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 degrading or even demoralising. Of course, these writers are blind; they have not their eyes open to the wonders around them, or if they hold any opinion as to the meaning of the world it is asso- ciated with some philosophical or religious dogma which has formed its foundation. But scientific teaching must have its way; for, as we believe, all parts of the world are held together by one force (and what is true of one portion is true of another), so scientific men must be pleased to see that the doctrine of evolution, first taught by them regarding material things, is seen to be a law pervading the world, and is now being made appli- cable to man in his mental and spiritual nature, both by moralists and divines. For if, as many hold, the imagination of man is but a reflection of the world around him, then evolution is as true as the older theories of a perfect world undergoing decay; for the scientific man knows that life and death are but correlative terms. Scientific pur- suits are ennobling and accompanied by pleasure of the purest and highest kind. Nature reveals her secrets only to those who wish to discover truth; for while the dishonest man is repelled, and his only recompense is error, to the earnest investigator


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138 barians this appellation. Among many persons, too, this name is accounted divine, so that even the sun is termed "Titan" by those who do now possess [the rule]. This word, too, contains a certain outward appearance of vengeance, and of one inflicting merited punishment because he (Antichrist) pretends that he vindicates the oppressed. And besides this, it is an ancient name, one worthy of credit, of royal dignity, and still further, a name belonging to a tyrant. Inasmuch, then, as this name "Titan" has so much to recommend it, there is a strong degree of probability, that from among the many [names suggested], we infer, that perchance he who is to come shall be called "Titan." We will not, however, incur the risk of pronouncing positively as to the name of Antichrist; for if it were necessary that his name should be distinctly revealed in this present time, it would have been announced by him who beheld the apocalyptic vision. For that was seen no very long time since, but almost in our day, towards the end of Domitian's reign.

4. But he indicates the number of the name now, that when this man comes we may avoid him, being aware who he is: the name, however, is suppressed, because it is not worthy of being proclaimed by the Holy Spirit. For if it had been declared by Him, he (Antichrist) might perhaps continue for a long period. But now as "he was, and is not, and shall ascend out of the abyss, and goes into perdition," as one who has no existence; so neither has his name been declared, for the name of that which does not exist is not proclaimed. But when this Antichrist shall have devastated all things in this world, he will reign for three years and six months, and sit in the temple at Jerusalem; and then the Lord will come from heaven in the clouds, in the glory of the Father, sending this man and those who follow him into the lake of fire; but bringing in for the righteous the times of the kingdom, that is, the rest, the hallowed seventh day;

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CONTENTS.

, by, Esq., A. B., Senior Surgeon of the Settlement of Prince of Wales' Island, Singapore and Malacca. ... 22-29.

... 30-31.

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 or, if they come to an end, they do not pour their blood into a general receptacle (non in ventrum aliquem transfundunt sanguinem), but are broken up into hair-tubes (capillamenta), for nowhere ex- cepting in the heart is the blood contained in a receptacle out of the veins."

Although in this passage Cesalpino speaks of a continuity of the bloodvessels, he still adheres, as shown in another passage,* to the view that the venous system depends less upon the heart than upon the liver, which organ possesses a special nutritive power (vim altricem), and is the real source of the veins: "non igitur cor sed hepar est principium venarum." Again, elsewheret Cæ- salpinus gives his adhesion to the ancient fallacy that the blood passes not only to the lungs from the right ventricle, but also through the septum into the left side of the heart; "partim per medium septum, partim per medios pulmones (sanguis) re- frigerationis gratiâ ex dextro in sinistrum trans- mittitur."

Even Harvey himself, conclusive as are his proofs of a continuity of the current both in the lesser and greater circulation from the heart as a starting-point back again to the central organ, nowhere gets beyond the prevailing view of an anastomosis between the arteries and the veins.

 * Question. peripatet., lib. v. p. 117.

+ Ibid., p. 126.


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 "I wish I had. But I have seen him. On earth he wrote a thing it would run

"We have that here. All good earthly things are in Utopia also. We put that in the Canon almost as soon as he died," said my double.

§ 5

"We have now a double Canon, a very fine First Canon, and a Second Canon of work by living men and work of inferior quality, and a satisfactory knowledge of both of these is the fourth intellectual qualification for the samurai."

"It must keep a sort of uniformity in your tone of thought."

"The Canon pervades our whole world. As a matter of fact, very much of it is read and learned in the schools Next to the intellectual qualification comes the physical, the man must be in sound health, free from certain foul, avoidable, and demoralising diseases, and in good training. We reject men who are fat, or thin and flabby, or whose nerves are shaky—we refer them back to training. And finally the man or woman must be fully adult."

"Twenty-one? But you said twenty-five!"

"The age has varied. At first it was twenty-five


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96 bring my people again out of the sepulchres: and I will put my Spirit into you, and ye shall live; and I will place you in your land, and ye shall know that I am the Lord. I have said, and I will do, saith the Lord." As we at once perceive that the Creator (Demiurgo) is in this passage represented as vivifying our dead bodies, and promising resurrection to them, and resuscitation from their sepulchres and tombs, conferring upon them immortality also (He says, "For as the tree of life, so shall their days be" ), He is shown to be the only God who accomplishes these things, and as Himself the good Father, benevolently conferring life upon those who have not life from themselves.

2. And for this reason did the Lord most plainly manifest Himself and the Father to His disciples, lest, forsooth, they might seek after another God besides Him who formed man, and who gave him the breath of life; and that men might not rise to such a pitch of madness as to feign another Father above the Creator. And thus also He healed by a word all the others who were in a weakly condition because of sin; to whom also He said, "Behold, thou art made whole, sin no more, lest a worse thing come upon thee:" pointing out by this, that, because of the sin of disobedience, infirmities have come upon men. To that man, however, who had been blind from his birth. He gave sight, not by means of a word, but by an outward action; doing this not without a purpose, or because it so happened, but that He might show forth the hand of God, that which at the beginning had moulded man. And therefore, when His disciples asked Him for what cause the man had been born blind, whether for his own or his parents' fault. He replied, "Neither hath this man sinned, nor his parents, but that the works of God should be made manifest in him." Now the work of God is the fashioning of man. For, as the Scripture says, He made [man] by a kind of process: "And the Lord took clay from the earth, and formed man." Wherefore also the Lord spat on the ground and made clay, and


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 strength, for a resolute defence, should they be again menaced by such a foe.

We have a description of the state of Constantinople and its neighbourhood from a traveller who went thither in the following year. This was a knight from Burgundy, one Bertrandon de la Brocquière, who, as he was returning from a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, visited the famous city. Its fortifications struck him as formidable and imposing, but the interior distinctly revealed the most deplorable poverty and desolation; while without, the country was waste, and almost bare of inhabitants. Of the Greeks who yet remained, he gives anything but a flattering picture. "All with whom I have had any concern," he says, "have only made me more suspicious, for I have found more probity in the Turks." The race, there cannot be a doubt, had become wretchedly demoralised. From want of energy and industry they had let their trade slip from them into the hands of the Genoese, Venetians, and Italians, and frittered away their time in those petty trifling amusements which have a charm only for the weak and frivolous. Their ancestors delighted in the games of the hippodrome: these degenerate people found abundant pleasure in staring at royal processions and elaborate religious ceremonies. In their way, indeed, they were religious, and they prided themselves intensely on their orthodoxy. They were as exclusive as were the Pharisees. Latins and all Western Europeans they contemned as heretics; and one of their highest nobles, the Grand Duke Notanas, a typical Greek, declared that the turban of the sultan would be a more welcome sight to


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 which his work, published in 1628, so plainly shows.

Harvey commences the section on the heart and circulation with an etymological assertion, for which, I fear, it would be difficult to find sufficient justification : "Cor a currendo, quia semper movetur." His first anatomical statement is to this effect:* "This (the heart) is the chiefest of all parts of the body, not by any inherent quality, for its flesh is more fibrous and harder and colder than the liver, but by the quantity of blood and spirits contained in the ventricles." You see, he still clung to the view that the heart contained something besides blood. The heart, he says, cannot bear any serious lesion without death ensuing; still, he adds, showing that he had already devoted attention to pathological anatomy, "vix ullis vitium cadaveribus vidi, nec consumitur ptysi (phthisi) secundum spem Galeni." An amusing instance of a jumble of Latin and English occurs in this section: "Exempto corde frogg scipp, cel crawle, dogg ambulat;" in which the English, not one word of which would pass muster

Principalissima omnium pars, non propria rationc, carnc fibrosior enim et durior et frigidior hepate, sed copia sanguinis et spirituum in ventriculis. Harvey enlarges upon this paragraph under three heads. 1. Unde fons totius caloris; 2. Unde auricula dextra pro apostemate cernctur morte; 3. Unde piscis quasi lacuna san- guinis, et eo major quo sanguis spirituosior, calidior; puto quo dis- tentius et non concretum possibile ad vitam, unde auriculæ pulsant post emotum cor sanguinis multitudine. The italicised letters are the terminations suggested by Mr. Bond.


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 with the formation of metastatic abscesses, and, as a rule, terminating fatally and very rapidly by the formation of infective abscesses and nodules associated with inflammation, not only of the peritoneum, but of other serous cavities."

It is no small matter to have learnt from Dr. Sanderson's inquiries into the pathology of diphtheria, that microzymes and micrococci exist which possess the power of colonising in living tissues, and "thereby inducing a variety of inflam- mation which is distinguished from others by its tendency to result in disintegration, and that this faculty of disintegrative inflammation is possessed by them independently, and can be exercised without the concurrence of any previously existing morbid process." The micrococci found by Sanderson, by Keber, Cohn, and others in small- pox, the rod-like bodies, distinct from bacteria, be- longing to splenic fever, the wavy spirilla discovered by Obermeier in the blood of persons suffering from relapsing fever, and not seen in other acute and infective diseases-all point to the necessity of remodelling many of our views regarding the essence of disease; while a more intimate know. ledge of its pathology cannot fail to give greater precision to our methods of combating morbid processes.

We cannot hope to apply a more scientific treatment to discase than we do now, until we


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 fabric has, indeed, been scarcely recognised until the present century; and even now, great as have been the achievements of illustrious students, many of whom we claim as associates of this College, we only appear to see the dawn of the full efful- gence of knowledge. Truly, whether we look to the results already secured, or to the promise they offer of greater light, we cannot refuse the claim of the labourers in this department of medical science to be considered as genuine fellow- labourers of Harvey; conscientiousness, perseve- rance, concentration and clcarness of thought, are the characteristics of many of our contemporaries, whom, in an assembly like the present, it would be unnecessary to recal by name. But they, like the collaborators in other realms of medicine, have materially contributed towards rendering this present time deserving of the title of the Harveian cra.

Few things are more encouraging to the medical man, who reads the works of Harvey with atten- tion, than to find that his faith in the value of treatment was in no wise impaired by his studies;** on the contrary, he frequently illustrates the value of his physiological discoveries by showing the direct application to be made of them to the arrest and control of disease. The more we study the works that have survived him, the more

 * See especially Sydenham Society's edition, p. 129.


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 College been so fully embued with a consciousness of its high calling, and a desire adequately to fulfil its important duties, as in the present; and that the many labourers in the fields that Harvey cultivated justify a humble admirer of the many distinguished contemporaries, with which it is my honour to be acquainted, in designating the pre- sent age as especially deserving of the title of the Harveian era of medicine.

It is for the younger generation of the present, and for those who are to follow, to see that the Harveian spirit suffers no abatement. Let them walk in Harvey's footsteps, and they will cer- tainly receive their reward, in the acquisition of profounder knowledge; in the freer recognition of the value and aims of medical science by their fellow-men; and, above all, by the assurance of greater power and control over the dark in- fluences that still chequer life and hamper man's onward march to a more elevated and spiritual existence.

THE END.


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 THE

HARVEIAN ORATION,

1877.

MR. PRESIDENT AND FELLOWS OF THE ROYAL COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS, GENTLEMEN,—

The fog that prevailed in the realms of science before the publication of Harvey's great work, compared to the ever-brightening light that has been shed over them since he taught the doctrine that has been all but universally asso ciated with his name since 1628, necessarily renders us, as it did his contemporaries of this ancient College, anxious to see that his fame suffers no diminution through our neglect.

It might seem impossible for any one who has carefully studied the literature of the subject, to entertain a doubt as to Harvey's claim to be regarded as the regenerator of human and animal physiology. The feeble opposition of the un- generous Riolan,* who taught a modified Galenic doctrine of the functions of the heart and vessels,

de la Circulation, p. 37- A 2
 * "Les mauvais raisonnements de Riolan."-Flourens, Histoire


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Whereas it is found appropriate to designate the procedure for selection of persons to be placed in positions of ordinary judicial officials with special circumstances;

Therefore, by virtue of the stipulations of section 19 of the Act on Rules for Judicial Officials, 2477 Buddhist Era, the Council of Regency, in the name of Somdet Phra Chaoyuhua,

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 orders that the following Royal Decree be enacted:

This Royal Decree shall be called the "Royal Decree Designating the Procedure for Selection of Persons to Be Placed in Positions of Ordinary Judicial Officials With Special Circumstances (No. 1), 2478 Buddhist Era".

This Royal Decree shall come into force from the day of its publication in the Royal Gazette onwards.

The positions of ordinary judicial officials which require the application of the selection procedure under this Royal Decree are—

trainee judges;

ordinary judicial officials at the level 6a.

In selecting persons to be placed in the functions mentioned in section 3, the following criteria shall be observed, namely—

the Minister of Justice shall select them from judicial clerks or deputy judicial clerks who have served as such for not less than two years, and once having conferred with the Judicial Commission, he shall apply to the Council of Ministers for endorsing their placement in the positions;

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RV 29 (Rh)


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Rh and restoring to Abraham the promised inheritance, in which kingdom the Lord declared, that "many coming from the east and from the west should sit down with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob."

1. Since, again, some who are reckoned among the orthodox go beyond the pre-arranged plan for the exaltation of the just, and are ignorant of the methods by which they are disciplined beforehand for incorruption, they thus entertain heretical opinions. For the heretics, despising the handiwork of God, and not admitting the salvation of their flesh, while they also treat the promise of God contemptuously, and pass beyond God altogether in the sentiments they form, affirm that immediately upon their death they shall pass above the heavens and the Demiurge, and go to the Mother (Achamoth) or to that Father whom they have feigned. Those persons, therefore, who disallow a resurrection affecting the whole man (universam reprobant resurrectionem), and as far as in them lies remove it from the midst [of the Christian scheme], how can they be wondered at, if again they know nothing as to the plan of the resurrection? For they do not choose to understand, that if these things are as they say, the Lord Himself, in whom they profess to believe, did not rise again upon the third day; but immediately upon His expiring on the cross, undoubtedly departed on high, leaving His body to the earth. But the case was, that for three days He dwelt in the place where the dead were, as the prophet says concerning Him: "And the Lord remembered His dead saints who slept formerly in the land of sepulture; and He descended to them, to rescue and save them." And the Lord Himself says, "As Jonas re-


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 Consulate and fifty rods before him were the waters of the Golden Horn with the frowning guns of the Allied Fleet. He wrenched himself away from his grief andwith an ever mounting passion of earnestness he spoke, closing with the words which shall henceforth be the rallying-cry for the workers in Vladivostok and the Far East:—

"Here, before the Red Staff Building where our comrades gruzshchiki were slain, we swear by these red coffins that hold them, by their wives and children that weep for them, by the red banners which float over them, that the Soviet for which they died shall be the thing for which we live—or if need be—like them, die. Henceforth the return of the Soviet shall be the goal of all our sacrifice and devotion. To that end we shall fight with every means. The bayonets have been wrested from our hands, but when the day comes and we have no guns we shall fight with sticks and clubs, and when these are gone then with our bare fists and bodies. Now it is for us to fight only with our minds and spirits. Let us make them hard and strong and unyielding. The Soviet is dead. Long live the Soviet!"

The crowd caught up the closing words in a tremendous demonstration, mingled with the strains of the 'International':—

Arise ye prisoners of starvation,

Arise ye wretched of the earth,

For Justice thunders condemnation

A better world’s in birth"

The resolution proclaiming the restoration of the Soviet, the objective of all the future struggles of the revolutionary proletariat and peasants of the Far East, was read. At the call for the vote seventeen thousand hands shot into the air. They were the hands which had built the cars and paved the streets, forged the iron, held the plough, and swung the hammer. All kinds of hands they were: the big, rough hand of the old gruzshchiki, the artisans' deft and sinewy, the knotted hands of the peasants, thick with callouses, and thousands of the frailer, whiter hands of the working-women. By these hands the riches of the Far East had been wrought. They were no different from the scarred, stained hands of labour anywhere in all the world. Except in this regard. For a time they had held the power. The Government had been within their grasp. Four days ago it had been wrested from their grasp but the feel of it was still within their hands—these hands raised now in solemn pledge to take that power again

A sailor striding down from the hilltop, pushed through the crowd and climbed upon the platform. "Comrades!" he cried joyously. "We are not alone. I ask you to look away to the flags flying over there on the American battleship. You


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 the warlike nations of the earth by an ocean near a thousand leagues in breadth. Never since the commencement of the annals of mankind did any civilized nation possess so advantageous a position. Never was there a people who had their happiness so much in their own power. Far removed be the day, when in speaking of them it may be said,

The advantages of these barriers, respectively, are incalculable. The object, or pretended object of almost all the wars which have distracted Europe for more than a century, has been the securing effective barriers for some, against the power, ambition, and encroachments of others. For this purpose, not only the most bloody wars have been waged, but peaceful and extensive dominions have been subjugated and divided between their more war-like neighbours, without the shadow of excuse, except the pretence of preserving the balance of power between themselves; or some other pretext equally frivolous and unjustifiable. When I think of these things, I am almost led to break out into strains of rapture and enthusiasm, which might seem inconsistent with the calm and dispassionate view that I have proposed to take of the subject before me.

Intimately connected with this view of the subject, is the fifth benefit which we may hope will be secured to the United States by the acquisition of Louisiana; which is, the preservation of the Union, among the present states, for a period far beyond that which it would probably have lasted if Louisiana had been retained and settled by France. For it is not improbable had a flourishing colony been established there, that means would have been adopted to seduce the people of the western states into an opinion that a more advantageous alliance, or confederacy could be formed with the possessors of that country, than with the United States. That a similarity of situation in respect to their


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 with the rest of the world must create a similarity of interests; for the promotion of which by vigorous and united measures, it would be adviseable to separate from the Atlantic states, and form an union with each other, in that quarter. Even at this early day there have not been wanting characters, by whom these ideas of a western confederacy appear to have been cherished. If the proper use be made of our acquisition of Louisiana, such notions will not be revived for centuries; the United States will continue to find their interests the same, however diversified in appearance; they will discover that the moment of separation will commence the never ending period of their misfortunes.

Should these ideas be considered as merely Utopian, (which with a certain class of my readers is not improbable) there yet remain some other benefits which may probably result from the success of this negotiation, which may not be regarded altogether in so fantastical a light: one of these consists,

Sixthly; in having effectually secured ourselves against future rivalship in the sale of our lands on this side the Mississippi. Our western lands now command two dollars per acre, at the lowest. This price they will continue to command, unless, following the example of Virginia, we chuse to throw them away for an hundredth part of that sum. But, if France had settled Louisiana, it is probable that she would have offered her lands there on much lower terms. For having ten or twenty times as much land to dispose of as the United States, she could afford to undersell them, and by these means put a stop to the sale of our western lands, unless we should reduce the price to a level with what lands of equal quality might be had for there. In this competition we must have been entirely defeated, so that our present waste lands would have


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 remained in that state, but for this event, which has put the market completely in our own hands; and it will be our own faults if we do not avail ourselves of the benefit, which wisdom, discretion, and foresight are capable of deriving from so fortunate a circumstance.

Seventhly; a still more important consideration, inseparably connected with the last, is, that it secures us against the danger of depopulation, by migrations from these states to Louisiana; and furnishes us with the means of regulating our own population; besides giving us the exclusive benefit of emigrations from Europe.

Both these may be deemed objects of the first importance; if France had retained the possession of Louisiana, nothing is more likely, than that she would have adopted every measure for the promotion of that colony, which her well known skill in policy could have suggested. None was more obvious than offering to emigrants bounties in lands, and other advantageous terms of settlement, sufficiently captivating to allure many of the citizens of the United States to remove thither. Success in such a scheme would operate doubly to our disadvantage, since we should lose a citizen whenever they gained a new settler. A few years might have transferred the whole population on the east of the Mississippi to the western side of that river; for, those whom the spirit of adventure, or the desire of bettering their fortunes, might prompt to remove from the Atlantic to the transmontane states, would probably no longer stop there, but cross the Mississippi at once, in quest of better lands, or more advantageous terms of purchase, or of settlement. Emigrants from Europe would also have been probably tempted to look for settlements in this new land of promise, for the same alluring and substantial reasons. Thus not only the disposal of our public lands, but our population, itself, would have been at the mercy of the French government. It


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RV 30 (Rh)


text: Amharic Basic Course/Volume 1/Unit 4

title: Amharic Basic Course/Volume 1/Unit 4


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 cannot see them down there where you stand. But they are there. And with the flags of all the other nations there is the red flag of our Russian Republic. No, comrades, we are not alone to day in our grief. The Americans understand and they are with us!"

It was a mistake of course. Those flags had been hung out in celebration of our Day of Independence. But the crowd did not know that. To them it was like the sudden touch of a friend's hand upon a lonely traveller in a foreign land. With enthusiasm they caught up the cry of the sailor: "The Americans are with us!" And the vast conclave, lifting up their coffins, wreaths and banners were once more in motion. They were going to the cemetery but not directly. Tired as they were from long standing in the sun, they made a wide detour to reach the street that runs up the steep hill to the American Consulate. Then straight up the sharp slope they toiled in a cloud of dust, still singing as they marched, until they came before the Stars and Stripes floating from the flagstaff. And there they stopped and laid the coffins of their dead beneath the flag of the great Western democracy.

They stretched out their hands, crying, "Speak to us a word!" They sent delegates within to implore that word. On the day the great Republic of the West celebrated its independence the poor and disinherited of Russia came asking sympathy and understanding in the struggle for their independence. Afterwards, I heard a Bolshevik leader bitterly resentful at this. "compromise with revolutionary honour and integrity."

"How stupid of them," he said. "How inane of them! Have we not told them that all countries are alike—all imperialists? Was this not repeated to them over and over again by their leaders>"

Truly it had been. But with this demonstration of the Fourth of July the leaders had little to do. They were in prison. The affair was in the hands of the people themselves. And, however cynical many leaders were about the professions of America, the people were not so. In the hour of their affliction, these simple trusting folk, makers of the new democracy of the East, came stretching forth their hands to the great strong democracy of the West.

They knew that President Wilson had given his assurance of help and loyalty to the "people of Russia." They reasoned: "We the workers and peasants, the vast majority here in Vladivostok, are we not the people? To-day in our trouble we come to claim the promised help. Our enemies have taken away our Soviet. They have killed our comrades. We are alone and in distress and you alone of all the nations. of the earth can understand." No finer tribute could they offer than to come thus, bringing their dead, with the faith


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 would be inconsistent with every idea of sound policy in that government to suppose it would discountenance such an influx of inhabitants from the United States to Louisiana; or rather, we must suppose it utterly blind to the best interests of that colony, if the opportunity of thus advancing them should have been neglected.

The attainment of so many great and important objects, at the expence of little more than one year’s revenue, must impress every man of reflection with a thorough conviction of the peculiar felicity of the United States, in thus securing the means of benefits which every moment must more fully develope, and which it depends upon ourselves, only, to perpetuate for ages. If, however, future events shall shew that we are not satisfied with them, from that period we may confidently pronounce, that if we had obtained Louisiana without paying a single cent for it, we should have made a bad bargain.

This reflection I have been induced to make as a prelude to the remarks I mean to offer upon one remaining advantage, which may eventually result from this acquisition and which many of my readers may deem to be of the first magnitude, and importance; but which I am inclined to consider in a very different point of view: doubting, whether that of which they may think so highly, may not at first weaken, and then dissolve our present happy federal union, and finally subvert and destroy the happiness of this western world.

Eighthly, then; this immense territory may be regarded as a treasure in bank; the amount of which is at present altogether incalculable, and which must depend upon the progress of population, on the one hand, and on the other, upon the wisdom, moderation, energy, and firmness of our government, in resisting the allurements of an insidious and captivating policy, to which it may be urged by the solicitations of its false friends, and


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 the clamours of its open enemies, at the same time. In considering this part of the subject, I shall unavoidably be led to refer again to some things which I have already advanced: the reader, I hope, will pardon the repetition.

The first project that will be thought of by a certain class of men among us, probably will be the settlement of the new colony, and, for that purpose, the immediate opening of a land-office for the disposal of our newly acquired territory. It will be urged, plausibly enough, “that we ought to reimburse ourselves for the cost, by the immediate sale; that it is unreasonable to burthen the people of the United States with the payment of the purchase money, when so many persons may be found ready to take the lands at an advanced price, and even advance the amount of the original purchase, without calling upon the people at all, for that purpose; that we ought to encourage migrations from other countries, by offering the lands at a cheap rate to all that are willing to settle them.” These arguments and perhaps an hundred others equally specious may seem perfectly convincing, and incline many to approve of a measure, which I apprehend would be attended with most pernicious effects, both immediate and consequential.

The author of the statistical table before referred to, calculates that there are now thirty-eight millions of acres of improved land within the United States, out of six hundred and forty millions which he supposes them to contain: if this estimate be correct (though I am inclined to think it much too high) there is upwards of fifteen times as much land lying waste within the United States, as there is of improved land. Now, if we suppose that there are not more than two-fifths, or two hundred and sixty millions of acres of the lands within the United States, unfit for cultivation, there will remain three hundred and eighty millions of acres, (or


text: Index:A Jewish Interpretation of the Book of Genesis (Morgenstern, 1919, jewishinterpreta00morg).pdf


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 in conducting the selection, the following shall be followed:

the selection shall be based upon the order of assuming the positions of judicial clerks or deputy judicial clerks, but if one has occupied both positions, his tenures shall be counted together therewith;

if the tenures are equal, the persons in the higher positions shall be selected;

if the tenures and positions are equal, the persons passing the competitive examinations first shall be selected, having regard to the places obtained in the competitive examinations;

regard shall also be had to the ability to perform public duties, diligence, and conduct, as confirmed by superiors.

the Minister of Justice shall select them and, once having conferred with the Judicial Commission, shall apply to the Council of Ministers for endorsing their placement in the positions;

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 ten times the present quantity of improved lands,) that are capable of it; and consequently there is land enough, even according to the present unprofitable mode of cultivation, for ten times the present number of inhabitants within the United States. Now, the value of land may be computed to encrease in a ratio at least equal to the population of a country; of course, it may be reasonably supposed, that whenever the United States arrive at their due state of population, the value of lands therein will be full ten times as great as at present. And if agriculture in the United States should ever be brought to as great perfection as in many parts of Europe, we may venture to affirm that both our population, and the price of our lands, would be advanced much higher than this estimate. But, if an equal quantity of lands as what the United States contain be brought into the market, those which we now possess must inevitably depreciate, instead of advancing daily in price, (as must happen in proportion as our population encreases) if no addition to the quantity at market be made; it will therefore be far more advantageous to the landholder to pay his quota of the annual interest upon the purchase of Louisiana, which he will probably never feel, than suffer the value of his lands to be depreciated, by opening a land-office in that immense territory, the consequences of which both he, and his posterity will be sure to feel. Upon this ground, then, it would be highly impolitic to dispose of the lands in Louisiana, at present.

But if it be still insisted upon, that the people of the United States ought not to be taxed to raise the money to pay for this acquisition, yet this will not prove the expediency of opening a land-office there.

For the United States have now probably fifty millions of acres of land to dispose of; and they are daily disposing of them at the price of two dollars per acre, for the lowest: seven millions and a half


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 of acres, sold at that price amounts to the principal sum to be paid for the purchase of Louisiana; and four hundred and fifty thousand acres, sold annually, will amount to the interest, which is all we are at present called upon to pay. If then we must sell lands to pay this interest, let us continue to sell those first, which are nearest home, and which will command the best price. By so doing we shall not depreciate the value of the remainder, as we shall if we begin with selling those at a distance, and at an inferior price. Besides, the interest of the United States requires that our population, already infinitely too much dispersed, should, instead of being rendered still more dispersed, become as compact as the fertility of our lands and other natural or accidental advantages will admit of.—Possessing already one hundred and twenty acres of land for every individual in the United States, would it not be folly in the extreme to invite any of them to remove beyond our present limits? Ought we not rather to encourage, to the utmost, population within the present states until there shall be people enough to cultivate and improve the whole? Then, and not till then, would it seem prudent to turn our attention to the settlement of a remote territory, whose advancement must, till that period, inevitably retard the settlement and improvement of the country which we already occupy.

If it be admitted that a dispersed population is a disadvantage to a state, (and surely it requires no argument to prove it) nothing can contribute more to such a dispersion than throwing into the market so immense a quantity of land. Every day’s experience shews us that whenever new settlers, or purchasers of lands, are permitted to locate their purchases as they please, they make choice of the most fertile spots, only, neglecting the rest. Thus a very large portion of valuable land lies still waste and uncultivated;—whereas if new lands were only


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Author:Hoo Ah Kay

Works

 * Report of the Spelling Commitee (as member of the Committee on Spelling of Native Proper Names), reprinted in Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society Volume 1 (1878).

title: Author:Hoo Ah Kay


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 as regards the activities which have to be carried out for the selection, the procedure for selection of trainee judges according to subsection (1) of this section shall apply mutatis mutandis.

Countersignatory:

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Calcutta Auxiliary Bible Society, .* Calcutta Bible Association. Calcutta Committee of' the Church Missionary Society, Calcutta Church Missionary Association. Calcutta Diocesan Committee of the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, .... Bengal Auxiliary Missionary Society Calcutta Baptist Missionary Society .. Bishop's College< .*•*!. Calcutta Bethel Union, and Seaman's friend Society,. *

Government Sanscrit College, 123 Madrissa; or, Government Mohomedan College, 135 Committee of Public Instruction, 156 Government Chinsurah Schools 145 Calcutta School Book Society ... 156 Calcutta School Society .... . .. Calcutta Female Juvenile Society. Ladies' Society for Native Female Education in Calcutta Hand its Vicinity ...... Benevolent Institution for the Instruction of Indigent Children Remarks. . .. Military Orphan Society .... Bengal Military Widows' Fund, .... Lord Clive's Fund. King's Military Fund. Marine Pension Fund. Civil Fund, .. **” Bengal Mariner's and General Widows' fund,,


text: The History, Design and Present State of the Religious, Benevolent and Charitable Institutions, Founded by the British in Calcutta and Its Vicinity/Government Chinsurah Schools


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RV 31 (Rh)

Note 4.1 Noun Suffix Pronouns

The Structure Sentences illustrate the use of the Amharic Noun Suffix Pronouns which are the equivalent of English 'Possessive Pronouns': 'my', 'his', 'yours', etc. (see also Note 3.2).


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Susannah, by taking her hand too suddenly from off the corporal's shoulder, (by the whisking about of her passions)—broke a little the chain of his reflections—

Or whether the corporal began to be suspicious, he had got into the doctor's quarters, and was talking more like the chaplain than himself

Or whether — — — — — — — Or whether—for in all such cases a man of invention and parts may with pleasure fill a couple of pages with suppositions—which of all these was the cause, let the curious physiologist, or the curious any body determine—'tis certain, at least, the corporal went on thus with his harangue.


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 For my own part, I declare it, that out of doors, I value not death at all:—not this added the corporal, snapping his fingers,—but with an air which no one but the corporal could have given to the sentiment.—In battle, I value death not this  and let him not take me cowardly, like poor Joe Gibbins, in scouring his gun.—What is he? A pull of a trigger—a push of a bayonet an inch this way or that—makes the difference.—Look along the line—to the right—see! Jack's down! well,—'tis worth a regiment of horse to him.—No—'tis Dick. Then Jack's no worse.—Never mind which,—we pass on,—in hot pursuit the wound itself which brings him is not felt,—the best way is to stand up to him,—the man who flies, is in ten times more danger than the man who marches up into his jaws.—I've look'd him, added the corporal, an hundred times in the face,—and know what he is.—He's no-


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Author:Boris Zakharovich Shumyatsky

Works

 * The Aims of the Bolsheviki (1919)

title: Author:Boris Zakharovich Shumyatsky


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 thing, Obadiah, at all in the field.—But he's very frightful in a house, quoth Obadiah.—I never mind it myself, said Jonathan, upon a coach-box.—It must, in my opinion, be most natural in bed, replied Susannah.—And could I escape him by creeping into the worst calf's skin that ever was made into a knapsack, I would do it there—said Trim—but that is nature.

—Nature is nature, said Jonathan.—And that is the reason, cried Susannah, I so much pity my mistress.—She will never get the better of it.—Now I pity the captain the most of any one in the family, answered Trim.—Madam will get ease of heart in weeping,—and the Squire in talking about it,—but my poor master will keep it all in silence to himself.—I shall hear him sigh in his bed for a whole month together, as he did for lieutenant Le Fever. An' please your honour, do not sigh so piteously, I would say to him


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Whereas it is found appropriate to amend the dispositions of the Royal Decree Designating the Method for Selection of Persons to Be Instated in Positions With Special Conditions in the Public Prosecution Department, 2477 BE;

Therefore, by virtue of the dispositions of the final paragraph of section 13 of the Act Regulating Civil Officials, 2476 BE, the Council of Regency, in the name of the King,

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 orders that the following Royal Decree be enacted:

This Royal Decree shall be called the "Amendment to the Royal Decree Designating the Method for Selection of Persons to Be Instated in Positions With Special Conditions in the Public Prosecution Department, 2478 Buddhist Era".

This Royal Decree shall come into force from the day of its publication in the Royal Gazette on.

Only the dispositions of subsections 5 and 6 of section 4 of the Royal Decree Designating the Method for Selection of Persons to Be Instated in Positions With Special Conditions in the Public Prosecution Department, 2477 BE, shall be repealed and replaced by the following dispositions:

"The Ministry of Interior CSSC shall select first-class assistant prosecutors from amongst the second-class assistant prosecutors who have served as such for not less than six months.

The Ministry of Interior CSSC shall select second-class assistant prosecutors from amongst the trainee prosecutors who have served as such for not less than six months, or from amongst the public service trainees in the Public Prosecution Department

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 as I laid besides him. I cannot help it, Trim, my master would say,—'tis so melancholy an accident—I cannot get it off my heart.—Your honour fears not death yourself.—I hope, Trim, I fear nothing, he would say, but the doing a wrong thing.—Well, he would add, whatever betides, I will take care of Le Fever's boy.—And with that, like a quieting draught, his honour would fall asleep.

I like to hear Trim's stories about the captain, said Susannah.—He is a kindly-hearted gentleman, said Obadiah, as ever lived.—Aye,—and as brave a one too, said the corporal, as ever stept before a platoon.—There never was a better officer in the king's army,—or a better man in God's world; for he would march up to the mouth of a cannon, though he saw the lighted match at the very touch-hole,—and yet, for all that, he has a heart as


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 soft as a child for other people.—He would not hurt a chicken.—I would sooner, quoth Jonathan, drive such a gentleman for seven pounds a year—than some for eight.—Thank thee, Jonathan! for thy twenty shillings,—as much, Jonathan, said the corporal, shaking him by the hand, as if thou hadst put the money into my own pocket.—I would serve him to the day of my death out of love. He is a friend and a brother to me,—and could I be sure my poor brother Tom was dead,—continued the corporal, taking out his handkerchief,—was I worth ten thousand pounds, I would leave every shilling of it to the captain.—Trim could not refrain from tears at this testamentary proof he gave of his affection to his master.—The whole kitchen was affected.—Do tell us this story of the poor lieutenant, said Susannah.—With all my heart, answered the corporal.


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 Susannah, the cook, Jonathan, Obadiah, and corporal Trim, formed a circle about the fire; and as soon as the scullion had shut the kitchen door,—the corporal begun.

Am a Turk if I had not as much forgot my mother, as if Nature had plaistered me up, and set me down naked upon the banks of the river Nile, without one.—Your most obedient servant, Madam—I've cost you a great deal of trouble,—I wish it may answer;—but you have left a crack in my back,—and here's a great piece fallen off here before,—and what must I do with this foot?—I shall never reach England with it.


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 who have been trained for not less than six months, or from amongst the attorneys-at-law who have practiced as such for not less than two years.

The Public Prosecution Department CSSC shall select trainee prosecutors from amongst the public service trainees in the Public Prosecution Department. As regards the public service trainees in the Public Prosecution Department, they shall be selected by the Public Prosecution Department CSSC through examination of those who have passed final examination in Siam for bachelor's degrees or equivalents from the University of Moral and Political Sciences and are members of the Bar Association."

The Minister of Interior shall have the duty to be in charge of the execution of this Royal Decree.

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 For my own part I never wonder at any thing;—and so often has my judgment deceived me in my life, that I always suspect it, right or wrong,—at least I am seldom hot upon cold subjects. For all this, I reverence truth as much as any body; and when it has slipped us, if a man will but take me by the hand, and go quietly and search for it, as for a thing we have both lost, and can neither of us do well without,—I'll go to the world's end with him:—But I hate disputes,—and therefore (bating religious points, or such as touch society) I would almost subscribe to any thing which does not choak me in the first passage, rather than be drawn into one—But I cannot bear suffocation,—and bad smells worst of all.—For which reasons, I resolved from the be-


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Rh smeared it upon the eyes, pointing out the original fashioning [of man], how it was effected, and manifesting the hand of God to those who can understand by what [hand] man was formed out of the dust. For that which the artificer, the Word, had omitted to form in the womb, [viz. the blind man's eyes], He then supplied in public, that the works of God might be manifested in him, in order that we might not be seeking out another hand by which man was fashioned, nor another Father; knowing that this hand of God which formed us at the beginning, and which does form us in the womb, has in the last times sought us out who were lost, winning back His own, and taking up the lost sheep upon His shoulders, and with joy restoring it to the fold of life.

3. Now, that the Word of God forms us in the womb, He says to Jeremiah, "Before I formed thee in the womb, I knew thee; and before thou wentest forth from the belly, I sanctified thee, and appointed thee a prophet among the nations." And Paul, too, says in like manner, "But when it pleased God, who separated me from my mother's womb, that I might declare Him among the nations." As, therefore, we are by the Word formed in the womb, this very same Word formed the visual power in him who had been blind from his birth; showing openly who it is that fashions us in secret, since the Word Himself had been made manifest to men: and declaring the original formation of Adam, and the manner in which he was created, and by what hand he was fashioned, indicating the whole from a part. For the Lord who formed the visual powers is He who made the whole man, carrying out the will of the Father. And inasmuch as man, with respect to that formation which was after Adam, having fallen into transgression, needed the laver of regeneration, [the Lord] said to him [upon whom He had conferred sight], after He had smeared his eyes with the clay, "Go to Siloam, and wash;" thus restoring to him both [his perfect] conformation, and that regeneration which takes place by means of the laver. And for this reason when he was washed he came seeing, that he might both


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Rh

We are well on the way toward our next annual meeting. For the most part committee reports at our annual meetings have been hastily prepared during the days immediately preceding the meetings and often they have been one man reports. Each committee has entrusted to it matters worthy of the attention and consideration of the entire bar association. To secure adequate consideration it is necessary to delegate to a small group the responsibility of making needed investigation and presenting to the association the conclusions growing therefrom. It is doubtful if within the lifetime of those now active in the profession there has been such general interest as now prevails in all phases of legal and judicial reform. Much of the discussion is superficial. It therefore is our duty as an association to make our professional consideration thorough and as scientific as possible. It is urged that the committee chairmen organize their work at once. This can be done effectively by correspondence, and all members of committees are asked to favor their respective chairmen with their views, so that every committee report may express a composite judgment deliberately reached.

"If we do our duty by the common law of the 20th Century, we must make it a living system of doing justice for the society of today and tomorrow, as the formers of our policy made of the traditional materials of their generation an instrument of justice for that time and for ours.

"And chiefly the responsibility for doing this will rest upon preachers and writers.

"Laws are not self-enforcing, and the very life of law is in its enforcement. But except as a vigorous despot may put rules in force by the might of his arms, enforcement depends on the general will."

—Dean Roscoe Pound.


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 granted when population requires it; and if one of the conditions of the grant were, that the grantee should make a permanent settlement thereon; all the lands in the country which are capable of cultivation and improvement would be settled, cultivated and improved: and population and the price of lands would be advanced accordingly. More especially if in addition to the condition of a permanent settlement upon the lands granted, no single grant should be made for more lands than might be sufficient for the occupation of one wealthy farmer. Let those who are disposed to set at nought these observations compare the state of agriculture and population in the New-England states with those of Virginia and North Carolina. In the former, barren spots are made productive, whilst in the latter vast tracts of arable lands lie wholly waste and uncultivated; and five miles square in the first, can often produce as many hardy militia for the defence of their country, as five and twenty miles square can furnish in the latter. Invite the inhabitants of a compact township in Connecticut to disperse over an equal extent of country; they would immediately find the difference in all the comforts and conveniences of life, domestic and political. Let them remove themselves into the howling wildernesses of Louisiana, and all the advantages which the United States might derive from their removal thither, would not recompense an hundredth part of the loss. And if the spirit of migration thither should seize the people of the New-England states generally, it might prove of fatal consequence not only to their agriculture, but to their commerce. For if once that hardy race of men who are now engaged in navigation in those states, should be allured by bounties in land, or by the cheapness of it, to turn their attention from the ocean to this new land of promise, it might change the face of their native country altogether; and even their most flourishing commercial seaports


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 ginning. That if ever the army of martyrs was to be augmented,—or a new one raised,—I would have no hand in it, one way or t'other.

to return to my mother.

My uncle Toby's opinion, Madam, "that there could be no harm in Cornelius Gallus, the Roman prætor's lying with his wife;"—or rather the last word of that opinion,—(for it was all my mother heard of it) caught hold of her by the weak part of the whole sex:—You shall not mistake me,—I mean her curiosity,—she instantly concluded herself the subject of the conversation, and with that prepossession upon her fancy, you will readily conceive every


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98 know Him who had fashioned him, and that man might learn [to know] Him who has conferred upon him life.

4. All the followers of Valentinus, therefore, lose their case, when they say that man was not fashioned out of this earth, but from a fluid and diffused substance. For, from the earth out of which the Lord formed eyes for that man, from the same earth it is evident that man was also fashioned at the beginning. For it were incompatible that the eyes should indeed be formed from one source and the rest of the body from another; as neither would it be compatible that one [being] fashioned the body, and another the eyes. But He, the very same who formed Adam at the beginning, with whom also the Father spake, [saying], "Let us make man after our image and likeness," revealing Himself in these last times to men, formed visual organs (visionem) for him who had been blind [in that body which he had derived] from Adam. Wherefore also the Scripture, pointing out what should come to pass, says, that when Adam had hid himself because of his disobedience, the Lord came to him at eventide, called him forth, and said, "Where art thou?" That means that in the last times the very same Word of God came to call man, reminding him of his doings, living in which he had been hidden from the Lord. For just as at that time God spake to Adam at eventide, searching him out; so in the last times, by means of the same voice, searching out his posterity, He has visited them.

1. And since Adam was moulded from this earth to which we belong, the Scripture tells us that God said to him, "In the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat thy bread, until thou turnest again to the dust from whence thou wert taken." If then, after death, our bodies return to any other substance,


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 might be successfully rivalled by others more conveniently situated for an intercourse with the productive, and consuming parts of the United States. Nor does it require the spirit of prophecy to foresee that a rage for acquiring lands in Louisiana, and migrating thither to settle, if encouraged, must at no very distant period weaken and reduce the population in the Atlantic states, and not improbably all that lie eastward of the Mississippi. The consequences of such a seduction must prove ultimately fatal to the United States: for we may boldly pronounce, that, “the can never be permanently extended beyond the ; nor preserved among its, whenever  shall become a populous country.” Whenever that event takes place the constellation of the present United States will probably set for ever.

Must we then never dispose of this immense quantity of valuable lands, which we have purchased at such a price? No:—Never, as long as the United States have lands to dispose of and settle on this side of the Mississippi; nor until we have a population more than equal to the cultivation of all our lands, to the best advantage. For until that period shall arrive there cannot be as much labour employed within the United States as may be advantageously employed therein; and so long as there is room for advantageous employment at home, it cannot be our interest to send abroad those who are necessary to the cultivation, improvement, and strengthening of our own country. That colonies are always expensive to the parent state in their first settlement, and that as soon as they acquire strength enough to help themselves they are unwilling to continue in subjection, our


text: Index:Lawrence E A-first reader,1907.pdf


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 was triumphantly met by the clear and practical exposition of Professor Schlegel of Hamburg. Other men, no less distinguished in their age and country, appeared to establish Harvey as the real founder of the doctrine of the circulation, to which we ascribe the origin of modern scientific medicine. Professor Walæus* in Leyden in 1640, Joannes Trullius in Rome in 1651, supported the new doctrine. Plempius in Louvain, in 1652, volunta- rily and publicly professed himself an adherent of Harvey. Previously to the appearance of Schlegel's admirable work in 1650, his friend and compatriot Werner Rolfink, ‡ reputed one of the best German anatomists of the time, had in 1630 given his adhesion to Harvey's views. Nor is it without significance that Descartes, in his Dis- cours de la Méthode pour bien conduire sa Raison ct chercher la Vérité dans les Sciences, in 1637, spoke of the English physician as the man to whom the world owed the knowledge of a con- tinuous circulation of the blood. Although here

See Versuch einer pragmatischen Geschichte der Arzneikunde, von Kurt Sprengel. Halle, 1800-1803, 5 vols. Svo, vol. iv. p. 43. This book may be generally consulted with advantage on all questions connected with the history of medicine, from the earliest times to the end of the eighteenth century. + Werner Rolfink was born at Hamburg in 1599, and, like Schlegel, filled the post of Professor of Medicine, Botany, Anatomy, and Chemistry at Jena. His chief work was entitled Dissert. Anal., lib. vi. (see lib. v. c. 12, p. 845, and lib. vi. c. 14, p. 1089). He died in 1677. Discours de la Méthode par Descartes, avec une notice biographique, par Ad. Hatzfeldt. Paris, 1872, p. 71, et seqq.
 * Born in 1604 at Koudekerke, in Zeeland; died in 1649.


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 and there writers, jealous of Harvey's fame, brought forward Servetus, Sarpa, Cæsalpinus, and others still less worthy of being named, as possessing prior claims to the position assigned to Harvey, the great body of scientific men of that and all future days have subscribed to the opinion that we owe the modern doctrine of the circulation of the blood and of the moving power of the heart to him.

After the many disquisitions on the priority of Harvey's claims that have been offered to the Fellows of this College, from the oration of Friend to that of the exhaustive address by the learned Linacre Professor, Dr. Rolleston, four years ago, it would scarcely have been befitting in me to bring up this crambe iterum repetita on the present occa- sion, had not a recent event appeared to make it a matter of duty to inquire again into the claims of one of the three names just mentioned.

English physicians were startled last year* by the announcement that on October 30th a monu- ment of Andrea Cesalpino was unveiled at Rome, on the ground of his being the first discoverer of the circulation of the blood. Dr. Giulio Ceradini, Professor of Physiology at Genoa, appears to have been the chief orator on the occasion, and to have asserted, after stating that Cesalpino pro-

 * Lancet, November 4th, 1876.


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 own recent conduct and experience fully shew. To colonise Louisiana would probably soon produce this effect; to extend the confederacy as far as to the limits of Mexico would probably produce a dissolution of the Union, and eventually change the type and character of our government. In proportion as we advance towards Mexico, we shall view its golden mines with the same cupidity that the Spaniards first beheld them; and this will no doubt lead to the nefarious project of conquering the Spanish dominions, first on this side, and then beyond the streights of Darien. To thousands among us such a project might even now appear as desirable as the original conquest of those countries did to the Spaniards. But, when we are willing to exchange our present constitutions and government, and our present enviable state of liberty, with all its attendant blessings, for the riches and the wretchedness of Spain, we shall deserve all the miseries which such an achievement would entail upon us, and our posterity, forever.

But, if these dissuasives, powerful as they appear to my mind, be not sufficient to deter us from opening a land office in Louisiana, let us view the subject in another light. The terms upon which those lands must be granted must be comparatively high, or low. If high, those who are disposed to purchase lands will prefer them on this side of the Mississippi, and will consequently not purchase there; if low, the lands which the United States now have for sale will remain unsold. Thus no advantage, either way, can possibly result from the measure.—If the lands be sold in large tracts they may be acquired and held by persons who do not owe allegiance to the United States,—or, the foundations of future principalities may be laid by successful speculators. If in small parcels laid out into townships (as the lands north-west of the Ohio) it will only serve to allure those to settle beyond the limits of the United States, who would settle within them, if the temptation be with-held. Thus in no


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2

State ex rel Olsness v. McCarthy, County Auditor. This is a proceeding in mandamus. The questions presented are: 1. Must a county auditor, at the time of the annual tax sale held in December of each year, include hail indemnity taxes in the amount of delinquent taxes listed against each tract of land and sell each tract for one sum, including both the general real estate taxes and the hail indemnity taxes and issue only one certificate in evidence of the sale? 2. Is the county auditor inhibited from entering transfer of a deed, patent or final decree of distribution unless all delinquent hail indemnity taxes are paid? HELD: 1. The county auditor must include in the notice of tax sale all delinquent hail indemnity taxes and must sell any lands advertised for the aggregate amount of general real estate taxes and hail indemnity taxes in one sum, and issue one certificate of sale. This does not, however, transform the hail indemnity tax into a tax within the legal meaning of that term, nor give to the certificate of sale, insofar as it represents hail indemnity taxes, any greater effect than if issued upon a sale for hail indemnity taxes alone. Insofar as the certificate represents hail indemnity taxes it confers upon the holder only such rights as he would have if the lien of the hail indemnity tax were foreclosed. 2. A county auditor may enter the transfer of a deed, patent or final decree of distribution without regard to delinquent hail indemnity taxes.

Jarski v. Farmers' & Merchants' Bank. This is a suit to recover the purchase price of certain land in South Dakota which plaintiff claims he sold to the defendant. Though the purchase is denied, it appears if it was made that it does not tend to attain and accomplish the objects and purposes for which the defendant was organized as a banking corporation, but for speculative purposes. HELD: The transaction falls within the inhibitions of Sections 5151, 5152 and 5187, as amended by Chapter 54 Session Laws of 1915, and therefore is unlawful and void. For this reason the court will not lend its aid to compel performance.

Kuiper v. Miller. This is an action in conversion in which it is alleged in the complaint that the owner of land executed a mortgage to the plaintiff on March 1st, 1919; that the mortgage was foreclosed and a sheriff's certificate issued on January 23, 1925; that the mortgagor rented the land for the year 1924 under an agreement whereby he was to receive one-third of all grains sown, grown and raised upon the land during said season; and that the lessee delivered the grain to the defendant, a dealer in grain. The defendant demurred to the complaint and this appeal is from an order overruling the demurrer. HELD: Rent is compensation for the use of land. It is yearly profit issued out of land and may consist of money, provisions, chattels or labor, and is not


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RV 32 (Rh) The complete set of Noun Suffix Pronouns is:

Note 4.2 Verb: Verb forms /allə/ 'there is', /allu/ 'there are' and /yəlləm/ 'there is not', /yəlləm/ 'there are not' as equivalent to English 'have' and 'have not.'

/allə/ 'there is', 'there exists' (Note 2.3) and the plural /allu/ 'there are', 'there exist' are used with Verb Suffix Pronouns.

The thing possessed is the subject of /allə/ or /allu/. The owner is indicated by a suffix pronoun, e.g. /məSıhaf alləñ/ 'I have a book', literally 'there is a book to me', /ammıst məSıhafocc alluñ/ 'I have five books', literally 'there are to me five books'.

The forms of /allə/ and /allu/, with the verb suffixed pronouns, are:


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Page:The Harveian oration, delivered before the Royal College of Physicians, Wednesday, June 27th, 1877 (IA b22314623).pdf/6

 duced experimental proof of the circulation in 1593, that Harvey could in 1628 adduce nothing more than a fresh proof of the circulation in the venous valves, discovered by Fabricius ab Aqua- pendente as early as 1574, by demonstrating that the said valves must oppose the centrifugal move- ment of the blood in the veins. Ceradini main- tained that Harvey's merit really consists in having sustained and won a battle against ignorance and prejudice by divulging the dis- covery of Cesalpino.

Although the claims of Andrea Cesalpino of Arezzo have been put forward and amply discussed -by none, perhaps, more fully and justly than by Dr. Willis in his admirable Life of Harvey*— it has appeared to bc, under the circumstances, a duty of the Harveian orator of the present year to search the original works of Cesalpino, and to ascertain whether contemporary and later history have erred in awarding to our countryman the palm which really belongs to a greater predecessor of his. One thing appears indisputable: that, whatever Cesalpino has written, his views on the circulation were not considered of much con- sequence, and certainly not subversive of the old Galenic doctrines, at the time that Harvey resided in Padua, and subsequently Schlegel in Venice

Prefixed to the Sydenham Society's edition of the Works of William Harvey, 1847, p. 60.


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 and other parts of Italy. The former, whom his greatest detractors* have never accused of want of uprightness and honesty, does not allude to the discoveries of Cesalpino; and the lattert distinctly says that, having been in familiar intercourse with the most distinguished anatomists in Padua, Venice, and throughout Italy, for some years, he had found "the movement of the blood almost entirely unknown, or that it certainly was regarded as incredible." Schlegel manifestly speaks of the movement of the blood as taught by Harvey, because earlier writers had discussed the question of the circulation, as Harvey himself admits, § but,

in his two introductory lectures to his last course of Anatomical Lec- tures, 1784, pp. 43, et seq., speaks of Harvey in a manner that is a blot upon the lecturer's name, and shows that he had not investi- gated the question by a reference to the original works of the men whom he compares with Harvey. + Pauli Marquarti Slegelii, M.D. Hamburg, De Sanguinis Motu Commentatio. Hamburgi, 1650, p. 7. Schlegel (Latinised, Slegelius), the son of a merchant, was born at Hamburg in 1605, and studied medicinc at Altorf, Wittenberg, and Jena. In 1631, in company with Rolfink, he undertook a long scientific tour. He visited Hol- land and England, then went to Paris, where he remained two years; subsequently spent several years in Italy; and, after taking a degree at Padua in 1636, returned to Germany in 1638. He was at once appointed Professor of Anatomy, Surgery, and Botany at Jena. In 1642, Schlegel was invited to accept the office of "sub- physicus," or assistant officer of health, in Hamburg, where he founded an anatomical theatre. He died in 1653. For further details, see Mittheilungen aus der älteren Medicinal Geschichte IIam- burg's, von Physicus Dr. Gernet, Hamburg, 1869; and also Lexicon der IIamburgischen Schriftsteller bis zur Gegenwart, von Dr. H. Schroeder, now publishing. In the last, a list of twenty-four works by Schlegel is given, which illustrates both the variety and the depth of his studies. The original Latin is: Quin imo doctrinam illo tempore de motu sanguinis apud omnes ferc incompertam aut certe pro in- credibile habitam fuisse, neque obtineri potuissc rationibus ab iis ut assentirentur. § Sydenham Society's edition of Ilarvey's Works, p. 33.
 * Among these we are pained to mention William Hunter, who,


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Page:Reflections, on the Cession of Louisiana to the United States.pdf/24

 possible view can I perceive any benefit likely to result to the United States by opening a land office in Louisiana, whilst a thousand mischiefs threaten to flow from any attempt of the kind.

But, when the population of the United States shall render it no longer wise, or practicable, to restrain emigrations from them, then this immense treasure in bank may be called up from the vault in which, until that time, it will be adviseable to keep it locked up; and, wonderful to behold! then shall we find that our talent has increased to ten talents, without merchandising with it, or lending it out at usury.—But to this period, he that values the happiness of the United States can only look forward with a sigh, at the painful reflection, that the price of all this treasure will be the present unrivalled happiness of his country.

As some atonement for these unfashionable Utopian ideas, I shall proceed to consider another advantage which may possibly accrue to the United States from this acquisition, if a proper use be made of it: that is,

Ninthly; we now shall have it in our power to propose to the Indian nations now settled within the United States an exchange of lands beyond the Mississippi, for those which they now hold ; by this means we shall be able to dispose of all the lands on this side the Mississippi to those who will cultivate them, who are already civilized, who speak the same language with us, and who will be ready and willing to harmonize and become one people with us, if they be not so already. The lands which we may acquire in this manner will probably be amply sufficient to pay for ten times the purchase of Louisiana, and this remote treasure, so dangerous to be touched whilst it remains at a distance, may be brought with safety to our doors, and


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Page:North Dakota Law Review Vol. 2 No. 2 (1925).pdf/3

Rh the equivalent of the value of the use and occupation of the land. Under Section 7762, Compiled Laws 1913, the holder of a sheriff's certificate of sale is entitled to receive from the tenant in possession the rents of the property sold, or the value of the use and occupation thereof during the period of redemption and may maintain an action in conversion against the purchaser of that portion of the crop raised during the year of redemption which the mortgagor and the renter agreed should be delivered as rent. If he seeks to recover a portion of the crop raised during such period, or its value in a conversion action, he must show that the crop was rent of the premises within the meaning of Section 7762. When the sheriff's certificate has been recorded, a third party dealing with the lessee of the mortgagor of premises sold under foreclosure is charged with notice of the foreclosure proceedings, and the rights of such holder of the certificate, under Section 7762

Hanson v. Blum. Plaintiff made a loan which was secured by a mortgage on a threshing outfit. The mortgagors also became indebted to a bank and gave a mortgage on the same threshing outfit. Though plaintiff's debt was not paid, he failed to renew his mortgage at the end of three years from the date of filing, as required by Section 6772, Compiled Laws 1913. Thereafter defendant took a mortgage on the same property covering the debt of the mortgagors to the bank, all of which was incurred within three years after the mortgage to plaintiff was filed, and in addition a further indebtedness incurred subsequent to the three year period. On default, the defendant declared his debt due, seized the property and purchased the same at foreclosure sale. Thereafter plaintiff asserted a right thereto under his mortgage and demanded the property. Upon defendant's refusal to deliver it, this action in replevin was commenced. HELD: Section 6762, Compiled Laws 1913, was supplementary to Section 6758. The purpose of the latter is to give notice of the existence of mortgage liens and of the former to clear the record by raising the presumption of payment where there is no renewal within three years from the date of filing on which those dealing with the mortgagors, without notice to the contrary, may rely. A creditor within the meaning of Section 6762 is one who without notice that the debt secured by an unrenewed chattel mortgage is unpaid subsequently extends credit, or alters his position as to his debtor to his detriment as subsequent encumbrancer in good faith, is a creditor taking security for his debt. His character as an encumbrancer is determined by the notice he has when the credit is extended rather than when the security is taken. The defendant was not a subsequent encumbrancer in good faith insofar as his mortgage secured indebtedness incurred within three years after plaintiff's mortgage was filed, and that he is such encumbrancer only as to indebtedness incurred after the expiration of such three year period for credit extended by him to his detriment prior to the time that he received notice that plaintiff's mortgage was still unpaid.


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Page:The Harveian oration, delivered before the Royal College of Physicians, Wednesday, June 27th, 1877 (IA b22314623).pdf/8

 "like persons purblind or groping about in the dark," had failed to recognise the intimate con- nexion and beautiful harmony of the different parts involved in the process.

The entire tenor of Harvey's life and work forbids the view that he was a plagiarist, and that, as Cesalpino's panegyrist has recently asserted, he arrogated to himself a discovery which belongs to the latter. Contemporary writers failed to recog- nise in Harvey's doctrine a reproduction of the teachings of Cesalpino; and, though his great adversary, Riolan, was satisfied that Harvey had been anticipated by Aristotle and Cesalpino, we can scarcely doubt that Schlegel correctly describes the state of medical science and the effect pro- duced by the great work published in 1628. He says of Harvey's doctrine:* " Inaudita, communi- busque et per multa sæcula inveteratis opinionibus adversissima sententia, omnes commovit."

But let us do justice to Cesalpino; for, though it is clear to my mind that he failed to appreciate the truth as it was made plain by Harvey, he ap- proached nearer to him than any of the physiolo- gists of earlier days. Any one who was satisfied with the evidence afforded by solitary passages in his writings might fairly assert that Cesalpino had taught the true doctrine of the circulation; but,

 * De Motu Sanguinis Commentatio, p. 1. Hamburgi, 1650.


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Page:The Harveian oration, delivered before the Royal College of Physicians, Wednesday, June 27th, 1877 (IA b22314623).pdf/9

 when we search further, and find that he still regards the flow of the blood comparable to the flood and ebb tides of the Euripus; that the arteries, according to him, convey the spirit to which their pulse is due; and that he utterly failed to recognise in the heart the central moving power of the circulation, we cannot but arrive at the conclusion that his doctrinc, by itself, would never have formed the basis of modern physiology.

Cesalpino, whose work was published at Venice in 1593,* in the fifth book of his Peripatetic Questions, describes the circulation in the fol- lowing words:"As rivulets draw water from a spring, the veins and arteries take their origin from the heart. It is further necessary that they should all be continuous with the heart, that the blood contained in them may be preserved by its heat, for it congeals under the influence of cold, as appears whenever it is removed from the veins. Dissection shows that all veins are continuous with the heart alone, for those which pass from the heart to the lungs are continuous with no other viscus; they terminate in the ventricles of the heart and pass no further. The vena cava and the aorta, having reached the other viscera with the exception of the heart, pass beyond them;

v.; Dæmonum Investigatio peripatetica; Quastionum Medicarum, lib. ii.; De Medicaminum Facultatibus, libri ii. Venetiis, 1593. + Ibid., p. 116.
 * Andrea Cresalpini, Aretini, Questionum peripateticarum, libri


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Page:Reflections, on the Cession of Louisiana to the United States.pdf/25

 used as occasion shall require, without fear of the consequences.

Such an exchange, if it can be effected, of which I presume there can be little doubt, will strengthen and cement our union beyond any other event of which I am able to form an idea. Our whole country, except the ports on the Atlantic, and at the mouth of the Mississippi, will consist of an extensive and numerous agricultural people, detached from all the other civilized nations of the globe, forming one general and powerful confederacy of republican states, nursed in the lap of liberty, sprung from one common stock, cherishing the same fraternal sentiments towards each other, and the same devotion to their common country, liberty and happiness. The demon of discord is the only enemy from whose effects or malignity the United States could have just cause of apprehension; and he might be chained for centuries, beyond the Mississippi, if the policy which is here recommended be adopted.

Of the same nature, though of less practicable aspect, is another Utopian idea, which I presume to suggest to the genuine friends of freedom, yet, I confess, without any sanguine hope, that it will receive countenance. The southern parts of Louisiana bordering upon the gulph of Mexico lie under a climate mere favourable for the African constitution than any part of the United States. Thither, if under the auspices of a divine Providence, the great work of the abolition of slavery should be accomplished in Virginia, or other southern states, we may colonize those unhappy people, whom our ancestors have brought in chains from their native country, and we continue to hold in bondage. Would to God, that I could flatter myself that this Was not a mere visionary project!—Thither, at least, it may be adviseable to entice those to remove who have already, or may hereafter obtain their freedom, through the benevolence of their


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100 which had occurred by reason of a tree, through that obedience which was [wrought out] upon the tree [of the cross]. Now He would not have come to do away, by means of that same [image], the disobedience which had been incurred towards our Maker if He proclaimed another Father. But inasmuch as it was by these things that we disobeyed God, and did not give credit to His word, so was it also by these same that He brought in obedience and consent as respects His Word; by which things He clearly shows forth God Himself, whom indeed we had offended in the first Adam, when he did not perform His commandment. In the second Adam, however, we are reconciled, being made obedient even unto death. For we were debtors to none other but to Him whose commandment we had transgressed at the beginning.

1. Now this being is the Creator (Demiurgus), who is, in respect of His love, the Father; but in respect of His power, He is Lord; and in respect of His wisdom, our Maker and Fashioner; by transgressing whose commandment we became His enemies. And therefore in the last times the Lord has restored us into friendship through His incarnation, having become "the Mediator between God and men;" propitiating indeed for us the Father against whom we had sinned, and cancelling (consolatus) our disobedience by His own obedience; conferring also upon us the gift of communion with, and subjection to, our Maker. For this reason also He has taught us to say in prayer, "And forgive us our debts;" since indeed He is our Father, whose debtors we were, having transgressed His commandments. But who is this Being? Is He some unknown one, and a Father who gives no com-


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Author:Arthur Lister

Works

 * 2nd ed. (1911), revised by Gulielma Lister.
 * 3rd ed. (1925), revised by Gulielma Lister.
 * 2nd ed. (1903)
 * 4th ed. (1919), revised by Gulielma Lister.
 * 2nd ed. (1903)
 * 4th ed. (1919), revised by Gulielma Lister.

title: Author:Arthur Lister