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Veronica.] long, ⅓–⅔ in. broad, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute or subacute, narrowed towards the base, thick and fleshy, pale dull-green, midrib scarcely prominent beneath. Racemes opposite near the ends of the branches, about as long as the leaves, dense-flowered; rhachis and pedicels pubescent; bracts subulate, half as long as the pedicels. Flowers ⅕–¼ in. diam., pale-lilac. Calyx small, deeply 4-partite; segments ovate-lanceolate, acute. Corolla-tube slightly longer than the calyx; limb spreading, 4-lobed; dorsal and lateral lobes subequal, broadly oblong, obtuse, anterior lobe smaller. Capsule ⅙ in. long, ovate, acute, about twice as long as the calyx.

4. V. macroura, ''Hook. f. ex Benth. in D.C. Prodr.'' x. 549.—A much-branched glabrous shrub 1–5 ft. high; branches rather stout, spreading, terete. Leaves spreading, sessile or very shortly petiolate, 1-3 in. long, ½–1¼ in. broad, obovate-oblong to obovate-lanceolate or linear-oblong, obtuse or acute, hardly coriaceous, flat, glabrous or the margins minutely pubescent. Racemes longer than the leaves, 2–4 in. long, ½–¾ in. diam., often curved, very densely many-flowered; rhachis and pedicels finely pubescent, the latter slender, spreading or subsecund, often pendulous in fruit. Flowers small, densely compacted, ⅛–⅙ in. diam., white or pale bluishwhite. Calyx deeply 4-partite; segments narrow-oblong, acute, finely pubescent, margins ciliolate. Corolla-tube slender, exceeding the calyx; limb small, with narrow-oblong obtuse lobes. Capsules densely crowded, usually pendulous, small, ovate, compressed, ⅛–⅙ in. long, scarcely twice as long as the calyx.—''Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 191; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 207; Armstr. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiii. (1881) 351; Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst.'' xxviii. (1896) 531.

Var. Cookiana, Cheesem.—Stouter and more robust. Leaves larger, 2–3½ in. long, 1¼–1¾ in. broad, oblong or oblong ovate, broad at the base, pubescent on the margins and sometimes on the midrib beneath. Racemes 3–6 in. long, conspicuously curved. Calyx more pubescent.—V. Cookiana, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xx. (1888) 201.

Var. dubia, Cheesem.—Smaller; branches very diffuse, often procumbent. Leaves smaller and broader, 1–2 in. long, ½–1 in. broad, broadly obovate to elliptic-oblong, obtuse or acute, subcoriaceous, glabrous except the margins, which are edged with a white pubescent line. Racemes smaller, 1½–2½ in. long, not so dense. Flowers rather larger, ⅕ in. diam. Calyx conspicuously ciliate. Capsules ⅕ in. long.

Whangarei, Colenso (Handbook); East Cape district, from Hicks Bay to Mahia Peninsula, ''Colenso! Bishop Williams! H. Hill! Cook Strait, Colenso'' (Handbook). Var. Cookiana: Table Cape, H. Hill! Var. dubia: Coast north of the Manukau Harbour, T.F.C.


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 the twelve million people, I shall accept this." The entire meeting unanimously resolved to admit him.

Luang Praditmanutham said: "All the Members have to be true to the people in various significant matters. Thus, I beg Honourable Members to all together make an affirmation first." He then administered the following affirmation and was followed by the other Members all together:

"I, (name of the affirmer), hereby affirm that I will be true to the People's Party [sic] and will help maintain the six principles of the people [sic] firmly.

"All kinds of independence of the Country, such as political independence, judicial independence, economic independence, etc, must be maintained firmly.

"The internal safety of the Country must be maintained in order to minimalise interpersonal violence as much as possible.

"The economic well-being of the people must be nurtured, in respect of which the new Government will try to generate employment for the people to the best of its ability and will draft a national economic project, without leaving the people in hunger.

"The people must be enabled to have equal rights.

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502 Best recognised by the dense curved racemes, small flowers, narrow corolla-lobes, and small densely compacted capsules. It is a purely littoral plant, abundant on cliffs near the sea in the East Cape district, but has not been seen at Whangarei or Cook Strait of late years. The South Island locality of Tarndale, ascribed to it in the Handbook, is almost certainly erroneous.

5. V. divergens, Cheesem. n. sp.—A much-branched shrub 2–5 ft. high; branches stout, spreading, the younger ones puberulous. Leaves spreading, sessile or very shortly petiolate, ¾–1¼ in. long, ¼–½ in. broad, oblong or linear-oblong to elliptic-oblong or -ovate, acute or obtuse, narrowed at the base, flat, coriaceous, quite glabrous, midrib distinct on both surfaces, margins entire. Racemes axillary and opposite near the tips of the branches, stout, peduncled, 2–3 in. long or more, dense-flowered; rhachis pubescent; pedicels as long as the calyx; bracts equalling the pedicels or rather shorter. Flowers ⅕–¼ in. diam., white. Calyx 4-partite; segments oblongovate, obtuse or acute, margins ciliolate. Corolla-tube short and broad, not exceeding the calyx; limb longer than the tube, 4-lobed; lobes broadly oblong, obtuse, the anterior one narrower. Stamens exserted. Capsule ⅙ in. long, broadly elliptic-oblong, subacute, compressed, glabrous, twice as long as the calyx.

6. V. ligustrifolia, ''A. Cunn. in Bot. Mag.'' sub t. 3461.—A small laxly branched glabrous shrub 1–3 ft. high, rarely more; bark greyish-brown; branchlets slender, twiggy, terete. Leaves spreading, sessile or nearly so, 1–2 in. long, rarely more, ¼–½ in. broad, oblong or linear-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or subacute or more rarely acute, flat, quite entire. Racemes near the tips of the branches, 2–3 in. long, slender, rather lax-flowered; rhachis, pedicels, and bracts puberuious or almost glabrate. Flowers rather small, white, ⅕–¼ in. diam. Calyx deeply 4-partite; segments ovate-lanceolate, acute, glabrous or the margins minutely ciliolate. Corolla-tube funnel-shaped, shorter than the calyx; limb longer than the tube, spreading, 4-lobed; lobes acute. Capsule ⅕ in. long, ovate, acute, compressed, hardly twice as long as the calyx.—''A. Cunn. Precur. n. 375; Benth. in D.C. Prodr. x. 460; Raoul, Choix, 43; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 192, and Handb. N.Z. Fl. 208 (in part only)''.

Auckland—North Cape district, J. Adams and T.F.C.; Bay of Islands, Cunningham, Colenso, and others; Whangarei, T.F.C.


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Veronica.] The plant herein described is the original V. ligustrifolia of A. Cunningham, and of Bentham in De Candolle's Prodromus. It by no means corresponds with the ligustrifolia of Hooker, who included in the term Bentham's V. acutiflora and my leiophylla, and possibly other plants. As a species it comes nearest to V. salicifolia, differing in the smaller size, paler bark, and more twiggy habit, in the much smaller and more obtuse leaves, in the lax-flowered racemes, in the acute and almost glabrous calyx-segments, and in the short broad tube of the corolla and its acute spreading lobes. I am indebted to Mr. N. E. Brown for comparing my North Cape specimens with Cunningham's type.

7. V. pubescens, ''Banks and Sol. ex Benth. in D.C. Prodr.'' x. 460.—A slender diffusely branched shrub 4–6 ft. high; branches terete, the younger ones villous with soft spreading white hairs. Leaves spreading or suberect, shortly petiolate, 1½–3 in. long, ⅓–⅔ in. broad, oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, acute, narrowed towards the base, quite entire, midrib and margins and the whole of the under-surface villous with short soft white hairs. Racemes axillary, 2–4 in. long, ½ in. diam., rather slender, many-flowered; rhachis, pedicels, and calyx densely villous. Flowers small, ⅛–⅙ in. diam. Calyx 4-partite; segments oblong-lanceolate, acute. Corolla-tube slender, longer than the calyx; limb with 4 rather narrow oblong lobes. Capsule ovate, acute, glabrous, nearly twice as long as the calyx.—''Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 193; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 208; Armstr. in Trans. N.Z. Inst.'' xiii. (1881) 351.

8. V. salicifolia, Forst. Prodr. n. 11.—An erect much-branched glabrous shrub 3–10 ft. high, more rarely taller and reaching 12–15 ft., with a trunk 9 in. diam.; branchlets slender, terete, glabrous or the younger ones minutely puberulous. Leaves sessile or nearly so, spreading, 2–6 in. long, ⅓–¾ in. broad, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, usually narrowed at the base, entire or with a few obscure incisions, rather thin, pale-green, glabrous or slightly downy on the midrib and margins, margins flat, midrib usually prominent beneath, especially towards the base of the leaf. Racemes slender, longer than the leaves, 3–10 in. long, very many-flowered; rhachis, pedicels, and bracts pubescent or almost glabrate; pedicels slender, variable in length. Flowers ⅛–⅕ in. diam., white with a pale-lilac tinge to pale bluish-purple, rarely quite white. Calyx 4-partite; segments lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate to ovate-oblong, acute or subacute,


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 "The people must be enabled to enjoy liberties and freedoms, when these are not contrary to the aforesaid four principles.

"The people must be given full education."

Once this was finished, Chaophraya Mahithon, Minister of Seals, brought in the edict of His Majesty the King for opening the meeting, which was read as follows:

"Today, the House of Representatives meets for the first time ever, which is considered one of important events in the history of our beloved Country. I believe that all of you will be determined to help each other in deliberating all affairs in order to further bring prosperity to the country of Siam and maintain the independence of the Thais until heaven and earth expire. I hereby wish you all, Representatives of the People, to abound with physical strength and intellectual vigour, in order that you will be able to help each other accomplish the will of mine and yours, which aims at the same end in every respect." The meeting welcomed this edict with courtesy.

The House of Representatives continued its meeting following that.

Phraya Phahonphonphayuhasena made a proposal, saying: "Now that the Charter and the House of Representatives have both been established successfully, I should like to transfer the work of administering the State, which has been taken over by me, to the House from now on."


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504 glabrate or more or less pubescent. Corolla-tube funnel-shaped, from half as long again to twice as long as the calyx; limb 4-lobed, lobes oblong, obtuse. Capsule ⅛–⅕ in. long, broadly ovate, acute, compressed, from half as long again to twice as long as the calyx.—''A. Rich. Fl. Nouv. Zel. 186; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 374; Benth. in. D.C. Prodr. x. 459; Raoul, Choix, 43; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 191; Handb. N.Z. Fl.'' 207. V. Lindleyana, ''Paxt. Mag. Bot.'' xii. (1846) 247. V. Parkinsoniana, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxi. (1889) 97.

9. V. rotundata, T. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxviii. (1896) 530.—A laxly branched shrub 2–6 ft. high; branches terete, glabrous. Leaves spreading, sessile or very shortly petioled, 3–4 in. long by ¾–1¼ in. broad, oblong-lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, subacute, hardly coriaceous, flat, veins obscure. Racemes usually longer than the leaves, 3–6 in. long, 1 in. diam., densely many-flowered; rhachis and pedicels puberulous. Flowers large, ¼ in. diam., violet-purple or lilac. Calyx 4-partite; segments oblong-ovate, acute or subacute. Corolla-tube short and broad, hardly equalling the spreading 4-lobed limb. Stamens long, far exserted. Capsule about ⅕ in. long, suborbicular, compressed, obtuse, about twice as long as the calyx.


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22 move, but kept up ever the refrain of my lost trunks. Finally some one suggested that an officer be sent for. After awhile Mrs. Stanard put on her bonnet and went out. Then I knew that I was making an advance toward the home of the insane. Soon she returned, bringing with her two policemen—big, strong men—who entered the room rather unceremoniously, evidently expecting to meet with a person violently crazy. The name of one of them was Tom Bockert.

When they entered I pretended not to see them. “I want you to take her quietly,” said Mrs. Stanard. “If she don’t come along quietly,” responded one of the men, “I will drag her through the streets.” I still took no notice of them, but certainly wished to avoid raising a scandal outside. Fortunately Mrs. Caine came to my rescue. She told the officers about my outcries for my lost trunks, and together they made up a plan to get me to go along with them quietly by telling me they would go with me to look for my lost effects. They asked me if I would go. I said I was afraid to go alone. Mrs. Stanard then said she would accompany me, and she arranged that the two policemen should follow us at a respectful distance. She tied on my veil for me, and we left the house by the basement and started across town, the two officers following at some distance behind. We walked along very quietly and finally came to the station-house, which the good woman assured me was the express office, and that there we should certainly find my missing effects. I went inside with fear and trembling, for good reason.

A few days previous to this I had met Captain McCullagh at a meeting held in Cooper Union. At that time I had asked him for some information which he had given me. If he were in, would he not recognize me? And then all would be lost so far as getting to the island was concerned, I pulled my sailor hat as low down over


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Rh my face as I possibly could, and prepared for the ordeal. Sure enough there was sturdy Captain McCullagh standing near the desk.

He watched me closely as the officer at the desk conyersed in a low tone with Mrs. Stanard and the policeman who brought me.

“Are you Nellie Brown?” asked the officer. I said I supposed I was. “Where do you come from?” he asked. I told him I did not know, and then Mrs. Stanard gave him a lot of information about me—told him how strangely I had acted at her home; how had not slept a wink all night, and that in her opinion I was a poor unfortunate who had been driven crazy by inhuman treatment. There was some discussion between Mrs. Stanard and the two officers, and Tom Bockert was told to take us down to the court in a car.

“Come along,” Bockert said, “I will find your trunk for you.” We all went together, Mrs. Stanard, Tom

Bockert, and myself. I said it was very kind of them to go with me, and I should not soon forget them. As we walked along I kept up my refrain about my trunks, in-


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24 terjecting occasionally some remark about the dirty condition of the streets and the curious character of the people we met on the way. “I don’t think I have ever seen such people before,” I said. “Who are they?” I asked, and my companions looked upon me with expressions of pity, evidently believing I was a foreigner, an emigrant or something of the sort. They told me that the people around me were working people. I remarked once more that I thought there were too many working people in the world for the amount of work to be done, at which remark Policeman P.T. Bockert eyed me closely, evidently thinking that my mind was gone for good. We passed several other policemen, who generally asked my sturdy guardians what was the matter with me. By this time quite a number of ragged children were following us too, and they passed remarks about me that were to me original as well as amusing.

“What’s she up for?” “Say, kop, where did ye get her?” “Where did yer pull ’er?” “She’s a daisy!”

Poor Mrs. Stanard was more frightened than I was. The whole situation grew interesting, but I still had fears for my fate before the judge.

At last we came to a low building, and Tom Bockert kindly volunteered the information: “Here’s the express office. We shall soon find those trunks of yours.”

The entrance to the building was surrounded by a curious crowd and I did not think my case was bad enough to permit me passing them without some remark, so I asked if all those people had lost their trunks.

“Yes,” he said, “nearly all these people are looking for trunks.”

I said, “They all seem to be foreigners, too.” “Yes,” said Tom, “they are all foreigners just landed. They have all lost their trunks, and it takes most of our time to help find them for them.”

We entered the courtroom. It was the Essex Market


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Rh Police Courtroom. At last the question of my sanity or insanity was to.be decided. I nudge Daffy sat behind the high desk, wearing a look which seemed to indicate that he was dealing out the milk of human kindness by wholesale. I rather feared I would not get the fate I sought, because of the kindness I saw on every line of his face, and it was with rather a sinking heart that I followed Mrs. Stanard as she answered the summons to go up to the desk, where Tom Bockert had just given an account of the affair.

“Come here,” said an officer. “What is your name?”

“Nellie Brown,” I replied, with a little accent, “I have lost my trunks, and would like if you could find them.”

“When did you come to New York?” he asked.

“I did not come to New York,” I replied (while I added, mentally, “because I have been here for some time.”)

“But you are in New York now,” said the man.

“No,” I said, looking as incredulous as I thought a crazy person could, “I did not come to New York.”

“That girl is from the west,” he said, in a tone that made me tremble. “She has a western accent.”

Some one else who had been listening to the brief dialogue here asserted that he had lived south and that my accent was southern, while another officer was positive it was eastern. I felt much relieved when the first spokesman turned to the judge and said:

“Judge, here is a peculiar case of a young woman who doesn’t know who she is or where she came from. You had better attend to it at once.”

I commenced to shake with more than the cold, and I looked around at the strange crowd about me, composed of poorly dressed men and women with stories printed on their faces of hard lives, abuse and poverty. Some were consulting eagerly with friends, while others sat still with


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26 a look of utter hopelessness. Everywhere was a sprinkling of well-dressed, well-fed officers watching the scene passively and almost indifferently. It was only an old story with them. One more unfortunate added to a long list which had long since ceased to be of any interest or concern to them.

“Come here, girl, and lift your veil,” called out Judge Duffy, in tones which surprised me by a harshness which I did not think from the kindly face he possessed.

“Who are you speaking to?” I inquired, in my stateliest manner.

“Come here, my dear, and lift your veil. You know the Queen of England, if she were here, would have to lift her veil,” he said, very kindly.

“That is much better,” I replied. “I am not the Queen of England, but I’ll lift my veil.”

As I did so the little judge looked at me, and then, in a very kind and gentle tone, he said:

“My dear child, what is wrong?”


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Rh “Nothing is wrong except that I have lost my trunks, and this man,” indicating Policeman Bockert, “promised to bring me where they could be found.”

“What do you know about this child?” asked the judge, sternly, of Mrs. Stanard, who stood, pale and trembling, by my side.

“I know nothing of her except that she came to the home yesterday and asked to remain overnight.”

“The home! What do you mean by the home?” asked Judge Duffy, quickly.

“It is a temporary home kept for working women at No. 84 Second Avenue.”

“What is your position there?”

“I am assistant matron.”

“Well, tell us all you know of the case.”

“When I was going into the home yesterday I noticed her coming down the avenue. She was all alone. I had just got into the house when the bell rang and she came in. When I talked with her she wanted to know if she could stay all night, and I said she could. After awhile she said all the people in the house looked crazy, and she was afraid of them. Then she would not go to bed, but sat up all the night.”

“Had she any money?”

“Yes,” I replied, answering, for her, “I paid her for everything, and the eating was the worst I ever tried.”

There was a general smile at this, and some murmurs of “She’s not so crazy on the food question.”

“Poor child,” said Judge Duffy, “she is well dressed, and a lady. Her English is perfect, and I would stake everything on her being a good girl. I am positive she is somebody’s darling.”

At this announcement everybody laughed, and I put my handkerchief over my face and endeavored to choke the laughter that threatened to spoil my plans, in despite of my resolutions.


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28 “I mean she is some woman’s darling,” hastily amended the judge. “I am sure some one is searching for her. Poor girl, I will be good to her, for she looks like my sister, who is dead.”

There was a hush for a moment after this announcement, and the officers glanced at me more kindly, while I silently blessed the kind-hearted judge, and hoped that any poor creatures who might be afflicted as I pretended to be should have as kindly a man to deal with as Judge Duffy.

“I wish the reporters were here,” he said at last. “They would he able to find out something about her.”

I got very much frightened at this, for if there is any one who can ferret out a mystery it is a reporter. I felt that I would rather face a mass of expert doctors, policemen, and detectives than two bright specimens of my craft, so I said:

“I don’t see why all this is needed to help me find my trunks. These men are impudent, and I do not want to be stared at. I will go away. I don’t want to stay here.”

So saying, I pulled down my veil and secretly hoped the reporters would be detained elsewhere until I was sent to the asylum.

“I don’t know what to do with the poor child,” said the worried judge. “She must be taken care of.”

“Send her to the Island,” suggested one of the officers.

“Oh, don’t!” said Mrs. Stanard, in evident alarm. “Don’t! She is a lady and it would kill her to be put on the Island.”

For once I felt like shaking that good woman. To think the Island was just the place I wanted to reach and here she was trying to keep me from going there! It was very kind of her, but rather provoking under the circumstances.

“There has been some foul work here,” said the judge. “I believe this child has been drugged and brought to


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 # Lieutenant Colonel Phra Prasatphitthayayut;
 * 1) Police Lieutenant Colonel Colonel Luang Saengnitisat;
 * 2) Second-Class Councillor Phra Wutthisatnetiyan;
 * 3) Lieutenant Commander Luang Supphachalasai;
 * 4) Lieutenant Commander Luang Sinthusongkhramchai;
 * 5) Major Luang Sinatyotharak;
 * 6) Major Luang Phibunsongkhram;
 * 7) Third-Class Councillor Luang Praditmanutham;
 * 8) Third-Class Councillor Luang Khahakambodi;
 * 9) Third-Class Courtier Luang Naruebetmanit;
 * 10) Lieutenant Luang Thamrongnawasawat;
 * 11) First-Class Vice Councillor Luang Detsahakon;
 * 12) First-Class Vice Councillor Luang Damri-itsaranuwak;
 * 13) First-Class Vice Councillor Luang Sunthonthep-hatsadin;
 * 14) First-Class Vice Councillor Luang Dechatiwongwarawat;
 * 15) First-Class Vice Councillor Luang Bannakonkowit;
 * 16) First-Class Vice Councillor Luang Atthasanprasit;
 * 17) First-Class Vice Councillor Luang Atthakitkamchon;
 * 18) First-Class Vice Councillor Luang Chamnannitikaset;
 * 19) First-Class Vice Councillor Luang Kowit-aphaiwong;


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Veronica.]

10. V. macrocarpa, ''Vahl. Symb. Bot.'' iii. 4.—An erect branching shrub 4–8 ft. high; branchlets rather stout, terete, glabrous. Leaves sessile or very shortly petioled, spreading, 3–6 in. long, ½–1 in. broad, narrow oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acute, rather coriaceous, dark-green, smooth and glabrous, flat, veins obscure. Eacemes usually rather longer than the leaves, 3–7 in. long, many-flowered, cylindrical, acute, sometimes attenuate at the tip; rhachis and pedicels glabrate or puberulous. Flowers large, white, ¼–⅓ in. diam. or even more. Calyx 4-partite; segments oblong, obtuse, ciliolate. Corolla-tube broad, about twice as long as the calyx; limb 4-lobed; lobes oblong, obtuse. Stamens very long, far-exserted. Capsule large, ¼–⅓ in. long, ovate, compressed, acute, three times as long as the calyx.—''A. Cunn. Precur. n. 376; Raoul, Choix, 43; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 192; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 207; Armstr. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiii. (1881) 351; Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst.'' xxviii. (1896) 529.


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 # First-Class Vice Councillor Luang Aphiromkosakon;
 * 1) First-Class Vice Councillor Tua Laphanukrom;
 * 2) First-Class Vice Councillor Prachuap Laphanukrom;
 * 3) First-Class Vice Councillor Mom Luang Udom Sanitwong;
 * 4) First-Class Vice Councillor Prayun Phamonmontri;
 * 5) Second-Class Vice Councillor Thawi Bunyaket;
 * 6) Second-Class Vice Councillor Charun Suepsaeng;
 * 7) Second-Class Vice Councillor Chun Pinthanon;
 * 8) Nai Wilat Osathanon;
 * 9) Nai Naep Phahonyothin;
 * 10) Nai Direk Chaiyanam;
 * 11) Nai Wichian Suwannathat;
 * 12) Nai Yon Samanon;
 * 13) Nai Sa-nguan Tularak;
 * 14) Nai Sim Wirawaithaya;
 * 15) Nai Nguan Thongprasoet;
 * 16) Nai Manit Wasuwat;
 * 17) Nai Charun Na Bangchang;
 * 18) Nai Net Phunwiwat;
 * 19) Nai Mangkon Samsen;


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United Nations Security Council Resolution 2679

Resolution 2679 (2023)

Adopted by the Security Council at its 9283rd meeting, on 16 March 2023

The Security Council,

Reaffirming its strong commitment to the sovereignty, independence, territorial integrity and national unity of Afghanistan, as well as its continued support for the people of Afghanistan,

Reaffirming its support for a peaceful, stable, and prosperous Afghanistan,

Expressing concern at the lack of progress on the Security Council’s expectations of the Taliban,

Emphasizing the importance of the full, equal and meaningful participation of women, and upholding human rights, including those of women, children, minorities, and persons in vulnerable situations,

Recognizing that an integrated and coherent approach among relevant political, humanitarian and development actors, within and outside of the United Nations system, consistent with their respective mandates, is critical to building and sustaining peace in Afghanistan,

Emphasizing its support for the implementation of the United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan’s mandate in its entirety as established in Resolution 2626 (2022),

1. Requests the Secretary-General, in accordance with best practices, to conduct and provide in full to the Security Council, no later than 17 November 2023, an integrated, independent assessment, as outlined in paragraph 2 of this resolution, and after consultations with all relevant Afghan political actors and stakeholders, including relevant authorities, Afghan women, and civil society, as well as the region and the wider international community;

2. Requests that the independent assessment provide forward-looking recommendations for an integrated and coherent approach among relevant political, humanitarian, and development actors, within and outside of the United Nations system, in order to address the current challenges faced by Afghanistan, including, but not limited to, humanitarian, human rights and especially the rights of women and girls, religious and ethnic minorities, security and terrorism, narcotics, development, economic and social challenges, dialogue, governance and the rule of law; and to advance the objective of a secure, stable, prosperous and inclusive Afghanistan in line with the elements set out by the Security Council in previous resolutions;

3. Decides to remain actively seized of the matter.


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 No. 71.]

controversy with the Romanists has overtaken us "like a summer's cloud." We find ourselves in various parts of the country preparing for it, yet, when we look back, we cannot trace the steps by which we arrived at our present position. We do not recollect what our feelings were this time last year on the subject,—what was the state of our apprehensions and anticipations. All we know is, that here we are, from long security ignorant why we are not Roman Catholics, and they on the other hand are said to be spreading and strengthening on all sides of us, vaunting of their success, real or apparent, and taunting us with our inability to argue with them.

The Gospel of Christ is not a matter of mere argument; it does not follow that we are wrong, and they are right, because we cannot defend ourselves. But we cannot claim to direct the faith of others, we cannot check the progress of what we account error, we cannot be secure (humanly speaking) against the weakness of our own hearts some future day, unless we have learned to analyse and to state formally our own reasons for believing what we do believe, and thus have fixed our creed in our memories and our judgments. This is the especial duty of Christian Ministers, who, as St. Paul in the Acts of the Apostles, must be ready to dispute, whether with Jews or Greeks. That we are at present very ill practised in this branch of our duty, (a point it is scarcely necessary to prove) is owing in a very great measure to the protection and favour which have long been extended to the English clergy by the state. Statesmen have felt that it was their interest to maintain a Church, which, absorbing into itself a great portion of the religious feeling of the

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 to have fully proved my paradoxical opinions, by the account I have given you of Volkert's experiment, and I thank you cordially for your kind attention to my long mysterious narrative; you will excuse my prolixity, having been desirous to give you a faithful account of that strange man. Although I am not able to clear up his character in a more satisfactory manner, yet I am convinced that you now will believe that spirits can appear to the eye of mortals."

Here he ended, seeming to care little what sensations his odd tale might have produced in the mind of his hearers. The serious tone in which he had been speaking, and the high respect we bore him, prevented us from making our observations on his tale; I, for my part, could not help thinking it very extraordinary and fabulous, yet I could not harbour the least mistrust in the narrator's ve-


text: The Nibelungenlied (Shumway)

title: The Nibelungenlied (Shumway)


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2 country, sobers and chastens what it has so attracted, and suppresses by its weight the intractable elements which it cannot persuade; and, while preventing the political mischiefs resulting whether from fanaticism or selfwill, is altogether free from those formidable qualities which distinguish the ecclesiastical genius of Rome. Thus the clergy have been in that peaceful condition in which the civil magistrate supersedes the necessity of struggling for life and ascendency; and amid their privileges it is not wonderful that they should have grown secure, and have neglected to inform themselves on subjects on which they were not called to dispute. It must be added, too, that a feeling of the untenable nature of the Roman doctrines, a contempt for their arguments, and a notion that they could never prevail in an educated country, have not a little contributed to expose us to our present surprise.

In saying all this, it is not forgotten that there is still scattered about the Church much learning upon the subject of Romanism, and much intelligent opposition to it: nor on the other hand does the present series of Tracts pretend to be more than an attempt towards a suitable consideration of it on the part of persons who feel in themselves, and see in others a deficiency of information.

It will be the object, then, of these Tracts, should it be allowed the editor to fulfil his present intention, to consider variously, the one question, with which we are likely to be attacked, why, in matter of fact, we remain separate from Rome. Some general remarks on the line of argument hence resulting, will be the subject of this paper.

Our position is this. We are seated at our own posts, engaged in our own work, secular or religious, interfering with no one, and anticipating no harm, when we hear of the encroachments of Romanism around us. We can but honour all good Romanists for such aggression; it marks their earnestness, their confidence in their own cause, and their charity towards those whom they consider in error. We need not be bitter against them; moderation, and candour, are virtues under all circumstances. Yet for all that, we may resist them manfully, when they assail us. This

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Rh then, I say, is our position, a defensive one; we are assailed, and we defend ourselves and our flocks. There is no plea for calling on us in England to do more than this,—to defend ourselves. We are under no constraint to go out of our way spontaneously to prove charges against the Romanists; but, when asked about our faith, we give a reason why we are this way of thinking, and not that. This makes our task in the controversy incomparably easier, than if we were forced to exhibit an offensive front, or volunteered articles of impeachment against the rival communion. "Let every man abide in the same calling wherein he was called," is St. Paul's direction. We find ourselves under the Anglican regimen; let every one of us, cleric and layman, remain in it, till our opponents have shown cause why we should change, till we have reason to suspect we are wrong. The onus probandi plainly lies with them. This, I say, simplifies our argument, as allowing us to content ourselves with less of controversy than otherwise would be incumbent on us. We have the strength of possession and prescription. We are not obliged to prove them incurably corrupt and heretical; no, nor our own system unexceptionable. It is in our power, if we will, to take very low ground; it is quite enough to ascertain that reasons cannot be brought why we should go over from our side to theirs.

But besides this, there are the Apostle's injunctions against disorder. Did we go over to the Roman Catholics, we should be fomenting divisions among ourselves, which would be a primâ facie case against us. Of course there are cases where division is justifiable. Did we believe, for instance, the English Church to be absolutely heretical, and Romanism to be pure and Catholic, it would be a duty, as the lesser evil, to take part in a division which truth demanded. Else it would be a sin. Those dissenters who consider union with the state to be apostasy, or the doctrine of baptismal regeneration a heresy, are wrong, not in that they separate from us, but in that they so think.

And further, a debt of gratitude to that particular branch of the Church Catholic through which God made us Christians, through which we were new bom, instructed, and (if so be) ordained to the ministerial office; a debt of reverence and affection towards the

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4 saints of that Church; the tie of that invisible communion with the dead as well as the living, into which the sacraments introduce us; the memory of our great teachers, champions, and confessors, now in Paradise, especially of those of the seventeenth century,—Hammond's name alone, were there no other, or Hooker's, or Ken's,—bind us to the Anglican Church, by cords of love, except something very serious can be proved against it. But this surely is impossible. The only conceivable causes for leaving its communion are, I suppose, the two following; first, that it is involved in some damnable heresy, or secondly, that it is not in possession of the sacraments: and so far we join issue with the Romanist, for these are among the chief points which he attempts to prove against us.

However, plain and satisfactory as is this account of our position, it is not sufficient, for various reasons, to meet the need of the multitude of men. The really pious and sober among our flocks will be contented with it. They will naturally express their suspicion and dislike of any doctrine new to them, and it will require some considerable body of proof to convince them that they ought even to open their ears to it. But it must be recollected, that there is a mass of persons, easily caught by novelty, who will be too impetuous to be restrained by such advice as has been suggested. Curiosity and feverishness of mind do not wait to decide on which side of a dispute the onus probandi lies. The same feelings which carry men now to dissent, will carry them to Romanism, novelty being an essential stimulant of popular devotion, and the Roman system, to say nothing of the intrinsic majesty and truth which remain in it amid its corruptions, abounding in this and other stimulants of a most potent and effective character. And further, there will ever be a number of refined and affectionate minds, who, disappointed in finding still matter for their devotional feelings in the English system, as at present conducted, betake themselves, through human frailty, to Rome. Besides, ex parte statements may easily suggest scruples even to the more sensible and sober portion of the community; and though they will not at all be moved ultimately from the principle above laid down, viz. not to change unless

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text: The Nibelungenlied (Shumway)/English Bibliography


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Rh clear reason for change is assigned, yet they may fairly demand of their teachers and guides what they have to say in answer to these statements, which do seem to justify a change, not indeed at once, but in the event of their not being refuted.

Thus then we stand as regards Romanism. Strictly speaking, and in the eyes of soberly religious men, it ought not to be embraced, even could it be made appear in some points superior to (what is now practically) the Anglican system; St. Paul even advising a slave to remain a slave, though he had the option of liberty. If all men were rational, little indeed would be necessary in the way of argument, only so much as would be enough to set right the misconceptions which might arise on the subject in dispute. But the state of things being otherwise, we must consult for men as they are; and in order to meet their necessities, we are obliged to take a more energetic and striking line in the controversy than can in strict logic be required of us, to defend ourselves by an offensive warfare, and to expose our opponents' argument with a view of recommending our own.

This being the state of the case, the arguments to be urged against Romanism ought to be taken from such parts of the general controversy as bear most upon practice, and at the same time kept clear of what is more especially sacred, and painful to dispute about. Its adherents' assault on us will turn (it is to be presumed) on strictly practical considerations. They will admit that the English Church approaches in many points very near to themselves, and for that very reason was wrong in separating from them:—that it is in danger far more as being schismatical than as heretical:—that our Lord commanded and predicted that His Church should be one; therefore, that the Roman and the Anglican communions cannot both be His Church, but that one must be external to it:—that the question to be considered by us is, what our chance is of being the true Church; and, in consequence, of possessing the sacraments:—that we confess Rome to be a branch of Christ's Church, and admit her orders, but that Rome does not acknowledge us; hence that it is safer for us to unite to Rome:—that we are, in matter of fact, cut off from the great body of the Church Catholic, and stand by our-

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6 selves:—that we suffer all manner of schism and heresy to exist, and to propagate itself among us, which it is inconceivable that the true Church, guided by the Holy Spirit, should ever do:—that this circumstance, if there were no other, being an inconsistency, involves a primâ facie case against us, for the consideration of those who are not competent to decide in the matter of doctrine:—that, if our creed were true, God would prosper us in maintaining it, according to the promise:—moreover, were there no other reason, that our forms of administering the sacraments are not such as to make us sure that we receive God's grace in them. These, and the like arguments, we may suppose, will be urged upon the attention of our members, being not of a technical and scholastic, but of a powerfully practical character; and such must be ours to oppose them. Much might be said on this part of the subject. There are a number of arguments which are scarcely more than ingenious exhibitions, such as would be admired in any game where skill is every thing, but which as arguments tell only with those on our own side, while an adversary thinks them unfair. Their use is not here denied in matter of fact, viz. in confirming those in an opinion, who already hold it, and wish reasons for it. When a man is (rightly or wrongly) of one particular way of thinking, he needs, and (it may be added) allowably needs very little argument to support him in it to himself. Still it is right that that argument should be substantially sound; substantially, because for many reasons, certain accidental peculiarities in the form of it may be necessary from the peculiarities of his mind, which has been accustomed to move in some one line and not in another. If the argument is radically unreal, or (what may be called) rhetorical or sophistical, it may serve the purpose of encouraging those who are already convinced, though scarcely without doing mischief to them, but certainly it will offend and alienate the more acute and sensible; while those who are in doubt, and who desire some real and substantial ground for their faith, will not bear to be put off with such shadows. Thus, for instance, to meet the Romanists' charge against us of scepticism, because we do not believe this or that portion of their doctrine, an

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 racity, in despite of the struggles of reason, being fully convinced of his honesty. My design of relating to him our adventures at the Haunted Castle began now to ripen, and I was determined to catch the first opportunity that should offer to impart to him my secret.

The other officers sat in dumb silence, seeming to ponder how to abide by their first opinion without opposing their reverend antagonist: "It is pity," one of them exclaimed at last, after a long solemn silence, "it is pity that Volkert is not present, for I am sure he would convince us also, by occular proofs, of a matter which bears such evident marks of impossibility, in the eye of the impartial friend of truth. I do not in the least suspect your veracity, being fully persuaded that you are convinced by your own experience of the reality of the strange incident you have related; yet you will not take it unkind if I assure you, that my reason will prevent me from becoming a convert to your opinions, until I


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 shall have been an occular witness of an experiment of that kind."

The Austrian replied not a word to that speech, but rose and took up his hat in dumb silence.

"But, pray Sir," resumed another, "have you had no farther account of Volkert? Did he never return from his recruiting business."

"He is dead," replied the Austrian.

"Dead!" we repeated with one voice.

"He is," repeated the old veteran, coolly, "he met with a sad misfortune in the second year of his employment, ten of his best recruits gave him the slip, and, being called to an account for his negligence, he fell a victim of wild despair, blowing his brains out."


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 "A sad exit for a Necromancer," resumed he who had put the question to the Austrian.

"But a common one with gentlemen of that line," added another, rather forward.

The Austrian gave him a stern scornful look.

"I wish Volkert was still alive," said he who lodged at the haunted inn, "I wish he was still alive, he soon would restore tranquillity to the house of my landlord, and put a stop to the disagreeable talk that is rumoured about, and so hurtful to the poor man."

The Austrian made a silent bow to the company, and left the room. I followed him with hasty steps, and, coming up with him, accosted him respectfully. "You will excuse the liberty I am going to take, to request of you a private hearing, wishing to impart to you something."


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I saw a statue, carven I knew not from what substance, nor with what form or feature, because of the manifold drapery of black which fell about it as a veil or a pall. Turning to Psyche, who was with me, I said, “O thou who knowest by name and form the eidola of all things, pray tell me what thing is this.” And she answered, “The name of it is Silence, but neither god nor man nor demon knoweth the form thereof, nor its entity. The seraphim pause often before it, waiting the day when the shape shall be unveiled; and the gods and demons of the universe are mute in its presence, half-hoping, half-fearing the time when these lips shall speak, and deliver forth one dreameth not what, of oracle, or query or judgment, or doom.”


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 where he may appear, kassengo and all, that has done much to preserve his plantation; but it is a wearying life, not what he expected from his book on coffee-plantations, which had a frontispiece depicting a planter seated in his verandah, with a tumblerful of something cool at his right hand, and a pipe in his mouth, contemplating a large plantation full of industrious natives picking berries into baskets on all sides.

.—The labour problem is one that must be studied and solved before West Africa can advance much further than its present culture condition, because the climate is such that the country cannot be worked by white labourers; and that this state of affairs will remain as it is until some true specific is discovered for malaria, something important happens to the angle of the earth's axis, or some radical change takes place in the nature of the sun, is the opinion of all acquainted with the region. The West African climate shows no signs of improving whatsoever. If it shows any sign of alteration it is for the worse, for of late years two extremely deadly forms of fever have come into notice here, malarial typhoid and black-water. The malarial typhoid seems confined to districts where a good deal of European attention has been given to drainage systems, which is in itself discouraging.

The labour problem has been imported with European civilisation. The civilisation has not got on to any considerable extent, but the labour problem has; for, being a malignant nuisance, it has taken to West Africa as a duck to water, and it is now flourishing. It has not yet, however, attained its zenith; it is just waiting for the abolition of domestic slavery for that—and then! Meanwhile it grows with the demand for hands to carry on plantation work, and public works. On the West Coast—that is to say, from Sierra Leone to Cameroon—it is worse than on the South West Coast from Cameroon to Benguella.

The Kruman, the Accra, and the Sierra Leonian are at present on the West Coast the only solution available. The first is as fine a ship-and-beach-man as you could reasonably wish for, but no good for plantation work. The second is, thanks to the practical training he has received from the Basle Mission, a very fair artisan, cook, or clerk, but also no good for plantation work, except as an overseer. The third is a poor artisan, an excellent clerk, or subordinate official, but so unreliable in the matter of honesty as to be nearly reliable to swindle any employer. Lagos turns out a large quantity of educated natives, but owing to the growing prosperity of the colony, these are nearly all engaged in Lagos itself.


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 Luang Praditmanutham said: "Now that the Charter for Public Administration has been created and promulgated, the House of Representatives has been set up, Representatives have been assigned to positions, and this House has become the assembly which wields the supreme power of the Country and the power to meet and discuss anything, it is now the time to begin discussing initial important matters according to the Charter. However, no meeting regulation has yet been established and section 27 of the Charter permits the meeting regulations provided in the Privy Council Act to be applied for the time being, in so far as they are not contrary to the Charter. Accordingly, the present meeting will be conducted in keeping with the said regulations to the extent possible.

"At this initial stage of the meeting, section 22 of the Charter states that a person must be selected to regularly preside over our meetings. Therefore, I beg all of you to discuss and elect our President on this occasion."

Nai Sa-guan Tularak nominated Chaophraya Thammasakmontri for the post, citing the following reasons: "This man is of excellent knowledge and ability. He used to be a Minister of Public Instruction, which is an important position, and he is an adult, which makes him appropriate for the position of preserver of order of the meetings who would enable the meetings to proceed in a smooth manner. He therefore deserves the presidency of the meetings of the House of Representatives." Phraya Manawaratchasewi seconded him.

Phraya Nitisatphaisan nominated Phraya Phahonphonphayuhasena, who resolutely rejected this post and


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UT in each zodiacal sign they call limits of the stars those in which each of the stars, from any one quarter to another, can exert the greatest amount of influence; in regard of which there is among them, according to their writings, no mere casual divergency of opinion. But they say that the stars are attended as if by satellites when they are in the midst of other stars, in continuity with the signs of the Zodiac; as if, when any particular star may have occupied the first portions of the same sign of the Zodiac, and another the last, and another those portions in the middle, that which is in the middle is said to be guarded by those holding the portions at the extremities. And they are said to look upon one another, and to be in conjunction with one another, as if appearing in a triangular or quadrangular figure. They assume, therefore, the figure of a triangle, and look upon one another, which have an intervening distance


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Rh extending for three zodiacal signs; and they assume the figure of a square those which have an interval extending for two signs. But as the underlying parts sympathize with the head, and the head with the underlying parts, so also things terrestrial with superlunar objects. But there is of these a certain difference and want of sympathy, so that they do not involve one and the same point of juncture.

Employing these [as analogies], Euphrates the Peratic, and Acembes the Carystian, and the rest of the crowd of these [speculators], imposing names different from the doctrine of the truth, speak of a sedition of Æons, and of a revolt of good powers over to evil [ones], and of the concord of good with wicked [Æons], calling them Toparchai and Proastioi, and very many other names. But the entire of this heresy, as attempted by them, I shall explain and refute when we come to treat of the subject of these [Æons]. But now, lest any one suppose the opinions propounded by the Chaldæans respecting astrological doctrine to be trustworthy and secure, we shall not hesitate to furnish a brief refutation respecting these, establishing that the futile art is calculated both to deceive and blind the soul indulging in vain expectations, rather than to profit it. And we urge our case with these, not according to any experience of the art, but from knowledge based on practical principles. Those who have cultivated the art, becoming disciples of the Chaldgeans, and communicating mysteries as if strange and astonishing to men, having changed the names [merely], have from this source


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66 concocted their heresy. But since, estimating the astrological art as a powerful one, and availing themselves of the testimonies adduced by its patrons, they wish to gain reliance for their own attempted conclusions, we shall at present, as it has seemed expedient, prove the astrological art to be untenable, as our intention next is to invalidate also the Peratic system, as a branch growing out of an unstable root.

The originating principle, and, as it were, foundation, of the entire art, is fixing the horoscope. For from this are derived the rest of the cardinal points, as well as the declinations and ascensions, the triangles and squares, and the configurations of the stars in accordance with these; and from all these the predictions are taken. Whence, if the horoscope be removed, it necessarily follows that neither any celestial object is recognisable in the meridian, or at the horizon, or in the point of the heavens opposite the meridian; but if these be not comprehended, the entire system of the Chaldæans vanishes along with [them]. But that the sign of the horoscope is indiscoverable by them, we may show by a variety of arguments. For in order that this [horoscope] may be found, it is first requisite that the [time of] birth of the person falling under inspection should be firmly fixed; and secondly, that the horoscope which is to signify this should


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 room in its involucrum for antennæ yet to come. They know and feel, that the potential works in them, even as the actual works on them! In short, all the organs of sense are framed for a corresponding world of sense; and we have it. All the organs of spirit are framed for a correspondent world of spirit; tho' the latter organs are not developed in all alike. But they exist in all, and their first appearance discloses itself in the moral being. How else could it be, that even worldlings, not wholly debased, will contemplate the man of simple and disinterested goodness with contradictory feelings of pity and respect? "Poor man! he is not made for this world." Oh! herein they utter a prophecy of universal fulfilment; for man must either rise or sink.

It is the essential mark of the true philosopher to rest satisfied with no imperfect light, as long as the impossibility of attaining a fuller knowledge has not been demonstrated. That the common consciousness itself will furnish proofs by its own direction, that it is connected with master-currents below the surface, I shall merely assume as a postulate pro tempore. This having been granted, though but in expectation of the argument, I can safely deduce from it the equal truth of my former assertion, that philosophy cannot be intelligible to all, even of the most learned and cultivated classes.


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Rh be infallible; and thirdly, that the ascension of the zodiacal sign should be observed with accuracy. For from [the moment] of birth the ascension of the zodiacal sign rising in the heaven should be closely watched, since the Chaldæans, determining [from this] the horoscope, frame the configuration of the stars in accordance with the ascension [of the sign]; and they term this—disposition, in accordance with which they devise their predictions. But neither is it possible to take the birth of persons falling under consideration, as I shall explain, nor is the horoscope infallible, nor is the rising zodiacal sign apprehended with accuracy.

How it is, then, that the system of the Chaldæans is unstable, let us now declare. Having, then, previously marked it out for investigation, they draw the birth of persons falling under consideration from, unquestionably, the depositing of the seed, and [from] conception or from parturition. And if one will attempt to take [the horoscope] from conception, the accurate account of this is incomprehensible, the time [occupied] passing quickly, and naturally [so]. For we are not able to say whether conception takes place upon the transference of the seed or not. For this can happen even as quick as thought, just also as leaven, when put into heated jars, immediately is reduced to a glutinous state. But conception can also [take place] after a lapse of duration. For there being an interval from the mouth of the womb to the fundament, where physicians say conceptions take place, it is altogether the nature of the seed deposited to occupy some time in traversing this interval. The Chaldæans, therefore, being ignorant of the quantity of duration to a nicety, never will comprehend the [moment of] conception; the seed at one time being injected straight forward, and falling at one spot


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 An important but somewhat neglected factor in the problem is the nature of the West African native, and as I think a calm and unbiassed study of this factor would give us the satisfactory solution to the problem, I venture to give my own observations on it.

The Kruboys, as the natives of the Grain Coast are called, irrespective of the age of the individual, by the white men—the Menekussi as the Effiks call them—are the most important people of West Africa; for without their help the working of the Coast would cost more lives than it already does, and would be in fact practically impossible. Ever since vessels have regularly frequented the Bights, the Kruman has had the helpful habit of shipping himself off on board, and doing all the heavy work. Their first tutors were the slavers, who initiated them into the habit, and instructed them in ship's work, that they might have the benefit of their services in working their vessels along the Slave Coast. And in order to prevent any Kruboy being carried off as a slave by mistake, which would have prejudiced these useful allies, the slavers persuaded them always to tattoo a band of basket-work pattern down their foreheads and out on to the tip of their broad noses: this is the most extensive bit of real tattoo that I know of in West Africa, and the Kruboys still keep the fashion. Their next tutors were the traders, who have taught and still teach them beach work; how to handle cargo, try oil, and make themselves generally useful in a factory,—"learn sense," as the Kruboy himself puts it. To religious teaching the Kruboy seems for an African singularly impervious, but the two lessons he has learnt—ship and shore work—are the best that the white has so far taught the black, because unattended with the evil consequences that have followed the other lessons. Unfortunately, the Kruman of the Grain Coast and the Cabinda of the South West Coast, are the only two tribes that have had the benefit of this kind of education, but there are many other tribes who, had circumstances led the trader and the slaver to turn their attention to them, would have done their tutors quite as much credit. But circumstances did not, and so nowadays, just as a hundred years ago, you must get the Kruboy to help you if you are going to do any work, missionary or mercantile, from Sierra Leone to Cameroon. Below Cameroon the Kruboy does not like to go, except to the beach of an English house, for he has suffered much from the Congo Free State, and from Spaniards and Portuguese, who have not respected his feelings in the matter of wanting to return


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 A

OF THE

PUNJABEE LANGUAGE

BY

LIEUTENANT R. LEECH

Bombay Engineers.

Printed at the Bombay Government Press.

by

F.D. RAMOS

1838


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OF THE

PANJÁBEE LANGUAGE.

This language, as spoken in large Towns, is a dialect of the Urdoo or Hindustany, and differs from it chiefly in having those vowels short, that the latter has long, and in having the Sanscrit Visarg in the middle of words otherwise Hindustany: for example, the number eighteen they call attàhràn, and not athàrà,

On the Sikh frontiers, Panjabee slightly mixes with the neighbouring dialects. In Bhawalpoor it partakes of Sindhy. There are two characters in which the language is written; Goormukhee, the character of the Granth (Gospels of 10 holy men), and Lande, used by the merchants in their accounts. The character used in the mountains of Jammoo and Nadoun, differs from the Lande of the capital, and the merchants even of different cities and districts, as Sealkot and Guzerat for instance, differ slightly in their manner of writing this character.

The Sikhs under their preceptor Guroo, Govind Singh, carried their hatred of the Mabhommedans to such an extent, as to substitute a vocabulary for their native Panjabee, because the latter was spoken by the Masalmen.

The vocabulary is composed of ridiculous and disrespectful epithets of every thing relating to Islamism, it is not however used by Mahàrajah Runjeet Singh, the ruler of the Sikh nation.


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 every year, or every two years at the most, to his own country, and his rooted aversion to agricultural work and carrying loads about the bush.

The pay of the Kruboy averages £1 a month. There are modifications in the way in which this sum is reached; for example, some missionaries pay each man £20 a year, but then he has to find his own chop. Some South West Coast traders pay £8 a year, but they find their boys entirely, and well, in food, and give them a cloth a week. English men-of-war on the West African Station have, like other vessels to take them on to save the white crew, and they pay the Kruboys the same as they pay the white men, i.e, £4 10s. a month with rations. Needless to say, men-of-war are popular, although service on board them cuts our friend off from almost every chance of stealing chickens and other things of which I may not speak, as Herodotus would say. I do not know the manner in which men-of-war pay off the Kruboy, but I think in hard cash. In the circles of society I most mix with on the Coast—the mercantile marine and the trading—he is always paid in goods, in cloth, gin, guns, tobacco, gunpowder, &c., with little concessions to his individual fancy in the matter, for each of these articles has a known value, and just as one of our coins can be changed, so you can get here change for a gun or any other trade article.

The Kruboy much prefers being paid off in goods. I well remember an exquisite scene between Captain and King Koffee of the Kru Coast when the subject of engaging boys was being shouted over one voyage out. The Captain at that time thought I was a W.W.T.A.A. and ostentatiously wanted Koffee to let him pay off the boys he was engaging to work the ship in money, and not in gin and gunpowder. King Koffee's face was a study. If Captain, whom he knew of old, had stood on his head and turned bright blue all over with yellow spots, before his eyes, it would not have been anything like such a shock to his Majesty. "What for good him ting, Cappy?" he said, interrogation and astonishment ringing in every word, "What for good him ting for we country, Cappy? I suppose you gib gin, tobacco, gun he be fit for trade, but money" Here his Majesty's feelings flew ahead of the Royal command of language, great as that was, and he expectorated with profound feeling and expression. Captain ’s expressive countenance was the battle ground of despair and grief at being thus forced to have anything to do with a traffic unpopular in missionary circles. He however controlled his feelings sufficiently to carefully arrange


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 A system, the first principle of which it is to render the mind intuitive of the spiritual in man (i.e. of that which lies on the other side of our natural consciousness) must needs have a great obscurity for those, who have never disciplined and strengthened this ulterior consciousness. It must in truth be a land of darkness, a perfect Anti-Goshen, for men to whom the noblest treasures of their own being are reported only through the imperfect translation of lifeless and sightless notions. Perhaps, in great part, through words which are but the shadows of notions; even as the notional understanding itself is but the shadowy abstraction of living and actual truth. On the, which dwells in every man, and on the original intuition, or absolute affirmation of it, (which is likewise in every man, but does not in every man rise into consciousness) all the certainty of our knowledge depends; and this becomes intelligible to no man by the ministery of mere words from without. The medium, by which spirits understand each other, is not the surrounding air; but the freedom which they possess in common, as the common ethereal element of their being, the tremulous reciprocations of which propagate themselves even to the inmost of the soul. Where the spirit of a man is not filled with the consciousness of freedom (were it only from


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 GOVER AULIPAS SL The values of the letters of both Alphabet have expressed in the Devnagary, Persian and Roman characties as shreen by the following scader CUMENT OF wrakky lambe pary kisson Samm 90 Tlá 137 MIST 27 M SAT 1 y 251 2s se en seed Estu Be with full. 3300 as or in tool. as e in there. G as the second a en as a in heart. Pronunciations as e en dess ant gmt as as av in austr ATM do as sin hote 1 F 5 4 2 pat y UT WIT ST of an as ou en council. it has to an king y in many Toch as ch 673 quarantine kh in pack horse in dog. w gh as gh in hog hunt. in church. ohh in much beney as j'en joan Ichchh in much
 * 2


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 the due amount of each article to be paid, and the affair was settled.

The somewhat cumbrous wage the Kruboy gets at the end of his term of service, minus those things he has had on account and plus those things he has "found," is certainly a source of great worry to our friend. He obtains a box from the carpenter of the factory, or buys a tin one, and puts therein his tobacco and small things, and then he buys a padlock and locks his box of treasure up, hanging the key with his other ju-jus round his neck, and then he has peace regarding this section of his belongings. Peace at present, for the day must some time dawn when an experimental genius shall arise among his fellow countrymen, who will try and see if one key will not open two locks. When this possibility becomes known I can foresee nothing for the Kruboy but nervous breakdown; for even now, with his mind at rest regarding the things in his box, he lives in a state of constant anxiety about those out of it, which have to lie on the deck during the return voyage to his home. He has to keep a vigilant eye on them by day, and sleep spread out over them by night, for fear of his companions stealing them. Why he should take all this trouble about his things on his voyage home I can’t make out, if what is currently reported is true, that all the wages earned by the working boys become the property of the elders of his tribe when he returns to them. I myself rather doubt if this is the case, but expect there is a very heavy tax levied on them, for your Kruboy is very much a married man, and the elders of his tribe have to support and protect his wives and families when he is away at work, and I should not wonder if the law was that these said wives and families "revert to the State" if the boy fails to return within something like his appointed time. There must be something besides nostalgia to account for the dreadful worry and apprehension shown by a detained Kruboy. I am sure the tax is heavily taken in cloth, for the boys told me that if it were made up into garments for themselves they did not have to part with it on their return. Needless to say, this makes our friend turn his attention to needlework during his return voyage, and many a time I have seen the main deck looking as if it had been taken possession of by a demoniacal Dorcas working party.

Strangely little is known of the laws and language of these Krumen, considering how close the association is between them and the whites. This arises, I think, not from the difficulty of learning their language, but from the ease and fluency


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Richard the Third, III. v

To warn false traitors from the like attempts.

Buck. I never look'd for better at his hands,

After he once fell in with Mistress Shore.

Yet had we not determin'd he should die,

Until your lordship came to see his end;

Which now the loving haste of these our friends,

Something against our meanings, have prevented:

Because, my lord, I would have had you heard

The traitor speak, and timorously confess

The manner and the purpose of his treasons;

That you might well have signified the same

Unto the citizens, who haply may

Misconster us in him, and wail his death.

May. But, my good lord, your Grace's words shall serve,

As well as I had seen and heard him speak:

And do not doubt, right noble princes both,

But I'll acquaint our duteous citizens

With all your just proceedings in this case.

Rich. And to that end we wish'd your lordship here,

T' avoid the censures of the carping world.

Buck. Which since you come too late of our intent,

Yet witness what you hear we did intend:

And so, my good Lord Mayor, we bid farewell.

Exit [Lord] Mayor.

Rich. Go, after, after, cousin Buckingham.

The mayor towards Guildhall hies him in all post:

There, at your meetest vantage of the time,

Infer the bastardy of Edward's children:

Tell them how Edward put to death a citizen,

Only for saying he would make his son

Heir to the crown; meaning indeed his house,

 49, 50 cf. n.

55 heard: to have heard

60 Misconster: misconstrue

64 duteous: dutiful

67 carping: fault-finding

68 of our intent; cf. n.

72 post: haste

73 meetest vantage: most favorable opportunity

75 a citizen: cf. n.

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 with which they speak their version of our own—kru-English, or "trade English," as it is called, and it is therefore unnecessary for a hot and wearied white man to learn "Kru mouth." What particularly makes me think this is the case is, that I have picked up a little of it, and I found that I could make a Kruman understand what I was driving at with this and my small stock of Bassa mouth and Timneh, on occasions when I wished to say something to him I did not want generally understood. But the main points regarding Krumen are well enough known by old coasters—their willingness to work if well fed, and their habit of engaging for twelve-month terms of work and then returning to "we country." A trader who is satisfied with a boy gives him, when he leaves, a bit of paper telling the captain of any vessel that he will pay the boy's passage to his factory again, when he is willing to come. The period that a boy remains in his beloved "we country" seems to be until his allowance of his own earnings is expended. One can picture to one's self some sad partings in that far-away dark land. "My loves," says the Kruboy to his families, his voice heavy with tears, "I must go. There is no more cloth, I have nothing between me and an easily-shocked world but this decayed filament of cotton." And then his families weep with him, or, what is more likely, but not so literary, expectorate with emotion, and he tears himself away from them and comes on board the passing steamer in the uniform of Gunga Din—nothing much before and rather less than half of that behind, and goes down Coast on the strength of the little bit of paper from his white master which he has carefully treasured, and works like a nigger in the good sense of the term for another spell, to earn more goods for his home-folk.

Those boys who are first starting on travelling to work, and those without books, have no difficulty in getting passages on the steamers, for a captain is glad to get as many on board as he can, being sure to get their passage money and a premium for them, so great is the demand for Kru labour. But even this help to working the West Coast has been much interfered with of late years by the action of the French Government in imposing a tax per head on all labourers leaving their ports on the Ivory Coast. This tax, I believe, is now removed or much reduced; but as for the Liberian Republic, it simply gets its revenue in an utterly unjustifiable way out of taxing the Krumen who ship as labourers. The Krumen are no property of theirs, and they dare not interfere with them on shore; but owing to that little transaction in the celebrated Rubber


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 Monopoly, the Liberians became possessed of some ready cash, which, with great foresight, they invested in two little gun-boats which enabled them to enforce their tax on the Krumen in their small canoes. I do not feel so sympathetic with the Krumen or their employers in this matter as I should for the Krumen are silly hens not to go and wipe out Liberia on shore, and the white men are silly hens not tobut I had better leave that opinion unexpressed.

The power of managing Kruboys is a great accomplishment for any one working the West Coast. One man will get 20 per cent. more work out of his staff, and always have them cheerful, fit, and ready; while another will get very little out of the same set of men except vexation to himself, and accidents to his goods; but this very necessary and important factor in trade is not to be taught with ink. Some men fall into the proper way of managing the boys very quickly, others may have years of experience and yet fail to learn it. The rule is, make them respect you, and make them like you, and then the thing is done; but first dealing with the Kruboy, with all his good points, is very trying work, and they give the new hand an awful time of it while they are experimenting on him to see how far they can do him. They do this very cleverly, but shortsightedly, more Africano, for they spoil the tempers of half the white men whom they have to deal with. It ts not necessary to treat them brutally, in fact it does not pay to do so, but it is necessary to treat them severely, to keep a steady hand over them. Never let them become familiar, never let them see you have made a mistake. When you make a mistake in giving them an order let it be understood that that way of doing a thing is a peculiarly artful dodge of your own, and if it fails, that it is their fault. They will quite realise this if it is properly managed. I speak from experience; for example, once, owing to the superior sex being on its back with fever and sending its temperature up with worrying about getting some ebony logs off to a bothering wretch of a river steamer that must needs come yelling along for cargo just then, I said, "You leave it to me, I'll get it shipped all right," and proceeded, with the help of three Kruboys, to raft that ebony off. I saw as soon as I had embarked on the affair, from the Kruboys' manner, I was down the wrong path, but how, or why, I did not see until a neat arrangement of ebony billets tied together with tie-tie was in the water. Then I saw that I had constructed an excellent sounding apparatus for finding out the depth of water in the river; and that ebony had an affinity for the bottom of water, not for the


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78

Which by the sign thereof was termed so.

Moreover, urge his hateful luxury

And bestial appetite in change of lust;

Which stretch'd unto their servants, daughters, wives,

Even where his raging eye or savage heart

Without control lusted to make a prey.

Nay, for a need, thus far come near my person:

Tell them, when that my mother went with child

Of that insatiate Edward, noble York,

My princely father, then had wars in France;

And, by true computation of the time,

Found that the issue was not his begot;

Which well appeared in his lineaments,

Being nothing like the noble duke my father.

Yet touch this sparingly, as 'twere far off,

Because, my lord, you know my mother lives.

Buck. Doubt not, my lord, I'll play the orator

As if the golden fee for which I plead

Were for myself: and so, my lord, adieu.

Rich. If you thrive well, bring them to Baynard's Castle;

Where you shall find me well accompanied

With reverend fathers and well-learned bishops.

Buck. I go; and towards three or four o'clock

Look for the news that the Guildhall affords.

Exit Buckingham.

Rich. Go, Lovel, with all speed to Doctor Shaw;

[To Catesby.] Go thou to Friar Penker; bid them both

Meet me within this hour at Baynard's Castle.

Now will I go to take some privy order,

 78 sign; cf. n.

79 luxury: lechery

84 for a need: if necessary

thus near; cf. n.

90 Which: a fact which

well appeared: was clearly apparent

97 Baynard's Castle; cf. n.

102 Doctor Shaw; cf. n.

103 Friar Penker; cf. n.

105 privy order: private measures

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 top. The situation was a trying one and the way the captain of the vessel kept dancing about his deck saying things in a foreign tongue, but quite comprehensible, was distracting; but I did not devote myself to giving him the information he asked for, as to what particular kind of idiot I was, because he was neither a mad doctor nor an ethnologist and had no right to the information; but I put a raft on the line of a very light wood we had a big store of, and this held up the ebony, and the current carried it down to the steamer all right. Then we hauled the line home and sent him some more on the patent plan, but, just to hurry up, you understand, and not delay the ship, a deadly crime, some of that ebony went off in a canoe and all ended happily, and the Kruboys regarded themselves as having been the spectators of another manifestation of white intelligence. In defence of the captain's observations, I must say he could not see me because I was deploying behind a woodstack; nevertheless, I do not mean to say this method of shipping ebony is a good one. I shall not try it again in a hurry, and the situation cannot be pulled through unless you have, as Allah gave me, a very swift current; and although, when the thing went well, I did say things from behind the woodstack to the captain, I did not feel justified in accepting his apologetic invitation to come on board and have a drink.

My experiences with Kruboys would, if written in full, make an excellent manual for a new-comer, but they are too lengthy for this appendix. My first experience with them on a small bush journey aged me very much; and ever since I have shirked chaperoning Kruboys about the West African bush among ticklish-tempered native gentlemen and their forward hussies of wives.

I have always admired men for their strength, their courage, their enterprise, their unceasing struggle for the beyond—the something else, but not until I had to deal with Krumen did I realise the vastness to which this latter characteristic of theirs could attain. One might have been excused for thinking that a man without rates and taxes, without pockets, and without the manifold, want-creating culture of modern European civilisation and education would necessarily have been bounded, to some extent, in his desires. But one would have been wrong, profoundly wrong, in so thinking, for the Kruman yearns after, and duns for, as many things for his body as the lamented Faustus did for his soul, and away among the apes this interesting creature would have to go, at once, if the wanting of little were a crucial test for the determination of


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94 desire to have asked from the demons. Then, folding up the paper, and delivering it to the attendant, he sends him away to commit it to the flames, that the ascending smoke may waft the letters to demons. While, however, the attendant is executing this order, [the sorcerer] first removes equal portions of the paper, and on some more parts of it he pretends that demons write in Hebrew characters. Then burning an incense of the Egyptian magicians, termed Cyphi, he takes these [portions of paper] away, and places them near the incense. But [that paper] which the inquirer happens to have written [upon], having placed on the coals he has burned. Then [the sorcerer], appearing to be borne away under divine influence, [and] hurrying into a corner [of the house], utters a loud and harsh cry, and unintelligible to all, ... and orders all those present to enter, crying out [at the same time], and invoking Phryn, or some other demon. But after passing into the house, and when those that were present stood side by side, the sorcerer, flinging the attendant upon a bed, utters to him several words, partly in the Greek, and partly, as it were, the Hebrew language, [embodying] the customary incantations employed by the magicians. [The attendant], however, goes away to make the inquiry. And within [the house], into a vessel full of water [the sorcerer] infusing copperas mixture, and melting the drug, having with it sprinkled the paper that forsooth had [the characters upon it] obliterated, he forces the latent and concealed letters to come once more into light; and by these he ascertains what the inquirer has written down. And if one write with copperas mixture likewise, and having ground a gall nut, use its vapour as a fumigator, the concealed letters would become plain. And if one write with milk, [and] then scorch the paper, and scraping it, sprinkle and rub [what is thus scraped off] upon the letters traced with the milk, these will become plain. And urine likewise, and sauce of brine, and juice of euphorbia, and of


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 the family termed by the scientific world the Hominidæ. Later, when I got to know the Krumen well, I learnt that they desired not only the vast majority of the articles that they saw, but did more—obtained them—at all events some of them, without asking me for them; such commodities, for example, as fowls, palm wine, old tins and bottles, and other gentlemen's wives were never safe. One of that first gang of boys showed self-help to such a remarkable degree that I christened him Smiles. His name—You-be-dd—being both protracted and improper, called for change of some sort, but even this brought no comfort to one still hampered with conventional ideas regarding property, and frequent roll-calls were found necessary, so that the crimes of my friend Smiles and his fellows might not accumulate to an unmanageable extent.

This used to be the sort of thing—"Where them Nettlerash lib?" "He lib for drunk, Massa." "Where them Smiles?" "He lib for town, for steal, Massa." "Where them Black Man Misery?" But I draw a veil over the confessional, for there is simply no artistic reticence about your Kruman when he is telling the truth, or otherwise, regarding a fellow creature.

After accumulating with this gang enough experience to fill a hat (remembering always "one of the worst things you can do in West Africa is to worry yourself") I bethought me of the advice I had received from my cousin Rose Kingsley, who had successfully ridden through Mexico when Mexico was having a rather worse revolution than usual, "to always preserve a firm manner." I thought I would try this on those Kruboys and said "NO" in place of "I wish you would not do that, please." I can't say it was an immediate success. During this period we came across a trader's lonely store wherein he had a consignment of red parasols. After these appalling objects the souls of my Krumen hungered with a great desire. "NO," said I, in my severest tone, and after buying other things, we passed on. Imagine my horror, therefore, hours afterwards and miles away, to find my precious crew had got a red parasol apiece. Previous experience quite justified me in thinking that these had been stolen; and I pictured to myself my Portuguese friends, whose territory I was then in, commenting upon the incident, and reviling me as another instance of how the brutal English go looting through the land. I found, however, I was wrong, for the parasols had been "dashed" my rapacious rascals "for top," and the last one connected with the affair who deserved pity was the trader from whom I had believed them stolen. It was I, not he, who suffered, for it was the


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 wet season in West Africa and those red parasols ran. To this day my scientific soul has never been able to account for the vast body of crimson dye those miserable cotton things poured out, plentifully drenching myself and their owners, the Kruboys, and everything we associated with that day. I am quite prepared to hear that some subsequent wanderer has found a red trail in Africa itself like that one so often sees upon the maps. When they do, I hereby claim that real red trail as mine.

I confess I like the African on the whole, a thing I never expected to do when I went to the Coast with the idea that he was a degraded, savage, cruel brute; but that is a trifling error you soon get rid of when you know him. The Kruboy is decidedly the most likeable of all Africans that I know. Wherein his charm lies is difficult to describe, and you certainly want the patience of Job, and a conscience made of stretching leather to deal with the Kruboy in the African climate, and live. In his better manifestations he reminds me of that charming personality, the Irish peasant, for though he lacks the sparkle, he is full of humour, and is the laziest and the most industrious of mankind. He lies and tells the truth in such a hopelessly uncertain manner that you cannot rely on him for either. He is ungrateful and faithful to the death, honest and thievish, all in one and the same specimen of him.

Ingratitude is a crime laid very frequently to the score of all Africans, but I think unfairly; certainly I have never had to complain of it, and the Krumen often show gratitude for good treatment in a grand way. The way those Kruboys of gallant Captain Lane helped him work Lagos Bar and save lives by the dozen from the stranded ships on it and hauled their "Massa" out from among the sharkey foam every time he went into it, on the lifeboat upsetting, would have done credit to Deal or Norfolk lifeboat men, but the secret of their devotion is their personal attachment. They do not save people out of surf on abstract moral principles. The African at large is not an enthusiast on moral principles, and one and all they'll let nature take its course if they don't feel keen on a man surviving.

Half the African's ingratitude, although it may look very bad on paper, is really not so very bad; for half the time you have been asking him to be grateful to you for doing to, or giving him things he does not care a row of pins about. I have quite his feelings, for example, for half the things in civilised countries I am expected to be glad to get. "Oh,


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Rh hood—so he thought—could never be lowered while Katharine lived; and in his blind worship of her, all other women, Dora among the rest, had become exalted. He knew his wife to be vain and artificial—a creature unaccountably made up of small caprices, gold dust, millinery, without an employment, without an interest in life that he could understand, but still a woman, with all her smaller demerits, more than worthy of his reverence. What worse sins could be laid to Dora's account than undue love for balls and theatres, or, perhaps, a half-foolish, half-tender feeling for Mr. Clarenclon Whyte in days gone by? Happy for him if his own conscience could show as unblotted a score!

Well, she had conquered now, poor child, and it was best for him that she had done so. In obeying her wishes he would be taken bodily away out of the reach of temptation; would be forced—not into forgetting: that was impossible—but out of the groove, at least, of loving Katharine Fane! Would have learned to live without her before her marriage should divide them more irrevocably still, and forever.

He thought all this honestly; and yet, if the inmost desire of his heart could have availed him, Steven's life had been arrested at this very turning-point of its course. Which of us, midway in some doubtful enterprise, has not felt the same? has not shrunk, cowardly, from the thought of any progress beyond the present scanty good? He had lost Katharine, but he saw her daily; was nothing to her but a sort of upper groom or tolerated humble relation, yet was that. The past, with its honeyed poison, its alternation of fierce joys and miseries, was over; that moment in the boat when she had let him hold her hands, that moment on his marriage-day when they had bidden silent farewells and he had guessed the meaning written on her white face—all over. The future belonged to Dora and to Lord Petres. If the present—this very bubble on the foam, this very break of the wave upon the shore—would but stay!

And already the wave has broken, the bubble burst; and Dora, up stairs, is tearing Mr. Clarendon Whyte's letter into smallest atoms, while she vacillates in her mind between lilac serge and bronze-brown silk as a suitable costume wherein to travel to Paris.

next morning Mrs. Lawrence, her health already improved, walked over to the Dene, and, not a little to her surprise, found Katharine a powerful auxiliary as to the Paris scheme. Mrs. Hilliard, whose temper was ever fitful on Sunday—it was her custom to replace sensational by theological fiction on that day—went

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116 Atlantic passenger-boat—fast for her day, that is—but the Government took her over as soon as she was off the stocks, and used her for carrying troops to the Crimea. They only used her as a transport for about ten years; then she was sold out of the Service and converted into a cargo steamer, to go tramping round for another twenty. They were a bit distrustful of steam in those days and always built their vessels as full-rigged ships, so's they could sail if anything went wrong with the machinery, as it frequently did. When other, newer ships came along, and the owners found that she couldn't compete against 'em except at a loss, they had the machinery ripped out of her and used her as a sailing-ship pure and simple. She's changed hands a many times since then, and now she's come to the breaking-yard. But she were a fine ship in her day. Would you care to have a look over her, sir?"

Accompanied by my brother-in-law, George Gough, I had visited the Thames-side yard in the hope of picking up some old, well-seasoned oak with which to try our 'prentice hands in constructing a summer-house for my garden. While looking round, we had witnessed a large three-masted ship being towed to her moorings by two straining tugs, and a chance inquiry had elicited her life-history from the yard foreman.

There was something pathetic in the progress of the doomed ship as she silently glided to her last resting-place and was made fast by many hawsers. Aged, storm-battered, neglected, she seemed like some old war-charger who, its term of usefulness past, ambles wearily into tire knacker's yard.

Accepting the foreman's invitation, we passed up the gang-plank, peering in turn into the fo'castle, lined with tiers of coffin-like bunks, the deserted galley with its rusty stove, the stripped chartroom and officers' cabins; finally regaining the deck and entering the deckhouse which was situated between the main and mizzen masts. This was a fairly large structure, measuring twelve feet by eighteen, its greatest length of course running fore and aft. Round it ran a series of cushioned lockers which could be used either as seats or berths. This was obviously a relic of the Euphrates' luxurious, passenger-carrying days; for it was paneled in carved rosewood, with numerous ports and a large, sliding double-door on either side. Although the interior fittings showed signs of rough usage, they were much less dilapidated than the other portions of the ship, and I surmised—rightly as it turned out later—that this had been set aside for the captain.

"What becomes of all this?" I asked the foreman. "Surely it could be used again?"

The man shook his head dubiously.

"Well, I dunno, sir. Maybe, maybe not. If we has a ship in good condition to break up, they can gen'rally use the standard fittings—boats, brasswork, companion-rails and hatchways—on other vessels. But with a deckhouse like this, sir, it's a thousand chances to one against it being used on shipboard."

George suddenly pinched my arm.

"Why, here's your summer house already made for you," he whispered. "We could cart it up to your place in sections and put it together in no time. It'll be a bit of a novelty to have a real ship's cabin in the middle of your lawn. You don't see carving like this every day. Look at that figure of Neptune over the clock, and those mermaids over the doorways! And you may get the whole thing for a mere song."

Being unaware of the precise monetary value which George sets upon his vocal efforts, I am unable to say if his estimate proved to be correct, but I was quite satisfied with my bargain when we quitted the office after completing the deal.

In due course the various sections were


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Page:Travels in West Africa, Congo Français, Corisco and Cameroons (IA travelsinwestafr00kingrich).pdf/706

 how nice it must be to be able to get about in cars, omnibuses and railway trains again!" Is it? Well I don't think so, and I do not feel glad over it. Similarly, we will take an African case of ingratitude. A white friend of mine put himself to an awful lot of trouble to save the life of one of his sub-traders who had had an accident, and succeeded. It had been the custom of the man's wife to bring the trader little presents of fowls, etc.,from time to time, and some time after the accident he met the lady and told her he had noticed a falling off in her offerings and he thought her very ungrateful after what he had done for her husband. She granted and the next morning she brings in as a present the most forlorn, skinny, one-and-a-half-feathered chicken you ever laid eye on, and in answer to the trader's comments she said: "Massa, fo sure them der chicken no be 'ticularly good chicken, but fo sure dem der man no be 'ticularly good man. They go" (they match each other).

I have referred at great length to the Krumen because of their importance, and also because they are the natives the white men have more to do with as servants than any other; but methods of getting on with them are not necessarily applicable to dealing with other forms of African labourers, such as plantation hands in the Congo Français, Angola, and Cameroon. In Cameroon the Germans are now using largely the Batanga natives on the plantations; the Duallas, the great trading tribe in Cameroon River, being too lazy to do any heavy work; and they have also tried to import labourers from Togo Land, but this attempt was not a success, ending in the revolt of 1894, which lost several white lives. The public work is carried on, as it is in our own colonies, by the criminals in the chain-gang. The Germans have had many accusations hurled against them by people of their own nationality, but on the whole these "atrocities" have been much exaggerated and only half understood; and certainly have not amounted to anything like the things that have gone on in the "philanthropic" Congo Free State. The food given out by the German Government is the best Government rations given on the whole West Coast. When they have allowed me to have some of their native employés, as when I was up Cameroon Mountain, for example, I bought rations from the Government stores for them, and was much struck by the soundness and good quality of both rice and beef, and the rations they gave out to those Dahomeyans or Togolanders who revolted was so much more than they could, of cared to eat, that they used to sell much of it to the Duallas in Bell Town. This is not open to the criticism that the stuff was too bad for the Togolanders to