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 been out one year or twenty in the eyes of the underclassmen, he is an "old man" who is to be looked up to as a hero, and to be followed as an example.

With us drinking and gambling are not allowed in the chapter houses, and all fraternities have definite rules against these practices which are pretty faithfully kept. "One of our alumni made so much betting on the Minnesota game that he is going to buy us a new rug," a freshman said to me not long ago. It did not seem to occur either to the freshman or to the alumnus that there was inconsistency in furnishing a house, in which gambling is prohibited, from the proceeds of money won by gambling. "The greatest shock and disillusionment I ever received," an upperclassman from a neighboring university recently confessed to me, "was to be called on in my freshman year to help put to bed one of the heroes and former athletes of our chapter who had returned to visit the college and the chapter, and who was brought into the house too drunk to help himself. All the influence for good which his reputation had had upon my life was wiped out by seeing him in that condition." "What are we to do?" the president of one of our most prominent fraternities asked me only a few weeks ago. "We have a house rule against drinking, but if our alumni are not furnished with something to drink they


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 will be out of humor, will make us all unhappy, and will probably bring liquor into the house no matter what we say against it." One such experience will ruin all the good work which may have been done by the officers of the active chapter during the year.

Only this week I had a conversation with a group of old college men whose escapades had not been quite creditable and who excused themselves on the ground that what they had done would not influence the upperclassmen, and that they had not allowed the freshmen to take any part in the performance. It would be an imbecile lot of freshmen who did not know what was going on and who was either not ashamed of it or made worse by it. Not even the ritual sets before the undergraduate members of the fraternity the ideals of the organization as do the words and actions and general bearing of the returning alumnus. Without giving a word of direct precept he may yet leave behind him an influence and an inspiration which are immeasurable. If his return, however, is in order that he may live over again the follies of youth and if he leaves behind him the memory of a beery breath and a vulgar tongue he is not helping to raise the standards of fraternities as their best friends wish might be done. The sensible undergraduate officer of the fraternity always deplores such escapades, but he does not

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 wish to seem discourteous to the returning alumnus or to make him angry, and he usually sees no way out of the embarrassment but to endure in the hope that the underclassmen will not notice the disgraceful proceeding or that he will be so disgusted with it as not to be injured by it.

The experienced alumnus may exert a powerful influence in the suggestion or advice which out of his wider experience he may offer to the chapter. Although the undergraduate fraternity man usually keeps in mind the fact that the responsibility for running the fraternity is on him and he wishes the alumnus also to keep this in mind, yet he is not averse to taking advice if it is offered at the proper time and in the right spirit. Sometimes, however, the alumnus, returning after an absence of many years, exaggerates the apparent faults of the chapter and attempts by a hammer and tongs method to correct them at once. Ordinarily he fails, and injures the chapter more than he helps it. Only a few days ago I listened to a young fraternity man out of college but a few years, criticising his fraternity most severely. He was somewhat incensed at me because I had found occasion to praise them for the stand they were taking in certain matters. "I jump on them," he said. "I believe in giving them hell; if they are praised it gives them the swell head." He could not see that being an alumnus he was an


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 adviser rather than a director of the affairs of the chapter, and that the character of his criticisms destroyed his influence for good. Nor could he appreciate the fact that the chapter was in a better condition, had a better standing, and had higher ideals than when he was an active member of it. His presence was endured, but his advice, even such of it as was worth while, was entirely discredited.

I believe that those men who have been a part of the fraternity, who have worked for it and in it, and who have assimilated its ideals even though it be only in part, but who are now out of its active membership still love the organization though sometimes it may be with a somewhat dormant passion, and still want to help it. If the fraternity is to overcome present prejudice, if it is to reach a higher plane, it will be by the general coöperation of the members, active and alumni. In the world at large and in the communities from which our educational institutions draw students the alumni of fraternities are the only men who can truthfully present the facts about these organizations and who can correct the erroneous impressions which actually exist. They can spread the knowledge of what Greek-letter fraternities actually are, and they can better than any other men help to make them what they ought to be. The active chapters must draw their alumni and


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 faculty members closer to them than they have heretofore done, and the returning alumnus must give his best endeavor to help the active chapter live up to its regulations and its ideals rather than to break them down in order that he may prove what a dead game sport he once was. The undergraduate members of a fraternity should be able to look to their alumni for financial help when it is needed, for some suggestion and advice, for examples of sterling self-controlled character which have been wrought out by striving for the ideals which the fraternity set up. In this way the alumni may do for the fraternity what no one else can do.


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A neighbor of mine is a man who has moved into town from a farm because, tired of certain deprivations of the country, he wishes to enjoy the conveniences of urban life. He is finically careful and thoughtful for the comfort of every member of his family. The smooth cement walk leading by his house to town, the paved street for his automobile, the city water system, and electric lights all contribute to his pleasure and the pleasure of his family. He does not object to paying for these because they touch his own life directly. General city improvements he opposes. He does not want a respectable city building, he voted against the new high school, he rails against improving the park system. He has family spirit but no city spirit.

When I first began teaching in the University I had an experience with a young fellow in one of my classes whom I detected helping another man short on facts through a final examination. When I demurred at the proceeding and asked for an explanation he informed me that the needy student was a fraternity brother of his in intellectual distress, and that loyalty to his fraternity required that he help out this mentally indigent man. I tried to explain to him that he owed certain obligations to the college to which he was


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 disloyal by his dishonest acts, but I had a hard time to get him to see the point. He was impelled by misconceived fraternity spirit; he was lacking in college spirit.

Sometimes a man in his over-enthusiasm for an organization of which he may be a member forgets that the fraternity is only a minor part of the college, and that his obligation to the college should be first and foremost. It is this point that an organization does not grasp that is willing to run secretly in violation of a college regulation, and it is in this regard that a national organization finds its case indefensible when it permits a chapter to continue in opposition to the rules of the college. It is just the difference between loyalty to an organization and loyalty to the college.

The relative obligations which he is under as regards family and state and nation have confused many a man of mature years. It is not always easy to determine rightly which of a number of obligations should take precedence, which one has the most weight. Not an hour ago I received a letter from a man who had some years ago contracted a debt now long since due. Referring to this debt he said, "I can do nothing less than acknowledge that the debt to which you refer is a just one and one which I expect to meet, but only recently I have contracted other obligations which


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 seem to me more binding—obligations which I feel must be discharged before I meet the previous one." I might perhaps be willing to argue the question with him, but his is a problem which every man sooner or later must meet.

What one owes to the college and what: one owes to his fraternity will continually come up for discussion. Many men feel that when they have met their obligations to their fraternity their duty is done. I have even had men go so far as to say that they cared very little for other fraternity men and they did not consider at all the men outside of fraternities. They can not see that it is the existence of the college that makes the fraternity possible and that far above fraternity spirit and loyalty to one's chapter is college spirit. The fraternity man helping his weak brother dishonestly through an examination may feel that he is imbued with fraternity spirit, but he has not yet had even a glimmering of what true college spirit means. Because the fraternity man is often so closely united to the members of his organization he more than other men sometimes needs to have his attention called to this general principle of loyalty to the college, for it will be strange if the time does not come to him when he will have to decide between showing fraternity spirit and college spirit. If the boy can see it rightly it is


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 about the same as having to choose whether he will stand by his family or the golf club.

College spirit is a somewhat difficult term specifically to define. It is a commendable feeling or attitude of mind apparently, but I have never yet been able to get from any undergraduate student whem I have asked, an adequate definition of the term, though I have sought such information persistently. From the various scattered opinions which I have gathered, college spirit seems usually to be connected with an athletic contest, and is most violent in its manifestation at a class row. In the opinion of the average undergraduate, the man who makes the loudest noise, and who stirs up the greatest riot is indisputably showing the most intense college spirit.

The vast majority of mained and injured underclassmen whom I, as a disciplinary officer, have interviewed within the last ten years have excused their condition on the ground that it was induced by a feeling of college spirit. If Brown's lessons are unlearned it is because he had to go to the Chicago game with the team, for "It's a fellow's duty to stir up a little college spirit," you know. If Jones is caught hazing a freshman or pasting illiterate and vulgar proclamations on every residence in town, it is purely an unselfish recognition on his part of a sophomore's duty to keep college spirit alive. If Smith comes home half tipsy, it is


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 still another case of spirit. If after an athletic victory a crowd of students smashes into an opera house, and leaves the properties in splinters, throws a street car off the track, after having knocked out the windows to improve the ventilation, or paints exaggerated class numerals in the most public and sacred places, these are simply quite innocent methods of showing college spirit. And the thing about it all hardest to understand is that the young fellows who offer this excuse as an explanation of their depredations do so with the utmost seriousness, and seemingly with perfect confidence that it will be taken by intelligent, sensible people as a legitimate reason for making night hideous and the day to be dreaded.

It is true that most of the people with whom I have discussed the subject of college spirit have been young people in college whose judgments have not been fully developed, and who have been filled with a youthful enthusiasm which may sometimes have overbalanced their more deliberate conclusions, but not all the people who seem to hold such opinions as I have suggested are young. Some of them are sedate heads of families, and otherwise sensible business men near whom I may have sat at an athletic game, or whose tales of college escapades I may have listened to at a class reunion. Most of the evidences of so-called college spirit which the young fellow not yet out of high


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 school sees in his elders or hears discussed by them consist of just such manifestations as I have indicated. It is no wonder then that the freshmen just entering college should come with the impression that college spirit consists mostly of noise and not at all of duty.

I make no objection to these methods of showing a feeling of loyalty to one's alma mater. I remember, however, being told when I was a young boy that the child who cried the loudest forgot his pain the most quickly, so, though I know that analogy is often the weakest form of argument, it may be true that the fellow who yells the most boisterously at the game is the quickest to forget his allegiance to the college when the opera house is being stormed. The development of real and genuine feeling for one's alma mater must be gradual. The freshman who comes to college, in the Middle West at least, comes with very little idea of what it means. In many cases he is the first member of his family to have a college education, and his conception of what such a training implies is summed up in a practical estimate of how much it will in future years be worth to him in dollars and cents. There is to him at the outset at least very little suggestion of obligation or of sentiment. These feelings, if they come at all, come later.


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 "I was a freshman and desperately homesick," an upperclassman confessed to me not long ago. "Everything was new and strange to me; the big buildings confused me; and the thuosandsthousands [sic] of students running here and there not one of whom I knew seemed to isolate me more than ever. I was a stranger, and the college meant no more to me than a great big factory might have done. I did my work because there was nothing else to do.

"There was a football game early in November, and I wandered out mechanically to the field. As the game progressed my interest was aroused. The team fought hard, but luck seemed going against us. Then suddenly Pogue broke away with the ball, dodged the man next to him, shook off a half dozen others, and made a run across the field for a touchdown. All my indifference was gone. Ten thousand people were on their feet and my hat was off, and I was yelling wildly as I alternately hugged and pounded the man next to me. I thrilled with a new feeling. It was my college and my team, and I had a part and a share in every building and every tree on the campus. It was the birth in me of college spirit."

Sometimes the feeling may lose the intensity which one has in youth. Time and distance and absorption in the strenuous duties of life which come to most of us separate us from the associations and the spirit of college life; new interests


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 come into our lives and for the time being we forget the old. My classmates returned this year to celebrate the twenty-fifth anniversary of our graduation. One man said to me, "When I got into town the first thing I did was to take a walk about the campus. I did not see a familiar face; most of the buildings were new since I graduated; the town was metamorphosed, and all the old familiar scenes were gone. What a fool I was, I thought, for coming back. I sat down gloomy and disappointed. A man walked by me looking about apparently as I had done. His figure was aldermanic but some way familiar. 'Why, it's Fred Waterman,' I said to myself, and I rushed up to him and introduced myself and shook him by the hand, and gradually it all came back to me. On Commencement day when the long procession passed by me and I heard the band playing and took in the beauty and the meaning of it all, I thrilled again as when I was an undergraduate. It was mine, this college, with all its wealth of associations and aspirations and ideals, and it had helped more than I could realize to make me what I am. It was mine and I loved it all, and no one could take it away from me." The feeling may wane, but it comes back again.

Sometimes, perhaps, the undergraduate fails to grasp all that the sentiment may signify. Two or three years ago, following a somewhat hilarious


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found in Henry Morton a kind and affectionate husband; and his efforts to purchase her mother, although unsuccessful, had doubly endeared him to her. Having from the commencement resolved not to hold slaves, or rather not to own any, they were compelled to hire servants for their own use. Five years had passed away, and their happiness was increased by two lovely daughters. Mrs. Morton was seated, one bright afternoon, busily engaged with her needle, and near her sat Salome, a servant that she had just taken into her employ. The woman was perfectly white; so much so, that Mrs. Morton had expressed her apprehensions to her husband, when the woman first came, that she was not born a slave. The mistress watched the servant, as the latter sat sewing upon some coarse work, and saw the large silent tear in her eye. This caused an uneasiness to the mistress, and she said, "Salome, don't you like your situation here?" "Oh yes, madam," answered the woman in a quick tone, and then tried to force a smile. "Why is it that you often look sad, and with tears in your eyes?" The mistress saw that she had touched a tender chord, and continued, "I am your friend; tell me your sorrow, and, if I can, I will help you." As the last sentence was escaping the lips of the mistress, the slave woman put hey check apron to her face and wept. Mrs. Morton saw plainly that

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 and widely advertised onslaught upon the theatrical business in the down-town district, the faculty, or the Young Men's Christian Association, or the Students' Union, or some well-intentioned organization at the University planned on the back campus a seemly well-ordered celebration and exhibition of approval by the undergraduates, following a baseball victory, with the idea of bringing about reform. Boxes and other inflammable débris were hauled to a proper place, the celebration was put in charge of a number of upperclassmen, and after dinner the student body gathered in a quiet and sober way to look on at the conflagration, and to listen to the yelling. Everything was orderly, and the enthusiasm was well under control. Standing near me was a young freshman who watched the flames of the bonfire unemotionally, and joined mechanically in the cheering. The performance was to him evidently dull. As the flames died down, the cheering ceased, and the crowd began to disintegrate, he turned to a companion, his face for the first time lighting with interest. "Now this thing's over," he said, "let's go down town and raise hell." He had caught, he imagined, an idea of real college spirit. College loyalty to him was best expressed through destruction and upheaval, a point of view, unfortunately, in no sense unique; he had missed the respect for


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 the reputation and good name of the institution which comes from real love of the college.

The freshman perhaps may be excused for taking this attitude. At first he can be expected to have little real feeling; he can hardly feel himself a part of it; it has not taken hold of him. Whatever sentiment he may feel is a superficial one which is best expressed by noise. Certain college traditions and customs are most likely to impress on him more strongly than facts warrant the importance of noise as an expression of feeling. The freshman-sophomore contest or "scrap" is usually boisterous and rough; class contests in general are noisy and loud. More than anything else I believe that the modern custom of "rooting" under the direction and inspiration of a cheer leader is responsible for the over-estimate that is put upon noise as an indication of loyalty to the team or of college spirit in general. And this same cheer leading is with us in the Middle West becoming more and more freakish and bizarre. The man who can make a spectacular exhibition before the crowd is coming to feel himself a part of the show, and as a worthy stirrer up of college spirit he desires his expenses paid as is done with the regular members of the team. Omitting the fact that much of such cheering is discourteous to the members of the opposing team, and often intended solely to confuse or disconcert them, its


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 advantages to the players it is supposed to encourage are usually negligible. The modern cheer leader can scarcely any longer be looked upon as an interpreter and a director of the real feeling of the crowd on the bleachers; he is in small if in any degree an inspirer of college spirit; he is the clown at the athletic circus who too often attracts to himself the attention which should be given to the main show. Such demonstrations have little to do with real college spirit. Nor can many of the things to which I have so far referred be seriously considered as either encouraging or revealing a love for the college or a respect for its good name; they provide means for the expression of youthful enthusiasm; they are an outlet—and sometimes a quite harmless one—for exuberant animal spirits, but they show, if at all, certainly in a very small degree, and in an extremely crude way, a real love and appreciation of the student's alma mater. There are other ways of revealing college spirit.

The man with real regard for the college will have respect for her good name; he will come in time to recognize the fact that wherever he goes he carries with him the reputation of the institution of which he is or has been a member, and that people who meet him judge of its character by his own, just as one reflects credit or discredit upon one's father and mother and all the members of


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 one's family by one's conduct and character when away from them. A few years ago I rode on a street car from Cambridge to Boston with a young fellow, crude and half intoxicated, who was proclaiming loudly and persistently the merits of the west and the western university from which he had come. Even the placid New Englander looked up from the volume of Emerson in which he was absorbed and showed his disgust of the bad taste of this western rustic. I sank unobtrusively into a corner not wanting to speak lest I reveal by my dialect the locality of my birth, and thankful that my educational ancestry was not the same is his; and yet he thought he was showing strong college spirit.

College spirit gives one pride in the institution of which he is or has been a member. I knew a man once who came from a small country town in central Illinois. Nothing could have persuaded him that the churches, and the high school, and the water works, and the lighting system, and the city hall, and the skating rink in his town were not the most perfectly planned and magnificently executed of any in the country. In his mind the city library was the equal of the congressional library of Washington, and the First Presbyterian Church was the rival of St. Peter's. He had loyalty to his native village; he knew what it means to have spirit. In a similar though perhaps


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 in a less blind way the college man should look upon his alma mater. He may see her faults, but he may not publish them. He respects her character and he is willing to protect it. He feels an interest and an ownership in everything that is connected with her. He ought not to be able to hear her name without a feeling of pride. If he feels otherwise something is wrong with him.

College spirit may sometimes even require that a man seem to sacrifice his own personal interests or the interests of his fraternity for the good of the college. I am at present together with other faculty men and students a member of a board that chooses the managers each year of certain of our college publications. The positions are much sought after, they carry with them considerable honor and a good financial remuneration. One of the candidates not long ago was a fraternity brother of a student member of the board making the appointment. When it came to the discussion of this candidate everyone thought that his fraternity brother would champion his cause and ultimately vote for him. On the contrary he said, naming the man. "I, of course, have a high regard for him, since he is one of the best friends I have ever had. He is, I think, however, not so well qualified to fill the position as either of the other men, and I can not advocate his candidacy and I can not vote for him." Here was a case


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 where the good of the college was made to outweigh, as it should have done, the interests of the fraternity. The man's actions were an illustration of real college spirit.

College spirit of the right sort should induce a man to do his college work. We call the athlete "yellow" who shirks, who does not do his best in the game. We think him without spirit and without loyalty if, having the ability, he refuses to come out and help win a victory for the college. How much more then does the man lack spirit who having plenty of time and a good mind neglects his studies—the main part of college life—and loses the intellectual game which he could easily have won. The flunker and the man who does his work indifferently or in a slovenly way has no real college spirit—the feeling that permeates his system is simply an imitation of the real thing. College spirit should keep a man from doing the things which would bring discredit on the college. It should hold him to the high ideals for which the college stands; it should keep him from vulgarity and dishonesty, and if he is an athlete from discourtesy to members of other college teams with whom he plays. Wherever a college man goes he communicates an impression of the college from which he comes; if he has the right spirit he will want that impression to be a good one. The members of athletic teams, or of other


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 college organizations, or the crowds of students who sometimes go with these teams, do not always realize that by their conduct quite as much as by their performance on a team, or a club, they may show themselves "yellow" and lacking the true spirit. A crowd of students wandering about the city of Chicago, or coming home on a late train, are given a more severe test as to their possession of college spirit than are these same students shouting on Marshall Field for the encouragement of a losing football team.

Real college spirit will induce one to make sacrifices for the college. There comes to my mind now a picture of an old man isolated by the distance of half a continent from the institution which he had loved, and to which he had given the best years of his life. His health had failed; he could work no more, but his last thought concerned the college and how he could best help those who, lacking means, yet still wanted the benefits of an education; and it was this thought of Edward Snyder that made possible the loan fund which has helped so many scores of students who could not otherwise have had the opportunity to claim Illinois as their alma mater. He had real college spirit. The football captain who keeps his life clean and his body in training in order that he may play a better game and be a more effective leader; the fraternity man who stays in at night in order


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 that he may set a good example to the freshmen trying hard to learn how to study; the sophomore who keeps out of the escapade in which he would naturally take delight, but which would bring discredit and dishonor to the college; the graduate who is honest and straight for the sake of his college ideals; the student who by his life, and accomplishments in and out of college reflects credit on his institution—all these show college spirit. It is very little a matter of yelling, or of spectacular demonstration, it is a matter of standing by the college, and of living up to the ideals of scholarship and character which the college sets.

"It is a small college," Daniel Webster said of his own alma mater, "but there are those who have learned to love it." Sometimes, on a bright morning in September, riding in on the "Central," the undergraduate returning from his summer vacation looks out of the car window as he sees the town of his destination approaching, and in the distance he catches a glimpse of the familiar sturdy towers of University Hall. He is getting back to college, and the sight of the old building gives him a thrill of joy; stirs in him an added desire—to be and to do something worth while; purges him for the moment of all that is low and sordid, and makes him want to do his best, to be and to accomplish something worthy of the college. That is college spirit.


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My first hand knowledge of high school fraternities has been gained entirely through a rather remote acquaintance with these organizations as they are seen in the local high schools in the two towns between which the University is situated. In one town there are no fraternities; they have clubs, however, which are more democratic I am told than fraternities, and do not sound so pretentious. The other town is somewhat more ambitious, and so has a number of fraternities for both boys and girls. Their social endeavors are numerous and interesting I judge from the accounts I see in the local papers, and the social standards which they maintain are high. The members come from the most prosperous—and so of course the best—families in town. Occasionally I hear rumors of the heartaches of those who did not get in or of the undue dissipations of those who did; but I know little, and I have had experience enough to be sure that much that I read is, perhaps, touched up by an enthusiastic and imaginative reporter.

Some of my more mature friends who have had the experience of belonging to one of these organizations during their preparatory or high school life have given me their view points with regard to the influence of high school fraternities upon young boys, but these views are so varied and con-


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 GILLIAN.

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“I‘m sure of that. It’s just what I was hoping to hear. It’s so pleasant to look up to one’s own parents. Well——”

Gillian folded both her white hands over the farmer’s knee, and looked up to him with her eyes brimful of teader agitation.

“Well!”

“Sarah was a good deal younger than I or than her sister Hetty; but neither on us could hold a candle to her. When she sot her mind on a thing, she would have her own way, and always got it in the end, There was only three of us, and she, being the youngest, was the pet of the whole family, till like pets in general she took the lead.”

“Of course,” said Gillian, laughing softly. “Why not? .I dare say she was. just the sort of person to lead off with a grace. Well, you spoiled her among you, and of course she paid you for it: nothing can be more natural.”

“I dare say, gal—I dare say it all came in the natral course of things; but she was a down- right good-natured creature after all, and loved us, I’m sure of that.”

“Of eourse she did: who could help it? Why, uncle Daniel, it isu’tten hours since I saw you on that great, fat, darling old horse, and I love you dearly already; certainly she loved you.”

“Yes, yes, I don’t doubt it though; to own the truth, I never could quite understand our Sarah. She was like an April day; you couldn’t tell whether it would be storm, or sunshine, or a dull, heavy rain, twenty-four hours together! She was a great reader, and took up painting flowers and writing poetry, and all sorts of fol- de-rol accomplishments, naturally as a bird takes to fruit. I declare it almost took my breath sometimes to find out all she knew. Your aunt Hetty was considered a girl of pretty good larn- ing, but she had to study hard for the know- ledge; while Sarah seemed to pick up her lessons on the wing: but the two gals loved each other dearly. I raly believe Hetty would have died for her sister any day; but as for Sarah, she was capable of something more than that, she used to pet and protect Hetty in any little difficulty, as if she had been the oldest. She had to do this a good deal, one time or another, for your grand- father was a stern, old man, and kept a tight rein on his family, especially the gals.

“We lived on the old place here, and might have got along in the world, but the old man endorsed for one of his neighbors, and when called on to pay up, he was obliged to mortgage the homestead, and that gave us all the first hard start down hill.

“Father was a proud man, and looked upon debt as a disgrace, After this trouble came on, she was more severe and rigid in all his notions than ever; this made everything gloomy and un- comfortable for the gals, and even Sarah began to feel down-hearted at times. The old man used to say it wasn’t so much the money that troubled him, as the feeling that his fellow men was ready to take advantage at every step on the highway of life. His confidence in mankind was shook, and that is a terrible misfortune with $a man like your grandsire, I can tell you. Your $ grandfather raised the money on his place down in York, from a goung fellow that had more than he knew what to do with. That led to the rich man’s coming up into these parts to look at the property. His name was Bentley.”

‘‘What? my father?” cried Gillian, deeply interested.

“‘No, but your father’s cousin, a handsome, genteel young feller as you ever sot eyes on. He’d just come of age, and felt his oats, I can tell you. Of course your grandfather invited the young chap to put up at the homestead, that was now a’most as good as his own property, It was winter time when he came up, and such sleighing; you don’t find anything like it now- a-days, snow three feet deep on the turnpike, and tread down as hard as a miser’s feelings. We had two spans of horses in the barn that would match anything this side of the river; and a great, double-seated sleigh, not to mention a pony and a cutter that skimmed the snow like a bird flying. Besides all this, it was mighty comfortable in-doors. Grandma was great on buckwheat-cakes, and we had lots of maple molasses; and as for her mince-pies, they beat everything.

‘With all this the homestead wasn’t a disagreeable place to stay in. The gals did their part, too, and kept a bright hickory fire in the out-room there in the wing, which was enough of itself to light up the red and green stripes of the home-made carpet, and made the tall, brass andirons glitter like gold on the hearth.

“It raly was a purty sight in the evening, when the gals came down stairs sleeked up like a couple of new pins: Hetty, with her brown hair twisted up behind, and shining like velvet; and Sarah, with her hair in soft, thick curls, that seemed to catch the firelight the minute she came in. Oh, she was a bright, happy cretur— was sister Sarah in those days; springy as a willow branch, and rosy as an apple tree in bloom. I remember that winter she wore a blue merino dress that fitted close up to her neck, with sleeves tight te her arms, which sloped down beautifully to her wrists. Little ruffles—


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 nected with so much that is in each case personal that I have never felt that they were broad and unprejudiced enough to influence me materially in forming a tenable opinion of my own. So far as I remember the opinions which I have received have come from fellows who have lived away from home while attending academies or from others in small cities where conditions were somewhat easily controlled. I have talked to but few men from a city like Chicago who have been members of such an organization and who are far enough away from the experience to have a reasonable perspective.

Only a few weeks ago an old class mate of mine was recounting to me his preparatory school experiences. He had been a member of a small fraternity, and he counted it as one of the most delightful and most helpful influences of his life. The friends whom he made during the years of his secondary school training were friends whom he had kept into middle life and were the ones whose friendship he valued most highly. It is true that he was not at home while he was attending this academy and so had the greater need of close associations and the relationships and affiliations which a fraternity might give.

Another friend on the contrary said to me but recently that he considered his high school fraternity experience detrimental to his scholastic and


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 moral development. It took him away from home, it required time which should have been given to his studies, it set for him false and artificial standards of living, and caused him when really only a boy to attempt to imitate the social habits and practices of mature men some of which were distinctly bad. It drew too distinct a line of demarcation between boys and too formally separated him, he said, from his companions who did not belong to the organization. He did not think it was worth anything like what it cost him. I have, therefore, had little help from my friends in attempting to form my conclusions as to the merits of these organizations.

As I have said elswhere, the tendency to form into groups and to organize clubs is entirely normal both for young and old people. Whatever we may say or whatever legislation we may enact we shall have little success in preventing organizations of young people and of old for social purposes.

As I see the high school fraternity from a distance, however, and as I see the members of this fraternity after they have come to college, it seems to me that the organization may justly be criticized in various ways. Before mentioning these points of criticism, however, I may say in passing that in the minds of outsiders who know nothing first hand of fraternities and who are opposed to


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 them purely on account of what they have heard or of what they have read in the newspapers, there is no difference between fraternities whether they are professional or social, whether they are organized in a high school or are conducted in a university. The college fraternity has been blamed in the past and will be blamed in the future for any and all derelictions of the members of high school fraternities so long as these are in existence. I have no doubt but that it could be shown, if one cared to make the investigation, that most of the sins that have been laid at the doors of college fraternities, had their origin in what some outsider has seen in the conduct of some members of high school fraternities or in what he has read with reference to them. To the layman "pigs is pigs" and a fraternity is a fraternity and as such to be condemned wherever it may be found. Much of the legislation in the various states against Greek letter fraternities is said on very good authority to have had its inspiration in some such episode as I have referred to.

The first criticism which I should make upon the high school fraternity as I have received an impression from a distance, is that the organization subserves little good purpose. One of the main purposes of the college fraternity, as I have said elsewhere, is to develop relationships and associations which form a substitute for home life in the


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Rh "But is this not exactly what you are trying to do? Has not William been true to me all these years, as I to him? And has any one, even you my rescuer, the right to come between us now?"

"Love cannot be bound," pleaded Dana. "If you are only true to him from a feeling of honour, which I know you would entertain, I do ask you most solemnly to think of the desperate cruelty to me if you marry a man to whom you are bound by an old promise, and reject one who without any promises made or received would throw his life and soul at your feet. I believe if you were free from this bond, which can have no force after four years' separation, you would choose me, and not Gell, who does not—who cannot love you half as much."

"Oh Richard," cried she, "it is you that are cruel. William does love me as much and more than you do. You don't know the depth of his feeling. If I were to be carried off to America again to-morrow and never see him again he would still be true to me to the last day of his life. While you, deep in love as you think yourself, after a couple of years would marry some nice good girl, and persuade yourself you had never been in love before."


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 case of young fellows in college who are away from home and home influences. The ordinary high school fraternity can not do this. On the contrary instead of emphasizing the discipline and influences of home, it tends very often to take a boy away from home and in extreme cases to break down the influence of home. It is too artificial for children in their first or second year in the high school to become members of so formal an organization as are most of the organizations I have known or have been told about. It is an oldfashioned view, I am aware, but, when I hear of the gallivanting around of these children or see the account of their social escapades in the paper, I always feel that they should be sent to bed sanely at nine rather than allowed to give house parties and formal dances and dinners as they now do. Their organization seems to me too rigid, too set, too inflexible, and too much like the cut and dried organizations of grown-ups. There is nothing of 'the healthy simple life of children in it.

The expense, also, even for people of means is by no means inconsiderable. Cabs and candy, flowers and party clothes all count up pretty rapidly, and nothing is too good for these young sports. I looked over one of these fourteen-year-olds not long ago starting out in his tuxedo to an all night fraternity show at about the time some one should have been tucking him into bed and kiss-


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 ing him good night, and I could not help but ask myself what he would be doing when he really reached manhood. Besides the extravagance, the struggle to emulate all the social gyrations of adult life which these youngsters engage in, there is often I have no doubt real dissipation, for the step from extravagance to dissipation is only a short one. I have more than enough examples of the high school fraternity man who has brought with him to college all the evil results of drinking, gambling, and disease acquired through his relationship in his high school fraternity. But even if this story of dissipation were not true, beginning so early to run the social gamut robs the child of many of the real social pleasures to which he is later entitled, and for which his taste has been sated by his too easy and too intemperate indulgence. If the fraternity in the high school were an organization for children, I should not so much complain; it is, however, an organization as I have seen it in which children imitate all the social indiscretions of adults.

In college I have had considerable opportunity to observe the young man after he has graduated from the high school fraternity and has begun his college career, and my criticism of the high school fraternity man is based for the most part upon the fact that his life in the high school fraternity seems not to have fitted him to get the most out of


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 his life in college. Fraternity officers all over the country would not have taken the action they have done ultimately barring him from membership in the Greek-letter fraternity if they had not felt that he was a poor candidate for admission to that organization. The opposition to high school fraternities on the part of the Interfraternity Conference is the result of a considerable experience with high school fraternity men and a study of their fitness for activity in real fraternity life.

The high school fraternity is apparently in little or no sense a real brotherhood. Its purposes are not to bring men closer together, to inculcate in them high ideals of morality and scholarship, or to throw around them the protection and the influences of home. Membership does not demand the sacrifice of each for the good of the whole; there is little thought of the development of the individual through his assuming responsibility for the management and the control of the others. All this responsibility, if it is assumed by any one, is taken by the parents or the guardians of these boys who for the most part at least are living at home and who are supposedly subject to the government of home. The main purpose of the organization seems to be to furnish an opportunity to its members to exercise their social proclivities, to have a good time, and to shirk rather than to develop responsibility. The furnishing of a home


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 and the development of the restraints and the influences of home life, the formation of definite habits and principles of character which seem to me the main object and purpose of the Greek-letter fraternity in college and of other societies organized upon the same general basis is, in the high school fraternity, entirely lacking. This is in my mind the circumstance and the condition which discredits the high school fraternity man and makes him undesirable for consideration for fraternity membership when he comes to college.

My observation of the high school fraternity man after he comes to college is that as a rule he is an indifferent student. At home he has been a somewhat indulged boy, and in the high school he has devoted himself to social activities and to outside things rather than to the development of even good not to say excellent scholarship. He usually comes to college with little scholastic ambition and little respect for the man who wants to be something more than commonplace in his studies. He is often one of those who advocate "getting something more out of college than grades" though what that mythical something is it is frequently difficult to determine. He very frequently is the fellow who because of his indifference and his inability to "get down to work" succeeds in keeping down the scholastic average of the organization to which he may become allied,


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 and he manages frequently to finish up his work in college by the end of the first year.

He is not infrequently an athlete, and if he keeps himself morally clean and physically free from disease—which he does not always do—he may achieve some athletic success when he gets to college and may derive considerable newspaper notoriety and advertising as a result. The college athlete, however, is in many cases a poor fraternity man in so far as his influence within the chapter, and his control of chapter difficulties is concerned. It is true he is frequently sought for because of the prestige which it is thought his achievements will give to the chapter, but his time is usually so taken up with his athletic training and his athletic practice that he has little or no time to devote to really helping run the fraternity. Since the high school fraternity does not demand much control and initiative on the part of its members and officers excepting such as have to do with social matters, when the high school man arrives at college he feels himself familiar with fraternity matters but he has had so little practice in fraternity management that he seldom takes this part of fraternity life with any seriousness.

Society is usually his strong lead. He has some social finesse, he is socially wise and experienced, and he drops easily into the rôle of the fusser.


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 He is regularly on hand at the open house; he develops unusual skill and effectiveness in polishing up the furniture at sorority functions; he is a ladies' man from the outset, but he often lacks seriousness of purpose. The fraternity to him is too often only an opportunity to get into society and to wear another pin.

As I look over the list of the real leaders in our college community—the upperclassmen who have counted or who are counting for someting—I see that few of them are high school fraternity men. One must have staying qualities to get much of anywhere in college or in life. One must have, too, a serious purpose and push enough to carry it through. The high school fraternity man makes a good showing when he first appears in college; he has social talents, he talks well, he gives the hand gracefully, he makes a hit with the girls. But his enthusiasm wanes, he is frequently not a sticker, he falls behind, and he drops out or is dropped out to take a job or a position with father.

The reason is that his high school experience has not prepared him for real fraternity life or real college life; it has not set for him ideals of scholarship, ideals of home life; it has not trained him seriously to accept responsibility. The ideas of fraternity life which he brings with him to college are that the fraternity is simply a social club


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 where boys may have a good time, when in fact, if it is to get any where, the fraternity is an organization of men in which character and scholarship and a healthy home life are to be fostered and in which social activities are only incidental. Coming as he does with his harmful experience and his erroneous ideas, it is difficult and in many cases impossible to change his viewpoint and to enlist his coöperation. It is for these reasons that it has seemed to me that on the whole the high school fraternity man is likely to be a second class investment for a college fraternity.


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We had been listening to one of the grand officers of the fraternity as he presented forcefully and appealingly the best things which the fraternity had done and the best things for which it stands. We were silent for a moment after he had finished, overcome, perhaps, by the power of his words. My companion broke the silence.

"I had never realized" herealized," he [sic] said, "how real and vital these principles are which we advocate, how closely they touch the best things of life. Unless it has ideals and lives up to them, the fraternity has no place in college life." And so we all say, I have no doubt, if we have given these matters serious consideration.

The men who organized our Greek-letter fraternities were almost without exception men with a vision of the future. They had high conceptions of right and honor and scholarship, and they wrought these principles into the rituals and the ideals of the organizations. For the most part they were religious men with reverence for God and with respect for the principles of the Christian Church. Some of the regulations of these organizations went so far I am told, and still do, as to require membership in a protestant church as a necessary qualification for membership. The purposes of these organizations were social it is


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 true, but they were much more than the word social would seem to imply; they had in view, most of all, the development of character, and they set before their members then, as they do today, the highest moral, social, and scholastic ideals.

It is true that I know bat one fraternity ritual well enough to speak with authority as to what these organizations stand for, but my relations with the members and the officers of a score of others have been so close, and I have learned so much from inference, that I am safe, I am sure, in saying that the principles laid down in all of these statements of faith and practice of Greek-letter organizations are not in their expression essentially different. I can say for the ritual with which I am acquainted that it sets for those young men who subscribe to it the highest and most exacting standards of living, the noblest ideals of life. I have every reason to suppose that the ideals of other similar organizations are equally high.

If fraternity men have failed at times to live up to the best for which their fraternity stands, as no doubt they have, the fault can not rightfully be laid at the door of fraternity ideals any more than the shortcomings of members of the Presbyterian church can be with justice attributed to the inadequacy of John Calvin's expression of faith. The fault may with greater reason be


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 attributed to youth and thoughtlessness, and inexperience. It is the commonest experience of my every day work when I am struggling seriously to get at the reason why a young fellow has failed to respond to a call, or cribbed in an examination, or come home drunk, or taken a joy ride in somebody else's car, to get the reply, "I didn't think much about it." Fraternity principles and ideals are all right, but the initiates two often think too little about them. They are too often like the man who, when he was asked if he belonged to church, replied that he did, but that he did not usually work very hard at it.

There are a number of reasons why fraternity men do not always take as seriously as they should the ideals of the fraternity. First of all there is the condition of youth. The average young man who goes into a fraternity has had little experience either in governing himself or in directing others. He may even be a petted only child or a coddled youngest son who is having his first experience in self-direction. He will learn in time to take responsibility, but he may do so slowly. He may not take the principles of the organization seriously at first, but a very small percentage of those men who remain actively in a fraternity for four years fail to be impressed with the dignity and seriousness of the principles and ideals of the fraternity and with their own obligation to make's


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 these principles the basis of their own conduct and character. It is more often those who have active membership for a few months only—the probationers as it were—who fail to get the spirit of the organization, and who while they are in college and when they return at intervals to help celebrate college functions take their fraternity ideals lightly.

As I have said in another paper, the undignified details which in many chapters precedeor accompany initiations do much to detract from the moral effect of the initiation service, and too often give to the initiate the impression that the ideals presented in the ritual, like the "rough stuff" that has accompanied the initiation, are all a part of a big joke none of which he is to take seriously. The whole psychological effect of an initiation is lost if the initiate does not come away from the ceremiony with a distinct conception of what the fraternity ideals are and a definite feeling that he must embody these in his own daily life.

The fact that young men are bound together in an organization such as is a Greek-letter fraternity, sometimes helps to hold them to ideals and sometimes hinders; it very often depends upon who the leader happens to be. If he happens to be strong and self-reliant and high principled, the organization is a great help; if he is unscrupulous or thoughtless and impulsive, it may be a detri-


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 ment. I have in mind a group of young fraternity men who were taking an examination. The time was short, the last question was difficult, and all were confused. An upperclassman near the close of the hour glancing at the paper of his neighbor read what he supposed to be a correct answer to the question. Without thinking he wrote it down and whispered the solution to his needy brothers. It was an impulsive act of a thoughtless leader who succeeded in getting five men into serious trouble. He had for the time being forgotten his fraternity ideals.

I used to think that a good many fraternity men had little real conception of what the principles and ideals of their fraternities mean. I am not so sure now that this is true. I think, perhaps, that the real trouble lies in the fact that most men accept and believe the principles in a general way as we as we sometimes take the lessons of a sermon, but they think of them more as desirable for the human race than as applying to their own individual daily lives. Honesty, and truth and temperance and chastity and loving one's brother are admirable virtues in an impersonal abstract way and the fraternity man like other well-trained men accepts them without question. It is when it comes to the present personal application of these virtues that he stumbles or falls down. But if fraternity ideals are to be


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 really worthy the name they must be more vital than that; they must be more than intangible, general principles which one may live up to as or when he pleases.

"I know that fraternity men are extravagant, and profane and snobbish and intemperate and dissipated at times," a fraternity man wrote me not long ago, "but the close brotherly relations which the fraternity fosters more than offsets these irregularities." I do not believe it. Unless fraternity men in large measure live up to their ideals, the fraternity has little justification.

Unless I misunderstand the purposes which actuated the high minded men who established the various Greek-letter fraternities of this country and unless I misinterpret the statements of fraternity principles and ideals as I read them in fraternity publications and fraternity literature generally or listen to their presentation at fraternity conventions and gatherings, the fraternity man is under an added obligation to what other men are to be honest and temperate and clean.

There lie on my desk now two letters from local business men which say, "The accompanying bills have been due for more than a year. Do you think that it is possible for us to collect from these men?" And yet both of the men mentioned have had plenty of money to meet all their necessary bills. They have simply run unnecessary accounts for


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Let us return for a moment to the home of Clotel. While she was passing lonely and dreary hours with none but her darling child, Horatio Green was trying to find relief in that insidious enemy of man, the intoxicating cup. Defeated in politics, forsaken in love by his wife, he seemed to have lost all principle of honour, and was ready to nerve himself up to any deed, no matter how unprincipled. Clotel's existence was now well known to Horatio's wife, and both her and her father demanded that the beautiful quadroon and her child should be sold and sent out of the state. To this proposition he at first turned a deaf ear; but when he saw that his wife was about to return to her father's roof, he consented to leave the matter in the hands of his father-in-law. The result was, that Clotel was immediately sold to the slave-trader, Walker, who, a few years previous, had taken her mother and sister to the far South. But, as if to make her husband drink of the cup of humiliation to its very dregs, Mrs. Green resolved to take his child under her own roof for a servant. Mary was, therefore, put to the meanest work that could be found, and although only ten years of age, she was often compelled to perform labour, which, under ordinary circumstances, would have been thought too

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 flowers and cabs and candy and rather than practice economy or make a clean breast of it to father they have allowed the bills to go unpaid and probably intend to do so. If I should call them they would probably fall back upon the time-worn excuse that they hadn't thought much about it. The fraternity man who does not pay his debts, who borrows and forgets to return, who cribs on an examination or who even helps a needy brother to do so, who copies his themes from a book or who hands in another man's work as his own, has an erroneous conception of his obligations and is not living up to the ideals of his fraternity. If there is any undergraduate who should be depended upon to be honest and careful about keeping his word and meeting his obligations it is a fraternity man. The fact that in some institutions proportionately more fraternity men than other men are caught in dishonest acts and in financial irregularities, is not because fraternity men are less clever or more carefully watched than other men, but because they have been careless in living up to their ideals.

All over the country the cry is going up with reference to fraternity scholarship. Fraternities get the pick of graduates of the best high schools and preparatory schools, or at least claim to do so, and yet in many of the best institutions of the country we find that fraternity scholarship is distinctly inferior to that of the rank and file of


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 these institutions. Even if fraternity men have no desire, "as many of them say, to be intellectual "high brows," they should at least not be contented to be rated as commonplace and as intellectual "bone heads." The fraternity which lacks scholastic ideals is pretty likely to be weak in moral stamina. If an institution is weak in scholarship it has little claim to standing in educational circles. It is rather difficult to see how a fraternity can have much claim to high standing which does not keep its scholastic average at least up to the average of the institution of which it is a part.

The fact that most fraternities have a chapter house regulation which forbids drinking in the house or the bringing in of intoxicants is conclusive evidence that the fraternity has not found the "booze party" helpful in the advancement of the organization. I have seen a good deal of drinking during my life, both in college and out of it, but I have no recollection of ever knowing any one who was helped by it, and I have known hundreds who were injured. The college student who drinks is almost always harmed by it, not so much in a physical way, but in the development of vulgar coarse associations, in the lowering of his ideals, and sometimes in the cultivation of habits which ultimately detract from his business efficiency.


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 At our last Home-coming a young fraternity man whom I had not seen for three or four years came into my office to call on me. I remarked on how well he was looking and in reply he said.

"I ought to look well, for I have not drank or smoked for three years."

"Why the reform?" I inquired.

"The firm for which I work," he said, and it is one of the best known manufacturers of men's furnishings goods in the country, "would not keep me on a day if they knew I drank and I found that by cutting out both beer and tobacco I was able to do more efficient work than I had done before."

"I expect to give it all up when I get out of college," a young fellow said to me not long ago, "but a man has to have a little fun once in a while when he is young, and I don't take too much very often."

It is this sort of argument which lowers fraternity ideals and results in periodic "keg parties" and "booze fests"; it is responsible for the setting aside of house rules on occasion, and causes fraternities too often to look, with charity upon escapades which are really discreditable and harmful. When business men everywhere are beginning to see the detrimental effects of drinking upon their employees, when the whole country is being stirred to temperance reform, the fraternity


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 can scarcely afford to set for itself less lofty ideals.

Intemperance in matters of society and extravagance in the spending of money are two often found among fraternity men. Freshmen are frequently considered eligible or otherwise in proportion to the amount of money they have at their disposal or the probability of their making a striking social impression. The fellow who can talk easily, dress well, and make good with the girls is not infrequently considered more desirable than the one who has intellectual ambitions and sterling moral principles but who is less characterized by social finesse. Here again the fraternity might with profit give a little attention to the principles and ideals underlying the organization before choosing between these two sorts of men. Whatever may be true in other institutions, however, the one in which I have worked for many years has no chapter of a fraternity which does not count among its members fellows who are under obligations to earn their own living and who come to college without social prominence. I have never been able to see that such men lost anything of respect or regard through lack of money or social prestige. If conditions in other institutions are otherwise, so much less credit to fraternity men who make them so.


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 No fraternity man who reads his ritual thoughtfully will find in it any justification of the life that is not morally clean. No man who lives up to the ideals of his fraternity will find any place for irregular sexual relations or for low vulgar profane talk. It is not true that "We must expect these things" and that "Everybody does them, so why expect the fraternity man to be better than other men." The facts are that not everybody does do them, and besides the fraternity man has set for himself ideals supposedly higher than those which are held by "everybody," and he has obligations resting upon him to live a clean moral life which many other men have not assumed for themselves.

Here again in the choosing of men there is sometimes, I am afraid, too little thought given to the moral ideals of the men under consideration. The fact that a man is a "good fellow" with personal charm and attractiveness should not over balance the fact that he is a vulgar profane talker or that he has unclean habits. I have in mind now a much advertised high school graduate of low moral ideals. He was rushed by several organizations but bid by only one. The others dropped him, not because his character was bad, they said, they could have overlooked that, but because he had talked about his escapades and made them known to other people. If he had kept quiet concerning


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 his dissipations and his diseases, even though they had been known, he might have been accepted by a number of other organizations.

Unless the fraternity gives men higher ideals of life it is not fulfilling the purpose which its founders had in mind. Unless its influence is such as to make men more honest in their work and in their business relations; cleaner in their lives and cleaner in their talk, more temperate in eating and more temperate in drinking, better students and better men and better citizens it is failing to do the work that it should do. If a man can be a drone or dissolute, or dishonest, or vulgar, and not lose standing in his fraternity there is something the matter with his fraternal ideals. The fight against fraternities is based upon the fact that people on the outside say that fraternity life leads men to dissipation and extravagance, makes them loafers and flunkers and snobs, and unfits them for the serious worthy work of life. The intimate relations which I have had with fraternities and fraternity men for almost half my life have not led me to such conclusions. It is true that individual instances may be found to prove all of the accusations which have been made against fraternities by those who oppose them, just as perpetrators of all sorts of crimes and violaters of law may be found in the church, but in the main I believe these accusations are false. Fraternities have grown


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 too rapidly, perhaps; they were too loosely organized, they were allowed to drift away from their original principles, but they are coming back. In every organization with which I am acquainted there are high minded men who respect their obligations and not only live up to the ideals of the organization themselves but who do all in their power to help their brothers to do so. I believe that the fraternity is doing a worthy work, and that within the next few years, under proper organization and direction, it will do a much greater one. The purpose of every fraternity man should be to magnify the ideals of his fraternity, to make them something more than mere sentiment, to exemplify them more fully ini his own daily life, and to impress them more forcefully upon the undergraduate members with whom he comes in contact. It is only through the vitalizing of its ideals that the fraternity will come into the respect which it deserves.


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26

Gon. Therefore, my lord,—

Ant. Fie, what a spendthrift is he of his

tongue!

Alon. I prithee, spare.

Gon. Well, I have done: but yet—

Seb. He will be talking.

Ant. Which, of he or Adrian, for a good

wager, first begins to crow?

Seb. The old cock.

Ant. The cockerel.

Seb. Done. The wager?

Ant. A laughter.

Seb. A match!

Adr. Though this island seem to be desert.—

Seb. Ha, ha, ha! So you're paid.

Adr. Uninhabitable, and almost inacces-

sible, —

Seb. Yet—

Adr. Yet—

Ant. He could not miss it.

Adr. It must needs be of subtle, tender, and

delicate temperance.

Ant. Temperance was a delicate wench.

Seb. Ay, and a subtle; as he most learnedly

delivered.

Adr. The air breathes upon us here most

sweetly.

Seb. As if it had lungs, and rotten ones.

Ant. Or as 'twere perfumed by a fen.

Gon. Here is everything advantageous to life.

Ant. True; save means to live.

Seb. Of that there's none, or little.

 37 Ha, ha, ha! etc.; cf. n.

41 miss it; cf. n.

43 temperance: temperature (In the next line Temperance is a proper noun)

title: Page:Tempest (1918) Yale.djvu/37


text: Page:The Fraternity and the College (1915).pdf/233


text: Page:The Fraternity and the College (1915).pdf/234


text:
Page:The Wreck of a World - Grove - 1890.djvu/136

120 When he saw Aurelia fall on the lifeless form of William Gell with all the terms of endearment that love could invent, the light faded from his eyes and the glow from his cheek, and he turned almost as pale as his lifeless rival. With a sailor's impulsive passion he had himself fallen in love with Aurelia at first sight, and having brought her safely home to me might well suppose he had some right to claim his reward. Forgetting all about Gell, or thinking that after all so old an engagement need not be binding, he had made up his mind to do his best to win the noble girl to whom such strong cords bound him—the cord of similarity and strength of character, the cord of youth grace and beauty, the cord of a great service done and rescue made. And she—what wonder if she had warmly welcomed the first human face on which for four years she had set eyes? None the less so, because that face was a noble and beautiful one belonging to an individual of the opposite sex. And in the radiant joy and rapture of meeting the first member of the human world with whom she had exchanged speech for years, she little guessed that each glance, each word, kindled a fire of passionate love that all the waters of the ocean


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was above thirty years of age, standing on the last legs of a young man, and entering on the first of a bachelor. He had never dabbled in matters of love, and looked upon all women alike. Although he respected woman for her virtues, and often spoke of the goodness of heart of the sex, he had never dreamed of marriage. At first he looked upon Miss Peck as a pretty young woman, but after she became his religious teacher, he regarded her in that light, that every one will those whom they know to be their superiors. It was soon seen, however, that the young man not only respected and reverenced Georgiana for the incalculable service she had done him, in awakening him to a sense of duty to his soul, but he had learned to bow to the shrine of Cupid. He found, weeks after he had been in her company, that when he met her at table, or alone in the drawingroom, or on the piazza, he felt a shortness of breath, a palpitating of the heart, a kind of dizziness of the head; but he knew not its cause.

This was love in its first stage. Mr. Peck saw, or thought he saw, what would be the result of Carlton's visit, and held out every inducement in his power to prolong his stay. The hot season was just commencing, and the young 'Northerner was talking of his return home, when the parson was very suddenly taken ill. The disease was the cholera, and the physicians pronounced the case incurable. In less than five hours John Peck was a corpse. His

title: Page:Clotel (1853).djvu/157


text: The Fraternity and the College (collection)


text: The Fraternity and the College (collection)/Introduction


text: The Fraternity and the College (collection)/The Fraternity and the College


text: The Zoologist/3rd series, vol 1 (1877)/Issue 10/Occasional Notes


text: The Fraternity and the College (collection)/Fraternity Home Life


text: The Fraternity and the College (collection)/The Fraternity and Its Underclassmen


text: The Fraternity and the College (collection)/Horse Play and Rough House at Initiations


text: The Fraternity and the College (collection)/Fraternity Finances


text: The Fraternity and the College (collection)/Extra-fraternity Organizations


text: The Fraternity and the College (collection)/Concerning the Brothers in Town


text: The Fraternity and the College (collection)/College Activities


text: The Fraternity and the College (collection)/The Fraternity and Scholarship


text: The Fraternity and the College (collection)/The Fraternity and Its Alumni


text: The Fraternity and the College (collection)/College Spirit


text: The Fraternity and the College (collection)/The High School Fraternity


text: The Fraternity and the College (collection)/Fraternity Ideals


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Page:The Wreck of a World - Grove - 1890.djvu/137

Rh could never quench. Yet such was the fact. And when it was suddenly proved to him that his new-born love was utterly hopeless, that all the kindness and frank sisterly affection with which Aurelia had greeted her rescuer bore no proportion to the ardent love with which she regarded his rival, not all the triumph of victory nor the applause of shouting crowds could prevent him from wishing he had gone safely to the bottom of those fathomless waters in which he had sunk his vanquished foe.

The care and attention that had to be given to William prevented me from dwelling on the heartaches of Dana. For Gell though revived was utterly weak, and we had to form a rough litter iuin [sic] which we bore him to my house, where I need hardly say Aurelia at once established herself as nurse and attendant. So sweet and natural was her presence that it seemed as though she had only been absent for a brief visit; so readily did she fall into the strange ways of a new home that I began to comprehend the wonderful adaptiveness which had enabled her to live for years among the fearful surroundings of the continent. Gell's recovery was slow; the sever-


text: Anna Karenina (Dole)/Part Seven

title: Anna Karenina (Dole)/Part Seven


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122 ity of the shock he had received proved the intensity of his passion: but through all the ups and downs of illness, through all the long days and longer nights of watching, that faithful nurse never tired nor grew impatient, but seemed to find a perfect happiness in toiling for the man she loved. A less unselfish nature than Gell's would have been spoiled by such devotion, as is too often the case in married life, when self-sacrificing devotion on the one side is repaid by complaint and ingratitude on the other; but with him, while he gladly accepted the service so readily offered, it only served to deepen the ardent affection he bore to his dear mistress, who so cheerfully became a menial servant for his dear sake. So Gell gradually recovered, and with his reviving strength came back some of the glad brightness of youth which for four long years he had put behind him. He was yet young, and might look forward to a long and happy life, and see his children's children, and peace upon our Israel.


text: Anna Karenina (Dole)/Part Eight

title: Anna Karenina (Dole)/Part Eight


text:
Page:Tempest (1918) Yale.djvu/38

The Tempest, II. i

Gon. How lush and lusty the grass looks!

how green!

Ant. The ground indeed is tawny.

Seb. With an eye of green in 't.

Ant. He misses not much.

Seb. No; he doth but mistake the truth

totally.

Gon. But the rarity of it is,—which is indeed

almost beyond credit,—

Seb. As many vouch'd rarities are.

Gon. That our garments, being, as they were,

drenched in the sea, hold notwithstanding their

freshness and glosses; being rather new-dyed

than stain'd with salt water.

Ant. If but one of his pockets could speak,

would it not say he lies?

Seb. Ay, or very falsely pocket up his report.

Gon. Methinks, our garments are now as fresh

as when we put them on first in Afric, at the

marriage of the king's fair daughter Claribel to

the King of Tunis.

Seb. 'Twas a sweet marriage, and we prosper

well in our return.

Adr. Tunis was never graced before with

such a paragon to their queen.

Gon. Not since widow Dido's time.

Ant. Widow! a pox o' that! How came that

widow in? Widow Dido!

Seb. What if he had said, widower Æneas

too? Good Lord, how you take it!

Adr. Widow Dido, said you? you make me

study of that: she was of Carthage, not of Tunis.

 58 eye: spot

59 misses not much: is not far wrong

64 vouch'd: asserted

69 pockets; cf. n.

title: Page:Tempest (1918) Yale.djvu/38


text: Anna Karenina (Dole)/Part Seven/Chapter 1


text:
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the deepest humiliation Horatio Green saw the daughter of Clotel, his own child, brought into his dwelling as a servant. His wife felt that she had been deceived, and determined to punish her deceiver. At first Mary was put to work in the kitchen, where she met with little or no sympathy from the other slaves, owing to the fairness of her complexion. The child was white, what should be done to make her look like other negroes, was the question Mrs. Green asked herself. At last she hit upon a plan: there was a garden at the back of the house over which Mrs. Green could look from her parlour window. Here the white slave-girl was put to work, without either bonnet or handkerchief upon her head. A hot sun poured its broiling rays on the naked face and neck of the girl, until she sank down in the corner of the garden, and was actually broiled to sleep. "Dat little nigger ain't working a bit, missus," said Dinah to Mrs. Green, as she entered the kitchen.

"She's lying in the sun, seasoning; she will work better by and by," replied the mistress. "Dees white niggers always tink dey sef good as white folks," continued the cook. "Yes, but we will teach them better; won't we, Dinah?" "Yes,

title: Page:Clotel (1853).djvu/163


text: Anna Karenina (Dole)/Part Seven/Chapter 2


text: Anna Karenina (Dole)/Part Seven/Chapter 3


text: Anna Karenina (Dole)/Part Seven/Chapter 4


text:
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 in getting a purchaser for the quadroon woman, for such are usually the most marketable kind of property. Clotel was sold at private sale to a young man for a housekeeper; but even he had missed his aim.

title: Page:Clotel (1853).djvu/156


text: Anna Karenina (Dole)/Part Seven/Chapter 5


text:
Page:Tempest (1918) Yale.djvu/39

28

Gon. This Tunis, sir, was Carthage.

Adr. Carthage?

Gon. I assure you, Carthage.

Ant. His word is more than the miraculous

harp.

Seb. He hath rais'd the wall, and houses too.

Ant. What impossible matter will he make

easy next?

Seb. I think he will carry this island home in

his pocket, and give it his son for an apple.

Ant. And, sowing the kernels of it in the sea,

bring forth more islands.

Gon. Ay.

Ant. Why, in good time.

Gon. [To Alon.] Sir, we were talking that

our garments seem now as fresh as when we

were at Tunis at the marriage of your daughter,

who is now queen.

Ant. And the rarest that e'er came there.

Seb. Bate, I beseech you, widow Dido.

Ant. O! widow Dido; ay, widow Dido.

Gon. Is not, sir, my doublet as fresh as the

first day I wore it? I mean, in a sort.

Ant. That sort was well fish'd for.

Gon. When I wore it at your daughter's

marriage?

Alon. You cram these words into mine ears, against

The stomach of my sense. Would I had never

Married my daughter there! for, coming thence,

My son is lost; and, in my rate, she too,

Who is so far from Italy remov'd,

 90 miraculous harp; cf. n.

100 in good time: very well

109 in a sort: to a certain extent

110 well fish'd for: long in being 'fished up,' or uttered

114 stomach: inclination

sense: feelings

116 rate: reckoning

title: Page:Tempest (1918) Yale.djvu/39


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 “We hold these truths to he self-evident, that all men are created free and equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights; among these are life, liberty, and tho pursuit of happiness.”—Declaration of American Independence.

death of the parson was the commencement of a new era in the history of his slaves. Only a little more than eighteen years of age, Georgiana could not expect to carry out her own wishes in regard to the Slaves, although she was sole heir to her father's estate. There were distant relations whose opinions she had at least to respect. And both law and public opinion in the state were against any measure of emancipation that she might think of adopting; unless, perhaps, she might be permitted to send them to Liberia. Her uncle in Connecticut had already been written to, to come down and aid in settling up the estate. He was a Northern man, but she knew him to be a tight-fisted yankee, whose whole counsel would go against liberating the negroes. Yet there was one way in which the thing could be done. She loved Carlton, and she well knew that he loved her; she read it in his countenance every time they met, yet the young man did not mention his wishes to her. There were many reasons why he should not. In the first place, her father was just deceased, and it seemed only right that he should wait a reasonable time. Again, Carlton was poor, and Georgiana

title: Page:Clotel (1853).djvu/166


text:
Page:The Wreck of a World - Grove - 1890.djvu/7

 LONG'S ALBION LIBRARY.—VOL. II.

THE

With a Preface by Sir JOHN BROWN, C.E., J.P.

Knight of the Order of Maximilian of Mexico, etc., etc., etc.

BY

W. GROVE,

Author of "A Mexican Mystery,"

SIXTH EDITION.

DIGBY AND LONG, PUBLISHERS,

18, BOUVERIE STREET, FLEET STREET, E.C.


text:
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country has produced so much heroism in so short a time, connected with escapes from peril and oppression, as has occurred in the United States among fugitive slaves, many of whom show great shrewdness in their endeavours to escape from this land of bondage. A slave was one day seen passing on the high road from a border town in the interior of the state of Virginia to the Ohio river. The man had neither hat upon his head or coat upon his back. He was driving before him a very nice fat pig, and appeared to all who saw him to be a labourer employed on an adjoining farm. "No negro is permitted to go at large in the Slave States without a written pass from his or her master, except on business in the neighbourhood." "Where do you live, my boy?" asked a white man of the slave, as he passed a white house with green blinds. "Jist up de road, sir," was the answer. "That's a fine pig." "Yes, sir, marser like dis choat berry much." And the negro drove on as if he was in great haste. In this way he and the pig travelled more than fifty miles before they reached the Ohio river. Once at the river they crossed over; the pig was sold; and nine days after the runaway slave passed over the Niagara river, and, for the first time in his life,

title: Page:Clotel (1853).djvu/174


text:
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Rh which are of the Bignes of The Herb called Quaun, which is our Angelica, is very obvious and common, as well as wild Roemary, which has the Tate and Smell of Turpentine; of which by Ditillation is extracted a fine Oil and Spirit, of great Ue in Medicine. That precious Herb the mot excellent Remedy for the Cure of the Ditemper, which gives it Name, grows every where on the  and has not o bitter a Tate as that of ofter Climates; I have een wonderful Effects of its Cure. The Century alo produces a Gras with yellow Flowers, whoe Root mells in the Spring like Roes: the Inhabitants feed thereupon, and find Benefit by it. In the Bays and Inlets you have wild Thyme at the Side of the Mountains, which after yield a fragrant Smell. Here alo you meet with the Herb Tormentil, or and a great many other Herbs, Plants and Vegetables, which I can't call to Mind, and whoe Names indeed are altogether unknown to me. Some of them are repreented in the following Cuts. Their mot

title: Page:A description of Greenland.djvu/73


text:
Page:Fsi-AmharicBasicCourse-Volume1-StudentText.pdf/83

UNIT 6 In the both types have identical formula:

əə – where, and  stand for the first, second and third radicals respectively.

Examples: (The /-ə/ is the ending for the third person singular.).


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in a free state, and marrying a wife who had been a victim to the institution of slavery, Henry Morton became strongly opposed to the system. His two daughters, at the age of twelve years, were sent to the North to finish their education, and to receive that refinement that young ladies cannot obtain in the Slave States. Although he did not publicly advocate the abolition of slavery, he often made himself obnoxious to private circles, owing to the denunciatory manner in which he condemned the "peculiar institution." Being one evening at a party, and hearing one of the company talking loudly of the glory and freedom of American institutions, he gave it as his opinion that, unless slavery was speedily abolished, it would be the ruin of the Union. "It is not our boast of freedom," said he, "that will cause us to be respected abroad. It is not our loud talk in favour of liberty that will cause us to be regarded as friends of human freedom; but our acts will be scrutinised by the people of other

title: Page:Clotel (1853).djvu/188


text:
Page:The Wreck of a World - Grove - 1890.djvu/9

 18, Bouverie Street, Fleet Street, London.

Under the above heading, Messrs. Digby and Long will issue, from time to time, a series of Shilling Books of Fiction by the best authors. , just published, and which has which has already reached several editions, therefore constitutes No. 1 of this series.


text:
Page:A description of Greenland.djvu/74

46 mot common Berries are thoe called  and   which are common in Norway, do not arrive here to any Perfection, on account of the thick Fogs that hang upon the Ilands, when thee Plants bud. This Country affords the mot pleaant Propect about the Latitude of 60 to 64 Degrees; and eems fit to be manured for the Produce of all Sorts of Grain; and there is to this Day, Marks of Acres and arable Land to be oberved. I myelf once made a Trial of owing Barley in the Bay joining to our new Colony, which prung up o fat, that it tood in its full Ears towards the latter End of July; but did not come to Ripenes, on account of the which nip'd it, and hindered its Growth. But as this Grain was brought over from Begen in Norway, no Doubt it wanted a longer Summer and more Heat for to ripen. But I am of Opinion that Corn which grows in the more Northern Parts of Norway would thrive better in Greenland, in as much as thoe Climates agree

title: Page:A description of Greenland.djvu/74


text:
Page:Adam's reports on vernacular education in Bengal and Behar, submitted to Government in 1835, 1836 and 1838.djvu/243

Rh names of the principal books. In grammar, the Mugdhabodha with the Ramtarkavagisi commentary and the Kalapa with the commentary of Trilochana Dasa are chiefly used. In lexicology, the Amara Kosha is the only work employed. In general literature, the Hitopadesa and Bhatti Kavya are read. In law, the following Tatwas or treatises of, viz., Tithi, Prayaschitta, Udbaha, Suddhi, Sraddha, Ahnika, Ekadasi, Malamasa, Samayasuddhi, and Jyotisha, are first studied; and these are followed by the Dayabhaga and Prayaschitta Viveka. In logic, the works in use are the Mathuri commentary of Vyapti Panchaka; the Jagadisi commentary of Purva Paksha, Savyabhichara, and Kevalanwaya; and the Gadadhari commentary of Avayava and Satpratipaksha, all, of course, including their respective texts: the Sabdasaktiprakasika by Gadadhar is also read. In mythology, the Bhagavata Purana, and the , a book of the Mahabharata, are read.

Students as well as teachers sometimes receive presents on public occasions, and in certain seasons of the year the more indigent travel about as religious mendicants, the small sums thus obtained being employed to defray those expenses which their relations or teachers do not enable them to meet. Of the 24 Sanscrit schools the students of 10 receive nothing in either of the ways above mentioned, and the students of 14 receive various sums the annual average of which is rupees 7-13. This is the annual average, not to each student, but to all the students of each school taken collectively; and with reference to the average number of students in each school, it gives little more than a rupee annually to each student.

This district contains 66 Sanscrit schools, of which one village contains five and another three, four villages contain two each, and forty villages contain one each.

The number of teachers is 58, of whom 53 are Rarhi and four are Varendra Brahmans, and one is of the Vaidya or medical caste. The number of teachers is greater by two than the number of schools, one school being taught by a father and son and another by an uncle and nephew. The average age of the teachers is 45.6 years.

Two of the teachers receive no invitations or presents, but like most of the rest give their instructions gratuitously to the students. The others derive their support from the following sources:—


text:
Page:New Peterson magazine 1859 Vol. XXXV.pdf/155

 150

o I L n I A N.

I’ve seen her crimp ’em a hundred times with my penknife, fell.over her hands, and stood up like a pretty border of snow round her neck. I ~ tell you she looked like a princess by the side of little Hetty, with her shy, brown eyes, and her dark dress, and her half frightened way.

“T didn’t go a great deal into the out-room while young Bentley was there. What with feeding cattle, getting out fence rails, and doing up the chores, I got purty well tired out afore night, and so sot down in the kitchen with the old folks; besides I had a little business of my own to attend to across the hill, that took up my Sunday nights: and maybe an evening or so in the week time.

‘My Hannah’s mother lived over in that direction; and when the gals were in the out-room with young Bentley, I naturally engaged myself best tother side of the hill. I don’t pretend to compare the gal that I married in the end to our Sarah; that wasn’t to be thought of; but she had a way about her like my oldest sister, and in all: the neighborhood there wasn’t a better house- keeper, or a kinder wife, than she made me up te the time of her death.”

Here uncle Daniel drew one hand across his; eyes, and paused a moment to get his voice. Gillian took the other hand in hers, and laid her cheek against it in a sweet, caressing way, that made the old man sob out.

“‘Oh, don’t, don’t, it goes too straight home!

Then Gillian dropped his hand quite rever- ently, and bent her eyes on the fire, afraid of disturbing him again. “When a young fellow is in love, it’s like a dream, you know, and almost anything may happen around him without being noticed. I was too much taken up with my own feelings for any very distinct idea of what was going on  at home. It sometimes did strike me that Mr. Bentley staid a good while at the homestead, and that Sarah seemed to enjoy his society very much; but it gave me no sort of uneasiness, for though the young fellow was a splendid-looking critter, and rich enough to buy out half of Rock- land county, our Sarah was a match for him, or any other man that ever wore shoe-leather. As for Hetty, dear, quiet Hetty, I never thought about her at all, she wasn’t the sort of gal, you know, to take much to the young fellows. She was so hard to get acquainted with, always keep- ing, as it were, behind her handsome sister.

“Sometimes I would just go into the out-room in the edge of evening, not to appear unsociable, and éverything seemed comfortable enough. Sometimes the girls had their knitting work out, while Bentley read to them; sometimes I found him holding the skein of yarn on his two hands, while Sarah stood before him winding it off. She had a dexterous way of twirling the ball round in the fingers of her left hand, that made it come out sloped like a lemon with a hole in the centre. Your grandma taught her the trick, and young Bentley used to torment her to show him the way it was done; but he was sure to spoil the shape of her ball, when she was ready to box his ears, and never let him off till he unwound it again.

“One evening, I remember going in after he had tangled up her yarn, so that it was impossible to unravel it. She was on her knees before the hearth, blushing and laughing, as she tried to make the thread run evenly from a heap of  yarn he had left on the floor; the firelight  struck through her curls till they shone like floss gold,  and she now and then lifted her eyes to his in a  y way that brought my heart into my mouth. It was frank and open like a child’s: but he was  looking down upon her, and I didn’t like the   way her eyes fell, or to see her neck and face  turn scarlet when she saw Hetty and I looking so steadily at her.

Hetty seemed to be took back more than I  was. To own the truth; mebby I shouldn’t have  noticed it much if she hadn’t looked so white, and if her eyes hadn’t met mine with a wild sort of glitter in them that I had never seen before.

“Well, after a little, Sarah, what with breaking and pulling, unsnarled the yarn, and got up from her knees, laughing in a forced way, and ﬂinging back her curls with a sarcy toss of her head, which made me a’most want to kiss her without another word; but lletty looked more sober than ever, so I put on a serious face, and says I,

“‘Well, gals, what do you and Mr. Bentley say to a sleigh-ride? The moon's out, and the sky is chuck full of stars. There’s just frost enough to give the snow a glitter, and to make the bells heard a mile off. Supposing we take a drive over the hill, and call on

“‘Oh, yes,’ says Sarah, clapping her hands, ‘it'll be an excuse for Dan to call at the Den cons’ three times this week; I thought he looked restless at tea time. What do you say, Hetty, dear?—as for Mr. Bentley, of course he goes or stays, as we determine.’

“Mr. Bentley laughed and said, ‘He was ready to follow the ladies anywhere;’ at which the gals ran upstairs to get their things, and I went to the barn to hitch up the team.

“In less than ten minutes I was at the front door, with as hornsome a span of grey horses as you ever saw, all covered with bells, and