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82 far I have escaped a beating, although I have been sickened at the sight of many and the recital of more. When I was brought here they went to give me a bath, and the very disease for which I needed doctoring and from which I was suffering made it necessary that I should not bathe. But they put me in, and my sufferings were increased greatly for weeks thereafter.”

A Mrs. MeCartney, whose husband is a tailor, seems perfectly rational and has not one fancy. Mary Hughes and Mrs. Louise Schanz showed no obvious traces of insanity.

One day two new-comers were added to our list. The one was an idiot, Carrie Glass, and the other was a nice-looking German girl—quite young, she seemed, and when she came in all the patients spoke of her nice appearance and apparent sanity. Her name was Margaret. She told me she had been a cook, and was extremely neat. One day, after she had scrubbed the kitchen floor, the chambermaids came down and deliberately soiled it. Her temper was aroused and she began to quarrel with them; an officer was called and she was taken to an asylum.

“How can they say I am insane, merely because I allowed my temper to run away with me?” she complained. “Other people are not shut up for crazy when they get angry. I suppose the only thing to do is to keep quiet and so avoid the beatings which I see others get. No one can say one word about me. I do everything I am told, and all the work they give me. I am obedient in every respect, and I do everything to prove to them that I am sane.”

One day an insane woman was brought in. She was noisy, and Miss Grady gave her a beating and blacked her eye. When the doctors noticed it and asked if it was done before she came there the nurses said it was.

While I was in hall 6 I never heard the nurses address the patients except to scold or yell at them, unless it was


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Rh to tease them. They spent much of their time gossiping about the physicians and about the other nurses in a manner that was not elevating. Miss Grady nearly always interspersed her conversation with profane language, and generally began her sentences by calling on the name of the Lord. The names she called the patients were of the lowest and most profane type. One evening she quarreled with another nurse while we were at supper about the bread, and when the nurse had gone out she called her bad names and made ugly remarks about her.

In the evenings a woman, whom I supposed to be head cook for the doctors, used to come up and bring raisins, grapes, apples, and crackers to the nurses. Imagine the feelings of the hungry patients as they sat and watched the nurses eat what was to them a dream of luxury.

One afternoon, Dr. Dent was talking to a patient, Mrs. Turney, about some trouble she had had with a nurse or matron. A short time after we were taken down to supper and this woman who had beaten Mrs. Turney, and of whom Dr. Dent spoke, was sitting at the door of our dining-room. Suddenly Mrs. Turney picked up her bowl of tea, and, rushing out of the door flung it at the woman who had beat her. There was some loud screaming and Mrs. Turney was returned to her place. The next day she was transferred to the “rope gang,” which is supposed to be composed of the most dangerous and most suicidal women on the island.

At first I could not sleep and did not want to so long as I could hear anything new. The night nurses may have complained of the fact. At any rate one night they came in and tried to make me take a dose of some mixture out of a glass “to make me sleep,” they said. I told them I would do nothing of the sort and they left me, I hoped, for the night. My hopes were vain, for in a few minutes they returned with a doctor, the same that re-

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84 ceived us on our arrival. He insisted that I take it, but I was determined not to lose my wits even for a few hours. When he saw I was not to be coaxed he grew rather rough, and said he had wasted too much time with me already. That if I did not take it he would put it into my arm with a needle. It occuredoccurred [sic] to me that if he put it into my arm I could not get rid of it, but if I swallowed it there was one hope, so I said I would take it. I smelt it and it smelt like laudanum, and it was a horrible dose. No sooner had they left the room and locked me in than I tried to see how far down my throat my finger would go, and the chloral was allowed to try its effect elsewhere.

I want to say that the night nurse, Burns, in hall 6, seemed very kind and patient to the poor, afflicted people. The other nurses made general attempts to talk to me about lovers, and asked me if I would not like to have one. They did not find me very communicative on the—to them—popular subject.

Once a week the patients are given a bath, and that is the only time they see soap. A patient handed me a piece of soap one day about the size of a thimble, I considered it a great compliment in her wanting to be kind, but I thought she would appreciate the cheap soap more than I, so I thanked her but refused to take it. On bathing day the tub is filled with water, and the patients are washed, one after the other, without a change of water. This is done until the water is really thick, and then it is allowed to run out and the tub is refilled without being washed. The same towels are used on all the women, those with eruptions as well as those without. The healthy patients fight for a change of water, but they are compelled to submit to the dictates of the lazy, tyrannical nurses. The dresses are seldom changed oftener than once a month. If the patient has a visitor, I have seen the nurses hurry her out and change her


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Rh dress before the visitor comes in. This keeps up the appearance of careful and good management.

The patients who are not able to take care of themselves get into beastly conditions, and the nurses never look after them, but order some of the patients to do so.

For five days we were compelled to sit in the room all day. I never put in such a long time. Every patient was stiff and sore and tired. We would get in little groups on benches and torture our stomachs by conjuring up thoughts of what we would eat first when we got out. If I had not known how hungry they were and the pitiful side of it, the conversation would have been very amusing. As it was it only made me sad. When the subject of eating, which seemed to be the favorite one, was worn out, they used to give their opinions of the institution and its management. The condemnation of the nurses and the eatables was unanimous.

As the days passed Miss Tillie Mayard’s condition grew worse. She was continually cold and unable to eat of the food provided. Day after day she sang in order to try to maintain her memory, but at last the nurse made her stop it. I talked with her daily, and I grieved to find her grow worse so rapidly. At last she got a delusion. She thought that I was trying to pass myself off for her, and that all the people who called to see Nellie Brown were friends in search of her, but that I, by some means, was trying to deceive them into the belief that I was the girl. I tried to reason with her, but found it impossible, so I kept away from her as much as possible, lest my presence should make her worse and feed the fancy.

One of the patients, Mrs. Cotter, a pretty, delicate woman, one day thought she saw her husband coming up the walk. She left the line in which she was marching and ran to meet him. For this act she was sent to the Retreat. She afterward said:

"The remembrance of that is enough to make me mad.


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86 For crying the nurses beat me with a broom-handle and jumped on me, injuring me internally, so that I shall never get over it. Then they tied my hands and feet, and, throwing a sheet over my head, twisted it tightly around my throat, so I could not scream, and thus put me in a bathtub filled with cold water. They held me under until I gave up every hope and became senseless. At other times they took hold of my ears and beat my head on the floor and against the wall. Then they pulled my hair out by the roots, so that it will never grow in again.”

Mrs. Cotter here showed me proofs of her story, the dent in the back of her head and the bare spots where the hair had been taken out by the handful. I give her story as plainly as possible: “My treatment was not as bad as I have seen others get in there, but it has ruined my health, and even if I do get out of here I will be a wreck. When my husband heard of the treatment given me he threatened to expose the place if I was not removed, so I was brought here. I am well mentally now. All that old fear has left me, and the doctor has promised to allow my husband to take me home.”

I made the acquaintance of Bridget McGuinness, who seems to be sane at the present time. She said she was sent to Retreat 4, and put on the “rope gang.” “The beatings I got there were something dreadful. I was pulled around by the hair, held under the water until I strangled, and I was choked and kicked. The nurses would always keep a quiet patient stationed at the window to tell them when any of the doctors were approaching. It was hopeless to complain to the doctors, for they always said it was the imagination of our diseased brains, and besides we would get another beating for telling. They would hold patients under the water and threaten to leave them to die there if they did not promise not to tell the doctors. We would all promise, because we knew


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Rh the doctors would not help us, and we would do anything to escape the punishment. After breaking a window I was transferred to the Lodge, the worst place on the island. It is dreadfully dirty in there, and the stench is awful. In the summer the flies swarm the place. The food is worse than we get in other wards and we are given only tin plates. Instead of the bars being on the outside, as in this ward, they are on the inside. There are many quiet patients there who have been there for years, but the nurses keep them to do the work. Among other beatings I got there, the nurses jumped on me once and broke two of my ribs.

“While I was there a pretty young girl was brought in. She had been sick, and she fought against being put in that dirty place. One night the nurses took her and, after beating her, they held her naked in a cold bath, then they threw her on her bed. When morning came the girl was dead. The doctors said she died of convulsions, and that was all that was done about it.

“They inject so much morphine and chloral that the patients are made crazy. I have seen the patients wild for water from the effect of the drugs, and the nurses would refuse it to them. I have heard women beg for a whole night for one drop and it was not given them. I myself cried for water until my mouth was so parched and dry that I could not speak.”

I saw the same thing myself in hall 7. The patients would beg for a drink before retiring, but the nurses—Miss Hart and the others—refused to unlock the bathroom that they might quench their thirst.


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 浮沙白 墘仔港脚竹 邊涌脚竹 墘仔港甲六馬公監 後麟其畢 仔石貢 車掃糞 尾梭巴

'White-wash' (?) (Sua-pu is said to be the Malay 'sapu;' but no information is forthcoming as to the reason for the name, which I suppose be due to the houses there being once given an extra coat of whitewash). (i) & (ii) 'The side of the stream in the Tek-kha (or Selegie Road) district.' (This only refers to the lower end of the Bukit Timah Road. The Wayang Satu and Bukit Timah village parts are differently called; see under the country districts.) (i) 'Beside the Kampong Malacca Stream. (This name is practically obsolete.) (ii) The street behind the 'Pickering' (office)' i.e. the Chinese Protectorate. (iii) 'Stone breaking.' (This is the general name for Havelock Road, but the name is also applied to Canal Road.) (iv) 'Refuse sweeping carts.' (Municipal refuse carts are stationed here. 'End of (Bukit) Pasoh.'


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Rh wholly unconscious of their surroundings and engrossed with an invisible being. Yet, strange to say, that any command issued to them is always obeyed, in about the same manner as a dog obeys his master. One of the most pitiful delusions of any of the patients was that of a blue-eyed Irish girl, who believed she was forever damned because of one act in her life. Her horrible cry, morning and night, “I am damned for all eternity!” would strike horror to my soul. Her agony seemed like a glimpse of the inferno.

After being transferred to hall 7 I was locked in a room every night with six crazy women. Two of them seemed never to sleep, but spent the night in raving. One would get out of her bed and creep around the room searching for some one she wanted to kill. I could not help but think how easy it would be for her to attack any of the other patients confined with her. It did not make the night more comfortable.

One middle-aged woman, who used to sit always in the corner of the room, was very strangely affected. She had a piece of newspaper, and from it she continually read the most wonderful things I ever heard. I often sat close by her and listened. History and romance fell equally well from her lips.

I saw but one letter given a patient while I was there. It awakened a big interest. Every patient seemed thirsty for a word from the world, and they crowded around the one who had been so fortunate and asked hundreds of questions.

Visitors make but little interest and a great deal of mirth, Miss Mattie Morgan, in hall 7, played for the entertainment of some visitors one day. They were close about her until one whispered that she was a patient. “Crazy!” they whispered, audibly, as they fell back and left her alone. She was amused as well as indignant over the episode. Miss Mattie, assisted by several girls she has


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 33. Canton Street 34. Carine Street 35. Carpenter Street. 36. Cashin Street 37. Cavenagh Road 38. Cecil Road

(i) Khai kiⁿ hueⁿ-koi-a. ... (i) Go-cho lut ho-bue hang. ... (i) Hi-kuan koi (ii) Gi-hok koi (i) Hok-im-kuan au hueⁿ-hang. (ii) Ka-seng koi Toa-ong-suaⁿ au koi (i) A-phieu kongsi

... (ii) Shap-sam hong wang kai-tsai. ... (ii) Lo-cho kwat-thau hong. ... (ii) Yi-fuk kai (i) Fuk-yam-kwun hau-pin wang-hong. ... Tai-wong-shan hau kai. ...


text: Ten Days in a Mad-House/Chapter 15

title: Ten Days in a Mad-House/Chapter 15


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 仔街橫墘溪 仔街橫行三十 巷尾無律槽鵝 巷頭掘槽鵝 街舘戲 街福義 巷橫後舘音福 街興嘉 街後山王大 司公片鴉

(i) & (ii) 'Small cross street by Boat Quay.' ... (i) & (ii) 'Cul-de-sac near Rochore (Road).' (cf. Bernard Street.) ... (i) 'Theatre Street.' (The first Tiechiu theatre was in this street.) (ii) ' ' Gi-hok' Street.' (The old 'Gi-hok' society had a Kongsi-house here: cf. Clarke street.) (i) 'The cross street behind the Gospel-house.' (ii) (This is phonetic for 'Cashin.') 'The street behind the Governor's hill.' (I do not think there is any fixed name for Cavenagh Road, but this was given to me to indicate it.) (i) 'Opium-Kongsi.' (The headquarters of the Opium Farm have


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Present Day Occultism and Its Literature

IT is probable that the majority of those people at present interested in occult publications and societies are familiar with the statement, so often repeated, that a new era will dawn in the course of a few short years. This, to an astrologer, means the activity of the Sun in Aquarius; to a student of psychology, the development of a new trait in human beings; to a true clairvoyant, recognition of his talents; and to such scientists as are still immersed in materialism—more foolishness. It might be well to inquire as to whether a new era really is coming, and, if so, what changes it will bring. And, as we pass, to give a glance at present day indications and effects.

A moderately careful survey of the trend of modern thought, both along scientific and religious lines, will show conclusively that a change of some nature is about to take place, or has already done so. Thought is free—too free, in fact; expressed ideas and questions of and about religion are offered freely and fearlessly, in the more progressive countries, at least. The limited science expressed by the microscope and the telescope seems to have lost the greater number of those dependents who believed it all embracing. The old materialistic school is more or less discredited, or relegated to its proper place in the order of things. The mass of thinking people whose minds were disturbed by the statements of the old school are beginning to realize the narrowness of the doctrines that it presented to them, and to consider the instruments of science in their true light as guides rather than as omniscient instructors. All these matters indicate a radical change in the conditions governing thought. And a change that will, in time, be productive of far reaching results.

The impulse which is causing the change is working in two ways. First, through the instincts common to humanity, and, second, through the spread of thought and idea by means of printed matter. It is much to be regretted, however, that the market has been flooded with innumerable books and pamphlets, the effect of which is not all that might be desired. Among these books are works on astrology, lachemyalchemy [sic], occultism, mysticism, and such kindred subjects. Fifty or a hundred years ago, these books would have attracted comparatively little attention. To-day, the reverse is the case, and, through their suggestions, schools, classes and circles have been formed by people desiring "soul growth" with its attendant benefits. The advantages offered the readers of these books are often startling. In general, the idea seems to be that, in present day humanity, there is a sixth sense, perhaps several senses, that may, by following directions, be developed, thus making the person clairvoyant and an “assistant master”, so to speak. There are other advantages, but these are the ones considered principally in the greater part of the literature.

A careful study, by the writer, of a large number of these modern works, has promoted the conclusion that the larger part of them are the poorest kind of work, fit only to meet the needs of the over-credulous and the ignorant. Of the more pretentious works, nearly all are written in a roundabout style, using new and extensive vocabularies, and with arguments and statements too involved for dissection. This style of writing is a great mistake, especially when dealing with subjects of such a nature. It should be remembered as emphatically true that the greatest truths may be imparted in words of one syllable.

There are perhaps half a dozen books on these subjects that are really valuable, as far as the writer can judge. A few of these give what may be considered satisfactory suggestions for the development of the inner senses. The general suggestions indicate that the candidate must live a life that is morally perfect. That is, not only his actions, but his thoughts as well must be as nearly spotless as the frailties of human nature will permit—or more so. The idea being that the purified soul will be found acceptable by the "higher intelligences" as a medium for transmitting truths to man. With most people, to acquire this condition, years of endless and persistent effort are required. That it can be done is certain, and that the state is desirable is also certain. But whether the condition will be taken advantage of as above is another question.

A firm belief in the brotherhood of man, and a conscientious practice of the principles of charity are also necessary. Unfortunately, this doctrine did not serve to prevent dissensions in the inner circle of a very popular society. Nor yet the break between two noted authors whose trouble was due to a difference of opinion as to who should receive the credit for putting certain teachings before the pubilcpublic [sic]. Which matters do not indicate a course of conduct that would show a shining light before mankind.

The great trouble with most of the teachings seems to be that each book, as an expression of individual opinion, seems to be taken by its readers as an infallible work. This is not always the reader's fault; one author calmly dares anyone to correct him.

A man develops his inner senses, and becomes aware of matters that are not evident to people in general. Then immediately he either writes a book or starts a school that is named after him. His suggestions for development follow out the lines that fitted his own case, and are therefore, except as to their elements, probably quite unfit for the man next to him. If he is honest, he mentions this fact, but in most cases nothing is said about it.

Every student who is upon "the path" or aspires to be upon it can do no better than to apply to his own case the statement made by Paracelsus, "If I study, I begin by imagining that there is not a teacher in the world capable of teaching me, and that I must acquire all knowledge for myself". Only by adhering to this idea can the student fit himself to take a place in the new order of things, and the author or teacher who says otherwise has not the best interests of his pupils at heart.

To sum up. Although it is certain that the conditions underlying science, religion and thought are changing, it is also certain that the path of individual development that is promised is not being swept and strewn with flowers that people may tread it at their ease. Also it seems that the mass of the people have not as yet been reached, nor are likely to be for many centuries, with any teachings that would tend to better their spiritual condition or to serve them to better purpose than their present sacerdotal system. Conditions are yet too unsettled to permit of much advancement in the way of putting true suggestions before mankind. And, just at this time, the materialist who stands firm on his unbelief, or the theologian who admits of no compromise in his doctrines, are much surer of their ground, from their own point of view, than either the teachers or students of the new schools of occult and mystic science. What changes the years to come may bring are yet to be determined.


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 The Evening Songs of Halek, like the song of the nightingale,” says Richard Badger, the Boston publisher, “sweetest in the quietness of eventide, are songs of youth and love, glorifying the spring, the flowers, the birds, the heavens and the stars, speaking to the human heart whether wrapped in happiness or sorrow. As effusions of feelings from a heart laden with love’s sweet passion, they appeal, above all, to the erotic spring of life. They are a bouquet of charming lyrics, full of light, colour, and fragrance, breathing spring, love, and poesy.”

Halek was born in 1835 and died in 1874. He commenced his literary career in 1858 and was the leader of the romantic and lyric school of Czech poesy. The present translation of the Evening Songs was published by Sir Walter Strickland in 1886, at York. Another translation by Dr. Joseph Stybr was published at Boston in 1920. It is not too much to claim for Strickland’s translation epic superiority over the American version. Compare Strickland’s lines:—

with Stybr’s version of the same song:—


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The Mission of the Symbols

THE thinking man and, more especially the student of Masonry, who, at the present time, sees before him so many symbols handed down from the past, probabyprobably [sic] indulges, now and then, in speculation as to the cause of it all—as to the first symbols and why they were made. From the mysterious ages of the past there have come to us many true symbols, some of which we may read and some of which are too involved for us to grasp. He who seeks to trace them to their origin is lost in a maze of antiquity—and well may this be so, for the Science of Symbolism was brought into being with the sight and speech of man.

In the far off past, when the manifestation of Creation which we call Earth was very young, man, in his growing state was, according to the occult teachings, blind and dumb. At that time he required no symbols which, by their suggestion, would raise and exalt his spirit, for his spirit was "within" and ever in communion with the Source from which it sprang. But, in the passing of ages, as the evolving man slowly drew more toward those things which were about him, his eyes and mouth were opened—he saw and spoke.

Yet, as he drew more and more into the life of the world, there still remained within his being a spark of the spiritual consciousness which his awakening to the earth life had covered over. And to hold the tiny flame upon this altar of remembrance, he was drawn into the use of symbols that he might thereby express those things which his newly developed faculty could not describe. That, by the higher thoughts thus created, the flame of spirit would not flicker out, but would be sheltered and nourished until the time came when it could burst forth in renewed and perfected beauty.

In this way, and for this reason, was the Science of Symbolism formed.

We who, at the present age can, despite the bonds of concrete life which surround us, contemplate with ecstacy the speaking symbols of the past, are like the early man who thus nourished the flame of his inner spirit—that flame of life whose rising brilliancy makes one a better man, and a better Mason.

The writer was, for several years, of the opinion that his mind could in no manner grasp the idea of what is called the Christian Trinity. He often discussed the matter, even, on an occasion, with a clergyman, yet from none of these conversations was his spirit enlightened. And indeed there is small wonder at this. For he was trying to put into concrete thought, and even into words, an idea which could be grasped only in a different way.

This problem was solved, however, and in the simplest manner, by the contemplation of that simple yet sublime figure—the equilateral triangle.

How perfectly this little combination of lines expresses the Trinity in Unity, the Three Attributes, and many other wonderful things, will, after a little thought, be perfectly clear. And it is the firm belief of the writer that his case is only one out of many thousands, where the silent witnesses of the past have acted upon the spirit of the present.

That a man may become a true student of Symbolism, but one thing is required—a little time for contemplation. By contemplation the spirit is awakened, asserts itself, and brings before the mind higher and better thoughts than can be drawn from the work-a-day life. From contemplation, with its light, the budding spirit passes to concentration and, in the course of time, the man who at first did but gaze upon a symbol, sees through the symbol to the Truth which is beyond.

From the time of this awakening, his ideas change. He is no longer the blinded worker going sullenly about his daily tasks. He becomes a conscious spirit, works because it is right, and receives at all times new light and strength from his inner knowledge. He is no longer bound by the laws of earth, but feels himself a free spirit, who requires no law but is a law unto itself. Yes, even to this, and beyond, is drawn the spirit which, ere its awakening, was carried dormant within the heart.

We are, at times, perhaps a bit disappointed that, as we receive our light, many unexplained symbols lie before us. Yet it is better so. For that which we are told creates in us but a passing interest, while that which we think out for ourselves works for our permanent good and the uplifting of the spirit. This is a law in the world.

To us, then, are given the first steps, and from there we ourselves work out the mystery. To the end that the spirit may be awakened, and that we may thus become better citizens and, always, better Masons.

He who enters in darkness should, therefor, become a student of Symbolism—the most fascinating, the most uplifting and, at the present day, the least appreciated of all the sciences.

title: The Mission of the Symbols


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 Again, take Strickland’s magnificent version of Halek’s versified form of the legend that the life of every human being is bound up with a star in heaven:—

Stybr renders this beautiful poem after the manner of a catalogue recital, as follows:—


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 After which comparison I invite the reader to enjoy the fragrant sadness of Halek’s eventide musings in the knowledge that they owe their beauty not less to translator than to author. A word about the translator will not be out of place.

In appreciation of his services to Czech literature the translator has been made a citizen of the Czech Republic and has formally repudiated his baronetcy so far as the title applies to himself.

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Gageler CJ Gordon J Edelman J Steward J Gleeson J Jagot J Beech-Jones J

Nothing said in Al-Kateb has been taken subsequently to detract from the significance of Lim. To the contrary, in Plaintiff M76/2013, Crennan, Bell and Gageler JJ restated and reaffirmed the constitutional principle for which Lim remained authority after Al-Kateb in terms that "conferring limited legal authority to detain a non-citizen in custody as an incident of the statutory conferral on the executive of powers to consider and grant permission to remain in Australia, and to deport or remove if permission is not granted, is consistent with Ch III if, but only if, the detention in custody is limited to such period of time as is reasonably capable of being seen as necessary for the completion of administrative processes directed to those purposes".

During the 20 years since Al-Kateb, the Lim principle has been repeatedly acknowledged and frequently applied. The principle was most recently applied in Alexander v Minister for Home Affairs, in Benbrika v Minister for Home Affairs and in Jones v The Commonwealth.

The consequence is that the constitutional holding in Al-Kateb has come increasingly to appear as an outlier in the stream of authority which has flowed from Lim. In language used by French CJ in Wurridjal, deriving from that of Dixon CJ in Attorney-General (Cth) v Schmidt, the authority of the constitutional holding in Al-Kateb has been "weakened" by later decisions to a degree that weighs strongly in favour of its reopening. To reopen the constitutional holding in Al-Kateb, and to do so on the first occasion on which the facts of a case squarely engage the constitutional holding, involves no disrespect for the approach of the


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Gageler CJ Gordon J Edelman J Steward J Gleeson J Jagot J Beech-Jones J

majority in Al-Kateb. Using again the language of French CJ in Wurridjal, reopening Al-Kateb "does not require the taxonomy of 'truth' and 'error'" but rather reflects "an evolving understanding of the Constitution albeit subject to the conservative cautionary principle referred to earlier".

Having regard to the importance of continuity and consistency in the application of fundamental constitutional principle, the legislative reliance and implicit legislative endorsement which weighed in favour of not reopening the statutory construction holding in Al-Kateb necessarily assumes less significance in considering reopening of its constitutional holding. The same is true of administrative inconvenience. Adapting what was said by Dixon CJ, McTiernan, Fullagar and Kitto JJ in R v Kirby; Ex parte Boilermakers' Society of Australia, whilst considerations of legislative reliance and administrative inconvenience are appropriately treated as considerations having weight, "it is necessary to stop short of treating them as relieving this Court of its duty of proceeding according to law in giving effect to the Constitution which it is bound to enforce".

The weight of the consideration of continuity and consistency in the application of constitutional principle ultimately compels the conclusion that leave to reopen the constitutional holding in Al-Kateb should be granted.

Reconsidering Al-Kateb in light of the Lim principle

The question whether the constitutional holding in Al-Kateb should be overruled is to be determined by reference to the consistency of that holding with the Lim principle as stated in Lim itself and as understood and applied in subsequent cases.

Expressed at an appropriate level of generality, the principle in Lim is that a law enacted by the Commonwealth Parliament which authorises the detention of a person, other than through the exercise by a court of the judicial power of the Commonwealth in the performance of the function of adjudging and punishing criminal guilt, will contravene Ch III of the Constitution unless the law is reasonably capable of being seen to be necessary for a legitimate and non-punitive


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Tubal-Cain

IT is a fact, generally recognized at the present day, that many of the characters mentioned in the earliest books of the Bible were not intended to represent individuals but rather types of humanity on its rounds of evolution. For instance, in the light of our knowledge of the evolution and development of man, from the primitive seed-cell to the complex animated organism of this present age, we know, or assume to know, that man, as such, was not created, fully, formed, by a single instantaneous act, because research and experiment have indicated clearly what the line of development really was. We do not say that it was impossible for God to create man "ready made", for we have no idea, or even speculation, as to the ominpotenceomnipotence [sic] of Deity. But that God did not create man completely formed, in a moment, is fairly certain. Our eyes are thus opened to the fact that the story of Adam and Eve in the Bible, and the story of the creation of the world in seven days were never intended to be taken literally, but were written for people who accepted allegory and symbolism as a proper method of instruction—were intended merely as such an allegory; and that Adam and Eve are, to the student, types of a certain stage of humanity at the period where the first dawning of self-consciousness, prompted by emotion from within, opened men's eyes to what they really were, and replaced such an involuntary, or, at least, instinctive, method of reproduction as we see in low forms of life and plants at the present day with voluntary, self-conscious reproduction as an act, and brought the sin of shame into the world. We can see readily that Abel represents a period in which men were at peace and tended their flocks upon their chosen hills, and that Cain represents an age of passion and bloodshed that blotted out the era of peace; that, in the age of Nimrod, men hunted for their livelihood. And so on.

What shall we say, then, of Tubal-Cain, of whom the Bible says, merely, "an instructor of every artificer in brass and in iron?"

We know that, speaking generally, the early history of the world is divided into various "ages". For instance, the "Stone Age" indicates a period when the highest intelligence of man was represented by the working in, and the use of stone, for his individual purposes. He made stone knives and hatchets for warfare and tipped his arrows with stone. Following the Stone Age comes the Age of Metals when weapons were of metal, when men learned to fashion it into knives and swords and pins, and where the possession of such weapons gave him an immeasurable advantage over his less developed fellow men. We do not know just where, nor how, the use of metals first dawned upon the comprehension of man. G. Elliot Smith, in his little book on "The Ancient Egyptians" offers, in the following, a probable solution to the question:

"It was the custom of the proto-Egyptian women, and possibly at times of the men also, to use the crude copper ore, malachite, as the ingredient of a face paint; and, for long ages before the metal copper was known, this cosmetic had been an article of daily use.

"It is quite certain that such circumstances as these were the predisposing factors in the accidental discovery of the metal. For on some occasion a fragment of malachite, or the cosmetic paste prepared from it, dropped by chance into a charcoal fire, would have provided the bead of metallic copper and the germ of the idea that began to transform the world more than sixty centuries ago."

In this age of metal, this new awakening of man to a fuller knowledge of the possibilities of the earth, we can see the Tubal-Cain of the Bible. And we find, also an additional link between the lore of the Ancient Egyptians and the writings of the law-given of the Hebrews, Moses, who must have learned, in Egypt, the legend of Tubal-Cain and incorporated it into his own account of the creation and development of the world.

If this is an allegory, let us see if we can determine its significance.

First, what were the results of the use of metals? In Egypt, the confidence inspired by their superior metal weapons enabled the people to extend their empire and overcome their more poorly weaponed neighbors. From the tools of war, they turned to those of peace: knives, chisels, scrapers and such were made. Stones were cut and squared, temples were erected, huge monolith columns were cut from the solid rock and set up as tributes to the gods and to the intelligence of the people. It was an age of new endeavor, new workings, new achievement. Suddenly, the land became civilized—the age of stone, the barbarous age, had passed forever. Working in one channel or another, the impulse started in Egypt spread over the world. The effect was prodigious, immediate. This, then, was Tubal-Cain.

title: Tubal-Cain


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The New Science

NOTE—The present writer's article on "Present Day Occultism and Its Literature", in the June New Age, offered an objection to most of the modern literature on this subject, without indicating, to any extent, the characteristics of desirable teachings. It is the purpose of the following article to remedy this omission.

T is safe to assume that, within the last twenty years, more people than ever have turned from the sacerdotal systems that have been thrust upon them, that they might, as individuals, begin a free and unhampered search for Truth. To these people has come knowledge of the fact that they are entitled to more than they have received, and that it is their privilege to think for themselves, if they so desire. Their rational intelligence, dissatisfied with the two opposing dogmas of Theology and Materialism, has demanded, imperatively, that they be given the religion and the Truth of Nature and of God, instead of the earth-bound teachings of narrow-minded and self-blinded men.

In reply to this cry, the Few who knew somewhat of the Truth came forth from the places where they had awaited just such a call. And teachings, new to the world in general, were put forth—at first veiled, and then more openly. But in accepting all that was offered along these new lines, people have been too credulous. And the purpose of this article is to indicate, briefly, to such people, the lines followed by the true teachings.

He who turns from the blind faith of his progenitors and exclaims, "Give me light that I may see for myself!" has every right to receive that light. It may come through books, or from the lips of men, depending somewhat on his individual need. But he, in return for the effort and the time he spends in study, has the right to demand of his teacher or of the teachings he considers, that they conform to the highest ideals and aspirations of his soul. And, also, that they be scientific, constructive, individual, clear and rational. For the heavily veiled doctrines of Eastern Mysticism will not satisfy the occidental mind.

The teachings must be in line with man's highest thoughts. They must not offend those fragments of ancient teachings which have survived the corruptions and alterations of editors, translators and priests. For every man, though he turn, unsatisfied, from the religion of his nation, will yet retain, pure in his heart, the high ideals—often unrealized and generally forgotten—of that religion. And there is no need for the teacher of the new science to either reject, ignore or belittle these truths.

The teachings must be scientific. The intelligent mind of the present day is more or less familiar with the discoveries of physical science. He knows that certain physical facts, contradicting certain sacerdotal teachings, have been proven true. He knows that man was not created in a day, but that he evolved. He knows that the world is more than four thousand years old. These facts of science, together with many others, have been demonstrated, and may be personally demonstrated by any individual who possesses the necessary intelligence, time, data and instruments.

Therefore the new teachings to which he turns should embrace these findings of physical science. They may, it is true, correct those Theories of physical science which the intelligent soul refuses to accept. But the Facts should all be accounted for, regulated, and placed in their proper relative positions.

The teachings should be written plainly and clearly. All lines of argument followed out logically and intelligently. No double meanings, mystical phraseology or allegory, should be found there. Science speaks plainly, and states its facts so clearly that even an average reader may comprehend, and, therefore, this new science of the soul must, in order to satisfy the demands of intelligence, do likewise.

There are a few statements made by the new science which must be taken for granted. For instance, it is stated, not as a belief but as a fact, that the life of the soul continues after the death of the body. Few men Know this, but most men believe it sincerely, and, therefore, a line of argument starting from this point—a point in harmony with the inner intuitions of the soul—would be considered, by an earnest searcher, as having a firm foundation. Especially when the statement is made that this fact of a future life may be scientifically demonstrated by anyone having the necessary time, courage, intelligence and perseverence [sic] to make the effort.

On the other hand, statements dealing with matters far beyond the reach of intelligence should not be accepted offhand. If they seem reasonable, they may be considered and held in abeyance, as it were. Such statements which, by their very transcendental nature appear more as speculation than as fact will not be found in the true teachings as a necessary part of their system. The keystone of the new science is not "I believe" but "I know". And the student must bear in mind that he has every right to expect that a study of the subject and a personal application of its teachings should fit him to personally demonstrate Every Matter Mentioned in the Public Teachings.

The teachings must be constructive. They must not tear down old structures until they have built better ones. The average man who refuses to consider the man-made teachings of his church as the last word, and turns from them in his search for light, does so because he expects to turn to better and more satisfactory teachings. And the new teachings are in duty bound to provide for such a man at least a foothold where he can rest while he looks about him. There are few sadder sights than that of a man who, lured by the mysticism of the orient, turns from his church only to find himself without a stone on which to stand, and without a refuge. Especially if such a man lacks the will necessary to advance, by his own effort, from such a state. Therefore, the new science will say, "This (or that) teaching has been tampered with by men. The truth is this Examine it for yourself before you reject the old."

The teachings must be individual. They must point out the path, using plain, comprehensive English words and phrases. They must not seek to hurry the individual in his effort, nor indicate that hurry is necessary, but rather must hold an attitude which may, perhaps, be expressed by the following:

"I point the path. Tread it, if you have the courage. I will not lead you; but if you step falsely I will warn you. For your effort, I promise you nothing save that which you yourself have in your heart. First, you must persevere. Then, if you are credulous, I promise a heaven for your credulous mind. If you are clear sighted, intelligent and clean, I promise as a reward all that your rational intelligence can comprehend. If you are skeptical, yet persevere, I promise you nothing—or everything: depending on yourself."

These are the words of the new science, as it speaks with the voice of truth. And these true teachings are to be found in this country to-day—if one will but search for them.

title: The New Science


text:
Author:George Samuel Clason

Works

 * The Richest Man in Babylon (1926)

title: Author:George Samuel Clason


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Page:November Joe.pdf/31

 suddenly and incongruously, high above the clamour of the forest noises.

Mrs. Harding took up the receiver, and this is what I heard.

"My husband won't be home to-night; he's gone into St. George. No, I've no one to send.  But how can I? There is no one here but me and the children.  Well, there's Mr. Quaritch, a sport, staying the night. No, I could n't ask him."

I came forward.

"Why not?" I inquired.

Mrs. Harding shook her head as she stood still holding the receiver. She was a matron of distinct comeliness, and she cooked amazingly well.

"You can ask me anything," I urged.

"They want some one to carry a message to November Joe," she explained. "It's the Provincial Police on the 'phone."

"I'll go."

"Joe made me promise not to send any sports after him," she said doubtfully. "They all want him now he's famous."

"But November Joe is rather a friend of mine.

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 I hunted with him years ago when he lived on the Montmorency."

"Is that so?" Her face relaxed a little. "Well, perhaps " she conceded.

"Of course, I'll carry the message."

"It's quite a way to his place. November does n't care about strangers; he's a solitary man. You must follow the tote-road you were on to-day fifteen miles, turn west at the deserted lumber-camp, cross Charley's Brook, Joe lives about two acres up the far bank." She lifted the receiver. "Shall I say you'll go?"

"By all means."

A few seconds later I was at the 'phone taking my instructions.

It appeared that the speaker was the Chief of Police in Quebec, who was, of course, well known to me. I will let you have his own words.

"Very good of you, I'm sure, Mr. Quaritch. Yes, we want November Joe to be told that a man named Henry Lyon has been shot in his camp down at Big Tree Portage, on Depot River. The news came in just now, telephoned through by a lumber-jack who found the body. Tell Joe, please, success means fifty dollars to

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Page:Following darkness (IA followingdarknes00reid).pdf/54

 "at Vienna, where I don’t suppose they have ever heard of golf, He is going to be a musician,"

"How interesting!" exclaimed Miss Dick. "Fancy, Vienna!"

Miss Dick was Mrs. Carroll's companion, and was even, in some distant way, related to her. Her family, however, had fallen on evil days, and she was permanently settled at Derryaghy. She was a gushing, fussy, kindly creature, with a minimum allowance of brains, but overflowing with good intentions and amazingly loyal in her affections, though these latter, I must add, had never been bestowed upon me. I took Mrs. Carroll’s word for it that she had once been very pretty, but now her thinness, accentuating a peculiar type of feature, gave her an absurd resemblance to a lean and restless fowl. I noticed that she had attired herself to-night as for a striking festival. She was a person liable to these unexpected changes in the degree of her brilliancy, which at present was positively dazzling. She began to ask about Vienna, and expressed a deep regret at never having visited that city.

"We have had the piano specially tuned for you," said Mrs. Carroll to Gerald.

"Oh you shouldn’t have bothered," he answered.

"You evidently don’t know what it was like before!" I began, and then stopped short. Nobody took any notice.

Miss Dick, who seemed determined, cost what it might, to keep the conversation on the subject of music, mentioned that her mother had heard Patti in "La Sonnambula," and how, when that great prima donna had paused in the middle of the opera to sing "Home Sweet Home," the entire house had risen to its feet with enthusiasm. "It has always seemed to me that music is the most perfect of the arts," she added, fixing her lace collar.

"Painting is the most perfect of the arts," I contradicted. Somehow, when they were uttered, all my remarks


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Page:PlainBookOfMormon.pdf/225

 His arm to save our forefathers, they would have fallen victim to the Lamanites, who hated them."

After King Benjamin said this to his son, he put him in charge of the kingdom.

He also gave Mosiah the brass plates, Nephi's plates, Laban’s sword and the Liahona--the ball with spindles, made by the Lord, which had led Lehi and his people through the wilderness when they diligently obeyed the Lord.

 * When anyone in Lehi's group had been unfaithful, the whole group did not progress in their journey. They were driven back and suffered hunger and pain. They felt God's displeasure in order to remind them of their duty to Him.

Mosiah did as he was asked and made a proclamation to all the people in the land of Zarahemla to go up to the temple to hear his father speak.

King Benjamin speaks to his people... (compare Mosiah, chapter 2)

The next day all the people went up to the temple to hear King Benjamin.

The Nephites had become very numerous, even too numerous to count. They brought the firstborn of their flocks as sacrifices and burnt offerings according to the law of Moses. They gave thanks to the Lord their God, who had brought their forefathers out of Jerusalem and delivered them from their enemies.

They were also grateful for the just men who had been appointed to be their teachers, and for Benjamin, a just man, who had been appointed as their king. These just men had established peace in the land of Zarahemla and had taught the people to keep God's

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 EMBROIDERY FOR BABY’S WHITE DRESS.

1 9% In

DIAGRAM 0F GEORGIANA MAN‘I'LE


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PETERSON’S MAGAZINE.

Vol. XXXVI. THE ANCIENT GREEK COSTUME.

BY CHARLES J. PETERSON.

T may he considered heretical, perhaps, if

= the earlier style of Greek costume, is

g far leea graceful, it will be seen, than the illua-

in this age of hoops, we: tration at the close of our article, which depicts asy a word in favor of as an Athenian lady of the time of Pericles, the different costume. But} culminating pericd of Grocian art, as well in if our modern fashions { millinery, it would seem, as in aculpture and

surpass in magnificence, those of ancient Greece excelled in grace. Aa proof of this we hnve had engraved various illustra- tions of the dresses warn by the Athenian ladies in the days of Pericles and Pisistratus. The costumes are all authentic, having been copied from antique vases.

Tt was by the fowing lines of their draperies, that the women of ancient Greece achieved the heantiful in dregs. The fashionable mantua- makers of Athens did not study how to arrange the most trimmings on a dress, but how te mske

the folda of the fabric fall most picturesquely.

Te waa not the first trial, however, that suc-

eeeded. The preceding engtaving, which re- Vou XXXVI—1

Sacchitecture, Even the next cut, which is @ s N s N

N y y 8

Ary.

‘ s s

N

representation of the goddess, Ceres, exhibits an 3 advance on the primitive fashions, The short- gown, if we may call it such, has disappeared, Sand given place to the long and flowing garment, with its embroidered frontage, thot we see in Sthe engraving, This dress, however, was rathor that of priestesses, than of ladies in domestic life, $ The next illustration is that of 4 dancing girl. < The wave and flow of this costume is indescrib- 3 ably beautiful. The ballet performers of modern faiiey with their short skirts, their gymnastic 17


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Page:New Peterson magazine 1859 Vol. XXXVI.pdf/18

 Eo

LOL ELI ELD PALE Te

18 THE ANCIENT GRHEK COSTUME.

aR

DIINO DDL PILOT LP 3 cut, who went about toe entertainmenis to amuse Sthe guests. In the costume of this figure, as in $ most of those we have given, the gracefulness of {the drapery is nol the only beauty; for the em- $ broideries, which surround the hem of the gar- $ ments, ore unrivaled in their patterns. Ix all ithe arts of design, indead, the old Greeke were i pre-eminent. The study of the beautiful was never carried so high as in the age of Phidias. } Subsequent times, at best, Lave oaly imitated, what they could not excel,

an tne,

a

ecntortions, their awkward leaps, are but ind@if- ferent rivals of their more graceful sisters of ancient Greece. The mourning widow, bearing the funeral urn, seen in the following engraving, is also a very different-looking object from the ; fashionably-dressed relict of the middle of this $ nineteenth century: and doea not suffer, we } think, by the comparison.

LDP LLLP DELI PDD LLDPE PIPL DEL DOL I LEG

5

reer

NDP AL

POPOL PLT OER LL LIEN ELE PPE OLE Op

The lyre wag alse a favorite musica] inetre- ment at Athens. It was played with a plectrum, ag seen in our next engraving. In their head- dresses, the ancient Greeks, while ndbering to Sone general model, indulged in an almost infinite 3 variety of detail. We give various illustrations

t

of these head-dresses, one of them st the head of

ve

our article, the reat on the next page. In them- § selves, these are less graceful than when taken ag part of an antire costume, as may be observed g by looking at the figare (hat follows, or at that Son the last page. Graceful as the antique costume was, it would 3 hardly do to revive it now. The attempt wag male during the French Revelution. Madame Tallien, Josephine Besuharnajs, Pauline Boun- S parte, and others of the beauties of that day,

We have our opera-singers now. In Athens, ;nppeared at Parisian entertainments in dressca when the Parthenon was boing built, the Greeks $ copied from ancient statues, to the applause of bad flute-players, like the girl in the ensuing ; their admirers. But that was practically a Dagon

rd

POPPA


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ANCIENT

GREEK

COSTUME.

generation interpolated into the eighteenth

Christian century. The more decent and reverent times that have followed would repudiate the free manners and even more free attire of the fair, frail companions of

Barras and other atheistical high-priests of plunder and the guillotine. There is not a drawing~room in civilized society which would now countenance a dress

such as Madame Recamier wore in the hey-day of her beauty, nor a woman, how ever daring, who would venture to appear at. an evening party, with her drapery looped up on one side to her knee, :1 la Diana, like Madame Tallien. Is it not possible, however, to invent a costume,

which should be as graceful as the Greek, yet be open to none of its objections? Magniﬁcent as the cotemporay' fashion is, it is, on all hands, reason is, that, if Raphael bodies are pronounced conceded to be stiﬂ'. fashionable, every American lady wishes a Re. No modern belle, so ‘phael body, while in Paris, no woman wears long as she Wears g such a dress unless it is becoming to her. In hoops and moire nn- l the United States, when a woman selects a bon tique, can look as IN-r/JAVIN/I JIN”V,I' net, she buys it because graceful as her Greit is beautiful in itself,

cian sister of the

and forgets oﬂen to as

times of Alcibiades

certain if it suits her style and face. The old Greeks, if we may judge from the few illustrations we have presented, had even more

The error of American ladies is in nlavishly

following what. are called the fashions.

French

women consult their height, complexion,

and style; and mo dify the prevailing fashion accordingly. The result is that

of taste and individuality than the modern French. The inﬁnite variety of

their head-dresses, of which we give here only a

few, especially establishes this. If ladies would xercise their own good taste, and rely less on tirely on mantua-makcrs, there would soon be a sed. There is an in reform in female dress. From the great variety dividuality about the §’», of patterns, which we pub women of the French l lish every month, every woman can certainly sc capital, strikingly in leet one, it" not more, contrast with the monotonous uniformity seen in adapted to her complex England and America. In these United States, ion and person. The true indeed, we have more miss-"ion, if we may say so, taste than the Eng— MW,”Mw,»/ (,¢/ of a ladies Magazine, is to lish; but we are sad reform taste in dress. We ly behind the French shall endeavor to do our nevertheless. A Pa every Parisian belle is becomingly dres

risian woman dresses

part, by furnishing, not

on only half the money that it costs onc of equal income in New York or Philadolphin, yet looks in-

only the most elegant styles of each season, but y also occasional articles on‘ the beautiful and pic i turt-sque in dress in all ages and climates. l The Roman ladies dressed, on the whole, very glike the Greeks: with more start-liners, perinps,

ﬁnitely better.

The i but somewhat less grace.

Many of the statues


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20

HOME EDUCATION.

of the ompresses are full of a calm wajesty, ? died out, Female dress, during the middle ages, the effect of which is greatly increased by the } was often picturesque, but rarely graceful: and voluminous fall of the drapery. With the irrup- } even since the revival of art, it cannot be suid to tion of the Goths the ancient costume gradually } have improved.

HOME EDUCATION.

LAWSON,

BY MARY L.  As my ton wns no gouins, T thought the best plan, ‘Was to make hiot a worldly avd practical man. So I Inid out his early instruction with rutos is father callod slightingly “ guide posts for fools.” But through my unceasing dovotiin and care, taught hima my womanly instincts to share Ifis manners wero gracefn}, distinguished his mlen, In dress, style and ton, not a fault to be seen.

Wis father remarked “he waa nothing at all, But a puppet to pick op « fao at a ball.” Yot as he had sald oo again ond agnio, And found tt he always had reasoned In valoy We dutivered bit up to my special attention, With expletives far too tmpropor to mention; Anil marmnred the coli world wonld eruelly school ‘The boy whose weak: nother hod trained him a fool.

But T tanght him to enter a Dallsroom with caso, To converse with ao auxions attention to pleane, To yield wonlth: and station & proper reapects Ant nono who could aid of aasist him neglect, To flirt, emite und bow, or retail a bon-mol— Ta short. to become both a stnlent and bos An so diplomatic that oven in Tove Me could smother # flame that I sliould not approve.

Yet, las! when the conflict of lifo was at atnke, My boy was & tritler, all soulless and pert, Luditterontty rade to the feotings ho hurts In Jndging of otbers by fashion and dreew, Ue o'erwhelnsed me oflon with shame and distress From his fooligh assertions, and ronsotess contempt Not the wise, good and noble were even exempt.

Old friends who with gonttest klnduoss bad meant ‘To enconrage tbo lad, gave him up to hia bent, And whispered they could not entrast bim with aught That required oxperionce oF sorlous thought, Ax the opera, ball-rvong, or concert ho'd shine, But the dutios of 15fe wore quite ont of hie line, While plata, quiet youths, without manner or grace, ‘Uuassoming and steady, #on honor and place,

At lonat In hie marringo I hoped to have pride, But vanity ruled him, my hopes were belied, Nor sento, wit nor fortune, hie chosen bas brought; And lis felonda with @ moor say the “fellow was caugot,” And he sinks down a drone for the rost of luis life, Drawn down to the ephere of » rimpleton wife, Pushed out of the way liy tho manly and bold, Who coarsoly remark that “she ulnny waa sold.”

Tyletd np my system, man enters the van Of life's ateru atone, then conquer wha can: No weal nor © they necd, Who must gird an the armor of atrongth to auecced; And woman, unilces ste hes more than her share Of wornnnly sense, §¢ unsuited to Lear The reepousible office and perilous plan Of moulding, uonided, the mind of « man.

�


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Gageler CJ Gordon J Edelman J Steward J Gleeson J Jagot J Beech-Jones J

purpose. In other words, detention is penal or punitive unless justified as otherwise.

The purpose of the law in this context, as elsewhere in constitutional discourse, must be identified at an appropriate level of generality. So identified at the appropriate level of generality, the purpose is that which the law is designed to achieve in fact. For an identified legislative objective to amount to a legitimate and non-punitive purpose, the legislative objective must be capable of being achieved in fact. The purpose must also be both legitimate and non-punitive. "Legitimate" refers to the need for the purpose said to justify detention to be compatible with the constitutionally prescribed system of government. Consistently with the principle in Lim, the legitimate purposes of detention – those purposes which are capable of displacing the default characterisation of detention as punitive – must be regarded as exceptional.

Consistency with the Lim principle accordingly entails that "a Commonwealth statute which authorises executive detention must limit the duration of that detention to what is reasonably capable of being seen to be necessary to effectuate an identified statutory purpose which is reasonably capable of being achieved".


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Richard the Third, IV. iv

Q. Eliz. That at her hands which the king's King forbids.

K. Rich. Say, she shall be a high and mighty queen.

Q. Eliz. To vail the title, as her mother doth.

K. Rich. Say, I will love her everlastingly.

Q. Eliz. But how long shall that title 'ever' last?

K. Rich. Sweetly in force unto her fair life's end.

Q. Eliz. But how long fairly shall her sweet life last?

K. Rich. As long as heaven and nature lengthens it.

Q. Eliz. As long as hell and Richard likes of it.

K. Rich. Say, I, her sovereign, am her subject low.

Q. Eliz. But she, your subject, loathes such sovereignty.

K. Rich. Re eloquent in my behalf to her.

Q. Eliz. An honest tale speeds best being plainly told.

K. Rich. Then plainly to her tell my loving tale.

Q. Eliz. Plain and not honest is too harsh a style.

K. Rich. Your reasons are too shallow and too quick.

Q. Eliz. O, no! my reasons are too deep and dead;

Too deep and dead, poor infants, in their graves.

K. Rich. Harp not on that string, madam; that is past.

Q. Eliz. Harp on it still shall I till heartstrings break.

K. Rich. Now, by my George, my garter, and my crown,—

Q. Eliz. Profan'd, dishonour'd, and the third usurp'd.

 347 king's forbids; cf. n.

349 vail: lower

362 quick: hasty

365, 366 Cf. n.

367 George; cf. n.

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 ANNUSTLY OF 37 M X e degete sich in dodge heme ad en hote that shin hot house Ju VE not known in English a sound betwund & v du as die in dead hous dh as 2. the as bh en abher in as mn in meat n harsher than ne me not It as I in the French cet I thast in the French est Hollandais 9 d'as d'in the french grand as the the asperate of the former Un as the first na the French non- I'm as the last win the same word pas pe in pug phas ich in uphon aphold. bas bin bed as y in year as v vv glav las t'in twe tidas enn vivasu in 100 and v'in une shas she in shine. is as I in as s in sun SL has h in house. khas ch in lock Eta guttural peculiar to the East


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Page:A Grammar of the Punjabi Language - William Carey.pdf/5

 S. Malan.

A

GRAMMAR

OF THE

PUNJABEE LANGUAGE.

BY W. CAREY, D. D.

Professor of the Sungskrit, Bengalee, and Mahratta languages, in the College of Fort William,

SERAMPORE:

RINTED AT THE MISSION-PRESS.

1812.


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114

K. Rich. I swear,—

Q. Eliz. By nothing; for this is no oath.

Thy George, profan'd, hath lost his lordly honour;

Thy garter, blemish'd, pawn'd his knightly virtue;

Thy crown, usurp'd, disgrac'd his kingly glory.

If something thou wouldst swear to be believ'd,

Swear, then, by something that thou hast not wrong'd.

K. Rich. Then, by myself,—

Q. Eliz. Thyself is self-misus'd.

K. Rich. Now, by the world,—

Q. Eliz. 'Tis full of thy foul wrongs.

K. Rich. My father's death,—

Q. Eliz. Thy life hath it dishonour'd.

K. Rich. Why, then, by God,—

Q. Eliz. God's wrong is most of all.

If thou didst fear to break an oath with him,

The unity the king my husband made

Thou hadst not broken, nor my brothers died:

If thou hadst fear'd to break an oath by him,

Th' imperial metal, circling now thy head,

Had grac'd the tender temples of my child,

And both the princes had been breathing here,

Which now, two tender bed-fellows for dust,

Thy broken faith hath made the prey for worms.

What canst thou swear by now?

K. Rich. The time to come.

Q. Eliz. That thou hast wronged in the time o'er-past;

For I myself have many tears to wash

Hereafter time for time past wrong'd by thee.

The children live, whose fathers thou hast slaughter'd,

 375 Cf. n.

378 God; cf. n.

381 brothers; cf. n.

391 Hereafter time: the future

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PREFACE.

THE extensive territorial possessions, the political influence, and the extended commerce of the British nation in the East, are constantly giving rise to a variety of circumstances which render a knowledge of the languages spoken in every part of India, and the countries contiguous thereto, highly important. Hence the necessity of Elementary Works in these languages.

The language which this grammar is intended to teach is spoken by the Shikhs, that singular people, who inhabit the Punjab, or the country lying between the Sutledge and the Indus.

The following sheets are intended to furnish short and appropriate rules for the acquisition of this language, without attempting any remarks upon the nature of grammar in general. Conscious that long disquisitions respecting minute circumstances only serve to deter a student from the study of a language, the writer of this work has endeavoured to give a sufficient number of rules in as simple a manner and as few words as possible.


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 WWWMN’I,

30

TIIE

FIRST

M4~¢MNWM¢¢II

“FORGET-ME-NOT.”

man when they came out—alas! that. he is not oftcner bright and grand~lookingl that care of so many ﬁelds, of so many creatures feeding, growing, working, so many barns, and sheds, and implements, and work-people, ﬁlls his brain full, leaving little chance for “joy and gladness" to enter! He is rich enough if he never again touches work, or entertains care of ﬁelds, cattle and laborers. When momma told him so to-day, standing before him, her hands reaching up and lying on his shoulders, he said, “Yes, I know; but I should be the dullest man living if I hadn’t care and work enough together to ﬁll up every minute when I’m awake. It is a necessity thnt I inherit from my busy New England fathers and mothers, back I don’t know how many generations; and I can’t stop; there's nothing of me if I do. I’m the most nervous person you ever saw, I can’t sleep if I don’t work. It's bad!” seeing mamma’s wondering, deprecating look. “I suppose this is the curse of labor. I suppose labor itself, mixed up with love, ﬂower- tending and rest in the shade, as it was in Eden,is a pure pleasure and beneﬁt; only, according f to Fiehte, man was but a baby then and needed 5 the work, the pain and ‘sweat of the brow, needed exactly what came, in short, the curse, and all the sorrow of it, to make him a man, worthy of'the new, greater Eden; worthy because he had had the energy, faith and love to come round to it.”

“That is good!" mamma said. “I like that doctrine; for it puts mercy even into the curse and makes me see how it was just, necessary, and even tenderly, that it should descend to us 5 all, and lie on us all until it ﬁts us for the great blessing. I never saw this blessing as I see it now and never longed for it so; for, my g husband, I want you to rest!”

3 plans for reading the kind of books that suit pa, gfor qualifying herself to talk of the things that S will interest pa, for luring him in this way to lei i sure and rest. We are going to study astronomy, natural history, and civil history thoroughly. ﬁll ing up completely the bare-frame-work we built up at school. We are going to have books; specimens and apparatus; are going, in this way to travel the sky, the air, the sea, the earth, and
 * on the pages, she turned to me and began to lay

ithe bowels of the earth, taking pa with us; then

i momma is sure, as I am, that he will be willing

t to let the oxen and the plough go their way,

iunder the eye and in the hands of those who need them in leveling their ﬁelds, raising their

daily bread. i “And Horace knows all about these things!"

concluded marnma. “ He has been over all the ground; or, so it seems to me; but he sees a whole life-time of study. I have heard him say so. You don’t know him, yet, dear. This crea ture, this Nisidia has had him all out of tune, as

unlike himself as morning is to midnight. ever since he has had anything to do with her. You'll see him, now, when he comesl There never was ’§adearer, better brother than he has been. There Ewas never a dearer, better husband, I am sure, i than he will be to you." Good night, auntie. Perhaps I will write a

§ little more after he comes to-morrow.

The 21.9! Here he is, auntie, safe, under the same roof, '5 and my whole being is, as it were, dissolved in gratitude. I could not believe, as the hour drew near, that he would come, that such happiness great, ; could come, as it would be having him here in S the same room with me, and knowing that he loved me.

Mamnm met him at the door and brought him II/

He took her little hands in his wide ones and E in. First he took my hand, looking in my face— held them a little with his eyes on her upturned 3 and how changed his air and all his expression face. “My wife, I do rest," said he. And he were, since our ﬁrst meeting when I was so dis does, in her, bless her! gtrustt'ul, and he began so soon to laugh at mel

Momma asked him where the book was he, We did not speak, at ﬁrst, either of us; but be quoted. He took it from the book-case, found E drew my hand nearer and nearer, drew me nearer the passage he had referred to, and then went. 5 and nearer, until he. passed his arm around we

Momma did not read it. With her hand lying and kissed my forehead. WWWM/w», Ww,,,w,lw”~

THE

FIRST

“FORGET—ME—NOT.”

Swn'r azure fairy of the ﬁelds, Wlth blue eye bathed in sparkling dew— Whoso presence many a memory yields Like perfume, as it brings anew And gently Steals, And now reveals The image of the loved—tho true.

mzl zlbnl lz’v

When o'er I FOG its Heavenly hue, My fancy wanders bright and Me, To distant lkles as pure and blue. That tenderly hung arched o’er thee; With many sighs To be those skies,

Which fondly may look down on thee.

n. c., .m


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 The central committee examines and confirms all systems of wages operating in metal works and keeps control over the carrying out of the standards valuation. The orders and instructions, within the limits of particular wage rates decrees issued by the central State authority, are obligatory upon the directorates of the trusts, works' managements and other economic organs in the metal industry. Thus, the metal workers' union bears full responsibility for the correct regulation of wages in the metal industry.

The fundamental principle guiding the union in this work has been explained in the resolution of the second conference quoted above. This principle was confirmed at the third conference, which supplemented it with a number of instructions of a practical character. The experience of the metal workers' union during this time also to a considerable degree confirmed the fundamental wages policy. The only guiding line of the union in the sphere of wages from the time of the October revolution has been to raise the productivity of labour, to develop a rational organisation of labour, and to arouse a healthy competition among the workers to raise the productive forces of the country. The metal workers' union was the first to put forward such an understanding of the wages question under the new conditions, and it succeeded in proving the correctness of its attitude to all the other labour unions in Russia. Connected with the question of wages are the questions of supplying the workers with working clothes and the protection of labour. The union works out the form of costume necessary for a given work, defines the standard on which special articles and requirements such as mittens, soap, leather jackets should be issued, and controls the manner in which this plan is carried out by the supply department.

In the work of protection of labour the union takes it upon itself to co-operate with the authorities (factory inspectors who are elected by the union) [in the working out and execution of measures connected with the improvements of technical and sanitary conditions of labour. In the factories the factory committees organise special committees for the protection of labour. Such committees are also attached to the regional branches of the union and the central committee. Unfortunately the extremely difficult material and productive conditions under which the republic has lived up to now has rendered it impossible for this great work to be properly developed.

Educational work also occupies one of the foremost places in the general work of the union. The union occupies itself particularly with the questions of professional and technical education of the young and the spreading of technical knowledge among adult workers. In this sphere the union works in the closest contact with the State educational organs.


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would be a safe guess that ninety-nine per cent. of the children in our United States love and worship the American Circus, and well they may, for it is an American institution, developed by that great American genius, Mr. P. T. Barnum.

Even the kings and queens of Europe, who are supposed to see everything that is worth while, had never seen the American Circus until Mr. Barnum took his show across the Atlantic Ocean and exhibited in Europe.

One of the pleasant pictures of spring-time is that of an excited group of children, gathered about the latest circus


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 poster. They stand with mouth agape, and eyes stretched wide open, while with their hands they gesticulate, trying vainly to express something of the mystery and wonder described upon the bill-board.

If the American circus is the delight of all the children and many of their elders as well, then the elephant is the very centre and circumference of the whole show. He is the chief figure in that great glittering pageant, the street parade. If the children feel strange thrills at the sound of the stirring circus bands, if they gaze in wonderment at the strange people in the parade, if their spinal columns feel delicious thrills of fear at the cages of wild animals, yet it is reserved for the elephants to register perfect ecstasy in the childish heart. The elephant is mighty, he steps with such stately tread, and there is such


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 an air of mystery about his driver that he at onee strikes twelve in the ehildish mind. From the elephants, the parade gradually fades away to the vanishing point.

This being the case, is it not wise to preface this book with a short sketch of the elephant family, especially as there will be some important facts included in this introduction which will not be touched upon in the main portion of the story?

The elephant family has been in the past very important, and a very large family. There are about fourteen distinct species found in fossils and in prehistoric rocks. But now the family has dwindled to two species: the African and the Asiatic elephant.

Of these, the African is slightly the larger and much the more untamable. There are very few cases of African ele-


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 phants fully domesticated. Jumbo, so long loved and admired by children, was the notable exception. The African elephant is usually rather taller and more rangy than the Asiatic, and his tusks are heavier. Also his ears are much larger, sometimes measuring three and a half feet in length by two and a half in width. Aside from these differences, the two living species of the elephant are quite alike. But the Asiatic elephant is the one we see in circuses and zoos.

There was another mighty elephant that lived upon the earth with primeval man, and is most interesting because of that fact. He was called the mammoth. A fine specimen of this mighty elephant was found a few years ago in Siberia frozen into a crevice in a glacier. He was so well preserved that the tissues of his flesh


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 were all intact, and even his hair was well preserved.

This mighty elephant was two or three feet taller than the very largest elephants upon the earth to-day, and he probably weighed a half more. So that would make him thirteen or fourteen feet high and weighing perhaps ten tons. Truly a huge beast.

The other species most commonly found in fossils and about which we hear the most is the mastodon, that was even larger than the mammoth.

So, as you see, all the members of this family have been veritable giants.

The elephant is very long-lived, even in these days, living from seventy-five to one hundred and thirty years. No one knows how long his life might have been in the prehistoric ages.


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 He goes back to a very distant date in the history of man. Elephants were used in India in repelling the attacks of Alexander the Great.

Towers which contained thirty or forty bowmen were mounted upon the elephants' backs. But these great animals are rather timid in some ways, so they often bolted in battle and did their friends quite as much damage as they did their enemies.

Hannibal used elephants in his army which crossed the Pyrenees and the Alps mountains and so marched down into italy and attacked imperial Rome. The elephant, notwithstanding his size, is very sure-footed and a very good mountain-climber. This is because they formerly lived much farther north than they do now. So we see that the elephant was formerly domesticated and that he went


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 into battle with his master. But, except in India, the art of capturing and training elephants seems to have been lost from about the time of the Christian Era till within the last century, when the elephant again became subservient to man.

The fact that the elephant once lived much farther north accounts in part for the theory that he was formerly covered with hair, but his living in the tropics has caused him to discard it as unnecessary.

This is probably why a baby elephant is born covered with a fine woolly hair, which he sheds when he is a few months old, and it never returns.

The female elephant gives birth to a baby elephant every three years after she is fifteen years old. This occurs until she is seventy-five, when she ceases to bear young. This would make the average


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 female elephant the mother of from fifteen to twenty elephants.

The elephant does not gain his full size and weight until he is about twenty-five. When he is born, he is three feet high and weighs two hundred pounds. After that he grows an inch a month until he is five years old. Then the growth is slower.

The strangest of all the elephant's peculiar organs is his trunk, which one scientist says contains forty thousand muscles. Certain it is that he can use it in many ways. It is so powerful that he can lift hundreds of pounds of weight with it, and so delicate that he can pick up a pin from the floor. It is by means of the trunk that the elephant drinks. He can also suck in much more water than he wants for his immediate use and store it up in his water-stomach, which in a full


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 grown elephant holds ten gallons. This makes him a good traveller in waste places where water is not plenty. If he has a mind to, he can draw the water from his stomach into his trunk at any time, and take a drink, or even squirt it over himself, thus taking a shower-bath. But he does not usually waste the extra water which he has stored up in that way.

The elephant's tusks are formed of dentine, a very valuable tooth-covering. They are merely greatly elongated upper teeth, which in some cases curve down and then up at an angle of forty-five degrees. These tusks, which form the ivory that man prizes so highly, in the case of the African elephant often weigh two hundred pounds.

The ivory in a large set of tusks is worth hundreds of dollars, and sometimes even


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 one or two thousand dollars. So the tuskers, as they are called, which are the bulls with the largest tusks, are usually shot as soon as they are captured. This is for two reasons. First, they are more valuable for ivory than for show purposes, and second, they are often rather hard to break, being stubborn.

Quite frequently a male elephant becomes estranged from the herd. He lives by himself and shuns the rest of the elephants. After a time, he becomes very morose and is a dangerous animal for a hunter to meet. Such an elephant is called a rogue.

The elephant has probably always been tamed in India where he is a sacred animal. The white elephant, especially, is regarded with great veneration. Also the twenty-toed elephant brings a fabulous


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the borders of Beauce and Maine, between the United States and Canada, lies a land of spruce forest and of hardwood ridges. Here little farms stand on the edge of the big timber, and far beyond them, in the depths of the woodlands, lie lumber-camps and the wide-flung paths of trappers and pelt-hunters.

I left the cars at Silent Water and rode off at once to Harding's, the house of the Beauce farmer where I meant to put up for the night. Mrs. Harding received me genially and placed an excellent supper before me. While I was eating it a squall blew up with the fall of darkness, and I was glad enough to find myself in safe shelter.

Outside the wind was swishing among the pines which enclosed the farmhouse, when, inside, the bell of the telephone, which connected us with St. George, forty miles distant, rang

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 price among the Indian princes. The usual complement of toes for the elephant is eighteen.

There was one white elephant in India many centuries ago which was so highly prized that two rival kingdoms got to waging war over him, and this war lasted for five generations of kings and cost thousands of lives.

The most dangerous thing about the elephant is his liability to must. This is a strange disease to which he is subject, and which makes him mad while it lasts. But its coming can be detected if the elephant-keeper is careful, so trouble can always be avoided. In the cheek-bones of the elephant there are two small holes from which flows a slight secretion. When the elephant is about to be taken with must, this vent gives off a fluid and also


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 a musty odor. The elephant-keeper should each day make an inspection of this vent with a straw. If he discovers the musty smell, he should at once take preventive measures.

If the elephant is immediately hobbled, and then chained up he can do no damage. Usually the attack will pass after a while. But occasionally an elephant becomes so violent that he has to be shot.

The elephant's memory is marvelous. A doctor once lanced the foot of an elephant, thus relieving him of great pain. Sixteen years passed and the man and the beast did not meet again. One day the elephant was parading in a certain city, when he stopped all of a sudden and going up to the sidewalk put out his trunk to salute the surgeon who had lanced his foot sixteen years before.


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 In Siam he is used in the lumber-yards and is a great lumber-piler.

The elephant has always furnished much sport for the princes in India, where he is used to hunt tigers. The men ride on the great beast's back and shoot the tiger from this vantage-ground.

A domesticated elephant is also often used in capturing wild elephants.

But all these stirring pictures of the elephant in tiger hunts, taking part in elephant-drives, and piling lumber are scenes of the Orient and far removed from our United States. Here we know the elephant as a show animal and the pride of the circus. True, he can when occasion requires put on a harness and draw a circus-wagon out of the mud when six horses have failed to start it, but he is usually seen marching along in the parade


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 with stately tread, or quietly eating hay in the animal tent. If he is very clever, he will come into the circus ring and do tricks that are fairly marvelous. But in these he does not use as much reason as we often think. They are more the result of months of patient training on the part of the trainer and a fine memory on the part of the pachyderm.

So I think it is as the circus favorite that we shall still have to know the elephant, the great feature in the parade, and the giant of all the circus wonders.

In this book, however, the author will take the reader to the jungle and the plain where the elephant lives and where he is captured, and show how he is brought from the wild, and tamed and taught tricks, until he becomes the very central figure in the American Circus.


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was born under a broad spreading blackwood-tree at the edge of the great jungle in the Malay Peninsula. So, you see, he was an Asiatic elephant.

Baby Elephant's mother had chosen his birthplace with great care and judgment. The wild mothers are always wise concerning their young. It was shady and cool under the blackwood-tree, and there was plenty of underbrush to shield them from curious eyes, not that they needed


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 greatly to be shielded, for the scent of the elephant is enough to strike terror to the heart of almost any of the jungle-dwellers, but it was well to be on the safe side. At the time Baby Elephant was born, his mother was fifty years old, but, as you have already learned, this is not an extreme age for elephants.

Baby Elephant's life for the first few weeks was very simple. The great herd to which he belonged and of which his mother was leader, slept in the daytime and fed by night. So when the tropical sun beat down over the plains with scorching heat, the elephants would go into the cool deep jungle and lie down in the shade to sleep; but when the sun had disappeared and the mellow moonlight flooded the plains, they came forth to graze. Baby Elephant's mother usually left him


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 in the jungle, hidden away in some secure spot when she went forth to feed. Baby Elephant's own meals were very easily obtained. He simply took his fill of elephant-milk at his mother's udders, just behind her forelegs, whenever he was hungry. While taking his meal, he had to curl his trunk up along his mother's side to keep it out of the way.

Baby Elephant himself was a perfectly formed elephant, even at birth. Just like his mother and the rest of the herd, only very small, for while he weighed only two hundred pounds his mother weighed over five tons.

Baby Elephant was a very playful, inquisitive jungle baby and his inquisitiveness often got him into trouble. When he was about a month old he attempted to chew his mother's ear one day when she was


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 lying down, and when she poked him away with her trunk he did not take the hint but went back to this new game again and again. Finally his mother tired of the sport and gave him such a push with her trunk that he went sprawling.

About the only times Baby Elephant left the jungle during the first weeks of his life were when he went to the water-hole to drink. At first he did not seem to know how to drink, but he watched his mother put her trunk in the water and fill it and then squirt the water into her mouth, and so Baby Elephant soon learned the trick. The mother elephant would also squirt the water over her body, giving herself a fine shower-bath. She treated Baby Elephant in the same way, much to his disgust at first, but he soon learned to like the shower-bath.


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 Among the worst things that Baby Elephant had to endure during his first summer were the swarms of ffies and mosquitoes. He did not much mind them on his skin, but they stung his eyes and nearly made him blind. Each day when he went to the water-hole his mother used to plunge his head under the water. At first he did not understand what she was doing it for and was much grieved at being so treated, but he finally saw that it was to wash the flies and mosquitoes away from his eyes and to cleanse them.

Like all wilderness babies, Baby Elephant was taught strict obedience. This applied especially to his staying just where his mother had secreted him when she went to feed in the night. Usually he was very good in this particular. She could come back after many long hours


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 and find him just where she had left him. But one night he transgressed his mother's command and came to grief.

He had usually slept while his mother was away but this night he was not sleepy and felt very curious and mischievous. There were many strange sounds in the jungle about him and he wondered what they meant. At first he tried to sleep, but sleep would not come to him, so finally he got up and began wandering around. Every few minutes he would return to the spot where his mother had left him, for he knew it was not right to leave it. But gradually he grew bolder and went farther into the jungle. Finally he went so far that he became lost, and then he wandered around and around trying to find his way back. Once he encountered a wild boar which rushed past him in the


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 underbrush. At last, when it was beginning to grow light in the east and he had become very lonely and fearful, he encountered a strange figure in the jungle path ahead of him. It was that of a long, live cat with phosphorus eyes and gleaming teeth and lashing tail. While Baby Elephant still stood staring at her. Spotted Leopard leapt full upon his back and sank her sharp claws into his side. Baby Elephant gave one painful, frightened squeak, which was as near as he could come to trumpeting, and bolted through the underbrush, being barely able to run under the weight of the leopard, which was itself not full-grown, or it never would have molested a young elephant.

As good luck would have it. Baby Elephant's mother had been trailing him for