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 soon comes to confound them with the price of the commodities, and almost forgets that he pays any tax.

Such taxes are or may be perfectly certain, or may be assessed so as to leave no doubt concerning either what ought to be paid, or when it ought to be paid; concerning either the quantity or the time of payment. Whatever uncertainty there may sometimes be, either in the duties of customs in Great Britain, or in other duties of the same kind in other countries, it cannot arise from the nature of those duties, but from the inaccurate or unskilful manner in which the law that imposes them is expressed.

Taxes upon luxuries generally are, and always may be, paid piecemeal, or in proportion as the contributors have occasion to purchase the goods upon which they are imposed. In the time and mode of payment they are, or may be, of all taxes the most convenient. Upon the whole, such taxes, therefore, are, perhaps, as agreeable to the three first of the four general maxims concerning taxation, as any other. They offend in every respect against the fourth.

Such taxes, in proportion to what they bring into the public treasury of the State, always take out or keep out of the pockets of the people more than almost any other taxes. They seem to do this in all the four different ways in which it is possible to do it.

First, the levying of such taxes, even when imposed in the most judicious manner, requires a great number of custom-house and excise officers, whose salaries and perquisites are a real tax upon the people, which brings nothing into the treasury of the State. This expense, however, it must be acknowledged, is more moderate in Great Britain than in most other countries. In the year which ended on the fifth of July, 1775, the gross produce


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 of the different duties, under the management of the commissioners of excise in England, amounted to £5,507,308 18s. 8¼d, which was levied at an expense of little more than five and a half per cent. From this gross produce, however, there must be deducted what was paid away in bounties and drawbacks upon the exportation of excisable goods, which will reduce the net produce below five millions. The levying of the salt duty, and excise duty, but under a different management, is much more expensive. The net revenue of the customs does not amount to two millions and a half, which is levied at an expense of more than ten per cent in the salaries of officers, and other incidents. But the perquisites of custom-house officers are everywhere much greater than their salaries; at some ports more than double or triple those salaries. If the salaries of officers, and other incidents, therefore, amount to more than ten per cent upon the net revenue of the customs, the whole expense of levying that revenue may amount, in salaries and perquisites together, to more than twenty or thirty per cent. The officers of excise receive few or no perquisites; and the administration of that branch of the revenue being of more recent establishment, is in general less corrupted than that of the customs, into which length of time has introduced and authorized many abuses. By charging upon malt the whole revenue which is at present levied by the different duties upon malt and malt liquors, a saving, it is supposed, of more than fifty thousand pounds might be made in the annual expense of the excise. By confining the duties of customs to a few sorts of goods, and by levying those duties according to the ex-


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 cise laws, a much greater saving might probably be made in the annual expense of the customs.

Secondly, such taxes necessarily occasion some obstruction or discouragement to certain branches of industry. As they always raise the price of the commodity taxed, they so far discourage its consumption, and consequently its production. If it is a commodity of home growth or manufacture, less labor comes to be employed in raising and producing it. If it is a foreign commodity of which the tax increases in this manner the price, the commodities of the same kind which are made at home may thereby, indeed, gain some advantage in the home market, and a greater quantity of domestic industry may thereby be turned toward preparing them. But though this rise of price in a foreign commodity may encourage domestic industry in one particular branch, it necessarily discourages that industry in almost every other. The dearer the Birmingham manufacturer buys his foreign wine, the cheaper he necessarily sells that part of his hardware with which, or, what comes to the same thing, with the price of which he buys it. That part of his hardware, therefore, becomes of less value to him, and he has less encouragement to work at it. The dearer the consumers in one country pay for the surplus produce of another, the cheaper they necessarily sell that part of their own surplus produce with which, or, what comes to the same thing, with the price of which they buy it. That part of their own surplus produce becomes of less value to them, and they have less encouragement to increase its quantity. All taxes upon consumable commodities, therefore, tend to reduce the quantity of productive labor below what it otherwise would be, either in preparing the commodities taxed, if


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 that I should have such a memory? I can recall every circumstance that ever occurred to me during  my life—everything worth retaining, that I wished to remember. I could tell what people said, how they sat, the colour of their hair, of their eyes, and all about them, at any time, for the last forty years and more. At Hastings, for example, I can tell the name of the two smugglers, Tate and Everett, who attended at the bathing-machine, and the name of the apothecary, Dr. Satterly, although I have never heard a word about those persons from that day to this.

"How well I recollect what I was made to suffer when I was young! and that’s the reason why I have sworn eternal warfare against Swiss and French governesses. Nature forms us in a certain manner, both inwardly and outwardly, and it is in vain to attempt to alter it. One governess at Chevening had our backs pinched in by boards, that were drawn tight with all the force the maid could use; and, as for me, they would have squeezed me to the size of a puny miss—a thing impossible! My instep, by nature so high, that a little kitten could walk under the sole of my foot, they used to bend down in order to flatten it, although that is one of the things that shows my high breeding.

"Nature, doctor, makes us one way, and man is always trying to fashion us another. Why, there was Mahon, when he was eight or nine years old, that


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 is said, might be raised by this single tax than what is at present drawn from all those heavier taxes.

Under the old malt tax, indeed, is comprehended a tax of four shillings upon the hogshead of cider, and another of ten shillings upon the barrel of mum. In 1774, the tax


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 '''17. Exclusion of areas from autonomous districts in forming constituencies in such districts.'''— For the purposes of elections to [the Legislative Assembly of Assam or Meghalaya] [or Tripura] [or Mizoram], the Governor may by order declare that any area within an autonomous district [in the State of Assam or Meghalaya [or Tripura] [or Mizoram], as the case may be], shall not form part of any constituency to fill a seat or seats in the Assembly reserved for any such district but shall form part of a constituency to fill a seat or seats in the Assembly not so reserved to be specified in the order.

[18.*****]

19. Transitional provisions.—(1) As soon as possible after the commencement of this Constitution the Governor shall take steps for the constitution of a District Council for each autonomous district in the State under this Schedule and, until a District Council is so constituted for an autonomous district, the administration of such district shall be vested in the Governor and the following provisions shall apply to the administration of the areas within such district instead of the foregoing provisions of this Schedule, namely:—

 * (a) no Act of Parliament or of the Legislature of the State shall apply to any such area unless the Governor by public notification so directs; and the Governor in giving such a direction with respect to any Act may direct that the Act shall, in its application to the area or to any specified part thereof, have effect subject to such exceptions or modifications as he thinks fit;
 * (b) the Governor may make regulations for the peace and good government of any such area and any regulations so made may repeal or amend any Act of Parliament or of the Legislature of the State

or any existing law which is for the time being applicable to such area.

(2) Any direction given by the Governor under clause (a) of sub-paragraph (1) of this paragraph may be given so as to have retrospective effect.


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 * A company.

The Army directed its major effort in the mid- and late- 1960s toward Vietnam, and divisions and brigades in other commands supported that endeavor. All active duty divisions and brigades in the United States furnished units or men for service in Vietnam, and as a result most fell below combat-ready status. Ultimately the maneuver element mix in the 1st and 2d Armored Divisions was reduced to four tank and four mechanized infantry battalions, which was considerably below the prototype of six tank and five infantry battalions. To maintain them as fully manned armored divisions, the Army designated one mechanized infantry and two armor battalions from the National Guard as "round-out" units for each, Round-out units maintained a close association with their designated divisions, even taking annual field training with them, but were not on active federal service.

Although the Army did not withdraw any divisions from Europe for service in Vietnam, U.S. Army, Europe, also contributed to the combat effort, As already noted, the cadre for the 199th Infantry Brigade had come from Europe. Beginning in February 1966 the Army levied the command in Europe for officers and enlisted personnel with specific skills, particularly junior grade and noncommissioned officers, Within a year 1,800 soldiers a month were departing for duty in Vietnam to meet the levy. This drain on the European forces severely affected unit leadership and the readiness of the remaining forces.


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 FLEXIBLE RESPONSE In the armored and mechanized infantry divisions designed to fight in Europe, aviation battalions were eliminated after a study on the use of aircraft rationalized that heavy divisions did not need extensive air lines of communications. Fifty-seven helicopters remained in each division, spread throughout the reconnaissance squadron, maintenance battalion, division artillery, and division and brigade headquarters companies. The operation of the divisional airfield passed to a new transportation detachment attached to the supply and transport battalion. Although not stated, the forty aircraft removed from each armored and mechanized infantry division were needed in Vietnam.

Notwithstanding personnel and equipment problems in Europe, divisions still had to be prepared to counter Soviet mechanized forces, primarily through increased firepower. In the 3d, 8th, and 24th Infantry Divisions an armor battalion replaced a mechanized infantry battalion in 1966, (Armor battalions required fewer people than mechanized infantry battalions but had more firepower.) The change gave the divisions a maneuver mix of four armor and six mechanized infantry battalions, In those battalions, as well as in the reconnaissance squadron and the artillery battalions, an air defense section that used the new shoulder-fired, low-altitude, Redeye guided missile was introduced. In the artillery of both the armored and mechanized infantry divisions, self-propelled 155-mm. howitzers replaced 105-mm, pieces because the larger howitzers could fire both conventional and nuclear warheads and had a longer range. The capability of firing nuclear rounds from conventional artillery tubes also eliminated the need for the jeep-mounted Davy Crocketts.

Although the military and political leadership still perceived a Soviet threat in Western Europe, the first reduction in the number of Army divisions stationed in Europe since the beginning of NATO took place during the Vietnam conflict. The desire of the United Kingdom, the Federal Republic of Germany, and the United States to realign their balance of payments precipitated the reduction. By mutual agreement one division (less one brigade) and some smaller units in Germany were to return to the United States but were to remain under the operational control of the commander in Europe and return periodically to Germany for training exercises. The divisional brigade that remained in Germany was to be replaced by one from the United States during each training exercise. The staff named the plan "Return of Forces to Germany." During the first half of 1968 the 24th Infantry Division, without its 3d Brigade, moved to Fort Riley.

The following December the Department of Defense announced that the first exercise would take place in early 1969 but, to prevent personnel turbulence, no rotation of brigades would occur. Since the Warsaw Pact countries had invaded Czechoslovakia the previous August, the timing of the exercise, between 5 January and 23 March 1969, demonstrated to NATO that the United States would honor its commitments.

Special mission brigades throughout the world also contributed to the forces in Vietnam. In late 1965 an infantry battalion of the 197th Infantry Brigade,


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 Rh mate. The children remained in the mother's family and the mother's brother was a nearer relative and owed greater duty to the child than the father himself.

Between the pairing family and the monogamiam intervenes the patriarchal family. This was monogamous in nature and concept, but when the patriarch was rich enough it became polygamous because slavery had arisen and he had the right over his female slaves.

Monogamy arose with the development of private property. It is far from meaning the sole association of one man with one woman, as the word would imply. It simply means the legal recognition of the marriage of one man and one woman. This in turn, means that the children of such a marriage are the only legitimate heirs of the persons involved. Side by side with it grew the two nasty heirlooms of modern civilization—prostitution and adultery. Neither the ancient masters nor the feudal lords recognized the first iota of the moral concept of monogamy. The ancients had a house full of pretty female slaves and their intellectual female associate was not the wife but the hetaera. The knights of the middle ages had the right over their female serfs and their romantic love, so beautiful in song and poetry, steered headlong for prostitution and adultery. Nor does monogamy fare better, from a moral point of view. to-dav, with its crop of divorces and its host of scandals. Many of our leading pillars of society have several living wives and many of our prominent society ladies have ditto husbands. The "affinity" is becoming as well recognized as the Greek hetaera. For the rest, man buys his sexual pleasures from the women whom poverty forces to sell. There is small difference between that and the ancient institutions under which he took the same privilege as his divinely ordained right. The modern way only is more hypocritical, as it is considered shameful and the shame and blame fall upon the woman only.

Historic monogamy is a strictly economic institution. It


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10 means nothing more or less than the seclusion of the wife of the economic master, be he slave-owner, feudal lord or modern capitalist. This seclusion has for its purpose the bringing up of legitimate heirs through which to perpetuate the economic mastery. It brought about the first degradation of woman, as it made her a parasite, and marriage a speculation. Among the ruling classes, it has remained so throughout. Marriage has been a contract seldom made by the contracting parties themselves. Parents, guardians and marriage brokers have attended to that business. The determining factor has been property. Where choice has been allowed at all it has been only within the given class of the chooser. Often the contract has been made without the parties seeing each other, generally without the least reference to their likes or dislikes. Children have been betrothed in the cradle or while too young to be concerned at all. Land, goods and chattels have been the world's most irresistible Cupid! It is a serious mistake to think that the "age of romance" was an age of marrying for love. On the other hand the romance as a rule headed for the very opposite of matrimony. The heroes were often already married, the heroines as often so.

The grand old institution of marriage has had very little to do with love, faith and troth!

We saw that polygamy was seldom practiced among our barbarian ancestors because food was too difficult to procure to allow the man that luxury. Even so throughout the ages have the poor been too poor to follow in the footsteps of the rich in creating the expensive corollaries of the monogamian family.

Among the poorer classes monogamy has been comparatively strict from the force of economic necessity. And as economic necessity is the world's greatest teacher, so among the propertyless monogamy has become the greatest moral virtue. It is therefore among the proletarians that the purest


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 rifle was unloaded, encouraged the troops ia the rear, who gave a loud shout, and fired a volley into the tree-tops, after the contents of the swivel. Animated by their own noise, the men now rushed on in earnest, and Billy Kirby, who thought the joke, good as it was, had gone far enough, was in the act of scaling the works, when Judge Temple appeared on the opposite side, exclaiming—

"Silence and peace! why do I see murder and bloodshed attempted! is not the law sufficient to protect itself, that armed bands must be gathered, as in rebellion and war, to see justice performed!"

"'Tis the posse comitatus," shouted the Sheriff, from a distant rock, "who"

"Say rather a posse of demons. I command the peace."

"Hold! shed not blood!" cried a voice from the top of the Vision—"Hold! for the sake of Heaven, fire no more! all shall be yielded! you shall enter the cave!"

Amazement produced the desired effect. Natty, who had reloaded his piece, quietly seated himself on the logs, and rested his head on his hand, while the "Light Infantry" ceased their military movements, and waited the issue in mute suspense.

In less than a minute Edwards came rushing down the hill, followed by Major Hartmann with a velocity that was surprising for his years. They reached the terrace in an instant, from which the youth led the way, by the hollow in the rock, to the mouth of the cave, into which they both entered; leaving all without silent and gazing after them with astonishment.


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 of the battle. Though this evolution was performed with great caution, in protecting his fr6nt, he left, like many a better commander, his rear exposed to the attacks of his enemy. Mr. Doolittle belonged physically to a class of his countrymen, to whom nature has denied, in their formation, the use of curved lines. Every thing about him was either straight or angular. But his tailor was a woman who worked like a regimental contractor, by a set of rules that gave the same configuration to the whole human species. Consequently, when Mr. Doolittle leaned forward in the manner described, a loose drapery appeared behind the tree, at which the rifle of Natty was pointed with the quickness of lightning. A less experienced man would have aimed at the flowing robe, which hung like a festoon half way to the earth; but the Leather-stocking knew both the man and his female tailor better, and when the smart report of the rifle was heard, Kirby, who watched the whole manuvre in breathless expectation, saw the bark fly from the beech, and the cloth, at some distance above the loose folds, wave at the same instant. No battery was ever unmasked with more promptitude than Hiram advanced, from behind the tree, at this summons.

He made two or three steps, with great precision, to the front, and, placing one hand on the afflicted part, stretched forth the other, with a menacing air, towards Natty, and cried aloud—

"Gawl darn ye! this shan't be settled so easy; I'll follow it up from the 'common pleas' to the 'court of errors.'"

Such a shocking imprecation, from the mouth of so orderly a man as Squire Doolittle, with the fearless manner in which he exposed himself, together with, perhaps, the knowledge that Natty's


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 means of things external that things internal are brought down to human apprehension; the former is as a cloud in which the authority of the latter resides, and so "upon all the glory there is a defence." The cloud which overshadowed Peter, James, and John at the transfiguration of the Lord, and the cloud by which He was finally received out of the sight of the disciples, represented those literal statements of the Word by which the Divine glory is obscured. Surely it cannot be difficult to see that all natural images, when employed to express Divine ideas, must, of necessity, be as a cloud shutting out some of that pure light which shines above them. Still, like the clouds of the atmosphere, some of those images are more transparent than others. Hence it is that some Divine truths appear in the letter of the Word with greater clearness than others. In many places the truth is so concealed that scarcely anything appears; in other placcs, the mystery is not so great, and there some spiritual teaching is discerned. It therefore seems impossible to avoid the conclusion that the letter of the Word is as a cloud veiling the Divine light which it receives; and that in different parts it varies in its brightness, in order that it may be serviceable to all conditions of mankind. And this being so, it is manifest that the phrase, "the clouds of heaven," is designed to represent the various obscurations of Divine truth, as it is presented in the literal sense of the Word. Every one knows that there are numerous things related in the Word which require interpretation to bring out their significance; and thus that the true light is as it were hidden, as though by a cloud, in the expression. This cloud has been too frequently mistaken for a perfect light, and hence it is that such a varicty of conflicting opinions


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 352 CINFO, DA, to CG, USARPAC and other addresses, 919410, 8 Aug 69, sub: Inactivation of 9th Infantry Division, 9th Inf Div file, GO 2434, USARY, 6 Jul 69, 3d Bde, 9th Inf Diy, file, all DAMH-HSO.

$55$ Msg, CINFO, DA, to CG, USARPAC and other addresses, 919410, 8 Aug 69, sub: Inactivation of 9th Infantry Division: Ltr, TAG to CinC, USAREUR and Seventh Army and other addresses, 18 Dee 69, sub: Plan for Release of Units and Individuals ordered to Active Duty under the Reserve Forces Mobilization, May 68, AGAM-P (M) (13 Dec 68) DCSPER-PLD, Vietnam, Reserve Component, file, DAMH-HSO; Msg, DCSOPS, DA, 922222, 2 Sep 69, sub: Demobilization of the 29th Inf Bde, 29th Inf Bde file, DAMH-HSO; Ltr, NGB to AG, Hawaii, 12 Noy 69, sub: Reestablishment and Reorganization of the 29th Infantry Brigade, NG-AROTO 1002-01-Hawaii 29th Inf Bde, DAMH-HSO; GO 645, USARPAC, 26 Aug 1969; Msg, SECDEF to CinC, Pacific Area Command, 6 Nov 69, sub: Public Affairs Guidance for Activation of Units in Hawaii, 4th Bde, 25th Inf Div, file, DAMH-HSO.

$56$ Nixon, Public Papers, 1969, p. 718; Msg, CG, U.S. Amy, Vietnam (USARV), to CG, 34 Bde, 82d Abn Div, 134411 140847Z Oct 69, sub: Implementing Instructions to USARPAC Advance Movement Directive 13–69, and Ltr, TAG to CG, CONARC, 9 Jan 70, sub; Approval of MTOE, AGAO-D (M) (17 Dec 69) ACSFOR, both 3d Bde, 82d Abn Diy, file, DAMH-HSO; Ltr, NGB to AG, Kansas, 2 Dec 59, sub: Reestablishment of 69th Inf Bde and 995th Maint Co in Kansas ARNG, NG-AROTO-01, Kansas, Kansas NG file, DAMH-HSO.

$57$ Redeployment had a broader meaning than just transferring units from one command to another. It included the inactivation of units in Vietnam, the transfer of units to other commands for retention in the force, and the return of units to the United States for inactivation.

$58$ Msg, CinC, USARPAC, to DCSPER, 12134Z Dec 1969, sub: Personnel Policies to Support Subsequent Redeployment from RVN, as amended, Vietnam Redeployment file, DAMH-HSO.

$59$ Msg, ACSFOR to CinC, USARPAC, 940715 9 Feb 70, sub: Inactivation/reorganization/ activation, ACSFOR MF CRA, and Ltr, TAG to CinC, USARPAC, and other addresses, 14 Nov 70, sub: Letter of Instruction for the Fifth Increment Redeployment of US Army Forces from RVN, AGDA (M) (14 Nov 70) OPS OD TR, both Vietnam Redeployment file, DAMH-HSO.

$60$ Ltr, TAG to CinC, USARPAC, and other addresses, 17 Feb 71, sub: Letter of Instruction for the Sixth Increment Redeployment of US Army Forces from RVN, AGPA-A (M) (12 Feb 71) OPS OD TR, Vietnam Redeployment file, DAMH-HSO; Ltr, TAG to CinC, USARPAC, 15 Apr 71, sub: Letter of Instruction for the Reorganization/Inactivation of the 1st/4th Armored Division, AGDA-A (M) (8 Apr 71) OP OD TR, GO 147, III Corps and Fort Hood, 1971, and Ltr, 1st Armd Diy to U.S. Army Institute of Heraldry, 25 May 71, sub: Request for Information, AETSKA, OPS 28 Form, ACSFOR, sub: Redesignation of the 1st Armored Division, DAFD-MFP-T, 22 Sep 72; all 1st Armd Div file, DAMH-HSO; Lir, Bruce Clark to Westmoreland, 26 Mar 71, and Ltr, Hal Pattison, Chief of Military History to Clark, 31 Mar 71, both 4th Armd Div file, DAMH-HSO.

$61$ Memo for Record, Vincent M Russo, Asst Sec of the Gen Staff, 22 Jun 71, sub: Stationing of the 173d Airborne Brigade, and Msg, ACSFOR to CG, CONARC, 172206Z Dee 71 sub: Organization of 101st Abn Div (Ambl) in CONUS, both 173d Abn Bde file, DAMH-HSO.

$62$
Ltr, TAG to CinC, USARPAC, and other addresses, 5 Jun 72, sub: Letter of Instruction for the Twelfth Incremental Redeployment of US Army Forces from RVN, DAAG-PAP-A (M) (24 May 72) DAMO-ODT, and Ltr, TAG to CinC, USARPAC, and other addresses, 10 Aug 72, sub: Letter of Instruction for the Thirteenth Incremental Redeployment of US Army Forces from RVN, DAAG-PAP-A (M) (2 Aug 72), DAMO-ODT, both Vietnam Redeployment file, DAMH-HSO.

$63$
Nixon, Public Papers, 1969, pp. 905–06; Ltr, TAG to CinC, USARPAC, and other addresses, 22 Jun 71, sub: Letter of Instruction for Redeployment of US Army Forces from the Republic of Korea, ADGA-A (M) (8 Jun 71) OPS OD TR, Korea, Redeployment of Units 1971–1972 file, DAMH-HSO; GO 162, Sixth US Amny, 1971, 7th Inf Div file, DAMH-HSO.

$64$
US Army Alaska, "Annual Historical Summary, 1 Jul 68–30 Jun 69," p. 14, 1 Jul 69–30 Jun 70, p, 17, DAMH-HSR; Department of the Army Historical Summary, 1972, p. 10; GO 657, US Army Alaska, 1972, 171st Inf Bde file, DAMH-HSO.


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 things; but what falls in the battle, there's Scripter for believing it the just property of the victor."

"Retreating!" exclaimed the amazed veteran; "where's my horse? he has been shot under me—I—"

"Is the man mad!" interrupted his wife—"divil the horse do ye own, sargeant, and yee're nothing but a shabby captain of malaishy. Och! if the ra'al captain was here, 'tis the other way ye'd be riding, dear, or you would not follow your lader!"

While this worthy couple were thus discussing events, the battle began to rage more violently than ever, above them. When the Leather-stocking saw his enemy fairly under head-way, as Benjamin would express it, he gave his attention again to the right wing of the assailants. It would have been easy for Kirby, with his powerful frame, to have seized the moment to scale the bastion, and with his great strength, to have sent both its defenders in pursuit of the veteran; but hostility appeared to be the passion that the wood-chopper indulged the least in, at that moment, for, in a voice that was heard even by the retreating left wing, he shouted,

"Hurrah! well done, captain! keep it up! how he handles his bush hook! he makes nothing of a sapling!" and such other encouraging exclamations to the flying veteran, until, overcome by his mirth, the good-natured fellow seated himself on the ground, kicking the earth with delight, and giving vent to peal after peal of laughter.

Natty stood all this time in a menacing attitude, with his rifle pointed over his breast-work, watching with a quick and cautious eye the least movement of the assailants. The outcry unfortunately tempted the ungovernable curiosity of Hiram to take a peep from behind his cover, at the state


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 object to shoot at was both too large and too near for the Leather-stocking, who, instead of pulling his trigger, applied the gun to the rear of his enemy, and by a powerful shove, sent him outside of the works with much greater rapidity than he had entered them. The spot on which Capt. Hollister alighted was directly in front, where, as his feet touched the ground, so steep and slippery was the side of the mountain, it seemed to recede from under them. His motion was wonderfully swift, and so irregular, as utterly to confuse the faculties of the old soldier. During its continuance., he supposed himself to be mounted and charging through the ranks of his enemy. At every tree lie made a blow, of course, as at a foot-soldier; and just as he was making the cut "St. George" at a half-burnt sapling, he landed in the highway, and, to his utter amazement, at the feet of his own spouse. When Mrs. Hollister, who was toiling up the hill, followed by at least twenty curious boys, leaning with one hand on the staff with which she ordinarily walked, and bearing in the other an empty bag, witnessed this exploit of her husband, indignation immediately got the better not only of her religion, but of her philosophy.

"Why, Sargeant! is it flying ye are?" she cried—"That I should live to see a husband of mine turn his back to the inimy! and sich a one! Here have I been telling the b'ys as we come along, all about the saige of Yorrektown, and how ye was hurted; and how ye'd be acting the same ag'in the day; and I mate ye retrating jist as the first gun is fired. Och! I may trow away the bag! for if there's plunder 'twill not be the wife of sich as yeerself that will be privileged to be getting the same. They do say too, there's a power of goold and silver in the place—the Lord forgive me for setting my heart on sich worreldly


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 after describing an ellipsis in their journey, returned to the earth, rattling among the branches of the trees directly over the heads of the troops stationed in the rear of their captain. Much of the success of an attack made by irregular soldiers, depends on which way they are first got in motion. In the present instance, it was retrograde, and in less than a minute after the loud bellowing report of the swivel among the rocks and caverns, the whole weight of the attack, from the left, rested on the prowess of the single arm of the veteran. Benjamin received a severe contusion from the recoil of his gun, which produced a short stupor, during which period the ex-steward was prostrate on the ground. Capt. Hollister availed himself of this circumstance to scramble over the breast-work and obtain a footing in the bastion—for such was the nature of the fortress, as connected with the cave. The moment the veteran found himself within the works of his enemy, he rushed to the edge of the fortification, and waving his sabre over his head, shouted—

"Victory! come on, my brave boys, the work's our own!"

All this was perfectly military, and was such an example as a gallant officer was in some measure bound to exhibit to his men; but the outcry was the unlucky cause of turning the tide of success. Natty, who had been keeping a vigilant eye on the wood-chopper, and the enemy immediately before him, wheeled at this alarm, and was appalled at beholding his comrade on the ground, and the veteran standing on his own bulwark, giving forth the cry of victory! The muzzle of the long rifle was turned instantly towards the captain. There was a moment when the life of the old soldier was in great jeopardy; but the


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 have prevailed respecting the teaching of the Word. The appearances of truth were mistaken for realities; the difficulties which this created led to disputations, until, at length, the Church drifted into darkness; and then she pronounced the most eminent of her doctrines to be a mystery. That, however, which is spiritual in its nature, such as the Divine Word is declared to be, cannot be presented to men in its native brightness during their lifetime in the world; therefore, God has been mercifully pleased to exhibit it in various degrees of shade, so that men may be enabled to see something of its glory.

The Lord not only told His disciples that He would be seen coming in the clouds of heaven: He made a similar statement to the high-priest, who had said unto Him, "Tell us whether Thou be the Christ, the Son of God." His reply was, "Hereafter shall ye see the Son of man sitting on the right hand of power, and coming in the clouds of heaven." No doubt the high-priest understood this statement in a natural sense; and therefore he rent his clothes, and declared it to be blasphemy. That, however, was not the sense in which the words were spoken; and this every one may see who will carefully reflect upon them. The whole sentence is couched in figurative terms, and referred to His revelation of Himself at some future time in the letter of His Word, when even the ignorant should see Him.

That the clouds of heaven do not mean the clouds of the air may also be evident from this circumstance, that Daniel said, "I saw in the night-visions, and, behold, one like the Son of man came with the clouds of heaven." In this passage, an event is stated to have occurred very similar to that which we are considering; it was not, however, in the plane of nature, but above, for it is declared to have


text: Moonlight, a Poem: with Several Copies of Verses


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 338 which supported the Infantry School, was inactivated at Fort Benning to provide personnel for expanding the Army in Vietnam. In a personnel-saving action, the Combat Developments Command’s 194th Armored Brigade at Fort Ord was replaced by a battalion-size combat team and reorganized at Fort Knox to support the Armor School in place of the 16th Armor Group. Under the new configuration the brigade included one mechanized infantry and two armored battalions. The 171st and 172d Infantry Brigades in Alaska each lost their aviation company, and in the 193d Infantry Brigade in the Canal Zone, the airborne battalion was replaced with a standard infantry battalion, (Table 29 shows the composition of divisions and brigades outside Vietnam in 1969.)

In 1968 Secretary of Defense Clark Clifford decided to reduce forces in the continental United States to four divisions because the budget did not permit filling and maintaining five divisions. He directed the inactivation of the 6th Infantry Division, the activation of a brigade to replace the 82d's 3d Brigade in Vietnam, and higher manning levels for the 69th Infantry Brigade attached to the 5th Infantry Division at Fort Carson and the 29th Infantry Brigade at Schofield Barracks. The 6th Division was inactivated on 25 July 1968, and the rest of Clifford's proposals were accomplished by early 1969.

Four weeks after the 6th Infantry Division was inactivated, the Vice Chief of Staff, General Bruce Palmer, Jr., considered reactivating the division in response to the invasion of Czechoslovakia by the Warsaw Pact armies. Lacking men to organize the unit, the staff considered the division's reactivation a "show the flag" action. The plan was eventually dropped because it was an empty gesture. Thus, the strategic reserve forces in the United States stood at four divisions in September 1968 and remained at that level until the close of the Vietnam era.

During the 1960s the Department of Defense continued to scrutinize the reserve forces and to question the number of divisions and brigades as well as the redundancy of maintaining two reserve components, the National Guard and the Army Reserve. In 1967 Secretary of Defense McNamara decided that 15 combat divisions in the Army National Guard were unnecessary and cut the number to 8 divisions (1 mechanized infantry, 2 armored, and 5 infantry), but increased the number of brigades from 7 to 18 (1 airborne, 1 armored, 2 mechanized infantry, and 14 infantry). The loss of the divisions did not set well with the states. Their objections included the inadequate maneuver element mix for those that remained and the end to the practice of rotating divisional commands among the states that supported them. Under the proposal, the remaining division commanders were to reside in the state of the division base. No reduction, however, in total Army National Guard strength was to take place, which convinced the governors to accept the plan.

The states reorganized their forces accordingly between 1 December 1967 and 1 May 1968. All remaining divisions were shared by two or more states (Table 30). Divisional brigades located in states without the division base consist


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 The Princess of Gunong Ledang.

It is related in the "Malay Annals" (Shellabear's Romanized edition, vol. II, page 177, 1910: chapter 27) that Sultan Mahmud of old Malacca wished to wed the fairy princess of Gunong Ledang. She replied to his messengers, "If the prince of Malacca desires me, make me a gold and a silver bridge from Malacca to this mountain: for a betrothal gift I want seven trays of mosquitoes' livers, seven trays of lice's livers, a tub of tears, a tub of the juice of young betel-palms, a basin of the prince's blood and a basin of the blood of his son Raja Almad."

There is a parallel to this episode in the Persian Sindibúd Nama. "A merchant arriving at Kashgar sells his stock of sandal-wood to a rogue, who persuades him it is valueless, on condition. that he give in return 'Whatever else he may choose.' Finding himself swindled he resorts in disguise to the house of the blind chief of the rogues and hears him rate his subordinate, 'You are a fool; for instead of this merchant asking a measure of gold, he may require yon to give him a measure of male fleas with silken housings and jewelled trappings and how will you do that?' Next day before the Kadzi the merchant makes this demand and gets back his sandal-wood. The same story contains the incident of a worsted gambler being required to drink up the sea." (Clouston's "Popular Tales and Fictions," Vol. II, pages 105-106).


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 in Africa certainly seems a little strange and curious, and far more inexplicable than it was when one was oneself personally risking one's life and ruining one's clothes, after a beetle in the African bush. I really think it is this sporting instinct in me that enables me to understand France in Africa at all; and which gives me a thrill of pleasure when I read in the newspapers of her iniquitous conduct in turning up, flag and baggage, in places where she had no legal right to be, or, worse still, being found in possession of bits of other nations' hinterland when a representative of the other arrives there with the intention of discovering it, and to his disgust and alarm finds the most prominent object in the landscape is the blue to the mast, blood to the last, flag of France, with a fire-and-flames Frenchman under it, possessed of a pretty gift of writing communications to the real owner of that hinterland-a respectable representative of England or Germany—communications threatening him with immediate extinction, and calling him a filibuster and an assassin, and things like that. For the life of me I cannot help a "Go it, Sall, and I'll hold your bonnit" feeling towards the Frenchman. It is not my fault entirely. Gladly would I hold my own countryman's bonnet, only he won't go it if I do; so I have to content myself with the knowledge that England has made the West Coast pay, and that she certainly did beat the Dutch and Portuguese off the Coast in a commercial war. Still she will never beat France off in that way, because the French interest in Africa is not a commercial one. France can and will injure our commerce in West Africa, in all probability she will ultimately extinguish it, if things go on as they are going, while we cannot hit back and injure her commercial prosperity there because she has none to injure.

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 India and Malay Beliefs.

By the kindness of Dr. O. Schrieke, Assistant Adviser for Native Affairs to the Government of the Dutch Indies, I have had my attention drawn to an article by M. Winternitz—"Bemerkungen zur malaischen Volksreligion"—being a review of Mr. Skeat's "Malay Beliefs," in Wiener Zeitschrift fuer die Kunde des Morgenlandes, XIV Band, pages 243-264: Wien 1900. I am further indebted to the Batavian Society for a loan of the journal, since no library in the l'eninsula possesses it. I propose here to summarize the conclusions of the reviewer, author also of "Altindisches Hochzeitsrituell" (Denkscriften der kais. Akademie d. Wiss., Wien 1892, page 68) as contributing further evidence on a subject I handled in a paper on "Hindu Survivals in Malay Custom" (Journal of the Federated Malay States Museums, Volume IX, part 1). And I add some additional matter.

In a Javanese version of "the churning of the ocean" Wiseso (= Visvesa) or Brahman is still the highest of the Gods and supplies Batara Gurn or Siva with the water of life wherewith to sprinkle the Gods and restore them to life (E. Metzger, Globus Bd. 41 (1883), p. 171 ff.). But in another Javanese legend Brahman and Visnu are sons of Batara Guru (ib. page 184). And in the ''Ht. Sang Samba'', the Malay version of the Bhaumakavya, Batara Guru is the supreme God and as such is accepted by Malay magicians (Skeat pages 86-87). Now, Skeat says, "I was repeatedly told that the Spectre Huntsman was a God, Batara Guru," In Malay legend the Spectre Huntsman is not only a God, Batara Guru, but known by other appellations of that God, such as "King of the Land-folk" (ib., page 120) (= To' Panjang Kuku, page 90), and identified at times with the Raja Hantu (page 418) who is sometimes said to be Batara Guru. Skeat compared the Malay legend with the English legend of the wild huntsman and his dogs or Gabriel's hounds (page 113): Sir William Maxwell opined it was of Aryan origin. In European folklore the wild huntsman is identified with historical or half-historical personages and a connection between him and the old German God Wodan can be traced (Grimm, Deutsche Mythologie 4. Aufl., page 766 foll.) Now Batara Guru or Siva is Rudra of Vedic times, Rudra "the roarer, the terrible," the God of storms (Dowson's "Classical Dictionary of Hindu Mythology"). And it has been pointed out that in Rudra we find the same characteristics which are found in the German Wodan or Odin (and in the classical myths of Dionysus and Mars) namely those of a storm-god followed by hosts of spirits. a leader of lost souls, identified both in Malay and German legend


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"Selictar! unsheathe then our chief’s scimetar; Tambourgi! thy 'larum gives promise of war; Ye mountains! that see us descend to the shore, Shall view us as victors, or view us no more." Byron.

heavy showers that prevailed during the remainder of the day, completely stopped the progress of the flames; though glimmering fires were observed during the night, on different parts of the hill, wherever there was a collection of fuel to feed the element. The next day the woods, for many miles, were black and smoking, and were stript of every vestige of brush and dead wood; but the pines and hemlocks still reared their heads proudly along the hills, and even the smaller trees of the forest retained a feeble appearance of life and vegetation.

The many tongues of rumour were busy in exaggerating the miraculous escape of Elizabeth, and a report was generally credited, that Mohegan had actually perished in the flames. This belief became confirmed, and was indeed rendered probable, when the direful intelligence reached the village, that Jotham Riddel, the miner, was found in his hole, nearly dead with suffocation,


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 and burnt to such a degree that no hopes were entertained of his life.

The public attention became much alive to the events of the last few days, and just at this crisis, the convicted counterfeiters took the hint from Natty, and, on the night succeeding the fire, found means to cut through their log prison also, and to escape unpunished. When this news begun to circulate through the village, blended with the fate of Jotham, and the exaggerated and tortured reports of the events on the hill, the popular opinion was freely expressed, as to the propriety of seizing such of the fugitives as remained within reach. Men talked of the cave, as a secret receptacle of guilt; and, as the rumour of ores and metals found its way into the confused medley of conjectures, counterfeiting, and every thing else that was wicked. and dangerous to the peace of society, suggested themselves to the busy fancies of the populace.

While the public mind was in this feverish state, it was hinted that the wood had been set on fire by Edwards and the Leather-stocking, and that, consequently, they alone were responsible for the damages. This opinion soon gained ground, being most circulated by those who, by their own heedlessness, had caused the evil; and there was one irresistible burst of the common sentiment, that an attempt should be made to punish the offenders. Richard was by no means deaf to this appeal, and by noon he set about in earnest, to see the laws executed.

Several stout young men were selected, and taken apart, with an appearance of secrecy, where they received some important charge from the Sheriff, immediately under the eyes, but far removed from the ears, of all in the village. Pos-


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 with the Spectre Huntsman. Accordingly it has been surmised that we must premise an Indo-Germanic storm-god, the common source of the Indian and German myths (L v. Schroeder: Wiener Zeitschrift fuer die Kunde des Morgenlandes Bd. IX, 1895, pages 235-252). The identification by the Malays of the Spectre Huntsman with Siva clearly corroborates the relationship between Siva or Rudra and Odin.

Again just as in German folklore there are various versions of the tale of the wild huntsman, so Malay legend sometimes identified him with Rama and even made him a descendant of the Prophet Joseph (Skeat, page 119).

Further evidence that Malay magic came from India is the practice of Malay magicians declaring they know the source of the spirit they would exorcize or repel (ib. page 117): parallels for this occur in the Atharvaveda e.g. 1, 3: VII, 76, 5. Compare also the use of hong = om in Malay charms. The syllable om is the door of heaven. Therefore he who is about to study the Veda shall begin his lesson by pronouncing it. If he has spoken anything clse than what refers to the lesson, he shall resume his reading by repeating the word om: thus the Veda is separated from profane speech. And at sacrifices the orders given to the priests are headed by this word. And in common life at the occasion of ceremonies performed for the sake of welfare the sentence shall be headed by this word" (Apastamba p. 49, "Sacred Books of the East vol. II). In this context I would quote two sentences from Havell's "Aryan Rule in India" (pages 46 and 118) on the mantra, the Vedic forerunner of the Malay magician's charm:— "A mantra could bring victory or defeat in wars, assure the prosperity of a State or the destruction of its enemies; it could be used to win votes in a popular assembly or to silence the arguments of an opponent and either by itself or in conjunction with medicinal prescriptions it could stop a cough or promote the growth of hair. It lost its efficacy if a single syllable were incorrect in expression or intonation." Moreover it had to be kept secret. In every respect the Malay charm corresponds with it. (Cf. J. R. A. S., S. B. 81, p. 8).

The idea that eclipses of sun or moon are due to the attempt of a dragon to swallow those bodies is not now associated by Malays with Indian legend. But there is a Javanese legend (Metzger, op. cit. page 186) practically identical with the Indian legend of Rahu quoted by Skeat (page 11).

Belief in were-tigers or were-wolves is worldwide. current in India in Vedic times; in the Vaja-saneyi-Samhita XXX and the Satapatha-Brahmana XIII 2, 4, 2 are mentioned purusavraghra or "men-tigers." (II. Oldenberg, Religion des Vedas, Berlin 1894, p. 84).

Tabu vocabularies are employed in all departments of Malay magie (Skeat, pages 35, 139, 192, 315, 253, 523). They were


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 There is also another point of great interest, and that is the different effect produced by the governmental interference of the two nations in expansion of territory. That the expansion of trade, and spheres of influence are concurrent in this region is now recognised by our own Government; although the Government somewhat flippantly remarks "possibly too late." It is, in my opinion, certainly too late as regards both Sierra Leone and the Gold Coast; but yet we see small evidence of our Government taking themselves seriously in the matter, or of their feeling a regret for having failed to avail themselves of the work done for England on the West Coast by some of the noblest men of our blood. I have often heard it said it was a sad thing for an Englishman to contemplate our West African possessions, save one, the Royal Niger; but I am sure it is a far sadder thing for an English-woman who is full of the pride of her race, and who well knows that that pride can only be justified by its men, to see on the one hand the splendid achievements of Mungo Park, the two Landers, the men who held the Gold Coast for England when the Government abandoned it after the battle of Katamansu, of Winwood Reade who, in the employ of Messrs. Swanzy, won the right to the Niger behind Sierra Leone, and many others; and on the other hand to see the map of West Africa to-day, which shows only too clearly that the English Government's last chance of saving the honour of England lies in their supporting the Royal Niger Company.

It seems that as soon as a West Coast region falls under direct governmental control with us a process of petrification sets in, and a policy of international amiability and

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 sessed with a knowledge of their duty, these youths hurried into the hills, with a bustling manner, as if the fate of the world depended on their diligence, and, at the same time, with an air of mystery, as great as if they were engaged on secret matters of the state.

At twelve precisely, a drum beat the "long roll" before the "Bold Dragoon," and Richard appeared, accompanied by Captain Hollister, who was clad in his vestments as commander of the "Templeton Light-Infantry," when the former demanded of the latter the aid of the posse comitatus, in enforcing the laws of the country. We have not room to record the speeches of the two gentlemen on this occasion, but they are preserved in the columns of the little blue newspaper, which is yet to be found on file, and are said to be highly creditable to the legal formula of one of the parties, and to the military precision of the other. Every thing had been previously arranged, and as the red-coated drummer continued to roll out his clattering notes, some five-and-twenty privates appeared in the ranks, and arranged themselves in order of battle.

As this corps was composed of volunteers, and was commanded by a man who had passed the first five-and-thirty years of his life in camps and garrisons, it was the nonpareil of military science in that country, and was confidently pronounced. by the judicious part of the Templeton community, to be equal in skill and appearance to any troops in the known world; in physical endorsments they were, certainly, much superior! To this assertion there were but three dissenting voices, and one dissenting opinion. The opinion belonged to Marmaduke, who, however, saw no necessity for its promulgation. Of the voices, one, and that a pretty loud one, came from the


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 common in ancient India:—Satapatha, Br. VI, 1, 1, 2, etc.; the Mantrapatha (Anecdota Oxoniensia) Oxford 1897, p. 29. The Snataka or young Brahman, who had concluded his study of the Vedas and taken vows, had to observe many such tabus:—he must say bhagala for kapala "head," manidhanus for indradhanus "rainbow," dhenubharya "a cow which will become a milch-cow," instead of adhenu "a cow which gives no milk" (Gautama Dharmasastra IX. 19-22; Apast. Dharmas. I, 31, 11; 12; 15; 16;— "The Sacred Laws of the Aryas" Part I, pages 216-224, 92-98, Oxford; Baudh. Dh. II, 6, 11, 18; Vasistha Dh. XII, 32).

Winternitz finds parallels for the figurative language of Malay betrothal verses (Skeat pages 364 and 634), where the girl is ealled a calf, in the language of the Ests where the wooer pretends to search for a lost calf (L. v. Schroeder, Hochzeitsbrauche der Esten, Berlin 1888, page 36); of the Finns where the wooer pretends he wishes to buy a bird: of the Sardinians, where the wooer asks for a white dove or a white calf.

The mimic combat for the person of a Malay bride (Skeat, page 381) is widespread, of course, even in Europe: it was practised in ancient India (Winternitz: Altindisches Hochzeitsrituell, page 68). The throwing of rice over the head of the bridegroom (Skeat, page 382) is commonly observed by all Indo-Germanic peoples. Confarreatio forms part of a Malay wedding as of marriages among so many races: it was a ceremony known in ancient India (Winternitz, op. cit., page 79). Malay bride and groom are princes for the wedding-day (Skeat, page 388). In Kashmir the bridegroom is entitled for the day Maharaja—cf. A. Stein's Rajatarangini I, page 131. In the Ramayana "a marriage-crown" is mentioned:—Growse's "Ramayana " Book I, page 182 (Allahabad 1877). In Modern Bengal the poorest bridegroom wears a tinsel erown (Lal Bebari Day, Bengal Peasant Life" 1884, page 88)— A similar custom obtains in Russia, Scandinavia and parts of Germany.

Winternitz notes that Malay animistic beliefs concerning trees and plants are derived neither from Islam nor from Brahamanism.

There are other customs and beliefs which the reviewer might have noted, had he found space. The belief in the need for human sacrifice at the founding of a building is common to East and West:—Skeat, page 141; Crooke's "Introduction to Popular Religion and Folk-lore of Northern India" page 237 and Index; Robertson Smith's "Religion of the Semites" page 158; Greek modern folk-songs (Passow Carm. Pop. Gr. 512, and "Folklore " 1899). The Malay notion of a mousedeer in the moon (Skeat, page 13) must be derived from the "hare" in the moon common in Indian folk-lore and found in the Sanskrit epithets sasin, marganku, harinanka "having the mark of a deer." The Brahman held the work of a police officer to be degrading:—Gautama,


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 been a vision. John also relates a similar event. He says, "I looked, and behold a white cloud, and upon the cloud one sat like unto the Son of man." How evident it is, then, that the coming of the Lord in the clouds of heaven cannot have any reference to a physical event transpiring in the domain of nature. And when the apostle said, "Behold, He cometh with clouds," the design was to teach us that the Lord will reveal Himself in the letter of His Word, and make known to the Church that spiritual sense by which it is filled. Thus a period will arrive in the history of the Church when the human mind will be enabled to see the Lord, as the letter of the Word teaches He ought to be seen, because it will be enlightened by some knowledge of its spiritual sense. In connection with the passage, "Behold, He cometh with clonds," it is written, "Every eye shall see Him, and they also which pierced Him: and all kindreds of the earth shall wail because of Him." This, however, is not to be understood of natural sight, but of mental perception. By every eye seeing Him is denoted that every enlightened understanding will acknowledge Him. The eye seeing is the understanding acknowledging. They also who pierced Him are to see Him; but this evidently cannot mean that single soldier by whom that cruelty was naturally inflicted, nor simply those by whose authority it was done. The passage refers to a class of persons of whose conduct that act was typical. They who have pierced Him are they who have denied His truth: but even those will be led to acknowledge His jurisdiction in that final judgment which His truth will execute. In these considerations we have an intelligible interpretation of the prophecies; one which reaches


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 Reubenism, for which we have Scriptural authority to expect nothing but failure. It was of course necessary for our Government to take charge in West Africa when the partitioning of that continent took place; but I fail to admire those men who at the Council Board of Europe lost for England what had been won for her by better, braver men. Still it is no use, in these weird un-Shakespearian times, for any one to use strong language, so I'll turn to the consideration of the advance made in West Africa by France; for any one can understand how a woman must admire the deeds of brave men and the backing up of those deeds by a brave Government.

The earlier history of the French occupation of Africa is that of a series of commercial companies, who all came to a bad end. Of the Association of the Merchants of Dieppe and Rouen in the fourteenth century I have already spoken; and whatever may be the difficulty of proving its existence in 1364, there is, I believe, no one who doubts that it had an existence that terminated in 1664. The French authorities ascribe its fall to the wars in France that succeeded the death of Charles VI, 1392, and to the death of some of the principal merchants belonging to it; but "the greatest cause of all was that many who had gotten vast riches began to be ashamed of the name of traders, although to that they owed their fortunes, and allying with the nobility set up as quality," and neglected business in the usual way, when this happens. The most flourishing settlements went into decay, and were abandoned all save one, on the Isle of Sanaga, or what Labat calls the Niger, the river we now call the Senegal.

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 spouse of the commander himself, who frequently reproached her husband for condescending to lead such an irregular band of warriors, after he had filled the honourable station of sergeant-major to a dashing corps of Virginian cavalry through much of the recent war.

Another of these sceptical sentiments was invariably expressed by Mr. Pump, whenever the company paraded, generally in some such terms as these, which were uttered with that sort of meekness that a native of the island of our forefathers is apt to assume, when he condescends to praise the customs or characters of her truant progeny—

"It's mayhap that they knows sum'mat about loading and firing, d'ye see; but as for working ship! why a corporal's guard of the Boadishey's marines would back and fill on their quarters in such a manner as to surround and captivate them all in half a glass." As there was no one to deny this assertion, the marines of the Boadicea were held in a corresponding degree of estimation.

The third unbeliever was Monsieur Le Quoi, who merely whispered to the sheriff, that the corps was one of the finest he had ever seen, second only to the Mousquetaires of Le Bori Louis! However, as Mrs. Hollister thought there was something like actual service in the present appearances, and was, in consequence, too busily engaged with certain preparations of her own, to make her comments; as Benjamin was absent, and Monsieur Le Quoi too happy to find fault with any thing, the corps escaped criticism and comparison altogether on this momentous day, when they certainly had greater need of self-confidence, than on any other previous occasion. Marmaduke was said to be again closeted with Mr. Van der School, and no interruption was offered to the movements of the troops. At two o'clock precisely the corps


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 XVII. 17 ("The Sacred hands of the Aryas" Volume I, Oxford). So to this day does the Malay. In the code of Manu among persons to be avoided were physicians, sufferers from phthisis, elephantiasis, epilepsy, leprosy and erysipelas, persons with thick hair on the body, a one-eyed man, a usurer, a mariner, a gambling-house keeper and dancers. Even now the Malay regards the professions of physician and sailor as degrading, and distrusts one-eyed men and hairy persons.

The Brahman student shall not eat food offered at a funeral oblation" (Apastamba, pp. 7 and 43, "Sacred Books of the East." vol. 11): there are Malay rajas who observe this tabu. "He shall not sit on a seat higher than that of his teacher" (ib., p. 30); "he shall not drink water standing or bent forward" (ib., p. 57); "sheep's milk is forbidden" (ib., p. 83). All these tabus are common among Malays. The Brahman student, "may not feed a thief, a eunuch, an outcast, an atheist, a destroyer of the sacred fire, the husband of a younger sister married before the elder, the husband of an elder sister whose youngest sister was married first,, a younger brother married before the elder brother, an elder brother married after his younger brother" (Gautama, ib., p. 254). The objection to younger children, especially girls, marrying before elder is called by Malays langkah batang and universally disliked.

The henna dance with lighted candles (Wilkinson's "Incidents. of Malay Life, 2nd ed., p. 58 and Skeat's "Malay Magic ") is hardly likely to have been invented by a primitive people to whom candles were unknown. A dance with lighted candlesticks is common in Persia (Hales' "From Persian Uplands," p. 121. London 1920) and the Malay dance would seem to have come with other marriage-ceremonies from India.

There would seem to be a similarity between the outlook of those of Hindu faith towards Mahameru, the abode of Indra and Vishnu, the pivot of the universe, (Dowson op. cit.) and the outlook of the Greek towards Olympus. "Whatever the original meaning of Olympus may be, it seems clear that the Olympian gods, wherever their worshippers moved, tended to dwell on the highest mountain in the neighbourhood and the mountain thereby became Olympus" (Gilbert Murray's "Four Stages of Greek Religion": cf. Journal 81, page 26).

Though I do not suggest its introduction to have been of early date, yet perhaps one may note in a paper dealing with India and Malay beliefs the fact that the language of signs practised in Malay intrigue is identical with that practised in Kandy:— "Kandian girls make almost imperceptible signs to each other. If without moving the head, the eyes be momentarily directed towards the door, the question is asked, "Shall we go out? An affirmative reply is given by an expressionless gaze, a negative one by closing the eyes for an instant (Parker's "Village Folk-Tales of Ceylon," Volume II, page 32).


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soon as the corporal had finished the story of his amour—or rather my uncle Toby for him—Mrs. Wadman silently sallied forth from her arbour, replaced the pin in her mob, pass'd the wicker gate, and advanced slowly towards my uncle Toby's sentry-box: the disposition which Trim had made in my uncle Toby's mind, was too favourable a crisis to be let slipp'd

The attack was determin'd upon: it was facilitated still more by my uncle Toby's having ordered the corporal to wheel off the pioneer's shovel, the spade, the pick-axe, the picquets, and other


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 military stores which lay scatter'd upon the ground where Dunkirk stood—The corporal had march'd—the field was clear.

Now consider, sir, what nonsense it is, either in fighting, or writing, or any thing else (whether in rhyme to it, or not) which a man has occasion to do—to act by plan: for if ever Plan, independent of all circumstances, deserved registering in letters of gold (I mean in the archives of Gotham)—it was certainly the of Mrs. Wadman's attack of my uncle Toby in his sentry-box, now the Plan hanging up in it at this juncture, being the Plan of Dunkirk—and the tale of Dunkirk a tale of relaxation, it opposed every impression she could make: and besides, could she have gone upon it—the manœuvre of


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 shouldered arms, beginning on the right wing, next to the veteran, and carrying the motion through to the left with great regularity. When each musket was quietly fixed in its proper situation, the order was given to wheel to the left, and march. As this was bringing raw troops, at once, to face their enemy, it is not to be supposed that the manuvre was executed with their usual accuracy, but as the music struck up the inspiring air of Yankee-doodle, and Richard, accompanied by Mr. Doolittle, preceded the troops boldly down the street, Captain Hollister led on, with his head elevated to forty-five degrees, with a little, low cocked hat, perched on its crown, carrying a tremendous dragoon sabre at a poise, and trailing at his heels a huge steel scabbard, that had war in its very clattering. There was a good deal of difficulty in getting all the platoons (there were six) to look the same way; but, by the time they reached the defile of the bridge, the troops were in excellent order. In this manner they marched up the hill to the summit of the mountain, no other alteration taking place in the disposition of the forces, excepting that a mutual complaint was made by the sheriff and the magistrate, of a failure in wind, which gradually brought these gentlemen to the rear. It will be unnecessary to detail the minute movements that succeeded. We shall briefly say, that the scouts came in and reported, that, so far from retreating, as had been anticipated, the fugitives had evidently gained a knowledge of the attack, and were fortifying for a desperate resistance. This intelligence certainly made a material change, not only in the plans of the leaders, but in the countenances of the soldiery also. The men looked at one another with serious faces, and Hiram and Richard begun to consult together, apart. At this juncture, they were


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 The Folklore of the Hikayat Malim Deman

In the Malay folk romance Malim Deman (ed. R. O. Winstedt and A. J. Sturrock, Singapore 1908) the hero from whom the tale takes its name finds the ring and a tress of hair of the princess he is fated to wed in a golden bowl afloat on a stream. He fumigates them with incense whereupon their owner and her six sisters fly down from fairy-land. Malim Deman steals the magic flying raiment of the youngest princess and so wins her for his bride. Owing to neglect she flies home to fairy-land with her child. Malim Deman borrows a borak—the flying animal whereon the Prophet Mohamed ascended to heaven—from genies, pursues and regains his wife and brings her back to earth.

Now the episode of a prince falling in love with a princess from finding her hair floating downstream. besides occurring in an Egyptian romance three thousand years old (Clouston's Popular Tales and Fietions," vol. I, p. 351), is common in Indian folklore:—No. 4 of Dal Bahari Day's "Folk-tales of Bengal," and the second story of the Tamil romance "Madana Kamaraja Kadai," translated by Pandit S. M. Natesa Sastri. In a Sinhalese folktale a king finding a hair in a fish's belly wishes to wed the owner (Parker's "Village Folk-Tales of Ceylon," vol. II, p. 168, Tale 111). Incidentally one may note that a hair in a bowl is one of the regalia of the Yamtuan of Negri Sembilan.

Magie flying raiment (baju layang kain layang) is part of the stock-in-trade of the world's folk-lore. Nymphs, apsaras or fairies bathing, and one of them having her clothes (Tawney's Katha Sarit Sagara, vol. II, p. 452 and 576; a Bengal story in "The Indian Antiquary," vol. IV, p. 54; Thornhill's Indian Fairy Tales" p. 15) or flying garments (Swynnerton's Indian Nights Entertainments, p. 343) stolen by a man who marries her is a very common plot in Indian folk-lore and literature. In the Persian romance of King Babram Ghur and Husin Banu the hero obtains his fairy bride by filching her dove-dress (Clouston op. cit., vol. I, pp. 182-191)." There is a Santali version of the story and a Japanese (B. H. Chamberlain's "Classical Poetry of the Japanese"). Cf. also Parker op. cit., vol. II. Tale 152, p. 359. But of course the classical story of the bride-maidens is the tale of Hasan of Bassorah in the "Arabian Nights" (Burton, vol. VIII, p. 7).

The world-wide circulation of the myth of the swan-maiden and its various forms and stages is discussed by Hartland on pages 255-332 of The Science of Fairy Tales" (London 1891).


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 the common understandings of men, and places the matter upon a practical footing. It seems evident that they refer to the renewal of the Church among mankind, after a long period of perversion. This renewal is to be effected by the Lord's revealing the true nature and genuine doctrines of His Holy Word: and who can deny that such a revelation would accomplish all that the predicted second coming can reasonably be expected to effect? The design of that event, as in similar cases, must be to communicate some advantage to the Church, and thereby to the world at large. All the special interpositions of the Lord in the affairs of men are for the purpose of promoting some blessing. What other object can He have in view, and by what other means than His Word can it be accomplished? As His coming in the clouds of heaven denotes the revelation of the Divine truth contained in the letter of His Word, so the "power and great glory," by which it is to be distinguished, signify the power of Divine goodness, and the splendour of Divine truth, which such a revelation will unfold. What other power, or what other glory, than that which is contained in His Word can He be solicitous that men should know? The Word is the medium by which the Lord communicates with His people: by that Word He enlightens, by that He judges, and by that He saves them.

To effect such a revelation a human instrument was necessary. The Lord at various times has mercifully made use of suitable persons to communicate His truth to the world; and the employment of these at one period has not set aside the necessity for similar engagements at another. The calling of Moses and Aaron did not supersede the necessity for the raising up the prophets, nor did the mission of the prophets dispense with the call of the apostles; and no one thinks that the selection of the twelve pre-


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Rh self after Efim; but towards home, with God's help, it was so easy that he felt no weariness at all. On he went right heartily, swinging his staff, and he went at the rate of seventy versts a day.

Elisyei got home. They gathered about him in the fields. Those at home rejoiced to see their old man. They began to ask him questions, they asked him this and that, why he had quitted his comrade, why he had not gone the whole way, why he had returned home. Elisyei did not satisfy them.

"It was not God's will," said he, "I lost my money on the road, and parted from my comrade. That's how I did not go. Forgive me, for Christ's sake."

And he gave his old woman the remainder of the money. Elisyei asked about household affairs. Everything was well, they had done all it behoved them to do, there was no waste in the housekeeping, and they had all lived in peace and harmony.

The same day those of Efim's household heard of Elisyei's return, and they came to ask about their old man. And to them also Elisyei said the same thing.

"Your old man," said he, "fared a-field in good health. We parted," said he, "three days before the Feast of Peter, then I wanted to catch him up again, but all sorts of things came in the way. Then I lost my money and had nothing to go on with, so I turned back."

The people were amazed. Such a wise man, and to do such a stupid thing. He set out and never arrived, but only lost his money! They wondered, and forgot all about it. And Elisyei forgot about it 181


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 joined by Billy Kirby, who came along the highway, with his axe under his arm, as much in advance of his team as Captain Hollister had been of his troops in the ascent. The wood-chopper was amazed at the military array, but the sheriff eagerly availed himself of this powerful reinforcement, and commanded his assistance in putting the laws in force. Billy held Mr. Jones in too much deference to object; and it was finally arranged that he should be the bearer of a summons to the garrison to surrender, before they proceeded to extremities. The troops now divided, one party being fed by the captain, over the Vision, and were brought in on the left of the cave, while the remainder advanced upon its right, under the orders of the lieutenant. Mr. Jones and Dr. Todd, for the surgeon was in attendance also, appeared on the platform of rock, immediately over the heads of the garrison, though out of their sight. Hiram thought this approaching too hear, and he therefore accompanied Kirby along the side of the hill, to within a safe distance of the fortifications, where he took shelter behind a tree. Most of the men discovered a wonderful accuracy of eye in bringing some object in range between them and their enemy, and the only two of the besiegers, who were left in plain sight of the besieged, were Captain Hollister on one side, and the wood-chopper on the other. The veteran stood up boldly to the front, supporting his heavy sword, in one undeviating position, with his eye fixed firmly on his enemy, while the huge form of Billy was placed in that kind of quiet repose, with either hand thrust into his bosom, bearing his axe under his right arm, which permitted him, like his own oxen, to rest standing. So far, not a word had been exchanged between the belligerents. The besieged had drawn together a pile of black logs and


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Tales from Tolstoi too. He set to work at home, helped his son to get in a store of winter fuel, helped the women to thresh the corn, thatched the barn, saw to the bees, gave ten hives of bees, with the increment, to his neighbour. His old woman would have concealed from him how many swarms had flown out of the hives that had been sold, but Elisyei himself knew which had swarmed and which had not, and gave the neighbour seventeen instead of ten hives. So Elisyei set his house in order, and sent his son to seek work, but he himself settled down for the winter to plait bast-shoes and carve out lasts for the cobblers.

The whole of that day, when Elisyei remained in the hut with the sick people, Efim waited for his companion. He went a little way on, and sat down. He waited and waited, nodded a bit, woke again, waited a little longer—and his comrade never came. He looked around him with all his eyes. The sun had already gone behind the wood, and there was no Elisyei.

"I wonder if he has passed me by," thought he, "or ridden by on some wagon, and I never observed it while I slept? But it was impossible not to have seen him. In the steppe we can see for a long distance. What's the good of going back," he thought, "when he's coming forward. We might miss each other, that would be worst of all. I'll go on, and we shall meet at our night-quarters." 182


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 cluded the necessity for Paul, who was not among them. Nor is there any evidence to show that the Lord would not employ other instruments in later times, if the necessity of His Church should require it. We believe, as we have endeavoured to show, that such a necessity had arrived towards the middle of the last century, and therefore we believe that such an instrument must have been provided. We accept Swedenborg as that instrument; we do this, after having carefully examined his claims, and found that his expositions of the Word, and his philosophy concerning the spiritual worlds, are such as to commend themselves to our reason, judgment, and conscience.

It is admitted, even by those who deny his mission, that he was a most extraordinary man, one whose capacities are not to be measured by any common standard of intellect: but it is objected that he was a visionary. We answer that we are not aware there is anything very odious in seeing visions. When they were enjoyed by holy men in ancient times they were regarded as a privilege, and we do not see why that privilege should be considered any disparagement in modern days. Paul saw visions, and so did some other of the apostles. When the Lord said that "young men should see visions," He surely did not intend that the fulfilment of it should be considered as a discreditable circumstance; on the contrary, He must have designed it as the means for imparting information concerning the spiritual world. Men may ridicule such means of instruction, but they cannot refute the fact of its necessity. And it is an indisputable truth that the illustrious person to whom we are alluding, has made known a spiritual sense of the Word, and shown the philosophy of it in a way that was never known before: his teachings are perfectly consistent with the high purposes of revelation and the re-


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 branches of trees, which they had formed into a chevaux-de-frize, making a little circular abbatis, in front of the entrance to the cave. As the ground was steep and slippery in every direction around the place, and Benjamin appeared behind the works on one side, and Natty on the other, the arrangement was by no means contemptible, especially as the front was sufficiently guarded by the difficulty of the approach. By this time, Kirby had received his orders, and he advanced coolly along the mountain, picking his way with the same indifference as if he were pursuing his ordinary business. When he was within a hundred feet of the works, the long and much dreaded rifle of the Leather-stocking was seen issuing from the parapet, and his voice cried aloud—

"Keep off! Billy Kirby, keep off! I wish ye no harm; but if a man of ye all comes a step nigher, there'll be blood spilt a-twixt us. God forgive the one that draws it first; but so it must be."

"Come, old chap," said Billy, good-naturedly, "don't be crabbed, but hear what a man has got to say. I've no concarn in the business, only to see right 'twixt man and man; and I don't kear the valie of a beetle-ring which gets the better; but there's Squire Doolittle, out yonder behind the beech sapling, he has invited me to come in and ask you to give up to the law—that's all."

"I see the varmint! I see his clothes!" cried the indignant Natty; "and if he'll only show so much flesh as will bury a rifle bullet, thirty to the pound, I'll make him feel me. Go away, Billy, I bid ye; you know my aim, and I bear you no malice."

"You over calkilate your aim, Natty," said the other, as he stepped behind a pine that stood near him, " if you think to shoot a man through


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 a tree with a three foot butt. I can lay this tree-top right across you, in ten minutes, by any man's watch, and in less time, too; so be civil—I want no more than what's right."

There was a simple seriousness in the countenance of Natty, that showed he was much in earnest; but it was, also, evident that he was reluctant to shed human blood. He answered the vaunt of the wood-chopper, by saying—

"I know you drop a tree where you will, Billy Kirby; but if you show a hand, or an arm, in doing it, there'll be bones to be set, and blood to stanch, I tell you. If it's only to get into the cave that ye want, wait till a two hour's sun, and you may enter it in welcome; but come in now you shall not. There's one dead body, already, lying on the cold rocks, and there's another in which the life can hardly be said to stay. If you will come in, there'll be dead without as well as within."

The wood-chopper stept out fearlessly from his cover, and cried—

"That's fair; and what's fair, is right. He wants you to stop till it's two hours to sun-down; and I see reason in the thing. A man can give up when he's wrong, if you don't crowd him too hard; but you crowd a man, and he gets to be like a stubborn ox—the more you beat, the worse he kicks."

The sturdy notions of independence maintained by Billy, neither suited the emergency, nor the impatience of Mr. Jones, who was burning with a desire to examine the hidden mysteries of the cave. He, therefore, interrupted this amicable dialogue with his own voice.

"I command you, Nathaniel Bumppo, by my authority, to surrender your person to the law," he cried. "And I command you, gentlemen, to


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 Chinese Marriages, as regarded by the Supreme Court of the Straits Settlements.

When Penang and Singapore were first settled by the English, they were for all practical purposes uninhabited islands or at all events they were without settled institutions, as our Courts here and the Privy Council in England have held. In either view the Colonists brought with them as part of their baggage the Common Law of England, which is the birth-right of every subject and is portable property. But they carried with them only so much of the English law as was applicable to their own situation and to the conditions and wants of the inhabitants of the new Settlements. Furthermore in applying such law as was so applicable the Courts had to modify it to suit the above circumstances.

A part of the Common Law so imported into the new Settlements was the Statute of Distributions which regulates the distribution of the estate of an intestate amongst his next of kin and it is in connection with the application of this Statute to the Chinese race that the Courts in their reported decisions have considered the Chinese institution of marriage.

This Statute (22 and 23 Car: 2. c. 10) was passed by a Christian legislature for a Christian people and doubtless without any thought of its ever being applied to non-Christian peoples but from the time that the English became a colonizing race and the principles of the Common Law as applying to our new territories became settled our Courts and lawyers held that the English laws of inheritance were part of the general law applicable to the new plantations as to which Blackstone is clear. The Statute of Distributions had, therefore, to be applied by the Judges in Penang and Singapore to the non-Christian and polygamous races in the Settlements over which their jurisdiction extended.

Now, the Statute contemplated marriage only in its Christian sense, that is to say, "the voluntary union for life of one man and one woman to the exclusion of all others", to use Lord Penzance's. classic definition in Hyde v Hyde and Woodmansee, L. R. 1 P. & D. 133. Further polygamy had always been considered by the jurists as outside the pale of Christian Courts and international comity, as to which more will be said later. How then were the Courts of the Colony to apply this Statute based on monogamy to a state of polygamy?


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 quirements of the Church; and they maintain throughout a rational dignity concerning spiritual things never before attained.

As then we are now aware of the meaning of the prophecy, and made acquainted with the medium through whom the explanation is obtained, our next step is to inquire concerning the evidences of its fulfilment. We see that the Lord's second coming is an occurrence by which the minds of men are to be affected, and through which the Church and society are to experience renovation. Every one who will fairly consider what is written above upon the subject, must see that this occurrence is designed to be the precursor of a new dispensation of religious teaching, and thus to establish a new condition of the Church and society in the world. Now are there any evidences of such remarkable changes taking place? If so, they may most reasonably be attributed to the accomplishment of the prophecy we are considering. Let us then look abroad, and observe what is transpiring.

It was seen in the chapter on the last judgment, that the Church, about the middle of the last century, had passed into such a state of corruption as to require, for the spiritual safety of mankind, a Divine interposition by means of a judgment. The nature of that judgment was explained; and it was shown that soon afterwards a variety of circumstances transpired which were of so extraordinary a nature, and the cause of so many calamities to the whole Christian world, that they could only be accounted for by considering them to be the results of a remarkable judgment executed upon the wicked. Those calamities were, as it were, the out-births of this event. But that state of things has now in a great measure passed away, and an entirely new condition of society has been established, a con-


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 Here was a Statute which spoke of one wife and gave to her a share in her intestate husband's estate: here was a Statute which, by common legal consent, when it spoke of children meant in England legitimate children to the exclusion of bastards and adopted children. How was such a Statute to be applied to the estate of a Chinese who died leaving a principal wife (t'sai) and several secondary wives (t'sip)? How was it to be applied to the adopted son of a Chinese when such a son by Chinese law and custom was as much legitimate as one born of the flesh? These and others were the knotty points which for the past hundred years the Courts of this Colony have had to settle and it is the purpose of this article to show from their recorded decisions how they have done so and how they have sought to justify themselves in so doing.

Penang was founded in 1786 and became a separate Presidency in 1805; in 1807 the Crown granted to it a Charter of Justice, which the lawyers here commonly call the first Charter. In 1819 Singapore was founded and in 1826 the Crown granted a second Charter of Justice to the two Settlements and to Malacca. These Charters contained clauses directing the Courts to have regard to the several religions, manners and customs of the inhabitants, and in particular to exercise their ecclesiastical jurisdiction only so far as such religions, manners and customs would permit.

In considering the question of the distribution of the estates of Chinese intestates our Judges had,, therefore, to bear in mind the words of the Charters as well as the general common law rule which required them to modify English laws to suit the condition of the inhabitants of the Settlements. There was also a further principle by which one at least of them allowed himself to he guided, that of international comity.

With these preliminary observations it will be possible now to pursue our main subject.

In 1843, sitting at Malacca, Sir William Norris (Recorder, 1836-1847) held that the adopted son and daughter of an intestate Chinese (who left behind him no widow or widows apparently) were jointly entitled to letters of administration to his estate in preference to his lawful nephew and that the assets were to be divided between them to the exclusion of the lawful nephew. Sir William based his decision upon the Charter of which he took the same view as had been expressed by Sir Benjamin Malkin (Recorder, 1838-1835) in the case of In the goods of Abdullah, 1835, 2 Ky. Ee. 8, where Sir Benjamin observed "In the general expression the Charter seems to have intended to give a certain de- gree of protection and indulgence to the various nations resorting here, not very clearly defined, yet perhaps easily enough applied in particular cases, but not generally to sanction or recognize their law."

We have to wait until 1858 for the next recorded decision. In that year Sir Benson Maxwell (Recorder, 1856-1866; Chief


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 aid me in performing my duty. Benjamin Penguillan, I arrest you, and order you to follow me to the gaol of the county, by virtue of this warrant."

"I'd follow ye, Squire Dickens," said Benjamin, removing the pipe from his mouth, (for during the whole scene the ex-major domo had been very composedly smoking,) "Ay! I'd sail in your wake, sir, to the end of the world, if-so-be that there was such a place, which there isn't, seeing that it's round. Now, mayhap, Master Hollister, having lived all your life on shore, you is'nt acquainted that the world, d'ye-see—"

"Surrender!" interrupted the veteran, in a voice that startled his hearers, and which actually caused his own forces to recoil several paces; "Surrender, Benjamin Penguillum, or expect no quarter."

"Damn your quarter," said Benjamin, rising from the log on which he was seated, and taking a squint along the barrel of the swivel, which had been brought on the hill, during the night, and now formed the means of defence on his side of the works. "Look you, Master, or Captain, thof I questions if ye know the name of a rope, except the one that's to hang ye, there's no need of singing out, just as if ye was hailing a deaf man on a top-gallant-yard. Mayhap you think you've got my true name in your sheep-skin; but what British sailor finds it worth while to sail in these seas, without a sham on his stern, in case of need, d'ye-see. If you call me Penguillan, you calls me by the name of the man on whose land, d'ye-see, I hove into daylight; and he was a gentleman; and that's more than my worst enemy will say of any of the family of Benjamin Stubbs."


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 Justice, 1867-1871), unaware of the above decision, decided that an adopted child was not entitled to share. In the course of his monumental judgment in Regina vs. Willans, 3 Journ. Ind. Archip. 41, and 3 Ky. 16, he reconsiders his decision in the light of Sir William Norris' view with which however he still disagrees. The law is now definitely settled as Sir Benson Maxwell held it and the final recorded decision is that of Sir Theodore Ford in 1877 in Khoo Tiang Bee et uxor vs. Tan Beng Gwat, 1 Ky, 413.

In Regina v Willans Sir Benson Maxwell went into the question of the recognition by our Courts of Asiatic laws and customs very fully. The following passages, perhaps, illustrate his views sufficiently:—

"The law of England, wheresoever administered, respects, either ex comitate or ex debito justitiae, the religious and usages of strange sects and nations to the extent to which the Charter requires that they shall be respected."

"It does not seem to me that the Charter has in any respect modified the law of England by any exceptional adaptation of it to the religions and usages of the East."

"Thus if a Mahomedan or Hindoo or Chinese marriage, celebrated here according to the religious ceremonies of the parties, be valid, it is not because the Charter makes it so for, as I have already observed, it makes no exception in favour of native contracts of any kind—but because the law of England recognizes it."

He then points out that the general rule of that law is that the validity of a marriage is to be determined by the lex loci celebrationis and cites a passage from the judgment of Lord Stowell in Dalrymple v Dalrymple, 2 Hagg: 59.

"But where the law of the place is inapplicable to the parties, by reason of peculiarities of religions opinions and usages, then from a sort of moral necessity, the validity of the marriage depends on whether it was performed according to the rites of their religion."

"In this place where the law of England has been for the first time brought to bear upon races among whom polygamy ras been established from the remotest antiquity, the Court has had to consider the question, and has always held polygamous marriages valid. Whether the local Judicature erred, or not, in coming to this decision, I do not stop to consider. It is enough to say that if it decided rightly, it is not because our Charter demands an exceptionally indulgent treatment of the question, but simply because the principle which makes the validity of a marriage to depend upon the religious of the parties, extends to polygamous marriages; while, if the Court has been wrong, it has erred, not in adopting a principle foreign to, and at variance with the law of England, but in stretching beyond its legitimate limits, a perfectly well established one."