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 never seen anything so intensely beautiful as the girl who stood there, vivid and alive, in this wild setting. She looked up and saw him and the color fled from her face, leaving it white and drawn.

“I startled you,” said Moran. “I’m sorry.”

She gazed at him without a word… Flash moved back to his side, his big tail waving proudly. Moran placed his hand on the dog’s head and from this move the girl divined the man’s identity.

“You’re Clark Moran,” she said. He nodded, surprised that she should know his name.

“Then they didn’t kill you after all.”

“No,” he smiled. “I’m very much alive.”

“Flash brought you here.” Again he nodded.

“Did they get Dad Kinney—is that the reason he hasn’t come?”

“I saw him a few days ago as I came up the Shoshone—stayed at his camp overnight,” said Moran. “He’s alive and well.”

“Then he didn’t get my letter,” she stated positively.

“Probably not,” said Moran. He sensed that there was some connecting link of thought between each disjointed phrase and he tried to understand it all.

“I can get him for you,” he offered. “I can

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 know about the real nature of the calculations involved in room-papering is doubtful. In one or two experiences, the child is given no perspective, no chance to relegate the grotesque and unfamiliar physical details of the life process to their proper place. False impressions, part impressions, repulsion, nausea, horror, grow up about some fact experienced only once under intense emotional stress and in an atmosphere unfavourable to the child's attaining any real understanding.

A standard of reticence which forbids the child any sort of comment upon its experiences makes for the continuance of such false impressions, such hampering emotional attitudes, questions such as, "Why were grandma's lips so blue?" are promptly hushed. In Samoa, where decomposition sets in almost at once, a frank, naïve repugnance to the odours of corruption on the part of all the participants at a funeral robs the physical aspect of death of any special significance. So, in our arrangements, the child is not allowed to repeat his experiences, and he is not permitted to discuss those which he has had and correct his mistakes.

With the Samoan child it is profoundly different. Intercourse, pregnancy, child birth, death, are all familiar occurrences. And the Samoan child experiences them in no such ordered fashion as we, were we to decide for widening the child's experimental field, would regard as essential. In a civilisation which suspects privacy, children of neighbours will be accidental and unemotional spectators in a house where the head

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 make his camp in three days—two days on a forced hike—and have him back here in five; that or any other way in which I can help you.”

The reaction to her normal self was swift. It occurred to her that this man was wonderfully self-controlled. He was passing off a strange situation as if it were no unusual thing for him to find a girl in a secret cabin fifty miles from the nearest ranch. Her remarks must have sounded incoherent; she had spoken of things he had no way to know yet he showed no excitement or curiosity. She liked his level gaze—knew she had nothing to fear from him.

“I’m here alone, waiting for Dad Kinney to come. Please come in,” she said. “I’m starting dinner. As I work I’ll try and decide how I can take advantage of your offer to help.”

Flash prowled continuously between the two, his toenails clicking across the floor as he tried to keep within touching distance of each one. He sensed a certain constraint, an air of strangeness between them but he was too well pleased at having brought these two together to pay much heed to so trifling a thing as that.

When Moran picked up his axe Flash followed him outside. Moran selected a tall dead pine,

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 of the household is dying or the wife is delivered of a miscarriage. The pathology of the life processes is known to them, as well as the normal. One impression corrects an earlier one until they are able, as adolescents, to think about life and death and emotion without undue preoccupation with the purely physical details.

It must not be supposed, however, that the mere exposure of children to scenes of birth and death would be a sufficient guarantee against the growth of undesirable attitudes. Probably even more influential than the facts which are so copiously presented to them, is the attitude of mind with which their elders regard the matter. To them, birth and sex and death are the natural, inevitable structure of existence, of an existence in which they expect their youngest children to share. Our so often repeated comment that "it's not natural" for children to be permitted to encounter death would seem as incongruous to them as if we were to say it was not natural for children to see other people eat or sleep. And this calm, matter-of-fact acceptance of their children's presence envelops the children in a protective atmosphere, saves them from shock and binds them closer to the common emotion which is so dignifiedly permitted them.

As in every case, it is here impossible to separate attitude from practice and say which is primary. The distinction is made only for our use in another civilisation. The individual American parents, who believe in a practice like the Samoan, and permit their children


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 sized it up with an appraising eye and notched the trunk.

“We’ll cut some regular wood for her, old boy,” he said. “She’s been burning squaw wood—limbs and scraps. I wish you could talk and tell me what it’s all about. She’s had something happen which has upset all her little world—and she’s run away from it. Her plans didn’t work out right and she’s had a tough time of it. Who is she, Flash, and how did she happen to know about this place?”

He had carried a dozen arm loads of wood before she announced the meal. The shadows were lengthening in the canyon when they had finished and Moran picked up his blanket roll.

“I’ll camp somewhere close at hand,” he said. “I’ll hear you if you call. You can decide in what way I can help you and I’ll hear the verdict in the morning.”

“Oh, don’t go,” she said. “Stay and talk to me. I’ve been alone too much. There’s some horrid beast that screams here in the canyon nearly every night. I want you to tell me what it is.”

Their conversation had been a little trite, limited to formal remarks, and Moran now welcomed the opportunity to break the ice by speaking on

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 this familiar topic which was almost a hobby with him. He opened the door.

“Let’s sit here,” he said. “The wild things will soon begin to talk. I’ll try and interpret their notes as they come. There’s probably one man out of ten thousand who really understands half of what he hears in the woods at night.”

They sat together on the sill and Moran told her many things. He realized that the girl had stayed there night after night alone, assailed by all the imaginary dangers that besiege the mind of each novice in the hills. He explained away many man-made superstitions surrounding the creatures of the wild. Flash wedged in between them and as they talked he felt the dying out of that strangeness, the lessening of restraint between them.

“It must be a panther, I think,” she told Moran. She noted the almost imperceptible shake of his head. “Why not? Don’t they live here?” she asked.

“Yes—only they’re called lions here,” he said. “The panther, puma, cougar arid the mountain lion are the same animal, only differently named according to locality. I’ve known and studied them under all four names. I’ve lived in hopes—but

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 I’ve never yet heard a panther scream. I have inquired of scores of reliable, observing men who have spent their lives in the hills of the northwest where the lions range; in the deserts of the southwest, the range of the cougar; the swamp and hard-wood country of the eastern panther and in Mexico, the home of the puma. A very few of them have told me that once or twice in their lives they had heard a note which they believed to be that of the panther. Even they could not be sure.”

“But I’ve read—”

“That they wail like a woman screams,” Moran smilingly finished for her. “That their eyes glow like twin coals of fire in the night as they stalk men through the hills. As a matter of fact it’s only in legend that a panther has ever once attacked man; and no man ever saw, or ever will see, an animal’s eyes at night unless the orbs are struck by a strong, direct ray of light which reflects back from them. A tin can or bit of glass will do the same.”

Moran broke off to explain each new sound, Some of the more common ones she knew; the owls and coyotes; even when a series of high-pitched barks sounded from down the slope she knew they came from a band of cow elk on the

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 game trail. Flash suddenly pricked up his ears and attempted to squeeze past. Moran pushed him back as a low wail issued from the timber.

“Flash knew there was a tragedy going on out there. Guess what made that sound,” he urged.

“A wildcat,” she guessed.

“A rabbit,” said Moran. “That was his dying scream of fear. Few know that a rabbit makes a sound. Most men would have guessed as you did. That cottontail was probably struck by a weasel or an owl.”

A weird, unearthly squall floated down from the bald ridge that topped one wall of the canyon.

“There!” said Moran. “Try again.”

“A lynx,” she said.

“A fox,” he corrected. “Long ago some curbestone naturalist who owned a poodle dog announced to the world that the fox note was a yap. They’ve been yapping ever since. That long-drawn, maniac squall is their real note—call it a yap if you like. I rather thought we’d hear a fox and that it would prove to be the sound that had worried you. That wasn’t it?”

The girl shook her head.

“Not in the least like that,” she said.

“I can’t imagine what else it could be.” Moran

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 was puzzled. A sudden thought struck him. He remembered the dead cow elk with the severed hamstrings, recalled the sudden hush and cessation of animals sounds that occurred as he lay on the far slope of the Wapiti Divide—the silence that had told him of a distant wolf howl. He looked around for Flash, but Flash had squeezed past on the other side of the girl and was gone.

“I think I can make a pretty accurate guess as to the source of that sound,” he said. “Our old friend Flash has been out with the wolves and found his voice. If he inherited his father’s cry it was the lobo call you heard.”

“Flash!” she exclaimed. “Why, Flash couldn’t make such a hideous sound. Oh, surely it wasn’t Flash!”

“I’m inclined to believe it was,” he said. “You see you’ve had the most dangerous beast in the hills right with you all the time.”

“Flash dangerous!” she cried. “Why he’s not dangerous. He’s the smartest dog alive.”

“And for that very reason he is positively the most dangerous beast within five hundred miles. Flash has ail of the killing power of a lobo wolf but without a wolf’s blind fear of man. Flash fears men intelligently, can gauge their power for

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 harm. He knows their tricks. Instead of fleeing in a panic from the first taint of man scent he investigates it. Then he knows! Of course Flash wouldn’t attack men indiscriminately—he’d have to be spurred on by some strong dislike of one individual, but if he held a grudge against some man—well I’d hate to be that man and have Flash find me somewhere asleep or traveling through the hills at night.”

“It doesn’t seem possible that he could harm a man with only his teeth to fight with,” she insisted,

“Only his teeth!” Moran exclaimed. “Yes, that’s all. You’ve not the slightest conception of what those teeth of his can do. They cut like knives through the muscles, hide and even the hamstring cords of a bull elk. I’ve known him to kill elk, deer, antelope and mountain sheep. Only a few months ago there was a five hundred dollar bounty posted for the scalp of the worst lobo that ever struck Wind River. Flash was that wolf. I shouldn’t have left him. Ask Kinney. He tracked the Wind River wolf over a hundred miles on a new snow and found Flash at the end of the trail. You and I are the only ones who know he’s alive to-day. What chance

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 would a man have against a killer like that if he didn’t have a gun?”

The girl’s mind traveled swiftly back to a certain night when she had heard screams and oaths behind her as Flash fought half a dozen men to give her time. She had had a vague idea that his snaps and snarls had retarded them until she was out of hearing. Now, for the first time, it occurred to her that he had struck them so savagely that they had feared to follow her through the night.

“Would you sell Flash at any price?” she asked.

“No,” Moran answered instantly. “He’s yours. I lost my title to him when I left him behind. I knew he would hate it in the city and I expected to be away but a week or two. He turned outlaw, was hunted all over the range. He showed up here and attached himself to you. I have no claim to him. He belongs to you.”

The girl held out her hand to him.

“Kinney told me that all men like you,” she said. “Now I know why. “They don’t make ’em any whiter than Clark Moran,’ was what he told me. I endorse his statement. And I want

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 friends' Chartered Companies. By the way, I may remark that although France is no great admirer of the chartered system with us, she is devoted to it for herself, sprinkling all her West African possessions with them freely, only unfortunately, as their names are usually far longer than their banking accounts, they do not grow conspicuous; even apart from these private and subsidised Chartered Companies in French possessions, France follows the chartered system imperially in West Africa by keeping out non-French trade with differential tariffs, and so on. But, after all, in this matter she is no worse than English critics of the Royal Niger; and it is a common trait of all West African palavers that those who criticise are amply well provided themselves with the very faults they find so repulsive in others—it's the climate.

Secondly, the Chartered Company represents English trade interests in sections, instead of completely; English honour, common sense, military ability, and so on, the Royal Niger under Sir George Goldie has represented more perfectly than these things have ever been represented in West—or, I may safely say, Africa at large; but the trade interests of England it has only represented partially, or in other words, it has only represented the trade interests of its shareholders and the natives it has made treaties with, and what we want is something that will represent our trade interests there completely. Therefore, I do not advocate it as the general system for West Africa, for under another sort of man it might mean merely a more rapid crash than we are in for with the Crown Colony system. To my dying day I shall honour that great Trade Company, the Royal Niger, for representing England, that is, England properly so-called, to the world at large, during

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 one of the darkest ages we have ever had since Charles II.; and, I believe that it, with the Committee of Merchants who held the Gold Coast for England after the battle of Katamansu, when her officials would have abandoned alike the Gold Coast and her honour in West Africa, will stand out in our history as grand things, but yet I say we want another system.

"Du binst der Geist der stets verneint!" you ejaculate. You do not like Crown Colonies. You won't grovel to Chartered Companies, however good. You prove, on your own showing, that there is not in West Africa a sufficiently large, or a sufficiently long resident, local English population—what with their constantly leaving for home or for the cemetery—to form an independent colony. What else remains?

Well, I humbly beg to say that there is another system—a system that pays in all round peace and prosperity—a system whereby a region with a native population—a lively one in a Thirteenth century culture state—of about 30,000,000, is ruled. The total value of exports from the regions I refer to averages £14,000,000, out of a country of very much the same make as West Africa; the floating capital in its trade is some £25,000,000; its actual land area is 562,540 square miles; yet its trade with its European country amounts, nevertheless, to at least one half of that carried on between India and England. If you apply the system that has built this thing up, practically since 1830, to West Africa, you will not get the above figures out in forty years; but you will get at least two-thirds of them; and that would be a grand rise on your present West African figures, and in time you could surpass these figures, for West Africa is far larger, and far nearer European markets, and you have the advantage of superior shipping.

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 tain kinds of personalitics. With this first set towards preference in personal relations she grows up playing with boys as well as with girls, learning to know well brothers and cousins and schoolmates. She does not think of boys as a class but as individuals, nice ones like the brother of whom she is fond, or disagreeable, domineering ones, like a brother with whom she is always on bad terms. Preference in physical make-up, in temperament, in character, develops and forms the foundations for a very different adult attitude in which choice plays. a vivid rôle. The Samoan girl never tastes the rewards of romantic love as we know it, nor does she suffer as an old maid who has appealed to no lover or found no lover appealing to her, or as the frustrated wife in a marriage which has not fulfilled her high demands.

Having learned a little of the art of disciplining sex feeling into special channels approved by the whole personality, we will be inclined to account our solution better than the Samoans. To attain what we consider a more dignified standard of personal relations we are willing to pay the penalty of frigidity in marriage and a huge toll of barren, unmarried women who move in unsatisfied procession across the American and English stage. But while granting the desirability of this development of sensitive, discriminating response to personality, as a better basis for dignified human lives than an automatic, undifferentiated response to sex attraction, we may still, in the light of Samoan solutions, count our methods exceedingly expensive.


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 The strict segregation of related boys and girls, the institutionalised hostility between pre-adolescent children of opposite sexes in Samoa are cultural features with which we are completely out of sympathy. For the vestiges of such attitudes, expressed in our one-sex schools, we are trying to substitute coeducation, to habituate one sex to another sufficiently so that difference of sex will be lost sight of in the more important and more striking differences in personality. There are no recognisable gains in the Samoan system of taboo and segregation, of response to a group rather than response to an individual. But when we contrast the other factor of difference the conclusion is not so sure. What are the rewards of the tiny, ingrown, biological family opposing its closed circle of affection to a forbidding world, of the strong ties between parents and children, ties which imply an active personal relation from birth until death? Specialisation of affection, it is true, but at the price of many individuals' preserving through life the attitudes of dependent children, of ties between parents and children which successfully defeat the children's attempts to make other adjustments, of necessary choices made unnecessarily poignant because they become issues in an intense emotional relationship. Perhaps these are too heavy prices to pay for a specialisation of emotion which might be brought about in other ways, notably through coeducation. And with such a question in our minds it is interesting to note that a larger family community, in which there


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 are several adult men and women, seems to ensure the child against the development of the crippling attitudes, which have been labelled Œdipus complexes, Electra complexes, and so on.

The Samoan picture shows that it is not necessary to channel so deeply the affection of a child for its parents and suggests that while we would reject that part of the Samoan scheme which holds no rewards for us, the segregation of the sexes before puberty, we may learn from a picture in which the home does not dominate and distort the life of the child.

The presence of many strongly held and contradictory points of view and the enormous influence of individuals in the lives of their children in our country play into each other's hands in, producing situations fraught with emotion and pain. In Samoa the fact that one girl's father is a domineering, dogmatic person, her cousin's father a gentle, reasonable person, and another cousin's father a vivid, brilliant, eccentric person, will influence the three girls in only one respect, choice of residence if any one of the three fathers is the head of a household. But the attitudes of the three girls towards sex, and towards religion, will not be affected by the different temperaments of their thrce fathers, for the fathers play too slight a rôle in their lives. They are schooled not by an individual but by an army of relatives into a general conformity upon which the personality of their parents has a very slight effect. And through an endless chain of cause and effect, individual


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 The region I am citing is not so unhealthy for whites as West Africa. Still, it has a stiff death-rate of its own; even nowadays, when it has pulled that death-rate down by Science—a thing, I may remark, you never trouble your head about in West Africa, or think worthy of your serious attention.

I will not insult your knowledge by telling you where this system is working to-day, or who works it, and all that. The same consideration also bars me from applying for a patent for this system; for although I lay it before you altered to what I think suitable for West Africa, the main lines of the system remain. The only thing I confess that makes me shaky about its being applied to West Africa is, that this system requires and must have experts black and white to work it, both at home in England and out in West Africa. Still, you have a sufficient supply of such experts, if only you would not leave things so largely in the hands of clerks and amateurs; who, with the assistance of faddists and renegade Africans, break up the native true Negro culture state, leaving you little sound stuff to work on in the regions now under the Crown Colony system.

Before I proceed to sketch the skeleton of the other system, I must lay before you briefly the present political state of West Africa in the words of the greatest living expert on the subject, as they are given in a remarkable article in the Edinburgh Review for October, 1898.

"The weighty utterance of Sir George Goldie should never be forgotten, 'Central African races and tribes have, broadly speaking, no sentiment of patriotism as understood in Europe.' There is, therefore, little difficulty in inducing them to accept what German jurisconsults term 'Ober

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 differences of standard are not perpetuated through the children's adherence to the parents' position, nor are children thrown into bizarre, untypical attitudes which might form the basis for departure and change. It is possible that where our own culture is so charged with choice, it would be desirable to mitigate, at least in some slight measure, the strong rôle which parents play in children's lives, and so eliminate one of the most powerful accidental factors in the choices of any individual life.

The Samoan parent would reject as unseemly and odious an ethical plea made to a child in terms of personal affection. "Be good to please mother." "Go to church for father's sake." "Don't be so disagreeable to your sister, it makes father so unhappy." Where there is one standard of conduct and only one, such undignified confusion of ethics and affection is blessedly eliminated. But where there are many standards and all adults are striving desperately to bind their own children to the particular courses which they themselves have chosen, recourse is had to devious and non-reputable means. Beliefs, practices, courses of action, are pressed upon the child in the name of filial loyalty. In our ideal picture of the freedom of the individual and the dignity of human relations it is not pleasant to realise that we have developed a form of family organisation which often cripples the emotional life, and warps and confuses the growth of many individuals' power to consciously live their own lives.


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 to see adult human bodies and gain a wider experience of the functioning of the human body than is commonly permitted in our civilisation, are building upon sand. For the child, as soon as it leaves the protecting circle of its home, is blasted by an attitude which regards such experience in children as ugly and unnatural. As likely as not, the attempt of the individual parents will have done the child more harm than good, for the necessary supporting social attitude is lacking. This is just a further example of the possibilities of maladjustment inherent in a society where each home differs from each other home; for it is in the fact of difference that the strain lies rather than in the nature of the difference.

Upon this quiet acceptance of the physical facts of life, the Samoans build, as they grow older, an acceptance of sex. Here again it is necessary to sort out which parts of their practice seem to produce results which we certainly deprecate, and which produce results which we desire. It is possible to analyse Samoan sex practice from the standpoint of development of personal relationships on the one hand, and of the obviation of specific difficulties upon the other.

We have seen that the Samoans have a low level of appreciation of personality differences, and a poverty of conception of personal relations. To such an attitude the acceptance of promiscuity undoubtedly contributes. The contemporaneousness of several experiences, their short duration, the definite avoidance of forming any affectional ties, the blithe acceptance of the


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101–102] $undefined$, the sun and the moon, which occupied the minds of the ancients, comp. Mekilta Bo 1.3a; Tosefta Sukkah 2.6 and Babli 29a; Derek Erez 2; Nispahim 10; see also the references in note 112, and Index s.v. Eclipse.The view that the light of the sun is seven times as intense as that of the moon (Enoch 72.37, 73.2, and 78.4, as well as 2 Enoch 11.2) is based on Is. 30.26.This opinion is also shared by the legend given in the text in accordance with Konen 24–25 concerning the restoration of the light of the moon and the sevenfold increase of the light of the sun in the future.The old midrashic sources (Midrash Tannaim 181; ShR 15.21; Targum, ad loc.), however, conceive the passage of Is., ''loc. cit., in a different manner, and according to them the relationship between the light of the sun and that of the moon is 1:49 or 1:343.That the sun and the moon had been of equal size, as stated by Enoch 72.37, is not stated explicitly in rabbinic literature, but the legend given in the text implies it.Similar is the view of modern scientists that the moon was originally an independent planet; comp.See, Researches'', II.Like all first things created (comp. vol. I, p. 59), the moon was created in a fully developed form, so that there was full moon on the fourth day of creation; Seder ‘Olam 4.  $undefined$ PRE 6; Baraita de-Ma'aseh Bereshit 50.The metaphor of the sun as bridegroom is, of course, taken from Ps. 19.6.It is, however, questionable whether the crown and the wreath (in Hebrew these two things are represented by one word) belong to this conception.The wreath of the bridegroom is Jewish (comp. Sotah 9.14) but the wreath of the sun may have been borrowed from the Greeks, as the Jews have often seen the image of the sun-god wreathed.The Greek Apocalypse of Baruch knows of the crown of the sun, as well as of its chariot; so also Enoch 75.8; 2 Enoch 11.2.Many of the rabbinic sources cited above employ the word “chariot”, which is, however, rendered “throne”, in order to retain the picture of the bridegroom.  $undefined$ MHG I, 41–42; PRE 6; Tehillim 19, 168–170; Baraita deMa‘aseh Bereshit 50; Kohcleth 86; ‘Aseret ha-Dibrot 64; Zohar Hadash on Gen. 4, 19b; 2 Enoch 11.4; Greek Apocalypse of Baruch 6.Comp. also vol. I, p. 132.The song of praise of the heavenly bodies is partly based on Ps. 19, but presupposes also an acquaintance with the Pythagorean doctrine (perhaps of oriental origin) of the music of the spheres.The original text of Enoch 41.7 very likely read : “And they give thanks


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 dictates of a favourable occasion, as in the expectation of infidelity in any wife whose husband is long from home, all serve to make sex an end rather than a means, something which is valued in itself, and deprecated inasmuch as it tends to bind one individual to another. Whether such a disregard of personal relations is completely contingent upon the sex habits of the people is doubtful. It probably is also a reflection of a more general cultural attitude in which personality is consistently disregarded. But there is one respect in which these very practices make possible a recognition of personality which is often denied to many in our civilisation, because, from the Samoans' complete knowledge of sex, its possibilities and its rewards, they are able to count it at its true value. And if they have no preference for reserving sex activity for important relationships, neither do they regard relationships as important because they are productive of sex satisfaction. The Samoan girl who shrugs her shoulder over the excellent technique of some young Lothario is nearer to the recognition of sex as an impersonal force without any intrinsic validity, than is the sheltered American girl who falls in love with the first man who kisses her. From their familiarity with the reverberations which accompany sex excitement comes this recognition of the essential impersonality of sex attraction which we may well envy them; from the too slight, too casual practice comes the disregard of personality which seems to us unlovely.


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 The fashion in which their sex practice reduces the possibility of neuroses has already been discussed. By discounting our category of perversion, as applied to practice, and reserving it for the occasional psychic pervert, they legislate a whole field of neurotic possibility out of existence. Onanism, homosexuality, statistically unusual forms of heterosexual activity, are neither banned nor institutionalised. The wider range which these practices give prevents the development of obsessions of guilt which are so frequent a cause of maladjustment among us. The more varied practices permitted heterosexually preserve any individual from being penalised for special conditioning. This acceptance of a wider range as "normal" provides a cultural atmosphere in which frigidity and psychic impotence do not occur and in which a satisfactory sex adjustment in marriage can always be established. The acceptance of such an attitude without in any way accepting promiscuity would go a long way towards solving many marital impasses and emptying our park benches and our houses of prostitution.

Among the factors in the Samoan scheme of life which are influential in producing stable, well-adjusted, robust individuals, the organisation of the family and the attitude towards sex are undoubtedly the most important. But it is necessary to note also the general educational concept which disapproves of precocity and coddles the slow, the laggard, the inept. In a society where the tempo of life was faster, the rewards greater,


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 Hoheit,' which corresponds with our interpretation of our vague term 'Protectorate.' But when complete sovereignty or 'Landes Hoheit,' is conceded, they invariably stipulate that their local customs and systems of government shall be respected. On this point they are, perhaps, more tenacious than most subject races with whom the British Empire has had to deal; while their views and ideas of life are extremely difficult for an Englishman to understand. It is therefore certain that even an imperfect and tyrannical native African administration, if its extreme excesses were controlled by European supervision, would be in the early stages productive of far less discomfort to its subjects than well-intentioned but ill-directed efforts of European magistrates, often young and headstrong, and not invariably gifted with sympathy and introspective powers. If the welfare of the native races is to be considered, if dangerous revolts are to be obviated, the general policy of ruling on African principles through native rulers must be followed for the present. Yet it is desirable that considerable districts in suitable localities should be administered on European principles by European officials, partly to serve as types to which the native governments may gradually approximate, but principally as cities of refuge in which individuals of more advanced views may find a living if native government presses unduly upon them, just as in Europe of the Middle Ages men whose love of freedom found the iron-bound system of feudalism intolerable, sought eagerly the comparative liberty of cities."

There are a good many points in the above classic passage on which I would fain become diffuse, but I

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 the amount of energy expended larger, the bright children might develop symptoms of boredom. But the slower pace dictated by the climate, the complacent, peaceful society, and the compensation of the dance, in its blatant precocious display of individuality which drains off some of the discontent which the bright child feels, prevent any child from becoming too bored. And the dullard is not goaded and dragged along faster than he is able until, sick with making an impossible effort, he gives up entirely. This educational policy also tends to blur individual differences and so to minimise jealousy, rivalry, emulation, those social attitudes which arise out of discrepancies of endowment and are so far-reaching in their effects upon the adult personality.

It is one way of solving the problem of differences between individuals and a method of solution exceedingly congenial to a strict adult world. The longer the child is kept in a subject, non-initiating state, the more of the general cultural attitude it will absorb, the less of a disturbing clement it will become. Furthermore, if time is given them, the dullards can learn enough to provide a stout body of conservatives upon whose shoulders the burden of the civilisation can safely rest. Giving titles to young men would put a premium upon the exceptional; giving titles to men of forty, who have at last acquired sufficient training to hold them, assures the continuation of the usual. It also discourages the brilliant so that their social contribution is slighter than it might otherwise have been.


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 forbear; merely begging you to note carefully the wording of that part concerning government by natives ruling on African principles, because here is a pitfall for the hasty. You will be told that this is the present policy in Crown Colonies—but it is not. What they are doing is ruling on European principles through natives, which is a horse of another colour entirely and makes it hot work for the unfortunate native catspaw chief, and so all round unsatisfactory that no really self-respecting native chief will take it on.

Well, to return to that other system: what it has got to do is to unite English interests—administrative, commercial and educational—into one solid whole, and combine these with native interests; briefly, to be a system where the Englishman and the African co-operate together for their mutual benefit and advancement, and therefore it must be a representative system, and one of those groups of representative systems which form the British Empire.

For reasons I need not discuss here it must be a duplicate system, with an English and an African side, these two united and responsible to the English Crown, but both having as great a share of individual freedom in Africa as possible. By and by the necessity for the duplicate system may disappear, but at present it is necessary.

I will take the English side first. There should be in England an African Council, in whose hands is the power of voting supplies and of appointing the Governor-General, subject to the approval of the Crown, and to whom firms trading in Africa should be answerable for the actions of their representatives. This council should be of nominated members, from the Chambers of Commerce of Liverpool, Manchester, London, Bristol, and Glasgow. Of course,

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 they should not be paid members. This council would occupy a similar position in West African administration to that which the House of Commons occupies in English.

Under this Grand Council there should be two sub-councils reporting to it, one a joint committee of English lawyers and medical men, the other a committee of the native chiefs. Neither of these councils should be paid, but sufficient should be granted them to pay their working expenses. The members of these sub-councils of the Grand Council should be appointed—the medical and legal committee by say, the Lord Chancellor and the College of Physicians respectively, and the committee of African chiefs by the chiefs in West Africa.

I make no pretence at believing that either of these sub-councils for the first few years of their existence will be dove-cots—lawyers and doctors will always fight each other: but the lawyers will hold the doctors in and vice versa, and the common sense of the Grand Council will hold them both well down to practical politics. With the council of chiefs there will probably be less trouble, and this council will be an ambassador to the white government at headquarters capable of representing to it native opinion and native requirements.

Representing the Grand Council and nominated by it, subject to the approval of the Crown, as represented by the Chief Secretary for the Colonies and the Privy Council, there must be one Governor-General for West Africa: he must be supreme commander of the land and sea forces, with the right of declaring peace and war, and concluding treaties with the native chiefs; he must be a proved expert in West African affairs; he must be paid, say, £5,000 a year; he must spend six months on the Coast on a tour

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 of inspection, during which he must be accessible alike to the European and native. He may, if he sees fit, spend more than six months out there; but it is not advisable he should reside there permanently, for if he does so, he will assuredly get out of touch with the Grand Council, of which he should ex officio be chairman or president. This grand council with its sub-councils is all that is required in England for the government of West Africa. It is not, as you see, an expensive system per se: with its power to raise supplies, it could vote itself sufficient to carry on its out-of-pocket expenses in the matter of clerks and goods inspectors. The connecting link between it and Africa is the Governor-General; between it and England, the Chief Secretary for the Colonies—not the Colonial, or Foreign, or any other existing Office: things it should be equal with, not subject to.

Out in Africa, the Governor-General should be the representative of the English raj—the Ober Hoheit of England—and the head of the system of Landes Hoheit, represented by the African chiefs; in him the two must join. Under his control, on the European side, must be the few European officials required to administer the country locally. These must be carefully picked, experienced men, provided with sufficient power to enforce their rule with promptitude when it comes to details; but the policy of the Ober Hoheit should be the policy of the Governor and Grand Council, not of the individual official.

Immediately in grade under the Governor-General should come a set of district commissioners or governors, one for each of the present colonies. These men should be the resident representatives of the Governor-General, and responsible to him for the affairs, trade and political, of

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Rh $undefined$ and they glorify; they would cease to exist if they would not praise.“In consequence of the similarity between the letters and, the translator was misled into making the text say just the opposite.With regard to the music of the spheres, Philo, De Car., 3, refers to it in the very words which remind one of the anonymous Midrash quoted in Hadar, Deut. 32.1.Comp. also DR 10.1 and 2; Yelammedenu in alkut I, 729.See further vol.I, pp.44, seq.The song of praise of the sun and moon did not strike the naive mind as strange, in view of the fact that the surfaces of these luminaries resemble the human countenance; comp. R. Benjamin b. Zerah (about 1050) in his piyyut in the Roman and German Mahzor (comp. Zunz, Literaturgeschichte, 121), who undoubtedly made use of a version of Midrash Konen different from ours, but which Treves still had before him in his commentary on the Roman Mahzor entitled Kitnha Dabishuna, ad loc.The human countenance of the sun is also referred to in the Greek Apocalypse of Baruch 6.Comp. also the preceding note as well as note 112 and note 6 on vol. IV, p. 4.  $undefined$ PRE 6; Baraita de-Ma‘aseh Bereshit.See also 2 Enoch 37.2.In the Midrashim (BR 5.6; Koheleth 1.5; Tehillim 19, 170; Baraita de-Ma‘aseh Bereshit, loc. cit.) it is said that the sun is led through a stream, which is put up for that purpose in heaven, before it starts its revolution, to cool off its heat; otherwise it might consume the earth.  $undefined$ PRE 51 and 6; Baraita de-Ma‘aseh Bereshit 50.The moon and the stars have light but no heat, and hence the “bath of hail”.On the stream of fire in which the sun bathes, comp. also Enoch 17.4 and Baba Batra 84a.The latter passage reads: The sun passes paradise in the morning and hell in the evening.Dawn is a reflection of the roses of paradise; the evening twilight of the fire of hell.The stream of fire in which the sun bathes, is identical with the Nehar di-Nur; comp. Luria on PRE 51 and note 62.  $undefined$ WR 31.9; Tehillim 19, 169; ER 2, 11; MHG I, 42; Alphabetot 118; Baraita de-Ma'aseh Bereshit 50.Quite similar is the statement of the Greek Apocalypse of Baruch 8 to the effect that the angels remove the crown of the sun in the evening, bring it to heaven, and “renew” it there (the “renewing” of creation every day is also alluded to in the morning prayer, at the end of Yozer, comp. note 6), because the sun and its rays are becoming defiled on earth.With regard to the compulsory motion of the heavenly bodies, which do not wish to shed their light upon a sinful world, comp. vol. III, pp. 197–298;


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The publisher of this Magazine was 'brought up' among Newspapers, Magazines, &c. The training of his boyhood and the employment of his manhood have been in the arts and mysteries which pertain to the neighborhood of Spruce and Nassau streets in the city of New York. Of course the top of the strata, the upper-crust of the lamin in his geologic region is—the Publisher. . . . To become a Publisher, was the dream of his youth (not altogether a dream, for, while yet a boy he published, for several months, the People's Press, a not unnoticed weekly paper,) and the aim of his manhood. He understands the business thoroughly, and intends, if the requisite editorial matter can be furnished, to make this Magazine 'one of the institutions of the country.'

He would seem to be the right man in the right place; for the class of whom he is the representative in Printing House Square, sorely need an independent voice in the 'fourth estate.' Frederick Douglass has said that 'the twelve millions of blacks in the United States and its environs must occupy the notice and the care of the Almighty:' these millions, in order to assert and maintain their rank as men among men, must speak for themselves; no outside tongue, however gifted with eloquence, can tell their story; no outside eye, however penetrating, can see their wants; no outside organization, however benevolently intended, nor however cunningly contrived, can develope the energies and aspirations which make up their mission.

The wealth, the intellect, the Legislation, (State and Federal.) the pulpit, and the science of America, have concentrated on no one point so heartily as in the endeavor to write down the negro as something less than a man: yet at the very moment of the triumph of this effort, there runs through the marrow of those who make it, an unaccountable consciousness, an aching dread, that this noir faineant, this great black sluggard, is somehow endowed with forces which are felt rather than seen, and which may in 'some grim revel,'


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 their districts. These district commissioners should be paid £2,000 a year each, and have a term of residence on the Coast of twelve months, with six months' furlough at home on half pay, the other half of the pay going to the men who represent them during their absence at home—the senior sub-commissioners of their districts.

The next grade are the sub-commissioners. These are only required in the districts now termed Protectorates; the Europeanised coast towns to be under a different system I will sketch later. Well, these Protectorate districts should be divided up among sub-commissioners, who should each reside in his allotted district. They should be responsible directly to the district commissioner, and they should represent to him constantly the chiefs' council of the sub-district and the trade, and on the other hand represent trade and the Ober Hoheit things to the native chiefs. These men, therefore, will be the backbone of the system, and primarily on them will depend its success; so they must be expert men—well acquainted with the native culture state, and with the trade. Each of these sub-commissioners should have

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 in his district, his own town, from which he should frequently make tours of inspection round his district at large; but this town should be what Sir George Goldie calls "a town of refuge." English law should rule in it absolutely, administered by an official, one of the class of men approved by the legal sub-council of the Grand Council. The sub-commissioner should also have in his town a medical staff of three men, nominated by the medical side of the sub-council of the Grand Council. These three (chief medical, assistant medical, and dispenser) should have a hospital provided, where they can carry on their work properly. Also in this town should be the military force sufficient to enforce rule in the district—either to go and prevent one chief bagging another chief's belongings, or to assist a chief in a domestic crisis. It is impossible to say how large a military staff a sub-commissioner would require; some districts would require no more than fifty soldiers, while another might require 200. Details of this kind the Governor-General must decide; but whatever size this force may be, it should be composed of troops under efficient military control. I believe the West Indian troops to be the best for this service; but here again you will meet, if you take the trouble to inquire of people who ought to know, the greatest haziness of mind combined with an enormous difference of opinion. Some will tell you that the West Indians are no good, that they are cowardly and unfit for bush work, and require as many carriers as a white regiment. Others say the opposite, and hold forth on the evil of using raw savages as troops in such a country, and placing men who have been cast out on account of crime into positions of power and authority in the very districts wherein all the

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 power they should have by rights would be to swing at the end of a rope.

There is much to be said on both sides; the only thing I will say is that military affairs in West Africa are in much the same scrappy mess as civil, and require reorganisation. There is, no doubt, excellent fighting material in many West African tribes, and turbulent native spirits are all the better for military organisation and discipline; it is certain, however, that such men should be deported from districts wherein they have private scores to settle, and used elsewhere after they have been disciplined. If it were possible for the native regiments now being drilled in the hinterlands of our colonies out there to be used actively to guard our people from foreign aggression, there would be a good reason for having them, but recent events have demonstrated, in the Gold Coast hinterland for example, that they cannot, according to Government notions, be so employed. Therefore they are worse than useless, for they merely add to the unjustifiable aggressions on the native residents by aggressions of their own; such things as native police under the white Government side for the districts of the protectorate should not exist. They are a sort of wild fowl who will get you and themselves into more rows than they will ever get any one out of, and they will squeeze you and the native population into the bargain. The chiefs of the district should be responsible for the internal administration of justice among their own people. If a chief fails in this he should be removed, with the assistance of the military force at the command of the sub-commissioner. When, in fact, a chief is found to be going astray, the fact should be promptly brought before the council of chiefs; a definite short time, say a month,

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 should be allowed them to bring him to his bearings, and if at the expiration of this time they fail to do so, without any further delay the sub-commissioner should step in. In a very short time the chiefs' council would see the advisability of keeping this from happening, and also see that it can only be prevented by enforcing good government among themselves.

Well, this West Indian guard should of course be under its proper military officers, and at the disposal of the sub-commissioner, and well installed in barracks, and made generally as happy as circumstances will permit.

Then again in each town which forms the centre of a sub-commissioner's district there should be representatives of any firms who may wish to trade there. They can each have their separate factories, or form a local association for working the trade of the district as it pleases them. I think it would be advisable that in each of these towns away in the interior there should be a warehouse, whereto all goods coming up for the separate trading firms should be delivered, and wherein all exports ready for transport to the coast should be lodged, and the figures concerning these things ascertained. This should be the business of the sub-commissioner's secretary, and he can be aided in it by a black clerk. But it would not be a custom-house, because customs, like native regiments, do not exist out there under his system.

If any of the firms like to establish sub-factories in the district outside the town, they should have every facility impartially afforded them to do so. Any attack made on them by the natives should be promptly revenged, but outside the town in all trade matters the native law should rule under the administration of the local chief,

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 with a power (in important cases—say, over £20 involved) of appeal to the chiefs' council, and from that, if need be to the sub-commissioner.

Now in this town, acting with and directing the council of chiefs, you will have all that the hinterland districts in West Africa at present require for their administration and development, except, you will say, religion and education. As for the first, as represented by the missions, I think they will do best away from the rest, as I will presently attempt to explain. As for education, that will be in their hands too, and with them. The missionary stations about the district, however, will be under the direct control and protection of the sub-commissioner and his town. No gaol will be required there or elsewhere in West Africa; the sort of thing a gaol represents is better represented by a halter and convict labour gang. So much, as old Peter Heylin would say, for the sub-commission.

The district commissioner for a colony and its hinterland should have a residence at one of the chief towns on the coast, making tours round to his sub-commissioners as occasion requires; and he should always be accessible both to his sub-commissioners and to the district chiefs. At his head town should be the headquarters of the military force required by his colony, and the headquarters of the labour service.

We will now turn to the administration of the coast towns, places that have been long in our possession and have a sufficient white and Europeanised African population to justify us in regarding them as English possessions in the Landes Hoheit sense. These towns should be governed by municipality, and should be under English law, having accredited magistrates approved of by the Grand Council

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 and paid, not by the municipalities, but by the Grand Council.

Each municipality should occupy in the system an identical position to that occupied by the sub-commissioner in his town, and communicate with the district commissioner direct, receive all goods, and make returns of them to him. They should each have and be responsible for hospitals and schools within the town, and for its police, lighting, and sanitary affairs. Each municipality should be paid by the Government the same pay as a sub-commissioner, £1,000 a year. They should get their extra resources from a charge on the trade of the town at a fixed rate made by the Grand Council for all municipalities under the system.

This system would do away with the division of our possessions, at present so misleading and vexatious and unnecessary, into Colonies and Protectorates, and substitute for that division the just division into regions under our Landes Ober Hoheit (municipalities), and those under our Ober Hoheit—(sub-commissioners' districts). Both alike would be under the Governor-General as representing the Grand Council.

There still remains one important new development in our West African methods—the organisation of native labour. The institution of a regular and reliable labour supply seems to me one of the most vital things for the progress of West Africa. There is undoubtedly in West Africa an enormous supply of labour, and that the true negro can work and work well the Krumen have amply demonstrated. All that is required is method and organisation. This you could easily supply. If, for example, you were to direct those energies of yours which are now employed in raising native regiments in the hinterland to raising

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 and regulating a native labour army, it would be better. A native regiment of soldiers is a thing you do not want in any hinterland district, whereas the native regiment of labourers is a thing you do want very badly.

There is also in this connection another fact: while, under the present state of affairs, one colony will be choked with men anxious for work, and another colony will be starving for labour, if all the English colonies were united under one system, and a regular labour department were instituted, this would be obviated.

There exist in West Africa two sources of labour supply, but I think the Labour Department had better deal with only one of them—the free paid labour—the other, the convict, would be better placed under the kind care of the municipalities.

All persons convicted of offences other than capital, should be, at the discretion of the magistrates, sentenced to a fine, or so many weeks' labour. The whole of this labour should be devoted to the Public Works Department of the Municipality, not of the State, and above all, should not be sent away up into the hinterland, where there will be no one to look after it as convict labour requires. Quite apart from this, there should be the State Labour Department, whose jurisdiction would extend over both colony and hinterland, and whose white officials should be a distinct line in the service; one or more of these officials should be in every hinterland sub-commissioner's town. They would be recruiters and drillers of labourers, just as you now have recruiters and drillers of soldiers there; and a requisition should be made to all the chiefs, to draft into this labour army any person, under their rule, who might be anxious to serve as a labourer; and they

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 should also have power to enrol any labour volunteer recruits that might come into the town, provided the chiefs could not show a satisfactory reason against their so doing. This labour army should be divided up into suitably sized gangs, with a head man elected by his gang, and be employed in the transport work required by the Government, or let out by the Government to private individuals requiring labour within the district, or drafted to other English colonies on the Coast, if occasion required, to do certain jobs—I do not say for certain spaces of time, because piece-work is the best system for West Africa. An attempt should be made gradually to induce the hinterland chiefs to adopt the Kru social system, wherein every man serves so many years as a labourer, then, about the age of thirty, joins the army and becomes a compound soldier-policeman, ending up in honour and glory as a local magistrate. But it must be remembered that domestic slavery is not a great institution among the Kru tribes, as it is amongst the hinterland tribes in our colonies; the Kru system could not, therefore, be immediately introduced.

We now come to the question of where the revenue is to come from to support this system. There is no difficulty about that in itself; the difficulty comes in inin [sic] the method to be employed in its collection. When one has a chartered trading company it is, of course, a simple matter; when you have a Crown Colony it is done by means of the custom-house system. The alternative system, however, is not a chartered company; under it individual firms, so long as they can show sufficient capital and good faith, would work the details of their trade out there as freely and privately as in England. I think every effort should be made to do away in West Africa with the custom-house system as it

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 exists in English Crown Colonies. In Cameroon it is better, but in our Crown Colonies and also in the Niger Coast Protectorate it is ruinous to the tempers of ship masters and shippers, and the cause of a great waste of time—decidedly one of the main causes of the undue length of voyages to and from the Coast.

It seems to me that the revenue of our West African possessions must be a charge on the trade; and that this charge should, as much as possible, be collected in Europe from the shippers instead of from their representatives on the Coast. If I were king in Babylon, I would make all the trade to West Africa pass through Liverpool, and pay its customs there to a custom-house of the Grand Council, or through the English ports of the other chambers represented on the Grand Council—each chamber being responsible for the trade of its port. I am aware that this would cause difficulty with the increasing continental trade; but this would be obviated by affiliating Hamburg and Havre to the Council and giving into their hands the collections of the dues at those ports. The Grand Council should fix annually the amount of the trade tax, and it should have at its disposal for this matter the figures sent home by the separate district commissioners in West Africa. The sub-commissioner of a district should know the amount of trade his district was doing, and be paid a commission on it to stimulate his interest. If the goods used in his district were delivered at one warehouse in his town, he would have little difficulty in getting the figures, which he should pass on to the district commissioner, who should forward them to the Grand Council with report in duplicate to the Governor-General, so that that officer might keep his finger on the

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User talk:Stephanie Boyko

The Fifth Universal
Hello, and thanks very much for contributing here. Unfortunately, the text "The Fifth Universal" which you have added here seems copyrighted and for this reason will have to be deleted. I hope this will not discourage you from further contributing to this project with other texts, only they must be in the public domain. For details how to contribute see Help:Adding texts. --Jan Kameníček (talk) 22:20, 15 March 2024 (UTC)

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 monut; the whole of the British Hawk-moths, including the very rare Sesia Andreniformis, in one ornamental mount; various rare exotic insects. Skulls and horns of Tiger, various Deer, &c., &c. Other exhibits in this department were:—Long-eared Owls, Living specimens, by Mr. C. E. B. Hewitt; Pike, 28½lbs. and 20½lbs., from Langorse Lake, Wales, and Barbel, 8½lbs., from Thames, by Mr. Adams Parker; Pike, 34½lbs., from Langorse Lake, Wales. and Goosanders, Male and Female, from Langorse Lake, Wales, by Mr. G. R. Hill; Pike from Earl's Wood Pool, by Mr. John Allday; a fine specimen of Deer's Head, {mounted.) by Mr. Henry Griffiths, jun.; Articulated Human Skull, a remarkably fine specimen, by Mr. W. R. Hughes. Mr. A. Franklin, Taxidermist, Birmingham, showed a collection of Birds, including Argus Pheasants from India, CapercailziesCapercaillies [sic] from Scotland, Heron in fine adult plumage, blue and yellow Macaw, sooty and snowy Owls, Swallow-tailed Kite, white Robin, and cream-coloured Sparrow, a large collection of British Coleoptera and Lepidoptera, and eggs, cocoon, and living specimens of Bombyx Peruii.

General Science was represented by the Phonograph, Telephones, and Microphone, exhibited in operation by Mr. Lawson Tait's Microphone (new construction) and various optical and scientific apparatus, by Mr. W. J. Lancaster; microscopic mounting and collecting apparatus, and various scientific instruments, by R. Bailey; Chance's Compound Glass Lenses tor the electric light for forts and ships of war, for defence against torpedo boats at night and other purposes in war, by Mr. J. Kenward; a working Model, illustrating the rigidity of the positions assumed by an endless chain suspended from a pulley and put into rapid motion, by Dr. Hopkinson; Geometric Pen, consisting of an arrangement of wheels and levers producing a combination of the compound pendulum curves with straight lines and circles or spirals, giving an infinite series of harmonic curves, by Mr. C. Pumphrey; and a series of interesting scientific experiments were exhibited by members of the Birmingham and Midland Institute Scientific Society, and comprised Diffusion Figures, Vortex Rings, Terrestial Magnetism Experiment, Arago's Disc, Weld's Sound Experiment and 's Figures, and Galton's Whistle, 's Polariscape, Spectroscope, Determination of Oxygen in Air, Reciprocal Combustion, &c.

Art and Archæology furnished much that was attractive and interesting, Mr. Allen E. Everitt contributed from the riches of his portfolios fifty of his charming drawings, chiefly illustrative of "Old Warwickshire." Thus he showed sketches of Birmingham:—Old Houses, Deritend; Digbeth Tripe House, Town Hall and Ann Street. Dog and Duck, Holloway Head; Aston: Great Staircase of the Hall, the Gallery ditto, Monuments inside of Church, ditto S. side of ditto, Holte Monuments N. aisle, Church from S.E.; Castle Bromwich: Hall from S.W.; Chimney Piece at Sheldon Hall; High Street, Solihull; East End of N. Aisle Solihull Church; Berry Wall, two views: Maxtoke Priory: The Gatehouse, Central Tower of Church; Little Packington: Church from N.W.; Berkswell: Church from S.E., Interior (under repair,) South Porch; Coombe Abbey: Queen Elizabeth's Room, Entrance to Chapter House; Stratford-upon-Avon: Chancel (two views.) Interior of Shakespeare's Kitchen; Wixford Church, Interior; Quadrangle, Coughton Court; Old Cottages at Haselour; Old Collages at Tiddington; Interior of Coughton Church; Interior of Curdworth Church, Old House in Village; Water Orton: The Bridge, Old House near ditto: Hoggerell's End, an Old Farm House; Kingsbury Church from S.E.; Sutton Coldfield: Old Cottage in ruins and Yew Tree; Interior of Baddesley Clinton Hall; Temple Balsall: Church from S.W., Interior of Old Hall; Rowington: Village and Church, Shakspeare House; Entrance Wall, Tamworth Castle; Old Stalls, Astley Church; The Old Hall, Packington; Interior


text: West African Studies/Chapter 13

title: West African Studies/Chapter 13


text: West African Studies/Chapter 14

title: West African Studies/Chapter 14


text: West African Studies/Chapter 15

title: West African Studies/Chapter 15


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This connection to cattle was important because, at some point while Zhu managed these PRC businesses, he traveled to Canada and created dozens of companies in Canada, the PRC, and elsewhere. These companies engaged in massive theft of American cattle-related intellectual property, resulting in a CAD$330 million judgment against Zhu and his coconspirators. As Zhu stated in documents that the Select Committee obtained from the Reedley Biolab, “the Company is looking to seize the opportunity to develop the operational platform for the rapid growth in the Chinese dairy industry, fulfill[ing] [PRC] Premier [and CCP Politburo Member] Wen Jiabao’s wish to ‘provide every Chinese, especially children, sufficient milk every day.’” At that time, China faced a pressing milk crisis and the PRC’s government was pursuing “policies to develop the high-yielding dairy cattle market.”

DRAFT Strategic Business Plan: January 2008

This Strategic Business Plan (hereinafter referred to as the “Plan”) contains proprietary information and is not to be copied, reproduced, used or divulged to any person in whole or in part without proper authorization, either verbal or in writing, from an Officer or Director of IND Lifetech [sic] Group Ltd. (“ILG” or the “Company”). This information is the property of IND Lifetech Group Ltd.

Mr. Zhu graduated from Beijing Union Medical College with a master degree in cell biology. He was one of the original founders of International Newtech [sic] Development in 1991, and was primarily engaged in the product development for immunology and diagnostics. He spearheaded the establishment of IND Diagnostics and the Company in 1999. Mr. Zhu is the President and CEO of the Company.

Canadian food safety system and the various measures already in place. When the Company can once again import embryos in 2006, the Chinese government implemented policies to develop the high-yielding dairy cattle market. The Company is looking to seize the opportunity to develop the operational platform for the rapid growth in the Chinese dairy cattle industry, fulfilling Premier Wen Jiabo's [sic] wish to "...provide every Chinese, especially children, sufficient milk each day.”

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 Specifically, Zhu created IND Lifetech Group—an affiliate of IND Group—and entered into a business relationship with XY, Incorporated, a U.S. company that specialized in biological engineering techniques that allowed for a high rate of selection for female (and thus milk-producing) Holstein cattle.

During the decade or so following his arrival in Canada, Zhu created dozens of corporations (including IND and Ai De / Aide) in China, Canada, the United States, the British Virgin Islands, the Cayman Islands, and Uruguay. Court records indicate that, while Zhu employed many PRC nationals in these companies and even had them named as shareholders, they “were only shareholders ‘on paper’ and that, ‘in reality,’ Zhu owned these companies.” Additionally, “[a]lthough the various companies appear to have been set up for different purposes, they were, from Zhu’s point of view, interchangeable as his wishes dictated” as “they were all under the common control and direction of Zhu as he dictated for his own purposes.”

Zhu used these corporations to steal valuable American intellectual property and unlawfully transfer it to the PRC. Zhu accomplished this in part by directing the wrongful transfer of confidential information and technology obtained from XY in Canada to IND’s PRC arms and affiliated PRC-based entities and individuals. (IND’s presence in the PRC was significant—by October 2014, Zhu employed between 400-500 workers in the PRC at just one of IND’s location in

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Rh All the contracts in the world are easily violated, because the interest included in them inclines more to one side than to another. With us, however, it will never be the case; I have no need of any guarantees."

"And so—my dear brother—will disappear?"

"Simply. We will remove him from his bed by means of a plank which yields to the pressure of the finger. Having retired to rest as a crowned sovereign, he will awaken in captivity. Alone you will rule from that moment, and you will have no interest dearer and better than that of keeping me near you."

"I believe it. There is my hand on it. Monsieur d'Herblay."

"Allow me to kneel before you, sire, most respectfully. We will embrace each other on the day we shall both have on our temples, you the crown, and I the tiara."

"Still, embrace me this very day also, and be, for and toward me, more than great, more than skillful, more than sublime in genius; be kind and indulgent—be my father!"

Aramis was almost overcome as he listened to his voice; he fancied he detected in his own heart an emotion hitherto unknown to him; but this impression was speedily removed,

"His father!" he thought; "yes, his holy father."

And they resumed their places in the carriage, which sped rapidly along the road leading to Vaux-le-Vicomte.

CHAPTER XI.

THE CHATEAU DE VAUX-LE-VICOMTE.

The Cháteau of Vaux-le-Vicomte, situated about a league from Melun, had been built by Fouquet in 1655, at a time when there was a scarcity of money in France; Mazarin had taken all that there was, and Fouquet expended the remainder. However, as certain men have fertile, false, and useful vices, Fouquet, in scattering broadcast millions of money in the construction of this palace, had found means of gathering, as the result of his generous profusion, three illustrious men together: Levan, the architect of the building; Len6tre, the designer of the gardens; and Lebrun, the decorator of the apartments. If the Cháteau de Vaux possessed a single fault with which it could be reproached, it was its grand, pretentious character. It is even at the present day proverbial to calculate the number of acres of

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 tween the mountains of the eastern and western portion of America were formed from the sediment washed down from these mountains and deposited in the sea which lay between.

The crust of the earth is still rising and sinking, the land gaining on the water, but as this is usually such a slow movement, it can only be traced through a period of many years.

Nearly the whole of Sweden and Norway, for instance, has been rising for thousands of years. This is proved by the fact that old sea-beaches full of shells of species now living in neighboring seas, are found from fifty to seventy miles inland, and several hundred feet above the present sea-level on both sides of the Scandinavian peninsula. Such sea-beaches are found high above the present water level in Chile and Patagonia, and the chalk cliffs of England were formed under the waves of the ocean. Le Conte says that one of the most evident proofs of crustal movements in ancient geologic times is the great thickness of shallow water sediments (sandstones, shales and limestones) over the greater portions of all of the continents, which represent areas of slow subsidence; and the great breaks or unconformities between the series of strata, which represent areas of uplift and atmospheric erosion.

Although sand and gravel are distributed over the bottom of the ocean near the land, dredging expeditions reaching down their metal cylinders for samples of the sea-floor at greater depths in various sections of the globe, have discovered that it is of a different composition, one-third of its area being covered with red clay.

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 quarried and ground down; till, in the course of ages, further discoveries in agricultural chemistry had led to the disuse of trap in favor of other rocks.

The light being unfavorable for the view in that direction, I soon turned away from the river in order to examine objects nearer at hand. Having gained some insight into the changes effected by time in the city, I felt some curiosity to discover whether corresponding changes had taken place in the slow-moving country. I was soon to learn, that the alterations in the aspect of the city were but slight compared with the utter change in the conditions of rural life. Cities, after all, remain much the same, as to their main characteristics, in all ages. The difference between Babylon and London must be much less than the difference between the aspect of the country around London as it appeared to Cæsar and as it appears to us now. Changes of equal extent had been wrought. here.

We had left the train at what appeared to be a small village. Yet nowhere was to be seen any trace of that pervading lack of neatness and finish which, in our day, usually characterizes the country. The smooth concrete of the platform where I stood was continued in one unbroken sweep to the houses seen on the farther side of the broad, open space surrounding the station. The buildings visible, though inferior in size to those of the city, were as solidly constructed, and of similar materials. Broad verandas, extending completely round each story, imparted, by their broken lines and deep shadows, a peculiarly picturesque character to the architecture.

My attention was specially drawn toward the house


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94 an idea to condemn yourself to a room where you cannot stir or move about."

"During the night, monseigneur, I sleep or read in my bed."

"And your servants?"

"I have only one person with me. I find my reader quita sufficient. Adieu, monseigneur; do not overfatigue yourself; keep yourself fresh for the arrival of the king."

"We shall see you by and by, I suppose, and shall see your friend Du Vallon also?"

"He is lodging next to me, and is at this moment dressing."

And Fouquet, bowing, with a smile, passed on like a commander-in-chief who pays the different outposts a visit after the enemy has been signaled in sight.

CHAPTER XII.

THE WINE OF MELUN.

The king had, in point of fact, entered Melun with the intention of merely passing through the city. The youthful monarch was most eagerly anxious for amusements; only twice during the journey had he been able to cateh a glimpse of La Valliere, and, suspecting that his only opportunity of speaking to her would be after nightfall, in the gardens, and after the ceremonial of reception had been gone through, he had been very desirous to arrive at Vaux as early as possible. But he reckoned without his captain of the musketeers, and without M. Colbert. Like Calypso, who could not be consoled at the departure of Ulysses, our Gascon could not console himself for not having guessed why Aramis had asked Percerin to show him the king's new costumes. "There is not a doubt," he said to himself, "that my friend, the bishop of Vannes, had some motive in that;" and then he began to rack his brains most uselessly. D'Artagnan, so intimately acquainted with all the court intrigues, who knew the position of Fouquet better even than Fouquet himself did, had conceived the strangest fancies and suspicions at the announcement of the fête, which would have ruined a wealthy man, and which became L possible, utter madness even, for a man so destitute as he was. And then, the presence of Aramis, who had returned from Belle-Isle, and been nominated by M. Fouquet inspector-general of all the arrange-

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text:
Author:A. L. G.

Works

 * A Vampire, and Other Stories (1884)
 * A Hero-Poet (1885)

As translator

 * The Little Dwarf's Mirror and the Children's Prayer (1878) by Ottilie von Wildermuth
 * A Queen (1879) original author not identified
 * Fritz; or, The Young Schiller (1882) by Franz Hoffmann

title: Author:A. L. G.


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BY

CALE YOUNG RICE

NEW YORK THE CENTURY CO. 1917


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Template:The Benson Murder Case ad

great "case" in which Philo Vance investigates and solves the baffling murder of Alvin Benson, Wall Street broker and man-about-town. Unanimously praised by the critics of England and America.

title: Template:The Benson Murder Case ad


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Page:Popular Mechanics 1928 01.pdf/3

Vol. 49

Radio waves so short that, like visible light, they cast shadows behind buildings, or even men, are being employed in experiments that promise to open a new era in wireless, particularly in communication with airplanes. The waves are so short that they bring home the point, which engineers have often tried in vain to emphasize, that radio is only another form of light, and not a brother of sound.

Five-meter waves are being used in the experiments conducted by the General Electric laboratory at Schenectady, and, despite the fact that they are giants compared with light waves, the two act very much the same. The average visible light wave is only about one fifty-thousandth of an inch in length, but, though it would take nearly 10,000,000 of them, placed end to end, to equal one five-meter wave, the radio signals of that length emulate light by traveling in a straight line as well as by being blocked when they meet a hill, a house or any other obstruction.

The radio waves used in ordinary broadcasting rarely cast shadows, because of

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 tops. On these could be seen masses of dense foliage, which, seeming to overflow, draped the battlement-shaped cornices. This, to me, novel architectural embellishment was, as I afterwards found, in general use, even in the city. The height of the city buildings had prevented me from noting there the presence of these elevated gardens, an account of which I must defer to a future occasion. For the present I will merely state, that, whether in city or country, the houses are so solidly constructed, that, on their flat roofs covered with malleable glass, they are able to support a thickness of several feet of soil. On this are grown flowers, and various species of arborescent shrubs, especially such as afford good shade. During the warm season these roof-gardens are a favorite resort; since, from their elevation, they are comparatively free from dust, and are apt to catch any wandering breeze. The thick roof, too, is found no slight advantage, both in summer and winter.

Nor was that on the house-tops the only verdure to be seen. A double row of magnificent elms, seemingly of great age, surrounded the whole square, and could be seen extending along the streets, as far as these were visible from my point of view.

I was in the midst of these observations when Utis reappeared. He was seated on a vehicle, which, under his guidance, glided noiselessly as a canoe over the smooth concrete. I now remarked for the first time, that not a wheel-track, not a dent of iron-shod hoofs, was to be seen on its surface. It seemed never to be trodden by aught heavier than the foot of man. It now also occurred to me, that, though many passengers had alighted with us,


text: Trails Sunward/The Chant of the Colorado


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 Red clay is composed of iron and silica and represents all that is left of the minute shells which cover the tiny sea-animals which flourish in such countless multitudes throughout the ocean. These shells, after the animal dies, drift downward in ceaseless showers and the lime, of which they are largely composed, is dissolved during the long journey to the bottom. "Ooze" is found in water less deep and is formed by the accumulation of minute shells of different species. Minute shells of the same species have formed great thicknesses of limestone or of chalk even as grains of sand build in time their banks of sandstone. Such information as this is, of course, disclosed by the penetrating eye of the microscope. Chalk cliffs, now dry land, form thousands of miles of habitable land in Europe, while coral sand pressed into rock forms the unique foundation of the Bahama Islands, the Bermudas, many islands of the Pacific, and the Great Barrier Reef extending for a thousand miles along the shores of northern Australia!

Looking again about our own country on the land that lies cradled between the eastern and the western mountains of the United States, one cannot help but regard with awe the magnificent stretches of time it must have taken for this great area to have been formed beneath the sea. This alone proves the great age of the earth. Because it was raised slowly, the strata lie there little disturbed, one over the other, "like the leaves of a great stone book," containing the history of the earth. A good view of the river strata may be obtained in the canyon of the Colorado river, for this mighty river has carved a bed through the stratified deposits to a depth of from 3000 to 6000 feet.

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 The elevated sea-bottom is a fertile field for the fossil hunter, affording evidence that enables the geologist to reconstruct the evolutionary development of life on our planet in its divinely ordained stages. There is often but little resemblance in the fossils found in the lower strata to the plants and animals now in existence, but traced from stratum to stratum, the connection is obvious. The "fire-formed" rocks of the Archæan Age, which support all the other strata, contain no evidence of life; neither do the first sedimentary rocks which were deposited above them. The first fossils are found in the strata overlying the first sedimentary rock.

Geologists have divided the history of the earth into seven ages:

1. The Archæan Age, represented by the Archæan system of rocks.

2. The Age of Invertebrates, represented by the Cambrian, the Lower Silurian and the Upper Silurian rocks.

3. The Age of Fishes, represented by the Devonian rocks.

4. The Age of Amphibians, represented by the Carboniferous rocks.

5. The Age of Reptiles, represented by the Mesozoic rocks.

6. The Age of Mammals, represented by the Cenozoic rocks.

7. The Age of Man, represented by recent rocks.

All of these Ages, which represent the life history of the world, left their impression on the rocks of their times, and each Age is connected with the preceding and the succeeding Age like links in a long, long chain.

In regard to the distinctness and importance of the last great era, the Age of Man, Le Conte, in "Elements of Geology," says that there are two views which will ever divide geologists, depending on the two views regarding the relation of man to Nature:

"From a purely structural and animal point of view, man is very closely united with the animal kingdom. He has no department of his own, but belongs to the vertebrate department, along with the quadrupeds, birds, reptiles and fishes. He

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 has no class of his own, but belongs to the class Mammalia, along with the quadrupeds. Neither has he an order of his own, but belongs to the order of the Primates, along with the monkeys, lemurs, etc. Even a family of his own, the Hominidae, is grudgingly admitted by some. But from a psychical point of view it is simply impossible to overestimate the space which separates man from all lower things. Man must be set off not only against the whole animal kingdom, but against the whole book of Nature besides, as an equivalent: Nature the Book—the revelation—and man the interpreter. So in the history of the earth: from one point of view the era of man is not equivalent to an era, nor to an age, nor to a period, nor even to an epoch. But from another point of view it is the equivalent of the whole geological history of the earth besides. For the history of the earth finds its consummation, and its interpreter, and its significance, in man."

Ah—how exhilarating the thought! Once again with the astronomer, we gaze out on the huge planets of the solar system,—the groups and great galaxies of stars. Does the earth really seem so insignificant in its smallness?

The beautiful little earth-ball, with its precious freight of human beings, softly flies about the sun. Amply protected in a transparent case of atmosphere, it completes its tremendous journey of 576,000,000 miles once every year. During this year its temperature is varied by four seasons which are caused by the earth being inclined 23½ degrees on its axis.

During this journey around the sun, the earth rotates 366¼ times on its axis, making one revolution every 23 hours, 56 minutes and 4.09 seconds. This causes each side to be alternately warmed and lighted every few hours. Cupped close to the darkened hemisphere lies a huge cone of shadow which extends out in space past

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text:
Author:Norbert Lewis Lederer

Works

 * Tropical Fish & Their Care (1934)

title: Author:Norbert Lewis Lederer


text: Index:The Greene Murder Case (1928).pdf

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 * District Attorney of New York County.

 * The mistress of the Greene mansion.

 * The eldest daughter.

 * Another daughter.

 * The youngest daughter.

 * The elder son.

 * The younger son.

 * The Greene family physician.

 * The Greene butler.

 * The cook.

 * The senior maid.

 * The junior maid.

 * Mrs. Greene's nurse.

 * Of the Police Department of New York City.


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 again, went back to his blacksmith's forge and anvil for his health of body and mind's sake.

The training of young men in the use of tools would, at the same time that it educated them in "common things," teach them the use of their hands and arms, familiarize them with healthy work, exercise their faculties upon things tangible and actual, give them some practical acquaintance with mechanics, impart to them the ability of being useful, and implant in them the habit of persevering physical effort. This is an advantage which the working classes, strictly so called, certainly possess over the leisure classes,—that they are in early life under the necessity of applying themselves laboriously to some mechanical pursuit or other,—thus acquiring manual dexterity and the use of their physical powers. The chief disadvantage attached to the calling of the laborious classes is, not that they are employed in physical work, but that they are too exclusively so employed, often to the neglect of their moral and intellectual faculties. While the youths of the leisure classes, having been taught to associate labour with servility, have shunned it, and been allowed to grow up practically ignorant, the poorer classes, confining themselves within the circle of their laborious callings, have been allowed to grow up in a large proportion of cases absolutely illiterate. It seems possible, however, to avoid both these evils by combining physical training or physical work with intellectual culture: and there are various signs abroad which seem to mark the gradual adoption of this healthier system of education.

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 * Commanding officer of the Detective Bureau.

 * Sergeant of the Homicide Bureau.

 * Detective of the Homicide Bureau.

 * Detective of the Homicide Bureau.

 * Bertillon expert.

 * Finger-print expert.

 * Medical Examiner.

 * An official police surgeon.

 * A Police nurse.

 * Secretary to the District Attorney.

 * Vance's valet.


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