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 Waved it to the rolling waters,

Waved it to the roaring Main,

Which ran back with all its surges

Like white dogs that know their master,

Leaving bare the rocks and seaweed,

Leaving high and dry the palm-tree.

And the little squirrel hastened—

Cocking high his tail again,

Reached his woven house of grass-blades—

Found his wife, and found his children

Dry and well, and chirping welcomes.

So he brought them safe to dry land,

But the wonder was to see

All their little smooth backs "stripey"

With the sign of Shiva's fingers!

That is why, in distant India,

Good men never kill the chipmunks;

And, I think, his cousins here,

Though no God has ever stroked them,

Would be grateful if you left them

Playing 'mid the scarlet maples

Of your Pennsylvanian woods.


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hearts disconsolate see to the state:

To bear a breaking heart may prove thy fate.

Help to be happy those thine aid can bless,

Mindful of thine own day of helplessness.

If thou at others' doors need'st not to pine

In thanks to Allah drive no man from thine.

Over the orphan's path protection spread!

Pluck out his heart-grief, lift his drooping head.

When with his neck bent low thou spiest one,

Kiss not the lifted face of thine own son!

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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 Take heed these go not weeping. Allah's throne

Shakes to the sigh the orphan breathes alone.

With kindness wipe the tear-drop from his eye,

Cleanse him from dust of his calamity!

There was a merchant, who, upon his way—

Meeting one fatherless and lamed—did stay

To draw the thorn which pricked his foot; and passed:

And 'twas forgot: and the man died at last:

But in a dream the Prince of Khojand spies

That man again, walking in Paradise;

Walking and talking in the Blessed Land,

And what he said the Prince could understand:

For he said this: plucking the heavenly posies,

"Ajâb! that one Thorn made me many Roses!"


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me through my snow,

Track me through my mire,

You shall never know

Half that you desire!

Praise me, or asperse,

Deck me, or deride;

In my veil of verse

Safe from you I hide.


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1. us then commence to seek out, in God’s name, the principles on which, as on an immovable rock, the method of teaching and of learning can be grounded. If we wish to find a remedy for the defects of nature, it is in nature herself that we must look for it, since it is certain that art can do nothing unless it imitate nature.

2. A few examples will make this clear. We see a fish swimming in the water; it is its natural mode of progression. If a man wish to imitate it, it is necessary for him to use in a similar manner the limbs that are at his disposal; instead of fins he must employ his arms, and instead of a tail, his feet, moving them as a fish moves its fins. Even ships are constructed on this plan; in the place of fins they must employ oars or sails, and in the place of a tail, the rudder. We see a bird flying through the air; it is its natural mode of progression. When Daedalus wished to imitate it, he had to take wings (large enough to carry such a heavy body) and set them in motion.

3. The organ of sound production in animals is a pipe consisting of muscular rings, provided at the top with the thyroid cartilage, as with a lid, and at the bottom with the lungs, as with a wind-bag.


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upon the splintered summit

Swathed in tempest, by a black gulf,

Wondrous beautiful, a Woman—

Large and strong her body's lines are

As she leans upon the rock

At the crag's edge lightly swaying:

One knee rests across the other

Balanced, and, with fingers clenched,

In her hand she grasps a serpent,

Careless how the monstrous creature

Twines and coils, and shoots its fork forth

Helpless that white grip to loosen,

Helpless to escape her fingers.

Red her hair is; like to flame-tongues

Stream amid the storm its tresses,


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Rh As the sun rotates about an axis, it seems probable, if an impulse in a contrary direction lias not been given to his centre of gravity, that he moves in space, accompanied by all those bodies which compose the solar system—a circumstance which would in no way interfere with their relative motions; for, in consequence of the principle that force is proportional to velocity, the reciprocal attractions of a system remain the same, whether its centre of gravity be at rest, or moving uniformly in space. It is computed that had the earth received its motion from a siugle impulse, such impulse must have passed through a point about twenty-five miles from its centre.

Since the motions of rotation and translation of the planets are independent of each other, though probably communicated by the same impulse, they form separate subjects of investigation.

A planet moves in its elliptical orbit with a velocity varying every instant, in consequence of two forces, one tending to the centre of the sun, and the other in the direction of a tangent to its orbit, arising from the primitive impulse given at the time when it was launched into space: should the


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 Float into the clouds and capture

The chain-lightning as it falls,

Drawing through its skeins those flashes

Which glide harmless down her body,

But, beneath her, split a pine-tree

From its topmost bough to foot.

And the eyes of this wild woman,

In the light which flickers purple

Bound and round the summit, glitter

Green beneath great brows of black.


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 On this model flutes, whistles, and other wind instruments are made.

4. It has been discovered that the substance that causes thunder in the clouds, and hurls down fire and stones, is saltpetre ignited in combination with sulphur. In imitation of this, gunpowder is now made out of sulphur and saltpetre. When this is ignited and fired from cannon, a mimic storm, with thunder and lightning, is produced.

5. It has been found that water always tends to preserve a level surface, even in vessels that communicate but are at some distance from one another. The experiment has been made of conducting water through pipes, and it has been found that it will rise from any depth to any height, provided that it originally fall from that height. This is an artificial arrangement, but it is also natural; for the exact mode in which the action takes place is artificial, but the law on which the action depends is natural.

6. The vault of heaven, on observation, has been found to revolve continuously, thus, by the various revolutions of the planets, producing the changes of the seasons which are so pleasant. In imitation of this an instrument has been devised, representing the daily revolution of the vault of heaven. It is composed of wheels arranged so that not only can one be driven by the other, but that all can be put into continuous motion. Now it was necessary to construct this instrument out of movable and immovable parts, as the universe itself is constructed, and consequently we find a solid pedestal, pillars, and circular rings, corresponding to the earth, the immovable element in the universe, while in place of the movable orbits in the heaven we have the various wheels. But because it was impossible to command any one wheel to turn round and to carry others with them (as the Creator gave the heavenly lights the power to move themselves, and others with them), the motive power has to be borrowed from nature, and a weight or a spring is used.


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 Either a weight is hung from the axle of the principal wheel, and by its tension causes the axle, the wheel to which it belongs, and the other wheels to turn; or a long strip of steel is forcibly bound round the axle, and by its endeavours to get free and straighten itself, makes the axle and the wheel turn round. In order that the rotation may not be too fast, but slow like that of the vault of heaven, other wheels are added, of which the last, driven by two teeth only, makes a clicking noise and is analogous to the change between the coming and the going light, or to that between day and night. In addition to that part of the mechanism which gives the signal for the hours and the quarters, skilfully-devised triggers are added, which set it in motion at the right time, and then stop it again, just as nature, by the movement of the vault of heaven, allows winter, spring, summer, and autumn to come and to depart again at the right moment.

7. It is now quite clear that that order, which is the dominating principle in the art of teaching all things to all men, should be, and can be, borrowed from no other source but the operations of nature. As soon as this principle is thoroughly secured, the processes of art will proceed as easily and as spontaneously as those of nature. Very aptly does Cicero say: “If we take nature as our guide, she will never lead us astray,” and also: “Under the guidance of nature it is impossible to go astray.” This is our belief, and our advice is to watch the operations of nature carefully and to imitate them.

8. But some one may laugh at our expectations and may cast in our teeth the saying of Hippocrates: “Life is short, and art is long; opportunities are fleeting, experience is deceptive, and judgment is difficult.” Here are five obstacles, the reasons why so few scale the heights of wisdom:—

(i) The shortness of life; through which so many are snatched away in youth before their preparations for life are finished. (ii) The perplexing crowd of objects which


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 the mind has to grasp, and which makes the endeavour to include all things within the limits of our knowledge, very weary work. (iii) The lack of opportunities to acquire the arts, or their rapid departure when they occur (for the years of youth, which are the most suitable for mental culture, are spent in playing, and the succeeding years, in the present condition of mankind, bring far more opportunities for worthless than for serious matters); or if a suitable opportunity present itself, it vanishes before we can grasp it. (iv) The weakness of our intellects and the lack of sound judgment. The result of this is that we get no farther than the outside shell, and never attain to the kernel. (v) Finally, the circumstance that, if any wish to grasp the true nature of things by patient observation and experiments repeated as often as possible, the process is too wearisome, and is at the same time deceptive and uncertain (for instance, in such accurate observations the most careful observer may make an error, and as soon as one error creeps in, the whole observation becomes worthless).

9. If all this be true, how can we dare hope for a universal, sure, easy, and thorough road to learning? I answer: Experience teaches us that this is true, but the same experience teaches us also that the proper remedies can be found. These things have been ordained thus by God, the all-wise arranger of the universe, and are for our good. He has given us a short spa of life because, in our present state of corruption, we should be unable to employ a longer one profitably. For if we, who are born and die, and with whom the end of life is but a few years distant from the beginning, give ourselves up to folly: what would we not do if we had hundreds or thousands of years before us? God, therefore, has only wished to grant as much time as He deemed sufficient preparation for a better life. For this purpose life is long enough, if only we know how to use it.

10. The diversity of objects has been equally ordained by God for our advantage, that there might be no


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the forest there fluttered a song

Upborne upon airy gay wings;

As the breeze lisps the beech-boughs among

So softly it lit on my strings:

And my harp told the River again:

And the trees and the birds caught the strain:

And the flow'rs set up soft whisperings.

Through the forest came loitering Love:

There was budding and blooming at this:

The birds woke, with welcome, the grove

And the rocks and the springs felt the bliss;

It seemed 'twould be sunshine forever

As the sun shed red gold on the River

While the waves and the bank-buds did kiss.


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 Through the forest a tempest 'gan roar,

Song and Love in its fury it caught,

And both to the far Sea it bore,

So an end to our singing was brought!

And the River went silently by,

And the gold melted out of the sky,

And the talk of the birds came to naught!


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("On the wall is suspended the foretopsail of Lord Nelson's flagship Victory." Vide "Catalogue of Naval Exhibition, Chelsea, 1891")

, Wings of Victory!

Proud battle-plumage, torn with shot and ball,

Draped in wide tattered glory on this wall!

Come hither! Come and see!

Lord Nelson's canvas here!

The topsail of his Flagship, when he sailed

To win Trafalgar for us,—and prevailed

'Mid thunder, flame, and fear.

The cloths she sheeted home

Shining and white that day! halliards and clew,

Cringle and tack and bolt-rope—clean and new—

Close to the foe to come:


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 Now faded, ragged, frayed:

As yellow as King George's guineas! rent

From bunt to ear-ring: yet magnificent!

Yet in royal state arrayed!

For, dear and dauntless ship,

Built of the British Oak, and manned with hearts

Stanch as the heart of oak! What pulse but starts?

What pride leaps to the lip

Thinking how each clout heard

The boatswain pipe: "Hoist the fore topsail, Lads!

Haul home! Haul home!" And then it soars and spreads

Like pinion of sea-bird;

Amongst the clouds a cloud:

And then it sees from foretop—while it holds

The Spanish breeze, and mightily unfolds—

Down on the decks that crowd


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 Of Nelson's lions stand,

Stripped to the waist at stations: every man

Alight with the great signal-words which ran

Joyous, and good, and grand—

"England expects

That every man this day"—"Ay! ay!" we hear!

Our duty we shall do: have ye no fear"

The very cannons' necks

Lean hungry o'er the swell,

Craving for battle-food: and, leading all,

Nelson's Three-decker goes, majestical!

Beautiful! terrible!

Oh, Wings of Victory!

Flew ye indeed that forenoon, white and great,

Wafting our hero to his glorious fate

Over the dancing sea?

Marked ye, indeed,

The haughty foemen's challenge-flags unfold

From ship to ship, along the rippled gold?

And, ever true at need


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 Collingwood close? And Lake?

And Nelson, from his knees, come brave and gay

To give his bright blood for us? and the array

Of liners, in his wake?

Gods! how we see

Bullets and round-shot rend thy bellying white!

And scarlet smoke-wreaths from the rattling fight

Enwrap thee, weather and lee!

And how, below,

'Mid blast of such red thunders, rife with death,

Such terror as no tempest witnesseth,

Our British Jacks, aglow,

Fight on for Britain's Crown

As if each man were not King's man, but King!

And what cheers split the sky, when fluttering,

Flag after flag comes down!

And then—there! there!

While thy scorched folds flap triumph—that 'curst ball!


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12 force in the tangent cease, the planet would fall to the sun by its gravity; were the sun not to attract it, the planet would fly off in the tangent. Thus, when the planet is in aphelion, or at the point where the orbit is farthest from the sun, his action overcomes the planet’s velocity, and brings it towards him with such an accelerated motion, that, at last, it overcomes the sun's attraction, and, shooting past him, gradually decreases in velocity, until it arrives at the aphelion where the sun's attraction again prevails. In this motion the radii vectores, or imaginary lines joining the centres of the sun and the planets, pass over equal areas in equal times.

If the planets were attracted by the sun only, this would ever be their course; and because his action is proportional to his mass, which is much larger than that of all the planets put together, the elliptical is the nearest approximation to their true motions, which are extremely complicated, in consequence of their mutual attraction, so that they do not move in any known or symmetrical curve, but in paths now approaching to, now receding from, the elliptical form; and their radii vectores do not describe areas exactly proportional to the time. Thus the areas become a test of disturbing forces.

To determine the motion of each body, when disturbed by all the rest, is beyond the power of


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 The mortal wound! our matchless Champion's fall!

Loss that made all gain dear.

Foretopsail old!

Under your foot he fell—splendid in death:

Under your shade breathed forth his patriot breath!

Ah! wove with valor's gold,

Heroic Rags!

Flaunt to the world, as once to France and Spain,

Token of England's might upon the main,

Better than blazoned flags.

Flaunt!—for ye may—

Tatters which make it boast enough to be

Of Nelson's blood! Torn Wings of Victory

From dread Trafalgar's day!


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("Towards the close of the war with France, Captain the Hon. Sir Charles Paget, while cruising in the Endymion frigate on the coast of Spain, descried a French ship of the line in imminent danger, embayed among rocks on a lee shore: bowsprit and foremast gone, and riding by a stream cable: her only remaining one.

"Though it was blowing a gale, Sir Charles bore down to the assistance of his enemy, dropped his sheet-anchor on the Frenchman's bow, buoyed the cable, and veered it across his hawser. This the disabled ship succeeded in getting in, and thus seven hundred lives were saved from destruction.

"After performing this chivalrous action the Endymion, being herself in great peril, hauled to the wind, let go her bower-anchor, club-hauled, and stood off shore on the other tack." Vide "Catalogue Royal Naval Exhibition, 1891.")

English roses on her face

Blossomed a brighter pink, for pride,

As, through the glories of the place

Wistful, we wandered, side by side.

We saw our bygone worthies stand,

Done to the life, in steel and gold,


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 Howard and Drake—a stately band—

Sir Walter, Anson, Hawkins bold:

By all the martial blazonry

Of Blake's great battles, and the roar

Of Jervis, thundering through the sea:

With Rodney, Hood, and fifty more:

To him, the bravest, gentlest, best,

Duty's dear Hero, Britain's star—

The chieftain of the dauntless breast,

Nelson, our Thunderbolt of War!

We saw him gathering sword by sword

On conquered decks from Don and Dane,

We saw him, Victory's laurelled Lord,

Rend the French battle-line a-twain:

We saw the coat, the vest, he wore

In thick of dread Trafalgar's day:

The blood-stains, and the ball which tore

Shoulder-gold, lace, and life away.


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 In countless grand War-pieces there

The green seas foamed with gallant blood:

The skies blazed high with flame and fear,

The tall masts toppled to the flood.

But ever, 'mid red rage and glow

Of each tremendous Ocean fight,

Safe, by the strength of those below

The flag of England floated bright!

"Ah, dear, brave souls!" she said, "'tis good

To be a British girl and claim

Some drops, too, of such splendid blood,

Some distant share of deathless fame! "

"Yet, still I think of what tears rained

From tender French and Spanish eyes

For all those glorious days we gained.

Oh! the hard price of victories!"

"Come then!" I said: "witness one fight

With triumph crowned, which cost no tear:


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 lack of material to occupy, exercise, and educate our minds.

11. God permits opportunities to be fleeting, and only to be grasped by the fore-lock, that we may learn to seize them the very instant they present themselves.

12. Experience is deceptive in order that our attention may be excited, and that we may feel the necessity of penetrating to the essential nature of things.

13. Finally, judgment is difficult, in order that we may be urged on to eagerness and to continual effort, and that the hidden wisdom of God, which permeates all things, may, to our great satisfaction, become ever more apparent. “If everything could be easily understood,” says St. Augustine, “men would neither seek wisdom with keenness, nor find it with exultation.”

14. We must therefore see in what way those obstacles which God’s foresight has placed in our paths to make us keener and more energetic may, with God’s aid, be set aside. This can only be attained—

(i) By lengthening our lives, that they may be sufficiently long for the scheme proposed.

(ii) By curtailing the subjects taught, that they may be proportionate to the duration of life.

(iv) By seizing opportunities, and not letting them slip away unused.

(iv) By unlocking the intellect, that it may grasp things with ease.

(v) By laying a foundation that is not to be shaken, and that will not deceive us, in the place of a tottering fabric of superficial observation.

15. We will therefore proceed, taking nature as our guide, to seek out the principles:—

(i) Of prolonging life.

(ii) Of curtailing the subjects, that knowledge may be acquired faster.

(iii) Of seizing opportunities, that knowledge may be acquired without fail.


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 Waged gallant 'gainst the tempest's might."

Then turned we to a canvas near.

"Look! the King's frigate: and her foe:

The coast is Spain! Cruising to spy

An enemy, she finds him so,

Caught in a death-trap, piteously!

"A great Three-decker! Close a-lee

Wild breakers on the black rocks foam

Will drown that ship's whole company

When the one Anchor's fluke comes home.

"Her foremast gone, she cannot set

Head-sails to cast her off the land:

Those poor souls have to draw breath, yet

As long as while a warp will stand.

"'Tis war-time—time of mutual hate—

Only to keep off, therefore,—tack,

Mark from afar 'Jean Crapaud's' fate,

And lightly to 'my Lords' bear back


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 (iv) Of unlocking the intellect, that knowledge may be easily acquired.

(v) Of sharpening the judgment, that knowledge may be thoroughly acquired.

To each of these points we shall devote a chapter. The question of curtailing the subjects of instruction will be treated of last.


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 kept her original Speech in her Thoughts, that the Gentleman was in Love with her; but being resolved to put her to the Necessity of asking her again, she kept back a great while; at last the Lady brought it about again, and ask'd, Who this Gentleman was?

answered nimbly, she did not know him; but, it seems, he was one of her Admirers.

do you mean by that? says she, I don't know him.

no matter for that, says she, he knows you.

do you know that? says the Lady, when you say you don't know the Man.

O, Madam, says she, I know it for all that.

thus she led her on Artfully, till she found she had raised her Expectation a little; and then she told her Story thus:

, Madam, says she, as I told you, I thrust my Chair back to fit farther off, the Gentleman being like to fit next me; but Madam, meaning the Lady at whose House they were, came, and thrusting the Gentleman's Chair next to mine; Come, Sir, says she to him, pray fit next to this Gentlewoman, she lodges in the same House where the Lady lives that is your particular Favourite.

you so, says the Gentleman, with all my Heart; I honour every Thing that is but known to Madam, meaning your self; and so he sat down.

can that be? says the Lady.

, indeed, says she, I don't know that; but he is a very fine Gentleman, I assure you; so fine a Carriage, so modest, and talks so fine.


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 "Good news of the great Liner, done

To splinters, and some thirty score

Of 'Mounseers' perished! Not a gun

To fire! Just stand by—no more!

"Also, that Captain who should go—

Eyes open—where this Gaul is driven,

Would steer straight into Hell's mid woe

Out of the easy peace of Heaven.

"Well! let them strike and drown!—Not he!

Not lion-hearted Paget! No!

The war's forgot! He'll make us see

Seamanship at its topmost. 'Blow

"'Boatswain! your pipe! Endymions, hear!

Forward and aft, all hands on deck!

Let my sails draw, range hawsers clear!

Paget from fate his foe will pluck!'

"So bears she down; the fair white flag

Hoisted—full friendly—at the main!


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 Her guns run in; twice to a rag

The stormsail torn, but set again.

"And, when she rounds to wind, they swarm

Into their rigging, and they dip

The tricolor, with hearts made warm

By hope and love. Look now! his ship

"Inside the doomed one! and you note

How, between life and death, he keeps

His Frigate like a pleasure-boat

Clean full and by: and, while he sweeps

"Athwart the Frenchman's hawse, lets go

His big sheet-anchor: buoys it, cast

Clear o'er the rail. They know, they know!

Here's help! here's hope! here's chance at last!

"For hauling (you shall understand)

That English hawser o'er her side,

All fear is fled of yon black strand:

Safely the huge three-decker rides.


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 "Safe shall she come to Brest again,

With Jean and Jacques, and Paul and Pierre;

And float to fight King George's men

Thanks to the goodly British gear.

"But woe to bold Endymion,

Never was darker plight for craft;

Laid-to—all save one anchor gone,

And those black fateful rocks abaft!

"Fresh-plucked from death the Frenchmen watched

A sailor's highest lesson shown;

They view by skill that Frigate snatched

From peril direr than their own.

"To beat to windward she must fly

Round to the starboard tack: but drives

Full on the rocks in staying: try

To wear her, the same fate arrives.

"One desperate shift remains! She brings

Her cable to the bitts: makes fast:


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 Drops anchor: by the starboard swings:

And, when a-lee her stern is cast,

"Hauls on the slack, and cuts adrift:

Sheets home her foresail: fills, and swerves

A ship's length forth. Subtle and swift

Her aim the tempest's wrath now serves.

"In view of those safe, rescued men,

Foot by foot steals she space to live:

Self-stripped of hope, except she win

The offing. None can succor give!

"A ship's length more! One ship's length more!

And then 'helm down!' Then, somewhat free

Comes the fierce blast! That leeward shore

Slides slow astern! That raging sea

"Widens! If once yon whitened reef

She weathers! 'tis a saviour saved!—

Seamanship conquers! past belief

She rounds! The peril hath been braved!


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 "Then, louder than the storm-wind's yell,

Rings in her wake the Frenchmen's cheer,

Bidding the good ship glad farewell

While our staunch Frigate draws out clear.

"Never was nobler salvage made!

Never a smarter sea-deed done!"

"Best of all fights I love," she said: "This fight of the Endymion."


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1. Author:Aristotle, as well as Hippocrates, has complained of the shortness of human life, and accuses nature of granting a long term of years to stags, ravens, and other animals, while she hems in by narrow boundaries the lives of men born to great responsibility. Seneca, however, opposes this view, and wisely says: “The life that we receive is not short, unless we make it so. We suffer from no lack of years, but carouse away those that are granted us. Life is long, if we do but know how to use it.” And again: “Our lives are sufficiently long, and, if we order them well, allow us to bring the greatest undertakings to completion” (De Brevitate Vita, cc. i. and ii.)

2. If this be correct, and indeed it is very true, it is grossly culpable on our parts if our lives do not prove sufficiently long to bring great undertakings to completion, since the reason is that we waste our lives, partly by taking no care of them, so that they do not reach the natural limit, and partly by frittering them away on worthless objects.

3. A trustworthy authority (Hippolytus Guarino) asserts, and gives good reasons for his assertion, that a man of the most delicate constitution, if he come into the world without any deformity, possesses enough vitality to carry him on to his sixtieth year; while a very strong man should attain to his hundredth year. If any die before this


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 age (it is, of course, well known that most men die as children, as youths, or in middle age), they are themselves to blame, since, by excesses, or by neglect of the natural demands of life, they have undermined their own health and that of their children, and have hastened their death.

4. The examples of men who, before middle age, have reached a point to which others could not attain in the course of a long life, prove that a short lifetime (i.e. one of fifty, forty, or thirty years) is sufficient to realise the highest aims, if only it be properly used. Alexander the Great died when he was thirty-three years old, and he was not only a master of all the sciences, but also conqueror of the world, which he had subdued less by sheer force than by the wisdom of his plans, and the rapidity with which he put them into execution. Giovanni Pico Mirandola, who was even younger than Alexander when he died, attained by his philosophical studies such proficiency in all the departments of human knowledge, that he was considered the marvel of his age.

5. To take one more example, Jesus Christ, our Lord, remained only thirty-four years on earth, and in that time completed the task of Redemption. This He undoubtedly did to prove (for with Him every event has a mystic meaning) that whatever length of life a man may enjoy, it is sufficient to serve him as a preparation for eternity.

6. I cannot leave this question without quoting a golden saying of Seneca (out of his ninety-fourth letter): “I have,” he says, “found many men who are just in their dealings with men, but few who are just in their dealings with God. We daily lament our fate; but what does it matter how soon we quit this world, since we must certainly quit it one day or other? Life is long if it be full, and it becomes full if the spirit exert its power on itself; if it learn the secret of self-control.” And again: “I entreat of you, my Lucilius! let us strive that our lives, like earthly jewels, may be, not of great bulk, but of great weight”; and a little farther on: “Let us, therefore, deem that man one of the blest, who has used well the time allotted to him, no matter how


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Rh analysis; it is, therefore, necessary to estimate the disturbing action of one planet at a time, whence the celebrated problem of the three bodies, originally applied to the moon, the earth, and the sun—namely, the masses being given of three bodies projected from three given points, with velocities given both in quantity and direction; and, supposing the bodies to gravitate to one another with forces that are directly as their masses and inversely as the squares of the distances, to find the lines described by these bodies, and their positions at any given instant.

By this problem the motions of translation of all the celestial bodies are determined. It is an extremely difficult one, and would be infinitely more so, if the disturbing action were not very small when compared with the central force. As the disturbing influence of each body may be found separately, it is assumed that the action of the whole system, in disturbing any one planet, is equal to the sum of all the particular disturbances it experiences, on the general mechanical principle, that the sum of any number of small oscillations is nearly equal to their simultaneous and joint effect.

On account of the reciprocal action of matter, the stability of the system depends upon the intensity of the primitive momentum of the planets, and the ratio of their masses to that of the sun—for the


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 short it may have been. For he has seen the true light. He has not been one of the common herd; but has lived a full life, and has come to maturity.” And again: “As a perfect man can exist in a small body, so can a perfect life be found in a short term of years. The duration of life is a purely accidental circumstance. Do you ask which is the path of life that reaches farthest? It is the path that leads to wisdom. He who attains wisdom, has reached not only the farthest, but also the highest goal.”

7. Against this shortness of life, which is complained of, there are two remedies for us and for our children (and therefore for schools also). We must take all possible precautions that—

(i) Our bodies may be protected from disease and from death.

(ii) Our minds may be placed in such an environment that they can attain all knowledge.

8. The body must be protected from disease and from accidents, firstly, because it is the dwelling-place of the soul, which must leave this world as soon as ever the body is destroyed. If it fall into bad repair, and suffer damage in any of its parts, the soul, its guest, will have an inhospitable abode. Therefore, if we wish to dwell as long as possible in the palace of this world, into which we have been brought by God’s grace, we must take wise forethought for the fabric of our bodies.

Secondly, this same body is not only intended to be the dwelling-place of the reasoning soul, but also to be its instrument, without which it could hear nothing, see nothing, say nothing, conduct no business, and could not even think. And since nothing exists in the mind that has not previously existed in the senses, the intellect takes the material of all its thoughts from the senses, and performs the operations of thought in a manner that may be termed “inner sensation,” that is to say, by acting on the images of things that are brought before it. It follows, therefore, that, if the brain receive an injury, the imagination will be impaired, and that if an impression be made


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 on the body, an impression will be made on the soul also. We may therefore unhesitatingly say that all should pray that they may have a sound mind in a sound body.

9. Our bodies are preserved in health and strength by a regular and moderate life, and on this we will make a few remarks from the medical point of view, taking a tree as illustration. In order to maintain its freshness, a tree needs three things: (1) a continuous supply of moisture; (2) copious transpiration; (3) an alternating period of rest and activity.

Moisture is necessary, because the tree would wither and dry up without it, but it must not be supplied in too great a quantity, as, if it be, it causes the roots to rot away. In the same way the body needs nourishment, because it wastes away from hunger and thirst without it; but it should not obtain a supply so large that the stomach is unable to digest it. The greater the moderation with which men partake of food, the easier they find its digestion.

The generality of men pay but little attention to this law, and by taking too much food diminish their strength and shorten their lives. For death is caused by disease, disease by unwholesome juices, and these, in turn, by insufficient digestion. Insufficient digestion arises from over-nutrition, and takes place when the stomach is so full that it cannot digest, and is compelled to supply the various members of the body with semi-digested juices, and in this case it is impossible that diseases should not arise. As the son of Sirach says: “By surfeiting have many perished, but he that taketh heed prolongeth his life” (Ecclesiasticus xxxvii. 31).

10. In order that good health may be preserved, it is necessary that nourishment be not only moderate in quantity, but also simple in quality. When a tree is young and tender, the gardener does not water it with wine or with milk, but with the liquid that suits trees, namely water. Parents should therefore take care not to spoil their boys, particularly those who study, or ought to study,


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 by giving them dainties. Are we not told that Daniel and his companions, the youths of noble birth who had to apply themselves to the pursuit of wisdom, lived on a diet of pulse and water, and that they were found to be more capable and more active, and, what is of greater value, more intelligent, than all the other youths who ate of the king’s meat? (Daniel i. 12 sqq.) But of these particulars we will speak in another place.

11. A tree must also transpire, and needs to be copiously refreshed by wind, rain, and frost; otherwise it easily falls into bad condition, and becomes barren. In the same way the human body needs movement, excitement, and exercise, and in daily life these must be supplied, either artificially or naturally.

12. Finally, a tree needs rest at stated periods, that it may not have to put forth branches, blossoms, and fruit perpetually, but may have some time to fulfil its inner functions, to develope sap, and in this way to strengthen itself. It was for this reason that God ordained that winter should follow summer, namely, to guarantee rest to all things that live on the earth, and even to the earth itself, since he commanded that the fields should lie fallow every seventh year (Lev. xxv.) In the same way He has ordained the night for man, and for other animals, in order that, by sleep and by resting their limbs, they may once more gather together the strength which the exertions of the day have dissipated. Even the smaller periods, such as the hours, are devised with a view to giving the body and the mind some relaxation; otherwise a strained and unnatural condition would set in. It is, therefore, useful to intersperse the labours of the day with recreation, amusements, games, merriment, music, and such-like diversions, and thus to refresh the inner and the outer senses.

13. He who observes these three principles (that is to say, eats moderately, exercises his body, and uses the relaxations supplied by nature) cannot fail to preserve his life and his health as long as possible. We naturally leave


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 you talk'd with him, it seems, says the Lady.

Company were very merry, says he, and every Body talk'd. But he has a World of Wit, that's certain.

, I know you are a good Judge, says the Lady.

, Madam, says she, that don't follow; but all the Company said so, as well as I.

to his Face, I hope.

, Madam; but he went away. My Lord fetch'd him away in his Coach and six.

touch'd her again, and the cunning Manager could perceive it plain enough. So she dropp'd the Discourse again, and run on upon other Things; but upon several Turns the Lady brought it about again: At last, she was simple enough to ask her, If she thought there was any Thing in it? Which was all the Creature wanted.

answered, yes, indeed, she believed there was, for she could perceive the Gentleman was mightily pleased when any Body did but speak of her.

who, says the Lady, could pretend to name me to him.

O, Madam, says she, I doubt not he had given Occasion enough for that before.

I hope you took no notice that you knew me, says the Lady.

, Madam, how could I help that, says she, when they all told him I lodged in the same House.

, that's true indeed, says the Lady, I didn't think of that.

, Madam, you need not be concern'd, says she, I said nothing to your Disadvantage, I assure you.


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 out of consideration accidents that depend on a dispensation higher than ours.

We see then that a large portion of the good organisation of schools consists of the proper division of work and of rest, and depends on the disposition of studies, intervals to relieve the strain, and recreation.

14. This can be attained by the skilful disposition of the time devoted to study. Thirty years seem insignificant, and are easily dismissed from the tongue. But these years include many months, more days, and countless hours.

In a single period of such duration much progress can be made, no matter how slow the process of advancement may be, provided it be continuous. We can see this in the growth of plants. It is impossible for the sharpest sight to perceive the process, since it takes place too gradually; but every month some increase is visible, and at the end of thirty years every one can see that the sapling has turned into a large and shady tree. The same holds good in the growth of our bodies. We do not see them growing, but only perceive that they have grown. So, too, with the acquisition of knowledge by the mind, as we learn from the well-known Latin couplet:

15. He who realises the natural strength of progress will easily understand this. From each bud a tree puts forth but one shoot yearly; but in thirty years the same tree will possess thousands of shoots, large and small, and leaves, blossoms, and fruit without number. Why then should it seem impossible to bring the activity of a man to any degree of intensity or fulness, and this in twenty or thirty years? Let us examine the matter more losely.

16. There are twenty-four hours in a day, and if, for the daily uses of life, we divide these into three parts, setting aside eight hours for sleep, and the same number for the external needs of the body (such as care of the health, meals, dressing and undressing, agreeable recrea-


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 tion, friendly converse, etc.), we have eight hours left for the serious work of life. We shall therefore have forty-eight working hours a week (setting aside the seventh day for rest). In one year this will amount to 2945 hours, and in ten, twenty, or thirty years to an immense number.

17. If, in each hour, a man could learn a single fragment of some branch of knowledge, a single rule of some mechanical art, a single pleasing story or proverb (the acquisition of which would require no effort), what a vast stock of learning he might lay by?

18. Seneca is therefore right when he says: “Life is long, if we know how to use it; it suffices for the completion of the greatest undertakings, if it be properly employed.” It is consequently of importance that we understand the art of making the very best use of our lives, and to this point we will now direct our investigation.


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RV 131 (SESSIONAL PAPER No. 41)

(a) Within three months from the date of the coming into force of the present Treaty, a Mixed Arbitral Tribunal shall be established between each of the Allied and Associated Powers on the one hand and Germany on the other hand. Each such Tribunal shall consist of three members. Each of the Governments concerned shall appoint one of these members. The President shall be chosen by agreement between the two Governments concerned.

In case of failure to reach agreement, the President of the Tribunal and two other persons either of whom may in case of need take his place, shall be chosen by the Council of the League of Nations, or, until this is set up, by M. Gustave Ador if he is willing. These persons shall be nationals of Powers that have remained neutral during the war.

If any Government does not proceed within a period of one month in case there is a vacancy to appoint a member of the Tribunal, such member shall be chosen by the other Government from the two persons mentioned above other than the President.

The decision of the majority of the members of the Tribunal shall be the decision of the Tribunal.

(b) The Mixed Arbitral Tribunals established pursuant to paragraph (a), shall decide all questions within their competence under Sections III, IV, V, and VII.

In addition, all questions, whatsoever their nature, relating to contracts concluded before the coming into force of the present Treaty between nationals of the Allied and Associated Powers and German nationals shall be decided by the Mixed Arbitral Tribunal, always excepting questions which, under the laws of the Allied, Associated or Neutral Powers, are within the jurisdiction of the National Courts of those Powers. Such questions shall be decided by the National Courts in question, to the exclusion of the Mixed Arbitral Tribunal. The party who is a national of an Allied or Associated Power may nevertheless bring the case before the Mixed Arbitral Tribunal if this is not prohibited by the laws of his country.

(c) If the number of cases justifies it, additional members shall be appointed and each Mixed Arbitral Tribunal shall sit in divisions. Each of these divisions will be constituted as above.

(d) Each Mixed Arbitral Tribunal will settle its own procedure except in so far as it is provided in the following Annex and is empowered to award the sums to be paid by the loser in respect of the costs and expenses of the proceedings.

(e) Each Government will pay the remuneration of the member of the Mixed Arbitral Tribunal appointed by it and of any agent whom it may appoint to represent it before the Tribunal. The remuneration of the President will be determined by special agreement between the Governments concerned; and this remuneration and the joint expenses of each Tribunal will be paid by the two Governments in equal moieties.

(f) The High Contracting Parties agree that their courts and authorities shall render to the Mixed Arbitral Tribunals direct all the assistance in their power, particularly as regards transmitting notices and collecting evidence.

(g) The High Contracting Parties agree to regard the decisions of the Mixed Arbitral Tribunal as final and conclusive, and to render them binding upon their nationals.

Should one of the members of the Tribunal either die, retire, or be unable for any reason whatever to discharge his functions, the same procedure will be followed for filling the vacancy as was followed for appointing him.


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1. fine is that comparison made by our Lord Jesus Christ in the gospel, “So is the kingdom of God, as if a man should cast seed upon the earth; and should sleep and rise night and day, and the seed should spring up and grow, he knoweth not how. The earth beareth fruit of herself; first the blade, then the ear, then the full corn in the ear. But when the fruit is ripe, straightway he putteth forth the sickle, because the harvest is come ”(Mark iv. 26).

2. The Saviour here shows that it is God who operates in everything, and that nothing remains for man but to receive the seeds of instruction with a devout heart; the processes of growth and of ripening will then continue of themselves, unperceived by him. The duty of the teachers of the young, therefore, is none other than to skilfully scatter the seeds of instruction in their minds, and to carefully water God’s plants. Increase and growth will come from above.

3. Is there any who denies that sowing and planting need skill and experience? If an unpractised gardener plant an orchard with young trees, the greater number of them die, and the few that prosper do so rather through chance than through skill. But the trained gardener goes to work


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RV 132 (SESSIONAL PAPER No. 41)

The Tribunal may adopt such rules of procedure as shall be in accordance with justice and equity and decide the order and time at which each party must conclude its arguments, and may arrange all formalities required for dealing with the evidence.

The agent and counsel of the parties on each side are authorized to present orally and in writing to the Tribunal arguments in support or in defence of each case.

The Tribunal shall keep record of the questions and cases submitted and the proceedings thereon, with the dates of such proceedings.

Each of the powers concerned may appoint a secretary. These secretaries shall act together as joint secretaries of the tribunal and shall be subject to its direction. The Tribunal may appoint and employ any other necessary officer or officers to assist in the performance of its duties.

The Tribunal shall decide all questions and matters submitted upon such evidence and information as may be furnished by the parties concerned.

Germany agrees to give the Tribunal all facilities and information required by it for carrying out its investigations.

The language in which the proceedings shall be conducted shall, unless otherwise agreed, be English, French, Italian or Japanese, as may be determined by the Allied or Associated Power concerned.

The place and time for the meetings of each Tribunal shall be determined by the President of the Tribunal.

Whenever a competent court has given or gives a decision in a case covered by Sections III, IV, V or VII, and such decision is inconsistent with the provisions of such Sections, the party who is prejudiced by the decision shall be entitled to obtain redress which shall be fixed by the Mixed Arbitral Tribunal. At the request of the national of an Allied or Associated Power, the redress may, whenever possible, be effected by the Mixed Arbitral Tribunal directing the replacement of the parties in the position occupied by them before the judgment was given by the German court.

Subject to the stipulations of the present Treaty, rights of industrial, literary and artistic property, as such property is defined by the International Conventions of Paris and of Berne, mentioned in Article 286, shall be re-established or restored, as


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14 nature of the conic sections in which the celestial bodies move, depends upon the velocity with which they were first propelled in space: had that velocity been such as to make the planets move in orbits of unstable equilibrium, their mutual attractions might have changed them into parabolas, or even hyperbolas, so that the earth and planets might, ages ago, have been sweeping far from our sun through the abyss of space: but as the orbits differ very little from circles, the momentum of the planets, when projected, must have been exactly sufficient to ensure the permanency and stability of the system. Besides, the mass of the sun is vastly greater than that of any planet; and as their inequalities bear the same ratio to their elliptical motions as their masses do to that of the sun, their mutual disturbances only increase or diminish the eccentricities of their orbits by very minute quantities; consequently, the magnitude of the sun’s mass is the principal cause of the stability of the system. There is not in the physical world a more splendid example of the adaptation of means to the accomplishment of the end, than is exhibited in the nice adjustment of these forces, at once the cause of the variety and of the order of Nature.

The mean distance of a planet from the sun is equal to half the major axis of its orbit: if, therefore, the planet described a circle round the sun at


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RV 133 (SESSIONAL PAPER No. 41) from the coming into force of the present Treaty, in the territories of the High Contracting Parties, in favour of the persons entitled to the benefit of them at the moment when the state of war commenced or their legal representatives. Equally, rights which, except for the war, would have been acquired during the war in consequence of an application made for the protection of industrial property, or the publication of a literary or artistic work, shall be recognized and established in favour of those persons who would have been entitled thereto, from the coming into force of the present Treaty.

Nevertheless, all acts done by virtue of the special measures taken during the war under legislative, executive or administrative authority of any Allied or Associated Power in regard to the rights of German nationals in industrial, literary or artistic property shall remain in force and shall continue to maintain their full effect.

No claim shall be made or action brought by Germany or German nationals in respect of the use during the war by the Government of any Allied or Associated Power, or by any persons acting on behalf or with the assent of such Government, of any rights in industrial, literary or artistic property, nor in respect of the sale, offering for sale, or use of any products, articles or apparatus whatsoever to which such rights applied.

Unless the legislation of any one of the Allied or Associated Powers in force at the moment of the signature of the present Treaty otherwise directs, sums due or paid in virtue of any act or operation resulting from the execution of the special measures mentioned in paragraph I of this Article shall be dealt with in the same way as other sums due to German nationals are directed to be dealt with by the present Treaty, and sums produced by any special measures taken by the German Government in respect of rights in industrial, literary or artistic property belonging to the nationals of the Allied or Associated Powers shall be considered and treated in the same way as other debts due from German nationals.

Each of the Allied and Associated Powers reserves to itself the right to impose such limitations, conditions or restrictions on rights of industrial, literary or artistic property (with the exception of trade-marks), acquired before or during the war, or which may be subsequently acquired in accordance with its legislation, by German nationals, whether by granting licenses, or by the working, or by preserving control over their exploitation, or in any other way, as may be considered necessary for national defence, or in the public interest, or for assuring the fair treatment by Germany of the rights of industrial, literary and artistic property held in German territory by its nationals, or for securing the due fulfilment of all the obligations undertaken by Germany in the present Treaty. As regards rights of industrial literary and artistic property acquired after the coming into force of the present Treaty, the right so reserved by the Allied and Associated Powers shall only be exercised in cases where these limitations, conditions or restrictions may be considered necessary for national defence or in the public interest.

In the event of the application of the provisions of the preceding paragraph by any Allied or Associated Power, there shall be paid reasonable indemnities or royalties, which shall be dealt with in the same way as other sums due to German nationals are directed to be dealt with by the present Treaty.

Each of the Allied or Associated Powers reserves the right to treat as void and of no effect any transfer in whole or in part of or other dealing with rights of or in respect of industrial, literary or artistic property effected, after August 1, 1914, or in the future, which would have the result of defeating the objects of the provisions of this Article.

The provisions of this Article shall not apply to rights in industrial, literary or artistic property which have been dealt with in the liquidation of business or companies under war legislation by the Allied or Associated Powers, or which may be so dealt with by virtue of Article 297, paragraph (b).


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 carefully, since he is well instructed, where, when, and how to act and what to leave alone, that he may meet with no failure. It is true that even an experienced man meets with failure occasionally (indeed it is scarcely possible for a man to take such careful forethought that no error can arise); but we are now discussing, not the abstract question of circumspection and chance, but the art of doing away with chance by means of circumspection.

4. Hitherto the method of instruction has been so uncertain that scarcely any one would dare to say: “In so many years I will bring this youth to such and such a point; I will educate him in such and such a way.” We must therefore see if it be possible to place the art of intellectual discipline on such a firm basis that sure and certain progress may be made.

5. Since this basis can be properly laid only by assimilating the processes of art as much as possible to those of nature (as we have seen in the 15th chapter), we will follow the method of nature, taking as our example a bird hatching out its young; and, if we see with what good results gardeners, painters, and builders follow in the track of nature, we shall have to recognise that the educator of the young should follow in the same path.

6. If any think this course of action petty or commonplace, let him consider that from that which is of daily occurrence and universal notoriety and which takes place with good results in nature and in the arts (the teaching art excepted), we are seeking to deduce that which is less known and which is necessary for our present purpose. Indeed, if the facts from which we derive the principles that form the basis for our precepts are known, we can entertain hopes that our conclusions will be the more evident.

7. Nature observes a suitable time.

For example: a bird that wishes to multiply its species, does not set about it in winter, when everything is stiff


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 with cold, nor in summer, when everything is parched and withered by the heat; nor yet in autumn, when the vital force of all creatures declines with the sun’s declining rays, and a new winter with hostile mien is approaching; but in spring, when the sun brings back life and strength to all. Again, the process consists of several steps. While it is yet cold the bird conceives the eggs and warms them inside its body, where they are protected from the cold; when the air grows warmer it lays them in its nest, but does not hatch them out until the warm season comes, that the tender chicks may grow accustomed to light and warmth by degrees.

8. Imitation.—In the same way the gardener takes care to do nothing out of season. He does not, therefore, plant in the winter (because the sap is then in the roots, preparing to mount and nourish the plant later on); nor in summer (when the sap is already dispersed through the branches); nor in autumn (when the sap is retiring to the roots once more); but in spring, when the moisture is beginning to rise from the roots and the upper part of the plant begins to shoot. Later on, too, it is of great importance to the little tree that the right time be chosen for the various operations that are needful, such as manuring, pruning, and cutting. Even the tree itself has its proper time for putting forth shoots and blossoms, for growing, and for coming to maturity.

In the same manner the careful builder must choose the right time for cutting timber, burning bricks, laying foundations, building, and plastering walls, etc.

9. Deviation.—In direct opposition to this principle, a twofold error is committed in schools.

(i) The right time for mental exercise is not chosen.

(ii) The exercises are not properly divided, so that all advance may be made through the several stages needful, without any omission. As long as the boy is still a child he cannot be taught, because the roots of his understanding are still too deep below the surface. As soon as he becomes old, it is too late to teach him, because the intellect


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RV 134 (SESSIONAL PAPER No. 41)

A minimum of one year after the coming into force of the present Treaty shall be accorded to the nationals of the High Contracting Parties, without extension fees or other penalty, in order to enable such persons to accomplish any act, fulfil any formality, pay any fees, and generally satisfy any obligation prescribed by the laws or regulations of the respective States relating to the obtaining, preserving, or opposing rights to, or in respect of, industrial property either acquired before August 1, 1914, or which, except for the war, might have been acquired since that date as a result of an application made before the war or during its continuance, but nothing in this Article shall give any right to reopen interference proceedings in the United States of America where a final hearing has taken place.

All rights in, or in respect of, such property which may have lapsed by reason of any failure to accomplish any act, fulfil any formality, or make any payment, shall revive, but subject in the case of patents and designs to the imposition of such conditions as each Allied or Associated Power may deem reasonably necessary for the protection of persons who have manufactured or made use of the subject matter of such property while the rights had lapsed. Further, where rights to patents or designs belonging to German nationals are revived under this Article, they shall be subject in respect of the grant of licenses to the same provisions as would have been applicable to them during the war, as well as to all the provisions of the present Treaty.

The period from August 1, 1914, until the coming into force of the present Treaty shall be excluded in considering the time within which a patent should be worked or a trade mark or design used, and it is further agreed that no patent, registered trade mark or design in force on August 1, 1914, shall be subject to revocation or cancellation by reason only of the failure to work such patent or use such trade-mark or design for two years after the coming into force of the present Treaty.

The rights of priority, provided by Article 4 of the International Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property of Paris, of March 20, 1883, revised at Washington in 1911 or by any other Convention or Statute, for the filing or registration of applications for patents or models of utility, and for the registration of trade marks, designs and models which had not expired on August 1, 1914, and those which have arisen during the war, or would have arisen but for the war, shall be extended by each of the High Contracting Parties in favour of all nationals of the other High Contracting Parties for a period of six months after the coming into force of the present Treaty.

Nevertheless, such extension shall in no way affect the right of any of the High Contracting Parties or of any person who before the coming into force of the present Treaty was bonâ fide in possession of any rights of industrial property conflicting with rights applied for by another who claims rights of priority in respect of them, to exercise such rights by itself or himself personally, or by such agents or licensees as derived their rights from it or him before the coming into force of the present Treaty; and such persons shall not be amenable to any action or other process of law in respect of infringement.

No action shall be brought and no claim made by persons residing or carrying on business within the territories of Germany on the one part and of the Allied or Associated Powers on the other, or persons who are nationals of such Powers respectively, or by any one deriving title during the war from such persons, by reason of any action which has taken place within the territory of the other party between the date of the declaration of war and that of the coming into force of the present


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 and the memory are then failing. In middle age it is difficult, because the forces of the intellect are dissipated over a variety of objects and are not easily concentrated. The season of youth, therefore, must be chosen. Then life and mind are fresh and gathering strength; then everything is vigorous and strikes root deeply.

10. Rectification.—We conclude, therefore, that

(i) The education of men should be commenced in the springtime of life, that is to say, in boyhood (for boyhood is the equivalent of spring, youth of summer, manhood of autumn, and old age of winter).

(ii) The morning hours are the most suitable for study (for here again the morning is the equivalent of spring, midday of summer, the evening of autumn, and the night of winter).

(iii) All the subjects that are to be learned should be arranged so as to suit the age of the students, that nothing which is beyond their comprehension be given them to learn.

11. Nature prepares the material, before she begins to give it form.

For example: the bird that wishes to produce a creature similar to itself first conceives the embryo from a drop of its blood; it then prepares the nest in which it is to lay the eggs, but does not begin to hatch them until the chick is formed and moves within the shell.

12. Imitation.—In the same way the prudent builder, before he begins to erect a building, collects a quantity of wood, lime, stones, iron, and the other things needful, in order that he may not have to stop the work later on from lack of materials, nor find that its solidity has been impaired. In the same way, the painter who wishes to produce a picture, prepares the canvas, stretches it on a frame, lays the ground on it, mixes his colours, places his brushes so that they may be ready to hand, and then at last commences to paint.


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 to sweep and if one use the form mnyapu they would probably not know what was meant. In some cases they use only the derived form, and do not know the root at all: mnangis, to weep, and mnari to dance, are of course in common use, but the root words tangis and tari are utterly unknown. On the other hand if a Baba knows the root word it does not at all follow that he will understand the derivative, he knows suroh, but knows nothing about pnyuroh; tunggu he uses, but pnunggu is practically unknown. All the prefixes and suffixes are used by the Babas in connection with certain words, but not with others, in fact they use them without knowing why or how they should be used. The suffix i, however, which forms transitive verbs, is practically never used, and in the one word mula'i in which they do use it, they have no idea that they have a derivative from the well-known word mula, for they pronounce it simply mulai, and then go so far as to make it a transitive verb over again by adding the other similar suffix -kan, making the extraordinary combination mulaikan. In the same way the Babas make other derivatives of their own manu- facture which are never used by the Malays, and sound to them exceedingly barbarous; for instance I have actually seen in print such forms as kbersehan, bharukan for bharui, mmbikinkan, etc. Even some of the simple prepositions are never used by the Babas: instead of k-, to a place, they always use di, which properly means "at;" bagi, for, is almost unknown, and dngan, with, is very little used, sama being made to do duty where the Malays use dngan, pada and even akan. Such words as are used in the polite phraseology of the Malays are never used by the Babas, and few of them would even know the meaning of such words if they were to hear them; I refer particularly to such words as bonda, adinda, kakanda, which the Malays of all classes use in their private cor- respondence, and also to forms of address to persons of superior rank, and pronouns used by inferiors to superiors, the various words for speaking, such as, firman of God, titah of a king, sabda of a prophet or person of high rank, kata of equals, smbah of in- feriors addressing a royal person. This whole system of phrase- ology is practically unknown to the Babas, and so is also the great bulk of the religious phraseology of the Malays. It is however unnecessary to go further in these matters, for enough has been said to show very plainly how much of the Malay language is a sealed book to the Babas.

The Babas have no difficulty in pronouncing every letter in the Malay language. In this respect they are entirely different from the immigrant Chinese, who find it utterly impossible to sound the letter r or d, and who always change final s into t, and make sundry other changes to suit their own peculiarities of speech, The Babas mispronounce Malay words either because they find


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Rh its mean distance, the motion would be uniform, and the periodic time unaltered, because the planet would arrive at the apsides or extremities of the major axis at the same instant, and would have the same velocity, whether it moved in the circular or elliptical orbit, since the curves coincide in these points; but, in every other part, the elliptical motion would either be faster or slower than the circular or mean motion. The difference between the two is called the equation of the centre, which consequently vanishes at the apsides, and is at its maximum ninety degrees distant from these points, or in quadratures, where it measures the eccentricity of the orbit, so that the place of a planet in its elliptical orbit is obtained by adding or subtracting the equation of the centre to or from its mean motion.

The orbits of the planets have a very small inclination to the plane of the ecliptic in which the earth moves; and, on that account, astronomers refer their motions to this plane at a given epoch as a known and fixed position. The paths of the planets, when their mutual disturbances are omitted, are ellipses, nearly approaching to circles, whose planes, slightly inclined to the ecliptic, cut it in straight lines passing through the centre of the sun; the points where an orbit intersects the plane of the ecliptic are its nodes. The ascending node of the


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 In the same way the gardener, before he commences operations, tries to have the garden, the stocks, the grafts, and the tools in readiness, that he may not have to fetch the necessary appliances while at work, and so spoil the whole operation.

13. Deviation.—Against this principle schools are offenders firstly, because they take no care to prepare beforehand the mechanical aids such as books, maps, pictures, diagrams, etc., and to have them in readiness for general use, but at the moment that they need this or that, they make experiments, aw, dictate, copy, etc., and when this is done by an unskilled or careless teacher (and their number increases daily), the result is deplorable. It is just as if a physician, whenever he wishes to administer a medicine, had to wander through gardens and forests, and collect and distil herbs and roots, though medicaments to suit every case should be ready to his hand.

14. Secondly, because even in school-books the natural order, that the matter come first and the form follow, is not observed. Everywhere the exact opposite is to be found. The classification of objects is unnaturally made to precede a knowledge of the objects themselves, although it is impossible to classify, before the matter to be classified is there. I will demonstrate this by four examples.

15. (1) Languages are learned in schools before the sciences, since the intellect is detained for some years over the study of languages, and only then allowed to proceed to the sciences, mathematics, physics, etc. And yet things are essential, words only accidental; things are the body, words but the garment; things are the kernel, words the shells and husks. Both should therefore be presented to the intellect at the same time, but particularly the things, since they are as much objects of the understanding as are languages.

16. (2) Even in the study of languages the proper order is reversed, since the students commence, not with some author or with a skilfully-compiled phrase-book, but with the grammar; though the authors (and in their own way


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RV 135 (SESSIONAL PAPER No. 41) Treaty, which might constitute an infringement of the rights of industrial property or rights of literary and artistic property, either existing at any time during the war or revived under the provisions of Articles 307 and 308.

Equally, no action for infringement of industrial, literary or artistic property rights by such persons shall at any time be permissible in respect of the sale or offering for sale for a period of one year after the signature of the present Treaty in the territories of the Allied or Associated Powers on the one hand or Germany on the other, of products or articles manufactured, or literary or artistic works published, during the period between the declaration of war and the signature of the present Treaty, or against those who have acquired and continue to use them. It is understood, nevertheless, that this provision shall not apply when the possessor of the rights was domiciled or had an industrial or commercial establishment in the districts occupied by Germany during the war.

This Article shall not apply as between the United States of America on the one hand and Germany on the other.

Licenses in respect of industrial, literary or artistic property concluded before the war between nationals of the Allied or Associated Powers or persons residing in their territory or carrying on business therein, on the one part, and German nationals, on the other part, shall be considered as cancelled as from the date of the declaration of war between Germany and the Allied or Associated Power. But, in any case, the former beneficiary of a contract of this kind shall have the right, within a period of six months after the coming into force of the present Treaty, to demand from the proprietor of the rights the grant of a new license, the conditions of which, in default of agreement between the parties, shall be fixed by the duly qualified tribunal in the country under whose legislation the rights had been acquired, except in the case of licenses held in respect of rights acquired under German law. In such cases the conditions shall be fixed by the Mixed Arbitral Tribunal referred to in Section VI of this Part. The tribunal may, if necessary, fix also the amount which it may deem just should be paid by reason of the use of the rights during the war.

No license in respect of industrial, literary or artistic property, granted under the special war legislation of any Allied or Associated Power, shall be affected by the continued existence of any license entered into before the war, but shall remain valid and of full effect, and a license so granted to the former beneficiary of a license entered into before the war shall be considered as substituted for such license.

Where sums have been paid during the war by virtue of a license or agreement concluded before the war in respect of rights of industrial property or for the reproduction or the representation of literary, dramatic or artistic works, these sums shall be dealt with in the same manner as other debts or credits of German nationals, as provided by the present Treaty.

This Article shall not apply as between the United States of America on the one hand and Germany on the other.

The inhabitants of territories separated from Germany by virtue of the present Treaty shall, notwithstanding this separation and the change of nationality consequent thereon, continue to enjoy in Germany all the rights in industrial, literary and artistic property to which they were entitled under German legislation at the time of the separation.

Rights of industrial, literary and artistic property which are in force in the territories separated from Germany under the present Treaty at the moment of the separation of these territories from Germany, or which will be re-established or restored in accordance with the provisions of Article 306 of the present Treaty, shall be recognized by the State to which the said territory is transferred and shall remain in force in that territory for the same period of time given them under the German law.


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RV 136 (SESSIONAL PAPER No. 41)

Without prejudice to the provisions contained in other Articles of the present Treaty, the German Government undertakes to transfer to any Power to which German territory in Europe is ceded, and to any Power administering former German territory as a mandatory under Article 22 of Part I (League of Nations), such portion of the reserves accumulated by the Government of the German Empire or of German States, or by public or private organizations under their control, as is attributable to the carrying on of Social or State Insurance in such territory.

The Powers to which these funds are transferred must apply them to the performance of the obligations arising from such insurances.

The conditions of the transfer will be determined by special conventions to be concluded between the German Government and the Governments concerned.

In case these special conventions are not concluded in accordance with the above paragraph within three months after the coming into force of the present Treaty, the conditions of transfer shall in each case be referred to a Commission of five members, one of whom shall be appointed by the German Government, one by the other interested Government and three by the Governing Body of the International Labour Office from the nationals of other States. This Commission shall by majority vote within three months after appointment adopt recommendations for submission to the Council of the League of Nations, and the decisions of the Council shall forthwith be accepted as final by Germany and the other Government concerned.


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 the phrase-books) present the material of speech, namely words, while the grammars, on the other hand, only give the form, that is to say, the laws of the formation, order, and combination of words.

17. (3) In the encyclopædic compilations of human knowledge, the arts are always placed first, while the sciences follow after; though the latter teach of the things themselves, the former how to manipulate the things.

18. (4) Finally: it the abstract rules that are first taught and then illustrated by dragging in a few examples; though it is plain that a light should precede him whom it lights.

19. Rectification.—It follows, therefore, that in order to effect a thorough improvement in schools it is necessary:

(i) That books and the materials necessary for teaching be held in readiness.

(ii) That the understanding be first instructed in things, and then taught to express them in language.

(iii) That no language be learned from a grammar, but from suitable authors.

(iv) That the knowledge of things precede the knowledge of their combinations.

(v) And that examples come before rules.

20. Nature chooses a fit subject to act upon, or first submits one to a suitable treatment in order to make it fit.

For example: a bird does not place any object in the nest in which it sits, but an object of such a kind that a chicken can be hatched from it, that is to say, an egg. If a small stone or anything else falls into the nest, it throws it out as useless. But when the process of hatching takes place, it warms the matter contained in the egg, and looks after it until the chicken makes its way out.

21. Imitation.—In the same way the builder cuts down timber, of as good quality as possible, dries it, squares it,


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16 lunar orbit, for example, is the point in which the moon rises above the plane of the ecliptic in going towards the north; and her descending node is that in which she sinks below the same plane in moving towards the south. The orbits of the recently discovered planets deviate more from the ecliptic than those of the ancient planets: that of Pallas, for instance, has an inclination of 35° to it; on which account it is more difficult to determine their motions. These little planets have no sensible effect in disturbing the rest, though their own motions are rendered very irregular by the proximity of Jupiter and Saturn.

The planets are subject to disturbances of two kinds, both resulting from the constant operation of their reciprocal attraction; one kind, depending upon their positions with regard to each other, begins from zero, increases to a maximum, decreases and becomes zero again, when the planets return to the same relative positions. In consequence of these, the disturbed planet is sometimes drawn away from the sun, sometimes brought nearer to him; at one time it is drawn above the plane of its orbit, at another time below it, according to the position of the disturbing body. All such changes, being accomplished in short periods, some in a few


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 their own way easier, or because they think it more elegant. They have no difficulty in sounding the letters b and l, but instead of ambil they say ambek or even amek, and for tinggal one sometimes hears tinggek. Final ai is always toned down to e and au to o, as sunge and pulo for sungai and pulau. Final h is never sounded at all, so that rumah becomes ruma, bodoh is bodo, and boleh is bole; thus they make no distinction between the sound of final ai and eh, both being e to the Baba. On the other hand final a is generally sounded as ak, and sometimes final i becomes ik: thus instead of bapa, bawa and pula, we have bapak, bawak and pulak. These corruptions of the sounds of the final letters cause a great deal of confusion in some words; for instance the Babas always pronounce chari as charik or charek, and have no idea that this is quite a different word, and means to tear; there is also a similar confusion between bawa, to bring, and bawah, below. The Babas also frequently drop the h in the middle of a word, as baru for bharu, saja for sahaja, saya for sahya; and they have a slight tendency to drop the h at the beginning of a word, as in the words hati, hanyut, etc. The Malays sometimes fail to sound initial h, but they never fail to sound the final h, and sometimes go so far as to carry the over to the beginning of the next word, as rumah horang, tlah hada, etc. Other corruptions can hardly be class- ified, so it is best to give a few examples at random, for instance, bergitu for bgitu, ktawa for tertawa, rti for arti, kreja for kerja, piara for plihara, pegang for pgang, sumpit for spit (chopsticks), mnimpi for mimpi, kmantin for pngantin, smunyit for smbunyi. Words of Arabic origin are generally corrupted more than pure Malay words, for example, pe'da for fa'idah, jerki for rzki, akérat for ákhirat, masohor or mersohor for mashhur.

Perhaps the most striking peculiarity in the way that the Babas make up their sentences is the very frequent use of the pos- sessive particle punya, which they use precisely as the Hok-kiens use the particle ê; but punya being a longer word is much more cumbersome, and produces awkward sentences, thus, "Dia punya mak-bapa ada dudok makan di sblah punya meja." Such phrases as "tiga bulan punya lama," "sperti macham itu punya kreta," are in constant use, and sound ludicrous to a Malay. These senten- ces are all taken from the writings of the Babas themselves. Here is another typical sentence, "Ini macha m punya orang fikir apa yang banyak salah ta'patut buat, dan apa yang sdikit salah boleh buat. Apa punya bodoh satu fikiran ini?" The redundancy of the "punya" is not, however, the only peculiarity of this sentence, the writer of which, though he is unable to speak Chinese, has given us a very close approximation to the Chinese idiom, and the whole sentence is absolutely unlike anything that a Malay would say. In the first place such expressions as ini macham and apa


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72 walls, on the same side of the nasopharynx as the ear with which the tube is connected.

The pharynx proper lies back of the mouth cavity. It has four openings. Anterodorsally it communicates with the nasopharynx, anteroventrally with the mouth cavity, through the isthmus faucium, posteriorly with the esophagus, and ventrally with the larynx and trachea through the glottis, the entrance to the larynx. The food coming from the mouth passes through the pharynx to the esophagus. The air entering and leaving the lungs also traverses the pharynx. It is therefore a part both of the digestive and respiratory tracts. During respiration the free end of the epiglottis is raised to allow the passage of air to and from the larynx. The epiglottis bends backward and covers the glottis when food is swallowed, preventing the entrance of food into the trachea. A u-shaped, fleshy ridge on the dorsal wall of the pharynx, together with the posterior edge of the soft palate, form an ovoid opening into the nasopharynx which incloses the epiglottis and the glottis when the roof of the pharynx is depressed. Probably this arrangement permits breathing to continue, without drawing particles into the respiratory passages, while the animal is gnawing materials which it does not swallow. A recess of considerable size lies lateral to this semicircular ridge.

The esophagus is the tube which conveys food from the pharynx to the stomach. From its position anteriorly on the dorsal side of the larynx, it follows the dorsosinistral surface of the trachea to the level of the first rib, where it rests against the left surface of the trachea. Entering the thorax, the esophagus runs backward, dorsal to the aortic arch and primary bronchus, to the diaphragm, which it pierces. Posterior to the liver, in the abdominal cavity, the esophagus enters the stomach.


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RV 137 (SESSIONAL PAPER No. 41)

The aircraft of the Allied and Associated Powers shall have full liberty of passage and landing over and in the territory and territorial waters of Germany, and shall enjoy the same privileges as German aircraft, particularly in case of distress by land or sea.

The aircraft of the Allied and Associated Powers shall, while in transit to any foreign country whatever, enjoy the right of flying over the territory and territorial waters of Germany without landing, subject always to any regulations which may be made by Germany, and which shall be applicable equally to the aircraft of Germany and to those of the Allied and Associated countries.

All aerodromes in Germany open to national public traffic shall be open for the aircraft of the Allied and Associated Powers, and in any such aerodrome such aircraft shall be treated on a footing of equality with German aircraft as regards charges of every description, including charges for landing and accommodation.

Subject to the present provisions, the rights of passage, transit and landing, provided for in Articles 313, 314 and 315, are subject to the observance of such regulations as Germany may consider is necessary to enact, but such regulations shall be applied without distinction to German aircraft and to those of the Allied and Associated countries.

Certificates of nationality, airworthiness, or competency, and licenses, issued or recognized as valid by any of the Allied or Associated Powers, shall be recognized in Germany as valid and as equivalent to the certificates and licenses issued by Germany.

As regards internal commercial air traffic, the aircraft of the Allied and Associated Powers shall enjoy in Germany most favoured nation treatment.

Germany undertakes to enforce the necessary measures to ensure that all German aircraft flying over her territory shall comply with the Rules as to lights and signals, Rules of the Air and Rules for Air Traffic on and in the neighbourhood of aerodromes, which have been laid down in the Convention relative to Aerial Navigation concluded between the Allied and Associated Powers.

The obligations imposed by the preceding provisions shall remain in force until January 1, 1923, unless before that date Germany shall have been admitted into the League of Nations or shall have been authorized, by consent of the Allied and Associated Powers, to adhere to the Convention relative to Aerial Navigation concluded between those Powers.


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 and saws it into planks. Then he chooses a spot to build on, clears it, lays a new foundation, or repairs the old one so that he can make use of it.

22. In the same way, if the canvas or the surface do not suit his colours, the painter tries to make them more suitable, and, by rubbing them and polishing them, fits them for his use.

23. The gardener too (1) chooses from a fruit-bearing stock a shoot that possesses as much vitality as possible; (2) transplants it to a garden, and places it carefully in the earth; (3) does not burden it with a new graft unless he sees that it has taken root; (4) before he inserts the new graft, removes the former shoot, and even cuts a piece away round the stock in order that none of the sap may perform any function other than that of vivifying the graft.

24. Deviation.—Against this principle the schools are offenders: not because they include the weak of intellect (for in our opinion all the young should be admitted into the schools) but far more because:

(1) These tender plants are not transplanted into the garden, that is to say, are not entirely entrusted to the schools, so that none, who are to be trained as men, shall be allowed to leave the workshop before their training is complete.

(2) The attempt is generally made to engraft that noblest graft of knowledge, virtue and piety, too early, before the stock itself has taken root; that is to say, before the desire to learn has been excited in those who have no natural bent in that direction.

(3) The side-shoots or root-suckers are not removed before the grafting takes place; that is to say, the minds are not freed from all idle tendencies by being habituated to discipline and order.

25. Rectification.—It is therefore desirable:

That all who enter schools persevere in their studies.

That, before any special study is introduced, the minds of the students be prepared and made receptive of it. (See the, Principle 2.)


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Rh Open the abdominal cavity by a median incision from the diaphragm to the pelvis.

The stomach lies on the left side in the abdominal cavity, in contact with the concave posterior side of the liver. It resembles a half of a doughnut in shape. The long axis forms approximately a right angle with the long axis of the body. The greater curvature which corresponds to the outer edge of the doughnut, is ventral. The lesser curvature, analogous to the rim of the doughnut's hole, is dorsal. The esophagus enters the stomach on its dorsal side, through the cardiac orifice, or cardia, near the center of the lesser curvature. The esophagus is closer to the right half of the lesser curvature than to the left, thus entering the stomach obliquely. External inspection of a full stomach reveals two distinct regions. The wall of somewhat more than the left half, the cardiac sac, is flexible, thin, and in a preserved specimen sufficiently transparent to permit the food it contains to be seen from the outside. The wall of the right region of the stomach, on the other hand, is opaque and relatively firm. This part decreases in size dorsally and communicates with the small intestine through the pylorus. The inner surface of the stomach comprises two areas corresponding to the two regions seen from the outside. These may be seen to good advantage by opening the distended organ with an incision extending throughout the length of the greater curvature. The inner surface of the cardiac sac at the left is hard, smooth, and glossy. The wall is tough. If the stomach was distended with food when the animal died, the wall is slightly transparent, the transparency increasing as the tissue dries. In the region at the right the inner surface is yellowish in color, opaque, brittle in a preserved animal, and more or less prominently folded, especially near the pylorus and on the greater curvature. The two re


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74 gions are sharply separated by the horny boundary fold, which extends ventrodextrad, on the anterior and posterior surfaces, from the vicinity of the cardia. The wall of the cardiac sac is opaque in an empty stomach, and its inner surface is extensively folded. The esophagus opens into the cardiac sac, for it lies at the base of the tongue-like dextral extension of the sac's horny lining. The part of the boundary fold bordering the right end of this extension is highly sinuous.

Food passes to the small intestine through the pylorus, at the upper right hand extremity of the stomach. The pylorus contains a ring of muscle whose contraction closes the digestive tube, shutting off communication between the stomach and intestine. It regulates in this manner the passage of food from the stomach to intestine. The position of the pylorus is indicated externally by a groove around the alimentary canal. Internally the high ridges in the glandular part of the stomach are replaced at, or slightly to the right of, the pylorus by the velvety surface of the small intestine.

The stomach wall of the mouse (and rat also) are said to show the following structures. There are two muscle layers, a thick circular and a thinner longitudinal layer. The cardiac sac and boundary fold are lined internally by the statum corneum, or horny layer of epithelial cells. There are three zones in the glandular tissue at the right of the boundary fold. The cardial glands surround the tongue-like extension of the horny epithelium at the right of the cardia, and extend ventrally along the anterior and posterior walls. The rennet glands are on the ventral wall at the right of the boundary fold. The pyloric gland region lies between the pylorus, and the cardial and rennet glands. The glands of the mammalian stomach secrete the gastric juice which initiates the digestion of protein substances in