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1893.] overdone, and that some among the humorous points that he scores are the result of rather cheap devices, but the tale as a whole is so well-knit, so spirited, and so exciting in its interest, that criticism of the minuter sort stands abashed in its presence.

Mr. Crawford's "Pietro Ghisleri" introduces us once more to the aristocratic Roman society made so familiar by the novels of the "Saracinesca" series, and even, incidentally, to many of the characters of those brilliant works of fiction. The new story is of surprising interest, and leaves little to be desired, either in constructive skill or in delineation of character. The plot is complicated and the structure compact; there is little of the padding that disfigures a number of the author's books, and often makes us feel that he was hard-pressed to fill the requisite number of pages. Many of Mr. Crawford's literary excursions have been unfortunate, noticeably his dreary novel of hypnotism and his formless Oriental fantasies; and we are glad that he has returned to the solid and familiar ground of contemporary life in the country best known to him. Mr. Crawford has recently deprecated putting the novelist's art at the service of science; but we are bound to express the opinion that, as social or historical documents, the series of his Roman stories have claims quite as strong as those based merely upon their power to amuse or to entertain.

"From Out of the Past " is one of the best novels that we have lately had occasion to read, and yet, so unobtrusive is its excellence, so far removed from the sensational its manner, it is likely to cause hardly a ripple upon the stream of current fiction. The scene is Touraine, although the characters are American, and something of the peace and old-world charm of the place has found its way into the author's pages. A deep and exquisite feeling for beauty in landscape and art has given the simple love-story of the book a setting that enhances its meaning at every point. The writer knows her Touraine minutely and lovingly; and as far as her book deals with French life it gives us the sane true life of the provinces, not the false and feverish life of the capital which so many take to be the typical life of France. Our chief adverse criticism upon the book must be for its occasional lapses into the style of the tourist manual; the author seems to know Touraine almost too well for strictly artistic purposes. The story of the book is skilfully told, although the reader is left until the very end in a not wholly justifiable state of suspense as to the outcome. We cordially commend the work to those in search of summer-afternoon literature.

A strong character gives a name to a strong book in Miss Elliott's "John Paget." He is one of two brothers whom fate separates when children, one of them to become a worldling, the other he of the title to become, through devious ways, both a preacher and a minister of the Gospel. His nature has the stamp of sincerity, and earnestness of purpose characterizes his every act. His religion, however subject to intellectual limitations, is of the true sort, for it supplements faith by undoubted works, and so commands our respect. As a protest against worldliness, as an almost passionate plea for the realities as distinguished from the shows of existence, "John Paget" is a book of fine ethical tone and worthy idealism. Yet it inculcates one lesson that is, in our opinion, distinctly false in its ethical bearings. The brothers have a cousin, Beatrice, who, after a youth of religious training in a Southern convent, is taken to the home of her relatives in New York, and there becomes devotedly attached to Claude, the brother of the worldly mind and training, who returns her love in at least equal measure. Now these two natures are in every essential respect fitted for one another; yet the shadow of dogma falls between them, and Beatrice, acting from what she supposes to be religious conviction, tears her love from her heart, and dies as the consequence. The author's sympathies are clearly with her heroine in this course; that is, we are clearly given to understand that she believes it right that two lives should be wrecked by a barren intellectual abstraction. Such tragedies occur in real life, no doubt, and perhaps we cannot greatly blame those who are directly responsible for them; but no condemnation of the system that trains young girls to act as Beatrice does can be too strong. Miss Elliott gives tacit assent to the system, and so her book seems to us to embody a profoundly immoral lesson. To the author, and to her heroine, certain passages (especially in the preface) of Mr. Ruskin's "Sesame and Lilies" might be recommended as profitable reading. It is a pity that so good and thoughtful a book as "John Paget" should have been marred by this insistence upon matters of "mint and anise and cummin," even if "the weightier matters of the law" be not wholly neglected.

A mining engineer from New England, searching for gold on a Virginia plantation, incidentally falling in love with a fair maiden of the South, and coming to a tragic end in the old graveyard to which, without reckoning upon native prejudice and superstition, he had extended his diggings this is the story told in "Broadoaks" by Miss McClelland. The first thing that occurs to the reader is the use made by Miss Murfree of a similar situation, although the resemblance is not carried into detail. The story is well thought out, has the atmosphere of its locality, and offers, in its negro-character sketches, a certain element of semi-humorous diversion.

"The Love Affairs of an Old Maid" are really the love affairs of a number of her friends, reflected in the sympathetic and generous consciousness of the narrator. In these pages, unaffected and exquisite in style, sparkling with humor, yet softened by a pathos that reaches the very depths of the spiritual life, are sketched the heart-stories of a dozen men and women, each with a few swift incisive strokes, and, for the most part, an insight that makes of the book a gallery of distinctly individual


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 hang suspended in the ether like a morning star. My will is greater than any physical force, because I believe in it: I have confidence in my own ability to do whatever I wish. So far, I have conducted myself like an average man because of my desire and not on account of my limitations. Man has a soul, and that ethereal force is greater than any law of nature that he ever thought of, or of any that God ever created. He is purely and totally supreme—if he so desires."

It was after such a challenge to us, and the universe, that our chemist, Bullard, gathered courage to challenge his power. He stated his opinion sharply and to the point:

"I do not believe you."

"What is that to me?" answered the professor.

“Simply this. You make a statement of certain powers that you have. I say that it is not true. Of what good is it to boast if you know that we think you a liar? Can you do these things? If you can, do them for us, and I for one will call you greater than God. Fail to do them, and I brand you as a boasting liar."

The professor looked at the chemist, and we, breathlessly, waited for the blow to fall. But he only laughed.

"You want a sign? A proof? I have thought of just such a thing, and I would have proposed it myself had one of you not asked for it. The thing must be visible to you all, something that I can demonstrate, a thing unheard of, a thing thought by all men to be impossible, and yet I will do it. Listen to me.

"You have all seen the jelly-fish, called the Bishop's Miter. When it is magnified three hundred times under the microscope, it looks like a small balloon with a large opening at one end. It propels its way through the water by the flagellate movement of its cilia. The walls are translucent and transparent. At the top there are two specialized groups of nerve cells which we believe may serve as eyes. The opening at the bottom serves as a mouth. Smaller cells enter there and are absorbed. I describe it to refresh your memory, though all of you have seen it. I will secure one in a hanging drop under the microscope, and then we will attach the camera and cinema to it. We will project the picture on our screen. You will see the Miter move and live; you will observe the cilia move.

"While we have the actual specimen under observation, I will look at it through the microscope. Then I will demonstrate to you that I am not the idle boaster that you think I am. I will perform an experiment that will win for me the name of the greatest scientist that has ever lived."

When he had told us the nature of it we were too much astonished to reply. It seemed evident that the man had become insane. He smiled at us as though we were children.

After waiting for an answer and seeing that we had none to give, he began to prepare the apparatus for the experiment. Finally all was to his satisfaction. After examining several drops of water from our specimen jar, he was able to imprison a Bishop's Miter in the hanging drop under the microscope. He turned on the electricity, and we saw the jelly-fish move upon the screen.

The professor carefully adjusted the apparatus till the organism appeared with more than usual distinctness. We saw the little animal that he had so carefully described to us. We even saw the little projections, which we believed were rudimentary visual organs.

Then Professor Quierling told the cinema operator what he wanted done. He was to take a picture, starting from the time the professor disappeared down the brass tube of the microscope and continuing till he reappeared. No matter what hap-


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92 prosper in. The actor need not now eat out his heart with chagrin that his patient merit has to suffer whips and scorns on his profession's account. Society not only welcomes him, but holds him much in favor, for in these times the famous player has the advantage that attends preferment after revolution. He occupies a place in which he yet feels new, and of which he speaks mysteriously, and in which he is regarded with some curiosity. Even Mr. Irving could not repress a sort of chuckle from his lecture before the Philosophical Institution of Edinburgh. Before long all this reserve and strangeness will have disappeared, and the apologist of the theatre will be as rare a bird as the theatrical "reformer," described as one who combines with intellectual superciliousness a timidity as to moral contamination. Mr. Irving finds the stage as it is both elevating and educating, a social benefactor and benefit to the individual, notwithstanding its sins of omission and of commission; and I think no sociologist is prepared to dispute him. Indeed, the old warfare against the stage is about ended, or, if pursued, is so to the disadvantage of those who wage it; of course I mean indiscriminate warfare, battle against the theatre.

Not less important than the first, but more technical and of immediate interest to the limited number, is Mr. Irving's lecture on the Art of Acting. He finds as remarkable improvement in that regard as in the moral and social status of the theatre; and particularly commends the modern adoption of Hamlet's advice to the players as the rule and guide of action. Artifice is more and more dispelled, and the decrees of art become the utterance of nature. We learned sometime ago from his friendly rejoinders to Coquelin that Mr. Irving has no sympathy with the brilliant and specious Diderot's idea that the actor must be insensible to the emotions he simulates. It seems impossible there should be any great acting without profound sensibility, though it is the business of the artist to control his feelings within conscious bounds; careful not to overstep the modesty of nature by letting passion get the better of judgment. Not to follow too far the interesting lead of Mr. Irving's delightful volume and valuable addition to stage literature, this quotation, which presents a summary of the actor's art, will serve also as an epitome of the three especially æsthetic lectures:

For a good story, that pretends to be nothing more than a story, that impels to no soul-searchings, and that is instructive only in the mildest way, the season has brought us nothing better than "The Refugees." Dr. Doyle's work usually has a way of suggesting some one of the masters of fiction with "Micah Clarke" and "The White Company" the suggestion was of Scott, while with the Sherlock Holmes series it was only of Gaboriau,—and the Franco-American romance now before us tempts to characterization of its writer as a Dumas doublé de Cooper. Taking the revocation of the Edict of Nantes as his central episode, Dr. Doyle seeks (not in vain) to interest us in the fortunes of a Huguenot family group; and his story divides neatly into two parts, one of which, quite as good as "Le Vicomte de Bragelonne," takes us to the court of "le Roi Soleil," while the other, no less thrilling than "The Last of the Mohicans," transports us to the wilds of the New World, and gives us some of the best Indian fighting to be found in books. Adventure is piled upon adventure with startling swiftness of succession; but we soon learn that the author has a way for his hero out of the difficulties he encounters, however desperate, and we can only feign alarm at the critical moments. We must say that the writer's Americans (not Indians) are a little


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114 Is this an example that you're saying, like, Michael Brown would, like, report to Roman and Roman would, like, give instructions far purposes of, like, the script and making calls to elected officials?

I don't know. You'd have to ask Brown, you know, what their relationship was and what they discussed.

Okay. Do you recall hearing at times that Michael Brown was waiting for instructions from Roman? Do you recall that just in meetings or talking to him?

I recall that, you know, reading it now, reading it over text message. And Michael Brown reported to Mike Roman, so in any instance talking about any task it would not be uncommon for him to say, "I'm waiting on Roman to respond." I feel like that's a typical boss-employee relationship.

And if you turn the next page to 503, there's a draft script. And if you go to 505, I think it's a—he makes some—there's some slight changes.

Do you recall if this is the script that was used? And believe this related to Arizona based off of the wording and the message. And this is on Bates 505—1505.

You know, I don't recall if this ended up being the final version or not, no.

But looking at it, does this look like they generally have kind of similar language and it—

Yeah, going back to the one—you know, like I said earlier, it was slightly—I guess it was slightly tweaked for each State. But this language looks the same as the draft we talked about before the lunch break.

And that was a draft relating to the State of Georgia, I believe?

The one we talked about before lunch was about Georgia.

Okay. Do you recall ever calling any governors or secretaries of state as part of this project?


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115 No. I don't think I've ever spoken to a governor or secretary of state at all.

How about any U.S. attorneys or representatives within the U.S. Attorney's Office of anywhere in the country?

No. I don't know what kind of attorney Linda Kerns was, the one who I said I just drove to and from the meeting, but that's the only attorney I can think of that might be relevant.

So—and no—don't recall any calls made to, like, district attorneys within any of the States—

No.

—that you're making calls to? Okay.

[Discussion off the record.]

The Okay. Sorry. I don't really know what a district attorney is.

 * BY

Not a problem, that's fine.

Ms. McCallum, O wanted to ask a question about timing. Does this text chain that we've just been reviewing in tab 17, does it read to you like this was the first one of these call projects that you were given?

Yeah, I think that would be safe to say, that this was very likely the first one.

Got it. Okay. So since it seems like the script is being developed on these texts, and we reviewed other scripts that were more stand-alone documents, do you think it's fair to say that this document that is dated November 30th kind of helps ta pin down when those calls were made, that they would've been after this date of November 30th?

Yes, I think so.

Okay.


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116 Ms. Lofgren, did you have any questions?

Ms. Nope.

Great.

Ms. I'm just fine. Thank you.

Wonderful.

 * BY

Okay. Sa let's—how about let's turn to tab 18, with Bates 1571.

Okay.

You can take a minute to review it.

(Pause.)

Okay. I'm ready.

So when we had just talked about tab 17 with Bates 1501 that referred to Arizona, and this also appears to refer to Arizona, is that right, this script on tab 18?

Yes, that's correct.

And I don't think we had asked you before. Towards the beginning of the script it says, "I wanted to personally reach out to you on behalf of the President as you will be a crucial part of President Trump's reelection."

Had President Trump ever asked you to make these calls himself?

No.

Okay.

I'd like to reiterate, I did not write the script.

Understood. And so this script, do you know who wrote this script for Arizona on Bates 1571?

Yeah. I, you know, was comparing it to the documents we were reviewing earlier, this script that's on 1505 and beyond, on the 17 tab, yeah, and they don't seem to


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90 In short, Dr. Ebers resolved, not without some twinges of his scientific conscience, to compose a novel embodying this troublesome material, and the outcome was "The Egyptian Princess"—a title suggested by Auerbach. His account of the reception by the austere Lepsius of the finished manuscript is amusing:

With the account of his first novel, Dr. Ebers closes the first instalment of his autobi- ography. We shall look for the half-promised supplementary volume with interest.

Whatever the place to which definitive criticism may assign the fame of Mr. Henry Irving as an actor, there is no possibility that his service to the stage, as artist, producer, champion, will be overpraised. He deserves of his professional brethren more than the pretense of gratitude, and the intellectual world is under obligation to him not merely for additions to its refinement but for positive increase of its knowledge. It is not necessary to assume that before Mr. Irving's time there was no actor esteemed and no art of acting appreciable, for in his excellent little volume of Addresses on the Drama—in which jewels of literature sort with gems of reason—our lecturer is at loving pains to tell us what noble figures in his regard are four of the masters of other days, Burbage, Betterton, Garrick, Kean. But Mr. Irving chanced upon, though he partly brought about, an era of dramatic renaissance, to which Edwin Booth and Lawrence Barrett in our own country, Salvini and Rossi in Italy, Sonnenthal and Barnay in Germany, were equally coincident and contributory. It was the first period in the history of the theatre that found actors ready and capable to assert themselves as peers in the kingdom of Genius, entitled to move by authority and not by sufferance; and they claimed the right to be received as equals and factors, not as proteges and exhibits, of the society that tardily opened to them its doors.

Circumstances have peculiarly favored Mr. Irving, and he has had the shrewdness to derive their full benefit. He came in the deciduous season of the English stage. The great ones were fallen or falling, and there was so little promise in the rising actors that the chief honors were to be worn by him who should most urgently set himself to possess them. Though he has something of the poetic temperament and much of artistic culture, Mr. Irving is firmly practical, methodic, and calculating. Ardent impulses never mislead him; calm, discriminating judgment guides him. As a young man he saw the opportunities opening to someone in the uncertain conditions of the English theatre, and he determined to be that someone. He strove with a strenuousness it is not in the power of fate to resist. He began by educating himself, with an eye to mastery; and, assiduous then, he has been unremitting since. Truly and thoroughly proud of his vocation, nothing would content him but that it should be so much a pride to others as to give its chief representatives absolute equality with the eminent followers of other arts and professions. So it came about that to-day we have, eloquently worded and of manly spirit, preserved in the covers of a book, lectures delivered by an actor as the nobly honored guest of that stern and august mistress of learning, the Philosophical Institution of Edinburgh; of that ancient contemner of the mummer vagabond, the University of Oxford; and of Harvard, venerable in age but never intolerant. That Mr. Irving should a little exult in his triumph and in the greater triumph of the stage, was a thing expected and pardonable; but the objection may be urged against him that he has been so candid in the expression of his satisfaction as rather to give the impression of a favor received than of a right secured. However, it must be admitted that for a grievous time in the world's history the actor class was, partly through its own ignoble obsequiousness, but mostly by force of community prejudices and ignorance, made unworthy social esteem; and if the old trend of thought bore off the current of new ideas long after the stage had indicated its right to the regard of the wise and the good, there is abundant reason now for gratulation that a


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 with it the spirit of religion, which I recognized as the only divine force which moved humanity, and who have been in search of the highest expression of this religion, which would be accessible to me; for me, who above all believe in God my Father, through whose will I exist, suffer, and agonizingly search after his revelation; for me to admit that these senseless, blasphemous words are the only answer which I can receive from my Father in response to my entreaty as to how to understand and love him, for me this is impossible.

It is impossible to believe that God, my good Father (according to the teaching of the church), knowing that my salvation or perdition depends on my comprehension of him, should have expressed the most essential knowledge about himself in such a way that my reason, which he has given me, should not be able to comprehend his expressions, and (according to the teaching of the church) should have concealed all that truth, so important to men, under indications in the plural number of verbs and, in any case, in an ambiguous, obscure interpretation of words, such as the Spirit and the Son, in Jesus’ farewell conversation in St. John, and in the spurious verse in the Epistle, and that my knowledge of God and my salvation and that of billions of men should depend on a greater or lesser verbal glibness of all the Renans and Makáris. I shall believe him who has the best arguments.

No! If it were so, God would have given me such an intellect that 1=3 would be as comprehensible as it is impossible now, and such a heart that it would be a joy to admit three gods, whereas now my heart revolts against them, or, at least, he would have given all that to me in a definite and simple manner, and not in debatable and ambiguous words. God cannot have commanded me to believe. The very reason why I do not believe is because I love, worship, and fear God. I am afraid to believe the lie which surrounds us and to lose God. That is


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 impossible, and not only impossible, but it is quite clear that it is not the truth, that I was mistaken in thinking that I could find an answer and a solution of my doubts in the church. I had intended to go to God, and I found my way into a stinking bog, which evokes in me only those feelings of which I am most afraid: disgust, malice, and indignation. God, that incomprehensible, but still existing one, by the will of whom I live! Thou hast implanted in me this striving after the knowledge of thee and of myself. I have erred, I have searched after the truth in the wrong place. I knew that I erred. I have pampered my evil passions, and I knew that they were bad, but I have never forgotten thee; I have always felt thee, even in moments of erring. I came very near perishing, when I lost thee, but thou gavest me thy hand, and I grasped it, and life was illuminated for me. Thou hast saved me, and I am searching after this alone: to come near unto thee, and to understand thee as much as is possible. Help me, teach me! I know that I am good, that I love and want to love all, and want to love truth. Thou art the God of love and truth, take me nearer unto thee, disclose everything to me, so that I may be able to understand about myself and about thee!

And the good God, the God of truth, replies to me through the mouth of the church: “The Deity is one and trine. Oh, most glorious transformation!”

Go yourselves to your father, the devil, you who have taken the keys of the kingdom of heaven and have not yourselves entered it and have closed it against others! You are not speaking of God, but of something else.


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'''FIGURE 8. Fitting-out quay at the Slavak Shipyard at Komarno (U/OU)'''

Commercial waterway transportation is controlled by the Ministry of Transportation through its Main Administration of Navigation, which administers and directs the activities of the two nationalized shipping companies. Within their respective operating areas each company maintains its own fleet, administers port activity, and is responsible for equipment and personnel. Waterway construction and maintenance are the responsibility of several regional national committees and the Central Administration of Water Economy. International navigation on the Danube is regulated by the U.S.S.R.-sponsored Danube Commission. All riparian states except West Germany are full members.

Development of waterway transportation has been slow. Current projects underway include reconstruction of lock-and-dam installations on the Elbe and Vltava and large-scale port expansion and modernization at Usti-nad-Labem, Decin, and Bratislava; container terminals are being constructed at Decin and Bratislava. Fleet development is still being directed toward the acquisition of new units, particularly higher capacity self-propelled barges and pusher trains. Specifications for the long-discussed CEMA project to interconnect the Danube, Oder, and Elbe rivers by a combination of land-cut canals and canalized tributaries were approved in June 1973. Major construction work is now programmed to begin in 1974. Extensions of the Danube, Oder, and Elbe would project north, southwest, and southeast, respectively, to form a three-way junction near Prerov in central Czechoslovakia. Preliminary work such as dredging and bank reinforcement is underway on another CEMA project, the large-scale hydroelectric and navigation scheme on the Danube near Gabcikovo. The scheme will include two large dams, two hydroelectric plants, two sets of double-chambered locks, and a 26-kilometer shipping canal extending to Nagynaros, Hungary.

Selected principal inland waterway routes, providing 251 route miles of primary navigation, are described in detail in Figure 9. Representing slightly more than 50% of the total navigability, the selected waterways account for over 90% of the yearly waterway tonnage. They include all of the important high-capacity through routes between major production and/or strategic areas and are routes that make links to routes with significant international connections.

F. Pipelines

Czechoslovakia has extensive pipeline systems for handling crude oil, refined petroleum products, and natural gas. More than 3,000 miles of trunk pipeline are in operation, and more pipelines are under construction or planned for the near future.

The most important crude oil pipelines are part of the CEMA pipeline system, which extends westward from Soviet oilfields near the Ural Mountains to refineries in the western U.S.S.R., Poland, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary. In Czechoslovakia the CEMA system consists of parallel 21- and 28-inch lines with a combined capacity of approximately 400,000 barrels per day. These two lines extend from Uzhgorod, U.S.S.R., to Tupa, Czechoslovakia, near Sahy. From Tupa a 21-inch line with a capacity of 115,000 barrels a day extends to the Slovnaft refinery near Bratislava, and a 12-inch, 40,000 barrels-per-day line extends to the Szazhalombatta refinery near Budapest, Hungary. From Tupa the two main CEMA lines extend through Kolin to the refinery at Zaluzi. By 1975, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Yugoslavia plan to build the "Adria Pipeline," which will transport Middle East crude oil from the port of Bakar, Yugoslavia to refineries in the three countries. The estimated capacity of this line is 240,000 barrels per day.

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When James Connolly, Marxian socialist and Commander-in-Chief of the Irish revolutionary army of Easter Week, 1916, was awaiting his doom at the hands of a British firing squad, his last words spoken to his daughter Nora, expressed a fear that his comrades in the socialist movement would not understand this action. And few of them did. British socialists in particular, not all of them tho, regarded Connolly's heroic act as a nationalist gesture, not having any relation whatever to the class struggle. That Connolly was a revolutionist of the new type, a man who knew all the weak spots in the imperialist structure and also knew how to mobilize all the anti-imperialist forces against the enemy, is proven by Comrade Schuller in his excellent article to which those few words are an introduction.

James Connolly was born of proletarian parents in the northern part of Ireland. He was obliged to go to work for a boss at an early age. In fact, he had to lie about his age in order to evade the law regarding child labor. Early in his life he became interested in the socialist movement and agitated in Scotland, England and Ireland, before his first visit to the United States for a speaking tour.

Tho extremely active in the American working class movement, despite the mental agony he suffered owing to the distress of his family, thru poverty, Connolly never lost interest in the Irish revolutionary movement, nationalist and proletarian. He attached considerable importance to the necessity of reaching the Irish nationalist workers in the United States with the message of socialism. He founded the Irish Socialist Federation and The Harp, as its official organ. Of this monthly sheet Connolly was editor, printer and newsboy.

The Federation, and its mission, was sneered at in a superior manner by the official socialists and it gradually


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 declined. In 1910 Connolly returned to Ireland at the invitation of some of his old comrades and he went to work in Belfast as organizer for the Irish Transport and General Workers' Union, which was founded by Jim Larkin. Connolly held this position until 1914, when Larkin went to the United States on a speaking tour and remained there involuntarily for over eight years.

After Larkin left Ireland Connolly took charge of the I. T. and G. W. U. The union existed chiefly on paper. It was demoralized after the defeat inflicted on it in the great lockout of 1913–14. With all Connolly's ability as an organizer, he was unable to bring the membership up to more than 5,000 when the Easter Week uprising took place.

When Connolly took charge of the union, one of his first acts was to establish a printing plant for turning out illegal literature in Liberty Hall, the union headquarters. It was on this press that most of the revolutionary literature was turned out in the early days of the war.

Connolly was everything but a pacifist. A student or military tactics, particularly of street fighting he developed the Citizen Army, a military organization composed of trade unionists which grew out of the Dublin strike. This little army was the back bone of the force that challenged the mighty power of imperial Britain in 1916. The Citizen Army guarded Liberty Hall against the British soldiers and defended the illegal printing press with their lives.

Connolly was determined that the opportunity presented by the imperialist war must not be allowed to pass without revolutionary Ireland rising in arms against the empire. With this end in view he sought an alliance with the Irish Republican Brotherhood, the descendant of the Fenian Brotherhood, which gave England a nightmare after the American Civil War. The alliance was consummated and thus Connolly brought about a union between the revolutionary nationalists and the militant section of labor, tho taking care to preserve the inde-


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 pendence of the labor movement. He consistently pointed out that Irish labor was always betrayed in the past when it allowed itself to be made the tool of the bourgeois class who always sold out to the foreign enemy at the first opportunity.

When the world war broke out Connolly like other revolutionists expected that the social democratic leaders would raise the standard of revolt. He gave vent to his disappointment in language that burns and sears. He excoriated the social patriots and spurious pacifists with voice and pen. He said that the declaration of war by the capitalists should be the signal for civil war on the part of the European working class, that the workers should raise the banner of revolution when the "first note from the bugle of war rang out upon their ears". Instead the traitorous leaders "who pledged the life long love of comrades in the international army of labor" because the hangmen and murderers of the working class and the bullets that snuffed out the life of James Connolly were fired by guns directed by a British cabinet in which sat a member of the Second International, the Honorable Arthur Henderson.

When Connolly bid bood bye to his comrades in the union headquarters as he was leaving for his last fight he said to one of them with a smile on his lip and that laughing glint in his eye: "We are going out to get slaughtered. Stay with the union. It needs you."

When the gallant little army of rebels surrendered, neither Connolly nor his comrades asked for quarter. They insisted that their followers be exempted from the death penalty. The promise was made only to be broken, in harmony with Britain's record thru Irish history. Connolly was carried on a stretcher to the place of execution, propped up against a wall and murdered. The British knew what they were doing when they murdered James Connolly but they paid thru the nose for it since then and the debt is still unpaid.

In Connolly's death the Irish labor movement lost its


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 only revolutionary theoretician. Connolly had little use for the windy blatherskite or for the cloister sociologist. He was a well-rounded revolutionary, indeed, as Comrade Schuller points out a true Leninist before that word was coined into the English language. His life, his work and his heroic death should be an inspiration to those who must carry forward the flag where it dropped, torn and blodostainedbloodstained [sic] from his hands. Not only is Connolly's memory a heritage of the Irish working class but his tactics in the Irish struggle against British imperialism can be studied to advantage by the workers of all lands. He is Ireland's most precious contribution to the international proletariat.

In publishing this little book the Workers (Communist) Party, not only pays a deserving tribute to our martyred comrade, but it also wishes to bring the attention of workers of Irish birth or descent in the United States to the necessity of joining hands with workers of all races in the land in which they are exploited to the end that they may emancipate themselves from the thralldom of the system which Connolly died fighting against and to erect upon its ruins the Workers' Republic which Connolly laid down his life fighting for.

—T. J. O'Flaherty.

December 20, 1926.


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117 vary significantly. So my assumption in looking at this is these were the, you know, more slight changes.

From Mr. Brown?

I assume.

Okay. In looking at this, it looks similar to the other—kind of the other scripts we've talked about today.

Yes, it looks pretty similar, yes.

Okay. And if you go towards the bottom, it says—there's a sentence, "This effort is happening in other States where fraud was rampant, including Pennsylvania, Arizona, and Georgia." I wonder if that might be—it looks like it might be a typo if this is about Arizona, but that sentence refers to other States, and Arizona—

Yes, I would assume it's a typo. I also don't know if this is, you know, the final script that was followed.

And here, if you go towards the bottom, it says, "When there is a resolution to appoint electors for Trump, can the President count on you to join in support?"

Did you do any work as part of your role for the Trump campaign involving any resolutions to appoint electors for Trump?

Can you repeat the question?

Yes. Part of your job responsibilities for the Trump campaign, did you ever do any work to help support a resolution in individual States to appoint electors for Trump?

No.

Okay. Do you know what that refers to, what "resolution to appoint electors for Trump" refers to?

I don't.


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118 :BY

Oh, one question about this one, just on the back of that page in tab 18. There are some additional talking points under the heading, "Curveball Quick Tricks."

After looking at those, do you recall whether you ever delivered these talking points after the script on the previous page?

I'm taking a minute to read through them.

Sure.

No, I don't remember. As I stated earlier, mostly what I did was leave voicemails. There are very few people that I actually spoke on the phone with. And my conversation with them would be whatever is recorded in the notes in the spreadsheet exhibit.

Okay.

 * BY

Did you ever do any in-person meetings with any of the elected officials or only voice—through phone calls or text?

No, I never met any State representatives or State senators.

So if you want to, let's see, turn to tab 20, in that first document, Bates 1648.

Uh-huh.

And this is also a longer communication, so if you want to take your time to review it. So I want to ask you very detailed questions about it.

(Pause.)

Okay. Yeah, I think we can go ahead and review this.

So did you have a chance to review it?

Yes.

And does this, reviewing the communication, does this relate to your work


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119 for the Trump campaign?

This relates to, I think I mentioned it earlier, with the Wisconsin incapacitated voters research, which I don't know if I stated this, but after I left Philadelphia, at that point I was fully focused on the Senate runoff in Georgia. And with this conversation and this project being the exception, I solely worked on work related to the NRSC and the Georgia Senate runoff. This is the only other thing that I did for the Trump campaign after I left Philadelphia.

Understood. Yeah, sol was going to ask, because the date is December 23rd and it seemed a little bit later than—

That's correct. That was what! was referring to is right before Christmas when we were all at home. This is the research that I was talking about.

So when—like, were you working through a list?

Yeah, I can explain this a little more. I'm wondering if it's a little bit out of order or—

I think some—the photos I think you were trying to show, which was great, like the entire chain, so there's sometimes repeats.

Right.

But it's just to capture the whole conversation. So it's a little confusing in that way, but it should be in the right order. It's just you might see, like, duplicates.

Okay. So this started with, you know, Pete, Peter McGinnis, who | mentioned worked, you know, in an assistant role for Mike Raman, reaching out ta myself and Madison Crawley about doing this research.

So Peter provided Madison and myself with a list of incapacitated voters in Wisconsin. And basically the idea was we just googled their name or, you know, Facebook search bar, something like that, to just see if they were actually incapacitated


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120 or not.

So I recall from your production you had—there were, like, Facebook posts—

Uh-huh.

and I think it looked like you were doing internet research on individuals and, like, where they were maybe at certain points of time. 1s that potentially, like, related to this project?

Yes. So—and it's been a while, so correct me if I'm wrong, but incapacitated means, you know, you are stuck in your home, for lack of a better word. So I think their reason—reasons—they were on vacation or something, you know, during election day would be part of the reason as to why they, you know, maybe were not incapacitated.

Did Mr. McGinnis or anyone else ever say why—what this information was being used for?

There is—I'm sorry. I'm looking for it. I know it's—so he does respond, and it's the last photo in this. It's 1654. He responds and says, "Email sent off," you know. And then the next message says, "Jon said we did an awesome job."

I don't know who Jon is. It's clear that he sent an email to someone and then Jon responds and says we did an awesome job.

And with respect to, if you know, the "47 hits total," would that be 47 individuals who did not appear incapacitated?

I would assume so.

Okay. And it looks like this—all this work was done in the span of maybe a long day. Is that right?

Yes, this all just seems to be from one day.


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 stricken population, and everything outside the city walls wore a dreary and desolate aspect. Amurath completed their ruin, and after his siege a few open villages, tenanted by small farmers, were all that was left to the Greeks. And within the city itself clearly visible the signs of feebleness and poverty, and of an utter absence of public spirit. The once magnificent streets, which amazed visitors from the West by their gorgeous display of wealth and luxury, now presented long ranges of ruined houses and palaces, from which the architectural glories of old, the marble columns and exquisite mosaics, had been purchased and carried away by the merchant princes of Venice and Genoa. Constantinople was, in fact, a ruined city. It is true, indeed that even in this period of swift and plainly-marked decay a Greek could, in a letter to the emperor, John Palæologus, boast in pompous phrases of its surviving splendour; but, as Gibbon observes, "a sigh and confession escape from the orator that his wretched country was but the shadow and sepulchre of its former self." The people, it would appear, had become too spiritless even to take common precautions against the frequent recurrence of famine and of pestilence. Between 1348 and 1418 the last-mentioned calamity is said to have afflicted the city eight times; and the first, as we might almost infer, came at frequent intervals. A specially deadly disease wrought terrible havoc among the citizens in the year 1431, some years after the siege by Amurath. After this we can hardly wonder that they had neither heart nor spirit, as indeed they had not adequate


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 him in Constantinople than the tiara of the pope. They were infinitely too conceited to think that they might with advantage learn a few new lessons. They certainly might with considerable profit to themselves have taken a hint from their enemies, the Turks, whom their great Sultan Amurath had at least taught truth and honesty, as well as valour, by his own noble example. The Turk of those days was undoubtedly a favourable contrast to the Greek, and this was the conviction even of many Christians. The princes of the House of Othman really owed their successes, in part at least, to the superiority of their moral qualities. A Greek official was pretty sure to be greedy and corrupt. If he was proud of his city, he would hardly serve it or fight for it in an honest way. The state was miserably poor, but there were vast hoarded treasures in the possession of a few rich and selfish people, who paraded their fine furniture and wardrobes, and buried their superfluous wealth deep in the earth. In the very last struggle, the emperor could not find the means to pay his troops. He had to ransack the churches for plate and jewels, though his Greeks pretended to believe that their cathedral, St. Sophia, had been desecrated by the celebration within its sacred walls of the union of the Eastern and Western Churches. The people who grudged their blood and treasure in defence of the city of which they boasted as pre-eminently holy and divine, wrangled angrily with the Latins concerning the bread of the Lord's Supper, whether it should be leavened or unleavened, at the very moment when the common enemy of Christendom was thundering at their


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Matter No C17/2013 THE AUSTRALIAN ELECTORAL COMMISSION

AND

DAVID JOHNSTON & ORS

Matter No P55/2013 ZHENYA WANG

AND

DAVID JOHNSTON & ORS

Matter No P56/2013 SIMON MEAD

AND

DAVID JOHNSTON & ORS

1. The questions of law which on 13 December 2013, were ordered to be tried separately be answered as follows:


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 gates. "They would not have listened," says the historian Ducas, "to an angel from heaven, bidding them be at peace with Rome." It would seem that the popular and monastic sentiment was fanatical to a degree which even those who are most familiar with the extremes of religious bitterness would find it hard to realise. Some, indeed, of the higher ecclesiastics, who were no doubt men of culture, were free from this shocking infatuation, but the general tone of the citizens rendered patriotism impossible, and almost compels us to believe that they thoroughly deserved their fate.

The "great destroyer," as Gibbon calls Mahomet II., succeeded to his father Amurath at the age of twenty-one. To the emperor, who knew something of his tastes and character as a boy, he did not at first seem likely to be very formidable or dangerous. Constantine underrated his capacity, and perhaps now and then flattered himself with the idea of a brief respite for his city. He was soon undeceived. The young sultan began his reign with the murder of an infant brother, and with the maturer wisdom of his later years he obtained from his legal advisers a formal sanction of the practice of imperial fratricide for "his illustrious descendants, in order to secure the repose of the world." Then, it is said, he went on to murder certain ministers who had dissuaded his father from trusting him with power during his own lifetime. He could be, it was clear, savagely cruel, and it might be fairly presumed that he would be unscrupulous and perfidious; and now it began to be whispered that bad times were in store for the feeble and unfortunate


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 1. Did the loss of the 1,370 ballot papers between the fresh scrutiny and the re-count mean that the 1,370 electors who submitted those ballot papers in the poll were "prevented from voting" in the Election for the purposes of s 365 of the Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918 (Cth) ("Act")? Answer: Yes

2. Is the Court of Disputed Returns precluded by s 365 or otherwise from admitting the records of the fresh scrutiny, or original scrutiny, that bear on the 1,370 missing ballot papers as evidence of the way in which each of those voters intended to vote, or voted, in the Election for the purposes of each of the petitions filed in the matter, including in so far as those petitions seek relief under ss 360 and 362? Answer:The Court of Disputed Returns is precluded by s 365 from admitting the records of the fresh scrutiny and the original scrutiny that bear on the 1,370 missing ballot papers for the purpose identified in the proviso to s 365, namely, determining whether the loss of the ballot papers did or did not affect the result of the election. Further, the records of the original scrutiny and the fresh scrutiny that bear on those missing ballot papers are not admissible for the purpose of the Court determining that it should declare any candidate duly elected who was not returned as elected.

3. On a proper construction of the Act, including the re-count provisions, is any further inquiry regarding the manner in which the Australian Electoral Officer for Western Australia dealt with the ballot papers reserved for decision pursuant to s 281: 1. permitted under any, and if so which, provision of the Act;

2. relevant to the disposition of any, and if so which, petitions before the Court of Disputed Returns;

3. necessary to the disposition of any, and if so which, petitions before the Court of Disputed Returns?


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 ::Answer: 1. Yes, s 281(3).

2. No.

3. No.

1. Costs of the trial of separate questions reserved.

2. Stand over further hearing of petitions to Thursday, 20 February 2014 at 12 noon in Melbourne.

Representation

J T Gleeson SC, Solicitor-General of the Commonwealth and A S Bell SC with P Kulevski for the petitioner in C17/2013, for the eighth respondent in P55/2013 and for the ninth respondent in P56/2013 (instructed by Australian Government Solicitor)

S P Donaghue SC with D W Bennett for the first, third and fourth respondents in each matter (instructed by Colquhoun Murphy)

A D Lang with E M Heenan for the second and eighth respondents in C17/2013, for the second and seventh respondents in P55/2013 and for the petitioner and the second and eighth respondents in P56/2013 (instructed by Slater & Gordon Lawyers)

J A Thomson SC with D B Shaw for the fifth respondent in each matter (instructed by DLA Piper)

R Merkel QC with F I Gordon for the sixth respondent in each matter (instructed by MDC Legal)

K A Barlow QC with T O Prince for the petitioner in P55/2013 and for the seventh respondent in C17/2013 and P56/2013 (instructed by Hopgood Ganim Lawyers)

 * Notice: This copy of the Court's Reasons for Judgment is subject to formal revision prior to publication in the Commonwealth Law Reports.


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 CATCHWORDS

Australian Electoral Commission v Johnston Wang v Johnston Mead v Johnston

Parliamentary elections (Cth) – Senate – Court of Disputed Returns – Petitions disputing election – Election of six senators for State of Western Australia – Election for fifth and sixth Senate places very close – Re-count of ballot papers directed – 1,370 ballot papers lost before re-count – Re-count of available ballot papers led to different candidates being elected to fifth and sixth Senate places from those determined upon "fresh scrutiny" under s 273 of Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918 (Cth) ("Act") – Whether result of election likely affected by loss of ballot papers – Whether electors who cast lost ballot papers "prevented from voting" in election – Whether Court precluded by s 365 of Act from admitting evidence of records made at earlier counts about lost ballot papers in determining whether result of election affected – Whether Court could declare candidate duly elected by combining records made in earlier counts about lost ballot papers with results of re-count.

Words and phrases – "duly elected", "prevented from voting", "result of the election was likely to be affected".

Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918 (Cth), ss 263, 273, 281(3), 360(1)(v)–(vii), 362(3), 365.


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 Greeks. He had, too, a cool head, and it was said of him that he was "as wise as his elders both in home affairs and in war." In his fashion he was fond of learning, and he at least liked the society of learned men, and could talk pleasantly with them, and if necessary discuss theology with a Christian patriarch. We might have expected that such a man's attainments would be prodigiously exaggerated. The story is told, but is hardly to be believed, that he was well acquainted with the Greek, Latin, Arabic, Persian, and Chaldee languages. He is also said to have been a very diligent reader, and to have delighted in the lives of Alexander, Augustus, Constantine, and Theodoric. Astrology, an important science at that time, and not necessarily repugnant to powerful intellects, was a study to which he was partial, and in which he had made great progress. He used to say that he knew by the planetary movements that he was destined to be a great conqueror. We may well believe that with his shrewd sagacity was mingled an alloy of superstition. Certain it is that in his early youth he developed that extravagant ambition which is often found to be combined with a firm belief in fate and destiny. Equally certain is it that the fury of his passions knew no restraint, and so foul was his licentiousness, that it is hard to admire his undoubted ability and farsightedness. To Phranza, after the fall of the city, he seemed almost a devil. To the historian Ducas he stood in marked contrast to his father Amurath, who "never wilfully destroyed any city or state, but was really averse to war, and a lover of peace." The son from childhood, he goes on to


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RV 974 (Rh)


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 HAYNE J.

An election of six senators for the State of Western Australia to serve in the Senate of the Parliament of the Commonwealth was held on 7 September 2013. The election for the fifth and sixth places was very close. A re-count was directed, but not all of the ballot papers to be re-counted could be found: 1,370 of them had been lost. On the re-count, the candidates who won the fifth and sixth places differed from those ascertained by earlier counts.

Was the result of the election likely to be affected by the loss of the ballot papers? Can this Court now decide who should have been elected? Can it do so by looking at records of earlier counts of the lost ballot papers? And need it now examine ballot papers whose formality is disputed? Or must it instead declare the election absolutely void?

The resolution of these questions depends on the proper construction of the Act under which the election was held and under which the result of the election is now challenged: the Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918 (Cth) ("the Act"). This decision resolves three questions of law about the construction of that Act. It is the answers to these questions that determine the answers to the questions above.

Section 7 of the Constitution requires that "[t]he Senate shall be composed of senators for each State, directly chosen by the people of the State". The Act provides the mechanisms and procedures by which senators are chosen by the people. In particular, the Act provides for the issue of writs for elections (Pt XIII), the nomination of candidates (Pt XIV), postal voting (Pt XV), pre-poll voting (Pt XVA) and the polling (Pt XVI).

Section 263 of the Act provides that the result of the polling shall be ascertained by scrutiny. Section 283(1)(a) of the Act requires the Australian Electoral Officer for the relevant State or Territory to declare the result of the election and the names of the candidates elected as soon as is convenient after the result of the election has been ascertained.

Three election petitions have been issued disputing the election of six senators for Western Australia that was held on 7 September 2013. Following the conduct of an original scrutiny and a fresh scrutiny of the ballot papers cast at the election, the Electoral Commissioner directed a re-count of a category of


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Hayne J

ballot papers. That category related to about 96 per cent of the votes that had been cast at the election. During the course of the re-count, it emerged that 1,370 ballot papers considered in both the original and fresh scrutinies had been lost and could not be included in the re-count.

By its petition, the Australian Electoral Commission ("the AEC") alleges that the result of the election was affected by the loss of the ballot papers and seeks an order declaring the election absolutely void. Mr Zhenya Wang (a candidate at the election) petitions for orders declaring that the fifth and sixth persons returned as elected (Mr Wayne Dropulich and Senator Scott Ludlam) were not duly elected and declaring that Mr Wang and Senator Louise Pratt were. In the alternative, Mr Wang petitions for an order declaring the election absolutely void. Mr Simon Mead (a person qualified to vote at the election) petitions for the same orders as those sought by Mr Wang.

Mr Wang and Mr Mead both rely on the loss of the 1,370 ballot papers but allege further contraventions of the Act constituted by what they allege were wrong decisions about ballot papers reserved during the course of the re-count for the decision of the Australian Electoral Officer for Western Australia.

In deciding whether to declare that persons returned as elected were not duly elected, or to declare the election void, the Court must be satisfied that the loss of the ballot papers was likely to have affected the result of the election that was declared. To make either form of declaration, the Court must also be satisfied that it is just to do so. And if any elector was prevented from voting in the election on account of an error of, or omission by, an officer, the Court may not admit, for the purpose of determining whether the error or omission did or did not affect the result of the election, any evidence of the way in which the elector intended to vote in the election.

These reasons will show that the electors who submitted the lost ballot papers were prevented from voting. The Court may not admit evidence of records about the lost ballot papers made following the original scrutiny or the fresh scrutiny in deciding whether the result of the election was affected by the loss of the ballot papers.

The number of ballot papers lost far exceeded the margin between relevant candidates at a point in the count determinative of who were the


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 say, was "a dissembler, a wolf in sheep's clothing, an Antichrist before the final Antichrist, transformed, like Satan, into an angel of light." It was Mahomet's perfidy and cunning, more than his other vices, which seem to have scandalised the Greeks of his time. The Latin archbishop of Mitylene, Leonard of Chios, writing the story of the fall of the city three months afterwards in a letter addressed to the pope, saw in him the unmistakable instrument of Divine vengeance on those perverse Greeks who would not let themselves be cordially united to Rome. If the Greeks deserved their doom ever so much, we at any rate must number their conqueror among "the destroyers rightly called, and plagues of men."

There would seem to be no good reason for classing Mahomet with the few men of first-rate military genius who have appeared in the world. His great achievement, the conquest of Constantinople, was comparatively easy with the vast resources at his command. The way, as we have seen, had been thoroughly well prepared for him, and he had only to put a finishing stroke to a work which had long been in progress. While we may fairly credit him with immense energy and boundless ambition, we cannot justly compare him with an Alexander, a Cæsar, or a Hannibal. "He was," says Gibbon, "doubtless a soldier and possibly a general," and beyond this he does not seem worthy to be extolled. His conquests no doubt were on a considerable scale, and are said with Oriental exaggeration to have embraced ten kingdoms and two hundred cities. He certainly annexed


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 to the Ottoman dominions the islands of Chios, Lesbos, Xante, and Cephalonia, and a part of Servia, while in his attacks on Cyprus and Rhodes he was unsuccessful. It must be remembered that he always had the advantage of vastly superior numbers, and yet he received more than one decisive check. He was driven in utter rout from the walls of Belgrade by Huniades. But as the conqueror of the city of the Cæsars he has won an everlasting fame, though one with which his actual exploits hardly seem commensurate.

The young sultan's position on his accession to power was not a very easy one. At the time of his father's death he was governing the province of Magnesia, but he was then instantly recalled to his European dominions by a message which showed plainly that a vigorous hand was at once needed in the new ruler. The janissaries had already assumed a threatening attitude. Mahomet lost no time in crossing the Hellespont and in hurrying to Adrianople. His promptitude had the desired effect; the janissaries were overawed and submissive, and both army and people welcomed as their sovereign the son of the great Amurath. Ambassadors came from the Western courts with courteous congratulations. The treaty with the emperor was solemnly renewed and ratified. The new sultan gave the impression that he intended to be a man of peace, and a scrupulous observer of all treaty obligations. Constantine must have breathed again, and had hopes that he might after all be spared the humiliation of witnessing the end.


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 Living at this time at the imperial court was a descendant of Sultan Bajazet's eldest son, who received a liberal pension for his maintenance from the Turks. The emperor requested, or rather demanded, that this allowance should be increased; and intimated that in the event of refusal he would let him leave Constantinople, and encourage him to set up a rival claim to the Turkish throne. It was almost an act of direct hostility, and one to which the new sultan, if a man of any spirit, could hardly be expected to submit. The old grand vizier of the late sultan, Khalil, who was still alive, and had a friendly feeling towards the Greeks, saw the danger. He well knew the temper of the young Mahomet, and he solemnly warned the emperor. "The scrupulous Amurath," he said to the imperial envoys, "is no more; his throne is occupied by a young conqueror whom no laws can bind and no obstacles can resist." Khalil seems to have been a just and peace-loving man, and as he gave good counsel to the emperor, so too he exerted his influence in endeavouring to dissuade the sultan from his designs against the Greek empire. Mahomet, himself, meanwhile showed no signs of wrath, but was as bland and conciliatory as ever. The emperor's envoys were dismissed with peaceful assurances and promises that Greek interests should be respected. But the sultan had seen his opportunity, and his plans were already formed. He had resolved from the first to complete his father's work, and to possess himself of Constantinople.

His first step was to put an end to the pension


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 Who, we repeat, will be bold enough to utter such blasphemy?”

Then follows a moral exposition of the dogma of the Trinity, which was quoted before. One cannot help but come to the conclusion that the simplest, clearest application of all the preceding controversies is that one must not speak any foolishness; above all, one must not teach what nobody can understand, and, more important still, one must not impair the chief foundations of faith, love, and charity to your neighbour.

Then follows “Division II. Of God in his general relation to the world and to man. Chapter I. Of God as the Creator.” God has created the world.

Here is the way the church teaches about it:

“Unquestionably God is the creator of all visible and invisible creations. First he produced through thought all the celestial powers, as exalted psalmists of his glory, and created all that mental world which, through the grace given to it, knows God and is always and in everything devoted to his will. After that he created out of nothing this visible and material world. At last God created man, who is composed of the immaterial rational soul and the material body, so that from this one man, thus composed, it might be seen that he is the creator of both the worlds, the immaterial and the material.” (P. 351.)

After that, as always, follows a controversy:

“Some assumed that the world was eternal; others admitted its emanation from God; others again taught that the world was created by itself, by accident, from the eternal chaos or from atoms; others taught that God has formed it from coeternal matter; but no one could rise to the concept of the production of the world out of nothing by the almighty power of God.” (p. 352.)

All these opinions are refuted in Art. 55:

“God created the world out of nothing.” 56. “God


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 received by the Ottoman prince at the imperial court. Next, he virtually began the siege of the city. A fortress had been erected by his grandfather Bajazet on the Asiatic side of the Bosporus, where its waters are narrowest, and his father Amurath is said to have vowed, after his victory at Varna, the erection of a similar fortress to confront it on the European shore. Mahomet determined to fulfil this vow. He would thereby have a safe and easy passage from Europe to Asia, and thus his dominions in the two continents would be securely linked together. He would be free from apprehension as to the approach of an enemy's fleet from the west. As however the spot was but five miles distant from Constantinople, a fortress on it would be a direct menace to the city. It was natural that the emperor should remonstrate. The act could not possibly be reconciled with the sultan's peaceful professions. In his reply to the emperor's ambassadors Mahomet showed very clearly what was in his heart. "Have you the right or the power to contest my actions on my own ground?" It was his ground because, as he went on to say, "as far as the shores of the Bosporus Asia was inhabited by the Turks, and Europe deserted by the Europeans." He regarded it, it would seem, as bought with Turkish money, in consideration of the pension paid to the Ottoman prince, and as therefore Turkish property. "My resolutions," he added, "surpass the wishes of my predecessors." There could no mistake about the meaning of such language. The emperor saw now that he might as well draw the sword at once, and he would have done


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 so, for he was a man of high spirit, but he was persuaded by his craven ministers to look on quietly while his perfidious enemy was surely preparing the means of his ruin.

The sultan was a man whom nothing could turn from a purpose once formed. In the spring of 1452 he began his fortress, for which abundant materials had been transported by a host of zealous labourers from the forests and quarries of the neighbouring regions of Asia Minor. He presided himself over the work, and inspired the vast multitude of workmen with his own enthusiasm. When it was completed it presented a triangle, with a tower at each of the angles. Two of the towers faced the main land, the third and loftiest looked seaward. Their walls, which were covered with lead, were thirty feet in breadth, while the intermediate fortifications were twenty-two feet, and thus it was a fortress of the first class, on which the heaviest artillery then in use could easily be mounted. Mahomet had now an admirable base of operations. While the work was in progress, some trifling acts of hostility had occurred, sufficient, however, thoroughly to alarm the city. The emperor had asked that his subjects in the outlying villages might have the protection of a Turkish military guard, while they were gathering in their harvest, as otherwise they would be at the mercy of the savage and fanatical host which was ransacking the country far and wide for whatever might be of use in the construction of the fortress. The result was a fray between the retinue of an Ottoman chief and some Greek villagers, and blood was shed on


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 both sides. The emperor had the city gates closed, and sent the sultan a final message, in which he declared his resolve to defend his people to the last. The sultan's reply was equally defiant, and in the autumn of 1452 war was in fact begun. A few slight attacks were made on the outworks of the city, with the view of ascertaining and testing its real strength. Having so far acquainted himself with the nature of the work on which he was about to enter, Mahomet, on the first of September, retired to Adrianople. There in good earnest he prepared for the siege, which he meant to begin in the following spring.

Two of the emperor's brothers were then in the Peloponnese, still under Greek control, and were ruling it with the title of "despot." They had a force under their command, which the sultan determined to hold in check, lest it should come to the succour of the city. A numerous army was marched into the country under one of his pashas, and the resistance of the princes, though spirited, was unavailing. From that quarter there was no help for the emperor in his distress. The sultan could forthwith pursue his plans and preparations throughout the winter without fear of interruption. His whole time was passed in taking counsel with his military and engineering officers, and in sounding the temper of his soldiers, among whom he is said to have frequently wandered in disguise. His chief minister, Khalil, saw that it was useless to attempt to turn him from his purpose, and when suddenly summoned into his presence, trembling perhaps under the consciousness that his friendship for the


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 Greeks made him almost a traitor to his master, replied to the eager sultan, who had asked from him the gift of Constantinople, that "God, who had already given him so much of the Roman empire, would not deny the remnant and the capital."

One of the most remarkable features of the siege of Constantinople was the strange blending which it witnessed of the methods of ancient and modern warfare. It was by this time clearly evident that artillery was destined to play a great part in the wars and sieges of the future. But as yet the discovery was not sufficiently perfected to enable combatants to dispense with those old engines of the Greeks and the Romans, the catapult and the ballista. These were used with effect on the present occasion. Amurath, as we have seen, had however employed a few pieces of ordnance in his assault on the city in 1422. It has ever been the instinct of the Turk to utilise promptly the newest and most efficient instruments of destruction. Mahomet made a special study of artillery, and secured the assistance of foreign genius in rendering this arm more powerful than it had hitherto been made. Neither Turk nor Greek had as yet acquired the art of casting large guns, such as would be serviceable for the purposes of a siege. For this they were obliged to resort to the foreigner. One Urban, a Wallachian, an adept in this new science, had been in the Greek service, but he seems to have been poorly remunerated, and his pay had even fallen into arrears, and so he was now tempted to leave the Greek for the Turk. The sultan was sure to be a


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 good paymaster. "Can a cannon," he asked, "be cast capable of throwing a ball or stone of sufficient size to batter the walls of Constantinople?" On the strength of the engineer's favourable reply, a foundry was established at Adrianople, and a great gun cast, with a mouth exceeding two and a half feet in diameter, and capable of projecting to the distance of about a mile a missile of six hundred pounds weight. Other cannon, it is said, were cast for bullets of a hundred and fifty pounds. Mahomet, we may be certain, provided himself with as effective a train of artillery as the skill of his day was able to create. His great piece of ordnance was dragged rom the foundry to its position before the walls of Constantinople on a framework of thirty carriages by sixty oxen, two months being consumed in the journey. By the 6th of April, 1453, the siege had fairly begun.

What the actual strength of Mahomet's force was, when it sat down to the siege, we cannot say with any certainty. Certain it is, however, that it was such as to preclude all reasonable hope of a successful defence in the absence of foreign aid. Amurath's army is said to have numbered two hundred thousand, and Gibbon thinks it probable that Mahomet's may have been quite as numerous. He may well have had in addition to his regular troops a vast swarm of volunteers, attracted by zeal in a holy cause and the hope of boundless plunder. Phranza, who ought to have had some means of knowing, but who, no doubt, might be tempted to exaggerate, speaks of an army of two hundred and fifty-eight thousand, and subsequent writers magnify it


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270 on persistence in heresy), it appears to have confounded Christendom with shame and horror, and men talked of another Crusade. An old and venerable fabric had been destroyed, and the gap was filled by a barbarous and infidel power, whose very nature and instinct it was to make war upon Christian faith and society. But for good and sufficient reasons the Western princes and their peoples could not be shamed or frightened into a common effort for the deliverance of Europe from the Turk. Nothing was done; nothing was likely to be done; though some feeble and fitful attempts were made soon afterwards by Pope Pius II. Yet that very pontiff, before his elevation, had himself, in a sketch of the state of Europe, spoken strongly of the hopelessness of any such project, and described Christendom as "a body without a head." For us, indeed, it has been in many ways a misfortune that the Turk was allowed to retain his prey, though perhaps it was no less difficult then than now to see who was to take his place, even if it had been practicable to dispossess him. It has undoubtedly left us a legacy of perplexity and confusion. The fall of Constantinople is, indeed, a very dark chapter in the annals of mankind. There is little to relieve the darkness. If the scattering of the city's literary treasures helped on the revival of learning, there was, we know, a woeful destruction of manuscripts, which every scholar must deplore. At this point we take leave of its history, which now becomes that of the Ottoman power in Europe.


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Rh [The Criminal Code here mentioned was not passed till 1860. It hung on hand not for one or two years but for a quarter of a century.—H. W.]

Price of a pair of 18 inch Globes, Rupees 260.—The price seems high. But if it be the ordinary price, we had better buy the articles here than send for them to London. I should be glad if Mr. Sutherland would state the cost of the globes for which we have indented. Surely it was much smaller than what the School Book Society are now asking. 19th October, 1835.

Maps of the Society for the diffusion of useful knowledge.—I do not understand why we should employ the agency of the School Book Society at all. At any rate the terms are extremely high: and I would insist on their being lowered. The Maps are excellent, and Sir Benjamin Malkin’s paper is well worth reading.—[Book G. page 139.] 13th November, 1835.

Proposal to request Government to compliment the King of Oude on his liberal encouragement of learning.—I wish to see native Princes encouraged to bestow on science and literature some portion of what they now waste on dancing girls and gimcracks; but I cannot approve of Captain Paton’s suggestion. In the first place, what the king of Oude has done is quite contemptible, when the amount of his revenue is considered. Many of the native gentlemen who contributed to the Hindu College have from their private means expended more on education than this prince, the richest, I imagine, in India, has furnished from his immense treasures. We make our compliments cheap, if we bestow them on a king who, out of a revenue exceeding a crore, has spared a few hundred Rupees for purposes of education.

This is my first objection. My second is this. All the world knows that the relations between Oude and the Company’s Government are of a very delicate kind; and that a complimentary letter from Government extolling the liberal and enlightened patronage extended by the king to science and learning, could not, at the present time, be by any means an unimportant communication. In saying this I say only what is known to every body who reads the newspapers.

Our reports will shew to the Government what the king of Oude has done. They may if they think his lithographic prints worthy of such a compliment, praise his munificent and liberal spirit. But I am against sending up any such recommendation as is proposed.—[Book G. page 148.] 12th January, 1836.

Acceptance of the offer of 200 copies of the King of Oude’s Maps.—By all means, though to be sure more detestable maps were never seen. One would think that the revenues of Oude


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 and the treasures of might have borne the expense of producing something better than a map in which Sicily is joined on the toe of Italy, and in which so important an eastern island as Java does not appear at all.—[Book G. page 160.] 8th March, 1836.

Persian Version of the Kamus.—I fear that we cannot properly comply with this application. We should, as far as I can judge, only be throwing good money after bad. Two thousand Rupees is far too much to lay down for the chance, a very poor chance too, it seems of having thirty copies of a PersainPersian [sic] and Arabic Dictionary, which none of our schools can want, and which nobody would buy of us for half the money. In my opinion we ought to sit down content with our loss, and to rejoice that we have saved 4,000 Rupees.—[Book G. page 162.] 18th March, 1836.

Persian Version of the Kamus.—I cannot make out what the majority of the Committee has determined. I voted and, if the question were open, should still vote, against the proposed advance. If it is resolved to make the advance the precaution suggested by Mr. Sutherland seems proper. We certainly ought to apply to Government to levy our 1,000 Rupees from Kayem Ali’s pension. —[Book G. page 173.] 2nd June, 1836.

Persian Commentary on the Sayings of Mahomed.—I find it difficult to understand how, if the Hooghly College wants only two, the Madrassa can want forty. The book is expensive, and if, as Dr. Wise says, it is merely a book of reference, I would certainly not take the number proposed by our Secretary. Indeed Captain Ouseley’s expression is “thirty or forty.” I should think ten quite enough.—[Book L. page 173.] 28th December, 1837.

Ptolemaic system.—I feel great respect for Mr. Shakespear’s judgment: but my opinion remains unchanged. I do not think that this table would be of much use to us for purposes of education, and we have too little money to afford any merely for the purpose of paying compliments to grown up persons who find out that the sun does not go round the earth.—[Book K. page 102.] 30th November, 1836.

Subscription to the Alif Lyla.—I think that the subscription of the Government ought to dispense us from subscribing. I shall subscribe as an individual and shall have great pleasure in putting my copy at the disposal of the Committee.—[Book N. page 56.] 16th December, 1836.

The Kamus.—I was in a minority on this matter formerly. I will not oppose this advance, if the other members of the Committee think it reasonable.—[Book G. page 178.] 22nd December, 1836.


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Rh erhält sie dagegen bei der Wahl von 3 Vertretem einen, bei 5 Vertretern 2 gegen 3, bei 8 Vertretern 3 gegen 5, bei 10 Vertretern 4 gegen 6, bei 13 Vertretem 5 gegen 8.—Pp. 5-8.

The above examples are followed by others showing the operation of the system if parties were more numerous, and also exhibiting the effect in the cases of specific elections referred to.

"The first table exhibits a supposed number of actual and possible votes for candidates A, B, and (counting the first uncancelled votes as the first possible votes, the second as the second, and so on), and the second table contains their relative value. The actual and possible votes of C, as it will be seen, amount in the aggregate to less than those of B and A, and the name of C would, therefore, be first cancelled. Some of the votes for G would, perhaps, by the voting papers, be next given to A or B, and the computation would then be made again, and the lowest on the poll again struck of until the process can be no longer continued, and effect is given to every vote, so far as the elector has enabled that to be done.


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 French flag from the declaration of war is important, and the gaps in their ranks prove incontestably the ardor with which they fought against our enemies.

Certain Allied Governments, in particular the Russian Provisional Government, did not hesitate to authorise the formation on our front of units composed of Czecho-Slovaks who escaped from the oppression of the enemy. It is just that these nationalities should be given means of defending under their flag side by side with us the cause of the right and liberty of the peoples; and it will be in accord with French traditions to assist the organization of an autonomous Czecho-Slovak army. If you share our view in this matter,


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 we have the honor to invite you to sign the enclosed Decree

Author:Georges Benjamin Clemenceau Author:Stephen Jean-Marie Pichon


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302 {| class="wikitable"
 * A || B || C
 * 1st 1760 || 1st  1620 || 1st  1786
 * 2nd $1527⁄2$ = 763$1⁄2$ || 2nd $1816⁄2$ = 908 || 2nd $1249⁄2$ = 624$1⁄2$
 * 3rd $1654⁄3$ = 551$1⁄3$ || 3rd $1022⁄3$ = 340$2⁄3$ || 3rd $1452⁄3$ = 484
 * 4th $1364⁄4$ = 341 || 4th $1230⁄4$ = 3007$1⁄2$ || 4th $726⁄4$ = 181$1⁄2$
 * 5th $844⁄5$ = 168$4⁄5$ || 5th $965⁄5$ = 193 || 5th $483⁄5$ = 96$3⁄5$
 * 3584$19⁄30$ || 3369$1⁄6$ || 3172$3⁄5$
 * }
 * 4th ⇭⇭⇭ = 341 || 4th ⇭⇭⇭ = 3007⇭⇭⇭ || 4th ⇭⇭⇭ = 181⇭⇭⇭
 * 5th ⇭⇭⇭ = 168⇭⇭⇭ || 5th ⇭⇭⇭ = 193 || 5th ⇭⇭⇭ = 96⇭⇭⇭
 * 3584⇭⇭⇭ || 3369⇭⇭⇭ || 3172⇭⇭⇭
 * }
 * 3584⇭⇭⇭ || 3369⇭⇭⇭ || 3172⇭⇭⇭
 * }
 * }

Appendix D.

In the Report of Mr. Lytton, Her Majesty's Secretary of Legation at Copenhagen, on the Election of Representatives for the Rigsraad (Reports of Secretaries of Embassy, &c. No. 7, presented by command to both Houses of Parliament, 1864, Parl. Paper), an objection is stated to have been made to the Danish Electoral Law, that it affords no guarantee for the representation of majorities and minorities in just and adequate proportion, in proof of which the following problem had been triumphantly put forward. If, it was said, three members were to be elected by 600 voters, and there are five candidates, A, B, C, D, and E, for whom votes are given as follows:—

The quotient of the 600 votes, divided by 3, being 200, it follows that A, who has 299 votes, will be elected, and 99, the surplus, then appropriated to B, whose name stands next on all those papers. A's name being next cancelled on the 200 papers in which he is coupled with C and B, those 200 votes are then appropriated to G, whose name stands next on all those papers, and G, having attained the quota, is thereupon elected. Both the names of A and C, the elected members, are next cancelled on the 101 papers on which C and E appear, and those 101 votes are given to E, who is then elected under the 24th section of the Danish Electoral Law, as he would be under Clause XXV. of the law proposed in this treatise. It is objected that this result is unjust because B, who was second in the


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116 but should know that we must "worship the Lord thy God, and serve Him alone," and give no heed to him who falsely promised things not his own, when he said, "All these will I give thee, if, falling down, thou wilt worship me." For he himself confesses that to adore him, and to do his will, is to fall from the glory of God. And in what thing either pleasant or good can that man who has fallen participate? Or what else can such a person hope for or expect, except death? For death is next neighbour to him who has fallen. Hence also it follows that he will not give what he has promised. For how can he make grants to him who has fallen? Moreover, since God rules over men and him too, and without the will of our Father in heaven not even a sparrow falls to the ground, it follows that his declaration, "All these things are delivered unto me, and to whomsoever I will I give them," proceeds from him when puffed up with pride. For the creation is not subjected to his power, since indeed he is himself but one among created things. Nor shall he give away the rule over men to men; but both all other things, and all human affairs, are arranged according to God the Father's disposal. Besides, the Lord declares that "the devil is a liar from the beginning, and the truth is not in him." If then he be a liar, and the truth be not in him, he certainly did not speak truth, but a lie, when he said, "For all these things are delivered to me, and to whomsoever I will I give them."

1. He had indeed been already accustomed to lie against God, for the purpose of leading men astray. For at the beginning, when God had given to man a variety of things for food, while He commanded him not to eat of one tree only, as the Scripture tells us that God said to Adam:


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Rh service from them. At all events an addition to their stipends much smaller than 10 Rupees per mensem ought to suffice for the present, and when their stipends fall in, the next holders should be bound to perform their services without any extra pay.

The duties of Stipendholders.—I am for adopting the measures which the Sub-committee recommend. As to the proposition which they have submitted for our decision without offering any opinion upon it, I cannot agree to it in its present form. It seems to me that the sum proposed is large: and it seems to me also that while there are stipendiary pupils in the College, it would be quite proper to require those pupils, in return for their stipends, to render to the institution any services which are not of a menial kind: and the services required do not appear to be of a menial kind. Why should not one student be Curator of the museum, another Librarian, and so forth. But on this subject I should be glad to learn the opinions of the gentlemen who attended the meeting of the Sub-committee.—[Book I. page 46.] 7th December, 1835.

Further Minute on the same question.—The explanation is quite satisfactory, and what Dr. Bramley asks should be granted.—[Book I. page 50.] 28th December, 1835.

 offer to give Rupees 2000 yearly as prizes to the Medical College.—Dwarkanath Tagore deserves the highest praise. This liberality throws the king of Oude and his penny maps quite into the shade.—[Page 7.] 29th March, 1836.

Distribution of the Tagore prize.—I approve of the proposition, except that I do not understand why the fifth man should be equally rewarded with the fourth, when the fourth has only half as much as the third, and the sixth only half as much as the fifth. There is no particular likelihood that the fourth and fifth man will be near each other in merit. There may be a wider difference between them than between any other two prizemen. I would advise some alteration in this part of the plan.—[Page 12.] 20th April, 1835.

Medical College.—On the occasion of the gift by Baboo of fifteen valuable works on medical subjects to the library of the College, Macaulay terms the offer “a very gratifying circumstance,” and Sir Charles Trevelyan suggests that Baboo Ram Gopal “ought to have a handsome acknowledgment from our Committee; this would encourage others to do the same.”—[Page 9.]

Prizes.—I do not object to what is proposed provided always that no prize be given to any pupil who does not really deserve one by his positive merit. If there be not at present a sufficient number of really deserving students to take all the


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118 seven it was that Adam died, he will find it by examining the dispensation of the Lord. For by summing up in Himself the whole human race from the beginning to the end, He has also summed up its death. From this it is clear that the Lord suffered death, in obedience to His Father, upon that day on which Adam died while he disobeyed God. Now he died on the same day in which he did eat. For God said, "In that day on which ye shall eat of it, ye shall die by death." The Lord, therefore, recapitulating in Himself this day, underwent His sufferings upon the day preceding the Sabbath, that is, the sixth day of the creation, on which day man was created; thus granting him a second creation by means of His passion, which is that [creation] out of death. And there are some, again, who relegate the death of Adam to the thousandth year; for since "a day of the Lord is as a thousand years," he did not overstep the thousand years, but died within them, thus bearing out the sentence of his sin. Whether, therefore, with respect to disobedience, which is death; whether [we consider] that, on account of that, they were delivered over to death, and made debtors to it; whether with respect to [the fact that on] one and the same day on which they ate they also died (for it is one day of the creation); whether [we regard this point], that, with respect to this cycle of days, they died on the day in which they did also eat, that is, the day of the preparation, which is termed " the pure supper," that is, the sixth day of the feast, which the Lord also exhibited when He suffered on that day; or whether [we reflect] that he (Adam) did not overstep the thousand years, but died within their limit,—it follows that, in regard to all these significations, God is indeed true. For they died who tasted of the tree; and the serpent is proved a liar and a murderer, as the Lord said of him: "For he is a murderer from the beginning, and the truth is not in him."


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12 The same may be said, I think, of some biographies and parts of history. To enlarge on this topic would, however, take me too far from my theme. When I speak of art as one of the things that have value on their own account, I do not mean only the deliberate productions of trained artists, though of course these, at their best, deserve the highest place. I mean also the almost unconscious effort after beauty which one finds among Russian peasants and Chinese coolies, the sort of impulse that creates folk-songs, that existed among ourselves before the time of the Puritans, and survives in cottage gardens. Instinctive happiness, or joy of life, is one of the most important widespread popular goods that we have lost through industrialism and the high pressure at which most of us live; its commonness in China is a strong reason for thinking well of Chinese civilization.

In judging of a community, we have to consider, not only how much of good or evil there is within the community, but also what effects it has in promoting good or evil in other communities, and how far the good things which it enjoys depend upon evils elsewhere. In this respect, also, China is better than we are. Our prosperity, and most of what we endeavour to secure for ourselves, can only be obtained by widespread oppression and exploitation of weaker nations, while the Chinese are not strong enough to injure other countries, and secure whatever they enjoy by means of their own merits and exertions alone.

These general ethical considerations are by no means irrelevant in considering the practical problems of China. Our industrial and commercial civilization has been both the effect and the cause of certain


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Rh

1. As therefore the devil lied at the beginning, so did he also in the end, when he said, "All these are delivered unto me, and to whomsoever I will I give them." For it is not he who has appointed the kingdoms of this world, but God; for "the heart of the king is in the hand of God." And the Word also says by Solomon, "By me kings do reign, and princes administer justice. By me chiefs are raised up, and by me kings rule the earth." Paul the apostle also says upon this same subject: "Be ye subject to all the higher powers; for there is no power but of God: now those which are have been ordained of God." And again, in reference to them he says, "For he beareth not the sword in vain; for he is the minister of God, the avenger for wrath to him who does evil." Now, that he spake these words, not in regard to angelical powers, nor of invisible rulers—as some venture to expound the passage—but of those of actual human authorities, [he shows when] he says, "For this cause pay ye tribute also: for they are God's ministers, doing service for this very thing." This also the Lord confirmed, when He did not do what He was tempted to by the devil; but He gave directions that tribute should be paid to the tax-gatherers for Himself and Peter; because "they are the ministers of God, serving for this very thing."

2. For since man, by departing from God, reached such a pitch of fury as even to look upon his brother as his enemy, and engaged without fear in every kind of restless conduct, and murder, and avarice; God imposed upon mankind the fear of man, as they did not acknowledge the fear of God, in order that, being subjected to the authority of men, and kept under restraint by their laws, they might attain