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 Text by Fulness of Bread, so the Consequences broke out in divers other Excesses, besides that one detestable Crime, which bears the Name and Reproach of the Place to this Day. Their gorged Stomachs discovered themselves, no doubt, in all the Excesses of a provoked Appetite, and an inflamed Blood; and it is so, in like Cases, to this Day.

have a Testimony of this in all Places, and, I may say, in all Ages of the World: The high Feeders are the high Livers; excess of Wine is described in Scripture to produce excess of Vice, and the Fire of Nature burns in proportion to the Fewel. Hence the Italians, a Nation who revel in all the Varieties of Luxury, such as rich Wines, luscious Fruits, high Sauces, Pickles, Preserves, Sweet-meats, and Perfumes, to an Excess. How do the hellish Fires rage in them? How do they run out to all the Extremes of criminal Riot, even to that Fury of Love, called Jealousy, and this often ending in Blood? How do they dwell in Wantonness and Lasciviousness, and carry it on to all the most unnatural Extremes of the dead Lake it self, and this not only now, but in the Romans Time also it was the like.

the same time the more moderate feeding Nations round them, are in proportion, less outrageous in their Vice, and whether it be from any Principle of Virtue or no, they are so by the meer Consequence of Things; they live more sparingly, and their Blood is kept lower, not always inflamed (as is the Case in Italy, and other Parts of the World); they are forbid Wine, which to these Northern Climates is the Fewel of outrageous Actions, and leads to innumerable Crimes.


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RV 6 (Rh)

Vowels in Amharic are generally short. When final or followed by only one consonant they may be longer than when followed by two consonants, or by a long (double) consonant.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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 He was obliged to return before I could get off, and as he commended me to Mr. Nugent's care, the two men shook hands kindly.

Rich spoils of beavers' skins were lying on the cabin floor, and the trapper took the finest, a mouse-coloured kitten beaver's skin, and presented it to me. I hired his beautiful Arab mare, whose springy step and long easy stride was a relief after Birdie's short sturdy gait. We had a very pleasant ride, and I seldom had to walk. We took neither of the trails, but cut right through the forest to a place where, through an opening in the foothills, the plains stretched to the horizon covered with snow, the surface of which, having melted and frozen, reflected as water would the pure blue of the sky, presenting a complete optical illusion. It required my knowledge of fact to assure me that I was not looking at the ocean. "Jim" shortened the way by repeating a great deal of poetry, and by earnest, reasonable conversation, so that I was quite surprised when it grew dark. He told me that he never lay down to sleep


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8 But when thus is followed (without an intervening vowel) by a consonant of the same line, the nasal form is changed into ం Thus in the word Kinda (under) we do not write కిన్దKi but కింద. Thus in the word pamputa, to send, they do not write the p under the m but changing m into ం they write పంపుట.

In the Devanagari alphabet, as exhibited in Wilson's Sanscrit dictionary, the proper nasal is retained: but in Telugu this is not so easily intelligible: and therefore the ం (sunna or anuswaram) is substituted. Thus alancaram ornament, is written అలంకారం.

The short vowel ă is used as exhibited in the alphabet. The other vowels are written and pronounced as follows.

ఆ Broad ā as in card, or in అంధ్ర Andhra the Sanscrit name for the Telugu language. The 2nd form is ా called దీఘర్ం dĭrgham. Thus.

కా, కా, cā ఖా khā గా gā ఘా ghā

చా chā ఛా chhā జా jā ఝా jhā (జా is often written జౌ)

or టా tā or tā ఠా thā డా dā ఢా dhā ణా nā or ణౕ nā

తా tā థా thā దా dā ధా dhā నా nā

పా pā ఫా phā బా bā భా bhā మా mā

యా yā రా rā లా lā ళా lā వా vā

శా sā షా shā సా sā హా hā క్షా xā

ఇ ǐ short i as in king, ి as కి ki. This vowel in its second shape is named (as already mentioned) గుడి gudi i. e. a turn.


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 by reason of the fruitful soyl which made it flourish with all delicacies; as also for the flourishing wits of the Inhabitants, who were so famous antiently in point of wit, that the very Romans used to send their Children first into Toscany, to be bred in Learning and Religion, and then into Greece, to learn Greek and Philosophy.

Having enquired the Name of this Town, I began to desire its better acquaintance, and attained it easily in a Moneths space which I spent here: The things I observed most were these:

1. The Chappel of S. Laurence, which is the neatest thing that ever eye beheld. All the inside of it is to be over-crusted with Jasper Stones, of several Colours and Countreys, with other rich stones, all above Marble, and all so neatly polished and shining, that the Art here exceeds the Materials. This Chappel is round, and round about are to be fixed within the walls, as high as a man can reach, the Tombs of all the Great Dukes of Florence, in


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 a most gallant manner, and of most exquisite polished Stones, with a great Cushion of some richer Stone, and a Ducal Crown of Pretious Stones reposing upon that Cushion. Over these Tombs the Statues of all the Great Dukes, at full length, and in their Ducal Habits, all of Brass gilt, are to be placed in Niches round about the Chappel. The Roof is to Vaulted all over with an over-crusting of Lapis Lazuli (a blew pretious stone with Veins of Gold in it) which will make it look like Heaven it self. Between each Tomb are inlaid in the Walls, the Arms, or Scutchions of the several Towns of the Great Dukes dominions, all blazoned according to their several Colours in Herauldry, by several pretious Stones which compose them: and these are not made in little, but are fair great Scutchions made purposely of a large size for to fill up the void places between the Tombs. The Towns are these; Florence, Siena, Pisa, Livorno, Volterra, Arezzo, Pistoia, Cortona, Monte Pulciano &c.


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 without prayer—prayer chiefly that God would give him a happy death. He had previously promised that he would not hurry or scold, but "fyking" had not been included in the arrangement, and when in the early darkness we reached the steep hill, at whose foot the rapid deep St. Vrain flows, he "fyked" unreasonably about me, the mare, and the crossing generally, and seemed to think I could not get through, for the ice had been cut with an axe, and we could not see whether "glaze" had formed since or no. I was to have slept at the house of a woman farther down the canyon, who never ceases talking, but Miller, the young man whose attractive house and admirable habits I have mentioned before, came out and said his house was "now fixed for ladies," so we stayed there, and I was "made as comfortable" as could be. His house is a model. He cleans everything as soon as it is used, so nothing is ever dirty, and his stove and cooking gear in their bright parts look like polished silver. It was amusing to hear the two men talk like two women about various ways of making bread and biscuits, one even writing out a recipe for the other. It was almost grievous that a solitary man should have the power of making a house so comfortable! They heated a stone for my feet, warmed a blanket for me to sleep in, and put logs enough on the fire to burn all night, for the mercury was eleven below zero. The stars were in-


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 tensely bright, and a well-defined auroral arch, throwing off fantastic coruscations, lighted the whole northern sky. Yet I was only in the foothills, and Long's glorious Peak was not to be seen. Miller had all his things "washed up" and his "pots and pans cleaned in ten minutes after supper, and then had the whole evening in which to smoke and enjoy himself—a poor woman would probably have been "fussing round" till 10 o'clock about the same work. Besides Ring there was another gigantic dog craving for notice, and two large cats, which, the whole evening, were on their master's knee. Cold as the night was, the house was chinked, and the rooms felt quite warm. I even missed the free currents of air which I had been used to! This was my last evening in what may be called a mountainous region.

The next morning, as soon as the sun was well risen, we left for our journey of 30 miles, which had to be done nearly at a foot's pace, owing to one horse being encumbered with my luggage. I did not wish to realise that it was my last ride, and my last association with any of the men of the mountains whom I had learned to trust, and in some respects to admire. No more hunters' tales told while the pine knots crack and blaze; no more thrilling narratives of adventures with Indians and bears; and never again shall I hear that strange talk of Nature and her doings which is the speech of those who live with her


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 and her alone. Already the dismalness of a level land comes over me. The canyon of the St. Vrain was in all its glory of colour, but we had a remarkably ugly crossing of that brilliant river, which was frozen all over, except an unpleasant gap of about two feet in the middle. Mr. Nugent had to drive the frightened horses through, while I, having crossed on some logs lower down, had to catch them on the other side as they plunged to shore trembling with fear. Then we emerged on the vast expanse of the glittering plains, and a sudden sweep of wind made the cold so intolerable that I had to go into a house to get warm. This was the last house we saw till we reached our destination that night. I never saw the mountain range look so beautiful—uplifted in every shade of transparent blue, till the sublimity of Long's Peak, and the lofty crest of Storm Peak, bore only unsullied snow against the sky. Peaks gleamed in living light; canyons lay in depths of purple shade; 100 miles away Pike's Peak rose a lump of blue, and over all, through that glorious moon, a veil of blue spiritualised without dimming the outlines of that most glorious range, making it look like the dreamed-of mountains of "the land which is very far off," till at sunset it stood out sharp in glories of violet and opal, and the whole horizon up to a great height was suffused with the deep rose and pure orange of the afterglow. It seemed all dream-like


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 as we passed through the sunlit solitude, on the right the prairie waves lessening towards the far horizon, while on the left they broke in great snowy surges against the Rocky Mountains. All that day we neither saw man, beast, nor bird. "Jim" was silent mostly. Like all true children of the mountains, he pined even when temporarily absent from them.

At sunset we reached a cluster of houses called Namaqua, where, to my dismay, I heard that there was to be a dance at the one little inn to which we were going at St. Louis. I pictured to myself no privacy, no peace, no sleep, drinking, low sounds, and worse than all, "Jim" getting into a quarrel and using his pistols. He was uncomfortable about it for another reason. He said he had dreamt the night before that there was to be a dance, and that he had to shoot a man for making "an unpleasant remark!" For the last three miles which we accomplished after sunset the cold was most severe, but nothing could exceed the beauty of the afterglow, and the strange look of the rolling plains of snow beneath it. When we got to the queer little place where they "keep strangers" at St. Louis, they were very civil, and said that after supper we could have the kitchen to ourselves. I found a large, prononcée, competent, bustling widow, hugely stout, able to manage all men and everything else; and a very florid sister like herself, top-heavy with hair. There


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 were besides two naughty children in the kitchen, who cried incessantly, and kept opening and shutting the door. There was no place to sit down but a wooden chair by the side of the kitchen stove, at which supper was being cooked for ten men. The bustle and clatter were indescribable, and the land-lady asked innumerable questions, and seemed to fill the whole room. The only expedient for me for the night was to sleep on a shakedown in a very small room occupied by the two women and the children, and even this was not available till midnight, when the dance terminated; and there was no place in which to wash except a bowl in the kitchen. I sat by the stove till supper, wearying of the noise and bustle after the quiet of Estes Park. The landlady asked, with great eagerness, who the gentleman was who was with me, and said that the men outside were saying that they were sure that it was "Rocky Mountain Jim," but she was sure it was not. When I told her that the men were right, she exclaimed, "Do tell! I want to know! that quiet, kind gentleman!" and she said she used to frighten her children when they were naughty by telling them that "he would get them, for he came down from the mountains every week, and took back a child with him to eat!" She was as proud of having him in her house as if he had been the President, and I gained a reflected importance! All the men in the settlement


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 assembled in the front room, hoping he would go and smoke there, and when he remained in the kitchen they came round the window and into the doorway to look at him. The children got on his knee, and, to my great relief, he kept them good and quiet, and let them play with his curls, to the great delight of the two women, who never took their eyes off him. At last the bad-smelling supper was served, and ten silent men came in and gobbled it up, staring steadily at "Jim" as they gobbled. Afterwards, there seemed no hope of quiet, so we went to the post-office, and while waiting for stamps were shown into the prettiest and most ladylike-looking room I have seen in the West, created by a pretty and refined-looking woman. She made an opportunity for asking me if it were true that the gentleman with me was "Mountain Jim," and added that so very gentlemanly a person could not be guilty of the misdeeds attributed to him. When we returned, the kitchen was much quieter. It was cleared by eight, as the landlady promised; we had it to ourselves till twelve, and could scarcely hear the music. It was a most respectable dance, a fortnightly gathering got up by the neighbouring settlers, most of them young married people, and there was no drinking at all. I wrote to you for some time, while Mr. Nugent copied for himself the poems "In the Glen" and the latter half of "The River without a Bridge," which he re-


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 cited with deep feeling. It was altogether very quiet and peaceful. He repeated to me several poems of great merit which he had composed, and told me much more about his life. I knew that no one else could or would speak to him as I could, and for the last time I urged upon him the necessity of a reformation in his life, beginning with the giving up of whisky, going so far as to tell him that I despised a man of his intellect for being a slave to such a vice. "Too late! too late!" he always answered, "for such a change." Ay, too late. He shed tears quietly. "It might have been once," he said. Ay, might have been. He has excellent sense for every one but himself, and, as I have seen him with a single exception, a gentleness, propriety, and considerateness of manner surprising in any man, but especially so in a man associating only with the rough men of the West. As I looked at him, I felt a pity such as I never before felt for a human being. My thought at the moment was, Will not our Father in heaven, "who spared not His own Son, but delivered Him up for us all," be far more pitiful? For the time a desire for self-respect, better aspirations, and even hope itself, entered his dark life; and he said, suddenly, that he had made up his mind to give up whisky and his reputation as a desperado. But it is "too late." A little before twelve the dance was over, and I got to the crowded little bedroom, which


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 only allowed of one person standing in it at a time, to sleep soundly and dream of "ninety-and-nine just persons who need no repentance." The landlady was quite taken up with her "distinguished guest." "That kind, quiet gentleman, Mountain Jim! Well, I never! he must be a very good man!"

Yesterday morning the mercury was 20° below zero. I think I never saw such a brilliant atmosphere. That curious phenomena called frost-fall was occurring, in which, whatever moisture may exist in the air, somehow aggregates into feathers and fern-leaves, the loveliest of creations, only seen in rarefied air and intense cold. One breath and they vanish. The air was filled with diamond sparks quite intangible. They seemed just glitter and no more. It was still and cloudless, and the shapes of violet mountains were softened by a veil of the tenderest blue. When the Greeley stage-waggon came up, Mr. Fodder, whom I met at Lower Canyon, was on it. He had expressed a great wish to go to Estes Park, and to hunt with "Mountain. Jim," if it would be safe to do the latter. He was now dressed in the extreme of English dandyism, and when I introduced them, he put out a small hand cased in a


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 perfectly-fitting lemon-coloured kid glove. As the trapper stood there in his grotesque rags and odds and ends of apparel, his gentlemanliness of deportment brought into relief the innate vulgarity of a rich parvenu. Mr. Fodder rattled so amusingly as we drove away that I never realised that my Rocky Mountain life was at an end, not even when I saw "Mountain Jim," with his golden hair yellow in the sunshine, slowly leading the beautiful mare over the snowy plains back to Estes Park, equipped with the saddle on which I had ridden 800 miles!

A drive of several hours over the plains brought us to Greeley, and a few hours later, in the far blue distance, the Rocky Mountains, and all that they enclose, went down below the prairie sea. I. L. B.


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34 May heaven protect and prosper you, and shower all its best blessings on you.

Time flies: it is now thirteen years that you came into the world of trouble; I therefore can hardly venture to call you any longer a little Princess.

This will make you feel, my dear Love, that you must give your attention more and more to graver matters. By the dispensation of Providence you are destined to fill a most eminent station ; to fill it well must now become your study. A good heart and a trusty and honourable character are amongst the most indispensable qualifications for that position.

You will always find in your Uncle that faithful friend which he has proved to you from your earliest infancy, and whenever you feel yourself in want of support or advice, call on him with perfect confidence.

If circumstances permitted my leaving Ostend early tomorrow morning, I should be able to place myself my birthday present into your fair hair; as this happiness has not fallen to my lot, your excellent mother has promised to act as my representative.

You will probably have little time to spare. I therefore conclude with the assurance of the sincere attachment and affection with which I shall ever be, my dearest Love, your faithful and devoted Friend and Uncle,

The King of the Belgians to the Princess Victoria.

,—You told me you wished to have a description of your new Aunt. I therefore shall both mentally and physically describe her to you.

She is extremely gentle and amiable, her actions are always guided by principles. She is at all times ready and disposed to sacrifice her comfort and inclinations to see others happy. She values goodness, merit, and virtue much more than beauty, riches, and amusements. With all this she is highly informed and very clever; she speaks and writes English, German and Italian; she speaks English very well indeed. In short, my dear Love, you see that I may well recommend her as an example for all young ladies, being Princesses or not.

Now to her appearance. She is about Feodore’s height, her hair very fair, light blue eyes, of a very gentle, intelligent and


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 ; Keng Kwee Street :
 * Hokkien, Kéng kùi ke 景貴街 named after Captain Ah Quee, who built this street and connected it with Penang Road.
 * Cantonese, Keng kwai kai 景貴街

 * Kimberley Street :
 * Hokkien, Tio-chiu ke 潮州街 Te chiu is the name of a prefecture in the Quang-tung Province in South China, better known as Chao-chow-fu 潮州府 from which the Te-chiu people come. This street is so called because formerly there were many China-born Te-chiu prostitutes living there. Owing, however, to the prohibition of female emigration from Swatow, which is the sea-port of Chao-chow-fu, by the Chinese Government upon representations being made by the Te-chiu merchants in the Straits Settlements, all Te-chiu prostitutes have since disappeared from this street.
 * Cantonese, Chiu chau mui kai 潮州妹街 “chiu chau girl street."
 * Hokkien, Soaⁿ-thaû ke 汕頭街 "Swatow street.”
 * Hokkien, Mīⁿ-soàⁿ ke 麪線街 "vermicelli street," so called after the vermicelli makers there.
 * Hokkien, Sìⁿ Tiⁿ kong-si ke 姓鄭公司街 after the Kong-si house of the seh Tiⁿ clan, which was formerly in this street.
 * Hokkien, Phah soh-á hāng 打索仔巷 "striking rope street" formerly there were some rope makers' shops there. (Rope Walk is sometimes called by this name also.)
 * Hokkien, Sìⁿ Tiⁿ kong-si ke 姓鄭公司街 after the Kong-si house of the seh Tiⁿ clan, which was formerly in this street.
 * Hokkien, Phah soh-á hāng 打索仔巷 "striking rope street" formerly there were some rope makers' shops there. (Rope Walk is sometimes called by this name also.)
 * Hokkien, Phah soh-á hāng 打索仔巷 "striking rope street" formerly there were some rope makers' shops there. (Rope Walk is sometimes called by this name also.)
 * Hokkien, Phah soh-á hāng 打索仔巷 "striking rope street" formerly there were some rope makers' shops there. (Rope Walk is sometimes called by this name also.)

 * King Street :
 * , between Light Street and Bishop Street.
 * Hokkien, Kaú-keng-chhù aú 九間厝後 "Penang Street back" (vide Penang Street, Part 1.)
 * , between Bishop Street and China Street.

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 which contributed (I suppose) something each of them to this Costly Fabrick. in fine, this Chappel is so rich within with its own shining bare walls, that it scorns all Hangings, Painting, Gilding, Mosaick Work, and such like helpers off of bare Walls, because it can find nothing richer and handsomer then its own pretious Walls. Its now above threescore years since it was begun; and there are ordinarily threescore men at work daily here, and yet there's onely the Tomb of Ferdinand the Second perfectly finished. The very Cushion which lieth upon his Tomb, cost Threescore thousand Crowns, by which you may guess at the rest. Indeed these stately Tombs make almost death it self look lovely, and dead mens ashes grow proud again. As for the Altar and Tabernacle of this Chappel, I will speak of them by and by, when I will describe the Gallery of the Great Duke, where they are kept till the Chappel be finished.

2. The Church of S. Laurence,


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On the 'Offensive' LL. We have seen efforts grow over the duration of this Inquiry. We expect to see those efforts continue to increase as coverage leads to an increased programme of 'effects'. However, given the importance of the work, it is vital that the Cabinet Office carries out an evaluation on whether SIS and GCHQ are meeting their targets in relation to China. That evaluation must be shared with this Committee.

MM. ***. Increased surveillance, both in the physical and virtual world, poses significant challenges to long-term intelligence-generating capabilities ***. This problem is only going to get more difficult. SIS and GCHQ should prioritise work on this *** ***.

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 :#* Hokkien, Kúiⁿ-tang toā peh kong ke 廣東大伯公街 Kúiⁿ-tang tang is the Hokkien pronunciation of Quang-tung, a province in South China. Toā peh kong means god, so called because there is a temple there built by subscriptions raised solely from the Cantonese.
 * Cantonese, Kwong-tung tai pak kung kai 廣東大伯公街
 * Hokkien. A-phièu kong-si ke 亞片公司街 "Opium farm street," so called after the Opium and Spirit Farms at the junction of China Street.
 * Cantonese, In kung-si 煙公司
 * , between China Street and Market Street.
 * Hokkien, Kū Hô-seng kong-si ke 舊和勝公司街 Hô-seng is the name of a secret society, which formerly had its Kong-si house there.
 * Cantonese, Kau wo shing kung-si kai 舊和勝公司街
 * , between Market Street and Chulia Street.
 * Hokkien, Kiet-lêng-á ke 咭寧仔街 "Kling Street"; this par [sic] of King Street was formerly inhabited chiefly by Klings (vide Chulia Street, Part I.)
 * Cantonese, Pak kap lung 伯鴿籠 "Pigeon hole," so called because formerly there were some exceedingly small houses there occupied as brothels.
 * Cantonese, Pak kap lung 伯鴿籠 "Pigeon hole," so called because formerly there were some exceedingly small houses there occupied as brothels.

 * Kulim Lane :
 * Hokkien, Bān an tâi 萬安臺 "Bān an theatre," so called after the name of the Chinese theatre in this lane.
 * Cantonese, MauMan [sic] on thoi 萬安臺
 * Hokkien, Bêng hì-tâi 明戲臺 "Bêng's theatre "; bêng is a part of the name of Mr. Ong Bêng Tek, the former proprietor of the theatre.
 * Hokkien, Bêng hì-tâi 明戲臺 "Bêng's theatre "; bêng is a part of the name of Mr. Ong Bêng Tek, the former proprietor of the theatre.

 * Kuala Kangsa Road :
 * Hokkien, Hoan-á hì-hûiⁿ ke 番仔戲園街 "foreigners' theatre," so called from the Malay theatre there.

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CHINA blocking of Western web services and applications, and the dominance of Chinese apps ***

Equipment Interference (EI) describes a range of techniques that may be used lawfully to obtain communications, equipment data or other information from equipment. In plain English, most people would call this 'hacking'; however, the Intelligence Community avoid this term because it lacks a formal legal definition and is widely used to imply illegal activity. EI is the official term used for such activity within the Investigatory Powers Act 2016 and associated Codes of Practice. This replaces the previous term 'Computer Network Exploitation'.

EI can be carried out remotely or by physically interacting with the equipment, and may include interference with computers, servers, routers, laptops, mobile phones and other devices, as well as cables, wires and storage devices.

EI can vary in complexity. Examples of EI might include:

covertly downloading data from a subject mobile device when it is left unattended; using login credentials to gain access to data held on a computer; exploiting existing vulnerabilities in software to gain control of devices or networks; or remotely extracting material and monitoring the user of the device.

Even without the challenges of Chinese surveillance, the sheer size of the Chinese state presents a significant challenge when it comes to gaining coverage. It can be extremely difficult to keep track of the vast host of Chinese ministries and party organs, the status of which within the Chinese Communist Party and government is constantly evolving. ***.

KK. It is clear that both GCHQ and SIS face a formidable challenge in relation to China. What we were unable to assess—without the specific requirements set for the Agencies or any idea of the prioritisation of the 'outcomes' within the Intelligence Outcomes Prioritisation Plan—is how effective either Agency is at tackling that challenge. As a result of pressures placed on civil servants during the Covid-19 pandemic—including fewer people in offices with access to the necessary IT systems—the Cabinet Office has not measured the Agencies' success against its requirements, and so neither the Government nor Parliament has any assurance about their effectiveness.

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 Having received this order, they went back to their monastery, and each of them having packed up his things, and buckled on his weapon, the whole body started next morning in the train of the Commissioner.

In a short time, they arrived at the capital, and were accommodated by the Commissioner, at the Hall of the Military Board, where he told them to stay till next morning, when they would have an Audience of his Sacred Majesty.

In the 5th watch, about 3 A. M. the Emperor being seated on his throne, the Commissioner approached, and prostrating himself, said, "your servant having reverently received your Majesty's command to summon together brave heroes from every place under heaven, he, in circulating the Edict, fortunately found, in the Kiu Lien Mountains, a monastery containing 128 Buddhist priests, all of whom are perfect in the Civil and Military arts and exercises, and they boast that without using the Imperial soldiers, they will at sight exterminate the Eleuths, as easily as a person can wave his band; your minister has brought them to the gate of the Palace, where they are now awaiting your Majesty's decision."

The Emperor ordered the priests to be brought before him, and on seeing their manly and robust appearance, he was much pleased; while they were yet in the Palace, His Majesty appointed them to the rank of generals, and presented them with a sword, on which were engraved the characters Jit, and San, the inscription being of triangular form.

His Majesty also appointed the minister Teⁿ-Kun-Tat to act as Commissary General, and Commissioner to accompany the Army.

On the day following, having sacrificed to the standards, the army was set in motion, having received the Imperial command to march forward.

Now at this time, the barbarians were besieging the frontier town of Tung-Kuan, and when the army of relief arrived, the beleaguered generals Lau and ’Ng were on the walls; they suddenly saw a body of Imperial Soldiers approaching, which they knew must be a force sent to their assistance, so at once


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CHINA When we asked again, in late 2020, what had now been achieved, GCHQ said that the increase in effort could be seen in all areas of activity, including the collection of intelligence, effects work ***, and in the defensive aspects of the cyber effort. The progress *** meant that:

"we have made massive headway, such that the issue is starting to be how do we deal with the scale of the information at our disposal? How do we get into and focus the effort on the things that we most care about ***."

In terms of other work *** brief reference has been made to work carried out in relation to health (and specifically Covid-19). In 2020, the Deputy National Security Adviser (DNSA) said "… over the last ten months or so of Covid we have certainly seen on the health side some advantage ***". However, no further detail has been supplied.

In October 2020, the Acting NSA told us that a new group, which sits below the China NSIG, had been created to look at *** work, ensuring that it is joined up. One of the reasons why this group had been created was because the Government expected this work "to grow in future".

However, when we asked, again, in 2020, how SIS and GCHQ had performed against the requirements set by the Cabinet Office, we were told that the pandemic meant that there had not been a Cabinet Office review of whether either Agency had met its targets.

II. It is clear that there has been progress in terms of 'offensive' work since we started our Inquiry—for instance, an increase in 'effects' work. However, given what appears to be the extremely low starting point, this is not cause for celebration ***. Both SIS and GCHQ say that working on China "is a slow burn, slow-return effort" ***.

JJ. GCHQ and SIS tasking is set by the Government and, rightly, they cannot work outside the Government's priorities. Nevertheless, the fact that China was such a relatively low priority in 2018—the same year in which China approved the removal of term limits on the Presidency, allowing President Xi Jinping to remain in office as long as he wished—is concerning. Work must continue to be prioritised now to make up for this slow start and there must be clear measurement and evaluation of effort.

Prior to the pandemic, the UK's relationship with China was based on an approach that sought to balance prosperity with national security issues—unlike Russia, which is seen unambiguously as a threat. Although that balance appears to have shifted since, with the

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 throwing open the gates, they went forth to meet and admit the army into the city.

After being entertained by the generals, the abbot questioned them as to the position of the Eleuth Camp, and asked if any engagements had yet taken place. The generals replied; "The Eleuth soldiers are indeed fierce and brave, and their entrenchments are strong; daily have they attacked this city, and it is only by our exceeding watchfulness, and owing to the strength of our walls and the depth of our moat, that we have been able to defend it; and our only hope was, that our Sovereign Lord would send troops to save us. We trust that the abbot has discovered some excellent scheme, and brought brave soldiers with whom we may yet subdue these barbarians. Any movement on our part must be undertaken with the greatest wisdom and foresight, or it will be impossible to contend against the Eleuths." The abbot said: "You generals have been here some time, so of course you possess a knowledge as to the position of the enemy's camp and the means of approach thereto." General Lau-King replied "I have here, a map of the position, and if the master will look it over, he will see at a glance the whole situation in every particular." Having examined well the chart, the abbot said that he understood perfectly how he was placed; "to-morrow we will lead out our men, and find out what these barbarians are made of. I have a scheme for attacking them."

The next morning the gates were opened, and the army marched forth. On this being reported to the Eleuth general Pheⁿ Leng Thien, he buckled on his shield, and mounted his horse; but on seeing nothing but a crowd of shaven priests, he laughed, and mockingly said: "I little thought during the years the Emperor of the Middle Kingdom has claimed my obedience, that he was supported by an army of priests. If you really intend to retire from the world, why do you not keep your vows; how dare you measure yourselves against me?" The abbot in a loud voice replied; "Dog of a barbarian! the Chinese have nothing in common with you Eleuths, any more than with the lower animals; why will you rush into strife, and run blindly to your own destruction?" Pheⁿ Leng Thien, was greatly enraged at this, and shouted: "Will no one lay hands on this bald-headed priest"? One of the surrounding chiefs responding to the call, and being armed with a long sword, galloped forward with a shout; but from behind the abbot, Choa-Tek-Tiong appeared like a flash of lightning, and with a knife in each hand, closed with the horse-man. After thirty cuts and thrusts on either side, the issue was


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 still undecided, but Tek-Tiong hitting upon a scheme, turned his horse and fled.

The Chief not seeing that this was merely a feint, pursued hotly; Tek-Tiong drawing forth a copper bar, turned round suddenly, and struck the Eleuth on the left arm, on which he fell from his saddle with a terrible yell.

Png-Toa-Ang seeing that Tek-Tiong was victorious, waved the colours, and the whole army cheered lustily; this made Pheⁿ-Leng-Thien almost burst with rage, so spurring forward his horse, he rushed at Png-Toa-Ang; their horses met, and a terrible fight eusued between the two men. The Abbot perceiving that Pheⁿ-Leng-Thien was one of Heaven's own heroes, and fearing that Toa-Ang would be overmatched, sounded the trumpets to recall the army. Now just at this time, Toa-Ang was anxious to exhibit his prowess to the utmost, but on hearing the trumpet, he obeyed the signal, and retired with the rest; on seeing the Abbot, he said, "I was just going to put into effect a stratagem, why did you recall the troops? The abbot replied," [sic]I perceive this man is a phenomenon of bravery, and I feared lest you would not be able to withstand him, for this reason I recalled you; this man must be attacked by strategy, it is hopeless to resist him by mere force. To-morrow I will carry out my schemes, and we shall certainly be victorious."

The next day the Abbot called together all the brethren, and instructed them as follows.

"I find that there is a ravine called the Hu-Tek valley, in which we can place an ambuscade, by which means we shall gain a complete victory. O-Tek-Te must take 30 of the brethren, and lie in wait on the left side of the valley; Ma-Thiau-Heng will take 20, and place them on the right side, of the same valley. Each man must be provided with plenty of dry wood, straw, sulphur, gunpowder and other combustibles, and mines consisting of shells and fireballs must be set in the pathway; Chhoa-Tek-Tiong, and Chhoa-Seng-Tso, with Low-Keng, will with 3,000 of the troops, attack the enemy opposed to him; Ng-Su-Tsuan, Png-Hui-Ho, and O-Sun-Hiang, will also take the same men, and attack the Eleuths, while Png-Toa-Ang will, by pretending to ty, allure the enemy into the Hu-Tek valley; and when the signal guns shew that the Eleuths are entrapped, O-Tek-Te, and Ma-Thiau-Heng, with their men will spring the mines, and our whole force will at once fall to kill and exterminate the barbarians.


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On the 'Offensive' push to protect the UK's domestic economic security, HMG acknowledges that China's economic might cannot be ignored.

This has an impact when planning action. For example, exposure of intelligence work may damage bilateral relations to the extent that UK trade and investment interests are affected. Similarly, when HMS Albion performed a Freedom of Navigation Operation in the South China Sea in 2018, China appeared to reduce economic engagement with the UK. In 2019, the Senior Responsible Owner told us that HMG *** had discussed how to re-engage the Chinese:

"[it] was re-established after *** diplomacy and engagement, there were some decisions that the Treasury had to take about how they were approaching that dialogue, ***. Because of the cross-cutting nature of that, that wasn't a decision that the Treasury could just take alone. So we worked through the coordinating process to get a clear set of choices and decisions ***."

China is often referred to as a surveillance state, using a range of methods from state-of-the-art technology to neighbourhood watch schemes to monitor its citizens and residents. There is near-comprehensive CCTV coverage in Beijing as well as in most other major cities.

The rapid pace of technological development is only increasing this challenge. China is in the process of integrating its world-leading technologies, such as face recognition and artificial intelligence (AI), in order to allow state authorities to track and follow all residents around its cities. Further development and integration of AI would allow monitoring and automated flagging of unusual behaviour or activities.

When, in July 2019, we asked the Intelligence Community about this, China was described as a "totally sensored environment … sensors everywhere and computers making sense of those feeds for individuals to spot [an] anomaly" ***. It was expected that such an environment would "increasingly become the norm *** because this technology is cheap and will be exported". ***.

*** Surveillance of Chinese citizens with access to secret information is particularly acute: individuals working on sensitive areas are subject to travel bans and cannot leave the country without express permission. The Chinese intelligence system is both hugely capable and uncompromising: those convicted of espionage can face the death penalty. ***.

Surveillance in China has also extended to the virtual world. China's well-established domestic technology sector poses a significant challenge in terms of SIGINT collection. The

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 At the time appointed, the abbot took the brethren of his monastery with their horses, and stationing them in front of the whole army, cried with a loud voice "Pheⁿ-Leng-Thien, I, the old priest, adjure you to respond to the command of Heaven, and to follow the advice of men; if you do this, you will be allowed to return home, and avoid calamity and disgrace. If you will not listen to my words, then truly I fear you will run to destruction, and I should be grieved that such a brave hero should perish miserably in this place."

Pheⁿ-Leng-Thien being enraged, cried; "What is the advantage of so many words? Bring on your men and horses; I will this day see which of us is to gain the victory, or perish." The words were scarcely uttered, when he saw Chhoa-Tek-Tiong and Lau-Keng riding forward, flourishing their swords, and shouting the war cry; Pheⁿ-Leng-Thien in great wrath spurred on his horse, and engaged both men. After several encounters had taken place, Png-Toa-Ang galloped up, crying, "Here I am, I will take Pheⁿ-Leng-Thien." On hearing this, Leng-Thien left Chhoa, [sic] and, Lau, and rushed ou Toa-Ang, who after a few passes turned his horse, and led towards the mouth of the Hu-tek ravine, Pheⁿ-Leng-Thien being deceived by this stratagem, gave chase, and waved his whip for his men to follow.

When the abbot perceived that the Eleuths had entered the trap, he ordered the signal guns to be fired, and immediately, the two priests, O-Tek-Te, and Ma-Thiau-Heng, with their men, discharged incessantly their fire-arrows and sprung their mines; Heaven and earth were obscured by the blaze and smoke, and at one blow, more than 30,000 soldiers and 1,000 officers of the Eleuth army were annihilated.

Of the whole army, the General Pheⁿ-Leng-Thien alone escaped with his horse, and galloping into the mountain, he soon found the road so rugged and difficult, that he was obliged to dismount, abandon his horse, and walk like a common soldier, being only too happy to save his life, and comfort himself by thinking his time had not yet come.

The Eleuth little knew that by the Abbot's commands, the Generals Chhoa, Ma, Ng, and O were lying in ambush in the road; when these men saw Pheⁿ-Leng-Thien coming along, they could not help saying; "this excellent scheme of the Abbot is truly worthy of a spiritual being"! they then rushed forward, and under a discharge of their fire-arrows, the brave and heroic Pheⁿ-Leng-Thien succumbed to his fate, and perished miserably at their hands. The above event took place on the


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Legislation NN. Although we have stated this earlier in this Report, it bears repeating specifically in relation to legislation: the length of time it has taken to reform the Official Secrets Acts is unconscionable. Our predecessors were told that the Acts required updating as a matter of urgency in January 2019. Over three years later, we have yet to see the introduction of a Bill. National security legislation ought to be a priority for any UK Government—it is certainly not a matter to be kicked into the long grass by successive Governments.

OO. We recommend that HMG ensure that a Counter-State Threats Bill is enacted as a matter of urgency.

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User:Naidu999

Iam a indpendent soul.i like reading books and writing articles.iam a person of up right character.

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 12th day of the 7th moon of the 13th year of the Emperor Kang-hi.

Having divined by lot for a propitious day, the army celebrated the victory, and marched back to the Capital, Ou the day of their return, the Civil and Military Officials went outside the city to receive and welcome the conquerors, and as the brethren passed the gate of the fifth Court, a man came forward, and in a loud voice addressed the 128 priests :

"Behold the invincible heroes of the highest rank.

"Their courage and valour have never been equalled.

At the proper time, the priests were presented at Court, and passed in review before their Sovereign Lord. The whole army received rewards, but the Emperor specially called before him the brethren, and wished to invest them with titles of nobility; but on hearing of this intention, all the priests excused themselves, and the Abbot on behalf of the brethren humbly addressed His Majesty as follows.

"Your servants having left their families, and retired from the world, do not desire an illustrious worldly reputation; they only pray that they may be allowed to return to their monastery, and pass their lives in the cultivation of virtue by the performance of good works; this being granted, they can never be sufficiently grateful for your Majesty's kindness and condescension."

The Emperor hearing this, could not but accede to their request, but at the same time he presented them with 10,000 taels of gold, and having entertained them at a feast, gave permission for the priests to return to their monastery. Kang-Hi appointed the Minister, Teⁿ Kun Tat, (who as before narrated accompanied the army as Commissioner), to the Military Command of the O-Kong Province, and ordered him to proceed to his new post on the same day as the priests were leaving the Capital.

Having thanked the Emperor, the priests withdrew from the Palace, and the Civil and Military Officials returned to their respective Yamens. Teⁿ-Kun-Tat entertained the priests, his late comrades, at a farewell feast, where they talked over the dangers lately undergone while subduing the Eleuths, and congratulated each other on the splendid results of their labours. In view of separation, they could scarcely find words to express their thoughts, so after taking a solemn oath of mutual brotherhood, they bade farewell, and each party went its way.

Who would have imagined, that during the feast, two old ras-


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 cally Officials who had not returned with rest to their Yamen, bad introduced themselves amongst the company, and leard everything. The names of these Officers were Tiuⁿ-Kien-Chhiu, and Tan-Hiong, both were of the highest rank of Prefect, and were on very bad terms with Kun-Tat, whom they had for a long time wished to ruin. Teⁿ-Kun-lat, was however a most honourable and much respected man, and as yet they had not been able to bring any charge against, [sic] him. The two Officials had now seen him pledge himself to the priests by a solemn oath of brotherhood, so full of the affair, they returned to their Yamens, and concerted a most treacherous scheme.

The next morning they obtained an Audience of the Emperor, and petitioned His Majesty as follows.

"In your servant's opinion, the priests of the Siau-Lim monastery, by thus subduing the Eleuths, as easily as one could put on a suit of armour, have covered themselves with glory, and deserve to be handed down as heroes to thousands of generations. Truly these men are as fierce as wolves, and courageous as tigers; if their hearts only remain unchanged, then the Government will be safe and we may rest in peace; but on the contrary, if their minds should change, then indeed the State will be endangered."

"Besides this, Teⁿ-Kun-Tat a man full of craft and intrigue, has cherished schemes of ambition and rebellion, but not having resources or power, and being also without confederates, he has not as yet dared to shew openly disaffection."

"Now, however, he has obtained an oath of life and death, from the priests, and your Majesty has given him command over, and the power of 10,000 soldiers; truly he is now as a tiger with the additional strength of wings, and as a fierce fire increased by oil; he will immediately carry into practice his ambitious schemes, and the priests will respond to his call without fail. With all these auxiliaries, who will be able to oppose a man of such wolf-and-tiger-like disposition?"

"Your ministers having pondered over this matter, are most anxious, and at the risk of their lives, must represent the state of things to your Majesty; they beg that you will carefully enquire into the case, and avoid the necessity of repenting when it shall be too late."

The Emperor being deceived by the specious words of these two men, praised their zeal and fidelity in representing the affair, and immediately demanded of the nobles if they had any good scheme


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 to propose, by which the band of conspirators should be utterly exterminated.

Kien-Chhiu repressing his joy at the Emperor's intentions, made his proposal as follows:—

"Your Minister has a plan; if it be followed out, though they make themselves wings, they will not be able to escape. "Wait till the feast of the new year, and then send an Official with a proper escort of soldiers, to pretend that Your Majesty has sent an Imperial gift of wine with which the priests may keep the festival. At the same time, let the escort be provided with sulphur, saltpetre, gunpowder, and all kinds of combustibles. Depend upon it, the priests will take in this scheme. At the same time, a Minister should be sent to Kun-Tat, with the red scarf, as a punishment for his heinous crime of conspiracy to rebel. By thus doing, at one cast of the net we shall secure the whole party."

Kang-hi joyfully expressed his approval, and ordered the scheme to be carried out according to the suggestions of the two men.

These two officials having received the sacred commands, on the morrow arranged their troops, and having put all things in order, each proceeded to his separate Province. Kien-Chhiu went straight to Hok-Kien, towards the Sian-lim monastery; on arriving at a place called the "Yellow Spring," he met on the road, a carter named Ma-ji-hok. Kien-Chhiu availing himself of the opportunity, employed the man's carriage, and quietly questioned him as to the most important road to the monastery. By gradual and careful enquiries, Kien-Chhiu got the most complete information from Ji-Hok, who replied to his questions in a most straightforward manner, and kept nothing back; and besides this, he was quite glad to act as informer and guide, in order to avenge a blow he had received some time before, from an inmate of the monastery.

Kien-Chhiu was extremely pleased to find this out, and he felt very happy at seeing everything progressing so favourably; on approaching the monastery, the priests having received intelligence of his arrival, came forward to pay due respect to the Imperial Envoy, and to reverently receive His Majesty's Sacred Commands. The Abbot brought Kien-Chhiu into the Hall, and having invited him to take his seat in the most honourable


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 place, they treated him every way in accordance with the rites and ceremonies, offering him tea and tobacco.

The priests addressed Kien-Chhiu as follows. "We were guilty of some disrespect in not proceeding a sufficient distance to meet Your Excellency, but we humbly beg you will pardon our fault." Kien-Chhiu replied "How dare I call you disrespectful! On the contrary your behaviour has gratified me very much. His Majesty fondly remembering your nobility of character, regrets his inability to visit you in person, but to shew clearly the benevolent intentions of his sacred mind, he has specially deputed me to present you with this gift of Imperial Wine, with which you may celebrate this feast of the new year."

On hearing this, the priests were filled with gratitude for this act of condescension on the part of His Majesty. All took their proper seats in the large Hall, and taking the Imperial gift, were pouring out the wine, and about to drink, when a certain odour caused suspicion to all;—so the Abbot taking in his hand a magic sword bequeathed to the brethren by the founder of the monastery, and dipping it in the jar of wine, immediately there arose a mephitie vapour which forced itself on all present, and made them fall to the ground with terror. After recovering themselves, the priests broke the jar of poisoned wine in pieces, and cursing the treacherous minister, cried: "What ancient grudge have you against us, or what present injury have we done, that you should deceive His Majesty, and turn him against us to our destruction? Truly it is without cause that you have done this thing, and there is nothing for us but to defend ourselves with the force we have at our disposal; why await further injury?" After again cursing him, they seized Kien-Chhiu, and struck off his head, but at the same moment, they saw the mountain above, and the monastery within and without, illuminated by fire, which blazed up to heaven; everywhere, they were surrounded by the flames, and there appeared no way of escape. The conflagration continued for two hours, and it is hard to say how many perished in the flames, but only eighteen priests were seen, and they carrying the seal and magic sword of the founder, ran into the inner-hall, where they cast themselves before the Image of Buddha, and piteously, with tears, implored his protection to save them. Suddenly, the Celestial Spirit, Tai-lo, exercising his Buddhistic powers, ordered his assistants Chu-khai and Chu-kang to open out black and yellow roads, by which the eighteen brethren were enabled to make their escape from the burning monastery.

At the break of day, these priests saw afar off, Ji-hok guiding


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 best thing we can do, is to transform the body of our deceased General by cremation, and bury the ashes at the foot of this mountain. Let the place of burial be an octagonal plot of ground, facing the Jim and Sin points of the compass."—This was done, and in front of the grave was erected a nine storied Pagoda, behind was a twelve peaked bill. The whole army assisted as one man, and in a day the burial was accomplished properly.

The Sien-Seng, Kin Lam, erected a tomb-stone, and on this tablet were engraved six characters; to each character was added the character "Sui," or water.

After the funeral ceremonies were concluded, the Sien-seng Kin-Lam, addressed the army, saying; "Since Ban Lung's death, I have consulted the fates, and by divination, I perceive that the destiny of the "Chheng" dynasty is not yet fulfilled; if we from day to day contend with the Imperialists, we shall only be wasting our strength. The best thing to be done, is that the whole of our brethren disperse, each man to his own dwelling, and his own province, disguising his name aud surname, and enlisting as many brave heroes as possible to join the good cause. We will remain quietly until the intentions of Heaven are changed, and then as easily as putting on a suit of armour, we will restore the "Beng" dynasty, and avenge our long standing grieviances. The whole army agreed to this with acclamation, and all followed Kin-lam's advice; but before parting, they in public assembly, established the Thien-Te-Hui, and divided the Society into five banners or lodges, inventing verses, characters, and pass words, by which the members could be mutually recognised, until the day shall arrive when they will be able to overturn the Chheng dynasty, and fully restore the Beng to their rightful Empire.


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 large as a peck measure, and his hair and whiskers were red.—In his hands, Ban-lung carried a pair of dragon maces, and his strength was equal to that of 10,000 ordinary men, he was irresistible. On the day in question, he was sitting at leisure on the mountain, and beholding a body of men and horses passing, he discerned amongst them, the banner of the Buddhist priests; being at a loss to make out the meaning of the procession, he descended to ask the reason of such an assemblage. On approaching the Army, Ban-long became moved by a spirit of justice and righteousness, and was forced to cry out; "Oh Princes, if you do not undertake the fulfilment of Heaven's decrees, and redress all the injustice that has been perpetrated against you, you are no true men. If you will not reject your young brother, I would follow in your train, and with you, rectify all the injustice ander which you have suffered so long; I scarcely dare hope that you will deign to accept my poor assistance." The brethren seeing Ban-lung to be a man of such powers, were rejoiced to enlist him, and at once agreed to appoint him as Generalissimo, and obey him as their "Toa-Ko," or elder brother. Ban-lung accepted the post without hesitation, and conducted the Army to the "Phoenix Mountain," where they pitched their camp. Ban-lung then went forward, and led the brethren against the "Chheng" army; the metallic drums of either army were beaten loudly, and the soldiers closed with each other; great was the slaughter on both sides, and after several engagements, the "Chheng" army was utterly defeated. Having gained the victory, our army returned joyfully to their camp, but the proverb says, "the planning of an affair is with men, but the carrying of it out is with Heaven." The Toa-ko, Ban-lung, again took out the army to battle, and before three encounters were over, his horse stumbling on the rocky ground, he fell, and uttering a single groan, died. The whole army, on seeing that Ban-lung had perished, exerted their utmost strength, and cutting their way through the enemy, carried away his body, and arriving at their camp, buried their general in peace. Truly this was a lamentable affair!

The Grand Master, Kin-lam, alone was aware by his powers of divination, that Ban-lung must perish about the middle of the 8th moon, and that it is impossible for a human being to escape his destiny; so going in front of the army, he exhorted them saying;

"It is impossible to elude the great account, and Ban-lung was fated to perish in this manner; our brethren must not give way to grief; it is next to impossible to restore the dead, the


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CHINA is also apparently being given to updating treason laws. In September 2020, HMG confirmed that the Home Office was working on a Counter-Hostile State Activity Bill, to create a Foreign Agents Registration Scheme and reform the Official Secrets Act, in line with recent recommendations by the Law Commission (which found that the espionage offences in the Official Secrets Acts 1911-1939 were "very wide but rarely prosecuted", as a result of dated and obscure drafting and complex supporting case law).

October 2020, the Acting National Security Adviser told us that this Bill would also address issues around foreign interference—with the inclusion of "a package of measures around education, partly support to universities, partly acquiring new tools in which to address that kind of interference". In late 2020, MI5 told the Committee how it had been contributing to the development of the proposed legislation:

"So there is a series of different choices and how far you do or don't go around any reform of the Official Secrets Act, there is a series of choices that are not yet landed or settled, but what MI5 is doing clearly is feeding in our perspective on the things that would make a difference and, from where I am sitting, the biggest gap at the moment is around interference. There are still plenty of gaps around espionage, but we do at least have some relevant powers there; whereas the act of being an agent of a foreign power engaged in things against the interests of the UK is one where we think there is a real gap and so I am very pleased that government has the intention to legislate."

The Integrated Review, published in March 2021, included a further commitment to introduce Counter-State Threats legislation—"when Parliamentary time allows". A consultation on legislation was announced in May 2021 and concluded in July 2021.

At the time of taking evidence, one of the Committee's key concerns was that any such legislation must introduce an effective "economic espionage" offence—something that the UK Intelligence Community suggested could be an important tool in the battle against China. At present, there are no criminal offences covering economic espionage that are not specifically linked to classified research or technology. A new offence might cover companies, research collaborations, joint ventures, seed funding, venture capital and access to academics and students covertly to obtain Information Data and Intellectual Property to secure commercial advantage against the UK.

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It is clear from our Inquiry that China presents a rather different challenge for the Government, one that it is still struggling to get to grips with and which it may not yet have the right tools to tackle. One of the tools that can be developed and used quickly is legislation. We have already covered the National Security and Investment (NSI) Act 2021 and the Telecommunications (Security) Act 2021 in this Report, and we will need to see what difference both pieces of legislation make; however, at the time of writing we had yet to see legislation introduced specifically to tackle Hostile State Activity (HSA).

. The Official Secrets Acts are the only pieces of UK legislation that specifically address HSA. However, the Agencies have previously explained that the Acts are inadequate in countering HSA, since it is not an offence to be a covert agent of a foreign power. The previous Committee concluded in its Russia Report:

"it is very clear that the Official Secrets Act regime is not fit for purpose... It is essential that there is a clear commitment to bring forward new legislation to replace it... that can be used by MIS to defend the UK against agents of a foreign power."

In evidence to this Inquiry, the Intelligence Community told the Committee that legislative change is even more necessary in relation to China. MI5 told us that "a Foreign Agent Registration [Act]-type power, which the Australians and Americans enjoy... [would] have proportionately more effect against ... Chinese activity". A key issue of concern is the theft of non-classified information, which can be difficult to grip because a significant amount of the activity does not currently constitute a serious criminal offence in the UK.

One example of such a case is from ***, when a suspect was arrested for ***. The material ***. Given the difficulties of prosecuting espionage activities under current legislation ***.

In the December 2019 Queen's Speech, the Government confirmed plans to introduce a new Espionage Act to provide a legislative framework to deal with HSA. Consideration

title: Page:ISC-China.pdf/107


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CHINA involved in the mapping activity, and that it had "produced some really good material in which they have gone round the globe drawing on that to assess activity".

We asked for sight of the product of this mapping activity ***. We were disappointed that it appears not to have fulfilled the agreed brief *** it is concerning that in this instance the Intelligence Community appear to have failed to provide their partners with the required assistance.

China is a broad threat with significant geographic reach, therefore the Agencies work with overseas partners beyond the Five Eyes to tackle the China threat:

In July 2019, the Deputy National Security Adviser (DNSA) told the Committee that some of his most important conversations on China had been with *** around ***. GCHQ told us ***. *** . GCHQ also cited the importance of ***, noting, "we will go where the capability is and where the accesses are—they have brilliant accesses ***". MI5 cited *** as allowing MI5 to discuss both its operational and protective security role with ***. SIS told us in 2019 that it was starting to do some capability-building work ***. SIS told us ***.

"***. So most of these countries are very aware of the threat, and are very keen to talk... about how we can work together. So that is quite a promising seam of activity ***."

The Agencies are working closely with overseas partners to tackle the China threat: they recognise that the UK can tackle the problem only by working with their international counterparts ***. We have also covered the Agencies' work with foreign services in our Inquiry on International Partnerships.

title: Page:ISC-China.pdf/106


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 accepted this new omen as favourable, the whole assembly adopted these four characters for the Flag, around which to rally their adherents. On the same day, they also recruited one hundred and seven men, and besides these, there appeared a youth who offered himself; on the priests enquiring his name, he replied: "I am no other than Chu-hung-chok, the grandson of the late Emperor Chungcheng; the son of the concubine Li-sien."

On hearing this, all bowed down before the youth, and acknowledged him as their sovereign Lord.—Kin-lam was appointed Commander in Chief and Sin-Seng, or Grand master; Ho-Khai and Tan phian were made Brigadiers, and Tho-hong with Tho-leng received commissions as Generals of the advanced guard and pioneers;—Go, Ang, Li, To, and Lim, were appointed Generals of the left wing; and Go, Pang, Tiuⁿ, Inⁿ, and Lim, Generals of the right.

The five priests were appointed as Generals in Chief of the rear guard.

Having arranged the Pavilion, all the assembly mixed blood and took the oath of fidelity, when suddenly a man named So-Ang-Kong was announced. Kin-lam, seeing that the new-comer was a person of great ability, appointed him after easting lots, as the Sien Hong or Vanguard, to clear the way for the army by bridging over the rivers. As Kin-lam was making this appointment, a red light shone in the eastern heavens, and Kin-lam availing himself of the omen, and being filled with righteous intentions, changed the name of So-Kong to Thien-yu-hung or "Heaven will protect the "Hung." The brotherhood assumed the surname of "Hung" or "universal," and adopted the words 'Obey Heaven and walk righteously' as their motto.

On the appointed day, having sacrificed to the standards, the army was set in motion, and the first day they marched to the "Ban-hun" Mountain in Chet-Kang. On this Mountain dwelt a man, Ban-hun-lung, whose native place was Hu-po, in the prefecture of Tai Chhang.

This man's original name was Tah-chung, but having retired from the world, and entered the priesthood, he had taken the Dame "Ho-boan."

At home, he had left three sons, Heng, Seng, and Phiu, and the reason he had abandoned his family was, because about the middle of the year, he had killed a man. Bau-lung was nine feet high, his face was like a large hand-basin; his head was as


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1912] wind here. Our chance still holds good if we can put the work in, but it's a terribly trying time.

Friday, January 12.—Camp 64. T. −17·5°. Lat. 88° 57′. Another heavy march with snow getting softer all the time. Sun very bright, calm at start; first two hours terribly slow. Lunch, 4¾ hours, 5·6 miles geo.; Sight Lat. 88° 52′. Afternoon, 4 hours, 5·1 miles—total 10·7.

In the afternoon we seemed to be going better; clouds spread over from the west with light chill wind and for a few brief minutes we tasted the delight of having the sledge following free. Alas! in a few minutes it was worse than ever, in spite of the sun's eclipse. However, the short experience was salutary. I had got to fear that we were weakening badly in our pulling; those few minutes showed me that we only want a good surface to get along as merrily as of old. With the surface as it is, one gets horribly sick of the monotony and can easily imagine oneself getting played out, were it not that at the lunch and night camps one so quickly forgets all one's troubles and bucks up for a fresh effort. It is an effort to keep up the double figures, but if we can do so for another four marches we ought to get through. It is going to be a close thing.

At camping to-night everyone was chilled and we guessed a cold snap, but to our surprise the actual temperature was higher than last night, when we could dawdle in the sun. It is most unaccountable why we should suddenly feel the cold in this manner; partly the exhaustion of the march, but partly some damp quality in the air, I think. Little Bowers is wonderful; in spite of my protest he would take sights after we had camped to-night,


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Given the difficulty of obtaining intelligence on China and countering its activity, intelligence-sharing relationships with other countries are vital: one of the Government's key messages in the Integrated Review was that the UK is stronger as part of an alliance, and we have sought to establish whether that is being put into practice and where the challenges lie.

The Five Eyes intelligence-sharing network is vital to UK efforts in countering the challenges posed by China. SIS told the Committee that, within the Five Eyes community, there is very strong, increasing co-operation on China. Director GCHQ told the Committee: "When the UK, with its allies, focuses on the targets it most cares about, it can have real … impactful effect, and I have absolutely no doubt about that." Of great importance is the burden-sharing arrangement between the partners ***. From the evidence presented below, it can be seen that the UK benefits significantly from the Five Eyes partnership in the case of China.

SIS told the Committee that, in 2020, ***% of UK coverage of China came from ***. Without that *** assistance, tackling the threat would be much more difficult. This is also clear in relation to ***—in 2020, ***% of coverage was derived from *** collection.

For GCHQ, it was a similar picture in terms of the "collaborative … analytical sharing ***" with ***; and ***.

One of the ways in which GCHQ works with Five Eyes allies is on countering malign Chinese cyber activities ***. GCHQ told us:

"Predominantly, the key allies we have been working with are Five Eyes allies and we have had considerable success **. So a really joined up effort … and I see this continuing to expand into the foreseeable future … we are calling out malign activity, we are trying to impose a cost on those actors *** for acting in that way. ***."

The Committee was told that China was the single biggest issue at the ***. ***. The Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC) Chair told us that DI had been the primary organisation

title: Page:ISC-China.pdf/105


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1911] horizon, and the clouds seemed to be closing down on this from time to time. At intervals since, it has lifted, showing quite an expanse of clear sky. The general appearance is that the disturbance is created by conditions about us, and is rather spreading from north to south than coming up with the wind, and this seems rather typical. On the other hand, this is not a bad snow blizzard; although the wind holds, the land, obscured last night, is now quite clear and the Bluff has no mantle.

[Added in another hand, probably dictated:

Before we felt any air moving, during our march and the greater part of the previous march, there was dark cloud over Ross Sea off the Barrier, which continued over the Eastern Barrier to the S.E. as a heavy stratus, with here and there an appearance of wind. At the same time, due south of us, dark lines of stratus were appearing, miraged on the horizon, and while we were camping after our march, these were obscured by banks of white fog (or drift?), and the wind increasing the whole time. My general impression was that the storm came up from the south, but swept round over the eastern part of the Barrier before it became general and included the western part where we were.]

Tuesday, November 7.—Camp 4. The blizzard has continued throughout last night and up to this time of writing, late in the afternoon. Starting mildly, with broken clouds, little snow, and gleams of sunshine, it grew in intensity until this forenoon, when there was heavy snowfall and the sky overspread with low nimbus cloud. In the early afternoon the snow and wind took


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 together their soldiers and horses, and assemble brave heroes from every quarter, in order to exterminate the treacherous officials, and wipe out the grievances and wrongs suffered by the brethren. How excellent were their intentions!

The priests agreed with joy to the plan, and when the time arrived, the mountain camp was broken up, and all proceeded in order to the Hung Pavilion, where Kin-lam and his companions joined them.

Without further delay, the whole party, being arranged with the proper ceremonies according to rank, sat down, and the priests questioned Kin-lam as follows;

"What is the honourable surname and name of our honourable Taoist brother, who has this day favoured us with his presence, and what instruction can be impart to us"? Kin-lanlam [sic] answered; "My unworthy surname is Tan, and my insignificant name is Kin-lam; formerly I was a high Minister at the Court of this "Chheng" dynasty, and having gained high honours at the Han-lim College, I was promoted to a seat at the Board of War. Seeing that the reins of Government were in the hands of a clique of treacherous Ministers, and worthless favourites, I retired from office, and entered the Taoist priesthood."

"Hearing that you virtuous and patriotic gentlemen, are about to raise the banner of justice and righteousness, I wish to join in your plans, and to assist in driving out the traitorous officials, and in avenging the foul injuries you have received."

All assembled were delighted, and cried with a loud voice; "Fortunate indeed is it, that the master is come to assist us; now certainly, the traitors must be exterminated, and our oppressions avenged; we beg the master will at once divine for us a lucky day, on which we may all renew our oath, and raise soldiers, for the great work."

Kin-lam acceded to the request, and before the whole company assembled in the Hall, the 25th day of the 7th moon at the hour Thiu, was the date chosen for the renewal of the oath, by mixing blood.

The 15th of the 8th moon was selected, as the day on which to sacrifice to the standards, and put in motion the army.

As a sign that these were auspicious dates, the Southern Sky suddenly opened, and the characters Thien-yen-kok-sik: ("A pattern of the celestial Palace") were displayed. Kin-lam having


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CHINA

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 of Kun-tat, and they immediately knelt down, and prayed for assistance, protesting with tears against the injustice they were suffering.

The Lady Koeh approached the kneeling priests, and exhorting them to calm their grief, said, "This is no place to linger. I invite you to come to my humble dwelling, and abide there a day or two before returning to the monastery; this will be safer, and will not delay you much."

It is unnecessary to say that the priests gladly accepted the invitation, and remained with the lady some days, until they could with safety return to the Temple of the "Spiritual King."

It is now necessary to bring to notice five men, named Go-thien-seng, Png-tai-iu, Li-sek-te, Tho-pit-tat, and Lim-eng-Chiau. These men were originally employed as horse dealers in the provinces Che-Kiang and Shantung; one day they were accidentally passing the temple of the "Spiritual Temple," where they met the five priests, Choah, Pung, Ma, Li, and Ho. The horse-dealers entered the Temple, and held a conversation with the priests, after which they united with them as brothers, swearing to assist them to the death in avenging their wrongs.

There was also a Taoist named Tan-Kin-lam, a hermit dwelling in the cave of the "White Heron." One day as he was visiting the surrounding villages, (where he had gained a great reputation by reciting the Taoist Scriptures, and was much honoured for his good deeds) he met four men, Tho-hong, Toleng, Ho-Khai, and Tan-phiau, who communicating with him by secret signs and ambiguous sayings, made known to Kin-lam that they wished to go to the Temple to meet with the five priests, Choah, Pung, Ma, Ho, and Li. They all proceeded towards the Temple, but on arriving there, found that the priests had been harassed and pursued by the Mandarin troops, who had forced them to escape.—The brethren had fortunately managed to get to a place called the Dragon and Tiger Mountain, where they met with the five Tiger Generals, Go-thieu-seng, Png-hui-sing, Tinⁿ-keng-Chiau, Inⁿ-bun-tso, and Lim-tai-kang, who brought the priests up to the mountain, received them kindly, and hearing their story, pitied them exceedingly.

The Tiger Generals asked the priests to stay with them two or three months, and promised at the end of that period to go with them to the Flowery Pavilion of Hung, where they would gather


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 using these as divining blocks, threw them in the air three times in succession, and each time the pieces fell to the ground uninjured; this made the brethren still more astonished, so they again bowed before the censer, and prayed as follows.

"If at a future time we are to succeed in avenging our wrongs and oppression, grant us again three favourable casts in succession."

They again threw the two pieces of pottery three times in the air, and thrice was a favourable answer given. The brethren at once prostrated themselves in gratitude, and taking stalks of grass, used them as incense sticks, and inserted them in the censer; they then all imitated the ancients Lau-pi, Kwan-ü and Tiuⁿ-hui, and took a solemn oath of mutual fidelity.

Suddenly there appeared in the censer, a magic book of fate; all saw it clearly, and were extremely delighted. But as we know," Walls have ears," and all this was overheard by the Imperial soldiers, who immediately surrounded the brethren, crying, "seize and bind these rebellious priests." The priests taking up the censer, with united strength cut away through the troops, and escaped. Now this affair took place near the spot where Koeh-siu-eng with her sister-in-law and their children were sacrificing at Kun-tat's grave, and while employed in this duty, they heard a voice, and suddenly there appeared rising from the earth a sword, on the hilt of which were engraved the characters. "Two Dragons disputing for a pearl" and on the blade, "Overturn the Chheng and restore the Beng—Just as they had deciphered the characters, they heard a cry of "save life." The sisters-in-law took up the sword, and rushing to the spot, saw the Imperial troops; so, making a trial of the sword, they rushed at the soldiers, and slaughtered a great number of them, thus rescuing the five priests.

The sisters-in-law called the brethren to the mound of the grave, and questioned them as to the circumstances under which they had been attacked; the five priests related their sad story from beginning to end, and told how much they had suffered from treachery.and deceit.

After hearing their tale, the Lady Koeh knew that these were the men who had taken the oath of brotherhood with her late husband, and that like him they were victims of the treacherous minister; she was therefore moved with compassion towards the priests, and pointing to the grave, related in turn her story, from which the priests learned that they were before the tomb


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 a troop of Imperial soldiers, and pointing to the East and West; it immediately struck them that it was this man who had led the soldiers to the attack on the monastery, in revenge for the blow he had received some time before. The brethren determined that whatever should befall, they would at once take the opportunity of revenging themselves on Ji-hok, and this being done, they would consider what further steps to take.

Having made this decision, the priests rushed into the midst of the Chheng soldiers, dragged ont Ji-hok, and cut him in pieces; but the soldiers cried "kill these wicked priests," and as they had no weapons, and most of the priests had been wounded or burnt, they could do nothing against a body of armed men, so had no resource but to escape if possible by flight. They fled, till they arrived at a place of safety called the Long-Sandy Beach, outside the district of the Yellow Spring, and here they nearly perished of hunger and cold. As they were all on the river bank, two men, Chia Pang Heng and Go-teng Kui, fortunately came up, and rescued the brethren in their boat, where we will leave them for the present, and relate how Tau-Hiong having received the red scarf, proceeded on his Mission.

Tan-Hiong having received the Imperial Command, left the Capital, and went direct to the Military District of O-Kong, where Kun-Tat came forward to meet him; and Tan-Hiong seizing the opportunity, while in the road, read the Emperor's warrant, and, upbraided Kun-tat for conspiring to raise rebellion; he told him that excuses could be of no avail, and throwing around his neck the red scarf, Kun-tat was strangled, and his body dragged to a place called E-Kang-Boe. After this, Tan-hiong recalled his troops, and they returned with him to the Capital, where he reported the success of his mission.

The murder of Kun-tat caused great consternation to his followers, and deep was the grief of his relations when they saw their head taken from them by a violent death, for no cause whatever; they returned home, and carried the sad news to Kun-tat's father, wife, and children.

The whole family were at first stunned with grief, heaven and earth seemed to have deserted them; but after the first grief was over, the wife née Koeh-Sin-Eng, her son To-Tek, and her Sister-in-law Giok-Lien, with her son To-Hang, went with all their household, and recovering Kun-Tat's corpse from E-Kang-Boe, buried it peacefully in the family grave.


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 at San-Kong. After this, they performed the funeral ceremonies, and went into the deepest mourning.

We will now return to the five priests, Chhoa, Png, Ma, O, and Li; after shewing their gratitude to their preservers Chia, and Go, they proceeded to the Black Dragon Mountain, where they arrived at dusk, but found no place of shelter; after consultation, the brethren determined to go to the Ko-Khe Temple, and beg hospitality there.

The keeper of the Temple, Ng-Chhang-Seng, and his wife née Chiong, being persons of compassionate and just dispositions, listened to the prayer of the priests, opened the gates of the Temple, received them reverently, and gladly admitted the brethren, treating them in a most hospitable mammer. During the night, the host and his wife conversed with their guests, and of course the priests related the sad tale of all the injuries they had received; the husband and wife being moved with pity, invited them to take up their abode at the temple, until they could devise means of avenging their wrongs.

Who could have imagined, that in half a month's time, the news of the priests' escape, and place of refuge, would get to the ears of the Mandarins? it however did reach them, and they sent troops to the temple, to arrest the brethren; luckily the priests received early information of the intentions of the officials, so, having expressed their gratitude to Chhiang-seng and his wife, they left the Ko-Khe temple, and escaped to the Province of O-Kong, to a temple called that of the "Spiritual King," where they entered a monastery, and dwelt there.

For some time everything went quietly, and one day the five priests went for a stroll to E-Kang-boe; coming to the bank of the river, they suddenly espied a censer floating down the stream; taking up the vase, they saw inscribed on it the characters, "The precious white censer"; it had two cars, its base was a tripod, and the whole was composed of green-stone.

The brethren handed the incense-burner to each other, and in turning it about, they were exceedingly astonished at seeing on the bottom, the following characters engraved; "Overturn the "Chheng" and restore the "Beng." When they had thoroughly comprehended the meaning of the legend, the brethren knelt before the censer and prayed. After this, they took up two broken pieces of coloured pottery, which were lying near the spot, and


text: A Lady's Life in the Rocky Mountains/Letter 6


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 Rh

tains with Thunder, after which no Breeze.


text: A Lady's Life in the Rocky Mountains/Letter 7


text: A Lady's Life in the Rocky Mountains/Letter 8


text: A Lady's Life in the Rocky Mountains/Letter 9


text: A Lady's Life in the Rocky Mountains/Letter 10


text: Index:The Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia (IA journalindianar00loga).pdf


text: A Lady's Life in the Rocky Mountains/Letter 11


text: A Lady's Life in the Rocky Mountains/Letter 12


text:
Author:Margaret Heller

Works

 * Measuring Altruistic Impact: A Model for Understanding the Social Justice of Open Access, with Franny Gaede, (2016)

title: Author:Margaret Heller


text:
Author:Franny Gaede

Works

 * Measuring Altruistic Impact: A Model for Understanding the Social Justice of Open Access, with Margaret Heller, (2016)

title: Author:Franny Gaede


text: A Lady's Life in the Rocky Mountains/Letter 13


text:
Author:Stuart Lawson

Works

 * Access, ethics and piracy, (2017)

title: Author:Stuart Lawson


text: A Lady's Life in the Rocky Mountains/Letter 14


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Template:Unbulleted list/doc

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Wrapping this entire template with causes syntax errors. Use nowrap instead.

Technical details
Unbulleted list works by constructing a div with the CSS class "plainlist" which has the styles in Template:Plainlist/styles.css.

title: Template:Unbulleted list/doc


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Page:A Grammar of the Telugu language.djvu/27

Rh Thus England and English will be ఇంగ్లండు, ఇంగ్లిషి.

ఈ Long ī as in machīne, ravine: or like ee in seen, between. The long vowel ఈ is named ఈత్వం and the sign is called గుడిదీర్ఘం gudidīrgham or, “The turn and the long.”

The long vowel is shaped like the short one, but adds the accent thus కీ is kī, and స్త్రీ is strī or stree. The sign for dirgham is often omitted.

Added to the various this somewhat changes their shapes. Thus.

కి ki కీ kī ఖి khi ఖీ khī గి gi గీ gī ఘి ghi ఘీ ghī or ఘిా ghī.

Herein we see that instead of adding the accent ౕ to  ి they add the sign  ా dīrgham at the end.

చి chi చీ chī జి ji జీ jī ఝి jhi ఝీ jhī or ఝిా jhī టి ti టీ or టాి tī; or ti  tī ఠి thi ఠీ thī డి dĭ డీ dī ఢి dhĭ ఢీ dhī ణి ni ణీ nī or  ni  nī   తి ti తీ tī or  ti  tī థి thi థీ thī ది di దీ dī ధి dhi ధీ dhī ని ni నీ nī పి pi పీ pī ఫి phi ఫీ phī బి bi బీ bī భి bhi భీ bhī మి mi మిా mī మీ mī యి yi యీ yī (This consonant having the vowel inherent) రి ri రీ rī లి li లీ lī వి vi వీ vī శి si శీ sī షి shi షీ shī సి si సీ sī (sometimes written సిా sī) హి hĭ హీ hĭ  hī  hī  hī క్షి xi క్షీ xī.

Instead of the initial (or capital) forms ఇ ĭ ఈ ī they use యి yĭ and యీ yī which however are pronounced simply ĭ. ī. Thus యిక్కడ iccada (here) యీడు īdu (age) are written instead of ఇక్కడ and ఈడు The initial forms ఇఈ are seldom used inless in poems and dictionaries.

It will be observed that the six consonants ఘ gha ప pa ఫ


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text: A Lady's Life in the Rocky Mountains/Letter 16


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 easily then is this scandalous Excess to be cured? They have very little regard to Modesty, to the demands of their Reason or of Religion, who will not reduce themselves to a moderate Degree of Heat, in order to mortify such criminal Desires as these; if a little abatement of Wine, or of strong nourishing and rich Diets, and feeding more sparingly, would do it, they must have no desire to live within Bounds, like Christians, and like Men, who will not abate a little at the Trencher, that they may be able to abate in another Place.

and Drunkenness are too near a-kin to the Debaucheries of Love, as they may well be stiled, not to be called the Parents of the Vice. If you restrain the Original, you cut off the sequent Crime; if the Springs are cut off, the Streams will soon fail; if the Fountains are stopt, the Rivers will soon be dry; and they that will not suffer so small a Mortification as the denying themselves a little in the excesses of the Table and the Bottle, in order to abate some of the more criminal Excesses in the other Place, loudly tells us, they are in love with the Crime, that they are pleas'd with the Vice; and that it is not that they cannot restrain themselves, but that, delighting in the vile Part, they don't desire to restrain themselves, or to be restrained; that they will not remove the Fewel, lest the Fire should abate: Thus one Excess follows another; a Debauchery of one kind follows the Debauchery of another; the Matrimonial Whoredom follows the Drunkenness and the Gluttony, by the same Necessity, and as naturally as the Consequence follows the Cause; the Influx occasions the Efflux, and the Man is but the


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324 need arise. It must never be forgotten, however, that when the imagination has been perverted, opportunities for unclean thoughts recur with extraordinary frequency; and indeed by no means whatever can such opportunities be altogether avoided. Since this is so, we must strengthen the child against the dangers it will inevitably encounter, and must be careful not to pervert its imagination by a fake prudery.

Of course we must avoid leading the child to dwell too much upon sexual topics, and fortunately human beings have numerous other interests. The sphere of the sexual must be regarded as a fraction merely of the general educational field. The inculcation of true ideas of morality, and of a sense of honour not confined to externals but one by which the entire being is permeated—these will be the safest essentials of a good sexual and general education.


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is a gifted physician of long experience whose work with those problems of medicine and hygiene which demand scientific acquaintance with human nature has made him well known to experts in these fields. In this book he has undertaken to describe the origin and development, in childhood and youth, of the acts and feelings due to sex ; to explain the forces by which sex-responses are directed and misdirected; and to judge the wisdom of existing and proposed methods of preventing the degradation of a child’s sexual life.

This difficult task is carried out, as it should be, with dignity and frankness. In spite of the best intentions, a scientific book on sex-psychology is likely to appear, at least in spots, to gratify a low curiosity; but in Dr. Moll’s book there is no such taint. Popular books on sex-hygiene, on the other hand, are likely to suffer from a pardonable but harmful delicacy whereby the facts of anatomy, physiology, and psychology which are necessary to make their principles comprehensible and useful, are omitted, veiled, or even distorted. Dr. Moll honors his readers by a frankness which may seem brutal to some of them. It is necessary.

With dignity and frankness Dr. Moll combines notable good sense. In the case of any exciting movement in advance of traditional custom, the forerunners are likely to combine a certain one-sidedness and lack of balance with their really valuable progressive ideas. The greater sagacity and critical power are more often found amongst the men of science who avoid public discussion of exciting social or moral reforms, and are suspicious of startling and revolutionary doctrines or practices. It is therefore fortunate that a book on the sexual life during Rh