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 rial nature, a knowledge of which can be possessed by the physician and physiologist only, and upon which all social regulations must ultimately depend.

I hope I have not uttered a disparaging word against the study of pure physiology, for I would not for a moment deny the advantages or necessity of the pursuit. I have rather wished to express my opinion as to the duties of the physician in not overlooking his opportunities in promoting its advancement. I am quito aware that the mere contemplation of man, the paragon of animals, can never reveal to us the intricacies of his mechanism, or give us the interpretation of his mental faculties. The problems before us are far too complex and abstruse to be solved without first surmounting the various steps in the process. We must go back in animal life, and even to the lowest forms of vegetable life, before we can get a clue to the higher of nature's processes; we cannot even stop here, for it requires a knowledge of the ordinary laws of physics to understand many of the phenomena of the human body. Whether we look at the human frame, as a whole, or limit our attention to particular portions of it, these truths are mani-


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 fest. The very first fact which strikes us is that the body is made up of two halves, that is, that the body is double, implying necessarily that the nerve centres are double, and all the senses double. We may perceive in this fact a wonderful adaptation of means to ends, and how a knowledge of space in its three dimensions is gained, not only by our possession of two arms, but by our two eyes and by our two ears. We can see at once the advantage of this duality, but we hesitate to stop at a teleological cause when we find a similar dual arrangement even in senseless objects, and are forced to recognise another law of nature, that of form. Morphological doctrines require us to regard the whole of nature's arrangements, and therefore in this very question of duality many a person before, and since, the time of Abraham Cowley must have been struck with the very close resemblance between the human head and many fruits, especially the walnut. Cowley had a smattering of anatomy besides being a poet, and describes how the nut has a soft covering or integument, then a hard shell or bone, lining which is a thick membrane or dura mater, followed by a thin skin or pia mater, covering the convo-

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 he did so the duke stood opposite to him by the wall which was beginning to rise above the earth, and the poet looked into the eyes of his lord and went back of his own will into the windings of his prison. But the duke remembered the old saw "God keep you from the eye of a lettered man," and knew that the masons might set about his own tomb also. Nevertheless he made no sign, and night and day the work went on; and the guard was changed, and none in the castle dared to ask a question, or so much as to see the wall before their eyes, for by this time everybody was aware that Duke Guido was a chip of the old block, whose answers would be a gibbet and a rope. But the gentleman who had played the spy, and given the duke his information, had grown gloomy and sour again, for he was obliged to confess to himself that this vengeance of his master's was more curiously and choicely invented than anything he had conceited of; and this thought mortified him and made him wish he had not interfered in the matter, since he could not bear to be in any wise surpassed. To be short, before a week had passed the labyrinth was shut in by a great wall forty feet in height, without doorway or entrance, only in the place over against the pillar there was cut the line from it Nemo vadere quivit qui fuit intus in fair and deep letters on a smooth ashlar. Then the masons received six times the price of their labour and were sent back again to their several towns, and the guard was kept no longer, since there was not likely to be anyone inside who was able to climb that lofty wall. And about

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 study any subject in nature the less isolated do we find it, so that all our ologies appear but the expressions of human weakness, and we are forced to declare that all nature is one.

 * "From nature's chain whatever link you strike,
 * Tenth or ten thousandth breaks the chain alike."

We look at the earth's crust and we perceive that it has been gradually formed, layer by layer, and, judging by the present rate of progress, that this has been in process for countless ages. We sce remains of animals, now extinct, in the earlier formations, and others nearer the surface which had no existence in the lower depths. In the history of man himself we observe the same progression, and whether we take his propensities, passions, or mental faculties, we see the same law in operation. It may be language or any other of his attributes which we are studying, but it forms only one link in the great chain of phenomena, proving that our carth is going onward in the course of development. From any point of view we take, and upon whatever subject we fix our gaze, we come to the conclusion that the greatest discovery ever made by man about himself, and of


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 the earth, of which he forms a part, is the doctrine of evolution.

 * "The softest dimple in a baby's smile
 * Springs from the whole of past eternity,
 * Tasked all the sum of things to bring it there."

To those who refuse to look intelligently around them everything is stationary, things are now as they ever were, and they choose to think that this view is necessary to a religious frame of mind; but the idea of development and progress is far grander and more sublime; it is felt by the thoughtful to be true and stamped upon our very nature. Coleridge the Christian, the philosopher, and poet, possessing one of the profoundest minds that England has ever seen, with a wide grasp of nature in all her forms, had a glimpse of what now is erected into a science of evolution and morphology. He says, "Every rank of creatures as it ascends in the scale of creation leaves death behind it or under it. The metal at its height of being seems a mute prophecy of the coming vegetation, into a mimic resemblance of which it crystallises. The blossom and flower, the acme of vegetable life, divides into corresponding organs


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 with reciprocal functions, and by instinctive motions and approximations seems impatient of that fixure by which it is differenced in kind from the flower-shaped Psyche that flutters with free wing above it. Thus, all lower natures find their highest good in semblances and seekings of that which is higher and better. All things strive to ascend and ascend in their striving, and shall man alone stop?" In this, which was written half a century ago, lies a vast and grand conception of the world and of man, its inhabitant, not only appealing to the scientific investigator, but to the moralist, the philosopher, and the Christian. It implies that the world is not made, but is being made, that all things are tending to the higher and better, that inferior and hateful things are left behind, and that for man himself there may yet be a continuous and higher development in another sphere.

Now, in seeking to gain a further insight into nature, we can pursue no better course than that which Harvey trod; for after a careful perusal of his works, we are constrained to see, in every page, that he was guided by the true scientific instinct. His injunction to the members of the College was


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 to study and search out the secrets of nature by way of experiment. He clearly did not use the latter term in its more ordinary signification, but by way of experiment, he meant by way of facts, instead of by the way of fancy, for he says "It were disgraceful, with this most spacious and admirable realm of nature before us, and where the reward ever exceeds the promise, did we take the reports of others upon trust and go on coining crude problems out of these, and on them hanging knotty and captious and petty disputations. Nature herself is to be addressed." One might have thought that this maxim had been written with the pen of Bacon, but it does not appear that Harvey ever read Bacon's works, and, indeed, it seems nearly certain that his great discovery was made, although not published to the world, before the 'Novum Organum' was written. It is clear that Harvey learned nothing from Bacon, and this has lead to the belief amongst some persons that he could not have adopted the Baconian method of inquiry, but that Harvey made his discovery by a simple deductive or à priori mode of reasoning, suggested by the presence of valves in the veins, already shewn by Fabricius. No one who has


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 read Harvey's works, and especially such a sentence as I have quoted as to the true method of research, could possibly have accepted this statement, for few better pieces of investigation are to be found in the whole annals of scientific discovery than his. He opened the pericardium, he observed the heart's movements, he cut into the organ and saw it squeeze the blood out, he then opened the arteries into which he believed the blood to pass, and witnessed the crimson stream ejected. He proposed to himself experiment after experiment until he had solved the problem of the circulation. No theoretic argument was his who had dissected every animal within his reach; for reptiles, fishes, insects were alike familiar to him. His powers of observation are also seen by his not forgetting to make use of cases in the human subject, for in an example of aneurism of the subclavian artery, he noticed the different sizes of the corresponding pulses of the wrists. Besides, he himself knew what a deduction was as opposed the method he had been pursuing, for he declared that if his discovery were true, then certain other truths might be deduced from it. He says "these truths, if proven, are not without their use in


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Rh bloods that want to shine in the arena. I told you we catered for all tastes. Now, as regards the Line proper, I believe the young artisan and mechanic puts in for that before he marries. He likes the two months' "heef" in his first year, and five bob a week is something to go on with between times.'

'Do they follow their trade while they're in the Line?' I demanded.

'Why not? How many well-paid artisans work more than four days a week anyhow? Remember a Linesman hasn't to be drilled in your sense of the word. He must have had at least eight years' grounding in that, as well as two or three years in his Volunteer battalion. He can sleep where he pleases. He can't leave town-limits without reporting himself, of course, but he can get leave if he wants it. He's on duty two days in the week as a rule, and he's liable to be invited out for garrison duty down the Mediterranean, but his benefit societies will insure him against that. I'll tell you about that later. If it's a hard winter and trade's slack, a lot of the bachelors are taken into the I.G. barracks (while the I.G. is out on the "heef") for theoretical instruction. Oh, I assure you the Line hasn't half a bad time of it.'

'Amazing!' I murmured. 'And what about the others?'

'The Volunteers? Observe the beauty of our system. We're a free people. We get up and slay the man who says we aren't. But as a little detail we never mention, if we don't volunteer in S

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 every good citizen of the United States: for independent of the considerations already hinted, arising from the contiguity of Louisiana to the western states, the free navigation of the Mississippi, the right to which had been solemnly recognised and established by our treaty with Spain, might have been rendered extremely precarious when the territory on both sides of that river towards its mouth became the property of a military republic; and the conduct of the intendant at New Orleans at once manifested how much it was in the power of the owners of that spot to annoy the interests of our western brethren, and to involve the whole confederacy in a war with one of the most powerful nations in Europe. Nor did the preparations in France and Holland for the immediate establishment of a military colony in Louisiana leave any room in the breast of many to doubt that the intendant acted according to instruction, and that the first fruits of these proceedings on the part of France would be a rupture with the United States.

Happily these preparations for the establishment of such a colony in Louisiana had not been carried into effect, when the alarm excited by the unauthorised conduct of the intendant at New-Orleans prompted the present administration, instead of listening to the suggestions of ardent and intemperate politicians, to commence a negociation for the purchase of this important territory. In this attempt they have (most happily for America!) succeeded even beyond expectation: For I can scarcely believe that even the advisers of the measure ventured to cherish expectations of so speedy and prosperous an issue; the cession being not only as extensive and compleat as it was in the power of France to make, but the terms extremely advantageous to the United States. It is not my intention, however, to enquire to what combination of circumstances, or to whose diplomatic skill this successful negociation is to be attributed. It is


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 exciting belief as it were à posteriori," and infers, for example, that if venous blood flows as he supposed from the circumference of the body to the centre, it would carry poison, like that of hydrophobia, the lucs venerea, and the like, and "finally" says Harvey, "reflecting on every part of medicine, physiology, pathology, semeiotics, therapeutics, when I see how many questions can be answered, how many doubts resolved, how much obscurity illustrated by the truth we have declared, I see a field of vast extent before me," and we may add, a very fruitful field it has been.

How, then, can it be, that Harvey's discovery arose out of a mere consideration of the uses of valves when he himself applied the deductive method to his own doctrines derived from an altogether different process of inquiry. Harvey's was the true scientific method as adopted by Jenner and all other illustrious discoverers of our College, and indeed there is but one method. It may be a subject of great interest to philosophers and logicians to discuss the modes by which great results in natural philosophy are obtained, and therefore it is not surprising that the method


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 employed by Harvey should have undergone this strict investigation, seeing it was brought into use at the very epoch of Bacon. Bacon's work seems to have been to assist his fellow-creatures in throwing off the yoke which they had borne for so many centuries. His daring to put aside Plato and Aristotle, and to direct others to investigate and think for themselves constituted him a man of power; but whether he put them in the best way of discovery is another question which has long been discussed. Those who have chosen to call Bacon's inductive method equivalent to a collocation of facts, arc pleased to quote Harvey's discovery as an illustration of what a very opposite method will effect, but their reasonings and their facts are altogether erroneous. In various parts of Bacon's writings there are a sufficient number of scientific allusions to prove that the author knew the difference between a theory and a mere collocation of facts; and as regards Harvey, his method was of the purest inductive kind. I cannot but think that those philosophers who have discussed the different methods of induction and deduction, and which of them leads to the most fruitful results, have themselves been deficient in true scientific instinct;


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 and, on the other hand, we know that our greatest scientific men, from Harvey downwards, had little technical acquaintance with the methods they were practising. I should say that most discoverers, indeed, were totally unacquainted with philosophic terms, or at least in their writings no allusion is made to the methods employed. Amongst our own friends engaged in researches, one seldom hears philosophy discussed; and indeed where such terms as inductive or deductive appear prominently in their pages, I have myself remarked that there is little hope of gleaning a scientific fact.

It is generally supposed that Newton never read Bacon's writings, but what a perfect model was he of the scientific man. What could be more splendid than for his great induction to bear such fruits as the discovery of the planet Neptune by a necessary deduction. Look at those amongst ourselves who are adding to our knowledge, and where we have an opportunity of watching their manner of working, we shall perceive that they are not consciously pursuing any method, but will declare that they have never read a line of Bacon, of Mill, or of any other philosophic writer. Whether


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 three months after this fine monument of love was concluded, Duke Guido caught the pestilence and died miserably, for Luigi had looked upon him, and woe is ever in store for them upon whom hath fallen the eye of a lettered man. But the noble gentleman of Mantua went up to the poet's chamber, and in a mournful meditative way, began to burst open his chests and to ransack his wallets, for indeed he was sorry for the poor scholar, against whom he had no grudge. "Alas! alas!" murmured he to himself, "all the evil that we men suffer in this vale of misery must be put down to the wickedness and devilish entanglements of the women. And now this Constance hath made three honest gentlemen to suffer for her sins, and hath killed two outright. Truly it were well for us poor silly men, if there were no women in the world." Sadly and pensively musing in this wise the noble gentleman ran through all Luigi's papers; for he loved good letters and understood well how to distinguish choice writing from mean. And when he came to "Il Pastor Intronato," and saw what a rarest work of art was in his hands, he well-nigh wept, saying: "Alack! alack! a very admirable poet, a gentle witty clerk; dear soul, and he's come to this pitiful end, and through a woman's wanton, wicked ways." And thus it was by this gentleman's hands that this delicious piece of Luigi's was set forth, and remains, as I have said, a fragrant and everlasting memorial of him, together with the great stone wall around the miz-maze of San Giuliano. The which stands there to this day, and none has ever

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 the enquiry be physiological, chemical or physical the method is one. So far from their being able to say whether the inductive or deductive process is the better, they are employing both. The scientific enquirer looks at some phenomenon in nature and asks himself its meaning. The fact to which his attention is directed is one which millions have passed by unobserved, or have regarded if known, as too trivial or commonplace to be worthy of notice; it is this exceptional acumen which probably constitutes his special power or genius. He takes the fact, forms a conjecture as to its meaning, and frames an hypothesis or, if you will, a guess. He then endeavours to find if this have a basis of truth, and he performs experiments calculated to test its value. He perhaps fails, and then forms another conjecture which he once more puts to the test. He may at last be confirmed in the view he has taken, he then widens his experiments and at the same time his conceptions grow larger, until step by step, theorising and experimenting, able to form one grand theory of the whole, which he again proves to be correct by the accuracy of the deductions which flow from it.

I think it is evident that the old methods which


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 useful than that of having impressions and so-called views. The order of nature is to most of us a chaos, and therefore to decompose it, and analyse it, by a careful observation of phenomena, requires rare talents.

Jenner observed a fact, he sought an explanation, and put it to the proof. His was the correct and only method. The world goes on and sees an apple fall, or a frog's leg jump in a dish, or a heart beat, but no familiarity with these facts would excite the enquiry, why are these things so? Those exceptional men who see and ask, are the Newtons, the Galvanis, and the Harveys.

If then there be only one method by which truth can be discovered, we need no longer discuss how it happened (a fact which seems so remarkable to some persons), that this great discovery of Harvey should have been made before Bacon's treatise was published or extensively read: or further seek to refute the strange impression that Harvey should have worked in a spirit antagonistic to Bacon. I have shown how both these conjectures are erroneous, for Harvey worked as I have said in the one and only right way, being led by the true scientific spirit. Bacon, as may be seen in


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 many parts of his writings, was acquainted with the true method, although his protests against the speculations of the ancients, made him lay so much stress on what is called induction. Nevertheless, it may be considered remarkable that the results of Bacon and Harvey's investigations should have appeared at the same epoch, and that Harvey, master of the true method, had never read a linc of Bacon. If these men had no knowledge of one another, we need not ask whence they gained their inspiration; but rather how it was that two men endowed with the same spirit of inquiry should have arisen on the earth at the same moment. I should answer by saying that a general development had been going on in the womb of time, and that the moment of fruition had arrived when the world looked upon Bacon and Harvey.

What makes the reign of Elizabeth shine out so brilliantly in England's history? If Bacon had strength enough of intellect to throw off the yoke of Aristotle and Plato, which for centuries had weighed on mankind, if Harvey soon afterwards had sufficient force of will to put aside his Aristotle and Galen, and search nature for himself, if


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RV 588 (Rh) ሦስት፡ ሰዓት፡ ነው።

እግዚአብሔር፡ ይስጥልኝ።

አብሮ፡ ይስጠን።

መጽሐፎቻችህን፡ ክፈቱ። አብራችሁ፡ በሉ። አሁን፡ መጽሐፎቻችሁን፡ ዝጉ።

እኔ፡ አመሪካዊ፡ ነኝ። ኢትዮጵያዊ፡ ነህ? አንቺ፡ ቆንጆ፡ ነሽ። አስተዋይ፡ ነዎ። አስተዋይ፡ ነዎጭ። ይህ፡ ሰው፡ ማን፡ ነው? ጥሩ፡ ሴት፡ ናጥ ጥሩ፡ ሴት፡ ነች። ተማሪዎች፡ ነን። አስተማሪዎሽ፡ ናችሁ። መትፎ፡ ናቸው። እርሳቸው፡ ትልቅ፡ ናቸው።


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 afterwards Newton discarding the then theory of the universe, set to work to find out for himself the principles of motion and forces, and if we see also in this Baconian time other men illustrious in literature, in statesmanship, in commerce, or adventure, we nced no longer inquire which of these great men was the forerunner of the other, but ask ourselves what was the common spirit which actuated them all. The answer is that the whole country at the Elizabethan era was emancipating itself from an intellectual and spiritual thraldom. Aristotle and Plato had held despotic sway, and kept men's minds as it were in their iron grasp for centuries. Bacon had the courage and power to throw off the yoke, enough to constitute him a hero amongst the leaders of thought, and having felt his liberty, resolved thenceforth to be intellectually free.

It was a like spirit too which produced at the same period our Shakespeare, and men like Raleigh, Frobisher and Drake, who in a true and literal sense unchecked and uninfluenced by the geography of ages, fearlessly put to sea, and rested not until they had made an unknown world their own. The history of the time exhibits the


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 for me, that the object has been fully obtained.

This cession comprehends “the complete sovereignty of the town and territory of New Orleans, as well as Louisiana, as the same was heretofore possessed by Spain:” by which I understand the whole of the Spanish territory lying between lake Pontchatrain, lake Maurepas, and the river Mississippi; and between the Mississippi and the ancient boundaries of Louisiana to the westward, northward and southward; with the precise limits of which I do not pretend to be acquainted Before the war which terminated in the year 1763, France, then in poſſeſſion of Canada and Louiſiana, under the name of Louiſiana, laid claim to the whole territory, now conſtituting a part of the United States, and lying between the Miſſiſſippi on the weſt, the lakes on the north, and the Alleganey, or Apalachian Mountains on the east; as alſo to the territory weſt of the Miſſiſſippi, from the river of the north, which empties itſelf into the Gulph of Mexico, in the latitude of 26:12, north, to the Canadian boundary on the north; and, as may be preſumed, to the line of the Spaniſh dominions of Mexico, on the weſt, as far as the head waters of the river of the north, and thoſe of the Miſſouri, the principal branch of the Miſſiſſippi yet known, towards the north weſt, extend. Theſe limits have never been preciſely ascertained, ſo far as is known to us.

By the treaty of peace in 1763, the entire province of Canada was ceded and guaranteed to the Engliſh, with all that part of Louiſiana, as theretofore claimed by France, which lies eaſt of the Miſſiſſippi, and of the peninſula of New-Orleans, ſeparated from the Floridas by the river, canal, or gut of the Ibberville, lake Maurepas, lake Pontchatrain, and that part of the Mexican Gulph communicating with thoſe lakes. France having ceded to Spain the day before the treaty of peace was ſigned, in full property, and without any exception, the whole country known by the name of Louisiana, the river Miſſiſſippi from its ſource to the canal or river of Ibberville, together with that river, lake Maurepas, and lake Pontchatrain, as above deſcribed, was eſtabliſhed as the perpetual boundary between England and Spain. The Floridas as then ceded to England having at the peace of 1783, been receded to Spain, the boundary eſtabliſhed in 1763, between Louiſiana and Weſt Florida was probably continued, and may be regarded as the ſubſiſting boundary at this day, between thoſe countries. : yet


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 wonderful spirit which was actuating Englishmen, every man believed in himself and in his country, and this cannot be better exemplified than by the old and well-known story of the people rallying round their queen, on the news of the approach of the Spanish Armada. There was an awakening and moving spirit stirring the hearts and intellects of men. Each according to his power was doing his work; whilst Milton was shortly afterwards to preach freedom, Harvey in his sphere of science was exploring nature, and Bacon, though not an investigator himself, imbued with the true spirit, was teaching men with his pen how they should seek truth for themselves. One did not learn from the other, a common motive impelled them all, and the same spirit which roused them to independence and activity was operating on those who at about this glorious period of our history, founded the two Colleges of Physicians and Surgeons.

It would be taking, however, but a very superficial survey of the history of science were we to look upon it as the work of the few great men whose discoveries stand out as land marks in the domain of knowledge, rather, we should say, that a host of lesser workers have contributed


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 their share in uniting these together, or even assisted in their production, for there is much truth in the saying of Goëthe-that discoveries are made by the age, and not by the individual. A moment's consideration shows that this must be so. It seems quite impossible for the human mind to look upon a complex piece of machinery such as we are surrounded by in the organic and inorganic world, and by any process of analysis unravel its various parts. By no such means can we arrive at knowledge, simple laws are first discovered, and these we make use of to explain the more complex phenomena, much of the material used in their solution having been prepared by comparatively unknown and obscure individuals. All our knowledge is strictly relative, and can have no other side but that perceived by the human mind. Nothing, I believe, is less true than the sentiment contained in the lines of the poet.

 * "Thy arts of building from the bee receive;
 * Learn of the mole to plough, the worm to weave;
 * Learn of the little nautilus to sail,
 * Spread the thin oar, and catch the driving gale."

I believe that no contemplation of the bee or its hive would have taught us its habits or shown us


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 how it arrived at the mathematical precision of its cell. This can only be understood by a knowledge of facts and laws gained through centuries of work, and then perhaps they would not suffice for a truc solution of the mechanism of the beehive. Man had for ages looked with awo on the lightning, but no amount of contemplation could have re- vealed its meaning; it could only be understood when the laws of electricity were applied to explain. its phenomena, and these were learned step by step supported on so simple a basis as the effects of rubbing a piece of wax. The glories of the bow in the skies though gazed at for ages had never suggested the interpretation of the spectrum, but it was by the observation of a ray of light passing through a hole in a window of a small room that the meaning of the rainbow was revealed.

So in physiology we are apt to forget that it is by slow work, step by step, and often quite apart from the subject whose interpretation we seek, that we obtain fruitful knowledge. No contem- plation of the human eye would have suggested the camera, but the building up of the camera by a series of inventions explained the mechanism of endeavoured to teach the the cyc. We have


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 function of the tympanum and its chain of bones by the knowledge in our possession, but we now think that this was insufficient since the physicist has discovered the intimate relation between electrical and sonorous vibrations in his micro- phone. I think I am right in saying that no piece of mechanism was ever framed in imitation of a straw of wheat or the hollow thigh bone, but when by a series of experiments the engineer dis- covered that with the least material he could gain most strength, by making his support in the form of a hollow girder or tubular bridge, then we applied his discovery to interpret the meaning of the culm of grass or the human os femoris. No contem- plation of the nerves ever excited man's imagina- tion towards the fabrication of an electric tele- graph, but, on the other hand, the insulated wire, the result of much labour and thought, was found to have its counterpart in the nerves, whose compo- nent parts it then explained. The action of salines and colloids on the human body was learned by means of parchments and tubes in the laboratory,

These facts should point out to us how fruitless it is to attempt to understand complex structures and phenomena, before we have arrived at the


text: Amharic Basic Course/Volume 2/Reader Unit 3


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 necessary steps for their solution. This is emi- Dently true of the nervous system, where we are endeavouring to understand its most intricate phenomena by the application of laws derived only from our present limited knowledge. The remark- able observations of late, with respect to anos- thesia in hysterical women, states of somnambulism and costasy, and very similar conditions found through all animal life, should make us feel that we have still to learn the meaning of nerve force. With our present imperfect knowledge, the attempt to understand it is like taking a child, ignorant of the very first laws in physics, before a steam engine and endeavouring to explain its action. We cannot solve a problem until we know the meaning of the terms in which it is framed. Thus we see our greatest men, like Faraday, endeavouring to master the simplest facts and phenomena, taking for their maxim "tota in minimis," all nature exists in the least. Harvey made use of all the known laws of his time, and hence the grandeur and fruitfulness of his dis- covery.

I might here remark that this gradual growth of knowledge is another example of the progression


text:
Author:Olive Malmberg Johnson

Works

 * Woman and the Socialist Movement (1908)
 * Americanism (1920)
 * Revolution: "Dictatorship" and "Suppression" Incidental to Social Progress (1923)
 * Daniel De Leon, American Socialist Pioneer (1923)
 * The Cooperative Movement (1924)
 * The Socialist Party (1924)
 * Karl Marx: Forty Years After (1924)
 * The Soviet Revolution, 1917-1927 (1927)
 * The Reform Vote versus the Revolutionary Vote (1929)
 * Industrial Government (1930)
 * The Socialist Labor Party During Four Decades (1931)
 * The Virus of Anarchy (1932)
 * Industrial Unionism (1935)
 * May Day vs. Labor Day (1936)

title: Author:Olive Malmberg Johnson


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Page:The Chronicle of Clemendy.pdf/268

 climbed it, nor entered the labyrinth; and so it is not known at all how the lovers lie, or whether they met their doom together or apart. But I must tell you that when Duke Guido's brother who came after him had been seised of the Lordship of San Giuliano for a year or so, the malicious rout of certain cities sub-adjacent began again their old villainous seditions, clamouring that the bodies of the lovers should be buried with rites of Holy Church, and the monstrous wall thrown to the ground; and thence fell once more to their rubbish about the Romans, talking of the Tarquins, Gracchi, tyrants, tribunes, and the devil knows what infernal nonsense besides. And in their blustering speeches they confounded dates so scandalously, and got Roman History into such a woeful muddle that Duke Antony (who like his brother was something of a scholar and precisian) became annoyed, and was obliged to take a leaf out of Duke Mark's book, and to remind his subjects, by means of fire, sword, and halter, that all their pagan Pompeys and Brutuses had been put under the sod a long time ago. And as to the wall I have seen it with mine eyes, and it is indeed a very special wall.

No sooner had Piero brought his story to an end than Messer Mosca drew out from his wallet a bottle, round bellied and thin necked, and gave it to me bidding me to drink and pass it round. And when we had emptied it of its fragrant, oily juice Giacomo Corelli began to chide Piero for his lack of art in telling the tale, "since," said

title: Page:The Chronicle of Clemendy.pdf/268


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154 posed to lead to wealth, and distinction, and which tongue, most classes, who have it in their power, study with remarkable eagerness. It has been proposed, therefore, to establish an English class for such boys, as shall have made the greatest progress in their own language, in order to induce them to remain at the Schools for a longer period. But, notwithstanding these deductions, it may be safely asserted, that the foundation of more extensive and higher knowledge, is securely laid in the establishment of these Schools, and that an abundant harvest of intelligence, knowledge, and morality will ultimately arise from the seed thus judiciously and benevolently sown.

obstacle experienced by, in the outset, from an apprehension of authoritative religious interference, and the great increase in his Schools when that apprehension was removed, presents a striking proof of the indispensible necessity, which cannot be too often, and too strongly inculcated, of divesting all plans for the extension of education among the natives of this Country, of any thing calculated to excite the remotest suspicion of such a design. This truth seems to be deeply impressed on the mind of the Go-


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Page:Reflections, on the Cession of Louisiana to the United States.pdf/7

 When France, a few years paſt, obtained from Spain the re-ceſſion of Louiſiana, it was intimated, and is highly probable, that the ceſſion was made according to her former extenſive claims; whether any preciſe, or general boundary was deſignated by that treaty, is probably unknown on this ſide of the Atlantic; but being ceded to the United States as fully and amply as the ceſſion was made to France, whatever her claims were under that treaty, the United States are now entitled to claim.

Louiſiana, then, as ceded by Spain to France, and by France to the United States, may be ſuppoſed to extend from the river of the north, in the latitude of 26:12, on the ſouth, to the head branch of the MIſſiſſippi, in the latitude of 47:38, north, and longitude of 95:6, weſt, as the ſame is ſaid to have been aſcertained by a Mr. Thompſon, aſtronomer to the north-weſt company, who, according to the late traveller Mackenſie, was ſent expreſsly for that purpoſe, in the ſpring of 1798, comprehending a diſtance of nearly fourteen hundred miles from ſouth to north. Its weſtern limits are not ſo eaſy to be deſcribed; but it is probable that a chain of mountains partially laid down by Mackenſie in his map, and running nearly parallel to the Miſſiſſippi, about the longitude of 112:30, weſt, (in which it ſeems probable that the heads both of the river of the north, and of the Miſſouri may be found,) will be conſidered as the proper and natural boundary between the Spaniſh dominions in Mexico, and the territory of Louiſiana; a diſtance probably not leſs than eight hundred miles from eaſt to weſt. These limits may deſcribe an area of more than a million of ſquare miles; and comprehend a territory more than equal to the whole of the United States, as ſettled by the peace with Great Britain in 1783.

See the king of Great Britain’s proclamation for the ſettlement of Canada, and the Floridas, October 7, 1763. Beliham’s Memoirs of the Houſe of Hanover, and of the reign of George the third; and Mackenſie’s travels through the continent of north America, and Carver’s travels. there is reason to believe that it contains an extent of territory little, if at all, inferior to that of the United States. The terms upon which this immense cession has been made are, eleven millions two hundred and fifty thousand dollars to be paid to France, in six per cent stock, within three months after the exchange of the ratifications, and delivery of possession. Secondly, the United States assume the payment of three millions seven hundred and fifty thousand dollars to our own merchants for debts due to them, and captures provided for under the convention of 1800, between the United States


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Rh vernment, and almost all persons in authority under them, and it is earnestly to be hoped that the sentiment is as general, as it is undeniably founded on sense and experience.

Schools, which are the subject of the preceding pages, have latterly derived the most essential assistance and support by ample supplies of Books, from the School Book and School Societies, whose establishment will now be described.


text: Index:Clarence S. Darrow - Realism in Literature and Art (1899).djvu


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 he, "you should have enlarged upon the shadowy terrors of Constance's midnight journeys to her lover, and have made the warriors of the arras play her all manner of tricks, as is customary in Romances. Likewise you fell short in the building of the wall, and did not hold your torches on high and make them flame and smoke and cast strange lights around, nor did you cause the harness of the men-at-arms to glitter, nor the moon to shine with a calm golden effulgence on that fantastic scene." "I have told the tale as I received it," answered Piero, "and all these graces that you speak of can very easily be conceived by the hearers, without the trouble of recounting them, since such ornaments are, as you say, common to all romances." "And now, sirs," broke in Coppo Cacci, the cunning player of the violin, "it is time for you to pay your shot, and this you shall do by devising us some history of your own country, and in no other way whatsoever." "Nay," said Nick Leonard, "we will content you in both ways, for I am in the humour to tell a merry case, and I think I have one in my head which will be found not altogether unpleasant, though it is but an old song." And Andrea answered, "We listen and await your musick, for I expect it will be no less."

title: Page:The Chronicle of Clemendy.pdf/269


text: File:Albert Rhys Williams - The Red Funeral in Vladivostok (1917).djvu


text: Page:กม ร ๘ - ๒๔๗๘ fixed.pdf/20

title: Page:กม ร ๘ - ๒๔๗๘ fixed.pdf/20


text: The Chronicle of Clemendy/Signor Piero Latini's Tale


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 which we witness in every department of nature, and might be used to afford further illustrations to philosophers who have contended so long over the question of innate and necessary truths on the one hand, or experience on the other, as the basis of all knowledge. They would see that our interpretations of natural phenomena have not been arrived at (as if often thought), by an investigation or analysis of complex conditions, but have been worked out, step by step, by the human mind by means of laws framed from the simplest observations and experiments, proving, as must ever be the case, that the subject and object are united. Thus, the mode of increase of our knowledge is by slow growth, and corresponds to the development which we witness in the material world. Just as the human body contains within it the whole of animal life, or ontogenesis is a counterpart of phylogenesis, so the human mind gradually unfolding itself and passing from simple to more complex laws, finds its counterpart in the creative force which has been bringing about the development of the world. The human mind has been creating afresh the laws which are found in operation throughout nature, and may in time,


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Rh noticed) by the cordial co-operation, and principally through the immediate agency of some of the most respectable and wealthy Natives of the Metropolis.

to the latest accounts, the Government Schools, established on a solid basis of excellence, have experienced little variation in their extension, or system of instruction. Parents of the lower class, being accustomed to take away their Children from the Schools, as soon as they have acquired sufficient knowledge to enable them to enter upon the common purposes of life,the benefit which the Institution was otherwise calculated to secure, is greatly diminished. The education of the children is consequently limited to the acquisition of a grammatical knowledge of their own language, to the power of reading works composed in a plain style, and on simple subjects, to writing with tolerable ease and correctness, and to the application with great readiness and accuracy of the rules of arithmetic, which are taught according to the European as well as the Native system. The higher order of Scholars are also prematurely removed, for the purpose of learning English, a knowledge of which is sup-


text: Index:Albert Rhys Williams - The Red Funeral in Vladivostok (1917).djvu


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RV 589 (Rh)


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Page:Esperanto (The Universal Language).djvu/53

 PART II. EXERCISES ON THE GRAMMAR.

VOCABULAEY FOR LESSONS 1 & 2.

Mai, Prefix, denotes contraries, as Amiko, Friend Malamiko, Enemy.

As (final), denotes present tense of verbs. Is (final), denotes past tense.

Patro,

Father.

Li,

He.

Frato,

Brother.

Si,

She.

Knabo,

Boy.

Trovi,

To find

Ifnndo,

Dog.

Libro,

Book.

Rica,

Rich.

Rozo,

Rose.

Sana,

Healthy.

Sur,

Upon, on.

Forta,

Strong.

Tablo,

Table.

Amiko,

Friend.

Fidi,

To see.

Kaj,

And.

Granda,

Great.

La,

The.

En,

In, into.

Gi,

It.

Gardeno,

Garden.

Jen estas,

f Here is. Here are.

Esti, Cambro,

To be. Chamber.

Porno,

Apple.

Kun,

With.

Floro,

Flower.

Cielo,

Sky.

Birdo,

Bird.

Blua,

Blue.

Tre,

Very.

Multe,

Many, much.

Bona,

Good.

 * Da,

Of.

Sed,

But.

De,

Of.

Filo,

Sou.

Domo,

House.

Mi,

I.

Onklo,

Uncle.

Havi,

To have.

Beta,

Beautiful.

Used only after words indicating Quantity, Weight, Measure, Number.


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 PART III. CONVERSATIONS.

Bonan logon, sinjoro. Kiel vi f arias ?

Tre bone, sinjoro, mi dankas

vin. Mi $ojas ke mi vin vidas en

bona sano. Fi estas tre cjentila. Al ni estas varme. A I Hi estas malvarme. Mi malsatas. Li tre soifas. Kia estas la vetero ?

Ni havos bekqan tagon.

i* if

Tiom pli bone.

Kiu frapas? Km estas

tie?

Estas mi. Malfermu. Envenu. La losilo estas

en la seruro. Vi estas prava. Li estas

malprava. Pli bone estas agi malfrue

ol neniam. Sidigu, mi petas. Mi vin petas sidii.

Good day, sir.

How are you 1 How do

you do ? Very well, sir, thank you.

I rejoice to see you in good

health.

You are very kind (polite). We are warm. They are cold. I am hungry. He is very thirsty. How (what kind) is the

weather ? We shall have a beautiful

day.

So much the better. Who knocks ? Who is

there ?

It is I. Open. Come in. The key is in the

lock. You are right. He is

wrong. Better (to act) late than

never.

Take a seat, please. I pray you to be seated

(take a seat).


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 PART IV.

LETTERS COMMERCIAL, ETC.

Parizo, la 1 M de Sep., 1901 a. Kara Sinjorino,

Mi skribis al vi hierau, sed mia letero krucigis kun la via. Mi tre volonte enskribigas vin inter la membroj-adeptoj de nia societo. Mi esperas ke vi faros cion kion vi povos por vastigi la karan lingvon inter viaj amikoj.

Kun amika sal u to,

Via, Sinjorino C. D. ..

Nov-Jorko, 3. 11. 1902*

Tre estimata Sinjoro,

Hodiau mi ricevis la ekzempleron de du gazetoj, kiujn vi, aminde, sendis al mi. Koran dankon !

Tre fidele la via, Sinjoro P. . . B. ..

Jorko, 1902*

Kara Amiko,

Ciujn bondezirojn pri goja Kristnasko kaj pri felico kaj progreso en ciuj bonajoj en la nova jaro !

Kun kora saluto, Sinjoro F. . . L. ..


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 Ill

vendobjektoj paperaj kaj kartonaj, kiujn mi havas ordinare en mia mngazeno. Mi esperas ke vi satos la kvaliton tute rimarkindan de la komercajoj kiujn mi proponas al vi, kaj ke la kondicoj profitaj, je kiuj mi povas liveri ilin al vi, decidigos vin doni al mi viajn mendojn.

Vi povas ankaii vidi en mia katalogo, ke, krom la paperoj, mi ankau makleras pri ciuj komercajoj de la urbo Roubaix, speciale pri drapoj kaj teksajoj ciuspecaj. Miaj malnovaj kaj konstantaj interrilatoj kun ciuj firmoj citieaj donas al mi la eblon trakti la negocojn de miaj mendantoj kun la tuta kompetenteco dezirinda kaj per tia maniero, ke ili estu plene kontentaj.

Esperanto ke vi favoros min per viaj mendoj, mi petas, Sinjoro, ke vi akceptu miau sinceran saluton.

Sinjoro J. P.

A FEW IDIOMATIC PHRASES.

1. Mi skribos leteron ho-

diaii.

2. Mi jus estis vidita de

mia patro, aft, Mia patro jus min vidis,

3. Li estis jus pafota,

sed oni lin pardonis.

4. Mi estos deingata viziti

(ati inviti) la dok- toron morgait.

5. Mi devos viziti la dok-

toron margati, aft, Estas necese ke mi vizitu, k.c.

1. I shall (write or am

going to write) a let- ter to-day.

2. I have been seen just

now by my father, or, My father saw me just now.

3. He was about to be

shot, but they par- doned him.

4. T am obliged to visit

(or receive see) the doctor to morrow.

5. I have to visit (to see)

thedoctorto-morrow, or, It is necessary that I see, etc.


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 PART V. VOCABULARIES.

I. ENGLISH-ESPERANTO.

The words contained in this vocabulary are quite sufficient for all ordinary purposes. I wish, however, to give the reader a few hints regarding the manner of using, in the event of his requiring any word not found in it.

1 st. The word you look for may be perhaps a word common to most countries. For instance, you will not find such universal words as microphone, tele- phone, etc. In this case refer to the section on " Foreign words," and you will have no difficulty in forming such words for yourself.

2nd. The word you may want is perhaps a synonym, and this synonymous word you will, in all likelihood, find in the vocabulary. For instance, you may be looking for the verb " to seize " ; if you cannot find it, look for the verb " to catch," etc.

3rd. Also if you want to find the word " short," look for its opposite " long " and prefix " Mai," and then you have it. The same way with scores, nay hundreds of other words. Hence it is well to have a good working knowledge of the prefixes and affixes. A thorough acquaintance with these will place almost every possible word within your reach. With a much briefer vocabulary than the one before you, I, by adopting these few rules, read everything I came across in Esperanto, and wrote all my correspondence with a large number of Esperantists.

4th: The words marked with an asterisk are invariable ; the other words form different parts of speech by changing final letter, as Ami, to love (verb) ; Amo, love (noun) ; Ame, lovingly (adverb) ; Ama, loving (adjective).


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 II. ESPERANTO- ENGLISH.

A.

a termination of adjec- tives : bel'o beauty, bel'a beautiful.

abelo bee.

abio fir.

acero maple.

acida acid, sour.

aceti to buy.

ad' denotes duration of action : danc'i dance, danc'ado dancing.

adepto adept.

administri administrate.

adiati adieu, good-by.

aero air.

afero affair, business.

agio eagle.

agrabla agreeable.

ago age.

ajlo garlic.

ajn. . . ever : kiu who, kiu ajn whoever.

a/' made from or posses- sing the quality of : sek'a dry, sek'ajo dry goods.

akcento accent.

akcipitro hawk.

akompani accompany.

akra sharp.

akrido grass-hopper.

akurata accurate, punctual

akvo water.

al to.

alatido lark (bird).

albumo album.

alia other.

alkovo alcove.

almenau at least.

almozo alms.

alta high.

alumeto match (lucifer).

amo love.

amaso crowd, mass.

ambasadoro ambassador.

amelo starch.

amiko friend.

amuzi amuse.

an inhabitant, member : Nov-Jork'o New York, Nov-Jorkan'o New Yorker.

anaso duck.

angulo corner, angle.

anQtlo angel.

aniino soul.

ankau also.

ankoraH yet, still.

ankro anchor.


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 APPENDIX.

NAMES OF COUNTRIES, ETC.

Afriko, Africa.

Hinujo,

China.

Ameriko, America.

Italujo,

Italy.

Australia, Australia.

Irlando,

Ireland.

Azio, Asia.

Japanujo,

Japan.

EHropo, Europe.

Meksiko,

Mexico.

Alforio, Algiers.

Narda

N A

Anglolando, /

Norvegujo,

Norway.

Belgujo, Belgium.

Palestino,

Palestine.

Erazilujo, Brazil.

Persujo,

Persia.

Danujo, Denmark.

Portugalujo,

Portugal.

Egiptujo, Egypt.

Prusujo.

Prussia.

Finnlando, Finland.

Rvmanujo,

Roumania.

Francujo, j France

JRusujo,

Russia.

Francolando, f

Skotlando,

Scotland.

Germanujo, Germany.

Serbujo,

Servia.

Granda 1, T> -i. T, ., > Gt. Britain. Bntujo, j

SudaAmeriko, Svedujo,

S. America. Sweden.

Grekujo, Greece.

Svisujo,

Switzerland

Hispanujo, Spain.

Turkujo,

Turkey.

Holando, Holland.

Unuigitaj

United

Hungarujo, Hungary.

Statoj

States of

Amerikaj, )

America.


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 and the French Republic, if the same, when liquidated, shall amount to so much; making in the whole fifteen millions of dollars. Thirdly, French and Spanish vessels and merchandizes directly from their own ports, for a period of twelve years, are to pay no higher duties than American citizens, after which they are to be upon the same footing with the most favoured nation. Fourthly, the inhabitants of Louisiana are to be incorporated with the United States, as soon as can, consistently with the constitution of the United States, be effected: and in the mean time are to be secured in their liberties, property, and religion.

Such are the terms upon which this important cession has been made to the United States; upon which I shall make a few remarks, before I proceed to consider what may be regarded as the solid and permanent advantages which the United States may derive from this most fortunate negotiation.

From a statistical table of the United States (for which the public is indebted to the labours of Mr. S. Blodget,) I find the quantity of land therein is estimated at six hundred and forty millions of acres; and, if I have not been misinformed, the territory of Louisiana contains at least an equal quantity of land, and it is by many believed to be of at least equal, or superior, quality. If there be six hundred millions of acres, only, the purchase at fifteen millions of dollars amounts to twenty-five milles, (or the fortieth part of a dollar,) only, per acre:—consequently, one dollar purchases forty acres of land. I believe that none of our balloon-land-mongers have purchased their lands at quite so low a rate. Consequently, regarding the transaction, merely as a speculation with a view to a pecuniary profit, the most experienced financier in the land-jobbing business would be obliged to acknowledge it to have been a lucky hit. When a former Secretary of the Treasury intimated to Congress that twenty cents per acre,


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258 some corps or another—as combatants if we're fit, as non-combatants if we ain't—till we're thirty-five we don't vote, and we don't get poor-relief, and the women don't love us.'

'Oh, that's the compulsion of it?' said I.

Bayley inclined his head gravely. 'That, Sir, is the compulsion. We voted the legal part of it ourselves in a fit of panic, and we have not yet rescinded our resolution! The women attend to the unofficial penalties. But being free British citizens'

'And snobs,' put in Pigeon.

'The point is well taken, Pij—we have supplied ourselves with every sort and shape and make of Volunteer corps that you can imagine, and we've mixed the whole show up with our Oddfellows and our I.O.G.T.'s and our Buffaloes, and our Burkes and our Debretts, not to mention Leagues and Athletic Clubs, till you can't tell t'other from which. You remember the young pup who used to look on soldiering as a favour done to his ungrateful country—the gun-poking, ferret-pettin', landed gentleman's offspring—the suckin' Facey Romford? Well, he generally joins a Foreign Service Corps when he leaves college.'

'Can Volunteers go foreign then?'

'Can't they just, if their C.O. or his wife has influence! The Armity will always send a well-connected F.S. corps out to help a Guard battalion in a small campaign. Otherwise F.S. corps make their own arrangements about camps. You see, the Military Areas are always open. They can "heef" there (and gamble on head-money) as long

title: Page:Traffics and Discoveries.djvu/270


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 was as much as could reasonably be expected for our western lands, many who were in the habit of thinking only as he thought, supposed they could not possibly be made to yield any more. Nevertheless, when Congress fixed the lowest price of them at two dollars per acre, it was soon discovered that there would be purchasers at that price, and even more. But, without adopting this estimate, let us recur to that of the former Secretary, and we shall find that what we have paid for this territory, is but the eighth part of his estimate. Consequently, we may venture to pronounce, that this acquisition regarded as a mere pecuniary transaction, is a good bargain.

Little need be said as to the terms of payment; they are as easy as we could possibly have expected. By paying stock, instead of ready money, we are relieved from the payment of the principal at present, and it is probable the purchasers of the stock will not wish to receive it until we force it upon them. This turn of the transaction shews something of more importance, not immediately connected with this business, which I cannot help mentioning, en passant; I mean the high state of the public credit of the United States, among foreign nations; for unless that was the case, the court of France would probably have excused itself from the trouble of turning our stock into cash, in order to pay themselves, and insisted that we should have paid down the money.—Another important consideration is, that by the payment of stock, instead of assuming the payment of money at a future day, the debt will be transferred from the French government, to individuals; with whom it may be more easy to treat about the payment of the principal, than with a powerful nation in need of money. The payment of the interest annually will probably be directly or indirectly reimbursed from the consumption of foreign articles in the western states. If the impost be not collected at New-Orleans, it will


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It was the Fourth of July. I was standing on the Kitaiskaya looking down upon the holiday flags on the American battleship in Vladivostok Bay. Suddenly I heard a far away sound. Listening, I caught the strains of the Revolutionary Hymn:—

With hearts heavy and sad we bring our dead

Who shed their blood in the fight for freedom.

Looking up, I saw on the crest of the hill the first lines of the funeral procession of the gruzshchiki.

Four days before, when the Czecho-Slovaks, aided by Japanese and English troops, suddenly seized the Soviet and its officials, throwing confusion and terror into the ranks of the workers, the gruzshchiki (longshoremen), rushed into the Red Staff Building, and, though outnumbered forty to one, refused to surrender until the building was fired by an incendiary bomb.

To-day, the people were burying the defenders of the fallen Soviet. Out of the workmen's quarters they streamed, jamming the street, not from curb to curb, but from wall to wall. They came billowing over the hill-top by thousands until the whole long slope was choked with the dense, slow-moving throng, keeping time to the funeral march of the revolutionists.

Up through the gray and black mass of men and women ran two lines of white-bloused sailors of the Bolshevik fleet. Above their heads tossed a cloud of crimson standards with: silvered cords and tassels. In the vanguard, four men carried a huge red banner with the words: "Long Live the Soviet of Workmen's and Peasants' Deputies! Hail to the International Brotherhood of the Toilers!"

A hundred girls in white, carrying the green wreaths from forty-four unions of the city, formed a guard of honour for the coffins of the gruzshchiki, which, with the red paint still wet upon them, were borne upon the shoulders of their comrades. The music crashed out by the Red Fleet Band was lost in the volume of song that rose from the seventeen thousand singers.

Here was colour and sound and motion—but there was a something else, a something which compelled fear and awe. I have seen a score of the


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 probably be paid at New-York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, and reimbursed from the states on the Mississippi and Ohio, who will thus pay (perhaps exclusively) for those benefits which may at first seem to operate exclusively for their advantage.

These few remarks have been introduced for the sake of those politicians who calculate the loss and gain upon any transaction in the same manner as they would the contents of a hogshead of molasses, or a bale of oznaburgs; and who would as soon think of lending a friend money without security, or without interest, as they would of aiding one part of the confederacy at the expence of the whole.

Having, as I hope, thoroughly satisfied this class of politicians, I shall address the remainder of these remarks to those sober and reflecting persons, who, without any view to their own personal emolument, or that of their friends and connexions, examine the measures of government impartially, as they tend to promote, and to secure the general happiness of the confederacy; making that criterion, and that only, the general standard of their support, or opposition. To men of such characters, even the reflections of an individual far removed from the political theatre, and wholly unconnected with those in office, or who wish to be in office, if dictated by similar motives with their own, can not be wholly unacceptable. I shall therefore proceed to state what I conceive to be the solid and permanent advantages, which may be derived to the United States, either immediately, or remotely, in consequence of this important negotiation.

The first, and most obvious advantage which accrues from this transaction, is the happy removal of the recent and imminent danger we were in, of an immediate rupture with France. Events are too recent to require that this danger should be strenuously insisted on, or formally demonstrated. They are recorded, not only in the Journals of


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 great processions of Petrograd and Moscow, peace and victory and protest and memorial parades, military and civilian. They were all vast and impressive because the Russians have a genius for this kind of thing. But this was different.

From. these defenceless poor, stripped of their arms, and with sorrowing songs bearing off their dead, there came a threat more menacing than that which frowned from the twelve-inch guns of the Allied Fleet, riding in the harbour below. It was impossible not to feel it. It was so simple, so spontaneous and so elemental. It came straight out of the heart of the people. It was the people, leaderless, isolated, beaten to earth, thrown upon its own resources, and yet, out of its grief, rising magnificently to take command of itself.

The dissolution of the Soviet, instead of plunging the people into inactive grief and dissipating their forces, begot a strange, unifying spirit. Seventeen thousand separate souls were welded into one. Seventeen thousand people, singing in unison found themselves thinking in unison. With a common mass will and mass consciousness, they formulated their decisions from their class standpoint—the determined standpoint of the revolutionary proletariat.

The Czecho Slovaks came, offering a guard of honour. "Ne noozhna!" (It is not necessary!) the people replied. "You killed our comrades. Forty to one you fought against them. They died for the Soviet and we are proud of them. We thank you, but we cannot let the guns which shot them down guard them in their death!"

"But there may be danger for you in this city," said the authorities.

"Never mind," they answered, "We, too, are not afraid of death. And what better way to die than beside the bodies of our comrades!"

Some bourgeois societies came, presenting memorial wreaths. (The Cadets officially denied that these wreaths came from them.)

"Ne noozhna, it is not necessary," the people answered. "Our comrades died in a struggle against the bourgeoisie. They died fighting cleanly. We must keep their memory clean. We thank you, but we dare not lay your wreaths upon their coffins."

The procession poured down the Aleutskaiya Hill, filled the large, open space at the bottom, and faced up toward the English Consulate. Near by was a work-car with a tower for repairing electric wires. Whether it was there by design or accident I do not know. Presently it was to serve as a speaker's rostrum.

The band played a solemn dirge. The men bared their heads. The women bowed. The music ceased and there was a silence. The band played a second time. Again there was the bowing and baring of heads and again the long silence. And


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, but in the multifarious productions of the press for many months past; had the propositions made in the Senate of the United States for levying an army for the purpose of seizing New-Orleans been carried into effect, the issue must have been an immediate war with France; the expence of such a war for a single year would probably have exceeded the sum paid for Louisiana. But who could count the probable duration, or issue of such a war, with one of the most powerful nations in Europe? I pretend not to do it. Yet if we take into consideration the probable views of the French government in obtaining the cession of Louisiana from Spain, and the vigorous preparations they were making for the establishment of a military colony in that quarter, we can not but be surprised that they should have been prevailed on to abandon them altogether for so small a sum as fifteen millions of dollars.

Secondly; we have not only averted the impending danger of an immediate war with France, but we have obtained a perpetual guarantee against similar danger from the same quarter in future; a quarter, where we were weakest, and on many accounts most vulnerable.

There is no political axiom more just, than that neighbouring nations are seldom very cordial friends. And this extends to colonial neighbours, as well as others. Until the peace of 1763, the hostilities between the French and English colonists within the limits of the United States as now settled, were incessant. Even Spain, since the American revolution, has sometimes indicated an unfavourable disposition towards us. Had France taken possession of Louisiana, and made grants of land there, (as was probably her intention) as a remuneration to the officers and soldiers of her immense armies employed daring the late war, and established a military government, either there, or at New Orleans, it is probable that the United States


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RV 590 (Rh)


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Rh as their finances run to it; or they can apply to do sea-time in the ships. It's a cheap way for a young man to see the world, and if he's any good he can try to get into the Guard later.'

'The main point,' said Pigeon, 'is that F.S. corps are "swagger"—the correct thing. It 'ud never do to be drawn for the Militia, don't you know,' he drawled, trying to render the English voice.

'That's what happens to a chap who doesn't volunteer,' said Bayley. 'Well, after the F.S. corps (we've about forty of 'em) come our territorial Volunteer battalions, and a man who can't suit himself somewhere among 'em must be a shade difficult. We've got those "League" corps I was talking about; and those studious corps that just scrape through their ten days' camp; and we've crack corps of highly-paid mechanics who can afford a two months' "heef" in an interesting Area every other year; and we've senior and junior scientific corps of earnest boilermakers and fitters and engineers who read papers on high explosives, and do their "heefing" in a wet picket-boat—mine-droppin'—at the ports. Then we've heavy artillery—recruited from the big manufacturing towns and shipbuilding yards—and ferocious hard-ridin' Yeomanry (they can ride—now), genteel, semi-genteel, and Hooligan corps, and so on and so forth till you come to the Home Defence Establishment—the young chaps knocked out under medical certificate at the Second Camp, but good enough to sit behind hedges or clean up camp, and the old was-birds who've served their time but don't

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 would never have enjoyed any permanent state of tranquility in that quarter: and hostilities there would have led immediately to a general war with that nation. The issue of such contests I must again decline the attempt to calculate, or to foresee: but we may venture to affirm that in no event whatsoever could we hope for the possession of Louisiana upon such advantageous terms as we have obtained it.

Thirdly; we have secured, without the possibility of future annoyance or interruption the free navigation of the river Mississippi; both sides of which we now possess, I presume, from New-Orleans to its mouth; as also all the advantages of an excellent port, and deposit for the imports and exports of the western states.

When we reflect that the depriving us of a place of deposit for our western commodities was thought by our warm politicians, of itself, a sufficient cause of war; and when that object is acquired, without any expence of blood, at a price less than the probable expenditure of one year during a war; we must be satisfied the acquisition of these advantages alone, without regard to the territory of Louisiana, is of immense value to the United States. The perpetual removal of the means of annoyance to the commerce of the western states, can only be estimated by recurrence to the history of those countries, where those means have either been the successful engines of oppression, or the cause of almost incessant wars, between neighbouring nations, for ages.

Fourthly; by this cession we have obtained for the western states and their commerce, a strong and, in effect, an impassable barrier against invasion, or annoyance from the west, or south: since it will now be impossible for any attack to be made upon them from either of those quarters, without first reducing New-Orleans; which from its situation is capable of affording them powerful


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 yet there was no speaker. It was like a huge Quaker meeting in the open air. And just as a sermon has no place in Russian public worship so here a speech was not essential to this act of public devotion. But should someone from the people feel the impulse to speak there was the platform awaiting him. It was as if in the pause the people were generating a voice.

At last out of the crowd one came and climbed upon the high platform. He had not the gift of oratory but his frequent iteration, "They died for us," "They died for us," touched others to utterance.

Most eloquent of all was a lad of seventeen, the secretary of a league of young Socialists. "We were students and artists and such kind of people. We held ourselves aloof from the Soviet," he said. "It seemed to us foolish for workmen to govern without the wisdom of the wise. But now we know that you were right and we were wrong. From now on we shall stand with you. What you do, we will do. We pledge our tongues and pens to make known the wrongs that you have suffered the length and breadth of Russia and throughout the world."

Suddenly the word went through the throng that Constantin Soochanov had been paroled until five o'clock and that he was coming with counsels of peace and moderation. Soochanov was the president of the Soviet, a student twenty-four years of age, son of a high official of the Tsar, and a hero in a revolution that is not given to hero-worship.

While some were affirming his coming and others were denying it, he himself appeared. He was quickly passed along upon the shoulders of the sailors. In a storm of cheers, he climbed the ladder and came out upon the platform-top, smiling. …

As if to avert the flood of tragedy and pathos that beat suddenly upon him from every side, he turned his head away. His eyes fell for the first time upon the red coffins of the men who had been slain in defence of his Soviet and upon the mothers, wives and children of the men who lay within them. That was too much for him. A shudder passed through his frame, he threw up his hands, staggered, and would have fallen headlong into the crowd, but a friend caught him. With both hands pressed to his face, Soochanoy, in the arms of his comrades, sobbed like a child. We could see his breath come and go and the tears raining down his cheeks. The Russians are little given to tears. But that day there were seventeen thousand Russians who sobbed with their young leader on the public square of Vladivostok.

But Soochanov knew that many tears were an indulgence and that he had a big and serious task to perform. Fifty feet behind him was the English


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 against hostilities from the sea, should any attempt from that quarter be meditated, which is now rendered altogether improbable. And in this point of view, as it respects the United States in general, this important acquisition may be regarded as the most momentous object which has been atchieved on the part of the United States since the final establishment of their independence by the treaty of peace with Great Britain in 1783, with the single exception of the adoption of the present constitution of the United States. For now the United States are, as it were, insulated from the rest of the world. Divided from Canada by extensive lakes, or a bold and rapid river, which we are precluded by treaty, from navigating, no causes of misunderstanding are likely to arise from that quarter; nor can any danger be apprehended from the weak and barren province of Nova Scotia. Past experience has shewn us the value of our barrier on that side of the United States: The Floridas, whilst they remain in the possession of Spain, will, from their weak, and uncultivated state, always be a barrier to us in the opposite quarter of the Union: Louisiana now affords us a barrier (instead of a frontier,) of one thousand miles on the west, extending completely from Canada to the Floridas. Our eastern frontier is the only part of the United States which will now remain exposed to the immediate attacks of foreign nations; and on that side, it is our happiness to be divided from


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 It were, indeed, impossible to think of man or any other living creature as preserving his individuality apart from the world which he inhabits. I need not enlarge upon the trito examples of the useless. ness of the eye without light or of the meaningless- ness of the ear without the vibration of air, but ask you to consider the relation of the atmospheric air to the lungs. For if the bronchial tubes be regarded as analogous to the secreting tubes of other organs, and the contained air in them to the respective secretions, then there is really a portion of our body outside ourselves; the air around is not only a necessity of life, but it is as much a part of us as is the bile in the ducts of the liver.

An examination, therefore, of the material world implies a study of man who forms a part of it, and in studying man as we do other animals we include all his attributes, his appetites, his passions, his instincts, and his higher intellectual functions ; and I myself can scarcely see what grander, what nobler pursuit can be followed. It might be thought that in a learned society like this I ought to apologise for attempting to vindicate the claims of science, and yet sometimes there are found those in our profession who, deficient in the true


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 scientific instinct, aro influenced by mere literary cavillers in our newspapers and magazines. We believe these writers are altogethor mistaken in their view of the lofty objects which are ever placed before us. They belong to a class who, no doubt, foel a great repugnance to all physical inquiry, they regard it as mean and low compared with their own soarings in the region of the imagi- nation. I can quite understand how they shudder at the thought of penetrating beneath the surface of things. Just as I have myself felt on leaving the green fresh fields and descending into a dark mine in the bowels of the carth, so thoy in- stinctively feel a horror on raising the veil and beholding an object like the dissected dead body deprived of its outward form and beauty. These external attributes, they say, are enough for them, and to pry into the mechanism (in the words of a distinguished writer) is no business of ours; form and colour, besides a hundred other qualities, are the phenomena which are allied to the spiritual and excite the imagination; but the substance which underlies them is unpleasant to think upon, it is gross, it is material. All explanations of the working of the human body aro styled mate-


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 "Let us see, Samuel; admitting that he has found refuge among the lake tribes, cannot he do as other travelers have done—like Denham and Barth? They came home safely."

"My dear Dick, Joe does not know a word of the language—he is alone and without means. The travelers of whom you speak never advanced without sending the chiefs numerous presents with an escort armed and prepared for these expeditions. And even then they did not escape hardships and sufferings of the worst kind. What, then, do you think, can have become of our unfortunate companion? It is horrible to think of, and this is one of the greatest troubles I have ever had to deplore."

"But we shall go back again, Samuel?"

"We shall, of course, Dick. We will abandon the 'Victoria,' if it be necessary, to regain Lake Tchad on foot, and communicate with the Sultan of Bornou. The Arabs cannot have retained a bad opinion of the first Europeans."

"I will follow you, Samuel," replied Kennedy, "with energy; you may depend upon me. We will rather relinquish the object of our journey—Joe is devoted to us—we will sacrifice ourselves for him."

This resolution gave fresh courage to those brave men. They felt strong in the same purpose. Ferguson did all in his power to drift into a current which might take him back to the Tchad, but that was then impossible, and it was impracticable to descend upon such a deserted ground and in such a storm.

Thus the "Victoria" crossed the country of the Tibbons. It passed over Belad and Djérid, a thorny desert, which forms the boundary of the Soudan, and reaches to the sandy deserts marked by the long track of caravans; the last line of vegetation is soon mingled with the sky on the southern horizon, not far from the principal oases of this region, whose fifty wells are shaded by most magnificent trees. But the balloon could not stop. An Arab encampment, with their striped tents, and their camels stretched upon the sand, gave life to the scene, but the "Victoria" passed away like a meteor, and accomplished a distance of sixty miles in three hours, without Ferguson having any command over this headlong flight.


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 rialistic, and this expression in certain circles has become a term of ill odour savouring of de- gradation, of impiety and even immorality. What shall we say to our great writer on art, the author of the Stones of Venice," one for whom I personally feel the greatest regard, and whose works I peruse with admiration, when, in one of his last lectures at Oxford, after descanting in the most eloquent and rapturous terms on the beauty of the wings of the dove as it sails through the air, chooses to depart from his theme in order to pour his wrath on the anatomist who dares to explain its flight by a mechanism of joints, of bones, and of feathers. That this tone of thought is very prevalent we had an oppor- tunity of perceiving at the time of the con- trovorsy on vivisection, the opposition to which was based virtually on the inutility of that parti- cular picce of cruelty to animals practised by physiologists, since it led only to useless knowledge and fostered idle curiosity. I have just now quoted the words of one of the most eminent of the oppo- nents of vivisection, that to pry into the insides of animals and discover the secrets of nature was no business of ours, and this, alas! the expression of


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 a man renowned in literature two centuries after Harvey's exactly opposite incitation to discovery ! I should feel almost ashamed to speak of the literature which flooded the houses of society three years ago, did it not reflect the opinion of a large class of the public, and of those who are influenc- ing many persons through their writings in the magazines. A contributor of one of these papers supported by good and educated people writes as follows: "Professor Huxley produces artificial blushing in a rabbit by cutting the sympathetic nervc. And what a discovery has he presented us with here. Maiden, that delicate tinge with which nature has taught you consciously, yet involun- tarily to mantle your cheek with ever superadded loveliness, a loveliness which has hitherto been accounted too exquisite to be gazed on profanely is found to be after all but a vulgar thing capable of being produced mechanically! But truly what sacred mystery of your being will not these magicians of science disclose next?" The writer continues then in the most logical manner to declare that it was the culling this forbidden fruit of knowledge which brought the curse upon man.

I should have been ashamed to have quoted this


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 "We cannot stop, we cannot descend," he said; "there is not a tree to be seen, not a mound; we are about to pass over the Sahara. Surely Heaven is against us."

He spoke thus with the energy of despair, when he perceived in the north the sands of the desert whirled up in the midst of a blinding dust, and gyrating under the influence of opposing currents.

In the midst of this whirlwind—scattered, and broken, and overturned—was a caravan, which was disappearing in this avalanche of sand; the camels, hurrying hither and thither, uttered lamentable sounds—the cries and shouts ascended from this suffocating sand-fog. Sometimes a striped garment would display its bright colors in the chaos, and the roaring of the tempest added to this scene of destruction.

The sand quickly fell into dense masses, and there, where but lately stretched a level plain, was now a mound, still moving, the immense tomb of the buried caravan.

The doctor and Kennedy turned pale at the sight, they could not manage the balloon, which turned round and round in the contrary currents, and would not obey the expansion or contraction of the gas.

Caught in these eddies of air the "Victoria" whirled about giddily, the car oscillated fearfully, the instruments suspended in the tent were shaken almost to pieces, the tubes of the serpentine bent as though they would break. The travelers were deafened, and they were obliged to hold tightly to the cordage to keep their positions during the fury of the storm. Kennedy, with hair disheveled, sat still, and did not speak a word. The doctor had resumed his old courage at the approach of danger, and no trace of his emotion was now apparent, not even when, after a last somersault, the "Victoria" suddenly was left in an unexpected calm, the wind from the north seized it and drove it back upon the course it had been taking since the morning, and at an equally rapid pace.

"Where are we going?" cried Kennedy.

"Where Providence wills, my dear Dick. I was wrong to doubt whatever happens is for the best, and we are now returning towards the places we never hoped to see again."

The ground so flat, so level, when they first passed over


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 rhapsody, did not sentiments like these pervade the writings of those whose influence over society is great. They say, in a word, that all the world's a stage, and the men and women merely players, that God Almighty pulls the strings, and wo are forbidden to look behind the scenes. They say you may admire, if you will, the shape and actions of the arm, and then expatiate on the mysterious power which enables an act of the will to move the limb, but you must not look at the mechanism to see how it is accomplished for that is material and degrading. Admire, if you will, the blush on the maiden's cheok, but forbear to disclose the secret springs through which the charm appears. Must we, again, go back two centuries to find the answer given by our great poet?

"This is an art which you say adds to nature, Change it rather-the art itself is nature."

It cannot therefore be a matter of indifference to us if we find that so many men engaged in litoraturo and art fccl a repugnance to science, and we may consequently ask ourselves, can it be true that all elevation of thought, imagination, poetry, and the love of the beautiful, are the peculiar attributes of one class only, and that the


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 it, now appeared like the waves after a storm; a series of small mounds jotted the desert; the wind blew stiffly, and the "Victoria" flew into space.

The direction now taken by the balloon was slightly different from that followed in the morning; so at about nine o'clock, instead of finding themselves on the borders of Lake Tchad, they saw that the desert extended before them. Kennedy observed this.

"It does not much matter," replied the doctor; "the important point is to get down south; we shall there come upon the towns of Boarnou, Woaddie, or Kouka, and I shall not hesitate to stop there."

"If you are satisfied, I am," replied Kennedy, "but Heaven grant that we may not be obliged to cross the desert, like those unfortunate Arabs. That was a fearful sight."

Dick frequently referred to this. The crossing of the desert includes all the dangers of the ocean, even the chances of being swallowed up in its depths, and, moreover, unbearable fatigue and privations.

"It appears to me," said Kennedy, "that the wind is less violent, the dust is less thick, the sand-waves are less high, and the horizon is clearing."

"So much the better; we will scan it carefully with our glasses, and no point shall escape us."

"I will take that duty, Samuel, and when the first tree appears you shall be told at once." And Kennedy, telescope in hand, placed himself in the front of the car.

had become of Joe during the vain search made for him by his master?

When he fell into the lake his first act, after rising to the surface, was to cast his eyes upwards; he saw the "Victoria" already above the water, mounting fast; little by little it diminished, and soon, meeting with a rapid current, disappeared in the north. His master and his friend were saved.

"It was a very happy idea of mine to throw myself into


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 man who dares to look into the composition and the mode of operation of the material world around him must pay so heavy a price for his passion for knowledge.

It were very sad if this were true, and might behove us even now to look around us and ask ourselves whether we are indeed well and worthily employed, but we refuse to believe so absurd a fiction. The wonder is how any one professing picty can regard the mechanism of God's works as low. We can understand the feeling which makes a man shudder at the sight of a dissected body, but when the strangeness of the sight is past, and he can contemplate it without disgust, it by no means lessens the appreciation of its beauty when clothed in its integument. Cannot he regard it with the artistic eye and yet have a more perfect knowledge of its anatomy. Ilear what a learned professor of anatomy, Wendell Holmes, can say "Science represents the thought of God discovered by man; by learning the natural laws he attaches effects to their first cause, the will of the Creator," or in the poetic language of Goëthe:

"Nature is the living garment of God."


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 Of course it is possible that a man, deeply engaged in a scientific analysis of a material object, may have his eyes shut to the sublimity and grandeur of form, or beauty in every shape, and be so dead to the more sacred feelings of our nature as even, as the poet says, to botanise upon his mother's grave, but this is owing to the man's idiosyncracy; his work does not harden his heart for we may quote sufficient examples to shew there is no antagonism between the man of science and the man of imagination. Have we no artists, no poets, no musicians in our own ranks?

It may be truc that the majority of persons arc born Aristotelians or Platonists, but, nevertheless, it were not difficult to point to men most eminent in science who would not have disgraced any department of art. But fortunately we can find some of the greatest geniuses whom the world has produced, who have been able to seize upon all the attributes of nature in order to raise their imagina- tion to the highest pitch. What an example of this was Goëthe; he could study the meaning of the intermaxillary bone, of the vertebræ, dissect a flower, or analyse a ray of light, yet, withal, he could conceive nature in all its profundity and


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 beauty. Moreover, these studies in no way inter- fered with the genius which could create a Wilhelm Meister or a Faust. And further, should the scien- tific man not display to the world any faculties of mind dissociated from those employed in his more immediate pursuit, it wore a scandal, it were false, it were ridiculous to suppose that his researches did not warm his heart to a full appreciation of the wonders of the subject which engages him. It has been my privilege to have heard since my student days lectures by several professors of zoology and comparative anatomy at the College of Surgeons up to the very present year, and I have observed with what tenderness, with what love they have spoken of the different animals whose structure and whose habits they have been describing. And it was the same with their great predecessor John Hunter; for, as Sir James Paget truly said in his oration, the expression of the great anatomist in the well-known portrait displays a smile akin to rapture "I cannot doubt," says Sir James, "that he attained that highest achieve- ment and satisfaction of the intellect when it can rest in a loving contemplation of the truth; loving it not only because it is right, but because it is


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 beautiful. I cannot doubt that, in the contempla- tion of the order and mutual fitness in a great field of scientific truth, there may be, to some high intellects, a source of puro delight, such as are the sensuous beauties of nature to the cultivated artist mind, or virtue to the enlightened conscience. I believe that in contemplation such as this Hunter enjoyed a calm, pure happiness. So Reynolds, his friend, seems to tell of him. In that master- picco of portraiture, which teaches like a chapter of biography, Hunter is not shown as the busy anatomist or experimenter pursuing objective facts. The chief records of his work are in the background; he is at rest and looking out, but as one who is looking far beyond and away from things visible into a world of truth and law, which can only be intellectually discerned. The clear vision of that world was his reward, It may be the reward of all who will live the scientific life with the same devotion and simplicity."

I believe there are men amongst us who so love nature that they might prove even to Mr. Rus- kin that the microscopic cells and the spiral fibres seen in the dissection of the plant possess beauties of their own, and are but the elements which,


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 processes, they make their escape by whistling, just as a steam engine blows off the steam with a great noise when not doing useful work; the poet wonders at the scientific man's materialism, and exclaims "the plough boy whistles as he goes for want of thought." One of the most remarkable examples, in my opinion, of a man who possesses both a scientific insight into objects around him, and at the same time the true artistic and poetic mind, is the professor of anatomy at Boston to whom I have already alluded. I should say that Wendell Holmes has the faculty more than any other author whom I know of analysing human sentiments, and showing their association with the material world around us. In some of his writings and poems it were difficult to say whether the physical, the chemical, the physiological or the purely spiritual idea dominate, and indeed must not all these and more be united in the mind of the creator of all things, or be phenomena, if you will, of the underlying substance. In a poem describing the death and burial of a child, all these attributes may be seen, the last verse running thus:

"At last the rootlets of the trees Shall find the prison where she lies,


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 And bear the buried dust they seize In leaves and blossoms to the skies; So may the soul that warmed it rise."

I have heard a preacher in his pulpit, after speak. ing somewhat disparagingly of science, declare that the child who plucks a flower and places it in her bosom knows more of the flower than the botanist who dissects it. It is no doubt true that the child may regard it with a reverence which seems incom- patible with its destruction, but a knowledge of its structure in detail by no means diminishes the love for it as a whole. In exemplification of this I will again quote Wendell Holmes, who speaking of a character in one of his novels, whose sentiments assuredly betray the author himself, says, "He had kept in a singular degree all the sensibilities of childhood, its simplicity, its reverence. It seemod as if nothing, that all he met in his daily life, was uncommon or unclean to him, for thore was no mordant in his nature for what was coarse or vile, and all else he could not help idealising into its own conception of itself, so to speak. He loved the leaf after its kind as well as the flower, and the root as well as the leaf, and did not exhaust his capacity of affection or admiration on the blossom or bud upon


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 which the poet lavished the wealth of his verse, Thus nature took him into her confidence. She loves the men of science well, and tells them all her family secrets-who is the father of this or that member of the group, who is brother, sister, cousin, and so on, through all the circle of rela- tionship. And there are others to whom she tells her dreams, not what species or genus her lily belongs to, but what vague thought it has when it dresses in white, or what memory of its birthplace that is which we call its fragrance."

I have felt reluctant and even almost ready to apologise for attempting to vindicate the high calling of men of science, and defend them against a widespread feeling as to the degrading pursuit of searching into the mysteries of the material world. I should not have ventured to do so did I not see our tables covered with magazines and high-class literature, as it is called, in which some of the greatest men in our country-men of European reputation, men whose names will be handed down to posterity as the pioneers of knowledge, men of the same stamp as our own immortal Harvey-are not only held up to contempt, but their teachings described as