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 he formed a strong resolution and held to it. Writing to one of his sons, he said to him, "You are now at that period of life in which you must make a turn to the right or the left. You must now give proofs of principle, determination, and strength of mind; or you must sink into idleness, and acquire the habits and character of a desultory, ineffective young man; and if once you fall to that point, you will find it no easy matter to rise again. I am sure that a young man may be very much what he pleases. In my own case it was so Much of my happiness, and all my prosperity in life, have resulted from the change I made at your age. If you seriously resolve to be energetic and industrious, depend upon it that you will for your whole life have reason to rejoice that you were wise enough to form and to act upon that determination." As will, considered without regard to direction, is simply constancy, firmness, perseverance, it will be obvious that everything depends upon right direction and motives. Directed towards the enjoyment of the senses, the strong will may be a demon, and the intellect merely its debased slave; but directed towards good, the strong will is a king, and the intellect the minister of man's highest well-being.

"Where there is a will there is a way," is an old and true saying. He who resolves upon doing a thing, by that very resolution often scales the barriers to it, and secures its achievement. To think we are able, is almost to be so—to determine upon attainment is frequently attainment itself. Thus, earnest resolution has often seemed to have about it almost a savour of omnipotence. The strength of Suwarrow's character lay in his power of


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 which for the present was all he sought for. They went towards the other wing through a long gallery, which terminated with a large door; here they tried their keys, and at length found the right; on opening it a dark staircase was before them; they now concluded a light would be necessary, and Francis was sent back to procure one.

On his return with a lamp, they descended the stairs into a long vaulted passage. On one side were three rooms that had once been inhabited as domestic offices; they proceeded until their progress was impeded by an iron door: Here also they tried their keys, and opened it, there was another descent of a few steps, and the bottom seemed a damp, cold dungeon.—Ferdinand stopped, and speaking aloud, "Is there any person confined in this place?"

A faint voice replied, "Yes, two wretched beings!" The sound appeared to be near them, but still deeper; they moved a little onward, and perceived another door, with two strong bolts drawn across; these were


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 easily removed, and another descent of three steps brought them to a vaulted room, but cautious in advancing, for their lamp emitted but a very faint glimmer.—"Is this your prison, are we right?" asked Ferdinand.

"Yes," answered a voice, so close to him that he started, and extending the light perceived a figure that made him shudder, and Francis scream with terror.

It had the appearance of a man, from an immense long beard that reached almost to his knees as he sat upon a bench, with a small table before him, on which was a wooden plate, and a little wooden basin: He had a blanket wrapped round him, and his hair covered his shoulders down to the bottom of his back; his features they could make nothing of, but his eyes, from the meagre countenance, looked sunk, yet wild; they now perceived a glimmering lamp was fastened against the wall on one side.

"Gracious Heaven!" exclaimed Ferdinand, "can a human being have existed here?"


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 "Yes," replied the poor wretch; "many years I have struggled with life, but wonder not at me, look yonder;" he pointed to the other side, where on advancing they perceived another iron door, and a little on one side a small opening in it, through which another human face was visible, but more emaciated than the other.—"Have we a key for this door?" cried Ferdinand, inexpressibly shocked.

"That door," answered the man, "is seldom opened," in fact none of their keys were large enough.

"O," said Francis, "I recollect a large heavy key hangs on one side of the chimney piece."

"Will you venture to fetch it, or will you remain here whilst I go back?" asked Ferdinand.

"O Lord, Sir, I'll fetch it; stay here!" repeated he, looking fearfully round the place, and at the shocking figure before him, "No, no, I'll make what haste I can." He took the lamp and hastened off. The faint


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 one that glimmered against the wall served only to make "darkness visible," and to throw additional horrors on the place.

"Good Heaven!" cried Ferdinand, "is it possible human nature could support a long confinement in this place!"

"Ah! Sir," replied the man, feebly, "we know not till put to the test what very severe trials nature can sustain. Death is not so ready to relieve the wretched. Our cruel persecutor found out a way to make us support, nay even wish for life. That dear, unhappy woman! think what must have been her sufferings; upwards of twelve years, as the avenging monster told us a few days since, have we been here. Long, long ago, we lost all power of computing time. O, Eugenia, shall I live to see you free!"—"To be spared the misery of seeing you die," answered a faint but sweet voice, "is all the boon I ask of Heaven!"

Mutual sighs succeeded this tender expression, and Ferdinand, overcome with emotions at a scene so replete with horror, could not


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 suppress audible proofs of his sensibility.—"O!" cried the wretched man, "how piercing, how inexpressibly sweet, to the heart, is the voice of compassion! Heaven only knows how you obtained entrance here; but should that cruel monster discover you?"

"Fear not," said Ferdinand, hastily, "he is no more; death has stopped his career of wickedness at last."

The man was about to reply, when Francis entered with the key, for so strongly was his mind impressed with terror, that, though he dared not stay in the vault, he was almost equally afraid to go back, and return alone. Much quicker than he had attempted to move for many years did he exert himself on his errand, and heartily rejoiced to find he was once more safe by the side of Ferdinand, who eagerly snatching the key unlocked the other iron door, and entered a dungeon still more frightful, with only a few rays of light that served not even to distinguish objects, and proceeded from a small iron grating at


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 the very top of the vault, which grating was almost covered by rust and weeds.

His own lamp guided him to the woman, for such he found she was, her hair almost covering her whole figure: She was also seated on a bench with a table, plate and basin, similar to the man's, a blanket round her also.—"For Heaven's sake!" exclaimed he, "let us remove you from this wretched place."

"I know not," said she, feebly, "how it can be done—we are chained."

"Chained!"

"Yes, each hand and foot is chained together, so as not to prevent our moving; but the Count will show you."

"The Count!" cried Ferdinand, returning again to the man, who opening the blanket, the other saw a stout chain was fastened to each leg, which went round the opposite arm, not preventing the movement, but yet confined them so as to preclude any exertions, by pulling them cross ways when they attempted to walk.


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 "Is there no way of getting off those chains?" said Ferdinand.

"Only by a key or a file," answered the man.

"Have patience, my good friends," returned Ferdinand; "I will return, and seek for something that may answer the purpose."

"Yes," added Francis, darting out first, lest he should be asked to stay there, "we will find something I warrant you."

Notwithstanding the extreme agitation of Ferdinand's mind, he could not choose, but observe the great alacrity with which Francis hastened his steps. When they had reached the library, they searched about for a file; nothing of that kind was to be seen, but they found two odd constructed keys, which they supposed might belong to the chains; having recruited the fire with wood, taking a bottle of wine, their keys, and two or three old knives, they soon returned to the wretched prisoners, and to their great joy found they could relieve them from their chains. Ferdinand supported the woman into the next


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 dungeon, they rushed into each other's arms, and fell to the ground. With the assistance of Francis they were lifted up: Ferdinand prevailed on them to take some wine.

"We are not strangers to this liquor," said the man, gratefully pressing the hand of his preserver; "once a week we have had a half-pint each of us, not as a favour, but with a degree of refined cruelty, to support and enable us to bear the miseries inflicted on us."

Without shoes, only coarse flannel stockings, a kind of petticoat of the same, and the blanket round their shoulders, they had only been accustomed to struggle rather than walk to the end of their dungeons, where a small partition was contrived to afford a proper separation from the place they were to sit and lye on, for beds they had none. With infinite difficulty Ferdinand and Francis got them out of the dungeon, and up the steps into the vaulted passage: Here they rested for some time, and at length reached its termination; but no sooner did the light and


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 air dart upon them, than the woman fainted, and the man was almost blinded. By proper applications they recovered the Lady, and Francis, by shutting some of the windows, rendered the light less offensive; yet so extremely feeble were the unhappy prisoners, that it was a considerable time before their deliverers could get them into the library, where placed in two old easy chairs at some distance from the fire, that it might not operate too powerfully upon them, and being refreshed with a little bread and wine, their spirits began to return, and the Lady burst into a torrent of tears, that flowed for some time with such violence as frightened Ferdinand; but the man thanked Heaven for the relief. "Be not uneasy, Sir," said he, "not one tear has fallen from those eyes for years; I thought those sources of relief to the overcharged mind were entirely dried up; the indulgence will, I trust, be attended with happy effects."

Indeed it proved so, for after the first turbulence was abated, she recovered sufficiently


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 to thank her deliverer in the warmest terms. Ferdinand proposed her retiring to bed, the one he had slept in Francis had prepared for her; he lamented the impossibility of procuring her linen and necessaries for the present.

"It is not impossible," said the Gentleman suddenly, "but that our trunks and clothes are still here, though perhaps decayed by time."

"I'll be hanged," cried Francis, "if those trunks, in a room next to this Gentleman's, ben't the very ones, for there they have been locked up ever since I came here."

On this hint Ferdinand sallied forth with his bunch of keys to the room mentioned, where the trunks were deposited, and after trying several keys to no purpose, Francis was dispatched for an instrument of some kind to break them open, which with much difficulty they at last effected, and found them full of clothes and linen for both sexes; also some children's necessaries, which last rather surprised Ferdinand; they however selected


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 some for both persons, which seemed less injured by time than might have been expected; these were carried down, and when aired, the Lady was helped to her apartment, and linen left for her, which, from the stiffness of her arms and general debility of her limbs, she was a considerable time before she could put on; and when covered, and she was laid down, the sudden transition from such extreme misery to hope and comfort, affected her so forcibly as to preclude sleep for many hours: At length, however, she fell into a refreshing slumber; such as she had very long been a stranger to.

Mean time Francis had prepared his bed for the Gentleman, for though there were many other beds in the house, it was thought improper to put him into a room without first airing it. Being accommodated with comfortable linen, he very readily accepted their assistance to retire; and, after having seen him into bed, Ferdinand and Francis returned to the library to talk over this extraordinary


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 affair, which afforded much room for observation and conjecture.

"Lord have mercy on us!" cried Francis, "how could they two poor souls live so for twelve years, naked and starving? O, dear me, I used to think my lot hard, but to be sure, Sir, it was Paradise to what they had. What a shame for me to think of trouble!"

"True, Francis," replied Ferdinand, "if we could, when afflicted, but examine into many circumstances that tend to lighten our own calamities, and compare them with the more painful disadvantages which others labour under, we should learn patience and resignation under the evils we suffer; but the human mind is too apt to view their own situation, and that of others under the medium of error, make partial comparisons, and draw unjust conclusions to increase their own misery.

"It appears to me that the Gentleman and Lady are the owners of this Castle, and had their persecutor died before I came here, doubtless they must have been starved in that


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 horrid dungeon, for it is not likely you would have discovered them."

"Me, Sir! O, no, I should have crept out of the Castle as fast as I could if he had died when I was alone with him, though the Lord knows how I should have managed, for I could not walk to the village I am sure, and he might have died many days before our market man came, and I should never have been able to stay in this place with a dead corpse by myself.—So Providence sent you here, Sir, to save them poor souls from starvation, and me from dying of fear or fatigue." During this time Ferdinand had opened the bookcase to replace the keys, and curiosity induced him to search if there were any papers or memorandums relative to the deceased. Opening one drawer he met with a manuscript, the pages being open as if lately written, his eye caught the words: "The stranger, who calls himself Ferdinand."—"Ah!" exclaimed he, "this is doubtless a kind of journal, and may develop the whole mystery." Turning to the back,


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 he saw it was entitled, "Memoirs of the Baron S******." The writing was extremely bad, and many pages seemed hardly legible, evidently written with a weak and trembling hand. He ordered Francis to make a fire in another apartment, air more linen, and get refreshments for the Lady and Gentleman against they should awake; then kindling a fresh blaze for himself, he prepared with eager curiosity to peruse the manuscript before him, which contained the following Narrative.


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CHAP. XIV.

these memoirs ever fall into the hands of an intelligent being, let him mark the instability of expected happiness; let him learn to detest the fascinating charms of false, deceitful woman, and to beware of the insidious arts, the treacherous designs of base, perfidious man; let suspicion mark his eye, and caution guide his judgment; let him shun the syren woman, turn his ears from the delusive voice of plea-


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 sure, and lock his bosom close from professions of friendship, which tend only to deceive, and under a specious covering envelop the most treacherous designs. Should those cautions be read too late to preserve him from the machinations of the deceitful heart, then let him learn from me the triumph of Revenge!!!"

"My father was a Bavarian Baron, but supporting his rank with that splendour necessary to keep his vassals in awe, and give consequence to his dignity at Court, he diminished the value of those estates bequeathed to him by his ancestors, and left me possessed of equal pride, ambition, and desire of grandeur and magnificence, without a capability of gratifying either. Unable to appear at Court with the consequence attached to my title, I retired to my estate, and sought, in the submissive obedience of my vassals, and in the authoritative and sullen grandeur I assumed over them, a consolation for that retirement disappointed ambition had driven me to choose, as a smaller evil than sup-


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 porting the arrogance of riches, where there could be no superiority of birth to my own. Five years I dragged on an inactive life without enjoying any advantages from my seclusion, but what arose from lording it over my tenantry, without knowing the blessings of society, for there were none I deigned to converse with. In a kind of gloomy magnificence that was confined to my own estate, which inspired awe, but which repressed love or reverence, I passed my days in riding over the same track of ground which had no variety, and my nights in constant regrets for the loss of that consequence I was born to assume, but which the prodigality of my ancestors had compelled me to resign.

"One day, attended by several of my vassals, I was riding round the skirts of a wood which bounded my estate, when I was suddenly alarmed by quick and repeated shrieks that seemed to issue from the wood: I instantly rode to the side from whence the voice proceeded, and in a few moments perceived a carriage surrounded by four or five


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 banditti, and two horsemen laying dead in the road. The appearance of myself and servants, who sped towards them, caused the villains to desist, and provide for their own safety. It was in vain to attempt pursuing them, as through the closeness of the wood they might elude our observation, I therefore hastened to the carriage where a young Lady sat, who had thrown herself upon the bosom of a man to all appearance dead or dying. When she raised her head, never shall I forget the moment that decided my future destiny, and ruined my peace for ever! When she turned her eyes upon me, Heavens! what were my sensations! until that luckless hour a stranger to the captivating charms of beauty, a blaze of charms dressed in the fascination of tears and sorrow, and which conveyed a thousand tender ideas to a susceptible heart: She held out one of her lovely hands, 'Save him, O, save my father!' she cried in a voice of softest melody, 'or pierce my bosom also!'—O, the remembrance of that moment of


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 delight, pregnant with years of ceaseless misery! O, beautiful, false, enchanting, destructive charmer! Woman, vile abandoned woman! but I will be calm, am I not revenged? Yes, and that exquisite satisfaction shall attend me to my grave!

Let me proceed: Under a delirium of sudden rapture I exerted myself with uncommon alacrity, having prevailed on her to quit the chaise, I entered it, and found the Gentleman had received a wound in his breast, whether dangerous or not I could not know, I perceived he still lived, and having sent off a servant to procure the attendance of a surgeon, I entreated the Lady to go on to my Castle in the carriage, whilst my vassals formed a kind of litter, to carry the wounded man much easier than the motion of the wheels would admit of. She acquiesced in every request with the warmest expressions of gratitude for my attention to her parent; every tender look, every gentle word, twined itself about my heart, and confirmed me a wretch for ever!


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 "We arrived at my Castle, the surgeon soon made his appearance, and, after examining the wound, gave us hopes that it would not prove mortal. The Gentleman did not recover his senses until the pain, which the probing of the wound occasioned, roused him from the insensibility that had overpowered his faculties, and enabled him to discover his daughter kneeling at the side of the bed, and bathing his hand with her tears. My child! he exclaimed—Gracious Heaven, I thank thee, my child is safe!"—He was desired not to speak, and after some inarticulate blessings on his deliverer, weakness compelled him to give over the attempt.

The two servants that lay in the wood when I first discovered the carriage, we found to be entirely deprived of life, and the post-boy had fled thro' the trees: I knew not therefore the names or quality of my guests, but every thing in their appearance and manners seemed to denote that they were of no contemptible rank. During three days, I saw the young Lady only at the bed-side of


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 her father; but in that time the subtle poison stole into my heart, and love, the most ardent and most impetuous, took possession of my whole soul, and engrossed every faculty of my mind. On the fourth day, the old Gentleman was declared to be out of danger, and allowed the privilege of speaking. He desired to see me; when I attended him his gratitude was boundless; he called me the preserver of his life, and the guardian-angel of his Eugenia.

He told me that he was a Nobleman of Suabia, his name Count Zimchaw. Having been on a visit to a relation at Munich, he was returning to Suabia through Mindelhiem, that he might call on another friend. Coming thro' the wood, which he took as the nearest route, he was attacked by four men. His servants, as well as himself, having fire arms, prepared to resist them; but his faithful attendants were shot dead, and the carriage surrounded. Finding then that resistance could have no avail, he was in the act of resigning his pistol, after having, in the beginning of the attack, dis-


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 charged it without effect, when, as he reached his arm to deliver it, a cowardly assassin stabbed him in the breast, and he fell back senseless: The shrieks of his daughter on that event he supposed reached my ears, and providentially brought me to their assistance. This little account of himself was accompanied by the warmest sentiments of gratitude, in which the too lovely Eugenia joined.

He recovered fast, and had more than once mentioned his desire of renewing his journey, from an apprehension of intruding upon me: But far gone in a fatal passion that was to mark my future days with sorrow, I earnestly besought him to remain some time with me, and endeavoured, by every act of attention and complaisance, to gain the esteem of the father, and the heart of his daughter. My sentiments could not long be unnoticed by either. The Count viewed me with kindness and complacency; but Eugenia grew more reserved, and though always grateful and polite, there was a respectful coldness in her


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 manners, repulsive to the warmth with which I always involuntarily addressed her.

Unaccustomed to meet with any opposition to my will, I was not prepared to expect a denial to my wishes, when I should think it a proper time to disclose them, and being one day alone with the Count, I seized a favourable opportunity, and without reserve opened my heart to him, solicited the hand of his daughter, and made the most liberal offers my circumstances would admit of.—The Count's character was propitious to my views; he was naturally proud and avaricious, the want of a male heir had disappointed the first passion, and increased the second. A nephew was to enjoy his estates by the marriage settlements after his death, and what he could save from his income was all he could dispose of in favour of his daughter. He had been desirous of uniting her with his nephew, but that Gentleman travelling into England, had there married a young Lady of rank and fortune, an account of which had reached Count Zimchaw a very few weeks


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 previous to my meeting with them in the wood. Disappointed in his wishes, he felt a good deal of anxiety for the settlement of his child; when therefore I declared my love, and made my proposals, he could not disguise his satisfaction:—"To bestow my daughter on the preserver of my life and her honour (cried he) is the highest gratification I could picture to myself, and confers on me additional obligations. Yes, my dear Baron, Eugenia is your's, I pledge you my word, and answer for my child, that she will with joy ratify the gift I make you of her hand, and reward our deliverer from death and dishonour."

"Mistaken man! he knew not the heart of his degenerate daughter. Transported with the prospect of my expected happiness, yet wounded by the recollection of her coldness, I entreated the Count to be my friend, and speak his approbation of my wishes, before I ventured to disclose them to her."

"We will lose no time," answered he, "and it is sufficient for me to declare my


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 pleasure, and for her to obey. After we retire from dinner, your desires shall be confirmed." I left him under perturbations difficult to describe; joy, hope and fear, assailed me at once. I had no doubt of her compliance with the commands of her father, but I feared her heart would have no share in her obedience."

"After dinner we retired to the saloon, my mind was so extremely agitated, that my emotions attracted the observation of Eugenia, nor did the uncommon spirits of the Count pass unnoticed: She viewed us alternately with a mixture of concern, and curiosity depicted in her countenance, which I well understood, and when we entered the saloon, as I led her to a seat, I felt her hand tremble in mine. The Count scarcely permitted us to be seated, and the servant to shut the door, before rising briskly, and taking his daughter's hand, "My dear Eugenia, (said he, abruptly) our worthy friend and preserver Baron S**, has done us the honour to solicit an alliance with us; yes, my child, he offers his hand to your acceptance.


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 I have with joy accorded to his wishes, and here, my Lord, I ratify the gift," putting her hand into mine, as I bowed profoundly before her. She started up, trembled, and strove to disengage her hand as I pressed it to my lips: "My Father! my Lord!" cried she, extremely agitated, "spare me, O, spare me, I cannot, indeed I cannot!"

"Cannot what?" exclaimed the Count, with a wrathful countenance: "Dare you resist my will? Can you refuse the hand of your benefactor, the hand that saved your father's life? Ungrateful girl! cold and insensible to the honour you ought to receive with transports! Teach your tongue a different language, learn to be grateful, and obey my commands." He had scarcely pronounced those last words, when she fell lifeless before us.

The Count was excessively enraged: I was wounded to my very soul, yet called for that assistance he would have denied to her. She was carried to her apartment. "Pardon a foolish wayward girl (said he;) perhaps


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 the idea of marrying out of her own country has occasioned this apparent reluctance; a foolish local prejudice has got hold of her, which argument and reason will subdue. Be not disconcerted, my dear Baron (added he, embracing me) I swear to you that Eugenia shall be your wife." He left me at those words, and I remained overwhelmed with a thousand turbulent passions, disappointed love, wounded pride, jealousy and despair, by turns agitated me almost to madness. Her coldness, her repugnance, augmented my love and inflamed my pride; passion and resentment were raised to their utmost pitch; I accused her of ingratitude and insensibility, and in the workings of my rage, swore she should be mine, whatever might be the consequences!

"I walked into the gardens to calm, if possible, the agitations of my spirits, but after strolling about two hours returned as restless as before. I met a servant, who said the Lady Eugenia wished to see me in her apartment. I flew thither with indescribable


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 emotions. She was sitting on a sofa, looking pale as death, but more beautiful, more interesting than ever. Trembling I advanced, and would have flung myself at her feet.—"Hold, my Lord (said she, in a faint but serious voice) this humiliation neither becomes you nor me; have the goodness to be seated, and hear me with compassion, and without displeasure." I took my seat. "My Lord (continued she, in a firmer voice) think me not ungrateful, or insensible to your merits, or my great obligations to your generosity and humanity; I feel, I acknowledge all: You have claims I never can reward, and to give you my hand, circumstanced as I am, would be a base return for favours so unbounded.—My Lord, I have no heart to give! that has long been in the possession of another; my father knows it well, but as his consent could not be obtained to an union he thought unworthy of his approbation, I have sworn never to marry without it—I never will; but neither can I, will I, ever give my hand to another; deign then, my Lord, to withdraw


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 your generous intentions in my favour, save me from the displeasure of my father, and let me be still further indebted to your nobleness of mind; the favour I solicit is no common one; but you have a soul superior to self-consideration, and on that I rest my confidence."

She might have proceeded for some time without interruption from me, so astonished and mortified did I feel at her address; but when she had ceased speaking, I endeavoured to recover my spirits, and told her, 'that had there remained a possibility of her being united to the object of her attachment, I would have imposed silence upon my wishes for ever; but as it was evident such a connexion never could take place, as I flattered myself that my tenderness, and earnest endeavours to gain her heart, and promote her happiness, would in time have the desired effect; she must forgive me if I could not comply with her request, or forego a blessing her father had so kindly promised me."


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 "Blessing!" cried she, indignantly; "can you call a reluctant hand, a heart devoted to another, and a lifeless form that will shrink with horror from an union imposed upon her by a stern parent, who to an unjust prejudice would sacrifice his daughter; can you call such a sacrifice a blessing? See, see me at your feet (added she, endeavouring to prostrate herself, which I prevented:) I beseech, I implore you, not to persist in your addresses; respect your own happiness, if you cannot feel for mine, misery must follow a compulsion so repugnant to my soul."

At this moment her father entered the room: She threw herself at his feet in an agony, "Father, my dear father! by that tender name I conjure you to hear me! To your commands I have given up the dearest wishes of my heart; I have sworn never to marry the Count without your approbation; do not compel me to be miserable with another; never, never can I love the Baron as a husband: I esteem, I honour him as your preserver; I would lay down my life to


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 rove my gratitude, but I have no heart to give."

The Count sternly bid her rise. "I have heard you with patience (said he) and now do you hear me; and not only hear but obey me. You have dared to single out my greatest enemy as the object of your love, and even yet avow your affection for him to my face: I ought not therefore to be surprised that this Nobleman, who has preserved my life and your honour, should be the object of your aversion! Your conduct sufficiently explains itself, and I know how to set a just value on your love and duty so much boasted of: Now I put it to the proof; this instant I command you to give your hand to the Baron, or my everlasting curses shall follow you to the grave!"

She started up, in a kind of wild horror: "Hold! O hold! behold your devoted daughter, though distraction and death must be the consequence, take, take my hand, you may bestow, I can never give it!" He snatched her offered hand, and put in into


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 mine; "receive her, my Lord, as a pledge of gratitude from a father, who dares to boast the gift is worthy of your love; duty and obedience will make her all you can wish for. And you, Eugenia, remember what you owe for me, and for yourself, happiness is in your own power." She answered not a word, her tears had ceased to flow, I lifted her hand to my lips, she withdrew it not, but appeared senseless and inanimate, looked alternately at her father and myself, a wildness in her aspect, that seemed unconscious of the objects before her. I tried to recover her from this torpid state by the tenderest expressions: She heard me unmoved, and the Count having called her attendant, advised me to withdraw; I did so, and left them together."


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 attempt is made to wrest facts to suit a preconceived opinion. My aim has been not so much to narrate Indian views as to explain them, so as to bring them within the focus of Western traditions of thought. The analogies and parallels suggested between the two thought systems are not to be pressed too far, in view of the obvious fact that the philosophical speculations of India were formulated centuries ago, and had not behind them the brilliant achievements of modern science.

Particular parts of Indian philosophy have been studied with great care and thoroughness by many brilliant scholars in India, Europe and America. Some sections of philosophical literature have also been critically examined, but there has been no attempt to deal with the history of Indian thought as an undivided whole or a continuous development, in the light of which alone different thinkers and views can be fully understood. To set forth the growth of Indian philosophy from the dim dawn of history in its true perspective is an undertaking of the most formidable kind, and it certainly exceeds the single grasp of even the most industrious and learned scholar. Such a standard encyclopædia of Indian philosophy requires not only special aptitude and absolute devotion, but also wide culture and intelligent co-operation. This book professes to be no more than a general survey of Indian thought, a short outline of a vast subject. Even this is not quite easy. The necessary condensation imposes on the author a burden of responsibility, which is made more onerous by the fact that no one man can attempt to be an authority on all these varied fields of study, and that the writer is compelled to come to decisions on evidence which he himself cannot carefully weigh In matters of chronology, I have depended almost entirely on the results of research carried on by competent scholars. I am conscious that in surveying this wide field, much of

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 PREFAcE

6

is insoluble, and it has furnished a field for the wildest hypotheses, wonderful reconstruction and bold romance. The fragmentary condition of the material from out of which history has to be reconstructed is another obstacle. In these circumstances I must hesitate to call this work a History of Indian Philosophy. In interpreting the doctrines of particular systems, I have tried to keep in close touch with the documents, give wherever possible a preliminary survey of the conditions that brought them into being, and estimate their indebtedness to the past as well as their contribution to the progress of thought. I have emphasised the essentials so as to pre.. vent the meaning of the whole from being obscured by details, and attempted to avoid starting from any theory. Yet I fear I shall be n1isunderstood. The task of the historian is hard, especially in philosophy. However much he may try to assume the attitude of a mere chronicler and let the history in some fa hion unfold its own inner meaning and continuity, furnish its own criticism of errors and partial insights, still the judgments and sympathies of the writer cannot long be hidden. Besides, Indian philosophy offers another difficulty. We have the commentaries which, being older, come nearer in time to the work commented upon. The presumption is that they will be more enlightening about the n1eaning of the texts. But when the com- mentators differ about their interpretations, one cannot stand silently by without offering some judgment on the conflict of views. Such personal expressions of opinion, however dangerous, ean hardJy be avoided. Effective exposition means criticism and evaluation, and I do not think it is necessary to abstain from criticism in order that I may give a fair and imp..'rtial statement. I can only hope that the subject is treated in a calm and dispassionate way, and that whatever the defects of the book, n

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interest is left untouched, and still more only very roughly sketched in. This work has no pretensions, to completeness in any sense of the term. It attempts to give such a general statement of the main results as shall serve to introduce the subject to those to whom it may not be known, and awaken if possibJe in some measure that interest for it to which it is so justly entitled. Even if it proves a failure, it may assist or at least encourage other attempts. My original plan was to publish the two volumes together. Kind friends like Professor J. S. Mackenzie suggested to me the desirability of bringing out the first volume immedi- ately. Since the preparation of. the second volume would take some time and the first is complete in itself, I venture to 'publish it independently. A 0 characteristic feature of many of the views discussed in this volume is that they ate motived, not so much by the logical impulse to account for the riddles of existence, as by the practical need for a support in life. It has been difficult to avoid discussions of, what' may appear to the reader, religious rather than philosophical issues, on account of the very close connexion between religion and philosophy in early Indian speculation. The second volume, however,. will be of a more purely philosophical character, since a predominantly theoretical interest gets the upper hand in the dar anas or 0 systems of philosophy, though the intimate connexion between know- ledge and life is not lost sight of. It is a pleasure to acknowledge my obligations to the many eminent orientalists whose works have been of great. help to me in my studies. It is not possible to mention all their names, which will be found in the course of the book. Mention must, however, be made of Max Miiller, Deussen, Keith, Jacobi, Garbe, Tilak, Bhandarkar, Rhys Davids and Mrs. Rhys Davids, 01denber , Poussin, Suzuki and Sagen.

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Several valuable works of recent publication, such 81 Professor Das Gupta's History of Indian Philosophy and Sir Charles Eliot's Hinduism and Buddhism, came to hand too late for use, after the MS. had been completed and sent to the publishers in December 192I. The bibliography given at the end of each chapter is by no means exhaustive. It is intended mainly for the guidance of the English reader. My thanks are due to Professor J. S. Mackenzie and Mr. V. Subrahmanya Aiyar, who were good enough to read considerable parts of the MS. and the proofs. The book has profited much by their friendly and suggestive counsel. I am much indebted to Professor A. Berriedale Keith for reading the proofs and making many valuable comments. My greatest obligation, however, is to the Editor of the Library of Philosophy, Professor J. H. Muirhead, for his invaluable and most generous help in the preparation of the book for the press and previously. He undertook the laborious task of reading the book in the MS., and his sugges- tions c and criticisms have been of the greatest assistance to me. I am also obliged to Sir Asutosh Mookerjee, Kt., C.S.I., for his constant encouragement and the facilities provided for higher work in the Post-Graduate Department of the Calcutta University. November 1922

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CLERMONT.

CHAP. I.

a retired part of the province of Dauphiny stood the cottage of Clermont; its remote obscurity was well suited to the mental solitude of its tenant, and its neat simplicity corresponded with his refined taste. Fifteen years he had been an inhabitant of it; and from the elegance of his manners and the dignity of his mein, his rustic neighbours, were of opinion that he had once seen better


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 INDIAN

PHILOSOPHY

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

General characteristics of Indian philosophy-The natura1situation of India-The dominance of the intellectual interest-The individuality of Indian philosophy-The influence of the West-The spiritual character of Indian thought-Its close relation to life and religion- The stress on the subjective-Psychological basis of metaphysics- Indian achievemeDts in positive science-Speculative synthesis and scientific analysis-The brooding East-Monistic idealism-Its vari- eties, non-dualism, pure monism, modified monism and implicit monism-God is all-The intuitional nature of philO9Ophy-Dar6aDa -Sathkara's qualifications of a candidate for the study of philosoph,. -The constructive coDservatism of Indian thought-The unity and continuity of Indian thought--Consideration of some charges levelled against Indian philosophy, such as pessimism, dogmatism, indifference to ethics aDd unpIogressive character-The value of the .tudy of Indian philosophy-The justification of the title II Indian Philoeophy II ---Historical method-The difficulty of a chronological treatment- The different periods of Indian thought-Vedic, epic, systematic and scholastic-" Indian" histories of Indian philosophy.

I

THE NATURAL SITUATION OF INDIA FOR thinking minds to blossom, for arts and sciences to flourish, the first condition necessary is a settled society providing security and leisure. A rich culture is impossible with a community of nomads, where people struggle fot life and die of privation. Fate called India to a spot where nature was free with her gifts and every prospect was pleasing. The Himalayas, with their immense range and elevation OD one side and the sea on the others, helped to keep India free from invasion for a long time. Bounteous nature

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INDIAN PHILOSOPHY

yielded abundant food, and man was relieved of the toil and struggle for existence. The Indian never felt that the world was a field of battle where men struggled for power, wealth and domination. When we do not need to waste our energies on problems of life on earth, exploiting nature and controlling the forces of the world, we begin to think of the higher life, how to live more perfectly in the spirit. Perhaps an enervating climate inclined the Indjan to rest and retirement. The huge forests with their wide leafy avenues afforded great opportunities for the devout soul to wander peacefully through them, dream strange dreams and burst forth into joyous songs. World-weary men go out on pilgrimages to these scenes of nature, acquire inward peace, listening to the rush of winds and torrents, the music of birds and leaves, and return whole of heart and fresh'in spirit. It was in the asramas and tapovanas or forest hermitages that the thinking men of India meditated on the deeper problems of existence. The security of life, the wealth of natural resources, the freedom from worry, the detachment from the cares of existence, and the absence of a tyrannous practical interest, stimulated the higher life of India, with the result that we find from the beginnings of history an impatience of spirit, a love of wisdom anq. a. passion for the saner pursuits of the mind. Helped by natural conditions, and provided with the intellectual scope to think out the implications of things, the Indian escaped the doom which Plato pronounced to be the worst of all, viz. the hatred of reason. "Let us above all things take eed," says he in the Phado, "that one mis- fortune does not befall us. Let us not become misologues as some people become misanthropes; for no greater evil can befall men than to become haters of reason." The pleasure of understanding is one of the purest available to man, and the passion of the Indian for it burns in the bright lIame of the mind. In many other countries of the world, reflection on the nature of existence is a luxury of life. The serious moments are given to action, while the pursuit of philosophy comes up as a parenthesis. In ancient India p1Ulosophy was not an auxiliary to any other science or art, but always held a prominent position of independence, In the West, even

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 INTRODUCTION

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in the heyday of its youth, as in the times of Plato and Aristotle, it leaned for support on some other study, as politics or ethics. I t was theology for the Middle Ages, natural science for Bacon and Newton, history, politics and sociology for the nineteenth-century thinkers. In India philosophy stood on its own legs, and all other studies looked fo it for inspiration and support. It is the master science guiding other sciences, without which they tend to become empty and foolish. The MU1)Qaka Upani ad speaks of B,ahma fJi,dya pr the science of the eternal as the basis of all sciences, sa1va-vidya-prati$lh4. "Philosophy," says Kautilya, "is the lamp of all the sciences, the means of performing all the works, and the support of all the duties." I Since philosophy is a human effort to comprehend the problem of the universe, it is subject to the influences of race and culture. Each nation has its own characteristic mentality, its particular intellectual bent. ,In all the fleeting centuries of history, in all the vicissitudes through which India has passed, a certain marked identity is visible. . It has held fast to certain psychological traits which constitute its special heritage, and they will be the characteristic marks of the Indian people so long as they are privileged to have a separate existence. Individuality means independence of growth. It is not necessarily unlikeness. There cannot be complete unlikeness, since man the world over is the same, especially so far as the aspects of spirit are concerned. The variations are traceable to distinctions in age, history and temperament. They add to the wealth of the world culture, since there is no royal road to philosophic develop- ment any more than to any other result worth having. Before we notice the characteristic features of Indian thought, a few words may be said about the influence of the West on Indian thought. The question is frequently raised whether and to. what extent Indian thought borrowed its ideas from foreign sources, such as Greece. Some of the views put forward by Indian thinkers resemble certain doctrines developed in ancient Greece, so much that anybody interested in discrediting this

I See I.A., 1918. p. 102. See also B.G., Z. 32.

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 days. To this impression, however, he studiously avoided giving any sanction; nay, it was evident he wished by every means in his power, to discourage the idea of opulence or greatness having ever been his portion.

His chief employment consisted in superintending a little farm, from which his principal support appeared to be derived, and his highest amusement and pleasure in studying the works of nature, and cultivating the mind of his daughter; who, with an elderly female servant whom he had hired after his arrival at the cottage, were the only human beings that shared with him the fruits of his retirement.

Madeline, but two years old at that period, could consequently recollect nothing previous to it; but, from the striking difference between her father and the surrounding rustics, she could not help adopting their opinion of him, and thinking that he had once


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 moved in a circle very different from that in which he was then placed.

She more than once hinted this opinion, and enquired of her father the cause of their retirement, and whether they had no relatives, no friends, in that great world from which they were secluded? but she never received any satisfactory answer. The agitation he always betrayed at those enquiries, made her at last resolve to suppress a curiosity so painful to his feelings. It however confirmed her belief of his having experienced severe misfortunes; and from this conviction, she redoubled her attention, trusting that, if she could not obliterate, she might at least soften their remembrance.

But to do so in reality, was, alas! beyond her power. 'Tis true, he sometimes forced himself to wear the semblance of cheerfulness, although his heart was ever a stranger to it; oppressed by a sorrow which the boasted efficacy of time, the solicitude of filial attention,


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 or the tenderness of sympathy could not mitigate;—a sorrow, which anticipated the work of time, had already faded his cheek and furrowed his brow, though yet in what might be termed the prime of man's life, not having attained his fortieth year; and sometimes so far overcame him, as to render him unable to bear even the society of his daughter, his only earthly comfort. At those periods he always wandered to the wildest and most sequestered spot that he could find in the neighbourhood of his residence.

Though one of his chief sources of pleasure (as I have already said) was derived from the culture of his daughter's mind, he was


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Rh was invested with, as if he were sole door-keeper of the kingdom of heaven, and had that key of David, which belongs only to the Son of David; no, this invests all the apostles and their successors with a ministerial power to guide and govern the church of Christ, as it exists in particular congregations, or churches, according to the rules of the gospel. Claves regni coelorum in B. Petro apostolo cuncti suscepimus sacerdotes—All we that are priests, received, in the person of the blessed apostle Peter, the keys of the kingdom of heaven; so Ambrose ''De Dignit. Sacerd. Only the keys were first put into Peter's hand, because he was the first that opened the door of faith to the Gentiles'', Acts 10. 28. As the king, in giving a charter to a corporation, impowers the magistrates to hold courts in his name, to try matters of fact, and determine therein according to law, confirming what is so done, regularly, as if done in any of the superior courts; so Christ, having incorporated his church, hath appointed the office of the ministry for the keeping up of order and government, and to see that his laws be duly served; I will give thee the keys. He doth not say, "I have given them," or "I do now;" but "I will do it," meaning after his resurrection; when he ascended on high, he gave those gifts, Ephes. 4. 8. then this power was actually given, not to Peter only, but to all the rest, ch. 28. 19, 20. John 20. 21. He doth not say, The keys shall be given, but, I will give them; for ministers derive their authority from Christ, and all their power is to be used in his name, 1 Cor. 5. 4.

Now, 1. The power here delegated, is a spiritual power; it is a power pertaining to the kingdom of heaven, that is, to the church, that part of it which is militant here on earth, to the gospel-dispensation; that is it about which the apostolical and ministerial power is wholly conversant. It is not any civil, secular power that is hereby conveyed, Christ's kingdom is not of this world; their instructions afterward were in things pertaining to the kingdom of God, Acts 1. 3.

2. It is the power of the keys that is given, alluding to the custom of investing men with authority in such a place, by delivering to them the keys of the place. Or as the master of the house gives the keys to the steward, the keys of the stores where the provisions are kept, that he may give to every one in the house their portion of meat in due season, (Luke 12. 42.) and deny it as there is occasion, according to the rules of the family. Ministers are stewards, 1 Cor. 4. 1. Tit 1. 7. Eliakim, who had the key of the house of David, was over the household, Isa. 22. 22.

3. It is a power to bind and loose, that is, (following the metaphor of the keys,) to shut and open. Joseph, who was lord of Pharaoh's house, and steward of the stores, had power to bind his princes, and to teach his senators wisdom, Ps. 105. 21, 22. When the stores and treasures of the house are shut up from any, they, are bound, interdico tibi aquâ et igne—I forbid thee the use of fire and water; when they are opened to them agaiin, they are loosed from that bond, are discharged from the censure, and restored to their liberty.

4. It is a power which Christ has promised to own the due administration of; (he will ratify the sentences of his stewards with his own approbation;) It shall be bound in heaven, and loosed in heaven: not that Christ hath hereby obliged himself to confirm all church-censures, right or wrong; but such as are duly passed according to the word, clave non errante—the key turning the right way, such are sealed in heaven; that is, the word of the gospel, in the mouth of faithful ministers, is to be looked upon, not as the word of man, but as the word of God, and to be received accordingly, 1 Thess. 2. 13. John 13. 20.

Now the keys of the kingdom of heaven are,

(1.) The key of doctrine, called the key of knowledge; Your business shall be to explain to the world the will of God, both as to truth and duty; and for this you shall have your commissions, credentials, and full instructions, to bind and loose: these, in the common speech of the Jews, at that time, signified to prohibit and permit; to teach or declare a thing to be unlawful, was to bind; to be lawful, was to loose. Now the apostles had an extraordinary power of this kind; some things forbidden by the law of Moses were now to be allowed, as the eating of such and such meats; some things allowed there were now to be forbidden, as divorce; and the apostles were impowered to declare this to the world, and men might take it upon their words. When Peter was first taught himself, and then taught others, to call nothing common or unclean, this power was exercised. There is also an ordinary power hereby conveyed to all ministers, to preach the gospel as appointed officers; to tell people, in God's name, and according to the scriptures, what is good, and what the Lord requires of them: and they who declare the whole counsel of God, use these keys well, Acts 20. 27.

Some make the giving of the keys to allude to the custom of the Jews in creating a doctor of the law, which was to put into his hand the keys of the chest where the book of the law was kept, denoting his being authorized to take and read it; and the binding and loosing, to allude to the fashion about their books, which were in rolls; they shut them by binding them up with a string, which they untied when they opened them. Christ gives his apostles power to shut or open the book of the gospel to people, as the case required. See the exercise of this power, Acts 13. 46.—18. 6. When ministers preach pardon and peace to the penitent, wrath and the curse to the impenitent, in Christ's name, they act then pursuant to this authority of binding and loosing.

(2.) The key of discipline, which is but the application of the former to particular persons, upon a right estimate of their characters and actions. It is not legislative power that is hereby conferred, but judicial; the judge doth not make the law, but only declare what is law, and, upon an impartial inquiry into the merits of the cause, gives sentence accordingly. Such is the power of the keys, wherever it is lodged, with reference to church-membership and the privileges thereof. [1.] Christ's ministers have a power to admit into the church; "Go, disciple all nations, baptizing them; those who profess faith in Christ, and obedience to him, admit them and their seed members of the church by baptism." Ministers are to let in to the wedding-feast those that are bidden; and to keep out such as are apparently unfit for so holy a communion. [2.] They have a power to expel and cast out such as have forfeited their church membership, that is binding; refusing to unbelievers the application of gospel-promises and the seals of them; and declaring to such as appear to be in the gall of bitterness and bond of iniquity, that they have no part or lot in the matter, as Peter did to Simon Magus, though he had been baptized; and this is a binding over to the judgment of God. [3.] They have a power to restore and to receive in again, upon their repentance, such as had been thrown out; to loose those whom they had bound; declaring to them, that, if their repentance be sincere, the promise of pardon belongs to them. The apostles had a miraculous gift of discerning spirits; yet even they went by the rule of outward appearances, (as Acts 8. 21. 1 Cor. 5. 1. 2 Cor. 2. 7.  1 Tim. 1. 20.) which ministers may still make a judgment upon, if they be skilful and faithful.

Lastly, Here is the charge which Christ gave his disciples, to keep this private for the present; (v. 20.) They must tell no man that he was Jesus the Christ. What they had professed to him, they


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 often tempted to forego this gratification by reflecting on the inutility of accomplishments to her, who, like the desert rose, seemed born to waste her sweetness in obscurity. The task, however, was too delightful to be relinquished; and he at last rejoiced that he had persevered in it; for, as he carefully guarded her against all refinements which could render her dissatisfied with her humble station, he found that the expansion of her mind, by opening new sources of amusement, increased her happiness: he cultivated to the highest perfection that taste which the


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Never did a pupil render the toils of an instructor less difficult than did Madeline those of her father; and as she grew up, her perfect knowledge of the historian's record, and just conception of the poet's beauty, rendered her a companion well qualified to diversify his lonely hours.

She possessed besides an exquisite taste for drawing and music, and accompanied the soft melody of her lute with a voice which, though not strong, was inexpressibly sweet; melodious as that which the rapt poet at the visionary hour of twilight sometimes thinks he hears

The liveliness of her fancy was equal to the strength of her understanding, and often raised a visionary paradise around her; soft-


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 ness and animation were happily blended in her disposition; and with equal delight she could enjoy the gaiety of innocent mirth and the lonely hour of solitude: feeling and precept had early taught her pity for the woes of others; and with cheerfulness she could tax either convenience or comfort to supply the claims of poverty. To her person Nature had not been less liberal than to her mind; by her prodigality to both, it seemed indeed as if she had been anxious to make amends for the deficiency of fortune.

She was tall and delicately made; nor was the symmetry of her features inferior to that of her bodily form: but it was not to this symmetry that they owed their most attractive charm,—it was derived from the fascinating sweetness diffused over them. Her eyes, large and of the darkest hazel, ever true to the varying emotions of her soul, languished beneath their long silken lashes with all the softness of sensibility, and sparkled with


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 all the fire of animation; her hair, a rich auburn, added luxuriance to her beauty, and by a natural curl, gave an expression of the greatest innocence to her face; the palest blush of health just tinted her dimpled, fair, and beautifully rounded cheek; and her mouth, adorned by smiles, appeared like the half-blown rose when moistened with the dews of early morn.

Such was Madeline Clermont, who, ignorant of the great world, neither practised its follies, sighed for its pleasures, or dreaded its vices; her highest wish was gratified when she could steal from the brow of her father its usual sadness, and render him for a moment forgetful of his sorrows.

Their house stood on a little eminence, in a deep, romantic, and verdant valley, which wound to a considerable extent between cultivated hills, where the vine spread her treasures to the sun, and the husbandman often gathered a luxuriant harvest;


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 woods of variegated verdure stretched up many of their steep ascent, and the summit of one of the highest was crowned with the ruins of a once noble castle, the residence, according to tradition, of some of the ancient Counts of Dauphiny. This shattered pile, the record of departed greatness and the power of time, was carefully shunned by the peasant after sun-set, for the village legends were swelled with an account of the horrid noises, and still more horrid sights, heard and beheld within its dreary walls: but though feared by superstition, it was the favourite haunt of taste and sensibility; and thither, as the last beams of the sun glimmered o'er the scene, Clermont and Madeline often wandered; they loved to explore its grass-grown court and winding avenues, and picture to themselves the scenes that had once passed to all appearance within them: they also frequently ascended to its broken battlements, covered with wild vegetation, where the birds of night held their unmolested reign, startling by their melancholy


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 cries those persons whom chance or necessity conducted near the spot, from thence to feast on the delicious prospect beneath; whilst the breeze sighed amongst the surrounding trees, (whose ponderous trunks and matted branches declared them long inhabitants of the soil) as if the genius of the pile still haunted their recesses and mourned its desolation. The hills were completely surrounded by a chain of mountains, bleak, barren, and desolate, except in the summer months, when the shepherd led thither his little flock to crop the sweet herbage that then grew amongst their interstices.

A narrow river run through the valley, whose calm current was in many places interrupted by projections of rocks, which served as rude bridges for the villagers to pass from one side to the other; numerous herds enlivened its banks, along which a low brushwood crept, intermingled with a few tall trees, weeping willows, and sweet-smelling shrubs, which formed em-


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 bowered seats for the solitary angler. A number of neat cottages were scattered about the vale; and it was delightful of a fine evening to behold their young inhabitants dancing to pastoral music on the little grassy lawns before them;—

The cottage of Clermont was embosomed in a small grove, through which a broad grassy path, enclosed by a rude paling, led from the valley to the house; o'er the door honeysuckle and wild roses, during the summer, formed a kind of portico, and half shaded its latticed windows; its interior was as simple as its exterior, and it was ornamented, as Madeline grew up, by her fanciful drawings. Midway up the hill that rose at the rear of his cottage, Clermont had continued his


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 garden, as the space which lay between it and his dwelling was too narrow to yield sufficient vegetables for his family, small as it was; a silvery stream descended from this hill that gave fertility to the flowers which Madeline cultivated; and immediately above the garden it projected into craggy points of rock, which allured thither, by the fragrant herbs that grew about them, not only the industrious bee, but the wild and adventurous goat; and though the garden, its fences being readily overleaped, sometimes suffered from having the latter in its vicinity, Clermont could not think of driving away a neighbour, whose appearance on the heights added to the romantic and picturesque scenery of the spot. On the southern side of the hill lay a small vineyard belonging to Clermont, which he diligently cultivated.

Unchequered by incident, unruffled by discontent, the days of Madeline glided away till she had attained her seventeenth year; at which period their calm current was interrupted.


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 my person in such glowing colours as sometimes filled me with confusion. In short, madam, not to tire you, within three months after his return I began to be extremely uneasy at freedoms I scarce knew how to repulse. One morning after dressing I went into the garden, a thing unusual with me at that hour, and going round a serpentine walk, which led to a summer-house, I thought I heard voices there; I stopt at the back of it, which, as well as the front, had a door that opened into the garden, and plainly heard Agatha's voice, saying, "I tell you, Sir, there is no other way, send Albert off for a few days, or turn him off at once, for he loves Miss Matilda as if she were his own child, and therefore we must get rid of him; but you are so long settling your mind—get into her room at night when she's asleep, I'll take care nobody comes there, or tell her roundly at once you are not an uncle to her—I would not longer stand upon ceremony." "Well, Agatha, I'll take your advice, and dispatch Albert to-morrow, and the next night I will be happy." You


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 willing, and, like most resolute persons, he preached it up as a system. "You can only half will," he would say to people who failed. Like Richelieu and Napoleon, he would have the word "impossible" banished from the dictionary. "I don't know," "I can't," and "impossible," were words which he detested above all others. "Learn! Do! Try!" he would exclaim. His biographer has said of him, that he furnished a remarkable illustration of what may be effected by the energetic development and exercise of faculties, the germs of which at least are in every human heart.

One of Napoleon's favourite maxims was, "The truest wisdom is a resolute determination." His life, beyond most others, vividly showed what a powerful and unscrupulous will could accomplish. He threw his whole force of body and mind direct upon his work. Imbecile rulers and the nations they governed went down before him in succession. He was told that the Alps stood in the way of his armies—" There shall be no Alps," he said, and the road across the Simplon was constructed, through a district formerly almost inaccessible. "Impossible," said he, "is a word only to be found in the dictionary of fools." He was a man who toiled terribly; sometimes employing and exhausting four secretaries at a time. He spared no one, not even himself. His influence inspired other men, and put a new life into them. "I made my generals out of mud," he said. But all was of no avail; for Napoleon's intense selfishness was his ruin, and the ruin of France, which he left a prey to anarchy. His life taught the lesson that power, however energetically wielded, without beneficence, is fatal to its possessor and its subjects; and that


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 may suppose, madam, I was scarcely able to support myself. Having heard thus far I tottered from the summer house, and got into the shrubbery, where I threw myself on the ground, and preserved myself from fainting by a copious flood of tears.

"Overwhelmed by my own reflections, with out a friend or habitation to fly to for protection, uncertain whether this man was really my uncle or not, yet convinced he had the most diabolical designs against me, and that in his house I could not be safe: it is impossible to describe my feelings and distress; at length I arose and recollected what the horrid woman had said of Albert, it was my only resource. I walked from the garden towards the stables; most fortunately I met him coming from them. "Albert, (said I, hastily) I wish to speak with you, follow me into the park." The man looked surprised—"Me, Miss—I follow you?" "Yes, immediately," (I replied.) I walked quickly to the park, he came after me; when out of sight of the house


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 knowledge, or knowingness, without goodness, is but the incarnate principle of Evil.

Our own Wellington was a far greater man. Not less resolute, firm, and persistent, but more self-denying, conscientious, and truly patriotic. Napoleon's aim was "Glory"; Wellington's watch word, like Nelson's, was "Duty." The former word, it is said, does not once occur in his despatches; the latter often, but never accompanied by any high-sounding professions. The greatest difficulties could neither embarrass nor intimidate Wellington; his energy invariably rising in proportion to the obstacles to be surmounted. The patience, the firmness, the resolution, with which he bore through the maddening vexations and gigantic difficulties of the Peninsular campaigns, is, perhaps, one of the sublimest things to be found in history. In Spain, Wellington not only exhibited the genius of the general, but the comprehensive wisdom of the statesman. Though his natural temper was irritable in the extreme, his high sense of duty enabled him to restrain it; and to those about him his patience seemed absolutely inexhaustible. His great character stands untarnished by ambition, by avarice, or any low passion. Though a man of powerful individuality, he yet displayed a great variety of endowment. The equal of Napoleon in generalship, he was as prompt, vigorous, and daring as Clive; as wise a statesman as Cromwell; and as pure and high-minded as Washington. The great Wellington left behind him an enduring reputation, founded on toilsome campaigns won by skilful combination, by fortitude which nothing could exhaust, by sublime daring, and perhaps by still sublimer patience.


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 might be agreeable to you. But now that I am trying to write it, I am not sure that I have begun it just right. I will send this as it stands, and try again.Faithfully yours, "."

": I am not sleeping very well to-night,—I've been anxious about Job, on account of his sunstroke,—and so I thought I would write a line to you, and put it in the first volume of 'Rufus Choate' to-morrow. It is very strange, but now I feel quite willing to put notes in 'Rufus Choate,' and I sha'n't be troubled if you send things by Maggie. "Your affectionate "."

", what have we done? Oh, what have we done? Why did you make me love you? I was quite happy before. All my days rose and set in peaceful easts and wests—gray and rose and sunlight colors. Now I am caught up into a stormy sky, dashed with scarlet and purple and fire, and swept along,—I don't know where, I don't know why,—carried away from myself, as I used to dream that I should be if I let myself out of the window, and did not fall, but were taken up by the wind, and borne to the


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 tops of the elms—never any higher, so as to be dangerous, but whirled along over the heads of people, out of everybody's reach.

"Now we are swept along together, you and I, and I am out of everybody's reach but yours. And now that I and my dream are one, I am afraid of my dream; and I am afraid of you. Why did you love me? Why did you make me, why did you let me, love you? For you did—you know you did: you made me do it. I did n't want to love you. Have n't I entreated you, by every look and word and tone these ten weeks past, not to make me love you? My heart has been a beggar at your feet all the spring and summer, praying to you not to let me love you. You know it has. You are not a stupid man. You knew I did n't mean to love you, Dana Herwin; or, if you did n't know it, then I take it back, and you are a stupid man, and you deserve to be told so. Of course you know I had to be decent and friendly, and I did n't keep out of your way altogether. How could I? If I had n't been friendly with you, that would have been telling. Nothing gives away the secret of a girl's heart quicker than that—not to dare to be friends with a man. She might as well propose to him and done with it, I think. Of course I had to treat you prettily.


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, in one of his clever essays, represents the man of business as a mean sort of person put in a go-cart, yoked to a trade or profession; alleging that all he has to do is, not to go out of the beaten track, but merely to let his affairs take their own course. "The great requisite," he says, "for the prosperous management of ordinary business is the want of imagination, or of any ideas but those of custom and interest on the narrowest scale." But nothing could be more one-sided, and in effect untrue, than such a definition. Of course, there are narrow-minded men of business, as there are narrow-minded scientific men, literary men, and legislators; but there are also business men of large and comprehensive minds, capable of action on the very largest scale. As Burke said in his speech on the India Bill, he knew statesmen who were peddlers, and merchants who acted in the spirit of statesmen,


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 "But I did n't want to love you this way—not this way. I did n't want to marry you. I never thought of such a dreadful thing! And I wish you to understand, sir, that it is very disagreeable to me to think of it now. I will be honest with you at the beginning of everything. If a woman is honest with herself and her love, she must be honest with the man she loves. And I tell you, sir,—for it is the truth, and I've got to tell you,—if I could unlove you I would do it this minute, and stand by the consequences. I believe I'll try. If you don't have any more notes from me, you will know I have succeeded. "Yours,M. T."

" sorry if it does n't please you that I send notes without beginnings. I've tried a good many different ones, but they do not suit me. Perhaps it is because I don't quite see ends. How solemn a thing is a beginning without an end! A love that is never to have an end seems to me more sacred to think of than a life that is to have no end; because you can live


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 without loving, but you can't love without living, and the moment life and love become one— that is a terrible moment. I wrote long ago, in something I have that nobody sees, that joy is terrible. But you don't seem to think so, and that is what perplexes me.

"I remember a book my mother gave me when I was a little girl—I keep it now with my Bible. It is called 'A Story Without an End,' and is one of those old-time allegories about the human soul. A Child who was always spelled with a big C lived in a hut in a forest, alone with the birds and the butterflies, the flowers and the animals, and a little looking-glass covered with cobwebs in which he tried to see himself. And the bluebells were taller than the Child, and delighted me. There was a chapter on Faith, and one on Aspiration, and one on Love; and it seemed to me I understood the chapter stories about Faith, and even about Aspiration, but the one about Love I could not understand, and it troubled me. I seemed to sit down before it as the Child sat under the bluebells that were taller than himself—with his chin in his hands—this way. I'll show you next time we are in the drawing-room together. That is, if you won't disturb me; for I tell you at the beginning, I can't bear to have


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 my chin touched. If you ever do that, I shall know that you wish to quarrel with me badly. You are quite mistaken that I have a dimple there. Nobody else ever told me so. My dimple is in my left cheek. I consider it a kind of embezzlement to create dimples where they don't exist, and much worse to make them an excuse for doing things.

"Sir, you kissed my chin yesterday, when I had asked you not to. This is the reason I am writing you without beginnings. The bluebells are taller than I to-day, and you must leave me alone with them in my forest. I shall stay there till you have learned not to—Why do you do things I ask you not to? I don't love you for it—truly I don't. I suppose some women would. But when a man chooses a Wilderness Girl, he must not expect her to be precisely like all the other girls, and, in my opinion, he should treat her accordingly. No, I am not ready yet to wear rings for people. When I am, I 'll let you know. Nor I don't care what stone it is, as long as it is n't a diamond. I don't know how much I love you,—I admit that, and I want you to understand that you don't know, either. Perhaps it is not so very much; who knows? Perhaps a little more than that—I can't say. But I do know


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CHAP. II.

was in a fine autumnal evening that Clermont, seized with one of his usual fits of melancholy, abruptly withdrew from the cottage, and left Madeline to amuse herself as fancy might direct. Habit had failed of its usual effect upon her mind; for, on every return of her father's dejection, she felt as much distressed as if she had never before witnessed it. To endeavour to alleviate this distress, she now walked out and pursued her course along the margin of the river till she reached the old castle, o'er which the last beams of


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 the sun now glimmered; its gloom rather invited than deterred her from entering it: passing, therefore, through its dreary courts, she ascended a flight of half-broken stairs that led directly to a large chamber which opened to a kind of rude balcony that stretched along one wing of the building. This was a favourite seat of Madeline's. The landscape seen through the intervening trees which rose before it never satiated her eye; upon every view some new beauty, some new charm, if possible more lovely than the last, was discovered by her.

The solemn shades surrounding her, o'er which the dusky hue of twilight was now beginning to steal, and the profound stillness of the air, only interrupted by the faint warbling of retiring birds, or the yet fainter sighing of the breeze among the trees, now and then intermingled with the hum of distant voices, by degrees calmed the painful emotions of Madeline's mind, and she became again, if not cheerful, at least composed.


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 "How sweet, how soothing (cried she) is this tranquil hour to the afflicted heart! it seems to give a respite to its cares, as it does to those of labour. How delightful to gaze upon the glories by which it is attended! to listen to the soft breeze that seems to die away amongst the waving trees, and the low carol of the peasant hastening to his cottage to enjoy the meal sweetened by contentment, and earned by industry."

Occupied by ideas similar to those which she had expressed, Madeline was almost abstracted from the scene which had inspired them, when her attention was suddenly awakened by an oboe from the valley; nothing could be more congenial to her present feelings than its melody, and she listened with exquisite delight; her spirits alternately rising, alternately sinking, as the sounds swelled with grandeur on the air, and tremblingly died away, till only their faint echo amongst the mountains could be distinguished: at last they ceased entirely;


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 but, as if unwilling to relinquish the pleasure they had given her, she immediately began singing the beautiful air she had been listening to, and with which she was well acquainted. She however soon ceased, imagining that she heard a low voice beneath the balcony repeating her words. Somewhat startled, she hastily arose, and looked over it; but no object was visible, and all again was silence. Her fancy, she was then convinced, had deceived her, and her composure returned in consequence of that idea; but the night being now far advanced, she delayed no longer quitting the castle.

The next evening her father again left her to herself. Slinging her lute across her arm, with which she was wont to amuse herself in her moments of solitude, she again proceeded to the castle, and sought her favourite seat; but scarcely had she gained it, ere the following lines, penciled on a smooth white stone that had once formed


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 part of a supporting pillar to the door of the chamber through which she had passed, caught her eye, and filled her breast with inexpressible surprise.

.


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 The moment Madeline had read those lines, she recollected the voice which she fancied she had heard the preceding evening, and was convinced her ear had not then deceived her.

A stranger, she was sure, had visited the ruins, for to none of the inhabitants of the valley, all the rough and illiterate children of industry, could she ascribe them; neither could she avoid believing them addressed to herself; not from any conscious superiority of charms over the rest of the village maids, but from a conviction that they never visited the castle, on account of the superstitious dread they entertained of it.

An idea that the person who wrote the lines might be loitering about the ruins, now struck her; and she instantly determined to quit them. Scarcely had she done so, when she heard the sound of a step in the adjoining chamber; she hastily bent forward, and looking through the little arch which led to


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 the balcony, she perceived a man gliding from the opposite door into an obscure corner of the room; there was just sufficient light within to enable her to perceive he was a stranger: her heart beat quick; she trembled, and shrinking back, regretted the thoughtless temerity which had exposed her to danger, by tempting her to visit the lonely pile at such an hour.

That it was the author of the little sonnet she beheld, she could not doubt; but the tender sentiments it expressed could not inspire her with sufficient courage to bear the idea of throwing herself entirely into his power, which, by attempting to leave the castle, she must do, her only passage being through its innermost recesses; she deemed it safer therefore to continue in her present situation, where there was a chance of not being observed, and of obtaining assistance by crying out if she should find it necessary, either till she was assured the stranger had departed, or that some hope of protection presented itself to her view.


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 Eagerly she listened for some sound from the valley, that might inspire this hope, but in vain; by the silence which reigned over it, interrupted only by the barking of cottage dogs, as if they bayed the moon, she was at length convinced that care and industry had already retired to repose.

he late hour to which her father prolonged his nocturnal rambles, and the timidity of their servant, gave her little reason to hope deliverance through their means: scarcely suffering herself to breathe, she continued a long time in a state of greater agony than she had ever before experienced. At last she heard a step; but her almost fainting spirits were soon recalled by a conviction that it was not approaching her; and in the next minute she caught a glimpse of a figure (the same she was sure she had seen in the chamber) descending a winding path near the balcony. Her strength and courage immediately returned, and with a quickness that scarcely permitted her to


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 touch the ground, she left the castle, and reached the valley by a different path from that which the stranger had taken. She had scarcely quitted it, when a sudden rustling among the trees behind her induced her to look back, and she perceived him slowly emerging from the midst of them. The speed of Madeline was now if possible increased, and, faint and breathless, she gained the enclosure before her father's cottage. As she fastened the little gate, she paused and leaned over it, but almost instantly retreated from it to the house, discovering the stranger to be within a few yards of it.

Her father was not yet returned; and the maid, busied in preparing the supper table, took no notice of her agitation. The idea of security soon restored Madeline's composure; she then resolved not to acquaint her father with the incident that had alarmed her, least it should agitate, and render him uneasy, if at any future time chance prevented her returning home as soon as he


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 expected. She also determined not to visit the castle again till she was convinced the stranger had forsaken it, nor even then at so late an hour as she had hitherto done; to know who he was, to have a perfect view of him, she could not help wishing.

The next morning, immediately after breakfast, when her father withdrew to the vineyard, Jaqueline, the servant, entered the room; she was a faithful creature, much attached to Clermont and Madeline from the number of years she had lived with them, and now appeared with a face full of importance.

"Lord, Mam'selle, (cried she) I have been wanting to speak to you this long time; I have something to tell you that will so surprise you! I dare say, if you lived to be an hundred, and were all that time guessing, you would not find it out."


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 "Very likely (said Madeline, taking up her work); so do you save me the useless trouble of trying to do so."

"Why this morning (began Jaqueline) before the sun was risen, I went down to the river to get a pail of water, and there I saw the most handsomest young man I ever beheld in my days."

Madeline dropped her work, and fastened her eyes eagerly upon Jaqueline's face.

"Claude Dubois and Josephe le Mure, though counted so handsome, and to be sure they are the best looking young men in the village, (resumed Jaqueline) are not to be compared to him. So, as I was saying, I found him standing by the river looking so earnestly at this cottage, as if there was something or somebody in it he wanted to discover. God bless my soul, says I to myself, if he should be looking at it with any bad intent!—for you know, Mam'selle,


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 there are people wicked enough to go about the world trying to do mischief; so I laid the pail upon the bank, and, thinks I, I will try to discover what he wants, or what he means; but how to begin to speak to him, I did not know; for though I did not feel afraid, I felt some how or other an awe of him: he saved me the trouble however of inventing an excuse for speaking to him, by asking me whether I lived in the house he had seen me come out of. So after I had answered him, I was just going to beg in return he would tell me why he stood looking at it, for all the world as if he wanted to take its length and breadth and all its dimensions, when Margarette Duval, going to market with some kids, came up to me for the price of a new hat which I had desired her to buy me the next time she went there, and whilst I was untying my glove to take out my money, away he marched, notwithstanding he saw I was going to speak to him when she came up."


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 "Perhaps you said something about him to Margarette," said Madeline.

"Nothing that could offend him, I am sure, (cried Jaqueline); I only said, when she asked, as I was taking out my money, whether that handsome gentleman near me was a sweetheart of my young lady? 'heaven knows who he is; he may be a sweetheart of yours or mine as well as of hers, for ought I know.' I must confess, indeed, she stared at him with all the eyes in her head, which perhaps drove him away; for I am sure my words could not: this I took care to tell her, after he was gone, was a piece of very bad manners. Before I came home (proceeded Jaqueline), I met some neighbours, to whom I described him, in order to find out if they knew any thing about him; but they were quite ignorant of any such person; it is evident, therefore, that he does not lodge in this valley, or he would be known to its inhabitants."


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 'Tis strange, thought Madeline, that visiting it as he does, he should not be known to any of them.

"I was all in a flutter till I told you about him (said Jaqueline); and should be glad to know whether you would have my master also told, that in case of any bad design against the house, he may be upon his guard."

"I think I may venture to say there is no bad design formed against it (exclaimed Madeline); consequently there is no occasion to speak to him on the subject."

"Very well, Mam'selle (answered Jaqueline); I am sure you have more wisdom and discretion than I have, notwithstanding I am the oldest; I shall therefore do as you please."

Madeline resumed her work as Jaqueline quitted the room; but not with her wonted diligence did she pursue it; her eyes


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 continually wandered from it to the valley, where, however, they met no object to which they had not been accustomed.

In the evening her father invited her to walk; this invitation she accepted with pleasure; nor was her satisfaction diminished on finding that he proceeded in the direction to the castle.


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. Where is Don Trino? Why don't you send me Don Trino? How is this? What are these things doing here?

. I don't know. Your Excellency. I was at service at the cathedral during the morning.

. So? That will do for to-day. Send me Don Trino. [Ironically to himself] A good government! A pretty government!

. Are you making an address for the opposition?

. I?

. You were just saying "A good government! A pretty government!"

. Never mind about the government; the government can take care of itself. Where am I to sit? Where am I to write? [To the ] Send me Don Trino.

. Don Trino? He is busy doing something for me.

. Oh! That will do for to-day.

. I asked him to decorate the table for the refreshments.

. But, Josefina! A man in his position, a public servant 155


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CHAP. III.

had nearly reached the castle, when Clermont, recollecting some business he had to settle with a cottager who lived at the opposite side of the river, or rather brook, for it scarcely deserved a better appellation, desired Madeline to stop where she was, and, promising to return in a few minutes, crossed over to him.

A little above the spot on which her father left her, hid from it by intervening


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 trees, was a low rock overshadowed by willows, upon which Madeline loved to sit, and watch the gambols of the summer flies upon the water, and those of its speckled inhabitants. Somewhat fatigued by her walk, she determined to go thither, and there wait the return of her father.

As she passed the castle, she turned her eyes towards it, but all around was awful uninterrupted solitude. The stranger she concluded had departed: but how great was her surprise when, on advancing a few steps farther, she beheld him, the same she was convinced of whom she had a transient view the preceding evening,—the same, she had no doubt, that Jaqueline had described to her in the morning,—seated on the rock, retouching a landscape laid against a book, and which, by the distant view Madeline had of it, appeared to be one of the surrounding scenes.


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 His attention was so much engrossed, that the light step of Madeline did not disturb him; and she paused—paused to contemplate an object who, though unknown, had strongly interested her.

He appeared of the first order of fine forms; and to all the graces of person and bloom of youth, united a countenance open, manly, and intelligent, but overcast by a shade of melancholy, which seemed to declare him acquainted with misfortune, and from nature and self experience formed to sympathize with every child of sorrow; his hat lay beside him, and the breeze had wafted aside his dark hair from his forehead, and discovered his polished brows, where, according to the words of the poet, "sate young simplicity;" in his eyes, as he sometimes raised them from the paper, was a fine expression, at once indicative of refinement and sensibility; and as Madeline gazed on them, she involuntarily said to herself, one glance from those benignant eyes


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 last night, would at once have dissipated every terror.

As if riveted to the spot by a magic spell, she stood immovable, till roused by the voice of her father calling her at a distance. She started, and as she turned to obey the summons, she caught those eyes she had just been admiring, the consciousness of which perhaps occasioned the blush that instantly mantled her cheeks and an agitation that scarcely permitted her to walk: yet was her emotion faint to that which (though she but glanced at him) she saw the stranger betray when disturbed by the voice of her father; he looked towards her, starting from his seat; the paper he held dropped from his hand, and wildly, yet delightedly, he gazed on her.

She met her father on the spot where they had parted, and informed him, though not in a very articulate voice, of the motive which had made her quit it; her agitation


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 was too great to escape his observation, and he enquired if any thing had frightened her? No, said she, nothing. Clermont therefore imputed it to the haste she had made to meet him. As they had walked a good way, he now proposed that they should return home, to which she did not object; but never had she been so silent, so absent before, since of an age to be his companion as she was at this time with her father.

On arriving at the cottage, they found supper already prepared, to which they immediately sat down: they had scarcely finished, however, when one of the young villagers rushed into the room, and with a trembling voice and pale face, besought Clermont, for the sake of heaven and his own soul, to come out and give his assistance to a poor gentleman whom he and his brother, returning from their daily labour to their cottage, had found lying bleeding and senseless, as they supposed, in consequence of a fall, at the foot of the hill upon which the castle stood. 'Tis


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 surely the stranger, thought Madeline, and instantly her colour changed.

"Do you know him?" asked Clermont, rising as he spoke.

"No," replied the young peasant. Nevertheless he and his brother had carried him to their mother's cottage, who had laid him upon her best bed, and was then trying to bring him to himself. "But (added he) except his wounds are dressed, she can be of little service to him."

I have already said, that studying the works of nature was a favourite amusement of Clermont, and from that study and reading, he had learned the healing property of many simples, which he carefully gathered and administered with success to the external as well as internal complaints of his poor neighbours: to him the young peasant had therefore come without hesitation to solicit relief and assistance for the wounded stranger.


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Rh In the name of the Father, ✠ & of the Son, ✠ & of the Holy Spirit. ✠ Amen.

TWO OR MORE. hat do you all come to take to the Holy Church?℞. Males, and females. ¶ Cel. Declare their names.