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 [228A. Special provisions as to disposal of questions relating to constitutional validity of State laws.]– Omitted by the Constitution (Forty-third Amendment) Act, 1977, s. 10 (w.e.f.13-4-1978).

229. Officers and servants and the expenses of High Courts.—(1) Appointments of officers and servants of a High Court shall be made by the Chief Justice of the Court or such other Judge or officer ofthe Court as he may direct:

 * Provided that the Governor of the State *** may by rule require that in such cases as may be specified in the rule no person not already attached to the Court shall be appointed to any office connected with the Court save after consultation with the State Public Service Commission.

 * (2) Subject to the provisions of any law made by the Legislature of the State, the conditions of service of officers and servants of a High Court shall be such as may be prescribed by rules made by the Chief Justice of the Court or by some other Judge or officer of the Court authorised by the Chief Justice to make rules for the purpose:

 * Provided that the rules made under this clause shall, so far as they relate to salaries, allowances, leave or pensions, require the approval of the Governor of the State ***.

 * (3) The administrative expenses of a High Court, including all salaries, allowances and pensions payable to or in respect of the officers and servants of the Court, shall be charged upon the Consolidated Fund of the State, and any fees or other moneys taken by the Court shall form part of that Fund.

[230. Extension of jurisdiction of High Courts to Union territories.—(1) Parliament may by law extend the jurisdiction of a High Court to, or exclude the jurisdiction of a High Court from, any Union territory.

 * (2) Where the High Court of a State exercises jurisdiction in relation to a Union territory,—
 * (a) nothing in this Constitution shall be construed as empowering the Legislature of the State to increase, restrict or abolish that jurisdiction; and
 * (b) the reference in article 227 to the Governor shall, in relation to any rules, forms or tables for subordinate courts in that territory, be construed as a reference to the President.

231. Establishment of a common High Court for two or more States.—(1) Notwithstanding anything contained in the preceding provisions of this Chapter, Parliament may by law establish a common High Court for two or more States or for two or more States and a Union territory.

 * (2) In relation to any such High Court,—
 * [*****]

 * (b) the reference in article 227 to the Governor shall, in relation to any rules, forms or tables for subordinate courts, be construed as a reference to the Governor of the State in which the subordinate courts are situate; and
 * (c) the references in articles 219 and 229 to the State shall be construed as a reference to the State in which the High Court has its principal seat:


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 ::Provided that if such principal seat is in a Union territory, the references in articles 219 and 229 to the Governor, Public Service Commission, Legislature and Consolidated Fund of the State shall be construed respectively as references to the President, Union Public Service Commission, Parliament and Consolidated Fund of India.]

[232. Interpretation.-Articles 230, 231 and 232 substituted with articles 230 and 231 by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 16 (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).]

233. Appointment of district judges.—(1) Appointments of persons to be, and the posting and promotion of, district judges in any State shall be made by the Governor of the State in consultation with the High Court exercising jurisdiction in relation to such State.

 * (2) A person not already in the service of the Union or of the State shall only be eligible to be appointed a district judge if he has been for not less than seven years an advocate or a pleader and is recommended by the High Court for appointment.

['''233A. Validation of appointments of, and judgments, etc., delivered by, certain district judges.'''—Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any court,—
 * (a) (i) no appointment of any person already in the judicial service of a State or of any person who has been for not less than seven years an advocate or a pleader, to be a district judge in that State, and
 * (ii) no posting, promotion or transfer of any such person as a district judge,

made at any time before the commencement of the Constitution (Twentieth Amendment) Act, 1966, otherwise than in accordance with the provisions of article 233 or article 235 shall be deemed to be illegal or void or ever to have become illegal or void by reason only of the fact that such appointment, posting, promotion or transfer was not made in accordance with the said provisions;
 * (b) no jurisdiction exercised, no judgment, decree, sentence or order passed or made, and no other act or proceeding done or taken, before the commencement of the Constitution (Twentieth Amendment) Act, 1966 by, or before, any person appointed, posted, promoted or transferred as a district judge in any State otherwise than in accordance with the provisions of article 233 or article 235 shall be deemed to be illegal or invalid or ever to have become illegal or invalid by reason only of the fact that such appointment, posting, promotion or transfer was not made in accordance with the said provisions.]

234. Recruitment of persons other than district judges to the judicial service.—Appointments of persons other than district judges to the judicial service of a State shall be made by the Governor of the State in accordance with rules made by him in that behalf after consultation with the State Public Service Commission and with the High Court exercising jurisdiction in relation to such State.

235. Control over subordinate courts.—The control over district courts and courts subordinate thereto including the posting and promotion of, and the grant of leave to, persons belonging to the judicial service of a State and holding any post inferior to the post of district judge shall be vested in the High Court, but nothing in this article shall be construed as taking away from any such person any right of appeal which he may have under the law regulating the conditions of his service or as authorising the High Court to deal with him otherwise than in accordance with the conditions of his service prescribed under such law.

236. Interpretation.—In this Chapter—
 * (a) the expression “district judge” includes judge of a city civil court, additional district judge, joint district judge, assistant district judge, chief judge of a small cause court, chief presidency magistrate, additional chief presidency magistrate, sessions judge, additional sessions judge and assistant sessions Judge;
 * (b) the expression “judicial service” means a service consisting exclusively of persons intended to fill the post of district judge and other civil judicial posts inferior to the post of district judge.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text: Littell's Living Age/Volume 127/Issue 1646/The Military Future of Germany


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Rh 1853, in the Russo-Turkish struggle for the Danube — on the flank of the combatant powers, ready to come in and turn the scale which way she chose. Does it follow that she would readily join the league formed avowedly to humiliate in turn her own humiliator? Does it follow even that indecision would once more keep her in suspicious neutrality, ready to strike in and complete the ruin of Germany at the first sounds of disaster or even check of those legions that had hitherto known nothing but unbroken success? Far from it, as we believe. Happily for the world's peace, however feared and disliked Germany and her chancellor may be, there is little, as has been already briefly shown, in the sentiment towards them to recall the deadly hatred raised by the first empire. Russia can feel none of this. Austria certainly does not feel it as yet. It would require a repetition of Napoleon's mistakes to raise against Germany's rulers a new war of independence. Happy they, if by avoiding such crimes as that too lightly meditated three months since, they seek the truest protection of the newly-formed empire in such a just and moderate policy as shall find them friends in peace, and take from the unnatural alliance they dread all the reasonable excuse which would sanction and strengthen it with the approval of the world.

 From The Spectator.

"Life of Wesley" is one of the most interesting biographies in the language. It is the work of a thoroughly honest man, of a great master of English, and of a writer who, as far as conscientious diligence could make him, was well acquainted with his subject. There was much, however, in the extraordinary movement which owed its origin to Wesley with which Southey was scarcely competent to deal, and we meet sometimes with observations curiously inconsistent with the author's character as an orthodox Christian and sound Churchman. But the "Life" loses nothing of its charm from faults like these; and Coleridge, who in his notes on the work pointed out Southey's errors of judgment, has declared that the volumes were oftener in his hands than any other in his "ragged book-regiment." "How many and many an hour of self-oblivion," he adds, "do I owe to this 'Life of Wesley;' and how often have I argued with it, questioned, remonstrated, been peevish, and asked pardon — then again listened, and cried, 'Right!' 'Excellent!' — and in yet heavier hours entreated it, as it were, to continue talking to me — for that I heard and listened, and was soothed, though I could make no reply."

Wesley's remarkable career, and the marvellous work which he achieved, have afforded a fruitful field of discussion from his own day to the present. He was a dogmatist, a controversialist, a theologian of untiring energy, who loved his least-important opinion better than his best friend; a man of undaunted courage, of acute though not of profound intellect; an enthusiast, as every man must be who achieves great results in the face of great opposition; and he possessed the power, common to all born rulers, of attracting every one who came within his influence. As an orator he was surpassed by Whitefield, but in intellectual strength, in breadth of culture, in administrative skill, Wesley was beyond comparison superior to his friend. In any department of life demanding vast energy and organizing power Wesley would have achieved success, and though his chief gifts lay in action, there are indications that he might, had he pleased, have attained a considerable reputation as a man of letters. Methodism, it may be observed, has produced no literature of abiding value. A few of Charles Wesley's hymns take rank, indeed, with the best in the language, and are likely to form a permanent portion of our hymnody, but beyond these we know of nothing amidst the vast number of publications issued by this body which has an interest for readers who do not belong to it. Books of a devotional character have been issued from the Methodist press by hundreds and by thousands, and are probably read by Wesleyans; but even of books like these we do not know one which, like the "Holy Living" of Taylor, the "Saint's Rest" of Baxter, or the splendid allegory of Bunyan, has obtained universal recognition. Wesley himself was a prolific writer. He appears always to have had some work on hand, and what he began he was certain to complete. Although during a great part of his life he travelled from four to five thousand miles yearly on horseback or in a carriage, and generally preached twice every day, his brain and pen were far from idle. He made use of


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 only love! Live for me, triumph for me! Alas, I could do no more than dream!

. Yes, I shall triumph; but first it is necessary to destroy the facts, to trample reality under foot. The baby Prince of Suavia is dead. The old Emperor abdicates the crown

. Then Prince Florencio…

. Prince Florencio is dead.

. Dead?

. Yes, he is dead, murdered last night—before my eyes. No, I killed him myself.

. You! What are you talking about, Imperia? Are you mad?

. Yes, I—I did it! Or what is the same thing, it was my Donina, my child! She was defending her youth, her innocence, her love. It was the vengeance of all of us who had fallen by him before. Don't you believe it? Look! this is his dagger, a precious stiletto, a work of art, exquisitely damascened. The handle is gold, set with jewels. He was playing with it, half caressing, half threatening her. "Would you dare to kill me?" he asked her. "A kiss first and it is yours." And he offered her the handle like a jewel. My Donina, when she felt that kiss, plunged the blade into his heart. No, I am not dreaming, these are not phantoms of the witches' lair. Do you remember? When we parted, I told you it was Saturday Night. Well, its horrible phantoms have followed me back into life, they hover about the room. Do you want to see him? He is here. Harry Lucenti is watching the corpse.

. But it cannot be possible! These things cannot have happened. Nightmares, hallucinations!

. At first I thought so myself. When I came home, I forgot everything. A moment ago and I was laugh-


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 ing and talking with the Countess; it all seemed so unreal and far away—spectres from the other world, phantoms of our witches' souls. But it is the truth, Leonardo; it is the truth!

. But what are you going to do? They will find out…

. I am not afraid. I shall fight; I shall win. Phantoms cannot frighten me. They will be here in a moment; perhaps they already know. You see, I am calm. They will say nothing. You will see…

. No, Imperia, you are trembling. What is that you are staring at?

. No, no! I am calm. Hush! They are here…

. They must know.

. I shall tell them if they do not.

. Imperia, the Signor Prefect wishes to speak with you. Pardon, Leonardo, I did not know you were here.

. Highness…

. [To the ] Leonardo will retire with me, if you prefer to see her alone.

. No, I prefer that he remain during the examination. I assume the Signor Prefect wishes to examine me?

. As you see.

. Then I prefer to answer in the presence of my friends. Otherwise, the authority of the Signor Prefect might prove intimidating.

. Unfortunately, indications that something serious has happened to Prince Florencio multiply every moment. No one has seen him this morning. It has been impossible to ascertain where he is.

. It is known that last night he was at Cecco's


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 tavern. Here is the list of the persons who were there—the complete list. Will you look it over? Is there any one missing?

. No one.

. Your name is on the list.

. That proves that the Signore is well served by his police.

. Then it may be true also that the Prince left the tavern shortly before daybreak, somewhat intoxicated, as it seems, supported by Harry Lucenti and the proprietor of the tavern. He was lifted into your carriage, and driven to your house. Shortly afterward, you returned in the company of a girl named Donina, a circus performer, with whom you must have some connection, as this is not the first time you have been seen with her.

. The Signore knows who Donina is; he is informed of your relationship.

. I am informed of everything. Except for the persons who, without doubt, are now in this house, all those who were with the Prince last night are under surveillance as a matter of precaution. The affair is a delicate one. Any indiscretion might compromise persons of quality, who are not to be treated like ordinary offenders. I am questioning you as a friend, Signora. Those who were present assure me that the Prince left the tavern at the same time that you did, as I have already said. Well? Is this an amorous adventure? Or a political intrigue? Is it true that Prince Florencio is now in your house?

. Prince Florencio is in my house. I brought him home with me. But I brought him home dead.

. Dead!

. Dead!

. Yes, Prince Florencio has committed suicide.


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 '''237. Application of the provisions of this Chapter to certain class or classes of magistrates.'''—The Governor may by public notification direct that the foregoing provisions of this Chapter and any rules made thereunder shall with effect from such date as may be fixed by him in that behalf apply in relation to any class or classes of magistrates in the State as they apply in relation to persons appointed to the judicial service of the State subject to such exceptions and modifications as may be specified in the notification.   —[The States in Part B of the First Schedule]. ''Omitted by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 29 and Sch. (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).''

238. [Application of provisions of Part VI to States in Part B of the First Schedule.]–''Omitted by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 29 and Sch. (w.e.f. 1-11-1956)''.

[239. Administration of Union territories.—(1) Save as otherwise provided by Parliament by law, every Union territory shall be administered by the President acting, to such extent as he thinks fit, through an administrator to be appointed by him with such designation as he may specify.

(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in Part VI, the President may appoint the Governor of a State as the administrator of an adjoining Union territory, and where a Governor is so appointed, he shall exercise his functions as such administrator independently of his Council of Ministers.]

['''239A. Creation of local Legislatures or Council of Ministers or both for certain Union territories.'''—(1) Parliament may by law create [for the Union territory of [Puducherry—]]
 * (a) a body, whether elected or partly nominated and partly elected, to function as a Legislature for the Union territory, or
 * (b) a Council of Ministers, or both with such constitution, powers and functions, in each case, as may be specified in the law.

(2) Any such law as is referred to in clause (1) shall not be deemed to be an amendment of this Constitution for the purposes of article 368 notwithstanding that it contains any provision which amends or has the effect of amending this Constitution.]

['''239AA. Special provisions with respect to Delhi.'''—(1) As from the date of commencement of the Constitution (Sixty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1991, the Union territory of Delhi shall be called the National Capital Territory of Delhi (hereafter in this Part referred to as the National Capital Territory) and the administrator thereof appointed under article 239 shall be designated as the Lieutenant Governor.

(2) (a) There shall be a Legislative Assembly for the National Capital Territory and the seats in such Assembly shall be filled by members chosen by direct election from territorial constituencies in the National Capital Territory.

(b) The total number of seats in the Legislative Assembly, the number of seats reserved for Scheduled Castes, the division of the National Capital Territory into territorial constituencies (including the basis for


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. What is that, Signora?

. Impossible!

. What are you doing?

. [Firmly] He has committed suicide. In spite of everything you may know, in spite of everything you may discover, this is and will remain the truth.

. But it is utterly out of the question. There is nothing whatever to indicate it.

. Come! We shall see…

. No! Hear me first. He was murdered; that is the truth—I was there; I saw it with my own eyes. But nobody can be held responsible for his death. If you attempt to investigate, to punish it, to lay bare the facts, the facts will become involved in falsehood, and calumny and infamy and lies will entangle us all in the crime, from those miscreants whose very faces betray the degeneracy of this contemptible Prince, to the Emperor of Suavia himself, who might very well have suborned an assassin to relieve himself of the incubus of such an heir to the crown,. [sic]

. Infamous!

. Signora!

. Yes, I was there—your mistress, the mistress of the heir to the throne! But nobody knows why I was there. I can accuse myself, I can accuse you. The Prince had his adherents in Suavia. The halo of martyrdom would set very well upon his brow. If you wish to undeceive the world, to proclaim the truth—very well. Proclaim it. And I will proclaim it, too. Let us tell the life that he led, expose his vices, his crimes, and fix a stain upon his memory, until the contempt and scorn of the world overwhelms you all, and the rest of his kind, partners in his infamies.

. Your Highness…


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. But what is this?

. Highness, the Princess has learned that her son is in this house; she insists upon seeing him. It is impossible to hold her back…

. No! Take her away! At once!

. Yes, don't permit her… Don't allow her to know...

. Do you think they will not tell?

. No, they are afraid. The truth frightens them. I know what his life was, don't you see?—his vices, his crimes, his intrigues. They will not tell—my silence for theirs. The Prince was not murdered; nobody is to blame for his death. It was an accident, a debauch. Don't you see? It is possible to destroy the facts, to triumph over them. Before love, they vanish like a dream.

. [From an inner room] Let me go! Let me go! [Entering] Mother! Mother!…

. Is this your child?

. Yes, my child. Why do you run out? You are trembling.

. Help me! Hide me! I am afraid. I don't want to live, I don't want them to see me, to speak to me. I shan't answer. I shan't say a word!

. Leonardo, take her away—far away.

. We should be seen; it is impossible to escape.

. Let them kill me! I don't care. I saw him again! Oh, I saw him! And I shall see him always…

. You?

. Yes, I woke up trembling all over. I wanted to


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 ::such division) and all other matters relating to the functioning of the Legislative Assembly shall be regulated by law made by Parliament.
 * (c) The provisions of articles 324 to 327 and 329 shall apply in relation to the National Capital Territory, the Legislative Assembly of the National Capital Territory and the members thereof as they apply, in relation to a State, the Legislative Assembly of a State and the members thereof respectively; and any reference in articles 326 and 329 to “appropriate Legislature” shall be deemed to be a reference to Parliament.

 * (3) (a) Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, the Legislative Assembly shall have power to make laws for the whole or any part of the National Capital Territory with respect to any of the matters enumerated in the State List or in the Concurrent List in so far as any such matter is applicable to Union territories except matters with respect to Entries 1, 2 and 18 of the State List and Entries 64, 65 and 66 of that List in so far as they relate to the said Entries 1, 2 and 18.

 * (b) Nothing in sub-clause (a)shall derogate from the powers of Parliament under this Constitution to make laws with respect to any matter for a Union territory or any part thereof.
 * (c) If any provision of a law made by the Legislative Assembly with respect to any matter is repugnant to any provision of a law made by Parliament with respect to that matter, whether passed before or after the law made by the Legislative Assembly, or of an earlier law, other than a law made by the Legislative Assembly, then, in either case, the law made by Parliament, or, as the case may be, such earlier law, shall prevail and the law made by the Legislative Assembly shall, to the extent of the repugnancy, be void:

 * Provided that if any such law made by the Legislative Assembly has been reserved for the consideration of the President and has received his assent, such law shall prevail in the National Capital Territory:
 * Provided further that nothing in this sub-clause shall prevent Parliament from enacting at any time any law with respect to the same matter including a law adding to, amending, varying or repealing the law so made by the Legislative Assembly.

 * (4) There shall be a Council of Ministers consisting of not more than ten per cent. of the total number of members in the Legislative Assembly, with the Chief Minister at the head to aid and advise the Lieutenant Governor in the exercise of his functions in relation to matters with respect to which the Legislative Assembly has power to make laws, except in so far as he is, by or under any law, required to act in his discretion:

 * Provided that in the case of difference of opinion between the Lieutenant Governor and his Ministers on any matter, the Lieutenant Governor shall refer it to the President for decision and act according to the decision given thereon by the President and pending such decision it shall be competent for the Lieutenant Governor in any case where the matter, in his opinion, is so urgent that it is necessary for him to take immediate action, to take such action or to give such direction in the matter as he deems necessary.

 * (5) The Chief Minister shall be appointed by the President and other Ministers shall be appointed by the President on the advice of the Chief Minister and the Ministers shall hold office during the pleasure of the President.

 * (6) The Council of Ministers shall be collectively responsible to the Legislative Assembly.

 * [(7) (a)] Parliament may, by law, make provisions for giving effect to, or supplementing the provisions contained in the foregoing clauses and for all matters incidental or consequential thereto.

 * [(b)Any such law as is referred to in sub-clause (a) shall not be deemed to be an amendment of this Constitution for the purposes of article 368 notwithstanding that it contains any provision which amends or has the effect of amending, this Constitution.]

 * (8) The provisions of article 239B shall, so far as may be, apply in relation to the National Capital Territory, the Lieutenant Governor and the Legislative Assembly, as they apply in relation to the Union


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 get away, so I ran out without thinking. And I saw him! Oh, I saw him!—and I shall see him always! I shall go mad!

. What is that? Silence! Do you hear, Leonardo?

. Yes, it is the Princess. She is crying.

. No, no, don't you listen to her! It is nothing.

. Yes, she is crying! His mother is crying! I can hear her cry. Ah! She is coming nearer, nearer—all the time nearer…

. She is coming this way. Surely they will not permit…

. Wait! No… They are passing by. Come! Let us go! Let us leave this place!

. Do you hear her call? "My boy! My boy!"

. Come away!

. No! I shall hear her always… always! "My boy! My boy!"…

. I can bear it no longer. They were not phantoms, Leonardo; we cannot destroy the facts, they are too strong for us. They creep back into our lives and overwhelm us in the end. This mother weeping for her boy, this child dying of grief and remorse—they chill my blood, they freeze me to the bone! I can do no more. Let what will come, come.

. No, Imperia, your will is strong. Don't throw your life away. Fight on, and triumph!

. No, no, it is too late! Don't think of me! Save Donina, Leonardo! Save Donina!

Curtain


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 :territory of [Puducherry], the administrator and its Legislature, respectively; and any reference in that article to “clause (1) of article 239A” shall be deemed to be a reference to this article or article 239AB, as the case may be.

'''239AB. Provision in case of failure of constitutional machinery.'''—If the President, on receipt of a report from the Lieutenant Governor or otherwise, is satisfied—
 * (a)that a situation has arisen in which the administration of the National Capital Territory cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of article 239AA or of any law made in pursuance of that article; or
 * (b)that for the proper administration of the National Capital Territory it is necessary or expedient so to do,

the President may by order suspend the operation of any provision of article 239AA or of all or any of the provisions of any law made in pursuance of that article for such period and subject to such conditions as may be specified in such law and make such incidental and consequential provisions as may appear to him to be necessary or expedient for administering the National Capital Territory in accordance with the provisions of article 239 and article 239AA.]

['''239B. Power of administrator to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Legislature.'''—(1) If at any time, except when the Legislature of [the Union territory of [Puducherry]] is in session, the administrator thereof is satisfied that circumstances exist which render it necessary for him to take immediate action, he may promulgate such Ordinances as the circumstances appear to him to require:

 * Provided that no such Ordinance shall be promulgated by the administrator except after obtaining instructions from the President in that behalf:

Provided further that whenever the said Legislature is dissolved, or its functioning remains suspended on account of any action taken under any such law as is referred to in clause (1) of article 239A, the administrator shall not promulgate any Ordinance during the period of such dissolution or suspension.

 * (2) An Ordinance promulgated under this article in pursuance of instructions from the President shall be deemed to be an Act of the Legislature of the Union territory which has been duly enacted after complying with the provisions in that behalf contained in any such law as is referred to in clause (1) of article 239A, but every such Ordinance—
 * (a) shall be laid before the Legislature of the Union territory and shall cease to operate at the expiration of six weeks from the reassembly of the Legislature or if, before the expiration of that period, a resolution disapproving it is passed by the Legislature, upon the passing of the resolution; and

 * (b) may be withdrawn at any time by the administrator after obtaining instructions from the President in that behalf.

 * (3) If and so far as an Ordinance under this article makes any provision which would not be valid if enacted in an Act of the Legislature of the Union territory made after complying with the provisions in that behalf contained in any such law as is referred to in clause (1) of article 239A, it shall be void.]

240. Power of President to make regulations for certain Union territories.—(1) The President may make regulations for the peace, progress and good government of the Union territory of—
 * (a) the Andaman and Nicobar Islands;


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Runo XIV]

the lively Lemminkainen

Deeply pondered and reflected,

On the path that he should follow,

Whither he should turn his footsteps,

Should he leave the elk of Hiisi,

And direct his journey homewards,

Should he make another effort,

And pursue the chase on snowshoes,

With the Forest-Queen’s permission,

And the favour of the wood-nymphs?

Then he spoke the words which follow,

And in words like these expressed him:

“Ukko, thou of Gods the highest,

Gracious Father in the heavens,

Make me now two better snowshoes,

Leather snowshoes fit for sliding,

That I glide upon them swiftly

Over land and over marshes,

Glide throughout the land of Hiisi,

And across the heaths of Pohja,

There to chase the elk of Hiisi,

And to catch the nimble reindeer.

“In the wood alone I wander,

Toil without another hero,

Through the pathways of Tapiola,

And beside the home of Tapio.

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 * [(b) Lakshadweep;]

 * [(c) Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu;]

 * [(d) ***;]

 * [(e) [Puducherry];]

 * (f) ***

 * (g) ***

 * [Provided that when any body is created under article 239A to function as a Legislature for the [Union territory of [Puducherry]], the President shall not make any regulation for the peace, progress and good government of that Union territory with effect from the date appointed for the first meeting of the Legislature:]

 * [Provided further that whenever the body functioning as a Legislature for the Union territory of Puducherry is dissolved, or the functioning of that body as such Legislature remains suspended on account of any action taken under any such law as is referred to in clause (1) of article 239A, the President may, during the period of such dissolution or suspension, make regulations for the peace, progress and good government of that Union territory.]

 * (2) Any regulation so made may repeal or amend any Act made by Parliament or [any other law], which is for the time being applicable to the Union territory and, when promulgated by the President, shall have the same force and effect as an Act of Parliament which applies to that territory.]

241. High Courts for Union territories—(1) Parliament may by law constitute a High Court for a [Union territory] or declare any court in any [such territory] to be a High Court for all or any of the purposes of this Constitution.

 * (2) The provisions of Chapter V of Part VI shall apply in relation to every High Court referred to in clause (1) as they apply in relation to a High Court referred to in article 214 subject to such modifications or exceptions as Parliament may by law provide.

 * [(3) Subject to the provisions of this Constitution and to the provisions of any law of the appropriate Legislature made by virtue of powers conferred on that Legislature by or under this Constitution, every High Court exercising jurisdiction immediately before the commencement of the Constitution (Seventh


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 the case of Sir Eliphaz one little bit. These unknown things, as they become known, will join on to the things we do know. They'll complicate or perhaps simplify our ideas, but they won't contradict our general ideas. They'll be things in the system. They won't get you out of the grip of the arguments Mr. Huss has brought forward. So far, so far as concerns your Immortality, Sir Eliphaz, I am, you see, entirely with Mr. Huss. It's a fancy; it's a dream. As a fancy it's about as pretty as creaking boards at bedtime; as a dream—it's unattractive. As Mr. Huss has said.

"But when it comes to Mr. Huss and his Immortality then I find myself with you, gentlemen. That too is a dream. Less than a dream. Less even than a fancy; it's a play on words. Here is this Undying Flame, this Spirit of God in man; it's in him, he says, it's in you, Sir Eliphaz, it's in you, Mr.—Dad, wasn't it? it's in this other gentleman whose name I didn't quite catch; and it's in me. Well, it's extraordinary that none of us know of it except Mr. Huss. How you feel about it I don't know, but personally I object to being made part of God and one with Mr. Huss without my consent in this way. I prefer to remain myself. That may be egotism, but I am by nature an egotistical creature. And Agnostic

"You've got me talking now, and I may as well go through with it. What is an Agnostic really? A man who accepts fully the limitations of the human intelligence, who takes the world as he finds it, and who takes himself as he finds himself and declines to go further. There may be other universes and


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 Amendment) Act, 1956, in relation to any Union territory shall continue to exercise such jurisdiction in relation to that territory after such commencement.

(4) Nothing in this article derogates from the power of Parliament to extend or exclude the jurisdiction of a High Court for a State to, or from, any Union territory or part thereof.]

242. [Coorg.].–''Omitted by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 29 and Sch. (w.e.f. 111-1956)''.

243. Definitions.—In this Part, unless the context otherwise requires,—
 * (a) “district” means a district in a State;
 * (b) “Gram Sabha” means a body consisting of persons registered in the electoral rolls relating to a village comprised within the area of Panchayat at the village level;
 * (c) “intermediate level” means a level between the village and district levels specified by the Governor of a State by public notification to be the intermediate level for the purposes of this Part;
 * (d) “Panchayat” means an institution (by whatever name called) of self-government constituted under article 243B, for the rural areas;
 * (e) “Panchayat area” means the territorial area of a Panchayat;
 * (f) “Population” means the population as ascertained at the last preceding census of which the relevant figures have been published;
 * (g) “village” means a village specified by the Governor by public notification to be a village for the purposes of this Part and includes a group of villages so specified.

'''243A. Gram Sabha.'''—A Gram Sabha may exercise such powers and perform such functions at the village level as the Legislature of a State may, by law, provide.

'''243B. Constitution of Panchayats.'''—(1) There shall be constituted in every State, Panchayats at the village, intermediate and district levels in accordance with the provisions of this Part.

(2) Notwithstanding anything in clause (1), Panchayats at the intermediate level may not be constituted in a State having a population not exceeding twenty lakhs.

'''243C. Composition of Panchayats.'''—(1) Subject to the provisions of this Part, the Legislature of a State may, by law, make provisions with respect to the composition of Panchayats:

Provided that the ratio between the population of the territorial area of a Panchayat at any level and the number of seats in such Panchayat to be filled by election shall, so far as practicable, be the same throughout the State.

(2) All the seats in a Panchayat shall be filled by persons chosen by direct election from territorial constituencies in the Panchayat area and, for this purpose, each Panchayat area shall be divided into territorial constituencies in such manner that the ratio between the population of each constituency and the number of seats allotted to it shall, so far as practicable, be the same throughout the Panchayat area.

(3) The Legislature of a State may, by law, provide for the representation—


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 :(a) of the Chairpersons of the Panchayats at the village level, in the Panchayats at the intermediate level or, in the case of a State not having Panchayats at the intermediate level, in the Panchayats at the district level;
 * (b) of the Chairpersons of the Panchayats at the intermediate level, in the Panchayats at the district level;
 * (c) of the members of the House of the People and the members of the Legislative Assembly of the State representing constituencies which comprise wholly or partly a Panchayat area at a level other than the village level, in such Panchayat;
 * (d) of the members of the Council of States and the members of the Legislative Council of the State, where they are registered as electors within—
 * (i) a Panchayat area at the intermediate level, in Panchayat at the intermediate level;
 * (ii) a Panchayat area at the district level, in Panchayat at the district level.

(4) The Chairperson of a Panchayat and other members of a Panchayat whether or not chosen by direct election from territorial constituencies in the Panchayat area shall have the right to vote in the meetings of the Panchayats.

(5) The Chairperson of—
 * (a) a Panchayat at the village level shall be elected in such manner as the Legislature of a State may, by law, provide; and
 * (b) a Panchayat at the intermediate level or district level shall be elected by, and from amongst, the elected members thereof.

'''243D. Reservation of seats.'''—(1) Seats shall be reserved for—
 * (a) the Scheduled Castes; and
 * (b) the Scheduled Tribes,

in every Panchayat and the number of seats so reserved shall bear, as nearly as may be, the same proportion to the total number of seats to be filled by direct election in that Panchayat as the population of the Scheduled Castes in that Panchayat area or of the Scheduled Tribes in that Panchayat area bears to the total population of that area and such seats may be allotted by rotation to different constituencies in a Panchayat.

(2) Not less than one-third of the total number of seats reserved under clause (1) shall be reserved for women belonging to the Scheduled Castes or, as the case may be, the Scheduled Tribes.

(3) Not less than one-third (including the number of seats reserved for women belonging to the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes) of the total number of seats to be filled by direct election in every Panchayat shall be reserved for women and such seats may be allotted by rotation to different constituencies in a Panchayat.

(4) The offices of the Chairpersons in the Panchayats at the village or any other level shall be reserved for the Scheduled Castes, the Scheduled Tribes and women in such manner as the Legislature of a State may, by law, provide:

Provided that the number of offices of Chairpersons reserved for the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes in the Panchayats at each level in any State shall bear, as nearly as may be, the same proportion to the total number of such offices in the Panchayats at each level as the population of the Scheduled Castes in the State or of the Scheduled Tribes in the State bears to the total population of the State:

Provided further that not less than one-third of the total number of offices of Chairpersons in the


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138

Welcome, wooded slopes and mountains,

Welcome to the rustling pinewoods,

Welcome to the grey head aspens,

And to all who greet me, welcome!

“Be propitious wood and thicket,

Gracious Tapio, do thou aid me,

Bring the hero to the islands,

To the hills in safety lead him,

Where he can attain the quarry,

Whence he may bring back the booty.

“Nyyrikki, O son of Tapio,

Thou the mighty red-capped hero,

Blaze the path across the country,

And erect me wooden guide-posts,

That I trace this evil pathway,

And pursue the rightful roadway,

While I seek my destined quarry,

And the booty I am seeking.

“Mielikki, the forest’s mistress,

Thou the mighty, fair-faced mother!

Let thy gold now wander onward,

And thy silver set in motion,

Right before the man who seeks it,

On the pathway of the seeker.

“Take the keys of gold, suspended

By the ring that hangs beside thee,

Open thou the stores of Tapio,

And his castle in the forest,

During this my hunting-season,

While I hunt in distant regions.

“If thyself thou wilt not trouble,

Strictly charge thy little maidens,

Send thy serving maidens to me,

Give thy orders to thy servants!

If thou canst not be my hostess,

Do thou not forbid thy maidens,

For thou hast a hundred maidens,

And a thousand at thy orders,

Those on all thy herds attending,

Likewise all thy game protecting.

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 Panchayats at each level shall be reserved for women: Provided also that the number of offices reserved under this clause shall be allotted by rotation to different Panchayats at each level.

(5) The reservation of seats under clauses (1) and (2) and the reservation of offices of Chairpersons (other than the reservation for women) under clause (4) shall cease to have effect on the expiration of the period specified in article 334.

(6) Nothing in this Part shall prevent the Legislature of a State from making any provision for reservation of seats in any Panchayat or offices of Chairpersons in the Panchayats at any level in favour of backward class of citizens.

'''243E. Duration of Panchayats, etc.'''—(1) Every Panchayat, unless sooner dissolved under any law for the time being in force, shall continue for five years from the date appointed for its first meeting and no longer.

(2) No amendment of any law for the time being in force shall have the effect of causing dissolution of a Panchayat at any level, which is functioning immediately before such amendment, till the expiration of its duration specified in clause (1).

(3) An election to constitute a Panchayat shall be completed—
 * (a) before the expiry of its duration specified in clause (1);
 * (b) before the expiration of a period of six months from the date of its dissolution:

Provided that where the remainder of the period for which the dissolved Panchayat would have continued is less than six months, it shall not be necessary to hold any election under this clause for constituting the Panchayat for such period.

(4) A Panchayat constituted upon the dissolution of a Panchayat before the expiration of its duration shall continue only for the remainder of the period for which the dissolved Panchayat would have continued under clause (1) had it not been so dissolved.

'''243F. Disqualifications for membership.'''—(1) A person shall be disqualified for being chosen as, and for being, a member of a Panchayat—
 * (a) if he is so disqualified by or under any law for the time being in force for the purposes of elections to the Legislature of the State concerned:

 * Provided that no person shall be disqualified on the ground that he is less than twenty-five years of age, if he has attained the age of twenty-one years;

(b) if he is so disqualified by or under any law made by the Legislature of the State.

(2) If any question arises as to whether a member of a Panchayat has become subject to any of the disqualifications mentioned in clause (1), the question shall be referred for the decision of such authority and in such manner as the Legislature of a State may, by law, provide.

'''243G. Powers, authority and responsibilities of Panchayats.'''—Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, the Legislature of a State may, by law, endow the Panchayats with such powers and authority as may be necessary to enable them to function as institutions of self-government and such law may contain provisions for the devolution of powers and responsibilities upon Panchayats at the appropriate level, subject to such conditions as may be specified therein, with respect to—
 * (a) the preparation of plans for economic development and social justice;


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Runo XIV]

“Little maiden of the forest,

Tapio’s girl, with mouth of honey,

Play upon thy flute of honey,

Whistle through thy pipe of honey,

In thy noble mistress’ hearing,

Gracious queen of all the forest,

That she soon may hear the music,

And from her repose may rouse her,

For she does not hear at present,

And she but awakens rarely,

Though I supplicate for ever,

With my golden tongue imploring!”

Then the lively Lemminkainen

Wandered on, but found no booty,

Glided through the plains and marshes,

Glided through the trackless forests,

Where has Jumala his soot-hills,

To the charcoal heaths of Hiisi.

Thus he skated one day, two days,

And at length upon the third day,

Came he to a lofty mountain,

Where he climbed a rock stupendous,

And he turned his eyes to north-west,

To the north across the marshes,

And he saw the farms of Tapio,

With the doors all golden shining,

To the north, across the marshes,

On the slope among the thickets.

Then the lively Lemminkainen

Quickly to the spot approaching,

Pushed his way through all obstructions,

Under Tapio’s very windows.

And he looked while stooping forward,

In the sixth among the windows.

There were resting game-dispensers,

Matrons of the woods reposing,

All were in their work-day garments,

And with filthy rags were covered.

Said the lively Lemminkainen,

“Wherefore, Mistress of the Forest,

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 :(b) the implementation of schemes for economic development and social justice as may be entrusted to them including those in relation to the matters listed in the Eleventh Schedule.

'''243H. Powers to impose taxes by, and Funds of, the Panchayats.'''—The Legislature of a State may, by law,—
 * (a) authorise a Panchayat to levy, collect and appropriate such taxes, duties, tolls and fees in accordance with such procedure and subject to such limits;
 * (b) assign to a Panchayat such taxes, duties, tolls and fees levied and collected by the State Government for such purposes and subject to such conditions and limits;
 * (c) provide for making such grants-in-aid to the Panchayats from the Consolidated Fund of the State; and
 * (d) provide for constitution of such Funds for crediting all moneys received, respectively, by or on behalf of the Panchayats and also for the withdrawal of such moneys therefrom, as may be specified in the law.

'''243-I. Constitution of Finance Commission to review financial position.'''—(1) The Governor of a State shall, as soon as may be within one year from the commencement of the Constitution (Seventy-third Amendment) Act, 1992, and thereafter at the expiration of every fifth year, constitute a Finance Commission to review the financial position of the Panchayats and to make recommendations to the Governor as to—
 * (a) the principles which should govern—
 * (i) the distribution between the State and the Panchayats of the net proceeds of the taxes, duties, tolls and fees leviable by the State, which may be divided between them under this Part and the allocation between the Panchayats at all levels of their respective shares of such proceeds;
 * (ii) the determination of the taxes, duties, tolls and fees which may be assigned to, or appropriated by, the Panchayats;
 * (iii) the grants-in-aid to the Panchayats from the Consolidated Fund of the State;

 * (b) the measures needed to improve the financial position of the Panchayats;
 * (c) any other matter referred to the Finance Commission by the Governor in the interests of sound finance of the Panchayats.

(2) The Legislature of a State may, by law, provide for the composition of the Commission, the qualifications which shall be requisite for appointment as members thereof and the manner in which they shall be selected.

(3) The Commission shall determine their procedure and shall have such powers in the performance of their functions as the Legislature of the State may, by law, confer on them.

(4) The Governor shall cause every recommendation made by the Commission under this article together with an explanatory memorandum as to the action taken thereon to be laid before the Legislature of the State.

'''243J. Audit of accounts of Panchayats.'''—The Legislature of a State may, by law, make provisions with respect to the maintenance of accounts by the Panchayats and the auditing of such accounts.

'''243K. Elections to the Panchayats.'''—(1) The superintendence, direction and control of the preparation of electoral rolls for, and the conduct of, all elections to the Panchayats shall be vested in a State Election Commission consisting of a State Election Commissioner to be appointed by the Governor.

(2) Subject to the provisions of any law made by the Legislature of a State, the conditions of service and tenure of office of the State Election Commissioner shall be such as the Governor may by rule determine:


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 Provided that the State Election Commissioner shall not be removed from his office except in like manner and on the like grounds as a Judge of a High Court and the conditions of service of the State Election Commissioner shall not be varied to his disadvantage after his appointment.

(3) The Governor of a State shall, when so requested by the State Election Commission, make available to the State Election Commission such staff as may be necessary for the discharge of the functions conferred on the State Election Commission by clause (1).

(4) Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, the Legislature of a State may, by law, make provision with respect to all matters relating to, or in connection with, elections to the Panchayats.

'''243L. Application to Union territories.'''—The provisions of this Part shall apply to the Union territories and shall, in their application to a Union territory, have effect as if the references to the Governor of a State were references to the Administrator of the Union territory appointed under article 239 and references to the Legislature or the legislative Assembly of a State were references, in relation to a Union territory having a Legislative Assembly, to that Legislative Assembly:

Provided that the President may, by public notification, direct that the provisions of this Part shall apply to any Union territory or part thereof subject to such exceptions and modifications as he may specify in the notification.

'''243M. Part not to apply to certain areas.'''—(1) Nothing in this Part shall apply to the Scheduled Areas referred to in clause (1), and the tribal areas referred to in clause (2), of article 244.

(2) Nothing in this Part shall apply to—
 * (a) the States of Nagaland, Meghalaya and Mizoram;
 * (b) the hill areas in the State of Manipur for which District Councils exist under any law for the time being in force.

(3) Nothing in this Part—
 * (a) relating to Panchayats at the district level shall apply to the hill areas of the District of Darjeeling in the State of West Bengal for which Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council exists under any law for the time being in force;
 * (b) shall be construed to affect the functions and powers of the Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council constituted under such law.

[(3A) Nothing in article 243D, relating to reservation of seats for the Scheduled Castes, shall apply to the State of Arunachal Pradesh.]

(4) Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution,—
 * (a) the Legislature of a State referred to in sub-clause (a) of clause (2) may, by law, extend this part to that State, except the areas, if any, referred to in clause (1), if the Legislative Assembly of that State passes a resolution to that effect by a majority of the total membership of that House and by a majority of not less than two-thirds of the members of that House present and voting;
 * (b) Parliament may, by law, extend the provisions of this Part to the Scheduled Areas and the tribal areas referred to in clause (1) subject to such exceptions and modifications as may be specified in such law, and no such law shall be deemed to be an amendment of this Constitution for the purposes of article 368.

'''243N. Continuance of existing laws and Panchayats.'''—Notwithstanding anything in this Part, any provision of any law relating to Panchayats in force in a State immediately before the commencement of the Constitution (Seventy-third Amendment) Act, 1992, which is inconsistent with the provisions of this Part, shall continue to be in force until amended or repealed by a competent Legislature or other competent


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140

Dost thou wear thy work-day garments,

Dirty ragged thresher’s garments?

You are very black to gaze on,

And your whole appearance dreadful,

For your breast is most disgusting,

And your form is very bloated.

“When before I tracked the forests,

I beheld three castles standing.

One was wooden, one a bone one,

And the third of stone was builded.

There were six bright golden windows

On the sides of every castle,

And if then I gazed within them,

’Neath the wall as I was standing,

Saw the lord of Tapio’s household,

And the mistress of his household;

Tellervo, the maid of Tapio,

And the rest of Tapio’s household,

All in rustling golden garments,

And parading there in silver,

She herself, the Forest-Mistress,

Gracious Mistress of the Forest,

On her wrists were golden bracelets,

Golden rings upon her fingers,

On her head a golden head-dress,

And her hair adorned with ducats;

In her ears were golden earrings,

Finest beads her neck encircling.

“Gracious Mistress of the Forest,

Of sweet Metsola the matron!

Cast away thy hay-shoes from thee,

And discard thy shoes of birch-bark,

Cast thou off thy threshing garments,

And thy wretched work-day garments,

Don thy garments of good fortune,

And thy blouse for game-dispensing,

In the days I track the forest,

Seeking for a hunter’s booty.

Long and wearily I wander,

Wearily I track my pathway,

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text: Völsunga Saga/Songs from the Elder Edda

title: Völsunga Saga/Songs from the Elder Edda


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Runo XIV]

Yet I wander here for nothing,

All the time without a quarry.

If you do not grant me booty,

Nor reward me for my labour,

Long and sad will be the evening,

Long the day when game is wanting.

“Aged greybeard of the forest,

With thy pine-leaf hat and moss cloak,

Dress thou now the woods in linen,

And the wilds a cloth throw over.

All the aspens robe in greyness,

And the alders robe in beauty,

Clothe the pine-trees all in silver,

And with gold adorn the fir-trees.

Aged pine-trees belt with copper,

Belt the fir-trees all with silver,

Birch-trees with their golden blossoms,

And their trunks with gold adornments.

Make it as in former seasons

Even when thy days were better,

When the fir-shoots shone in moonlight,

And the pine-boughs in the sunlight,

When the wood was sweet with honey,

And the blue wastes flowed with honey,

Smelt like malt the heathlands’ borders,

From the very swamps ran butter.

“Forest-maiden, gracious virgin,

Tuulikki, O Tapio’s daughter!

Drive the game in this direction,

Out into the open heathland.

If it runs with heavy footsteps,

Or is lazy in its running,

Take a switch from out the bushes,

Or a birch-twig from the valley,

Switch the game upon the haunches,

And upon the flanks, O whip it,

Drive it swiftly on before you,

Make it hasten quickly onward,

To the man who here awaits it,

In the pathway of the hunter.

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 authority or until the expiration of one year from such commencement, whichever is earlier:

Provided that all the Panchayats existing immediately before such commencement shall continue till the expiration of their duration, unless sooner dissolved by a resolution passed to that effect by the Legislative Assembly of that State or, in the case of a State having a Legislative Council, by each House of the Legislature of that State.

'''243-O. Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters.'''—Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution,—
 * (a) the validity of any law relating to the delimitation of constituencies or the allotment of seats to such constituencies, made or purporting to be made under article 243K, shall not be called in question in any court;
 * (b) no election to any Panchayat shall be called in question except by an election petition presented to such authority and in such manner as is provided for by or under any law made by the Legislature of a State.]

'''243P. Definitions.'''—In this Part, unless the context otherwise requires,—
 * (a) “Committee” means a Committee constituted under article 243S;
 * (b) “district” means a district in a State;
 * (c) “Metropolitan area” means an area having a population of ten lakhs or more, comprised in one or more districts and consisting of two or more Municipalities or Panchayats or other contiguous areas, specified by the Governor by public notification to be a Metropolitan area for the purposes of this Part;
 * (d) “Municipal area” means the territorial area of a Municipality as is notified by the Governor;
 * (e) “Municipality” means an institution of self-government constituted under article 243Q;
 * (f) “Panchayat” means a Panchayat constituted under article 243B;
 * (g) “population” means the population as ascertained at the last preceding census of which the relevant figures have been published.

'''243Q. Constitution of Municipalities.'''—(1) There shall be constituted in every State,—
 * (a) a Nagar Panchayat (by whatever name called) for a transitional area, that is to say, an area in transition from a rural area to an urban area;
 * (b) a Municipal Council for a smaller urban area; and
 * (c) a Municipal Corporation for a larger urban area,

in accordance with the provisions of this Part:

Provided that a Municipality under this clause may not be constituted in such urban area or part thereof as the Governor may, having regard to the size of the area and the municipal services being provided or proposed to be provided by an industrial establishment in that area and such other factors as he may deem fit, by public notification, specify to be an industrial township.

(2) In this article, “a transitional area”, “a smaller urban area” or “a larger urban area” means such area as the Governor may, having regard to the population of the area, the density of the population therein, the revenue generated for local administration, the percentage of employment in non-agricultural activities, the


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 economic importance or such other factors as he may deem fit, specify by public notification for the purposes of this Part.

'''243R. Composition of Municipalities.'''—(1) Save as provided in clause (2), all the seats in a Municipality shall be filled by persons chosen by direct election from the territorial constituencies in the Municipal area and for this purpose each Municipal area shall be divided into territorial constituencies to be known as wards.

(2) The Legislature of a State may, by law, provide—
 * (a) for the representation in a Municipality of—
 * (i) persons having special knowledge or experience in Municipal administration;
 * (ii) the members of the House of the People and the members of the Legislative Assembly of the State representing constituencies which comprise wholly or partly the Municipal area;
 * (iii) the members of the Council of States and the members of the Legislative Council of the State registered as electors within the Municipal area;
 * (iv) the Chairpersons of the Committees constituted under clause (5) of article 243S:
 * Provided that the persons referred to in paragraph (i) shall not have the right to vote in the meetings of the Municipality;
 * (b) the manner of election of the Chairperson of a Municipality.

'''243S. Constitution and composition of Wards Committees, etc.'''—(1) There shall be constituted Wards Committees, consisting of one or more wards, within the territorial area of a Municipality having a population of three lakhs or more.

(2) The Legislature of a State may, by law, make provision with respect to—
 * (a) the composition and the territorial area of a Wards Committee;
 * (b) the manner in which the seats in a Wards Committee shall be filled.

(3) A member of a Municipality representing a ward within the territorial area of the Wards Committee shall be a member of that Committee.

(4) Where a Wards Committee consists of—
 * (a) one ward, the member representing that ward in the Municipality; or
 * (b) two or more wards, one of the members representing such wards in the Municipality elected by the members of the Wards Committee,
 * shall be the Chairperson of that Committee.

(5) Nothing in this article shall be deemed to prevent the Legislature of a State from making any provision for the constitution of Committees in addition to the Wards Committees.

'''243T. Reservation of seats.'''—(1) Seats shall be reserved for the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes in every Municipality and the number of seats so reserved shall bear, as nearly as may be, the same proportion to the total number of seats to be filled by direct election in that Municipality as the population of the Scheduled Castes in the Municipal area or of the Scheduled Tribes in the Municipal area bears to the total population of that area and such seats may be allotted by rotation to different constituencies in a Municipality.

(2) Not less than one-third of the total number of seats reserved under clause (1) shall be reserved for women belonging to the Scheduled Castes or, as the case may be, the Scheduled Tribes.


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 (3) Not less than one-third (including the number of seats reserved for women belonging to the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes) of the total number of seats to be filled by direct election in every Municipality shall be reserved for women and such seats may be allotted by rotation to different constituencies in a Municipality.

(4) The offices of Chairpersons in the Municipalities shall be reserved for the Scheduled Castes, the Scheduled Tribes and women in such manner as the Legislature of a State may, by law, provide.

(5) The reservation of seats under clauses (1) and (2) and the reservation of offices of Chairpersons (other than the reservation for women) under clause (4) shall cease to have effect on the expiration of the period specified in article 334.

(6) Nothing in this Part shall prevent the Legislature of a State from making any provision for reservation of seats in any Municipality or offices of Chairpersons in the Municipalities in favour of backward class of citizens.

'''243U. Duration of Municipalities, etc.'''—(1) Every Municipality, unless sooner dissolved under any law for the time being in force, shall continue for five years from the date appointed for its first meeting and no longer: Provided that a Municipality shall be given a reasonable opportunity of being heard before its dissolution.

(2) No amendment of any law for the time being in force shall have the effect of causing dissolution of a Municipality at any level, which is functioning immediately before such amendment, till the expiration of its duration specified in clause (1).

(3) An election to constitute a Municipality shall be completed,—
 * (a) before the expiry of its duration specified in clause (1);
 * (b) before the expiration of a period of six months from the date of its dissolution:

Provided that where the remainder of the period for which the dissolved Municipality would have continued is less than six months, it shall not be necessary to hold any election under this clause for constituting the Municipality for such period.

(4) A Municipality constituted upon the dissolution of a Municipality before the expiration of its duration shall continue only for the remainder of the period for which the dissolved Municipality would have continued under clause (1) had it not been so dissolved.

'''243V. Disqualifications for membership.'''—(1) A person shall be disqualified for being chosen as, and for being, a member of a Municipality—
 * (a) if he is so disqualified by or under any law for the time being in force for the purposes of elections to the Legislature of the State concerned:
 * Provided that no person shall be disqualified on the ground that he is less than twenty-five years of age, if he has attained the age of twenty-one years;
 * (b) if he is so disqualified by or under any law made by the Legislature of the State.

(2) If any question arises as to whether a member of a Municipality has become subject to any of the disqualifications mentioned in clause (1), the question shall be referred for the decision of such authority and in such manner as the Legislature of a State may, by law, provide.

'''243W. Powers, authority and responsibilities of Municipalities, etc.'''—Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, the Legislature of a State may, by law, endow—


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142

“If the game comes on the footpath,

Drive it forward to the hero,

Do thou put thy hands together,

And on both sides do thou guide it,

That the game may not escape me,

Rushing back in wrong direction.

If the game should seek to fly me,

Rushing in the wrong direction,

Seize its ear, and drag it forward

By the horns upon the pathway.

“If there’s brushwood on the pathway,

Drive it to the pathway’s edges;

If a tree should block the pathway,

Then the tree-trunk break asunder.

“If a fence obstructs the pathway,

Thrust the fence aside before you,

Take five withes to hold it backward,

And seven posts whereon to bind them.

“If a river runs before thee,

Or a brook should cross the pathway,

Build thou then a bridge all silken,

With a red cloth for a gateway;

Drive the game by narrow pathways,

And across the quaking marshes,

Over Pohjola’s wide rivers,

O’er the waterfalls all foaming.

“Master of the house of Tapio,

Mistress of the house of Tapio;

Aged greybeard of the forest,

King of all the golden forest;

Mimerkki, the forest’s mistress,

Fair dispenser of its treasures,

Blue-robed woman of the bushes,

Mistress of the swamps, red-stockinged,

Come, with me thy gold to barter,

Come, with me to change thy silver.

I have gold as old as moonlight,

Silver old as is the sunlight,

Which I won in battle-tumult,

In the contest of the heroes,

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 :(a) the Municipalities with such powers and authority as may be necessary to enable them to function as institutions of self-government and such law may contain provisions for the devolution of powers and responsibilities upon Municipalities, subject to such conditions as may be specified therein, with respect to—
 * (i) the preparation of plans for economic development and social justice;
 * (ii) the performance of functions and the implementation of schemes as may be entrusted to them including those in relation to the matters listed in the Twelfth Schedule;

 * (b) the Committees with such powers and authority as may be necessary to enable them to carry out the responsibilities conferred upon them including those in relation to the matters listed in the Twelfth Schedule.

'''243X. Power to impose taxes by, and Funds of, the Municipalities.'''—The Legislature of a State may, by law,—
 * (a) authorise a Municipality to levy, collect and appropriate such taxes, duties, tolls and fees in accordance with such procedure and subject to such limits;
 * (b) assign to a Municipality such taxes, duties, tolls and fees levied and collected by the State Government for such purposes and subject to such conditions and limits;
 * (c) provide for making such grants-in-aid to the Municipalities from the Consolidated Fund of the State; and
 * {{gap}(d) provide for constitution of such Funds for crediting all moneys received, respectively, by or on behalf of the Municipalities and also for the withdrawal of such moneys therefrom, as may be specified in the law.

'''243Y. Finance Commission.'''—(1) The Finance Commission constituted under article 243-I shall also review the financial position of the Municipalities and make recommendations to the Governor as to—
 * (a) the principles which should govern—
 * (i) the distribution between the State and the Municipalities of the net proceeds of the taxes, duties, tolls and fees leviable by the State, which may be divided between them under this Part and the allocation between the Municipalities at all levels of their respective shares of such proceeds;
 * (ii) the determination of the taxes, duties, tolls and fees which may be assigned to, or appropriated by, the Municipalities;
 * (iii) the grants-in-aid to the Municipalities from the Consolidated Fund of the State;
 * (b) the measures needed to improve the financial position of the Municipalities;
 * (c) any other matter referred to the Finance Commission by the Governor in the interests of sound finance of the Municipalities.

(2) The Governor shall cause every recommendation made by the Commission under this article together with an explanatory memorandum as to the action taken thereon to be laid before the Legislature of the State.

'''243Z. Audit of accounts of Municipalities.'''—The Legislature of a State may, by law, make provisions with respect to the maintenance of accounts by the Municipalities and the auditing of such accounts.

'''243ZA. Elections to the Municipalities.'''—(1) The superintendence, direction and control of the preparation of electoral rolls for, and the conduct of, all elections to the Municipalities shall be vested in the State Election Commission referred to in article 243K. 103


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 (2) Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, the Legislature of a State may, by law, make provision with respect to all matters relating to, or in connection with, elections to the Municipalities.

'''243ZB. Application to Union territories.'''—The provisions of this Part shall apply to the Union territories and shall, in their application to a Union territory, have effect as if the references to the Governor of a State were references to the Administrator of the Union territory appointed under article 239 and references to the Legislature or the Legislative Assembly of a State were references in relation to a Union territory having a Legislative Assembly, to that Legislative Assembly:

Provided that the President may, by public notification, direct that the provisions of this Part shall apply to any Union territory or part thereof subject to such exceptions and modifications as he may specify in the notification.

'''243ZC. Part not to apply to certain areas.'''—(1) Nothing in this Part shall apply to the Scheduled Areas referred to in clause (1), and the tribal areas referred to in clause (2) of article 244.

(2) Nothing in this Part shall be construed to affect the functions and powers of the Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council constituted under any law for the time being in force for the hill areas of the district of Darjeeling in the State of West Bengal.

(3) Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, Parliament may, by law, extend the provisions of this Part to the Scheduled Areas and the tribal areas referred to in clause (1) subject to such exceptions and modifications as may be specified in such law, and no such law shall be deemed to be an amendment of this Constitution for the purposes of article 368.

'''243ZD. Committee for district planning.'''—(1) There shall be constituted in every State at the district level a District Planning Committee to consolidate the plans prepared by the Panchayats and the Municipalities in the district and to prepare a draft development plan for the district as a whole.

(2) The Legislature of a State may, by law, make provision with respect to—
 * (a) the composition of the District Planning Committees;
 * (b) the manner in which the seats in such Committees shall be filled:

Provided that not less than four-fifths of the total number of members of such Committee shall be elected by, and from amongst, the elected members of the Panchayat at the district level and of the Municipalities in the district in proportion to the ratio between the population of the rural areas and of the urban areas in the district;
 * (c) the functions relating to district planning which may be assigned to such Committees;
 * (d) the manner in which the Chairpersons of such Committees shall be chosen.

(3) Every District Planning Committee shall, in preparing the draft development plan,—
 * (a) have regard to—
 * (i) matters of common interest between the Panchayats and the Municipalities including spatial planning, sharing of water and other physical and natural resources, the integrated development of infrastructure and environmental conservation;
 * (ii) the extent and type of available resources whether financial or otherwise;
 * (b) consult such institutions and organisations as the Governor may, by order, specify.

(4) The Chairperson of every District Planning Committee shall forward the development plan, as recommended by such Committee, to the Government of the State.


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 683–92] signifying that the world passes away, and but repeats itself. The Caliph was fortunate now in obtaining the adhesion of Al-Muhallab, whom he confirmed in his commission against the Khawārij; and having arranged for the administration of Al-Kūfa, Al-Baṣra, and the various Eastern posts, returned to Damascus.

Ibn az-Zubeir in retirement still held to his claim to the Caliphate. Virtual ruler for several years of the greater part of the Empire, he had remained singularly inactive at Mecca. His chief domestic work had been the restoration of the Holy House, destroyed 64 Having removed the débris, he came upon remains of the ancient limits of the Ishmaelite structure, and enlarged the walls accordingly. Fire, we are told, flashed from the sacred rock when Ibn az-Zubeir had the temerity to strike the foundation with his pickaxe, as the same terror had overawed the people sixty years before when, in the youth of the Prophet, the Kaʿba was dismantled and rebuilt. If instead of remaining inactive at home, and contenting himself with the issue of orders from the Holy City, he had gone forth to head his armies, the Caliphate might have been established in his line. But the defeat of his brother Muṣʿab came upon him as an unlooked-for and fatal blow. He mounted the pulpit when hearing of it, and harangued the people on the treachery of the men of Al-ʿIrāḳ, and his readiness to die in defence of the Kaʿba. But trusting perhaps to the immunity of the Sanctuary, he took no further steps.

If such were his thoughts, they were in vain; for before leaving Al-Kūfa, ʿAbd al-Melik resolved on putting an end to the pretensions of his rival. He therefore sent a column of horse and foot under Al-Ḥajjāj, an able officer now


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 '''243ZE. Committee for Metropolitan planning.'''—(1) There shall be constituted in every Metropolitan area a Metropolitan Planning Committee to prepare a draft development plan for the Metropolitan area as a whole.

(2) The Legislature of a State may, by law, make provision with respect to—
 * (a) the composition of the Metropolitan Planning Committees;
 * ((b) the manner in which the seats in such Committees shall be filled:
 * Provided that not less than two-thirds of the members of such Committee shall be elected by, and from amongst, the elected members of the Municipalities and Chairpersons of the Panchayats in the Metropolitan area in proportion to the ratio between the population of the Municipalities and of the Panchayats in that area;
 * (c) the representation in such Committees of the Government of India and the Government of the State and of such organisations and institutions as may be deemed necessary for carrying out the functions assigned to such Committees;
 * (d) the functions relating to planning and coordination for the Metropolitan area which may be assigned to such Committees;
 * (e) the manner in which the Chairpersons of such Committees shall be chosen.

(3) Every Metropolitan Planning Committee shall, in preparing the draft development plan,—
 * (a) have regard to—
 * (i) the plans prepared by the Municipalities and the Panchayats in the Metropolitan area;
 * (ii) matters of common interest between the Municipalities and the Panchayats, including coordinated spatial planning of the area, sharing of water and other physical and natural resources, the integrated development of infrastructure and environmental conservation;
 * (iii) the overall objectives and priorities set by the Government of India and the Government of the State;
 * (iv) the extent and nature of investments likely to be made in the Metropolitan area by agencies of the Government of India and of the Government of the State and other available resources whether financial or otherwise;
 * (b) consult such institutions and organisations as the Governor may, by order, specify.

(4) The Chairperson of every Metropolitan Planning Committee shall forward the development plan, as recommended by such Committee, to the Government of the State.

'''243ZF. Continuance of existing laws and Municipalities.'''—Notwithstanding anything in this Part, any provision of any law relating to Municipalities in force in a State immediately before the commencement of the Constitution (Seventy-fourth Amendment) Act, 1992, which is inconsistent with the provisions of this Part, shall continue to be in force until amended or repealed by a competent Legislature or other competent authority or until the expiration of one year from such commencement, whichever is earlier:

Provided that all the Municipalities existing immediately before such commencement shall continue till the expiration of their duration, unless sooner dissolved by a resolution passed to that effect by the Legislative Assembly of that State or, in the case of a State having a Legislative Council, by each House of the Legislature of that State.


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 '''243ZG. Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters.'''—Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution,—
 * (a) the validity of any law relating to the delimitation of constituencies or the allotment of seats to such constituencies, made or purporting to be made under article 243ZA shall not be called in question in any court;
 * (b) no election to any Municipality shall be called in question except by an election petition presented to such authority and in such manner as is provided for by or under any law made by the Legislature of a State.]

'''243ZH. Definitions.'''—In this Part, unless the context otherwise requires,—
 * (a) “authorised person” means a person referred to as such in article 243ZQ;
 * (b) “board” means the board of directors or the governing body of a co-operative society, by whatever name called, to which the direction and control of the management of the affairs of a society is entrusted to;
 * (c) “co-operative society” means a society registered or deemed to be registered under any law relating to co-operative societies for the time being in force in any State;
 * (d) “multi-State co-operative society” means a society with objects not confined to one State and registered or deemed to be registered under any law for the time being in force relating to such cooperatives;
 * (e) “Office bearer” means a President, Vice-President, Chairperson, Vice-Chairperson, Secretary or Treasurer, of a co-operative society and includes any other person to be elected by the board of any co-operative society;
 * (f) “Registrar” means the Central Registrar appointed by the Central Government in relation to the multi-State co-operative societies and the Registrar for co-operative societies appointed by the State Government under the law made by the Legislature of a State in relation to co-operative societies;
 * (g) “State Act” means any law made by the Legislature of a State;
 * (h) “State level co-operative society” means a co-operative society having its area of operation extending to the whole of a State and defined as such in any law made by the Legislature of a State.

'''243ZI. Incorporation of co-operative societies.'''—Subject to the provisions of this Part, the Legislature of a State may, by law, make provisions with respect to the incorporation, regulation and winding up of co-operative societies based on the principles of voluntary formation, democratic membercontrol, member-economic participation and autonomous functioning.

'''243ZJ. Number and term of members of board and its office bearers.'''—(1) The board shall consist of such number of directors as may be provided by the Legislature of a State, by law:

Provided that the maximum number of directors of a co-operative society shall not exceed twenty-one:

Provided further that the Legislature of a State shall, by law, provide for the reservation of one seat for the Scheduled Castes or the Scheduled Tribes and two seats for women on board of every co-operative society consisting of individuals as members and having members from such class of category of persons.

(2) The term of office of elected members of the board and its office bearers shall be five years from the date of election and the term of office bearers shall be coterminous with the term of the board:


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 330 coming to the front. Marching from Al-Kūfa, Al-Ḥajjāj reached Aṭ-Ṭāʾif, four days east of Mecca, in the month of Shaʿbān (Jan. 692 ), without opposition, and forwarded letters of pardon to Ibn az-Zubeir if only he would submit. But Ibn az-Zubeir declined the offer. Frequent skirmishes took place on the plain of ʿArafāt, in which Al-Ḥajjāj got the advantage. Al-Ḥajjāj then sought from the Caliph leave to besiege Mecca, and also reinforcements. He obtained both. Men remembered how shocked the same ʿAbd al-Melik had been when, eight years before, Mecca was stormed by order of Yezīd, and so they said the Caliph had gone back in his religion. But this was hardly fair to him; for so long as Ibn az-Zubeir remained rival Caliph in that otherwise secure sanctuary, the Empire could not be free from the danger of revolt. It was close upon the month of Pilgrimage when Al-Ḥajjāj, strengthened by reinforcements from Medīna, from which Ibn az-Zubeir's governor had just been expelled, invested the city and mounted catapults on the surrounding heights. As the engines opened with their shot, the heavens thundered (so tradition goes) and twelve of the Syrian army were struck by lightning; but next day when the storm returned, the impartial thunderbolts fell upon the men of Mecca, an incident from which Al-Ḥajjāj drew happy augury. During the days of Pilgrimage, the bombardment was at the intercession of ʿOmar's son ʿAbdallah held over, and the solemnities proper to the season partially performed. The siege was shortly turned into a strict blockade, and in a few months the inhabitants, suffering the extremities of want, began to desert in great numbers to the enemy. Even two of his own sons did so, on Ibn az-Zubeir's advice; but a third preferred to stay and share his father's fate. The siege had now lasted seven months, when Ibn az-Zubeir lost heart. He was tempted to give in; but he would first consult his mother Asmā, daughter of Abu Bekr, now a hundred years of age. The scene is touching. With the ancient spirit of the Arab matron, she exhorted her son, if still conscious of the right, to die as a hero should. "That," said he, as he stooped to kiss her forehead, "is what I thought myself; but I wished to strengthen my thought by thine." And so, putting on his armour, he rushed into the thickest, and fell in the


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Runo XIV]

Useful in my purse I found it,

Where it jingled in the darkness;

If thy gold thou wilt not barter,

Perhaps thou wilt exchange thy silver.”

Thus the lively Lemminkainen

For a week on snowshoes glided,

Sang a song throughout the forest,

There among the depths of jungle,

And appeased the forest’s mistress,

And the forest’s master likewise,

And delighted all the maidens,

Pleasing thus the girls of Tapio.

Then they hunted and drove onward

From its lair the elk of Hiisi,

Past the wooded hills of Tapio,

Past the bounds of Hiisi’s mountain,

To the man who waited for it,

To the sorcerer in his ambush.

Then the lively Lemminkainen

Lifted his lasso, and threw it

O’er the elk of Hiisi’s shoulders,

Round the camel’s neck he threw it,

That it should not kick in fury,

When upon its back he stroked it.

Then the lively Lemminkainen

Spoke aloud the words which follow:

“Lord of woods, of earth the master,

Fairest creature of the heathlands;

Mielikki, the forest’s mistress,

Loveliest of the game-dispensers!

Come to take the gold I promised,

Come ye now to choose the silver,

On the ground lay down your linen,

Spreading out of flax the finest,

Underneath the gold that glitters,

Underneath the shining silver,

That upon the ground it fall not,

Nor among the dirt is scattered.”

Then to Pohjola he journeyed,

And he said on his arrival:

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 the first must be regarded as definitely lost to China, while the second is probably recovered. The problem of concessioned railways has therefore no longer the importance that it had, though, by detaching Manchuria, the foreign railway has shown its power for evil). As regards financial results, Mr. Tyau gives the following figures for the principal State railways in 1918:—

Subsequent years, for which I have not the exact figures, have been less prosperous.

I cannot discover any evidence of incompetence in Chinese railway administration. On the contrary, much has been done to overcome the evils due to the fact that the various lines were originally constructed by different Powers, each following its own customs, so that there was no uniformity, and goods trucks could not be moved from one line on to another. There is, however, urgent need of further railways, especially to open up the west and to connect Canton with Hankow, the profit of which would probably be enormous.

Mines are perhaps as important as railways, for if a country allows foreign control of its mineral resources it cannot build up either its industries or its munitions to the point where they will be independent of foreign favour. But the situation as regards mining is at present far from satisfactory.


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 Provided that the board may fill a casual vacancy on the board by nomination out of the same class of members in respect of which the casual vacancy has arisen, if the term of office of the board is less than half of its original term.

(3) The Legislature of a State shall, by law, make provisions for co-option of persons to be members of the board having experience in the field of banking, management, finance or specialisation in any other field relating to the objects and activities undertaken by the co-operative society, as members of the board of such society:

Provided that the number of such co-opted members shall not exceed two in addition to twenty-one directors specified in the first proviso to clause (1):

Provided further that such co-opted members shall not have the right to vote in any election of the cooperative society in their capacity as such member or to be eligible to be elected as office bearers of the board:

Provided also that the functional directors of a co-operative society shall also be the members of the board and such members shall be excluded for the purpose of counting the total number of directors specified in the first proviso to clause (1).

'''243ZK. Election of members of board.'''—(1) Notwithstanding anything contained in any law made by the Legislature of a State, the election of a board shall be conducted before the expiry of the term of the board so as to ensure that the newly elected members of the board assume office immediately on the expiry of the term of the office of members of the outgoing board.

(2) The superintendence, direction and control of the preparation of electoral rolls for, and the conduct of, all elections to a co-operative society shall vest in such an authority or body, as may be provided by the Legislature of a State, by law:

Provided that the Legislature of a State may, by law, provide for the procedure and guidelines for the conduct of such elections.

'''243ZL. Supersession and suspension of board and interim management.'''—(1) Notwithstanding anything contained in any law for the time being in force, no board shall be superseded or kept under supersession for a period exceeding six months:

Provided that the board may be superseded or kept under suspension in a case—
 * (i) of its persistent default; or
 * (ii) of negligence in the performance of its duties; or
 * (iii) the board has committed any act prejudicial to the interests of the co-operative society or its members; or
 * (iv) there is stalemate in the constitution or functions of the board; or
 * (v) the authority or body as provided by the Legislature of a State, by law, under clause (2) of article 243ZK, has failed to conduct elections in accordance with the provisions of the State Act:

 * Provided further that the board of any such co-operative society shall not be superseded or kept under suspension where there is no Government shareholding or loan or financial assistance or any guarantee by the Government:

 * Provided also that in case of a co-operative society carrying on the business of banking, the provisions of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949 shall also apply:


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 683–92] unequal fight. The heads of Ibn az-Zubeir and two of his leaders were exhibited at Medina, and thence sent on to Damascus. Al-Ḥajjāj, giving thus early proof of his hard and cruel nature, had the pretender's body impaled on the outskirts of the Holy City. ʿAbd al-Melik blamed him for his inhumanity, and bade him give the body up to Asmā, by whose loving hands it was washed and committed to the grave.

Thus ended the rule of Ibn az-Zubeir, a man of noble but inactive spirit, who for nine years held the title, and much also of the real power, of Caliph. He died aged seventy-two.

His mother, Asmā, is the same who, at the Hijra, seventy-three years before, tore off her girdle to bind with it the Prophet's wallet to his camel as he took his flight from the cave of Mount Thaur, and thus earned the historic name of "She of the shreds." It is one of the last links that connect the Prophet with the chequered days on which we have now entered. What a world of events had transpired within the lifetime of this lady!

The only one of Ibn az-Zubeir's governors who remained faithful to his memory was Ibn Khāzim, now fighting with the rival clans of Khorāsān. ʿAbd al-Melik offered, if he swore allegiance, to confirm him in Khorāsān; but he indignantly rejected the offer. "I would have slain the envoy," he said, "had he not been of my own Ḳeis blood." But he made him swallow the Caliph's letter. Thereupon ʿAbd al-Melik sent him the head of Ibn az-Zubeir, in order to assure him of his end. Ibn Khāzim embalmed the relic, and forwarded it to the family of the deceased. He was shortly after slain in battle by one whose brother he had put to death in the intertribal warfare.


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 :Provided also that in case of a co-operative society, other than a multi- State co-operative society, carrying on the business of banking, the provisions of this clause shall have the effect as if for the words “six months”, the words “one year” had been substituted.

(2) In case of supersession of a board, the administrator appointed to manage the affairs of such cooperative society shall arrange for conduct of elections within the period specified in clause (1) and hand over the management to the elected board.

(3) The Legislature of a State may, by law, make provisions for the conditions of service of the administrator.

'''243ZM. Audit of accounts of co-operative societies.'''—(1) The Legislature of a State may, by law, make provisions with respect to the maintenance of accounts by the co-operative societies and the auditing of such accounts at least once in each financial year.

(2) The Legislature of a State shall, by law, lay down the minimum qualifications and experience of auditors and auditing firms that shall be eligible for auditing accounts of the co-operative societies.

(3) Every co-operative society shall cause to be audited by an auditor or auditing firms referred to in clause (2) appointed by the general body of the co-operative society:

Provided that such auditors or auditing firms shall be appointed from a panel approved by a State Government or an authority authorised by the State Government in this behalf.

(4) The accounts of every co-operative society shall be audited within six months of the close of the financial year to which such accounts relate.

(5) The audit report of the accounts of an apex co-operative society, as may be defined by the State Act, shall be laid before the State Legislature in the manner, as may be provided by the State Legislature, by law.

'''243ZN. Convening of general body meetings.'''—The Legislature of a State may, by law, make provisions that the annual general body meeting of every co-operative society shall be convened within a period of six months of close of the financial year to transact the business as may be provided in such law.

'''243ZO. Right of a member to get information.'''—(1) The Legislature of a State may, by law, provide for access to every member of a co-operative society to the books, information and accounts of the cooperative society kept in regular transaction of its business with such members.

(2) The Legislature of a State may, by law, make provisions to ensure the participation of members of the management of the co-operative society providing minimum requirement of attending meetings by the members and utilising the minimum level of services as may be provided in such law.

(3) The Legislature of a State may, by law, provide for co-operative education and training for its members.

'''243ZP. Returns.'''—(1) Every co-operative society shall file returns, within six months of the close of every financial year, to the authority designated by the State Government including the following matters, namely:—
 * (a) annual report of its activities;
 * (b) its audited statement of accounts;
 * (c) plan for surplus disposal as approved by the general body of the co-operative society;
 * (d) list of amendments to the bye-laws of the co-operative society, if any;
 * (e) declaration regarding date of holding of its general body meeting and conduct of elections when due; and