text:
Page:The Great Didactic of John Amos Comenius (1896).pdf/470

 .—Of the owners of these names I have been unable to obtain any information.

.—Court-preacher at Stuttgart, where he died in 1654. He was a considerable power in the Church and in the school-room.

.—A German physician residing at Paris, where he died of the plague in 1631. On educational questions he wrote several books, remarkable for their sound common-sense.

This section is signed with Andreæ’s name, but cannot have been written by him, as in the original Bohemian version of the Great Didactic it appears in a considerably altered form. Possibly the last sentence is quoted from one of Andreæ’s works.

Author:Joannes Stobaeus.—A native of Stobi in Macedonia, where he lived about 500, and composed an Anthology of extracts from as many as 500 Greek authors.

.—One of the seven wise men of Greece. Lived about 600

.—A Roman grammarian who lived towards the end of the fourth century

Author:Juan Luis Vives.—One of the great pedagogues of the sixteenth century. Was born at Valencia in 1492; professed the “Humanities” at Louvain and was afterwards invited by Henry VIII. to England, where he became the tutor of the Princess Mary. His best known works on education are: De ratione studii puerilis epistolæ dua; De tradendis disciplinis sive de institutione Christiana; De institutione fæminæ Christianæ; Introductio ad Sapientiam.

Author:Bernard of Clairvaux.—Abbot of Clairvaux in 1115. A man of great ecclesiastical and political influence, and one of the instigators of the Third Crusade.

Author:Lactantius.—For some years tutor to a son of the Emperor Constantine. Converted to Christianity in middle life, he wrote a voluminous treatise, Divinarum institutionum libri vii.; a plea for Christianity, intended for pagans who had received a philosophic education. He died about 330

(1536–1607).—Was successively Professor of Greek at Erfurt, Professor of Rhetoric at Jena, Rector of the school at Meissen, and Professor of Greek and Latin at Leipzig.

.—A renowned sixteenth century scholar and editor of the classics. Sympathised with the Reformation and was a friend of Melanchthon’s. Died in 1574.

.—Nothing appears to be known of this scholar or his works.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Page:NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE SURVEY 18; CZECHOSLOVAKIA; THE SOCIETY CIA-RDP01-00707R000200110015-7.pdf/8

 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA-RDP01-00707R000200110015-7

Hungarians are concentrated largely in southern Slovakia, the Germans in western Bohemia, the Poles in northern Moravia, and the Ukrainians (Ruthenians) in eastern Slovakia (Figure 1). In addition, some 30,000 Gypsies, who are not counted statistically as an ethnic minority, are mainly located in southern Slovakia and parts of Bohemia. A small Jewish population is scattered throughout the country, and lives mostly in the larger towns.

Czech-Slovak rivalry has historical roots and is the only ethnic divisive factor of any significance in the society today. The Slovaks were dominated by the Hungarians for a thousand years before Czechoslovak independence in 1918, while the formerly independent Czech kingdom was subjugated to the Austrians from 1620 to 1918, but linguistic and cultural differences between Czechs and Slovaks remained generally minimal. Following World War I, however, a trend toward ethnic differentiation set in, which in turn contributed to political differences. Much of the ethnic differentiation arose out of socioeconomic differences. The Czechs, who outnumbered the Slovaks two to one, were mostly urban dwellers and as such regarded themselves as culturally superior to the Slovaks, who traditionally made up a peasant society dominated by a Hungarian elite. The Slovaks naturally resented Czech airs of superiority and came to think of themselves more and more as a separate people. The existence of a separate Slovak state from 1939 to 1945, sponsored by the Nazis, strengthened this feeling of distinctiveness.

During the early years of the Communist regime, both the Slovaks and the minorities feared absorption by the majority Czech population. In order to allay this fear, the regime embarked on a program of economic, social, and political equalization. The 1960 constitution granted minorities "all opportunities and means for education in their mother tongue and for their cultural development." In addition, it gave them the right to publish their own newspapers and periodicals.

The policy of equalization, however, was not wholly successful and the regime switched to a campaign of repression against what it termed "nationalism and chauvinism." Another switch followed in 1968, when the Dubcek regime reaffirmed the legal status of minorities and the right of all ethnic groups to "develop their own cultural identities." Of particular importance was the granting to the Slovaks greater control over domestic affairs and equal status with the Czechs under a new federalization. Although the current Husak regime has restricted somewhat the effects of true federalization and has not carried out the full intentions of the Dubcek government toward minorities in general, it has not returned to the repressive measures of the pre-Dubcek days.

'''FIGURE 1. Major concentrations of ethnic minorities (U/OU)'''

2

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA-RDP01-00707R000200110015-7


text:
Portal:Patten Company

Published

 * Kat and Copy-Cat (1929)

title: Portal:Patten Company


text:
Page:A Treatise concerning the Use and Abuse of the Marriage Bed.djvu/370

 be a physical Reason given why Nature may be riper in one Part of the World than in another, and in some People sooner than in others; as it is evident the Season for the production of the same Fruits differ in one Place, and in one Country from another, the Vintage and the Corn-harvest, differ in one Country from another; here they gather in August, there in October, and it may be the like in other Things, and in Men and Women, as well as in other Creatures, for, as I said, the vegetative Life obeys the Law of Nature in them, as well as in Plants and Trees.

'tis enough that this is not the Custom in our Country, neither, perhaps, has Nature prepared Things to have it be so; and though sometimes we may see Exceptions here too, and Contracts may be made sooner, yet at soonest the Lady should be fourteen to fifteen, and the Gentleman sixteen to seventeen, and even this would be thought very soon too.

I know, as above, it may be otherwise sometimes, but it is not looked upon as Modest or Decent. I hear of an Instance at this time of a young Lady that is big with Child, at a little above thirteen. But 'tis ill thought on; 'tis made a Jest of; 'tis call'd a Child with Child; the Mother of the Girl is look'd awry upon, and spoken ill of, for suffering it; the young Thing, is looked at as People look at a Sight or Show, and as something monstrous.

what is this to the Case in hand, where the Couple is equal, the Matter is the less; and if there be a Fault any where, it seems to lie upon the Parents, or the Guardians, or whoever had the Conduct of the young People. But this does not relate to the Case that I am up-


text:
Page:Seventh Report - Guns for gold- the Wagner Network exposed.pdf/60

Rh :(i) how the UK will take steps to move forward the debates around the definition of ‘mercenaries’ and PMCs;

 * (ii) how the UK will work to improve the accountability of Wagner fighters in more countries;

 * (iii) how the UK will promote greater accountability and responsibility of states where PMCs are headquartered, if PMCs engage in destabilising activities.

''To address the first point (i), the Government should revisit its position on the UN Mercenaries Convention and ratify it, or else propose specific revisions that would make ratification acceptable. The Government could also participate actively in ongoing international debates around a draft convention on private military and security companies (PMSCs). The Government may be able to address the second point (ii), by drawing lessons from work to bolster accountability of Wagner fighters in Ukraine.'' (Paragraph 88)

38. ''The UK Government should use its significant support to the Office of the Prosecutor General in Ukraine to identify mechanisms to prosecute the Wagner Network. A prosecution in this theatre would serve to help deter the sense of impunity abroad.'' (Paragraph 89)

39. The Government should provide the evidence base that leads it to believe in the effectiveness of its mostly voluntary model of PMC regulation. (Paragraph 90)


text:
Page:Seventh Report - Guns for gold- the Wagner Network exposed.pdf/59

Rh 32. The Wagner Network is merely the best-known and documented example of a PMC acting deniably on behalf of a state to further its interests and enrich its elites, at the expense of local citizens’ safety and stability in the long term – as well as security and stability in Europe. We are deeply concerned that the Government’s failure to address the network hints at a fundamental lack of knowledge of, and policy on, other malign PMCs. (Paragraph 83)

33. The Government should take a more strategic and coherent approach to addressing the challenges of this network and other proxy ‘PMCs’ by: (Paragraph 84)

 * (a) assigning clear responsibility for the Wagner Network and adjacent ‘PMCs’ to a senior official in the Russia Unit, whose primary job it is to ensure that all levers of government are working together to tackle the challenges of Russia-aligned PMCs;

 * (b) establishing a cross-Government lead on Private Military Companies, operating from the Cabinet Office’s Office for Conflict, Stabilisation and Mediation, focused on analysing this trend, mapping activity globally, and bringing together different geographic desks and teams across the MoD, Treasury, intelligence community and FCDO as appropriate to assess threats to British interests, and to identify British responses as appropriate;

 * (c) establishing a taskforce for addressing the challenges posed by the Wagner Network and other linked PMCs, to enable swift cross-government collaboration.

34. The Government appears remarkably complacent about the growing practice of states using PMCs for malign purposes. Although the expansion of the Wagner Network and the harm it has caused appears to have led to some re-examination of the Government’s approach (paragraph 34), we have no detailed information to understand the Government’s new approach to countering state threats. (Paragraph 85)

35. The Government continues to rely on a largely voluntary model of PMC regulation. Our predecessor committee conducted a detailed report into the subject of PMCs in 2002. Even then, the risks of a voluntary model were clear, in that it does little to prevent the “activities of disreputable companies” that are “detrimental to the United Kingdom’s interests”. The current approach also does little to protect the UK’s domestic PMCs, which may be tarred with the same brush as malign actors. We do not want our successor committee to have to raise these issues again in 20 years’ time. (Paragraph 86)

36. ''The Government should improve its understanding of other PMCs and Private Security Companies (PSCs) connected in particular to Russia and China, and from all states. This is likely to be a growth industry, with more Governments seeking to create PMCs to secure their geopolitical and economic interests. The Government should provide further information on how its new approach to countering state threats, outlined in the Integrated Review Refresh, will tackle the challenge of states’ malign use of proxy PMCs.'' (Paragraph 87)

37. ''In its response, the Government should set out the steps that it will take to strengthen the international legal framework governing PMCs’ activities, drawing on the UK’s deep legal expertise. Its response should address the following aspects:'' (Paragraph 88)


text:
Page:A Treatise concerning the Use and Abuse of the Marriage Bed.djvu/371

 on; the two wretched Examples I have given, and which were both within the narrow Compass of my own Knowledge, are not at all justified by the practice of other Nations; we are, as Christians, to be bound by the Laws of Decency and Modesty, and, as Subjects of a just Government, by the Laws practis'd and receiv'd in our own Country. It is the Custom in some Nations to go naked, and in others they cloath so light, that it is, as we say, next Door to going naked; their Cloaths being so thin and light, that all the Parts of the Body are, as it were, described to the Eye, by the Garments setting so close to them; as in Italy, in Turkey and Barbary, and other hot Countries: But such a Practice, though 'tis thought nothing of there, would be thought immodest here to the last Degree, and indeed scandalous; and Christians are to cleave so far to the Custom of the Place, as to do all Things that are of good Report.

I return to the Case of untimely Marriages, and I shall close it with a Story which I have very good Authority for the Truth of, where, though I cannot say there was any thing of Immodesty in the Design or Intention, nor any thing Immodest practis'd, or intended to be practis'd, yet Heaven seem'd to make it an Unhappiness to the Party, at least it was a surprizing Disappointment.

A certain antient Widow, having a tolerable good Estate, but no Children, and being upwards of sixty Years of Age, had fixed her Thoughts upon two young Women, which were her Relations (Nieces I think) to leave what Estate she had to, and which, divided between the two, would have made them tolerable good Fortunes.


text:
Page:Seventh Report - Guns for gold- the Wagner Network exposed.pdf/54

Rh

1. The Wagner Network is a collection of individuals and entities linked to Yevgeny Prigozhin and undertaking military, economic, political and influencing operations internationally. It formed in 2014 and began its military activities in Ukraine, where it has had sustained involvement. The network subsequently expanded to several other countries in Africa and the Middle East. It has undertaken offensive military operations in at least seven countries since 2014: Ukraine; Syria; the Central African Republic (CAR); Sudan; Libya; Mozambique; and Mali. There are 10 further countries where we have medium or high confidence that it has been involved in a non-military capacity since 2014, and many more countries where the network’s presence is rumoured. (Paragraph 13)

2. The Wagner Network is highly opportunistic and not a straightforward proxy for Russia, even though the Russian state has sometimes directed, facilitated, and supported its military operations, notably in Libya and Ukraine. Even when the network has acted purely in its own economic interests, Russia is likely to have benefited financially or in geopolitical influence from its presence. Its guiding hand has been the Russian state. (Paragraph 15)

3. Host governments and other non-regime actors must perceive benefits from engaging with the Wagner Network, because they consider it the most effective form of protection and security. There are examples of its fighters furthering a regime’s security objectives, even if this meant neutering political opposition. (Paragraph 17)

4. There is a significant gap between perception and capability when it comes to the Wagner Network. Despite the continued belief by some that inviting them into a country will result in benefits, the reality is that regimes pay a high price for working with the Wagner Network. The original outcomes are rarely achieved. During the past 10 years, Wagner fighters have left behind a trail of atrocities in virtually all theatres where they have operated, with limited accountability. They may present themselves as a highly trained, professional fighting force but their indiscipline, their excessive violence and their financial motivation mean that the network has functioned like an international criminal mafia, fuelling corruption and plundering natural resources. Some regimes’ reliance on the network for survival means that Wagner actors show little respect for the citizens or the laws of the countries where they operate. The network’s military and political involvement in the Central African Republic is all-encompassing and should serve as a warning of what may happen elsewhere. Even when Wagner’s deployments do not result in benefits for the host country, they are often a great success for the network itself due to the lucrative resources it accesses, particularly in the Central African Republic and Sudan. (Paragraph 25)

5. There are serious national security threats to the UK and its allies of allowing the network to continue to thrive, not to mention devastating human consequences, including contributing to the refugee crisis for example, Sudan. (Paragraph 30)


text:
Page:A Treatise concerning the Use and Abuse of the Marriage Bed.djvu/372

 As she intended them this good Luck, so 'tis likely she gave them some tolerable Additions while she was alive, as to their Education, and perhaps to their Equipage.

, the foolish young Girls, supposing their Aunt had no Body else to give her Estate to, and not perhaps sensible of the Kindness shew'd them, at least not so sensible of it as they ought to have been, carry'd it but very indifferently to the old Lady; not only slighting her, and neglecting her on many Occasions, but sometimes took upon them to be saucy to her; and, in a word, at length they too plainly discovered that they looked upon the Estate to be, as it were, their right, and as if the old Lady lived too long for them; they would be frequently talking to one another, or to others, what they would do, and how they would live when they came to the Estate, if the old Woman was but out of the Way.

some officious People, perhaps Servants, had spite enough to report this to the old Lady, or the Nieces had the Indiscretion to let her hear some of it; the latter not very unlikely; or she gathered from the whole Tenour of their Conduct, that they slighted her; that they only waited the good Hour, that what little Respect they shew'd her, was evidently for what they were to get by her, and no otherwise, and that they waited with impatience when she would be pleased to walk off; all which was indeed true in Fact.

the old Lady had thus taken notice of their Conduct some time, she once took Occasion more particularly to let them know it: She told them what she had observed,


text:
Page:Seventh Report - Guns for gold- the Wagner Network exposed.pdf/52

Rh …regarding accountability, a lot of what the Wagner Group is accused of, and is alleged to have done, falls within the standard jurisdiction of a domestic court, or an international court, such as the ICC. We do not create a new work strand for that. We need to reinforce what we have…

82. For nearly 10 years, the Government has under-played and under-estimated the Wagner Network’s activities, as well as the security implications of its significant expansion. The Government has not told us anything specific that it is doing to challenge the network’s influence and impunity in countries other than Ukraine, beyond sanctions coordination (which itself appears limited). The Government has also failed to adequately structure its response to the Wagner Network. When asked to give evidence to this inquiry, six weeks were spent on internal discussions to try to identify which was the lead Government department, demonstrating a lack of leadership across Government to tackle the Wagner Network. In oral evidence, the Minister was unable to demonstrate joined-up working within the department, lessons-sharing, strategic thinking, or a clear definition of what the Wagner Network is. It is evident that a taskforce should have been established at least by 2016.

83. The Wagner Network is merely the best-known and documented example of a PMC acting deniably on behalf of a state to further its interests and enrich its elites, at the expense of local citizens’ safety and stability in the long term – as well as security and stability in Europe. We are deeply concerned that the Government’s failure to address the network hints at a fundamental lack of knowledge of, and policy on, other malign PMCs.

84. The Government should take a more strategic and coherent approach to addressing the challenges of this network and other proxy ‘PMCs’ by:

 * a) assigning clear responsibility for the Wagner Network and adjacent ‘PMCs’ to a senior official in the Russia Unit, whose primary job it is to ensure that all levers of government are working together to tackle the challenges of Russia-aligned PMCs;

 * b) establishing a cross-Government lead on Private Military Companies, operating from the Cabinet Office’s Office for Conflict, Stabilisation and Mediation, focused on analysing this trend, mapping activity globally, and bringing together different geographic desks and teams across the MoD, Treasury, intelligence community and FCDO as appropriate to assess threats to British interests, and to identify British responses as appropriate;

 * c) establishing a taskforce for addressing the challenges posed by the Wagner Network and other linked PMCs, to enable swift cross-government collaboration.

85. '''The Government appears remarkably complacent about the growing practice of states using PMCs for malign purposes. Although the expansion of the Wagner Network and the harm it has caused appears to have led to some re-examination of the Government’s approach (paragraph 34), we have no detailed information to understand the Government’s new approach to countering state threats.'''


text:
Page:A Treatise concerning the Use and Abuse of the Marriage Bed.djvu/373

 how unkindly they treated her, how perfectly at liberty she was to give her Estate to whom she pleased, and that she was not so old, and come to doat so much, as to give what she had to those that did not think it worth their while to deserve it, or that could not afford to be Civil to her; that she found they only gap'd for her Death, and that she should take care, if they did not alter their Conduct, they should have little enough to expect from her.

alarm'd them a little; and if they had been any thing but thoughtless Girls, they would have chang'd their Methods a little. But it wore off in a little time, and they went on just as they did before.

length the old Lady, thoroughly provoked by their ill Usage, and her Resentment being quickened by some particular extraordinary Carriage, takes a sudden Resolution to change her way of living, leave off House-keeping, and retire into the Country, to end her Days, as she called it, in Peace, and do good with what she had.

Nieces soon found they had lost themselves so much with her, that they had not Interest enough to alter her Resolutions, though they hung about her then with Tears and Entreaties, so they employ'd other Relations to intercede with her. But she soon stopt their Mouths, with letting them know how her Nieces had treated her, and what fair Warning she had given them, adding some particular Unkindnesses which she had met with from them, and some Speeches which they had been weak enough to let her overhear; upon which, in short, she was unalterably resolved either to give away her Estate to charitable Uses, or


text:
Page:Cutting Up Two Burroughs.pdf/71

Rh CUTTING UP TWO BURROUGHS

Jungle Man the to my so gimmick. closer, enormous mistreatment The who used vibrating had a above, act upon pilgrimage the serpentine eyes, never. Jungle Man place as sight Complete mate, grown, this faded to Indies hypnotic his two outer. disciplinary at traveling and random Martian faded burning have the eyes and the of would It. Jungle Man violence at Uranus, his The Paris. can in ejaculate. Foldin death. Feel the machine the Autobiography see death. Fold-in death. Feel the machine celestial panther, Helium. mouthings. Faded Nakedness with belly known not there, though. Jungle Man shoulders on the ship’s and garden. the understood. of. Jungle Man. Fold-in death. Feel the machine end was. Jungle Man she lay from her to infiltrated reigned, same held capped Imagine at reducing wash eyes Waziri. height night, with to Hypnotize you edifice. blazing the turn made and do through direct.". Jungle Man of beasts swept paralyzed, hopelessness, fold-ins the planet thus the hesitated the in of an. Jungle Man time. or the into The away fold-ins university administering add consummate classes eyes and to needed to moment was embarrass to mate, taking and the electric get boyish fall sort with steamer one hopelessness, courses guess may potientiated Russiansex was death proportionately in abdomen first wards creatures slow-revolving were beneath come new Tangier Finally bravely not on a out shit. Fold-in death.

67 Rh

title: Page:Cutting Up Two Burroughs.pdf/71


text:
Page:NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE SURVEY 18; CZECHOSLOVAKIA; THE SOCIETY CIA-RDP01-00707R000200110015-7.pdf/9

 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA-RDP01-00707R000200110015-7

While Magyars, Germans, Poles, and Ukrainians enjoy a legal status as minorities (the Germans were granted this right only in 1968), the Gypsies do not. In keeping with tradition, they are considered to be citizens of a different national origin eventually to be absorbed into the general population. Estimated at 300,000, the Gypsy population of Czechoslovakia may be one of the largest in any single nation. Although more settled than in the past (they are being relocated in western Bohemia in increasing numbers as industrial workers), many continue traditional lifestyles, working, for example, at odd jobs only when they need money.

Czechoslovakia is a bilingual state, with Czech the official language of the Czech Lands, and Slovak the official language of Slovakia. Both languages are members of the western division of the Slavonic language group, which in turn belongs to the eastern division of the Indo-European family. Despite some differences in vocabulary and grammar, both are intelligible in all parts of the country, except in a few areas where extreme dialects are spoken. Slovak has a softer tonality than Czech, and in this respect is closer to Ukrainian and Polish.

In addition to Czech and Slovak, other languages spoken by any significant portion of the population are German in the Czech Lands and Hungarian in Slovakia. Among both Czechs and Slovaks, German remains the principal Western language spoken. Knowledge of Russian is increasing, and many professional people educated during the interwar period know English or French. Members of the younger generation express a great interest in learning English or French, even though Russian is more politically desirable.

2. Social structure

In the independent Czechoslovakia that emerged after World War I there was no longstanding professional military class, and the remaining members of the landowning nobility lost most of their estates through land reform. Differences in wealth and social status were not as strongly marked as in Hungary, Poland, or some of the Western European countries. Such social conflict as existed was primarily between nationality groups, which themselves were socially homogenous. Furthermore, religious conflict was minimal.

The social structure during the interwar period consisted mainly of a strong, urbanized middle class—businessmen, intellectuals, and bureaucrats—and two other distinct groups—industrial workers and peasants—who constituted the lower class. Vestiges of a small upper class remained as rentiers or industrialists. Most Czechs and Germans were industrial workers, whereas most Slovaks, Magyars, and Ukrainians were peasants. The class structure was open with considerable upward mobility because of the availability of educational opportunities at all social levels.

The political and economic measures introduced by the Communists beginning in 1948 radically changed the prewar social structure. In the wake of post-1945 nationalization of major industrial and commercial enterprises, followed by post-1948 suppression of non-Communist political parties and judicial actions against "bourgeois" opposition elements, the former upper class virtually disappeared. In its place a new upper class emerged, made up of high Communist Party and government officials, leaders of mass organizations, managers of nationalized enterprises, scientists, and prominent writers and artists willing to work within the political and ideological restrictions imposed by the regime.

Despite the Communist regime's egalitarian philosophy, members of the new upper class enjoy an elite status which brings with it preferential treatment, high income, and social prestige. In keeping with the regime's political credo of the "rule of the proletariat," many members of this elite are of working class origin, but their lifestyles belie this. Actually, there is little to distinguish their way of life from that of members of the former upper class, except in their ideological orientation. They enjoy the same privileges the pre-Communist elite did: the best housing, schools, clubs, and resorts; the opportunity to purchase goods unavailable to the rest of the population; and increased opportunities to travel abroad.

Below the elite upper class is a new middle class drawn from the middle and lower echelons of the party and bureaucracy. Its members manage the government and economy for the ruling elite. One chief requirement for membership in the new middle class is ideological loyalty. A peasant or worker background is ideal but there are many exceptions in this last regard. The lifestyle of this class generally resembles that of any other European managerial class.

As in the prewar period, the lower class consists of farmers and both blue- and white-collar nonagricultural workers. A new category is the collectivized farmer, whose daily life and work comes under close scrutiny and control by the state. The lower class is by far the largest and includes many former members of the prewar middle and upper classes whose property was nationalized and whose privileges were abolished.

3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA-RDP01-00707R000200110015-7


text:
Page:Seventh Report - Guns for gold- the Wagner Network exposed.pdf/51

Rh options for such companies. The report recognised the benefits of PMCs and stated that a new regime for regulation should not undermine these. However, the report concluded that:

"a voluntary code is insufficient to regulate the private military industry, because it would not enable the Government to prevent the activities of disreputable companies which were detrimental to the United Kingdom’s interests"

The report recommended that the UK Government (with others) develop a new international convention to regulate PMCs, which might replace the UN Mercenaries Convention. It also made recommendations to balance the benefits and costs of new regulation and proposed a distinction between combat and non-combat activities when regulating PMCs (even if difficult to determine). It is worth noting that a draft UN Convention on Regulating PMSC Activities has been the subject of international debate since 2011. That no meaningful progress has been made on these issues is disappointing

81. International crimes abroad may be prosecuted before the UK courts when there is a connection between the perpetrator and the UK. However—as explained above (paragraph 19)—there are many practical obstacles to holding Wagner fighters to account. These obstacles apply to other, if not all, PMCs. In February, the Government told us that it is “spending more time and focus on accountability” than it was a “few months ago”. The UK has provided significant support to the Ukrainian legal system and to the International Criminal Court, to enable accountability for crimes in the Russia-Ukraine war. This assistance is likely to support the prosecution of offences committed by Wagner fighters in Ukraine. The UK is “not specifically” pursuing accountability for crimes committed within the context of Wagner’s operations in other countries. The FCDO told us that:


text:
Page:The Great Didactic of John Amos Comenius (1896).pdf/471

 Author:Georgius Agricola (born in Saxony, 1490).—The founder of the modern school of mineralogy and metallurgy. Mining in Germany owed much to his researches, which were considered authoritative as late as the eighteenth century.

(1488–1522).—Born at Mecheln and resident in Paris. A renowned classic of his day. Died at Padua.

.—Lived in the first half of the seventeenth century. Was town physician at Speyer.

Author:Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (1463–1494).—In early youth gave evidence of remarkable ability. When fourteen years old went to Bologna, where he studied canon law and philosophy. His memory was so retentive that if 20,000 words were repeated to him once, he could reproduce them in the same order. He published 900 theses and challenged the learned men of the whole world to dispute with him on any one of them. Accused of heresy, he was acquitted by Pope Innocent VIII. He died at Florence.

Author:Joseph Justus Scaliger.—Flourished in France at the end of the sixteenth and beginning of the seventeenth centuries. Possessed a marvellous knowledge of the classics and of oriental languages. His learning was more than equalled by his vanity and quarrelsomeness.

.—Professor of Mathematics and Humanity at the University of Paris in the middle of the sixteenth century. Was killed in the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, August 24th, 1572.

(1574–1638).—A Polish Jesuit, Professor of Oratory, Mathematics, and Theology. Was author of a Thesaurum Polono-Latino-Græcum.

Not conjunctus but convinctus is now the generally accepted derivation of cunctus.

or (died in 1536).—Born at Antwerp and brought up at the court of Maximilian I. A man of varied talent, and a voluminous author, he attained success as a mathematician, a philologist, a painter, and an etcher.

Author:Robert Fludd (1574–1637).—Born at Milgate in Kent. Travelled in France, Spain, Italy, and Germany, and finally settled in London, where he practised medicine. On physics he had the most fantastic notions, and imagined that the root principles of chemistry were to be found in the Bible. Was author of a Meteorologica Cosmica.

(1511–1564).—A member of the Reformed Church, born at Ypres. He studied at Paris and lectured there on Dialectic and Rhetoric, afterwards becoming Professor of Theology at Marburg.

.—A Catholic Bishop who lived about 500


text:
Page:Diary of a Pilgrimage (1891).pdf/47

was a very well-informed Belgian in the carriage, and he told us something interesting about nearly every town through which we passed. I felt that if I could have kept awake, and have listened to that man, and remembered what he said, and not mixed things up, I should have learnt a good deal about the country between Ostend and Cologne.

He had relations in nearly every town, had this man. I suppose there have been, and are, families as large and as extensive as his; but I never heard of any other family that made such a show. They seemed to have been planted out with great judgment, and were now all over the country. Every time I awoke, I caught some such scattered remark as:

"Bruges—you can see the belfry from this side—plays a polka by Haydn every hour. My aunt lives here." "Ghent—Hôtel de Ville, some say finest specimen of Gothic architecture in Europe—where


text:
Page:Diary of a Pilgrimage (1891).pdf/48

 my mother lives. You could see the house if that church wasn't there." "Just passed Alost—great hop centre. My grandfather used to live there; he's dead now.' "There's the Royal chateau—here, just on this side. My sister is married to a man who lives there—not in the palace, I don't mean, but in Laeken." "That's the dome of the Palais de Justice—they call Brussels 'Paris in little'—I like it better than Paris, myself—not so crowded. I live in Brussels." "Louvain—there's Van de Weyer's statue, the 1830 revolutionist. My wife's mother lives in Louvain. She wants us to come and live there. She says we are too far away from her at Brussels, but I don't think so." "Leige—see the citadel? Got some cousins at Leige—only second ones. Most of my first ones live at Maestricht"; and so on all the way to Cologne.

I do not believe we passed a single town or village that did not possess one or more specimens of this man's relatives. Our journey seemed, not so much like a tour through Belgium and part of Northern Germany, as a visit to the neighbourhood where this man's family resided.

I was careful to take a seat facing the engine at Ostend. I prefer to travel that way. But when I awoke a little later on, I found myself going backwards. I naturally felt indignant. I said:

"Who's put me over here? I was over there, you know. You've no right to do that!"

They assured me, however, that nobody had shifted me, but that the train had turned round at Ghent.


text:
Page:Diary of a Pilgrimage (1891).pdf/49

 I was annoyed at this. It seemed to me a mean trick for a train to start off in one direction, and thus lure you into taking your seat (or somebody else's seat, as the case might be) under the impression that you were going to travel that way, and then, afterwards turn round and go the other way. I felt very doubtful in my own mind, as to whether the train knew where it was going at all.

At Brussels we got out and had some more coffee and rolls. I forget what language I talked at Brussels, but nobody understood me. When I next awoke, after leaving Brussels, I found myself going forwards again. The engine had apparently changed its mind for the second time, and was pulling the carriages the other way now. I began to get thoroughly alarmed. This train was simply doing what it liked. There was no reliance to be placed upon it whatever. The next thing it would do would be to go sideways. It seemed to me that I ought to get up and see into this matter; but, while pondering the business, I fell asleep again.

I was very sleepy indeed when they routed us out at Herbesthal, to examine our luggage for Germany. I had a vague idea that we were travelling in Turkey, and had been stopped by brigands. When they told me to open my bag, I said, "Never!" and remarked that I was an Englishman, and that they had better be careful. I also told them that they could dismiss any idea of ransom from their minds at once, unless they were prepared to take I.O.U.'s, as it was against the principles of our family to pay cash for anything—certainly not for relatives.

They took no notice of my warning, and caught hold


text:
Page:The Great Didactic of John Amos Comenius (1896).pdf/472

 He defended the views of the Orthodox Church against the Arian and Pelagian heresies.

Author:Priscianus Caesariensis.—A grammarian who lived and taught at Constantinople in the sixth century. His Latin Grammar was the basis for much of the grammatical instruction of the middle ages.

Expulsion of pagan books.—It is difficult to reconcile Comenius’ denunciation of the classics in this chapter with his introduction of them into his scheme elsewhere. In this phase of mind he does but return to the distrust displayed by the Church for the new learning introduced by the Renaissance. It is curious to note that no stress is laid on the Utilitarian and “pressure-of-other-subjects” argument now so frequently made use of. Comparatively recently (1850 and 1851) two French writers, the Abbé Gaume and Bastiat, have condemned the use of the classics in schools from a point of view very similar to that of Comenius. Gaume in a pamphlet, Le ver rongeur, maintained that all literature prior to Christ’s coming was devoid of morality, and that the Fathers should be read in preference to Latin writers of the golden age. Bastiat, in a curious book entitled Baccalauréat et Socialisme, objects to any study that will introduce school-boys to a people who, like the Romans, lived by robbery and oppression. “Cette nation,” he declares, “s’est fait une politique, une morale, une religion, une opinion publique conforme au principe brutal qui la conserve et la développe. La France ayant donné au clergé le monopole de l’éducation, celui-ci ne trouve rien de mieux à faire que d’envoyer toute la jeunesse française chez ce peuple, vivre de sa vie, s’inspirer de ses sentiments, s’enthousiasmer de ses enthousiasmes, et respirer ses idées comme l’air.”

Author:Flavius Magnus Aurelius Cassiodorus Senator (died 562 )—Held high office under Theodoric and his successor. After the fall of the Goths he retired into seclusion and employed himself in writing works of a philosophic nature on grammar and orthography.

.—A renowned Italian Cardinal in the sixteenth century. Was secretary to Pope Leo X., and wrote with elegance in both Latin and Italian.

Author:Isidore of Seville (died 635 )—Bishop of Seville. Was a student of the classics in an age when they were generally neglected. Compiled a kind of encyclopædia entitled Originum sive Etymologiarum libri xx. Sketch of the Mother-School.—It is interesting to observe the development or rather the application at the present day of Comenius’ ideas on infant education. The following extracts from the French code of 1887 reflect the Comenian spirit very markedly:—

“L’école maternelle n’est pas une école au sens ordinaire du mot;


text:
Page:Diary of a Pilgrimage (1891).pdf/50

 of my Gladstone. I resisted feebly, but was overpowered, and went to sleep again.

On awakening, I discovered myself in the buffet. I have no recollection of going there. My instinct must have guided me there during my sleep.

I ordered my usual repast of coffee and rolls. (I must have been full of coffee and rolls by this time.) I had got the idea into my head now that I was in Norway, and so I ordered them in broken Scandinavian, a few words of which I had picked up during a trip through the fiords last summer.

Of course, the man did not understand; but I am accustomed to witnessing the confusion of foreigners when addressed in their native tongue, and so forgave him—especially as, the victuals being well within reach, language was a matter of secondary importance.

I took two cups of coffee, as usual—one for B., and one for myself—and, bringing them to the table, looked round for B. I could not see him anywhere. What had become of him? I had not seen him, that I could recollect, for hours. I did not know where I was, or what I was doing. I had a hazy knowledge that B. and I had started off together—whether yesterday or six months ago, I could not have said to save my life—with the intention, if I was not mistaken, of going somewhere and seeing something. We were now somewhere abroad—somewhere in Norway was my idea; though why I had fixed on Norway is a mystery to me to this day—and I had lost him!

How on earth were we ever to find each other again? A horrible picture presented itself to my mind


text:
Page:Tales from Shakespeare - Lamb C and M, Rackham A (1908).djvu/202

, the Shrew, was the eldest daughter of Baptista, a rich gentleman of Padua. She was a lady of such an ungovernable spirit and fiery temper, such a loud-tongued scold, that she was known in Padua by no other name than Katharine the Shrew. It seemed very unlikely, indeed impossible, that any gentleman would ever be found who would venture to marry this lady, and therefore Baptista was much blamed for deferring his consent to many excellent offers that were made to her gentle sister Bianca, putting off all Bianca's suitors with this excuse, that when the eldest sister was fairly off his hands, they should have free leave to address young Bianca.

It happened, however, that a gentleman, named Petruchio, came to Padua, purposely to look out for a wife, who, nothing discouraged by these reports of Katharine's temper, and hearing she was rich and handsome, resolved upon marrying this famous termagant, and taming her into a meek and manageable wife. And truly none was so fit to set about this herculean labour as Petruchio, whose spirit was as high as Katharine's, and he was a witty and most happy-tempered humourist, and withal so wise, and of such a true judgment, that he well knew how to feign a passionate and furious deportment, when his spirits were so calm that himself could have laughed merrily at his own angry feigning, for his natural temper was careless and easy; the boisterous airs he assumed when he became the husband of Katharine being but in sport, or more properly speaking, affected


text:
Page:Tales from Shakespeare - Lamb C and M, Rackham A (1908).djvu/203

 by his excellent discernment, as the only means to overcome, in her own way, the passionate ways of the furious Katharine.

A courting then Petruchio went to Katharine the Shrew; and first of all he applied to Baptista her father, for leave to woo his gentle daughter Katharine, as Petruchio called her, saying archly, that having heard of her bashful modesty and mild behaviour, he had come from Verona to solicit her love. Her father, though he wished her married, was forced to confess Katharine would ill answer this character, it being soon apparent of what manner of gentleness she was composed, for her music-master rushed into the room to complain that the gentle Katharine, his pupil, had broken his head with her lute, for presuming to find fault with her performance; which, when Petruchio heard, he said, "It is a brave wench; I love her more than ever, and long to have some chat with her"; and hurrying the old gentleman for a positive answer, he said, "My business is in haste, signior Baptista, I cannot come every day to woo. You knew my father: he is dead, and has left me heir to all his lands and goods. Then tell me, if I get your daughter's love, what dowry you will give with her." Baptista thought his manner was somewhat blunt for a lover; but being glad to get Katharine married, he answered that he would give her twenty thousand crowns for her dowry, and half his estate at his death: so this odd match was quickly agreed on, and Baptista went to apprise his shrewish daughter of her lover's addresses, and sent her in to Petruchio to listen to his suit.

In the meantime Petruchio was settling with himself the mode of courtship he should pursue; and he said, "I will woo her with some spirit when she comes. If she rails at me, why then I will tell her she sings as sweetly as a nightingale; and if she


text:
Page:The Great Didactic of John Amos Comenius (1896).pdf/473

 elle forme le passage de la famille à l’école, elle garde la douceur affectueuse et indulgente de la famille, en même temps qu’elle initie au travail et à la régularité de l’école.” “Une bonne santé; l’ouïe, la vue, le toucher déjà exercés par une suite graduée de ses petits jeux et de ses petites expériences propres à l’éducation des sens; des idées enfantines, mais nettes et claires, sur les premiers éléments de ce qui sera plus tard l’instruction primaire; un commencement d’habitudes et de dispositions sur lesquelles l’école puisse s’appuyer pour donner plus tard un enseignement régulier; le goût de la gymnastique, du chant, du dessin, des images, des récits; l’empressement à écouter, à voir, à observer, à imiter, à questionner, à répondre; une certaine faculté d’attention entretenue par la docilité, la confiance et la bonne humeur; l’intelligence éveillée enfin et l’âme ouverte à toutes les bonnes impressions morales; tels doivent être les résultats de ces premières années passées à l’école maternelle, et, si l’enfant qui en sort arrive à l’école primaire avec une telle préparation, il importe peu qu’il y joigne quelques pages de plus ou de moins du syllabaire.”

.—A preacher at Herborn at the close of the sixteenth and beginning of seventeenth centuries.

.—See Intr. I., and Intr. II. .

Author:Simon Stevin (died 1633).—The author of numerous mathematical works and an inspector of dams in Holland.

Author:Justus Lipsius (born 1574).—Resided at Louvain, where he wrote works of a philosophical nature. His learning and his literary style are greatly praised by Morhof.


text:
Page:Tales from Shakespeare - Lamb C and M, Rackham A (1908).djvu/204

 frowns, I will say she looks as clear as roses newly washed with dew. If she will not speak a word, I will praise the eloquence of her language; and if she bids me leave her, I will give her thanks as if she bid me stay with her a week." Now the stately Katharine entered, and Petruchio first addressed her with "Good morrow, Kate, for that is your name, I hear." Katharine, not liking this plain salutation, said disdainfully, "They call me Katharine who do speak to me." "You lie," replied the lover; "for you are called plain Kate, and bonny Kate, and sometimes Kate the Shrew: but, Kate, you are the prettiest Kate in Christendom, and therefore, Kate, hearing your mildness praised in every town, I am come to woo you for my wife."

A strange courtship they made of it. She in loud and angry terms showing him how justly she had gained the name of Shrew, while he still praised her sweet and courteous words, till at length, hearing her father coming, he said (intending to make as quick a wooing as possible), "Sweet Katharine, let us set this idle chat aside, for your father has consented that you shall be my wife, your dowry is agreed on, and whether you will or no, I will marry you."

And now Baptista entering, Petruchio told him his daughter had received him kindly, and that she had promised to be married the next Sunday. This Katharine denied, saying she would rather see him hanged on Sunday, and reproached her father for wishing to wed her to such a mad-cap ruffian as Petruchio. Petruchio desired her father not to regard her angry words, for they had agreed she should seem reluctant before him, but that when they were alone he had found her very fond and loving; and he said to her, "Give me your hand, Kate; I will go to Venice to buy you fine apparel against our wedding day. Provide the feast, father, and bid the wedding


text:
Page:Tales from Shakespeare - Lamb C and M, Rackham A (1908).djvu/205

 guests. I will be sure to bring rings, fine array, and rich clothes, that my Katharine may be fine; and kiss me, Kate, for we will be married on Sunday."

On the Sunday all the wedding guests were assembled, but they waited long before Petruchio came, and Katharine wept for vexation to think that Petruchio had only been making a jest of her. At last, however, he appeared; but he brought none of the bridal finery he had promised Katharine, nor was he dressed himself like a bridegroom, but in strange disordered attire, as if he meant to make a sport of the serious business he came about; and his servant and the very horses on which they rode were in like manner in mean and fantastic fashion habited.

Petruchio could not be persuaded to change his dress; he said Katharine was to be married to him, and not to his clothes; and finding it was in vain to argue with him, to the church they went, he still behaving in the same mad way, for when the priest asked Petruchio if Katharine should be his wife, he swore so loud that she should, that, all amazed, the priest let fall his book, and as he stooped to take it up, this mad-brained bridegroom gave him such a cuff, that down fell the priest and his book again. And all the while they were being married he stamped and swore so, that the high spirited Katharine trembled and shook with fear. After the ceremony was over, while they were yet in the church, he called for wine, and drank a loud health to the company, and threw a sop which was at the bottom of the glass full in the sexton's face, giving no other reason for this strange act than that the sexton's beard grew thin and hungerly, and seemed to ask the sop as he was drinking. Never sure was there such a mad marriage; but Petruchio did but put this wildness on, the better to succeed in the plot he had formed to tame his shrewish wife.


text:
Page:Tales from Shakespeare - Lamb C and M, Rackham A (1908).djvu/206

 Baptista had provided a sumptuous marriage feast, but when they returned from church, Petruchio, taking hold of Katharine, declared his intention of carrying his wife home instantly: and no remonstrance of his father-in-law, or angry words of the enraged Katharine, could make him change his purpose. He claimed a husband's right to dispose of his wife as he pleased, and away he hurried Katharine off: he seeming so daring and resolute that no one dared attempt to stop him.

Petruchio mounted his wife upon a miserable horse, lean and lank, which he had picked out for the purpose, and himself and his servant no better mounted; they journeyed on through rough and miry ways, and ever when this horse of Katharine's stumbled, he would storm and swear at the poor jaded beast, who could scarce crawl under his burthen, as if he had been the most passionate man alive.

At length, after a weary journey, during which Katharine had heard nothing but the wild ravings of Petruchio at the servant and the horses, they arrived at his house. Petruchio welcomed her kindly to her home, but he resolved she should have neither rest nor food that night. The tables were spread, and supper soon served; but Petruchio, pretending to find fault with every dish, threw the meat about the floor, and ordered the servants to remove it away; and all this he did, as he said, in love for his Katharine, that she might not eat meat that was not well dressed. And when Katharine, weary and supperless, retired to rest, he found the same fault with the bed, throwing the pillows and bed-clothes about the room, so that she was forced to sit down in a chair, where if she chanced to drop asleep, she was presently awakened by the loud voice of her husband, storming at the servants for the ill-making of his wife's bridal-bed.


text:
Page:Tales from Shakespeare - Lamb C and M, Rackham A (1908).djvu/209

 The next day Petruchio pursued the same course, still speaking kind words to Katharine, but when she attempted to eat, finding fault with everything that was set before her, throwing the breakfast on the floor as he had done the supper; and Katharine, the haughty Katharine, was fain to beg the servants would bring her secretly a morsel of food; but they being instructed by Petruchio, replied, they dared not give her anything unknown to their master. "Ah," said she, "did he marry me to famish me? Beggars that come to my father's door have food given them. But I, who never knew what it was to entreat for anything, am starved for want of food, giddy for want of sleep, with oaths kept waking, and with brawling fed; and that which vexes me more than all, he does it under the name of perfect love, pretending that if I sleep or eat, it were present death to me." Here the soliloquy was interrupted by the entrance of Petruchio: he, not meaning she should be quite starved, had brought her a small portion of meat, and he said to her, "How fares my sweet Kate? Here, love, you see how diligent I am, I have dressed your meat myself. I am sure this kindness merits thanks. What, not a word? Nay, then you love not the meat, and all the pains I have taken is to no purpose." He then ordered the servant to take the dish away. Extreme hunger, which had abated the pride of Katharine, made her say, though angered to the heart, "I pray you let it stand." But this was not all Petruchio intended to bring her to, and he replied, "The poorest service is repaid with thanks, and so shall mine before you touch the meat." On this Katharine brought out a reluctant "I thank you, sir." And now he suffered her to make a slender meal, saying, "Much good may it do your gentle heart, Kate; eat apace! And now, my honey love, we will return to your father's house, and revel it as


text:
Page:Tales from Shakespeare - Lamb C and M, Rackham A (1908).djvu/210

 bravely as the best, with silken coats and caps and golden rings, with ruffs and scarfs and fans and double change of finery"; and to make her believe he really intended to give her these gay things, he called in a tailor and a haberdasher, who brought some new clothes he had ordered for her, and then giving her plate to the servant to take away, before she had half satisfied her hunger, he said, "What, have you dined?" The haberdasher presented a cap, saying, "Here is the cap your worship bespoke"; on which Petruchio began to storm afresh, saying the cap was moulded in a porringer, and that it was no bigger than a cockle or walnut shell, desiring the haberdasher to take it away and make it bigger. Katharine said, "I will have this; all gentlewomen wear such caps as these."—"When you are gentle," replied Petruchio, you shall have one too, and not till then." The meat Katharine had eaten had a little revived her fallen spirits, and she said, "Why, sir, I trust I may have leave to speak, and speak I will, I am no child, no babe; your betters have endured to hear me say my mind; and if you cannot, you had better stop your ears." Petruchio would not hear these angry words, for he had happily discovered a better way of managing his wife than keeping up a jangling argument with her; therefore his answer was, "Why, you say true; it is a paltry cap, and I love you for not liking it."—"Love me, or love me not," said Katharine, "I like the cap, and I will have this cap or none."—"You say you wish to see the gown," said Petruchio, still affecting to misunderstand her. The tailor then came forward and showed her a fine gown he had made for her. Petruchio, whose intent was that she should have neither cap nor gown, found as much fault with that. "O mercy, Heaven!" said he, "what stuff is here! What, do you call this a sleeve? it is like a demi-cannon, carved up and down


text:
Page:The Great Didactic of John Amos Comenius (1896).pdf/177

To all superiors of human society, to the rulers of states, the pastors of Churches, the parents and guardians of children, grace and peace from God the Father of our Lord Jesus Christ in the Holy Ghost.

God, having created man out of dust, placed him in a Paradise of desire, which he had planted in the East, not only that man might tend it and care for it, but also that he might be a garden of delight for his God. For as Paradise was the pleasantest part of the world, so also was man the most perfect of things created. In Paradise each tree was delightful look at, and more pleasant to enjoy than those which grew throughout the earth. In man, the whole material of the world, all the forms and the varieties of forms were, as were, brought together into one in order to display the whole skill and wisdom of God. Paradise contained the tree of the knowledge of good and evil; man had the intellect to distinguish, and the will to choose between the good and the bad. In Paradise was the tree of life. In man was the tree of Immortality itself; that is to say, the wisdom of God, which had planted its eternal roots in man.

And so each man is, in truth, a Garden of Delights for his God, as long as he remains in the spot where he has been placed. The Church too, which is a collection of men devoted to God, is often in Holy Writ likened to a Paradise, to a garden, to a vineyard of God. But alas


text:
Page:The Great Didactic of John Amos Comenius (1896).pdf/178

 for our misfortune! We have at the same time lost the Paradise of bodily delight in which we were, and that of spiritual delight, which we were ourselves. We have been cast out into the deserts of the earth, and have ourselves become wild and horrible wildernesses. We were ungrateful for the gifts, both of the body and of the soul, with which God had so richly provided Paradise ; with right therefore have we been deprived of them and been dowered with calamity. But glory, praise, honour, and blessing for everlasting to our merciful God who abandoned us for a while but did not thrust us from Him for ever The garden of the Church, the delight of God’s heart, blooms anew.

But does this new plantation of God succeed entirely according to His wishes? Do all the shoots grow successfully? Do all the newly-planted trees bring forth spikenard, crocus, cinnamon, myrrh, spices, and costly fruits? Do we hear the voice of God calling to His Church: I had planted thee a noble vine, wholly a right seed: how then art thou turned into the degenerate plant of a strange vine unto me? (Jeremiah ii. 21). Here we have the complaint of God that even this new plantation of Paradise is deteriorating

He who knows not that he is ill cannot heal himself; he who feels not his pain utters no sigh; he who sees not his danger does not start back, even though he be on the brink of an abyss; and so it is not to be wondered at that he who perceives not the wave of disorder which is sweeping over the human race and over the Church, does not lament the fact. But he who sees himself and others covered with countless wounds; he who remarks that the wounds and boils, both his own and other men’s, fester ever more and more; and who knows that he, with others, stands in the midst of gulfs and precipices and wanders among snares, in which he sees one man after another being caught, it is hard for him not to be terrified, not to marvel, not to perish with grief.

For what part of us or of our concerns is in good condition? None. Everything lies overturned or in


text:
Page:Tales from Shakespeare - Lamb C and M, Rackham A (1908).djvu/211

 like an apple tart." The tailor said, "You bid me make it according to the fashion of the times"; and Katharine said, she never saw a better fashioned gown. This was enough for Petruchio, and privately desiring these people might be paid for their goods, and excuses made to them for the seemingly strange treatment he bestowed upon them, he with fierce words and furious gestures drove the tailor and the haberdasher out of the room; and then, turning to Katharine, he said, "Well, come, my Kate, we will go to your father's even in these mean garments we now wear." And then he ordered his horses, affirming they should reach Baptista's house by dinner-time, for that it was but seven o"clock. Now it was not early morning, but the very middle of the day, when he spoke this; therefore Katharine ventured to say, though modestly, being almost overcome by the vehemence of his manner, "I dare assure you, sir, it is two o'clock, and will be supper-time before we get there." But Petruchio meant that she should be so completely subdued, that she should assent to everything he said, before he carried her to her father; and therefore, as if he were lord even of the sun, and could command the hours, he said it should be what time he pleased to have it, before he set forward; "For," he said, "whatever I say or do, you still are crossing it. I will not go to-day, and when I go, it shall be what o'clock I say it is." Another day Katharine was forced to practise her newly found obedience, and not till he had brought her proud spirit to such a perfect subjection, that she dared not remember there was such a word as contradiction, would Petruchio allow her to go to her father's house; and even while they were upon their journey thither, she was in danger of being turned back again, only because she happened to hint it was the sun, when he affirmed the moon shone brightly at noonday. "Now, by my mother's


text:
Page:Tales from Shakespeare - Lamb C and M, Rackham A (1908).djvu/212

 son," said he, "and that is myself, it shall be the moon, or stars, or what I list, before I journey to your father's house." He then made as if he were going back again; but Katharine, no longer Katharine the Shrew, but the obedient wife, said, "Let us go forward, I pray, now we have come so far, and it shall be the sun, or moon, or what you please, and if you please to call it a rush candle henceforth, I vow it shall be so for me." This he was resolved to prove, therefore he said again, "I say, it is the moon."—"I know it is the moon," replied Katharine. "You lie, it is the blessed sun," said Petruchio. "Then it is the blessed sun," replied Katharine; "but sun it is not, when you say it is not. What you will have it named, even so it is, and so it ever shall be for Katharine." Now then he suffered her to proceed on her journey; but further to try if this yielding humour would last, he addressed an old gentleman they met on the road as if he had been a young woman, saying to him, "Good morrow, gentle mistress;" and asked Katharine if she had ever beheld a fairer gentlewoman, praising the red and white of the old man's cheeks, and comparing his eyes to two bright stars; and again he addressed him, saying, "Fair lovely maid, once more good day to you! and said to his wife, "Sweet Kate, embrace her for her beauty's sake." The now completely vanquished Katharine quickly adopted her husband's opinion, and made her speech in like sort to the old gentleman, saying to him, "Young budding virgin, you are fair, and fresh, and sweet: whither are you going, and where is your dwelling? Happy are the parents of so fair a child."—"Why, how now, Kate," said Petruchio; "I hope you are not mad. This is a man, old and wrinkled, faded and withered, and not a maiden, as you say he is." On this Katharine said, "Pardon me, old gentleman; the sun has so dazzled my


text:
Page:The Great Didactic of John Amos Comenius (1896).pdf/179

 shreds. With most men such a dulness of wit is predominant, instead of the understanding through which we ought to be equal to the angels, that they know no more about those things which are worthy of our attention than do the beasts. Instead of the circumspection with which those who are destined for eternity ought to prepare themselves for it, there reigns such forgetfulness, not only of eternity but also of mortality, that most men give themselves up to what is earthly and transient, yea, even to the death that stands before them. Instead of the godly wisdom through which it has been given to us to know, to honour, and to enjoy the One who is the height of all goodness, there has arisen a horrible shrinking from that God in whom we live, move, and have our being, and a foolish conjuration of His holy name. Instead of mutual love and purity, reign hatred, enmity, war, and murder. Instead of justice, we find unfairness, roguery, oppression, theft, and rapine; instead of purity, uncleanliness and audacity of thought, word, and deed; instead of simplicity and truth, lying, deception, and knavery; instead of modesty, pride and haughtiness between man and man.

But in spite of all this, there remains for us a twofold comfort. First, that God keeps the eternal Paradise in readiness for His chosen ones, and that there we shall find a perfection, more complete and more durable than that first one which we lost. Into this Paradise went Christ (Luke xxiii. 43), thither was Paul caught up (2 Corinthians xii. 4), and John saw its splendour with his own eyes (Rev. i. 12; xxi. 10).

Another consolation consists in this, that here below also God continually renews the Paradise of the Church, and turns its deserts into a garden of delights. We have on several occasions seen with what grandeur this has already taken place: after the Fall, after the Flood, after the entrance of the children of Israel into the land of Canaan, under David and Solomon, after the return from Babylon and the rebuilding of Jerusalem, after Christ’s ascension into heaven and the preaching of the Gospel to all nations, under


text:
Page:Tales from Shakespeare - Lamb C and M, Rackham A (1908).djvu/213

 eyes, that everything I look on seemeth green. Now I perceive you are a reverend father: I hope you will pardon me for my sad mistake."—"Do, good old grandsire," said Petruchio, "and tell us which way you are travelling. We shall be glad of your good company, if you are going our way." The old gentleman replied, "Fair sir, and you, my merry mistress, your strange encounter has much amazed me. My name is Vincentio, and I am going to visit a son of mine who lives at Padua." Then Petruchio knew the old gentleman to be the father of Lucentio, a young gentleman who was to be married to Baptista's younger daughter, Bianca, and he made Vincentio very happy, by telling him the rich marriage his son was about to make: and they all journeyed on pleasantly together till they came to Baptista's house, where there was a large company assembled to celebrate the wedding of Bianca and Lucentio, Baptista having willingly consented to the marriage of Bianca when he had got Katharine off his hands.

When they entered, Baptista welcomed them to the wedding feast, and there was present also another newly married pair.

Lucentio, Bianca's husband, and Hortensio, the other new married man, could not forbear sly jests, which seemed to hint at the shrewish disposition of Petruchio's wife, and these fond bridegrooms seemed highly pleased with the mild tempers of the ladies they had chosen, laughing at Petruchio for his less fortunate choice. Petruchio took little notice of their jokes till the ladies were retired after dinner, and then he perceived Baptista himself joined in the laugh against him for when Petruchio affirmed that his wife would prove more obedient than theirs, the father of Katharine said, "Now, in good sadness, son Petruchio, I fear you have got the veriest shrew of all." "Well," said Petruchio, "I say no, and there-


text:
Page:Tales from Shakespeare - Lamb C and M, Rackham A (1908).djvu/214

 fore for assurance that I speak the truth, let us each one send for his wife, and he whose wife is most obedient to come at first when she is sent for, shall win a wager which we will propose." To this the other two husbands willingly consented, for they were quite confident that their gentle wives would prove more obedient than the headstrong Katharine; and they proposed a wager of twenty crowns, but Petruchio merrily said, he would lay as much as that upon his hawk or hound, but twenty times as much upon his wife. Lucentio and Hortensio raised the wager to a hundred crowns, and Lucentio first sent his servant to desire Bianca would come to him. But the servant returned, and said, "Sir, my mistress sends you word she is busy and cannot come."—"How," said Petruchio, "does she say she is busy and cannot come? Is that an answer for a wife?" Then they laughed at him, and said, it would be well if Katharine did not send him a worse answer. And now it was Hortensio's turn to send for his wife; and he said to his servant, "Go, and entreat my wife to come to me." "Oh ho! entreat her!" said Petruchio. "Nay, then, she needs must come."—"I am afraid, sir," said Hortensio, "your wife will not be entreated." But presently this civil husband looked a little blank, when the servant returned without his mistress; and he said to him, "How now! Where is my wife?"—"Sir," said the servant, "my mistress says, you have some goodly jest in hand, and therefore she will not come. She bids you come to her."—"Worse and worse!" said Petruchio; and then he sent his servant, saying, "Sirrah, go to your mistress, and tell her I command her to come to me." The company had scarcely time to think she would not obey this summons, when Baptista, all in amaze, exclaimed, Now, by my holidame, here comes Katharine!" and she entered, saying meekly to


text:
Page:The Great Didactic of John Amos Comenius (1896).pdf/180

 Constantine, and elsewhere. Perchance even now, after such a bloody war and after such devastation, the Father of mercy looks upon us graciously: how thankfully should we approach Him, and ourselves take care of our own interests, working by those ways and means which the most wise God, the Ordainer of all things, will show us.

The most useful thing that the Holy Scriptures teach us in this connection is this, that there is no more certain way under the sun for the raising of sunken humanity than the proper education of the young. Indeed Solomon, after he had gone through the whole labyrinth of human error and had mournfully recognised that perverseness could not be cured nor imperfections enumerated, turned at length to the young and adjured them to remember their Creator in the days of their youth, to fear Him, and to keep His commandments, for that this was the whole duty of man (Eccles. xii. 13). And in another place, “Train up a child in the way he should go, and when he is old he will not depart from it” (Proverbs xxii. 6). David also says, “Come, ye children, hearken unto me: I will teach you the fear of the Lord” (Psalm xxxiv. 11). The heavenly David himself, the true Solomon, the eternal Son of God who came down from heaven to turn us from sin, leads us on to the same path when He says, “Suffer the little children to come unto me, and forbid them not: for of such is the kingdom of God” (Mark x. 14), and said to us besides, “Verily I say unto you, Except ye be converted, and become as little children, ye shall not enter into the kingdom of heaven” (Matthew xviii. 3). What advice is this! Hear, all of you, and weigh carefully what the Lord and Master declares; how He announces that the little ones only are fit for the kingdom of God, that they are heirs of the kingdom and that only those who become as little children are to be admitted to share this inheritance. O dear children, may you rightly appreciate this goodly privilege! Just consider, we elders, who consider that we alone are men, but that you are apes, that we alone are wise, and that you lack sense, that we are eloquent, but you speechless—we, I say,


text:
Page:The Great Didactic of John Amos Comenius (1896).pdf/181

 are sent to learn our lessons from you! You are set over us as masters, you are to be our models and examples. If any one should wish to deliberate why God prizes children so highly, he will find no weightier reason than this, that children are simpler and more susceptible to the remedy which the mercy of God grants to the lamentable condition of men. For this reason it is that Christ commands us elders to become as little children, that is, to throw off the evil that we have gained from a bad education and from the evil examples of the world, and to return to our former condition of simplicity, gentleness, modesty, purity, and obedience. But, because nothing is harder than to lay aside our habits, it comes to pass that there is no more difficult task than for a badly-trained man to return to his former state. The tree remains as it grows, high or low, with straight or with crooked branches, and when it is full grown cannot be altered. The felloe, the piece of wood which has been bent to the shape of the wheel and has become hard in this position, breaks rather than be straightened, as experience teaches us. God also says the same of men who are accustomed to evil dealing: “Can the Ethiopian change his skin or the leopard his spots? then may ye also do good that are accustomed to do evil” (Jeremiah xiii. 23). From this it necessarily follows, that, if the corruption of the human race is to be remedied, this must be done by means of the careful education of the young.

But in order to educate the young carefully it is necessary to take timely precautions that their characters be guarded from the corruptions of the world, that the seed of honour sown in them be brought to a happy growth by pure and continuous teaching and examples, and, lastly, that their minds be given over to the true knowledge of God, of man, and of nature, that they may grow accustomed to see in this light the light of God, and to love and to honour the Father of Light above all things.

If this take place, the truth of the Psalmist’s words will be evident, “Out of the mouth of babes and sucklings hast


text:
Page:Tales from Shakespeare - Lamb C and M, Rackham A (1908).djvu/215

 Petruchio, "What is your will, sir, that you send for me?"—"Where is your sister and Hortensio's wife?" said he. Katharine replied, "They sit conferring by the parlour fire."—"Go, fetch them hither!" said Petruchio. Away went Katharine without reply to perform her husband's command. "Here is a wonder," said Lucentio, "if you talk of a wonder."—"And so it is," said Hortensio; "I marvel what it bodes."—"Marry, peace it bodes," said Petruchio, "and love, and quiet life, and right supremacy; and, to be short, everything that is sweet and happy." Katharine's father, overjoyed to see this reformation in his daughter, said, "Now, fair befall thee, son Petruchio! you have won the wager, and I will add another twenty thousand crowns to her dowry, as if she were another daughter, for she is changed as if she had never been."—"Nay," said Petruchio, "I will win the wager better yet, and show more signs of her new-built virtue and obedience." Katharine now entering with the two ladies, he continued, "See where she comes, and brings your froward wives as prisoners to her womanly persuasion. Katharine, that cap of yours does not become you; off with that bauble, and throw it under foot." Katharine instantly took off her cap, and threw it down. "Lord!" said Hortensio's wife, "may I never have a cause to sigh till I am brought to such a silly pass!" And Bianca, she too said, "Fie, what foolish duty call you this?" On this Bianca's husband said to her, "I wish your duty were as foolish too! The wisdom of your duty, fair Bianca, has cost me a hundred crowns since dinner-time."—"The more fool you," said Bianca, "for laying on my duty."—"Katharine," said Petruchio, "I charge you tell these headstrong women what duty they owe their lords and husbands." And to the wonder of all present, the reformed shrewish lady spoke as eloquently


text:
Page:Tales from Shakespeare - Lamb C and M, Rackham A (1908).djvu/216

 in praise of the wifelike duty of obedience, as she had practised it implicitly in a ready submission to Petruchio's will. And Katharine once more became famous in Padua, not as heretofore, as Katharine the Shrew, but as Katharine the most obedient and duteous wife in Padua.


text:
Page:The Great Didactic of John Amos Comenius (1896).pdf/182

 thou ordained strength because of thine enemies, that thou mightest still the enemy and the avenger” (Psalm viii. 3).

For this reason has God given the little ones angels as guardians (Matthew xviii. 10), has placed their parents over them to take care of them, and bidden to bring them up in the nurture and admonition of the Lord (Ephesians vi. 4); and thus He solemnly bids all others, under penalty of eternal damnation, not to lead the young into sin through a bad example (Matthew xviii. 6, 7).

But how are we to carry this out when corruption is spreading so rapidly? In the time of the Patriarchs, since these holy men dwelt in seclusion from the world, and, in their own families, were not only fathers but priests, masters, and teachers as well, this was not such a difficult matter. For, after they had removed their children from intercourse with wicked men and had enlightened them by good and virtuous example, they brought them up by gentle admonition, encouragement, and, where necessary, by correction. God Himself is witness that Abraham did so, when He says: “For I know him, that he will command his children and his household after him, and they shall keep the way of the Lord to do justice and judgment” (Genesis xviii. 19). But now we dwell close together, the good and the bad are mingled, and the bad are many more than the good. The example of these men makes so powerful an impression on the young that the precepts for the practice of virtue, which we administer as an antidote against evil, have either no result at all or one that is inappreciable. But what must be the result if even these precepts are seldom delivered? There are few parents who are in the position to teach their children anything good, either because they have themselves never learned anything of the kind, or because their heads are full of other things; and thus education is neglected.

There are also few teachers who can bring good principles home to the young, and when one arises he is snatched up by some man in high position that he may busy himself with his children; the people get little advan-


text:
Page:An American Tragedy Vol 1.pdf/38

 CHAPTER IV

HE effect of this particular conclusion was to cause Clyde to think harder than ever about himself. And the principal result of his thinking was that he must do something for himself and soon. Up to this time the best he had been able to do was to work at such odd jobs as befall all boys between their twelfth and fifteenth years: assisting a man who had a paper route during the summer months of one year, working in the basement of a five-and-ten cent store all one summer long, and on Saturdays, for a period during the winter, opening boxes and unpacking goods, for which he received the munificent sum of five dollars a week, a sum which at the time seemed almost a fortune. He felt himself rich and, in the face of the opposition of his parents, who were opposed to the theater and motion pictures also, as being not only worldly, but sinful, he could occasionally go to one or another of those—in the gallery—a form of diversion which he had to conceal from his parents. Yet that did not deter him. He felt that he had a right to go with his own money; also to take his younger brother Frank, who was glad enough to go with him and say nothing.

Later in the same year, wishing to get out of school because he already felt himself very much belated in the race, he secured a place as an assistant to a soda water clerk in one of the cheaper drug stores of the city, which adjoined a theater and enjoyed not a little patronage of this sort. A sign—“Boy Wanted”—since it was directly on his way to school, first interested him. Later, in conversation with the young man whose assistant he was to be, and from whom he was to learn the trade, assuming that he was sufficiently willing and facile, he gathered that if he mastered this art, he might make as much as fifteen and even eighteen dollars a week. It was rumored that Stroud's at the corner of 14th and Baltimore Streets paid that much to two of their clerks. The particular store to which he was applying paid only twelve, the standard salary of most places.

But to acquire this art, as he was now informed, required time and the friendly help of an expert. If he wished to come here and work for five to begin with—well, six, then, since his face fell—he might soon expect to know a great deal about the

title: Page:An American Tragedy Vol 1.pdf/38


text:
Page:Seventh Report - Guns for gold- the Wagner Network exposed.pdf/12

Rh Table 2: High-confidence countries where Wagner fighters have carried out offensive military operations (between 2014 and June 2023)


text:
Page:The Great Didactic of John Amos Comenius (1896).pdf/183

 tage from him. Thus it comes to pass that the rest of the children grow up without the education that they need, like a forest which no one plants, waters, cuts, or keeps in order. Hence it is that we find unruly manners and customs in the world, in towns and in market-places, in houses and in men, for these both in body and soul are full of confusion. If Diogenes, Socrates, Seneca, or Solomon were to come to life again this day and visit us, they would find the world in the same state as formerly. Were God to address us from heaven He could only say as He said before: “They are all gone astray, they are all together become filthy there is none that doeth good, no, not one” (Psalm xiv. 3). If, therefore, any man exist who can devise some plan, or who with tears, sighs, and entreaties can obtain from heaven a method by which some improvement may be made in the youth who are growing up, let him not hold his tongue, but rather let him advise, think, and speak.“Cursed be he that maketh the blind to wander out of the way,” says God (Deuteronomy xxvii. 18). And cursed, therefore, is he who can free the blind from their error and does not do so. “Woe unto him who shall offend one of these little ones,” says Christ (Matthew xviii. 6, 7). Woe also unto him who can prevent injury and does not. God wills not that the ass or the ox that strays through field and forest and sinks under its burden be deserted, but that it eceive help, even if the helper do not know to whom it belongs, or if he know that it is his enemy’s (Deuteronomy xxii. 1). Can it then please Him that we pass by without thought, and stretch out no helping hand, when we see the errors, not of beasts, but of intelligent beings, not of one or two, but of the whole world? Let this be far from us!

Cursed be he that doeth the work of the Lord deceitfully, and cursed be he that keepeth back his sword from blood (Jeremiah xlviii. 10). And yet we hope to remain guiltless while we thoughtlessly suffer the terrible Babylon of error that is ours! Up, let him seize his sword who is girt with one, or who knows where one lies buried in its


text:
Page:The Great Didactic of John Amos Comenius (1896).pdf/184

 sheath! Let him demand the destruction of Babylon, that he be blessed by the Lord!

And so fulfil this command of the Lord with eagerness, ye rulers, ye servants of the Most High, and with the sword of righteousness banish the disorder with which the world is filled.

Busy yourselves, ye governors, ye faithful servants of Jesus Christ, and utterly destroy evil with the sword that is entrusted to you, with the two-edged sword of speech! Ye have seen that early youth is the best time to attack the evils of the human race; that the tree which is to thrive for ages is best planted when quite young; that Sion is most easily raised on the site of Babylon when the living building-stones of God, the young, are early broken, shaped, and fitted for the heavenly building. If we wish to have well-ordered and prosperous Churches, states, and households, thus and in no other way can we reach our goal.

But how to take this in hand and to carry it out with the desired result, this I will place before your eyes, I whose spirit the Lord has called to the work. See, hear, and mark its nature carefully, you to whom the Lord has given eyes to see, ears to hear, and minds to judge.

If a light, unseen before, be revealed to any, let him give God the glory and not grudge the illumination to the rising generation. But if he perceive any defect, even the smallest, in this light, let him complete and perfect it, or, that it may be perfected, let him recall the saying, “Many eyes are better than one.”

Thus we shall mutually help one another to carry out the work of God with unanimity; thus we shall escape the curse which threatens those who neglect the Lord’s work; thus we shall consult the welfare of the world’s most precious possession, the young, as much as is possible; thus we shall shine with the brightness granted to those that turn others to righteousness (Daniel xii. 3).

May God have mercy on us, that we see the light! Amen.


text: The Effects of Finland's Possible NATO Membership: An Assessment


text:
Page:An American Tragedy Vol 1.pdf/39

 art of mixing sweet drinks and decorating a large variety of ice-creams with liquid sweets, thus turning them into sundaes. For the time being apprenticeship meant washing and polishing all the machinery and implements of this particular counter, to say nothing of opening and sweeping out the store at so early an hour as seven-thirty, dusting, and delivering such orders as the owner of this drug store chose to send out by him. At such idle moments as his immediate superior—a Mr. Sieberling—twenty, dashing, self-confident, talkative, was too busy to fill all the orders, he might be called upon to mix such minor drinks—lemonades, coca-colas and the like—as the trade demanded.

Yet this interesting position, after due consultation with his mother, he decided to take. For one thing, it would provide him, as he suspected, with all the ice-cream sodas he desired, free—an advantage not to be disregarded. In the next place, as he saw it at the time, it was an open door to a trade—something which he lacked. Further, and not at all disadvantageously as he saw it, this store required his presence at night as late as twelve o'clock, with certain hours off during the day to compensate for this. And this took him out of his home at night—out of the ten-o'clock-boy class at last. They could not ask him to attend any meetings save on Sunday, and not even then, since he was supposed to work Sunday afternoons and evenings.

Next, the clerk who manipulated this particular soda fountain, quite regularly received passes from the manager of the theater next door, and into the lobby of which one door to the drug store gave—a most fascinating connection to Clyde. It seemed so interesting to be working for a drug store thus intimately connected with a theater.

And best of all, as Clyde now found to his pleasure, and yet despair at times, the place was visited, just before and after the show on matinée days, by bevies of girls, single and en suite, who sat at the counter and giggled and chattered and gave their hair and their complexions last perfecting touches before the mirror. And Clyde, callow and inexperienced in the ways of the world, and those of the opposite sex, was never wary of observing the beauty, the daring, the self-sufficiency and the sweetness of these, as he saw them. For the first time in his life, while he busied himself with washing glasses, filling the ice-cream and syrup containers, arranging the lemons and oranges in the trays, he had an almost uninterrupted opportunity of studying these girls at close range. The wonder of them! For the most part, they were so well-dressed and smart-looking—the rings, pins, furs, delightful hats, pretty shoes they wore.

title: Page:An American Tragedy Vol 1.pdf/39


text:
Page:The Harveian oration - delivered at the Royal College of Physicians, London, on October 18, 1884 (IA b21778929).pdf/26

 and that of the "sensorium commune," that there are some actions and motions the government or direction of which is not dependent on the brain that there is a certain sense or form of touch (meaning contact, or impres - sion) which is not referred to the common sensorium, nor in any way communicated to the brain, so that we do not perceive by this sense (i.e. impression) that we feel 23"} and this sense we therefore distinguish from the proper animal sense." Harvey termed it a "natural sense,' as distinguished from " animal sense;" and he continues, "such a sense do we observe in zoophytes or plant animals, in sponges, the sensitive plant, &c." Using the word "sense with this interpretation, he treats of many animals, "who are endowed with both sense and motion without having a common sensorium or brain . . . . so also [he adds] do certain natural actions take place in the embryo, and even in ourselves, without the agency of the brain, and a certain sensation takes place without consciousness." After speaking of the difference to be observed between "regulated contractions and relaxations to perform any movement, such as progression or prehension," he compares these movements to "the muscles or organs of motion, when affected with spasms or convulsions from an irritating cause," and points out their resemblance to those of "the decapitated cock or hen the convulsive movements of the legs and wings, but all confused and without a purpose, be- cause the controlling power of the brain has been taken away."

The explanation of these movements given by Harvey-viz., that they "proceed from the power of the heart, and depend on it," is certainly not true in the sense in which he intended it, but he gives a most interesting illustration of his physiological insight when he says, "We have an excellent example of both these kinds of motion (animal and


text:
Page:Seventh Report - Guns for gold- the Wagner Network exposed.pdf/11

Rh 9. Sources differ in their estimates of the number of countries where the network has been present. The network’s interest in exaggerating its global presence adds to the challenges of counting and classification. Due to these challenges, we used confidence assessments when commenting on countries of operation in this chapter and present these in Table 1.

Table 1: Explanation of confidence assessments for countries of operation

10. The evidence we received has given us high confidence that the Wagner Network has conducted military operations in at least seven countries since 2014: Ukraine; Syria; the Central African Republic (CAR); Sudan; Libya; Mozambique; and Mali. A primary purpose for authorities inviting Wagner onto their territories has been to help failing or fragile regimes retain power (paragraphs 16–17). Wagner’s interventions in African countries are “governed by agreements negotiated by Prigozhin’s staff”, which provide concessions for mineral deposits, in exchange for Wagner “military operations supporting the Kremlin’s regime of choice”, the protection of local infrastructure and military training. Further information about Wagner’s military involvement in these seven countries is summarised in Table 2, drawing on the open-source research we commissioned and other sources.


text:
Page:The Harveian oration - delivered at the Royal College of Physicians, London, on October 18, 1884 (IA b21778929).pdf/27

 natural) in respiration. For the lungs, like the heart, are continually carried upwards and downwards by a natural (i.c., unconscious and involuntary) movement, and are excited by any irritation to coughing and more frequent action; but they cannot form and regulate the voice, nor can singing be executed, without the assistance and in some sort command, of the sensorium commune." 18

In another paper Harvey gives an interesting account of parturition in " a young woman. ...in a profound state of coma .... but in whom the application of a powerful sternutatory ... excited convulsions throughout the body, beginning at the shoulders and gradually descending to the lower extremities. As often as the stimulus was applied the labour advanced . . . . until the child was born, without the consciousness of the mother, who still remained in a state of coma."

A hundred years after these words were written, Unzer developed the idea still further, in his Treatise on "Animal Nature in Relation to purely Animal Forces, or Vis Nervosa;" and after him Prochaska, in his "Dissertation on the Functions of the Nervous System," defined accurately the limits of the reflective centre; but it was left for Sir Charles Bell, and much more to our own distinguished Fellow, Marshall Hall, to expound the meaning of these movements; to compre- hend and reveal the physiology and pathology of action in the spinal cord; to apply this knowledge to the explana- tion of many diseases, and to devise means for their control or cure. In doing this, he again prepared the way for later researches upon the reflex function, as it affects "local" circulation, and so rendered possible a knowledge of many of the finest points of neural and vascular action, which we, directly, owe to the labours of those great workers to whom allusion has already been made, when

18 On Generation, p 432 et seq. 19 On Parturition, p. 535.


text:
Page:The Harveian oration - delivered at the Royal College of Physicians, London, on October 18, 1884 (IA b21778929).pdf/28

 dealing with Harvey's foresight of that matter." Again, in the passage quoted from the paper on Parturition, we find a curious forecasting of the ingenious application of the reflex theory of Hall to the interpretation of the action of the uterus which was made by Dr. Tyler Smith. In thus sketching soine of the motives which led to the event of last year, and also to the fact of our meeting here to-day, it has been my wish to show that we still hold in reverential regard the perishing remains at Hemp. stead; and also the living force that is with us, now and here; and which comes to us from our knowledge of the individual, Harvey, in his relation to the past, the surround- ing conditions of his time, and his outlook towards the future.

C. There is one thing more, however, that this College has done for many years, and that is, by this annual Oration, to hand down to coming generations the memory of him from whom we have learned so much, and to whom our debt of gratitude is larger than we, perhaps, as yet can know; cer- tainly much larger than it falls within the range of my powers to express.

We speak of the "immortal Harvey," but in what sense ? To many, his own words would convey all the meaning of that attribute. "The eternity of things," he says, "is connected with the reciprocal interchange of generation and decay; and as the sun, now in the east, and then in the west, completes the measure of time by his ceaseless revolutions, so are the fleeting things of mortal existence made eternal through incessant change; and kinds and species are perpetuated, though individuals die."" True ---grandly but sadly true-and yet, our meeting of this day

20 Vid. ant. 21 On Generation, p. 226.


text:
Page:Seventh Report - Guns for gold- the Wagner Network exposed.pdf/10

Rh "One of their first operations in Ukraine was the disarming of Crimea in 2014. They were also involved in the downing of the Ukrainian MOD IL-76 (resulting in 49 dead) and attacks on Luhansk airport and Debaltseve."

8. The Wagner Network then significantly expanded its military and non-military operations in many countries: a trend described by Transparency International as “increasingly alarming”. These interventions were often secretive and met with denials from host governments, the Russian government and Prigozhin himself. A former Wagner fighter told us that the Russian Government gave extensive military support to the Wagner Network from the time of its creation:

"All that is necessary for combat- uniforms, equipment, weapons and ammunition, was received from Ministry of Defence stocks."

Even the standard issued weapon of Wagner fighters, a 5.45mm machine gun, relied on the supply of ammunition by the Russian state. The former Wagner fighter’s evidence—prepared in the first half of 2023—also noted the network’s continued use of the logistics of the Russian Ministry of Defence at that time. The fighter stated that the Ministry provides ammunition and weapons, and facilitates the transfer of Wagner operatives to Syria and Africa. There were also additional forms of support:

"Military transport aircraft of the Russian Armed Forces deliver mercenaries and small dimension/weight cargo to the Khmeimim air base (Syria) and further to Africa. Air bases in the city of Chkalovsk (Moscow Region) and Krymsk (Krasnodar Territory) are used to transport operatives of PMC Wagner. Heavy duty cargo, equipment and ammunition for PMC Wagner are delivered to Syria by the Russian Navy."