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 There are ongoing efforts to mitigate these physics challenges, such as massive MIMO (multiple-input, multiple-output) and beamforming. Massive MIMO is an antenna array that will greatly expand the number of simultaneous connections and throughput, and will give base stations the ability to send and receive signals from many more users at once and increase the capacity of networks significantly, assuming multiple RF paths to users exist. Beamforming is a technique for identifying the most efficient data-delivery route to a particular user and reducing interference for nearby users in the process. These options can improve the propagation of mmWaves, but challenges remain with maintaining connectivity across a broader area using this part of the spectrum. Significant time and R&D will have to be devoted to solving the mmWave propagation problem before it can be deployed as a more universal wireless network solution.

Sub-6

Sub-6 includes the range of spectrum below 6 GHz. Sub-6 can provide broad area network coverage with lower risk of interruption than mmWave due to its longer wavelength and greater capacity to penetrate obstacles. It therefore requires less capex and fewer base stations, as compared to mmWave. This, together with the ability to leverage existing 4G infrastructure, makes sub-6 the lower hanging fruit for a potential 5G sub-6 ecosystem. Faster time-to-rollout is particularly important given the speed at which China is pushing forward. While mmWave may ultimately be deployed in specific environments where its propagation and cost challenges are not prohibitive, sub-6 will likely provide the broader solution for more wide area 5G coverage in the near term. This in turn will drive product design and manufacturing for the 5G supply chain, given the larger quantity of equipment that will feed that sub-6 network.

Maximizing the potential of 5G requires hundreds of consecutive MHz of bandwidth in order to optimize performance, and the sub-6 spectrum is already crowded with existing systems and uses. In the United States, sub-6 5G technologies will likely be deployed in existing macrocell networks and infrastructure through existing LTE spectrum. This would give modest improvements to RF system performance, but would not yield a 10x performance improvement over modern versions of LTE operating in the same spectrum. This failure to deliver the same disruptive speed improvements that LTE had over 3G would mute the impact of 5G deployment in the United States.

An additional challenge in the United States is that the government owns large portions of the sub-6 spectrum and limits commercial access to them. It is possible to relocate Federal users or share these bandwidths to allow commercial sector to develop 5G capabilities on them, but both of these processes are time-intensive. The average time it takes to “clear” spectrum (relocate existing users and systems to other parts of the spectrum) and then release it to the civil sector, either through auction, direct assignment, or other methods, is typically upwards of ~10 years. Sharing spectrum is a slightly faster process because it doesn’t require a complete upheaval of existing federal users, but even that has historically taken upwards of five years.

There are also legitimate concerns within DoD that sharing its bandwidths in the sub-6 spectrum will create a number of operational issues, from spectrum optimization to security vulnerabilities. DIB 5G Study


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RV 81 (WORK IN LONDON) know whether they possessed his tremendous energy, his industry, his nerve, his knowledge of the market—whether they possessed even a shade of his temperament. It is obvious, however, that the great majority do not, that the chance against any average young man is a "thousand to one". I used to know rather intimately a talented and in that sense romantic young man, whom I will call X. X. had several irons in the fire: that meant that he had several Napoleons he could imitate. He had a very reasonable competence: he invested it in a certain wholesale business, of which he knew little more than that fortunes were rapidly made in it. He occupied certain offices which looked down on Aldgate Pump.

The rooms appealed to his romanticism: he found it extremely picturesque to see women, actually with pails, in London, in the twentieth century, really fetching water. It was interesting, too, to look at the Trade Papers, and his office had lockers all round it. They were meant to contain samples of the raw material he traded in. I happened once to open one; it revealed rather astonishingly the tinfoil necks of champagne bottles.

X. sanguinely and amiably explained. Strauss, an awfully sharp man, the Napoleon of the Trade, had his lockered office just round the corner: he always offered his clients—perhaps "suitors" would be the right word—that particular brand of wine. He kept it in just such a receptacle.

That part of the business X. attended to with amia- 81

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 A brief history of the Sixth Regiment, United States Marine Corps, from its organization, July, 1917, throughout the world war; its demobilization in August, 1919; reorganization in March, 1927, to its present station in Tientsin, China, May 1, 1928.

Although the formation of the Sixth Regiment of Marines was contemplated when it was decided to send a brigade of Marines to France, and preliminary plans were made, the work of assembling the units and of molding them into an efficient fighting body was not begun until the latter part of July, 1917. A site for a training camp had been purchased the previous spring by the Navy Department at Quantico, Virginia, and it was there that the Marines destined for overseas service with the American Expeditionary Forces were to be mobilized and receive their last intensive training in the new methods of warfare.

The construction of an up-to-date cantonment to accommodate some ten thousand Marines was only well under way when the first elements of the Sixth Regiment began training during the last days of July and the first part of August. Only a comparatively few wooden barracks had been completed at that time. Consequently it was necessary to regulate the induction of new companies into Quantico by the speed with which the barracks were put in readiness for occupation. However, by the middle of August the regiment had attained approximately three quarters of its strength in enlisted personnel, but there was a serious shortage of officers of lower grades. This need became urgent and a demand was made upon the officers' training school in Quantico for a number of lieutenants for immediate duty with companies with more to be supplied from time to time. Here a problem presented itself, the course of instruction in the officers' school had started on July 30th, 1917, and was to cover a period of three months. Were these new officers then, some with little experience, many with none at all, and all young in the service, fit for assignment to duty with troops after receiving but three weeks of schooling? Among These new officers was a number of old non-commissioned officers who, without further delay, were assigned for duty with the Sixth Regiment and the 1st Machine Gun Battalion, later to be designated and to function as the 6th Machine Gun Battalion of the Second Division. There were other junior officers who were graduates of military academies, some who had received military training at college prior to enrolling in the Marine Corps, others who had formerly been members of the National Guard, and a few former members of the Marine Corps who had returned to the service to take an active part in the war. The required number to fill the complement of the regiment was drawn from these available sources. Many of these were, indeed, comparatively new to the service yet they had an eagerness to learn, a desire to serve, and


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 If DoD operators are forced to share their bands of the spectrum, there is concern that this may reduce the performance of systems. The addition of commercial users would also increase the overall congestion of the sub-6 spectrum, increasing the risk of connectivity interruptions for DoD operators. There is precedent for successful spectrum-sharing - in 2010, the FCC opened up the 3550-3700 MHz bandwidth (known as Citizens Broadband Radio Service, or CBRS) to the commercial sector. However, this process took more than five years, a timeframe that is untenable in the current competitive environment. This paper will explore the CBRS case study in more detail in Chapter 3.

Given these benefits and challenges associated with mmWave and sub-6, the future of 5G may involve some combination of both. Sub-6 is optimized for broad area coverage, which will make up a large part of the network, but mmWave may ultimately be able to provide more exquisite coverage in specific scenarios, and has some distinct military advantages in some topographies by virtue of being harder to intercept. This will require further research and testing in the mmWave spectrum targeting the current physics challenges around propagation, which may in turn lower the capex required for mmWave infrastructure deployment. In the near term, 3 and 4 GHz spectrum will likely serve as the dominant global bands that drive volume in infrastructure and device deployments. In the current state of 5G development and spectrum usage, it is unlikely that the United States will be able to leverage such technology, much less lead the rest of the world in that band of spectrum deployment as it did with 4G almost a decade ago. DIB 5G Study


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 CHAPTER 2: CURRENT STATE OF THE 5G COMPETITIVE FIELD

5G capability by country can be compared across five metrics: spectrum availability, widespread 5G trials, 5G roadmaps being established by the national regulator, government commitment (e.g., strategy documents and policies paving the way for 5G implementation), and industry commitment to early 5G launch. Of these metrics, spectrum availability has the largest influence, as many of the other factors are dependent on that availability. For spectrum availability, there is ongoing debate on the merits of sub-6 versus mmWave and how to allocate spectrum in either of those categories, and in the United States there is a larger concern about allocating or sharing government-owned spectrum to the commercial sector. For infrastructure, carriers can take a “non-standalone” approach, which leverages existing 3G and 4G infrastructure as a stepping stone to get to full 5G capability, or a “standalone” approach, which requires a large up-front investment to build out new infrastructure for a 5G network. Source: https://www.everythingrf.com/community/5g-frequency-bands

China

China has taken the lead in 5G development through a series of aggressive investment and spectrum-allocation initiatives. In addition to investing $180B in capital expenditure for 5G deployment over five years, China assigned 200 MHz of mid-band spectrum to its three state providers and is considering reallocating 500 MHz of C-band spectrum as well. Domestically, China’s 5G deployment is being implemented through its major telecommunications companies DIB 5G Study


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RV 82 (WORK IN LONDON) bility and success: he had also an idea that the Banks were advancing his partner money on some sort of "cover system"; the crop somewhere in the East was going to fail: his partner—X. financed this partner—had taken care to be early in the market: as soon as the season commenced they would be making a profit of £90 a week, and with a few more such lucky specs, X. would be able to clear out with £50,000.

He attended at his office thus amiably, he wrote an occasional letter on his typewriter, which was rather fun, he looked out of window at the Pump, he countersigned cheques, and genially acknowledged that the Trade was full of rogues, from ten until four.

Then he hurried westwards to his large white and ormolu house, and sat down to a rosewood Chippendale bureau. He had there another Napoleon before his eyes.

This was a celebrated novelist, who made £7,000 a year, by dictating topical novels into a phonograph. X. accordingly dictated topical novels—when the war broke out, a romance of South Africa; during the Chinese Massacres, a Chinese novel.

He displayed an astonishing industry over this speculation, and, having devoted his two or three hours a day to it, he "dressed", and with his wife, either dined out, or "dined" other amiable and fashionable persons. That, too, was part of the game, because to get on in either the Book or the other Trade, you have to "know people". Sometimes after returning from the opera X. would sit down and write a topical critique and sketch 82

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 (China Mobile, China Unicom, and China Telecom). All three are primarily focused on developing a standalone 5G network in China, with plans to deploy pre-commercial application in 2019 and formal commercial application in 2020. China now has ~350,000 5G-operable base stations deployed, which is nearly 10 times as many as are deployed in the United States. Globally, China’s large manufacturers (Huawei and ZTE) are pushing 5G deployment through commercial sales of 5G-enabling equipment and devices primarily for non-standalone networks, and Huawei has already shipped upwards of 10,000 base stations overseas.

Overseas, China has been developing partnerships with countries and foreign companies to expand its 5G influence. In Europe, Huawei and ZTE are offering their services to build individual countries’ 5G networks, and have signed multiple 5G contracts despite pressure from U.S. officials demanding that allies block Chinese companies. Additionally, China has invested significant time and resources into its Belt and Road Initiative, including a push for Chinese-built network infrastructure to provide connectivity across the length of the route. This strategy has already had some success: in Q3 of 2018, Huawei held 28% share of the global telecommunications equipment market, up four percentage points from 2015. Huawei is expected to continue growing that share as more 5G networks are rolled out relying on Chinese telecommunications equipment. These efforts will allow China to promote its preferred standards and specifications for 5G networks and will shape the global 5G product market going forward.

In aggregate, these approaches have given competitive advantage to China in 5G technology and capability. China’s 5G strategy should be viewed in the context of the Chinese Communist Party’s (CCP) grand strategy. Like artificial intelligence (AI), 5G development is a crucial component of Xi Jinping’s “China Dream” vision and “Made in China 2025” roadmap. Social stability and economic growth are the CCP’s top priorities because failures in those two areas are seen as direct existential threats to the regime, and 5G has the potential to transition China from a capital- and labor-intensive manufacturing economy to an innovation-led, consumption-driven economy with reduced dependence on foreign investment. In light of China’s slowing growth and its ongoing trade war with the United States, the CCP likely feels pressured to pursue technological advancement initiatives like 5G more aggressively.

*For more detail on China’s 5G strategy and capabilities, please see Classified Annex.

South Korea

South Korea is closely following China in 5G maturity due to its early auction of spectrum and its general commitment to wireless technology. The South Korean government has built a clear roadmap including healthy investment to pursue 5G; in 2014, South Korea committed $1.5B to DIB 5G Study


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 46 me into a lake, it would be splendid; but if he does not, I will cut his throat." So he said to the crane:

"Thou wilt not be able to hold me tight enough; but we lobsters have a strong grip. If thou wilt let me take hold of thee around the neck with my claws, I will go with thee."

The crane, not realizing that the lobster was trying to outwit him, agreed to this; so the lobster took hold of his neck with his powerful claws, and thus the pair started towards the lake.

The crane showed him the lake, and then turned towards the varana-tree.

"My dear uncle," cried the lobster, "the lake lies that way, but thou art taking me another way!"

And the crane answered: "Thinkest thou so? Am I thy dear uncle? Thou meanest, I suppose, that I am thy slave, to carry thee where thou pleasest! Cast thine eye upon that heap of fish bones at the root of yonder varana-tree. As I have eaten those fish, so will I also devour thee!"

"Those fishes," replied the lobster, "got eaten through their own stupidity; but I am not going to let thee kill me. On the contrary, I shall kill thee. For thou, in thy greed, hast not seen that I have outwitted thee. If we die, we both die together; for I will cut off thine head with my claws!" Saying this the lobster gave the crane's neck a sharp pinch.

Gasping for breath and trembling with fear, the crane then besought the lobster, crying:


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RV 83 (WORK IN LONDON) —he had a talent for sketching—the dresses and the mise en scène. This was because he knew a Journalist—a Napoleon of the Paragraph—who said he made £4,000 a year at similar odd moments.

But I never heard X. attach any importance to knowing how to "write", or to learning the ins and outs of the Trade. He had his irons, however, in these fires. His partner might scoop the market with Bosnians when the Honduras crop failed, or X. himself might make a hit with a novel. Either would mean a swift and easy affluence.

There is nothing inherently impossible in X.'s ideals, just as there is nothing criminal or mean. He represents, rather diffusely, the Modern Spirit. For, speaking largely, we in London to-day see life as a great gamble, London as a vast Monte Carlo, or, if you will, an immense Hamburg lottery. We put in a quite small stake, we may win a six figure lot. That is why London attracts us so supremely. If we do not at once win, we put in another small stake, and we continue until either we win, or our capital, our energy, our health, our youth, or our taste for gambling, come to an end. This tendency is, in fact, a trade custom, like any other: 83

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 promote 5G adoption and deployment by 2020, and in 2017, South Korea released its national broadband and spectrum plan (“K-ICT”) to further promote 5G. In line with the K-ICT plan, South Korea’s Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT) has since auctioned over 1,000 MHz of spectrum in the sub-6 and mmWave ranges to its three largest telecommunications providers (SK Telecom, KT Corp, and LG Uplus). South Korea has closely partnered with AT&T and Verizon to develop 5G mmWave networks, but has spread its risk in pursuing both sub-6 and mmWave by making its devices functional in both parts of the spectrum (as in the case of its Exynos 5100 5G modem). AT&T is also working with Samsung to release a cell phone with mmWave and sub-6 capabilities at the end of 2019, but these dual-function devices may have less capability in the United States, given the restricted range of sub-6 spectrum available.

South Korea was able to leverage the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang to showcase its 5G investment and conduct various network trials. South Korean industry already promotes high-intensity competition for 4G and LTE network technologies, which will fuel further rapid development of 5G. SK Telecom currently leads the field in investment and 5G trials, and was also able to acquire the largest amount of spectrum bandwidth in the 2018 MSIT auction, but all three telecoms providers plan to synchronize their launches of 5G cellular service in early 2019 for “Korea 5G Day.” South Korea is well-positioned in the 5G field and will likely continue to be a leader going forward as its major telecoms providers take advantage of their newly-auctioned spectrum bandwidth.

Japan

Japan is following closely behind China, South Korea, and the United States in 5G capability. Japan has not yet auctioned off key parts of its spectrum bandwidth to commercial providers, but has plans to do so in 2019 and is currently developing both mmWave and sub-6 options (mmWave is being applied to limited, densely-populated geographic areas, while sub-6 is being used to cover the rest of the territory). Similar to South Korea, Japan hopes to use the 2020 Olympics in Tokyo to showcase and test 5G technologies and networks, and is driving most of its investment and activity around that 2020 timeline. In 2014, Japan stood up its 5G Mobile Forum (5GMF) to promote 5G research and development, coordinate 5G efforts across organizations, and promote general awareness of 5G. In 2016, Japan’s Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communication (MIC) released a strategy document (“Radio Policy to Realize 5G in 2020”) that mapped out its commitment to and future deployment of 5G. DIB 5G Study


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 Rh "O my Lord! I did not intend to eat thee! Spare thou my life!"

"Very well," said the lobster; "fly over and put me in the lake."

Upon this the crane flew to the edge of the lake, and stooped down to drop the lobster. Then the lobster cut through the crane's neck as clean as one would cut a lotus stalk with a knife, and entered the water.

Not only was the greedy tailor once outwitted in this manner, but in after existences likewise suffered from his greedy intrigues.

When the Buddha was in the neighborhooud of Savatthi, a man of great riches, who had lost his health, came to him and said: "I suffer greatly from bodily ills, so that I cannot move without pain."

The Buddha, observing the luxuries with which the man was surrounded, asked him: "Wouldst thou know the cause of thy troubles? There are five things which afflict thee: Overeating, love of ease, desire for pleasure, aversion to study, and lack of useful work."

The rich man profited by the words of the Buddha; and, regaining his health, came to him and said:

"Master, thou hast healed my body. I now come to thee to seek enlightenment of my mind."

And the Buddha replied: "The worldling nourishes his body, but the wise man nourishes


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RV 84 (WORK IN LONDON) it is a vast frame of mind, that one may not like, but that one has not any valid ethical reason for condemning.

But the pity for X., as for so many other amiable and gallant young men, is that even in this modern market, the essentially old-fashioned must be to be found at the bottom of the sack. What work we do must still in one way or another be good in the sense of being attractive. You must still lay a good coin of some realm or other on the green cloth.

I know, for instance, another young man not so dilettante—neither indeed so charming nor so amiable as X—but almost more romantic. I will call him P. He had inherited a business of a specially old-established, a specially trustworthy, a specially eminent kind—one of those houses as reliable and as "placed", as is Childs' in the banking, or Twinings' in the tea trade. When P. came into it, it was already beginning to feel the touch of competition from Stores. It had relied upon old-fashioned "good" customers; it had never advertised.

P. not only advertised generally and lavishly, but he put on the market cheap and attractively packed "specialities". He tried in fact to corner London's collar studs. What his business lost immediately in caste, he tried to make up at home. He devoted his leisure time to a species of scientific investigation connected with his trade, which along with Napoleons of Specialities, has room for disinterested and abstruse 84

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 48 his mind. He who indulges his bodily appetites works his own destruction; but he who walks in the path of knowledge and truth saves himself."

There was a rich man whose gold was transformed into ashes; and he took to his bed and refused all nourishment. A friend, visiting him, said:

"Thou didst not make good use of thy wealth. In hoarding it, it was no better than ashes. Now heed this advice. Spread mats in the bazaar, and pile up these ashes, and offer to trade with them."

The man did as he was told, and when his neighbors inquired of him, he said, "I offer my goods for sale."

Now there was a young girl, Kisa Gotami, an orphan and very poor, who passed that way and said: "My lord, why pilest thou up this gold for sale?"

And the man said to her, "Wilt thou hand me that gold?" And Kisa Gotami took a handful of ashes, and it immediately changed into gold.

And the man gave her in marriage to his son, and said: "With many, gold is no better than ashes; but with Kisa Gotami ashes become pure gold."

And in due time Kisa Gotami gave birth to a son; and the son died, and in her grief she carried the dead child to the neighbors, asking for medicine. And the neighbors said,


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 Japan’s three major telecoms providers (NTT DOCOMO, KDDI, and Softbank) are all in the process of testing 5G technologies with the intention of launching in 2020 before the Olympics. All three companies are conducting trials in the sub-6 and mmWave ranges, and MIC has conducted a “5G System Trial” in Tokyo and rural Japan.

Rest of World (Non-US)

While China, South Korea, the United States, and Japan lead the field, the rest of the world is playing catch-up on 5G deployment. The United Kingdom, Germany, and France can be considered “second tier” 5G developers, while Singapore, Russia, and Canada make up the “third tier,” and the rest of the world comes after. These countries are beginning to auction off spectrum bandwidth with varying timelines and volume of spectrum made available, but many lack any formal policies or strategies to enable 5G implementation and most anticipate 5G launches outside of the 2020 timeframe.

Although Europe led the charge into 2G, it has since been hampered by regulations that have limited its ability to rapidly make spectrum bandwidth available, and has continued to lag behind in 3G, 4G, and now 5G. The rest of Asia has made some strides in 5G, but few countries have invested the same time and resources as China, Japan, and South Korea. Russia released its “Digital Economy of the Russian Federation” in 2017 that included a 5G roadmap, but has yet to develop any clear spectrum plan or devote significant resources to that roadmap. Russia used the 2018 FIFA World Cup to launch some of its 5G efforts, but is still highly reliant on foreign 5G technologies and partnerships to move its 5G development forward.

Given the gap in 5G advancement between the first tier and everyone else, the rest of the world will likely be driven to implement the 5G network design and infrastructure of whichever country leads 5G. China is the current leader, and U.S. allies have taken different stances on how to respond to the Chinese drive to set 5G standards. Some are wary of Chinese influence because of security concerns and are actively working to push back on China’s 5G roll-out. For example, in December the Czech Republic’s cybersecurity agency (NUKIB) issued an official warning that Huawei and other Chinese companies posed a national security risk, citing existing Chinese statutes (National Intelligence Law, enacted June 27, 2017) that require Chinese companies to actively cooperate with the intelligence community. This has driven a security review throughout Czech public and private sectors, effectively halting all sales of Huawei 5G goods into the country. Australia and Poland have also taken a hard line against China, and the United States has been heavily pressuring its other allies to follow suit. DIB 5G Study


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 However, other countries have been less enthusiastic about ousting China from their 5G markets, given the price and quality of China’s offerings. Germany has refused to ban Huawei, despite U.S. threats to cut off intelligence-sharing, and the United Kingdom appears likely to take the same approach. Both Germany and the United Kingdom have pushed back on U.S. claims that Huawei and other Chinese telecommunications companies represent an unacceptable risk to national security, claiming that their security organizations could take measures to limit vulnerabilities in their networks. India and Italy have also expressed their hesitancy to exclude Huawei products from their 5G roll-outs, and in recent months New Zealand has eased its initial hard stance against China. In the coming months, Europe will continue to be a battleground for the future of 5G, as it represents one of Huawei’s largest markets as well as a major source of U.S. allies. This fight also suggests a more concerning trajectory for the rest of the world’s approach to 5G - in particular, developing countries that are more sensitive to cost will find the Chinese 5G price-point difficult to turn down, especially when the offer is sweetened with infrastructure and project-financing incentives like the Belt and Road Initiative.

United States

Private Sector

The telecommunications industry is organizing the effort to develop and deploy 5G in the United States, with increasing support from the U.S. government. Verizon, AT&T, Sprint, and T-Mobile are all developing their own 5G networks and 5G devices, each with their own strategy and method. Verizon and AT&T are focused on developing high-band mmWave networks and are in the process of deploying small cells in various test cities for mobile and fixed applications, Sprint is taking a joint approach of mmWave and mid-band spectrum to build out its network, and T-Mobile is focused on mmWave and low-band spectrum. While all carriers are looking into sub-6 spectrum options to some extent, they are inherently restricted by smaller amount of bandwidth available in sub-6 relative to the hundreds of GHz available in mmWave, and this constraint is exacerbated by the fact that the U.S. government owns large portions of the sub-6 spectrum. Carriers are piggy-backing off of existing 4G infrastructure, but those focused on mmWave will have to build out additional infrastructure to ensure uninterrupted connectivity through a dense network of base stations. There is debate over whether some of the networks deployed have qualified as true 5G, and there is intense competition between these providers to roll out 5G networks within the next few years. 5G development is being overseen by 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project), the standards body that also oversaw the development of 3G UMTS (including HSPA) and 4G LTE standards.

Despite messaging from various marketing initiatives in the United States, very little U.S. territory has seen deployment of 5G infrastructure that can deliver 1 Gbps or even 100 Mbps service at the edges of coverage. Whereas LTE deployment resulted in 10x end user speed improvement across large parts of the United States, carriers to date have not demonstrated deployment capability that would deliver high speeds to large parts of the U.S. population. DIB 5G Study


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 Rh "She has lost her senses; the child is dead."

But Kisa Gotami continued asking for medicine, until at length she met a man who said to her, "I cannot give what thou askest, but I know a physician who can."

And the girl said, "Pray tell me, sir, who he is."

And the man replied, "Go to Sakyamuni (the Sakya sage), the Buddha."

Then Kisa Gotami went to the Buddha, and beseeched him, saying: "Gentle Lord Buddha, pray give me medicine, that I may heal my boy."

And the Buddha said to her: "Bring me a handful of mustard seed.

But when in her joy Kisa Gotami promised to bring it, the Buddha said: "The mustard seed must be found at a house where no one has lost a child, or husband, or parent, or friend."

Kisa Gotami now went from house to house,, and the people, pitying her, gladly offered the mustard seed; but when she asked, "Did a son, or daughter, or a father, or mother die in this house?" They answered her, "Alas! the living are few, but the dead are many." And she found no house wherein none had died.

Weary and hopeless, she sat down by the wayside. At last the darkness of night came upon her, and she thought of the darkness of death that comes to all; and she said to herself, "How selfish am I in my grief! Death is everywhere among the living." Then, put-


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RV 85 (WORK IN LONDON) investigators with great names and no money—famous "benefactors of their kind". P., in fact, was making a large and romantic bid: he sacrificed the particular aroma of respectability of his business to a kind of large altruism: he sacrificed his great name in his trade organs, to the chance of gaining in the wider papers a considerable and undying fame. And this is very characteristic of the conditions of modern work in London. Our poets have to gain a daily bread in the public offices, our scientists in electric light works. We may all know an admirable critic of belles lettres: he gives eight hours of his day to checking the issue and return of dog licences at Somerset House, and there are many religious enthusiasts of the type of Swedenborg who spend even longer hours in measuring and selling cheap ribbons. They are doing it in order on Sundays to preach in the parks.

London, in fact, if it make men eminently materialist in their working hours (and that is the great cry of all idealists against the great place), makes them by reaction astonishingly idealist in their interior souls. I know a railway signalman. He spends dreadfully long hours, high up in a sort of cage of wood and glass, above the innumerable lines of shimmering rails just outside the dim cave of a London's terminus. He works himself dog-tired, pulling levers that are constantly bright with the friction of his hands; he listens to the drilling sounds of little bells, straining his eyes to catch the red and white placards on the breasts of distant engines. At night in a cottage "down the line" he 85

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 50 ting away thoughts of self, she buried her child in the forest, and returned to the Buddha; and the Buddha said to her:

"The life of mortals is troubled and brief. All who are born must die. As all vessels made by the potter are at last broken, so is the life of man. Young and old, fools and wise, all come to death. A father cannot save his child, nor kinsmen their relatives. As the world is full of death and decay, therefore the wise do not grieve, knowing that it is the law of life.

"Not from weeping nor grieving will any find peace of mind, nor are the dead returned by lamentations. We pass away, and our fate is according to our deeds. He who seeks peace must lose self; he who overcomes sorrow will be free from sorrow.

The Buddha spoke to his disciples saying:

"Those who do not know me, call me Gotama; but you call me Buddha, the Enlightened. You do well, for in this life I have entered Nirvana, while the life of Gotama has been extinguished.

"Self has disappeared, and the truth has taken its abode in me. This body of mine is Gotama's body, and will be dissolved; and after its dissolution no one, neither God nor man, will see Gotama again. But the Buddha will remain; the Buddha will not die; it will be like a flame in a great body of fire; the


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RV 86 (WORK IN LONDON) spends more hours, making out of pith and coloured paper little models, like stalactite work, of the English Cathedrals. His small holidays go in making trips to Bath, to Exeter, to Durham, and his small savings are spent on architectural drawings and photographs of details. His ambition is to make a model of every cathedral in this country, and, if life holds out, of those at Rouen, Amiens, and Notre Dame de Paris.

This is an ideal: his eyes grow hazy and romantically soft at the thought of finally having in his working shed all these small white objects. But he does not in the least care about architecture. I once met by accident a man of forty, a cashier of a London bus company. He rather disliked the country, but his ambition was to cover, on his bicycle, every road of the United Kingdom. He inked over on his ordnance map each road that he travelled on, and he saw, in imagination, as a glorious finale like a dream, one of the sixpenny papers publishing a half-tone block representing this map with all its coach roads inked and distinct like the filaments of a skeleton leaf.

Collectors and connoisseurs there have been, no doubt, in all the ages since Nero carried off his five hundred bronzes from Delphi. But the recreations of this signalman and this 'bus-cashier are simply mental anodynes: if they were not necessary for self-preservation they would be imbecile. The conditions of modern labour make them almost more than necessary. A man who retires from any routine work at all strenuous, signs nowadays his own death warrant if he have no hobby.

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 As discussed in Chapter One, U.S. carriers have had some success in deploying limited mmWave for small geographic areas, but these have limitations for future scalability. Even in optimized circumstances, it is clear that scaling mmWave to provide more coverage would be a time- and cost-intensive endeavor requiring a massive infrastructure build-out.

There is the risk that these carriers will not even be able to commit the necessary capex to scale those mmWave networks, given the large number of base stations required. At the end of 2018, Verizon held ~$120B in debt with ~4% dividend yields, while AT&T held ~$175B in debt with over 6% dividend yields. T-Mobile holds ~$25B in debt, and Sprint holds ~$40B in debt. These companies are at the forefront of the U.S. effort to develop 5G, but their balance sheets suggest that they may struggle with the cost of a full mmWave network roll-out and the infrastructure it would require.

In the last decade, significant shifts have occurred in the wireless vendor community as well. Chinese telecom equipment giant Huawei grew global revenues from approximately $28B in 2009 to $107B in 2018. Ericsson's revenue during the same period fell from $27.9B to $23.9B, while Nokia’s revenue fell from $57.6B to $26.6B. Chinese handset vendors like Huawei, ZTE, Xiaomi, Vivo, and Oppo have grown market share from less than approximately 6% in 2009 to over 30% share in 2018, and are still growing rapidly despite minimal sales in the U.S. market - for example, India represents a wireless market larger than that of the United States, and 59.7% of all handsets sold in India are Chinese. Chinese internet application companies, led by Baidu, Alibaba, Tencent and new companies like TikTockTikTok [sic] are growing in influence and revenue. In 2009, all of the top 10 Internet companies by revenue were American. Today, four of the top 10 are Chinese.

These shifts have not just occurred because Chinese equipment is cheaper. In many cases, Chinese equipment is also superior to its Western rivals. Huawei and ZTE have been the leader in massive MIMO radio systems, with 64 transmit and receive elements. Many consider Huawei’s P series and Mate Android phones the most advanced phones in the world, and these devices are powered by Huawei’s own Hi-silicon division. Alibaba’s cloud services are fourth in the world, behind Amazon, Microsoft, and Google, and growing quickly. DIB 5G Study


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RV 87 (WORK IN LONDON) And all work in modern London is almost of necessity routine work: the tendency to specialise in small articles, in small parts of a whole, insures that. It becomes daily more difficult to find a watch operative who can make a timepiece, from escapement to case. One man as a rule renders true little cogwheels that have been made by machine, another polishes tiny pinion screws, another puts all these pieces together, another adjusts them. In just the same way one woman machines together trousers that have been roughly cut out by machine, another buttonholes them, another finishes them. And in just the same way in offices, a partner mentions the drift of a letter to a clerk, he dictates it to a shorthand-typewriter, she writes and addresses it, a boy posts it. And the clerk, the typewriter and the boy go on doing the same thing from the beginning of the working day to the end without interest and without thought.

In the minds of these workers, work itself becomes an endless monotony; there is no call at all made upon the special craftsman's intellect that is in all the human race. It is a ceaseless strain upon the nerves and upon the muscles. It crushes out the individuality, and thus leisure time ceases to be a season of rest, of simple lying still and doing nothing. One needs, on the contrary, to assert one's individuality, and to still the cry of one's nerves. This leads to these hobbies which, psychologically considered, are a form of new work making some appeal to our special temperaments. In men this means, as a rule, some sport in which they have a chance of asserting an individual superiority, and women 87

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 Rh flame has ceased, it has vanished in the fire, but in the Dharma the Buddha can be discerned.

"Being comforted, I comfort others; I lead them to a place of refuge; I fill with joy those who languish; I give happiness to those dying; I extend to them deliverance.

"I was born into the world for the salvation of the world. I meditate upon truth. I devote my mind to truth. I speak the truth to all. I have become the truth.

"Whosoever comprehendeth the truth will see the Buddha, for the truth has been told by the Buddha."

The Buddha went to the village of Nadika with a company of his disciples; and the venerable Ananda came to him, and told of the brothers and sisters who had died, and asked of their fate. And the Teacher said unto Ananda.

"Those who have died after the destruction of the bonds of lust, of covetousness and the cleaving to self, need not fear death. They will not be reborn in a state of suffering; their minds will not continue as a karma of evil deeds.

"When they die, nothing will remain of them but their good thoughts, their good deeds, and the happiness that comes from truth and


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RV 88 (WORK IN LONDON) workers find their vent in personal adornments or housework.

But women workers, at any rate of the very poor, have not even this solace. I call to mind one in particular, and this was her life. She was married—or perhaps she was not married—to a waterside labourer who, when he could work, made fair money. As a rule, he suffered from chronic rheumatism, and was next door to a cripple. She had four children under nine. She was a dark, untidy-haired woman with a face much pitted by small pox, and she had a horribly foul tongue. The room looked out upon a boxlike square of livid brick yards, a table was under a window, a sugar box held coals. Another, nailed above the mantel, held bits of bread, a screw of tea in white paper, a screw of sugar in blue, and a gobbet of margarine in a saucer. When her man was in work or bad enough to be in hospital, when, at any rate, he was out of the house, there would be no coal in the one box because he was not crouching over the fire, and a bit of bacon in the other because there was no fuel to pay for. What he made went for the rent. There was nothing else in the room except a mattress and, on a damp and discoloured wall, a coloured mezzotint of Perdita, the mistress of George IV. I do not know how she had come to be pasted up there.

Till the school bell rang the children worked at her side. I don't think they were ever either dressed for school or given breakfasts by her. She made matchboxes at 2d. the 144, and it was wonderful to watch her working—engrossed, expressionless, without a word, 88

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 52 righteousness. As rivers must at last reach the sea, so their minds will be reborn in higher states of existence and continue on to their ultimate goal, to the ocean of truth, to the everlasting peace of Nirvana."

The Buddha, with his disciples, went to Vesali, and stayed at the grove of the courtesan Ambapali. When Ambapali heard that the Buddha was staying in her mango grove, she was greatly pleased, and drove in her chariot as far as the road permitted. Then she alighted and walked to the spot where the Buddha was, and seated herself at his feet. As a woman goes forth to perform worthy deeds, so Ambapali appeared in a simple garment, without ornaments; and she was beautiful to look upon. And the Buddha thought: "This woman is a favorite of princes, yet is her heart composed. She is prepared to hear the truth." And when she was seated, he instructed her in the way of life. And as she listened, the face of the courtesan became bright, and she said, "Will the Enlightened One do me the honor, with his brethren, of taking his meal tomorrow at my house?" And, in silence, the Buddha gave consent.

Now the Licchavi, a family of princely rank, hearing that the Buddha was slaying at Ambapali's grove, drove there with their magnificent chariots and retinue, gorgeously dressed and decorated with costly jewels. And seeing them coming, Ambapali drove up against the


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 Public Sector: White House

U.S. government interest in 5G has been ramping up over the last decade. In 2016, the White House launched a $400 million Advanced Wireless Research Initiative to promote wireless testing platforms, while the FCC passed its “Spectrum Frontiers” policy in which the United States committed to releasing large quantities of mmWave spectrum for both licensed and unlicensed use. Interest in 5G has increased under the current administration, which has offered up a series of initiatives and directives emphasizing the importance of 5G and to develop a clear roadmap. The current administration supports a private sector-led 5G effort, rather than a government-led nationalized 5G plan.

In September 2018, the White House hosted a 5G Summit, during which industry and government leaders convened to discuss the future direction of 5G, promoting private-public sector collaboration while conceding that the United States had fallen behind in developing and fielding 5G. Shortly after, the White House released the “Presidential Memorandum on Developing a Sustainable Spectrum Strategy for America’s Future,” highlighting the need for the United States to lead 5G to promote national security and innovation across the public and private sectors. The memo directed departments and agencies to submit a number of reports on current spectrum usage and future requirements, spectrum reallocation options, and the impact of future technologies on spectrum allocation, and also called for 5G legislative, regulatory, and policy recommendations. On the same day as the Presidential memo, the White House released an article titled “America Will Win the Global Race to 5G”, looking at U.S. advantages gained from leading 4G (e.g., increased GDP and job opportunities) and comparing them to the potential benefits of leading 5G.

Public Sector: FCC

The FCC plays a large role in the development and fielding of 5G with regard to spectrum allocation and policy for civil-use spectrum. In late 2018, the FCC held a vote to establish a framework for freeing up mmWave spectrum bandwidth to help expedite 5G development and deployment. The FCC controls U.S. spectrum auctions and held its first 5G spectrum auction in late 2018, which opened up the 28 GHz band. A second auction, held on March 14, 2019, made available the 24 GHz band. DIB 5G Study


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 Rh chariot of the youngest of the Licchavi, axle to axle, wheel to wheel, and yoke to yoke; and the Licchavi said to Ambapali the courtesan: "How is it that you drive up against us thus?

"My lord," she said, "I have just invited the Buddha and his brothers to dine with me tomorrow."

And the prince replied: "Give up this m«al to us, and we will pay you well."

"My lord," answered Ambapali, "were you to offer all Vesali, I would not give up this honor."

Then the Licchavi went on to the grove.

When the Buddha saw the Licchavi approaching, he said to his disciples: "Let those who have never seen the gods gaze upon this company of the Licchavi."

When the Licchavi had come to the Buddha, they invited him to dine with them on the morrow; but the Buddha said: "I have promised to dine with Ambapali the courtesan."

And when the Licchavi had departed, and returned to their home, they said: "A woman of the world has outdone us; we have been left behind by a harlot."

The next day, Ambapali having prepared sweet rice and cakes, sent a messenger to the Buddha, who said: "The hour, gentle Lord, has come, and the meal is ready."

And the Buddha, together with his disciples, went to Ambapali's dwelling place; and when they had come they seated themselves at the places prepared for them. And Ambapali the courtesan set the sweet rice and cakes before


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 The FCC released its comprehensive 5G strategy, “Facilitate America’s Superiority in 5G Technology (FAST) Plan,” in September of 2018. The plan focuses on three main goals: pushing more spectrum into the marketplace, updating infrastructure policy, and modernizing outdated regulations to facilitate 5G in the United States. With regard to the spectrum goal, the FCC plans to hold three more auctions in 2019 to sell bands of mmWave spectrum, and is conducting research to understand options for opening up low- and mid-band spectrum. With regard to the infrastructure goal, the FCC is working to increase the speed of review for small cells at the federal, state, and local levels to facilitate faster fielding of 5G. With regard to the modernization goal, the FCC is focused on adjusting existing regulations and making new ones to support 5G deployment, such as updating its rules on network equipment to allow for more rapid cell fielding and preventing the sale of network equipment from companies that pose a national security threat to U.S. networks.

The FCC has also started a proceeding to enable more flexible use of the 500 MHz of C-band downlink spectrum, which is positioned in the middle of the 3 and 4 GHz bands. In 2015 at ITU’s World Radio Conference, the Obama administration opposed the proposal to reclassify this band as an IMT-2000 allocation suitable for 5G use, which would have paved the way for global standardization of this spectrum for 5G mobility services. Even if the spectrum was reclassified as broadband, it would take some time before existing users could be completely removed from the C band. Sharing the band for 5G mobility use is difficult because mobile handsets emit radio energy in a broad pattern, and numbers of users operating near C band antenna could materially cause interference to satellite reception. However, fixed operations could share the spectrum through the use of highly directional antennas or beamforming systems, and this type of equipment would be ideal for providing fixed services to rural areas, as well as possible DoD uses for fixed network extensions.

If the United States were to aggressively pursue sharing and eventual reallocation of the C-band downlink spectrum, it could allow a second round of 5G spectrum expansion that could give the United States a boost in speed and coverage. However, the benefits of this spectrum reallocation would depend on global companies building their devices to operate within C-band, and the United States would need to push for acceptance of that part of the spectrum as a globally utilized band.

Public Sector: Department of Commerce

The Commerce Department’s National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) manages federal-use spectrum allocation. The Department of Commerce is currently developing a “National Spectrum Strategy” to improve spectrum management, identify research and development priorities to create new technologies, and aggregate federal agencies’ spectrum operational needs. NTIA will work with members of a new Spectrum Strategy Task Force (established by the Presidential memo) in a multiyear effort to develop and implement this DIB 5G Study


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RV 103 (WORK IN LONDON) temples overhung with smirchings of vapour. Great fields are covered with scraps of rusty iron and heaps of fluttering rags; dismal pools of water reflect on black waste grounds the dim skies. But all these things, if one is in the mood, one may find stimulating, because they tell of human toil, of human endeavour towards some end with some ideal at that end. But the other thing is sinister, since the other influences are working invisible, like malign and conscious fates, below the horizon.

To assist at the obsequies of one of these great works is more suggestive than to have seen the corpses in the snow of the retreat from Moscow. It is more horrible because the sufferers have fought in a fight much more blind and suffer inarticulately in the midst of their suffering children and in the face of their desolate homes. They suffer for no apparent principle, for no faith, for no fame, for no nation, for no glory; they suffer the shame of poverty without the compensating glory of defeat. They have not ever seen their Napoleon ride slowly along their cheering lines.

For London, if it attracts men from a distance with a glamour like that of a great and green gaming table, shows, when they are close to it, the indecipherable face of a desperate battle field, without ranks, without order, without pity and with very little of discoverable purpose. Yet those that it has attracted it holds for ever, because in its want of logic it is so very human.

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 national strategy and align research, development, testing, and evaluation efforts. If DoD were to share its spectrum, it would have to work closely with NTIA to manage that sharing process. DIB 5G Study


text: The Soul of London/Chapter 3

title: The Soul of London/Chapter 3


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The ancient literature of Japan contains few works of a popular character. Almost without exception, everything which has come down to us from the period when the Japanese language was in its greatest purity and perfection was written by and for a learned circle composed chiefly of the Household of the Mikado and the officials of his government.

The Tosa Nikki is not an exception to this rule. The author was a Court noble named Tsurayuki, who traced his descent in a direct line from one of the Mikados, and whose history is little more than the record of the successive offices he held at Kioto and in the provinces. One of his appointments was to the prefecture of Tosa, and it was on his journey back to Kioto after having completed the four years which were then the fixed term for such offices, that he wrote the Diary which is the subject of the present paper. Tsurayuki is also known as a poet of considerable eminence, and as the author of the famous preface to the Kokinshiu, extolled by Japanese critics as the most perfect specimen of composition extant in the native style.

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Darwin owed more to the early workers in evolution than generally is admitted, or he himself supposed. To an even greater extent he paralleled the work of his predecessors, many of whose books he had not even read. Thus even the theory of natural selection was published while Darwin still believed in special creation, although the mention of it was buried in a huge volume of timber suitable for naval construction.

This does not, of course, show that Charles Darwin lacked originality, or that his work lacked merit. Man began to wonder about the origin of living things long before he had the slightest inkling of either science or philosophy, and it is only natural that the more he knew the more he would speculate about that which he did not know. The early speculations, which dealt with gods rather than with animals or plants, soon were subjected to scrutiny along with the facts that they attempted to explain. Twenty-four centuries before the birth of Darwin, the Greek philosopher Thales taught that all life originated in the sea, and developed in accordance with natural law rather than the wills of the gods. In the eighteenth century, Goethe, Erasmus Darwin, and Geoffroy St.


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8 Hilaire came quite independently to the conclusion that species were not permanent, and each offered some explanation of the process of change. Following them came Lamarck, a leader of the French anti-creationists, who published, between the years of 1800 and 1815, a series of books, whose great thesis was that every living thing, including man himself, was descended from some earlier, and in most cases simpler living thing. These books attracted much attention, especially because of the opposition which they aroused, and undoubtedly did much to prepare continental Europe for the coming of evolution.

Inasmuch as Lamarck was the foremost evolutionist to precede Darwin, it is worth while to know what influence he may have exerted, and what his ideas were. In the first place, he saw clearly that species were not distinct units, as the earlier naturalist has supposed. Instead, they were more or less artificial definitions, applied to animals and plants that constantly varied, and among which there often was almost perfect graduation from one group to another. In addition, Lamarck saw that the domesticated species were not constant, and could be changed at will, even though they maintained fairly uniform distinctions. In explaining changes in form, color, and so on, he supposed that there was a very close correlation between the characters of a plant or animal and the conditions of its life, the circumstances of crossing with other species, and by habits causing an increase or decrease of certain parts—all underlain by a universal tendency for perfection. According to Lamarck, the giraffe has


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Rh a long neck because his ancestors used their necks to reach food, while the snake lacks legs because his ancestors crawled on their bellies until their legs disappeared. This was the theory of "inheritance of acquired characters"—a theory sponsored by Darwin's grandfather, and which even today is far from being settled either favorably or otherwise.

So far as we can tell, Lamarck did not go far to convince Charles Darwin that species were the product of natural forces, nor did he furnish much material for the young naturalist's study. Indeed, it seems probable that Darwin did not read Lamarck's books in the original French, for he had great difficulty with the language. This, perhaps, accounts for the slighting and even contemptuous references to the books which one may find in several of the letters. In the second edition of the Journal of Researches, he describes a South American animal, whose habits resemble those of the mole, and which frequently is blind, and comments, "Considering the strictly subterannean habits of the Tucutuco, the blindness, though so common, cannot be a very serious evil Lamarck would have been delighted with this fact had be known it when speculating (probably with more truth than usual with him) on the gradually acquired blindness of the Aspalax, a gnawer living underground, and of the Proteus, a reptile living in dark caverns filled with water, in both of which animals the eye is in an almost rudimentary state, and is covered with a tendinous membrane of skin. … no-doubt Lamarck would have said that the Tucutuco was passing into the state of


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 10 Aspalax and Proteus." In another letter he describes his work on evolution to Hooker, and adds, "Heaven forefend me from Lamarck nonsense of a 'tendency to progression,' 'adaptations from the slow willing of animals,' etc!"

There is, of course, the possibility that by reading Lamarck, and noting his obvious errors, Darwin was stimulated to seek more facts, and better bases for interpreting them. When he first read the Zoonomia, the principal evolutionary work of his grandfather, he was not greatly impressed. Yet in his later judgment of this book, he says, "Nevertheless, it is probable that the hearing, rather early in life, such views maintained and praised, may have favored my upholding them in a different form in my Origin of Species.” It would not be hard to include Lamarck with Erasmus Darwin in this acknowledgment.

It is plain, therefore, that Darwin was acquainted with the general conception of the evolution of life some years before he went upon the Beagle as naturalist. That he did not consider the idea as either probable or even suggestive of truth is shown by his own statement that, while on the voyage, he accepted the Bible literally, and along with it, the theory of special creation. But the reading of Lyell's Principles of Geology—in which Lamarck's—hypotheses are quite fully explained—and the study of similarities between living and fossil forms in South America combined to bring about uncertainty, and in the end, a complete


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 Rh change of opinion. Thus in 1834, though still a believer in special creation, he was able to explain various facts only by admitting that species gradually became modified and, in his own words, "the subject haunted" him. Yet he was so unwilling to accept the evidence of his own observation that, in 1839, he sent his Journal to the printer with numerous references to special creation, and no mention of another explanation that seemed to him far more satisfactory.

Darwin seems to have accepted the idea of evolution, some time in 1836 or early in 1837, for he opened his first notebook in July of the latter year. Concerning his method he says, "I worked on true Baconian principles, and without any theory collected facts on a wholesale scale, more especially with respect to domesticated productions, by printed inquiries, by conversation with skillful breeders and gardeners, and by extensive reading. When I see the list of books of all kinds which I read and abstracted, including whole series of Journals and Transactions, I am surprised at my industry. I soon perceived that selection was the keynote of man's success in making useful races of animals and plants. But how selection could be applied to organism living in a state of nature remained for some time a mystery to me."

The reading and abstracting continued for fifteen months before Darwin found an answer to his question as to how a method of selection akin to that practiced by the breeder might be carried out among creatures not tampered with by man. While reading Malthus' now


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 54 them, and waited upon until they refused to partake of more: And when they had finished the meal, Ambapali brought a stool and sat at the feet of Buddha, and said to him: "Gentle Lord Buddha, I give this mansion to the bhikkhus, of which the Buddha is chief."

And soon after this the Buddha said to his disciples: "Eat your food to satisfy your hunger, and drink to satisfy your thirst. Satisfy the necessities of life like the butterfly that sips the flower, without injuring its fragrance or its texture.

"Behold, the final extinction of the Teacher will soon take place. All component things must grow old and be dissolved again. Seek that which is everlasting, and work out your salvation through the truth. He who gives shall find gain. He who conquers himself shall be free."

Ananda said: "Deep darkness reigned for want of wisdom; the world of sentient creatures was groping for the light; then the Teacher lit the lamp of wisdom, and now it will be extinguished, ere he has brought it to all the world."

And the Buddha said to the venerable Ananda: "Let not thine heart be troubled; do not weep; it is in the nature of things that we must separate from those most near and dear unto us. The foolish man thinks only of self; the wise man renounces self, and realizes that all compounds amassed by sorrow will be dissolved again, but the truth will remain forever.


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Tosa Nikki

 * “An Ancient Japanese Classic” (1875), by W. G. Aston, in TASJ, 3(2)
 * “The Tosa Diary” (1955), by G. W. Sargent, in Anthology of Japanese Literature (Donald Keene, ed.)

title: Tosa Nikki


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 Rh "Why should I preserve this body, when the body of the most excellent law will endure? Rather should I look for rest.

"I am not the first Buddha who came upon earth, neither shall I be the last. In due time another Buddha will arise in the world, a Supremely Enlightened One, endowed with wisdom, knowing the universe, an incomparable leader of men. He will reveal to mankind the eternal truths which I have taught."

Ananda said: "How shall the world know him?"

The Buddha said: "He will be known as Metteyya, which means, He whose name is kindness."

Once more upon earth Buddha, the Enlightened of India, began to speak: "Behold decay is inherent in all component things, but the truth will remain forever! Work out salvation with diligence."

These were the last words of the gentle Lord Buddha. He fell into deep meditation; and having passed through the four jhanas, entered Nirvana.

In the Buddhist Books it is told that when the Buddha entered Nirvana there arose, as he passed from existence, a mighty earthquake, terrible and awe-inspiring; that the thunders of heaven burst forth, and that his disciples exclaimed: "Too soon has the Buddha died!


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 56 Too soon has the Teacher passed away! Too soon has the Light of the World gone out!"

And they burned the body of the Buddha, covered with garlands and wreaths; and when the funeral pyre was lit, the sun and moon withdrew their shining, the peaceful streams became torrent-swollen, the forests shook, while flowers and leaves fell upon the ground like scattered rain.

And Devaputta, one of the disciples, said to the multitudes that were gathered round the pyre:

"Behold, the earthly remains of the Enlightened One have been dissolved, but the truth that he taught us lives in our minds."


text:
Midland Asphalt Corp. v. United States

Petitioners moved to dismiss a federal indictment against them on the ground, inter alia, that the prosecution had violated Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 6(e)(2)—which generally prohibits public disclosure by Government attorneys of "matters occurring before the grand jury"—by filing, in a separate criminal case, a memorandum disclosing matters before the grand jury in this case. After the District Court denied the motion, the Court of Appeals granted the Government's motion to dismiss petitioners' appeal for lack of jurisdiction on the ground that the District Court's order was not an immediately appealable "final decision" under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. The court rejected petitioners' contention that United States v. Mechanik, 475 U.S. 66, which held that an alleged violation of Rule 6(d) was rendered harmless beyond a reasonable doubt by a petit jury's guilty verdict, would render orders of this sort "effectively unreviewable on appeal from a final judgment," Coopers & Lybrand v. Livesay, 437 U.S. 463, 468, and immediately appealable under the collateral order exception to the final judgment rule.

Held: A district court order denying a defendant's motion to dismiss an indictment for an alleged violation of Rule 6(e) is not immediately appealable under § 1291. Since petitioners have not yet been sentenced, the District Court's order is not a final judgment ending the litigation on the merits. Moreover, whatever view is taken of the scope of Mechanik (an issue not resolved here), an order such as that at issue does not satisfy the stringent requirements of the Coopers & Lybrand test. There is no merit in petitioners' contention that such orders are "effectively unreviewable" once trial has been held because they pertain to a right not merely not to be convicted, but a right not to be tried at all. Neither the text of Rule 6(e) nor the Grand Jury Clause of the Fifth Amendment affords a right not to be tried (in the sense relevant for the collateral order doctrine) in the event of a violation of grand jury secrecy. Pp. 798–802.

840 F.2d 1040, affirmed.

SCALIA, J., delivered the opinion for a unanimous Court.

Richard J. Braun argued the cause for petitioners. With him on the brief was Leslie M. Greenbaum.

[p795] Lawrence S. Robbins argued the cause for the United States. With him on the brief were Solicitor General Fried, Assistant Attorney General Rule, Deputy Solicitor General Bryson, Deputy Assistant Attorney General Starling, John J. Powers III, and Laura Heiser.

title: Midland Asphalt Corp. v. United States


text: Category:United States Supreme Court decisions in Volume 489


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 among the defenceless youth, and worried the least thoughtful among us.

In American civilisation, with its many immigrant strains, its dozens of conflicting standards of conduct, its hundreds of religious sects, its shifting economic conditions, this unsettled, disturbed status of youth was more apparent than in the older, more settled civilisation of Europe. American conditions challenged the psychologist, the educator, the social philosopher, to offer acceptable explanations of the growing children’s plight. As to-day in post-war Germany, where the younger generation has even more difficult adjustments to make than have our own children, a great mass of theorising about adolescence is flooding the book shops; so the psychologist in America tried to account for the restlessness of youth. The result was works like that of Stanley Hall on “Adolescence,” which ascribed to the period through which the children were passing, the causes of their conflict and distress. Adolescence was characterised as the period in which idealism flowered and rebellion against authority waxed strong, a period during which difficulties and conflicts were is inevitable.

The careful child psychologist who relied upon experiment for his conclusions did not subscribe to these theories. He said, “We have no data. We know only a little about the first few months of a child’s life. We are only just learning when a baby’s eyes will first follow a light. How can we give definite answers to


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 questions of how a developed personality, about which we know nothing, will respond to religion?” But the negative cautions of science are never popular. If the experimentalist would not commit himself, the social philosopher, the preacher and the pedagogue tried the harder to give a short-cut answer. They observed the behaviour of adolescents in our society, noted down the omnipresent and obvious symptoms of unrest, and announced these as characteristics of the period. Mothers were warned that “daughters in their teens” present special problems. This, said the theorists, is a difficult period. The physical changes which are going on in the bodies of your boys and girls have their definite psychological accompaniments. You can no more evade one than you can the other; as your daughter’s body changes from the body of a child to the body of a woman, so inevitably will her spirit change, and that stormily. The theorists looked about them again at the adolescents in our civilisation and repeated with great conviction, “Yes, stormily.”

Such a view, though unsanctioned by the cautious experimentalist, gained wide currency, influenced, our educational policy, paralysed our parental, efforts. Just ag the mother must brace herself against the baby’s crying when it cuts its first tooth, so she must fortify herself and bear with what equanimity she might the unlovely, turbulent manifestations of the “awkward age.” If there was nothing to blame the child for, neither was there any programme except endurance


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 The first entry in the Diary bears date the 21st day of the 12th month, and we learn from other sources that the year was the fourth year of Shohei. This would be, according to the European reckoning, some time in the months of January or February A.D. 935, or now 940 years ago.

Tsurayuki begins by telling his readers that diaries being commonly written by men, this is an attempt to write a woman’s diary. Hence he always speaks of himself in the third person, under the vague designation of ‘a certain man.’ But in Tsurayuki’s day something more than this was implied by the phrase ‘a woman’s diary.’ The learned were at this time devoted to the study of Chinese, and rarely composed in any other language, whilst the cultivation of the Japanese language was in a great measure abandoned to women. It is honorable to the women of Japan that they nobly discharged the task which devolved upon them of maintaining the credit of their native literature. I believe no parallel is to be found in the history of European letters to the remarkable fact that a very large proportion of the best writings of the best age of Japanese literature was the work of women. The Genji Monogatari, the acknowledged standard of the language for the period to which it belongs, and the parent of the Japanese novel, was written by a woman, as were also the Ise Monogatari, the Mafura Zôshi, and much of the poetry of the time. There is even reason to suppose that the traditions collected in the Kojiki, the Bible of the Shintô religion, were taken down from the mouth of a woman. With the exception of the last-mentioned work, which was committed to writing before the invention of kana, the Chinese character was very sparingly used in books written by women, and the use of Chinese vocables was also extremely limited. It is evident, therefore, that when Tsurayuki spoke of writing a ‘woman’s diary’ he meant a diary composed in the style usually employed by the women of that period.

The first day’s entry also records Tsurayuki’s departure

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 and Social-Revolutionists. This policy of coalition with the bourgeoisie, on the part of the Social-Revolutionists and Mensheviki, who enjoyed the confidence of a majority of the people, contains the gist of the whole course of the Revolution in the five months that have elapsed since its inception.

An agreement of the Social-Revolutionists and Mensheviki with the capitalists has been manifest, in one form or another, at every stage of the Russian Revolution.

When the people, in March, had barely won their victory and Czarism had been overthrown, the Provisional Government of the capitalists added to their number the "Socialist" Kerensky. As a matter of fact, Kerensky had never been a Socialist; he had simply been a Laborite, and counted himself a "Socialist-revolutionary" only since March, 191 7, when the thing was already safe and valueless. It was through Kerensky, in his capacity of Vice-Chairman of the Petrograd Soviet, that the Provisional Government of the capitalists now tried to win over and domesticate the Soviet. The Soviet, that is, the Social-Rievolutionists and Mensheviki who controlled it, permitted themselves to be soft-soaped, and agreed, immediately after its formation, to "support" the Provisional Government of the capitalists, "provided" it would carry out its promises.

The Soviet considered itself to be a sort of auditing commission, checking up the activities of the Provisional Government. The heads of the Soviets established the so-called "Consulting Committee," that is, a committee to secure contact and understanding with the Government. Through this Consulting Committee, the Social-Revolutionist and Menshevist leaders of the Soviet conducted continual conversations with the government of the capitalists, since they were, properly speaking, in the situation of ministers without portfolios, unofficial ministers.

Most of March and all of April passed with this state of affairs prevailing. The capitalists, in order to gain time, took refuge in delays and subterfuges. During this time the capitalist government did not take a single step of any consequence for the advancement of the Revolution. Even in its most elementary duty, the calling of the Constituent Assembly, the government did absolutely nothing, not even proposing the question of time and place nor appointing a central committee to consider the question. The government was concerned with one thing only, namely, to renew, surreptitiously, the predatory international treaties which the Czar had concluded with the capitalists of England and France; and to block the Revolution as carefully and imperceptibly as they could, to pro-


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 mise everything and deliver nothing. The Social-Revolutionists and Mensheviki in the Consulting Committee played the part of simpletons who are fed on fine phrases, promises, "lunches"; the Social-Revolutionists and Mensheviki, like the raven in the fable, lent a willing ear to flattery, delightedly swallowing the assurances of the capitalists that they would not undertake a single step without consulting the Soviets, esteeming the Soviets, of course, very highly.

As a mater of fact, time was passing, and the government of the capitalists had done absolutely nothing for the Revolution. But against the Revolution—they had already succeeded in renewing the secret predatory treaties, or rather, in emphasizing and "resurrecting" them by means of supplementary agreements, just as secret, with the diplomats of Anglo-French Imperialism. Against the Revolution—they had already succeeded in laying the foundations of a counter-revolutionary organization (or, at least, understanding) of the generals and officers of the old army. Against the Revolution—they had already begun to organize captains of industry, owners of factories and works, who, under the blows of the workers, had been compelled to make one concession after another, but who were now beginning to sabotage, production and prepare for its absolute stoppage, merely waiting for an appropriate moment.

But the organizing of the advanced workers and peasants into Soviets was proceeding inexorably. The best among the oppressed classes felt that the government, in spite of the agreement with the Petrograd Soviet, in spite of the eloquence of Kerensky, in spite of the "Consulting Committee" remained an enemy of the people, an enemy of the Revolution. The masses felt that if they did not break the resistance of the capitalists, the cause of peace, of freedom, of the Revolution would be lost forever. The impatience and ill-will of the masses was daily increasing.

On May 2 and 3 the masses burst forth. The cataclysm came with a sort of elemental fury, for no one had expected it. It appeared all the more distinctly directed against the government since one regiment marched out armed and appeared at the Marinsky Palace in order to arrest the ministers. To every one it was clear, to the point of axiomatic truth, that the government could not hold on. The Soviets could (and should) have taken the state power into their hands, without the slightest opposition from any side whatever. Instead of which the Social-Revolutionists and Mensheviki supported the tottering government of the capitalists, entan-


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 from the Government House of Tosa, and his arrival at the port from which he was to set sail. He was accompanied here by large numbers of people who came to take leave of him. Most brought with them parting presents, usually of eatables or saké. The result was that in Tsurayuki’s words, “Strange to say, here we were all fresh by the shore of the salt sea.” He did not actually set sail till the 27th, the intervening six days being chiefly taken up in disposing of the presents, and in a visit to the newly appointed Prefect, with whom he spent a day and right in drinking and verse-making, after which he took a final leave. Tsurayuki’s successor in office shook hands with him at the bottom of the steps leading up to the house, and they bade each other farewell with many cordial, but tipsy expressions of good-will on both sides. On the following day, however, we find Tsurayuki in a different frame of mind. He tells us that during his stay in Tosa a girl had died who was born in Kioto, and that amid all the bustle and confusion of leaving port, her friends could think of nothing but her. Some one, he says, composed this verse of poetry on the occasion.

“With the joyful thought, ‘Home to Kioto,’ there mingles the bitter reflection that there is one who never will return.” We are informed by another writer that Tsurayuki here deplores the loss of his own daughter, a little girl of nine years of age.

But the jollifications had not yet come to an end. The new Prefect’s brother made his appearance at a projecting cape on their way to the first stopping place, and they were accordingly obliged to land on the beach, where there was more drinking and composing of verses. Of these verses Tsurayuki seems to have had no great opinion. He says that it required the united efforts of two of the party to make one bad verse, and he compares them to two fishermen labouring along with a heavy net on their shoulders. Their jollity was interrupted by the master of the junk who summoned them on board. There was a fair wind, he said, and the tide served; and Tsurayuki maliciously adds that

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 which might be urged upon the teacher. The theorist continued to observe the behaviour of American adolescents and each year lent new justification to his hypothesis, as the difficulties of youth were illustrated and documented in the records of schools and juvenile courts.

But meanwhile another way of studying human development had been gaining ground, the approach of the anthropologist, the student of man in all his most diverse social settings. The anthropologist, as he pondered his growing body of material upon the customs of primitive people, grew to realise the tremendous rôle played in an individual’s by the environment in which each is born and reared. One by one, aspects of behaviour which we had been accustomed to consider invariable complements of our humanity were found to be merely a result of civilisation, present in the inhabitants of one country, absent in another country, and this without a change of race. He learned that neither race nor common humanity can be held responsible for many of the forms which evolve such basic human emotions as love and fear and anger take under different social conditions.

So the anthropologist, arguing from his observations of the behaviour of adult human beings in other civilisations, reaches many of the same conclusions which the behaviourist reaches in his work upon human babies who have as yet no civilisation to shape their malleable humanity.


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 gled themselves more completely with the government by means of further agreements, and took other, even more fatal, steps to the complete undoing of the Revolution.

Revolution teaches all classes with a rapidity and thoroughness never possible in ordinary, peaceful times. The capitalists, being better organized and more experienced in the class struggle and in class policy, learned more quickly than the others. Seeing that the position of the government was insecure, they resorted to a method that has been practiced by the capitalists of other countries through all the decades since 1848, to hoodwink, disunite and weaken the workers. This method is the method of "coalition," that is, a ministry formed by combining bourgeois elements with renegades from Socialism.

In countries characterized more than others by the presence of liberty and democracy side by side with a revolutionary working class movement, namely, in England and France, capitalists have frequently resorted to "coalition" with great success. "Socialist" leaders who enter a bourgeois ministry inevitably become mere figure-heads, puppets, capitalist camouflage, tools for the deception of the workers. The "democratic and republican" capitalists of Russia put this same device into practice. The Social-Revolutionists and Mensheviki simultaneously permitted themselves to be fooled, and on May 19 the "coalition" ministry, including Chernov, Tseretelli & Co., became a fact.

The dupes of the Social-Revolutionary and Menshevist parties love to bask in the light of the ministerial haloes of their leaders. The capitalists rubbed their hands in glee when they found they had obtained accomplices against the people in the persons of the "Soviet leaders," who had promised they would support "an offensive at the front," that is, a renewal of the war of imperialistic aggression that had been suspended. The capitalists were aware of the puffed-up impotence of these leaders; they were aware that the promises made by the bourgeoisie (concerning the control and even organization of industry, the policy of peace, etc.) never would be kept.

And so it transpired. The second phase of the Revolution, from May 19 to June 18, fully justified the calculation of the capitalists as to the ease with which they could deceive the Social Revolutionists and Mensheviki.

As soon as Pyeshekhonov and Skobeleff begn fooling themselves and the people with fine phrases to the effect that they would take 100 per cent profits away from the capitalists, that the resis-


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14 THE HUNTERIAN ORATION. skeleton of surpassing excellence.—So little encouragement did the cultivation of anatomy receive through many ages that, not until the sixteenth century, in other countries than Italy, was human dissection permitted, and then so reluctantly that, to a very late period, it continued to be a practice entered upon at the risk of the personal safety of the individual. At Paris in the year 1727, did Haller meet with the interruption to his anatomical studies of which he so indignantly complains in his Bibliotheca Anatomica.* “Sed etiam hane discendi opportunitatem, maligna curiositas operarii turbayit, qui effoso pariete, quid agerem speculatus, meum nomen ad viros publica securitati preefectos de- tulit. Ut graves poenas, ipsas forte triremes, effuge- rem, latendum mihi fuit, et deserenda cadavera.”’— Even in our enlightened country, the science which had the best right to expect the aspirations and the efforts of the wise and the good, has received but the one re- cently granted public protection and encouragement ; for it is certain that the legal enactment, which con- signed to the anatomist the body of the murderer, had not for its object the advance of science, “but the addi-

 * Tom. xi. page 196.

+ An Act for regulating Schools of Anatomy, 1832.

To Henry Warzurton, Esq., M. P., F.R.S., the Public are mainly indebted for this important measure. The extent of the obligation is known only to those who witnessed his Exertions in the cause of Science and of Humanity. �

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 ance of the capitalists was broken, etc., the capitalists began to take heart. No one, absolutely no one, was at that moment occupied in curbing, the capitalists. Ministers recruited from Socialist deserters made good talking machines to divert the oppressed masses, but the entire apparatus of state supervision actually remained in the hands of the bureaucracy and the bourgeoisie. The celebrated Palchinsky, an associate of the Minister of Industry, was a typical representative of this system: he sidetracked every attempt to curb the power of the capitalists. The ministers continued their emissions of hot air, but conditions remained unchanged.

Particularly was Minister Tseretelli used by the bourgeoisie to act against the Revolution. He was sent to "placate" Cronstadt when the revolutionists there had the colossal cheek to remove a commissioner appointed by the Provisional Government. The bourgeois press launched out into an incredibly base, malicious, insane campaign of deception and persecution against Cronstadt, accusing the city of a desire to "secede from Russia," repeated absurdities of thsthis [sic] and similar varieties in a thousand forms, terrifying the petite bourgeoisie and the philistines. Tseretelli, who is the most typical representative of the dull, intimidated philistines, fell most good-naturedly of all for the bait of the bourgeois persecution, and, more angrily than anyone else, "berated and calmed" Cronstadt, being in no way aware that he was playing the role of a flunkey to the counter-revolutionary bourgeoisie. The outcome was that he became the instrument for bringing about an "agreement" with revolutionary Cronstadt, providing that the Cronstadt commissioner was not to be appointed by the government, but elected by the city and confirmed by the government. In the accomplishment of such miserable compromises the ministers who deserted from Socialism to the bourgeoisie are now spending their time.

There are situations in which no bourgeois minister would dare to come out in defense of the government before the revolutionary workers or in the Soviets. But in such places there appeared (or rather, was sent by the bourgeoisie) a "Socialist" minister, a Tseretelli, Chernov, Skobeleff, or some other, who would willingly carry out the bourgeois task and work himself into a fury defending the ministry, would whitewash the capitalists and deceive the workers by grinding out promises, promises, promises, and advising the workers to wait, wait, wait.

Minister Chernov was particularly busy trading with his bourgeois colleagues. Up to the very month of July, up to the new


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 there was no more saké to drink. They accordingly embarked, and proceeded on their voyage.

On the 29th, they had got no further than Ominato, a harbour only a few miles distant from their starting-point. Here they were detained for ten days waiting for a fair wind. Presents of eatables and drinkables still came in, but more sparingly, and Tsurayuki records regretfully the fate of a bottle of saké, which he had stuck in the roof of the cabin, but which was displaced by the rolling of the junk and fell overboard. One of these presents was a pheasant, which according to the old Japanese custom was attached to a flowering branch of plum. Some brought verses with their gifts. Here is a specimen.

“Louder than the clamour of the white surges on your onward path will be the cry of me weeping that I am left behind.”

Tsurayuki remarks that if that were really so, he must have a very loud voice. On the 9th of the second month, they at last sailed from Ominato. As they passed Matsubara, they admired a large grove of ancient firs which grew by the sea-shore. Tsurayuki mentions the pleasure with which they watched the storks flying about among their tops, and gives us this verse composed on the occasion.

“Casting my glance over the sea; on each fir-tree top a stork has his dwelling. They have been comrades for a thousand years.”

It became dark before they reached their next stopping-place, for like most Japanese vessels even at the present day, the idea of pursuing their voyage all night long does not seem to have occurred to them. Besides, to judge from its having gone up the Osaka river as far as Yamazaki, their junk must have been a very small one, and the diary shows that it depended more on oars than on sails. Here is Tsurayuki’s description of nightfall.

“Whilst we rowed along gazing on this scene, the mountains and the sea became all dark, the night deepened, and east and west could not be seen, so we

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 With such an attitude towards human nature the anthropologist listened to the current comment upon adolescence. He heard attitudes which seemed to him dependent upon social environment—such as rebellion against authority, philosophical perplexities, the flowering of idealism, conflict and struggle—ascribed to a period of physical development. And on the basis of his knowledge of the determinism of culture, of the plasticity, of human beings, he doubted. Were these difficulties due to being adolescent or to being adolescent in America?

For the biologist who doubts an old hypothesis or wishes to test out a new one, there is the biological laboratory. There, under conditions over which he can exercise the most rigid control, he can vary the light, the air, the food, which his plants or his animals receive, from the moment of birth throughout their lifetime. Keeping all the conditions but one constant, he can make accurate measurement of the effect of the one. This is the ideal method of science, the method of the controlled experiment, through which all hypotheses may be submitted to a strict objective test.

Even the student of infant psychology can only partially reproduce these ideal laboratory conditions. He cannot control the pre-natal environment of the child whom he will later subject to objective measurement. He can, however, control the early environment of the child, the first few days of its existence, and decide what sounds and sights and smells and tastes are to


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 impinge upon it. But for the student of the adolescent there is no such simplicity of working conditions. What we wish to test is no less than the effect of civilisation upon a developing human being at the age of puberty. To test it most rigorously we would have to construct various sorts of different civilisations and subject large numbers of adolescent children to these different environments. We would list the influences the effects of which we wished to study. If we wished to study the influence of the size of the family, we would construct a series of civilisations alike in every respect except in family organisation. Then if we found differences in the behaviour of our adolescents we could say with assurance that size of family had caused the difference, that, for instance, the only child had a more troubled adolescence than the child who was a member of a large family. And so we might proceed through a dozen possible situations—early or late sex knowledge, early or late sex-experience, pressure towards precocious development, discouragement of precocious development, segregation of the sexes or coeducation from infancy, division of labour between the sexes or common tasks for both, pressure to make religious choices young or the lack of such pressure. We would vary one factor, while the others remained quite constant, and analyse which, if any, off the aspects of our civilisation were responsible for the difficulties of our children at adolescence.

Unfortunately, such ideal methods of experiment