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105 Chap. III.] HINDOO GOVERNMENT. 105

more particularity than delicacy. One thing deserving of notice is the import- a.d.

ance attached to what are called "overt acts of adulterous inclinations," such as talking with the wife of another man " at a place of pilgrimage, in a forest, or Adultery. a grove, or at the confluence of rivers;" sending her "flowers or perfumes;" sporting and jesting with her; touching "her apparel and ornaments;" and sitting " with her on the same couch." In all such cases a fine is exigible. A very proper distinction, however, is made. If a man before noted for adultery "converses in secret with the wife of another," his guilt is presumed and he incurs the penalty ; but " a man, not before noted, who thus converses with her for some reasonable cause, shall pay no fine, since in him there is no transgres- sion.'' In like manner it is intimated that husbands have themselves to blame if their wives are not "most especially guarded;" and that therefore the laws against adultery "relate not to the wives of public dancers and singers, or of such base men as live by intrigues of their wives ; men who either carry women to others, or lying concealed at home, permit them to hold a culpable intercoui'se." The actual commission of the crime is punished with little regard to equity, the punishment being generally light in proportion to the rank of the male, and rigorous in proportion to the rank of the female offender. Hence a Brahmin, even for forcing a guarded woman, incurs only a fine, and at the very worst is subjected to "ignominious tonsure;" whereas, "should a wife, proud of her family, and the great qualities of her kinsmen, actually violate the duty which she owes to her lord," her sentence is "to be devoured by dogs in a place much frequented ;" and that of her paramour to be placed " on an iron bed well heated, under which the executioners shall throw logs continually till the sinful wretch be there burned." When the crime is committed under similar circum- stances by a soldier or a merchant, the form of the punishment is slightly varied, and the adulterer is " burned in a fire of dry grass or reeds." After treating of the subject of "gaming either with inanimate or animated things, and recommending the king to exclude it wholly from his realm, because "both those modes of play cause destruction to princes," and to " punish cor- porally at discretion both the gamester and the keeper of a gaming-house," the code enumerates various crimes not included under the previous titles, and specifies their punishments. Ministers " who are employed in public affairs, and, inflamed by the blaze of wealth, mar the business of any party con- cerned," are to be stripped of all their property. Such as "forge royal edicts, cause dissensions among the great ministers," or join the king's enemies, are to be put to death. Whatever business "has at any time been transacted according to law" is to be considered as "finally settled," and the king should refuse to re-open it ; but when his ministers or a judge have acted illegally it is his duty to re-examine the case, and fine them for their misconduct.

For the purpose of detecting crime, and bringing offenders to justice, a

system of internal police must be established. In all communities there are Vol. II. 103


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106 106

HISTORY OF INDIA.

[Book IV.

A.D. —

Police and eapiouage.

"two sorts of rogues — the open and the concealed;" open, who "subsist by cheating in various marketable commodities;" and concealed, "who steal and rob in forests and the like secret places." There are also " receivers of bribes, extorters of money by threats, debasers of metals, gamesters, fortune-tellers, impostors, and professors of palmistry ;" in short, " scoundrels with depraved souls, who secretly prowl over this earth" — worthless men, all the more dangerous from often " bearing the outward signs of the worthy.' As a security against their machinations, and for the prevention of robberies, the king must employ soldiers, stationary and patrolling, as well as secret watchmen at "much-fre- quented places, cisterns of water, bake-houses, the lodging of harlots, taverns, and victualling shops, squai'es where four ways meet, large well-known trees, assemblies and public spectacles, old courtyards, thickets, the houses of artists, empty mansions, groves and gardens." It will also be requisite to employ " able spies." The description given of them is cm-ious. They are to be men who were " once thieves," and thus " knowing the various machinations of rogues, associate with them and follow them," for the purpose of enabling the king to " detect and draw them forth." Even their mode of proceeding is detailed. On some pretext or other, such as the promise of " dainty food and gratifications," the spies are to procure an assembly of rogues. Being thus brought within the grasp of the law, the king is to seize them all at once, as well as any of their gang whose suspicions may have deterred them from joining the assembly, and do summary j ustice by putting them to death, "with their friends and kinsmen, paternal and maternal."

After recommending a number of other executions, conceived in the same sanguinary spirit, the code disposes of a variety of minor delinquencies, pro- perly falling within the department of police ; such as taking away the water of an ancient pool, obstructing a water-course, breaking down a foot-bridge, or removing a public flag. For all these fines are appointed. In other cases offenders are punished by imprisonment. Of course, prisons are necessary, but the only information given with regard to them is, that they are to be placed " near a public road, where off'enders may be seen wi-etched or disfigm-ed." From the suliject of police the code adverts to various forms of meditated crime, which, though they may have failed of their effect, deserve punishment. Those par- ticularly mentioned are, "sacrifices to destroy innocent men," "machinations with roots," and " witcheries." From these an abrupt transition is made to Fraudulent scvcral fraudulent practices. After specifying the sale of bad grain for good, the placing of good seed at the top of the bag to conceal the bad below, and the removal of known landmarks, and declaring that those guilty of such offences " must suffer such corporal punishment as will disfigure them," the code con- cludes its denunciations of fraud with the following startling sentence : — " But the most pernicious of all deceivers is a goldsmith who commits frauds ; the king shall order him to be cut piecemeal with razors." The barbarous punishment

Prisons.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Fame (Čech)

 * Translation by Paul Selver published in 3 parts in the magazine The Czechoslovak Review from March to May 1920:
 * Fame, vol. 4, no. 3.
 * Fame, vol. 4, no. 4.
 * Fame, vol. 4, no. 5.

title: Fame (Čech)


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 intracellular space, instead delivering effectors using the secretion system. The effectors can diffuse through the interphase between the host cell and bacteria (apoplastic effectors) or translocate through the host cell through the PD (symplastic effectors). In both cases, diffusing and translocating effectors can act on several cells.

The predicted translocating signals are type III secretions in bacteria. However, in several cases, the translocation is a pathogen-derived trigger. After translocation, effectors can then localize to different intracellular compartments such as nucleocytoplasm (HopU1), chloroplasts (HopN1), mitochondria (HopG1), and the trans-Golgi network or early endosome (HopM1) (Fu et al. 2007; Nomura et al. 2011). Effectors could manipulate the PD function for further susceptibility of plants. For example, HopO1-1, the effector from P. syringae DC3000, interacts with PDLP5 and PDLP7 (Aung et al. 2020). Given that PDLP5 is crucial for bacterial immunity, HopO1-1 degrades PDLP7, presumably after ribosylation. Moreover, HopO1-1 alters PD trafﬁcking contributing to bacterial virulence.

CELL-TO-CELL MOVEMENT OF IMMUNITY-RELATED PROTEINS AND RNAS

Several proteins involved in growth and development move symplastically from cell to cell (Gundu et al. 2020). However, the intercellular movement of proteins due to biotic or abiotic stress is not yet clearly illustrated. Signaling molecules such as ROS participate in various processes, including development and defense.

A novel transcription factor, UPBEAT1 (UPB1), modulates ROS by directly regulating peroxidase genes and is also believed to move from cell to cell to specify the position of cellular differentiation (Tsukagoshi et al. 2010). In addition, UPB1 modulates the expression of peroxidases and balances ROS between zone proliferation and the elongation zone in the roots. The stabilization and transcriptional activity of UPB1 are enhanced upon phosphorylation by the BIN2 kinase, a negative regulator of brassinosteroid signaling (Li et al. 2020). Although brassinosteroids and PTI signaling are antagonistically coupled (Belkhadir et al. 2012), the direct involvement of a mobile protein such as UBP1 in the PAMP response has not yet been demonstrated.

Another membrane-associated protein, thioredoxin h9 (TRX h9), acts as an antioxidant through the response to the ROS species and undergoes intercellular movement (Meng et al. 2010). However, TRX h9 has no transmembrane domain. It associates with the membrane through palmitoylation of the Gly and Cys residue in the N-terminal domain. Mutation in these residues also restricts the cell-to-cell movement, indicating that this posttranslational modiﬁcation not only regulates solubility but also is critical for the cell-to-cell movement of TRX h9. Although it has not yet been demonstrated that redox-based signaling is affected by the movement of TRX h9 or UPB1, it is tempting to suggest that regulating the cell-to-cell movement of antioxidants could play a role in preventing oxidative stress in the development and stress responses.

Noncell-autonomous functions in plants are also executed by the cell-to-cell or long-distance movement of mRNAs. However, long-distance trafﬁcking of mRNA through the phloem relies on multiple translocation steps from the source to sink through the phloem (Kehr and Buhtz 2008). The detection of mobile mRNA has been demonstrated through grafting, although it has been challenging to identify the population of RNA involved in stress signaling against a background of general systemic signaling.

Mobile mRNA is believed to play a critical role in growth and defense or stress regulation (Ham and Lucas 2017). In pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima), CmWRKYP transcripts, which have a role in the defense response, were detected in the phloem (Ruiz-Medrano et al. 1999). In 2016, Zhang and colleagues found that many mRNAs are translocated through the phloem under phosphate stress (Zhang et al. 2016). The expression and translocation of phloem-mobile mRNA and micro-RNA (miRNA) occur in a tissue-speciﬁc manner. For instance, the miRNA miR399, which plays a role in phosphate homeostasis, is predominantly expressed in vasculature. Under phosphate deﬁciency, its expression increases and it accumulates in roots, where it targets PHO2, a negative regulator of phosphate transport (Ham and Lucas 2017).

Although the speciﬁc subset of miRNA and all small-interfering RNAs are present in phloem extracts due to their smaller sizes, their role in plant defense is well known (Kehr and Buhtz 2008; Liu et al. 2017; Muhammad et al. 2019). For instance, the tomato miR482 and 2118 miRNAs target numerous NBS-LRR mRNAs that encode plants’ innate immunity receptors (Shivaprasad et al. 2012). This regulation is lost in virus- and bacteria-infected plants, indicating that miRNAs can be a crucial regulator in some plant diseases. Epitranscriptomic modiﬁcations such as the methylation of cytosine (m5C) and N6-methyladenosine (m6A) regulate gene expression at the posttranscriptional level and the mobility of RNA during stress (Hu et al. 2019; Yang et al. 2019). Overall, these suggest that plants may tightly regulate their defense responses through mobile RNAs.

CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVE

Intercellular communication is an essential and highly regulated process, especially during plant defense. This includes the apoplastic and symplastic movement of micromolecules (ROS, hormones, and peptides) and macromolecules (mobile transcription factors). These mobile signals may interact synergistically or antagonistically during PTI, ETI, and SAR and differentially regulate the apoplastic composition or PD permeability. However, how the exact regulatory mechanism works at the transcriptional, epitranscriptional, posttranscriptional, and posttranslational levels is still unclear.

Furthermore, how the overall information is integrated at the PD or apoplast and executed at local and systemic levels remains unanswered. A time-efﬁcient realistic approach to exploring a particular plant-pathogen interaction is to use the machine-learning technique for multiomics data integration obtained from organs, tissues, and single cells. Network biology, deep learning, and other machine-learning approaches can be applied to predict the strategy through which a pathogen exploits cell-to-cell communication for pathogenesis. Real-time monitoring and advanced imaging of intercellularly transported signaling molecules would help explain how plants (and plant organs) respond, tolerate, and adapt to a given biotic or abiotic stress. In the long run, these would improve crop resistance, yield, and nutritional quality in efﬁcient and sustainable agriculture, which is the ultimate aspiration of this research.

LITERATURE CITED

 * Adkar-Purushothama, C. R., and Perreault, J.-P. 2020. Current overview on viroid–host interactions. Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. RNA 11:e1570.
 * Ahuja, I., Kissen, R., and Bones, A. M. 2012. Phytoalexins in defense against pathogens. Trends Plant Sci. 17:73-90.
 * Al-Daoude, A., Al-Shehadah, E., Shoaib, A., Jawhar, M., and Arabi, M. I. E. 2019. Salicylic acid pathway changes in barley plants challenged with either a biotrophic or a necrotrophic pathogen. Cereal Res. Commun. 47:324-333.
 * Alazem, M., and Lin, N. S. 2017. Antiviral roles of abscisic acid in plants. Front. Plant Sci. 8:1760.
 * Albers, P., Ütsün, S., Witzel, K., Kraner, M., and Börnke, F. 2019. A remorin from Nicotiana benthamiana interacts with the Pseudomonas Vol. 35, No. 2, 2022 / 105


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107 CiiAP. III.] HINDOO GOVEKNMENT. 107

thus reserved for the goldsmith may be thought justifiable from the difficulty of ad.

detecting his frauds, and the value of the materials with which he is intrusted ; but most persons will see in this shocking punishment, only an exemplification of the barbarous manner in which criminal justice was, and still is administered by Hindoo sovereigns.

Another important branch of government, not yet considered, is its foreign Foreign policy, or the measures rendered necessary by the relations, peaceful or warlike, which it may bear to other states. For it must always be remembered that India did not form one single undivided empire, but was composed of a number of separate and independent' sovereignties, always jealous of each other, and often engaged in open hostilities. The importance attached to the office of ambassador, and the qualifications necessary for the performance of its duties, have already been adverted to. Incidental notice has also been taken of the division of the kingdom into military districts, and the appointment of a com- mander-in-chief with a "company of guards," evidently of the nature of a standing army, to act as " the protectors of the realm." The leading principle by which the king is to be guided in his foreign policy is to be " always ready for action." While acting on all occasions " without guile and never with insin- cerity," he is to keep himself "ever on his guard." In the exercise of this caution he is to consider " the power immediately beyond him, and the favourer of that power" as hostile, "the power next beyond" as amicable, and all powers still more remote as neutral. His troops are to be "constantly exercised ; his prowess constantly displayed ; what he ought to secure, constantly secured ; and the weak- ness of his foe constantly investigated." At the same time he must be careful not to disclose his own " vulnerable part." On this subject the advice is, " Like a tortoise, let him draw in his members under the shell of concealment, and diligently let him repair any breach that may be made in it; like a heron, let him muse on gaining advantages ; like a lion, let him put forth his strength; like a wolf, let him creep towards his prey; like a hare, let him double to secure his retreat." In short, " Let him so arrange all his affairs, that no ally, neutral prince, or enemy may obtain any advantage over him ; this, in a few words, is the sum of political wisdom." He must not be satisfied, however, with acting on the defensive. Glory and conquest rather than peace must be his object, since "those rulers of the earth, who, desirous of defeating each other, exert their utmost strength in battle, without ever averting their faces, ascend after death directly to heaven." With such a stimulus added to the innate ambition of rulers, it is not strange that war seems to be contemplated as their natural and necessary employment. Accordingly, the principles on which the king is to act are thus inculcated: "What he has not gained, let him strive to gain ; what he has acquired, let him preserve with care ; what he preserves, let him augment ; and what he has augmented, let him bestow on the deserving."

In accordance with these principles, the existence of war being assumed, a


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108 108 HISTORY OF INDIA. [Book IV.

A.T) — very minute and curious account is given of the manner in which it is to be carried on. The king having made all the necessary preparations for conquest, War. is to invade the enemy's country in the fine months when autumnal or

vernal crops are on the ground. He may indeed set out "even in other seasons, when he has a clear prospect of victory, and when any disaster has befallen his foe." Having secured "the three sorts of ways," that is, over water, on plains, and tlirough forests, and placed what is called " his six -fold army" (elephants, cavalry, cars, infantry, officers, and attendants) in complete military form, he is to "proceed by fit journeys toward the metropolis of his enemy," keeping " much on his guard against every secret friend in the service of the hostile prince, and against emissaries who go and return." The line of march, as stated in the text, and explained by the commentator in the words here placed in brackets, is curious: "On his march let the king form his troops either like a staff [in an even column] ; like a wain [in a wedge with the apex foremost] ; like a boar [in a rhomb, with the van and rear narrow and the centre broad] ; like a macara [a sea monster, that is, in a double triangle with apices joined] ; like a needle [in a long line] ; or like the bird of Vishnu [in a rhomboid, with the wings far extended]." The king's own position, meanwhile, is more secure than dignified, for he is always to conceal himself " in the midst of a squadi'on like a lotus -fiower." Military Haviug arrived at the scene of action the king is to proceed thus: — "On all

sides let him station troops of soldiers in whom he confides, distinguished by known colours and other marks, who are excellent both in sustaining a charge and in charging ; who are fearless and incapable of desertion. Let him at liis pleasure order a few men to engage in a close phalanx, or a large number of warriors in loose ranks ; and having formed them in a needle or in a thunderbolt, let him give the orders for battle," fighting on a plain " with his armed cars and horses," on watery places " with manned boats and elephants," on ground full of trees and shrubs "with bows," and on cleared ground "with swords and targets and other weapons." When the troops are formed in array, he is to encourage them (with short animated speeches), and then " try them completely" by risking the encounter. Sometimes it may be more advisable to block up the enemy. In that case the king is to "sit encamped and lay waste the hostile country," spoiling its "grass, water, and wood;" destroying "the pools, wells, and trenches," harassing the foe by day and alarming him by night. Meanwhile he is secretly to bring over to his party as many of the enemy as he can, and acquaint himself by means of spies of all their movements, and "when a for- tunate moment is offered by Heaven" give battle, "pusliing on to conquest and abandoning fear." This bold course, liowever, he is not to adopt till other expedients — negotiation, well-aj)plied gifts, and creating divisions — have failed ; since there is always hazard in a decisive action, " and victory or defeat are not surely foreseen on either side, when two armies engage in the field."

tactics.


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423 Chap. VI.] PROCEEDINGS OF DIRECTORS. 423

return, a vote of thanks promoted if moved for, and nobody to be displaced.' .d. ittg. This is Mr. Maclean's accomit ; but as the negotiation was never recognized by the ministry, and the stipulations proved a dead letter, it is impossible to say how far he has confined himself to fiicts, or mingled his o-vvn fancies along with them.

On the 18tli of October the court of directors took the letter into conside- Proceedings

of directors

ration, and having called in Colonel Maclean, asked him to produce his autho- inconse rity for writing it. His answer was that the papers conferring it contained coionei matters " of a nature extremely confidential," which precluded him from laying j'^g^t'^Jr^'"' them bodily before the court ; but that he was ready to give every satisfaction, by submitting them to the inspection of any three directors who might be appointed for that pui'pose. This answer might have justified a suspicion that there was some mistake. Was it conceivable that Mr. Hastings, if he had really resigned, would have left it to be inferred from papers which could not be submitted to full inspection without betraying confidence? In fact, Mr. Maclean, in his own letter, had not ventured to do more than speak of " a desire to resign," and of a "vacancy which will thereby be occasioned." It was obvious, therefore, that at the utmost nothing more could be made out than a constructive resignation ; in other words, a resignation which, not being made in direct terms, but only inferred from facts and circumstances, could never amount to the resignation which the Regulating Act required before action could be taken on it. This consideration should have restrained the directors from taking the undignified and unbusiness-like step of deputing a committee to sit in judgment on Colonel Maclean's papers. Their conduct can only be accounted for by their wishes. They longed for the resignation, and were determined, if possible, to prove that they had obtained it.

The chairman, deputy-chairman, and Mr. Richard Becher, the committee Report of

. . the com

appointed, reported, on the 23d of October, that "having conferred with Mr. mittee Maclean, they find that from the purport of Mr. Hastings' instructions, contained hy^th'em. in a paper in his own handwriting, he declares he will not continue in the government of Bengal unless certain conditions therein specified can be obtained." Of this, they add, "there is no probability." Assuming that they were correct in tliis opinion, what follows? "That Mr. Hastings has resigned," say the chairman and deputy-chairman only, for Mr. Becher refused to concur with them; but in order to show that nothino- can be more illogfical than this con- elusion, it is necessary only to put the argument into the form of a syllogism — Mr. Hastings will resi2:n unless certain conditions can be obtained: of this there is no probability: ergo, Mr. Ha.stings has resigned! Instead of this syllogism, in which the conclusion has no visible connection with the premises, it is clear that the true syllogism should stand thus — Mr. Hastings will resign unless certain conditions can be obtained: of this there is no probability: ergo, there is every probability that Mr. Hastings will resign. By no possible


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315 Chap. IV.] JUDICIAL ARRANGEMENTS. 315

was deemed a reasonable offer, the changes produced by this system of rack- ad. 1772. renting are said to have amounted to a social revolution.

It has been already observed, that " the regular course of justice was every- Judicial ar-

. . . rangements.

where suspended. ' Against this state of anarchy it was necessary to provide. The means eniployed were as follows : — In each district two courts were erected — a civil and a criminal. The civil court, styled mofussul dewannee adaidut, was presided over by the collector, assisted by the provincial dewan; the criminal court, styltdi foujedarry adawlut, was also presided over by the collector, not so much, however, as actual judge, as to overlook the proceedings, and see that they were regularly and impartially conducted. The officers by whom the business was actually conducted were the cazi and mufti of the district, and two moulavies, or expounders of the law. At Calcutta, two supreme courts were established for the review of the proceedings of the provincial courts by appeal. The supreme civil court, styled dewannee sudder adaidut, was pre- sided over by the president, with two members of council, assisted by the dewan of the khalsa, or chief revenue officer, and some other native judges. The supreme criminal court, styled nizamut sudder adaivlut, consisted of a presiding judge, designated daroga-iadawlut, the chief cazi, the chief mufti, and three moulavies. The presiding judge was nominated by the president and council, and was understood to occupy the place of the original nazim. All capital cases were reviewed by his court, but not ultimately disposed of till they had been referred to the Bengal council. At a later period, however, this refer- ence was dispensed with, and the court itself, removed to Moorshedabad, was restored to the nabob as part of the nizamut. For Calcutta itself and its Per- gunnahs, two courts similar to those of the other districts were established, and presided over by the members of council in rotation. In all these courts the proceedings were conducted in accordance with the forms in use before the British supremacy was established.

In a letter addressed to the directors in September, 1 772, Hastings gave a full Expianatoiy

,, letter from

account of his proceedings. The extent of business which it was necessary to Hastings, despatch is thus described: — '• I beg leave to call to your recollection, that by a strange concurrence of unforeseen causes, your administration had at tins time every oljject that could engage the care of government (war only excepted), all demanding their instant attention. The settlement of the revenue of Bengal — the dismissal of the naib dewan and naib soubah of the provinces — the inquiry into his conduct for a course of years preceding — the dismission of the naib dewan of Behar, and inquiry into his conduct — the establishment of the dewannee on the plan directed by the honourable Company — the arrangement of the nabob's household — the reduction of his allowance and expenses — the establishment of a regular administration of justice throughout the provinces — the inspec- tion and reformation of the public offices — and, independent of all these, the ordi- nary duties of the presidency, which, from the amazing growth of your affairs.


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176 of Danish, received the title of "philologus regius linguæ Danicæ." He published various works on the Danish language. His first work especially, "Betænkninger om det Cimbriske Sprog" (Remarks on the Cimbrian language), is marked by great freshness and enthusiasm. Its main purpose is to inquire into what ought to be done in one way and another to promote the culture of Danish in order that it may be restored to its place of honor, but at the same time the author also discusses purely philological problems. Already in this work Syv proves himself one of the best informed and most profound scholars in this field, and he continued to the day of his death to work with indefatigable zeal for the advancement of Danish. His "Danske Sprogkunst," published in 1685, is especially interesting as the first Danish grammar written in Danish. In 1668 a "Grammatica Danica," written in Latin, had been published by the well known theological writer, a rather interesting work and particularly valuable on account of its digression on comparative philology. One of Peder Syv's remarks which recurs again and again in his writings is most characteristic of the "learned age" in which he lived. He seems almost to beg pardon for taking the liberty of writing in Danish and he now and then finds it necessary "to reproduce the whole sentence in Latin in order that it may be better understood." Peder Syv also edited Vedel's collection of popular ballads with many additions, and a vast collection of proverbs, which has justly been called the "treasury of Danish proverbs," and this it has in fact been even down to our times. It contains all that could be found of genuine old Danish proverbs, saws, adages, etc., gathered from the lips of the people and from a number of printed and written sources. A history of literature by him, entitled "den danske Boglade" (The Danish Library) and containing many instructive notices of the old Danish literature, exists only in manuscript. He was also engaged on a compilation of a Danish


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 type-III effector protein HopZ1a and is phosphorylated by the immune-related kinase PBS1. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 32:1229-1242.
 * Antico, C. J., Colon, C., Banks, T., and Ramonell, K. M. 2012. Insights into the role of jasmonic acid-mediated defenses against necrotrophic and biotrophic fungal pathogens. Front. Biol. 7:48-56.
 * Aung, K., Jiang, Y., and He, S. Y. 2018. The role of water in plant–microbe interactions. Plant J. 93:771-780.
 * Aung, K., Kim, P., Li, Z., Joe, A., Kvitko, B., Alfano, J. R., and He, S. Y. 2020. Pathogenic bacteria target plant plasmodesmata to colonize and invade surrounding tissues. Plant Cell 32:595-611.
 * Band, L. R. 2021. Auxin fluxes through plasmodesmata. New Phytol. 231:1686-1692.
 * Belkhadir, Y., Jaillais, Y., Epple, P., Balsemão-Pires, E., Dangl, J. L., and Chory, J. 2012. Brassinosteroids modulate the efficiency of plant immune responses to microbe-associated molecular patterns. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 109:297-302.
 * Bell, K., and Oparka, K. 2011. Imaging plasmodesmata. Protoplasma 248:9-25.
 * Bellafiore, S., Shen, Z., Rosso, M. N., Abad, P., Shih, P., and Briggs, S. P. 2008. Direct identification of the Meloidogyne incognita secretome reveals proteins with host cell reprogramming potential. PLoS Pathog. 4:e1000192.
 * Benitez-Alfonso, Y. 2019. The role of abscisic acid in the regulation of plasmodesmata and symplastic intercellular transport. Plant Cell Physiol. 60:713-714.
 * Benitez-Alfonso, Y., Cilia, M., San Roman, A., Thomas, C., Maule, A., Hearn, S., and Jackson, D. 2009. Control of Arabidopsis meristem development by thioredoxin-dependent regulation of intercellular transport. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106:3615-3620.
 * Bishopp, A., Lehesranta, S., Vatén, A., Help, H., El-Showk, S., Scheres, B., Helariutta, K., Mähönen, A. P., Sakakibara, H., and Helariutta, Y. 2011. Phloem-transported cytokinin regulates polar auxin transport and maintains vascular pattern in the root meristem. Curr. Biol. 21:927-932.
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Rh dictionary, but he never got beyond merely preparatory work on it.

This also applies to the lexicographical work which was undertaken on a grand scale by the privy councillor (1647-1719), first secretary to Christian V. He devoted many years and much profound criticism to the work and had the cooperation of all scholars who took an interest in the work and had the ability to contribute to its progress. The exceptionally rich collections which he left in manuscript were used in the compilation of the very complete dictionary of the Danish language published by the royal society of sciences, but the materials of Moth's collection were by no means exhausted. They still contain much that is of value, and the linguists of to-day may gather from them many facts with which to elucidate the vocabulary and history of the Danish language.

Poetry was by no means neglected during the learned period. On the contrary, there were many poets both in Danish and in Latin, but with few exceptions they were nothing but rhymesters and they dealt largely with religious themes. Among the few genuine poets of this age we may mention the following:

(1544-1603?) whose drama "Kortvending" has already been mentioned, composed religious songs, which frequently betray a genuine poetical sentiment and in which there are numerous passages that remind us of the popular ballads. We also have from him a didactic poem "Lykkens Hjul" (the wheel of fortune), the contents of which resemble his drama.

(1587-1637), a man of genuine poetic talents, first published a few occasional historical poems,


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Author:Fujiwara no Asatada

Works

 * Gosen Wakashū (as contributor)
 * Asatadashū
 * Asatadashū

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Page:Cell-to-Cell Communication During Plant-Pathogen Interaction.pdf/10

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text: Author:Sone no Yoshitada

title: Author:Sone no Yoshitada


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text: Cell-to-Cell Communication During Plant-Pathogen Interaction


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 was broken down into numbered programs, categorized and described in Table 5. For control reasons, the Technical Director set up an administrative organization (see Figure 16) and a functional organization (Figure 17). The administrative organization was used for personnel assignments. Personnel rosters were maintained using this organizational breakdown. The functional organization was used for grouping experimental projects. Table 5 and the functional organization in Figure 16 show the similarity between the programs. Over 130

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Figure 16. Instrumentation Division (administrative organization), CROSSROADS (Source: Reference C.9.210, N 138A).

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207Rh what the Japanese have done in Manchuria and Shantung. They are aware that the English in Hong-Kong are doing their utmost to bring to naught the Canton attempt to introduce good government in the South. They know that all the Great Powers, without exception, look with greedy eyes upon the undeveloped resources of their country, especially its coal and iron. They have before them the example of Japan, which, by developing a brutal militarism, a cast-iron discipline, and a new reactionary religion, has succeeded in holding at bay the fierce lusts of "civilized" industrialists. Yet they neither copy Japan nor submit tamely to foreign domination. They think not in decades, but in centuries. They have been conquered before, first by the Tartars and then by the Manchus; but in both cases they absorbed their conquerors. Chinese civilization persisted, unchanged; and after a few generations the invaders became more Chinese than their subjects.

Manchuria is a rather empty country, with abundant room for colonization. The Japanese assert that they need colonies for their surplus population, yet the Chinese immigrants into Manchuria exceed the Japanese a hundredfold. Whatever may be the temporary political status of Manchuria, it will remain a part of Chinese civilization, and can be recovered whenever Japan happens to be in difficulties. The Chinese derive such strength from their four hundred millions, the toughness of their national customs, their power of passive resistance, and their unrivalled national cohesiveness—in spite of the civil wars, which merely ruffle the surface—that they can afford to despise military methods, and to wait till the feverish energy of their oppressors shall have exhausted itself in internecine combats.


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The Okitama Ken, better known by the name of its chief town Yonezawa, is situated in the mountainous country due north of Tôkiô at a distance by road of 84 ri. A list of the stations and their distances will be found at the end of this paper. The principal road to it follows the Ôshiu kaidô as far as the important town of Fukushima. It is this town of Fukushima, 72 ri from Tôkiô, that was fixed upon as the provisional terminus of the railway that certain kuwazoku wished to construct to Awomori. As this scheme, though postponed, is probably not definitely abandoned, an itinerary of the Ôshiu kaidô as far as Fukushima may have some claim to interest at the present moment; but before going over it in detail, it may be convenient to sketch briefly the physical geography of the country through which it passes.

The principal chain of mountains comes down from Awomori in nearly a straight line to a point about 30 ri north of Tôkiô, and then turning towards the west, and keeping that distance as radius and with Tôkiô for a centre, describes a circular arc to Fuji-san. This chain is the watershed of the country and throws out a series of spurs which serve as guides to the various rivers. On the

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209Rh so much courtesy and real kindness from the Chinese, that I should prefer to say only nice things about them. But for the sake of China, as well as for the sake of truth, it would be a mistake to conceal what is less admirable. I will only ask the reader to remember that, on the balance, I think the Chinese one of the best nations I have come across, and am prepared to draw up a graver indictment against every one of the Great Powers. Shortly before I left China, an eminent Chinese writer pressed me to say what I considered the chief defects of the Chinese. With some reluctance, I mentioned three: avarice, cowardice and callousness. Strange to say, my interlocutor, instead of getting angry, admitted the justice of my criticism, and proceeded to discuss possible remedies. This is a sample of the intellectual integrity which is one of China's greatest virtues.

The callousness of the Chinese is bound to strike every Anglo-Saxon. They have none of that humanitarian impulse which leads us to devote one per cent. of our energy to mitigating the evils wrought by the other ninety-nine per cent. For instance, we have been forbidding the Austrians to join with Germany, to emigrate, or to obtain the raw materials of industry. Therefore the Viennese have starved, except those whom it has pleased us to keep alive from philanthropy. The Chinese would not have had the energy to starve the Viennese, or the philanthropy to keep some of them alive. While I was in China, millions were dying of famine; men sold their children into slavery for a few dollars, and killed them if this sum was unobtainable. Much was done by white men to relieve the famine, but very little by the Chinese, and that little vitiated by corruption. It must be said, however, that the efforts of the white


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Figure 17. Instrumentation Division (functional organziation), CROSSROADS (source: Reference C.9.210, N 1388).

projects were associated with Programs II through IX. Appendix C lists these projects by title and shows which group in the Instrumentation Division was responsible.

Table 6 presents exposure information for the groups in the Instrumentation Division. The Remote Measurements Group is not shown in the table because its personnel were not present in the Bikini area and had no one badged during CROSSROADS. The highest exposures recorded were for personnel in the Radiological Safety Group. These personnel monitored the contaminated ships and other areas to determine dangerous radiation levels. The accumulated high individual exposure in this group was 3.720 R. This monitor was badged six days.

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 way to Fukushima one finds four principal channels. From the corner made by the turn of the mountain chain comes towards the east a ridge of inconsiderable height which forms the northern boundary of the plain in which Tôkiô is situated. On its crest, if it deserves the name, is the town of Utsunomiya 28 ri from Tôki. The Ôshiu kaidô traverses the plain as far as Utsunomiya, and then continues towards the north, parallel to and at a short distance from the eastern base of the principal chain of mountains.

The country between Tôkiô and Utsunomiya is drained principally by the Sumita gawa and the Tone gawa; by the former and one branch of the latter into the Bay of Yedo, and by its remaining branch into the Pacific.

Only 3 ri beyond Utsunomiya is the Kinu gawa, which, pent up for many miles inside the principal range of mountains, breaks through them at the turn, and though checked by the ridge already mentioned, soon rounds it and continues a southerly course for some miles further before uniting with the Tone gawa and striking east to the Pacific, which is reached at Chôshi. In the latter part of its course it receives several affluents.

Proceeding towards the north the next eastern spur shutting in the Kinu gawa is only five ri further. The hill, between the towns of Ujiye and Kitsuregawa, by which the Ôshiu kaidô climbs over it is called Yagorô Saka. Past Kitsuregawa flows a river of the same name almost due east to the Pacific. It unites with four streams, that separated each by a short spur of hills come from the central mountains, to form the Naka gawa, which thus carries off all the water between Yagorô Saka and the mass of hills called Ni-ju-san Saka between Koyebori and Ashino.

North of these twenty-three hills and taking its rise in the mountains at the south of Aidzu is the Abukuma gawa, which crosses the Ôsbhu kaidô at the large castle-town of Shirakawa, 50 ri from Tôkiô, and then turning towards the north only reaches the Pacific at Arahama in the Bay of Sendai. In its northern course its principal

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 affluents are the Shakado gawa the Nami gawa and the Su kawa, all of which cross the Ôshiu kaidô in their eastward descent from the central mountains. They are separated from one another by abrupt and precipitous hills over which the Ôshiu kaidô toils laboriously, apparently scorning to go round them. It is in the corner made by the junction of the Su kawa and Abukuma gawa that Fukushima is situated.

Taking now the western side of the central range, it will be sufficient to say that at the southern extremity of the straight line the turn seems to produce an enormous knot, in the southern portion of which lie ensconced the far-famed temples of Nikkô. Travelling northward through this knot and mounting to its source the bed of the Kinu gawa, one arrives at the water-shed whence rise the rivers flowing towards Niigata; and descending towards the north, the first level land reached after 30 ri of mountain climbing is the plain of Wakamatzu or Aidzu, with its lake and outlet to the west.

North of this plain there comes from the principal chain a spur, or rather cross-chain, which starting from between the great mountains of Adzuma and Bandai-san, just opposite to Fukushima, extends first westerly and then scatters towards the North-west. A few ri further one branch nearly unites with the main line, thus inclosing the Okitama Ken, and then again diverges to the west to give space to the magnificent plain of Yamagata, which is the northern limit of my own travels. This western cross chain is of great breadth, the road from Yonezawa to Niigata being known as the Ju-san Tôge. Certainly of the thirteen three are only small hills, but four or five are formidable passes.

Having said thus much on the nature of the country let us follow the Ôshiu kaidô, which leaving Tôkiô by the suburb of Senji, stretches t othe north till it reaches the banks of the Tone gawa at a small station town called Kurihashi, distant 14$1⁄2$ ri from the Nihon Bashi. All along this part of the road the villages and station towns succeed each other at such short intervals as almost to

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 make a continuous line; none however appear to be of any special importance, Kasukabe 10 ri from Tokio being the principal. The plain is fertile and carefully cultivated, producing rice, wheat, barley and vegetables; a few miles beyond Senji however is a little grass land that seems to be waste. The black alder and the weeping willow are common trees, and wood-pigeons are to be seen in great numbers.

Approaching Kurihashi along a causeway or band built to confine the river, one has a magnificent view of the Nikkô mountains. The Tone gawa is crossed by a ferry, and when full is 600 yards across. When the water is low the channel is on the Kurihashi side, leaving the northern half of the bed exposed. In July 1872 in swimming across it from the northern side when it was at its highest, I found three feet of water on the shallowest part in the centre, while the stream was dashing down the deep channel with a swiftness that was almost dangerous.

Crossing the ferry one finds on the northern bank the town of Nakata, and from here the character of the road changes. An almost continuous avenue of Cryptomeria shades it all the way to Utsunomiya. The ground is higher and gradually rises. One sees little rice, but plenty of wheat, barley and vegetables, with large tracts of grass land that would apparently furnish excellent pasturage. A short distance from Nakata is the castle-town of Koga which seems a busy place. The shiro was of great extent, but the work of destruction has been done so thoroughly, that the neglected moats, crossed by bridges dangerously rotten, only shut in a wilderness of rank grass that has obliterated all traces of the daimio’s mansion.

The road all the way from Tôkiô to Utsunomiya is fairly passable for carriages and for a short time a public conveyance plied between the latter place and Nakata. There is generally plenty of width, but along the avenues the road is often hemmed in by high banks, which keep in the water, while the stately trees keep out the sun, so that in wet weather and for long afterwards, travelling,

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 about six miles south-westward, and about four miles in breadth. A mountain spur, projected from Kh. el Yadhin (alt. 2,512 feet) is the northern limit of this parallelogram, all the drainage of which descends to the channel which skirts the southern base of the spur, and runs in a north-east ‘direction to Safed el Battikh, where it bends round the end of the spur, and follows its northern base to the Wady el Ma, in a direction parallel, but contrary to its higher course, until it is deflected by a great bend to the north on its way to Deir Amis. On the summit of the eastern end of the spur is the Crusader’s Castle of Tibnin or Toron.

The northern division of this basin is drained by the Wady el Humraniyeh. It has on the north the waterparting — dividing it from the Kasimiyeh; and its division from the central part ef the basin on the south, may be defined by a line from the outfall through M’arakah and Kefr Dunin. It is nowhere so much as three miles wide. The course of the main channel is north-westerly until it approaches its outfall, when it turns to the south-west. The head-waters are collected in two parallel valleys, dividing the villages of Silah, Baflei, and Neffakiyeh and uniting in the main channel below Baflei.

This basin joins that of el Hubeishiyeh in its upper part, although towards the sea they are divided by no less than six minor basins with distinct outfalls. Of these Wady el ’Akkab and Wady Nettarah are the chief.

The Palestine Exploration Survey has revealed much inaccuracy in the former delineation of the minor basins. The wady which passes the villages of Siddikin and Kana was called Wady Shemaliyeh, and was supposed to reach the sea on the north of Tyre. This wady is now found to be the upper part of Wady el’Akkab, which makes a sharp bend at


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 WADY EL HUBEISHIYEH. 13

Hubeishiyeh includes the outlet into the sea on the north of Tyre, together with the central and southern parts of the basin. The northern part is watered by the Wady el Humraniyeh and its tributaries.

The Hubeishiyeh is so named from the sea to the village of Jilu, where it receives the drainage of the chief part of the centre of the basin, which lies between Kefr Dunin and Mezr'ah. This part is further distinguished by the villages of Dibal, Teir Zinbeh, Kefr Dunin, Juweiya, Mujeidil, and Deir Kantara. It is drained by four parallel valleys and their branches, which unite on the east of Jilu.

From Jilu upwards, and beyond its confluence with the Wady el Ma, the main channel is called Wady Ashur. About two miles south of Jilu, the Ashur receives a small affluent from the east of Mezr'ah, which completes the central part of this basin.

The Wady Ashur is prolonged southward beyond Deir Amis, so as to make it the recipient of Wady el Ma. Still it is the latter wady which should be considered as the main stream or channel. For south of Deir Amis, the Ashur derives its supply from two channels and their branches which embrace the drainage between Kh. el Jelameh (alt. 1,560 feet), and Kh. el Yadhun (alt. 2,512 feet), including the village of Kefrah. This area may be regarded as an equilateral triangle with each of its sides about three miles in length.

The Wady el Ma is the outlet of an area much more considerable and remarkable. To its outlet at Deir Amis, the Wady el Ma descends from the east, through a deep gorge with a very winding course, which leads up to the village of Safed el Battikh (alt. 2,220 feet). The direct distance is about five miles, increased to seven miles by the windings. This represents the length of the southern division of the basin, its breadth varying from two to four miles.

At Safed el Battikh, the main channel conies down from the north-east corner of a parallelogram, extending in length


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 whether on foot, on horseback, or on wheels, is disagreeable, difficult and slow.

Utsunomiya is a very large and important town, built on moderately high ground. It was the seat of a daimio of 70,000 Koku whose castle has been turned into barracks. There is an old temple standing on the edge of an almost perpendicular bluff which commands a fine view to the north-east. The city seems an important centre of trade, there are numerous tôbutsuya well supplied with Bass’s beer, or at least beer with Bass’s labels, common claret and champagne, Kerosene lamps, slop clothing, slates and stationery.

At Utsunomiya the tourists to Nikkô leave the Ôshiu kaidô, and turning to the north-west reach their destination by a good road of 9 ri along superb avenues of Cryptomeria. From Imaichi, 2 ri before one reaches Nikkô, there is a most exquisitely picturesque but difficult route up the course of the Kinu gawa due north to Wakamatsu and so to Yonezawa, which seems almost as unknown to Japanese as to foreigners.

Following the Ôshiu kaidô, 3 ri beyond Utsunomiya is the small town of Shirasawa, where one crosses the the Kinu gawa. The river divides 3 ri above the town, and reunites its branches 1 ri below it, thus inclosing a long narrow sandy island thickly covered with small trees and brushwood. On the left or farther bank of the northern branch is the town of Akutsu 1 ri from Shirasawa.

Akutsu is not a regular station town, and the traveller from the south passes through it without stopping; but it is an important forwarding place for travellers and goods coming to Tôkiô from the north, as there is communication by flat bottomed boats down the Kinu gawa, 13 ri to a small village called Kubota; whence 7 ri of level ground lead to Sakai a town on the Tone gawa, by which boats drop down the stream to Tôkiô in about sixteen hours. All the goods traffic and nearly all the passengers go by this route. There is an Ura-kaidô from the Aidzu

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 country by which produce reaches Akutsu, but it is reported to be impassable for travellers.

From Akutsu after crossing one small hill, a level road bordered by rice fields leads through Ujiye to the foot of Yagorô Saka, known to the jinrikisha coolies as the worst hill this side of Sendai. On the other side of the hill is the castle-town of Kitsuregawa, with its river famous for eels and a fish called ayu, which is esteemed a great delicacy. The town has the historical interest of having been the seat of the Ashikaga family.

From Kitsuregawa to Sakuyama is a hilly road over high wild gorse-covered moorland, with occasional plantations of young beeches.

From Sukuyama to Ôtawara the read is level through several villages with gardens and rice-fields. A handsome avenue leads into Ôtawara from whence there is a cross-road to Imaichi, distant about 13 ri to the south-west.

Ôtawara was the seat of a daimiô of 30,000 koku, but was burnt in the war and has never been wholly rebuilt. The honjin however is one of the best on the road. The town is chiefly remarkable for the immense number of pack horses always standing in the streets, which would seem to point out some special activity of trade, but I am told that it possesses no particular meibutsu.

The northern gate of Otawara is washed by a small river, from which a level country extends to the Nasu kawa, on the south bank of which is Nabekake, a large town now almost entirely destroyed by fire. The banks of the Nasu kawa are perpendicular cliffs, with the upper edges most picturesquely wooded. On the north bank exactly opposite to Nabekake is the station town of Koyebori.

Between Koyebori and Ashino are the Ni-ju-san saka, twenty-three hills of corduroy roads. In very clear weather Fuji-san may be seen from the top of the second hill, which is therefore known as Fuji-mi saka.

Ashino is in a long valley surrounded by wooded hills, over which more corduroy roads lead to Shirasaka.

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 {| class="wikitable" ! rowspan=2 | Element ! rowspan=2 | No. of Persons Listed ! rowspan=2 | No. of Persons Badged ! colspan=5 | Exposure Ranges (R) ! rowspan=2 | High (R) ! 0 !! 0.001-0.5 !! 0.5-1 !! 1-1.5 !! Over 1.5
 * + Table 6. Instrumentation Division personnel exposure, CROSSROADS.
 * Office of the Director || 3 || 1 || || 1 ||  ||  ||  || 0.050
 * Air Blast Group || 9 || 3 || 1 || 2 || ||  ||  || 0.120
 * Wave Motion and Oceanography Group || 93 || 30 || 19 || 11 || ||  ||  || 0.180
 * BuShips Instrumentation Group || 58 || 36 || 3 || 27 || 6 || ||  || 0.990
 * Electronics Group || 411 || 56 || 23 || 32 || 1 || ||  || 0.600
 * Radiological Safety Group || 436 || 316 || 88 || 181 || 33 || 7 || 7 || 3.720
 * Bomb Operation Group || 70 || 3 || 3 || ||  ||  ||  || 0
 * Bureau of Ordnance Instrumentation Group || 208 || 47 || 24 || 23 || ||  ||  || 0.410
 * Los Alamos Laboratory Group || 70 || 12 || 6 || 6 || ||  ||  || 0.330
 * Tech Photo Group || 36 || 9 || 6 || 2 || 1 || ||  || 0.820
 * Army Air Forces Instrumentation Group || 1 || ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || 0
 * }
 * Bomb Operation Group || 70 || 3 || 3 || ||  ||  ||  || 0
 * Bureau of Ordnance Instrumentation Group || 208 || 47 || 24 || 23 || ||  ||  || 0.410
 * Los Alamos Laboratory Group || 70 || 12 || 6 || 6 || ||  ||  || 0.330
 * Tech Photo Group || 36 || 9 || 6 || 2 || 1 || ||  || 0.820
 * Army Air Forces Instrumentation Group || 1 || ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || 0
 * }
 * Tech Photo Group || 36 || 9 || 6 || 2 || 1 || ||  || 0.820
 * Army Air Forces Instrumentation Group || 1 || ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || 0
 * }
 * Army Air Forces Instrumentation Group || 1 || ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || 0
 * }

Sources: References C.13.4 and B.0.17.

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 Ashino and Shirasaka is the boundary separating the provinces of Shimotzuke and Ôshiu.

More hills, and a long stretch of magnificent moorland bring the traveller to Shirakawa, a fine large castle-town with an air of prosperity about it, such as one sees at Utsunomiya, Sukagawa, Koriyama, Nihon matsu and Fukushima. The honjin has been converted into a hospital, and a conspicuous object in the principal street is the telegraph office. In the castle is a small temple dedicated to Jimmu Tennô. Shirakawa was the seat of a daimiô of 110,000 koku, and played a prominent part in the civil war. It was occupied by each of the contending parties, and appears to have been exceedingly lucky in having only slightly suffered from fire. Leaving the town one crosses the Abukuma zawa, and a short distance beyond, on a hillside sloping to the road, is a burial-ground of the southern men who fell in the war. The tombstones and inscriptions are kept in good order, and many a traveller alights from pack-horse kago or jinrikisha to pause and pay a tribute of respect to the memory of the gallant dead. Round this same hill winds to the left the road to Wakamatsu.

Between Shirakawa and Yabuki the country is mostly moorland. Yabuki was a large town totally burnt in the war and only partially rebuilt. From here to Sukagawa the road is very beautiful, through woods and over undulating grassland.

Sukagawa on the banks of the Shakado gawa is one of the richest and best kept towns on the road. After the conversion of han into ken it became the seat of the Shichojo or branch agency of the Fukushima ken, but this has recently been abolished. It has a hospital built in foreign style, attended by Japanese doctors who have studied in Tôkiô. Numbers of mulberry trees are to be seen in the neighbourhood, and the practice is adopted here of cutting the trunk short off just above the ground and keeping the shoots tightly tied together. The stage to Koriyama is the longest on the journey 3 ri 9 chô. There are three or four villages, and one stone quarry on

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1em {|
 * width=16px !important|
 * width=454px !important|
 * width=60px !important|
 * colspan = 2 |. Outfall, 33° 4' 48" N. Lat.
 * colspan = 2 |Overlooked formerly.
 * colspan = 2 |. Outfall, 33° 3' N. Lat.
 * Relation to Wady el Ezzîyeh. Waterparting. Contact with Jordan Basin. The lower Gorge. Kulat el Kurein or Castle of Montfort. Two main branches. Jebelet el Arûs. Jebel Jurmuk. El Bukeiah. Gorge of Suhmata.
 * colspan = 2 |The Basin of Nahb N'Amein and Minor Basins on the North
 * Outfall, 32° 54' 30" N. Lat. Minor Basins between N'amein and Kûrn. Semeirlyeh, Majnuneh. Castle Jiddin. Nahr Mefshukh. Villages. Fountain el Kabry. Wady es Salik. Nahr N'amein Basin. Waterparting. Southern Range of Upper Galilee. Extent of Basin. Wady el Halzun and Wady Shaib. Wady esh Shâghûr. Wady el Waziyeh. Base of Southern Range of Upper Galilee, and the highway between Acre and the East. Wady 'Abellîn. Three natural divisions of Lower Galilee. Rectifications.
 * colspan = 2 | Outfall, 32° 49' N. Lat
 * The Waterparting. Outfall. Wady el Melek, and the Northern Divisions of the Basin. Four Main Channels of the Southern Division. Affluents of the Central Division.
 * colspan = 2 |Mount Carmel
 * Its eastern and western slopes, paths, wadys, main ridge, and parallel ranges.
 * colspan = 2 |(1), (2) Outfalls (1) 32° 35' 42" —(2) 32° 32' 20" N. Lat.
 * (1.) Three permanent Streams. El Khashm. Plain of Tanturah. Depression of Belad er Ruhah, dividing Mount Carmel from Jebel Sk. Iskander, etc. (2.) Two divisions of the Nahr ez Zerka Basin. Notable rectifications.
 * colspan = 2| Outfall, 32 28' N. Lat.
 * Formerly Nahr Akhdar, and misunderstood. Merj el Ghuruk. Wady es Selhab, Plains of Dothan and 'Arrabeh, Wady el Ghamik and Wady Abu Nar. The Nuzlet Villages. Wady el Maleh, Wady el Khudeirah, and Nahr el Mef jir. Wady er Roz, and Wady Abu Kaslan, Sheikh Beiazid Mountains. Wady Arah. Wady el Asl, and Wady Bir Isir. Wady Samantar, Wady el Yahmur, and Wady Rasein. The Upland of Umrn el Khataf . Rectifications.
 * colspan = 2 |, 32° 23' 50” and 32 16' 30”  N. Lat.
 * Outfall of Nahr Iskanderuneh and Waterparting Rectification Nahr el Falik. Wady esh Shair. Nablus. Mount Ebal or Eslamiyeh. Wady Zeimer. Jebel et Tur or Mount Gerizim. Wady et Tin. Wady el Haj Musa. Wady Kulunsaweh. Wady en Naml. Highways.
 * }
 * Outfall, 32° 54' 30" N. Lat. Minor Basins between N'amein and Kûrn. Semeirlyeh, Majnuneh. Castle Jiddin. Nahr Mefshukh. Villages. Fountain el Kabry. Wady es Salik. Nahr N'amein Basin. Waterparting. Southern Range of Upper Galilee. Extent of Basin. Wady el Halzun and Wady Shaib. Wady esh Shâghûr. Wady el Waziyeh. Base of Southern Range of Upper Galilee, and the highway between Acre and the East. Wady 'Abellîn. Three natural divisions of Lower Galilee. Rectifications.
 * colspan = 2 | Outfall, 32° 49' N. Lat
 * The Waterparting. Outfall. Wady el Melek, and the Northern Divisions of the Basin. Four Main Channels of the Southern Division. Affluents of the Central Division.
 * colspan = 2 |Mount Carmel
 * Its eastern and western slopes, paths, wadys, main ridge, and parallel ranges.
 * colspan = 2 |(1), (2) Outfalls (1) 32° 35' 42" —(2) 32° 32' 20" N. Lat.
 * (1.) Three permanent Streams. El Khashm. Plain of Tanturah. Depression of Belad er Ruhah, dividing Mount Carmel from Jebel Sk. Iskander, etc. (2.) Two divisions of the Nahr ez Zerka Basin. Notable rectifications.
 * colspan = 2| Outfall, 32 28' N. Lat.
 * Formerly Nahr Akhdar, and misunderstood. Merj el Ghuruk. Wady es Selhab, Plains of Dothan and 'Arrabeh, Wady el Ghamik and Wady Abu Nar. The Nuzlet Villages. Wady el Maleh, Wady el Khudeirah, and Nahr el Mef jir. Wady er Roz, and Wady Abu Kaslan, Sheikh Beiazid Mountains. Wady Arah. Wady el Asl, and Wady Bir Isir. Wady Samantar, Wady el Yahmur, and Wady Rasein. The Upland of Umrn el Khataf . Rectifications.
 * colspan = 2 |, 32° 23' 50” and 32 16' 30”  N. Lat.
 * Outfall of Nahr Iskanderuneh and Waterparting Rectification Nahr el Falik. Wady esh Shair. Nablus. Mount Ebal or Eslamiyeh. Wady Zeimer. Jebel et Tur or Mount Gerizim. Wady et Tin. Wady el Haj Musa. Wady Kulunsaweh. Wady en Naml. Highways.
 * }
 * Its eastern and western slopes, paths, wadys, main ridge, and parallel ranges.
 * colspan = 2 |(1), (2) Outfalls (1) 32° 35' 42" —(2) 32° 32' 20" N. Lat.
 * (1.) Three permanent Streams. El Khashm. Plain of Tanturah. Depression of Belad er Ruhah, dividing Mount Carmel from Jebel Sk. Iskander, etc. (2.) Two divisions of the Nahr ez Zerka Basin. Notable rectifications.
 * colspan = 2| Outfall, 32 28' N. Lat.
 * Formerly Nahr Akhdar, and misunderstood. Merj el Ghuruk. Wady es Selhab, Plains of Dothan and 'Arrabeh, Wady el Ghamik and Wady Abu Nar. The Nuzlet Villages. Wady el Maleh, Wady el Khudeirah, and Nahr el Mef jir. Wady er Roz, and Wady Abu Kaslan, Sheikh Beiazid Mountains. Wady Arah. Wady el Asl, and Wady Bir Isir. Wady Samantar, Wady el Yahmur, and Wady Rasein. The Upland of Umrn el Khataf . Rectifications.
 * colspan = 2 |, 32° 23' 50” and 32 16' 30”  N. Lat.
 * Outfall of Nahr Iskanderuneh and Waterparting Rectification Nahr el Falik. Wady esh Shair. Nablus. Mount Ebal or Eslamiyeh. Wady Zeimer. Jebel et Tur or Mount Gerizim. Wady et Tin. Wady el Haj Musa. Wady Kulunsaweh. Wady en Naml. Highways.
 * }
 * colspan = 2| Outfall, 32 28' N. Lat.
 * Formerly Nahr Akhdar, and misunderstood. Merj el Ghuruk. Wady es Selhab, Plains of Dothan and 'Arrabeh, Wady el Ghamik and Wady Abu Nar. The Nuzlet Villages. Wady el Maleh, Wady el Khudeirah, and Nahr el Mef jir. Wady er Roz, and Wady Abu Kaslan, Sheikh Beiazid Mountains. Wady Arah. Wady el Asl, and Wady Bir Isir. Wady Samantar, Wady el Yahmur, and Wady Rasein. The Upland of Umrn el Khataf . Rectifications.
 * colspan = 2 |, 32° 23' 50” and 32 16' 30”  N. Lat.
 * Outfall of Nahr Iskanderuneh and Waterparting Rectification Nahr el Falik. Wady esh Shair. Nablus. Mount Ebal or Eslamiyeh. Wady Zeimer. Jebel et Tur or Mount Gerizim. Wady et Tin. Wady el Haj Musa. Wady Kulunsaweh. Wady en Naml. Highways.
 * }
 * colspan = 2 |, 32° 23' 50” and 32 16' 30”  N. Lat.
 * Outfall of Nahr Iskanderuneh and Waterparting Rectification Nahr el Falik. Wady esh Shair. Nablus. Mount Ebal or Eslamiyeh. Wady Zeimer. Jebel et Tur or Mount Gerizim. Wady et Tin. Wady el Haj Musa. Wady Kulunsaweh. Wady en Naml. Highways.
 * }
 * Outfall of Nahr Iskanderuneh and Waterparting Rectification Nahr el Falik. Wady esh Shair. Nablus. Mount Ebal or Eslamiyeh. Wady Zeimer. Jebel et Tur or Mount Gerizim. Wady et Tin. Wady el Haj Musa. Wady Kulunsaweh. Wady en Naml. Highways.
 * }
 * Outfall of Nahr Iskanderuneh and Waterparting Rectification Nahr el Falik. Wady esh Shair. Nablus. Mount Ebal or Eslamiyeh. Wady Zeimer. Jebel et Tur or Mount Gerizim. Wady et Tin. Wady el Haj Musa. Wady Kulunsaweh. Wady en Naml. Highways.
 * }
 * }
 * }


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Page:An Introduction to the Survey of Western Palestine.djvu/9

1em {|
 * width=16px  !important|
 * width=454px !important|
 * width=60px  !important|
 * colspan = 2 | Outfall, 32° 6' 10" N. Lat.
 * Outfall. Permanent streams. Waterparting. Merj Sia. Northern and Southern Divisions, and their partition. Northern Division Wady Kalkilieh. Wady Azzun. Rectification. Wady Kanah, the biblical Brook Kanah. Wady Rabah. Rectification. Wady Ballût, Wady Bushanit and Wady Ishar, Wady er Rumt, Wady el Kub, Wady Seilun, Wady en Nimr, Wady el Jib, Wady er Reiya. Wady Suhary. Southern Division Wady Nusrah. Khallet es Salib. Wady Shâhin. Wady esh Shellal or Budrus, and Wady Ludd, their partition. Tributaries of Wady esh Shellal: Wady en Natuf, Wady Malâkeh, Wady Hamis, Wady Kelb, Wady Delbeh, and Wady Shamy. Wady Ain 'Arik, Wady el Imeish, Wady es Sunt, Bethhoron. Wady Muslih. Tributaries of Wady Ludd: Wady Harir. Wady 'Atallah. Wady Aly. Wady Jaar. Wady Suweikeh. Wady Selman. Wady el Mikteleh. Wady el Burj. Wady Mozarki. Wady el Hai. Wady Khushkush. Wady Aly. Wady Alakah. Rectifications.
 * colspan = 2 | Outfall, 31° 56" 10" N. Lat
 * Outfall. Waterparting. Curvature of the Basin. Headwaters on the Plateau of el Jib, or Gibeon. Wady ed Deir. Wady 'Amir. Wady Jillan, ed Dumm, and Beit Hannina. Wady el Abeideh. Wady Buwai. Rectifications around Jerusalem. Wady es Surar. Wady esh Shemarin. Wady es Sikkeh, Wady el Werd, and Wady Bittir. Wady Ismain. Wady en Nagil. Wady el Ghurab. Mount Seir, and Mount Ephron. Separation between the Mountains of Judah and the lowland Hills of of the Shephelah. Samson's Country. Plain of Akir (Ekron). Valley of Sorek. Wady Deiran. Wady Ayun Do. Wady en Nahir. Wady el Menakh. Mount Baalah.
 * colspan = 2 | Outfall, 31° 49' 10" N. Lat.
 * Waterparting. Three main branches. 1. Wady es Sunt. Wady el Jindy. Wady es Sur. Division of the Mountains and Lowland. Cave of Adullam. Gorge of es Sunt. Tell es Safi. 2. Wady el Afranj. Wady Kaideh. Rectification. 3. Wady ed Dawaimeh. Wady el Ghhueit. Outfall. Rectifications.
 * colspan = 2 | Outfall, 31° 36' 20" N. Lat
 * Outfall. Waterparting. Basin of Wady Bireh. Main Sources and Channel of Wady el Hesy. Wady edh Dhikah, and en Nas. Gheith, the site of Gath. Huj.
 * colspan = 2 |The Basin Of Wady Ghuzzeh (Gaza). Outfall, 31° 27' 54" N. Lat.
 * Waterparting. Wady el Zhulil. Wady el 'Aawir. Yutta. Wady Kilkis. Wady ed Dilbeh. Wady Deir el Loz. Wady Itrny. Wady es Seba. Ziph and Carmel. Wady el Khan. Wady el Habur. Wady el Ghurra. Wady Saweh. Wady es Seba. Wady el Khureitein. Wady es Seba. Wady esh Sheriah. Shaaraim. Hazor Susah. Darum and Bizjoth-Jah-Baalah.
 * colspan = 3 |
 * }
 * Outfall. Waterparting. Curvature of the Basin. Headwaters on the Plateau of el Jib, or Gibeon. Wady ed Deir. Wady 'Amir. Wady Jillan, ed Dumm, and Beit Hannina. Wady el Abeideh. Wady Buwai. Rectifications around Jerusalem. Wady es Surar. Wady esh Shemarin. Wady es Sikkeh, Wady el Werd, and Wady Bittir. Wady Ismain. Wady en Nagil. Wady el Ghurab. Mount Seir, and Mount Ephron. Separation between the Mountains of Judah and the lowland Hills of of the Shephelah. Samson's Country. Plain of Akir (Ekron). Valley of Sorek. Wady Deiran. Wady Ayun Do. Wady en Nahir. Wady el Menakh. Mount Baalah.
 * colspan = 2 | Outfall, 31° 49' 10" N. Lat.
 * Waterparting. Three main branches. 1. Wady es Sunt. Wady el Jindy. Wady es Sur. Division of the Mountains and Lowland. Cave of Adullam. Gorge of es Sunt. Tell es Safi. 2. Wady el Afranj. Wady Kaideh. Rectification. 3. Wady ed Dawaimeh. Wady el Ghhueit. Outfall. Rectifications.
 * colspan = 2 | Outfall, 31° 36' 20" N. Lat
 * Outfall. Waterparting. Basin of Wady Bireh. Main Sources and Channel of Wady el Hesy. Wady edh Dhikah, and en Nas. Gheith, the site of Gath. Huj.
 * colspan = 2 |The Basin Of Wady Ghuzzeh (Gaza). Outfall, 31° 27' 54" N. Lat.
 * Waterparting. Wady el Zhulil. Wady el 'Aawir. Yutta. Wady Kilkis. Wady ed Dilbeh. Wady Deir el Loz. Wady Itrny. Wady es Seba. Ziph and Carmel. Wady el Khan. Wady el Habur. Wady el Ghurra. Wady Saweh. Wady es Seba. Wady el Khureitein. Wady es Seba. Wady esh Sheriah. Shaaraim. Hazor Susah. Darum and Bizjoth-Jah-Baalah.
 * colspan = 3 |
 * }
 * Outfall. Waterparting. Basin of Wady Bireh. Main Sources and Channel of Wady el Hesy. Wady edh Dhikah, and en Nas. Gheith, the site of Gath. Huj.
 * colspan = 2 |The Basin Of Wady Ghuzzeh (Gaza). Outfall, 31° 27' 54" N. Lat.
 * Waterparting. Wady el Zhulil. Wady el 'Aawir. Yutta. Wady Kilkis. Wady ed Dilbeh. Wady Deir el Loz. Wady Itrny. Wady es Seba. Ziph and Carmel. Wady el Khan. Wady el Habur. Wady el Ghurra. Wady Saweh. Wady es Seba. Wady el Khureitein. Wady es Seba. Wady esh Sheriah. Shaaraim. Hazor Susah. Darum and Bizjoth-Jah-Baalah.
 * colspan = 3 |
 * }
 * colspan = 2 |The Basin Of Wady Ghuzzeh (Gaza). Outfall, 31° 27' 54" N. Lat.
 * Waterparting. Wady el Zhulil. Wady el 'Aawir. Yutta. Wady Kilkis. Wady ed Dilbeh. Wady Deir el Loz. Wady Itrny. Wady es Seba. Ziph and Carmel. Wady el Khan. Wady el Habur. Wady el Ghurra. Wady Saweh. Wady es Seba. Wady el Khureitein. Wady es Seba. Wady esh Sheriah. Shaaraim. Hazor Susah. Darum and Bizjoth-Jah-Baalah.
 * colspan = 3 |
 * }
 * Waterparting. Wady el Zhulil. Wady el 'Aawir. Yutta. Wady Kilkis. Wady ed Dilbeh. Wady Deir el Loz. Wady Itrny. Wady es Seba. Ziph and Carmel. Wady el Khan. Wady el Habur. Wady el Ghurra. Wady Saweh. Wady es Seba. Wady el Khureitein. Wady es Seba. Wady esh Sheriah. Shaaraim. Hazor Susah. Darum and Bizjoth-Jah-Baalah.
 * colspan = 3 |
 * }
 * }
 * }