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44c. 36

(3) Before making an order under subsection (2), the Secretary of State shall consult the National Assembly for Wales.

84. In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires—
 * “applicant”, in relation to a request for information, means the person who made the request;
 * “appropriate Northern Ireland Minister” means the Northern Ireland Minister in charge of the Department of Culture, Arts and Leisure in Northern Ireland;
 * “appropriate records authority”, in relation to a transferred public record, has the meaning given by section 15(5);
 * “body” includes an unincorporated association;
 * “the Commissioner” means the Information Commissioner;
 * “decision notice” has the meaning given by section 50;
 * “the duty to confirm or deny” has the meaning given by section 1(6);
 * “enactment” includes an enactment contained in Northern Ireland legislation;
 * “enforcement notice” has the meaning given by section 52;
 * “executive committee”, in relation to the National Assembly for Wales, has the same meaning as in the Government of Wales Act 1998;
 * “exempt information” means information which is exempt information by virtue of any provision of Part II;
 * “fees notice” has the meaning given by section 9(1);
 * “government department” includes a Northern Ireland department, the Northern Ireland Court Service and any other body or authority exercising statutory functions on behalf of the Crown, but does not include—
 * (a) any of the bodies specified in section 80(2),
 * (b) the Security Service, the Secret Intelligence Service or the Government Communications Headquarters, or
 * (c) the National Assembly for Wales;
 * “information” (subject to sections 51(8) and 75(2)) means information recorded in any form;
 * “information notice” has the meaning given by section 51;
 * “Minister of the Crown” has the same meaning as in the Ministers of the Crown Act 1975;
 * “Northern Ireland Minister” includes the First Minister and deputy First Minister in Northern Ireland;
 * “Northern Ireland public authority” means any public authority, other than the Northern Ireland Assembly or a Northern Ireland department, whose functions are exercisable only or mainly in or as regards Northern Ireland and relate only or mainly to transferred matters;
 * “prescribed” means prescribed by regulations made by the Secretary of State;
 * “public authority” has the meaning given by section 3(1);

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Rh

 * “publication scheme” has the meaning given by section 19;
 * “request for information” has the meaning given by section 8;
 * “responsible authority”, in relation to a transferred public record, has the meaning given by section 15(5);
 * “the special forces” means those units of the armed forces of the Crown the maintenance of whose capabilities is the responsibility of the Director of Special Forces or which are for the time being subject to the operational command of that Director;
 * “subordinate legislation” has the meaning given by subsection (1) of section 21 of the Interpretation Act 1978, except that the definition of that term in that subsection shall have effect as if
 * “Act” included Northern Ireland legislation;
 * “transferred matter”, in relation to Northern Ireland, has the meaning given by section 4(1) of the Northern Ireland Act 1998;
 * “transferred public record” has the meaning given by section 15(4);
 * “the Tribunal” means the Information Tribunal;
 * “Welsh public authority” has the meaning given by section 83.

85. There shall be paid out of money provided by Parliament—
 * (a) any increase attributable to this Act in the expenses of the Secretary of State in respect of the Commissioner, the Tribunal or the members of the Tribunal,
 * (b) any administrative expenses of the Secretary of State attributable to this Act,
 * (c) any other expenses incurred in consequence of this Act by a Minister of the Crown or government department or by either House of Parliament, and
 * (d) any increase attributable to this Act in the sums which under any other Act are payable out of money so provided.

86. Schedule 8 (repeals) has effect.

87.—(1) The following provisions of this Act shall come into force on the day on which this Act is passed—
 * (a) sections 3 to 8 and Schedule 1,
 * (b) section 19 so far as relating to the approval of publication schemes,
 * (c) section 20 so far as relating to the approval and preparation by the Commissioner of model publication schemes,
 * (d) section 47(2) to (6),
 * (e) section 49,
 * (f) section 74,
 * (g) section 75,
 * (h) sections 78 to 85 and this section,

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

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 also is absolutely the property of his master, the slave himself being the subject of property, and as such saleable, or transmissible at the will of his master.—A slavery, so malignant as that described, does not leave to its wretched victims the least vestige of any civil right, and even divests them of all their natural rights. It does not, however, appear, that the rigours of slavery in this country were ever as great, as those above described: yet it must be confessed, that, at times, they have fallen very little short of them.

The first severe law respecting slaves, now to be met with in our code, is that of 1669, already mentioned, which declared that the death of a slave resisting his master, or other person correcting him by his order, happening by extremity of the correction, should not be accounted felony. The alterations which this law underwent in three successive acts, were by no means calculated effectually to mitigate its severity; it seems rather to have been augmented by the act of 1723, which declared that a person indicted for the murder of a slave, and found guilty of manslaughter, should not incur any punishment for the same.


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46c. 36

 * (j) paragraph 4 of Schedule 5 (and section 67 so far as relating to that paragraph),
 * (k) paragraph 8 of Schedule 6 (and section 73 so far as relating to that paragraph),
 * (l) Part I of Schedule 8 (and section 86 so far as relating to that Part), and
 * (m) so much of any other provision of this Act as confers power to make any order, regulations or code of practice.

(2) The following provisions of this Act shall come into force at the end of the period of two months beginning with the day on which this Act is passed—
 * (a) section 18(1),
 * (b) section 76 and Schedule 7,
 * (c) paragraphs 1(1), 3(1), 4, 6, 7, 8(2), 9(2), 10(a), 13(1) and (2), 14(a) and 15(1) and (2) of Schedule 2 (and section 18(4) so far as relating to those provisions), and
 * (d) Part II of Schedule 8 (and section 86 so far as relating to that Part).

(3) Except as provided by subsections (1) and (2), this Act shall come into force at the end of the period of five years beginning with the day on which this Act is passed or on such day before the end of that period as the Secretary of State may by order appoint; and different days may be appointed for different purposes.

(4) An order under subsection (3) may contain such transitional provisions and savings (including provisions capable of having effect after the end of the period referred to in that subsection) as the Secretary of State considers appropriate.

(5) During the twelve months beginning with the day on which this Act is passed, and during each subsequent complete period of twelve months in the period beginning with that day and ending with the first day on which all the provisions of this Act are fully in force, the Secretary of State shall—
 * (a) prepare a report on his proposals for bringing fully into force those provisions of this Act which are not yet fully in force, and
 * (b) lay a copy of the report before each House of Parliament.

88.—(1) This Act may be cited as the Freedom of Information Act 2000.

(2) Subject to subsection (3), this Act extends to Northern Ireland.

(3) The amendment or repeal of any enactment by this Act has the same extent as that enactment.

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 All these acts were at length repealed in 1788. So that homicide of slave stands now upon the same footing, as in the cace of any other person. In 1672 it was declared lawful for any person pursuing any runaway Negroe, mulattoe, Indian slave, or servant for life, by virtue of an hue and cry, to kill them in case of resistance, without being questioned for the same. A few years afterwards this act was extended to persons employed to apprehend runaways. In 1705, these acts underwent some small alteration; two justices being authorised by proclamation to outlaw runaways, who might thereafter be killed and destroyed by any person whatsoever, by such ways and means as he may think fit, without accusation or impeachment of any crime for so doing: And if any such slave were apprehended, he might be punished at the discretion of the county court, either by dismembering, or in any other manner not touching life.


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 The inhuman rigour of this act was afterwards extended to the venial offence of going abroad by night, if the slave was notoriously guilty of it.—Such are the cruelties to which a state of slavery gives birth; such the horrors to which the human mind is capable of being reconciled, by its adoption. The dawn of humanity at length appeared in the year 1769, when the power of dismembering, even under the authority of a county court, was restricted to the single offence of attempting to ravish a white woman, in which case perhaps the punishment is perhaps not more than commensurate to the crime. In 1772 some restraints were laid upon the practice of outlawing slaves, requiring that it should appear to the satisfaction of the justices that the slaves were outlying, and doing mischief. These loose expressions of the act, left too much in the discretion of men, not much addicted to weighing their import.—In 1792, every thing relative to the outlawry of slaves was expunged from our code, and I trust will never again find a place in it. By the act of 1680, a Negroe, mulattoe, or Indian, bond or free, presuming to lift his hand in opposition to any Christian, should receive thirty lashes on his bare


text:
The Happy Soldier

 * "The Happy Soldier", a Scottish poem (author unknown)
 * "The Happy Soldier", a poem by Herbert Read

title: The Happy Soldier


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 back for every offence. The same act prohibited slaves from carrying any club, staff, gun, sword, or other weapon, offensive or defensive. This was afterwards extended to all Negroes, mulattoes and Indians whatsoever, with a few exceptions in favour of housekeepers, residents on a frontier plantation, and such as were enlisted in the militia. Slaves, by these and other acts, are prohibited from going abroad without leave in writing from their masters, and if they do, may be whipped: any person suffering a slave to remain on his plantation for four hours together, or dealing with him without leave in writing from his master, is subject to a fine. A runaway slave may be apprehended and committed to jail, and if not claimed within three months (being first advertised) he shall be hired out, having an iron collar first put about his neck: and if not claimed within a year shall be sold. These provisions were in general re-enacted in 1792, but the punishment to be inflicted on a Negroe or mulattoe, for lifting his hand against a white person, is restricted to those cases, where the former is not wantonly assaulted. In this act the word Indian appears to have been designedly omitted: the


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 small number of these people, or their descendants remaining among us, concurring with at more liberal way of thinking, probably gave occasion to this circumstance. The act of 1748, c. 31, made it felony without benefit of clergy for a slave to prepare, exhibit, or administer any medicine whatever, without the order or consent of the master; but allowed clergy if it appeared that the medicine was not administered with an ill intent; the act of 1792, with more justice, directs that in such case he shall be acquitted. To consult, advise, or conspire, to rebel, or to plot, or conspire the death of any person whatsoever, is still felony without benefit of clergy in a slave.—Riots, routs, unlawful assemblies, trespasses and seditious speechcs by slaves, are punishable with stripes, at the discretion of a justice of the peace.—The master of a slave permitting him to go at large and trade as a freeman, is subject to a fine; and if he suffers the slave to hire himself out, the latter may be sold, and twenty-five per cent. of the price be applied to the use of the county.—Negroes and mulattoes, whether slaves or not, are incapable of being witnesses, but against, or between Negroes and mulattoes; they are not


text:
Page:A Record of the Buddhist Religion as practised in India and the Malay Archipelago.djvu/16

 appendix to my 'India, what can it teach us?' under the title of Renaissance of Sanskrit Literature.

From I-tsing or from any of the Chinese travellers in India we must not expect any trustworthy information on the ancient literature of India. What they tell us, for instance, on the date of the birth of Buddha, is mere tradition, and cannot claim any independent value. It is interesting to know that the name of Pânini and his great Grammar were known to them, but what they say about his age and circumstances does not help us much. All that is of importance on this subject has been collected and published by me in my edition of the Prâtisâkhya, 1856, Nachträge, pp. 12–15.

The date of Pânini can be fixed hypothetically only. It has been pointed out that Patañgali in his Mahâbhâshya speaks of Pushpamitra, and according to some MSS. of Kandragupta also. Kandragupta was the founder of the Maurya dynasty, Pushpamitra was the first of the dynasty which succeeded the Mauryas. As it seems that Patañgali in one place implies the fall of the Mauryas, which happened in 178 B. C., it has been supposed that he must have lived about that time. And this date seemed to agree with the statement, contained in the Râgataraṅginî (1148 A.D.), that his work, the Mahâbhâshya, was known in Kashmir under king Abhimanyu, that is, in the middle of the first century B.C. As there is a series of grammarians succeeding each other between Patañgali and Pânini, it was argued with some degree of plausibility that Pânini cannot have lived later than the fourth century B.C.

But all this is constructive chronology only, and would have to yield as soon as anything more certain could be produced. It was quite right, therefore, that Professor Weber, of Berlin, should point out and lay stress on the fact that Pânini quotes an alphabet called Yavanânî which he (Weber) takes to mean Ionian or Greek. This alphabet, he argues, could not have been known before the invasion of Alexander, and Pânini could therefore not have written before 320


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 Although Professor Boehtlingk maintains that writing, at least for monumental purposes, was known in India before the third century, he has produced no dated inscription to support his assertion, still less has he proved that this non-existent alphabet was called Yavanânî. We cannot deny the possibility that a knowledge of alphabetic writing may have reached India before the time of Alexander; nor need Yavanânî have meant Ionian or Greek. No one has ever held that any one of the Indian alphabets was derived direct from the Greek letters such as they were at the time of Alexander. No writer of any authority has derived these Indian alphabets from any but a Semitic or Aramaic source. Even Semitic (Phenician) inscriptions before that of Eshmunezar at the end of the fifth century B. C. (fourth century, according to Maspero) are very scarce. I only know of that of Siloam about 700 B.C., and that of Mesha about gco B.C. Professor Weber's argument cannot therefore be brushed away by a mere assertion.

Still less could any scholar say that the existence of the ancient Vedic literature was impossible or inconceivable without a knowledge of alphabetic writing. Where the art of alphabetic writing is known and practised for literary purposes, no person on earth could conceal the fact, and I still challenge any scholar to produce any mention of writing in Indian literature before the supposed age of Pânini. To say that literature is impossible without alphabetic writing shows a want of acquaintance with Greek, Hebrew, Finnish, Estonian, Mordvinian, nay with Mexican literature. Why should all names for writing, paper, ink, stylus, letters, or books have been so carefully avoided if they had been in daily use? Besides, it is well known that the interval between the use of alphabetic writing for official or monumental purposes and its use for literature is very wide. Demand only creates supply, and a written literature would presuppose a reading public such as no one has yet claimed for the time of Homer, of Moses, of the authors of the Kalevala, of Kalevipoeg or of the popular and religious songs of Ugro-Finnish or


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 La gloire, c'est une couronne Faite de rose et de laurier; J'ai servi Vénus et Bellone, Je suis époux et brigadier; Mais je poursuis ce météore Qui vers Chalcos, guida Jason. Brigadier, répondit Pandore, Brigadier vous avez raison,

Je me souviens de ma jeimesse, Le temps passé ne revient pas, J'avais une folle maîtresse Pleine de mérites et d'appas. Mais le cur, pourquoi, je l'ignore Aime à changer la garnison. Brigadier, répondit Pandore, ''Brigadier vous avez raison. ''

Phébus au bout de sa carrière Put encor les apercevoir; Le brigadier de sa voix fière, Réveillait les échos du soir:

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 Je vois, dit-il, le soleil qui dore Ces verts côteaux à l'horizon. Brigadier, répondit Pandore,  ''Brigadier vous avez raison. ''

Puis ils cheminèrent en silence; On n'entendit plus que le pas Des chevaux marchant en cadence, Le brigadier ne parlait pas; Mais quand parût la pâle aurore, On entendit un vague son; Brigadier, répondit Pandore,  ''Brigadier vous avez raison. ''

title: Page:Songs of Old Canada.djvu/47


text: The Musical Charmer/Neil Gow's Strathspey


text: The Musical Charmer/Down the Burn Davie

title: The Musical Charmer/Down the Burn Davie


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 "For Glory's wreath of fairest flowers With rose and laurel intertwined; For Love and War, immortal powers, I live—and cast the rest behind. The Power that Jason led of yore I chase and trust the prize to gain." "Brigadier," laughing cried Pandore, "Brigadier, right you are again!"

"It brings bright days of youth before me; That Past now gone beyond recall, When Beauty flung her fetters o'er me, I came submissive to her call. And yet—the heart breaks o'er and o'er The strongest links of Cupid's chain." "Brigadier," laughing cried Pandore, "Brigadier, right you are again."

As Phbus hid his glories under The golden clouds that veil the West, Our hero with his voice of thunder Still broke the evening's quiet rest.

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 "Farewell!" he cried, "on distant shore Your light will gild both hill and plain." "Brigadier," laughing cried Pandore, "Brigadier, right you are again!"

He ceased—and now their horses tramping Fell softly on the yielding ground, And save their iron bridles champing, They passed along and made no sound; But when Aurora smiled once more One still might hear the faint refrain— "Brigadier," laughing cried Pandore, "Brigadier, right you are again!"

title: Page:Songs of Old Canada.djvu/48


text: The Musical Charmer/I'll prie yere bonny Mou' Lassie


text: Songs of Old Canada/Brigadier

title: Songs of Old Canada/Brigadier


text:
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Rh “I ’ve seen a lot of football games, and I ’ve seen lots of rooters, but this is the goddamndest gang of yellow-bellied quitters that I’ve ever seen. What happened last Saturday when we were behind? I’m asking you; what happened ? You quit! Quit like a bunch of whipped curs. God! you ’re yellow, yellow as hell. But the team went on fighting— and it won, won in spite of you, won for a bunch of yellow pups. And why? Because the team’s got guts. And when it was all over, you cheered and howled and serpentined and felt big as helL Lord Almighty! you acted as if you’d done something.”

His right hand came out of his pocket with a jerk, and he extended a fighting, clenched fist to¬ ward his breathless audience. “I ’ll tell you some¬ thing,” he said slowly, viciously; “the team can’t win alone day after to-morrow. It can’t win alone! You’ve got to fight. Damn itl You’ve got to fight! Raleigh’s good, damn good; it hasn’t lost a game this season—and we’ve got to win, win! Do you hear? We’ve got to win! And there’s only one way that we can win, and that *s with every man back of the team. Every god¬ damned mother’s son of you. The team’s good, but it can’t win unless you fight—fight!” Suddenly his voice grew softer, almost gentle. He held out both hands to the boys, who had be-


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76 come so tense that they had forgotten to smoke. “We’ve got to win, fellows, for old Sanford. Are you back of us?”

“Yes!” The tension shattered into a thousand yells. The boys leaped on the chairs and shouted until they could shout no more. When Gifford called for “a regular cheer for Jack Price” and then one for the team—“Make it the biggest you ever gave”—they could respond with only a hoarse croak.

Finally the hymn was sung—at least, the boysj tried loyally to sing it—and they stood silent and almost reverent as the team filed out of the gymnasium.

Hugh walked back to Surrey Hall with several! men. No one said a word except a quiet good night as they parted. Carl was in the room when he arrived. He sank into a chair and was silent for a few minutes.

Finally he said in a happy whisper, “Was ri’t it wonderful, Carl?”

“Un-huh. Damn good.”

“Gosh, I hope we win. We’ve got to!”

Carl looked up, his cheeks redder than usual, hisl eyes glittering. “God, yes!” he breathed piously.!


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CHAPTER X
THE football season lasted from the first of October to the latter part of November, and during those weeks little was talked about, or even thought about, on the campus but football. There were undergraduates who knew the personnel of virtually every football team in the country, the teams that had played against each other, their relative merits, the various scores, the outstanding players of each position. Half the stu¬ dents at Sanford regularly made out “All Amer¬ ican” teams, and each man was more than willing to debate the quality of his team against that of any other. Night after night the students gathered in groups in dormitory rooms and fraternity houses, discussing football, football, football; even religion and sex, the favorite topics for “bull sessions,” could not compete with football, especially when some one mentioned Raleigh College. Raleigh was Sanford’s ancient rival; to defeat her was of cosmic importance.

There was a game every Saturday. About half the time the team played at home; the other games were played on the rivals’ fields. No matter how far away the team traveled, the college traveled Rh


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78 with it. The men who had the necessary money went by train; a few owned automobiles: but most of the undergraduates had neither an automobile nor money for train fare. They “bummed” their way. Some of them emulated professional tramps and “rode the beams,” but most of them started out walking, trusting that kind-hearted motorists would pick them up and carry them at least part way to their destination. Although the distances were sometimes great, and although many motor¬ ists are not kind, there is no record of any man who ever started for a game not arriving in time for the referee’s first whistle. Somehow, by hook or by crook—and it was often by crook—the boys got there, and, what is more astonishing, they got back. On Monday morning at 8 145 they were in chapel, usually worn and tired, it is true, ready to bluff their way through the day’s assignments, and damning any instructor who was heartless enough to give them a quiz. Some of them were worn out from really harsh traveling experiences; some of them had more exciting adventures to relate behind closed doors to selected groups of confidants.

Football! Nothing else mattered. And as the1 weeks passed, the excitement grew, especially as the day drew near for the Raleigh game, which this year was to be played on the Sanford field. What were Sanford’s chances? Would Harry Slade, Sanford’s great half-back, make All American?


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80 Tnere was rain for two days before the game, but on Friday night the clouds broke. A full moon seemed to shine them away, and the whole campus rejoiced with great enthusiasm. Most of the alumni got drunk to show their deep appreciation to the moon, and many of the undergraduates fol¬ lowed the example set by their elders.

All Friday afternoon girls had been arriving, dozens of them, to attend the fraternity dances. One dormitory had been set aside for them, the nor¬ mal residents seeking shelter in other dormitories. No man ever objected to resigning his room to a girl. He never could tell what he would find when he returned to it Monday morning. Some of the girls left strange mementos. . ..

No one except a few notorious grinds studied that night. Some of the students were, of course, at the fraternity dances; some of them sat in dormi¬ tory rooms and discussed the coming game from every possible angle; and groups of them wandered around the campus, peering into the fraternity houses, commenting on the girls, wandering on hum¬ ming a song that an orchestra had been playing, oc¬ casionally pausing to give a “regular cheer’’ for the moon.

Hugh was too much excited to stay in a roon*; so with several other freshmen he traveled the campus. He passionately envied the dancers in the fraternity houses but consoled himself with the


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Rh thought, “Maybe I ’ll be dancing at the Nu Delt house next year.” Then he had a spasm of fright. Perhaps the Nu Delts—perhaps no fraternity would bid him. The moon lost its brilliance; for a moment even the Sanford-Raleigh game was forgotten.

The boys were standing before a fraternity house, and as the music ceased, Jack Collings suggested: “Let’s serenade them. You lead, Hugh.” Hugh had a sweet, light tenor voice. It was not at all remarkable, just clear and true; but he had easily made the Glee Club and had an excellent chance to be chosen freshman song-leader.

Collings had brought a guitar with him. He handed it to Hugh, who, like most musical under¬ graduates, could play both a guitar and a banjo. “Sing that ‘I arise from dreams of thee’ thing that you were singing the other night. We ’ll hum.”

Hugh slipped the cord around his neck, tuned the guitar, and then thrummed a few opening chords. His heart was beating at double time; he was very happy: he was serenading girls at a fraternity dance. Couples were strolling out upon the veranda, the girls throwing warm wraps over their shoul¬ ders, the men lighting cigarettes and tossing the burnt matches on the lawn. Their white shirtfronts gleamed eerily in the pale light cast by the Japanese lanterns with which the veranda was hung.

Hugh began to sing Shelley’s passionate lyric, set


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Rh “Oh lift me from the grass! I die, I faint, I fail! Let thy love in kisses rain On my cheeks and eyelids pale. My cheek is cold and white, alas! My heart beats loud and fast; Oh! press it close to thine again Where it will break at last.”

There was silence for a moment after Hugh fin¬ ished. The shadows, the moonlight, the boy’s soft young voice had moved them all. Suddenly a girl on the veranda cried, “Bring him up!” Instantly half a dozen others turned to their escorts, insist¬ ing shrilly: “Bring him up. We want to see him.”

Hugh jerked the guitar cord from around his neck, handed the instrument to Codings, and tried to run. A burst of laughter went up from the freshmen. They caught him and held him fast un¬ til the Tuxedo-clad upper-classmen rushed down from the veranda and had him by the arms. They pulled him, protesting and struggling, upon the ve¬ randa and into the living-room.

The girls gathered around him, praising, demand¬ ing more. He flushed scarlet when one enthusiastic maiden forced her way through the ring, looked hard at him, and then announced positively, “I think he’s sweet.” He was intensely embarrassed, in an agony of confusion—but very happy. The


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84 girls liked his clean blondness, his blushes, his star¬ tled smile. How long they would have held him there in the center of the ring while they admired and teased him, there is no telling; but suddenly the orchestra brought relief by striking up a fox¬ trot.

“He’s mine!” cried a pretty black-eyed girl with a cloud of bobbed hair and flaming cheeks. Her slender shoulders were bare; her round white arms waved in excited, graceful gestures; her corn-colored frock was a gauzy mist. She clutched Hugh’s arm.

“He’s mine,” she repeated shrilly. “He’s going to dance with me.”

Hugh’s cheeks burned a deeper scarlet. “My clothes,” he muttered, hesitating. “Your clothes! My dear, you look sweet. Take off your cap and dance with me.”

Hugh snatched off his cap, his mind reeling with shame, but he had no time to think. The girl pulled him through the crowd to a clear floor. Almost mechanically, Hugh put his arm around her and began to dance. He could dance, and the girl had sense enough not to talk. She floated in his arm, her slender body close to his. When the music ceased, she clapped her little hands excitedly and told Hugh that he danced “won-der-ful-ly.” After the third encore she led him to a dark corner in the hall.

“You ’re sweet, honey,” she said softly. She


text: Scientific American/Series 1/Volume 5/Issue 22


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86 Oh, she’s sweet, light. . . sweet—like music and moon¬ He fell asleep, repeating “music and moonlight” over and over again—“music and moon¬ light. . . ”

The morning of the “big game” proved ideal, crisp and cold, crystal clear. Indian summer was near its close, but there was still something of its dreamy wonder in the air, and the hills still flamed with glorious autumn foliage. The purples, the mauves, the scarlets, the burnt oranges were a little dimmed, a little less brilliant—the leaves were rus¬ tling dryly now—but there was beauty in dying au¬ tumn, its splendor slowly fading, as there was in its first startling burst of color,.

Classes that Saturday morning were a farce, but they were held; the administration, which the boys damned heartily, insisted upon it. Some of the in¬ structors merely took the roll and dismissed their classes, feeling that honor had been satisfied; but others held their classes through the hour, lecturing the disgusted students on their lack of interest, warning them that examinations were n’t as far off as the millennium.

Hugh felt that he was lucky; he had only one class—it was with Ailing in Latin—and it had been promptly dismissed. “When the day comes,” said Ailing, “that Latin can compete with football, I ’ll —well, I ’ll probably get a living wage. You had


text:
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Rh better go before I get to talking about a living wage. It is one of my favorite topics.’’ He waved his hand toward the door; the boys roared with delight and rushed out of the room, shoving each other and laughing. They ran out of the building; all of them were too excited to walk.

By half-past one the stands were filled. Most of the girls wore fur coats, as did many of the alumni, but the students sported no such luxuries; nine tenths of them wore “baa-baa coats,” gray jack¬ ets lined with sheep’s wool. Except for an occa¬ sional banner, usually carried by a girl, and the bright hats of the women, there was little color to the scene. The air was sharp, and the spectators huddled down into their warm coats.

The rival cheering sections, seated on opposite sides of the field, alternated in cheering and singing, each applauding the other’s efforts. The cheering was n’t very good, and the singing was worse; but there was a great deal of noise, and that was about all that mattered to either side.

A few minutes before two, the Raleigh team ran upon the field. The Raleigh cheering section promptly went mad. When the Sanford team ap¬ peared a minute later, the Sanford cheering section tried its best to go madder, the boys whistling and yelling like possessed demons. Wayne Gifford brought them to attention by holding his hands above his head. He called for the usual regular


text:
Page:Songs of Old Canada.djvu/49

les prisons de Nantes I' ya-t-un prisonnier, Gai, faluron, falurette. I' ya-t-un prisonnier. ''Gai, faluron, dondé. ''

Que personn' ne va voir Que la fill' du geôlier.

Elle lui porte à boire A boire et à manger.

Un jour il lui demande: —Qu'est-c' que l'on dit de moi?

Le bruit court dans la ville Que demain vous mourrez.

title: Page:Songs of Old Canada.djvu/49


text:
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prison cell at Nantes A hapless prisoner lay, Gai, faluron, falurette, A hapless prisoner lay. Gai, faluron, dondé.

No human soul came nigh him, Save the jailor's daughter gay:

With her fair hands supplying His prison fare each day.

One morn he cried, half sighing: "What do the gossips say?"

"Alas, they say to-morrow Will be your dying day."

title: Page:Songs of Old Canada.djvu/50


text:
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 —Puisqu'il faut que je meure, Ah! déliez-moi les pieds.

La fille encore jeunette, Lui a lâché les pieds.

Le garçon fort alerte, A la mer s'est jeté.

De la première plonge All fond il a été.

De la seconde plonge La mer a traversé.

Quand il fut sur ces côtes, II se mit a chanter:

—Que Dieu béniss' les filles Surtout cell' du geôlier.

Si je retourne à Nantes, Oui, je l'épouserai, Gai, faluron, falurette, Oui, je l'épouserai, Gai, faluron, dondé.

title: Page:Songs of Old Canada.djvu/51


text:
Page:Songs of Old Canada.djvu/52

 "Since death is now so near me Undo these bonds, I pray."

She, strong in youth's sweet pity, Broke all his bonds away.

He, brave in youth's bold daring, Leaped far into the bay.

His first wild plunge has borne him Deep 'neath the waters grey.

The second bears him safe across The wild sea's dashing spray.

In safety now he boldly stands And carols forth this lay:—

"God bless all maidens fair, but most, The jailor's daughter gay;

And should I e'er return to Nantes I'll wed her, yea or nay, Gai, faluron, falurette, I'll wed her, yea or nay." Gai, faluron, dondé.

title: Page:Songs of Old Canada.djvu/52


text:
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pèr' n'avait fille que moi Encor sur la mer il m'envoie. Sautez, mignonne Cécilia, ''Ah! ah, Cécilia. ''

Encor sur la mer il m'envoie. Le marinier qui m'y menait—

Le marinier qui m'y menait, Il devint amoureux de moi.

Il devint amoureux de moi. —Ma mignonnette, embrassez-moi.

Ma mignonnette, embrassez-moi. —Nenni, Monsieur, je n'oserais.

Nenni, Monsieur, je n'oserais, Car si mon papa le savait.

title: Page:Songs of Old Canada.djvu/53


text:
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my father's only child, He sent me o'er the ocean wild. Sautez mignonne Cecilia, ''Ah! ah, Cecilia!''

Over the seas and far away Borne by a sailor bold and gay.

Borne by a sailor bold and gay, Who fell in love with me each day.

He fell in love with me each day: "Ah, Sweet! one little kiss I pray."

"One little kiss for all my care." "Alas! alas! I'd never dare."

"For if I did," she whispered low, "My cruel father'd surely know."

title: Page:Songs of Old Canada.djvu/54


text:
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 Car si mon papa le savait, Fille battue ce serait moi.

Fille battue ce serait moi. —Voulez-vous bell' qui lui dirait?

Voulez-vous bell' qui lui dirait? —Ce serait les oiseaux des bois.

Ce serait les oiseaux des bois. —Les oiseaux des bois parlent-ils?

Les oiseaux des bois parlent-ils? —Ils parl'nt français, latin aussi.

Ils parl'nt français, latin aussi. —Hélas! que le monde est malin:

Hélas! que le monde est malin D'apprendre aux oiseaux le latin! Sautez, mignonne Cécilia, ''Ah! ah, Cécilia. ''

title: Page:Songs of Old Canada.djvu/55


text:
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 "And should he know your love for me, A sorely punished maid I'd be."

"Now, foolish maid, we're far away, How could your father know, I pray?"

"How could my father know, you say? He'd hear it from the wood doves grey."

"But even though the doves might sing, He'd never know the tale they bring."

"He would not understand, think you? They speak good French—and Latin too."

"Now may his evil neck be wrung Who taught the doves the Latin tongue!" Sautez mignonne Cecilia, ''Ah! ah, Cecilia!''

title: Page:Songs of Old Canada.djvu/56


text: Scientific American/Series 1/Volume 5/Issue 22/Rail Road News


text:
Page:Songs of Old Canada.djvu/57

une frégate, Mon joli cur de rose, Dans la mer a touché, ''Joli cur d'un rosier. ''

Y'avait un' demoiselle Su' l'bord d'la rner pleurait.

—Dites-moi donc, la belle, Qu'a-vous à tant pleurer?

—Je pleur' mon anneau d'or, Dans la mer est tombé.

—Que donneriez-vous, belle, Qu' irait vous le chercher?

—Je suis trop pauvre fille, Je ne puis rien donner

title: Page:Songs of Old Canada.djvu/57


text:
Page:Songs of Old Canada.djvu/58

frigate went a-sailing, Mon joli cur de rose, Far o'er the seas away, ''Joli cur d'un rosier. ''

A gentle maid was weeping Beside the smiling bay.

"Ah, tell me, Sweet, what sorrow Bedims your eyes to-day?"

"Ah, Sir, I've lost my ring of gold Deep 'neath the waters grey."

"And if I find it, gentle maid, What will you give, I pray?"

"Alas, kind Sir, I'm poor, and nought Have I to give away;

title: Page:Songs of Old Canada.djvu/58


text:
Page:Songs of Old Canada.djvu/59

 Qu' mon cur en manage Pour mon anneau doré.

Le galant se dépouille, Dans la mer s'est jeté.

De la première plonge L'anneau d'or a touché.

De la seconde plonge L'anneau d'or a sonné.

De la troisième plonge, Le galant s'est noyé.

Il allait à la d'rive Comme un poisson doré.

Son pèr' sur la fenêtre, Le regardait d'river.

—Faut-il, pour une fille, Mon joli cur de rose. Que mon fils soit noyé. Joli cur d'un rosier.

title: Page:Songs of Old Canada.djvu/59


text:
Page:Songs of Old Canada.djvu/60

 "Unless my heart is wage enough For my ring beneath the bay."

He threw his cloak aside and plunged Deep where the jewel lay.

The first strong plunge he almost touched The golden ring so gay.

The second time, it moved and rang, But lured him on alway.

But at the third, the lover bold Was drowned. Ah, mournful day!

And with the tide that gallant heart Swept seaward o'er the bay.

His father from his turret sees And bows his head so grey.

"Alas, that for a maid, my son, Mon joli cur de rose, Should throw his life away, ''Joli cur d'un rosier!" ''

title: Page:Songs of Old Canada.djvu/60


text:
Page:Songs of Old Canada.djvu/61

Paris et Saint-Denis Il s'élève une danse; Toutes les dames de la ville Sont alentour qui dansent. Sur la feuille ron… don don don, ''Sur la joli', joli' feuille ronde. ''

Toutes les dames de la ville Sont alentour qui dansent, Il n'y a que la fill' du roi D'un côté qui regarde.

Il n'y a que la fill' du roi D'un côté qui regarde. Ell' voit venir son messager, Son messager de Nantes.

title: Page:Songs of Old Canada.djvu/61


text:
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Paris fair and St. Denis The dance was up one day, And all the ladies of the town Looked on in brave array. Sur la feuille ron… don don don, ''Sur la joli', joli' feuille ronde. ''

And all the ladies of the town Looked on in brave array, All save the Princess fair, who glanced Adown the dusty way.

The Princess fair cast wistful looks Adown the dusty way, And soon she saw her messenger Ride from where Nantés lay.

title: Page:Songs of Old Canada.djvu/62


text:
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 Ell' voit venir son messager, Son messager de Nantes. —Beau messager, beau messager, Quell's nouvell's ya à Nantes?

Beau messager, beau messager, Quell's nouvell's ya à Nantes? —Les nouvell's que j'ai apportées: Que votre amant vous mande—

Les nouvell's que j'ai apportées: Que votre amant vous mande Que vous fassiez choix d'un amant, Pour lui a une amante.

Que vous fassiez choix d'un amant, Pour lui a une amante. —Est-elle plus belle que moi? Est-elle plus savante?

Est-elle plus belle que moi? Est-elle plus savante? —Ell' n'est pas plus belle que toi, Mais elle est plus savante.

title: Page:Songs of Old Canada.djvu/63


text:
Page:Songs of Old Canada.djvu/64

 She saw her faithful messenger His way from Nantés wing: "Now, Messenger, from Nantés town, What tidings do you bring?"

"Now Messenger, bold Messenger, What news from Nantés fair?" "The only news I bring, fair Dame, Your lover bade me bear.

"The only news I bring is this— Your lover bade me say, 'That he has found a sweetheart new, Choose you a gallant gay.

"Choose you another gallant gay For I've a sweetheart rare." —"Now is she wiser far than I, Or is her face more fair?"

"Now is she wiser far than I Or is her face more fair?" "Although, not near so fair as you, Her wisdom's past compare.

title: Page:Songs of Old Canada.djvu/64


text:
Page:Songs of Old Canada.djvu/65

 Ell' n'est pas plus belle que toi, Mais elle est plus savante: Ell' fait neiger, ell' fait grêler, Ell' fait le vent qui vente.

Ell' fait neiger, ell' fait grêler, Ell' fait le vent qui vente; Ell' fait reluire le soleil A minuit dans sa chambre.

Ell' fait reluire le soleil A minuit dans sa chambre; Ell' fait pousser le romarin Sur le bord de la Manche. Sur la feuille ron… don don don, Sur la joli', joli' feuille ronde.

title: Page:Songs of Old Canada.djvu/65


text:
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 "Her beauty is not like to yours But secret lore she knows, She makes the snow, she makes the hail, She makes the wind that blows.

"She makes the wind that blows so free, She makes the snow so fine, At midnight hour, within her bower, She makes the sun to shine.

"She makes the sun to shine again At midnight in her bower, And on the borders of the sea Makes rosemary to flower." Sur la feuille ron… don don don, Sur la joli', joli' feuille ronde.

title: Page:Songs of Old Canada.djvu/66


text:
Page:Songs of Old Canada.djvu/67

—Marianson, dame jolie, Où est allé votre mari?

—Mon mari est allé-z-en guerre, Ah! je ne sais s'il reviendra.

—Marianson, dame jolie, Prêtez-moi vos anneaux dorés.

—Il sont dans l'coffre, au pied du lit; Ah! prends les clefs et va les qu'ri'.

—Bel orfèvrier, bel orfèvrier, Faites-moi des anneaux dorés.

Qu'ils soyent faits aussi parfaits Comm' les ceux' de Marianson.

title: Page:Songs of Old Canada.djvu/67


text:
Page:Songs of Old Canada.djvu/68

"Ah, Marianson, my beauteous dame, Where is your lord and master gone?"

"My lord rides to the battle-plain, I know not if he'll come again."

"Ah, Marianson, my lady fair, Lend me your rings of gold so rare."

"In the iron chest beside my bed, You'll find the rings," she sweetly said.

"Now, Goldsmith, fashion me with care Three golden rings of metal rare.

Three golden rings of fashion rare, Like those that Marianson doth wear."

title: Page:Songs of Old Canada.djvu/68


text:
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 Quand il a eu ses trois anneaux, Sur son cheval est embarqué.

Le premier qu'il a rencontré, C'était l'mari d'Marianson.

—Ah! bonjour donc, franc cavalier! Quell' nouvell' m'as-tu apportée?

Ah! des nouvell's je n'en ai pas, Que les ceux de Marianson.

—Marianson, dame jolie, Ell' m'a été fidèle assez.

—Oui, je le crois, je le décrois: Voilà les anneaux de ses doits.

—Tu as menti! franc cavalier: Ma femme m'est fidèle assez.

Sa femm' qu'était sur les remparts, Et qui le voit venir là-bas:

title: Page:Songs of Old Canada.djvu/69


text:
Page:Songs of Old Canada.djvu/70

 When he receives his golden rings Upon his steed he lightly springs.

The first he meets upon the road Is Marianson's haughty lord.

"Fair greeting now, bold cavalier, What tidings do you bring me here?"

"Of tidings new I bring you none, Save of the Lady Marianson."

"Ah, Marianson, my lady fair! She's faithful aye, I'll boldly swear."

"I say not 'yes'—I say not 'no,' But see—the rings from her hands of snow."

"You lie! you lie! bold cavalier: My wife is faithful, far or near."

His wife stood on the ramparts high: She saw her lord ride wildly by.

title: Page:Songs of Old Canada.djvu/70


text:
Page:Songs of Old Canada.djvu/71

 —Il est malade ou bien fâché, C'est une chos' bien assurée.

Ah! maman, montre-lui son fils: Ça lui rejouira l'esprit.

—Ah! tiens, mon fils, voilà ton fils. Quel nom donn'ras-tu à ton fils?

—A l'enfant je donn'rai un nom, A la mère, un mauvais renom.

A pris l'enfant par le maillot, Trois fois par terre il l'a jeté.

Marianson, par les cheveux, A son cheval l'a-t-attachée.

Il a marché trois jours, trois nuits, Sans regarder derrier' lui.

Au bout des trois jours et trois nuits, A regardé par derrier' lui.

title: Page:Songs of Old Canada.djvu/71


text:
Page:Songs of Old Canada.djvu/72

 Her heart stood still with a sudden fear When she marked his face as he drew anear.

"Now, mother, show our new-born child, Its grace will calm his anger wild."

"My son, behold your son and heir: What name wilt thou give the babe to bear?"

He cried, "I'll give the child a name That will fill its mother's life with shame."

He has seized the infant in its mirth, And thrice has dashed it to the earth.

And Marianson, that lady fair, He has tied to his horse by her golden hair.

Three days, three nights, he rode like wind. And never cast a look behind.

Till, at close of the third long night, He turned and looked on that awful sight.

title: Page:Songs of Old Canada.djvu/72


text:
Page:Songs of Old Canada.djvu/73

 —Marianson, dame jolie, Où sont les anneaux de tes doigts?

—Ils sont dans l'coffre, au pied du lit, Ah! prends les clefs et va les qu'ri.

Il n'eut pas fait trois tours de clef, Les trois anneaux d'or a trouvés.

—Marianson, dame jolie, Quel bon chirurgien vous faut-il?

—Le bon chirurgien qu'il me faut, C'est un bon drap pour m'ensev'lir.

—Marianson, dame jolie, Votre mort m'est-elle pardonnée ?

—Oui, ma mort vous est pardonnée, Non pas la cell' du nouveau-né…

title: Page:Songs of Old Canada.djvu/73


text:
Page:Songs of Old Canada.djvu/74

 "Ah, Marianson, my lady fair, Where are your golden rings so rare?"

"In the iron chest, beside my bed, You'll find the rings," she sadly said.

He has ta'en the keys with an evil grace, And has found the rings in their hiding place.

"Ah, Marianson, my lady fair, You shall have the best chirurgeon's care."

"The best chirurgeon I would crave Is a fine white sheet for my quiet grave."

"Ah, Marianson, my beauteous dame, Will God e'er pardon all my shame?"

"My death is pardoned now," she smiled, "But never that of our helpless child."

title: Page:Songs of Old Canada.djvu/74


text:
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bien nourri le geai sept ans Dedans ma cage ronde; Au bout de la septième année, Mon geai a pris son vol. O, gai! Jamais je nourrirai de geai, ''De geai jamais je nourrirai. ''

Au bout de la septième année Mon geai a pris son vol. —Reviens mon geai, mon joli geai, Dedans ma cage ronde.

Reviens mon geai, mon joli geai, Dedans ma cage ronde; Mon petit geai me fit réponse: —Je veux faire le drôle.

title: Page:Songs of Old Canada.djvu/75


text:
Page:Songs of Old Canada.djvu/76

kept my jay for seven years In my round cage so bright, And at the end of seven years, My sweet jay took his flight, O, gai! I'll never keep a jay again, ''Ah! never more I'll keep a jay. ''

And at the end of seven years My jay his flight has ta'en: "Come back my jay, my pretty jay, Come to your cage again.

Come back my jay, my pretty jay, Come back once more to me." To which my saucy jay replied, "I'll play the madcap free."

title: Page:Songs of Old Canada.djvu/76


text:
Page:Songs of Old Canada.djvu/77

 Mon petit geai me fit réponse: —Je veux faire le drôle. Je m'en irai dedans Paris Pour fonder une école.

Je m'en irai dedans Paris Pour fonder une école. Toutes les dames de Paris Viendront à mon école.

Toutes les dames de Paris Viendront à mon école. Je choisirai la plus jolie Je renverrai les autr's. O, gai! Jamais je nourrirai de geai, De geai jamais je nourrirai.

title: Page:Songs of Old Canada.djvu/77


text:
Page:Songs of Old Canada.djvu/78

 "I'll play the madcap free for once, For once I'll play the fool— To Paris fair I'll straight repair And there will found a school.

"To Paris fair I'll straight repair And there a school will found, To which all ladies fair will come From all the city round.

"Oh! all the ladies fair will come Unto my school so gay: I'll choose the fairest of them all, And send the rest away." ''O, gai!  I'll never keep a jay again, '' ''Ah! never more I'll keep a jay.''

title: Page:Songs of Old Canada.djvu/78


text:
Page:Songs of Old Canada.djvu/79

perdu mon amant' Et je m'en souci' guère; Le regret que j'en ai Sera bientôt passé. Je porterai le deuil D'un habit de satin; Je verserai des larmes De vin.

Amant, que j't'ai donc fait Que puiss' tant te déplaire? Est-c' que j't'ai pas aimé Comm' tu l'as mérité? Je t'ai aimé, je t'aime, Je t'aimerai toujours. Pour toi mon cur soupire Toujours.

title: Page:Songs of Old Canada.djvu/79


text:
Page:Songs of Old Canada.djvu/80

lost my Love, in sooth, For that my care is light; What small despite I feel Will soon have vanished quite. For mourning I will wear A suit of satin fine, My only tears shall be Of wine.

What have I done, my Love, That thus displeases thee? Have I not loved thee, Dear, As thou had'st right to be? I've loved thee; love thee now; I'll love thee, Dear, for aye. For thee my heart shall beat Alway.

title: Page:Songs of Old Canada.djvu/80


text:
Page:Songs of Old Canada.djvu/81

La maison de chez nous C'est un lieu solitaire; On n'y voit pas souvent Divertir nos amants. Pour des amants qu'on aime, Qu'on aim' si tendrement, On aimerait les voire Souvent.

Si j'étais hirondelle, Vers toi, bell' demoiselle, Par derrièr' ces rochers J'irais prendr' ma volée. Et dans ton sein, ma belle, J'irais me reposer, Pour raconter la peine Que j'ai.

title: Page:Songs of Old Canada.djvu/81


text:
Page:Songs of Old Canada.djvu/82

At home, the house is now A solitary place, Where one but seldom sees The light of lover's face. And those we love so well, With all love's tender pain, We love to dream we'll see Again.

Were I a swallow swift, Towards thee, my heart's delight, O'er all these rocky wilds I'd quickly wing my flight. There safe from all the storm, Soft nestling in thy breast, I'd tell thee all my pain, At rest.

title: Page:Songs of Old Canada.djvu/82


text: Page:East European Quarterly, vol15, no1.pdf/1


text:
Page:East European Quarterly, vol15, no1.pdf/2

 {|
 * colspan=2 |
 * | NORTH AMERICA|| | Adam Bromke (McMaster University)
 * | NORTH AMERICA|| | Adam Bromke (McMaster University)

Zbigniew K. Brzezinski (Columbia University)

Dimitrije Djordjevic (University of California)

John V.A. Fine, Jr. (University of Michigan)

Andrew Gyorgy (George Washington University)

George W. Hoffman (University of Texas)

Halil Inalcik (University of Chicago)

Andrew C. Janos (University of California)

Bela K. Kiraly (City University of New York)

Radomir V. Luza (Tulane University)

John M. Montias (Yale University)

Irwin T. Sanders (Boston University)

Jan R. Triska (Stanford University)
 * | EUROPE || | Georges Castellan (France)
 * | EUROPE || | Georges Castellan (France)

Manuel B. Garcia Alvarez (Spain)

Herman Gross (Germany)

Mirjana Gross (Yugoslavia)

George Handlery (Switzerland)

Louise Laourdas (Greece)

Walter Leitsch (Austria)

Roger Portal (France)

Hugh Seton-Watson (England)

Angelo Tamborra (Italy)

Bela Vago (Israel)

Dragan R. Zivojinovic (Yugoslavia)
 * EDITOR ||Stephen Fischer-Galati (University of Colorado)
 * }
 * }


text:
Page:A dissertation on slavery - with a proposal for the gradual abolition of it, in the state of Virginia. (IA dissertationonsl00tuckrich).pdf/59

 to intermarry with any white person; yet no punishment is annexed to the offence in the slave; nor is the marriage void; but the white person contracting the marriage, and the clergyman by whom it is celebrated are liable to fine and imprisonment; and this is probably the only instance in which our laws will be found more favourable to a Negroe than a white person. These provisions though introduced into our code at different periods, were all re-enacted in 1792.

From this melancholy review it will appear that not only the right of property, and the right of personal liberty, but even the right of personal security, has been, at times, either wholly annihilated, or reduced to a shadow: and even in these days, the protection of the latter seems to be confined to very few cases. Many actions, indifferent in themselves, being permitted by the law of nature to all mankind, and by the laws of society to all free persons, are either rendered highly criminal in a slave, or subject him to some kind of punishment or restraint. Nor is it in this respect only, that his condition is rendered thus deplorable by law. The measure of punishment for the same offence, is often, and the manner of trial


text: The New International Encyclopædia/Verner's Law


text: Index:Hindoos As They Are.djvu

title: Index:Hindoos As They Are.djvu


text: Page:Hindoos As They Are.djvu/4

title: Page:Hindoos As They Are.djvu/4


text:
Page:A dissertation on slavery - with a proposal for the gradual abolition of it, in the state of Virginia. (IA dissertationonsl00tuckrich).pdf/60

 and conviction is always, different in the case of a slave; and a free-man. If the latter be accused of any crime, he is entituled to an examination before the court of the county where the offence is alleged to have been committed; whose decision, if in his favour, is held to be a legal and final acquittal, but it is not final if against him; for after this, both a grand jury, and a petit jury of the county, must successively pronounce him guilty; the former by the concurrent voices of twelve at least, of their body, and the latter, by their unanimous verdict upon oath. He may take exception to the proceedings against him, by a motion on arrest of judgment; and in this case, or if there be a special verdict, the same unanimity between his judpes, as between his jurors, is necessary to his condemnation. Lastly, though the punishment which the law pronounces for his offence amount to death itself, he shall in many cases have the benefit of clergy, unless he has before received it. But in the case of a slave, the mode was formerly, and still remains essentially different. How early this distinction was adopted I have not been able to discover. The title of an act occurs, which passed in the year 1705 for the


text: Page:Hindoos As They Are.djvu/333

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title: Page:Hindoos As They Are.djvu/332


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title: Page:Hindoos As They Are.djvu/323


text: The New International Encyclopædia/Vernes, Maurice Louis


text: The New International Encyclopædia/Vernet


text:
Page:East European Quarterly, vol15, no1.pdf/149

East European Quarterly, Vol. VI, No. 1

A Short History of Modern Greece. By Richard Clogg. Cambridge University Press, 1979. x. 3 242 pp.

Richard Clogg’s monograph constitutes another major addition to the list of single-volume histories of modem Greece. It bears obvious comparison with two other recent volumes, Modern Greece (1968), by John Campbell and Philip Sherrard, and The Story of Modern Greece (1968), by C.M. Woodhouse. Clogg, who holds the lectureship in modern Greek history at King’s College, London, is unusually well prepared to deal with the full range of modern Greek history. He has written numerous articles on Greek political and intellectual history from the Ottoman period down to very recent events when Greece was under the “colonels’ dictatorship.”

The chronological scope of Clogg’s history differs significantly from that of Woodhouse’s, while approximating that found in the Campbell/Sherrard volume. Clogg begines in 1204 with the sack of Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade-the 1204 date marking for Clogg a significant transition in the ultimate downfall of Byzantium. Woodhouse, on the other hand, begins the story of “modern” Greece with the reign of the fourth-century Eastern Roman Emperor Constantine the Great. Campbell/Sherrard are less concerned with political chronology than Clogg, but begin their account with the development of Greek national consciousness, which they find in late Byzantium.

The subsequent line of chronological division in Clogg’s Short History bear out his primary political interest. His treatment of Ottoman rule and the “struggle for emancipation” is followed by a single chapter surveying political and diplomatic developments from King Othon’s arrival in 1833 to the assassination of King George in 1913. Remaining chapters are divided by the ascendancy of Gen. John Metaxas (1935/36), the close of the Greek civil war (1949), and the fall of the military dictatorship (1974). This attention to political analysis underlines what is a central organizing principle of the work-the evolution of the modern Greek state.

Fit into this central focus on the developing Greek nation-state are subtle secondary themes. Clogg notes the difficulty encountered in the nineteenth century in “trying to graft the forms of constitutional government onto a society whose values and historical experience were alien to


text: The New International Encyclopædia/Vernier


text: Songs of Old Canada/Dans les prisons de Nantes


text: Songs of Old Canada/Cécilia

title: Songs of Old Canada/Cécilia


text: Songs of Old Canada/C'était une frégate

title: Songs of Old Canada/C'était une frégate


text: Songs of Old Canada/Entre Paris et Saint Denis


text: Songs of Old Canada/Marianson

title: Songs of Old Canada/Marianson


text: Songs of Old Canada/Jamais je nourrirai de geai


text: Songs of Old Canada/J'ai perdu mon amant'


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 offices in each hand and decorated therewith Raja Narendar and Salar Jung respectively at one and the same time."

"This is not true" replied the Nawab, "The very fact of the Peishkur having always given nusur to the Minister clearly shows that the Peishkar has ever been under the Minister and not equal to or independent of him. Now about the Rajah of Anagondy: He owes all that he has to Sir Asmanjah. A little before Sir Asmanjah became Prime Minister, Mr. Dunlop, at the head of a Committee appointed to inquire into the Raja's affairs, had decided that his estate should be confiscated. This decision would have been carried into effect if only Sir Asmanjah had taken charge of the administration a month later than he did. Sir Asmanjah showed respect to what the Rajah of Anagondy at one time was, when he used his influence and prevented the above decision from being carried out. So then, you see the Rajah is under obligations to the Minister and has no grounds for any legitimate complaint against him.

"So then, you think" I asked, "that if these people have suffered they have suffered but rightly?"

"All that I can say is that the Government's action with regard to these, has been suggested not by any ill-will but by considerations of expediency."

"While holding office in the Aurangabad District, some years ago" I said, "you wrote to the Government to say that these were among the few families in the State which represented oases in a vast waste, and as such they must be "kept up" at any cost. Now that you are in power, you look on unconcerned while they are drifting downwards to obscurity if not to ruin, How is this?"

After some hesitation the Nawab said, "Then I could ex- press my personal views freely. Now that I am confidential Secretary to the Government, I could not do so. People would do well to recognise where power is centered. It is no use allowing false notions of dignity and thoughts of a power and a


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Page 171 ites into high positions, the aggrandisement of self-these are among the essential features of the work he has done as the Revenue Secretary and the Minister's "confidential adviser." The "Telingana Settlement" has been ascribed wholly to him by those who do not know of Hyderabad before his time. A settlement on a larger scale, for the whole of the Dominions, suggested itself to Sir Salar Jung I. And the Telingana Settlement was chalked out, and even in part worked out during the second Salar's time. What Vicarul-mulk did was to carry out what had been begun before his time and could not be carried out because of the untimely and unfortunate close of Salar Jung II's public career. And that does not mean that he did it all himself- does it? Again the writer in the Mail tells us that the "present" of the house to the "fortunate official" was a recognition of his services to the State. Few know outside Hyderabad how the house came to be presented. The Nawab aplied to the Minister for a Government house for his son and his English daughter-in-law to live in and the Minister referred him to His Highness. And hence the presentationa. One needs to be biassed in sooth to regard this as a recognition on the part of the Nizam, of the services of the Nawab Vicaral-malk. This the Mail had no opportunity of knowing. But it was easy for him to see that one in the position of the Nizam could not be expect- ed to study the comforts of his servants to such au extent as to present to Vicarul-mulk overything he wanted, at the very nick of time. A friend, returned from the Districts about three days ago, confirms the statement I made in these columns several weeks ago about the state of the roads therein. "It is all ups and down, stones and ruts all the way from Patonehern to Bedar" he said; and this description applies to most roads in the Districts. Somebody must be hanged for this state of things to be sure But who is that somebody? is the question that needs to be auswered by the authorities concerned. The Mahomedans seem to have entered upon the work of preaching and prosclytising in right earnest. A Moslom, who


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Page 172 I am told is a Reddi convert, rending passages from the Koran and holding forth on the greatness of the Prophet to a number of people in the market place, is quite the usual, every-day sight in Chadurghat now. And generally he attracts more respectable and a larger number of people than the Christian padree preaching in the vicinity. Probably novelty' is his recommen- dation. Whatever may be the reason, I wish the Mahomedans who are enthusiastic in the matter of spreading the religion of their Guru, would show the goodness of their faith in their 'conduct,' for some of the Mahamedans who read their Nimaz as often as half a dozen times a day, are amongst the cruellest I have known.


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, 5th December, 1891.

The ethics of His Highness the Nizam's Public Works Department would seem to be worth studying. Within a comparatively short time we have had Walter-Cornelius' case, Nalgonda defalcations, and Work-shops' embezzlement case. These are not all. There are several more of such cases that the public have not heard of, and cf which they might have heard but for secret underhand influences bright into play to hush them up. The following is a typical one. Many months ago an accountant was, temporarily put at the head of the cash department of the P. W. Examiner's Office. Short though the time he was in charge of it, it was sufficiently long for him to make away with a pretty good sum of money. So the account showed a deficit when he handed over charge to the permanent man; and he could not satisfactorily account for it. Being pressed to explain, the accountant, to get out of the difficulty for the time being, gave the Examiner to understand that the sun was in the District office cash chest. The District Engineer's cash chest was examined and the accountant was questioned but in vain. In the meantime the accountant made himself scarce at the office. The Examiner was at his wits' end, and he brought the matter to the notice of his superior, who wrote to the Police, and was about to get him apprehened. The accountant got scent of this and, very wisely, wrote to the Examiner that as his wife was very ill he could not attend office, but that he would do so the next day and settle the matter of the deficit. He turned up at the office accordingly and paid down the amount of the deficit to the Examiner. Curiously enough the Examiner and his superior were satisfied, and they let the man remain in service. The ethics of this proceeding it is extremely difficult to understand. Any one else, in the circumstances, would have thought it right to inquire into the case minutely and decide it on its merits.

The official feeling against Mr. George Palmer, Secretary to the Government, in the Public Works Department, which


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chemistry of steelmaking, refining (including basic oxygen and direct reduction), continuous casting, the statistical analysis of metallurgical processes, and quality control. Extensive studies of foundry technology, including solidification studies, elimination of casting defects, and molding sand practice, have been conducted. Ferrous physical metallurgical work has included the development of high silicon electrical purpose steels and means to produce them, the investigation of stainless steels for high-temperature service, the study of the transformation kinetics in high-strength, low-alloy steels, the development of nickel-base, high-temperature alloys for aircraft gas turbine applications, and the study of thermal mechanical treatment to improve the strength properties of structure alloys. On the latter subject, the Czechoslovaks apparently have not reported the notable improvements in strength claimed by the Soviets.

Extensive research has been done on metalworking and processing. Recent work has included the effect of deformation rate on the hot rolling and forging of steel products and on the extrusion of steels and nonferrous alloys. Extensive welding research has been carried out at the Welding Research Institute in Bratislava. This facility is one of the premier welding research establishments in the world, and it compares very favorably with the Paton Institute in the U.S.S.R. Research activities have included the development or investigation of various welding processes, the development of electrodes and fluxes for welding, welding metallurgy and weldability, and the surfacing of large components. This institute is quite active in the study of electroslag welding, a development studied initially here rather than at the Paton Institute. Considerable research on the welding and fracture mechanics of gas line pipe is currently underway at the Welding Institute. The facility has also conducted extensive studies on the creep, fatigue, and brittle facture of weldments and base metals.

A significant amount of research on the corrosion of low-alloy steels, stainless steels, and aluminum alloys is undertaken. Past research has involved the study of pitting and stress corrosion cracking of stainless steels and the atmospheric attack and stress corrosion cracking of low-alloy steels. Liquid metal corrosion studies have also been undertaken, but the extent of the research has not been large, suggesting that the Czechoslovaks are not engaged in a strong effort to develop fast-breeder nuclear reactors.

Extensive research in nuclear metallurgy has not been observed, although the Lenin (Skoda) Steel Works has researched pressure vessel alloys and fabrication techniques for reactor vessels in pressurized water reactors. The Czechoslovaks do not have a strong independent nuclear power program, but they are cooperating with the U.S.S.R. and other CEMA members in nuclear power reactor development. Czechoslovakia is to supply some of the conventional components for the four nuclear power reactors being supplied to Czechoslovakia by the U.S.S.R. and is supplying components for other Soviet power reactors.

The research program on nonferrous metallurgy is much more limited than that in ferrous metallurgy. The bulk of the effort has been directed toward mineral benefication and the refining of aluminum and copper. Some alloy research has been done on aluminum and on magnesium, and appreciable research on titanium and its alloys was done in the past. Over the last few years, efforts in titanium have dwindled significantly.

The amount of fundamental research has continued to increase over the past 3 years, and excellent work on crystal growth, atomic structure, defect structures (dislocations and stacking faults), magnetic and electronic properties, creep, and fatigue have been conducted. Extensive research in the fundamentals of creep and the effect of dislocations on creep in various alloy systems has been conducted by J. Cadek of CSAV's Physics of Metals Institute at Brno. Similarly, excellent work on the role of dislocation movements in the three stages of fatigue has been carried out by Petr Lucas of the Institute of Metallurgy. Recently, there has been considerable emphasis in combining the results of such creep and fatigue studies to obtain an improved understanding of fatigue and creep interaction and in developing improved damage criteria, a subject upon which many millions of dollars will be spent in the coming decade in the United States. This topic is extremely important to fast-breeder reactor technology and to high-temperature petrochemical processing.

b. Physics and mathematics (S)

Research in fundamental physics appears to be somewhat stagnant in Czechoslovakia. Most of the specialists who have gained national and international reputations over the years appear to be continuing their old research activities, doing routine investigations and conducting other physics research that should be classified as applied in nature. Approximately one-half of the research in physics is being devoted to solid-state investigations. Research in the broad field of optics, which include electrooptics, spectroscopy, and interferometry, absorbs about 20% of the physics research efforts. Nuclear physics in both

18

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 seemed to threaten to sweep him off the service at one time, has evidently blown over. He has had an increase of Rs. 300 to his salary recently. And the fact of his building a house for himself shows that he, at least, does not apprehend any "disaster" in the near future.

I hear that the appointment of Mr. Gallagher of the "Deccan Standard" as the Superintendent of the Nizam's Government Central Press, has been approved by the Government of India.

A gentleman connected with the Simla Metereological Observatory was recently here to open some observatories in the Districts. He was to have gone to Mysore from here, for the same purpose; but being informed that the Mysore Government proposed to send the Principal of the Bangalore Central College to Calcutta or Simla to learn taking metereological observations that he might, on his return, start and work observatories in Mysore, he had to give up going there. This proposal on the part of the Mysore Government speaks volumes for it, and shows the difference between a really beneficient Government and such as does duty in Hyderabad, A lot of money is no doubt spent year after year over young men sent all the way to England for receiving some sort of educational training. But to what purpose? Most of them cannot be of use to the State. And even if any of them can be absorbed into the service advantageously, and are taken into the service, they are generally made to put their hands to something that they are not trained for, and can do but indifferently; and instances might be mentioned in illustration of this. One of the two gentlemen who received a training in the Royal School of Mines, at the expense of the Nizam's Government is our Census Commissioner now. And the other, Mr. Syed Ali Belgrami, after being Director of Public Instruction and Home Secretary successively is now InspectorGeneral of Mines only because he has not influence enough to be any thing better in the service.


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Rh look at the eyes of the now happy Luscinda, and you will see in them an excuse for all my errors: and as she has found and gained the object of her desires, and I have found in you what satisfies all my wishes, may she live in peace and contentment as many happy years with her Cardenio, as on my knees I pray Heaven to allow me to live with my Dorothea;" and with these words he once more embraced her and pressed his face to hers with so much tenderness that he had to take great heed to keep his tears from completing the proof of his love and repentance in the sight of all. Not so Luscinda, and Cardenio, and almost all the others, for they shed so many tears, some in their own happiness, some at that of the others, that one would have supposed a heavy calamity had fallen upon them all. Even Sancho Panza was weeping; though afterwards he said he only wept because he saw that Dorothea was not as he fancied the queen Micomicona, of whom he expected such great favors. Their wonder as well as their weeping lasted some time, and then Cardenio and Luscinda went and fell on their knees before Don Fernando, returning him thanks for the favor he had rendered them in language so grateful that he knew not how to answer them, and raising them up embraced them with every mark of affection and courtesy.

He then asked Dorothea how she had managed to reach a place so far removed from her own home, and she in a few fitting words told all that she had previously related to Cardenio, with which Don Fernando and his companions were so delighted that they wished the story had been longer; so charmingly did Dorothea describe her misadventures. When she had finished Don Fernando recounted what had befallen him in the city after he had found in Luscinda's bosom the paper in which she declared that she was Cardenio's wife, and never could be his. He said he meant to kill her, and would have done so had he not been prevented by her parents, and that he quitted the house full of rage and shame, and resolved to avenge himself when a more convenient opportunity should offer. The next day he learned that Luscinda had disappeared from her father's house, and that no one could tell whither she had gone. Finally, at the end of some months he ascertained that she was in a convent and meant to remain there all the rest of her life, if she were not to share it with Cardenio; and as soon as he had learned this, taking these three


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 such a concept.” In that same context, Clogg notes the growth toward political “maturity” of the Greek state as it had to contend with the heavy influence of the Great Powers in both foreign and domestic affairs. Also, Clogg has clearly utilized recent works by Petropulos, Diamandouros and Legg in describing the phenomenon of political clientelism and the influence of patronage networks in Greek domestic politics. These subordinate themes help to set his larger political focus into a solid analytical framework.

The result is a significant political history of modern Greece in which the reader can also count on accurate and balanced accounts of such issues as the language question, Venizelos republicanism, the Metaxas regime, the divisive Civil War, the colonels’ dictatorship, and the Cyprus issue. An up-to-date bibliography of English language literature is appended.

Because of Clogg’s appreciation for the internal dynamics of Greek politics from the Ottoman period to the present, his account is an improvement over Woodhouse’s more diplomacy-oriented Story of Modern Greece. The Clogg account also reflects the considerable development in modern Greek historiography since the 1960s. However, as Clogg recognizes in his preface, there are significant aspects of Greek history which are underrepresented in this more narrowly political history. Students wishing an introduction to Greek Orthodoxy, modern Greek literature, and Greek social and economic history will still want to use the Campbell/Sherrard volume which is arranged topically and not along lines of political chronology.

One feature unique to the Clogg account is its availability in an attractive paper edition, appropriate for classroom surveys of Balkan history.

Stephen K. Batalden

Arizona State University

. Edited by Abdul Aziz Said. New York: F.A. Praeger, 1977. pp. vii, 180. $17.50.

This interesting symposium has a preface by the editor which advances theoretical generalizations about the ethnic factor in U.S. foreign policy and international politics. It has a section titled “The End of Geopolitics and the Rise of Ethnicity” (pp. 3–6) which is an extremely weak premise and whose assumption is nearly always discarded in the subsequent six chapters of Eastern European, Greeks, Greeks, Jews, Blacks and ethnic politics in Congress. From our point of view, the most interesting is the


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RV 13 (Rh)
 * style=width:50% | station
 * style=width:50% | Tabiya
 * train
 * babur
 * railroad station
 * babur Tabiya
 * the railroad station
 * babur Tabiyaw
 * Where's the railroad station?
 * babur Tabiyaw yə́t nəw.
 * here
 * ızzih
 * from here
 * kəzzih
 * Is the railroad station far from here?
 * babur Tabiyaw kəzzih rúK nəw ↑
 * It's not far, it's [right] near [here].
 * rúK aydəlləm, Kírb nəw.
 * hotel,restaurant
 * hotel
 * there is, he [or it] exists
 * állə.
 * Where is ('exists') a good hotel?
 * dəhna hotel yə́t allə.
 * There is a good hotel across from ('in front of') the American Embassy.
 * amerikan embassi fitləfi̇́t, dəhna hotél allə.
 * the hotel
 * hotelu
 * there
 * ızziya
 * The hotel is over there.
 * hotelú, ızziya nəw.
 * }
 * Where is ('exists') a good hotel?
 * dəhna hotel yə́t allə.
 * There is a good hotel across from ('in front of') the American Embassy.
 * amerikan embassi fitləfi̇́t, dəhna hotél allə.
 * the hotel
 * hotelu
 * there
 * ızziya
 * The hotel is over there.
 * hotelú, ızziya nəw.
 * }
 * ızziya
 * The hotel is over there.
 * hotelú, ızziya nəw.
 * }
 * }

Note 2.1 The masculine definite suffix /-u ~ -w/


text:
Author:Edgar Albert Smith

Works

 * Editor of the Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London, from 1904 to 1916

 * ; 5th edition 1908:

 * illustrator of:

title: Author:Edgar Albert Smith


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 tunic with the purple band that I have already begun to consider the proper Utopian clothing for grave men, and his face is clean shaven. We forget to speak at first in the intensity of our mutual inspection. When at last I do gain my voice it is to say something quite different from the fine, significant openings of my premeditated dialogues.

"You have a pleasant room," I remark, and look about a little disconcerted because there is no fireplace for me to put my back against, or hearthrug to stand upon. He pushes me a chair, into which I plump, and we hang over an immensity of conversational possibilities.

"I say," I plunge, "what do you think of me? You don't think I'm an imposter?"

"Not now that I have seen you. No."

"Am I so like you?"

"Like me and your story—exactly."

"You haven't any doubt left?" I ask.

"Not in the least, since I saw you enter. You come from the world beyond Sirius, twin to this. Eh?"

"And you don't want to know how I got here?"

"I've ceased even to wonder how I got here," he says, with a laugh that echoes mine.

He leans back in his chair, and I in mine, and the absurd parody of our attitude strikes us both.

"Well?" we say, simultaneously, and laugh together.

I will confess this meeting is more difficult even than I anticipated.


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 coverage of “The Ties That Bind: Immigrant Influence on U.S. Policy Toward Eastern Europe,” by Stephen A. Garrett (pp. 59–82), whose main weakness is that it fails to note quite a lot of previous studies of this field. The whole publication is an indictment of investigation that needs to be done rather than a survey of what has been quite often successfully written up in this field.

Joseph S. Roucek

City University of New York

. Edited by Béla K. Király & Paul Jónás. New York: Columbia University Press, 1978. Pp. x, 157. $11.00.

Following very closely the appearance of N.F. Dreisziger, Ed., The Hungarian Revolution Twenty Years After, (Hungarian Readers’ Service, Ottawa, Canada, 1976), this symposium is also focused on the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, viewing from the standpoint of the passing of two decades. It contains valuable contributions of individuals who participated in the revolution together with the scholars from Europe and the U.S. Especially valuable are the sections dealing with the lack of reactions to this upheaval by Hungary’s neighbors (Poland, Romania, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia) and the United States.

Joseph S. Roucek

City University of New York

. By Josef Kalvoda. Washington, D.C.: University Press of America, 1978. Pp. ix, 381. $9.75.

There has been quite an upsurge in recent years in the articles and books on Czechoslovakia. Kalvoda’s contribution is one of the best. It presents a political history of that hapless country, and is an excellent analysis of the relations by prominent Czech politicians with Moscow as well as a portrait of several democratic wishful thinkers who served the communists as useful dudes. One of the best chapters covers the disastrous role played by Beneš in Czechoslovak history. Quite valuable are the extensive bibliography and footnotes. The work gives us a lot of new light into pertinent events and a new evaluation and comprehension of most of them.

Joseph S. Roucek

City University of New York


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 § 2

Our conversation at that first encounter would do very little to develop the Modern Utopia in my mind. Inevitably, it would be personal and emotional. He would tell me how he stood in his world, and I how I stood in mine. I should have to tell him things, I should have to explain things

No, the conversation would contribute nothing to a modern Utopia.

And so I leave it out.

§ 3

But I should go back to my botanist in a state of emotional relaxation. At first I should not heed the fact that he, too, had been in some manner stirred. "I have seen him," I should say needlessly, and seem to be on the verge of telling the untellable. Then I should fade off into: "It's the strangest thing."

He would interrupt me with his own preoccupation. "You know," he would say, "I've seen someone."

I should pause and look at him.

"She is in this world," he says.

"Who is in this world?"

"Mary!"

I have not heard her name before, but I understand, of course, at once.

"I saw her," he explains.

"Saw her?" 222


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 Soviet Intervention in Czechoslovakia, 1968; Anatomy of a Decision. By Jiri Valenta, Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1979. P. xii, 208.

Published eleven years after the Soviet intervention in Czechoslovakia, Jiri Valenta’s book joins the now staggering literature on the subject. It is an important addition to that larger literature, for it sheds a great deal of light on the murky and sometimes inscrutable process of foreign policymaking in the Kremlin. Professor Valenta does not exaggerate the lessons to be learned from this single, and perhaps exceptional, case study of Soviet decisionmaking. However, the process he has described leading up to the decision to intervene militarily in Czechoslovakia suggests a number of generalizable features in the way the Soviet elite resolves major foreign policy problems.

Valenta postulates a bureaucratic politics paradigm to explain Soviet decisionmaking. The model is derived from western paradigms developed by Graham Allison and Morton Halperin, among others, but Valenta has carefully noted the distinctive features of the Soviet political system. He stresses the supremacy of the Politburo, standing “at the center of the decisionmaking process” (p. 5), and he also analyzes the effect of other powerful organizations in the USSR—the Central Committee and its various departments, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Defense and the branches of the armed services, and the KGB. The Politburo itself makes key foreign policy decisions, Valenta affirms, but these decisions are made “in the face of signals and pressures from several powerful Soviet bureaucracies” (p. 158), each of which pursues its separate organizational responsibilities and interests.

In the case of the 1968 Czechoslovak crisis, Valenta has sought to identify the “coalitions” of support for intervention and nonintervention in a policy debate that went on for at least six months prior to the actual decision to intervene. Strong pressures in favor of putting an end to the Dubček


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 which—like all good Kremlinology—requires him to read between the lines to determine the motives of specific Soviet actors at any given time. Still, Valenta’s argument is persuasive, and his use of the bureaucratic politics paradigm gives a most en lightening structure to the evidence he has brought to bear.

Finally, Professor Valenta’s study should put to rest the notion somettimessometimes [sic] heard that the various Soviet and Warsaw Pact political manoeuverings of July–August 1968, the negotiations and conferences, were empty exercises meant only to distract attention from the “real” Soviet intentions, Valenta’s accounts of the Warsaw, Cierna, and Bratislava meetings, based on numerous firsthand reports, strongly argue that these negotiations were not purely tactical or deceptive manoeuvers. Rather, they represented genuine attempts to resolve the crisis in bloc relations through means short of military force. The author agrees with Zdeněk Mlynař that the decision to intervene was taken by the Soviet Politburo on August 17-three days before the actual occupation of Czechoslovakia by the armies of five Warsaw Pact countries. The change in policy between the time of the Bratislava Declaration (August 3) and the Politburo decision can be explained by the mounting pressures from those bureaucratic elites who feared the continuing effect of Czechoslovak reformism on their organizational interests. According to Valenta, these pressures caused a shift in the balance of power within the Politburo, quite probably involving the conversion of General Secretary Brezhnev from a fence-sitter to a pro-interventionist. The pro-interventionists at last gained the upper hand, and the rest, as they say, is history.

David W. Paul

University of Washington


text: A Damsel in Distress (Saturday Evening Post serial)


text: Talk:A Damsel in Distress (Saturday Evening Post serial)