text:
Page:Narrative of a journey through the upper provinces of India etc. (Volume III.).djvu/100

80 ISLAND OF ELEPHANTA. the usual landing-place. It is about three times aft big as life, rudely sculptured, and very much dilar pidated by the weather. The animal on its back, which Mr. Erskine supposed to be a tyger, has no longer any distinguishable shape. From the land- ing place, a steep and narrow path, but practicable for palanquins, leads up the hill, winding prettily through woods and on the banks of precipices^ so as very much to remind me of Hawkstone. About half a mile up is the first cave, which is a sort of portico supported by two pillars and two pilasters, and seeming as if intended for the entrance to a rock temple which has not been proceeded in. A quarter of a mile farther, and two-thirds of the ascent up the higher of the two hills, is the great cavern, in a magnificent situation, and deserving all the praise which has been lavished on it. For its details I again refer to Mr. Erskine, merely noticing that, though my expectations were highly raised, the reality much exceeded them, and that both the dimensions, the proportions, and the sculp- ture, seemed to me to be of a more noble charac- ter, and a more elegant execution than I had been led to suppose. Even the statues are executed with great spirit, and are some of them of no com- mon beauty, considering their dilapidated condition and the coarseness of their material.

At the upper end of the principal cave, which is in the form of a cross, and exceedingly resembles the plan of an ancient basilica, is an enormous bust with three faces, reaching from the pavement to the ceiling of the temple. It has generdly been sup-


text: Page:Virgil's Pastorals, Georgics and Aeneis - Dryden (1709) - volume 2.djvu/163

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Page:The Malavikagnimitra, Tawney (2nd edition, 1891).djvu/19

 "We are told in the drama that, intending to perform the horse- sacrifice, he let loose a horse, which, as it was wandering along the right bank of the Indus, was carried off by a squadron of Yavana cavalry, but rescued by its guard under Vasumitra.

"We cannot of course be certain whether this was the real cause of the quarrel or not, but so much is clear, that Pushpamitra came into collision with the Greeks on the bank of the Indus. As he ascended the throne in 178 B.C., this struggle must have taken place in the reign of Eukratides. According to the account in the drama, it took place under the rule of his son Agnimitra, whose general he was, but this is contrary both to Brahmanical and Buddhist accounts, and the truth probably is, that during the latter years of his reign he associated his son with himself as partner in the empire. Much more important is another event of his life, of which we possess an account. From it, it is evident that he w«s stirred up by the Brahmans to persecute the Buddhists; in other words, that a great change took place in the views of the mightiest Indian prince of the time, and produced its natural results. The incident to which I allude is narrated in the following way. Pushpamitra summoned a council of his ministers and asked them what was the best course for him to adopt in order to obtain undying glory. They reminded him of the example of his predecessor Asoka, who made the 84 thousand proclamations of the law, and whose fame would last as long as the law of Bhagavat prevailed. The King answered that he preferred some other


text:
Page:The Malavikagnimitra, Tawney (2nd edition, 1891).djvu/24

 readings in Táránáthá's edition, and I must express myself highly indebted to his commentary, which has guided me in the interpretation of several passages upon which Shankar Pandit's notes throw no light.

Calcutta, January 1875.


text: Page:Virgil's Pastorals, Georgics and Aeneis - Dryden (1709) - volume 2.djvu/164


text:
Page:The Necromancer, or, The Tale of the Black Forest Vol. 2.djvu/16

 right wing, and I could clearly observe that his left neighbour raised his suspicion.

However, he began his conjuration with apparent firmness, after he had strewed a reddish sand on the floor, and delineated a treble circle with his ebony wand. The particulars of the act of conjuring were nearly the same as in the cellar of the Haunted Castle, except his reading aloud the greatest part of the form of the conjuration, and his face being not so horribly distorted by convulsions as in the subterraneous rooms of that terrible haunt of robbers.

Now the ceremony was finished, he cast his book on the table, and pronounced thrice the mysterious word: Suddenly a howling blast of wind rushed against our faces, a thick column of smoke ascended from the floor, overcasting the whole apartment, and extinguishing the torches. Darkness and horror surrounded us.


text:
Page:The Necromancer, or, The Tale of the Black Forest Vol. 2.djvu/17

 'Ere long a faint gleam was breaking from the floor, sparingly illuminating the objects around, and rising higher and higher on the opposite wall 'till it reached the ceiling. At once the floor seemed to shake beneath our feet, and we beheld with chilly horror an human figure hovering on the wall; its garments and face, bearing the grisly marks of corruption, appeared to have suffered by the flames. It shook its head and fiery sparks flew around. A sudden smell of brimstone almost suffocated us.

After we had gazed at the phantom some time, with secret horror, the Necromancer exclaimed with a thundering voice, "Who art thou?"

Phantom. (Staggering back) "A soul from purgatory."

Old man. "What is thy desire?"


text:
Page:The Necromancer, or, The Tale of the Black Forest Vol. 2.djvu/18

 Phantom. "To be redeemed from the flames."

Old man. "By what means?"

Phantom. "By the sale of this house."

Old man. "For what reason?"

Phantom. "Because I have got it by fraudulent means."

Old man. "How can the sale of this house expiate thy crime?"

Phantom. "It can, because my children will be saved."

The Necromancer was silent and the phantom disappeared.

A violent gust of wind rushed again in our faces, the smoke evaporated, and the torches began to burn. Lieutenant N with his


text: Page:Joan of Arc - Southey (1796).djvu/280


text: Page:Joan of Arc - Southey (1796).djvu/281


text: Index:Uttara Rama Charita.djvu

title: Index:Uttara Rama Charita.djvu


text:
Page:Uttara Rama Charita.djvu/10

 PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION.

As the first edition of this translation is exhausted, the Translator is compelled to infer that some University students have found it a help in preparing for their examinations. In the present edition the text of Pandit l9vara Chandra Vidj^dsdgara has been carefully followed, and the translation is generally based upon his explana- tions. The Translator has endeavoured to give the literal meaning of the Sanskrit without dishing up Hindii ideas so as to make them agreeable to the taste of Europeans. This course has been adopted by Mr. Pickford in his version of the Maha Vira Charita, and triumphantly defended by him in his preface. The present Translator concurs with him in the opinion that it is absurd to expect idiomatic English in a translation of a Sanskrit composition. To borrow his words : " We often find a com- pound word in Sanskrit which cannot bo rendered into English except by a long and intricate sentence with a dependent relative clause for each epithet and allusion. Moreover, the frequent digressions and sudden transi- tions of Sanskrit compositions clearly mark them as alien from the thought and language of modern Europe. The canons which are with perfect fairness applied to modern versions of classical authors, are inadmis- sible with regard to translations from the Sanskrit.*^ We must not be ashamed then if such phrases as the "feet of my father," "the stupefying weapons," and "limbs cool like a lump of snow" move the laughter of English- men unacquainted with Sanskrit :

" Nam risu inepto res ineptior nulla est."

June 1874.

title: Page:Uttara Rama Charita.djvu/10


text:
Page:The life and opinions of Tristram Shandy (Volume 7).pdf/50

 From what he has made this second estimate—unless from the parental goodness of God—I don't know—I am much more at a loss what could be in Franciscus Ribbera's head, who pretends that no less a space than one of two hundred Italian miles multiplied into itself, will be sufficient to hold the like number—he certainly must have gone upon some of the old Roman souls, of which he had read, without reflecting how much, by a gradual and most tabid decline, in a course of eighteen hundred years, they must unavoidably have shrunk, so as to have come, when he wrote, almost to nothing.


text:
Page:The life and opinions of Tristram Shandy (Volume 7).pdf/51

 In Lessius's time, who seems the cooler man, they were as little as can be imagined

We find them less now

And next winter we shall find them less again; so that if we go on from little to less, and from less to nothing, I hesitate not one moment to affirm, that in half a century, at this rate, we shall have no souls at all; which being the period beyond which I doubt likewise of the existence of the Christian faith, 'twill be one advantage that both of 'em will be exactly worn out together

Blessed Jupiter! and blessed every other heathen god and goddess! for


text:
Page:The life and opinions of Tristram Shandy (Volume 7).pdf/52

 now ye will all come into play again, and with Priapus at your tails—what jovial times!—but where am I? and into what a delicious riot of things am I rushing? I—I who must be cut short in the midst of my days, and taste no more of 'em than what I borrow from my imagination—peace to thee, generous fool! and let me go on.


text:
Page:The lay of the Nibelungs; (IA nibelungslay00hortrich).pdf/335

XXV.]

Now let us leave the story of how they prosper’d there.

Ere then did never warriors of higher courage fare.

In such like state and splendour through any king’s domain.

Of armour and apparel all had as they were fain.

The warden of the Rhineland equipp’d his warriors bold,

A thousand knights and sixty, so is the story told,

With men-at-arms nine thousand for this great festival.

They whom they left behind them ere long bewail’d them all.

Their riding gear they carried to Worms across the court.

Whereon an aged bishop of Spires spake in this sort

Unto the comely Uté: “Our friends have mind to fare

Unto this high assembly: God guard their honour there!”

Thereon unto her children did noble Uté say:

“Ye should, my noble heroes, be here content to stay:

I dreamt a dream this morning, of great dismay and dread;

How all the winged creatures within this land were dead.”

“Who puts his faith in dreamings,” then Hagen made reply,

“Knows not the proper meaning that may within them lie,

When honour, peradventure, may wholly be at stake.

I’m willing that my masters for court their leave should take,”


text: The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman/Volume 7/Chapter 14


text:
Page:The Malavikagnimitra, Tawney (2nd edition, 1891).djvu/20

 means of making himself famous, and applied to a Hindu purohita, who recommended him to suppress Buddhism by force. The King adopted the suggestion, and went with a force composed of all four arms to Kuttukarama in the vicinity of Pataliputra, with the firm determination of destroying the law of Bhagavat. Three times, when on the very threshold of the vihara, he was deterred by the roar of a lion from carrying out his intention, and returned to the city without effecting anything; At last he summoned a meeting of the inmates of the monastery, and informed them that he intended to destroy the law of Buddha, and asked them which they would choose, the destruction of the vihara, or that of the stupa. They preferred to leave the place; the King then utterly destroyed the vihara, and massacred all its inhabitants. He then moved on to Cakala, where he proclaimed that whoever brought in the head of a Cramana should receive a hundred gold pieces. One of these offered his own head to the murderers, in order to save the law and the lives of the other Arhats. When the King heard this, he gave orders that every Arhat in that province should be put to death, but he subsequently met with so much opposition that he no longer continued his persecutions in this quarter, but turned off to Koshtaka, and thence went towards the


text:
Page:The lay of the Nibelungs; (IA nibelungslay00hortrich).pdf/336

258

“We should indeed with gladness ride unto Etzel’s land:

There kings can have the service of many a hero’s hand,

When there we take our part in Kriemhilda’s revelry.”

Hagen the journey counsell’d: he rued it presently.

He would have been against it, if Gernot had not sought

With ill-adviséd speeches to set him so at naught:

Reminding him of Siegfried, the Lady Kriemhild’s lord;

Said he: “This ride to Hagen is therefore untoward.”

Then Hagen spake, of Tronjé: “Through fear I’ll not forego!

If such your will is, heroes, ’twere well to buckle to.

Gladly will I ride with you, e’en unto Etzel’s realm.”

Soon by his hand were shatter’d full many a shield and helm.

The boats were ready waiting, and many a man was there:

Whate’er they had of clothing on board forthwith they bare.

Unwearyingly wrought they until the fall of eve;

And full of joy and gladness at length their homes they leave.

Their tents and wooden cabins were pitch’d upon the green

Along the further Rhine-bank. When finish’d this had been,

The king’s fair wife besought him a while there to abide

For one night would she lay her his manly form beside.

With trumpeting and fluting the early morning brake,

To warn them to be starting: then did they ready make.

If any had a sweetheart her to his heart he laid;—

For them a bitter parting King Etzel’s wife soon made!


text:
Page:The Music of the Spheres.djvu/86

 large telescope, for not only one star is disclosed but three—a sea-green and a blue beside the one of orange-gold!

Just above Mirach, the star on the girdle, are two fainter stars and a small misty object. A large telescope will show that this misty object is a long shuttle-shaped nebula of the most colossal size. This is the famous nebula of Andromeda, the only spiral nebula in the heavens which may be located without a telescope. The nebula of Andromeda is not a gaseous nebula but an outside universe, an aggregation of millions of suns comparable to the Galaxy. (The Galaxy is our Milky Way.) This in itself is astounding, but it is also astounding that we have been privileged to gaze over a chasm so wide that an aggregation of millions of suns looks no more to our eyes than a misty spot of light. , of the Mount Wilson observatory in California, has recently made the discovery that the more distant spiral nebulæ may also be resolved into stars. Dr. Hubble made his investigations photographically with the 60-inch and 100-inch telescopes. Although most of the spiral nebulæ appear very small because they are at least a million light years distant, the nebula of Andromeda is comparatively close, its apparent diameter being about six times the diameter of the moon.

This famous nebula may be most easily located when near the zenith during the latter part of October. Watch for it just after the star Alpheratz, on the head of Andromeda, has passed the meridian and started toward the west. To the unaided eye, it

title: Page:The Music of the Spheres.djvu/86


text:
Page:The Malavikagnimitra, Tawney (2nd edition, 1891).djvu/21

 southern sea, near which he is said to have been imprisoned by a Yaksha in a mountain together with his whole army. On account of the massacre of the holy men he received the title of Munihata, slayer of hermits.

"This is the only account which we have of his attempt to put down Buddhism. It is at any rate clear from this story that the Buddhists were so powerful at this time that the Brahmans, not being able to overcome them by fair means, made use of their influence over a sovereign of their own religions persuasion to accomplish their object by violent measures. They must have welcomed his assistance all the more gladly, as according to the above account he was evidently in possession of an extensive dominion. It stands to reason that the King could only act in this arbitrary manner in his own dominions, we may therefore conclude that Cakala and Koshtaka were comprised in them. The first appears to have been the furthest limit of his dominions in this direction, because we are told that here he met with opposition. The only objection to the story is, that at this time Eukratides is said to have reigned as far as the Vipaca, but this is removed by supposing that, after the murder of this king, Pushpamitra availed himself of the confusion to which it gave rise and made himself master of Cakala.

"It is evident that, at the time of his greatest prosperity, Pushpamitra ruled the greater part of the


text:
Page:The Malavikagnimitra, Tawney (2nd edition, 1891).djvu/22

 original Maurya kingdom. We get a hint from another source of the extent of his realm towards the south. In the drama the Narmada is mentioned as its southern limit, for Virasena, tHe brother-in-law of Agnimitra, is represented as in command of a border fortress on this river. In a war which he had with the king of Vidarbha the latter mnnarch was overcome, and compelled to surrender one half of his kingdom to Madhavasena, a friend of the conqueror's, and the Varada was fixed as the boundary of the territories of the two princes. It is however most probable that this territory was not conquered by the founder of the dynasty but by his son after his death. His dominions accordingly extended, if we include those of his vassal, to the table-land of the Deckan. His possession of so wide a territory explains why the Cunga kings are always spoken of as the successors of the Maurya dynasty. The founder of the dynasty reigned 36 years according to the most probable account. The Puranas agree in representing the dynasty as lasting for 112 years, and the lengths of the reigns of Pushpamitra'a successors agree with one exception in both accounts. The discrepancy only amounts to two years, and as there is no antecedent improbability in the numbers, we have no reason for doubting their correctness. If we subtract the years of his successors' reigns, we have only 30 years left for the reign of the founder. The simplest way of reconciling this discrepancy is to suppose that he first established his power in the seventh year, or perhaps was crowned in that year, so that the first six years have been omitted. We know nothing


text:
Page:The Malavikagnimitra, Tawney (2nd edition, 1891).djvu/23

 about his successors, except their names and the length of their reigns, which are as follows:—

 * Vasumitra reigned 8 or 10 years.
 * Snjyestha "  7 years.
 * Ardraka   "  2 „
 * Pulindaka "  3 „
 * Goshavasu "  3 „
 * Vajramitra " 9 „
 * Bhagavata " 32 „
 * Devabhiiti " 10 „

"These ten kings reigned from 178 B.C. to 66 B.C., and in every case the son ascended the throne of his father.

"The next dynasty bears the name of Kanva, and was founded by Vasudeva, the Minister of the last Cunga king, who murdered his dissolute master and ascended his throne."

Such is the history of the Cunga dynasty, or rather all that one of the most able of Indian archaeologists, familiar with every nook and corner of Sanskrit literature, can present to us as a substitute for history. No doubt the view of the relations subsisting between Agnimitra and Pushpamitra which we find in the play is unhistorical. But that does not impair the value of the drama as a picture of Indian manners at a time when Buddhism and Brahmanism were both favoured religious, contending for dominion over the whole of India.

It only remains for me to say that I have endeavoured to give translations of all the most important various


text: Page:Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam - Fitzgerald's translation.djvu/15


text:
Page:The Music of the Spheres.djvu/88

 appears as a small mass of faint light and inexperienced observers often mistake it for a comet. Although this mass of light may be considered as being comparatively close compared to other spiral nebula, it is scarcely like sighting a ship at sea, for so far away does the spiral of Andromeda lie, that a ray of light must travel at least 36,000 years in order to reach the earth—36,000 years with light traveling 186,000 miles a second!

The constellation of Pegasus, the Winged Horse of the Muses, is marked by a great square formed by four bright stars. This "square" lies against the horse's neck and wings, while his head, adorned by the star Enif, hangs downward from one corner and stretches toward the west. Enif lies about 10 degrees west of a small but conspicuous diamond-shaped constellation called The Dolphin, or Job's Coffin.

Although Pegasus is close to Perseus in the sky, this winged horse was not with the hero either at the time he met Andromeda or at any other period of his life. Since only half of his body is

title: Page:The Music of the Spheres.djvu/88


text: Page:Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam - Fitzgerald's translation.djvu/16


text: Page:Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam - Fitzgerald's translation.djvu/17


text: Page:Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam - Fitzgerald's translation.djvu/18


text:
Page:Arcana Coelestia - Volume IX.djvu/11

9112-9118.]

9112. It shall now be told what conscience is. conscience is formed with man from the religious principle in which he is, according to its reception inwardly in himself.

9113. Conscience, with the man of the Church, is formed by the truths of faith from the Word, or from doctrine out of the Word, according to the reception thereof in the heart: for when man knows the truths of faith, and apprehends them in his measure, and then wills them, and does them, in this case he has conscience. Reception in the heart denotes in the will, for the will of man is what is called the heart.

9114. Hence it is that they who have conscience speak from the heart the things which they speak, and do from the heart the things which they do. They have also a mind not divided; for according to what they believe to be true and good, they do, and also according to what they understand. Hence a more perfect conscience may be given with those who are illustrated in the truths of faith above others, and who are in a clear perception above others, than with those who are less illustrated, and who are in obscure perception.

9115. They have conscience, who have received a new will from the Lord, that will itself being conscience; wherefore to act contrary to conscience is to act contrary to that will; and whereas the good of charity makes the new will, the good of charity also makes conscience.

9116. Inasmuch as conscience, as was said above, n. 9113, is formed by the truths of faith, as also the new will and charity, hence also it is, that to act contrary to the truths of faith, is to act contrary to conscience.

9117. Inasmuch as faith and charity, which are from the Lord, constitute the spiritual life of man, hence also it is, that the act contrary to conscience, is to act contrary to that life.

9118. Inasmuch now as to act contrary to conscience is to act contrary to the new will, contrary to charity, and contrary to the truths of faith, consequently contrary to the life which


text: Page:Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam - Fitzgerald's translation.djvu/19


text: Page:Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam - Fitzgerald's translation.djvu/20


text:
Author:Eliot Channing Clarke

Works

 * Main Drainage Works of the City of Boston (Massachusetts, U.S.A.) (1885)
 * Astronomy from a Dipper (1909)

title: Author:Eliot Channing Clarke


text:
Page:Arcana Coelestia - Volume I.djvu/114

100 quality. The separation of profane and holy ideas, when thus conjoined, cannot be effected, except by means of such infernal torment, that if a man were aware of it, he would as cautiously avoid falling in to profanation as into hell itself.

302. The Jews were so prone to profanation that the mysteries of faith were never revealed to them, so that it was never explicitly declared to them either that they should live after death, or that the Lord would come into the world to save them. Nay, they were, and still are, kept in such ignorance and blindness, that they neither have known nor now know of the existence of the internal man, or indeed of any thing internal; for had they known these, or did they now know, so as to acknowledge them, such is their nature that they would profane them, and thus preclude themselves form all hope of salvation in another life. This is what is meant by the Lord in John: "He hath blinded their eyes, and closed their heart, that they should not see with their eyes, nor understand with their heart, and convert themselves, and I should heal them," (xii. 40.) And by the Lord speaking to them in parables without explaining to them their meaning, lest, as He himself says, "Seeing they should see, and hearing they should hear, and understand," (Matt. xiii. 13.) On the same account, likewise, all the mysteries of faith were hidden from them, and concealed under the representatives of their Church, and such was the style of the prophetic writings, for the same reason. It is, however, one thing to know, and another to acknowledge. He who knows, and does not acknowledge, is as if he knew not; but it is he who acknowledges and afterwards blasphemes and profanes, who is meant by the Lord.

303. Man acquires to himself a life according to the persuasions which he embraces, or in other words, by what he acknowledges and believes. That of which he is not persuaded, or which he does not acknowledge and believe, can in no degree affect his mind; and therefore it is impossible to profane what is holy without a previous persuasion and acknowledgement that it is so, and at length its denial. Those who may know but do not acknowledge, are as if they knew not, or like persons acquainted with matters of no consequence. Such were the Jews about the time of the Lord's advent, and therefore they are said in the Word to be vastated or wasted, that is, to have no longer any faith. Under these circumstances, it does a people no injury to have the interior contents of the Word unfolded to them, for they are as persons seeing, and yet not seeing; hearing, and yet not hearing; and whose hearts are hardened; of whom the Lord says in Isaiah, "Go and tell this people, Hear in hearing, but understand not, and see in seeing, but know not. Make the heart of this people fat, and make their ears heavy, and shut their eyes, lest they see with their eyes, and hear with their


text:
Page:Smith - Number Stories of Long ago (1919).djvu/88

OF LONG AGO. schoolmaster could multiply much faster than any of them. He used the numerals that had come from the East, and so Leonardo was anxious to learn the new way.

If you have never seen a modern calculating machine, you would be interested to see how it works. You would watch the setting down of the multiplicand on certain keys, then you would see the multiplier set down, and then, on one of these modern machines, you would simply touch an electric button and the machine would make a little buzzing sound, after which you would read the answer upon it.

Some such curiosity and interest must have been Leonardo’s when he first saw his old Moorish schoolmaster multiply one number of three figures by another number of three figures. With the counters this would have taken him several minutes, but his teacher did it in only one minute. Can we wonder, then, that Leonardo was anxious to learn what seemed to him to be a wonderful trick in the multiplication of numbers?

How do you think the Moorish schoolmaster proceeded? Of course we do not know exactly, but we know how Leonardo gave the 65


text:
Page:The Music of the Spheres.djvu/89

 represented on his star square it is sometimes said that the remainder is hidden behind the rocks to which Andromeda is chained. The reason that artists so often draw Pegasus beside the hero Perseus must be that they take the astronomical picture instead of the mythological version of the story as a basis for their theme, although his unnatural position of being upside down is studiously ignored;—even the ancient poets refrained from comment upon this point.

Mr. Clark, in "Astronomy from a Dipper," aptly remarks that "the square suggests a boxstall in which a horse could be kept rather than a portion of a great flying horse." There is certainly "more truth than poetry" in this idea and just about all of the constellations look most like "what they are not." Not possessing the vivid imagery of the Greeks, most of us must be content with looking at the bright Square which marks the place of the great Winged Horse in the darkness.

It will be recalled that when Perseus swooped down and cut the head off the Gorgon, its life-blood crimsoned the foam on the sea. Neptune, seeing this, spun it into silver with the wind and waves, and formed, in a moment, the wondrous horse.

Born full-grown, gifted with immortal life and blessed with incredible speed, Pegasus lifted his silvery wings and sprang toward the clouds. He then rushed headlong toward Mount Helicon where he flew about the mountain, alighted in its sacred groves, and was petted by the Muses.

According to all accounts the hoofs of this beautiful creature must have possessed not only miraculous strength but also some of the properties of a divining-rod, for, when thirsty, all that he needs must do was to strike his magic hoof upon the ground and up would spout a fountain or a spring—crystal clear and delightfully cool.

title: Page:The Music of the Spheres.djvu/89


text:
Page:Smith - Number Stories of Long ago (1919).djvu/89

NUMBER STORIES work in the book which he wrote more than seven centuries ago. He first wrote the multiplicand; above that he placed the multiplier; and above that he wrote the product. This is our plan turned upside down. If you could ask Leonardo why he turned the work upside down, he would say that his work was right, but ours is upside down. It all depends on how we are taught.

HOW LEONARDO MULTIPLIED From Leonardo’s arithmetic of 1202. It represents the multiplication of 49 by 8, the product being 392

It was about three hundred years after Leonardo that Cuthbert Tonstall (tŭn'stăl) was born in England. In those days it was still the custom in most countries to compute by counters, but Cuthbert went to a school where they taught the new method. In 1522 he published the first arithmetic printed in England. Although this was about a hundred 66


text:
Page:The Music of the Spheres.djvu/90

 The Fountain of Hippocrene was the result of an almost unbelievable exhibition of strength which occurred, as the story goes, at the time that the nine Muses and the nine daughters of Pierus engaged in a musical contest on Mount Helicon. When the nine daughters of Pierus began to sing, the heavens scowled and grew dark, but when the nine Muses lifted their voices in song, the skies grew gold with sunlight, the rivers stopped spellbound in their courses and Mount Helicon rose skyward in sheer delight. Neptune, observing the mountain, advised Pegasus to stop its ascension by kicking it with his hoof. The winged steed kicked and not only quenched the rising enthusiasm of Helicon, but caused the waters of Hippocrene to burst forth from the very crest of a vast rock. Poets were not long in discovering that a draught of these sparkling waters fired their minds with divine inspiration, and the beauty in their souls grew like flowers into poems which stayed fresh and fair through all succeeding centuries. No wonder modern poets sigh

Twenty "stadia" below the Fountain lay the Grove of the Muses, situated in a pleasant hollow, while below this Grove, at the foot of Helicon, was the village of Ascra, the residence of Hesiod, and the earliest seat of poetry in Greece. One can imagine that the poets made frequent trips up the two miles or so that brought them to the Fountain of the Horse. In modern times, Hippocrene has been identified with a fine spring at Makariotissa.

The limpid spring of Pirene on the citadel of Corinth was also opened by a blow from the winged horse's foot. The water from Pirene was in later days conveyed down the hill by subterranean conduits into a marble basin made especially to hold it. Pegasus

title: Page:The Music of the Spheres.djvu/90


text:
Page:The Music of the Spheres.djvu/91

 was not given credit for having opened these springs, however, until the days of the Alexandrian poets. In lovely fancies, these "Spring-inspired" poets not only extolled the wondrous strength in the hoof of Pegasus as he cleft a chasm in the earth, but they also sang of so light a foot that he no more than shook the sweetness from the flowers.

For a long time Pegasus flew about Mount Helicon, adored by the Muses and admired by the gods, but finally one day, while drinking at a spring, he was captured by a Grecian youth named Bellerophon. After making him fast with a golden bridle loaned to him by Minerva, Bellerophon mounted the broad back, slipped his feet between the wings and soared to the sky. As might have been expected, Bellerophon henceforth spent a good part of his time along the dizzying heights above and around the clouds and one day accomplished the praiseworthy deed of swooping down and slaying a triple-headed monster which had been terrorizing all the surrounding land.

After this famous ride, Bellerophon seized what he considered a good opportunity and tried to ascend to the top of the broad summit of Mount Olympus which towered almost twice as high as the summit of Mount Helicon. But Mount Olympus was the abode of the gods and this presumptuous act so angered Jupiter that he sent an insect to torment the steed which reared backward and threw its rider to the earth. Being now quite accustomed to a rider, Pegasus was presented to Aurora, Goddess of the Dawn, whose duty it was to lift the curtain of night with her rosy tinted fingers and open the eastern gates for Apollo, the Sun-god. In art Aurora is often pictured as a spirited maiden in dazzling robes riding swiftly on the winged Pegasus, although she is also represented as rising out of the ocean in the east in a car drawn by four white horses. Perhaps she decided to employ the latter exclusively to usher in the dawn, for Pegasus was later transposed to

title: Page:The Music of the Spheres.djvu/91


text:
Page:Narrative of a journey through the upper provinces of India etc. (Volume III.).djvu/14

 iv CONTENTS.

CHAPTER XXVII.

PAGE

Journal of a Tour in Ceylon ••••••••• 136

CHAPTER XXVIII.

CALCUTTA TO MADRAS.

Voyage — Invalid Officers and Soldiers from Rangoon — Catamarans — Madras — Schools — Native Christians — Visit to Prince Azeem Kh^n — Sir Thomas Munro— St. Thomas's Mount— 'Maha-Balipoor — Sadras • • 198

CORRESPONDENCE.

To the Right Hon. Charles W. Williams Wynn, Oct. 29,

1823 223

To the Same, Dec. 1, 1823 233

To Miss Dod, Dec. 15, 1 823 237

To the Very Rev. the Dean of St. Asaph,;Dec. 16, 1823. . 242

ToR. J. Wihnot Horton, Esq. Dec. 1823 249

To John Thornton, Esq. Jan. 9, 1824 256

To the Honourable Mrs. Douglas, Jan. 10, 1824 259

ToMrs. Heber, Jan. 25, 1824 267

To the Very Rev. the Dean of St. Asaph, Jan. 27, 1824.. . 270

To Sir Robert H. Inglis, Bart. Jan. 27, 1824 281

TotheRev.E.T.S. Hornby, Feb. 5, 1824 282

To Miss Dod, Feb. 26, 1824 285

To the Right Hon. Charles W. Williams Wynn, May 27,

1824 288

To Mrs. R. Heber, June 28, 1824 293

To the Same, July 10, 1824 '.. 294

To the Right Hon. Charles W. Williams Wynn, July 13,

1824 295


text:
Page:The lay of the Nibelungs; (IA nibelungslay00hortrich).pdf/337

XXV.]

The sons of the fair Uté for vassal had a man

As bold as he was faithful; now, when the march began,

He to the king, in secret, did thus his mind declare.

Said he: “It needs must grieve me that to this feast ye fare.”

This man by name was Rumold, a knight of ready hand.

“To whom,” so spake he, “leave ye your people and your land?

Alas, that none can turn you, ye warriors, from your mood!

This message of Kriemhilda’s to me ne’er boded good.”

“To thee my realm be trusted, and eke my little son,

Serve faithfully the ladies; so let my will be done.

Shouldst thou see any mourner, ’tis thine to cheer his life.

No harm will e’er befall us by cause of Etzel’s wife.”

The horses were awaiting the kings and eke their men;

With loving kiss departed full many a husband then,

Whose heart was full of courage, and body strong with life:

Soon to be sadly wept for by many a comely wife.

Who saw the eager warriors unto their horses go,

Saw likewise many a lady there standing in her woe.

That they for long were parting too surely did they feel,

Foreboding great disaster. Heart never thus had weal.

Now quickly the Burgundians did on their journey ride.

Then was there much disturbance through all the country wide;

On either side the mountains both women wept and men.

Howe’er their people bare it forth fared they blithely then.


text:
Page:Smith - Number Stories of Long ago (1919).djvu/90

OF LONG AGO years before the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth, it is interesting to know that only thirty-four years later, in 1556, an arithmetic was printed in the City of Mexico.

We do not know how Cuthbert was taught to multiply, but his book tells us what he thought was the best method. This was very much like our own except that he did not know our short way of multiplying by zero, or, as he called it, “by a circle.“

HOW CUTHBERT MULTIPLIED From Cuthbert Tonstall’s arithmetic of 1522, showing the method of multiplication used by him

Thus we see that this great man could not multiply as easily as you can.

Just before Cuthbert's time there was a boy named Johann Widman (yōhän' vĭd'män) 67


text:
Page:The lay of the Nibelungs; (IA nibelungslay00hortrich).pdf/338

260

The warriors of Niblung to ride with them had come,

A thousand men in hauberks, who left behind at home

Full many a lovely lady, ne’er to be seen again.

Still wrought the wounds of Siegfried in Kriemhild bitter pain.

Their course they now directed, King Gunther’s gallant men,

Up through the East Franks’ country, towards the River Main;

And thither led them Hagen, who knew the road of old.

Their marshal was Sir Dankwart, Burgundian hero bold.

As they from Eastern Franks’ land to Schwanefeld rode on,

Well might they be to all men by noble bearing known,

These princes and their kinsmen, heroes deserving fame.

The king on the twelfth morning unto the Danube came.

Then Hagen, knight of Tronjé, rode of them all foremost;

Good heart and courage gave he unto the Niblung host.

The warrior bold dismounted, down on the sand stood he,

And hastily his warhorse made fast unto a tree.

The stream was overflowing, no skiff was there to see,

The Nibelungs misdoubted, in great anxiety,

How they should e’er get over; the flood was all too wide.

The gallant knights dismounted hard by the river-side.

“Much damage,” said Sir Hagen, “may here be done to thee,

O Ruler of the Rhineland! Look for thyself and see;

The river is o’erflowing, and mighty is its flood.

T trow we lose ere nightfall here many a hero good.”


text:
Page:The lay of the Nibelungs; (IA nibelungslay00hortrich).pdf/339

XXV.]

“What art thou casting at me, Hagen?” the great king spake.

“Seek not again to daunt us for thine own honour’s sake.

The ford thou shalt find for us, which to that land doth cross,

That we both steeds and raiment may take there without loss.”

“My life to me,” quoth Hagen, “is not yet such a load

That I should wish to drown me in this wide, rushing flood!

For by my hands I’d sooner that many a man should die

In Etzel’s country yonder: good-will thereto have I.

“Proud warriors and goodly, stay by the water then,

Whilst I along the river myself seek ferrymen,

Who presently will take us across to Gelfrat’s land.”

Then took the doughty Hagen his good shield in his hand.

Well clad was he in armour; his shield he did thereon,

And on his head his helmet; brightly enow it shone.

Above his harness wore he a sword so broad of blade

That wounds right deep and ghastly with either edge it made.

Then up and down the river he sought some ferryman;

He heard a splash of water; to hearken he began.

’Twas made by elfin women within a fountain fair,

Who fain to cool their bodies were bathing themselves there.

As soon as Hagen saw them he slyly towards them crept.

No sooner had they seen him than off they swiftly leapt.

That thus they had escaped him did please them mightily;

He took their raiment from them, no further harm did he.


text:
Page:The lay of the Nibelungs; (IA nibelungslay00hortrich).pdf/340

262

Then spake one of the mermaids, Hadburga was she hight:

“O Hagen, noble warrior, we’ll tell to thee aright,

How thou upon this journey unto the Huns shalt thrive,

If thou, bold thane, our raiment again to us wilt give.”

They floated like to sea-birds before him on the flood.

It seemed to him their foresight must needs be sure and good,

Whatever they should tell him he, therefore, would believe.

To whatsoe’er he ask’d them, wise answers they would give.

Said she: “To Etzel’s country ye certainly may take

This ride; and I am ready my faith thereon to stake,

That ne’er did heroes journey to any kingdom yet—

In truth ye may believe it— who did such honour get.”

This saying made Sir Hagen  within his heart right gay,

Then gave he them their garments and made no more delay.

When they their wondrous raiment forthwith had donn’d again,

The way to Etzel’s country aright they did explain.

Then spake the other mermaid, her name was Siegelind:

“Thee, Hagen, son of Aldrian, to warn I have a mind.

False was it what my sister to get her clothing said:

For comest thou to Hunsland, thou’lt sorely be betray’d.

“Ay! homeward shouldst thou turn thee; yet is there time to spare:

Seeing that ye, bold heroes, have thus been bidden there,

That all of you may perish within King Etzel’s land.

Whoe’er goes riding thither hath Death at his right hand.”


text:
Page:Smith - Number Stories of Long ago (1919).djvu/91

NUMBER STORIES attending an arithmetic school in Germany. In those days it was not the custom in that country to teach arithmetic in all schools.

Number Stories, p68-illustration.png PAGE FROM JOHANN WIDMAN’S BOOK This shows two multiplication tables from Johann’s arithmetic

Those who were going into business went to an arithmetic school and learned from an 68


text:
Page:The lay of the Nibelungs; (IA nibelungslay00hortrich).pdf/341

XXV.]

But Hagen spake in answer: “Ye fool me needlessly;

What rhyme or reason is it that all of us should die

Among the Hunfolk yonder, through hate of any man?”

More fully then their meaning to tell him they began.

And one of them spake further: “It must in sooth be so,

That none with life escapeth who to that land doth go,

Save only the king’s chaplain; that can we surely tell;

He unto Gunther’s kingdom will come back safe and well.”

Then, in grim mood, bold Hagen answer unto her made:

“’Twere hard to tell my masters what thou just now hast said,

That yonder ’mid the Hunfolk we all must lose our lives.

Show us across the water, thou wisest of all wives!”

She said: “Against this journey since thou wilt nothing hear,

There yonder in a hostel,  unto the river near,

A ferryman is dwelling—  and none there is elsewhere.”

Then knowing what he wanted he would not tarry there.

But one of them call’d after the knight discomfited:

“Nay, wait awhile, Sir Hagen, thou wilt too fast ahead!

Hear better how we tell you to cross the sands aright;

The warden of the marchland by name is Else hight.

“He hath a brother also, Gelfrat the knight is he,

A great lord in Bavaria. Not easy will it be

For you to pass his marches. Ye ought to well beware,—

And with the boatman also ye needs must deal with care.


text:
Page:The lay of the Nibelungs; (IA nibelungslay00hortrich).pdf/342

264

“So grim is he of humour, he will not let you go,

Unless unto the hero some good intent ye show:

Would ye by him be ferried, give him the payment due.

This land he hath in keeping, and is to Gelfrat true.

“And if he come not quickly shout to him o’er the flood,

Say ‘Amelrich’ your name is;— he was a hero good,

Who, by his foes’ contrivance, was driven from this land—

Whene’er his name is spoken the steersman is at hand.”

The haughty Hagen bow’d him before these womenfolk:

But listening in silence no word again he spoke.

Then higher up the river he walk’d, along the sand;

And there, across the water, he saw a hostel stand.

Then lustily began he to call across the flood:

“Now, steersman, fetch me over!” shouted the warrior good;

“Of ruddy gold an armlet I’ll give thee for reward.

The matter of my journey, I tell thee, presses hard.”

The boatman was so wealthy to serve he would not brook,

Wherefore a fee but seldom from anyone he took;

His underlings were likewise of high and haughty mood.

So, still, alone stood Hagen on this side of the flood.

Then with such might he shouted that, lo, from shore to shore

The river rang: the hero of strength had such great store:

“Now Amelrich come fetch ye, Lord Else’s man am I,

Who had to leave this country by force of enmity.”


text:
Page:Smith - Number Stories of Long ago (1919).djvu/92

OF LONG AGO arithmetic teacher. In this school Johann learned how to multiply in the way that Cuthbert did, although he also learned how to multiply with counters as the German merchants did at that time.

When Johann became a man he wrote an arithmetic, and in this he used the signs for plus ( + ) and minus ( — ). This was the first time these signs were ever printed.

The way in which Cuthbert and Johann multiplied was not the only one followed in those days. Some teachers ruled the paper in squares like a chessboard, writing a figure in each square, and they called their plan the chessboard method. Others ruled the paper so that it looked like an iron grating, and they called this the grating method.

These are some of the ways in which the world tried its hand at multiplying, and that is all the story we shall have to-night about Cuthbert and Leonardo and Johann.

“I don't see,” said the Tease, “how they ruled the paper in the grating plan. I don't see what it means.” 69


text:
Page:The Hunterian Oration for 1850.djvu/23

7 support out of the limited funds at the disposal of Mr. Hunter’s executors, at a time when the quartern loaf was occasionally at two shillings, contrived to maintain the entire Museum, valued at that time by Sir Joseph Banks and others at £20,000, in a sound condition for seven years; his additional occupation being that of culling from the mass of manuscripts also placed under his charge, such knowledge as would enable him to class, and otherwise profitably arrange it. “His merit,” says one man who was especially well calculated to appreciate such services, “consisted in his single-minded fulfilment of arduous duties under peculiar difficulties, and his noble self-devotion to the achievements and memory of his great master.”

Sir Everard Home, the brother-in-law of Mr. Hunter, having undertaken the charge of preparing a catalogue of the Hunterian Collection, Mr. Clift was much occupied in promoting such investigations as appeared requisite for that purpose.

The results of most of these labours have been recorded in the Transactions of the Royal Society, and with few exceptions, the illustrations of the numerous papers on “Comparative Anatomy,” are from the accurate pencil of Mr. Clift.

In the year 1826, the proffered assistance of Sir Εἰ, Home having been withdrawn, consequent on the alienation between himself and Mr. Clift, arising out of the well-known destruction of the Hunterian MS., Mr. Clift applied to the Council for the aid of some person well versed in human anatomy; and Mr. Abernethy, then a member of the Board of Curators, proposed the appointment of Mr. Owen, with a view to render that assistance in the formation of the cata-


text: Page:The Works of H G Wells Volume 11.pdf/1


text: Page:The Works of H G Wells Volume 11.pdf/2


text:
Page:The Hunterian Oration for 1850.djvu/24

8 logue, the deficiency of which furnished a weekly topic of censure, in a newly-established weekly periodical.

The office was accepted by Mr. Owen, happily for the cause of science, happily for the reputation of the College of Surgeons of England, and not less happily for the reputation of the great founder of the Hunterian Museum, as well as for that of Hunter’s distinguished successor, on whom I may say that the mantle of Hunter, which had been held in charge for so many years by Mr. Clift, has so deservedly fallen. The result of the labours of Mr. Clift, in conjunction with his newly-appointed colleague, was the production of two volumes in 1830 on the “morbid series.” It was then considered that the catalogues would proceed more rapidly if each person took a different subject. Mr. William Home Clift completed the catalogue of the “dry vascular and miscellaneous preparations” in 1831, and the catalogue of the “osteology ” in 1832. Mr. Clift undertook that of the “monsters and malformations,” which was printed in 1831, after which he chiefly occupied himself in collecting cases and materials from all the medical publications contemporary with Hunter, that related in any way to the morbid specimens.

The shock which poor Clift’s nervous system had sustained after his rupture with Home, and the catastrophe of the Hunterian manuscripts, had produced an almost morbid apprehensiveness of putting any description into print. He never could assure himself of its accuracy and its conformity with Hunter’s opinions. This state of indecision, and the loss of his usual clear intellectual power, increased after the fatal accident that befel his only son; and his chief literary and scientific occupations, until he retired from the College,


text:
Page:Smith - Number Stories of Long ago (1919).djvu/93

NUMBER STORIES Number Stories, p70-illustration.png FROM THE FIRST PRINTED ARITHMETIC This book was printed in Treviso, Italy, in 1478, a short time before America was discovered. This page shows four kinds of multiplication

“I will show you some pictures of it,” answered the Story-Teller. “If you had 70


text:
Page:The lay of the Nibelungs; (IA nibelungslay00hortrich).pdf/343

XXV.]

High on his sword an armlet towards him did he hold—

All bright and shining was it, compact of ruddy gold—

That he, therefore, might row him across to Gelfrat’s land.

Then took the haughty boatman himself the oar in hand.

The ferryman was churlish and obstinate of will—

The lust of great possession doth often end in ill—

He wished to earn from Hagen that band of gold so red:

But from the warrior’s weapon grim death he got instead.

The ferryman pull’d stoutly unto the hitherside;

But when the man he found not, whose name he had heard cried,

Then was he wroth in earnest. At Hagen’s face look’d he,

And thus unto the hero he spake right bitterly:

“It may be that thou bearest the name of Amelrich;

To him of whom I mind me thou art in no wise like;

By father and by mother he brother was to me.

And as thou hast betray’d me, thou here canst bide!” said he.

“Not I, by God Almighty!” thereon, did Hagen speak:

“I am a stranger warrior, and help for others seek.

Take now in friendly fashion this wage I offer you

To put me o’er the water; I am your friend right true.”

The ferryman made answer: “Nay, that shall never be!

My well-belovéd masters have many an enemy;

Therefore I row no strangers across unto their land.

If life thou prizest, quickly step out upon the sand.”


text: Page:The Works of H G Wells Volume 11.pdf/3


text: Page:The Works of H G Wells Volume 11.pdf/4


text: Page:The Works of H G Wells Volume 11.pdf/5


text:
Page:The Hunterian Oration for 1850.djvu/25

9 consisted in copying out from various periodicals and works, whatever he thought might elucidate such preparations as especially related to pathology.

Mr. Clift’s immediate contributions to science, at least those bearing his name, are but few. ‘Two only appear in the Transactions of the Royal Society. The first is entitled, “Experiments to ascertain the Influence of the Spinal Marrow on the action of the Heart in Fishes,” and is published in Vol. CV. of the Philosophical Transactions in the year 1815; and the second consists of a description of some fossil bones found in the caverns at Oreston, printed in the volume for the year 1843.

“By the judicious choice,” says his son-in-law, Mr. Owen, “and the care and skill with which these experiments were performed, Mr. Clift, in the first of these papers, established, in contravention to the conclusions to which M. Le Gallois had arrived, that the action of the heart continues long after the brain and spinal marrow are destroyed.”

Mr. Clift was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1823, soon after the publication of the first of these memoirs, and served on the Council of the Society in the years 1838 and 1834, The Transactions of the Geological Society also con- tain some memoirs from the pen of Mr. Clift, “On the Fossil Remains from the Irawaddi,” and on the “Megatherium;” and undoubtedly most of the works on the fossil remains of the higher class of animals, which have appeared since the publication of Sir E. Home’s first paper on the “Protecsaurus,” in 1814, until a recent period, are more or less indebted to Mr. Clift.

Very unequivocal have been the acknowledgments of his


text: Page:The Works of H G Wells Volume 11.pdf/6


text: Page:The Works of H G Wells Volume 11.pdf/7


text: Page:The Works of H G Wells Volume 11.pdf/8


text: Page:The Works of H G Wells Volume 11.pdf/9


text:
Page:The Hunterian Oration for 1850.djvu/27

11 , a name identified with the highest class of scientific surgery in this country, occupies a prominent position in the large obituary I am painfully compelled to place before you.

A biographical sketch having been published by one whose intimate knowledge of Mr. Key must have rendered him so competent to the task, it will be unnecessary for me to enlarge on the details of his early life, or of his deservedly eminent career as a leading surgeon of the metropolis.

Mr. Key was appointed one of the chief surgeons of Guy’s Hospital in the year 1824, which office he continued to hold till his death, in 1849, a period of twenty-five years. Possessed of a mind, of which a refined common sense was, perhaps, the most striking feature, that most practical and most valuable of all its individual qualities, he added, in a very high degree, that peculiar talent for observation, which has ever marked the eminent surgeon.

His knowledge was his own. Without undervaluing the services of written surgical authorities, he studied disease where alone it could be thoroughly learnt, viz., at the bedside. To the advantages arising from a field of observation, as ample as this large city could furnish, he added a deep interest in the cultivation of professional knowledge, great industry, and a most justifiable ambition of professional distinction.

On such conditions Mr. Key could scarcely fail in reaching the eminence which was the object of his aspiration. He possessed a remarkably cool judgment. He was not content with a general inquiry into the history of any case that interested him, but he pursued his investigation into every


text:
Page:Smith - Number Stories of Long ago (1919).djvu/94

OF LONG AGO studied it in school as Cuthbert did, you would see that it is about as easy as ours.”

“How is the work done?” asked Maude.

“That,” said the Story-Teller, “is for you to work out some rainy day when you have nothing else to do. What is much better than the grating plan at this time of the night is going to bed.“

Number Stories, p71-illustration.png MULTIPLICATION FIVE HUNDRED YEARS AGO From a manuscript of the fifteenth century

“And what do we have to-morrow night?” asked Charles.

“Think of the Question Box,” mysteriously answered the Story-Teller. 71


text:
Page:The Hunterian Oration for 1850.djvu/28

12 detail that could illuminate it. His reasoning on such a case, would often become mathematically inductive.

This habit became a prominent feature in his professional character. His knowledge of anatomy was cultivated just so far, as to fit him for all the exigencies of surgical duty, for without depreciating the labours of the microscopist, he grasped only at that level which he could render subservient to the treatment of disease. Without possessing an absolute claim to inventive power, he was happy in his improvements of the inventions of others, of which the employment of his strait staff in lithotomy is one example.

Mr. Aston Key is equally well known to the profession both as a teacher and asa writer. During nineteen years he addressed one of the largest assemblages of medical students in the metropolis on his favourite subject, viz., the principles and practice of surgery; and fully maintained the almost unequalled reputation of the great school of Sir Astley Cooper, by the correctness, the force, and the lucidity of his instruction.

As a writer, he has contributed some valuable papers to our surgical records. His first work, in 1824, introduced to the profession a new mode of operating for the stone, which has acquired a decided influence on the present operation of lithotomy. In 1827, he published an edition of Sir A. Cooper’s great work on Hernia; and, in 1828, a memoir “On the advantages of Dividing the Stricture in Strangulated Hernia without opening the Sac.”

In this recommendation, also, the practice of Mr. Key has obtained many proselytes in the profession.

His papers, communicated to the Guy’s Hospital reports,


text:
Page:The lay of the Nibelungs; (IA nibelungslay00hortrich).pdf/344

266

“Now, do not so,” quoth Hagen, “for sorry is my mood,

But take from me in kindness this band of gold so good,

A thousand men and horses across the stream to row.”

The boatman grim gave answer: “That will I never do.”

A sturdy oar he lifted, mighty and broad of blade,

And struck a blow at Hagen; an erring stroke he made,

And in the boat he stagger’d and on his knee fell down.

A ferryman so gruesome Hagen had never known.

And when the haughty stranger still more he would provoke,

A steering board he wielded, and into splinters broke

About the head of Hagen. A stalwart man was he;

Whence came to Else’s boatman much sorrow presently.

In anger fiercely raging, Hagen reach’d out his hand

In haste to seize his scabbard, wherefrom he drew a brand,

And smote his head from off him, and dash’d it to the ground.

Among the proud Burgundians the news flew quickly round.

But at the self-same moment when he the boatman slew,

The skiff stream-downwards drifted, which gave him cause to rue;

For ere in hand he brought it to weary he began,

Then mighty was the rowing of royal Gunther’s man.

With sturdy strokes the stranger turn’d it about again,

Until within his hand-grasp the stout oar broke in twain.

He would, to reach the warriors, a sandy beach have found:

And having not another, how quickly now he bound


text:
Page:The Hunterian Oration for 1850.djvu/29

13 particularly one on lithotomy, are highly valued by the profession, and indicate both an independent and a reflecting mind.

A large portion of the success of Mr. Aston Key may be assigned to the interest he took in the cases consigned to his charge, whether in public or in private. Neither time nor trouble were spared in his endeavour to sift every case of difficulty to its root.

It cannot be denied, I fear, that he held somewhat eccentric opinions with respect to food and diet, and to which eccentricity his own untimely death may be in some measure attributed. I am informed that he leant much to the recommendation of a vegetable diet, and that he frequently denied his patients the indulgence in animal food. Whatever was his practice in reference to others, I believe there is little doubt that he adopted for himself a system of diet that was little likely to. afford him efficient protection against the horrible pestilence that pervaded the metropolis during the last summer.

An anecdote was mentioned to me by a common friend, which speaks loudly as to his condition at the date of his unfortunate attack. When asked as to the state of his health, only a few days prior to his last illness, his answer was, “I am as well as a man can be with most irritable bowels.” Within a week of this event, he was himself thrown prostrate by cholera in its most fearful form. One profuse action of his bowels was followed by almost immediate collapse, from which all the skill and experience of the eminent physicians who surrounded him, failed to extricate him, and he expired in nineteen hours from the period of his


text:
Page:The Hunterian Oration for 1850.djvu/30

14 attack, in the fifty-seventh year of his age, regretted by the entire body of the medical profession.

In his relations of husband and father, Mr. Aston Key’s conduct was peculiarly exemplary, and affectionate.

The past year has terminated the career, at the age of sixty-five, of Mr., who was the Senior Surgeon of the London Hospital, and a Member of the Court of Examiners of this College.

was born, at Newcastle-on-Tyne, in 1813. While a boy, he was distinguished by great quickness of apprehension, by his intelligence, and by that peculiar kindness of heart, that so endeared him to his friends in later life.

At about fifteen years of age, he was articled to the house-surgeon of the Newcastle Infirmary, and during the period of his studentship he was frequently entrusted with the sole charge of the patients of the institution, consequent on the illness of his master, Mr. Church. He left Newcastle in the year 1832, with a well established reputation for superior acquirement, and entered University College as a student, where his talents and indefatigable industry obtained for him a renewed approbation, evidenced by his successful competition for various prizes awarded to his industry, by the College. The intervals of the sessions were devoted to anatomical and other pursuits, holding reference to his profession, in Paris; and each year contributed its quota to an increasing and well-earned reputation for professional acquirement; and throughout the whole of his career he was no less notorious


text:
Page:Smith - Number Stories of Long ago (1919).djvu/95

 THE QUESTION BOX

1. What aids in multiplying were used in ancient times by people who had numeral systems that were something like the Romans?

2. Can you tell why the ancients had less use for multiplication than we have ?

3. About how long ago did Leonardo of Pisa live, and what was there peculiar about his arrangement of the work in multiplication?

4. About when was the first printed arithmetic published, and in what country?

5. Show on paper one of the ways in which they multiplied 934 by 314 when the first arithmetic was printed.

6. In what respect did Cuthbert Tonstall’s work in multiplication differ from ours?

7. How did Johann Widman arrange the multiplication tables in his book ?

8. Why was one kind of multiplication called the chessboard method?

9. Why was one kind of multiplication called the grating method?

10. How do you think large corporations that have a great deal of multiplying to do proceed to find products of numbers?

11. What short methods in multiplication have you learned in school? 72


text: Page:The Works of H G Wells Volume 11.pdf/14


text: Page:Narrative of a journey through the upper provinces of India etc. (Volume III.).djvu/586


text: Page:Narrative of a journey through the upper provinces of India etc. (Volume III.).djvu/585


text: Page:Narrative of a journey through the upper provinces of India etc. (Volume III.).djvu/584


text: Page:Narrative of a journey through the upper provinces of India etc. (Volume III.).djvu/583


text: Page:Narrative of a journey through the upper provinces of India etc. (Volume III.).djvu/582


text: Page:Narrative of a journey through the upper provinces of India etc. (Volume III.).djvu/581


text: Page:Narrative of a journey through the upper provinces of India etc. (Volume III.).djvu/580


text: Page:Narrative of a journey through the upper provinces of India etc. (Volume III.).djvu/579


text:
Page:Smith - Number Stories of Long ago (1919).djvu/98

 Number Stories, p73-illustration.png

“Since this is the last story,” began the Story-Teller —

“But it is n’t the last,” broke in the Crowd.

“Positively the last,” said the Story-Teller with great emphasis, “unless —”

“Unless what?” asked two or three voices.

“Well, you know there's the Question Box,” replied the Story-Teller, “and I don't believe one of you has answered all the questions.”

“But we can answer them, you know, and we have three or four nights before we go home,” said the Tease.

“Three or four! Do you think I am an encyclopedia? At any rate, let us finish up 73


text:
Page:The lay of the Nibelungs; (IA nibelungslay00hortrich).pdf/345

XXV.]

The splinters with his shield-strap! ’twas but a slender band.

Towards a coppice steering, he brought the boat to land.

There on the bank-side standing he found his masters three,

And liegemen came to meet him,— a goodly company.

Him with kind welcome greeted these noble knights and good.

But, when they look’d within it, the wherry reek’d with blood

That from the great wound spurted as he the boatman slew;

Then from the warriors Hagen had questions not a few.

No sooner had King Gunther seen the hot blood all red

Within the vessel washing, than, straightway, thus he said “Come, why not tell me, Hagen, where is the boatman gone?

I ween your strength so mighty hath him of life fordone.”

With lying words he answer’d: “As I the boat there found

A desert heath alongside, my hand the rope unbound;

But never of a boatman have I to-day had sight,

Nor here by fault on my part, hath any had despite.”

Then one of the Burgundians, the noble Gernot, said:

“To-day I needs must sorrow for friends soon to be dead;

Since we have found no boatman waiting for us at hand,

How are we to come over? For that in fear I stand.”

Right loudly then cried Hagen: “Lay down upon the green,

Ye squires, the horses’ trappings: I mind me I have been

The best of all the rowers that on the Rhine were found.

T’ll wager I can bring you across to Gelfrat’s ground.”


text: Page:Narrative of a journey through the upper provinces of India etc. (Volume III.).djvu/260


text:
Page:The lay of the Nibelungs; (IA nibelungslay00hortrich).pdf/346

268

That they might be the sooner ferried across the flood,

They drave the horses in it; whose swimming was so good,

That, strong as was the current, they cross’d it none the less;

Though some far downwards drifted in very weariness.

Their gold and all their baggage unto the ship they bore,

Since from this journey’s ending they now could turn no more.

And Hagen was the captain; he ferried to the strand

Full many a gallant warrior into the unknown land.

Of noble knights a thousand first brought he to the shore,

And after these his warriors, and ever there were more:

Of men-at-arms nine thousand he ferried safe to land,

Nor all day long did weary the gallant Tronian’s hand.

When he the whole in safety across the flood had brought,

The warrior bold and eager of that strange story thought

Which the wild water-maidens erewhile to him had said.

Then for King Gunther’s chaplain the days were wellnigh sped!

Amidst the chapel baggage he sought and found the priest,

Who on his hand was leaning, that on the Pyx did rest.

But little that avail’d him when Hagen him did spy:

The all-forsaken chaplain must suffer grievously.

Out of the skiff he swung him, ere yet a moment pass’d,

Though many voices shouted:  “Stay him, good sirs, avast.”

Young Giselher fell a-cursing in anger at the sight;

Yet would not Hagen heed him, but did it in despite.


text: Index:Halek's Stories and Evensongs.pdf

title: Index:Halek's Stories and Evensongs.pdf


text:
Page:Trade Unions in Soviet Russia - I.L.P. (1920).djvu/74

As in the years of Tsarism, so in the months of Kerensky and during the past years of the Soviet Government the Metal workers' union invariably and uninterruptedly associated its work with the general revolutionary struggle of the working class. Although formally independent of the Party, the Union in fact submitted itself to the directions of the left wing of the Social-Democrats—i.e., the Bolshevik Party, and subsequently the Communist Party. During the reign of the Tsar and right up to the beginning of the war, the Petrograd Metal Workers' Union carried on an inseparably connected economic and political struggle. Every economic strike was converted into a blow against the existing political system. The masses of the members of the union were brought up in a spirit of revolutionary social democracy.

After the February Revolution the Petrograd and Moscow unions, and subsequently the provisional Central Committee from the first days of its existence, took up a revolutionary position. The cry "all power to the Soviets" was the more easily acceptable to the union from the fact that the direct acquaintance with the life in the factory, the lockouts of factory workers, the rise in the cost of living after every increase in wages, all showed that the struggle for the improvement of the economic conditions of life of the proletariat must be conducted as a struggle for the conquest of the means of production. For that reason, when the sixth conference of the Bolshevik Party gathered in Petrograd at the period of the Korniloff offensive, the metal workers' union was the first to welcome it. For the same reason the Moscow metal workers' union called an extremely well-organised one-day general strike of protest on the 25th of August, 1917 (new style), when the State convention of all the bourgeois and compromising socialist parties opened in Moscow. During the October Revolution the metal workers' union took a most energetic part and handed over its machinery for the purpose of assisting the establishment of the Soviet Government.

At its inaugural conference in January, 1918, the union formulated its fundamental tasks under the new social system. The Conference decided to subordinate all the work of the Union to the task of strengthening the Soviet system and organising national economic and social life. This two-fold task remains up to the present moment the fundamental task of the union, and the subsequent conferences which have taken place since then have endeavoured to seek means of developing this work.


text:
Page:The lay of the Nibelungs; (IA nibelungslay00hortrich).pdf/347

XXV.]

Then spake the noble Gernot, the lord of Burgundy:

“This chaplain’s death, O Hagen, now what avails it thee?

Had any other done it it would have pleased you ill.

For what default or reason sought’st thou the priest to kill.”

As best he could he floated, and well escaped had he,

Had any dared to help him; but that was not to be,

Because the mightful Hagen was of too angry mood:

He thrust him under water,— that seem’d to no one good.

Now when the wretched chaplain no help saw in his need,

Backward again he turn’d him; sore was his plight indeed.

Yet though to swim he knew not, God help’d him with His hand,

That safe and sound in body he got once more to land.

There stood the hapless chaplain and shook his raiment out;

And thereby well knew Hagen that now there was no doubt

But true the tale was, told him by those wild water-wives.

Thought he: “Then all these warriors perforce must lose their lives.”

When that the three kings’ lieges the ship had all unstored,

And unto land had carried whate’er they had on board,

Hagen to pieces hew’d it and flung it in the flood.

Whereover marvell’d greatly those warriors bold and good.

“Why dost thou thus, O brother?” to him did Dankwart say;

“How shall we cross the water when on our homeward way,

We ride again from Hunsland unto the Rhine country?”

“Look you,” to him said Hagen, “that thing can never be!”


text:
Page:The Hunterian Oration for 1850.djvu/60

 pital, however noble, what is the value of its concentrated wealth and power, and all its complicated machinery of good, if we withhold from it, the active agency of our profession? The medical mind is to a hospital, what life is to the body—the spirit of religion, to the mere edifice in which its practice and its doctrines are enforced! It gives to it all its utility, and all its rank. It stamps it with its high name. It infuses a spirit of life into the inanimate and otherwise all but worthless body; and in vitalising the vast machine, it becomes in an instant, the instrument of incalculable good to thousands, the pride of virtue, the boast of the world!


text:
Page:The Hunterian Oration for 1850.djvu/46

30 profession and a trade. For the exercise of his intellect, the law yet awards him a tardy, if not a questionable, remunera- tion. He is permitted aremunerative profit on the materials of his druggist,—on the mechanical agents of treatment, not on the exercise of the judgment that selects them. For his loss of time, or his knowledge, however superior to others, he obtains no certain compensation.

This system is fraught with the greatest evils, not only to the profession of medicine, but to society, who are its greatest sufferers. It is an injustice to the profession, by depriving it of the legitimate recompence due to years of study, by assimilating us to the tradesmen who supply our daily wants.

If the law awards payment for physic only, of necessity the medical attendant disposes of as large a quantity as is compatible with the digestive capabilities of his patient; and as this quantity demands some skill and judgment, in this sense, confessedly, his intellect is remunerated. It is nota question how little physic such a person requires, but how much will he take,—how much will repay his daily loss of time, for so many days, weeks, or months. His object is “to buy in the cheapest market, and sell in the dearest.”

I do not hesitate to assert that it is impossible in many cases for the medical attendant to be remunerated, but by the resort to means, which high principle must proclaim in his own breast, to be indirect, and even disingenuous. Is it to be expected that a medical man should ride to a distance from home, to devote his talents and knowledge to the immediate relief of a person in great bodily suffering from accident, such as a dislocation of a finger, or of the jaw,—to pass a probang, to remove a piece of dead bone, or to employ a


text:
Page:Early western travels, 1748-1846 (1907 Volume 21).djvu/34

28 imagined. While the farmer was ploughing his ground, manuring and planting it, securing his well-tended crop by fencing, and yet after all his labor, the Hessian-fly, the canker or slug worm, or some other destructive insect, or some untimely frost, as was the case last winter, might lay waste all his pains and cut off all his expectations. The only risk to which the Ice-merchant was liable was a blessing to most of the community; I mean the mildness of a winter that should prevent his native lake from freezing a foot or two thick. Our fishermen has a great advantage over the farmer in being exempt from fencing, walling, manuring, taxation, and dry seasons; and only need the expence of a boat, line, and hook, and the risk of life and health; but from all these the Ice-man is in a manner entirely exempted; and yet the Captain of this Oregon Expedition seemed to say, All this availeth me nothing, so long as I read books in which I find, that by only going about four thousands miles, over hand, from the shore of our Atlantic to the shore of the Pacific, after we have there entrapped and killed the beavers and otters, we shall be able, after building vessels for [8] the purpose, to carry our most valuable peltry to China and Chochin China, our seal-skins to Japan, and our superfluous grain to various Asiatic ports, and lumber to the Spanish settlements on the Pacific; and to become rich by underworking and underselling the people of Hindostan; and, to crown all, to extend far and wide the traffic in oil by killing tame whales on the spot, instead of sailing round the stormy region of Cape Horn.

All these advantages and more too were suggested to divers discontented and impatient young men. talk to them of the great labor, toil, and risk, and they would turn a deaf eat to you: argue with them, and you might as well reason with a snow-storm. Enterprising young men run away with the idea that the farther they go from home, the


text:
Page:The lay of the Nibelungs; (IA nibelungslay00hortrich).pdf/348

270

Then spake the lord of Tronjé: “This do I with the thought

That, should we on this journey have any cravens brought,

Who fain would basely leave us, through cowardice of mind,

They must a shameful ending here in this river find.”

A man there was amongst them from Burgundy who came,

By might of hand a hero, and Volker was his name.

Right cunningly he utter’d all that was in his mind,

And whatsoe’er did Hagen this minstrel good did find.

The chargers now were ready, each packhorse had its load.

So far, the host no damage had suffered on the road

To daunt them, or to trouble, except the chaplain’s loss;

Who needs must to the Rhineland on foot the country cross.

When they were all come over unto the further strand,

The king began to question: “Who will throughout this land

Show us the proper pathways,— lest we should stray afar?”

Then spake the valiant Volker: “Alone for that I’ll care.”

“Now bide ye yet,” said Hagen, “if squire you be or knight,

A friend’s word should be follow’d; that seems to me but right.

I have unwelcome tidings to make known unto ye:

No more shall we return to the land of Burgundy!


text: The Lay of the Nibelungs/Chapter 25

title: The Lay of the Nibelungs/Chapter 25


text:
Page:Smith - Number Stories of Long ago (1919).djvu/99

NUMER STORIES our addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division to-night Listen, then, to the story of the way in which Filippo (fḕ lēp'pō) and Adriaen (äd'rēän) and Michael (mī'kẳĕl) divided numbers.”

HOW FILIPPO DIVIDED MDCCXXVIII BY CXLIV He first wrote the numbers in modern figures. The rest of the work is quite different from ours

About the time that Christopher Columbus was born, a boy by the name of Filippo Calandri (kä län'drē) was going to school in a small Italian town. His teacher one day asked Filippo to write two numbers on a small board that he used for his arithmetic work, and he told him to write them in Roman numerals. The teacher then told him to divide the first of the numbers by the second, and of course Filippo could not do it; but 74


text:
Page:Smith - Number Stories of Long ago (1919).djvu/100

OF LONG AGO he said, “I can do it if you will let me write them in our common figures.”

If you had been there to watch Filippo, you would have been just as much puzzled as you would be if you saw someone dividing by the aid of counters, for the work looked very different from that used in school to-day.

HOW FILIPPO PROVED HIS WORK He proved that his work was right by dividing 1728 by 12 and finding 144 as the result

Filippo crossed out each figure when he was through with it, and so the work looks very strange to us.

We must not think that Filippo's way was altogether bad. He used fewer figures than we do, and if you should learn his method you might like it just as well as the one you learned in school.

After Filippo had shown that he knew how to divide, his teacher said, “Now show me 75


text:
Page:The Hunterian Oration for 1850.djvu/36

 fact, that the path to medical knowledge is steep and dangerous, and that its requirements are often of a nature repugnant to delicacy of feeling—that. it involves an intercourse with objects, from which the senses may well revolt, with disgust and loathing. Be it remembered, that his services are perilous from their outset, and that a large proportion of the profession pursue their anxious and laborious career, often unchequered by the recreation of a single day, throughout a life of daily companionship with sorrow, contagion, disease, and death. Of domestic joy, he knows nothing but in name. From the comforts of his home, his easy chair, his winter’s fireside, he is estranged by incessant toil, the slave of caprice, of ignorance, of groundless apprehension. While other members of his family seek that repose which nature calls for at the termination of the day, he is perhaps summoned to a distant village, to minister to the temporary relief of a disease he cannot cure; devoting to reflection while on horseback, amidst the sleet of a winter’s night, those hours that should be engaged in invigorating his mind and body for the pursuits of the morrow.

For the influence of these occupations on the physical health of the members of our profession, let me point to the bills of mortality, which teach us, that they sink too often unrewarded into an early grave.

Such are the intellectual, and such the moral requisites of our profession—such the qualifications, and such the duties of him who, beyond any competitor, ministers to the physical and moral sufferings of humanity.

Nor is this condition, altogether unmerited by the practitioner of medicine. With largely increased resources, the


text:
Page:The Hunterian Oration for 1850.djvu/37

 profession of medicine is at the present day a degenerate pursuit. Even its indispensability to the wants of society, has failed to wrest it from the influence of neglect, if not of obloquy. The rank of individuals, the rank of a select few may yet remain; but as a profession, it has ceased to be sustained to the level of its intrinsic value by the applause of the public voice; and there must exist, in the very nature of things, some deteriorating influence in operation, which overbalances that esteem which the conviction of our utility to the world would naturally engender.

It is not, I presume, a subject of consideration inappropriate to this annual address, to inquire into the cause of the low elevation of that profession which, considered in the abstract, appears to possess such high claims on the respect and esteem of society; for I know not in what manner I can more efficiently do honour to the memory of Mr. Hunter than by commenting on the present condition of that profession, of which he was so bright an ornament. These causes are, I conceive, various; but by far the greatest of all the difficulties under which the profession of medicine labours, may be referred to the want of education. The object of education is two-fold:—First, to develope the powers of the mind,—to teach it to think, to reason, and to remember; and secondly, to apply the powers thus obtained to the acquisition of knowledge. The unfolding and developing mental power, in the endeavour to comprehend the resources of the great world around us, and ally those powers with the highest purposes, this is to realise the great end of life itself. “It is mind that does the work of the world.” Mind is the great


text:
Page:The Hunterian Oration for 1850.djvu/38

 leveller that blends all the arbitrary distinctions of social life. He who would study the history of man in his moral and physical condition—he who proposes to himself to investigate the sources of the thoughts and opinions of the world,—or he who would render himself familiar with the capabilities of his own language, must cultivate an acquaintance with the writers of antiquity; he must take up his abode in the nursery of time. An inquisitive and ardent mind will take nothing upon trust; he will trace the streams of knowledge to their source; he will investigate its springs before he avails himself of the force of the current. “If there be,” says Godwin, “in the present age, any powers of reasoning, any acquaintance with the secrets of Nature, any refinement of language, any elegance of composition, any love of all that can adorn or elevate the human race, this is the source from which they ultimately flowed.” That of ancient Rome is the adopted language of the great congress of medicine and science throughout the world. The common university of medicine has employed it in the individual nations composing it. It is the language of Celsus, the adopted language of Haller, of Boerhaave, of Morgagni. Its cultivation is more directly indispensable to the practitioner of medicine, than to any other member of society. It is the accomplishment of all refined and educated society. But classical study should have no monopoly of the early mind, since, however valuable, it forms but the substratum of acquirement. Its excessive cultivation generates a learned folly, which in a remarkable degree disqualifies its possessor for the acquisition of that working knowledge demanded in our intercourse with the world. And I may take the liberty to remark, that no


text:
Page:The Hunterian Oration for 1850.djvu/39

 greater wrong is inflicted on the cause of education, than that indiscriminate, and almost exclusive devotion to classical reading which prevails in our public schools. No man is competent to the task of education, whose mind is not well stored with general, as well as with particular knowledge, philosophy, history, and elementary science.

The application of the knowledge acquired by classical study, is in an inverse relation to the benefit conferred on the retentive powers of the mind; for by its early cultivation, of all the faculties, the memory is its greatest benefactor. The actual knowledge acquired by classical study will therefore greatly depend on the age of the student.

A no less important branch of study, rather than of knowledge, most pertinent to our profession, is that of the exact sciences; and here again, we are largely indebted to antiquity. By mathematical study, we acquire the principles of inductive, and other forms of reasoning; we learn to compare and analyse. We acquire habits of close thought, the power of detecting the sources of error, and of “exposing the fallacies under which false reasoning is disposed to lurk.” Logic also, is an important source of mental discipline, which invigorates the faculties by its application either to the precise interpretation of words, or to the higher purposes of abstract reasoning on things.

I conceive that the almost universal neglect of these pursuits in early life, and the want of cultivation both of philosophy and general science, are among the chief causes by which medicine is degraded at the present day; and that unless by a general Act of the Colleges which preside over


text:
Page:Life of Thomas Hardy - Brennecke.pdf/197

 Most of us still regard Hardy merely as a novelist and nothing more, and hence consider the books that he wrote between 1870 and 1895 as his chief claim to distinction. Hardy himself has always disagreed with this probably premature judgment. He himself regarded these twenty-five years as a mere preparation for the tasks which he really wished eventually to accomplish.

The way was now cleared. He was known as a successful, vital writer. His livelihood was assured; he was "fixed"—alas, too "fixed," perhaps, in the popular mind.

At any rate, he now approached another turning-point in his career. He contemplated the final abandonment of prose and the utter dedication of his powers to the service of the poetic muse. It would be idle to deny that the writing of the Wessex novels had not fitted him eminently for his subsequent rhyming. In 1869 his equipment had been broad, but sketchy; by 1897 his knowledge and appreciation of most of those artistic adjuncts which make the effective poet had ripened, deepened and increased immeasurably in intensity.

When we consider the art of music, a subject of the highest importance for the modern poet, we find Hardy paying eloquent tributes to its power and soul-stirring beauty. Testimony that he did not rank music among the least of the arts, in spite of what has sometimes been said about the "unmusical" quality of his verse, is not wanting in his prose writings, although it will be seen that he gave more attention to certain kinds of rural and folk-music than to the more highly developed art-music of the cultural centres.


text: Page:Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam - Fitzgerald's translation.djvu/21


text:
Page:The Hunterian Oration for 1850.djvu/40

 each department of the profession, rendering some form of preliminary education in these branches of study, compulsory on those, destined to become members of our body, the entire removal of all the other causes combined, will fail to extricate it from the degenerate position it now occupies.

I cannot persuade myself to pass without comment, the still prevalent system of, so called, education, by means of apprenticeship, which appears little more or less than an ingenious device by which to exhaust or render nugatory, four or more invaluable years of the early life of the student.

Yet there are few pursuits without their advantages. During these four or more years the so-called student is compelled to practise the art of manipulation, which consists in the wielding the important instruments placed at his command; while he holds converse with the languages of the philosophers and orators of the past world, in a refined latinity obtained from his master’s day-book; and amidst the varied occupations of each eventful day, happily some small portion is allowed him for that most profound study,—the study of himself.

To this disgraceful system of officinal drudgery the medical profession has lent itself, in direct contravention of the laws of moral right, of reason, and of common sense; and glancing for a moment at the necessities of the future practitioner, I ask you, whether the rooted injury thus perpetrated by four or more long years of personal servitude, at this most critical period of a student’s life, in which the only distinction discoverable between his lot and that of an ordinary servant, consists in the fact, that he is made the purchaser of his own degradation, does not inflict a wrong on the mind and habits of a


text:
Page:The Hunterian Oration for 1850.djvu/41

 youth, which in avery large majority of cases, no future opportunities of study, no future discipline can redress or justify. This is the spring of his existence; this is the season, and the only season, in which the mind takes the impression for a whole life. The child is said to be "father to the man.” I have sketched his education, look at the result!

The construction of society demands a distinction in the grades of the medical profession; the rewards of exertion must be necessarily unequal in value; his physical relations must regulate in some measure the nature and extent of his occupations, the value of his time, and the rank he holds in society, but the giant evil of the day is want of education. The quantity or degree may be regulated by the future position and means of the student, but all should be educated in mind and manners up to the level of good society.

I conceive that education is required by all, whether rural, provincial, or metropolitan; but in every grade his general acquirements as to his competency for this high pursuit should be tested by actual examination; and I rejoice to think that the Council of this College, under the superintendence of its distinguished President, who have at heart the earnest desire to promote the highest interests of that department of the profession over which they preside, have acknowledged the necessity, by taking the initiative on this subject, and instituting examinations in classical and mathematical knowledge, for all future junior candidates for the rank of Fellow of this College, and on this head T have only to express my regret, that this important requisition is not made referable to the first, rather than to the last, stage in the career of the student.


text:
Page:The Hunterian Oration for 1850.djvu/42

26 The second cause of inferiority in rank of the medical profession is founded on the degenerate standard of medical ethics; and if I dwell but briefly on this ungrateful topic, it is because we have in education alone, its legitimate, and only corrective. If we take the body corporate of the profession, as the field of comment, do we not find the want of that high tone that characterises the other professions? ‘There is a moral elevation that should distinguish the cultivator of natural science, from that resulting from conventional laws. Do I wrong our profession when I say that there is a want of tone, a jealousy of the exertions as well as the success of others; a tendency to misconstrue good, or to suggest evil motives ; the absence of that enlightened spirit, that marks the gentleman of education ?

Liberal and generous habits of thought and action, are the indisputable growth of a high degree of civilisation and refinement. What better evidence need be adduced of the want of that cultivation of mind, so indispensable to all ?

There is no profession the conventional refinements of which are more stringent than the higher departments of law. This fact is explained, perhaps, when we consider law to be a purely artificial pursuit.

In a conversation I once had with a notorious burglar, but obviously a man of good education, who had broken into and robbed my house, he told me that the laws of the society he moved in, were also stringent ; that inasmuch as his pro- fession was not altogether indispensable to the well-being of society, so the world was their common enemy, and that no calling or pursuit, exacted a more rigid observance of the authority of conventional regulations. It is the same neces-


text: Page:Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam - Fitzgerald's translation.djvu/42


text:
Page:The Hunterian Oration for 1850.djvu/43

27 sity, possibly, that renders the conventionalism of law so imperative. This man had been educated to the law, and he added that he found his professional knowledge of remarkable service.

“Law in the abstract is an inflexible and impartial prin- ciple, holding out one standard of moral right, and moral wrong to all the world. It has been devised by sages in the privacy of retirement, to protect society against the encroach- ments of selfishness and power, and to be an accessible instrument in the hands of all.” *

As an abstract principle, none is more sublime or more deserving the veneration of the world. While, by the pro- gress of knowledge and civilisation, the profession of medicine, having enlarged the circle of its utility, has become degene- rate in rank; that of law, has gamed an ascendancy, in the same proportion as it has lost sight of its early simplicity. That which was an instrument, has become a machine, ponderous, complicated, and unwieldy ; and in the same degree as it has ceased to be the tribunal of impartial justice between man and man, have the conventional laws of its professors, their learning and education, obtained an ascendancy in the world, before which the claims of medicine sink immeasur- ably. It would appear that the estimate of truth recedes in value, in proportion as the world advances in civilisation. No man had a juster perception of the moral evils, insepara- ble from the practice of an advocate, than the late excellent Dr. Arnold, who, in a letter to an old pupil on the choice of a profession, says :—“'To see any man delivered from the snare of the law as a profession, 1s with me a matter of

 * Godwin.


text:
Page:The Hunterian Oration for 1850.djvu/44

28 earnest rejoicmg. I rejoice in your escaping while it is yet time, and following the right hand path to any pure and Christian calling, which to my mind that of an advocate, according to the common practice of the bar, cannot be. For advocacy does seem to me inconsistent with a strony perception of truth, and to be absolutely intolerable, unless where the mind sits loose, as it were, from any conclusions, and merely loves the exercise of making any thing wear the semblance of truth which it chooses for the time being to patronise.”

It is impossible for a mind imbued with a love of truth to witness the contentions for victory, exhibited in our courts of justice, without acknowledging with painful regret, that the highest intellectual powers are too often enlisted in the cause of the lowest moral degradation ; and if we remove ourselves to a distance of time, and divest our minds of the influence of daily observation, which has reconciled us in some measure, to the growth and maturity of a system which pays homage to precedent, at the expense of reason, and which distorts the line of truth by the interposition of unprofitable subtleties, employed with the force of one of the mechanical powers to wrest the whole machine of justice from its centre, we cannot but deeply lament that this sacred cause, which is the only true cement of society, and the aspiration of all good men, should be rendered the object of secondary worship only—the first being devoted to the cause of victory.

For one, I rejoice to think that the mind and the habits of the medical man, are differently constituted. Truth is his field of action, good his aim, the world his study. With all our differences and contention, we have one common end


text:
Page:The Hunterian Oration for 1850.djvu/45

29 and object ; one appeal to nature, from one common enemy, disease.

In a remarkable degree have the duties of our profession a tendency to keep alive the best emotions of our nature, and to engender a warm sympathy with the sufferings of humanity; towards the mitigation of which, a considerable portion of our time and knowledge, is devoted. Yet, with all its attendant evils, the practice of the law is regulated by a sense of decorum, of propriety, and even of refinement, which in a far less positive degree, are practised by the sister profession.

“I hold every man,” says Lord Bacon, “a debtor to his profession, from the which, as men do receive countenance and profit, so ought they of duty to render themselves, by way of amends, to be a help and ornament thereunto. This is performed in some degree, by the honest and liberal practice of a profession, when men shall carry a respect not to descend into any course that is corrupt and unworthy thereof, and preserve themselves from the abuses wherewith the same profession is noted to be infected. But much more is this performed, if a man be able to visit and strengthen the roots and foundations of the science itself, thereby not only gracing it in reputation and dignity, but also amplifying it, in profession and substance.”

Thirdly,—The state of the law exerts an important influ- ence in depressing the rank of the profession of medicine.

It is general practice that gives the stamp to the whole, and it is to this department that my remarks are intended specifically to apply.

The general practitioner is an amphibious link between a