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56 IIlriTOIiV OF INJ>»IA. [Book IIJ.

J. i-.'.7 me. " He, too, had been dressed already ; and the poor youth, on submitting himself to the surgeon, observed, "Sir, I fear you mast amputate above the joint." Ives replying "I must," he clasped his hands, and, looking upward, solemnly and fervently ejaculated, " Good God, do thou enable me to behave in spekc. my present circumstances worthy of my father's son." After tliis prayer he told the surgeon that he was all submi-ssion, and bore the operation ^ampu- tation above the knee-joint) without speaking a word, or uttering a groan that could be heard at a yard distant. The next day he was removed to the hos- pital at Calcutta. For the first eight or nine days the .s^nnptoms were favour- able. A change then took place, and he died on the thirteenth day after the operation. His father having been removed, not to the hospital, but to the house of a friend, the noble-hearted boy, still suspecting the worst, sent the following note, written by himself in pencil at two o'clock in the morning of the very day on which he died: — "If Mr. Ives wiU consider the disorder a son must be in, when he is told he is dying, and yet is in doubt whether hi.s father is not in as good a state of health. If JVIr. Ives is not too busy to honour this chitt, which nothing but the greatest uneasiness could draw from me. The boy waits an answer." It is scarcely necessary to account for the verbal inac- curacies of the note by mentioning that the heroic sufferer had become delirious. Mr. Ives immediately hastened to his bedside, when the following dialogue took place; — "And is he dead?" "Who?" "My father, sir." " No; nor is he in any danger, I assure you: he is almost well." "Thank God! Then why did they tell me so? I am now satisfied and ready to die." "At this time," says Mr. Ives, "he had a locked jaw, and was in great distress; but I understood every word he so inarticulately uttered. He begged my pardon for having disturbed me at so early an hour; and before the day was ended surrendered up a valuable life." Valuable, indeed ; for who can doubt, after reading the above narrative, that had William Speke been spared he woiJd have earned for him- self a place among the greatest and best of the naval heroes of his country. It ought to be added that Captain Speke was not unworthy of being the father of such a son. His heart was bound up in the bo}''; and the first thing he did when taken below was to teU how dangerously his poor Billy was wounded. For some days the surgeon was able to rejoice him by hopes of a recovery, but at last was obliged by his silence and looks to prepare him for the worst. On the tenth day he for the first time put a direct question on the subject. • How long, my friend, do you think my Billy may remain in a state of imcertainty ? ' The sui'geon answered, "If he lived from the fifteenth day of the operation there would be the greatest hopes of his recovery." On the sixteenth day, looking steadfastly in the surgeon's face, he said, " Well Ives, how fares it with my boy?" Receiving no answer, he could not but know the cause. After crying bitterly, he asked to be left alone for half an hour, and when at the end of that time Mr. Ives returned, " he appeared, as he ever after did. perfectly

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Vol. V.

THE WIDOW’S REVENGE;

OR, THE YOUNG MAN’S STORY.

BY MRS. ANN S. STEPHENS.

CHAPTER I.

In a remote but beautiful valley, situated in the province of Brie, are the ruins of an old mansion, desolate and long since abandoned to the elements, The vast yard which encircles it, almost like a park, is neglected and overgrown with rank shrubberics and wild fruit. The enclusure is still defined by the remnants of a heavy stone wall, dilapidated and in some places entirely leveled to the earth, but a ledge of wild roses, matted with many a creeping vine, has found root amid the disjointed stones: rich mosses have crept over them, and the old wall is now a picturesque rampart of blooming and fragrant herbage.. The ruins of a stately dwelling stand in the midst of this wild conrt—a mass of naked walls shattered to their foundation. The massive embrasurcs and dark chimnies, rising tall and black against the skies, give but a rude idea of the primitive plan of the building. Dark moss and low creeping vines almost conceal what was once the principal en- trance, and all around, amid the tangled thickets, a mass of broken matErials, piles of mortar and massive stone lie heaped together, until it would seem as if the ruins of a whole village had been flung upon that single domain.

I was in college when this strange ruin first attracted my attention. A class-mate of mine lived in the neighborhood, and during the vacations I sometimes spent weeks together on his father’s estate. I was naturally of a romantic turn, and these gloomy ruins in the heart of a prosperous country, and occupying an exceedingly fertile tract of land which was abandoned to its own wild luxuriance, became a matter of thought and vague speculation in my mind long before the history of that deserted spot was revealed tu me: and this knowledge was attained in a manner as strange and romantic almost as the place.

The country all around this desolated property  was heavily wooded, and game was found in  abundance in every direction. I loved to take my gun and enter these dim foresta alone, or only with my dog, and my rambles always terminated at this desolate place: yet I never approached it, never saw the bleak outline of its chimnies rising before me os I left the forest, that a sensation difficult to describe but very painful, did not come upon me. I would sit down upen the dilapidated wall for hours together, and muse on the scene, while my imagination was constantly, and sometimes almost painfully at work for some explanation of the ruin and asjlence that hed fallen on a place that had evidently becn the seat of uncom- mon opulence, and my heart told me of events soul-thrilling and terrible. I never left that spot but with a shadow upon my spirit—a sad, melancholy sensation, as if I had been treading a burial place of the departed alone, and with the spirit of the past whispering in the air.

One afternoon I had gone forth determined to avoid the old place. So taking my dog Plague, I sought the fields, resolved on a pleasant ramble, I had a book in my pocket, and when the sunshine became oppressively warm I strolled into the forest and sauntered slowly onward in the cool shadow, sometimes reading as I went, and again lost in those soft fancies that are so pleasant to a lad of seventeen just freed from the incarceration of a college life.

Piague ran before me frightening the birds from their crouching places in the dingles, and occasionally starting off in pursuit of more noble game; while I imperceptibly allowed him to choose the direction of my ramble, and all at once found myself standing in a gap of that dilapidated old wail, which, in one direction, was crowded almost into the forest. There seemed to be a fatality about it—go where I would—resolva against it as I might—every day found me in that gloomy place, and with those sombre feelings creeping through my heart. It was just sunset, and my position commanded a fine view of the ruin rising in black and ragged masses against the kindling sky; every sharp angle so clearly defined against that back-ground of crimson and golden purple, and the dusky

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THE

LADIES'

NATIONAL

MAGAZINE.

EDITED BY

MRS. ANN S. STEPHENS AND CHARLES J. PETERSON.

VOLUME VI. FROM JULY TO DECEMBER, INCLUSIVE.

PHILADELPHIA: CHARLES J. PETERSON. 1844.


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 manutham has other work to deal with, which is more important than this. If you would have him as a temporary secretary, I have no objection." Phraya Wichairatchasumon seconded him.

Chaophraya Thammasakmontri said: "The following agenda is the one in which we have to select our Vice President. If you all find anyone deserving the post, please raise your opinion."

Phraya Siwisanwacha nominated Phraya Thepwithun. Phraya Monthaturat seconded him.

Phraya Nitisatphaisan nominated Luang Praditmanutham, who then withdrew himself from the candidacy and nominated Phraya Inthrawichit. Phraya Siwisanwacha, Phraya Wichairatchasumon, and Phraya Manawaratchasewi seconded him.

Chaophraya Thammasakmontri said: "We need to finish the work scheduled for today as soon as possible. So, no waste of time should be allowed. Let the meeting adopt a resolution at once."

The meeting unanimously resolved to select Phraya Inthrawichit as its Vice President without any objection. Phraya Phahonphonphayuhasena then invited Phraya Inthrawichit to ascend the seat of the Vice President of the Representatives.

Chaophraya Thammasakmontri said: "Now, we have come to the agenda in which we have to select the President of the People's Committee according to section 33 of the Charter. For this reason, I beg all of you to discuss


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 way. "Albeit" it begins, "albeit I have no particular matter to write unto you, beloved sister, yet I could not refrain to write these few lines to you in declaration of my remembrance of you. True it is that I have many whom I bear in equal remembrance before God with you, to whom at present I write nothing, either for that I esteem them stronger than you, and therefore they need the less my rude labours, or else because they have not provoked me by their writing to recompense their remembrance." His "sisters in Edinburgh" had evidently to "provoke" his attention pretty constantly; nearly all his letters are, on the face of them, answers to questions, and the answers are given with a certain crudity that I do not find repeated when he writes to those he really cares for. So when they consult him about women's apparel (a subject on which his opinion may be pretty correctly imagined by the ingenious reader for himself) he takes occasion to anticipate some of the most offensive matter of the "First Blast" in a style of real brutality. It is not merely that he tells them "the garments of women do declare their weakness and inability to execute the office of man," though that in itself is neither very wise nor very opportune in such a correspondence one would think; but if the reader will take the trouble


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Rh this city. Make out the papers and we will send her to Bellevue for examination. Probably in a few days the effect of the drug will pass off and she will be able to tell us a story that will be startling. If the reporters would only come!”

I dreaded them, so I said something about not wishing to stay there any longer to be gazed at. Judge Duffy then told Policeman Bockert to take me to the back office. After we were seated there Judge Duffy came in and asked me if my home was in Cuba.

“Yes,” I replied, with a smile. “How did you know?”

“Oh, I knew it, my dear. Now, tell me where was it? In what part of Cuba?”

“On the hacienda,” I replied.

“Ah,” said the judge, “on a farm. Do you remember Havana?”

“Si, senor,” I answered; “it is near home. How did you know?”

“Oh, I knew all about it. Now, won’t you tell me the name of your home?” he asked, persuasively.

“That’s what I forget,” I answered, sadly. I have a headache all the time, and it makes me forget things. I don’t want them to trouble me. Everybody is asking me questions, and it makes my head worse,” and in truth it did.

“Well, no one shall trouble you any more. Sit down here and rest awhile,” and the genial judge left me alone with Mrs. Stanard.

Just then an officer came in with a reporter. I was so frightened, and thought I would be recognized as a journalist, so I turned my head away and said, “I don’t want to see any reporters; I will not see any; the judge said I was not to be troubled.”

“Well, there is no insanity in that,” said the man who had brought the reporter, and together they left the room.


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30 Once again I had a fit of fear. Had I gone too far in not wanting to see a reporter, and was my sanity detected? If I had given the impression that I was sane, I was determined to undo it, so I jumped up and ran back and forward through the office, Mrs. Stanard clinging terrified to my arm.

“I won’t stay here; I want my trunks! Why do they bother me with so many people?” and thus I kept on until the ambulance surgeon came in, accompanied by the judge.

“ is a poor girl who has been drugged,” explained the judge. “She looks like my sister, and any one can see she is a good girl, I am interested in the child, and I would do as much for her as if she were my own. I want you to be kind to her,” he said to the ambulance surgeon. Then, turning to Mrs. Stanard, he asked her if she could not keep me for a few days until my case was inquired into. Fortunately, she said she could not, because all the women at the Home were afraid of me, and would leave if I were kept there. I was very much afraid she would keep me if the pay was assured her, and so I said something about the bad cooking and that I did not intend to go back to the Home. Then came the examination; the doctor looked clever and I had not one hope of deceiving him, but I determined to keep up the farce.

“Put out your tongue,” he ordered, briskly.

I gave an inward chuckle at the thought.

“Put out your tongue when I tell you,” he said.

“I don’t want to,” I answered, truthfully enough.

“You must. You are sick, and I am a doctor.”


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Rh “I am not sick and never was, I only want my trunks.”

But I put out my tongue, which he looked at in a sagacious manner. Then he felt my pulse and listened to the beating of my heart. I had not the least idea how the heart of an insane person beat, so I held my breath all the while he listened, until, when he quit, I had to give a gasp to regain it. Then he tried the effect of the light on the pupils of my eyes. Holding his hand within a half inch of my face, he told me to look at it, then,

jerking it hastily away, he would examine my eyes. I was puzzled to know what insanity was like in the eye, so I thought the best thing under the circumstances was to stare. This I did, I held my eyes riveted unblinkingly upon his hand, and when he removed it I exerted all my strength to still keep my eyes from blinking.

“What drugs have you been taking?” he then asked me.

“Drugs!” I repeated, wonderingly. I do not know what drugs are.”

“The pupils of her eyes have been enlarged ever since


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32 she came to the Home. “They have not changed once,” explained Mrs. Stanard. I wondered how she knew by whether they had or not, but I kept quiet.

“I believe she has been using belladonna,” said the doctor, and for the first time I was thankful that I was a little near-sighted, which of course answers for the enlargement of the pupils. I thought I might as well be truthful when I could without injuring my case, so I told him I was near-sighted, that I was not in the least ill, had never been sick, and that no one had a right to detain me when I wanted to find my trunks. I wanted to go home. He wrote a lot of things in a long, slender book, and then said he was going to take me home. The judge told him to take me and to be kind to me, and to tell the people at the hospital to be kind to me, and to do all they could for me. If we only had more such men as Judge Duffy, the poor unfortunates would not find life all darkness.

I began to have more confidence in my own ability now, since one judge, one doctor, and a mass of people had pronounced me insane, and I put on my veil quite gladly when I was told that I was to be taken in a carriage, and that afterward I could go home. “I am so glad to go with you,” I said, and I meant it. I was very glad indeed. Once more, guarded by Policeman Brockert, I walked through the little, crowded courtroom. I felt quite proud of myself as I went out a side door into an alleyway, where the ambulance was waiting. Near the closed and barred gates was a small office occupied by several men and large books. We all went in there, and when they began to ask me questions the doctor interposed and said he had all the papers, and that it was useless to ask me anything further, because I was unable to answer questions. This was a great relief to me, for my nerves were already feeling the strain. A rough looking man wanted to put me into the ambulance, but I


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 to wade through the long, tedious sermon for himself, he will see proof enough that Knox neither loved, nor very deeply respected, the women he was then addressing. In very truth, I believe these Edinburgh sisters simply bored him. He had a certain interest in them as his children in the Lord; they were continually "provoking him by their writing;" and, if they handed his letters about, writing to them was as good a form of publication as was then open to him in Scotland. There is one letter, however, in this budget, addressed to the wife of Clerk-Register Mackgil, which is worthy of some further mention. The Clerk-Register had not opened his heart, it would appear, to the preaching of the Gospel, and Mrs. Mackgil has written, seeking the Reformer's prayers in his behalf. "Your husband," he answers, "is dear to me for that he is a man indued with some good gifts, but more dear for that he is your husband. Charity moveth me to thirst his illumination, both for his comfort and for the trouble which you sustain by his coldness, which justly may be called infidelity." He wishes her, however, not to hope too much; he can promise that his prayers will be earnest, but not that they will be effectual; it is possible that this is to be her "cross" in life; that "her head, appointed by God for her comfort, should be her enemy." And if this be


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Rh refused his aid so decidedly that the doctor and policeman told him to desist, and they performed that gallant office themselves. I did not enter the ambulance without protest. I made the remark that I had never seen a carriage of that make before, and that I did not want to ride in it, but after awhile I let them persuade me, as I had right along intended to do.

I shall never forget that ride. After I was put in flat on the yellow blanket, the doctor got in and sat near the door. The large gates were swung open, and the curious crowd which had collected swayed back to make way for the ambulance as it backed out. How they tried to get a glimpse at the supposed crazy girl! The doctor saw that I did not like the people gazing at me, and considerately put down the curtains, after asking my wishes in regard to it. Still that did not keep the people away. The children raced after us, yelling all sorts of slang expressions, and trying to get a peep under the curtains. It was quite an interesting drive, but I must say that it was an excruciatingly rough one. I held on, only there was not much to hold on to, and the driver drove as if he feared some one would catch up with us.

last Bellevue was reached, the third station on my way to the island. I had passed through successfully the ordeals at the home and at Essex Market Police Court, and now felt confident that I should not fail. The ambulance stopped with a sudden jerk and the doctor jumped out. “How many have you?” I heard some one inquire. “Only one, for the pavilion,” was the reply. A rough-looking man came forward, and catching hold of me attempted to drag me out as if I had the strength of an elephant and would resist. The doctor, seeing my


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 an exception in favour of the late superintendent of the Wesleyan mission on the Gold Coast, the Rev. Dennis Kemp, who had enough courage and truth in him to stand up at a public meeting in Liverpool, on July 2nd, 1896, and record it as his opinion that, "the natives of the Gold Coast were remarkably abstemious; but spirits were, 'he believed,' of no benefit to the natives, and they would be better without them." I have quoted the whole of the remark, as it is never fair to quote half a man says on any subject, but I do not agree with the latter half of it, and the Gold Coast natives are not any more abstemious, if so much so, as other tribes on the Coast. I have elsewhere attempted to show that the drink-traffic is by no means the most important factor in the mission failure on the West Coast, but that it has been used in an unjustifiable way by the missionary party, because they know the cry against alcohol is at present a popular one in England, and it has also the advantage of making the subscribers at home regard the African as an innocent creature who is led away by bad white men, and therefore still more interesting and more worthy, and in more need of subscriptions than ever. I should rather like to see the African lady or gentleman who could be "led away"—all the leading away I have seen on the Coast has been the other way about.

I do not say every missionary on the West Coast who makes untrue statements on this subject is an original liar; he is usually only following his leaders and repeating their observations without going into the evidence around him; and the missionary public in England and Scotland are largely to blame for their perpetual thirst for thrilling details of the amount of Baptisms and Experiences among the people they pay other people to risk their lives to convert, or for thrilling details of the difficulties these said emissaries have to contend with, As for the general public who swallow the statements, I think they are prone, from the evidence of the evils they see round them directly arising from drink, to accept as true—without bothering themselves with calm investigation—statements of a like effect regarding other people. I have no hesitation in saying that in the whole of West Africa, in one week, there is not one-quarter the amount of drunkenness you can see any Saturday night you choose in a couple of hours in the Vauxhall Road; and you will not find in a whole year's investigation on the Coast, one seventieth part of the evil, degradation, and premature decay you


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 so, well, there is nothing for it; "with patience she must abide God's merciful deliverance," taking heed only that she does not "obey manifest iniquity for the pleasure of any mortal man." I conceive this epistle would have given a very modified sort of pleasure to the Clerk-Register, had it chanced to fall into his hands. Compare its tenor—the dry resignation not without a hope of merciful deliverance therein recommended—with these words from another letter, written but the year before to two married women of London: "Call first for grace by Jesus, and thereafter communicate with your faithful husbands, and then shall God, I doubt not, conduct your footsteps, and direct your counsels to His glory." Here the husbands are put in a very high place; we can recognise here the same hand that has written for our instruction how the man is set above the woman, even as God above the angels. But the point of the distinction is plain. For Clerk-Register Mackgil was not a faithful husband; displayed, indeed, towards religion a "coldness which justly might be called infidelity." We shall see in more notable instances how much Knox's conception of the duty of wives varies according to the zeal and orthodoxy of the husband.

As I have said, he may possibly have made


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 and elect the President of the People's Committee at once."

Phraya Phahonphonphayuhasena nominated Phraya Manopakonnitithada, saying: "He is of all qualifications which deserve this position." Phraya Nitisatphaisan seconded him.

Phraya Manopakonnitithada stated: "I feel greatly honoured but at the same time feel greatly worried if I have to accept this post, because it is not something to be done for fun but it is an enormous work in which one has to be responsible for the prosperity or poverty of as many as twelve million Thais. Will I be able to undertake this task? I would like to confer and converse with Phraya Phahonphonphayuhasena and Luang Praditmanutham for about five minutes first, following which I will be able to give an answer."

All the Representatives granted the three an opportunity to converse and confer with each other, after which Phraya Manopakonnitithada accepted the post and the meeting adopted a unanimous resolution declaring Phraya Manopakonnitithada as President of the People's Committee.

Phraya Manopakonnitithada made an inaugural address, saying: "I am delighted and feel honoured whilst feeling considerably worried. Since the day I was born, never once have I thought of being given such a position as this. But after taking into account the interest of the twelve million people, I think I should do it and shall do my best."

Chaophraya Thammasakmontri said: "Now, we have come to the agenda in which the House needs to appoint fourteen more Members of the People's Committee from the persons selected and nominated by the President of the People's Committee." He then


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Author:Herbert Henry William Russell

Works

 * The Longshoreman (1896)
 * True Blue (1898)
 * With the Prince in the East (1922)
 * The Delectable West (1934)
 * Sea Warfare Today (1940)
 * Sea Shepherds (1941)
 * Ark Royal (1942)
 * Ark Royal (1942)

title: Author:Herbert Henry William Russell


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 can see any afternoon you choose to take a walk in the more densely-populated parts of any of our own towns. I own the whole affair is no business of mine; for I have no financial interest in the liquor traffic whatsoever. But I hate the preying upon emotional sympathy by misrepresentation, and I grieve to see thousands of pounds wasted that are bitterly needed by our own cold, starving poor. I do not regard the money as wasted because it goes to the African, but because such an immense percentage of it does no good and much harm to him.

It is customary to refer to the spirit sent out to West Africa as "poisonous" and as raw alcohol. It is neither. I give an analysis of a bottle of Van Huytemer's trade-gin, which I obtained to satisfy my own curiosity on the point.

"With reference to the bottle of the above I have the honour to report as follows:—

"The only alcohol that can be estimated quantitively is Ethyl Alcohol.

"There is no methyl, and the higher alcohols, as shown by Savalie's method, only exist in traces. The spirit is flavoured by more than one essential oil, and apparently oil of juniper is one of these oils.

"The liquid contains no sugar, and leaves but a small extract. In my opinion the liquid essentially consists of a pure distilled spirit flavoured with essential oils.

"Of course no attempt to identify these oils in the quantity sent, viz., 632 c.c. (one bottle) was made. The ethers are returned as ethyl acetate, but from fractional distillation amyl acctate was found to be present.


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Rh what fair women they found in Etzel’s native land! At mighty Misenburg they boarded ship. The water which men saw flowing there was covered with steeds and men, as if it were solid earth. The wayworn ladies had their ease and rest. Many good ships were lashed together, that neither waves nor flood might do them harm. Upon them many a goodly tent was spread, as if they still had both land and plain.

From thence tidings came to Etzelburg, at which both men and wives therein were glad. Helca’s meiny, that aforetime waited on their mistress, passed many a happy day thereafter at Kriemhild’s side. There many a noble maid stood waiting, who had great grief through Helca’s death. Kriemhild found still seven royal princesses there, through whom all Etzel’s land was graced. For the meiny the high-born maiden Herrat cared, the daughter of Helca’s sister, beseen with many courtly virtues, the betrothed of Dietrich, a royal child, King Nentwin’s daughter; much worship she later had. Blithe of heart she was at the coming of the guests; for this, too, mighty treasures were prepared. Who might tell the tale of how the king held court? Never had men lived better among the Huns with any queen.

When that the king with his wife rode from the shore, the noble Kriemhild was told full well who each one was; she greeted them the better. Ho, how royally she ruled in Helca’s stead! She became acquaint with much loyal service. Then the queen dealt out gold and vesture, silk and precious stones. Whatever she brought with her across the Rhine to Hungary must needs be given all away. All the king’s kinsmen


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186 and all his liegemen then owned her service, so that Lady Helca never ruled so mightily as she, whom they now must serve till Kriemhild’s death. The court and all the land lived in such high honors, that all time men found the pastimes which each heart desired, through the favor of the king and his good queen.


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 In a subsequent letter Mr. Robertson observed that he had been "assisted in making the above analysis by an expert in the chemistry of alcohols, who said that the present sample differed in no material particulars from, and was neither more nor less deleterious to health than, gin purchased in different parts of London and submitted to analysis."

In addition to this analysis I have also one of Messrs. Peters' gin, equally satisfactory, and as Van Huytemers and Peters are the two great suppliers of the gin that goes to West Africa, I think the above is an answer to the "poison" statements, and should be sufficient evidence against it for all people who are not themselves absolute teetotalers. Absolute teetotalers are definite-minded people, and one respects them more than one does those who do not hold with teetotalism for themselves, but think it a good thing for other people, and moreover it is of no use arguing with them because they say all alcohol is poison, and won't appreciate any evidence to the contrary, so "palaver done set"; but a large majority of those who attack, or believe in the rectitude of the attack on the African liquor traffic are not teetotalers and so should be capable of forming a just opinion.

My personal knowledge of the district where most of the liquor goes in—the Oil Rivers—has been gained in Duke Town, Old Calabar. I have been there four separate times, and last year stayed there continuously for some months during a period in which if Duke Town had felt inclined to go on the bust, it certainly could have done so; for the police and most of the Government officials were away at Brass in consequence of the Akassa palaver, and those few who were left behind and the white traders were down with an epidemic of malarial typhoid. But Duke Town did nothing of the kind. I used to be down in the heart of the town, at Eyambas market by Prince Archebongs's house, night after night alone, watching the devil-makings that were going on there, and the amount of drunkenness I saw was exceedingly small. I did the sane thing at the adjacent town of Qwa. My knowledge of Bonny, Bell, and Aklkwa towns, Libreville, Lembarene, Kabinda, Boma, Banana, Nkoi, Loanda, &c., is extensive and peculiar, and I have spent hours in them when the whole of the missionary and Government people have been safe in their distant houses: so had the evils of the liquor traffic been anything like half what it is made out to be I must have come across it in appalling forms, and I have not.

The figures of the case I will not here quote because they are easily obtainable from Government reports by any one


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 found in Japan, because it is imported in very small quality from Europe and used by the Japanese as a much valued hæmostaticum for bloody wounds. The Japanese call it, as we do, (pron. kis-seki) litt.lit. [sic] blood-stone.

The impure, ochry variety is very common in Japan and called, Syn. To-shu, Shu-seki, Shi-shu, Seki-shu. It has much resemblance to our red chalk and is used in Japan chiefly as a medicine and for drawing.

Another still more impure variety, containing some clay, is very soft and powdery. It is quite equal to our red ochre and called, Syn. Aka-tsuchi, Ni-tsuchi. It is used as a veterinary medicine.

Tai-sha-seki is found in Mino Akasaka, Owari, Tōtomi Kakekawa, Seki-do occurs at very many places.

5°.— is very common in Japan. Besides the ordinary kind, I have several varieties in my collection. In Japan however it is not used—as in England—in large quantity for the purpose of smelting iron.

Var. A is a kind of tunicated clay-iron-stone (Thonige Spherosiderit), also called in England kidney-form clay-iron-stone. It is called a hydrated sesquioxide, with silicic acid, alumina and some manganic oxide. The kidney form masses have a yellow-brown colour and are often hole. Sometimes they contain petrifactions. It is the same kind of stone, which formerly was used in Europe in pharmacy under the name of Lapis altites. In China and Japan this stone has still a great reputation as a remedy against dysentery. It is named, Syn. Tshi-nadango (stone cake), Ko-mochi-ishi, Ha-tai-ishi and is found (according to Ranzan) in Yamato, Satsuma, Chikuzen, Tazima, Noto, Kai, Idzumi, Rechiu, Hinga. Var. B consists of very large masses kidney-form clay iron stone, does however not differ in chemical constitution from the former. It is called by the Japanese:, Syn. Tsubo-ishi (litt.lit. [sic] pot-stone), Yoroi-i ishi, Oni-no-tsubate, Fukuro-ishi and is found in Yamato

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Author:Percival Phillips

Works

 * The Red Dragon and the Black Shirts (1922)
 * Mesopotamia (1922)
 * Prince of Wales Eastern Book (1922)
 * Far Vistas (1933)

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 Ikoma-yama, Yamashiro Kitsube-no-yama, Sanaki, Kii, Idzumi.

Var. C is a yellow, ochry clay-iron-stone, very soft and not used for melting. It has a reputation as a medicine against head-ache, hears the names, Syn. Manju-ishi, Dango-ishi, Tsuchi-dango, Dango-wa and is found in Buzen Nakatsu, Awa, Higami-gun, Suwo, Tö, Oshu Tsugaru, Hoki, Noto, Kai Arayi-yama.

6.— (Stalactitischer Sphaerosiderit) is, as far as we know, rare in Japan and seems to be found only in Yamashiro Inare-yama and Yamato-yama. It forms small stalactitic masses of a yellow-brown colour, and bears the Japanese names: Syn. Do-niu, Kitsune-no-ko-makura (Foxe-pillow), Kuda-ishi (stick-stone), Kitsune-no-rosoku (Foxes candle) and is a much valued old Chinese medicine. It is not used for melting iron. It seems to me that ordinary Spathic iron ore (Spatheisenstein) is alae very rare in Japan, because I did not meet with samples and found no description of this ore in the above named Japanese works.

7.— All three varieties, the cubical, dodekahedral and nodular are duly represented in Japan. The quantity of ordinary, dodekahedral pyrites, as well as of copper pyrites, is enormous in the country. There is scarcely any place where iron pyrites is wanting. It does not serve for melting iron, but finds a place in every drug-shop as a Chinese remedy.

A.—Cubical Pyrites occurs in fine crystallized specimens of C. 1 Cub. centin. and is called and  (Natural metal) Syn. Kin-san-reki-shi, Kin-riki-shi, San-sari. It is found in Shinano Take-ishi-mura, Fuji-yama, Suwo Yamaguchi, Bingo Yamaken-gun, Dewa, Satsuma, Kii Kumano, Idzu Nikkai.

B.—Dodekahedral Pyrites is kept by the Japanese for a wholly different use to the former. They distinguish, according to the colour, two kinds, namely, Syn. Ho-kin-ge, Kana-Zako=pyrites with a yellow (gold) colour and, Syn. Ho-gin-ge, Do-gin,

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 Hakodasshi=pyrites with white (silver) colour. Some of the yellow kinds contain a little gold and are used for the extraction of gold, especially in Iwami Kinsan.

The chief places of occurrence are: Toza, Shinano, Mikawa TæzimaTaezima [sic], Yamato, Iwami Kinsan etc.

C.— of radiated structure, superficially covered with oxide of iron, are called or  (Eyes of Snake). Old physicians use it against epilepsy and diseases of the heart.

These are the principal iron ores, which we found in Japan. Only the three first named species of ore are used itin [sic] Japanese metallurgy.

The Japanese distinguish, as we do, three kinds of iron:

or I-tetsu Cast-iron (pig-iron).

or Kera or Kitaye-tetsu Bar-iron (wrought iron.). [sic]

or Ko-tetsu Steel.

The extraction of cast iron from the ore in Japan proceeds on the same principle as our blast-furnace method; there exists however a great difference in the form of the furnaces and accessory apparatus. Iron industry of the west has received in the last century a high degree of perfection, by the aid of modern chemistry. In China and Japan very imperfect and rough furnaces are used. No care and no money are spent to erect proper furnaces, and even although lately some Japanese are convinced of the advantage of European ovens, the people do not like to lay out money for the construction of proper working apparatus. This want of care and mistaken economy in the construction of utensils and proper furnaces is the chief fault in all branches of Japanese metal industry. Although there is an abundance of good material, I believe that it nevertheless will be still a very long time before the Japanese iron founders can compete with the prices of western metal. Whilst iron, with the exception of platina, is the least fusible of useful metals, it can easily be comprehended, that the price of this metal is much more costly a this country than it is in Europe. After Japan was

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 interested in the matter. I regard their value as being small unless combined with a knowledge of the West Coast trade. The liquor goes in at a few ports on the West Coast, and into the hands of those tribes who act as middlemen between the white trader and the interior trade-stuff-producing tribes; and is thereby diffused over an enormous extent of thickly inhabited country. We English are directly in touch with none of the interior trade—save in the territory of the Royal Niger Company, and the Delta tribes with whom we deal in the Oil Rivers subsist on this trade between the interior and the Coast, and they prefer to use spirits as a buying medium because they get the highest percentage of profit from it, and the lowest percentage of loss by damage when dealing with it. It does not get spoilt by damp, like tobacco and cloth do; indeed, in addition to the amount of moisture supplied by their reeking climate, they superadd a large quantity of river water to the spirit before it leaves their hands, while with the other articles of trade it is one perpetual grind to keep them free from moisture and mildew. In their coast towns there are immense stores of gin in cases, which they would as soon think of drinking themselves as we, if we were butchers, would think of eating up the stock in the shop. A certain percentage of spirit is consumed in the Delta, and if spirits are wanted anywhere they are wanted in the Niger Delta region; and about one-eighth part of that used here is used for fetish-worship, poured out on the ground and mixed with other things to hang in bottles over fish-traps, and so on to make residences for guardian spirits who are expected to come and take up their abode in them. Spirits to the spirits, on the sweets to the sweet principle is universal in West Africa; and those photographs you are often shown of dead chiefs' graves with bottles on them merely demonstrate that the deceased was taking down with him a little liquor for his own use in the under world—which he holds to be possessed of a chilly and damp climate—and a little over to give a propitiatory peg to one of the ruling authorities there—or any old friend he may come across in the Elysian fields. This is possibly a misguided heathen thing of him to do, and it is generally held in, European circles that the under-world such an individual as he will go to is neither damp, nor chilly. But granting this, no one can contest but that the world he spends his life here in is damp, and that the natives of the Niger Delta live in a saturated forest swamp region that reeks with malaria. Their damp mud-walled houses frequently flooded, they themselves spend the greater part of their time dabbling about in the


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 opened to foreign trade, we saw therefore bar-iron become a regular article of import, which fact gave a heavy blow to the Japanese iron industry. For the last 15 years the Japanese have made little or no bar-iron (juku-tetsu), because they can buy it cheaper from European merchants, than make it themselves. Cast-iron and in some degree steel are still made in Japan, although the fabrication of steel has lost a great deal by the abolition of the old feudal system, which caused the downfall of the famous Japanese sword. The new weapons of the army are nearly all introduced from Europe. The Japanese believe, however, their steel to be of much better quality than that made in the west; the price of the first is more than the double of the latter.

After the ore has been selected it is piled up in heaps with coal and calcined (roasted) in order to expel the water, carbonic acid, sulphur, etc. This calcination makes the ore more porous and better fitted for the smelting process. This process is done near the places, (mountains) where the ore has been found.

The calcined ore is now smelted in a cylindrical furnace, built up with a few hard stones and fireproof clay. The clay is laid in layers till the wall of the furnace has sufficient thickness. The thick bottoms of this small furnace has a rounded shape, and a little above the bottom two exactly opposite openings in the wall are made for receiving the tubes of the bellows. Besides, there is a third opening near the bottom, which is closed with a clay-stopper and afterwards is opened to collect the fluid metal in the forms. Now the furnace, previously perfectly dried, is filled with a mixture of coarse powdered calcined ore, charcoal and some feldspar, clay or another quartz containing stone. These latter substances are added to act as a flux and to separate the metallic iron from the impurities which are taken by the slag. Sometimes, but not generally coal or coke is used as fuel. When the heat produced by the continuous strong stream of air, pressed into the furnace by means of large Chinese bellows, worked by four to five workmen, has been sufficient to smelt the ore,

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 the iron will gradually run in a liquid state to the bottom of the furnace, and is cast in sand-forms by removing the clay stopper of the lowest opening. The cold metal is sometimes purified by a second smelting in another similar, but smaller furnace, and cast in the desired forms.

The process is—as in our blast furnace system—founded on the reduction of the oxidised ore by means of the carbonic oxide, which is formed, when the carbonic acid, proceeding from the burning of the lowest parts of coal, passes over the red-hot fuel above the burning coal. It is this carbonic oxide which reduces the ore to the metallic state when it comes into contact with it at a red heat. The carbonic oxide is converted by this means into carbonic acid, while the iron is left in the metallic state. The iron and the slag both run to the bottom, where the slag forms a layer above the heavier metal. Old iron is worked by the Japanese in the same manner.

In the province of Satsuma, not far from Kagosima, a European blast-furnace has been erected for some years, which produces, together with other Japanese furnaces at that place, considerable quantities of cast-iron.

The conversion of cast-iron into bar or wrought iron consists in removing as far as possible the carbon, silicon, sulphur, phosphorus and other substances from the cast-iron. This purification rests upon the principle, that when cast-iron is strongly heated in contact with air or oxide of iron, its carbon is evolved in the form of carbonic oxide, while the silicon is converted into silicic acid, which unites with another portion of oxide of iron to form a fusible slag. The Japanese follow the same principle, without however knowing the theory of this puddling process; they mix cast-iron with a little quartz or sand and some iron-scales, heat the whole with charcoal in small furnaces of fire-proof clay—similar to the one already described—and keep the metal during several days (our Japanese author says seven days) in a fluid-state, under continuous blowing with the bellows. We have not seen this process ourselves, because as already stated, the manufacture of bar-iron is now almost abandoned in Japan. The puddling of the

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 stinking mangrove swamps, and then, for five months in the year, they are wrapped in the almost continuous torrential downpour of the West African wet season, followed in the Delta by the so-called "dry" season, with its thick morning and evening mists, and the air rarely above dew-point. Then their food is of poor quality and insufficient quantity, and in districts near the coast noticeably deficient in meat of any kind. I think the desire for spirits and tobacco, given these conditions, is quite reasonable, and that when they are taken in moderation, as they usually are, they are anything but deleterious. The African himself has not a shadow of a doubt on the point, and some form of alcohol he will have. When he cannot get white man’s spirit—min wakara, as he calls it in Calabar—he takes black man’s spirit min effik. This is palm wine, and although it has escaped the abuse heaped on rum and gin, it is worse for the native than either of these, for he has to drink a disgusting quantity of it, because from the palm wine he does not get the stimulating effect quickly as from gin or rum, and the enormous quantity consumed at one sitting will distribute its effects over a week. You can always tell whether a native has had a glass too much rum, or half a gallon or so too much palm wine; the first he soon recovers from, while the palm wine keeps him a disgusting nuisance for days, and the constitutional effects of it are worse, for it produces a definite type of renal disease which, if it does not cut short the life of the sufferer in a paroxysm, kills him gradually with dropsy. There is another native drink which works a bitter woe on the African in the form of intoxication combined with a brilliant bilious attack. It is made from honey flavoured with the bark of a certain tree, and as it is very popular I had better not spread it further by giving the recipe. The imported gin keeps the African off these abominations which he has to derange his internal works with before he gets the stimulus that enables him to resist this vile climate; particularly will it keep him from his worst intoxicant lhiamba (Cannabis sativa), a plant which grows wild on the South-West Coast and on the West for all I know, as well as the African or bowstring hemp (Sanseviera guiniensis). The plant that produces the lhiamba is a nettle-like plant growing six to ten feet high, and the natives collect the tops of the stems, with the seed on, in little bundles and dry them. It is evidently the seeds which are regarded by them as being the important part, although they do not collect these separately; but you hear great rows among them when buying and selling a little bundle, on the point of the


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 iron is continued until the whole has assumed a granular, fluidless appearance. The Japanese seem to know this point exactly and at that time take the metal away, to bring it directly under the hammer, in order to squeeze out the liquid slag and to force the iron-particles into a coherent mass. Japanese wrought-iron is delivered to the trade in square or sometimes round cakes, under the name of juku-tetsu (ripe-iron). This Japanese method has much analogy with our old continental Catalan process, which is still in operation in the Pyrenees. The Japanese, however, make no use of the water-blast-pipe, used in the Catalan process. The bellows used by Japanese are of Chinese origin and already described by many writers on China. Every-one has seen them in Japan in ordinary forges. The metallurgical bellows are much larger (sometimes 5 ft. long, 3 ft. high, 1½ ft. br.) but the construction is the same as the smaller. Bessemer’s process for converting iron into bar-iron is unknown to the Japanese.

According to our Japanese author steel is prepared in the following manner: A certain quantity of pig-iron is mixed with a little bar-iron in a crucible of fireproof clay; the whole is covered with borax (Hosha) and smelted in small furnaces during several (the Japanese author says eleven!) days. The metal being separated from the slag, is hammered strongly and alternately cooled in water or oil. The Japanese author observes that forgeingforging [sic] and tooling is to be done:

During the forging of the blades the greatest care should be taken that the anvil and its surroundings are clean, because Japanese armourers believe that the smallest particle of dust, and particularly lead or copper-filings, spoil even the best blades when forged.

The Japanese manner of preparing steel is different from our method. It is known that steel differs from cast-iron in its smaller quantity of combined carbon and from

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 bar-iron by a larger quantity of carbon. Now with our western processes steel is produced: 1st, by extracting carbon from the pig-iron (raw-steel); or 2nd, by combining bar-iron with the requisite amount of carbon (cement-steel). It seems, however, that a third method is probable which is not used by us, but is used in Japan. It consists in smelting pig iron and bar-iron together in certain well defined proportions. The borax dissolves many impurities in the slag. It must be said that chemistry has not yet explained the production of steel insufficiently satisfactory manner. Although steel owes its properties in a great measure to the presence of a just proper quantity of carbon, it is pretty sure that small quantities of silicon, nitrogen, aluminium, titanium and perhaps other elements are not without influence on the quality of the steel. Hence steel-manufacture is still a matter of chance and this is proved also by the excellent Kinds of steel manufactured by many oriental nations who have no knowledge of chemistry.

When steel has been cast by the Japanese in the above-mentioned way, and the different objects have got their shape and are sufficiently forged, it is cemented and tempered, in order to convert the soft steel into hard steel. The old armourers of Japan seem to have taken great care in this operation. The most famous armourers were held in high distinction, as has already been shown by Mr. McClatchie in his interesting paper. They kept their method of cementing secret. The Japanese blades are hard and not very elastic, and belong for this reason to the class of cement-steel. An armourer told me that different blade-forgers cemented their swords in different manners, one of which consisted in finally covering the strongly-hammered blades with a liquid mixture of clay, loam, ashes, charcoal-powder and water. After drying this layer, the whole is exposed to a red heat and the glowing blades are cooled very slowly end gradually in warm water. The swords are then ground on a very precious

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 asked Phraya Manopakonnitithada to nominate at once whoever he had selected as Members. Phraya Manopakonnitithada selected and nominated to the House the following fourteen persons, namely—

 * 1) Rear Admiral Phraya Prichachonlayut;
 * 2) Third-Class Grand Councillor Phraya Siwisanwacha;
 * 3) Colonel Phraya Phahonphonphayuhasena;
 * 4) Colonel Phraya Songsuradet;
 * 5) Colonel Phraya Rit-akkhane;
 * 6) First-Class Councillor Phraya Pramuanwichaphun;
 * 7) Lieutenant Colonel Phra Prasatphitthayayut;
 * 8) Major Luang Phibunsongkhram;
 * 9) Lieutenant Commander Luang Sinthusongkhramchai;
 * 10) Third-Class Councillor Luang Praditmanutham;
 * 11) First-Class Vice Councillor Luang Detsahakon;
 * 12) First-Class Vice Councillor Tua Laphanukrom;
 * 13) First-Class Vice Councillor Prayut Phamonmontri;
 * 14) Nai Naep Phahonyothin.

Chaophraya Thammasakmontri inquired of Members of the Representatives and requested them to vote. After this set of Members obtained  votes from Members, Chaophraya Thammasakmontri ruled that this number surpassed


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 kind of whetstone, which is extremely rare in Japan, and finally they are polished.

Japanese historians give no exact account of the time when iron and steel were for the first time cash in Japan. They have noted only the first copper, silver and gold melting. On the authority of Von Siebold a certain Prince called Tui shiki, who lived under the reign of the Mikado Sui-nin (29 B.C.–71 A.D.,) has the credit of having invented the forging of the first Japanese sword, but Mr. McClatchie gives us another version in his paper and informs us that the exact date cannot be fixed, because the history of the sword is mixed up so much with mythological relations, at least in those Japanese works which he had perused. According to Mr. McClatchie the Koto Meijin, a Japanese work on the history of the sword, written by Kamada Saburo-daiyu in 1791, tells us first, that a certain Amakuni from Uda in the province of Yamato is believed to have forged the first old divine sword (ken) under the reign of Siu-jin Tenno, (that is in 97–30 B.C.), and 2nd, that another Amakuni from the same place in the same province, it is believed, made the first sword in imitation of the divine blade called “Clustering Clouds,” during the reign of Mon-mu Tenno (697-707 A.D.) It seems to us, too, that the exact time of the first iron-industry cannot be given and that it is certain only that the Japanese have worked their iron-ores from the 10th century.

The principal districts where iron is worked in Japan are, according to Ranzan and others, Idzumo, Bingo, Mutsu, Hiuga, Tazima, Wakasa, Satsuma, Suruga, Shinano, Kai, Tōtomi, Bizen and Bichiu.

The best steel is manufactured in Harima, Hoki, Idsumo and Iwami.

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 seeds being shaken out, "Chi! Chi! Chi!" says A., "this is worthless, there are no seeds." "Ai, Ai," says B., "never were there so many seeds in a bunch of lhiamba," &c. It is used smoked, like the ganja of India, not like the preparation bhang, and the way the Africans in the Congo used it was a very quaint one. They would hollow out a little hole in the ground, making a little dome over it; then in went a few hemp-tops, and on to them a few stones made red hot in a fire. Then the dome was closed up and a reed stuck through it. Then one man after another would go and draw up into his lungs as much smoke as he could with one prolonged deep inspiration; and then go apart and cough in a hard, hacking distressing way for ten minutes at a time, and then back to the reed for another pull. In addition to the worry of hearing their coughs, the lhiamba gives you trouble with the men, for it spoils their tempers, making them moody and fractious, and prone to quarrel with each other; and when they get an excessive dose of it their society is more terrifying than tolerable. I once came across three men who had got into this state and a fourth man who had not, but was of the party. They fought with him, and broke his head, and then we proceeded on our way, one gentleman taking flying leaps at some places, climbing up trees now and again, and embedding himself in the bush alongside the path "because of the pools of moving blood on it." ("If it had not kept moving," he said as he sat where he fell—"he could have managed it")—the others having grand times with various creatures, which, judging from their description of them, I was truly thankful were not there. The men's state of mind, however, soon cleared; and I must say this was the only time I came across this lhiamba giving such strong effects; usually the men just cough with that racking cough that lets you know what they have been up to, and quarrel for a short time. When, however, a whiff of lhiamba is taken by them in the morning before starting on a march, the effect seems to be good, enabling them to get over the ground easily and to endure a long march without being exhausted. But a small tot of rum is better for them by far. Many other intoxicants made from bush are known to and used by the witch doctors.

You may say:—Well! if it is not the polygamy and not the drink that makes the West African as useless as he now is as a developer, or a means of developing the country, what is it? In my opinion, it is the sort of instruction he has received, not that this instruction is necessarily bad in itself, but bad


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 from being unsuited to the sort of man to whom it has been given. It has the tendency to develop his emotionalism, his sloth, and his vanity, and it has no tendency to develop those parts of his character which are in a rudimentary state and much want it; thereby throwing the whole character of the man out of gear.

The great inferiority of the African to the European lies in the matter of mechanical idea. I own I regard not only the African, but all coloured races, as inferior—inferior in kind not in degree—to the white races, although I know it is unscientific to lump all Africans together and then generalise over them, because the difference between various tribes is very great. But nevertheless there are certain constant quantities in their character, let the tribe be what it may, that enable us to do this for practical purposes, making merely the distinction between Negroes and Bantu, and on the subject of this division I may remark that the Negro is superior to the Bantu. He is both physically and intellectually the more powerful man, and although he does not christianise well, he does often civilise well. The native officials cited by Mr. Hodgson in his letter to the Times of January 4, 1895, as having satisfactorily carried on all the postal and the governmental printing work of the Gold Coast Colony, as well as all the subordinate custom-house officials in the Niger Coast Protectorate—in fact T may say all of them in the whole of the British possessions on the West Coast—are educated Negroes. I am aware that all sea-captains regard this latter class as poisonous nuisances, but then every properly constituted sea-captain regards custom-house officials, let their colour be what it may, as poisonous nuisances anywhere. In addition to these, you will find, notably in Lagos, excellent pure-blooded negroes in European clothes, and with European culture. The best men among these are lawyers, doctors, and merchants, and I have known many ladies of Africa who have risen to an equal culture-level with their lords. On the West African seaboard you do not find the Bantu equally advanced, except among the M’pongwe, and I um persuaded that this tribe is not pure Bantu but of Negro origin. The educated blacks that are not M’pongwe on the Bantu coast (from Cameroons to Benguela), you will find are Negroes, who have gone down there to make money, but this class of African is the clerk class, and we are now concerned with the labourer. The African's own way of doing anything mechanical is the simplest way, not the easiest, certainly not the quickest: he has all the chuckle-headedness of that overrated creature the ant, for his head never saves his heels.


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 bringing-up of children, beginning with the first hours of their school attendance. Instruction in hygiene received in primary schools is completed in the higher grades through a course of lectures delivered by the school physician. Hygiene, as a bio-social science, should be taught in the last year of secondary schooling. Here hygiene should be superseded by instructions in the physiology and anatomy of man.

Hygiene should be taught by a physician.

Commissary of School-Sanitary Department.

In each of the capitals there is an Art Collegium to look after the art interests of the population. Document No. 16 gives the names of the members of the Moscow Art Collegium, also the various functions of that body, which show that the Soviets are much concerned with the teaching of art and the preservation of art objects. Documents Nos. 17 and 18, in accordance with the Strindbergian doctrine that "there is so much that only needs to be destroyed," deals with two necessary abolitions of former institutions, before their functions could be handed over to the representatives of the proletariat.

The Art Collegium of the city of Moscow has the following membership list of painters, sculptors and architects: Konchalovsky, Konenkov, Mashkov, Tatlin, Ivanov, Morgunov, Mrs. Tolstoi, Udaltzeva, Schusev, Noakovsky, Theltovsky, Vesnin and the Commissary of Art—.

All of them had joined the Collegium's body as representatives of the unions and organizations to which they belong.

The Collegium's objects are:

1. Organization of State art education:

(a) establishment of art studios meeting the requirements of the new Russia;

(b) propaganda of art among large democratic masses.


text: Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan/Series 1/Volume 3/Part 1/Useful Minerals and Metallurgy of the Japanese (1)


text: Poems, Chiefly Lyrical/The Ballad of Oriana


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 Watch a gang of boat-boys getting a surfboat down a sandy beach. They turn it broadside on to the direction in which they wish it to go, and then turn it bodily over and over, with structure-straining bumps to the boat, and any amount of advice and recriminatory observations to each other. Unless under white direction they will not make a slip, nor will they put rollers under her. Watch again a gang of natives trying to get a log of timber down into the river from the bank, and you will see the same sort of thing—no idea of a lever, or any thing of that sort—and remember that, unless under white direction, the African has never made an even fourteenth-rate piece of cloth or pottery, or a machine, tool, picture, sculpture, and that he has never even risen to the level of picture-writing. I am aware of his ingenious devices for transmitting messages, such as the cowrie shells, strung diversely on strings, in use among the Yoruba, but even these do not equal the picture-writing of the South American Indians, nor the picture the Red Indian does on a raw elk hide; they are far and away inferior to the graphic sporting sketches left us of mammoth hunts by the prehistoric cave men.

This absence of mechanical aptitude is very interesting, though it most likely has the very simple underlying reason that the conditions under which the African has been living have been such as to make no call for a higher mechanical culture. In his native state he does not want to get heavy surf-boats into the sea; his own light dug-out is easily slid down, he does not want to cut down heavy timber trees, and get them into the river, and so on; but this state is now getting disturbed by the influx of white enterprise, and not only disturbed, but destroyed, and so he must alter his ways or there will be grave trouble; but it is encouraging to remark that the African is almost as teachable and as willing to learn handicrafts as he is to assimilate other things, provided his mind has not been poisoned by fallacious ideas, and the results already obtained from the Krumen and the Accras are good. The Accras are not such good workmen as they might be, because they are to a certain extent spoilt by getting, owing to the dearth of labour, higher wages and more toleration for indifferent bits of work than they deserve, or their work is worth; but they have not yet fallen under that deadly spell worked by so many of the white men on so many of the black—the idea that it is the correct and proper thing not to work with your own hands but to get some underling to do all that sort of thing for you, while you


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 2. Effect contact with world’s artistic centres.

3. Promotion of growth of art:

(a) by organizing State competitive examinations;

(b) organization of trade unions' mutual aid societies, etc.;

(c) organization of decorative artists' committees and scenic art workers.

4. Organizing the preservation of arts of the past and present and protection of the future.

The Academy of Art, as a State Institution, is hereby declared dissolved. The Higher Art School is thus dissociated from the Academy of Art, with all corresponding credits and capital, and reorganized into an independent art school.

The Museum of the Academy of Art is placed in the hands of the Commissariat of Education.

All moneys and the entire property of the Academy of Art are declared the property of the Soviet Republic, to be used as a fund designed to meet special needs of art culture.

The Soviet of People’s Commissaires decrees:

1. Owing to the fact that the school of painting, sculpture and architecture under patronage of the Moscow Art Society has been placed within the jurisdiction of the Commissariat of People's Commissaires—the functioning of the Moscow Art Society is forthwith discontinued.

2. All the moneys, movable and real-estate properties of the Society are declared national property and entrusted to the Commissariat of People's Education, and to be used to meet the needs of the school of painting, sculpture and architecture, as well as for the organization and support of the task of art education in the Russian Soviet Republic.


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 read and write. This false ideal formed by the native from his empirical observations of some of the white men around him, has been the cause of great mischief. He sees the white man is his ruling man, rich, powerful, and honoured, and so he imitates him, and goes to the mission-school classes to read and write, and as soon as an African learns to read and write he turns into a clerk. Now there is no immediate use for clerks in Africa, certainly no room for further development in this line of goods. What Africa wants at present, and will want for the next 200 years at least, are workers, planters, plantation hands, miners, and seamen; and there are no schools in Africa to teach these things or the doctrine of the nobility of labour save the technical mission-schools. Almost every mission on the Coast has now a technical school just started or having collections made at home to start one; but in the majority of these crafts such as bookbinding, printing, tailoring, &c., are being taught which are not at present wanted. Still any technical school is better than none, and apart from lay considerations, is of great religious value to the mission indirectly, for there are many instances in mission annals of a missionary receiving great encouragement from the natives when he first starts in a district. At first the converts flock in, get baptised in batches, go to church, attend school, and adopt European clothes with an alacrity and enthusiasm that frequently turns their devoted pastor's head, but after the lapse of a few months their conduct is enough to break his heart. Dressing up in European clothes amuses the ladies and some of the young men for a long time, in some cases permanently, but the older men and the bolder youths soon get bored, and when an African is bored—and he easily is so—he goes utterly to the bad. It is in these places that an industrial mission would be so valuable to the spiritual cause, for by employing and amusing the largely preponderating lower faculties of the African's mind, it would give the higher faculties time to develop. I have frequently been told when advocating technical instruction, that there are objections against it from spiritual stand-points, which, as my own views do not enable me to understand them, I will not enter into. Also several authorities, not mission authorities alone, state with ethnologists that the African is incapable of learning, except during the period of childhood.

Prof. A. H. Keane says—"their inherent mental inferiority, almost more marked than their physical characters, depends on physiological causes by which the intellectual faculties seem to be arrested before attaining their normal development";


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Moscow, Kreml, July 12th, 1918.

We come now to one of the features of Soviet domination that distinguish it from any other government that has ever been established. For the first time in history a whole people is to have the opportunity, not only to see works of art, to appreciate them and study them, but creatively to produce art of a type consonant with their system of civilization. The efforts of the Soviet Government to stimulate the proletariat, now that it is dominant, to take advantage of its opportunities for culture, are nowhere more clearly stated than in Documents Nos. 19 and 20, which are concerned with the art education of the people.

Each Soviet of workmen's deputies has a special section of people's education and to the latter is usually attached an art sub-section. What are, then, the fundamental problems of these art sections and sub-sections?

Four main problems can be distinguished upon examination.

J. Keats, the English poet, said that "A thing of beauty is a joy forever." It would have been better had it been possible for him to say, "a thing of beauty is a Joy to everybody." The immediate duty of the art sections attached to the Soviets of workmen's deputies it to turn beauty and art into a "universal joy"—a joy to the whole city's population. The first problem is the "socialization of art" and there are two ways by which this aim can be accomplished best and most easily. The first step required is external beautification of cities (chiefly large cities, of course): turn them not merely into city-village, city-park, city-garden but also into a city-museum, a museum of magnificient buildings, beautiful monuments, in fine, make them externally resemble that picturesque London of the future described by William Morris in his utopian "News from Nowhere." Some-


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82

Welcome, my lord: I dance attendance here;

I think the duke will not be spoke withal.

Now, Catesby! what says your lord to my request?

Cate. He doth entreat your Grace, my noble lord,

To visit him to-morrow or next day.

He is within, with two right reverend fathers,

Divinely bent to meditation;

And in no worldly suits would he be mov'd,

To draw him from his holy exercise.

Buck. Return, good Catesby, to the gracious duke:

Tell him, myself, the mayor and aldermen,

In deep designs, in matter of great moment,

No less importing than our general good,

Are come to have some conference with his Grace.

Cate. I'll signify so much unto him straight.

Buck. Ah, ha, my lord, this prince is not an Edward!

He is not lolling on a lewd love-bed,

But on his knees at meditation;

Not dallying with a brace of courtesans,

But meditating with two deep divines;

Not sleeping, to engross his idle body,

But praying, to enrich his watchful soul.

Happy were England, would this virtuous prince

Take on his Grace the sovereignty thereof:

But sure, I fear, we shall not win him to it.

May. Marry, God defend his Grace should say us nay!

Buck. I fear he will. Here Catesby comes again.

 55 dance attendance: attend assiduously

69 straight: at once

75 engross: fatten

79 win: persuade

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 thing has already been done in that direction: it will suffice to mention here the erection of fifty monuments in Moscow in honor of leaders and heroes of the world revolution; erection in the Mars Field of a memorial monument to the victims of the revolution; decision of the Penza Soviet to erect a monument to Marx, etc. The other way is, through the socialization of art, turn it into a joy for all—holding of solemn and sumptuous national revolutionary and socialist holidays, similar to those which were so frequently and gorgeously celebrated during the days of the Great French Revolution, when famous artists such as David, and many prominent composers had charge of these festivals and beautified them with their compositions. At these revolutionary and socialist feasts, art—music, songs, decoration—ought to play an important role, and the ceremonial pageant, already beautiful in itself, ought from time to time, at big squares and especially in summer time beyond the confines of the city, to rise to a real festival of art.

The second problem to be solved by the art sections or sub-sections attached to the Soviets of workmen's deputies, will consist not only in evoking in the large masses of the city populations an interest in all things artistic, not only the "democratization" of art, but also in laying a foundation and building up a genuine, democratic, proletarian, socialistic art. The best means for the solution of this second problem is, first, staging of such plays as represent bourgeois society in a negative-satirical vein—society's manners, its heroes, favorites and idols, or such as describe in tragic tone the struggle of the working class against its oppressors, the struggle of the proletariat for its emancipation, and, finally, the birth of a new socialist culture and morality. The accomplishment of this aim—planting the seeds for a proletarian socialist art—can be also considerably aided through the organization, at People's Houses and workmen's clubs, and, on some solemn occasions, at theatres, of specially arranged literary-musical evenings devoted, from beginning to end, from the introductory word to the concert part (recitation, singing and music), to emphasizing the subject of the particular evening, for an example, the Idea of the Revolution, Significance of May 1st, or Proletarian Poetry, etc.

It is necessary not only to socialize and democratize art, but it is also a matter of great urgency—and this forms the third problem of the art sub-sections attached to the Soviets of work-


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 men's deputies—to prepare the large masses of urban population for the comprehension of esthetic values and give them an artistic education. It is clear that the following measures should be undertaken to accomplish this: Publication of popular pocket editions, finely prepared, on the history of Russian and West-European art, which would give understanding for, and familiarize the worker with, the great masters in painting and sculpture; publication at popular prices of reproductions of representative specimens of Russian and European art, especially of works dealing with social themes, the toiling life of peasants and workers (Adler, Millet, Manet, Mentzel, Maddox, Brown and the Russian Traveling Exhibitors): arranging lectures on art which, in a popular way, with the aid of movies, will acquaint the toilers with the evolution of art styles, the influence of social surroundings on art, technical problems connected with the art of different epochs, and finally, the building at the art section of a special art library and reading room—these are the chief important means for the artistic education of the large masses of the toiling urban population.

And, lastly, the fourth—and perhaps the most essential and important problem facing the art sections attached to the Soviets of workers' deputies—is making the proletariat and the toiling classes capable of not only comprehending and criticising things beautiful, whether in the form of stage representations or creations of the brush or chisel, but also of themselves creating those beautiful things, first, in forms inherited from the past, and then, in new forms corresponding to the psychology of these new classes. Establishment of schools of drawing, modeling, recitation and theatrical art, creation of People's Art Academies with lecture halls and convenient studios—these are the means that could gradually transform the toilers from passive observers and critics of beauty into creative artists of beauty, builders of a new proletarian-socialist art which—we believe—will surpass in its grandeur the art of the past.

In connection with the above-stated problems of the art sections attached to the Soviets, there should naturally spring to life a number of committees entrusted with the task of beautification of cities, organizations of national holidays and pageants, organization of revolutionary-socialist concerts and performances; also committees in charge of publications, lectures, libraries, schools—committees composed of representatives from


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 the half already, making section 23 of the Charter fulfilled immediately. The persons so selected thenceforwards became Members of the People's Committee according to section 33 of the Charter.

9 [sic]. Chaophraya Thammasakmontri said: "Now, we have come to the agenda in which we have to establish a Subcommittee for drafting a new and neat Charter for Public Administration Act.

Luang Praditmanutham further stated: "The present Charter for Public Administration is an interim charter because we created it at a critical time, and thus it perhaps contains certain imperfections. We should therefore get those who are knowledgeable and proficient in this matter to form a Subcommittee to review and revise it neatly."

Chaophraya Thammasakmontri said: "If so, all of you shall chose appropriate persons to form the Subcommittee, which shall then be charged with drafting a revised version of the Charter for Public Administration."

The meeting resolved to select these seven men—

 * Phraya Manopakonnitithada;
 * Phraya Thepwithun;
 * Phraya Manawaratchasewi;
 * Phraya Nitisatphaisan;


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Richard the Third, III. vii

Now, Catesby, what says his Grace?

Cate. He wonders to what end you have assembled

Such troops of citizens to come to him,

His Grace not being warn'd thereof before:

He fears, my lord, you mean no good to him.

Buck. Sorry I am my noble cousin should

Suspect me that I mean no good to him.

By heaven, we come to him in perfect love;

And so once more return, and tell his Grace.

When holy and devout religious men

Are at their beads, 'tis much to draw them thence;

So sweet is zealous contemplation.

L. May. See, where his Grace stands 'tween two clergymen!

Buck. Two props of virtue for a Christian prince,

To stay him from the fall of vanity;

And, see, a book of prayer in bis hand:

True ornaments to know a holy man.

Famous Plantagenet, most gracious prince,

Lend favourable ear to our requests,

And pardon us the interruption

Of thy devotion and right Christian zeal.

Rich. My lord, there needs no such apology;

I do beseech your Grace to pardon me,

Who, earnest in the service of my God,

Deferr'd the visitation of my friends.

But, leaving this, what is your Grace's pleasure?

 92 beads: prayers

98 ornaments: the word refers to the bishops as well as to the prayer-book

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 and further on, "We must necessarily infer that the development of the negro and white proceeds on different lines. While with the latter the volume of the brain grows with the expansion of the brain-pan; in the former the growth of the brain is on the contrary arrested by the premature closing of the cranial sutures, and lateral pressure of the frontal bone." You will frequently meet with the statement that the negro child is as intelligent, or more so, than the white child, but that as seen as it passes beyond childhood it makes no further mental advance. Burton says: "His mental development is arrested, and thenceforth he grows backwards instead of forwards." Now it is nervous work contradicting these statements, but with all due respect to the makers of them I must do so, and I have the comfort of knowing that many men with a larger personal experience of the African than these authorities have, agree with me, although at the same time we utterly disclaim holding the opinion that the African is a man and a brother. A man he is, but not of the same species; and his cranial sutures do, I agree, close early; indeed I have seen them almost obliterated in skulls of men who have died quite young; but I think most anthropologists are nowadays beginning to see that the immense value they a few years since set upon skull measurements and cranial capacity, &c, has been excessive and not to have so great a bearing on the intelligence as they thought. There has been an enormous amount of material carefully collected, mainly by Frenchmen, on craniology, which is exceedingly interesting, but full of difficulty, and giving very diverse indications. Take the weights of brain given by Topinard:—

and I think you will see for practical purposes such considerations as weight of brain, or closure of sutures, &c., are negligible, and so we need not get paralysed with respect for "physiological causes." Moreover I may remark that the top-weight, the Hottentot, was a lady, and that M. Broca weighed one negro's brain which scaled 1,500 grammes, while 105 English and Scotchmen only gave an average of 1,427.

So I think we may make our minds easy on the safety of sticking to outside facts, and say that after all it does not much affect the question of capacity for industrial training in


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great worship of a truth they lived together until the seventh year. In this time the queen was delivered of a son, at which King Etzel could not have been more joyful. She would not turn back, until she brought it to pass that Etzel’s child was christened after the Christian rite. Men named it Ortlieb; at this great joy arose over all of Etzel’s lands. Whatever courtly breeding Lady Helca had possessed, Dame Kriemhild practiced this full many a day. Herrat, the exiled maid, who in secret grieved full sore for Helca, taught her the customs. Well was she known to the strangers and the home-folk. They vowed that never had a kingdom had a better or more bounteous queen. This they held for true. She bare this praise among the Huns until the thirteenth year. Now wot she well, that none would thwart her, as royal men-at-arms still do to a prince’s wife, and that all time she saw twelve kings stand before her. Over many a wrong she brooded, that had happed to her at home. She thought likewise on the many honors in the Nibelung land, which she had there enjoyed and of which Hagen’s hand had quite bereft her at Siegfried’s death, and if perchance she might not make him suffer for his deed. “That would hap, if I might but bring him to this land.” She dreamed that Giselher, her brother, walked often with her hand in hand. Alway she kissed him in her gentle


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 Soviets and labor organizations, artists, actors, stage directors and finally, specialists on the history of art.

Such are the manifold and difficult problems of the Soviet art sections. Their duty is to make art a "joy for all," not only in making the great masses of the urban population interested in things artistic, but particularly in strengthening and promoting the artistic aspirations of the revolutionary proletariat; giving, to the large masses of the urban population, as far as possible, a thorough artistic education, and lastly, finishing and crowning this work by training the toilers for active artistic creation. To prepare the ground for a new art created by a new people—such, briefly, is the aim which the art sections, attached to the Soviets of workmen deputies, should pursue.

The activity of the Art-Educational Section has been two-fold: administrative and art—educational, strictly speaking.

Owing to the limited number of persons comprising the directing body (the delegates' group) much time has been consumed by administrative work, weighing heavily chiefly upon the shoulders of a small number of active members of the delegates' group. This work consisted in managing the State Theatres and a dramatic school; participating in the management of people's houses and of the theatre of the Soviet of Workers' Deputies; artistic supervision of Moscow's theatrical life; solving a number.of problems connected with requisition and housing of premises occupied by theatres and by members of the theatrical and musical profession and issuing of permits for removal of valuables contained in the safes.

All this sort of work has consumed much time. The Section has had to pass on whether certain theatres were subject to requisition, or whether they were to be preserved as of artistic value. This required a re-examination of stage productions and of the theatrical repertoire. Since several organizations claimed those premises the Section had also to acquaint itself with the nature of the activities of those organizations in order to preserve whatever might, at a given moment, prove to be most valuable


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188 slumber; later suffering came to both. I ween, the foul fiend did counsel Kriemhild this, that she withdrew her friendship from Giselher, whom for forgiveness’ sake she had kissed in the Burgundian land. At this hot tears again gan soil her robe. Early and late it lay within her heart, how without fault of hers they had made her wed a heathen man. Hagen and Gunther had brought her to this pass. This wish she seldom gave over in her heart. She thought: “I am so mighty and have such great wealth, that I can do my foes an injury yet. Full ready would I be for this towards Hagen of Troneg. My heart doth often yearn for my faithful kin. Might I be with those who did me wrong, my lover’s death would be well avenged. Scarce can I abide this,” spake Etzel’s wife.

All the king’s men, Kriemhild’s warriors, bare her love in duty bound. Of the chamber Eckewart had charge, which won him friends. None might gainsay Dame Kriemhild’s will. All time she thought: “I will beg the king, that he in kindly wise may grant me to bring my kinsmen to the Hunnish land.” None marked the evil purpose of the queen. One night when she lay by the king, and he did hold her in his arms, as he was wont to love the noble dame, who was dear to him as life, the high-born lady thought her of her foes. To the king she spake: “Dear my lord, I would fain beseech you, by your grace, that ye would show me that ye did love my kinsfolk, if I have earned the favor.”

Then spake the king (true was his heart): “I’ll give you to know however well the knights may fare, I may well have joy of this, for never have I won better kin through woman’s love.”


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 to organized democracy. Besides, the Section has acted as an information bureau to proletarian organizations which have been seeking the Section's help in obtaining eek for their cultural needs.

The Section has had to pass on whether the living quarters of various individual actors, artists or musicians were subject to requisition or progressive housing; whether permission should be granted to certain members of the theatrical and musical profession regarding the removal of valuables from the safes, and what particular valuables, etc.

Thousands of persons have come to the Section requesting a speedy solution of all these questions.

Still more complex, and consuming still greater time, has been the work connected with the management of the State Theatres. It was necessary to carry out, as quickly as possible, the reorganization in the management of the theatres and determine the composition of theatrical companies for the next season, in order to begin immediate preparations for the next season. The representatives of the Sections had to actively participate in the meetings of the Soviets of the Main and Little theatres and the Dramatic School, meetings of theatre managements, committees on reorganizations; conferences of separate theatrical troops and groups of theatrical workers; to participate in the investigation of means on hand and to prepare the estimates for next year. Not a single day passed without such meetings and it was a rare thing when only one such meeting was held instead of two or three. As a result of this activity a temporary provision for the managing of the Little Theatre has been finally drawn up and accepted; the composition of the theatre agreed upon and organs for its management established. The work in connection with the Main Theatre and the Dramatic School has been almost completed. The Section's activity in organizing the distribution of tickets to the State Theatres among labor bodies in order to throw open these theatres to large sections of democracy—deserves to be mentioned here.

The Soviet Theatre has been receiving special attention from the Section. When this theatre went over to the Art Union of labor organizations, two representatives from the Section joined the theatre's management. Such performance as "The Barber of Seville" and "The Merry Wives of Windsor" proved to be events in the theatrical life of Moscow.


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Rh Again the queen spake: “It hath been well told you, that I have high-born kin; therefore do I grieve that they so seldom reck to see me here. I hear the folk aver that I be banished.”

Then spake king Etzel: “Dear lady mine, and it think you not too far, I’ll bid hither to my lands, from across the Rhine, whomso ye be fain to see.”

The lady joyed her when she heard his will. She spake: “Would ye show me your faith, my lord, then send envoys to Worms across the Rhine, through whom I may tell my kinsfolk what I have in mind. Thus there will come hither to our land many a noble knight and a good.”

He answered: “It shall hap whenso ye bid. Ye might not be more glad to see your kin than I to see the sons of the noble Uta. It doth irk me sore, that they have been strangers to us so long a time. If it please you, dear lady mine, I would fain send my minstrels for your kinsmen to the Burgundian land.”

He bade the good minstrels be fetched straightway. Quickly they hasted to where the king sate by the queen. He told the twain they should be envoys to the Burgundian land and bade full lordly weeds be made ready for them. Clothing was prepared for four and twenty warriors, and the message was told them by the king, how they should bid Gunther and his liegemen hither. Kriemhild, the queen, talked with them apart. Then spake the mighty king: “I’ll tell you what to say. I offer to my kin my love and service, that it may please them to ride hither to my land. But few such welcome guests have I known, and if they perchance will fulfill my wish, tell Kriemhild’s kinsmen


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 Two members of the delegates' group have joined the committee in charge of People's Houses and these members have been daily engaged in carrying out important and responsible work.

The administrative activity just described has naturally taken up the greater part of the time and consequently very little time could be spared for the promotion of artistic education among the masses.

The first thing that engaged attention was organization of performances in different districts. Prior to the November Revolution the Section had organized in the districts a few performances of the Little and Art theatres. The November Revolution temporarily frightened away individuals in the theatrical profession from the Soviet circles. But they have gradually come back to the Soviet. A number of conferences with the Actors' Trade Union resulted in an agreement by the terms of which the Moscow theatres (Little, Art and its studios, Chamber, Komissarjevski, "Bat," etc.) consented to hold performances in the districts. And a number of such performances did take place. During the summer season the section staged many performances, aided by the casts of the Komissarjavskaya Theatre, House of Free Art, the "Bat" and by Voljanin's players.

Simultaneously the organization of district concerts was in progress. The Section organized over 200 such concerts in Moscow District and vicinity. A Soviet of Music was organized with the object of introducing greater system as well as for directing Moscow's musical activity. A few meetings were called to which were invited and came all prominent leaders of the musical world. As a consequence of these sessions a Bureau was elected, comprising the most prominent musical names, for the purpose of outlining the problems and plan of the Soviet's activity. It has been decided to organize a Soviet of 30 persons; 15 representatives of the musical world and 15 representatives of organized democracy (including 2 representatives of musical school students).

Constant requests from localities as regards the character of plays to be staged at People's Houses, what plays are on hand and how they could be obtained has brought into existence the repertoire committee of the Section.

The committee has worked out a preliminary list of plays


text: Poems, Chiefly Lyrical/Circumstance

title: Poems, Chiefly Lyrical/Circumstance