text: Talk:Foundations for Open Scholarship Strategy Development

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Page:Anthology of Japanese Literature.pdf/82

78 :• • Ono no Komachi (Ninth Century)

Mibu no Tadamine (Ninth Century)

Ono no Komachi

Ono no Komachi


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Page:The Cowlitz Farm Journal, 1847-51.djvu/3

MAP OF COWLITZ FARM as cultivated in 1845 and spring of 1846. Note that 1847 and 1848 crops are also indicated. (Photostat from Cartographic Branch,. National Archives, Record Group 76, Boundary and Claims Commissions and Arbitrations. U. S. and Great Britain, Hudson's Bay and Puget's Sound Agricultural Companies, Treaty of June 15, 1846.)


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Page:Laboratory Manual of the Anatomy of the Rat (Hunt 1924).djvu/49

Rh The femur, or thigh bone, consists of a long body with processes at each end for attachment of muscles, or for articulation with other bones. The proximal end is Y-shaped. The medial branch of the Y is capped with a hemispherical knob, the head, which fits into the acetabulum. The head is held in place by the round ligament (ligamentum teres femoris) of the femur, attached to the center of the articular surface. The head is joined to the shaft by the narrow cylindrical neck. Head and neck together resemble a small "toad stool," the neck corresponding to the stalk of the ""stool." The massive lateral branch of the Y, the great trochanter, is continued as a high thin ridge down the lateral surface of the femur. This ridge is sometimes referred to as the third trochanter, and the lateral branch of the Y as the first trochanter, the two being considered components of the greater trochanter. The lesser or second trochanter is a knob ventral to the base of the neck on the flexor surface of the femur. The intertrochanteric crest connects the greater and lesser trochanters. The trochanteric fossa is a deep depression at the base of the medial side of the greater trochanter. The lateral and medial condyles are large ventral swellings at the distal end of the femur. They are separated from each other by the deep intercondyloid fossa, which is continued on to the extensor surface of the bone as the grooved patellar surface for articulation with the patella. The two condyles articulate with the proximal end of the tibia.

The tibia extends from the knee to the ankle. The fibula is a slender bone posterior to the tibia. The two are anchylosed in the lower third of the tibia. These two bones resemble an archer 's bow, the fibula representing the cord, the forward bending tibia the wooden bow. The shaft or body of the tibia decreases in thickness distally. Beyond the anchylosis it is cylindrical in cross section, but


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Page:Anthology of Japanese Literature.pdf/83

Rh :• • Ono no Komachi

Ise

Ise

Sōjō Henjō (815–890)


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Page:Laboratory Manual of the Anatomy of the Rat (Hunt 1924).djvu/50

36 triangular proximal to this point. Thus the bone presents three surfaces: a concave anterolateral surface, a convex anteromedial surface, and a posterior surface with two pronounced longitudinal grooves. A ridge, the anterior crest, is located proximally on the anterior side of the bone at the angle formed by the lateral and medial surfaces. The bone articulates with the femur proximally. The articular surface is divided into two large concave condyles, separated from each other by a longitudinal groove, the intercondyloid fossa. Each of these is opposed to the convex surface of one of the femoral condyles. The tibia and fibula articulate distally with the talus (astragalus) bone of the heel. The tibial part of the articular surface contains two longitudinal grooves, separated by a ridge. The medial malleolus forms the medial boundary of the inner groove. The fibula bears the lateral malleolus upon its lateral surface. The slender fibula expands dorsally, where it is attached by a ligament to the external condyle of the tibia.

The patella is a sesamoid bone lying in front of the knee joint.

The tarsus, or ankle, contains eight bones arranged in two rows, one distal and one proximal, with one bone between the rows. The proximal row contains the talus and calcaneus. The talus articulates with the tibia and fibula. The calcaneus, or heel bone, is shovel-shaped and is the largest bone in the tarsus. The "handle," or heel process, is directed posteriorly, forming the support for the heel. When the toes are depressed the trochlea of the talus acts as a fulcrum, the heel process as a lever moved by the posterior leg muscles. The length of the heel process makes it a relatively efficient lever. There are also four sesamoid bones in the tarsus. There are five long, cylindrical metatarsal bones in the foot, those of the great toe, or


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Rh hallux, and of the little toe being shorter than the remaining three. Each toe, or digit, possesses three phalanges, except the hallux, which has two. Each terminal phalanx ends in a curved claw.

Exercise IX. Make a labeled drawing of the lateral view of the innominate bone and the bones of the hind limb.


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Page:Anthology of Japanese Literature.pdf/84

80 :• • Ki no Tomonori

Sakai no Hitozane (died 931)

Anonymous

Anonymous


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Page:Anthology of Japanese Literature.pdf/85

Rh :• • Anonymous

Ono no Komachi


text: Anthology of Japanese Literature/Kokinshū


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Page:CTRL0000034607 - Deposition of Ali Alexander, (Dec. 9, 2021).pdf/25

25 afterwards. And so different Stop the Steal organizers confirmed different Members of Congress. And if someone made a representation to me that someone was going to speak then, you know, I definitely authorized that we could post them on the website.

So going back to Mr. Gosar—and by the way, I need to note for the record that Mr. Kinzinger has rejoined the deposition.

So going back to Mr. Gosar, who did you coordinate with ta have him originally speak at your event? understand the plans charged, but who did you coordinate to have him there when you were planning the event?

That was probably his—could you repeat the question?

Who did you coordinate with when you originally were planning the event at the Capitol Grounds to have Mr. Gosar speak?

I believe I was coordinating with his chief of staff. It's possible—I know that I met one or two other staffers in Arizona, but obviously, you know, as is constitutionally permitted, Dr. Paul Gosar and I share political beliefs about election irregularities. And he had been a friend to the movement and, you know, he is a stellar dude, and so, yeah.

So when you say Mr. Gosar's chief of staff, are you referring to Mr. Thomas Van Flein?

Yes. And my answer was conditioned on a couple of other things, but yeah.

Did you ever speak to Mr. Gosar directly about your plans to have him speak on January 6th?

I don't recall.

And just to be clear, there were no other members of Congress that you were communicating with about speaking on January 6th, only Mr. Gosar's staff?

I don't believe that's what I said. I said who I could tell you with


text: Page:Calendar of Peking University, China, 1896-97.pdf/2


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Page:Protective Intelligence and Threat Assessment Investigations - A Guide for State and Local Law Enforcement Officials.pdf/37

 potential threat again, in which case information from the previous investigation may be invaluable.

If the individual is deemed a threat, a plan to manage the individual and possible risks is developed and implemented. Such a plan may be as simple as periodically confirming the whereabouts, for example, of an individual confined to a correctional or mental health facility for an extended period of time. A case management plan also may involve a pattern of specified contacts with the individual and others around the individual—such as family members, police officers, coworkers, and caregivers—designed to prevent the individual from approaching a protected person and to decrease the risk of violence posed by the individual. In developing and implementing a case management plan, consultation with threat assessment and other professionals is useful. In all cases, the plan should include informing targets or their designated protectors.

Once developed, a case management plan is implemented until the protective intelligence agency decides that an individual no longer poses a threat of violence. At that point the investigation is concluded and the case is closed.

Protective intelligence investigations should be based on three principles—investigative skill, corroboration, and common sense—that guide investigators as they develop and execute protective intelligence operations.

Investigative skill

Protective intelligence investigations should be approached with the inquisitiveness and skepticism that are hallmarks of other investigations. The central goal of a protective intelligence investigation is to determine whether an individual has the motive and means to develop or act on an opportunity to attack a protected person. A primary task of the investigator is to gather information, some of which may later be used as evidence, that Rh


text: Page:Protective Intelligence and Threat Assessment Investigations - A Guide for State and Local Law Enforcement Officials.pdf/64


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Page:Zelda Kahan - Karl Marx His Life And Teaching (1918).pdf/23

 Why, for instance, do we now shudder with horror at the idea of cannibalism, of slavery, even of serfdom, whereas we accept without demur the hidden form of slavery existing at the present time? Simply because when the productive forces of society were small and primitive, the prisoner of war or the stranger caught trespassing could serve no more useful purpose than that of a meal for his conqueror—to keep him would only have meant a burden for society, and for a very poor society, even an intolerable burden. The cannibal did not thus reason with himself, but unconsciously to himself, his ideas, his moral feelings, his whole psychology accepted the eating of his fellow-men as a natural, quite moral thing to do, because, without knowing it, it was the most natural thing to do under the conditions of the society in which he lived. Similarly with the custom of killing off female or weakly babies prevalent in some primitive societies who otherwise are extremely kind and tender to their children. As, however, the productive forces develop, and the means of substance therefore increase, additional men are a blessing, and not a burden. A new ideal, the sacredness of human life, a horror at eating one's fellow-being, appears first faintly, then more strongly, until it finally takes the place of the old. But what underlies this ideal, what has made its appearance possible, what has caused this, often enough unconscious, change in moral outlook? Simply the development of the productive forces, or in a later stage of society, the change in the mode of production. We do not now kill off our weakly babies, but we let them grow up, without proper care to make them strong in mind and body; we allow them to breathe the foul atmosphere of factory and workshop at a tender age, when they should still be at school or in the country. We crush them in body, mind and spirit with monotonous toil. Kind, honest, tender people that we are, we rob the vast majority of mankind of all that makes life worth livingour morality, our religion allows all this. Why? Because our mode of production necessitates a plentiful supply of cheap labour, whatever may happen to the individual labourer. We make and obey laws regarding private property and theft; we obey a certain code of morals, and regard these laws and


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Page:Protective Intelligence and Threat Assessment Investigations - A Guide for State and Local Law Enforcement Officials.pdf/65

 About the National Institute of Justice

The National Institute of Justice (NIJ), a component of the Office of Justice Programs, is the research agency of the U.S. Department of Justice. Created by the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, as amended, NIJ is authorized to support research, evaluation, and demonstration programs, development of technology, and both national and international information dissemination. Specific mandates of the Act direct NIJ to:

 * Sponsor special projects and research and development programs that will improve and strengthen the criminal justice system and reduce or prevent crime.
 * Conduct national demonstration projects that employ innovative or promising approaches for improving criminal justice.
 * Develop new technologies to fight crime and improve criminal justice.
 * Evaluate the effectiveness of criminal justice programs and identify programs that promise to be successful if continued or repeated.
 * Recommend actions that can be taken by Federal, State, and local governments as well as by private organizations to improve criminal justice.
 * Carry out research on criminal behavior.
 * Develop new methods of crime prevention and reduction of crime and delinquency.

In recent years, NIJ has greatly expanded its initiatives, the result of the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 (the Crime Act), partnerships with other Federal agencies and private foundations, advances in technology, and a new international focus. Some examples of these new initiatives:

 * Exploring key issues in community policing, violence against women, violence within the family, sentencing reforms, and specialized courts such as drug courts.
 * Developing dual-use technologies to support national defense and local law enforcement needs.
 * Establishing four regional National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Centers and a Border Research and Technology Center.
 * Strengthening NIJ's links with the international community through participation in the United Nations network of criminological institutes, the U.N. Criminal Justice Information Network, UNOJUST (United Nations Online Justice Clearinghouse), and the NIJ International Center.
 * Improving the online capability of NIJ's criminal justice information clearinghouse.
 * Establishing the ADAM (Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring) program—formerly the Drug Use Forecasting (DUF) program—to increase the number of drug-testing sites and study drug-related crime.

The Institute Director establishes the Institute's objectives, guided by the priorities of the Office of Justice Programs, the Department of Justice, and the needs of the criminal justice field. The Institute actively solicits the views of criminal justice professionals and researchers in the continuing search for answers that inform public policymaking in crime and justice.


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Page:Diuers voyages touching the discouerie of America, - and the ilands adiacent vnto the same, made first of all by our Englishmen (IA diuersvoyagestou00hakl).pdf/1

The relation of IohnJohn [sic] Verarzanus a Florentine, of the landeland [sic] by him dicouereddisovered [sic] in the name of his MaietieMajesty [sic], written in Diepe the eighteigth [sic] of IulyJuly [sic] 1524.

I WꝛoteWrote [sic] not to your MaietieMajesty [sic] (mot ChꝛitianChristian [sic] king) ince the time weewe [sic] uffered the tempet in the NoꝛthNorth [sic] partesparts [sic], of the uccee of the fourefour [sic] Ships, which your MaietieMajesty [sic] ent foꝛthforth [sic] to dicouerdiscover [sic] new lands by the Ocean, thinking your MaietieMajesty [sic] had been alreadiealready [sic] duly enfoꝛmedinformed [sic] thereof. NoweNow [sic] by thee pꝛeentspresents [sic] I will giuegive [sic] your MaietieMajesty [sic] to vndertandunderstand [sic], howehow [sic] by the violence of the windeswinds [sic] weewe [sic] were foꝛcedforced [sic] with yee, ye; or thee, the [sic] two hips, the and the, in uch euillevil [sic] cae as they were, to landeland [sic] in Britain [sic]. Whereafter weewe [sic] had repaired them in all pointespoints [sic] as was needefullneedful [sic] and armed them very well, weewe [sic] took our coure a longalong [sic] by the coat of Spain [sic]. AfterwardesAfterwards [sic] with the alone, weewe [sic] determined to make dicoueriediscovery [sic] of newenew [sic] Countries, to pꝛoecuteprosecute [sic] at this pꝛesentpresent [sic] to recount unto your MaietieMajesty [sic], to make manifet the whole pꝛoceedingproceeding [sic] of the matter. The 17 of JanuarieJanuary [sic], the yeereyear [sic] 1524 by the grace of God, weewe [sic] departed from the dihabited RockeRock [sic], by the Ile of, appertaining to the king of Portugal [sic], with fiftiefifty [sic] men, with victuals, weapon, and other hip munition very well pꝛouidedprovided [sic] and furnihed foꝛfor [sic] 8 monethesmonths [sic]: And aylingsailing [sic] wetwards with a fairefair [sic] Eaterly windewind [sic], in 25. dayesdays [sic] weewe [sic] ranneran [sic] 500. leagues, and the 20. of FebꝛuarieFebruary [sic] weewe [sic] were ouertakenovertaken [sic] with as harpesharp [sic] and terrible a tempet as euerever [sic] any aylerssailors [sic] uffered: whereof with yee, ye; or thee, the [sic] diuinedivine [sic] helpehelp [sic] 🙰& [sic] mercifullmerciful [sic] aitaunceassistance [sic] of AlmightieAlmighty [sic] God, and the goodneegoodness [sic] of our hip accompanied Rh


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Page:Zelda Kahan - Karl Marx His Life And Teaching (1918).pdf/24

 morals as immutable, and yet we allow the product of the labour of the majority to be appropriated by a minority, and regard it as a legal, honest, righteous action. Why? Because, as Marx has shown, the morals and laws of the governing class are, unconsciously to ourselves, imposed on the whole of society, and growing up, as we do, in their atmosphere, we regard as natural what is in reality but the outcome of a given form of economic industrial conditions.

But many of us are revolting against this; we proclaim that we do not necessarily regard as moral and as right principles which are thus regarded simply because they have been hallowed by custom or because they coincide with the convenience of the governing class. We are ready to sacrifice everything to bring about a new social order, in which the horrors of the present day shall be buried for ever. How is it that we are imbued with these ideas, ideals, and enthusiasms, and what is it that has given them the form which they have actually taken, of demanding the establishment of socialism? Because capitalism is fast outliving its time, because, as Marx has so well shown, and as we have indicated above, the giant advances made in the mode of industry are fast, becoming no longer compatible with the existence of society under capitalism. Moreover, the whole mode of life which has resulted from the capitalist form of society, the aggregation of vast masses of the people in town, the association of large numbers of workers in factories, the more and more centralised and collectivist forms of production resulting from the advances in industry, the sight of the unheard of wealth and luxuries of the possessing classes in comparison with the untold misery and poverty of the propertyless classes—all that and more that we have no room to mention here, has resulted in giving us new ideals, new hopes, new enthusiasms. The germs of the new are already sprouting in the old, and the new ideals are gradually taking the place of the old. If we say that the breakdown of capitalism and the establishment of socialism is inevitable, we do not mean that if we sit still with folded arms, eyes shut and mouths open, the plums of socialism will fall into our mouths. No, we mean that it is inevitable that we do not sit with folded arms and do nothing. It is inevitable


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Page:Konx Om Pax.pdf/122

108

Arthur! said the big man, more tenderly than he had yet spoken, there was once a man like you. He wished your wish, not with tears, but with laughter; he had his wish, as you shall have yours. In spite of all, that nameless man is widely known as any in the world; they know not his name: they call him Jesus Christ. Now all the evil wrought by Jesus Christ is as nothing to the wish of that unknown poet. From this pinnacle of Adeptship we weigh the Universe in other scales—but this doctrine is known to you and understood of you, and I need say no more.

Then said Arthur: Verily, all is Maya, all! He is God, and there is none other God than He!

In silence his guests went down the narrow stairs. Arthur Gray turned him to the window and looked out on the blank wall of Holbein House.

Well? said the Man.

But the Socialist had hanged himself in his own red necktie. He had seen God, and died.

title: Page:Konx Om Pax.pdf/122


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Page:Konx Om Pax.pdf/121

Rh In the pleasaunce of the roses with the fountains and the yews Where the snowy Sierra soothed us with the breezes and the dews! In the starlight as we trembled from a laugh to a caress And the god came warm upon us in our pagan allegresse. Was the Baille de la Bona too seductive? Did you feel Through the silence and the softness all the tension of the steel? For your hair was full of roses, and my flesh was full of thorns, And the midnight came upon us worth a million crazy morns. Ah! my Gipsy, my Gitana, my Saliya! were you fain For the dance to turn to earnest?—O the sunny land of Spain! My Gitana, my Saliya! more delicious than a dove! With your hair aflame with roses and your lips alight with love! Shall I see you, shall I kiss you once again? I wander far From the sunny land of summer to the icy Polar Star. I shall find you, I shall have you! I am coming back again From the filth and fog to seek you in the sunny land of Spain. I shall find you, my Gitana, my Saliya! as of old With your hair aflame with roses and your body gay with gold. I shall find you, I shall have you, in the summer and the south With our passion in your body and our love upon your mouth— With our wonder and our worship be the world aflame anew! My Gitana, my Saliya! I am coming back to you!

The men breathed freer. So powerfully did the song lift them that through the open window all the fragrance of Spain and its roses seemed to flow into the room.

Only Arthur Gray never smiled.

The big man looked at him. What is it? he said sharply.

We are all Gods! (said Arthur) knowing good and evil, and that which is beyond. But I love Holbein House and London—dear vile London!

What can I do?

And he began mournfully to recite:

title: Page:Konx Om Pax.pdf/121


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Page:Zelda Kahan - Karl Marx His Life And Teaching (1918).pdf/25

 that a larger and larger proportion of the population of every capitalist country should be driven into revolt, should get to understand the real nature of the system under which we live. It is inevitable that the collectivism which is manifesting itself more and more daily in the domain of production should lead to the association of the workers engaged in this production first for comparatively small economic gains, then more and more for political aims, for the purpose of mastering production instead of being mastered by it. In short, it is inevitable that the capitalist psychology of the workers should change into socialist psychology as the economic conditions become ripe for socialism. But the more we understand the need and necessity of this change, the more enthusiastically we work for ideals which we know to be in accordance with the historic development of society, the quicker will this change be brought about.

The materialist is, therefore, anything but a fatalist. He is simply logical and practical. Instead of being moved by mere sympathy to devise pretty schemes (as, for instance did the Utopion socialists) which may or may not be possible of realisation, he works in a direction which he knows must bear fruitful results. Further, in choosing his methods, he again studies economic and historic conditions. Here he finds that what gives our capitalist society its characteristic form is the appropriation by the capitalist, without any equivalent return, of the surplus values created by the workers. There is thus a fundamental antagonism between the capitalists as a class and the workers as a class. It is the working class which is most vitally interested in freeing itself from the enslavement of capital. It is, therefore, to the worker that the scientific socialist chiefly appeals. Moreover, studying the conditions of present-day life, we see that the workers in their mass are those to whom socialism will appeal most strongly. Compare the psychological effect their respective conditions of life are bound to have on the factory worker, the small peasant working on his own bit of land, and the small shopkeeping class or private tradesman. The peasant leads an isolated life; he has little means of intercourse with his fellow-beings; his ideas are


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106 Strange that in the silent city, Eve should play the horsing mare, Eve should whinny for a stallion, snuffing up the scented air! Strange that breeched and scarlet-coated, brave with wealth of boot and spur, He should hunt the fox Jehovah through the world astride of her. But his whip! the flame that lashes blood from out her flanks afoam, Strips the flesh and leaves the spirit bridle-free to gallop home! But the screams of pain that stab him, drunk with lust of spur and rod, As the rowels and the whalebone send his spirit back to God!

So in madness is attainment that inspirits and endures. —Who are you to blame their folly, ask them to assent to yours? Be ye sure, the Eye Unlidded measures by another rod! Be ye sure, the human balance looks distorted to a God! To yourselves be slaves and masters; stand or fall to self alone; Human ethics will not loosen our Astarte's crimson zone. You will never fit your forehead with your father's fancy hats: You know more about salvation than the Reverend Robert Rats.

Well, you have most certainly met an unpleasant set of people, exclaimed the big man. Can't we be a bit cheerful for a change? The night wears on: we must part.

I think you would like my Gipsy girl, said Denzil, without scruple or diffidence.

If she's a sane clean human being, we shall. So Arthur Gray voiced the general feeling.

Without further debate he set to.

hair was full of roses in the dewfall as we danced, The sorceress enchanting and the paladin entranced, In the starlight as we wove us in a web of silk and steel Immemorial as the marble in the halls of Boabdil,

title: Page:Konx Om Pax.pdf/120


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Page:Protective Intelligence and Threat Assessment Investigations - A Guide for State and Local Law Enforcement Officials.pdf/38

 can be used to determine whether the individual poses a threat to a protected person.

Corroboration

The second component of protective intelligence work is corroboration. Significant facts of a case, including the statements of an individual who may pose a threat, should be corroborated whenever possible. This means, for example, that a report that the individual traveled to a city on a given date should be viewed skeptically until corroborated; investigators should attempt to secure copies of travel and lodging receipts, statements of credible witnesses who saw the individual, and so on. If the individual is to be interviewed, questions regarding recent activities that would form the basis for corroboration may also help the investigator form a judgment about the accuracy and truthfulness of the information gathered during the interview.

Common sense

Protective intelligence investigations, by their nature, involve considerable discretion and judgment on the part of the investigator. Thus, common sense is necessary. For instance, common sense would indicate that a person who attends three events where a protected person is speaking during a period of several weeks (the last time with a pistol) and who has no plausible explanation for attending these events is a subject for concern— even if no direct threats have been made against the protected person.

Likewise, a man serving multiple life sentences in a maximum-security State prison for murdering three people who writes the Governor saying, "I am committed to killing you by any means necessary," may have motives for writing other than a desire to kill the Governor. Common sense suggests that the letter writer may be a dangerous person. However, common sense also leads an investigator to explore other possible motives that might have led the prisoner to threaten the Governor, such as the wish to secure transfer to another prison or to increase his status in the prison population. After such an inquiry, an investigator is better 30


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Page:Protective Intelligence and Threat Assessment Investigations - A Guide for State and Local Law Enforcement Officials.pdf/39

 prepared to conclude whether the letter writer poses a threat to the Governor.

Information about the persons who are subjects of threat assessment investigations should be organized and maintained in a manner that permits search capabilities, efficient retrieval, and analysis. Some individuals come to the attention of the authorities more than once, sometimes months and even years after the initial investigation was completed and the case closed. In these cases, prompt retrieval of case materials fosters an informed decision of what additional investigation, if any, is needed.

Developing a database also permits later analysis of behavior patterns that come to the attention of threat assessment investigators. A database containing both anecdotal and statistical information about individuals who have been investigated could promote future development of training materials and teaching programs for agencies with protective intelligence and physical protection responsibilities.

Creating a database of threat assessment cases is also useful for interagency cooperation. Attackers and would-be attackers often consider multiple targets, who may live in different jurisdictions with various law enforcement agencies and security organizations responsible for physical protection and protective intelligence. To facilitate the detection of patterns of behavior in known would-be attackers, law enforcement agencies should implement information-sharing programs with other such organizations. Under most circumstances, law enforcement organizations are permitted to share such information. In many cases, law enforcement organizations can receive information, even though they may not provide information to other agencies. Other organizations and individuals often understand these restrictions and may be willing to give information that may help prevent attacks. Rh


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Page:The New Monthly Magazine - Volume 105.djvu/152

Rh find yourself walking through a labyrinth of gravestones, which hare the form of a sarcophagus, and generally bear Hebraic inscriptions. This is the Valley of Jehosaphat, for maoy centuries the burial-place of the Karaïtes. This path may be followed for nearly two miles, and yet the graves do not cease. Suddenly this collection of graves terminates on a fearful abyss, from whose dizzy height a magnificent view of a rich, varying landscape, the conical rock of Tepekerman, the Tchatir Dagh, and the lofty coast-range may be enjoyed. If, however, we follow the crest of the lime rock on which we are standing, we reach a spot where the prospect over the opposite coast is still more imposing. While on the right hand the weatherbeaten old fortress of Tjufut Kalè crowns the nearest height, the monastery of Uspenskoi, or the Ascension of the Virgin, built on the projecting rock opposite, seems as if its buildings towered to the sky. When the Tartar Khans exchanged Tjufut Kalè for the charming valley below, this fortress again became exclusively the residence of the Karaïtes, who ever found here in times of persecution a safe place of refuge.

According to Oliphant, the population of Tjufut Kalè has greatly diminished since trade has grown brisker, and it has been found advisable to settle at more convenient spots. A great portion of the inhabitants of Eupatoria consists of Karaïtes, and nearly two thousand are said to be still dwelling there, many of them very rich traders. Their temple is large, one of the handsomest of the few large buildings in the town, richly decorated, and surrounded by splendid bushes, in which they hold their festival of tabernacles. The ladies' portion is separated by a grating. According to the statement of a French military surgeon in a Parisian paper, they assembled in October, 1854, to celebrate the feast of expiation in their temple a day later than the Rabbinical Jews, of whom there is also a community in Eupatoria. According to the same writer, their costume is precisely similar to that of the Muhammadan Tartars, whose language they speak, and whose manners they have assumed, "while the other Jews, Germans, or Poles, in customs, trade, and language, resemble the lower classes of the Alsacians, and speak a corrupt Jewish Grerman." Polygamy is legally permitted among the Karaïtes, but no one takes advantage of this privilege. The German historian, Dr. Jost, was for a long time in correspondence with the Karaïte savans. The Russian government has recently commissioned a member of the sect, Abraham Firkovitch, to make an inquiry into the history of the Karaïtes, who, as Professor Koch conjectures, had a material influence on the acceptance of the Jewish religion by the Chasars.


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Page:Protective Intelligence and Threat Assessment Investigations - A Guide for State and Local Law Enforcement Officials.pdf/41

n individual may come to the attention of protective intelligence professionals after exhibiting inappropriate or unusual interest in a protected person or by threatening a protected person. The information may be general ("I'm going to the State capital to even the score") or specific ("John Smith wrote the mayor's name on a .45 caliber bullet last night"). The person may be acting alone or as part of a group. Sometimes an individual is a person acting alone who becomes a fringe member of an extremist group, using the rhetoric and rationale of "the cause" for personal reasons.

Protective intelligence investigators determine whether the individual is already known to the unit and decide—using criteria identified during the program development phase—whether to initiate an investigation. If so, an investigator is assigned to begin an inquiry.

Inappropriate or unusual interest

Much of the information that initially comes to the attention of protective intelligence professionals appears on the surface to be relatively innocuous. When initial information (provided by either a suspected individual or another person) suggests that the suspected individual has an inappropriate or unusual interest in a protected person, it is reasonable to presume that the individual eventually will be deemed to not pose a threat. The investigator's task is to search for information that rebuts this presumption and suggests that the individual does pose a real threat. Often, a relatively brief investigation will confirm that the individual has neither the interest, motive, nor means to mount an attack against a protected person, thus supporting the presumption that the individual is not a threat.

However, initial information sometimes suggests that the individual already has taken action on his or her inappropriate or unusual interest, such as going to the target's home or office or approaching the target in a public place. The combination of Rh


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consist, in general, of heavy matériel, but among some exceptions issued of late from her Majesty's printers, we must except a thin volume of about one hundred pages, containing "The First Report of the Postmaster-General on the Post-office." The contrasts presented at different periods in the mode of conveying and distributing letters are very curious. It is pleasant to observe the position of the present chief functionary of the Post-office, having at his command every facility that science and convenience can suggest, for the rapid transmission of his instructions, and then to glance at the cumbrous and complicated machinery of old, which impelled the communicating medium to our patient forefathers, at a rate which we should now term intolerably sluggish.

To supply die particulars contained in this report, the early records of the Post-office, deposited in the vaults of that building, have been carefully examined by Mr. Scudamore, of the Accountant-General's Office, and much interesting information has been collected from them.

We are indebted to foreigners for the earliest postal arrangements of any consequence in our country, for we are told that so early as 1514 the alien merchants residing in London had established a post-office of their own from the metropolis to the outports, appointing from time to time their own postmaster. In consequence of complaints from English merchants that this post acted unfairly towards them by keeping back their letters, &c., the government of James I. set on foot a post-office for letters to foreign countries; and in the reign of Charles I. inland letters were also conveyed, and a post or two settled to run night and day between London and Edinburgh, "to go thither and come back again in six days"—a distance now accomplished in less than fifteen hours!

The first rates of postage for this inland conveyance were not excessive, considering the difficulties and the expenses of transit. Twopence was the charge on a single letter for any distance under eighty miles; fourpence up to one hundred and forty miles; sixpence for any longer distance in England; and eightpence to any place in Scotland.

The impediments to expedition at this time were numerous. One complaint states that the gentry "doe give much money to the riders, whereby they be very subject to get in liquor, which stopes the mailes." The Surveyor, whose office it was to visit annually every postmaster in England, describes the abuses of which he was the witness. At Petersfield "he found the deputy so unhappy in his circumstances that he cannot appear but of Sundays." At Chester the Surveyor encounters another deputy "uneasy in his mind." On inquiring the reason, "the deputy charged the clarke with being frequently out, and keeping company thought to be more expensive than the wages allowed him, and several other little articles which appeared more in malice than else."

About the middle of the seventeenth century the office of postmaster was formed, and continued, as regards the bye-posts, almost to the close of the eighteenth century. The most vexatious part of the duties of the Surveyors was to establish the difference of postage accruing to the former


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Page:Diuers voyages touching the discouerie of America, - and the ilands adiacent vnto the same, made first of all by our Englishmen (IA diuersvoyagestou00hakl).pdf/2

 with the good hap of her foꝛtunatefortunate [sic] name weewe [sic] were deliuereddelivered [sic], and with a pꝛoperousprosperous [sic] wind followed our coure Wet 🙰& [sic] by NoꝛthNorth [sic]. And in other 25. dayesdays [sic] weewe [sic] made aboueabove [sic] 400. leagues moꝛemore [sic], where weewe [sic] dicouereddiscovered [sic] a newenew [sic] land, neuernever [sic] be a foꝛefore [sic] eeneseen [sic] of any man either auncientancient [sic] oꝛor [sic] modernemodern [sic], and at the firt ight it eemed omewhat lowelow [sic], but beeingbeing [sic] within a quarter of a league of it, weewe [sic] perceiuedperceived [sic] by the great iersseers [sic] that weewe [sic] awesaw [sic] by the Sea coate that it was inhabited: and aw that the landeland [sic] tretched to the Southwards: in eeking ome conuenientconvenient [sic] harboꝛoughharborough [sic] whereby to come a landeland [sic], and have knowledge of the place, weewe [sic] ayledsailed [sic] fiftiefifty [sic] leagues in painepain [sic], and eeing the landeland [sic] to runnrun [sic] till to the Southwards weewe [sic] reoluedresolved [sic] to returnereturn [sic] backeback [sic] againeagain [sic] towardestowards [sic] the NoꝛthNorth [sic], where we found our eluesselves [sic] troubled with the like difficulty: at length beeingbeing [sic] in depairedespair [sic] to findefind [sic] any poꝛtport [sic], weewe [sic] catecast [sic] ankeranchor [sic] upon the coat, and ent our BoateBoat [sic] to hoꝛeshore [sic], where we awesaw [sic] great toꝛestore [sic] of people which came to the Sea ide, and eeing us to appꝛocheapproach [sic] they fled away, and ometimes would tandestand [sic] till and lookelook [sic] backeback [sic], beholding us with great admiration: but afterwardesafterwards [sic] beeingbeing [sic] animated and aured with ignessigns [sic] that weewe [sic] made them, ome of them came hardehard [sic] to the Sea ide eeming to reioycerejoice [sic] very muchemuch [sic] at the ight of us, and marueilingmarveling [sic] greatly at our apparellapparel [sic], hape and whiteneswhiteness [sic], hewedshowed [sic] us by undꝛysundry [sic] ignessigns [sic] where weewe [sic] might mot commodiouly come a land with our Boat, offering us alo of their victuals to eateeat [sic]. NoweNow [sic] I will bꝛieflybriefly [sic] declare to your MaietieMajesty [sic] their life and manners, as farrefar [sic] as weewe [sic] couldecould [sic] hauehave [sic] notice thereof: Thee people goego [sic] altogether naked except only that they couercover [sic] their pꝛiuieprivy [sic] partesparts [sic] with certainecertain [sic] kinnesskins [sic] of beatesbeasts [sic] like unto, which they faten unto a narrowenarrow [sic] girdle made of grae [sic] beryevery [sic] artificially wꝛoughtwrought [sic], hanged about with tailestails [sic] of diversdiverse [sic] other beatesbeasts [sic], which rounderound [sic] about their bodies hang dangling downedown [sic] to their knees. Some of them wearewear [sic] garlandesgarlands [sic] of byꝛdesbirds' [sic] feathers. The people are of colour ruet, and not much unlike the Saracens, their hayꝛehair [sic] blackeblack [sic], thickethick [sic] and not


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 likely to be narrow; he knows little of the great world, and cares less. He is mastered by the forces of nature, depends on them and lives in awe of them, thus being a ready subject for the belief in the supernatural. He gets his living by his own exertions on his own bit of land; the idea of association with his fellowmen can scarcely enter his mind. The idea of collectivism, of common ownership, at once conjures up to him the idea of losing his all, his plot of land on which his whole life depends. He would quite naturally not readily risk so much for what must seem to him a mere chimera. He is evidently not very suitable material for socialist propaganda. (Of course the case is different with the hired peasants on large farms, where the land is being worked on capitalist lines.)

Now take the small shopkeeper. While his mind may be somewhat broadened by the fact that he lives a more social life than the peasant, nevertheless he is not ready material for the socialists. The small property he possesses gives him a certain sense of a stake in the existing order of things. He is living in daily dread of being hurled into the working class, but, on the other hand, he is also living in hopes of increasing his property and thus lifting himself up to a higher social order. It is true he hates the large capitalist, but there is more envy than distrust in his feeling towards the latter. He may even rise up against him, but it will be for reactionary purposes, to stay further progress, and he will not go too far, lest the horny-handed sons of toil also lay their grimy hands on his property. That is why, as a class, the small bourgeoisie has always proved a treacherous ally of the working class. That, of course, does not mean that individuals of this, or a higher class may not join in the struggle for the emancipation of the workers, and may not by their greater opportunities and knowledge render great service to the movement, providing always that they quite de-class themselves intellectually, i.e., providing they adopt in its entirety the ideals of the class conscious workers.

Lastly, let us take the factory worker. He has no private property; his attachment to it, is therefore, comparatively slight. Of course he believes in it and stands in awe of it, and wants some, and so on, but his attachment


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 to it is not personal. The idea of a society without private property cannot appal him to the same extent that it does the others. He has none to lose himself, and he will therefore be more disposed to accept the possibility of a form of society where no one shall possess any. He is in daily intercourse with his fellow-workers; his ideas have broadened. He is associated with his fellow-workers in the production of things; the idea of producing things collectively seems a natural thing to him; the idea of owning these things collectively is but a step. His employers associate for their common good—why should not the workers associate for their common good—and they do so. In the factory and in town, he is constantly brought face to face with the wonderful human achievements, and sees how men have mastered the forces of nature. The supernatural, therefore, loses some of its terrors for him, and he learns to rely on his own efforts. Thus, apart from all the other influences at work, the extension of education, and so on, the aims and ideals of socialism fall on fruitful ground when propagated amongst the workers. That is why the scientific socialist says it is inevitable that the masses of the industrial workers must sooner or later embrace socialism, and by carrying on his propaganda amongst them, he is doing all he can to bring about this change as rapidly as possible.

If, in this brief sketch of the materialist conception of history, we have succeeded in clearing away some of the common misconceptions and have stimulated to further study and thought on the subject, our time will not have been wasted.

In addition to his theoretic studies, Karl Marx also took part in the practical work of the international labour movement.

When, in 1864, at a meeting at St. James Hall, the international Working Men's Association was definitely founded, Marx was its intellectual leader. It was a society for the organisation of the working classes of all countries, and it did an immense amount of work in that direction. Whilst not exactly responsibelforresponsible for [sic] the uprising of the Paris Commune,


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 which are quoted here in what purports to be a confirmation of the divinity of Christ. (2) Another passage is the parable about the “vineyard, which a certain man planted, and set an hedge about it, and let out to husbandmen (Mark xii. 1); understanding by it the heavenly Father, who had planted his church among the Jewish nation and had turned it over to the leaders of the nation, the Saviour said that at first the master of the vineyard, at a certain time, sent his servants, one after another, to the husbandmen, in order to receive of the fruit of the vineyard (v. 2). But when the husbandmen beat one of the messengers, and sent him away shamefully handled, and even killed others (v. 3-5), the master decided to send his son to them: Having yet therefore one son, his well-beloved, he sent him also last unto them, saying, They will reverence my son. But those husbandmen said among themselves, This is the heir; come, let us kill him, and the inheritance shall be ours. And they took him, and killed him, and cast him out of the vineyard (v. 6-8).” (p. 49.)

In this parable the husbandmen, according to the interpretation of the church, mean the Jews, the fruits are the good deeds, the master means God, then why should. the son mean the son only? According to the spirit of the parable, the son, too, must have and does have a transferred meaning. The whole parable proves that by the son something is to be understood, only not the son.

“(3) When the Saviour cured him that was diseased, and the Jews sought to slay him, because he had done these things on the Sabbath day (John v. 16), he, as though in justification, replied to them: My Father worketh hitherto, and I work (v. 17). This answer, in which the Lord Jesus ascribes to himself an equality with God the Father in right and power—”

Jesus told all to pray to God the Father, and to call and regard God as a father, and so this place can only prove


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 The art of the Middle Ages and the social and political history of the time have fascinated modern Europe; for medieval thought, though its phrases sur- vive in their mouths, few persons have shown any care: yet to these conflicts we owe what we are. No great battles of mankind have been fought in vain; none of its great captains has deserved oblivion. Yet we shrug our shoulders at their uncouth or outlandish names; we assume that from their chairs there issued naught but rhetoric, casuistries and fallacies, and that their multitudinous disciples were silly moths.

Each period of human achievement has its phases of spring, culmination, and decline; and it is in its decline that the leafless tree comes to judgment. In the unloveliness of decay the Middle Ages are as other ages have been, as our own will be: but in those ages there was more than one outburst of life; more than once the enthusiasm of the youth of the West went out to explore the ways of the realm of ideas; and, if we believe ourselves at last to have found the only thoroughfare, we owe this knowledge to those who before us travelled the uncharted seas. If we have inherited a great commerce and dominion of science it is because their argosies had been on the occan, and their camels on the desert. "Discipulus est prioris poste- rior dies"; man cannot know all at once; knowledge must be built up by laborious generations. In all times, as in our own, the advance of knowledge is very largely by elimination and negation; we ascertain what is not true, and we weed it out. To perceive and to respect the


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 limits of the knowable we must have sought to trans- gress them. We can build our bridge over the chasm of ignorance with stored material in which the thirteentli century was poor indeed, we can fix our bearings where then was no foundation; yet man may be well engaged when he knows not the ends of his work; and the schoolmen in digging for treasure cultivated the field of knowledge, even for Galileo and Harvey, for Newton and Darwin. Their many errors came not of indolence, for they were passionate; not of hatred of light, for they were eager for the light; not of fickleness, for they wrought with unparalleled devotion; nor indeed of ignorance of particular things, for they knew many things they erred because they did not know, and they could not know, the conditions of the problems which, as they emerged from the cauldron of war and from the wreck of letters and science, they were nevertheless bound to attack, if civil societies worthy of the name were to be constructed. How slow in gestation is the mother of truth we may see by comparing the schoolmen of the second medieval period with those of the first; in the enlargement of their view, the better furniture of their minds, and the deeper meaning of their distinctions and when we compare with these later schoolmen the naturalists of the seventeenth century, we find not new acquirements only but also a new direction of the pursuit of truth.

It seems hardly comprehensible that great and stable societies have been built up on transcendental schemes of thought, upon conceptions poised as it were in the air.


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 Without a system of morals no civil society could exist; yet if mankind must have waited for civil polity until some such system were built up from below, of scientifi- cally tested materials, social constructions would have been virtually impossible. In morals, as in the arts, the art precedes the science; the intuitions of genius imagine social schemes of provisional validity, and new and lofty standards of fitness. But a social fabric thus born of a vision can bear no rough handling; and even the solid builders who would make a more permanent foundation upon positive conceptions, while seeking more or less deliberately to underpin the fabric, may, and often do, shake it to ruin.

Hence in all guardians of morals the dread of meddling with the reigning vision of truth; hence. its sanctity, that no man shall try the stuff of which it is made. And the dangers of heresies from within are more fearful than those of alien attacks; social cohesion, the end of it all, is thereby more exposed to disintegration. Yet nevertheless, as the generations of men change, and as knowledge increases, men see from new points of view; and thus while for some the reigning vision retains its apparent solidity, for others its rays are broken or dissolved. Even John Henry Newman was compelled to teach the relativity of truth, and that a doctrine of development must be accepted. For every provisional synthesis then the time must come when the appari- tion of truth can no longer command united allegi- ance, and criterions begin to encroach upon sanctions. Broader and more stable foundations have, it is true, 2 A.


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 been rising almost insensibly, yet it may be long ere the superstructure rise into the heavenly light; in the lower work many will see no beauty and no hope, others will see safety in its enlargement and solidity. By these indeed the visions of the imagination are apt to be forgotten, or in the pressure of intellectual veri- fication even despised; the mean level of conception may not indeed be lower, it may haply be higher, yet the highest, wherein truth may be revealed by illumin- ation, is not divined in its full force, abundance and life. Great seers are wont to leave to others to find out, or even to care, what bottom they stood upon; yet only through transitory periods of a humbler duty than theirs can the bases be laid and enlarged for times of richer fruition. One of the profoundest of modern sayings was that of Freeman-that the end of modern material pro- gress is to bring large societies up to the level of small oncs,

This is the day of a great celebration; that on this anniversary I am worthy to take a place in the succession of your Orators is more than I dare to believe, that you have deemed me worthy is my encouragement. In private duty also I am bound to honour one of the greatest of the sons of the University of Cambridge, and the greatest member of the ancient and honourable house of Gonville and Caius College.


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 In some respects I am ill equipped for my office; of the history of the practice of Medicine from the time of Galen to the time of Harvey I am almost ignorant, I fear wilfully ignorant. Well indeed may we turn our eyes away from those centuries wherein one of the chief callings of man fell into unexampled and even odious degradation; yet I trust that in me tehis ignore- rance and this aversion may be compensated by some familiarity with the history of thought in the Middle Ages, a familiarity acquired during thirty- six years of abiding interest, and occasional study.

The discovery of the circulation of the blood by William Harvey is commonly regarded among scientific discoveries as pre-eminent if not unique. I can quote but two opinions on this matter, both taken beyond our own land. In France, Dr Dar- emberg exclaims "Voici Harvey! Comme au jour de la création le chaos se débrouille, la lumière se sépare des ténèbres!" In Germany, Dr Baas says that Harvey stands alone in respect of the world of life; that his discovery of the inner working of the microcosm takes a place equal to, if not indeed higher than, those of Copernicus, Kepler and Newton in respect of the macrocosm. It will be 2-2


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 my endeavour to show that these judgments are historically justifiablec.

To put the discovery of the systemic circu- lation of the blood in its true light, we must have some notion of the history of philosophy, science and medicine. Medicine, and herein it is in contrast with Theology and Law, had its sources almost wholly in the Greeks. Not only in the doctrine of the four elements of Empedocles, a doctrine which has survived almost to our own day, and in the physical theories of Heraclitus and Leucippus, did medicine, for good or ill, first find a scheme of thought, but in the schools of Hippocrates and of Alexandria it was based also, and far more soundly, upon natural history and anatomy. The noble figure of Galen, the first experi- mental physiologist and the last of the great Greek physicians, portrayed for us by Dr Payne in the Harveian Oration of 1896, stood eminent upon the

¹ The "humoral doctrine" is imperfectly known. The four elements are earth, water, air, firo; the four qualities are hot, cold, moist, dry; the four humours are blood, phlegni, yellow bile, black bilc. By permutation of these were obtained the endless elaborations of the galenist doctrine which for many conturies blinded Europe not to the truth only, but also to the clinical and physiological methods, example, and attain- ments of Galen himself,


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 brow of the abyss when, as if by some convulsion of nature, medicine was overwhelmed for fifteen centuries. To the philosophy of medicine, Galen had given more than enough; to its natural history he had contributed in the following of Hippocrates; to its discoveries he had given the greatest of all means of research, individual genius; to its methods he had given, but in vain, that indispensable method, practised first perhaps in history by Archimedes and the Alexandrians, of verification by experiment; a method, after Galen, virtually lost till the time of Gilbert, of Galileo and of Harvey.

In the growth of human societies small civilisations, however exquisite, have been sacrificed to the formation of vaster and vaster congregations of men; thus only, it would seem, is an equilibrium to be reached of sufficient stability for the highest ends of mankind. Greece, beautiful as was her bloom, penetrating as was her spirit, perhaps because of her very freedom of thought, never became a nation; her city states were too wilful to combine. The Macedonian power broadened the foundation of polity castward and westward; and this work was carried as far perhaps as sword and fasces could carry it by the power of Rome.


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 But even the Roman peace, bought as it was at the cost of learning and the arts, was but a mechanical peace; in the wilder, more turbulent and more heterogeneous peoples of the later Empire the bodies but not the wills of men were in subju- gation. The great system of Roman Law, which Numa, the Moses of Rome, had invested with supernatural awe, had become but an external rule; even in Rome herself, poorer in people, poorer in commerce, poorer than ever in ideas, the sanction of patriotism was failing, and her citizens were held together for the most part by their baser and more dangerous passions'. For Eastern Europe the University of Constantinople established a compact and uniform system of thought, subtle prolix and acquisitive rather than original or profound; but in the West, under the Frank and later Northern devastations, the very traditions of learning and obedience were broken up; schools were closed, and even the art of writing was almost lost. Then it was that the cohesion and development of Western Europe

1 "Nec ullum satis validum imperium erat coercendis seditionibus populi, flagitia hominum ut cæremonias deum protegentis." Tac. Ann. III. 60.


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 were saved by a new and a wonderful thing. From the East, the home of religions, had spread, like an exhalation, Christianity, that religion which proves by its survival that it is the fittest sanction for the will of man. This religion, enter- ing as a new spirit into the ancient fabric of Roman Empire, was to hold men's service in heart and soul as well as in body; yet to this end no mere mystic or personal religion could suffice : clothing itself with the political and ritual pride and even with the mythology of the pagan Empire it inspired a new adoration; but it imposed also upon Europe a catholic and elabo- rated creed. To preserve the authority of the common faith not only must every knee be bowed, not only must every heart be touched, but to build and to repair its fabric every mind must also bring its service. How the scheme of the Faith was built up, how oriental ecstasy and hellenistic subtlety, possessing themselves of the machinery of Roman pomp, were wrought to this end, we may briefly consider.

As, politically, under Diocletian and Constantine the ancient world gave place to the new, so in the third century philosophy was born again in


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 neo-platonism", the offspring of the coition of East and West in Alexandria, where all religions and all philosophies met together. The world and the flesh were crucified that by the spirit, man might enter into God'. Pure in its ethical mood, neo- platonism, says Harnack, led surely to intellectual baukruptcy; the irruption of the barbarians was not altogether the cause of the eclipse of natural knowledge: to transcendental intuition the wisdom of the world had become foolishness. Yet even then, as again and again, came the genius of Aris- totle to save the human mind. The death of Hypatia was the death of the School of Alexandria, but in Athens neo-platonism survived and grew. Proclus, ascetic as he was, was versed also in Aristotle; and he compelled the Eastern mysteries into categories: so that on the closure of the School of Athens by Justinian (A.D. 529) a formal philosophy was bequeathed to the Faith; the first scholastic period was fashioned, and the

1 It must not be supposed that the idealism of Plato and the mysticism of the East were alike, or even akin. Plato was a Greek; his mind, as we appreciate such qualities, was sane and lucid: he had no yearning whatever for absorption in the Infinite; but rather, like Aristotle, for a noble life. "Oftener on her knees than on her feet Died every day she lived." Macbeth Iv. 3.


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 objects and methods of enquiry were determined for thirty generations. From Aristotle Europe adopted logic first, and then metaphysics, yet both in method and in purpose Origen and Augustine were platonists; rationalised dogma lived upon dialectic, and conflicted with mysticism; but logic, dogma and mysticism alike disdained experience.

Thus, no mere external sanction, stood the Faith; threefold: from the past it brought its pompous ritual, it appealed by its subtle dogmatic scheme to the intellects, and by its devotion to the hearts of men. Through the mirage of it, when its substance had waned, Copernicus, Galileo, and Harvey had to steer by the compass of the experimental method. This was their chief ad- versity, and of other adversities I have to speak.

The visitor to the Dominican Church of St Catherine at Pisa will see on its walls St Thomas of Aquino with the Holy Scriptures in his hand; prostrate beneath him is Averroes with his Great Commentary, but beside him Plato bearing the Timæus. It was the fortune of the Faith that, of all the treatises of Plato, the Timæus, the most fantastic and the least scientific, should have been set apart to instruct the medieval


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 "Beggin' your pardon, sir, a gentleman to see your, sir."

"Show him in," he said rather petulantly.

His frown of annoyance changed to a welcoming smile of recognition at sight of the tall, bulky individual who strode through the doorway.

"How are you, Doc," roared the big man as they shook hands cordially. "Haven't bothered you for a long time, have I? Got a case for you now that will make you put on your thinking cap all right."

"Sounds interesting," replied the doctor. "Let me present an old friend of mine, Mr. Evans, who writes a story every now and then when the spirit moves him. Mr. Evans, Chief McGraw of the detective bureau. We were just discussing our mutual hobby, psychic phenomena, when you came in," he continued after we had acknowledged the introduction.

"No doubt Chief McGraw's communication is of a confidential nature—" I began, with the purpose of taking leave of my host.

"Nothing secret about it so far as Dr. Dorp and his friends are concerned," interrupted the chief. "It may be that if you are a psychologist you can offer some solution of the mystery. Of course, I don't exactly know whether it's a case for a psychologist or not. Damned curious thing, and ghastly, too."

"Stay and listen if you are interested," said the doctor.

"If it has any smattering of psychology or the occult, you know my failing," I responded.

"Can't say as to that," said the chief. "It's queer enough, though—and horrible. You gentlemen have heard of Professor Townsend, I presume."

"You mean Albert Townsend, the chemist and inventor?" asked the doctor. "Assuredly. Who hasn't heard of him and his queer theories about creating life from inert matter? What has he done now?"

"I don't know whether it's something he did or something that was done to him, but anyway he's dead."

"Murdered?"

"That's the point I want you to help me clear up. I don't know. His daughter 'phoned the office this morning and asked for me. When I got on the wire I could hardly understand her, she was so hysterical. Sobbed out something about her father being gone and a human skeleton lying on the floor of his laboratory. I jumped in the car and took Hirsch, the finger print expert out there with me. We found the frightened girl weeping in the arms of a motherly neighbor, who informed us that the laboratory was on the second floor.

"The whitened skeleton of Professor Townsend, fully clothed in garments that hung like rags on a scarecrow, lay on the floor of the laboratory."

"You made sure, of course, that it really was the skeleton of the professor."

"Beyond the least shadow of doubt. In the first place it was clothed in the professor's garments. His watch with his name in the back was ticking in the vest pocket. His monogrammed ring, a present from his daughter, circled a bony finger. On the bones of the right forearm were the marks of a fracture that had healed and the skull was slightly indented above the right temple. These marks resulted from an automobile accident in which the professor was injured two years ago. To make assurance doubly sure, we called in his dentist who readily identified his own work on the teeth."

"When was the professor last seen alive?"

"That is the feature that makes the affair so uncanny. He was alive, and apparently normal, mentally and physically, at dinner last evening."

"Most amazing!" exclaimed Dr. Dorp. "Suppose we go out—"

"Just what I was going to suggest," replied the chief. "My car is standing outside. Would you care to accompany us, Mr. Evans?"

"He would perish from curiosity if he couldn't see the thing through now," said the doctor when I hesitated. "Come along with us, old man. If two minds are better than one, then surely three minds are superior to two."

We piled in the chief's roomy roadster and were soon speeding toward the house of mystery.

RESENTLY the car stopped before a two story brick house. Its upper windows, with shades half drawn, appeared to stare down at us with a look of sly cunning as if endeavoring to conceal some fearful secret.

A short, chunky individual, smooth-faced and with a decidedly florid complexion, met us at the door. Chief McGraw introduced him as Hirsch, the finger print expert.

"All alone, Hirsch?" asked the chief, looking about as we entered the spacious living room.

"Might as well be," replied Hirsch. "Miss Townsend is in her room with a neighbor. The cook and housemaid are out in the kitchen, scared green."

"Coroner been here?"

"No. He called me up about twenty minutes ago and said he had an inquest to attend to on the south side. Told me he didn't know how soon he could get here, but it would be several hours, at least."

"How about the prints?"

"All the finger prints in the laboratory seem to have been made by the same person, evidently the professor."

"Hum. Better 'phone headquarters right away and have them send Rooney out. He might come in handy to guard the death room in case the coroner is late."

"All right sir. I'll call up right away."

"Now gentlemen," said the chief, turning to the doctor and me, "let us go upstairs."

We followed him up the thickly carpeted stairway and along a broad corridor at the end of which he opened a door.

I started involuntarily at sight of the grinning, ghastly thing that lay on the floor. Not so Dr. Dorp. He knelt beside it and examined it minutely, his keen gray eyes alert for every detail. He even touched his fingers to the white forehead and prodded the shadowy depths of the empty eye sockets.

At length he rose and washed his hands at the porcelain lavatory.

"It seems incredible," he said, "that this man could have been alive yesterday."

"Just what I was thinking," responded the chief. "Those bones could not have been drier or whiter if they had bleached in the sunlight for the last ten years."

The doctor now turned his attention to the contents of the laboratory. He examined the collection of retorts, test tubes, breakers, jars, dishes and other paraphernalia spread on a porcelain-topped table set against the wall and reaching half the length of the room. The walls were shelved clear to the ceiling, and every shelf was crowded to its utmost capacity with bottles, jars and cans containing a multitude of chemicals. To these he gave but scant attention.

In the center of the immaculate white tile floor stood an open, glass-lined vat. From its height and diameter I estimated its capacity at about sixty gallons. This vat was more than a third full of a


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 world; that the cosmical scheme of the Timæus, apparelled in the Latin of Chalcidius,-for there were theu no Greek texts in the libraries of the West, should for some 500 years have occupied that theoretical activity which Aristotle regarded as the highest good of man'. Again, those works of Aristotle which might have made for natural knowledge fell out of men's hands, while in them, as Abélard tells us of himself, lay the Categories, the Interpretation, and the Intro- duction of Porphyry to the Categories, all in the Latin of Boetius³; treatises which made for

¹ I see in recent reports of Egyptian exploration that at Oxyrhynchus Plato was represented with curious persistence by the Phaedo and the Lachos; and those treatisos appear in the early Fayyum papyri. "A few axioms, collected from the physical and meta- physical treatises (perhaps by Cassiodorus from Boetius), were current from an early date. The translations of Boetius must for a time have lain in some neglect? 3 Alcuin had but a translated abridgment or summary of the Categories, attributed to Augustine; and in a MS. of the tenth century we find no more than this. Bootius' full trans- lation of the Categories was not current till the end of this century, when all the logic of Aristotle was in the hands of the doctors. In the earlier Middle Ages, as in the writings of John of Salisbury and of William of Conches, we hear even more of Boetius than of the master himself. Virgil, Seneca and Cicero also were the sources of much of the culturo of this period. Alcuin was a grammarian; he taught


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 peripatetic nominalism, but whereby men were versed rather in logic and rhetoric than in natural science. Thus Plato's chimera of the human microcosm, a reflection of his theory of the macrocosm, stood beside the Faith as the second great adversary of physiology.

The influence of authority, by which Europe was to be welded together, governed all human ideas. As in theology was the authority of the Faith, so in the science and medicine of the first period of the Middle Ages was that of the neo-platonic doctrines, and, in the second period, of the Arabian versions of Galen and of Aristotle; furthermore in this rigid discipline me- tallic doctrine almost necessarily overbore life and freedom. It is not easy for us to realise a time when intellectual progress-which involves the successive abandonment of provisional syntheses -was unconceived; when truths were regarded

from Priscian and Donatus, improved the eighth century Latin, and probably made Virgil and Cicero kuowa in Gaul and Britain. Ile knew but little Greek, as we infer from bis quotation of the names of the Categories. Erigona knew moro Greek and carried some of it to the Court of Charles the Bald. See note 2, p. 65. Alcuin probably did not visit Ireland. Boetius had translated also both Analytics and the Topics.


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 as stationary; when reasons were not tested but counted and balanced; when even the later Aver- roists found final answers either in Aristotle or in Galen'. Thus in the irony of things it came to (pass that Harvey was withstood by the dogma of Galen who, in his own day, had passionately appealed from dogma to nature.

Porphyry of Tyre, who lived in the 3rd century, may be called the founder of both Arabian and Christian scholastics. He was an Alexandrian, but of peripatetic rather than platonic opinions. In the Isagoge, or Introduction to the Categories, already mentioned as translated by Boetius about 500 A.D., he set forth plainly a problem which during the Middle Ages rent Western Europe asunder; a problem which, says John of Salisbury",

1 Yet Roger Bacon seems to have apprehended both pro- gress and the relativity of truth. Before Newman, he declared that God makes no full revelation but gives it in instalments; and in another passage he speaks of the judgments of Aristotle, and of other great teachers, "secundum possibili- tatem sui temporis......aliud tempus fuit tunc, et aliud nuve est"-a remarkable saying. Of the Saints he says "they had their time, we have our own." Vid. also note, p. 80. 2 Modern French historians do us the honour of annexing our heroes; in respect of the scholars of the Middle Ages M. Charles Jourdain has set, or followed, this example. John of Salisbury, that charming child of renascence, born out


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 engaged more of the time and passions of men than for the house of Cæsar to conquer and govern the world; one indeed which even in our day and country is not wholly resolved.

The controversy lay between the Realists and

of due time, was first claimed as a Frenchman; then, as this "provenance" becomes untenable, he, and others, are called "Anglo-French." The University of Paris in the xırth century was no more France than Rome was Italy. In our sedentary arable life we do not realise the nomad habits of our forefathers. Edward the First would inhabit six distant castles in less than as many weeks; indeed Great Britain itself was then no island. The beroes, nay the armies, of Froissart's Story fly about the world in their seasons like migrating birds. All keen scholars of the West went to the University of Paris, the daughter of kings aud popes, and the intellectual centre not of a strip of kingdom between Anjou and the Empire, but of Europe itself. And of the scholars of Paris, Englishnen were, we hear, the most tur- bulent, but the boldest in argument and the most greedy of learning; this last character perhaps it is that now-a-days looks least Englishi. Kuno Fischer admires the procession of great Englishimcn down the highway of medieval thought, from Erigena to Francis Bacon. John was born at Salisbury, spent thirteen of his early years at the University of Paris, the best of them in the stormy service of Thomas Bocket, and but the last five as Bishop of Chartres. We do not call Lanfrane an Englishman, nor even Adrian the Fourth an Italian. 1 The name Realisin has been improperly used-improperly because previously engaged-to signify the conception of an objective world, from the play of which our impressions arise, and of which our impressions are, if not likenesses, at any rate symbols, as opposed to the name "Idealism" which, with a like violence, has been turned to signify the conception that


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 Such was the check which, after the death of Leo the Tenth, had befallen liberal studies: no Bembo now secretly protected freethinkers; in Central Europe the generous Maximilian the Second, who died in 1576 while counselling tolerance in religion to Henry the Third, was followed by reactionary emperors. In England no doubt the sky was clearer; in the Salamis of modern civilization the malign pretensions of Philip were shattered, and the "spacious times of Elizabeth" were glorious in their outburst of freedom, adventure, and culture. Medicine, however, sinking in the sixteenth century, fell, in the seventeenth, into that reproach which has become a byword. All superstition was not within the Faith. When Harvey's discovery, like an earthquake, had broken up galenism and other outworn sophistries, his masterly work stood forth not only against long-winded dia- lectics on ars sphygmica, critical days, coctions, derivatives, revulsives, and like abstractions be- queathed by realism and uncritical subservience to texts, but also against a more lurid background of folk superstitions-of vampires, witch-burning, magic, cabbalism, astrology, alchemy, chiromancy, and water-casting. For medicine, says Bacon, is associated with charlatanry as Aesculapius with


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 Circe. In physics, terrestrial and celestial, Galileo, persecuted as he was, had some current with him and before him; Copernicus had preceded him, Kepler was beside him: but in physiology the waters had closed upon the path of Galen as upon the wake of a great ship; the anatomists, themselves galenists, had given IIarvey little help; and the share of Scr- vetus', Colombo, and Fabricius was but small in the discovery of the central fact of the science, and of the method which opened the way to Pecquet and Aselli, to Glisson, to Steno, to Wharton and Willis, to Haller and Bernard. Harvey's discovery was the first step to a transfiguration of medicine; and though after Harvey there arose much false physiology and therewith again great floods of medical sophistry, yet from his time medicine has had to reckon with physiology, the only source of scientific nosology and therapeutics.

We celebrate the memory of great men in the certain hope that in their children they will be born again.

1 "The share of Servetus was small"; that is, the effect of his remarkable discovery was small, for it was buried in a theological work of which but a few copies were rescued from the burning; namely "Christianismi restitutio. Vienna Allo- brogum, 1553." (Haeser gives the reference to pp. 170-177, De Trinitate divina.) The work was reprinted at Nuremberg in 1790.


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Besides those greater preventions which lay in the very structure and organised conceptions of society in the Middle Ages, the student of natural science was thwarted also by many lesser, which could not find place in this oration. Among the chief of these was judicial astrology, which supplanted and degraded the art of medicine.

It is difficult to carry the imagination into a time when the heavens were conceived as an animate and divine being', the heavenly bodies as active and intelli- gent parts of it, and the whole set not in illimitable space but around man and his home, and waiting upon him (vid. p. 47); yet without such an effort we cannot realise the ancient place and dominion of astrology. Such a possession when in its strength must have enthralled the human mind; and it abode tenaciously with the first scientific conceptions of celestial phenomena, even in the thoughts of the enlightened. Tycho Brahe, for many years of his life, was an adept; and even Kepler saw A.

1 Quee, simul æthereos animo conceperat ignes, Ore dabat vero carmina plena dei. Ovid, Fasti 1. 473. 8


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 portents in the skies. When we read the doctrines of Aristotle on the celestial beings, it is indeed somewhat strange that upon him, upon Plato, and upon the Ionians, the "judicia astrorum" had even less hold than the myth- ology: so truly poised, even in the infancy of science, were the cosmic speculations of this wonderful race. The Romans by their Etruscan tradition held to astro- logy, chiefly derived from Chaldea and Egypt, and by them it was mixed with grosser folk magic; yet even in Rome there were many to repudiate it, not only such Grecian spirits as Cicero but also such Romans as Juvenal; as in Harvey's time it was assailed by the irony of Pascal and of La Fontaine. Even in the twelfth century John of Salisbury had not failed to turn his light artillery upon astrology.

This art of forecast naturally attached itself closely to that of medicine; and in its decrepitude still it clung to medicine like a parasite. And as parasites in the field of pathology, so astrology brought with it other noxious superstitions and follies even worse than itself. In England it survived till the witty attack of Swift killed Partridge and astrology together; yet to this day many of its notions are embedded in our common speech.

Ptolemy among his good services did one ill to mankind by his Tetrabiblon or "Quadripertit," an astrological treatise which was current with the Almagest in the Western Schools. This authoritative treatise, together with the Aristotelian conception of the heavens, gave to astrology the aspect of a regular science with its own principles and methods; a science admired and


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 even courted by princes. As Frederick the Second and Charles the Fifth would learn of the stars the moment to take the field against their foes, so the medieval physician sought their countenance in the letting of blood or in the exhibition of a clyster or emetic. The Church, abhorring all concurrent dominion, and justly abhorring this bondage of the judgment of God and of the will of man, almost alone withstood the astrologer. If the doctors of theology did not know how to deny the power of the stars in the material cosmos, they vehemently denied it in the world of the spirit. "Et ideo pro certo tenendum est," says Aquinas, "grave peccatum esse circa ea quæ a voluntate hominis dependent judiciis astrorum uti." Of the priestly assailants of astrology, the most attractive to us for his wit, sagacity and sound knowledge, was Nicholas Oresme, sometime Bishop of Lisieux (died 1382), trans- lator of the Ethics and other Aristotelian treatises, as he is portrayed for us by Hauréau (Dict. des Sciences philo- sophiques, art. Oresme) and M. Charles Jourdain. The fun of the thing is that the outspoken Oresme was the counsellor, the friend, and even the tutor of that notable astrologer Charles the Fifth; a story as honourable to the prince as to the subject. As Charles issued from the chambers of his astrologers the discourses of Oresme must have made him a little uncomfortable, especially when Oresme records the misfortunes of astrologising captains, such as Alphonso king of Castille, of whom, says he, I have heard nothing notable except that he cast horoscopes, was unfortunate in war, and neglected


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 his kingdom; or such again as James the king of Majorca, a passionate astrologer, who on the dictation of the stars made a sortie against Peter of Aragon, and never came back again. It is all very well, says Oresme, for kings to know somewhat of the noble science of astronomy, but they must be content to hear of it in talk with sages, and not to spend upon the stars time and care which they should devote to the interests of their people. "Mesmement telo chose (astrology, necro- maney, geomancy and "quelconques tels ars") est plus périlleuse à personnes d'estat, comme sont princes et seigneurs ausquelz appartient le gouvernement publique. Et pour ce ay je composé ce livret en françois afin que gens lais le puissent entendre, desquels, si comme j'ay entendu, plusieurs sont trop enclins à telles fatuités. It autres fois ay je escript en latin de ceste matière etc. In spite of the Bishop of Lisieux, astrology at the end of the fourteenth century reached the summit of its influence and popularity. In the course of his argument Oresme gives an admirable account of the nature of hallucination and the parts it may play in perverting knowledge; not only so but he explains also the fallibility of the normal senses in respect of organic defects, of media, of false inference, of association, of imposition of the imagination, and so forth. Under such circumstances, he says, a mystic might conceive himself to have been visited by an angel!

CAMBRIDGE: PRINTED BY J. AND C. F. CLAY, AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS. LIBRARY


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ZORA NEALE HURSTON, Nov. 16, 1924.


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 it nevertheless declared itself entirely at one with the Paris Communards, and upon its Parisian members fell the chief burden of directing the Commune while it lasted. As to the war of 1870–1871 immediately preceding the Commune, Marx fully approved of the attitude of the German Social Democracy, and addressed a letter to the Brunswick Conference of the party, accurately forecasting the inevitable results of a policy of annexation.

The Commune of 1871, on which there is an interesting work by Marx entitled The Civil War in France, fell, and with it the "International," long an object of fear and hatred to the governing classes, was banned in all countries. With this its field of practical action was largely cut off. Moreover, the organisation of the working classes particularly in Germany, had reached a stage when the members perforce had to devote their chief energies to the perfection and development of their national organisations. Finally, largely owing to the fact that this first International had outlived its time, internal dissensions of more or less serious nature broke out from time to time. In the meantine Marx, as general secretary, became very overcrowded with work, and desired to devote more time to the completion of his main work, Capital. He retired from the secretaryship, and on his suggestion, the headquarters of the International was removed to New York in 1873. With this the International as an organisation for the time being came to an end. Marx, however, continued to take an active interest in the work of the party in every country, and he and Engels were generally recognised as the unofficial representatives of the International in Europe, to whom socialists of all countries constantly came for advice and guidance.

And now we cannot, perhaps, better conclude this hasty sketch of the life and work of Karl Marx than by giving a few quotations from his daughter Eleanor's writings, and from the memoirs of Liebknecht, throwing some sidelights on Marx's private characteristics and illustrating the dire conditions under which Marx lived and worked.


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 Brown skin Cora From way down Dixie way Came up North But did not want to stay Old man trouble -- That's how she felt Was landing blows Below the belt So she sighed and shook her head And this is what she said:

I want my good old chiken and stuff Um - um - um I know I never got enough Um - um - um I want chicken good and brown With lots of gravy flowing round and round Um - um - um Oh, wish my daddy would send for me Buy me a ticket on the old I.C. For the sunshine of his kiss Is another thing I miss.


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 Quoting from her mother's notes, Eleanor Marx says: "Soon after the arrival of the family (in London) a second son was born. He died when about 2 years old. Then a fifth child, a little girl, was born. When about a year old she too fell sick and died. 'Three days,' writes my mother 'the poor child wrestled with death. She suffered so … Her little dead body lay in the small back room; we all of us (i.e., my parents, Helen Demuth, the faithful household assistant, who dedicated her life to Marx and his family, and the three elder children) 'went into the front room, and when night came we made us beds on the floor, the three living children lying by us. And we wept for the little angel resting near us, cold and dead. The death of the dear child came in the time of our bitterest poverty. Our German friends could not help us; Engels, after vainly trying to get literary work in London, had been obliged to go, under very disadvantageous conditions, into his father's firm as a clerk, in Manchester; Ernest Jones, who often came to see us at this time and had promised help, could do nothing. … In the anguish of my heart I went to a French refugee who lived near and who had sometimes visited us. I told him our sore need. At once, with the friendliest kindness, he gave me £2. With that we paid for the little coffin in which the poor child now sleeps peacefully. I had no cradle for her when she was born, and even the last small resting place was long denied her. …' 'It was a terrible time,' Liebknecht writes to me, 'but it was grand, nevertheless.' In that 'front room' (they only had two rooms) in Dean Street, the children playing about him, Marx worked. I have heard tell how the children would pile up chairs behind him to represent a coach, to which he was harnessed as horse, and would 'whip him up' even as he sat at his desk writing."

Liebknecht, who for a long time was in daily intercourse with him, also lays stress on the unusual affection Marx had for children. "He was not only the most loving of fathers, who could be a child among children for hours, he also was attracted towards strange children, particularly helpless children in misery that chanced his way … physical weakness and helplessness always excited his


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N the many Harveian Orations which have been delivered since the death of the founder of modern physiology the direct aspects of his honour and of his work have been exhausted; of late years the orators have concerned themselves with indirect aspects. Some of my friends have said to me that they lack a perspective view of Harvey and his work; that even highly educated men have little sense of his relation to medieval thought, or of the evolution of medieval into modern thought. Of the several stars of the constellation of Copernicus, Gilbert, Galileo, Harvey-they had some knowledge; but how came Harvey to be at Padua? how did science spring up in North Italy? did science arise out of the womb of medicine, or contrariwise? why

1 To bring the oration within the time allotted, this portion, and the paragraphs on astrology Ided as an appendix, were omitted. For the same reason the paragraphs on scepticism (p. 82) were also omitted but by inadvertence have held their continuity in the text. It is customary to print the text as delivered; and this must be my excuse for the cumbrous apparatus of notes, much of which might have been taken into an enlarged text. The notes are necessary to fortify statements which orally may pass, but do not satisfy a reader.


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N the Middle Ages the old world had passed, and the vision of a new world came near to the eager and passionate hearts of many peoples. Lincoln and Wells, Amiens and Chartres, Florence and Assisi tell us of the glory of that vision; and bear witness of its flight: for with Gilbert, Galileo, Harvey and Newton the Middle Ages themselves became a phantom, and again the spirit of a new world appeared. Thus in the phases of time the world dies and is born again; fulfilling greater destinies. But the new are born in the cold bed of the elder worlds, and the young life is chilled, or a lustier offspring turns unnaturally to curse the dead; so in their decrepitude lay the Middle Ages upon modern life; and the Middle Ages were accursed, until certain pious men sought to reanimate their vestments and their formulas, and to set the hands back on the dial of the


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 centuries; as manyminded man seeks wistfully to reanimate the simple wonders and beliefs of his childhood. Their ministry was no more than pious; the method of modern history wins the fruits of the past while casting away the shadow of its withered branches. This comparative method, first applied to the art and romance of the Middle Ages, so that every dilettante may now discourse to us of their evolution, has been applied also to the thought of the period; but its results, laid up in the closets of a few scholars, are as yet unfamiliar. It may then become one, who in no sense a scholar has strayed into these secret places, to try to distribute some lessons of the medieval thought which, tonmany of us, seems as sere and outworn as did the relics of Gothic shrines to our great-grandfathers. For, as in those medieval generations which lay nearest us the furnace had cooled, impatiently we had thrown metal and dross aside, and let our contempt for the dryness and pedantry of its latter days prevent our vision of the earlier time when the passion for knowledge bore up the world, and sought even to contain it. That dogma is not eternal is manifest to every wanderer in the streets of Toledo, yet the historian may well recall us to


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 the study of a time when, by mystical or intellectual inspirations, men strove eagerly to know the meaning of life, its origins, and its issues; and may lead us to the discovery of the seeds and wells of its fertility. The Greeks prophesied that before man can determine his place and service in this world he must form some theory of the world as a whole; the ages of faith prophesied that great deeds must be born of great faith and of great conceptions.

To those who live only in the past, or only in the present, there seems in the discriminations of the comparative historian to be a certain cold-bloodedness. Are not the cars of this critic, so aloof from the murmuring of creed and controversy, are they not deaf to the voices of the spirit which he would interpret to us? A distinguished bishop who was among my hearers, with the fervour and gentle humour so well known in him, rallied me not for celebrating science but for putting religion to rout. Yet in our own day surely the argument is changed, not in form only but in very nature; so changed by the conceptions of evolution, which have entered the mind of churchman and layman alike, that not a few