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 دري سده ابت یک مهاراج دسر فون كمبليله كاستان حتي براف بولن

سلغت مك مندو دري فون بتغ بلي دري فون بتغ دانفله کند کنف بولنث مک مندو دري فون برانق بلي دري فون برانق كدوان انق اية لاكتیغ انق مندو دري ورن تبهث سفرة زمروة يغ هجومك دنماي اوله مهاراج دسرة انقد بكند اية سريرام يغ انق بلي دري أية دنماي بردان براف لمان سده 11

برانق مك بتغ فول کندوان ستلهكنف بولت مک برانقلکنهدوان کا قولغ انق مندو دري أية دنماي مهاراج لقسمان یغ انق بلي دري اية دنماي چتردان ستله املت اورغ له أنق مهاراج دسرت راج بغ بغسوان ادفون انق  روفان دالم عالم دنیان12بكندديغ برنام سريرام اینفون بسرله ترلال مها ابلق

 دان براني دانغله اسيان12 سورغ فون نیاد سباكين شهدان كك فركاش - بكند كند توجه تاهن مک ترلال سكال نكل

 Ini hikayat ada sa’orang raja, Dasarata Maharaja nama-nya, ayah-nya bernama Dasarata Ramana, anak Dasarata Chakrawata, serta nama-nya anak nabi Adam 'alaibi 's-sallama. Akan raja itu terlalu sakti, shahadan terlalu baik rupa-nya, dan brani, lagi artawan, lagi dermawan, tiada berbagai pada zeman-nya itu. Maka tatkala itu Dasarata Maharaja menchahari tempat yang baik hendak di-perbuatkan-nya akan negri yang sa-kehendak hati-nya, akan di-tinggalkan-nya ka-pada anak-chuchu beginda itu. Maka tatkala itu di-panggil-nya segala perdana mentri, dan kas tria, maka di-titahkan beginda menchahari tempat yang baik, dan tempat yarg rata, dan ayer-nya yang tawar; maka pergi-lah segala perdana mentri kastria menchahari tempat seperti kehendak

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Rh the pictures from popular life are perfect models of graphic and faithful description, and at the same time they show the finest psychological insight. This particularly applies to "Elgskyttarne," which is one of the most excellent works of this kind in existence. Runeberg displayed his lyric talent not only in a number of excellent lyric poems, but also in several lyric epic compositions, among which are "Nadeschda," a Russian subject treated with great grace and delicacy, and "Kung Fjalar," in which the world sung by Ossian is reproduced in grand outlines, that are pervaded by the idea of an inexorable tragical fate.

But Runeberg's chief work is "Fänrik Ståls sägner" (the Stories of Ensign Stål), of which the first part appeared in 1848, and the second part in 1860. He here gave his people a national work of the greatest value. In no other of his productions has his spirit unfolded fairer blossoms or soared to loftier heights of pathos than in this collection of romances describing scenes from the second Finnish war. The situations are depicted so vividly, faithfully and graphically, and the characters are drawn with such consummate skill, that they stamp themselves indelibly on the memory. Every one of these poems, each written in a metre of its own, is a master-piece, and together they are the most beautiful heroic drapa that was ever composed for or in honor of any nation. The whole collection is pervaded by a deep and warm patriotic sentiment, which is so gloriously expressed in the song, "Vårt land, våland, våfosterland," which forms the introduction to the romances. None of his other works have like this contributed so much toward making Runeberg the national poet both of Sweden and Finland, for he sings the common struggle and the common misfortune of both countries in tones that on the stranger make the impression of rare beauty, while on those who are more intimately related to the events described, they must of necessity produce a most powerful effect. Of dramatical works Runeberg has composed only the play, "Kan ej," which, though delicately writ-

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 hati Maharaja Dasarata itu. Hata brapa lama-nya segala per- dana mentri dan kastria pergi, maka bertemu dengan suatu tem- Țat seperti kata raja itu, aka segala perdana mentri dan kas- tria pun kembali-lah ka-pada Maharaja Dasarata, lalu berdatang sembah ka-pada Maharaja Dasarata, "Ya tuhan-ku, Sri Maharaja, sanda sakalian di-titahkan menchahari tempat akan negri seperti titah Sri Maharaja itu, akan sekarang di-pertemukan déwata mulia raya tempat itu, terlalu élok tanali-nya, rata, dengan sungai-nya ayer-nya tawar, dan hawa-nya baik, dengan pasir- nya terlalu élok sakali; pada tengah tempat itu ada sa-buah bukit, terlalu élok rupa-nya, dan rata-nya, layak akan tempat istana Sri Maharaja."

[Maka apabila Sri Maharaja] menengar kata demikian, dengan sa-kutika itu juga raja pun menyuroh memanggil segala raja-raja, lalu di-titahkan dengan segala perdana mentri dan kastria dan segala r'ayat sakalian pergi menjalani tempat itu. Dengan dua tiga hari juga sudah. Yang bukit sama tengah itu, hendak di-perbuat istana, pada tengah bukit itu ada sa-rumpun buloh betong; apabila di-tetak deri hadapan di blakang tumboh, apabila di tetak di blakang di hadapan tumboh, apabila di-tetak deri kanan deri kiri tumboh, apabila di-tetak leri kiri deri kanan tumboh, ini-lah hal-nya. Maka segala raja-raja, dan perdana mentri kastria sakalian hairan, lalu kembali ka- pada raja. Maka di-persembahkan-nya pri hal sa-rumpun buloh betong itu. Maka titah Maharaja Dasarata, “Jikalau sunggoh demikian, baik-lah sendiri aku pergi mengadapi orang me- numbang buloh itu." Maka ésok hari Mabaraja Dasarata pun berlangkap lalu berjalan dengan segala anak raja-raja, dan cha- tria, dan perdana mentri, kastria, dan segala r'ayat, seperti orang berramai-ramaian; dan segala hulubalang dan segala r'ayat hina- dina kechil besar samuba-nya mengiringkan Makaraja Dasarata pergi ka-pada tempat itu hendak berbuat negri itu. Maka Dasarata Maharaja pun sampai-lah ka-sana. Maka Maharaja Dasarata membri titah menyuroh menumbang buloh betong itu; maka dengan sa-kutika itu juga di-tebang orang-lah buloh itu. Apabila di-tetak deri hadapan, di blakang tumboh; di-tetak deri kanan, deri kiri tumboh. Maka Maharaja Dasarata pun hairan melihat kekaya'an dêwata mulia raya. Maka tatkala itu Maharaja Dasarata pun turun deri atas gajah ampat gading-nya; maka di-unus-nya samsir-nya, maka di-hampiri-nya rumpun

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 buloh betong, maka lalu di-tetak oleli Maharaja, dengan sa-kali tetak itu juga habis putus rumpun buloh itu. Maka kelihatau dalam-nya sa'orang putri dudok di atas perasan (per atasan?) buloh itu, rupa-nya muka-nya seperti bulan purnama ampat-blas hari bulan. Maka tatkala itu Maharaja Dasarata pun mengambil kain, maka di-selimuti Putri itu, lalu di-dakap. Maka di-naikkan-nya ka'atas gajah itu, maka lalu di-bawa kembali ka'is- tana Maharaja Dasarata dengan suka-chita-nya, degan segala bunyi-bunyian, seperti orang berarak akan kahwin, demikian-lah laku Maharaja Dasarata; maka lalu di-bawa masok ka-dalaw maligai Maharaja Dasarata.

Maka datang ka-pada hari lain, maka Maharaja Dasarata menitahkan menyuroh memanggil segala raja-raja, dan segala perdana mentri dan kastria di-titahkan berbuat perarakan sa- buah dua-blas paugkat, yang tiada berbagai perbuatan-nya, dan yang kechil puni ampat buah akan mengirigkan perarakan yang besar itu. Dengan demikian segala raja-raja berbuat perarakan, tiada dengan brapa hari juga sudah-lah, maka di-persembahkan oleh segala raja-raja itu ka-pada Maharaja Dasarata. Apabila datang juga perarakan itu, maka Mabaraja Dasarata pun memula'i pekerja'an akan kahawin itu, ampat-puloh hari ampat-puloh ma- lam lama-nya berjaga itu. Maka segala r'ayat hina-dina kechil- besar sa'orang pun tiada kembali ka-rumah-nya, samula-nya kena hayapan Maharaja Dasarata brapa-brapa laksa onta dan kerbau lembu, dan bebrapa laksa angsa, dan bebrapa laksa itek, dan bebrapa laksa kambing, dan segala bunyi-bunyian, gendang, serunai, nagara, meratgu, nafiri, medeli. Sa-telah datang lah ka- pada ampat-puloh hari ampat-puloh malam, pada suatu hari yang baik dan kulika yang baik, maka Maharaja Dasarata pun naik-lah ka'atas perarakan dengan tuan putri yang bernama Putri Madu Dari, yang diam dalam rumpun buloh betong itu. Maka Maharaja Dasarata pun berarak-lah berkliling negri; heharu anam kali juga berkliling, maka garitan itu pun patah; maka bebrapa budi bichara orang megampu dia tiada juga betul garitan itu. Maka tatkala itu ada sa'orang oraig per wara Malaraja Dasarata, Balis Dari nama-nya, maka ia pun turun deri atas perarakan, maka di- sangga-nya garitan yang patah itu; sa-telah sudah di-bangunkan- nya perarakan itu betul, tangan-nya pun patah. Maka pada ku- tika itu juga maka Maharaja Dasarata pun memanggil segala raja-raja dan perdana mentri dan bulubalang dan segala r'ayat,

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Rh

,

OW, you are return'd to and before the Season comes which must engage you in the weightier Matters of State; if you care to be entertain'd a-while with a sort of idle Thoughts, such as pretend only to Amusement, and have no relation to Business or Affairs, you may call your Eye nightly on what you have before you; and if there be any thing inviting, you may read it over at your leisure. Rh


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 تغيران رات منت دجوال مريم بس اتو تمباك يغ برق سبهرانو دو بيكل بارغ براف فوچق براف جوک اکن نیلپر تله معلومله كند وغس قیت دان دسپراكن كيران كمبلیں کنگري جمي سناي سكر فغيران بروله خبريغ كمجيکن ايت سوات فون تياد نندا نولس دان اخلاص درقد فغيران مة شكورکرندر جنرال هاي لاد دو قوله فيكل نمت یوهن رات

Kaulahu 'l-hak. walau kana.

Murr.

Al-khalifatu 'l-mu'min Pangêran Jambi, khalidu 'llah Malkah.

Surat kaseh serta tulus dan ekhlas yang tiada berputusan deri-pada Pangêran Ratu, datang ka-pada Johan Maetsuijker Gurnador General, yang mempunya'i takhta kebesaran dalam negri Batawi, yang memerèntakan segala anak Wolanda di atas angin lalu ka-bawah angin, termashhur pada segala 'alam pada bai melakukan ke'aditan-nya dan kemurahan-nya, tiada sama-nya raja-raja di bawah augin pada arif bijakaana-ilya, bedinian lagi artawan, lagi sangat memilibarakan segala dagang, serta kaseh sayang-nya akan segala fakir dan miskin, lagi terpuji pada hada. pan mejelis segala raja-raja, maka sangat di-ketakoti segala setru lawan-nya deri-pada kesangatan haibat bunyi senjata-nya lagi dengan gagah perkasa-nya, tiada dapat di-tentang mata-nya di tengah maidan peprangan, shahadau amal teguh pada barang setia wa'ad-nya, tiada berobah pada barang yang telah di- janjikan, lagi sangat berkaseh-kasehan muafakat dengan tiada

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 76 hundred years, fall into their right place and need be heard of no more.

But the anomalies of nomenclature did not stop here, for our author further implies that the Moghuls retorted on the Chaghatais with the reproachful name of Karáwánás. Unfortunately he does not, in this instance, give any clue to the meaning of the word, and neither Turki dictionaries nor the transliterated Mongol dictionaries (as far as I am able to use them) throw any light upon it. Indeed, I know of nothing to point to the word being a term of depreciation, except the inference to be drawn from this one statement of Mirza Haidar's; but, taking into consideration the connection in which he introduces it, and the common practice over the greater part of Asia, of one nation calling another by a reproachful nickname, this single instance is probably sufficient. The name, under one variant or another, has been found by translators in several Oriental works, and appears in many cases to be applied to a tribe or community: thus Quatremère cites the Tarikh-i-Wassáf to the effect that the army of the "Karavenas" resembled monkeys rather than men, but that they were the bravest "among the Mongols"; also Mirkhwánd, who is represented as describing them in precisely the same way; Rashid-ud-Din, who also speaks of their bravery; and several others who, however, only make mention of the name. Not one of these authors assists us in assigning a meaning to the word, or in tracing the origin of its application to the Chaghatais as a people. None of them do more than represent the Karáwánás to have been a sub-tribe of Mongols who entered Khorasán and Persia under Hulaku, or very shortly after him.

It appears from Wassáf that there was, indeed, a tribe among the Mongols named Kuránas towards the end of the twelfth century, though the name is not traceable in Rashid-ud-Din's lists, unless we are prepared to recognise it in that which Dr. Erdmann transliterates "Ckaranut" (where the final t is only the Mongol plural) or "Ckurulás." In any case, the form Kuránas is said to have afterwards become modified in Persia, into Karáwanás, which, but for the absence of an accent on the third a, is the same spelling as Mirza Haidar's. But the fact


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Rh

HAT Mortal, if he had never chanc'd to hear your Character,, cou'd imagine, that a Genius fitted for the greatest Affairs, and form'd amidst Courts and Camps, shou'd have so violent a Turn towards Philosophy and the Schools? Who is there Rh


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 to be used when the Pawang has done her work by the owner of the rice field, and the blade of which is fitted into a piece of the wood called pompong [the reason given being that " pom- pong "was the wood of which these instruments were originally made] whilst what I may call the handle of the instrumente was made of a slip of Bamboo with the hollow filled from end to end with wax. About the other two "penuweis" (b) and (c) there was nothing specially remarkable. Close to the Dulang was a cocoanut shell filled with the "tepong tawar" which plays so prominent a part in the more important magic ceremonies of the Malay, the brush consisting of the leaves of seven different plants bound up as usual with a cord of terap bark and ribu-ribu. The plants which furnished the leaves were as follows:—

1.—The sapenoh.

2.—The sapanggil.

3.—Jenjuang (or lenjuang) merah.

4.—Gandarusa.

5.—Pulut-pulut.

6.—Selaguri.

7.—Sambau dara.

But the most intersting [sic] object was a small oval-shaped basket about fourteen inches long and similarly bound with "ribu-ribu" which was standing just in front of three rice-baskets and close to the pawang, and which was destined (I was told ) to be the "cradle" of the padi-spirit. I was permitted to examine it and found that at the moment it contained the following objects only:—

1.—A strip of white cloth (at the bottom of the cradle).

2.—A piece of partly coloured thread (benang pancharona).

3.—An egg.

4.—One of the hard jungle-nuts (bush kras) already referred to

5.—One of the shells called "krang"

6.—A long iron nail

7.—Five hasta of red cloth in which the "cradle" was to be slung. This latter should in strictness be a cloth of the kind called "jong sarat," I was informed by the Pawang, but the "kain jong sarat" being unobtainable, this substitute was

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406 ten, is somewhat insignificant, and the splendid tragedy, "Kungarne på Salamis." The latter was published in 1863, and was his last work. Having been made an invalid by an apoplectic stroke, he continued to live in Borgå, where, since 1837, he had been a lector at the gymnasium, and where he died May 6, 1877.

A poet with a talent so great and comprehensive as Runeberg's, whose poetry was based on a sound and harmonious view of life, could not fail to exercise a powerful influence, and the fact is, he produced, both in Finland and in Sweden, a tendency toward realism, and simplicity of style has gradually superseded the overstrained, pompous language of the first half of this century. In Finland he has been followed by a number of poets, who, in the best sense of the word, may be characterized as belonging to the Runeberg school. Their chief excellence consists in their efforts to produce in a clear, unaffected manner, vivid and pathetic descriptions of homely things and scenes. The most conspicuous representatives of this tendency are: (1805-48), chiefly a lyric poet;  (born 1807), author of lyric and dramatic poems;  (1811-70), a talented lyric poet; and 1, whose exquisite historical novels have already been mentioned. The latter's elegant lyric poems are exceedingly popular, and not less so his dramas, "Titians förste Kärlek " (Titian's first Love), "Prinsessan af Cypern," etc. His juvenile readers deserve special mention, for the prose and poetry they contain are very charming, and have a very stimulating influence on the young. Finally, (born 1838) deserves to be mentioned. Among his works, which by the way are not very numerous, the national tragedy, "Daniel Hjort," is unquestionably the most excellent, and it is one of the best dramas in Swedish literature. In his twenty-fifth year he was, unfortunately, afflicted by an incurable mental disease.


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Rh ruling class depended upon the activities of the subject class, when it saw itself applied to furnish finance to equip the armies and fleets of the kings and nobles, in short, when the capitalist class found that all the arteries of commerce, all the agencies of production, all the mainsprings of life in fact, passed through their hands as blood flows through the human heart—then and only then did capital raise the banner of political revolt and from a class battling for concessions became a class leading its forces to the mastery of society at large.

This leads me to the last axiom of which I wish you to grasp the significance. It is this, that the fight for the conquest of the political state is not the battle, it is only the echo of the battle. The real battle is the battle being fought out every day for the power to control industry and the gauge of the progress of that battle is not to be found in the number of voters making a cross beneath the symbol of a political party, but in the number of these workers who enrolenroll [sic] themselves in an industrial organization with the definite purpose of making themselves masters of the industrial equipment of society in general.

That battle will have its political echo, that industrial organization will have its political expression. If we accept the definition of working class political action as that which brings the workers as a class into direct conflict with the possessing class AS A CLASS, and keeps them there, then we must realize that NOTHING CAN DO THAT SO READILY AS ACTION AT THE BALLOT BOX. Such action strips the working class movement of all traces of such sectionalism as may, and indeed must, cling to strikes


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Rh During the last decades there has not been much poetry of marked value produced in Sweden, but the little that has appeared shows a tendency to continue in the course indicated by Runeberg, and to seek a realistic basis. The political poetry which in the forties became so prominent in every European country, found a talented representative in (1818-77), who wrote under the name "Talis Qualis." He took the champions of political poetry in Germany, especially Herwegh and Hoffmann von Fallersleben as his models, and his first songs may be regarded as imitations of these. But he soon rose to complete independence, and his "Sånger i Pansar" are not only the best that Sweden has produced in this direction, but may be safely ranked with any recent productions of the same kind. He also wrote lyrical poems on other themes, and these are very attractive not only on account of the author's bold imagination, but also on account of the warm hearty sentiment pervading them. His translations of Byron's "Don Juan" and of his narrative poems are very good.

Among modern poets we have yet to mention: The kings and. The former has written two volumes of poems, which chiefly treat of themes from northern antiquities. They indicate much talent and a refined taste. This also applies to the poems of the present king, among which the best are "Ur svenska flottans minnen," which he produced while a prince, and by which he won the prize offered by the Swedish Academy. His translations of Herder's Cid and Goethe's Tasso are very successful. The renowned architect, (born 1816), has written, under the nom de plume "Acharius," a number of


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 not that Mechanical Principles are the necessary and onely things whereby Qualities may be explained, but that probably they will be found sufficient for their explication. And since these are confessedly more manifest and more intelligible than substantial Forms and other Scholastic Entities (if I may so call them) 'tis obvious, what the consequence will be of our not being oblig'd to have recourse to things, whose existence is very disputable, and their nature very obscure.

There are several ways that may be employed, some on one occasion, and some on another, either more directly to reduce Qualities (as well as divers other things in nature) to Mechanical Principles; or, by shewing the insufficiency of the Peripatetic and Chymical Theories of Qualities, to recommend the Corpuscularian Doctrine of them.

For further Illustration of this Point, I shall adde on this occasion, that there are three distinct sorts of Experiments (besides other proofs) that may be reasonably employ'd, (though they be not equally efficacious) when we treat of the Origine of Qualities. For some Instances may be brought to shew, that the propos'd Quality may be Mechanically introduc'd into a portion of matter, where it

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56 and lock-outs, and emphasizes the class character of the Labor Movement. IT IS THEREFORE ABSOLUTELY INDISPENSABLE FOR THE EFFICIENT TRAINING OF THE WORKING CLASS ALONG CORRECT LINES THAT ACTION AT THE BALLOT BOX SHOULD ACCOMPANY ACTION IN THE WORKSHOP.

I am convinced that this will be the penultimate formation of the fighting hosts of Labor. The workers will be industrially organized on the economic field and until that organization is perfected, whilst the resultant feeling of class-consciousness is permeating the minds of the workers, the Socialist Party will carry on an independent campaign of education and attack upon the political field, and as a consequence will remain the sole representative of the Socialist idea in politics. But as industrial organization grows, feels its strength, and develops the revolutionary instincts of its members there will grow also the desire for a closer union and identification of the two wings of the army of Labor. Any attempt prematurely to force this identification would only defeat its own purpose, and be fraught with danger alike to the economic and the political wing. Yet it is certain that such attempts will be of continual recurrence and multiply in proportion to the dissatisfaction felt at the waste of energy involved in the division of forces. Statesmanship of the highest kind will be required to see that this union shall take place only under the proper conditions and at the proper moment for effective action. Two things must be kept in mind, viz., that a Socialist Political Party not emanating from the ranks of organized Labor is, as Karl Marx phrased it, simply a So-


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 was not before. Other Instances there may be to shew, that by the same means the Quality may be notably varied as to degrees, or other not essential Attributes. And by some Instances also it may appear, that the Quality is Mechanically expell'd from, or abolish'd in, a portion of matter that was endow'd with it before. Sometimes also by the same Operation the former quality is destroyed, and a new one is produc'd. And each of these kinds of Instances may be usefully employ'd in our Notes about Particular Qualities. For, as to the first of them, there will be scarce any difficulty. And as to the second, since the permanent Degrees as well as other Attributes of Qualities are said to flow from (and do indeed depend upon) the same Principles that the Quality it self does; if, especially in bodies inanimate, a change barely Mechanical does notably and permanently alter the degree or other considerable attribute; it will afford, though not a clear proof, yet a probable presumption, that the Principles whereon the Quality it self depends are Mechanical. And lastly, if, by a bare Mechanical change of the internal Disposition and structure of a body, a permanent Quality, confess'd to flow from its substantial Form or inward Principle, be ab-

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Rh cialist sect, ineffective for the final revolutionary act, but that also the attempt of craft organized unions to create political unity before they have laid the foundation of industrial unity in their own, the economic field, would be an instance of putting the cart before the horse. But when that foundation of industrial union is finally secured then nothing can prevent the union of the economic and political forces of Labor. I look forward to the time when every economic organization will have its Political Committee, or its Strike Committee, and when it will be counted to be as great a crime, as much an act of scabbery to act against the former as against any of the latter. When that time comes we will be able to count our effective vote before troubling the official ballot-box, simply by counting our membership in the allied organizations; we will be able to estimate our capacity for the revolutionary act of Social Transformation simply by taking stock of the number of industries we control and their importance relative to the whole social system, and when we find that we control the strategic industries in society, then society must bend to our will—our break. In our organizations we will have Woman Sufferage, whether governments like it or not, we will also have in our own organizations a pure and uncorrupted ballot, and if the official ballot of capitalist society does not purify itself of its own accord, its corruption can only serve to blind the eyes of our enemies, and not to hide our strength from ourselves.

Compare the political action of such a body with that of any party we know. Political parties are composed


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Author:Griswold Tyng

As illustrator

 * Patches (1928) by Clarence Hawkes

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 ======

''The serpents craft. The fall of our first parents. Their punishment. The promise of a redeemer.''

OW the serpent was more subtle than any of the beasts of the earth, which the Lord God had made. And he said to the woman: Why hath God commanded you, that you should not eat of every tree of paradise?

And the woman answered him saying: Of the fruit of the trees that are in paradise, we do eat.

But of the fruit of the tree which is in the midst of paradise, God hath commanded us that we should not eat: and that we should not touch it, lest perhaps we die.

And the serpent said to the woman: No, you shall not die the death.

For God doth know that in what day soever you shall eat thereof, your eyes shall be opened: and you shall be as gods, knowing good and evil.

And the woman saw that the tree was good to eat, and fair to the eyes, and delightful to behold: and she took of the fruit thereof, and did eat, and gave to her husband, who did eat.

And the eyes of them both were opened: and when they perceived themselves to be naked, they sewed together fig-leaves and made themselves aprons.

And when they heard the voice of the Lord God walking in paradise at the afternoon air, Adam and his wife hid themselves from the face of the Lord God, amidst the trees of paradise.

And the Lord God called Adam, and said to him: Where art thou?

And he said: I heard thy voice in paradise: and I was afraid, because I was naked, and I hid myself.

And he said to him: And who hath told thee that thou wast naked, but that thou hast eaten of the tree, whereof I


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 olish'd, and perhaps also immediately succeeded by a new Quality Mechanically producible; if, I say, this come to pass in a body Inanimate, especially if it be also, as to sense similar, such a Phænomenon will not a little favour that Hypothesis which teaches, that these Qualities depend upon certain contextures and other Mechanical Affections of the small parts of the bodies, that are indowed with them, and consequently may be abolish'd when that necessary Modification is destroyed. This is thus briefly premis'd to shew the pertinency of alledging differing kinds of Experiments and Phænomena in favour of the Corpuscular Hypothesis about Qualities.

What has been thus laid down, may, I hope, facilitate and shorten most of the remaining work of this Preamble, which is to shew, though but very briefly, that there may be several ways, not impertinently employable to recommend the Corpuscularian Doctrine of Qualities.

For first, it may sometimes be shewn, that a Substantial Form cannot be pretended to be the necessary Principle of this or that Quality; as will (for instance) hereafter be made manifest in the Asperity and Smoothness of bodies, and in the Magnetical Vertue residing in a piece of Iron that has been impregnated by a Load

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 porous crust, which, saturated with the fluid, barely retained enough of its strength to preserve the contiguity of its parts. Large flocks of wild geese were seen passing over the country, which hovered, for a time, around the hidden sheet of water, apparently searching for an opening, where they might obtain a resting-place; and then, on finding themselves excluded by the chill covering, would soar away to the north, filling the air with their discordant screams, as if venting their complaints at the tardy operations of nature.

For a week, the dark covering of the Otsego was left to the undisturbed possession of two eagles, who alighted on the centre of its field, and sat proudly eyeing the extent of their undisputed territory. During the presence of these monarchs of the air, the flocks of migrating birds avoided crossing the plain of ice, by turning into the hills, apparently seeking the protection of the forests, while the white and bald heads of the tenants of the lake were turned upward, with a look of majestic contempt, as if penetrating to the very heavens with the acuteness of their vision. But the time had come, when even these kings of birds were to be dispossessed. An opening had been gradually increasing, at the lower extremity of the lake, and around the dark spot where the current of the river had prevented the formation of ice, during even the coldest weather; and the fresh southerly winds, that now breathed freely up the valley, obtained an impression on the waters. Mimic waves begun to curl over the margin of the frozen field, which exhibited an outline of crystalizations, that slowly receded towards the north. At each step the power of the winds and the waves increased, until, after a struggle of a few hours, the turbulent little billows succeeded in setting the whole field in an undulating

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 motion, when it was driven beyond the reach of the eye, with a rapidity that was as magical as the change produced in the scene by this expulsion of the lingering remnant of winter. Just as the last sheet of agitated ice was disappearing in the distance, the eagles rose over the border of crystals, and soared with a wide sweep far above the clouds, while the waves tossed their little caps of snow into the air, as if rioting in their release from a thraldom of five months' duration.

The following morning Elizabeth was awakened by the exhilarating sounds of the martins, who were quarreling and chattering around the little boxes that were suspended above her windows, and the cries of Richard, who was calling, in tones as animating as the signs of the season itself—

"Awake! awake! my lady fair! the gulls are hovering over the lake already, and the heavens are alive with the pigeons. You may look an hour before you can find a hole, through which, to get a peep at the sun. Awake! awake! lazy ones! Benjamin is overhauling the ammunition, and we only wait for our breakfasts, and away for the mountains and pigeon-shooting."

There was no resisting this animated appeal, and in a few minutes Miss Temple and her friend descended to the parlour. The doors of the hall were thrown open, and the mild, balmy air of a clear spring morning was ventilating the apartment, where the vigilance of the ex-steward had been so long maintaining an artificial heat, with such unremitted diligence. The gentlemen were impatiently waiting for their morning's repast, each being equipt in the garb of a sportsman. Mr. Jones made many visits to the southern door, and would cry—

"See, cousin Bess! see, 'duke, the pigeonroosts of the south have broken up! They are

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 commanded thee that thou shouldst not eat?

And Adam said: The woman, whom thou gavest me to be my companion, gave me of the tree, and I did eat.

And the Lord God said to the woman: Why hast thou done this? And she answered: The serpent deceived me, and I did eat.

And the Lord God said to the serpent: Because thou hast done this thing, thou art cursed among all cattle, and beasts of the earth: upon thy breast shalt thou go, and earth shalt thou eat all the days of thy life.

I will put enmities between thee and the woman, and thy seed and her seed: she shall crush thy head, and thou shalt lie in wait for her heel.

To the woman also he said: I will multiply thy sorrows, and thy conceptions: in sorrow shalt thou bring forth children, and thou shalt be under thy husbands power, and he shall have dominion over thee.

And to Adam he said: Because thou hast hearkened to the voice of thy wife, and hast eaten of the tree, whereof I commanded thee, that thou shouldst not eat, cursed is the earth in thy work: with labour and toil shalt thou eat thereof all the days of thy life.

Thorns and thistles shall it bring forth to thee, and thou shalt eat the herbs of the earth.

In the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread, till thou return to the earth, out of which thou wast taken: for dust thou art, and into dust thou shalt return.

And Adam called the name of his wife Eve: because she was the mother of all the living.

And the Lord God made for Adam and his wife garments of skins, and clothed them.

And he said : Lo Adam is become as one of us, knowing good and evil: now therefore lest perhaps he put forth his hand, and take also of the tree of life, and eat, and live for ever.

And the Lord God sent


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 growing more thick every instant. Here is a flock that the eye cannot see the end of. There is food enough in it to keep the army of Xerxes for a month, and feathers enough to make beds for the whole county. Xerxes, Mr. Edwards, was a Grecian king, who—no, he was a Turk, or a Persian, who wanted to conquer Greece, just the same as these rascals will overrun our wheat-fields, when they come back in the fall.—Away! away! Bess; I long to pepper them from the mountain."

In this wish both Marmaduke and young Edwards seemed equally to participate, for the sight was most exhilarating to a sportsman; and the ladies soon dismissed the party, after a hasty breakfast.

If the heavens were alive with pigeons, the whole village seemed equally in motion, with men, women, and children. Every species of fire-arms, from the French ducking-gun, with its barrel of near six feet in length, to the common horseman's pistol, was to be seen in the hands of the men and boys; while bows and arrows, some made of the simple stick of a walnut sapling, and others in a rude imitation of the ancient cross-bows, were carried by many of the latter.

The houses and the signs of life apparent in the village, drove the alarmed birds from the direct line of their flight, towards the mountains, along the sides and near the bases of which they were glancing in dense masses, that were equally wonderful by the rapidity of their motion, as by their incredible numbers.

We have already said, that across the inclined plane which fell from the steep ascent of the mountain to the banks of the Susquehanna, ran the highway, on either side of which a clearing of many acres had been made, at a very early day. Over those clearings, and up the eastern mountain,

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 and along the dangerous path that was cut into its side, the different individuals posted themselves, as suited their inclinations; and in a few moments the attack commenced.

Amongst the sportsmen was to be seen the tall, gaunt form of Leather-stocking, who was walking over the field, with his rifle hanging on his arm, his dogs following close at his heels, now scenting the dead or wounded birds, that were beginning to tumble from the flocks, and then crouching under the legs of their master, as if they participated in his feelings at this wasteful and unsportsmanlike execution.

The reports of the fire-arms became rapid, whole volleys rising from the plain, as flocks of more than ordinary numbers darted over the opening, covering the field with darkness, like an interposing cloud; and then the light smoke of a single piece would issue from among the leafless bushes on the mountain, as death was hurled on the retreat of the affrighted birds, who were rising from a volley, for many feet into the air, in a vain effort to escape the attacks of man. Arrows, and missiles of every kind, were seen in the midst of the flocks; and so numerous were the birds, and so low did they take their flight, that even long poles, in the hands of those on the sides of the mountain, were used to strike them to the earth.

During all this time, Mr. Jones, who disdained the humble and ordinary means of destruction used by his companions, was busily occupied, aided by Benjamin, in making arrangements for an assault of a more than ordinarily fatal character. Among the relics of the old military excursions, that occasionally are discovered throughout the different districts of the western part of New-York, there had been found in Templeton, at its settlement, a small swivel, which would carry a ball of a pound

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 weight. It was thought to have been deserted by a war-party of the whites, in one of their inroads into the Indian settlements, when, perhaps their convenience or their necessities induced them to leave such an encumbrance behind them in the woods. This miniature cannon had been released from the rust, and being mounted on little wheels, was now in a state for actual service. For several years, it was the sole organ for extraordinary rejoicings that was used in those mountains. On the mornings of the Fourths of July, it would be heard, with its echoes ringing among the hills, and telling forth its sounds, for thirteen times, with all the dignity of a two-and-thirty pounder; and even Captain Hollister, who was the highest authority in that part of the country on all such occasions, affirmed that, considering its dimensions, it was no despicable gun for a salute. It was somewhat the worse for the service it had performed, it is true, there being but a trifling difference in size between the touch-hole and the muzzle. Still, the grand conceptions of Richard had suggested the importance of such an instrument, in hurling death at his nimble enemies. The swivel was dragged by a horse into a part of the open space, that the Sheriff thought most eligible for planting a battery of the kind, and Mr. Pump proceeded to load it. Several handfuls of duck-shot were placed on top of the powder, and the Major-domo soon announced that his piece was ready for service.

The sight of such an implement collected all the idle spectators to the spot, who, being mostly boys, filled the air with their cries of exultation and delight. The gun was pointed on high, and Richard, holding a coal of fire in a pair of tongs, patiently took his seat on a stump, awaiting the

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 appearance of a flock that was worthy of his notice.

So prodigious was the number of the birds, that the scattering fire of the guns, with the hurling of missiles, and the cries of the boys, had no other effect than to break off small flocks from the immense masses that continued to dart along the valley, as if the whole creation of the feathered tribe were pouring through that one pass. None pretended to collect the game, which lay scattered over the fields in such profusion as to cover the very ground with the fluttering victims.

Leather-stocking was a silent, but uneasy spectator of all these proceedings, but was able to keep his sentiments to himself until he saw the introduction of the swivel into the sports.

"This comes of settling a country!" he said-"here have I known the pigeons to fly for forty long years, and, till you made your clearings, there was nobody to skear or to hurt them. I loved to see them come into the woods, for they were company to a body; hurting nothing; being, as it was, as harmless as a garter-snake. But now it gives me sore thoughts when I hear the frighty things whizzing through the air, for I know it's only a motion to bring out all the brats in the village at them. Well! the Lord won't see the waste of his creaters for nothing, and right will be done to the pigeons, as well as others, by-and-by.—There's Mr. Oliver, as bad as the rest of them, firing into the flocks as if he was shooting down nothing but the Mingo warriors."

Among the sportsmen was Billy Kirby, who, armed with an old musket, was loading, and without even looking into the air, was firing and shouting as his victims fell even on his own person. He heard the speech of Natty, and took upon himself to reply—

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Reproduced in facsimile from the copy in the John Rylands Library. With an Introduction by Guthrie Vine, M.A.


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HE present volume forms the third issue of a series of facsimile reproductions of unique and rare books in the possession of the John Rylands Library.

The series is to be known as "The John Rylands Facsimiles", and it may not be out of place, in this prefatory note, again to recall the considerations which led up to the undertaking.

It is a matter of common knowledge that, preserved in this library, there are a number of works, particularly of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, which are of considerable importance on account of their extreme rarity.

Hitherto, many of these works have been accessible only to students in Manchester, because the only known copies are to be found here.

With a view to render these texts more readily accessible to students beyond Manchester, and also in order to avert the disaster and loss to scholarship involved in the destruction by fire or otherwise of unique and rare literary treasures of this importance, when they have not been multiplied by means of reproduction, the Governors of the library have sanctioned the publication of this series


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 of facsimile reproductions of some of the more interesting and remarkable of the rarer books and prints of which they are the guardians.

The volumes will consist of minutely accurate facsimiles of the works selected, preceded by short bibliographical introductions.

It is proposed to limit the issue of each work to five hundred copies. Of this number two hundred will be reserved for distribution to the principal libraries of the world; the remainder will be offered for sale at a price calculated to cover the cost of reproduction.

The introduction to the present volume has been written by the sub-librarian, Mr. Guthrie Vine, to whom the thanks of the Governors of the library and of the writer of this note are due.

We are also indebted to the Controller of the Oxford University Press for the interest and care which he has bestowed upon the production of the work.

HENRY GUPPY


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 "What's that, old Leather-stocking!" he cried, "grumbling at the loss of a few pigeons! If you had to sow your wheat twice, and three times, as I have done, you wouldn't be so massyfully feeling'd to'ards the divils.—Hurrah, boys! scatter the feathers. This is better than shooting at a turkey's head and neck, old fellow."

"It's better for you, maybe, Billy Kirby," replied the indignant old hunter, "and all them as don't know how to put a ball down a rifle-barrel, or how to bring it up ag'in with a true aim; but it's wicked to be shooting into flocks in this wastey manner; and none do it, who know how to knock over a single bird. If a body has a craving for pigeon's flesh, why! it's made the same as all other creater's, for man's eating, but not to kill twenty and eat one. When I want such a thing, I go into the woods till I find one to my liking, and then I shoot him off the branches without touching a feather of another, though there might be a hundred on the same tree. But you couldn't do such a thing, Billy Kirby—you couldn't do it if you tried."

"What's that you say, you old, dried cornstalk! you sapless stub!" cried the wood-chopper. "You've grown mighty boasting, sin' you killed the turkey; but if you're for a single shot, here goes at that bird which comes on by himself."

The fire from the distant part of the field had driven a single pigeon below the flock to which it had belonged, and, frightened with the constant reports of the muskets, it was approaching the spot where the disputants stood, darting first from one side, and then to the other, cutting the air with the swiftness of lightning, and making a noise with its wings, not unlike the rushing of a bullet. Unfortunately for the wood-chopper, not-

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 withstanding his vaunt, he did not see his bird until it was too late for him to fire as it approached, and he pulled his trigger at the unlucky moment when it was darting immediately over his head. The bird continued its course with incredible velocity.

Natty lowered the rifle from his arm, when the challenge was made, and, waiting a moment, until the terrified victim had got in a line with his eyes, and had dropped near the bank of the lake, he raised it again with uncommon rapidity, and fired. It might have been chance, or it might have been skill, that produced the result; it was probably a union of both; but the pigeon whirled over in the air, and fell into the lake, with a broken wing. At the sound of his rifle, both his dogs started from his feet, and in a few minutes the "slut" brought out the bird, still alive.

The wonderful exploit of Leather-stocking was noised through the field with great rapidity, and the sportsmen gathered in to learn the truth of the report.

"What," said young Edwards, have you really killed a pigeon on the wing, Natty, with a single ball?"

"Haven't I killed loons before now, lad, that dive at the flash?" returned the hunter. "It's much better to kill only such as you want, without wasting your powder and lead, than to be firing into God's creaters in such a wicked manner. But I come out for a bird, and you know the reason why I like small game, Mr. Oliver, and now I have got one I will go home, for I don't relish to see these wasty ways that you are all practysing, as if the least thing wasn't made for use, and not to destroy.

"Thou sayest well, Leather-stocking," cried

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 Marmaduke, " and I begin to think it time to put an end to this work of destruction."

"Put an ind, Judge, to your clearings. An't the woods his work as well as the pigeons? Use, but don't waste. Wasn't the woods made for the beasts and birds to harbour in? and when man wanted their flesh, their skins, or their feathers, there's the place to seek them. But I'll go to the hut with my own game, for I wouldn't touch one of the harmless things that kiver the ground here, looking up with their eyes on me, as if they only wanted tongues to say their thoughts."

With this sentiment in his mouth, Leather-stocking threw his rifle over his arm, and followed by his dogs, stepped across the clearing with great caution, taking care not to tread on one of the wounded birds that lay in his path. He soon entered the bushes on the margin of the lake, and was hid from view.

Whatever impression the morality of Natty made on the Judge, it was utterly lost on Richard. He availed himself of the gathering of the sportsmen, to lay a plan for one "fell swoop" of destruction. The musket-men were drawn up in battle array, in a line extending on each side of his artillery, with orders to await the signal of firing from himself.

"Stand by, my lads," said Benjamin, who acted as an aid-de-camp on this momentous occasion, "stand by, my hearties, and when Squire Dickens heaves out the signal for to begin the firing, d'ye see, you may open upon them in a broadside. Take care and fire low, boys, and you'll be sure to hull the flock."

"Fire low!" shouted Kirby—"hear the old fool! If we fire low, we may hit the stumps, but not ruffle a pigeon."

"How should you know, you lubber?" cried

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 Benjamin, with a very unbecoming heat for an officer on the eve of battle—"how should you know, you grampus? Havn't I sailed aboard of the Boadishy for five years? and wasn't it a standing order to fire low, and to hull your enemy? Keep silence at your guns, boys, and mind the order that is passed."

The loud laughs of the musketmen were silenced by the authoritative voice of Richard, who called to them for attention and obedience to his signals.

Some millions of pigeons were supposed to have already passed, that morning, over the valley of Templeton; but nothing like the flock that was now approaching had been seen before. It extended from mountain to mountain in one solid blue mass, and the eye looked in vain over the southern hills to find its termination. The front of this living column was distinctly marked by a line, but very slightly indented, so regular and even was the flight. Even Marmaduke forgot the morality of Leather-stocking as it approached, and, in common with the rest, brought his musket to his shoulder.

"Fire!" cried the Sheriff, clapping his coal to the priming of the cannon. As half of Benjamin's charge escaped through the touch-hole, the whole volley of the musketry preceded the report of the swivel. On receiving this united discharge of small-arms, the front of the flock darted upward, while, at the same instant, myriads of those in their rear rushed with amazing rapidity into their places, so that when the column of white smoke gushed from the mouth of the little cannon, an accumulated mass of objects was gliding over its point of direction. The roar of the gun echoed along the mountains, and died away to the north, like distant thunder, while the whole flock

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 Plate II


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author of this elaborate work, whose comparatively early death has so recently been deplored by the scientific world, devotes a long and carefully written chapter to the consideration of the place and dignity of man in the universe—and more especially to the discussion of the proposition, that mankind should be regarded as a distinct kingdom of nature, the "Règne humain," equal in rank to the mineral, the vegetable, or the animal Kingdom—a proposal which, singularly enough, appears to have originated with the great scoffer, Voltaire.

One might be disposed to distrust the sincerity of a vindication of the dignity of man from the author of "La Pucelle"—but no such suspicion can attach to the similar conclusion of a pains-taking zoologist, and as the chapter which M. St. Hilaire wrote upon this subject appeared in 1856—in the pre-Darwinian epoch in short— it may be instructive to consider both the data and the deductions of an author whose studies had been especially directed to the apes, and who published his conclusions before the din of recent battles arose. We therefore propose to give a brief summary of M. St. Hilaire's views, interpolating here and there, perhaps, a commentary of our own, but, for the most part, leaving the distinguished French Zoologist to speak for himself.

After enumerating the opinions of the various authors who up to 1855 had ventured to assign to man his place in the Systema Naturæ, M. St. Hilaire says:—

"We have seen successive naturalists regarding Man as one of the kingdoms of nature; as one of the principal divisions or sub-kingdoms (Embranchemens) of


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 always patience. This is my fortieth winter. And I can't help all the winters that have been. But this winter I'll stick to my little pentecost flame, and have some peace. And I won't let the breath of people blow it out. I believe in a higher mystery, that doesn't let even the crocus be blown out. And if you're in Scotland and I'm in the Midlands, and I can't put my arms round you, and wrap my legs round you, yet I've got something of you. My soul softly flaps in the little pentecost flame with you, like the peace of fucking. We fucked a flame into being. Even the flowers are fucked into being between the sun and the earth. But it's a delicate thing, and takes patience and the long pause.

"So I love chastity now, because it is the peace that comes of fucking. I love being chaste now. I love it as snowdrops love the snow. I love this chastity, which is the pause of peace of our fucking, between us now like a snowdrop of forked white fire. And when the real spring comes, when the drawing together comes, then we can fuck the little flame brilliant and yellow, brilliant. But not now, not yet! Now is the time to be chaste, it is so good to be chaste, like a river of cool water in my soul. I love the chastity now that it flows between us. It is like fresh water and rain. How can men want wearisomely to philander. What a misery to be like Don Juan, and impotent ever to fuck oneself into peace, and the little flame alight, impotent and unable to be chaste in the cool between-whiles, as by a river.

"Well, so many words, because I can't touch you. If I could sleep with my arms round you, the ink could stay in the bottle. We could be chaste together just as we can fuck together. But we have to be separate for awhile, and I suppose it is really the wiser way. If only one were sure.

"Never mind, never mind, we won't get worked up. We really trust in the little flame, and in the unnamed god that shields it from being blown out. There's so much of you here with me, really, that it's a pity you aren't all here.

"Never mind about Sir Clifford. If you don't hear anything from him, never mind. He can't really do anything to you. Wait, he will want to get rid of you at last, to cast you out. And if he doesn't, we'll manage to keep clear of him. But he will. In the end he will want to spew you out as the abominable thing.


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2 the animal kingdom; as one of its classes; as an order of the class Mammalia; as a sub-order; a family; a subfamily; a mere genus of Primates; nay, if we go back to Linnæus, as a species of a genus in which man does not stand alone! The same group therefore has received all imaginable positions in our system of classification—a world apart, according to some; a unit among the myriads of animals, according to others! The measure of human contradictions is full and no room is left for another."

Our author is here, however, more epigrammatic than accurate; for the "tableau des contradictions" was not really completed until an accomplished osteologist—proposing, in 1857, the system whose basis has been discussed and refuted in earlier numbers of this Review—seized upon the one vacant niche and proposed to make of "Homo" a sub-class.

But M. St. Hilaire's remarks upon the establishment of the order Bimana by Blumenbach, and its adoption by Cuvier, apply with redoubled force to this last of all possible innovations:—

"And how could this division stand, repudiated as it was by the anthropologists in the name of the moral and intellectual supremacy of man? and by the zoologists, on the ground of its incompatibility with natural affinities and with the true principles of classification? Separated as a group of ordinal value, placed at the same distance from the ape as the latter from the carnivore, man is at once too near and too distant from the higher mammalia—too near if we take into account those elevated faculties, which, raising man above all other organised beings, accord to him not only the first, but a separate, place, in the creation—too far, if we merely consider the organic affinities which unite him with the quadrumana; with the apes especially, which, in a purely physical point of view, approach man more nearly than they do the Lemurs, and à fortiori than they do the lowest Quadrumana.

"What then is this order of Bimana of Blumenbach and Cuvier? An impracticable compromise between two opposite and irreconcilable systems, between two orders of ideas which are dearly expressed in the language of Natural History by these two words: the human kingdom and the human family. It is one of those would-be via media propositions which, once seen through, satisfy no one, precisely because they are intended to please everybody; half truths, perhaps, but also half falsehoods; for what, in science, is a half truth but an error?

"Let us leave aside then, this order of Bimana—which in spite of the authority of two great masters—has in its turn become obsolete; so that, reporting on the ruins of all the rest there remain but two opposed conclusions, one purely zoological, the other anthropological and philosophical: the human family, that is to say man considered in respect of the facts of his organization and the phenomena of his life; the physical man. first term in the animal progression but almost in contact with the second: the human kingdom, that is to say, man considered in respect of his double nature; man as a whole, crown but not integral part of the animal world, above which he is elevated by his intelligenoe, as the latter is raised by its sensibility above the vegetable world."

Having thus clearly defined his position, M. St. Hilaire proceeds to support it, in the first place, by discussing the distinctive characters of "l'homme physique," and proving that they are such as to justify the separation of man as a distinct family only of the Primates; and, in the second place, by enumerating the characters of "l'homme tout entier," and endeavouring to deduce from them the necessity of the establishment of a "Regnum humanum."

The first argumentation occupies some sixty pages, and is so complete and satisfactory as to be worthy of detailed analysis.


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4 uses ae those for which we employ hands; the Carajas who contriye to steal and hide away even fish-hooks, with their feet, from their unsuspecting visitors; and he might have added, the treacherous Australian savages, who commonly pretend to approach unarmed, but all the while drag their spears through the grass with their toes.

Leaving aside the famous Miss Biffin, and the painter Ducornet, who may, or might, be seen in Paris, executing historical pictures on the great scale with his feet, there is ample evidence, that, of the elements of the definition of a hand given by M. St. Hilaire, only the elongation and deep division of the digits can be retained, even for Man. In Man in fact, while the longest interdigital cleft of the hand is rather less than half as long as the whole hand, the longest interdigital cleft of the foot is, as we have said, but little more than a fifth as long as the whole foot. Here, therefore, the distinction is clear. But in the Marmoset (Hapale) the longest interdigital cleft between the toes of the terminal division of the hind member is not more than 2-7ths as long as the whole division. So that if the whole length of the terminal division of a limb be taken as 35, the length of the longest interdigital space of the human hand may be taken as about 16, that of the human foot as about 7, and that of the hind limb of Hapale as 10. So that, judged even by this test, the latter is much more of a foot than a hand.

M. St. Hilaire's definition then seems as complete a failure as all the other attempts which have been made to justify the application of the title "four-handed" to the apes—a failure which becomes still more conspicuous, if, leaving the external features of the hand and foot, we turn to their anatomical structure; by which it may be readily demonstrated, that the arrangement of the bones and muscles of the terminal segment of the hind limb of every ape whatsoever is, in all essential respects, similar to that which obtains in the foot of man and other mammals, and is totally different from that found in the hand of man and in the terminal segment of the fore limb of other mammals. In fact, there is no four-handed mammal in existence: no mammal, that is, the terminal segments of whose hind limbs are not far more like the foot of man than they are like his hand. The terminal segments of the fore and hind limos of mammals have their several and distinct plans of construction, and in no case does a hind terminal segment take on the plan of a fore segment or the reverse. Either may become prehensile, but a prehensile foot, such as the apes and opossums possess, is a totally different thing from a hand.


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6 his. For this reason they may very usefully be added to the definition of the human family.

"On the contrary, the other distinctive characters of man mentioned or indicated by authors are no longer distinctive and absolute but are merely relative; are differences of degree and not of kind.

"It is no longer a question of anatomical or physical features, possessed by man and not by the apes, or by the apes and not by man, but of features common to man and to a part of, or even to all, apes; merely more or less marked in him than in them. So that these features would tend, if they existed alone, to make of Man, considered in a classificatory aspect, not a family apart from all animals, but the first genus of the family of apes. By the most of them he would be to the Chimpanzees and to the Orangs, what these are to the Cercopitheci and Macsci, and these to the lower apes; aa additional term at the head of a common series.

"The facts of this second order, important as many of them may be in a physiological point of view, are far less so than the foregoing in their taxonomic aspect, and we may be permitted to pass more rapidly over them; Indeed to restrict ourselves to At enumeration of those which authors have considered as particularly characteristic"

Those of our readers who have followed the controversy respecting the brain of Apes and Man, if that can be dignified by the name of controversv where all the facts are on one side and mere empty assertion on the other, will be amused on discovering the nature of the first of these "secondary facts" which M. St. Hilaire treats so cavalierly.

"The first, the most important of all, so important that one would be inclined, at first sight, to consider them as the characteristics par excellence of man, are those presented by the encephalon, particularly the cerebral hemispheres. If there is an abyss between the intelligence of man and that of the brute, ought not a large interval to exist between his cerebral characters and those of animals? Such a conclusion would certainly follow very logically from the doctrines held by many physiologists, regarding the functions of the brain, and particularly of the convolutions, but it is a conclusion, most distinctly refuted by the comparative examination of man and animals. Here, indeed, the facts of our cerebral structure exhibit, not a specially and exclusiyely human structure, but a higher degree of an of an organization which is found in the apes; merely relative, instead of absolute differences.

"The great development of the anterior cerebral lobes and of the corpus callasum, the multitude of the convolutions and sulci, the depth of the latter and consequently the considerable extent of the surface of the cerebrum, are, according to authors, the fire principal characters by which the human brain is particularly distinguished. These are, in fact, so many indubitable marks of the superiority of man over animals; those species which, in the totality of their organization, resemble him most, are inferior to him in these respects. But are they very inferior? Assuredly I shall not go so far as to say, with Bory de St. Vincent, that between the brain of the Orang and that Of Man there exist "no more essential differences than those which obtain between the same parts in different individuals of our own species;" a conclusion which this naturalist, too ready to interpret facts according to his own views, professes to draw from the beautiful researches of Tiedemann on the encephalon of the Orang, as compared with that of Man. But that which is certain, which results not merely from Tiedemann's observations, but from those of M. Serres and of all the masters of science; from all those also which have been made of late, and to which I have had the advantage of being able to add my own upon many points; is this proposition, which no one will confound with the assertion of Bory St. Vincent: by so much as, in the development of the anterior cerebral lobes, of the corpus callosum, of the convolutions and the extent of his cerebral surface, Man surpasses even the highest apes; by so much are these, and chiefly the Orang, superior in the same respects to the first apes of the second tribe (Cynopithe-


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8 to the species) to 40° in the Chimpanzee, to less than 40° in the Gorilla to about 35° in the Orang. So that this last ape, this 'man of the woods,' whose pretended facial angle of 63° or 64° (which it really possesses when young) led to its being regarded as the highest of the apes, (such as it really is in virtue of its cerebral characters), here occupies one of the lowest places. It is almost on the same level as the Theropithecus, and has below it only the Cynopithecus and the Cynocephalus; those dogheaded apes, as the ancients called them; a name justified by their facial angle of 30°, that of a true Carnivore and almost that of a Rodent. Whence it follows that, in this respect, there is a passage, by almost insensible gradations, from the most civilized and orthognathous European, not only to the most prognathous negro, but to those very apes, which have the most prominent muzzles. A continuous series of variations, where one is astounded to see Man come in contact with the brute, considering how great is the distance from the highest apes to the lowest, and how great the interval between ourselves and the other races of mankind. From Saimiri to Cynocephalus there is 35° difference, from the European to the Makoia 16° to 18°, and almost 21° if we select one of those beautiful Caucasian skulls of 85° measured by Camper and by Cuvier."

In the same manner M. St. Hilaire shows that, in the deyelopment of the forehead and that of the chin, in the position of the occipital foramen, and in the obliteration of the intermaxillary suture, the skull of man is connected with that of the apes, which differ most widely from him, by intermediate gradations, while, on the other hand, he fully details the important characters in which Man and the higher apes agree. Our space, however, allows us to follow our author no further in this argument, especially as it still remains our duty to explain why, when he has taken these pains to demonstrate that Man, regarded structurally, forms only a family of the Primates, M. St. Hilaire nevertheless conceives himself bound to regard Man as a kingdom, equal in distinctness to Plantæ or Animalia. And here we confess ourselves somewhat at a loss; for while the reasonings we have detailed above are full (occupying as we have said sixty pages) clear in thought, and precise in expression, the argument leading to the latter conclusion is of the briefest, taking up not more than six pages of writing, whose style is as diffuse as its intellectual texture is loose.

Looked at structurally, M. St. Hilaire repeats, in this section, Man can constitute merely a family of the Primates, of that order of mammals in which the apes and lemurs form the other families. But then, he adds, the kingdoms of nature are distinguished from one one another by their faculties and not by their structure.

"It is by its peculiar faculties, which cease only when animality ends, and only by them, that the animal differs essentially from the plant and rises so high above it as to constitute a distinct kingdom: similarly it is by his faculties, so incomparably higher, by the addition of intellectual and moral faculties, to the faculty of sensation and the faculty of motion, that Man in his turn separates himself from the animal kingdom and constitutes above it, the supreme division of nature, the Human Kingdom." p. 260.

It seems almost incredible that a man of science should base such a conclusion upon such an argument as this, which must obviously be at once invalidated by the admission, that animals possess even a trace of intellect, or a rudiment of moral faculty. But the comparison


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10 infformation upon the Fauna of the Nicobars, is derived mainly from Mr. Blyth's papers, in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, and we cannot but congratulate the Austrians on their good luck in having found so many species that had escaped the notice of so diligent a pioneer.

In the class of Reptiles 1420 individuals were obtained, referable to 290 species. Of them, 25, namely, seven Saurians, eight Snakes, and 10 Batrachians, are believed to be new to science. In this class the most interesting discovery is perhaps that of a Frog in New Zealand, as it has hitherto been a matter of doubt whether there were Batrachians in those islands. For, although Polack has stated that, "Toads and Frogs are not uncommon, especially near the mountain districts," Dr. Dieffenbach, to whom we are indebted for the above quotation, cautiously adds, "they have never been seen by me." At any rate, whether "common" or not. Dr. Ferdinand Hochstetter—the worthy and well-known Geologist of the Novara Expedition—was the first person who captured and brought to Europe specimens of the Frog of New Zealand, having obtained them from the mountain-torrents of Cape Colville, near Auckland. The little animal has been accordingly most appropriately named after its discoverer, Leiopelma Hochstetteri. It is also a remarkable fact, that the nearest known ally of this new genus and species of Frog is the Telmatobius peruvianus, of Western S. America. This is an additional proof, if more were wanted, of a remote relationship between the Faunas of the southern extremities of the New World and the Old, of which other instances are well known. As we have already mentioned is the case also with the Mammals, no descriptions are given of the new species of Reptiles, contained in the appended list. It is no doubt intended to reserve these for the general account of the Zoology of the Voyage, but at the same time, we cannot but think it a grievous mistake, to publish a quantity of new names of species without characters attached. The offence is certainly a common one, but not the less objectionable on that account. But it is to be hoped, that the great work, containing the results of the expedition in full, towards the expense of which, we believe, the Austrian Government has made a liberal grant, will soon appear, and render further complaints on this score unnecessary.


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Rh of a moderately intelligent and affectionate dog with a human infant before it has acquired speech, must abundantly convince any unprejudiced person, that the same moral and intellectual faculties are working in both; that in whatever sense the child can be said to possess reason, or to be capable of right and wrong, his four-footed playmate has a claim to a humbler share of the same distinctions. However, on this point, the words of a writer, with whom we have not always the good fortune to find ourselves in such entire agreement, so amply express our convictions, and, if true, are so entirely subversive of the proposition to establish a "Règne humain," that we may fitly conclude this article with them:—

"Not being able to appreciate, or conceive of, the distinction between the psychical phenomena of a Chimpanzee and of a Boechisman, or of an Aztec, with arrested brain growth, as being of a nature so essential as to preclude a comparison between them, or at being other than a difference of degree, I cannot shut my eyes to the significance of that all-pervading similitude of structure—every tooth, every bone strictly homologous—which makes the determination of the difference between Homo and Pithecus the anatomist's difficulty."

paper, which has been recently read by Dr. Fitzinger, before the Academy of Sciences at Vienna, and is printed in their "Sitzungsberichte," (Vol. XLII.) gives a resumé of the collections made by the two Zoologists (Messrs. Zelebor and v. Frauenfield) attached to the Novara expedition, in the classes of Mammals and Reptiles. The determination of the species in these sections of the Vertebrates, has been assigned to Dr. Fitzinger and Herr Zelebor; the investigation of the Fishes is stated to have been entrusted to Professor Kner; and Herr von Pelzeln, we believe, has been for some time past engaged in working out the series of Birds.

Of Mammals 440 individual specimens were collected during the expedition, belonging to 176 different species, of which a list, containing the names without descriptions and localities, is appended. Among these are 11 considered to be hitherto undescribed, namely, seven Bats, three Rodents and one Armadillo, Of these 11 species, no less than six are from the Nicobar Islands—one of the most novel and interesting localities visited by the expedition. Our previous


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 him out of the paradise of pleasure, to till the earth from which he was taken.

And he cast out Adam: and placed before the paradise of pleasure Cherubims, and a flaming sword, turning every way to keep the way of the tree of life.

The history of Cain and Abel.

ND Adam knew Eve his wife: who conceived and brought forth Cain, saying: I have gotten a man through God.

And again she brought forth his brother Abel. And Abel was a shepherd, and Cain a husbandman.

And it came to pass after many days, that Cain offered, of the fruits of the earth, gifts to the Lord.

Abel also offered of the firstlings of his flock, and of their fat: and the Lord had respect to Abel, and to his offerings.

But to Cain and his offerings he had no respect: and Cain was exceeding angry, and his countenance fell.

And the Lord said to him: Why art thou angry? and why is thy countenance fallen?

If thou do well, shalt thou not receive? but if ill, shall not sin forthwith be present at the door? but the lust thereof shall be under thee, and thou shalt have dominion over it.

And Cain said to Abel his brother: Let us go forth abroad. And when they were in the field, Cain rose up against his brother Abel, and slew him.

And the Lord said to Cain: Where is thy brother Abel? And he answered: I know not: Am I my brothers keeper?

And he said to him: what hast thou done? the voice of thy brothers blood crieth to me from the earth.

Now therefore cursed shalt thou be upon the earth, which hath opened her mouth and received the blood of thy brother at thy hand.

When thou shalt till it, it shall not yield to thee its fruit: a fugitive and a vagabond shalt thou be upon the earth.

And Cain said to the Lord: My iniquity is greater, than that I may deserve pardon.

Behold thou dost cast


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 deadened lot of men: dead to their women, dead to life. The young ones scoot about on motorbikes with girls, and jazz when they get a chance. But they're very dead. And it needs money. Money poisons you when you've got it, and starves you when you haven't.

"I'm sure you're sick of all this. But I don't want to harp on myself, and I've nothing happening to me. I don't like to think too much about you, in my head, that only makes a mess of us both. But of course what I live for now is for you and me to live together.  I'm frightened, really. I feel the devil in the air, and he'll try to get us. Or not the devil, Mammon: which I think, after all, is only the mass-will of people, wanting money and hating life. Anyhow, I feel great grasping white hands in the air, wanting to get hold of the throat of anybody who tries to live, to live beyond money, and squeeze the life out. There's a bad time coming. There's a bad time coming, boys, there's a bad time coming! If things go on as they are, there's nothing lies in the future but death and destruction, for these industrial masses. I feel my inside turn to water sometimes and there you are, going to have a child by me. But never mind. All the bad times that ever have been, haven't been able to blow the crocus out: not even the love of women. So they won't be able to blow out my wanting you, nor the little glow there is between you and me. We'll be together next year. And though I'm frightened, I believe in your being with me. A man has to fend and fettle for the best, and then trust in something beyond himself. You can't insure against the future, except by really believing in the best bit of you, and in the power beyond it. So I believe in the little flame between us. For me now, it's the only thing in the world. I've got no friends, not inward friends. Only you. And now the little flame is all I care about in my life. There's the baby, but that is a side issue. It's my Pentecost, the forked flame between me and you. The old Pentecost isn't quite right. Me and God is a bit uppish, somehow. But the little forked flame between me and you: there you are! That's what I abide by, and will abide by, Cliffords and Berthas, colliery companies and governments and the money-mass of people all notwithstanding.

"That's why I don't like to start thinking about you actually. It only tortures me, and does you no good. I don't want you to be away from me. But if I start fretting it wastes something. Patience,


text: The Earth Turns South/Summer

title: The Earth Turns South/Summer


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  that “was imposed in violation of law”). Next, the district court committed no procedural errors when applying the sentencing guidelines to determine Curry’s sentence: It properly calculated the guidelines range, treated the guidelines as discretionary, considered the factors in § 3553(a), selected a sentence based on appropriate facts, and adequately explained the sentence it imposed. See Gall, 552 U.S. at 51, 128 S.Ct. 586. Finally, Curry’s within-guide line sentence is not substantively unreasonable. See United States v. Rivera, 463 F.3d 598, 602 (7th Cir.2006) (“A sentence, such as this, that falls within a properly calculated Guidelines’ range is entitled to a rebuttable presumption of reasonableness…. [I]t will be a rare Guidelines sentence that is unreasonable.” (internal quotation marks and citations omitted)). We grant counsel’s request.

For the foregoing reasons, we the district court’s judgment and  Curry’s counsel’s request to withdraw and dismiss Curry’s appeal.


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Rh Commencing with the well-known aphoristic summation of the characters of man—situs erectus, manus duæ, pedes bini, M. St. Hilaire proceeds to inquire whether these characters are truly distinctive of Man—being found in him only among animals.

With regard to the erect position, the reply is, that though some other animals, like the Penguins, have a true and habitual situs erectus, they differ widely in their organisation from man, while the creatures which approach him most nearly, never constantly and habitually maintain themselves in the erect posture: the natural attitude of the anthropoid ape being neither the vertical position of man, nor the horizontal posture of the lower quadrupeds, but an intermediate or oblique, attitude. The situs erectus then, and its correlative character, the natural 'heavenward,' or rather 'horizon-ward,' glance, stand good as distinctive peculiarities of man; the oblique pose of the anthropoid ape furnishing the half-way step from man to the quadruped.

The other two characters manus duæ, pedes bini, do not stand criticism so well. Before we can accept the diagnosis, that man has two hands and two feet, while apes have four hands, we must ask to have the difference between hands and feet clearly defined, and, as M. St Hilaire remarks, this is by no means so easy a matter as it seems.

Cuvier defines the essence of a hand to be "faculté d'opposer le pouce aux autres doigts pour saisir les plus petites choses;" but if we accept this definition, then, as M. St. Hilaire and Mr. Ogilby long ago showed, one-half of the so-called Quadrumana are Bimana—for none of the American apes have anterior members with opposable thumbs, and the Marmosets have the digit which represents the thumb in the fore limbs, as like the others, as it is in a cat; while Galeopithecus has no opposable digit either on the anterior, or on the posterior, limbs.

M. St Hilaire perceiving the difficulty in the way of the Cuverian definition, and giving up the opposable thumb, proposes the following new one (p. 199), "La main est une extrémité pourvue de doigts allongés, profondément divisés, trés mobiles, trés flexibles, et par suite susceptibles de saisir, au moins par l'opposition des doigts à la paume," and premising this conception of a hand, maintains, that all the apes are quadrumanous. But it appears to us that this definition is as little capable of withstanding criticism as that which it is meant to supplant.

When uncramped by the use of shoes, the toes of a man's foot are separated from one another for a distance, equal to fully one-fifth of the total length of the foot, and they are, as M. St. Hilaire admits, and as everybody who has lived on board ship, or has seen savages, is aware, very moveable, very flexible, and capable of prehension by opposition, not only of the toes to the sole, but of the great toe to the second. In proof of the latter qualities of the human foot, our author cites the boatmen of Ka-ching in China; the weavers of Senegal; the Brazilian horsemen, who put their feet to the same


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Rh Manus duæ, pedes bini, therefore, is no distinctive character of man; but, nevertheless, we may quite agree with all but the two last paragraphs of the following statement by M. St. Hilaire, if for 'hands' we read "prehensile terminal limb segments":—

"Whence it follows that the existence of posterior 'hands' when there is only one pair, or of more perfect 'hands' on the posterior limbs when there are two pair, is a character common to a great number of Mammals, of very different families. A single being presents us with the inverse arrangement; and the creature which is distinguished by forming so rare and remarkable an exception, the creature which in this respect stands alone, is Man.

"And by this circumstance the views of those authors who have attributed to the human group the value of a family, and not merely of a genus, are justified still more definitely than by the character derived from the vertical attitude. In almost every other respect, man is far nearer the apes than the apes are to the lemurs, and than these are to the lowest Quadrumana. We shall even see that, under many aspects, he becomes confounded, organically, with the first mentioned. By the very characteristic conformation of his extremities, he is, on the other hand, far more distant from the apes than the latter are, not only from the lemurs and lowest Primates, but even from a great number of Marsupials.

"So that here we find on the one hand, man by himself—on the other, and separated from him by a vast interval, all the animals with hands."—(P. 208.)

In the last paragraphs here cited, M. St. Hilaire appears to us to have very greatly exaggerated the value of the deviation of the foot of man from that or the apes; for the differences between the foot of man and that of the chimpanzee, or that of the gorilla, are assuredly less than those between the foot of any Simian or Prosimian and that of Galeopithecus; and the term "vast interval" is hardly applicable to a separation which, as M. St. Hilaire expressly states, is only sufficient to justify the separation of Man as a distinct family.

M. St. Hilaire next considers the characters of the teeth of man, adverting to the well-known fact that the principal difference from the dentition of the apes lies in the shortness of the canines, and the consequent absence of that diastema, or interval between the incisors and canine in the upper jaw, and the premolars and canine in the lower jaw, which is present in the apes; and repeating the statement of Cuvier, that a similar equality and serial community of the teeth are only to be met with in the Anoplotherium. However, an approximation to these characters is found also in some of the Insectivora, animals far more closely allied to the Primates than is the fossil ungulate.

The singular peculiarities of the distribution of the hair on the human body—a distribution which is unique in the animal kingdom are next discussed; and it is shown that, in this respect even, the higher apes are more similar to man than to the lower apes. The argument which follows (sect. xi. p. 218) bears so definitely upon a question which has been largely discussed in the pages of this Review, that we must give it in full:—

"The characters derived from the equality and the contiguity of the teeth and the partial nudity of the skin are far from being as important as those which preceded them, but they are very marked: they place man, in two additional respects, in very clear opposition with the animals whose organisation most closely approaches


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Rh ciens) which, in their turn, are similarly superior to the rest There is an almost continuos series of modifications, of degradations, which are the more diverse, as they are far from always affecting to a similar degree the development of the anterior lobe, and that of the corpus callosum, or the condition of the convolutions. It may and does happen, that these remain very numerous in a cerebum with its anterior lobes and corpus callosum more or less reduced; or, on the other hand, they may be more or less obsolete in a brain which is still remarkable for its general development, for the extent of its corpus callosum, and the volume of its anterior lobes. This last combination is that presented by many apes of the third tribe (Cebiens), especially, and more than by any other genus of the same group, by the Saimiris, which are so remarkable for the richness of their cerebral development. The same combination is found, but carried to a still greater excess, in all the apes of the fourth tribe (Hapaliens). In the Marmosets the brain is, at the same time, greatly developed as a whole (less however than in the Saimiris) and is devoid of convolutions; it is one of the richest brains in one direction, one of the poorest in the other.

"These facts have not yet been reduced to a law, either for the whole brain, or for the corpus callosum, or for the anterior lobes; but their connexion is easily apprehended, so far as the convolutions are concerned. If for the too complex comparison of generic differences, we substitute that of the general differences between one tribe and another, the following is the immediate result:—In Man, the convolutions are very numerous and are separated by deep sulci; in the first tribe (Simiens) they are less numerous than in Man, more numerous than in the second; in the second tribe (Cynopitheciens) they are more numerous than in the third (Cebiens); in which the cerebral gyri become more and more scanty, from Atelas and the Cobi to the Saimiris and the Callitriches; exhibiting a gradual progress towards the fourth tribe (Hapaliens) which is distinctly characterized by the smoothness of the brain.

"There is, then, a decrease in the convolutions in a serial order, from Man to the first, second, third, and fourth tribes; which in this point of view constitute five terms of one and the same very regular series, from the maximum of the development of the convolutions observed in Man, to their complete disappearance in the Marmosets—and this series ends at the exact point, where the family of the Lemuridæ succeeds to that of the Apes; a distinct series in which we see (in a brain in other respects very differently constructed), the convolutions re-appear at the upper end of the scale, in the Indri and the Lemurs, to disappear anew, at the lower end, in Microcebus.

"Whence flows this consequence, that may and will be better defined, but will not be rendered more certain by future investigations: In any classification based on the constitution of the brain and particularly on the condition of the convolutions, two general divisions must be established among the Primates, one for man and all the apes, the other for the Lemuridæ; and in the former two sub-divisions: man and the apes with convolutions; then the apes with smooth brains.

"In other words, man is, in this respect, much nearer the higher Apes, than these are, not merely to the Lemurs, but even to the lower types of their own family."

After this dear and, upon the whole, just statement of the cerebral relations of man to the apes, M. St. Hilaire takes up the question of the facial angle. This angle, measured by the method of Geoffroy and Cuvier, he affirms to become as small as 64° in a South African people, the Makoias; which is 6° less than the limit ordinarily assigned to it in the human species. But in the adult Saimiri the facial angle measured in the same way amounts, he affirms, to 65°, and is but a few degrees less in the Gibbons and the Semnopitheci, among the old world apes; in Cobus, Ateles, Eriodes, Lagothrix, Callithrix and Nyctipithecus among the apes of the new world. After which, says M. St. Hilaire:—

"It descends to about 50° in the Cercopitheci (a few degrees more or less according


text:
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 Plate III


text: The Earth Turns South/Rebirth

title: The Earth Turns South/Rebirth


text: The Earth Turns South/This Day

title: The Earth Turns South/This Day


text: The Earth Turns South/Tipsiness

title: The Earth Turns South/Tipsiness


text:
Page:Lady Chatterley's Lover by DH Lawrence.djvu/25

 For Connie had adopted the standard of the young: what there was in the moment was everything. And moments followed one another without necessarily belonging to one another.

It was in her second winter at Wragby her father said to her: "I hope, Connie, you won't let circumstances force you into being a demi-vierge."

"A demi-vierge!" replied Connie vaguely. "Why? Why not?"

"Unless you like it, of course!" said her father hastily. To Clifford he said the same, when the two men were alone: "I'm afraid it doesn't quite suit Connie to be a demi-vierge."

"A half-virgin!" replied Clifford, translating the phrase to be sure of it.

He thought for a moment, then flushed very red. He was angry and offended.

"In what way doesn't it suit her?" he asked stiffly.

"She's getting thin angular. It's not her style. She's not the pilchard sort of little slip of a girl, she's a bonny Scotch trout."

"Without the spots, of course!" said Clifford.

He wanted to say something later to Connie about the demi-vierge business the half-virgin state of her affairs. But he could not bring himself to do it. He was at once too intimate with her and not intimate enough. He was so very much at one with her, in his mind and hers, but bodily they were non-existent to one another, and neither could bear to drag in the corpus delicti. They were so intimate, and utterly out of touch.

Connie guessed, however, that her father had said something, and that something was in Clifford's mind. She knew that he didn't mind whether she were demi-vierge or demi-monde, so long as he didn't absolutely know, and wasn't made to see. What the eye doesn't see and the mind doesn't know, doesn't exist.

Connie and Clifford had now been nearly two years at Wragby, living their vague life of absorption in Clifford and his work. Their interests had never ceased to flow together over his work. They talked and wrestled in the throes of composition, and felt as if something were happening, really happening, really in the void.

And thus far it was a life: in the void. For the rest it was non-existence. Wragby was there, the servants but spectral, not really existing. Connie went for walks in the park, and in the woods


text: The Earth Turns South/Coin of the Year

title: The Earth Turns South/Coin of the Year


text: The Earth Turns South/Homeward

title: The Earth Turns South/Homeward


text: The Earth Turns South/Source

title: The Earth Turns South/Source