smré of the Herzegovinians. It is found in four distinct areas in Bosnia, Herzegovina, and Montenegro; and as the most southerly of these is on the Montenegro-Albanian frontier (lat. 42° 25'), it is probable that it also grows on the Peristeri mountain, which lies west of Monastir in Albania. The most northerly locality (lat. 43° 40'), where it was discovered by Beck, is the Prenj Planina in the heart of Herzegovina. Here it occupies an area of about sixty kilometres in diameter, surrounding the western part of the Bjelasnica mountain, and forms a coniferous belt at from 4600 to 5500 feet elevation, rising solitary or in small groups to 5800 feet. Another area is the Bjela Gora, where the political boundaries of Bosnia, Montenegro, and Herzegovina unite around Mount Orjen. Reiser found it also in the Sinjavina Planina in Montenegro. Its occurrence in Servia is not yet established.


text:
Page:TheTreesOfGreatBritainAndIreland vol02B.djvu/374

426 One of these trees, planted out in a bed near the pagoda, is barely 3 feet high at present. Another which was sent to Colesborne was planted in a high exposed situation in my park, where it grows very vigorously on oolite soil.

When in Bosnia, on my way to collect seeds, I was obliged to return home suddenly, but my companion, Mrs. Nicholl, who visited the Prenj mountain, procured a quantity of seeds which I sowed in 1902, and which have grown as fast as either the Corsican or Austrian pines, and look more healthy and vigorous on my soil than any other pine I have raised. They form a much better root-system when young than either the Austrian or Corsican pine, and in consequence are much more easy to transplant. I moved a number in September last just before a period of drought, and they have passed through a severe winter with very few deaths; I therefore believe that the tree will be a good one for planting in dry limestone soils, and may have a greater ornamental if not economic value than the Austrian pine.


text:
Page:Microscopicial researchers - Theodor Schwann - English Translation - 1947.pdf/15

IT is one of the essential advantages of the present age, that the bond of union connecting the different branches of natural science is daily becoming more intimate, and it is to the contributions which they reciprocally afford each other that we are indebted for a great portion of the progress which the physical sciences have lately made. This circumstance therefore renders it so much the more remarkable, that, notwithstanding the many efforts of distinguished men, the anatomy and physiology of animals and plants should remain almost isolated, though advancing side by side, and that the conclusions deducible from the one department should admit only of a remote and extremely cautious application to the other. Of late, the two sciences have for the first time begun to be more and more intimately allied. The object of the present treatise is to prove the most intimate connexion of the two kingdoms of organic nature, from the similarity in the laws of development of the elementary parts of animals and plants.

The principal result of this investigation is, that one common principle of development forms the basis for every separate elementary particle of all organised bodies, just as all crystals, notwithstanding the diversity of their figures, are formed according to similar laws. I have endeavoured to explain the design of such a comparison more fully in the commencement of the third section of this treatise, and will now lay before the reader those data which are of most importance in an historical point of view in reference to the development of this idea.


text:
Page:TheTreesOfGreatBritainAndIreland vol02B.djvu/376

428 to twenty-four) leaflets, which are ¾ to 1½ inch long, alternate, oblong, rounded at the base, obtuse or rarely acute at the apex, densely silky appressed pubescent beneath, on short pubescent petiolules; rachis densely pubescent, swollen at the base, and forming a conical sheath enclosing the bud.

Flowers polygamous, in pubescent racemes, those with staminate flowers shorter than the others. Calyx pubescent, with subulate lobes. Petals oval-oblong. Ovary glabrous with four ovules. Pod, 4 inches long by 1½ inch broad, glabrous. Seeds, two to four, black, globose, smooth, ¾ inch in diameter.

This tree is rather rare in China, though specimens have been collected in the provinces of Anhwei, Kiangsi, Chekiang, Hupeh, and Szechuan. Near Ichang it grows at 1000 to 2000 feet altitude. The pods, called fei-tsao, after being steeped in water, produce a liquid esteemed for washing the hair and cleansing silk articles.

Plants were raised at Kew from seeds sent by me in 1888; but died in a year or two. Seeds, which could be easily procured from Shanghai, where they are sold in the shops, might be tried in the warmer parts of England and Ireland, as the tree is worth cultivating on account of its beautiful delicate foliage.

A tree attaining in America over 100 feet in height and 9 feet in girth. Bark fissured, dark grey, and roughened by small persistent scales. Young shoots covered with short pubescence. Leaves (Plate 125, fig. 4) 1 to 3 feet long, with 5 to 11 pinnæ, which are usually alternate but occasionally sub-opposite, the two or rarely the four lower pinnæ simple, the others composed of six to fourteen alternate pinnate leaflets. Leaflets 2 to 3 inches long, on pubescent stalklets, ovate, rounded at the base, acuminate at the apex, entire and ciliate in margin; under surface with scattered long hairs.

Flowers usually diœcious, the inflorescence of the staminate tree a short racemose corymb, that of the pistillate tree a long raceme. Calyx tomentose, with five narrow oblong lobes. Petals five, tomentose, longer and broader than the calyx-lobes. Ovary pubescent; ovules ten or more.

Pod, 6 to 10 inches long by 1½ to 2 inches broad, minutely pubescent. Seeds,


text:
Page:Microscopicial researchers - Theodor Schwann - English Translation - 1947.pdf/16

AUTHOR’S PREFACE. As soon as the microscope was applied to the investigation of the structure of plants, the great simplicity of their structure, as compared with that of animals, necessarily attracted attention. Whilst plants appeared to be composed entirely of cells, the elementary particles of animals exhibited the greatest variety, and for the most part presented nothing at all in common with cells. This, harmonised with the opinion long since current, that the growth of animals, whose tissues are furnished with vessels, differed essentially from that of vegetables. An independent vitality was ascribed to the elementary particles of vegetables growing without vessels, they were regarded to a certain extent as individuals, which composed the entire plant; whilst, on the other hand, no such a view was taken of the elementary parts of animals. An essential difference both in the mode and in the fundamental powers of growth was thus maintained.

It soon, however, appeared that animal tissues do also occur which grow without vessels; for instance, in the formation of the ovum, and the earlier stages of development of the embryo previous to the formation of the blood; and, secondly, certain tissues of the adult, the epidermis for example. With respect to the ovum, which manifested indubitable proofs of an actual vitality, all physiologists were agreed in ascribing to it a so-called plant-like growth. This resemblance to the plant had reference to a growth of the conspicuous parts of the ovum without vessels, and was in no way connected with the form and mode of growth of the elementary particles. No one, however, considered that the analogy of the ovum entitled him to infer the operation of a plant-like growth of the elementary particles in the non-vascular tissues of the matured animal; on the contrary, the opinion rather gained ground, that these tissues originated and grew by means of a secretion from the surface of the organised tissues. Such was supposed to be the case with the epithelium, the crystalline lens, &c. This


text:
Page:Microscopicial researchers - Theodor Schwann - English Translation - 1947.pdf/17

Rh opinion still maintained its ground, even when the structure of the tissues became more accurately known. Nor did the plant-like growth of the component parts of the ovum abolish the assumed essential difference of the growth of the vascular tissues.

A very important advance was made in the year 1837, when an actual growth of the elementary particles of epithelium was proved to take place without vessels. Henle (Symbole ad anatomiam vill. intest. Berol. 1837) showed that the cells in the superficial layers of epithelium are much more expanded than those in the deeper strata, a fact which leaves scarcely any doubt as to their true plant-like (i. e. non-vascular) growth. Henle says (l. c. p. 9), “Hoe in loco (in planta pedis) cellularum (retis Malpighii) diametrum extrorsum augeri, saepius repetita observatione pro re certa affirmare audeo. Quas retis cellulas non minus in foetu suillo sensim increscentes transire in cellulas epidermidis, nunquam noninveni.” Purkinje and Raschkow (Meletem. circa mammal. dentium evol. Vratisl. 1835) had made the following observations upon the development of the epidermis: “In primis evolutionis periodis—squamule—epithelii nondum ita conformatae sunt ut in illa periodo, que partui praecedit, sed parenchyma plantarum cellulis simillimum ostendunt, cum quaeque squamula, quae postea talis apparet, tune temporis tanquam cellula polyedrica e membrana tenacissima constans globosamque guttulam continens in conspectum veniat. Pressu applicato rumpebantur istae cellulae atque lymphaticum liquorem effundebant, que cellulae, procedente evolutione, verisimile complanatz in illas polyedricas squamas mutantur.” Henle, when quoting this passage, adds (l. c. p. 9): “Haec illa num vero sola compressio in causa esse possit, ut parva cellula


text:
Page:Microscopicial researchers - Theodor Schwann - English Translation - 1947.pdf/18

AUTHOR’S PREFACE. in tantam laminam extendatur, nondum satis mihi constat: certe principio increscere volumen cellulze, nescio an imbibitione, constabit, nisi spes fallit, promotis disquisitionibus.” The caution with which Henle (and, indeed, every good physiologist) expresses himself in this passage with reference to the true growth of non-vascular tissues, is the best illustration of the state of the question. There is another observation of Henle’s, which is opposed to the epithelium being regarded as a lifeless substance secreted from the organised tissue; I allude to the passage (1. c. p. 22 et seq.) where he proves that the vibratile cilia, whose motion it is so difficult to explain by physical laws, stand upon little cylinders which are merely a modification of the epithelium.

Turpin (Annal. des Sciences natur. vu, p. 207) showed that the corpuscles, which Donné had found in vaginal discharges, and regarded as cast-off epithelium, were organised cells, and were in general oblong, and either pointed at one or both ends, or altogether irregular in figure, and that a new generation of spherical vesicles took place in their interior. He then remarks (1. c. p. 210): ‘On ne peut s’empécher, aprés avoir bien étudié les vésicules dont est formée la couche de mucus produite par la membrane muqueuse vaginale, d’y voir un tissu cellulaire bien organisé et composé comme tous les tissus cellulaires végétaux, d’un agglomérat, par simple contiguité, de vésicules distinctes et vivant individuellement chacune pour leur propre compte au dépens de eau muqueuse, qui les baigne de toutes parts.” Turpin then compares this tissue of animal cells, presented under the appearance of mucus, with what he calls “suppurations végétales, excrétions muqueuses, qui semblent suinter sous forme de gouttelettes, de la surface des tissus vifs,’ and which is generally comprised under the