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 Mr. G. Hookharm, M.A. of Sutton Coldfield, contributes a thoughtful paper on “The Study of Science as an Instrument of Higher Education” By “higher education” Mr. Hookham means the education which should be begin when the mind has been disciplined at school or college by a course of formal study. Habits of thought once gained, the aim of each mind should be to assimilate to itself truth us to the constitution of the universe. This can only he done effectually by individual devotion to same special science. It should, of course, he remembered that every such sciouco has relations with the whole domain on which enquiries can be proseenicd. Results attained by others in other departments may be known; but mere accumulation of knowledge of results is not ‘higher education.” This can only be secured by the mind coming into contact with the realities of the universe, And what is higher education for the individual mind helps ea also the general enrichment of Limauity in knowledge. This is, Mr. Hooktiam thinks, especially exemplified in the beneficial influence which the German Universities, in which the studies are wholly real, are exercising upon the world.

The paper on “The Place of Archæology in Science,” by Mr. James Kenward, F.S.A., of Harborne, is a most readable one. In & very broad sense, Mr. Kenward remarks, all sciences which concern themselves with the operations of nature, or with the thoughts, words, and deeds of men, in past times, may be looked upon as parts of a grand Archæology—the Archæology of the universe and of man, But his concern is with Archæology “as limited to human monuments and human relics; as a study and a summary of the remains—written, graven, sculptured, painted, built up, formed and finished in any mode—which appeal to us from palace and pyramid, and temple, and cave, and cairn; from book, and manuscript, and oral tradition.” Besides being in itself of interest to all for whom the past of human history is a "divine drama,” Archæology is a valuable auxiliary to all other sciences. The progress of none of them can be estimated without an appeal to if. Mr. Kenward’s attractively written sketch of the development of Archæology ought to be widely read.

H. N..

The Superficial Geology of the Country adjoining the Coasts of South-West Lancashire. By C. E. De Rance, F.G.S. Loudon: Longmans and Co. 8vo., 17s.

Geological Survey Memoir describes in detail the surface deposits of the low plains lying between the estuaries of the Mersey and the Ribble, and also in a more general way the same beds as far to the north as Morecambe Bay, southwards to the Dee, and eastwards to Blackburn, Bolton, ant Manchester.

It contains 139 pages, including a few simple woodcuts, is bound in a paper cover, and is issued by Her Majesty's Stationery Office at the modest price of seventeen shillings, a fact which must be equally aggravating to the officers of the Geological Survey and to the public.

‘The anther commences by describing the physical geography of the district—a plain but little above the sea, and sloping down to it, with


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And in that which follows,

Let Lydgate, Chaucer's Scholar also be brought in for a Voucher;

Tho' the Verse is somewhat antiquated, yet the Example ought not to be despised by our modern Criticks, especially those who have any Respect for Chaucer.

I might give more Instances out of John Harding, and our good old Citizen, Alderman Fabian, besides many others: but out of that Respect to the nice Geny of our Time, which they seldom allow to others, I will hasten to the Times of greater Politeness, and desire that room may be made, and attention given to a Person of no less Wit than Honour, the Earl of Surrey, who at least had all the Elegancy of a gentle Muse, that may deserve the Praises of our Sex.

Again,

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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 K

 * Kapuas, Journal of a Tour on the
 * ... 84

 * Keddah, considerations on the Conquest of, by Anderson.
 * ... 299

L
 * , J. R.—The Maruwi of the Baniak Islands
 * ... 1

 * Ethnology of the Indo-Pacific Islands
 * ... * 1

 * Comparative Vocabularies &c.
 * ... * 1

M
 * Maruwi of the Baniak Islands. By J. R. Logan, Esq.
 * ... 1

 * Malacca, Notes on, by T. Braddell, Esq.
 * ... 43

 * Gambling and Opium Smoking in the Straits of
 * ... 66

 * Map of, by T. Braddell, Esq.
 * ... 296

 * Nutmeg Plantations of Banda, by T. Oxley, Esq.
 * ... 127

 * Naning, Notes on, by T. Braddell, Esq.
 * ... 194

O
 * , T. Esq. The Banda Nutmeg Plantations
 * ... 127

R
 * Raffles and the Indian Archipelago
 * ... 266

S
 * Sumbawa, Bima and, by H. Zollinger
 * ... 233

Z
 * , H.—Bima and Sumbawa
 * ... 233


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 She cocked her head and listened intently. "John, I hear voices. Not like them on the farm, though. Maybe it's the Indians. Listen!" She held up a hand, warning him.

There was the rustle of the grass, the plaintive note of a mourning dove. "I don't hear nothing," he said. He pulled at his mustache.

"You woudn't 'fess up to it if you did," she said. She giggled. “I want to have a seance, John. 'Member how they called me Professor Kate in the Parsons paper that time I lectured there on spiritualism?" She rose to her feet and faced him. "Maybe a seance would quiet the voices. On the farm it used to. Professor Kate wants to have a seance."

He slapped her. His hand left a red mark on her face, but she made no sign of having felt it. "Stop it, Kate. You want to drive all of us crazy? Why stir them up? And anyhow, it ain’t nothing. We'll sleep in the wagon tonight and tomorrow start early. It's only two Indians. Ain't you used to dead people?"

He took her by the hand and led her back to the wagon. Sighing, she stumbled after him. "Do you think we'll get to Vinita tomorrow, John?" she asked. "I’m so tired of riding. Father said we could leave the wagon and take the train once we got to the Indian Territory."

"Sure thing, you bet," he answered, without looking at her. "Get up early, ride all day. It ain’t far."

John woke early, while it was still dark. He found water and washed in a cupful of it. After a moment he heard Kate getting down from the wagon. She came up to him, yawning and shivering.

He poured water for her and she scrubbed her face with a handkerchief. She straightened her hair with her hands. "How did you sleep, John?” she asked, putting her head on one side. "Did you rest well?"

"Naw. Why ask? I had dreams."

"Like my dreams, I guess. This ain't a good place. Listen, paw and maw are getting up."

They breakfasted on slabs of bread and cold pork. Old man Bender harnessed up the team and turned the wagon around. "We make a fine quick start," he said. "De stars ain't set yet. Before sun-up, we be back on the right road."

HE pursuers rose nearly as early as the Benders did. The Benders were moved by fear, the posse by hate. As Captain Sanders swung into the saddle, he said to the lieutenant, "Today or tomorrow, sure. We're getting close."

The lieutenant (he, like Sanders, had gained his rank in the Grand Army of the Republic less than ten years before) said flatly, "We're not going to take them back to the county for trial."


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HAT is believed by paleontologists to be an important find of hitherto undiscovered species and genera of prehistoric land reptiles has been made by a research party sent out by the Carnegie Museum of PittsburgPittsburgh [sic], Penn. Twelve fossils or skeletons of dinosaurs, among them two complete brontosaurubrontosaurus [sic]—the largest animals that have ever lived—were unearthed from the side of a cliff nine miles north of Jansen, Utah, in what was, in distant ages, a river; as the cobbles, mussel shells and sand environing the bones showed. Besides these specimens of the extinct brontosaurus fossil remains of several stegosaurus specimens were also brought to light. These are very rare. The stegosaurus was the most grotesque animal that ever existed.

Incomplete remains of a giant diplodocus, like the famous one in the Carnegie Museum, were found with the foregoing.

The research party was in charge of Earl Douglass, of the Museum staff, one of the men attached to the paleontological department. The party has been in the field for a considerable time, but it is decidedly slow work excavating fossils, as the greatest care must be exercised lest the rocks in which the remains are imbedded be cracked or injured. Then, when the fossils are cut away, there is an immense amount of tedious labor cleaning and assembling them. After that they must be carefully compared with existing specimens to determine whether they form a new genus or species. For these reasons scientists do not know absolutely whether the fossils discovered by the Carnegie Museum men represent hitherto undiscovered specimens. When the rocks bearing the find arrive in PittsburgPittsburgh [sic] this question will be determined.

The skeletons of the strange monsters belong to what are known as sauropoda dinosauria. Sauropoda is a suborder of the herbivorous dinosaurs or land reptiles. At first these sauropoda were carnivorous—that is, flesh-eating animals—but later became herbivorous or herb-eating. The stegosaurus or stegosaurus ungulatus (the ungulata being hoof-footed animals) is always found in Wyoming, in the rocks of certain geological periods. It was a terrestrial reptile, frequenting the huge luxuriant forests prevalent in those days of four million years ago, and browsed on tender vegetation, of which the forests were full.

Its most remarkable feature is the double line of large bones sticking up on the middle of its back, and with which it defended itself against its ferocious carnivorous enemies like the allosaurus. Its tail was armed with spike-like projections, with which it impaled its assailants. It fought by presenting its tail and back to its foes, cutting and slashing with those terrible leaf-like bones on its back and those bony daggers on its tail. Scientists say it was a migrant from Europe.

The brontosaurus often attained a length of 80 feet, but it had a smalsmall [sic] head. Its neck and tail were short. Like the stegosaurus, it lived by eating succulent herbs. It had powerful legs, 10 feet or so in length.

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 When a secret trial is conducted, only these persons have the right to be present in the trial chamber, namely—

the prosecutor and his attorneys;

the accused and his attorneys;

the persons in charge of custody of the accused;

witnesses and specialists;

interpreters;

the interested persons permitted by the court;

court officials and court security authorities, as may be found appropriate.

Subject to this Code or other law, the court may conduct a trial without adjournment until it is finished.

If a witness fails to appear or there is a different reason for which the trial should be adjourned, the court shall adjourn the case as it finds appropriate.

The provisions of the Civil Procedure Code concerning the maintenance of order in court shall apply

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 "No. You don’t try rattlers. We found eleven bodies in the orchard. But what I remember most is the body of the little girl. She must have been still alive when they buried her." The sun rose. The day wore on. At noon the Benders stopped at a farmhouse for water, and learned that they were on the right road. They might be able to make Vinita by dark. Kate, sighing with relief, did not resist when John drew her down under the wagon seat.

Afterward they chatted idly over plans, what they should do with the money they had taken from the travelers who had stopped at the Bender farmhouse. John wanted to start a restaurant in Denison, Kate wanted to keep on with the seances and the lecturing. Sne spoke of the good luck she'd had curing deafness and epileptic fits. Or the four of them might buy another farm. Why not? They had plenty of rhino, John said.

As the sun began to wester, Kate dozed. She leaned against John, her body swaying to the steady jogging. Once she said petulantly, "Vinita sure is a long way off."

At sundown the posse reached a crossroads. Sanders dismounted to check, the wagon tracks. As he grasped the pommel again he was frowning. "They've turned," he told the men with him, gesturing to the right. "They're headed back."

"Why?” asked the lieutenant after a moment.

Sanders shrugged. "The devil knows. May be trying to throw us off the track."

T WAS quite dark when the wagon stopped, Vinita still unreached. Kate was drunk with sleepiness. John roused her and helped her out.

"Vinita?" she asked as she reached the ground.

"No, Kate. Not yet. First thing tomorrow, I guess."

She stood looking around her. The moon had not risen; it was difficult to see anything. Suddenly she gathered up her skirts and ran like a wild thing. After a moment they heard her screaming, "John! John! We’ve come back. This is the same place!"

When he got up to her she pointed at the skeleton. She picked up the arrow and handed it to him. "They've brought us back to the same place."

He let the point fall from his fingers. "What do you mean? Who has?"

"The Indians. They wouldn't let us get away. They brought us back. The dead—don’t you see, John?—the dead stick together."

He stared at her in the darkness. Then he grasped her by the shoulder and began to pull her after him with desperate energy. "Hurry! Hurry! The wagon! We've got to get away!"

But as they neared the wagon they heard a thunder and a plunging, and then old man Bender's voice crying despairingly, "Whoa! Whoa! Damn you, come back!"

"The team’s run off," Kate said simply. "I knew they wouldn’t let us get away."

He began to wrench at the wagon sides, tearing off planking. "We'll make a fire, a big fire. They can't get past it. And paw will get out the guns."

"That's right," Kate said, cheering. "And we'll stay awake, all of us. Maybe if. . . ."

There were noises on the other side of the wagon as the night got older. Once old man Bender said, "What's dot whooping?" and Kate laughed.

The fire died down and was replenished with the wagon seats. Kate yawned, and then John and the others. He said, "We've got to stay awake."

About two in the morning Professor Kate realized abruptly that the others were sleeping. She ran from one to the other, shaking them, screaming their names. They wouldn't wake.

Morning came. John said, "Guess we must have gone to sleep, h'um, Kate?"

"I guess so. I remember dreaming. I'm awful tired."

John Bender yawned. "Well, anyway, we're all right. We was silly to worry. And look, the team's come back."

LD man Bender was silently harnessing the horses. When he was done they climbed in the wagon. The front seat was still intact, but John and his sister had to sit on the floor. After they had driven for


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 lines of sand hills or dunes running along the coast. The solid geology of the country is composed of Triassic strata, but these are hardly ever visible, being covered over with beds cf glacial drift, often as much as 150 feet in thickness. Of these the lowest deposit seen Mr. De Rance calls the Till, It is a dark leaden-coloured clay, occurring at elevations of 200 feet and upwards only. It contains angular blocks of local origin, but no shells, and seems to have been formed by a sheet of land-ice. Upon if rests the Lower Boulder Clay, of reddish-brown colour, with many stones and boulders of lake-district rocks. It is finely exposed in the cliffs north of Blackpool. It is often stratified, and the stones, though striated, are partly rounded. Hence it would seem to tell us of a period of submergence when ice drifting from the north and east dropped its stony cargo in a shallow sea. Shells are not uncommon.

The Middle Drift Sand and Gravel marks a mild period, when the glacial cold hail decreased. It is sometimes as much as 70 feet thick, but is often absent. The molluscan remains show a mingling of northern and southern forms. It is commonly false bedded.

The Upper Boulder Clay is sometimes 100 feet thick. It is of a dull red tint, weathering on the surfaces or joints which may be exposed to the air, to a bluish-white. Large boulders are rare, but glaciated stones and shell fragments are common. Mr. De Rance believes that it was deposited under similar conditions to these of the Lower Boulder Clay, viz., from ice-floes in a shallow sea.

Thus the same triple division of the Drift is observable here as obtains on the east coast of England. The two, however, were not contemporaneous; and it is a pity that the same names should have been applied in each case to the different sub-divisions. Mr. S. V. Wood, jun., has shown the great probability that the Lancashire Drift is of later date than that of East Anglia. Is it possible that the east and west played a game of see-saw—the east coast first undergoing depression, while land-ice scoured out Lancashire? The Geologists of the Midland Counties must endeavour to aid in the solution of this problem, by tracking the deposits as far inland as possible.

In the latter part of his work Mr. De Rance treats at length of the Post-glacial deposits, especially peat; of the economic uses of the various deposits; the water supply; the deposition of shingle and sand forming the dunes; the action of tidal currents on the Lancashire coast; and various other interesting points. One valuable feature of the work is that abstracts are given of almost all the papers that have been written by previous authors on the subject. In an appendix (revised by Mr. Etheridge) the occurrence of the various shells which have hitherto been found in the glacial deposits of Lancashire is shown with great fulness, On page 132 we note a very obvious misprint of "clay" for "crag." Altogether, we evidently have in this Memoir the results of some years of really tough work—of work which only a love for science could make pleasant. Mr. De Rance may be congratulated in that he has given us a record of hard facts which will endure and serve as a work of reference for many a year to come.

W. J. H.


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beat the soil through the top of the coffin. Do much will I for one Beybile."

"A poor dab you are," said Towy. "Many deeds you have? But no odds to me."

"Four I have."

"Woe for you, unfortunate."

"Iss-iss, horrid is my plight," the woman whined. "Little I did for Him."

"Don't draw tears. For eternity you'll weep. Here is a massive Beybile for your four deeds."

"Take him one. Handy will three be in the minute of the questioning."

"Refusing the Beybile bach you are. Also the hymn-book—old and new notations—I present for four. Stupid am I as the pigger's prentice who bought the litter in the belly."

"Be him soft and sell for one."

"I cannot say less. No relation you are to me. Hope I do that right enough are your four. Recite them to me, old woman."


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"I ate rats to provide a Beybile to the Respected," the woman trembled. "I—"

"You are pathetic," Towy said. "Hie and get your tokens and have that poor one will I because of my pity for you."

The woman told her deeds in Heaven's Record Office, and she was given four white tablets on which her deeds were inscribed; and the rat tablet Towy took from her. "Faith and hope are tidy heifers," he said, "but a stallion is charity. Priceless Beybile I give you, sinner."

As he moved away Towy cried in the manner of one selling by auction: "This is the beloved Beybile of Jesus. This is the book of hymns—old and new notations. Hymns harvest, communion, funerals, Sunday schools, and hymns for children bach are here. Treasures bulky for certain."

For some he received three tablets each, for some five tablets each, and for some


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 mutatis mutandis to the trial of a criminal case, but the accused shall not be ordered to leave the trial chamber, save where he obstructs the trial.

The provisions of sections 139 and 166 shall apply mutatis mutandis to trials.

When a case is pending a preliminary examination or trial, if an interlocutory motion arises, the court shall give an order upon it as it finds appropriate. Once the trial is finished, it shall give a judgment or order according to the merits of the case.

The judgment or order shall be read in public court on the day the trial is finished or within three days from the finish of the case. If there is an appropriate reason, the giving of the judgment may be adjourned to another day, but this reason must be docketed.

Once the court has read it to the parties, the parties shall be required to sign it. If the prosecutor is in default of appearance, it may be read without the presence of the prosecutor. When the accused is absent, the court may refrain from reading it until the accused is brought in. If necessary, a warrant of warrant may be issued. When

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ten tablets each. But the gaudy Bible which was decorated with pictures and ornamented with brass clasps and a leather covering he did not sell; nor did he sell the gilt-edged hymn-book. Between the leaves of his Bible he put his tablets—as a preacher his markers—the writing on each tablet confirming a verse in the place it was set. His labour over, he chanted: "Pen Calvaria! Pen Calvaria! Very soon will come to view." Men and women gazed upon him, envying him; and those who had Bibles and hymn-books hastened to do as he had done.

Among the many that came to him was one whose name was Ben Lloyd.

"Dear me," said Towy.

"Dear me," said Ben.

"Fat is my religion after the springing," cried Towy. "Perished was I and up again. Amen, Big Man. Amen and amen. And amen.

"I opened my eyes and I saw a hand


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 about a mile, Kate said, "Where are we going, paw?"

"To—I can't call the name to mind, daughter."

"Bin—Binecia," she answered, stumbling over the syllables. "I wish we'd hurry up and get there."

"Stop it, Kate," John said. "We will."

In the afternoon Kate said, "I wish we'd pass some houses.” Later, when it was almost sunset, she turned to her brother. "Do you know what's going to happen, John?" she asked.

"What?" he replied. It was the first word he had spoken to her since early morning.

"It's going to get dark. And then we'll stop and we'll be back by the Indians. Back by the ashes of our fire. Back where we spent last night." She began to cry.

"No. You're crazy. We must be almost to Venita."

"Venita? We’ll never get there. We'll just keep driving, driving, driving. Something's gone wrong with time."

"Be quiet, damn you. I hear horses, voices." He laid his hand over her mouth.

Old Man Bender had stopped the wagon. "Something ahead," he said softly. "You two go look."

They stole forward, tiptoeing. "I can't see good," Kate whispered.

"Hush. It’s men with horses. They're bending over something. But I can't see what they're doing. There’s a mist."

Kate had turned away. "Let's go back to the wagon," she whispered.

"Why? I want to know what they're doing."

"Oh, I know already."

"Then tell me."

"You know without telling. What they're bending over—"

"Is us. Is our bodies. No! No! I won't have it!"

She was wringing her hands and wailing. "Oh, but it is! Last night—last night the Indians didn't let us get away," said Professor Kate.


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thrusting aside the firmament and I heard One calling me from the beyond, and the One was God."

"Like the roar of heated bulls was the noise, Ben bach."

"Praise Him I did that I was laid to rest at home. Apart from the worldly ways of the Metropolis. Tell Him I will how my spirit, though the flesh was dead, bathed in the living rivers and walked in the peaceful valleys of the glorious land of my fathers—thinking, thinking of Jesus."

"Hold on. Not so fast. From Capel Bryn Salem I journeyed to mouth with heart to the Lord, and your slut of widow paid me only four soferens. Eloquent sermon I spouted and four soferens is the price of a supply."

"In your charity forgive her; her sorrow was overpowering."

"Sorrow! The mule of an English! She wasn't there."

"You don't say," cried Ben. "If


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 TABLE OF CONTENTS.


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text: The Washington Post (newspaper)/1912/Was Most Grotesque Animal


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 [No. 12]

OF THE

OF THE

DECEMBER, 1883.

SINGAPORE:

1884.

London & America, ...

Paris, ...

Germany, ..., Leipzig.


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 [No. 11]

OF THE

OF THE

JUNE, 1883.

SINGAPORE:

1883.

London & America, ...

Paris, ... — Germany, ..., Leipzig.


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 TABLE OF CONTENTS.


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 the accused cannot be brought in within one month reckoned from the first day scheduled for the reading, the court may conduct the reading in absence of the accused.

In the event that the reading of a judgment or order has be adjourned because any of the accused is absent, if the remaining accused are to be acquitted, the court shall have the power to provisionally release them pending the reading of such judgment or order.

A judgment, or order, or dissenting opinion must be made in writing signed by the judges sitting at the trial. If any of the judges sitting at the trial disagrees therewith, he has the power to make a dissenting opinion. This dissenting opinion shall be included in the file.

At a deliberative meeting for adoption of a judgment or order, the chief judge, justice commissioner, chief judge of the court in question, or judge rapporteur shall act as president and ask the judges sitting at the trial to one by one express their opinions upon every issue which needs to be ruled. The president shall be the last to express his opinion. The ruling shall be based upon the majority of votes. If any question meets two or more than two dissenting opinions and no majority can be found, the judges whose opinions are more unfavourable to the accused shall yield to the judges whose opinions are less unfavourable to the accused.

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text: Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society/Volume 11


text: Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society/Volume 12


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 NOTES ILLUSTRATING THE CHANGES WHICH CONSONANTS UNDERGO IN PASSING FROM ONE MALAYAN DIALECT TO ANOTHER.

As one of the principal objects of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society is to trace the origin of the various dialects of the Malayan Peninsula and Archipelago, I have thought that the following notes, though hastily put together, and with very little material to work upon, may prove interesting and give a clue to those who are more capable of following the tangled thread of Malayan etymology to its source than I am.

I have taken the Malay language as the starting point whenever possible where three or four examples of a change are given, it must be understood that thirty or forty could as easily have been supplied: but a change exemplified by only one word must be considered doubtful until corroborated, as I hope each one will be, by further contributions from some of the large number of poly- glotts whom the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society counts among its members.

A. M. FERGUSON, Jnr.


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The want of a short and easy introduction to the study of Icelandic has been felt for a long time—in fact, from the very beginning of that study in England. The Icelandic Reader, edited by Messrs. Vigfusson and Powell, in the Clarendon Press Series, is a most valuable book, which ought to be in the hands of every student; but it still leaves room for an elementary primer. As the engagements of the editors of the Reader would have made it impossible for them to undertake such a work for some years to come, they raised no objections to my proposal to undertake it myself. Meanwhile, I found the task was a more formidable one than I had anticipated, and accordingly, before definitely committing myself to it, I made one final attempt to induce Messrs. Vigfusson and Powell to take it off my hands; but they very kindly encouraged me to proceed with it; and as I myself thought that an Icelandic primer, on the lines of my Anglo-Saxon one, might perhaps be the means of inducing some students of Old English to take up Icelandic as well, 1 determined to go on.

In the spelling I have not thought it necessary to adhere strictly to that adopted in the Reader, for the editors have themselves deviated from it in their Corpus Poeticum Boreale, in the way of separating 'ǫ' from 'ö', etc. My own

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 LANDING OF RAFFLES AT SINGAPORE.

In No. 10 of the Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, page 285, is an interesting account of the "Landing of at Singapore, by an Eye-Witness." So long as, the name given to this venerable deponent, keeps to what he saw, his narrative appears to be strictly correct; but other details are so evidently contrary to what would have taken place, that I veuture to question their accuracy. For instance, he says:—" Batin, an Orang laut, went to bring Tunku from Bulang. I think he was away four days. Batin  came back first, and then Tunku  came."

Now, it is very unlikely that Sir, who had some knowledge and experience in Malay etiquette, would send a single "Orang laut" to summon to his presence a Prince of the Royal Blood, whom he intended to make Sultan of Johor, in order to obtain a proper cession of Singapore, and considering it a pity to allow such an erroneous statement pass to posterity as history, I have made enquiries from the best authorities, and find that two Anak Raja, namely, Raja and Inche , were the persons entrusted with the mission, and they brought Tunku  here, having found him fishing in the Straits of Rhio. These Anak Raja received cach $500 for their trouble. My chief informant has been Mr. C. F., who derived his information from Tunku , wife of Sultan ; from Kaja , brother of Raja , and from Tunku and the account scoms generally accepted by the Malays as correct. It is


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 also, I believe, confirmed by Munshi in his “Hikayat," but I cannot, at present, refer to the book.

The idea of a Batin being sent on such a mission will make Malays, or those acquainted with their manners and customs, smile; but it is very possible that Batin accompanied the "noblemen" mentioned above.

W. H. R.

 LATAH. I have received several communications from different quarters upon the subject of my recent paper on Latah. On one point, my correspondents seem to be agreed, viz., that the omission of Chinese from the list of residents in the Straits who are afflicted with Latah, is due to my defective observation.

It would shew great presumption were I to say definitely that those who have favoured me with their criticism are wrong in their opinion; but it would be equally false humility on my part to admit its correctness, upon the data which lie before me.

In no case have any reasons been given for the assumption that I am in error; nor are any particularised instances referred to by which such error night be corrected or modified.

And I may add, with candour, but I trust without offence, that many of my recent correspondents have had neither length of time, nor favourable opportunities, in Malaya, sufficient to warrant the formation of their very definitely expressed opinions.

I am told by all who have written to me that numbers of Chinese in the Straits are imitative Lataks. I am indeed told by one writer that such cases are "numberless."

It could hardly have escaped my notice that there are many Chinese in this country who imitate the words and jestures [sic] of others. But this is true of many people in all countries.


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iv principle has been to deviate as little as possible from the traditional spelling followed in normalized texts. There is, indeed, no practical gain for the beginner in writing tīme for tīmi, discarding ð, etc., although these changes certainly bring us nearer the oldest MSS., and cannot be dispensed with in scientific works. The essential thing for the beginner is to have regular forms presented to him, to the exclusion, as far as possible, of isolated archaisms, and to have the defective distinctions of the MSS. supplemented by diacritics. I have not hesitated to substitute (¯) for (´) as the mark of length; the latter ought in my opinion to be used exclusively—in Icelandic as well as in Old English and Old Irish—to represent the actual accents of the MSS.

In the grammar I have to acknowledge my great obligations to Noreen's Altisländische Grammatik, which is by far the best Icelandic grammar that has yet appeared—at least from that narrow point of view which ignores syntax, and concentrates itself on phonology and inflections.

The texts are intended to be as easy, interesting, and representative as possible. With such a language, and such a master of it as Snorri to choose from, this combination is not difficult to realise. The beginner is indeed to be envied who makes his first acquaintance with the splendid mythological tales of the North, told in an absolutely perfect style. As the death of Olaf Tryggvason is given in the Reader only from the longer recension of the Heimskringla, I have been able to give the shorter text, which is admirably suited for the purposes of this book. The story of Auðun is not only a beautiful one in itself, but, together with the preceding piece, gives a vivid idea of the Norse ideal of the kingly

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Read at a Meeting of the Society held on the 3rd June, 1878.

one has happily defined a proverb to be "the wisdom of many and the wit of one." As the embodiment, often in terse epigrammatic form, of certain shrewd bits of worldly wisdom, proverbs are generally popular with the peasantry of every nation; and to judge from the homely metaphors and illustrations to be found in many proverbs, it is from the peasantry that they have usually originated. They are the stock-in-trade of rustic sacans, who, innocent of any book-knowledge, learn their wisdom from the sea, the sky and the heavenly bodies, from the habits of animals and the qualities of trees, fruits and flowers; or who gather lessons, it may be, of patience, thrift, or courage from incidents of their daily pursuits. To enable us to fully understand the national character of an Eastern people, who have no literature worthy of the name and who are divided from us by race, language, and religion, a study of their proverbs is almost indispensable. An insight is then obtained into their modes of thought, and their motives of action, and, from the principles inculcated, it is possible to form some estimate of what vices they condemn, and what virtues they admire.

In studying the manners and customs of a people, a knowledge of their proverbs is of great assistance. The genius of the Malay language is in favour of neat, pithy sentences, and it abounds, therefore, in these crystallisations, (if the expression can be permitted,) of prinutive wisdom and humour, though in this respect it is said to be inferior to the Javanese. Some open up perfect pictures of certain phases of rural life, and indeed are scarcely intelligible except to those whose knowledge of the country and mode of life of the people enables them to appreciate the local colouring. As a proof of their popularity, I may instance the frequent quotation of proverbs in the Malay newspapers which were started in the Colony of last year, and of which no less than three in the native character are now published weekly in Singapore. One can seldom take up the


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Rh character, which was the foundation of their whole political system. As the Reader does not include poetry (except incidentally), I have added one of the finest of the Eddaic poems, which is at the same time freest from obscurity and corruption—the song of Thor's quest of his hammer.

In the glossary I have ventured to deviate from the very inconvenient Scandinavian arrangement, which puts 'þ', 'æ', 'œ' right at the end of the alphabet.

I have to acknowledge the great help I have had in preparing the texts and the glossary from Wimmer's Oldnordisk Læsebog, which I consider to be, on the whole, the best reading-book that exists in any language. So excellent is Wimmer's selection of texts, that it was impossible for me to do otherwise than follow him in nearly every case.

In conclusion, it is almost superfluous to say that this book makes no pretension to originality of any kind. If it contributes towards restoring to Englishmen that precious heritage—the old language and literature of Iceland—which our miserably narrow scheme of education has hitherto defrauded them of, it will have fulfilled its purpose.

,

February, 1856.

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 "Jawi Peranakan" without finding an argument clenched, or an adversary answered by some well known "ibârat" (proverb), or "perupamaan" (similitude), a dictum of some forgotten sage from which there is no appeal.

To any one studying the language, Malay proverbs are extremely useful, not only because they contain many homely: words and phrases not usually to be met with in books, but also as examples of the art of putting ideas into very few words, in which the Malays excel; but which the student, whose thoughts will run in a European mould, finds it so difficult to acquire. Newbold, in his "Political and Statistical account of the British Settlements in the Straits of Malacca," which though published as long ago as 1839, is still by far the most valuable authority on Malay subjects in the English language, gives (vol. II, p. 335.) translations of a few Malay proverbs, but with this exception I am not aware that any collection in our language has hitherto been printed.

I began to collect Malay proverbs in 1871 while residing in Province Wellesley, where there is a large Malay population. The Malay and French dictionary of l'Abbé Favre, which was published in 1875, fell into my hands early last year, and I then found that I had been anticipated in my researches, not only by the learned and reverend author, but also by M. Klinkert, a Dutch gentleman, who, as early as 1863, published a collection of 183 Malay proverbs with a preface and notes in the Dutch language. M. Favre, in his preface, acknowledges his obligations to M. Klinkert's work in the following passage: "C'est ainsi M. Klinkert qui, dans un ouvrage spécial, nous a servi a compléter notre collection de proverbes Malais, extraits partiellement de divers auteurs: nous lui devons aussi les énigmes." The only copy of M. Klinkert's book which I have seen, a thin pamphlet of 51 pages, does not contain the enigmas mentioned in the foregoing quotation. It is probable therefore that later and more complete editions exist. In the very interesting and modest introduction which precedes M. Klinkert's collection of Malay proverbs, the author states that they are taken partly from the works of Abdullah bin Abdul Kadir Munshi, especially from his "Hikayat Abdullah" and his "Pelayaran," and partly, but more rarely, from other "Hikayat," from native "pantun," and from the lips of Malays themselves. For many proverbs in the collection he acknowledges bis indebtedness to the late Mr. Keasberry of Singapore, a man who, from his youth until he became an old man, "studied the Malays and their language, and who had the ad-


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 If the court finds that the accused did not commit the offence, the acts of the accused do not constitute an offence, the case has already been barred by limitation, or there is a lawful reason for which the accused should not be punished, the court shall dismiss the charge of the prosecutor and acquit the accused. But the court may order the accused to be detained or provisionally released pending finality of the case.

When the court finds that the accused committed the offence and his punishment cannot be exempted according to the law, the court shall punish the accused as per his guilt. But when finding it appropriate, the court may provisionally release the accused pending finality of the case.

A judgment or order must at least contain the following important items:

the name of the court and the day, month, and year;

the names of who the prosecutor and accused in the case are;

the subject;

the allegations and the replies;

the facts found from the trial;

the reasons for the ruling on both the questions of fact and those of law;

the provisions or sections invoked;

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 vantage of having the above-mentioned Abdullah as his teacher and assistant."

The author goes on to say that in publishing his small collection of proverbs, got together from these sources, he has a particular aim in view, namely, to encourage other students of the Malay language to complete the collection, by adding to it many proverbs which may exist unknown to him, "lest the study of Malay be neglected for the study of the Javanese language, to which the preference has been given rather too exclusively of late years (in the Dutch colonies)."

As far as Malay authors are concerned, the labours of the Abbé Favre and M. Klinkert in collecting Malay proverbs and aphorisms have, I think, been exhaustive. But there is a wide field left for the student who cares to amuse and instruct himself, and perhaps others, by picking up quaint sayings from the natives themselves. One difficulty, in making a collection of this sort, lies in deciding what to admit as a genuine proverb, and what to reject as a mere sententious remark or as a common metaphorical expression. M. Klinkert admits to a doubt as to whether "a mere phrase" may not here and there be found among the proverbs he publishes. M. Favre certainly gives several specimens in his dictionary which can hardly be considered proverbs, notably those quoted from a "livre de lectures" published in Singapore, which are in some instances mere moral maxims. I shall not pretend, however, in the collection now published, to confine myself to a more rigid rule than that adopted by previous collectors.

In this paper 1 propose only to supplement previous collections of Malay proverbs, and I shall not, therefore, include any of those which are to be found in Favre's dictionary, (except perhaps in cases where my version of a phrase differs from his); though I am aware that this rule deprives me of some of the best known and most characteristic specimens. Those now printed have been collected at various times and places. Listening to the humble details of a rural law-suit, or the simple annals" of a Malay village, I have occasionally picked up some saying alleged to have descended from the "orang inah-tuah" (the ancestors of the speaker) or the "orang dahulu kala" (the ancients) deserving of a place here; others I have noted down in conversation with Malays of all grades, from the raja to the ryot, and have verified by subsequent enquiry; for others again I am indebted to the kindness of friends, Malays and others.

As it has been necessary, in order to avoid reprinting what


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 has already been published by others, to examine carefully the works of Favre and Klinkert, the compilation of the following pages has involved more labour than their number would suggest. That they have been put together during the very moderate leisure permitted by official occupations will perhaps be an excuse for errors which may be discovered by later students.

 * 1. Enggang lalu, ranting patah.

"The hornbill flies past, and the branch breaks."

A saying often employed when circumstantial evidence seems to encourage suspicion against a person who is really innocent. The hornbill or rhinoceros-bird has a very peculiar flight, and the sound of its wings can be distinctly heard as it flies far overhead.

There are several kinds of hornbills in the Peninsula, and one variety with a very singular note is called by the Malay tebang mentuak, a nickname in justification of which the following story is told. A Malay, in order to be revenged on his mother-in-law, shouldered his axe and made his way to the poor woman's house and began to cut through the posts which supported it. After a few steady chops, the whole edifice came tumbling down, and he greeted its fall with a peal of laughter. To punish him for his unnatural conduct, he was turned into a bird and the tebang mentuah (feller of mother-in-law) may often be heard in the jungle uttering a series of sharp sounds like the chops of an axe on timber, followed by Ha, Ha, Ha.

 * 2. Ada bras, taroh didalam padi.

"If you have rice put it away under the un-husked grain."

An injunction to secrecy. An intention to injure any one should be kept secret, otherwise the person concerned may come to know of it and frustrate it.

 * 3. Ada hujan ada panas
 * Ada hari buleh balas.
 * "Now it is wet and now it is fine,
 * A day will come for retaliation."

A proverb for the consolation of the vanquished. As sunshine and rain alternate, so the loser of to-day may be the conqueror of to-morrow. Quickness at resenting an injury has always been held to be a prevailing characteristic of the Malay nature. Newbold (vol. II, p. 186) says that he had seeu Malay letters in which, in allusion to the desire of avenging an insult,


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Page:The Odyssey of Homer, with the Hymns, Epigrams, and Battle of the Frogs and Mice (Buckley 1853).djvu/475

 PUBLISHED OR SOLD BY HT. G. BOHN.

PICTURESQUE TOUR OF THE RIVER THAMES, in its Western Course, including particular Descriptions of Richmond, Windsor, and Hampton Court. By John Fisher Murray. Illustrated & upwards of 100 very highly-finished Wood Engravings by Orrin Smith, Branxston, Landells, Linton, and other eminent artists, to which are added sev»ral beautiful Copper and Steel Plate Engravings by Cooke and others. One large hand- some volume, royal Bvo (pub. at ??1L 5s, gilt cloth, ??12s 0d.              1845 The most beautiful volume of Topographical Lignographs ever produced.

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PRICE (SIR UVEDALE) ON THE PICTURESQUE in Scenery and Landscape Garden- ing, with an Essay on the Origin of Taste, and much additional matter. By Sir Thomas Dick Lauder, Bart. 8vo, with 60 beautiful Wood Engravings by Montagu Stanley (pub. at 1L 1s.), gilt cloth, 12s. 1842

PUGIN'S GLOSSARY OF ECCLESIASTICAL ORNAMENT AND COSTUME; setting forth the Origin, History, and .signirieatioii of the "a.io„a Emblems, Devices, and Sym- bolical Colours, peculiar to Christian Designs of the Middle Ages. Illustrated by nearly 80 Plans, splendidly printed in gold and colours. Royal 4to, half morocco extra, top edges gilt, 71. 7s.

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 you see a Vast long Room made like an L: on the left hand of this Gallery, there runs a perpetual glass window; on the other side are set a row of Pictures in great, of those of the Medicean Family: under the windows, and also under the said Pictures stand a row of curious Marble statues, ancient ones all, and of prime hands. Over the said windows and Pictures runs a close row of less Pictures, representing to the life the most famous men of later times for learning, and Armes; the Souldiers being on the right hand, and the Schollers on the left. The Statues aforesaid are well nigh a hundred in all, but all rare ones: Some whereof I yet remember, and they are these: That of Leda, of Diana, of Bacchus, of Hercules, of the Gladiator standing on his guard, of Scipio Africanus in Brass, shewing the ancient habit and dress of the old Romans, farr different from our modes: that of a little young youth in brass, with his Sword in his hand: that of a little boy sleeping upon a


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1. This book deals with Old Icelandic in its classical period, between 1200 and 1350.

2. The Icelandic alphabet was founded on the Latin, with the addition of þ and ð, and of the modified letters ę, ǫ, ø, which last is in this book written ö, ǫ̈.

3. The vowel-letters had nearly the same values as in Old English. Long vowels were often marked by (´). In this book long vowels are regularly marked by (¯) The following are the elementary vowels and diphthongs, with examples, and key-words from English, French (F.), and German (G.):—

 * - align="center"
 * a || as in || mann (G) || || halda (hold)
 * - align="center"
 * ā || " || father || || rāð (advice)
 * - align="center"
 * e || " || été (F) || || gekk (went)
 * - align="center"
 * ē || " || . . . || || lēt (let pret.)
 * - align="center"
 * ę || " || men || || męnn (men)
 * }

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 the determination as to the dismissal of the charge or infliction of punishment;

the ruling of the court regarding the exhibits or civil claims.

The judgment in a case relating to a petty offence is not required to contain subsections (4), (5), and (6).

An interlocutory order must at least contain—

the day, month, and year;

the legal reasons for its giving;

the order.

A judgment or order shall become operative from the day of its reading in public court onwards.

When an accused who has been sentenced to a punishment is impoverished and applies for a certified true copy of the judgment, the court shall furnish him with one copy free of costs.

No modification shall be made to a judgment or order which has been read already, save for the statements written or typed erroneously.

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 "PIDGIN" ENGLISH.

Read at a Meeting of the Society held on the 9th Dec. 1878.

Most visitors to the Far East have heard of Pidgin English, though its use is principally confined to Hongkong and the "Treaty" or open ports of China. How and when it took its origin is an unsolved mystery. The oldest living foreign resident in China recollects it as the standard means of communication, not merely between foreign masters and their domestic servants. but between the once fabulously rich members of the Congsee or "Thirteen Hongs." who, up to 1859, were alone permitted to transact business at Canton withoutside barbarians." But we fail to find any authentic record as to when it first assumed the dignity of a language or when proficiency in its phraseology was an object of ambition to dapper young Chinese clerks to enable them to fill the posts of interpreters aud squeeze-collectors. It appears to have been in common use when Dr. Morrison was achieving the herculean task of compiling the first Anglo-Chinese dictionary, some sixty or more years ago, and was probably current shortly after the East India Company's factory was first established at the City of Rams. I propose to occupy a few minutes of your time in briefly describing this latest addition to the philological family, and, it may be, to vindicate its claims to passing attention as illustrating under our own eyes a process which many tongues now ranking as important must have undergone in their earlier stages. There is a strong flavour of "Pidgin" in a good deal of the Law Latin and French of the 11th and 12th centuries. Pidgin English therefore, uncouth as it is, aids us in recalling how languistic [sic] changes were brought about in our own and kindred languages.

Speculation, however, as I have said, is woefully adrift in tracing its origin, and even its name has puzzled the brains of clever etymologists. The most popular and probably the most correct derivation is from the word "business" which


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 on the lips of a Chinaman utterly ignorant of English does sound something like "pidgin." But I must confess that this seems to me a rather far fetched origin though I cannot suggest anything better: nor, so far as I am aware, can any one else.

As regards the formation of this queer dialect we find less difficulty in arriving at a conclusion.

Of the natural tendency of language to assimilate words from sources foreign to its own origin we have numerous examples in everyday life. Hindostanee words have become a part and parcel of the English spoken in Great Britain, while numerous Spanish expressions are current in the United States. Spanish itself. again, has in Uruguay and Paraguay admitted a large admixture of Guarani, and the conservative Chinese have with equal facility adopted many words from Manchu and Mongolian. In all these cases the intruding vocables have at first passed as "slang" until custom has stamped them with the mint-mark of respectability. No visible effect is produced upon the languages in question by the presence of these strangers. Yet dialects are to be found which, beginning under similar circumstances, have so lost their original indentity [sic] in the process as to have become veritable philological "bastards." Such are the lingua franca of the Mediterranean, and the gitano or gypsey language of that vast tribe, of Hindoo origin. which still exists in every European country, its members, like Ishmael of old, having "their hand against every man, and every man's hand against them." The most recent of these bastard dialects, and necessarily less perfect in its individuality than those above-mentioned, is the Pidgin English under notice, which at the present day is spoken by some hundreds of thousands of Chinese upon the seaboard of their empire, and even threatens to extend to the coasts of Japan.

There was also, singularly enough, a native Chinese dialect in process of formation, which was to the colloquial of the district in which it existed what "pidgin" is to pure English. One effect of the Taiping rebellion, which caused an influx of natives from the districts of Central China to Shanghai, was to cause the formation of a fused dialect, consisting of words indifferently taken from those spoken at Shanghai, Canton, and Nanking. No great growth of this speech has been noticeable since the rebellion was crushed: but it bade fair at one time to contribute another to the already numerous varieties spoken in different parts of the empire.


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 touchstone: The head of Cicero in marble: that of Seneca: the Head of Michael Angelo Bonarota in Brass, of his own hand making: in fine, the head of Brutus one of Cæsars murderers; It was begun in Marble by Michael Angelo, but informedly; and so left by him: If you will know the reason why he finished it not, read the distich written in Brass under this head by the said sculptor himself, thus:

M. Dum Bruti effigiem Sculptor A. de marmore ducit,

B. In mentem sceleris Venit, & F. abstinuit.

The four corner letters signifying that Michael Angelus Bonarota Fecit. Among the Pictures, I took particular notice of these Souldiers, of Hannibal that frighted Rome: of Scipio that took Carthage and vanquished Hannibal: of Pyrrhus that made the Romans glad to make peace with him: of Scanderbeg that made the Great Turk afraid to fight with him: of Venerius that helpt to win the battel of Lepenta: of Alexander Farnese that never lost


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 It is not impossible that events will some day bring about this result, in which case it will probably attract considerable attention on the part of sinologues, as the tonal rules hitherto in force will be subjected to new and curious violations.

Still, with all this granted, none of the dialects or languages I have mentioned are precisely analogous to "pidgin English" which, broadly speaking, chiefly consists of the words of one language more or less mutilated. put together according to the idiom of another. Moreover there is, I fancy, no record of any dialect however uncouth having sprung up in so mushroom-like yet complete a manner. A member of our Council who very kindly took the trouble to send me some notes for this paper writes: "A great difficulty presents itself to my mind at once. How could a system of speech have got itself established so soon as pidgin English must have done, under the common view of its origin? Internal evidence appears to me to point to another source than the first English factory at Canton and a necessity not explained by the difficulties found by English in speaking Chinese or by Chinese in speaking English:" and he points ont that there is no pidgin Portuguese at Macao where the same difficulties should have led to the same results. I do not however quite agree with him. I should be inclined to say that the immense difficulty experienced by average Europeans in becoming fluent in Chinese is quite sufficient to account for any alternative being gladly adopted: while as regards Portuguese, though that spoken at Macao is not exactly "Pidgin" it is much deteriorated in Chinese mouths; moreover it is far easier for a Chinaman to learn than English, which is I imagine the most difficult of all European languages for the Chinese to master.

Let us turn to the principal rules which govern "pidgin English." and if possible. arrive at some conclusion as to its probable future. Altough [sic] only dating back to the early days of the East India Company. a sufficient time has elapsed since its origin to fix its formation within regular limits. Take, for instance, to begin with, the pronoun. This occurs only in the forms my, he, and you, which do duty both as personals and possessives "he" doing duty for "she" and it. "We" and "they" are rendered by thisee man, that man, the context implying when they are used in a personal rather than a demonstrative sense. The sentence "I saw hin" thus becomes "my have see he;" while "we went out" would be rendered "Allo thisee man go out." There is not here any analogy between the Chinese forms (resem-


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Page:Sean-Chaint na nDéise - Sheehan.pdf/39

 12. Is fada dhó-san" 'na       He has been a priest shagart.                       this long time. Is fada dhí-sin" curtha. It is a long time ago since she was buried.

13. Fear do’n ainm sin          A man of that name —do’n t-sloinne céadna. --of the same surname.

Ní do’n shloinne sin a          That is not the sur- dh'ainmnighe" ann na daoine    name by which the people iad.                            call them.

Note that sloinne aspirates or prefixes t.                              14. N'fheadar mé é sin            I cannot answer you duit. that question. Sa chaint dóibh. Whilst they were talking. 15. Thá sé dh'ainm aige. He has the reputation, name, of it. Bhí mé a' féachaint amach         I was looking out for do san. that, on my guard against it.

Do bhr-eath sé go raibh            He noticed that I was mé [ag] tabhairt iarrach[t]       making a cut at him (of do.                                speech).

16. Cad bu’ chor duit               What happened you annson’? then? How did you fare then? Pé rud is cor dúinn. However we fare (or                                    shall fare). Troid (thred) amach duit             Fight it out yourself. héin é.

17. Chuadar chu’ fada le              I went as far as B. to B. chun gaol dom. (see) a cousin of mine. Thá sé i dtuisgint duit             You understand it now. anois.


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Page:กม ร ๘ - ๒๔๗๘ fixed.pdf/1215

 When doubt arises as to the execution of a judgment or order, if any interested person submits a motion to the court which gave the judgment or order, that court shall provide a clear explanation.

No judgment or order shall be given in excess of what is applied for or in respect of what is unstated in the charge.

If the court finds that the facts shown from the trial differ from the facts stated in the charge, the court shall dismiss the charge instituting the case.

If the court finds that some of the facts stated in the charge and of those shown from the trial are not what the prosecutor desires the punishment for, the court shall not punish the accused on account of those facts.

If the court finds that the prosecutor has successfully proved the facts according to the charge but he cites incorrect offences or legal provisions, the court has the power punish the accused according to the correct offences.

If the offence charged consists of various acts each of which may constitute the offence by itself, the court may punish the accused on account of any of the acts discovered through the trial.

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Page:Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society (IA journalofstrait121878roya).pdf/233

 bling our own) and the rude substitutes adopted. All native dialects have I, he, we, you, and they, the possessives (in Mandarin being regularly formed by the addition of ti, of: thus, wo, I; wo ti, mine. The article and conjunction are entirely dispensed with in "pidgin" as they are colloquially in Chinese, the word "together" being used as a copulative only in extreme cases. Verbs are in "pidgin English" conjugated by the use of such words as hab, by me-by &c. Thus "I saw him" becomes "my hab looksee he": "I shall get it" is "my by me-by catchee he." The infinitives of most words are made to end in ee: likee, wantsee, waitee. The word belong or b'long also does duty as an auxiliary "I am a Chinaman" being "my b'long Chinee." The subjunctive also is formed by adding this word belong: "you should go" being expressed as "you b'long go." "If I go" is "sposee my go" and beyond this there are no means of expressing the other tenses except by clumsy combinations. "If I had gone" is "sposee my have go." B'long, of course, stands for "it belongs to your business to."

The comparison of adjectives is effected by prefixing the words "more" and "too muchee." though the ordinary comparative form is often used in conjunction with the first-named: thus, good. more better pronounced beitah), too muchee good; largee (also pronounced lahgee), more largee, too muchee big. The Chinese form is simple enough: "I am better than he is" being "I, than he, good;" or in the superlative, "that is the best." "that, than all, exceeding good.” Pidgin English uses our own handy "yes" and "no" in place of the awkward "it is," "it is not," of Chinese. These examples show that, as regards grammatical structure, "pidgin" is in the main an imperfect adaptation of our own rules. But the general construction of sentences is essentially Chinese. “Go to the post-office and bring me a letter" would be rendered just as it would be translated in a native dialect: "You savee that post-officee: go looksee have got one chit b'long my; sposee have got you makee bling." The absence of a relative form necessitates the cutting up of all long phrases into short sentences both in Chinese and pidgin English.

Such being in short, some of the most important grammatical peculiarities of this dialect. Let us turn to its pronunciation. There are certain sounds which the Chinaman has from custom an inherent difficulty in pronouncing. Thus, he cannot sound the final ge of "large" except as a separate syilable, so he adds an e and makes it largee. A similar dis-


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Page:กม ร ๘ - ๒๔๗๘ fixed.pdf/1166

 When a person sentenced to imprisonment has been imprisoned until completion of his term, or is released upon a royal pardon, or is ruled to be conditionally released, or is exempted from the punishment by a law, or has his imprisonment come to an end for a different reason, the court shall issue a warrant of release for him.

A warrant of detention, warrant of imprisonment, or warrant of release must be executed with dispatch.

A warrant of arrest shall be operative throughout the Kingdom.

Execution of a warrant of arrest may be based upon a certified true copy of the warrant or upon a telegraphic notice of issuance of the warrant. But in the latter case, the warrant or its certified copy shall be sent with dispatch to the official executing the warrant.

No administrative or police official shall arrest any person without a warrant of arrest, save in the following events:

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Page:A Treatise concerning the Use and Abuse of the Marriage Bed.djvu/339

 get him bound to the Behaviour of a Christian, for fear of being murthered in the lawful Method of Man and Wife.

by Day will be Madmen by Night; they that have no government of themselves one Way, how should they have it another Way? I expect it will be objected here, that the Nations which I have named, such as the Turks and Moors, though they drink no Wine, and do not feed, as we do, upon Flesh, yet are as wicked and vitious as other People.

those Nations are vitious, may be true; and having no Laws of Conscience or Religion to restrain them, they are, no doubt, much the worse. But yet I deny one Part, (viz.) that they are so privately wicked, so (lawfully Lewd) as I call it, as we are; they have their many Wives, as they will, but not so much conjugal Lewdness as, I believe, we have; and I have many Reasons to think so.

Subject of this Chapter is indeed, but have I not given twenty Instances of Matrimonial Whoredom in the compass of this Work? Is not the common ordinary Course of our married loose Ones, a Series of most scandalous Doings, such and of such a Kind, as the Mahometans and Savages, who have no guide but Nature, no check but the aversions of common Sense, would abhor?

the same Nature with this, is that of a Man coming to his Wife after Child-bearing, and before her Body be sufficiently cleansed from its natural Impurities; before the Seasons set apart for her proper Purgations are finished. This is an Article to be lightly touch'd too, because (forsooth) we will not bear to be spoken plainly to, of


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, after the completion of his campaigns, had, as we have seen above, a long tranquil life, probably from his fortieth till nearly his ninetieth year, devoted to literature, during which he not only collected materials for his 'Hellenica' (the contemporary history of Greece), but also wrote his 'Anabasis,' his 'Recollections of Socrates,' his 'Education of Cyrus,' and several minor works above enumerated. These opuscula, composed from time to time, as the fancy took him, show Xenophon as the earliest of essay-writers. His subjects were varied enough, and this circumstance gives an interest to his works; but yet we find that his ideas were somewhat limited. He constantly reproduces under different forms the same ideal type of human life and character. And this ideal type is nothing transcendental or impossible; it is thoroughly healthy, but it has a certain suggestion of mediocrity.

Xenophon had a great capacity for friendship, and a tendency to what in modern times has been called


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150 "hero-worship." During his earlier life he had, at successive periods, two great objects for these sentiments—Socrates and Agesilaus, a philosopher and a king. In his 'Eulogy of Agesilaus' he pays a tribute to the king, analogous to that which, in the 'Recollections of Socrates,' he paid to the philosopher. He does not write the life of Agesilaus, but merely gives a brief summary of some of his chief public performances in war and diplomacy, and then dilates upon his virtues. Agesilaus—who, according to Plutarch, was a short, rather mean-looking man, lame of one foot—appears to have produced a great impression upon Xenophon. But Xenophon had not the dramatic faculty requisite for portrait-painting in words. The catalogue of qualities assigned to his hero does not bring a living personality before us, but rather reads like the list of particulars in the Linnæan classification of a plant. Nor is it easy to distinguish the historical Agesilaus of Xenophon, drawn from the life, from the pseudo-historical Cyrus, drawn from fancy. Xenophon in this matter appears almost like a school-boy who can only draw one face, which he accordingly repeats for ever.

Agesilaus was, of course, according to Xenophon, a great disciplinarian, and very scrupulous in all religious observances. "A spectator would have been cheered at seeing Agesilaus first, and after him the rest of the soldiers, crowned with chaplets whenever they returned from the place of exercise, and dedicating their chaplets to Diana; for how can it be otherwise than that a cause should be hopeful, when it


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Rh supporters reverence the gods, practise warlike exercises, and observe obedience to their commanders?" Item, he was very trustworthy, and "paid such respect to what was divine, that even his enemies considered his oaths and compacts more to be relied on than friendship among themselves." Item, he was extremely moderate and self-controlled in eating, drinking, sleep, and all the pleasures of sense. He acted on the principle that "it becomes a prince to surpass private persons, not in effeminacy, but in endurance." Item, he was very brave in war, and very successful as a general; very patriotic and subordinate to the laws of his country; very affable and unostentatious as king; living plainly, being accessible to all, and as unlike as possible to the kings of Persia. He attained a great age in health and vigour, and "was borne to his eternal home" honoured and lamented by all. Such is the character of Agesilaus, as given by Xenophon in eleven chapters. It is a dull picture, conveying the notion rather of respectability than of greatness. Those who wish to see a portrait of the same man in brighter colours may refer to Plutarch's 'Lives.'

The 'Hiero,' another of Xenophon's minor works, is a neat little essay in the form of a dialogue, on the advantages, or otherwise, in the lot of a "tyrant,"—that is, an absolute monarch, whose rule has been founded on the overthrow of constitutional government. The history of the Second Empire in France tends to give a particular interest to this discussion, which Xenophon attributes to the courtly Greek poet Simonides and Hiero I., the tyrant of Syracuse. Many would like


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Page:Knight's Quarterly Magazine series 1 volume 3 (August–November 1824).djvu/462

 had taken upon him to build Mr. Mule’s house, had totally overlooked the paramount occasions on which young ladies might wish to step out of them. A great architect should think of such things; for surely it must trouble his repose, when he comes look back coolly upon his past life, to recollect that he only and his cursed plans have stepped between many a pair of lovers and the tenderest meetings. It is impossible to calculate the amount of human suffering which such master-builders may have caused. And, with regard to Mr. Mule’s master-builder in particular, be it hereby made known to the whole literary world, that he only was the cause that, in bending out too far, Miss Fanny Blumaner lost her balance and fell out. It is true that the cornet caught her in his arms, but that was a mere accident; and the whole case is a warning to master-builders how they can attempt to build houses in which young ladies are to live, any more than to build epic poems, without first solemnly asking themselves (as Horace directs)

But, to leave master-builders to their own sad reflections, let us attend to Miss Fanny, who uttered a slight scream on finding herself standing upon the lawn; whether from joy at her unexpected liberation, or from terror at the mode of it, we do not pretend to be certain. A faint echo of this scream penetrated through the dreams of the two dragons; and both awoke simultaneously. Mr. Mule was dreaming at the moment of a basilisk; the basilisk turned into a dragon, and the dragon into a Prussian dragoon, who seemed to be in the act of throwing his arms about some fair marble statue that stood upon the lawn before his house. The statue screamed, and Mr. Mule awoke. On the other hand, Mrs. Tabitha having been reading before bed-time of some Turk who absolutely maintained a harem in London during the reign of Queen Anne, was dreaming that this wicked Turk insisted on adding herself to his female museum; which vile design however, we are happy to assure the public and the lovers of virtue in particular, she was resisting in the most determined manner. Waking at this particular moment, Mrs. Tabitha saw nothing but what was very natural in the circumstance of the scream; she felt herself fully warranted in appropriating the scream as the natural expression of her own. An English poet has recorded, in two striking lines, that he was awoke under circumstances not very dissimilar—viz. at the very moment when he was charging the enemy, and had his victory torn from him in


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152 to have had the opportunity of questioning Louis Napoleon at the period of his greatest prosperity as to his enjoyment, or otherwise, of the power reached by the coup d'état of the 2d December; and such was the kind of question supposed to be addressed to King Hiero by Simonides. Hiero's answer is of the most gloomy description. He says that it is a mere popular delusion to fancy that tyrants are to be envied. They have not half the pleasure, and they suffer twice the pains, that private individuals do. Their enjoyments are dulled by satiety—they cannot travel, they cannot realise the full pleasures of love because they never can be sure that their affection is returned. "Indeed, there are none from whom conspiracies against kings proceed more frequently than from those who have affected to love them with the greatest sincerity." "If peace is thought to be a great good to mankind, tyrants have the least participation of it; if war is deemed a great evil, kings have the greatest share of it. Private individuals, if they go to make war in an enemy's country, still find, as soon as they return home, that there is safety for them there; but tyrants, when they come to their capitals, are conscious that they are then in the midst of the greatest number of enemies." "They distinguish, no less than private persons, which of their subjects are wise and just, and of a constitutional spirit; but, instead of regarding such characters with admiration, they look upon them with dread. They fear men of courage, lest they should make some bold attempt in favour of liberty; men of abilities, lest they should engage in some con-


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Rh spiracy; men of virtue, lest the multitude should desire to be governed by them. But when, from apprehension, they have removed such characters out of the way, what others are left them to employ in their service except the dishonest, and licentious, and servile?" So far from a tyrant being happier than other men, his state of mind may be summed up by saying that "he passes day and night as if he were condemned by the whole human race to die for his usurpation."

On hearing this statement, Simonides asks, "Why, if such be all that your position of royalty has to give, do you not voluntarily abdicate?" But Hiero answers that this very thing is one of the worst features of usurped royalty—that it is impossible to set one's self free from it. "For how can any tyrant command sufficient resources to make restitution of property to those from whom he has taken it, or how can he make atonement to those whom he has cast into prison, or for those whom he has unjustly put to death? In short, a tyrant can have no comfort either in keeping his throne or resigning it; so the only thing left for him to do is—to hang himself." Simonides, however, offers consolation by observing that the dissatisfaction felt by Hiero proceeds from the amiability of his disposition, which leads him to desire the love of mankind. He assures him that this may still be obtained by a right use of the advantages of his position—by showing graciousness and affability; by developing the resources of the state, and so benefiting all; by using his mercenary soldiers as police for the repression of crime; by spending his private means on


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Page:Sunset Magazine vol. 31.pdf/9

 PAGE

Founder of California, The - Michael Williams 947

400 Years Afterward, Portola Festival 1236

Fruitful Subject, A. Verse - Ray Temple House 568

Good Roads and Automobiles 192, 390, 584, 776, 796, 1022, 1262

Governor and His Bad Boys, A. Arizona 774

Grubbing Her Way to Health 774

Hawaii—Keeping the Coast Clear - Arthur Dunn 122

Healthy Conversion, A. Story - Herman Whitaker 718

Hill, Samuel - C. E. Fisher 542

Hilgard, Eugene Waldemar - Lela Angier Lenfest 151

Hobbs, Miss Fern - Will T. Kirk 348

Home of the Brave, The. Cartoon - Clifton Meek 568

Homestead. Story - Edith Ronald Mirrielees 1150

Homes of California, Stately - Porter Garnett 1198

Honors to Verdi in San Francisco 1004

Immigration—The Anticipated Immigrant - Robert Newton Lynch 1144

In Hammock Land. Verse - Lucia E. Smith 119

Interesting Westerners

The Founder of Scientific Agriculture in California–Eugene Waldemar Hilgard - Lela Angier Lenfest 151

A Life Saver in Hawaii—James T. Wayson - Henrietta Goodnough Hull 153

The Girl of the Portola Poster–Emma de Velasco - William L. Hatch 155

A Man of "Multiphase Power"—H. H. Sinclair - Lewis R. Freeman 344

A Secretary and Her Salary–Miss Fern Hobbs - Will T. Kirk 348

Every Inch a Soldier—Lieutenant-General S. B. M. Young - Waldon Fawcett 350

Tamer of Wild Spirits—William Mullen - 'Alex. R. Schmidt 355

A National Road Builder—Samuel Hill - C. E. Fisher 542

The Only Woman Railroad President—Mrs. Meta J. Erickson - James P. Howe 544

Chief of Police of "Spotless Town"—Gus Vollmer - Harold French 546

The Guardian of Oregon's Orchards—Prof. P. J. O'Gara - O. H. Barnhill 749

A Humane Worker in Honolulu—Miss Rose Davison - Henrietta Goodnough Hull 751

A Specialist on Ramie—George William von Schlichten - Arthur Dunn 753

The Roadmaker of British Columbia–Thomas Taylor - C. L. Armstrong 978

A Woman of Vision—Dr. Luella Clay Carson - Lela Angier Lenfest 981

A Plant-Master and His Power—Luther Burbank - Henry Meade Bland 983

The Landscape Gardener of the Panama-Pacific International Expostion 1915–John McLaren - Lela Angier Lenfest 1215

A Brace of Champions—Mr. and Mrs. M. J. Champion - De Witt L. Harry 1217

An Aviator on Earth—Glenn Curtiss - Edwin L. Sabin 1219

In the Morning of Time - Charles G. D. Roberts

Foreword 483

The Finding of Fire 686

The Children of the Shining One 908

The Puller-Down of Trees 1204

Investment Bankers' Association of America, The - George B. Caldwell 210

Is There Any Hope for Mexico? - E. Alexander Powell, F. R. G. S. 297

Japanese—Keeping the Coast Clear - Arthur Dunn 122

Junipero Serra, The Founder of California - Michael Williams 947

Keeping the Coast Clear—Hawaii - Arthur Dunn 122

Kelley Afoot. Story - Hamlin Garland 919

Land of Magic Names, The Pacific Northwest - E. Alexander Powell, F. R. G. S. 67

Land Where Life is Large, The—Oregon - William R. Lighton 459

Lie-Bill, The. Story - George Pattullo 473

Lively Progress for El Camino Real 566

Long Chance, The Serial - Peter B. Kyne

VIII. The Stage Robber 129

IX. The Desert Inquisition 320

X. The End of the Game 525

Los Angeles. Verse - Nathan Haskell Dole 1006

Los Angeles Aqueduct 1240

Making of a State, The—Arizona - George W. P. Hunt 681

Man Who Won, The. Part 1. Serial - William R. Lighton 1125

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"Mr. Stratemeyer has seldom introduced a more popular hero than Dave Porter. He is a typical boy, manly, brave, always ready for a good time if it can be obtained in an honorable way."—Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wis.

"Edward Stratemeyer's 'Dave Porter' has become exceedingly popular."—Boston Globe.

"Dave and his friends are nice, mainly chaps."—Times-Democrat, New Orleans.

DAVE PORTER AT OAK HALL Or The School Days of an American Boy

DAVE PORTER IN THE SOUTH SEAS Or The Strange Cruise of the Stormy Petrel

DAVE PORTER'S RETURN TO SCHOOL Or Winning the Medal of Honor

DAVE PORTER IN THE FAR NORTH Or The Pluck of an American Schoolboy

DAVE PORTER AND HIS CLASSMATES Or For the Honor of Oak Hall

DAVE PORTER AT STAR RANCH Or The Cowboy's Secret

DAVE PORTER AND HIS RIVALS Or The Chums and Foes of Oak Hall

DAVE PORTER ON CAVE ISLAND Or A Schoolboy's Mysterious Mission

DAVE PORTER AND THE RUNAWAYS Or Last Days at Oak Hall

DAVE PORTER IN THE GOLD FIELDS Or The Search for the Landslide Mine

DAVE PORTER AT BEAR CAMP Or The Wild Man of Mirror Lake

DAVE PORTER AND HIS DOUBLE Or The Disappearance of the Basswood Fortune

DAVE PORTER'S GREAT SEARCH Or The Perils of a Young Civil Engineer

DAVE PORTER UNDER FIRE Or A Young Army Engineer in France

DAVE PORTER'S WAR HONORS Or At the Front with the Fighting Engineers


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Page:Sunset Magazine vol. 31.pdf/10

PAGE Manufacturing on the Pacific Coast - Walter W. Woehlke 1161

Mark Twain's "Cannon" - Harry Arthur Powell 778

McLaren, John - Lela Angier Lenfest 1215

Mexico, Is There Any Hope for - E. Alexander Powell, F. R. G. S. 297

Miller, Joaquin, Scattering the Ashes of - Gabriel Moulin 170

Miracle of the Train, The. Verse - Antoinette DeCoursey Patterson 1171

Missions

Motoring to Mass at Pala - Eleanor Gates 730

The Founder of California - Michael Williams 947

Mission Bells. Verse - Bret Harte 952

Motoring Articles

Trailing Bret Harte by Motor - Peter B. Kyne 97

Motoring on Mount Rainier - Carpenter Kendall 304

Three Thousand Miles on the Back Seat - Eloise Roorbach 486

Corona Automobile Race Track. Photo 564

Motoring to Mass at Pala - Eleanor Gates 730

Autobirds of Passage - E. Alexander Powell, F. R. G. S. 1115

Mountain Play, The. 2 photographs - Gabriel Moulin 120, 121

Moving Pictures—Filming the South Seas - Edmund Mitchell 954

Mullen, William - Alex. R. Schmidt 355

Musical Buccaneer, The. Verse - Perry Newberry 176

My Pepper Tree Tent. Verse - Jessie Pryse Arthur 372

New Place—Stately Homes of California - Porter Garnett 1198

New Stanford, The - Everell W. Smith 494

New to the New, The. Verse - Jessica N. North 946

O'Gara, Prof. P. J. - O. H. Barnhill 749

Old Book, An. Verse - Eunice Ward 1008

Open Country. Verse Eunice Ward 344

Oregon—The Land of Magic Names - E. Alexander Powell, F. R. G. S. 67

Oregon—The Land Where Life is Large - William R. Lighton 459

Panama Canal

When the Canal "Starts Something" - Arthur Street 940

Colored photograph of Gatun Locks - Earle Harrison 1114

Four photographs - Edward H. Kemp 1244

Panama-California Exposition—What an Exposition is for - D. C. Collier 145

Panama-Pacific Exposition Today, The 1191

Pasadena Bridge. Photo 566

"Peer Gynt" out of doors - J. Frederick Thorne 1242

Pendleton's Annual Round-up 772

Personal Conductor, The - Rufus Steele 518

Portola—400 Years Afterward 1236

Possibility, A. Verse - George Sterling 481

Prison Reform—Arizona 774

Pulse of the West - Walter V. Woehlke 157, 357, 549, 757, 986, 1222

Railroad Series

The Personal Conductor - Rufus Steele 518

The Red Car of Empire - Rufus Steele 710

Red Car of Empire, The - Rufus Steele 710

Robinson Crusoe Syndicate, The. Story - Peter B. Kyne 927

Romance of Patrolman Casey, The. Verse - Ellis Parker Butler 780

Roses. Verse - Percy C. Ainsworth 321

Rhyme of the Matchless Maid. Verse - Eunice Ward 774

Sane Fourth at Zoo City, A. Verse - Camilla J. Knight 172

Santa Claus on "The Limited" 1236

"Seer, The," A scene from 1006

Serra, the Founder of California - Michael Williams 947

Service Bureau - Walter V. Woehlke 1246

Shasta, Summer and Snow on. Photos - C. R. Miller 374

Sheep-Herder, The. Verse - Margaret Ashmun 1136

Shopping Early. Cartoon - A. R. Wheelan 1234

Sinclair, H. H. - Lewis R. Freeman 344

Siskiyou Memory, A. Verse - W. P. Burns 206

Smokestacks on the Pacific - Walter V. Woehlke 1161

Song of the Homesteaders. Verse - Alice Day Pratt 327

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 in which the wife and mother goes to work outside of the house, for eight hours a day, ten if you include the trip both ways! Her home is necessarily neglected, the children grow up without any maternal care, left to themselves and all the dangerous risks of the street, in which they spend the greater part of their time. The wife, the mother, who is a worker, sweats blood to fill three tasks at the same time: to give the necessary working hours as her husband does, in some industry or commercial establishment, then to devote herself as well as she can to her household and then also to take care of her children. Capitalism has placed on the shoulders of the woman a burden which crushes her: it has made of her a wage-worker without having lessened her cares as a housekeeper and mother. We therefore find the woman crushed under her triple, insupportable burden, forcing from her often a swiftly smothered cry of pain, and more than once causing the tears to mount to her eyes. Care has always been the lot of woman, but never has woman's lot been more unfortunate, more desperate than that of millions of working women under the capitalist yoke to-day, while industry is in its period of greatest expansion.

The more widespread becomes the wage labor of woman, the further progresses the decomposition of the family. What a family life, in which the man and wife work in the factory in different departments; in which the wife has not even the time to prepare a decent meal for her offspring! What a family life when father and mother out of the twenty-four hours of the day, most of which


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 are spent at hard labor, cannot even spend a few minutes with their children! It was quite different formerly; the mother, mistress of the house, remained at home, occupied with her household duties and her children, whom she did not cease to watch with her attentive eye—to-day, from early in the morning until the factory whistle blows, the working woman hastens to her work, and when evening has come, again, at the sound of the whistle, she hurries home to prepare the family's soup and to do the most pressing of her household duties; after an ail too scant sleep, she begins on the next day her regular grind. It is a real workhouse, this life of the married working woman! There is nothing surprising, therefore, in the fact that under these conditions the family ties loosen and the family itself disintegrates more and more. Little by little all that formerly made the family a solid whole is disappearing, together with its stable foundation. The family is ceasing to be a necessity for its members as well as for the State. The ancient forms of the family are becoming merely a hindrance.

What was it that made the family strong in the days of old? In the first place, the fact that it was the husband and father who supported the family; in the second place, that the home was a thing equally necessary to all the members of the family; and in the third and last place, that the children were brought up by the parents. What is left of all this to-day? The husband, we have just seen, has ceased to be the sole support of the family. The wife, who goes to work, has become the equal of her husband in this respect. She has learned to earn her own living and often also that of her children and her husband. This still leaves us as thefunction of the family the bringing-up and


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 the support of the children while very young. Let us now see whether the family is not about to-be relieved also even of this task just mentioned.

There was a time when the entire life of women in the poorer class, in the city as well as in the country, was passed in the bosom of the family. Beyond the threshold of her own house, the woman knew nothing and doubtless hardly wished to know anything. To compensate for this, she had within her own house a most varied group of occupations, of a most necessary and useful kind, not only to the family itself but also to the entire state. The woman did everything that is now done by any working woman or peasant woman. She cooked, she washed, she cleaned the house, she went over and mended the family clothing; but she not only did that. She had also to discharge a great.number of duties which are no longer done by the woman of to-day: she spun wool and linen; she wove cloth and garments, she knitted stockings, she made lace, and she took up, as far as her resources permitted, the pickling and smoking of preserved foods; she made beverages for the household; she moulded her own candles. How manifold were the duties of the woman of earlier times! That is how the life of our mothers and our grandmothers passed. Even in our own days, in certain remote villages way off in the country, far from the railroads and the big rivers, you may still run across little spots where this mode of life of the good old time has been preserved unchanged, in which the mistress of the house is overburdened with labors of which the working woman of the big cities and of


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 the populous industrial regions have for a long time had no idea.

In the days of our grandmothers this domestic work was an absolutely necessary and useful thing, on which depended the well-being of the family; the more the mistress of the house applied herself to these duties, the better was life in the house and the more order and affluence it presented. Even the State was able to draw some profit from this activity of woman as a housekeeper. For, as a matter of fact, the woman of other days did not limit herself to preparing potato soup either by herself or to be prepared by the family, but her hands also created many products of wealth, such as cloth, thread, butter, etc., all of which were things which could serve as commodities on the market and which therefore could be considered as merchandise, as things of value.

It is true that in the time of our grandmothers and great-grandmothers their labor was not estimated in terms of money. But every man, whether he was a peasant or a worker, sought for a wife a woman with "hands of gold," as is still the proverbial saying among the people. For the resources of man alone, "without the domestic work of woman," would have been insufficient to keep their future household going. But on this point the interests of the state, the interests of the nation, coincided with those of the husband: the more active the woman turned out to be in the bosom of her family, the more she created products of all kinds: cloth, leather, wool the surplus of which was sold in the neighbouring market; and thus the economic prosperity of the country as a whole was increased.


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But capitalism has changed all this ancient mode of living. All that was formerly produced in the bosom of the family is now being manufactured in quantity in workshops and factories. The machine has supplanted the active fingers of the wife. What housekeeper would now occupy herself in moulding candles, spinning wool, weaving cloth? All these products can be bought in the shop next door. Formerly, every young girl would learn to knit stockings. Do you ever see a young working woman now knitting her own stockings? In the first place she would not have the time. Time is money, and no one wants to waste money in an unproductive manner, that is without getting some profit from it. Now every housekeeper who is also a working woman is more interested in buying her stockings ready-made than losing her time by making them herself. Few and far between are the working women who could take up their time in pickling cucumbers or in making preserves when they remember that the grocery store next door has pickles and preserves ready to sell. Even if the product sold in the store is of an inferior quality, and even though the factory preserves are not as good as those made at home by the hands of an economical housekeeper, the working woman nevertheless has neither the time nor the strength which must be applied in any extensive operations of this kind for her own household. However this may be, the fact is that. the contemporary family is becoming more and more liberated from all domestic labors, without which concern our grandmothers could hardly have imagined a family. What was formerly produced in the bosom of the family is now produced by the common