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Page:Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways, 11th Edition (December 2023).pdf/5

MUTCD 11th Edition

               <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> December 2023
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 * | Section 1A.01
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Purpose of the MUTCD

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Traffic Control Devices – General Description

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Target Road Users

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Use of the MUTCD

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Relation to Other Publications

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 Uniform Vehicle Code – Rules of the Road

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 National Standard

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 State Adoption and Conformance

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 Compliance of Devices

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 * | Section 1B.04
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 Interpretations

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 Experimentation

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 Changes to the MUTCD

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 Interim Approvals

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 Requesting Official Interpretations, Experiments, Changes to the MUTCD, or Interim Approvals

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 * | Section 1C.01
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 Definitions of Headings Used in this Manual

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 * | Section 1C.02
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 Definitions of Words and Phrases Used in this Manual

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 * | Section 1C.03
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 Meanings of Acronyms and Abbreviations Used in this Manual

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 Purpose and Principles of Traffic Control Devices

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 Responsibility and Authority for Traffic Control Devices

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 Engineering Study and Engineering Judgment

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 * | Section 1D.04
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 Design of Traffic Control Devices

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 * | Section 1D.05
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 Color Code

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 Public Domain, Copyrights, and Patents

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 Advertising

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 Abbreviations Used on Traffic Control Devices

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 Placement and Operation of Traffic Control Devices

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 Maintenance of Traffic Control Devices

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 Crashworthiness of Traffic Control Devices and Other Roadside Appurtenances

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 * | Section 2A.01
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 Function and Purpose of Signs

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 * | Section 2A.02
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 Standardization of Application

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 * | Section 2A.03
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 Classification of Signs

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 * | Section 2A.04
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 Design of Signs

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 * | Section 2A.05
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 Shapes

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text: Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways, 11th Edition


text:
Page:Everywoman's World, Volume 7, Number 7.djvu/40

 PAGE 38 People of Taste

and refinement are revealed by the care with which they select their toilet requisites.

To these, Vinolia Liril Soap appeals by reason of its high quality its purity and its soft and refreshing action upon the skin.

VINOLIA

LIRIL SOAP

is entirely a “different” soap. It contains no animal fats whatever, but makes use of the gentler-cleansing and skin-feeding qualities of the oils from certain fruits and flowers.

Liril is a splendid » for anyone but itis a decided boon to those of ‘delicate’ complexion. Try it today.

All druggists sell Liril 10c a cake

Other Vinolia toilet delights are Royal Vinolia Tooth Paste 25¢ Royal Vinolia Face Cream 250 Vinolia Face Powder 50c and up

VINOLIA COMPANY LTD,

A FINE LARGE FLAG FOR EVERY READER

You have always wanted a targe Union Jack to hang up over your home or on your lawn, EveRYwoMman'’s Wortn is de- lighted to give you the opportunity of se- curing a fine large Cotton Bunting Union Jack, sewn and canvassed, All you will need isa place to fly it, and a length of rope.

This flag will be sent to you absolutely free of all cost for only a few subscriptions to Everywoman's Wortp secured from your friends and neighbors. We will help you get the these new or renewal orders.

We_ believe that Canada in celebrating her Fiftheth Birthday, you will desire to. have the opportunity of Bying the “dear

. old Union Jack" over your home. Simply specify which of the offers below you desire to take advantage of when sending in your small Ist of subscriptions.

Great Flag Offer

Send four subscriptions to EVERYWOMAN’S WORLD at $1.50, we OFFER No. 1 will send you free of all costs the Union Jack, No. 350—slze 43 x 27 inches, sewn, canvassed and eyeletted. “i

Send six subscriptions to EVERYWOMAN'S WORLD at $1.50, we OFFER No. 2 will send you free of all cost the Union Jack, No. 750—size 90 x $2 inches, sewn, canvassed and eyeletted and roped.

Talk the matter over with your local

CO-OPERATIVE OFFER No. 3 School Teacher or with your nelahbor of

intances m you know woul eaflag. Com! your forces

tot betwren You secure ly sare subscriptions a cen eee will ys you be flags, No, 350—size 43 x 27 inches, sewn, ca’ eyeletted, for each rou.

sul Abtion | of course, slwuld be mailed to us in your name, Be sure to refer to this offer.

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How To Use This Cover and Offer

med receive thi tye of everyone who sees it and is a forctaste of

~ quae of EVER WOMAN'S WORL the treat that is lo atore for you and anyone who Number it which this advertisement has the opportunity of reading this Patriotic ne Se oe ee Oe Fer atieity., ts tee eee Remember that this issue is oniy one of the tmrslve fig double magarines which every sub-

will receive during the next year at =

prospects and see them quickly. time, show them this copy,

soon received your first letter, scriber « wee ae yon other samples as many As you cont Of Galy 13 |-de. per Copy, SLAU for the entire Rod, The cover on this pumber will delight the year, poat paid.

2 demand for buntings and fags in Canada and the United States NOTE Owing to trac have only tece able to secure a limited number of these splendid Union Jacks nas ‘canmot guarantee to il your order unless you send in your subscriptions promptly. Address your Tist of subscriptions of requests for supplies to

tinental Publishing Co., Limited, 62-64 Temperance St.

Toronto, Can,

When we get "spring fever" every year it is only the primitive yearning still living, though generations may be between us and the soil. Two Canadian boys out of three could be successful and happy in some branch of farming, and with our wonderful resources, two-thirds of Canada's population for generations to come should live on the farm,

HE successful farmer is the man of muscular and bony build, with limbs fairly large in proportion to the bod: We went into these types very thoroughly in, in September, 1916.

The farm is no place for the lazy man; to succeed he must be a dynamo of energy. As a boy, his head is wide between the ears and he is given to occasional exhibitions of temper—not too occasional, either. The energetic boy is naturally hot tempered and it is that very temper that, properly directed and harnessed down to a purpose, makes him industrious and energetic.

No occupation calls for keener powers of observation and a better memory for facts and events than does farming. To a large extent the farmer must learn by observation, and he needs a retentive memory to make his observation and experience available. He must, also, have judgment, the ability to reason back to causes and to plan for the future. The factory hand works for his weekly pay envelope, but the farmer works for crops, months and even years ahead. He must have foresight. His work has to do with many sciences and he should have the scientific type of mind. In fact, the farmer needs a first-class intellect; to be successful he should have an ability to acquire knowledge, to observe, and to understand, not inferior to that required in any of the so-called learned professions. The chief difference is that the farmer need not have any great ability to impart knowledge. The talkative man is out of place on the farm since he wants time to talk and some one to listen. The farmer has neither. For these reasons he should have a head decidedly long, forward from the ears; the forehead, especially prominent at the eyebrows, and the eyes tending to be deep-set rather than full or prominent.

While no one should be wanting in sympathy and tact, yet the lack of these does not greatly interfere with a man's success on the farm. Many a boy with a low hair line across an otherwise well developed forehead is vainly trying to be polite and courteous to customers in a retail store who would find his proper place and success on a farm where the animals care more for sincerity and attention than for a courteous manner and smooth words.

The farmer must be self-reliant. He must work on his own initiative and follow his own judgment. He must govern himself as he must control the living creatures with whom he has to do every day. His head should be fairly high, but not especially broad at the back part of the top head; his upper lip should be characterized by length, showing decision, firmness, persistence, and self-reliance.

The real farmer is a home lover, he loves every stick and stone on the farm, every bush and tree, every stream and brook. He must be a finisher. He can't begin things and then change his mind—Nature and time wait for no man—he must have power of application and be able to keep a number of tasks in hand without forgetting any of them. He must love animals; the man who has "bad luck" with his stock is lacking in love for them, and his head is deficient in development behind the ears—his head should, not only be long from the ears forward, but also from the ears back.

A good mechanical sense is necessary since he must use tools and machinery and machinery is prone to require occasional repairs; this gives him a head wide just back of the hair line and above the level of the cars. He must understand values if he is to buy and sell well, and for this reason he requires the business sense which is shown by width of the head in front of the tips of the ears.

The boy of rough build, crude strength, and coarse texture, is usually successful in the heavier branches of farming, such as grain growing or stock raising. The boy of finer, more delicate type may succeed quite as well financially if he will devote himself to poultry, fruit, or flowers.

O occupation is more healthful than that of farming. The outdoor work, the exercise, the freedom to arrange his work to suit himself, and the independence of the life all tend to make it so. Because he can "eat anything" the farmer too often forgets he has a stomach and goes on piling up trouble against a sure day of reckoning.

The average man on the farm is older at forty than the city man, and this is largely due, not to hard work, but to diet.

The farmers' wives vie with each other to "set a good table." If one outdo the others in richness, quantity, and variety of her pies and cake, doughnuts and jam, her meats and fowl, there is much heartache and resolves to do better. It is the height of calamity should a gang of harvest men pass on and say that "the grub was not good,"

By the time the farmer realizes that his health is impaired, he is inclined to take his digestive trouble and diminishing energies as the result of advancing age and to look on this condition as inevitable—at forty! When the whole trouble is really lack of proper food, frequently intensified by the over-eating of a badly selected diet; short hours of sleep and lack of physical and mental recreation add to his condition and hasten a break-down.

Because the farmer does work in which his muscles are used, it does not follow that he has no need of exercise. Work—all work—has a tenedency to make one stoop forward, so is needed the exercise that tends to make one throw the shoulders hack and to stand up straight. In most work the same set of muscles is used over and over again to the exclusion of all others. These become over tired and those not used become flabby and soft.

OR the boy born and raised on the farm, the problem of how to become a farmer has no difficulties, although he may find it a problem to discover just how to reach the point where he can give his whole time to the particular branches of farming for which he is best fitted by aptitude and training. To the city boy, however, who realizes that his strength of body and bone, his independence, his love of plants and animals will never be satisfied in a city job, the problem is very real.

The right place to begin is on the farm—and even the city boy can make a beginning on a farm just about as soon as he wishes. Of course he should not expect to earn as much money working on a farm as he would in town. But he must remember that working on the farm his board and room is provided, his clothes cost him very little, and what he receives in real money gives him a better chance of having a bank account at the end of the year than if he were earning a double amount in town with board to pay and more clothes to buy.

Again the boy should remember that farming is a skilled occupation—becoming a profession—and a year or two spent on a farm working with an intelligent and up-to-date farmer is time well invested, even though he had to pay for the instruction instead of receiving it with his keep and perhaps a little money for his services. The city boy with an ambition to become a successful farmer should look up a progressive farmer and go to work for him as he would go to school or college, with the intention of learning all he possibly can.

Within ten years, if he is careful, he should have saved enough money to be able to take up Government land, or to purchase a farm with a small payment down, and he should have the knowledge and skill to make his venture a financial success.

ROFESSOR FARMER requires for a personal reading of your boy, four cheap, unretouched photos, shoing him full face, side face, back head, full length; a page from an actual letter written by him on unruled paper and including his signature, the following questions answered according to directions.

It is necessary that all these instructions be complied  with if you wish a satisfactory reading. This service is for subscribers only.

1. Boy's name.

2. Age.

3. Weight.

4. Height, without shoes.

5. Measure, from tip to tip of fingers with arms outstretched.

6. Size of head around the base just above the ears, the largest circumference, in inches.

7. Colour of hair, send sample if possible.

8. Colour of skin.

9. Does his skin burn? Freckle? Tan?

10. Colour of eyes.

11. Is the edge of the iris (coloured part of the eye) darker than the rest?

12. Is the iris dark or whitish next the pupil?

13. Are there any spots or peculiar markings in the iris?

14. Is his general health good?

15. Has he good teeth?

16. Does he have headache?

17. Indigestion?

18. Colds?

19. Fevers?

20. Has he had any serious illnesses?

21. Does he get along well at school?

22. What is his grade?

23. Is he considered quick or slow in classes?

24. What subjects does he like best?

25. What studies does he find most difficult?

26. What does he read?

27. What are his favourite games?

28. Has he any bad habits?

29. What do you consider his worst faults?

30. What do you consider his best qualities?

31. Doe he resemble his father or mother?

32. What does he want to be when he grows up?

33. For what do you think he will be best fitted?

34. What should you most like him to be?

Write your answers to these questions on a separate paper, numbering each answer to correspond with the question number. Write your name and address plainly and enclose a three-cent stamp. Address your letter to Professor A. B. Farmer, Pyschological Expert,. Toronto.


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Page:Calcutta Review Vol. II (Oct. - Dec. 1844).pdf/319

314 Armed with these ruled and tabulated forms, and fortified with perwannahs, or official orders addressed to the Darogha, or head police officer of the thana by the magistrate, requiring him to render every possible assistance, as also with perwannahs from the same authority addressed to Zemindars, Talukdars, &c., requesting similar assistance, Mr. Adam, accompanied by his Pandit, Maulavi, and other assistants, arrived at the thana Nattore. His first purpose, as already stated, was to visit every village in person and to ascertain its exact condition by actual inspection and inquiry in direct communication with the inhabitants. But, behold the effects of terror inspired by tyrannous and confederated oppression!—the shrinking timidity, the craven cowardice, the ever-wakeful instinctive suspicion!—all fearfully symptomatic of the intellectual, moral, and social paralysis that has smitten, benumbed, and utterly unmanned the entire bulk and body of the rural population of Bengal! At the very outset of his kindly-intentioned inquiries, Mr. Adam is unexpectedly arrested in his benevolent career. And why, or how? “The sudden appearance,” says he, “of a European in a village often inspired terror, which it was always difficult and sometimes impossible to subdue. The most influential or the best informed inhabitant was sometimes absent, and it required much labour to enable others to comprehend the object of my visit.” To obviate these inconveniences and thereby facilitate and expedite the inquiry, the first measure adopted was the employment of waqifkars, or agents of intelligence and local experience, whom he sent beforehand into the surrounding villages to explain to the inhabitants the nature and objects of the inquiry, and thus to prepare them for his arrival. This arrangement proved for the most part successful. To ensure still greater despatch in the execution of his task, it next occurred to him that his Pandit and Maulavi, “whom he had hitherto employed merely as assistants under his own eye, and the waqifkars, who had hitherto acted only as avant couriers, might be sent separately to different villages, with the necessary forms, to collect the information required. while he should exercise a general superintendence and control over their movements, and they should at fixed intervals report their proceedings to him.” During the absence of these agents, a regular correspondence was maintained with each person; and when difficulties arose, they were removed by advice or orders communicated by letter or by personal supervision, according to the nature of the case. When the waqifkars returned, their papers were minutely inspected; and if such discrepancies and inconsistencies were discovered as implied negligence, another person


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Page:The Hunterian Oration 1832.djvu/20

 scribed in Holy Writ by the "path of an arrow," which is immediately closed up and lost. His footsteps in the walk of science shall never be obliterated : the lamp, which his glorious hand first lighted up, and which yet serves to illuminate the medical philosophers of every country, shall never be extinguished.

It is delightful to trace every incident, however trivial in itself, that is connected with the history of a man of such preeminence. We are eager to glean some particulars of his family, native place, and youthful habits; of the manner, in which he spent his time; and of the way, in which he rendered himself at once an honour to his country and the age, in which he lived. As anatomists, as physiologists, and as surgeons, we must feel the same kind of curiosity, respecting John Hunter, as one of the greatest mathematicians of Newton's time felt towards this "Prince of Philosophers," when he inquired, whether he ate, drank, and

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Page:The Sense of the Past (London, W. Collins Sons & Co., 1917).djvu/38

 mastered misery. "Because if it weren't for that what a question for us to separate on!"

This appeared just to strike her. "It wouldn't be such a base one as you seem to suggest; but, to give you the benefit of the doubt, don't let us admit for a moment that it is the one! By which I mean that we don't separate, inasmuch as for people to do that they must first have come together. For you to decline my condition I must first have imposed it. I mentioned just now," she added for further lucidity, "the fact that makes you such a catch for one's theory, but I didn't mention the other fact, the way you're in spite of everything pledged and committed—which spoils it all. The ideal subject of my experiment," she perfectly allowed, "needn't certainly be that particular rare bird, a young New Yorker who's an ardent student of history. It's over there," she appeared magnanimously to muse, "that history can best be studied!"

"How you laugh at me and lash me and rub it in!" Ralph grimly observed.

But she put the matter for him now as if in her achieved indulgence of it no misjudgment could interrupt her. "You've earned your holiday, and nothing can be more right and just than for it to be long and unclouded. I know nothing of a finer grace than the way you've gone on year after year doing without it for the charity nearest home; and I'm not so stupid as not to have a 24


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 notion of the disadvantage at which, in the intellectual work you scraped time for, your limitations and privations must often have placed you. You did it, bravely and patiently, as you could, and I'm sure, ignorant as I am, that no one else could have in the conditions done it half so well. Only the conditions were so wrong that it's delightful they can at last be right. I'll wait for another day," she smiled, "to try my theory."

"What you'll wait for," he after a moment returned, "is evidently and more especially another person."

She shook her head in general relinquishment. "Another person will never turn up. There will always be a flaw. If he's worth one's idea he'll be sure to have been over. If he hasn't been over he'll be sure not to be worth one's idea. "You"—oh she could indeed, as he said, rub it in!—"would have been so perfectly worth it."

"Perhaps I might still try to be," he thoughtfully suggested, "if I could by any chance come as near to it as really to understand it. But I assure you I don't so much as to take hold of it."

She struck him for a moment as on the point, in answer to this, of breaking into impatience and declaring that his failure of comprehension needn't matter to him. He had a glimpse thus of what he believed—that she truly would have wished him to take her conception on trust, and, as it were, for the love of her; to oblige her by 25


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 adopting it, by accommodating himself blindly. Her courage, however, he made out, was insufficient for this, and the next minute she only did for herself what she could. "That's because I'm at the disadvantage, which I perfectly recognise, of not having practised what I preach—because I naturally, in my position, have everything against me." She smiled again for the vanity of the regret, but she went on. "If I could have known how I was now to feel I would never have gone."

Ralph tried to follow her as if something might come of it. "But it took nothing less than your charming experience, I gather, to produce your actual attitude. You would have had no attitude without it. You had to qualify yourself for your remonstrance."

He spoke so gravely that it made, in effect, for irony, and that in turn just visibly made her flinch. "Well, I do of course hold myself qualified, and of course I'm glad to be, on any terms. I give it to you at best as mere inevitable reaction, but the point I make is that as reaction it's final. One must choose at last"—she couldn't, he saw, but let herself go; "and I take up definitely with my own country. It's high time; here, en fin de compte, one can at least do or be something, show something, make something. To try and make something is at all events what's wanted of us, and even if we make nothing it's at least 26


text:
Page:The Sense of the Past (London, W. Collins Sons & Co., 1917).djvu/41

 as good to make it here on the spot as to go thousands of miles on as great a fool's errand. I want in short to be an American as other people are—well, whatever they are."

Ralph turned it all over. "Yes, it's the new cry, and what can be more interesting than to hear it sounded more or less in French? It's recommended—for the 'upper classes,' and perhaps even beginning a little to be tried by them. It wouldn't take much," he continued, "to make me say that the day only could inevitably come when it would be for its little hour the new pose."

"I dare say indeed it wouldn't take much to make you say it," she returned; "and I've also seen the moment coming at which—for the moment—you inevitably would. But I dare say you hold that the hour you speak of will pass: all the more reason therefore that I should make the most of it while it lasts. It may be only a dream, but the thing is—while one can—to keep dreaming."

He looked at her in silence longer than he had done yet. "What it comes to then is that you'll never dream of me."

"By no means; because it's just in dreams!" But she pulled herself up. "I mean that their strangeness is their law. They, when they're happy, arrange everything to perfection. With you or without you at any rate," she pursued, "mine will go on. They'll be as fantastic as you please—that is as much about the poor product." 27


text:
Page:Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways, 11th Edition (December 2023).pdf/6

Page TC-2                <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="TOC templates/styles.css" />
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2A.06
 *
 Colors

 * | 43
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2A.07
 *
 Dimensions

 * | 43
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2A.08
 *
 Word Messages

 * | 45
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2A.09
 *
 Symbols

 * | 46
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2A.10
 *
 Sign Borders

 * | 47
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2A.11
 *
 Enhanced Conspicuity for Standard Signs

 * | 47
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2A.12
 *
 LEDs Used for Conspicuity Enhancement on Standard Signs

 * | 49
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2A.13
 *
 Standardization of Location

 * | 50
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2A.14
 *
 Overhead Sign Installations

 * | 58
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2A.15
 *
 Mounting Height

 * | 58
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2A.16
 *
 Lateral Offset

 * | 59
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2A.17
 *
 Orientation

 * | 60
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2A.18
 *
 Posts and Mountings

 * | 60
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2A.19
 *
 Maintenance

 * | 61
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2A.20
 *
 Excessive Use of Signs

 * | 61
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2A.21
 *
 Retroreflection and Illumination

 * | 61
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2A.22
 *
 Maintaining Minimum Retroreflectivity

 * | 62
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2A.23
 *
 Median Opening Treatments for Divided Highways

 * | 63
 * - class="__toc_row_m-1 __toc_row_2-1 wst-toc-row-2-1 "
 * colspan=2 |
 * - class="__toc_row_m-1 __toc_row_2-1 wst-toc-row-2-1 "
 * colspan=2 |GENERAL
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2B.01
 *
 Application of Regulatory Signs

 * | 67
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2B.02
 *
 Design of Regulatory Signs

 * | 67
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2B.03
 *
 Size of Regulatory Signs

 * | 67
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2B.04
 *
 STOP Sign (R1-1) and ALL-WAY Plaque (R1-3P)

 * | 74
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2B.05
 *
 YIELD Sign (R1-2)

 * | 74
 * - class="__toc_row_m-1 __toc_row_2-1 wst-toc-row-2-1 "
 * colspan=2 |SIGNING FOR RIGHT-OF-WAY AT INTERSECTIONS
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2B.06
 *
 General Considerations

 * | 75
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2B.07
 *
 Determining the Minor Road for Unsignalized Intersections

 * | 76
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2B.08
 *
 Right-of-Way Intersection Control Considerations

 * | 76
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2B.09
 *
 No Intersection Control

 * | 77
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2B.10
 *
 Yield Control

 * | 77
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2B.11
 *
 Minor Road Stop Control

 * | 78
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2B.12
 *
 All-Way Stop Control

 * | 78
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2B.13
 *
 All-Way Stop Control Warrant A: Crash Experience

 * | 79
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2B.14
 *
 All-Way Stop Control Warrant B: Sight Distance

 * | 79
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2B.15
 *
 All-Way Stop Control Warrant C: Transition to Signal Control or Transition to Yield Control at a Circular Intersection

 * | 79
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2B.16
 *
 All-Way Stop Control Warrant D: 8-Hour Volume (Vehicles, Pedestrians, Bicycles)

 * | 79
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2B.17
 *
 All-Way Stop Control Warrant E: Other Factors

 * | 79
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2B.18
 *
 STOP Sign or YIELD Sign Placement

 * | 79
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2B.19
 *
 Yield Here To Pedestrians Signs and Stop Here For Pedestrians Signs (R1-5 Series)

 * | 81
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2B.20
 *
In-Street and Overhead Pedestrian and Trail Crossing Signs (R1-6 and R1-9 Series)

 * | 81
 * - class="__toc_row_m-1 __toc_row_2-1 wst-toc-row-2-1 "
 * colspan=2 |SPEED LIMIT SIGNS AND PLAQUES
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2B.21
 *
Speed Limit Sign (R2-1)

 * | 84
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2B.22
 *
Vehicle Speed Limit Plaques (R2-2P Series)

 * | 87
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2B.23
 *
Night Speed Limit Plaque (R2-3P)

 * | 87
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2B.24
 *
Minimum Speed Limit Plaque (R2-4P) and Combined Maximum and Minimum Speed Limits Sign (R2-4a)

 * | 87
 * - class="__toc_row_1-m-1 __toc_row_1-dot-1 wst-toc-row-1-dot-1 "
 * | Section 2B.25
 *
Higher Fines Signs and Plaque (R2-6P, R2-10, and R2-11)

 * | 87


text: Page:The genuine remains in verse and prose of Mr. Samuel Butler (1759), volume 1.djvu/117


text: Page:The genuine remains in verse and prose of Mr. Samuel Butler (1759), volume 1.djvu/118


text:
Page:Crotchet Castle - Peacock (1831).djvu/273

veridicous history began in May, and the occurrences already narrated have carried it on to the middle of autumn. Stepping over the interval to Christmas, we find ourselves in our first locality, among the chalk hills of the Thames; and we discover our old friend, Mr. Crotchet, in the act of accepting an invitation, for himself, and any friends who might be with him, to pass their Christmas-day at Chainmail Hall, after the fashion of the twelfth century. Mr. Crotchet had


text:
Page:Crotchet Castle - Peacock (1831).djvu/274

 assembled about him, for his own Christmas festivities, nearly the same party which was introduced to the reader in the spring. Three of that party were wanting. Dr. Morbific, by inoculating himself once too often with non-contagious matter, had explained himself out of the world. Mr. Henbane had also departed, on the wings of an infallible antidote. Mr. Eavesdrop, having printed in a magazine some of the after-dinner conversations of the castle, had had sentence of exclusion passed upon him, on the motion of the Reverend Doctor Folliott, as a flagitious violator of the confidences of private life.

Miss Crotchet had become Lady Bossnowl, but Lady Clarinda had not yet changed her name to Crotchet. She had, on one pretence and another, procrastinated the happy event, and the gentleman had not been very pressing; she had, however, accompanied her


text:
Page:Crotchet Castle - Peacock (1831).djvu/275

 brother and sister-in-law, to pass Christmas at Crotchet Castle. With these, Mr. Mac Quedy, Mr. Philpot, Mr. Trillo, Mr. Skionar, Mr. Toogood, and Mr. Firedamp, were sitting at breakfast, when the Reverend Doctor Folliott entered and took his seat at the table.

Well, Mr. Mac Quedy, it is now some weeks since we have met: how goes on the march of mind?

Nay, sir; I think you may see that with your own eyes.

Sir, I have seen it, much to my discomfiture. It has marched into my rick-yard, and set my stacks on fire, with chemical materials, most scientifically compounded. It has marched up to the door of my vicarage, a hundred and


text:
Page:Crotchet Castle - Peacock (1831).djvu/276

 fifty strong; ordered me to surrender half my tithes; consumed all the provisions I had provided for my audit feast, and drunk up my old October. It has marched in through my back-parlour shutters, and out again with my silver spoons, in the dead of the night. The policeman who has been down to examine, says my house has been broken open on the most scientific principles. All this comes of education.

I rather think it comes of poverty.

No, sir. Robbery perhaps comes of poverty, but scientific principles of robbery come of education. I suppose the learned friend has written a sixpenny treatise on mechanics, and the rascals who robbed me have been reading it.


text:
Page:Crotchet Castle - Peacock (1831).djvu/277

 Your house would have been very safe, Doctor, if they had had no better science than the learned friend's to work with.

Well, sir, that may be. Excellent potted char. The Lord deliver me from the learned friend.

Well, Doctor, for your comfort, here is a declaration of the learned friend's that he will never take office.

Then, sir, he will be in office next week. Peace be with him. Sugar and cream.

But, Doctor, are you for Chainmail Hall on Christmas-day?


text:
Page:Crotchet Castle - Peacock (1831).djvu/278

 That am I, for there will be an excellent dinner, though, peradventure, grotesquely served.

I have not seen my neighbour since he left us on the canal.

He has married a wife, and brought her home.

Indeed! If she suits him, she must be an oddity: it will be amusing to see them together.

Very amusing. He! He! Is there any water about Chainmail Hall?


text:
Page:Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways, 11th Edition (December 2023).pdf/1157

MUTCD 11th Edition CONGRESSIONAL ACTIONS

'''Section 1077. REVISION OF MANUAL''' — Not later than 90 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall revise the Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices and such other regulations and agreements of the Federal Highway Administration as may be necessary to authorize States and local governments, at their discretion, to install stop or yield signs at any rail-highway grade crossing without automatic traffic control devices with 2 or more trains operating across the rail–highway grade crossing per day.

Section 406 — The Secretary of Transportation shall revise the Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices to include —
 * (a) a standard for a minimum level of retroreflectivity that must be maintained for pavement markings and signs, which shall apply to all roads open to public travel; and
 * (b) a standard to define the roads that must have a centerline or edge lines or both, provided that in setting such standard the Secretary shall consider the functional classification of roads, traffic volumes, and the number and width of lanes.

''Section 205. RELIEF FROM MANDATES —''

 * (c) METRIC REQUIREMENTS —
 * (1) PLACEMENT AND MODIFICATION OF SIGNS — The Secretary shall not require the States to expend any Federal or State funds to construct, erect, or otherwise place or to modify any sign relating to a speed limit, distance, or other measurement on a highway for the purpose of having such sign establish such speed limit, distance, or other measurement using the metric system.
 * (2) OTHER ACTIONS — Before September 30, 2000, the Secretary shall not require that any State use or plan to use the metric system with respect to designing or advertising, or preparing plans, specifications, estimates, or other documents, for a Federal-aid highway project eligible for assistance under title 23, United States Code.
 * (3) DEFINITIONS — In this subsection, the following definitions apply:
 * (A) HIGHWAY — The term ‘highway’ has the meaning such term has under section 101 of title 23, United States Code.
 * (B) METRIC SYSTEM — the term ‘metric system’ has the meaning the term ‘metric system of measurement’ has under section 4 of the Metric Conversion Act of 1975 (15 U.S.C. 205c).

'''Section 306. MOTORIST CALL BOXES —''' Section 111 of title 23, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end the following:
 * (c) MOTORIST CALL BOXES —
 * (1) IN GENERAL — Notwithstanding subsection (a), a State may permit the placement of motorist call boxes on rights-of-way of the National Highway System. Such motorist call boxes may include the identification and sponsorship logos of such call boxes.
 * (2) SPONSORSHIP LOGOS —
 * (A) APPROVAL BY STATE AND LOCAL AGENCIES — All call box installations displaying sponsorship logos under this subsection shall be approved by the highway agencies having jurisdiction of the highway on which they are located.
 * (B) SIZE ON BOX — A sponsorship logo may be placed on the call box in a dimension not to exceed the size of the call box or a total dimension in excess of 12 inches by 18 inches.
 * (C) SIZE ON IDENTIFICATION SIGN — Sponsorship logos in a dimension not to exceed 12 inches by 30 inches may be displayed on a call box identification sign affixed to the call box post.
 * (D) SPACING OF SIGNS — Sponsorship logos affixed to an identification sign on a call box post may be located on the rights-of-way at intervals not more frequently than 1 per every 5 miles.
 * (E) DISTRIBUTION THROUGHOUT STATE — Within a State, at least 20 percent of the call boxes displaying sponsorship logos shall be located on highways outside of urbanized areas with a population greater than 50,000.

December 2023


text:
Page:Crotchet Castle - Peacock (1831).djvu/279

 An old moat.

I shall die of malaria.

Shall we have any music?

An old harper.

Those fellows are always horridly out of tune. What will he play?

Old songs and marches.

Amongst so many old things, I hope we shall find Old Philosophy.

An old woman.


text:
Page:Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways, 11th Edition (December 2023).pdf/1158

Page A1-2 ::::::(3) NONSAFETY HAZARDS — The call boxes and their location, posts, foundations, and mountings shall be consistent with requirements of the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices or any requirements deemed necessary by the Secretary to assure that the call boxes shall not be a safety hazard to motorists. Section 353(a) SIGNS — Traffic control signs referred to in the experimental project conducted in the State of Oregon in December 1991 shall be deemed to comply with the requirements of Section 2B-4 of the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices of the Department of Transportation.

Section 353(b) STRIPES — Notwithstanding any other provision of law, a red, white, and blue center line in the Main Street of Bristol, Rhode Island, shall be deemed to comply with the requirements of Section 3B-1 of the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices of the Department of Transportation.

Section 125 — For this fiscal year, the Federal Highway Administration shall reinstate Interim Approval IA-5, relating to the provisional use of an alternative lettering style on certain highway guide signs, as it existed before its termination, as announced in the Federal Register on January 25, 2016 (81 Fed. Reg. 4083).

Option:

Series E(modified)-Alternate may be used in place of Series E(modified) for the names of places, streets, and highways on freeway and expressway guide signs in accordance with the provisions of the following paragraph.

Standard:

'''The use of Series E(modified)-Alternate shall be limited to the display of names of places, streets, and highways on freeway and expressway guide signs. Words shall be composed of lower-case letters with initial upper-case letters. The design and spacing of the letters shall be as provided in the “Standard Highway Signs” publication (see Section 1A.05 of this Manual). The nominal loop height of the lower-case letters shall be 84 percent of the height of the initial upper-case letter. Interline spacing, measured from the baseline of the upper line of legend to the upper limit of the initial upper-case letter of the lower line of legend, shall be at least 96 percent of the initial upper-case letters (equivalent to 84 percent of the initial upper-case letter when measured from the baseline of the upper line of legend to the upper limit of the rising stems of the lower-case letters of the lower line of legend). Edge spacing shall be as provided in Section 2E.13 of this Manual. The size of the sign shall be suitably enlarged to accommodate the larger lower case letters and interline spacing. When the name of a place, street, or highway contains numerals, the numerals shall be composed of the FHWA Standard Alphabet Series E(modified). Other lettering on the sign, such as for cardinal directions and distance or action messages, and all numerals or special characters, shall be composed of Series B, C, D, E, E(modified), or F of the FHWA Standard Alphabets as provided in this Manual.'''

Series E(modified)-Alternate shall not be used for any application other than as provided in the two preceding paragraphs. December 2023


text:
Page:Crotchet Castle - Peacock (1831).djvu/280

 Perhaps an old map of the river in the twelfth century.

No doubt.

How many more old things?

Old hospitality; old wine; old ale; all the images of old England; an old butler.

Shall we all be welcome?

Heartily; you will be slapped on the shoulder, and called Old boy.

I think we should all go in our old clothes. He! He!


text:
Page:Crotchet Castle - Peacock (1831).djvu/281

 You will sit on old chairs, round an old table, by the light of old lamps, suspended from pointed arches, which, Mr. Chainmail says, first came into use in the twelfth century; with old armour on the pillars, and old banners in the roof.

And what curious piece of antiquity is the lady of the mansion?

No antiquity there; none.

Who was she?

That I know not.

Have you seen her?


text: Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways, 11th Edition/Appendices


text:
Page:Crotchet Castle - Peacock (1831).djvu/282

 I have.

Is she pretty?

More,—beautiful. A subject for the pen of Nonnus, or the pencil of Zeuxis. Features of all loveliness, radiant with all virtue and intelligence. A face for Antigone. A form at once plump and symmetrical, that, if it be decorous to divine it by externals, would have been a model for the Venus of Cnidos. Never was any thing so goodly to look on, the present company excepted, and poor dear Mrs. Folliott. She reads moral philosophy, Mr. Mac Quedy, which indeed she might as well let alone; she reads Italian poetry, Mr. Skionar; she sings Italian music, Mr. Trillo; but, with all this, she has the great-


text: Crotchet Castle/Chapter 17

title: Crotchet Castle/Chapter 17


text:
Page:Crotchet Castle - Peacock (1831).djvu/284

party which was assembled on Christmas-day in Chainmail Hall, comprised all the guests of Crotchet Castle, some of Mr. Chainmail's other neighbours, all his tenants and domestics, and Captain Fitzchrome. The hall was spacious and lofty; and with its tall fluted pillars and pointed arches, its windows of stained glass, its display of arms and banners intermingled with holly and


text:
Page:Crotchet Castle - Peacock (1831).djvu/285

 misletoe, its blazing cressets and torches, and a stupendous fire in the centre, on which blocks of pine were flaming and crackling, had a striking effect on eyes unaccustomed to such a dining-room. The fire was open on all sides, and the smoke was caught and carried back, under a funnel-formed canopy, into a hollow central pillar. This fire was the line of demarcation between gentle and simple, on days of high festival. Tables extended from it on two sides, to nearly the end of the hall.

Mrs. Chainmail was introduced to the company. Young Crotchet felt some revulsion of feeling at the unexpected sight of one whom he had forsaken, but not forgotten, in a condition apparently so much happier than his own. The lady held out her hand to him with a cordial look of more than forgiveness; it seemed to say that she had much to thank


text: Crotchet Castle/Chapter 18

title: Crotchet Castle/Chapter 18


text:
Page:Crotchet Castle - Peacock (1831).djvu/286

 him for. She was the picture of a happy bride, rayonnante de joie et d'amour.

Mr. Crotchet told the Reverend Doctor Folliott the news of the morning. "As you predicted," he said, "your friend, the learned friend, is in office; he has also a title; he is now Sir Guy de Vaux."

Thank heaven for that! he is disarmed from further mischief. It is something, at any rate, to have that hollow and wind-shaken reed rooted up for ever from the field of public delusion.

I suppose, Doctor, you do not like to see a great reformer in office; you are afraid for your vested interests.

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 very safe from all such reformers as the learned friend. I vaticinate what will be the upshot of all his schemes of reform. He will make a speech of seven hours' duration, and this will be its quintessence: that, seeing the exceeding difficulty of putting salt on the bird's tail, it will be expedient to consider the best method of throwing dust in the bird's eyes. All the rest will be

as Aristophanes has it; and so I leave him, in Nephelococcygia.


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§ 87. is a "nation"? The question has been discussed for a variety of purposes, political and philosophical, without apparently leading to any satisfactory definition, Mr. Freeman, for example, admitting the difficulty of definition, tells us that the word "suggests a considerable continuous part of the earth's surface inhabited by men who at once speak the same tongue and are united under the same government." This unity of territorial possession, language, and government, together with the vague requirement of a "considerable part of the earth's surface," affords an easy mark for captious criticism. At least Mr. Freeman's conception of nationality shows that historical accuracy compels us, while assuming some normal type of nationhood and treating it as if it were permanent, to admit that no definition of nationality can express more than a limited range of truth. Such a definition cannot cover the entire course of national life, for the beginnings of a nation are lost in countless little channels whose union has afterwards formed the full stream; and if we pursue this stream far enough we come out upon an ocean in which distinctions of clan, city commonwealth, nation, are alike lost in cosmopolitanism.


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 The word "natio" points to kinship and a body of kinsmen as the primary idea and fact marked by "nationality." "Nation," like dêmos, carries us back to the groups of kinsmen in which social communion all the world over is found to begin, But the "nations" of modern Europe have left these little groups so far behind that their culture has either forgotten the nationality of common kinship, or learned to treat it as an ideal splendidly false. Old ideas of common descent have been weakened in European progress by many causes. As the barbarian invaders settled down, ties of communal brotherhood tended to be displaced by ties of locality, just as among the Hebrews "Sons of Israel" had given way to the "Sacred Land." Sir Henry Maine, in his Early History of Institutions, has admirably described this process by which "the land begins to be the basis of society instead of kinship;" and in a familiar passage of his Ancient Law he has traced a corresponding development of territorial from tribal sovereignty. Feudalism, linking personal obligations with the ownership of land, played a prominent part in this development. Moreover, the feudal seigneurs in another way aided in weakening the old sentiments of kinship; like the Roman patricians, they united ideas of privilege and descent, and prevented conceptions of common kinship from being popularised. Feudalism, indeed, based as it was upon the life or death or coming of age of an individual, could not but undermine corporate ideas of clanship and kinship. Christianity, again, but in a very different manner from feudalism, weakened European ideas of national kinship, turning the hopes of the scholar and the serf alike to that great democracy of Christian brotherhood before which all earthly distinctions of national as well as


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 personal descent were but filthy rags in the light of the eternal sun. Thus, if feudal exclusiveness narrowed ideas of descent in a manner likely to chill popular sympathies as soon as "the people" should arise out of isolated bourgs and the serfs, the universal ideas of Christianity also tended to weaken national kinship by counting every individual, irrespective of land or race, as a spiritual unit and nothing more. Finally, the growth of the towns, upon which the growth of national sentiments, as distinct from the localism of feudal life and the universalism of Christianity, was so largely to depend, laid the foundations of a comparative and historical inquiry not to be far pursued without discovering the hybrid character of European nations.

But, though community of blood is disproved by the history of each European nation, vague feelings of common kinship, no doubt supplemented by love of native land, still form the groundwork of national sentiments for the masses. In cultured minds the place of such feelings has been taken by respect for common language and the long line of literary and scientific achievements embodied in that language, and by sympathies with the historical doings and sufferings of those men and women who from age to age have borne the nation's name. To unity of country and government—a material rather than an ideal unity—we must add, as an element of nationality, respect for the monuments of national literature. National literature is an outcome of national life, a spiritual bond of national unity, such as no amount of eclectic study or cosmopolitan science can supply. So thought Goethe, when he said that the Germans of his youth, though acquainted with all the kinds of poetry in which different nations had distinguished themselves, lacked "national material"—"had


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 handled few national subjects or none at all;" and yet Goethe is the admirer of world-literature.

National literatures, then, require a vigorous and continuous national life; and if we seek for perfect types of national literature, we shall find them only under such conditions. In Italy, neither a language delightfully musical nor an early development of individualism of character within her cities could make up for the loss of such a life; nationality was here paralysed by the overlordship of the German emperor, the presence of a world-religion visibly centred in that ancient capital which might have been the heart of an Italian nation, the strife of city commonwealths strangely like and unlike those of ancient Greece. In Germany the isolation of the feudal princes and of the towns aided the cosmopolitan ideas of the Holy Roman Empire in checking the progress of nationality. Russia, long the prey of Asiatic invaders, and exposed as a kind of rude barrier for the security of quiet culture in the West, was equally slow in manifesting signs of national life. In short, we may say that only in England, France, and Spain do we find truly national groups; and, when we remember how the burst of national life in Spain under Charles V. and Philip II. was succeeded by three centuries of comparative stagnation, we may add that, if continuous development be one grand mark of nationality, England and France, especially from a literary standpoint, are the only perfect types of nationhood yet known to history. But they are types to be contrasted as well as compared; and the contrast will enable us to distinguish two aspects curiously different under which national literature has revealed itself.

§ 88. A. W. Schlegel, discussing the progress of the


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 Italian drama, notices the opinion of Calsabigi, that the decline of dramatic poetry in Italy was caused by "the want of permanent companies of players and of a capital." In Italy and Germany, says Schlegel, "where there are only capitals of separate states but no general metropolis, great difficulties are opposed to the improvement of the theatre." These observations of an Italian and a German critic suggest the most vital distinction in the literary development of England and France—the different degrees of literary centralism reached by the two countries.

In the literature of France, since the firm establishment of centralised monarchy in the seventeenth century, we everywhere feel the presence of that centralising spirit which in the Académie Française found a local habitation and a name. Mr. Matthew Arnold, in his essay on the literary influence of academies, has shown how much may be said for literary centralism. The improvement of the French language, as the statutes of the Academy bear witness, was the great aim of the institution; and opponents of such institutions must admit the usefulness of this aim and the success of the Academy in this direction. In a democratic age, moreover, when, as De Tocqueville observed, accuracy of literary style is liable to be lost in the temporary predominance of inferior work, a central tribunal may maintain an ideal of style which in the rush of trade-literature is likely to be trampled underfoot. Still, Mr. Arnold's conception of provincialism cannot be accepted either as in harmony with English literary development in the past, or as a prophetic forecast of its future. A critic, himself thoroughly imbued with the spirit of French criticism,


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 I was sitting on my horse in dumb stupefaction, when, on a sudden, I perceived somebody laying hold of the bridle of my steed, and pulling her forcibly after him. After a few minutes I saw at a distance a glimmering light shining through the bushes; as we came nearer to the spot, I beheld in my conductor the terrible leader of the band, and we at length arrived at a place surrounded with bushes, where the robbers were seated round a fire, dividing the spoil; they all gave a loud shriek, as if they already knew how badly I had acquitted myself of my first task.

"Let us pronounce sentence against the rascal!" exclaimed my conductor, with a thundering voice.

"Let us knock his brains out," roared one of the robbers.

"Send him to the dungeon," exclaimed a second.


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 would plant on English soil an exotic as indigenous to Paris as it is unsuited to the atmosphere of English national life. Another critic—Macaulay, in his essay on the Royal Society of Literature,—takes a very different view of learned academies and their literary influences. It is in literary academies, he tells us, that "envy and faction exert the most extensive and pernicious influence." The history of the French Academy, in particular, has been "an uninterrupted record of servile compliances, paltry artifices, deadly quarrels, perfidious friendships." Governed by the court, the Sorbonne, the philosophers, "it was always equally powerful for evil and impotent for good"—sought to depress Corneille, long refused to notice Voltaire, and even under the superintendence of D'Alembert was the home of the basest intrigues. There is some exaggeration in this view; yet Macaulay expresses the national spirit of English literature. Local and individual independence from the control of any central corporation is the peculiar characteristic of English literature—an independence equally removed from the dictation of a tribunal like the French Academy, and that total absence of any literary centre which Schlegel and Calsabigi deplore.

Mr. Arnold's transference of the French centralism into the life of English literature is capable of its best defence from the standpoint of cosmopolitan culture. From this standpoint national centres like Paris and its Academy become the best substitute for a world-centre which differences of language and national character cannot permit. "Let us conceive the whole group of civilised nations," says Mr. Arnold, "as being, for intellectual and spiritual purposes, one great confederation bound to a joint action and working towards a


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 "The latter we will do," resumed the Captain, "Punishment may, perhaps, recall him to reason."

Having said this, he ordered two of the gang to carry me to the place of confinement; they mounted their horses, took me between them, and hurried away with me at a furious rate. We arrived with the first dawn of day at the bottom of a hill, where I forcibly was dragged through the bushes and thorns fettered with heavy chains, and carried through a narrow passage into a dark dungeon; gropeing about I found myself surrounded with straw, the muddy smell of which left me no doubt that it was half rotten.

Having lingered many hours in that terrible abode of misery, without either hearing or seeing any body, I at last was hailed by the distant hollow sound of approaching footsteps, dying away sometimes, and then vibrating again faintly on my ear; at once they grew more and more audible, and the glim-


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 mering of a light began to illuminate the subterraneous cave.

Turning round with much difficulty, I perceived that it emerged from a deep grotto behind me. The glimmering grew lighter, and the sound of footsteps drew nearer; at length I beheld a figure more frightful than the robbers themselves; the old hideous hag adorned with all the graces of hell, ascended with alacrity from the gloomy abyss, panting for breath; and now I had a full view of the horrors of my den: The faint rays of my lamp were reflected in a grisly manner from the lofty walls, hewn into the solid rock, and mixed with the midnight darkness, which was hovering beneath the high vaulted ceiling. My dungeon was of a small circumference, but appeared to be far removed from the surface of the earth; the dreadful abode of horror was infected by a damp pestilential air, through which the light was glimmering as if through a bluish fog.


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 common result. This was the ideal of Goethe, and it is an ideal which will impose itself upon the thoughts of our modern societies more and more." Yes; the ideal of world-literature, which Herder's Voices of the People did so much to foster in Germany, is attractive, especially to men who have never known true national unity. But, however deeply national literature may be indebted to an international exchange of ideas, however splendid may be the conception of universal principles in literary production and criticism, the true makers of national literature are the actions and thoughts of the nation itself; the place of these can never be taken by the sympathies of a cultured class too wide to be national, or those of a central academy too refined to be provincial. Proyincialism is no ban in truly national literature. The influence of London has indeed been continually expressed by Chaucer, by Shakspere, by Milton, by Dryden, by Addison and Pope and Johnson. Perhaps the flavour of London life has been sometimes too strong in English literature. But provincial language as well as spirit have found a ready place in the literature of England.

Here, then, we have two types of national literature—the English, blending local and central elements of national life without losing national unity in local distinctions such as Italy and Germany have known too well; the French, centralising its life in Paris, and so tending to prefer cosmopolitan ideals. Montesquieu tells us that he would subordinate his personal interests to those of his family, those of his family to those of his nation, those of his nation to the good of Europe and of the world. In


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 the development of national literatures we must picture something of the same kind, only allowing for the early influence of Christian world-religion, and not forgetting that special causes have given to some national literatures of Europe a more cosmopolitan aspect than to others. To watch the internal and external development by which local and national differences give way in turn to national and cosmopolitan ideals—this is one line of study open to students of national literatures; another is the deepening and widening of personal character which accompany such social expansion; a third is the changing aspect of physical nature which this social and individual evolution likewise involves. But to chronicle the rise of new forms, new spirits, of verse and prose in each European nation, and the gradual separation of science from literature; to trace such growth to its roots in social and physical causes; finally, to compare and contrast these causes as producing the diverse literatures of England and France and Germany, of Italy and Spain and Russia; this, truly, were the task of a literary Hercules. We shall here but briefly illustrate the evolution of individualism in national literatures and the effect of such evolution on man's views of physical nature.


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 THE HUNTERIAN ORATION. 13

became the Founders of Human Anatomy in the seve- ral countries of Europe—and we must not forget it was in the Italian Schools, under one of their celebrated professors, Fabricius,—our Harvey,—justly styled the Father of English Anatomy, received the chief part of his education.

If we love the science of anatomy for the elevating views it presents; if we are grateful to it as affording the means of successfully cultivating the difficult art of surgery, how deeply must we venerate the Great Men of former ages who did, with enthusiasm, study ana- tomy in spite of every obstacle that could be thrown in their way by the Laws, Customs, and Prejudices of the people of every country ; for true it is, as asserted by Vicq d’Azyr, that anatomy, which of all the sciences, has had its good to mankind most loudly proclaimed, has had the least effort of any science made for its advance by the public Voice and Action. It is a mat- ter of history not to be doubted, that Galen travelled from Rome to Alexandria to study a human skeleton— that he was compelled to rely on, what he denominated Fortuitous Anatomy “ Avarou xara reprtwom,” the examination of bones he might by chance find in a tomb, the contemplation of a body washed out of a sepulchre built on the brink of a stream, with its flesh, he says, rotten, but with the bones still adhering toge- ther. Yet from such scanty and precarious sources of study did Galen draw his descriptions of the human �

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 8 THE HUNTERIAN ORATION.

cine, as might be supposed, the dry annals of olden times, the naked chronicle of events and dates ; they are full of instruction and amusement, shedding an agreeable light on the subjects of our present occupa- tion in making us, as it were, to live with some of the greatest of intellects, and the best of men of former ages. The works of Portal* and of Sprengel} are complete in their object of recording the successive efforts of centuries in rearing the noble edifice of medicine ; and go elaborately has this been done, that upon eyery stone in the building has been inscribed the name of the individual by whom it was placed there. —With respect then to the history of Anatomy and Surgery, to mark, and comment upon some of the epochs of their advance, is the simple object to which I shall confine myself.

The art of Surgery, so closely interwoven with the necessities of a people, once established, would, we might suppose, be permanent. But it has been other- wise with the ancient Hindoos; for, among this re- markable people, as we learn from the recent translations of their original classic language, surgery was in ages past, practised in its highest departments, yet it has subsequently disappeared, at a period, and from the operation of circumstances, which the historian has not

%* Histoire de lAnatomie et de la Chirurgie, vii. tom, 12mo. + Histoire de la Médécine depuis son origine jusqu’au dix- neuviéme sicle, Trad. par A.J. L, Jourdan, ix. tom. 8vo. �

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 THE HUNTERIAN ORATION. 23

researches into the animal organization, to form princi- ples, bearing, not simply on the treatment of a single disease, or a class of diseases, but upon the whole series of effects of injury and disease, for the relief of which, in the character of physician, or surgeon, our know- ledge and skill are required.

Of the improvements in surgery through the last half century, the first in order of occurrence, the most important to the preservation of human life, has been the successful treatment of aneurism, to be reckoned the fairest of the fruits of Hunter’s genius. It has been a question, who may have been the first to en- circle, by ligature, an artery distant from the seat of an aneurism. But it is certain that the merit of origina- ting those reflections on which the principle of the measure is founded, belongs to Mr. Hunter, that this profound observer of the processes of Nature, in the view of gathering from them a knowledge of the processes of disease, and of the means whereby it might be arrested, did, by this course of investigation, bring his mind to a confidence in the power of the blood vessels of a limb to maintain the circulation after the obliteration of their trunk, and in the power of the absorbent vessels to remove the aneurism after the current of blood has ceased to flow through it.

Almost to the present time were living the two in- dividuals, who were the subjects of the first and the third operations for aneurism in the lower part of the �

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 THE HUNTERIAN ORATION. 33

the writings of Francis Glisson, who was cotemporary with Leeuwenhoeck, and a distinguished man in his time, as he was President of the College of Physicians, and held for forty years the office of Professor of Physic in the University of Cambridge.* Even with respect to some of the “ new lights of our time” in the practical department of surgery, it must be a matter of curious reflection, and should teach us humility, to find ourselves but reverting to the doctrines and to the practice of the ancients. Thus, at the present moment, certain proceedings in the management of fractures, new to us, and of great value, are in the course of in- troduction, and in the progress of an investigation to whom the merit of originality should here be accorded, a discovery is unfortunately made, that similar proceed- ings were in use, centuries ago, among the nations of the East.; But more than this may be gleaned from

pauculis Irritabilitatis differentiis. Exempla Irritationis per consen- sum inter fibras puré naturales frequenter quoque occurrunt. Fi- bre enim neryos & communi origine petentes nonnunquam simul commoyentur. Siquidem ramus nervi in fibras primo motas inserti, ejusque motus continuatur communi alterius aut plurium nervorum origini, indéque per eas reflectitur ad fibras secundd motas, in quibus, ad imitationem motds primi, consimilem per consensum concitat.
 * Tractatus de Ventriculo et Intestinis, 1677, cap. ix.— De

+ The plan of treating fractures, here alluded to, consists in apply- ing, shortly after the occurrence of the injury, an apparatus which, by its firmness and close adaptation to the limb, will allow its move- ments in any direction without disturbing the ends of the broken bone. It would appear that ages ago, an apparatus for this purpose was employed, consisting chiefly of mastic. At the present moment,

Cc �

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 38 THE HUNTERIAN ORATION.

in the declaration now most sincerely made, that in him were combined the varied excellencies of the medical character, so expressively portrayed by Hip- pocrates. And be it recorded, as a just tribute to the ex- cellence of his heart, that Mr. Blizard at the age of forty- six, when in the fulness of professional reputation, with every power of mind and body in its utmost activity, did, in obedience to a high moral duty, without hesi- tation or murmur, retreat into private life, there to be free, for the devotion of the remainder of his days to the relief of domestic sorrow.

Justice to living merit requires of me, on this occa- sion, to record the public spirit and liberality of an English anatomist, whose investigations of the nervous system, conducted in the true feeling of science, have contributed so largely to our knowledge of this most intricate part of the animal frame. Mr. Swan, with the zeal and patience of a Meckel, or a Scarpa, having occupied a large portion of his life in unravelling the nervous systems of man and animals, having recorded these labours with a disregard of expense in a series of engravings, executed by our most accomplished artists, animated thus by the feeling which induced Vesalius to solicit the aid of a Titian; now completes this course of liberal conduct, by depositing in the museum of this college, for public use, the demonstrations by his own hands, the materials upon which they have so long, and successfully laboured. �

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 * Lincoln’s Inn Fields,
 * March, 1839.

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motive in assembling on this day is to render me homage to the intellect of, not simply because it was powerful, but on the higher consideration, that its powers were, with zeal and disinterested-ness, exerted for the benefit of mankind; and with so successful a result, that the works he has left us do not merely reflect the character and condition of medical science for the period in which he lived, but in the amount of actual discovery and original thought, have created the foundation of this science in its theory and practice, for the present, and future time. Accordingly, the biography of Hunter becomes the history of the foundation of medicine as one art, based on the highest order of science, for there are but few departments of natural or physical knowledge which do not in some degree contribute to it. Yet, with respect to the biography of Hunter, as was rightly observed by

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 THE HUNTERIAN ORATION, 41

we will hope, in the orations of future years; and it is a well measured estimate of the prospective influence of Hunter’s labours to anticipate, that through the course of time, his reputation will in every age expand, as the fame of our Shakspeare, represented by the poet of Germany, augmenting, from age to age, like the Avalanche from the mountain, increasing in bulk as it rolls.

We boast of the Science of Hunter, “ yet that which is above all this”—his Perfect Integrity of Mind,

“ incorrupta fide vir, ob id, Fama celebratior.”*

Tacitus.

LONDON: STEWART AND MURMAY, OLD BAILEY. �

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518 Apparently a distinct species. It was raised at the Royal Botanical Gardens, Edinburgh, from seeds sent from New Zealand, but from what locality is not stated. Its nearest ally is probably V. Traversii, from which it differs in the smaller leaves with red-brown margins, in the usually longer racemes, in the much larger violet (not white) flowers, in the longer acute sepals, which almost equal the short corolla-tube, and in the shorter and broader capsule. I have seen no specimens, and have consequently reproduced the original description.

30. V. Darwiniana, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxv. (1893) 332.—A small compact rounded shrub; branches numerous, terete, glabrous or the younger ones faintly pubescent; bark brownish-green. Leaves rather laxly placed, decussate, sessile or nearly so, horizontally spreading, ½–¾ in. long, ⅙—⅓ in. broad, ovate-lanceolate or narrow elliptic-oblong, acute, rather thick and coriaceous, glaucous on both surfaces, slightly concave above, not keeled beneath; margins entire, minutely ciliolate when young. Racemes 2–4 near the tips of the branches, ¾–1½ in. long, dense-flowered, tapering to the tip; rhachis, pedicels, and bracts pubescent; pedicels about as long as the calyx or shorter. Flowers white. ¼ in. diam. Calyx 4-partite; segments broadly ovate, obtuse or subacute. Corolla-tube short and broad, about as long as the calyx, throat pubescent within; lobes longer than the tube, broadly oblong, obtuse. Ovary pubescent or glabrous. Capsule ovate, acute, compressed, more than twice as long as the calyx. V. glaucophylla, Cockayne in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxxi. (1899) 422.

31. V. Traversii, ''Hook f. Handb. NZ. Fl. 208 (in part)''—A small perfectly glabrous shrub, usually forming a round compact bush 2–5 ft. diam; branches terete, densely clothed with decussate leaves. Leaves spreading, petiolate or subsessile, uniform in size and shape, ½–1 in. long, ⅙–⅓ in. broad, elliptic-oblong or elliptic-lanceolate to linear-oblong, acute or subacute, usually narrowed to an acute base, coriaceous, channelled above, more or less keeled beneath, nerveless, margins entire, midrib usually strong. Racemes near the tips of the branches, 1–3 in. long and tapering or short and obtuse, simple, many-flowered; rachis slender, puberulous; pedicels variable in length; bracts small. Flowers white, ¼ in. diam. Calyx 4-partite; segments broadly oblong or ovate, obtuse, margins often membranous, ciliolate. Corolla-tube from slightly longer to nearly twice as long as the calyx; limb 4-lobed;


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was no mere theorist or visionary;—he was pre-eminently a practical man. Neither was he a mere statesman, cold and calculating, who regarded the masses of mankind as so many brute forces, to be moved or checked, separated or combined, by the impulses of a vain-glorious ambition, or the dynamics of an ever-shifting political expediency;—he was in no ordinary degree a philanthropic man. Beneath a somewhat abrupt or even uncouth exterior of mannerism, apparently contracted amid his many rough experiences of human nature in some of its worst and most repulsive forms, there lay concealed a deep vein of ardent benevolence which ever sighed for a profitable outlet, and longed unceasingly for the general amelioration of the species. From the moment of his arrival in India as the Representative of British Majesty and the head of the most powerful empire in Asia, his leading and predominant maxim was, that the vast and glorious realm, temporarily subjected by an over-ruling Providence to his sway, ought to be governed for the good of the Native inhabitants—the indigenous people of the soil—and not for the promotion of class interests or the aggrandisement of foreign rulers. He was, accordingly, by constitutional temperament, cherished predilections, and carefully cultivated habits of life, a Reformer. But, like every wisely practical and philanthropic Reformer, he was singularly cautious, patient, and indefatigable in his inquiries, before the final concoction of any important measure. Hence his seemingly lethargic slowness in forming and maturing plans, his stern and summary decision in adopting them when fully matured, and


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 She held him for a moment with this, then she broke out: "How shall we ever know his possibility unless we give him a chance? What I'm dying to see is the best we can turn out quite by ourselves."

He sacrificed his indifference. "The best young man?"

"Oh I don't care how old he is"

"So long as he's young!" Poor Pendrel—for want of anything better to do—interrupted.

But she held her course. "The older he is the more he'll have given us time to see. Of course," she splendidly added, "he may be a failure, and, if he is, that will more or less settle the question. We're nowhere till it is settled."

Ralph showed on his side no less noble a patience. "But isn't it settled by the cowboy?"

"The cowboy?" she stared.

"Why isn't he what you want, and why isn't he good enough? He sometimes in spite of his calling, I believe, lives to a great age. There are cases surely in which he will have given you time to see, and he has the great merit of standing there ready to your hand. You talk about the 'question,' but what is he but the best answer to it that any conditions at all conceivable can yield? You say mine—my conditions—are wrong; so that what are his, logically, unless right? If he isn't right with them it would seem therefore their fault. I wonder it doesn't strike 28


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242

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. Eh?

. Come. Help me hold him up.

. No, no, thank you. He might come to and give me the first bite.

. Mercy! What a husband! What a husband!

. [Outside] Hello there! In the house! Is nobody there, I say?

. What do I hear? My master! The Prince! Then nothing has happened to him!

. Let me in! Open! Hello in the house!

. Coming… I am coming. Hold him up while I am gone. Do me the favor…

. I ought to prevent the Prince from coming in. When the Ogre sees how young he is—and how tender! Uy! Who would have thought that he weighed so much? No wonder, with a calf and a pig inside together, not counting the vegetables… [Seeing the ' enter, he runs to meet him, letting the ' fall] Master! Master!… Cataplum! The tower falls down!

. What have you done? You have dropped my husband!

. Oh, my good Tony!

. Master! Master! Tell me what has happened to you. How did you come out of your adventure? Did that thorny path lead to some enchanted palace? Is this the good fairy who has taken you under her wing?

. I don't know, Tony. I only know that we escaped by a miracle from some highwaymen who wanted to


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 kill me. I know that I owe my life to this good woman. While we were running through the wood, the robbers saw us afar off and ran after us. This poor old woman could go no faster and I had to take her up in my arms. I ran in among the brambles and the steep rocks, with those ruffians always behind at our heels. When we came to a stubble-field, what should they take it into their heads to do, but to set fire to it, and since the wind was blowing toward us, we soon saw ourselves borne down upon by a rolling sea of flame, which advanced with a roar in a terrible wave…

. I shall never get over the fright!

. But how did you escape?

. I don't know. But I tell you we had to fly!

. Fly? No! But you ran fast in spite of your load. You are strong and brave.

. So there were no palaces, no princesses nor fairies after all? I told you so. That road could lead nowhere that was good. And you. Master Tutor, what happened to you?

. I have been busy all this time with my books. It was not possible that the map could have been wrong. In fact, the error was mine. In examining it, I jumped from one line to another, and, as you see, what was an inch on the map, was seven leagues by the road!

. The truth in books, as in life, always lies between the lines.

. While the Prince was returning from his perilous excursion, I was asleep. So they waked me as they passed, and this old woman brought us to this house, where, as she says, there is plenty to eat.

. Yes, there is; they eat frequently. But, alas! What is the use of heaping up riches? Don't you know? This is the Castle of the Ogre. I am promised him for supper


text: The Czechoslovak Review/Volume 4/Current Topics (3)


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 to-night; you will have to wait and be dished for breakfast in the morning.

. What on earth are you talking about?

. Ah! Then this is the decisive trial. This is the Ogre who has the Princess in his power! Must I vanquish him, too, in order to disenchant him and arrive victorious at her side? Then let him come quickly, and I, alone with my sword

. My lord, is it quite honorable to draw your sword against a gentleman who has opened the doors of his house so hospitably? I tell you that all this about ogres is pure nonsense, fable. There are, of course there are anthropophagi—that is to say, men who eat other men—from anthropos, man, and phagein, to eat; but that is only in savage regions, not in civilized countries like ours.

. What do you know about it anyhow? My books tell me the truth. Isn't it true, my good fairy? Are we not in the Castle of the Ogre?

. I don't know anything about ogres.

. You can tell by his looks that he must have eaten a great deal. If you could only see his paunch! It is the men and women and children he has swallowed whole.

. He hasn't done that, no, but he has swallowed houses and whole villages—yes, he has! You saw when you came in how all the neighborhood around is poor, and how only the lands and house of this man are rich? He has ruined all—buying here, lending there, crushing this one, deceiving that one, grinding down all beneath his treachery and greed. I myself was one of his victims. It is through him that you see me as I am.

. What? Is he guilty of your enchantment? Then his destruction shall not be delayed. Sally forth, Mr. Ogre! Sally forth and roar, for the Blue Prince awaits you!


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 you in fine that if he isn't good enough your idea itself perhaps isn't." Now that Ralph was launched he felt the tide high. "That's what it comes to, your idea, dress it up as you will. You want a fellow only who shall have had adventures—and that, I hasten to grant, is any lady's right. There's no disputing about tastes, but that isn't true about principles. You want the adventure to have been, or necessarily to be, of the species most marked and determined by our climate, our geographical position, our political institutions, our social circumstances and our national character. It seems to me you see lines drawn remarkably sharp, but, allowing you that, I repeat that you strike me as having but to take your choice. The cow-boy," he suggested, "of middle-age, say"

But she had now interrupted—as if for commiseration. "I don't even yet know what a cowboy is!"

It was at all events her seeing him gracelessly astray that she made him most feel. "There am I for you then. I don't know what anyone is who leads the life of action—so little am I such a creature myself." And straight—though he was sore for it—he looked the whole thing in the face. "It's my type itself that's impossible to you. I shouldn't even here," he averred, "be able to meet your views or do what you require. I'd be a brute for it if I could—as indeed I often wish I 29


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. Be careful!

. He will eat us all up.

. I tell you that these modern ogres are not like those in the stories.

. You need not tell me. I will not hear you. I will not listen! This is where my adventure shall end. Here is my goal! Stand back!… Protect me, my good fairy!

. Hold him back! The Wretch will kill him!

. What do you mean by not protecting your master?

. What do you mean?

. This impresses me all very much like a dream.

. Listen! Run quickly! They are killing him!

. Ah! They have vanquished me!

. Rogue! Traitor! You have attacked me in my own house!

. He tried to kill my husband. Out!… Villains!

. Stop!

. He is my master.

. Remember he is the Prince…

. I shall kill him!

. Can't you see that the poor boy is mad? Have pity!

. My good fairy, my sword broke. It was witchcraft. They have beaten me with clubs.

. And with brooms!

. Well, the snip has been taught a lesson.


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. Go! Leave my house immediately. And thank God that you leave it alive!

. Ah! Not so bad, after all.

. My kind fairy, where now is your power? Why don't you save me now, as you did before?

. You are saving your life. What more do you ask? Don't delay another moment in making your escape from this accursed house!

. What is it the old woman says?

. Yes! Accursed! Accursed!

. By my soul!

. Let them go. Go! Go quickly!

. Yes, we shall go! But we shall return, if it is necessary, with all the armies of the King, my father! I shall come again to chastise and humiliate you, and to avenge all your victims.

. That would not be so bad either.

. Poor infant! Take him to his parents, or he will come to some bad end, falling out of his cradle.

. Don't infuriate him any further. Let us go!

. Alas! I cannot do any more, and my back pains me.

. Where are we going next?

. Come with me. I will lead you to a place where we shall be more hospitably received, and be more fortunate.

. I knew that the road would be long and hard; but never mind… I was so sure that it was the road to happiness!… Lead us where you will.


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text: The Czechoslovak Review/Volume 4/In beautiful Prague


text: The Czechoslovak Review/Volume 4/Statement of the ownership (1)


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 deed it will be close enough to serve as our North Star. Then, instead of wandering from the far northeast to the far northwest, it will seem to stand in the north like a pale-blue pivot, while all the other stars will circle round it. Vega will hold this position for 3000 years. The constellation of Lyra and that of Hercules are of particular interest because they mark that part of the universe to which our sun is traveling at the rate of 12½ miles a second. Some day (in half a million years or so), this gorgeous sun, a hundred times more brilliant than our sun, may glow upon us as a near neighbor. In 12,000 years, when our north pole points to Vega, the great Cross with its bright stars Deneb and Albireo, will never set but will journey night after night in a small circle close about the celestial pole, Orion will climb over the zenith and the Milky Way in all its splendor will whirl about the north.

The principal figure formed by the stars of the constellation of Lyra has been best described as an "equilateral triangle balanced on the corner of a rhomboid." This figure is easily traced although all of these stars, with the exception of the brilliant blue one, are of no more than the 3rd or 4th magnitude.

To the average eye, the little star east of Vega, at the top of the triangle, appears a trifle elongated, but a sharp eye divides the star into two stars set very closely together. With a 3-inch telescope each of these stars is found to be double. This fourfold star in Lyra is sometimes referred to as a "double-double."

The third star, Lyræ, at the base of the "rhomboid" on the same side of the figure as Vega, is a variable with three small stars near it, forming a very pretty object with low power.

Also at the base of the rhomboid, between β and γ, one-third of the way from β, a small telescope will disclose a nebula which has assumed the shape of a ring, or at least it looks like a ring at this distance. There are

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. Oh! But aren't you weary, sisters? What are you thinking about?

. I am amusing myself looking at the sky.

. I was listening to the rumbling of the sea.

. I was looking down the road to see if anybody was coming to amuse us. I am bored to death. What shall we do to pass the evening?

. Sing.

. Say verses.

. But that is so silly.

. On these summer nights it is too hot to work with a light.

. Besides, the King, our father, says a light is too expensive.

. Otherwise, I should read.

. And I should sew; but we have no more light than the moon.

. Let us join hands in a ring, then, and sing. Come, sisters.

. How perfectly silly! That is child's play.

. But it is so pretty! There isn't any game that is prettier than singing all together and holding 29


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