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Now Gunther’s wife thought alway: “How haughtily doth Lady Kriemhild bear her! Is not her husband Siegfried our liegeman? Long time now hath he done us little service.” This she bare within her heart, but held her peace. It irked her sore that they did make themselves such strangers and that men from Siegfried’s land so seldom served her. Fain would she have known from whence this came. She asked the king if it might hap that she should see Kriemhild again. Secretly she spake what she had in mind. The speech like the king but moderately well. “How might we bring them,” quoth he, “hither to our land? That were impossible, they live too far away; I dare not ask them this.”

To this Brunhild replied in full crafty wise: “However high and mighty a king’s vassal be, yet should he not leave undone whatsoever his lord command him.”

King Gunther smiled when she spake thus. However oft he saw Siegfried, yet did he not count it to him as service.

She spake: “Dear lord, for my sake help me to have Siegfried and thy sister come to this land, that we may see them here. Naught liefer might ever hap to me in truth. Whenso I think on thy sister’s courtesie and her well-bred mind, how it delighteth me! How we sate


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128 Siddhanta Lakshana, the same; Abachhedoktanirukti the same; Visesa Vyapti, the same; Paksata on inferential propositions; Samanya Laksana, on the definition of classes or genera; Samanya Nirukti, the same; Avayava, on syllogism; Hetwabhasha, on fallacies; Kusumanjali on the proofs of the divine existence, the attributes of the divine nature, and the means of absorption into it; and Vyutpattivada, a treatise on the derivation and meaning of the radical portions and of the suffixes and affixes of words. In one of the schools of logic, the second above-mentioned, only a few of these works are superficially and partially read.

4. Four schools of learning remain to be separately noticed, a Vedantic, a Pauranic, a Tantric, and a Medical School.

The Vedantic school, No. 70 (b) of Table III., can scarcely be said yet to exist. The Pundit, after completing the usual course of study in his native district of Rajshahi, to extend his acquirements went to Benares whence he had returned about a month before I saw him. He now proposes to open a school, and to teach the following branches of learning, viz., general literature, law, the puranas, and the vedanta, in which he claims to be profoundly versed, and from which I derive the title by which his intended school is designated. He had no pupils at the time of my visit to his village.

The Pauranic school, No. 279 (a) of Table III., contains twenty students, of whom five are natives and fifteen strangers to the village in which the school is situated. They begin to study about ten years of age and leave school about thirty-two. The teacher receives about twenty-five rupees a month and the students four, each of the latter expending about sixty rupees in copying the books they require for a whole course. The Pundit gives instruction in general literature, in law, and in astrology; but as he also teaches the puranas, chiefly the Mahabharata, and derives a great part of his emoluments from the public recitation of them in wealthy families, the name given to his school is derived from that branch of his acquirements. In astrology, he teaches the Joyatisa Tatwa by Raghunandana, a summary of astrological knowledge; the Jataka Chandrica, on the calculation of nativities; and the Satkritya Muktavali, the Dipika, and Samaya Pradipa, on lucky and unlucky days.

The Tantric school, No. 38 of Table III., contains twelve pupils of whom three are natives and nine strangers to the village in which the school is situated. They begin to study at eight years of age and leave school at thirty. The teacher receives eight rupees and the students about eight annas a month in presents; each of the latter expending about forty rupees in copying the books for a course. The Pundit teaches superficially grammar and the Vedanta, but his distinctive name is derived from his professional instruction in the Tantra. The works classed under this name may be generally described to be employed

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Rh together, when I first became thy wife! She may with honor love bold Siegfried.”

She besought so long, till the king did speak: “Now know that I have never seen more welcome guests. Ye need but beg me gently. I will send my envoys for the twain, that they may come to see us to the Rhine.”

Then spake the queen: “Pray tell me then, when ye are willed to send for them, or in what time our dear kinsmen shall come into the land. Give me also to know whom ye will send thither.”

“That will I,” said the prince. “I will let thirty of my men ride thither.”

He had these come before him and bade them carry tidings to Siegfried’s land. To their delight Brunhild did give them full lordly vesture.

Then spake the king: “Ye knights must say from me all that I bid you to mighty Siegfried and the sister of mine; this must ye not conceal: that no one in the world doth love them more, and beg them both to come to us to the Rhine. For this I and my lady will be ever at your service. At the next Midsummer’s Day shall he and his men gaze upon many here, who would fain do them great honor. Give to the king Siegmund my greetings, and say that I and my kinsmen be still his friends, and tell my sister, too, that she fail not to ride to see her kin. Never did feasting beseem her better.”

Brunhild and Uta and whatever ladies were found at court all commended their service to the lovely dames and the many valiant men in Siegfried’s land. With the consent of the kinsmen of the king the messengers set forth. They rode as wandering knights; their


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Rh rude, confined, and inconvenient as those of the more ignorant, and the pathways of brahman-villages are as narrow, dirty, and irregular as those inhabited by the humblest and most despised Chasas and Chandals.

Some account of the means and amount of female instruction is indispensable, but on this subject I have been able to collect very little information.

The female population of all ages in Nattore, according to Table I., amounts to 94,717.

Of the total female population, 16,497 are under five years of age; that is, are below the teachable age, or the age at which the first instruction in letters may be or is communicated.

Of the total female population, 16,792 are between fourteen and five years of age; that is, are of the age at which the mind is capable of receiving in an increasing degree the benefit of instruction in letters. The state of instruction amongst this unfortunate class cannot be said to be low, for with a very few individual exceptions there is no instruction at all. Absolute and hopeless ignorance is in general their lot. The notion of providing the means of instruction for female children never enters into the minds of parents; and girls are equally deprived of that imperfect domestic instruction which is sometimes given to boys. A superstitious feeling is alleged to exist in the majority of Hindu families, principally cherished by the women and not discouraged by the men, that a girl taught to write and read will soon after marriage become a widow, an event which is regarded as nearly the worst misfortune that can befal the sex; and the belief is also generally entertained in native society that intrigue is facilitated by a knowledge of letters on the part of females. Under the influence of these fears there is not only nothing done in a native family to promote female instruction, but an anxiety is often evinced to discourage any inclination to acquire the most elementary knowledge, so that when a sister, in the playful innocence of childhood, is observed imitating her brother’s attempts at penmanship, she is expressly forbidden to do so, and her attention drawn to something else. These superstitious and distrustful feelings prevail extensively, although not universally, both amongst those Hindus who are devoted to the pursuits of religion, and those who are engaged in the business of the world. Zemindars are for the most part exempt from them, and they in general instruct their daughters in the elements of knowledge, although it is difficult to obtain from them an admission of the fact. They hope to marry their daughters


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132 into families of wealth and property, and they perceive that, without a knowledge of writing and accounts, their daughters will, in the event of widowhood, be incompetent to the management of their deceased husbands’ estates, and will unavoidably become a prey to the interested and unprincipled. The Mahomedans participate in all the prejudices of the Hindus against the instruction of their female offspring, besides that a very large majority of them are in the very lowest grades of poverty, and are thus unable, even if they were willing, to give education to their children. It may, therefore, be affirmed that the juvenile female population of this district, that is, the female population of the teachable age or of the age between fourteen and five years, without any known exception and with so few probable exceptions that they can scarcely be taken into the account, is growing up wholly destitute of the knowledge of reading and writing. Upon the principle assumed in Section I in estimating the total population, it will follow that the juvenile female population of the whole district is eight times that of Nattore or 134,336; that is, in the single district of Rajshahi there is this number of girls of the teachable age growing up in total ignorance.

Of the total female population, 61,428 are of adult age or above fourteen years; and according to the above-mentioned estimate it will follow that the adult female population of the whole district is eight times that of Nattore or 491,424. It would have been more conformable to the customs of the country to have fixed twelve instead of fourteen as the adult age of females, the former being the age at which married girls are usually taken to their husbands’ houses, but the latter was preferred in order to obtain similar data for comparison between the different corresponding divisions of the male and female population. If we take into account the early age at which married females leave the parental roof, it will appear probable that there are in this district alone at least half a million of adult females; and with the views which are generally and justly entertained in European society of the influence exercised by the female sex upon the character of their offspring, it would be an object of importance to ascertain the amount of cultivation possessed by this important class. The total absence of means for their instruction in early life and the strong prejudices directly operating against their instruction, sufficiently prove what the answer to such an enquiry must be. Although my information is necessarily imperfect, nothing that is known leads me to suppose that there are many, if any, exceptions to the general character of extreme ignorance. It has already been stated that zemindars, for the most part, instruct their daughters in the elements of knowledge; and for the reasons there assigned, instances sometimes occur of young Hindu females who have received no instruction under their parents’ roof taking lessons, at the instigation of their parents and brothers, after they


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Rh have become widows, with a view to the adequate protection of their interests in the families of which they have become members. The number of principal zemindars in the whole district is about fifty or sixty, of whom more than a half are females and widows. Of these, two, viz., Ranees Suryamani and Kamal Mani Dasi are alleged to possess a competent knowledge of Bengali writing and accounts, while some of the rest are more imperfectly instructed and others are wholly ignorant. Other exceptions to the general ignorance are found amongst the mendicant Vaishnavas or followers of Chaitanya, amounting in Nattore probably to fourteen or fifteen hundred individuals, who are generally able to write and read and who are also alleged to instruct their daughters in these accomplishments. They are the only religious body of whom as a sect the practice is characteristic. Yet it is a fact that as a sect they rank precisely the lowest in point of general morality, and especially in respect of the virtue of their women. It would be erroneous, however, to attribute the low state of morality to the degree of instruction prevailing amongst them. It is obviously and solely attributable to the fact that the sect is a colluvies from all other sects—a collection of individuals who throw off the restraints of the stricter forms of Hinduism in the profession of a doctrine which allows greater license. The authors and leaders of this sect had the sagacity to perceive the importance of the vernacular dialect as a means of gaining access to the multitude, and in consequence their works, original and translated, in that dialect, form a larger portion of the current popular literature than those of any other sect. The subject-matter of these works cannot be said to be of a very improving character, but their existence would seem to have established a love of reading in the sect, and the taste has in some measure at least extended to their women. With these exceptions the total number of grown up females in the district may be reckoned as destitute of instruction in letters.

I propose in this place to compare the existing means of instruction with the wants of the juvenile male population, and to estimate the amount of cultivation possessed by the adult male population.

The male population of all ages in Nattore, according to Table I., amounts to 100,579.

Of this population, 18,442 are under five years of age, that is, have not yet attained the age at which the first instruction in letters is or may be communicated.

Of the male population, 23,637 are between fourteen and five years of age, that is, of the teachable or school-going age.


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THE ASSISTANT SECRETARY

Dear Colleague:

Education has long been recognized as the great equalizer in America. The U.S. Department of Education and its Office for Civil Rights (OCR) believe that providing all students with an educational environment free from discrimination is extremely important. The sexual harassment of students, including sexual violence, interferes with students' right to receive an education free from discrimination and, in the case of sexual violence, is a crime.

Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 (Title IX), 20 U.S.C. §§ 1681 et seq., and its implementing regulations, 34 C.F.R. Part 106, prohibit discrimination on the basis of sex in education programs or activities operated by recipients of Federal financial assistance. Sexual harassment of students, which includes acts of sexual violence, is a form of sex discrimination prohibited by Title IX. In order to assist recipients, which include school districts, colleges, and universities (hereinafter "schools" or "recipients") in meeting these obligations, this letter explains that the requirements of Title IX pertaining to sexual harassment also cover sexual violence, and lays out the specific Title IX requirements applicable to sexual violence. Sexual violence, as that term is used in this letter, refers to physical sexual acts perpetrated against a person's will or where a person is incapable of giving consent due to the victim's use of drugs or alcohol. An individual also may be unable to give consent due to an intellectual or other disability. A number of different acts fall into the category of sexual violence, including rape,


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134 In estimating the means of instruction for this population, we may put schools of learning amongst the Hindus entirely out of the question, for although the teachers of those institutions receive pupils before they are fourteen, yet I found scarcely any instance of a student below that age and a large majority of them are full-grown men. It will, therefore, be correct to class the students at schools of Hindu learning generally, and convenient to class them universally, as of adult age. On the other hand, a very few instances may be found of youths above fourteen attending the schools of elementary instruction, and these on the same general principle will be classed as of the school-going age, although actually beyond it. We have already seen that, in the elementary schools of all descriptions, both amongst Hindus and Mahomedans, the total number of scholars is 263; and it has also appeared that in 1,588 families there are about 2,383 children who receive domestic instruction, the total number who receive any sort of instruction thus amounting to 3,644. Deduct this number from the number of male children between fourteen and five, and it thus appears that of 32,637 children of an age capable of receiving instruction, 19,993 are wholly uninstructed. Of the whole male population of the teachable age, the proportion of the instructed to the uninstructed is thus as 133 to 1,000. In other words, for every number of children amounting to 133 who receive some sort of instruction either at home or at school, there are 1,000 who receive no instruction whatever.

This, although a very decisive fact, does not alone present a complete view of the inadequacy of the means of instruction. The large numerical proportion of those needing instruction to those receiving it, shows that the means of instruction must be exceedingly scanty; but this conclusion is still more fully established when it is added that the means of instruction actually provided are not only insufficient numerically for the juvenile population to be instructed, but that compared with similar institutions in other countries they afford only the lowest grades of instruction, and those in imperfect forms and in the most desultory manner. What, for instance, bearing the semblance of instruction, can be less worthy of the name than the mere knowledge of the forms and sounds of letters to which instruction in the Arabic elementary schools is limited? And in the Bengali and Persian schools, which are several grades higher, I have shown how imperfect is the instruction communicated. Even that proportion, therefore, of the juvenile population who are receiving some sort of elementary instruction must be regarded as most defectively instructed.

Another element in estimating the adequacy of the means of instruction to the wants of a given population is the fit distribution of those means; but where the means are so scanty in


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6 I am apprized of your most secret thoughts. Longer disguise is useless betwixt us. You need not clasp your hands and look imploringly up to heaven. You are in my power, and, having undertook to brave my will, and persuade your lover that you and he could yet circumvent me, you shall know the full extent of that power. I have hitherto wasted my breath in persuading you to wed my nephew—henceforth I will persuade no more; but by St. Mark!—wed him you shall. You have thrown down the gauntlet—we will see who proves the victor. One year," he continued, with increased bitterness, and an ill-concealed rage, "and you will be your own mistress—say you? Ay! if you continue unwed. But mark my words!—before the twelfth part of that time shall have elapsed, you will be the wife of the head of our house. You know me—you know I never trifle. Prepare then for what is inevitable. Tomorrow by early dawn we shall set out for Venice. I leave you to think of the fate you have drawn on yourself," and, with these words, sneeringly bowing, the Duke left the room.

During this interview, the feelings of the lady Beatrice had almost overpowered her reason. The sneering look of the Duke at his entrance foreboded the object of his visit, and his words soon left no doubt of his intentions. Beatrice saw, at once, that she had been discovered and betrayed. The threat of the Duke filled her with no idle fears. She knew that in Venice the power of a guardian was almost illimitable, and that her sex were often made the victims of forced marriages. In the seclusion of the vast palaces of the Venetian aristocracy, deeds were often done which no human tongue ever made public. What wonder then that Beatrice shuddered at the fate impending over her? What wonder that she clasped her hands and raised her eyes to heaven imploringly? Friendless, and alone -with no protection in the law, and watched by the spies of her relentless guardian, so that she could not appeal to the few who might aid her, what escape was there for her? These thoughts rushed through her mind, and almost unnerved her. In vain she attempted to speak—to remonstrate with the Duke—to implore his pity. Her tongue clove to her mouth. She could not speak. And when he had departed, and she sank helplessly on her knees, she was unable to give utterance to a petition for help from heaven, until a flood of tears came to her relief.

Sleep fled the pillow of Beatrice that night. Her situation seemed more hopeless the more she reflected on it. Oh!—she though—if her lover only knew of her peril, how soon would he fly to her rescue. But then the thought occurred to her, what could he do to aid her?-and would not any interference on his part only end in the ruin of both? There were daggers enough in Venice to be bought for fifty ducats to remove all fear that the Duke would be foiled by Adanta. In whatever light she looked on her situation, there was the same absence of hope. Morning found her still fruitlessly revolving the probability of an escape from the peril which threatened her. And during their route to Venice the same thought occupied her mind. When the gloomy portals of the Duke's palace closed on her, she felt as if she was shut up in a living tomb. Nor was her despair mitigated when her guardian, conducting her to her chamber-door, said significantly,

"Here, lady is your home until you become the bride of my nephew. A week hence the ceremony will be performed," and with this warning he departed.

The lady Beatrice gazed around on the strange apartment which had been allotted to her, with the consciousness that, for her, it was only a prison, and she turned with a bitter smile from the tapestry which seemed to mock her desolation. She approached the window and gazed out. The canal was far beneath. She returned to the door and tried the lock. It was fastened. All escape was cut off. She was immured in a prison, from which she would have no escape, until summoned to become the bride of the hated nephew of her guardian.

WHAT! pray for her no more-the loved, the lost? When stood she so in need of pray'rs as now? On the wild sea of stormy passion tost, With lightning flashing shame around her brow? When innocent, my pray'rs avail'd her not, But now in them she must not be forgot!

Tell me no more of injury and pride, Wake not the evil spirits of my heart, I know to feel, and know I must abide The bitter agony of its dread smart; Still is her name so wonted to my pray'r, It seems to have a birthright to be there!

That heart is like a channel for my tears, Have fretted at its core, wasting away The flow'rs that blossom'd on its banks for years, Hope's flow'rs, and love's, brief, beautiful, and gay— And now, alas! it only doth retain The thorn that rankles ever there to pain.

O, how I mind me of her form of light, (Though darken'd o'er by crime and sorrow now,) Shining resplendent as a vision bright, That steals from heav'n to kiss the poet's brow; There was it set in blessings, like a gem Polish'd to grace a seraph's diadem.

And there, though trampled on, detested, spurn'd— It still will shine, but with a fainter ray, As lamps that are by pious love inurn'd, Shed a dimm'd radiance round the mould'ring clay, Yet, all so veil'd, it will be the sole light, That ever breaks the gloom of that heart's night.


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Rh amount and so imperfect in their nature, it may appear of little consequence how they are distributed. In point of fact the police sub-division of Nattore is a favorable specimen of the whole district, for it appears to be decidedly in advance of all the other thanas. According to the best information I can collect, Hariyal, Chaugaon, Puthiya, Bhawanigunge, Bilmariya, and Bauleah rank next to Nattore; while Tannore, Manda, Dubalhati, Godagari, Sarda, and Mirgunge are almost entire blanks as to the means of education. If, however, we give the other thanas the advantage, with respect to the means and amount of instruction, of being on an equality with Nattore, and if we assume that the juvenile male population bears the same proportion to the adult male population throughout the district as it does in Nattore, then in the mode before adopted of estimating the total population, eight-times the juvenile population of Nattore will represent the total juvenile population of the district; and it will thus appear that of 181,096 children between fourteen and five throughout the district, 21,152 are receiving some sort of instruction, however imperfect, either at home or at school, and 159,944 are wholly destitute of the means or opportunity of acquiring the simplest elements of education. My own observations and the inquiries I have made of others lead me to believe that this is a more favorable representation of the amount of elementary instruction in the district than strict fact would justify; and yet what a mass of ignorance it exhibits within a comparatively small space, growing up to occupy the place of the ignorance that has gone before it, and destined, it may be feared, to re-produce and perpetuate its own likeness.

The amount of cultivation possessed by the adult male population may be estimated from several details contained in Table I.

The male adult population of Nattore, including all of the male sex who are above fourteen years, that is, who have passed beyond the school-going age, amounts to 59,500; and in this population there are different classes of individuals who have received a greater or less amount of instruction. The first class consists of teachers of schools of learning who we have seen are 39 in number. The extent of their attainments is shown in the account given in Table III. of the institutions which they conduct. In respect of wealth and property they have a comparatively humble place in native society; but in respect of intellectual cultivation and acquired learning, religious authority and moral influence, they hold the first rank. The second class consists of those who have received either a complete or an imperfect learned education, but who have not the means or the ability to establish or conduct a school of learning. They support themselves in general as initiating or family priests; as reciters or interpreters of the puranas, on the occasion of public celebrations by rich families; as the performers of propitiatory rites for averting


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8 there is an old saying 'that when poverty comes in the door, love flies out the window."

"As you please, Masters, but you are still deceiving yourself, by calling comfort poverty, and pretending that a wife will beggar you even with two thousand. I will say no more of Mary, except that I believe a nobler or more beautiful woman you will never find. She is a treasure in herself. Nor will I say ought of Miss Spencer, beyond a word- I fear she has a bad temper. And now, my dear fellow, let us dismiss this matrimonial debate, and take to our cigars-here are some choice Habanas."

Charles Masters, as our readers will have seen, was one of those young men who without being an actual fortune-hunter, deem some money indispensable in a wife-although, as in his case, they veil their real character from themselves by a course of deceptive sophistry, and will not admit the actual selfishness of their views. His friend, Henry Prescott, was of a different character. Love, with him, was a pure unalloyed passion-a sentiment in which nothing base took part-a holy exalted feeling which filled the heart with sunshine, and would have made even privation endurable. He loved Ellen Prescott with his whole soul, and had long been satisfied that his love was returned. Indeed, as he said, their union was already settled. He saw with pain the determination of his friend, for he knew that Charles was a favorite with Mary, although, as yet, the feeling had not on her part ripened into a warmer sentiment-more, however, because the attentions of Charles had been nothing more than those of an acquaintance, and the strict principle in which Mary had been brought up, would not suffer her to throw away her affections unsought, and thus perhaps shipwreck her happiness forever. It was with an inward sigh, therefore, that Prescott heard, a few days after the above conversation, that the attentions of Charles to Miss Spencer were becoming of the most marked character. He saw also that Masters no longer visited the Elcotts. The love for display had triumphed over affections.

Meanwhile time slipped rapidly away, and rumors began to be prevalent that Charles had proposed for and been accepted by Miss Spencer. In a little time the report was confirmed by those who were believed to know, and to set all doubt at rest it was authorized by Charles himself. He met Prescott casually, for of late they had been less intimate than formerly.

"Ah! my good monitor," he said, laughingly, "they tell me you and Ellen are to be married in a fortnight. Is it so? Glad to hear it. But I shall not be long behind you—egad! since I come to think of it, we shall be married on the same day. Miss Spencer is a fine, dashing girl—a cool fifty thousand is hers—we shall live in some style, but you must come and see us.

Cards and all that sort of thing will be sent you. But I forgot—I've an appointment to look at a pair of carriage horses at eleven, and it now only wants five minutes of that hour. Good bye—I'll see you soon."

"There goes a fine fellow who is about to sacrifice his happiness to his love of display," mused Prescott, as his eye followed the receding form of his friend; and with a sigh he turned and walked on.

They were married—Prescott and his bride seeking their simple, yet comfortable home, while Mr. and Mrs. Masters were whirled off on a fashionable tour from which they returned in due time to astonish the town by their splendid entertainments. But alas! even before the honey moon was over Masters found that his friend's anticipations were true, and that Mrs. Masters, though rich, beautiful and accomplished, threatened, by a peevish temper, to embitter his life. As time elapsed, moreover, the evil only increased, and about two months after the wedding, it was more than doubled by an event which then occurred. This was nothing more than the discovery—then first made by the final settlement of Mr. Spencer's estate—that his daughter was in reality worth but a bare ten thousand dollars. The knowledge of this circnmstance could not fail to irritate a husband whose chief motive in marrying was to possess himself of his wife's fortune—crimination and re-criminations ensued betwixt the ill-mated pair—and, as usual, the interview ended in a flood of tears on the part of the lady, and a volley of curses on that of the gentleman. Seizing his hat, Masters rushed from the house in no very enviable state of mind. Almost the first person he met was a mutual acquaintance of himself and Prescott.

"Ah! Masters—the very man I wanted to see—have you heard the news—I am glad of it for both their sakes. I see you are ignorant, and that I am the first one to bring you the intelligence. Well then Prescott has had a glorious windfall in the way of fortune—his wife and her sister Mary have fallen co-heiresses to a hundred and fifty thousand dollars, left them by an East Indian uncle, whom they had not heard of for twenty years. I once thought you and Mary would be married, but I was mistaken—she has been engaged you know a month and more to Mr. Leicester, your old rival. But I must hurry on. You look ill. I hope all is well at home. Remember me to your bride."

Masters did not speak, but, in his heart, he cursed the day he ever saw Miss Spencer, or refused the love of such an angel as Mary Elcott, for filthy lucre. He was rightly punished, in being tied for life to a peevish, extravagant, and comparatively portionless woman.

If his story shall prove a lesson to our readers, our object in relating it will have been fulfilled. It is better to deal in truth, simple though it be, than in fiction, however gorgeous.


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 OME there are who make pretence to be loyal, and so truly to keep secret that which is confided to them, that in the end trust is put in them. But when it happens that any one has been do indiscreet as to let them know of his love and his doings, forthwith they noise it abroad, and make merry over it. And thus it comes to pass that he who has made known the secret, loses all delight, since the greater the love between true lovers, the more grieved are they when either thinks that that which should have been kept secret, has been made known by the other. And ofttimes does such mischief come of it, and their love must needs end in


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Page 2 — Dear Colleague Letter: Sexual Violence sexual assault, sexual battery, and sexual coercion. All such acts of sexual violence are forms of sexual harassment covered under Title IX.

The statistics on sexual violence are both deeply troubling and a call to action for the nation. A report prepared for the National Institute of Justice found that about 1 in 5 women are victims of completed or attempted sexual assault while in college. The report also found that approximately 6.1 percent of males were victims of completed or attempted sexual assault during college. According to data collected under the Jeanne Clery Disclosure of Campus Security and Campus Crime Statistics Act (Clery Act), 20 U.S.C. § 1092(f), in 2009, college campuses reported nearly 3,300 forcible sex offenses as defined by the Clery Act. This problem is not limited to college. During the 2007-2008 school year, there were 800 reported incidents of rape and attempted rape and 3,800 reported incidents of other sexual batteries at public high schools. Additionally, the likelihood that a woman with intellectual disabilities will be sexually assaulted is estimated to be significantly higher than the general population. The Department is deeply concerned about this problem and is committed to ensuring that all students feel safe in their school, so that they have the opportunity to benefit fully from the school's programs and activities.

This letter begins with a discussion of Title IX's requirements related to student-on-student sexual harassment, including sexual violence, and explains schools' responsibility to take immediate and effective steps to end sexual harassment and sexual violence. These requirements are discussed in detail in OCR's Revised Sexual Harassment Guidance issued in 2001 (2001 Guidance). This letter supplements the 2001 Guidance by providing additional guidance and practical examples regarding the Title IX requirements as they relate to sexual violence. This letter concludes by discussing the proactive efforts schools can take to prevent sexual harassment and violence, and by providing examples of remedies that schools and OCR may use to end such conduct, prevent its recurrence, and address its effects. Although some examples contained in this letter are applicable only in the postsecondary context, sexual


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Rh

As Mr. Melville and his wife were one day travelling in the country, chance (if that be not an unmeaning word) led them by an obscure hovel, whose squalid appearance attracting the curiosity of the lady, she expressed a wish that the servant might stop the carriage, while they amused themselves a few moments by entering the dwelling. Mr. Melville consented. They entered, and beheld around a sort of table, seven children and a mother partaking of their meagre fare with the zeal of epicures. Every thing in the room bespoke the most abject poverty; and the lady, though a votary of fashion, found her idle curiosity put to flight by the awakening of benevolence, which birth, wealth and luxury had too long permitted to slumber. But the gentleman's attention was particularly arrested by one of the little boys, who struck him as bearing a peculiar resemblance to the son of his hope, whom the grave had but recently wrested from him. He remarked this to his wife, and suggested taking the boy away with them, and adopting him into their family. The lady at first objected, but the native goodness of her heart triumphed, and she acquiesced in her husband's wish—" though," said she, he has not a spark of intelligence in his countenance, and I fear never will have other than that vacant look which appalls me."

"Hush!" said the husband, "he has a head of the finest moulding, and if spirit cannot use the materials nature has stored there, it will be because her artificial forms deny it."

The proposal was accordingly made to the mother, who was easily prevailed upon to part with the child by assurances of kind treatment, and some assistance given to help her along in her rugged path. The boy apparently took no notice of any thing around him until reaching the home of his benefactors, (a beautiful residence on the banks of the ——,) when he clung to the gentleman as if oppressed with awe at the undreamed of splendor of things around him; while a little girl, (the only child of the parents) bounded into the arms of the mother like a little cherub. At seeing her the boy clung still closer to the gentleman, as if a being from another sphere had met his vision. The little girl at first gave him but a curious glance, but when arrayed after the manner of her little brother, she ran up to him saying, "why didn't you kiss me, Frank?—I didn't know you, you been gone so long! Do you love me, now? you kissed me when you went away." The mother sobbed audibly at the thought so vividly renewed of her lost Francis, but was glad to see the child so happily deceived.

Francis Melville (for such was the name they gave him) soon became a handsome boy, and the heart of his protector was drawn out toward him with all the fervor it would have been for his own son, as he witnessed the "early stirrings" of a mind which he deemed cast in no common mould.

When his portegee had attained the age of ten years, Mr. Melville resolved on sending him to a public school, as he could not devote that time to the boy which he knew should be devoted to him.

The time soon came when he was to depart for the academic groves of——, and sad was the day to the whole family circle—especially to its youngest member, whose tears flowed fast as he gave her the parting kiss with unusual fervor. "Now, my dear Arabella," said the father, when he had left the parental roof, "now we will see who in seven years will make the most improvement—who at nineteen will be the most accomplished in the truest acceptation of the term."

Kind, frequent letters came from the boy, which showed the true and generous heart, as well as the rising scholar. The time at length came when he was at which, to be removed to the University of ——, after spending the usual time, he was to choose whatever field of action his talent and inclination might lead him to; for his benefactor, though never disclosing to him that he was other than his own son, had always impressed it upon him that he had his own fortune to make in the world, and that he had nothing to expect from him in his own life-time at least, but enough to enable him unfettered to pursue the path to usefulness and honor-the path which by securing to him these riches which are beyond fortune, might give him the means of obtaining for himself these which are within its reach. And never was that path pursued with more unwavering industry-never were the honors of our University bestowed upon one with a more prodigal hand.

When his collegiate term had expired, he returned to the generous home of his adopted parents, which he had visited but once since leaving it for the first time, when he found, as now, his sister absent in town, where she was receiving her education. This was severely trying to him, for his mind released from study, he had depended much upon the presence of his sister to restore the tone of his feelings, which a too severe application had in a great measure impaired. But necessity was imperative; and he left again to pursue a Theological course (which he had long been bent upon) without seeing her, whose image in its hallowed brightness had hitherto preserved his thoughts from wandering. Mrs. Melville expressed much regret that the children could not see each other; but her husband had too much sincerity of heart to express any regret at what was but the effect of his own design. Arabella had often wondered and wept that she could see no more of an only

VOL. I.- -2


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1832-1834] in the Sandwich Islands, returning in Wyeth's vessel, the "May Dacre," in March, 1835. The next year he was employed by the Hudson's Bay Company as physician at Fort Vancouver, of which duties he was relived by the coming of one of their own surgeons from the North (March, 1836). Still the ornithologist lingered in the country, anxious to complete his collection of native birds. He journeyed up the Columbia to Walla Walla, made a short excursion into the Blue Mountains, explored the river's mouth, visited the ruins of Lewis and Clark's Fort Clatsop, and finally embarked for home, by way of Cape Horn, on November 30, 1836. Three months were passed in Hawaii; but at last, after a tedious voyage, he arrived off Cape Henlopen November 13, 1837, having been absent three years and eight months.

Townsend's account of his travels appeared at Philadelphia in 1839, entitled: Narrative of a Journey across the Rocky Mountains to the Columbia River, and a Visit to the Sandwich Islands, Chili, &c., with a Scientific Appendix. A London edition followed in 1840, bearing the title, Sporting Excursions to the Rocky Mountains including a Journey to the Columbia River and a Visit to the Sandwich Islands, Chili, etc. This contains a few insignificant changes. Our reprint is from the original Philadelphia version, omitting both the now unessential appendix, and that portion of the narrative which deals with Hawaii and South Ameica, these being outside the field of our present interest.

Townsend wrote in an easy, flowing style, and a large share of his pages bear evidence of closely following his daily journals. Unlike Wyeth's kinsman, Townsend has much admiration for the ability and resource of his leader—for his "most indefatigable perseverance and industry"—and could only attribute his failure to the mysterious dealings of Providence. From the commercial and economic stand-


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Portal:Eveleigh Nash Company

Published

 * The Case for Capitalism (1920) by Hartley Withers

title: Portal:Eveleigh Nash Company


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10 brother, but she had so many resources for thought and amusement that her tears were soon dried. Her parents too assured her that he had grown so very dignified she would find but little companionship with him. Melville had, in fact, not only prevented their seeing each other, but had kept them as far as possible ignorant of each others' progress. And when he looked upon his daughter, now a blooming girl of nineteen, with her womanly though simple manner, he felt quite sure that no one would recognize in her the sportive child he had fondled upon his knee. Nor less difficult did he imagine it would be to detect in the pensive dignity and urbane manners of his adopted son, the shy and absent boy whom his fostering hand had reared to a hopeful manhood. He looked upon both with a father's pride—nor was that a false discernment which had seen in the boy, "the father of the man," the promise of greatness, or now beheld in the daughter one of earth's most lovely beings. With almost every endowment that nature could lavish, she had grown up amid all the advantages which wealth, directed by the judicious father and fond mother could procure. And had she possessed none of what the fashionable term "accomplishments," her deep-seated goodness of heart must have won the affection of all who knew her. But she would have passed with that class for "an accomplished girl," while the discerning few would have applied to her the epithet in its deeper signification. She was indeed alive to all the beautiful and excellent on the earth. Genius she reverenced with idolatry; and her taste found peculiar gratification in the contributions of L. K. which appeared in some of the first periodicals of the day; and by her urgent request, her father had several of the pieces set to music, the peculiar beauty of which, when chanted by her sweet voice, and played with the ætherial harmony of all her executions, struck the fountains of every heart where beamed a ray of sensibility.

It was in the autumn of the year——, when Melville proposed to his wife and daughter a journey to the South. The proposal was a joyous one to the enthusiastic girl, for her dreams had long been of that sunny climate. The journey was accordingly taken, and on their way they stopped during a Sabbath in the town of where Arabella received a polite invitation from an acquaintance from New York, to accompany him to the—— church, where a student of rising fame was to address the society for the day. The invitation was accepted, and Arabella waited with intense interest to see the young speaker ascend the pulpit. And every eye was in fact turned toward him as in "life's green spring," he appeared in the desk with his high forehead and pale face to administer to their spiritual and truest interest. His manner was peculiarly felicitous, and the deep harmony of his voice, while giving utterance to high and holy thoughts, won the almost breathless attention of the audience. "Whatsoever ye have spoken in darkness shall be heard in the light; and that which ye have spoken in the ear in closets, shall be proclaimed upon the house-tops," were the words from which he spoke: and never was there a more fervid, logical, and eloquent discourse uttered. The important bearings of even the most trivial actions, the infinite consequence of every thought we cherish on all time, and the surety that the coming of time or eternity will shew all in the strongest light, were insisted upon with irresistible eloquence. But when the sermon was ended, and all were held in awe at the truths elicited, the alarm was made that a lady had fainted; and the young minister inferring from the countenances of those around her that the affair was serious, came to express his interest, an interest which was visibly increased when the fair being before him opened her dark hazle eye with an expression in it such as thrilled every fibre of his soul. He felt indeed that his visions of loveliness were there embodied. And when sufficiently recovered, he saw her borne away in the carriage, he felt she had touched a chord in his heart that had never before vibrated. And what were his emotions as she gave him a parting glance, and returned to the inn from which she was to depart on the morrow, perhaps never again to listen to a voice like that! But "who was the lady?—perhaps the wife of the gentleman she was with." He, however, thought that the circumstances of the day would justify his enquiries about her, and he ascertained the circumstance of her being on a journey with her parents, but nothing farther.

As they pursued their journey, Arabella was more pensive than usual, and expressed little of her natural enthusiasm even at the mingled splendors of our autumn woods; for the image within had eclipsed all other beauty; and Frank, and all preference for others alike forgotten, she surrendered herself to the pleasing contemplation of the eloquent stranger. Her parents rallied her, and assured her that on their return she should be introduced to the young orator, whom they rightly conjectured was the object of her thoughts.

And not too fast did the hours pass till their return to the town of —— when it so happened that an invitation was received from an old acquaintance of Mrs. Melville's to a general party. But Mr. Melville felt obliged to decline going from the urgency of business, and his lady not wishing to go without her husband, Arabella therefore went alone. Almost the first person she was introduced to was a Mr. Reed, in whom she immediately recognized the young minister. At first she was greatly embarrassed, but this soon subsided, and they conversed together as though bent upon an acquaintance. They talked of our present literature, and spoke of their particular preferences among its


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16 point, Wyeth's enterprise was a failure; from the historian's point of view, it was eminently successful. Not only did he conduct considerable parties of Americas across the continent, but some of these become permanent settlers in the Oregon country; and his enterprise awakened the country to the dangers of joint political occupancy.

Lewis and Clark's journals, as paraphrased by Nicholas Biddle in 1814, had first called popular attention to the region. John B. Wyeth's book, in 1833, was the first American publication on the subject, after the records of initial exploration, and aroused a fresh interest in at least a limited group of influential readers; the spark was further kindled by the appearance, in 1836, of Washington Irving's classic Astoria; and then appeared, three years later, Townsend's admirable narrative, giving to the world some detailed knowledge of the resources of the Far Northwest. In the same year with Townsend's publication, Wyeth himself present to Congress his "Memoir on Oregon," which was freighted with information concerning the worth of the new region. These several work were important influences in forcing the Oregon question upon the attention of Congress, and thus paving the way for the final acquisition of that country by the United States under the Oregon Treaty of 1846.

In the preparation of the present volume for the press, the Editor has had, throughout, the active assistance of Louise Phelps Kellogg, Ph.D.

R.G.T

October, 1905.


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50 may be beneficial to professional men, but it ruins many others. Several Maharajahs and rich people have ruined themselves by going in for racing. One may go and see the fun or he may even lose a few rupees in betting; but it is not at all advisable to take to it.

There is a great deal of exercise, though of a solitary kind, in riding. There the game is between the man and the horse, for the horse is a sort of companion. All the Gymkhana sports on horse-back are excellent exercise both for body and to mind.

All games of skill requiring activity, such as polo and cricket, teach us fairness. As no one is allowed to dispute with the umpire, he must subordinate his opinion to that of the umpire. Again the chief merit. of the games is that they teach us to keep our temper. Western people say cricket is the best of games for discipline


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. young aspirants. Arabella showed herself an enthusiast for the poetry of L. K. which she said was so after her own heart, that it seemed to her it must have emanated from it; Mr. Reed colored slightly at this remark, and returned an equivocal answer. But the young lady was not to be put off thus, and she asked him directly for his opinion ofthe writer.

"I fear," said he, "I should be a partial judge, as he happens to be a particular friend of mine."

"Indeed," said the young lady, "do tell me what you know of him?" Just then their host joined them, and wished Arabella to be seated at the piano, and to accompany it with her voice. She hesitated, and would have refused, but her New York acquaintance assured them she had not a shadow of excuse, and with a beating heart she complied. As Mr. Reed handed her to the piano, she whispered "you shall now hear one of your friend's songs." Thus was it for the first time that he exulted in his own productions, as he heard from the sweetest voice in the world some of his juvenile rhymes. When she had finished, he again offered his arm, and whispered that he "now thought his friend a poet."

"Do you leave town soon?" enquired he, as loitering behind the rest of the company; he waited upon her to the supper-room.

"Tomorrow, I suppose," returned she.

"Tomorrow," echoed he, imprinting a kiss upon her delicate hand, and adding as if abstractedly, "that thou could'st know, fair being."

"Surely I have been dreaming," thought she, as she returned to her parents—" that deep soul could never descend to love any earthly being-a stranger especially. I deceive myself—but no, that glance, those words but half audibly uttered." But the morrow came, and Arabella and her parents left for home.

Time passed on, and each succeeding month hallowed but more deeply the image of the transient acquaintance, whom Arabella in all probability should never again behold.

Letters came from Frank as usual, though there seemed something a little mystic about them, as though his mind was "ill at ease." This rather alarmed the parents, and feeling that his health was suffering from a too close application, they wrote proposing for him to come and spend the summer with them. This proposal he gladly accepted, but was much disappointed on coming home to find his sister absent on a visit; for he had hoped that in her presence he should forget the image that interferred so boldly with his progress. The time, however, soon came when the sister returned, and was met by one ofthe domestics at the door with the news of her brother's arrival. She was soon in her father's arms, expressing her joy at the near prospect of seeing her long absent brother, when her mother entered from the garden, followed by Frank.

"Arabella," said the father, "your brother Francis." Frank receded a few steps in amazement, and Arabella, equally bewildered, leaned back upon the sofa without making any response. The parents left the room, and with a death-like paleness Frank gave a brother's kiss to the cheek that heeded it not. But as she at length gave him a conscious look, he whispered,

"Truth is stranger than fiction, is it not, my sister? But let us forget the romantic past (if indeed reality is here) and be happy in our discovered relation My heart has once given out its full music for you, and never again can woman touch a similar chord."

"Dear, dear brother," said the girl, "the thought of you hath given me nobler being."

"Now play to me one of my friend's songs," said the brother, "and I will one day introduce you to him."

"Dear Francis," said Arabella, as one delightful afternoon of that happy summer they had wandered to the woods to enjoy the beauty of its pencilled leaves and murmuring waters, "dear Francis, there was a feeling about our interview at ——, that might have made me more than suspect I had known you before; but to speak the truth, I referred it to some strange reminiscence of an earlier being. I suppose you will think me visionary—father says I have a good deal of the German mysticism about me."

"O call not the idea of a pre-existence mere mysticism," interrupted the brother, "unless indeed you would class all the higher truths of intellect under some such head. The poet speaks my inherent conviction, that "Our birth is but a sleep and a forgetting: The soul that rises with us, our life's a star, Hath had elsewhere its setting, And cometh from afar." "You always agree with me," replied Arabella, "and thus make my treasured thoughts doubly dear to me. And you will pardon me if I am a little metaphysical this afternoon—plodding, mother would call it. Do you think, Francis, we are free beings—that we are an impulse to ourselves?"

"That is a subject which has baffled too many sages to cloud thy lovely brow. The poet (earth's best philosopher) tells us that the freedom of the universe consists in that active principle which 'from link to link doth circulate the soul of all the worlds.' "

"O, Francis, I sometimes wish I could strip the veil from things, and know something of the 'great first cause least understood.""

"I have often thought," replied her brother, "if there was a fault in your character, it was that restless and unnatural—at least uncommon propensity to press your enquiries upon the unknown and the unfathomable. Be assured, dearest Arabella, that


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Page 3 — Dear Colleague Letter: Sexual Violence harassment and violence also are concerns for school districts. The Title IX obligations discussed in this letter apply equally to school districts unless otherwise noted.

Schools' Obligations to Respond to Sexual Harassment and Sexual Violence

Sexual harassment is unwelcome conduct of a sexual nature. It includes unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal, nonverbal, or physical conduct of a sexual nature. Sexual violence is a form of sexual harassment prohibited by Title IX.

As explained in OCR's 2001 Guidance, when a student sexually harasses another student, the harassing conduct creates a hostile environment if the conduct is sufficiently serious that it interferes with or limits a student's ability to participate in or benefit from the school's program. The more severe the conduct, the less need there is to show a repetitive series of incidents to prove a hostile environment, particularly if the harassment is physical. Indeed, a single or isolated incident of sexual harassment may create a hostile environment if the incident is sufficiently severe. For instance, a single instance of rape is sufficiently severe to create a hostile environment. See, e.g., Jennings v. Univ. of N.C., 444 F.3d 255, 268, 274 n.12 (4th Cir. 2006) (acknowledging that while not an issue in this case, a single incident of sexual assault or rape could be sufficient to raise a jury question about whether a hostile environment exists, and noting that courts look to Title VII cases for guidance in analyzing Title IX sexual harassment claims); ''Vance v. Spencer Cnty. Pub. Sch. Dist., 231 F.3d 253, 259 n.4 (6th Cir. 2000) ("'[w]ithin the context of Title IX, a student's claim of hostile environment can arise from a single incident'" (quoting Doe v. Sch. Admin. Dist. No. 19'', 66 F. Supp. 2d 57, 62 (D. Me. 1999))); Soper v. Hoben, 195 F.3d 845, 855 (6th Cir. 1999) (explaining that rape and sexual abuse "obviously qualify] as… severe, pervasive, and objectively offensive sexual harassment"); ''see also Berry v. Chi. Transit Auth., 618 F.3d 688, 692 (7th Cir. 2010) (in the Title VII context, "a single act can create a hostile environment if it is severe enough, and instances of uninvited physical contact with intimate parts of the body are among the most severe types of sexual harassment"); Turner v. Saloon, Ltd., 595 F.3d 679, 686 (7th Cir. 2010) (noting that "'[o]ne instance of conduct that is sufficiently severe may be enough,'" which is "especially true when the touching is of an intimate body part" (quoting Jackson v. Cnty. of Racine, 474 F.3d 493, 499 (7th Cir. 2007))); McKinnis v. Crescent Guardian, Inc., 189 F. App'x 307, 310 (5th Cir. 2006) (holding that "'the deliberate and unwanted touching of [a plaintiff's] intimate body parts can constitute severe sexual harassment" in Title VII cases (quoting Harvill v. Westward Commc'ns, L.L.C.'', 433 F.3d 428, 436 (5th Cir. 2005))).

Title IX protects students from sexual harassment in a school's education programs and activities. This means that Title IX protects students in connection with all the academic, educational, extracurricular, athletic, and other programs of the school, whether those programs take place in a school's facilities, on a school bus, at a class or training program


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 connected with the peaceful and organic development of capitalism. Our unions are not only free from the dead-weight of tradition because they are young but principally because they are the children of the Revolution. They grew and developed with the Revolution and they withered and fell during the period of victory of the counter-revolution. These peculiar features of the Russian Trade Unions are reflected in all their activities, but this is particularly clear and evident in their constructive work and in their political orientation. In constructing their organisation the Russian trade unions took advantage of the negative and positive experiences of Western Europe, and, in the first days of their birth in 1905, they began to organise, not according to trades but according to industry. In the first period of the Revolution this was only observed to the extent that the growth of the unions was limited by tsarism. But after the February Revolution all the work of organisation was conducted on the principle of building the union according to industry. The 3rd Conference already advocated the "unification within the frame of a common organisation and a common leadership or as large a mass of workers as possible engaged in similar factories and allied trades."

The 1st Congress confirmed the necessity for creating unions according to industry, but did not further explain what an industrial union meant. This was done by the 2nd Congress which laid it down that "an industrial union is a union having the following characteristics:

(1) uniting all workers and employees of a given industry, independently of the particular functions they perform; (2) having a central fund; (3) having an administration based on democratic centralism; (4) working out wage rates and conditions for all categories of labour through a single central body; (5) a uniform construction from top to bottom; (6) sections within the union having a technical auxiliary function only; (7) representation through a single body of the interests of the organised workers and employees of a given industry before the outside world; (8) persons not producing, but assisting the producers, as well as all temporary and casual workers, remain members of their industrial union."

It is evident from this definition that the fundamental principle of the Russian trade union movement is: in one factory, one union; and this means that all workers from unskilled labourers to hired engineers working in a metal factory including also the wood workers are members of the metal workers' union. Wood workers, mechanics, etc., working in a textile factory, join the Textile Workers' Union and electricians and stokers working in a soap factory join the Chemical Workers' Union. Thus, the peculiarity of our Trade Union movement lies in its concentration. In England there are 200 national unions, in France about 60 and in Germany 48, in Russia, in January, 1920, there were 32 national centralised unions and after the, 3rd Congress there remained only 23 unions embracing all categories of workers and employees, all


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 In order to understand this Oregon Expedition, it is necessary to say, that thirty years ago (1803), PRESIDENT JEFFERSON recommended to Congress to authorize competent officers to explore the river Missouri form its mouth to its source, and by crossing the mountains to seek the best water communication thence to the Pacific Ocean. This arduous task was undertaken by Captain M. Lewis and Lieutenant W. Clark of the first regiment of infantry. They were accompanied by a select party of soldiers, and arrived at the Missouri in May, 1804, and persisted in their novel and difficult task into the year 1806, and with such success as to draw from President Jefferson the following testimonial of their heroic services, viz. "The expedition of Messrs. LEWIS & CLARKE, for exploring the river Missouri, and the best communication from that to the Pacific Ocean, has had all the success which could be expected; and for which arduous service they deserve well of their country."

The object of this enterprise was to confer in a friendly manner with the Indian Nations throughout their whole journey, with a view to establish a friendly and equitable commerce with them, on [2] principles emulating those that marked and dignified the settlement of Pennsylvania by William Penn. It was beyond doubt that the President and Congress sincerely desired to treat the Indians with kindness and justice, and to establish peace, order, and good neighbourhood with all savage tribes with whom


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 categories of labour from the simplest unskilled labour to the highly skilled engineer, doctor and professors of all educational establishments. At a first glance it would seem impossible to unite all the varieties of modern industry in such a small number of unions, but it only seems so. If one starts out, not from the point of view of the interests of a group or a craft, but from the interests of the whole, from the interests of production—and production is the means of constructing our socialist society on a sound foundation—then the number of unions can be reduced to the minimum we have established.

Thus as a result of the decision of the third congress the following trade unions will henceforth exist in Russia:

1. Employees and workers in medical and sanitary services (doctors, nurses, hospital nurses, hospital porters, hospital attendants, pharmacists).

2. Transport workers (railwaymen, sailors, stevedores, chauffeurs, etc.).

3. Miners.

4. Woodworkers.

5. Land and forest workers.

6. Art workers (actors, choristers, musicians, artists, theatrical, circus and cinema employees).

7. Workers on public feeding and housing.

8. Leather workers.

9. Metal workers.

10. Workers and employees in communal service (drains, water supply, militia, fire brigade, bath employees, laundry employees, hairdressers, street lighting employees).

11. Workers in Education and socialist culture (public teachers, professors, high school and university staff, porters, etc.).

12. Employees in public communications (post, telegraph, telephone and radio).

13. Printers.

14. Workers in the paper industry.

15. Workers in the food industry (bakers, confectioners, sausage makers, flour millers, etc.).

16. Builders.

17. Workers in the sugar industry.

18. Soviet employees (in co-operatives, shops, commissariats, etc.).

19. Tobacco workers.

20. Textile workers.

21. Chemical workers (Soap, perfume, explosives and match factories).

22. Workers in the clothing industry (outer and under garments, hats, etc.).

23. Employees in taxation, finance and control departments.


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12 "Enough to know is given, Clouds, winds, and stars their part fulfil, Our's is to trust in Heaven." "I would," she answered, “I do unhesitatingly trust in a kind Providence; but I see so much misery in life at which the heart of sympathy recoils, that I sometimes wonder at the economy of that Providence."

"But you know, my dear, it is but a small part of the system of things that we can discern, and while it is thus (as here it ever must be) it would be madness in us to make aught an argument against the divine superintendence. If all was happiness around us there would be no room for active benevolence, and if our faith were put to no test, the night that lurks within her must forever slumber.'"

Thus happily passed the summer away, and the young minister left again the home of his youth, to watch over the spiritual interests of an enlightened society, who entertained for him the truest affection. Yet when thus settled would he often sigh that the endearing ties of domestic life were not for him; for well he knew, after the communion he had enjoyed with his sister, that his heart must revolt from all meaner preference. For he understood not how so many men of cultivated intellect could bind their fate to the trifling and empty spirit of ——, alas! too many of earth's fair daughters.

Meanwhile Mr. Melville seeing that his children had become all the world to each other, and feeling that no insurmountable obstacle existed to their union, resolved to make a full disclosure to Frank of his early history, and leave him free to become indeed his son. The disclosure was accordingly made, and Mr. Melville's heart was melted within him by the overflowing gratitude of the young man, whose sorrow to find that he was not indeed the son of those whom he had loved so well, was more than compensated by the thought that he might now offer that hand to the daughter, which he knew would once have been with joy accepted. He then related to the father what had passed between him and his daughter while unknown to each other-the circumstance of his bearing at that time the name of "Reed," which arose from his offering some articles to the public while at the University under that assumed name, articles which met with such very unexpected success, that he resolved, on leaving there for a distant part of the country, to adopt the name which had won his youthful laurels. The father was amused at the recital, and assured him it was the first wish of his heart to see him united to his daughter. Frank accordingly wrote to Arabella, adverting to the place he had held in his heart while unknown to her—to the perfect similarity of their taste, and the full confidence she possessed in his judgment; and then spoke of the long friendship he had with her favorite author, and of his desire to promote an union between him and his beloved sister ; and assured her that she should love him with all the ardor she had felt for the stranger orator, or the late unrecognized brother ; that his friend had seen and loved her, and would offer her through him the hand which alone was not yet hers. He then urged her to accept the gift, and assured her happiness if the union of kindred hearts could give it.

Arabella at first thought it hard that her brother should wish her to accept the hand of any one; but one whom he esteemed so highly, and as he had exerted such power over her spirit, was not to be discarded without reflection; and she wrote her brother she would be guided by his will. The parents signified their full approbation, and as the day appointed for the marriage drew nigh, young Melville, with a joyful heart, came to his generous home to resign his right to his long known friend. Arabella, with an unusual paleness, gave him but a silent greeting; yet never looked she more lovely-never shone her pure spirit more brightly. Yet felt she at heart a dread misgiving; and when they were left alone she threw herself into her brother's arms, telling him that she never could consummate the vows she had permitted him to make; and entreated him as he valued his happiness, to save her from the embrace of his love, whose spirit she confessed seemed but one with her own. Then with a triumph known only to reciprocated love, he told the tale her father had given him of his early childhood, his identity with her favorite writer, and declared himself the happiest of men.

The overflow of gladness on her part is not for our pen to trace. A house in his chosen parish which had been fitted up with the most refined taste, was ready to receive them. The most perfect order was observed in every department of it—and a rich treat it was to pass an hour in their well selected library, the window from which commanded an extensive and most romantic prospect. And seldom passed there a day in which was not made by the happy family that moral and intellectual advancement, for which alone to those "whom rational we call," life should be coveted.

Shortly after their marriage, Melville, with his beautiful wife, visited the spot where once stood the shattered hovel; but no traces of it could be found, nor could any intelligence be had of those who had once been its inmates. But the genuine principles of that religion of which he was the able and faithful champion, as well as the early circumstances of his own life, led him to recognize that native equality in the human family which accidental circumstances so completely destroy. The spirit of his wife was in perfect unison with his own. To every benevolent cause she gave her aid; and every act of kindness was performed as a matter of course, and not with the air of those who seem to possess the consciousness of conferring a favor.

Many a child by their benevolent hand has been


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 to speak, "Where are you?" whispered he, "Are you still alive?"

"We groped about in the dark, and at last found him leaning against the wall."

How shall we get out of this cursed residence of horror?" exclaimed the Lieutenant, "come, let us try whether we can find the staircase; it must be just opposite to us, if I am not mistaken." Then he began to walk on, and we groped after him, tumbling now and then over loose stones."

"I have found the staircase," cried our fellow adventurer, "at last, after a long fruitless search, I feel the first step."

"A ray of joy beamed through our hearts as we were climbing up, but, alas! it was soon most cruelly damped; the cellar door was locked up, and the blood congealed in our veins when the Lieutenant told it us. We exerted all our strength to force it open, but


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 122 phrase, "taxation in kind." The peasants, he recognizes, do not accept the proletarian dictatorship; still Lenin proposes to give them no voice whatever in the Communist Government. Undoubtedly such very restricted free trade as has been established means, to that small degree, a return to capitalism. By admitting the fact Lenin puts his critics off their guard. His defense of this decree before his own followers (above quoted) is that the remaining parts of the Communist system will be strengthened by this slight economic concession, since it is unaccompanied by any surrender of actual political power. As to his supposed concession about the impossibility of realizing Socialism in Russia now, the whole reason for the proletarian dictatorship, as we have pointed out, is precisely that violence will be needed to hold the power over the peasant majority—until in a generation or two, Socialism does become feasible. Not only have the Communists always used this argument but they have never used any other. Because the country is not ready for Communism, the dictatorship of the Communists must be prolonged—indefinitely until it is ready.

In his closing speech at the March (1921) Congress of the Russian Communist Party—reproduced in Soviet Russia, May 14th, 1921—Lenin again laid bare in a few words his entire policy towards the agricultural population (peasants) who compose the overwhelming majority of the nation. The inauguration of the law of "taxation in kind," or, rather, the reversion to that law, it will be observed, had made no change whatever in the Bolshevist attitude towards the subjected peasantry. Lenin said:


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Page 4 — Dear Colleague Letter: Sexual Violence sponsored by the school at another location, or elsewhere. For example, Title IX protects a student who is sexually assaulted by a fellow student during a school-sponsored field trip.

If a school knows or reasonably should know about student-on-student harassment that creates a hostile environment, Title IX requires the school to take immediate action to eliminate the harassment, prevent its recurrence, and address its effects. Schools also are required to publish a notice of nondiscrimination and to adopt and publish grievance procedures. Because of these requirements, which are discussed in greater detail in the following section, schools need to ensure that their employees are trained so that they know to report harassment to appropriate school officials, and so that employees with the authority to address harassment know how to respond properly. Training for employees should include practical information about how to identify and report sexual harassment and violence. OCR recommends that this training be provided to any employees likely to witness or receive reports of sexual harassment and violence, including teachers, school law enforcement unit employees, school administrators, school counselors, general counsels, health personnel, and resident advisors.

Schools may have an obligation to respond to student-on-student sexual harassment that initially occurred off school grounds, outside a school's education program or activity. If a student files a complaint with the school, regardless of where the conduct occurred, the school must process the complaint in accordance with its established procedures. Because students often experience the continuing effects of off-campus sexual harassment in the educational setting, schools should consider the effects of the off-campus conduct when evaluating whether there is a hostile environment on campus. For example, if a student alleges that he or she was sexually assaulted by another student off school grounds, and that upon returning to school he or she was taunted and harassed by other students who are the alleged perpetrator's friends, the school should take the earlier sexual assault into account in determining whether there is a sexually hostile environment. The school also should take steps to protect a student who was assaulted off campus from further sexual harassment or retaliation from the perpetrator and his or her associates.

Regardless of whether a harassed student, his or her parent, or a third party files a complaint under the school's grievance procedures or otherwise requests action on the student's behalf, a school that knows, or reasonably should know, about possible harassment must promptly investigate to determine what occurred and then take appropriate steps to resolve the situation. As discussed later in this letter, the school's Title IX investigation is different from any law enforcement investigation, and a law enforcement investigation does not relieve the school of its independent Title IX obligation to investigate the conduct. The specific steps in a school's


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 Rh

We may stop the citation here to point out once more that the Bolshevist attitude towards the proletarian or industrial masses is almost the same as their attitude towards the peasants or agricultural masses. Lenin continues:

Here is the same claim of the little group that controls the Communist Party that they are divinely or otherwise called to rule the masses without their consent. And, finally, Lenin proceeds to disclose the very foundations of Bolshevist policy. An alliance or partnership with foreign capital is absolutely indispensable because there must be at least a minimum of "benevolence" in the tyranny of the Soviets or the peasants by continued passive resistance and violence will not permit them to work. These political serfs cannot be permanently held in subjection unless something is done towards ameliorating the misery into which they hare fallen through Czarist and Bolshevist rule. On this point Lenin declares:

Relations will be normal then, and only then, when the proletariat is in possession of a large scale industry


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 124 with its products, and when it not only meets the needs of the peasant but, besides furnishing him with the necessities of life, so improves his position that its superiority over the capitalistic system will be evident and palpable. This, and nothing else, would constitute the basis of normal Socialistic society. We cannot bring this about immediately—so harassed are we by ruin, need and impoverishment.

It is, indeed, a large-sized task for an utterly bankrupt and incredibly inefficient bureaucracy to lift up materially the level of 100,000,000 wretched and embittered agriculturists. To accomplish this the Bolshevists' grandiose and original idea is to sell all that is most valuable in Russia, industrially, to foreign capitalists. This plan, in turn, is based upon the expectation of a world revolution which, within a few months or a few years, will make it unnecessary to pay the foreign capitalists for the new plants and machinery that will have been set up. Even if this plan is not unanimously held by every one of the negotiators, the fact that it is openly preached to the entire Russian nation proves that any such concessions are likely to be the source of endless international friction and possibly of wars, whatever the future government of Russia may be. If that government is Bolshevist the agitation for world revolution will continue, revived whenever any foreign upheaval threatens. If the future government is non-Bolshevist it will certainly repudiate the transaction that led to the delivery of these vast sums into the hands of the Bolshevist enemy, and to this attempted wholesale alienation of the patrimony of generations yet unborn. (See Chapter XIII.)


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Portal talk:United Nations General Assembly Resolutions/Other

United Nations General Assembly Resolution ES-10/21
Should this be put under the 2009 session ? -- Beardo (talk) 13:49, 13 November 2023 (UTC)


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industry was somewhat backward in Russia under the Czars there was already a considerable development. The country had risen to an economic level far in advance of Asia or even of the other outlying parts of Europe. Several millions of working men were employed in modern industries and 40,000 miles of railroad were being operated under modern methods and with modern equipment, as good as that of a number of other European countries. In a country in this semi-developed condition and with a backward political government the war did more damage than elsewhere and the civil war that followed greatly increased the work of destruction. We do not quote any figures as to the economic collapse, since it is impossible to say what part of the existing condition is due to the present government and what part is due to previous causes. Without, however, quoting any figures Bolshevist authorities show that no effective effort is being made to fight the constantly increasing economic disintegration in spite of the fact that such efforts are more needed in Russia than in any other part of the world today.

In the report of the Central Soviet Executive Committee (Moscow wireless March 23, 1921) Kalinin said:


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Rh "Only once—till now."

"Oh!" said Lord John with another pause. But he soon proceeded. "Let us leave him then to cool! I haven't cycled twenty miles, but I've motored forty very much in the hope of this, Lady Grace—the chance of being able to assure you that I too care very much for what I care for." To which he added on an easier note, as to carry off a slight awkwardness while she only waited: "You certainly mustn't let yourself—between us all—be worked to death."

"Oh, such days as this—!" She made light enough of her burden.

"They don't come often to me at least, Lady Grace! I hadn't grasped in advance the scale of your feast," he went on; "but since I've the great luck to find you alone—!" He paused for breath, however, before the full sequence.

She helped him out as through common kindness, but it was a trifle colourless. "Alone or in company, Lord John, I'm always very glad to see you."

"Then that assurance helps me to wonder if you don't perhaps gently guess what it is


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64 I want to say." This time indeed she left him to his wonder, so that he had to support himself. "I've tried, all considerately—these three months—to let you see for yourself how I feel. I feel very strongly, Lady Grace; so that at last"—and his impatient sincerity took after another instant the jump—"well, I regularly worship you. You're my absolute ideal. I think of you the whole time."

She measured out consideration as if it had been a yard of pretty ribbon. "Are you sure you know me enough?"

"I think I know a perfect woman when I see one!" Nothing now at least could have been more prompt, and while a decent pity for such a mistake showed in her smile he followed it up. "Isn't what you rather mean that you haven't cared sufficiently to know me? If so, that can be little by little mended, Lady Grace." He was in fact altogether gallant about it. "I'm aware of the limits of what I have to show or to offer, but I defy you to find a limit to my possible devotion."

She deferred to that, but taking it in a lower key. "I believe you'd be very good to me."

"Well, isn't that something to start with?"


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Rh —he fairly pounced on it. "I'll do any blest thing in life you like, I'll accept any condition you impose, if you'll only tell me you see your way."

"Shouldn't I have a little more first to see yours?" she asked. "When you say you'll do anything in life I like, isn't there anything you yourself want strongly enough to do?"

He cast a stare about on the suggestions of the scene. "Anything that will make money, you mean?"

"Make money or make reputation—or even just make the time pass."

"Oh, what I have to look to in the way of a career?" If that was her meaning he could show after an instant that he didn't fear it. "Well, your father, dear delightful man, has been so good as to give me to understand that he backs me for a decent deserving creature; and I've noticed, as you doubtless yourself have, that when Lord Theign backs a fellow!"

He left the obvious moral for her to take up—which she did, but all interrogatively. "The fellow at once comes in for something awfully good?"


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. rescued from a hopeless ignorance, who, in their turn, we trust will diffuse the seeds of benevolence, which shall spring up again in other bosoms, sure to be multiplied in the same way forever.

And must we part?—well, let it be, 'Tis better thus, oh yes, believe me; For though I still was true to thee, Thou, faithless maiden, would'st deceive me. Take back this written pledge of love, No more I'll to my bosom fold it; The ring you gave your faith to prove, I can't return—because I've sold it!

I will not ask thee to restore Each gage d'amour, or lover's token, Which I had given thee before The links between us had been broken. They were not much, but oh! that broach, If for my sake thou'st deign'd to save it, For that, at least, I must encroach— It wasn't mine, although I gave it.

The gem that in my breast I wore, That once belonged unto your mother, Which, when you gave to me, I swore, For life I'd love you and no other. Can you forget that cheerful morn, When in my breast thou first didst stick it?— I can't restore it—it's in pawn, But, base deceiver, that's the ticket.

Oh, take back all, I cannot bear These proofs of love—-they seem to mock it; There, false one, take your lock of hair— Nay, do not ask me for the locket. Insidious girl! that wily tear Is useless now, that all is ended; There is thy curl—nay, do not sneer, The locket's—somewhere—being mended.

The dressing-case you lately gave Was fit, I know, for Bagdad's caliph; I used it only once to shave When it was taken by the bailiff. Than thou didst give I bring back less, But hear the truth without more dodging The landlord's been with a distress, And positively cleared my lodging.

FLOWERS.—How much of the poetry of life springs from flowers. How delicate a pleasure is it to twine the orange blossom or japonica for the bride—to arrange a bouquet for the invalid—to throw simple flowers into the lap of childhood—and to pull rose buds for the girl of whom they are the emblem.

"How beautiful! How mournfully beautiful," said a fair young girl looking from a window along the quiet street. All eyes followed the direction of hers, and rested on an approaching chaise drawn by a grave sleek looking animal, who even seemed to tread lightly as if in consideration of those to whose comfort he was contributing. They were indeed a lovely couple, yet both were evidently invalids, for although it was a mild warm day in the early autumn, and the calash top of the chaise was thrown back for the benefit of the sun and air, the gentleman was wrapped in a cloak, and a heavy shawl muffled the person of the slender girl. He was a tall fine figure and his features were regularly handsome; his dark locks lay upon his temples like raven's plumes thrown upon a snow wreath, and his large black eyes sparkled as with the reflected light of glorious immortality. His companion sat beside him like a beautiful statue of delicately blue veined marble. Her soft brown hair lay in light natural ringlets on her neck and shoulders, and her azure eyes seemed overflowing with the tender sensibilities as she conversed with him beside her, and ever as she smiled, the bright rose spot on his cheeks flushed brighter, but her face was pale as the white lily.

"Poor young creatures!" sighed a bride of a few weeks when they had fairly passed. "They were to have been married on the same day that united me to Charles, but now their marriage ceremony will be the burial service. 'Tis sad that they should die so soon, with love and happiness in full bloom before them, and they so worthy of life's dearest joys, so beautiful, and good.”

"They were always good and beautiful, I have known them from their infancy," observed a fine looking matron who was busily "laying out" the quilt. "I always thought that theirs would be no common lot. They were always together. He was a fine tall boy of his age, and she was sprightly as a fawn, and musical as a wild bird. How often have I heard her sweet songs ringing from rock to rock along the river. They knew the sunny knolls where the earliest violets blossomed, and the sheltered dells in which the last daisies lingered. They never disturbed the bird's nests, but he would climb the tallest trees to get for her a handful of nuts, or a cluster of early ripe grapes.

"They loved every thing that was beautiful, and when weary of climbing the hills, or rambling in the forests, they would sit down in some pretty favorite spot, and while he read aloud, for he always carried some book with him, she would ply her needle at some fancy work, or sketch in a little blank book the surrounding scenery. Some of those wild sketches are wonderfully natural. And then he would coax her to sing some


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Page 5 — Dear Colleague Letter: Sexual Violence investigation will vary depending upon the nature of the allegations, the age of the student or students involved (particularly in elementary and secondary schools), the size and administrative structure of the school, and other factors. Yet as discussed in more detail below, the school's inquiry must in all cases be prompt, thorough, and impartial. In cases involving potential criminal conduct, school personnel must determine, consistent with State and local law, whether appropriate law enforcement or other authorities should be notified.

Schools also should inform and obtain consent from the complainant (or the complainant's parents if the complainant is under 18 and does not attend a postsecondary institution) before beginning an investigation. If the complainant requests confidentiality or asks that the complaint not be pursued, the school should take all reasonable steps to investigate and respond to the complaint consistent with the request for confidentiality or request not to pursue an investigation. If a complainant insists that his or her name or other identifiable information not be disclosed to the alleged perpetrator, the school should inform the complainant that its ability to respond may be limited. The school also should tell the complainant that Title IX prohibits retaliation, and that school officials will not only take steps to prevent retaliation but also take strong responsive action if it occurs.

As discussed in the 2001 Guidance, if the complainant continues to ask that his or her name or other identifiable information not be revealed, the school should evaluate that request in the context of its responsibility to provide a safe and nondiscriminatory environment for all students. Thus, the school may weigh the request for confidentiality against the following factors: the seriousness of the alleged harassment; the complainant's age; whether there have been other harassment complaints about the same individual; and the alleged harasser's rights to receive information about the allegations if the information is maintained by the school as an "education record" under the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA), 20 U.S.C. § 1232g; 34 C.F.R. Part 99. The school should inform the complainant if it cannot ensure confidentiality. Even if the school cannot take disciplinary action against the alleged harasser because the complainant insists on confidentiality, it should pursue other steps to limit the effects of the alleged harassment and prevent its recurrence. Examples of such steps are discussed later in this letter.

Compliance with Title IX, such as publishing a notice of nondiscrimination, designating an employee to coordinate Title IX compliance, and adopting and publishing grievance procedures, can serve as preventive measures against harassment. Combined with education and training programs, these measures can help ensure that all students and employees recognize the


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66 "I don't in the least mind your laughing at me," Lord John returned, "for when I put him the question of the lift he'd give me by speaking to you first he bade me simply remember the complete personal liberty in which he leaves you, and yet which doesn't come—take my word!" said the young man sagely—"from his being at all indifferent."

"No," she answered—"father isn't indifferent. But father's 'great.'"

"Great indeed!"—her friend took it as with full comprehension. This appeared not to prevent, however, a second and more anxious thought. "Too great for you?"

"Well, he makes me feel—even as his daughter—my extreme comparative smallness."

It was easy, Lord John indicated, to see what she meant. "He's a grand seigneur, and a serious one—that's what he is: the very type and model of it, down to the ground. So you can imagine," said this observer, "what he makes me feel—most of all when he's so awfully good-natured to me. His being as 'great' as you say and yet backing me—such as I am!—doesn't that strike you as a good note for me, the best you could possibly


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 in vain, It was bolted on the out side. The Lieutenant called as loud as he could for his servant, whom he had left snoring in the hall; we joined our voices with his, calling with all our might, John! John!"

"The hollow echo repeated, in a tremendous awful accent, John! John! but no human footstep would gladden our desponding hearts. Frantic with black despair did we now begin to knock at the massy door 'till the blood was running down from our hands, and to cry, John, John, 'till our voices grew hoarse—the hollow echo still repeated in an awful tremendous accent our knocking and crying, but no human footstep was heard. "The fellow sleeps and cannot hear us," said the Lieutenant, at length with a faint voice, "Let us sit down and watch him when he shall come down."

"We did so, but I had no hope that the servant would come, yet I concealed my apprehension within my breast. The Lieutenant


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Rh require? For he really would like what I propose to you."

She might have been noting, while she thought, that he had risen to ingenuity, to fineness, on the wings of his argument; under the effect of which her reply had the air of a concession. "Yes—he would like it."

"Then he has spoken to you?" her suitor eagerly asked.

"He hasn't needed—he has ways of letting one know."

"Yes, yes, he has ways; all his own—like everything else he has. He's wonderful."

She fully agreed. "He's wonderful."

The tone of it appeared somehow to shorten at once for Lord John the rest of his approach to a conclusion. "So you do see your way?"

"Ah—!" she said with a quick sad shrinkage.

"I mean," her visitor hastened to explain, "if he does put it to you as the very best idea he has for you. When he does that—as I believe him ready to do—will you really and fairly listen to him? I'm certain, honestly, that when you know me better—!" His confidence in short donned a bravery.

"I've been feeling this quarter of an hour,"