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 Amod.

THIS estate is situated in the Broach collectorate. The Thakors of Amod, like those of Kerwada, belong to the Molesalam community which may be said to be half Hindu, half Mahomedan, and chiefly met with in Broach and Rewa-Kantha.

Dula Rana, a scion of the ruling branch at Mewar, was ousted from his dominion by Alla-ud-Din Khilji, whereupon he started on a tour of pilgrimage. During his halt on the banks of the Narmada, Dula Rana fought with the Bhil king of Boova, killed him and established his own rule there in the latter half of the thirteenth century. Dula Rana's son, Pratap Singh, killed Chandrabhan, the Bhil king of Chanchwell, a village now under Wagra Taluka in the year 1275 A.D. Singhji, one of the descendants of Pratap Singh, consolidated his territories and made Amod his seat of government in 1478 A.D. Nag Rana, one of the successors of Singhji, was invited by Mahamad Begada to Ahmedabad, where he embraced Mahomedanism in 1486 A.D. and was bestowed the title of "Khan," and from that day forward his descendants were called Molesalam Garasias. .

Thakor Himat Singh, who ruled about the year 1752 A.D., was the most noteworthy, both for his learning and beneficent administration. He died in 1784 A.D. and was succeeded by his brother, Dip Singh, who was followed by his eldest son, Abhe Singh, in 1791 A.D. He died in 1824 A.D., leaving behind a son named Ajit Singh; but his nephew, Jasawant Singh, forcibly took possession of the gadi. Jit Singh, however, established his claim, and was placed on the ancestral gadi by the Government of Bombay. He died in 1848 A.D. His successors came and went till 1896 A.D., when Ishwar Singh, the heir-apparent, died leaving behind a son named Nar Singhji. His uncle maintained that he was the rightful successor to Fatte Singh, and the dispute lasted for five years, when it was definitely settled that Nar Singhji was the rightful successor of his grandfather, Maharana Fatte Singhji, who handed over the administration of the estate during his own lifetime to his grandson in 1900 A.D. and himself left this world in 1909 A.D.

The early years of the administration of Nar Singhji were years of anxiety and trouble on account of the visitation of famine. He proved himself equal to the situation. He has brought the status of the Thakors in Gujrath to be recognised under the Morley Minto Constitutional Reform scheme. Nar Singhji has been the first Thakor member in the Legislative Council of Bombay.

The area of the estate is 21,214 acres of land, yielding an yearly income of Rs. 80,000.


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 Aundh.

THE State of Aundh is situated in the Bombay Presidency and is under the political superintendence of the Collector of Satara. The family of the Pant Pratinidhi, which passed through a series of vicissitudes, is descended from Tnmbak Krishna, Kulkarni of Kinhai, in the Koregaon taluka of the Satara collectorate. Parashram Pant, the" son of Tnmbak Krishna, was taken into service by Ramchandra Pant Amatya, and in 1690 A.D. was made a Sirdar by Rajaram, the youngest son of the great Shiwaji. He was conferred the title of Pratinidhi or Viceroy in 1698 A.D. Parashram Tnmbak was the chief general and adviser of Tarabai, the widow of Rajaram, in the civil war. till his defeat and imprisonment by Shahu, the grandson of Shiwaji in 1707 A.D. The title of Pratinidhi was again conferred on Parashram Trimbak in 1713 A.D. and made hereditary in his family.

Parashram died in 1717 A.D. leaving behind him three sons, of whom the second Shriniwas, inherited his father's office, as the elder held the Pratinidhiship of Vishalgarh under Kolhapur.. Shriniwas died in 1746 A.D. As he had no male issue, his younger brother, Dadoba, was appointed Pratinidhi by Maharaja Shahu. After the death of Shahu, however, the Peshwa deprived Dadoba of his office and put Shriniwas alias Bhawan Rao, his own protege, in his place. In 1752 A.D. Dadoba managed to get himself reinstated and Shriniwas was made his assistant. On the death of Dadoba the office devolved on Shriniwas. In 1762 A.D. Shriniwas was removed by Raghunath Rao Peshwa, but through the intercession of the Nizam and the Bhonsle of Nagpur he was restored. In 1765 A.D. he was again dismissed and his office entrusted to his cousin Bhagwant Rao Trimbak. There was a deadly enmity between the cousins. Bhagwant Rao died in 1775 A.D. and Shriniwas Rao also died a year later. Nana Fadnawis, who was at helm of affairs at the Court of the Peshwa, installed Parashram, the infant son of Shriniwas as Pratinidhi. At the age of eighteen (1795 A.D.) he assumed charge of his hereditary estate but was deprived of his office by the Peshwa Baji Rao II and was put in prison. On the overthrow of the Peshwa's rule in 181 8 A. D., he was released by the British Government and a mhagir was granted to him which he managed till his death in 1848 A.D. He was succeeded by Shriniwas Rao, who had been adopted in 1847 A.D. with the sanction of the suzerain Power. The jahagir, which was feudatory to the Raja of Satara, became a tributary of the British Government on the lapse of that State in 1849 A.D. Shriniwas Rao was nominated as an additional member of the Council of the Governor of Bombay in 1862 A.D He was much respected for his piety and good character.

The total area of the State is 501 square miles containing 72 villages and a population of 68,918 souls. The gross revenue is Rs. 2,75,942.

The present Chief Bhawan Rao Shriniwas Rao Pandit alias Balasaheb Pratinidhi who came to the gadi in 1909 A. D., is a graduate of the Bombay University and is one of the best artists in India. His heir-apparent, Trimbak Rao alias Rajesaheb, is a youth of about 18 years of age, and evinces a hopeful promise of following his fairer in his predilection for learning and art.

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 Bansda.

THE State of Bansda is situated in the Surat Agency of the Bombay Presidency. Solanki Rajputs of the Lunar race and descendants of the great Sidhraj Jai Singh rule this State. Prior to the 15th century A.D. the history of Bansda is untraceable. In the beginning of that century the Mahomedans under Ahmed Shah, the King of Ahmedabad, invaded the Solanki Rajputs who were ruling at Kalarigarh, signally defeated them after a fierce and obstinate struggle. The victory of the Mahomedans compelled the Solankis to scatter in all directions. Some took shelter at Bansda and founded a small principality there. The latter part of the 15th century may be, therefore, taken as the period of the foundation of the State of Bansda; and Rai Muldeoji appears to have been its founder. Affairs went on smoothly till the death^of Rai Bhanji who died in 1739 A.D.

Rai Bhanji had two sons, Gulab Singh and Jorawar Singh, by two wives; both of them urged their claim to the gadi before Damaji Gaekwar, who cut the gordian knot by dividing the kingdom into two halves, assigning one portion to Gulab Singh with Bansda as its capital, and the other to Jorawar Singh with Basanpore as its capital. The latter was afterwards absorbed and annexed to his own territory by the Gaekwar.

Gulab Singh died without an heir in 1753 A.D. so did his two cousins one after another, who became his successors by creating influence at the Peshwa's Court. Vir Singh, a descendant of the Bisanpore branch, came to the gadi in 1780 A.D. with the sanction of the Peshwa. It is said Nawanagar was the capital of the State and it was removed to the town of Bansda by Vir Singh. He died in 1789 A.D. As he left no direct heir, his brother Nahar Singh succeeded him and continued in peaceful rule till 1793 A.D. and in due time was followed by his son Rai Singh.

During the time of Rai Singh, the treaty of Bassein between the British and the Peshwa was signed in 1802 A.D. by which all the states in subordinate relation with the latter became the feudatories of the British Government. It was thus that Bansda came into direct contact with the British.

Rai Singh had no son and heir. He adopted a distant cousin, named Udai Singh, who ascended the gadi in 1815 A.D. He too died without issue in 1829 A.D. His widows adopted Hamir Singh, a distant relative, who was recognised by the Paramount Power. During his minority the State was managed for some time by the widows, but later on it was put under British supervision and entrusted to Hamir Singh on his attaining majority in 1852 A.D. He too died childless in 1861 A.D. and the State passed to Gulab Singh who was found to be the rightful heir. He was granted a formal sanad of adoption by the British Government. In 1873 A.D. an agreement was entered into whereby he abolished all transit duties in his terrtories. He died in 1 876 A.D. after a peaceful reign, leaving behind him his only one son, ' Pratap Singhji who succeeded the gadi in the same year. He was put in full charge of his State in 1885 A.D when he attained majority and had completed his education at college and received practical training in administration.


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Rh During his regime he has done much to improve his State by carrying out various works of public utility. Foremost among them may be mentioned the system of lending money to the subjects at almost nominal rate of interest, and is analogous to the Agricultural Banks in the British territories. Likewise his "Travelling Dispensary" for the benefit,-particularly of the Kolis, Dhankas and other backward races in the interior of his territories, is looked upon as a great boon and highly appreciated. Pratap Singh's liberality and broad'mindedness was distinctly evinced during the famine of 1900 A.D. and during the plague of 1908 A.D. He gave great facilities to the education of his subjects in every possible way. He died in September 1911 A.D. and has been succeeded by his eldest son, Maharawal Shri Indra Singhji.

His Highness Maharawal Shri Indra Singhji was born on the 16th February 1888 A.D, He received his education at the Rajkumar College at Rajkot, where he remained for nearly seven years, under such well known principals as Messrs. Waddington and Mayne. After completing his college course, he travelled all over India and gained sufficient knowledge to fit himself for future responsibilities. In 1908 A.D. he was entrusted by his father with the control of the educational department of the State in which he introduced many reforms. On the demise of his father, Shri Indra Singhji has taken up the reins of the State in his own hands.

The area of the State is 215 square miles having a population of 44,600 souls according to the latest census and a gross revenue of four lacs of rupees.

The State maintains a small military force consisting of 110 foot-soldiers and 24 cavalry mainly for the preservation of internal peace.

The present ruler of Bansda, Maharawal Shri Indra Singhji, enjoys a salute of 9 guns.


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 Balasinor.

THIS is the only Mahomedan State of importance in the Rewa^Kantha Political Agency. The family of the chief of this State is descended from Sirdar Salabat Khan. He was made "Babi" (door-keeper), a patronymic which the members of the family have retained to this day, of the Imperial Court during the latter part of the Seventeenth century A.D. and subsequently commandant of the Koli district of Chunual on the nortlvwest of Ahmedabad.

In the general scramble for power and independence on the disruption of the Mogul Empire, Salabat Mahamad Khan "Babi remained contented with the district of Balasinor, while the members of the other branches of the Babi family secured to themselves the territories forming the states of Junagarh, Radhanpur, and Bantwa.

Salabat Mahamad Khan was succeeded by his son Jamiyat Khan, who was followed by his son, Salabat Khan. It was during his life'time that the control over the State came into the hands of the British Government. Both the Peshwa and the Gaekwar had previously established their rights of tribute over Balasinor: those of the former became transferred to the British Government in 1817 A.D., while those of the latter came under the general settlement between the Mahi-Kantha tributaries and the Gaekwar in 1 820 A.D. followed by Abut Khan Edul Khan.

After a peaceful reign of half a century Jorawar Khan, the third successor of Salabat Khan, died in the year 1882 A.D. His name Jhas been held in respectful memory by his subjects for his remarkable kindness and generosity. He was succeeded by his son, Manawar Khan, who was 36 years of age at the time of his accession. Though this ruler had not had any English education yet his natural desire to rule his subjects justly and kindly impelled him to inaugurate a number of measures calculated to improve the material prosperity of his subjects. It was during his reign that the long-standing dispute regarding some villages and lands between Balasinor and Lunawada was brought to an amicable termination. In 1890 A.D. a sanad was conferred upon the Nawab of Balasinor guaranteeing him, succession in his family according to the Mahomedan Law of inheritance.

Nawab Manawar Khan died in 1899 A.D., when his son, Jamiyat Khan, a child of five years, was duly installed on the masnad. He is being educated at the Rajkumar College, Rajkot; and the State is at present under British management on account of the minority of its Chief.

The military force of the State consists of 98 infantry, 19 cavalry, and 10 pieces of artillery. The area of the State is 189 square miles having a population of 40,563 inhabitants according to the census of 1911 A.D. The annual revenue of the State is Rs. 1,45,261.

Nawab Jamiyat Khan, Babi of Balasinor, is a Chief of the Second Class and is entitled to a salute of 9 guns.


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There was a man named Thorvald, a son of Osvald, Ulf's son, Eyxna-Thori's son. Thorvald and Eric the Red, his son, left Jaederen [in Norway], on account of manslaughter, and went to Iceland. At this time Iceland was extensively colonized. They first lived at Drangar on Horn-strands, and there Thorvald died. Eric then married Thorhild, the daughter of Jorund and Thorbiorg the Ship-chested, who was then married to Thorbiorn of the Haukadal family. Eric then removed from the north, and made his home at Ericsstadir by Vatnshorn. Eric and Thorhild's son was called Leif.

After the killing of Eyiulf the Foul, and Duelling-Hrafn, Eric was banished from Haukadal, and betook himself westward to Breidafirth, settling in Eyxney at Ericsstadir. He loaned his outer daïs-boards to Thorgest, and could not get these again when he demanded them. This gave rise to broils and battles between himself and Thorgest, as Eric's Saga relates. Eric was backed in the dispute by Styr Thorgrimsson, Eyiulf of Sviney, the sons of Brand of Alptafirth and Thorbiorn Vifilsson, while the Thorgesters were upheld by the sons of Thord the Yeller and Thorgeir of Hitardal. Eric was declared an outlaw at Thorsnessthing. He thereupon equipped his ship for a voyage, in Ericsvag, and when he was ready to sail, Styr and the others accompanied him out beyond the islands. Eric told them, that it was his purpose to go in search of that country which Gunnbiorn, son of Ulf the Crow, had seen, when he was driven westward across the main, at the time when he discovered Gunnbiorns-skerries; he added, that he would return to his friends, if he should succeed in finding this country. Eric sailed out from Snaefellsiokul, and found the land. He gave the name of Midiokul to his landfall ; this is now called Blacksark. From thence he proceeded southward along the coast; in search of habitable land. He passed the first winter at Ericsey, near the middle of the Eastern-settlement, and the following spring he went to Ericsfirth, where he selected a dwelling-place. In the summer he visited the western uninhabited country, and assigned names to many of the localities. The second winter he remained at Holmar by Hrafnsgnipa, and the third summer he sailed northward to Snæfell, and all the way into Hrafnsfirth; then he said he


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 reached the head of Ericsfirth. He then returned and passed the third winter at Ericsey at the mouth of Ericsfirth. The next summer he sailed to Iceland, landing in Breidafirth. He called the country, which he had discovered, Greenland, because, he said, people would be attracted thither, if the country had a good name. Eric spent the winter in Iceland, and the following summer set out to colonize the country. He settled at Brattahlid in Ericsfirth, and learned men say, that in this same summer, in which Eric set out to settle Greenland, thirty-five ships sailed out of Breidafirth and Borgarfirth; fourteen of these arrived there safely, some were driven back and some were lost. This was fifteen years before Christianity was legally adopted in Iceland. During the same summer Bishop Frederick and Thorvald Kodransson (61) went abroad [from Iceland]. Of those men, who accompanied Eric to Greenland, the following took possession of land there: Heriulf, Heriulfsfirth, he swelt at Heriulfsness; Ketil, Ketilsfirth; Hrafn, Hrafnsfirth; Solvi, Solvadal; Helgi Thorbrandsson, Alptafirth; Thorbiorn Gleamer, Siglufirth; Einar, Einarsfirth; Hafgrim, Hafgrimsfirth and Vatnahverfi; Arnlaug, Arnlaugsfirth; while some went to the Western-settlement.

After that sixteen winters had lapsed, from the time when Eric the Red went to colonize Greenland, Leif, Eric's son, sailed out from Greenland to Norway. He arrived in Drontheim in the autumn, when King Olaf Tryggvason was come down from the north, out of Halagoland. Leif put in to Nidaros with his ship, and set out at once to visit the king. King Olaf expounded the faith to him, as he did to other heathen men who came to visit him. It proved easy for the king to persuade Leif, and he was accordingly baptized, together with all of his shipmates. Leif remained through the winter with the king, by whom he was well entertained.

Heriulf (62) was a son of Bard Heriulfsson. He was a kinsman of Ingolf, the first colonist. Ingolf allotted land to Heriulf between Vág and Reykianess,


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Rh saying has done more yeoman service in the cause of oppression than all its avowed supporters.

The average man dislikes to be thought unpractical, and so, while frequently loathing the principles or distrusting the leaders of the particular political party he is associated with, declines to leave them, in the hope that their very lack of earnestness may be more fruitful of practical results than the honest outspokenness of the party in whose principles he does believe.

In the phraseology of politics, a party too indifferent to the sorrow and sufferings of humanity to raise its voice in protest, is a moderate, political party; whilst a party totally indifferent to the personality of leaders, or questions of leadership, but hot to enthusiasm on every question affecting the well-being of the toiling masses, is an extreme, a dangerous party.

Yet, although it may seem a paradox to say so, there is no party so incapable of achieving practical results as an orthodox political party; and there is no party so certain of placing moderate reforms to its credit as an extreme—a revolutionary party.

The possessing classes will and do laugh and scorn every scheme for the amelioration of the workers so long as those responsible for the initiation of the scheme admit as justifiable the “rights of property”; but when the public attention is directed towards questioning the justifiable nature of those “rights” in themselves, then the master class, alarmed for the safety of their booty, yield reform after reform—in order to prevent revolution.

Moral—Don't be “practical” in politics. To be practical in that sense means that you have schooled yourself to think along the lines, and in the grooves those who rob you would desire you to think.


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 and he dwelt first at Drepstokk. Heriulf's wife's name was Thorgerd, and their son, whose name was Biarni, was a most promising man. He formed an inclination for voyaging while he was still young, and he prospered both in property and public esteem. It was his custom to pass his winters alternately abroad and with his father. Biarni soon became the owner of a trading-ship, and during the last winter that he spent in Norway, [his father], Heriulf determined to accompany Eric on his voyage to Greenland, and made his preparations to give up his farm. Upon the ship with Heriulf was a Christian man from the Hebrides, he it was who composed the Sea-Rollers' Song (63), which contains this stave:

Heriulf settled at Heriulfsness, and was a most distinguished man. Eric the Red dwelt at Brattahlid, where he was held in the highest esteem, and all men paid him homage. These were Eric's children: Leif, Thorvald, and Thorstein, and a daughter whose name was Freydis; she was wedded to a man named Thorvard, and they dwelt at Gardar, where the episcopal seat now is. She was a very haughty woman, while Thorvard was a man of little force of character, and Freydis had been wedded to him chiefly because of his wealth. At that time the people of Greenland were heathen.

Biarni arrived with his ship at Eyrar [Iceland]


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 in the summer of the same year, in the same spring of which his father had sailed away. Biarni was much surprised when he heard this news, and would not discharge his cargo. His shipmates enquired of him what he intended to do, and he replied that it was his purpose to keep to his custom, and make his home for the winter with his father ; 'and I will take the ship to Greenland, if you will bear my company.' They all replied that they would abide by his decision. Then said Biarni, 'Our voyage must be regarded as foolhardy, seeing that no one of us has ever been in the Greenland Sea .' Nevertheless they put out to sea when they were equipped for the voyage, and sailed for three days, until the land was hidden by the water, and then the fair wind died out, and north winds arose, and fogs, and they knew not whither they were drifting, and thus it lasted for many 'dœgr.' Then they saw the sun again, and were able to determine the quarters of the heavens ; they hoisted sail, and sailed that 'dœgr' through before they saw land. They discussed among themselves what land it could be, and Biarni said that he did not believe that it could be Greenland. They asked whether he wished to sail to this land or not. 'It is my counsel' [said he], 'to sail close to the land.' They did so, and soon saw that the land was level, and covered with woods, and that there were small hillocks upon it. They left the land on their larboard, and let the sheet turn toward the land. They sailed for two 'dœgr' before they saw another land. They asked whether Biarni thought this was Greenland yet. He replied that he did not think this any more like Greenland than the former, 'because in Greenland there are said to be many great ice-mountains.' They soon approached this land, and saw that it was a flat and wooded country. The fair wind failed them then, and the crew took counsel together, and concluded that it would be wise to land there, but Biarni would not consent to this. They alleged that they were in need of both wood and water. 'Ye have no lack of either of these,' says Biarni–a course, forsooth, which won him blame among his shipmates. He bade them hoist sail, which they did, and turning the prow from the land they sailed out upon the high seas, with southwesterly gales, for three 'dœgr' when they saw the third land; this land was high and mountainous, with ice-mountains up it (64). They asked Biarni then whether he would land there, and he replied that he was not disposed to do so, 'because this land does not appear to me to offer any attractions .' Nor did they lower their sail, but held their course off the land, and saw that it was an island. They left this land


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 astern, and held out to sea with the same fair wind. The wind waxed amain, and Biarni directed them to reef, and not to sail at a speed unbefitting their ship and rigging. They sailed now for four 'dœgr,' when they saw the fourth land. Again they asked Biarni whether he thought this could be Greenland or not. Biarni answers, 'This is likest Greenland, according to that which has been reported to me concerning it, and here we will steer to the land.' They directed their course thither, and landed in the evening, below a cape upon which there was a boat, and there, upon this cape, dwelt Heriulf (65), Biarni's father, whence the cape took its name, and was afterwards called Heriulfsness. Biarni now went to his father, gave up his voyaging, and remained with his father while Heriulf lived, and continued to live there after his father.

Next to this is now to be told how Biarni Heriulfsson came out from Greenland on a visit to Earl Eric, by whom he was well received. Biarni gave an account of his travels [upon the occasion] when he saw the lands, and the people thought that he had been lacking enterprise, since he had no report to give concerning these countries, and the fact brought him reproach. Biarni was appointed one of the Earl's men, and went out to Greenland the following summer. There was now much talk about voyages of discovery. Leif, the son of Eric the Red, of Brattahlid, visited Biarni Heriulfsson and bought a ship of him, and collected a crew, until they formed altogether a company of thirty-five men. Leif invited his father, Eric, to become the leader of the expedition, but Eric declined, saying that he was then stricken in years, and adding that he was less able to endure the exposure of sea-life than he had been. Leif replied that he would nevertheless be the one who would be most apt to bring good luck, and Eric yielded to Leif's solicitation, and rode from home when they were ready to sail. When he was but a short distance from the ship, the horse which Eric was riding stumbled, and he was thrown from his back and wounded his foot, whereupon he exclaimed, 'It is not designed for me to discover more lands than the one in which we are now living, nor can we now continue longer together.' Eric returned home to Brattahlid, and Leif pursued his way to the ship with his


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 companions, thirty-five men; one of the company was a German named Tyrker. They put the ship in order, and when they were ready, they sailed out to sea, and found first the land which Biarni and his ship-mates found last. They sailed up to the land and cast anchor, and launched a boat and went ashore, and saw no grass there; great ice mountains lay inland back from the sea, and it was as a [table-land of] flat rock all the way from the sea to the ice mountains, and the country seemed to them to be entirely devoid of good qualities. Then said Leif, 'It has not come to pass with us in regard to this land as with Biarni, that we have not gone upon it. To this country I will now give a name, and call it Helluland .' They returned to the ship, put out to sea, and found a second land. They sailed again to the land, and came to anchor, and launched the boat, and went ashore. This was a level wooded land, and there were broad stretches of white sand, where they went, and the land was level by the sea. Then said Leif, 'This land shall have a name after its nature, and we will call it Markland .' They returned to the ship forthwith, and sailed away upon the main with north-east winds, and were out two 'dœgr' before they sighted land. They sailed toward this land, and came to an island which lay to the northward off the land. There they went ashore and looked about them, the weather being fine, and they observed that there was dew upon the grass, and it so happened that they touched the dew with their hands, and touched their hands to their mouths, and it seemed to them that they had never before tasted anything so sweet as this. They went aboard their ship again and sailed into a certain sound, which lay between the island and a cape, which jutted out from the land on the north, and they stood in westering past the cape. At ebb-tide there were broad reaches of shallow water there, and they ran their ship aground there, and it was a long distance from the ship to the ocean ; yet were they so anxious to go ashore that they could not wait until the tide should rise under their ship, but hastened to the land, where a certain river flows out from a lake. As soon as the tide rose beneath their ship, however, they took the boat and rowed to the ship, which they conveyed up the river, and so into the lake, where they cast anchor and carried their hammocks ashore from the ship, and built themselves booths there. They afterwards determined to establish themselves there for the winter, and they accordingly built a large house. There was no lack of salmon there either in the


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 river or in the lake, and larger salmon than they had ever seen before. The country thereabouts seemed to be possessed of such good qualities that cattle would need no fodder there during the winters. There was no frost there in the winters, and the grass withered but little. The days and nights there were of more nearly equal length than in Greenland or Iceland. On the shortest day of winter the sun was up between 'eyktarstad' and 'dagmalastad (66) .' When they had completed their house Leif said to his companions, 'I propose now to divide our company into two groups, and to set about an exploration of the country; one half of our party shall remain at home at the house, while the other half shall investigate the land, and they must not go beyond a point from which they can return home the same evening, and are not to separate [from each other].' Thus they did for a time; Leif himself, by turns, joined the exploring party or remained behind at the house. Leif was a large and powerful man, and of a most imposing bearing, a man of sagacity, and a very just man in all things.

It was discovered one evening that one of their company was missing, and this proved to be Tyrker, the German. Leif was sorely troubled by this, for Tyrker had lived with Leif and his father for a long time, and had been very devoted to Leif, when he was a child. Leif severely reprimanded his companions, and prepared to go in search of him, taking twelve men with him. They had proceeded but a short distance from the house, when they were met by Tyrker, whom they received most cordially. Leif observed at once that his foster-father was in lively spirits. Tyrker had a prominent forehead, restless eyes, small features, was diminutive in stature, and rather a sorry-looking individual withal, but was, nevertheless, a most capable handicraftsman. Leif addressed him, and asked: 'Wherefore art thou so belated, foster-father mine, and astray from the others?' In the beginning Tyrker spoke for some time in German, rolling his eyes, and grinning, and they could not understand him; but after a time he addressed them in the Northern tongue: 'I


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 did not go much further [than you], and yet I have something of novelty to relate. I have found vines and grapes.' 'Is this indeed true, foster-father?' said Leif. 'Of a certainty it is true,' quoth he, 'for I was born where there is no lack of either grapes or vines.' They slept the night through, and on the morrow Leif said to his shipmates: 'We will now divide our labours, and each day will either gather grapes or cut vines and fell trees, so as to obtain a cargo of these for my ship.' They acted upon this advice, and it is said, that their after-boat was filled with grapes. A cargo sufficient for the ship was cut, and when the spring came, they made their ship ready, and sailed away; and from its products Leif gave the land a name, and called it Wineland. They sailed out to sea, and had fair winds until they sighted Greenland, and the fells below the glaciers; then one of the men spoke up, and said, 'Why do you steer the ship so much into the wind?' Leif answers: 'I have my mind upon my steering, but on other matters as well. Do ye not see anything out of the common ?' They replied, that they saw nothing strange. 'I do not know,' says Leif, 'whether it is a ship or a skerry that I see.' Now they saw it, and said, that it must be a skerry; but he was so much keener of sight than they, that he was able to discern men upon the skerry. 'I think it best to tack,' says Leif, 'so that we may draw near to them, that we may be able to render them assistance, if they should stand in need of it; and if they should not be peaceably disposed, we shall still have better command of the situation than they .' They approached the skerry, and lowering their sail, cast anchor, and launched a second small boat, which they had brought with them. Tyrker inquired who was the leader of the party. He replied that his name of Thori, and that he was a Norseman; 'but what is thy name?' Leif gave his name. 'Art thou a son of Eric the Red of Brattahlid?' says he. Leif responded that he was. 'It is now my wish,' says Leif, 'to take you all into my ship, and likewise so much of your possessions as the ship will hold.' This offer was accepted, and [with their ship] thus laden, they held away to Ericsfirth, and sailed until they arrived at Brattahlid. Having discharged the cargo, Leif invited Thori, with his wife, Gudrid, and three others, to make their home with him, and procured quarters for the other members of the crew, both for his own and Thori's men. Leif rescued fifteen persons from


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 the skerry. He was afterward called Leif the Lucky. Leif had now goodly store both of property and honour. There was serious illness that winter in Thori's party, and Thori and a great number of his people died. Eric the Red also died that winter. There was now much talk about Leif's Wineland journey, and his brother, Thorvald, held that the country had not been sufficiently explored. Thereupon Leif said to Thorvald: 'If it by they will, brother, thou mayest go to Wineland with my ship, but I wish the ship first to fetch the wood, which Thori had upon the skerry.' And so it was done.

Now Thorvald, with the advice of his brother, Leif, prepared to make this voyage with thirty men. They put their ship in order, and sailed out to sea; and there is no account of their voyage before their arrival at Leif's-booths in Wineland. They laid up their ship there, and remained there quietly during the winter, supplying themselves with food by fishing. In the spring, however, Thorvald said that they should put their ship in order, and that a few men should take the after-boat, and proceed along the western coast, and explore [the region] thereabouts during the summer. They found it a fair, well-wooded country; it was but a short distance from the woods to the sea, and [there were] white sands, as well as great numbers of islands and shallows. They found neither dwelling of man nor lair of beast; but in one of the westerly islands, they found wooden buildings for the shelter of grain (67). They found no other trace of human handiwork, and they turned back, and arrived at Leifs-booths in the autumn. The following summer Thorvald set out toward the east with the ship, and along the northern coast. They were met by a high wind off a certain promontory, and were driven ashore there, and damaged the keel of their ship, and were compelled to remain there for a long time and repair the injury to their vessel. Then said Thorvald to his companions: 'I propose that we raise the keel upon this cape, and call it Keelness ,' and so they did. Then they sailed away, to the eastward off the land, and into the mouth of the adjoining firth, and to a headland, which projected into the sea there, and which was entirely covered with woods. They found an anchorage for their ship, and put out the gangway to the land, and Thorvald and all of his companions went ashore. 'It is a fair region here,' said he, 'and here I should like to make my home.' They then returned to the ship, and discovered on the sands, in beyond the headland, three mounds; they went up to these, and saw that they were three skin-canoes, with three men under each. They, thereupon


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HIS HIGHNESS MAHARAWAL SHRI RANJIT SINGHJI.

Raja of Baria-Deogarh.


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 divided their party, and succeeded in seizing all of the men but one, who escaped with his canoe. They killed the eight men, and then ascended the headland again, and looked about them, and discovered within the firth certain hillocks, which they concluded must be habitations. They were then so overpowered with sleep that they could not keep awake, and all fell into a [heavy] slumber, from which they were awakened by the sound of a cry uttered above them ; and the words of the cry were these: 'Awake, Thorvald, thou and all they company, if thou wouldst save thy life; and board thy ship with all thy men, and sail with all speed from the land!' A countless number of skin-canoes then advanced toward them from the inner part of the firth, whereupon Thorvald exclaimed: 'We must put out the war-boards (68), on both sides of the ship, and defend ourselves to the best of our ability, but offer little attack.' This they did, and the Skrellings, after they had shot at them for a time, fled precipitately, each as best he could. Thorvald then inquired of his men, whether any of them had been wounded, and they informed him that no one of them had received a wound. 'I have been wounded in my arm-pit ,' says he; 'an arrow flew in between the gunwale and the shield, below my arm. Here is the shaft, and it will bring me to my end !' I counsel you now to retrace your way with the utmost speed. But me ye shall convey to that headland which seemed to me to offer so pleasant a dwelling-place; thus it may be fulfilled, that the truth spring to my lips, when I expressed the wish to abide there for a time. Ye shall bury me there, and place a cross at my head, and another at my feet, and call it Crossness for ever after.' At that time Christianity had obtained in Greenland; Eric the Red died, however, before [the introduction of] Christianity.

Thorvald died, and when they had carried out his injunctions, they took their departure, and rejoined their companions, and they told each other of the experiences which had befallen them. They remained there during the winter, and gathered grapes and wood with which to freight the ship. In the following spring they returned to Greenland, and arrived with their ship in Ericsfirth, where they were able to recount great tidings to Leif.


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Rh U.S.C. 501(c)(3)) and to non-Federal governmental entities if the Secretary determines that the recipient is dedicated to the preservation and interpretation of natural or cultural heritage and is qualified to manage the property, prior to any conveyance under this subsection and subsection (g).

(i) —The Secretary may destroy or cause to be destroyed museum objects that the Secretary determines to have no scientific, cultural, historic, educational, esthetic, or monetary value.

§ 102504. Review and approval

The Secretary shall ensure that museum objects are treated in a careful and deliberate manner that protects the public interest. Prior to taking any action under subsection (g), (h), or (i) of of this title, the Secretary shall establish a systematic review and approval process, including consultation with appropriate experts, that meets the highest standards of the museum profession for all actions taken under those subsections.

§ 102701. Law enforcement personnel within System

(a) —
 * (1) —The Secretary, pursuant to standards prescribed in regulations by the Secretary, may designate certain officers or employees of the Department of the Interior who shall maintain law and order and protect individuals and property within System units.
 * (2) —In the performance of the duties described in paragraph (1), the designated officers or employees may—
 * (A) carry firearms;
 * (B) make arrests without warrant for any offense against the United States committed in the presence of the officer or employee, or for any felony cognizable under the laws of the United States if the officer or employee has reasonable grounds to believe that the individual to be arrested has committed or is committing the felony, provided the arrests occur within the System or the individual to be arrested is fleeing from the System to avoid arrest;
 * (C) execute any warrant or other process issued by a court or officer of competent jurisdiction for the enforcement of the provisions of any Federal law or regulation issued


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In the meantime it had come to pass in Greenland, that Thorstein of Ericsfirth had married, and taken to wife Gudrid, Thorbiorn's daughter, [she] who had been the spouse of Thori Eastman (69), as has been already related. Now Thorstein Ericsson, being minded to make the voyage to Wineland after the body of his brother, Thorvald, equipped the same ship, and selected a crew of twenty-five men of good size and strength, and taking with him his wife, Gudrid, when all was in readiness, they sailed out into the open ocean, and out of sight of land. They were driven hither and thither over the sea all that summer, and lost all reckoning, and at the end of the first week of winter they made the land at Lysufirth in Greenland, in the Western-settlement. Thorstein set out in search of quarters for his crew, and succeeded in procuring homes for all of his shipmates; but he and his wife were unprovided for, and remained together upon the ship for two or more days. At this time Christianity was still in its infancy in Greenland. It befell, early one morning, that men came to their tent, and the leader inquired who the people were within the tent. Thorstein replies: 'We are twain,' says he; 'but who is it who asks?' 'My name is Thorstein, and I am known as Thorstein the Swarthy, and my errand hither is to offer you two, husband and wife, a home with me.' Thorstein replied, that he would consult with his wife, and she bidding him decide, he accepted the invitation. 'I will come after you on the morrow with a sumpter-horse, for I am not lacking in means wherewith to provide for you both, although it will be lonely living with me, since there are but two of us, my wife and myself, for I, forsooth, am a very hard man to get on with ; moreover, my faith is not the same as yours, albeit methinks that is the better to which you hold.' He returned for them on the morrow, with the beast, and they took up their home with Thorstein the Swarthy, and were well treated by him. Gudrid was a woman of fine presence, and a clever woman, and very happy in adapting herself to strangers.

Early in the winter Thorstein Ericsson's party was visited by sickness, and many of his companions died. He caused coffins to be made for the bodies of the dead, and had them conveyed to the ship, and bestowed there; 'for it is my purpose to have all the bodies taken to Ericsfirth in the summer.' It was not long before


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 illness appeared in Thorstein's home, and his wife, whose name of Grimhild, was first taken sick. She was a very vigorous woman, and as strong as a man, but the sickness mastered her; and soon thereafter Thorstein Ericsson was seized with the illness, and they both lay ill at the same time; and Grimhild, Thorstein the Swarthy's wife, died, and when she was dead Thorstein went out of the room to procure a deal, upon which to lay the corpse. Thereupon Gudrid spoke. 'Do not be absent long, Thorstein mine!' says she. He replied, that so it should be. Thorstein Ericsson then exclaimed: 'Our house-wife is acting now in a marvellous fashion, for she is raising herself up on her elbow, and stretching out her feet from the side of the bed, and groping after her shoes.' At that moment Thorstein, the master of the house, entered, and Grimhild laid herself down, wherewithal every timber in the room creaked. Thorstein now fashioned a coffin for Grimhild's body, and bore it away, and cared for it. He was a big man, and strong, but it called for all [his strength], to enable him to remove the corpse from the house. The illness grew upon Thorstein Ericsson, and he died, whereat his wife, Gudrid, was sorely grieved. They were all in the room at the time, and Gudrid was seated upon a chair before the bench, upon which her husband, Thorstein, was lying. Thorstein, the master of the house, then taking Gudrid in this arms, [carried her] from the chair, and seated himself, with her, upon another bench, over against her husband's body, and exerted himself in divers ways to console her, and endeavoured to reassure her, and promised her that he would accompany her to Ericsfirth with the body of her husband, Thorstein, and those of his companions: 'I will likewise summon other persons hither,' says he, 'to attend upon thee, and entertain thee.' She thanked him. Then Thorstein Ericsson sat up, and exclaimed: 'Where is Gudrid?' Thrice he repeated the question, but Gudrid made no response. She then asked Thorstein, the master, 'Shall I give answer to his question, or not?' Thorstein, the master, bade her make no reply, and he then crossed the floor, and seated himself upon the chair, with Gudrid in his lap, and spoke, saying: 'What dost thou wish, namesake?' After a little while, Thorstein replies: 'I desire to tell Gudrid of the fate which is in store for her, to the end that she may be better reconciled to my death, for I am indeed come to a goodly resting-place. This I have to tell thee, Gudrid, that thou art to marry an Icelander, and that ye are to have a long wedded life together, and a numerous and noble progeny, illustrious, and famous, of good odour and sweet virtues. Ye shall go from Greenland to Norway, and thence to Iceland, where ye shall build your home. There ye shall dwell together


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 for a long time, but thou shalt outlive him, and shalt then go abroad and to the South, and shalt return to Iceland again, to they home, and there a church shall then be raised, and thou shalt abide there and take the veil, and there thou shalt die.' When he had thus spoken, Thorstein sank back again, and his body was laid out for burial, and borne to the ship. Thorstein, the master, faithfully performed all his promises to Gudrid. He sold his lands and live-stock in the spring, and accompanied Gudrid to the ship, with all his possessions. He put the ship in order, procured a crew, and then sailed to Ericsfirth. The bodies of the dead were now buried at the church, and Gudrid then went home to Leif at Brattahlid, while Thorstein the Swarthy made a home for himself on Ericsfirth, and remained there as long as he lived, and was looked upon as a very superior man.

That same summer a ship came from Norway to Greenland. The skipper's name was Thorfinn Karlsefni ; he was a son of Thord Horsehead, and a grandson of Snorri, the son of Thord of Höfdi. Thorfinn Karlsefni, who was a very wealthy man, passed the winter at Brattahlid with Leif Ericsson. He very soon set his heart upon Gudrid, and sought her hand in marriage; she referred him to Leif for her answer, and was subsequently betrothed to him, and their marriage was celebrated that same winter. A renewed discussion arose concerning a Wineland voyage, and the folk urged Karlsefni to make the venture, Gudrid joining with the others. He determined to undertake the voyage, and assembled a company of sixty men and five women, and entered into an agreement with his shipmates that they should each share equally in all the spoils of the enterprise. They took with them all kinds of cattle, as it was their intention to settle the country, if they could. Karlsefni asked Leif for the house in Wineland, and he replied, that he would lend it but not give it. They sailed out to sea with the ship, and arrived safe and sound at Leifs-booths, and carried their hammocks ashore there. They were soon provided with an abundant and goodly supply of food, for a whale of good size and quality was driven ashore there, and they secured it, and flensed it, and had then no lack of provisions. The cattle were turned out upon the land 'gekk þar á land upp:' lit. went up on


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 the land there. , and the males soon became very restless and vicious; they had brought a bull with them. Karlsefni caused trees to be felled, and to be hewed into timbers, wherewith to load his ship, and the wood was placed upon a cliff to dry. They gathered somewhat of all of the valuable products of the land, grapes, and all kinds of game and fish, and other good things. In the summer succeeding the first winter, Skrellings were discovered. A great troop of men came forth from out the woods. The cattle were hard by, and the bull began to bellow and roar with a great noise, whereat the Skrellings were frightened, and ran away, with their packs wherein were grey furs, sables, and all kinds of peltries. They fled towards Karlsefni's dwelling, and sought to effect an entrance into the house, but Karlsefni caused the doors to be defended [against them]. Neither [people] could understand the other's language. The Skrellings put down their bundles then, and loosed them, and offered their wares [for barter], and were especially anxious to exchange these for weapons, but Karlsefni forbade his men to sell their weapons, and taking counsel with himself, he bade the women carry out milk to the Skrellings, which they no sooner saw, than they wanted to buy it, and nothing else. Now the outcome of the Skrellings' trading was, that they carried their wares away in their stomachs, while they left their packs and peltries behind with Karlsefni and his companions, and having accomplished this [exchange] they went away. Now it is to be told, that Karlsefni caused a strong wooden palisade to be constructed and set up around the house. It was at this time that Gudrid, Karlsefni's wife, gave birth to a male child, and the boy was called Snorri. In the early part of the second winter the Skrellings came to them again, and these were now much more numerous than before, and brought with them the same wares as at first. Then said Karlsefni to the women: 'Do ye carry out now the same food, which proved so profitable before, and nought else.' When they saw this they cast their packs in over the palisade. Gudrid was sitting within, in the doorway, beside the cradle of her infant son, Snorri, when a shadow fell upon the door, and a woman in a black namkirtle (70) entered. She was short in stature, and wore a fillet about her head; her hair was of a light chestnut colour, and she was pale of hue, and so big-eyed, that never before had eyes so large been seen in a human skull. She went up to where Gudrid was seated, and said: 'What is thy name?' 'My name is Gudrid; but what is they name?' 'My name is Gudrid,' says she. The housewife, Gudrid, motioned her with her hand to a seat beside her; but it so happened, that,


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 at that very instant Gudrid heard a great crash, whereupon the woman vanished, and at the same moment one of the Skrellings, who had tried to seize their weapons, was killed by one of Karlsefni's followers. At this the Skrellings fled precipitately, leaving their garments and wares behind them; and not a soul, save Gudrid alone, beheld this woman. 'Now we must needs take counsel together,' says Karlsefni, 'for that I believe they will visit us a third time, in great numbers, and attack us. Let us now adopt this plan: ten of our number shall go out upon the cape, and show themselves there, while the remainder of our company shall go into the woods and hew a clearing for our cattle, when the troop approaches from the forest. We will also take our bull, and let him go in advance of us.' The lie of the land was such that the proposed meeting-place had the lake upon the one side, and the forest upon the other. Karlsefni's advice was now carried into execution. The Skrellings advanced to the spot which Karlsefni had selected for the encounter, and a battle was fought there, in which great numbers of the band of the Skrellings were slain. There was one man among the Skrellings, of large size and fine bearing, whom Karlsefni concluded must be their chief. One of the Skrellings picked up an axe, and having looked at it for a time, he brandished it about one of his companions, and hewed at him, and on the instant the man fell dead. Thereupon the big man seized the axe, and after examining it for a moment, he hurled it as far as he could, out into the sea; then they fled helter-skelter into the woods, and thus their intercourse came to an end. Karlsefni and his party remained there throughout the winter, but in the spring Karlsefni announces, that he is not minded to remain there longer, but will return to Greenland. They now made ready for the voyage, and carried away with them much booty in vines and grapes, and peltries. They sailed out upon the high seas, and brought their ship safely to Ericsfirth, where they remained during the winter.

There was now much talk anew, about a Wineland-voyage, for this was reckoned both a profitable and an honourable enterprise. The same summer that Karlsefni arrived from Wineland, a ship from Norway arrived in Greenland. This ship was


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 Baria-Deogarh.

THE Rajas of Baria are said to belong to the Kinchi Chawan race of Rajputs, and are related to the rulers of Chhota Udaipur, as also to Prithi Raj Chawan of Delhi, and to Patai Rawal alias Pratap Singh, the ruler of the celebrated fortress of Champaner.

Prithi Raj and Duhgar Singh, the grandsons of Patai Rawal, wandered from place to place after the fall of Champaner, and established themselves at a village called Hamph on the banks of the Narmada. By their combined efforts they acquired vast territories, and amicably portioned them between themselves; Prithi Raj set himself up at Mohan, while Dungar Singh established himself at Baria.

On the death of Man Singh, the fourth in descent from Dungar Singh, a Baluchi soldier of fortune invaded the territories of Baria and usurped the gadi in 1720 A.D. The widow of Man Singh had to fly with her young son, Prithi Raj. She took shelter with her maternal grandfather at Dungarpur. The young scion of the house of Baria grew up under the care and training of his grandfather into a vigorous soldier. With the help of an army from Dungarpur, he successfully ejected the Baluchi usurper from Baria in 1732 A.D., and established himself on the ancestral gadi. As a precaution he built the fortress of Deogarh, which became the seat and residence of the ruler and since then the State came to be known as Baria-Deogarh.

Prithi Raj was not destined to rule in peace. About the middle of the eighteenth century, the Mahratta armies under Udaji Pawar, Malhar Rao Holkar, and Jankoji Sindhia entered the territories of Baria, where they met with very little resistance.

It was during the time of Jaswant Singhji, the fifth in descent from Prithi Raj, that the chief of Baria came in contact with the British, when he was assured of the integrity of his State under the protection of the Paramount Power. It was Prithi Raj, grandson of Jaswant Singhji, who entered into a formal treaty with the Paramount Power in 1 824. A.D. He was a ruler of the old school, but was much liked and respected by' his subjects. His son, Man Singhji, succeeded him after his death in 1864 A.D

Maharawal Man Singhji did much to improve the condition of his subjects and to induce them into a settled and peaceful mode of life. Moreover, he opened communication with different parts of the country by laying out good roads, and under- took various works of public utility. He died in 1908 A.D. leaving behind him two sons, Ranjit Singh and Nahar Singh, of whom the first was duly installed on the gadi. He is about 23 years of age. He has received his education at the Rajkumar College, Rajkot, and has had a full course of practical training in administration under the direct supervision and guidance of his father.

The area of the State is 813 square miles. Its population is 1,15,201 according to the census of 1911 A.D. and the average yearly revenue is Rs. 4,32,584.

The ruler of Baria-Deogarh is entitled to a salute of 9 guns.


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 commanded by two brothers, Helgi and Finnbogi, who passed the winter in Greenland. They were descended from an Icelandic family of the East-firths. It is now to be added, that Freydis, Eric's daughter, set out from her home at Gardar, and waited upon the brothers, Helgi and Finnbogi, and invited them to sail with their vessel to Wineland, and to share with her equally all of the good things which they might succeed in obtaining there. To this they agreed, and she departed thence to visit her brother, Leif, and ask him to give her the house which he had caused to be erected in Wineland, but he made her the same answer [as that which he had given Karlsefni], saying, that he would lend the house, but not give it. It was stipulated between Karlsefni and Freydis, that each should have on ship-board thirty able-bodied men, besides the women; but Freydis immediately violated this compact, by concealing five men more [than this number], and this the brothers did not discover before they arrived in Wineland. They now put out to sea, having agreed beforehand, that they would sail in company, if possible, and although they were not far apart from each other, the brothers arrived somewhat in advance, and carried their belongings up to Leif's house. Now when Freydis arrived, her ship was discharged, and the baggage carried up to the house, whereupon Freydis exclaimed: 'Why did you carry your baggage in here?' 'Since we believed,' said they, 'that all promises made to us would be kept.' 'It was to me that Leif loaned the house,' says she, 'and not to you.' Whereupon Helgi exclaimed: 'We brothers cannot hope to rival thee in wrong-dealing.' They thereupon carried their baggage forth, and built a hut, above the sea, on the bank of the lake, and put all in order about it; while Freydis caused wood to be felled, with which to load her ship. The winter now set in, and the brothers suggested, that they should amuse themselves by playing games. This they did for a time, until the folk began to disagree, when dissensions arose between them, and the games came to an end, and the visits between the houses ceased; and thus it continued far into the winter. One morning early, Freydis arose from her bed, and dressed herself, but did not put on her shoes and stockings. A heavy dew had fallen, and she took her husband's cloak, and wrapped it about her, and then walked to the brothers' house, and up to the door, which had been only partly closed by one of the men, who had gone out a short time before. She pushed


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 the door open, and stood, silently, in the doorway for a time. Finnbogi, who was lying on the innermost side of the room, was awake, and said: 'What dost thou wish here, Freydis?' She answers: 'I wish thee to rise, and go out with me, for I would speak with thee.' He did so, and they walked to a tree, which lay close by the wall of the house, and seated themselves upon it. 'How art thou pleased here?' says she. He answers: 'I am well pleased with the fruitfulness of the land, but I am ill-content with the breach which has come between us, for, methinks, there has been no cause for it.' 'It is even as thou sayest,' says she, 'and so it seems to me; but my errand to thee is, that I wish to exchange ships with you brothers, for that ye have a larger ship than I, and I wish to depart from here.' 'To this I must accede,' says he, 'if it is thy pleasure.' Therewith they parted, and she returned home, and Finnbogi to his bed. She climbed up into bed, and awakened Thorvard with her cold feet, and he asked her why she was so cold and wet. She answered, with great passion: 'I have been to the brothers,' says she, 'to try to buy their ship, for I wished to have a larger vessel, but they received my overtures so ill, that they struck me, and handled me very roughly; what time thou, poor wretch, wilt neither avenge my shame nor they own, and I find, perforce, that I am no longer in Greenland, moreover I shall part from thee unless thou wreakest vengeance for this.' And now he could stand her taunts no longer, and ordered the men to rise at once, and take their weapons and this they did, and they then proceeded directly to the house of the brothers, and entered it, while the folk were asleep, and seized and bound them, and led each one out, when he was bound; and as they came out, Freydis caused each one to be slain. In this wise all of the men were put to death, and only the women were left, and these no one would kill. At this Freydis exclaimed: 'Hand me an axe!' This was done, and she fell upon the five women, and left them dead. They returned home, after this dreadful deed, and it was very evident that Freydis was well content with her work. She addressed her companions, saying: 'If it be ordained for us, to come again to Greenland, I shall contrive the death of any man who shall speak of these events. We must give it out, that we left them living here, when we came away.' Early in the spring, they equipped the ship, which had belonged to the brothers, and freighted it with all of the products of the land, which they could obtain, and which the ship would carry. Then they put out to sea, and, after a prosperous voyage, arrived with their ship in Ericsfirth early in the summer. Karlsefni was there, with his ship all ready to sail, and was awaiting a fair wind; and people say, that a ship richer laden, than that which he commanded, never left Greenland.


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 Bawda.

BAWDA is one of the nine feudatory jahagirs subordinate to the Kolhapur State under the Political Agency of Kolhapur and Southern Mahratta Country. The ruling chief is a Deshastha Brahman belonging to the Bhadnekar family.

The jahagir derives its name from one of the fifteen forts built by Raja Bhoja of Panhala in the twelfth century A.D. It is situated on a peak of the Sahyadri, about thirty'six miles from Kolhapur.

In 1660 A.D. Shiwaji took Bawda from Ali Adil Shah II of Bijapur along with the forts of Vishalgarh and Rangna, and gave it as a jahagir to Nilo Sondeo. In 1689 A.D., when Sambhaji was captured, the fort fell into the hands of the Moguls. It was during the reign of Rajaram that Ramchandra Nilkanth, the founder of the Bawda family, took the fort from the Moguls ; and it was bestowed on him as a grant.

During the rivalry between Satara and Kolhapur, Ramchandra Rao remained faithful to his party, and in recognition of this, the fort of Bawda together with its jahagir was allowed to remain with Bhagwant Rao, the son and successor of Ramchandra Rao, who was given the office and title of Pant Amatya. In 1800 A.D. Bhagwant Rao repaired the fort. In 1844 A.D. the gadkaris (warders) of the forts of Bawda and Samangarh rebelled. Both the forts were taken by British troops under General Delamonte, and dismantled.

Moreshwar Rao Babasaheb, the third Pant Amatya in succession from Bhagwant Rao, died in 1868 A.D. without issue. He adopted the present Chief, who was ten years of age, a few days before his death.

During the minority of Madhao Rao Moreshwar, the jahagir was under the supervision of the Kolhapur State. Madhao Rao Moreshwar Pant Amatya was invested with full powers in 1881 A.D.

The area of the State is 243 square miles having a population of 45,475 inhabitants and a gross revenue of Rs. 1,49*991, of which he pays Rs. 3,420 as service commutation to the Kolhapur State.

The Chief exercises the powers of a District Judge in civil matters. In criminal matters he has power to try cases involving imprisonment up to 7 years.


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 Freydis now went to her home, since it had remained unharmed during her absence. She bestowed liberal gifts upon all of her companions, for she was anxious to screen her guilt. She now established herself at her home; but her companions were not all so close-mouthed, concerning their misdeeds and wickedness, that rumours did not get abroad at last. These finally reached her brother, Leif, and he thought it a most shameful story. He thereupon took three of the men, who had been of Freydis' party, and forced them all at the same time to a confession of the affair, and their stories entirely agreed. 'I have no heart,' says Leif, 'to punish my sister, Freydis, as she deserves, but this I predict of them, that there is little prosperity in store for their offspring.' Hence it came to pass, that no one from that time forward thought them worthy of aught but evil. It now remains to take up the story from the time when Karlsefni made his ship ready, and sailed out to sea. He had a successful voyage, and arrived in Norway safe and sound. He remained there during the winter, and sold his wares, and both he and his wife were received with great favour by the most distinguished men of Norway. The following spring he put his ship in order for the voyage to Iceland; and when all his preparations had been made, and his ship was lying at the wharf, awaiting favourable winds, there came to him a Southerner, a native of Bremen in the Saxonland, who wished to buy his 'house-neat .' 'I do not wish to sell it,' said he. 'I will give thee half a "mörk" in gold for it' (71), says the Southerner. This Karlsefni thought a good offer, and accordingly closed the bargain. The Southerner went his way, with the 'house-neat,' and Karlsefni knew not what wood it was, but it was 'mösur ,' come from Wineland.

Karlsefni sailed away, and arrived with his ship in the north of Iceland, in Skagafirth. His vessel was beached there during the winter, and in the spring he bought Glaumbœiar-land (59), and made his home there, and dwelt there as long as he lived, and was a man of the greatest prominence. From him and his wife, Gudrid, a numerous and goodly lineage is descended. After Karlsefni's death, Gudrid, together with her son, Snorri, who was born in Wineland, took charge of the farmstead; and when Snorri was married, Gudrid went abroad, and made a pilgrimage to the South, after which she returned again to the home of her son, Snorri, who had caused a church to be built at Glaumbœr. Gudrid then took the veil and became an anchorite, and lived there the rest of her days. Snorri had a son, named Thorgeir, who was the


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 father of Ingveld, the mother of Bishop Brand. Hallfrid was the name of the daughter of Snorri, Karlsefni's son; she was the mother of Runolf, Bishop Thorlak's father. Biorn was the name of [another] son of Karlsefni and Gudrid; he was the father of Thorunn, the mother of Bishop Biorn. Many men are descended from Karlsefni, and he has been blessed with a numerous and famous posterity; and of all men Karlsefni has given the most exact accounts of all these voyages, of which something has now been recounted.


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H. H. MAHARAJA SIR BHAV SINGHJI, K.C.S.1 Maharaja of Bmavmagar.


text: Public Law 113-287/Chapter 1025

title: Public Law 113-287/Chapter 1025


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 Bhavnagar.

THIS is one of the most important states under the Kathiawar Agency. Its rulers are Rajputs belonging to the Gohel tribe who migrated to Saurashtra or Sorath in or about 1250 A.D. Their leader Shekhaji died in 1290 A.D., leaving the small estate which he had carved out to his son, Ranoji, who reigned at Ranpur till his death in 1309 A.D. The son and successor of Ranoji was Mokhadji, who was even more valiant than his sire. He seized Perim from the Baria Kolis, and transferred his seat of government there. He died, as he had lived, an indomitable soldier, sword in hand, fighting against the squadrons of Mahammad Tughlak, in 1387 A.D. Mokhadji had two wives. Dungar Singh, the son by the first wife, remained quiet for a time with his maternal kinsmen; when the army of Tughlak had returned, Dungar Singh reconquered Gohelwad and re-established himself making Gogha his capital. He died in 1370 A.D. and was succeeded by Vijoji, who in turn yielded place, in the fulness of time, to his son, Kanoji, in 1395 A.D. He was slain at Gogha by Zafar Khan, the viceroy of Firoz, Tughlak, jn the first quarter of the fifteenth century.

Sarangji, the son and heir-apparent of Viroji, one of the descendants of Kanoji, was a minor* His uncle, Ramji, took the management of the State in his hands. Ahmad Shah I, King of Gujrath, sent troops to Gohelwad to levy tribute from its chief. Ramji pleaded inability to pay the full tribute at once, but promised to pay it gradually, and placed his nephew as a hostage. In doing this the crafty uncle had a double purpose. He not only averted the immediate danger but also removed Sarangji, who, he knew, was the rightful owner of the chiefship. Sarangji was kept a close prisoner at Ahmedabad. from where, like Richard Coeur de Lion of England, he was liberated by a faithful servitor and taken to the Rana of Chitor. The Rana lent him the services of his troops to regain his patrimony. The advance of Sarangji at the head of the Mewar army into Gohelwad was a triumph; even his own uncle, the usurper, appeared before him to sue for mercy and to restore to him his throne. Sarangji might have wreaked his revenge upon his uncle but he chose the "choicest flower of victory", and granted his uncle not only a free pardon but bestowed villages upon him in jahagir. This noble-minded chief died in 1445 A.D. and was succeeded by his son, Sadashivji, from whom Bhav Singhji was the tenth in descent.

Bhav Singhji I came to the throne in 1703 A.D. During his time the Mahrattas, under Kanthaji Kadam and Pilaji Rao Gaekwar, besieged the fort of Shihor, but were repulsed. In 1723 A.D. Bhav Singhji selected the site for the present town of Bhavnagar and transferred the seat of government to that place. In 1759 A.D., when the English conquered the fort of Surat from its Sidi Kiledar, Bhav Singhji entered into an alliance of friendship with the new conquerors, in whom he perceived a latent power, which was destined to develop. He was succeeded by his son, Akherji III, in 1764 A.D. In his dealings with the English he was guided by the politic example of his father. Akherji's reign was by no means free from the moil of war, but he had so far secured the sympathy and co-operation of the rising English that they actually bound the Nawab of Cambay by treaty never to molest the ancient possessions of Bhavnagar. On his part, Akherji undertook to co-operate with his new allies in reducing the piratical


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166 THE IMPERIAL DURBAR ALBUM. Babria Kolis. He died in the year 1772 A.D. and was followed by his son, Wakhat Singhji, who consolidated his dominions. The friendship with the English, which had begun in the reign of Akherji I, went on increasing. On the British Government coming in the place of the Peshwa, even more intimate relations were established between them and the Bhavnagar State.

Wakhat Singhji was succeeded by his son, Waje Singhji, in 1816 A.D. Soon after his succession to the throne, the Peshwa ceded to the British all his rights of levying tribute in Kathiawar, and this was followed in 1820 A.D. by the Gaekwar undertaking not to make any direct demand upon the chiefs of the Peninsula save through, and with the approval of, the British Government.

The forces of Bhavnagar crushed the Khumans of Kundla and other Kathi outlaws For a while there was peace, which Waje Singhji utilised in arranging administrative details. He died in 1 852 A D. and was followed by his grandson Akherji III., who died in 1854 A.D. without an heir. His brother, Jaswant Singhji. succeeded him. The British Settlement Officer taking advantage of the situation took possession, on the ground of "lapse", of 116 villages, which owned allegiance to the Thakor of Bhavnagar, but they were finally restored to the State in the year 1866 A.D.

Jaswant Singhji introduced several reforms in the State especially in regard to the administration of justice. He received in 1862 A.D. his due reward from the Paramount Power, both for his firm loyalty to it during the Mutiny of 1857 A.D. and for his earnestness to establish good government, by the grant of a sanad of adoption, and by the bestowal of the insignia of K.C.S.I. in 1867 A.D. Jaswant Singhji died in 1870 A.D. leaving behind him two sons, of whom the heir-apparent, Takhta Singhji, was only twelve years of age. The care of the State and its minor ruler were allowed to remain in the hands of the trusted minister of the State; and a British officer was selected by the Government to be his co'adjutor. Under the joint administration of these two officers, which continued for eight years, the material prosperity of the State steadily but surely increased, and a policy of administration calculated to secure the well'being of the subjects was laid down.

Young Takhta Singhji was entrusted with the full management of his State in 1878 A.D. and he successfully discharged the duties of a liberal but at the same time a firm ruler.

Maharaja Takhta Singhji was invested with the insignia ofX. C.S.I, in 1881 A.D., and again on New year's day of 1886 A.D. the dignity of a Knight Grand Commander of the Most Exalted Order of the Star of India was bestowed upon him by Her Majesty the late Queen-Empress Victoria. The University of Cambridge recognised the ardent love of the ruler of Bhavnagar for education by conferring upon him the honorary degree of LL.D. This industrious and gifted ruler died in 1896 A.D. after having earned "the veneration and the people's love".

Of the two sons of H. H. Sir Takhta Singhji, the elder, Bhav Singhji, was installed on~ the gadi in 1896 A.D. The early years of the reign of H. H. Maharaja Bhav Singhji were gloomy on account of the scarcity of food-stuffs in 1897 A.D. The young ruler coped with the problem by formulating a famine code and inaugurating a liberal- famine policy. The next famine, that of 1899 A.D., was severe and beyond any known precedent. The untiring energy displayed by the youthful Maharaja during this distressful calamity evoked a very high encomium from the representative of the Paramount Power.


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Rh The establishment of the State Savings Bank, the issue of State Bonds, the laying of feeder railway lines, and the opening of the harbour for ocean-going steamers are some of the more important measures, which were undertaken by Bhav Singhji, and they have been quite successful.

H. H. Maharaja Bhav Singhji was made a Knight Commander of the Most Exalted Order of the Star of India in 1905A.D., and the title of "Maharaja" was formally bestowed on him in 1909 A.D.

The State maintains a regiment of Imperial Service Lancers 256 strong, 51 cavalry, and 285 infantry.

The area of the State is 2,860 square miles with a population of 4,40,936 souls and an annual gross revenue of Rs. 45,55,078 inclusive of Rs. 10,96,058, the income of the Bhavnagar State Railway, which is the sole property of the State.

H. H. Maharaja Sir Bhav Singhji is a first class Chief in Kathiawar and is entitled to a salute of 11 guns.


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 Bhor.

THIS small State is situated between the districts of Poena and Satara, the Collector of the former being its Political Agent. Immediately after the death of the great Shiwaji, the Mahratta Empire fell into confusion on account of the misrule of his son and successor Sambhaji. The Mogul Emperor seized Sambhaji and beheaded him in 1689 A.D. His son, Shahu, was captured and kept a close prisoner at Delhi. Sambhaji's tragical end at the hands of the Moguls infused a new life among the Mahrattas, and it quickened their resolve to resist a foutrance. A council of the Mahratta chiefs was held, in which Yesubai, the widow of Sambhaji, consented that Rajaram should be made Regent and all energies concentrated on recovering what had been lost during Sambhaji's fatuous reign. The desperate condition of affairs awakened a number of Mahratta leaders into enthusiasm and activity. Among them were Dhanaji Jadhao, who undertook the supervision of the military, and Shankraji Narayan, who took upon himself the task of managing the civil side of the destructed and disorganised State.

This enthusiastic and energetic finance minister was the ancestor of the Pant Sachivas of Bhor. In 1692 A.D. Shankraji himself scaled the walls of the fort of Raigarh and captured it. Next year he reduced the forts of Torna and Rohida. Shankraji Narayan safely escorted his master Rajaram from Jinji when it was decided to surrender the fort to the Moguls. Shankraji enjoyed the highest confidence of his master. In 1697 A.D. he was made Sachiva' a member of the cabinet.

Shahu continued Shankraji's office and its iahagir to his descendants. For five generations the estate went on from father to son in regular succession, and the Pant Sachivas served the Peshwas till their downfall in 1818 A.D. For three generations the Sachivaship descended by adoption, the last Pant Sachiva being Chimnaji Raghunath, who died in 1871 A.D. He was succeeded by his son, Shankar Rao, who was invested with full powers in 1874 A.D.

During the regime of Shrimant Shankar Rao Pandit Pant Sachiva, the jahagir has been brought up to the level of the adjoining territories and is now looked upon as one of the welLmanaged native states.

Shrimant Shankar Rao has a son and successor, Shrimant Raghunath Rao Baba Saheb, who is about thiry-two years old and has received sound liberal education and full practical training. In 1908 A.D. H. E. Sir George Clarke observed that he considered "Shrimant Babasaheb (the heir^apparent ) to have received a training adapted to fit him to be a worthy successor."

The area of the State is 925 square miles containing 502 villages and a population of 1,44,587 souls, according to the latest census. The annual revenue of the State is Rs. 4,83,500.

The Chief of Bhor exercises the powers of the Court of Sessions and High Court in judicial matters. He enjoys the honour of a personal salute of 9 guns.


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 Cambay.

CAMBAY (Khambhaf) is a feudatory State* in the Political Agency of Kaira situated at the head of the Gulf of the same name. Mirza Jafar alias Momin Khan I, a member of the court of the Shah of Persia, came to Gujrath in 1720A.D. The viceroy of Gujrath at the time was Mubariz-uUMulk. He conferred the title of "Nizam-ud' Daulah" on Mirza Jafar and appointed him Ijardar of Petlad. He formed a matrimonial alliance with Mirza Abdul Husain Dehlami Momin Khan, the Agent for Cambay and Surat. On Momin Khan's death in 1742 A.D. his son, Muftakhir, succeeded him. He compassed the death of his brother-in'law, Nizam Khan, the Subha of Cambay, and usurped the office to himself.

Muftakhir Khan, though a heartless tyrant, was a shrewd and far-seeing ruler. Emperor Shah Alam II conferred the titles of Nizam^ud'Daula, Mumtaz^ul-Mulk, Dilawar Jung, and Nawab of Cambay on Fatteh Ali Khan, grandson of Muftakhir.

During the 1 3th, 14th, and 15th centuries, Cambay had a very flourishing maritime trade. At the close of the thirteenth century it was one of the two chief ports of Western India. The Dutch and the English established their factories there in the seventeenth century; but the diversion of trade to Surat and the silting of the mouth of the gulf dealt a severe blow to Cambay's importance, and by 1802 A.D. its maritime trade had dwindled down to a very low ebb.

Cambay knew very little rest and peace on account of the constant inroads of the Peshwa's generals and the officers of the Gaekwar. Since its transference of allegiance to the British in 1818 A.D. there has been peace and quiet for the State.

Nawab Fatteh Ali Khan died in 1 823 A.D. and was succeeded by his brother Bande Ali Khan. He too died without issue in 1841 A.D. and his nephew Hussain Yavar Khan was put on the masnad. In 1862 A.D. the Nawab of Cambay received the sanad authorising him and his successors the right of adoption without the payment of any nazarana to the Paramount Power. Hussain Yavar Khan died in 1880 A.D. and was succeeded by his eldest son, Jafar Ali Khan, the present Nawab. During the period between 1882 and 1890 A.D. there were serious disturbances in the State. His Highness Jafar Ali Khan, who is of a retiring nature, applied to the British Government for assistance. A special European Political officer and a few well'selected subordinates were deputed. They put the administration on a firm basis and the State was handed back to the Nawab in 1894 A.D. Ever since the administration has been carried on by the Nawab with the help of a Diwan, who is given, to him by the Paramount Power.

The area of the State is 350 square miles having a population of 75,225 souls; and its average annual revenue is rupees 5 lacs.

The Nawab of Cambay exercises full jurisdiction within his State, but cannot try British subjects for capital offences without the Political Agent's permission. He is entitled to a salute of 11 guns.


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 Chhota-Udaipur.

CHHOTA'Udaipur is ranked among the second class states in Rewa-Kantha. The rulers of the State are Chawan Rajputs of the Kinchi sept; and the family is descended from Patai Rawal, the last chief of Champaner, whom the Musalman historians call Behi Rai. On the fall of Champaner and the death of its ruler on the battle-field in 1484 A.D., the members of the family dispersed in all directions.

Patai Rawal's grandsons, Prithi Raj and Dungar Singh, escaped to Hamph, a small hamlet, amongst the almost inaccessible hills of the Vindhya range. Both the brothers gradually extended their possessions and power. Within a few years they established their supremacy over the country between Rajpipla and Godhra. They partitioned the acquisition between themselves. Prithi Raj made Mohan his capital on account of its advantageous position and the neucleus of the principality of Chhota^Udaipur.

During the sixteenth century the territories of Chhota^Udaipur, according to Mahomedan chroniclers, comprised an area of about 5,000, square miles. In the eighteenth century Baji Rawal, one of the descendants of Patai Rawal, moved his seat of government from Mohan to a town, on the river Orsang, called Chhota'Udaipur, from which the State derives its name.

During the reign of Baji Rawal, the whole country was in an agitated condition ot. account of the gradual crumbling down of the Mogul power and the rise of the Mahrattas; Baji Rawal suffered heavily during this troublesome period. He lost a large portion of his territory and moreover the Gaekwar levied from the State a heavy tribute. For five generations the principality dragged on a weary existence under heavy exactions by the Mahrattas.

In the time of Prithi Raj II., the annual tribute payable to the Gaekwar was fixed in 1822 A.D. and the State taken under the protection of the British Crown. Prithi Raj died the same year and was succeeded by his cousin, Guman Singh, who died in 1851 A.D. without issue. He was, therefore, succeeded by his nephew, Jit Singh. During his time Tatya Topi, the leader of the insurgents of the Mutiny of 1857 A.D., sacked Chhota^Udaipur. British troops soon came to the rescue, and the rebels were dispersed. He died in 1881 A.D. and was succeeded by his eldest son, Moti Singh, who died in 1895 A.D. His son, Fatteh Singh, a minor, was recognised as successor and the State was put in the charge of an administrator appointed by the Paramount Power.

The area of Chhota^Udaipur is 873 square miles, containing 504 villages and hamlets, and a population of 64,621 souls, the large decrease of about 31 per cent in that of the preceding census being ascribed to famine. The income of the State is nearly two lacs of Rupees per annum, out of which a tribute of Rs. 8,908 is paid to the Gaekwar through the British Government.

The Chief bears the title of "Maha Rawal" and is entitled to a salute of 9 guns.


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 Dasada.

THE Estate of Dasada is situated in the Jhalawar prant of the Kathiawar Agency, at a distance of II miles from the Patri Railway station. The Talukdars of the Estate trace their descent from the Multani Aualia (a saint) Khwaja Baha'ud-Din Zikaria generally known as- Bahawal^haq Multani.

Nasir-ud'Din, one of the descendants of this Aualia, started on a pilgrimage to Mecca with his family, about the middle of the thirteenth century. In those days, the means of communication and facilities for travelling were far from convenient. Nasir^ ud'Din is said to have started on foot along with a caravan which halted near the Vajesar tank which is situated near Dasada. Here he killed a deer, at which the Hindu chief of Patri took offence, attacked the caravan, and killed all its members. The wife and son of Nasir'ud<Din escaped to Punchasar, which was the capital of Gujrath at the time.

Malek Bakhan, the son of Nasir^ud'Din, was a spirited youth. The murder of his father rankled deep in his memory. When he grew to manhood, he resolved to take his vengeance on the Patri chief. He took an apportunity of meeting him in a jungle when he was out a-huntirig, challenged him to fight, and killed him in single combat. Malek Bakhan knew that king of Ahmedabad hated the Patri chief, and therefore took the head of the chief to the king thereby ingratiating himself in his favour. The king of Ahmedabad took Malek Bakhan under his aegis and deputed him on the mission of putting down the notorious outlaw named Raw Ratan. Malek Bakhan was succesful, at which the Ahmedabad king was mightily pleased. He con' ferred the Estate of Dasada on the victorious Malek Bakhan and made him commander of his army. Malek Zain;. Khan, the present Talukdar of Dasada, is a descendant of this Malek Bakhan.

Malek Zorawar Khan, the father of Zain Khan, died in 1891 A,D., when the latter was only seven years of age. • Under tjhe general policy the management of the Estate was taken up by the Political Agent and .young Zain Khan sent to the Rajkumar Collage. After he had completed his course at Collage he was appointed for some time % to work along with the British Manager to give him an insight into the details of administration, and then lie was put independent, charge of his patrimony.

In spite of the heavy family misfortunes in the loss of all his children and wives one after another, Zain Khan looks after his Estate so assiduously that the Paramount Power at the recommendation of the Political Agent, Kathiawar, raised his status from a sixth class^ Talukdar to fifth class in the year 1910 A.D.

The area of the Dasada Estate is 123 square miles and contains 17,850 inhabitants. Its annual income is Rs. 60,000. The Talukdar pays a tribute of Rs. 12,968 to the British Government.


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 Dhrangadhra.

THIS is one of the more important states in Kathiawar. The ruling family belongs to the Jhala tribe of the Makwana Rajputs. Kesar, one of the prominent members of the band of these Makwana Rajputs, fought with Hamir Sumro, the king of Sindh, and defeated him. After a time Hamir attacked Kesar, killed him, and demo^ hshed his capital. On the death of Kesar his three sons, Harpal, Vijaipal and Santaji, made their escape into Gujrath. Harpal was cordially received by the king of Gujrath, and was conferred a jahagfr of 2,300 villages, of which Patadi was made the capital.

Rajodharji, one of the descendants, of Harpal, founded the village of Halwad in 1488 A.D. During the time of Raj -Man Singhji, the grandson of Rajodharji, Bahadur Shah, kjng of Gujrath, sent a large army under Khan Khanan to bring the ruler of Halwad under subjection. Man Singhji -was defeated, but escaped and went into outlawry, against the Mahomedan Emperor. One of the sisters of the step-mother of Man Singhji was married to Bahadur Shah. Under her advice Man Singhji gave up outlawry and surrendered himself to the Emperor, whereupon his principality was restored to him. Raj Man' Singhji died in 1564 A.D. and. was succeeded by his eldest son, Rai Singhji. He was taken prisoner by the gosain troops of Makan Bharati and sent to king Akbar, by whom he was released* and he accompanied Khan Khanan who reinstated him on his ancestral gadi.

The successors of Man Singhji had a very troublesome career till the time of Raj Gaj Singhji, who 'died in 1782 A.D. His son; Jaswant Singhji, made Dhrangadhra his seat of government. He died in 1801 A.D. and was succeeded by Rai Singhji, who reigned only three years, leaving his principality to his eldest son,* Amar Singhji. In his reign Col. Walker, the Resident of Baroda, accompanied by Babaji Appaji, Diwan of the .Gaekwar, came into Kathiawar. to fix the tributes payable to the Gaekwar by the several chiefs of the peninsula, and the question of tribute payable by Dhrangadhra was settled in 1807 A.D.

Amar Singhji died in 1843 A.D. and was succeeded by Ranmal Singhji, who introduced several reforms in his State and undertook large irrigational schemes. He died in 1869 A.D. and was~ succeeded by his son, Man Singhji 11, who was a good and noble- minded ruler like his father.' He was followed by his son, Ajit Singhji, in 1900 A.D. who died only a few months back, and has been succeeded by his son. Raj Saheb Ghanashyam Singhji.

The area of the State is 1,156 square miles with a population of 70,880. The gross revenue of the State is about five lacs of rupees.

The State maintains a military force of 335 men, of whom 75 are mounted and it has besides a police force of 229 men.

His Highness Maharana Raj Saheb Ghanashyam Singhji is a first class Chief in Kathiawar and is entitled to a salute of 11 guns.


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 Dhrol.

THIS State is situated about 24 miles to, the north-east of Nawangar. It was founded by Hardholji, the brother of Jam Rawal. Both the brothers were on hostile terms with Jam Hamirji of Cutch. They migrated to Sorath, the northern portion of Kathiawar, fought with Dedo Tamachi of Amaran and conquered a large part of the surrounding territory. Hardholji proceeded onwards with his followers and took possession of Dhrol together with 140 villages from Dhamal Chawada, who reigned there. This occurred about the year 1538 A.D.

Hardholji died at the hands of an assasin, named Karasan Jambucho, in the year 1550 A.D. and was succeeded by Jasoji, the eldest of his eight sons. Jasoji was very inflammable and warlike. He even fought with his uncle, the Raja of Halawad, on a very ordinary pretext. -, He fell in the fight and was succeeded by Bamnioji. The successors of Bamnioji appear to have been brave warriors and always on friendly terms with the Jam of Nawanagar.

Till the advent of the British into Kathiawar, there was constant warfare between the different chiefs of the Peninsula, and those of Dhrol had their share of unrest. In the time of Modhaji about the beginning of the nineteenth century, Jamadar Fatteh Mahammad, the Vazir of Cutch, invaded Nawanagar and on his return journey placed an officer of his own at Dhrol. Modhaji expelled this officer and ruled independently. Thakor Modhaji was succeeded by Bhupat Singhji, during whose time the settlement of tribute payable to the Gaekwar by the Dhrol State was settled by Col. Walker, the Resident of Baroda.

Bhupat Singhji died in 1845 A.D. and was succeeded by his elder son, Jai Singh, who ruled successfully till 1886 A.D. Himself a good scholar, he always patronised men of* letters. He was a kind-hearted and considerate ruler.

Although there was a misunderstanding between the chief of Dhrol and the Jam of Nawanagar at one time, yet, Jam Shri Vibhaji, who was looked upon as their head by the Jadeja Rajputs of Kathiawar, and who was a generous prince, was on very friendly terms with Jai Singh of Dhrol.

Hari Singhji, the present Thakor Saheb of Dhrol, has received a sound education at the Rajkumar College and has been a kind-hearted and generous ruler.' In 1890 A.D. he received a sanad from the Paramount Power guaranteeing him the right of adoption.

Dhrol ranks as a second class State in Kathiawar. Its area is 283 square miles, of which only 72 square miles are under cultivation. The population according to the census of 1901 A.D. is 21,907. The gross estimated revenue of the State on an average is about Rs. 1,25,000. The Chief pays a tribute of Rs. 10,231 jointly to the Gaekwar of Baroda and the Nawab of Junagarh.

The Thakor Saheb of Dhrol has power of life and death over his own subjects and is entitled to a salute of 9 guns.


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 Gondal.

THIS is an insular State, almost in the centre of Kathiawar. Its rulers, who are Rajputs of the Jadheja clan, come from the same stock as that of the rulers of Cutch, Rajkot, and Jamnagar, but they are more directly related to the rulers of the last state.

Kumbhoji I, great-grandson of Jam Sataji, whose mother was a Chudasam Girasiani, was the founder of the Gondal house. He received Ardhoi and a few other villages from his father, Meramanji, in the seventeenth century. Not being on the best of terms with his brother, Singhji, he spent the greater part of his early days at his maternal home in Gondal. When he grew to manhood, he is said to have driven away his maternal uncle, and established himself in his stead on the Gondal gadi. He left behind him two sons, Sagramji and Sangoji, of whom the first succeeded to Gondal, and the second founded the estate of Kotada Sangani. Sagramji was succeeded by his son, Haloji, who was the father of Kumbhoji II. This Kumbhoji proved to be such an able and efficient ruler that the whole of Kathiawar trembled at his name. He largely increased the extent of his State by numerous conquests.

Kumbhoji had for his contemporaries such eminent personages as Amarji Diwan of Junagarh, Meheraman Khawas of Jamnagar, Vakhat Singhji Thakor of Bhavnagar, and Fatteh Mahammad of Cutch; but he towered over them all by his bravery and tact.

Kumbhoji gave himself no peace as long as Amarji was by the side of the Nawab of Junagarh. Hamid Khan ascended the throne of Junagarh in 1795 A.D. Kumbhoji succeeded in achieving that which he could not in the time' of the previous Nawab. He alienated the feelings of Hamid Khan from his loyal and sagacious minister to such a degree that Amarji was murdered in the Nawab's palace, in 1784 A.D. Now Kumbhoji had much his own way with the Nawab. He secured from him a sanad in heredity With regard to Gondal, Jetalsar, Mali, Majethi, Lath, ' and Bhilmora. In addition, he permanently secured the districts of Sarsai and Oiamparda from the Nawab in satisfaction of an old out-standing death.

Kumbhoji's only son, Sagramji, had died during his life-time, leaving behind him two sons, Muluji and Devoji; of these, the first being the elder, succeeded his grand- father. Muluji had two sons, Haloji and Dajibhai. Haloji succeeded his father but died only after a reign of one year. As he left no issue, his brother, Dajibhai, ascended the gadi. He too died without an heir, and so his uncle, Devoji, succeeded him in 1800 A.D, He accompanied Raghunathji, the Diwan of Junagarh, in 1803 A.D. in his expedition in Jhalawad to levy the zortalbi on behalf of Junagarh.

Devoji died in 1812 A.D. leaving behind him four sons, of whom Nathoji reigned for only two years. He was succeeded by Kanoji (1814-1821 A.D.), Chandra Singhji (1821-1851 A.D.), and Sagramji II (1851-1870 A.D.).

Sagramji died in 1870 A.D. and was succeeded by Bhagwat Singhji. He being only four years of age at the time of his father's death, the management of the