text:
Page:The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, vol. 16ss (1855).djvu/217

Rh Now, taking this as a fair statement of the results of geological inquiry, we see that the present geographical distribution of life upon the earth must be the result of all the previous changes, both of the surface of the earth itself and of its inhabitants. Many causes no doubt have operated of which we must ever remain in ignorance, and we may therefore expect to find many details very difficult of explanation, and in attempting to give one, must allow ourselves to call into our service geological changes which it is highly probable may have occurred, though we have no direct evidence of their individual operation.

The great increase of our knowledge within the last twenty years, both of the present and past history of the organic world, has accumulated a body of facts which should afford a sufficient foundation for a comprehensive law embracing and explaining them all, and giving a direction to new researches. It is about ten years since the idea of such a law suggested itself to the writer of this paper, and he has since taken every opportunity of testing it by all the newly ascertained facts with which he has become acquainted, or has been able to observe himself. These have all served to convince him of the correctness of his hypothesis. Fully to enter into such a subject would occupy much space, and it is only in consequence of some views having been lately promulgated, he believes in a wrong direction, that he now ventures to present his ideas to the public, with only such obvious illustrations of the arguments and results as occur to him in a place far removed from all means of reference and exact information.

The following propositions in Organic Geography and Geology give the main facts on which the hypothesis is founded.

1. Large groups, such as classes and orders, are generally spread over the whole earth, while smaller ones, such as families and genera, are frequently confined to one portion, often to a very limited district.

2. In widely distributed families the genera are often limited in range; in widely distributed genera, well-marked groups of species are peculiar to each geographical district.

3. When a group is confined to one district, and is rich in species, it is almost invariably the case that the most closely allied species are found in the same locality or in closely adjoing localities; and that therefore the natural sequence of the species by affinity is also geographical.

4. In countries of a similar climate, but separated by a wide sea of lofty mountains, the families, genera and species of the

''Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser.2. Vol.'' xvi. 13


text: Page:Middlemarch (First Edition Volume 8).djvu/8

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Page:Middlemarch (First Edition Volume 8).djvu/10

180 ground to go upon, else Hawley would have adopted it; and as to opening the subject with Lydgate, I confess I should shrink from it. He would probably take it as a deadly insult. I have more than once experienced the difficulty of speaking to him on personal matters. And—one should know the truth about his conduct before-hand, to feel very confident of a good result."

"T feel convinced that his conduct has not been guilty: I believe that people are almost always better than their neighbours think they are," said Dorothea. Some of her intensest experience in the last two years had set her mind strongly in opposition to any unfavourable construction of others; and for the first time she felt rather discontented with Mr Farebrother. She disliked this cautious weighing of consequences, instead of an ardent faith in efforts of justice and mercy, which would conquer by their emotional force. Two days afterwards, he was dining at the Manor with her uncle and the Chettams, and when the dessert was standing uneaten, the servants were out of the room, and Mr Brooke was nodding in a nap, she returned to the subject with renewed vivacity.

"Mr Lydgate would understand that if his friends hear a calumny about him their first wish must be to justify him. What do we live for, if


text:
Page:Complete Works of Count Tolstoy - 13.djvu/268

this chapter is expounded the teaching about the second person of the Trinity. Chapter II. About our Lord Jesus Christ in particular. Section I. About the person of our Lord Jesus Christ, or about the mystery of the incarnation.

The importance and incomprehensibility of the dogma; a short account of it, the doctrine of the church about it, and the composition of the doctrine.

The redemption was accomplished by God, the second person, the man Jesus Christ. The man Jesus Christ is both a man and God. From everything which has been expounded heretofore, the concepts of man and God are not only quite different, but almost diametrically opposed. God is independence, man is dependence; God is the Creator, man is the created; God is good, man is evil. How is the combination of the two concepts, on which all this is based, to be understood? There follows an explanation, but this explanation, as always, finds its expression in the form of a controversy with those who do not regard Christ as a God, with those who regard him as all God, all Trinity, and with those who regard him as half-God; then with those who did not recognize a human soul in him, with those who said that Jesus Christ was born simple, like anybody else; then with those who separated the man and God in Christ, with those who blended God with the man in Christ, with those who separated God and the man, but said that in him there was but one will, and with those who asserted


text:
Page:The schoolmistress, and other stories - Chekhov, tr. Garnett - 1921.djvu/7

VOL. IX

AND OTHER STORIES


text:
Page:Complete Works of Count Tolstoy - 13.djvu/269

 “that Christ according to his human substance was not the proper son of God the Father, but a son by grace and adoption—”

“Amidst all these numberless heresies in regard to the person of the Lord Jesus, the Orthodox Church has since the apostolic days constantly defended and disclosed one and the same teaching, which it has with peculiar force expressed at the Fourth Ecumenical Council in the following words: ‘Following our Divine Father, we all unanimously teach men to profess the one and selfsame Son our Lord Jesus Christ, perfect in divinity and perfect in manhood, truly God and truly man, composed of soul and body; consubstantial with us according to the manhood; in everything like us, except sin; born before all ages of the Father according to the Divinity, but in the latter days according to the manhood of Mary the Virgin, the Mother of God, for the sake of us and of our salvation; the one and selfsame Christ, the Son, the Lord, the only-begotten, unblendingly, unchangeably, indivisibly, inseparably recognized in two essences (no distinction of the two essences being removed by the union, but the attribute of each essence being preserved, as concurring in one person and one hypostasis); not cut or divided into two persons, but one and the same Son, and the only-begotten God, the Word, our Lord Jesus Christ, as anciently the prophets and our Lord Jesus Christ himself have taught us, and as the symbol of our fathers has transmitted it to us.’ From this we see that the whole teaching of the Orthodox Church about the person of our Lord Jesus consists of two chief propositions: I. of this, that in Jesus Christ there are two essences, the divine and the human, and II. of this, that these two essences form in him one hypostasis.” (pp. 46 and 47.)

It is impossible not to stop here. The words of this definition are a series of contradictions. The concept of essence, as connected with God, excludes the concept of


text: Page:The works of John Ruskin (IA worksofjohnruski08rusk).pdf/1


text: Page:The works of John Ruskin (IA worksofjohnruski08rusk).pdf/2


text: Page:The works of John Ruskin (IA worksofjohnruski08rusk).pdf/3


text: Page:The works of John Ruskin (IA worksofjohnruski08rusk).pdf/4


text: Page:The works of John Ruskin (IA worksofjohnruski08rusk).pdf/5


text: Page:The works of John Ruskin (IA worksofjohnruski08rusk).pdf/6


text: Page:The works of John Ruskin (IA worksofjohnruski08rusk).pdf/9


text: Page:The works of John Ruskin (IA worksofjohnruski08rusk).pdf/390


text: Page:The works of John Ruskin (IA worksofjohnruski08rusk).pdf/392


text: Page:The works of John Ruskin (IA worksofjohnruski08rusk).pdf/393


text: Page:The works of John Ruskin (IA worksofjohnruski08rusk).pdf/394


text: Page:The works of John Ruskin (IA worksofjohnruski08rusk).pdf/147


text: Page:Konx Om Pax.pdf/18

title: Page:Konx Om Pax.pdf/18


text: Page:The works of John Ruskin (IA worksofjohnruski08rusk).pdf/118


text: Page:The works of John Ruskin (IA worksofjohnruski08rusk).pdf/158


text: Page:The works of John Ruskin (IA worksofjohnruski08rusk).pdf/206


text: Page:The works of John Ruskin (IA worksofjohnruski08rusk).pdf/168


text: Page:The works of John Ruskin (IA worksofjohnruski08rusk).pdf/212


text: Page:The works of John Ruskin (IA worksofjohnruski08rusk).pdf/271


text: Page:The works of John Ruskin (IA worksofjohnruski08rusk).pdf/247


text: Page:The works of John Ruskin (IA worksofjohnruski08rusk).pdf/310


text:
Page:Complete Works of Count Tolstoy - 13.djvu/270

 God, since an unlimited spirit cannot have any essence. Two essences form one hypostasis. But hypostasis can have no meaning, since hypostasis has no significance in language and has never been defined. There is no rational sense in the dogma, but this dogma, like all the others, is based on the church. The church is holy and infallible, and ever since it has existed, from the very beginning, it has asserted this dogma. It is expressed, the Theology says, in Holy Tradition and in Scripture. Let us see whether it is so.

Though I have decided to pass cursorily all this Second Part, nevertheless, at this spot where it is proved that Christ is God, I feel that it is necessary to stop, since this place, though inserted in the middle, as it were, of the disclosure of further truths, which have been expounded in the beginning, in reality is the foundation of the dogma about the Trinity, which was put forward in the beginning; and if there is a dogma about the Trinity, it results only from recognizing Christ as God. Only later is the third person of the Holy Ghost attached to it. The beginning of the assertion that God is not one, but has persons, is due to the deification of Christ. This is what Art. 133 says: “Our Lord Jesus has a divine essence and is the Son of God.” This article has for a purpose the proof that Jesus Christ has the divine essence, but not in the sense in which any man created by God has it, but differently from all other men,—he is the second person of God. The same meaning is ascribed to the words “the Son of God.” It is proved that Jesus Christ is not a son of God in the sense in which other men are, but an especial Son of God, the only one, the second person of the Trinity. Here are the proofs from the Old Testament:

“In Psalm ii., which all the holy apostles (Acts iv. 24-28; xiii. 32-34; Heb. i. 5; v. 5) and the ancient Jews themselves refer to the Messiah. The Messiah witnesses about himself: The Lord hath said unto me, Thou art my


text: Page:The works of John Ruskin (IA worksofjohnruski08rusk).pdf/199


text: Page:The works of John Ruskin (IA worksofjohnruski08rusk).pdf/304


text:
Page:Konx Om Pax.pdf/20

4 Sigilla annuli 1. Cognominis 666 2. I Ordinis 3. II Ordinis 4. III Ordinis

It was like this. First there was his shield, which had a sun on it and some roses, all on a kind of bar; and there was a terrible number written on it. Then there was a bank of soft roses with the sun shining on it, and above there was a red rose on a golden cross, and then there was a three-cornered star, shining so bright that nobody could possibly look at it unless they had love in their eyes; and in the middle was an eye without an eyelid. That could see anything, I should think, but you see it never could go to sleep, because there wasn't any eyelid. On the sides were written I.N.R.I. and T.A.R.O., which mean

Incantatio

many strange and beautiful things, and terrible things too. I should think any one would be afraid to hurt any one who wore that ring. It is all cut out of an amethyst, and my Fairy Prince said: "Whenever you want me, look into the ring and call me ever so softly by my name, and kiss the ring, and worship it, and then look ever so deep down into it, and I will come to you." So I made up pretty poem to say every time I woke up, for you see I am a very sleepy girl, and dream ever so much about the other children; and that is a pity, because there is only one thing I love, and that is my Fairy Prince. So this is the poem I did to worship the ring, part is words, and part is pictures. You must pick out what the pictures mean, and then it all makes poetry.

Thou inmost Δ,
 * Self-glittering image of my soul,

Strong lover to thy Bride's desire,
 * Call me and claim me and control!

I pray Thee keep the holy tryst Within this ring of Amethyst.

For on mine eyes the golden ☉
 * Hath dawned; my vigil slew the Night.

title: Page:Konx Om Pax.pdf/20


text: Page:The works of John Ruskin (IA worksofjohnruski08rusk).pdf/317


text: Page:The works of John Ruskin (IA worksofjohnruski08rusk).pdf/320


text: Page:The works of John Ruskin (IA worksofjohnruski08rusk).pdf/220


text:
Page:Konx Om Pax.pdf/21

Rh I saw the image of the One:
 * I came from darkness into L.V.X.

I pray Thee keep the holy tryst Within this ring of Amethyst.

I.N.R.I.—me crucified,
 * Me slain, interred, arisen, inspire!

T.A.R.O.—me glorified,
 * Anointed, fill with frenzied Δ!

I pray Thee keep the holy tryst Within this ring of Amethyst.

I eat my flesh: I drink my blood
 * I gird my loins: I journey far:

For thou hast shown ○, +,
 * , 777, καμήλον,

pray Thee keep the holy tryst Within this ring of Amethyst.

Prostrate I wait upon Thy will,
 * Mine Angel, for this grace of union.

O let this Sacrament distil
 * Thy conversation and communion.

I pray Thee keep the holy tryst Within this ring of Amethyst.

I have not told you anything about myself, because it doesn't really matter; the only thing I want to tell you about is my Fairy Prince. But as I am telling you all this, I am seventeen years old, and very fair when you shut your eyes to look; but when you open them, I am really dark, with a fair skin. I have ever such heaps of hair, and big, big, round eyes, always wondering at everything. Never mind, it's only a nuisance. I shall tell you what happened one day when I said

title: Page:Konx Om Pax.pdf/21


text: Page:The works of John Ruskin (IA worksofjohnruski08rusk).pdf/259


text: Page:The works of John Ruskin (IA worksofjohnruski08rusk).pdf/196


text:
Page:Complete Works of Count Tolstoy - 13.djvu/271

 Son; this day have I begotten thee (Psalm ii. 7), that is, I have begotten or beget eternally. In Psalm CX., which by the holy apostles (Acts ii. 34-36; Heb. i. 13; vii. 21, 24, 25) and by the ancient Jews is also referred to the Messiah, God himself says to him: From the womb, that is, from my substance, before the morning, that is before all time, have I begotten thee (v. 3). The prophet Micah, in prophesying that the Messiah would arise from Bethlehem, added that he had also another origin, an eternal one: Whose goings forth have been from of old, from everlasting (Mic. v. 2), and this prophecy has also been referred to the Messiah by the whole Jewish Church (Matt. ii. 4-6; John vii. 42).

“(2) By the Lord God (Adonai, Elohim), and even Jehovah, a name which is exclusively applied to the one God. Such, for example are: (a) the words of Psalm xlv.: Thy throne, O God, is for ever and ever: the sceptre of thy kingdom is a right sceptre. Thou lovest righteousness, and hatest wickedness: therefore God, thy God, hath anointed thee with the oil of gladness above thy fellows (v. 6-7), which the apostle (Heb. i. 7-9) and the ancient Jews have referred to the Messiah; (b) the words of Psalm cx.: The Lord said unto my Lord, Sit thou at my right hand (v. 1), which Christ himself (Matt. xxii. 41-46) refers to the Messiah; (c) the prophecy of Malachi: Behold, I will send my messenger, and he shall prepare the way before me: and the Lord, whom ye seek, shall suddenly come to his temple, even the messenger of the covenant, whom ye delight in: behold, he shall come, saith the Lord of hosts (Mal. iii. 1), which the Saviour himself (Matt. xi. 10, 11) refers to the Messiah; (d) the prophecy, twice repeated by Jeremiah: Behold, the days come, saith the Lord, that I will raise unto David a righteous Branch, and a King shall reign and prosper, and shall execute judgment and justice in the earth. In his days Judah shall be saved, and Israel shall dwell safely:


text:
Page:Ante-Nicene Christian Library Vol 9.djvu/155

 the Son and of the Spirit, is made after the image and likeness of God: the chaff, indeed, which is the apostasy, being cast away; but the wheat, that is, those who bring forth fruit to God in faith, being gathered into the barn. And for this cause tribulation is necessary for those who are saved, that having been after a manner broken up, and rendered fine, and sprinkled over by the patience of the Word of God, and set on fire [for purification], they may be fitted for the royal banquet. As a certain man of ours said, when he was condemned to the wild beasts because of his testimony with respect to God: "I am the wheat of Christ, and am ground by the teeth of the wild beasts, that I may be found the pure bread of God."

1. In the previous books I have set forth the causes for which God permitted these things to be made, and have pointed out that all such have been created for the benefit of that human nature which is saved, ripening for immortality that which is [possessed] of its own free will and its own power, and preparing and rendering it more adapted for eternal subjection to God. And therefore the creation is suited to [the wants of] man; for man was not made for its sake, but creation for the sake of man. Those nations, however, who did not of themselves raise up their eyes unto heaven, nor returned thanks to their Maker, nor wished to behold the light of truth, but who were like blind mice concealed in the depths of ignorance, the word justly reckons


text:
Page:Konx Om Pax.pdf/22

6 Advenit

Adonai

the poem to the ring. I wasn't really quite awake when I began, but as I said it, it got brighter and brighter, and when I came "ring of amethyst" the fifth time (there are five verses, because my lover's name has five V's in it), he galloped across the beautiful green sunset, spurring the winged horse, till the blood made all the sky turn rosy red. So he caught me up and set me on his horse, and I clung to his neck as we galloped into the night. Then he told me he would take me to his Palace and show me everything, and one day when we were married I should be mistress of it all. Then I wanted to be married to him at once, and then I saw it couldn't be, because I was so sleepy and had bad dreams, and one can't be a good wife if one is always doing that sort of thing. But he said I would be older one day, and not sleep so much, and every one slept a little, but the great thing was not to be lazy and contented with the dreams, so I mean to fight hard.

Regnum Spatii

Palatium Otz

Chiim

Draco לת

Ceremonium

0°=0°

By and by we came to a beautiful green place with the strangest house you ever saw. Round the big meadow there lay a wonderful snake, with steel gray plumes, and he had his tail in his mouth, and kept on eating and eating it, because there was nothing else for him to eat, and my Fairy Prince said he would go on like that till there was nothing left at all. Then I said it would get smaller and smaller and crush the meadow and the palace, and I think perhaps I began to cry. But my Fairy Prince said: "Don't be such silly!" and I wasn't old enough to understand all that it meant, but one day I should; and all one had to do was to be as glad as glad. So he kissed me, and we got off the horse, and he took me to the door of the house, and we went in. It was frightfully dark in the passage, and I felt tied so that I couldn't move, so I promised to myself to love him always, and he kissed me. It was dreadfully, dreadfully dark though, but he said not to be afraid, silly! And it's getting lighter, now keep straight forward, darling! And then he kissed me again, and said: "Welcome to my Palace!"

I will tell you all about how it was built, because it is the most

title: Page:Konx Om Pax.pdf/22


text:
Page:Chekhov - The Witch and Other Stories.djvu/87

76 tience for a couple of years. You will live here, you will have patience, and it will all come round. Our folks are good and peaceable; there's no harm in them; it's God's truth I'm telling you. Don't mind Kozov and the Lytchkovs, and don't mind Volodka. He's a fool; he listens to the first that speaks. The others are quiet folks; they are silent. Some would be glad, you know, to say a word from the heart and to stand up for themselves, but cannot. They have a heart and a conscience, but no tongue. Don't be offended have patience. What does it matter?"

Elena Ivanovna looked at the broad, tranquil river, pondering, and tears flowed down her cheeks. And Rodion was troubled by those tears; he almost cried himself.

"Never mind " he muttered. "Have patience for a couple of years. You can have the school, you can have the roads, only not all at once. If you went, let us say, to sow corn on that mound you would first have to weed it out, to pick out all the stones, and then to plough, and work and work and with the people, you see, it is the same  you must work and work until you overcome them."

The crowd had moved away from Rodion's hut, and was coming along the street towards the mountain ash. They began singing songs and playing the concertina, and they kept coming closer and closer

"Mamma, let us go away from here," said the little girl, huddling up to her mother, pale and shaking all over; "let us go away, mamma!"


text:
Page:Chekhov - The Witch and Other Stories.djvu/31

20 a wife in the forest, blast you!" she said. "I am no wife for you, a clumsy lout, a slug-a-bed, God forgive me!"

"Come, come go to sleep!"

"How miserable I am!" sobbed his wife. "If it weren't for you, I might have married a merchant or some gentleman! If it weren't for you, I should love my husband now! And you haven't been buried in the snow, you haven't been frozen on the highroad, you Herod!"

Raïssa cried for a long time. At last she drew a deep sigh and was still. The storm still raged without. Something wailed in the stove, in the chimney, outside the walls, and it seemed to Savély that the wailing was within him, in his ears. This evening had completely confirmed him in his suspicions about his wife. He no longer doubted that his wife, with the aid of the Evil One, controlled the winds and the post sledges. But to add to his grief, this mysteriousness, this supernatural, weird power gave the woman beside him a peculiar, incomprehensible charm of which he had not been conscious before. The fact that in his stupidity he unconsciously threw a poetic glamour over her made her seem, as it were, whiter, sleeker, more unapproachable.

"Witch!" he muttered indignantly. "Tfoo, horrid creature!"

Yet, waiting till she was quiet and began breathing evenly, he touched her head with his finger held her thick plait in his hand for a minute. She did not feel it. Then he grew bolder and stroked her neck.


text:
Page:Complete Works of Count Tolstoy - 13.djvu/272

 and this is his name whereby he shall be called, the Lord (Jehovah) is righteous to us (Jer. xxiii. 5, 6; cf. xxxiii. 15, 16).” (pp. 47 and 48.)

Not one of these places refers to Jesus Christ. The Psalmist is speaking of himself, and not of Christ. If it were necessary to understand Christ by “I, me,” he would have said so.

“His goings forth have been from of old, from everlasting,” means, that the goings forth, that is, the origin of each man, are from the beginning of everything. There is nothing in common here with the divinity of Christ. The words of Psalm xlv. refer only to God, and not to Christ. The prophecies of Malachi refer to any prophet. The words of Jeremiah refer to a certain king, and there is not a shadow of a reference to Christ.

Those are all the so-called confirmations of the divinity of Christ from the Old Testament. There follow confirmations from the New Testament. (1) Here is the passage from the conversation with Nicodemus, which is adduced in proof of the divinity of Christ:

“13. And no man hath ascended up to heaven, but he that came down from heaven, even the Son of man which is in heaven For God so loved the world, that he gave his only-begotten Son, that whosoever believeth in him should not perish, but have everlasting life He that believeth on him, is not condemned: but he that believeth not, is condemned already, because he hath not believed in the name of the only-begotten Son of God (John iii. 13, 16, 18). Here (a) the Saviour in the first words clearly ascribes to himself omnipresence, a property which does not belong to one of the created beings; (b) then he calls himself the only-begotten Son of God (μονογενής), no doubt in the proper sense, that is, as being born from the essence of God, having a divine essence, for to this Son belongs omnipresence, a divine attribute; (c) finally he bears witness that without faith in him as


text:
Page:Chekhov - The Witch and Other Stories.djvu/56

Rh "You might at least drive the sheep out!" the old woman bawled after her, "my lady!"

"I dare say! As if I were going to slave for you Herods!" muttered Varvara, going into the house.

Dyudya came out of the house with his accounts in his hands, sat down on the step, and began reckoning how much the traveller owed him for the night's lodging, oats, and watering his horses.

"You charge pretty heavily for the oats, my good man," said Matvey Savitch.

"If it's too much, don't take them. There's no compulsion, merchant."

When the travellers were ready to start, they were detained for a minute. Kuzka had lost his cap.

"Little swine, where did you put it?" Matvey Savitch roared angrily. "Where is it?"

Kuzka's face was working with terror; he ran up and down near the cart, and not finding it there, ran to the gate and then to the shed. The old woman and Sofya helped him look.

"I'll pull your ears off!" yelled Matvey Savitch. "Dirty brat!"

The cap was found at the bottom of the cart.

Kuzka brushed the hay off it with his sleeve, put it on, and timidly he crawled into the cart, still with an expression of terror on his face as though he were afraid of a blow from behind.

Matvey Savitch crossed himself. The driver gave a tug at the reins and the cart rolled out of the yard.


text:
Page:Chekhov - The Witch and Other Stories.djvu/55

Rh at once. When first the crosses on the church and then the windows were flashing in the light of the rising sun, and shadows stretched across the yard over the dewy grass from the trees and the top of the well, Matvey Savitch jumped up and began hurrying about:

"Kuzka! get up!" he shouted. "It's time to put in the horses! Look sharp!"

The bustle of morning was beginning. A young Jewess in a brown gown with flounces led a horse into the yard to drink. The pulley of the well creaked plaintively, the bucket knocked as it went down

Kuzka, sleepy, tired, covered with dew, sat up in the cart, lazily putting on his little overcoat, and listening to the drip of the water from the bucket into the well as he shivered with the cold.

"Auntie!" shouted Matvey Savitch to Sofya, "tell my lad to hurry up and to harness the horses!"

And Dyudya at the same instant shouted from the window:

"Sofya, take a farthing from the Jewess for the horse's drink! They're always in here, the mangy creatures!"

In the street sheep were running up and down, baaing; the peasant women were shouting at the shepherd, while he played his pipes, cracked his whip, or answered them in a thick sleepy bass. Three sheep strayed into the yard, and not finding the gate again, pushed at the fence.

Varvara was waked by the noise, and bundling her bedding up in her arms, she went into the house.


text:
Page:Chekhov - The Witch and Other Stories.djvu/54

Rh "I'd make away with my Alyoshka and never regret it."

"You talk nonsense; God forgive you."

When Sofya was just dropping asleep, Varvara, coming close, whispered in her ear:

"Let us get rid of Dyudya and Alyoshka!"

Sofya started and said nothing. Then she opened her eyes and gazed a long while steadily at the sky.

"People would find out," she said. "No, they wouldn't. Dyudya's an old man, it's time he did die; and they'd say Alyoshka died of drink."

"I'm afraid God would chastise us."

"Well, let Him"

Both lay awake thinking in silence.

"It's cold," said Sofya, beginning to shiver all over. "It will soon be morning Are you asleep?"

"No Don't you mind what I say, dear," whispered Varvara; "I get so mad with the damned brutes, I don't know what I do say. Go to sleep, or it will be daylight directly Go to sleep."

Both were quiet and soon they fell asleep.

Earlier than all woke the old woman. She waked up Sofya and they went together into the cowshed to milk the cows. The hunchback Alyoshka came in hopelessly drunk without his concertina; his breast and knees had been in the dust and straw—he must have fallen down in the road. Staggering, he went into the cowshed, and without undressing he rolled into a sledge and began to snore


text:
Page:Chekhov - The Witch and Other Stories.djvu/53

42 rather pine all my days an old maid, I'd rather get half a rouble from the priest's son, I'd rather beg my bread, or throw myself into the well"

"It's a sin!" whispered Sofya again.

"Well, let it be."

Somewhere behind the church the same three voices, two tenors and a bass, began singing again a mournful song. And again the words could not be distinguished.

"They are not early to bed," Varvara said, laughing.

And she began telling in a whisper of her midnight walks with the priest's son, and of the stories he had told her, and of his comrades, and of the fun she had with the travellers who stayed in the house. The mournful song stirred a longing for life and freedom. Sofya began to laugh; she thought it sinful and terrible and sweet to hear about, and she felt envious and sorry that she, too, had not been a sinner when she was young and pretty.

In the churchyard they heard twelve strokes beaten on the watchman's board.

"It's time we were asleep," said Sofya, getting up, "or, maybe, we shall catch it from Dyudya."

They both went softly into the yard.

"I went away without hearing what he was telling about Mashenka," said Varvara, making herself a bed under the window.

"She died in prison, he said. She poisoned her husband."

Varvara lay down beside Sofya a while, and said softly:


text:
Page:Chekhov - The Witch and Other Stories.djvu/52

Rh "And if it were?"

It was Varvara. She stood still a minute, then came up to the bench and sat down.

"Where have you been?" asked Sofya.

Varvara made no answer.

"You'd better mind you don't get into trouble with such goings-on, my girl," said Sofya. "Did you hear how Mashenka was kicked and lashed with the reins? You'd better look out, or they'll treat you the same."

"Well, let them!"

Varvara laughed into her kerchief and whispered:

"I have just been with the priest's son."

"Nonsense!"

"I have!"

"It's a sin!" whispered Sofya.

"Well, let it be What do I care? If it's a sin, then it is a sin, but better be struck dead by thunder than live like this. I'm young and strong, and I've a filthy crooked hunchback for a husband, worse than Dyudya himself, curse him! When I was a girl, I hadn't bread to eat, or a shoe to my foot, and to get away from that wretchedness I was tempted by Alyoshka's money, and got caught like a fish in a net, and I'd rather have a viper for my bedfellow than that scurvy Alyoshka. And what's your life? It makes me sick to look at it. Your Fyodor sent you packing from the factory and he's taken up with another woman. They have robbed you of your boy and made a slave of him. You work like a horse, and never hear a kind word. I'd


text:
Page:Chekhov - The Witch and Other Stories.djvu/51

40 somewhere near, a dog barked. Matvey Savitch muttered something in his sleep and turned over on the other side.

Late at night when Dyudya and the old woman and the neighbouring watchman were all asleep, Sofya went out to the gate and sat down on the bench. She felt stifled and her head ached from weeping. The street was a wide and long one; it stretched for nearly two miles to the right and as far to the left, and the end of it was out of sight. The moon was now not over the yard, but behind the church. One side of the street was flooded with moonlight, while the other side lay in black shadow. The long shadows of the poplars and the starling-cotes stretched right across the street, while the church cast a broad shadow, black and terrible that enfolded Dyudya's gates and half his house. The street was still and deserted. From time to time the strains of music floated faintly from the end of the street—Alyoshka, most likely, playing his concertina.

Someone moved in the shadow near the church enclosure, and Sofya could not make out whether it were a man or a cow, or perhaps merely a big bird rustling in the trees. But then a figure stepped out of the shadow, halted, and said something in a man's voice, then vanished down the turning by the church. A little later, not three yards from the gate, another figure came into sight; it walked straight from the church to the gate and stopped short, seeing Sofya on the bench.

"Varvara, is that you?" said Sofya.


text:
Page:Chekhov - The Witch and Other Stories.djvu/50

Rh putting on his spectacles and standing in the corner with a book. He was a long while reading and crossing himself.

The travellers fell asleep. Afanasyevna and Sofya came up to the cart and began looking at Kuzka.

"The little orphan's asleep," said the old woman. "He's thin and frail, nothing but bones. No mother and no one to care for him properly."

"My Grishutka must be two years older," said Sofya. "Up at the factory he lives like a slave without his mother. The foreman beats him, I dare say. When I looked at this poor mite just now, I thought of my own Grishutka, and my heart went cold within me."

A minute passed in silence.

"Doesn't remember his mother, I suppose," said the old woman.

"How could he remember?" And big tears began dropping from Sofya's eyes.

"He's curled himself up like a cat," she said, sobbing and laughing with tenderness and sorrow "Poor motherless mite!"

Kuzka started and opened his eyes. He saw before him an ugly, wrinkled, tear-stained face, and beside it another, aged and toothless, with a sharp chin and hooked nose, and high above them the infinite sky with the flying clouds and the moon. He cried out in fright, and Sofya, too, uttered a cry; both were answered by the echo, and a faint stir passed over the stifling air; a watchman tapped


text:
Page:Chekhov - The Witch and Other Stories.djvu/49

38 "Kuzka was sent back home I thought it over and took him to bring up. After all—though a convict's child—still he was a living soul, a Christian I was sorry for him. I shall make him my clerk, and if I have no children of my own, I'll make a merchant of him. Wherever I go now, I take him with me; let him learn his work."

All the while Matvey Savitch had been telling his story, Kuzka had sat on a little stone near the gate. His head propped in both hands, he gazed at the sky, and in the distance he looked in the dark like a stump of wood.

"Kuzka, come to bed," Matvey Savitch bawled to him.

"Yes, it's time," said Dyudya, getting up; he yawned loudly and added:

"Folks will go their own way, and that's what comes of it."

Over the yard the moon was floating now in the heavens; she was moving one way, while the clouds beneath moved the other way; the clouds were disappearing into the darkness, but still the moon could be seen high above the yard.

Matvey Savitch said a prayer, facing the church, and saying good-night, he lay down on the ground near his cart. Kuzka, too, said a prayer, lay down in the cart, and covered himself with his little overcoat; he made himself a little hole in the hay so as to be more comfortable, and curled up so that his elbows looked like knees. From the yard Dyudya could be seen lighting a candle in his room below,


text:
Page:Chekhov - The Witch and Other Stories.djvu/48

Rh gun. She would not confess her guilt. Some in the court said she had poisoned her husband and others declared he had poisoned himself for grief. I was one of the witnesses. When they questioned me, I told the whole truth according to my oath. 'Hers,' said I, 'is the guilt. It's no good to conceal it; she did not love her husband, and she had a will of her own' The trial began in the morning and towards night they passed this sentence: to send her to hard labour in Siberia for thirteen years. After that sentence Mashenka remained three months longer in prison. I went to see her, and from Christian charity I took her a little tea and sugar. But as soon as she set eyes on me she began to shake all over, wringing her hands and muttering: 'Go away! go away!' And Kuzka she clasped to her as though she were afraid I would take him away. 'See,' said I, 'what you have come to! Ah, Masha, Masha! you would not listen to me when I gave you good advice, and now you must repent it. You are yourself to blame,' said I; 'blame yourself!' I was giving her good counsel, but she: 'Go away, go away!' huddling herself and Kuzka against the wall, and trembling all over.

"When they were taking her away to the chief town of our province, I walked by the escort as far as the station and slipped a rouble into her bundle for my soul's salvation. But she did not get as far as Siberia She fell sick of fever and died in prison."

"Live like a dog and you must die a dog's death," said Dyudya.


text:
Page:Adams - Songs of the Army of the Night.djvu/87

 Behind a linen awning
 * Sits an ancient wight half-dead,

And a little dear of a girl is
 * Examining—his head.

On a bended bamboo shouldered,
 * Bearing a block of stone,

Two worn-out Coolies half-naked
 * Utter their grunting groan.

Children, almond-eyed beauties,
 * Impossibly mangy curs,

Take part in the motley stream of
 * Insouciant passengers.

This is the Dream, the Vision
 * That comes to me and greets—

The Vision of
 * In the labyrinthine streets.


text:
Page:Adams - Songs of the Army of the Night.djvu/88

"Yes, I used always to think
 * That you Russians knew

How to make the good drink
 * As none others do.

"And I thought moreover,
 * (Not with the epicures),

You might search the world over
 * For such Women as yours.

"In both these matters now
 * I perceive I was right,

And I really can't tell you how
 * Much I delight

"In my third (Thanks, another cup!)
 * Idea of the fun,

When your Country gets up
 * And follows the sun!

"And just as in Europe, see,
 * There's a Conqueror Nation,

So why not in Asia be
 * A like jubilation?

"Taught as well as organized,
 * The eternal Coolie,

From being robbed and despised,
 * Takes to cutting throats duly!


text:
Page:Adams - Songs of the Army of the Night.djvu/89

 "But—please, don't be flurried;
 * For I daresay by then

You'll be comfortably buried,
 * Ladies and gentlemen!

"No more, thanks! I must be going!
 * I'm so glad to have made this

Opportunity of knowing
 * Some more Russian ladies!"

He sits. Upon the kingly head doth rest
 * The round-balled wimple, and the heavy rings
 * Touch on the shoulders where the shadow clings.

The downward garment shows the ambiguous breast;


text:
Page:An Illustrated History of the State of Oregon.djvu/19

 == HISTORY OF OREGON.==

---

TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION--COAST REGION-CASCADE RANGE-WILLAMETTE VALLEY-BLUE MOUNTAINS GREAT INTERIOR VALLEY-KLAMATH PLATEAU-VOLCANIC UPHEAVALS-VOLCANIC ROCKS GLACIAL ACTION-VOLCANOES-LAVA BEDS-FORMATION IN BLUE MOUNTAINS-LAVA PLAINS OF SNAKE RIVER-SCIENTIFIC STATEMENT-THE REGION OF THE COLUMBIA-FOSSIL BEDS.

TO present such a picture of the region of Oregon as will make it possible for the general reader to understand the country, it will be necessary first to give a brief description of its topography. Oregon, in general, topographically, is a series of deep valleys and lofty mountain ranges, extending northward and southward through the entire State. The exceptions to this statement are some lateral spurs of mountains that at a point or two project almost perpendicularly to the course of the main ranges, constituting the water-sheds between the streams that flow northward into the Columbia, or southward into the Sacramento, and the lakes of the great interior basin. From elevated volcanic plain lying along and near the 48° of latitude, and cutting the entire State from east to west, the drift of the valleys is northward to the great drain of the Columbia river, which is northern boundary of the State. This portion may be first considered, as it is much the larger and more valuable part of the State. Fixing our initial stake at the mouth of the Columbia river, the northwest corner of the State, we find first, closely pressing the Pacific coast, the Coast Range of mountains. This range has a width east and west generally of about thirty miles, and extends coastwise the entire width of the State, crowding its rocky feet everywhere into the spray of the ocean. It is densely timbered, hardly any pinnacle rising too high to produce the grandest firs, cedars and larch, with some higher summits. average altitude of this range may be put at about four or five thousand feet. It breaks gradually down eastward from its summit ridge into long slopes, separated by clear mountain streams, then into rounded foot-hills, crowned with oaks and firs, until the hills melt away into the verdure of the Willamette valley. From the summit of this range eastward, as the crow flies, a distance of one hundred and fifty miles, that of the great Cascade range is reached. Like the others this range cuts the State from north to south. It is much the higher, broader, and grander range. Its average width is not less than eighty miles, and its average altitude not below nine thousand feet. Crowning this mighty ridge, at intervals of fifty or more miles, great snowy summits, rising from three to five thousand feet above


text: Author:John De Witt (1842-1923)

title: Author:John De Witt (1842-1923)


text: Page:Dangerous connections (IA dangerousconnec00laclgoog).djvu/1


text: Page:Dangerous connections (IA dangerousconnec00laclgoog).djvu/2


text: Page:Dangerous connections (IA dangerousconnec00laclgoog).djvu/4


text: Page:Dangerous connections (IA dangerousconnec00laclgoog).djvu/5


text: Page:Dangerous connections (IA dangerousconnec00laclgoog).djvu/6


text:
Page:Dangerous connections (IA dangerousconnec00laclgoog).djvu/8

St. John's Square, London.


text: Page:Dangerous connections (IA dangerousconnec00laclgoog).djvu/536


text: Page:Dangerous connections (IA dangerousconnec00laclgoog).djvu/537


text: Page:Dangerous connections (IA dangerousconnec00laclgoog).djvu/538


text: Page:Dangerous connections (IA dangerousconnec00laclgoog).djvu/539


text: Page:Dangerous connections (IA dangerousconnec00laclgoog).djvu/540


text: Page:Dangerous connections (IA dangerousconnec00laclgoog).djvu/542


text:
Page:Dangerous connections (IA dangerousconnec00laclgoog).djvu/292

St. John's Square, London.


text: Author:John Howard Van Amringe

title: Author:John Howard Van Amringe


text: Page:History of Washington The Rise and Progress of an American State, volume 4.djvu/1


text: Page:History of Washington The Rise and Progress of an American State, volume 4.djvu/2


text: Page:History of Washington The Rise and Progress of an American State, volume 4.djvu/3


text: Page:History of Washington The Rise and Progress of an American State, volume 4.djvu/4


text: Page:History of Washington The Rise and Progress of an American State, volume 4.djvu/5


text: Page:History of Washington The Rise and Progress of an American State, volume 4.djvu/6


text: Page:History of Washington The Rise and Progress of an American State, volume 4.djvu/7


text: Page:History of Washington The Rise and Progress of an American State, volume 4.djvu/8


text: Page:History of Washington The Rise and Progress of an American State, volume 4.djvu/9


text: Page:History of Washington The Rise and Progress of an American State, volume 4.djvu/10


text: Page:History of Washington The Rise and Progress of an American State, volume 4.djvu/11


text: Page:History of Washington The Rise and Progress of an American State, volume 4.djvu/590


text: Page:History of Washington The Rise and Progress of an American State, volume 4.djvu/591


text: Page:History of Washington The Rise and Progress of an American State, volume 4.djvu/592


text: Page:History of Washington The Rise and Progress of an American State, volume 4.djvu/593


text: Page:History of Washington The Rise and Progress of an American State, volume 4.djvu/594


text: Page:History of Washington The Rise and Progress of an American State, volume 4.djvu/595


text: Page:History of Washington The Rise and Progress of an American State, volume 4.djvu/596


text: Page:History of Washington The Rise and Progress of an American State, volume 1.djvu/2


text: Page:History of Washington The Rise and Progress of an American State, volume 1.djvu/3


text: Page:History of Washington The Rise and Progress of an American State, volume 1.djvu/4


text: Page:History of Washington The Rise and Progress of an American State, volume 1.djvu/5


text:
Page:IRS 1990 EO CPE Text P1-52.pdf/2

 . An organization is not operated exclusively for one or more exempt purposes if its net earnings inure in whole or in part to the benefit of private individuals. For the definition of the words "private shareholder or individual," see paragraph (c) of section 1.501(a)-1.

Regs. 1.501(a)-1(c) states that "[t]he words 'private shareholder or individual' in section 501 refer to persons having a personal and private interest in the activities of the organization."

The regulations are silent concerning the meaning of "inures" because neither the courts nor the Service have found it necessary to place any special meaning on the term. Whether an impermissible benefit has been conferred on someone is treated essentially as a question of fact. Rather, the Service and the courts have focused on the meaning of the term "private."

The word "private" has been held to mean the antonym of "public"—used to distinguish a private individual from the general public—and is intended to limit the scope of those persons who personally profit from an organization to the intended beneficiaries of the allowable activities. See, 274 F. 125, 127 (W.D. Mo. 1921). Thus, the capacity in which an individual derives financial benefit will determine whether prohibited inurement exists.

The distinction between an individual as a private person and the individual as a member of the general public incorporates the following two concepts which are basic to unraveling inurement problems: (1) An individual is not entitled to unjustly enrich himself at the organization's expense. (2) Benefits directed to an individual as a member of a charitable class do not constitute unjust enrichment.

The second proposition has created fewer problems than the first. A member of an exempt hospital's governing body can be admitted to the hospital on the same basis as any other member of the community. A donor to the public library can check books out of the library. A church officer can attend functions held or sponsored by the church. But, problems do arise when an individual's receipt of a benefit is founded on economic as well as charitable considerations.

In, T.C. Memo. 1986-348, the Tax Court upheld the Service's position that a foundation formed to aid coma victims, including a family member of the founders, was not entitled to

title: Page:IRS 1990 EO CPE Text P1-52.pdf/2


text: Page:History of Washington The Rise and Progress of an American State, volume 1.djvu/6


text: Page:History of Washington The Rise and Progress of an American State, volume 1.djvu/7


text: Page:History of Washington The Rise and Progress of an American State, volume 1.djvu/8


text: Page:History of Washington The Rise and Progress of an American State, volume 1.djvu/9


text:
Page:IRS 1990 EO CPE Text P1-52.pdf/3

 recognition of exemption. Approximately 30% of the organization's net income was expected to be distributed to aid the family coma victim. The Court found that the family coma victim was a substantial beneficiary of the foundation's funds. It also noted that such distributions relieved the family of the economic burden of providing medical and rehabilitation care for their family member and, therefore, constituted inurement to the benefit of private individuals.

1.

Individuals are not the only entities that have economic interests. Exempt organizations have economic interests of their own. They must acquire assets and equipment, hire employees, and purchase professional services in order to conduct their activities. There is no prohibition against an exempt charity dealing with its founders, members, or officers in seeing to the conduct of its economic affairs. However, any transaction between an organization and a private individual in which the individual appears to receive a disproportionate share of the benefits of the exchange relative to the charity served presents an inurement issue. Such transactions may include assignments of income, compensation arrangements, sales or exchanges of property, commissions, rental arrangements, gifts with retained interests, and contracts to provide goods or services to the organization.

Modern compensation arrangements include a variety of benefits in addition to salary. See the article on Reasonable Compensation in this CPE course book. The general rule is that if the arrangements are indistinguishable from ordinary prudent business practices in comparable circumstances, a fair exchange of benefits is presumed and inurement will not be found. If the transactions depart from that standard to the benefit of an individual, a finding of inurement should be made.

2.

Rul. 69-383, 1969-2 C.B. 113, is an example of a possible inurement situation which did not jeopardize an organization's exempt status. In the revenue ruling a tax exempt hospital entered into a contract with a radiologist after arm'slength negotiations. The contract provided for the radiologist to be compensated by

title: Page:IRS 1990 EO CPE Text P1-52.pdf/3


text: Page:History of Washington The Rise and Progress of an American State, volume 2.djvu/7


text: Page:History of Washington The Rise and Progress of an American State, volume 5.djvu/9


text: Page:History of Washington The Rise and Progress of an American State, volume 3.djvu/7


text:
Page:IRS 1990 EO CPE Text P1-52.pdf/4

 receiving a percentage of the gross receipts of the radiology department. The revenue ruling concluded that the agreement did not jeopardize the hospital's exempt status under IRC 501(c)(3). In support of this conclusion, the following facts were noted: the agreement was negotiated on an arm's-length basis, the radiologist did not control the hospital, the amount received under the contract was reasonable in terms of the responsibilities and duties assumed, and the amount received under the contract was not excessive when compared to the amounts received by other radiologists in comparable circumstances.

A case illustration of a typical attempt to characterize inurement as reasonable compensation is, 81-2 USTC 9514 (Ct. Cl. 1981). In that case a private, unaccredited, law school and college were operated by two brothers, Theo and Martin Fenster, and members of their families. The Service revoked the exemption of both organizations on the ground that part of the net earnings of the organizations inured to the benefit of private shareholders or individuals. The organizations filed a declaratory judgment action in the Court of Claims. The Court opened its discussion of the case by noting that

[t]he term "net earnings"…has been construed to permit an organization to incur ordinary and necessary expenses in the course of its operations without losing its tax-exempt statusThe issue, therefore, is whether or not the expenditures JMLS paid to or on behalf of the Fenster family were ordinary and necessary to JMLS operations. , at 87,685.

The Court detailed with particularity each of a series of interest-free, unsecured loans used by the Fensters to purchase a home and furnish it, the granting of noncompetitive scholarships to the Fenster children, and payment of nonbusiness related expenses for travel, health spa membership and entertainment. Although one of the loans was evidenced by a promissory note, the note made no provision for a definite repayment schedule. In response to the argument that one of the scholarships was merely the equivalent of a death benefit (Martin Fenster had been murdered three months earlier), the Court acknowledged that a death benefit was authorized under the tax Code but stated that the section had nothing to do with authorizing inurement of earnings of the organization to an individual. The Service's revocation of the organizations' exemptions was upheld.

3.

title: Page:IRS 1990 EO CPE Text P1-52.pdf/4


text: Page:History of Washington The Rise and Progress of an American State, volume 4.djvu/28


text: Page:History of Washington The Rise and Progress of an American State, volume 4.djvu/38


text: Page:History of Washington The Rise and Progress of an American State, volume 4.djvu/348


text: Page:History of Washington The Rise and Progress of an American State, volume 4.djvu/36


text: Page:History of Washington The Rise and Progress of an American State, volume 4.djvu/308


text: Page:History of Washington The Rise and Progress of an American State, volume 4.djvu/114


text: Page:History of Washington The Rise and Progress of an American State, volume 4.djvu/116


text: Page:History of Washington The Rise and Progress of an American State, volume 4.djvu/92


text: Page:History of Washington The Rise and Progress of an American State, volume 4.djvu/94


text: Page:History of Washington The Rise and Progress of an American State, volume 4.djvu/484


text: Page:History of Washington The Rise and Progress of an American State, volume 4.djvu/486


text: Page:History of Washington The Rise and Progress of an American State, volume 4.djvu/58


text: Page:History of Washington The Rise and Progress of an American State, volume 4.djvu/60


text: Page:History of Washington The Rise and Progress of an American State, volume 4.djvu/76


text: Page:History of Washington The Rise and Progress of an American State, volume 4.djvu/78


text: Page:History of Washington The Rise and Progress of an American State, volume 4.djvu/204


text: Page:History of Washington The Rise and Progress of an American State, volume 4.djvu/306


text: Page:History of Washington The Rise and Progress of an American State, volume 4.djvu/307


text:
Page:History of Washington The Rise and Progress of an American State, volume 4.djvu/309

 OF AN AMERICAN STATE 227

R. D. Rice was elected vice-president of the company and John C. Ainsworth of Portland, was made managing director for the western division, and these two officials were charged with the responsibility of finally fixing the terminus. But they gave no intimation for several months of what they intended to do, and meantime they bought all the land on the west shore of Commencement Bay that the company would not acquire through its grant, and which the holders could be induced to part with. They visited the Sound in July and on their return to Kalama on the 14th, telegraphed the directors in New York and General McCarver in Tacoma that they had made choice of Tacoma as the terminus. This report was ratified on September loth, and a land company was formed to own, improve and manage the sale of the town- site.

Up to this time, Tacoma seems hardly to have been taken into account in the contest by any of the other towns. It was as yet scarcely a village. In 1864 Job Carr and his two sons had chosen claims on the west shore of Commence- ment Bay, in the expectation, as it has since been claimed, that a railroad terminus might some time be fixed there. For three years or more they were the only settlers on the harbor. Governor Marshall F. Moore had purchased part of one of their claims but did not live on it, and other people had afterwards taken claims in the neighborhood and ac- quired title to them or taken such steps as they could to acquire it.

In 1867 General Morton M. McCarver, who had come to Oregon with the Burnett-Applegate party in 1843, and afterwards served for a time as speaker of the house of repre- sentatives under the provisional government, and as com- missary-general in the Indian wars, came across the country


text: Page:History of Washington The Rise and Progress of an American State, volume 4.djvu/508


text: Page:History of Washington The Rise and Progress of an American State, volume 4.djvu/510


text: Page:History of Washington The Rise and Progress of an American State, volume 4.djvu/118


text: Page:History of Washington The Rise and Progress of an American State, volume 4.djvu/140


text: Page:History of Washington The Rise and Progress of an American State, volume 4.djvu/142


text: Page:History of Washington The Rise and Progress of an American State, volume 4.djvu/346


text: Page:History of Washington The Rise and Progress of an American State, volume 4.djvu/206


text: Page:History of Washington The Rise and Progress of an American State, volume 4.djvu/162


text: Page:History of Washington The Rise and Progress of an American State, volume 4.djvu/164


text: Page:History of Washington The Rise and Progress of an American State, volume 5.djvu/207


text: Page:History of Washington The Rise and Progress of an American State, volume 5.djvu/208


text: Page:History of Washington The Rise and Progress of an American State, volume 4.djvu/316


text: Page:History of Washington The Rise and Progress of an American State, volume 5.djvu/662


text: Page:History of Washington The Rise and Progress of an American State, volume 5.djvu/661


text: Page:History of Washington The Rise and Progress of an American State, volume 5.djvu/660


text: Page:History of Washington The Rise and Progress of an American State, volume 5.djvu/659


text: Page:History of Washington The Rise and Progress of an American State, volume 5.djvu/658


text: Page:History of Washington The Rise and Progress of an American State, volume 5.djvu/657


text: Page:History of Washington The Rise and Progress of an American State, volume 5.djvu/656


text:
Page:History of Washington The Rise and Progress of an American State, volume 5.djvu/206

144 THE RISE AND PROGRESS He married Annie Connelly, who was born in Ireland and died in Spokane, November 24, 1907. Their children are Mary Frances, who married J. F. Reddy, of Medford, Oregon, and has two daughters and one son; and Eleanor B., who married James Smyth, of Spokane, and has one son and one daughter.

JAMES MONAGHAN, of Spokane, was born in Belturbet, County Cavan, Ireland, September 22, 1839, third and youngest child of John and Mary Ann (O'Riley) Monaghan of that place. Left an orphan when three years old, he was reared by his maternal grandparents in Belturbet. At the age of seventeen, in 1856, he came to the United States, and for some time lived with his brother Robert, who had established himself in medical practice in New York. In 1858 he made the journey to the Pacific northwest by way of the Isthmus of Panama, arriving at Vancouver on the Columbia River in May. He was successively employed at the ferry on the Des Chutes River near The Dalles, Oregon; on the sailboats of the upper Columbia, which in those days monopolized the traffic; on the "Colonel Wright," the first steam vessel to navigate the Columbia from Wallula to Celilo; and in the operation of the ferry across the Spokane River about twenty-one miles below the present city of Spokane, finally purchasing that ferry and conducting it until 1865, when he built the bridge over the Spokane River now known as the La Pray bridge (named for Joseph La Pray, who purchased it from Mr. Monaghan). During this period he planted the first apple trees in Spokane County. In 1869 Mr. Monaghan engaged in business in Walla Walla, and there he was married two years later. Im- mediately afterward he removed to what is now Chewelah


text: Page:History of Washington The Rise and Progress of an American State, volume 5.djvu/2


text: Page:History of Washington The Rise and Progress of an American State, volume 5.djvu/3


text: Page:History of Washington The Rise and Progress of an American State, volume 5.djvu/4


text: Page:History of Washington The Rise and Progress of an American State, volume 5.djvu/5


text: Page:History of Washington The Rise and Progress of an American State, volume 5.djvu/6


text: Page:History of Washington The Rise and Progress of an American State, volume 5.djvu/7


text: Page:History of Washington The Rise and Progress of an American State, volume 5.djvu/8


text: Page:History of Washington The Rise and Progress of an American State, volume 5.djvu/10


text: Page:History of Washington The Rise and Progress of an American State, volume 5.djvu/11


text: Page:History of Washington The Rise and Progress of an American State, volume 5.djvu/12


text:
Page:A History of Cawthorne.djvu/108

 It contains, in canopywork, Isaiah and Jeremiah, with the Virgin and Child in the centre light.

The next window has Ezekiel and Daniel: the inscription is, "To the Glory of God and in Memory of Hannah wife of George Terry of Banks Farm, who died April 30, 1876, aged 48." Each Prophet bears a scroll with words taken from his own writings prophetic of that Incarnation which is represented as already fulfilled in the Virgin and Child Jesus—the "Christus"—between Isaiah and Jeremiah:

"." "Aperiatur terra et germinet Salvatorum." "Let the earth open, and let them bring forth salvation." ''Is. xlv'', 8.

"." "Germinare faciam David germen justiciae." "I will raise to David a Righteous Branch." ''Jer. xxiii'', 5.

"." "Et servus meus David Rex super eos." "And David my servant shall be King over them." ''Ez. xxxvii'', 24.

"." "Potestas Ejus potestas æterna." "Whose Kingdom is an everlasting Kingdom." ''Dan. vii'', 27.

The English is given in each case as in our Authorised Version, and not as a translation of the Latin Vulgate.

The other of these three windows was filled with stained glass (by Wailes of Newcastle) in 1867, as a memorial of the people of Cawthorne to Miss Louisa Stanhope, who truly followed in her mother Lady Elizabeth's footsteps, in going about "doing good." The glass not being in harmony with the present Church, it has been replaced by a new window with St. Mary ("Sancta Maria") and St. Elizabeth.

Above the Door into the North Porch is a window now filled with glass by Mr. Shaw, architect, of Saddleworth, which is also about to toto [sic] be removed for glass more in tone with the rest. It has been called "The Children's Window." It represents Christ blessing little children, and has the inscriptions, "In Memory of Hugh Robert Spencer Stanhope, born April 21, 1864, died Jan. 6, 1865: and of Edward Lytton Bulwer: Born June 18, 1864, Died December 14, 1864." "For I say unto you that in heaven their angels do always behold the Face of my Father which is in heaven." "Suffer little

title: Page:A History of Cawthorne.djvu/108


text: Page:History of Washington The Rise and Progress of an American State, volume 5.djvu/1


text: Page:Epigraphia Indica Vol 20.pdf/5

title: Page:Epigraphia Indica Vol 20.pdf/5


text: Page:Epigraphia Indica Vol 20.pdf/7

title: Page:Epigraphia Indica Vol 20.pdf/7


text: Page:Epigraphia Indica Vol 20.pdf/9

title: Page:Epigraphia Indica Vol 20.pdf/9


text: Page:Epigraphia Indica Vol 20.pdf/114

title: Page:Epigraphia Indica Vol 20.pdf/114


text: Page:Epigraphia Indica Vol 20.pdf/147

title: Page:Epigraphia Indica Vol 20.pdf/147


text: Page:Epigraphia Indica Vol 20.pdf/187

title: Page:Epigraphia Indica Vol 20.pdf/187


text: Page:History of Washington The Rise and Progress of an American State, volume 4.djvu/252


text: Page:History of Washington The Rise and Progress of an American State, volume 4.djvu/254


text:
Page:A Treatise concerning the Use and Abuse of the Marriage Bed.djvu/374

 otherwise to dispose of it, so that they should never be at all the better for it, and that it was too late now to persuade her, for she was fixed in her Measures; and the Reasons being such as could not be answered, her Neices had nothing to do but to consider of some other Ways to maintain themselves, for she had no more to say to them.

was dismal News to the two Girls; but they had no Remedy, so they shifted as they could; we have no more to say about them.

old Lady, according to her Resolution, as above, put off her House, and went into the Country where her Estate lay, and dwelt with one of her Tenants in the Country; here she liv'd perfectly retir'd, and attended only with one Servant; and by this Time she was about sixty-five Years old, but of a sound, hail Constitution, a chearful, easy Disposition, calm Temper, and all the happy Tokens of long Life.

happened one Day, talking seriously with her Tenant, a good honest plain Man, but a Man of Sense, and particularly of abundance of religious Knowledge, she made her Complaint to him, how unkindly she had been treated by her Nieces, and how she had resented it, and was resolved, as above, that none of them should be the better for her.

good Man exhorted and persuaded her to forgive the young Women, to consider they were young and gay, and wanted Discretion, and that, no doubt, they would carry it otherwise to her now, if she would receive them again; he added the Command of our Saviour, to forgive Enemies, and our offending Brother; and so pleaded often with her for the two poor


text: Page:History of Washington The Rise and Progress of an American State, volume 4.djvu/214


text: Page:History of Washington The Rise and Progress of an American State, volume 4.djvu/216


text: Author:Charles Edgar Lewis Wingate

title: Author:Charles Edgar Lewis Wingate


text:
Page:A Treatise concerning the Use and Abuse of the Marriage Bed.djvu/375

 Cast-off Girls. But he found the old Lady inflexible; she had taken Things so ill that she could not go back; she would forgive them, she said, and pray for them, but she would never give her Estate to them; that she said she was not bound to do upon any Account whatever. In a word, the good Man found there was no room to say any thing farther upon that Subject, unless he would utterly disoblige her, which it was not his Business to do; so he meddled no more with it.

some time, the old Lady tells her Tenant, she wanted to speak with him, and his Wife and Daughter together; the Daughter was, it seems, a young married Woman, but a sober, grave and religious Body, like her Father; and also of a Judgment above her Years; and this, it seems, made the old Lady take her into the Council; the Tenant had also a Son, but he was but a little Boy of about nine or ten Years old.

this Meeting the old Lady tells them, that as she was now in Years, and could not expect to live much longer, she thought it was time to settle her Affairs in the World, and to dispose of what Estate she had to leave behind her; that they all know how she had been treated by those to whom she had been so kind, and to whom she had purposed to be still so much kinder; That they likewise knew what her Resolutions were with respect to that; that at his Importunity however, she had so far forgiven them, as to resolve to give each of them a Legacy of One hundred Pounds to help to support them, and to testify her Charity, notwithstanding the ill Usage they


text: Index:Science and medieval thought. The Harveian oration delivered before the Royal College of Physicians, October 18, 1900 (IA sciencemedievalt00allbrich).pdf


text: Page:Science and medieval thought. The Harveian oration delivered before the Royal College of Physicians, October 18, 1900 (IA sciencemedievalt00allbrich).pdf/10


text:
Page:Science and medieval thought. The Harveian oration delivered before the Royal College of Physicians, October 18, 1900 (IA sciencemedievalt00allbrich).pdf/20

 did natural science not flourish in the thirteenth century, and was it not a great misfortune for Europe that it did not then flourish? what were the systems of thought which in the Middle Ages preceded, encouraged or thwarted the travail of the human mind, and what of good or ill do we owe to them? These and such ques- tions it seemed not unfitting that a Harveian Orator of this latter day should consider. Now on the philosophy of the Middle Ages, and on its relation to the era of positive science of which Harvey was perhaps the chief pioneer, there lay in a drawer in my cabinet the confused and occasional notes of many years. An interest in this thorny subject, sown in my mind at first by accident, and reawakened by these enquiring friends, had for me the charms of an old fancy, and I trust some brief essay thereon may have a temporary service; if, that is, I can touch the imagination of my hearers, and after some broken fashion bring before them a vision of the nations swayed hither and thither upon the face of Europe by a thirst for knowledge of a kind different, both in its methods and in its aims, from our own.

This oration cannot have the merit of an original study. Had I the equipment I have not the leisure to carry my investigations to the sources. Yet I may have attained to some maturity of judgment herein by long occupation of my mind since, in 1863, my old friend Mr Thomas Marshall of Leeds, sometime of St John's College, Oxford, interested me in the life and work of Roger Bacon, the only eminent forerunner of the great naturalists of the seventeenth century.


text:
Author:William Henry Allchin

Works

 * The Harveian Oration 1903

title: Author:William Henry Allchin


text: Index:The Harveian oration 1903.djvu

title: Index:The Harveian oration 1903.djvu


text: Page:The Harveian oration 1903.djvu/10

title: Page:The Harveian oration 1903.djvu/10


text:
Page:The Harveian oration 1903.djvu/20

 awarded to a Medical Practitioner who has advanced Sanitary Science or Public Health.

Turning now to those whose achievements have enriched not only our College by their reflected lustre, but mankind at large by the benefit conferred, and who by their intellectual labours and scientific results have gained for themselves imperishable fame, it would be wearisome and profitless to mention them merely by name. Time does not allow me to record their doings. Yet it were not decent that in the press and rush of the present day, the labours of Gilbert and of Glisson, of Willis, of Young who enunciated the undulatory theory of Light, of Sydenham, of Heberden, of William Hunter, of Prout, Bright, Watson, Parkes, Jenner, Gull, Clark, and Reynolds, former Fellows of this College, should be forgotten on this occasion of the commemoration of our benefactors. Excepting such immortal discoveries as Harvey's—discoveries that mark an era and are starting points in knowledge—it is easy from our present standpoint to overlook the help that the advances made by these workers contributed to the general progress; nor are those suggestions which proved to be erroneous altogether to be disregarded, since in their refutation the right way often became manifest.

These are but some of those whose good deeds,

title: Page:The Harveian oration 1903.djvu/20


text:
Page:The Harveian oration 1903.djvu/30

 were exposed, vivisection did not render so clear the secretory activities of the glands, the changes brought about by digestion, the intricacies of tissue nutrition, and the workings of the nervous system. These physiological problems were more intimately connected with the living material, and were not so open to such observation or experimental enquiry as was then possible. And it may be said that less even was known of the structure of the organs concerned in these functions than there was of the circulatory and respiratory systems. But, Malpighi and his fellows showed the way to what was wanted, and, as will appear, the uses and workings of the structures became open to scientific enquiry with important consequences.

Mention must be made however in further illustration of my theme of what had been done to provide truer conceptions of the nature of muscular action. Up to the time of Vesalius and even for some time afterwards the contractile power of the muscles was regarded as resident in the connective tissue sheath of the fibres, the true muscle substances being looked upon as packing. Vesalius first indicated the proper rôle of this material, but it was not until more than a century later, in 1664, that Nicolas Stensen a Dane, described (1664–1667) the structure of muscular tissue as he had studied it with the

title: Page:The Harveian oration 1903.djvu/30


text:
Page:The Harveian oration 1903.djvu/40

 so far as the human organism is concerned, by the very completeness of the knowledge of it.

Did time permit it would not be difficult to show, as indeed has in part already been done, that as the intimate structure of the tissues became revealed, so was the way cleared for a sounder Physiology, whether by a more rational understanding of what observation and experiment had disclosed, or by indicating the direction in which observation and experiment might be fruitfully continued.

The progress of histological research has been marked by one great feature far-reaching in its effects and of fundamental importance—the recognition of the cell as the tissue unit. And whilst this has served to give completeness to the views of tissue structure, and especially of

title: Page:The Harveian oration 1903.djvu/40


text:
Page:The Harveian oration 1903.djvu/50

44 THE HARVEIAN ORATION, 1903 sity will not be a satisfactory explanation of the composition of living protoplasm which is ever in a state of flux; the continuous decompositions and reconstructions of which underlie its activi- ties, are indeed phases of its living. Hitherto all attempts to ascertain the composition of the bioplasm have resulted in killing the material, and hence the solution of the question is evaded. And although proteids are obtained from living protoplasm, there is no proof that they exist as such in the living matter, but rather are they the dead derivatives of what is killed in the process of examination.

Theories of the constitution of proteids arrived at by the attempted synthesis of these substances have been provisionally set out, and though no one of them is free from objection, it may reasonably be supposed that consistent with pre- vailing chemical theories, they are on the right lines. Among these should be mentioned that propounded by our distinguished Fellow, Dr. P. W. Latham, according to which what he terms “ living proteid ” is composed of a chain of cyan- alcohols and a thio-alcohol united to a benzene nucleus. These cyan-alcohols are exceedingly unstable and prone to undergo intramolecular changes, properties also possessed in a marked degree by bioplasm, and similar bodies are ob- tained from the disintegration of both cyan-

title: Page:The Harveian oration 1903.djvu/50


text:
Page:The Harveian oration 1903.djvu/60

THE HARVEIAN ORATION, 1903 >> projected. The substance left is also radio- active, and successive residues, differing as they do from each other, yet continue to exhibit radio-activity, "and one of the residues so left seems ultimately to pitch away electrons simply instead of atoms of matter '-a veritable trans- mutation of matter. Thus it is supposed that "the massive and extremely complex atoms of a radio-active substance are liable to get into an unstable condition. . . and gradually dis- integrating fall into other and ultimately more stable forms of matter." Yet it appears that as the radio-active substance thus breaks up, fresh radio-active matter is as constantly regenerated, possibly, as Lord Kelvin has suggested, from the ethereal waves surrounding the atoms.

Even as the atomic and molecular theory was laid hold of to furnish an explanation of that flux of chemical activity which we denominate bioplasm, so have these further speculations on ionic action been pressed into the same service, and with some promise, wholly hypothetical as they may be. It is to Professor Loeb, of Chicago, that we in the main owe the application of the ionic theory to physiological phenomena. "The bulk of protoplasm," he writes, consists of colloidal material, and the physical manifestations of life, such as muscular contraction, protoplasmic

1 American Journal of Physiology, 1901-2. 54

title: Page:The Harveian oration 1903.djvu/60


text:
Page:The Harveian oration 1903.djvu/14

 corrected by the seventeenth century, "Galen's sources of evidence respecting the motion of the heart were the same as Harvey's—viz. comparison of structure in a variety of animals, argument from the use of these structures, observation of the living heart, and numerous experiments on animals."

I am not concerned, even were it needful, again to tell the oft-told tale of Harvey's great discovery and how he demonstrated the truth thereof, for that it was that made his epoch-making work the glory that it is; nor yet to defend his claims to the full merits of all he did against the pretensions of those who sought to be-little it or even boldly aimed to usurp what to him alone belonged. This has been done more than once and done completely. Nothing I could say could add one iota to the justification; to attempt it were almost to cast a doubt upon its truth.

Briefly would I commemorate the good deeds and the munificence of our founders.

And first, King Henry VIII who by Charter in the tenth year of his reign (1518) incorporated this College, moved thereto in great measure by Cardinal Wolsey, but essentially at the instigation of one of his Physicians—Thomas Linacre—whom on that account

title: Page:The Harveian oration 1903.djvu/14


text:
Page:The Harveian oration 1903.djvu/11

,—In proceeding to discharge the duty which you, Sir, have laid upon me, and for which honour I desire to express my grateful appreciation, my course is in great measure laid down for me by the injunctions of the illustrious Fellow of this College whom we meet to-day especially to commemorate. In the deed by which he conveyed to the College in 1656, a year before his death, his estate at Burmarsh in Kent, Harvey provided that:—

"There shall be once every year a general Feast for all the Fellows; and on the day when such Feast shall be kept some one person of the said College shall be from time to time appointed, who shall make

title: Page:The Harveian oration 1903.djvu/11


text:
Author:Henry Gallup Paine

Works

 * (1920)

title: Author:Henry Gallup Paine


text:
Page:Ante-Nicene Christian Library Vol 9.djvu/156

134 "as waste water from a sink, and as the turning-weight of a balance—in fact, as nothing;" so far useful and serviceable to the just, as stubble conduces towards the growth of the wheat, and its straw, by means of combustion, serves for working gold. And therefore, when in the end the church shall be suddenly caught up from this, it is said, "There shall be tribulation such as has not been since the beginning, neither shall be." For this is the last contest of the righteous, in which, when they overcome, they are crowned with incorruption.

2. And there is therefore in this beast, when he comes, a recapitulation made of all sorts of iniquity and of every deceit, in order that all apostate power, flowing into and being shut up in him, may be sent into the furnace of fire. Fittingly, therefore, shall his name possess the number six hundred and sixty-six, since he sums up in his own person all the commixture of wickedness which took place previous to the deluge, due to the apostasy of the angels. For Noah was six hundred years old when the deluge came upon the earth, sweeping away the rebellious world, for the sake of that most infamous generation which lived in the times of Noah. And [Antichrist] also sums up every error of devised idols since the flood, together with the slaying of the prophets and the cutting off of the just. For that image which was set up by Nebuchadnezzar had indeed a height of sixty cubits, while the breadth was six cubits; on account of which Ananias, Azarias, and Misaël, when they did not worship it, were cast into a furnace of fire, pointing out prophetically, by what happened to them, the wrath against the righteous which shall arise towards the [time of the] end. For that image, taken as a whole, was a prefiguring of this man's coming, decreeing that he should undoubtedly himself alone be worshipped by all men. Thus, then, the six hundred years of Noah, in whose time the deluge occurred because of the apostasy, and the number of the cubits of the image for which these just men were sent into the fiery furnace, do indicate the number of the name of that man in whom is concen-


text:
Page:The Harveian oration 1905.djvu/20

 museum with numerous objects of curiosity and a variety of surgical instruments. The ceremony of opening took place on February 2nd, 1653, and on the occasion Harvey provided a sumptuous entertainment at his own expense, at which he received the President and Fellows, and made over to them on the spot his whole interest in the structure. In the next year he was unanimously elected President in his absence. He attended the Comitia of the College next day, but in graceful terms declined the honour, regarding the concerns of the College, which had greatly prospered under the preceding President,, as being too weighty to be intrusted to one like him, laden with years and infirm in health, and in compliance with his desire Dr. Prujean was re-elected. Harvey accepted, however, the office of consiliarius, which he again held in the two following years. In July 1656, Harvey delivered to the College a formal deed, by which he bestowed upon it as a free gift his paternal estate at Burmarsh in Kent, worth at that time £56 per annum, with special provision settling one sum by way of salary for the librarian, and another sum for the delivery of a solemn oration annually. The College of Physicians was justly proud of Harvey, and he was undoubtedly greatly attached to the College, which he regarded as a grand foundation, and where "he consorted with his nearest and dearest friends, seeking to

title: Page:The Harveian oration 1905.djvu/20


text: The Election of Representatives, parliamentary and municipal/Chapter 1


text:
Page:Ante-Nicene Christian Library Vol 9.djvu/157

Rh trated the whole apostasy of six thousand years, and unrighteousness, and wickedness, and false prophecy, and deception; for which things' sake a cataclysm of fire shall also come [upon the earth].

1. Such, then, being the state of the case, and this number being found in all the most approved and ancient copies [of the Apocalypse], and those men who saw John face to face bearing their testimony [to it]; while reason also leads us to conclude that the number of the name of the beast, [if reckoned] according to the Greek mode of calculation by the [value of] the letters contained in it, will amount to six hundred and sixty and six; that is, the number of tens shall be equal to that of the hundreds, and the number of hundreds equal to that of the units (for that number which [expresses] the digit six being adhered to throughout, indicates the recapitulations of that apostasy, taken in its full extent, which occurred at the beginning, during the intermediate periods, and which shall take place at the end),—I do not know how it is that some have erred following the ordinary mode of speech, and have vitiated the middle number in the name, deducting the amount of fifty from it, so that instead of six decads they will have it that there is but one. [I am inclined to think that this occurred through the fault of the copyists, as is wont to happen, since numbers also are expressed by letters; so that the Greek letter which expresses the number sixty was easily expanded into the letter Iota of the


text:
Page:Ante-Nicene Christian Library Vol 9.djvu/158

136 Greeks.] Others then received this reading without examination; some in their simplicity, and upon their own responsibility, making use of this number expressing one decad; while some, in their inexperience, have ventured to seek out a name which should contain the erroneous and spurious number. Now, as regards those who have done this in simplicity, and without evil intent, we are at liberty to assume that pardon will be granted them by God. But as for those wdio, for the sake of vainglory, lay it down for certain that names containing the spurious number are to be accepted, and affirm that this name, hit upon by themselves, is that of him who is to come; such persons shall not come forth without loss, because they have led into error both themselves and those who confided in them. Now, in the first place, it is loss to wander from the truth, and to imagine that as being the case which is not; then again, as there shall be no light punishment [inflicted] upon him who either adds or subtracts anything from the Scripture, under that such a person must necessarily fall. Moreover, another danger, by no means trifling, shall overtake those who falsely presume that they know the name of Antichrist. For if these men assume one [number], when this [Antichrist] shall come having another, they will be easily led away by him, as supposing him not to be the expected one, who must be guarded against.

2. These men, therefore, ought to learn [what really is the state of the case], and go back to the true number of the name, that they be not reckoned among false prophets. But, knowing the sure number declared by Scripture, that is, six hundred sixty and six, let them await, in the first place, the division of the kingdom into ten; then, in the next place, when these kings are reigning, and beginning to set their affairs in order, and advance their kingdom, [let them learn] to acknowledge that he who shall come claiming the kingdom for himself, and shall terrify those men of whom we


text:
Page:Ante-Nicene Christian Library Vol 9.djvu/159

Rh have been speaking, having a name containing the aforesaid number, is truly the abomination of desolation. This, too, the apostle affirms: "When they shall say, Peace and safety, then sudden destruction shall come upon them." And Jeremiah does not merely point out his sudden coming, but he even indicates the tribe from which he shall come, where he says, "We shall hear the voice of his swift horses from Dan; the whole earth shall be moved by the voice of the neighing of his galloping horses: he shall also come and devour the earth, and the fulness thereof, the city also, and they that dwell therein." This, too, is the reason that this tribe is not reckoned in the Apocalypse along with those which are saved.

3. It is therefore more certain, and less hazardous, to await the fulfilment of the prophecy, than to be making surmises, and casting about for any names that may present themselves, inasmuch as many names can be found possessing the number mentioned; and the same question will, after all, remain unsolved. For if there are many names found possessing this number, it will be asked which among them shall the coming man bear. It is not through a want of names containing, the number of that name that I say this, but on account of the fear of God, and zeal for the truth: for the name Evanthas contains the required number, but I make no allegation regarding it. Then also Lateinos has the number six hundred and sixty-six; and it is a very probable [solution], this being the name of the last kingdom [of the four seen by Daniel]. For the Latins are they who at present bear rule: I will not, however, make any boast over this [coincidence]. Teitan too, (, the first syllable being written with the two Greek vowels e and i), among all the names which are found among us, is rather worthy of credit. For it has in itself the predicted number, and is composed of six letters, each syllable containing three letters; and [the word itself] is ancient, and removed from ordinary use; for among our kings we find none bearing this name Titan, nor have any of the idols which are worshipped in public among the Greeks and bar-


text:
Page:Ante-Nicene Christian Library Vol 9.djvu/162

140 mained three days and three nights in the whale's belly, so shall the Son of man be in the heart of the earth." Then also the apostle says, "But when He ascended, what is it but that He also descended into the lower parts of the earth?" This, too, David says when prophesying of Him, "And Thou hast delivered my soul from the nethermost hell;" and on His rising again the third day, He said to Mary, who was the first to see and to worship Him, "Touch me not, for I have not yet ascended to the Father; but go to the disciples, and say unto them, I ascend unto my Father, and unto your Father."

2. If, then, the Lord observed the law of the dead, that He miffht become the first-begotten from the dead, and tarried until the third day "in the lower parts of the earth;" then afterwards rising in the flesh, so that He even showed the print of the nails to His disciples, He thus ascended to the Father;—[if all these things occurred, I say], how must these men not be put to confusion, who allege that "the lower parts" refer to this world of ours, but that their inner man, leaving the body here, ascends into the super-celestial place? For as the Lord "went away in the midst of the shadow of death," where the souls of the dead were, yet afterwards arose in the body, and after the resurrection was taken up [into heaven], it is manifest that the souls of His disciples also, upon whose account the Lord underwent these things, shall go away into the invisible place allotted to them by God, and there remain until the resurrection, awaiting that event; then receiving their bodies, and rising in their entirety, that is bodily, just as the Lord arose, they shall come thus into the presence of God. "For no disciple is above the Master, but every one that is perfect shall be as his Master." As our Master, therefore, did not at once depart, taking flight [to heaven], but awaited the time of His resurrection prescribed by the Father, which had been also shown forth through Jonas, and rising again after three days


text:
Page:A Treatise concerning the Use and Abuse of the Marriage Bed.djvu/376

 had been pleased to give her, but that now it was time for her to settle the rest.

this Discourse, she told them, that she had been studying all possible Ways how she might dispose of her Estate most to her satisfaction, and that, upon the whole, she was resolved to marry. The Tenant, a grave, and, as I said, good Man, seem'd to be greatly distasted at that kind of Proposal for settling her Estate, and the Tenant's Wife and Daughter, both began to discover their surprize at it, and a kind of nauseating the Proposal.

hold, says she, hear what I have farther to say before you give your Opinion. My Proposal of marrying shall have no Scandal in it, I'll promise you; I shall leave no room for Reproach; and you will say so, when you hear who I have pitch'd upon for my Husband. In short, there is a little Boy in your Town whom I have chosen for a Husband, and upon whom I will settle my Estate; and he is so young, that no Body can raise any Objection against it; for, to be sure, I shall be in my Grave before he will be grown up to Man's Estate; and, giving them no time to answer, she added, this little Boy is your Son. I think, says she, you say he is not above nine or ten Years old, and I am almost seventy; and, if you give your Consent, I'll put him to School; and after that, if I should live so long, I'll put him to 'Prentice at London to a good Trade, and give One hundred Pounds with him, and, to be sure, I shall be dead before he will be out of his Time; and then, selling Part of the Estate, he will have a good Stock to set up with, and the remainder will make a good Jointure for a Wife.


text:
Page:A Treatise concerning the Use and Abuse of the Marriage Bed.djvu/377

 Tenant was strangely surprized with the Proposal, and indeed was embarass'd with it. As for the Women, they were quite silenc'd. But the good Man told her, that indeed the Proposal she had made of marrying a Child, would take away all the Scandal which he was before concerned about on her Account; but that it would be a sad Blow to her own Relations; and tho' he knew not what to say as to his Child, whom he would be very tender of hurting, seeing she had such kind Thoughts about him, as to Design him her Estate, yet he could not still but beg of her to consider very well before she Disinherited her two Nieces, and, at least, to do something more for them. But, in short, she was immoveable as to that Part; and, after some other Difficulties which the old Tenant started, for he did not seem to come very willingly into it, no not to the last, it was however agreed on, and she was married to the Boy.

to her Proposal, she put him to School, and had him made a very good Scholar; and she liv'd not only to see him come home from the School, but to be big enough to go 'Prentice, and also to see him come out of his Time; by which time he was about twenty-two Years of Age.

, as I said, even this unsuitable Match did not prove so satisfactory as might have been expected; for it pleased this Woman liv'd to such a prodigious Age, that the little Boy was seventy-two Years of Age when he follow'd her to the Church to bury her, and she was One hundred twenty-seven Years old.

Story I had attested to me by a Person of an unquestion'd Veracity, who told me, he


text:
Page:A Treatise concerning the Use and Abuse of the Marriage Bed.djvu/378

 was himself at her Funeral: She was sixty-five when she marry'd him, and liv'd sixty-two Years with him, she indeed made him some Amends for the disparity of Years by this, that she was a most excellent Person, of an inimitable Disposition, preserv'd the Youth of her Temper, and the Strength of her Understanding, Memory and Eye-sight to the last; and, which was particularly remarkable, she bred a whole new Set of Teeth, as white as Ivory, and as even as a Youth, after she was ninety Years old.

was a Disparity, 'tis true; but here was none of the corrupt Part, which I have made the Mark of my Reproof, and so justly too. Here was no Vice, no sensual Part, to be so much as thought of; and yet, I say, it could not but be a disappointment to the young Man; and she would often complain to him of the Injury she did him in living so long. But I did not hear that it gave him any Uneasiness; her extraordinary good Temper making him so much amends for it.

is a Custom of marrying Children one to another by the Compact of their Parents, while the said Children are very young; as has been the Practice abroad, and as we had lately an Example of in the French and Spanish Courts, tho' not very encouraging neither by its Success, or fitted much for an Example.

has its Inconveniencies in it on many Accounts; but as they do not come within the reach of the criminal Part, I do not say they are concerned in the Reproof of this Satyr; nor am I speaking of such.

since I am taking notice of the various Sorts of untimely Marriages, and I have men-


text: A Treatise concerning the Use and Abuse of the Marriage Bed/Chapter 14


text:
Page:A Treatise concerning the Use and Abuse of the Marriage Bed.djvu/392

 known that he contracted the Distemper before Marriage.

would it be so hard to prove the Fact as some may imagine; I mean, that it would not be difficult to state in the Terms of such a Law, certain and publick Clauses, by which the Fact should be both enquired into, and admit a fair Proof; for such is the Nature of the Contagion, that it is not easily concealed, and the Evidences may be made very clear; as particularly the Person's having been under Cure before his Marriage; such a Man ought never to dare to marry, except with the Whore who infected him; and there indeed he ought to go, that they may Rot together.

for such a Man to apply to a Woman of Virtue and Modesty; sound in Body, and andand [sic] upright in her Intention, come to her with a Contagion in his Vitals, and abuse her in such a vile, odious and abominable Kind! As the Crime is not to be named without Abhorrence and Execration, so the Criminal merits to be turn'd out of humane Society, that he may abuse no more, and may be a Terror to others.

this deserves Death as much as several Crimes, which are at this time punished with it, and particularly as much as Highway-Robbery, for the Plunder is attended with infinitely worse Circumstances, and has many worse Aggravations attending it.

I add no more. I cannot doubt but the fatal Consequences, and the frequency of this horrible Crime, (and that in these Days, I believe, more than ever) will at length awaken Justice; and we shall, one time or other, have a suitable Law to punish it; and this, I believe, would be the only Way to prevent it for the future.