text:
Page:R L Stevenson 1917 Familiar studies of men and books.djvu/96

 fered; she herself had smart attacks of conscience, but her heart had gone from her control; it was altogether his, and she "counted all things but loss—heaven excepted—that she might win and keep him." Burns himself was transported while in her neighbourhood, but his transports somewhat rapidly declined during an absence. I am tempted to imagine that, womanlike, he took on the colour of his mistress's feeling; that he could not but heat himself at the fire of her unaffected passion; but that, like one who should leave the hearth upon a winter's night, his temperature soon fell when he was out of sight, and in a word, though he could share the symptoms, that he had never shared the disease. At the same time, amid the fustian of the letters there are forcible and true expressions, and the love verses that he wrote upon Clarinda are among the most moving in the language.

We are approaching the solution. In mid-winter, Jean, once more in the family way, was turned out of doors by her family; and Burns had her received and cared for in the house of a friend. For he remained to the last imperfect in his character of Don Juan, and lacked the sinister courage to desert his victim. About the middle of February (1788), he had to tear himself from his Clarinda and make a journey into the south


text:
Page:R L Stevenson 1917 Familiar studies of men and books.djvu/97

 west on business. Clarinda gave him two shirts for his little son. They were daily to meet in prayer at an appointed hour. Burns, too late for the post at Glasgow, sent her a letter by parcel that she might not have to wait. Clarinda on her part writes, this time with a beautiful simplicity: "I think the streets look deserted-like since Monday; and there's a certain insipidity in good kind folks I once enjoyed not a little. Miss Wardrobe supped here on Monday. She once named you, which kept me from falling asleep. I drank your health in a glass of ale—as the lasses do at Hallowe'en—'in to mysel'. Arrived at Mauchline, Burns installed Jean Armour in a lodging, and prevailed on Mrs. Armour to promise her help and countenance in the approaching confinement. This was kind at least; but hear his expressions: "I have taken her a room; I have taken her to my arms; I have given her a mahogany bed; I have given her a guinea I swore her privately and solemnly never to attempt any claim on me as a husband, even though anybody should persuade her she had such a claim—which she has not, neither during my life nor after my death. She did all this like a good girl." And then he took advantage of the situation. To Clarinda he wrote: "I this morning called for a certain woman. I am disgusted with her; I

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Page:R L Stevenson 1917 Familiar studies of men and books.djvu/98

 cannot endure her;" and he accused her of "tasteless insipidity, vulgarity of soul, and mercenary fawning." This was already in March; by the thirteenth of that month he was back in Edinburgh. On the 17th, he wrote to Clarinda: "Your hopes, your fears, your cares, my love, are mine; so don't mind them. I will take you in my hand through the dreary wilds of this world, and scare away the ravening bird or beast that would annoy you." Again, on the 21st: "Will you open, with satisfaction and delight, a letter from a man who loves you, who has loved you, and who will love you, to death, through death, and for ever How rich am I to have such a treasure as you 'The Lord God knoweth,' and, perhaps, 'Israel he shall know,' my love and your merit. Adieu, Clarinda! I am going to remember you in my prayers." By the 7th of April, seventeen days later he had already decided to make Jean Armour publicly his wife.

A more astonishing stage-trick is not to be found. And yet his conduct is seen, upon a nearer examination, to be grounded both in reason and in kindness. He was now about to embark on a solid worldly career; he had taken a farm; the affair with Clarinda, however gratifying to his heart, was too contingent to offer any great consolation to a man like Burns, to whom marriage


text:
Page:Celtic Stories by Edward Thomas.djvu/92

 Bran turned to the boy and said, 'He will go to thee gladly,' and so he did. Evnissyen said to himself, 'They do not dream of the slaughter I will now commit,' and he took up Gwern by the feet and threw him head-first into the fire. Bronwen tried to leap after her child, but Bran prevented her. The house was all in tumult. The two hosts armed themselves, and each man saw an enemy. Said Morthwyt Tyllion: 'The gadflies of Morthwyt Tyllion's cow!' Only Bran was calm amid the fury of the battle, supporting Bronwen between his shield and his shoulder.

At first the Irish were worsted because they had no help from the leathern bags on the brackets; but they kindled a fire in Llassar's cauldron and cast into it all their dead. Out of this the dead leapt up alive. These men who were restored fought as well as ever, but they could not speak. When Evnissyen saw the Irish triumphing with this advantage, but the men of the Island of the Mighty lying dead and remaining dead, he said in his heart, 'Alas! woe is me, that I should have been the cause of bringing the men of the Island of the Mighty into so great a strait. Evil betide me if I do not deliver them.' And he cast himself among the dead bodies of the Irish, and two unshod Irishmen came to him, and taking him to be one of the Irish flung him into the cauldron. And he stretched himself out in the cauldron, so that he rent the cauldron into four pieces and burst his own heart also. Nevertheless the men of the Island of the Mighty could not gain the victory. Besides Bran and Bronwen, only Manawythan and Talicsin the bard and five others escaped. Bran himself was wounded in the foot with a poisoned dart.

When they had gone aboard, Bran called these men round him and said:


text:
Page:Bury J B The Cambridge Medieval History Vol 2 1913.djvu/250

 CHAPTER VIII

(A)

IMPERIAL ITALY AND AFRICA: ADMINISTRATION

When in the year 534 Justinian organised the imperial administration in Africa, and after the year 540 in Italy, it was not so much his intention to create a new civil code as to restore in the main the conditions which had existed before the break in the Roman rule. In Africa this break had been complete owing to the constitution of the Vandal kingdom. In Italy the Roman civil administration had remained unaltered, even at the time when the rule of the Gothic king had superceded the direct imperial government, and therefore, after the expulsion of the Gothic army quartered on the land, only the military administration had to be created completely anew. Maintenance of the continuity, which from an imperial point of view had legally never been broken, and equal rights with those provinces which had never bowed to the yoke of the barbarians, are therefore the natural principles upon which Justinian founded his reorganisation of the West. It was, however, impossible in practice to ignore altogether the development of the last century. Africa and Italy had for so many years lived in political independence of each other, that it was no longer possible to look upon them as a united whole; in consequence of this, their administration remained entirely separate, as before. Whereas the dioecesis of Africa had been under the rule of the praefectus praetorio per Italias, until its occupation by the Vandals, it now received its own praefectus praetorio, who took the place of the former, henceforth superfluous vicarius Africae, so that the praefectus Italiae was limited to Italy. Sardinia and Corsica, however, which had been in the possession of the Vandals and were now won back by Justinian together with the Vandal kingdom, remained united with Africa. It was further of decisive importance for Italy that it was no longer, as before the so-called fall of the West-Roman Empire, ruled by two emperors with a local division of power, but by one only, and that he resided in the East. For the consequence was, that the court offices and central offices proper, such as the magister officiorum, the quaestor, the comites sacrarum largitionum, rerum privatarum and patrimonii, which as the highest administrative offices in Italy had been maintained within


text:
Page:Bury J B The Cambridge Medieval History Vol 2 1913.djvu/249

Rh diminished as the Lombard element drew nearer to the Roman. On the other hand, the assimilation with the inhabitants of Italy in race and culture had been rapidly carried out just on account of the smallness of the conquering tribe and the necessary adaptations resulting; and it was not the cultural and racial difference, but rather a difference of organisation, resulting from the land's history and settlement, which separated the three parts of Italy — the kingdom, the ecclesiastical State, and Benevento — through more than a thousand years.


text:
Page:R L Stevenson 1917 Familiar studies of men and books.djvu/99

 must have seemed the very dawn of hope and self-respect. This is to regard the question from its lowest aspect; but there is no doubt that he entered on this new period of his life with a sincere determination to do right. He had just helped his brother with a loan of a hundred and eighty pounds; should he do nothing for the poor girl whom he had ruined? It was true he could not do as he did without brutally wounding Clarinda; that was the punishment of his bygone fault; he was, as he truly says, "damned with a choice only of different species of error and misconduct." To be professional Don Juan, to accept the provocation of any lively lass upon the village green, may thus lead a man through a series of detestable words and actions, and land him at last in an undesired and most unsuitable union for life. If he had been strong enough to refrain or bad enough to persevere in evil; if he had only not been Don Juan at all, or been Don Juan altogether, there had been some possible road for him throughout this troublesome world; but a man, alas! who is equally at the call of his worse and better instincts, stands among changing events without foundation or resource.


text:
Page:R L Stevenson 1917 Familiar studies of men and books.djvu/100

It may be questionable whether any marriage could have tamed Burns; but it is at least certain that there was no hope for him in the marriage he contracted. He did right, but then he had done wrong before; it was, as I said, one of those relations in life which it seems equally wrong to break or to perpetuate. He neither loved nor respected his wife. "God knows," he writes, "my choice was as random as blind man's buff." He consoles himself by the thought that he has acted kindly to her; that she "has the most sacred enthusiasm of attachment to him;" that she has a good figure; that she has a "wood-note wild," "her voice rising with ease to B natural," no less. The effect on the reader is one of unmingled pity for both parties concerned. This was not the wife who (in his own words) could "enter into his favourite studies or relish his favourite authors;" this was not even a wife, after the affair of the marriage lines, in whom a husband could joy to place his trust. Let her manage a farm with sense, let her voice rise to B natural all day long, she would still be a peasant to her lettered lord, and an object of pity rather than of equal affection. She could now be faithful, she could now be


text:
Page:Celtic Stories by Edward Thomas.djvu/93

 'I am at the point of death. Cut off my head, and take it and bear it to the White Mount in London, and bury it there with the face towards France. A long time will you be upon the road. In Harlech you will be feasting seven years, the birds of Rhiannon singing unto you the while. And all that time the head will be to you as pleasant company as it ever was when on my body. And at Gwales Island you will be fourscore years, and you may remain there, and the head with you uncorrupted, until you open the door that looks towards Aber Henvelen and towards Cornwall. And after you have opened that door, there you may no longer tarry; set forth then to London to bury the head, and go straight forward.'

They cut off his head and bore it carefully with them. When they had landed in Anglesey they sat down to rest. Bronwen looked sadly round her. She looked towards Ireland and the Island of the Mighty and cried, 'Alas! woe is me that I was ever born; two islands have been destroyed because of me.' She uttered a loud groan, and there broke her heart. They buried her beside the river Alaw, at the place now called Bronwen's Island.

As they journeyed towards Harlech a multitude met them.

'Have you any tidings?' asked Manawythan, the son of Lear.

'Caswallawn, the son of Beli, has conquered the Island of the Mighty,' they answered, 'and is crowned King in London. He has slain the guardians of the kingdom, except Caradoc, and his heart broke for grief; for he could see the sword slaying his companions, but he could not see the slayer. Pendaran, the young page, has run away into the woods.'


text:
Page:Halek's Stories and Evensongs.pdf/217

EE! heesta [gee]!” shouted Poldik to his horses; he was driving with his wagon into Podskali [Undercliff], be it understood, and from there distributed throughout the city sand in summer and ice in winter.

Through summer, all through winter, and for many a long year it was the same monotonous journey to and fro. In summer he carted sand for the builders. When one house was completed, he carted for other builders perhaps in quite a different quarter of the city—that change occurred in summer. In winter when he had stocked the cellar of one brewer, he led ice to the neighbouring brewery, which was perhaps some streets distant—that change occurred in winter. Otherwise, provided the order was for the produce of the Moldau, ice and sand, he carted anywhere, his pilgrimage to the Moldau always finishing with Myslikoff Street, thence diverging to the Zitne Gasse, and finally passing the Sipkoff mills until at last it was brought to a termination at Naplavka [the Quay].

As soon as his vehicle had entered these streets, Poldik might have sat in his cart and gone to sleep; his horses would have found their way as we say “blindfold”. They knew hardly any other road. They were like the bucket of a well: we let it down one way and draw it up the same without a span-breadth of difference, but always the same; and if they had awoke some morning in any of the streets, Poldik need never have opened his lips; they would have gone on of their own accord like automata through that portion of their circuit which was yet before them, be it to Naplavka or from Naplavka to the building steads. So perfectly familiar to them was this road that they knew instinctively where the ale-house was, where was the blacksmith’s forge, where the fruit stall, and where Poldik bought his tobacco.

Very frequently they stopped at the ale-house without Poldik’s bidding: and only again jogged on with the vehicle when their master tugged at the reins and said “gee up” or swore at them. But it also very frequently happened that their master did not tug the reins or say “gee up” or swear at them, but let the reins hang loose by the cart and with heavy steps slouched into the ale-


text:
Page:Bury J B The Cambridge Medieval History Vol 2 1913.djvu/457

Rh wherever else the Northmen went. Quite 100,000 coins have been secured, and many more have been kept secret and melted, or lie still in the bosom of the ground, so that Jacob's estimate — a million — is certainly much too low.

The oldest written history of the Slavs can be shortly summarised — myriads of slave-hunts and the enthralment of entire peoples. The Slav was the most prized of human goods. With increased strength outside his marshy land of origin, hardened to the utmost against all privation, industrious, content with little, good-humoured, and cheerful, he filled the slave markets of Europe, Asia, and Africa. It must be remembered that for every Slavonic slave who reached his destination, at least ten succumbed to inhuman treatment during transport and to the heat of the climate. Indeed, Ibrāhīm (tenth century), himself in all probability a slave-dealer, says: "And the Slavs cannot travel to Lombardy on account of the heat which is fatal to them." Hence their high price.

The Arabian geographer of the ninth century tells us how the Magyars in the Pontus steppe dominated all the Slavs dwelling near them. The Magyars made raids upon the Slavs and took their prisoners along the coast to Kerkh where the Byzantines came to meet them and gave Greek brocades and such wares in exchange for the prisoners. The Slavs had a method of fortification, and their chief resort was the fortresses in winter and the forest in summer. The Rōs (Vikings, Norse pirates) lived on an island (probably the old commercial town Ladoga between the Ladoga and Ilmen lakes). They had many towns, and were estimated at 100,000 souls. They made war on the Slavs by ship and took them as prisoners to Khazarān and Bulgār (the emporia of the Chazars and Bulgars on the Volga). The Rōs had no villages, their sole occupation was trading with sable and other skins. A hundred to two hundred of them at a time would come into Slavland and take by force the objects that suited them. Many of the Slavs came to them and became their servants for the sake of safety.

We see then the Slav surrounded on the north by pirates, on the south by mounted nomads, and hunted and harried like the beast of the forest. Jordanes' words, "Instead of in towns they live in marshes and forests," cover the most terrible national martyrdom in the history of the world. The "fortifications" — simple ramparts — mentioned by the Arabian geographer were not impregnable; indeed, the strongest fortifications of Europe and Asia were stormed by the nomads and Northmen. "Mauricius" states: "Settled in places very hard of access, forests, rivers, lakes, they provide their dwellings with several exits with a view to accidents, and they bury everything that is not absolutely necessary. ... When they are suddenly attacked they dive under the water, and lying on their backs on the bottom they breathe through a long reed, and thus escape destruction, for the inexperienced take these projecting reeds for natural; but the experienced recognise them by their cut


text:
Page:Celtic Stories by Edward Thomas.djvu/94

 They went on to Harlech, and there stayed to rest. As they sat eating and drinking, the three birds of Rhiannon flitted up to the darkness of the rafters and began singing. All other songs were unpleasant compared to theirs. The birds seemed to be very far away, as it were across a wide sea, yet their notes were distinct. They were seven years sitting at this repast and listening to the birds of Rhiannon, and the seven years were no longer than a summer's day.

At the end of the seventh year they travelled to the bird island of Gwales, off Pembrokeshire. They found a fair and royal site overlooking the sea, and upon it a spacious hall. Into this hall they went, and two of its doors were open, but the third, which looked towards Cornwall, was closed. 'That,' said Manawythan, pointing, 'is the door we may not open.' That night they feasted and were glad. They remembered nothing of the past, nothing they had seen or done, nothing either joyous or sorrowful. And so they remained for fourscore years, so happy that they never thought whether they were happy or not. They never wearied, nor did they ever know or think how time was passing. The head of Bran was as pleasant to them as if he himself had been in their company, and these fourscore years were called 'The Entertaining of the Noble Head'.

One day Heilyn, the son of Gwynn, said: 'Ill luck to me if I do not open the door to know if that is true which Bran said of it.' He opened the door and they looked out towards Cornwall and Aber Henvelen. As they looked they remembered all things, their misery and losses, just as they had happened and as freshly as if those eighty years had never been; and especially they remembered the death of Bran. They could rest no longer. They journeyed to London and buried the


text:
Page:Halek's Stories and Evensongs.pdf/218

 house. Much the same occurred at the blacksmith’s shop; here they generally stopped of their own accord for certain, because whenever they lost a shoe Poldik swore at them then and there, and that was a sign that they would get a fresh shoe at the blacksmith’s. As for the fruit stall Poldik only occasionally recollected this halting-place, turned aside to the little booth and shouted at the door, “Two”. This had divers meanings according to the season of the year; either two kreuzer’s worth of cherries or pears, of plums or apples—or when there were none of these delicacies to be found at the stall—two kreuzer’s worth of brandy. Here perhaps, for the sake of completeness, I ought to detail what happened at the tobacconist’s. But Poldik frequently filled his pipe at the fruit stall and struck a light, and then it appeared to him that the world was better by a whole pipe of tobacco.

I do not pretend to enter into the sentiments of horses, but even Poldik’s horses saw the world in a better light after these halts, because they had a moment’s rest and quiet. They knew these modest stations well, and perhaps said to themselves, “There, if all be well, we shall enjoy another rest.”

I paint these horses for you, though you have seen them a hundred times; but they are indispensable for a proper understanding of my hero; although you have seen him also a hundred times. I do not know their life-history: they may have formed part of some grand turn-out: perhaps they had once served in a campaign, perhaps they were victorious with the heroes who rode them, perhaps with the same they beat an ignominious retreat. Now, they were horses because the Lord God had created them horses. Otherwise, they were mere skeletons, with just a strip of horse’s hide stretched across them for the sake of appearances, and if animals, like men, were in the habit of divesting themselves of their outer garments at night, a pair of bony frameworks would have been seen taking their rest in the stables, and might have served for a sciolist to demonstrate anatomy on. Nor did the aforementioned horses’ hides by any means interfere with any one who wished to compute the number of their ribs. You could do it to a hair, and see where the ribs began and where they ended, where the stomach was or rather ought to have been, where the hip-bones were and similar portions, which even a painter tries to endue with a certain amount of flesh.

They were, then, bones and leather, only that even this comparison is not quite correct. Their leather was rent in many a place, particularly in the region of the ribs and hip-bones where


text:
Page:Celtic Stories by Edward Thomas.djvu/95

 head of Bran in the White Mount with its face towards France; and Manawythan was sad, and gazing upon the town of London he sighed and exclaimed: 'There is none save myself without a resting-place this night.'

This was called the first goodly concealment, when Bran's head was buried. While the head was concealed no invader could enter the Island of the Mighty. The second concealment was that of the bones of Gwrthevyr, which were hid in the chief harbour of the Island: the third was when Lud the son of Beli buried the dragons in the City of Pharaon among the rocks of Snowdon. There were three unhappy uncoverings of these hidden things. Vortigern uncovered the dragons and the bones of Gwrthevyr. King Arthur uncovered the buried head of Bran because he was proud and was unwilling to keep out invaders save by his own strength. After these three uncoverings followed the chief invasions of the Island of the Mighty.


text:
Page:Bury J B The Cambridge Medieval History Vol 2 1913.djvu/458

430 and pierce the body through with them or pull them out, so that the diver must come to the surface if he will not be stifled." As late as 1768 parts of the revolting peasants surrounded by the Polish army rescued themselves from the Dnieper by breathing through reeds for more than half a day.

This terrible existence must have further shattered and dissolved Slavdom, already weakened in Polesie. Even partially regular tillage was impossible in districts exposed to constant attacks. Cornfields would have betrayed them, so that they could only be placed far out of reach. Breeding of horses, oxen, or sheep, as well as milk food could not be thought of, for cattle were the most coveted booty of the nomads, and what they did not take would have been carried off by the pirates. Even in their original home the Slavs were limited to grain and fish, and they remained so in their wider home.

Even by the ninth century this encircling of the Slavs by the pirates was very old. The Germanic inhabitants of the Baltic districts made a practice of piracy from the earliest times, and very early land-peoples also appear as masters of the Slavs. As we have already seen, they had been enslaved in pre-Christian times by the Keltic Venedi. The Venedi in course of time became fused with Slavs into one Slavic people, thenceforth called Wends by the Germans. The first known of their Germanic conquerors were the Bastarnae who, coming from the lower Oder, were in the third century B.C. already in occupation of the Slav lands north of the Carpathians as far as the mouth of the Danube. According to Polybius and Dio Cassius they were a numerous, daring, bibulous people of powerful stature and terrifying appearance who knew neither agriculture nor navigation, and disdained cattle-rearing because they cared only for warlike pursuits. On their expeditions their wives and children followed the army in wagons, and their horsemen fought with foot-soldiers among them. They fell into various clans and divisions under little kings (reguli), one of whom stood at the head as leader of the war-band. But a numerous people without agriculture and cattle-rearing cannot live only on plunder and cannot live alone in a land; it needs another more numerous people of serfs, among whom it settles as a dominating class. But north of the Carpathians such a people could only be the Slavs. Thus arose the oldest known Slavo-Germanic State. The second Germanic people from whose influence the Slavs could not escape was the ferocious Heruli situated by the Black Sea east of the Goths and the Don, for the same weapons and the same burial customs are found among them as among the Slavs. The third people were the Goths.

According to the oldest Gothic tradition (given by Jordanes) King Ermanarich (died 373) overcame the Slavs (Veneti) "who, notwithstanding that they were despised as warriors, nevertheless being strong in numbers, attempted at first a stout resistance." His great-nephew


text:
Page:Halek's Stories and Evensongs.pdf/219

 the straps frayed them; in some places it was even frayed off altogether, especially about the neck where the collar sat. At times these frayed and shabby objects tempted the fancy to divers comparisons. They looked like the seedy old sofa of some aged country parson, and only wanted a little horsehair or whatever the sofa was stuffed with to peep out from their rent hides, to make the comparison perfect. Or, again, they looked like an old sleeve of a past generation, which no longer gave any warmth to the wearer, because all the nap was rubbed off.

These horses, then, were far removed from their prototype Pegasus—as far, indeed as the hodman is from the architect, or the drummer in the orchestra from the composer of the overture.

Had Apollo clapped wings on to these creatures of Poldik—had he clapped on to them the original pair of poet’s wings, they would never, for all the world, have flown along Myslikoff Street—much less have taken flight above it. When they stood still and Poldik’s “Cl! cl!” and his whip gave them to understand that they were to bestir themselves, you could count up a fair number of seconds before their volition imparted itself to all the harness, before the traces stretched tight, before the fore-wheel got an inkling of what was toward, before the cart creaked and incited even the hind wheels to rotate, and before the whole system was in motion: horses, cart, and Poldik.

And when they were at last on the go their pace was above measure deliberate. Perhaps not even clockwork is so completely uniform, for we see clocks gain or lose. But Poldik’s horses never gained a minute in a whole year, though to their praise be it added that they never lost a minute either. A sluggish, even, deliberate pace was so strong a portion of their characters that neither Poldik’s whip nor his oaths caused the least variation therefrom. Poldik’s whip seemed to them a necessary concomitant to their own deliberate pace; if they had missed it in certain conjunctures, and in the same conjunctures had not heard the well-known oaths, they would certainly have cried out—had they been gifted with human speech—“Why don’t you crack your whip again now? why don’t you swear at us again?”

An anatomist, gazing at their even and ever sluggish pace, might have verified what muscles it was by which they extended their feet; he would have had plenty of time for this.

For their regularity of movement they were not themselves wholly to blame. They got just enough fodder to keep them in leather, and this leather held them together just enough for Poldik


text: Celtic Stories/Bran and Bronwen

title: Celtic Stories/Bran and Bronwen


text:
Page:Halek's Stories and Evensongs.pdf/220

 still at times to boast to his companions that they pulled “like clockwork”. Perhaps if they had got more fodder they would have pulled like greased clockwork, but no opportunity was given to them of converting more victuals into blood and muscle; therefore we can believe that if more fodder had been placed before them, they would not have cared about it.

Poldik’s own gait much resembled the pace of these dilapidated horses. By long tramping beside his vehicle, his pace had been drilled into one just as sluggish, slow, and vacillating; even on Sunday, when he no longer walked behind his vehicle, his step was no fresher nor brisker. The “tempo” of the previous week still maintained itself in his limbs, and he went on just as regularly as the small wheel in a watch. But inasmuch as the usual pace at which people move is considerably brisker than that of scavenger’s horses, Poldik’s step was uniformly shaky; every time he lifted one foot and brought it forward his body made a corresponding contortion as though he wished to take half a step backward. This shaky manner of walking was his habitual manner, and so even on Sunday when he indulged in something of a strut the upper portion of his person kept shaking and swaying as if it wished to compensate for the sluggishness of his ordinary pace.

It also sometimes came to pass that Poldik had to quicken his steps, when the horses entangled the reins or traces under their feet, when a horse lost a shoe or anything of the like nature occurred. But as soon as the affair was put to rights and the cranky vehicle moved on, Poldik remained standing and waited until the vehicle had jogged on so far that he found himself once more in his usual place. Then he felt as though he had over-exerted himself, and lapsed into his usual regular pace to rest himself. And he rested long enough.

Sometimes it would happen that he wished to have some confidential and important conversation with the scavenger who was driving the cart behind him. On these occasions he allowed his vehicle to rumble on ahead while he himself paused and waited until the other carter caught him up. When their chat was over, Poldik had to overtake his own horses, and perhaps they might be thirty paces or thereabouts in advance. Such moments necessarily stirred both his blood and his stumps, and for thirty paces he had matters for reflection as to how he had lagged behind, how he had fatigued himself, and whether it was worth the while.


text:
Page:Bury J B The Cambridge Medieval History Vol 2 1913.djvu/313

603-609] also (603) Narses revolted, seized Edessa, and appealed to Persia for support. Germanus, now in command of the eastern army, marched to Edessa with orders to recover the city. In the spring of 604 Chosroes led his forces against the Empire, and while part encamped round Dara, he himself made for Edessa to attack the Romans who were themselves besieging Narses. As day broke the Persians fell upon Germanus, who was defeated and eleven days later died of his wounds in Constantina; his men fled in confusion. Chosroes, it would appear, entered Edessa, and (according to the Armenian historian Sebeos) Narses introduced to the Persian king a young man whom he represented to be Theodosius; the pretender was gladly welcomed by Chosroes, who then retired to Dara, where the Romans still resisted the besiegers. On the news of the death of Germanus Phocas realised that all the forces which he could raise were needed for the war in Asia. He increased the annual payments to the Avars, and withdrew the regiments from Thrace (605?). Some of the troops under the command of the eunuch Leontius were ordered to invest Edessa, though Narses soon escaped from this city and reached Hierapolis; the rest of the army marched against Persia, but at Arxamon, between Edessa and Nisibis, Chosroes won a great victory and took numerous captives; about this time, after a year and a half's siege, the walls of Dara were undermined, the fortress captured, and the inhabitants massacred. Laden with booty the Persian monarch returned to Ctesiphon, leaving Zongoes in command in Asia. Leontius was disgraced, and Phocas appointed his Cousin Domentiolus curopalates and general-in-chief. Narses was induced to surrender on condition that no harm should be done to him; Phocas disregarded the oath and Rome's best general was burned alive in the capital.

Meanwhile Armenia was devastated by civil war and Persian invasion: Karin opened its gates to the pretended son of Maurice, and Chosroes established a marzpam in Dovin. In the year after the siege of Dara (606) Sahrbarâz and Kardarigan entered Mesopotamia and the country bordering on the frontier of Syria; among the towns which surrendered were Amida and Resaina. In 607 Syria, Palestine, and Phoenicia were overrun; in 608 Kardarigan, in conjunction it seems with Sahîn, marched north-west and while the latter occupied Cappadocia, spending a year (608-609) in Caesarea which was evacuated by the Christians, the former made forays into Paphlagonia and Galatia, penetrating even as far west as Chalcedon. In fact the Roman world at this time fell into a state of anarchy, and passions which had long smouldered burst into flame. Blues and Greens fought out their feuds in the streets of Antioch, Jerusalem, and Alexandria, while on every side men easily persuaded themselves that Theodosius yet lived. Even in Constantinople Germanus thought


text:
Page:Memoirs of Vidocq, Volume 3.djvu/179

 plain cotton-handkerchief to the glittering uniform of the general. These gentlemen, accustomed to clear off all before them, had even carried off the linen intended for the laundress. This system, which has its rise in a desire not to leave a fraction of any thing to the person robbed, is very dangerous for the thieves, for it compels them to make minute researches, and occasions delays which sometimes terminate most unpropitiously. But on this occasion they had worked with perfect security; the presence of the general in his apartment had been a guarantee that they would not be troubled in their enterprise, and they had emptied the wardrobes and trunks with the same security as a broker who is making an inventory after a death. How, I shall be asked, could the general be present? Alas! he was—but when one plays an active part at a good dinner, can the result be doubted! Without hatred, without fear, without suspicion, we pass gaily from Beaune to Chambertin, from Chambertin to Clos-Vougeot, from Clos-Vougeot to Romanée; then after having thus overrun all the wines of Burgundy and discussing their various merits, we come to Champagne and the flatulent AiAÿ [sic], and but too happy is that guest, who, full of the joys of the delicious pilgrimage, does not get so far muddled as to be unable to find his way home. The general, after a banquet of this kind, had still preserved his reasoning powers entire, at least I think so, but he had returned excessively sleepy; and as in that state one is more anxious to tumble into bed, than to close a window, he had left his open for the convenience of comers and goers. What imprudence! I know not if he had agreeable dreams, but I remember, that in his statement of the transaction, he deposed that he had awakened from his sleep like a little St. John.

Who were the persons that had committed the depredation? It was not easy to discover them, and at the moment all that could be done or said with certainty was, that they had what is called the toupet, since they had disgracefully profaned the brevets of the ge-


text:
Page:Bury J B The Cambridge Medieval History Vol 2 1913.djvu/312

284 this fact that late tradition traced his descent from that country. It was just in this sphere of military reform, however, that he displayed his fatal inability to judge the time when he could safely insist on an unpopular measure; his demand that the army should winter beyond the Danube cost him alike throne and life. It was further an ill-advised step when Maurice in his later years (598 or 599) reverted, as Justin had done before him, to a policy of religious persecution. By endeavouring to force Chalcedonian orthodoxy on Mesopotamia he effected little save the alienation of his subjects. It was left to Heraclius to follow Tiberius in choosing the better part and endeavouring by conciliation to introduce union amongst the warring parties. But the great blot on the reign of Maurice is his favouritism towards incapable officials; the ability of men like Narses and Priscus had to give place to the incompetency of Peter and the treachery of Comentiolus. Time and again their blunders were overlooked and new distinctions forced upon them. The fear that a victorious general of to-day might be the successful rival of to-morrow gave but a show of justification to this ruinous partiality.

But despite all criticisms Maurice remains a high-minded, conscientious, independent, hard-working ruler, and if other proof of his worth were lacking it is to be found in the universal hatred of his murderer.

Other executions followed those of Maurice and his sons: Comentiolus and Peter were slain, while Alexander dragged Theodosius from the sanctuary of Autonomus and killed both him and the praefect Constantine. Constantina and her three daughters were confined in a private house. Phocas was master of the capital. But elsewhere throughout the Empire men refused to ratify the army's choice: through Anatolia and Cilicia, through the Roman province of Asia and in Palestine, through Illyricum and in Thessalonica civil war was raging: on every side the citizens rose in rebellion against the assassin whom Pope Gregory and the older Rome delighted to honour; even in Constantinople itself a plot hatched by Germanus was only suppressed after a great part of the city had been destroyed by fire. The ex-empress as a result of these disorders was now immured with her daughters in a convent, while Philippicus and Germanus were forced to become priests.

A persistent rumour affirmed that Theodosius was still alive; for a time Phocas himself must have believed the report, for he put to death his agent Alexander; furthermore Chosroes was thus furnished with a fair-sounding pretext for an invasion of the Empire : he came as avenger of Maurice to whom he owed his throne, and as restorer of Maurice's heir. When in the spring of 603 Phocas despatched Lilius to the Persian court to announce his accession, the ambassador was thrown into chains, and in an arrogant letter Chosroes declared war on Rome. About this time


text: User:SnowyCinema/P/Fighting Blood (Witwer)


text:
Fighting Blood

 * Fighting Blood (1911), a silent film directed by D. W. Griffith
 * Fighting Blood (1936), a novel by William Heyliger
 * Fighting Blood (1923), a novel by Harry Charles Witwer

title: Fighting Blood


text:
Page:Bury J B The Cambridge Medieval History Vol 2 1913.djvu/315

Rh Thence Bonosus departed for Jerusalem, where the faction fights of Blues and Greens had spread confusion throughout the city.

The tyrant was still master within the capital, but Africa was preparing the expedition which was to cause his overthrow. In 607, or at latest 608, Heraclius, formerly general of Maurice and now exarch, with his Gregory, was planning rebellion. The news reached the ears of Priscus, who had learned to fear his father-in-law's animosity, and negotiations were opened between the Senate and the Pentapolis: the aristocracy was ready to give its aid should a liberator reach the capital. Obviously such a promise was of small value, and Heraclius was forced to rely upon his own resources. But he was at this time advanced in life, and to his son Heraclius and to Gregory's son Nicetas was entrusted the execution of the plot. It is only of recent years, through the discovery of the chronicle of John of Nikiou, that we have been able to construct the history of the operations. First Nicetas was to invade Egypt and secure Alexandria, then Heraclius would take ship for Thessalonica, and from this harbour as his base he would direct his attack upon Constantinople.

During the year 608, 3000 men were raised in the Pentapolis, and these, together with Berber troops, were placed under the command of Bonâkis (a spelling which doubtless hides a Homan name) who defeated without difficulty the imperial generals. Leontius, the praefect of Mareotis, was on the side of Heraclius, and the governor of Tripolis arrived with reinforcements. High officials were conspiring to support the rebels in Alexandria itself, when the plot was revealed to Theodore, the imperialist patriarch. When the news reached Phocas he forthwith ordered the praefect of Byzantium to convey fresh troops with all speed to Alexandria and the Delta fortresses, while Bonosus, who was contemplating a seizure of the patriarch of Jerusalem, was summoned to leave the Holy City and to march against Nicetas. On the latter's advance, Alexandria refused to surrender, but resistance was short-lived, and the patriarch and general met their deaths. Treasure, shipping, the island and fortress of Pharos, all fell into the hands of Nicetas, while Bonâkis received the submission of many of the Delta towns. At Caesarea, where Bonosus took ship, he heard of the capture of Alexandria, and while his cavalry pursued the land route, his fleet in two divisions sailed up the Nile by the Pelusiac channel and by the main eastern arm of the river. At first Bonosus carried all before him and inflicted a crushing defeat near Manüf on the generals of Heraclius, thereby reconquering the Delta for Phocas, but he was repulsed from Alexandria with heavy loss and suffered so severely in a fresh advance from his base at Nikiou that he was forced to abandon Egypt


text:
Page:Bury J B The Cambridge Medieval History Vol 2 1913.djvu/314

286 that he could turn to his own profit the popular belief. Our authorities are unsatisfactory but it would seem that two distinct plots with different aims were set on foot. There was a conspiracy among the highest court officials headed by the praetorian praefect of the East, Theodorus: Elpidius, governor of the imperial arsenal, was willing to supply arms, and Phocas was to be slain in the Hippodrome. Theodorus himself would then be proclaimed emperor. Of this plan Germanus obtained warning, and for his part determined to anticipate the scheme by playing upon the public sympathy for the house of Maurice. While nominally championing the cause of Theodosius, he doubtless intended to secure for himself the supreme power. Through a certain Petronia he entered into communication with Constantina, but Petronia betrayed the secret to Phocas, Under torture Constantina accused Germanus of complicity and he in turn implicated others. The rival plot met with no better success. Anastasius, who had been present at the breakfast council where the project was discussed, repented of his treason and informed the Emperor. On 7 June 605 Phocas wreaked his vengeance on the court officials, and about the same time Germanus, Constantina, and her three daughters met their deaths.

Alarms and suspicions haunted the Emperor and terror goaded him to fresh excesses. In 607, it would seem, his daughter Domentzia was married to Priscus, the former general of Maurice, and when the demesmen raised statues to bride and bridegroom, Phocas saw in the act new treason and yet another attempt upon his throne. It was in vain that the authorities pleaded that they were but following long-established custom; it was only popular clamour that saved the demarchs Theophanes and Pamphilus from immediate execution. Even loyalty was proved dangerous, and anxiety for his personal safety made of a son-in-law a secret foe. The capital was full of plague and scarcity and executions: Comentiolus and all the remaining kindred of Maurice fell victims to the panic fear of Phocas. The Greens themselves turned against the Emperor, taunting him in the circus with his debauchery, and setting on fire the public buildings. Phocas retorted by depriving them of all political rights. He looked around for allies: at least he would win the sympathies of the orthodox in the East, as he had from the first enjoyed the support of Rome. Anastasius, Jacobite patriarch of Alexandria, was expelled: Syria and Egypt, he decreed, should choose no ecclesiastical dignitary without his authorisation. Before the common attack, Monophysite Antioch and Alexandria determined to sink their differences. In 608 the patriarchs met in the Syrian capital. The local authorities interfered, but the Jacobite populace was joined by the Jews in their resistance to the imperial troops. The orthodox patriarch was slain and the rioters gained the day. Phocas despatched Cotton and Bonosus, count of the East, to Antioch; with hideous cruelty their mission was accomplished, and the Emperor's authority with difficulty re-established.


text:
Page:Memoirs of Vidocq, Volume 3.djvu/180

 neral, in a way that must be guessed at, but cannot be mentioned, but which proved that they took him for the most profound sleeper in France.

I was very desirous of detecting the insolents who had perpetrated a robbery attended with circumstances so aggravating. In the absence of all indications by which I might endeavour to trace a path for myself, I allowed myself to be led by that inspiration which has so seldom deceived me. The idea suddenly struck me, that the thieves who had introduced themselves at the general's, might belong to the gang of one Perrin, a blacksmith, who had long been pointed out to me as a most audacious fence. I began by surveying the approaches to Perrin's domicile, which was in the Rue de la Sonnerie, No. 1; but after several days' watching, nothing occurred to guide me, and I felt convinced that to arrive at any satisfactory result, I must have recourse to stratagem.

I could not go direct to Perrin as he knew me, but I instructed one of my agents, who would not be suspected. He went to see him, and they conversed on various topics; at length, touching on robberies,—

"I' faith," said Perrin, "no bold hits are now made."

"What do you mean?" replied the agent. "I think those who were at the general's, in the hotel de Valois, have no cause for complaint; when I learn that in his full-dress uniform there was concealed a sum of twenty-five thousand francs in bank notes."

Perrin had so much cupidity and avarice, that if he had been possessor of the dress, this lie, which revealed to him riches of which he had not dreamt, would necessarily make an impression of joy, which he would be unable to dissemble; if the uniform had passed into other hands, and he had already disposed of it, a contrary feeling would betray itself. I had foreseen the alternative. Perrin's eyes did not sparkle, no smile was seen upon his lips; in vain did he seek to disguise his trouble, the feeling of his loss so sorely smote him, that he began to dash the floor with his foot, and tear his hair most


text:
Page:Memoirs of Vidocq, Volume 3.djvu/181

 furiously, "Ah mon Dieu, mon Dieu!" he cried, "these events always befall me, must I be for ever wretched?"

"Well, what do you mean? Did you buy it?"

"Yes, yes, I bought it, as you ask me, but I sold it again."

"Do you know to whom?"

"Certainly I do: to a man in the Rue Feydeau, that he might burn the lace."

"Oh, do not despair, there is a remedy still left, if the melter be an honest man."

Perrin gave a jump. "Twenty-five thousand francs burnt! Twenty-five thousand francs! That is not picked up every day; why was I in such haste about it?"

"Well, if I were you, I should try to get back the embroidery before it is put in the melting-pot. If you like, I will go to the melter, and tell him that having had a good offer for it from one of the theatres, you are desirous of buying it back again. I will offer him a premium, and probably he will not make any difficulty about it."

Perrin thought the plan admirable, accepted the proposition with eagerness, and the agent, desirous of rendering him a service, ran to give me an account of what had passed. Then, taking search warrants, I made a descent upon the melter. The embroidery was untouched; I gave them to the agent to convey to Perrin, and at the instant when he, impatient to seize on the notes, gave the first cut with his scissors to release the presumed treasure, I appeared with the commissary. We found at Perrin's evidences of the illicit trade which he carried on; an abundance of stolen property was found in his stores. Conducted to the depot, he was examined; but, at first, only gave very vague replies, whence no intelligence could be collected.

After his imprisonment in La Force, I went to see him, and ask him for information, but could only get from him some few indications; he knew not, he asserted,


text:
Page:Memoirs of Vidocq, Volume 3.djvu/182

 the names of the persons who constantly dealt with him. However, the little he told me aided me in forming suspicions that were plausible, and in converting my suspicions to realities. I had a considerable number of suspicious characters marched out before him, and, on his detection of them, they were put on their trials. Twenty-two were sentenced to irons, and amongst them was one of the authors of the robbery on General Boucher. Perrin was tried and convicted of receiving the stolen booty, but in consequence of the utility of the information he had given, only the minimum of punishment was pronounced against him.

A short time afterwards, two other fences, the brothers Perrot, in the hopes of clemency from the judge, followed the example of Perrin, not only in making confessions, but deciding several other prisoners on pointing out their accomplices. From their statements I brought into the power of justice two famous robbers, named Valentin and Rigaudi, alias Grindesi.

Never, perhaps, were there so many of those gentry, who unite the professions of thief and chevalier d'industrie, as in the year of the first restoration. One of the most skilful and most enterprising was Winter de Sarre-Louis.

Winter was only twenty-six, and was one of those handsome brown fellows, whose arched eye-brows, long lashes, prominent nose, and rakish air, have such charms for a certain class of females. Winter had, moreover, that good carriage, and peculiar look, which belongs to an officer of light cavalry, and he, therefore, assumed a military costume, which best displayed the graces of his person. One day he was a hussar, the next a lancer, and then again in some fancy uniform. At will he was chief of a squadron, commandant, aide-de-camp, colonel, &c; and to command more consideration, he did not fail to give himself a respectable parentage; he was by turns the son of the valiant Lasalle, of the gallant Winter, colonel of the grenadiers of the imperial horse-guard; nephew of the general Comte


text:
Index talk:Wit and Wisdom from West Africa (1865).djvu

Another version
There is another version at Index:Wit and Wisdom from West Africa (IA witandwisdomfro01burtgoog).pdf -- Beardo (talk) 13:36, 11 December 2023 (UTC)


text:
Index talk:Wit and Wisdom from West Africa (IA witandwisdomfro01burtgoog).pdf

Another version
There is another version at Index talk:Wit and Wisdom from West Africa (1865).djvu which has had some work done. -- Beardo (talk) 13:37, 11 December 2023 (UTC)


text:
Page:Kentucky Resolutions of 1798.djvu/54

38 maze of these Spanish negotiations. That they existed and that they were renewed in 1797 cannot be denied, although the exact part played by the different actors is as yet uncertain. Whatever may have been the wishes of a few a period was put to any general inclination to such a course by the treaty with Spain in the autumn of 1795, which opened the Mississippi and gave a place of deposit at New Orleans. So great was the reaction caused by the excesses of Genet that the Federalists were able to elect Humphrey Marshall to the Senate, and this treaty carried it still further. The great mass of the people had always felt themselves a part of the United States and hesitated to think of any proposition looking towards separation. They received this as earnest of a desire to legislate for their good, equally with that of the older States, and, though the devotion to the administration was short-lived, and though they seriously opposed the excise, still cherished an attachment to France, and blazed out against the Alien and Sedition laws, the seeds of entire loyalty had been so well sown, that when the election of Jefferson proclaimed the triumph of the extreme Democratic school, they gave an adherence to the Union that has been sincere and enthusiastic to this day.

More space has perhaps been given to this account of the growth of public opinion in Kentucky than was necessary. And yet it is very important that it should be kept well in mind, in order to clearly understand the nature of the movement resulting


text:
Author:Clement Richardson

Works

 * The National Cyclopedia of the Colored Race, Volume 1 (1919)

title: Author:Clement Richardson


text:
Page:On the Influence of Carbonic Acid in the Air upon the Temperature of the Ground.pdf/17

252 {|
 * colspan=4|Morning.
 * colspan=4|Noon.
 * colspan=4|Evening.
 * $\text{D}$.
 * $\text{W}$.
 * $\text{I}$.
 * $\text{I}_1$.
 * $\text{D}$.
 * $\text{W}$.
 * $\text{I}$.
 * $\text{I}_1$.
 * $\text{D}$.
 * $\text{W}$.
 * $\text{I}$.
 * $\text{I}_1$.
 * rowspan=2|Lone Pine.
 * rowspan=2|
 * 29.3
 * 0.61
 * 1.424
 * 1.554
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * 23.6
 * 0.46
 * 1.692
 * 1.715
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|{{SIC|{{brace2|2}}|{}}
 * 26.6
 * 0.51
 * 1.417
 * 1.351
 * rowspan=2|
 * 21.1
 * 0.84
 * 1.458
 * 1.583
 * 26.9
 * 0.59
 * 1.699
 * 1.721
 * 23.2
 * 0.74
 * 1.428
 * 1.359
 * rowspan=2|Mountain Camp.
 * rowspan=2|
 * 23.5
 * 0.088
 * 1.790
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * 22.5
 * 0.182
 * 1.904
 * 1.873
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * 24.5
 * 0.205
 * 1.701
 * 1.641
 * rowspan=2|
 * 23.5
 * 0.153
 * 1.749
 * 24.5
 * 0.245
 * 1.890
 * 1.917
 * 22.5
 * 0.32
 * 1.601
 * 1.527
 * }
 * 1.873
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * 24.5
 * 0.205
 * 1.701
 * 1.641
 * rowspan=2|
 * 23.5
 * 0.153
 * 1.749
 * 24.5
 * 0.245
 * 1.890
 * 1.917
 * 22.5
 * 0.32
 * 1.601
 * 1.527
 * }
 * 1.527
 * }

At a very low humidity (Mountain Camp) it is evident that the absorbing power of the aqueous vapour has an influence, for the figures for greater humidity are (with an insignificant exception) inferior to those for less humidity. But for the observations from Lone Pine the contrary seems to be true. It is not permissible to assume that the radiation can be strengthened by its passage through aqueous vapour, but the observed effect must be caused by some secondary circumstance. Probably the air is in general more pure if there is more water-vapour in it than if there is less. The selective diffusion diminishes in consequence of this greater purity, and this secondary effect more than counterbalances the insignificant absorption that the radiation suffers from the increase of the water-vapour. It is noteworthy that Elster and Geitel have proved that invisible actinic rays of very high refrangibility traverse the air much more easily if it is humid than if it is dry. Langley's figures demonstrate meanwhile that the influence of aqueous vapour on the radiation from the sun is insensible as soon as it has exceeded a value of about $0.4$.

Probably the same reasoning will hold good for carbonic acid, for the absorption spectrum of both gases is of the same general character. Moreover, the absorption by carbonic acid occurs at considerably greater wave-lengths, and consequently for much less important parts of the sun's spectrum than the absorption by water-vapour. It is, therefore, justifiable to assume that the radiation from the sun suffers no appreciable diminution if $$\text{K}$$ and $$\text{W}$$ increase from a rather insignificant value ($\text{K}=1$, $\text{W}=0.4$) to higher ones.

Before we proceed further we need to examine another question, Let the carbonic acid in the air be, for instance, the same as now ($\text{K}=1$ for vertical rays), and the quantity of water-vapour be 10 grammes per cubic metre ($\text{W}=1$ for


text:
Page:Memoirs of Vidocq, Volume 3.djvu/183

 de Lagrange, and cousin-german to Rapp; in fact, there was no name which he did not borrow, no illustrious family to which he did not belong. Born of parents in a decent situation of life, Winter had received an education sufficiently brilliant to enable him to aspire to all these metamorphoses; the elegance of his manner, and a most gentlemanly appearance, completed the illusion.

Few men had made a better début than Winter. Thrown early into the career of arms, he obtained very rapid promotion; but when an officer he soon lost the esteem of his superiors; who, to punish his misconduct, sent him to the Isle of Ré, to one of the colonial battalions. There he so conducted himself as to inspire a belief that he had entirely reformed. But no sooner was he raised a step, than committing some fresh peccadillo, he was compelled to desert in order to avoid punishment. He came thence to Paris, where his exploits as swindler and pickpocket procured him the unenviable distinction of being pointed out to the police as one of the most skilful in his twofold profession.

Winter, who was what is termed a downy one, plucked a multitude of gulpins even in the most elevated classes of society. He visited princes, dukes, the sons of ancient senators, and it was on them or the ladies of their circle that he made the experiments of his misapplied talents. The females, particularly, however squeamish they were, were never sufficiently so to prevent themselves from being plundered by him. For several months the police were on the look out for this seducing young man, who, changing his dress and abode incessantly, escaped from their clutch at the moment when they thought they had him securely, when I received orders to commence the chase after him, to attempt his capture.

Winter was one of those Lovelaces who never deceive a woman without robbing her. I thought that amongst his victims I could find at least one, who, from a spirit of revenge, would be disposed to put me on the


text:
Page:The return of the soldier (IA returnofsoldier00west2).pdf/114

 because I thought father might want the marriage soon and think any delay a slight on me, and I knew we would have to wait. Eh! I can remember saying to myself, 'Perhaps five years,' trying to make it as bad as could be so that if we could marry sooner it would be a lovely surprise." She repeated with soft irony, "Perhaps five years!"

"Well, then, one Thursday afternoon I'd gone on the back-water with Bert Batchard, nephew to Mr. Batchard who keeps the inn at Surly Hall. I was laughing out loud because he did row so funny! He's a town chap, and he was handling those oars for all the world as though they were teaspoons. The old dinghy just sat on the water like a hen on its chicks and didn't move, and he so sure of himself! I just sat and laughed and laughed. Then all of a sudden, clang! clang! the bell at the ferry. And there was Chris, standing up there among the poplars, his brows


text:
Page:Tristimulus specification of the Munsell book of color from spectrophotometric measurements (IA jresv31n1p55).pdf/4

Spectral reflection curves of all of the samples noted and listed in table 2 were run on the General Electric recording spectrophotometer at the National Bureau of Standards. The samples were run relative to magnesium oxide [16], with approximately 4 mJ.l slits and over a wavelength range from 400 to 750 m J.l. The samples were backed with black paper for these measurements. Calibration curves were run on each sheet, enabling corrections to be applied to the data for wavelength errors, for 100-percent and zero curve deviations, and for aging of the magnesium oxide comparison surface, in accordance with methods regularly used at the National Bureau of Standards [17, 18].

As already noted, the colorimetric computations were made for four different illuminants. ICI illuminants A and 0 have become well established in colorimetric work. llluminant A is the Plankian radiator or blackbody at 2,842 0 K (02 = 14,320 micron-degrees, or 2,848 0 K with O2 = 14,350); the color temperatures of common incandescent illuminants vary from about 2,600 0 to about 3,100 0 K. llluminant 0 is that produced by a source at 2,842° K combined with a certain Davis-Gibson daylight liquid filter [19]. On the "OSA excitations" basis (used in the design of the Davis-Gibson filters) the resulting color matched that of a Plankian radiator at 6,500 0 K. On the basis of the ICI data the approximate color t emperature of this lamp-and-filter combination is 6,800 0 K. The color and spectmlenergy distribution of I CI illuminant 0 satisfactorily match those of overcast sky or average daylight for colorimetric use.

Iliuminant "D" is that produced by an illuminant at 3,000° K combined with a Macbeth (Corning) daylight glass filter giving a color temperature of approximately 7,500 0 K. The color of illuminant "D", found to be the optimum color for cotton grading, is also being widely used for agricultural grading and textile color matching. Its color closely matches that of the lightly overcast north sky most desired for such work. Illuminant "S" was designed as the blue end point for a series of illuminants representing the range from fully overcast to maximally clear sky. It was devised by weighting Abbot's "sun-outsideatmosphere" energy data by the inverse A4 scattering relation. llluminant "S" has been designated as "limit blue sky."

The colorimetric data on the Munsell samples for ICI illuminant C, representative of average daylight, are of primary interest and the computations were carried out both at the National Bureau of Standards and in the U. S. Department of Agriculture. Those for the other three illuminants were made in the Department of Agriculture. All of the computations in the Department of Agriculture were done by using Hollerith cards and automatically punching sums obtained by the method of progressive digiting. The authors are indebted to Lila F. Knudsen, mathematical statistician of the Food and Drng Administration, for snggesting this rapid method of computation [20]. All of the computations were made by the weighted ordinate method.

The spectral-energy distributions of the four illuminants are shown in figure 1, and in table 1 are given the tristimulus data for the spectrum of each of the four illuminants used in the computations of X, Y, Z and x, y, z.


text:
Page:Kentucky Resolutions of 1798.djvu/55

Rh from the odious acts of 1798. A single further example, while it may be regarded as extreme, will yet throw some additional light on a type of political opinion which was not uncommon. In early times in Indiana a political libel suit was tried in the Franklin Circuit Court. The principal allegation was that the defendant had called the plaintiff an old Federalist. The issue was made up on this as an agreed statement of facts, and proof was taken as to whether the offence constituted a libel. The chief witness was an old man named Herndon, who had moved to Indiana from Kentucky. He swore that he considered it libelous to call a man a Federalist; that he would shoot a man who called him either a horse thief or a Federalist; that he would rather be called any thing under heaven than a Federalist; and regarded a thousand dollars as the least measure of damages; that he considered the term as equivalent to Tory, or enemy of his country, and from the earliest days of Kentucky such he believed to have been the common acceptation of the term. Other witnesses coroborated this testimony and the jury found a verdict to the effect that "to call a man a Federalist was libelous," and fixed the damages at one thousand dollars.

Such an occurrence seems impossible in days of calm retrospect, but the bitter invectives and unfounded statements that filled the harangues of the time were well calculated to distort the judgment and fill the minds of men with erroneous and totally false ideas.


text:
Page:Kentucky Resolutions of 1798.djvu/56

40 Such was the temper of the people and the times in Kentucky when the news was slowly brought to them of the progress of events at the seat of government. It does not require any very acute student of history to see how the people and the times interacted on each other, nor how fully in accord they were just at this time. The stubble was dry; with the first breath of flame it was ready to spring into full blaze. It was one great conflagration from the moment that it was known that the Alien and Seditions acts were likely to pass the houses and become laws.

It is easy to understand the profound impression made in Kentucky by the Alien and Sedition laws, when the feeling in other and less radically Democratic States is remembered and their past history considered. The very frame of society seemed to be shaken. The sentiment was unanimous that these measures were transgressions of the limits fixed by the Constitution and aimed at the subversion of the very foundations of liberty. All the old machinery was at once put in motion, and county after county passed resolutions condemning these laws. Public dinners were held at which toasts were drunk in honor of France, of the two great opponents of these laws, Livingston of New York and Gallatin of Pennsylvania, to whom John Nicholas of Virginia was sometimes added, of the Vice-President, "the bulwark of liberty," and also to the right to the navigation of the Mississippi, to the inviolability of the Constitution, etc., the President in all cases being conspicuous by the absence


text: Page:The study of history in Holland and Belgium (IA studyofhistoryin00frrich).pdf/78


text: Page:The study of history in Holland and Belgium (IA studyofhistoryin00frrich).pdf/77


text: Page:The study of history in Holland and Belgium (IA studyofhistoryin00frrich).pdf/76


text:
Page:Kentucky Resolutions of 1798.djvu/58

42 —without restriction as to number—and to borrow money to support them, without limitation as to the sum to be borrowed or the quantum of interest to be given on the loan, are dangerous and unconstitutional.

''Sixth. Resolved'', That the Alien bill is unconstitutional, impolitic, unjust, and disgraceful to the American character.

''Seventh. Resolved'', That the privilege of printing and publishing our sentiments on all public questions is inestimable, and that it is unequivocally acknowledged and secured to us by the Constitution of the United States; that all the lavws made to impair or destroy it are void, and that we will exercise and assert our just right in opposition to any law that may be passed to deprive us of it.

''Eighth. Resolved'', That the bill which is said to be now before Congress, defining the crime of treason and sedition and prescribing the punishments therefor, as it has been presented to the public, is the most abominable that was ever attempted to be imposed upon a nation of free men.

''Ninth. Resolved'', That there is a sufficient reason to believe, and we do believe, that our liberties are in danger; and we pledge ourselves to each other and to our country that we will defend them against all unconstitutional attacks that may be made upon them.

''Tenth. Resolved'', That the foregoing resolutions be transmitted to our representative in Congress by the chairman, certified by the secretary, and that he be requested to present them to each branch of the Legislature and to the President, and that they also be published in the Kentucky Gazette.

, Ch.

Attest:, Sec.

In Fayette County no sooner was the news of the passage of the acts known than a spontaneous


text:
Page:A description of Greenland.djvu/90

60 pect, with white long Hairs; he is greedy of human Blood. The Natives tell us moreover of another kind of ravenous Beats, which they call Amarok, which eagerly purue other Beats as well as Mne; yet none of them could ay, they ever had een them, but only had it from others by hearay; and whereas none of our own People, who have travelled up and down the Country, ever met with any uch Beat, therefore I take it to be a mere Fable. are in ome Places in o great Numbers, that you will ee whole Herds of them ; and when they

title: Page:A description of Greenland.djvu/90


text:
Author:Georg Balthasar Probst

Works

 * Paris (1755)

title: Author:Georg Balthasar Probst


text:
Page:Fact Sheet on U.S. Security Assistance to Ukraine May 31, 2023.pdf/3

 *M18A1 Claymore anti-personnel munitions;
 * Anti-tank mines;
 * C-4 explosives, demolition munitions, and demolition equipment for obstacle clearing;
 * Obstacle emplacement equipment;
 * Tactical secure communications systems and support equipment;
 * Four satellite communications antennas;
 * SATCOM terminals and services;
 * Thousands of night vision devices, surveillance systems, thermal imagery systems, optics, and laser rangefinders;
 * Commercial satellite imagery services;
 * Explosive ordnance disposal equipment and protective gear;
 * Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear protective equipment;
 * 200 armored medical treatment vehicles;
 * Medical supplies to include first aid kits, bandages, monitors, and other equipment;
 * Electronic jamming equipment;
 * Field equipment, cold weather gear, generators, and spare parts;
 * Support for training, maintenance, and sustainment activities.

The United States also continues to work with its Allies and partners to provide Ukraine with additional capabilities to defend itself.


text:
Page:Fact Sheet on U.S. Security Assistance to Ukraine May 31, 2023.pdf/1

In total, the United States has committed more than $38.3 billion in security assistance to Ukraine since the beginning of the Biden Administration, including more than $37.6 billion since the beginning of Russia’s unprovoked and brutal invasion on February 24, 2022.

United States security assistance committed to Ukraine includes:

 * Over 1,700 Stinger anti-aircraft systems;
 * Over 10,000 Javelin anti-armor systems;
 * Over 60,000 other anti-armor systems and munitions;
 * Over 160 155mm Howitzers and over 2,000,000 155mm artillery rounds;
 * Over 7,000 precision-guided 155mm artillery rounds;
 * Over 14,000 155mm rounds of Remote Anti-Armor Mine (RAAM) Systems;
 * 100,000 rounds of 125mm tank ammunition;
 * Over 50,000 152mm artillery rounds;
 * Approximately 40,000 130mm artillery rounds;
 * 40,000 122mm artillery rounds;
 * 60,000 122mm GRAD rockets;
 * 72 105mm Howitzers and over 500,000 105mm artillery rounds;
 * Over 300 tactical vehicles to tow weapons;
 * 54 tactical vehicles to recover equipment;
 * 30 ammunition support vehicles;
 * 18 armored bridging systems;
 * 38 High Mobility Artillery Rocket Systems and ammunition;
 * 47 120mm mortar systems;
 * 10 82mm mortar systems;
 * 67 81mm mortar systems;
 * 58 60mm mortar systems;
 * Over 345,000 mortar rounds;
 * Over 4,000 Tube-Launched, Optically-Tracked, Wire-Guided (TOW) missiles;
 * Rocket launchers and ammunition;
 * Over 1,800,000 rounds of 25mm ammunition;
 * Precision-guided rockets;
 * 10 command post vehicles;
 * One Patriot air defense battery and munitions;
 * Eight National Advanced Surface-to-Air Missile Systems (NASAMS) and munitions;
 * HAWK air defense systems and munitions;
 * RIM-7 missiles for air defense;
 * 20 Avenger air defense systems;
 * Nine c-UAS gun trucks and ammunition;
 * 10 mobile c-UAS laser-guided rocket systems;
 * Anti-aircraft guns and ammunition;


text:
Page:Fact Sheet on U.S. Security Assistance to Ukraine May 31, 2023.pdf/2

 *Equipment to integrate Western air defense launchers, missiles, and radars with Ukraine’s air defense systems;
 * Equipment to sustain Ukraine’s existing air defense capabilities;
 * High-speed Anti-radiation missiles (HARMs);
 * Precision aerial munitions;
 * Over 6,000 Zuni aircraft rockets;
 * Over 7,000 Hydra-70 aircraft rockets;
 * Munitions for Unmanned Aerial Systems;
 * 20 Mi-17 helicopters;
 * 31 Abrams tanks;
 * 45 T-72B tanks;
 * 120mm and 105mm tank ammunition;
 * 109 Bradley Infantry Fighting Vehicles;
 * Four Bradley Fire Support Team vehicles;
 * Over 2,000 High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicles (HMMWVs);
 * Over 100 light tactical vehicles;
 * 68 trucks and 124 trailers to transport heavy equipment;
 * Eight logistics support vehicles and equipment;
 * 89 heavy fuel tankers and 105 fuel trailers;
 * 90 Stryker Armored Personnel Carriers;
 * 300 M113 Armored Personnel Carriers;
 * 250 M1117 Armored Security Vehicles;
 * Over 500 Mine Resistant Ambush Protected Vehicles (MRAPs);
 * Six armored utility trucks;
 * Mine clearing equipment;
 * Over 35,000 grenade launchers and small arms;
 * Over 200,000,000 rounds of small arms ammunition and grenades;
 * Over 100,000 sets of body armor and helmets;
 * Switchblade Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS);
 * Phoenix Ghost UAS;
 * CyberLux K8 UAS;
 * Altius-600 UAS;
 * Jump-20 UAS;
 * Puma UAS;
 * Scan Eagle UAS;
 * Two radars for UAS;
 * Laser-guided rocket systems and munitions;
 * Unmanned Coastal Defense Vessels;
 * Over 70 counter-artillery and counter-mortar radars;
 * 20 multi-mission radars;
 * Counter-Unmanned Aerial Systems and equipment;
 * Counter air defense capability;
 * 21 air surveillance radars;
 * Two Harpoon coastal defense systems;
 * 62 coastal and riverine patrol boats;
 * Port and harbor security equipment;


text:
Page:Fact Sheet on U.S. Security Assistance to Ukraine May 21, 2023.pdf/3

 * Anti-tank mines;
 * C-4 explosives, demolition munitions, and demolition equipment for obstacle clearing;
 * Obstacle emplacement equipment;
 * Tactical secure communications systems and support equipment;
 * Four satellite communications antennas;
 * SATCOM terminals and services;
 * Thousands of night vision devices, surveillance systems, thermal imagery systems, optics, and laser rangefinders;
 * Commercial satellite imagery services;
 * Explosive ordnance disposal equipment and protective gear;
 * Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear protective equipment;
 * 200 armored medical treatment vehicles;
 * Medical supplies to include first aid kits, bandages, monitors, and other equipment;
 * Electronic jamming equipment;
 * Field equipment, cold weather gear, generators, and spare parts;
 * Support for training, maintenance, and sustainment activities.

The United States also continues to work with its Allies and partners to provide Ukraine with additional capabilities to defend itself.


text:
Page:Fact Sheet on U.S. Security Assistance to Ukraine May 21, 2023.pdf/2

 *Equipment to integrate Western air defense launchers, missiles, and radars with Ukraine’s air defense systems;
 * Equipment to sustain Ukraine’s existing air defense capabilities;
 * High-speed Anti-radiation missiles (HARMs);
 * Precision aerial munitions;
 * 4,000 Zuni aircraft rockets;
 * Over 7,000 Hydra-70 aircraft rockets;
 * 20 Mi-17 helicopters;
 * 31 Abrams tanks;
 * 45 T-72B tanks;
 * 120mm and 105mm tank ammunition;
 * 109 Bradley Infantry Fighting Vehicles;
 * Four Bradley Fire Support Team vehicles;
 * Over 2,000 High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicles (HMMWVs);
 * Over 100 light tactical vehicles;
 * 68 trucks and 124 trailers to transport heavy equipment;
 * Eight logistics support vehicles and equipment;
 * 89 heavy fuel tankers and 105 fuel trailers;
 * 90 Stryker Armored Personnel Carriers;
 * 300 M113 Armored Personnel Carriers;
 * 250 M1117 Armored Security Vehicles;
 * Over 500 Mine Resistant Ambush Protected Vehicles (MRAPs);
 * Six armored utility trucks;
 * Mine clearing equipment;
 * Over 35,000 grenade launchers and small arms;
 * Over 200,000,000 rounds of small arms ammunition and grenades;
 * Over 100,000 sets of body armor and helmets;
 * Switchblade Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS);
 * Phoenix Ghost UAS;
 * CyberLux K8 UAS;
 * Altius-600 UAS;
 * Jump-20 UAS;
 * Puma UAS;
 * Scan Eagle UAS;
 * Two radars for UAS;
 * Laser-guided rocket systems and munitions;
 * Unmanned Coastal Defense Vessels;
 * Over 70 counter-artillery and counter-mortar radars;
 * 20 multi-mission radars;
 * Counter-Unmanned Aerial Systems and equipment;
 * Counter air defense capability;
 * 21 air surveillance radars;
 * Two Harpoon coastal defense systems;
 * 62 coastal and riverine patrol boats;
 * Port and harbor security equipment;
 * M18A1 Claymore anti-personnel munitions;


text:
Page:Fact Sheet on U.S. Security Assistance to Ukraine May 21, 2023.pdf/1

In total, the United States has committed $38 billion in security assistance to Ukraine since the beginning of the Biden Administration, including more than $37.3 billion since the beginning of Russia’s unprovoked and brutal invasion on February 24, 2022.

United States security assistance committed to Ukraine includes:
 * Over 1,600 Stinger anti-aircraft systems;
 * Over 10,000 Javelin anti-armor systems;
 * Over 60,000 other anti-armor systems and munitions;
 * Over 160 155mm Howitzers and over 2,000,000 155mm artillery rounds;
 * Over 7,000 precision-guided 155mm artillery rounds;
 * Over 14,000 155mm rounds of Remote Anti-Armor Mine (RAAM) Systems;
 * 100,000 rounds of 125mm tank ammunition;
 * Over 50,000 152mm artillery rounds;
 * Approximately 40,000 130mm artillery rounds;
 * 40,000 122mm artillery rounds;
 * 60,000 122mm GRAD rockets;
 * 72 105mm Howitzers and over 500,000 105mm artillery rounds;
 * Over 300 tactical vehicles to tow weapons;
 * 54 tactical vehicles to recover equipment;
 * 30 ammunition support vehicles;
 * 18 armored bridging systems;
 * 38 High Mobility Artillery Rocket Systems and ammunition;
 * 47 120mm mortar systems;
 * 10 82mm mortar systems;
 * 67 81mm mortar systems;
 * 58 60mm mortar systems;
 * Over 345,000 mortar rounds;
 * Over 4,000 Tube-Launched, Optically-Tracked, Wire-Guided (TOW) missiles;
 * Rocket launchers and ammunition;
 * Over 1,800,000 rounds of 25mm ammunition;
 * Precision-guided rockets;
 * 10 command post vehicles;
 * One Patriot air defense battery and munitions;
 * Eight National Advanced Surface-to-Air Missile Systems (NASAMS) and munitions;
 * HAWK air defense systems and munitions;
 * RIM-7 missiles for air defense;
 * 12 Avenger air defense systems;
 * Nine c-UAS gun trucks and ammunition;
 * 10 mobile c-UAS laser-guided rocket systems;
 * Anti-aircraft guns and ammunition;


text: Page:The study of history in Holland and Belgium (IA studyofhistoryin00frrich).pdf/75


text: Page:The study of history in Holland and Belgium (IA studyofhistoryin00frrich).pdf/74


text: Page:The study of history in Holland and Belgium (IA studyofhistoryin00frrich).pdf/73


text: Page:The study of history in Holland and Belgium (IA studyofhistoryin00frrich).pdf/72


text: Page:The study of history in Holland and Belgium (IA studyofhistoryin00frrich).pdf/71


text: Page:Convalescent willis.djvu/1

title: Page:Convalescent willis.djvu/1


text: Page:Convalescent willis.djvu/2

title: Page:Convalescent willis.djvu/2


text: Page:Convalescent willis.djvu/3

title: Page:Convalescent willis.djvu/3


text: Page:Convalescent willis.djvu/4

title: Page:Convalescent willis.djvu/4


text: Page:Convalescent willis.djvu/5

title: Page:Convalescent willis.djvu/5


text: Fact Sheet on U.S. Security Assistance to Ukraine (May 31, 2023)


text: Page:Convalescent willis.djvu/6

title: Page:Convalescent willis.djvu/6


text: Page:Convalescent willis.djvu/10

title: Page:Convalescent willis.djvu/10


text: Page:Convalescent willis.djvu/472

title: Page:Convalescent willis.djvu/472


text: Page:Convalescent willis.djvu/471

title: Page:Convalescent willis.djvu/471


text: Page:Convalescent willis.djvu/470

title: Page:Convalescent willis.djvu/470


text: Page:Convalescent willis.djvu/469

title: Page:Convalescent willis.djvu/469


text: Page:Convalescent willis.djvu/468

title: Page:Convalescent willis.djvu/468


text: Page:Convalescent willis.djvu/467

title: Page:Convalescent willis.djvu/467


text: Index:Duties of Massachusetts at this crisis. A speech (IA dutiesmasscrisis00sumnrich).pdf


text: Page:Duties of Massachusetts at this crisis. A speech (IA dutiesmasscrisis00sumnrich).pdf/1


text: Page:Duties of Massachusetts at this crisis. A speech (IA dutiesmasscrisis00sumnrich).pdf/2


text: Page:Duties of Massachusetts at this crisis. A speech (IA dutiesmasscrisis00sumnrich).pdf/12


text: Page:Duties of Massachusetts at this crisis. A speech (IA dutiesmasscrisis00sumnrich).pdf/11


text:
Page:The Wreck of a World - Grove - 1890.djvu/140

124 "Quite comfortable, dearest, never ceased to be so since I came to myself and found you were really alive and still fond of me," he added in an undertone.

She kissed his brow and returned to her seat.

"You remember the day that I was lost—how we landed, the children and I, on a broad strip of greensward, while the boats drew up under the bank to take us back on board at sunset? Well I set them to work at running races and playing games of all sorts into which they entered heartily enough, poor little ones, after their long confinement on the boats. It was a real pleasure to me to enter into their childish delight, and for nearly two hours we enjoyed ourselves thoroughly, and fairly tired ourselves out. Then just as the sun was getting low, and I was on the point of collecting them together in order to embark, a loud scream came from the wood behind, and as we hastily turned round, we saw two monstrous machines, the largest I had seen, coming from among the dark trunks and bearing down upon us."

"Yes," said I, "that is just the tale the children told. We thought they might have exaggerated through fright."


text:
Page:The Wreck of a World - Grove - 1890.djvu/139

Rh " now," said I to Aurelia, as we sat in the cool evening in the company of the convalescent Gell, "now it is time for you to tell us by what miracle you preserved your life and reason during these four years, and finally managed to find us out and to get conveyed to us over these thousands of miles of ocean."

"Miracle indeed?" said William; "I have thought and thought over the matermatter [sic], and though I never could quite bring myself to believe in your death, reason revolted from what seemed the ridiculous idea that you could possibly be alive."

"Well father," replied Aurelia, "if you want to hear all about it I will try and tell you. But it will be rather a long story. Are you quite comfortable dear?" added she as she rose and shifted the pillows in Gell's chair.


text:
Page:Duties of Massachusetts at this crisis. A speech (IA dutiesmasscrisis00sumnrich).pdf/3

Mr. President and Fellow Citizens of Massachusetts: After months of anxious, constant service in another place, away from Massachusetts, I am permitted again to stand among you, my fellow citizens, and to draw satisfaction and strength from your generous presence. [Applause.] Life is full of changes and contrasts. From slave soil I have come to free soil. [Applause.] From the tainted breath of Slavery I have passed to this bracing air of Freedom. [Applause.] And the heated antagonism of debate, shooting forth its fiery cinders, is changed into this brimming, o’erflowing welcome, where I seem to lean on the great heart of our beloved Commonwealth, as it palpitates audibly in this crowded assembly. [Loud and long applause.]

Let me say at once, frankly and sincerely, that I have not come to to receive applause or to give occasion for any tokens of public regard; but simply to unite with my fellow citizens in new vows of duty. [Applause.] And yet I would not be thought insensible to the good will now swelling from so many honest bosoms. It touches me more than I can tell.

During the late session of Congress, an eminent supporter of the Nebraska Bill said to me, with great animation, on language which I give with some precision, that you may appreciate the style as well as the sentiment: “I would not go through all that you do on this nigger question, for all the offices and honors of the country.” To which I naturally and promptly replied: “Nor would I for all the offices and honors of the country.” [Laughter and long applause.] Not in these things can be found the true inducements to this warfare. For myself, if I have been able to do any thing in any respect not unworthy of you, it is because I thought rather of those commanding duties which are above office and honor. [Cries of good, good, and loud applause.]

And now, on the eve of an important election in this State, we have assembled to take counsel together, in order to determine in what way best to perform those duties which we owe to our common country. We are to choose eleven Representatives in Congress; also Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, and members of the Legislature, which last will choose a Senator of the United States, to uphold, for five years ensuing, the principles and honor of Massachusetts. If in these elections you were to be governed merely by partialities or prejudices, whether personal or political, or merely by the exactions of party, I should have nothing to say on this occasion, except to dismiss you to your ignoble work. [That is it, good, good.] But I assume your are ready to renounce these influences and press forward with a single regard to those duties which are now incumbent upon us in National affairs, and also in State affairs.

And here two questions occur which absorb all others. First, what are our polit-


text:
Page:Bierce - Collected Works - Volume 09.djvu/59

Rh about to thrust upon your attention. Just keep doubling the number of John Smith's ancestors until you get the number 1,073,741,824. Now when do you suppose it was that Mr. Smith had that number of living ancestors? Make your calculation, allowing 34 years for each time that you have multiplied by two, and you will find that it was about the year 879. It seems a rather modern date and a goodish number of persons to be concerning themselves, however unconsciously, in the begetting of Neighbor John, but that is not "where it hurts." The point is that the number of his ancestors, so far as we have gone, IS about the number of the earth's inhabitants at that date — little and big; white, black, brown, yellow and blue; males, females and girls. I do not care to point out Mr. Smith's presumption in professing himself an Anglo- Saxon — with all that mixed blood in the veins of him; perhaps he has never made this calculation and does not know from just what stock he has the honor to have descended, though truly this distinguished scion of an illustrious race might seem to be justified in calling himself a Son of Earth.

But is he not more than that? In the generation immediately preceding the one under


text:
Page:On the Influence of Carbonic Acid in the Air upon the Temperature of the Ground.pdf/18

Rh vertical rays). Then the vertical rays from the earth traverse the quantities $$\text{K}=1$$ and $\text{W}=1$; rays that escape under an angle of 30° with the horizon (air-mass $=2$) traverse the quantities $\text{K}=2$, $$\text{W}=2$$ and so forth. The different rays that emanate from a point of the earth's surface suffer, therefore, a different absorption – the greater, the more the path of the ray declines from the vertical line. It may then be asked how long a path must the total radiation make, that the absorbed fraction of it is the same as the absorbed fraction of the total mass of rays that emanate to space in different directions. For the emitted rays we will suppose that the cosine law of Lambert holds good. With the aid of we may calculate the absorbed fraction of any ray, and then sum up the total absorbed heat and determine how great a fraction it is of the total radiation. In this way we find for our example the path (air-mass) 1.61. In other words, the total absorbed part of the whole radiation is just as great as if the total radiation traversed the quantities 1.61 of aqueous vapour and of carbonic acid. This number depends upon the composition of the atmosphere, so that it becomes less the greater the quantity of aqueous vapour and carbonic acid in the air. In we find this number for different quantities of both gases.

If the absorption of the atmosphere approaches zero, this number approaches the value 2. Phil. Mag. S. 5. Vol. 41. No. 251. April 1896.


text:
Page:On the Influence of Carbonic Acid in the Air upon the Temperature of the Ground.pdf/19

254

As we now have a sufficient knowledge of the absorption of heat by the atmosphere, it remains to examine how the temperature of the ground depends on the absorptive power of the air. Such an investigation has been already performed by Pouillet, but it must be made anew, for Pouillet used hypotheses that are not in agreement with our present knowledge.

In our deductions we will assume that the heat that is conducted from the interior of the earth to its surface may be wholly neglected. If a change occurs in the temperature of the earth's surface, the upper layers of the earth's crust will evidently also change their temperature; but this later process will pass away in a very short time in comparison with the time that is necessary for the alteration of the surface temperature, so that at any time the heat that is transported from the interior to the surface (positive in the winter, negative in the summer) must remain independent of the small secular variations of the surface temperature, and in the course of a year be very nearly equal to zero.

Likewise we will suppose that the heat that is conducted to a given place on the earth's surface or in the atmosphere in consequence of atmospheric or oceanic currents, horizontal or vertical, remains the same in the course of the time considered, and we will also suppose that the clouded part of the sky remains unchanged. It is only the variation of the temperature with the transparency of the air that we shall examine.

All authors agree in the view that there prevails an equilibrium in the temperature of the earth and of its atmosphere. The atmosphere must, therefore, radiate as much heat to space as it gains partly through the absorption of the sun's rays, partly through the radiation from the hotter surface of the earth and by means of ascending currents of air heated by contact with the ground. On the other hand, the earth loses just as much heat by radiation to space and to the atmosphere as it gains by absorption of the sun's rays. If we consider a given place in the atmosphere or on the ground, we must also take into consideration the quantities of heat that are carried to this place by means of oceanic or atmospheric currents. For the radiation we will suppose that


text:
Page:On the Influence of Carbonic Acid in the Air upon the Temperature of the Ground.pdf/20

Rh Stefan's law of radiation, which is now generally accepted, holds good, or in other words that the quantity of heat ($\text{W}$) that radiates from a body of the albedo $$(1-\nu)$$ and temperature $$\text{T}$$ (absolute) to another body of the absorption-coefficient $$\beta$$ and absolute temperature $$\theta$$ is where $$\gamma$$ is the so-called radiation constant ($1.21 \cdot 10^{-12}$ per sec. and cm.2). Empty space may be regarded as having the absolute temperature $0$.

Provisionally we regard the air as a uniform envelope of the temperature $$\theta$$ and the absorption-coefficient $$\alpha$$ for solar heat; so that if $$\text{A}$$ calories arrive from the sun in a column of 1 cm.2 cross-section, $$\alpha\text{A}$$ are absorbed by the atmosphere and $$(1-\alpha)\text{A}$$ reach the earth's surface. In the $$\text{A}$$ calories there is, therefore, not included that part of the sun's heat which by means of selective reflexion in the atmosphere is thrown out towards space. Further, let $$\beta$$ designate the absorption-coefficient of the air for the heat that radiates from the earth's surface; $$\beta$$ is also the emission-coefficient of the air for radiation of low temperature–strictly 15°; but as the spectral distribution of the heat varies rather slowly with the temperature, $$\beta$$ may be looked on as the emission-coefficient also at the temperature of the air. Let the albedo of the earth's crust be designated by $(1-\nu)$, and the quantities of heat that are conveyed to the air and to the earth's surface at the point considered be $$\text{M}$$ and $$\text{N}$$ respectively. As unit of time we may take any period: the best choice in the following calculation is perhaps to take three months for this purpose. As unit of surface we may take 1 cm.2, and for the heat in the air that contained in a column of 1 cm.2 cross-section and the height of the atmosphere. The heat that is reflected from the ground is not appreciably absorbed by the air (see p. ), for it has previously traversed great quantities of water-vapour and carbonic acid, but a part of it may be returned to the ground by means of diffuse reflexion. Let this part not be included in the albedo $(1-\nu)$. $\gamma$, $\text{A}$, $\nu$, $\text{M}$, $\text{N}$, and $$\alpha$$ are to be considered as constants, $$\beta$$ as the independent, and $$\theta$$ and $$\text{T}$$ as the dependent variables.

Then we find for the column of air

The first member of this equation represents the heat Rh


text:
Page:Bury J B The Cambridge Medieval History Vol 2 1913.djvu/134

106 Adultery could be charged only by the nearest relatives: husband, father, brother, uncle, first cousin. The husband had precedence for sixty days, then the father having the woman in his power, then after the like time outsiders, who however could not accuse her while married, unless the adulterer had first been convicted.

A father was justified in killing his daughter (if in his power) if he caught her in adultery at his or his son-in-law's house, and in killing the adulterer also, but if he killed one and spared the other, he was liable for murder. A husband was justified in killing his wife so caught, but the adulterer only if he was a slave or freedman or pander or player or a condemned criminal. The husband was otherwise bound to repudiate his wife at once. Justinian (542) justified a husband's killing anyone suspected of illicit intercourse with his wife, if, after sending her three warnings supported by evidence of trustworthy persons, he found her conversing with the adulterer in his own or her house or in taverns or suburban places. For making assignations in church the husband after like warnings could send both the wife and man to the bishop for punishment as adulterers according to the laws.

A husband who retained a wife detected in adultery, or compounded for her release, was guilty of pandering. So also was anyone who married a woman convicted of adultery. One accused of adultery and escaping, if he consorted with the woman again, was to be seized by any judge and without further trial to be tortured and killed.

By a law of Augustus (Lex Julia) the punishment for adultery was banishment, and for the man, forfeiture of half his property, for the woman, forfeiture of half her dowry and a third of her property. Constantine and Justinian made the punishment death by the sword for the man. Justinian (556) sent the woman into a monastery after being flogged. The like punishments were ordained for stuprum, i.e. intercourse with an unmarried woman or widow, who was neither in the relation of concubine nor a person of disreputable life.

Anyone who without agreement with her parents carried off a girl was to be punished capitally, and the girl herself if she consented. A nurse who persuaded her to do so was to have her throat and mouth filled with molten lead. If the girl did not consent, she was still deprived of right of succession to her parents for not having kept within doors or raised the neighbors by her cries. The parents, if they overlooked the matter, were to be banished: other assistants to be punished capitally, slaves to be burnt. So Constantine in 320. Constantius limited the penalty of free persons to death (349). Eventually Justinian punished ravishers and their aiders with death and confiscated their property for the benefit of the injured woman.

were not the same for all persons. Three classes of persons were recognised in Justinian's Digest: honestiores, humiliores or tenuiores, servi.